Warships of the Mon Calamari

Assessment of the
gracefully bizarre warships from a technologically-young species
which were upgraded and converted for a war challenging
the vast Imperial Starfleet of Emperor Palpatine.
Examines quantitative and qualitative features of several classes
from destroyers through to commandships.

The Mon Calamari are a species of amphibious sapients from the planet Calamari
somewhere in the Outer Rim Territories.
Their remoteness from major hyperlanes enabled their societies to develop in
isolation from the greater galactic civilisation.
The Mon Cals share their homeworld with another intelligent species,
the deep-sea dwelling Quarren.
Because of this example,
few Calamarian thinkers could ever have assumed that their world
and civilisation were unique in the universe.
Even in their most primitive eras,
it is probable that few Calamarians held any doubts
about the possibility of intelligent life elsewhere in the galaxy.

The history of Calamari was not spotless.
Throughout the ages aggressive Quarren had waged war on the Mon Cals.
The cycle of recurring conflicts ended only when the victorious Calamarians
forcibly separated an entire generation of Quarren youth,
educated them in Calamarian ways,
and then returned them, fundamentally alienated, to their own kind.
In time the grudging tendencies of the Quarren have diminished.
The modern inter-species relationship is one of peaceful and inextricable
interdependence.
Mon Calamarians brought confidence, inspiration and calm idealism
to the dual society;
the Quarren contribute more pragmatic qualities.

It was the Calamari who led their civilisation into deep space,
with the explicit dream of discovering and joining with other intelligent
species.
Complacent but magnanimous victors of the relationship with their Quarren
neighbours,
it is possible that none of them held serious fears about the ways in which
a real encounter with a superior technical civilisation might change
or supplant their own comfortable order.
After driving into interstellar space for several decades,
the first meeting with humans was greeted with celebration.

Calamari was swiftly inducted into the Galactic Empire,
and recognised as a fine asset by Imperial government officials.
Under the supervision and aid of the Imperial Forces,
the planet's industrial facilities were upgraded and the population
educated until they were brought into parity with galactic standards;
a technological leap which must have been equivalent to
at least tens of millennia of natural progress.
The Calamarians learned to adapt Imperial technology to their own
distinctive artistry;
they integrated themselves with the galactic economy
through the production of unique goods
(including luxurious passenger starships)
and high-technology materiel of all kinds for the armed forces of the Empire.

Unfortunately, the human relationship soured quickly.
The differential of power between the Mon Cals and the aliens
was a severe anticlimax to long-cherished utopian dreams,
and rudely disruptive to the established lifestyles of both the Calamarian
species.
For their part, the human local officials and governors
developed dismissive and condescending attitudes.
Calamarian civil disobedience was met with inflexibility and oppressive force,
which served not to cow but to exacerbate
friction and rebellious sentiment.

At some point the antagonism took a brutal turn.
The Mon Calamari and Quarren armed themselves for war and expelled
the human presence from their space.
Warships of the Imperial Navy subjected Calamarian floating cities to
orbital bombardment.

Since then, the Calamari somehow managed to keep the Empire at bay.
Remoteness was a consideration,
but there must have been a more significant deterrent.
They may have mined all the hyperspace approaches to their system,
so the local Imperial forces would not risk
anything more than dispensible probe droid incursions.
Nevertheless a human counter-offensive was inevitable
so long as Emperor Palpatine lived.

Calamarian leaders linked themselves with the Rebel Alliance,
a motley collection of insurrectionist groups
within the mainstream galactic community,
ranging from grassroots terrorists to the displaced nobility of Alderaan.
This sponsorship had many benefits:
it bought time by distracting the Imperial Forces from mounting full-scale
reprisals against Calamari;
it bought the hope of establishing a new revolutionary galactic government
which would be indebted to the Calamari.
It was said that the human rebels were the arm of the Alliance,
but the Mon Calamari were its soul.
The Calamarians provided the rebels with sanctuary, a vast population base,
impressive manufacturing facilities and shipyards.
Most significantly, the Calamarians turned over the bulk of their
starfleet for conversion to massive vessels of war.

After early interaction with galactic civilisation turned out badly,
the Mon Calamari became major (perhaps dominant) sponsors of
a fifth-column movement in human space: the Rebel Alliance.

Two warships of Calamarian design:
the flagship Home One is below;
a Liberty-type winged cruiser is at top.
Home One was by far the bigger vessel.
Two spacious docking bays are on Home One's port flank;
one much smaller hangar can be seen near the Liberty's bow.

Mon Calamarian transport ships lift off during a World Devastator assault
on a Calamarian floating city.

An assortment of Mon Calamari leaders
giving their quiet support and sponsorship to former-Senator Mon Mothma
in her war against Emperor Palpatine.

The warships of the Mon Calamari are mixtures of Calamarian and
human galactic-standard technology.
The arrangement of the habitable interior spaces into layered parallel decks
naturally accommodates the comfort of the two species,
since humans and Mon Calamari both evolved in environments with gravity.
The exterior aesthetics of Calamarian starships
reflects the species' marine origins,
giving emphasis to smooth, streamlined forms.
The ships consequently look as if
they're just as operable underwater as in deep space.
On the other hand, human habits and influences are evident in the appearance
of some of the hangar interiors and possibly the drive systems.
The weapons emplacements were cut into the hulls
after entry into the Rebel Alliance;
it is likely that the turbolasers and other guns were of non-Calamarian
manufacture.

Originally built as transport ships and grandiose explorer vessels,
the general features of most Calamarian naval designs
have not been influenced by combat considerations.
The placement of some hangars is tactically awkward,
like the configuration and mounting of many cannons.

Some newer vessels were designed specifically for combat roles.
Unfortunately these ships were not in action before the Battle of Endor,
so they have not been documented in many (known) images and illustrations.
It should be expected that the arrangement of cannons and other combat devices
will be more uniform and symmetric on these newer ships,
since they do not result from makeshift and constrained opportunistic
modifications like the older warships.

The degree of uniformity in Calamarian starship designs is a matter of debate.
The game books from West End Games make statements on this topic,
but include two opposed points of view.
On one hand, the textual descriptions say that each Calamarian vessel is
a unique work of artistic engineering;
on the other hand the books describe discrete design classes such as
MC80 and MC90.
Identical statistics are attributed to all examples of these classes:
including exactly identical physical dimensions,
armament, shielding, propulsion and other capabilities.

The evidence of Return of the Jedi explicitly shows that there
were at least three different models of Calamarian warships at the
Battle of Endor.
However many of them were sister ships, sharing a common design.
Small-scale features may have varied between these siblings,
but not at levels of detail visible on screen.
Variances could not be larger than a hundred metres or so without causing
noticeable differences in the vessels' profiles.
It is possible that the original forms of these vessels were as varied as some
accounts describe,
and the uniformity of design was imposed during
the process of conversion for naval use.

Most of the classes of Calamarian warships known to date are designated in
the role of cruisers.
The more powerful models should probably be called battlecruisers,
battleships and commandships.
These classifications are determined according to the role of the warships
relative to each other.
Since Imperial technology has a larger scale, a Calamarian cruiser
may be smaller than an Imperial destroyer,
and a Calamarian command ship may be comparable to an Imperial cruiser.

The Mon Calamari are reputed to construct many kinds of smaller vessels;
their apparent absence from the Battle of Endor deserves explanation.
Perhaps the Calamarian destroyers, frigates and lesser naval starships
were on permanent duty guarding their homeworld against attack?
Perhaps the conversion of Calamarian civilian ships to naval use
was not finished:
the engineers may have preferentially upgraded the largest
available vessels to combat capability before treating smaller ones.

The known classes of Calamarian warships,
including those converted for battle-worthiness
and those originally designed for combat,
are briefly profiled below.
Note that the names used for the various classes, where stated,
are highly provisional.
I adopt the name of the best-known example of each design,
but there is know way to be sure that these are the official names
used by the Mon Calamari.
The real Calamarian names are likely to be very different.
At the very least, they will be expressed in the primary Calamarian language.

