In the U.S., early childhood communities and child health sectors are

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1 Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program (MIECHV) Building Health and Early Development With the Pediatric Family-Centered Medical Home DAVID W. WILLIS Division of Home Visiting and Early Childhood Systems, Health Resources Services Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Rockville, Maryland In the U.S., early childhood communities and child health sectors are joining together to address the earliest foundations of health for young children and their families foundations that rest in parent child relationships and the environments within which young children live. These domains are often called the social determinants of health and have been the focus of decades of work in early childhood communities and child health care systems (Braveman & Barclay, 2009; Shonkoff, Boyce, & McEwen, 2009). The new science of early childhood calls for policy and practice transformations to address the origins of life-course health and population health disparities by improving early childhood experiences and mitigating toxic stress (Committee on the Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health & Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, 2012; Halfon & Hochstein, 2002; Shonkoff et al., 2012). Breakthrough strategies are calling for the integration and coordination of evidence-based home visiting programs and pediatric family-centered medical homes to improve the health, development, and well-being of the next generation of young children and their families (Toomey, Cheng, & APA AAP Workgroup on the Family-Centered Medical Home, 2013). Home visiting is voluntary program as a community approach for young families in which well-trained professionals (e.g., nurses, social workers, parent educators, or other professionals) meet with at-risk families in their homes, evaluate the families circumstances and needs, and provide information and guidance related to maternal and child health and development. Home visitors connect families to additional resources and services as necessary to make a real difference in a child s health, development, and ability to learn. The pediatric family-centered medical home has a long-standing tradition of providing children with primary health care that is comprehensive, coordinated, and family-centered, and it seeks to facilitate partnerships among patients, families, clinicians, and community resources and services (Bruner, 2012). The pediatric family-centered medical home delivers comprehensive health care services to all families. In so doing, it ensures children s optimal development and life-course health by being well-coordinated with community services. A patient-centered medical home that is well connected and high functioning can decrease barriers to care, improve family satisfaction, and enhance child and family outcomes (Homer et al., 2008). Abstract President Obama announced his Early Learning Agenda during his Second Inaugural Address. This announcement has galvanized a special focus on early childhood policy and practices, for the prenatal to 5-year-old period, to improve educational outcomes for America s youth. The emergent science of early childhood development places an emphasis on one science for health, education, and social wellbeing and calls for intentional efforts for infants and young children that focus on strengthening the earliest relationships and mitigating effects of toxic stress on life course health and development. Accordingly, innovations in child health reform call for strengthening the pediatric family-centered medical home and for intensive community programs to improve the foundation of health and development. Linking the Affordable Care Act s Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting programs with the pediatric family-centered medical home provides a unique and breakthrough opportunity for improving child and family outcomes. September 2013 Zero to Three 51

2 Photo: istockphoto.com/zurijeta Early childhood communities and child health sectors are joining together to address the earliest foundations of health for young children and their families. Both home visiting and the familycentered medical home are central policy and investment strategies of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA; White House, 2012) and align with the Institute for Healthcare Improvement s Triple Aim (Berwick, Nolan, & Whittington, 2008), a strategy that calls for health care transformations that improve the patient s experience of care, improve the population s health, and reduce the per capita cost of health care. The implementation of the ACA has brought focus to universal health care access for children, high-quality health care delivery, prevention services, integrated health homes, care coordination, efficient chronic disease management, statelevel innovations, integrated data systems, and emerging returns on investment. Thus, practitioners, advocates, and policy leaders are calling for innovation and co-creation of the early childhood health and development systems for the future through the integration and collaboration of home visiting programs and pediatric family-centered medical homes (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] Committee on Community Pediatrics, 2009; Schor, 2007; Toomey et al., 2013). America s Children National surveys in the U.S. have indicated that 23% of children in the United States live in families below the federal poverty level (The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2013); only 48% of poor children (compared with 75% of those with moderate to high incomes) are ready for school at 5 years old (Isaacs, 2012); 33% of all students have below-basic skills in fourth grade reading (as measured by the National Assessment of Educational Progress reading test; The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2012); nationwide, the graduation rate for the class of 2010 was 75%, leaving 25% of students without a high school diploma (Education Weekly, 2013 ); 13% to 20% of children experience a mental health disorder in a given year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). In 2010, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2012); and 9.5% of children have chronic asthma (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2012). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) develop early and disrupt the behavioral and educational readiness of even those preschoolers who are enrolled in Head Start; this is also known as the accumulating ACE burden (Blodgett, personal communication, June 30, 2012). The health and development disparities of poor, non- White child populations remain unrelenting, despite decades of investments and targeted programs. In 2007, the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) published the first international resource to address these disparities (UNICEF, 2007). In this publication, UNICEF provided an overview of child well-being indicators of 20 economically advanced nations, with internationally comparable data for the years 2001 through The United States ranked 20 of 21 tied with the United Kingdom for the lowest ranking. Measurement dimensions of wellbeing included maternal well-being, health, education, and behaviors and risks, with such indicators as infant mortality, educational achievement, obesity, teenage fertility, smoking, alcohol use, fighting, bullying, and self-reported life satisfaction. In April 2013, a second report was released, with data from 2009 and 2010 (UNICEF, 2012). Again, the United States had a low ranking 26 of 29 whereas the United Kingdom ranked 16 of 29, with the Netherlands, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Sweden ranking 1 through 5, respectively. It is striking to note that during the past decade, the United States has made very little progress on general measures of child well-being. The early childhood scientific community has now substantiated the critical importance of the early years in building lifelong heath, education capacity, and social emotional well-being (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2007). The science of early development has found that early experiences are built into children s bodies: Significant adversity (commonly known as toxic stress) can produce physiological disruptions that undermine the body s stress system and affect brain, heart, immune, and metabolic systems, and these physiological disruptions affect lifelong health, mental health, and educational capacities (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2010). The root of health disparities and educational failures lies in the impact of toxic stress on life-course health. The American Academy of Pediatrics has called for fundamental changes in early childhood policy and for the child health community to leverage science to mitigate the negative effects of toxic stress on the life course of young children s development and health (Committee on the Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health & Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, 2012, p. e224). Scientific understanding of early child development now speaks of one science for building health and early education readiness (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2007). Now is the time for translating this early childhood science into public policy (Shonkoff, 2010). In January 2013, President Barack Obama announced his Early Learning Agenda during his second inaugural speech and articulated a vision for improved educational achievement for the next generation of children. This vision, he said, can be accomplished by substantial expansion in the investments in home visiting and high-quality early learning environments. Embedded in this national dialogue is the need to recognize the critical importance of building health, stimulating and safe relationships, and high-quality early learning environments that serve as the foundation for educational readiness and the future workforce (The White House, n.d.). 52 Zero to Three September 2013

3 Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Legislation On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Pub. L. No ) including the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program, authorized under the Social Security Act, Title V, Section 511 (42 USC 711; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012b). This program aims to improve health and developmental outcomes for at-risk children through the implementation of voluntary evidence-based home visiting programs. The MIECHV program is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration in close collaboration with the Administration for Children and Families, which is the main entity responsible for MIECHV s national program evaluation. This groundbreaking legislation authorized a $1.5 billion investment over 5 years to states, territories, and tribal organizations with the explicit goal of advancing the field of maternal child health and development, translating science into policy, and demonstrating data