SCIENCE vs. EVOLUTION

Chapter 8a:

DNA & Protein

Why DNA and Protein could not

be Produced
by Random Chance

This chapter is based on pp. 265-313 of Origin of
the Life (Volume Two of our three-volume Evolution Disproved
Series). Not included in this chapter are at least 110 statements by
scientists. You will find them, plus much more, on our website:
evolutionfacts.com.

One of the most important discoveries of the
twentieth century was the discovery of the DNA molecule. It has had a
powerful effect on biological research. It has also brought quandary
and confusion to evolutionist scientists. If they cared to admit the
full implications of DNA, it would also bring total destruction to their
theory.

This chapter goes hand in hand with the previous one.
In that chapter (Primitive Environment), we learned that earthly
surroundings—now or earlier—could never permit the formation of living
creatures from non-living materials. This present chapter will
primarily discuss the DNA code, and the components of protein—and will
show that each are so utterly complicated as to defy any possibility
that they could have been produced by chance events.

Yet random actions are the only kind of occurrences which
evolutionists tell us have ever been used to accomplish the work of
evolution.

The significance of all this is immense.
Because of the barrier of the multi-billion DNA code, not only was it
impossible for life to form by accident,—it could never thereafter
evolve into new and different species! Each successive
speciation change would require highly exacting code to be in place on
the very first day of its existence as a unique new species.

As with a number of other chapters in this book, this
one chapter alone is enough to completely annihilate evolutionary theory
in regard to the origin or evolution of life.

1 - DNA AND ITS CODE

GREGOR MENDEL—(*#1/7
Gregor Mendel’s Monumental Discovery*) It was Mendel’s monumental
work with genetics in the mid-19th century that laid the foundation for
all modern research work in genetics. The complete story will be found
on our website.

YOUR BODY’S BLUEPRINT—(*#2
The Story of DNA*) Each of us starts off as a tiny sphere no larger
than a dot on this page. Within that microscopic ball there is over six
feet of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), all coiled up. Inside that
DNA is the entire code for what you will become,—all your organs
and all your features.

The DNA itself is strung out within long coiling
strips. DNA is the carrier of the inheritance code in living things.
It is like a microscopic computer with a built-in memory. DNA stores a
fantastic number of "blueprints," and at the right time and place issues
orders for distant parts of the body to build its cells and structures.

You have heard of "genes" and "chromosomes." Inside each cell
in your body is a nucleus. Inside that nucleus are, among other
complicated things, chromosomes. Inside the chromosomes are
genes. The genes are attached to chromosomes like beads on a chain.
Inside the genes is the complicated chemical structure we call DNA.
Each gene has a thousand or more such DNA units within it. Inside
each cell are tens of thousands of such genes, grouped into 23 pairs of
chromosomes.

Inside the DNA is the total of all the genetic
possibilities for a given species. This is called the gene pool
of genetic traits. It is also called the genome. That is all the
traits your species can have; in contrast, the specific sub-code for YOU
is the genotype, which is the code for all the possible inherited
features you could have. The genotype is the individual’s code; the
genome applies to populations, the entire species.

(For clarification, it should be mentioned here that
the genotype includes all the features you could possibly have in
your body, but what you will actually have is called the phenotype.
This is because there are many unexpressed or recessive characters
in the genotype that do not show up in the phenotype. For example, you
may have had both blue and brown eye color in your genotype from your
ancestors, but your irises will normally only show one color.)

COILED STRIPS—(*#3/33
The Origin of DNA*)Your own DNA is scattered all through your
body in about 100 thousand billion specks, which is the average
number of living cells in a human adult. What does this DNA look like?
It has the appearance of two intertwined strips of vertical tape that
are loosely coiled about each other. From bottom to top, horizontal
rungs or stairs reach across from one tape strip to the other.
Altogether, each DNA molecule is something like a spiral staircase.

The spiraling sides in the DNA ladder are made of
complicated sugar and phosphate compounds, and the crosspieces are
nitrogen compounds. It is the arrangement of the chemical sequence in
the DNA that contains the needed information.

The code within each DNA cell is complicated in the extreme! If you
were to put all the coded DNA instructions from just ONE single human
cell into English, it would fill many large volumes, each volume the
size of an unabridged dictionary!

