Bitmain Consolidates Hashing Power Over Mining Pools

Last week, mining pools operated by Bitmain, a Chinese company that controls majority of ASIC miner production, controlled a combined hashrate of more than 42%. Of the two pools run by the outfit, BTC.com mined more than 26% while Antpool mined approximately 16% of Bitcoin blocks in the last week. Bitmain also operates ConnectBTC, its third mining pool, but it only mined less than 0.2%.

|| SILENT INVESTOR?...

It’s worth noting that Bitmain led the Series A funding round in ViaBTC, which operates the fifth largest pool with approximately 9% of the hashrate. ViaBTC asserts that the company is 100% independent and that Bitmain is only the lead investor.

Bitmain's Bitcoin mining pools centralization is now a mere 8% to the critical level of 50%, which is a serious concern because it potentially threatens Bitcoin’s immutability. It could give one entity a certain degree of control over the whole network such as blocking or reversing transactions. Bitmain doesn’t disclose what percentage of hashrate out of its pools it physically operates but it controls the block templates for the entire pool nonetheless. If Bitmain attempted to misuse its hashrate, it can be expected that the individual miners in these pools would quickly switch to different pools. But then again, it is not exactly clear what is the actual percentage of hashrate that users in these pools control.

In 2014, GHASH.io, a now defunct mining pool, briefly exceeded the 50% threshold but voluntarily decreased its hashrate to under 40% and promised that it will not exceed 40% in the future. Antpool, on the other hand, just announced that it will temporarily eliminate fees from 4% to 0%, which would spurn on further adoption.

|| INCOMING SOLUTION?

Matt Corallo, Bitcoin Core developer, is working to develop an alternative to the currently most used mining protocol Stratum, which would allow individual miners to use their own block templates instead of having to use the block templates chosen by the pool. His mining protocol dubbed BetterHash would help decentralize Bitcoin mining.

As Diar noted in June, the daily estimated profits from Bitcoin mining have decreased by more than 80% in 2018 (Diar, 4 June). According to Bernstein Research, Bitmain controls 70-80% of the Bitcoin mining hardware market, which only furthers the centralization problem. Bitmain has a very significant hardware cost advantage compared to all the other pools as well as priority access to the newest hardware. If Bitcoin mining profitability continues to decrease, it can open the doors for small miners to switch to more profitable coins, which would effectively lead to an increase in Bitmain’s pools hashrates.

Bitmain Pools Hash Power Grows 44% vs. 1-Year Ago (%)

2018: 60% Miner Revenue Drop, Hash Rate Grows 137%

Current Hash Power Distrubution by Pools

Blockchain Projects Still Take Front Stage Over Token Investments

Andreessen Horowitz stole headlines last week on the back of an announcement that the venture capital firm has started a separate arm for its cryptocurrency investments, a16z crypto. The company has set aside a whopping $300Mn for investment in the space. But they're not the only big players in town. Digital Currency Group has already backed 110 companies who have collectively raised, from multiple investors, over $1.1Bn.

Cryptocurrency enthusiasts rejoiced at the announcement coming out of Menlo Park. And in comparison to other major investors, over half of the company's investments in the space are indeed token-based projects (see chart). But 3 of the 5 are stablecoin projects, rather than utility or protocol tokens.

The venture capital firm has also invested in various blockchain companies very akin to the modus operandi of the largest investor in the space, Digital Currency Group. A16z highlighted its interest in storage, networking, identity, distributed computation and stablecoins.

Number of Investments vs. Token-Based by Major Backers

Notes: *Includes Grayscale Trust. Sources: Company Sites, Crunchbase

2Q18: Bitcoin Trading Volume Plummets on US-Based Exchanges

Bitcoin trading volumes on US exchanges continued to decline for a third straight month with June closing out 2Q18 with a whopping 87% drop from December 2017 high. 2Q18 vs 1Q18, Bitcoin trading volume dropped 71%, while Ethereum only faired slightly better with a 60% drop. Meanwhile, total US Exchange volume for Bitcoin has now dropped to a low of 7% of global trading versus 25% in March. And major coins traded on Bittrex, who has the most tokens as a US exchange, has dropped 95% from December-17 highs.

Partnership Announcement
-Diar and CoinAPI are pleased to announce a partnership for the analysis of cryptocurrency markets. CoinAPI provides data for 90+ exchanges and majority of tokens. Diar will use CoinAPI's data to analyze trends, exchanges and the health of markets. Visit coinapi.io for more information.

Bitcoin Trading Volume Drops 40% in June Versus May..

