Between the Cordilleras Central and Occidental is a great depression, the Patía-Cauca valley, divided into three longitudinal plains. The southernmost is the narrow valley of the Patía River, the waters of which flow to the Pacific. The middle plain is the highest in elevation (8,200 feet) and constitutes the divide of the other two. The northern plain, the largest (15 miles wide......

...they appealed to the British, who established dominance over them by the Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809). After 1846 there were nine states, later reduced to six, with full powers; Patiala, 5,412 square miles (14,017 square km) in area with up to two million inhabitants at the time of its absorption, was the foremost. The states survived until the independence of India (1947),......

...later by his political successor, Sant Fateh Singh. In November 1956, however, rather than being divided along linguistic lines, the Indian state of Punjab was enlarged through incorporation of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), an amalgamation of the preindependence princely territories of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Faridkot, Kapurthala, Kalsia, Malerkotla (Maler Kotla), and......

the chain, or law, of dependent origination, or the chain of causation—a fundamental concept of Buddhism describing the causes of suffering (dukkha; Sanskrit duhkha) and the course of events that lead a being through rebirth, old age, and death....

...poems now generally attributed to a single anonymous author: the chivalric romance Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, two homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously......

family of card games played by one person. Solitaire was originally called (in various spellings) either patience, as it still is in England, Poland, and Germany, or cabale, as it still is in Scandinavian countries....

The issues studied in bioethics can be grouped into several categories. One category concerns the relationship between doctor and patient, including issues that arise from conflicts between a doctor’s duty to promote the health of his patient and the patient’s right to self-determination or autonomy, a right that in the medical context is usually taken to encompass a right to be fully informed......

...Is a doctor obliged to tell a patient that he is terminally ill if there is good reason to believe that doing so would hasten the patient’s death? If a patient with a life-threatening illness refuses treatment, should his wishes be respected? Should patients always be permitted to refuse the use of extraordinary life-support measures? These questions become more complicated when the......

character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into Latin in De Obidentia ac fide uxoria mythologia, upon which Geoffrey Chaucer based...

Physical therapists complete an examination of the individual and work with him or her to determine goals that can be achieved primarily through exercise prescription and functional training to improve movement. Education is a key component of patient management. Adults with impairments and functional limitations can be taught to recover or improve movements impaired by disease and injury and......

U.S. health care reform legislation, signed into law by Pres. Barack Obama in March 2010, which included provisions that required most individuals to secure health insurance or pay fines, made coverage easier and less costly to obtain, cracked down on abusive insurance practices, and attempted to rein in rising costs of health care. The PPAC...

In addition to granting patients the means for the effective redress for negligent injury (which increases the cost of malpractice insurance for physicians—and thus the cost of medical care), malpractice litigation has also promoted what have come to be called patients’ rights....

city, Stavropol kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It lies along the Podkumok River in the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. It has long been a spa famous for its gentle climate and mineral springs. In 2010 it was named the capital of the newly created North Caucasus federal district....

Buddhist monastic code; a set of 227 rules that govern the daily activities of the monk and nun. The prohibitions of the pātimokkha are arranged in the Pāli canon according to the severity of the offense—from those that require immediate and lifelong expulsion from the order, temporary suspension, or various degrees of restitution or expiation to those that require confession only. Also giv...

Buddhist monastic code; a set of 227 rules that govern the daily activities of the monk and nun. The prohibitions of the pātimokkha are arranged in the Pāli canon according to the severity of the offense—from those that require immediate and lifelong expulsion from the order, temporary suspension, or various degrees of restitution or expiation to those that require confession only. Also giv...

