Atomic-cross-chain-trading of chain-protocol

description::
The problem of atomic cross-chain trading is one where (at least) two parties, Alice and Bob, own coins in separate cryptocurrencies, and want to exchange them without having to trust a third party (centralized exchange).
A non-atomic trivial solution would have Alice send her Bitcoins to Bob, and then have Bob send another cryptocurrency to Alice - but Bob has the option of going back on his end of the bargain and simply not following through with the protocol, ending up with both Bitcoins and the altcoin.
[https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Atomic_cross-chain_trading]

chain-node.LIGHT

chain of chain-net

description::
· transaction-chain is a-data-structure of the-chain-net with the-history of consensus crypto transactions of information among the-nodes of the-network.
· it is only appendable by consensus.
· it is publicly viewable and privatively usable because contains crypto information.
[HmnSgm.2018-01-25]
===
Dledger-file is the-register-file with the-history of consensus crypto transactions of information among the-nodes of the-network.
It is only appendable by consensus.
It is publicly viewable and privatively usable because contains crypto information.
[HmnSgm.2017-09-07]

transaction-per-second

description::
Blockchain scalability
This problem is nothing new.
A quick Google search on the topic of Blockchain scalability produces hundreds of results from forums, websites, and blogs that all describe the same problem.
While cryptocurrency is enjoying more and more mainstream adoption, it does not process transactions fast enough for it to be used on a massive, or even near massive, scale.
As recently as June, Bitcoin, one of the most prominent cryptocurrencies so far, could only process a maximum of seven transactions per second (tps) under optimal conditions, with more realistic numbers looking like two to three, compared to PayPal's 115 and VISA's 2,000 tps.
[https://cointelegraph.com/news/how-sharding-based-blockchains-could-handle-more-transactions-than-visa]
===
XRP consistently handles 1,500 transactions per second, 24x7, and can scale to handle the same throughput as Visa.*
*Source: 50,000 transactions per second, as of July 15, 2017
[https://ripple.com/xrp/]

chain-Csa.DPOS

description::
The DPOS algorithm is divided into two parts: electing a group of block producers and scheduling production. The election process makes sure that stakeholders are ultimately in control because stakeholders lose the most when the network does not operate smoothly. How people are elected has little impact on how consensus is achieved on a minute by minute basis.
[https://steemit.com/dpos/@dantheman/dpos-consensus-algorithm-this-missing-white-paper]

chain-Csa.PROOF-OF-BURN

description::
In proof-of-work, computing power and electricity is converted into tokens and in proof-of-burn the same resource is further converted into another token.
[https://blockstack.com/tokenpaper.pdf]

chain-Csa.PROOF-OF-DEVOSION

description::
The problem with PoW is a waste of computing power.
While PoS makes the rich richer.
Nebulas developed the Proof of Devotion (PoD) algorithm.
PoD also uses NR as the measure of value to identify the accounts with great devotion to the ecosystem and grant them the fair chances to be bookkeeper to avoid monopoly in bookkeeping.
[https://cointelegraph.com/news/no-more-hard-forks-in-next-generation-blockchain]

size of chain

cryptography of chain

description::
· tx-chain contains cryptographic-information because much of this information represents exchange-value.
· this way, anybody can see it, but only its owner can change it.
[HmnSgm.2018-01-29]

chain-crypto.SPECIFIC

chain.SPECIFIC

asset of chain-net (chain-asset)

description::
· exchange-value is INFORMATION assigned to satisfiers in order to exchange them.
· digital-exchange-value is NOT double-spending information stored on computers.
· until {2009} (Bitcoin creation), digital-exchange-value is-stored on centrally controlled computers.
· đ-asset is digital-exchange-value stored on decentralized-chain-networks.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-15]
===
Dledger-networks can define in their Dledger-files, exchange-value-units (= no double spending information) because Dledger-files are unmodifiable, only appendable.
These exhange-value-units, which are called tokens, are used to create the-Dledger-files by consensus but also to represent the-exchange-value for any commodity.
[HmnSgm.2017-09-08]

backness of chain-asset

description::
Commodity is an-entity with exchange-value (= people want to exchange it with other commodities).
Exchange-value is INFORMATION attached to commodities.
Backness-of--exchange-value is its relation with its attached commodity.
Exchange-value by itself is NOT useful to us, only the backed commodity we need.
NOT REALLY!!!
Fiat-money is exchange-value unbacked with a real commodity, but backed by law (= by force) by a-government.
Native-cryptocurrencies are-backed with our willingnes (usefulness) to exist their transaction-chain--networks.
All other cryptoassets must backed with a-commodity or a useful property eg discount for a-commodity.
[HmnSgm.2017-10-05]

price of chain-asset

description::
· ratio is the-relation of 2 measures.
· for example, the-ratio OF oranges TO strawberries in a-basket is 5 to 10, 5:10.
· the-price of a-đ-asset is the-ratio of 1 đ-asset to a-currency.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-15]
===
· people disagree on what exchange-value is and the-quantity of exchange-value of commodities.
· apart of these disagreements, when we are-making exchanges we accept|set concrete exchange-values.
· can we use fair prices?
· in current economic-system, NO.
· crises and bubbles are internal attributes of current economic-system.
[HmnSgm.2017-10-06]

