Keywords

Abstract

Blood aspiration syndrome is a distinct diagnostic entity that can result in significant respiratory distress in the neonate due to secondary surfactant deficiency. Few cases were reported with blood aspiration syndrome and surfactant therapy was tried in some cases. I reported one case of blood aspiration syndrome associated with birth asphyxia due to ruptured uterus, where blood aspiration using the meconium aspirator was done to decrease the blood load to the alveoli to prevent secondary surfactant deficiency. Blood aspiration syndrome, if suspected, a trial of blood aspiration should be tried to avoid secondary surfactant deficiency. More observations and judgments are needed to define and explain the indications for blood aspiration in cases of blood aspiration syndrome

Introduction

Blood aspiration syndrome is a distinct diagnostic entity that can result in significant respiratory distress in the neonate[1]. Blood in alveolus leads to a significant biochemical and functional disturbance of the surfactant system and inhibits production[2].

I reported a case of prevention of imminent blood aspiration syndrome due to ruptured uterus associated with birth asphyxia in a full term neonate.

Case report

Full term neonate (38 Weeks) delivered by caesarian section (C.S.) to 30 years old mother with previous C.S., came to obstetrics emergency with labor pains shifted immediately to or due to fetal distress (CTG revealed fetal decelerations), where C.S. was done under general anesthesia, ruptured uterus was found due to scar dehiscence and the baby was in the abdominal cavity covered with blood, I received the baby flat (non-vigorous), covered with blood, HR was 80bpm, suction of the mouth and nose revealed blood and blood clots, positive pressure ventilation was done by self-inflating bag and mask with good response (HR was 120 and Spo2 was 90%) but no spontaneous breathing at the age of 2 minutes, so attempt of intubation by EET was tried which revealed good amount of blood coming through ETT, so blood aspiration syndrome was suspected. Blood aspiration was done using the meconium aspirator and ETT in the same technique used in meconium aspiration, blood was aspirated 3 times, then PPV was done followed by intubation by ETT as still no spontaneous breathing, at the age of 5 minutes and connected to mechanical ventilator, Spo2 was 96%, HR was 150 bpm. Apgar score was 1, 4, 4, 6 and 7 at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes respectively and his cord blood gas was PH 6.9, Pco2 78.5, BE -15.9, Hco3 9.1. The baby was shifted to NICU with initial ventilator parameters (Dräger Babylog® 8000 plus) of AC mode PIP 18, PEEP 5, ventilator rate 50 and Fio2 0.3 with equal pre and post-ductal Spo2, maintaining vital signs with initial CBG of PH 7.39, Pco2 33.5, BE -3.8, Hco3 21.8.

The baby was fulfilling the criteria of hypothermia therapy (due to birth asphyxia) in the form of cord PH > 7, cord BE > -12, PPV for more than 10 minutes and Apgar score < 5 at 10 minutes, hypothermia was continued for 72 hrs and rewarming was done over 10 hrs.

The baby was weaned from mechanical ventilator and extubated at the age of 48 hrs to room air. Subtle seizures in the form of lip smacking and staring look were observed, so phenobarbital was added to the management, CT brain at the age of 4 days was normal with no more seizures. LDH and CPK were initially high, and fortunately other laboratory tests were within normal limits including full blood counts, renal function tests and liver function tests. The baby was doing fine and discharged home with normal neurological examination with full oral feedings.

Discussion

Aspiration of maternal blood has been previously implicated as a cause of respiratory distress in term and preterm newborns[6].

Gordon and his colleagues reported three cases of respiratory distress due to blood aspiration syndrome[1].

Elements in blood such as proteins and lipids cause surfactant dysfunction through several mechanisms that include competitive binding to the alveolar space[7].

Celik and his colleagues reported a case of blood aspiration syndrome needed a course of surfactant therapy due to secondary surfactant deficiency[2].

In our case, blood was aspirated by ETT using the meconium aspirator with expected decreased blood load to the alveoli with evident clear lung fields (Figure 1) and rapid weaning from mechanical ventilator, so surfactant therapy was not indicated.

Figure 1: Chest X-ray showing clear lung fields (4hrs of age).

To my knowledge this the first reported case of suspected blood aspiration syndrome where blood aspiration was done to decrease the blood load to the alveoli to avoid secondary surfactant deficiency.

In conditions such as ruptured uterus, blood aspiration syndrome should be suspected in non-vigorous babies and blood aspiration using same technique for meconium aspiration syndrome should be tried to decrease the blood load to the alveoli to prevent secondary surfactant deficiency.

In our case the patient was not fulfilling the typical criteria (clinically and radiologically) of Blood aspiration syndrome as blood was aspirated using the prescribed technique which prevented Blood Aspiration Syndrome from happening, which needs more research and trials.

More observations and judgments are needed to define and explain the indications for blood aspiration in cases of blood aspiration syndrome.