John Adams to Abigail Adams

[dateline] Paris Sept. 1. 1783

[salute] My dearest Friend

I have not received my Letters of Recall from Holland and therefore must disappoint
you and my self. I have requested them anew1 and Suppose I shall receive them about Christmas, but whether I do or not, I shall
come home, at latest in the first Spring ships, unless I should receive Some new Commission
in Europe, which is not likely. I am unalterably determined not to stay in Holland
where I never have any tollerable Health. To break away and come home without Leave,
would neither be civil to Congress nor to the states General nor to the statholder,
I hope I shall not be obliged to do it, but if I cannot obtain Leave, I must take
it. I propose a Tour of three Weeks to England and shall take my son with me, whose
Company is the greatest Pleasure of my Life. His Behaviour and close Attention to
his studies are very pleasing to me, and promise to produce, a worthy Character.

I have received Several, very agreable Letters from my Daughter, which I shall answer
if I can, as well as yours,2 which always afford me more Intelligence, than I get from any other American source.
You may continue to write me under Cover. I am much pleased with your Purchase, and
with the Boys Shool and Preceptor.3

Mr. Dana is embarked as I suppose from Petersbourg, and will be soon in Boston, defeated
in his Endeavours to serve his Country, by jesuitical Schemes from Passy and other
sources,4 from whence have Sprung so many obstacles to the publick Good. Never was a Country,
more imposed on by Finesse. Our late Minister of foreign affairs5 appears to have been a mere Puppet danced upon French Wires electrified from Passy.
I hope there will be, an End of this Philosophical and political Conjuration, if not,
I am determined to get out of its striking Distance. Hitherto, altho it has tossed
and tormented me, and prevented me from doing a great Part of the Good I meditated,
and am Sure should have accomplished without it: yet it has not totally defeated me.
Yet it has defeated me in so many Things and others in so many more, that it is high
time to break it up.

I thank the Dr. and Mr. Cranch for their very friendly Letters, but their Speculations
into futurity, are not well grounded.6 Give Us Peace in our Day, for there is none that fightest for Us but thou O God,
is a Prayer <of the Church of England> which no son of the Church has a better right to offer up than I—and none can make
it more sincerely.7

4. Francis Dana left St. Petersburg on 3 Sept. and arrived in Boston on 12 Dec. (W. P.
Cresson, Francis Dana: A Puritan Diplomat at the Court of Catherine the Great, N.Y., 1930, p. 317–318; AA to JA, 7 Dec., below). JA's charge that Benjamin Franklin intrigued against Dana's mission is unfounded, although
Vergennes did instruct the French minister to Russia not to support Dana's moves.
A number of reasons have been given for Dana's failure to secure recognition of American
independence and a commercial treaty with Russia. As an absolute monarch, Catherine
II did not look favorably upon a republican revolution against a monarchy. Moreover,
Catherine, who was attempting to mediate an end to the war, could hardly as a mediator
sign a treaty with the United States. American inexperience in diplomacy hampered
Dana. He sought recognition of independence through admission to the League of Armed
Neutrality, but membership was not likely to be accorded to a belligerent. Further,
Dana resorted to moral arguments rather than to appeals to Russia's self-interest.
Finally, he chose to ignore the court tradition of { 233 } distributing bribes. Had Dana followed the practices current at the Russian court
and used the greatest skill, he still would have had little chance of success, given
Russia's conception of its national interests. See H. W. L. Dana, The Dana Saga, Cambridge, 1941, p. 25–28; Cresson, Francis Dana, p. 183–184; Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: The Foundations of American Foreign Policy, 1775–1783, N.Y., 1935, p. 164–166; and David M. Griffiths, “American Commercial
Diplomacy in Russia, 1780–1783,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 27:379–410 (July 1970).