SERVICE of chain-asset

store-of-value-attribute of chain-asset

description::
· the-attribute of retaining its price in time.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-15]
===
Store-of--exchange-value is a-commodity if has a-degree of USE-VALUE.
Fiat-money with zero use-value are store-of-value as long as backed by governments and strong economies.
In a-desert we will-exchange a ton of gold for a bottle of water.
Cryptocurrencies are store-of-value as far as we use them.
[HmnSgm.2017-10-06]
===
Also, a-commodity is store-of-value IF does NOT loose its value over time.
Current cryptocurrencies are very RISKY as a-store-of-value.
Some early adopters become rich, but 'free-market' creates bubbles and destroy many.
[HmnSgm.2017-10-08]
===
Gold or silver have the-attributes of a-medium-of-exhange AND a-use-value in industries.
[HmnSgm.2017-10-14]

chain-asset.CURRENCY

description::
đ-currency is a-đ-asset which is:
* Commodity: the-đ-asset is backed with a-satisfier.
* Adopted: the more people use it, the strongest its position in the-market is-becoming.
* Scare: has a known quantity.
* Divisible:
* Durable:
* Portable:
* Fungible: mutually interchangeable.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-15]
===
· a-đ-currency like any currency, MUST have low volatility.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-22]
===
"A medium of exchange is an intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_exchange]

Cost-of-operation--of-đ-currency

description::
Just like conventional money systems, community currencies' operational costs require sustained funding.
The running costs of mainstream money often go unnoticed as they are built into the financial system as a whole, with mechanisms such as bank service charges, subscription for accounts and penalty fees raising funds to maintain operations.
[http://synagonism.net/book/economy/2015.ppm.html#idCh6_2_2P1]

SERVICE-of-đ-currency

description::
· a-đ-asset is đ-currency if it is a universal medium-of-exchange in a-community (local, national, international).
· but this is its primary function because they can-have much more.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-26]

Distributing-of-đ-currency

description::
To Varoufakis, money is inherently political.
The decisions regarding whether money is produced or not, how it is distributed and who receives it, all have significant political consequences, benefiting certain social groups over others.
Bitcoin’s central design feature, that it is not governed by a central bank or decision-making authority, means that responsibility for its distribution is forfeited.
[https://www.wired.co.uk/article/yanis-varoufakis-bitcoin-bubble-interview]

đ-currency.SPECIFIC-DIVISION.dominancy

đ-currency.CONSENSUS

description::
Đ-networks[a] to exist, need an incentive mechanism.
They[a] create an internal medium-of-exchange (digital exchange-value-unit)[b] and reward with it[b] the-nodes that append with the new transactions the-Đ-chain using the-consensus-algorithm.
This medium-of-exhange is the-consensus-cryptocurrency.

đ-currency.CONSENSUS.NO

description::
Đ-networks, by solving the-double-spending-problem, can-create and other DCurrencies except consensus-one.
The-backness of these consensusNo-DCurrencies is the-entity that gives them exchange-value.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-11]

AddressWpg::
* {time.2018-02-28} New “Sovereign” Cryptocurrency Will Be Legal Tender in the Marshall Islands: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/,
* {time.2017-12-24} Israel Government Considering National Cryptocurrency: https://cointelegraph.com/ (A digital currency, registered with the government of Israel, would make black market transactions less possible.),
* {time.2017-10-19} Vitalik Buterin: Central Banks Lack Ability to Create their Own Digital Currencies: https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/,
* {time.2017-05-15} Palestine May Launch Its Own Cryptocurrency as Sovereign Legal Tender: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/,
* {time.2016-11-27} Senegal Introduces Cryptocurrency Based on its National Currency: https://cointelegraph.com/,

