"...Geophysical and
paleontological evidence... ...indicate that the glacial age ended rather
suddenly. Both the evidence of foraminiferal types (different species
inhabit cold waters and warm waters) and oxygen isotope composition in the
carbonate of their shells (the ratios of these isotopes is also dependent
upon water temperature) unite in indicating a somewhat sharp change from
glacial to temperate conditions.

...Other lines of evidence,
such as a sudden change from deposition of sand to silt in the Mississippi
delta and a rapid desication of pluvial lakes, all dated more or less
simultaneously point to the same conclusion...

[Ibid]

...Richard J. Russell, an
authority on Mississippi Basin geology and recent president of the
Geological Society of America, says:

'In summary, shoreline
irregularity and the alluvial filling of valleys indicate a recent general
rise of sea level. Comparatively small areas of deltas and topographic
instability along coasts, which is evidenced by rapid advance of delta
fronts and anomalous features such as Sapanca Lake, suggest that the rise
in sea level has been rapid.'

...Still more recently,
geologists from Columbia's Lamont Geological Laboratories, have noted the
recency (geologically speaking) of this sudden warming of the earth's
temperatures:

'From the evidence listed
above it is clear that a major fluctuation in climate occurred close to
11,000 years ago [their estimate]. The primary observation that both
surface ocean temperatures and deep sea sedimentation rates were abruptly
altered at this time is supplemented by evidence from more local systems.
The level of the Great Basin lakes fell from the highest terraces to a
position close to that observed at present. The silt and clay load of the
Mississippi river was suddenly retained in the alluvial valley and delta.
A rapid ice retreat opened the northern drainage systems of the Great
Lakes and terrestrial temperatures rose to nearly interglacial levels in
Europe. In each case the transition is the most obvious features of the
entire record.'

[Wallace S. Broeker, Maurice
Ewing and Bruce C. Heezen: 'Evidence for an Abrupt Change in Climate Close
to 11,000 Years Ago,' American Journal of Science, Vol. 258, June 1960, p.
441]

...It is obvious, from our
previous discussion of the radio-carbon dating assumptions, that the
11,000-year date must be too high, so these worldwide events clearly date
from about the time of the Flood and its after-effects. Neither was this
warming of the earth a gradual process occupying thousands or millions of
years.

'Evidence from a number of
geographically isolated systems suggests that the warming which occurred
at the close of Wisconsin glacial times was extremely abrupt.'

[Ibid., p. 429]

..It seems there must
have been a rather abrupt warming of the climate in order for the glaciers
to melt and the oceanic temperature to change as rapidly as the evidence
indicates. This again argues for some sort of explanation outside the
scope of doctrinaire uniformitarianism....

..The Flood events, and
particularly the associated atmospheric changes, can once again suggest a
cause adequate to explain this event...

'Most of the incident solar
energy is contained in the visible radiation which can penetrate right
through the atmosphere. The earth re-emits the energy it receives from the
sin, but being a much cooler body it does so mainly in the infra-red
region of the spectrum. Infra-red radiation is strongly absorbed by water
vapour, carbon dioxide and ozone. These constituents therefore act like
the glass of a greenhouse - they trap the out-going energy. The effect is
of the utmost importance for without it the mean surface temperature would
be lower by almost 40 degrees Centigrade and life could not exist.'

..These three constituents -
water vapor, ozone and carbon dioxide - must have been present in large
amounts in the antediluvian atmosphere. The first [water vapor] we have
already discussed, in connection with the inferred... ...canopy, the
'waters above the firmament.'. Ozone would have been formed by reaction of
the sun's ultra-violet radiation with molecules of oxygen and of water
vapor, as at present...

..However, the
'equilibrium amount' of ozone in the atmosphere depends also on the
temperature of the atmosphere, so that the location of the antediluvian
ozonosphere may have been different from the present..