...conquered Arpad, and a large group of princes, among them the kings of Kummuhu, Que, Carchemish (where a King Pisiris reigned), and Gurgum, offered their submission to the Assyrians. King Tutammu of Patina, who had been strategically safe as long as Arpad had not been conquered, also was defeated and his land turned into an Assyrian province. In 738 Samal, Milid, Kaska, Tabal, and Tuwanuwa......

thin, dark red to black mineral coating (generally iron and manganese oxides and silica) deposited on pebbles and rocks on the surface of desert regions. As dew and soil moisture brought to the surface by capillarity evaporate, their dissolved minerals are deposited on the surface; studies indicate that the varnish materials generally are extracted from the surrounding rock and earth material. Win...

...regularly used, as was chemical stripping (which dissolved the mineral alteration products) and electrochemical reduction, which also stripped the surface of any corrosion products and of “patina,” the term usually given to corrosion products that are either naturally occurring or artificially formed on the metal surface. Patinas are valued for aesthetic beauty and for the......

painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under Hieronymus Bosch, the painter of fantastic allegories and landscapes....

painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under Hieronymus Bosch, the painter of fantastic allegories and landscapes....

painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under Hieronymus Bosch, the painter of fantastic allegories and landscapes....

in Spanish and Latin American architecture, a courtyard within a building, open to the sky. It is a Spanish development of the Roman atrium and is comparable to the Italian cortile. The patio was a major feature in medieval Spanish architecture. Sevilla Cathedral (1402–1506) has a patio, as did the ducal palace at Guadalajara (1480–92; destroyed 1936), which was a transitional work displaying Moor...

...typically have clusters of spines; they have suction-tube feet but rarely pedicellariae. A common example in stony-bottomed European waters is the gibbous starlet (Asterina gibbosa). The sea bat (Patiria miniata) usually has webbed arms; it is common from Alaska to Mexico. Sun stars of the genera Crossaster and Solaster are found in northern waters; they have......

in Southeast Asian cookery, a liquid seasoning prepared by fermenting freshwater or saltwater fish with salt in large vats. After a few months time, the resulting brownish, protein-rich liquid is drawn off and bottled. It is sometimes allowed to mature in the sun in glass or earthenware bottles before use. Called nam pla in Thailand, nuoc nam in Vietnam, patis in the Philippi...

...of later Pleistocene age, characterized by roughly worked pebble chopper (q.v.) tools. These traditions include the Choukoutienian industry of China (associated with Homo erectus), the Patjitanian industry of Java, the Soan industry of India, and the Anyathian industry of Myanmar (Burma). ...

...rise abruptly from the Brahmaputra valley to about 2,000 feet (610 metres) and then increase in elevation toward the southeast to more than 6,000 feet (1,830 metres). The mountains merge with the Patkai Range, part of the Arakan system, along the Myanmar border, reaching a maximum height of 12,552 feet (3,826 metres) at Mount Saramati. The region is deeply dissected by rivers: the Doyang and......

Indian social activist known chiefly for her work with people displaced by the Narmada Valley Development Project (NVDP), a large-scale plan to dam the Narmada River and its tributaries in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. An advocate of human rights, Patkar founded her campa...

English poet and essayist whose best poetry is in The Unknown Eros and Other Odes, containing mystical odes of divine love and of married love, which he saw as a reflection of Christ’s love for the soul....

English poet and essayist whose best poetry is in The Unknown Eros and Other Odes, containing mystical odes of divine love and of married love, which he saw as a reflection of Christ’s love for the soul....

island, the smallest and most northerly of the original 12, or Dodecanese (Modern Greek: Dodekánisa), Greek islands. It is only 11 square miles (28 square km) in area. The barren arc-shaped island consists of three deeply indented headlands joined by two narrow isthmuses; its maximum elevation, that of Mount Áyios Ilías (883 feet [269 metres]), is near the centre. Several islets belonging to Pátmo...

city, capital of Bihar state, northern India. It lies about 290 miles (470 km) northwest of Kolkata (Calcutta). Patna is one of the oldest cities in India. During the Mughal period it was known as Azimabad....

style of miniature painting that developed in India in the second half of the 18th century in response to the tastes of the British serving with the East India Company. The style first emerged in Murshidabad, West Bengal, and then spread to other centres of British trade: Benares (Varanasi), Delhi, ...

