C++ (and C) source code may be written in any non-ASCII 7-bit character set that includes the ISO 646/ECMA-6 invariant character set. However, several C++ operators and punctuators require characters that are outside of the ISO 646 codeset: {, }, [, ], #, \, ^, |, ~. To be able to use character encodings where some or all of these symbols do not exist, C++ defines two kinds of alternatives: additional keywords that correspond to the operators that use these characters and special combinations of two or three ISO 646 compatible characters that are interpreted as if they were a single non-ISO 646 character.

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The same words are defined in the C programming language in the include file <iso646.h> as macros. Because in C++ these are language keywords, the C++ version of <iso646.h>, as well as <ciso646>, does not define anything.

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