Determine the ideotypes of sunflower (Heliantus annuus) in the Gonbad region using modeling and multiple regression methodbaratalikhazaeiIslamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iranauthorafshinsoltaniاستاددانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانauthorabolfazlfarajiهیأت علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی استان گلستانauthortextarticle2016perAbstract:
Background and objectives:
Plant breeders to select their breeding objectives through the physiological and morphological characteristics, require classification of the limitations and capabilities which exists in plants; this issue leads to the concept of the ideotype. Designing plant ideotypes entails appropriate statistical methods. The objective of this study was to introduce a method based on multiple regressions to find ideotype with a case study of sunflower in Gonbad.
Materials and methods:
Sunflower was chosen as an example. Data were produced using 12 sunflower genotypes in a randomized block design in south of Gonbad city. Using multiple regressions in order to determine the important traits and to show the contribution of each trait in formation of yield. The method identified the relation between yield and all variables in a quantify matter. Also according to the positive or negative correlation between the variables affecting the yield, to designing ideotype, various hypotheses put forward and various aspects of them was examined.
Results:
Five important traits in determining sunflower yield were recognized in this study. They were total dry mass production, maximum leaf number, grain weight, the percentage of empty achene and the percentage of oil. Then, the optimal values of each trait were determined by the method. These five variables explained 57% of yield. The results indicate that if the correlation between some traits would be changed, it can be used for the benefit of yield. Regarding negative correlation between oil percentage and total dry mass, several hypotheses were evaluated. If the negative correlation between max. dry matter and oil content is not breakable, the yield of ideotype would have an increasing of 812 (from 2080 to 2892) kg ha-1 in comparison with sunflower hybrids. If with increasing max. dry mater, oil content stay at moderate level, it would be an increasing of 873 (from 2080 to 2953) kg ha-1 in ideotype, and if correlation between max. dry matter and oil content is breakable, it would be an increasing of 999 (from 2080 to 3079) kg ha-1 in ideotype.
Conclusion:
The designed ideotype would increase grain yield from an average of 2080 kg ha-1 to 2892-3079 kg ha-1 in the ideotype. It was concluded that the method used in this study, because of concerning the genetic differences between varieties, can be used in determining plant ideotypes in conjunction with other methods and it can guide plant breeders to move through ideotype crops.
Keywords: Plant breeding; plant ideotype; multiple regression; correlation.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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2016121http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3235_a51237754a21c2ad348b4d5c60e3e6a8.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.6246.1458Evaluating the potential of carbon sequestration for canola fields under Khorasan Razavi Provinceسرورخرم دلعضو هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدauthorپرویزرضوانی مقدمعضو هیات علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدauthorلیلاجعفریدانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد و مربی دانشگاه هرمزگانauthortextarticle2016perBackground and objectives
Nowadays, it is believed that carbon distribution and emission between different pools of soil, plant and atmosphere have an essential role in sustainability of agroecosystems, environmental challenges especially global warming and climate change. CO2 is the most important of greenhouse gases that increasing of its concentration in the atmosphere has been caused global warming and climate change (8). Carbon sequestration is increase soil organic carbon (SOC) that improves depth distribution of SOC and stabilize SOC by encapsulating it within soil and the simplest ways to mitigation levels of this atmospheric gas (18, 52).
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the potential of carbon sequestration in above ground and below ground organs for canola as an important oil crop in Khorasan Razavi region, an experiment was conducted. Sampling was performed with random-systematic method by using 30 plots of 0.5 m2 and along three transects of 50 m. Conversion coefficients of above ground and below ground organs including silique+ seed, stem, leaf and root of canola were determined with combustion method separately. Sequestration carbon potential for above ground and below ground organs of canola and soil were measured. After the calculation of emission for greenhouse gases including CO2, N2O and CH4 based on emission indices, global warming potential (GPW) were calculated.
