William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of DevonshireMP (c. 1590 – 20 June 1628) was an English nobleman, courtier, and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1614 until 1626 when he succeeded to the peerage and sat in the House of Lords.

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Cavendish was the second son of William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, by his first wife Anne Keighley. He was educated by Thomas Hobbes, the philosopher, who lived at Chatsworth as his private tutor for many years. He was knighted at Whitehall in 1609. He was accompanied by Hobbes on the Grand Tour from about 1610, when he visited France and Italy before his coming of age. He was a leader of court society, and an intimate friend of James I, and Hobbes praised his learning in the dedication of his translation of Thucydides.

Cavendish's spending strained his resources, and he procured a private act of parliament to enable him to sell some of the entailed estates in discharge of his debts in 1628. His London house was in Bishopsgate, on the site afterwards occupied by Devonshire Square.

Cavendish died at his London house, from over-indulgence it was said, at the age of about 35 and was buried in Allhallows Church, Derby.

1.
William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman and politician, known as a royalist supporter. The eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Christiana, hobbess translation of Thucydides is dedicated to Cavendish, and from 1634 to 1637 he travelled abroad with the philosopher. Cavendish was created a Knight of the Bath at Charles Is coronation in 1625 and he was lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire from 13 November 1638 to 22 March 1642, was high steward of Ampthill 4 February 1640, and joint-commissioner of array for Leicestershire 12 January 1642. He left England, and his estates were sequestrated, Charles I stayed a night with him there on 13 October 1645. At the Restoration all his disabilities were removed, he was reappointed lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire, became steward of Tutbury, and of the High Peak. Cavendish, a virtuoso, was close to John Evelyn, and was one of the fellows of the Royal Society, He was a commissioner of trade 5 March 1668 –1669. He died on 23 November 1684, at his house at Roehampton, Surrey and his wife Elizabeth died five years later, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Countess of Leicester was anxious for him to marry Lady Dorothy Sidney, her daughter and Edmund Wallers Sacharissa, Elizabeth, second daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, became Cavendishs wife, on 4 March 1639. Their children were, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire Charles, Lady Anne Cavendish, married Charles, Lord Rich, son of the Earl of Warwick, and then John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter on 2 May 1670 and had issue. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cavendish, William

2.
William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman, politician, and courtier. The second son of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick, he was educated with the children of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and she made him a rich allowance in his youth. He then entered Clare College, Cambridge and he was M. P. for Liverpool in 1586 and Newport in 1588. He was appointed High Sheriff of Derbyshire, where the estates of his lay, for 1595. He was created Baron Cavendish of Hardwick in 1605, thanks to the representations of his niece and he participated in the colonisation of the Bermudas, and Devonshire Parish was called after him, he also was a supporter of colonising Virginia. His mothers death in 1608, and his elder brother Henrys death in 1616 and he died on 3 March 1626, and was buried at St Peters Church, Edensor. The 1st Earl of Devonshire and his brother Henry are commemorated through the Cavendish Memorial inside the church and his first wife was Anne Kighley or Keighley, daughter of Henry Kighley of Keighley, Yorkshire, circa 21 March 1580. Sir John died on 18 January 1618, history of Parliament CAVENDISH, William II of Chatsworth and Hardwick, Derbys Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cavendish, William

3.
House of Commons of England
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In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium that advised the English monarch in medieval times and this royal council, meeting for short periods, included ecclesiastics, noblemen, as well as representatives of the counties. The chief duty of the council was to approve taxes proposed by the Crown, in many cases, however, the council demanded the redress of the peoples grievances before proceeding to vote on taxation. The first parliament to invite representatives of the towns was Montforts Parliament in 1265. At the Model Parliament of 1295, representatives of the boroughs were admitted, thus, it became settled practice that each county send two knights of the shire, and that each borough send two burgesses. Any show of independence by burgesses would thus be likely to lead to the exclusion of their towns from Parliament, the knights of the shire were in a better position, although less powerful than their noble and clerical counterparts in what was still a unicameral Parliament. They formed what became known as the House of Commons, while the clergy, although they remained subordinate to both the Crown and the Lords, the Commons did act with increasing boldness. The Commons even proceeded to some of the Kings ministers. Mare was soon released after the death of King Edward III, during the reign of the next monarch, Richard II, the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown. They began to insist that they could control both taxation and public expenditures, despite such gains in authority, however, the Commons still remained much less powerful than the Lords and the Crown. The influence of the Crown was increased by the wars of the late fifteenth century. Both houses of Parliament held little power during the years. The domination of the monarch grew further under the House of Tudor in the sixteenth century and this trend, however, was somewhat reversed when the House of Stuart came to the English throne in 1603. The first two Stuart monarchs, James I and Charles I, provoked conflicts with the Commons over issues such as taxation, religion, and royal powers. The differences between Charles I and Parliament were great, and resulted in the English Civil War, in which the forces of Parliament were victorious. In December 1648 the House of Commons was purged by the New Model Army, prides Purge was the only military coup in English history. Subsequently, King Charles I was beheaded and the Upper House was abolished, in 1653, when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army, it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. However, the monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660, the influence of the Crown had been decreased, and was further diminished after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted

4.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century

5.
Thomas Hobbes
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Thomas Hobbes, in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which established the social theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. Thomas Hobbes was born at Westport, now part of Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, born prematurely when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Hobbes later reported that my mother gave birth to twins, myself and fear. His childhood is almost completely unknown, and his mothers name is unknown and his father, Thomas Sr. was the vicar of Charlton and Westport. Thomas Hobbes, the younger, had a brother Edmund, about two years older, and a sister, Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local clergy outside his church, forcing him to leave London and abandon the family. The family was left in the care of Thomas Sr. s older brother, Francis, Hobbes was a good pupil, and around 1603 he went up to Magdalen Hall, the predecessor college to Hertford College, Oxford. The principal John Wilkinson was a Puritan, and he had influence on Hobbes. At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum and he did not complete his B. A. Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a grand tour of Europe in 1610. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour and it has been argued that three of the discourses in the 1620 publication known as Horea Subsecivae, Observations and Discourses, also represent the work of Hobbes from this period. Although he associated with figures like Ben Jonson and briefly worked as Francis Bacons amanuensis. His employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague in June 1628, the widowed countess dismissed Hobbes but he soon found work, again as a tutor, this time to Gervase Clifton, the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet. This task, chiefly spent in Paris, ended in 1631 when he found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring William. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy and he visited Florence in 1636 and was later a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. Hobbess first area of study was an interest in the doctrine of motion. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics and he went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants, finally he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if Men were not to fall back into brutishness and misery. Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, Hobbes came home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural

6.
Chatsworth House
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Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire, England. It is in the Derbyshire Dales, about 3.5 miles north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles west of Chesterfield and it is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire and has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549. Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent, Chatsworth looks across to the low hills that divide the Derwent, Chatsworth has been selected as the United Kingdoms favourite country house several times. The name Chatsworth is a corruption of Chetels-worth, meaning the Court of Chetel, Chetel was deposed after the Norman Conquest and in the Domesday Book the Manor of Chetesuorde is listed as the property of the Crown in the custody of William de Peverel. Chatsworth ceased to be an estate, until the 15th century when it was acquired by the Leche family who owned property nearby. They enclosed the first park at Chatsworth and built a house on the ground in what is now the south-eastern part of the garden. Bess began to build the new house in 1553 and she selected a site near the river, which was drained by digging a series of reservoirs, which doubled as fish ponds. Sir William died in 1557, but Bess finished the house in the 1560s and lived there with her husband, George Talbot. In 1568 Shrewsbury was entrusted with the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots and she lodged in the apartment now known as the Queen of Scots rooms, on the top floor above the great hall, which faces onto the inner courtyard. An accomplished needlewoman, Bess joined Mary at Chatsworth for extended periods in 1569,1570, Bess died in 1608 and Chatsworth was passed to her eldest son, Henry. The estate was purchased from Henry by his brother William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, few changes were made at Chatsworth until the mid 17th century. William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was a staunch Royalist and was expelled from the House of Lords in 1642 and he left England for the safety of the continent and his estates were sequestrated. Chatsworth was occupied by both sides during the Civil War, and the 3rd Earl did not return to the house until the restoration of the monarchy and he reconstructed the principal rooms in an attempt to make them more comfortable, but the Elizabethan house was out-dated and unsafe. This called for a rebuilding of the house, which began in 1687 and he enjoyed building and reconstructed the East Front, that included the Painted Hall and Long Gallery, followed by the rebuilding of the West Front from 1699 to 1702. The North Front was completed in 1707 just before the Duke died, the 1st Duke also had large parterre gardens designed by George London and Henry Wise, who was later appointed by Queen Anne to the post of Royal Gardner at Kensington Palace. Connoisseur of the arts the collection include paintings, Old Master drawings and prints, ancient coins and carved Greek, Palladian furniture designed by William Kent was commissioned by the 3rd Duke when he had Devonshire House in London rebuilt following a fire in 1733. Upon the sale and demolition of Devonshire House in 1924 the furniture was transferred to Chatsworth, the 4th Duke made great changes to the house and gardens. He decided the approach to the house should be from the west and had the old stables and offices as well as parts of Edensor village pulled down so they were not visible from the house