The Calamarian cruisers glimpsed at the Battle of Endor were not the only
designs to have ever existed.
Many others have been seen or described
in unfilmed STAR WARS fiction.
Some of the ones depicted below are concept sketches from
Return of the Jedi.
Whether they correspond to anything “real” in the STAR WARS
universe remains to be seen, but seems likely considering the number and range
of other such neglected figments which have been brought into
the greater milieu via the roleplaying books.
(Indeed most intelligible concept art has already been recycled.)

Warships scaled according to direct measurement, defined length
or control pod comparison.
Images of Home One and the pearly cruiser
from Return of the Jedi
are photomosaics;
there are no known photographs showing
an onobstructed broadside view of either vessel.
The destroyer and the 1300m cruiser are from computer game screenshots.
The Defiance silhouette is derived from oblique views of the ship
in Dark Empire.
The MC80a image is taken from Rebel Alliance Sourcebook;
it may not be the definitive illustration of this class but
it is broadly similar to the details shown on the Naritus
in Cracken's Threat Dossiers.

This cigar-shaped design fulfils a battleship or commandship role
in the Calamarian starfleet.
(Star Wars Trilogy Scrapbook: The Rebel Alliance
describes it as a battleship,
although it is misattributed a Liberty photograph.)
Home One, the archetype of the class,
was Admiral Ackbar's personal flagship during the Battle of Endor.
This prestigious warship was far larger than a commonplace, mile-long
star destroyer
of the Imperial Navy.
The Home One design was rare as it was big:
at least one sister ship fought at Endor,
but smaller cruisers were more abundant.

According to A Guide to the STAR WARS Universe:
“Home One has twenty-nine turbolaser batteries,
thirty-six mini-ion cannon emplacements,
multiple shield and tractor beam projectors,
and twenty hangar bays to house its complement of ten starfighter
squadrons and other craft.”
These statistics are credible
since they apparently emerged in the book's first edition,
dating soon after the release of Return of the Jedi,
and predating the arbitrary inventions of roleplaying games.
The counts may derive from
direct inspection of the Home One model.
The turbolaser armament of 29 seems small and odd.
Maybe it is a transposition error from 92?
Or, perhaps Home One's guns are few but heavy and powerful?
“Twenty hangar bays” must be the total number of work bays within
all three flank hangars.

The name of this vessel is disputed.
Some argue that “Home One”
was merely Admiral Ackbar's individual call-sign
during the Battle of Endor.
They say that Ackbar's pre-Yavin flagship, Independence,
(name in the X-Wing computer game)
was his Endor flagship.
Others argue that “Home One”
sounds consistent with Calamarian nomenclature and style,
e.g. similar to the names of their cities.
Yet another label was used in the Return of the Jedi novel:
Headquarters Frigate.
Unfortunately this name doesn't literally fit the ship,
which is far larger than “frigate” scale.
A Mon Calamari flagship named
Independence appears in some computer games and comics.
It may be the same as Home One, but this is unconfirmed.
In The Truce at Bakura,
Admiral Ackbar reverted to another, more comfortable personal cruiser.
If that second ship is the Independence
then the apparent discontinuity is resolved.

Orthogonal views of the unlit Home One model,
as shown in the Behind the Magic multimedia reference.

Home One as it was first shown in the rebel fleet gathering near
Sullust.
Corellian corvettes (150m),
stolen Kuati frigates (approximately 300m),
and various medium freighters (approximately 90m)
are dwarfed by the Calamarian leviathan.

The rebel fleet prepares to make the hyperspace jump to the Endor system.
Home One is to the left of the picture.
The stern is rounded,
and the engines number ten and are arranged with a strict bilateral symmetry.

A sequence of views of the starboard side of a Home One class ship
(with several foreground obstructions).

One of the dorsal pods on what appears to be Home One.
These structures may be bridges or observation posts;
or they might be associated with sensors, communications or weapons.
In any case, they must be associated with a function that requires
a clear line of sight.

What appears to be a representation of a Home One type of ship
encountering an Imperial fleet in Balance of Power.

Differences of technological scale mean that although this ship plays the
role of a battlecruiser or cruiser in the Calamarian fleet,
it is actually smaller than many Imperial destroyer designs.
The most distinctive feature of the Liberty is the pair of
delta-shaped wings.
At least one other warship design had a matching body without the wings.
Aside from the addition of wings and the use of a different hull material,
the Liberty-type cruisers sacrifice one sublight engine
for a ventral engine cowl like a smaller version of the massive dorsal fantail
hood which shelters the thruster bank from above.
Like its wingless cousin but unlike Home One,
Liberty has an ovoid ventral cavity which seems likely to be
a docking bay.

Rear view of Liberty, revealling some of the proportions,
engine structure
and the features of the trailing edges of the wings and fantails.

Full-length exterior views of the Liberty type of Calamarian cruiser.

Liberty-type cruiser in background behind what appears to be
Home One,
as the rebel fleet scrambles to evade impacting on the Endor security shield.

Views from above the portside wing.
There is a blue-lit hole in the trailing edge of the wing,
extending outboard from the cavity containing the thruster banks.
The hole in the wing however does not contain any engines;
it may contain a special sheltered hangar or some other
functional but sensitive feature.

Liberty schematics according to
Essential Guide to Vehicles & Vessels.

The model originally used to depict the
[anonymous wingless] cruiserswas altered
to make the Liberty design:
they altered the engine array and added wings.

A winged Mon Calamari cruiser depicted in X-Wing: Alliance
is 1.5km long and has some resemblence to the Liberty.
However the number and configuration of engines differs.

Oval ventral aperture, off-centre on starboard side, amidships;
may be a docking bay.

Similar to the Liberty
class but lacking the wings.
One additional thruster and reduced mass (no wings)
must make this a faster ship.
This vessel's role is probably that of a cruiser.
With at least four representatives,
this was the most common Calamarian design seen at the Battle of Endor.
There is an unconfirmed possibility
that this class is the common Calamarian cruiser identified as
the MC80 in other references.
On the other hand, it resembles the later MC90 more than other ships,
which may imply an intermediate class.

Ventral views, concentrating on the stern.

A stern view almost directly along the cruiser's axis
[lower right corner].
The engine arrangement is explicit.

Long-range transverse views of the stern.
It is very similar to the stern of Liberty,
except for the replacement of the latter ship's small ventral fantail
with an extra thrust cylinder.

Rare forward view of the wingless cruiser model,
from an angle about forty or fifty degrees above the ship's deck plane.
From July 1983 issue of CINEFEX.
A dark marking on the starboard bow is either a large weapon emplacement
or a small hangar.

Long-range view of the bow,
sighting directly along the cruiser's axis.
This view is useful for determining the ship's basic proportions.

Newer star cruiser appearing after Return of the Jedi,
its capabilities and dimensions are similar to those of the MC80.
Unfortunately we do not yet know which (if any)
of the designs at Endor is the MC80:
the Liberty
or its anonymous wingless cousin.
If we knew that identification then we would have some idea of what the
MC80a looks like.
There is one low-resolution, stylised image of a MC80a
in Cracken's Threat Dossiers,
this probably serves as a fair hint at what the real ship looks like.

Statistics in the X-Wing Official Strategy Guide
and in the game's internal databases
suggest that the ship in this simulator game is the MC80a,
despite the fact that the story is set before the Battle of Endor.
NB. the cruiser seen in X-Wing is different
from the two classes of Calamarian warships seen in TIE Fighter.
Adding to the inconsistency, the distinctive 1300m cruiser
in the later games is also named MC80a.
The statistics for X-Wing's putative MC80a are
transcribed in an appendix,
and the visible features are discussed in
the next subsection.

The cruiser Naritus participated in the evacuation of doomed planets
in the Corellian Sector attacked by the Starbuster Plot,
fourteen years after the Battle of Endor.

A cruiser of Calamarian design, as drawn in the
Rebel Alliance Sourcebook.
The corresponding game statistics are labelled “MC80a”,
although this particular model was supposedly not in use until after the
Battle of Endor.
This sourcebook was set before The Empire Strikes Back.
In any case, the drawing resembles the Naritus in several respects,
so it really might be a MC80a despite the anachronism.

