In this book the metaphysical system of Graham Harman is presented in lucid form, aided by helpful diagrams.

In Chapter 1, Harman gives his most forceful critique to date of philosophies that reject objects as a primary reality. All such rejections are tainted by either an undermining or overmining approach to objects. In Chapters 2 and 3, he reviews his concepts of sensual and real objects. In the process, he attacks the prestige normally granted to philosophies of human access, which Harman links for the first time to the already discredited Menos Paradox. In Chapters 4 through 7, Harman brings the reader up to speed on his interpretation of Heidegger, which culminates in a fourfold structure of objects linked by indirect causation. In Chapter 8, he speculates on the implications of this theory for the debate over panpsychism, which Harman both embraces and rejects. In Chapters 9 and 10, he introduces the term ontography as the study of the different possible permutations of objects and qualities, which he simplifies with easily remembered terminology drawn from standard playing cards.

REVIEWS & ENDORSEMENTS

I’ve just had the opportunity to finish Graham Harman’s latest publication The Quadruple Object. As we have become accustomed to, Harman constructs a literary diorama of aesthetically pleasing objects (“diamonds, rope, and neutrons” or “rum, parrots, and volcanos”) to help forward his arugments which, in The Quadruple Object,have become even more tightly expressed and erudite. Apparently a combination of art history and sports writing makes for an excellent litarery style. I am totally delighted with his new work. Today I feel like doing a little digging into how OOO visualizes both the human and the cosmos. A perspective which I think has mostly positive, but mixed results.

There is certainly room to distinguish between humans and other objects from the OOO perspective, but deciding precisely what makes humans different from other animals (or from any other object in the cosmos for that matter) is a sordid affair. I certainly don’t pretend to have anything completely figured out here. However, I do think OOO is greatly enriching our sense of cosmos, whilst (somewhat) impoverishing our sense of anthropos.

What I love about OOO is that it relaxes the intense and self-critical glare of the modern subject. It helps soften the eyes and lets them rest on other entities- other entities to whom we owe so much and with which we are so tightly entwined. The modernist gaze is not transformed into an unwitting and uncritical day dream, but the eyes have definitely warmed in their touch to the world outside of human experience. Bruno Latour commented once that doing an actor-network study requires an infralanguage that lets the actors themselves speak, intsead of a metalanguage that would seek to script the whole drama of observation in advance, forcing entities to speak in foreign tongues. OOO is a soft, almost diverted gaze that attempts to witness the human and its worlds along side of all other objects and their worlds.

In this sense, we are whirring correlations amidst other correlations, each a shifting tide pool of space and time. But perhaps humans are not justanother correlation. We can entertain such a line of thinking without engaging in some kind of vulgar ontological exceptionalism. We, as humans,are objects arrayed amidst the parliament of the universe, unfolding alongside an infinitely diverse variety of other objects. We certainly do not need to introduce new substances or create special anthropocentric laws to explain the functioning of our bodies, the emergence of our species, or our genetic relation to the whole universe. In this sense I agree with Harman when he writes:

It cannot be denied that human experience is rather different from inanimate contact, and presumably richer and more complex. But that is not the point. The more relavent issue is whether the difference between human relations with paper and a flame’s relation with paper is different in kind or only in degree (p.45).

And yet, despite this nod to the rich complexity of the human, we find, I think, little commentary on the absolutely fascinating increase in dimensionality that the universe seems to experience with the emergence of the human object in the OOO framework. This not really a criticism of OOO per se, but more of an opening towards the exciting potential for future research. Perhaps this is what Harman is calling for in his appeal to a “speculative psychology” , a philosophical move to describe the different levels of psyche operating in the universe (p. 120). Certainly we don’t want to swing the other way and return to a dull and unsophisticated anthropocentrism, but I think we could situate human qua cosmos in a way slightly different than how Harman does it here:

The cosmos seems to be gigantic in both space and time. It is more ancient than all our ape-like ancestors and all other life forms. It might also seem safe to assume that the trillions of entities in the cosmos engage in relations and duels even when no human observes them. However interesting we humans may be to ourselves, we are apparently in no way central to the cosmic drama, marooned as we are on an average-sized planet near a mediocre sun, and confined to a tiny portion of the historty of the universe (p 63).

