Scarlet Fever

What is scarlet fever?

Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease that causes a rash. It is usually associated with an infection by streptococci, such as strep throat. It may also be associated with wounds or burns that become infected. The rash of scarlet fever is typically a fine, "sandpaper-like" rash that consists of small, red bumps.

Scarlet fever most commonly occurs in children who are under the age of 18. It is spread from direct contact with a child who is infected, usually through secretions from the mouth or nose.

What causes scarlet fever?

Scarlet fever is caused by toxins that are produced by bacteria. The most common bacterium is group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). These bacteria release a toxin that travels through your child's bloodstream and causes a rash.

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

The following are the most common initial (before the rash develops) symptoms of scarlet fever. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

fever

sore throat

chills

headache

vomiting

stomach ache

coated white tongue

strawberry-like appearance of the tongue

The rash begins approximately one to two days after the initial infection. The red, fine, sandpaper-like rash typically is noted on the neck, forehead, cheeks, and chest and then may spread to the arms and back. The rash usually begins to fade after two to seven days.

The symptoms of scarlet fever may resemble other skin conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.

How is scarlet fever diagnosed?

Your child's physician will make the diagnosis based on a complete medical history and physical examination. The rash of scarlet fever is unique and may be recognized by your child's physician. In addition, your child's physician may order a throat swab to confirm the diagnosis of strep throat as the source of the scarlet fever. Quick tests, called a rapid strep test, may be performed. This may immediately test positive for GABHS. However, if it is negative, part of the throat swab will be kept for a throat culture to further identify if there is any GABHS present.

Treatment for scarlet fever:

Specific treatment for scarlet fever will be determined by your child's physician based on: