If you’ve ever taken an official tour of the Parliament of Canada, the guide will normally present the House of Commons in the antechamber and explain the overall seating arrangements – that the government sits to the Speaker’s right, and the loyal opposition to his left – and take note of the desks of the prime minister and leader of the opposition. The guide will note the adversarial (I consider this a positive attribute) arrangement of the House of Commons, which maintains opposing rows of seats rather than a horseshoe configuration. He or she may then characterize the distance separating the government and opposition benches as inviolable because, conforming to an ancient custom of the British Parliament, they must remain “two swords and one inch apart.” The House of Commons Procedure and Practice of O’Brien and Bosc mostly corroborates this claim (in the first paragraph of “Seating”, by footnote 38): “The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres, said to be equivalent to two swords’ length.” The footnote attributes the origin of this custom to a time when members of the British House of Commons carried swords, and that “red lines marked on the carpet two swords’ length apart still serve as a reminder to seek resolutions by peaceful means.”

Let’s examine the validity of these customs on “sword lengths” and seating configurations by looking at some photographs at our sister parliaments in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

Canadian House of Commons and its wide center aisle

The British House of Commons consists of two distinct sets of opposing benches separated by a center aisle. As of 2010, it seats 650 members. “Some Traditions and Customs of the House”, produced by the House of Commons Information Office, corroborates the reference to red lines from O’Brien and Bosc and the notion that the government and opposition benches remain two swords apart (though not an inch more): “They may not speak from the floor of the House between the red lines (traditionally supposed to be two sword-lengths apart).” However, the House of Commons Information Office does not list any precise measurement like the 396 centimeters that O’Brien and Bosc claim. Certainly, the length of swords would have varied depending on the type of sword and the period in history – but the distance between the government and opposition benches in the Canadian House of Commons is clearly much greater than that in the British House of Commons – one need only look at the photos. For instance, during the weekly Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs), the prime minister and leader of the opposition stand directly behind the Clerks’ desk and the mace and speak into the microphones by their respective despatch boxes. But in the Canadian House of Commons, the prime minister and leader of the opposition stand nowhere near the Clerks’ desk during their exchanges in Question Period. There are a few possible explanations to take these different interpretations of “two swords” into account: either the Canadian sources are wrong, or the British House of Commons was expanded through the addition of a new front bench, thus narrowing the gap between the government and opposition. Or Canadian parliamentarians wielded massive Claymores, while their British counterparts settled for more modest sabres!

The benches and narrow aisle of the British House of Commons

Our southern hemispheric Commonwealth cousins have both made significant adaptations to the basic Westminster model (more on that later), as well as noticeable changes to their lower houses. They use refer to their lower houses by a different name : as “House of Representatives” instead of the traditional moniker “House of Commons”, perhaps in order to avoid the pejorative historical and colonial associations with “commoner”. The Australian House of Representatives consists of 150 members, who sit in a horseshoe configuration, which breaks with the British tradition. The government and opposition front benches form a single, unbroken line; and like in the British House of Commons, the Australian prime minister and leader of the opposition address each other during Question Time from their respective despatch boxes and microphones. However, the overall distance between the Clerks’ table and the front benches are roughly the same distance apart as ours. The backbenchers sit in pairs in what appears to be a bench-desk hybrid. (The Australians always have to be different). The New Zealand House of Representatives, which seats 122 members, combines the desks of the Canadian House of Commons with the horseshoe configuration of the Australian House of Representatives; their front desks are also roughly the same distance apart as ours, and like us, they don’t use despatch boxes. The partial center aisles of their Houses of Representatives look about 396 centimeters wide.

Turning back to the Canadian House of Commons, the parliamentary tour guide would also mention that the desks accommodate the 308 members of the House of Commons, and that Parliament re-evaluations the number of Commons seats every ten years, which has so far always resulted in adding more desks. But as anyone can plainly see, the House of Commons has reached its capacity and can accommodate no additional desks under the traditional arrangement that supposedly requires that the government and opposition sit 396 centimeters apart. The Harper government introduced Bill C-12 in the 3rd session of the 40th Parliament, which would have expanded the House of Commons by 30 seats in order to represent more fairly the growing populations in British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario. But where would all those additional desks go? The sheer physical limitations of the House of Commons preclude the inclusion of more desks. Perhaps another row of desks could be added in the back, but then it would block off the corridor behind the curtains; and the addition of a new row in the front would narrow the 396-centimeter gap.

