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Objectives: Identify what changes set the stage for European imperialism in Asia and Africa. Explore the role d that the British East India Company played in British imperialism in India. Investigate the factors that led to the new imperialism. Identify how the European powers claimed territory in Africa. Explore how the Africans resisted European imperialism. Main Idea One of the first examples of European imperialism in Asia, the British rule over India changed Indian politics, economics, and society and led to the rise of Indian nationalism. The British in India

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Europeans had built trading posts along Asian, African coats, but held little territory farther inland By late 1700s, European states began expanding power in Asia, Africa Two factors that made possible: new technologies, weakening of great empires of Asia, Africa Expanding Power Arrival of British in India, example of European imperialism, the process of one people ruling, controlling another By 1700, Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal ruled vast territories in the Americas Europeans had less success ruling territory in Asia, Africa Imperialism Setting the Stage

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Weakening Empire Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707 Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories New Technologies Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies

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Students working with a partner will complete the rest of the worksheet using the word bank and the textbook

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Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British East India Trading Company. It soon became embroiled in Indian politics. East India Company activity limited to coastal trading cities while Mughal Empire strong Mid-1700s, when empire broke apart into small states, East India Company leaders saw chance to take over Indian lands The British Take Control Manipulated rulers of states, suggested each needed British support to keep throne Played rulers against each other, kept India in chaos Company’s army took over much of India, claiming it had to restore order Kept India in Chaos British East India Company

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Making Changes East India Company made changes to Indian society Introduced new education system, English language Destroying Society British also invited Christian missionaries to spread beliefs Some began to believe British trying to destroy their society Banning Customs Introduced British laws banning certain customs, like sati Practice of Hindu widows throwing selves on husbands’ funeral fires Straining Relations Thought British wanted to eliminate Indian customs, Hinduism completely Relations between Indians, British increasingly strained Changes in India

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1857, strained relations exploded into rebellion, the Sepoy Mutiny Sepoys were Indian soldiers who fought in British army Introduction of new type British rifle set off rebellion To load rifle, soldier had to bite off end of ammunition cartridge greased with pork, beef fat; offended Muslim, Hindu sepoys Muslims did not eat pork; Hindus did not eat beef Sepoys in Meerut refused to use cartridges; thought it plot to make them abandon Hinduism, Islam Sepoys punished for protesting In response, northern Indian sepoys rose up against British Eventually gained control of Delhi Protest and Punishment Violence of rebellion ferocious Both sides committed atrocities Sepoys killed British officers, as well as wives, children Captured mutineers strapped to cannons and shot; villages burned Fighting continued two years Violence and Atrocities The Sepoy Mutiny

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Results of Mutiny British ended the rule of East India Company in 1858 as result of mutiny. British government ruled India directly – British moved away from some social regulations that angered many Indians – Distrust still continued between British, Indians

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Colony of colony—the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire, with political and financial rewards, national pride For Indians, British rule source of frustration and humiliation Frustration gave rise to powerful feelings of nationalism Era of British rule in India often called British Raj, Hindi word meaning “rule” Administration carried out by government agency, Indian Civil Service (ICS) The Raj Though ruling India, most ICS officials British ICS employed very few Indians Many educated Indians frustrated at having no say in own government ICS Many British thought they were superior – Segregated neighborhoods; exclusive clubs – Westernized Indians Prejudiced, thought Indians incapable of governing selves Westernization India as a British Colony

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Raj Building Projects During Raj, British built railroads, roads, canals in India By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products Raj Impact British manufactured goods devastated India’s pre-existing textile industry Had been major exporter; British closed factories to prevent competition Mid-1800s, India primarily exported raw materials, not manufactured goods Raj Commerce India important market for British manufactured goods Also source of raw materials like cotton, tea, indigo, jute Taxes from Indian landowners paid for administration of India, Indian army Life under the British Raj

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Initial requests of the Congress to British were modest, such as more positions for Indians in the ICS, and better representation on government councils. Groups in India found British rule deeply disturbing Indian elites and middle classes lacked opportunities Indians had little power to influence decisions at higher levels of government Nationalist movement did not take off until Indians saw themselves as having same rights as Europeans Idea first expressed by reformer Ram Mohun Roy, 1820s Felt British violating Indian’s rights, including free speech, religion Nationalist Movement The Rise of Indian Nationalism Roy wrote texts, opened schools to spread nationalist ideas Despite his efforts, took several decades for movement to activate 1885, Indian National Congress, first nationalist group, founded by English- speaking Indians Activating Movement

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Bengal Nationalism turned radical when British announced plans to partition Bengal Officials claimed breaking into two provinces would make easier to govern Nationalists thought partition attempt to break up Bengal’s Hindu population Consequences British convinced to make concessions to Indian people 1906 Muslim League formed to protect interests of Indian Muslims Indian National Congress and Muslim League led in fight for independence Radicals Radicals in Congress called for boycott of British goods; lasted three years British taxes on salt The tax triggered nationalism and violence. The Salt March, inspired a wider civil disobedience movement in India. Participants vowed to wear only Indian-made garments, burned British cloth Some militants attacked British officials, were punished India as a British Colony

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CITIZEN COPE LYRICS "For A Dollar" Moved to the city to settle a vendetta Ran from a stellar to the hands of Isabella Was a good earner, got a little butter Moved to Calcutta, got rich by the summer Learned that an eye for an eye made the whole world blind City by city, they built sin city Mr. Benjamin must have got or needs a schilling 'Cuz he'd rather not walk in the gobs from the prison And there ain't nowhere this lonely road This lonely road won't go What pleases your heart It's not always what eases your spirit or your soul For a dollar, will you heal she? For a dollar, will you feed he? For a dollar, would you mind explaining to me why today got bought by tomorrow? For a dollar, will you hold me? For a dollar, will you love me? For a dollar, would you mind explaining to me why today got bought by tomorrow?

