in the future. Indicated either
by an adverbial phrase (at 3 p.m., at this time tomorrow, etc) or by another
future action (usually in the Present Simple or Present Continuous in clauses
of time).

I'll be working in the library
at 10 tomorrow.

This time next week we 'II be
crossing the PacificOcean.

The children will be doing
their homework when

I come back from work.

I'll be buttering the bread while you are slicing
the tomatoes.

You 'II recognize her easily
when you see her. She'll be wearing a yellow hat.

2. An action which will be
going on during a certain period of time in the future.

From 8 till 12 I'll be busy at
university. I'll behaving classes at this time.

Will you be using your bike
this evening?

Note that in Indirect Speech
when the verb in the principal clause is in the Past tense-form the Future
Continuous tense is replaced by the Future Continuous in the Past.

She said the children would he
sleeping when she arrived home

THE PRESENT PERFECT

FORMATION

The Present Perfect tense is
formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has and the Past Participle
of the main verb.

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I

you

have

worked

come

1

you

have not

worked

come

have

I

you

worked ?

come?

he

she

it

has

he

she

it

has not

has

he

she

it

we

you

they

have

we

you

they

have not

have

we

you

they

Contractions: 've = have 's = has

haven't = have not hasn't = has
not

USAGE

The Present Perfect tense
denotes:

1. Completed past actions
connected in their result with the present is often expressed by the adverbials 'recently,
lately, already 'in affirmative sentences and the adverbial 'yet' in
questions and negatives.

I've recently (lately) spoken
to him on the phone. I'm afraid I've forgotten my key. Do you want some more
coffee? - No, thanks, I've already had enough.

Has your younger brother left
school yet? Slie hasn 't found the dog yet.

To show that something has
happened very recently the adverbial just is used.

Mary has just gone out. Just
now, however,
which means 'a moment ago' is used with the Past Simple. Mary went
out just now.

There can be no adverbial in
the sentence when the present evidence of the result of a completed past action
is clear from the context.

My mother is angry because I've
lost my watch.

The importance of a completed
past action for the present stands out clearly in complex sentences with superlative
constructions, ordinal numerals or 'the only' in the principal clause.

It's the best salad I have
eaten in this restaurant. It's the second time I have seen this film. This is
the only place he's been to. This is the first time I've felt really relaxed.

The Present Perfect for
completed past actions is often used with today, this morning, this week,
this year, etc. when these periods are not over.

/ have written three letters
this morning, (when it is still 'this morning')