đ-currency.COMMUNITY

description::
Community and complementary currencies
Although often used interchangeably, ‘community currency’ and ‘complementary currency’ strictly refer to subtly different phenomena.
Complementary currencies are designed to sit alongside mainstream money to address objectives that the conventional money system can't.
Community currencies - the prime subject of this book - are a subset of complementary currencies that are tied to a specific, demarcated and limited community.
This community could be, for example, geographical (local currencies); business-based (mutual­credit systems); or even online (digital currencies).
As such, a community currency is designed to meet the needs of this defined community, typically on a not-for-profit basis.
[People-Powerd-Money, {2015}]

chain-asset.CLAIM.NO

chain-asset.SECURITY

description::
· we can-evaluate a-đ-asset as a-security, ONLY IF we have a-DEFINITION of security.
· such a-definition does-NOT-exist, only descriptions.
· take as example the-description of UN-SNA-2008:
"11.33 Financial claims can be distinguished as to whether they are negotiable or not.
A claim is negotiable if its legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another unit by delivery or endorsement.
While any financial instrument can potentially be traded, negotiable instruments are designed to be traded on organized and other markets.
Negotiability is a matter of the legal form of the instrument.
Those financial claims that are negotiable are referred to as securities.
Some securities may be legally negotiable, but there is not, in fact, a liquid market where they can be readily bought or sold.
Securities include shares and debt securities; listed financial derivatives, such as warrants, are sometimes considered to be securities."
· the same source-of-information, in paragraph 11.32, insists that the-ambiquity is-needed "because of financial inovation".
[HmnSgm.2017-12-23]
===
Security Tokens are digital assets subject to federal security regulations. In layman terms, they are the intersection of digital assets (tokens) with traditional financial products — a new technology improving old things.
If cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are considered “programmable money” then you can consider Security Tokens a version of “programmable ownership.” This means that any asset with ownership can and will be tokenized (public & private equities, debt, real estate, etc).
[https://medium.com/@apompliano/the-official-guide-to-tokenized-securities-44e8342bb24f]

chain-asset.EQUITY

description::
Everyone is trying to avoid being an equity token because of the SEC, yet this is the type of token most people would probably most like to buy.
An equity token implies ownership and control.
Somewhat like a traditional stock, an equity token buys you into some level of ownership of an organization and it’s success.
To some extent, all tokens could be seen as having some equity like properties.
[https://hackernoon.com/icos-token-types-for-dummies-an-buyers-guide-to-crypto-tokens-b6edea16776e]

chain-asset.FOUNDER'S-TOKEN

description::
Ethereum was one the first major projects to implement founder’s tokens. The project was outlined by Vitalik Buterin in late 2013. He believed that Bitcoin needed a scripting language for application development. After failing to gain agreement, Vitalik joined Mihai Alisie, Anthony Diiorio, and Charles Hoskinson to develop Ethereum in early 2014.
The team went on to develop a series of proof-of-concepts. This process was labor-intensive and involved a certain level of risk given the were devoting their efforts to an unproven solution (Ethereum) rather than a more established protocol (Bitcoin).
The Ethereum project opted to pre-mine a certain number of tokens, distributing them to founders and employees. This no doubt helped them attract a larger, more qualified team, as well as lowered the risk of experimentation.
Since the launch of the Ethereum network, we’ve seen hundreds of developers and projects enter the blockchain space, resulting in accelerating innovation. The economic incentives of founder’s tokens are at least partially responsible for this explosion of interest and innovation.
[https://blog.zeppelin.solutions/how-we-can-improve-the-structure-of-founders-tokens-6e47b72e52bb]

chain-asset.UTILITY

description::
Utility tokens, which may also be called app coins or app tokens, provide users with access to a product or service.
For example, Filecoin–which raised an ICO-record $257 million–plans to provide a decentralized cloud storage service that will take advantage of unused computer hard drive space.
ICO contributors received tokens that they will be able to use to purchase storage space from Filecoin once the service has launched.
Since total supply is fixed, utility tokens may appreciate over time if demand for the product or service increases.
However, investors should be wary of startups that describe their token as a utility or app coin but also market it as an investment because it is likely that regulators will consider the asset a security.
It is important to note that “utility token” is an organizational distinction–not a legal one.
The SEC has not given official guidance on utility tokens, so the industry does not [know] with certainty whether they are subject to securities regulations.
[http://strategiccoin.com/3-types-ico-tokens/]
===
Utility Tokens are intended to provide digital access to an application or service.
[https://medium.com/@apompliano/the-official-guide-to-tokenized-securities-44e8342bb24f]

governance-system of chain-net

description::
Why Blockchain Governance Matters
As with organisms, the most successful blockchains will be those that can best adapt to their environments.
Assuming these systems need to evolve to survive, initial design is important, but over a long enough timeline, the mechanisms for change are most important.
As a result, I believe governance is the most vital problem in the space.
[https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/blockchain-governance-programming-our-future-c3bfe30f2d74]

