8 4. Flash Management 4.1 Error Correction/Detection SDM5-M implements a hardware ECC scheme, based on the BCH algorithm. It can detect and correct up to 40-bit error in 1K bytes. 4.2 Bad Block Management Current production technology is unable to guarantee total reliability of NAND flash memory array. When a flash memory device leaves factory, it comes with a minimal number of initial bad blocks during production or out-of-factory as there is no currently known technology that produce flash chips free of bad blocks. In addition, bad blocks may develop during program/erase cycles. When host performs program/erase command on a block, bad block may appear in Status Register. Since bad blocks are inevitable, the solution is to keep them in control. Apacer flash devices are programmed with ECC, block mapping technique and S.M.A.R.T to reduce invalidity or error. Once bad blocks are detected, data in those blocks will be transferred to free blocks and error will be corrected by designated algorithms. 4.3 Wear Leveling Flash memory devices differ from Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in terms of how blocks are utilized. For HDDs, when a change is made to stored data, like erase or update, the controller mechanism on HDDs will perform overwrites on blocks. Unlike HDDs, flash blocks cannot be overwritten and each P/E cycle wears down the lifespan of blocks gradually. Repeatedly program/erase cycles performed on the same memory cells will eventually cause some blocks to age faster than others. This would bring flash storages to their end of service term sooner. Wear leveling is an important mechanism that level out the wearing of blocks so that the wearing-down of blocks can be almost evenly distributed. This will increase the lifespan of SSDs. Commonly used wear leveling types are Static and Dynamic. 4.4 Power Failure Management Power Failure Management plays a crucial role when experiencing unstable power supply. Power disruption may occur when users are storing data into the SSD. In this urgent situation, the controller would run multiple write-to-flash cycles to store the metadata for later block rebuilding. This urgent operation requires about several milliseconds to get it done. At the next power up, the firmware will perform a status tracking to retrieve the mapping table and resume previously programmed NAND blocks to check if there is any incompleteness of transmission. 4.5 ATA Secure Erase ATA Secure Erase is an ATA disk purging command currently embedded in most of the storage drives. Defined in ATA specifications, (ATA) Secure Erase is part of Security Feature Set that allows storage drives to erase all user data areas. The erase process usually runs on the firmware level as most of the ATA-based storage media currently in the market are built-in with this command. ATA Secure Erase can securely wipe out the user data in the drive and protects it from malicious attack. 7

9 4.6 TRIM TRIM is a SATA command that helps improve the read/write performance and efficiency of solid-state drives (SSD). The command enables the host operating system to inform SSD controller whick blocks contain invalid data, mostly because of the erase commands from host. The invalid will be discarded permanently and the SSD will retain more space for itself. 4.7 SATA Power Management By complying with SATA 6.0 Gb/s specifications, the SSD supports the following SATA power saving modes: ACTIVE: PHY ready, full power, Tx & Rx operational PARTIAL: Reduces power, resumes in under 10 µs (microseconds) SLUMBER: Reduces power, resumes in under 10 ms (milliseconds) HIPM: Host-Initiated Power Management DIPM: Device-Initiated Power Management AUTO-SLUMBER: Automatic transition from partial to slumber. Note: the behaviors of power management features would depend on host/device settings. 8

RoHS Compliant SATA High Capacity Flash Drive Series Datasheet for SAFD 25NH-M February 9 th, 2015 Revision 1.4 This Specification Describes the Features and Capabilities of the Standard and Industrial

Wintec Solid State Drive INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN RELATION TO WINTEC INDUSTRIES PRODUCTS, AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. NOTHING IN THIS DOCUMENT SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING

3.3.5 Document Number: 325993-026US Intel technologies features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Performance varies depending

PSD330 Transcend PSD is a series of 2.5 PATA SSD with high performance and advanced flash control techniques. Due to smaller size (fit the standard dimensions of 2.5 IDE Hard Disk Drives), huge capacity,

3.3.6 Document Number: 325993-027US Intel technologies features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Performance varies depending

Description With an IDE interface and strong data retention ability, 44-Pin IDE Flash Modules are ideal for use in the harsh environments where Industrial PCs, Set-Top Boxes, etc. are used. Placement Features

January 22, 2013 Industrial Flash Storage Trends in Software and Security Many flash storage devices in embedded applications are used to save data but also function as disks for the OS. Most users are

Description With an IDE interface and strong data retention ability, 40-Pin IDE Flash Modules are ideal for use in the harsh environments where Industrial PCs, Set-Top Boxes, etc. are used. Placement Features

TS32G~128GPSD330 2.5 Solid State Disk Description Transcend PSD is a series of 2.5 PATA SSD with high performance and advanced flash control techniques. Due to smaller size (fit the standard dimensions

Description With an IDE interface and strong data retention ability, 40-Pin IDE Flash Modules are ideal for use in the harsh environments where Industrial PCs, Set-Top Boxes, etc. are used. Placement Features

USB Flash Drive Engineering Specification Document Number: L5ENG00242 Revision: B No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,

July 2013 Product Specification Industrial 1.8 micro SATA II SLC SSD -HERMES-ER Series- Doc-No: 100-XP8SR-JESL-01V0 This document is for information use only and is subject to change without prior notice.

Kingston Technology SSDNow V+E (Full Disk Encryption) Flash Storage Drive This product description of the SSDNow Solid State flash drive is provided by Kingston, and is applicable for all Kingston's V+E

7. ATA & TRUE IDE REGISTER DECODING SiliconDrive PC can be configured as either Memory Mapped or I/O Devices. As noted earlier communication to and from the SiliconDrive is accomplished using the ATA Block.

2.5" SATA III/II Solid State Drive SF-2281 WxSSxxxG1Tx-D41xxx INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN RELATION TO WINTEC INDUSTRIES PRODUCTS, AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. NOTHING IN THIS

User Guide May 2015 Tool Version 3.3.0 Order Number: 325912-002US INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO

Technologies Supporting Evolution of SSDs By TSUCHIYA Kenji Notebook PCs equipped with solid-state drives (SSDs), featuring shock and vibration durability due to the lack of moving parts, appeared on the

.5" IDE Solid State Drive General Description The IDE Flash Drive FHD8/16/3/64/8GC5M series is an IDE interface solid state disk (SSD) drive that features a flash disk controller chip and NAND type flash