Robin Wertz left prison facing $25,000 in fines and fees for drug-related convictions. She had her fines reduced to $6,000 and expects to pay them off by April 2015.

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Editor's Note: This is part of a series of stories reported jointly by Oklahoma Watch and KGOU.

Over the years, Oklahoma has increasingly turned to fines and fees from court cases to pay for the court system itself. But a joint investigation between KGOU and Oklahoma Watch reveals that as many inmates regain their freedom, they’re still imprisoned by mountains of debt. The cost shift is leading some to question the long-term sustainability of a crime-funded judicial branch.

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Robin Wertz left prison back in 2007 facing nearly $25,000 worth of fines and fees related to multiple drug offenses. Without any real job prospects, Wertz knew she could make a phone call out west and earn some quick money to help her with her savings account while she found a job.

“I remember thinking I might as well call my friends in California and have them bring me some dope and I would start selling dope again,” she says.

Wertz was able to find a job and didn’t end up selling drugs. She had her fines reduced to about $6,000, and she should pay them off by this April. But for many former prisoners, the piles of debt are overwhelming and nearly impossible to juggle, especially without a case manager or family member helping out.

“You have this list of stuff you've got to get done,” Wertz says. “I've got to do this and this and this. If you get out of prison and you ain't got nobody there, then what do you do? You go back to selling drugs is what you do.”

“The reality is we fund a great deal of our criminal justice system on the back on the individuals who commit crimes,” says former Oklahoma House of Representatives Speaker Kris Steele.

Steele championed prison reform while he was at the Capitol and now works as the head of the prisoner re-entry program TEEM. He says what was originally built as a “tough on crime” initiative to make up for a dwindling budget over the past two decades has transformed into an insurmountable debt for nonviolent offenders.

“What often times happens is, if you're facing a $10,000 debt, that number is so overwhelming, you just don't even try.”

Road To Debt

If a defendant can’t pay bail, the debt starts to pile up as soon as a person is booked into a county jail. One of the most widespread and largest fees offenders pay is the jail’s per-diem rate, a daily charge that can be more than $50 per day in some counties.

Those charges are on top of a case’s original court fines and fees, says Oklahoma County Public Defender Bob Ravitz.

“In almost every case there's a mental health fee, there's a victim compensation fee, there could be a lab fee if drugs are involved,” Ravitz says.

But it hasn’t always been this way. Oklahoma courts and district attorneys used to get half of their funding through tax money, former lawmakers say.

Less Tax Money, More Fines and Fees

After decades of budget cuts from the state Legislature though, numerous fines and fees stemming from criminal and civil cases now pay for the court system. Supreme Court Vice Chief Justice Douglas Combs says Oklahoma’s judicial branch is more dependent now than ever on that money.

“As the legislature continued to cut our appropriations, it forced us to try to do as much we could in order to collect from those that we could in order to fund the judiciary,” Combs says.

Right now, the court’s operating budget relies on the ability to collect money from people who are often unable to pay. Oklahoma County Special Judge Donald Easter says revenue streams from former inmates are unpredictable. Last month his court issued about 5,000 collection notices for people who failed to pay their debts.

“We're dealing with people who have no credit history, who work minimum wage jobs or are not well-to-do,” Easter says.

“To expect them to support the entire judiciary of the state of Oklahoma, or even a significant part of it would be a mistake, just like it's a mistake to think the emergency room could ever support the entire hospital.”

These court fees don’t just stay with the courts. Since 2007, civil and criminal collections statewide totaled nearly 1.2 billion dollars, and roughly one-third of that money was earmarked for state agencies like the Tourism and Wildlife Departments, according to a 2014 state Supreme Court study.

Former House Speaker Kris Steele questions the financial wisdom of the current system. Beyond that, he thinks it’s just unfair.

“When it comes to non-violent offenders, while I'm a big believer in individual responsibilities and believe that there needs to be sanctions and repercussions for any crime that's committed, I think those sanctions and those consequences have to be appropriate,” Steele says.

Without a case manager to help former inmates manage debt, Steele says it can be nearly impossible to keep up with payments after incarceration. And he argues the tough-on-crime mentality hasn’t worked. Oklahoma prisons are at 116 percent capacity, and Oklahoma imprisons more inmates per capita than almost every other state in the country.

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An Oklahoma County special judge urged the House Appropriations and Budget Committee to require executive branch agencies that benefit from court fees to share the costs of collecting those fees.

Oklahoma County Special Judge Don Easter told the committee courts pay a fee equal to 30 percent of the amount due when they have to be turned over to a collection agency, but executive branch entities that receive a portion of that money pay nothing.

Pushing to reduce prison overcrowding, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections has quietly changed its policies to give early releases to greater numbers of violent and sex offenders, according to agency documents obtained by Oklahoma Watch.

The department is doing so by relaxing policies that determine which types of inmates can receive early-release credits, when those credits can be given, and how many credits offenders can receive, corrections department records show.