Trauma to the extraocular muscles will often result directly in specific ocular motility disorders that can pose a real challenge for treatment. Recent advances in orbital imaging, surgical techniques, and new information on different trauma mechanisms have improved the outcome of these complex cases.

This study found that during inflicted head injury in children younger than age 3, a type of trauma occurs causing additional hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and severe retinal hemorrhages but not necessarily causing more severe traumatic intracranial injuries.

This prospective study found that retinal hemorrhages were present in 15 percent of critically ill children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit who were older than six weeks and hadn’t undergone penetrating eye injury or suspected or proven abusive head trauma.