John Adams to Abigail Adams

[dateline] Paris Septr. 4. 1783

[salute] My dearest Friend

I have the Satisfaction to inform you that the definitive Treaties were all Signed
yesterday, and the Preliminaries with Holland were Signed the day before.1 Ours is a Simple Repetition of the provisional Treaty. So We have negotiated here,
these Six Months for nothing. We could do no better Situated as We were. To day We
dined with Mr. Hartley and drank Tea with the Duchess of Manchester. Thus you see
We are very good Friends, quite free, easy and Social.

Now I dont Know what to do with my self. I wish I knew more of the Intentions of Congress.
The Leave to come home which Mr. Lee promised you is not arrived, and I cannot go
with Decorum without Leave, and the Loan, an important matter would Suffer.2 I believe upon the whole I Shall wait, untill We hear from Congress of their Reception
of the definitive Treaty, when no doubt they will Send me their Orders. I Shall have
a gloomy Winter at the Hague, but a Tour to London of two or three Weeks and the Company
of my Friend your Son, will relieve me a good deal. This Boy is a cordial to me.

I Suppose that our foreign affairs will be wholly new modelled, on the Receipt of
the definitive Treaty. Some Say We shall all be recalled, and Consuls only appointed.
Others Think that Ministers will be continued, or new ones Sent to Versailles, London,
the Hague and Madrid. Others that Ministers will be sent to the two Empires. But all
is uncertain.

I Shall make you a Small Remittance by Mr. Thaxter. I Shall make Mr. John, my Secretary.
He has acted in that Capacity, some Weeks and done very well.3

I Shall not be able to find Time to write to many of my Friends by this opportunity
although it is so good a one.

Mr. Dana will be home before me. I envy him. But he will do great { 234 } good. He is a thoroughly Sensible Man, and entirely well principled. No Man knows
our foreign affairs, and difficulties better than he. I have no Patience at the insidious
Manoeuvres by which he has been defeated.

Dr. Franklin has fallen down again with the Gout and Gravel.4 He is better, and has been to Versailles and Paris, but he breaks visibly. Mr. Laurens,
has a Brother declining, So that he will go to the south of France, untill he knows
his Brother's Fate.5 I Shall go to Holland and Stay some time. I may be called to Paris again, and may
take a Tour to England. Write me, prudently, by any Way. If my Health was firm, I
could bear the Uncertainties of Life better. Tell Mrs. Warren I am already quite enough
exhausted to retire. If I could, perfectly obey the Precept, “Fret not thy self, because
of evil Doers,”6 I might wear a little longer. But I forget it sometimes. Mr. Jay has been my Comforter.
We have compared Notes, and they agree. I love him so well that I know not what I
should do in Europe without him: Yet how many times have I disputed Sharply with him
in Congress!7 I always thought him however an honest Man. He is a virtuous and religious Man. He
has a Conscience, and has been persecuted, accordingly, as all conscientious Men are.
Dont suspect me of Cant. I am not addicted to it. He and I have Tales to tell, dismal
Tales: But it will be most for his Happiness and mine to forget them. So let them
be forgotten. If the publick Good should not absolutely require them to be told.

But I am wandering from my favourite Point which is the Recollection of my fervent
affection for my Dearest Friend and the Dear Pledges of her Love.

1. These were the peace treaties between the United States and Great Britain, between
France and Great Britain, and between Spain and Great Britain, all 3 Sept., and the
preliminary treaty between the Netherlands and Great Britain, 2 September. The Anglo-American
treaty was signed at Paris; all the others were signed at Versailles.

5. Henry Laurens, still in England as late as 16 Sept., would soon visit his younger
brother, James, who had suffered from poor health for a number of years. James died
in Feb. 1784 in Vigan, France. Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev., 6:693, 699; David Duncan Wallace, The Life of Henry Laurens, N.Y., 1915, p. 226, 418.

7. JA's congressional disagreements with John Jay ran back to 1774, when Jay favored Joseph
Galloway's Plan of Union and urged the colonies to pay the British East India Company
for the property destroyed in the Boston Tea Party, but the two were often in agreement,
especially concerning independence in 1776. See JA, Papers, 2:149; 4:71, 99–100, 219, 238; and JA, Diary and Autobiography, vol. 4.