Sport Final

The author explains that the purpose of the text is to help the reader understand the “deeper game” associated with sports. This “deeper game” refers to

connections between sports and the larger social world.

People in the sociology of sport are mostly concerned with studying

the social worlds created in and around sports.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a concern among sociologists who study sports?

The motivation and personalities of athletes

The author points out that sport cultures are

created as people in sports interact with each other.

Social structure consists of

established patterns of relationships and social arrangements.

In the precise definition provided in the chapter, sports consists of activities that are

officially governed and competitive.

According to the precise definition provided in the chapter, which of the following would be an example of a sport?

Racing in the Indianapolis 500

When a precise definition is used, sports are distinguished from play because play involves

rewards that are intrinsic and dynamics that are free-flowing.

According to the precise definition of sport provided in the chapter, a sport is in danger of becoming a spectacle when

pleasing audience becomes all-important to athletes.

According to the author, one of the problems with the precise definition of sport in the chapter is that it might lead some sociologists to

ignore people who lack the resources to formally organize their games.

Some sociologists don’t use a precise definition of sports to guide their research. Instead, they use an alternative approach in which sports are identified by asking questions about the

ways that people define sports and set funding priorities for them.

When sociologists say that sports are “contested activities,” they mean that

people may struggle over what sports are and who should play them.

One of the most hotly contested aspects of sports in society is

who plays sports under what conditions.

Sports are social constructions. This means that they are

created by people as they interact with each other

People in the sociology of sport focus much of their research on

organized, competitive sports.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be studied by someone in the sociology of sport?

The physical demands associated with individual and team sports.

The author explains that he generally uses the term sports rather than sport because he wishes to emphasize that

the meaning, purpose, and organization of sports vary by place and time.

The sociology of sport differs from the psychology of sport in that sociologists are more likely than psychologists to focus on

the ways that athletes are influenced by the organization of sports.

As opposed to a psychologist, a sociologist would study burnout among athletes in terms of the

power that athletes have to control their own lives.

People who control sport programs are likely to prefer a psychological approach to burnout over a sociological approach because

they’d rather change athletes than the organization of their programs.

Sports in Society was written to help readers to

make informed choices about sports in their lives and their society.

When sociologists study problems in sports, their recommendations are sometimes controversial because they may call for changes in the

structure and organization of sports and society.

When the sociology of sport is used to study sport participation among women, the primary focus would likely be on

women’s access to the time and resources needed to play sports.

In the “Breaking Barriers” box, it is emphasized that

human beings are not victims of culture and society.

Which of the following topics would someone in the sociology of sport be most likely to study in a research project on violence in sports?

The characteristics of the situations in which violence occurred.

The author explains that a sociological approach to studying sports

will grow if it produces knowledge that is useful to many people.

Sports are logical topics for sociologists to study because

sports are such a pervasive part of many people’s lives today.

The author explains that we should study sports as parts of the social world because sports are

closely connected with important ideas and meanings in social life.

When the author says that the human body is social, this means that

meanings given to the body and body parts have changed over time.

When people in a society generally see the body as machine and sport as performance, it is likely that

athletes will use technology to control and manage their bodies.

When sociologists study ideologies, they focus on

webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to make sense of the world.

Gender ideology refers to

ideas and beliefs about masculinity and femininity.

Dominant gender ideology in most societies has traditionally emphasized that

female inferiority in sports is based in nature.

When a coach accuses male players of not playing well by saying that they “play like girls,” his statement will motivate the players if they

accept dominant gender ideology.

Racial ideology refers to

ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color.

Class ideology in the United States is organized around

the idea of the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy.

The connections between ideologies and sports are

complex.

While discussing sports and major spheres of social life, the author notes that

the media enable some athletes to become global celebrities.

While discussing sports and major spheres of social life, the author notes that

sports are integrally connected with all major spheres of social life.

The growth of the sociology of sport depends on whether scholars in the field can

do research that helps people understand social life in useful ways.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four things that sociologists who study sports are trying to understand?

The strategies for improving sports performance in order to be more successful in competition.

Knowledge produced in the sociology of sport is primarily based on

social research and social theories.

Social theories are useful and practical because they

enable us to make sense out of life and learn from our experiences

Sociological theories are different from our personal theories in that they

are developed by using systematic research and logic.

According to Pierre Bourdieu, what is “cultural capital”?

Practical knowledge that people develop through their personal experiences.

In the chapter it is noted that personal theories, as opposed to sociological theories:

are based on the immediate experiences of individuals

Sociologist Mike Messner decided to initiate his research on gender and sports after witnessing events at:

his son’s soccer season opening ceremonies.

The process of producing knowledge in the sociology of sport, as well as other scientific disciplines, is a seven-stage process that begins with observation and ends with

using knowledge to inform decisions

As Messner thought about his observations of sports, he formed questions around

issues related to culture, social interaction, and social structure.

Theories that explain what is known about the ways that people express their values, ideas, and beliefs are called

cultural theories.

Which category of theories use concepts such as role models and identity?

interactionist theories.

The theories most likely to be used in research on the process of developing and maintaining athletic identities are

interactionist theories.

The theories that explain what is known about patterns of relationships that influence opportunities to play sports are

structural theories.

The theories most likely to use concepts such as values, symbols, ideology, and beliefs are

cultural theories.

Which of the following research topics would be MOST associated with interactionist theories?

The process of normalizing pain and injury when playing sports.

When Messner used cultural theories as a guide for collecting and analyzing data in his research project, he focused primarily on

team names and colors.

When five-year-old girls choose Barbie to represent their sports team, they may do so because she represents traditional female ideals and values, OR they may be introducing different ideals and values to be associated with Barbie. Sociologists addressing these issues are most likely to by guided by

cultural theories

When sociologists study socialization as it occurs in sports, they are most likely to be guided by

interactionist theories

Messner’s research findings enabled him to explain that gender consists of

meaning, performance, and organization.

The author agues that gender is a “social element woven into the fabric of social worlds as meaning, performance, and organization.” What example is cited as demonstrating the notion of “gender as meaning?”

The fact that little boys’ teams do not name themselves “girl” names like “Pink Monsters.”

The purpose of publication in the research process is to

allow other scholars to review and critique knowledge claims.

What are “knowledge claims?”

Statements that explain the “how and why” about a particular topic.

The author points out that sociology of sport can be used to

inform the decisions we make about sports and sport participation.

In the chapter it is noted that the commonly made statement that “sports are reflections of society”

ignores the capacity of people to act as agents of cultural production.

The author explains that sports are more than reflections of society because they are sites where

society and culture are created and reproduced.