collection frameworks to drive quality improvement practices across this country s early childhood communities. In the legislation, at-risk communities are clearly addressed, with a statutory requirement for grantees to perform a statewide needs assessment and to identify at-risk communities with concentrations of poor birth outcomes, poverty, crime, and domestic violence, as well as high rates of high school dropouts, substance abuse, unemployment, and child maltreatment. Grantees generated plans to effectively implement evidence-based home visiting programs in these at-risk communities and built collaborations across early childhood systems, programs, and communities, often building upon the grant activities of the Maternal Child Health Bureau s Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems from the past decade and the more recent activities of early childhood advisory councils, as part of the Head Start Reauthorization Act of 2007 (Administration for Children and Families, n.d.). The legislation also required that the MIECHV programs develop a plan to collect data so that they could measure progress in each of six benchmark areas and demonstrate quantifiable, measurable improvement in at least four of the benchmark areas at 3 years and all of the benchmarks at 5 years into the grant periods. Each grantee has created a comprehensive evaluation plan for these six benchmarks, selecting from a programmatic set of 35 performance indicator constructs (see box Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program The American system of child health care services occurs within the pediatric familycentered medical home. Benchmarks and Constructs). There are growing efforts to create and align national metrics including MIECHV indices and benchmarks state aggregate data, and the metrics of Children s Health Insurance Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Benchmarks and Constructs The statute for MIECHV requires that all grantees must gather baseline and improvement data on the following six benchmark areas: 1. Improved maternal and newborn health Prenatal care; alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs; preconception care; interbirth intervals; depression screening; breastfeeding; well-child visits; insurance status 2. Prevention of child injuries; child abuse, neglect, or maltreatment; and reduction of emergency department (ED) visits Child ED visits; maternal ED visits; injury prevention; child injuries requiring treatment; suspected child maltreatment; substantiated maltreatment; first-time maltreatment 3. Improvement in school readiness and achievement Parental: Support for learning and development; knowledge of child development; parent child relationship; emotional well-being; Child: Communication level; cognitive skills; positive approach to learning; social behavior and emotional well-being; physical health 4. Reduction in crime or domestic violence Screening for domestic violence; referrals; completed safety plan 5. Improvements in family economic self-sufficiency Household income and benefits; employment or education of adults; health insurance 6. Improvements in the coordination and referrals for other community resources and supports Families identified as requiring services; families receiving referrals; memorandums of understanding with community social service agencies; agencies sharing information with home visiting provider; completed referrals Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2012 Program Reauthorization Act, as examples. These activities will bring a new level of accountability to raise the standards, quality, and reporting of early childhood programs across the country and provide Photo: istockphoto.com/blend_images September 2013 Zero to Three 53

4 Evidence-based home visiting programs allow providers to engage with families individually and continuously beginning prenatally, for 2 to 5 years, depending on the home visiting model. an opportunity to reach a higher goal of improving population-based health and developmental trajectories for America s young children. Currently, state and territory MIECHV programs are using 8 of the 14 evidencebased home visiting models that have been approved by the Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness Review (2012, October; see box Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Evidence-Based Home Visiting Models Evidence of Effectiveness Review; Paulsee, Avellar, Sama Martin, & Del Grosso, 2012). The models chosen by all states and territories vary depending on the populations served and the targeted risks addressed. Seventeen states are implementing only one model, whereas 37 states are implementing multiple models, sometimes with efforts to coordinate universal intake and referral to one particular model, with intentional integrations based on community need. As of July 2013, more than $698 million has been released through 318 grants to 53 state and territories; three nonprofits serving Florida, North Dakota, and Wyoming; and 25 tribal organizations. Year 1 data has been released: As of September 2012, with less than 1 full year of implementation behind it, the national MIECHV had conducted more than 161,000 home visits to 14,796 high-risk families in 544 communities. MIECHV continues to serve many more families, and grantees will report Year 2 data no later than October 30, Early Childhood Science to Practice The MIECHV program brings an unprecedented investment that focuses on building health and development in early childhood, with special emphasis on the earliest period of development