Sunday, April 20, 2014

Firmly Anchored Expectations, No Postponement of Purchases?

This article from former European Central Bank board member Jürgen Stark (Doomsayers risk a self-fulfilling prophecy) has been occasioning a lot of commentary over the last week or so.
According to Stark, the current deflation debate "lacks three important points: an in-depth analysis of the forces driving inflation down; a clear distinction between “benign disinflation” and “bad deflation”, with a spiral of decreasing prices, wages and output triggered by negative expectations; and a better understanding of the European Central Bank’s approach".

"It is likely we are living in an extended period of price stability. This is good news. It boosts real disposable income and will eventually support private consumption. Inflation expectations are well anchored, and there is no evidence households and companies are delaying purchases because of negative expectations. Warnings about outright deflation and calls for ECB action are misguided and irresponsible. The longer this discussion continues, and the more intense it becomes, the more likely the risk of a self-fulfilling prophecy".

Two questionable assertions immediately struck me, the idea that inflation expectations are well anchored, and the claim there is no evidence households are delaying purchases because of negative expectations.

Well Anchored Expectations?

The above chart shows implied inflation expectations as derived from the swaps market. As can be seen expectations have been steadily falling for more than a year now, and they are falling right across the 2014 - 2018 term horizon. Indeed, as of the time of writing the implied inflation rate is still (at around1.75%) below the ECB 2% inflation objective 10 years from now (see chart below).

If these are well anchored expectations, well, I'd like to see what badly anchored ones looked like.....

Purchase Postponement Evidence From Spain's Housing Market

The second claim I find questionable is that we have NO evidence for
purchase postponement decisions. The phenomenon may not be widespread at this point - first of all prices actually have to start to fall - but let's take a look at what has been happening
in Spain. House prices have now been falling steadily since the end of
2007 (I use the real estate valuers TINSA index).

House prices are now down around 40% and continue to fall. There is no
reliable estimate of when the slide in house prices will come to an end,
and buyers act accordingly. New home sales, despite a massive stock of
nearly a million units (between completed and still to be completed),
remain near historic lows, and were down in February over 30% from a
year earlier.

It's clear that people are delaying purchases in the expectation of lower prices in the future, and they will continue to do so. Why does this matter. Well, let's look at some charts for Japan.

The collapse in land prices was one of the principle underlying elements driving debt deflation in Japan. In Spain we don't have a reliable land price index (to my knowledge) but it might be worth bearing in mind that before he left the Bank of Spain former governor Miguel Angel Fernandez Ordoñez jokingly told journalists that "well, we shouldn't expect these assets to have negative value, now should we?" Not sure he continues to have a smile on his face when he talks about this. These land assets may now be largely provisioned for and valued at virtually zero, but there are a lot of them remaining on bank balance sheets and stored in the "bad bank" Sareb, and it isn't clear what the impact would be of releasing them at market value on the price of new homes. (Hint, in many urban areas the land cost was roughly 50% of the final house price before the crisis).

To some extent it is the collapse in land prices that has acted as an underlying drag on retail prices in Japan. In the EU HICP housing costs are not included. If they were Spain would already be stuck in entrenched deflation.

Naturally, the Spanish housing market can be discounted by some as an isolated phenomenon, although I would argue it is important enough to make it very difficult to see the ECB being able to raise rates over any foreseeable time horizon due to the pain this would cause to those with mortgages. But how many other examples like this may there be lurking out there? Has Jürgen Stark really run a systematic search, or is he simply repeating - as in the case of well anchored inflation claim - what could be considered to be the official mantra.

Meanwhile we simply watch and wait. Spain EU HICP consumer inflation at minus 0.2% in March over a year earlier.

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About

Edward 'the bonobo' is a Catalan economist of British extraction based in Barcelona. By inclination he is a macro economist, but his obsession with trying to understand the economic impact of demographic changes has often taken him far from home, off and away from the more tranquil and placid pastures of the dismal science, into the bracken and thicket of demography, anthropology, biology, sociology and systems theory. All of which has lead him to ask himself whether Thomas Wolfe was not in fact right when he asserted that the fact of the matter is "you can never go home again".
He is currently working on a book with the provisional working title "Population, the Ultimate Non-renewable Resource".
Apart from his participation in A Fistful of Euros, Edward also writes regularly for the demography blog Demography Matters. He also contributes to the Indian Economy blog . His personal weblog is Bonobo Land . Edward's website can be found at EdwardHugh.net.

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What Is Spain Economy Watch?

Spain Economy Watch is a weblog - run by Edward Hugh - which is dedicated to following the day to day progress of the Spanish economy as part of the eurozone system. The Weblog arose out of my curiosity concerning how the system operated in connection with the evident demographic patterns which are to be found among the various member states of the zone. The roots of the particular mix of economic problems which some of these economies now seem to be facing, in particular in association with the ending of the construction boom, about what can be done to address these problems, and about what might be learnt from studying the situation as it evolves.

Spanish society shares in common with the other Southern European zone members a historically unprecedented combination of structural problems stemming from a very rapid decline in fertility and increase in life expectancy - both of which tend towards a situation of rapid population ageing. One consequence of the fertility decline is that there is often now insufficient insufficient domestic labour supply to meet the growth needs of these societies, needs which are only reinforced by the weight of the pensions liabilities which are now imminently pending. The impact of this has been a considerable migration inflow which has both been fueled by and in turn has fueled a construction boom.

Needless to say none of these problems were ever really contemplated when the present generation of economic textbooks was written. Dealing with this whole problem set has become a most pressing concern, both theoretically and practically.

A great deal more background and information about the theoretical perspective which informs this blog may be found over at the Demography Matters blog.