9780130799791

0130799793

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Summary

For courses in Automotive Electrical Systems and Electronics, Engine Performance and Tune-Ups, and Emissions Testing. Comprehensive, yet easy-to-read, this text presents principles and practices of diagnosis and troubleshooting of automotive electrical, electronic, and computer systems in a clear, concise format and at a level of detail that far exceeds most similar texts. Additionally, an accompanying interactive, multi-media CD-ROM brings to life the sights and sounds of the ?whys? and ?hows? of all phases of diagnosis and troubleshooting.

Table of Contents

Preface

xviii

Acknowledgments

xix

Electrical System Principles

1

(17)

Objectives

1

(1)

Electricity

1

(1)

The Atom and Electrons

1

(1)

Electron Orbits

2

(1)

Energy Levels

3

(1)

Conductors

3

(1)

How Conductor Resistance Increases with Heat

3

(1)

Insulators

4

(1)

Semiconductors

4

(1)

Current Electricity

4

(1)

How Electrons Move through a Conductor

4

(1)

Conventional Theory versus Electron Theory

4

(1)

Amperes

5

(1)

Volts

5

(1)

Ohms

5

(1)

Principles of Conductors and Resistance

6

(1)

Resistors

6

(1)

Variable Resistors

7

(1)

Sources of Direct-Current Electricity

7

(1)

Capacitors

7

(3)

Comparison Between a Capacitor and a Water Tower

10

(1)

Magnetism

11

(1)

What Makes a Magnet Magnetic

11

(1)

Classification of Magnetic Materials

11

(1)

Electromagnetism

12

(1)

Magnetic Fields in a Coil of Wire

12

(1)

Magnetic Field Strength

13

(1)

Reluctance

13

(1)

Electromagnetic Uses

13

(1)

Electromagnetic Switches

13

(1)

How an Electromagnetic Switch Works

13

(1)

Relays and Solenoids

14

(1)

Residual Magnetism

14

(1)

Electromagnetic Induction

14

(1)

Self-Induction

15

(1)

Mutual Induction

15

(2)

Summary

17

(1)

Review Questions

17

(1)

ASE Certification-Type Questions

17

(1)

Electrical Circuits and Ohm's Law

18

(17)

Objectives

18

(1)

Circuits

18

(1)

Parts of a Complete Circuit

18

(1)

Open Circuits

19

(1)

Short-to-Voltage

19

(1)

Short-to-Ground

20

(1)

Chasis Ground

21

(1)

One-Wire Systems

21

(1)

How The One-Wire System Can Cause Problems

22

(1)

Series Circuits

22

(1)

Parallel Circuits

23

(1)

How to Determine a Parallel Circuit

24

(1)

Where Parallel Circuits Are Used in a Vehicle

24

(1)

Series-Parallel Circuits

24

(1)

The Four Basic Automotive Circuits

24

(1)

Ohm's Law

24

(1)

Ohm's Law Applied To Simple Circuits

25

(1)

Watts

26

(1)

Ohm's Law and Series Circuits

26

(1)

Farsighted Quality of Electricity

27

(1)

Series Circuits and Voltage Drops

27

(1)

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

27

(1)

Applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

28

(1)

Use of Voltage Drops

28

(1)

Voltage Drops as a Testing Method

29

(1)

Current Flow through Parallel Circuits

29

(1)

Kirchhoff's Current Law

29

(1)

Determining Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit

29

(4)

Magic Circle

33

(1)

Summary

33

(1)

Review Questions

33

(1)

ASE Certification-Type Questions

34

(1)

Fundamentals of Electronics

35

(17)

Objectives

35

(1)

Semiconductors

35

(1)

N-Type Material

35

(1)

P-Type Material

36

(1)

How Holes Move

36

(1)

Summary of Semiconductors

36

(1)

Diodes

36

(1)

Zener Diodes

37

(1)

Clamping Diodes

38

(1)

Zener Diode Despiking Protection

39

(1)

Despiking Resistors

39

(1)

Diode Ratings

39

(1)

Light-Emitting Diodes

40

(1)

Photodiodes

40

(1)

Photoresistors

41

(1)

Varistors

41

(1)

Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers

41

(1)

Thermistors

42

(1)

Rectifier Bridges

42

(1)

Passive and Active Circuits

42

(1)

Transistors

42

(1)

How a Transistor Works

43

(1)

How a Transistor Amplifies

43

(1)

Field-Effect Transistors

44

(1)