when the foundations for Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Evidence-Based Home Visiting Models Evidence of Effectiveness Review The Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness Reviews, conducted by the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program (MIECHV), has approved to date 14 home visiting models. Of those, the following eight have been selected by the states for their MIECHV activities: Healthy Families America (41 states) Nurse Family Partnership (40 states) Parents as Teachers (30 states) Early Head Start Home-Based Option (26 states) Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (9 states) Healthy Steps (3 states) Child FIRST (1 state) Family Check-Up (1 state) The following models were approved but have not been implemented in any states: Early Intervention Programs for Adolescent Mothers Play and Learning Strategies Infant Early Start (New Zealand) The Oklahoma Community-Based Family Resource and Support Program SafeCare Augmented Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home Visiting Programme Sources: HomeVEE (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012a); Paulsee, Avellar, Sama Martin, & Del Grosso, 2012 life-course health and development are established (Hertzman & Boyce, 2010). The long-term impact of early toxic stress for a pregnant mother or for her vulnerable infant s developing brain has now been well established (Shonkoff et al., 2009, 2012). All domains of health and development are built by those proximal hour-by-hour, dayby-day, interactive experiences early in life with attuned, positive caregivers who are ever present. The summation of these experiences becomes embodied in the expectant neurodevelopment of the right brain, autonomic nervous system, limbic brain, stress regulation, emotional regulation, and immunological systems. MIECHV s home visitors have embraced the science of relational experiences in building early brain development, and these visitors use evidence-based models and innovations that mitigate the risks of toxic stress by establishing intentional activities to ensure maternal health and safety, positive mental health, community engagement and social supports, and the critical parent child interactions that must be present, attuned, positive, and attentive if the baby is to have healthy development. The nation s MIECHV investment, largely focused on this critical period, brings this science to the cribside to improve the foundations for life-course health development, education readiness, and social sturdiness while simultaneously addressing the critical self-sufficiency and skill building for vulnerable families. The Pediatric Family-Centered Medical Home The concept of the medical home was first developed by researchers in the field of pediatrics (Sia, Tonniges, Osterhus, & Taba, 2004). The pediatric family-centered medical home is an approach to providing primary care that (a) facilitates partnerships among patients, physicians, and families and (b) is accessible, continuous, comprehensive, patient- and familycentered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally effective. The American system of child health care services occurs within the pediatric family-centered medical home, staffed by a variety of providers including pediatricians, family practitioners, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other support personnel. In order to provide guidelines for quality preventative child health care, Bright Futures was created as a national health promotion curriculum overseen by the AAP, with an articulated focus on children s health needs within the context of family and community (Hagan, Shaw, & Duncan, 2008). Bright Futures program administrators established guidelines for preventative services for 54 Zero to Three September 2013

5 young families and their children with a schedule for recommended well-child care visits throughout childhood. In fact, during the first 3 years of life, Bright Futures recommends 14 well-child visits focused on providing immunizations; monitoring and educating families about growth and development; addressing health, illness, behavior, family, and child-rearing questions; and providing anticipatory guidance about an array of health-promoting topics including nutrition, physical activity, safe sleep, safety precautions, parenting, and so forth. These frequent visits provide an important opportunity for the family and child health care provider to develop an ongoing, meaningful relationship with the family one that is mutually trusting and personal. No other early childhood system touches nearly all young children and their families in the first years of life. This unique opportunity and family provider relationship is built on the mutual commitment of both parties to ensure the healthy growth and development of the child, with equal focus on the strength and capacity of the family to do so. Home Visiting and the Medical Home In a similar way, evidence-based home visiting programs allow providers to engage with families individually and continuously beginning prenatally, for 2 to 5 years, depending on the home visiting model. This relationship with families, developed over time, becomes the core strategy upon which the evidence-based models are built. The possibility for synergy between home visiting and the pediatric family-centered medical home, if integrated and coordinated, offers an important innovation for child health reform and a unique opportunity to build on the strengths of each, working together, for the improvement of child and family health (AAP Committee on Community Pediatrics, 2009; Berwick et al., 2008). Yet, just as the pediatric family-centered medical home seeks to coordinate services and provide continuous and comprehensive care, the success of the MIECHV programs rests solely on the degree to which home visitors can access services for families from additional supports and programs within the local early childhood systems. One of the six statutory benchmarks and goals of the MIECHV program is the successful coordination and referral of families to necessary additional services, programs, and activities that can strengthen families and improve their children s growth and development (see box Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Benchmarks and Constructs ). Striking, too, is the similarity of goals and efforts of the pediatric family-centered medical home and MIECHV both of which seek to promote healthy growth and development for children to strengthen families and parenting practices; to mitigate risks for injury, abuse, and neglect; to promote the foundations of early learning; and to coordinate with other necessary services and programs that meet the needs of children and families. The next step in the evolution of the MIECHV program will be its integration and collaboration with the pediatric family-centered medical home and the possible benefits of this partnership, as noted by the APA AAP Policy Statement on Home Visiting and the family-centered medical home (see box Benefits of the Partnership Between Home Visiting and Family-Centered Medical Home; Berwick et al., 2008). Innovative practices across the country are building on this synergy of home visiting integrated within the medical home. The evidence-based model Healthy Steps has used parent educators and home visiting as an innovative component to pediatric practice for more than a decade, as a way of enhancing parenting skills and child development (Zuckerman, Parker, Benefits of the Partnership Between Home Visiting and Family-Centered Medical Home Sharing information to identify child and family needs, collaborate in educating families, and refer to each other Assisting families in care coordination Facilitating referrals to community resources (e.g., early intervention), medical evaluations (e.g., audiology), and community supports (e.g., parenting groups, nutrition services, social work) Identifying community needs that are important in managing population health Assisting transition across multiple settings (e.g., early intervention, health care, education) Assisting parents and patients in communicating with family-centered medical home providers and preparing for family-centered medical home visits Reinforcing advice and anticipatory guidance given by family-centered medical homes Monitoring of up-to-date immunizations and family-centered medical home visits Fostering cultural and linguistic competence for families and patients because home visiting providers see families in their home environment Identifying nutrition and living condition needs and performing environmental and safety assessments Reinforcing injury prevention strategies Improving identification, treatment, and prevention of parental depression Overseeing and assisting provision of complex health care in the homes of children with serious ongoing health conditions and helping to balance the needs of the affected child with those of other family members Identifying needs for equipment for children with special needs and for implementing prescribed care in the least disruptive manner Educating medical students and residents in the benefits of home visiting services Source: Berwick et al., 2008 The possibility now exists that the demonstrated benefits of evidencebased home visiting will be seen as an essential, complementary, synergistic, and necessary team-based services for the pediatric familycentered medical home. Kaplan-Sanoff, Augustyn, & Barth, 2004). Although invaluable and effective for families and clinicians, the challenge of expanding this model has been the availability of sustainable financing. With MIECHV, more states are expanding the Healthy Steps model into primary care settings, whereas others are exploring ways to link the other MIECHV models with family-centered medical September 2013 Zero to Three 55

6 Photo: istockphoto.com/nadezhda1906 Significant adversity (commonly known as toxic stress) can produce physiological disruptions that undermine the body s stress system and affect brain, heart, immune, and metabolic systems. homes. Twenty-one states are specifically focused on cross-institutional and linkages among their AAP chapters, Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems, and MIECHV programs in hopes of driving innovative opportunities (AAP s Building Bridges Among Health and Early Childhood Systems; Healthy Child Care America, n.d.). For example, some of the MIECHV services in South Carolina are integrated and coordinated with the state s community pediatric health clinics. Other large pediatric practices, such as Goldsboro Pediatrics in North Carolina, have home visiting service options, when needed, that are conveniently housed and dispensed within the clinic. Other practices are seeking to create intentional communications between the pediatric family-centered medical home and its local MIECHV home visiting program, when the two programs both serve families they have in common. Those states with universal intake systems that help them identify families of risk that need services (e.g., Georgia, New Jersey, and Connecticut) often create the referral connections between home visiting services and the familycentered medical home. This integration with broad partners and stakeholders remains key for both home visiting programs and pediatric family-centered medical homes to address the challenges sometimes formidable identified in the intimate, critical relationships between infants and their caregivers. For example, MIECHV and the family-centered medical home providers encounter a high incidence of depression, domestic violence, and parents with histories of significant ACEs. In much the same way, home visiting programs must routinely address the frequent issues of depression, domestic violence, and past history of trauma that contributes to the toxic stress impacts on vulnerable infants and young children. Recent reports show that one strategy is demonstrating promising and synergistic benefits: mental health providers delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy in the home to treat maternal depression that has been identified and supported by home visitors (Ammerman et al., 2011; Tandon, Leis, Mendelson, Perry, & Kemp, 2013). As home visiting services, mental health services, and the pediatric family-centered medical home become integrated and collaborative, there may be new opportunities to reduce the effects of maternal depression and toxic stress on the next generation. The enormous potential to generate even greater improvements in early childhood health and development may expand as these breakthrough practices are further developed and evaluated. Toward the Future It s a good time for early childhood. President Obama has articulated his second-term early childhood education agenda, and it includes the expansion of various programs to raise the bar for early learning by reforming and expanding Head Start (in particular, Early Head Start), thus boosting the quality of child care and empowering parents through home visiting and parenting education (White House, n.d.). At the same time, the business sector galvanized by the early childhood program return-on-investment research of Nobel Laureate James Heckman (2006) is building leadership in every state for early childhood programs (e.g., the effort led by Ready Nation, n.d.). Hence, home visiting has growing visibility, acceptance, and importance, not only as essential community program that serves as a foundation for young families with known risks but also as a necessary connector among families, the community, and the pediatric familycentered medical home. There is now growing understanding of critical health foundations for early learning success. The possibility now exists that the demonstrated benefits of evidence-based home visiting will be seen as an essential, complementary, synergistic, and necessary team-based services for the pediatric family-centered medical home. Progress is being made in child health reform, population-based universal intake, perinatal risk identification, and early childhood data integration. As that progress continues, the pressure to intentionally link home visiting with the pediatric familycentered medical home will grow and become an essential and, possibly, a required service as part of the team approach in the pediatric family-centered medical home. As Medicaid, state health exchanges, and private insurers learn of the return on investment of home visiting to prevent the toxic stress effects on health and brain development, new policies will be created that will allow for sustainable funding to support home visiting as it evolves into a commonly accepted, standard medical intervention. An urgent call to improve child wellbeing is developing across the United States to ensure a sturdy and well-trained workforce for economic competitiveness (Ready Nation, n.d.). In addition, place-based early childhood initiatives are forming in communities with broad coalitions and stakeholder groups who view the gathering of population and longitudinal data as an essential strategy for collective impact approaches to improve the health, development, and school readiness outcomes of their own community s children (Fine & Mayer, 2008). Home visiting services are required in these initiatives and they will soon be universal for community building in alignment with the health and development goals of the pediatric family-centered medical home. It is through these innovations, visionary leadership, and accountability that home visiting within pediatric family-centered medical homes will become identified as the key lever that will support the ladders 56 Zero to Three September 2013

7 of opportunity and eventually move poor children out of poverty and ensure the future health, well-being, and success of the next generation (White House, n.d.). A David W. Willis, MD, FAAP, joined the Health Resources and Services Administration s Maternal Child Health Bureau in July 2012 as its director of the Division of Home Visiting and Early Childhood Services. Board-certified in behavioral and developmental pediatrics, he was a clinician for 30 years and a long-standing early childhood leader in Oregon who first founded the Northwest Early Childhood Institute in response to the call to action issued with the release of the groundbreaking book From Neurons to Neighborhoods and became the first medical director of the Artz Center for Developmental Health, a multidisciplinary clinic in Portland. Dr. Willis was a previous Harris Mid-Career Fellow with ZERO TO THREE and served as president of the Oregon Pediatric Society. In Oregon, he helped build early childhood agendas for two governors and helped craft Governor John