Results
The results showed that mean yields of silique+ seed, stem, leaf and root were achieved with 33.46, 36.60, 17.45 and 22.91 kg.ha-1, respectively. The mean carbon sequestration of soil for canola fields was 3.46 t.ha-1. Conversion coefficients and carbon sequestration potential were significantly different between above ground and below ground organs of canola. The highest conversion coefficient was observed in silique+ seed with 51.65%. Total carbon sequestration potential for above ground and below ground organs was obtained 5.12 t.ha-1 that the maximum and the minimum were belonged for stem and leaf with 1.81 and 0.76 t.ha-1, respectively. The highest emission of greenhouse gas was achieved for nitrogen fertilizers with 1.35 ton CO2 and GWP was 0.688 ton CO2 equivalent per ha.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that reduction of chemical fertilizer and more use of above ground and below ground residues for canola seems to be a rational ecological approach for sustainable management of agroecosystem with a consequence of reduction in greenhouse gases and mitigation of climate change. مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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20162243http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3236_69305497d5939c07e4f2ee7a358fc09b.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9236.1720The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and fertilizer use efficiency of grain corn for different planting dates in Ardabil climate conditionمحمدصدقیدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیauthorMohammadSedghiدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیauthorرئوفسید شریفیدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیauthorمبیناغلامحسینیدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیauthortextarticle2016perAbstract Background and objectives: Since cultivation of hybrid corn is rarely possible in Ardabil region, determining the best planting date for achieving optimum performance is the first step for its cultivation. Nitrogen as the most widely used nutrient required by plants, can affect performance. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different planting dates and different amounts of nitrogen on yield, yield components and nitrogen use efficiency in corn have been investigated. Materials and Methods: A split plot experiment was carried out at the research station of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with four replications based on randomized complete block design in order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers at different planting dates on yield and fertilizer use efficiency in corn at Ardabil climate. Main plots were three planting dates (10, 20 May and 30 June) and subplots were different nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150, 225 Kg N ha-1). Results: Interaction between planting dates and nitrogen levels was significant on grain yield, and the highest yield (12.33 t ha-1) was achieved in the first planting date (10 May) with 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen level. The highest 1000-kernel weight (226 g) achieved in 10 and 20 May planting dates with 225 Kg ha-1 nitrogen and the highest biological yield (38.4 t ha-1) was related to 225 Kg ha-1 nitrogen level in second planting date (20 May). Fertilizer use efficiency was significantly affected by nitrogen levels and interaction between planting date and nitrogen levels, while planting date had no significant effect on fertilizer use efficiency. Comparison of means indicated that the highest value for fertilizer use efficiency (36.5 Kg Kg-1) was related to 75 Kg ha-1 nitrogen level in third planting date (30 June). The highest kernel no per ear (436) obtained in the third planting date (30 June) with application of 225 Kg ha-1 N. Also, the highest total kernel weight in ear (89.6 g) achieved in the first planting date (10 May) and application of 225 Kg ha-1 N. Conclusion: In order to avhieve the highest grain yield (12330 Kg ha-1) in Ardabil climate it is recommended to plant corn on 10 May with application of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. Conclusion: In order to avhieve the highest grain yield (12330 Kg ha-1) in Ardabil climate it is recommended to plant corn on 10 May with application of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. Conclusion: In order to avhieve the highest grain yield (12330 Kg ha-1) in Ardabil climate it is recommended to plant corn on 10 May with application of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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20164565http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3237_bfb92fb36659c11903ec7115404839a2.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9322.1725Studing extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency in different cultivars of Safflower under different levels of Nitrogen (N) fertilizer.afsanehmasomipouruniversity of Valiasr in Rafsanjanauthorبنیامینترابیاستادیار گروه زراعت دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانauthorاصغررحیمیدانشیار گروه زراعت دانشگاه ولیعصر رفسنجانauthortextarticle2016perStuding extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency in different cultivars of Safflower under different levels of Nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Abstract Background and objectives: A high correlation existes between crop growth and the rate of radiation intercepted. The efficiency of radiation interception and absorption is dependent on leaf area index, light extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency.To study extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency in different cultivars of Safflower under different levels of N fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the research field at the University of Valiasr in Rafsanjan during 2013-2014. Materials