Sample records for field dipole magnets

Acting on optical magneticdipoles opens novel routes to govern light-matter interaction. We demonstrate magneticfield modification of the magnetic dipolar moment characteristic of resonant nanoholes in thin magnetoplasmonic films. This is experimentally shown through the demonstration of the magneto-optical analogue of Babinet's principle, where mirror imaged MO spectral dependencies are obtained for two complementary magnetoplasmonic systems: holes in a perforated metallic layer and a layer of disks on a substrate. PMID:25646869

The purpose of this note is to quantitatively study the asymptotic behavior of the dipolemagneticfield in the tail region of a paraboloidal or cylindrical model of the magnetosphere, assuming the complete screening of the internal field by magnetopause currents. This screening assumption is equivalent to imposing the boundary condition that the normal component of the magneticfield is zero at the magnetopause. With this boundary condition, the screened dipolefield falls off exponentially with distance down the tail, in sharp constrast to the bare dipolefield. Analytic expressions for a cylindrical and paraboloidal magnetopause are given.

With a data-acquisition system and sensors commercially available, it is easy to determine magneticfields produced by permanent magnets and to study the dipole-dipole interaction for different separations and angular positions of the magnets. For sufficiently large distances, the results confirm the 1/R[superscript 3] law for the magnetic field…

This paper describes the data analysis technique used for magnetic testing at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Excellent results have been obtained using this technique to convert a spacecraft s measured magneticfield data into its respective magneticdipole moment model. The model is most accurate with the earth s geomagnetic field cancelled in a spherical region bounded by the measurement magnetometers with a minimum radius large enough to enclose the magnetic source. Considerably enhanced spacecraft magnetic testing is offered by using this technique in conjunction with a computer-controlled magneticfield measurement system. Such a system, with real-time magneticfield display capabilities, has been incorporated into other existing magnetic measurement facilities and is also used at remote locations where transport to a magnetics test facility is impractical.

We have observed that some of our model SSC dipoles have long time constant decays of the magneticfield harmonics with amplitudes large enough to result in significant beam loss, if they are not corrected. The magnets were run at constant current at the SSC injection field level of 0.3 tesla for one to three hours and changes in the magneticfield were observed. One explanation for the observed field decay is time dependent superconductor magnetization. Another explanation involves flux creep or flux flow. Data are presented on how the decay changes with previous flux history. Similar magnets with different Nb-Ti filament spacings and matrix materials have different long time field decay. A theoretical model using proximity coupling and flux creep for the observed field decay is discussed. 10 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

The lunar magneticdipole moment is discussed. It is proposed that if a primordial core magneticfield existed, it would give rise to a present day nonzero external dipolemagneticfield. This conclusion is based on the assumption that the lunar mantle is at least slightly ferromagnetic, and thus would maintain a permanent magnetization after the disappearance of the core magneticfield. Using a simple mathematical model of the moon, calculations are performed which support this hypothesis.

Apollo 15 subsatellite magneticfield observations have been used to measure both the permanent and the induced lunar dipole moments. Although only an upper limit of 1.3 x 10 to the 18th gauss-cubic centimeters has been determined for the permanent dipole moment in the orbital plane, there is a significant induced dipole moment which opposes the applied field, indicating the existence of a weak lunar ionosphere.

Halbach hollow cylinder dipolemagnets of a low or relatively low aspect ratio attract considerable attention due to their applications, among others, in compact NMR and MRI systems for investigating small objects. However, a complete mathematical framework for the analysis of magneticfields in these magnets has been developed only for their infinitely long precursors. In such a case the analysis is reduced to two-dimensions (2D). The paper details the analysis of the 3D magneticfield in the Halbach dipole cylinders of a finite length. The analysis is based on three equations in which the components of the magnetic flux density Bx, By and Bz are expanded to infinite power series of the radial coordinate r. The zeroth term in the series corresponds to a homogeneous magneticfield Bc, which is perturbed by the higher order terms due to a finite magnet length. This set of equations is supplemented with an equation for the field profile B(z) along the magnet axis, presented for the first time. It is demonstrated that the geometrical factors in the coefficients of particular powers of r, defined by intricate integrals are the coefficients of the Taylor expansion of the homogeneity profile (B(z)-Bc)/Bc. As a consequence, the components of B can be easily calculated with an arbitrary accuracy. In order to describe perturbations of the field due to segmentation, two additional equations are borrowed from the 2D theory. It is shown that the 2D approach to the perturbations generated by the segmentation can be applied to the 3D Halbach structures unless r is not too close to the inner radius of the cylinder ri. The mathematical framework presented in the paper was verified with great precision by computations of B by a highly accurate integration of the magnetostatic Coulomb law and utilized to analyze the inhomogeneity of the magneticfield in the magnet with the accuracy better than 1 ppm. PMID:24316186

We study the magneticfield in the plane of a circular current-carrying loop. We both solve Biot–Savart’s equation numerically and perform measurements with high spatial resolution. The results extend our quantitative understanding of a physical magneticdipole by providing an accurate and complete picture of the field in this plane, which complements existing analytical expressions valid at very small and large radius, near the loop axis, and for point dipoles.

We study the radiation patterns produced by a dipole placed at the surface of a nanofiber and oriented perpendicular to it, either along the radial (r-oriented) or azimuthal (Φ-oriented) directions. We find that the dipole induces an effective circular cavity-like leaky mode in the nanofiber. The first radiation peak of the Φ-oriented dipole contributes only to TE radiation modes, while the radiation of the r-oriented dipole is composed of both TE and TM radiation modes, with relative contribution depending on the refractive index of the nanofiber. We reveal that the field pattern of the first resonance of a Φ-oriented dipole is associated with a magneticdipole mode and strong magnetic response of an optical nanofiber.

At Fermilab we have operated a production line for the fabrication of 901 21 foot long superconducting dipoles for use in the Energy Saver/Doubler. At any one time 772 of these dipoles are installed in the accelerator and 62 in beamlines; the remainder are spares. Magneticfield data are now available for most of these dipoles; in this paper we present some of these data which show that we have been able to maintain the necessary consistency in field quality throughout the production process. Specifically we report harmonic field coefficients, showing that the mechanical design permits substantial reduction of the magnitudes of the normal and skew quadrupole harmonic coefficients; field shape profiles; integral field data; and field angle data.

In the RHIC arc dipoles, the center of the cold mass lies above the center of the cryostat. At the maximum design field, the magnetic flux lines leak through the yoke to the asymmetrically located cryostat, which provides an additional return path. This introduces a systematic top-bottom asymmetry leading to a skew quadrupole term at high fields. A similar asymmetry is also created by any difference in weights of the upper and the lower yoke halves. Data from measurements of several RHIC dipoles are presented to study this effect. In the current production series of the RDIC dipoles, an attempt is made to compensate the effect of the cryostat by an asymmetry in the iron yoke. Seven dipoles with this type of yoke have been cold tested, and show a reduced saturation in the skew quadrupole term, as expected.

In the RHIC arc dipoles, the center of the cold mass lies above the center of the cryostat. At the maximum design field, the magnetic flux lines leak through the yoke to the asymmetrically located cryostat, which provides an additional return path. This introduces a systematic top-bottom asymmetry leading to a skew quadrupole term at high fields. A similar asymmetry is also created by any difference in weights of the upper and the lower yoke halves. Data from measurements of several RHIC dipoles are presented to study this effect. In the current production series of the RHIC dipoles, an attempt is made to compensate the effect of the cryostat by an asymmetry in the iron yoke. Seven dipoles with this type of yoke have been cold tested, and show a reduced saturation in the skew quadrupole term, as expected.

A method for determining the magnetic moment of a spacecraft from magneticfield data taken in a limited region of space close to the spacecraft. The spacecraft's magneticfield equations are derived from first principles. With measurements of this field restricted to certain points in space, the near-field equations for the spacecraft are derived. These equations are solved for the dipole moment by a least squares procedure. A method by which one can estimate the magnitude of the error in the calculations is also presented. This technique was thoroughly tested on a computer. The test program is described and evaluated, and partial results are presented.

Using the dipolemagneticfield model, the authors have developed the theory of field line resonances of hydromagnetic Alfven waves in general magneticfield geometries. In this model, the Alfven speed thus varies both perpendicular and parallel to the magneticfield. Specifically, it is found that field line resonances do persist in the dipole model. The corresponding singular solutions near the resonant field lines as well as the natural definition of standing shear Alfven eigenfunctions have also been systematically derived.

Using the dipolemagneticfield model, we have developed the theory of field line resonances of hydromagnetic Alfven waves in general magneticfield geometries. In this model, the Alfven speed thus varies both perpendicular and parallel to the magneticfield. Specifically, it is found that field line resonances do persist in the dipole model. The corresponding singular solutions near the resonant field lines as well as the natural definition of standing shear Alfven eigenfunctions have also been systematically derived. 11 refs.

We investigate the effect of a distorted neutron star dipolemagneticfield on pulsar pair cascade multiplicity and pair death lines. Using a simple model for a distorted dipolefield that produces an offset polar cap (PC), we derive the accelerating electric field above the PC in space-charge-limited flow. We find that even a modest azimuthally asymmetric distortion can significantly increase the accelerating electric field on one side of the PC and, combined with a smaller field line radius of curvature, leads to larger pair multiplicity. The death line for producing pairs by curvature radiation moves downward in the P-P-dot diagram, allowing high pair multiplicities in a larger percentage of the radio pulsar population. These results could have important implications for the radio pulsar population, high energy pulsed emission, and the pulsar contribution to cosmic ray positrons.

We investigate electron-positron pair cascades in a dipolemagneticfield whose axis is offset from the neutron star center. In such a field geometry, the polar cap is displaced from the neutron star symmetry axis and the field line radius of curvature is modified. Using the modified parallel electric field near the polar cap of an offset dipole, we simulate pair cascades to determine the pair deathlines and pair multiplicities as a function of the offset parameter. We find that the pair multiplicity can change dramatically with a modest offset, with a significant increase on one side of the polar cap. Lower pair deathlines allow a larger fraction of the pulsar population, that include old and millisecond pulsars, to produce cascades with high multiplicity.

Laser cooled Rb atoms were optically excited to 46d5/2 Rydberg states. A microwave pulse transferred a fraction of the atoms to the 47p3/2 Rydberg state. The resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions between atoms in these two states were probed using the linewidth of the two-photon microwave transitions 46d5/2 -- 47d5/2. The presence of a weak magneticfield (roughly 1 G) reduced the observed line broadening, indicating that the interaction is suppressed by the field. The field removes some of the energy degeneracies responsible foe the resonant interaction, and this is the basis for a quantitative model of the resulting suppression. A technique for the calibration of magneticfield strengths using the 34s1/2 -- 34p1/2 one-photon transition is also presented.

Laser-cooled Rb85 atoms were optically excited to 46d5/2 Rydberg states. A microwave pulse transferred a fraction of the atoms to the 47p3/2 Rydberg state. The resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions between atoms in these two states were probed using the linewidth of the two-photon microwave transition 46d5/2-47d5/2 . The presence of a weak magneticfield ≈0.5G reduced the observed line broadening, indicating that the interaction is suppressed by the field. The field removes some of the energy degeneracies responsible for the resonant interaction, and this is the basis for a quantitative model of the resulting suppression. A technique for the calibration of magneticfield strengths using the 34s1/2-34p1/2 one-photon transition is also presented.

The buildup of low energy electrons in an accelerator, known as electron cloud, can be severely detrimental to machine performance. Under certain beam conditions, the beam can become resonant with the cloud dynamics, accelerating the buildup of electrons. This paper will examine two such effects: multipacting resonances, in which the cloud development time is resonant with the bunch spacing, and cyclotron resonances, in which the cyclotron period of electrons in a magneticfield is a multiple of bunch spacing. Both resonances have been studied directly in dipolefields using retarding field analyzers installed in the Cornell Electron Storage Ring. These measurements are supported by both analytical models and computer simulations.

Dipolemagnets with fields beyond 16T will require superconducting coils that are at least 40 mm thick, an applied pres-stress around 150 MPa and a protection scheme for stored energy in the range of 1-2 MJ/m. The coil size will have a direct impact on the overall magnet cost and the stored energy will raise new questions on protection. To reduce coil size and minimize risk, the coil may have to be graded. Grading is achieved by splitting the coil into several layers with current densities that match the short sample field in each layer. Grading, especially at high fields, can be effective; however it will also significantly raise the stress. In this paper we report on the results of a study on the coil size and field relation to that of the stress and stored energy. We then extend the results to graded coils and attempt to address high stress issues and ways to reduce it.

We study Neptune's smooth radio emission in two ways: we simulate the observations and we then consider the radio effects of Neptune's magnetic multipoles. A procedure to deduce the characteristics of radio sources observed by the Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment minimizes limiting assumptions and maximizes use of the data, including quantitative measurement of circular polarization. Study of specific sources simulates time variation of intensity and apparent polarization of their integrated emission over an extended time period. The method is applied to Neptune smooth recurrent emission (SRE). Time series are modeled with both broad and beamed emission patterns, and at two frequencies which exhibit different time variation of polarization. These dipole-based results are overturned by consideration of more complex models of Neptune's magneticfield. Any smooth emission from the anticipated auroral radio source is weak and briefly observed. Dominant SRE originates complex fields at midlatitude. Possible SRE source locations overlap that of 'high-latitude' emission (HLE) between +(out) and -(in) quadrupoles. This is the first identification of multipolar magnetic structure with a major source of planetary radio emission.

The LBNL Superconducting Magnet Program is extending accelerator magnet technology to the highest possible fields. A 1 meter long, racetrack dipolemagnet, utilizing state-of-the-art Nb{sub 3}Sn superconductor, has been built and tested. A record dipole filed of 14.7 Tesla has been achieved. Relevant features of the final assembly and tested results are discussed.

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of the magnetic moment of a particle confined in a magneticdipolefield in the presence of a low-frequency electrostatic wave. It is shown that there exist two kinds of resonances (the bounce-E x B drift resonance and the wave-drift resonance) by which the adiabaticity of the magnetic moment is broken. The unstable conditions obtained by theoretical considerations showed good agreement with the numerical results.

The Superconducting Magnet Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has designed and tested HD2, a 1 m long Nb{sub 3}Sn accelerator-type dipole based on a simple block-type coil geometry with flared ends. HD2 represents a step toward the development of cost-effective accelerator quality magnets operating in the range of 13-15 T. The design was optimized to minimize geometric harmonics and to address iron saturation and conductor magnetization effects. Field quality was measured during recent cold tests. The measured harmonics are presented and compared to the design values.

The acquisition of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) by a cooling spherical shell is studied for internal magnetizingdipolefields, using Runcorn's (1975) theorems on magnetostatics. If the shell cools progressively inward, inner regions acquire TRM in a net field composed of the dipole source term plus a uniform field due to the outer magnetized layers. In this case, the global dipole moment and external remanent field are nonzero when the whole shell has cooled below the Curie point and the source dipole has disappeared. The remanent field outside the shell is found to depend on the thickness, radii, and cooling rate of the shell, as well as the coefficient of TRM and the intensity of the magnetizingfield. Some implications for the moon's remanent dipole moment are discussed.

Statistical modelling of the Earth's magneticfield B has a long history. In particular, the spherical harmonic coefficients of scalar fields derived from B can be treated as Gaussian random variables. In this paper, we give examples of highly organized fields whose spherical harmonic coefficients pass tests for independent Gaussian random variables. The fact that coefficients at some depth may be usefully summarized as independent samples from a normal distribution need not imply that there really is some physical, random process at that depth. In fact, the field can be extremely structured and still be regarded for some purposes as random. In this paper, we examined the radial magneticfield B(sub r) produced by the core, but the results apply to any scalar field on the core-mantle boundary (CMB) which determines B outside the CMB.

We revisit the electromagnetic heat transfer between a metallic nanoparticle and a highly conductive metallic semi-infinite substrate, commonly studied using the electric dipole approximation. For infrared and microwave frequencies, we find that the magnetic polarizability of the particle is larger than the electric one. We also find that the local density of states in the near field is dominated by the magnetic contribution. As a consequence, the power absorbed by the particle in the near field is due to dissipation by fluctuating eddy currents. These results show that a number of near-field effects involving metallic particles should be affected by the fluctuating magneticfields.

Thirteen 16 m long, 50 mm aperture SSC dipolemagnets, designed jointly by Fermilab, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the SSC Laboratory, have been built at Fermilab. The first nine magnets have been fully tested to date. The allowed harmonics are systematically shifted from zero by amounts larger than the specification. The unallowed harmonics, with the exception of the skew sextupole, are consistent with zero. The magnet-to-magnet RMS variation of all harmonics is much smaller than the specification.

We have demonstrated efficient injection and trapping of a cold positron beam in a dipolemagneticfield configuration. The intense 5 eV positron beam was provided by the NEutron induced POsitron source MUniCh facility at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, and transported into the confinement region of the dipolefield trap generated by a supported, permanent magnet with 0.6 T strength at the pole faces. We achieved transport into the region of field lines that do not intersect the outer wall using the {E}× {B} drift of the positron beam between a pair of tailored plates that created the electric field. We present evidence that up to 38% of the beam particles are able to reach the intended confinement region and make at least a 180° rotation around the magnet where they annihilate on an insertable target. When the target is removed and the {E}× {B} plate voltages are switched off, confinement of a small population persists for on the order of 1 ms. These results lend optimism to our larger aims to apply a magneticdipolefield configuration for trapping of both positrons and electrons in order to test predictions of the unique properties of a pair plasma.

The time variation in the magneticfield of a model Tevatron dipolemagnet at constant excitation current has been studied. Variations in symmetry allowed harmonic components over long time ranges show a log t behavior indicative of ''flux creep.'' Both short time range and long time range behavior depend in a detailed way on the excitation history. Similar effects are seen in the remnant fields present in full-scale Tevatron dipoles following current ramping. Both magnitudes and time dependences are observed to depend on details for the ramps, such as ramp rate, flattop duration, and number of ramps. In a few magnets, variations are also seen in symmetry unallowed harmonics. 9 refs., 10 figs.

A periodic variation in the magneticfield along the axis has been observed in both quadrupole and dipolemagnets made from superconducting cable. This oscillation is present in all components of the field and has a wavelength equal to the transposition length of the cable. In general the amplitude of these variations increases with magnet current and is not reversible. The residual field patten at zero current depends on the energizing cycle and increases with time spent at high field. The decay of the oscillations has a complex time dependence which contains some extremely long time constants. Unbalanced currents in the individual strands of the cable appear to cause these effects and the field variations can only be completely erased by raising the magnet above its critical temperature.

Self-organization of a long-lived structure is one of the remarkable characteristics of macroscopic systems governed by long-range interactions. In a homogeneous magneticfield, a non-neutral plasma creates a “thermal equilibrium,” which is a Boltzmann distribution on a rigidly rotating frame. Here, we study how a non-neutral plasma self-organizes in inhomogeneous magneticfield; as a typical system, we consider a dipolemagneticfield. In this generalized setting, the plasma exhibits its fundamental mechanism that determines the relaxed state. The scale hierarchy of adiabatic invariants is the determinant; the Boltzmann distribution under the topological constraint by the robust adiabatic invariants (hence, the homogeneous distribution with respect to the fragile invariant) is the relevant relaxed state, which turns out to be a rigidly rotating clump of particles (just same as in a homogeneous magneticfield), while the density is no longer homogeneous.

We carried out electromagnetic field analyses on the cross sections of two dipolemagnets wound with coated conductors. One was a cosine-theta magnet, and the other was a block design magnet. The electric field-current density characteristics of the coated conductors were formulated using a percolation depinning model based on the measured voltage-current characteristics. We calculated the temporal evolutions of the current-density distributions in all the turns of each magnet and used these evolutions to calculate the multipole components of the magneticfield. We compared the two magnets, which differed in coated-conductor orientations, regarding the influence of coated-conductor magnetization on the field qualities.

We describe a simple undergraduate lab in which students determine how the force between two magneticdipoles depends on their separation. We consider the case where both dipoles are permanent and the case where one of the dipoles is induced by the field of the other (permanent) dipole. Agreement with theoretically expected results is quite good.

We model the temperature distribution at the surface of a magnetized neutron star and study the effects on the observed X-ray spectra and light curves. Generalrelativistic effects, i.e., redshift and lensing, are fully taken into account. Atmospheric effects on the emitted spectral flux are not included: we consider only blackbody emission at the local effective temperature. In this first paper we restrict ourselves to dipolefields. General features are studied and compared with the ROSAT data from the pulsars 0833 - 45 (Vela), 0656 + 14, 0630 + 178 (Geminga), and 1055 - 52, the four cases for which there is strong evidence that thermal radiation from the stellar surface is detected. The composite spectra we obtain are not very different from a blackbody spectrum at the star's effective temperature. We conclude that, as far as blackbody spectra are considered, temperature estimates using single-temperature models give results practically identical to our composite models. The change of the (composite blackbody) spectrum with the star's rotational phase is also not very large and may be unobservable inmost cases. Gravitational lensing strongly suppresses the light curve pulsations. If a dipolefield is assumed, pulsed fractions comparable to the observed ones can be obtained only with stellar radii larger than those which are predicted by current models of neutron star struture, or with low stellar masses. Moreover, the shapes of the theoretical light curves with dipolefields do not correspond to the observations. The use of magnetic spectra may raise the pulsed fraction sufficiently but will certainly make the discrepancy with the light curve shapes worse: dipolefields are not sufficient to interpret the data. Many neutron star models with a meson condensate or hypersons predict very small radii, and hence very strong lensing, which will require highly nondipolar fields to be able to reproduce the observed pulsed fractions, if possible at all: this may be a new

Since the beginning of 2002 an intensive measurement program has been performed at the Fermilab Magnet Test Facility (MTF) to understand dynamic effects in Tevatron magnets. Based on the results of this program a new correction algorithm was proposed to compensate for the decay of the sextupole field during the dwell at injection and for the subsequent field ''snapback'' during the first few seconds of the energy ramp. Beam studies showed that the new correction algorithm works better than the original one, and improves the Tevatron efficiency by at least 3%. The beam studies also indicated insufficient correction during the first 6s of the injection plateau where an unexpected discrepancy of 0.15 sextupole units of extra drift was observed. This paper reports on the most recent measurements of the Tevatron dipolesfield at the beginning of the injection plateau. Results on the field decay and snapback in the Tevatron quadrupoles are also presented.

The National Synchrotron Light Source-II (NSLS-II) storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) will be equipped with 54 dipolemagnets having a gap of 35 mm, and 6 dipoles having a gap of 90 mm. Each dipole has a field of 0.4 T and provides 6 degrees of bending for a 3 GeV electron beam. The large aperture magnets are necessary to allow the extraction of long-wavelength light from the dipolemagnet to serve a growing number of users of low energy radiation. The dipoles must not only have good field homogeneity (0.015% over a 40 mm x 20 mm region), but the integral transfer functions and integral end harmonics of the two types of magnets must also be matched. The 35 mm aperture dipole has a novel design where the yoke ends are extended up to the outside dimension of the coil using magnetic steel nose pieces. This design increases the effective length of the dipole without increasing the physical length. These nose pieces can be tailored to adjust the integral transfer function as well as the homogeneity of the integrated field. One prototype of each dipole type has been fabricated to validate the designs and to study matching of the two dipoles. A Hall probe mapping system has been built with three Group 3 Hall probes mounted on a 2-D translation stage. The probes are arranged with one probe in the midplane of the magnet and the others vertically offset by {+-}10 mm. The field is mapped around a nominal 25 m radius beam trajectory. The results of measurements in the as-received magnets, and with modifications made to the nose pieces are presented.

In this work, the time evolution of the free induction decay caused by the local dipolefield of a spherical magnetic perturber is analyzed. The complicated treatment of the diffusion process is replaced by the strong-collision-approximation that allows a determination of the free induction decay in dependence of the underlying microscopic tissue parameters such as diffusion coefficient, sphere radius and susceptibility difference. The interplay between susceptibility- and diffusion-mediated effects yields several dephasing regimes of which, so far, only the classical regimes of motional narrowing and static dephasing for dominant and negligible diffusion, respectively, were extensively examined. Due to the asymmetric form of the dipolefield for spherical objects, the free induction decay exhibits a complex component in contradiction to the cylindrical case, where the symmetric local dipolefield only causes a purely real induction decay. Knowledge of the shape of the corresponding frequency distribution is necessary for the evaluation of more sophisticated pulse sequences and a detailed understanding of the off-resonance distribution allows improved quantification of transverse relaxation. PMID:26133269

We have developed and tested several cosine theta high fielddipole model magnets for accelerator application, utilizing Nb{sub 3}Sn strands made by MJR method and PIT method. With Rutherford cables made with PIT strand we achieved 10.1 Tesla central field at 2.2 K operation, and 9.5 Tesla at 4.5 K operation. The magnet wound with the MJR cable prematurely quenched at 6.8 Tesla at 4.5 K due to cryo-instability. Typical quench behaviors of these magnets are described for both types of magnets, HFDA-04 of MJR and HFDA-05 of PIT. Their characteristics parameters are compared on d{sub eff}, RRR, thermal conductivity and others, together with other historical Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets. It is suggested a larger RRR value is essential for the stability of the epoxy impregnated high fieldmagnets made with high current density strands. It is shown that a magnet with a larger RRR value has a longer MPZ value and more stable, due to its high thermal conductivity and low resistivity.

This dissertation examines stress management and other construction techniques as means to meet future accelerator requirement demands by planning, fabricating, and analyzing a high-field, Nb3Sn dipole. In order to enable future fundamental research and discovery in high energy accelerator physics, bending magnets must access the highest fields possible. Stress management is a novel, propitious path to attain higher fields and preserve the maximum current capacity of advanced superconductors by managing the Lorentz stress so that strain induced current degradation is mitigated. Stress management is accomplished through several innovative design features. A block-coil geometry enables an Inconel pier and beam matrix to be incorporated in the windings for Lorentz Stress support and reduced AC loss. A laminar spring between windings and mica paper surrounding each winding inhibit any stress transferral through the support structure and has been simulated with ALGORRTM. Wood's metal filled, stainless steel bladders apply isostatic, surface-conforming preload to the pier and beam support structure. Sufficient preload along with mica paper sheer release reduces magnet training by inhibiting stick-slip motion. The effectiveness of stress management is tested with high-precision capacitive stress transducers and strain gauges. In addition to stress management, there are several technologies developed to assist in the successful construction of a high-fielddipole. Quench protection has been designed and simulated along with full 3D magnetic simulation with OPERARTM. Rutherford cable was constructed, and cable thermal expansion data was analysed after heat treatment. Pre-impregnation analysis techniques were developed due to elemental tin leakage in varying quantities during heat treatment from each coil. Robust splicing techniques were developed with measured resistivites consistent with nO joints. Stress management has not been incorporated by any other high fielddipole

A parametric description of proton trajectories in the equatorial plane of Earth's dipolemagneticfield has been derived. The exact expression of the angular coordinate contains an integral to be performed numerically. The radial coordinate results from the initial conditions by basic mathematical operations and by using trigonometric functions. With the approximate angular coordinate formula, applicable for a wide variety of cases of protons trapped in Earth's radiation belts, no numerical integration is needed. The results of exact and approximate expressions were compared for a specific case and small differences were found. PMID:25815248

A large number of short and long superconducting dipolemagnets for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) have been constructed and measured for their magneticfield properties at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In this paper we compare the calculations and measurements for the variation of field harmonics as a function of current in 40 mm aperture and 50 mm aperture dipolemagnets. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the iron saturation effects on the field harmonics. The field harmonics also change due to the persistent current in the superconducting wires and due to the deformation of the coil shape because of Lorentz forces. We discuss the variation in the sextupole harmonics (b{sub 2}) with current and explain the differences between the calculations and measurements. We also discuss the skew quadrupole harmonic at high field in the long dipolemagnets. 3 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

In this paper, we discuss an algorithm for constructing a numerical linear optics model for dipolemagnets from a 3D field map. The difference between the numerical model and K. Brown's analytic approach is investigated and clarified. It was found that the optics distortion due to the dipoles' fringe focusing must be properly taken into account to accurately determine the chromaticities. In NSLS-II, there are normal dipoles with 35-mm gap and dipoles for infrared sources with 90-mm gap. This linear model of the dipolemagnets is applied to the NSLS-II lattice design to match optics parameters between the DBA cells having dipoles with different gaps.

The 1 m long Nb{sub 3}Sn dipolemagnet HD2, fabricated and tested at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, represents a step towards the development of block-type accelerator quality magnets operating in the range of 13-15 T. The magnet design features two coil modules composed of two layers wound around a titanium-alloy pole. The layer 1 pole includes a round cutout to provide room for a bore tube with a clear aperture of 36 mm. After a first series of tests where HD2 reached a maximum bore field of 13.8 T, corresponding to an estimated peak field on the conductor of 14.5 T, the magnet was disassembled and reloaded without the bore tube and with a clear aperture increased to 43 mm. We describe in this paper the magnet training observed in two consecutive tests after the removal of the bore tube, with a comparison of the quench performance with respect to the previous tests. An analysis of the voltage signals recorded before and after training quenches is then presented and discussed, and the results of coil visual inspections reported.

To perform detailed studies of the dynamic effects in superconducting accelerator magnets, a fast continuous harmonics measurement system based on the application of a digital signal processor (DSP) has been built at Fermilab. Using this new system, the dynamic effects in the sextupole field, such as the field decay during the dwell at injection and the rapid subsequent ''snapback'' during the first few seconds of the energy ramp, are evaluated for more than ten Tevatron dipoles from the spare pool. The results confirm the previously observed fast drift in the first several seconds of the sextupole decay and provide additional information on a scaling law for predicting snapback duration. The information presented here can be used for an optimization of the Tevatron and for future LHC operations.

The magnetic navigation of drugs in the vascular network promises to increase the efficacy and reduce the secondary toxicity of cancer treatments by targeting tumors directly. Recently, dipolefield navigation (DFN) was proposed as the first method achieving both high field and high navigation gradient strengths for whole-body interventions in deep tissues. This is achieved by introducing large ferromagnetic cores around the patient inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. However, doing so distorts the static field inside the scanner, which prevents imaging during the intervention. This limitation constrains DFN to open-loop navigation, thus exposing the risk of a harmful toxicity in case of a navigation failure. Here, we are interested in periodically assessing drug targeting efficiency using MRI even in the presence of a core. We demonstrate, using a clinical scanner, that it is in fact possible to acquire, in specific regions around a core, images of sufficient quality to perform this task. We show that the core can be moved inside the scanner to a position minimizing the distortion effect in the region of interest for imaging. Moving the core can be done automatically using the gradient coils of the scanner, which then also enables the core to be repositioned to perform navigation to additional targets. The feasibility and potential of the approach are validated in an in vitro experiment demonstrating navigation and assessment at two targets.

A twin-aperture superconducting dipole model has been designed in collaboration with Finnish and Swedish Scientific Institutions within the framework of the LHC R and D program and has been built at CERN. Principal features of the magnet are 56 mm aperture, separate stainless steel collared coils, yoke closed after assembly at room temperature, and longitudinal prestressing of the coil ends. This paper recalls the main dipole design characteristics and presents some details of its fabrication including geometrical and mechanical measurements of the collared coil assembly.

We report on the measurement of a Larmor frequency shift proportional to the electric-field strength for 199Hg atoms contained in a volume permeated with aligned magnetic and electric fields. This shift arises from the interplay between the inevitable magneticfield gradients and the motional magneticfield. The proportionality to electric-field strength makes it apparently similar to an electric dipole moment (EDM) signal, although unlike an EDM this effect is P- and T-conserving. We have used a neutron magnetic resonance EDM spectrometer, featuring a mercury co-magnetometer and an array of external cesium magnetometers, to measure the shift as a function of the applied magneticfield gradient. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations.

Hermean magneticfield measurements acquired over the northern hemisphere by the MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft provide crucial information on the magneticfield of the planet. We develop a new method, the Time Dependent Equivalent Source Dipole, to model a planetary magneticfield and its secular variation over a limited spatial region. Tests with synthetic data distributed on regular grids as well as at spacecraft positions show that our modeled magneticfield can be upward or downward continued in an altitude range of -300 to 1460 km for regular grids and in a narrower range of 10 to 970 km for spacecraft positions. They also show that the method is not sensitive to a very weak secular variation along MESSENGER orbits. We then model the magneticfield of Mercury during the first four individual sidereal days as measured by MESSENGER using the modified Equivalent Source Dipoles scheme and excluding the secular variation terms. We find a dominantly zonal field with small-scale nonaxisymmetric features corotating with the Sun in the Mercury Body Fixed system and repeating under similar local time, suggestive of external origin. When modeling the field during one complete solar day, these small-scale features decrease and the field becomes more axisymmetric. The lack of any coherent nonaxisymmetric feature recovered by our method, which was designed to allow for such small-scale structures, provides strong evidence for the large-scale and close-to-axisymmetry structure of the internal magneticfield of Mercury.

The velocity of controlled airborne sources of electromagnetic geophysical surveys plays an additional role in the scattering of the fields by the earth. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate its contribution in the space and time variation of secondary electromagnetic fields. The model of a vertical magneticdipole moving at a constant speed along a horizontal line in the air and above a homogeneous conductive half-space constitutes a first approach to stress the kinematic aspect and determine the difference between the fields due to an airborne and a static source. The magnetic moment of the source is equal to 104 A m2, its height is 120 m, and the horizontal and vertical separations between it and the receiver are, respectively, equal to 100 and 50 m: these values of the model are typical of towed-bird airborne TDEM surveys. We employed four values for the common velocities of source and receiver (0, 60, 80, and 100 m s-1), four values of the conductivity of the half-space (0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 S m-1), and two causal source currents (box with periods of 80 and 10 ms and periodic with frequency values of 12.5 and 100 Hz). The results demonstrate that the relative velocity between source and medium yields a measurable variation compared to the static condition. Therefore, it must be taken into consideration by compensating the discrepancy in measured data employing the respective theoretical result. The results also show that it is necessary to adjust the concepts of time and frequency domain for electromagnetic measurements with traveling sources.

Instabilities in a cross-field discharge around a permanent magnet have been investigated. The permanent magnet serves as a cold cathode and the chamber wall as an anode. The magnet is biased strongly negative and emits secondary electrons due to impact of energetic ions. The electrons outside the sheath are confined by the strong dipolar magneticfield and by the ion-rich sheath surrounding the magnet. The electron energy peaks in the equatorial plane where most ionization occurs and the ions are trapped in a negative potential well. The discharge mechanism is the same as that of cylindrical and planar magnetrons, but here extended to a 3-D cathode geometry using a single dipolemagnet. While the basic properties of the discharge are presented in a companion paper, the present focus is on various observed instabilities. The first is an ion sheath instability which oscillates the plasma potential outside the sheath below the ion plasma frequency. It arises in ion-rich sheaths with low electron supply, which is the case for low secondary emission yields. Sheath oscillations modulate the discharge current creating oscillating magneticfields. The second instability is current-driven ion sound turbulence due to counter-streaming electrons and ions. The fluctuations have a broad spectrum and short correlation lengths in all directions. The third type of fluctuations is spiky potential and current oscillations in high density discharges. These appear to be due to unstable emission properties of the magnetron cathode.

We report on the fabrication, assembly, and test of the Nb{sub 3}Sn dipolemagnet HD2. The magnet, aimed at demonstrating the application of Nb{sub 3}Sn superconductor in high field accelerator-type dipoles, features a 36 mm clear bore surrounded by block-type coils with tilted ends. The coil design is optimized to minimize geometric harmonics in the aperture and the magnetic peak field on the conductor in the coil ends. The target bore field of 15 T at 4.3 K is consistent with critical current measurements of extracted strands. The coils are horizontally pre-stressed during assembly using an external aluminum shell pre-tensioned with water-pressurized bladders. Axial pre-loading of the coil ends is accomplished through two end plates and four aluminum tension rods. The strain in coil, shell, and rods is monitored with strain gauges during assembly, cool-down and magnet excitation, and compared with 3D finite element computations. Magnet's training performance, quench locations, and ramp-rate dependence are then analyzed and discussed.

The Surrounding Field Compensation (SFC) system described in this work is installed around the four-layer Mu-metal magnetic shield of the neutron electric dipole moment spectrometer located at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The SFC system reduces the DC component of the external magneticfield by a factor of about 20. Within a control volume of approximately 2.5 m × 2.5 m × 3 m, disturbances of the magneticfield are attenuated by factors of 5–50 at a bandwidth from 10{sup −3} Hz up to 0.5 Hz, which corresponds to integration times longer than several hundreds of seconds and represent the important timescale for the neutron electric dipole moment measurement. These shielding factors apply to random environmental noise from arbitrary sources. This is achieved via a proportional-integral feedback stabilization system that includes a regularized pseudoinverse matrix of proportionality factors which correlates magneticfield changes at all sensor positions to current changes in the SFC coils.

Aims:We investigated a sample of 28 well-known spectroscopically-identified magnetic Ap/Bp stars, with weak, poorly-determined or previously undetected magneticfields. The aim of this study is to explore the weak part of the magneticfield distribution of Ap/Bp stars. Methods: Using the MuSiCoS and NARVAL spectropolarimeters at Télescope Bernard Lyot (Observatoire du Pic du Midi, France) and the cross-correlation technique Least Squares Deconvolution (LSD), we obtained 282 LSD Stokes V signatures of our 28 sample stars, in order to detect the magneticfield and to infer its longitudinal component with high precision (median σ=40 G). Results: For the 28 studied stars, we obtained 27 detections of Stokes V Zeeman signatures from the MuSiCoS observations. Detection of the Stokes V signature of the 28th star (HD 32650) was obtained during science demonstration time of the new NARVAL spectropolarimeter at Pic du Midi. This result clearly shows that when observed with sufficient precision, all firmly classified Ap/Bp stars show detectable surface magneticfields. Furthermore, all detected magneticfields correspond to longitudinal fields which are significantly greater than some tens of G. To better characterise the surface magneticfield intensities and geometries of the sample, we phased the longitudinal field measurements of each star using new and previously-published rotational periods, and modeled them to infer the dipolar field intensity (B_d, measured at the magnetic pole) and the magnetic obliquity (β). The distribution of derived dipole strengths for these stars exhibits a plateau at about 1 kG, falling off to larger and smaller field strengths. Remarkably, in this sample of stars selected for their presumably weak magneticfields, we find only 2 stars for which the derived dipole strength is weaker than 300 G. We interpret this “magnetic threshold” as a critical value necessary for the stability of large-scale magneticfields, and develop a simple

This paper examines the effect that solar differential rotation would have on a hypothetical large-scale equatorial dipolefield. The evolving large-scale field pattern is expressed as a series of non-axisymmetric moments. As time increases, power is transferred to progressively higher order moments. In the 27d rotating coordinate system, each moment undergoes a small retrograde drift which remains nearly uniform until that mode begins to fade. The synodic rotation periods of the first few moments are comparable to the observed 28.5d period of the sun's large-scale field near sunspot maximum. Differential rotation may be the source of this 28.5d period, but the eruption of new flux is necessary to keep the pattern going.

Motivated by the Fermi observations of some γ-ray pulsars in which the phases of radio and γ-ray peaks are almost the same, we investigate the outer gap model in a retarded dipole with a current-induced magneticfield and apply it to explain pulsed γ-ray properties of the Crab pulsar. Our results show that the observed γ-ray energy-dependent light curves, which almost align with the radio light curve and phase averaged spectrum for the Crab pulsar, are reproduced well.

The influence of magneticdipole interactions (MDIs) on the magnetic properties of local-moment Heisenberg spin systems is investigated. A general formulation is presented for calculating the eigenvalues λ and eigenvectors μ ̂ of the MDI tensor of the magneticdipoles in a line (one dimension, 1D), within a circle (2D) or a sphere (3D) of radius r surrounding a given moment μ⃗i for given magnetic propagation vectors k for collinear and coplanar noncollinear magnetic structures on both Bravais and non-Bravais spin lattices. Results are calculated for collinear ordering on 1D chains, 2D square and simple-hexagonal (triangular) Bravais lattices, 2D honeycomb and kagomé non-Bravais lattices, and 3D cubic Bravais lattices. The λ and μ ̂ values are compared with previously reported results. Calculations for collinear ordering on 3D simple tetragonal, body-centered tetragonal, and stacked triangular and honeycomb lattices are presented for c /a ratios from 0.5 to 3 in both graphical and tabular form to facilitate comparison of experimentally determined easy axes of ordering on these Bravais lattices with the predictions for MDIs. Comparisons with the easy axes measured for several illustrative collinear antiferromagnets (AFMs) are given. The calculations are extended to the cycloidal noncollinear 120∘ AFM ordering on the triangular lattice where λ is found to be the same as for collinear AFM ordering with the same k. The angular orientation of the ordered moments in the noncollinear coplanar AFM structure of GdB4 with a distorted stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland spin-lattice geometry is calculated and found to be in disagreement with experimental observations, indicating the presence of another source of anisotropy. Similar calculations for the undistorted 2D and stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland lattices are reported. The thermodynamics of dipolar magnets are calculated using the Weiss molecular field theory for quantum spins, including the magnetic transition

The influence of magneticdipole interactions (MDIs) on the magnetic properties of local-moment Heisenberg spin systems is investigated. A general formulation is presented for calculating the eigenvalues λ and eigenvectors μ ˆ of the MDI tensor of the magneticdipoles in a line (one dimension, 1D), within a circle (2D) or a sphere (3D) of radius r surrounding a given moment μ → i for given magnetic propagation vectors k for collinear and coplanar noncollinear magnetic structures on both Bravais and non-Bravais spin lattices. Results are calculated for collinear ordering on 1D chains, 2D square and simple-hexagonal (triangular) Bravais lattices,more » 2D honeycomb and kagomé non-Bravais lattices, and 3D cubic Bravais lattices. The λ and μ ˆ values are compared with previously reported results. Calculations for collinear ordering on 3D simple tetragonal, body-centered tetragonal, and stacked triangular and honeycomb lattices are presented for c/a ratios from 0.5 to 3 in both graphical and tabular form to facilitate comparison of experimentally determined easy axes of ordering on these Bravais lattices with the predictions for MDIs. Comparisons with the easy axes measured for several illustrative collinear antiferromagnets (AFMs) are given. The calculations are extended to the cycloidal noncollinear 120 ° AFM ordering on the triangular lattice where λ is found to be the same as for collinear AFM ordering with the same k. The angular orientation of the ordered moments in the noncollinear coplanar AFM structure of GdB 4 with a distorted stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland spin-lattice geometry is calculated and found to be in disagreement with experimental observations, indicating the presence of another source of anisotropy. Similar calculations for the undistorted 2D and stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland lattices are reported. The thermodynamics of dipolar magnets are calculated using the Weiss molecular field theory for quantum spins, including the magnetic

Sheared Alfven waves generated by nonradial crustal disturbances above the polar cap of a strongly magnetized neutron star induce an electric field component parallel to B. An attempt is made to determine the manner in which the strong radial dependence of B affects the propagation of these sheared Alfven waves, and whether this MHD process is still an effective particle accelerator. It is found that although the general field equation is quite complicated, a simple wavelike solution can still be obtained under the conditions of interest for which the Alfven phase velocity decouples from the wave equation. The results may be applicable to gamma-ray burst sources.

A motor generator including a high temperature superconductor rotor and an internally disposed coil assembly. The motor generator superconductor rotor is constructed of a plurality of superconductor elements magnetized to produce a dipolefield. The coil assembly can be either a conventional conductor or a high temperature superconductor. The superconductor rotor elements include a magnetization direction and c-axis for the crystals of the elements and which is oriented along the magnetization direction.

Data from the auroral particles experiment on OGO-4 were used to study effects of substorm activity, interplanetary magneticfield latitutde, and dipole tilt angle on high-latitude precipitation of 700 eV electrons. It was found that: (1) The high-latitude zone of 700 eV electron precipitation in late evening and early morning hours moves equatorward by 5 to 10 deg during substorms. (2) The low-latitude boundary of polar cusp electron precipitation at 9 to 15 hours MLT also moves equatorward by several degrees during substorms and, in the absence of significant substorm activity, after a period of southward interplanetary magneticfield. (3) With times containing substorm activity or a southward interplanetary magneticfield eliminated, the low-latitude boundary of polar cusp electron precipitation is found to move by approximately 4 deg over the total yearly range of tilt angles. At maximum winter and summer conditions the invariant latitude of the boundary is shown to shift by approximately -3 deg and +1 deg respectively from its equinox location.

During the recent Solar Cycles (SCs), solar activity parameters such as the total solar irradiance, interplanetary magneticfield and solar polar magneticfield get weakened. The length of solar cycle from SC 23 to SC 24 becomes much longer than previous solar cycles. The polarity of solar magneticfield is of not only dipole but also sum of multipoles such as the quadrupole and so on. In this study, we analyze the magnitude of harmonic function coefficients and the variation of dipole and multipole components provided by Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO). As a result, the magnitude of total solar magneticfield shows a significant decrease since SC 23. The decrease rate of dipole is larger than that of multipole during the SC 23. It means that the dipole component gets weaker and the multipole one getse stronger in SC 23 compared with SCs 21 and 22. Thus, the multipole component is important factor in determining the solar activity. In general, the dipole component is weak at the solar maximum period and strong at the solar minimum period. The composition ratio of multipole component, particularly quadrupole increases at the solar minimum of SC 23/24. If the solar activity is low such as the solar cycle 23/24 minimum, the quadrupole component may show the relative increase. Therefore, we can predict that the solar activity will be further weaker at next solar minimum of SC 24/25 and the quadrupole component may show the remarkable increase.

A conceptual design and manufacturing technique were developed for a superconducting bent solenoid magnet with a superimposed dipolefield that would be used as a dispersion device in the cooling channel of a future Muon Collider. The considered bent solenoid is equivalent to a 180° section of a toroid with a major radius of ~610 mm and a coil aperture of ~416 mm. The required field components of this magnet are 4 tesla for the solenoid field and 1 tesla for the superimposed dipolefield. A magnet of this size and shape, operating at these field levels, has to sustain large Lorentz forces resulting in a maximum magnetic pressure of about 2,000 psi. A flexible round mini-cable with 37 strands of Cu-NbTi was selected as the superconductor. Detailed magnetic analysis showed that it is possible to obtain the required superimposed dipolefield by tilting the winding planes of the solenoid by ~25°. A complete structural analysis of the coil support system and the helium containment vessel under thermal, pressure, and Lorentz force loads was carried out using 3D finite element models of the structures. The main technical issues were studied and solutions were worked out so that a highly reliable magnet of this type can be produced at an affordable cost.

Electromagnetic field analyses were carried out to study the influence of coated-conductor magnetisation, i.e. the screening (shielding) current, on the field quality of a dipolemagnet in a rotating gantry for hadron cancer therapy. The analyses were made on the cross section of a cosine-theta dipolemagnet in a rotating gantry for carbon ions, which generated 2.90 T of magneticfield. The temporal profile (temporal variation) of the magnet current was determined based on the actual excitation schemes of the magnets in the rotating gantry. The experimentally determined superconducting property of a coated conductor was considered, and we calculated the temporal evolutions of the current-density distributions in all the turns of coated conductors in the magnet. From the obtained current-density distributions, we calculated the multipole components of the magneticfield and evaluated the field quality of the magnet. The deviation in the dipole component from its designed value was up to approximately 25 mT, which was approximately 1% of the designed maximum dipole component. Its variation between repeated excitations was approximately 0.03%, and it drifted approximately 0.06% in 10 s. Some compensation schemes might be required to counteract such influence of magnetisation on the dipole component. Meanwhile, the higher multipole components were small, stable, and sufficiently reproducible for a magnet in rotating gantries, i.e. |b 3| ˜ 1.1 × 10-3 and |Δb 3| ˜ 0.2 × 10-3 in 10 s.

