Ramadan is the 9th and holiest month in the Islamic calendar and lasts 29–30 days. Muslims fast every day for its duration and most restaurants will be closed until the fast breaks at dusk. Nothing (including water and cigarettes) is supposed to pass through the lips from dawn to sunset. Non-Muslims are exempt from this, but should still refrain from eating or drinking in public as this is considered very impolite. Working hours are decreased as well in the corporate world.
Exact dates of Ramadan depend on local astronomical observations and may vary somewhat from country to country. Ramadan concludes with the festival of Eid al-Fitr, which may last several days, usually three in most countries.

The Sahel runs 3,862 km from the Atlantic Ocean coast of Mauritania in the west to the Red Sea coast of Sudan in the east. The ecoregion definition takes in part of other countries but for the purposes of this travel guide, it includes all of Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Sudan. The region consists of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands lying between the Central African wooded savanna to the south, and the Sahara to the north.

The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat, and the region mostly lies between 200 and 400 meters elevation.

Over the history of Africa the region has been home to some of the most advanced kingdoms benefiting from trade across the desert. Collectively these states are known as the Sahelian kingdoms which were a series of empires, based in the Sahel, which had many similarities. The wealth of the states came from controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after 750, and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.

WARNING: A significant part of the Sahel remains unsafe for travel. An active civil war is ongoing in Mali, with Al-Qaeda linked group controlling much of northern Mali (including Timbuktu & Gao). Various Tuareg and Islamist factions have roamed the most remote regions of the Sahara for years and at times have been responsible for the kidnapping and deaths of foreigners in Mauritania, Mali, & Niger.

Chad remains a very underdeveloped country, even by African standards, and movement in the country is difficult. Violent crime and various jihadist/rebel factions also pose a danger to travellers.

Western Sudan remains dangerous for travellers, where the ongoing Darfur conflict remains active. Read the travel warnings on the pages of countries you plan to visit and also consult the advice of your embassy. (Updated: November 2012.)