Indian politician who parlayed his fame as a World War II aviator, anti-British freedom fighter, and commercial airline entrepreneur into a political career, notably as chief minister of Orissa state, 1961-63 and 1990-95 (b. March 5, 1916--d. April 17, 1997)....

Indian politician who parlayed his fame as a World War II aviator, anti-British freedom fighter, and commercial airline entrepreneur into a political career, notably as chief minister of Orissa state, 1961-63 and 1990-95 (b. March 5, 1916--d. April 17, 1997)....

Indian politician and government official in Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. He was the founder and longtime president of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD; Biju People’s Party), a regional political party focused on Odisha, and he also served three terms as chief minister (head of government) of the state (2000– )....

A peculiarly Argentine game dating perhaps to the 17th century is pato (“duck”), which is played on an open field between two teams of four horsemen each. The riders attempt to carry a leather ball (originally a duck trapped in a basket) by its large handles and throw it through the opposing team’s goal, which is a large hoop on a post....

...Stephan Strasser, oriented particularly toward phenomenological psychology, was especially influential. And in Italy, the phenomenology circle centred around Enzo Paci. The Husserl scholar Jan Patocka, a prominent expert in phenomenology as well as in the metaphysical tradition, was influential in the former Czechoslovakia; in Poland, Roman Ingarden represented the cause of......

a variety of a language that signals where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person’s social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect). The word dialect comes from the Ancient Greek dialektos “discourse, language, dialect,” whi...

board game for two players. Of East Asian origin, it is popular in China, Korea, and especially Japan, the country with which it is most closely identified. Go, probably the world’s oldest board game, is thought to have originated in China some 4,000 years ago. According to some sources, this date is as early as 2356 bce, but i...

type of silk sari (characteristic garment worn by Indian women) of Gujarati origin, the warp and weft being tie-dyed (see bandhani work) before weaving according to a predetermined pattern. It formed part of the trousseau presented by the bride’s maternal uncle. Although extant patolas of Gujarat do not predate the lat...

South African writer, best known for his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), a passionate tale of racial injustice that brought international attention to the problem of apartheid in South Africa....

South African writer, best known for his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), a passionate tale of racial injustice that brought international attention to the problem of apartheid in South Africa....

...rise between Tupungato and the mighty Mount Aconcagua. To the north of Aconcagua lies Mount Mercedario (22,211 feet), and between them are the high passes of Mount Espinacito (16,000 feet) and Mount Patos (12,825 feet). South of Anconcagua the passes include Pircas (16,960 feet), Bermejo (more than 10,000 feet), and Iglesia (13,400 feet). Farther north the passes are more numerous but higher......

city, west-central Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,808 feet (856 metres) above sea level in the highlands. Made the seat of a municipality in 1866, it gained city status in 1892 with the name of Patos, which was lengthened in 1944 to Patos de Minas. The cultivation of soy, feijão (beans), corn (mai...

...is the left canine tooth, honoured at the Temple of the Tooth at Kandy, Sri Lanka. Other shrines reportedly have housed certain personal possessions of the Buddha, such as his staff or alms bowl. The alms bowl (patra), particularly, is associated with a romantic tradition of wanderings and, in different historical periods, has been variously......

decorative motif in Indian art, consisting of a lotus rhizome (underground plant stem). A cosmology that identifies water as the source of all life had a great influence on early Indian art, and, of its visual symbols, the lotus is the most important and has been a dominant motif in Indian decoration from the earliest times....

...lifestyles and urbanization, similar to the writings of novelist Ionel Teodoreanu. Victor Popa wrote about rural subjects, while G.M. Zamfirescu’s protagonists were typical Bucharest citizens, and D.D. Pătrăscanu wittily described political life....