Using a three-dimensional MHD model, we simulate the global steady-state structure of the solar corona and solar wind for a dipolemagneticfield on the Sun inclined by 30 degrees to the solar rotation axis. This represents the solar conditions typical for a declining phase of solar cycle. The computations can extend from the coronal base out to 100-AU and at large heliospheric distances includes the effects of interstellar neutral hydrogen and their interaction with solar wind protons. The simulations can model the formation of corotating interaction regions and the heliospheric current sheet. The simulations are also capable of describing very strong rarefaction regions that include embedded sub-Alfvenic regions that form on the trailing edge of a fast flows.

Using the experience gained in designing and building Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) dipole prototype magnets an improved cross section has been developed. Significant features of this design include the use of only three wedges for field shaping and wedge cross sections which are sectors of an annulus. To aid in the understanding of the actual magnets, one has been sectioned, and detailed mechanical and photographic measurements made of the wire positions. The comparison of these measurements with the magneticfield measurements will is presented. 2 refs, 3 figs., 2 tabs.

Superconducting helical dipolemagnets with a nominal field of 4 Tesla are needed for the spin physics program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The magnets are required to operate at a relatively low current of 400 A since many of these magnets have to be independently controlled. The Advanced Magnet Lab, Inc., in Palm Bay, FL has designed and built two prototype magnets using advanced computer controlled coil winding technology. The AML design is extremely cost effective since it avoids magnet specific tooling despite the required complex coil pattern and any precision machined inserts or spacers. It is the first time an accelerator magnet of this technology has reached a field above 4 Tesla. Results from the prototype testing at BNL are presented.

We report magneticdipolefield investigation at the atomic scale in a single crystal of quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) paramagnetic conductor Li0.9Mo6O17, using a paramagnetic electron model and (7)Li-NMR spectroscopy measurements with an externally applied magneticfield B 0 = 9 T. We find that the magneticdipolefield component ([Formula: see text]) parallel to B 0 at the Li site from the Mo electrons has no lattice axial symmetry; it is small around the middle between the lattice a and c axes in the ac-plane with the minimum at the field orientation angle [Formula: see text], while the [Formula: see text] maximum is at [Formula: see text] when B 0 is applied perpendicular to b ([Formula: see text]), where [Formula: see text] represents the direction of [Formula: see text]. Further estimation indicates that [Formula: see text] has a maximum value of 0.35 G at B 0 = 9 T. By minimizing the potential magnetic contributions to the NMR spectra satellites with the NMR spectroscopy measurements at the direction where the value of the magneticdipolefield component [Formula: see text] is ∼0, the behavior of the electron charge statics is exhibited. This work demonstrates that the magneticdipolefield of the Mo electrons is the dominant source of the local magneticfields at the Li site, and suggests that the unknown metal-'insulator' crossover at low temperatures is not a charge effect. The work also reveals valuable local electric and magneticfield information for further NMR investigation as recently suggested (2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 235128) regarding the unusual properties of the material. PMID:26571041

We report observation of a 'non-volatile' converse magneto-electric effect in elliptical FeGa nanomagnets delineated on a piezoelectric PMN-PT substrate. The nanomagnets are first magnetized with a magneticfield directed along their nominal major axes. Subsequent application of a strong electric field across the piezoelectric substrate generates strain in the substrate, which is partially transferred to the nanomagnets and rotates the magnetizations of some of them away from their initial orientations. The rotated magnetizations remain in their new orientations after the field is removed, resulting in 'non-volatility'. In isolated nanomagnets, the magnetization rotates by <90° upon application of the electric field, but in a dipole-coupled pair consisting of one 'hard' and one 'soft' nanomagnet, which are both initially magnetized in the same direction by the magneticfield, the soft nanomagnet's magnetization rotates by [Formula: see text] upon application of the electric field because of the dipole influence of the hard nanomagnet. This effect can be utilized for a nanomagnetic NOT logic gate. PMID:26373868

We report observation of a ‘non-volatile’ converse magneto-electric effect in elliptical FeGa nanomagnets delineated on a piezoelectric PMN-PT substrate. The nanomagnets are first magnetized with a magneticfield directed along their nominal major axes. Subsequent application of a strong electric field across the piezoelectric substrate generates strain in the substrate, which is partially transferred to the nanomagnets and rotates the magnetizations of some of them away from their initial orientations. The rotated magnetizations remain in their new orientations after the field is removed, resulting in ‘non-volatility’. In isolated nanomagnets, the magnetization rotates by \\lt 90^\\circ upon application of the electric field, but in a dipole-coupled pair consisting of one ‘hard’ and one ‘soft’ nanomagnet, which are both initially magnetized in the same direction by the magneticfield, the soft nanomagnet’s magnetization rotates by \\gt 90^\\circ upon application of the electric field because of the dipole influence of the hard nanomagnet. This effect can be utilized for a nanomagnetic NOT logic gate.

Earth's dipolemagneticfield is constantly compressed by the solar wind and the compression is enhanced during magnetic storm. We simulate whistler chorus in a compressed dipolefield using a hybrid code. The hybrid code uses the particle-in-cell technique in generalized orthogonal coordinates. In the hybrid code, a small fraction of electrons are treated as particles with anisotropic temperature that leads to the whistler instability. Other electrons are treated as a cold fluid without mass. The density of the fluid electrons is large such that the plasma frequency exceeds the electron gyro frequency. Ions serve as a fixed background. We model the compressed dipolefield by adding a constant magneticfield component to the dipolefield. The direction of the compressed component is the same as that of the dipolefield at the equator. This model of the compressed dipolefield yields a magneticfield with off-equator minima and smaller inhomogeneity than the dipolefield near the equator. The distribution of hot anisotropic electrons along the magneticfield is a function of adiabatic invariants that satisfies MHD force balance. In the compressed dipolefield, the hot electron anisotropy, hot electron density and plasma beta in the direction parallel to the background magneticfield are the maximum at the minimum magneticfield. In our simulation, whistler chorus are generated at the minimum magneticfield with a peak frequency in agreement with the prediction by WHAMP, a local dispersion relation solver. The waves propagate in both directions along the magneticfield. Waves that propagate to higher magnetic latitude are damped at the boundary by the artificial resistive layers, while waves that propagate to lower latitude towards the equator continue to grow.

We investigate the generation of motional squeezed states in a nano-mechanical cantilever. Our model system consists of a nanoscale cantilever - whose center-of-mass motion is initially cooled to its quantum mechanical ground state - magnetically coupled a classically driven mechanical tuning fork. We show that the magneticdipole-dipole interaction can produce significant phonon squeezing of the center-of-mass motion of the cantilever, and evaluate the effect of various dissipation channels, including the coupling of the cantilever to a heat bath and phase and amplitude fluctuations in the oscillating field driving the tuning fork. US National Science Foundation, the US Army Research Office, DARPA ORCHID program through a grant from AFOSR.

An improved dual aperture dipole electromagnet includes a second-harmonic frequency magnetic guide field winding which surrounds first harmonic frequency magnetic guide field windings associated with each aperture. The second harmonic winding and the first harmonic windings cooperate to produce resultant magnetic waveforms in the apertures which have extended acceleration and shortened reset portions of electromagnet operation.

An improved dual aperture dipole electromagnet includes a second-harmonic frequency magnetic guide field winding which surrounds first harmonic frequency magnetic guide field windings associated with each aperture. The second harmonic winding and the first harmonic windings cooperate to produce resultant magnetic waveforms in the apertures which have extended acceleration and shortened reset portions of electromagnet operation.

The radiation Q of several dipolefields in free space are determined using the time-dependent Poynting theorem. Earlier works on this subject, recently summarized by McLean [1996], are based upon the complex Poynting theorem. It was previously shown [Grimes and Grimes, 1997] that the full complex Poynting theorem is correct only for single-mode radiation fields. The time-dependent theorem shows that three numbers are necessary to completely specify time-varying power, and complex numbers supply but two; the third piece of information, a phase, is discarded when complex notation is formed. Omissions inherent in the complex Poynting theorem affect the calculated value of standing energy about an antenna and hence the calculated value of Q. To avoid such omissions, we develop a method of determining Q based upon the time-dependent Poynting theorem that builds upon and extends our earlier work [Grimes and Grimes, 1997]. The purposes of this paper are to (1) provide a time domain basis for calculating Q in mixed modal radiation fields, (2) determine the Q of electric and magneticdipoles, alone and in combination, and (3) demonstrate how source structure and relative phasing affect the physics of several combinations of electric and magneticdipole radiation fields. The primary conclusion of this work is that the minimum possible Q of a radiation source established by Chu [1948] does not extend to properly mixed and phased multimodal radiation fields. A radiation source is presented for which, by our analysis, the radiation Q is zero.

The close connection of electricity and magnetism is one of the cornerstones of modern physics. This connection has a crucial role from a fundamental point of view and in practical applications, including spintronics and multiferroic materials. A breakthrough was a recent proposal that in magnetic materials called spin ice the elementary excitations have a magnetic charge and behave as magnetic monopoles. I show that, besides magnetic charge, there should be an electric dipole attached to each magnetic monopole. This opens new possibilities to study and control such monopoles using an electric field. Thus, the electric-magnetic analogy goes even further than usually assumed: whereas electrons have electric charge and magneticdipole (spin), magnetic monopoles in spin ice, while having magnetic charge, also have an electric dipole. PMID:22713746

From Boltzmann's equation, S=k lnΩ, an expression for the orientational entropy, S of a rigid rod (electric dipole) is derived. The free energy of the dipole in an electric field is then calculated as a function of both the dipole's average orientation and the field strength. Application of the equilibrium criterion to the free energy yields the field dependence of the entropy of the dipole. Irreversible thermodynamics is used to derive the general form of the equation of motion of the dipole's average orientation. Subsequent application of Newton's second law of motion produces Debye's classical expression for the relaxation of an electric dipole in a viscous medium.

Magnetotactic bacteria benefit from their ability to form cellular magneticdipoles by assembling stable single-domain ferromagnetic particles in chains as a means to navigate along Earth's magneticfield lines on their way to favorable habitats. We studied the assembly of nanosized membrane-encapsulated magnetite particles (magnetosomes) by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy using Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense cultured in a time-resolved experimental setting. The spectroscopic data show that 1), magnetic particle growth is not synchronized; 2), the increase in particle numbers is insufficient to build up cellular magneticdipoles; and 3), dipoles of assembled magnetosome blocks occur when the first magnetite particles reach a stable single-domain state. These stable single-domain particles can act as magnetic docks to stabilize the remaining and/or newly nucleated superparamagnetic particles in their adjacencies. We postulate that docking is a key mechanism for building the functional cellular magneticdipole, which in turn is required for magnetotaxis in bacteria. PMID:20713012

Paleomagnetic excursions are enigmatic phenomena that reveal geodynamo behavior in its transitional state and provide important refinements in age control for the late Pleistocene, a critical time period for the study of paleoclimate and human evolution. We report here on two widely separated, unusually detailed records of the Mono Lake excursion (MLE) from sedimentary sequences dated at 32 ka. One of the records is from Summer Lake, Oregon. The vector components of this new record faithfully reproduce the principle features of the MLE as recorded at the type localities around Mono Lake, CA, though with greater detail and higher amplitude. Radiocarbon dates on bulk organics in the Summer Lake record confirm the 32 ka age of the MLE. The other record is from the marine Irminger Basin off of eastern Greenland and is based on the measurement of discrete samples rather than u-channels. The associated VGP paths of the two records strongly suggest systematic field behavior that includes three loci of nondipole flux whose relative dominance oscillates through time. The staggered sequence followed by the two paths through each flux locus further suggests that both the demise and return of the main field floods zonally during the excursion. The composite path is also compatible with the VGPs of a 32 ka set of lavas from New Zealand and, notably, it does not include VGPs associated with the 40 ka Laschamp excursion. This confirms that these two excursions are distinct events and, more specifically, shows that it is the 32 ka Mono Lake excursion that is recorded in the sediments surrounding Mono Lake rather than the ~40 ka Laschamp excursion.

We study the classical behavior of an electric dipole in the presence of a uniform magneticfield. Using the Lagrangian formulation, we obtain the equations of motion, whose solutions are represented in terms of Jacobi functions. We also identify two constants of motion, namely, the energy E and a pseudomomentumC{sup →}. We obtain a relation between the constants that allows us to suggest the existence of a type of bound states without turning points, which are called trapped states. These results are consistent with and complementary to previous results. - Highlights: • Bound states without turning points. • Lagrangian Formulation for an electric dipole in a magneticfield. • Motion of the center of mass and trapped states. • Constants of motion: pseudomomentum and energy.

An oscillating magneticdipole moment emits radiation. We assume that the dipole is embedded in a medium with relative permittivity ϵr and relative permeability μr, and we have studied the effects of the surrounding material on the flow lines of the emitted energy. For a linear dipole moment in free space the flow lines of energy are straight lines, coming out of the dipole. When located in a medium, these field lines curve toward the dipole axis, due to the imaginary part of μr. Some field lines end on the dipole axis, giving a nonradiating contribution to the energy flow. For a rotating dipole moment in free space, each field line of energy flow lies on a cone around the axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the dipole moment. The field line pattern is an optical vortex. When embedded in a material, the cone shape of the vortex becomes a funnel shape, and the windings are much less dense than for the pattern in free space. This is again due to the imaginary part of μr. When the real part of μr is negative, the field lines of the vortex swirl around the dipole axis opposite to the rotation direction of the dipole moment. For a near-single-negative medium, the spatial extent of the vortex becomes huge. We compare the results for the magneticdipole to the case of an embedded electric dipole. PMID:27140885

A simple discharge is described which uses a permanent magnet as a cold cathode and the metallic chamber wall as an anode. The magnet's equator is biased strongly negative, which produces secondary electrons due to the impact of energetic ions. The emitted electrons are highly confined by the strong dipolar magneticfield and the negative potential in the equatorial plane of the magnet. The emitted electrons ionize near the sheath and produce further electrons, which drift across field lines to the anode while the nearly unmagnetized ions are accelerated back to the magnet. A steady state discharge is maintained at neutral pressures above 10{sup −3} mbar. This is the principle of magnetron discharges, which commonly use cylindrical and planar cathodes rather than magneticdipoles as cathodes. The discharge properties have been investigated in steady state and pulsed mode. Different magnets and geometries have been employed. The role of a background plasma has been investigated. Various types of instabilities have been observed such as sheath oscillations, current-driven turbulence, relaxation instabilities due to ionization, and high frequency oscillations created by sputtering impulses, which are described in more detail in companion papers. The discharge has also been operated in reactive gases and shown to be useful for sputtering applications.

The high magneticfields required for future accelerator magnets can only be achieved with Nb3Sn, other A15 or HTS type conductors, which are brittle and sensitive to mechanical strain. The traditional ''cosine-theta'' dipole configuration has intrinsic drawbacks that make it difficult and expensive to employ such conductors in these designs. Some of these problems involve (1) difficulty in applying enough pre-stress to counteract Lorentz forces without compromising conductor performance; (2) small minimum bend radii of the conductor necessitating the intricate wind-and-react coil fabrication; (3) complex spacers in particular for coil ends and expensive tooling for coil fabrication; (4) typically only 2/3 of the coil aperture can be used with achievable field uniformity.

In actual implementations of magnetic control laws for spacecraft attitude stabilization, the time in which Earth magneticfield is measured must be separated from the time in which magneticdipole moment is generated. The latter separation translates into the constraint of being able to genere only piecewise-constant magneticdipole moment. In this work we present attitude stabilization laws using only magnetic actuators that take into account of the latter aspect. Both a state feedback and an output feedback are presented, and it is shown that the proposed design allows for a systematic selection of the sampling period.

We show how the concept of the magneticdipole moment can be introduced in the same way as the concept of the electric dipole moment in introductory courses on electromagnetism. Considering a localized steady current distribution, we make a Taylor expansion directly in the Biot-Savart law to obtain, explicitly, the dominant contribution of the…

The Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) will be able to support experiments using polarized proton beams. Siberian Snakes are used to maintain polarization in this high energy superconducting collider. To make efficient use of available space while taking advantage of high field superconducting magnets, 4 Tesla helical dipolemagnets will be used. These magnets generate a central dipolefield in which the field direction rotates through 360^circ about the longitudinal axis over the length of the device. An arrangement of four such magnets can produce the desired change in the spin direction while keeping the proton orbit outside of the ``Snake'' unaltered. Similar magnet arrangements will be used to produce longitudinal polarization at the two major interaction points in RHIC. The basic requirements and layout of these magnets are described, as well as tolerances on field quality and integrated field strengths. First results of tests of prototype helical magnets will be discussed.

Direct observations indicate that the magnitude of the Earth's magnetic axial dipole has decreased over the past 175 years; it is now 9% weaker than it was in 1840. Here we show how the rate of dipole decay may be controlled by a planetary-scale gyre in the liquid metal outer core. The gyre's meridional limbs on average transport normal polarity magnetic flux equatorward and reverse polarity flux poleward. Asymmetry in the geomagnetic field, due to the South Atlantic Anomaly, is essential to the proposed mechanism. We find that meridional flux advection accounts for the majority of the dipole decay since 1840, especially during times of rapid decline, with magnetic diffusion making an almost steady contribution generally of smaller magnitude. Based on the morphology of the present field, and the persistent nature of the gyre, the current episode of dipole decay looks set to continue, at least for the next few decades. PMID:26814368

Direct observations indicate that the magnitude of the Earth's magnetic axial dipole has decreased over the past 175 years; it is now 9% weaker than it was in 1840. Here we show how the rate of dipole decay may be controlled by a planetary-scale gyre in the liquid metal outer core. The gyre's meridional limbs on average transport normal polarity magnetic flux equatorward and reverse polarity flux poleward. Asymmetry in the geomagnetic field, due to the South Atlantic Anomaly, is essential to the proposed mechanism. We find that meridional flux advection accounts for the majority of the dipole decay since 1840, especially during times of rapid decline, with magnetic diffusion making an almost steady contribution generally of smaller magnitude. Based on the morphology of the present field, and the persistent nature of the gyre, the current episode of dipole decay looks set to continue, at least for the next few decades.

Direct observations indicate that the magnitude of the Earth's magnetic axial dipole has decreased over the past 175 years; it is now 9% weaker than it was in 1840. Here we show how the rate of dipole decay may be controlled by a planetary-scale gyre in the liquid metal outer core. The gyre's meridional limbs on average transport normal polarity magnetic flux equatorward and reverse polarity flux poleward. Asymmetry in the geomagnetic field, due to the South Atlantic Anomaly, is essential to the proposed mechanism. We find that meridional flux advection accounts for the majority of the dipole decay since 1840, especially during times of rapid decline, with magnetic diffusion making an almost steady contribution generally of smaller magnitude. Based on the morphology of the present field, and the persistent nature of the gyre, the current episode of dipole decay looks set to continue, at least for the next few decades. PMID:26814368

Several aspects of the application of superconductors to high fielddipolemagnets for particle accelerators are discussed. The attention is focused on the 10 tesla (1 m model) magnet that is envisaged for the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator. The basic motivation behind the study is the intention of employing superconductors to their utmost performance. An overview of practical supercomputers, their applications and their impact on high fielddipolemagnets used for particle accelerators, is presented. The LHC reference design for the dipolemagnets is outlined. Several models were used to study the influence of a number of factors in the shape and in particular, the deviation from the shape that is due to the flux flow state. For the investigated extrinsic and intrinsic factors, a classification can be made with respect to the effect on the shape of the characteristic of a multifilamentary wire. The optimization of the coil structure for high fielddipolemagnets, with respect to the field quality is described. An analytical model for solid and hollow filaments, to calculate the effect of filament magnetization in the quality of the dipolefield, is presented.

This paper describes a novel and simple concept of plasma source, which is able to produce a radiofrequency magnetized discharge with minimal power requirements. The source is based on the magnetron concept and uses a permanent magnet as an active electrode. The dipolar field produced by the magnet confines the electrons, which cause further ionization, thus producing a toroidally shaped plasma in the equatorial region around the electrode. A plasma can be ignited with such scheme with power levels as low as 5 W. Paschen curves have been built for four different working gases, showing that in Helium or Neon, plasma breakdown is easily obtained also at atmospheric pressure. The plasma properties have been measured using a balanced Langmuir probe, showing that the electron temperature is around 3-4 eV and higher in the cathode proximity. Plasma densities of the order of 1016 m-3 have been obtained, with a good positive scaling with applied power. Overall, the electron pressure appears to be strongly correlated with the magneticfield magnitude in the measurement point.

In homonuclear molecules, such as H{sub 2}, the electric dipole transitions are strongly forbidden, and the transitions between rovibrational states are of the electric quadrupole type. We show, however, that magneticdipole transitions also take place, although they are significantly weaker. We evaluate the probabilities of such transitions between several of the lowest rotational states and compare them with those of the corresponding electric quadrupole transitions.

In a magneticfield, superconductivity is manifested by total magneticfield expulsion (Meissner effect) or by the penetration of integer multiples of the flux quantum Φ0. Here we present experimental results revealing magneticdipoles formed by Meissner current flowing around artificially introduced topological defects (lattice of antidots). By using scanning Hall probe microscopy, we have detected ordered magneticdipole lattice generated at spatially periodic antidots in a Pb superconducting film. While the conventional homogeneous Meissner state breaks down, the total magnetic flux of the magneticdipoles remains quantized and is equal to zero. The observed magneticdipoles strongly depend on the intensity and direction of the locally flowing Meissner current, making the magneticdipoles an effective way to monitor the local supercurrent. We have also investigated the first step of the vortex depinning process, where, due to the generation of magneticdipoles, the pinned Abrikosov vortices are deformed and shifted from their original pinning sites.

The paper presents a theory for the longitudinally averaged satellite sweeping rate in an offset, tilted dipolemagneticfield. It includes the reductions in the sweeping rate when the moon radius is not large compared to the gyroradius or the azimuthal drift distance during a bounce period. With a large tilt angle between the magnetic and rotation axes, moons make large excursions in dipole L value, and more than one moon can sweep at a given L. The sweeping rate peaks at the minimum L for each moon. If the gyroradius is large, additional peaks can occur when the particle mirrors near the moon latitude. To illustrate the theory, sweeping rates are evaluated for parameters relevant to the observations at Uranus by the Voyager 2 Low Energy Charged Particles Experiment. Calculated sweeping rates for ions and electrons are typically two or three orders of magnitude less than the strong-diffusion loss rate. The observation of sweeping signatures at Uranus would imply that pitch-angle scattering there occurs at a rate far below the strong-diffusion limit, contrasting with the situation for energetic ions in the inner Jovian magnetosphere.

A self-generation mechanism of magneticdipoles and the anomalous energy dissipation of fast electrons in a magnetized beam-plasma system are presented. Based on two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, it is found that the magneticdipoles are self-organized and play important roles in the beam electron energy dissipation. These dipoles drift slowly in the direction of the return flow with a quasisteady velocity, which depends upon the magnetic amplitude of the dipole and the imposed external magneticfield. This dipole formation provides a mechanism for the anomalous energy dissipation of a relativistic electron beam, which would play an important role in collisionless shock and ion shock acceleration. PMID:25768618

The works on paleomagnetic observations of the dipole geomagnetic field, its variations, and reversals in the last 3.5 billion years have been reviewed. It was noted that characteristic field variations are related to the evolution of the convection processes in the liquid core due to the effect of magnetic convection and solid core growth. Works on the geochemistry and energy budget of the Earth's core, the effect of the solid core on convection and the generation of the magneticfield, dynamo models are also considered. We consider how core growth affects the magneticdipole generation and variations, as well as the possibility of magneticfield generation up to the appearance of the solid core. We also pay attention to the fact that not only the magneticfield but also its configuration and time variations, which are caused by the convection evolution in the core on geological timescales, are important factors for the biosphere.

This report presents the concept for building superconducting accelerator dipoles with record high fields. Economic considerations favor the highest possible current density in the windings. Further discussion indicates that there is an optimal range of pinning strength for a superconducting material and that it is not likely for multifilamentary conductors to ever equal the potential performance of tape conductors. A dipole design with a tape-wound, inner high-field winding is suggested. Methods are detailed to avoid degradation caused by flux jumps and to overcome problems with the dipole ends. Concerns for force support structure and field precision are also addressed. An R and D program leading to a prototype 11-T dipole is outlined. Past and future importance of superconductivity to high-energy physics is evident from a short historical survey. Successful dipoles in the 10- to 20-T range will allow interesting options for upgrading present largest accelerators.

We have developed a method for automatic detection, localization and classification (DLC) of multiple dipole sources using magnetic gradient tensor data. First, we define modified tilt angles to estimate the approximate horizontal locations of the multiple dipole-like magnetic sources simultaneously and detect the number of magnetic sources using a fixed threshold. Secondly, based on the isotropy of the normalized source strength (NSS) response of a dipole, we obtain accurate horizontal locations of the dipoles. Then the vertical locations are calculated using magnitude magnetic transforms of magnetic gradient tensor data. Finally, we invert for the magnetic moments of the sources using the measured magnetic gradient tensor data and forward model. Synthetic and field data sets demonstrate effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method.

The novel discovery of electron vortices carrying quantized orbital angular momentum motivated intensive research of their basic properties as well as applications, e.g. structural characterization of magnetic materials. In this paper, the fundamental interactions of electron vortices within infinitely long atomic-column-like electromagnetic fields are studied based on the relativistically corrected Pauli-Schrödinger equation and the perturbation theory. The relative strengths of three fundamental interactions, i.e. the electron-electric potential interaction, the electron-magnetic potential/field interaction and the spin-orbit coupling are discussed. The results suggest that the perturbation energies of the last two interactions are in an order of 10(3)-10(4) smaller than that of the first one for electron vortices. In addition, it is also found that the strengths of these interactions are strongly dependant on the spatial distributions of the electromagnetic field as well as the electron vortices. PMID:24690540

A recurring pattern with a period of 26 7/8 days observed in the polar geomagnetic field during the interval from 1926 to 1941 appears to persist in the interplanetary magneticfield polarity observed with spacecraft during the interval from 1963 to 1968. This observation suggests the existence of a rotating solar magnetic ?dipole' with a period of 26 7/8 plus or minus 0.003 days.

The singularity of the exact electromagnetic fields is derived to include the "source terms" for harmonically oscillating electric (and magnetic) dipoles, so that the fields will be consistent with the full Maxwell equations with a source. It is shown explicitly, as somewhat expected, that the same [delta]-function terms for the case of static…

Small bore superconducting dipolemagnets, such as those for the SSC, often have problems in the ends. These problems can often be alleviated by spreading out the end windings so that the conductor sees less deformation. This paper presents a new procedure for designing dipolemagnet ends which can be applied to magnets with either cylindrical or conical bulged ends to have integrated field multipoles which meet the constraints imposed by the SSC lattice. The method described here permits one to couple existing multiparameter optimization routines (i.e., MINUIT with suitable independent parameter constraints) with a computer code DIPEND, which describes the multiples, so that one can meet any reasonable objective (i.e., minimizing integrated sextupole and decapole). This paper will describe how the computer method was used to analyze the bulged conical ends for an SSC dipole. 6 refs, 6 figs, 2 tabs.

We planned an upgrade of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The main goal of the upgrade is to improve the storage ring performance based on more advanced optics. One of the key magnet system elements is bending dipolemagnets having a field strength change along the electron beam path. Moreover, a prototype of one such longitudinal gradient dipolemagnet has been designed, built, and measured in a collaborative effort of ANL and Fermilab. Our paper discusses various magnetic design options, the selected magnet design, and the fabrication technology. The prototype magnet has been measured by rotationalmore » coils, a stretched wire, and a Hall probe. Measurement results are discussed and compared with simulations.« less

Magneticfield observations with the Apollo 15 subsatellite have been used to deduce the components of both the permanent and induced lunar dipole moments in the orbital plane. The present permanent lunar magneticdipole moment in the orbital plane is less than 1.3 times ten to the eighteenth power gauss-cu cm. Any uniformly magnetized near surface layer is therefore constrained to have a thickness-magnetization product less than 2.5 emu-cm per g. The induced moment opposes the external field, implying the existence of a substantial lunar ionosphere with a permeability between 0.63 and 0.85. Combining this with recent measures of the ratio of the relative field strength at the ALSEP and Explorer 35 magnetometers indicates that the global lunar permeability relative to the plasma in the geomagnetic tail lobes is between 1.008 and 1.03.

The problem of an oscillating magneticdipole at the centre of a lossless dielectric spherical shell is considered. For simplicity, the free-space wavelength is taken to be much greater than the shell radii, but the relative permittivity [epsilon][subscript r] of the shell is taken as much greater than unity, so the wavelength in the shell could…

Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of nanometer scale distance distributions have proven highly effective in structural studies. They exploit the magneticdipole-dipole coupling between spin labels site-specifically attached to macromolecules. The most commonly applied technique is double electron-electron resonance (DEER, also called pulsed electron double resonance (PELDOR)). Here we present the new technique of laser-induced magneticdipole (LaserIMD) spectroscopy based on optical switching of the dipole-dipole coupling. In a proof of concept experiment on a model peptide, we find, already at a low quantum yield of triplet excitation, the same sensitivity for measuring the distance between a porphyrin and a nitroxide label as in a DEER measurement between two nitroxide labels. On the heme protein cytochrome C, we demonstrate that LaserIMD allows for distance measurements between a heme prosthetic group and a nitroxide label, although the heme triplet state is not directly observable by an electron spin echo. PMID:27163749

Spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) is the most used method of describing the Earth's magneticfield, even though spherical harmonic coefficients (SHC) almost completely defy interpretation in terms of real sources. Some moderately successful efforts have been made to represent the field in terms of dipoles placed in the core in an effort to have the model come closer to representing real sources. Dipole sources are only a first approximation to the real sources which are thought to be a very complicated network of electrical currents in the core of the Earth. -Author

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the dipole-exchange spin waves in several low-dimensional ferromagnetic nanosystems. A microscopic theory is employed based on a Hamiltonian approach and a discrete lattice model. The Hamiltonian includes both the exchange and the magneticdipole-dipole interactions, as well as the single-ion anisotropy and a Zeeman term for an externally applied magneticfield. Some of the advantages of this microscopic theory over the macroscopic methods are that it is convenient for describing the dynamical properties of samples where the magnetization may be spatially inhomogeneous, and it does not require the specification of phenomenological boundary conditions at the sample surfaces. The spin wave frequencies are obtained by employing a boson operator method with a diagonalization procedure. The spectral intensity, spin wave amplitudes and effective pinning are also studied within a Green function theory. The spin wave properties are first studied for ultrathin ferromagnetic films with simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic lattice structures. Results are deduced for the spin wave frequencies as a function of the in-plane wave vector, the magneticfield applied either parallel or perpendicular to the film surfaces, and the material parameters. The spin wave properties are shown to depend sensitively on the lattice structures in certain wave-vector regimes. Next we carry out spin wave calculations for individual (non-interacting) ferromagnetic stripes or wires. The numerical results are compared with the macroscopic theories and with the experimental data, where available. Then we examine the role of the long-range dipole-dipole interactions between stripes on the spin waves for two different types of stripe arrays. The coupling is found to depend on the array geometry and the direction of the applied field. Comparison of our results with experimental data (e.g., for Permalloy) shows a good agreement, confirming the

Magnetic measurements of the six families of dipoles for the infrared Free Electron Laser Upgrade at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jlab) are compared to the magnetic models on which their design is based. The magnets were designed in parallel by three organizations. They used ANSYS, Radia or Opera 3D as a 3D magnetic modeling program. Comparison of the discrepancies between model and magnet measurement is presented along with analysis of their potential causes. These dipoles operate in two field ranges. The Injector/ Extractor Dipoles operate around 0.05 T and the Arc Dipoles and Optical Chicane Dipoles operate between 0.22 to 0.71 T. All magnets are required to meet core field and field integral flatness to parts in 104 over their good field region.

We find that dynamic aperture depends significantly on the bending radii of dipolemagnets when designing a small storage ring for Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source (TTX) mainly because of the nonlinearity of the dipolefield. In this paper, we present systematic studies on the intrinsic-geometric nonlinearity of dipolemagnets. The Hamiltonian approach is used to determine the expressions of the geometric nonlinear potential and the corresponding third-order resonance strengths. Simulations are conducted to study these resonances. Our analysis results agree well with the tracking results at the third-order resonances 3 νx=ℓ and νx±2 νz=ℓ , where ℓ 's are the integer multiple of the number of superperiods.

Magnetized neutron stars are privileged places where strong electromagnetic fields as high as BQ = 4.4 × 109 T exist, giving rise to non-linear corrections to Maxwell equations described by quantum electrodynamics (QED). These corrections need to be included to the general relativistic (GR) description of a magneticdipole supposed to be anchored in the neutron star. In this paper, these QED and GR perturbations to the standard flat space-time dipole are calculated to the lowest order in the fine structure constant αsf and to any order in the ratio Rs/R where R is the neutron star radius and Rs its Schwarzschild radius. Following our new 3+1 formalism developed in a previous work, we compute the multipolar non-linear corrections to this dipole and demonstrate the presence of a small dipolar ℓ = 1 and hexapolar ℓ = 3 component.

Detailed analysis of electrons equal to or greater than 3 MeV and of protons 0.5 to 1.8 MeV and equal to or greater than 35 MeV for both the inbound and the outbound passes of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. Conclusive evidence is obtained that the trapped radiation in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere is maintained and supplied by inward diffusion from the outer regions of the trapped radiation zone. It is shown that the time required for isotropization of an anisotropic flux by pitch angle scattering inside L approximately equal to 6 is long in comparison with the time required for particles to diffuse inward from L approximately equal to 6 to L approximately equal to 3, that the high-energy protons were not injected at high energies by the Crand (cosmic ray albedo neutron decay) process but were accelerated in the magnetosphere of Jupiter, and that the main conclusions of this analysis are unaffected by use of either the D sub 1 or the D sub 2 magneticfield models. Theoretical studies of the capture of trapped electrons and protons by Io have been carried out, and it is found that the probability of capture by Io depends strongly upon the particle species and kinetic energy.

We consider the dynamics and thermodynamics of a pair of magneticdipoles interacting via their magneticfields. We consider only the ‘spin’ degrees of freedom; the dipoles are fixed in space. With this restriction it is possible to provide the general solution of the equations of motion in analytical form. Thermodynamic quantities, such as the specific heat and the zero field susceptibility are calculated analytically or by combining low temperature asymptotic series and a complete high temperature expansion. The thermal expectation value of the autocorrelation function is determined for the low temperature regime and short times including terms linear in T. Furthermore, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations for the system under consideration and compared our analytical results with these.

Magnetometry having both high magneticfield sensitivity and atomic resolution has been an important goal for applications in diverse fields covering physics, material science, and biomedical science. Recent development of electron spin resonance STM (ESR-STM) promises coherent manipulation of spins and studies on magnetic interaction of artificially built nanostructures, leading toward quantum computation, simulation, and sensors In ESR-STM experiments, we find that the ESR signal from an Fe atom underneath a STM tip splits into two different frequencies when we position an additional Fe atom nearby. We measure an ESR energy splitting that decays as 1/r3 (r is the separation of the two Fe atoms), indicating that the atoms are coupled through magneticdipole-dipole interaction. This energy and distance relation enables us to determine magnetic moments of atoms and molecules on a surface with high precision in energy. Unique and advantageous aspects of ESR-STM are the atom manipulation capabilities, which allow us to build atomically precise nanostructures and examine their interactions. For instance, we construct a dice cinque arrangement of five Fe atoms, and probe their interaction and energy degeneracy. We demonstrate the ESR-STM technique can be utilized for quantum magnetic sensors.

A magneticdipole rotating around an axis perpendicular to the rotation axis of the sun can account for the characteristics of the surface large-scale solar magneticfields through the solar cycle. The polarity patterns of the interplanetary magneticfield, predictable from this model, agree with the observed interplanetary magnetic sector structure.

It is foreseen to perform acceptance tests including field measurements of the collared coils assembly of the LHC superconducting dipoles to estimate, at an early production stage, the possible significant deviations from the expected multipole component value of these magnets. A sensitive measuring probe and efficient data acquisition are the consequence of a low magnetizing current necessary to limit the coils heating. This demands a high signals sensitivity and an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio to retrieve the higher multipole component. Moreover, the correlation with the multipoles content of the magnets at cryogenic temperature and nominal excitation current need to be identified before the manufacturing process may continue. The field probe of the mole-type is equipped with three radial rotating search coils, an angular encoder and gravity sensor. It has been designed to slide inside the bore of the dipole coils and to measure the local field at fixed positions. The field analysis resulting in terms of multipole components, field direction and field integrals, measured on four 10 m long, twin-aperture LHC dipole prototypes, will be described together with the performance of the measuring method.

The 1.9 GeV Advance Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) produces photons with a critical energy of about 3.1 kev at each of its thirty-six 1.3 T gradient bending magnets. It is proposed that at three locations around the ring the conventional gradient bending magnets be replaced with superconducting bending magnets with a maximum field of 5.6 T. At the point where the photons are extracted, their critical energy will be about 12 keV. In the beam lines where the SuperBend superconducting magnets are installed, the X ray brightness at 20 keV will be increased over two orders of magnitude. This report describes three different refrigeration options for cooling the three SuperBend dipoles. The cooling options include: (1) liquid helium and liquid nitrogen cryogen cooling using stored liquids, (2) a central helium refrigerator (capacity 70 to 100 W) cooling all of the SuperBend magnets, (3) a Gifford McMahon (GM) cryocooler on each of the dipoles. This paper describes the technical and economic reasons for selecting a small GM cryocooler as the method for cooling the SuperBend dipoles on the LBNL Advanced Light Source.

A novel automatic data interpretation algorithm is presented for modelling airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data acquired over resistive environments, using a single-component (vertical) transmitter, where the position and orientation of a dipole conductor is allowed to vary in three dimensions. The algorithm assumes that the magneticfields produced from compact vortex currents are expressed as a linear combinations of the fields arising from dipoles in the subsurface oriented parallel to the [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], and [0, 0, 1], unit vectors. In this manner, AEM responses can be represented as 12 terms. The relative size of each term in the decomposition can be used to determine geometrical information about the orientation of the subsurface conductivity structure. The geometrical parameters of the dipole (location, depth, dip, strike) are estimated using a combination of a look-up table and a matrix inverted in a least-squares sense. Tests on 703 synthetic models show that the algorithm is capable of extracting most of the correct geometrical parameters of a dipole conductor when three-component receiver data is included in the interpretation procedure. The algorithm is unstable when the target is perfectly horizontal, as the strike is undefined. Ambiguities may occur in predicting the orientation of the dipole conductor if y-component data is excluded from the analysis. Application of our approach to an anomaly on line 15 of the Reid Mahaffy test site yields geometrical parameters in reasonable agreement with previous authors. However, our algorithm provides additional information on the strike and offset from the traverse line of the conductor. Disparities in the values of predicted dip and depth are within the range of numerical precision. The index of fit was better when strike and offset were included in the interpretation procedure. Tests on the data from line 15701 of the Chibougamau MEGATEM survey shows that the algorithm is applicable to situations where

We analyze the free induction decay of nuclear spins under the influence of restricted diffusion in a magneticdipolefield around cylindrical objects. In contrast to previous publications no restrictions or simplifications concerning the diffusion process are made. By directly solving the Bloch-Torrey equation, analytical expressions for the magnetization are given in terms of an eigenfunction expansion. The field strength-dependent complex nature of the eigenvalue spectrum significantly influences the shape of the free induction decay. As the dipolefield is the lowest order of the multipole expansion, the obtained results are important for understanding fundamental mechanisms of spin dephasing in many other applied fields of nuclear magnetic resonance such as biophysics or material science. The analytical methods are applied to interpret the spin dephasing in the free induction decay in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. A simple expression for the relevant transverse relaxation time is found in terms of the underlying microscopic parameters of the muscle tissue. The analytical results are in agreement with experimental data. These findings are important for the correct interpretation of magnetic resonance images for clinical diagnosis at all magneticfield strengths and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.

We analyze the free induction decay of nuclear spins under the influence of restricted diffusion in a magneticdipolefield around cylindrical objects. In contrast to previous publications no restrictions or simplifications concerning the diffusion process are made. By directly solving the Bloch-Torrey equation, analytical expressions for the magnetization are given in terms of an eigenfunction expansion. The field strength-dependent complex nature of the eigenvalue spectrum significantly influences the shape of the free induction decay. As the dipolefield is the lowest order of the multipole expansion, the obtained results are important for understanding fundamental mechanisms of spin dephasing in many other applied fields of nuclear magnetic resonance such as biophysics or material science. The analytical methods are applied to interpret the spin dephasing in the free induction decay in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. A simple expression for the relevant transverse relaxation time is found in terms of the underlying microscopic parameters of the muscle tissue. The analytical results are in agreement with experimental data. These findings are important for the correct interpretation of magnetic resonance images for clinical diagnosis at all magneticfield strengths and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. PMID:25871144

The Lie map generator of the dipole fringe field is derived up to the 4th order of canonical variables. We discovered significant closed orbit deviation and octupolelike potential when the bending radius ρ is small. We found that the closed orbit deviation is proportional to g2/ρ and the octupolelike potential effect is proportional to 1 /(g ρ2), where g is the vertical magnet gap.

A laboratory experiment on modeling the magnetospheric generator of the field-aligned currents and the Earth's transpolar potential in the absence of IMF is illustrated. The measurements of the total field-aligned current in the generator shorted mode and the transpolar potential in the circuit disconnection mode made it possible to determine the generator internal resistance. A model that explains the saturation current and internal resistance by the feedback between the field-aligned current and plasma flank motions has been proposed. This feedback is described through the effective resistance, which is proportional to the flow rate and the ratio of the boundary layer to the dimension of the magnetosphere. For the experimental conditions, the calculated generator resistance was in good agreement with the measured value. The estimates for the Earth's magnetosphere indicate that the MHD generator internal resistance in the boundary layer is usually much lower than the reverse integral conductivity of the ionosphere.

A single aperture dipolemagnet has been developed with a design magneticfield of 10 tesla by using Nb-Ti/Cu conductor to be operated at 1.8 K in pressurized super fluid helium. The magnet features double shell coil design by using high keystone Rutherford cable and compact non-magnetic steel collars to be adaptable in split/symmetric coil/collar design for twin aperture dipoles. A design central magneticfield of 10 tesla has been successfully achieved in excitation at 1.95 K in pressurized superfluid helium. Test results of the magnet with a summary of the design and fabrication will be presented.

The final phase of the Fermilab upgrade proposal calls for a new ring of superconducting magnets to be placed in the existing Main Accelerator tunnel. The goal of this design study is to specify a high fielddipole (HFD) that is capable of supporting fixed target operation (ramping, resonant extraction) at a field of 6.6T (1.5 Tev) and colliding beam physics at 8.0T (1.8 Tev). The magneticfield quality at high field is set by the large amplitude orbits associated with resonant extraction. The field quality must therefore be at least as good as the existing Tevatron magnets which fulfill these criteria. The high fields and large aperture of this magnet result in large forces on the coil and collar assemblies. Therefore, the cold mass design must be able to sustain these forces while providing sufficient cooling to the coils during 4.2 K fixed target operation, and a minimum heat load during 1.8 K collider operation. The design work is still in progress but a cosine-theta, cold-iron dipole with a 70mm inner diameter coil has been tentatively adopted. This report presents details on the conductor and cable parameters, coil cross-section, projected manufacturing tolerances, iron yoke design, and cold mass assembly. 4 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

Superconducting helical dipolemagnets will be used in the Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to maintain polarization of proton beams and to perform localized spin rotations at the two major experimental detector regions. Requirements for the helical dipole system are discussed, and magnet prototype work is reported.

A series of superconducting dipolemagnets for the BNL Colliding Beam Accelerator which were manufactured to have the proper field quality characteristics has been tested. This report presents the analysis of the field harmonics of these magnets.

The study addresses the azimuthal jumping motion of an adsorbed polar molecule in a periodic n -well potential under the action of an external alternating electric field. Starting from the perturbation theory of the Pauli equation with respect to the weak field intensity, explicit analytical expressions have been derived for the time dependence of the average dipole moment as well as the frequency dependences of polarizability and the average angular velocity, the three quantities exhibiting conspicuous stochastic resonance. As shown, unidirectional rotation can arise only provided simultaneous modulation of the minima and maxima of the potential by an external alternating field. For a symmetric potential of hindered rotation, the average angular velocity, if calculated by the second-order perturbation theory with respect to the field intensity, has a nonzero value only at n=2 , i.e., when two azimuthal wells specify a selected axis in the system. Particular consideration is given to the effect caused by the asymmetry of the two-well potential on the dielectric loss spectrum and other Brownian motion parameters. When the asymmetric potential in a system of dipole rotators arises from the average local fields induced by an orientational phase transition, the characteristics concerned show certain peculiarities which enable detection of the phase transition and determination of its parameters. PMID:18643221

The study addresses the azimuthal jumping motion of an adsorbed polar molecule in a periodic n -well potential under the action of an external alternating electric field. Starting from the perturbation theory of the Pauli equation with respect to the weak field intensity, explicit analytical expressions have been derived for the time dependence of the average dipole moment as well as the frequency dependences of polarizability and the average angular velocity, the three quantities exhibiting conspicuous stochastic resonance. As shown, unidirectional rotation can arise only provided simultaneous modulation of the minima and maxima of the potential by an external alternating field. For a symmetric potential of hindered rotation, the average angular velocity, if calculated by the second-order perturbation theory with respect to the field intensity, has a nonzero value only at n=2 , i.e., when two azimuthal wells specify a selected axis in the system. Particular consideration is given to the effect caused by the asymmetry of the two-well potential on the dielectric loss spectrum and other Brownian motion parameters. When the asymmetric potential in a system of dipole rotators arises from the average local fields induced by an orientational phase transition, the characteristics concerned show certain peculiarities which enable detection of the phase transition and determination of its parameters.

A double-domain model with long-range dipole-dipole interaction is proposed to investigate the self-oscillation of magnetization in nano-magnetic systems driven by self-controlled spin-polarized current. The dynamic behavior of magnetization oscillation is calculated by a modified Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation in order to evaluate the effects of the long-range dipole-dipole interaction. While the self-oscillation of magnetization can be maintained substantially, several self-oscillation regions are experienced as the dipole-dipole interaction increases gradually.