Yet another totally different cruiser called MC80a,
from X-Wing: Alliance.
This one is 1.4km long, has a silvery hull, is slightly winged
and has four engines and a rounded stern that are vaguely similar to
a dramatically downsized version of
the aft end of Home One.
Its presence in a pre-Endor computer game means that
this “MC80a” cannot be the same model as the roleplaying game's MC80a,
which is strictly post-Endor in construction.
This tubular cruiser has two command pods,
which is intermediate between Liberty (zero)
and Home One (at least half a dozen).

The X-Wing computer game shows a class of Mon Calamari cruiser
that is also called “MC80a.”
However it is distinct from the vessels given the same designation
in roleplaying sources and later computer games.
(This supports the theory that the “MC—” designations
are tonnage or power ranges,
rather than the actual ship classes.
Each class should be named after its first commissioned member.)

The hull is plated with panels in various hues of beige or grey.
The form of the ship is like that of a flattened tube,
with symmetric lumps on the port and starboard edges
like miniature wings.
There are three equal-sized cylindrical thrusters
in one bank on the underside of the stern.

The main hangar region on the starboard side is remarkably wide:
about 260m across,
which is over a fifth of the ship's length.
That should provide a rapid launch rate for the fighters
(perhaps dozens at once),
or else an ability to dock corvette-sized vessels.
However the aperture would be an extreme, gaping point of vulnerability
if ever the shields should fail.

The numbers for this class of vessels
are given under the heading “MC80a”
in the statistics section.

This ship is described as a “heavy assault star cruiser”,
which probably means that it is a battlecruiser.
Intermediate between the converted MC80 cruisers
and the combat-dedicated MC90 design.
Not a entirely new design, rather the MC80 naval modifications are taken to
a greater extreme for improved utility as a warship.
Manufactured as early as 1.5 years post-Endor.
Mon Remonda was an important participant in the first campaign to
capture Coruscant,
and also served as Han Solo's flagship in his hunt for Warlord Zsinj,
which culminated at the Battle of Selaggis and the crippling of Zsinj's
Iron Fist.

The fact that its roleplaying game statistics omit tractor
beams probably means that it lacks conventional hangars.
This would be a reasonable modification for a vessel
intended to take the extreme brunt of heavy combat.
Personnel and supplies would transfer through retractable boarding tubes
linking temporarily with another vessel or facility.
Nevertheless Essential Guide to Vehicles & Vessels
claims that the early MC80B ships carried four squadrons of starfighters,
and later versions carried eight squadrons.
Perhaps the fighters are propelled from rudimentary launch ports
but must be collected by other (tractor-capable) motherships
after battle.
The schematic drawing in EGVV shows that the starboard side
doesn't have any hangars;
at least not hangars large enough to fit a fighter.
However the novel X-Wing: Iron Fist
describes a single portside hangar.

Clear drawings of the Mon Remonda,
from Essential Guide to Vehicles & Vessels.

Mon Remonda, as drawn in Cracken's Threat Dossier.
Caveat: the style of the book's artist makes even the
human-designed Republic-class star destroyers,
which are successors to the Victory-class destroyers,
seem rounded like a Calamarian vessel.

At least eleven cylindrical thrust nozzles in main bank;
two in secondary outboard banks.

At least one portside ventral hangar.

One dorsal pod; 2 ventral pods.

Produced 5.5 years after Battle of Endor.

The MC90 Defiance was the first Calamarian cruiser purposely designed
as a warship,
and came into service 5.5 years after the Battle of Endor.
It has improved shields, propulsion, power generators and weaponry.
Six fighter squadrons are carried,
and one docking bay located on the port side is known to date.
Spacecraft systems are more standardised among ships of this class,
and the displays and controls have been adapted to be operable by other species.
Several MC90 ships participated in the Second Battle of Calamari.

The name Defiance was also used for another crusier of an older model,
as shown in X-Wing: Alliance,
which took place before the Battle of Endor.
The two ships should not be confused;
obviously the Mon Calamari reuse their ship names sometimes.
Perhaps the earlier Defiance was destroyed or decommissioned
before the completion of the first MC90.

Defiance in orbit around Da Soocha,
an unexplored sanctuary world in Hutt Space,
during the tumultuous year of the Palpatine Clones of Byss.

Another MC90 fending off an Imperial counter-attack and collecting escape pods
during the Battle of Calamari.

Galactic Voyager defending the secret New Republic base at Anoth.
This ship has been described as being in the same class as Defiance,
but its shape, at least in this illustration, is radically different.
Observe the difference in stern structure, in particular.

The major Calamarian cruiser seen in the computer game TIE Fighter
is quite different from those seen at the Battle of Endor.
It is slightly longer than the MC80 series,
and has an elliptical, winged design.
Engines are placed amidships in dorsal and ventral clusters
as well as at the stern.
This is vaguely like the available drawings of the MC80a,
but there are differences:
the 1300m ship is more slender and the wings are further back.

Technical schematics for the 1.3km cruiser,
according to the intelligence available to Imperial starfighter pilots.
These images show data profile, portside, stern, starboard side,
dorsal and ventral views respectively.

Data entry depicting the 1300m cruiser
X-Wing vs TIE Fighter.
This ship is identical to the one in TIE Fighter,
but it is confusingly named MC80a.
This is a problem because it is inconsistent with the shape of the MC80a
seen in earlier roleplaying game references,
and with a 1.2km ship described as MC80a in the internal statistics of
the original X-Wing computer game.

One central ventral thruster at stern,
plus two cylinders on either side of a dorsal bank amidships.

Portside flank hangar, carrying 1 squadron.

One small dorsal bow command pod.

Produced no later than Battle of Hoth.

The TIE Fighter campaigns and training missions involve
what presently is the smallest presently known type of Calamarian warship.
They are described as “light cruisers”,
but the extreme difference of tonnage between this ship
and the regular star cruisers suggests that
designation as a “destroyer”
might be more appropriate.
The ship is 500m long in TIE Fighter
and X-Wing: Alliance
and 505m long in X-Wing vs TIE Fighter.
According to the latter game,
it has 35 gunners, 650 troops, 3723 crewmen,
and supports one fighter squadron.
The vessel's alphanumeric Calamarian class is “MC40a”.

This warship, dubbed the “MC30c frigate”
[Empire at War: Forces of Corruption]
appears smaller than the Mon Calamari cruisers
that visibly participated in the Battle of Endor.

Judging by the portals,
the main inhabited sections are in the rounded armoured head.
The top of the stern is covered by a fin of similar armour.
The thin connecting mass between the tail and the main body
appears less well armoured,
and has a darker, lightless texture reminiscent of main starship componentry.
It probably contains parts of the reactor or drive systems.

There are no raised command pods,
but possibly some bridge windows at several points along the dorsal line.
There don't appear to be any hangars on the starboard side.
The ship seems to have cylindrical thrusters;
at least one of the nozzles is near the lip of the frontal armour.

Extratextually,
the MC30c appears to be an interpretation of a ship conceived for ROTJ
but omitted from the final film.
The likely basis illustration appears
in STAR WARS to Indiana Jones: The Best of the Lucasfilm Archives.

The “c” in the designation “MC30c” implies that this frigate
may be a subtype in a series of frigates prefixed with “MC30”.

Rendering of the MC30c star frigate
from Empire at War: Forces of Corruption.

Portside and top views of a Mon Calamari vessel
that didn't appear in ROTJ,
but closely resembles the MC30c frigate.
[SW2IJ]
This design is very slender; perhaps it is a fast and light vessel,
like a destroyer or frigate?
No scale cues are obvious, though there may be some broadside gun grooves.

This warship has a broad front section
and widely spaced thrust cylinders.
There are at least three control pods:
two are near the stern in opposite dorsal and ventral positions;
another one is amidships on the starboard side.
Given that one of the pods must contain the bridge,
they might serve as an approximate yardstick
for size comparison with Home One.
Judging by this measure, this ship could be intermediate
between the 1.2km MC80 and the 3.8km Home One.
The hull plating is coloured yellow-grey.
There are no obvious hangars on the portside or dorsal surfaces.

Orthogonal views, side and top, found in
From STAR WARS to Indiana Jones:
The Best of the Lucasfilm Archives.

