SOMNIUM

Johannes Kepler's Somnium seu Opus Posthimumum de Astronomia Lunari combines a fantasy narrative of a voyage to the moon with a highly detailed account of the apparent movements of heavenly bodies as seen from there. Written over a number of years and published after his death by his son Ludwig in 1635, it includes Kepler's own technical annnotations, which make up more than half the work. The clearest Latin text is the 1858 edition available at https://archive.org/details/operaomniaedidit81kepluoft Kepler scholar Edward Rosen produced the best translation so far available, including all Kepler's notes and others by the editor himself. Although there is a preview available on Google books at https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=OdCJAS0eQ64C this only includes the narrative itself (with one or two gaps) and about a third of the astronomer's notes. Both notes and story are translated in full – though not always reliably – by Falardeau at https://dspace2.creighton.edu/xmlui/handle/10504/109241 Tom Metcalfe provides a chunked Latin text with following English translation for just under half of the story at ​https://somniumproject.wordpress.com/somnium/

The Word file below contains the Latin text of the main story (excluding Kepler's own notes) with interlinear translation, explanatory notes of my own and illustrations, with the earlier chapter divisions corresponding to those of Tom Metcalfe. Recordings of the story are being added as is a corrected copy of the text on this web-page itself. The numbers in the text preceded by `^' (^1, ^2 etc.) are indicators to Kepler's own footnoted which may be added later. The number in blue refer to my own notes below each section of the text.

II.Mihi Duracōtō 1 nōmen est, patria Islandia ^2, quam veterēs Thūlēn[6] dīxēre,[7] To-me Duracotus name is country Iceland which ancients Thule calledmāter erat Fiolxhildis [8]^3, quae nuper mortua [9]^4, scrībendī mihi peperit licentiam,mother was Fiolxhilde who recently dead of-writing for-me has-brought permissioncujus reī cupiditāte prīdem arsī. Dum vīveret, hoc diligenter ēgit, nē scrīberem ^5.of-which thing from-desire earlier I-burned while she-lived this diligently she-secured that-not I-should-writeDīcēbat enim, multōs esse perniciōsōs ōsōres artium ^6 quī quod prae hebetūdineShe-said for many to-be pernicious haters of-arts who what from slowness​[1] Rudolph II, a member of the Habsburg dynasty, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1576 to 1612. Hungary was part of his dominions but after its people, exhausted by a never-ending war against Turkey, revolted, his family in 1605 forced him to put his brother, Archduke Matthias, in charge of Hungarian affairs. In 1608, after Rudolph opposed Matthias’s concessions to the Turks and the Hungarian rebels, his brother forced him to cede the thrones of both Hungary and Austria to him. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor Matthias also assisted Bohemian (i.e. Czech) Protestant rebels against Rudolph and supplanted him as King of Bohemia in 1611. Rudolph had a great interest in astrology and both Kepler and Tycho Brahe enjoyed his patronage.[2] Taking actionēs as subject, this means that their actions caused people to recall events in Bohemia. Alternatively, actiōnēs is object and the subject is `they’ (people in general) implicit in referrent .[3]Bohemica legenda: gerundive phrase, most naturally translated into English with a gerund: `reading Bohemian material’[4] Libussa was a mythical Czech ruler who had faced a revolt by males.[5] The word virāgō (a war-like, heroic woman) has been used in literary English and is also the name of a well-known feminist publish company (https://www.virago.co.uk/)[6]Thūlē is described in classical authors as an island in the far north of Europe and this is generally taken as a reference to Iceland or to Mainland, the largest island in the Shetlands.[7]dīxēre = dīxērunt.[8] Kepler, whose own mother was accused of witchcraft in 1620, explains he combined the name `Fiolx’ for places in Iceland on an old map and the `hilda’ element in names such as `Brunhilda’. `Fiolx’’ might be a misreading of `fjörđr’ (`fjord’)[9] English would prefer an abstract subject: `whose recent death’.

