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125 Cards in this Set

A change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form. This is a characteristic of malignancy.

- Mosby's dictionary

Anaplasia

Any variation in chromosome number that involves individual chromosomes rather htan entire sets of chromosomes. There may be fewer chromosomes or more. Such individuals have various abnormal physiologic and morphologic traits.

- Mosby's dictionary

Aneuploidy

The formation of new blood vessels. A process controlled by chemicals produced in the body that stimulate blood vessels or form new ones. This process plays an important role in the growth and spread of cancer, but also occurs in the healthy body for healing of wounds and restoring blood flow to tissue after injury.

- Mosby's dictionary

Angiogenesis

General ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation, usually associated with severe disease, such as tuberculosis or cancer.

- Mosby's dictionary

Cachexia (also called cachexy)

A substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer.

- Mosby's dictionary

Carcinogenic

Localized tissue death that occurs as a result of a blood clot blocking the flow of blood and causing tissue ischemia distal to the clot.

- Mosby's dictionary

Coagulative necrosis

differentiation

need definition

Dominant

need definition

A glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of red blood cells and thus increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

- Mosby's dictionary

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Etiology

need definition

Gangrene

need definition

The branch of anatomy that deals with the minute (microscopic) structure, composition, and function of cells and tissue.

- Porth, glossary

Histology or histologic

Homozygous

need definition

Heterozygous

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Without a known cause.

- Mosby's dictionary

Idiopathic

Jaundice

need definition

Local Manifestations

need definition

MCV

Red cell indices are used to differentiate types of anemias by size or color of red cells. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) reflects the volume or size of the red cells. The MCV falls in in microcytic (small cell) anemia and rises in macrocytic (large cell) anemia.

- Porth, page 283

MCH

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) refers to the mass of the red cell and is less useful in classifying anemias.

- Porth, page 283

MCHC

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the concentration of hemoglobin in each cell. Hemoglobin accounts for the colorof red blood cells. Anemias are described as normochromic (normal color or MCHC) or hypochromic (decreased color or MCHC).

- Porth, page 283

Monosomy

One copy of a chromosome, in place of a normal pair, the result of nondisjuncture.

- Review Sheet

Localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury.

- Mosby's dictionary

Necrosis

Normochromic

Erythrocytes of normal hemolobin content and thus normal in color.

- Review Sheet

An ordinary, normal adult red blood cell of average size having a diameter of 7 µm.

- Mosby's dictionary

Normocyte

A potentially cancer-inducing gene. Under normal conditions such genes play a role in the growth and proliferation of cells, but when altered in some way by a cancer-causing agent they may cause the cell to be transformed to a malignant state.

- Mosby's dictionary

Oncogene

Paraneoplastic

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Point mutation

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Polyploidy

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Platelet

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Pleomorphic

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Primary Prevention

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Pronto-oncogene

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Recessive

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Secondary Prevention

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Systemic Manifestations

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Telomere

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Teritiary Prevention

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Tetraploidy

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Transferrin

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Translocation

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Trisomy

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Tumor suppressor gene

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Adaptive Cellular Changes - atrophy

Decrease in the size of the cell.

- Review Sheet

Adaptive Cellular Changes - hypertrophy

Increase in cell size.

- Review Sheet

Adaptive Cellular Changes - hyperplasia

An abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells of a body part.

- Review Sheet

Adaptive Cellular Changes - metaplasia

Changing of one cell type to another.

- Review Sheet

Adaptive Cellular Changes - dysplasia

The alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cell types.

- Review Sheet

Need S/S

Turner Syndrome

Need s/s

Thrombocytopenia

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Thalassemia

Need s/s

Sickle Cell Anemia

Need s/s

Klinefelter Syndrome

Need s/s

Fetal ETOH Syndrome

A complication of a wide variety of conditions that is characterized by widespread coagulation and bleeding in the vascular compartment.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

- Porth, page 275

Need s/s

Alzheimer’s

The source or cause of an illness or abnormal condition. The sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact until the ultimate expression of the disease:

a) Etiology
b) Pathogenesis
c) Morphology
d) Clinical Course

b) Pathogenesis

- Porth, page 3

The cause of the disease. Could include bilogic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, and nutritional excesses or deficits.

a) Etiology
b) Pathogenesis
c) Morphology
d) Clinical Course

a) Etiology

- Porth, page 3

The fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.

a) Etiology
b) Pathogenesis
c) Morphology
d) Clinical Course

c) morphology

- Porth, page 3

The evolution of the disease.

a) Etiology
b) Pathogenesis
c) Morphology
d) Clinical Course

d) Clinical Course

- Porth, page 5

A subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder.

