cumulative detailed notes ch7-ch12

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School

University of Toronto Scarborough

Department

Psychology

Course

PSYB30H3

Professor

Marc A Fournier

Semester

Winter

Description

Week 7 Goals & Strivings
st
****re-listen to the on line lecture Needed for the 1 half of lecture *************
Not in midterm
Wednesday class is canceled. No office hour on Friday
Week 7 in Perspective
The Origin TheoriesEvolution & Socialization
Week 1. Introduction
Week 2. Human Evolution
Week 3. Gender, Society, & Culture
Level I. Personality Traits / Dispositions
Week 4. History & Controversy of Trait Concepts
Week 5. Contemporary Trait Taxonomies
Week 6. Heritability & Continuity
Level II. Characteristic Adaptations
Week 7. Goals & Strivings
Week 8. The Self & Social Cognition
Week 9. Stages of Life-Span Development
Level III. Integrative Life Stories
Week 10. Life Scripts & Life Stories
Week 11. Myth & Narrative
Week 12. Conclusion
Overview of Week 7 Lecture
The Legacy of David C. McClelland z
The Needs for Power & Intimacy
Trait x Motive Interactions
Introduction to Social Motivation
McClellands Definition of a Motive/Need:
A recurrent preference or readiness for a particular quality of experience, which energizes, directs,
and selects behavior in certain situations
Motive Conscious Intention
Some motive are known to us, and some motive we have access to. We can look inside of
ourselves and find something and go and pursuit it;
Untold motive:
Most of the motive are not conscious intension
Motive Trait
Trait refers to the questions of what like what feelings
Motivation: refers to the questions of why? The motive under the behaviour; what is the
motive underline the behaviour.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): psychology rely on the self-report data, in other words, it is about what
people tells. TAT has very clever strategy behind that. Participants are required to write a story based on
the same picture. The picture itself does not tell you what is the story and it is ambigious, the stradegy is
whatever you see and whatever you pull out from the car in the picture, it is not about the picture, but it is
about you. When face an ambigious thing, but you have to pull out the story on it, so that you have to pull
out the story of yourselves. The characters and the story you create will reflect your own idea. So it is
projective test.
Subjects compose stories in response to a series of ambiguous picture cues
Story content reveals the underlying needs, conflicts, and complexes that subjects project onto the
picture
TAT = projective test
Developing a TAT Scoring System: begin with a rough theory or a hypothesis, the idea is we can
bring some subjects in, which could temporary rate the achievements. The motive about the
achievement matters. One group was told their test was related to their personal development and
intelligent but another group is not told so.
www.notesolution.com First, determine what themes distinguish the stories written under motive arousal
conditions from those written under neutral testing conditions. Use several motive arousal
conditions as part of this process.
Then, use those themes as part of a scoring system to assess the motivation of individuals.
Assume that those individuals who show more frequent thematic imagery have a higher
baseline level for that specific motive.
Criticisms of the TAT
Poor reliability
Poor criterion validity
Poor convergent validity with questionnaire measures of motives, which demonstrate greater
reliability and criterion validity
Achievement Motivation
n Ach Defined:
Recurrent concerns with doing things better and with surpassing standards of excellence
Building a better mousetrap
Sample n Ach Scoring Category
Achievement Imagery a character in the story wants to perform better either by:
Being involved in a long-term achievement project
Meeting an internal standard of excellence
Outperforming someone else
Doing something unique
n Ach & Entrepreneurship
High-n Ach individuals are drawn to careers in business, and have success in business (up to
a point)
e.g., McClelland & Boyatsis (1982):
High n Ach in managers at their time of entry into AT&T predicted promotion
to Level 3 after 16 years, but not to Level 4 (manager-level)
Power Motivation
n Pow Defined:
Recurrent concerns with having impact, control, or influence on another person, a group
of persons, or the world at large; it is about the preference to have influence. Not negative
or positive, but just any influence on others or attentions from others.
These people go to journalist, psychologist, psychiatrist, or politics.
No press is bad press
Sample n Pow Scoring Category
Power Imagery a character in the story wants to have impact or influence by:
Controlling others
Taking strong, forceful actions
Giving unsolicited help or advice to others
Attempting to impress, persuade, or prove a point
n Pow & Leadership
Winter (1987) coded the thematic imagery of the inaugural addresses of U.S. Presidents
from Washington (1789) to Reagan (1981)
Found that n Pow predicted:
War Entry, r = .52, p < .01
Great Decisions Cited, r = .51, p < .01
Scholarly Judgments of Greatness, r = .40, p < .05
Affiliation/Intimacy Motivation ===related to friendship
n Aff Defined:
o Recurrent concerns with establishing, maintaining, or restoring a positive affective relationship with
another person or group of persons
o To reformulate the definition that the participants had
n Int Defined:
www.notesolution.com o Recurrent concerns with experiencing warmth and closeness in personal relationships
o All you need is love
Sample n Aff Scoring Category
o Affiliation Imagery a character in the story wants to establish, maintain, or restore friendly
relationships by: the more, the higher score
Expressing, warm, positive, or intimate feelings
Expressing sadness about separation
Affiliative, companionate activities
Nurturant acts: taking care of each other, sharing, a
n Int & Friendship
o McAdams et al. (1984) invited 105 college students to write TAT stories and describe 10 friendship
episodes during the previous two weeks
POWER INTIMACY
*
Large Group Interaction * .21 * -.10
Dyadic Interaction -.23 .20
Assertive Role .43*** -.04
Listening Role -.15 .43***
***
Self-Disclosure -.16 .49
Traits & Motives
Winter, John, Stewart, et al. (1998):
Motives represent fundamental goals or desires; motive is the thing that push us to behave; to truly
predict someones behaviour, we need to
Traits represent stylistic consistencies in behavior
Traits channel the expression of motives i.e., goal-directed behaviors in ways that are
consistent with these mechanisms
The Channeling Hypothesis
Traits & social motives interact in the prediction of behavior and life outcomes
The extent to which a social motive (affiliation) predicts behavior or life outcomes varies
across levels of a trait (introverted vs. extraverted)
Extravert and introverted people should be different. Both of them want to maintain the
relationship.
Behavior = T + M + T x M
The Samples
The Mills Sample (CA)
Sample of women from the graduating classes of 1958 and 1960
At age 21, they completed the TAT
At age 43, they completed the