DOUBLE-STRANDED HELIX—Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) is a double-stranded helix found within the chromosomes,
which are located inside the nucleus of every living cell. The molecule
consists of just four nucleotide units, one containing adenine, one
guanine, one cytosine, and one either thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in
RNA). The sides of the helix consist of alternating deoxyribose sugars
and phosphates.

The illustration on page 244 shows the strange
shape of DNA. It has that shape because it must fit inside the
chromosome. It does this by squashing an immense length into the
tiny chromosome. It could not do this if it did not have a twisted
shape. The four illustrations show progressively smaller views of
a DNA molecule and what is in it.

DIVIDING DNA—DNA has a very
special way of dividing and combining. The ladder literally "unhooks"
and "rehooks." When cells divide, the DNA
ladder splits down the middle. There are then two single vertical
strands, each with half of the rungs. Both now duplicate themselves
instantly—and there are now two complete ladders, where a moment before
there was but one! Each new strip has exactly the same sequence that the
original strip of DNA had.

This process of division can occur at the amazing
rate of 1000 base pairs per second! If DNA did not divide this
quickly, it could take 10,000 years for you to grow from that first cell
to a newborn infant.

Human cells can divide more than 50 times before
dying. When they do die, they are immediately replaced. Every minute 3
billion cells die in your body and are immediately replaced.

THE BASE CODE—(*#7 Coding in the
Information*) The human body has about 100 trillion cells. In
the nucleus of each cell are 46 chromosomes. In the chromosomes
of each cell are about 10 billion of those DNA ladders.
Scientists call each spiral ladder a DNA molecule; they
also call them base pairs. It is the sequence of
chemicals within these base pairs that provides the
instructional code for your body. That instructional code oversees all
your heredity and many of your metabolic processes.

Without your DNA, you could not live. Without its own
DNA, nothing else on earth could live. Within each DNA base pair is a
most fantastic information file.
A-T-C-T-G-G-G-T-C-T-A-A-T-A,
and on and on, is the code for one creature.
T-G-C-T-C-A-A-G-A-G-T-G-C-C,
and on and on, will begin the code for another. Each
code continues on for millions of "letter" units. Each unit is made of a
special chemical.

The DNA molecule is shaped like a coiled ladder,
which the scientists describe as being in the shape of a
"double-stranded helix." Using data from a woman researcher (which
they did not acknowledge), *Watson and *Crick "discovered" the structure
of DNA.

UTTER COMPLEXITY—In order to
form a protein, the DNA molecule has to direct the placement of amino
acids in a certain specific order in a molecule made up of hundreds of
thousands of units. For each position, it
must choose the correct amino acid from some twenty different amino
acids. DNA itself is made up of only four different building blocks (A,
G, C, and T).
These are arranged in basic code units of three factors per unit (A-C-C,
G-T-A, etc.). This provides 64 basic code units.
With them, millions of separate codes can be sequentially constructed.
Each code determines one of the many millions of factors in your body,
organs, brain, and all their functions. If just one code were
omitted, you would be in serious trouble.

AN ASTOUNDING CLAIM—The
evolutionists applied their theory to the amazing discoveries about
DNA—and came up with a totally astonishing claim:

All the complicated DNA in each life form, and all the DNA in every
other life form—made itself out of dirty water back in the beginning!
There was some gravel around, along with some dirt. Nearby was some
water, and overhead a lightning storm. The lightning hit the dirty
water and made living creatures complete with DNA. They
not only had their complete genetic code, but they were also immediately
able to eat, digest food, move about, perform enzymatic and glandular
functions, and all the rest.

Instantly, they automatically knew how to produce
additional cells; their DNA began dividing (cells must continually
replenish themselves or the creature quickly dies); their cells began
making new ones; and every new cell could immediately do the myriad of
functions that the entire creature must do.

That same stroke of lightning made both a male and a
female pair and their complete digestive, respiratory, and
circulatory organs. It provided them with complete ability to produce
offspring and they, in turn, more offspring. That same stroke of
lightning also made their food, with all its own DNA, male and female
pairs, etc., etc.

And that, according to this children’s story, is
where we all came from! But it is a story that only very little children
would find believable.

"Laboratory experiments show that the basic
building blocks of life, the proteins and organic molecules, form
pretty easily in environments that have both carbon and water."—*Star
Date Radio Broadcast, January 24, 1990.

In this chapter, we will not consider most of the
above claims. Instead, we will primarily focus on the DNA and
protein in each cell within each living creature.

