Monday, 17 November 2014

Goto and labels In C programming

Goto and labels in C programming.

C provides the infinitely-abusable goto statement, and labels to branch to. Formally, the gotostatement is never necessary, and in practice it is almost always easy to write code without it. We havenot used goto in this book.Nevertheless, there are a few situations where gotos may find a place. The most common is to abandon processing in some deeply nested structure, such as breaking out of two or more loops at once. The break statement cannot be used directly since it only exits from the innermost loop. Thus:

for ( ... )for ( ... )

{...if (disaster)goto error;}/...error:/* clean up the mess *

This organization is handy if the error-handling code is non-trivial, and if errors can occur in several places.A label has the same form as a variable name, and is followed by a colon. It can be attached to anystatement in the same function as the goto. The scope of a label is the entire function.As another example, consider the problem of determining whether two arrays a and b have an element in common. One possibility is:

Code involving a goto can always be written without one, though perhaps at the price of some repeated tests or an extra variable. For example, the array search becomes:

found = 0;

for (i = 0; i < n && !found; i++)

for (j = 0; j < m && !found; j++)

if (a[i] == b[j])

found = 1;

if (found)

/* got one: a[i-1] == b[j-1] */

...else/* didn't find any common element */...

With a few exceptions like those cited here, code that relies on goto statements is generally harder tounderstand and to maintain than code without gotos. Although we are not dogmatic about the matter, itdoes seem that goto statements should be used rarely, if at all.