Knowledge and theories in the sociology of sport enable us to

view sports from multiple perspectives.

The primary approaches used when data are collected and analyzed in sociological research are

quantitative and qualitative.

Collecting information about people, converting the information into numbers, and analyzing the numbers using statistical procedures and tests is consistent with which method of data collection?

Quantitative data collection.

When sociologists do ethnographies, they do

fieldwork combined with in-depth interviews.

One part of data collection can include an analysis of the stories that people tell about themselves and their social worlds. The author refers to these stories as:

narratives.

When Messner analyzed network sports news and ESPN highlights, he used

quantitative data.

According to the Messner analysis of ESPN sports highlights on the program Sports Center, what percentage of highlights were highlights of women’s sports in 2004?

2.1%

Which of the following questions would NOT be asked when using a critical approach in a sociological study of sports?

What is the most efficient way to organize spectator sports?

When Messner used a critical approach in his research on gender and sports, he was interested in

how sports can be used to challenge exploitive practices in society.

In the “Breaking Barriers” box it was noted that the term “handicapped” refers to

the consequence of being defined as inferior due to perceived disabilites.

In the “Breaking Barriers” box it was noted that an impairment becomes a disability only when

accommodations are not made to allow for full participation in a situation.

A medical/psychological approach emphasizes that disability is

a characteristic that makes an individual abnormal.

A social/political approach emphasizes that disability is

created by social and environmental barriers to participation.

When using a social/political approach, dealing with disability involves

efforts to eliminate social and physical barriers that limit participation.

The author explains that he uses a critical approach as he studies sports in society. As a result, many of the discussions in Sports in Society emphasize issues of

fairness and equity

The physical activities engaged in by people during prehistoric times usually were

forms of religious worship tied to sacred rituals and ceremonies.

The first physical games played by humans probably emerged from a combination of

coping with physical challenges and performing religious rituals.

The overviews provided in the chapter suggest that the people who have had the greatest impact on sports throughout history have usually been those who

have the most power in the society.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of games played by the ancient Greeks?

Warrior sports were banned because they were too dangerous.

As Greek games took on political significance, the athletes who played in them

formed organizations to help them bargain for their rights.

In the box, “Sports Today,” it is noted that Greek contests and games differed from the organized competitive sports of today in that they

did not involve measurements and record-keeping.

In the box, “Sports Today,” it is noted that today’s sports are

unique in terms of how they are organized.

Roman leaders generally used contests and games to

celebrate their own power and authority and entertain the masses.

The Romans who criticized sport spectacles in their own communities generally objected to events because they involved

The games played by local peasants in Medieval Europe were primarily influenced by a combination of

local customs and the Catholic Church.

Through a good part of the medieval period, the most popular sporting events in Europe consisted of a series of war games. These events were designed to

maintain military readiness among upper-class males.

European women during the medieval period were not as involved in physically active games as were men. Their opportunities were restricted by a combination of

male-centered families and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

The term “Renaissance man” generally is used to refer to someone who

has a wide combination of physical, intellectual, and social skills.

The growth of Calvinism and Puritanism during the Protestant Reformation in Europe and North America (early 1500s to the late 1600s) was associated with

negative attitudes about games that were played on the Sabbath.

Games and sport activities during the Enlightenment period (1700–1800) were unlike today’s organized competitive sports because they were

defined strictly as diversions from everyday life.

In the box, “Lessons from History,” it is noted that published information about the lives and sport activities of Native Peoples between 1500 and most of the 20thcentury has been seriously distorted because

white Europeans seldom saw native games in their authentic forms.

In the box, “Lessons from History,” it is noted that when we study history we should

identify whose perspectives and voices are represented and whose are ignored.

Rates of sport participation in the early years of the Industrial Revolution were

low because work and production were emphasized more than leisure.

Sport participation among urban workers was relatively rare during the early days of the Industrial Revolution, and when it occurred it was often limited to

bowling and billiards played mostly by men.

African slaves made up 20 percent of the U.S. population during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. The physical activities of these Africans generally emphasized

cooperation and community spirit.

During the later years of the Industrial Revolution, sport activities became increasingly organized. As this happened, sports in North America

generally reinforced existing class distinctions in society.

In the box, “Sports Today,” it is noted that today’s organized competitive sports in most industrial and post-industrial cultures around the world

involve a clear emphasis on setting and breaking records.

Early definitions of amateur in the U.S. and England were used to

exclude working-class people from sports.

Around the turn of the century (1900) in the United States and parts of Europe, sports came to be seen as activities that

could be used to change the character and behavior of individuals.

Male immigrants during the early 1900s were encouraged to play football, basketball, and baseball because it was believed that

playing these sports would “Americanize” them.

Those who organized sport programs for young males around the year 1900 in the U.S. were primarily interested in teaching

overfeminized middle-class boys how to be successful, assertive leaders.

Organized recreation programs for girls around the year 1900 generally emphasized the development of

domestic skills.

Sex-integrated sport programs for young people were discouraged during the early 20th century because people believed that contact between boys and girls would

lead to male-female friendships rather than marriage and parenthood.

Sport participation among African Americans in the late 19th century in the U.S.

gradually became racially integrated until Jim Crow laws emerged.

The racist ideology that emerged during the 20th century led many whites to see the physical sport skills of African Americans as proof that blacks

were less evolved than whites.

Sport participation among older people around the turn of the century the U.S. was not encouraged because it was believed that older people were

physically unable to engage in strenuous activities.

In the “Breaking Barriers” box, it is shown that through most of history

disability is tied to the ways that people give meaning to difference.

Football (as played in the NFL) became more popular than soccer in the United States because

football came to be associated with American identity.

After reading the U.S. social history time line, 1920–1999, we can conclude that

commercialization is a longstanding problem in college sports.

A survey of sports played between 1920 and today indicates that

there has never been complete agreement on the purpose of sports.

The most contentious struggles since the 1920s have revolved around

who participates in mainstream organized sports.

Since 1920 there has been a clear trend toward making sports into

more organized and rationalized activities.

Unlike sports prior to the 20th century, today’s organized competitive sports are often influenced by

profit-making and commercial interests.

There was a significant shift in sport sponsorship patterns during the 1980s. This shift was caused by

antitax sentiments and the growth of corporate power

According to the definition used in Chapter 4, socialization refers to a process that

involves social development and learning about social worlds.

Recent studies of socialization are based on interactionist models rather than internalization models. Interactionist models emphasize that human beings are

active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences.

Since the early 1980s, those who study sports and socialization have begun to use research methods that emphasize

Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of those things?

A person’s willingness to practice even when not having fun

Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports is primarily the result of

continuing processes of decision-making in people’s lives.