..The amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere is a function of the amount of carbon-producing
and carbon-extracting mechanisms on the earth's surface. Through the
process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken out of the air and used
in plant growth, then returned to the air through the processes of
expiration, decay, excreta, burning, etc. Also, the waters of the ocean
exchange carbon dioxide with the atmosphere, the amount increasing as the
surface temperature increases. The formation of carbonates in rocks and
shells, as well as their weathering out and return to the atmosphere also
enter the cyclic balance. The amount in the antediluvian atmosphere must
have been very high, in order to maintain equilibrium with the large
amounts of plant life, the large amount of continental relative to oceanic
areas, and the large amount of carbonate-fixing organisms in the seas. The
effect of this large carbon dioxide and ozone concentration in the
antediluvian atmosphere augmented the effect of the... ...canopy in
maintaining the global greenhouse effect and in shielding the earth from
harmful short wave length radiation coming from the sun and outer space.

With the Flood, these
balances were all profoundly modified. The vast areas of plants were
buried, and their carbon content was concentrated in coal seams. Extensive
bodies of organic materials were converted into petroleum hydrocarbons.
The Deluge precipitated the atmospheric ozone and carbon dioxide, in all
probability... [along with the canopy] ...temporarily partially denuding
the atmosphere of these constituents."

"The lowering of the
atmospheric temperature after the Flood, as a result of these atmospheric
changes, especially in higher latitudes, certainly supplies a potent
mechanism for initiating glaciation of continental magnitudes. The carbon
dioxide remaining in the air would support only limited plant life, as
compared with the luxuriant preFlood stands and, there, only limited
animal life as well.

However, in time, there is
no doubt but that the shielding effect of the... [firmament canopy]
...would have been at least in part restored [by the formation of the
following:]...

..The ozonosphere would have
soon formed in essentially its present character, once the new hydrologic
cycle was established and more or less stabilized. More important, as
plants and animals began to grow again and gradually to multiply, their
life processes would gradually restore carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,
approaching the balance that has in general characterized present times.
Along with this, carbon dioxide equilibrium between ocean and atmosphere
required gradual discharge of the gas from the ocean into the air;
further, volcanic sources undoubtedly yielded a certain amount to the
atmosphere. And all of this in turn would have caused a gradual rise in
terrestrial temperatures, probably at an accelerating rate..

..One might think from...
...the destruction of plant and animal life on the earth's surface by the
Deluge would likewise have enriched the air with CO2, rather than reduced
it... [Through burning and decomposition] ...However, most of the organic
matter was evidently trapped in the sediments and buried. But undoubtedly
many of the higher animals must have floated on the waters after death,
finally decaying, and thereby have contributed to the atmospheric
reservoir of carbon dioxide. Likewise much plant life also must have
decayed on the surface without burial. There is no doubt therefore that,
in view of the sparsity of living organisms on the earth in the early
years after the Flood, there was an excess of carbon dioxide over that
necessary to support whatever life might be able to grow. And as the (much
reduced) continental areas began to be repopulated by both plant and
animal life and as sea water gave up a portion of its excess CO2 into the
atmosphere, it is highly probable that the CO2 content of the atmosphere
began to increase and thereby terrestrial temperatures likewise.

Another factor may also have
been involved. We have seen that a great amount of volcanic activity
occurred during the Flood. This activity, which is evidenced by the
tremendous amounts of volcanic rocks found associated with the strata of
all the geologic systems, must have released an indefinitely large amount
of carbon dioxide gas. Much of this was released beneath the waters and
probably contributed chemically to the formation of the extensive
carbonate rock deposits. But also much may have been released above the
ground and added to the atmospheric carbon reservoir. In addition, after
the Flood, although the high intensity of volcanic activity was
restrained, there continued to be much more activity than occurs at
present, as witnessed by the large amount of... ...lava and ash beds that
have been found... [which can be reasonably attributed to the post Flood
time period]

Although the volcanic
eruptions thus may have made a substantial contribution to the post-Deluge
increment of CO2 in the air, this effect was undoubtedly masked and more
than offset for a time by the fine dust that was also discharged into the
air by the volcanic actions. This volcanic dust served to reduce the
'insolation' (the amount of solar energy reaching the earth's surface), In
fact, the volcanic dust discharged into the air by the intense volcanic
activity near the beginning of the [so called period named] Pleistocene
has been one of the main theories advocated as an explanation of the
glacial age. It may well have been a contributing factor, along with the
removal of the... [ice canopy] ...by the Flood, to the initiation of the
actual glaciation. Dr. Wexler, of the U.S. Weather Bureau, one of the
chief advocates of this theory, estimates that the solar radiation
reaching the ground may be reduced by as much as 20 per cent by volcanic
dust after a severe eruption.

[H. Wexler: 'On the Effects
of Volcanic Dust on Insolation and Weather,' Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, Vol. 32, January 1951, p.12]

...However, it [the volcanic
dust] would have remained in the air only a few years at most. Speaking of
the dust produced by the most prolific volcanic explosion of modern times,
that of Krakatoa in the East Indies, the biochemist Asimov says:

'Pretty nearly all that dust
had settled back to earth after two years.'

The Krakatoa dust caused a
definite lowering of temperatures for two or three years but had no
particular effect after that. The much more extensive volcanic activity of
the Deluge and post-Deluge periods would probably have reduced
temperatures for somewhat longer periods but at best only for a few hears.
This effect likely contributed to the initiation of the Ice Age, but the
greater cause was the loss of the earth's... [ice canopy]

But the carbon dioxide
contributed by the volcanoes remained after the dust had settled and
combined with that already present and and gradually being added by
geological and oceanic exchange mechanisms to cause a gradual warming of
the temperature of the earth.

One particular biological
mechanism may have acted to contribute an abnormally large amount of
carbon dioxide, namely the development of bogs. These are not the same as
the familiar coastal salt marshes but may form on uplands as well as low
areas. The cool, moist conditions of the proglacial regions would have
been unusually well suited for the development of bog lands...

...The present peat bogs of
the world are of great extent, in spite of great areas that have been
drained or burned.

'George Jazakov, a Russian
peat expert now living in this country computes that there are 223 billion
dry tons of peat available on earth, more than half of it in the U.S.S.R.'

..The significance of
large amounts of peat vegetation, in fairly close proximity to the ice
sheets, is that they could have had a material influence on the
accumulation of carbon dioxide in in the air over the ice sheet, and
probably over the whole world...

..It would have taken some
decades or centuries for extensive bogs to develop around the ice, and it
is likely that some other factor, such as volcanic carbon dioxide,
increased atmospheric ozone, or carbon dioxide from biological mechanisms
in general would have initiated the warming. But this in turn may then
have begun to oxidize the peat already developed and cause an accelerated
warming which in effect finally brought a relatively sudden termination to
the Ice Age.

Whatever may have been the
detailed processes which initiated and terminated the great glaciations,
it seems evident that the Great Flood provides an abundantly adequate
ultimate explanation thereof.

Certain of the above
concepts as to the effect of carbon dioxide on the antediluvian and
glacial climates are supported by the studies of Dr. Gilbert Plass of
Johns Hopkins University, whose work is sponsored by the Office of Naval
Research, and probably the greatest present authority on the subject. He
says, for example:

'There is some interesting
evidence which suggests that the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere
was once much larger than at present. It is known that plants grow more
luxuriantly and rapidly in an atmosphere that has from five to ten times
the normal carbon dioxide amount. In fact, carbon dioxide is sometimes
released in greenhouses in order to promote growth. Since plants are
perfectly adapted to make maximum use of the spectral range and intensity
of the light that reaches them from the sun for photosynthesis, it seems
strange that they are not better adapted to the present carbon dioxide
content in the atmosphere. The simplest explanation of this fact is that
the plants evolved at a time when the carbon dioxide concentration was
considerably higher than it is today and that it has been at a higher
level during most of the ensuing time. Higher temperatures than today
during most of the earth's history would have resulted from this higher
carbon dioxide content. In fact the geological evidence shows that warmer
climates than today have existed for at least nine-tenths of the time
since the Cambrian period.' "

"One valuable natural
chronometric device is the common tree and its annual growth rings and
their patterns. Both living and dead trees can be used in this science,
known as dendrochronology...

