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Summary

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT is highly respected and trusted for its attention to research and issues of diversity as well as its award-winning team of authors. While covering the basic foundations and features of American Government, this text also moves beyond the nuts and bolts, to explain why and how important features of government have evolved, their impact on government and individuals, and why these features are controversial (if they are) and worth learning. More than just narrating facts and current issues, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT attempts to leave the students with an understanding of the "why", so their knowledge can be applied long after the course is completed. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT is a three-time winner of the American Government Textbook Award for the Best Treatment of Women in Politics, by the Women's Caucus for Political Science.

Table of Contents

Preface

xiii

About the Authors

xxi

PART ONE The American System

American Democracy

2

(20)

You Are There Who, Me?

3

(2)

The American People

5

(6)

Immigration and Ethnic Diversity

5

(2)

Immigration and Political Cleavage

7

(1)

Religious Diversity

7

(1)

After 9/11 Immigration: Is the Door Still Open?

8

(2)

Economic and Geographic Diversity

10

(1)

Diversity and Identity Politics

11

(1)

Political Culture

11

(3)

The Significance of Political Culture

11

(1)

Learning Political Culture

11

(1)

American Diversity Census and Sensibility

12

(2)

American Democracy: The Core Values

14

(2)

Individual Liberty

14

(1)

Political Equality

15

(1)

Majority Rule

15

(1)

Minority Rights

16

(1)

Economic Rights

16

(1)

American Democracy in Practice

16

(3)

Classical Democracy

16

(1)

Pluralism

17

(1)

Elitism

18

(1)

Pluralism Reconsidered

18

(1)

Conclusion: Is Government Responsive?

19

(3)

Epilogue Who, Me?

20

(1)

Key Terms

21

(1)

Further Reading

21

(1)

Electronic Resources

21

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

21

(1)

American Government Resources

21

(1)

The Constitution

22

(28)

You Are There The Case of the Confidential Tapes

23

(2)

The Articles of Confederation

25

(2)

National Government Problems

25

(1)

State Government Problems

26

(1)

American Diversity Founding Mothers

27

(1)

The Constitution

27

(13)

The Constitutional Convention

27

(3)

Features of the Constitution

30

(3)

Motives of the Founders

33

(1)

American Diversity Did the Iroquois Influence the Founders?

34

(3)

Ratification of the Constitution

37

(1)

Changing the Constitution

38

(2)

After 9/11 Interrogating Terrorists

40

(1)

Impact of the Civil War and the Great Depression

40

(5)

The Civil War and Reconstruction

40

(4)

The Great Depression and New Deal

44

(1)

A Combination of Constitutions

45

(1)

Conclusion: Does the Constitution Allow Government to be Responsive?

45

(5)

Epilogue The President Complies in the Case of the Confidential Tapes

47

(2)

Key Terms

49

(1)

Further Reading

49

(1)

Electronic Resources

49

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

49

(1)

American Government Resources

49

(1)

Federalism and the Growth of Government

50

(28)

You Are There Should the President Expand Federal Lands?

51

(1)

Federal and Unitary Systems

52

(2)

Federal Systems

52

(1)

Unitary Systems

53

(1)

Why Choose Federalism?

53

(1)

The Political Bases of American Federalism

54

(2)

Political Benefits of Federalism

54

(1)

Political Costs of Federalism

55

(1)

Political Culture and Federalism

55

(1)

The Constitutional Bases of Federalism

56

(3)

Major Features of American Federalism

56

(1)

Interpretations of the Constitutional Provisions

57

(2)

Federalism and the Growth of Government

59

(11)

Small-Scale Government

59

(1)

The Civil War

60

(1)

Government as a ``Bully Pulpit''

60

(1)

The New Deal and World War II

61

(1)

Social Justice and the Great Society

62

(1)

New Federalism

63

(1)

The New New Federalism

63

(3)

A Return to State-Centered Federalism?

66

(4)

The Practice of Federalism

70

(4)

Federal-State Relations

70

(1)

Interstate Relations

71

(1)

After 9/11 The States' Role in National Defense

72

(1)

State-Local Relations

73

(1)

People, States, and the Federal Government

74

(1)

Conclusion: Is Federalism Responsive?

75

(3)

Epilogue Clinton Expands Federal Lands

76

(1)

Key Terms

76

(1)

Further Reading

77

(1)

Electronic Resources

77

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

77

(1)

American Government Resources

77

(1)

PART TWO Links between People and Government

Public Opinion

78

(30)

You Are There How Can the President Maintain Popularity and Help Republican Candidates?

79

(1)

Nature of Public Opinion

80

(1)

Formation of Public Opinion

81

(7)

Agents of Political Socialization

82

(4)

Impact of Political Socialization

86

(1)

After 9/11 Attacks Affect Opinion about Government

87

(1)

Measuring Public Opinion

88

(6)

Early Polling Efforts

88

(1)

Emergence of Scientific Polling

88

(1)

Polls and Politics

89

(5)

How Informed Is Public Opinion?

