Liancourt Rocks

Liancourt Rocks (Takeshima in Japanese, Dokdo 독도 in Korean) are a group of small islands in Sea of Japan.[1][2] The islands are currently occupied under the South Korean armed police. The name Liancourt Rocks comes from the French whaling ship Liancourt. The people on the Liancourt made a map of the islands in 1849. The islands have been in dispute for some time by both Korea and Japan. Japan has been suggesting to sort the dispute in International Court of Justice but South Korean government keeps refusing it.[1]Rusk documents in 1951 clearly states that "As regards the island of Dokdo, otherwise known as Takeshima or Liancourt Rocks, this normally uninhabited rock formation was according to our information never treated as part of Korea and, since about 1905, has been under the jurisdiction of the Oki Islands Branch Office of Shimane Prefecture of Japan. The island does not appear ever before to have been claimed by Korea."

Liancourt Rocks consists of two islets, that are 150 metres apart.[3] These small islands are called West Isletand East Islet. The western islet is the larger of the two islets. Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs.[4] The islands and rocks have a volcanic nature.[5] A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.[4] The eastern islet formed 4.5 million years ago. Ulleungdo formed 2 million years later. Both are quickly eroding and weathering.[6]

The total area of the islets is about 187,450 square meters. Their highest point is 169 meters on the western islet. The western islet is about 88,640 square meters in area; the eastern islet about 73,300 square meters.[4] Liancourt Rocks is at about 131°52′ East longitude and about 37°14′ North latitude.[4] The western islet is at 37°14′31″N, 131°51′55″E and the eastern islet is at 37°14′27″N, 131°52′10″E. The main islands coast lines are 217 km apart from mainland Korea and 212 km apart from main island's of Japan (honshu).[7] The nearest Korean territory (Ulleung-do) is 87 km away and can be visible on fair days;[3][8] the nearest Japanese territory (oki islands) is 157 km away.[4]

The western islet is made of a single peak. It has many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 meters high. There are two caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.[5]

40 Korean people are staying on the islets,[source?] several Korean telecom service providers (namely SK Telecom, KT, and LG U+) have also installed stations on Liancourt Rocks to cover the islets in the South Korean wireless telephone network.[source?] There is also regular ferry service from Ulleung-do.[9]

Because they are classified as a nature reserve, special permits are required for tourists to land on the islets rather than just circling them.[14] There were 1,507 and 1,597 recorded tourists in 2003 and 2004 respectively.[14] Visitors generally come by boat from Ulleung-do.[4][14]

In 2005, the first wedding ceremony was held on the islets. The South Korean couple chose the location to protest against Japanese territorial claims.[15]

Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather conditions. This is because of its location, and small size. Sometimes, ships are unable to dock because of strong northwestern winds in winter.[3][5] The climate is warm and humid. It is heavily influenced by warm sea currents. There is a lot of rain throughout the year (annual average - 1324 mm), with occasional snowfall.[5] Fog is a common sight. In the summer, southerly winds dominate.[5] The water around the islets is about 10 degrees Celsius in spring, when the water is coolest. It warms to about 25 degrees Celsius in August.[5]

Like Ulleung-do, the islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss.[4] About 80 species of plants, over 22 species of birds, and 37 species of insects have been recorded on the islets, in addition to the local maritime life.[3]

Since the early 1970s, trees and some types of flowers were planted along with the indigenous flora and fauna.[3] (Trees are required under international law for the islets to be recognized as natural islands rather than reefs.[5][14])

Liancourt Rocks was declared "Natural Monument #336" by South Korea in the 1990s. Some birds actually live on the islands, but most are just using them as a stopover to fly elsewhere. The fork-tailed petrel, streaked shearwater, and black-tailed gulls live on the islands. The population of breeding birds counted on the rocks, however, has been declining in recent years.[5]

In 1999, the islets were designated a special environmental protected area by the South Korean government.[3] They are older than any other Korean volcanic islands, including Ulleung-do.[5]

It was announced in 2005 that three new genera and five new species of bacteria had been identified by ROK scientists in the waters off the islets. The genera are Dokdonella koreensis, Dokdonia donghaenensis, and Donghae dokdoensis. The newly identified species are Virgilbacillus dokdoensis, Maribacter dokdoensis, Marimonas dokdoensis, Polaribacter dokdoensis, and Porphyrobacter dokdoensis.

The islets are of importance not only for economic reasons,[source?] but also for military ones[source?]. They have occasionally served as a military base, most notably during the Russo-Japanese War. The South Korean government has built a radar station and helicopter landing pad on the islets, enabling it to track foreign naval forces[source?].

South Korean armed force captured 3929 and killed 44 Japanese people between 1952 to 1965 until Syngman Rhee Line was set. The dispute between South Korea and Japan over the islands has gained heat in 2008 with new Japanese school books mentioning the islands, and a visit by the South Korean Prime Minister in July. Ten years ago, no people lived on the islands. But South Korea started to populate the island to make its claim stronger. South Korea insists that the islet was called Usan-do or Sokdo in a past and later changed its name, but there is no historical proof which shows when the name was changed.