'Perhaps the most intriguing
of the unanswered questions regarding longevity in conifers [evergreen
trees] has to do with Sequoia gigantea trees, which, some believe, may
enjoy perpetual life in the absence of gross destruction, since they
appear immune to pest attack... ...Does this mean that shortly preceding
3275 years ago [the age of the oldest conifers] all the then living giant
sequoias were wiped out by some catastrophe?' [like the Flood]

'Microscopic study of growth
rings reveals that a bristlecone pine tree found last summer at nearly
10,000 feet began growing more than 4,600 years ago and thus surpasses the
oldest known sequoia by many centuries... Many of its neighbors are nearly
as old; we have now dated 17 bristle-cone pines 4,000 years old or
more...'

Since these, as well as the
sequoias and other ancient trees, are still living, it is pertinent to ask
why these oldest living things apparently have had time to develop only
one generation since they acquired their present stands at some time after
the Deluge. There is no record of a tree, or any other living thing, being
older than any reasonable date for the Deluge."

"In the last analysis,
the only really reliable recorder of time is man himself! In any kind of
natural process that might be used to determine past time, there is always
the possibility that the rates may have changed as well as uncertainty
regarding its initial condition. It is absolutely impossible to know
beyond question that such and such a formation or deposit has an age of so
many years, unless that age is supported by reliable human records of some
kind.

And it is, therefore, highly
significant that no truly verified archaeological datings antedate the
time of about 3000 B.C. or even later. Larger dates are of course
frequently ascribed to various localities and cultures, but they are
always based on radiocarbon or other geological methods rather than
written human records. There are numerous extant chronologies that have
been handed down from various ancient peoples, and it is bound to be
significant that none of them yield acceptable evidence that the histories
of these or other peoples antedate the Biblical date for the Deluge.

The Bible pictures the
dispersal of post-diluvian man from the geographical areas implied also by
archaeology and secular history. The most ancient peoples leaving
historical records were, of course, the inhabitants of the
Tigris-Euphrates valley, the Nile Valley of Egypt, and other near-Eastern
areas. This correlates perfectly with the Bible records, which picture the
centrifugal movement of tribes out from the first kingdom of Babylon
(Babel, Genesis 11:9)...

..It is remarkable how many
different lines of evidence of a historical nature point back to a time
around 3000 B.C. as dating the beginning of true civilization...

..The worldwide testimony of
trustworthy, recorded, history is therefore that such history begins about
3000 B.C. and not substantially earlier. This is indeed surpassingly
strange if men actually have been living throughout the world for many
tens or hundreds of thousands of years! But on the other hand, if the
Biblical records are true, then this is of course exactly the historical
evidence we would expect to find. And it is pertinent to mention, in
passing, the worldwide incidence of flood legends...

It is not at all
unreasonable to conclude that the clear reality of the great world Deluge,
which remade the world in the days of Noah."

"...Ever since the
famous studies of Malthus, it has been known that human populations...
...have tended to increase geometrically with time...

...At the time of the birth
of Christ, there presumably were from 250 to 350 million persons on this
planet. Some 700 years later, there was about the same number - say 300
million - a long slow decline in total population having been followed by
a compensating increase.

It took roughly 950 more
years, namely, until 1650, for this 300 million to double to 600 million.
But then it took only 200 years, from 1650 to 1850, for the next doubling
up to 1200 million, or 1,2 billion. From 1850 to 1950, in only 100 years,
the earth's population doubled again, to about 2.4 billion.'

..It could not be
maintained, of course, that this calculation is completely rigorous, but
it certainly is reasonable - far more so than to say that the population
has been doubling itself since a hypothetical beginning several hundred
thousand years ago. [which would bring the world's population to number in
the trillions]

..One must also reckon with
the probability that population increase rates in the early centuries
after the Flood, as well as those before the Flood (when 'men began to
multiply on the face of the earth' as recorded in Genesis 6:1), may have
been abnormally high, owing to the great longevity of mankind at the time.
According to the records, men lived 900 years or more before the Flood!
One of the strongest evidences of the validity of these figures is the
fact that, after the Flood, the ages of the patriarchs exhibit a slow but
steady decline from that of Noah, who lived 950 years, through Eber, who
lived 464 years; Abraham, who died at 175 yearrs; moses, who died an old
man at 120 years; to the familiar Biblical 70 year life-span (Psalm
90:10), which is very close to where we have returned today. Large early
post-diluvial populations are also intimated by the Table of Nations in
Genesis 10 and the account of the dispersion in Genesis 11. Thus, these
early high rates of doubling would more than counterbalance whatever
evidence there may be of slower rates during the first 1,500 years of
after Christ...

...and, incidentally, the
declining life-span after the Flood seems to fit in perfectly with our
concept of the dissipation of the earth's protective blanket during the
Flood... As we noted, this canopy... provided a warm, pleasant, presumably
heathful environment throughout the world. Perhaps the most important
effect of the canopy was the shielding action provided against the intense
radiations impinging upon the earth from space. Short wave-length
radiation, as well as bombardment of elementary particles of all kinds, is
known to have damaging effects - both somatic and genetic effects - on
organisms and this is generally true for all types of radiations...

'...a single dose of
radiation which does not kill an animal within the period of acute
radiation sickness may tend to shorten life....'

...If such effects can be
observed in a short lifetime as a result of artificial radiations, it is
certainly possible that much greater effects on longevity would have been
produced over the millenniums by the natural background radiation...
...Even more significant than these somatic effects, however, are the
genetic effects of radiation, which injure not only the individual
receiving the first exposure but also his descendants as well...

'And the nature of these
mutations is practically always - perhaps unqualifiedly always, so far as
the laboratory evidence goes - harmful!'

...As a matter of fact, only
the rare gross mutations tend to die out naturally... The great majority
of them are only slightly harmful and continue to survive. Their
descendants also survive, perhaps with additional mutations, and the net
result is bound to be an over-all deterioration of the species. This
undoubtedly is why the fossil record reveals living creatures before the
Flood, of all kinds, to be larger and better equipped than their modern
descendants!...

...it surely is quite
reasonable in view of what is known about the somatic and genetic effects
of radiations to infer that, over the centuries since the Flood, the
accumulation of these effects in man in particular has resulted in gradual
deterioration and decreasing life-span.

"...the tectonic and
volcanic disturbances which played such a large part in the initiation of
the Flood, as well as in the uplift of the land at its close, continued
with only gradually-lessening intensity for many centuries thereafter...

..from the viewpoint of
Biblical catastrophism... [it is] ...very difficult to determine precisely
which deposits were laid down in the Deluge proper and which are
attributable to the disturbed centuries after the Flood...

..This is exactly what
we sold expect, in light of the Biblical implications concerning the
character and extent of the Deluge. Although the Flood subsided enough so
that Noah and the animals could disembark from the ark after only one
year, the profoundly disturbed and altered hydrological and isostatic
balances of the earth undoubtedly continued to manifest themselves in what
might be called residual catastrophism for many centuries at least."

This
vase was found in 1851 in Dorchester, Mass., U.S.A.. It was discovered
in solid rock. The rock formation is known as the Roxbury Conglomerate
which is "Precambrian", supposedly over 534 million years old.
This rock is supposed to be a record of life on earth before any
multicellular life "evolved". Yet here is an undeniable human
artifact. Man supposedly appeared no more than 21/2 million years ago in
his most primitive form (according to evolution). This object refutes
the whole evolutionary interpretation of the strata we see world wide,
and supports the creationist's assertion that most of the strata were
formed during the global flood. This could be an artifact from a
pre-flood civilization. The June 5, 1852 Scientific American article
(pages 298-299) about this alloy vessel says something interesting. The
editor suggests the vessel may have been made by Tubal-Cain, the
Biblical father of metallurgy. Tubal-Cain is found in Gen. 4:22 (before
the flood). This same scientific magazine today is totally
anti-creationist and anti-Biblical. Darwin had not succeded in getting
the educational institutions to preach his theory yet. The evidence
supports a literal reading of Genesis and totally destroys the
evolutionary idea of millions and billions of years for the formation of
the geologic record.