and methods: Experiment was arranged in a split plot design in complete randomized block design with four replication. Experiment factors inciuding N fertilizer were a main factor in 5 levels (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg per hectare) and cultivar in 4 levels (Local Esfahan, goldashat, sofe and naeen). In addition to measuring the radiation above and under the canopy, the plots were sampled 8 times during growing season and leaf area index, total dry matter and finally light extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency were measured. Results: The results showed that light extinction coefficient was not affected by N fertilizer but comparisom of extinction coefficient in difference cultivars showed that Goldasht cultivar have significant difference with Landrace of Isfahan and Soffah. and RUE obtained for endemic cultivars of Isfahan, Goldasht, Naien and Soffah were 0.46, 0.54, 0.48 and 0.46 respectively. Radiation use efficiency was influenced by N fertilizer; in this case, at fertilizer level of 150 kg, there was a significant difference among endemic cultivars of Isfahan, Goldasht, Soffah with control. At 200 kg level, Naien cultivar had a significant difference with control for RUE. There was no significant difference in obtained RUE in different cultivars and amount of RUE obtained for endemic cultivars of Isfahan, Goldasht, Naien and Soffah were 4.45, 4.19, 4.62 and 4.35 g / MJ, respectively. In addition, at fertilizer level of 100 kg /h, maximum leaf area index of all cultivars had a significant difference with control level. Conclusion:In this experimental study with increasing the level of N fertilizer, maximum leaf area index also increased significantjy. Increasing the leaf area index caused radiation use efficiency be affected by N and generally in the highest level of radiation use efficiency obtained in N level 100 to 150 kg per hecter. It seemed that among the above cultivars, the most suitable one for radiation use efficiency was Naien cultivar.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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20166786http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3238_6c6cd27a6267285472e3e3c3ff6e6b52.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9541.1740different residue type and management and nitrogen on yield and quality of durum wheat(Triticum durum L.)زهراشهپریدانشجوauthorاسفندیارفاتحعضو هیات علمی گروه زراعت دانشگاه شهید چمرانauthortextarticle2016perAbstract Review and goals: Drought climate conition, no proper crop rotation, collection, and burning of crop residue, over dose application of che mical fertilizer and not application of organic fertilizer caused to decreasing in soil organic matter that the yield and the soil fertilization decreased. Crop residue is one of the most important conservation tillage factors for improving soil’s physical and chemical properties. Residue helps reduce surface runoff and soil loss, conserving soil moisture and improving soil microorganism populations, soil organic matter content, and soil hydraulic/ physical properties. Some researcher reported that the residue remowing affected soil organic carbon. The goal of this research was the evaluation the effects of residue type and management and nitrogen on yield, soil macronutrients and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) in Ahvaz condition. Material and Methods: In order to investigation the effect of different residue type and management and nitrogen on growth characteristics and yield of durum wheat (Triticum durum), an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2012-2013.The experimental design was completely randomized block design, with three replications. The treatments including residue types(wheat and canola), residue management( residue burning, residue moving and 30%residue incorporated to the soil) and the third factor was different nitrogen resources(100%urea, 50% urea +Alkazotplus and sulfur seed coated urea). The measured traits were grain yield and protein and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of soil and plants. The Behrang cultivar was used with 350 plant/m2 density in 2*3 m plots. The harvest operation was at April 2015. Results: The results showed that the highest grain yield (6.92 tones/ha) was achieved at 150 kg/ha urea and canola burning residuse. Also the highest grain protein (15.25%) and nitrogen (2.61%) were observed at canola residue incorporated to the soil and sulfur seed coated urea. The highest grain phosphorus and potash were obtained at biological and chemical combination fertilizers + wheat residue remownig and wheat residue incorporated to the soil + sulfur seed coated urea respectively. Also the results revealed that the residue incorporated to the soil had positive effects and caused to more available the soil nutrients. The highest soil nitrogen and phosphprus were obtained at canola residue incorporated to the soil+ 150 kg/ha urea fertilizer. Also the combination of biological and chemical fertilizer+ canola residue incorporated to the soil had the highest soil potash contents. Conclusion: Totally the crop residue incorporated to the soil had positive effects on measured traits and conclouded to increased soil nutrient availability. The highest soil nitrogen and phosphorus were obtained at canola residue incorporated to the soil+ 150 kg/ha urea fertilizer. The canola residue incorporated to the soil+ combination of chemical and biological fertilizer treatments had the highest soil potassium contents. Although residue burning caused to uptake the soil nutrients in short term, but in long time, the disadvantages of this is more than advantages that it conlouded to destruction the soil structure and decreasing in grain yields. Keywords: Residue type, Alkazotplus, Slow release urea and Durum wheat.