..Based on these results, it seems worthwhile to conduct observational, prevention and intervention studies to further test the hypothesis that vitamin D can reduce the risk of cancer incidence and death...

..These findings are probably still approximately correct, if not on the low side, with respect to vitamin D because of the additional benefits found recently, such as protection against infectious diseases...

A multicountry ecological study of cancer incidence rates in 2008 with respect to various risk-modifying factors

..Additional randomized controlled trials are warranted to evaluate the benefits and risks of vitamin D supplementation. However, steps to increase serum 25(OH)D levels can be implemented now based on what is already known...

..Providing 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day for all adult Americans would cost about $1 billion; the expected benefits for cancer would be in the range of $16-25 billion in addition to other health benefits of vitamin D...

..Development of elastosis seems to explain why long-term smoking and chronic UV irradiance reduce the risk of melanoma. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanism whereby elastosis retards and reduces the development of melanoma...

..Alzheimer's disease (AD) rates in Japan and developing countries have risen rapidly in recent years. Researchers have associated factors such as the Western diet, obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with risk of AD...

..Some of the effects of higher solar UVB irradiance and serum 25(OH)D concentrations are evident in youth, although some may become apparent later in life. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'...

An estimate of the economic burden and premature deaths due to vitamin D deficiency in Canada

..9% (3.8-10.0%) or $14.4 billion ($8.0 billion-$20.1 billion) less the cost of the program. It is recommended that Canadian health policy leaders consider measures to increase serum 25(OH)D levels for all Canadians...

Current impediments to acceptance of the ultraviolet-B-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis

..Dietary iron and zinc affect the risk of cancer, with dietary iron generally correlated with increased risk and dietary zinc with reduced risk. However, zinc supplements have been found correlated with increased risk of cancer...

Update on evidence that support a role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance in reducing cancer risk

..Although this evidence is supportive, there do not appear to be observational studies of incidence of dementia with respect to prediagnostic serum 25(OH)D or vitamin D supplementation. Such studies now appear to be warranted...

..Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer is higher, but such cancers are seldom fatal, and a study in Denmark found a 9% reduction in 10-year all-cause mortality rate for patients diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma...

A multicountry ecological study of risk-modifying factors for prostate cancer: apolipoprotein E epsilon4 as a risk factor and cereals as a risk reduction factor

..The objective of this research is to identify and determine the relative importance of dietary and environmental risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality...

Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of cancer

William B GrantJ Intern Med 252:178-9; author reply 179-80. 2002

An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation

William B GrantCancer 94:1867-75. 2002

..The purpose of the current study was to determine how many types of cancer are affected by solar radiation and how many premature deaths from cancer occur due to insufficient ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation...

..81 (p < 0.0001). There was a protective effect of UVB irradiance on risk of breast cancer that was independent of fertility rate, proportion of the population overweight, alcohol intake, animal energy intake, and other covariates...

..Previous studies, such as the Women's Health Initiative, have shown that a low dose of vitamin D did not protect against colorectal cancer, yet a meta-analysis indicates that a higher dose may reduce its incidence...

Vitamin D and Cancer Risk among American Indians

William B GrantCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:183. 2007

Role of ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D in prevention of ovarian cancer

..This suggests that lower levels of solar irradiance might be associated with higher risk of ovarian cancer. Laboratory findings also suggest that low levels of vitamin D metabolites could play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer...

Solar ultraviolet B radiation compared with prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in United States