This wingless battlecruiser design, drawn from two perspectives,
has the benefit of a direct scale indicator.
It is approximately one mile long, which is 1609 metres.
The hull is smooth and the wings are very small;
in form it is closer to the pearly wingless cruisers at Endor,
though it seems to be very much larger.
There is a depressed area with rough texture on the underside behind the bow.
The character of this section of the ship is distinctive
and its function unknown.
Along the midline there seem to be several weaponry notches,
but there are no hangars on the side which has been pictured.

Another ship with an explicit one-mile length,
shown to scale with an Imperator-class star destroyer.
Some of the features are similar to those of the narrow, ray-like craft
detailed below,
but this might be just a coincidence.
The thin tail section is less extensive
and there is a control pod near the stern.
Engines are hidden under a fantail hood.
Considerable portions of the ventral and aft surfaces are poorly armoured
compared to the rest of the ship.
The general aesthetic of the ship
and the position of the control pod are curiously similar to
the Gallofree medium freighters shown in The Empire Strikes Back
and mingling with the rebel warships in the final version of
Return of the Jedi.

This warship has at least two control pods in dorsal positions on the midline.
One is far forward at the bow, the other is closer to the stern.
The engines are numerous and some of them are exposed to the sides,
and they are spread at several different distances along the hull.
They may constitute several distinct thruster banks,
or they may be positioned in an essentially unclustered way.
The main hull extends aft past the thrusters, along the midline of the ship,
and it is possible that this feature
cuts all the way from one side to the other,
separating the engines into dorsal and ventral banks.

Direct side view, taken from production art in
Return of the Jedi Sketchbook.

This ships is the last of the distinctive models of
Calamarian warships which were archived but lacks an official name.
This particular vessel hasn't enough visual cues or yardsticks
to enable definitive scaling.
Without some idea of the sizes of this ship,
its role is difficult to guess.

Bulky-looking, flat-nosed, unscaled warship.
There are slight, backswept wings
and a dorsal fantail covers the engine cluster.
There is one control pod near the stern.

Vector Prime
describes the Mon Calamari battlecruiser
Mediator,
which belongs to a class that is considered new twenty years
after the Battle of Yavin.
Its designation as a battlecruiser implies greater power and size
than the Liberty-type cruisers in ROTJ,
and perhaps approximating Home One.
It is reported to be almost half the size of Viscount;
implying a length not much less than 8.5km.
Not much detail is given, except for recognition that there is
at least one docking bay.

A vessel of exceptional size and novelty described in
Vector Prime.
The first example seen in the literature,
the Viscount, is refered to as “Mon Calamari Star Defender”,
which is an odd term and may be colloquial or propagandistic.
Functionally, because of its size, the vessel must be a kind of battleship.

Viscount was substantially larger than a battlecruiser,
which should be appreciably larger than a cruiser or destroyer.
Viscount ought to be appreciably larger
than Home One,
which is nearly 4km long.
It is over double Mediator's size,
which itself must have matched Home One at least.
This novel evidence implies that
Viscount exceeds 6km length,
and may compete with Kuat's star dreadnoughts like
Executor (about 19km long).
An article previewing the
Starship Battles game
states that the Viscount is indeed such a behemoth:
17km in length and (judging by its fatness)
a mass similar to Executor.

The article states that the New Republic built
Viscounts after learning a lesson from the Black Fleet Crisis.
They desired a dreadnought able to compete with an Executor.
The ship is attributed 216 fighters (3 wings),
which implies that it has docking bays somewhere.
These have not yet been located in the available images.
The ship has two dorsal command pods,
which scale as considerably larger than those of Home One
(being a similar fraction of the larger ship's length).
The centre of mass of the Viscount
is well to the front;
the hull is a vaguely teardrop shape with the point being the tail.

Apocryphal Note:
Arkady Hodge,
claims that in the 1980s someone wrote fan fiction dealing with
the post-ROTJ era,
which was called the “Restored Republic.”
This story invented the term “Star Defender”
for destroyer-sized vessels; a peculiar pun.
This idea may have percolated to R.Salvatore,
perhaps through the recesses of the roleplaying game references.
It might also be just a coincidence.

A star cruiser that escaped an attack on Mon Calamari
by General Mohc's experimental darktrooper battle droids
[Sandblasted].
The crew were killed by a lone darktrooper boarder,
and the ship crashed on Tatooine after exiting hyperspace.

As its name suggests, this vessel has grey hull panels.
The hull is wingless and roughly tubular.
There is a single control pod towards the aft end of the dorsal surface;
it probably contains the bridge.
There is one hangar bay on the starboard side;
its length is a significant fraction of the overall ship's length.

The engines operate at a temperature giving their nozzles a yellow thermal glow
(five or six thousand degrees Kelvin).
There are four major engines in a cruciform arrangement within a single bank,
and possibly another two minor engines above the port and starboard main engines.

Throughout the whole STAR WARS saga,
ILM modellers seem to have shown a preference for the classic scales
used in traditional warship modelling,
eg.
using 1/620 (as with some older commercial kits)
for the destroyer Avenger
(length 1605.8m)
and 1/6200 (a natural multiple of the former)
for the star dreadnought Executor
(length approximately 17484m).
The Calamarian ships appear to have been built for comparison with
the Imperial star destroyers,
so perhaps they use the same scale as a convenience.
Keeping consistent scaling would minimise the complexity of the multi-element
composite shots which characterise the Battle of Endor.

Both Calamarian warship models constructed by ILM are believed to have been
2.44m long.
If the scale is the same then both of the Calamarian cruisers
may be about
1512.8m long.
The commonly-published length of 1200m
implies a model scale of
1/492,
which would be unique and eccentric.
However a length of 1220m involves another traditional modelling scale,
1/500.
Arguments based on the scaling conventions illuminate this subject well,
but still need to be corroborated with photogrammetry from the movies.

Exterior views of Home One at near-range,
showing the ship's full length,
on port and starboard sides.
The first image centres on the starboard hangar,
from which the stolen Lambda-class shuttle launched.

Exterior views of the winged Calamarian cruiser,
the Liberty's design.

Home One,
which was Admiral Ackbar's flagship
and launched the Endor commando team,
had several hangars with features suitable for measurement.
There are two known portside hangars, which are often left unlit and inactive.
The single starboard hangar
is known from both internal and external photography.
The dimensions of the hangar mouth in absolute units are determined
by either the internal view or the exterior views of the shuttle launch.
Combining these independent results with the proportions of the hangar
seen on the outside of the ship indirectly places limits
on the total length of Home One.

Studying the launch of the stolen Imperial shuttle (height 22.25m)
yields lower and upper bounds on the hangar aperture's dimensions.
The lower bound comes from the image in which the shuttle is behind the
aperture, still barely inside the hangar.
The upper bound comes from the image in which the shuttle has just emerged and
is slightly closer to camera.
By this method, the hangar mouth is
somewhere between 27m tall by 106m wide
and 39m tall and 153m wide.

Parallel lines on the hangar deck and a technician servicing
and A-Wing starfighter are yardsticks in the internal views.
The published dimensions of the A-Wing special-effects model
are 60cm x 40cm x 22cm,
and the scale of the model is 1/16.
Thus the A-Wing is 9.6m long and 6.4m wide.
Using the A-Wing width as a yardstick,
the crewman standing near the A-wing turns out to be just under two metres
high, but he seems to be standing on a short stool.
The width of the pair of tracks on the deck is 11.6m.

The track can be used as a reference for dimensions of objects further away.
A platform extends from the deck at the mouth of the hangar.
According to the A-wing scaling,
the platform's base is 83.2m wide,
and its outer edge is 80.3m wide.
The hangar aperture is 27.2m high,
which is quite sufficient for the shuttle Tydirium to fit through.
At its widest, the hangar interior is 107m.
This aperture is just an inner lip to the hanger;
the edges of exterior hole in the hull are slightly wider.

If a perfect, long-range, 90-degree starboard broadside view of the ship existed
then it would be easy to then use the known hangar as reference for the
dimensions of the whole vessel.
Alas, no such image is yet available.
The best images of the whole ship are taken at about
forty or fifty degrees from the bow-stern axis,
well above the midplane
and from a vantage point which is very much closer to the bow
than to the hangar.
Perspective effects along the length of the ship are very severe,
invalidating the use of these pictures for photogrammetry.