The New Zealand House of Representatives uses desks like ours

Now that the Harper government commands a majority of the House, this bill will probably be re-introduced in the 41st Parliament. In order to accommodate those additional 30-odd seats, which would probably become official around 2014, the House of Commons should switch to benches like Westminster. In addition to their more efficient use of space in the chamber, benches would also deprive members of the ability to bang loudly on the desks during Question Period. The addition of these new seats also happily corresponds to Public Works’ scheduled renovation of Centre Block in 2015, so the renovation could easily accommodate the conversion from desks to benches! And for good measure, the prime minister and leader of the opposition should also address each other across despatch boxes. I shall explain in a later post why the Canadian House of Commons ought to scrap the current format of Question Period and adopt the British model of Question Time and Prime Minister’s Questions in its entirety.

“. . . because there were two hundred borough members and only seventy four knights of the shires, it did not follow that the will of the former preponderated in the Assembly. The necessity of proportional representation never occurred to the makers of the English Parliamentary system, and it was only in the days of the Stuarts, when decisions came to lie with the actual majority, that the numerical weakness of country members became a real grievance. In unsophisticated early times, when power went rather by the handling of sword-hilts than by the counting of heads, the knights stood for more in the political world than the peaceful burghers.” GM Trevalyn, A Shortened History of England

I would like it very much indeed if our Canadian Parliament switched from desks to benches, not only because it would make it look even more like the House of Commons in Westminster, but also because it might change the feel of the House. As I am sure you know, in the British House of Commons there is a greater air of electricity and excitement, even if it is not full. I think this comes from a) the fact that there are not enough seats, on purpose, for all the members at once, and b) because they sit on benches and not behind desks and are therefore closer together. Perhaps the last point might be a bit more subjective, however.

I had not thought of the idea of switching to benches before, but it certainly would solve the problem of where to put the new seats. Perhaps we could even have it so there wouldn’t be enough seats for all the Members of Parliament, just as those who rebuilt the British House of Commons during/after World War II did…

I also look forward eagerly to your post on why we ought to scrap the Question Period and bring in the Prime Minister’s Questions from the British!

Thanks, Krystina! I like the Blue Ensign on your blog banner, by the way.

I suspect that the renovations after the War included the addition of a new front bench that effectively closed the gap of 396 centimeters. I think that our House of Commons should include enough benches to accommodate all parliamentarians; even the British seem to agree with this view, because I believe that the Cameron-Clegg government thought about reducing the number of MPs (or perhaps that was just Daniel Hannan and Doug Carswell).

Michael Chong introduced a motion in the 40th Parliament to overhaul Question Period, and while his motion didn’t say so directly, it would essentially have brought us in line with Question TIme and PMQs. He presented his idea more thoroughly at the fall conference of the Canadian Study of Parliament Group last October, and Ned Franks followed up with a good explanation of the British model, so my post will come from my notes and the information available on the British Parliament’s website — hopefully within the next week. .

In regard to the banner on my blog, thank you! Someday I must buy myself either a Red or Blue Ensign, they look like quite smashing flags, I think.

There was some talk by Prime Minister Cameron this past winter of reducing the number of MPs, one of his election pledges. I’m not sure what ever happened with that, perhaps it was pushed aside as more important issues demanded the government’s attention.

I seem to recall happening to watch the Parliamentary proceedings on the television when Mr. Chong either first introduced the motion to the House, or was speaking about it. I was quite impressed with his ideas, and how he referenced the British model, which is probably one of the reasons why I remember it.

I say the individual seats should stay in the Canadian Parliament, given that in a majority government some government MPs have to sit on the same side of the House as the Opposition. Can you imagine MPs of two feuding parties bickering over how much space each is taking? The argument can easily escalade into “You’re taking up too much space because you’re fat, and you’re fat because you don’t get off of your ass often enough to address concerns of Canadians.” Then all that protection that is supposed to be rendered by the “two swords and one inch” convention just goes out the window.