John Kraemer, Georgetown University Law Center, and Lawrence O. Gostin, Georgetown University Law Center, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, have published The Limits of Government Regulation of Science, at Science 1047 (March 2012). Here is the abstract.

Science and Nature redact key parts of two papers on transmissible avian (H5N1) influenza reveal a troubled relationship between science and security. While NSABB’s request does not violate the First Amendment, efforts to censor the scientific press by force of law would usually be an unconstitutional prior restraint of the press absent a compelling state interest. The constitutional validity of conditions on grant funding to require pre-publication review of unclassified research is unclear but also arguably unconstitutional.

The clearest case where government may restrict publication is when research has been properly classified as a security risk. It is less clear whether government may suppress the publication of “controlled unclassified information” (CUI). The key inquiry is whether the information poses a genuine security risk and the restraint is the least restrictive alternative.

At the same time, the federal government has fairly broad latitude to protect sensitive data in its sole possession from disclosure under FOIA.

We propose that future decisions on dual-use research should be taken through a fair and transparent institutional review process, likely best modeled on the institutional biosafety committees required for recombinant DNA research.