Complex physiological changes during pregnancy have a significant impact on almost every organ on the body system including the oral cavity -- these changes are due to hormonal changes. Estrogen causes increased blood flow to the oral cavity, making the gums friable and easy to bleed, contributing to gingivitis. Pregnancy-associated gingivitis is highly prevalent. It affects approximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy can also increase the risk of extensive erosion (Varney, Kriebs, & Gegor, 2004; Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, & Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in oral hygiene may increase the risk of tooth decay during pregnancy (Russel & Mayberry, 2008). Current research and evidence shows the importance of maintaining good oral health during pregnancy. Evidence supports that periodontal infections during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes such as premature deliveries, low birth weight, still birth, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia (Russell & Mayberry, 2008; Jeffcoat, Geurs, Reddy, Cliver, Goldenberg & Hauth, 2001). Preterm birth is a significant public health problem, as the prematurity rate at in the United States was 12.7% in 2007. Preliminary data for 2008 indicates a slight decline to about 12.3% (Martin, Hamilton, Sutton, Ventura, Mathews, Kirmeyer, & Osterman, 2010). Behrman & Butler (2007) reported that annual societal preterm births cost more than $26.2 billion in 2005, or $51,600 per infant born preterm, including maternal delivery, medical care, early intervention services, and loss of household and labor market productivity. As a midwife, one main goal during antenatal care is to improve pregnancy outcomes. Part of this can be accomplished is by promoting oral health care and healthy behaviors. It is important to provide oral health education before and during the current pregnancy, as well as educate our clients about the association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, we must encourage them to see a dentist during pregnancy. Theory

To choose a theory to apply to the practice problem, relevant theories must be critically evaluated based on a set of criteria. The author used the three questions posed by Fawcett and Associates (1992) as described by Kenny (2006): “(1) Does the theory or model address the client problems and health concerns?; (2) Are the nursing interventions suggested by the model consistent with client’s expectations for nursing care?; and (3) Are the goals of nursing actions, based on the model or theory, congruent with the client’s desired health outcomes?” (Kenny, 2006, p.305). Several middle range theories can be used and applied to maximize oral health during pregnancy, as well as the prevention of adverse outcome related to oral problems. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on and explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, as well as attitudes and intention (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2008). The Diffusion of Innovations Theory has been used to study the adoption of health behaviors and programs (Tiffany & Lutjens, 1998). The Precaution Adoption Process Model has been applied to behaviors which require deliberate action and initiating new behaviors (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, 2002). The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change are used to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2002). The Health Belief Model is used to predict and explain health behaviors...

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NursingTheoryAnalysis
Isaiah G. Wachira
American Sentinel University
N505 PE Theoretical Foundations
July 27, 2014
Dr. Kehm
NursingTheoryAnalysisNursingTheoryAnalysis – Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory
Introduction
As nurses, it is important to have a basic understanding of the nursing practice by reflecting on various nursingtheories and principles used across a variety of clinical settings. Nursingtheories serve as the foundation or the guiding principle of the nursing profession. In this paper, I am going to discuss two theories – the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory – and their relevance to the nursing practice.
Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model, commonly abbreviated as HBM, is a psychological model that predicts and explains health behaviors of individuals based on their beliefs and attitudes towards a particular health-related issue. This theory explains that an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about certain health problems, self-efficacy, barriers, and benefits to perceived action help create health-promoting behavior. It was created in the 1950s by US social psychologists Kegels, Rosenstock & Hochbaum in response to the...

...MiddleRangeTheory in Nursing
Cindy Spain
American Sentinel University
MiddleRangeTheory in Nursing
The credibility of a profession is based upon its ability to create and apply theory. Nursing as a whole has not been at the forefront of theoretical research being much more practical or hands-on in nature. Unless nurses increase the value placed on research and the body of knowledge that establishes the legitimacy of their practice then nursing will remain in a subordinate position in the medical environment. Theorists anticipated that by conceptualizing models of nursing, practitioners would be able to become more autonomous in their clinical settings while increasing the visibility and authority of nursing as a discipline. It would therefore be anticipated that nurses being able to comprehend and use theory will continue to grow with more master degree nurses and with the development of advanced practice nurses. Theoretical development is imperative as nursing progresses into care management, prescribing rights and specialist arenas traditionally held solely by physicians. Current embodiments such as the Magnet Recognition Program have encouraged theoretical research in nursing (McCrae, 2012)
Definition
Middle...

...Importance of Theory
Shanna Akers
Chamberlain College of Nursing
Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice
NR501
Kari Luoma
September 13, 2014
Importance of Theory
In today’s society, the lack of knowledge involving nursingtheories is present. Theorists began discoveries in the early 1800s with Florence Nightingale and have continued to expand ever since (Hegge, 2013). “Nursingtheory is defined as an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing" (nursingtheory.org, 2013). Nurse theory guides the practice of the nurses. There are three different categories for nursingtheories; grand theory, nursing-practice theories, and middlerangetheories. The introduction to nursingtheories seems to be minor in associate and bachelor’s degree programs compared to a master’s degree program.
Nursingtheory is the basis of care for patients. The outcomes of the patient depend on the practice given by nurses. Studies show that those nurses who have a background associated with theory, practice, and research give the best practice. Orem’s Self Care Deficit theory discusses the fact that...

