Verbal noun from the fourth principal part of the verb. Expresses purpose or specification (e.g. "I have come to see you." or "That news was sad to hear.") When used to express purpose with verbs of motion, the verb ending is "-um," and is paired with an accusative noun. When used to express specification, the verb ending is "-u," and is paired with an ablative noun.

The locative looks the same as the dative, except in the 2nd sg. declension, when it looks like the genitive case.

Intransitive Verbs

Verbs that do not represent direct action on another object. Essentially, not the accusative case. Certain intransitive verbs take the dative case.

Deponent Verbs

Verbs that are active in form, but passive in meaning. There are only three principal parts for a deponent, as the fourth principal part would be the perfect passive participle, which is the same thing as the third principal part of a deponent.

Numerical Amount (1000+)

1000 things = "mille"

More than 1000 things = "milia"

More than 1000 things, out of an even larger group of things = "ex" + the ablative case

Indirect Statement

Statement that is not reported directly by quotation marks

In English, introduced by the word "that"

Always introduced by a verb of saying, informing, thinking, knowing, or perceiving

In Latin, always an Infinitive Verb

The subject is always in the Accusative Case

Infinitives w/ Indirect Statements

The present infinitive indicates same time as the main verb

The perfect infinitive indicates time before that of the main verb

The future infinitive indicates time after that of the main verb

Comparative Adjective

Used to compare two ideas (e.g. the bird is hungrier than the owner)

Form = [Genetive Singular - Genetive Ending] + ["ior" / "-ius (n.)"]

Superlative Adjective

The highest degree of an adjective.

Form = [Genetive Singular - Genetive ending] +

"-errimus, -a, -um" for adjectives ending in "-er"

"-illimus, -a, -um" for adjectives ending in "-ilis"

"-issimus, -a, -um" for adjectives ending in anything other than those ↑ above

Dative case noun used to express agency (the "do-er") with the Passive Periphrastic. (e.g. "The garbage should be taken out by you.")

Ablative Absolute

A construction which expresses the circumstances under which an action occurs. (e.g. "With the enemy pursuing us, we cannot pause.")

Expressed as a substantive in the ablative modified by a participle

In English, translated as

"since"

"with"

"if"

"when"

Gerund

A verbal noun ending in "-ing" in English (e.g. "The art of swimming is easy to learn")

Only has forms in the neuter singular of the Genitive, Dative, Accusative and Ablative cases

Same form as the Gerundive (the future passive participle), but is ACTIVE in meaning

Gerundive

A verbal adjective, which is the same as the future passive participle of the verb, which can be used as an adjective literally, or with the passive periphrastic to indicate necessity.

Key Differences Between the Gerundive and the Gerund

The Gerudive is an Adjective, while the Gerund is a verbal noun

As an adjective, the Gerundive has a full set of masculine, feminine and neuter endings, both singular and plural, for all cases. The Gerund has only neuter singular forms and only in the genitive, dative, accusative and ablative cases

The Gerundive is passive in meaning, while the Gerund is active in meaning

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