■ 1. Ensure that you have a basic understanding of the types and strategies of HFT, the way different brokers rout orders, the brokers that facilitate HFT in their dark pools and the impact of trading with HFT on your performance.

■ 2. Execute exclusively through “smart” brokers and use tools that specialise in searching for liquidity without signalling your intentions to the market. HFT will prey on the most vulnerable managers and brokers.

■ 3. Avoid submitting round lot orders that signal to HFT the presence of a human operator. The size of each order placed into the market should be randomised.

■ 4. Avoid giving volume-weighted average price (VWAP) or participation rate instructions (that is, “percent of volume” or “over the day”). These types of orders follow a predictable trading schedule and are easily picked off by HFT. Instead, determine the optimal execution that fits the prevalent market conditions.

■ 5. Consider other ways to pay brokers for research if their execution methods are harming your performance.

■ 6. Choose trading venues that incorporate smart matching engines that benefit you more than the venue operator or other participants.