..While Ethereum Drops 10% on US Exchanges

Bitcoin Cash Volumes Up for 3rd Straight Month on Kraken Spurt

Ripple Drops 95% from December High

Bitcoin: US Volume Drops to 7% of Global Trading

While Ethereum on Upward Trend with 13% of Global Trading

Kraken: Ethereum Takes Over Bitcoin Traded Volume (%)

Bittrex Majors Trading Volume 95% Down From Dec-17 High

$90Mn Donated to Charity From Cryptocurrency-Led Operations

As it turns out, it's not all about the “Lambos." Cryptocurrency businesses and enthusiasts have been giving back to charitable organizations. The latest initiative comes from non-other than Coinbase’s Brian Armstrong who is eyeing an astounding $1Bn to be donated to charity. And efforts are off to a good start.

Brian Armstrong, CEO of Coinbase, announced on Wednesday that he is launching GiveCrypto, a charitable cryptocurrency fund with a mission to financially empower people by distributing cryptocurrency globally. The initial goal of the fund is to distribute cryptocurrency to emerging markets going through financial crisis. According to Mr Armstrong, donations in cryptocurrency will circumvent high fees and corruption, which are both common in emerging countries.

Mr Armstrong is partnering with Rose Broome who previously founded HandUp, a direct donation system for homeless people and neighbors in need. GiveCrypto has so far raised more than $4Mn but has a longer term goal to reach a $1Bn size in the next two years. Brian Armstrong, Chris Larsen (Executive Chairman of Ripple) and Zooko Wilcox (CEO of Zcash Company) have each contributed more than $1Mn to the fund. After the fund reaches $10Mn, the distribution of donations will begin.

Multiple cryptocurrency charitable initiatives have emerged.

According to Diar numbers, over $90Mn has been raised in cryptocurrencies for charitable causes to date (see table).

The largest charitable initiative to date was the Pineapple Fund that was started by an anonymous individual and distributed $55Mn of bitcoin to charities. Two of the largest donations by Pineapple Fund went to GiveDirectly and The Open Medicine Foundation. OmiseGO together with Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum cofounder, contributed $1Mn in OMG tokens to GiveDirectly to donate directly to refugees.

Vitalik Buterin also personally donated $2.4Mn in ether to SENS Research Foundation, which is a non-profit organization with a focus on creating solutions to the diseases of aging. Pineapple Fund also donated to SENS.

Ripple and its executive team donated $29Mn in XRP tokens to DonorsChoose.org where public school teachers create classroom project requests that need funding. Ripple fulfilled all of the requests of nearly 30,000 public school teachers. And there is also eatBCH, whose mission is to feed the hungry in Venezuela and South Sudan.

As Mr Armstrong notes in his blog post, early cryptocurrency investors have amassed a huge amount of wealth in a short period of time. While it’s still early, the efforts to redistribute the cryptocurrency wealth to worthwhile causes are picking up.

Cryptocurrency Donations by Various Outfits, Anonymous Enthusiasts

wdt_ID

Name

Responsible

Amount

Cryptocurrency

Purpose

1

Pineapple Fund

Anonymous (Pine)

5,057 BTC (~$55Mn)

BTC

Funding for any charities

2

-

Ripple

$28Mn

XRP

America’s Public Schools (DonorsChoose.org)

3

GiveCrypto

Brian Armstrong

>$4Mn (goal is $1Bn)

BTC, BCH, ETH, LTC, XRP, ZEC

Distribute cryptocurrency to communities in emerging markets

4

-

Vitalik Buterin

$2.4Mn

ETH

SENS Research Foundation

5

-

OmiseGO, Vitalik Buterin

$1Mn

OMG

Refugees via GiveDirectly

6

EatBCH

Anonymous

20.7 BCH (~$16k)

BCH

Feeding people suffering from economic turmoil

OP-ED

Sufficiently Decentralized Howeycoins

SEC Director Hinman gave a public speech about three weeks ago which was subsequently affirmed by testimony from Chairman Clayton the following week. A key point in his speech for many was his observation that ether (ETH) was no longer a security because it had become sufficiently decentralized.

In Hinman’s speech, he also provided an ad hoc checklist for issuers to go through to make sure they do not fall afoul of securities registration requirements.

But in doing so, the guidance does not really seem helpful as it raises more questions than answers which are discussed below. Note: the discussion for how – if at all – the rules are updated or changed is not within scope of this short article.

|| FORKS

The first is technical and pedantic: ETH as we know it, is actually the first major fork of Ethereum Classic (ETC). Recall that following The DAO attack (hack) in June 2016, key participants in the Ethereum ecosystem coordinated a hard fork which resulted in two separate chains – what we now call ETH and ETC – and that ETC represents the original chain. So transitively, does Hinman actually mean ETC is sufficiently decentralized too? Or is it just a property for the fork, ETH?

While most people are aware that it was the exchanges -- specifically Poloniex -- which decided torecognize and associate specific chains with specific ticker symbols, exchanges were also key – existentially critical -- during the first moments after The DAO attack (hack) was discovered.

