A debate is a structured
argument. Two sides speak alternately for and against a particular
contention usually based on a topical issue. Unlike the arguments you might
have with your family or friends however, each person is allocated a time they
are allowed to speak for and any interjections are carefully controlled.
The subject of the dispute is often prearranged so you may find yourself having
to support opinions with which you do not normally agree. You also have
to argue as part of a team, being careful not to contradict what others on your
side have said.

Why debate?

It is an excellent way of
improving speaking skills and is particularly helpful in providing experience
in developing a convincing argument. Those of you who are forced to argue
against your natural point of view realize that arguments, like coins, always
have at least two sides.

The Basic Debating Skills

Style

Style is the manner in which
you communicate your arguments. This is the most basic part of debating
to master. Content and strategy are worth little unless you deliver your
material in a confident and persuasive way.

Speed

It is vital to talk at a
pace which is fast enough to sound intelligent and allow you time to say what
you want, but slow enough to be easily understood.

Tone

Varying tone is what
makes you sound interesting. Listening to one tone for an entire
presentation is boring.

Volume

Speaking quite loudly is
sometimes a necessity, but it is by no means necessary to shout through every
debate regardless of context. There is absolutely no need speak any more
loudly than the volume at which everyone in the room can comfortably hear
you. Shouting does not win debates. Speaking too quietly is clearly
disastrous since no one will be able to hear you.

Clarity

The ability to concisely
and clearly express complex issues is what debating is all about. The
mainreason people
begin to sound unclear is usually because they lose the “stream of thought”
which is keeping them going. It is also important to keep it simple. While long
words may make you sound clever, they may also make you incomprehensible.

Use of notes and eye
contact

Notes are essential, but
they must be brief and well organized to be effective. There is
absolutely no point in trying to speak without notes. Of course, notes should
never become obtrusive and damage your contact with the audience, nor should
they ever be read from verbatim. Most people sketch out the main headings
of their speech, with brief notes under each.

When writing notes for
rebuttal during the debate, it is usually better to use a separate sheet of
paper so you can take down the details of what the other speakers have said and
then transfer a rough outline onto the notes you will actually be using.

Eye contact with the
audience is very important, but keep shifting your gaze. No one likes to be
stared at.

Content

Content is what you
actually say in the debate. The arguments used to develop your own side’s case
and rebut the opposite side’s. The information on content provided below is a
general overview of what will be expected when you debate. The final
logistics of how long you will be debating, how many people will be in your group,
and how the debate will unfold (ie: which team speaks first etc.), will all be
decided by your tutorial leader.

Case (argument)- the
whole

Introduction - The case
your group is making must be outlined in the introduction. This involves
stating your main arguments and explaining the general thrust of your
case. This must be done briefly since the most important thing is to get
on and actually argue it. It is also a good idea to indicate the aspects
of the subject to be discussed by each of the team members.

Conclusion - At the end,
once everyone has spoken, it is useful to briefly summarize what your group has
said and why.

Case (argument)- the
parts

Having outlined the whole
of your argument, you must then begin to build a case (the parts). The
best way to do this is to divide your case into between two and four arguments
(or divide your case based on the number of people in your group). You
must justify your arguments with basic logic, worked examples, statistics, and
quotes. Debating is all about the strategy of “proof”. Proof, or
evidence, supporting your assertion is what makes it an argument. There are a
number of ways of dividing up cases according to groups of arguments (eg
political/economic/social or moral/practical or international/regional
etc.) or just according to individual arguments if you can’t group any
together. Under each of these basic headings you should then explain the
reasoning behind the argument and justify it using the methods outlined
above. It is usually best to put the most important arguments
first. Here is an example of a case outline:

“The media exert more influence
over what people think than the government does. This is true for three reasons. Firstly, most people base their votes on
what they see and hear in the media. Secondly, the media can set the political
agenda between elections by deciding what issues to report and in how much
detail. Thirdly, the media have successfully demonized politicians over the last ten
years so that now people are more likely to believe journalists than
politicians.”

All of the arguments in
this case outline are debatable (almost immediately you can see the
counter-arguments), but they give the case a wide range which cover all kinds
of issues. The trick is not to come up with a watertight case, but a well
argued one. Think: “Can I argue that?”

Rebuttal – the parts

Arguments can be
factually, morally or logically flawed. They may be misinterpretations or they
may also be unimportant or irrelevant. A team may also contradict one
another or fail to complete the tasks they set themselves. These are the
basics of rebuttal and almost every argument can be found wanting in at least
one of these respects. Here are a few examples:

1. “Compulsory
euthanasia at age 70 would save the country money in pensions and
healthcare.” This is true, but is morally flawed.

2. “Banning
cigarette product placement in films will cause more young people to smoke
because it will make smoking more mysterious and taboo.” This is logically
flawed,
the ban would be more likely to stop the steady stream of images which make
smoking seem attractive and glamorous and actually reduce the number of young
people smoking.

3. “My
partner will then look at the economic issues...” “Blah..blah..blah...(5
minutes later and still no mention of the economic issues)” This is a
clear failure to explain a major part of the case and attention should
be drawn to it. Even better is when a speaker starts with, “to win this
debate there are three things I must do…”. If the speaker fails to do any
of those things you can then hang her or him by the noose by repeating their
exact words – by his or her own admission he or she cannot have won the debate.

Rebuttal – the whole:

It is very important to
have a good perspective of the debate and to identify what the key arguments
are. It isn’t enough to rebut a few random arguments here and
there. Of course the techniques used above are invaluable but they must
beused appropriately.
There are a number of things you should do to systematically break down a
team’s case:

1. Ask yourself how
the other side have approached the case. Is their methodology flawed?

2. Consider what
tasks the other side set themselves (if any) and whether they have in fact
addressed these.

3. Consider what
the general emphasis of the case is and what assumptions it makes. Try to
refute these.

4. Take the main
arguments and do the same thing. It is not worth repeating a point of
rebuttal that has been used by someone else already, but you can refer to it to
show that the argument has not stood up. It is not necessary to correct
every example used. You won’t have time and your aim is to show the other
side’s case to be flawed in the key areas.

Sources

The
information included in the document “How to Debate” was adapted from: