An Introduction to Copulas

The oraigin of the word copula i sthe latin word copulae, which means "to join together"

Normally, it is assumed that creole languages do not have copulas as the choice of the copula is mainly grounded on the syntactic nature of the complement.

Many other factors also contribute to the choice or to the presence of the copulas.

Nigeria is a highly multilingual country, with over 500 spoken languages and thus is one of the world's territories with the highest linguistic diversification.

The total population is estimated to be over 170+ miilion people. Nigerian languages belong to the three families of Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan.

Three main languages spoken in Nigeria have a distinctive official recognition as major national lanuages - Igbo (main language of the South-East), Hausa (main language in the North) and Yoruba (main language of the South-West).

The choice of these three African Nigerian languages to be represented at the Federal level is certainly grounded on demographic but also political reasons.

There are some major "minor language" among others Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio and Tiv , which have as many speakers as, say, the Igbo language, but for some reasons they were disfavoured.

Each of the three main Nigerian languages has millions of native speakers but Hausa is distinct from the other ywo because it is also commonly spoken as a second language in the northern part of th eountry.

About 25% of Nigerians speak Nigerian English among their first their first languages but for most of the population English remains a second language which is still not easily accessible.

However, English is de facto the only official language in Nigeria.

It is true that Nigerian Pidgin does not have any official recognition, which strikingly contracticts the range of its uses and it is potential as a language of aggregation and general communication among Nigerians.

On the contrary, Nigerian Pidgin, a language that has no kind of official recognition whatsoever, is probably the most widely spoken language of Nigeria.

Nigerian Pidgin has over two million of native speakers in the Southern regions of Niger Delta and over 50 million of native speakers who speak it as one among their first languages.

It is reasonable to assume thatboth of these estimates are rapidly rising.

It is easy to say that Nigerian Pidgin represents one of the main threats to minor Nigerian languages, especially in the Southern regions of Nigeria.

Nigerian Pidgin is an English-based expanded pidgin. Its denomination as "pidgin" may be misleading.

Firstly, linguistic evidence demonstrates a rather advanced level of internal development (archimedean copulas).

Secondly, although its level of sociolinguistic nativization varies from region to region, the language has steadily entered into the domain of informational communications among young speakers, especially in the urban areas.

As a result, Nigerian Pidgin should henceforth included as creole varieties.

Copulas Definition

By definition, a copula is a function that joins or couples multiple distribution fuctions to their one-dimensional distribution
function. Copulas are distribution function whose one-dimensional margins are uniform.

What are Copulas?

The term copula is commonly used in grammatical description to refer to a link ver or particle which has little independent meaning and whose main function is to relate other elements of the clause structure, normally a subject and a predicate.

You see, the copular verb in English is to be, as in he is a doctor. Even though may other verbs can be said to have similar functions, e.g. feel, as in he feels angry, they do not qualify as copulas since they bear too much sematic content.

As this applies also to Nigerian Pidgin, for instance, which has many copulative verb such as feel {to feel}, be like {to seem}, turn {to turn}, kom {to become}, etc...

However, in this an introduction to copulas, the scope focus will be limited to work of three items be, na and de, which can be defined as real copulas, even though they may also have non-copular uses.

As you know, many linguists and philosophers regarded the copula as a key item in terms of logical and linguistic properties.

Gaussian Copulas

Gaussian copulas is a solution to problem on how to handle default correlation in complex instruments. It was used prior to the credit crisis of 2008 (copulas in finance), and it has pretty much been shamed to be useless formulae.

Mathematically, it's an elegant way to join marginal distributions and handle default correlation. But it requires too many simplifying assumptions.

In many cases of statistical modelling, it is essential to obtain the joint copula pdf between multiple random variables.

Even though the marginal distributions each of the RVs are known, their joint distributions may not be easy to obtain from these marginal distribution.

Knowing the scale-free measures of dependence between random variables, copula can be used to obtain their joint distribution.

How would gaussian copulas help with nigerian pidgin and broken english or pidgin english dictionary and pidgin english nigerian?

Copula Meaning - The man said that things are better than ever now. The woman then explained that the man couldn't know because
he was not even in this world when things were better and that she began paying the library taxes before the man was even born.

Copula Examples - And di other one dey long pass.

Copula Meaning -

Copula Examples - Wetin you talk be say we sef for no leave di publicity for only dem. We for sel do rally around our area.

Copula Meaning - You said that we should not leave all th epublicity to them. We are supposed to publicise the event in our area.

Copula Examples - She dey sweet O.

