In this study, we examine the impact of the transitional arrangements for the free
movement of workers on the sending and receiving countries. The available data suggest
that foreign population from the eight new member states from Central and Eastern
Europe (NMS-8) who joined the EU in 2004 has increased from 900,000 in 2003 to 1.9
million in 2007. During the same period of time, the foreign population from Bulgaria and
Romania (NMS-2) in the EU-15 has increased from 700,000 to almost 1.9 million,
although these countries joined the EU not before 2007. The increase in migration from
the NMS is accompanied by a substantial diversion of migration flows away from Austria
and Germany towards Ireland and the UK in the case of migrants from the NMS-8, while
Italy and Spain have been the main destination countries for Bulgarian and Romanian
migrants.

The labour supply shock from the NMS-8 triggered by the EU's Eastern enlargement
during the years 2004-2007 will increase the GDP of the enlarged EU by 0.2 per cent or
by 24 billion Euros in the long-term. The main winners are the migrants. However, the
total factor income of natives in the receiving countries will increase by 0.1 per cent in
the long-term. In the short-term, wages in the receiving countries decline slightly, while
the unemployment rate increases modestly. In the long-term, migration from the NMS is
by and large neutral for the labour market. The impact on the different groups in the
labour market is balanced, although less-skilled workers lose slightly more than mediumand
high-skilled workers. The main losers are however foreign workers which live already
in the EU-15, while the native workforce gains slightly.

The skill composition of the migrant workforce is relatively balanced. Migrants from the
NMS are slightly better educated as the native population in the sending countries, while
the educational attainment is comparable to the native population in the receiving
countries. However, migrants from the NMS are employed well below their skill levels and
the returns to education are very low. Nevertheless there are indications that other
human capital acquired abroad such as language skills may command positive returns
upon migrants' return to their home country.

We find little or no evidence that NMS migrants receive a disproportionate part of welfare
benefits. They tend to receive less contributory welfare benefits than natives, and not
significantly more non-contributory welfare benefits. It is therefore likely that the fiscal
balance of immigrants from the NMS for the welfare state in receiving countries is
positive, particularly if we consider the fact that migrants from the NMS are less affected
by unemployment and have higher labour force participation rates compared to other
migrant groups.

Migrants from the NMS are heavily concentrated in certain regions such as the Greater
London area and the Vienna area. Nevertheless, even in these areas we expect only
modest wage and unemployment effects of migration if at all.
According to our estimates, the foreign population from the NMS-8 in the EU-15 may
increase from 1.9 million in 2007 to about 4.4 million in 2020 under free movement. The
foreign population from the NMS-2 could grow from about 1.9 million to 4.0 million. The
macroeconomic gains for the enlarged EU will increase substantially in this case.
However, we expect that migration from the NMS will contract during the global
recession, which in turn will reduce the economic benefits from the free movement of
workers.