We report the breakdown of the electric dipole approximation in the long-wavelength limit in strong-field ionization with linearly polarized few-cycle mid-infrared laser pulses at intensities on the order of 10¹³ W/cm². Photoelectron momentum distributions were recorded by velocity map imaging and projected onto the beam propagation axis. We observe an increasing shift of the peak of this projection opposite to the beam propagation direction with increasing laser intensities. From a comparison with semiclassical simulations, we identify the combined action of the magneticfield of the laser pulse and the Coulomb potential as the origin of our observations. PMID:25541770

Context. Observations show that the photospheric solar magneticdipole usually does not vanish during the reversal of the solar magneticfield, which occurs in each solar cycle. In contrast, mean-field solar dynamo models predict that the dipolefield does become zero. In a recent paper it was suggested that this contradiction could be explained as a large-scale manifestation of small-scale magnetic fluctuations of the surface poloidal field. Aims: Our aim is to confront this interpretation with the available observational data. Methods: Here we compare this interpretation with Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) photospheric magneticfield data in order to determine the amplitude of magnetic fluctuations required to explain the phenomenon and to compare the results with predictions from a simple dynamo model which takes these fluctuations into account. Results: We demonstrate that the WSO data concerning the magneticdipole reversals are very similar to the predictions from our very simple solar dynamo model, which includes both mean magneticfield and fluctuations. The ratio between the rms value of the magnetic fluctuations and the mean field is estimated to be about 2, in reasonable agreement with estimates from sunspot data. The reversal epoch, during which the fluctuating contribution to the dipole is larger than that from the mean field, is about 4 months. The memory time of the fluctuations is about 2 months. Observations demonstrate that the rms of the magnetic fluctuations is strongly modulated by the phase of the solar cycle. This gives additional support to the concept that the solar magneticfield is generated by a single dynamo mechanism rather than also by independent small-scale dynamo action. A suggestion of a weak nonaxisymmetric magneticfield of a fluctuating nature arises from the analysis, with a lifetime of about 1 year. Conclusions: The behaviour of the magneticdipole during the reversal epoch gives valuable information about details of solar

We report on the dynamics of the magnetic moment numerically simulated for a chain of the magnetic nanodots coupled through the dipole-dipole interaction and in the presence of the magnetic anisotropy of various types. It is shown that a static field applied to the system causes specific fluctuations of the transverse components of the magnetic moment leading to a sequence of the oscillation trains observed in the domain wall. Various oscillation modes governed by the external alternating field are revealed. The influence of the unidirectional and uniaxial anisotropy ("easy-plane" and "easy axis" anisotropy) on the system behavior is described.

A new record of the Mono Lake excursion (MLE) is reported from the Summer Lake Basin of Oregon, USA. Sediment magnetic properties indicate magnetite as the magnetization carrier and imply suitability of the sediments as accurate recorders of the magneticfield including relative paleointensity (RPI) variations. The magnitudes and phases of the declination, inclination, and RPI components of the new record correlate well with other coeval but lower resolution records from western North America including records from the Wilson Creek Formation exposed around Mono Lake. The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) path of the new record is similar to that from another high-resolution record of the MLE from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 919 in the Irminger Basin between Iceland and Greenland but different from the VGP path for the Laschamp excursion (LE), including that found lower in the ODP-919 core. Thus, the prominent excursion recorded at Mono Lake, California, is not the LE but rather one that is several thousands of years younger. The MLE VGP path contains clusters, the locations of which coincide with nonaxial dipole features found in the Holocene geomagnetic field. The clusters are occupied in the same time progression by VGPs from Summer Lake and the Irminger Basin, but the phase of occupation is offset, a behavior that suggests time-transgressive decay and return of the principal field components at the beginning and end of the MLE, respectively, leaving the nonaxial dipole features associated with the clusters dominant during the excursion.

Acoustic and electromagnetic fields are coupled in a fluid saturated porous medium due to seismoelectric effect. Seismoelectric well logging method has been proposed to detect deep target formation utilizing such effect. Because of uncoupling of SH waves with P-SV waves, a simple and forthright way to get shear waves information is possible, especially for soft or slow formation whose shear wave velocity is lower than the velocity of borehole fluid. We consider the wave fields excited by a vertical magneticdipole (VMD) source. Two methods are used to simulate, one is the coupled method based on Pride model and the other is the uncoupled method. For two methods, the frequency wavenumber domain representations of the acoustic field and associated seismoelectric field are formulated. The full waveforms of acoustic waves and electromagnetic wave induced SH waves excited by VMD source in the time domain propagation in borehole are simulated and analyzed.

The implant assisted magnetic targeted drug delivery system of Avilés, Ebner and Ritter is considered both experimentally ( in vitro) and theoretically. The results of a 2D mathematical model are compared with 3D experimental results for a magnetizable wire stent. In this experiment a ferromagnetic, coiled wire stent is implanted to aid collection of particles which consist of single domain magnetic nanoparticles (radius ≈10 nm). In order to model the agglomeration of particles known to occur in this system, the magneticdipole-dipole and hydrodynamic interactions for multiple particles are included. Simulations based on this mathematical model were performed using open source C++ code. Different initial positions are considered and the system performance is assessed in terms of collection efficiency. The results of this model show closer agreement with the measured in vitro experimental results and with the literature. The implications in nanotechnology and nanomedicine are based on the prediction of the particle efficiency, in conjunction with the magnetizable stent, for targeted drug delivery.

The nonlinear dynamic modes of a chain of coupled spherical bodies having dipolemagnetic moments that are excited by a homogeneous ac magneticfield are studied using numerical analysis. Bifurcation diagrams are constructed and used to find conditions for the presence of several types of regular, chaotic, and quasi-periodic oscillations. The effect of the coupling of dipoles on the excited dynamics of the system is revealed. The specific features of the Poincare time sections are considered for the cases of synchronous chaos with antiphase synchronization and asynchronous chaos. The spectrum of Lyapunov exponents is calculated for the dynamic modes of an individual dipole.

We examined the plasma flow response to meso- and microscale magneticdipoles by performing three-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulations. We particularly focused on the formation of a magnetosphere and its dependence on the intensity of the magnetic moment. The size of a magneticdipole immersed in a plasma flow can be characterized by a distance L from the dipole center to the position where the pressure of the local magneticfield becomes equal to the dynamic pressure of the plasma flow under the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) approximation. In this study, we are interested in a magneticdipole whose L is smaller than the Larmor radius of ions r{sub iL} calculated with the unperturbed dipolefield at the distance L from the center. In the simulation results, we confirmed the clear formation of a magnetosphere consisting of a magnetopause and a tail region in the density profile, although the spatial scale is much smaller than the MHD scale. One of the important findings in this study is that the spatial profiles of the plasma density as well as the current flows are remarkably affected by the finite Larmor radius effect of the plasma flow, which is different from the Earth's magnetosphere. The magnetopause found in the upstream region is located at a position much closer to the dipole center than L. In the equatorial plane, we also found an asymmetric density profile with respect to the plasma flow direction, which is caused by plasma gyration in the dipolefield region. The ion current layers are created in the inner region of the dipolefield, and the electron current also flows in the region beyond the ion current layer because ions with a large inertia can closely approach the dipole center. Unlike the ring current structure of the Earth's magnetosphere, the current layers in the microscale dipolefields are not circularly closed around the dipole center. Since the major current is caused by the particle gyrations, the current is independently determined

We present a plasma diagnostics method based on impedance measurements of a short matched dipole placed in the plasma. This allows measuring the local electron density in the range from 1012-1015 m-3 with a magneticfield of at least 0-50 mT. The magneticfield strength is not directly influencing the data analysis and requires only that the dipole probe is oriented perpendicularly to the magneticfield. As a result, the magneticfield can be non-homogeneous or even non-defined within the probe length without any effect on the final tolerance of the measurements. The method can be applied to plasmas of relatively small dimensions (< 10 cm) and doesn't require any special boundary conditions. The high sensitivity of the impedance measurements is achieved by using a miniature matching system installed close to the probe tip, which also allows to suppress sheath resonance effects. We experimentally show here that the tolerance of the electron density measurements reaches values lower than 1%, both with and without the magneticfield. The method is successfully validated by both analytical modeling and experimental comparison with Langmuir probes. The validation experiments are conducted in a low pressure (1 mTorr) Ar discharge sustained in a 10 cm size plasma chamber with and without a transversal magneticfield of about 20 mT. This work was supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowships within FP7 (NEPTUNE PIIF-GA-2012-326054).

We demonstrate the enhancement of magneticdipole spontaneous emission from Eu3+ ions by an engineered plasmonic nanostructure that controls the electromagnetic environment of the emitter. Using an optical microscope setup, an enhancement in the intensity of the Eu3+magneticdipole emission was observed for emitters located in close vicinity to a gold nanohole array designed to support plasmonic resonances overlapping with the emission spectrum of the ions. PMID:25872041

We report a detailed study of effective magnetically levitated loading of cold atoms in a crossed dipole trap: an appropriate magneticfield gradient precisely compensates for the destructive gravitational force of the atoms and an additional bias field simultaneously eliminates the antitrapping potential induced by the magneticfield gradient. The magnetic levitation is required for a large-volume crossed dipole trap to form a shallow but very effective loading potential, making it a promising method for loading and trapping more cold atoms. For cold cesium atoms in the F =3 , m F =3 state prepared by three-dimensional degenerated Raman sideband cooling, a large number of atoms ˜3.2 ×106 have been loaded into a large-volume crossed dipole trap with the help of the magnetic levitation technique. The dependence of the number of atoms loaded and trapped in the dipole trap on the magneticfield gradient and bias field, respectively, is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The optimum magneticfield gradient of 31.13 G/cm matches the theoretical value of 31.3 G/cm well. This method can be used to obtain more cold atoms or a large number of Bose-Einstein condensation atoms for many atomic species in high-field seeking states.

A collection of dipolemagnet cross sections is presented together with an indication of how they are related geometrically. The relationships indicated do not necessarily imply the actual path of evolutionary development. Brief consideration is given to magnets of higher multipole order, i.e., quadrupole magnets, etc.). The magnets under consideration have currents parallel to the axis except at the ends, and are long. The relationship between current distribution and magneticfield is essentially two-dimensional. The coils are usually surrounded by an iron yoke, but the emphasis is on conductor-dominated configurations capable of producing a rather uniform magneticfield in the aperture; the iron usually has a small effect.

The compact size of the upgrade of Pohang Light Source (PLS-II) ring implies the use of gradient dipolemagnets, with high field quality requirements. The PLS-II ring contains 24 such dipoles. Detailed 2D and 3D physical designs are reported; they include conformal mapping, equivalent 2D compact factor, residues fitting technique and end chamfer in a concise straight line style. According to the field measurement results, a beam based alignment technique for the rms variation reduction was employed. With that, the uniformities for these dipoles can be reduced to less than 2.0E-04, and the rms variation from dipole to dipole can reach 5.82E-04.

The observation of the polarization emerging from a rotating star at different phases opens up the possibility to map the magneticfield in the stellar surface thanks to the well-known Zeeman-Doppler imaging. When the magneticfield is sufficiently weak, the circular and linear polarization profiles locally in each point of the star are proportional to the first and second derivatives of the unperturbed intensity profile, respectively. We show that the weak-field approximation (for weak lines in the case of linear polarization) can be generalized to the case of a rotating star including the Doppler effect and taking into account the integration on the stellar surface. The Stokes profiles are written as a linear combination of wavelength-dependent terms expressed as series expansions in terms of Hermite polynomials. These terms contain the surface-integrated magneticfield and velocity components. The direct numerical evaluation of these quantities is limited to rotation velocities not larger than eight times the Doppler width of the local absorption profiles. Additionally, we demonstrate that in a rotating star, the circular polarization flux depends on the derivative of the intensity flux with respect to the wavelength and also on the profile itself. Likewise, the linear polarization depends on the profile and on its first and second derivatives with respect to the wavelength. We particularize the general expressions to a rotating dipole.

This paper presents experimental impedance measurements of a dipole antenna immersed in a magnetized plasma. The impedance was derived from the magnitude and phase of the reflected power using a network analyzer over a frequency range of 1 MHz-1 GHz. The plasma density was varied between 10{sup 7} and 10{sup 10} cm{sup -3} in weakly ({omega}{sub ce}{omega}{sub pe}) magnetized plasmas in the Space Physics Simulation Chamber at the Naval Research Laboratory. Over this range of plasma conditions the wavelength in the plasma varies from the short dipole limit ({lambda}>>L) to the long dipole limit ({lambda}{approx}L). As with previous impedance measurements, there are two resonant frequencies observed as frequencies where the impedance of the antenna is real. Measurements have indicated that in the short dipole limit the majority of the power deposition takes place at the lower resonance frequency which lies between the cyclotron frequency and the upper hybrid frequency. These measured curves agree very well with the analytic theory for a short dipole in a magnetoplasma. In the long dipole regime, in addition to the short dipole effects still being present, there is resonant energy deposition which peaks at much higher frequencies and correlates to 1/2 and 3/2 wavelength dipole resonances. The wavelengths in the plasma predicted by these resonances are consistent with the antenna radiating R and L-waves.

10 Hz sine wave and 2 Hz sawtooth AC magnetic measurements of he curved ALS Booster Dipole Engineering Model Magnet have been accomplished. Long curved coils were utilized to measure the integral transfer function and uniformity. Point coils and a Hall Probe were used to measure magnetic induction and its uniformity. The data were logged and processed by a Tektronix 11401 digital oscilloscope. The dependence of the effective length on the field was determined from the ratio of the integral coil signals to the point coil signals. Quadrupole and sextupole harmonics were derived from the point and integral uniformity measurements. 5 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

We propose a dielectric nanoresonator geometry consisting of hollow dielectric nanocylinders which support geometrical resonances. We fabricate such hollow Si particles with an outer diameter of 108-251 nm on a Si substrate, and determine their resonant modes with cathodo-luminescence (CL) spectroscopy and optical dark-field (DF) scattering measurements. The scattering behavior is numerically investigated in a systematic fashion as a function of wavelength and particle geometry. We find that the additional design parameter as a result of the introduction of a center gap can be used to control the relative spectral spacing of the resonant modes, which will enable additional control over the angular radiation pattern of the scatterers. Furthermore, the gap offers direct access to the enhanced magneticdipole modal field in the center of the particle. PMID:26906780

Derives an expression for the orientational entropy of a rigid rod (electric dipole) from Boltzmann's equation. Subsequent application of Newton's second law of motion produces Debye's classical expression for the relaxation of an electric dipole in a viscous medium. (Author/GS)

Local dipolefields such as those created by small iron-oxide particles are used to produce regions of low intensity (dark contrast) in many molecular magnetic resonance imaging applications. We have investigated, with computer simulations and experiments at 17.6 T, how the COSY revamped with asymmetric z-gradient echo detection (CRAZED) experiment that selects intermolecular double-quantum coherences can also be used to visualize such local dipolefields. Application of the coherence-selection gradient pulses parallel to the main magneticfield produced similar, dark contrast as conventional gradient echo imaging. Application of the gradient along the magic angle leads to total loss of signal intensity in homogeneous samples. In the presence of local dipolefields, the contrast was inverted and bright signals from the dipoles were observed over a very low background. Both simulations and experiments showed that the signal strongly decreased when a phase-cycle suppressing single-quantum coherences was employed. Therefore, we conclude that most of the signal comes from directly refocused magnetization or intermolecular single-quantum coherences. Finally, we demonstrate that bright contrast from local dipolefields can also be obtained, when the pair of coherence-selection gradient pulses is deliberately mismatched. Both methods allowed visualization of local dipolefields in phantoms in experimental times of about 3 min.

The central or two-dimensional field of a dipolemagnet can be calculated with some precision. The fields at the end of the magnet, which are three-dimensional in nature, provide a more complicated problem. Starting with an end design that produced a relatively good end in terms of multipole components, a method of extending parts of the straight section was used to reduce the most important harmonics, the sextupole and decapole, to a negligible level. In addition, the effect of extending an iron yoke over the ends of a magnet was investigated and it was found to have little effect on the harmonics, though it will raise the dipolefield. These results are encouraging as they imply that good ends can be developed with relative ease should the two dimensional cross-section of a dipolemagnet such as the SSC have to be changed.

A family of large bending dipoles has been successfully magnetically measured, installed and is operational in the high power IR-FEL. These magnets are unique in that they bend the beam 180 {degree} on a 1 meter radius. The optics requirements for the magnets include low fields, large horizontal apertures, tight field homogeneity, high repeatability of core field and integrated field, and control of the horizontal and vertical focusing terms that are designed into the magnets. Quantifying the optics requirements proved to be a difficult task, due to the magnet's mechanical construction and sharp bending radius. The process involved in measuring and achieving the results are discussed.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center-University of Delaware Bartol Research Institute magneticfield experiment on the Voyager 2 spacecraft discovered a strong and complex intrinsic magneticfield of Neptune and an associated magnetosphere and magnetic tail. The detached bow shock wave in the supersonic solar wind flow was detected upstream at 34.9 Neptune radii (R(N)), and the magnetopause boundary was tentatively identified at 26.5 R(N) near the planet-sun line (1 R(N) = 24,765 kilometers). A maximum magneticfield of nearly 10,000 nanoteslas (1 nanotesla = 10(-5) gauss) was observed near closest approach, at a distance of 1.18 R(N). The planetary magneticfield between 4 and 15 R(N) can be well represented by an offset tilted magneticdipole (OTD), displaced from the center of Neptune by the surprisingly large amount of 0.55 R(N) and inclined by 47 degrees with respect to the rotation axis. The OTD dipole moment is 0.133 gauss-R(N)(3). Within 4 R(N), the magneticfield representation must include localized sources or higher order magnetic multipoles, or both, which are not yet well determined. The obliquity of Neptune and the phase of its rotation at encounter combined serendipitously so that the spacecraft entered the magnetosphere at a time when the polar cusp region was directed almost precisely sunward. As the spacecraft exited the magnetosphere, the magnetic tail appeared to be monopolar, and no crossings of an imbedded magneticfield reversal or plasma neutral sheet were observed. The auroral zones are most likely located far from the rotation poles and may have a complicated geometry. The rings and all the known moons of Neptune are imbedded deep inside the magnetosphere, except for Nereid, which is outside when sunward of the planet. The radiation belts will have a complex structure owing to the absorption of energetic particles by the moons and rings of Neptune and losses associated with the significant changes

The Sun's general magneticfield has shown polarity reversal three times during the last three solar cycles. We attempt to estimate the upcoming polarity reversal time of the solar magneticdipole by using the coronal field model and synoptic data of the photospheric magneticfield. The scalar magnetic potential of the coronal magneticfield is expanded into a spherical harmonic series. The long-term variations of the dipole component (g01) calculated from the data of National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak and Wilcox Solar Observatory are compared with each other. It is found that the two g01 values show a similar tendency and an approximately linear increase between the Carrington rotation periods CR 2070 and CR 2118. The next polarity reversal is estimated by linear extrapolation to be between CR 2132.2 (December 2012) and CR2134.8 (March 2013).

The procedure for installing Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipoles in their respective cryostats involves aligning the average direction of their field with the vertical to an accuracy of 0.5 mrad. The equipment developed for carrying on these measurements is described and the measurements performed on the first few prototypes SSC magnets are presented. The field angle as a function of position in these 16.6 m long magnets is a characteristic of the individual magnet with possible feedback information to its manufacturing procedure. A comparison of this vertical alignment characteristic with a magneticfield intensity (by NMR) characteristic for one of the prototypes is also presented. 5 refs., 7 figs.

A family of high-fielddipoles is being developed at Texas A&M University, as part of the program to improve the cost-effectiveness of superconducting magnet technology for future hadron colliders. The TAMU technology employs stress management, flux-plate control of persistent-current multipoles, conductor optimization using mixed-strand cable, and metal-filled bladders to provide pre-load and surface compliance. Construction details and status of the latest model dipole will be presented.

A theoretical model is developed to predict the trajectory of magnetized spheres falling through a copper pipe. The derive magnetic point dipole model agrees well with the experimental trajectories for NdFeB spherical magnets of varying diameter, which are embedded inside 3D printed shells with fixed outer dimensions. This demonstration of electrodynamic phenomena and Lenz's law serves as a good laboratory exercise for physics, electromagnetics, and dynamics classes at the undergraduate level.

Monocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) micro-spheres support two orthogonal magneticdipole modes at terahertz (THz) frequencies due to strong dielectric anisotropy. For the first time, we experimentally detected the splitting of the first Mie mode in spheres of radii inline imagem through near-field time-domain THz spectroscopy. By fitting the Fano lineshape model to the experimentally obtained spectra of the electric field detected by the sub-wavelength aperture probe, we found that the magneticdipole resonances in TiO2 spheres have narrow linewidths of only tens of gigahertz. Lastly, anisotropic TiO2 micro-resonators can be used to enhance the interplay of magnetic and electric dipolemore » resonances in the emerging THz all-dielectric metamaterial technology.« less

We study the kinetic decoupling of light (lesssim 10 GeV) magneticdipole dark matter (DM) . We find that present bounds from collider, direct DM searches, and structure formation allow magneticdipole DM to remain in thermal equilibrium with the early universe plasma until as late as the electron-positron annihilation epoch. This late kinetic decoupling leads to a minimal mass for the earliest dark protohalos of thousands of solar masses, in contrast to the conventional weak scale DM scenario where they are of order 10‑6 solar masses.

As part of a collaboration between CEA/Saclay and the Superconducting Magnet Group at LBNL, a subscale dipole structure has been developed to study training in Nb3Sn coils under variable pre-stress conditions. This design is derived from the LBNL Subscale Magnet and relies on the use of identical Nb{sub 3}Sn racetrack coils. Whereas the original LBNL subscale magnet was in a dual bore 'common-coil' configuration, the new subscale dipolemagnet (SD) is assembled as a single bore dipole made of two superposed racetrack coils. The dipole is supported by a new mechanical structure developed to withstand the horizontal and axial Lorentz forces and capable of applying variable vertical, horizontal and axial preload. The magnet was tested at LBNL as part of a series of training studies aiming at understanding of the relation between pre-stress and magnet performance. Particular attention is given to the coil ends where the magneticfield peaks and stress conditions are the least understood. After a description of SD design, assembly, cool-down and tests results are reported and compared with the computations of the OPERA3D and ANSYS magnetic and mechanical models.

The concept of correction of the magnetization sextupole became a topic of discussion as soon as it was realized that superconductor magnetization could have a serious effect on the SSC beam during injection. Several methods of correction were proposed. These included (1) correction with active bore tube windings like those on the HERA machine which correct out magnetization sextupole and the sextupole due to iron saturation, (2) correction with persistent sextupole windings mounted on the bore tube (3) correction using passive superconductor (4) correction using ferromagnetic material, and (5) correction using oriented magnetized materials. This report deals with the use of passive superconductor to correct the magnetization sextupole. Two basic methods are explored in this report: (1) One can correct the magnetization sextupole by changing the diameter of the superconductor filaments in one or more blocks of the SSC dipole. (2) One can correct the magnetization sextupole and decapole by mounting passive superconducting wires on the inside of the SSC dipole coil bore. In addition, an assessment of the contribution of each conductor in the dipole to the magnetization sextupole and decapole is shown. 38 refs, 25 figs., 15 tabs.

Measurements of the two dimensional harmonic content of the end fields generated by the Brookhaven CBA dipole and quadrupole superconducting magnets are presented. Both the local longitudinal structure and the integrated end effects are examined.

Several recent applications of superconducting magnets require the magnets to be operated at high ramp rates and at frequencies of several Hertz. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has recently designed and built prototypes of superconducting dipolemagnets that can be ramped at a fairly high rate (1 T/s or more). For accelerator applications, it is also crucial that the magnets maintain good field quality even at high ramp rates. In order to characterize the field quality of magnets at high ramp rates, a measurement system consisting of 16 printed circuit tangential coils has been developed. The coil system is held stationary while the magnet is ramped. This paper describes the techniques used for the measurements and data analysis, and presents the results of measurements at ramp rates of up to 4 T/s in a prototype dipole built at BNL for GSI.

After a few personal recollections on Professor Shoichi Sakata and thetheory group of Nagoya Univiersity, the electric dipole moment of magnetic monopoles is discussed. In the N = 2 supersymmetric gauge model, the explicit calculation shows that the fraction of the fermion contribution to the moment is given by a curious number.

Pulsating white dwarf stars can be used as astrophysical laboratories to constrain the properties of weakly interacting particles. Comparing the cooling rates of these stars with the expected values from theoretical models allows us to search for additional sources of cooling due to the emission of axions, neutralinos, or neutrinos with magneticdipole moment. In this work, we derive an upper bound to the neutrino magneticdipole moment (μν) using an estimate of the rate of period change of the pulsating DB white dwarf star PG 1351+489. We employ state-of-the-art evolutionary and pulsational codes which allow us to perform a detailed asteroseismological period fit based on fully DB white dwarf evolutionary sequences. Plasmon neutrino emission is the dominant cooling mechanism for this class of hot pulsating white dwarfs, and so it is the main contributor to the rate of change of period with time (Pi dot) for the DBV class. Thus, the inclusion of an anomalous neutrino emission through a non-vanishing magneticdipole moment in these sequences notably influences the evolutionary timescales, and also the expected pulsational properties of the DBV stars. By comparing the theoretical Pi dot value with the rate of change of period with time of PG 1351+489, we assess the possible existence of additional cooling by neutrinos with magneticdipole moment. Our models suggest the existence of some additional cooling in this pulsating DB white dwarf, consistent with a non-zero magneticdipole moment with an upper limit of μν lesssim 10-11 μB. This bound is somewhat less restrictive than, but still compatible with, other limits inferred from the white dwarf luminosity function or from the color-magnitude diagram of the Globular cluster M5. Further improvements of the measurement of the rate of period change of the dominant pulsation mode of PG 1351+489 will be necessary to confirm our bound.

Pulsating white dwarf stars can be used as astrophysical laboratories to constrain the properties of weakly interacting particles. Comparing the cooling rates of these stars with the expected values from theoretical models allows us to search for additional sources of cooling due to the emission of axions, neutralinos, or neutrinos with magneticdipole moment. In this work, we derive an upper bound to the neutrino magneticdipole moment (μ{sub ν}) using an estimate of the rate of period change of the pulsating DB white dwarf star PG 1351+489. We employ state-of-the-art evolutionary and pulsational codes which allow us to perform a detailed asteroseismological period fit based on fully DB white dwarf evolutionary sequences. Plasmon neutrino emission is the dominant cooling mechanism for this class of hot pulsating white dwarfs, and so it is the main contributor to the rate of change of period with time (Pidot) for the DBV class. Thus, the inclusion of an anomalous neutrino emission through a non-vanishing magneticdipole moment in these sequences notably influences the evolutionary timescales, and also the expected pulsational properties of the DBV stars. By comparing the theoretical Pidot value with the rate of change of period with time of PG 1351+489, we assess the possible existence of additional cooling by neutrinos with magneticdipole moment. Our models suggest the existence of some additional cooling in this pulsating DB white dwarf, consistent with a non-zero magneticdipole moment with an upper limit of μ{sub ν} ∼

The magnetic gradient tensor (MGT) provides gradient components of potential fields with mathematical properties which allow processing techniques e.g. analytic signal techniques. With MGT emerging as a new tool for geophysical exploration, the mathematical modelling of gradient tensor fields is necessary for interpretation of magneticfield measurements. The point-dipole and line of dipoles are used to approximate various magnetic objects. I investigate the maxima of the magnitude of magnetic vector components (MMVC) and analytic signals of magnetic gradient tensor (ASMGT) resulting from point-dipole and line of dipoles sources in determining horizontal locations. I also present a method in which depths of these sources are estimated from the ratio of the maximum of MMVC to the maximum of ASMGT. Theoretical examples have been carried out to test the feasibility of the method in obtaining source locations and depths. The method has been applied to the MMVC and ASMGT computed from the total field data over a basic/ultrabasic body at the emerald deposit of Socotó, Bahia, Brazil and buried water supply pipe near Jadaguda Township, India. In both field examples, the method produces good correlations with previous interpretations.

The requirements and operating conditions for a Muon Collider Storage Ring (MCSR) pose significant challenges to superconducting magnets. The dipolemagnets should provide a high magneticfield to reduce the ring circumference and thus maximize the number of muon collisions during their lifetime. One third of the beam energy is continuously deposited along the lattice by the decay electrons at the rate of 0.5 kW/m for a 1.5-TeV c.o.m. and a luminosity of 10{sup 34} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}. Unlike dipoles in proton machines, the MCSR dipoles should allow this dynamic heat load to escape the magnet helium volume in the horizontal plane, predominantly towards the ring center. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of radiation effects in MCSR based on two dipolemagnets designs. Tungsten masks in the interconnect regions are used in both cases to mitigate the unprecedented dynamic heat deposition and radiation in the magnet coils.

We present an all-magnetic scheme for the assembly and study of magneticdipoles within designed confinement profiles that are activated on micro-patterned permalloy films through a precessing magneticfield. Independent control over the confinement and dipolar interactions is achieved by tuning the strength and orientation of the revolving field. The technique is demonstrated with superparamagnetic microspheres field-driven to assemble into closely packed lattice sheets, quasi-1D and other planar structures expandable into dipolar arrays that mirror the patterned surface motifs. PMID:24185093

In some plasma confinement systems (e.g., field-reversed configurations and levitated dipoles) the confinement is provided by a closed-field-line poloidal magneticfield. We consider the influence of the magneticfield perturbations on the structure of the magneticfield in such systems and find that the effect of perturbations is quite different from that in the systems with a substantial toroidal field. In particular, even infinitesimal perturbations can, in principle, lead to large radial excursions of the field lines in FRCs and levitated dipoles. Under such circumstances, particle drifts and particle collisions may give rise to significant neoclassical transport. Introduction of a weak regular toroidal magneticfield reduces radial excursions of the field lines and neoclassical transport.

Initial tests of one of the curved 3 m long superconducting dipolemagnets intended to generate 6.0 T and produce a 20.4/sup 0/ bend in the primary proton beam to a new D-target station at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS have been completed. Although this magnet, whose window frame design generally follows that of the successful 8/sup 0/ and Model T superconducting dipoles, demonstrates many of the desirable characteristics of these earlier magnets such as excellent quench propagation and good ramping properties, it has only reached a disappointingly low magneticfield of 3.5 to 4.0 T. Because of the great interest in superconducting magnet technology, this report will describe the diagnostic tests performed and plans for future modifications.

Centrifugally driven interchange instabilities are observed in a laboratory plasma confined by a dipolemagneticfield. The instabilities appear when an equatorial mesh is biased to drive a radial current that causes rapid axisymmetric plasma rotation. The observed instabilities are quasicoherent in the laboratory frame of reference; they have global radial mode structures and low azimuthal mode numbers, and they are modified by the presence of energetic, magnetically confined electrons. Results from a self-consistent nonlinear simulation reproduce the measured mode structures.

The poloidal mode field line resonance in the Earth's dipolemagneticfield is investigated using cold plasma ideal MHD simulations in dipole geometry. In order to excite the poloidal mode resonance, we use either an initial or a continuous velocity perturbation to drive the system. The perturbation is localized at magnetic shell L = 7 with plasma flow in the radial direction (electric field component in the azimuthal direction). It is found that with the initial perturbation alone, no polodial mode resonance can be obtained and the initially localized perturbation spreads out across all magnetic L shells. With the continuous perturbation, oscillating near the poloidal resonance frequency, a global-scale poloidal cavity mode can be obtained. For the first time, a localized guided poloidal mode resonance is obtained when a radial component of electric field is added to the initial perturbation such that the curl of the electric field is everywhere perpendicular to the background dipolemagneticfield. During the localized poloidal resonance, plasma vortices parallel/antiparallel to the background dipolemagneticfield B(sub 0). This circular flow, elongated radially, results in twisting of magneticfield flux tubes, which, in turn, leads to the slowdown of the circular plasma flow and reversal of the plasma vortices. The energy associated with the localized poloidal resonance is conserved as it shifts back and forth between the oscillating plasma vortices and the alternately twisted magnetic flux tubes. In the simulations the eigenfunctions associated with the localized poloidal resonance are grid-scale singular functions. This result indicates that ideal MHD is inadequate to describe the underlying problem and nonideal MHD effects are needed for mode broadening.

We show that multiaxial fields can induce time-averaged, noncentrosymmetric interactions between particles having polarization anisotropy, yet the multiaxial field itself does not exert either a force or a torque on an isolated particle. These induced interactions lead to particle assemblies whose energy is strongly dependent on both the translational and orientational degrees of freedom of the system. The situation is similar to a collection of permanent dipoles, but the symmetry of the time-averaged interaction is quite distinct, and the scale of the system energy can be dynamically controlled by the magnitude of the applied multiaxial field. In our paper, themore » case of polarizable rods is considered in detail, and it is suggested that collections of rods embedded in spheres can be used to create a material with a dynamically tunable magnetic permeability or dielectric permittivity. We report on Monte Carlo simulations performed to investigate the behavior of assemblies of both multiaxial-field induced dipoles and permanent dipoles arranged onto two-dimensional lattices. Lastly, the ground state of the induced dipoles is an orientational soft mode of aligned dipoles, whereas that of the permanent dipoles is a vortex state.« less

We show that multiaxial fields can induce time-averaged, noncentrosymmetric interactions between particles having polarization anisotropy, yet the multiaxial field itself does not exert either a force or a torque on an isolated particle. These induced interactions lead to particle assemblies whose energy is strongly dependent on both the translational and orientational degrees of freedom of the system. The situation is similar to a collection of permanent dipoles, but the symmetry of the time-averaged interaction is quite distinct, and the scale of the system energy can be dynamically controlled by the magnitude of the applied multiaxial field. In our paper, the case of polarizable rods is considered in detail, and it is suggested that collections of rods embedded in spheres can be used to create a material with a dynamically tunable magnetic permeability or dielectric permittivity. We report on Monte Carlo simulations performed to investigate the behavior of assemblies of both multiaxial-field induced dipoles and permanent dipoles arranged onto two-dimensional lattices. Lastly, the ground state of the induced dipoles is an orientational soft mode of aligned dipoles, whereas that of the permanent dipoles is a vortex state.

We show that multiaxial fields can induce time-averaged, noncentrosymmetric interactions between particles having polarization anisotropy, yet the multiaxial field itself does not exert either a force or a torque on an isolated particle. These induced interactions lead to particle assemblies whose energy is strongly dependent on both the translational andorientational degrees of freedom of the system. The situation is similar to a collection of permanent dipoles, but the symmetry of the time-averaged interaction is quite distinct, and the scale of the system energy can be dynamically controlled by the magnitude of the applied multiaxial field. In our paper, the case of polarizable rods is considered in detail, and it is suggested that collections of rods embedded in spheres can be used to create a material with a dynamically tunable magnetic permeability or dielectric permittivity. We report on Monte Carlo simulations performed to investigate the behavior of assemblies of both multiaxial-field induced dipoles and permanent dipoles arranged onto two-dimensional lattices. The ground state of the induced dipoles is an orientational soft mode of aligned dipoles, whereas that of the permanent dipoles is a vortex state.

Long-ranged dipole-dipole interactions in magnetic glasses give rise to magnetic domains having labyrinthine patterns on the scale of about 1 micron. Barkhausen Noise then results from the movement of domain boundaries which is modeled by the motion of elastic membranes with random pinning. Here we propose that on the nanoscale new sources of Barkhausen Noise can arise. We propose an atomistic model of magnetic glasses in which we measure the Barkhausen Noise which results from the creation of new domains and the movement of domain boundaries on the nanoscale. The statistics of the Barkhausen Noise found in our simulations is in striking disagreement with the expectations in the literature. In fact we find exponential statistics without any power law, stressing the fact that Barkhausen Noise can belong to very different universality classes. In the present model the essence of the phenomenon is the fact that the spin response Green's function is decaying too rapidly for having sufficiently large magnetic jumps. A theory is offered in excellent agreement with the measured data without any free parameter.

Four full scale SSC development dipolemagnets have been tested for mechanical and quench behavior. Two are of a design similar to previous magnets but contain a number of improvements, including more uniform coil size, higher pre-stress and a redesigned inner-outer coil splice. One exceeds the SSC operating current on the second quench but the other appears to be limited by damaged superconductor to a lower current. The other two magnets are of alternate designs. One trains erratically and fails to reach a plateau and the other reaches plateau after four quenches. 12 refs., 4 figs.

A method was developed for economically fabricating short, wire-wound, steering magnets with maximum length, cosine-distributed, axial elements. This method utilizes multifunctional tooling to precisely flat-wind two-layer dipole halves that are subsequently reformed and encapsulated into semicylindrical form with confinement of the end turns into thin, half discs normal to the magnet axis. This paper addresses the magnet fabrication in detail, highlighting the inherent quality control features of the tooling, overall construction costs, and contemplated manufacturing enhancements.

The generation of ULF waves by ground-based magnetic and electric dipoles is studied with a simplified model consisting of three adjoining homogeneous regions representing the groud, the vacuum (free space) region, and the ionosphere. The system is assumed to be immersed in a homogeneous magneticfield with an arbitrary tilt angle. By the use of Fourier techniques and the method of stationary phase, analytic expressions are obtained for the field strength of the compressional Alfven waves in the ionosphere. Expressions are also obtained for the strength of the torsional Alfven wave in the ionosphere and the ULF magneticfield at ground level. Numerical results are obtained for the compressional Alfven-wave field strength in the ionosphere with a nonvertical geomagnetic field and for the ULF magneticfield at ground level for a vertical geomagnetic field.

A proof-of-principle electron electric-dipole-moment (e-EDM) experiment using slow cesium atoms, nulled magneticfields, and electric-field quantization has been performed. With the ambient magneticfields seen by the atoms reduced to less than 200 pT, an electric field of 6 MV/m lifts the degeneracy between states of unequal |m{sub F}| and, along with the low ({approx_equal}3 m/s) velocity, suppresses the systematic effect from the motional magneticfield. The low velocity and small residual magneticfield have made it possible to induce transitions between states and to perform state preparation, analysis, and detection in regions free of applied static magnetic and electric fields. This experiment demonstrates techniques that may be used to improve the e-EDM limit by two orders of magnitude, but it is not in itself a sensitive e-EDM search, mostly due to limitations of the laser system.

In this paper, a diagnostic method for magnetized and unmagnetized laboratory plasma is proposed, based on impedance measurements of a short matched dipole. The range of the measured electron densities is limited to low density plasmas (10{sup 12}–10{sup 15 }m{sup −3}), where other diagnostic methods have strong limitations on the magneticfield strength and topology, plasma dimensions, and boundary conditions. The method is designed for use in both large- and small-dimension plasma (<10 cm) without or with strong non-homogeneous magneticfield, which can be undefined within the probe size. The design of a matched dipole probe allows to suppress the sheath resonance effects and to reach high sensitivity at relatively small probe dimensions. Validation experiments are conducted in both magnetized (B ∼ 170 G) and unmagnetized (B = 0) low density (7 × 10{sup 12 }m{sup −3}–7 × 10{sup 13 }m{sup −3}) low pressure (1 mTorr) 10 cm scale plasmas. The experimentally measured data show very good agreement with an analytical theory both for a non-magnetized and a magnetized case. The electron density measured by the matched dipole and Langmuir probes in the range of 7 × 10{sup 12 }m{sup −3}–7 × 10{sup 13 }m{sup −3} show less than 30% difference. An experimentally measured tolerance/uncertainty of the dipole probe method is estimated to ±1% for plasma densities above 2 × 10{sup 13 }m{sup −3}. A spatial resolution is estimated from the experiments to be about 3d, where d is the dipole diameter. The diagnostic method is also validated by comparing the measured plasma impedance curves with results of analytical modelling.

The paper is concerned mainly with the intrinsic planetary field which dominates the inner magnetosphere up to a distance of 10 to 12 Jovian radii where other phenomena, such as ring currents and diamagnetic effects of trapped charged particles, become significant. The main magneticfield of Jupiter as determined by in-situ observations by Pioner 10 and 11 is found to be relatively more complex than a simple offset tilted dipole. Deviations from a simple dipole geometry lead to distortions of the charged particle L shells and warping of the magnetic equator. Enhanced absorption effects associated with Io and Amalthea are predicted. The results are consistent with the conclusions derived from extensive radio observations at decimetric and decametric wavelengths for the planetary field.

In order to help assess the usable dynamic range of iron-dominated dipoles, field shape data at low field on several Fermi-lab accelerator dipole designs are presented. Emphasis is placed on the systematic and random values of the low field sextupole since it is the first ``allowed`` field error. The Main Injector dipoles provide four times smaller sextupole and more than 20 times less sextupole hysteresis than earlier designs for the Main Ring.

The conceptual design of a new dipole corrector magnet has been thoroughly studied. The planned Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) beam line will require correctors capable of greater range and linearity than existing correctors, so a new design is proposed based on the horizontal trim dipole correctors built for the Main Injector synchrotron at Fermilab. The gap, pole shape, length, and number of conductor turns remain the same. To allow operation over a wider range of excitations without overheating, the conductor size is increased, and to maintain better linearity, the back leg thickness is increased. The magnetic simulation was done using ANSYS to optimize the shape and the size of the yoke. The thermal performance was also modeled and analyzed.

Monocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) micro-spheres support two orthogonal magneticdipole modes at terahertz (THz) frequencies due to strong dielectric anisotropy. For the first time, we experimentally detected the splitting of the first Mie mode in spheres of radii inline imagem through near-field time-domain THz spectroscopy. By fitting the Fano lineshape model to the experimentally obtained spectra of the electric field detected by the sub-wavelength aperture probe, we found that the magneticdipole resonances in TiO2 spheres have narrow linewidths of only tens of gigahertz. Lastly, anisotropic TiO2 micro-resonators can be used to enhance the interplay of magnetic and electric dipolemore » resonances in the emerging THz all-dielectric metamaterial technology.« less

Hadron Colliders (HC) are the most powerful discovery tools in modern high energy physics. A 100 TeV scale HC with a nominal operation field of at least 15 T is being considered for the post-LHC era. The choice of a 15 T nominal field requires using the Nb3Sn technology. Practical demonstration of this field level in an accelerator-quality magnet and substantial reduction of the magnet costs are the key conditions for realization of such a machine. FNAL has started the development of a 15 T Nb3Sn dipole demonstrator for a 100 TeV scale HC. The magnet design is based on 4-layer shell type coils, graded between the inner and outer layers to maximize the performance. The experience gained during the 11-T dipole R&D campaign is applied to different aspects of the magnet design. This paper describes the magnetic and structural designs and parameters of the 15 T Nb3Sn dipole and the steps towards the demonstration model.

High-spin states in {sup 83}Rb were populated in the reaction {sup 11}B+{sup 76}Ge at beam energies of 45 and 50 MeV. {gamma} rays were detected with the spectrometer GASP. The level scheme of {sup 83}Rb was extended up to 13.9 MeV. Mean lifetimes of 23 levels were determined using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. Among the bands newly established is a sequence comprising intense M1 transitions and crossover E2 transitions. This sequence turns out to be irregular and thus shows that magnetic rotation as observed in the neighboring odd-odd isotopes is not realized in this odd-even nuclide. Excited states in {sup 83}Rb were interpreted in terms of the shell model using the model space {pi}(0f{sub 5/2},1p{sub 3/2},1p{sub 1/2},0g{sub 9/2}) {nu}(1p{sub 1/2},0g{sub 9/2}). The configurations predicted for the negative-parity M1 sequence reproduce the M1 transition strengths fairly well.

In this study some properties of the magneticdipole excitations of the deformed odd mass 163Dy nucleus were studied by using Quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model (QPNM). The several of the ground-state and low-lying magneticdipole (M1) mode characteristics were calculated for deformed odd-mass nuclei using a separable Hamiltonian within the QPNM. The M1 excited states, reduced transition probabilities B(M1), the ground-state magnetic properties such as magnetic moment (μ), intrinsic magnetic moment (gK) , effective spin factor (gseff.) are the fundamental characteristics of the odd-mass nucleus and provide key information to understand nuclear structure. The theoretical results were compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical approaches. Calculations show that the spin-spin interaction in this isotopes leads to polarization effect influencing the magnetic moments. Furthermore we found a strong fragmentation of the M1 strength in 163Dy nucleus which was in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Sakarya University, Project Number: 2012-50-02-007 and Z.Zenginerler acknowledge to TUBITAK-TURKEY 2013, fellowship No: 2219.

The dynamics of a pair of harmonic oscillators represented by three-dimensional fields coupled with a repulsive cubic nonlinearity is investigated through direct simulations of the respective field equations and with the help of the finite-mode Galerkin approximation (GA), which represents the two interacting fields by a superposition of 3 +3 harmonic-oscillator p -wave eigenfunctions with orbital and magnetic quantum numbers l =1 and m =1 , 0, -1 . The system can be implemented in binary Bose-Einstein condensates, demonstrating the potential of the atomic condensates to emulate various complex modes predicted by classical field theories. First, the GA very accurately predicts a broadly degenerate set of the system's ground states in the p -wave manifold, in the form of complexes built of a dipole coaxial with another dipole or vortex, as well as complexes built of mutually orthogonal dipoles. Next, pairs of noncoaxial vortices and/or dipoles, including pairs of mutually perpendicular vortices, develop remarkably stable dynamical regimes, which feature periodic exchange of the angular momentum and periodic switching between dipoles and vortices. For a moderately strong nonlinearity, simulations of the coupled-field equations agree very well with results produced by the GA, demonstrating that the dynamics is accurately spanned by the set of six modes limited to l =1 .

The dynamics of a pair of harmonic oscillators represented by three-dimensional fields coupled with a repulsive cubic nonlinearity is investigated through direct simulations of the respective field equations and with the help of the finite-mode Galerkin approximation (GA), which represents the two interacting fields by a superposition of 3+3 harmonic-oscillator p-wave eigenfunctions with orbital and magnetic quantum numbers l=1 and m=1, 0, -1. The system can be implemented in binary Bose-Einstein condensates, demonstrating the potential of the atomic condensates to emulate various complex modes predicted by classical field theories. First, the GA very accurately predicts a broadly degenerate set of the system's ground states in the p-wave manifold, in the form of complexes built of a dipole coaxial with another dipole or vortex, as well as complexes built of mutually orthogonal dipoles. Next, pairs of noncoaxial vortices and/or dipoles, including pairs of mutually perpendicular vortices, develop remarkably stable dynamical regimes, which feature periodic exchange of the angular momentum and periodic switching between dipoles and vortices. For a moderately strong nonlinearity, simulations of the coupled-field equations agree very well with results produced by the GA, demonstrating that the dynamics is accurately spanned by the set of six modes limited to l=1. PMID:27575123

We present general expressions for the magnetic transition rates in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments of anisotropic spin systems in the solid state. The expressions apply to general spin centers and arbitrary excitation geometry (Voigt, Faraday, and intermediate). They work for linear and circular polarized as well as unpolarized excitation, and for crystals and powders. The expressions are based on the concept of the (complex) magnetic transition dipole moment vector. Using the new theory, we determine the parities of ground and excited spin states of high-spin (S=5/2) Fe(III) in hemin from the polarization dependence of experimental EPR line intensities. PMID:25615456

A multiple cathode system has been designed to provide the high average current polarized electron bunches for the future electron-ion collider eRHIC [1]. One of the key research topics in this design is the technique to generate a combined dipole and quadrupole rotating field at high frequency (700 kHz). This type of field is necessary for combining bunches from different cathodes to the same axis with minimum emittance growth. Our simulations and the prototype test results to achieve this will be presented. The future eRHIC project, next upgrade of EHIC, will be the first electron-heavy ion collider in the world. For polarized-electron and polarized proton collisions, it requires a polarized electron source with high average current ({approx}50 mA), short bunch ({approx}3 mm), emittance of about 20 {micro}m and energy spread of {approx}1% at 10 MeV. The state-of-art polarized electron cathode can generate average current of about more than 1 mA, but much less than 50 mA. The current is limited by the quantum efficiency, lifetime, space charge and ultra-high vacuum requirement of the polarized cathode. A possible approach to achieve the 50 mA beam is to employ multiple cathodes, such as 20 cathodes, and combine the multiple bunched beams from cathodes to the same axis. We name it as 'Gatling gun' because its operations bear similarity to a multi-barrel Gatling gun. The electron spin direction is not affected by electric field but will follow to the direction of the magnetic bending. This requires that, to preserve the spin polarization from cathode, the fixed bending field after the solenoid and the rotating bending field in combiner must be either a pair of electric bendings or a pair of magnetic bendings. We choose the scheme with a pair of magnetic bendings because it is much easier than the scheme with a pair of electric bendings at our 200 keV electron energy level.

