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GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
HUNTSYILLE, A L A B A M A

SATURN V

APOLLO

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FROM LAUWCH P A D
The trio to the moon will stdrt at Cape Canavetal, FIa., when the 33-foot diameter, 350-foot t a l l Saturn V rises thunderously from the launch pad. The first stage develops a total of 7.5 million pounds of thrust to start the three Astronauts on man's most fantastic trip of exploration.

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1 s t STAGE SEPARATION
The booster, or S-1C stage, is under development by Marshall and the Boeing Company. If clusters five Rocketdyne F-1 engines, burning liquid oxygen and kerosene to produce 1. million pounds of 5 thrust each. The F-1 has been static fired successfully af full thrust for full flight duration, which i s about 2% minutes. The first stage drops away after cutoff. The escape tower is discarded after second stage ignition.

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2 n d STAGE SEPARATION
The second, or S-ll stage, i s under develapment by North American Aviution, Inc. It uses five Rocketdyne J-2 engines, burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. The J-2 engine, now in the static firing phose, w i l l provide 200,000 pounds of thrust. The second stage i s separated after burnout. A partial bum of the single J-2 engine i n the third, or S-IVB, stage i s necessary to ploce ihis ntage and the Apollo Spacecruft into o "parking" earth orbit. The third stage i s under development by Dougios Aircraft Company.

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D O C K I N G I N TRANS11
When the proper earth-to-moan traiectory has been established, fairings which have shielded the Bug.ore released. The ,CommandService modules are separated from the Lunar Excursion Module-third stoge, and turned 180 degrees, then mated nose-to-nose with the Bug. This will be done by "flying" the Command-Service Module to its re-oriented position through attitude control. After this maneuver the third stoge is jettisoned.

ENROUTE
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During the iourney to the moon, the Astronauts must keep close watch on radiation levels. The great radiation area encircling the earth, discovered by , America's first satellite, Explorer I i s a severe problem to manned space flight. They pass through it quickly, avoiding prolonged exposure. Radiation from solar flares and meteorites are other hazards. Inside the spacecraft, pressurized spoce suits can be discarded for light, comfortable coveralls. The crew can talk directly to earth ground crews, reporting scientific observations, and their physical and mental condition.

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MID COURSE CORRECTION
The crew makes navigation c h e c b . by taking bearings on the earth, mson; and stars, and corrects the spacecr&'k course, i f necessary. The pull o f e a ~ h f i s gravity w i l l slow the vehicle's spepd !to: about 6,500 miles an h0.w afrer onh',d&:,. and 1,500 miles an hour after ~o;,da$s:., As the moon looms nearer, itS !gla~Stwi tiondl pull becomes stronger thbti of the earth, and the croft begins te &[I' toward the moon, gaining v*l:o@;ri:.+

ENTERING LUNAR 0 R B lT
A number of mid-course maneuvers may be required to place the spacecraft into position for braking into a precise, circular lunar orbit. Approximately 72 hours after liftoff, the Service Module propulsion unit w i l l ignite, slowing theentire spacecraft into a precise circular orbit about 60 miles above the moon's surface.

LUNAR ORBIT RELATION

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ENTERING LANDING ELLIPSE
After preparing the Bug for descent to the lunar surface, the two lunar explorers will transfer to the Bug through the hatch a t the connecting point of the two vehicles. Once they are transferred, the Bug w i l l separate from the Command-Service modules, which w i l l remain i n lunar orbit, with the third astronaut.

SURVEYING LANDING AREA
The Bug's propulsion system w i l l place the two-man ship into a trajectory having the same period os the CammondService Modules but with a lower perigee of approximately 60,000 feet. This low perigee permits a close examination of the intended landing site, ltalso enables the Bug and the mother ship to come closely together twice during each orbit. This would be a natural position for

L U N A R DESCENT
After a carefully blended cambination of manual control and automatic system operation, retro-maneuver w i l l be executed, bringing the Bug out of lunar orbit. It drops to within 100 feet of the moon's surface.

LANDING MANEUVER
The explorers w i l l beaided by mops, reconnaissance data and, possibly, a previously landed beacon. The Bug can maneuver laterally 1,000 feet to get i n the best possible position of lunar touchdown. Descent to the surface i s probably the most critical ~ h a s eof the entire operation. Fortunately, the Bug w i l l be small and w i l l be designed specifically for landing, rather than for both landing and re-entry.

L E M F I E L D OF V I E W
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The Bugwill haveareasonoble amount of glass areo so that the landing maneuver can be under visual control of the two astronauts. During the landing maneuver, the Command-Service Module with the one astronaut aboord w i l l always be in line of sight and radio communication with the Bug. Once lunar touchdown has been completed, and before taking any other action, the two exp1orer.s w i l l prepare for re-launching. They w i l l be assisted by the astronaut in the mother ship and information tronsmitred from earth.