Fortunately it is possible to build a useful photomosaic of Home One
from the Millennium Falcon's fly-by immediately before the rebels'
departure from Sullust.
Frank Gerratana has built a suitable composite image.
Although the starboard hangar is obstructed by a foreground transport ship,
it is possible to see
the edges of the hull blister into which the hangar is built.
According to other images
the length of the hangar as a fraction of the length of
surrounding hull blister
is 0.217±0.008.
The length of the blister relative to the whole vessel
(in the photomosaic) is 217/1357.
Therefore the hangar width is
0.035±0.001
times the length of the entire ship.

Dr David West Reynolds has provided precise measurements of the original
Home One model.
The overall ship's length is 239.0cm,
and the hangar's hole in the hull is 8.2cm wide at the widest point.
The base of the platform is 5.4cm and the edge is 5.0cm wide.
The hangar width measurement agrees exactly with the photomosaic result.
Using the figures for the hangar platform based on the interior picture
and the ILM model yields an absolute length of
3.84±0.08km (according to platform edge)
3.69±0.08km (according to platform base).
These ranges are overlap;
an appropriate combined result is
3.76±0.10km.

The length of Home One is somewhere between 3.7km and 3.9km.
The lower limit obtained using the Corellian corvette as a yardstick [below]
falls within the range permitted by the shuttle results.
The shuttle-based limits agree with the independent result from
the scaling of the deck platform and A-wing fighter.
The exterior width of the hangar hole in the hull
is about 20% wider than the hangar interior,
which is consistent with what is seen on the model.

Important interior measurements in the starboard docking bay
of Home One.

Interior views of the starboard hangar of the Calamarian flagship.

Exterior views of Home One's starboard hangar
as the shuttle Tydirium launches.
Storyboard sketch of the same event.
Exterior image of the entire ship, with the hangar brightly lit.

Photomosaic of the full length of Home One,
as constructed by Frank Gerratana.
Portions of the Alliance flagship are obscured by parts of smaller ships,
but the main features can be discerned
and the segments match flawlessly.

These images open the possibility of another method of measurement.
The portals at the prow of Home One
must have a vertical separation of at least one deck interval
(five or more metres).

Immediately before the launch of the rebel fleet from Sullust to Anoat
the camera view sweeps along the length of one of the large Calamarian ships.
Between the stern and the viewer there is a Corellian corvette.
The corvette appears to be closer to the cruiser than the camera,
so both ships will have similar perspective scaling.
The visible section of the Calamarian vessel is,
as an absolute minimum,
4.7 times the length of the corvette;
almost exactly 700m long.
Since this doesn't appear to be even half of the length of the ship,
the total length is likely to be more than a mile.

A photomosaic of the vessel's entire length,
built out of multiple frames from the film sequence,
Reveals the dimensions of Ackbar's flagship strikingly.
Assuming that the corvette is much closer to the cruiser than to the camera,
Home One is not less than
3.15km long
and the visible portion is at least 0.32km deep.
Note that these are approximate lower limits,
depending on whether the perspective scaling of the corvette is the same
or greater than for the cruiser.

Photomosaic of the full length of Home One,
as constructed by Frank Gerratana.
Portions of the Alliance flagship are obscured by parts of smaller ships,
but the main features can be discerned
and the segments match flawlessly.

Sequence of frames from a zoom along the side of Home One,
moving parallel to the ship's axis.

Several known images show Calamarian cruisers of the Liberty type or
its wingless counterparts engaging in point-blank contests with
Imperial star destroyers.
Although none of these illustrations have yet shown definite scaling cues,
the cruisers do appear to be smaller than the Imperial ships
in terms of length, depth and breadth.
The commonly-published length of 1.2km may be realistic
for the Liberty and [anonymous wingless] cruiser classes.

Liberty-type cruiser (far right) in close proximity to
a one-mile Imperator-class star destroyer
appears to have approximately the 1.2km length which is widely published.

Many of the proportions of the Liberty-class cruisers
can be directly measured from direct dorsal and starboard photographs.
The ratio of the wingspan to the ship's length is approximately
156 to 400.
In the same scale, the width of a particular bulb on the port wing is
8.

At one point during the Battle of Endor, there was a starfighter chase
over the wing of a cruiser of Liberty's type.
A Y-wing fighter flew very close over the bulb measured above,
and when it was in this position its width compared to the bulb
in a ratio of about
15 to 39.
The fighter was not exactly on the cruiser's surface,
(it is therefore closer to the viewer)
so these estimates will only be lower limits.
Therefore in relation to the Y-wing's width,
the cruiser's length is approximately
130±16;
and the wingspan is approximately
51±6.

These figures can be combined with the known absolute width of the Y-wing
to estimate the cruiser's absolute dimensions.
Judging by the scale of the set plans of the Y-wing cockpit in
The Art of STAR WARS Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
and the blueprints of the whole ship in
Rebel Alliance Sourcebook,
the width of a Y-wing is about 7.88m.
The length is about 14.3m according to the same method.
(Note that physical sets in STAR WARS have often been built to a
slightly smaller scale than the authentic scale of the models.
The intended scale of the A New Hope Y-Wing model suggests
length and width of 17.04m and 9.12m respectively.
Other unverified sources hint that the Y-wing should be 16m long.)
Therefore the Liberty is greater than
1.0±0.1km long
and greater than
0.40±0.05km wide.

Dorsal image of the Liberty model and the Y-wing flyover scene
used to determine an approximate length for this cruiser design.
In the dorsal image,
the starboard side is tilted away from the viewer by a few degrees,
but this is so sufficiently slight for the above measurements to still be
feasible.

Analysis of imagery from Return of the Jedi indicates that
Home One is approximately 3.8km long.
Indirect measurements using the starboard hangar
agree with the more precise calculation based on the
Corellian corvette as a yardstick.

The size of the regular Calamarian cruisers is not so well determined
by the present evidence.
It is likely that the Liberty and the white wingless cruiser type
seen at Endor are the same length,
since the designs have many features in common which are likely to be
sensitive to scale.
Photographs of the cruisers in point-blank engagements with Imperial destroyers
hint that the Calamarian ships are less massive
and are slightly shorter than a mile.
Consideration of the scaling of the ILM effects models hint that the length
may be approximately 1.5km.

The figure of 1.2km,
which is commonly published in second-generation references,
can not yet be ruled out for cruisers other than Home One.
Given the famous customisation and variability of Calamarian warship designs,
cruisers of 1.2km length have probably existed.
Proving that they were among the vessels at Endor is a separate matter.
The published statistics for these vessels should not be assumed to apply
to the entire Calamarian starfleet without variance.

Galactic-standard starships possess at least three independent forms of
propulsion which are applicable under different circumstances.

The first mode is repulsorlift, which involves the generation of artificial
antigravity repelling nearby objects.
This is the most effective mode of propulsion for ships flying within several
diameters of a planet.
It is unknown whether the Mon Calamari employ repulsorlift technology,
but at least some of their star cruiser designs are capable of safely landing
on their homeworld,
as seen during the evacuation of Calamari six years
after the Emperor's betrayal and defeat at Endor.

The form of propulsion which makes trans-galactic travel possible
is hyperdrive.
These mysterious but commonplace devices allow a vessel to circumvent the
lightspeed barrier, entering an aspect of reality perceived as
“hyperspace”.
Matter in this state feels normal to itself, but is only able to travel
faster than lightspeed relative to the rest of the galaxy.
Typical average hyperdrive speeds may be on the order of a million times
lightspeed.

During the jump into or out of hyperspace,
the starship is subjected to tremendous accelerations.
It is uncertain
whether this is merely a pseudomotion by-product of the jump process
or a prerequisite of the jump.
In any case, the violence of the acceleration requires excellently tuned
inertial dampers to prevent crew and contents from being pulverised.
The Millennium Falcon, a small and highly-modified Corellian
freighter, has sufficient imprecision in the connection between hyperdrive
and inertial dampers that residual inertial forces may harm passengers who
are not strapped to their seats.
However the equivalent systems of Calamarian star cruisers
are sufficiently well tuned and calibrated that bridge officers are able to
walk and stand freely without fear of losing balance.

