7. Saint Sophia Cathedral - a symbol of Kyiv (textbook)

-As
and therefore changed the cathedral and the square in front of it?

-What
changes in the life of the city of Kiev and reflect?

Journey to the Past (historical journey in Kiev).

Much has changed in Kiev for more than
1500 years. He experienced the heyday and decline, time freedom and
captivity. The pages of history entered its many names, events and dates. We
call on witnesses in the history of Kyiv architectural monuments. Here's one of those
witnesses– famous Hagia Sophia. It is no exaggeration to call
symbol of the city. Together with Sofia we take a trip into the past of Kyiv and
trace changes that occurred in and around the cathedral as
reflect the changes occurring with the most Kyiv.

"The city of Vladimir, the end of X - the beginning of XI century. D. Layout Mazyukevych

Consider the layout. On it you do not see
Cathedral Sv.Sofiyi. And where it is - a field outside the hail, "as the chronicler wrote.
It was here in 1036 battles with the Pechenegs (indicated
arrow). In memory of her prince Yaroslav the Wise ordered to build a temple for
Painter Cv.Sofiyi temple in Constantinople.

Information:

Vladimir City - new fortifications built on the orders of Prince
Vladimir (980-1015 years). Seize the territory between modern streets
Vladimirskaya, Tithe, Zhytomyr, Michael and square
slopes on both sides of the ravine Potters Andrew Borychevoho descent and current.

Remember:

- What important events in history
Kyiv and Kyiv Rus connected with the name of Prince Vladimir? Why he went in
history as "Vladimir the Holy"?

"The city of Yaroslav, middle XI. D. Layout Mazyukevych

And it is the middle of XI century. - The heyday of
Old Rus. It became a symbol of Sofia. A place to build a cathedral
was selected so that no part of which would come into town, the first thing noticed
travel - a building Sv.Sofiyi. Before her, gathered from four main roads
all entrances to the city, so here formed town square.

During this period, were built not only Cathedral
Sv.Sofiyi but new walls to Golden Gate - the front entrance to the city,
Heorhiyiyivska and Irininskaya church in honor of Yaroslav and his wife,
many other buildings. Around the city of Vladimir has grown a whole new city, surrounded by
new fortifications. His so-called - "the city of Yaroslav. Most
impressed contemporaries Sophia Cathedral and Golden Gate.

Source 1. Contemporaries of St. Sophia Cathedral:

Nestor
Chronicler: "And
He decorated it mnohotsinnymy icons, and PLN, and silver utensils and the Church "

Metropolitan
Hilarion: "Church is a strange and glorious all district and country do not
similar in all the northern lands? "

Let us consider:

- What impressed contemporaries in
St. Sophia Cathedral?

- What stays up to this day?

Information:

Hilarion
(Rusin) - Metropolitan (Head of the Church) in Kyiv
1051-1054 biennium The first Metropolitan of local origin, which manifests itself
in his prizvisku: Rusyn. In 1051, during the ceremony of ordination in
St. Sophia Cathedral gave a famous speech, known as "word of law and
grace. She became one of the earliest works of literature of the Old Rus.
Numbered among the saints buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

Invite parents

Visit
State Historical and Cultural Reserve "Sophia" and read
history of the glorious temple. Note the differences between modern and
initial view of the cathedral. Find out which elements of its vessels (mosaic
murals) remained with 11 centuries. Find out about graffiti Sophia Cathedral.

Sofia - the central temple in both Kyiv and
throughout Russia. Here - the residence of the Metropolitan, it has been a solemn ceremony;
school here and collected Yaroslav the Wise biblioteka.U 1240Kyiv was captured by the Mongol-Tatars.

The Italian traveler Dzhiovanni del Plano Carpini wrote about Kyiv at that time: "After a long siege they took it and
destroyed the city residents? city that was pretty big and crowded, and now
reduced almost to nothing? ".