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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201687104http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3239_8227d457c30461cdf303b87e0f5a2dbe.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9713.1756Evaluation and grouping varieties and lines of soybean under normal and drought stress using multivariate statistical methods in two regions of Rasht and Gonbad KavousAhmad RezaDadrasدانشگاه گیلانauthorحبیب ا..سمیع زادهدانشگاه گیلانauthorHosseinSabouriدانشگاه گنبد کاووسauthortextarticle2016perBackground and objectives: Considering of drought stress as a major limitation in production and stable yield of crops including soybean, identification of tolerant genotypes to water deficit can be a valuable approach against the problem. Present study was designed to evaluate varieties and advanced lines of soybean based on different agronomic traits to recommendation of superior varieties and lines in normal and under drought stress environments in two regions of Rasht and Gonbad Kavous. Material and methods: Plant materials including 100 advanced lines with 21 varieties of soybean were planted in two environments under water deficit and normal conditions in two regions in 2014 as randomized complete block design with three replications. Twenty one traits including phonologic, morphologic, yield and yield components were measured. The combined analysis of variance, cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis and principle component analysis were done. Results: The results of analysis of variance for all of the evaluated traits revealed that difference among genotypes and at least one of the interactions were significant at one percent probability level indicating high genetic diversity and different reaction of genotypes to different conditions for investigated traits. Therefore other analysis including cluster analysis, principle components analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed for each condition separately. The cluster analysis was classified varieties and lines to two or three groups. The superior varieties and lines were in the clusters with means higher than other groups and total mean for important traits. In total varieties and lines 8, 16, 36, 37, 42, 63, 67, 72 and 86 were in the superior group in both normal and drought stress conditions of Rasht region and varieties and lines 34, 43, 62, 66 and 70 were better than others in both normal and drought stress conditions of Gonbad Kavous. Discriminant function analysis based on groups derived from cluster analysis revealed that in the most environments total weight of plant, grain yield per plant, total pod number and seed number per plant were the most effective traits in distinguish of the groups. As the groups including better advanced lines and varieties had higher values foer these traits. Conclusion: It is expected to use the identified tolerant varieties and lines in the studied regions after verification of the results in serveral years. Considering the role of more efficient some traits including total weight of plant, grain yield per plant and total pod number, those should be prioritized in breeding programs such as selection and improving of genotypes.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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2016105132http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3240_7c76b727cfce02e2308d4de64ff2bbad.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9760.1758The effects of salinity stress levels on quantity and quality traits of different cultivars of canola under application of vermicompostkamikaboosiاستادیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرگانauthorAkbarNodehiدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرگانauthortextarticle2016perBackground and objectives: There is an increasing pressure to apply low quality brackish waters for plant irrigation in the arid and semi- arid areas of the world. Consequently, there is a demand to identify the salt tolerant of conventional crops and varieties. Vermicompost usefulness has been reported in reducing the harmful effects of salinity on some plants. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effects of four salinity levels (including 1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on quantity and quality traits of four cultivars of canola (Hyola 4815, 308 and 401 and RGS 003) under application of 10 Ton.ha-1 vermicompost, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Pot experiment was conducted in a semi- controlled environment. In order to avoid toxic effects of some ions, different levels of salinity were prepared of the composition of different salts as equal weight ratio. Results: The results showed that cultivar significantly affected the seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil yield, seed water use efficiency and oil water use efficiency. Means comparison test indicated that Hyola 401 cultivar had the highest value in whole traits, except in harvest index, although this primacy was not significant in some traits. In contrast, RGS 003 cultivar had the lowest value of seed yield, harvest index and seed water use efficiency. In comparing with RGS 003 cultivar, Hyola 401 has plus 23% seed yield and seed water use efficiency. Also, the results showed that the effect of salinity on seed yield, biological yield and seed water use efficiency was significant. On the base of means comparison test, the lowest value of seed yield, biological yield and seed water use efficiency have been observed in control salinity treatment (1.15 dS.m-1). Highest value of those traits observed in irrigation water salinity 7 dS.m-1 and more increasing of the salinity had an adverse effect. Interactions of salinity and cultivar had no effects on considered traits. Conclusion: It seems that increasing in seed yield, biological yield and seed water use efficiency in salinity level of 7 dS.m-1is due to the increasing absorption of nutrients from the soil, less leaching of nutrients from the soil because of reduced water solubility and stimulates the plant to cope with the stress led to an increase in those attributes. Also, application of vermicompost led to increasing salinity threshold of canola cultivars because it improves the soil physical and chemical condition.