7.
Grand Tour
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The custom flourished from about 1660, until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served as a rite of passage. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills, in addition, it provided the only opportunity to view specific works of art, and possibly the only chance to hear certain music. A Grand Tour could last from months to several years. It was commonly undertaken in the company of a Cicerone, a guide or tutor. The legacy of the Grand Tour lives on to the day and is still evident in works of travel. In essence, the Grand Tour was neither a scholars pilgrimage nor a one, though a pleasurable stay in Venice. Catholic Grand Tourists followed the routes as Protestant Whigs. Pompeo Batoni made a career of painting English milordi posed with graceful ease among Roman antiquities, many continued on to Naples, where they viewed Herculaneum and Pompeii, but few ventured far into southern Italy or Malta, and fewer still to Greece, still under Turkish rule. Rome for many centuries had been the goal of pilgrims, especially during Jubilee when they visited the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. This is partly because he asked Inigo Jones, not yet established as an architect but already known as a traveller and masque designer. Larger numbers of tourists began their tours after the Peace of Münster in 1648, lasselss introduction listed four areas in which travel furnished an accomplished, consummate Traveller, the intellectual, the social, the ethical, and the political. The idea of travelling for the sake of curiosity and learning was an idea in the 17th century. Thus, one could use up the environment, taking from it all it offers, travel, therefore, was necessary for one to develop the mind and expand knowledge of the world. Consciously adapted for intellectual self-improvement, Gibbon was revisiting the Continent on a larger and more liberal plan, the typical 18th-century sentiment was that of the studious observer travelling through foreign lands reporting his findings on human nature for those unfortunate enough to have stayed home. Recounting ones observations to society at large to increase its welfare was considered an obligation, the Grand Tour offered a liberal education, and the opportunity to acquire things otherwise unavailable at home, lending an air of accomplishment and prestige to the traveller. The trappings of the Grand Tour, especially portraits of the traveller painted in iconic continental settings, became the obligatory emblems of worldliness, gravitas, the less well-off could return with an album of Piranesi etchings. The perhaps in Gibbons opening remark cast a shadow over his resounding statement

8.
Thucydides
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Thucydides was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC and his text is still studied at both universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue remains a work of international relations theory while Pericles Funeral Oration is widely studied in political theory, history. More generally, Thucydides showed an interest in developing an understanding of nature to explain behaviour in such crises as plague, massacres, as in that of the Melians. In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about Thucydidess life, the most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War, which expounds his nationality, paternity and native locality. Thucydides informs us that he fought in the war, contracted the plague and was exiled by the democracy and he may have also been involved in quelling the Samian Revolt. Thucydides identifies himself as an Athenian, telling us that his fathers name was Olorus and he survived the Plague of Athens that killed Pericles and many other Athenians. He also records that he owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle, because of his influence in the Thracian region, Thucydides wrote, he was sent as a strategos to Thasos in 424 BC. During the winter of 424–423 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas attacked Amphipolis, eucles, the Athenian commander at Amphipolis, sent to Thucydides for help. Thus, when Thucydides arrived, Amphipolis was already under Spartan control, Amphipolis was of considerable strategic importance, and news of its fall caused great consternation in Athens. It was blamed on Thucydides, although he claimed that it was not his fault, using his status as an exile from Athens to travel freely among the Peloponnesian allies, he was able to view the war from the perspective of both sides. During his exile from Athens, Thucydides wrote his most famous work History of the Peloponnesian War, because he was in exile during this time, he was free to speak his mind. This is all that Thucydides wrote about his own life, but a few facts are available from reliable contemporary sources. Herodotus wrote that the name Olorus, Thucydidess fathers name, was connected with Thrace, Thucydides was probably connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades, and his son Cimon, leaders of the old aristocracy supplanted by the Radical Democrats. Cimons maternal grandfathers name was also Olorus, making the connection exceedingly likely, another Thucydides lived before the historian and was also linked with Thrace, making a family connection between them very likely as well. Finally, Herodotus confirms the connection of Thucydidess family with the mines at Scapté Hýlē, in essence, he was a well-connected gentleman of considerable resources who, by then retired from the political and military spheres, decided to fund his own historical project. The remaining evidence for Thucydidess life comes from rather less reliable later ancient sources, pausanias goes on to say that Thucydides was murdered on his way back to Athens. Many doubt this account, seeing evidence to suggest he lived as late as 397 BC, Plutarch claims that his remains were returned to Athens and placed in Cimons family vault

9.
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. His acts started the Thirty Years War, Ferdinands aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and to suppress Protestantism. He was born at Graz, the son of Charles II, Archduke of Austria and he was educated by the Jesuits and later attended the University of Ingolstadt. After completing his studies in 1595, he acceded to his lands and made a pilgrimage to Loreto. Shortly afterwards, he began the suppression of Protestantism in his territories, with the Oñate treaty, Ferdinand obtained the support of the Spanish Habsburgs in the succession of his childless cousin Matthias, in exchange for concessions in Alsace and Italy. In 1617, he was elected King of Bohemia by the Bohemian diet, in 1618, King of Hungary by the Hungarian estates and his devout Catholicism and negative regard of Protestantism caused immediate turmoil in his non-Catholic subjects, especially in Bohemia. Additionally, Ferdinand was an absolutist monarch and infringed several historical privileges of the nobles, given the relatively great number of Protestants in the kingdom, including some of the nobles, the kings unpopularity soon caused the Bohemian Revolt. The Second Defenestration of Prague of 22 May 1618 is considered the first step of the Thirty Years War, in the following events he remained one of the staunchest backers of the Anti-Protestant Counter Reformation efforts as one of the heads of the German Catholic League. Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor in 1619, supported by the Catholic League and the Kings of Spain and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ferdinand decided to reclaim his possession in Bohemia and to quench the rebels. On 8 November 1620 his troops, led by the Flemish general Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, smashed the rebels of Frederick V, in 1625, despite the subsidies received from Spain and the Pope, Ferdinand was in a bad financial situation. Wallenstein was able to recruit some 30,000 men, with whom he was able to defeat the Protestants in Silesia, Anhalt and his military success caused the tottering Protestants to call in Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden. Soon, some of Ferdinands allies began to complain about the power exercised by Wallenstein. Ferdinand replied by firing the Bohemian general in 1630, the leadership of the war thenceforth passed to Tilly, who was however unable to stop the Swedish march from northern Germany towards Austria. Tilly died in battle in 1632, Wallenstein was recalled, being able to muster an army in only a week, and expelled the Swedes from Bohemia. However, in November 1632 the Catholics were defeated in the Battle of Lützen, a period of minor operations followed, perhaps because of Wallensteins ambiguous conduct, which ended with his assassination in 1634. Despite Wallensteins fall, the imperial forces recaptured Regensburg and were victorious in the Battle of Nördlingen, in 1635 Ferdinand signed his last important act, the Peace of Prague, yet this did not end the war. Ferdinand died in 1637, leaving to his son Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II was buried in his Mausoleum in Graz. His heart was interred in the Herzgruft of the Augustinian Church, in 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria, daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria

10.
Dutch Republic
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It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Seven Provinces, Federated Dutch Provinces, most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. This was the start of the Eighty Years War, in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them, but after an attempt to take Antwerp in 1583. After the assassination of William of Orange, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty, however, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England, and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy, the Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the Anglo-French war, the territory was divided into groups, the Patriots, who were pro-French and pro-American and the Orangists. The Republic of the United Provinces faced a series of revolutions in 1783–1787. During this period, republican forces occupied several major Dutch cities, initially on the defence, the Orangist forces received aid from Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands in 1787. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland, the Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names United Provinces of the Netherlands, on 16 March 1815, the son of stadtholder William V crowned himself King William I of the Netherlands. Between 1815 and 1890 the King of the Netherlands was also in a union the Grand Duke of the sovereign Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. After Belgium gained its independence in 1830, the state became known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world, the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the worlds first stock exchange, that of the Dutch East-India Company, went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a city so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles

11.
Henrietta Maria
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Henrietta Maria of France was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two successors, Charles II and James II. Her Roman Catholicism made her unpopular in England, and also prohibited her from being crowned in an Anglican service, the execution of King Charles in 1649 left her impoverished. She settled in Paris, and then returned to England after the Restoration of her eldest son, Charles, in 1665, she moved back to Paris, where she died four years later. The North American Province of Maryland was named in her honour, Henrietta Maria was the youngest daughter of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de Medici. She was born at the Palais du Louvre on 25 November 1609, in England, where the Julian calendar was still in use, her date of birth is often recorded as 16 November. Henrietta Maria was brought up as a Catholic, as daughter of the Bourbon king of France, she was a Fille de France and a member of the House of Bourbon. She was the youngest sister of the future King Louis XIII of France and her father was assassinated on 14 May 1610, in Paris, before she was a year old. Henrietta was trained, along with her sisters, in riding, dancing, and singing, although tutored in reading and writing, she was not known for her academic skills, the princess was heavily influenced by the Carmelites at French court. By 1622, Henrietta was living in Paris with a household of some 200 staff, Henrietta Maria and Charles I of England were married on 13 June 1625, during a brief period in which Englands pro-Spanish policy was replaced by a pro-French policy. After an initial period, she and Charles formed an extremely close partnership. Henrietta never fully assimilated herself into English society, she did not speak English before her marriage, Charles was outraged, and upon returning to England in October, he and Buckingham demanded that King James declare war on Spain. Searching elsewhere for a bride, Charles looked to France instead, the English agent Kensington was sent to Paris in 1624 to examine the potential French match, and the marriage was finally negotiated in Paris by James Hay and Henry Rich. Henrietta was aged just 15 at the time of her marriage, views on Henriettas appearance vary, her husbands niece, Sophia of Hanover commented that the. Her arms were long and lean, her shoulders uneven, and she did, however, have pretty eyes, nose, and a good complexion. Henrietta married Charles by proxy on 11 May 1625, shortly after his accession to the throne and they were then married in person at St. Henrietta was allowed to watch Charles being crowned, at a discreet distance. Henrietta had strong Catholic beliefs, which would influence her time as queen. Charles liked to call Henrietta Maria simply Maria, with the English people calling her Queen Mary, in due course, Henrietta would unsuccessfully try to convert her Calvinist nephew Prince Rupert during his stay in England

12.
George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
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George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, KG, was an English courtier, statesman, and patron of the arts. He was a favourite—and a lover—of King James I, George Villiers was born in Brooksby, Leicestershire, on 28 August 1592, the son of the minor gentleman Sir George Villiers. His mother Mary, daughter of Anthony Beaumont of Glenfield, Leicestershire, was left an early and educated him for a courtiers life. Villiers took very well to the set by his mother, he could dance and fence well, spoke a little French. Bishop Godfrey Goodman declared Villiers to be the man in all of England, his limbs so well compacted, and his conversation so pleasing. In August 1614 at age twenty-one, Villiers caught the eye of James I at a hunt in Apethorpe, opponents of the kings favourite Robert Carr saw an opportunity to usurp the Earl of Somerset and began promoting Villiers. Money was raised to purchase Villiers a new wardrobe, and intense lobbying secured his appointment as Royal Cupbearer, a position that allowed him to make conversation with the king. Villiers began to appear as a dancer in masques from 1615, in which he could exhibit his grace of movement and beauty of body, under the kings patronage Villiers advanced rapidly through the ranks of the nobility, and his court appointments grew in importance. In 1615 he was knighted as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, in 1616, when he was made Master of the Kings Horses, he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Whaddon, Viscount Villiers, and made a Knight of the Garter. The next year he was made Earl and in 1618 promoted Marquess of Buckingham, Villiers new rank allowed him to dance side by side with the royal heir Charles I, with whom his friendship developed through his tutoring of the prince in dance. Villiers was appointed Lord Admiral of the Fleet in 1619, since reductions in the peerage had taken place during the Tudor period, Buckingham was now the highest-ranking subject outside the royal family. The personal relationships of James are much debated, with Villiers the last in a succession of handsome young favourites the king lavished with affection, contemporaneous evidence is interpreted by some to suggest that Villiers was James lover. Edward Peyton wrote, the king sold his affections to Sir George Villiers, Jamess nickname for Buckingham was Steenie, after St. Stephen who was said to have had the face of an angel. I wish to speak in my own behalf and not to have it thought to be a defect, for Jesus Christ did the same, Christ had John, and I have George. In a letter to Buckingham in 1623, the King ends with, God bless you, my child and wife. Restoration of Apethorpe Palace in 2004–8 revealed a previously unknown passage linking his bedchamber with that of James, until James I died in 1625, Buckingham was the kings constant companion and closest advisor, enjoying control of all royal patronage. Buckingham used his influence to enrich his relatives and advance their social positions. In his rise to power, Buckingham became connected with the philosopher, Bacon wrote letters of advice to the young favourite and drafted the patent of nobility when Buckingham ascended to the peerage

13.
Sir Dudley Digges
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Sir Dudley Digges was an English diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1610 and 1629. He was also a Virginia adventurer, an investor who ventured his capital in the Virginia Company of London, Digges was the son of the mathematician Sir Thomas Digges of Digges Court, Barham, Kent and his wife Anne St Leger, daughter of Warham St Leger. He matriculated at University College, Oxford on 18 July 1600 aged 17 and was awarded BA on 1 July 1601 and he was knighted by James I at Whitehall on 29 April 1607. In 1610 Digges was elected Member of Parliament for the newly enfranchised constituency of Tewkesbury and he was a friend of Henry Hudson and in 1610 he was one of those who fitted out Hudson for his last voyage. As a result, Digges name was given to Digges Islands, at the mouth of Hudson Bay in Canada, in 1614 Digges was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury to the Addled Parliament. He backed the explorations of William Baffin in 1615 and 1616, in 1616 he completed his mansion of Chilham Castle, Kent. Digges became a gentleman of the chamber in 1618. He was named ambassador to Muscovy in 1618–19 and Special Ambassador to Holland in 1620, in 1621, he was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury. He was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury in 1624,1625 and 1626, Digges was for a time imprisoned in the Fleet Prison by order of the King, but was released on apologizing to the King, an act that John Eliot was unwilling to perform. In 1628 Digges was elected MP for Kent and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years, in 1631 Digges became a bencher of Grays Inn and was master in chancery from 1631 to 1637. In 1638 he was appointed Master of the Rolls until his death in 1639. Digges left a fund in his will that provided, for some 200 years after his death, Digges married Mary Kempe, daughter and co-heir of Sir Thomas Kempe of Olantigh, Kent. They had eight sons and three daughters, diggess son Edward was among the planters, who emigrated in the 1640s and became Governor of Virginia. Another son, Dudley published a treatise on the Illegality of Subjects taking up Arms against their Sovereigns, one of the descendants of his son Edward, Dudley, served in the House of Burgesses from 1752 until the Revolutionary War. Diggs baronets William Baffin, 1615–16 Cambridge History of English and American Literature, vol VII, J. P. Sommerville, The crisis of 1626 National Portrait Gallery, London, Sir Dudley Digges, sitter in three portraits

14.
Bishopsgate
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Bishopsgate is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and also the name of a major road between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate in the northeast corner of Londons main financial district. Bishopsgate is named one of the original eight gates in the London Wall. The site of this gate is marked by a stone bishops mitre, fixed high upon a building located at Bishopsgates junction with Wormwood Street, by the gardens there. Although tens of thousands of people commute to and work in the ward, the ward is bounded by Worship Street to the north, where the edge of the City meets the boroughs of Islington and Hackney. It neighbours Portsoken ward and the borough of Tower Hamlets in the east, the western boundary is formed by Old Broad Street and Broad Street ward itself. Bishopsgate also bounds the wards of Aldgate, Coleman Street, Cornhill, Bishopsgate ward straddles the line of the Wall and the old gate and is often divided into Within and Without parts, with a deputy appointed for each part. Since the 1994 and 2003 boundary changes, almost all of the ward is Without, no changes to Bishopsgates ward boundaries occurred in the 2013 boundary changes. Originally Roman, the Bishops Gate was rebuilt by the Hansa merchants in 1471 in exchange for Steelyard privileges and its final form was erected in 1735 by the City authorities and demolished in 1760. This gate often displayed the heads of criminals on spikes, London Wall divided the ward and road into an intramural portion called Bishopsgate Within and an extramural portion called Bishopsgate Without. The Bishopsgate thoroughfare forms part of the A10 and the section to the north of the site of the original Gate is the start of Roman Ermine Street, the parish church for the area of Bishopsgate Without is St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate. This is located just to the north of the original Gate on the west side of the road, Bishopsgate was originally the location of many coaching inns which accommodated passengers setting out on the Old North Road. Others included the Dolphin, the Flower Pot, the Green Dragon, the Wrestlers, the Angel, the latter was a venue for the Queens Men theatrical troupe in the 16th century. The name of an inn called the Catherine Wheel is commemorated by Catherine Wheel Alley which leads off Bishopsgate to the east, in the 18th century this grand residence became a tavern called Sir Paul Pindars Head, another notable venue was the London Tavern. Also demolished was the old Crosby Hall, at one time the residence of Richard III, Bishopsgate is also the site of Dirty Dicks, the Bishopsgate Institute, and many offices and skyscrapers. Police had received a warning, but were still evacuating the area at the time of the explosion. The area had suffered damage from the Baltic Exchange bombing one year before. The street is home to the main London offices of major banks, including the Royal Bank of Scotland. Within the ward falls the Broadgate Estate, only electors who are Freemen of the City of London are eligible to stand