Surprisingly, Sofia was not completely destroyed,
but it is not planting ceremony took place on the throne of Kiev princes,
announcement of public acts, that it is no longer the political and cultural
center. For a while it still remained the residence of the metropolitan and the main temple
Kyiv, but she stood among the ruins. Life in Kiev is revived
slowly. And Tatar attacks never stopped.

"Temple
This was built luxurious and had no price. ? Many agree that in all
Europe no temples that would value and sophistication, decoration were higher than would
Constantinople and Kyiv (both built on one plan). ? Unfortunately,
This shrine is now not only became dormitories cattle, horses, dogs and
pigs, but loses its decorations by rains that penetrate through the holey roof.
Here and there where the walls have started to fall. "

(B)From the "Description of Ukraine?" Guillaume de Beauplan (1640)

"Temple
Sophie Sv.Myhayla and restored to their ancient form. Church of Hagia Sophia
has a nice facade and magnificent view, which side do not look at him? "

(C)In pictures Van Westerfeldt.
1651

Let us consider:

- How
describes the state of cathedral J. Wereszczynski? With what he compares it? What
causes destruction of the Temple you could call?

-
Compare the description of G. de Boplana previous. What changed?
Whether it proves a source 2 (c)?

-
Compare the source 3 of the original appearance of the cathedral. What's new? Or
can agree that the cathedral rebuilt in its original form?

- What
can you say about an area in front of the church?

Renaissance St. Sophia associated with the activities of Metropolitan Peter
Graves in biennium 1632-1647 He organized the restoration of the cathedral, gave
monastery with him. For reconstruction and completion of the church were invited Italian
Octavian architect Mancini. Cathedral rising usual we want.
Perestroika and continuing later in the XVIIIth.

In 1685-1707 he Hagia Sophia
charge of Ivan Mazepa. In his church funds over completion, following flavors and
customs of the era. The form of domes appear. Unfortunately, not always
masters were trained, and sometimes they simply destroyed or distorted
ancient paintings. Yet, in essence, Sofia has kept its majestic appearance.
Next to the church formed a complex of buildings - metropolitan Chamber
Kelme monastery, gates. So consider Sofia landmark and XI, and XVIII centuries.

Gradually revived and the city. Again
St. Sophia Cathedral became the chief of his house.

Source 3.Consider rozdyvlyayuchys and comparing.

.

Sofia was ploscha.1840

Sofia area in 1851

Question:

- How
changes you noticed?

- From
what circumstances in the history of the city is that?

Changing and the area outside the cathedral. In the second half of XIX century. it was
cleared and it was just great - from Sofia to Michael
Cathedral. But not for long. In 1857 house was built for a large
number of public institutions - so called "Prysutstvennih
jobs.

In 1888, establish a monument to Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Now the area looked like.

But it is early
20 cent.

Consider rozdyvlyayuchys and
comparison.

- Compare with previous images. What else
changed? What's new in the appearance of the area? What changes in life
Kyiv and Kiev are reflected in it?

Twentieth century. in the history of Kyiv was far too rapid. Revolution, War
- All somehow affected and at the Sofia area. In 1918 Kyiv
bombard cannons Bolshevik troops - several shells hit and
in the cathedral. In 1919, zakripyvshys for a while in Kiev, the new government
sets new monuments. In Sofia Square obelisk set heroes
revolution. At the next change of government it was destroyed.

Source 4

Do you recognize? Well, that
Bogdan though not touch. Although all pre-revolutionary monuments in Kiev left
only two - and Bogdan St. Volodymyr's Hill.

In 20-iesSophia Square renamed. It was called Red Square Heroes
Perekopa and looked so.

In 1934 in St. Sophia Cathedral service was suspended and the entire territory
former monastery was declared a state reserve. But it does not interfere
to place its facilities in various government offices.

In
the same year, Kyiv became the capital of Soviet Ukraine (it
was in Kharkov). This moved the government. Then it was terrible for the taken
Kyiv solution - a huge and stately government center.

It - One project perbudovy Sophia Square. Michael and
Sophia monastery had to be destroyed. With the first and was done. Sofia is
lucky.

Ask
expert.

D. Malakov, kyyevoznavets.

"In the twentieth century. Hagia Sophia was under three
threatened.

For the first time saved
Ukrainian art historian Nikolai Makarenko (1877-1936). It happened
In 1934, when Soviet authorities destroyed the old historic landmark in
Kiev. But it cost the life scientist.

During World
War in preparation for the delivery of Kyiv in autumn 1941, engineering parts
Soviet 37 th Army minuvaly important buildings of the city. Was bound and
Sv.Sofiya. The second time it has saved the then director of the reserve Alex Povstenko
(1902-1974) - answering minerals of the basement in Sv.Sofiyi no.

After the war, Kyiv quickly rebuilt. Sophia
Cathedral remains the reserve. The area in front of him is now called B. Khmelnitsky Square.

Consider
rozdyvlyayuchys and comparing.

Area
Khmelnytskoho 50-ies Twentieth century.

Area
Khmelnytskoho 80's Twentieth century.

Sofia area, 2003

And this is the time of independence - 2003 And the area is
called Sofia. In the background
plan - restored St. Michael's Cathedral.

Question:

- Which
changes you noticed?

- Or
can be argued that the area became better? Why do you think?

-
What, in your opinion, renamed the area?

It would seem that all is well. Sofia kraschaye each year.
It has the status of national historical and cultural reserve, included in
list of World Heritage by UNESCO (international organization which
cares about the development of culture in the world) in 2001 restored
Belfry. Rebuilt St. Michael's Cathedral. The area became a pedestrian - to
Shipping not waste valuable mosaics and frescoes. In 2007, Sofia joined
the list of 7 Wonders of Ukraine. But again, the restoration?

Not only in the restoration of the right.

Problem

The hotel "Hayat" at the Sofia area.

Rozpytayemo
expert.

M. KalnytskyyKnown kyyevoznavets.

"? In Sofia
area? on a former fountain now arranged pedestrian zone. Here
Head Office of Heritage? wants to see something kshalt
square before the cathedral of San Marco in Venice - a pool with fountains, surrounded by
cafe tables, playing alongside the orchestra?

To
these romantic dreams I would like to add just one thing. I think Venetians
drowned in a canal Grande that a fool who decided to right on the square
San Marco glass leviathan planted in the spirit of the Hotel Hayat, among vtyknuty
This area of commercial fitness center with underground parking or arbitrarily
overbuild surrounding buildings.

And
We, at St. Sophia all this happen? "

Question:

-kyyevoznavtsya disturbing?

-Why is he so strongly against the construction of
Sophia area?

-How do you feel about this issue? What are your
suggestions?

Tasks.

-discuss the problem of historical buildings
Kyiv part of your family members, classmates. Spend a little
sociological research: gather different opinions and the calculated number
supporters of different points of view. Draw conclusions.

Kiev
legend

When you enter the St. Sophia cathedral, the first thing you
see - famous mosaic image Oranty - Mother of God, praying with
raised hands. She prays for all people. This mosaic is made Greek
masters in the 11 century. She always impressed all who saw it. And despite all
destruction, fire, shelling continues to impress.

Maybe that's why even in ancient times, was born
legend that Oranta raised their
hands stop all misfortune Kyiv, keep it. And the city will stand until
Oranta stands.

Beautiful legend? But recently there
messages from the traffic and vibrations from nearby construction
mosaics of the cathedral began its collapse? not lose a legend?

Invite parents

- Visit the National Historical and Cultural Reserve
"Sophia" and observe the glorious history of the house. Find out which
elements of its decoration (mosaics, frescoes) remaining from the XI century. Try
read graffiti Sophia Cathedral.