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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2016133151http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3241_9e537136ee8b904b86ed9b7a67d79adf.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.9989.1783Effects of Irrigation content based on field capacity percent and Hiumic acid on morphophysiological traits on medicinal plant (Portulaca oleracea L.)SonaMozaffariدانش آموختهauthorساراخراسانی نژادauthorhosseingorgini shabankarehدانشجوی دکتری مهندسی گیاهان داروییauthortextarticle2016perBackground and objectives: Since medicinal plants in natural areas spread within the broad geographic limitations and collection and access to them is not costeffective and on the other hand, the use of natural habitats will not be enough for the pharmacy industry, therefore, it is necessary to grow these plants in agricultural areas. In this regard, the choice of the landraces and suitable cultivars and nutrition and irrigation management, play an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of medicinal plants and reduce the negative effects of various environmental stresses on plants.One of the most important environmental stresses is drought that great effect on plant grows and metabolism. In this study, drought stress effect on germination and inorganic elements content in leaves of medical plant Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) were study. This plant as an Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, and Blood Filtering has medical application. According to the drought as the most important environmental factor that limiting agricultural products and using Humic acid as the reducer in evaporation from soil and mentenance water in soil, In this study the effect of Humic acid on some of morphological and physiological charactristics under water stress on medicinal plant of portulaca oleracea was examined. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of Irrigation regims and Hiumic acid levels on morphophysiological traits on portulaca (Portulaca oleracea L.), as a medicinal plant a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources durong 2014. Treatments included Irrigation rejims in four levels (100 percent FC, control, 75percent FC, 50percent FC and 25percent FC) and humic acid in four levels (0, 200, 400 and 600mg/l). studied traits included the water stress reduced shoot length, number of stem, root diameter, root length, stem wet and dry weight, leaf wet and dry weight, leaf area index, prolin, leaf water ratio and a, b and total chlorophyll content. Results: The results showed that by increasing drought stress, shoot length, number of stem, root length, stem wet and dry weight, leaf wet and dry weight, leaf area index were decreased. Also, with increasing drought stress, leaf water ratio and a, b and total chlorophyll content decreased and prolin were increased. Humic acid had significant effects on all of morphological and physiological characteristic except of stem wet and dry weight and a, b and total chlorophyll content. Intraction effects of Irrigation regime and humic acid had significant effects on all of morphological and physiological characteristic except of stem wet and dry weight, leaf area index and b chlorophyll content. Proline increased compared to control (72.1%) in 600 mlg/L humic acid. The most value of a and total chlorophyll content was obtained in 100% FC and 200 humic acid. And the most value of LWR was meatured in 100% FC and 400 humic acid. Conclusion: Generally, the results showed that by increasing drought stress, all of measured traits were decreased, In spite of that, humic acid protected purslane against drought and decreased drought damages. The best treatment is 75percent FC and 200mgr/l humic acid.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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2016153175http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3242_6d1eb9fe22016035599dc7d1b8893fca.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.10754.1849Evaluation of the intergration of different clodinafop propargyl applications and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.( density in wild oat )Avena ludoviciana)controlزینباورسجیگنبدauthorAhmadNezamiدانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدauthorKobraOroojiدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدauthorElmiraMohammad vandدانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلانauthorAsiyehSiyahmargueeدانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گرگانauthortextarticle2016perBackground and objectives: Considering environmental issues of herbicide applications, using of integrated weed management could reduce the amount of herbicide usage accompanied with keeping their efficacy. Farmers are always faces the weed contamination and the number of weeding labor, tillage and the amount of herbicide application shows how important they are (Eue, 1986). However introducing the new herbicides are an important progress in agriculture (Pike and et. Al.) but crop damaging and concerns about herbicides carry over to non-target areas, weed herbicide resistance, environmental consequences issues and human health, are the reasons to revise the chemical weed management (Blachshaw, 2006). A long successful weed management needs to change the simple weed control to the system which reduce weed germination and reproduction and decrease the ability of competitiveness of weed with the crop. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the possibility of clodinafop application reducing in combine with different wheat densities to control Avena loduviciana L. Matterials and methods: a field experiment was conducted at Hossein Abad Malek village located at 25 kilometer at east of Gorgan city. Field preparations were tillage and two vertical disc and making plots. Plots were two meter width and five meter length. A factorial filed experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out. Treatments were recommended and 150 % of recommended density of wheat and four clodinafop doses including 0, 60, 80 and 100 % of recommended dose which every dose applied by two different application like split and single application approach. Fresh and dry weight of weeds were sampled after one month and wheat yield was obtained from three m2. Results: Results showed that split application of clodinafop shows more control efficacy percent of Avena ludoviciana compared with single application. Increasing the density of wheat up to 150 % of recommended density increased the efficacy control of single application whereas at split application without any increasing in the density of wheat always shows more efficacies in comparison with single application. There was no significant difference between wheat yield at split application of 80 and 100 % recommended dose of clodinafop at both density of wheat. Also with increasing clodinafop control efficiency, wheat yield was increased as well, and this yield increasing had straight relation with both simple and split application weed control efficiency. Conclusion: Split application approach cause increasing weed control efficacy and reducing herbicide usage up to 20 %. Keywords: Herbicide efficacy, integrated weed management, split application, single applicationمجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9

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2016177189http://ejcp.gau.ac.ir/article_3243_32025a01d714ab062b05bc9294441a3b.pdfdx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2016.8412.1635Effect of auxin, cytokinin and planting pattern on grain yield and salt tolerance indicators of maize.داووددوانیدانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهوازauthorمجیدنبی پوراستاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه شهید چمران اهوازauthorحبیب اللهروشنفکر دزفولیاستادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه شهید چمران اهوازauthortextarticle2016perAbstract Background and objectives: Salinity of soil and irrigation water is the most important factors limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. Corn because of diversity, adaptation and high nutritional value is among the best crops in the world and in terms of production in the first place. Planting pattern can be effective on access to light, water and nutrients. Cytokinins by accumulation of chlorophyll and conversion of etioplast to chloroplasts and Collection of free radicals delay leaf senescence. Auxins also have a very important role in salinity tolerance. Auxin is involved in the transport of carbohydrates in their production time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cytokinin and auxin foliar application on salt tolerance indices of maize under different planting patterns in salinity conditions. Materials and methods: The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete design with three replications in Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2014. Planting patterns (ridge planting, double rows of planting on ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and use or non-use growth regulators (not consumption, application of cytokinin hormone in the time of V8-V10 and application of auxin hormone at the silking stage) were investigated in sub plots. The electrical conductivity of soil and water is equal to 5.2 and 4 dS/m. Plant spacing in the ridge planting and furrow planting patterns was 17.5 cm and in the double rows planting was 35 cm and thus for all treatment plant density was 75,000 plants/ha. Benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used as cytokinin and auxin hormone at a concentration of 50 and 10 mg/lit, respectively. Results: The results showed that pattern of double rows and pattern of furrow planting compared with conventional planting (ridge planting) increased grain yield to 30.6% and 43.4%, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content of starch and Potassium ions (K+) were obtained with pattern of furrow planting, while the highest relative permeability of the membrane, proline, total soluble sugars, sodium ions (Na+), Chlorine ions (Cl-) and Na+/K+ were devoted to the pattern of conventional planting (ridge planting). Foliar application of cytokinin and auxin increased grain yield to 34.3 % and 43.5 %, respectively. Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) decreased relative permeability of the membrane, total soluble sugars, sodium ions (Na+) and Na+/K+. However, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid pigmens, proline and starch content increased with foliar application of growth regulators and the highest amount was obtained with the application of auxin hormone. The highest proline in furrow planting pattern was obtained by auxin while in double rows planting highest proline was obtained by foliar application of cytokinin. In each pattern the highest total soluble sugars was without application of growth regulator. In different planting patterns the highest of sodium ions was without regulator while the lowest amount of sodium ions was obtained with application of auxin. Conclusion: Generally, results showed that change planting pattern to furrow planting and foliar application of cytokinine and auxin at the concentration 50 and 10 mg/l, respectively, increase salt tolerance of maize.مجله تولید گیاهان زراعیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و انجمن زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران2008-739X9