This depiction of the human-cosmos relationship is one we are all familiar with. Humanity, once thinking itself to be the privileged center of creation, is mercilessly decentered physically (Copernicus), psychologically (Freud), philosophically (Nietszche), socially (Marx), biologically (Darwin) and theologically (Feurbach). Harman’s nod to this history of decentering in the western mind is clear. However, further in The Quadruple Object Harman, writing on Heidegger, adds: “As Heidegger depicts it, the human has world, the stone is worldess, and the animal is “poor” in world” (p. 58). In this context, I think OOO has actually done quite a lot to resituate human beings within a cosmos of objects, and in this way has made the cosmos look more weird but perhaps less alien(ating). Decidedly a step away from modernist thinking.

Returning a sense of “world” back to animals and stones is an important success, but may have cut the human a little bit short. We should push further by again engaging the important question of what it means to be human within a cosmological context. OOO lets us do this without reducing the human to the physics of lithospheres and solar systems. It also lets us do this without absorbing the human into vast evolutionary or thermodynamic networks (all whilst not decrying the importance of either). However, something in me calls to correct the descriptors “average-sized planet” and “mediocre sun.” Of course it is true that the earth is an averaged sized planet and our sun is notthe biggest and brightest in the galaxy, not even close.

However, clearly life bearing planets are a relative rarity (as far as we know anyway), let alone planets with complex, self-reflective organisms. We also know that life on earth is intimitely tied to our sun, with the millions of single celled organisms on the planet slowly shifting and transforming as the sun throbs, emitting solar radiation towards the earth day in and day out. The atmosphere is a combination of sun and respiration. There is definitely something unusual about this process, something vast but intimate. An infralanguage of the human should surely let the human speak to all this strange excess and complex creative meandering.

Perhaps the opposite perspective of a totally flat ontology is the one offered by mystic and Jesuit scientist Teilhard de Chardin. Teilhard clothes the flesh of the cosmos with an epic dignity that places the human at the center of a cosmogenic process, bursting forth into greater depth and dimensionality over billions of years. But Teilhard’s view is too bright, too promethean, and risks losing the human project to a species-wide cataclysm of optimism. Harman’s approach is more sober, less glorifying, and rightly calls to question the primacy of the human-world relation. Somewhere amidst these two perspectives lies something worth thinking about. What we need is a vision of humans and nonhumans that engages their particular nobility of perspective. In the case of the human we have clearly only begun to plumb the depths of whats going on.

Spoiler warning: For those of you still reading The Quadruple Object, this blog post will reveal most of the content, along with my reflections.

It is summer and as the e-mails slowly stop flowing in and I accidentally left my mobile phone in a taxi the time is perfect for reading books that have been on my reading list. Sometimes certain objects need to withdraw from my attention for others, like books, to be able to emerge. So here comes a “blog-review” of Graham Harman‘s The Quadruple Object. And the blog- prefix means, as usual, that it is work in progress and not a final product. Please comment!

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After having read Harman’s Prince of Networks and parts of Tool-being, I felt that The Quadruple Object would be a real treat. I especially found Prince of Networks to be perhaps the most insightful book on Latour’s philosophy yet to have been written, as it is both a warm appreciation, simultaneously as it rejects parts of Latour’s arguments with great consideration, especially what Harman calls “relationism”. I will come back to this point below, since Prince of Networks paradoxically made me more of a relationist than I was before. Having been trained in Science- and Technology Studies for a long time, I guess it becomes more or less a habit to study relations, opening black boxes, and mapping networks. Habits are good to have, but they must every now and then be challenged properly. And The Quadruple Object is certainly one such challenge.

The book opens up with a brief preface where some interesting facts of the writing of the book are presented. For example, Harman clocked every minute of writing, and the book was completed in the impressing 86 hours and 34 minutes. Then comes an introduction where the most basic features of the object oriented ontology are presented. Here we learn that objects are the basic building block not only of our everyday lives, but also should be at the center of philosophy, that also non-physical entities are objects (but they don’t have to be equally real), and that later on in the book the fourfold (quadruple) structure of objects will be presented.