In 1890, when Portugal was humiliated by a British ultimatum in connection with its South African colonies, Guerra Junqueiro gave expression to the wounded national pride in a dramatic poem Pátria (1896), which blamed the Braganza dynasty and delusions of a glorious national past for the country’s downfall. The poem’s popularity was immense and, when the republic was established......

...regionally diverse, and there are sharp socioeconomic divisions within the population. Many rural communities maintain strong allegiances to regions, often referred to as patrias chicas (“small homelands”), which help to perpetuate cultural diversity. The large number of indigenous languages and customs, especially in the south, also......

(Latin: “power of a father”), in Roman family law, power that the male head of a family exercised over his children and his more remote descendants in the male line, whatever their age, as well as over those brought into the family by adoption. This power meant originally not only that he had control over the persons of his children, amounting even to a right to inflict capital punishment, but th...

The Bible depicts the family of the Hebrew patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (all early 2nd millennium bce)—as having its chief seat in the northern Mesopotamian town of Harran, which then belonged to the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni. From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan (comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and......

During the exclusion crisis of 1679–80 Filmer’s political tracts (first published between 1648 and 1653) were reissued (1679) and his major work, Patriarcha, was published for the first time (1680). John Locke, then writing on politics, attacked his writings as “glib nonsense,” but 20th-century scholars have viewed Filmer as a significant and interesting figure in his......

...of Moscow, as the first Russian patriarch. Upon his return, having received generous contributions, he held a council (1593), which confirmed the erection of the Moscow patriarchate and organized a Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople that was to serve as an intellectual centre for Orthodoxy and to raise the educational level of the clergy....

(Arabic: “Rightly Guided,” or “Perfect”), the first four caliphs of the Islāmic community, known in Muslim history as the orthodox or patriarchal caliphs: Abū Bakr (reigned 632–634), ʿUmar (reigned 634–644), ʿUthmān (reigned 644–656), and ʿAlī (reigned 656–661)....

...apartment blocks, imposing, often ponderous administrative and office buildings, and large industrial plants. Among survivals of the past are the 17th-century Pokrovsky Cathedral, the 19th-century Patriarchal Cathedral, and the belltower commemorating the victory over Napoleon I in 1812....

honorary primacy of the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches; it is also known as the “ecumenical patriarchate,” or “Roman” patriarchate (Turkish: Rum patriarkhanesi)....

...He lived in Europe for several years, returning to spend most of his time at Newport, R.I. In the early 1870s he established “the Patriarchs,” a group of heads of old New York families. The Patriarchs accepted or rejected aspirants to New York’s “high society.” McAllister contributed articles to newspapers and magazines, becoming known as an authority on the social......

hypothetical social system in which the father or a male elder has absolute authority over the family group; by extension, one or more men (as in a council) exert absolute authority over the community as a whole. Building on the theories of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin, many 19th-century scholars sought to form a theory of unilinear ...

...remained secret. It was later learned that he had traveled to what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo with other Cuban guerrilla fighters in what proved to be a futile attempt to help the Patrice Lumumba Battalion, which was fighting a civil war there. During that period Guevara resigned his ministerial position in the Cuban government and renounced his Cuban citizenship. After the......

state institution of higher learning in Moscow, founded in 1960 as Peoples’ Friendship University “to give an education to people who had liberated themselves from colonialist oppression.” It was renamed Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University (Universitet druzhby narodov imeni Patrisa Lumumby) for the Congolese premier Patrice Lumumba after his death i...

...during the reign of two countesses from 1205 to 1278 because of the increasing pressure of the kingdom and the growing power of the cities. The counts’ efforts to control the urban elites (the patriciate) by controlling the cities’ finances and the appointment of the magistrates (aldermen, or schepenen) failed because the French king supported the patricians. King Philip IV, who was......

Canadian family who as managers, owners, and league officials helped establish professional ice hockey in Canada. Lester B. Patrick (b. December 30, 1883Drummondville, Quebec, Canada—d. June 1, 1960Victoria, British Columbia) and h...