Other systems of propulsion are employed for sublight movement in space away
from the influence of planets.
“Ion drives” and similar devices accelerate charged particles to
relativistic velocities and eject them from nozzles at the rear of the ship.
This expulsion imparts an equal and opposite forward thrust to the vessel.
The direction of thrust can be controlled to some extent by vectoring the
particle stream through electromagnetic baffles around the rim of the thruster.
The nozzles also glow incandescently with a colour which characterises the
temperature of the visible parts of the thruster's internal mechanisms.
All known Calamarian ships have bright blue drive-glow,
indicating very high temperatures.
Unfortunately, complicating considerations of the thrusters' internal geometry
make it difficult to speculate on whether the Calamarian drives'
high temperatures indicate
great inefficiency (energy wasted as heat)
or else particularly high power output.

The thruster nozzles of the sublight drives of
all known Calamarian star cruisers are reminiscent
of those mounted on many human-designed warships
like the Executor and the Vengeance.
The Calamarians were a species who had only recently begun
interstellar exploration.
Their vessels were refitted with more modern technology
learned during servitude to the Empire and
given in aid by the Rebel Alliance.
The extent of this technological upgrading is not known,
but it is possible that the thrusters were
inspired or manufactured since contact with humans.
They may even be
stolen Imperial technology replacing
the more primitive propulsion systems
of the original Calamarian designs.

Although Calamarian cruisers exhibit many asymmetries on the smaller scales
of knobs and blisters on the main hull,
the propulsion systems are distinctively balanced.
Stern structures are always bilaterally symmetric,
with engines placed either on the midline
or else balanced in port/starboard pairs.
This ensures that there is no port-starboard torque on the vessel
when engine output is kept even.
There does however seem to be an excess of thruster area on the underside
of each ship.
If this is not actually counterbalanced by the ship's weight distribution
or careful moderation of some of the engines' output,
then the vessel will tend to turn in a vertical plane.

The Calamarian warships observed at Endor
could be classified solely according to their engine structures.

Home One has a rounded, bulbous stern,
and the ten thruster cylinders
protrude boldly from the sides of the ship.
Nozzles are placed at greatly varying distances from stern,
rather than together in a single bank.
The engines are positioned far from the ship's axis,
so that when viewed from behind,
the nozzles are arranged in a ring around the hull outline.
This concentration of propulsive power at extremities
may optimise turning ability
as compared to the ship's basic linear acceleration.

On the [anonymous wingless] and Liberty designs
the engines cover almost the entire stern profile,
as a single clustered thruster bank.
The bank is sheltered inside a cavity.
The engine cylinders of these classes of ships vary less in diameter
than those of Home One.
Liberty has dorsal and ventral fantails,
and only nine thruster nozzles.

On the wingless cruisers the configuration is the same except that
the ventral fantail is replaced by an additional thruster cylinder
on the keel line.

The crossectional area of a cruiser's engines presumably is related to the
maximum total sublight thrust the ship can achieve.
Since Liberty has slightly less thrust area
and somewhat greater tonnage than its wingless counterparts,
it probably has poorer accelerative and turning capabilities.
The thrust area of Home One
is much smaller in comparison to the vessel's mass than
for Liberty and the [anonymous wingless] ships.
Thus the flagship may be much weaker at linear acceleration.
On the other hand, Home One's concentration of thrusters
at its extremities may be beneficial for turning.
Viewed in contrast to each other, the characteristics of the three designs
suggest that Home One has respectable manoeuvrability
but has weaker straight-line acceleration;
and the [anonymous wingless] cruisers
have marginally better acceleration than Liberty.

Seen immediately before the jump from Sullust to Endor,
the engine configurations of
Home One (lower left) and a Type-3 cruiser (lower right)
can be seen clearly.
The second image shows only the engines of Home One,
but in greater resolution.

The Liberty, viewed from below immediately before its destruction.
The dorsal fantail is clearly visible;
the shorter ventral fantail is dominated by the glare of the engines.

Stern of an [anonymous wingless] star cruiser,
at the lower right edge of the image.

Alliance fleet arriving at Endor from hyperspace,
then veering off to avoid collision with the security deflector shield.
The foremost ship is Home One, as indicated by the presence of
pods on the hull.
This ship demonstrates an ability to turn by an angle of at least ten degrees
within a time of about two seconds after Ackbar's emergency order.
Further in the background, a Liberty-type and
an [anonymous wingless] cruiser are slower to respond.

All of the Calamarian warship designs examined in photographic detail
possess internal hangars
for the reception of shuttles and other support vehicles,
and to fulfil the mothership role for wings of rebel starfighters.

On all three photographed designs the principal hangars
are apertures on the flanks along the ship's midline.
Liberty's hangars are near the bow.
There are no hangars on the forward edges of the wings,
although there are illuminated apertures outboard of the thrusters
on the wings' trailing edges.
The flanks and bow of the [anonymous wingless] type have not been imaged
in sufficient clarity to determine the configuration of all the flank hangars.
There is at least one confirmed bow hangar on the starboard side,
resembling Liberty's.
Home One has one hangar on the starboard side amidships,
and two others (which may be marginally smaller) on portside.

The hangar openings are hexagonal
but they approximate the proportions of horizontally elongated rectangles.
(In other words, the upper and lower edges are the longest,
and the four corner angles on the long edges are each almost ninety degrees.)
They are on the order of several dozen metres wide,
which is much longer than the gunnery grooves,
but they're not all the same size.
The largest hangar on Home One has a ceiling high enough
to comfortably contain a Lambda-class shuttle in its landing mode.
The smallest hangars on Liberty's bow seem barely wide enough to accept
a starfighter.

The inner walls of the hangars are lined with smaller sub-hangars and work bays
where starfighters and other vessels can be stored and serviced
away from the central launch area.
Bulkier spaceships like
the freighter Millennium Falcon
and shuttle Tydirium
cannot fit into any of these bays,
so they are parked towards the back of the main hangar space.

The hangar apertures are sealed with atmospheric shields for the comfort
of crew,
and the edge of the field is marked by light strips.
This is very similar to the conventional hangar signs which are standard
to large human starships and space stations.
The light strip is a cue to incoming pilots and a warning to personnel who
might otherwise wander absent-mindedly through the atmospheric shield.
It would be interesting to know whether this design was recommended by human
technological advisers to the Mon Calamari,
or whether the Mon Cals independently converged
on this element of good safety and signalling.

The [anonymous wingless] and Liberty cruisers
appear to possess a large ventral docking bay also.
It is roughly amidships well away from the keel line, to the starboard side.
During the Battle of Endor a TIE Interceptor crashed
into one of these cavities.
The Imperial pilot misjudged his trajectory
while dogfighting with rebel fighters
and flew through the hole heading forwards along the cruiser's axis.
The explosive flash of the collision
happened beyond the visible lip of the hole,
hinting that the vertical walls of the cavity are lined with hangars or
other kinds of open spaces.
[In model terms, the ventral bay seems to be a mount point for the ship.
The illuminated bay interior seen in views of the underside must be
a plug which is put in place when another mount point supports the model.]

Ships of Liberty's class have what may be
an additional pair of hangars in the wings.
The cavity between the dorsal and ventral fantails
(sheltering the thruster cylinders)
extends laterally outwards,
terminating in rounded holes in the trailing edges of the wings.
However the propulsion systems are entirely confined to the part of the cavity
which is in the main hull;
the spaces in the wings must serve some other role.
The hole in the port wing has been briefly seen;
it is decorated with a linear arrangement of blue lights.
These are reminiscent of the warning strips at the mouths of hangars.
The holes,
which are slightly more than 21m wide
(according to Y-wing comparison scaling),
may lead to special sheltered hangars.