TRANSLATION PACKAGE NEEDED AT BEGINNING—The
amount of information in the genetic code is so vast that it would be
impossible to put together by chance. But, in addition, there must be
a means of translating it so the tissues can use the code.

"Did the code and the means of translating it appear simultaneously
in evolution? It seems almost incredible that any such coincidences
could have occurred, given the extraordinary complexities of both sides
and the requirement that they be coordinated accurately for survival. By
a pre-Darwinian (or a skeptic of evolution after Darwin) this puzzle
surely would have been interpreted as the most powerful sort of evidence
for special creation."—*C. Haskins, "Advances and Challenges in
Science" in American Scientist 59 (1971), pp. 298.

Not only did the DNA have to originate itself by
random accident, but the translation machinery already had to be
produced by accident—and also immediately! Without it, the
information in the DNA could not be applied to the tissues. Instant
death would be the result.

"The code is meaningless unless translated. The
modern cell’s translation machinery consists of at least fifty
macromolecular components which are themselves encoded in DNA [!];
the code cannot be translated otherwise than by products of
translation. It is the modern expression of omne vivum ex ovo
[‘every living thing comes from an egg’]. When and how did this
circle become closed? It is exceedingly difficult to imagine."—*J.
Monod, Chance and Necessity (1971), p. 143.

This translation package has also been termed an
"adapter function." Without a translator, the highly complex
coding contained within the DNA molecule would be useless to the
organism.

"The information content of amino acid sequences
cannot increase until a genetic code with an adapter function has
appeared. Nothing which even vaguely resembles a code exists in the
physio-chemical world. One must conclude that no valid scientific
explanation of the origin of life exists at present."—*H. Yockey,
"Self Organization Origin of Life Scenarios and Information Theory,"
in Journal of Theoretical Biology 91 (1981), p. 13.

"Cells and organisms are also informed [intelligently designed and
operated] life-support systems. The basic component of any informed
system is its plan. Here, argues the creationist, an impenetrable
circle excludes the evolutionist. Any attempt to form a model or
theory of the evolution of the genetic code is futile because that code
is without function unless, and until, it is translated, i.e.,
unless it leads to the synthesis of proteins. But the machinery by which
the cell translates the code consists of about seventy components
which are themselves the product of the code."—*Michael Pitman,
Adam and Evolution (1984), p. 147 [emphasis his].

DESIGNING CODES—*Sir Arthur Keith,
a prominent anatomist of the 1930s (and co-producer of the Piltdown man
hoax), said: "We do not believe in the theory of Special Creation
because it is incredible." But life itself and all its functions and
designs are incredible. And each true species has its own unique
designs. A single living cell may contain one hundred thousand
million atoms, but each atom will be arranged in a specific order.

Yet all this is based on design, and design
requires intelligence—in this case an extremely high order of
intelligence. Man’s most advanced thinking and planning has
produced airplanes, rockets, personal computers, and flight paths around
the moon. But none of this was done by accident. Careful thought
and structuring was required. Design blueprints were carefully crafted
into products.

The biological world is packed with intricate,
cooperative mechanisms that depend on encoded and detailed instructions
for their development and interacting function. But complexity,
and the coding it is based on, does not evolve. Left to
themselves, all things become more random and disorganized. The
more complex the system, the more elaborate the design needed to keep it
operating and resisting the ever-pressing tendency to decay and
deterioration.

DNA and other substances like it are virtually unknown outside living
cells. Astoundingly, they produce cells and are products of cells; yet
they are not found outside of cells. DNA is exclusively a product of the
cell; we cannot manufacture it. The closest we can come to this is to
synthesize simple, short chains of mononucleotide RNA—and that is as far
as we can go, in spite of all our boasted intelligence and
million-dollar well-supplied, well-equipped laboratories.

MESSENGER RNA—Special "messenger
RNA" molecules are needed. Without them, DNA is useless in the body.
Consider the story of s-RNA:

"The code in the gene (which is DNA, of course)
is used to construct a messenger RNA molecule in which is encoded
the message necessary to determine the specific amino acid sequence
of the protein.

"The cell must synthesize the sub-units
(nucleotides) for the RNA (after first synthesizing the sub-units
for each nucleotide, which include the individual bases and the
ribose). The cell must synthesize the sub-units, or amino acids,
which are eventually polymerized to form the protein. Each amino
acid must be activated by an enzyme specific for that amino acid.
Each amino acid is then combined with another type of RNA, known as
soluble RNA or s-RNA.