When Chris Stevenson did a study in which he collected stories from elite athletes about their sport experiences, he concluded that becoming an elite athlete involved

processes of introduction, involvement, and developing commitment.

When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players, they concluded that becoming an athlete involved

acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete.

The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley led them to conclude that sport participation among British adolescents was the result of

continuous decisions made over time by young people.

Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

personality revisions

After a review of past studies guided by structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization, the author makes conclusions about changing or ending sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions?

People drop out of sports only when they are victims of some form of exploitation in sports.

In the summary of Coakley’s analysis of “burnout,” it is pointed out that when elite young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they

see sport participation as an obstacle to developing autonomy.

When Konstantinos Koukouris interviewed former athletes, he discovered that decisions to end or change sport participation were primarily associated with

the need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves.

Garry Wheeler’s study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired involved

reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life.

Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they

have few experiences outside the culture of sports.

A widespread belief long held by many people in North America is that

sports always involve character-building experiences.

Past studies of socialization based on a personal internalization model have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that

all athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports.

When evaluating research on what happens in sports, it’s important not to overlook the fact that

different people define similar sport experiences in different ways.

A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on

the meanings people give to sports in their lives.

A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it

provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports?

Avoiding technology so that sport achievements are pure

Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize

connections with other people and the environment.

Power and performance sports are dominant today primarily because they

emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people.

Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicate that

competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high.

Data on sports and obesity indicate that

the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates.

Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes. Instead, they view sports as

sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways.

Gary Alan Fine’s study of little league baseball players showed that the socialization experiences of the preteen boys who played little league emphasized

what it means to be a man in U.S. culture.

Nancy Theberge’s study of an elite women’s ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players involved

talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey.

Dan Woog’s interviews with gay male athletes in the U.S. indicated that

combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging.

The author uses the term “social world” to refer to a

way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting.

When Patti and Peter Adler studied a big-time intercollegiate men’s basketball team, they discovered that team members gradually

viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes.

In his study of elite competitive bodybuilding in California, Alan Klein observed that male bodybuilders

tended to be insecure about their masculinity.

When Todd Crosset studied the LPGA, he found that the players emphasized what he called an “ethic of prowess.” This ethic was formed partly in response to

how some people defined gender and viewed women athletes.

Loïc Wacquant’s study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym indicated that boxing

sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets.

Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. The research of these sociologists tends to focus on

sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives.

Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci. Using Gramsci’s ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are

popular forms of excitement and pleasure.

According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci’s ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are

contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people.

When the author paraphrases Gramsci’s conclusion about hegemony, he says that “it is difficult to fight an enemy that . . .

has outposts in your head.”

Focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, David Andrews studied the “persona” created in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990s. He concludes that through media images of Jordan, the “Jordan persona” was

intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture.

Popular images ignore disability or represent (dis)abled bodies as different. This creates for people with disabilities

the need to have an account for why their bodies are “different.”

Ludwig Guttmann, the father of sports for people with disabilities, was labelled as a radical in 1948 because he

forced people to confront bodies with disabilities.

Organized youth sports in the United States were originally developed to teach lower-class boys how to work together peacefully and to help middle-class boys

counteract the “feminized” values they learned at home from their mothers.

The majority of parents today in the U.S.

encourage both their daughters and sons to play organized sports.

Organized, adult-controlled youth sports have become prevalent in neoliberal societies. A neoliberal society is one in which

individualism is valued and public programs are decreased.

Which of the following is NOT among the five changes that have encouraged participation in organized youth sports?

Parents know that playing informal games will harm child development.

A negative consequences of the expectation that parents are responsible for the supervision of their children 24-hours a day, 7-days a week is that

parents without resources may be defined as irresponsible.

The trend toward privatization in organized youth sports has

made youth programs more selective and exclusive.

An emphasis on the performance ethic is most likely in programs sponsored by

private commercial clubs.

In organized youth sport programs that emphasize the performance ethic, there often is a corresponding emphasis on

sport specialization among children.

Different sponsors of youth sport programs have different goals. The programs that are most likely to be inclusive and emphasize overall participation are those

The potential for child abuse is highest in elite, specialized sport training programs when

the income of adults depends on the performances of children.

Child labor laws in most post-industrial societies prevent adults from using children as sources of financial gain in

the film and advertising industries, but not in sports.

Parental involvement in and concern about youth sports have increased because

parental moral worth is now associated with the success of children.

When cultural ideology emphasizes that parents are solely responsible for their children, many parents conclude that they

are morally obliged to stop anyone interfering with their child’s success.

A sign that some children reject structured, adult-controlled sport programs is the

increased interest in alternative sports.

An overall comparison of informal sports and organized sports shows that

informal sports are action-centered while organized sports are rule-centered.

Research that compares children’s experiences in organized and informal sports is scarce because of three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

A lack of research skills among scholars who want to study children

The author points out that in comparison with today’s children, people who grew up in the 1950s and 1960s were more likely to

play informal sports more often than organized sports.

Informal games are generally organized to emphasize

action and personal involvement in the action

When Tom Farrey of ESPN interviewed developmental soccer coaches in France, they explained that

informal games help children develop a personal “feel” for the game.

The author notes that sport development experts worldwide agree that

children under eight years old should not play highly organized sports.

Research indicates that the talent development process for people who excel in a particular activity begins with

exploration, unstructured play, and expressive fun in an activity.

Research shows that the existence of informal children’s games requires

that players have interpersonal skills and problem-solving abilities.

The Youth Sports National Report Card created by a panel of youth sports and child development experts issued grades for existing organized sport programs in 2005. What was the approximate GPA across the five major topic areas?

C

The expert panel that developed the Youth Sports National Report Card also explained that youth sports in the United States

had lost its child-centered focus.

According to the Americans with Disability Act, all youth sports open to the public must allow children with disabilities to play unless

it would threaten the safety of able-bodied participants.

According to the author, children with disabilities usually have two options if they wish to play sports. One is to find an organized adapted program, and the other is to

play informal games with peers who can develop adaptations.

In his dicussion of “access issues” in youth sports, the author explains that access to participation in organized programs

is low in working-class and low-income neighborhoods.

There are few African American children playing in youth club soccer programs. Sociologist Paul Kooistra analyzed this type of exclusion and concluded that

middle-class parents use club soccer to maintain racial and class segregation.

Research related to the question, “When are children ready to play organized competitive sports?” suggests that

for children under age twelve, sports must match their needs and abilities.

The author explains that it is unrealistic to expect children to learn positional play in complex, team sports when they’ve not yet developed an ability to

visualize and assess a complex set of changing relationships.

Eight-year-old children on organized soccer teams are usually “out of position” because

they don’t have the cognitive abilities to understand team structure.

e.To teach children positional play before they are 12 years old, coaches must systematically condition them to be in certain places given certain game conditions. The author notes that this tactic

limits the action and personal involvement that children enjoy.

When adults ignore developmental issues, they tend to create organized sports that favor children

who mature early.

The labor provided by parents who work to maintain youth sport programs often

reproduces a gendered division of labor in the children’s families.

According to the author, the primary role of adults in connection with informal, child-controlled sports and action sports is to

help make these activities safer and more inclusive.

The author suggests that children’s informal games are a valuable source of information about needed improvements in organized youth sports. Research shows that there are four aspects of experience that constitute fun in children’s games. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects of experience?

choosing sides

A specific recommendation for change made in the chapter is to

increase opportunities for players to reaffirm their friendships.

The author predicts that changes in organized youth sports will be slow because

many adults have vested interests in keeping youth sports as they are.

Coaching education programs can promote needed changes in organized youth sports. However, they do not do this when they

turn coaches into efficiency experts rather than teachers of young people.

According to the conclusion at the close of the chapter, organized sport programs for children are worth the effort when the adults who control the programs

put the interests of children ahead of program needs.

Studying deviance in sports presents problems for four reasons. One reason is that

actions that are normal in sports may be deviant outside sports.

One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that much of the deviance in sports involves actions grounded in

an uncritical acceptance of and overconformity to norms in sport cultures.

It has become difficult to determine what actions are deviant and what actions are accepted parts of athletic training today because

all training involves surpassing limits that are accepted as normal in society.

When two college basketball players turn their back to the U.S. flag during the playing of the national anthem, they

violate an informal norm.

According to an absolutist approach to studying deviance,

all deviance is caused by a lack of moral character or a moral failure.

When using a constructionist approach, deviance is defined as ideas, traits, and actions that

fall outside of socially determined normative boundaries.

According to a constructionist approach, both norms and deviance are

socially constructed through interaction.

The decisions to ban and then reinstate eligibility in the Oscar Pistorius case raises questions about the

processes through which deviance is defined in sports.

A constructionist approach to deviance is based on the assumption that

most ideas, traits, and actions fall into a normally accepted range.

Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author explains that deviance involving overconformity is

based on unquestioned acceptance of norms.

Anarchy is the social condition that exists when

widespread underconformity creates general lawlessness.

Research on normative overconformity suggests that if we wish to understand this form of deviance, we must

critically examine the organization and dynamics of elite sport cultures.

Understanding deviance in sports requires an understanding of “the sport ethic.” Which of the following beliefs is NOT one of the core norms of the sport ethic?

An athlete accepts pain but avoids risks.

The sport ethic becomes a source of dangerous deviance in sports when

people in sports don’t set boundaries to limit overconformity to the ethic.

Athletes who engage in deviant underconformity are usually punished or cut from teams; athletes who engage in deviant overconformity are

likely to experience health problems as a result.

A reason that athletes may overconform to the norms of the sport ethic is because

they love their sports and they want to continue playing.

The athletes most likely to overconform to the norms of the sport ethic are those who see achievement as their only way to get ahead and those who have

a strong need to be accepted as athletes by their peers in sports.

When athletes collectively overconform to the norms of the sport ethic, they may develop hubris, which leads them to see themselves as separate from and superior to the rest of the community. The author explains that this hubris

give rise to group dynamics that promote forms of deviant underconformity.

Social processes in elite power and performance sports often lead groups of athletes to develop hubris at the same time that these social processes

separate athletes from the rest of the community.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the author’s analysis of deviance among athletes? Deviance is most likely when athletes are

viewed by fans with awe and admiration.

Controlling deviant overconformity in sports requires a close examination of the

meaning and organization of sports.

Controlling deviant overconformity in sports presents a unique challenge because

those who enforce team norms may not discourage overconformity.

The most effective way to control deviant overconformity is to

help athletes strike a balance between accepting and questioning rules.

Research suggests that on-the-field deviance such as cheating and “dirty play” are

probably less common today than in the past.

Athletes today sometimes seem to engage in more sport-related forms of deviance than athletes in the past because

sports and sport organizations have more rules today than in the past.

Research on sport participation and general delinquency rates generally shows that delinquency rates among athletes are

often lower than rates for other students from similar backgrounds.

Sport programs that are designed as “interventions” for “at risk youth” are seldom successful because they

do nothing to change the conditions in which these youth live their lives.

In the box, “Is sport participation a cure for deviance?,” it is noted that playing sports is most likely to positively change the characteristics of juvenile delinquents when sport programs emphasize

a philosophy of nonviolence and respect for self and others.

After reviewing research on academic cheating, the author points out that rates of cheating among athletes

have not been studied adequately to make any definite conclusions.

Research that compares athletes with other students in high school and college suggests that rates of alcohol use and binge drinking are

lower among high school students and higher among college students.

Data presented in the chapter indicate that felony rates among NFL players are

lower than they are for comparable men in the society as a whole.

Some elite athletes engage in “consumptive deviance”—a form of deviance consisting of actions and appearances that

can be imagined as “real” deviances without producing negative consequences.

Deviance exists among coaches, sport administrators, team owners, referees, sport media people, parents, spectators, agents, and other officials associated with sports. Research on this deviance is relatively scarce because

social scientists have little access to data on these forms of deviance.

Defining and banning performance-enhancing drugs is difficult because

many substances aren’t clearly classifiable as unfair, unnatural, or artificial.

The analysis in the text concludes that efforts to control the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports will only be effective if they involve

a recognition that most use of drugs is a form of deviant overconformity

According to the author, deciding which drugs are true performance aids and which drugs should be banned is often difficult because

athletes often use new substances before scientists have studied them.

Statements about the harmful effects of performance-enhancing substances seldom discourage athletes from using those substances because

many athletes have learned to live with numerous health risks in their sports.

Drug testing in sports is controversial. A major argument against it is that

Drug testing in sports is controversial. A major argument against it is that testing is not very effective in controlling substance use.

The author says that the best way to begin to control substance use in sports is to

critically examine and eliminate the hypocrisy involved in elite sports.

The author’s recommendations for controlling substance use in sports call for a policy that involves

questioning norms and setting limits on conformity in sports.

As defined in the chapter, violence refers to

using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction.

As defined in the chapter, aggression refers to

verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

As defined in the chapter, intimidation refers to

words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression.

Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

more violent.

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because

sports are designed to create tension and excitement.

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include

borderline violence and brutal body contact.

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in

quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in

the desire to gain reaffirmation for one’s identity as an athlete.

A study by Nancy Theberge found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because

they love the physicality of ice hockey.

Rates of violence are higher in men’s sports than in women’s sports because

violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports.

The commercialization of sports has

inspired a promotional rhetoric that uses violent images.

When playing power and performance sports, boys and men learn that

being violent will help them avoid labels such as “wimp” and “fag.”

Using violence in sports comes to be defined as “normal” by many people when the ability to “do” violence is seen as

a means for males to prove their “manhood.”

After reviewing dozens of studies on violence in sports, Phil White and Kevin Young concluded that violent physicality in power and performance sports is

a cornerstone of masculinity among athletes in those sports.

The father who killed another father at an informal open hockey practice in Massachusetts in 2000 originally became angry when

he thought his son failed to be a man by not defending himself on the ice.

According to the author, murderball (quad rugby) challenges widespread stereotypes about people with disabilities, but it

reaffirms a gender ideology in which manhood is equated with doing violence.

The author argues that players in noncontact sports are

seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors.

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that

violence is part of the game.

The person who plays the role of “enforcer” on a contact sport team is expected to

intimidate and use violence against opponents.

Information on violence in women’s contact sports suggests that women are

less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity.

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that

professional contact sports are exceptionally dangerous workplaces.

The most effective long-term strategy for controlling on-the-field violence is to

suspend violent players, don’t replace them on teams, and fine team owners.

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because

violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent.

Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with martial arts training when the

instructor teaches non-violence and respect for self and others.

Quotes from the boxers interviewed by Loic Wacquant in his study of an inner-city boxing gym indicate that the boxers

learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing.

Research on whether violent strategies learned in sports carry over to the rest of life indicates that carryover

has not yet been proven to occur in a regular pattern.

In the box, “Violence on the Field: Does It Distort Our Ideas About Gender?,” it is noted that some men celebrate the violence done by male athletes because it reaffirms

traditional ideas about sex and gender differences.

Todd Crosset’s review of research on sexual assaults by male athletes indicates that

it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault.

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes appears to be associated with at least five factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field

The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to

understand violence in the context in which it occurs.

A recent investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that

An emphasis on “cosmetic fitness” and thinness among women can have a negative effect on sport participation because it leads women to

associate sport participation with losing weight.

In the “Breaking Barriers” box it was noted that the identity-creating narratives available to women with disabilities are not likely to involve sport participation because

sports don’t contain femininity stories.

A male athletic director has a rule that all athletes on women’s teams must dress in skirts or dresses on road trips. The women who coach and play on the teams agree that this appearance will appeal to potential fans. This strategy is strongly influenced by

homophobia

When sport worlds are male-centered, it means that

men and men’s lives are the expected focus of attention and stories.

A woman coach is hired in an all-male athletic department. The search committee concluded that she was qualified because she coached like a man. This shows that the athletic department is

male-dominated

A network TV sport announcer refers to “The World Cup” and The Women’s World Cup.” This vocabulary suggests that the announcer views sport in terms that are

male-identified

Prior to 1970 girls and women were encouraged to play sports that were assumed not to require

strength and speed

Information on gender equity and the Summer Olympic Games shows that

fewer Olympic events are available to women than to men.

Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are

generally scarce at the professional level.

In the discussion of gender issues in informal and alternative sports, it is noted that

boys and men generally control who plays in these settings.

Acosta and Carpenter’s 36-year study of trends related to gender in intercollegiate sports indicates that women

coach proportionately fewer women’s sport teams today than in 1977.

If men had the same proportion of jobs in men’s programs as women have in women’s programs, the men would be

very displeased and generally outraged.

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why women are underrepresented in coaching and administrative positions in sports?

Women don’t have the business sense needed to succeed in sport programs.

Some women athletes express negative attitudes about feminism because they

have too much to lose if they are associated with “women’s issues.”

Boys and men have a stake in gender equity because progress toward gender equity will

create opportunities for them to establish emotionally satisfying relationships.

Despite the influence of Title IX, it has been difficult to achieve gender equity in schools where

football is the cultural centerpiece of school and community life.

The author claims that achieving full gender equity in sports requires

changes in traditional gender ideology.

The gender ideology used in many cultures assumes a two-category model for classifying sex and gender. When such a model is used, people

ignore real physiological variations among males and among females.

The diagram of the two-category model for classifying sex and gender indicates that

gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds.

The diagram of the two-category model for classifying sex and gender indicates that

men have a better chance of gaining power in society than women have.

Gender ideology in many cultures has led to mainstream sport forms that

celebrate masculine virility and power.

The images associated with dominant sports in most societies today tend to promote a manhood based on

aggression and the ability to dominate others.

Unlike boys labeled as “sissies,” girls labeled as “tomboys” often receive praise for their actions. This praise

often stops when girls’ bodies become sexualized in adolescence.

As girls become women, they may be labelled negatively if they excel in sports. To avoid negative labels or being seen as invaders of male turf, female athletes sometimes

act in "ladylike" ways

Gay men and lesbians in sports may be ignored, marginalized, or harassed because

they challenge assumptions that underlie dominant ideas about gender.

According to information presented in the chapter, “fem tests” for determining if athletes in women’s sports are really females

have been used in most Olympic Games since the 1960s.

In her book on lesbians and homophobia in sports, author Pat Griffin notes that myths about lesbians have a number of consequences in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those consequences?

a widespread belief that lesbians can’t play sports as well as heterosexuals

People maintain a strict silence about gay men in sports primarily because

men have much to lose if they challenge traditional gender ideology.

Homophobia in sports often encourages men to

be willing to engage in aggression and violence on the field.

The author suggests that there is a need for alternative definitions of femininity in society because

strong girls and women should be supported.

In the chapter it is argued that full gender equity depends on developing alternative definitions of masculinity and femininity combined with

changing the way many sports are organized and played.

Creating new sport programs for girls and women is one of the recommended strategies for changing the way we do sports. The advantage to this strategy is that new programs

can be organized to challenge traditional gender ideology.

Which of the following is NOT one of the problems associated with creating new sport programs for women as a gender equity strategy?

New sport programs would eliminate positive role models for girls.

Race is used in the chapter to refer to a population of people who are believed to be

naturally or biologically distinct from other populations.

Using the definitions in the chapter, Native People in the U.S. would be

an ethnic group that also is a minority group.

Racial ideology is a web of ideas and beliefs that is used to

classify and evaluate people in terms of meanings given to skin color.