[1] Hekla, a large volcano in the south of Iceland, known in the Middle Ages as the `Gateway to Hell.’ Kepler himself in his note 2 mentions the idea that Hekla was actually the gateway to Purgatory, a notion probably derived from the writings of the 16th century Swedish bishop Olaus Magnus (see Rosen, Kepler’s Somnium pg, 48, fn,76, https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=OdCJAS0eQ64C )[2]fuerint absorptī (with perfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb itself) is an alternative to the more usual sint absorptī (present subjunctive auxiliary producing the perfect subjunctive verb phrase). The subjunctive is required by the subordinate clauses within reported speech.[3] The Feast of the Birth of St. John the Baptist on 24 June.[4]hōrīs: ablative plural for length of time, instead of classical accusative, is also found in the Vulgate.

[1]revīsendae patriae is a gerundive phrase, literally `of fatherland being revisited’ but more idiomatically translated by an English gerund:`of revisiting my fatherland’, Latin can also use its gerund to express the same idea (revīsendī patriam) but this is considered less elegant[2] Ablative singular of rudis, -e, so qualifying gente, not dignitātem[3]quae olim is short for quae olim faciēbat

[1] The phrase ē vestigiō (`instantly;, `forthwith’) literally means `from its tracks’)[2]adhaerēre, discēdere, percontārī, comparāre and exclāmāre in this sentence are `historical infinitives’ used as an alternative to the imperfect tense to describe a past situation. This construction is quite common in classical Latin though not used by all authors..[3] The subjunctives recēpissem and adiissem are not really necessary here but Kepler may possibly have felt they were needed with historical infinitives as they would be when infinitives are used in reported speech.[4]habēbat comperta: an alternative in very late Latin to the classical pluperfect compererat [5] A contraction of the commoner classical form promptam[6]sit is subjunctive, either because it is in a relative clause within reported speech or because the clause is felt to be one of characteristic (`who was the kind of person who could leave..’ Because the historic infinitive is an equivalent of the imperfect tense, the imperfect subjunctive (esset) might have been expected here in classical Latin.[7] Subjunctive is the indirect question quōs….dīremt.[8] Contracted form of dīrempta[9] Contraction of classical sumptō[10] prōspectum presumably refers to a vision of the truth or to insight, less likely to possibilities or opportunities, a sense in which English would use the plural `prospects’.

[1]conversor in earlier Latin means `associate with’ but Kepler may be using it here in the narrower English sense of `converse’.[2] Kepler writes in his own notes 35 and 36 that he was definitely thinking of Urania, the Muse of astronomy, and that the number nine might have been suggested by the traditional list of nine Muses. [3]fandō, literally `by saying’ (ablative of gerund from for, fārī, fātus sum), i.e. by word-of-mouth,[4]Levānia was chose as an approximation to livana , one of the Hebrew words for `moon’ Kepler felt that Hebrew, being more exotic than Greek, conveys a greater air of mystery.[5] This 2nd. conjugation verb appears to be an elsewhere unattested alternative to cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessum and was presumable formed on the analogy of the base verb sedeō.[6]ad audiendam..ratiōnem et..dēscriptiōnem: another gerundive phrase (see note 21 above).

[1] Ablative absolute (`with the sun having been buried,,’)[2] Lewis & Short describe seorsim as an erroneous spelling of seorsum (separately, in seclusion)[3] i.e ēnuūntiātīs (perfect participle of ēnūntiō (1))[4] Although orior (orītī, ortus sum) and its compounds belong to the 4th conjugation, the vowel in the 3rd. person sing. of the present tense passive is regularly short.[5]īnfit (`begins (to speak)) is a defective verb, normally only found in the 3rd. person singular of the present tense.

[1] The term German mile`(miliāre Germānicum) was used for several measure of distance but Kepler’s own note 53 explains he is using the `German geographical mile’, defined as 1/15 of a degree of longitude at the equator, or approximately 4.61 English miles. 50,000 of these units is equivalent to 230,545 miles, compared with the 238,855 mile actual average distance of the moon from the earth.[2] The phrase pānis biscoctus is used by Marco Polo for wafers made by the inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula from salted fish but here presumably means `hardtack’, i.e biscuits or crackers made from flour and water, which were staple food for sailors at this time. Kepler himself lived very frugally and enjoyed gnawing on bones and hard crusts (see Rosen, Kepler’s Somnium, p.15, n.17).[3] The conjunction antequam is here split between the two clauses and ante itself changed to anteā (afterwards). The whole sentence would most naturally be translated `As we are so busy, there is no agreement to go until a lunar eclipse has begun’ but `there is agreement not to go before the start of an eclipse’ makes better sense.’ During such an eclipse, the moon remains within the earth’s shadow for about four hours.[4] nostrī is genitive of object. Only those most devoted to the demons can accompany them.