94

(1)

Public Opinion

95

(9)

Ideology

95

(2)

Social Welfare and the Proper Role of Government

97

(1)

Social Issues

98

(2)

Race

100

(2)

Political Tolerance

102

(1)

Trust in Government

102

(2)

Conclusion: Is Government Responsive to Public Opinion?

104

(4)

Epilogue President Bush Ties the Economy to the War on Terrorism

105

(1)

Key Terms

106

(1)

Further Reading

106

(1)

Electronic Resources

106

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

107

(1)

American Government Resources

107

(1)

News Media

108

(36)

You Are There Should You Torpedo the Admiral?

109

(1)

The Media State

110

(6)

Roles of the Media

111

(1)

Concentration of the Media

112

(1)

Atomization of the Media

113

(3)

Relationship between the Media and Politicians

116

(8)

Symbiotic Relationship

116

(3)

Adversarial Relationship

119

(2)

Relationship between the Media and Recent Administrations

121

(3)

Relationship between the Media and Congress

124

(1)

Relationship between the Media and the Supreme Court

124

(1)

Bias of the Media

124

(10)

Political Bias

125

(4)

Commercial Bias

129

(1)

American Diversity Color and the Clicker

130

(4)

Impact of the Media on Politics

134

(6)

Impact on the Public Agenda

135

(1)

Impact on Political Parties and Elections

135

(2)

Impact on Public Opinion

137

(1)

After 9/11 The CNN of the Middle East

138

(2)

Conclusion: Are the Media Responsive?

140

(4)

Epilogue Evans Pursued the Admiral

142

(1)

Key Terms

143

(1)

Further Reading

143

(1)

Electronic Resources

143

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

143

(1)

American Government Resources

143

(1)

Interest Groups

144

(32)

You Are There Do You Make More Concessions, or Do You Fight?

145

(2)

Group Formation

147

(2)

Why Interest Groups Form

147

(1)

Why People Join

148

(1)

Who Joins?

148

(1)

Have Americans Stopped Joining?

148

(1)

Types of Interest Groups

149

(13)

Private Interest Groups

150

(2)

After 9/11 Feeding Frenzy

152

(3)

Public Interest Groups

155

(7)

Tactics of Interest Groups

162

(8)

Direct Lobbying Techniques

162

(3)

Indirect Lobbying Techniques

165

(3)

Protest and Civil Disobedience

168

(2)

Success of Interest Groups

170

(2)

Resources

170

(2)

Competition and Goals

172

(1)

Conclusion: Do Interest Groups Help Make Government Responsive?

172

(4)

Epilogue The Tobacco Industry Fights Back

173

(2)

Key Terms

175

Further Reading

174

(1)

Electronic Resources

175

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

175

(1)

American Government Resources

175

(1)

Political Parties

176

(30)

You Are There Should You Switch Parties?

177

(2)

What Are Political Parties?

179

(1)

Development and Change in the Party System

180

(8)

Preparty Politics: The Founders' Views of Political Parties

181

(1)

First Party System: Development of Parties

182

(1)

Second Party System: Rise of the Democrats

182

(1)

Third Party System: Rise of the Republicans

182

(1)

Fourth Party System: Republican Dominance

183

(1)

Fifth Party System: Democratic Dominance

183

(1)

The Post--Fifth Party System: Disengagement and Competition

184

(4)

After 9/11 Bipartisanship for a While

188

(1)

Characteristics of the Party System

188

(6)

Two Parties

188

(2)

Fragmentation

190

(1)

Moderation

191

(1)

Minor Parties in American Politics

191

(3)

Party in the Electorate

194

(1)

Party Identification

194

(1)

Characteristics of Democrats and Republicans

194

(1)

Party in Government

195

(1)

Party Organization

196

(4)

National Party Organization

197

(1)

State and Local Party Organizations

198

(1)

Big-City Party Organizations

198

(2)

The Nominating Process

200

(2)

Caucuses

200

(1)

Conventions

200

(1)

Primaries

200

(2)

Conclusion: Do Political Parties Make Government More Responsive?

202

(4)

Epilogue Jeffords Switches

203

(1)

Key Terms

204

(1)

Further Reading

204

(1)

Electronic Resources

204

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

205

(1)

American Government Resources

205

(1)

Elections

206

(44)

You Are There How Do You Recount?

