Apollo 11's Vintage Tech: The Most Amazing Moon Landing Innovations

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While the Apollo 11 landing was on the cutting-edge of technology
in 1969, today it's a demonstration of how much could be
accomplished with so little.

The computing technology of the average cell phone far exceeds
the combined computing power of the two spacecraft that got
humans to the moon and home safely.

That doesn't make
Apollo 11 's technological feats any less impressive, however.
The lunar module, for example, flew only twice with astronauts
inside before Apollo 11. The hand-stitched, walkable spacesuits
that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin wore on the moon when they
stepped onto its face for the first time 45 years ago this month
were not used before landing on the lunar surface. [ Apollo
11 Moon Landing 45th Anniversary: Complete Coverage ]

Here's a brief look at some of the technology that got the United
States to the moon and back:

Saturn V rocket

There were several modes of transportation that NASA could have
chosen to take to the moon. For example, engineers could have
launched two big rockets and then docked the various spacecraft
and components in Earth orbit. But it was lunar-orbit rendezvous
that made the Saturn V rocket possible.

There were several NASA engineers that proposed the concept over
the years, but one of the most famous is John Hoboult, then the
assistant chief of the dynamics load division at NASA Langley.
NASA said the main benefit of the approach was the lunar lander
only had to be a small craft, since an Earth orbit rendezvous
required more fuel to get back home.

The decision to go with this kind of mission made it possible to
launch the entire mission on a single Saturn V rocket. Even at
that, it was a monster. The three-stage rocket stood 363 feet
(111 meters) tall — taller than the Statue of Liberty — and fully
fuelled, it weighed about 6.2 million pounds (2.8 million
kilograms).

NASA tested the Saturn V twice without humans, in 1967 (Apollo 4)
and 1968 (Apollo 6). That same year, NASA elected to use the
Saturn V to send humans all the way to the moon. That mission,
Apollo 8, made its crew the first humans to go to the moon and
orbit it.

After that successful flight, the Saturn V flew the rest of the
Apollo missions, including Apollo 11. The last flight of the
rocket was in 1973, when (without a crew) it launched the Skylab
space station to orbit. [ The
Future of Moon Exploration ]

Lunar module

The lunar module (LM) was the first spacecraft designed to
operate on another world. Unlike a spacecraft made to function in
the atmosphere (like the space shuttle, which looked like a
plane) the LM was all strange angles and bumps.

This is because in space, there would be no atmosphere to worry
about. Shaving the aerodynamic features helped save weight,
cutting down the costs of launching the spacecraft all the way to
the moon.

The LM was first tested with humans on Apollo 9, which dubbed its
spacecraft "Spider." The astronauts flew it away from the command
module (which was designed to orbit the moon) and practiced a
docking. The LM then flew on every subsequent mission.

During a simulated lunar landing approach on Apollo 10, the LM
spun for a few momentsjust as it was supposed to make its way
back to the command module. The astronauts quickly got the craft
under control, which (through a series of small errors) was
pointing the wrong way.

Armstrong famously took control of his LM, dubbed "Eagle," during
the landing when he saw the guidance system was moving it towards
a rock field. He landed safely with very little fuel left.

The LM successfully made it to the moon on the rest of its
missions, save one. On Apollo 13, the command module "Odyssey"
experienced an oxygen tank explosion. The astronauts didn't land
on the moon, but they did use the LM "Aquarius" as a "lifeboat"
to keep them alive and to make course corrections to bring them
back to Earth safely.

Odyssey was the only spacecraft with a heat shield, but Aquarius
kept the astronauts safe long enough for them to transfer back to
Odyssey for their landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Computers

While the Apollo missions are best remembered for the computers
the astronauts operated, there were several other important
computers used for the mission. One example is the Saturn V
computer that was used to guide the rocket into Earth orbit,
automatically. NASA also had large computers on the ground that
it could use for things like navigation corrections.

On lunar missions, however, the bulk of the attention was focused
on the command module computer and the lunar module computers.
The CM was in charge of navigating the crew between the Earth and
the moon, while the LM did landings, ascents and rendezvous,
according to NASA.

The CM and
the LM each had a computer (with different software, but the
same design) called the Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control
System (PGNCS, pronounced "pings"). The LM also had a computer
which was a part of the Abort Guidance System, to give a backup
if the PGNCS failed during the landing.

"Ground systems backed up the CM computer and its associated
guidance system so that if the CM system failed, the spacecraft
could be guided manually based on data transmitted from the
ground," NASA stated. "If contact with the ground were lost, the
CM system had autonomous return capability."

Spacesuits

Unlike the space shuttle's spacesuit, each Apollo suit was
custom-tailored for its astronaut crew of three people. The suits
were designed to be fully operational in the vacuum of space and
also to walk around on the moon.

According to NASA, each mission required 15
suits. The main (prime) crew had nine suits between them,
with one used for flight, one for training and one as a back-up
in case something happened with the flight suit. The backup crew
of three people required six suits between them: one for flight
and one for training.

The construction of the spacesuit changed over the missions as
the requirements of astronauts became more complex. For example,
designers changed the suit waistfor Apollo 15, 16 and 17 so that
the astronauts could use lunar rovers more easily, allowing them
to do more complex geological expeditions further from the lunar
module. [ How
the Apollo 11 Moon Landing Works (Infographic) ]

There were several layers to the suit. The inside was a sort of
"long john" fabric that included cooling water tubes sewed to the
material, to keep the astronauts cool while working on the lunar
surface. After that were several layers of nylon, Kapton,
glass-fiber cloth, Mylar and Teflon to maintain pressure and
protect the astronauts from radiation and micrometeroids.

Lunar gloves and boots were included to walk around the moon's
surface and pick up rocks. To help the astronauts "feel" things
as they pick up, the glove digits included silicone rubber.

Attached to the suit was a polycarbonate helmet, which attached
using a neck ring that stayed in place as the astronaut moved his
head. Another important supplement to the suit was the portable
life support system, a backpack that allowed astronauts to
breathe and maintain suit pressure for up to seven hours on the
surface.