- Porth, page 3

Symptom

Objective clinical manifestation noted by the observer.

- Porth, page 3

Sign

A pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue.

- Porth, page 3

Lesion

A compilaton of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state is a/an _____.

- Porth, page 4

Syndrome

The quality of data obtained to make a diagnosis is judged for validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

_____ refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

- Port, page 4

Validity

The quality of data obtained to make a diagnosis is judged for validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

_____ refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.

- Porth, page 4

Reliability

The quality of data obtained to make a diagnosis is judged for validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

_____ refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test (true-positive).

- Porth, page 4

Sensitivity

The quality of data obtained to make a diagnosis is judged for validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

_____ refers to the proportion of people without a disease who are negative on a given test or observation (true-negative).

- Port, page 4

Specificity

The quality of data obtained to make a diagnosis is judged for validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value.

_____ refers to the propextent to which an obswervation or test result is able to predict the prescence of a given disease or condition.

- Port, page 4

Predictive Value

Most cancer-associated genes increase the risk of cancer through overactivity or underactivity.

The position of a gene on a chromosome is called its _____, and alternate forms of a gene at the same position are called _____.

locus
alleles

- Porth, page 125

Trisomy 21 is also known as _____ and can include some degree of mental retardation, retarded growth, flat facial profile, epicanthal folds, small low-set ears, and large protruding tongue.

Down Syndrome

- Porth, pages 142-143

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes is referred to as _____.

Aneuploidy

- Porth, page 142

_____ refers to the presence of only one member of a chromosome pair. The defects are severe and usually cause abortion.

Monosomy

- Porth, page 142

_____ is the presence of more than two chromosomes to a set and occurs when when a germ cell containing more than 23 chromosomes is involved in conception.

Polysomy

- Porth, page 142

A _____ agent is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that produces abnormalities during embryonic or fetal development.

Teratogenic

- Porth, page 147

_____-soluble drugs tend to cross the placenta more readily and enter the fetal circulation.

Lipid

- Porth, page 147

Drugs with a molecular weight of _____ 500 can cross the placenta easily, depending on lipid-solubility and degree of ionization.

(less than or greater than)

Less than

- Porth, page 147

The stage of development of the embryo determines the susceptibility to teratogens. The period during which the embryo is most susceptible to teratogenic agents is the time during which rapid differentiation and development of body organs and tissues are taking place, usually from days ___ to ___ postconception.

15 to 60

- Porth, page 149 (box)

Many microorganisms cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation. The cronym TORCH can be used to remember them. What does TORCH stand for?

T oxoplasmosis
O ther
R ubella (measles)
C ytomegalovirus
H erpes

- Porth, page 150

Penetrance is the percentage in a population with a particular genotype in which that genotype is phenotypically manifested, whereas _____ is the manner in which the gene is expressed.

Expressivity

- Porth, page 125 (box)

Folic acid deficiency has been proven to lead to _____.

Neural tube defects

- Porth, page 150

_____ is a protozoal infection caused by eating infected meat or coming in contact with infected feces from cats.

Toxoplasmosis

- Porth, page 150

Gametes (ovum and sperm) are _____, having only one set of chromosomes from each parent.

Haploid

- Porth, page 160

After fusion, the ovum and sperm form a somatic cell that is _____ (containing both sets of chromosomes).

Diploid

- Porth, page 160

_____ is the percentage in a population with a particular genotype in which that genotype is phenotypically manifested, whereas expressivity is the manner in which the gene is expressed.

Penetrance

- Porth, page 125 (box)

_____ can mutate into cancer-causing genes in which overactivity increases growth-factor dependent signaling.

Proto-oncogenes

- Porth, page 169

Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of _____ cells.

- Review Sheet

epithelial

_____ is a benign tumor of glandular epithelium cells.

- Review Sheet

Adenoma

_____ is a neoplasm’s loss of differentiation.

- Review Sheet

Anaplasia

System of substances transported in the opposite direction.

- Review Sheet

Antiport

_____ is a unique term used to describe carcinomas that are confined to the epithelium and have not yet penetrated the basement membrane.

- Review Sheet

Carcinoma in situ

True or False? The exact causes of sudden infant death syndrome are not known.

- Chapter 2 pretest

True

True or False? Newborn infants are at particular risk of hyperglycemia.