15.
Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss
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Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss PC was a Scottish lawyer and judge. Kinloss was the son of Edward Bruce of Blairhall and Alison Reid. He served as a Lord of Session from 1597 to 1603 and was created Lord Kinloss in 1602, with remainder to his heirs and assigns whatsoever. He played an important role in King James VIs succession to the throne of England, the same year Kinloss became an English subject, was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Master of the Rolls for life. In 1604 he was made Lord Bruce of Kinloss, with remainder to his heirs male, Lord Kinloss married Magdalene Clerk, daughter of Alexander Clerk. He died in London in January 1611 and was succeeded in his three titles by his eldest son Edward, new York, St Martins Press,1990. Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, Darryl

16.
Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick
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Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Robert Rich was the eldest son of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick and Frances, daughter of Sir William Hatton. Rich, as Baron Rich, of Leighs, Essex, joined King Charles I at York, but never bore arms, and his father, the second earl, died in April 1658, passing on the earldom. Rich died on 29 May 1659, and was buried in Felsted and his only son, also Robert, predeceased him by 15 months dying of consumption. The earldom passed to the 3rd Earls brother Charles, Rich married Lady Anne Cavendish, the daughter of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire, on 9 April 1632 at Battersea, Surrey. Robert Rich married secondly Anne Cheeke, daughter of Sir Thomas Cheek and their children were, Anne who married Thomas Barrington of Barrington Hall. Essex, heir of Sir John Barrington, 3rd Baronet, mary who married Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John on 11 December 1673 and died in 1678, giving birth to their only son, Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke. Essex Rich, who married Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham on 16 June 1674, Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Firth. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 128–133

17.
Charles Cavendish (general)
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Charles Cavendish was an English royalist general, killed at the battle of Gainsborough. He was second son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Christiana, born on 30 May 1620, in 1638 he was sent abroad to travel with a governor, visiting Cairo and Turkey. He returned to England in May 1641, and then served in a campaign under the Prince of Orange, on the outbreak of the First English Civil War he entered the kings troop of guards as a volunteer under the command of Lord Bernard Stuart. At the battle of Edgehill he distinguished himself and was given the command of the Duke of Yorks troop left vacant by the death of George Stewart, 9th Seigneur dAubigny. After a disagreement with an officer, he sought an independent command. He received the queen Henrietta Maria at Newark, and escorted her part of her way to Oxford, but attempting to prevent the raising of the siege of Gainsborough, he was defeated by Oliver Cromwell, and fell by the hand of James Berry, Cromwells captain-lieutenant. He was buried at Newark, thirty years later his body was moved to Derby, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cavendish, Charles

18.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival

19.
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition

20.
Parliament of England
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The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War, the Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Under a monarchical system of government, monarchs usually must consult, early kings of England had no standing army or police, and so depended on the support of powerful subjects. The monarchy had agents in every part of the country, however, under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy. The former had economic and military bases of their own through major ownership of land. The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of law courts. In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the clergy on major decisions. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, when this system of consultation and consent broke down, it often became impossible for government to function effectively. The most prominent instances of prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons. Becket, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170, was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church. John, who was king from 1199 to 1216, aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215, johns refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war. The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England, the term itself came into use during the early 13th century, deriving from the Latin and French words for discussion and speaking. The word first appears in documents in the 1230s. As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary. A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance, initially, parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes. Following the Magna Carta this became a convention and this was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III. Leading peers and clergy governed on Henrys behalf until he came of age, among other things, they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king

21.
Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury
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Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, 7th Earl of Waterford, KG was a peer in the peerage of England. He was the eldest surviving son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, by the latters first marriage to Gertrude Manners, daughter of the first Earl of Rutland. In 1568, Gilbert was married to Mary Cavendish, daughter of his new stepmother, Bess of Hardwick, when Bess and her husband fell out, Gilbert took the side of his wife and his mother-in-law against his own father. However, when the old earl died in 1590, Gilbert refused Bess the widows portion she felt was her due, and consequently they fell out. He appears to have been a highly individual, feuding with not only his stepmother but his brother and other family members, his tenants. He was overshadowed by his wife, Francis Bacon remarked that she was undoubtedly greater than he. The children from his marriage to Mary Cavendish were, Lady Mary Talbot Lady Elizabeth Talbot Lady Alethea Talbot Two sons, George and John and he was elected knight of the shire for Derbyshire in 1572. He was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Talbot in 1589 and became 7th Earl of Shrewsbury on his fathers death in 1590. In 1592, he was created a Knight of the Garter, but feuded with his former friend John Stanhope when Johns brother got the post of Earl Marshal of England, gilberts stepbrother Charles Cavendish challenged Stanhope to a duel for his sake, which was not fought. Elizabeth I was displeased and took Stanhopes side, after this Gilbert challenged his own brother Edward to a duel over a lease, but Edward refused to fight him. Gilbert accused his brother of planning to poison him, but lost his case against him and he became a patron of the arts, as was his daughter Alethea, who became Countess of Arundel by her marriage to Thomas Howard in 1606. Talbots second daughter, Elizabeth, married Henry Grey, 8th Earl of Kent, the eldest, Mary, married William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke. As well as bringing up their three daughters, Gilbert and Mary Talbot spent a deal of time with their orphaned niece. In the absence of a heir, he was succeeded in the earldom of Shrewsbury by his younger brother. However, some of the estates passed then to his daughters

22.
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle
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William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne KG KB PC was an English polymath and aristocrat, having been a poet, equestrian, playwright, swordsman, politician, architect, diplomat and soldier. At first a courtier of James I of England, Cavendish would later strike up friendships with Charles I of England and he was created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and entrusted with the education of the royal couples son, the future Charles II of England. In 1645 he married the English poet, dramatist, philosopher, after the defeat at Marston Moor, Cavendish went into self-imposed exile, only returning with the English Restoration when he was created a duke. A descendant of the Cavendish family, William Cavendish was born at Handsworth Manor in the West Riding of Yorkshire to Sir Charles Cavendish, on the paternal side of his family, the grandparents of William were Bess of Hardwick and courtier William Cavendish. Shortly after the birth of William, his brother Charles was born, the brothers would maintain a close relationship throughout their lives. The family lived at Welbeck Abbey and he was the eldest surviving son of Sir Charles Cavendish and his wife Catherine, and the grandson of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick. He was educated at St Johns College, Cambridge and he possessed an immense fortune, and several times he entertained King James I and King Charles I with great magnificence at Welbeck and Bolsover. The Duke died at Welbeck Abbey on Christmas Day 1676, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The 1st Dukes daughters included Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, who married John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater and had issue, and Lady Frances Cavendish, on 3 November 1620 Cavendish became Viscount Mansfield and on 7 March 1628 Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1629 he inherited his mothers barony of Ogle, together with an estate of £3,000 per annum, in 1638 he became governor of Charles, Prince of Wales, and in 1639 a Privy Counsellor. When the Scottish war broke out he assisted King Charles I with a loan of £10,000, in 1641 Newcastle became implicated in the Army Plot, and in consequence withdrew for a time from the court. On 11 January 1642 King Charles sent him to seize Hull, when the king declared open war, Newcastle received the command of the four northern counties, and had the power conferred on him of making knights. He maintained troops at his own expense, and having occupied Newcastle kept open communications with Queen consort Henrietta Maria of France, in November 1642 he advanced into Yorkshire, raised the siege of York, and compelled Lord Fairfax of Cameron to retire after attacking him at Tadcaster. Subsequently his plans were checked by Fairfaxs re-capture of Leeds in January 1643, in June he advanced again, defeated the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor on 30 June, and obtained possession of all Yorkshire except Hull and Wressle Castle. On 27 October 1643, he was created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the next year Newcastles position was further threatened by the advance of the Scots. Against larger numbers he could do little but harass and cut off supplies and he retreated to York, where the three armies of the Scots, as well as those of Lord Fairfax of Cameron and Lord Manchester, surrounded him. On 1 July 1644 Prince Rupert of the Rhine raised the siege, after this disaster, against the wishes of the king and of Rupert, Newcastle immediately announced his intention of abandoning the cause and of leaving England. There he met and married his second wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucas of St Johns, Colchester, the new Marchioness was a dramatist and romancer, and had been maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria

23.
Duke of Devonshire
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Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family. Although modern usage outside of the county itself now rarely refers to Devon as Devonshire, despite the title of the dukedom and the subsidiary title, the earldom of Devonshire, the family estates are centred in Derbyshire. The title Duke of Devonshire should not be confused with the earlier title, uniquely, every Duke of Devonshire has been made a Knight of the Garter, except the present one. The Cavendish family descends from Sir John Cavendish, who took his name from the village of Cavendish, Suffolk and he served as Chief Justice of the Kings Bench from 1372 to 1381, and was killed in the Peasants Revolt in 1381. Two of his great-grandsons were George Cavendish, Thomas Cardinal Wolseys biographer, Sir William gained great wealth from his position in the Exchequer and also from unfairly taking advantage of the dissolution of the Monasteries. He married as his wife the famous Bess of Hardwick. One of their sons, Sir Charles Cavendish, was the father of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, while another son, yet another son, William Cavendish, was a politician and a supporter of the colonialization of Virginia. In 1605 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cavendish, of Hardwicke in the County of Derby, both titles are in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his eldest son, William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire, on his early death in 1628 the titles passed to his son, William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire, who also served as Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl and he was a strong supporter of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and later served under William III and Mary II as Lord Steward of the Household. In 1694 he was created Marquess of Hartington and Duke of Devonshire in the Peerage of England and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Duke, who held political office as Lord President of the Council and Lord Privy Seal and was also Lord-Lieutenant of Devonshire. His eldest son, the third Duke, served as Lord Privy Seal, as Lord Steward of the Household, on his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Duke, who was a prominent politician. Devonshire married Charlotte Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford, daughter of the famous architect Richard Boyle and their third and youngest son Lord George Cavendish was created Earl of Burlington in 1831. Devonshire was succeeded by his eldest son, William Cavendish, who became the fifth Duke of Devonshire and he had already succeeded his mother as seventh Baron Clifford in 1754. He served as Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire from 1782 to 1811 but is best remembered for his first marriage to Lady Georgiana Spencer and their only son, the sixth Duke, served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household from 1827 to 1828 and from 1830 to 1834. Known as the Bachelor Duke, he never married and on his death in 1858 the barony of Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters and he was succeeded in the other titles by his first cousin once removed, the second Earl of Burlington, who became the seventh Duke. He was the son of William Cavendish, eldest son of the aforementioned first Earl of Burlington and he was Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire and Derbyshire and Chancellor of the University of London and of the University of Cambridge. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the eighth Duke and he was a noted statesman and the most famous member of the Cavendish family

24.
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire
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Cavendish was the son of William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Lady Elizabeth Cecil. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Derbyshire in the Cavalier Parliament and he was a Whig under Charles II of England and James II of England and was leader of the anti-court and anti-Catholic party in the House of Commons, where he served as Lord Cavendish. He was re-elected MP for Derbyshire in the two elections of 1679 and in 1681, in 1684 he succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Devonshire on the death of his father and then sat in the House of Lords. He was a supporter of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which brought William III of Orange to the throne. After the revolution, Cavendish was a leading Whig, serving as Williams Lord Steward, Cavendish was given an honorary MA by the University of Cambridge in 1705. Cavendish married Lady Mary Butler, daughter of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Preston, on 26 October 1662

25.
William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC was a British nobleman and Whig politician, the son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire and the Hon. On 27 March 1718 he married Catherine Hoskins, or Hoskyn and they had seven children, Lady Caroline Cavendish, who married William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough and had issue. William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire Lord George Augustus Cavendish, Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, married John Ponsonby and had issue. Lady Rachel Cavendish, who married Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, field Marshal Lord Frederick Cavendish, died unmarried. Lord John Cavendish Like his father, the 3rd Duke was active in public life and he was a Member of Parliament from 1721 until his fathers death sent him to the House of Lords in 1729, and was made a Privy Counsellor in 1731. He served as Lord Privy Seal from 1731 to 1733, when he was invested as a Knight of the Garter and he later served for seven years as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He sold the Old Devonshire House at 48 Boswell Street, Theobalds Road, in Bloomsbury, and in 1734 engaged the architect William Kent to build a new Cavendish House in fashionable Piccadilly. During the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Duke raised a unit in support of the King known as the Derbyshire Blues. The Duke and his wife are also notable as the most recent common ancestors of Charles, Prince of Wales, and his first wife Lady Diana Spencer. Charles and Diana were seventh cousins once removed, as Charles is descended from the 3rd Dukes son, the 4th Duke, while Diana was descended from his daughter, Lady Elizabeth Cavendish

26.
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
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He was the first son of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire and Catherine Hoskins. He was elected MP for Derbyshire in 1741 and 1747, Devonshire was a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole and, after Walpoles fall from power, of the Pelhams. Henry Pelham wrote to Devonshires father that he was our mainstay among the young ones, horace Walpole described him as a favourite by descent of the Old Whigs and as errant bigot to the Pelham faction as ever Jacques Clément was to the Jesuits. He had been offered the post of governor to the Prince of Wales, Devonshire supported the Duke of Newcastle after Henry Pelhams death in 1754 and was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 2 April 1755 until 3 January 1757 in Newcastles administration. In April 1755 Devonshire was one of the Lords Justices of the realm upon the Kings absence in Hanover, Devonshire succeeded to the dukedom in December 1755 after his father died. The Seven Years War was going badly for Britain under the leadership of the Duke of Newcastle, Devonshire accepted on the condition that his tenure would last only until the end of the parliamentary session. Devonshire believed his duty to the King required an administration capable of prosecuting the war successfully, Devonshire was given the Garter and appointed First Lord of the Treasury in November 1756, and he served as First Lord until May 1757 in an administration effectively run by William Pitt. Devonshires administration secured increased money for the war, troops were sent to America, the administration was eventually brought down for a variety of reasons including the opposition of George II and the alleged mishandling of the trial and execution of Admiral John Byng. It was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry headed by the Duke of Newcastle and including Pitt, Henry Fox and this government steered Britain through most of the Seven Years War leading the country to ultimate victory. Devonshire was Lord Chamberlain in Newcastles government and his relations with him were close, George II died in October 1760 and was succeeded by his grandson George III, who was suspicious of Devonshire and Newcastle. When Newcastle resigned in May 1762 Devonshire said that he would rarely attend Lord Butes Councils, when in October George III requested that he attend a Cabinet meeting on peace terms, Devonshire declined, claiming he had inadequate knowledge of the subject. He was in passing through London to Chatsworth and had come to give his leave to the King. In the opinion of one of his biographers, John Brooke, Devonshire resigned his Lord Lieutenancy of Derbyshire in solidarity with Newcastle and Rockingham when they were dismissed from their Lord Lieutenancies. For a long time he had a constitution and he gradually grew more ill during these years. He ultimately died in the Austrian Netherlands where he had gone to take the waters at Spa and his death was a large political loss to his allies, the Whig magnates such as the Duke of Newcastle. Dying at the age of 44 years and 147 days, he remains the shortest lived British Prime Minister, Devonshire was buried at Derby Cathedral. He married Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford, the daughter and heiress of Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington of the first creation, a famous architect and art collector. Through her, the Devonshires inherited Chiswick House and Burlington House in London, Bolton Abbey and Londesborough Hall in Yorkshire, the Duke employed Capability Brown to landscape the garden and park at Chatsworth House, his main residence

27.
William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, KG, was a British nobleman, aristocrat, and politician. He was invited to join the Cabinet on three occasions, but declined each offer and he was Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Governor of Cork, and Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire. The 5th Duke is best known for his first wife Georgiana, at the age of about twenty, Devonshire toured Italy with William Fitzherbert which is where they commissioned the pair of portraits by Pompeo Batoni. By his first wife, he had one son, and two daughters, Lady Georgiana Little G Cavendish, later the Countess of Carlisle, and Lady Harriet Harryo Cavendish, later the Countess Granville. The title of Baron Clifford fell into abeyance between them, and the present Earl of Carlisle and the present Earl Granville have inherited their titles from Georgiana, Georgiana Cavendish became a socialite who gathered around her a large circle of literary and political friends. She was painted by Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds, the Gainsborough painting was disposed of by the 5th Duke and was recovered only much later, after many vicissitudes. By his second wife, Lady Elizabeth Foster, he had no legitimate issue, the Dukes daughter by Lady Elizabeth, Caroline, was given a different surname from her brother, St. Jules. Caroline St. Jules married the Hon. George Lamb, a brother of the 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Caroline and George Lamb had no issue. The 5th Duke also had a daughter—Charlotte, given the surname Williams—by his mistress, Charlotte Spencer and his first child was born shortly after his marriage to Lady Georgiana Spencer. Charlotte was later married off suitably, the fifth Duke was closely involved with the nearby spa town of Buxton. He used the profits from his mines to transform the town into a replica of Bath, including the Crescent Hotel and an octagonal set of stables. In the film The Duchess, about Georgiana, the fifth Duke is played by Ralph Fiennes, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Devonshire