"There is a specific s-RNA for each individual
amino acid. There is yet another type of RNA known as ribosomal RNA.
Under the influence of the messenger RNA, the ribosomes are
assembled into units known as polyribosomes. Under the direction of
the message contained in the messenger RNA while it is in contact
with polyribosomes, the amino acid-s-RNA complexes are used to form
a protein. Other enzymes and key molecules are required for this.

"During all of this, the complex energy-producing
apparatus of the cell is used to furnish the energy required for the
many syntheses."—Duane T. Gish, "DNA: Its History and Potential,
"in W.E. Lemmerts (ed.), Scientific Studies in Special Creation
(1971), p. 312.

THE LIVING COMPUTER—DNA
and its related agencies operate dramatically like an advanced computer.

"All this is strikingly similar to the situation in the living cell.
For discs or tapes substitute DNA; for ‘words’ substitute genes; and for
‘bits’ (a bit is an electronic representation of ‘yes’ or ‘no’)
substitute the bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine."—*Fred
Hoyle and *C. Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space (1981), p. 106.

Everywhere we turn in the cell we find the most
highly technical computerization. Electrical polarity is a key in the
DNA. This is positive and negative electrical impulses, found
both in the DNA and about the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The result is a binary system, similar to what we find in the most
advanced computers in the world, but far more sophisticated and
miniaturized. In computer science, a "byte" is composed
of eight bits and can hold 256 different binary patterns, enough to
equal most letters or symbols. A byte therefore stands for a letter
or character. In biology the equivalent is three nucleotides called a
codon.The biological code (within DNA) is based on these
triplet patterns, as *Crick and *Brenner first discovered. This triad is
used to decide which amino acid will be used for what purpose.

THE BIOLOGICAL COMPILER—The
code in both plants and animals is DNA, but DNA is chemically
different from the amino acids, which it gives orders to make.
This code also decides which of the 20 essential proteins (proteins your
body must have to survive) the amino acids will then form themselves
into. There is an intermediate substance between DNA and the amino
acids and proteins. That mediating substance is t-RNA.
But now the complexity gets worse: Each of the 20 essential
proteins requires a different intermediate t-RNA! Each one works
specifically to perform its one function; and chemically, each t-RNA
molecule is unlike each of the other t-RNA molecules.

The biological compiler that accomplishes these code tasks is m-RNA.
It changes DNA code language into a different language that the cells
can understand—so they can set about producing the right
amino acids and proteins. Without these many m-DNA molecules, the
entire code and what it should produce would break down.

DNA INDEXING—Information
that is inaccessible is useless, even though it may be very complete.
Every computer requires a data bank. Without it, needed information
cannot be retrieved and used. Large computer data banks have
libraries of disc storage, but they require an index to use them.
Without the index, the computer will not know where to look to find the
needed information.

DNA is a data bank of massive proportions, but
indexes are also needed. These are different from the
translators. There are non-DNA chemicals, which work as indexes to
specifically locate needed information. The DNA and the indexes
reciprocate; information is cycled around a feedback loop. The
index triggers the production of materials by DNA. The presence of these
materials, in turn, triggers indexing to additional productions. On a
higher level of systems (nervous, muscular, hormonal, circulatory,
etc.), additional indexes are to be found. The utter complication of all
this is astounding. The next time you cut your finger, think of all the
complex operations required for the body to patch it up.

CELL SWITCHING—"What is most
important; what should be done next?" Computers function by following a
sequential set of instructions. "First do this, and then do that," they
are told, and in response they then switch
from one subroutine to another. But how doesthe
cell switch its DNA from one process to another? No one can figure this
out.

"In bacteria, for example, Jacob and Monod demonstrated a control
system that operates by switching off ‘repressor’ molecules, i.e.,
unmasking DNA at the correct ‘line number’ to read off the correct
(polypeptide) subroutines. With eukaryotes [a common type of bacteria],
Britten and Davidson have tentatively suggested that ‘sensor genes’
react to an incoming stimulus and cause the production of RNA. This, in
turn, activates a ‘producer gene,’ m-RNA is synthesized and the required
protein eventually assembled as a ribosome. Many DNA base sequences may
thus be involved, not in protein or RNA production, but in control over
that production—in switching the right sequences on or off at the right
time."—*Michael Pitman, Adam and Evolution (1984), p. 124.