chain-governance.ON-CHAIN.NO

description::
With off-chain governance (the current norm), a node operator has to consciously decide whether to install a hard fork to have his node be consensus-compatible with the nodes of operators who also decided to install that hard fork.
With off-chain blockchain governance, node operators’ decision processes are absolutely necessary parts of blockchain governance, and therefore node operators are necessary participants in blockchain governance.
[https://medium.com/@Vlad_Zamfir/against-on-chain-governance-a4ceacd040ca]

account of chain-wallet

Description::
· chain-account is the public and private keys needed to manage the cryptographic information on the-tx-chain.
[HmnSgm.2018-01-23]
===
· the-information on Đ-chain is encrypted in order to be-viewed and stored publicly but owned privately.
· this way this information can-represent exchange-value.
· the-cryptographic-system used is-called "public-key-cryptography".
· it uses a-public-address (public-key) to 'store' information (exchage-value) and a-private-address (private-key) to 'use|spend' this information (exchange-value).
[HmnSgm.2017-12-16]

public-address (address) of chain-account

description::
· public-address is the-public known string of symbols that function as the-name of a-container of information (chain-assets) for the-user who has the corresponded private-key to use|spend.
· this way h|she can-spent chain-assets.
[HmnSgm.2017-12-16]

chain-human.Hoskinson.Charles

description::
Charles Hoskinson is a Colorado based technology entrepreneur and mathematician. He attended Metropolitan State University of Denver and University of Colorado at Boulder to study Analytic Number Theory prior to moving into cryptography via industry exposure.
His professional experience includes founding three Cryptocurrency related start-ups- Invictus Innovations, Ethereum and IOHK- and a variety of colorful positions in the public and private sector. He was the founding chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation’s education committee and established the Cryptocurrency Research Group in September of 2013.
His current projects focus on education of cryptocurrency topics, evangelism of decentralization and making cryptographic tools easier to use for the mainstream.
[https://iohk.io/team/charles-hoskinson/]

chain-exchange-ogn.CENTRALIZED

Security::
While the daily trade volumes between notable cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ether, may very well be in the tens of millions – the daily trades between all of the other crypto-assets entering the market, most of which are less than two years old, are also approaching these large trade volumes. The problem is, despite the decentralized and trustless nature of cryptocurrencies, the majority of this trading takes place on centralized exchanges, which are subject to fraud and hacking.
It seems as though there are monthly reports in the media about hacking attempts on major cryptocurrency exchanges. Looking deeper into the cause, one feature that many of these attacks have in common is that they are directed at centralized exchanges, which keep all of their user's information including their private keys to access their Blockchain currency stored in a data ‘silo.’ This means that a hacker would only have to get into the system once to access every user's information.
As notable investor Arif Akhtar emphasizes, by using a centralized exchange you are trusting that the exchange will not lose your money (whether from a hardware failure or other negligence), will keep your funds secure against theft or hacking, will not steal your funds internally, and will not go out of business. In short, centralized exchanges require you as the user to put a lot of trust into something that is currently unregulated and may not even be operating in the same country as you.
[https://cointelegraph.com/news/why-we-need-trustless-cryptocurrency-exchanges]

chain-exchange-ogn.KuCoin

description::
KuCoin is a relatively new entrant to the world of crypto exchanges, but that hasn’t held it back. Originally launching in China it later moved to Hong Kong to avoid the crackdown. This has proven a good move, as interest hasn’t faded and user numbers subsequently soared. A dozen or more cryptocurrencies now post seven-figure daily volumes, with ETH — its most popular coin — notching up more than $3 million a day. There is also an active market for BTC against Tether. Overall volumes top $50 million.
KuCoin’s reputation has grown solidly over recent weeks and months, perhaps because the exchange has taken a sustainable approach to token listings and publicises the coins it includes to provide greater exposure both for itself and the coin communities. Fees are just 0.1%, with discounts for KuCoin holders. Perhaps best of all, they are famous for their outstanding customer service.
[https://blog.chronobank.io/time-lists-on-kucoin-30a6245812f5 {2018-03-03}]

Ico of chain-net

description::
DEFINITION of 'Initial Coin Offering (ICO)'
An unregulated means by which funds are raised for a new cryptocurrency venture. An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is used by startups to bypass the rigorous and regulated capital-raising process required by venture capitalists or banks. In an ICO campaign, a percentage of the cryptocurrency is sold to early backers of the project in exchange for legal tender or other cryptocurrencies, but usually for Bitcoin.

Also called an Initial Public Coin Offering (IPCO).