The classical theory of electrodynamics is built upon Maxwell's equations and the concepts of electromagnetic field, force, energy and momentum, which are intimately tied together by Poynting's theorem and the Lorentz force law. Whereas Maxwell's macroscopic equations relate the electric and magneticfields to their material sources (i.e., charge, current, polarization and magnetization), Poynting's theorem governs the flow of electromagnetic energy and its exchange between fields and material media, while the Lorentz law regulates the back-and-forth transfer of momentum between the media and the fields. The close association of momentum with energy thus demands that the Poynting theorem and the Lorentz law remain consistent with each other, while, at the same time, ensuring compliance with the conservation laws of energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum. This paper shows how a consistent application of the aforementioned laws of electrodynamics to moving permanent dipoles (both electric and magnetic) brings into play the rest-mass of the dipoles. The rest mass must vary in response to external electromagnetic fields if the overall energy of the system is to be conserved. The physical basis for the inferred variations of the rest-mass appears to be an interference between the internal fields of the dipoles and the externally applied fields. We use two different formulations of the classical theory in which energy and momentum relate differently to the fields, yet we find identical behavior for the restmass in both formulations.

Several recent applications for fast ramped magnets have been found that require rapid measurement of the field quality during the ramp. (In one instance, accelerator dipoles will be ramped at 1 T/sec, with measurements needed to the accuracy typically required for accelerators.) We have built and tested a new type of magneticfield measuring system to meet this need. The system consists of 16 stationary pickup windings mounted on a cylinder. The signals induced in the windings in a changing magneticfield are sampled and analyzed to obtain the field harmonics. To minimize costs, printed circuit boards were used for the pickup windings and a combination of amplifiers and ADPs used for the voltage readout system. New software was developed for the analysis. Magneticfield measurements of a model dipole developed for the SIS200 accelerator at GSI are presented. The measurements are needed to insure that eddy currents induced by the fast ramps do not impact the field quality needed for successful accelerator operation.

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) has surprisingly strong submillimeter- and millimeter-wavelength emission that is inconsistent with standard dust models, including those with emission from spinning dust. Here, we show that the emission from the SMC may be understood if the interstellar dust mixture includes magnetic nanoparticles, emitting magneticdipole radiation resulting from thermal fluctuations in the magnetization. The magnetic grains can be metallic iron, magnetite Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, or maghemite {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The required mass of iron is consistent with elemental abundance constraints. The magneticdipole emission is predicted to be polarized orthogonally to the normal electric dipole radiation if the nanoparticles are inclusions in larger grains. We speculate that other low-metallicity galaxies may also have a large fraction of the interstellar Fe in magnetic materials.

The magnetization of thin films depends in a very sensitive way on surface anisotropy fields which often favor a perpendicular orientation and on the dipole interaction which favors an in-plane magnetization. A temperature driven transition from one to the other orientation has been observed experimentally. In order to understand this behavior theoretically we performed detailed calculations of the magnetization of very thin films (thickness of up to 5 layers) within a quantum mechanical mean field approach. A surface anisotropy that favors a perpendicular orientation and a long range dipole interaction were taken into account. It is shown that these competing interactions for certain values of the parameters may result in a temperature driven switching transition from an out-of plane to an in-plane ordered state. Varying the strength of the dipole interaction we found that the switching temperature is a very sensitive function of the ratio of these two competing interactions. A perpendicular ground state magnetization of the firm is only found for values of the surface anisotropy which are larger than a critical surface anisotropy value. The reorientation of the magnetization vector has its physical origin in an entropy increase of the system when going from a perpendicular to an in-plan ordered state.

The unique advantages of fusion rocket propulsion systems for distant missions are explored using the magneticdipole configurations as an example. The dipole is found to have features well suited to space applications. Parameters are presented for a system producing a specific power of kW/kg, capable of interplanetary flights to Mars in 90 days and to Jupiter in a year, and of extra-solar-system flights to 1000 astronomical units (the Tau mission) in 20 years. This is about 10 times better specific power performance than nuclear electric fission systems. Possibilities to further increase the specific power toward 10 kW/kg are discussed, as is an approach to implementing the concept through proof-testing on the moon. 20 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

A conceptual design is discussed for a fusion rocket propulsion system based on the magneticdipole configuration. The dipole is found to have features well suited to space applications. Example parameters are presented for a system producing a specific power of 1 kW/kg, capable of interplanetary flights to Mars in 90 days and to Jupiter in a year, and of extra-solar-system flights to 1000 astronomical units (the Tau mission) in 20 years. This is about 10 times better specific power toward 10 kW/kg are discussed, as in an approach to implementing the concept through proof-testing on the moon. 21 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

It is possible to reproduce the configuration of the neutral line on the solar source surface by the axial dipole at the center of the sun and a few fictitious dipoles on the photosphere. An attempt is made to identify the nature of such fictitious dipoles in the photospheric magneticfields. It is shown that large-scale photospheric dipolefields can be identified clearly at the locations indicated by the fictitious dipoles when the photospheric field is very simple. They are found to be active regions.

Here we demonstrate the control of magneticdipole spontaneous emission at yellow light by magnetic metamaterials. By embedding magneticdipole into a magnetic metamaterial consisting of arrays of paired silver strips, the radiative emission enhancement and the Purcell factor around 590 nm has been dramatically increased to 110 and 180 respectively. Moreover, the enhancements are found to be robust to variation of dipole's positions and structure geometries, showing nice fabrication tolerance for practical applications.

The dipole radiation from an oscillating charge is treated using the Hamiltonian approach to electrodynamics where the concept of cavity modes plays a central role. We show that the calculation of the radiation field can be obtained in a closed form within this approach by emphasizing the role of coherence between the cavity modes, which is…

Several 1 meter long, 40 mm aperture model SSC dipolemagnets with vertically split yokes have been built and tested at Fermilab. In addition to the yoke design, these magnets were used to evaluate several variants of the collet clamps which apply prestress to the magnet ends. The magnets were instrumented with voltage taps for quench localization and strain gage based devices for measuring stresses, forces and deflections resulting from cooldown and excitation. Test were carried out in a vertical dewar at temperatures from 3.8{degree}K to 4.4{degree}K. The quench and mechanical behavior of these magnets will be presented and magneticfield measurements will be shown. A comparison with an earlier series of magnets with horizontally split yokes will be made. 7 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

Compact sensor measures both electric and magneticfields. Includes both short electric-fielddipole and search-coil magnetometer. Three mounted orthogonally providing triaxial measurements of electromagnetic field at frequencies ranging from near 0 to about 10 kHz.

We study stationary but time-dependent ideal (point) electric and magneticdipoles, both the conventional type consisting of electric charges and currents and the hypothetical kind composed of magnetic monopoles and their currents. We derive their potentials and fields, and calculate the energy, momentum, and angular momentum they radiate.

A systematic study of the persistent current decay and snapback effect in the fields of Tevatron accelerator dipoles was performed at the Fermilab Magnet Test Facility (MTF). The decay and snapback were measured under a range of conditions including variations of the current ramp parameters and magnet operational history. The study has mostly focused on the dynamic behavior of the normal sextupole component. In addition, the paper presents the persistent current effects observed in the other allowed field harmonics as well. The results provide new information about the previously observed ''excess'' decay during the first several seconds of the sextupole decay during injection and the correlation between the snapback amplitude and its duration.

The magneto-frictional method is used for computing force free fields to examine the evolution of the magneticfield of a line dipole, when there is relative shearing motion between the two polarities. It found that the energy of the sheared field can be arbitrarily large compared with the potential field. It is also found that it is possible to fit the magnetic energy, as a function of shear, by a simple functional form.

Hydromagnetic waves, especially those of frequencies in the range of a few millihertz to a few hertz observed in the Earth's magnetosphere, are categorized as ultra low-frequency (ULF) waves or pulsations. They have been extensively studied due to their importance in the interaction with radiation belt particles and in probing the structures of the magnetosphere. We developed an approach to examining the toroidal standing Aflvén waves in a background magneticfield by recasting the wave equation into a Klein-Gordon (KG) form along individual field lines. The eigenvalue solutions to the system are characteristic of a propagation type when the corresponding eigenfrequency is greater than a critical frequency and a decaying type otherwise. We apply the approach to a compressed-dipolemagneticfield model of the inner magnetosphere and obtain the spatial profiles of relevant parameters and the spatial wave forms of harmonic oscillations. We further extend the approach to poloidal-mode standing Alfvén waves along field lines. In particular, we present a quantitative comparison with a recent spacecraft observation of a poloidal standing Alfvén wave in the Earth's magnetosphere. Our analysis based on the KG equation yields consistent results which agree with the spacecraft measurements of the wave period and the amplitude ratio between the magneticfield and electric field perturbations.

An experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to develop a technique for characterizing the nonlinear fields of the beam transport system. Two air-core dipolemagnets were simultaneously driven at two different frequencies to provide a time-dependent transverse modulation of the electron beam. Fourier decomposition of beam position monitor data was then used to measure the amplitude of these frequencies at different positions along the beamline. For a purely linear transport system one expects to find solely the frequencies that were applied to the dipoles with amplitudes that depend on the phase advance of the lattice. In the presence of nonlinear fields one expects to also find harmonics of the driving frequencies that depend on the order of the nonlinearity. The technique was calibrated using one of the sextupole magnets in a CEBAF beamline and then applied to a dipole to measure the sextupole and octupole strength of the magnet. A comparison is made between the beam-based measurements, results from TOSCA and data from our Magnet Measurement Facility.

Higher multipoles due to magnetization of the superconductor in four and five centimeter bore Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) superconducting dipolemagnets have been observed. The use of passive superconductor to correct out the magnetization sextupole has been demonstrated on two dipoles built by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). This reports shows how passive correction can be applied to the five centimeter SSC dipoles to remove sextupole and decapole caused by magnetization of the dipole superconductor. Two passive superconductor corrector options will be presented. The change in magnetization sextupole and decapole due to flux creep decay of the superconductor during injection can be partially compensated for using the passive superconductor. 9 refs; 5 figs.

Recently planet Mercury - an unexplored territory in our solar system - has been of much interest to the scientific community due to recent flybys of the spacecraft MESSENGER that discovered its intrinsic stationary and large-scale dipole like magneticfield structure with an intensity of ˜300nT confirming Mariner 10 observations. In the present study, with the observed constraint of Mercury's atmospheric magneticfield structure, internal magneticfield structure is modeled as a solution of magnetic diffusion equation. In this study, Mercury's internal structure mainly consists of a stable stratified fluid core and the convective mantle. For simplicity, magnetic diffusivity in both parts of the structure is considered to be uniform and constant with a value represented by a suitable averages. It is further assumed that vigorous convection in the mantle disposes of the electric currents leading to a very high diffusivity in that region. Thus, in order to satisfy observed atmospheric magneticfield structure, Mercury's most likely magneticfield structure consists of a solution of MHD diffusion equation in the core and a combined multipolar (dipole and quadrupole like magneticfield structures embedded in the uniform field) solution of a current free like magneticfield structure in the mantle and in the atmosphere. With imposition of appropriate boundary conditions at the core-mantle boundary for the first two diffusion eigen modes, in order to satisfy the observed field structure, present study puts the constraint on Mercury's core radius to be ˜2000km. From the estimated magnetic diffusivity and the core radius, it is also possible to estimate the two diffusion eigen modes with their diffusion time scales of ˜8.6 and 3.7 billion years respectively suggesting that the planet inherits its present-day magneticfield structure from the solar Nebula. It is proposed that permanency of such a large-scale magneticfield structure of the planet is attained during

We present a detailed electromagnetic analysis of an electrically small colocated electric dipole and magnetic loop antenna array. This antenna is the simplest example of the Grimes multipole class of antenna arrays. We have determined that since the interaction term between the two elements disappears from the radial complex power, we were able to set the radial reactance to zero by choosing appropriate current magnitudes and phases on the array elements. By driving the two elements in quadrature, we obtained a much increased radiation intensity and directivity as well as increased radiated power.

Magneticdipole emission (MDE) from interstellar magnetic nanoparticles is potentially an important Galactic foreground in the microwave frequencies, and its polarization level may pose great challenges for achieving reliable measurements of cosmic microwave background B-mode signal. To obtain realistic predictions for the polarization of MDE, we first compute the degree of alignment of big silicate grains incorporated with magnetic inclusions. We find that thermally rotating big grains with magnetic inclusions are weakly aligned and can achieve alignment saturation when the magnetic alignment rate becomes much faster than the rotational damping rate. We then compute the degree of alignment for free-flying magnetic nanoparticles, taking into account various interaction processes of grains with the ambient gas and radiation field, including neutral collisions, ion collisions, and infrared emission. We find that the rotational damping by infrared emission can significantly decrease the degree of alignment of small particles from the saturation level, whereas the excitation by ion collisions can enhance the alignment of ultrasmall particles. Using the computed degrees of alignment, we predict the polarization level of MDE from free-flying magnetic nanoparticles to be rather low. Such a polarization level is within the upper limits measured for anomalous microwave emission (AME), which indicates that MDE from free-flying iron particles may not be ruled out as a source of AME. We also quantify rotational emission from free-flying iron nanoparticles with permanent magnetic moments and find that its emissivity is about one order of magnitude lower than that from spinning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

We have considered a mechanism for inducing a time-reversal violating electric dipole moment (EDM) in atoms through the interaction of a nuclear EDM d{sub N} with the hyperfine interaction, the ''magnetic moment effect''. We have derived the operator for this interaction and presented analytical formulas for the matrix elements between atomic states. Induced EDMs in the diamagnetic atoms {sup 129}Xe, {sup 171}Yb, {sup 199}Hg, {sup 211}Rn, and {sup 225}Ra have been calculated numerically. From the experimental limits on the atomic EDMs of {sup 129}Xe and {sup 199}Hg we have placed the following constraints on the nuclear EDMs, |d{sub N}({sup 129}Xe)|<1.1x10{sup -21}|e|cm and |d{sub N}({sup 199}Hg)|<2.8x10{sup -24}|e|cm.

The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) [J. Kesner et al., in Fusion Energy 1998, 1165 (1999)] is a new research facility that is exploring the confinement and stability of plasma created within the dipolefield produced by a strong superconducting magnet. Unlike other configurations in which stability depends on curvature and magnetic shear, magnetohydrodynamic stability of a dipole derives from plasma compressibility. Theoretically, the dipolemagnetic geometry can stabilize a centrally peaked plasma pressure that exceeds the local magnetic pressure ({beta}>1), and the absence of magnetic shear allows particle and energy confinement to decouple. In initial experiments, long-pulse, quasi-steady-state microwave discharges lasting more than 10 s have been produced that are consistent with equilibria having peak beta values of 20%. Detailed measurements have been made of discharge evolution, plasma dynamics and instability, and the roles of gas fueling, microwave power deposition profiles, and plasma boundary shape. In these initial experiments, the high-field superconducting floating coil was supported by three thin supports. The plasma is created by multifrequency electron cyclotron resonance heating at 2.45 and 6.4 GHz, and a population of energetic electrons, with mean energies above 50 keV, dominates the plasma pressure. Creation of high-pressure, high-beta plasma is possible only when intense hot electron interchange instabilities are stabilized by sufficiently high background plasma density. A dramatic transition from a low-density, low-beta regime to a more quiescent, high-beta regime is observed when the plasma fueling rate and confinement time become sufficiently large.

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has been developing technology for high field accelerator magnets from brittle conductors. HD1 is a single bore block dipolemagnet using two, double-layer Nb{sub 3}Sn flat racetrack coils. The magnet was tested in October 2003 and reached a bore peak field of 16 T (94.5% of short sample). The average quench current plateau appeared to be limited by 'stick slip' conductor motions. Diagnostics recorded quench origins and preload distributions. Cumulative deformation of the mechanical structure has been observed. Quench velocity in different field regions has been measured and compared with model predictions. The results obtained during the HD1 test are presented and discussed.

Earlier papers1-3 in this journal have described experiments on measuring the magneticfields of current-carrying wires and permanent magnets using magneticfield probes of various kinds. This paper explains how to use an iPad and the free app MagnetMeter-3D Vector Magnetometer and Accelerometer4 (compass HD) to measure the magneticfields.

The classical theory of electrodynamics cannot explain the existence and structure of electric and magneticdipoles, yet it incorporates such dipoles into its fundamental equations, simply by postulating their existence and properties, just as it postulates the existence and properties of electric charges and currents. Maxwell's macroscopic equations are mathematically exact and self-consistent differential equations that relate the electromagnetic (EM) field to its sources, namely, electric charge-density 𝜌𝜌free, electric current-density 𝑱𝑱free, polarization 𝑷𝑷, and magnetization 𝑴𝑴. At the level of Maxwell's macroscopic equations, there is no need for models of electric and magneticdipoles. For example, whether a magneticdipole is an Amperian current-loop or a Gilbertian pair of north and south magnetic monopoles has no effect on the solution of Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic fields carry energy as well as linear and angular momenta, which they can exchange with material media—the seat of the sources of the EM field—thereby exerting force and torque on these media. In the Lorentz formulation of classical electrodynamics, the electric and magneticfields, 𝑬𝑬 and 𝑩𝑩, exert forces and torques on electric charge and current distributions. An electric dipole is then modeled as a pair of electric charges on a stick (or spring), and a magneticdipole is modeled as an Amperian current loop, so that the Lorentz force law can be applied to the corresponding (bound) charges and (bound) currents of these dipoles. In contrast, the Einstein-Laub formulation circumvents the need for specific models of the dipoles by simply providing a recipe for calculating the force- and torque-densities exerted by the 𝑬𝑬 and 𝑯𝑯 fields on charge, current, polarization and magnetization. The two formulations, while similar in many respects, have significant

It is shown that the sum of the intensities for magneticdipole transitions between crystal-field components of two free-ion levels in lanthanide spectra is almost independent of the symmetry of the environment. A mean theoretical sum value of 18{times}10{sup {minus}7}D{sup 2}, 94{times}10{sup {minus}7}D{sup 2}, and 9{times}10{sup {minus}7}D{sup 2} for, respectively, the {sup 5}{ital D}{sub 1}{l arrow}{sup 7}{ital F}{sub 0}, {sup 5}{ital D}{sub 0}{l arrow}{sup 7}{ital F}{sub 1}, and {sup 5}{ital D}{sub 2}{l arrow}{sup 7}{ital F}{sub 1} dipole strengths has been found. Experimental values of the dipole strength for Eu{sup 3+} in different lattices support within reasonable limits the theoretically derived sum rule. We therefore propose to use these magneticdipole transitions in the Eu{sup 3+} spectrum as standards for further Judd--Ofelt parametrization.

Six 4.5 m long dipole models for the proposed Superconducting Super Collider have been successfully tested. The magnets are cold-iron (and cold bore) 1-in-1 dipoles, wound with current density-graded high homogeneity NbTi cable in a two-layer cos theta coil of 40 mm inner diameter. The coil is prestressed by 15 mm wide stainless steel collars, and mounted in a circular, split iron yoke of 267 mm outer diameter, supported in a cylindrical yoke containment vessel. At 4.5 K the magnets reached a field of about 6.6 T with little training, or the short sample limit of the conductor, and in subcooled (2.6 - 2.4 K) liquid, 8 T was achieved. The allowed harmonics were close to the predicted values, and the unallowed harmonics small. The sextupole trim coil operated well above the required current with little training.

The current denstity generated by electrons in Russell-Saunders states within an l^n manifold comprises only even-parity multipoles: 'magnetic' dipoles, octopoles, etc. (L=1,3,...) and 'electric' quadrupoles, etc. (L=2,4,...). If inversion symmetry is broken, e.g., by an odd-parity order parameter, and hybridization between states of different parity becomes possible, odd-parity terms also emerge in the multipole expansion of the magneticfield. The L=1 'electric' term describes the field of toroidal currents, which can be modeled by a solenoid bent in a circle. The magnetic neutron scattering amplitude due to such toroidal currents (or, equivalently, ring-shaped magnetization patterns), has a distinct angular dependence on the scattering vector q. If data covering a sufficient variety of q vectors and neutron-spin orientations are available, magnetic and toroidal moments can be distinguished unambiguously. However, it can be shown that within a limited set of data, notably within a plane in q space, which contains the magneticdipole moment that enables a satisfactory interpretation, a toroid moment can be found, which gives an equally satisfactory result. The possible relevance of this finding to the order parameter in URu2Si2 will be discussed.

This paper describes the design, construction, and calibration of an electric dipole probe and demonstrates its capability by presenting results on the measurement of electric field excited by a ring electrode in the Large Volume Plasma Device (LVPD). It measures the electric field in vacuum and plasma conditions in a frequency range lying between 1-10 \\text{MHz} . The results show that it measures electric field ≥slant 2 mV cm-1 for frequency ≤slant 10 \\text{MHz} . The developed dipole probe works on the principle of amplitude modulation. The probe signal is transmitted through a carrier of 418 MHz, a much higher frequency than the available sources of noise present in the surrounding environment. The amplitude modulation concept of signal transmission is used to make the measurement; it is qualitatively better and less corrupted as it is not affected by the errors introduced by ac pickups. The probe is capable of measuring a variety of electric fields, namely (1) space charge field, (2) time varying field, (3) inductive field and (4) a mixed field containing both space charge and inductive fields. This makes it a useful tool for measuring electric fields in laboratory plasma devices.

An updated analysis and interpretation is presented of the magneticfield observations obtained during the Mariner 10 encounter with the planet Mercury. The combination of data relating to position of the detached bow shock wave and magnetopause, and the geometry and magnitude of the magneticfield within the magnetosphere-like region surrounding Mercury, lead to the conclusion that an internal planetary field exists with dipole moment approximately 5.1 x 10 the 22nd power Gauss sq cm. The dipole axis has a polarity sense similar to earth's and is tilted 7 deg from the normal to Mercury's orbital plane. The magneticfield observations reveal a significant distortion of the modest Hermean field (350 Gamma at the equator) by the solar wind flow and the formation of a magnetic tail and neutral sheet which begins close to the planet on the night side. The composite data is not consistent with a complex induction process driven by the solar wind flow.

The field of the vertical electric dipole (VED) immersed in the heterogeneous conductive halfspace (sea) is analyzed in time domain. In the near field of the source, the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components of the field are proportional to power 3/2 and power 5/2 of the conductivity of the medium, respectively. After termination of the transmitter pulse, all the VED components decay with time as ˜1/ t 5/2. The possibility of applying the VED field for estimating the electrical properties of the offshore geological sections is demonstrated.

The numerical representation of the average motion of a charged particle trapped in a geomagnetic field is developed. An assumption is made of the conservation of the first two adiabatic invariants where integration is along a field line between mirror points. The averaged motion also involved the parameters defining the magneticfield line to which the particle is attached. Methods involved in obtaining the motion in the equatorial plane of model magnetospheres are based on Hamiltonian functions. The restrictions imposed by the special nature of the dipolefield are defined.

We investigate population dynamics in N-level systems driven beyond the linear regime by a strong external field, which couples to the system through an operator with nonzero diagonal elements. As concrete example we consider the case of dipolar molecular systems. We identify limiting cases of the Hamiltonian leading to wave functions that can be written in terms of ordinary exponentials, and focus on the limits of slowly and rapidly varying fields of arbitrary strength. For rapidly varying fields we prove for arbitrary N that the population dynamics is independent of the sign of the projection of the field onto the dipole coupling. In the opposite limit of slowly varying fields the population of the target level is optimized by a dipole resonance condition. As a result population transfer is maximized for one sign of the field and suppressed for the other one, so that a switch based on flopping the field polarization can be devised. For significant sign dependence the resonance linewidth with respect to the field strength is small. In the intermediate regime of moderate field variation, the integral of lowest order in the coupling can be rewritten as a sum of terms resembling the two limiting cases, plus correction terms for N>2, so that a less pronounced sign-dependence still exists.

The recently completed RHIC fast global orbit feedback system uses 24 small 'window-frame' horizontal dipole correctors. Space limitations dictated a very compact design. The magnetic design and modelling of these laminated yoke magnets is described as well as the mechanical implementation, coil winding, vacuum impregnation, etc. Test procedures to determine the field quality and frequency response are described. The results of these measurements are presented and discussed. A small fringe field from each magnet, overlapping the opposite RHIC ring, is compensated by a correction winding placed on the opposite ring's magnet and connected in series with the main winding of the first one. Results from measurements of this compensation scheme are shown and discussed.

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has recently fabricated and tested HD1, a Nb3Sn dipolemagnet. The magnet reached a 16 T field, and exhibited training quenches in the end regions and in the straight section. After the test, HD1 was disassembled and inspected, and a detailed 3D finite element mechanical analysis was done to investigate for possible quench triggers. The study led to minor modifications to mechanical structure and assembly procedure, which were verified in a second test (HD1b). This paper presents the results of the mechanical analysis, including strain gauge measurements and coil visual inspection. The adjustments implemented in the magnet structure are reported and their effect on magnet training discussed.

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has recently fabricated and tested HD1, a Nb{sub 3}Sn dipolemagnet. The magnet reached a 16 T field, and exhibited training quenches in the end regions and in the straight section. After the test, HD1 was disassembled and inspected, and a detailed 3D finite element mechanical analysis was done to investigate for possible quench triggers. The study led to minor modifications to mechanical structure and assembly procedure, which were verified in a second test (HD1b). This paper presents the results of the mechanical analysis, including strain gauge measurements and coil visual inspection. The adjustments implemented in the magnet structure are reported and their effect on magnet training discussed.

Fermilab`s new Main Injector Ring (MIR) will replace the currently operating Main Ring to provide 150 GeV Proton and Antiproton beams for Tevetron injection, and rapid cycling, high intensity, 120 GeV Proton beams for Antiproton production. To produce and maintain the required high beam quality, high intensity, and high repetition rate, conventional dipolemagnets with laminated iron core and water cooled copper conductor were chosen as the bending magnet. A new magnet design having low inductance, large copper cross section, and field uniformity sufficient for high intensity injection and efficient slow resonant extraction, is required to obtain the needed geometric aperture, dynamic aperture, and operational reliability. The current Main Injector Ring lattice design requires the use of 344 of these magnets. 216 of these magnets are to be 6 m long, and 128 are to be 4 m long.

Fermilab's new Main Injector Ring (MIR) will replace the currently operating Main Ring to provide 150 GeV Proton and Antiproton beams for Tevetron injection, and rapid cycling, high intensity, 120 GeV Proton beams for Antiproton production. To produce and maintain the required high beam quality, high intensity, and high repetition rate, conventional dipolemagnets with laminated iron core and water cooled copper conductor were chosen as the bending magnet. A new magnet design having low inductance, large copper cross section, and field uniformity sufficient for high intensity injection and efficient slow resonant extraction, is required to obtain the needed geometric aperture, dynamic aperture, and operational reliability. The current Main Injector Ring lattice design requires the use of 344 of these magnets. 216 of these magnets are to be 6 m long, and 128 are to be 4 m long.

The purpose of this article is to give the intelligible procedure for undergraduate students to grasp proof of the fact that the magneticfield outside the hollow superconducting sphere (superconducting shell) coincides with the field of a point magneticdipole both when an uniform external magneticfield is applied as when a ferromagnetic sphere…

Based on histological, physiological, and physical evidence, Walker et al (1997) and Diebel et al (2000) have identified distinctive cells in the olfactory epithelium of the rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) that contain magnetite and are closely associated with neurons that respond to changes in magneticfield. To put biophysical constraints on the possible transduction mechanism of magnetic signals, and in particular, to find out if the intracellular magnet is free to rotate or rather firmly anchored within the cell body, we have studied the magneto-mechanical response of isolated candidate receptor cells in suspension using a light microscope equipped with two pairs of Helmholtz coils. From the characteristic re-orientation time of suspended cells after a change in magneticfield direction, we have determined the magnitude of the magneticdipole moment of the cells in function of the external field strength (0.4 mT to 3.2 mT) in order to find out whether or not the natural magnetic moment is remanence-based or induced (i.e., single-domain vs. superparamagnetic/multi-domain). Results: 1) The mechanical response of isolated cells to a change in magneticfield direction was always immediate, irrespective of the direction of change, which implies that the intracellular magnet is not free to rotate in the cell, but rather rigidly attached, probably to the plasma membrane, which is also suggested by our confocal fluorescence-microscope studies. 2) The cellular dipole moment turned out to be independent of the external field strength. Thus, the natural magneticdipole moment is based on magnetic remanence, which points to single-domain particles and corroborates the results by Diebel et al (2000), who obtained switching fields consistent with single-domain magnetite. 3). The magneticdipole moment is found to be of the order of several tens of fAm2, which greatly exceeds previous estimates (0.5 fAm2), and thus is similar to values reported for the most strongly

The PVLAS collaboration is presently assembling a new apparatus (at the INFN section of Ferrara, Italy) to detect vacuum magnetic birefringence (VMB). VMB is related to the structure of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) vacuum and is predicted by the Euler-Heisenberg-Weisskopf effective Lagrangian. It can be detected by measuring the ellipticity acquired by a linearly polarized light beam propagating through a strong magneticfield. Using the very same optical technique it is also possible to search for hypothetical low-mass particles interacting with two photons, such as axion-like (ALP) or millicharged particles. Here we report the results of a scaled-down test setup and describe the new PVLAS apparatus. This latter is in construction and is based on a high-sensitivity ellipsometer with a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity (>4 × 105) and two 0.8 m long 2.5 T rotating permanent dipolemagnets. Measurements with the test setup have improved, by a factor 2, the previous upper bound on the parameter Ae, which determines the strength of the nonlinear terms in the QED Lagrangian: A(PVLAS)e < 3.3 × 10-21 T-2 at 95% c.l. Furthermore, new laboratory limits have been put on the inverse coupling constant of ALPs to two photons and confirmation of previous limits on the fractional charge of millicharged particles is given.

It can be shown that, by superposing two solenoid-like thin windings that are oppositely skewed (tilted) with respect to the bore axis, the combined current density on the surface is 'cos-theta' like and the resulting magneticfield in the bore is a pure dipole. As a proof of principle, such a magnet was designed, built and tested as part of a summer undergraduate intern project. The measured field in the 25mm bore, 4 single strand layers using NbTi superconductor, exceeded 1 T. The simplicity of this high field quality design, void of typical wedges end-spacers and coil assembly, is especially suitable for insert-coils using High Temperature Superconducting wire as well as for low cost superconducting accelerator magnets for High Energy Physics. Details of the design, construction and test are reported.

By numerical simulations, it is illustrated that a magneticdipole with a flexible tail behaves as a swimmer in AC magneticfields. The behavior of the swimmer on long time scales is analyzed and it is shown that due to the flexibility of the tail two kinds of torques arise, the first is responsible for the orientation of the swimmer perpendicularly to the AC field and the second drags the filament in the direction of the rotating field. Due to this, circular trajectories of the swimmer are possible; however, these are unstable. The self-propulsion velocity of this swimmer is higher than the velocities of other magnetic microdevices for comparable values of the magnetoelastic number.

Long dipolemagnets guide the particle beams in synchrotron-type high energy accelerators. In principal Cu-wound DC-excited dipoles could be designed to deliver a very uniform transverse bore field, i.e. with small or negligible harmonic (multipolar) distortion. But if the Cu is replaced by (a) superconducting strand that is (b) wound into a Rutherford cable carrying a time-varying transport current, extra magnetizations present within the windings cause distortions of the otherwise uniform field. The static (persistent-current) strand magnetization can be reduced by reducing the filament diameter, and the residue compensated or corrected by strategically placed active or passive components. The cable’s interstrand coupling currents can be controlled by increasing the interstrand contact resistance by: adjusting the level of native oxidation of the strand, coating it, or by inserting a ribbon-like core into the cable itself. Methods of locally compensating the magnetization of NbTi and Nb 3Sn strand and cable are discussed, progress in coupling-current suppression through the use of coatings and cores is reviewed, and a method of simultaneously reducing both the static and dynamic magnetizations of a NbTi cable by means of a thin Ni core is suggested.

It is shown that the offset tilted dipole model of Uranus and Neptune, deduced from the spherical harmonic analysis of the Voyager magneticfield observation, can be represented fairly well by the combined field of an axial and an auxiliary dipole; the latter is roughly oriented in the east-west direction and is located near the surface of the core in low latitude. The present dynamo theories of planetary magnetism consider an axial dipolar field as an essential element, since the planetary rotation plays a vital role in the dynamo process. On the other hand, the auxiliary dipoles may be a result of leakage of the toroidal field, like a pair of sunspots on the photosphere, which is also an essential part of the dynamo process.

The observed properties of solar magneticfields are reviewed, with particular reference to the complexities imposed on the field by motions of the highly conducting gas. Turbulent interactions between gas and field lead to heating or cooling of the gas according to whether the field energy density is less or greater than the maximum kinetic energy density in the convection zone. The field strength above which cooling sets in is 700 gauss. A weak solar dipolefield may be primeval, but dynamo action is also important in generating new flux. The dynamo is probably not confined to the convection zone, but extends throughout most of the volume of the sun. Planetary tides appear to play a role in driving the dynamo.

The Earth's ancient magneticfield can be approximated by a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) where the average field intensity is twice as strong at the poles than at the equator. The present day geomagnetic field, and some global paleointensity datasets, support the GAD hypothesis with a virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) of about 80 ZAm2. Significant departures from GAD for 0-5 Ma are found in Antarctica and Iceland where paleointensity experiments on massive flows (Antarctica) (1) and volcanic glasses (Iceland) produce average VADM estimates of 41.4 ZAm2 and 59.5 ZAm2, respectively. These combined intensities are much closer to a lower estimate for long-term dipolefield strength, 50 ZAm2 (2), and some other estimates of average VADM based on paleointensities strictly from volcanic glasses. Proposed explanations for the observed non-GAD behavior, from otherwise high-quality paleointensity results, include incomplete temporal sampling, effects from the tangent cylinder, and hemispheric asymmetry. Differences in estimates of average magneticfield strength likely arise from inconsistent selection protocols and experiment methodologies. We address these possible biases and estimate the average dipolefield strength for the last five million years by compiling measurement level data of IZZI-modified paleointensity experiments from lava flows around the globe (including new results from Iceland and the HSDP-2 Hawaii drill core). We use the Thellier Gui paleointensity interpreter (3) in order to apply objective criteria to all specimens, ensuring consistency between sites. Specimen level selection criteria are determined from a recent paleointensity investigation of modern Hawaiian lava flows where the expected magneticfield strength was accurately recovered when following certain selection parameters. Our new estimate of average dipolefield strength for the last five million years incorporates multiple paleointensity studies on lava flows with diverse global and

A magneticfield, in the direction of the electric field and synchronous with the electric field reversal, will mimic an EDM signal. One might expect a discharge across the electric field plates to produce magneticfields with only small or vanishing components parallel to the electric field, minimizing its systematic effect. Our experimental model, using simulated discharge currents, found otherwise: the discharge current may be at an angle to the normal, and thus generate a normal magneticfield. Comparison of data from the experimental model with the results from calculations will be presented, along with estimates of the time-averaged normal magneticfield seen by atoms in an electron EDM experiment using a fountain of laser-cooled francium, as a function of discharge current.

In-gas-cell laser spectroscopy of the isotopes {sup 57,58,59,63,65}Cu has been performed at the LISOL facility using the 244.164-nm optical transition from the atomic ground state of copper. A detailed discussion on the hyperfine structure of {sup 63}Cu is presented. The magneticdipole moments of the isotopes {sup 57,58,59,65}Cu are extracted based on that of {sup 63}Cu. The new value mu=+0.479(13)mu{sub N} is proposed for {sup 58}Cu, consistent with that of a pip{sub 3/2} x nup{sub 3/2} ground-state configuration. Spin assignments for the radioactive isotopes {sup 57,58,59}Cu are confirmed. The isotope shifts between the different isotopes are also given and discussed.

Magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause are dominantly affected by the relative orientation of the magneticfields in the magnetosheath and magnetosphere, the relative perpendicular velocities of field lines both before and after reconnection, and the location of the minimum geomagnetic field. We have performed a high-resolution and time-dependent three dimensional MHD simulation of interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere when the dipole tilt, and By and Bz components of the IMF are simultaneously included in the whole volume of the simulation box. In the recent study of Park, K.S. et al. (2006) found that for positive dipole tilt (northern hemisphere is summer) and southward IMF (Bz = 5 nT, By = 5nT), the reconnection site shifts sunward and equatorward in the summer hemisphere, and moves tailward and away from equator in the winter hemisphere. The dipole tilt creates asymmetry that strongly affects the direction of the plasma flow due to reconnection. Moreover, the electric field in the northern "reconnection" region (antiparallel region) is 50% larger than that at the magnetic equator and twice that at the subsolar point. In present study, for the case of positive dipole tilt, and during the northward IMF (Bz = 5 nT, By = 5nT), magnetic reconnection occurs at high latitudes in the northern dusk due to antiparallel field condition in the summer hemisphere for By > 0 and creates open field lines. The open field lines which are generated in the dusk sector and their feet are on the northern ionosphere, move from dusk to dawn in the dayside magnetopause and then come back to dusk in the tail. Tail reconnection successively occurs in the slant and elevated plasma sheet. The polar cap potential in dusk cell is larger than that the dawn cell in summer hemisphere. Moreover three-cell pattern appears in the northern ionosphere. On the other hand, the negative potential is comparable to the positive potential in winter hemisphere and the

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Superconducting Magnet Group has completed the design, fabrication and test of HD1, a 16 T block-coil dipolemagnet. State of the art Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor was wound in double-layer racetrack coils and supported by an iron yoke and a tensioned aluminum shell. In order to prevent conductor movement under magnetic forces up to the design field, a coil pre-stress of 150 MPa was required. To achieve this level without damaging the brittle conductor, the target stress was generated during cool-down to 4.2 K by exploiting the thermal contraction differentials between yoke and shell. Accurate control of the shell tension during assembly was obtained using pressurized bladders and interference load keys. An integrated 3D CAD model was used to optimize magnetic and mechanical design and analysis.

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Supcrconducting Magnet Group has completed the design, fabrication and tcst of HD1, a 16 T block-coil dipolemagnet. State of the art Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor was wound in double-layer racetrack coils and supported by an iron yoke and a tensioned aluminum shell. In order to prevent conductor movement under magnetic forces up to the design field, a coil prestress of 150 MPa was required. To achieve this level without damaging the brittle conductor, the target stress was generated during cool-down to 4.2 K by exploiting the thermal contraction differentials between yoke and shell. Accurate control of the shell tension during assembly was obtained using pressurized bladders and interference load keys. An integrated 3D CAD model was used to optimize magnetic and mechanical design and analysis.

The electromagnetic field is determined for a time-varying electric dipole moving with a constant velocity that is parallel to its moment. Graphics are used to visualize this field in the rest frame of the dipole and in the laboratory frame when the dipole is moving at relativistic speed. Various phenomena from special relativity are clearly…

An eight-pancake Nb-Ti dipolemagnet, with bent up ends, called D-108B has been built and tested. This magnet is a Nb-Ti version of a Nb/sub 3/Sn magnet designed to produce a 10-tesla dipolefield in a 40 mm diameter aperture. The pancack design is used for the heavy 12,000 ampere Nb/sub 3/Sn cable because of the mechanical difficulty in winding such a heavy cable into the conventional nested cylindrical shell configuration with a 2'' inner winding diameter. The Nb-Ti version operates at 1.8K, in He II, has superconducting cable half as thick as the Nb/sub 3/Sn cable, and operates at half the operating current: 6000 A rather than 12,000 A at 10 tesla. Both magnets are approximately one meter long. D-10B was tested from January 26 to February 2, 1983 and reached short-sample performance in both He I and He II after moderate training. The central field at 4.3K is 7.0 (+- 0.1) tesla, and at 1.8K is 9.1 (+- 0.2) tesla. Ramp rate sensitivity and cyclic heating data were also measured.

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out for magnetite-based fluids over a wide temperature range. The fluids were stabilized with commonly used surfactants (fatty acids) and new surfactants (polypropylene glycol and tallow acids). The coefficients of temperature dependence of the particle magnetic moments were determined by fitting of the measured and calculated values of magnetic susceptibility. The influence of the inter-particle dipole-dipole interaction on the susceptibility was taken into account in the framework of A.O. Ivanov's model. The corrections for thermal expansion were determined by density measurements of the carrier fluid. The obtained values of temperature coefficients correlate to the solidification temperature of the fluid samples. For fluids with a low solidification temperature the value of the temperature coefficient of particle magnetization coincides with its value for bulk magnetite.

The four measured planetary magnetic moments combined with a recent theoretical prediction for dynamo magneticfields suggests that no dynamo exists in the moon's interior today. For the moon to have had a magnetic moment in the past of sufficient strength to account for at least some of the lunar rock magnetism, the rotation would have been about twenty times faster than it is today and the radius of the fluid, conducting core must have been about 750 km. The argument depends on the validity of the Busse solution to the validity of the MHD problem of planetary dynamos.

Magneticfield data obtained by Mariner 10 during the third and final encounter with the planet Mercury on 16 March 1975 were studied. A well developed bow shock and modest magnetosphere, previously observed at first encounter on 29 March 1974, were again observed. In addition, a much stronger magneticfield near closest approach, 400 gamma versus 98 gamma, was observed at an altitude of 327 km and approximately 70 deg north Mercurian latitude. Spherical harmonic analysis of the data provide an estimate of the centered planetary magneticdipole of 4.7 x 10 to the 22nd power Gauss/cu cm with the axis tilted 12 deg to the rotation axis and in the same sense as Earth's. The interplanetary field was sufficiently different between first and third encounters that in addition to the very large field magnitude observed, it argues strongly against a complex induction process generating the observed planetary field. While a possibility exists that Mercury possesses a remanent field due to magnetization early in its formation, a present day active dynamo seems to be a more likely candidate for its origin.

A significant and unique planetary magneticfield discovered by Voyager 2 is presented. A large tilt of 58.6 deg of the magnetic-dipole axis from the rotation axis was found. Combined with a large offset of 0.3 RU of the magneticdipole from the center of the planet, the moment of 0.23 gauss-RU3 leads to field magnitudes at the surface which vary widely between 0.1 and 1.0 gauss. A simple diagram illustrating the offset tilted dipole of Uranus and some field lines is shown. A more exact and accurate spherical-harmonic model of the planetary field, which includes both dipole and quadrupole moments, is derived. There exists a well-developed bipolar magnetic tail on the night side of the planet which rotates daily about the extended planet-sunline with Uranus because of the large obliquity of the Uranian rotation axis.

An increasing number of measurements in fundamental and applied physics rely on magnetically shielded environments with sub nano-Tesla residual magneticfields. State of the art magnetically shielded rooms (MSRs) consist of up to seven layers of high permeability materials in combination with highly conductive shields. Proper magnetic equilibration is crucial to obtain such low magneticfields with small gradients in any MSR. Here, we report on a scheme to magnetically equilibrate MSRs with a 10 times reduced duration of the magnetic equilibration sequence and a significantly lower magneticfield with improved homogeneity. For the search of the neutron's electric dipole moment, our finding corresponds to a 40% improvement of the statistical reach of the measurement. However, this versatile procedure can improve the performance of any MSR for any application.

Interaction studies of a plasma stream with a magneticdipole have shown that the thickness of the plasma/field interlayer is considerably greater than the characteristic plasma dimension c/omega sub 0. Broadening of the layer is due to the formation of a collisionless shock wave. To demonstrate collisionless dissipation, the Joulean losses were calculated using the conductivity value obtained from the skin layer thickness. Analysis of the various physical processes showed that the hypothesis of collisionless dissipation of the directional plasma flow is justified.

This paper presents a three-dimensional analytical solution, in the limit of very low plasma beta-ratio, for the distortion of the interstellar magneticfield surrounding the heliopause. The solution is obtained using a line dipole method that is the integration of point dipole along a semi-infinite line; it represents the magneticfield caused by the presence of the heliopause. The solution allows the variation of the undisturbed magneticfield at any inclination angle. The heliosphere is considered as having blunt-nosed geometry on the upwind side and it asymptotically approaches a cylindrical geometry having an open exit for the continuous outflow of the solar wind on the downwind side. The heliopause is treated as a magnetohydrodynamic tangential discontinuity; the interstellar magneticfield lines at the boundary are tangential to the heliopause. The interstellar magneticfield is substantially distorted due to the presence of the heliopause. The solution shows the draping of the field lines around the heliopause. The magneticfield strength varies substantially near the surface of the heliopause. The effect on the magneticfield due to the presence of the heliopause penetrates very deep into the interstellar space; the depth of penetration is of the same order of magnitude as the scale length of the heliosphere.

A model for radial diffusion caused by electromagnetic disturbances was published by Falthammar (1965) using a two-parameter model of the disturbance perturbing a background dipolemagneticfield. Schulz and Lanzerotti (1974) extended this model by recognizing the two parameter perturbation as the leading (non--dipole) terms of the Mead Williams magneticfield model. They emphasized that the magnetic perturbation in such a model induces an electric ield that can be calculated from the motion of field lines on which the particles are ‘frozen’. Roederer and Zhang (2014) describe how the field lines on which the particles are frozen can be calculated by tracing the unperturbed field lines from the minimum-B location to the ionospheric footpoint, and then tracing the perturbed field (which shares the same ionospheric footpoint due to the frozen -in condition) from the ionospheric footpoint back to a perturbed minimum B location. The instantaneous change n Roederer L*, dL*/dt, can then be computed as the product (dL*/dphi)*(dphi/dt). dL*/Dphi is linearly dependent on the perturbation parameters (to first order) and is obtained by computing the drift across L*-labeled perturbed field lines, while dphi/dt is related to the bounce-averaged gradient-curvature drift velocity. The advantage of assuming a dipole background magneticfield, as in these previous studies, is that the instantaneous dL*/dt can be computed analytically (with some approximations), as can the DLL that results from integrating dL*/dt over time and computing the expected value of (dL*)^2. The approach can also be applied to complex background magneticfield models like T89 or TS04, on top of which the small perturbations are added, but an analytical solution is not possible and so a numerical solution must be implemented. In this talk, I discuss our progress in implementing a numerical solution to the calculation of DL*L* using arbitrary background field models with simple electromagnetic

It is difficult to imagine a group of planetary dynamos more diverse than those visited by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft. The magneticfield of Jupiter is large in magnitude and has a dipole axis within 10 deg of its rotation axis, comfortably consistent with the paleomagnetic history of the geodynamo. Saturn's remarkable (zonal harmonic) magneticfield has an axis of symmetry that is indistinguishable from its rotation axis (mush less than 1 deg angular separation); it is also highly antisymmetric with respect to the equator plane. According to one hypothesis, the spin symmetry may arise from the differential rotation of an electrically conducting and stably stratified layer above the dynamo. The magneticfields of Uranus and Neptune are very much alike, and equally unlike those of the other known magnetized planets. These two planets are characterized by a large dipole tilts (59 deg and 47 deg, respectively) and quadrupole moments (Schmidt-normalized quadrupole/dipole ratio approximately equal 1.0). These properties may be characteristic of dynamo generation in the relatively poorly conducting 'ice' interiors of Uranus and Neptune. Characteristics of these planetary magneticfields are illustrated using contour maps of the field on the planet's surface and discussed in the context of planetary interiors and dynamo generation.