...and the amateur Montreal Wanderers (1905–07), both of which won Stanley Cups, and for the Brandon (Manitoba) team that played for but did not win the Stanley Cup (1903–05). Frank refereed in the Montreal senior league (1903–04), and the two joined the Renfrew Millionaires in the professional league that came to be the National Hockey Association (NHA; formed......

U.S. Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright of Teahouse of the August Moon and screenwriter of such hits as Three Coins in the Fountain, Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, and High Society (b. May 17, 1905--d. Nov. 7, 1995)....

In 1911 the Patrick family moved west to Victoria, where the brothers with their father, Joseph Frank Patrick, a lumberman, formed the Pacific Coast League. They built the first enclosed ice rinks at Vancouver and Victoria; at the time, the Vancouver rink was one of the largest buildings in Canada, seating 10,000. In that league the Patricks introduced many practices that later became standard:......

The brothers played hockey while attending McGill University (Montreal), Lester with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association team (1901–02) and the amateur Montreal Wanderers (1905–07), both of which won Stanley Cups, and for the Brandon (Manitoba) team that played for but did not win the Stanley Cup (1903–05). Frank refereed in the Montreal senior league (1903–04),......

Canadian hockey player who also served as coach and general manager of the New York Rangers; his family boasted several generations of professional hockey players (b. June 28, 1915, Victoria, B.C.--d. July 23, 1998, Riverside, Conn.)....

Canadian hockey player who also served as coach and general manager of the New York Rangers; his family boasted several generations of professional hockey players (b. June 28, 1915, Victoria, B.C.--d. July 23, 1998, Riverside, Conn.)....

American aquatic biologist and educator widely regarded as one of the early pioneers of the science of limnology. She is best known for her work with diatoms (a type of algae encased in a glasslike shell) and her efforts in deploying multidisciplinary teams of researchers to assess and monitor aquatic ecosystems....

American aquatic biologist and educator widely regarded as one of the early pioneers of the science of limnology. She is best known for her work with diatoms (a type of algae encased in a glasslike shell) and her efforts in deploying multidisciplinary teams of researchers to assess and monitor aquatic ecosystems....

patron saint and national apostle of Ireland, credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland and probably responsible in part for the Christianization of the Picts and Anglo-Saxons. He is known only from two short works, the Confessio, a spiritual autobiography, and his ...

...and interposed between the level of the band and the wider society, were clans—that is, groups whose members claimed descent from a common founding ancestor through either the male line (patriclan) or female line (matriclan). Patriclans were the more common form, and they played a very important social role in certain areas, such as northeast Arnhem Land....

One method of limiting the recognition of kinship is to emphasize the relationships through one parent only. Such unilineal kinship systems, as they are called, are of two main types—patrilineal (or agnatic) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the father are emphasized, and matrilineal (or uxorial) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the mother are......

One method of limiting the recognition of kinship is to emphasize the relationships through one parent only. Such unilineal kinship systems, as they are called, are of two main types—patrilineal (or agnatic) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the father are emphasized, and matrilineal (or uxorial) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the mother are......

At the death of the family head, his property passed to his descendants in the nearest degree of proximity, with a preference for males. (The declaration in the Salic Law that daughters could not inherit land was used by 16th-century French lawyers as additional support for the long-standing practice of excluding women or their descendants from succeeding to the crown.) In the absence of......

On a worldwide basis, matrilineal moieties (matrimoieties), which trace kinship through the female line, are far more common than patrilineal moieties (patrimoieties). Matrimoieties are generally found in association with smaller kin groups, such as lineages and clans. In all cases—whether the moieties are exogamous or not, unilineal or not, or aligned on the basis of season, geographic......

As early as the 4th century, the popes had acquired considerable property around Rome (called the Patrimony of St. Peter). From the 5th century, with the breakdown of Roman imperial authority in the West, the popes’ influence in central Italy increased as the people of the area relied on them for protection against barbarian invasions. Leo I (reigned 440–461), for example, prevented......