Background. The human placenta performs diverse functions later taken on by several different organs. In particular, it mediates the exchange of vital solutes, including respiratory gases and nutrients, between the mother and the developing fetus.

Many pregnant Muslim women take part in the daily fast during the month of Ramadan, even though they are exempt. The long term effects on the child are not fully known; however an association between exposure to fasting in utero and an increased incidence of mental impairment in children has been shown.