"Throughout the
eighteenth century, and well into the nineteenth, most theologians and
scientists of the western world [correctly] believed that the Deluge was
responsible for the major fossiliferous strata of the earth. But the rise
of Cuvier's [false] theory of successive catastrophes, which assigned most
of the fossil strata to ages long before the creation of man [which is
totally unBiblical], caused many to abandon the older [and Biblical] Flood
theory of geology [inspite of unsubstantiated claims].

William Buckland led the way
in Great Britain by [falsely] pointing to 'diluvium' deposits as positive
evidence of the last and greatest catastrophe [in a fictitious series of
catastrophes] in the history of the earth - the Genesis Flood.

But no sooner had a large
number of Christians accepted the 'successive catastrophes' view than
Buckland and Sedgwick, along with other geologists, began to make public
recantations of their former views. The 'diluvium' deposits were no longer
attributed to the Flood, but to the last of a series of pre-Adamic
catastrophes. The Flood, though still regarded as universal, was now
[falsely] depicted as a comparatively 'tranquil' affair, which left no
discernible geologic effects...

[All of the geologic effects
on the earth were thereby falsely attributed to events occurring over a
fictitious period of time before Adam when Scripture indicates no such
thing]

...By now, the Church was
ready for the final [and false] stage of the [forced] harmonization
process [between the true Biblical Flood account and the false theory of a
local flood]; for in 1839 John Pye Smith set forth his theory that the
Flood was nothing but a local inundation in the Mesopotamian Valley. Freed
at long last from the necessity of harmonizing [false theories of] geology
with Genesis, scientists dismissed the Genesis Flood from their minds and
joined Sir Charles Lyell in his efforts to 'patiently untie the Gordian
knot' of fossiliferous strata according to the [false] uniformitarian
principles which he had enunciated as early as 1830.

Thus it was that under the
steadily increasing blows of [erroneous] geological theorizing the
Biblical Flood faded from the intellectual horizon of the western world to
a mere shadow of its former awe-inspiring grandeur - from a
world-engulfing cataclysm to a mere Mesopotamian inundation. Many
theologians of the nineteenth century, nurtured by a somewhat anemic
philosophy of revelation [i.e., by utilizing a liberal approach of
interpretation which permited false spiritualizing of Scriptural passages
to mean whatever one desired them to mean], fell into line with the latest
scientific speculations [which were actually unscientific and false],
fearing lest they might be found at odds with Copernicus and Galileo again
(as the geologists were always ready to remind them) [rather than fearing
being at odds with God]. Since the books of nature and revelation cannot
ultimately contradict each other, it was [falsely] assumed that the new
discoveries of the geologists and the [false] interpretations which they
were giving to these discoveries were God's own clues for exegeting the
early chapters of Genesis [rather than the other way around] and that men
like Buckland and Lyell were the inspired prophets of God's Book of
Nature.

The viewpoint that science
rather than Scripture must speak the final word on the magnitude of the
Flood certainly did not die with the nineteenth century, as the
wholehearted acceptance by evangelical theologians of the 'evidence' of
Sir Leonard Woolley's 'Flood stratum' so clearly demonstrates.
Nevertheless, a significant minority of Christians have continued to look
upon these [false] 'harmonizations' of Genesis and geology with profound
misgivings and would concur with the judgment of Andrew E. White that
'each mixed up more or less of science with more or less of Scripture, and
produces a result more or less absurd.'

[White, op. cit., p. 234]

From this study we may draw
one vitally important lesson for the present hour: the Biblical doctrine
of the Flood cannot be harmonized with the [false] uniformitarian theories
of geology. A careful examination of the various 'blind alleys' into which
evangelical Christians have been led should serve as a solemn warning to
those who are still persisting in the hopeless task of harmonizing two
mutually exclusive philosophies of nature and history. It is the
conviction of the writers, at least, that a true historical geology will
never be formulated until the Genesis Flood, as a universal aqueous
catastrophe, is granted its rightful and vital place in the thinking of
Christian men of science."