Copula Meaning -

Copula Examples - If to say you goJos find out like dat, e for good.

Copula Meaning - If you would just find out like this, it would be good.

Copula Examples - And wetin dey sweet pass.

Copula Meaning -

Copula Examples - Me and dis man don de speak slang sef before some people wey de rap today. People no believe
say we neva pass boundary becuase dem tink say we be American.

Copula Meaning - This man and I have been speaking slang even before people that rap today. Other people do not believe thart we
have never travelled outside Nigeria because they think that we are American.

Copula Meaning - If your lyrics are good as Baba has said, if your lyrics are what they can play, they will play your songs.

Copula Examples - Na true o!

Copula Meaning - It's true!

Copula Examples - Water de be cold

Copula Meaning - The water is cold

Copula Examples - This cup

Copula Meaning - This is a cup

Copula Examples - That tree

Copula Meaning - That yonder is a tree

Copula Examples - They outside

Copula Meaning - They are outside.

Copula Examples - He behind tree

Copula Meaning - He's behind the tree.

Copula Examples - I be lady or I na lady.

Copula Meaning - I am a single woman.

Copula Examples - Bill na beta student or Bill be beta student.

Copula Meaning - Bill is a good student.

Copula Examples - Na she be di oga

Copula Meaning - SHE is the boss!

Copula Examples - Na Goodluck na im show me.

Copula Meaning - It's Goodluck, it's him who showed it to me.

Copula Examples - Na hand dem for tek tear am into pieces.

Copula Meaning - Their own hands they would use totear him pieces.

Copula Examples - Who be dat one?

Copula Meaning - Who is that?

Copula Examples - Na me! or E be me

Copula Meaning - It's me! {that one}!

Copula Examples - Dat one na me o.

Copula Meaning - That's me!

Copula Examples - Na video ehn? Distin abi? Abi na voice?

Copula Meaning - Is it video ehn? This thing, isn't it? Or is it a voice {recorder}?

Copula Examples - I be DJ

Copula Meaning - I am a DJ

Copula Examples - I be Amerikano

Copula Meaning - I am American

Copula Examples - You be tif Or You na tif

Copula Meaning - You are a thief

Copula Examples - E be my best friend.

Copula Meaning - He's my best friend.

Copula Examples - We beyour family.

Copula Meaning - We are your family.

Copula Examples - Una be nice people.

Copula Meaning - You are nice people.

Copula Examples - Dem be ogbonge actors

Copula Meaning - They are big actors.

Copula Examples - She be di person.

Copula Meaning - She is the one.

Copula Examples - Di man na my brother

Copula Meaning - The man is my brother.

Copulas Nigerian Pidgin

Nigerian English Dictionary Translation

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Dr Roger Blench of academia of the University of Cambridge, England, a British linguistics, anthropology, archaeology & ethnomusicologyProf Herbert S. Igboanusi of A dictionary of Nigerian English Usage, Ibadan Enicrown Fit PublishersC.N.C Asomugha of Nigerians slangs ABIC Publishers, OnitshaAyo Bamgbose of New English Africa World pressMobolaji Adekunle of Non-random variation in the Nigerian English (1979) In Ubahakwe,
Ebo, ed. Varieties and Functions of English in Nigeria. Ibadan: African Universities Press in
association with the Nigeria English Studies AssociationH.M. Burkil of The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families Royal Botanic GardensFMI 1964 of Some Nigerian woods, Lagos Federal Ministry of Information, NigeriaDavid Jowitt of Nigerian English usage, an introduction. Longman, NigeriaC.U.C Ugorji of Nigerian English Phonology, Frankfurt am Main: Peter LangA. H. M. Kirk-Greene of The vocabulary and determinants of schoolboy slang in Northern Nigeria, Occasional Paper No. 6 Zaria, ABUR. Opara and P. Oleghe of Contemporary student vocabulary, Ibadan, NigeriaMercy U. Ukpabio of Students' Language on Campus. , Calabar: Dept of Languages and Linguistics, University of Calabar undergraduate long essay.
Naija Lingo and many more...

Welcome to African language - Nigerian Englishpeople and Nigerian culture.
Nigerian English is sometimes written, especially in newspapers and magazines.

Nigerian English is printed regularly in the newspapers and since much of it consists of using Standard English in
extended senses spelling is generally not a problem.

Some forms of pidgin origin such as "done" have
conventional representations, e.g. "don".

However, others, such as "rubber" are pronounced in a variety of
forms, such as "roba", "ruba" etc. depending on sociolinguistic considerations.

Africa is home to more than a billion people and is also the fastest growing continent.

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