[1] For this reason, the advice or someone trapped in a free-falling lift is to lie stretched out on the floor to minimise the effect of the impact at the bottom.[2] i.e the demons deal with the first problem (the coldness of space) with their innate magic powers and with the latter (difficulty of breathing) by using sponges.

[1]ut ambulent is a subjunctive result clause: `quite a bit later they recover to the extent that they can walk about.’[2] Kepler explains in his own note that this event (lunar nightfall) occurs about a week after the lunar eclipse during which they arrive. For a lunar eclipse to occur the earth must be in exact alignment between moon and sun, which can only happen at full moon. i.e. when it is mid-day on the side of the moon facing earth.[3] plērumque (generally, frequently ) seems an odd word to use of solar eclipses but Kepler’s note refer to these being more frequent than lunar eclipses.

[1] i.e. `Let this be enough about the journey.’[2] The Subvolvans (`those under Volva [i.e. the earth as seen in the lunar sky]’) are the inhabitants of the side of the moon always turned towards earth and the Privolvans (`those deprived of Volva) live on the far side. Kepler explains in his notes that he chose the name `Volva’ because, unlike the moon itself in our sky, the earth as seen from the moon is turning (volvere) continually.[3] The solstitial colure is an imaginary circle around the earth passing over the poles and through the points on the zodiac at which the sun appears to be at the winter and summer solstices. This intersects at right angles at the poles a similar circle through the apparent locations of the sun at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes

[1] The different figures Kepler gives are for solar and sidereal time respectively, the latter varying slightly from the former because of the shifting position of the earth’s axis. Discovery of the distinction and of the consequent shift in the date of the equinoxes is usually attributed to the 2nd. Century B.C. Greek astronomer Hipparchus.[2] Kepler has somehow got this the wrong way round. Sunrise for the Subvolvans occurs when the sun begins to illuminate their side of the moon (i.e. at the first quarter) and for the Privolvans at the last quarter.[3] Kepler explains in his own note 99 that these lines correspond to earth’s meridians (i.e. lines of longitude) but he has in mind only the two lines down the centre of the two hemispheres (viz the side of the moon facing the earth and the one opposite it.

[1] i.e. the sun is precisely overhead at the lunar equator on the moon’s mid-summer and mid-winter days. The inclination of the moon’s axis to the plane of the elliptic is only 1.5° compared with the earth’s 23.5° (https://www.space.com/55-earths-moon-formation-composition-and-orbit.html) so the apparent north-south movement of the overhead sun through the year is only 3° as against 47° on earth and the difference between seasons is minimal, as Kepler notes in the next paragraph.[2] i.e. in any one place the apparent position of the sun against the zodiac at mid-summer will shift by 180° over ten years.[3] Referring to the moon-dwellers[4] Because the moon revolves only once a month.

[1] The actual figure is only 3° (see note 1 onthe section before indicator ^100 above).[2] i.e. whilst the cyclical progression of the equinoxes takes 2,600 years to complete for the earth, the figures on the moon is only about 19 years. It is not clear why Kepler thinks this difference is a consequence of the moon having equinoxes and solstices analogous to the earth’s

[1]penes (`in the possession of, among’) is used here with the ablative, but in classical Latin with the accusative.[2] Kepler explains in his note that as the moon’s distance from the earth is one 59th of the earth’s from the sun, at midday for the Privolvans (which occurs when the moon is new and directly between earth and sun) they were that much nearer to the latter than at sunrise and sunset when the moon is at its quarters as it crosses the earth’s orbit. The Subvolvans, on the other, experience midday at full moon, when the earth is between moon and sun and they are thus at further away from the latter than is the earth. The actual ratio is approximately 389:1 not 59:1 (Kepler’s figure for the distance from earth to moon was nearly correct but he drastically underestimated the earth’s distance from the sun.)[3] Clasical spelling: paene.[4] At new moon (midday for the Privolvans) the moon’s orbital motion is in precisely the opposite direction to the earth’s so it’s speed relative to the sun is at minimum. In contrast, at the Subvolvan mid-day, which occurs at full noon, the moon and earth are moving in the same direction so speed relative to the sun is at a maximum.

