Utah known for dinosaur bones

VERNAL, Utah -- Local legend has it that cowboys, sheep herders and trappers long knew about the huge fossilized bones that regularly surfaced from the ancient rock underlying Utah's dinosaur country.

But not until steel magnate Andrew Carnegie learned of the bones did Vernal and the surrounding Ashley Valley get the nation's attention 100 years ago. Now Vernal, a Western outpost whose wide streets are lined with energy, mining and agricultural businesses, makes a business of its bones. It's home to a large dinosaur museum and is the base for a National Park Service site at a bone quarry Carnegie established in 1909.

The quarry is the central dinosaur-related attraction. Located 20 miles outside of Vernal, it's part of Dinosaur National Monument, a 210,000-acre park with rocky canyonlands stretching into Utah and Colorado.

The park is best-known for its visitors center, with a wall of 1,500 fossilized bones from 11 types of dinosaurs. In 2005, the visitors center, which sits atop Carnegie's bone quarry, was closed because of structural problems.

It's not expected to open again until 2012. But there is still plenty to see.

A bed of fossilized bones extends outside the building. A trail nearby passes fossils naturally eroded from a cliff, including a string of vertebrae, a large femur and a humerus bone.

The park has a temporary visitors center with fossils and a gift shop featuring giant replica dinosaur bones to take home.

And there is a lot more at the park than bones. Fremont Indians who lived near the park's two rivers about 1,000 years ago left behind both petroglyphs (patterns carved into the rock) and pictographs (drawings on the rock). They can be seen at remote sites accessible by foot or car.

The park is also spectacular in itself, a rolling bed of multicolored rock cliffs and formations showing the movement of the earth through hundreds of millions of years.

"The cliffs and sculptured forms are sometimes smooth, sometimes fantastically craggy, always massive, and they have a peculiar capacity to excite the imagination," wrote author Wallace Stegner in a book of essays, Dinosaur, in 1955, when there was talk of converting the park's Yampa and Green canyons into a reservoir.

Dinosaur bones are found on every continent. But Utah's Uinta Basin is unique because of the way that the rock shows the ancient remains. Originally the rocks, formed from lake and flood-plain sediment, lay flat.

Through millions of years, the movement of the earth pushed the massive stone layers until they now point at the sky. Erosion has worn away the rock, revealing the bones.

The result: "There's just no other place anywhere on the planet where they're just so beautifully exposed for the public to see. It's the most famous place to see dinosaurs still in their host rock anywhere in the world," said Jim Kirkland, a paleontologist who works for the Utah Geological Survey.

"There is no place as spectacular as Dinosaur."

This year is the 100th anniversary of the dinosaur discovery that led to the establishment of Dinosaur National Monument. In some local histories, an Earl Douglass, sent West by Carnegie to find fossils for his Hall of Vertebrate Paleontology in Pittsburgh, gets credit for finding the bones and recognizing their significance.

Others say the credit should go to another man: goat herder Johnny Harper, who found a huge petrified bone in what became the Carnegie quarry and told everyone in town.

"Johnny went on with his duties of caring for the goats and never got recognition for this historic find," wrote local historian George Long in a 2007 narrative history.

If you go Dinosaur National Monument

Vernal, Utah, is about a three-hour drive east from Salt Lake City on I-80 and U.S. 40. Dinosaur National Monument is another 20 miles southeast of Vernal.

STAYING THERE

Camping is an inexpensive way to stay inside Dinosaur National Monument. The park has three campgrounds on the Utah side and three in Colorado; cost, facilities, and access vary greatly.

Reservations are available only for group sites during the high-use season. Backcountry camping is free; a permit is required. Visit www.nps.gov/dino.

HUNTING FOSSILS

Fossils abound in this part of Utah. Private citizens are permitted to collect invertebrate fossils (such as plants or trilobites, which are extinct marine creatures) on public land, according to Clinton Hughes, a geologist with the Bureau of Land Management in Boise, Idaho. If you're not a scientist, and you find a bone or vertebrate fossil, leave it where it is, Hughes said. Locals recommend amateur fossil-hunters try Cowboy Canyon, about 35 miles southeast of town on Highway 45.

LEARNING MORE

• For more information on Vernal, call the Vernal Welcome Center at 435-789-4002 or Dinosaurland Travel Board at 1-800-477-5558.