In Islamic countries, norms regulating the body are closely tied to

beliefs about the ways that certain physical actions displease Allah.

The racial ideology that became widely accepted in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries supported white Americans as they sought to

justify political expansion and racial segregation.

Recent research in biology and genetics has led to the conclusion that

the concept of race has no biological validity.

The classification systems usually used to distinguish races are based on

continuous rather than discrete traits.

Racial ideology in the United States is based on the one-drop rule. The original purpose of this rule was to

maintain power and property in the hands of white men.

Tiger Woods, the popular and successful professional golfer, identifies himself as

Cablinasian

Racism is defined as attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are

inherently superior to people in one or more other categories.

When Joe Louis won the heavyweight boxing championship in 1935, many white sports journalists used the racial ideology of that era to attribute his victory to

Louis’s instincts and animal-like characteristics as a black man.

When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of

cultural factors

When “whiteness” is used as the taken-for-granted standard against which everything else is viewed, the success of black athletes is

Seen by whites as a "problem" in need of an explaination

In the box, “‘Jumping Genes’ in Black Bodies,” it is noted that much of the research devoted to identifying performance differences by skin color is based on the idea that

genes operate independently of the environment.

Being an effective change agent requires a vision of what sports and social life could and should be, a willingness to work hard, and

an ability to rally the resources needed to produce results

The author points out that celebrity athletes

have little real power as change agents in society

Athletes who endorse transformational changes that involve deep structural and ideological changes in society are

likely to lose popular support and media coverage.

Which of the following efforts would a pro basketball player be most likely to join?

a group advocating a program to eliminate poverty in a community

When highly visible and popular athletes become involved in efforts to change something related to sports, they usually have goals that are

Conservative

When joining opposition groups to establish a vantage point for changing sports, a person is most likely to be successful when working to

create more diverse sport spaces at a local level.

When people use an inside vantage point for changing sports, the biggest problem is that by the time they have the power to exert influence, they will

have a vested interest in maintaining sports as they are.

Using structural theories as a guide for changing sports would lead to an emphasis on

regulating economic processes related to funding priorities.

Using interactionist theories as a guide for changing sports would lead to an emphasis on

developing alliances with people in sports.

Using cultural theories as a guide for changing sports would lead to an emphasis on

changing symbols, vocabularies, and ideologies.

Few people have radical goals for changing sports because people who support radical goals usually

focus on changing living conditions more than changing sports.

A radical goal for changing sports emphasizes

transforming current sports and creating new sport forms.

A reformist goal for changing sports emphasizes

improving sports by making them more fair and equitable.

When people have conservative goals for changing sports, they emphasize

the growth and efficiency of existing sport programs.

The major demographic change that will influence sports in the future is

increased social and cultural diversity.

Organization and rationalization have a tendency to undermine the

element of play in sports.

Telecommunications and the electronic media will influence the future because

people use media content to form standards for assessing their experiences.

The most important issue related to the use of technology in sports is

regulating the ways that technologies are incorporated into sports.

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in spectator sports?

turning stadiums into virtual sports arenas

The Miracle League is an example of what can happen when

people with disabilities become politically active.

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in sports for people with disabilities?

fewer programs for elite athletes with disabilities

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in youth sports?

growth of publicly funded, neighborhood programs

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in high school sports?

decreasing specialization in favor of overall development

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in intercollegiate sports?

growing faculty support for big-time college sports

Which of the following is NOT one of the trends in professional sports?

declining media coverage

The author uses adult kickball as an example of

a child’s game being turned into a power and performance sport.

The Gay Games are an example of

a group seeking an alternative to dominant sport forms.

Some participants in alternative sports resist attempts to make their sports more like mainstream power and performance sports because they don’t want to

see competition replace creativity and support for other participants.

Older people tend to prefer sports that stress

the cultivation of the body rather than driving it.

Pleasure and participation sports will become more popular in the future because

there are growing concerns about improving health and fitness.

If power and performance sports continue to be popular, we can expect that

sports will reproduce ideas emphasizing male-female differences.

The media help to maintain the popularity of power and performance sports by associating them with

storylines that resonate with the experiences of consumers.

The popularity of power and performance sports is connected with gender relations because these sports

celebrate physical superiority and dominating others.

When people play pleasure and participation sports, they are likely to

focus on their connections with other participants.

Pleasure and participation sports generally emphasize

an ethic of good health

The sponsorship of power and performance sports is generally motivated by the idea that it is important to be associated with

athletes and teams who are currently winners.

Power and performance sports emphasize that people reach their potential when they

achieve machine-like efficiency.

At any point in time in a culture, dominant sport forms

represent the interests of people who have power in that culture.

When considering the future, it is useful to remember that

sports are social constructions.

In the introduction to the chapter, the author explains that the future of sports will

emerge in an uncontrollable and random manner

Robert Higgs argues that the combination of sports and Christian beliefs has led religion to become “muscularized” in a way that emphasizes

discipline and duty

The combination of sports and Christianity has usually led to

a reaffirmation of the existing characteristics of dominant sports.

The policies of major Christian sport organizations in the United States are based on the assumption that the social and ethical problems in sports will continue to exist until

all people in sports accept Christ into their lives.

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies Christian athletes use when they doubt the worth of their sport participation as an act of worship?

developing friendships with non-Christian athletes

When elite athletes experience a crisis of meaning in sports, research suggests that they

use sport participation as a means of promoting their religious beliefs.

In the box “Public Prayers at Sport Events,” it states that in 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public prayers at sport events sponsored by public schools are

a violation of the U.S. Constitution.

Religion can become a means of social control in sports when

sport performances are connected with the moral worth of athletes.

Because sport participation is based on self-promotion, athletes may sometimes combine sport participation with religious beliefs to

give sport participation special spiritual meaning.

In sports that are associated with risky lifestyles, athletes sometimes use religion to

generally stay out of trouble

Magic is different than religion in that magic consists of

rituals that deny the existence of the profane

Some athletes have used religion to deal with the uncertainty they face during sport participation. When this is done, it becomes difficult to distinguish religion from

magic and superstition

Those most likely to use the Olympics as sites for spreading religious beliefs are

fundamentalist Christians

The major religious sport organizations in the U.S. tend to

emphasize conservative, fundamentalist Christian orientations.

Christians and Christian organizations have used sports to

recruit new members to their organizations and belief systems.

Traditional games among Native Americans were often connected with

animistic beliefs linking the material and supernatural worlds.

Taoist, Confucian, and Buddhist ideas in China emphasize the importance of

seeking harmony with nature

Sumo wrestlers take great care to preserve the sacredness of the dohyo (wrestling ring). They do this because

it is a tradition that they do not questions as wrestlers.