Hangars are points of vulnerability to a warship:
poorly armoured and shielded holes which are also vital facilities
for the ingress/egress of materiel, personnel and starfighter forces.
Placement of hangars on the bow and flanks is non-ideal.
Bow surfaces face dangers in the forward arc.
The distribution of cannons on Calamarian cruisers
favours broadside bombardment of enemy ships,
but this inevitably exposes the flank hangars to return fire.
A sensible choice for a combat starship is to place hangars on a dorsal,
ventral or aft facing.
The awkwardness of the bow and flank hangars is strong evidence
that most known Calamarian vessels were not originally designed as warships.
Only the ovoid ventral docking bay
and the suspected Liberty wing hangars
avoid being serious combat liabilities.
Their more fortunate positioning may be coincidental,
or they may be the result of modifications implemented after Calamari
joined the Rebel Alliance.

The roleplaying game statistics for the Mon Remonda,
designated a MC80B design,
exclude tractor beams.
Since this vessel is has been more extensively modified for heavy combat
than the average Calamarian cruiser,
it seems reasonable to suppose that the statistics indicate a complete
absence of hangars and docking bays.
Vessels which lack these structures are less able
to receive shuttles or freighters,
and would typically receive their provisions and transfer personnel
through extendable boarding tube connections.
These kinds of devices are standard to human starships,
and usually attach to another ship, a space station
or a sufficiently tall mooring tower
(like those seen on Byss in Dark Empire).
Calamarian cruisers might also be designed to land
on the surface of a planetary ocean.

The ventral cavity on an [anonymous wingless] Calamarian cruiser,
which may serve as a docking bay.
It has great internal structure, with varied lighting.
The round solid body resembling ordinary hull within the bay is
particularly interesting.
In the first three images we see the cavity before and during the collision of
a TIE Interceptor.
In the last image, the cavity is visible over the command tower of
an Imperial warship of unknown type.
The scanner globe on the Imperial ship is a good yardstick;
at a diameter of about 40m it indicates that the cavity on the Calamarian cruiser
is at least 60m wide and probably two or three times as long.

A ventral view of a Liberty type cruiser as seen from
an X-Wing cockpit.
(The far side wing extends into the middle background.
Several minor linear features may be small weaponry slots.)
The ovoid ventral cavity is near top-centre,
but for some unknown reason it is darkened and inert.

Cockpit view from Millennium Falcon
towards an [anonymous wingless] cruiser.
The illuminated area on the underside of the cruiser is
the ventral ovoid cavity which resembles a large docking bay.

Interior of the starboard hangar of Home One.
A Lambda-class shuttle (22.25m tall) easily fits.
Starfighters are mainly parked in the work bays off to the sides.

Exterior views of the starboard hangar of Admiral Ackbar's flagship
as the shuttle Tydirium launches.
Storyboard sketch of the same event.
Exterior image of the entire length of Home One,
with the starboard hangar brightly lit.

Sequence of three images of [anonymous wingless] cruiser at Sullust,
in the background.
One starboard bow hangar aperture is visible as a dark rectangular area.
The illuminated ventral docking bay is also visible further back,
though at this angle its projection is thin.
B-Wings fly past in the foreground.
The shape in the upper foreground is the underside of a Corellian corvette.

This is what appears to be
a rectangular ventral cavity on one of the cruiser designs,
possibly Home One.
Partially-symmetric layout of the surrounding bulges hints that the aperture
is somewhere on the keel-line of the vessel.

Trailing edge of the port wing of a Liberty-type cruiser
exhibits what may be the entrance to a hangar.
The hole is lit with rows of blue lights.
The furthest outboard of the engines is on the margins of the ship's main body,
not within the hole in the wing.

The turbolaser batteries are mounted within grooves in the
ship's hull.
These grooves are elongated in the direction of the primary axis of the ship,
parallel with the plane of the decks.
Using the results from the study of the ships' dimensions above,
the grooves appear to range from a dozen to several dozen metres long
and never any less than two or three metres high.

This identification allows for the estimation of
lower and upper limits on the number
of emplacements on any particular ship.
We assume that there is at least one turbolaser or ion canon in each slot.
Home One shows at least fourteen gun slots in the starboard view
from From STAR WARS to Indiana Jones;
roughly one third of the hull is visible,
so the total armament may be roughly three times greater.
This result is reasonable compared to the statistics of
29 turbolasers plus 36 ion cannons stated in
A Guide to the STAR WARS Universe.
Similar dorsal views of Liberty show at least 7 + 9 grooves;
the number of guns on the upper surfaces of this ship is no less than sixteen.
Better inspection of imagery of the various cruisers will allow
future armament estimates to be refined upwardly.

The shape of the grooves hints that the guns may have very restricted
arcs of fire.
They should be able to swivel from forward to aft very easily,
but up/down movement must be more limited.
For this reason, Calamarian captains will probably take pains to
orient their ships so that enemy vessels fall to either side
and in the primary (deck) plane.

In the late moments of the Battle of Endor the rebel fleet hovered at low
altitude above the surface of the Death Star II,
bombarding the unprotected surface.
Their observed orientation during this stage of the battle
implies that they have
at least some heavy weapons mounted on ventral surfaces
and capable of being directed downwards.
Perhaps there are ventral missile tubes
or other armaments suitable for use
against well-armoured immobile or slow-moving targets.

This storyboard sketch reveals that the turbolaser batteries
are located within the longitudinal grooves on the warship's flanks.

This is a ventral view of a Liberty type cruiser as seen from
an X-Wing cockpit.
(The far side wing extends into the middle background.
The ovoid ventral docking cavity is near top-centre, but it is darkened.)
Several minor linear features may be small weaponry slots.

Starboard view of Home One.
At least 14 gun slots are visible.

Several of the bulbs on the wing of a Liberty-type cruiser
bear grooves and structures which look suspiciously like
the barrels of heavy guns.

Calamarian cruisers oriented themselves parallel with the surface of the
Death Star II during the minutes leading to the destruction of the
Imperial command ship Executor and then the battle station itself.

There is very little first-order evidence
regarding the capabilities of the deflector and energy shields of
Calamarian star cruisers.

The best indirect limits are a comparison with independent lower limits
on the firepower of Imperator-class star destroyers.
Calamarian cruisers at Endor managed to survive for at least half an hour in
combat with the Imperial ships at point-blank range.
Although they were battered and some were destroyed, the rebel ships must have
had shielding which was at least on the same order of magnitude as their
opponents'.
If they were very much weaker then the rebels would have been
quickly eradicated;
if they were very much stronger then the star destroyers would have been an
irrelevance to the battle.

The star destroyers each have numerous small anti-starfighter turbolasers
each of which shoots energy bolts in excess of 32TJ
at rates of up to one per few seconds.
The sixty-four heavier cannons mounted to the sides of the dorsal superstructure
are much stronger.
The total destructive power deliverable by an Imperial star destroyer is no
less than 10^24 Joules,
estimated from the fact that these ships can melt the surface of
a habitable world.
The star destroyer's total power is not less than
some hundreds of millions of terawatts.
Therefore the power dissipation rate of the Calamarians' energy shields
must be on a comparable scale of power.

The only other piece of indirect evidence regarding the shield capacities
of Calamarian cruisers was an incident in which a wayward TIE Interceptor
flew into the ovoid ventral cavity of a
Liberty-type or [anonymous wingless] type of cruiser.
The warship's deflector shields were inadequate to divert
the doomed fighter's path.
This may mean that the ship was weathered enough to lose its shielding
(either locally or entirely),
or it could be that the ship was already in a mode for passing objects
through that part of the shield
(eg. launch or retrieval of fighters, debris, escape pods
or ejected pilots).
The scale of the cavity is about 60m,
but deriving good kinetic data is difficult because
performing time measurements from videotape is imprecise.
[This topic will be examined properly at a later date.]

TIE Interceptor collides with the ventral cavity, which may be a docking bay.

Artists' notes in Return of the Jedi Sketchbook
state that
at least one of the elevated “control pods” which sprout on dorsal fins
actually contains the bridge.
Among the warships seen on film,
these objects only appear on the Home One design
so they're all probably related to
command and coordination functions.
They could be command and auxiliary bridges, observation posts,
or special sensor or communications towers.
Six of the pods are mounted at various points near the centreline of
Home One's
dorsal surface.
At least three more have ventral positions close to the port side.
Other Calamarian warship designs such as the Defiance possess smaller
numbers of control pods.
The Liberty, Mon Remonda and a few anonymous designs
lack the pods,
but may possess similar structures that are flush with their hulls.

