1.
Aerospace engineering
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Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It has two major and overlapping branches, aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering, avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electrical side of aerospace engineering. Aeronautical engineering was the term for the field. As flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space, Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as rocket science. Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as produced by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature. The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering, because of the complexity and number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own specialized area of expertise. Early knowledge of engineering was largely empirical with some concepts. Scientists understood some key elements of aerospace engineering, like fluid dynamics, many years later after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of World War I military aircraft. The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958, the definition considered the Earths atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft and spacecraft under a newly coined word aerospace. In response to the USSR launching the first satellite, Sputnik into space on October 4,1957, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War. Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are, Radar cross-section – the study of vehicle signature apparent to Radar remote sensing, fluid mechanics – the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels, astrodynamics – the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, statics and Dynamics – the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems. Mathematics – in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra, electrotechnology – the study of electronics within engineering. Propulsion – the energy to move a vehicle through the air is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, a more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion. Control engineering – the study of modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals. This applies to the behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems. Aircraft structures – design of the configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight

2.
Aircraft maintenance
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Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or aircraft component. Maintenance may include such tasks as ensuring compliance with Airworthiness Directives or Service Bulletins, the maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure safe and correct functioning during flight. National regulations are coordinated under international standards, maintained by such as the International Civil Aviation Organization. The maintenance tasks, personnel and inspections are all tightly regulated, the Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul Market was US$135.1 Billion in 2015, three quarters of the $180.3 B aircraft production market. Of this, 60% is for civil aviation, air transport 48%, business and general aviation 9%, rotorcraft 3%, and military aviation is 40%, fixed wing 27% and rotary 13%. Of the $64.3 Billion air transport MRO market, 40% is for engines, 22% for components, 17% for line, 14% for airframe and its is projected to grow at 4. 1% per annum till 2025 to $96B. Aircraft maintenance is highly regulated, because the smallest slip can lead to an aircraft crashing with consequent loss of life, the International Civil Aviation Organization sets global standards which are then implemented by national and regional bodies around the world. Each Contracting State is expected to use in its own regulations the one it prefers, thus, aircraft maintenance technicians, engineers and mechanics all perform essentially the same role. However different countries use terms in different ways to define their individual levels of qualification. Recognised licenses for aircraft maintenance personnel include, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, Aircraft Maintenance Technician, in the USA also called an Aviation Maintenance Technician or colloquially Airframes and Powerplants. Aircraft maintenance personnel in Europe must comply with Acceptable Means of Compliance Part 66, Certifying Staff, AMC Part 66 is based on Joint Aviation Regulations promulgated by the Joint Aviation Authorities and on Air Transport Association Specification 104. Aircraft maintenance checks are inspections that have to be done on all commercial/civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. In the case of an aircraft this may be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer or Aircraft Maintenance Technician. Automated aircraft inspection systems have the potential to make aircraft maintenance safer, various solutions are currently developed, a collaborative mobile robot named Air-Cobot, and drones

3.
Aircraft maintenance engineer (Canada)
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In Canada an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer is a person who is Transport Canada licensed to sign the maintenance release of certified aircraft. The applicant for an AME licence must be at least 21 years of age, Aircraft Maintence Engineers must complete a training course at a TC Approved Training Organization, which are mostly Canadian vocational colleges. There are also approved distance learning courses, a period of apprenticeship prior to writing the licensing examinations is required. Upon successful completion they are granted an AME licence, which is valid for six years, AMEs retain their recency by completing maintenance or related work. These persons are individually licensed by the Canadian Federal Government through TC and are known as aircraft maintenance engineers or AMEs, not all aircraft maintenance releases require the signature of an AME in Canada. For work on Canadian aircraft conducted outside Canada a person licensed by state that has a bilateral agreement with TC may sign. In the case of aircraft the owner may sign and for owner-maintenance category aircraft the owner may sign if they are also a licensed pilot. In Canada ultralight aircraft, hang gliders and paragliders as well as model aircraft do not require signatures for release to return to flight. In the case of aircraft parts maintained on the bench persons authorized by an Approved Maintenance Organization may also sign the release, however, the maintenance release for the subsequent installation of such parts into an aircraft may only be made by the holder of an AME licence. Canada does not have a system that requires the person who performs aircraft maintenance to hold a license. Canada requires that the person who certifies the work has inspected it for accuracy, the Canadian AME license allows the holder to both perform AND to certify their own maintenance work, or to certify the maintenance work performed by an unlicensed person. A certificate. The US has focused on the performance of work, while Canada, the AME licence may be endorsed with one or more ratings. These are, Non-turbojet aircraft, under 12,566 lb max takeoff weight, all aircraft not included in M1, excluding balloons, but including all airframes, engines, propellers, components, structures and systems of those aircraft. Note, Holders of BOTH M1 and M2 licence also have privileges of both the E and S licenses. Some systems require specialized training and the holder must be current. Where proof of age cannot be provided by means of a document referred to in any of subparagraphs to, except as provided in CAR566.07, an applicant shall successfully complete basic training applicable to the rating as indicated in Appendix A. As proof of training, the applicant shall provide a certificate of completion of an acceptable aircraft maintenance training course. Where the applicant is seeking experience credit for the training, the certificate shall be issued pursuant to CAR403.08 Approved Training Organizations, applicable training may have been obtained by means of distance learning courses or traditional college

4.
Airworthiness certificate
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A Certificate of Airworthiness, or an airworthiness certificate, is issued for an aircraft by the national aviation authority in the state in which the aircraft is registered. The airworthiness certificate attests that the aircraft is airworthy insofar as the aircraft conforms to its type design, each airworthiness certificate is issued in one of a number of different categories. A certificate of airworthiness is issued when the aircraft is registered in the name of the owner, thereafter, a yearly currency fee is payable to renew the Certificate of Airworthiness. If this fee is not paid when due, the certificate expires, in the USA, Australia and some other countries, each airworthiness certificate is classified as either a Standard Airworthiness Certificate or a Special Airworthiness Certificate. A standard airworthiness certificate is a certificate issued for an aircraft by the national aviation authority in the state in which the aircraft is registered. A standard airworthiness certificate is one of the certificates that are mandatory if an aircraft is to be used in commercial operations, a standard airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the aircraft meets its approved type design and is in a condition for safe operation. A standard airworthiness certificate ceases to be valid when the aircraft ceases to be registered, change of ownership of an aircraft does not require re-issue or re-validation of that aircrafts standard airworthiness certificate. In contrast to a standard airworthiness certificate, an aircraft may be issued with an airworthiness certificate. A special airworthiness certificate is a certificate that is not sufficient to allow an aircraft to be used in commercial passenger or cargo operations

NASA air safety experiment (CID project). The airplane is a Boeing 720 testing a form of jet fuel, known as "antimisting kerosene", which formed a difficult-to-ignite gel when agitated violently, as in a crash.