28.
William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire
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William George Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire KG, PC, styled Marquess of Hartington until 1811, was a British peer, courtier, nobleman, and Whig politician. Known as the Bachelor Duke, he was Lord Chamberlain of the Household between 1827 and 1828 and again between 1830 and 1834, the Cavendish banana is named after him. Born in Paris, France, Devonshire was the son of William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire and he was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He lost both his parents while still in his youth, his mother died in 1806 and his father in 1811 when, aged 21, along with the title, he inherited eight stately homes and some 200,000 acres of land. Politically Devonshire followed in the Whig family tradition and he supported Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery and reduced factory working hours. He held office as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under George Canning, in 1827 he was sworn of the Privy Council and made a Knight of the Garter. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to the Russian Empire on the coronation of Czar Nicholas I in 1826, Devonshire was also Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire between 1811 and 1858 and carried the Orb at the coronation of George IV in 1821. However, increasing deafness from an early age prevented him taking an even greater part in public life. Devonshire had a major interest in gardening and horticulture, and devoted himself sedulously to the care and nurture of his vast estates and his major projects including the wholesale rebuilding of the village of Edensor, and significant improvement to his several stately houses and their gardens. Paxton greatly expanded the gardens at Chatsworth, including the construction of a 277 foot long conservatory, Devonshire, himself a keen horticulturalist, was elected President of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1838, a position in which he served for twenty years until his death. It was this interest which led him to establish the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew as a botanic garden. The worlds most commercially exploited banana, the Cavendish, was named in his honour and he had acquired an early specimen, which he raised in his glasshouse, and this plant is the progenitor of almost all the worldwide varieties of Cavendish banana. Devonshire was also patron of The Derby Town and County Museum, in that position, he was instrumental in the creation of the Derby Museum and Art Gallery in 1836. Devonshire was a friend of the Prince Regent. Other friends included Antonio Canova and Charles Dickens, much of Devonshires private correspondence, including letters to his mistresses, was destroyed by his Victorian relatives. He intended to marry Lady Caroline Ponsonby, his cousin, but she married William Lamb, Devonshire died at Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, in January 1858, aged 67 and left an estate valued at £500,000 in his will. As he was unmarried the dukedom passed to his cousin William Cavendish and his junior title of Baron Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters, Georgiana, Countess of Carlisle, and Harriet, Countess Granville. James Lees-Milne, The Bachelor Duke, Life of William Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, ISBN 0-7195-4920-5 Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Devonshire

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William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire
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His mother was the Honourable Louisa OCallaghan, daughter of Cornelius OCallaghan, 1st Baron Lismore. He was educated at Eton and the University of Cambridge, attaining the position of Second Wrangler and he became known by the courtesy title Lord Cavendish of Keighley in 1831 when the earldom of Burlington was revived in favour of his grandfather. Cavendish was returned to parliament as the MP for Cambridge University in 1829, a seat he held until July 1831 and he only sat for Malton until September of the same year and was out of the House of Commons until 1832, when he was returned for North Derbyshire. He succeeded his grandfather in the earldom of Burlington in 1834, in 1858 he also succeeded his cousin as Duke of Devonshire. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1857 to 1891 and Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire from 1858 to 1891. Devonshire was Chancellor of the University of London from 1836 to 1856, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1861 to 1891, at Cambridge he endowed the Cavendish Professorship of Physics, and the building of the Cavendish Laboratory. He made vast investments in industry at Barrow-in-Furness, and had his nearby country house Holker Hall rebuilt in its present form after it was gutted by a fire in 1871. He was one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1839. On 26 July 1871, he was nominated a trustee of the British Museum, the 7th Duke inherited a considerable amount of property in Eastbourne from his grandfather, and from his wife Elizabeth Compton of Compton Place. He saw through the development of Eastbourne in the 19th century with its parks, baths and squares and is commemorated by a statue at the top of Devonshire Place. Devonshire married Blanche Georgiana Howard, daughter of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle and Georgiana Cavendish, sister of the 6th Duke of Devonshire, known as the Bachelor Duke, in 1829. Blanche was the Bachelor Dukes favourite niece, and his fondness for the couple who were his heirs may have contributed to his decision not to marry himself. He also had one son, Lord William who died as an infant, and a daughter, Lady Louisa Caroline, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by The Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire

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Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire
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He has the distinction of having served as leader of three political parties. He also declined to become Prime Minister on three occasions, not because he was not a politician but because the circumstances were never right. Devonshire was the eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington, who succeeded his cousin as Duke of Devonshire in 1858, Lord Frederick Cavendish and Lord Edward Cavendish were his younger brothers. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as MA in 1854 and he later received honorary degrees as LLD in 1862, and as DCL at Oxford University in 1878. In later life he continued his interests in education as Chancellor of his old university from 1892 and he was Lord Rector of Edinburgh University from 1877 to 1880. E. Forster, had indicated that he was not interested in the job, the following year, however, Gladstone returned to active political life in the campaign against Turkeys Bulgarian Atrocities. Hartington chose instead to serve in Gladstones Second government as Secretary of State for India, in 1884 he was instrumental in persuading Gladstone to send a mission to Khartoum for the relief of General Gordon, which arrived two days too late to save him. Hartington became increasingly uneasy with Gladstones Irish policies, especially after the murder of his younger brother Lord Frederick Cavendish in Phoenix Park, in 1886 he broke with Gladstone altogether. Early in 1887, after the resignation of Lord Randolph Churchill, Lord Salisbury offered to step down and serve in a government under Hartington, instead the Liberal Unionist George Goschen accepted the Exchequer in Churchills place. Having succeeded as Duke of Devonshire in 1891 and entered the House of Lords, Devonshire was not asked to become Prime Minister when Lord Salisbury retired in favour of his nephew Arthur Balfour in 1902. He resigned from the government in 1903, and from the Liberal Unionist Association the following spring, Hartington took great pains to parade his interest in horseracing, so as to cultivate an image of not being entirely obsessed by politics. For many years the courtesan Catherine Walters was his mistress and he was married at Christ Church, Mayfair, on 16 August 1892, at the age of 59, to Louisa Frederica Augusta von Alten, widow of the late William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his nephew and he died of pneumonia at the Hotel Metropol in Cannes and was interred on 28 March 1908 at St Peters Churchyard, Edensor, Derbyshire. A statue of the Duke can be found at the junction of Whitehall and Horse Guards Avenue in London, upon receiving news of the Dukes death, the House of Lords took the unprecedented step of adjourning in his honour. Margot Asquith said the Duke of Devonshire was a man whose like we never see again, he stood by himself and could have come from no country in the world. He had the figure and appearance of an artisan, with the brevity of a peasant, the courtesy of a king and he gave a great, wheezy guffaw at all the right things and was possessed of endless wisdom. He was perfectly disengaged from himself, fearlessly truthful and without pettiness of any kind. he became a model of the dutiful aristocrat, with 24 years of government service, the Duke of Devonshire his is the fourth longest ministerial career in modern British politics. The life of Spencer Compton, eighth duke of Devonshire, online vol 1 and online vol 2 Parry, Jonathan

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Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
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Cavendish was born the eldest son of a noble family in London, and educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge. After the death of his father in 1891, he entered politics and he held that seat until he inherited his uncles dukedom in 1908. Thereafter, he took his place in the House of Lords, while, for a period at the time, acting as mayor of Eastbourne. He held various government posts both prior to and after his rise to the peerage. In 1916 he was appointed general by King George V, on the recommendation of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, to replace Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. He occupied that post until succeeded by Lord Byng of Vimy in 1921, the appointment was initially controversial but, by the time of his return to England, the Duke had earned praise for the way in which he carried out his official duties. Cavendishs younger brother was Lord Richard Cavendish and his uncles were Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, Cavendish was educated at Eton College before being admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on 30 May 1887, where he served as secretary of the Pitt Club. During his years at Cambridge, Cavendish served part-time with the Derbyshire Yeomanry and he was promoted Major in September 1901 and retired from the Yeomanry in 1911. On 30 July 1892, Cavendish married Lady Evelyn FitzMaurice, the daughter of the Marquess of Lansdowne, Viceroy of India. The couple thereafter had seven children, Edward, Marquess of Hartington, Lady Maud Louisa Emma, Lady Blanche Katharine, Lady Dorothy, Lady Rachel, Lord Charles Arthur Francis, and Lady Anne. Through his childrens marriages, Cavendish became the father-in-law of Henry Philip Hunloke, James Stuart, Harold Macmillan. For seventeen years Cavendish held parliamentary positions, between 1900 and 1903, he acted as Treasurer of the Household, from 1903 to 1905 as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and on 11 December 1905 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1907, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Derbyshire and, from 1908, acted as Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters. When he succeeded to his uncles dukedom on 24 March 1908, Devonshire, as he was known, was disqualified from holding his seat in the commons. The same year, Devonshire was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire and he was then elected to two mayoral offices, first to that of Eastbourne, between 1909 and 1910, and then Chesterfield, from 1911 to 1912. Following the war, he became Honorary Colonel and Commandant of the Derbyshire Volunteer Regiment of the Volunteer Training Corps in 1918, the appointment caused political problems as Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden had not been consulted on the matter, contrary to practice well established by that time. In that era, there was social unrest in the country, at all times, Devonshire was careful to consult with his prime minister and the leaders of His Majestys Loyal Opposition in Canada on matters related to conscription and the war effort. Devonshire took an active interest in the lives of Canadians, there, on the grounds of the royal residence, during the winters, the Devonshires also hosted tobogganing and skating parties, as well as hockey matches

