434.
The
Adverbial Participle logically modifies some other verb of the sentence
in which it stands, being equivalent to an adverbial phrase or clause denoting
time, condition, concession, cause, purpose, means, manner, or attendant
circumstance.
HA. 969; G. 1563. Thus we find:

435.
The Adverbial Participle of Time, equivalent to a temporal clause.

Luke 24:36;
tau/ta de. auvtw/n lalou,ntwn auvto.j e;sth evn me,sw|
auvtw/n, and as they spake these things, he himself stood in
the midst of them.

John 16:8; kai.
evlqw.n evkei/noj evle,gxei to.n ko,smon, and he, when he is
come, will convict the world.

436.
The Adverbial Participle of Condition, equivalent to a conditional
clause.

Heb. 2:3;
pw/j h`mei/j evkfeuxo,meqa thlikau,thj avmelh,santej
swthri,aj, how shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation?

1 Tim. 4:4; o[ti
pa/n kti,sma qeou/ kalo,n kai. ouvde.n avpo,blhton meta. euvcaristi,aj
lambano,menon, for every creature of God is good, and nothing
is to be rejected, if it be received with thanksgiving. See also 1
Cor. 11:29; Gal. 6:9.

437.
The Adverbial Participle of Concession, equivalent to a concessive
clause. The concessive force is sometimes emphasized by prefixing kai,per
or
kai,
ge to the participle.

Acts 13:28;
kai. mhdemi,an aivti,an qana,tou eu`ro,ntej hv|th,santo
Pila/ton avnaireqh/nai auvto,n, and though they found no cause
of death in him, yet asked they of Pilate that he should be slain.

Heb. 5:8; kai,per
w'n ui`o.j( e;maqen avfV w-n e;paqen th.n u`pakoh,n, though he
was a Son, yet he learned obedience by the things which he suffered.
See also Matt. 14:9; Mark 4:31; Acts 17:27.

438.
A concessive participle refers to a fact which is unfavorable to the occurrence
of the event denoted by the principal verb. Cf. 278.
It should be distinguished from the participle which is merely antithetical.
A participle denoting accompanying circumstance, or even condition or cause,
may be antithetical. See 1 Cor. 4:12, diwko,menoi avneco,meqa;
2 Cor. 8:9; Gal. 2:3.

439.
The Adverbial Participle of Cause, equivalent to a causal clause.

1 Tim. 4:8; h`
ga.r swmatikh. gumnasi,a pro.j ovli,gon evsti.n wvfe,limoj( h` de. euvse,beia
pro.j pa,nta wvfe,limo,j evstin evpaggeli,an e;cousa zwh/j th/j nu/n kai.
th/j mellou,shj, but godliness is profitable for all things,
having promise of the life uhich now is, and of that which is to come.
See also Matt. 2:3, 10; Acts 9:26.

440.
~Wj prefixed to a Participle of Cause implies
that the action denoted by the participle is supposed, asserted, or professed
by some one, usually the subject of the principal verb, to be the cause
of the action of the principal verb. The speaker does not say whether the
supposed or alleged cause actually exists. HA. 978; G. 1574.

1 Cor. 4:18;
w`j mh. evrcome,nou de, mou pro.j u`ma/j evfusiw,qhsa,n
tinej, but some are puffed up, as though I were not coming to
you, i.e. because (as they suppose) I am not coming. See also Acts
23:15, 20; 27:30; 28:19; 1 Pet. 4:12.

441.
The origin of this idiom is probably in a clause of manner consisting of
and a finite verb, the latter modified by a Participle of Cause.
Thus w`j kola,zeij me w`j kakopoih,santa, you
punish me as having done evil, i.e. you punish me because, as you
allege, I have done evil, may have its origin in such a sentence as
kola,zeij me w`j kola,zeij tina. kakopoih,santa,
you punish me, as you punish one who has (or because he has) done evil.
Yet it is not to be supposed that the Greek any more than the English required
the supplying of a finite verb after w`j. Such
phrases in classical Greek or in the New Testament are, as they stand and
without the addition of other words, expressions of cause, the use of w`j
indicating
that the phrase describes the opinion or assertion of the subject of the
sentence rather than of the speaker.

442.
The Adverbial Participle of Purpose, equivalent to a final clause.
This is usually, but not invariably, in the Future tense.