207

(3)

The American Electorate

210

(7)

Early Limits on Voting Rights

210

(1)

Blacks and the Right to Vote

210

(2)

The Voting Rights Act and Redistricting

212

(1)

American Diversity Blacks and Hispanics in Office

212

(1)

Women and the Right to Vote

213

(3)

American Diversity Women in Office

216

(1)

Young People and the Right to Vote

216

(1)

Felons and the Right to Vote

216

(1)

Voter Turnout

217

(6)

Political Activism in the Nineteenth Century

217

(1)

Progressive Reforms

218

(1)

Recent Turnout

218

(1)

Who Does Not Vote?

218

(1)

Why Turnout Is Low

219

(4)

Other Campaign Participation

223

(1)

Presidential Nominating Campaigns

223

(9)

Who Runs for President and Why?

223

(1)

How a Candidate Wins the Nomination

224

(1)

American Diversity Can An African American Be Elected President?

225

(2)

Presidential Caucuses and Conventions

227

(1)

Presidential Primaries

227

(1)

Reforming the Nomination Process

228

(1)

The National Conventions

229

(3)

Independent and Third-Party Nominees

232

(1)

The General Election Campaign

232

(6)

Campaign Organization

233

(1)

Images and Issues

233

(1)

The Electoral College

233

(1)

Campaign Strategies

234

(1)

The Media Campaign

235

(1)

Use of the Media

236

(2)

Campaign Funding

238

(1)

The Permanent Campaign

238

(1)

Congressional Campaigns

239

(2)

Incumbents: Unsafe at Any Margin?

239

(1)

Challengers

239

(1)

After 9/11 Patriotism and Partisanship

240

(1)

Campaigns

240

(1)

Voting Choices

241

(4)

Party Loyalties

242

(1)

Candidate Evaluations

243

(1)

Issues

243

(1)

Parties, Candidates, and Issues

244

(1)

Voting for Congress

244

(1)

Conclusion: Do Elections Make Government Responsive?

245

(5)

Epilogue Gore Asks for a Limited Recount

246

(2)

Key Terms

248

(1)

Further Reading

249

(1)

Electronic Resources

249

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

249

(1)

American Government Resources

249

(1)

Money and Politics

250

(28)

You Are There Should You Vote to Regulate?

251

(3)

Money and Politics in Earlier America

254

(1)

Money in Nineteenth-Century American Politics

254

(1)

Early Reforms

255

(1)

Regulating Money in Modern Campaigns

255

(9)

Reforms of the 1970s

255

(1)

Failures of the Campaign Finance Laws

256

(4)

Reforms in 2002

260

(1)

Sources of Campaign Funds

261

(3)

The Impact of Campaign Money

264

(8)

Does the Campaign Finance System Deter Good Candidates?

264

(1)

Does Money Win Elections?

265

(1)

Does Money Buy Favorable Policies?

266

(5)

Campaign Money and Public Cynicism

271

(1)

Conflicts of Interest

272

(1)

Conclusion: Does the Influence of Money Make Government Less Responsive?

273

(5)

Epilogue Schumer Discourages Tighter Accounting Regulations

275

(2)

Key Terms

277

(1)

Further Reading

277

(1)

Electronic Resources

277

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

277

(1)

American Government Resources

277

(1)

PART THREE Institutions

Congress

278

(38)

You Are There Should the President Be Removed from Office?

279

(2)

Members and Constituencies

281

(4)

Members

281

(2)

Constituencies

283

(2)

The Representative on the Job

285

(9)

The Advantages of Incumbency

285

(3)

Working with Colleagues

288

(1)

``Going Public''

289

(1)

American Diversity Women in Congress

290

(2)

Voting as Representation

292

(1)

Party and Constituency

292

(2)

How Congress Is Organized

294

(10)

How Congressional Organization Evolved

294

(1)

Contemporary Leadership Positions

295

(3)

Committees

298

(4)

American Diversity Minority Power in Congress

302

(1)

Staff

302

(2)

What Congress Does

304

(7)

Lawmaking

304

(2)

After 9/11 Continuity in Government

306

(3)

Overseeing the Federal Bureaucracy

309

(1)

Budget Making

310

(1)

Congress and the Public

311

(2)

Conclusion: Is Congress Responsive?

313

(3)

Epilogue Snowe Votes against Removal

314

(1)

Key Terms

314

(1)

Further Reading

315

(1)

Electronic Resources

315

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

315

(1)

American Government Resources

315

(1)

The Presidency

316

(42)

You Are There Should the President Get a New Cabinet Department?

317

(3)

The Growth of the Presidency

320

(1)

Terms of Office

321

(3)

Qualifications

321

(1)

Rewards

321

(1)

Tenure

322

(1)

Succession

323

(1)

Duties and Powers of Office

324

(8)

Chief Executive

324

(4)

After 9/11 A Return of the Imperial Presidency?

