The "ground rules" under which scientists in a field or sub-field agree to operate and which form the basis for discriminating "science" from "non-science"

What elements were made in the big bang?

Hydrogen and Helium, the rest were made in stars

Inductive reasoning yields certain or uncertain conclusions?

completely certain conclusions given accurate premises

Deductive reasoning yields certain or uncertain conclusions?

uncertain conclusions

What is a theory?

Statements made with no evidence to support them

What is the celestial sphere?

The apparent dome of the sky

Zenith is?

The overhead point

Meridian is?

The circle from north through zenith to south

Where is the sun at Noon?

On the meridian

Celestial equator is?

The equator

Right ascension is?

(longitude) angle along celestial equator

Declination is?

(latitude) angle north or south of the equator towards celestial pole

Azimuth is?

The angle from north through east along the horizon

Altitude is?

angle up from horizon toward zenith

Azimuth and Altitude coordinates are local and change with time, what doesn't?

Right ascension and declination

For an observer in New Brunswick, NJ, what range of azimuth would include all the locations on the horizon at which stars can rise?

0 degrees to 180 degrees

If it is summer in the north, what seaon is it in the south?

Summer

What season is the sun the highest and thus has the longest days?

Summer

Diurnal means?

Motion for East to west, 24 hours

Circumpolar stars are?

Stars that never set

A solar day is?

Noon to noon

A Sidereal day is?

Stellar transit to next transit

Solar days are longer than sidereal days by how long?

4 minutes

The sun moves Annually from N-S and W to E along..?

Ecliptic

The moons motion is?

Diurnal, monthly from W to E

The sailor moon crescent moon is actually called?

Waxing Crescent if the white part is on the left, Waning Crescent if it is on the right

The "First Quarter" position of the moon is actually when the white part is?

A half moon, the white part being on the right. The last quarter has the white part on the left.

What is the difference between a full moon and a new moon?

The full moon is fully illuminated, the new moon is all dark.

3/4 moon phases are called?

Waxing and Waning Gibbous

During an eclipse, the umbra is..?

The darkest shadow cast by the planet on another planet, in the middle between the lighter penumbra shadows

The penumbra is..?

the lighter shadow cast during an eclipse onto another planet. It surrounds the umbra, the darkest shadow.

A lunar eclipse involves?

The earths shadow falling on the moon

A solar eclipse involves?

The moons shadow falls on the earth

A Saros cycle is?

The 18 year 11 month period of eclipse cycles

Planets motion is?

Diurnal, generally west to east. Sometimes retrograde E to W. planets are defined by their retrograde motion.

Pythagoras' birth date and theories:

530-450 BC, believed in Number, Harmony, Order, and Geometry

Philolaus' birth date and theories:

(5th century BC) All plantets revolve around a "Central fire" including moon. Stars are in fixed locations, and there are 10 circles revolving around sun, including a "Counter earth" that shields us from the sun.

Herakleides' birth date and theories:

(375-310 BC) Mercury and venus orbit sun, explains retrograde motion and positions of mercury and venus. sun and other other planets orbit earth

(~200 BC) Made the first very accurate measurement of the earths size. "Father of geography". Calculated circumfrence of earth

Ptolemy's birth date and theories:

(~150 AD) Used Hippachus' general ideas. Introduced the equant, a point opposite of the eccentric, at thesame distance from the center. Planet's epicycle moves on the deferent at a variable speed, the speed appears constant as seen from the equant.

The Ptolemaic System

Used 40 circles in total, set the size of the universe: 20,000 R = 1 AU. Dominated for 1400 years, the most successful scientific theory ever. Accurate predictions

Hypatia's birth date and contributions:

First known female astronomer, wrote commentary on Ptolemy. Developed astronomical navigation devices. Murdered during mob riot

Copernicus (1273-1543)

First astronomer of modern times. Model had circular orbits and uniform circular motion, added small epicycles to account for variability. Provided natural explanation for retrograde motion.