446.
When w`j with the participle is used to express
manner, the participle itself may be either an Adjective Participle used
substantively or an Adverbial Participle of Manner. The origin of such
expressions is doubtless, in either case, in a clause of manner consisting
of w`j and a finite verb similar to the principal
verb, the participle being either the subject of such a verb or an adverbial
(or other) limitation of it. Thus dida,skei w`j e;cwn
evxousi,an is equivalent to dida,skei w`j e;cwn
evxousi,an dida,skei, he teaches as one having authority teaches,
or dida,skei w[j tij dida,skei e;cwn evxousi,an,
he teaches as one teaches having authority. Yet in neither case is
it to be supposed that the Greek, any more than the English, required the
supplying of a finite verb after w`j. The phrase
as it stood was an expression of manner. That the participle, however,
was in some cases still felt as a substantive (Adjective Participle used
substantively) seems probable from its being used correlatively with an
adjective or noun and from the occasional use of the participle with the
article. See Mark 1:22 above; also 1 Cor. 7:25; 2 Cor. 6:9, 10; 1 Pet.
2:16; and cf. Mark 6:34; Luke 22:26, 27. That this is not always the case,
but that the participle itself is sometimes adverbial is evident from such
cases as 2 Cor. 5:20 (see above, 445).

447.
The participle expressing manner or means often denotes the same action
as that of the principal verb, describing it from a different point of
view. In this case the participle is as respects its tense a (Present or
Aorist) Participle of Identical Action (cf. 120,
139),
while as respects its modal function it is a participle of manner or means.

448.
In quotations from the Old Testament a participle is sometimes placed before
a personal form of the same verb. The idiom arises from an imitation
of the Hebrew construction with the Infinitive Absolute. The force of the
participle is in general intensive. Hr. 28, 3, a; B. pp.
313 f.; WM. pp. 445 f.; WT. pp. 354f.

Heb. 6:14;
euvlogw/n euvlogh,sw se, blessing I will
bless thee, and multiplying I will multiply thee.

Acts 15:22; to,te
e;doxe toi/j avposto,loij kai. toi/j presbute,roij . . . evklexame,nouj
a;ndraj evx auvtw/n pe,myai eivj VAntio,ceian, then it seemed
good to the apostles and the elders . . . to choose men out of their company
and send them to Antioch.

2 Tim. 4:11; Ma/rkon
avnalabw.n a;ge meta. seautou, take Mark and bring him with thee.
See also Luke 5:7; 11:7.

450.
The term “attendant” as used above does not define the temporal relation
of the participle to the verb, but the logical relation. The action of
a Participle of Attendant Circumstance may precede the action of the principal
verb, accompany it, or even follow it. But as respects logical relation,
it is presented merely as an accompaniment of the action of the verb. It
does not, e.g., define the time or the cause, or the means of the
action of the principal verb, but simply prefixes or adds an associated
fact or conception. It is thus often equivalent to a coordinate verb with
kai,. Though grammatically not an independent
element of the sentence, the participle in such cases becomes in thought
assertive, hortatory, optative, imperative, etc., according to the function
of the principal verb.

The position of the Participle of Attendant Circumstance
with reference to the verb is not determined by any fixed rules, but by
the order of the writer’s thought, this being in turn governed of course
to a certain extent by the order of the events. If the action of the participle
is antecedent to that of the verb, the participle most commonly precedes
the verb, but not invariably. Such a participle is usually in the Aorist
tense (134), but occasionally
in the Present (127). If the
action of the participle is simultaneous with that of the verb, it may
either precede or follow the verb, more frequently the latter. It is of
course in the Present tense (119).
If the action of the participle is subsequent to that of the principal
verb, it almost invariably follows the verb, the tense of the participle
being determined by the conception of the action as respects its progress.
The instances of this last-named class are not frequent in the New Testament
and are perhaps due to Aramaic influence. Cf. 119,
Rem.; 145.

451.
The various relations of time, cause, manner, etc., being not expressed,
but implied by the participle, cases arise in which it is impossible to
assign the participle unquestionably to any one of the above heads. Indeed,
more than one of these relations may be implied by the same participle.

452.
THE GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. An Adverbial Participle may stand in agreement
with a noun or pronoun in the genitive without grammatical dependence upon
any other part of the sentence, the two constituting a genitive absolute
phrase and expressing any of the adverbial relations enumerated in 435-449.
HA.
970, 971; G. 1568.

453.
The noun or pronoun of the genitive absolute phrase regularly refers to
a person or thing not otherwise mentioned in the sentence. Occasionally,
however, this principle is violated, and the genitive phrase may even refer
to the subject of the sentence. This irregularity is somewhat more frequent
in the New Testament than in classical Greek. HA. 972, d.; G.MT.
850. See Matt. 1:18; Acts 22:17, and other examples in B. pp. 315
f.

454.
A participle in the genitive absolute occasionally stands alone without
an accompanying noun or pronoun, when the person or thing referred to is
easily perceived from the context. HA. 972, a. ; G. 1568;
G.MT. 848. See Luke 12:36; Rom. 9:11.

455.
The Adverbial Participle always stands in the so-called predicative position,
i.e. not in attributive position, which is between the article and
its noun or after an article following the noun. Cf. 427.