The magneticfield of the Earth has global meaning for a life on the Earth. The world geophysical science explains: - occurrence of a magneticfield of the Earth it is transformation of kinetic energy of movements of the fused iron in the liquid core of Earth - into the magnetic energy; - the warming up of a kernel of the Earth occurs due to radioactive disintegration of elements, with excretion of thermal energy. The world science does not define the reasons: - drift of a magneticdipole on 0,2 a year to the West; - drift of lithospheric slabs and continents. The author offers: an alternative variant existing in a world science the theories "Geodynamo" - it is the theory « the Magneticfield of the Earth », created on the basis of physical laws. Education of a magneticfield of the Earth occurs at moving the electric charge located in a liquid kernel, at rotation of the Earth. At calculation of a magneticfield is used law the Bio Savara for a ring electric current: dB = . Magnetic induction in a kernel of the Earth: B = 2,58 Gs. According to the law of electromagnetic induction the Faradey, rotation of a iron kernel of the Earth in magneticfield causes occurrence of an electric field Emf which moves electrons from the center of a kernel towards the mantle. So of arise the radial electric currents. The magneticfield amplifies the iron of mantle and a kernel of the Earth. As a result of action of a radial electric field the electrons will flow from the center of a kernel in a layer of an electric charge. The central part of a kernel represents the field with a positive electric charge, which creates inverse magneticfield Binv and Emfinv When ?mfinv = ?mf ; ?inv = B, there will be an inversion a magneticfield of the Earth. It is a fact: drift of a magneticdipole of the Earth in the western direction approximately 0,2 longitude, into a year. Radial electric currents a actions with the basic magneticfield of a Earth - it turn a kernel. It coincides with laws

This paper provides a comparative study of the geometrical structures of the magneticfields of earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, starting from the traditional multipolar representations of these fields. For earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, the centered dipole, quadrupole, and octupole contributions are included, while at Uranus only the dipole and quadrupole contributions are considered. It is found that there are a number of common features of the magneticfields of earth and Jupiter. Compared to earth and Jupiter, the Saturnian field exhibits not only a high degree of symmetry about the rotation axis but also a high degree of antisymmetry about the equatorial plane. The Uranian field shows strong deviations from both such symmetries. Nevertheless, there remain features common to all four planets.

Knowledge on the nature of magneticfields on the solar surface is reviewed. At least a large part of the magnetic flux in the solar surface is confined to small bundles of lines of force within which the field strength is of the order of 500 gauss. Magneticfields are closely associated with all types of solar activity. Magnetic flux appears at the surface at the clearly defined birth or regeneration of activity of an active region. As the region ages, the magnetic flux migrates to form large-scale patterns and the polar fields. Some manifestations of the large-scale distribution are discussed.

There is evidence that the terrestrial magneticfield is connected with the Earth's mantle: (1) there are magnetic anomalies that do not take part in the westward drift of the main field, but are fixed with respect to the mantle; (2) the geomagnetic pole position flips in a particular way by preferred meridional paths during a reversal; and (3) magnetic polarity reversals are correlated with the activations of geological processes. These facts may be explained if we take into account that a significant horizontal temperature gradient can exist in the top levels of the liquid core because of the different thermoconductivity of the different areas of the core-mantle boundary. These temperature inhomogeneities can penetrate the core because fluxes along the core boundary (the thermal wind) can be strongly suppressed by a small redistribution of the chemical composition in the top of the core. The nonparallel gradients of the temperature, density, and composition on the top of the core create a curled electric field that produces a current and a magneticfield. This seed-field can be amplified by motions in the core. The resulting field does not forget the seed-field distribution and in this way the field on the Earth surface (that can be created only in regions with high conductivity, i.e. in the core) is connected with the core-mantle boundary. Contrary to the usual approach to the dynamo problem, we will take into account that the seed field of thermoelectric origin is acting not only at some initial moment of time but permanently.

We present comparisons of direct detection data for ''light WIMPs'' with an anapole moment interaction (ADM) and a magneticdipole moment interaction (MDM), both assuming the Standard Halo Model (SHM) for the dark halo of our galaxy and in a halo-independent manner. In the SHM analysis we find that a combination of the 90% CL LUX and CDMSlite limits or the new 90% CL SuperCDMS limit by itself exclude the parameter space regions allowed by DAMA, CoGeNT and CDMS-II-Si data for both ADM and MDM. In our halo-independent analysis the new LUX bound excludes the same potential signal regions as the previous XENON100 bound. Much of the remaining signal regions is now excluded by SuperCDMS, while the CDMSlite limit is much above them. The situation is of strong tension between the positive and negative search results both for ADM and MDM. We also clarify the confusion in the literature about the ADM scattering cross section.

A method is developed for determining the field aberrations resulting from specific kinds of manufacturing errors. This method is applied to the 40-mm i.d. dipoles under consideration at LBL, and also to similar ones with 30 and 50 mm i.d. The method is also applied to the CBA and Doubler/Saver magnets and the results compared with the measurements. The results obtained by this method are also compared with those obtained by assigning identical errors to the positions of the edges of all the coil sectors.

This paper presents solutions to the equation of transfer for Thomson scattering in a constant magneticfield of arbitrary orientation. Results from several atmospheres are combined to give the flux from a dipole star. The results are compared to the polarization data of the magnetic white dwarf Grw + 70 deg 8247. The fit is good, though it implies a very large polarization in the ultraviolet. Thomson scattering is not thought to be an important opacity source in white dwarfs, so the good fit is either fortuitous or is perhaps explained by assuming the magneticfield affects the polarization processes in all opacities similarly.

Brookhaven National Laboratory is currently performing heat load tests on a superconducting dipolemagnet. The magnet is a prototype of the 360, 8 cm bore, arc dipolemagnets that will be used in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RMC). An accurate measurement of the heat load is needed to eliminate cumulative errors when determining the REUC cryogenic system load requirements. The test setup consists of a dipole positioned between two quadrupoles in a common vacuum tank and heat shield. Piping and instrumentation are arranged to facilitate measurement of the heat load on the primary 4.6 K magnet load and the secondary 55 K heat shield load. Initial results suggest that the primary heat load is well below design allowances. The secondary load was found to be higher than estimated, but remained close to the budgeted amount. Overall, the dipole performed to specifications.

We investigate the criterion for the solar dipole-field in a kinematic flux-transport dynamo model. The sun has a dipole-like global magneticfield. This field is thought to be generated by the dynamo action of the solar internal plasma. The flux-transport dynamo succeeds to reproduce some features of solar cycle, e.g. poleward the migration of the general magneticfield and the butterfly diagram. The parity, however, of the global magneticfield significantly depends on parameters in the flux-transport dynamo. It is known that the coupling of the magneticfield between hemispheres due to turbulent diffusivity is an important factor for the solar parity issue, but the detailed criterion for the generation of the dipolefield has not been investigated. Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The stronger diffusivity near the surface is more likely to cause the magneticfield to be a dipole. (2) The thinner layer of the strong diffusivity near the surface is also more apt to generate a dipolar magneticfield. (3) The faster meridional flow is more prone to cause the magneticfield to be a quadrupole, i.e., symmetric about the equator. The result (1) is consistent with our previous work tep{hotta2010a}, which is on the effect of the surface diffusivity for the observed weak polar field.

The very complex optical spectra of the lanthanide monoxides are caused by the insensitivity of the electronic energies to the numerous possible arrangements of the Ln^{2+} electrons in the 4f and 6s orbitals. Disentangling the complex optical spectra may be aided by using simple Ligand Field Theory(LFT) to establish the global electronic structure for the low-lying electronic states. A comparison of experimentally determined permanent electric dipole moments, μ_{el}, and magneticdipole moments, μ_{m}, is an effective means of sorting this myriad of states and assessing the quality of LFT and other electronic structure methodologies. Here we report on the determination of the permanent electric dipole moments, μ_{el}, and magnetic g{_e}-factors for the X_{2}(Ω = 4.5) and [18.1] (Ω = 5.5) states of PrO from the analysis of the optical Stark and Zeeman spectra. The g_{e}-factors are compared with those computed using wavefunctions predicted from ligand field theory. The μ_{el} value for the X_{2}(Ω = 4.5) state is compared to ab initio, and density functional predictions and with the experimental values of other lanthanide monoxides. A phenomenological fit of μ_{el} for the entire series of LnO is used to predict μ_{el} for the isovalent actinide monoxide series. Carette, P.,; Hocquet,A. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 131 301, 1988. Dolg, M.; Stoll, H. Theor. Chim. Acta. 75,369, 1989. Wu, Z.; Guan, W. Meng, J. Su, Z. J. Cluster Science 18 444, 2007.

Sufficient and unambiguous evidences of the intrinsic martian magneticfield are: (1) the independence of the field polarity in Maritan magnetic tail from interplanetary magneticfields (IMF) polarity inversion, established with the help of Mars-5 data; and (2) the incongruity between the sign of the radial component of the field measured in Martian tail (Mars-2) and that of the draped model with IMF data measured simultaneously (Mars-3) on February 23-24, 1972. Mar's dipolemagnetic moment is within the limits (1.5 to 2.2) x 10 to e 22 G cc. The dipole axis is deflected from that of rotation on the angle I 15 deg. The North magnetic pole is located in the South Hemisphere. In the frame of the precession-dinamo model the magneticfields of the planets Mars and Earth are similar. The Martian magneticfield is the real obstacle for the solar wind near the planet.

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been developing the technology for using brittle superconductor in high-field accelerator magnets. HD1, the latest in a series of magnets, contains two, double-layer Nb{sub 3}Sn flat racetrack coils. This single-bore dipole configuration, using the highest performance conductor available, was designed and assembled for a 16 tesla conductor/structure/pre-stress proof-of-principle. With the combination of brittle conductor and high Lorentz stress, considerable care was taken to predict the magnet's mechanical responses to pre-stress, cool-down, and excitation. Subsequent cold testing satisfied expectations: Training started at 13.6 T, 83% of 'short-sample', achieved 90% in 10 quenches, and reached its peak bore field (16 T) after 19 quenches. The average plateau, {approx}92% of 'short-sample', appeared to be limited by 'stick-slip' conductor motions, consistent with the 16.2 T conductor 'lift-off' pre-stress that was chosen for this first test. Some lessons learned and some implications for future conductor and magnet technology development are presented and discussed.

This paper discusses the magneticfield topology (determined by the superposition of dipole, image, and uniform fields) for mapping the cusp to the ionosphere. The model results are compared to both new and published observations and are then used to map the footprint of a flux transfer event caused by a time variation in the merging rate. It is shown that the cusp geometry distorts the field lines mapped from the magnetopause to yield footprints with dawn and dusk protrusions into the region of closed magnetic flux.

A magneticfield generating device provides a useful magneticfield within a specific retgion, while keeping nearby surrounding regions virtually field free. By placing an appropriate current density along a flux line of the source, the stray field effects of the generator may be contained. One current carrying structure may support a truncated cosine distribution, and it may be surrounded by a current structure which follows a flux line that would occur in a full coaxial double cosine distribution. Strong magneticfields may be generated and contained using superconducting cables to approximate required current surfaces.

The critical behavior of Heisenberg magnets with dipole-dipole interactions near the line of second-order phase transitions directly in three-dimensional space is investigated in terms of a field-theoretic approach. The dependences of critical exponents on the dipole-dipole interaction parameter are derived. Comparison with experimental facts is made.

The steel-concrete cores of the LEP bending magnets were built of regularly spaced steel laminations, the spaces being filled with cement mortar. The effects of compressive stresses were studied on models and the long term behavior has been monitored during operation of the LEP machine over a period of four years. The requirements for stability and reproducibility of the magneticfield have increased in step with the development of the accelerator and its particle detectors. After the initial aging in the LEP tunnel, the most important parameter was the temperature coefficient. The temperatures of a number of magnet cores are therefore continuously monitored and corrections are applied to the indicated value of particle momentum as measured by NMR and a flip coil in a reference dipole connected in series with the bending magnets. This reference magnet is in turn calibrated periodically by a direct measurement of flux variations in a loop mounted in the lower poles of all bending magnets installed in the tunnel

Numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hypersonic flow over a cylinder are presented for axial- and transverse-oriented dipoles with different strengths. ANSYS CFX is used to carry out calculations for steady, laminar flows at a Mach number of 6.1, with a model for electrical conductivity as a function of temperature and pressure. The low magnetic Reynolds number (≪1) calculated based on the velocity and length scales in this problem justifies the quasistatic approximation, which assumes negligible effect of velocity on magneticfields. Therefore, the governing equations employed in the simulations are the compressible Navier-Stokes and the energy equations with MHD-related source terms such as Lorentz force and Joule dissipation. The results demonstrate the ability of the magneticfield to affect the flowfield around the cylinder, which results in an increase in shock stand-off distance and reduction in overall temperature. Also, it is observed that there is a noticeable decrease in drag with the addition of the magneticfield. PMID:24307870

Numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hypersonic flow over a cylinder are presented for axial- and transverse-oriented dipoles with different strengths. ANSYS CFX is used to carry out calculations for steady, laminar flows at a Mach number of 6.1, with a model for electrical conductivity as a function of temperature and pressure. The low magnetic Reynolds number (<1) calculated based on the velocity and length scales in this problem justifies the quasistatic approximation, which assumes negligible effect of velocity on magneticfields. Therefore, the governing equations employed in the simulations are the compressible Navier-Stokes and the energy equations with MHD-related source terms such as Lorentz force and Joule dissipation. The results demonstrate the ability of the magneticfield to affect the flowfield around the cylinder, which results in an increase in shock stand-off distance and reduction in overall temperature. Also, it is observed that there is a noticeable decrease in drag with the addition of the magneticfield. PMID:24307870

The structure of Mercury's internal magneticfield has been determined from analysis of orbital Magnetometer measurements by the MESSENGER spacecraft. We identified the magnetic equator on 531 low-altitude and 120 high-altitude equator crossings from the zero in the radial cylindrical magneticfield component, Beta (sub rho). The low-altitude crossings are offset 479 +/- 6 km northward, indicating an offset of the planetary dipole. The tilt of the magnetic pole relative to the planetary spin axis is less than 0.8 deg.. The high-altitude crossings yield a northward offset of the magnetic equator of 486 +/- 74 km. A field with only nonzero dipole and octupole coefficients also matches the low-altitude observations but cannot yield off-equatorial Beta (sub rho) = 0 at radial distances greater than 3520 km. We compared offset dipole and other descriptions of the field with vector field observations below 600 km for 13 longitudinally distributed, magnetically quiet orbits. An offset dipole with southward directed moment of 190 nT-R-cube (sub M) yields root-mean-square (RMS) residuals below 14 nT, whereas a field with only dipole and octupole terms tuned to match the polar field and the low-altitude magnetic equator crossings yields RMS residuals up to 68 nT. Attributing the residuals from the offset-dipolefield to axial degree 3 and 4 contributions we estimate that the Gauss coefficient magnitudes for the additional terms are less than 4% and 7%, respectively, relative to the dipole. The axial alignment and prominent quadrupole are consistent with a non-convecting layer above a deep dynamo in Mercury's fluid outer core.

Magneticfields are present in all astrophysical media. However, many models and interpretations of observations often ignore them, because magneticfields are difficult to handle and because they produce complicated morphological features. Here we will comment on the basic intuitive properties, which even if not completely true, provide a first guiding insight on the physics of a particular astrophysical problem. These magnetic properties are not mathematically demonstrated here. How magneticfields evolve and how they introduce dynamical effects are considered, also including a short comment on General Relativity Magnetohydrodynamics. In a second part we consider some audacious and speculative matters. They are answers to three questions: a) How draw a cube without lifting the pencil from the paper so that when the pen passes through the same side do in the same direction? B) Are MILAGRO anisotropies miraculous? C) Do cosmic magnetic lenses exist?. The last two questions deal with issues related with the interplay between magneticfields and cosmic ray propagation.

After the fabrication and test of HD1, a 16 T Nb{sub 3}Sn dipolemagnet based on flat racetrack coil configuration, the Superconducting Magnet Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is developing the Nb{sub 3}Sn dipole HD2. With a dipolefield above 15 T, a 35 mm clear bore, and nominal field harmonics within a fraction of one unit, HD2 represents a further step towards the application of block-type coils to high-field accelerator magnets. The design features tilted racetrack-type ends, to avoid obstructing the beam path, and a 4 mm thick stainless steel tube, to support the coil during the preloading operation. The mechanical structure, similar to the one used for HD1, is based on an external aluminum shell pretensioned with pressurized bladders. Axial rods and stainless steel plates provide longitudinal support to the coil ends during magnet excitation. A 3D finite element analysis has been performed to evaluate stresses and deformations from assembly to excitation, with particular emphasis on conductor displacements due to Lorentz forces. Numerical results are presented and discussed.

Magnetic nanoparticle superstructures with controlled magnetic alignment and desired structural anisotropy hold promise for applications in data storage and energy storage. Assembly of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles under a magneticfield could lead to highly ordered superstructures, providing distinctive magnetic properties. In this work, a low-cost fabrication technique was demonstrated to assemble sub-20-nm iron oxide nanoparticles into crystalline superstructures under an in-plane magneticfield. The gradient of the applied magneticfield contributes to the anisotropic formation of micron-sized superstructures. The magnitude of the applied magneticfield promotes the alignment of magnetic moments of the nanoparticles. The strong dipole-dipole interactions between the neighboring nanoparticles lead to a close-packed pattern as an energetically favorable configuration. Rod-shaped and spindle-shaped superstructures with uniform size and controlled spacing were obtained using spherical and polyhedral nanoparticles, respectively. The arrangement and alignment of the superstructures can be tuned by changing the experimental conditions. The two types of superstructures both show enhancement of coercivity and saturation magnetization along the applied field direction, which is presumably associated with the magnetic anisotropy and magneticdipole interactions of the constituent nanoparticles and the increased shape anisotropy of the superstructures. Our results show that the magnetic-field-assisted assembly technique could be used for fabricating nanomaterial-based structures with controlled geometric dimensions and enhanced magnetic properties for magnetic and energy storage applications. PMID:27067737

Magnetic nanoparticle superstructures with controlled magnetic alignment and desired structural anisotropy hold promise for applications in data storage and energy storage. Assembly of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles under a magneticfield could lead to highly ordered superstructures, providing distinctive magnetic properties. In this work, a low-cost fabrication technique was demonstrated to assemble sub-20-nm iron oxide nanoparticles into crystalline superstructures under an in-plane magneticfield. The gradient of the applied magneticfield contributes to the anisotropic formation of micron-sized superstructures. The magnitude of the applied magneticfield promotes the alignment of magnetic moments of the nanoparticles. The strong dipole-dipole interactions between the neighboring nanoparticles lead to a close-packed pattern as an energetically favorable configuration. Rod-shaped and spindle-shaped superstructures with uniform size and controlled spacing were obtained using spherical and polyhedral nanoparticles, respectively. The arrangement and alignment of the superstructures can be tuned by changing the experimental conditions. The two types of superstructures both show enhancement of coercivity and saturation magnetization along the applied field direction, which is presumably associated with the magnetic anisotropy and magneticdipole interactions of the constituent nanoparticles and the increased shape anisotropy of the superstructures. Our results show that the magnetic-field-assisted assembly technique could be used for fabricating nanomaterial-based structures with controlled geometric dimensions and enhanced magnetic properties for magnetic and energy storage applications.

The equation of transfer in Thomson scattering atmospheres with magneticfields is solved using Monte Carlo methods. Two cases, a plane parallel atmosphere with a magneticfield perpendicular to the atmosphere, and a dipole star, are investigated. The wavelength dependence of polarization from plane-parallel atmosphere is qualitatively similar to that observed in the magnetic white dwarf Grw+70 deg 8247, and the field strength determined by the calculation, 320 MG, is quantitatively similar to that determined from the line spectrum. The dipole model does not resemble the data as well as the single plane-parallel atmosphere.

We present a new approach for calculating vibrational circular dichroism spectra by ab initio molecular dynamics. In the context of molecular dynamics, these spectra are given by the Fourier transform of the cross-correlation function of magneticdipole moment and electric dipole moment. We obtain the magneticdipole moment from the electric current density according to the classical definition. The electric current density is computed by solving a partial differential equation derived from the continuity equation and the condition that eddy currents should be absent. In combination with a radical Voronoi tessellation, this yields an individual magneticdipole moment for each molecule in a bulk phase simulation. Using the chiral alcohol 2-butanol as an example, we show that experimental spectra are reproduced very well. Our approach requires knowing only the electron density in each simulation step, and it is not restricted to any particular electronic structure method. PMID:26771403

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has been developing racetrack technology for economical, high-field accelerator magnets from brittle superconductor. Recent tests have demonstrated (1) robust, reusable, double-layer, flat racetrack, wind and react Nb{sub 3}Sn coils, (2) a reusable, easily assembled, coil-support structure that can minimize conductor movement, and (3) 15T dipolefields, with no degradation. RD3c is our first attempt to compare measured and calculated field harmonics. A single-layer, Nb{sub 3}Sn, flat racetrack inner-coil was wound on both sides of a bore-plate, and then reacted and potted (as previously). Hard spacers were wound into the inner coils, to adjust the geometric field harmonics, and identify any problems from hard-spacers. Harmonic measurements with a warm rotating coil also required a considerably thicker bore-plate (for the 35mm OD anti-cryostat). The inner coil-module was sandwiched between two existing outer-coil modules, and pre-stressed within the reusable yoke and shell loading structure. The magnet's performance is discussed, and compared with calculations.

Magneticfields are a major agent in the interstellar medium. They contribute significantly to the total pressure which balances the gas disk against gravitation. They affect the gas flows in spiral arms (Gómez and Cox, 2002). The effective sound speed of the gas is increased by the presence of strong fields which reduce the shock strength. The interstellar fields are closely connected to gas clouds. They affect the dynamics of the gas clouds (Elmegreen, 1981; de Avillez and Breitschwerdt, 2004). The stability and evolution of gas clouds are also influenced by magneticfields, but it is not understood how (Crutcher, 1999; see Chap. 7). Magneticfields are essential for the onset of star formation as they enable the removal of angular momentum from the protostellar cloud during its collapse (magnetic braking, Mouschovias, 1990). Strong fields may shift the stellar mass spectrum towards the more massive stars (Mestel, 1990). MHD turbulence distributes energy from supernova explosions within the ISM (Subramanian, 1998) and regenerates the field via the dynamo process (Wielebinski, R., Krause, 1993, Beck et al., 1996; Sect. 6). Magnetic reconnection is a possible heating source for the ISM and halo gas (Birk et al., 1998). Magneticfields also control the density and distribution of cosmic rays in the ISM. A realistic model for any process in the ISM needs basic information about the magneticfield which has to be provided by observations.

It is shown that addition of a two-body magneticdipole operator arising from the exchange of the isovector pion and rho meson to the well-known one-body operator can give important corrections to the magneticdipole moments of the {ital A}=4--16 nuclei. We performed shell-model calculations in complete 0{h bar}{omega} and (0+2){h bar}{omega} model spaces, thus investigating simultaneously the effects of extension of the model space and meson exchange currents on the magnetic moments. In the enlarged model space a significant improvement on the description of the magnetic moments is obtained by including exchange currents.

The use of passive superconductor to correct the magnetization sextupole and decapole in SSC dipoles appears to be promising. This paper presents the results of a series of experiments of passive superconductor correctors in one meter long dipolemagnets. Reduction of the magnetization sextupole by a factor of five to ten has been achieved using the passive superconductor correctors. The magnetization decapole was also reduced. The passive superconductor correctors reduced the sextupole temperature sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Flux creep decay was partially compensated for by the correctors. 13 refs., 7 figs.

We study analytically and by molecular dynamics simulations the ground state configuration of a system of magneticdipoles fixed on a two-dimensional lattice. We find different phases, in close agreement with previous results. Building on this result and on the minimum energy requirement we determine the equilibrium lattice configuration, the magnetic order (ferromagnetic versus antiferromagnetic), and the magnetic polarization direction of a system of charged mesoscopic particles with magneticdipole moments, in the domain where the strong electrostatic coupling leads to a crystalline ground state. Orders of magnitudes of the parameters of the system relevant to possible future dusty plasma experiments are discussed.

The main magneticfield of Jupiter has been measured by the Goddard Space Flight Center flux gate magnetometer on Pioneer 11. Analysis of the data yields a more detailed model than that obtained from Pioneer 10 results. In a spherical harmonic octupole representation the dipole term (with opposite polarity to earth's) has a magnitude of 4.28 G times the radial distance cubed at a tilt angle of 9.6 deg and a system 111 longitude of 232 deg. The quadrupole and octupole moments are 24% and 21% of the dipole, respectively. This leads to a significant deviation of the planetary magneticfield from a simple offset dipole topology at distances of less than three times the radial distance. The north polar field strength is 14 G, and in the Northern Hemisphere the 'footprint' of the Io associated flux tube traverses the magnetic polar region. Associated L shell splitting in the radiation belts, warping of the charged particle equatorial planes, and enhanced absorption effects due to the satellites Amalthea and Io are expected as a result of the field complexity.

A 3-D MHD simulation of a global, tilted-dipole solar wind flow pattern is analyzed to determine flow properties along individual magneticfield lines. In the model, flow conditions near the Sun are chosen to provide a reasonable match to the interplanetary configuration prevailing during the recent south polar passage by Ulysses, i.e., a streamer belt inclined approximately 30 deg to the solar equator and speeds ranging from 325-800 km/s. Field lines all across the stream pattern are traced from 1 to 10 AU by following the motion of marker particles embedded in the flow. It is found that those field lines threading the core of the interaction region are subject to significant latitudinal and relative longitudinal displacement over this range of heliocentric distance. Thus, observations taken at a fixed latitude in the inner solar system sample, over the course of a solar rotation, field lines which connect to a range of latitudes in the outer heliosphere. Maps of the field line displacements are presented to help visualize these connections. In addition, it is found that depending upon the location relative to the CIR structure, the radial evolution of fluid elements frozen to different field lines can deviate considerably from that of the canonical solar wind. That is, for selected subsets of field lines, large speed changes (not just at shocks) can be experienced; the density variation can be far from 1/r(exp 2), and the magneticfield intensity need not decay monotonically with distance.

We developed a fast algorithm to calculate a response of cylindrically layered media excited by the vertical magneticdipole eccentred with respect to the axis of symmetry. The algorithm calculates response in the range of frequencies typical for induction and dielectric logging. The media conductivity and dielectric constant are described by piecewise-constant functions. The corresponding boundary value problem is solved by method of separation of variables. Fourier transform is applied to Maxwell equations and boundary conditions to express field components through Fourier transforms of vertical components of an electrical and magneticfield. In addition, an expansion of vertical components into an infinite series with respect to angular harmonics is used to reduce the original problem to a series of 1-D problems that only depend on the radial coordinate. The solution to each 1-D radial problem for the angular harmonics is presented as a linear combination of modified Bessel functions. Finally, inverse Fourier transformation is applied to the angular harmonics of vertical components to derive electrical and magneticfield of the original boundary value problem. We provide detailed discussion on the elements that are critical for the numerical implementation of the algorithm: a proper normalization, convergence, and integration. Specifically, we show how to perform integration in the complex plane by avoiding intersection of the integration pass with the cuts located on the Riemann surface. Numerical results show the usefulness of the algorithm for solving inverse problems and for studying the effect of eccentricity in induction and dielectric logging.

A general scaling law can be derived for the relative momentum deflection produced on a particle beam by fringe fields, to leading order. The formalism is applied to two concrete examples, for magnets having dipole and quadrupole symmetry. During recent years, the impact of magnet fringe fields is becoming increasingly important for rings of relatively small circumference but large acceptance. A few years ago, following some heuristic arguments, a scaling law was proposed [1], for the relative deflection of particles passing through a magnet fringe-field. In fact, after appropriate expansion of the magneticfields in Cartesian coordinates, which generalizes the expansions of Steffen [2], one can show that this scaling law is true for any multipole magnet, at leading order in the transverse coefficients [3]. This paper intends to provide the scaling law to estimate the impact of fringe fields in the special cases of magnets with dipole and quadrupole symmetry.

The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) magnet development program includes the design, fabrication and testing of full length model dipolemagnets. A result of the program has been the development of a magnet cryostat design. The cryostat subsystems consist of cold mass connection-slide, suspension, thermal shields, insulation, vacuum vessel and interconnections. Design details are presented along with model magnet production experience. 6 refs., 13 figs.

Attempts at improving the quality of mass spectra obtained from a Paul trap mass spectrometer prompted an investigation of the effects of additional fields to supplement the primary rf quadrupole trapping field. Reported here are the results of the first in a series of tests that focuses on the application of a single dipolefield to augment the trapping and subsequent ejections of ions stored within a Paul trap. Measurements are presented for a fixed quadrupole frequency with varying dipole frequencies. The presence of the dipolefield during the quadrupole trapping phase causes ion ejections of single m/z species at discrete dipole frequencies. During the mass analysis phase, the varying dipole frequency produces a complex set of resonant structures that impact ejection time (mass range), as well as mass spectral peak intensity and width

Recent asteroseismic analyses indicate the presence of strong (B ≳ 105 G) magneticfields in the cores of many red giant stars. Here, we examine the implications of these results for the evolution of stellar magneticfields, and we make predictions for future observations. Those stars with suppressed dipole modes indicative of strong core fields should exhibit moderate but detectable quadrupole mode suppression. The long magnetic diffusion times within stellar cores ensure that dynamo-generated fields are confined to mass coordinates within the main-sequence (MS) convective core, and the observed sharp increase in dipole mode suppression rates above 1.5 M ⊙ is likely explained by the larger convective core masses and faster rotation of these more massive stars. In clump stars, core fields of ∼105 G can suppress dipole modes, whose visibility should be equal to or less than the visibility of suppressed modes in ascending red giants. High dipole mode suppression rates in low-mass (M ≲ 2 M ⊙) clump stars would indicate that magneticfields generated during the MS can withstand subsequent convective phases and survive into the compact remnant phase. Finally, we discuss implications for observed magneticfields in white dwarfs and neutron stars, as well as the effects of magneticfields in various types of pulsating stars.

Paul Louis Mercanton suggested already in the late 1920's that paleomagnetism might provide a test of continental drift. However, the absence of an adequate understanding of the ancient (!) geomagnetic field structure hampered such a test until some 25 years later. But then, the results of the paleomagnetic study of Neogene Icelandic lavas by Hospers in the early 1950's, provided a breakthrough. Two very important findings were: (1) that the field in the Neogene was predominantly dipolar, implying that higher-order fields (quadrupoles, octupoles) averaged to near-zero, and (2) that the dipole axis remained on average aligned with the rotation axis, during normal- as well as reversed-polarity fields intervals. The last conclusion prompted Creer, Irving, and Runcorn to remark that "The coincidence of the magnetic and rotation axes [ . . .] covering many reversals is explained by the dominance of the Coriolis force". The geocentric axial dipole (GAD) hypothesis remained ever after the main guiding principle of paleomagnetic analysis, allowing declination anomalies to be interpreted as rotations and inclinations as representative of paleolatitudes. It is generally agreed upon that the long-term averaged field structure is largely, but not perfectly, dipolar. The critical question about non-dipolefields is "how large" (or, perhaps, "how small"). Analysis of the magnitude of non-dipolefields is restricted to zonal fields of degree (n) two or three, i.e., axial quadrupole and octupole fields, characterized by Gaussian coefficient ratios (Gn) where G is the ratio of the appropriate higher-order field coefficient and the axial dipolefield coefficient. For the last 5 million years G2 and G3 are small, but not zero (Johnson et al., 2008, G-cubed), and for earlier geological times (Permian, Triassic) some speculations by some of us have considered values up to 0.2, on the basis of inclination patterns. The underlying assumption that inclination anomalies were attributable

We study the spinor properties of S=3 {sup 52}Cr condensates, in which dipole-dipole interactions allow changes in magnetization. We observe a demagnetization of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) when the magneticfield is quenched below a critical value corresponding to a phase transition between a ferromagnetic and a nonpolarized ground state, which occurs when spin-dependent contact interactions overwhelm the linear Zeeman effect. The critical field is increased when the density is raised by loading the BEC in a deep 2D optical lattice. The magnetization dynamics is set by dipole-dipole interactions.

In a previous study, Knudsen et al. suggested that Venus has a weak internal magneticdipolefield of the order of 7 x 10 + 20 G cm(exp -3) that is manifested in the form of magnetic flux tubes threading the ionospheric holes in the Venus nightside ionosphere. They pointed out that any internal field of Venus, dipole or multipole, would be weakened in the subsolar region and concentrated in the antisolar region of the planet by the supersonic transterminator convection of the dayside ionosphere into the nightside hemisphere. The inferred magnitude of the dipolefield does not violate the upper limit for an internal magneticfield established by the Pioneer Venus magnetometer experiment. The most compelling objection to the model suggested by Knudsen et al. has been the fact that it does not explain the observed interplanetary magneticfield (IMF) control of the polarity of the ionospheric hole flux tubes. In this presentation I suggest that a magnetic reconnection process analogous to that occurring at earth is occurring at Venus between the IMF and a weak internal dipolefield. At Venus in the subsolar region, the reconnection occurs within the ionosphere. At Earth it occurs at the magnetopause. Reconnection will occur only when the IMF has an appropriate orientation relative to that of the weak internal field. Thus, reconnection provides a process for the IMF to control the flux tube polarity. The reconnection in the subsolar region takes place in the ionosphere as the barrier magneticfield is transported downward into the lower ionosphere by downward convection of ionospheric plasma and approaches the oppositely directed internal magneticfield that is diffusing upward. The reconnected flux tubes are then transported anti-Sunward by the anti-Sunward convecting ionospheric plasma as well as by the anti-Sunward-flowing solar wind. Reconnection will also occur in the Venus magnetic tail region, somewhat analogously to the reconnection that occurs in the

The magneticfield of the Earth has global meaning for a life on the Earth. The world geophysical science explains: - occurrence of a magneticfield of the Earth it is transformation of kinetic energy of movements of the fused iron in the liquid core of Earth - into the magnetic energy; - the warming up of a kernel of the Earth occurs due to radioactive disintegration of elements, with excretion of thermal energy. The world science does not define the reasons: - drift of a magneticdipole on 0,2 a year to the West; - drift of lithospheric slabs and continents. The author offers: an alternative variant existing in a world science the theories "Geodynamo" - it is the theory « the Magneticfield of the Earth », created on the basis of physical laws. Education of a magneticfield of the Earth occurs at moving the electric charge located in a liquid kernel, at rotation of the Earth. At calculation of a magneticfield is used law the Bio Savara for a ring electric current: dB = . Magnetic induction in a kernel of the Earth: B = 2,58 Gs. According to the law of electromagnetic induction the Faradey, rotation of a iron kernel of the Earth in magneticfield causes occurrence of an electric field Emf which moves electrons from the center of a kernel towards the mantle. So of arise the radial electric currents. The magneticfield amplifies the iron of mantle and a kernel of the Earth. As a result of action of a radial electric field the electrons will flow from the center of a kernel in a layer of an electric charge. The central part of a kernel represents the field with a positive electric charge, which creates inverse magneticfield Binv and Emfinv When ?mfinv = ?mf ; ?inv = B, there will be an inversion a magneticfield of the Earth. It is a fact: drift of a magneticdipole of the Earth in the western direction approximately 0,2 longitude, into a year. Radial electric currents a actions with the basic magneticfield of a Earth - it turn a kernel. It coincides with laws

A simple model gave utilized for calculation of magnetization effects on ac loss and sextupole for Energy Doubler dipolemagnets. The calculation in the simple model gave an underestimation of ac loss by about 30%. Results of computation on ac harmonics were also described.

This paper provides a comparative study of the geometrical structures of the magneticfields of Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, starting from the traditional multipolar representations of these fields. For Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn the centered dipole, quadrupole, and octupole contributions are included, while at Uranus, only the dipole and quadrupole contributoins are considered. The magneticfields are analyzed by decomposing them into those parts which have simple symmetry properties with respect to the rotation axis and the equatorial plane. It is found that there are a number of common features of the magneticfields of Earth and Jupiter. Compared to Earth and Jupiter, the Saturnian field exhibits not only a high degree of symmetry about the rotation axis, by now rather well known, but also a high degree of antisymmetry about the equatorial plane. The Uranian field shows strong deviations from both such symmetries. Nevertheless, there remain features common to all four planets. The implications of these results for dynamo models are discussed. With a vgiew to Cowling's theorem the symmetry of the fields is investigated with respect to not only the rotation axis but also to other axes intersecting the plaentary center. Surprisingly, the high degree of asymmetry of the Uranian field that is observed with respect to the rotation axis reduces considerably to being compare to that for Earth or Jupiter when the appropriate axis is employed.

In recent years there has been increased concern over potential health hazards related to exposure of personnel to magneticfields. If exposure standards are to be established, then a means for measuring magneticfield dose must be available. To meet this need, the Department of Energy has funded development of prototype dosimeters at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory. This manual reviews the principle of operation of the dosimeter and also contains step-by-step instructions for its operation.

The superconducting super collider (SSC) would have required dipole and quadrupole magnets with a very high field quality. The field quality is determined mainly by the dimensions of the magnet coils and their positions with respect to the iron yoke. It is thus very sensitive to manufacturing errors. A model is here developed to estimate the field distortions in a dipolemagnet due to azimuthal coil size variations. This model is applied to the data collected during the fabrication and testing of a series of 5 cm aperture, 15 m long SSC dipolemagnet prototypes. A clear correlation is observed between the predicted field distortions from the azimuthal coil sizes and the measured skew quadrupole and skew sextupole coefficients.

The magnetic-field characteristics in spiral galaxies are investigated, with emphasis on the Milky Way. The dynamo theory is considered, and axisymmetric spiral (ASS) and bisymmetric spiral (BSS) magneticfields are analyzed. Toroidal and poloidal magneticfields are discussed.

Specialized hardware and software have been developed to facilitate harmonic error analysis measurements of one-meter-long Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) model dipole and quadrupole magnets. Cold bore measurements feature cryogenic search-coil arrays with high bucking ratios that also have sufficient sensitivity to make room-temperature measurements at the low magnet currents of approx.10 A. Three sets of search coils allow measurements of the center, either end, and/or the axially integrated field. Signals from the search coils are digitally integrated by means of a voltage-to-frequency converter feeding an up-down counter. The data are drift corrected, Fourier analyzed, converted to physical quantities, and printed and plotted. A cycle of measurements including data acquisition, processing, and the generation of tabular and graphic output requires 80 seconds. The vast amount of data generated (several hundred measurement cycles for each magnet) has led to the development of postprocessing programs and procedures. Spreadsheets allow easy manipulation and comparison of results within a test series and between magnets. 8 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been developing high-field, brittle-superconductor, accelerator magnet technology, in which the conductor's support system can significantly impact conductor performance (as well as magnet training). A recent H-dipole coil test (HD1) achieved a peak bore-field of 16 Tesla, using two, flat-racetrack, double-layer Nb{sub 3}Sn coils. However, its 4.5 K training was slow, with an erratic plateau at {approx}92% of its un-degraded ''short-sample'' expectation ({approx}16.6 T). Quench-origins correlated with regions where low conductor pre-stress had been expected (3-D FEM predictions and variations in 300 K coil-size). The coils were re-assembled with minor coil-support changes and re-tested as ''HD1b'', with a 185 MPa average pre-stress (30 MPa higher than HD1, with a 15-20 MPa pole-turn margin expected at 17 T). Training started higher (15.1 T), and quickly reached a stable, negligibly higher plateau at 16 T. After a thermal cycle, training started at 15.4 T, but peaked at 15.8 T, on the third attempt, before degrading to a 15.7 T plateau. The temperature dependence of this plateau was explored in a sub-atmospheric LHe bath to 3.0 K. Magnet performance data for both thermal cycles is presented and discussed, along with issues for future high-field accelerator magnet development.

As part of the magnet development program for the LHC an experimental 1 m long 11.5 T single aperture Nb3Sn dipolemagnet has been designed and is now under construction. The design is focused on full utilisation of the high current density in the powder tube Nb3Sn. A new field optimisation has led to a different winding layout and cable sizes as compared to the reference LHC design. Another important feature of the design is the implementation of a shrink fit ring collar system. An extensive study of the critical current of the Nb3Sn cables as a function of the transverse stress on the cables shows a permanent degradation by the cabling process of about 20%, still leaving a safety margin at the operation field of 11.5 T of 15%. A revised glass/mica glass insulation system is applied which improves the thermal conductivity of the windings as well as the impregnation process considerably. This paper describes various design and production details of the magnet system as well as component tests.

We present a planar qubit design based on a superconducting circuit that we call concentric transmon. While employing a straightforward fabrication process using Al evaporation and lift-off lithography, we observe qubit lifetimes and coherence times in the order of 10 μ s . We systematically characterize loss channels such as incoherent dielectric loss, Purcell decay and radiative losses. The implementation of a gradiometric SQUID loop allows for a fast tuning of the qubit transition frequency and therefore for full tomographic control of the quantum circuit. Due to the large loop size, the presented qubit architecture features a strongly increased magneticdipole moment as compared to conventional transmon designs. This renders the concentric transmon a promising candidate to establish a site-selective passive direct Z ̂ coupling between neighboring qubits, being a pending quest in the field of quantum simulation.

The magneticfields originate as coronal fields that are converted into space by the supersonic, infinitely conducting, solar wind. On average, the sun's rotation causes the field to wind up and form an Archimedes Spiral. However, the field direction changes almost continuously on a variety of scales and the irregular nature of these changes is often interpreted as evidence that the solar wind flow is turbulent.

The dipole moment of Earth's magneticfield has decreased by nearly 9% over the past 150 years and by about 30% over the past 2,000 years according to archeomagnetic measurements. Here, we explore the causes and the implications of this rapid change. Maps of the geomagnetic field on the core-mantle boundary derived from ground-based and satellite measurements reveal that most of the present episode of dipole moment decrease originates in the southern hemisphere. Weakening and equatorward advection of normal polarity magneticfield by the core flow, combined with proliferation and growth of regions where the magnetic polarity is reversed, are reducing the dipole moment on the core-mantle boundary. Growth of these reversed flux regions has occurred over the past century or longer and is associated with the expansion of the South Atlantic Anomaly, a low-intensity region in the geomagnetic field that presents a radiation hazard at satellite altitudes. We address the speculation that the present episode of dipole moment decrease is a precursor to the next geomagnetic polarity reversal. The paleomagnetic record contains a broad spectrum of dipole moment fluctuations with polarity reversals typically occurring during dipole moment lows. However, the dipole moment is stronger today than its long time average, indicating that polarity reversal is not likely unless the current episode of moment decrease continues for a thousand years or more. PMID:16915369

In the model of a horizontal straight pipeline of finite length, the segmentation of the pipeline elements is a significant factor in the accuracy and rapidity of the forward modeling and inversion processes, but the existing pipeline segmentation method is very time-consuming. This paper proposes a section segmentation method to study the characteristics of pipeline magnetic anomalies—and the effect of model parameters on these magnetic anomalies—as a way to enhance computational performance and accelerate the convergence process of the inversion. Forward models using the piece segmentation method and section segmentation method based on magneticdipole reconstruction (MDR) are established for comparison. The results show that the magnetic anomalies calculated by these two segmentation methods are almost the same regardless of different measuring heights and variations of the inclination and declination of the pipeline. In the optimized inversion procedure the results of the simulation data calculated by these two methods agree with the synthetic data from the original model, and the inversion accuracies of the burial depths of the two methods are approximately equal. The proposed method is more computationally efficient than the piece segmentation method—in other words, the section segmentation method can meet the requirements for precision in the detection of pipelines by magnetic anomalies and reduce the computation time of the whole process.

AC losses of superconducting dipolemagnets were measured by the calorimetric method. The magnets were model dipolemagnets designed for the SSC. These were fabricated at KEK with 50-mm aperture and 1.3-m overall length. The magnet was set in a helium cryostat and cooled down to 1.8 K with 130 L of pressurized superfluid helium. Heat dissipated by the magnet during ramp cycles was measured by temperature rise of the superfluid helium. Heat leakage into the helium cryostat was 1.6 W and was subtracted from the measured heat to obtain AC loss of the magnet. An electrical measurement was carried out for calibration. Results of the two methods agreed within the experimental accuracy. The authors present the helium cryostat and measurement system in detail, and discuss the results of AC loss measurement.

A magneticfield measurement system was designed, built and installed at MAX Lab, Sweden for the purpose of characterizing the magneticfield produced by Insertion Devices (see Figure 1). The measurement system consists of a large granite beam roughly 2 feet square and 14 feet long that has been polished beyond laboratory grade for flatness and straightness. The granite precision coupled with the design of the carriage yielded minimum position deviations as measured at the probe tip. The Hall probe data collection and compensation technique allows exceptional resolution and range while taking data on the fly to programmable sample spacing. Additional flip coil provides field integral data.

Charged particle guiding center motion is considered in the magneticfield of a two-dimensional ('line') dipole on which is superimposed a small, static, perpendicular electric field. The parallel equation of motion is that of a simple harmonic oscillator for cos theta, the cosine of magnetic colatitude theta. Equations for the perpendicular electric and magnetic drifts are derived as well as their bounce-averaged forms. The latter are solved to yield a bounce-averaged guiding center trajectory, which is the same as that obtained from conversation of magnetic moment mu, longitudinal invariant J, and total (kinetic plus electrostatic) energy K. The algebraic simplicity of the trajectory equations is also manifest in the forms of the invariants. An interesting result is that guiding centers drift in such a way that they preserve the values of their equatorial pitch angles and (equivalently) mirror latitudes. The most general Maxwellian form of the equilibrium one-particle distribution function f is constructed from the invariants, and spatially varying density and pressure moments, parallel and perpendicular to the magneticfield, are identified. Much of the paper deals with the more restricted problem in which f is specified as a bi-Maxwellian over a straight line of finite length in the equatorial plane of the dipole and perpendicular to field lines. This might be thought of as specifying a cross-tail ion injection source; our formalism then describes the subsequent spatial development. The distribution away from the source is a scaled bi-Maxwellian but one that is cut off at large and small kinetic energies, which depend on position. Density and pressure components are reduced from the values they would have if the total content of individual flux tubes convected intact. The equatorial and meridional variations of density and pressure components are examined and compared systematically for the isotropic and highly anisotropic situations. There appears to be little

The MagneticField Solver computer program calculates the magneticfield generated by a group of collinear, cylindrical axisymmetric electromagnet coils. Given the current flowing in, and the number of turns, axial position, and axial and radial dimensions of each coil, the program calculates matrix coefficients for a finite-difference system of equations that approximates a two-dimensional partial differential equation for the magnetic potential contributed by the coil. The program iteratively solves these finite-difference equations by use of the modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioned-conjugate-gradient method. The total magnetic potential as a function of axial (z) and radial (r) position is then calculated as a sum of the magnetic potentials of the individual coils, using a high-accuracy interpolation scheme. Then the r and z components of the magneticfield as functions of r and z are calculated from the total magnetic potential by use of a high-accuracy finite-difference scheme. Notably, for the finite-difference calculations, the program generates nonuniform two-dimensional computational meshes from nonuniform one-dimensional meshes. Each mesh is generated in such a way as to minimize the numerical error for a benchmark one-dimensional magnetostatic problem.