But before we can arrive at a model of objects, much of the philosophical terrain needs to be cleared. Being an inventor of concepts, Harman identifies two general obstacles that need to be overcome in order to arrive at objects: “Undermining” and “overmining”. To those not familiar with ontology, these concepts should not be confused with over/under-determination, which has a much more epistemological touch to them.

Undermining is basically a form of reductionism, some of which we may perhaps recognize in their clearest form in atomism and physical reductionism (everything isreally just atoms). But included in the undermining camp are also varieties of monism, such as the notion of that “behind” all actual manifestations there is a “virtual plane” (perhaps Deleuze and DeLanda can be accused of this). A while ago I found the philosophies of the virtual quite seductive in argument, but my strong commitment toactualism + relationism has made this more and more impossible.

Overmining, on the other hand, is the opposite problem of that reality is something that we perceive, that a world without humans is unthinkable, and all that exists and can be rendered knowledgeable must go through a thinking subject. In chapter 4 this is defined more closely as:

“If we try to think a world outside human thought, then we are thinking it, and hence it is no longer outside thought. Any attempt to escape this circle is doomed to contradiction”. This is not just a word trick: it is the tacit or explicit credo of a now lengthy tradition of philosophy that might be called the Philosophy of Human Access. (60-61)

Harman traces the “Philosophy of Human Access” to have originated in Kant, but is still the major view of contemporary thought, including such philosophers as for example Å½iÅ¾ek. While agreeing with both the critique of “human (privileged) access” and “correlationism” fully, I simultaneously feel that this is a problem you only need to deal with once you encounter it. And personally I barely ever see Philosophy of Human Access any more. Perhaps this is because I lack proper overview of philosophy, or because the local and very small ontology scene in Sweden regards it as a “90:s” problem.

To me, it is far more interesting when Harman brings in thoughts that were produced outside the Kantian box, for example the passages on occasionalism and Ibn SÄ«nÄ (Avicenna) (who made very interesting contributions, perhaps the first ones, tocontagiontology, long before Gabriel de Tarde). While occasionalism still leaves us with the problem of an omnipotent God that grants all causation, Harman makes some brilliant connections with the “inverted occasionalism” in Kant and Hume, where God is replaced with a no less omnipotent human, who is the only entity allowed to define the world.

So far so good. Undermining and overmining with exclusive human access are both counter-productive when you want to approach objects (or for that matter actants, rhizomes or even haecceities, to use some other idioms). But, as I mentioned above, I have a passion for relationism. Here, Harman is very clear:

The only way to do justice to objects is to consider that their reality is free of all relation, deeper than all reciprocity. The object is a dark crystal veiled in a private vacuum: irreducible to its own pieces, and equally irreducible to its outward relations with other things. (47)

In Prince of Networks this is the core problem that Harman finds in Latour. Being absolutely actualist Latour disqualifies of objects that have no relations. They are notreal for Latour, since as we know from reading his Irreductions, real is what resists, and that actants necessarily are defined in relations with other actants (and networks). A “private vacuum” would be impossible for a relationist.

In place of relationism, Harman aims for his fourfold object. And he does so with the help of Heidegger and Husserl. I am only familiar with the former of these two. I have barely read a page of Husserls phenomenology, but for one year I read the entire Sein und Zeitwith my friends over at the History of Ideas department. In retrospect, I unfortunately read the “humanist Heidegger”, the common interpretation, which is surely guilty of the “human access”-problem. The Harman-Heidegger is, on the contrary, and for the better, heavily modified and draws on two manuscripts from 1919 and 1949 that I haven’t yet read. This is where the largely neglected passages of the Gevierte is presented, which forms sort of the starting point of the quadruple object.

The Quadruple Object

This is not the place to summarize every step in how the quadruple object is assembled. This is already in the book itself, which is written much like a ladder, going systematically into more and more complexities. A few major characteristics are however necessary to grasp the argument.

