! Rate of evolution

Rates of evolution - How do we measure the rate of evolution?

The rate of evolution is a measurement of the change in an evolutionary lineage over time.

The method for measuring the rate of evolution can be illustrated by work done by MacFadden on horse teeth: horse teeth are classic materials in the study of evolution.

The rate of evolution is measured as follows:

Suppose that a character has been measured at two times, t1 and t2 ; t1 and t2 are expressed as times before the present in millions of years.

The time interval between the two samples can be written as:Dt = t1 - t2,

which is 1 million years if t1 = 15.2 and t2 =14.2 The average value of the character is defined as x1 in the earlier sample and x2 in the later sample; we then take natural logarithms of x1 and x2 (the natural logarithm is the log to base e where e = 2.718, and it is symbolized by ln ).

The evolutionary rate (r) then is

r = (ln(x2) - ln(x1)) / Dt

The rate of evolution is measured in 'darwins'.

Haldane (pictured opposite) defined a 'darwin' as a unit to measure evolutionary rates; one darwin is a change in the character by a factor of e in one million years.

The formula above for r gives the rate in darwins provided that the time interval is in millions of years.

Natural Selection Has Produced Adaptations That Benefit Various Levels Of Organization

Another Sense Of "Unit Of Selection" Is The Entity Whose Frequency Is Adjusted Directly By Natural Selection

The Two Senses Of "Unit Of Selection" Are Compatible; One Specifies The Entity That Generally Shows Phenotypic Adaptations, The Other The Entity Whose Frequency Is Generally Adjusted By Natural Selection