THE FIVE CHEMICALS IN DNA AND RNA—DNA
is an extremely complex chemical molecule. Where did it come from? How
did it form itself back in the beginning? How can it keep making copies
of itself? There are two kinds of bases in the DNA code: purines
(adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine or, in RNA, uracil;
and cytosine). Where did these five chemicals come from?
Charlie, you never told us the origin of the species; now help us figure
out the origin of DNA!

Do you desire fame and fortune? If you want a Nobel
prize, figure out how to synthesize all five DNA chemicals. If you want
a major place in history, figure out how to make living, functioning
DNA. If sand and seawater are supposed to have done it, our highly
trained scientists ought to be able to do it too.

Scientists eventually devised complicated ways in
expensive laboratories to synthesize dead compounds of four of these
five, using rare materials such as hydrogen cyanide or
cyanoacetylene. (Thymine remains unsynthesizable.) Sugar can be made in
the laboratory, but the phosphate group is extremely difficult. In the
presence of calcium ions, found in abundance in oceans and rivers, the
phosphate ion is precipitated out. Enzymes in life forms catalyze
the task, but how could enzymatic action occur outside of plants or
animals? It would not happen.

Then there are the polynucleotide strands that have to be formed in
exactly the fit needed to neatly wrap about the DNA helix molecule.
A 100 percent exact fit is required. But chemists seem unable to produce
much in the way of synthesized polynucleotides, and they are totally
unable to make them in predetermined sizes and shapes. (*D. Watts,
"Chemistry and the Origin of Life," in Life on Earth, Vol. 4, 1980, p.
21).

If university-trained scientists, working in
multimillion-dollar equipped and stocked laboratories, cannot make DNA
and RNA, how can random action of sand and dirty water produce it in the
beginning?

NON-RANDOM: ONLY FROM INTELLIGENCE—Non-random
information is what is found in the genetic code.
But such information is a proof that the code came from an intelligent
Mind.

Those searching for evidence of life in outer space
have been instructed to watch for non-random signals as the best
evidence that intelligent people live out there. Ponnamperuma
says that such a "non-random pattern" would demonstrate intelligent
extraterrestrial origin (*C. Ponnamperuma, The Origins of Life, 1972,
p. 195). *CarI Sagan adds that a message with high information
content would be "an unambiguously artificial [intelligently produced]
interstellar message" (*Carl Sagan, Cosmos, 1980, p. 314).

"To involve purpose is in the eyes of biologists
the ultimate scientific sin . . The revulsion which biologists feel
to the thought that purpose might have a place in the structure of
biology is therefore revulsion to the concept that biology might
have a connection to an intelligence higher than our own."—*Fred
Hoyle and *Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space (1981), p.
32.

EACH CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLLED BY MANY GENES—The
more the scientists have studied genetics, the worse the situation
becomes. Instead of each gene controlling many different factors
in the body, geneticists have discovered that many different genes
control each factor! Because of this, it would thus be impossible for
the basic DNA code to gradually "evolve." The underlying DNA
code had to be there "all at once"; and once in place, that code could
never change!

"However it gradually emerged that most characteristics, even simple
ones, are regulated by many genes: for instance, fourteen genes affect
eye color in Drosophila. (Not only that. The mutation which
suppresses ‘purple eye’ enhances ‘hairy wing,’ for instance. The
mechanism is not understood.) Worse still, a single gene may influence
several different characters. This was particularly bad news for the
selectionists, of course . . In 1966 Henry Harris of London University
demonstrated, to everyone’s surprise, that as much as 30 per cent of all
characters are polymorphic [that is, each character controlled several
different factors instead of merely one]. It seemed unbelievable, but
his work was soon confirmed by Richard Lewontin and others."—*G.R.
Taylor, Great Evolution Mystery (1983), pp. 165-166.

(A clarification is needed here about the basic DNA
code in a true species which never changes: Chapter 11, Animal and
Plant Species, will explain how the DNA gene pool within a given
true species can be broad enough to produce hybrids or varieties.
This is why there are so many different types of dogs or why some birds,
when isolated on an island—such as Darwin’s finches on the
Galapagos—can produce bills of different length. This is why there are
two shades of peppered moth and various resistant forms of
bacteria.)