Sumo, or traditional Japanese wrestling, has strong historical ties to

Shinto religious rituals and ceremonies

When Jews in the United States played and excelled in sports during the last century, their motivation often was to

disrupt anti-Semitic sterotypes

The popularity of sports among men in Islamic nations is often tied to

expressions of political and cultural nationalism

Muslim women in sports are active subjects who introduce new ideas about what it means to be a Muslim woman. At the same time, these women

are objects used by people as they debate issues of morality and change.

In the box, “Allah’s Will,” the experiences of Hassiba Boulmerka illustrate that

the bodies of Muslim women are at the center of struggles over values.

The recent Olympic teams that have been least likely to have women athletes are from nations where

most people hold fundamentalist Muslim beliefs.

In India, the Hindus who are most likely to participate in sports are those with

a middle- or upper-caste heritage.

Buddhism and Hinduism don’t support competitive sports because they emphasize

transcending the self and the material world.

The self-proclaimed Christian athlete is unique because

no other religion has an equivalent religious identity.

Research indicates that gold medal winners in the history of the Olympics are most likely to come from backgrounds associated with

Protestantism

Traditional Protestant beliefs favor competitive sports over spontaneous play because sports are

oriented around work and achievement

Traditional Protestant religious beliefs emphasize a set of key virtues that

support the spirit of modern sports

Religion is related to gender issues in sports because

religious beliefs often influence opportunities for females to play sports.

A social constructionist approach to sports and religions is based primarily on

cultural and interactionist theories

When social constructionists study sports and religions, they assume that meanings associated with each of these spheres of life

change over time and vary from one group to another.

Those who say there are essential and unchanging differences between sport and religion believe that sport is essentially

self-promotional, whereas religion is service- and love-oriented.

Some people believe that religion& sport each have essential& unchanging qualities that are different. They usually say that the rituals & beliefs of religion are

connected with the sacred and supernatural

When people define sport as a form of religion, they identify similarities between sport and religion. For example, they note that both

invoke intense excitement and emotional commitment

When people argue that sport is religion-like, which of the following is NOT one of the similarities they identify?

Both trace their origins to rituals practiced in the Garden of Eden.

Religions share certain characteristics with ideologies, but they differ in that ideologies focus mostly on

the material world

In sociological terms, religions are integrated and socially shared beliefs and rituals that people

accept on faith and use as a source of meaning

NCAA data on black female athletes in college sports indicate that

over 70 percent of black women athletes are in basketball or track.

NCAA Division I data show that about 70 percent of black male athletes participate in

basketball and football

Title IX law remains controversial in intercollegiate sports because

it exposes the contradictions of big-time intercollegiate football.

Data on Division I colleges and universities show that women's sports receive

about one third of all money spent on athletic recruiting expenses.

In the discussion of athletes’ rights, it is noted that

athletes have no formal means to challenge violations of their rights.

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations to reform intercollegiate sports offered by The Drake Group?

drop sport teams that do not generate revenues

When an emphasis on varsity sports distorts the status system among students in a high school, there is likely to be

tensions between athletes and other students

Participation rates in varsity high school sports since 1971 show that

girls’ participation has increased but remains lower than boys’ participation.

Data on adapted sports in high schools shows that

there is 1 athlete in adapted sports for every 5,000 athletes on varsity teams.

An overemphasis on “sports development” in high school often leads athletes to

specialize in one sport in a way that restricts overall development.

Research by William Bowen and his colleagues indicates that since the 1980s there has been growing tension between university policy decisions that favor college sports and

core educational values

Recent research suggests that college sport programs have hidden costs that are not included in their financial records. One of the primary indirect costs is that

there is a growing divide between athletic and academic programs.

Recent research on NCAA schools has found that

spending on college sports has increased much more than academic spending.

Recent research on NCAA schools has found that when Division I universities increase their spending on big-time sports,

the win-loss records of their football and basketball teams do not improve.

Recent data indicates that of the 1,900 college athletic programs in the United States,

there are less than 25 that regularly make more money than they spend.

Financial information on big-time intercollegiate sport programs shows that they

are run as businesses but pay no taxes even when they show a profit.

Relying on participation fees to support high school sports

discourages participation among students from low-income families.

The use of corporate sponsorships to support high school sports is risky because

sports could lose funding during economic recessions.

The growth of booster club support for high school teams has led to an increase in

sport participation opportunities at schools in low-income areas.

What percentage of high school budgets are used for varsity sport programs?

less than 2%

The professors who established The Drake Group argue that there will be no meaningful reforms in intercollegiate sports unless

college sports are monitored by an agency independent of the NCAA.

Data on academic support services for athletes suggests that

the services don’t always boost graduation rates for athletes.

Recently passed rules for defining academic progress and graduation rates for NCAA Division I teams shift more responsibility for academic reform to

athletic departments and universities

Data on graduation rates among athletes at Division I universities indicates that

female athletes have higher graduation rates than male athletes.

NCAA data show that graduation rates for athletes are generally lowest among

black male athletes in revenue-producing sports.

Research indicates that "clustering" occurs when athletes in certain sports

are over-represented in specific courses and majors.

The educational mission of higher education is most likely to be achieved among athletes on a

Division III woman's lacrosse team

Research done by Patti and Peter Adler indicated that the male athletes in a big-time intercollegiate basketball program

experienced academic detachment after one or two semesters.

Among male athletes in big-time college sport programs, there is a tendency for athletic identities to be given a higher priority than academic identities because of

the social support they receive for athletic participation.

Male athletes on intercollegiate teams are most likely to put their athletic and social lives ahead of academics when they

play on big-time, entertainment-oriented teams.

According to data on college sports,

NCAA Division III has more athletes than any other NCAA division.

When comparing big-time and lower-profile intercollegiate sport programs, it is seen that

very few athletes in lower-profile programs have athletic scholarships.

A study by Doug Foley found that high school sports presented students with a vocabulary that generally promoted values emphasizing

individualism and competition

When journalist H.G. Bissinger studied the football team in a well-known Texas high school, he found that high school football was organized in ways that

reaffirmed traditional racial ideology among many whites.

In the box, “Status and Privilege in Student Culture,” it is explained that systematic and chronic bullying is most likely in schools where

parents are not involved in school affairs

In the box, “Status and Privilege in Student Culture,” it is explained that

most high schools have multiple popularity and status criteria.

Research shows that sport participation

usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity.

A study done in the late 1990s found that young women who played school sports had lower rates of sexual activity than other young women, while young men who played sports had higher rates of sexual activity than other young men. This illustrates that

social factors influence the meanings and consequences of playing sports.

