Kazakhstan’s Penal Code (1997), in a special part entitled “Crimes against the peace and security of mankind”, provides a list of punishable acts such as: “the use of prohibited means and methods of warfare” in an armed conflict (Article 159); “genocide” (Article 160); “ecocide” (Article 161); “mercenaries” (Article 162); and “attacks against persons or organizations beneficiaries of an international protection” (Article 163).