In order to make the evolutionary theory succeed, the
total organic complexity of an entire species somehow had to be invented
long ago by chance,—and it had to do it fast, too fast—within
seconds, or the creature would immediately die!

2 - MATHEMATICAL POSSIBILITIES OF DNA

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION—This is a number plus a small
superscript numeral. Using it, small numbers can be written to denote
numbers that are so immense that they are incomprehensible and can only
with difficulty be written out. Thus, 8
trillion (8,000,000,000,000) would be written 8 x 1012,
and 1 billion (1,000,000,000) would be written simply as 109.
Here are a few comparisons to show you the
impossible large size of such numbers:

Hairs on an average head 2 x 106

Seconds in a year 3 x 107

Retirement age (0 to 65) in seconds 2 x l09

World population 5 x 109

Miles [1.6 km] in a light-year 6 x 1010

Sand grains on all shores 1022

Observed stars 1022

Water drops in all the oceans 1026

Candle power of the sun 3 x 1027

Electrons in the universe 1080

It is said that any number larger than 2 x 1030
cannot occur in nature. In the remainder of
this chapter, we will look at some immense numbers!

MATH LOOKS AT DNA—(*#4/37
More Mathematical Impossibilities*) In the world of living
organisms, there can be no life or growth without DNA. What are
the mathematical possibilities (in mathematics, they are called
probabilities) of JUST ONE DNA molecule having formed itself by the
chance?

"Now we know that the cell itself is far more
complex than we had imagined. It includes thousands of functioning
enzymes, each one of them a complex machine itself. Furthermore,
each enzyme comes into being in response to a gene, a strand of DNA.
The information content of the gene in its complexity must be as
great as that of the enzyme it controls.

"A medium protein might include about 300 amino
acids. The DNA gene controlling this would have about 1000
nucleotides in its chain. Since there are four kinds of nucleotides
in a DNA chain, one consisting of 1000 links could exist in 4x101000
different forms.

"Using a little algebra (logarithms) we can see that 41000
is equivalent to 10600.
Ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 10 followed by 600
zeros! This number is completely beyond our comprehension."—*Frank
Salisbury, "Doubts about the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution,"
American Biology Teacher, September 1971, pp. 336-338.

So the number of possible code combinations for an
average DNA molecule is a fabulously large number! That is not
4000 (4 followed by 3 zeros), but 4 times itself a thousand times—or a
little more than 10602!
How could random action produce the right combination out of that
many possibilities for error?

LIFE REQUIRED—In addition
to DNA, many other materials, such as proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates,
fats, etc., would have to be instantly made at the same time. The
beating heart, the functioning kidneys, the circulatory vessels, etc. They would all need to be arranged within the complicated structure
of an organism,—and then they would have to be endued with LIFE!

Without LIFE,
none of the raw materials, even though arranged in proper order, would
be worth anything.

One does not extract life from pebbles, dirt, water,
or a lightning bolt. Lightning destroys life; it does not make it.

GOLEY’S MACHINE—A
communications engineer tried to figure out the odds for bringing a
non-living organism with few parts (only 1500) up to the point of being
able to reproduce itself.

"Suppose we wanted to build a machine capable of
reaching into bins for all of its parts, and capable of assembling
from those parts a second machine just like itself."—*Marcel J.E.
Goley, "Reflections of a Communications Engineer," in Analytical
Chemistry, June 1961, p. 23.

Likening a living organism to a machine that merely reached out and
selected parts needed to make a duplicate of itself, Goley tried to
figure the odds for 1,500 needed items—requiring 1,500 right choices in
a row. Many different parts would be needed, and Goley assumed they
would all be lying around near that manufacturing machine! Goley
assumes that its mechanical arm will have only a 50-50 chance of error
in reaching out and grabbing the right piece! Such a ratio (1,500 50.50
choices) would be impossible for the randomness of chance ("natural
selection") to produce. Goley then figures the odds based on such a
one-in-two success rate of reaches. But if such a high rate of accurate
selection were possible, Goley discovered there was only one chance in
10450 that
the machine could succeed in reproducing itself! That is 1 followed by
450 zeros! The more it tried to reproduce itself, the further it would
get from success.

Far smaller are all the words in all the books ever
published. They would only amount to 1020,
and that would be equivalent to only 66 of those 1,500 50-50 choices all
made correctly in succession!