BREAKING DOWN 'Initial Coin Offering (ICO)'
When a cryptocurrency startup firm wants to raise money through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), it usually creates a plan on a whitepaper which states what the project is about, what need(s) the project will fulfill upon completion, how much money is needed to undertake the venture, how much of the virtual tokens the pioneers of the project will keep for themselves, what type of money is accepted, and how long the ICO campaign will run for. During the ICO campaign, enthusiasts and supporters of the firm's initiative buy some of the distributed cryptocoins with fiat or virtual currency. These coins are referred to as tokens and are similar to shares of a company sold to investors in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) transaction. If the money raised does not meet the minimum funds required by the firm, the money is returned to the backers and the ICO is deemed to be unsuccessful. If the funds requirements are met within the specified timeframe, the money raised is used to either initiate the new scheme or to complete it.

Early investors in the operation are usually motivated to buy the cryptocoins in the hope that the plan becomes successful after it launches which could translate to a higher cryptocoin value than what they purchased it for before the project was initiated. An example of a successful ICO project that was profitable to early investors is the smart contracts platform called Ethereum which has Ethers as its coin tokens. In 2014, the Ethereum project was announced and its ICO raised $18 million in Bitcoins or $0.40 per Ether. The project went live in 2015 and in 2016 had an ether value that went up as high as $14 with a market capitalization of over $1 billion.

ICOs are similar to IPOs and crowdfunding. Like IPOs, a stake of the startup or company is sold to raise money for the entity's operations during an ICO operation. However, while IPOs deal with investors, ICOs deal with supporters that are keen to invest in a new project much like a crowdfunding event. But ICOs differ from crowdfunding in that the backers of the former are motivated by a prospective return in their investments, while the funds raised in the latter campaign are basically donations. For these reasons, ICOs are referred to as crowdsales.

Although there are successful ICO transactions on record and ICOs are poised to be disruptive innovative tools in the digital era, investors are cautioned to be wary as some ICO or crowdsale campaigns are actually fraudulent. Because these fund-raising operatives are not regulated by financial authorities such as the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), funds that are lost due to fraudulent initiatives may never be recovered.

Evaluation of ICO

Evaluation::
Like the-dot-com-bubble there-is an excessive speculation with ICOs.
- do not invest on promises, see a-product.
- check contact information.
- find refund policies.
[HmnSgm.2017-09-30]
===
In 2017, ICOs have collectively raised over $2.3 bln.
Many of these startups received millions in contributions without even a working prototype of their product.
In the eyes of some investors, this has lead to speculations that the ICO market has already entered bubble territory.
It is yet to see how many teams will actually be in a position to keep the promises made to investors and to deliver their product.
[https://cointelegraph.com/news/from-messengers-to-food-reviews-companies-incorporate-blockchain-into-apps {time.2017-10-04}]

ICO.SPECIFIC

ICO.DAICO

description::
What is a DAICO?
It’s an improvement on the ICO fundraising model that incorporates certain aspects of DAO’s.
The idea was suggested by Vitalik Buterin in January 2018 and is aimed at making ICO’s more secure by involving investors in the initial project development process.
It will further enable token holders to vote for the refund of the contributed funds if they are not happy with the progress being made by developers.
For projects that implement the DAICO concept, it will force a level of accountability on developers and give token holders additional peace of mind that they are guaranteed to either see at least a minimum viable product or get their money back.
[https://cointelegraph.com/explained/what-is-a-daico-explained#block-1]

Evaluation::
Blockchain Features
Blockchains have the following properties.
UndeletableThe data that is on the blockchain will exist as long as there is some node in the network still operating. Once data has been put in a block, it can never be removed.
UnmodifiableUsing public-private key cryptography, all data are verifiably signed and cannot be modified by a third party.
No DowntimeUsing the blockchain, zero downtime systems can finally be realized.
Advanced Features for the Blockchain
Mijin is not only a simple platform for creating points or custom currencies, but will have many advanced features.
Support for Multiple AssetsUnlike Bitcoin that has only a single digital asset, Mijin supports any arbitrary asset, allowing you to freely create and manage all your assets. We call these.
Support for Multi-signature AccountsMijin supports m-of-n multi-signature accounts at the platform level. You can designate multiple signatory accounts that need to sign off on transactions from an account. This can be useful for managing departmental budgets for companies or governments.
Smart Contract SupportMijin will allow for powerful computational contracts and programs to be run in a decentralized and verifiable manner.
[http://mijin.io/en/about-mijin]

Evaluation::
This is why blockchain technology is so exciting – it is not just about an incremental improvement in utility e.g. escrow smart contracts, it is not just about dramatically lowering the cost of setting up a trusted business, see the Great Unbundle blog, it is also about the ability to quickly and cheaply experiment with new money creation models.
[https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/crypto-20-musings-bitcoin-money-creation-alex-batlin?]