32.
Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire
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Edward William Spencer Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, KG MBE TD, known as Marquess of Hartington from 1908 to 1938, was a British politician. He was the head of the Devonshire branch of the House of Cavendish and he had careers with the army and in politics and was a senior Freemason. His sudden death, apparently of an attack at the age of fifty-five. He was born in the Parish of St George in the East, Stepney, London, the son of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire and he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was, after his fathers death, the owner of Chatsworth House, the then Marquess of Hartington began service with the Territorial Army as a second lieutenant in the Derbyshire Yeomanry in 1913. Mobilised at the outbreak of the First World War, he was an aide-de-camp on the Personal Staff at the British Expeditionary Forces General Headquarters, in 1916, when promoted captain, he rejoined his regiment, in Egypt, and served in the latter stages of the Dardanelles campaign. He then returned to France, became attached to Military Intelligence, then to the War Office and the British Military Mission in Paris, in 1919 he served on the British peace delegation that attended the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and was awarded the MBE. He also became a knight of the French Legion of Honour and he continued serving after the war with his regiment, which became 24 Armoured Car Company of the Royal Tank Regiment in 1923. He was promoted major in 1932, and became lieutenant colonel in command in 1935 and he was awarded the Territorial Decoration. He was also Honorary Colonel of the 6th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters from 1917 to 1937, and of its successor and he was subsequently a minister in Winston Churchills wartime government as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, for India and Burma and for the Colonies. He also served in Derbyshire local government and he was appointed a JP for the county in 1917, and a Deputy Lieutenant in 1936, ultimately becoming the countys Lord Lieutenant from 1938 until his death. He also served as Mayor of Buxton in 1920-21 and he was Chairman of the Overseas Settlement Board in 1936 and was High Steward of the University of Cambridge and Chancellor of the University of Leeds from 1938 until 1950. He also had company directorships with The Alliance Insurance Company of Britain and he served as President of the Zoological Society of London in 1948. He was a freemason and was Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England from 1947 to 1950, the Dukes sister Lady Dorothy was married to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The Dukes younger brother Lord Charles Cavendish was married to dancer Adele Astaire, in 1917 he married Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil, granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. They had five children, William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, married to Kathleen Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy. Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, later Marquess of Hartington, married to Michael Lambert Tree On 26 November 1950, he suffered a heart attack and died in Eastbourne in the presence of his general practitioner, Dr John Bodkin Adams, the suspected serial killer. Despite the fact that the duke had not seen a doctor in the 14 days before his death, Adams signed the death certificate stating that the Duke died of natural causes

33.
Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire
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He was a minister in the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, but is best known for opening Chatsworth House to the public. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, Cavendish served in the British Army during World War II. Having attended an Officer Cadet Training Unit, he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards as a lieutenant on 2 November 1940. On 7 December 1944, while holding the rank of acting captain, he was awarded the Military Cross in recognition of gallant, the action took place on 27 July 1944 when his company was cut off for 36 hours in heavy combat near Strada, Italy. He held the rank of major at the end of the war, in later life, he took on a number of honorary positions within the military. On 2 December 1953, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of a Territorial Army unit of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, on 2 October 1981, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Manchester and Salford Universities Officers Training Corps. He relinquished this appointment on 2 January 1985, Cavendish ran unsuccessfully as a National Liberal candidate for Chesterfield in the 1945 general election and as a Conservative for the same seat in 1950. He was Mayor of Buxton from 1952 to 1954 and he once said that these appointments by his uncle, Harold Macmillan, the then-prime minister, were the greatest act of nepotism ever. He joined the Social Democratic Party shortly after its foundation in 1981 and he then sat as a crossbencher during his rare appearances in the House of Lords. His autobiography, Accidents of Fortune, was published just before his death in 2004, the duke had many disputes over the years with the ramblers who used the paths near Chatsworth. Eventually though, in 1991, he signed an agreement with the Peak National Park Authority opening 1,300 acres of his estate to walkers and he said that everyone was welcome in my back garden. The dukes real estate holdings were vast, in addition to Chatsworth he also owned Lismore Castle in Ireland and Bolton Abbey in North Yorkshire. He also owned the bookshop Heywood Hill and the gentlemans club Pratts and he was a major collector of contemporary British art, known especially for his patronage of Lucian Freud. The duke was listed at number 73 in the Sunday Times Sunday Times Rich List of the richest people in Great Britain in 2004, in 1941 Cavendish married the Hon. Deborah Mitford, one of the Mitford sisters. The Duke, however, claimed much of his marriages success was due to the Duchesss tolerance. The Duchess, as chatelaine, was responsible for the success of Chatsworth as a commercial endeavour. Cavendish and his wife had six children, three of whom died in infancy, the three surviving children were a son, Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire, and two daughters, Lady Emma Cavendish and Lady Sophia Topley. Mark Cavendish Lady Emma Cavendish, married Hon. Tobias Tennant, son of Christopher Grey Tennant and they have three children and ten grandchildren, Isabella Tennant she married Piers Hill, son of Simon Hill, on 9 August 1997

34.
Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire
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Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire KCVO CBE DL is a British peer. He is the surviving son of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire and his wife. He succeeded to the following the death of his father on 3 May 2004. Prior to this succession, he was styled Marquess of Hartington, the duke is worth an estimated £800 million. He attended Eton College and Exeter College, Oxford, where he read History, the duke is well known in the world of horse racing and served as Her Majestys Representative at Ascot and chairman of Ascot Racecourse Ltd. In 1980 he was elected to the Jockey Club and in 1989 he was appointed its Senior Steward and he was appointed first chairman of the board in June 1993 and retired at the end of his term in 1996. He was appointed a Trustee of the Wallace Collection in 2007 and he is a trustee of Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust. He is Chairman of the Devonshire Arms Hotel Group, a chain of hotels in North Yorkshire and Derbyshire. He collects modern British and contemporary painting and sculpture, as well as works in other areas, the Duke and Duchess and the house and estate grounds were featured in the BBC documentary series Chatsworth. In December 2012, he sold Auxiliary cartoon for the Head of a Young Apostle by Raphael for £29. 7m at a Sothebys auction, as of 2016 he is the owner of Heywood Hill, a notable bookstore in London. He took up the position as the third Chancellor of the University of Derby at a ceremony on 28 October 2008 in Buxton. The range of Cavendish Pianos were named after the name of the Duke to recognise his support which was critical to the establishment of the new firm. On 28 June 1967 the future Duke married Amanda Carmen Heywood-Lonsdale, daughter of Commander Edward Gavin Heywood-Lonsdale and they have three children and eight grandchildren, William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington, married Laura Roundell on 31 March 2007. They have four children, Jake Carter Alfie Carter Ned Carter Willa Carter Lady Jasmine Nancy Cavendish and this mirrored the view of his mother, who had said titles are meaningless because peers are no longer legislators. This was dismissed as nonsense by Lord Ferrers, who disagreed with the Dukes claims that the aristocracy was dead. It is not known how serious he was in his intention,27 April 1944 –10 September 1944, Peregrine Cavendish, Esq

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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

36.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format

William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman and politician, known as a royalist supporter. The eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Christiana, hobbess translation of Thucydides is dedicated to Cavendish, and from 1634 to 1637 he travelled abroad with the philosopher. Cavendish was created a Kni

William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire was an English nobleman, politician, and courtier. The second son of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick, he was educated with the children of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and she made him a rich allowance in his youth. He then entered Clare College, Cambridge and he was M. P. for Liverpool

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William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire

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The Cavendish Memorial in St Peter's Church, Edensor

House of Commons of England
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In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium that advised the English monarch in medieval times and this royal council, meeting for short periods, included ecclesiastics, noblemen, as well as represen

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Interior of the House of Commons In Session by Peter Tillemans, c. 1710

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Royal coat of arms of England (1509-1554) with English lion and Welsh dragon

House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britai

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Queen Anne addressing the House of Lords, c. 1708–14, by Peter Tillemans

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An early 19th-century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre.

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The rejection of the People's Budget, proposed by David Lloyd George (above), precipitated a political crisis in 1909.

Thomas Hobbes
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Thomas Hobbes, in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which established the social theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. Thomas Hobbes was born a

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Thomas Hobbes

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Frontispiece from De Cive (1642)

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Frontispiece of Leviathan

Chatsworth House
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Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire, England. It is in the Derbyshire Dales, about 3.5 miles north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles west of Chesterfield and it is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire and has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549. Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent, Chatsworth looks across to the low hills

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The River Derwent, Bridge and House at Chatsworth

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The West Front of Chatsworth from Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus

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Painted Room

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State Bedroom

Grand Tour
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The custom flourished from about 1660, until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served as a rite of passage. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills, in addition, it provided the only op

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The interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century, painted by Giovanni Paolo Panini

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The Grand Tourist, like Francis Basset, would become familiar with Antiquities, though this altar is the invention of the painter Pompeo Batoni, 1778. [citation needed]

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Portrait of Douglas, 8th Duke of Hamilton, on his Grand Tour with his physician Dr John Moore and the latter's son John. A view of Geneva is in the distance where they stayed for two years. Painted by Jean Preudhomme in 1774.