[1]sibī and ipsī are both normally translated `to self’ (in reflexive and emphatic senses respectively) and when combined mean `to actual self’.[2] Both the Latin of Kepler’s note and the geometry involved are very complex, but the point seems to be that sun’s apparent speed as the moon revolves varies with the change in the moon’s distance from the earth between perigee and apogee. Because the moon’s revolution on its own axis keeps in step with its revolution round the earth, its speed will vary with it’s orbital velocity, which in turn varies with it’s distance from earth.

[1] Anomalous singular verb with plural subject[2] The alative endings show that the adjective perpetuīs qualifies tenebrīs. The nominative horrida goes with nox.[3] Literally `are’ as the subject is the grammatically plural noun tenebrae (darkness)[4] Plural should be singular to agree with singular antecedent diēs.[5] The Quiverans were an Indian tribe in what is now Kansas who murdered a missionary in 1541. Either their territory was regarded as exceptionally cold in winter or the reference is to something completely different.

[1] Kepler is here referring to the moon’s own poles (i.e the ends of its axis of rotation) whose position relative to the ecliptic poles changes over a 19-year cycle, contrasting with the 26,000 years that the earth’s poles take to complete a similar cycle. The word lūnārium is normally the gentive plural of lūnāris, -e (lunar) but Kepler seems to use lūnāria as a plural noun meaning the moon, so quī lūnārium polī means `these lunar polie’.[2] The ecliptic (orbital) poles of a heavenly body are the imaginary points where a line drawn through its centre perpendicular to the plane of its orbit meet the circle of fixed stars (see the diagram on page 14 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_pole). The axis of rotation is normally at an angle to this line (23.5° in the case of the earth, 1.5° (not 5° as Kepler thought) for the moon). The orbital plane (`the ecliptic’) is virtually identical for all the planets of ther solar system as well as the moon and so their northern ecliptical poles are all in the constellation of Draco and the southern ones near the other constellations Kepler mentions The name Xiphias (swordfish) was used in Kepler’s 1627edition of Tycho Brahe’s star list for the constellation also known as Dorado (Portuguese for Xiphias), the name universally used today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorado ). Passer was an early name for the constellation later known as Piscis Volans and, since 1844, simply as Volans (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volans Nubecula referred both to nebulae in general and particularly to the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, galaxies now known to be in orbit around the Milky Way (our own galaxy).[3] The point seems to be that Volva was overhead at the moon’s equator and thus separated by 90° from the lunar pole.[4] Latitude on earth can be determined by measuring the declination of the sun at midday or of the pole star. In Kepler’s day there was no reliable method of determining longitude; the technique he describes was to measure the deviation of magnetic north from true north but knowledge of local variations in this was not sufficient to guarantee an accurate result. As the earth remains in a fixed position relative to the lunar surface, it could be used for calculation of both longitude and latitude on the moon.

[1]clāvus, ī m: this word clearly here means nail but it can elsewhere refer to the embroidered border of a toga or to a rudder.[2] Distinguish plaga (tract, open expanse) from plāga (blow, wound). The latter developed the sense of `pestilence’ by the time of St. Jerome and has the English derivative `plague.’[3] Volva appears stationary in the lunar sky but the moon’s own orbiting around the earth means that every month the latter appears to make a complete circuit through the stars aligned with the ecliptic. The pattern does not, however, remain the same every month because of the shifting position of the moon’s own axis of rotation.