Evaluation::
Blockchain technology allows the elimination of any centralized point of failure, storing all the platform data on all system nodes in a distributed fashion.
[http://wavesplatform.com/]

chain-con.MICROPAYMENT

micropayment::
The rise and success of Bitcoin during the last six years proved the value of blockchain technology.
However, this technology also has a number of drawbacks, which prevent it to be used as a one and only global platform for cryptocurrencies.
Among these drawbacks, an especially notable one is the impossibility of making micro-payments, which have increased importance for the rapidly developing Internet-of-Things industry.
Specifically, in the currently available systems one must pay a fee for making a transaction; so, transferring a very small amount just makes no sense since one would have also to pay the fee which is many times larger.
On the other hand, it is not easy to get rid of the fees since they serve as an incentive for the creators of the blocks.
[https://iota.org/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf] {time.2016}

name::
* cpt.chain-net'con.micropayment,

chain-con.CONFLICT-RESOLUTION

Conflict-resolution::
It should be also observed that existing cryptocurrencies are heterogeneous systems with clear separation of roles (transaction issuers, transaction approvers).
Such systems create unavoidable discrimination of some of their elements which in turn creates conflicts and makes all elements spend resources on conflict resolution.
[https://iota.org/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf] {time.2016}

Dao of chain-net

description::
A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is an organization that is run by rules that are created by their members through a consensus process and then written into a set of smart contracts that are run on the blockchain, thus enabling the automated management of a distributed organization.
[http://complexitylabs.io/distributed-organizations/]

evaluation-of-Dao

description::
As some have already come to recognize the blockchain is much more than just another internet technology it is an institutional technology that has the potential to reshape how we structure organizations. As it matures in the coming decade or two it will add a whole new layer on top of the internet that will enable collaboration like never before. Whereas Web 2.0 gave us the tools for mass distributed collaboration - and in so doing created the internet that we know today operated by large platform companies, half centralized, half distributed - the blockchain will take this model a step further as it will remove the requirement for the centralized institutional layer that currently runs these platforms. In so doing it has the potential to enable the emergence of fully distributed organizations, that will be automated, dynamic and fluid.
This being said, we still have a long way to go - before these could be truly scaled - both on the technical level, in designing these new forms of self-organizing social organizations, and also on the cultural level of people becoming more comfortable with giving over responsibility, authority and control to automated software systems without centralized human regulation. And there is good reason to be cautious in this process, large automated computer systems can be powerful tools and social fabric can be a delicate thing. Human oversight, intuition, and foresight should continue to play an important role in the management of these platforms until our understanding and technology are mature enough to take over the running of critical management functions.
[http://complexitylabs.io/distributed-organizations/]

chain-doing.CREATING

chain-doing.UPGRATING

description::
One of the important arguments in the blockchain space is that of whether hard forks or soft forks are the preferred protocol upgrade mechanism.
[http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html]
===
To update means to bring someone or something up to date, whereas to upgrade means to raise or improve something to a higher standard.
The difference between these two is particularly apparent in the world of computers: an update is not always and improvement!
[https://english.stackexchange.com/a/13356]

chain-doing.INTERCHAIN-COMMUNICATING

description::
Connections between public blockchains are already implemented by exchanging data through exchanges. That is, in the case of a registered blockchain in exchanges, exchange can be performed in such a way that the exchange performs relaying. The advantage of this approach is that people can easily identify and use services because they are done in the same way as exchanges between fiat currencies such as the Korean Won and the US Dollar.
[https://github.com/Hdactech/Hdac/wiki/Hdac-Technical-Whitepaper]

AddressWpg::
* {time.2017-05-18} Bank Blockchain Pilot in India Sees Transactions Going From Weeks to Hours: https://cointelegraph.com/,
* Polybius Bank will combine features of modern banking, IoT, Big Data and Blockchain-based technologies while also meeting security and UX requirements.
- https://polybius.io/,
* Humaniq is a simple and secure 4th generation mobile bank. We are developing a completely new banking experience by dissolving all the barriers of archaic banks such as the need to come to a branch, doing endless paperwork, dealing with hard-to-use, buggy mobile apps, and protecting data with hard-to-remember, complex passwords.We have created a safe, strong financial tool, specifically designed to be used by people who are undereducated or who don't possess identification. Most of them live in emerging economies on less than two dollars a day. We believe we can change that. Learn more about Humaniq…
- https://humaniq.co/