Whistler-mode wave packets with fields exceeding the ambient dc magneticfield have been excited in a large, high electron-beta plasma. The waves are induced with a loop antenna with dipole moment either along or opposite to the dc field. In the latter case the excited wave packets have the topology of a spheromak but are propagating in the whistler mode along and opposite to the dc magneticfield. Field-reversed configurations with net zero helicity have also been produced. The electron magnetohydrodynamics fields are force free, have wave energy density exceeding the particle energy density, and propagate stably at subelectron thermal velocities through a nearly uniform stationary ion density background.

At an energy of 1 TeV, the superconducting cable in the Energy Saver dipolemagnets will be operating at approx. 96% of its nominal short sample limit; the corresponding number in the quadrupole magnets is 81%. All magnets for the Saver are individually tested for maximum current capability under two modes of operation; some 900 dipoles and 275 quadrupoles have now been measured. The dipole winding is composed of four individually wound coils. In general, the cable in the four coils comes from four different reels of cable. As part of magnet fabrication quality control, a short piece of cable from both ends of each reel has its critical current (rho = 1 x 10/sup -12/'..cap omega..-cm) measured at 5T and 4.3/sup 0/K. We present the statistical results of the maximum field tests on Saver magnets and explore the correlation with cable critical current.

Context. ζ Ori A is a hot star claimed to host a weak magneticfield, but no clear magnetic detection was obtained so far. In addition, it was recently shown to be a binary system composed of a O9.5I supergiant and a B1IV star. Aims: We aim at verifying the presence of a magneticfield in ζ Ori A, identifying to which of the two binary components it belongs (or whether both stars are magnetic), and characterizing the field. Methods: Very high signal-to-noise spectropolarimetric data were obtained with Narval at the Bernard Lyot Telescope (TBL) in France. Archival HEROS, FEROS and UVES spectroscopic data were also used. The data were first disentangled to separate the two components. We then analyzed them with the least-squares deconvolution technique to extract the magnetic information. Results: We confirm that ζ Ori A is magnetic. We find that the supergiant component ζ Ori Aa is the magnetic component: Zeeman signatures are observed and rotational modulation of the longitudinal magneticfield is clearly detected with a period of 6.829 d. This is the only magnetic O supergiant known as of today. With an oblique dipolefield model of the Stokes V profiles, we show that the polar field strength is ~140 G. Because the magneticfield is weak and the stellar wind is strong, ζ Ori Aa does not host a centrifugally supported magnetosphere. It may host a dynamical magnetosphere. Its companion ζ Ori Ab does not show any magnetic signature, with an upper limit on the undetected field of ~300 G. Based on observations obtained at the Télescope Bernard Lyot (USR5026) operated by the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse (Paul Sabatier), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of France.Appendix A is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Spontaneous emission of a dipole can be significantly modified in metamaterials, providing opportunities to engineer emission rates, yields, spectra, and angular patterns. To better understand specifics of such modifications for electric and magnetic emitters, we study luminescence of Eu3+ ions placed in a close vicinity of arrays of gold nanostrips. The luminescence is strongly polarized, with the preferable polarization parallel to the direction of strips. Polarization patterns and angular distributions of radiation depend on wavelength, and are different for electric and magneticdipole transitions. The results are discussed in terms of different coupling of emitters with radiative and high-loss modes.

An absolute shielding scale is proposed for (207)Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is based on ab initio calculations performed on an isolated tetramethyllead Pb(CH3)4 molecule and the assignment of the experimental resonance frequency from the gas-phase NMR spectra of Pb(CH3)4, extrapolated to zero density of the buffer gas to obtain the result for an isolated molecule. The computed (207)Pb shielding constant is 10 790 ppm for the isolated molecule, leading to a shielding of 10799.7 ppm for liquid Pb(CH3)4 which is the accepted reference standard for (207)Pb NMR spectra. The new experimental and theoretical data are used to determine μ((207)Pb), the nuclear magneticdipole moment of (207)Pb, by applying the standard relationship between NMR frequencies, shielding constants and nuclear moments of two nuclei in the same external magneticfield. Using the gas-phase (207)Pb and (reference) proton results and the theoretical value of the Pb shielding in Pb(CH3)4, we find μ((207)Pb) = 0.59064 μN. The analysis of new experimental and theoretical data obtained for the Pb(2+) ion in water solutions provides similar values of μ((207)Pb), in the range of 0.59000-0.59131 μN. PMID:27265668

The development of an electron cloud in the vacuum chambers of high intensity positron and proton storage rings may limit machine performance. The suppression of electrons in a magnet is a challenge for the positron damping ring of the International Linear Collider (ILC) as well as the Large Hadron Collider. Simulation show that grooved surfaces can significantly reduce the electron yield in a magnet. Some of the secondary electrons emitted from the grooved surface return to the surface within a few gyrations, resulting in a low effective secondary electron yield (SEY) of below 1.0 A triangular surface is an effective, technologically attractive mitigation with a low SEY and a weak dependence on the scale of the corrugations and the external magneticfield. A chamber with triangular grooved surface is proposed for the dipole and wiggler sections of the ILC and will be tested in KEKB in 2007. The strategy of electron cloud control in ILC and the optimization of the grooved chamber such as the SEY, impedance as well as the manufacturing of the chamber, are also discussed.

In this note we shall review, at times with a sense of history, the measured and computed saturation induced harmonics in the cross section of all long and short 80 mm aperture RHIC dipolemagnets built so far. With the help of several iterations in the yoke cross section, we have been able to reduce the saturation induced b{sub 2} and b{sub 4} harmonics by more than an order of magnitude. We shall briefly describe those iterations. The calculations described in this note have generally been done with the computer program POISSON. However, while comparing the calculations and measurements, we have included the results of field calculations with the code PE2D and MDP as well. The measurements are the average of up and down ramps. A small difference between the calculations and measurements has been observed consistently in the saturation induced b{sub 2} and b{sub 4} harmonics in all magnets DRA001 through DRA009. More work is still needed to explain the current dependence of skew quadrupole harmonic ({alpha}{sub 1}). We refer to current dependence of harmonics loosely as the saturation induced harmonics; but in an actual magnet it includes other effects like the harmonics induced by the coil deformation due to lorentz forces, etc.

High magneticfield superconducting magnet technology has been developed in the recent years for all kinds of applications in China. The superconducting magnets on the basis of the conduction-cooled high (HTS) and lower temperature superconductor (LTS) through GM cryocooler are designed, fabricated and operated for the magnetic separator, superconducting magnet energy storage system (SMES), material processing, gyrotron, electromagnetic launcher, space anti-matter detection, magnetic surgery system (MSS), heavy ion accelerator dipolemagnet and test bed for characteristics of superconducting material in Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS). The EAST superconducting Tokamak is being fabricated in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the paper, we report the successful development of high magneticfield superconducting magnet technology in China. Some new research projects, such as 40 T hybrid magnet, 25 T high magneticfield superconducting magnet, split-pair magnets for the pallation Neutron Source, high temperature superconducting coils for MSS and MRI are introduced.

For highly sensitive magnetic measurements, e.g., a measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM), the magneticfield has to be stable in time on a level below picoTesla. One of several measures we employ to achieve this uses an external field coil system which can stabilize the ambient external field at a predefined value. Here we report on the construction and characterization of such a system in the magnetic test facility at PSI. The system actively stabilizes the field along the axis of the EDM experiment by means of four coils in a Helmholtz-like configuration. Additional coils serve to compensate for transverse ambient field components. Because of the long integration times in the EDM experiment (about 100 s or more) only slow disturbances have to be corrected for. The performance of the system has been measured using static and moving magnetic sources and suppression factors in excess of 200 have been observed. PMID:27308117

For highly sensitive magnetic measurements, e.g., a measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM), the magneticfield has to be stable in time on a level below picoTesla. One of several measures we employ to achieve this uses an external field coil system which can stabilize the ambient external field at a predefined value. Here we report on the construction and characterization of such a system in the magnetic test facility at PSI. The system actively stabilizes the field along the axis of the EDM experiment by means of four coils in a Helmholtz-like configuration. Additional coils serve to compensate for transverse ambient field components. Because of the long integration times in the EDM experiment (about 100 s or more) only slow disturbances have to be corrected for. The performance of the system has been measured using static and moving magnetic sources and suppression factors in excess of 200 have been observed. PMID:27308117

US high energy physics community is exploring the possibilities of building a Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) after the completion of LHC. This paper presents a high fieldmagnet design option based on Nb{sub 3}Sn technology. A preliminary magnetic and mechanical design of a 14-16 T, 2-in-1 dipole based on the 'common coil design' approach is presented. The computer code ROXIE has been upgraded to perform the field quality optimization of magnets based on the racetrack coil geometry. A magnet R&D program to investigate the issues related to high fieldmagnet designs is also outlined.

The centrifugally driven electrostatic interchange instability is excited for the first time in a laboratory magnetoplasma. The plasma is confined by a dipolemagneticfield, and the instability is excited when an equatorial mesh is biased to induce a radial current that creates rapid axisymmetric plasma rotation. The observed instabilities appear quasicoherent in the lab frame of reference; they have global radial mode structures and low azimuthal mode numbers, and they are modified by the presence of energetic, magnetically confined electrons. The mode structure is measured using a multiprobe correlation technique as well as a novel 96-point polar imaging diagnostic which measures particle flux along field lines that map to the pole. Interchange instabilities caused by hot electron pressure are simultaneously observed at the hot electron drift frequency. Adjusting the hot electron fraction {alpha} modifies the stability as well as the structures of the centrifugally driven modes. In the presence of larger fractions of energetic electrons, m=1 is observed to be the dominant mode. For faster rotating plasmas containing fewer energetic electrons, m=2 dominates. Results from a self-consistent nonlinear simulation reproduce the measured mode structures in both regimes. The low azimuthal mode numbers seen in the experiment and simulation can also be interpreted with a local, linear dispersion relation of the electrostatic interchange instability. Drift resonant hot electrons give the instability a real frequency, inducing stabilizing ion polarization currents that preferentially suppress high-m modes.

Equipment was installed to detect fast conductor motion and quench propagation in a 1 meter long superconducting dipolemagnet (1) The fast-motion antenna, centered within the bore of the magnet, used three long dipole coils, mounted end-to-end to span the magnet length. Coil signals were nulled against a neighbor to produce low-ripple signals that were sensitive to local flux changes. A low-microphonic signal was used as an event trigger. (2) Nulling improvements were made for the magnet`s coil-imbalance signals for improved cross-correlation information. (3) A quench-propagation antenna was installed to observe current redistribution during quench propagation. It consisted of quadrupole/sextupole coil sets distributed at three axial locations within the bore of the magnet. Signals were interpreted in terms of the radius, angle, orientation, and rate of change of an equivalent dipole. The magnet was cooled to 1.8K to maximize the number of events. Twenty-four fast-motion events occurred before the first quench. The signals were correlated with the magnet-coil imbalance signals. The quench-propagation antenna was installed for all subsequent quenches. Ramp-rate triggered quenches produced adequate signals for analysis, but pole-turn quenches yielded such small signals that angular localization of a quench was not precise.

A 'proof-of-principle' Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting dual-bore dipolemagnet was built from racetrack coils, as a first step in a program to develop an economical, 15 Tesla, accelerator-quality magnet. The mechanical design and magnet fabrication procedures are discussed. No training was required to achieve temperature-dependent plateau currents, despite several thermal cycles that involved partial magnet disassembly and substantial pre-load variations. Subsequent magnets are expected to approach 15 Tesla with substantially improved conductor.

A 'proof-of-principle' Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting dual-bore dipolemagnet was built from racetrack coils, as a first step in a program to develop an economical, 15 Tesla, accelerator-quality magnet. The mechanical design and magnet fabrication procedures are discussed. No training was required to achieve temperature-dependent plateau currents, despite several thermal cycles that involved partial magnet disassembly and substantial pre-load variations. Subsequent magnets are expected to approach 15 Tesla with substantially improved conductor.

Assuming that the physical properties of solar-wind ions have remained unchanged over the past 4 billion years, the observation of solar-wind ions in lunar breccias with compaction ages greater than 3.2 billion years places constraints on the nature and origin of the ancient lunar magneticfield. Solar-wind ions would not be expected to occur in old lunar breccias if a surface magneticfield of more than 0.03 gauss was present. Several explanations of this phenomenon are consistent with the global lunar dynamo theory of the origin of the lunar dipolefield, including a wandering of the lunar dipole axis, late onset of dynamo action, and reversals of the lunar dipolefield, producing a long-term field close to zero. Models invoking external fieldmagnetization as the cause of the ancient lunar magneticfield constrain the dipole axis, precluding field reversals, and do not provide an alternative explanation for the observed occurrence of solar-wind ions in lunar breccias.

In order to minimize the size and cost of conventional facilities - land, tunneling, shielding, cryogenic and vacuum system - the dipolemagnets for the next generation of particle accelerators must produce as strong a magneticfield as possible. Ten tesla seems to be a reasonable goal, and can be attained by using either niobium-tin conductor at 4.2 K or niobium-titanium at 1.8 K. The beam diameter in a multi-TeV accelerator, can in principle, be quite small, say 20 mm, depending on the design of the injection and extraction systems, and on beam-cooling technology. Magnet cost is strongly dependent on bore diameter, so there is a strong incentive to minimize that. We believe that a 40-mm bore diameter - about 60-mm winding inside diameter is feasible and is a reasonable goal for initial research and development. For such a high field and small bore, there is an incentive to achieve a high overall current density in order to minimize the amount of superconductor. Our design is based on an overall current density of 400 A/sq mm. LBL has undertaken the development of a magnet using niobium-tin conductor intended to meet the above specifications. The conductor is a Rutherford-type cable consisting of twelve strands of 1.71-mm-dia wire. Dimensions of the uninsulated cable are 11.0 x 3.0 mm. The configuration chosen consists of flat race-track layers - four per pole - with the ends bent up and down to clear the bore. Two coils are wound from a single piece of cable with a cross-over at the inside: the familiar double pancake arrangement.

We investigate the effects of a magneticfield with low to intermediate strength on several spectroscopic properties of the sodium atom. A model potential is used to describe the core of sodium, reducing the study of the system to an effective one-particle problem. All states with principal quantum numbers n = 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are studied and analysed. A grid of twenty values for the field strength in the complete regime B = 0 - 0.02 a.u. is employed. Ionisation energies, transition wavelengths and their dipole oscillator strengths are presented.

The impetus for this design report originated in the Snowmass 88 meeting where the subject of higher energies within the constraints of the existing Tevatron tunnel enclosure was investigated. It was determined that beam transport to the fixed target experimental areas was possible up to an energy of {approximately}1.5 Tev. Collider operation was feasible at somewhat higher energies (1.8 Tev), primarily limited by the ability to design a single turn beam abort system within the constraints of the straight section length. A new accelerator in the existing tunnel would, of necessity, have a similar though not identical lattice and straight section layout to the present Tevatron. Thus when issues arose in the magnet design requiring input from the accelerator standpoint we have assumed a Tevatron like machine. The possibility of using these high fieldmagnets as elements in the existing Tevatron to create new warm space,' for another Interaction Region for example, also emphasizes compatibility with the present machine. 16 refs., 62 figs., 23 tabs.

A superconducting magnet includes an insulating layer disposed about the surface of a mandrel; a superconducting wire wound in adjacent turns about the mandrel to form the superconducting magnet, wherein the superconducting wire is in thermal communication with the mandrel, and the superconducting magnet has a field-to-current ratio equal to or greater than 1.1 Tesla per Ampere; a thermally conductive potting material configured to fill interstices between the adjacent turns, wherein the thermally conductive potting material and the superconducting wire provide a path for dissipation of heat; and a voltage limiting device disposed across each end of the superconducting wire, wherein the voltage limiting device is configured to prevent a voltage excursion across the superconducting wire during quench of the superconducting magnet.

In the translation, confinement, and sustainment experiment [A. L. Hoffman, H. Y. Guo, J. T. Slough, S. J. Tobin, L. S. Schrank, W. A. Reass, and G. A. Wurden, Fusion Sci. Technol. 41, 92 (2002)], field-reversed configurations (FRCs) are created and sustained using a rotating magneticfield (RMF). The RMF is usually in the form of a rotating dipole, which in vacuum penetrates uniformly to the axis of symmetry. However, plasma conditions in the FRC normally adjust so that the RMF only partially penetrates the plasma column. We have investigated the possibility of using a rotating quadrupole rather than a rotating dipolemagneticfield. The vacuum field from a quadrupole is proportional to radius and cannot penetrate to the axis of symmetry; however, this is not a disadvantage if the current drive is confined to the outer region of the FRC. It was found that the quadrupole drive efficiency is comparable to that of a dipole, but the rotating dipole is more effective at stabilizing the n=2 rotational instability. A strong internal oscillation in B{sub {theta}} is often observed in FRCs sustained by a quadrupole field. The spectral content of the signals indicates that an internal n=1 magnetic structure forms and corotates with the electrons. Similar but much lower amplitude structures can form when a rotating dipole is employed (edge-driven mode)

The four terrestrial planets, together with the Earth's Moon, provide a significant range of conditions under which dynamo action could occur. All five bodies have been visited by spacecraft, and from three of the five bodies (Earth, Moon and Mars) we have samples of planetary material upon which paleomagnetic studies have been undertaken. At the present time, only the Earth and Mercury appear to have a significant dipolemagneticfield. However, the Moon, and possibly Mars, appear to have had ancient planetary dynamos. Venus does not now have a significant planetary magneticfield, and the high surface temperatures should have prevented the recording of evidence of any ancient magneticfield. Since the solidification of the solid inner core is thought to be the energy source for the terrestrial magneticfield, and since smaller bodies evolve thermally more rapidly than larger bodies, we conjecture that the terrestrial planets are today in three different phases of magnetic activity. Venus is in a predynamo phase, not having cooled to the point of core solidification. Mercury and the Earth are in the middle of their dynamo phase, with Mercury perhaps near the end of its activity. Mars and the Moon seem to be well past their dynamo phase. Much needs to be done in the study of the magnetism of the terrestrial planets. We need to characterize the multipole harmonic structure of the Mercury magneticfield plus its secular variation, and we need to analyze returned samples to attempt to unfold the long-term history of Mercury's dynamo. We need to more thoroughly map the magnetism of the lunar surface and to analyze samples obtained from a wider area of the lunar surface. We need a more complete survey of the present Martian magneticfield and samples from a range of different ages of Martian surface material. Finally, a better characterization of the secular variation of the terrestrial magneticfield is needed in order to unfold the workings of the terrestrial dynamo.

Large-scale properties of the interplanetary magneticfield as determined by the solar wind velocity structure are examined. The various ways in which magneticfields affect phenomena in the solar wind are summarized. The dominant role of high and low velocity solar wind streams that persist, with fluctuations and evolution, for weeks or months is emphasized. It is suggested that for most purposes the sector structure is better identified with the stream structure than with the magnetic polarity and that the polarity does not necessarily change from one velocity sector to the next. Several mechanisms that might produce the stream structure are considered. The interaction of the high and low velocity streams is analyzed in a model that is steady state when viewed in a frame that corotates with the sun.

The origin of magneticfields in high-redshift and present-day galaxies is a long-standing problem. In this talk, we present a model for the seeding and evolution of magneticfields in protogalaxies. Supernova (SN) explosions during the assembly of a protogalaxy self-consistently provide magnetic seed fields, which are subsequently amplified by compression, shear flows and random motions.Our model explains the origin of strong magneticfields of $\\mu$G amplitude within the first starforming protogalactic structures shortly after the first stars have formed.We present cosmological simulations with the GADGET code of Milky Way-like galactic halo formation using a standard LCDM cosmology and analyse the strength and distribution of the evolving magneticfield.Within starforming regions and given typical dimensions and magneticfield strengths in canonical SN remnants, we inject a dipole-shape magneticfield at a rate of nG/Gyr. Subsequently, the magneticfield strength increases exponentially on timescales of a few ten million years within the innermost regions of the halo.Furthermore, turbulent diffusion, shocks and gas motions transport the magneticfield towards the halo outskirts. At redshift z=0, the entire galactic structures are magnetized and the field amplitude is of the order of a few microG in the center of the halo and nG at the virial radius. Additionally, we analyse the intrinsic rotation measure (RM) of the forming galactic halo over redshift. The mean halo intrinsic RM peaks between redshifts z=4 and z=2 and reaches absolute values around 1000 rad/m^2. Towards redshift z=0, the intrinsic RM values decline to a mean value below 10 rad/m^2. At high redshifts, the distribution of individual starforming and thus magnetized regions is widespread leading to a widespread distribution of large intrinsic RMs. Our model for the evolution of galactic magneticfields solves the joint problem of magneticfield seeding and subsequent amplification and distribution

The origin of magneticfields in high-redshift and present-day galaxies is a long-standing problem. In this talk, we present a model for the seeding and evolution of magneticfields in protogalaxies. Supernova (SN) explosions during the assembly of a protogalaxy self-consistently provide magnetic seed fields, which are subsequently amplified by compression, shear flows and random motions.Our model explains the origin of strong magneticfields of μG amplitude within the first starforming protogalactic structures shortly after the first stars have formed.We present cosmological simulations with the GADGET code of Milky Way-like galactic halo formation using a standard LCDM cosmology and analyse the strength and distribution of the evolving magneticfield.Within starforming regions and given typical dimensions and magneticfield strengths in canonical SN remnants, we inject a dipole-shape magneticfield at a rate of nG/Gyr. Subsequently, the magneticfield strength increases exponentially on timescales of a few ten million years within the innermost regions of the halo.Furthermore, turbulent diffusion, shocks and gas motions transport the magneticfield towards the halo outskirts. At redshift z=0, the entire galactic structures are magnetized and the field amplitude is of the order of a few microG in the center of the halo and nG at the virial radius. Additionally, we analyse the intrinsic rotation measure (RM) of the forming galactic halo over redshift. The mean halo intrinsic RM peaks between redshifts z=4 and z=2 and reaches absolute values around 1000 rad/m^2. Towards redshift z=0, the intrinsic RM values decline to a mean value below 10 rad/m^2. At high redshifts, the distribution of individual starforming and thus magnetized regions is widespread leading to a widespread distribution of large intrinsic RMs. Our model for the evolution of galactic magneticfields solves the joint problem of magneticfield seeding and subsequent amplification and distribution. The

Stability for low β plasma confined by closed B field lines is PV^γ = C_0, P = pressure, V = flux tube volume, γ is c_p/cv = 5/3. Kesner(J. Kesner, Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop, Mar. 3-6, 1997) proposed a levitated current ring with the plasma stabilized by this condition as an alternate fusion reactor. Such a reactor has many attractive features; at radii large compared to the ring radius, V goes like r^4; the stability condition is Pr^20/3 = C_1. If nr^4 = C_2, then interchanges keep the density constant. The temperature can drop according to Tr^8/3 = C_3. If the chamber is ten times the ring radius, the density can drop from 10^14 near the ring to 10^10 at the edge and the temperature can drop from 50 keV near the ring to 100 eV at the edge. This plasma should present no problems for a divertor. Reacting plasma near the ring will heat it, upsetting the stability relation and cause convection to carry burnt plasma out; it will cool as it expands. At the same time the convection will bring in fresh fuel from the outside which will be compressed and heated to ignition. A super conducting ring design that can float in reacting D-He^3 for 16 hours exists(J.M. Dawson, FUSION, edited by Edward Teller, Vol. 1, Magnetic Confinement, Part, Ch. 16, Academic Press, 1981).

A new pulse sequence entitled DQ-DRENAR (Double-Quantum based Dipolar Recoupling Effects Nuclear Alignment Reduction) was recently described for the quantitative measurement of magneticdipole-dipole interactions in homonuclear spin-1/2 systems involving multiple nuclei. As described in the present manuscript, the efficiency and performance of this sequence can be significantly improved, if the measurement is done in the constant-time mode. We describe both the theoretical analysis of this method and its experimental validation of a number of crystalline model compounds, considering both symmetry-based and back-to-back (BABA) DQ-coherence excitation schemes. Based on the combination of theoretical analysis and experimental results we discuss the effect of experimental parameters such as the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), the spinning rate, and the radio frequency field inhomogeneity upon its performance. Our results indicate that constant-time (CT-) DRENAR is a method of high efficiency and accuracy for compounds with multiple homonuclear spin systems with particular promise for the analysis of stronger-coupled and short T2 spin systems.

In this paper we consider the relativistic polarization of a moving magneticdipole and show that this effect can be understood via the relativistic generalization of Kirchhoff's first law to a moving closed circuit with a steady current. This approach allows us to better understand the law of relativistic transformation of four-current density…

Magneticfield measurements have been made on nearly 200 conventional magnets that have been installed in the AGS Booster and its associated transfer lines. The measurements were intended to monitor the quality of the magnets being produced and to check the performance of each magnet before installation. The magnetic measurements effort led to certain improvements in the manufacturing process, which ten subsequently produced very good, very uniform magnets. The integrated dipolefields of the 36 booster dipoles are uniform to 1.5 parts in ten thousand. The magnetic measurements indicate that the quadrupoles were manufactured to an accuracy of 3 ten thousandths of an inch, which is better than we can physically measure. 3 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.

Geometric-phase-induced false electric dipole moment (EDM) signals, resulting from interference between magneticfield gradients and particle motion in electric fields, have been studied extensively in the literature, especially for neutron EDM experiments utilizing stored ultracold neutrons and co-magnetometer atoms. Previous studies have considered particle motion in the transverse plane perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric and magneticfields. We show, via Monte Carlo studies, that motion along the field direction can impact the magnitude of this false EDM signal if the wall surfaces are rough such that the wall collisions can be modeled as diffuse, with the results dependent on the size of the storage cell's dimension along the field direction.

The responses of magnetic pickup coils to various orientations and positions of a point dipole are considered. General solutions which describe the response functions are derived and analyses of the results are presented. The apparent magnetic moment, as determined from these functions, contain significant errors when the dipole is misaligned radially or directionally. The errors fall into three categories: radial off-centering of a correctly oriented dipole, angular misalignment of a centered dipole, and angular misalignment of a radially off-centered dipole. One simple experimental test with a commercial magnetometer showed a 34{percent} error in the apparent moment due to radial off-centering. Practical error correction and minimization involve sample centering and rotational orientation about {ital {cflx z}} for transverse measurements, and include an additional adjustable parameter in the fitting function. Modest attention to these factors will reduce errors from {approx_equal}100{percent} difference to {le}1{percent}. The general nature of the calculations indicate that such effects exist for any type of inductive magnetometer. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}

Transverse relaxation rates for Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences increase with inter-echo time in presence of microscopic magneticfield inhomogeneities due to nuclear spin diffusion. For a weak field approximation that includes diffusion effects, the CPMG relaxation rate shift for proton diffusion around capillaries in muscle tissue can be expressed in terms of a frequency correlation function and the inter-echo time. The present work provides an analytical expression for the local relaxation rate shift that is dependent on local blood volume fraction, diffusion coefficient, capillary radius, susceptibility difference and inter-echo time. Asymptotic regions of the model are in agreement with previous modeling results of Brooks et al., Luz et al. and Ziener et al. In comparison with simulation data, the model shows an equal or better accuracy than established approximations. Also, model behavior coincides with experimental data for rat heart and skeletal muscle. The present work provides analytical tools to extract sub-voxel information about uniform capillary networks that can be used to study capillary organization or micro-circulatory remodeling. PMID:27071310

The magneticfields of Jupiter and Saturn and the characteristics of their magnetospheres, formed by interaction with the solar wind, are discussed. The origins of both magneticfields are associated with a dynamo process deep in the planetary interior. The Jovian magnetosphere is analogous to that of a pulsar magnetosphere: a massive central body with a rapid rotation and an associated intense magneticfield. Its most distinctive feature is its magnetodisk of concentrated plasma and particle flux, and reduced magneticfield intensity. The magnetopause near the subsolar point has been observed at radial distances ranging over 50 to 100 Jovian radii, implying a relatively compressible obstacle to solar wind flow. The composition of an embedded current sheet within the magnetic tail is believed to be influenced by volcanic eruptions and emissions from Io. Spectral troughs of the Jovian radiation belts have been interpreted as possible ring particles. The Saturnian magnetosphere appears to be more like the earth in its topology. It is mainly characterized by a dipole axis parallel to the rotational axis of the planet and a magneticfield intensity much less than expected.

Earth's magneticfield has decayed by about 5% per century since measurements began in 1840. Directional measurements predate those of intensity by more than 250 years, and we combined the global model of directions with paleomagnetic intensity measurements to estimate the fall in strength for this earlier period (1590 to 1840 A.D.). We found that magneticfield strength was nearly constant throughout this time, in contrast to the later period. Extrapolating to the core surface showed that the fall in strength originated in patches of reverse magnetic flux in the Southern Hemisphere. These patches were detectable by directional data alone; the pre-1840 model showed little or no evidence of them, supporting the conclusion of a steady dipole up to 1840. PMID:16690863

ICE and IMP-8 magneticfield data from 1984-1988 have been analyzed in a magnetic coordinate system defined by the orientation of the solar magneticdipole. The heliomagnetic latitude dependence of the radial component of the magneticfield (Br) has then been investigated in a wide range of magnetic latitudes above and below the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). Br reverses sign abruptly across the current sheet, consistent with the solar magneticfield models of Pneuman and Kopp [1971] and Wolfson [1985] but inconsistent with the source surface models [Hoeksema, 1986]. No evidence is found for an asymmetry in the magneticfield suggested by earlier studies of interplanetary magneticfield data [Luhmann, 1987, Burton, 1990]. A slight (~.03 nT per degree) latitude gradient has been found which is consistent with the MHD model of Pneuman and Kopp and the recent model of Zhao and Hoeksema [1995].

Understanding magneticfields is important to facilitate magnetic applications in diverse fields in industry, commerce, and space exploration to name a few. Large electromagnets can move heavy loads of metal. Magnetic materials attached to credit cards allow for fast, accurate business transactions. And the Earth's magneticfield gives us the colorful auroras observed near the north and south poles. Magneticfields are not visible, and therefore often hard to understand or characterize. This investigation describes and demonstrates a novel technique for the visualization of magneticfields. Two ferrofluid Hele-Shaw cells have been constructed to facilitate the imaging of magneticfield lines [1,2,3,4]. We deduce that magnetically induced photonic band gap arrays similar to electrostatic liquid crystal operation are responsible for the photographed images and seek to mathematically prove the images are of exact dipole nature. We also note by comparison that our photographs are very similar to solar magnetic Heliosphere photographs.

Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) seeks to create a plasma-inflated magnetic bubble capable of intercepting significant thrust from the solar wind for the purposes of high speed, high efficiency spacecraft propulsion. Previous laboratory experiments into the M2P2 concept have primarily used helicon plasma sources to inflate the dipolemagneticfield. The work presented here uses an alternative plasma source, the cascaded arc, in a geometry similar to that used in previous helicon experiments. Time resolved measurements of the equatorial plasma density have been conducted and the results are discussed. The equatorial plasma density transitions from an initially asymmetric configuration early in the shot to a quasisymmetric configuration during plasma production, and then returns to an asymmetric configuration when the source is shut off. The exact reasons for these changes in configuration are unknown, but convection of the loaded flux tube is suspected. The diffusion time was found to be an order of magnitude longer than the Bohm diffusion time for the period of time after the plasma source was shut off. The data collected indicate the plasma has an electron temperature of approximately 11 eV, an order of magnitude hotter than plasmas generated by cascaded arcs operating under different conditions. In addition, indirect evidence suggests that the plasma has a beta of order unity in the source region.

A prototype 2-Tesla superconducting transmission line magnet for future hadron colliders was designed, built and tested at Fermilab. The 1.5 m long, combined-function gradient-dipolemagnet has a vertical pole aperture of 20 mm. To measure the magneticfield quality in such a small magnet aperture, a specialized rotating coil of 15.2 mm diameter, 0.69 m long was fabricated. Using this probe, a program of magneticfield quality measurements was successfully performed. Results of the measurements are presented and discussed.

The first Design B Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipolemagnet has been successfully tested. This magnet was heavily instrumented with temperature and strain gage sensors in order to evaluate its adherence to design constraints and design calculations. The instrumentation and associated data acquisition system allowed monitoring of the magnet during cooldown, warmup, and quench testing. This paper will focus on the results obtained from structural measurements on the suspension system during normal and rapid cooldowns and during quench studies at full magnet current. 4 refs., 9 figs.

A model has been developed for the rapid but accurate calculation of the static magneticfield in the Chalk River cyclotron. The field is expressed in terms of elementary functions which can be handled efficiently in differential-algebra trajectory integrations. Maxwell`s equations are satisfied exactly. Each of seven subdivisions of the superconducting coils is treated by a moment expansion about a central circle. Each pole is modeled as a uniformly magnetized semi-infinite prism. Monopoles and dipoles at the vertices of the polygonal pole faces correct for departures from the true pole shape. Uniform distributions of dipole strength along the edges of the pole-face polygons correct for the local inappropriateness of the assumption of uniform magnetization. The contributions of the yoke and of other relatively distant parts of the structure to the field in the region of particle acceleration are represented by low-order polynomials. Some of the source parameters are obtained by fitting to the measured values of B{sub z} in the horizontal plane of symmetry.

Mercury has a global magneticfield of internal origin and it is thought that a dynamo operating in the fluid part of Mercury's large iron core is the most probable cause. However, the low intensity of Mercury's magneticfield--about 1% the strength of the Earth's field--cannot be reconciled with an Earth-like dynamo. With the common assumption that Coriolis and Lorentz forces balance in planetary dynamos, a field thirty times stronger is expected. Here I present a numerical model of a dynamo driven by thermo-compositional convection associated with inner core solidification. The thermal gradient at the core-mantle boundary is subadiabatic, and hence the outer region of the liquid core is stably stratified with the dynamo operating only at depth, where a strong field is generated. Because of the planet's slow rotation the resulting magneticfield is dominated by small-scale components that fluctuate rapidly with time. The dynamo field diffuses through the stable conducting region, where rapidly varying parts are strongly attenuated by the skin effect, while the slowly varying dipole and quadrupole components pass to some degree. The model explains the observed structure and strength of Mercury's surface magneticfield and makes predictions that are testable with space missions both presently flying and planned. PMID:17183319

Cosmos 49, Polar Orbit Geophysical Observatory (POGO) (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO-2, 4 and 6)) and Magsat have been the only low-earth orbiting satellites to measure the crustal magneticfield on a global scale. These missions revealed the presence of long- wavelength (> 500 km) crustal anomalies predominantly located over continents. Ground based methods were, for the most part, unable to record these very large-scale features; no doubt due to the problems of assembling continental scale maps from numerous smaller surveys acquired over many years. Questions arose as to the source and nature of these long-wave length anomalies. As a result there was a great stimulant given to the study of the magnetic properties of the lower crust and upper mantle. Some indication as to the nature of these deep sources has been provided by the recent results from the deep crustal drilling programs. In addition, the mechanism of magnetization, induced or remanent, was largely unknown. For computational ease these anomalies were considered to result solely from induced magnetization. However, recent results from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), a magnetometer-bearing mission to Mars, have revealed crustal anomalies with dimensions similar to the largest anomalies on Earth. These Martian features could only have been produced by remanent magnetization, since Mars lacks an inducing field. The origin of long-wavelength crustal anomalies, however, has not been completely determined. Several large crustal magnetic anomalies (e.g., Bangui, Kursk, Kiruna and Central Europe) will be discussed and the role of future satellite magnetometer missions (Orsted, SUNSAT and Champ) in their interpretation evaluated.

We find the existence conditions for stationary dipole and tripole surface solitons formed at the interface of a nonlocal nonlinear medium and a lattice with linearly modulated frequency. We investigate how the degree of nonlocality, the depth, and the modulation frequency of the optical lattice field affect on the existence of the surface solitons and their dynamics. The relationship between the power and the model parameters is identified. The stability of the surface dipole and tripole solitons is numerically investigated.

Very short and well shaped magneticfield pulses can be generated using ultra-relativistic electron bunches at Stanford Linear Accelerator. These fields of several Tesla with duration of several picoseconds are used to study the response of magnetic materials to a very short excitation. Precession of a magnetic moment by 90 degrees in a field of 1 Tesla takes about 10 picoseconds, so we explore the range of fast switching of the magnetization by precession. Our experiments are in a region of magnetic excitation that is not yet accessible by other methods. The current table top experiments can generate fields longer than 100 ps and with strength of 0.1 Tesla only. Two types of magnetic were used, magnetic recording media and model magnetic thin films. Information about the magnetization dynamics is extracted from the magnetic patterns generated by the magneticfield. The shape and size of these patterns are influenced by the dissipation of angular momentum involved in the switching process. The high-density recording media, both in-plane and perpendicular type, shows a pattern which indicates a high spin momentum dissipation. The perpendicular magnetic recording media was exposed to multiple magneticfield pulses. We observed an extended transition region between switched and non-switched areas indicating a stochastic switching behavior that cannot be explained by thermal fluctuations. The model films consist of very thin crystalline Fe films on GaAs. Even with these model films we see an enhanced dissipation compared to ferromagnetic resonance studies. The magnetic patterns show that damping increases with time and it is not a constant as usually assumed in the equation describing the magnetization dynamics. The simulation using the theory of spin-wave scattering explains only half of the observed damping. An important feature of this theory is that the spin dissipation is time dependent and depends on the large angle between the magnetization and the magnetic

The harmonic magneticfield properties due to eddy currents have been studied with respect to the geometry of the vacuum beam chamber. We derived a generalized formula enabling the precise prediction of any field harmonics generated by eddy currents in beam tubes with different cross-sectional geometries. Applying our model to study the properties of field harmonics in beam tubes with linear dipolemagneticfield ramping clearly proved that the circular cross section tube generates only a dipolefield from eddy currents. The elliptic tube showed noticeable magnitudes of sextupole and dipolefields. We demonstrate theoretically that it is feasible to suppress the generation of the sextupole field component by appropriately varying the tube wall thickness as a function of angle around the tube circumference. This result indicates that it is possible to design an elliptical-shaped beam tube that generates a dipolefield component with zero magnitude of sextupole. In a rectangular-shaped beam tube, one of the selected harmonic fields can be prevented if an appropriate wall thickness ratio between the horizontal and vertical tube walls is properly chosen. Our generalized formalism can be used for optimization of arbitrarily complex-shaped beam tubes, with respect to suppression of detrimental field harmonics.

FNAL and CERN are carrying out a joint R&D program with the goal of building a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture 11-T Nb_3Sn dipole prototype that is suitable for installation in the LHC. An important part of the program is the development and test of a series of short single-aperture and twin-aperture dipole models with a nominal field of 11 T at the LHC operation current of 11.85 kA and 20% margin. This paper presents the results of magnetic measurements of a 1-m-long single-aperture Nb_3Sn dipole model fabricated and tested recently at FNAL, including geometrical field harmonics and effects of coil magnetization and iron yoke saturation.

A two-dimensional MHD model simulating the formation of Kippenhahn-Schluter (1957) quiescent prominence (QP) magneticfield configurations is used to explore symmetric mass injection into a dipolemagneticfield. An optimum magneticfield strength for QP formation by mass injection is obtained. It is found that a weaker magneticfield strength is more favorable for the condensation of the injected plasma but that a stronger field is more favorable for supporting the condensed plasma against gravity.

Coronal magneticfield models use photospheric field measurements as boundary condition to model the solar corona. We review in this paper the most common model assumptions, starting from MHD-models, magnetohydrostatics, force-free and finally potential field models. Each model in this list is somewhat less complex than the previous one and makes more restrictive assumptions by neglecting physical effects. The magnetohydrostatic approach neglects time-dependent phenomena and plasma flows, the force-free approach neglects additionally the gradient of the plasma pressure and the gravity force. This leads to the assumption of a vanishing Lorentz force and electric currents are parallel (or anti-parallel) to the magneticfield lines. Finally, the potential field approach neglects also these currents. We outline the main assumptions, benefits and limitations of these models both from a theoretical (how realistic are the models?) and a practical viewpoint (which computer resources to we need?). Finally we address the important problem of noisy and inconsistent photospheric boundary conditions and the possibility of using chromospheric and coronal observations to improve the models.

The search for particle electric dipole moments (EDM's) represents a most promising way to search for physics beyond the standard model. A number of groups are planning a new generation of experiments using stored gases of various kinds. In order to achieve the target sensitivities it will be necessary to deal with the systematic error resulting from the interaction of the well-known v-vectorxE-vector field with magneticfield gradients which is often referred to as the geometric phase effect [E. D. Commins, Am. J. Phys. 59, 1077 (1991); J. M. Pendlebury et al., Phys. Rev. A 70, 032102 (2004)]. This interaction produces a frequency shift linear in the electric field, mimicking an EDM. In this work we introduce an analytic form for the velocity autocorrelation function which determines the velocity-position correlation function which in turn determines the behavior of the frequency shift [S. K. Lamoreaux and R. Golub, Phys. Rev A 71, 032104 (2005)] and show how it depends on the operating conditions of the experiment. We also discuss some additional issues.

Two styles of Panofsky Quadrupoles with integral corrector dipole windings are in use in the electron beam line of the Free Electron Laser at Jefferson Lab. We combined steering and focusing functions into single magnets, adding hundreds of Gauss-cm dipole corrector capability to existing quadrupoles because space is at a premium along the beam line. Superposing a one part in 100 dipole corrector field on a 1 part in 1000, weak (600 to 1000 Gauss) quadrupole is possible because the parallel slab iron yoke of the Panofsky Quadrupole acts as a window frame style dipole yoke. The dipolefield is formed when two electrically floating “current sources”, designed and made at JLab, add and subtract current from the two opposite quadrupole current sheet windings parallel to the dipolefield direction. The current sources also drive auxiliary coils at the yoke’s inner corners that improve the dipolefield. Magnet measurements yielded the control system field maps that characterize the two types of fields. Field analysis using TOSCA, construction and wiring details, magnet measurements and reference for the current source are presented.

Four nearly identical Nb{sub 3}Sn dipole models of the same design were built and tested at Fermilab. It provided a unique opportunity of systematic study the field quality effects in Nb{sub 3}Sn accelerator magnets. The results of these studies are reported in the paper.

The high field superconductors which could be used in accelerator dipolemagnets are surveyed, ranking these candidates with respect to ease of fabrication and cost as well as superconducting properties. Emphasis is on Nb/sub 3/Sn and NbTi. 27 refs., 2 figs. (LEW)

We report on the ability to tailor the optical dipole force for molecules by tuning their effective polarizability with strong field alignment using polarized fields. We have measured a difference of 20% in the dipole force on cold CS2 molecules when changing from linear to near-circular polarization using peak field intensities of 5.7×1011Wcm-2. A variation in the focal length with laser polarization of a molecular-optical lens formed by a single focused laser beam was also measured. This provides a new way of modifying this force for many molecules.

The electromagnetic drag force and torque acting on a magneticdipole due to the translatory motion of an electrically conducting bar with square cross section and infinite length is computed by numerical analysis for different orientations and locations of the dipole. The study is motivated by the novel techniques termed Lorentz force velocimetry and Lorentz force eddy current testing for noncontact measurements of the velocity of a conducting liquid and for detection of defects in the interior of solid bodies, respectively. The present, simplified configuration provides and explains important scaling laws and reference results that can be used for verification of future complete numerical simulations of more realistic problems and complex geometries. The results of computations are also compared with existing analytical solutions for an infinite plate and with a newly developed asymptotic theory for large distances between the bar and the magneticdipole. We finally discuss the optimization problem of finding the orientation of the dipole relative to the bar that produces the maximum force in the direction of motion.

We analyze the evolution of superhorizon-scale magneticfields from the end of inflation till today. Whatever is the mechanism responsible for their generation during inflation, we find that a given magnetic mode with wave number k evolves, after inflation, according to the values of k ηe , nk , and Ωk , where ηe is the conformal time at the end of inflation, nk is the number density spectrum of inflation-produced photons, and Ωk is the phase difference between the two Bogoliubov coefficients which characterize the state of that mode at the end of inflation. For any realistic inflationary magnetogenesis scenario, we find that nk-1≪|k ηe|≪1 , and three evolutionary scenarios are possible: (i) |Ωk∓π |=O (1 ) , in which case the evolution of the magnetic spectrum Bk(η ) is adiabatic, a2Bk(η )=const , with a being the expansion parameter; (ii) |Ωk∓π |≪|k ηe| , in which case the evolution is superadiabatic, a2Bk(η )∝η ; (iii) |k ηe|≪|Ωk∓π |≪1 or |k ηe|˜|Ωk∓π |≪1 , in which case an early phase of adiabatic evolution is followed, after a time η⋆˜|Ωk∓π |/k , by a superadiabatic evolution. Once a given mode reenters the horizon, it remains frozen into the plasma and then evolves adiabatically till today. As a corollary of our results, we find that inflation-generated magneticfields evolve adiabatically on all scales and for all times in conformal-invariant free Maxwell theory, while they evolve superadiabatically after inflation on superhorizon scales in the nonconformal-invariant Ratra model, where the inflaton is kinematically coupled to the electromagnetic field. The latter result supports and, somehow, clarifies our recent claim that the Ratra model can account for the presence of cosmic magneticfields without suffering from both backreaction and strong-coupling problems.

We present results on the magneticfield topology in a pulsed radiative. jet. For initially helical magneticfields and periodic velocity variations, we find that the magneticfield alternates along the, length of the jet from toroidally dominated in the knots to possibly poloidally dominated in the intervening regions.

A method and system of magnetic resonance imaging does not need a large homogenous field to truncate a gradient field. Spatial information is encoded into the spin magnetization by allowing the magnetization to evolve in a non-truncated gradient field and inducing a set of 180 degree rotations prior to signal acquisition.

A number of energy momentum anomalies are described that result from the use of Abraham-Lorentz electromagnetic theory. These anomalies have in common the motion of charged bodies or current carrying conductors relative to the observer. The anomalies can be avoided by using the nonflow approach, based on internal energy of the electromagnetic field. The anomalies can also be avoided by using the flow approach, if all contributions to flow work are included. The general objective of this research is a fundamental physical understanding of electric and magneticfields which, in turn, might promote the development of new concepts in electric space propulsion. The approach taken is to investigate quantum representations of these fields.

