Many aspects of astrology go back to the early Greeks; Aristotle, Pythagros, etc. Observations 1. Widely believed and practiced in "medieval England" 2. Much referenced by Shakespeare. 3. A folk knowledge that can be seen as a primitive science with a cause and effect relationship. 4. An integrated perspective that includes psychology, medicine, chemistry , physics, astronomy (as well as a predictor of the future). 5. All things were composed of 4 basic elements that took different forms,based on hot, cold, moist and dry, ideal was a balanced compound* 6. Opinion polls in US typically show a large % having some degree of belief (60-85%) 3

basic elements •Earth, fire, Water, Air •All planets are dominated by one of the elements •in humans the elements take the form of "humors"or "Biles" (Black, Yellow, Red [blood], Green [phlegm]) •all metals are made of these elements (alchemy was the notion of changing the composition of elements in lead to make gold 4

Medical/Problems—”Catharsis” •Illness and personality were the result of tension between elements • Too much of an element was the cause of problems (a compound of balance was the ideal) • Catharsis was the general model for treatment e.g. "Spring Tonic to clear black bile build up Blood letting for a fever • Modern day meaning of "humors" still exists in language 7

• Nancy Reagan ( Note: She had a private phone Installed in the Whitehouse just for calls to her astrologer • Adolf Hitler(Note: England employed corps of Astrologers to guess Hitler's moves in WWII) • Japanese/Chinese Culture Chinese Years—snake, rabbit, tiger, mouse…. • Large % of current US population 60-80 have some degree of belief Believers 8