Darlington Pairs

44

(1)

Transistor Gain

44

(1)

Solid-Stae, Integrated-Circuit, and Dual Inline Package Components

45

(1)

Heat Sink

45

(1)

Phototransistors

45

(1)

Solar Cells

45

(1)

How to Test Diodes and Transistors

46

(1)

Transistor Gates

46

(1)

Logic Highs and Lows

47

(1)

Transistor-Transistor Logic

47

(1)

Operational Amplifiers

48

(1)

Polarity

48

(1)

Electronic Component Failure Causes

48

(1)

Electrostatic Discharge

49

(1)

Summary

50

(1)

Review Questions

50

(1)

ASE Certification-Type Questions

51

(1)

Electrical and Electronic Test Equipment

52

(36)

Objectives

52

(1)

Test Lights

52

(1)

Continuity Test Lights

53

(1)

LED Test Light

53

(1)

Logic Probe

54

(1)

Digital Multimeters

54

(1)

Measuring Amperes

54

(3)

AC/DC Clamp-On Digital Multimeter

57

(1)

Measuring Voltage

57

(1)

Measuring Resistance

58

(3)

Electrical Unit Prefixes

61

(2)

How to Read Digital Meters

63

(2)

RMS versus Average

65

(1)

Resolution, Digits, and Counts

65

(1)

Accuracy

66

(2)

Analog versus Digital Storage Oscilloscope

68

(1)

Oscilloscope Display Grid

68

(1)

Setting the Time Base

69

(1)

Setting the Volts per Division

70

(1)

AC Coupling

70

(1)

DC Coupling

71

(1)

Pulse Trains

71

(3)

Using Scope Leads

74

(1)

Measuring Battery Voltage with a Scope

74

(1)

Scope Probe Attenuation

74

(1)

Adjusting Scope Probe Compensation

74

(13)

Summary

87

(1)

Review Questions

87

(1)

ASE Certification-Type Questions

87

(1)

Wiring, Circuit Diagrams, and Troubleshooting

88

(33)

Objectives

88

(1)

Automotive Wiring

88

(1)

American Wire Gauge

88

(1)

Metric Wire Gauge

89

(1)

Braided Ground Straps

89

(1)

Wire and Cable

90

(1)

Battery Cables

90

(1)

Jumper Cables

90

(1)

Fuses

90

(1)

Glass Fuses

91

(1)

Blade Fuses

92

(1)

Mini Fuses

92

(1)

Maxi Fuses

93

(1)

Testing Fuses

93

(1)

Circuit Breakers

93

(1)

PTC Circuit Protectors

94

(1)

Fusible Links

95

(1)

Terminals and Connectors

95

(2)

Wire Repair

97

(2)

Wiring Diagrams and Schematics

99

(2)

Switches

101

(1)

Relay Terminal Identification

101

(1)

Using Wiring Diagrams for Troubleshooting

102

(3)

European Wiring Codes

105

(1)

Japanese Wiring Codes

106

(1)

Locating a Short Circuit

106

(1)

Electrical Troubleshooting Guide

107

(13)

Summary

120

(1)

Review Questions

120

(1)

ASE Certification-Type Questions

120

(1)

Batteries and Battery Testing

121

(27)

Objectives

121

(1)

Purpose of a Battery

121

(1)

Battery Construction

121

(1)

Grids

122

(2)

How a Battery Works

124

(1)

During Discharging

124

(1)

The Fully Discharged State

124

(1)

During Charging

125

(1)

Specific Gravity

125

(1)

Charge Indicators

126

(1)

Specific Gravity versus State of Charge and Battery Voltage

126

(1)

Causes and Types of Battery Failure

126

(1)

Battery Hold-Downs

127

(1)

Battery Ratings

127

(1)

Deep Cycling

127

(1)

Hybrid Batteries

127

(1)

Battery Council International Group Sizes

127

(2)

Battery Service Safety Considerations

129

(1)

Battery Maintenance

130

(1)

Battery Voltage Test

131

(2)

Hydrometer Testing

133

(2)

Battery Load Testing

135

(1)

Capacitance Testing

135

(1)

Battery Charging

136

(1)

Jump-Starting

137

(1)

Battery Date Codes

137

(1)

Battery Electrical Drain Test

137

(1)

Procedure for Battery Electrical Drain Test

137

(3)

Finding the Source of the Drain

140

(1)

What to Do if a Battery Drain Still Exists after All the Fuses Are Disconnected