First of all, there is a distinction between the real object and the sensual object. Here again, there is a strong claim against relationism – “the reality of objects is never fully deployed in their relations”. In fact, real objects is something we can never touch, only sensible objects are “touchable”. And, of course, this is nothing like Kant’s phaenomena. This goes for all objects, even when no human is present. A chair never touches the real object of the floor, only the sensible object of the floor.

The full fledged quadruple object has four poles: real objects, real qualities, sensual objects and sensual qualities (94, and on the picture above). If I understand this distinction correctly, a real cat-object has real qualities (of swiftness for example, hunting skills etc.). A sensual object would be the cat lurking in the grass. It however has different sensual qualities for me (oh, how cute!) and a mouse (oh, scary!). The scary sensual qualities experienced by the mouse, the tasty qualities that the tick in the grass sees, are withdrawn from me. Yet they are very real. And this initial distinction seems very intuitive. The cat is of course a different object for me and for the mouse, and no matter how much scientific instrumentation I bring along to examine my cat, no scientist would ever say that that would bring out every single feature of it (social, biological, molecular, weight, height, religious symbolism etc.)

This, if read closely, differs a lot from the cat-actant, found in classical actor-network theory. Here me and the cat would have a social relation, it stays with me when I give it food and comfort, I stay with it as long as I think it is cute and not a monster. The tick-and-the-cat-assemblage forms a parasitic network, and the mouse needs to negotiate every day with the cat, pesticides and cheese. But there can be no such thing as a withdrawn cat, human, mouse or piece of cheese. These are all messy components in networks, components that are defined only by their role in the network (or, how they translate interests). It is food for the mouse, a product for farmers, a commodity for humans and perhaps a fertile breeding ground for bacteria. In actor-network theory there is no essence, only translations and inter-definitions of other actants.

But this is only the beginning of the quadruple object. For, as it is fundamental, it also affects such things as time and space: “Time is the name for this tension between sensual objects and their sensual qualities” (100). Now, continuing on the example of the cat, this would mean, that the sensual cat-object lurking in the grass has a specific time in relation to the mouse. How long until it runs away? As the cat and the mouse stare at each other, time is not in seconds and minutes, a continuous flow. Rather it is a sort of event, where time is deadly.

Then we have space: “Space is the tension between concealed real objects and the sensual qualities associated with them” (100). The real cat-object is in the grass and I’m sitting on a chair in the sun. It is hiding there so we have no meaningful relation since I can’t see it, but I could go over there for a look and find it. However, looking at it and admiring its cuteness, I still would not exhaust every kind of sensual quality of it (I don’t for example have the nervous system of a tick or a mouse).

In relationism, Latour says that every actant invents it own time. Me, the cat and the tick have different times. But there is no such thing as a “withdrawn” sensual quality. To me and my network, the tick-sense does not exist (unless I build a scientific laboratory, collect ticks, investigate them with instruments, write reports in zoology). But for Harman, they are very real without me having to become a zoologist.

Moving on we find two more tensions in the quadruple object: Eidos and essence. “This tension between sensual objects and their real hidden qualities is what Husserl calls theEidos” (101). If I understand this correctly, the mouse can only see the cat in the grass. But the mouse can for sure know and imagine what would happen if it does not hide properly or run down a hole. It is able to act, even though the cat is still just lurking there. Even though I will probably never experience what it feels like to jump off a bridge, I have some sort of understanding of what will happen to me if I do.

But then comes essence, that horrible word that everyone tries to erase from their dictionaries. This passage is definitely worth a quote, because I think it is one of the best arguments for essence in a long time:

And finally there is the fourth and final tension, never accessible to human experience. I refer to the duel, underway in hidden real things, between the unified real object and its multitude of real hidden features. This tension between the real object and its real qualities has always been called itsessence, though traditional realism lacks Heidegger’s remorseless sense that the real is entirely withdrawn from all access. (101)

How the real object of the cat has its real quality of swiftness (and maybe thousands of other qualities, but to be a cat is to be swift) is something which we can never directly access, but must remain speculative. We can of course measure it scientifically, or just chase the cat for a while and approximate how fast it runs. But what we encounter then is sensual qualities (even when using instruments), or perhaps if lucky eidos. Not essence.