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The New Imperialism European countries controlled only small part of Africa in 1880; but by 1914 only Ethiopia, Liberia remained independent. European powers rapidly divided Africa Period known as “Scramble for Africa” – Most visible example of new imperialism – New imperialism not based on settlement of colonies – European powers worked to directly govern large areas occupied by non-European peoples – Driven by economic interests, political competition, cultural motives

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To gather, export natural resources, European entrepreneurs developed own mines, plantations, trade routes Entrepreneurs sometimes called on home countries to protect economic interests from European competitors In this way, drive for colonization came from ambitious individuals, not just European governments Entrepreneurial Colonization Before early 1800s, several European nations profited from slave trade in Africa After some nations passed laws abolishing slave trade, Europeans looked to Africa as source for raw materials Materials like coal, metals needed to manufacture goods during Industrial Revolution Needs fueled Europeans’ desire for land with natural resources—available in Africa Raw Materials Economic Interests

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Nationalism a Factor Rise of Germany, Italy as powers contributed to the new imperialism Both nations jumped into race for colonization to assert status Nationalism also contributed to rise of new imperialism European leaders believed controlling colonies would gain them more respect from other leaders Political Competition Imperialism in Africa reflected struggles for power in Europe, such as long-term rivalry between France, Britain France expanded control over West, Central Africa; Britain began to expand colonial empire to block French

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In addition to practical matters of economics and politics, the new imperialism was motivated by cultural attitudes. European imperialists felt superior to non-European peoples Some began to argue humanity divided into distinct peoples, races Claimed biological differences existed between races Racist view—people of European descent superior to people of African, Asian descent Cultural Motives As result, some Europeans believed rule in Africa justified Teaching Africans good government Some imperialists believed actions noble, their duty to educate those considered inferior Referred to their influence in Africa as “the white man’s burden,” after poem by Rudyard Kipling Rule Justified Cultural Motives

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Darwin Defenders of imperialism often applied Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to struggle between nations, races Darwin argued species more fit for environment will survive, reproduce Cecil Rhodes Social Darwinism advocate Cecil Rhodes, “I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better…” Believed British-built railway would bring benefits of civilization to all Africans Social Darwinism Social Darwinism notion stated certain nations, races more fit than others Social Darwinists believed “fit” nations came to rule over “less fit” nations, often showed discrimination against citizens of ruled nations Justification

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In the 1880s, driven by economic, political and cultural motives, Europeans began to compete for additional territory in Africa. Africa, huge continent, rugged terrain; travel, control difficult 1800s, scientific advances made travel, control in Africa easier Scientific Advances Discovery of drug quinine helped Europeans protect selves against malaria Automatic machine gun created strong military advantage Protection Development of telegraphs, railroads, steamships helped Europeans overcome problems of communication, travel New Developments European Claims in Africa

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1869, Suez Canal influenced Britain’s interest in Egypt Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal; later established partial control as protectorate to ensure British access to canal European nations competed aggressively for other territories 1884–1885, European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory Tried to prevent conflict between European nations Division in Africa Berlin Conference—for European nation to claim new African territory, it had to prove it could control territory No attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa No Regard for Tradition Suez Canal

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Dutch Settlers British met opposition to land claims in southern Africa Dutch settlers, Boers, had lived in region since 1600s Heightened Tensions, War Britain tried to make Boer territory part of British empire 1899, war broke out Boer forces outnumbered No Political Rights Gold discovered late 1800s Boers refused to grant political rights to foreigners, including British Union of South Africa British committed numerous atrocities, defeated Boers 1902, Boer territory became self- governing Union of South Africa under British control The Boer War

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Even without modern weapons, other Africans still fiercely resisted European powers. Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As European troops advanced on African territory, they met stiff resistance. Zulu people resisted colonialization more than 50 years Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony The Zulu African Resistance Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower 1889, emperor Menelik II modernized nation, army 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute Menelik’s forces defeated Italians Ethiopia

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1890s, early 1900s, European, American demand for rubber increased To meet demand, Leopold forced Congolese subjects to extract rubber from region’s rubber trees; millions died from overwork, disease Eventually international outcry caused Belgian government to take control of Congo, 1908 Demand for Rubber Central Africa’s Congo Free State not ruled by European country King of Belgium, Leopold II, claimed territory for himself Leopold created personal fortune exploiting Congo’s natural resources for himself Leopold Belgian Congo