Kitzhaber s innovative early childhood legislation in Dr. Willis has provided national leadership by serving on the Executive Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Early Education and Child Care and by serving as the first Chair of the AAP Board s Early Brain & Child Development Strategic Initiative. In addition, he was an invited member of Dr. Jack Shonkoff s Frontiers for Innovation at Harvard University s Center for the Developing Child before being invited to the Health Resources and Services Administration to assume leadership for home visiting and early childhood systems. References Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.) Head Start Act. Retrieved from eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/standards/head%20 Start%20Act American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Community Pediatrics. (2009). The role of preschool home-visiting programs in improving children s developmental and health outcomes. Pediatrics, 123, Ammerman, R. T., Putnam, F. W., Stevens, J., Bosse, N. R., Short, J. A., Bodley, A. L., & Van Ginkel, J. B. (2011). An open trial of in-home CBT for depressed mothers in home visitation. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15, The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2012). KIDS COUNT data book: State trends in child well-being. Baltimore, MD: Author. Retrieved from www. aecf.org/~/media/pubs/initiatives/kids%20 COUNT/123/2012KIDSCOUNTDataBook/ KIDSCOUNT2012DataBookFullReport.pdf The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2013). KIDS COUNT data book: State trends in child well-being. Baltimore, MD: Author. Retrieved from www. aecf.org/~/media/pubs/initiatives/kids%20 COUNT/123/2013KIDSCOUNTDataBook/2013K IDSCOUNTDataBookr.pdf Berwick, D., Nolan, T., & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: Care, health and cost. Health Affairs, 27, Braveman P., & Barclay, C. (2009). Health disparities beginning in childhood: A life-course perspective. Pediatrics, 124(Suppl. 3), S163 S175. Bruner, C. (2012). Medical homes and young children: State policy opportunities to improve children s healthy development as part of early-childhood systems building. Victoria, Australia, and Des Moines, IA: BUILD Initiative and Child & Family Policy Center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, May 17). Mental health surveillance among children United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(Suppl. 2), Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (2012). National Survey of Children s Health Retrieved from childhealthdata.org/learn/nsch Committee on the Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health & Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care. (2011, December 26). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics, 129, e224 e231. doi: /peds Department of Health and Human Services. (2012, October). Summary of MIECHV grantee benchmark performance measures. DOHVE TA Resource Document. Washington DC: Author. Education Weekly, (2013, August 16). As graduation rates rise, focus shifts to dropouts. Retrieved from articles/2013/06/06/34execsum.h32. html?intc=ew-dc13-toc Fine, A., & Mayer, R. (2008). Health matters: The role of health and the health sector in place-based initiatives for young children The full report. New York, NY: Commonwealth Fund Publications. Hagan, J. F., Shaw, J. S., & Duncan, P. M. (Eds.). (2008). Bright Futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents (3rd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Halfon, N., & Hochstein, M. (2002). Life course health development: An integrated framework for developing health, policy, and research. The Milbank Quarterly, 80, Healthy Child Care America. (n.d.) Building Bridges contacts. Retrieved from www. healthychildcare.org/buildingbridges.html Heckman, J. (2006, November). The case for investing in disadvantaged young children. University of Chicago. Hertzman, C., & Boyce, T. (2010). How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, Homer, C. J., Klatka, K., Romm, D., Kuhlthau, K., Bloom, S., Newacheck, P.,... Perrin, J. M. (2008). A review of the evidence for the medical home for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 122, e922 e937. Isaacs, J. B. (2012). Starting school at a disadvantage: The school readiness of poor children. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2007). The science of early childhood development: Closing the gap between what we know and what we do. Cambridge, MA: Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2010). The foundations of lifelong health are built in early childhood. Cambridge, MA: Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents. JAMA, 307, Paulsee, D., Avellar, S., Sama Martin, E., & Del Grosso, P. (2012). Home visiting evidence of effectiveness review: Executive summary. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from gov/homvee_executive_summary_2012.pdf Ready Nation. (n.d.) State network. Retrieved from Schor, E. L. (2007). The future pediatrician: Promoting children s health and development. The Journal of Pediatrics, 151(Suppl. 5), S11 S16. Shonkoff, J. P. (2010). Building a new biodevelopmental framework to guide the future of early childhood policy. Child Development, 81, Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301, Shonkoff, J. P.; Garner, A. S.; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; & Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2012). The lifelong effects of early September 2013 Zero to Three 57

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