How integral were they? And how did they coordinate?

A public chat log from June 17, 2016 details the coordination between core Ethereum developers and exchanges. One such dialogue is the following:

dino: ALL EXCHANGES EMERGENCY PAUSE TRADING RIGHT NOW

Vitalik Buterin: ok can you guys stop trading

Tristan D'Agosta: Okay

Bill Shihara: Stopping the trading will stop the hacker from liquidating. but that may be penalizing legit traders significantly

Vitalik Buterin: and deposits and withdrawals

dino: ALL EXCHANGES STOP WITHDRAWALS RIGHT NOW EMERGENCY

Tristan D'Agosta: Okay, not trading then...

Jesse: we can do withdrawals. haven’t heard the case for trading yet

Shawn: wouldn't it be better to just pause withdrawal?

Tristan D'Agosta: Deposits and withdrawals frozen on Polo

Tristan D'Agosta: For ETH

George Hallam [ETH] : Does anyone have any contacts at Bitfinex?

George Hallam [ETH] : europe timezone based would be bestGeorge Hallam [ETH] : cant reach them

dino: The ethereum foundation can reimburse exchange losses. Without a hard fork and rollback this damage will be permanent and the ecosystem will die.

The specific passage highlighted above shows how key developers requested that exchange operators stop trading ETH and after some discussion, the major exchange operators - such as Poloniex - temporarily acceded to the request. It bears mentioning that the chat above is missing some additional context around locked DAO tokens (which were still locked up for several more weeks) and that this provisional trading freeze was being done to protect all coin holders.

This wasn’t the first time that core developers attempted to coordinate with exchanges after a mistake has occurred. In March 2013, a group of Bitcoin developers, miners, and exchanges did something perhaps more glaring – coordinated off-chain to stop a hard fork -- in an IRC chat room during an unintended hard fork of Bitcoin.

If you follow the dialogue in either chat room, it is clear that a relatively small set of participants has influence and especially in the Bitcoin fork instance, arguably administrates the chain and its governance during these critical time periods.

And at least one question arises from this: is the ongoing success of the system (and the token's value) reliant on the ongoing efforts of others? If not, why not.

Arguably the answer is yes for most of these public blockchains. And based on the handy “arewedecentralizedyet” chart we can see that similar – and probably more – types of centralization exists for many other cryptocurrencies too.

But recall that Hinman’s speech seems to assume that ether was a security at one point and then through some process that is still not explained, is no longer a security. What day did that transition take place? Was it before or after the ICO in 2014? Before or after the coordinated hard fork in July 2016 (as a solution to The DAO attack (hack))? Before or after <insert other milestones or forks>.

For those counting at home, following the July 2016 hard fork, this means that the ETC chain was actually created twice and in both cases was the work of a small group of known people, some of whom continue to maintain it. After all, blockchains don’t automagically fix themselves.

Is it possible for a coin or token to become un-decentralized? And if so, do the maintainers get something like a 90 day grace period to make it re-decentralized otherwise the coin is sent to some kind of securities purgatory?

While we wait for more clarity and specific answers to these questions, another potential issue is with HoweyCoins.

|| PARODY

HoweyCoins is a parody ICO website published by the SEC on May 16, 2018 – right smack in the middle of “Blockchain Week” in New York City. The website is supposed to serve as a lampoonish illustration to coin issuers of what not to do when fundraising – and also serve as a warning to investors for what to look out for as red flags such as early participation discounts. It’s definitely good fun - my friends and I frequently refer to it in jest.

And while Hinman’s speech explicitly punted on how Ethereum was initially funded, the Ethereum public sale back in July 2014 also relied on discounts (or bonuses) to early investors during its six week sale.

The first two weeks, participants received 2,000 ETH per BTC, which linearly declined until the final epoch in which investors received 1,337 ETH per BTC. Were the designers of the HoweyCoins website aware of this discounting?

In looking at the actual HoweyCoins whitepaper there is no technical meat that issuers or investors alike can count on for guidance. That is to say: there is no technical attributes describing the functionality of how HoweyCoin mechanically works. In its 8 pages it describes a couple use-cases but – like most ICO whitepapers – is very vague at how it will accomplish or achieve them.

But ignoring the Ethereum initial fundraising period and its Terms and Conditions, a problem that is not resolved in either Hinman or Clayton’s recent speech and testimony is that HoweyCoins, for all of its vague promises of high yield returns is a strawman that does not really help provide guidance as it relates to the facts and circumstances around how Ethereum – or any crowdfunded coin – can become sufficiently decentralized.

After all, what is to stop someone from spinning up their own blockchain called “HoweyCoins,” raise ~$17 million through a public sale and 12 months later, formally launch the mainnet (as Ethereum did)?