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Northerners found the contrast between Roman ruins and modern peasants of the Roman Campagna an educational lesson in vanities [citation needed] (painting by Nicolaes Pietersz Berchem, 1661, Mauritshuis)

Thucydides
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Thucydides was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC and his text is still studied at both universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue remains a work of international relations theory while Pericles Funeral Oration is

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Plaster cast bust of Thucydides (in the Pushkin Museum). From a Roman copy (located at Holkham Hall) of an early 4th Century BC Greek original.

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The ruins of Amphipolis as envisaged by E. Cousinéry in 1831: the bridge over the Strymon, the city fortifications, and the acropolis

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Bust of Pericles

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The Acropolis in Athens

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. His acts started the Thirty Years War, Ferdinands aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and to suppress Protestantism. He was born at Graz, the son of Charles II, Archduke of Austria and

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Ferdinand II

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Ferdinand II, 1626

Dutch Republic
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It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Seven Provinces, Federated Dutch Provinces, most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of H

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Dutch East-India trading ship 1600

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Flag

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Onrust Island near Batavia, 1699

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Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, 1653

Henrietta Maria
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Henrietta Maria of France was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two successors, Charles II and James II. Her Roman Catholicism made her unpopular in England, and also prohibited her from being crowned in an Anglican service, the execution of King Charles in 1649 left her impoverishe

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Portrait by Anthony van Dyck

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Signature

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Henrietta Maria as a young princess of France

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Henrietta Maria and King Charles I with their two eldest surviving sons, Charles, Prince of Wales, and James, Duke of York, painted by Anthony van Dyck, 1633. The greyhound symbolises the marital fidelity between Charles and Henrietta.

George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
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George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, KG, was an English courtier, statesman, and patron of the arts. He was a favourite—and a lover—of King James I, George Villiers was born in Brooksby, Leicestershire, on 28 August 1592, the son of the minor gentleman Sir George Villiers. His mother Mary, daughter of Anthony Beaumont of Glenfield, Leicestershi

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His Grace The Duke of Buckingham KG

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Villiers as Lord High Admiral, a portrait by Daniel Mytens the Elder, 1619

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Peter Paul Rubens, an equestrian portrait of the Duke as a mailed warrior, 1625

Sir Dudley Digges
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Sir Dudley Digges was an English diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1610 and 1629. He was also a Virginia adventurer, an investor who ventured his capital in the Virginia Company of London, Digges was the son of the mathematician Sir Thomas Digges of Digges Court, Barham, Kent and his wife Anne St Leger, daughter of War

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Sir Dudley Digges

Bishopsgate
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Bishopsgate is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and also the name of a major road between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate in the northeast corner of Londons main financial district. Bishopsgate is named one of the original eight gates in the London Wall. The site of this gate is marked by a stone bishops mitre, fixed high upon a buil

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Bishopsgate-Street Ward in 1720.

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A circa 1650 print of the gate

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Looking north from a pedestrian bridge across Bishopsgate in 2004.

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Looking south from Norton Folgate down Bishopsgate.

Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss
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Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss PC was a Scottish lawyer and judge. Kinloss was the son of Edward Bruce of Blairhall and Alison Reid. He served as a Lord of Session from 1597 to 1603 and was created Lord Kinloss in 1602, with remainder to his heirs and assigns whatsoever. He played an important role in King James VIs succession to the throne of Engl

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Lord Kinloss.

Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick
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Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Robert Rich was the eldest son of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick and Frances, daughter of Sir William Hatton. Rich, as Baron Rich, of Leighs, Essex, joined King Charles I at York, but never bore arms, and his father, the second earl, died in April 1658, passi

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Arms of Rich: Gules, a chevron between three crosses botonée or

Charles Cavendish (general)
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Charles Cavendish was an English royalist general, killed at the battle of Gainsborough. He was second son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Christiana, born on 30 May 1620, in 1638 he was sent abroad to travel with a governor, visiting Cairo and Turkey. He returned to England in May 1641, and then served in a campaign under

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Charles Cavendish (1620–1643)

Public domain
–
The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have

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Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition

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L.H.O.O.Q. (1919). Derivative work by the Dadaist Marcel Duchamp based on the Mona Lisa.

Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen pers

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George Murray Smith conceived of the DNB, subsidised it, and saw it finally into print before he died in 1901.

Parliament of England
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The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War, the Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. W

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Parliament of England

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Royal coat of arms of England, 1558–1603

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Medieval parliament

Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury
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Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, 7th Earl of Waterford, KG was a peer in the peerage of England. He was the eldest surviving son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, by the latters first marriage to Gertrude Manners, daughter of the first Earl of Rutland. In 1568, Gilbert was married to Mary Cavendish, daughter of his new stepmother, Be

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The 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, 1596

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle
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William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne KG KB PC was an English polymath and aristocrat, having been a poet, equestrian, playwright, swordsman, politician, architect, diplomat and soldier. At first a courtier of James I of England, Cavendish would later strike up friendships with Charles I of England and he was created Marquess of Newcas

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The Duke of Newcastle

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Welbeck Abbey in the 17th century

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Le Parc de Welbeck, after Abraham van Diepenbeeck

Duke of Devonshire
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Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family. Although modern usage outside of the county itself now rarely refers to Devon as Devonshire, despite the title of the dukedom and the subsidiary title, the earldom of Devonshire, the family estates are centred in Derbyshire. The title Duke of Devonshire

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St Peter's Church, Edensor, Cavendish family plot with the graves of the Dukes of Devonshire

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire
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Cavendish was the son of William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire and his wife Lady Elizabeth Cecil. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Derbyshire in the Cavalier Parliament and he was a Whig under Charles II of England and James II of England and was leader of the anti-court and anti-Catholic party in the House of Commons, where he

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First Lord of the Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Leader of the House of Commons

William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC was a British nobleman and Whig politician, the son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire and the Hon. On 27 March 1718 he married Catherine Hoskins, or Hoskyn and they had seven children, Lady Caroline Cavendish, who married William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough and had issue. William Ca

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William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire

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Southern Secretary

William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
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He was the first son of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire and Catherine Hoskins. He was elected MP for Derbyshire in 1741 and 1747, Devonshire was a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole and, after Walpoles fall from power, of the Pelhams. Henry Pelham wrote to Devonshires father that he was our mainstay among the young ones, horace Walpole descr

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His Grace The Duke of Devonshire KG PC

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The Duke of Devonshire

William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire
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William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, KG, was a British nobleman, aristocrat, and politician. He was invited to join the Cabinet on three occasions, but declined each offer and he was Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Governor of Cork, and Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire. The 5th Duke is best known for his first wife Georgiana, at the age of ab

William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire
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William George Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire KG, PC, styled Marquess of Hartington until 1811, was a British peer, courtier, nobleman, and Whig politician. Known as the Bachelor Duke, he was Lord Chamberlain of the Household between 1827 and 1828 and again between 1830 and 1834, the Cavendish banana is named after him. Born in Paris, Fr

William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire
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His mother was the Honourable Louisa OCallaghan, daughter of Cornelius OCallaghan, 1st Baron Lismore. He was educated at Eton and the University of Cambridge, attaining the position of Second Wrangler and he became known by the courtesy title Lord Cavendish of Keighley in 1831 when the earldom of Burlington was revived in favour of his grandfather.

Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire
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He has the distinction of having served as leader of three political parties. He also declined to become Prime Minister on three occasions, not because he was not a politician but because the circumstances were never right. Devonshire was the eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington, who succeeded his cousin as Duke of Devonshire in

Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
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Cavendish was born the eldest son of a noble family in London, and educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge. After the death of his father in 1891, he entered politics and he held that seat until he inherited his uncles dukedom in 1908. Thereafter, he took his place in the House of Lords, while, for a period at the time, acting as m

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His Grace the Duke of Devonshire KG GCMG GCVO TD PC JP FRS

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Chatsworth House, which Cavendish inherited upon acceding to the Dukedom of Devonshire in 1908

Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire
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Edward William Spencer Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, KG MBE TD, known as Marquess of Hartington from 1908 to 1938, was a British politician. He was the head of the Devonshire branch of the House of Cavendish and he had careers with the army and in politics and was a senior Freemason. His sudden death, apparently of an attack at the age of fif

Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire
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He was a minister in the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, but is best known for opening Chatsworth House to the public. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, Cavendish served in the British Army during World War II. Having attended an Officer Cadet Training Unit, he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards

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Portrait by Allan Warren

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Andrew Cavendish at a reception given by the Agent-General for Northern Nigeria

Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire
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Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire KCVO CBE DL is a British peer. He is the surviving son of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire and his wife. He succeeded to the following the death of his father on 3 May 2004. Prior to this succession, he was styled Marquess of Hartington, the duke is worth an estimated £800 million.

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Barons Cavendish of Hardwick

Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transition

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Screenshot 2012

Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library netw