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Science C2 Topic 4

How do ionic compounds form and what is the relative melting/ boiling point, relative solubility in water and ability to conduct electricity?

Formed when a metal loses electrons to become a cation and a non-metal gains electrons to become an anion. High melting and boiling points. Many are water soluble. Conduct electricity when molten/ in a solution.

How do simple molecular covalent compounds form and what is the relative melting/ boiling point, relative solubility in water and ability to conduct electricity?

Atoms share electrons to gain full outer shells and are joined by covalent bonds. Low melting and boiling points. Some are water soluble. Don't conduct electricity.

How do giant molecular covalent compounds form and what is the relative melting/ boiling point, relative solubility in water and ability to conduct electricity?

Billions of atoms share electrons to get full outer shells and are held together by covalent bonds. High melting/ boiling points. None are water soluble. Don't conduct electricity (apart from graphite)

What is the structure of metals?

Metals are a regular arrangement of positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea of electrons' that are delocalised and move around the positive ions randomly

What are some properties of metals + reasons?

* malleable because layers can slide without fracturing the structure as the delocalised electrons maintain strong bonds * good electrical conductors as the delocalised electrons carry the charge.
* good heat conductors as electrons transfer the energy

Where are transition metals found in the periodic table and what are their properties?

They are found in the central block of the periodic table and they form coloured compounds and have high melting points

Where are alkali metals found in the periodic table- what does this show?

Does the reactivity alkali metals increase or decrease as you go down the group and why?

Increase, because the outer electrons of the lower elements are further from the nucleus and aren't held on as strongly, as the forces between the positive and negative charges are weaker

Where are halogens found in the periodic table- what does this show?

They are found in group 7 of the periodic table, so they have 7 electrons in their outer shells

What is the colour and state of fluorine at room temperature?

Pale yellow, gas

What is the colour and state of chlorine at room temperature?

Green, gas

What is the colour and state of bromine at room temperature?

Brown, liquid

What is the colour and state of iodine at room temperature?

Grey, solid

What is formed when halogens react with metals?

Metal halides

Does the reactivity halogens increase or decrease as you go down the group?

Decrease

What is formed when halogens react with hydrogen?

Hydrogen halides, which dissolve in water to form acids

What happens in a displacement reaction?

A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halide in an aqueous solution

Where are noble gases found in the periodic table- what does this show?

Group 0/8- this means they have a full outer shell so are inert and react with very little

Explain the discovery of the noble gases

Scientists noticed that nitrogen produced from a reaction was less dense than nitrogen from air by removing other gases. They hypothesised that there was a denser gas with the nitrogen from the air. They carried out experiments and discovered argon.

What are some uses of noble gases?

Xenon and argon were formerly used in filament lamps as they are inert. Argon is used in fire-extinguishing as it is nonflammable. Helium has a low density so balloons and airships are filled with it. Argon and helium are used in welding as they are inert