The wording and justification for why Ethereum is not still a security – that it somehow at some point became sufficiently decentralized – seems ripe for debate and will surely be gamed by future coin and token sales. Without explicit parameters, if Ethereum is sufficiently decentralized, then so to – at some point in the future – could HoweyCoins. And then it’s no longer a parody.

|| RICO

A third and final point is that while Hinman alluded to them, even if these chains are finger quote “decentralized,” and thus not falling strictly under the "common enterprise" in the literal sense (i.e. where there is literally a single legal entity determining the success), how does a "community enterprise" present less risk to investors? Tangentially, isn’t this the same type of argument that mob bosses frequently used and as a result RICO Acts were created to pierce through?

If we take the view that the spirit of the regulations (1933, 1934, 1940 Acts) which led to the Howey ruling was actually to protect small investors, does a non-singular, and quasi-independent, but systemically important influential organization actually reduce risk?

If that is the view that they are taking, it would be helpful to see how the commission has come to that conclusion.

After all, it is plain as day to see that most coin foundations are heavily influential in the maintenance and success or failure of a coin. And representatives from investment groups like DCG are routinely making statements which have the single effect of moving the price and/or direction of coins such as ETC.

Even if these groups are superficially independent of the mining and operation, on the day-to-day they are directly traceable to the volatility in the market and to a large extent the success or failure of projects.

Most, if not all of the coin foundations, market and advertise milestones which depend on the coordinated effort and work of developers that are paid with investors' money. Coin foundations typically register and own trademarks and other IP so (theoretically) they could force exchanges to associate a specific tickersymbol with a specific chain. And often there is a hierarchy within a coin foundation with respect to the “community” it manages and oversees: it owns IP, controls investor funds, manages the verified social media accounts, and empirically calls the shots.

Look no further than Nano and dozens of other coin projects that have been hacked or “exit scammed” because of how centralized the command and control structures typically are. Another instance just last week, EOS block producers got on a conference call and paused their network (and later proposed scrapping their constitution). Ignoring their year-long $4 billion ICO, is that series of actions sufficiently decentralized?

|| CONCLUSION

To be fair, the SEC has an unenvious role to try and regulate something (a network-based coin) in just one jurisdiction whereas these coins are also trading and custodied in other jurisdictions. For instance, the FCA doesn’t currently regulate tokens (e.g., that are not equity or debt instruments). And the Howey test is not applicable in the UK.

Perhaps opening a public comment period to provide suggestions could be helpful in conceptualizing objective measurements and quantifying decentralization (assuming it is not an oxymoron). Though, that inbox would likely just get spammed so maybe just start with credible opinions such as those of the BIS.

In closing, a hypothetical HoweyCoins and its benevolent overseers and thought leaders at the HoweyCoins Foundation could mimic other sufficiently decentralized projects and host an annual HoweyCon; simultaneously emceed by none other than Howie Mandel and Howie Long. If and when this occurs, is the only thing that HoweyCoins did “wrong” was promise to provide discounts to early investors?

Maybe not, at least if they donate some of their proceeds to coin lobbying groups to help explain to policy makers and regulators that HoweyCoins is not a security, because it is sufficiently decentralized (e.g., more than one Howie exists).

Either way, I bet there will be some amazing schwag at HoweyCon, really looking forward to it. There may also be an announcement about the forthcoming HoweyCoins Classic fork.

Stay tuned.

This Op-Ed was written by Tim Swanson. Visit his website for more information as well as sign-up to his newsletter: postoaklabs.com

US SEC And CFTC Sign MOUTwo major US regulators, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in an effort to streamline information sharing. While the Press Release did not mention cryptocurrencies, it most certainly would be on their minds as the two try and come to some sort of regulatory consensus.

Binance Moves into UgandaIn an exclusive interview given to CoinTelegraph, Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao announced the entrance of the largest exchange into Uganda. The move brings Binance a step closer and will be offering Fiat/Crypto trading pairs as it gears up their expertise in Know-Your-Customer and Anti-Money Laundering compliance measures. The platform will be separate from the exchanges current operating platform.

ING Conducts Crypto SurveyDutch financial services firm ING conducted a European-focused study on cryptocurrency ownership. On average 1 in 10 Europeans own cryptocurrencies. And 25% are of the camp that they would at some point in the future hold cryptocurrencies. And, on average, over half of the 15,000 survey participants would be willing to change the way they pay for goods and services. But not many expect a Bitcoin price rise this year.

Malta Passes Blockchain BillsBeating Gibraltar to the punch who is also slated to pass Blockchain related legislation, Malta unanimously passed three bills seeking to grow the island nation into the number one spot for blockchain businesses. Indeed, the European country has already bagged some major wins with Binance moving its operations to the country, and has Berlin-based Neufund assisting in the framework for tokenized equity offerings.