Neufund-organization

description::
Neufund is building a blockchain-based and investor-directed platform which bridges the world of cryptocurrency and equity. The fund unlocks the resources of cryptocurrency and blockchain to fund startups and all forms of technological innovation and disruption.
[http://neufund.org/]

name::
* cpt.Neufund-ogn,

chain-service.MEDIUM-OF-EXCHANGE

description::
Medium-of-exchange-Đ-service is the first service of the-Đ-networks.
They created a-đ-currency and managed transactions with it.

chain-service.EDUCATION

specific::
* ODEM: https://odem.io/: ODEM is not an online education platform. To address the inherent weaknesses of online learning, we combine a real-world classroom learning experience with the agility and flexibility of the best parts of online education,

AddressWpg::
* {time.2017-10-18} Ethereum, Blockchain Can Help Building Decentralized Workforce Network: https://cointelegraph.com/,
* https://chronobank.io/ ChronoBank.io is an ambitious and wide-ranging blockchain project, aimed at disrupting the HR/recruitment/finance industries in a similar way to how Uber disrupted the taxi business and how Upwork represented an evolution in freelancing.

chain-service.BLOCKSTACK (Bsk-svc)

Cpt-created: {time.2017-03-14}

description::
Blockstack is a new internet for decentralized, server-less applications.
Building on Blockstack starts with single-page applications built in Javascript that are downloaded onto user devices.
Developers plug into blockstack.js, which provides API's for authenticating the user, grabbing application data from the user, and storing new application data with the user (encrypted and backed up to cloud storage).
The blockchain is utilized to maintain a cross-application identity system, securely mapping user IDs to usernames, public keys, and data storage URIs.
Developers don't have to worry about running servers, maintaining databases, or building out user management systems, and decentralized, server-less applications can be built more simply than their traditional counterparts.
[https://blockstack.org/about]

AddressWpg::
* https://sonm.io/ SONM is a decentralized worldwide fog supercomputer for general purpose computing from site hosting to scientific calculations.
The purpose of SONM project is to replace traditional Proof-of-Work cryptocurrency mining prevalent in the blockchain community at the moment.

chain-service.RECORD-KEEPING

description::
The opening for a blockchain intern at Disney illustrates that banks and financial institutions are no longer the only companies looking at blockchain solutions.
The blockchain can find applications in any industry where records need to be securely maintained and processed – whether they be land records, medical records or shipping records.
We can expect companies in other industries to follow Disney's lead and start looking at blockchain solutions in the near future.
[http://cointelegraph.com/news/walt-disney-now-loves-blockchain-going-trustless-in-seattle]
===
Factom showed how a blockchain that stores hashes can be used as a proof of existence for any digital data.
[idAewprIAP1]

chain-service.PROVENANCE-PROJECT

description::
Project Provenance began with a frustration for how little we know about the things we buy
We are now a growing collective with backgrounds in software design, product manufacturing and data science. Our base is in London, but our mission is global. Our common goal is to deliver meaningful change to commerce through open and accessible information about products and supply chains.
[https://www.provenance.org/about]

chain-service.GOVERNANCE

description::
Blockchain technology and dApps have the ability to decentralize power from existing authorities in business, law, and technology to a broad set of stakeholders.
This shift will disrupt current business, economic and social paradigms.
Transaction costs and barriers to entry in various industries will be reduced in these industries.
The result will likely be an increase in economic exchange and prosperity.
[https://consensys.net/vision/]

chain-service.GOVERNANCE.SOCIETY

description::
The need to look beyond the currency and investigate the potential use of the technology in industries outside payments is often emphasized. So should global governments be embracing Blockchain?
Backing e-government platforms with Blockchain can solve a number of issues that arise when dealing with public authorities nowadays. Citizens feel so disconnected from their governments and think the general level of state bureaucracy is unbelievable. Therefore, digitization of state services in general and especially the integration of Blockchain in this sphere is an interesting process to follow.
[https://cointelegraph.com/news/power-to-the-people-blockchain-replaces-government-in-europe]

chain-service.Bitnation

description::
Bitnation is the world's first Decentralized Borderless Voluntary Nation (DBVN). Bitnation started in July 2014 and hosted the world’s first blockchain marriage, birth certificate, refugee emergency ID, World Citizenship, DBVN Constitution and more. The website proof-of-concept, including the blockchain ID and Public Notary, is used by tens of thousands of Bitnation Citizens and Embassies around the world. Bitnation is the winner of UNESCO’s Netexplo Award 2017, and has been featured by the Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, BBC, CNN, WIRED, VICE, TechCrunch, The Economist, Russia Today among many others.
[https://tse.bitnation.co/]