TOO MANY NUCLEOTIDES—Just the
number of nucleotides alone in DNA would be too many for Goley’s machine
calculations. There are not 1,500 parts but
multiplied thousands of factors, of which the nucleotides constitute
only one.

(1) There are 5,375 nucleotides in the DNA of an
extremely small bacterial virus (theta-x-174). (2) There are
about 3 million nucleotides in a single cell bacteria. (3) There
are more than 16,000 nucleotides in a humanmitochondrial DNA
molecule. (4) There are approximately 3 billion
nucleotides in the DNA of a mammalian cell. (People and many
animals are mammals.)

Technically, a "nucleotide" is a complex
chemical structure composed of a (nucleic acid) purine or pyrimidine,
one sugar (usually ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphoric group.
Each one of those thousands of nucleotides within each DNA is aligned
sequentially in a very specific order! Imagine 3 billion complicated
chemical links, each of which has to be in a precisely correct sequence!

NOT POSSIBLE BY CHANCE—Many similar
mathematical comparisons could be made. The
point is that chance cannot produce what is in a living organism—not
now, not ever before, not ever in the future. It just cannot be done.

And even if the task could be successfully completed,
when it was done, that organism still would not be alive! Putting
stuff together in the right combination does not produce life.

And once made, it would have to have an ongoing
source of water, air, and living food continually available as soon as
it evolved into life. When the evolutionist’s organism emerged
from rock, water, and a stroke of lightning hitting it on the head,—it
would have to have its living food source made just as rapidly.

The problems and hurdles are endless.

"Based on probability factors . . any viable DNA
strand having over 84 nucleotides cannot be the result of haphazard
mutations. At that stage, the probabilities are 1 in 4.8 x 1050.
Such a number, if written out, would read:

480,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

"Mathematicians agree that any requisite number
beyond 1050
has, statistically, a zero probability of occurrence (and even that
gives it the ‘benefit of the doubt’). Any species known to us,
including ‘the smallest single-cell bacteria,’ have enormously
larger numbers of nucleotides than 100 or 1000. In fact, single cell
bacteria display about 3,000,000 nucleotides, aligned in a very
specific sequence. This means, that there is no mathematical
probability whatever for any known species to have been the product
of a random occurrence—random mutations (to use the evolutionist’s
favorite expression)."—*I.L. Cohen, Darwin was Wrong (1984), p.
205.

Wysong explains the requirements needed to code one DNA molecule. By
this he means selecting out the proper proteins, all of them left
handed, and then placing them in their proper sequence in the
molecule—and doing it all by chance:

"This means 1/1089190
DNA molecules, on the average, must form to provide the one chance
of forming the specific DNA sequence necessary to code the 124
proteins. 1089190
DNAs would weigh 1089147
times more than the earth, and would certainly be sufficient to fill
the universe many times over. It is estimated that the total amount
of DNA necessary to code 100 billion people could be contained in ½
of an aspirin tablet. Surely 1089147
times the weight of the earth in DNAs is a stupendous amount and
emphasizes how remote the chance is to form the one DNA molecule. A
quantity of DNA this colossal could never have formed."—R.L.
Wysong, The Creation-Evolution Controversy, p. 115.

A GEM OF A QUOTATION—Evolutionists
claim that everything impossible can happen by the most random of
chances,—simply by citing a large enough probability number. *Peter
Mora explains to his fellow scientists the truth about evolutionary
theorizing:

"A further aspect I should like to discuss is
what I call the practice of avoiding the conclusion that the
probability of a self-reproducing state is zero. This is what we
must conclude from classical quantum mechanical principles, as
Wigner demonstrated.

"These escape clauses [the enormous
chance-occurrence numbers cited as proof by evolutionists that it
could be done] postulate an almost infinite amount of time and an
almost infinite amount of material (monomers), so that even the most
unlikely event could have happened. This is to invoke probability
and statistical considerations when such considerations are
meaningless.

"When for practical purposes the condition of infinite time and
matter has to be invoked [in order to make evolution succeed], the
concept of probability [possibility of its occurrence] is annulled. By
such logic we can prove anything, such as that no matter how complex,
everything will repeat itself, exactly and innumerably."—*P.T. Mora,
"The Folly of Probability," in *S.W. Fox (ed.), The Origins of
Prebiological Systems and of Their Molecular Matrices (1965), p. 45.