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LUNAR EXPLORATION

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When the first Astronaut steps from the Bug and sets foot on the moon, it w i l l transcend i n significance the moment of discovery of continents or oceans here on eorth. Manned exploration of the moon i s a logical extension of unmanned lunar exoloration. Man's iudament and abilitv to make unscheduled observations make him a valuable mwns for gathering scientific information. Muchof the lunarexploration will be geologic in nature. It w i l l include mapping, photography, observation of surface characteristics, core and surface sampling, seismic measurements, and radiation measurements. The Bug w i l l carry about 200 pounds of equipment for this purpose.

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L U N A R LIFTOFF
Once the decision has been made to re-launch the Bug, the crew w i l l fire the launching engine at 0 precisely determined instant while the mother ship i s within line of sight. The landing stage in effect becomes a launch pad, a "Lunar Canaveml," and such items as fuel tanks for landing gear itself w i l l be l e k on the lunar surface.

LUNAR ORBIT RENDEZVOUS
At liftoff the Bug's engine propels the module up atroiectory which enable* it to rendezvous with the mother ship.. During the ascent maneuver, there w i l l be radar and visual conta:ct between the Lunar Excursion Module and the Command-Service Module. A. flashing, l~ight on the mother ship w i l l aid visuol acquisition. When Bug and mother craft are about three miles apart, the Bug, w i l l re-orient itself, coming into the correct position for nose-to-nose rendezvo.us with the mother craft. When the two are ioined, the Lunar Excursion Module crew w i l l transfer into the Command Module, and the Bug w i l l be detached and abandoned i n lunar orbit.

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LEAVING LUNAR ORBIT
After the Command and Service Modules ore thoroughly checked out, the Service Module, with a 20.000 pound thrust engine, w i l l provide the propulsion to break out of lunar orbit and onto the proper return trajectory. Mid-course correction is made, i f necessary, using the propulsion system i n the Service Module.

RE-ENTRY C O R R I D O R
On return tothe earth, overy precise trajectory must be flown to bring the spacecraft into position for a 25,000 mile-per-hour re-entry. Too shallow an appraach and theearth is missed entirely; too steep an approach and the spacecraft plunges directly into the atmosphere. The re-entry corridor i s only 40 miles wide, yet must not be missed from a distance of 250,000 miles away. (In comparison, this is like o rifleman with a .22 standing at one end of a foothall field and hitting a nickel at the other, with both rifleman and nickel moving.)

RE-ENTRY
Just before entering the earth's atmosphere the Service Module i s iettisoned and the five-ton Command Module, containing the three crewmen, turns around, facing its blunt end forward. The angle of attack at re-entr y wil Ibe about 30 degrees. Heating rates several times those experienced during Project Mercury may be encountered. NASA is hopeful that, by the first Apollo flight, i t w i l l be able to overcome the ionization problem and retain spacecraft communication throughout reentry.

DESCENT
Drogue chutes will be deployed at 50,000 feet. Pressure and friction of the atmosphere slow the module. Final braking of capsule w i l l be by three 85foot-diameter parachutes, unless the Gemini program proves that a paraglider or a Rogalla wing is feasible.

RECOVERY
Radar and optical instruments track the capbule to the predesignated landing area. The astronauts w i l l aim for an area the size of q large oirport. A number of sites in the United States plains states are being considered by the Manned Spacscraft Center, which is seeking a flat area with generally good visibility and few of the restrictions posed by a dense population.

M A R S H A L L S P A C E F L I G H T CENTER
The home of Saturn i s the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, located at Huntsville, Alabama. It is directed by Dr. Wernher von Braun. The Marshall Center's major task for the next several years is to furnish Saturns for Project Apollo, the manned lunar exploration program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In addition, the Center is responsible for studies of future launch vehicle systems, and related research.

. The Center was formed July 1 1960, by transfer of employees and facilities from the U. S. Atmy at Redstone Arsenal to NASA. Growing steadily, it now employs about 7,OM) people.
Current projects include the Saturn 1, Saturn IB, and Saturn V vehicles. These use the H-1 and F-1 engines, which bum the conventional liquid oxygen and kerosene fuel combination, and the RL-10 and J-2. engines, which use h~ghenergy liqu~dhydrogen and liquid oxygen. The RIFT (Reactor-in-Flight-Test) stage is being developed in a pmject for applying nuclear energy to rocket propulsion. Because of its unique laboratories and testing facilit~es, the Marshall Center i s the nation's most complete establishment for the development of large rockets. It can carry a rocket program from the note pad to the launch pad. The Marshall Center does not attempt to perform its huge developmental tasks alone, however. Mare than 90 per cent of its budget goes to contractors i n industry and to universities. Public Information Office September 1963