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Nursing Expertise
Liberty University
According to Benner, there are five levels of experience regarding nursing (2001). The levels of nursingrange from novice to expert (Benner, 2001). This information is based on the Dreyfus Model which was designed by Stuart Dreyfus (Benner, 2001). It is important for nurses to become experts in their field and to guide novice nurses.
The first stage ofnursing practice is novice (Benner, 2001). A novice is a beginner who has no experience. During this time the novice nurse is adjusting to the environment and picking up basic skills. A novice can include a brand new nurse or a nurse who has recently moved to a new unit (Benner, 2001). This nurse is focused on learning the rules and is not at a point where she can be very flexible. She lacks the judgment to make decisions outside of the rigid rule-set she is being taught (Benner, 2001).
The second stage is the advanced beginner. The advanced beginner is still very focused on rules (Benner, 2001). This nurse has some experience with this patient base and is able to make acceptable decisions (Benner, 2001). This nurse has difficulty prioritizing because she is so focused on completing all of the tasks that are at hand (Benner, 2001). Clinical experiences should be guided by a competent nurse so that they are offered more than guidelines (Benner, 2001).
third stage of experience by...

...MiddleRangeTheory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice
Lisa M. Sanford
Maryville University
MiddleRangeTheory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice
Nursingtheory has three distinct categories to describe the level of abstraction: Grand, Middle-Range, and Situation-Specific (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). Hugh McKenna (1997) defined these three categories, stating:
Grand theory is highly abstract and is broad in scope. Middle-rangetheory is more focused and is normally the end product of a research study. Narrow-rangetheory is even more specific and while also being based on research findings, it guides specific actions in the achievement of desirable goals (p. 17).
When thinking about nursingtheory, one might ask: What is the purpose of theory? Is it even relevant to current nursing practice? The best response to answer these questions I have found is from Meleis (2012):
The primary uses of theory are to provide insights about nursing practice situations and to guide research. Through interaction with practice, theory is shaped and guidelines for practice evolve. Research validates, refutes, and/or modifies...

...situation reflects the use of evidence-based practice in choosing that medication?
Choose 1 answer
A. The clinician prescribes the H-2 blocker promoted by their favorite drug representative.
B. The clinician prescribes the medication found to be most effective in a recent head to head trial of H-2 blocker versus proton-pump inhibitor.
C. The clinician prescribes the newest proton-pump inhibitor on the market.
D. The clinician prescribes nothing and refers the patient to a gastroenterologist who best knows the standard of care for treating GERD.
7. Which three statements illustrate the value of using evidence-based practice to improve nursing care?
Choose 3 answers
A. Decreases client input, allowing experts to make the decisions
B. Increases patient satisfaction because the care is standardized by the physician
C. Increases nursing job satisfaction because care delivery is organized.
D. Decreases cost through standardizing patient care
E. Increases the use of an interdisciplinary team
8. An individual is doing an Internet search on materials needed to write a master's thesis.
Which example would demonstrate a higher level of confidence in the material?
Choose 1 answer
A. The material was first created 20 years ago.
B. The article is from a peer-reviewed journal.
C. The term "prove" is used.
D. The research is sponsored by a special interest group.
9. Which two criteria help evaluate the validity of an article?...

...Theoretical Framework for Nursing Practice – Module 9
A. Perform an analysis/evaluation of Leininger’s theory using the criteria presented in module 4. How relevant is it to nursing?
Background of the Theorist
Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska. She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a Registered Nurse. She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. (http://nursingtheory.org, retrieved April 25, 2012)
Philosophical underpinnings of the theory
Transcultural nursing is a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and difference (culture-specific) across human groups. While working in a child guidance home I the mid-1950s, Leininger identified in the staff a lack of understanding of cultural factors (Basavanthappa, 2007). The theory was derived from the discipline of anthropology but she conceptualized the theory to be relevant in nursing.
Major assumptions, concepts, and relation
1. Illness and wellness are shaped by a various factors including perception and coping skills, as well as the social level of the patient.
2. Cultural competence is an...

...always act in their benefit. This raises the question, what guides Nurses to maintain this mindset of always putting the patient first? The answer is their ethical duty, meaning every nurse is guided by ethical theories and principles which help guide them as a patient advocate. It is these ethics that make a nurse so valuable to clients and ultimately makes a nurse the client’s best advocate. In this paper the core ethical theories and principles will be discussed and how exactly this helps RN’s be the best possible advocate and what benefits the clients themselves derive from these ethical theories. In order to properly understand the ethical theories of nursing one must first know what the core ethical principles and theories in nursing are.
The ethical principles of nursing are Autonomy, Beneficence, Fidelity, Informed consent, Integrity, Justice, Nonmaleficence, Paternalism, Veracity, as well as Privacy and confidentiality. Some ethical theories that influence nursing practice are Consequentialism, Deontology, Ethical Relativism, Utilitarianism theory, Teleology, Virtue ethics, and Justice and equity. To a layperson some of these words may make sense and others may not. In order to better understand how these theories and principles shape the practice of nursing you must better...