328

(1)

Head of State

328

(2)

Chief Diplomat

330

(1)

Commander in Chief

331

(1)

Presidential Staff and Advisors

332

(7)

The Executive Office of the President

333

(1)

The White House Office

333

(2)

Office of the First Lady

335

(3)

Office of the Vice President

338

(1)

The President and the People

339

(5)

The Personal Presidency

339

(1)

Persuading the Public

340

(3)

Public Opinion and Effectiveness in Office

343

(1)

The President and Congress

344

(7)

Party Leadership

344

(1)

Divided Government

345

(1)

Legislative Leadership

345

(4)

Foreign Policy and Military Leadership

349

(2)

Limits on Presidential Power

351

(2)

What Makes an Effective President?

353

(2)

Conclusion: Is the Presidency Responsive?

355

(3)

Epilogue Harman Votes with the President

355

(1)

Key Terms

356

(1)

Further Reading

356

(1)

Electronic Resources

356

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

356

(1)

American Government Resources

357

(1)

The Bureaucracy

358

(30)

You Are There Can the FBI Hold Its Ground?

359

(3)

The Nature of Bureaucracies

362

(4)

Goals

363

(1)

Performance Standards

363

(1)

Openness

364

(2)

After 9/11 Veil of Secrecy

366

(1)

Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy

366

(8)

Periods of Growth

367

(1)

Why the Bureaucracy Has Grown

368

(1)

American Diversity Women and Minorities in the Civil Service

369

(1)

Controlling Growth

370

(2)

Types of Offices within the Federal Bureaucracy

372

(2)

What Bureaucracies Do

374

(3)

Administering Policy

374

(1)

Making Policy

374

(2)

Data Collection and Analysis

376

(1)

Politics and Professional Standards

377

(5)

Patronage

377

(1)

Neutral Competence

378

(4)

Overseeing the Bureaucracy

382

(3)

President

382

(1)

Congress

383

(1)

Courts

383

(1)

Interest Groups and Individuals

383

(2)

Conclusion: Is the Bureaucracy Responsive?

385

(3)

Epilogue Mueller Keeps the FBI Out of the Homeland Security Department

386

(1)

Key Terms

387

(1)

Further Reading

387

(1)

Electronic Resources

387

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

387

(1)

American Government Resources

387

(1)

The Judiciary

388

(32)

You Are There Do You Plunge into the Political Thicket?

389

(2)

Development of the Courts' Role in Government

391

(7)

Founding to the Civil War

392

(3)

Civil War to the Depression

395

(1)

Depression to the Present

396

(1)

The Next Era

397

(1)

Courts

398

(1)

Structure of the Courts

398

(1)

Jurisdiction of the Courts

398

(1)

Judges

399

(7)

Selection of Judges

399

(1)

After 9/11 Surveillance Court

400

(2)

American Diversity Do Women Judges Make a Difference?

402

(2)

Tenure of Judges

404

(1)

Qualifications of Judges

405

(1)

Independence of Judges

405

(1)

Access to the Courts

406

(2)

Wealth Discrimination in Access

406

(1)

Interest Group Help in Access

406

(1)

Restrictions on Access

407

(1)

Proceeding through the Courts

407

(1)

Deciding Cases

408

(6)

Interpreting Statutes

408

(1)

Interpreting the Constitution

408

(1)

Restraint and Activism

409

(2)

Following Precedents

411

(1)

Making Law

411

(1)

Deciding Cases at the Supreme Court

412

(2)

The Power of the Courts

414

(1)

Use of Judicial Review

414

(1)

Use of Political Checks against the Courts

415

(1)

Conclusion: Are the Courts Responsive?

415

(5)

Epilogue O'Connor Plunges into the Political Thicket

416

(3)

Key Terms

419

(1)

Further Reading

419

(1)

Electronic Resources

419

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

419

(1)

American Government Resources

419

(1)

PART FOUR Civil Liberties and Rights

Civil Liberties

420

(40)

You Are There Can the Boy Scouts Discriminate against Homosexuals?

421

(2)

The Constitution and the Bill of Rights

423

(1)

Individual Rights in the Constitution

423

(1)

The Bill of Rights

423

(1)

Freedom of Expression

424

(17)

Freedom of Speech

424

(5)

Freedom of the Press

429

(2)

Libel and Obscenity

431

(3)

Freedom of Religion

434

(7)

Rights of Criminal Defendants

441

(8)

Search and Seizure

441

(2)

Self-Incrimination

443

(1)

Counsel

444

(2)

After 9/11 Civil Liberties at Risk?

446

(2)

Jury Trial

448

(1)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

448

(1)

Rights in Theory and in Practice

449

(1)

Right to Privacy

449

(7)

Birth Control

449

(1)

Abortion

449

(5)

Homosexuality

454

(1)

Right to Die

455

(1)

Conclusion: Are the Courts Responsive in Interpreting Civil Liberties?

456

(4)

Epilogue The Court Allows the Boy Scouts to Discriminate against Homosexuals