News Release

When God Sanctions Killing, the People Listen

New research published in the March issue of Psychological Science
may help elucidate the relationship between religious indoctrination and
violence, a topic that has gained renewed notoriety in the wake of the
September 11th terrorist attacks. In the article, University of Michigan
psychologist Brad Bushman and his colleagues suggest that scriptural violence
sanctioned by God can increase aggression, especially in believers.

The authors set out to examine this interaction by conducting experiments
with undergraduates at two religiously contrasting universities: Brigham
Young University where 99% of students report believing in God and the
Bible and Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam where just 50% report believing
in God and 27% believe in the bible.

After reporting their religious affiliation and beliefs, the participants
read a parable adapted from a relatively obscure passage in the King James
Bible describing the brutal torture and murder of a woman, and her husband's
subsequent revenge on her attackers. Half of the participants were told
that the passage came from the Book of Judges in the Old Testament while
the other half were told it was an ancient scroll discovered in an archaeological
expedition.

In addition to the scriptural distinction, half of the participants from
both the bible and the ancient scroll groups read an adjusted version
that included the verse:

"The Lord commanded Israel to take arms against their brothers and
chasten them before the LORD."

The participants were then placed in pairs and instructed to compete
in a simple reaction task. The winner of the task would be able to "blast"
his or her partner with noise up to 105 decibels, about the same volume
as a fire alarm. The test measures aggression.

As expected, the Brigham Young students were more aggressive (i.e. louder)
with their blasts if they had been told that the passage they had previously
read was from the bible rather than a scroll. Likewise, participants were
more aggressive if they had read the additional verse that depicts God
sanctioning violence.

At the more secular Vrije Universiteit, the results were surprisingly
similar. Although Vrije students were less likely to be influenced by
the source of the material, they blasted more aggressively when the passage
that they read included the sanctioning of the violence by God. This finding
held true even for non-believers, though to a lesser extent.

The research sheds light on the possible origins of violent religious
fundamentalism and falls in line with theories proposed by scholars of
religious terrorism, who hypothesize that exposure to violent scriptures
may induce extremists to engage in aggressive actions. "To the extent
religious extremists engage in prolonged, selective reading of the scriptures,
focusing on violent retribution toward unbelievers instead of the overall
message of acceptance and understanding," writes Bushman "one
might expect to see increased brutality"