Green-grabbing has recently been suggested as a label for describing processes of dispossessions undertaken in the name of conservation in sub-Saharan Africa. For the case examined here, the Dukuduku forest and the Mfolozi flats in northern KwaZulu-Natal, we will argue that the label obscures more than it helps illuminate the complex processes leading up to the present-day struggle over land rights. The land in question has been subjected to a number of different land uses in the past: hunting, conservation, commercial agriculture and small-scale agriculture. We show how contestation over desirable future land use options lies at the heart of the problems raised by an ongoing land claim to the forest.

The paper examines different conceptions of nature, land and property in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in the Natal province of South Africa. The area epitomizes the highly contested and complex issues involving land in post-apartheid South Africa. More than a thousand people were removed from the area between the 1950s and the 1980s. The rationale for the removals and the alternative use to which the land was to be put, ranged from commercial forestry, mining, national security to nature conservation. Today the area is promoted as a unique natural resort and a holiday destination, and comprises the affluent town of St Lucia, squatter settlements and people having been resettled in newly built villages. After being declared a Unesco World Heritage Site in December 1999, severe restrictions were imposed on settlement in the area. This heavily impacted on the legal processes of land restitution set in motion after the end of apartheid, with more than 80 per cent of the Park being under some form of claim. Moreover, many of the claims were settled through negotiations with traditional leaders on behalf of their community, hence departing from the individualized conception of land right and entitlement set down in the South African constitution. These different conceptions of the land ¿ as nature to conserve, as resources under traditional authorities and as individual entitlement ¿ will be examined as part of separate but intertwined historical discourses on land rights, nature and the environment in post-apartheid South Africa.

The paper examines different conceptions of nature, land and property in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park in the Natal province of South Africa. The area epitomizes the highly contested and complex issues involving land in post-apartheid South Africa. More than a thousand people were removed from the area between the 1950s and the 1980s. The rationale for the removals and the alternative use to which the land was to be put, ranged from commercial forestry, mining, national security to nature conservation. Today the area is promoted as a unique natural resort and a holiday destination, and comprises the affluent town of St Lucia, squatter settlements and people having been resettled in newly built villages. After being declared a Unesco World Heritage Site in December 1999, severe restrictions were imposed on settlement in the area. This heavily impacted on the legal processes of land restitution set in motion after the end of apartheid, with more than 80 per cent of the Park being under some form of claim. Moreover, many of the claims were settled through negotiations with traditional leaders on behalf of their community, hence departing from the individualized conception of land right and entitlement set down in the South African constitution. These different conceptions of the land ? as nature to conserve, as resources under traditional authorities and as individual entitlement ? will be examined as part of separate but intertwined historical discourses on land rights, nature and the environment in post-apartheid South Africa.

Nustad, Knut G (2007, 09. mai). Produserer godt omdømme for Norge.

Nustad, Knut G (2007). The state as form and as effect: a South African case.

Nustad, Knut G (2006). People and the state in Durban's Cato Crest.
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Anthropology has in the last decade begun to explore ways in which to study state formation ethnographically. Building on authors such as Trouillot?s and his adaptation of the Marxist notion of state-effects, this literature seek to examine state formation ethnographically through a focus on the effects produced by state-like bodies, rather than through a concern with nominal definitions of ?the state.? This paper will build on the theoretical foundations I developed in State formation: anthropological perspectives (Edited with C. Krohn Hansen, Pluto 2005) to examine the relationship between the residents in Durban?s Cato Manor and outside agents. It will put the new ethnographic approach to the nation state to the test by examining a set of relations between inhabitants in Cato Manor and external agents such as municipalities, apartheid bodies, private and public developers. The paper demonstrates that in all these historically divergent relations, a set of features appear and reappear, such as the external agent?s concern with imposing spatial control, with creating a legible population through numbering and other devises, with creating atomized individuals and new collective identities based on the social order the external agent seeks to impose. But the paper also demonstrates that for all these periods, there is a need for modifying the state-effect approach, because this approach conflates intentions with outcomes. In all the instances examined, the effects sought produced were sometimes countered, sometimes transformed, by the inhabitants own agendas and strategies.

Nustad, Knut G (2006). What should be learned from the sucess and failures of of development research over the past 40 years?.

Nustad, Knut G (2005). Civil society as reconfigured public in South Africa.