New, Better Tool to Diagnose Parkinson’s Disease

A new diagnostic imaging technique is being introduced in health care facilities to evaluate patients for Parkinson’s disease.

The tool is called the DaTscan™, an FDA-approved imaging agent for movement disorders. The technology is unique, providing a definitive method to identify Parkinson’s. In the past, physicians would need to perform additional clinical examinations to differentiate Parkinson’s from other movement disorders.

“The scan by itself does not make the diagnosis of Parkinson’s but it allows us to identify patients who have loss of dopamine, the major chemical responsible for the symptoms, from those who have no dopamine deficiency,” said Tanya Simuni, M.D., a neurologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and director of Northwestern’s Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center.

“This is a very important step in being able to accurately identify and treat movement disorders and hopefully allow us to better understand these diseases over time.”

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that afflicts nearly 1.5 million Americans, with an additional 50,000 to 60,000 new cases identified each year.

Low levels of dopamine in the brain leads to tremors, slowness of movement, muscle stiffness and balance problems among individuals with Parkinson’s.

Clinical examinations, particularly early in the disease when symptoms are mild, can be inconclusive or lead to misdiagnosis of another movement disorder, such as essential tremor, which share similar symptoms to Parkinson’s, but require different treatment.

DaTscan is a substance used to detect the presence of dopamine transporters (DaT) in the brain. A patient is injected with the contrast agent and then undergoes a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan.

The test captures detailed pictures of the brain’s dopamine system and can provide visual evidence of the presence of dopamine transporters. Scans of patients with Parkinson’s disease or another parkinsonian syndrome will show very low dopamine levels.

A SPECT scan examines brain function, rather than structure, and can show change in the brain’s chemistry.

“In Parkinson’s patients the brain’s anatomy remains largely normal, unlike other conditions such as stroke, where damage to the brain is visible,” explained Simuni.

“DaTscan attaches to dopamine neurons which illuminate on the SPECT scan; the more light areas that exist, the more healthy dopamine brain cells remain. If the areas of the brain that should show dopamine remain dark, it may indicate the patient has some type of parkinsonian syndrome.”

A major benefit from the new technology is the ability to make a definitive diagnosis. Currently, an accurate clinical diagnosis for patients with neurodegenerative movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s, can take up to six years.

While symptoms often mimic Parkinson’s, other movement disorders, such as essential tremor, occur in different areas of the brain and do not involve the dopamine system.

“Even though they may appear similar, other movement disorders require different management. DaTscan allows us to confirm our diagnosis earlier and start the correct course of treatment sooner,” said Simuni.

“We are hopeful that this will lead to improved quality of life for these patients with better long term outcomes, as well as protection from unnecessary treatments initiated because of misdiagnosis.”

While Simuni does not believe it is necessary for every patient to confirm their Parkinson’s diagnosis with DaTscan, she does see it as a valuable tool for patients with uncertain syndromes, or those who have not responded to treatment.

She also sees it as a means for improving Parkinson’s research by ensuring those enrolled in studies actually have the disease. DaTscan is already being used by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for its landmark biomarkers study, the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), to validate that the subjects have Parkinson’s disease.

“Currently, we are not able to say with certainty that those enrolled in Parkinson’s studies have the disease,” said Simuni.

“With the addition of DaTscan, we can be much more confident in the status of research subjects in both the control and experimental groups. By having a better understanding of these populations, we should be able to have clearer outcomes and hopefully that will translate sooner into treatments and eventually a cure.”

Researchers are also hopeful that DaTscan will prove to be useful in following the progression of Parkinson’s throughout a patient’s lifetime.

“The disease is clinically measured at certain points of time to help physicians understand its development,” said Simuni. “A lot of questions about how Parkinson’s disease progresses can be answered if DaTscan is able to show us changes in the brain’s chemistry over time.”

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Rick Nauert PhD

Dr. Rick Nauert has over 25 years experience in clinical, administrative and academic healthcare. He is currently an associate professor for Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionals doctoral program in health promotion and wellness. Dr. Nauert began his career as a clinical physical therapist and served as a regional manager for a publicly traded multidisciplinary rehabilitation agency for 12 years. He has masters degrees in health-fitness management and healthcare administration and a doctoral degree from The University of Texas at Austin focused on health care informatics, health administration, health education and health policy. His research efforts included the area of telehealth with a specialty in disease management.