Mr. Mayer AP Macroeconomics

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2 Price and QuantityPrice – the amount of money paid for an economic good/serviceEx. A gallon of gasoline has a price of $3.00Quantity – the amount of itemsEx. If I buy a dozen eggs, then the quantity is 12 eggs

3 DemandConsumers’ willingness and ability to buy an item at a given priceWillingness means that buyers must want the itemAbility means that buyers must have the financial resources to afford the itemIt is important to understand that demand does not refer to a numerical amount but instead to a behavior.

4 The Law of DemandThe price of an item determines the quantity demandedThe lower the price the higher the quantity demandedWhen goods/services are cheap, I tend to buy moreThe higher the price the lower the quantity demandedWhen goods/services are expensive, I tend to buy lessTherefore, the price of a good/service is inversely related with the quantity demanded

5 3 Reasons Why the Law of Demand ExistsIncome EffectWhen things are expensive, money buys lessWhen things are cheap, money buys moreSubstitution EffectWhen apples are expensive and their substitutes (pears) are relatively cheap, I buy fewer apples and more pearsDiminishing Marginal UtilityEach additional unit of an item purchased gives less marginal utility (happy points) than the previous unit. Therefore, the only way I will buy more is if the price is lower.Ex. When I’m hungry, I typically will buy 2 breakfast tacos. The reason I don’t buy a third taco is because the marginal utility of the third taco is less than the price of the taco. But, if the price of the taco is less than the marginal utility of the taco, then I will buy the third taco

6 Mr. Mayer’s Demand for Breakfast TacosDemand ScheduleMr. Mayer’s Demand for Breakfast TacosPriceQuantity$2.00$1.501$1.002$0.503Notice that Mr. Mayer is obeying the law of demand. Now that’s making a good choice!!!!

8 Changes in Demand Increase in Demand Decrease in DemandMore quantity demanded at all pricesDemand Curve shifts Decrease in DemandLess quantity demanded at all pricesDemand Curve shifts Know that Price does not change Demand!

12 Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E.Tastes and PreferencesPreferences and tastes are affected by advertising, trends, health considerations, etc.Ex. Demand for dark chocolate has increased because research has recently shown that it has health benefitsEx. Demand for spinach decreased when the FDA discovered high concentrations of e. coli.

13 Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E.Related GoodsComplements – goods/services used in conjunctionEx. When the price of gasoline increases the demand for its complement, Hummers, decreases.Ex. When the price of movie tickets decreases, the demand for theatre popcorn increases.Substitutes – goods/services used in lieu of other goods/servicesEx. When the price of gasoline increases, the demand for ethanol increases.Ex. When the price of movie tickets increases, the demand for DVD’s increases.

14 Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E.Income of consumersWhen consumers’ income increases:Demand for normal goods/services increasesEx. More income means more demand for steakDemand for inferior goods/services decreasesEx. More income means less demand for Top RamenWhen consumers’ income decreasesDemand for normal goods/services decreasesEx. Less income means less demand for steakDemand for inferior goods/services increasesEx. Less income means more demand for Top Ramen

15 Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E.PopulationMore population = more demandEx. As America’s population grows so does the demand for housingLess population = less demandEx. As Japan’s population declines so does the demand for education (fewer Japanese schools)

16 Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E.Expectations of future price changesIf consumers expect prices to rise in the future, then demand increases nowEx. Prior to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, consumers expected higher fuel prices and this caused demand for fuel to increase.If consumers expect prices to fall in the future, then demand decreases nowEx. If investors believe stock prices are going to decline, then demand for stocks decreases.

17 Supply Producers willingness and ability to sell a good/serviceSupply is not an amount but a behavior

18 The Law of SupplyThe price of an item determines the quantity suppliedThe lower the price the lower the quantity suppliedWhen goods/services command a low price, I tend to produce less of themThe higher the price the higher the quantity suppliedWhen goods/services command a high price, I tend to produce more of themTherefore, the price of a good/service is directly related with the quantity supplied

19 The Reason for the Law of SupplyThe law of increasing marginal costIt is more costly to produce two than one. Therefore, I must collect a higher price if I am going to produce more.

22 Changes in Supply Increase in Supply Decrease in SupplyMore quantity supplied at all pricesSupply Curve shifts Decrease in SupplyLess quantity supplied at all pricesSupply Curve shifts Know that Price does not change Supply!

27 Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.J.A.G.Input CostsPrices of raw materials or other factors of productionChanges in technologyChanges in productivity (efficiency gains/losses)

28 Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.J.A.G.CompetitionNumber of producers in the marketEx. Fewer producers = less supplyMore Producers = more supplyCompetitive Market supplies more than Monopolistic Market

29 Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.J.A.G.Expected PricesIf producers expect prices to rise in the future, then they supply less now, so that they can sell their good/service at the future higher priceEx. If you expect your stocks to increase in value, then you are inclined to not sell them now, but instead you are inclined to sell them later at a higher priceIf producers expect prices to fall in the future then they supply more now while prices are still relatively higherEx. If you expect your stocks to decrease in value, then you are inclined to sell them now

30 Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.J.A.G.Profitability of goods in joint-supplyIf the supply of beef increases, then the supply of leather increasesIf the supply of artichokes increases, then the supply of artichoke hearts increasesThink by-products

31 Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.J.A.G.Profitability of alternative goods in supplyIf farmers can make more money growing pineapples instead of bananas, then the supply of pineapples will increase and the supply of bananas will decreaseIf auto manufacturers can make more money selling SUV’s instead of sedans, then the supply of SUV’s will increase while the supply of sedans will decreaseRemember productive resources are scarce, therefore decisions about what to produce must be made and this entails sacrifice. Remember opportunity cost.

40 Simultaneous Changes in Supply and DemandIf supply and demand both increase then price is indeterminate, but quantity definitely increasesIf supply and demand both decrease then price is indeterminate, but quantity definitely decreases

46 DisequilibriumIf price occurs at some point where supply and demand are not =, then disequilibrium exists.If the price is higher than the equilibrium price, then a surplus (Qs>QD) occursIf the price is lower than the equilibrium price, then a shortage occurs (Qs<QD)

49 Causes of DisequilibriumPrice floor – a minimum price for a good/service or resource determined outside of the marketEx. Minimum wagePrice ceiling – a maximum price for a good/service or resource determined outside of the marketEx. Concert tickets sold by Ticket-master

52 ConclusionMarkets work best when supply and demand determine the price of goods/services or resources.When forces other than supply and demand determine the price of goods/services or resources, surpluses and shortages result.Over time, the forces of supply and demand undermine artificial price controlsEx. Black markets, ticket scalping, undocumented workers