The superconducting magnets required for the SSC have provided a focus and substantial challenge for the development of superconducting wire and cable. The number of strands in the cables have been increased from 23 for the Tevatron to 30 for the SSC inner layer cable and 36 for the SSC outer cable. Critical current degradation associated with cabling has been reduced from 15% for the Tevatron to less than 5%. R D which has led to these improvements will be described and the opportunities for further advances will be discussed. 11 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

The geomagnetic spatial power spectrum R(sub n)(r) is the mean square magnetic induction represented by degree n spherical harmonic coefficients of the internal scalar potential averaged over the geocentric sphere of radius r. McLeod's Rule for the magneticfield generated by Earth's core geodynamo says that the expected core surface power spectrum (R(sub nc)(c)) is inversely proportional to (2n + 1) for 1 less than n less than or equal to N(sub E). McLeod's Rule is verified by locating Earth's core with main field models of Magsat data; the estimated core radius of 3485 kn is close to the seismologic value for c of 3480 km. McLeod's Rule and similar forms are then calibrated with the model values of R(sub n) for 3 less than or = n less than or = 12. Extrapolation to the degree 1 dipole predicts the expectation value of Earth's dipole moment to be about 5.89 x 10(exp 22) Am(exp 2)rms (74.5% of the 1980 value) and the expected geomagnetic intensity to be about 35.6 (mu)T rms at Earth's surface. Archeo- and paleomagnetic field intensity data show these and related predictions to be reasonably accurate. The probability distribution chi(exp 2) with 2n+1 degrees of freedom is assigned to (2n + 1)R(sub nc)/(R(sub nc). Extending this to the dipole implies that an exceptionally weak absolute dipole moment (less than or = 20% of the 1980 value) will exist during 2.5% of geologic time. The mean duration for such major geomagnetic dipole power excursions, one quarter of which feature durable axial dipole reversal, is estimated from the modern dipole power time-scale and the statistical model of excursions. The resulting mean excursion duration of 2767 years forces us to predict an average of 9.04 excursions per million years, 2.26 axial dipole reversals per million years, and a mean reversal duration of 5533 years. Paleomagnetic data show these predictions to be quite accurate. McLeod's Rule led to accurate predictions of Earth's core radius, mean paleomagnetic field

To determine the frequencies of magnetic oscillations in neutron stars with highly tangled magneticfields, we derive the perturbation equations. We assume that the field strength of the global magnetic structure is so small that such fields are negligible compared with tangled fields, which may still be far from a realistic configuration. Then, we systematically examine the spectra of the magnetic oscillations, as varying the magneticfield strength and stellar mass. The frequencies without crust elasticity are completely proportional to the strength of the magneticfield, whose proportionality constant depends strongly on the stellar mass. On the other hand, the oscillation spectra with crust elasticity become more complicated, where the frequencies even for weak magneticfields are different from the crustal torsional oscillations without magneticfields. For discussing spectra, the critical field strength can play an important role, and it is determined in such a way that the shear velocity is equivalent to the Alfvén velocity at the crust basis. Additionally, we find that the effect of the crust elasticity can be seen strongly in the fundamental oscillations with a lower harmonic index, ℓ. Unlike the stellar models with a pure dipolemagneticfield, we also find that the spectra with highly tangled magneticfields become discrete, where one can expect many of the eigenfrequencies. Maybe these frequencies could be detected after the violent phenomena breaking the global magneticfield structure.

A series of fifteen 5-cm-aperture, 1-m-long SSC model dipolemagnets with various types of end design and cable have been designed and fabricated at National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). The ramp-rate-dependent quench tests of the magnets KEKNo.3 to No.15 were performed in a 4.2-K vertical cryostat. A ramp-rate-dependent test of the magnet KEKNo.6 was also performed in 1.7-K pressurized superfluid helium. Special ramp tests so called {open_quotes}heating{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}cooling{close_quotes} experiments were also performed on the magnet KEKNo.10, as well as heat induced quench tests using the spot heaters installed in midplane of inner coils of the magnets KEKNo.7 and No.15 and in the splice part of the magnet KEKNo.13Y.

We analyze the magneticdipole coupling of an ensemble of spins to a superconducting microwave stripline structure, incorporating a Josephson junction based transmon qubit. We show that this system is described by an embedded Jaynes-Cummings model: in the strong coupling regime, collective spin-wave excitations of the ensemble of spins pick up the nonlinearity of the cavity mode, such that the two lowest eigenstates of the coupled spin wave-microwave cavity-Josephson junction system define a hybrid two-level system. The proposal described here enables new avenues for nonlinear optics using optical photons coupled to spin ensembles via Raman transitions. The possibility of strong coupling cavity QED with magneticdipole transitions also opens up the possibility of extending quantum information processing protocols to spins in silicon or graphene, without the need for single-spin confinement.

The MINER{nu}A (Main INjector ExpeRiment for {nu} A) experiment (http://minerva.fnal.gov/) is a neutrino scattering experiment which uses the NuMI beamline at Fermilab. It seeks to measure low energy neutrino interactions both to support neutrino oscillation experiments and to study the strong dynamics of the nucleon and nucleus that affect these interactions. For energy calibration of the main detector, a tertiary test beam line was designed and commissioned. This test beam consisted of target, collimator, two TOF stations and four wire chamber stations. Two dipole trim magnets were used to form a spectrometer. Here we present the simulation and characterization of these dipolemagnets.

A C-type septum dipolemagnet is located 600 mm downstream of the primary target in an external beam line of the AGS. Conventional use of fiber glass/epoxy electrical insulation for the magnet coils results in their failure after a relatively short running period, therefore a radiation hard insulation system is required. This is accomplished by replacing the existing copper conductor with a copper conductor having a thin aluminum skin which is anodized to provide the electrical insulation. Since the copper supports a current density of 59 A/mm/sup 2/, no reduction in cross sectional area can be tolerated. Design considerations, manufacturing techniques, and operating experience of a prototype dipole is presented. 3 refs., 4 figs.

Spacecraft observations of steady and nonsteady reconnection at the magnetopause are reviewed. Computer simulations of three-dimensional reconnection in the geomagnetic tail are discussed. Theoretical aspects of the energization of particles in current sheets and of the microprocesses in the diffusion region are presented. Terrella experiments in which magnetospheric reconnection is simulated at both the magnetopause and in the tail are described. The possible role of reconnection in the evolution of solar magneticfields and solar flares is discussed. A two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer simulation of turbulent reconnection is examined. Results concerning reconnection in Tokamak devices are also presented.

The purpose of this paper is to outline the principles governing the use of far-infrared and submillimeter polarimetry to investigate magneticfields and dust in interstellar clouds. Particular topics of discussion are the alignment of dust grains in dense clouds, the dependence on wavelength of polarization due to emission or to partial absorption by aligned grains, the nature of that dependence for mixtures of grains with different properties, and the problem of distinguishing between (1) the effects of the shapes and dielectric functions of the grains and (2) the degree and direction of their alignment.

Magnetized rocks can record the history of the magneticfield of a planet, a key constraint for understanding its evolution. From orbital vector magneticfield measurements of Mercury taken by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft at altitudes below 150 kilometers, we have detected remanent magnetization in Mercury's crust. We infer a lower bound on the average age of magnetization of 3.7 to 3.9 billion years. Our findings indicate that a global magneticfield driven by dynamo processes in the fluid outer core operated early in Mercury's history. Ancient field strengths that range from those similar to Mercury's present dipolefield to Earth-like values are consistent with the magneticfield observations and with the low iron content of Mercury's crust inferred from MESSENGER elemental composition data. PMID:25953822

The classical dynamics of a charged particle traveling in a laser field modeled by an elliptically polarized monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave is discussed within the time reparametrization invariant form of the nonrelativistic Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The exact parametric representation for a particle’s orbit in an arbitrary plane wave background beyond the dipole approximation and including effect of the magneticfield is derived. For an elliptically polarized monochromatic plane wave the particle’s trajectory, as an explicit function of the laboratory frame’s time, is given in terms of the Jacobian elliptic functions, whose modulus is proportional to the laser’s intensity and depends on the polarization of radiation. It is shown that the system exposes the intensity duality, correspondence between the motion in the backgrounds with various intensities. In virtue of the modular properties of the Jacobian functions, by starting with the representative “fundamental solution” and applying a certain modular transformation one can obtain the particle’s orbit in the monochromatic plane wave background with arbitrarily prescribed characteristics.

The swept-field experiments on magnetic molecular solids such as Fe8 are studied using Monte Carlo simulations, and a kinetic equation developed to understand collective magnetization phenomena in such solids, where the collective aspects arise from dipole-dipole interactions between different molecules. Because of these interactions, the classic Landau-Zener-Stückelberg theory proves inadequate, as does another widely used model constructed by Kayanuma. It is found that the simulations provide a quantitatively accurate account of the experiments. The kinetic equation provides a similarly accurate account except at very low sweep velocities, where it fails modestly. This failure is attributed to the neglect of short-range correlations between the dipolar magneticfields seen by the molecular spins. The simulations and the kinetic equation both provide a good understanding of the distribution of these dipolar fields, although analytic expressions for the final magnetization remain elusive.

The tuning of the Seebeck coefficient of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film was achieved by using the dipolefield of a ferroelectric polymer. The Seebeck coefficient was positive under an up-poling dipolefield, but negative under a down-poling dipolefield, whereas the control remained positive. This tunable behavior can be explained by selective carrier injection and accumulation, which was confirmed by the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity. Connecting p- and n-type SWCNT films tuned by dipolefields to create a π module resulted in a significant improvement in output voltage owing to the temperature difference between the two.

The exact non-dipole minimal-coupling Hamiltonian for an atomic system interacting with an explicitly time- and space-dependent laser field is transformed into the rest frame of a classical free electron in the laser field, i.e., into the Kramers-Henneberger frame. The new form of the Hamiltonian has been used to study the non-dipole dynamics of atoms and molecules in intense XUV laser pulses. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved without any simplifications.

The cryostat of an SSC dipolemagnet consists of all magnet components except the cold mass assembly. It serves to support the cold mass accurately and reliably within the vacuum vessel, provide all required cryogenic piping, and to insulate the cold mass from heat radiated and conducted from the environment. It must function reliably during storage, shipping and handling, normal magnet operation, quenches, and seismic excitations and must be manufacturable at low cost. The major components of the cryostat are the vacuum vessel, thermal shields, multilayer insulation (MLI) system, cryogenic piping, interconnections, and suspension system. The overall design of a cryostat for superconducting accelerator magnets requires consideration of fluid flow, proper selection of materials for their thermal and structural performance at both ambient and operating temperature, and knowledge of the environment to which the magnets will be subjected over the course their 25 year expected life. This paper describes the design of the current SSC collider dipolemagnet cryostat and includes discussions on the thermal, structural, and dynamic considerations involved in the development of each of the major systems. 7 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

The design study of the block type 15-Tesla RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al dipolemagnet, and its merits over Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets are presented. The copper stabilized RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al strand is now becoming commercially available for the application to the accelerator magnets. A 1 mm diameter RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al strand with filament size about 50 {mu}, non-copper Jc about 1000 A/mm{sup 2} at 15 Tesla at 4.2K, copper ratio of 50%, can now be produced over several hundred meters. The stress and strain characteristics of the Nb{sub 3}Al strand are superior to the Nb{sub 3}Sn strand. Another advantage is that it can tolerate a longitudinal strain up to 0.55%. The RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al Rutherford cable will have less chance of contamination of the stabilizer, compared to Nb{sub 3}Sn cable. These characteristics of the RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al will be beneficial for designing and producing 15-Tesla dipolemagnets. An example 15-Tesla magnet cross section, utilizing the RHQT Nb{sub 3}Sn strand is presented. A systematic investigation on RHQT Nb{sub 3}Al strands, its Rutherford cables, and building a small racetrack magnet for cable testing are proposed.

We consider formation of accretion disks from a realistically turbulent molecular gas using 3D MHD simulations. In particular, we analyze the effect of the fast turbulent reconnection described by the Lazarian & Vishniac model for the removal of magnetic flux from a disk. With our numerical simulations we demonstrate how the fast reconnection enables protostellar disk formation resolving the so-called “magnetic braking catastrophe.” In particular, we provide a detailed study of the dynamics of a 0.5 M⊙ protostar and the formation of its disk for up to several thousands years. We measure the evolution of the mass, angular momentum, magneticfield, and turbulence around the star. We consider effects of two processes that strongly affect the magnetic transfer of angular momentum, both of which are based on turbulent reconnection: the first, “reconnection diffusion,” removes the magnetic flux from the disk; the other involves the change of the magneticfield's topology, but does not change the absolute value of the magnetic flux through the disk. We demonstrate that for the first mechanism, turbulence causes a magnetic flux transport outward from the inner disk to the ambient medium, thus decreasing the coupling of the disk to the ambient material. A similar effect is achieved through the change of the magneticfield's topology from a split monopole configuration to a dipole configuration. We explore how both mechanisms prevent the catastrophic loss of disk angular momentum and compare both above turbulent reconnection mechanisms with alternative mechanisms from the literature.

The Heavy Ion Synchrotron SIS100 is the core facility of the international FAIR project at GSI in Darmstadt. The magnet system of the synchrotron will operate with a high cycle frequency up to 1 Hz. The magnet coils are made of a hollow NbTi composite cable cooled by forced flow of two phase helium. The dynamic heat losses in the magnets caused by fast ramping provide the major part of the heat load to the cryogenic system of SIS100. Recently the first series dipolemagnet was produced and is being intensively tested at the cryogenic magnet test facility at GSI. We present the status of these tests together with the obtained opera- tion characteristics like a cool down and training behaviour, dynamic heat release and mass flow rates.

This grant covers the initial data reduction and analysis of the magneticfield measurements of the Polar spacecraft. At this writing data for the first three years of the mission have been processed and deposited in the key parameter database. These data are also available in a variety of time resolutions and coordinate systems via a webserver at UCLA that provides both plots and digital data. The flight software has twice been reprogrammed: once to remove a glitch in the data where there were rare collisions between commands in the central processing unit and once to provide burst mode data at 100 samples per second on a regular basis. The instrument continues to function as described in the instrument paper (1.1 in the bibliography attached below). The early observations were compared with observations on the same field lines at lower altitude. The polar magnetic measurements also proved to be most useful for testing the accuracy of MHD models. WE also made important contributions to study of waves and turbulence.

Small, in-line polarization rotators or isolators to reduce feedback in fiber optic links can be the basis for excellent magneticfield sensors. Based on the giant magneto-optical (GMO) or Faraday effect in iron garnets, they with a magneticfield of a few hundred Gauss, (20 mT) for an interaction length for an optical beam of a few millimeters achieve a polarization rotation or phase shift of 45 deg (1/8 cycle). When powered by a small laser diode, with the induced linear phase shift recovered at the shot noise limit, we have demonstrated sensitivities at the 3.3 nT/Hz1/2 level for frequencies from less than 1 Hz to frequencies into the high kHz range. Through further improvements; an increase in interaction length, better materials and by far the greatest factor, the addition of a flux concentrator, sensitivities at the pT/Hz1/2 level appear to be within reach. We will detail such a design and discuss the issues that may limit achieving these goals.

The strength of the Earth's early geomagnetic field is of importance for understanding the evolution of the Earth's core, surface environment and atmosphere. Palaeomagnetic and palaeointensity data from rocks formed near the boundary of the Proterozoic and Archaean eons (~2.5 Ga), show many hallmarks of the more recent geomagnetic field: Reversals are recorded and available palaeointensity values are similar to those from younger rocks. Interestingly, paleosecular variation data indicate a dipole-dominated morphology, possible more dipolar than that seen in the 0-5 Ma geomagnetic field (Smirnov and Tarduno, GRL, 2004). This is consistent with some numerical geodynamo simulations with a smaller inner core. Here we discuss efforts to see through the ubiquitous low grade metamorphism that effects Archean rocks to obtain even older records of the magneticfield. Specifically, we use a CO2 laser heating approach and direct-current SQUID magnetometer measurements to obtain palaeodirections and intensities from single silicate crystals that host magnetite inclusions. We have found 3.2 Ga field strengths that are within 50% of the present-day value. This contrasts with some prior assertions that the mid-Archean field was some 10 times weaker than present-day (the prior studies were derived from rocks with secondary thermochemical remanent magnetizations rather than primary thermoremanent magnetizations). We will discuss our efforts to examine even older records potentially preserved in rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton of southern Africa, and the implications of these results for core evolution.

A 3-dimensional kinetic model has been developed to study the dynamics of the storm time ring current in a dipolemagneticfield. In this paper, the ring current model is extended to include a realistic, time-varying magneticfield model. The magneticfield is expressed as the cross product of the gradients of two Euler potentials and the bounce-averaged particle drifts are calculated in the Euler potential coordinates. A dipolarization event is modeled by collapsing a tail-like magnetosphere to a dipole-like configuration. Our model is able to simulate the sudden enhancements in the ring current ion fluxes and the corresponding ionospheric precipitation during the substorm expansion.

Novel uniform-sized, core-shell ZnO mesocrystal microspheres have been synthesized on a large scale using a facile one-pot hydrothermal method in the presence of the water-soluble polymer poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The mesocrystal forms via a nonclassical crystallization process. The intrinsic dipolefield introduced by the nanoplatelets as a result of selective adsorption of the polyelectrolyte on some polar surfaces of the nanoparticles acts as the driving force. In addition, it plays an important role throughout the mesoscale assembly process from the creation of the bimesocrystalline core to the apple-like structure and finally the microsphere. Our calculation based on a dipole model confirms the dipole-field-driven mechanism forming the apple-like structure. PMID:19518047

Children will be able to see the concept of a magneticfield translated into a visible reality using the simple method outlined. Standard shelf paper, magnets, iron filings, and paint in a spray can are used to prepare a permanent and well-detailed picture of the magneticfield. (Author/JN)

The baseline design for the SSC High Energy Booster (HEB) has dipole bending magnets with a 50 mm aperture. An analysis of the cryogenic heat load due to A.C. losses generated in the HEB ramp cycle are reported for this magnet. Included in this analysis are losses from superconductor hysteresis, yoke hysteresis, strand eddy currents, and cable eddy currents. The A.C. loss impact of 2.5 {mu}m vs. 6 {mu}m filament conductor is presented. A 60 mm aperture design is also investigated. 8 refs., 3 tabs.

With the use of a power integral formulation, a study is made of the vlf/elf radiation patterns of arbitrarily oriented electric and magneticdipoles in a cold lossless multicomponent magnetoplasma. Expressions for the ray patterns are initially developed that apply for arbitrary values of driving frequency, static magnetic-field strength, plasma density, and composition. These expressions are subsequently specialized to vlf/elf radiation in a plasma modeled on the magnetosphere. A series of representative pattern plots are presented for frequencies between the proton and electron gyrofrequencies. These patterns illustrate the fact that focusing effects that arise from the geometrical properties of the refractive index surface tend to dominate the radiation distribution over the entire range from the electron gyrofrequency to 4.6 times the proton gyrofrequency. It is concluded that focusing effects should be of significant importance in the design of a vlf/elf satellite transmitting system in the magnetosphere.

Giant exoplanets at close orbits, or so-called hot Jupiters, are supposed to have an intensive escape of upper atmospheric material heated and ionized by the radiation of a host star. An interaction between outflowing atmospheric plasma and the intrinsic planetary magneticdipolefield leads to the formation of a crucial feature of a hot Jupiter's magnetosphere-an equatorial current-carrying magnetodisk. The presence of a magnetodisk has been shown to influence the topology of a hot Jupiter's magnetosphere and to change a standoff distance of the magnetopause. In this paper, the basic features of the formation of a hot Jupiter's magnetodisk are studied by means of a laboratory experiment. A localized central source produces plasma that expands outward from the surface of the dipole and inflates the magneticfield. The observed structure of magneticfields, electric currents, and plasma density indicates the formation of a relatively thin current disk extending beyond the Alfvenic point. At the edge of the current disk, an induced magneticfield was found to be several times larger than the field of the initial dipole.

The dipole–dipole interaction model is employed to investigate the angular dependence of the levitation and lateral forces acting on a small magnet in an anti-symmetric magnet/superconducting sphere system. Breaking the symmetry of the system enables us to study the lateral force which is important in the stability of the magnet above a superconducting sphere in the Meissner state. Under the assumption that the lateral displacement of the magnet is small compared to the physical dimensions of our proposed system, analytical expressions are obtained for the levitation and lateral forces as a function of the geometrical parameters of the superconductor as well as the height, the lateral displacement, and the orientation of the magnetic moment of the magnet. The dependence of the levitation force on the height of the levitating magnet is similar to that in the symmetric magnet/superconducting sphere system within the range of proposed lateral displacements. It is found that the levitation force is linearly dependent on the lateral displacement whereas the lateral force is independent of this displacement. A sinusoidal variation of both forces as a function of the polar and azimuthal angles specifying the orientation of the magnetic moment is observed. The relationship between the stability and the orientation of the magnetic moment is discussed for different orientations.

Magneticfields are enchored in gas clouds. Field lines are tangled in spiral arms, but highly regular between the arms. The similarity of pitch angles between gaseous and magnetic arms suggests a coupling between the density wave and the magnetic wave. Observations of large-scale patterns in Faraday rotation favour a dynamo origin of the regular fields. Fields in barred galaxies do not reveal the strong shearing shocks observed in the cold gas, but swing smoothly from the upstream region into the bar. Magneticfields are important for the dynamcis of gas clouds, for the formation of spiral structures, bars and halos, and for mass and angular momentum transport in central regions.

The superconducting magnetic switch or fast kicker magnet is employed with electron stream or a bunch of electrons to rapidly change the direction of flow of the electron stream or bunch of electrons. The apparatus employs a beam tube which is coated with a film of superconducting material. The tube is cooled to a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature and is subjected to a constant magneticfield which is produced by an external dc magnet. The magneticfield produced by the dc magnet is less than the critical field for the superconducting material, thus, creating a Meissner Effect condition. A controllable fast electromagnet is used to provide a magneticfield which supplements that of the dc magnet so that when the fast magnet is energized the combined magneticfield is now greater that the critical field and the superconducting material returns to its normal state allowing the magneticfield to penetrate the tube. This produces an internal field which effects the direction of motion and of the electron stream or electron bunch. The switch can also operate as a switching mechanism for charged particles. 6 figs.

The superconducting magnetic switch or fast kicker magnet is employed with electron stream or a bunch of electrons to rapidly change the direction of flow of the electron stream or bunch of electrons. The apparatus employs a beam tube which is coated with a film of superconducting material. The tube is cooled to a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature and is subjected to a constant magneticfield which is produced by an external dc magnet. The magneticfield produced by the dc magnet is less than the critical field for the superconducting material, thus, creating a Meissner Effect condition. A controllable fast electromagnet is used to provide a magneticfield which supplements that of the dc magnet so that when the fast magnet is energized the combined magneticfield is now greater that the critical field and the superconducting material returns to its normal state allowing the magneticfield to penetrate the tube. This produces an internal field which effects the direction of motion and of the electron stream or electron bunch. The switch can also operate as a switching mechanism for charged particles.

Mars possesses no dynamic magneticfield of internal origin as it is the case for the Earth or for Mercury. Instead Mars is characterized by an intense and localized magneticfield of crustal origin. This field is the result of past magnetization and demagnetization processes, and reflects its evolution. The Interplanetary MagneticField (IMF) interacts with Mars' ionized environment to create an external magneticfield. This external field is weak compared to lithospheric one but very dynamic, and may hamper the detailed analysis of the internal magneticfield at some places or times. Because there are currently no magneticfield measurements made at Mars' surface, it is not possible to directly monitor the external field temporal variability as it is done in Earth's ground magnetic observatories. In this study we examine to indirect ways of quantifying this external field. First we use the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) mission which measures the solar wind about one hour upstream of the bow-shock resulting from the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's internal magneticfield. These measurements are extrapolated to Mars' position taking into account the orbital configurations of the Mars-Earth system and the velocity of particles carrying the IMF. Second we directly use Mars Global Surveyor magneticfield measurements to quantify the level of variability of the external field. We subtract from the measurements the internal field which is otherwise modeled, and bin the residuals first on a spatial and then on a temporal mesh. This allows to compute daily or semi daily index. We present a comparison of these two proxies and demonstrate their complementarity. We also illustrate our analysis by comparing our Martian external field proxies to terrestrial index at epochs of known strong activity. These proxies will especially be useful for upcoming magneticfield measurements made around or at the surface of Mars.

To investigate the formation of prominences, researchers studied chromospheric mass injection into an overlying coronal dipolemagneticfield using a 2-D ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical model. Researchers propose that active region prominences are formed by chromospheric plasmas injected directly into the overlying coronal magneticfield and that quiescent prominences are formed by plasmas evaporated at the interface between spicules and corona. Hence, for the simulation of an active region prominence magneticfield we inject the mass from one side, but use a symmetric mass injection to form a quiescent prominence field configuration. Researchers try to find optimum conditions for the formation of Kippenhahn-Schuluter(K-S)type field configuration for stable support of the injection plasmas. They find that the formation of K-S type field configuration by mass injection requires a delicate balance between injection velocity, density, and overlying magneticfields. These results may explain why a prominence does not form on every neutral line.

In this study, a new magneticfield flow fractionation (FFF) system was designed and modeled by using finite element simulations. Other than current magnetic FFF systems, which use static magneticfields, our system uses cyclical magneticfields. Results of the simulations show that our cyclical magnetic FFF system can be used effectively for the separation of magnetic nanoparticles. Cyclical magnetic FFF system is composed of a microfluidic channel (length = 5 cm, height = 30 μm) and 2 coils. Square wave currents of 1 Hz (with 90 deg of phase difference) were applied to the coils. By using Comsol Multiphysics 3.5a, magneticfield profile and corresponding magnetic force exerted on the magnetite nanoparticles were calculated. The magnetic force data were exported from Comsol to Matlab. In Matlab, a parabolic flow profile with maximum flow speed of 0.4 mL/h was defined. Particle trajectories were obtained by the calculation of the particle speeds resulted from both magnetic and hydrodynamic forces. Particle trajectories of the particles with sizes ranging from 10 to 50 nm were simulated and elution times of the particles were calculated. Results show that there is a significant difference between the elution times of the particles so that baseline separation of the particles can be obtained. In this work, it is shown that by the application of cyclical magneticfields, the separation of magnetic nanoparticles can be done efficiently.

The powerful magneticfields produced by a controlled fusion experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) necessitated the development of personnel-exposure guidelines for steady magneticfields. A literature search and conversations with active researchers showed that it is currently possible to develop preliminary exposure guidelines for steady magneticfields. An overview of the results of past research into the bioeffects of magneticfields was compiled, along with a discussion of hazards that may be encountered by people with sickle-cell anemia or medical electronic and prosthetic implants. The LLNL steady magnetic-field exposure guidelines along with a review of developments concerning the safety of time-varying fields were also presented in this compilation. Guidelines developed elsewhere for time varying fields were also given. Further research is needed to develop exposure standards for both steady or time-varying fields. PMID:3434538

The powerful magneticfields produced by a controlled fusion experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) necessitated the development of personnel-exposure guidelines for steady magneticfields. A literature search and conversations with active researchers showed that it is currently possible to develop preliminary exposure guidelines for steady magneticfields. An overview of the results of past research into the bioeffects of magneticfields was compiled, along with a discussion of hazards that may be encountered by people with sickle-cell anemia or medical electronic and prosthetic implants. The LLNL steady magnetic-field exposure guidelines along with a review of developments concerning the safety of time-varying fields were also presented in this compilation. Guidelines developed elsewhere for time varying fields were also given. Further research is needed to develop exposure standards for both steady or time-varying fields.

In the review, contemporary data on the influence of natural and artificial magneticfields on fish behavior are considered. In this regard, elasmobranchs and teleosts appear to be studied most exhaustively. Elasmobranchs and some teleosts are able to perceive magneticfields via electroreceptors. A number of teleosts can sense magneticfields via sensory cells containing crystals of biogenic magnetite. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicate the influence of magneticfields on fish locomotor activity and spatial distribution. The geomagnetic field can be used by fish for navigation. Besides, artificial magneticfields and natural fluctuations of the geomagnetic field can affect fish embryos leading to alterations in their development. It is suggested that, afterwards, these alterations can have an effect on fish behavior. PMID:25438567

In the review, contemporary data on the influence of natural and artificial magneticfields on fish behavior are considered. In this regard, elasmobranchs and teleosts appear to be studied most exhaustively. Elasmobranchs and some teleosts are able to perceive magneticfields via electroreceptors. A number of teleosts can sense magneticfields via sensory cells containing crystals of biogenic magnetite. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicate the influence of magneticfields on fish locomotor activity and spatial distribution. The geomagnetic field can be used by fish for navigation. Besides, artificial magneticfields and natural fluctuations of the geomagnetic field can affect fish embryos leading to alterations in their development. It is suggested that, afterwards, these alterations can have an effect on fish behavior. PMID:25508098

A device is provided for measuring the magneticfield dose and peak field exposure. The device includes three Hall-effect sensors all perpendicular to each other, sensing the three dimensional magneticfield and associated electronics for data storage, calculating, retrieving and display.

In solving the eigenvalue wave equation, we relax the usual diagonal constraint on its matrix representation by allowing it to be tridiagonal. This results in a larger representation space that incorporates an analytic solution for the noncentral electric dipole pole potential cos{theta}/r{sup 2}, which was believed not to belong to the class of exactly solvable potentials. Consequently, we obtain closed form solution of the time-independent Schroedinger equation for an electron in the field of a molecule treated as a point electric dipole.

In early 1977, while working for NSLS at Brookhaven National Lab., Dr. Ohnuma noticed that tunes of NSLS calculated with code SYNCH were significantly different from those obtained with code PATRICIA. This problem surfaced again in 1991 when people at BNL discovered discrepancies in their compact ring SXLS chromaticities calculated with different code. One potential source of the ambiguities is the different treatment of the edge field and the combined function field of dipolemagnet. There are two dipoles each of which with the bending angle of 180{degrees} instead of at most a few degrees which is common in high energy synchrotrons. The calculation of a three-dimensional field using TOSCA indicates that the fringe field extends to cover the whole region between the dipole and the quadrupole, having a vertical field strength of 250 gauss at the edge of the quadrupole. In this case, the fringe multiple field will undoubtedly play a nontrival role in determining basic machine parameters. Therefore, the classical treatment for simulating particle motion in synchrotron, which uses the isomagnetic approximation plus then lens kicks, no longer accurately models the closed orbit of the machine. In order to correctly calculate tunes, chromaticities as well as the dynamic aperture in such kind of machine with a large magnetic bending angle, it is necessary to integrate the exact equations of motion in a realistic representation of the magneticfield.

The fact that charged particles trapped in Earth's magneticfield can be redistributed along their radial distance from Earth due to drift-resonant interactions with small-amplitude waves has been known since early in the space age. Early theoretical efforts assumed that a dipole background magneticfield was modified by a time-varying electromagnetic perturbation that changed the particle's distance from Earth while preserving the first two invariants of motion. The stochastic nature of the perturbation allowed the effect of the waves on the trapped particles to be represented by a Fokker-Planck equation, which updates the phase space density in time via radial diffusion with diffusion coefficients that depend on the wave characteristics. In this paper, we extend those early theoretical efforts to define radial diffusion coefficients in arbitrary static background fields and define a numerical scheme for their evaluation. The background fields we consider are allowed to have significant deviations from a dipolefield. Radial diffusion coefficients are computed using the new scheme for one of the empirical magneticfield models (T89) developed by Tsyganenko and coauthors as the background on top of which the perturbations are added. The new diffusion coefficients are shown to be substantially larger than those computed with a dipole background field model, especially at large radial distances and during geomagnetically active times, and it is suggested that outward radial diffusion may be a more substantial loss process for trapped electrons in the outer radiation belt than previously believed.

A 3-D numerical code( Z. Greenwald, ``BST.c 3-D MagneticField Calculation Numerical Code'', Cornell University Note 96-09) was used to calculate the spatial magneticfields generated by a current carrying wire. In particular, the code calculates the fields of wire loops wrapped on a pipe similar to superconductive magnet structures. The arrangement and dimensions of the loops can be easily modified to create dipoles, quadrupoles, skew magnets etc., and combinations of the above. In this paper we show the calculated 3-D fields of ironless superconducting quadrupole dipole combination designed for CESR phase III upgrade (which will be manufactured by TESLA). Since the magnet poles are made of loops, the fields at the edges are not only distorted but have a component, B_z, in the z direction as well. This Bz field can cause X-Y coupling of the beam. In order to calculate the coupling, the particle trajectories through the whole magnet were computed. The code is also used to calculate local fields errors due to possible manufacturing imperfections. An example of a rotational error of one pole, and an example of an error in the winding width are shown.

Head model and an efficient method for computing the forward EEG (electroencephalography)problem are essential to dipole source localization(DSL). In this paper, we use less expensive ovoid geometry to approximate human head, aiming at investigating the effects of head shape and dipole source parameters on EEG fields. The application of point least squares (PLS) based on meshless method was introduced for solving EEG forward problem and numerical simulation is implemented in three kinds of ovoid head models. We present the performances of the surface potential in the face of varying dipole source parameters in detail. The results show that the potential patterns are similar for different dipole position in different head shapes, but the peak value of potential is significantly influenced by the head shape. Dipole position induces a great effect on the peak value of potential and shift of peak potential. The degree of variation between sphere head model and non-sphere head models is seen at the same time. We also show that PLS method with the trigonometric basis is superior to the constant basis, linear basis, and quadratic basis functions in accuracy and efficiency. PMID:25893011

A method for computing the Lorentz tensor components in single crystals via rapidly convergent sums of Bessels functions is developed using the relationship between dipole-field sums and the tensor components. The Lorentz factors for simple, body-centered, and base-centered orthorhombic lattices are computed using this method, and the derivative Lorentz factors for simple orthorhombic lattices are also determined. Both the Lorentz factors and their derivatives are shown to be very sensitive to a lattice structure. The equivalent of the Clausius-Mossotti relation for general orthorhombic lattices is derived using the Lorentz-factor formalism, and the permanent molecular dipole moment is related to crystal polarization for the case of a ferroelectric of polarizable point dipoles. It is concluded that the polarization enhancement due to self-polarization familiar from classical theory may actually be a reduction in consequences of negative Lorentz factors in one or two lattice directions for noncubic crystals.

Sharks, skates, and rays receive electrical information about the positions of their prey, the drift of ocean currents, and their magnetic compass headings. At sea, dogfish and blue sharks were observed to execute apparent feeding responses to dipole electric fields designed to mimic prey. In training experiments, stingrays showed the ability to orient relative to uniform electric fields similar to those produced by ocean currents. Voltage gradients of only 5 nanovolts per centimeter would elicit either behavior.

Magneticfields play an important role in star formation process and dynamic evolution of galaxies. Previous studies of magneticfields relied on narrow band polarisation observations and difficult to disentangle magnetised structures along line of sight. Thanks to the broad bandwidth and multi-channels of CABB we are now able to recover the 3D structures of magneticfields using RM synthesis and QU-fitting. We propose to observe two nearby spirals M83 and NGC 4945 to build clear pictures of their magneticfields.

An apparatus and methods for a magneticfield positioning system use a fundamentally different, and advantageous, signal structure and multiple access method, known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). This signal architecture, when combined with processing methods, leads to advantages over the existing technologies, especially when applied to a system with a large number of magneticfield generators (beacons). Beacons at known positions generate coded magneticfields, and a magnetic sensor measures a sum field and decomposes it into component fields to determine the sensor position and orientation. The apparatus and methods can have a large `building-sized` coverage area. The system allows for numerous beacons to be distributed throughout an area at a number of different locations. A method to estimate position and attitude, with no prior knowledge, uses dipolefields produced by these beacons in different locations.

The magnetic-field structure in regions of stationary, planar accretion disks around active galactic nuclei where general-relativistic effects can be neglected (from 10 to 200 gravitational radii) is considered. It is assumed that the magneticfield in the outer edges of the disk, which forms in the magnetosphere of the central black hole during the creation of the relativisitic jets, corresponds to the field of a magneticdipole perpendicular to the plane of the disk. In this case, the azimuthal field component B φ in the disk arises due to the presence of the radial field B ρ and the azimuthal velocity component U φ . The value of the magneticfield at the inner radius of the disk is taken to correspond to the solution of the induction equation in a diffusion approximation. Numerical solutions of the induction equation are given for a number of cases.

In recent years great interest has been shown in developing rf structures for beam separation, correction of geometrical degradation on luminosity, and diagnostic applications in both lepton and hadron machines. The rf dipole being a very promising one among all of them. The rf dipole has been tested and proven to have attractive properties that include high shunt impedance, low and balance surface fields, absence of lower order modes and far-spaced higher order modes that simplify their damping scheme. As well as to be a compact and versatile design in a considerable range of frequencies, its fairly simple geometry dependency is suitable both for fabrication and surface treatment. The rf dipole geometry can also be optimized for lowering multipacting risk and multipole tailoring to meet machine specific field uniformity tolerances. In the present work a survey of field uniformities, and multipole contents for a set of 750 MHz rf dipole designs is presented as both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the inherent flexibility of the structure and its limitations.

Individuals working next to strong static magneticfields occasionally report disorientation and vertigo. With the increasing strength of magneticfields used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, these reports have become more common. It was recently learned that humans, mice and zebrafish all demonstrate behaviors consistent with constant peripheral vestibular stimulation while inside a strong, static magneticfield. The proposed mechanism for this effect involves a Lorentz force resulting from the interaction of a strong static magneticfield with naturally occurring ionic currents flowing through the inner ear endolymph into vestibular hair cells. The resulting force within the endolymph is strong enough to displace the lateral semicircular canal cupula, inducing vertigo and the horizontal nystagmus seen in normal mice and in humans. This review explores the evidence for interactions of magneticfields with the vestibular system. PMID:25735662

A number of mechanisms, such as magneticfields, (binary) companions and circumstellar disks have been suggested to be the cause of non-spherical PNe and in particular collimated outflows. This work investigates one of these mechanisms: the magneticfields. While MHD simulations show that the fields can indeed be important, few observations of magneticfields have been done so far. We used the VLBA to observe five evolved stars, with the goal of detecting the magneticfield by means of water maser polarization. The sample consists in four AGB stars (IK Tau, RT Vir, IRC+60370 and AP Lyn) and one pPN (OH231.8+4.2). In four of the five sources, several strong maser features were detected allowing us to measure the linear and/or circular polarization. Based on the circular polarization detections, we infer the strength of the component of the field along the line of sight to be between ~30 mG and ~330 mG in the water maser regions of these four sources. When extrapolated to the surface of the stars, the magneticfield strength would be between a few hundred mG and a few Gauss when assuming a toroidal field geometry and higher when assuming more complex magneticfields. We conclude that the magnetic energy we derived in the water maser regions is higher than the thermal and kinetic energy, leading to the conclusion that, indeed, magneticfields probably play an important role in shaping Planetary Nebulae.

Single-sided and mobile nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors have the advantages of portability, low cost, and low power consumption compared to conventional high-field NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. We present fast, flexible, and easy-to-implement target field algorithms for mobile NMR and MRI magnet design. The optimization finds a global optimum ina cost function that minimizes the error in the target magneticfield in the sense of least squares. When the technique is tested on a ring array of permanent-magnet elements, the solution matches the classical dipole Halbach solution. For a single-sided handheld NMR sensor, the algorithm yields a 640 G field homogeneous to 16 100 ppm across a 1.9 cc volume located 1.5 cm above the top of the magnets and homogeneous to 32 200 ppm over a 7.6 cc volume. This regime is adequate for MRI applications. We demonstrate that the homogeneous region can be continuously moved away from the sensor by rotating magnet rod elements, opening the way for NMR sensors with adjustable"sensitive volumes."

For all accelerators and many research and industries, excellent vacuum conditions are required and the highest possible pumping rates are necessary. For most applications the standard ion sputtering pump (ISP) meets these requirements and is optimal for financial point of view also. The physical principle of the ISP is well known and many companies manufacture variety of ISP. Most of them use dipolemagneticfield produced by permanent magnet and electric dipolefield between the electrodes in which tenuous plasma is created because of interaction of between the relatively fast electrons slow residual gas atoms. Performance of an ISP depends basically on the electron cloud density in between the titanium electrodes but in the available present configurations no consideration has been given to electron confinement which needs a mirror magneticfield. If this is incorporated it will make a robust ISP surely; furthermore, the requirement of constant feeding of high voltage to electrodes for supplying sufficient number of electrons will be reduced too. A study has been performed to create sufficient rotationally symmetric spindle magneticfield (SMF) with inherent presence of magnetic mirror effect to electron motion to confine them for longer time for enhancing the density of electron cloud between the electrodes. It will lessen the electric power feeding the electrodes and lengthen their life-time. Construction of further compact and robust ISP is envisaged herein. The field simulation using the commercially available permanent magnet together with simulation of electron motion in such field will be presented and discussed in the paper.

We offer a unified approach to several phenomena related to the electromagnetic vacuum of a complex medium made of point electric dipoles. To this aim, we apply the linear response theory to the computation of the polarization field propagator and study the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations. The physical distinction among the local density of states which enter the spectra of light propagation, total dipole emission, coherent emission, total vacuum energy, and Schwinger-bulk energy is made clear. Analytical expressions for the spectrum of dipole emission and for the vacuum energy are derived. Their respective relations with the spectrum of external light and with the Schwinger-bulk energy are found. The light spectrum and the Schwinger-bulk energy are determined by the Dyson propagator. The emission spectrum and the total vacuum energy are determined by the polarization propagator. An exact relationship of proportionality between both propagators is found in terms of local field factors. A study of the nature of stimulated emission from a single dipole is carried out. Regarding coherent emission, it contains two components. A direct one which is transferred radiatively and directly from the emitter into the medium and whose spectrum is that of external light. And an indirect one which is radiated by induced dipoles. The induction is mediated by one (and only one) local field factor. Regarding the vacuum energy, we find that in addition to the Schwinger-bulk energy the vacuum energy of an effective medium contains local field contributions proportional to the resonant frequency and to the spectral line width.

Efforts to find some scaling law for the dipole moments of planets seem illusory for, although dynamo theory is still in a rudimentary state, once the critical magnetic Reynolds Number is exceeded it appears that the field strength is determined by the energy source, it it is permissible to treat the core as a heat engine. For this reason the lunar magneticfield is of special significance as the paleomagnetic evidence strongly suggests that the surface field was about 1 G 3.9 by diminishing exponentially to about .02 G 3.2 by ago and completely disappearing some time later.

As part of the High FieldMagnet program at Fermilab simple magnets have been designed utilizing small racetrack coils based on a sound mechanical structure and bladder technique developed by LBNL. Two of these magnets have been built in order to test Nb{sub 3}Sn cables used in cos-theta dipole models. The powder-in-tube strand based cable exhibited excellent performance. It reached its critical current limit within 14 quenches. Modified jelly roll strand based cable performance was limited by magnetic instabilities at low fields as previously tested dipole models which used similar cable.

A high cryogenic stability suprconducting bus-line has been developed to connect a superconducting dipolemagnet with a full length of 13 m to a current lead approximately 2 meters from the magnet. The superconducting bus-line is made of NbTi strand cables for magnet use soldered to copper braid. The copper braid has a large surface area to improve cooling efficiency and increase cryogenic stability. Three kinds of bus-line are prepared on experimental basis: a bare superconducting cable, a superconducting cable joined copper braid with a thin layer of solder, and one made by filling the inside of copper braid with solder. Cryogenic stability tests confirmed that a bus-line equipped with a copper braid provides twice the cryogenic stability as a bare superconducting cable.

A novel fiber-optic measurement system for superconducting accelerator magnets is described. The principal component is an extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer to determine localized strain and stress in coil windings. The system can be used either as a sensitive relative strain measurement system or as an absolute strain detector. Combined, one can monitor the mechanical behaviour of the magnet system over time during construction, long time storage and operation. The sensing mechanism is described, together with various tests in laboratory environments. The test results of a multichannel test matrix to be incorporated first in the dummy coils and then in the final version of a 13T Nb{sub 3}Sn accelerator dipolemagnet are presented. Finally, the possible use of this system as a quench localization system is proposed.

A novel fiber-optic measurement system for superconducting accelerator magnets is described. The principal component is an extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer to determine localized strain and stress in coil windings. The system can be used either as a sensitive relative strain measurement system or as an absolute strain detector. Combined, one can monitor the mechanical behaviour of the magnet system over time during construction, long time storage and operation. The sensing mechanism is described, together with various tests in laboratory environments. The test results of a multichannel test matrix to be incorporated first in the dummy coils and then in the final version of a 13T Nb3Sn accelerator dipolemagnet are presented. Finally, the possible use of this system as a quench localization system is proposed.

We outline the possibilities of starting construction of the {bar p}p forward detector toroids and cos{theta} dipolemagnets described in CDP Note 64 as soon as possible using material that already exists on the FNAL site. Personal inspection of the steel supplies indicates that as much as 2000 tons of steel or over 50% of all the steel needed for the toroids is now available at the FNAL boneyard. Copper inventories indicate that there is enough copper on the FNAL site to construct both the toroid magnets and the cos{theta} dipolemagnets. A construction schedule of one toroid in FY81, two toroids in FY82, and the final toroid in FY83 is shown to be feasible. Floor space and loading requirements for the IR Hall housing the forward detector are examined and finally, budgets for the initial FY8l phase and the completed project are given. The FY81 costs are $393K and to-completion costs are $1506K.

The results of a study of sensitive element magneticfield sensor are represented in this paper. The sensor is based on the change of the capacitance with an active dielectric (ferrofluid) due to the magnitude of magneticfield. To prepare the ferrofluid magnetic particles are used, which have a followingdispersion equal to 50 < Ø < 56, 45 < Ø < 50, 40 < Ø < 45 and Ø < 40micron of nanocrystalline alloy of brand 5BDSR. The dependence of the sensitivity of the capacitive element from the ferrofluid with different dispersion of magnetic particles is considered. The threshold of sensitivity and sensitivity of a measuring cell with ferrofluid by a magneticfield was determined. The experimental graphs of capacitance change of the magnitude of magneticfield are presented.

We calculate, in the free Maxwell theory, the renormalized quantum vacuum expectation value of the two-point magnetic correlation function in de Sitter inflation. We find that quantum magnetic fluctuations remain constant during inflation instead of being washed out adiabatically, as usually assumed in the literature. The quantum-to-classical transition of super-Hubble magnetic modes during inflation allow us to treat the magneticfield classically after reheating, when it is coupled to the primeval plasma. The actual magneticfield is scale independent and has an intensity of few×10(-12) G if the energy scale of inflation is few×10(16) GeV. Such a field accounts for galactic and galaxy cluster magneticfields. PMID:23971556

We report an experimental study of the dynamics of two coupled magneticdipoles. The experiment consists in two coplanar permanent disk magnets separated by a distance d, each allowed to rotate on a fixed parallel axis-each magnet's axis being perpendicular to its dipolar moment vector. A torque of adjustable strength can be externally applied to one of the magnets, the other magnet being free. The driving torque may be time-independent or temporally fluctuating. We study the influence of the parameters of the driving torque on the dynamics of the coupled system, in particular the emergence of dynamical regimes such as stochastic reversals. We report transitions between stationary and stochastic reversal regimes. All the observed features can be understood by a simple mechanical dynamical model. The transition between statistically stationary regimes and reversals is explained introducing an effective potential energy incorporating both the coupling between magnets and the external driving. Relations between this simple experimental model with macroscopic models of magnetic spin coupling, as well as with chaotic reversals of turbulent dynamos, are discussed. PMID:27575140

We report an experimental study of the dynamics of two coupled magneticdipoles. The experiment consists in two coplanar permanent disk magnets separated by a distance d , each allowed to rotate on a fixed parallel axis—each magnet's axis being perpendicular to its dipolar moment vector. A torque of adjustable strength can be externally applied to one of the magnets, the other magnet being free. The driving torque may be time-independent or temporally fluctuating. We study the influence of the parameters of the driving torque on the dynamics of the coupled system, in particular the emergence of dynamical regimes such as stochastic reversals. We report transitions between stationary and stochastic reversal regimes. All the observed features can be understood by a simple mechanical dynamical model. The transition between statistically stationary regimes and reversals is explained introducing an effective potential energy incorporating both the coupling between magnets and the external driving. Relations between this simple experimental model with macroscopic models of magnetic spin coupling, as well as with chaotic reversals of turbulent dynamos, are discussed.

