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Thorax. Thorax. Thorax is the superier part of the trunk between the neck and adomen . It extends below the neck to the diaphragm. It contains the primary organs of respiratory and cardiovascular system. Thoracic Skeleton.

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Thorax

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Thoracic ribs

The upper seven are true ribs, are attached in the front to the sternum by means of costal cartilage. Due to their elasticity they allow movement when inhaling and exhaling.

The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs are called false ribs, and join with the costal cartilages of the ribs above.

The 11th and 12th ribs are known as floating ribs, as they do not have any anterior connection to the sternum.

The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, nerves, and arteries.

Sternum

The sternum is the flat,elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of thoracic cage.

The sternum consists of

Manubrium,

Body,

Xiphoid process

Mediastinum

The thoracic cavity is divided into three major spaces.

The central/median compartment called mediastinum houses the conducting structures(esophagus,trachea,major blood vessels and most importantly heart).

The two lateral compartments contains the lungs

Nasal cavity check this

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is mainly made up by the maxilla, and the conchae on the wall

The floor of the nasal cavity, which forms the roof of the mouth, is made up by the bones of the hard palate.

The nasal cavity is divided in two by nasal septum,formed by

Nasal Cavity

The air passing through the nasal cavity is

warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature.

humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae, short, thick hairs, present in the vestibule.

The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the particulate matter towards the pharynx where it passes into the esophagus and is digested in the stomach.

Pharynx

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity

Pharynx

The pharynx is part of the digestive system and respiratory system

food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration.

Pharynx

The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections:

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx region extends between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies superior to the oral cavity.

The Eustachian tubes, or auditory tubes(equalizing the air pressure in the middle ear to that of the atmosphere. This is needed for proper conduction of sound), which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, open into the nasopharynx.

Oropharynx

The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity.

the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula.

Laryngopharynx

It lies inferior to the upright epiglottis and it is continuous with the respiratory tract anterierly and digestive pathways,posterierly.

During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops.

epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed

larynx

The larynx ("voice boxâ€ś), is involved in protection of the trachea and sound production.

The laryngeal skeleton consists of nine cartilages: three single (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic) and three paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform).

Trachea

The trachea (windpipe), is a fibrocartilagenous tube that connects to the pharynx/larynx, to the lungs.

It has mucosal goblet cells which produce mucus. This mucus lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles which the cilia then waft upwards towards their larynx and then the pharynx where it can either be swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm.

Trachea

Trachea is supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings(keeping the trachea patent), that occupies a median position in the neck.

The posterior gap in tracheal rings is spanned by involuntary trachealismuscle,smooth muscle connecting the ends of the cartilages.

The esophagus is right behind the trachea, so the smooth muscle of trachea can accommodate according to the esophagus.

The brachiocephalic trunk is related to the right side of the trachea in the root of the neck.

So any deviation of the trachea from midline,apparent superficially or radiographically, is the sign of any pathological process.

Trachea bifrucates at the level of sternal angle into primary bronchus, one to each lung to enter the lung at the hila

The right main bronchus is wider,shorter and runs more vertically than left

Within the lungs the bronchi branch in a constant fashion.

Each main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi(secondary bronchi) 2 on left and 3 on right.

Lobar bronchus several segmental bronchi

segmental bronchi after 30-35 generation of branches end in terminal bronchioles.