chain-service.FERMAT-FRAMEWORK

description::
Fermat is a Decentralized, Blockchain enabled, Modular App Platform that unleashes the P2P “Internet of People” Economy.
Fermat seeks to deliver the better world, initially promised by Bitcoin. Through a decentralized app framework that incentivizes collaborative development, shared ownership and hyper-customization of modular software, the Project aims to unshackle free markets, by removing intermediaries from their current levels of influence, and to earn widespread mainstream adoption.
Fermat's central premise is that there is a path to software development that is smarter, better and more efficient than the status quo. The Fermat framework allows anyone from anywhere to collaborate and mutually profit from shared ownership of modular applications: it enables an open-ended stream of micropayments to authors of reusable software components that can be perpetually combined and recombined across an ever-expanding library of useful, highly-customizable, peer-to-peer commercial applications (apps).
The blockchain-enabled system is built to be user-controlled, censorship-resistant and flexible – a platform for person-to-person exchange of goods, service, assets and data, free from the whims, risks, costs and interference of unwanted, self-interested third parties who put their priorities ahead of those of the people directly involved in the exchange.
Our roadmap to a better world starts from the view of mass adoption. Our first step is to envision a future where cryptocurrency is mass-adopted; fiat currencies are already completely digitized; and people have the freedom to choose which electronic currency to use, where to store them and how and when to exchange that purchasing power.
In this future people manage multiple online identities, using the one that best fits their current needs in each situation. They transact with whatever privacy level they choose. They not only have money on their devices, but a whole suite of software that can use their digital money to enable and sustain all kinds of p2p business models. Fermat is making this possible.
I envision a future where humans are more important than legal fictions like companies and corporations and non-objective realities like nations and states.
–LUIS FERNANDO MOLINA
[http://www.fermat.org/fermat-about-us/our-vision/]

chain-net.PUBLIC.NO

description::
Blockchains can be built that require permission to read the information on the blockchain, that limit the parties who can transact on the blockchain and that set who can serve the network by writing new blocks into the chain.
For example, Ripple runs a permissioned blockchain. The startup determines who may act as transaction validator on their network, and it has included CGI, MIT and Microsoft as transaction validators, while also building its own nodes in different locations around the world.
[https://www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-the-difference-between-open-and-permissioned-blockchains/]

relation to public-chain--net

description::
Private blockchains provide incredible operational efficiencies.
Implementing a private blockchain means that efficiency is your main goal, not decentralization.
But if the goals are decentralization, interoperability and independent security, a public blockchain is going to be more important.
[https://betterworkingworld.ey.com/]

chain-net.Graphene

description::
Graphene™ is a software platform for deploying third generation cryptographically secure decentralized ledgers known as blockchains.
You can see Graphene as a toolkit for real-time blockchains. Graphene based systems have orders of magnitude better performance than first-generation Bitcoin-derived systems or even the second generation “Bitcoin 2.0” systems that constitute its current closest competitors. Graphene based systems offer a broad range of financial services distinguished by their transparency and inherent incorruptibility.
Graphene is the underlying technology that powers blockchains such as Steem, BitShares and Peerplays.[1]
Graphene technology was developed by Cryptonomex.
[https://www.steem.center/index.php?title=Graphene]

{time.2017-10-01}::
=== IBM is the top provider of Blockchain:
Juniper Research has released the results of a survey indicating that International Business Machines (IBM) is the top provider of Blockchain among all other companies, with 43% of the vote. Instead of “International Business Machines,” IBM could very well stand for “International Blockchain Model” in the near future.
On the same survey entitled, “Blockchain Enterprise Survey,” Microsoft came in second with 20% of the vote, followed by Accenture. Several factors were noted on the rise of IBM to the number one spot; however, most of them were credited to the use of Hyperledger and other research development efforts.
[https://www.cointelegraph.com/]

chain-net.2014

{time.2014-07-23}::
=== Ethereum presale:
Ethereum Raises 3,700 BTC in First 12 Hours of Ether Presale:
"The presold ether will be created in the Genesis Block around that time; until then, the 7.4 million ETHs already sold are just claims on coins that have yet to be created. The site's wording is careful in saying that the presold ETH are neither a store of value nor shares in the company, wording that simply keeps the presale on the right side of the law."
[https://cointelegraph.com/]

meta-info

SEARCH::
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• LOCAL-SEARCH:
Type CTRL+F "cpt.words-of-concept's-name", to go to the-LOCATION of the-concept.
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Clicking on the-green-TITLE of a-page you have access to the-global--locator-names of my-site.
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