The per capita Gross National Income (GNI) guidelines covering the Civil Works Preference, International Development Association (IDA) eligibility, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) terms and the initiation of IBRD graduation process are updated every year, based on the annual rate of change of the SDR-deflator.
... انظر المزيد + The report updated the operational guidelines to be applied during FY13, and the second attachment shows growth rates of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in constant prices for 2013.
رؤية أقل ـ

The Committee welcomed International Finance Corporation (IFC) Managements presentation. Members appreciated IFCs comprehensive response to CODEs request for an action plan for managing environmental and social risk in financial intermediary operations, taking into account the CAOs findings and the Committees comments.
... انظر المزيد + Members acknowledged the complexity of IFC investments in third party financial intermediaries and the associated environmental and social risk, especially vis-à-vis sub-clients. Members agreed that it is important to clarify that IFCs role is to ensure that its direct clients have and adhere to a sound environmental and social management system (ESMS). Members were broadly supportive of IFCs risk-based supervision approach in relation to financial intermediaries. They emphasized the need to have a robust implementation and supervision system in place, with the right tools and instruments as a preemptive measure, in order to ensure continual improvement in managing risk and to achieve the intended development objectives. They noted Managements clarification that, although IFCs environmental and social (ES) framework was not originally designed for financial intermediary investments, the updated Sustainability Framework and Performance Standards of 2012 has helped IFC manage the relevant risks and promote good practices. In this regard, the Committee supported the action items proposed in IFCs action plan, including: continual improvement of the implementation of environmental and social standards; formal, ongoing stakeholder outreach and dialogue; and enhanced advisory services. Members appreciated the collaboration and engagement between the CAO and management to develop indicators for monitoring IFCs action plan in response to CAO findings.
رؤية أقل ـ

The development objective of the Solid Waste Management Project for West Bank and Gaza is to improve solid waste disposal services in the middle and southern Gaza strip.
... انظر المزيد + Some of the negative and mitigation measures include: a) the compensation schemes have to consider the cost for transition period when waste pickers are not allowed to access the landfill and before they receive any compensations or before their projects start to be productive; b) to verify that project activities have been effectively completed with respect to quantity, quality, and timeliness including the various activities related to compensating the project affected persons (PAPs); c) maintain database and efficient records of the waste pickers and work to integrate them in the various programs and interventions to minimize the potential negative impact on them; and d) facilitate access of the waste pickers individuals and their families particularly women to micro-grants and sources of finance for improving livelihoods. It is strongly recommended that the financing agency for the micro-grant help the beneficiary in selecting the type of project that meets the markets needs.
رؤية أقل ـ

The authors argue that the academic literature, both qualitative and quantitative, has mislabeled most episodes of large-scale violence in Africa as civil war; these episodes better fit their concept of regional war complexes.
... انظر المزيد + The paper seeks to highlight the fundamental flaws in the conception of civil war in the econometric literature and their implications for econometric specification and estimation, problems that this literature is inherently incapable of rectifying. The authors advocate the comparative study of regional war complexes in Africa based on historical narratives.
رؤية أقل ـ

Program evaluation is a core part of The International Finance Corporations (IFCs) commitment to rigorous results measurement. By revealing the factors for success or failure, evaluations illuminate what are the preferred courses of action - and what are the activities that need to be reduced or eliminated - to achieve the organizations mission.
... انظر المزيد + IFC has been conducting formal evaluations across its operations since 2005, and its investment in evaluation has been growing steadily ever since. Evaluations are undertaken at project, programmatic, and/or thematic levels, as well as at the level of donor-funded facilities, countries, and regions. This brief introduces the objectives of IFCs new evaluation strategy, and the evaluations and reviews carried out by the IFC between 2011 and 2013.
رؤية أقل ـ

Somali piracy attacks surged between 2005 and 2011. Although maritime piracy is as old as seaborne trade, and currently pirates also prey on ships in the Straits of Malacca and the waters of Southeast Asia, the Caribbean seas, and the Gulf of Guinea, what is unique about Somali pirates is the high frequency of attacks.
... انظر المزيد + Somali pirates almost exclusively attack vessels to hold cargos and crews hostage and negotiate their release in exchange for ransom. Piracy has not only imposed a hidden tax on world trade generally, it has severely affected the economic activities of neighboring countries. The actual and potential links between pirates and Islamist insurgents are another source of global concern. This report evaluates the nexus between pirates and terrorist organizations. This report shows that it is in the international communitys common interest to find a resolution to Somali piracy, and more generally to help the government of Somalia to rebuild the country. Its findings reinforce the case for action. The costs imposed by Somali pirates on the global economy are so high that international mobilization to eradicate piracy off the horn of Africa not only has global security benefits, it also makes ample economic sense. This report affirms that, beyond its firepower and financial resources, the international community can and should assist Somalia with generating knowledge-knowledge of how local power dynamics shape the rules for resource-sharing, how they drive clan and sub-clan relationships, and ultimately how they determine national political stability-to find solutions to the piracy problem. The report exemplifies the value of using rigorous analytical tools to address some of the pressing problems of Africa.
رؤية أقل ـ