[1]novivolvium ( -ī n), literally `neo-earth’, is a word coined by Kepler for the time when the earth is between moon and sun and so only the earth’s dark side is visible from the moon. The expression intervolvium tempus two lines below refers to the same time. This would be around subvolvan mid-day but Kepler believed that earth would still be visble as a slim crescent (`uptutned horns’) from the lunar poles.[2] The meridian down the centre of the subvolvan region (medivolvānum) has the earth directly overhead all the time and the sun directly above (i.e. mid-day) when earth and sun are in line at novivolvium.​

[1] Those living along the divide (dīvīsor) between the near and far-sides of the moon will have the sun on the horizon when it is right overhead along the medivolvānum, which is directly opposite earth.[2] As already seen, when the sun is in line with the earth as seen from the moon, it will be `new earth’ (i.e. the earth’s surface will not appear illuminated) and also midday along the medivolvānum.[3] Any one point on the earth’s surface takes a lttle longer than one earth day (about 25 hours by Kepler’s calculation) to return to the same position relative to an observer on the moon because the moon itself is moving ahead in its orbit whilst the earth completes one rotation[4]vel is here used with the superlative maximē as an intensifier.[5] prōdit is pobably from prōdō (prōdere, prōdidī, prōditum), `publish, make known, betray’, meaning that the irregularity of the observed motion of other heavenly bodies is made apparent by the regularity of Volva’s. However this verb is identical in the 3rd. person singular with prōdeō (prōdīre, prōdiī, prōditum), `go forward.’. ​

[1] Kepler explains in his own notes that the two halves are the Old World (Asia, Europe and Africa) and the New (North and South America), whilst the Atlantic Ocen and the waters stretching eastwards are the `shining belt.’ He describes the Americas as `brighter’ because the proportion of sea to land is greater there. but explains in his notes that after writing the story he was convinced by Galileo that the oceans would in fact appear darker than land when viewed from space (for the real view, see pg.11).[2]protomē (-ae f), still used as a technical term in architecture, means a bust or miniature head added as decoration. The description is actually of the western side of the `Old World’, which Kepler characterises as `more easterly’( orientior) because the Latin word’s basic meaning is `rising’ and, as the earth rotates from west to east features on its surface `rise’ (oriuntur) from the western edge and `set’ (occidunt) on the eastern one. He therefore similarly states that East Asia versus occidentem prōcurrit `extends `westwards’ (i.e. eastwards!). This reversal of the nomal meanings is explained in Kepler’s notes which also reveal the human head is Africa, the girl about to be kissed [western] Europe, her dress eastern Europe, the extended hand Britain and the leaping cat Scandinavia. In Strabo’s 1st cent. A.D. geography, land east of the River Don, whose mouth is close to the Crimean Peninsulat east of the Crimean peninsula was not regarded as part of Europe proper and Kepler himself seems to exclude the whole region north of the Black Sea, thus extending northwards the dividing line running through Constantinople which has always been regarded as separating Europe and Asia in the south. The term’s extension to include everything up to the Urals only became accepted in the 19th century (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe)[3] The `bell’ is Brazil, which juts out eastwards (`westwards’ from the Levanian perspective) into the Atlantic, and the rope the Isthmus of Panama,[4] Kepler’s own notes are a little confusing here but suprā seems to refer to South America and infrā to the hypothetical continent of `Magellanica’. Named after the Portuguese explorer Magellan, this supposedly occupied a much larger proportion of the then relatively unexplored Southern Hemisphere than is actually covered by Antarctica. The notes explain that uncertainty about this land mass led him to confine detailed description to more northerly areas.​

[1] I.e. close attention to the patterns observable on Volva, together with the difficulty in using the more irregular apparent movements of other heavenly bodies, make Volva the best choice for distinguishing the parts of the year.[2] i.e. at mid-summer.

Summer path of Iceland (here at centre of globe) as seen from the moon. The Arctic Circle should really be shown touching the outer edge of the earth’s face and the intersection would be at the top of the picture on mid-summer day.http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/A/Arctic+Circle​

[1] The mark is Iceland, homeland of the narrator, which is on the Arctic Circle and, when the northern hemisphere is fully inclined towards the sun, moves approximately in the circular path shown in the illustration. The meanings of oriēns and occidēns are reversed as explained in fn. 92 and the girl is Scandinavia (ibid.).[2]nuspiam is a rarer alternative for nusquam[3] At mid-winter, when the earth’s north pole is pointingdirectly away from the sun, no part of the Arctic Circle would be visible from the moon during the subvolvan night.[4] The reference is to the time of the equinoxes, when the sun is in Aries (spring) or in Libra (autumn). Consequently oriente here seems a copyist’s error for Ariete[5] i.e. because of the inclination of the earth’s axis, the position of the poles as observed from space will appear to shift through the year relative to a line perpendicular to the earth’s orbit. This line appears to be what Kelper refers to with the singular polum. At the solstices, when the earth’s poles are pointing directly towards and away from the sun, the axis will appear as lying along the perpendicular to the elliptic for an observer in line with the sun and earth. At the equinoxes, however, the full deviation of 23.5 degrees will be visible.

