..Recent research has demonstrated that clinical depression can emerge as early as the preschool period. Here, we examine brain function in children with a history of preschool-onset depression (PO-MDD) in comparison with healthy children...

Measurement issues in the use of cognitive neuroscience tasks in drug development for impaired cognition in schizophrenia: a report of the second consensus building conference of the CNTRICS initiative

..This article provides a brief overview of work comparing cognitive function across the nonaffective and affective psychoses and highlights areas of similarity and dissimilarity in the role cognition plays in these disorders...

The relationships among cognition, motivation, and emotion in schizophrenia: how much and how little we know

..Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are intrinsic features of schizophrenia by assessing basal ganglia volume and shape in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects...

..Our findings suggest that disturbances in emotional processing in schizophrenia relate to alterations in emotion-cognition interactions rather than to the perception and subjective experience of emotion per se...

Identifying cognitive mechanisms targeted for treatment development in schizophrenia: an overview of the first meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Initiative

..The articles in this special section report on the results of the first conference, which used a criterion-based consensus-building process to develop a set of cognitive constructs to be targeted for translation efforts...

Factors mediating cognitive deficits and psychopathology among siblings of individuals with schizophrenia

..Fundamental questions include whether this error-related activation provides a signal contributing to behavioral control and, given generally poorer performance on such tasks by addicts, whether this signal is disrupted in addiction...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that age-related impairments in goal maintenance abilities cause a compensatory shift in older adults from a proactive (seen in young adults) to a reactive cognitive control strategy...

..These findings demonstrate that atypical sgACC functional connections are evident as early as school age in children with a history of PO-MDD and suggest an association with a very early episode of depression...

Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

..The relatives of individuals with schizophrenia exhibit deficits of overall frontal lobe volume, consistent with a genetic contribution to these deficits...

BOLD correlates of trial-by-trial reaction time variability in gray and white matter: a multi-study fMRI analysis

Tal YarkoniDepartment of Psychology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of AmericaPLoS ONE 4:e4257. 2009

..Using a multi-study approach, we investigated whether there are brain regions that show a general relationship between trial-by-trial RT variability and activation across a range of cognitive tasks...

Emotion responsivity, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia

..Investigation of neural activity during emotional experience may help clarify whether symptoms of anhedonia more likely reflect alterations of in-the-moment hedonic experience or impairments in other aspects of goal-directed behavior...

When less is more: TPJ and default network deactivation during encoding predicts working memory performance

..However, we found that Incidental encoding did not improve free recall in schizophrenia participants and abnormal brain activity in some regions was observed, despite improvements in recognition memory...

Prefrontal cortex function in nonpsychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia

..A recent neuroimaging study by Dosenbach et al. offers a set of novel methodological tools to examine this issue and uncovers new candidate brain regions for a core system that might implement task sets...

Performance on an episodic encoding task yields further insight into functional brain development

..These results demonstrate the contribution of cognitive control mechanisms to temporally extended decision-making paradigms and highlight the benefits of decomposing activation responses into sustained and transient components...

Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration

..Delay/disruption in the developmental processes of segregation and integration may play a role in disorders of control, such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette's syndrome...

Thalamic shape abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia and their nonpsychotic siblings

..The results suggest that context processing may be composed of functionally dissociable components and point to the utility of this construct in understanding the timecourse of cognitive decline in healthy and pathological aging...

..Previous research has indicated that symptom severity and amygdala reactivity during the viewing of facial expressions of emotion are related in depression. However, it remains unclear how early in development this can be detected...

Hippocampal shape and volume changes with antipsychotics in early stage psychotic illness

..In summary, right parietal and cerebellar regions important in mediating specific aspects of the GNG task were modulated by levodopa, suggesting a region-specific role for dopamine in response inhibition...

Subclinical expression of schizophrenia-like symptoms in non-psychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia

Matthew J SmithSchizophr Res 103:324-5. 2008

Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum

..These findings, which are quite similar to those previously reported in patients with schizophrenia, suggest that context processing deficits are specific to the schizophrenia spectrum and are not a reflection of overall psychopathology...

..The sensitivity of the AX-CPT to cognitive aging is discussed in the context of existing theories of cognitive aging. The authors suggest that deficits in context processing and utilization may underlie cognitive aging phenomena...

..These results indicate that SBR provides significant advantages over affine VBR when analyzing cortical fMRI activations. Furthermore, these improvements can be even greater in disorders that have associated structural abnormalities...

Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative

..In this article, the authors present data from 2 studies using phonologic and category fluency tasks to demonstrate that the critical factor for task selection and matching is discriminating power, not task difficulty...

..The current study used a similar paradigm to determine whether siblings of individuals with schizophrenia (SIBs) also show increases in brain activity when presented with beneficial encoding strategies...

Anhedonia and the experience of emotion in individuals with schizophrenia