keep breathing hard for a while after you stop to get more oxygen into your blood which flows through your muscles and removes the lactic acid through oxidation

10 of 29

give two enzymes that would be useful in a biological washing powder

proteases and lipases

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advantages of using enzymes in industry

advantages - they're specific to a certain reaction. use low temperatures and pressure to lower cost and save energy. after initial cost, they can be contunually be used and they are biodegradable, less envrironmental pollution.

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disadvantages of using enzymes in industry

some can develop allergies. they can be denatured by small increase of temperature. susceptible to poisons and change in PH. must be tightly controlled. can be expensive. contamination can affect reaction.

13 of 29

explain how DNA controls activities of a cell

contains all the instructions to make an organism work. a gene codes for a specific protein which determines what type of cell it is

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explain how DNA fingerprinting is used in forensic science

its a way of cutting up a person's DNA and seperating it. with a unique pattern, you can tell people apart by comparing smaples of of DNA

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what is mitosis used for in the human body?

1. cell divides to duplicate DNA to form x shaped chrom. 2. chrom. line up and cell fibres pull them apart. two arms go to oppsoite ends of cell. 3. membranes from around each set to form nuclei 4. cytoplasm divides to from two identical sets.

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name other type of cell division and where its happens

meiosis in the ovaries and testes

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what is differentiation in a cell?

a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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three ways embryonic stem cells could be used to cure diseases

blood disaeses can be treated by bone marrow transplants. extract stem cells from very early human embryos and grow them. used to replace faulty cells in sick people

19 of 29

which chromosome causes male characteristics?

XY

20 of 29

what three important conclusions did Mendel reach following his experiments with pea plants

1. chracteristics in plants are determined by hereditary units 2. hereditary units are passed on from both parents, one from each parent 3. hereditary units can be dominant or reccesive, dominant will always be expressed over recessive

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suggest why Mendel's work wasnt realised until 1900, 16 years after his death

in mendel's time, nobody knew anything about genes or DNA

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what is an allele?

allele's are different versions of the same gene

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what is meant by an organism being heterozygous or homozygous?

if an organsim has two alleles for a particular gene the same, it is homozygous. If two alleles for a particular gene are different, its heterozygous

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what's the basic difference between a recessive allele and a dominant one?

to display a recessive characteristic, both its alleles must be recessive but to display a dominant characteristic, the organism can be either dominant or recessive

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what is polydactyly?

polydactyly is a genetic disorder where a baby's born with extra fingers or toes

26 of 29

describe three ways that fossils can be formed. each one with an example

1. environmet changes (destrcution of habitat) 2. a new predator kills them all (humans hunting them) 3. a new disease kills them all

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what is speciation? and how geographical isolation can lead to speciation?

speciation is the development of a new species. 1. each population shows variation with a wide range of alleles 2. individuals best suited to the environment have better chance of survival and breed 3. beneficial characteristics passed on