My first reaction, as an empiricist, is “why invent this strange place of essence if we can’t do anything with it”? That reaction may be justified when I’m writing a dissertation and need to get job done. But it is not a justified position for philosophy in general, and especially not for ontology.

After struggling a bit with it, I finally found what disturbed me with this notion of essence. The realness and reality of withdrawn objects, and the essence dimension, is not real enough for me. And then it became clear to me that this is what relationism has been saying all along.

Since I am writing this on my summer holiday outside of the city center, cats and ticks will continue to be my examples, since they are very close to me.

The relation between me and the cat is very dear. I only exhaust a fraction of the cat-object when giving him food, playing with him or, finding him cute while playing with him. On the other hand, I really loathe ticks. I avoid long grass and even though I intellectually understand their role in an eco-system, I sometimes wish for their extinction. Cats and ticks, are able to do a variety of things with me, make me happy or frightened, scratch my skin with claws and infect me with various diseases; or have fine serotonin produced in my brain so I feel happy and laugh (there is a reason for why cats are called LOLcats on the interweb).

Speculatively, the objects are richer when withdrawn. My cat is richer than I can ever exhaust in this way. But the withdrawn object does not do very much, not even to itself. The serotonin in my brain and the disease that I received from the tick (this is fictional, don’t worry about my health) exist because of relations with these objects. We could of course argue that these are other objects. But I would argue that serotonin and tick-related diseases are more real because they are “unable” to withdraw. They solely appear in particular relations: Human-cat-assemblage, human-tick-assemblage.

This brings us to scientific objects.

Some remarks of objects in action and uncertainty

We have on the one hand objects which are already there, such as chairs, copper wires, my cat, and trains. But there is another type of of objects, probably the weirdest of them all; scientific objects which are still not here, there, or in any fixed position. This is why Latour’s Science in Action is such a thrilling and useful book, and contrary to what Latour himself claims, that it is “tamed for sociologists”, I consider it (along with Harman) to be a very important philosophical book.

Indeed, the passage on the train station in Sein und Zeit is brilliantly weird, but it pales, in my opinion, to the first pages of Science in Action when Latour is reverting the black boxes of molecular biology, to a point when it is legitimate to ask “Is it a double helix or a triple helix?”. For in these moments, it is not merely a “human” perception waiting to unveil the true nature of DNA, it is a matter of a whole assemblage trying to force “something” to withdraw, to resist their models (and thus become real).

Depending on how the equipment of the laboratory is configured, tweaked and debugged, it was possible to extract several competing models of the structure of DNA some decades ago. But only one survived, not because of human theory, but because of violent struggles among nonhuman entities. To me, the strongest realism is paradoxically found precisely in such moments of uncertainty, even though facts are contested and debated. It takes a lot of relations for the double helix to emerge, and only then are we able to make cyborgs such as onco-mice and Dolly the Sheep. Scientific practice is, when on the cutting edges of work, a “bringer of objects”. Perhaps only hacking (as in hacking computers, technology, politics, etc.) is equally entangled in the minute details of objects and their way of functioning and withdrawing, appearing and hiding.

Now, this possibly brings me near “correlationism”. After all, what we understand as science is in fact a human activity. But I think we are still able to navigate without falling into that trap. Technology studies and “posthumanism” has been around for decades. Scientific objects are no less real than chairs, bridges or satellites. Not even trees or grass, since most of them are products of human terraformation. And in fact, the split of the atom and the burning of fossile fuels are potentially even changing what is above us in the sky.

Then again, it would be naive for the domains of philosophy only to go where humans have gone. This is the true meaning ~ Christopher Kullenberg, Swedish blogger, Ph.D. candidate in Theory of Science in Gothenburg

« In this book we again encounter Harman’s voice and the extraordinary force of his theses. Starting from an initial simplicity, they ultimately attain a degree of complexity and fascinating depth— but always step by step, in such a way that the reader is never distracted. »