Much of the difference between athletes & other students in high school is due to

selection-in and filtering-out processes.

Research shows that when high school athletes as a group are compared to other high school students, they tend to have

higher grades and more positive attitudes toward school.

The main point of the chapter is that

sports and politics cannot be kept separate.

Politics are part of sports and sport organizations. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of sports that involves political processes?

setting goals and motivating athletes and coaches

To make sense of complex new political realities around the world, we should

The production of sport equipment and clothing is tied to global political processes. The companies producing these goods often

locate production facilities in nations where labor is cheap.

Which of the following issues is NOT related to athletes as global migrant workers?

the academic success of athletes’ children

The images and messages presented by the sponsors of major sport events tend to

influence what people think about.

As corporations sponsor more of the media coverage of international sports, sports events have become vehicles for presenting messages

to spectator-consumers

Corporate sponsorships of sports are primarily motivated by corporate interest in

promoting a way of life based on consumption and consumerism.

Sports in recent years have become framed in new political terms. Which of the following best describes these terms?

Commercial interests have become increasingly important.

Changes in global politics since 1990 have made international sports

important stages for commercial displays by transnational corporations.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” the author suggests that the Olympic motto, “Citius, Altius, Fortius,” should be replaced by a new motto that emphasizes

the interests of all humanity.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,”it is noted that the major advantage for using multiple sites for each Olympic Games would be to

increase the value of stocks for major world-wide airlines.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” the table showing total medal counts from 1896 to 2004 indicates that when the size of nations is taken into account,

the United States is not rated in the top 25.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” the author endorses the elimination of national medal counts because such counts tend to

intensify nationalism and political differences between countries.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” which of the following is NOT a change recommended for reforming the Olympic Games?

eliminate the opening and closing ceremonies

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” Bruce Kidd, a former Olympian and now a physical educator, suggests that the Olympics be changed so that

the service of athletes is central in athlete selection and media coverage.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” the author explains that the Olympics are now designed primarily to

promote the commercial interests of corporate sponsors.

In the box, “Olympism and the Olympic Games,” it is noted that the current method of selling media broadcasting rights to the Olympic Games

subverts Olympic ideals

Sports are likely to foster meaningful cultural exchanges between nations when

people share information equally and develop mutual understanding.

A problem associated with using sports to bridge diplomatic and cultural gaps between peoples of the world is that sports may

encourage developing nations to depend more on wealthy nations.

Nationalistic themes in media coverage of international sports are now accompanied and sometimes obscured by images and narratives that promote

social justice and human rights.

The history of sports, especially the Olympic Games, shows that the main purpose underlying participation in international sports by most nations has been to

pursue national political interests.

Data on connections between sports and international relations suggest that sports

are most often used as forms of public diplomacy.

Government officials are most likely to use sports as a diplomatic tool when

there is a need for public expressions of unity between different nations.

Government involvement in sports is usually connected with

power struggles between groups in a society or community.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for government intervention in sports?

eliminating physical disabilities

When governments sponsor sports and political officials associate themselves with sports, their primary purpose is often to

increase their legitimacy in the eyes of citizens.

When Germany hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Hitler used the Olympic Games to

promote the Nazi ideology of “Nordic supremacy.”

When government involvement in sports is intended to promote identity& unity, it

usually benefits some people more than others.

Sports do bring people together and create “emotional unity,” but a sociological understanding of the significance of this unity requires that we ask questions about

the long-term political consequences of the unity.

Many governments pay cash rewards to athletes who win Olympic medals because

wins by athletes bring prestige and other benefits to the whole country.

The belief that participation in competitive sports lowers health care costs is

challenged by research on actual consequences of sport participation.

Research shows that if maintaining health and fitness is the goal, a nation should sponsor sports that are

noncompetitive and have aerobic benefits.

The Casey Martin case is an example of government intervention designed to

ensure fairness and protect human rights.

When golfer Casey Martin sued the Professional Golf Association because they would not let him use the golf cart he needed to play with his disability, the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court where they ruled that

allowing Martin to use a cart was not an unreasonable accommodation.

When government organizations regulate access to sport facilities and make rules about who can play sports under what circumstances, the intent is to

safeguard the public order.

Governments become involved in sports because they often are the only organizations with

the power and capital needed to sponsor events and build major facilities.

The author distinguishes between power and authority. Power refers to the ability to influence people and achieve goals, whereas authority refers to

a form of power that comes with a formal office of position.

Politics refers primarily to

processes of organizing power.

Tensions between elite athletes and sportswriters has intensified as

salary differences between athletes and sportswriters have increased

Sportswriters differ from sports announcers and commentators in that they

do more investigative reporting.

Research shows that gambling on sports

has declined between 1992 and 2008.

Research on media audiences shows that

men and women who live together often watch sports together.

Studies of the relationship between consuming media sports and the actions of spectators show that

watching media sports does not influence patterns of sport participation.

Research shows that color-blind media coverage of sports

misses important parts of sport reality and reproduces the status quo.

Covert and unintentional racial and ethnic bias in the media can be reduced by

hiring more blacks and ethnic minorities in all media jobs.

In the box, “Meet the Press,” it is noted that the media coverage of women athletes

is generally consistent with dominant gender ideology.

The coverage of men’s sports is infused with dominant ideas about manhood. In fact, the author describes men’s sports on television as

soap operas for men.

At least part of the difference in the newspaper coverage of men’s and women’s sports has been due to the

work routines of sportswriters and the formats of sports sections.

Recent research shows that boys in the U.S. consume sports coverage that tends to

present aggression and violence as normal and exciting behavior.

In the coverage of women’s sports, it is common for the media to

erase any acknowledgment of lesbian or gay athletes.

If you regularly watch women’s sports on network TV, the sport you see most often is

tennis

Research on media coverage of men’s and women’s sports has generally found that

women’s sports are covered less often and less seriously than men’s sports.

A person in the U.S. who watches sports on network television

sees and hears commercials during 20 percent of the time.

As opposed to coverage in many other countries, the images and messages in televised sports in the U.S. tend to highlight

competitive rivalries and competitive outcomes.

Corporations that profit from alcohol or tobacco sales tend to sponsor sports because

it enables them to associate their products with healthy images.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that global corporations have become more involved as sponsors of sports?

Sports are covered in a way that makes people more active as citizens.

Women’s sport events do not receive more coverage in the media partly because the viewers of women’s sports

have not been identified by advertisers as a unique target audience.

The author notes that as more people go online for coverage of national and international sports, local newspapers

focus more coverage on local high school and college teams.

Golf and tennis are frequently covered sports on television because they