An experimental method is demonstrated that allows determination of the ratio between the electric (E1) and magnetic (M1) transition dipole moments in the A-X band of OH, including their relative sign. Although the transition strengths differ by more than 3 orders of magnitude, the measured M1-to-E1 ratio agrees with the ratio of the ab initio calculated values to within 3%. The relative sign is found to be negative, also in agreement with theory. PMID:27127965

Temperature-dependent terahertz magneticdipole radiation in antiferromagnetic GdFeO{sub 3} ceramic is investigated both theoretically and experimentally in this work. A two-level quantum transition mechanism is introduced to describe the excitation-radiation process, and radiative lifetime is derived analytically from the change of spin state density during this process. Terahertz spectral measurements demonstrate that the radiative frequency exhibits a red-shift and lifetime shortens as temperature increases, which is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The temperature-sensitive radiative frequency and excellent terahertz emission mean that the antiferromagnetic ceramics show potential for application in terahertz sensors and frequency-tunable terahertz lasers.

The four-quasiparticle magneticdipole band in {sup 128}Ba has been investigated with the {sup 96}Zr({sup 36}S,4n){sup 128}Ba reaction at the GASP spectrometer of the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro. Linking transitions to the previously known positive parity states have been observed for the first time in this mass region and new transitions on top of the band have been found. The experimental results are compared to previously made tilted axis cranking calculations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

We describe a method for measuring nuclear magnetic dipole—dipole couplings in NMR spectra of solids undergoing rapid magic angle spinning (MAS). We show in theory, simulations, and experiments that the couplings, which are averaged out by MAS alone, can be recovered by applying simple resonant radiofrequency pulse sequences in synchrony with the sample rotation. Experimental 13C dipolar powder pattern spectra of polycrystalline ( 13CH 3) 2C(OH)SO 3Na obtained in a two-dimensional experiment based on this method are presented. The method provides a means of determining internuclear distances in polycrystalline and noncrystalline solids while retaining the high resolution and sensitivity afforded by MAS.

We have studied the fate of initial magneticfields in the hot halo gas out of which the visible parts of galaxies form, using three-dimensional numerical MHD-experiments. The halo gas undergoes compression by several orders of magnitude in the subsonic cooling flow that forms the cold disk. The magneticfield is carried along and is amplified considerably in the process, reaching μG levels for reasonable values of the initial ratio of magnetic to thermal energy density.

The MAVEN magneticfield investigation is part of a comprehensive particles and fields subsystem that will measure the magnetic and electric fields and plasma environment of Mars and its interaction with the solar wind. The magneticfield instrumentation consists of two independent tri-axial fluxgate magnetometer sensors, remotely mounted at the outer extremity of the two solar arrays on small extensions ("boomlets"). The sensors are controlled by independent and functionally identical electronics assemblies that are integrated within the particles and fields subsystem and draw their power from redundant power supplies within that system. Each magnetometer measures the ambient vector magneticfield over a wide dynamic range (to 65,536 nT per axis) with a resolution of 0.008 nT in the most sensitive dynamic range and an accuracy of better than 0.05 %. Both magnetometers sample the ambient magneticfield at an intrinsic sample rate of 32 vector samples per second. Telemetry is transferred from each magnetometer to the particles and fields package once per second and subsequently passed to the spacecraft after some reformatting. The magneticfield data volume may be reduced by averaging and decimation, when necessary to meet telemetry allocations, and application of data compression, utilizing a lossless 8-bit differencing scheme. The MAVEN magneticfield experiment may be reconfigured in flight to meet unanticipated needs and is fully hardware redundant. A spacecraft magnetic control program was implemented to provide a magnetically clean environment for the magnetic sensors and the MAVEN mission plan provides for occasional spacecraft maneuvers—multiple rotations about the spacecraft x and z axes—to characterize spacecraft fields and/or instrument offsets in flight.

The MAVEN magneticfield investigation is part of a comprehensive particles and fields subsystem that will measure the magnetic and electric fields and plasma environment of Mars and its interaction with the solar wind. The magneticfield instrumentation consists of two independent tri-axial fluxgate magnetometer sensors, remotely mounted at the outer extremity of the two solar arrays on small extensions ("boomlets"). The sensors are controlled by independent and functionally identical electronics assemblies that are integrated within the particles and fields subsystem and draw their power from redundant power supplies within that system. Each magnetometer measures the ambient vector magneticfield over a wide dynamic range (to 65,536 nT per axis) with a quantization uncertainty of 0.008 nT in the most sensitive dynamic range and an accuracy of better than 0.05%. Both magnetometers sample the ambient magneticfield at an intrinsic sample rate of 32 vector samples per second. Telemetry is transferred from each magnetometer to the particles and fields package once per second and subsequently passed to the spacecraft after some reformatting. The magneticfield data volume may be reduced by averaging and decimation, when necessary to meet telemetry allocations, and application of data compression, utilizing a lossless 8-bit differencing scheme. The MAVEN magneticfield experiment may be reconfigured in flight to meet unanticipated needs and is fully hardware redundant. A spacecraft magnetic control program was implemented to provide a magnetically clean environment for the magnetic sensors and the MAVEN mission plan provides for occasional spacecraft maneuvers - multiple rotations about the spacecraft x and z axes - to characterize spacecraft fields and/or instrument offsets in flight.

Magneticfields have been known in antiquity. Aristotle attributes the first of what could be called a scientific discussion on magnetism to Thales, who lived from about 625 BC. In China “magnetic carts” were in use to help the Emperor in his journeys of inspection. Plinius comments that in the Asia Minor province of Magnesia shepherds' staffs get at times “glued” to a stone, a alodestone. In Europe the magnetic compass came through the Arab sailors who met the Portuguese explorers. The first scientific treatise on magnetism, “De Magnete”, was published by William Gilbert who in 1600 described his experiments and suggested that the Earth was a huge magnet. Johannes Kepler was a correspondent of Gilbert and at times suggested that planetary motion was due to magnetic forces. Alas, this concept was demolished by Isaac Newton,who seeing the falling apple decided that gravity was enough. This concept of dealing with gravitational forces only remains en vogue even today. The explanations why magnetic effects must be neglected go from “magnetic energy is only 1% of gravitation” to “magneticfields only complicate the beautiful computer solutions”. What is disregarded is the fact that magnetic effects are very directional(not omni-directional as gravity) and also the fact that magneticfields are seen every where in our cosmic universe.

Because the near Earth magneticfield is a complex combination of fields from outside the Earth of fields from its core and of fields from its crust, measurements from space prove to be the only practical way to obtain timely, global surveys. Due to difficulty in making accurate vector measurements, early satellites such as Sputnik and Vanguard measured only the magnitude survey. The attitude accuracy was 20 arc sec. Both the Earth's core fields and the fields arising from its crust were mapped from satellite data. The standard model of the core consists of a scalar potential represented by a spherical harmonics series. Models of the crustal field are relatively new. Mathematical representation is achieved in localized areas by arrays of dipoles appropriately located in the Earth's crust. Measurements of the Earth's field are used in navigation, to map charged particles in the magnetosphere, to study fluid properties in the Earth's core, to infer conductivity of the upper mantels, and to delineate regional scale geological features.

A prototype, Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting magnet, utilizing a racetrack coil design has been built and tested. This magnet represents the first step in a recently implemented program to develop a high field, accelerator quality magnet. This magnet was constructed with coils wound from conductor developed for the ITER project, limiting the magnet to a field of 6-7 Tesla. Subsequent magnets in the program will utilize improved conductor, culminating in a magnet design capable of producing fields approaching 15 Tesla. The simple geometry is more suitable for the use of brittle superconductors necessary to eventually reach high field levels. In addition, fewer and simpler parts are used in fabricating these coils compared with the more conventional cosine theta cross section coils. The general fabrication steps, mechanical design and quench performance are discussed.

Over the last year, several 4-cm-aperture, 17-m-long dipolemagnet prototypes were built by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) under contract with the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) Laboratory. These prototypes are the last phase of a half-decade-long R D program, carried out in collaboration with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the SSC main ring magnets. They also lay the ground for the 5-cm aperture dipolemagnet program to be started soon. After reviewing the design features of the BNL 4-cm-aperture, 17-m-long dipolemagnets, we describe in detail the various steps of their fabrication. For each step, we discuss the parameters that need to be mastered, and we compare the values that were achieved for the five most recent prototypes. The data appear coherent and reproducible, demonstrating that the assembly process in under control. 23 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.

It has long been conjectured that isotropic radiation by a simple coherent source is impossible due to changes in polarization. Though hypothetical, the isotropic source is usually taken as the reference for determining a radiator's gain and directivity. Here, we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that an isotropic radiator can be made of a simple and finite source surrounded by electric-field-driven LC resonator metamaterials designed by space manipulation. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we show the first isotropic source with omnidirectional radiation from a dipole source (applicable to all distributed sources), which can open up several possibilities in axion electrodynamics, optical illusion, novel transformation-optic devices, wireless communication, and antenna engineering. Owing to the electric- field-driven LC resonator realization scheme, this principle can be readily applied to higher frequency regimes where magnetism is usually not present. PMID:24116780

The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN requires a new generation of high field superconducting magnets. High field large aperture quadrupoles (MQXF) are needed for the low-beta triplets close to the ATLAS and CMS detectors, and high field two-in-one dipoles (11 T dipoles) are needed to make room for additional collimation. The MQXF quadrupoles, with a field gradient of 140 T/m in 150 mm aperture, have a peak coil field of 12.1 T at nominal current. The 11 T dipoles, with an aperture of 60 mm, have a peak coil field of 11.6 T at nominal current. Both magnets require Nb3Sn conductor and are the first applications of this superconductor to actual accelerator magnets.

The Microwave and Quantum Magnetics Group of the M.I.T. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science undertook a two-year research program directed at developing synthesis procedures that allow magnetostatic and/or magnetoelastic modes to be specially tailored for microwave signal processing applications that include magnetically tunable filters and limiters as well as delay lines that are either linearly dispersive or nondispersive over prescribed bandwidths. Special emphasis was given to devices employing thin films of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) that are blessed with spatially nonuniform dc magneticfields.

In the traditional view of planetary magnetism, a planet either has a core dynamo (Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, maybe Mercury) or does not (Mars, Venus, Moon...) I argue that this view is simplistic in two respects. First, mantle convection in terrestrial planets is invariably ata high enough Rayleigh number that it is time variable; this leads to the intermittent arrival of mantle 'cold fingers' at the core-mantle boundary promoting at least local core convection and dynamo action even when the planetary core is stably stratified on average. Thus, I predict an intermittent dynamo regime in addition to the simple dynamo-on (Earth) and dynamo-off regimes. Second, the mantle convection-driven horizontal temperature gradients just below the core-mantle boundary can lead to unstable flows that will convert thermoelectric or electrochemical toroidal fields into externally detectable poloidal fields, even when a dynamo is not possible. It is likely that Mars possesses an interesting core magneticfield of the latter kind, complex but with a dipole that might be approximately aligned with the rotation axis and a surface field of a few to tens of gammas.

A study of magneticfield structure evolution during 40-ms plasma discharge has been performed in a new device with 80 cm long/40 cm diameter cylindrical chamber, in which a plasma current I{sub p}{approx_equal}2 kA was driven and sustained by a rotating magneticfield. The main focus of the experiments is on how the changes in externally applied magneticfield affect the current profile and magneticfield in plasma. During plasma discharge, a pulse current was briefly fed to a magnetic coil located at the midplane (middle coil). The magneticfield in cross section of plasma was scanned with pickup probes. Two regimes were studied: without and with an external toroidal field (TF) produced by axial I{sub z} current. With a relatively small current (I{sub m} {<=} 600 A) in the middle coil, the plasma current is boosted up to 5 kA. The magnetic flux surfaces become extended along the axial Z direction, sometimes with the formation of doublet shape plasma. The regime without TF appears to be less stable, presumably due to the reversal of plasma current in central area of plasma column.

The strength of the dipolefields H sub Oi of the various inspected planets are connected by simple scaling law, involving observable angular velocity omega, planetary radia R sub p velocity omega and amplitude alpha of planetary precession, and radia R sub c, densities RHO sub c, conductivities sigma sub c of their liquid cores according to the contemporary models of planetary inner structure. The Lunar paleofield of 1G, its decay to zero is also explained in the frame of precession-dynamo model, evolution of the Earth-Moon system and primeval satellites in its suggested by Runcorn.

The strength of the dipolefields HOi of the various inspected planets are connected by simple scaling law, involving observable angular velocity omega, planetary radia Rp velocity omega and amplitude alpha of planetary precession, and radia Rc, densities RHOc, conductivities sigmac of their liquid cores according to the contemporary models of planetary inner structure. The Lunar paleofield of 1G, its decay to zero is also explained in the frame of precession-dynamo model, evolution of the Earth-Moon system and primeval satellites in its suggested by Runcorn.

Nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation is a powerful tool for the modeling of the magneticfield in the solar corona. However, since the photospheric magneticfield does not in general satisfy the force-free condition, some kind of processing is required to assimilate data into the model. In this paper, we report the results of new preprocessing for the NLFFF extrapolation. Through this preprocessing, we expect to obtain magneticfield data similar to those in the chromosphere. In our preprocessing, we add a new term concerning chromospheric longitudinal fields into the optimization function proposed by Wiegelmann et al. We perform a parameter survey of six free parameters to find minimum force- and torque-freeness with the simulated-annealing method. Analyzed data are a photospheric vector magnetogram of AR 10953 observed with the Hinode spectropolarimeter and a chromospheric longitudinal magnetogram observed with SOLIS spectropolarimeter. It is found that some preprocessed fields show the smallest force- and torque-freeness and are very similar to the chromospheric longitudinal fields. On the other hand, other preprocessed fields show noisy maps, although the force- and torque-freeness are of the same order. By analyzing preprocessed noisy maps in the wave number space, we found that small and large wave number components balance out on the force-free index. We also discuss our iteration limit of the simulated-annealing method and magnetic structure broadening in the chromosphere.

The nEDM experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) will search for a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity of < 5 .10-28 e-cm. Neutrons will precess in a constant magneticfield and variable electric field, and non-zero neutron EDM will appear as a variation in the precession frequency. Gradients in the magneticfield lead to spurious EDM signals through a geometric phase effect. The volume averaged magnetic gradient must be below 0.1 μG/cm to reach the desired sensitivity. In this talk, we describe an effort to produce such a uniform magneticfield in a laboratory using a cos (θ) coil operated at cryogenic temperatures inside a superconducting lead shield.

Magneticdipole (M1) transitions of N=11 nuclei {sup 17}C and {sup 21}Ne are investigated by using shell model and deformed Skyrme Hartree-Fock + blocked BCS wave functions. Shell model calculations predict well observed energy spectra and magneticdipole transitions in {sup 21}Ne, while the results are rather poor to predict these observables in {sup 17}C. In the deformed HF calculations, the ground states of the two nuclei are shown to have large prolate deformations close to {beta}{sub 2}=0.4. It is also pointed out that the first K{sup {pi}}=1/2{sup +} state in {sup 21}Ne is prolately deformed, while the first K{sup {pi}}=1/2{sup +} state in {sup 17}C is predicted to have a large oblate deformation close to the ground state in energy, We point out that the experimentally observed large hindrance of the M1 transition between I{sup {pi}}=1/2{sup +} and 3/2{sup +} in {sup 17}C can be attributed to a shape coexistence near the ground state of {sup 17}C.

The most recent tabulations of nuclear magneticdipole and electric quadrupole moments have been prepared and published by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA, Vienna [N. J. Stone, Report No. INDC(NDS)-0650 (2013); Report No. INDC(NDS)-0658 (2014)]. The first of these is a table of recommended quadrupole moments for all isotopes in which all experimental results are made consistent with a limited number of adopted standards for each element; the second is a combined listing of all measurements of both moments. Both tables cover all isotopes and energy levels. In this paper, the considerations relevant to the preparation of both tables are described, together with observations as to the importance and (where appropriate) application of necessary corrections to achieve the “best” values. Some discussion of experimental methods is included with emphasis on their precision. The aim of the published quadrupole moment table is to provide a standard reference in which the value given for each moment is the best available and for which full provenance is given. A table of recommended magneticdipole moments is in preparation, with the same objective in view.

In the hindered magneticdipole transitions of heavy quarkonia, the coupled-channel effects originating from the coupling of quarkonia to a pair of heavy and anti-heavy mesons can play a dominant role. Here, we study the hindered magneticdipole transitions between two P-wave bottomonia, χb (nP) and hb (n‧ P), with n ≠n‧. In these processes the coupled-channel effects are expected to lead to partial widths much larger than the quark model predictions. We estimate these partial widths which, however, are very sensitive to unknown coupling constants related to the vertices χb0 (nP) B B bar . A measurement of the hindered M1 transitions can shed light on the coupled-channel dynamics in these transitions and hence on the size of the coupling constants. We also suggest to check the coupled-channel effects by comparing results from quenched and fully dynamical lattice QCD calculations.

Six nanometer sized iron-oxide nanoparticles capped with an organic surfactant and/or silica shell of various thicknesses have been synthesized by a microemulsion method to enable controllable contributions of interparticle magneticdipole interaction via tunable interparticle distances. Bare particles with direct surface contact were used as a reference to distinguish between interparticle interaction and surface effects by use of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Superparamagnetic relaxation behaviour was analyzed by SQUID-magnetometry techniques, showing a decrease of the blocking temperature with decreasing interparticle interaction energies kBT0 obtained by AC susceptibility. A many-state relaxation model enabled us to describe experimental Mössbauer spectra, leading to an effective anisotropy constant Keff ≈ 45 kJm-3 in case of weakly interacting particles, consistent with results from ferromagnetic resonance. Our unique multi-technique approach, spanning a huge regime of characteristic time windows from about 10 s to 5 ns, provides a concise picture of the correlation of superparamagnetic relaxation with interparticle magneticdipole interaction.

The magneticdipole moment of the {ital W} boson is given by {mu}={ital e}(1+{kappa}+{lambda})/2{ital M}{sub {ital W}} and its electric quadrupole moment is given by {ital Q}={minus}{ital e}({kappa}{minus}{lambda})/{ital M}{sub {ital W}}{sup 2}. A nonstandard magneticdipole moment and a nonstandard electric quadrupole moment lead to different differential decay distributions in the radiative decays of {ital W}{sup {plus minus}}, {ital W}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital e}{bar {nu}}{gamma} and {ital W}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital d{bar u}}{gamma}. While hard photons are characteristic signatures of {kappa}{ne}1 there is no such explicit signal for {lambda}{ne}0. We present a technique for the determination of the values of {kappa} and {lambda} by measuring the total number of events in two regions of phase space. This experiment could be done at the CERN {ital e}{sup +}{ital e{minus}} collider LEP II, where a clean source of {ital W} bosons will be available.

Lanthanoid series are unique in atomic elements. One reason is because they have 4f electronic states forbidding electric-dipole (ED) transitions in vacuum and another reason is because they are very useful in current-day optical technologies such as lasers and fiber-based telecommunications. Trivalent Er ions are well-known as a key atomic element supporting 1.5 μm band optical technologies and also as complex photoluminescence (PL) band deeply mixing ED and magnetic-dipole (MD) transitions. Here we show large and selective enhancement of ED and MD radiations up to 83- and 26-fold for a reference bulk state, respectively, in experiments employing plasmonic nanocavity arrays. We achieved the marked PL enhancement by use of an optimal design for electromagnetic (EM) local density of states (LDOS) and by Er-ion doping in deep subwavelength precision. We moreover clarify the quantitative contribution of ED and MD radiations to the PL band, and the magnetic Purcell effect in the PL-decay temporal measurement. This study experimentally demonstrates a new scheme of EM-LDOS engineering in plasmon-enhanced photonics, which will be a key technique to develop loss-compensated and active plasmonic devices. PMID:27436631

Hydromagnetic dynamo generation of oscillating magneticfields in the presence of an external, ambient magneticfield introduces a marked polarity asymmetry between the two halves of the magnetic cycle. The principle of oscillating dynamo interaction with external fields is developed, and a tentative application to the sun is described. In the sun a dipole moment associated with the stable fluid beneath the convection zone would produce an asymmetrical solar cycle.

A redesign of the SLC South Linac-to-Ring beam line required that the width of a good field of three of the bending magnets be increased while utilizing the same yoke and coils. Further requirements were that the resulting magnets should have the same strength at two different operating currents as the original magnets. The idea of replacing the steel poles with pole pieces of the high permeability material Permendur was investigated. Design calculations were done using TOSCA and POISSON. An existing prototype magnet was modified with Permendur poles, and magnetic measurements were done. The new magnets were completed, and measurements agreed well with the calculations. 4 refs., 14 figs.

This invention provides a rotating superconductor magnet for producing a rotating lobed magneticfield, comprising a cryostat; a superconducting magnet in the cryostat having a collar for producing a lobed magneticfield having oppositely directed adjacent field lines; rotatable support means for selectively rotating the superconductor magnet; and means for energizing the superconductor magnet.

The strength of the dipolemagneticfield of a planet, H(sub p), can be estimated relative to that of the Earth at the epoch of the observation. The generation of magneticfields in Uranus and Neptune occurs at very different depths for different values of sigma. This assertion is confirmed by the estimation of the Reynolds number (R(sub m)) and agrees with the difference of the contributions of the Joule heat losses into the observed heat fluxes of Uranus and Neptune.

A characterization is given of the preflare magneticfield, using theoretical models of force free fields together with observed field structure to determine the general morphology. Direct observational evidence for sheared magneticfields is presented. The role of this magnetic shear in the flare process is considered within the context of a MHD model that describes the buildup of magnetic energy, and the concept of a critical value of shear is explored. The related subject of electric currents in the preflare state is discussed next, with emphasis on new insights provided by direct calculations of the vertical electric current density from vector magnetograph data and on the role of these currents in producing preflare brightenings. Results from investigations concerning velocity fields in flaring active regions, describing observations and analyses of preflare ejecta, sheared velocities, and vortical motions near flaring sites are given. This is followed by a critical review of prevalent concepts concerning the association of flux emergence with flares

Much of the observed increase in global surface temperature over the past 150 years occurred prior to the 1940's and after the 1980's. The main agents which are invoked are solar variability, changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas content or sulfur, due to natural or anthropogenic action, or internal variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Magnetism has seldom been invoked, and evidence for connections between climate and magneticfield variations have received little attention. We review evidence for such connections, starting with suggested correlations, on three time scales: recent secular variation (10-100 years), historical and archeomagnetic change (100-5000 years) and excursions and reversals (1000-1 million years). We attempt to suggest which mechanisms could account for observed correlations. Evidence for correlations in field intensity changes, excursions and reversals, which invoke Milankovic forcing in the core, either directly or through changes in ice distribution and moments of inertia of the Earth, is still tenuous. Correlation between decadal changes in amplitude of geomagnetic variations of external origin, solar irradiance and global temperature is stronger. The correlation applies until the 1980's, suggesting that solar irradiance is the prime forcing function of climate until then, when the correlation breaks and anomalous warming may emerge from the signal. Indeed, only solar flux of energy and particles can jointly explain parallel variations in temperature and external magneticfield. The most intriguing feature may be recently proposed archeomagnetic jerks (see abstract by Gallet et al). These seem to correlate with significant climatic events. A proposed mechanism involves tilt of the dipole to low latitudes, resulting in enhanced cosmic-ray induced nucleation of clouds. Intense data acquisition over a broad range of durations is required to further probe these indications that the Earth's and Sun's magneticfields may have

Bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) are an essential component of all biological systems, forming a functional barrier for cells and organelles from the surrounding environment. The lipid molecules that form membranes contain both permanent and induced dipoles, and an electric field can induce the formation of pores when the transverse field is sufficiently strong (electroporation). Here, a phenomenological free energy is constructed to model the response of a BLM to a transverse static electric field. The model contains a continuum description of the membrane dipoles and a coupling between the headgroup dipoles and the membrane tilt. The membrane is found to become unstable through buckling modes, which are weakly coupled to thickness fluctuations in the membrane. The thickness fluctuations, along with the increase in interfacial area produced by membrane buckling, increase the probability of localized membrane breakdown, which may lead to pore formation. The instability is found to depend strongly on the strength of the coupling between the dipolar headgroups and the membrane tilt as well as the degree of dipolar ordering in the membrane.

The generation of a magneticfield in a strange quark star owing to differential rotation of the superfluid and superconducting quark core relative to the normal electron-nuclear crust of the star is examined. The maximum possible magneticfield on the surface is estimated for various models of strange dwarfs. Depending on the configuration parameters, i.e., the mass M and radius R of the star, a range of 103-105 G is found. These values of the magneticfield may be an additional condition for identification of strange dwarfs among the extensive class of observed white dwarfs.

Experimental data have shown that the light output of a scintillator depends on the magnitude of the externally applied magneticfields, and that this variation can affect the calorimeter calibration and possibly resolution. The goal of the measurements presented here is to study the light yield of scintillators in high magneticfields in conditions that are similar to those anticipated for the LHC CMS detector. Two independent measurements were performed, the first at Fermilab and the second at the National High MagneticField Laboratory at Florida State University.

Implementation of alternating current (AC) photovoltaic (PV) modules, particularly for distributed applications such as PV rooftops and facades, may be slowed by public concern about electric and magneticfields (EMF). This paper documents magneticfield measurements on an AC PV module, complementing EMF research on direct-current PV modules conducted by PG and E in 1993. Although not comprehensive, the PV EMF data indicate that 60 Hz magneticfields (the EMF type of greatest public concern) from PV modules are comparable to, or significantly less than, those from household appliances. Given the present EMF research knowledge, AC PV module EMF may not merit considerable concern.

The development of magnetoconvection in a sheared magneticfield is investigated. The equilibrium magneticfield B{sub 0} is horizontal and its orientation varies linearly along the vertical axis. Preliminary consideration of the transition from the inertial to the viscous regime of the gravitational resistive interchange instability, reveals that the latter is characterized by the existence of viscoresistive boundary layers of vertical width which scales as Q{sup -1/6}, where Q is the Chandrasekhar number. The situation is analogous to the one encountered in magnetically confined laboratory plasmas, where convective flows are constrained by the magnetic shear to develop in boundary layers located around resonant magnetic surfaces in order to fulfill the 'interchange condition'k{center_dot}B{sub 0}=0, where k is the wave vector of the magnetic perturbation. It follows that when the effect of thermal diffusion is taken into account in the process, convection can only occur above a certain critical value of the Rayleigh number which scales as Q{sup 2/3} for large Q. At the onset, the convection pattern is a superposition of identically thin convective rolls everywhere aligned with the local magneticfield lines and which therefore adopt the magneticfield geometry, a situation also reminiscent of the penumbra of sunspots. Using this degeneracy, equations describing the weakly nonlinear state are obtained and discussed. A reduced magnetohydrodynamic description of magnetoconvection is introduced. Since it is valid for arbitrary magneticfield configurations, it allows a simple extension to the case where there exists an inclination between the direction of gravity and the plane spanned by the equilibrium magneticfield. These reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations are proposed as a powerful tool for further investigations of magnetoconvection in more complex field line geometries.

We examine the rotational states of a pair of polar (2)Σ molecules subject to a uniform magneticfield. The electric dipole-dipole interaction between the molecules creates entangled pair-eigenstates of two types. In one type, the Zeeman interaction between the inherently paramagnetic molecules and the magneticfield destroys the entanglement of the pair-eigenstates, whereas in the other type it does not. The pair-eigenstates exhibit numerous intersections, which become avoided for pair-eigenstates comprised of individual states that meet the selection rules ΔJi = 0, ± 1, ΔNi = 2n (n = 0, ±1, ±2,…), and ΔMi = 0, ± 1 imposed by the electric dipole-dipole operator. Here Ji, Ni and Mi are the total, rotational and projection angular momentum quantum numbers of molecules i = 1, 2 in the absence of the electric dipole-dipole interaction. We evaluate the mutual alignment of the pair-eigenstates and find it to be independent of the magneticfield, except for states that undergo avoided crossings, in which case the alignment of the interacting states is interchanged at the magneticfield corresponding to the crossing point. We present an analytic model which provides ready estimates of the pairwise alignment cosine that characterises the mutual alignment of the pair of coupled rotors. PMID:27126576

We calculate the evolution of the magneticfields in white dwarfs, taking into account the Hall effect. Because this effect depends nonlinearly upon the magneticfield strength B, the time dependences of the various multipole field components are coupled. The evolution of the field is thus significantly more complicated than has been indicated by previous investigations. Our calculations employ recent white dwarf evolutionary sequences computed for stars with masses 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 solar mass. We show that in the presence of a strong (up to approximately 10(exp 9) G) internal toroidal magneticfield; the evolution of even the lowest order poloidal modes can be substantially changed by the Hall effect. As an example, we compute the evolution of an initially weak quadrupole component, which we take arbitrarily to be approximately 0.1%-1% of the strength of a dominant dipolefield. We find that coupling provided by the Hall effect can produce growth of the ratio of the quadrupole to the dipole component of the surface value of the magneticfield strength by more than a factor of 10 over the 10(exp 9) to 10(exp 10) year cooling lifetime of the white dwarf. Some consequences of these results for the process of magnetic-field evolution in white dwarfs are briefly discussed.

The linear stability analysis of the Faraday instability on a viscous ferrofluid in a horizontal magneticfield is performed. Strong dipole-dipole interactions lead to the formation of chains elongated in the field direction. The formation of chains results in a qualitative new behavior of the ferrofluid. This new behavior is characterized by a neutral stability curve similar to that observed earlier for Maxwell viscoelastic liquids and causes a significant weakening of the energy dissipation at high frequencies. In the case of a ferrofluid with chains in a horizontal magneticfield, the effective viscosity is anisotropic and depends on the field strength as well as on the wave frequency.

In the present study, the effect of magneticfields on the emission of light by a living system was studied. The fireflies Hotaria parvula and Luciola cruciata were used as the bioluminescence systems. The firefly light organ was fixed at the edge of an optical fiber. The emitted light was introduced into a single-channel photon-counting system using an optical fiber. We measured both the spectrum of a constant light emission and, the time course of bioluminescence pulses. Two horizontal-type superconducting magnets, which produced 8 and 14 T magneticfields at their center, were used as the magnetic-field generators. We also carried out an in vitro study of bioluminescence. The enzymatic activity of luciferase was measured under a 14 T magneticfield. We measured emission spectra of bioluminescence over the interval 500-600 nm at 25 °C in a stable emission state. It was observed that the peak wavelength around 550 nm shifted to 560 nm under a 14 T magneticfield. However, the effects of magneticfields were not significant. Also, we measured the time course of emissions at 550 nm in a transient emission state. The rate in the light intensity under a 14 T magneticfield increased compared to the control. There is a possibility that the change in the emission intensities under a magneticfield is related to a change in the biochemical systems of the firefly, such as the enzymatic process of luciferase and the excited singlet state with subsequent light emission.

Enormous progress has been made on observing stellar magnetism in stars from the main sequence (particularly thanks to the MiMeS, MAGORI and BOB surveys) through to compact objects. Recent data have thrown into sharper relief the vexed question of the origin of stellar magneticfields, which remains one of the main unanswered questions in astrophysics. In this chapter we review recent work in this area of research. In particular, we look at the fossil field hypothesis which links magnetism in compact stars to magnetism in main sequence and pre-main sequence stars and we consider why its feasibility has now been questioned particularly in the context of highly magnetic white dwarfs. We also review the fossil versus dynamo debate in the context of neutron stars and the roles played by key physical processes such as buoyancy, helicity, and superfluid turbulence, in the generation and stability of neutron star fields.

The question of the geometry of the Earth's magneticfield has been, and should remain, a central concern for all paleomagnetists. The founding assumption that the field has always been dominantly dipolar has been under recent challenge; stable, long standing octupolar contributions of up to 10% of the main dipole have been proposed for several periods in the Phanerozoic (e.g. ref. 1). Uncertainties that limit interpretation of paleomagnetic data arise from physical, field and laboratory problems. We note mainly uncertainties in rock or magnetization age, inclination shallowing in sediments, possible remagnetization, lack of proper averaging of secular variation in lavas, improperly modeled tectonics or unnoticed deformations of large blocks or plates, failure of reference APWPs to be valid, or uncertainties in past plate motions based on oceanic kinematic parameters... There are so many instances in which these problems have been demonstrated to occur or are likely (at no major cost to geophysical hypotheses and theories) that they must have been all excluded with satisfactory likelihood before the major and 'expensive' hypothesis that the field could be very significantly non-dipolar over long geological periods must be entertained. We will discuss a number of data that pertain to this problem. (a) In a recent review of the global paleomagnetic data base (ref. 2), when all data were averaged in 20 Ma windows, we were unable to find conclusive evidence for significant long term departures from a dipolar geometry, except for a contribution from a quadrupolar component of some 3% pm 2% (grand average) of the axial dipole. This confirms a result which had been suggested since the early 70's and vindicated by all recent analyses of the best data sets from the last 5 Ma (with a value up to possibly ca. 7%; see for instance Elmaleh et al, this meeting). Detailed analyses of key time periods when enough data with widespread enough coverage are available are clearly

A common coil design for high field 2-in-1 accelerator magnets has been previously presented as a 'conductor-friendly' option for high fieldmagnets applicable for a Very Large Hadron Collider. This paper presents the mechanical design for a 14 tesla 2-in-1 dipole based on the common coil design approach. The magnet will use a high current density Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor. The design addresses mechanical issues particular to the common coil geometry: horizontal support against coil edges, vertical preload on coil faces, end loading and support, and coil stresses and strains. The magnet is the second in a series of racetrack coil magnets that will provide experimental verification of the common coil design approach.

The nEDM experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) will search for a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity of <5*10-28 e-cm. Neutrons will precess in a constant magneticfield and variable electric field, and non-zero neutron EDM will appear as a variation in the precession frequency correlated with the changing electric field. Geometric phase and neutron polarization lifetime effects constrain the allowed magneticfield gradient to below 0.1 uG/cm. Gradients nearly satisfying this requirement have been achieved using a cos(θ) coil inside an open-ended superconducting lead shield operated at cryogenic temperatures and using the design electric fields. I will describe efforts to further improve the magnet design using a superconducting endcap.

We analytically derive the solutions for electromagnetic fields of electric current dipole moment, which is placed in the exterior of the spherical homogeneous conductor, and is pointed along the radial direction. The dipole moment is driven in the low frequency f = 1 kHz and high frequency f = 1 GHz regimes. The electrical properties of the conductor are appropriately chosen in each frequency. Electromagnetic fields are rigorously formulated at an arbitrary point in a spherical geometry, in which the magnetic vector potential is straightforwardly given by the Biot-Savart formula, and the scalar potential is expanded with the Legendre polynomials, taking into account the appropriate boundary conditions at the spherical surface of the conductor. The induced electric fields are numerically calculated along the several paths in the low and high frequeny excitation. The self-consistent solutions obtained in this work will be of much importance in a wide region of electromagnetic induction problems.

Describes a method for measuring the earth's magneticfield using an empty toilet paper tube, copper wire, clear tape, a battery, a linear variable resistor, a small compass, cardboard, a protractor, and an ammeter. (WRM)

We quantitatively interpret the recently discovered intriguing phenomenon related to resonance Hyper-Raman (HR) scattering. In resonance HR spectra of all-trans-β-carotene (β-carotene) in solution, vibrations of proximate solvent molecules are observed concomitantly with the solute β-carotene HR bands. It has been shown that these solvent bands are subject to marked intensity enhancements by more than 5 orders of magnitude under the presence of β-carotene. We have called this phenomenon the molecular-near field effect. Resonance HR spectra of β-carotene in benzene, deuterated benzene, cyclohexane, and deuterated cyclohexane have been measured precisely for a quantitative analysis of this effect. The assignments of the observed peaks are made by referring to the infrared, Raman, and HR spectra of neat solvents. It has been revealed that infrared active and some Raman active vibrations are active in the HR molecular near-field effect. The observed spectra in the form of difference spectra (between benzene/deuterated benzene and cyclohexane/deuterated cyclohexane) are quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the extended vibronic theory of resonance HR scattering. The theory incorporates the coupling of excited electronic states of β-carotene with the vibrations of a proximate solvent molecule through solute-solvent dipole-dipole and dipole-quadrupole interactions. It is shown that the infrared active modes arise from the dipole-dipole interaction, whereas Raman active modes from the dipole-quadrupole interaction. It is also shown that vibrations that give strongly polarized Raman bands are weak in the HR molecular near-field effect. The observed solvent HR spectra are simulated with the help of quantum chemical calculations for various orientations and distances of a solvent molecule with respect to the solute. The observed spectra are best simulated with random orientations of the solvent molecule at an intermolecular distance of 10 Å. PMID:24880300

In this work we explore wave-particle interaction in the radiation belt. By applying quasilinear theory, we obtain the particle diffusion coefficients in both pitch angle and energy for different configurations of the Earth's magneticfield. We consider the Earth's magneticdipolefield as a reference, and compare the results against non-dipolefield configurations corresponding to quiet and stormy conditions. The latter are obtained with RAM-SCB, a code that models the Earth's ring current and provide a realistic modeling of the Earth's magneticfield. The bounce averaged electron pitch angle diffusion coefficients are calculated for each magneticfield configuration. The equatorial pitch angle, wave frequency and spectral distribution of whistler waves are shown to affect the bounce averaged diffusion coefficients. In addition, wave-particle resonance is significantly influenced by the magneticfield configuration: in storm conditions, diffusion is strongly reduced for some equatorial pitch angles.

The dynamics of the motile magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense in a rotating magneticfield is investigated experimentally and analyzed by a theoretical model. These elongated bacteria are propelled by single flagella at each bacterial end and contain a magnetic filament formed by a linear assembly of ∼40 ferromagnetic nanoparticles. The movements of the bacteria in suspension are analyzed by consideration of the orientation of their magneticdipoles in the field, the hydrodynamic resistance of the bacteria, and the propulsive force of the flagella. Several novel features found in experiments include a velocity reversal during motion in the rotating field and an interesting diffusive wandering of the trajectory curvature centers. A new method to measure the magnetic moment of an individual bacterium is proposed based on the theory developed. PMID:17526564

Recent USSR studies of the magneticfield and solar wind flow in the vicinity of Mars and Venus confirm earlier U.S. reports of a bow shock wave developed as the solar wind interacts with these planets. Mars 2 and 3 magnetometer experiments report the existence of an intrinsic planetary magneticfield, sufficiently strong to form a magnetopause, deflecting the solar wind around the planet and its ionosphere. This is in contrast to the case for Venus, where it is assumed to be the ionosphere and processes therein which are responsible for the solar wind deflection. An empirical relationship appears to exist between planetary dipolemagnetic moments and their angular momentum for the Moon, Mars, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. Implications for the magneticfields of Mercury and Saturn are discussed.

Magneticfield observations obtained by the Pioneer Venus orbiter at low altitude are now available for two sets of orbits in the Venus wake. Data from these 130 orbits are examined for possible surface correlated features or any intrinsic magnetic moment. No surface correlated magneticfields are observed, but the threshold for the detectability of such fields at Venus is about an order of magnitude greater than at the moon. A surface feature of 10 deg extent would have to create an anomaly of at least 5 gammas at 200 km to be detected in the Pioneer Venus data. Using measurements averaged in 72 10 x 10 deg bins, a planetary magneticdipole moment of 0.87 + or - 3.00 x 10 to the 21st gauss-cu cm is obtained. Thus the upper limit of the present day Venus moment is less than 4 x 10 to the -5th of the terrestrial moment.

The Mariner 10 spacecraft encountered Mercury three times in 1974-1975. The first and third encounters provided detailed observations of a well-developed detached bow shock wave which results from the interaction of the solar wind. The planet possesses a global magneticfield and a modest magnetosphere, which deflects the solar wind. The field is approximately dipolar, with orientation in the same sense as earth, tilted 12 deg from the rotation axis. The magnetic moment corresponds to an undistorted equatorial field intensity of 350 gammas, approximately 1% of earth's. The field, while unequivocally intrinsic to the planet, may be due to remanent magnetization acquired from an extinct dynamo or a primordial magneticfield or due to a presently active dynamo. The latter possibility appears more plausible at present. In any case, the existence of the magneticfield provides very strong evidence of a mature differentiated planetary interior with a large core (core radius about 0.7 Mercury radius) and a record of the history of planetary formation in the magnetization of the crustal rocks.

An optical magneticfield strength sensor for measuring the field strength of a magneticfield comprising a dilute magnetic semi-conductor probe having first and second ends, longitudinally positioned in the magneticfield for providing Faraday polarization rotation of light passing therethrough relative to the strength of the magneticfield. Light provided by a remote light source is propagated through an optical fiber coupler and a single optical fiber strand between the probe and the light source for providing a light path therebetween. A polarizer and an apparatus for rotating the polarization of the light is provided in the light path and a reflector is carried by the second end of the probe for reflecting the light back through the probe and thence through the polarizer to the optical coupler. A photo detector apparatus is operably connected to the optical coupler for detecting and measuring the intensity of the reflected light and comparing same to the light source intensity whereby the magneticfield strength may be calculated.

The displacement field for dislocation dipoles periodically arranged along both x- and y-directions is found to be conditionally convergent. That is, different displacement fields are obtained depending on the order of the summation to be adopted. From the two summations, one can be performed analytically; however, the other one has to be performed numerically. We first derive analytic expressions for the displacement field of periodic array of dipoles along one (either x or y) direction considering anisotropic elasticity; they are then applied for the numerical summation (practically truncated) along the other direction. The resulting displacement field needs to be corrected by subtracting the spurious displacement field, whose expressions are analytically derived. As a first application, we employ the displacement and corresponding stress fields in a 2D discrete dislocation plasticity (DDP) model of a fine-grained polycrystal under shear loading. To this end, anisotropic plane-strain DDP method is utilised to solve the underlying boundary value problem. Subsequently, predictions of size-dependent plastic behaviour in anisotropic polycrystals with grain sizes in the range ? are presented.

Magneticfield gradients are important for single-site addressability and electric-dipole spin resonance of electrons in quantum dots or in donor impurities. We show that these advantages are offset by a potential reduction in coherence time. Although the magneticfield appears uniform to the electron, it provides a non-uniform field for the nuclear-spin bath. This leads to a finite bath correlation time, preventing the full recovery of electron-spin coherence. We apply our model to single electron spins in quantum dots and single donor impurities, singlet-triplet spin qubits, and consider both free-induction decay and spin-echo. This mechanism can dominate over known dephasing sources due to nuclear dipole-dipole interactions and hyperfine flip-flops. This result is especially important for systems requiring large magneticfield gradients, including spin qubits coupled to superconducting stripline resonators. We acknowledge FRQNT, INTRIQ, NSERC and CIFAR for funding.

A short model of single-layer Nb{sub 3}Sn common coil magnet has been fabricated and is being tested at Fermilab. This paper summarizes results of magnetic measurements in this model. The geometrical harmonics, coil magnetization and iron saturation effects, ramp-rate dependence, field decay and the ''snap-back'' effect at injection are presented.

In this article, we have studied the dynamics of a particle having charge in the presence of a magneticfield. The motion of the particle is confined in the x–y plane under a two dimensional nonlinear potential. We have shown that constant magneticfield induced dynamical chaos is possible even for a force which is derived from a simple potential. For a given strength of the magneticfield, initial position, and velocity of the particle, the dynamics may be regular, but it may become chaotic when the field is time dependent. Chaotic dynamics is very often if the field is time dependent. Origin of chaos has been explored using the Hamiltonian function of the dynamics in terms of action and angle variables. Applicability of the present study has been discussed with a few examples.

In a Lorentz- and CPT-violating modification of electrodynamics, the fields of a moving charge are known to have unusual singularities. This raises the question of whether the singular behavior may include δ-function contact terms, similar to those that appear in the fields of idealized dipoles. However, by calculating the magneticfield of an infinite straight wire in this theory, we demonstrate that there are no such contact terms in the magneticfield of a moving point charge.

Straintronic nanomagnetic logic (SML), where Boolean computation is elicited from dipole coupled multiferroic nanomagnets switched with electrically generated strain, has emerged as an extremely energy-efficient computing paradigm. We have studied the reliability of such logic circuits by computing the gate error rates in the presence of thermal noise by simulating switching trajectories with the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. In addition, we examine the lower bound of energy dissipation as a function of switching error and explain how the out-of-plane excursion of the magnetization vector leads to excess energy dissipation over this bound for a given switching error. This analysis is performed to understand the connection between reliability and energy dissipation for a single switch and then extended to larger nanomagnetic logic circuits to assess the viability of dipole coupled SML. This work is supported by the US National Science Foundation under the SHF-Small grant CCF-1216614, NEB 2020 grant ECCS-1124714 and by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) under NRI Task 2203.001.

Hyperfine-induced electric dipole contributions may significantly increase probabilities of otherwise very weak electric octupole and magnetic quadrupole atomic clock transitions (e.g., transitions between s and f electron orbitals). These transitions can be used for exceptionally accurate atomic clocks, quantum information processing, and the search for dark matter. They are very sensitive to new physics beyond the standard model, such as temporal variation of the fine-structure constant, the Lorentz invariance, and Einstein equivalence principle violation. We formulate conditions under which the hyperfine-induced electric dipole contribution dominates and perform calculations of the hyperfine structure and E3, M2 and the hyperfine-induced E1 transition rates for a large number of atoms and ions of experimental interest. Due to the hyperfine quenching the electric octupole clock transition in +173Yb is 2 orders of magnitude stronger than that in currently used +171Yb. Some enhancement is found in 13+143Nd, 14+149Pm, 14+147Sm, and 15+147Sm ions.

The nuclides Mo92, Mo98, and Mo100 have been studied in photon-scattering experiments by using bremsstrahlung produced at an electron energy of 6 MeV at the ELBE accelerator of the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf and at electron energies from 3.2 to 3.8 MeV at the Dynamitron accelerator at the University of Stuttgart. Six dipole transitions in Mo98 and 19 in Mo100 were observed for the first time in the energy range from 2 to 4 MeV. The experimental results are compared with predictions of the shell model and with predictions of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) in a deformed basis. The latter show significant contributions of isovector-orbital and isovector-spin vibrations. The change of the magneticdipole strength in the isotopic chain of the even-mass isotopes from Mo92 to Mo100 is discussed. The calculations within the QRPA are extrapolated to the particle-separation energies to estimate the possible influence of M1 strength on the stability of the nuclides against photodissociation in cosmic scenarios.

External dc bias field effects on the nonlinear dielectric relaxation and dynamic Kerr effect of a system of permanent dipoles in a uniaxial mean field potential are studied via the rotational Brownian motion model. Postulated in terms of the infinite hierarchy of differential-recurrence equations for the statistical moments (the expectation value of the Legendre polynomials), the dielectric and Kerr effect ac stationary responses may be evaluated for arbitrary dc bias field strength via perturbation theory in the ac field. We have given two complementary approaches for treating the nonlinear effects. The first is based on perturbation theory allowing one to calculate the nonlinear ac stationary responses using powerful matrix methods. The second approach based on the accurate two-mode approximation [D.A. Garanin, Phys. Rev. E. 54, 3250 (1996)] effectively generalizes the existing results for dipolar systems in superimposed ac and dc fields to a mean field potential. The results apply both to nonlinear dielectric relaxation and dynamic Kerr effect of nematics and to magnetic birefringence relaxation of ferrofluids. Furthermore, the given methods of the solution of infinite hierarchies of multi-term recurrence relations are quite general and can be applied to analogous nonlinear response problems.