[1] Under Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, any body orbiting another sweeps out an equal area in an equal length of time and so must move more quickly when nearer the other, as illustrated on this page.The moon’s orbit itself roatates about the earth’s orbit and so perigee (being at the closest point to the earth) can occur at any time during a lunar month. When perigee coincide with full moon, the result is a `Super Moon’, i.e. maximum apparent size,

[1] Kepler explains in his own notes that in a partial eclipse enough light often still reaches the other body to produce a dimming rather than a total obscuration of part of the disc.[2]utrīusque sīderis, literally `of each[out-of-two] star’, referring to the sun and earth. Because the moon’s rotation takes as long as its revolution around the earth, the earth is always above the Subvolvan side of the moon so all eclipses, which involve the earth itself obscuring the sun or being obscured by the moon’s shadow, must be visible to the Subvolvans not the Privolvans. The antipodes means the opposite side of the earth or of any heavenly body and any one point on earth will see only half of the eclipses that occur.[3]Prō eo enim quod: equivalent to `Since for the reason that’

[1] As day for the Subvolvan region is the period when the moon is outside the earth’s own orbit round the sun, the earth is then closer to the sun than is the moon so the sun’s size as it appears from the moon is less than for an observer on earth.. During the Privolvan day (Subvolvan night), in contrast, the moon is inside the earth’s orbit and thus even closer to the sun than earth is. However, the ratio of the earth’s distance from the sun (which Kepler underestimated – see n. 66) to its distance from the moon is so great (approximately 489:1) that the influence on the sun’s apparent size and the heat received at the terrestrial or lunar surface would be hardly perceivable.[2] The belief at this time that much of the moon’s surface is covered with water is reflected in 17th century astronomers’ use of the term maria (seas) for the dark areas now known to be basaltic plains. If there were actual seas on the moon, the combined tidal effect of Volva and sun would indeed affect the distribution of the water, though not so dramatically as Kepler imagines. The sun’s tidal effect on earth is about 44% of the moon’s (see http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tide.html ) and higher (`spring’) tides are produced when the two effects are aligned and lower (`neap’) tides when they counteract each other. However, even the highest tide does not pull all water to one side of the planet,[3] i.e during day on the dark-side of the moon, when the sun is in the privolvan sky and Volva, of course, remains stationary above the subvolvans,

[1] Agent noun from the verb ūrīnor (dive). Both this and ūrīna, -ae f (urine) derive from a root meaning `water.’[2] The original 4th declension dative/ablative plural ending in-ubus was occasionally used in classical Latin, though –ibus had become the standard form.[3] Accusative and infinitive:`that cold [water] lasts’[4] Ablative absolute phrase with present participle: `while the upper waters were very hot from the sun.’

[1] The original meaning of colōnus is a tiller, but it also came to denote a tenant farmer, a settler in a new foundation established by a distant city or just an inhabitant.[2] `Open country’ (following Rosen) is better here as `field’ implies settled cultivation.[3] Supine of deponent verb pabulor (1), `feed’, `forage’, used to express purpose after a verb of motion.[4] This seems to refer to anything that happens to be exposed to the full heat of the sun rather than to living things caught by the inhabitants. Simliarly, the rind or skin presumably drops off naturally rather than being stripped off

[1] The reference is to snakes and other reptiles habit of basking in the sun.[2] Ablative absolute: `after their coverings have been scorched’[3] Ablative absolute: `as if their hiding places have been revealed’.​

[1] This participle (from afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum) would normally means `brought (to a place)’ but its use with the locative Frankfurtī makes bought’ or `acquired’ (Rosen) a beter transnlation.[2] Another ablative absolute: `leaving the Demon narrator and his listeners Duracotus..and Fiolxhildis'

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