Apart from hangar glimpses,
the main command bridge of Home One is the only interior chamber seen
on film.
The room is centred around a large amphitheatre
where officers, crew and technicians
study tactical holographic displays.
An operations deck encircles the pit, with control panels and system monitors.
Several transparent circular tactical displays hang from the ceiling
above the edge of the forum area.

At the forward end of the bridge there is a roughly semicircular alcove
dominated by three huge curved viewports through which the commanding officer
surveys the surroundings.
Three control chairs and consoles are mounted in this section.
Admiral Ackbar sits in the foremost of these seats,
directly in front of the observation windows.
His chair and the attached console are mounted on a motorised armature
which carries him around the area.
In addition to the two other seated Calamarians,
two stand at the back of the observation deck,
operating overhead control panels.

All command and crew stations are occupied by Calamarians.
It is not surprising that members of this rebel faction should assume
the most prominent positions aboard their own vessels,
but there are more pragmatic anatomical concerns involved.
Monitors and readouts designed for their species' eye placement
may be uncomfortable or inconvenient for humans to read.
The keyboards and controls are suited to the Calamarians' greater number of
fingers and different manual dexterity.

At the Sullust briefing when Luke Skywalker entered the main tactical
auditorium, a doorway was visible behind him leading to
a perpendicular corridor.
The far wall of that passage was dominated by viewports similar to those
around Ackbar's command station.
The fact that these sets of windows are in different directions
but within a few dozen metres of each other means that
the hull section enveloping the bridge and auditorium is
narrow relative to the whole ship.

The bridge of Home One has not been conclusively located on exterior
views of the ship.
The scenery visible through the viewports simply indicates that the bridge is
in a dorsal location and faces forward.
If other parts of the hull were visible through Ackbar's windows then
we could place some more constraints,
but only distant space is seen.
Strictly speaking, the evidence of the films indicates that
the bridge could be on almost any forward-facing surface
of the bow or the lumps on the dorsal hull.
The existence of the corridor windows glimpsed behind Skywalker's shoulder
proves that the bridge must be in either a narrow raised lump on the hull
or (as suggested by the concept sketches) in one of the command pods.
For the sake of fitting the auditorium and bridge corridors,
the largest, topmost and most distinctive of the pods
would be the most likely location.
On the other hand a pod placed further forwards
would be preferable in order to match the window views
in which the ship's hull is unseen.

The theatre region behind the command deck.
Technicians and tacticians monitor the battle's progress
on a large holographic projector.

On the command deck of the main bridge of Home One,
Admiral Ackbar and two crewmen coordinate preparations for the attack
against the Death Star II.

During the action at Endor, two standing controllers joined Ackbar
and the other two seated calamarians.

Admiral Ackbar directing the Alliance naval forces at the Battle of Endor.
An arc of panoramic windows surround his command chair.

Various views of doorways leading into the bridge chamber.
Viewed from inside the theatre, a viewport is visible beyond
the door through which Skywalker entered.

Close-up view of one of the dorsal pods which might contain a bridge.
Judging by the surrounding hull features, this pod is the one which is
semi-hidden in the portside long-range photograph described below.

Long-range photographs of Home One.
The first image is a portside view, showing
five of the dorsal pods and three ventral pods.
Another dorsal pod is barely visible amidships;
it is not as obvious as the others since it appears below the horizon of the
ship in this view.
The second image is a starboard view;
six dorsal pods are visible.

Dorsal surfaces of Home One;
the rest of the ship was obstructed in the original photograph.
Several of the dorsal pods are visible.

In the Battle of Endor the number of Mon Calamari warships present
probably was a dozen or less.
In this light it is interesting that several dozen appeared in
computer games dealing with battles in periods preceding
Return of the Jedi.
What happened to them all?
There are several possibilities.
(1) Perhaps the Mon Calamari retain the majority of their warships
in their home defence fleet.
(2) Perhaps many of the ships were destroyed in smaller battles
with the Imperial Starfleet
(this is often the outcome of battles in the flight-simulation computer games).
(3) Perhaps the rebels did not commit more than a fraction of their naval forces
to the Battle of Endor.
(This would be hard to reconcile with the emphasis of the movies,
and statements made in books such as The Truce at Bakura.)

Very few of the Calamarian warships at the Battle of Endor have actually been
named in present publications.
The best that can be achieved towards the goal of listing the ships is to
deduce minimum limits on the abundance of the three filmed designs,
Where possible, the fates of the various ships can be stated.

For the purpose of this study,
it is useful to divide the Battle of Endor into discrete phases:

low-altitude bombardment of Death Star II
after shield demolition,
and starfighter attack on Executor.

During the second phase there were at least four of the
[anonymous wingless] cruisers.
The Liberty was the first cruiser destroyed,
but it was survived by another vessel of the same design.
Home One survived the entire battle,
but the second cruiser seen destroyed by the superlaser
might have been either a sibling of Home One
or another one of the [anonymous wingless] type.

Rebel capital ships, escorts and starfighters at Endor,
trapped between a deflector shield and an Imperial starfleet.
Four wingless Calamarian cruisers are visible.
The closest one of them matches the design of Home One.
The three distant cruisers are mutually identical
and are most likely to belong to the [anonymous wingless] class.

Liberty, exemplar of the winged design,
was the first rebel ship struck by the
Death Star II prime weapon.

One of the Calamarian cruisers obliterated later was of a wingless type.
It seems most likely to be of the [anonymous wingless] design,
but these images are ambiguous enough that it might be akin to Home One
instead.

This image, taken prior to Ackbar's order to engage the Imperial fleet at
point-blank range,
shows four of the [anonymous wingless] cruisers in the background.

At least one of the Liberty-type cruisers has survived into the
third phase of the battle.
There were also signs of the persistence of at least one of the
[anonymous wingless] cruisers.
Home One survived.

In far-right background a Liberty-type Calamarian cruiser engages
an Imperial destroyer.
This image was
taken after the fleets had closed to point-blank range,
a rebel tactic aimed at reducing the vulnerability to the Death Star II
which the Liberty explosively demonstrated.
This picture proves that Liberty was not unique.

An inverted Imperial destroyer in foreground.
A Liberty-type cruiser is between two destroyers on the right;
the cruiser on the left side of the picture is either
Home One or [anonymous wingless] design.

In the final phase of the battle at least two of the
[anonymous wingless] cruisers
were seen from the Executor bridge.
They were nearby, and slightly to portside.
Two other rebel ships of indeterminate type are beyond them in the background.
At this moment, Home One was high above Executor's portside,
at a distance which was on the order of 10km or more.
From the vantage of Home One,
a possible fourth Calamarian cruiser of
Liberty or [anonymous wingless] design is high above
Executor's starboard flank.

From Home One another cruiser was seen, off Executor's
aft starboard quarter.
Only the stern of this last ship was visible, and it matches Home One.
The vessel cannot be Home One itself because several shots
show that Executor is turning towards Home One as it dives,
but it turns away from this other ship.
The simplest explanation is that they are two identical ships,
hovering on opposite sides of the Imperial flagship.
This seems to indicate that Admiral Ackbar's flagship
was not unique.
(The only reasonable alternative is that one of the film shots was
mistakenly flipped horizontally.)

Wingless cruisers seen from bridge of Executor.
At least the closest two appear to be [anonymous wingless] type cruisers.
Five more Mon Calamari ships are in the background.

Indeterminate ship in background off the starboard side of
Executor's burning command tower.
The rebel ship is either Liberty design or [anonymous wingless].
The shape of the stern makes looks more like that of a [wingless].

Executor dives to its doom,
as seen first from space
and then from the main command bridge of Home One.
Both views appear to be on the same side of the Imperial flagship,
the side Executor is turning towards as she plummets.
In the space view there is a Liberty-type cruiser on the left
and a vessel of Home One's class at the far right.
This is important evidence that Home One was not unique.

Numerous distant rebel craft of all kinds, fleeing the Death Star II
explosion.
This image is not clear enough to distinguish the Calamarian ships.

In summary,
there was at least one cruiser of Home One type,
another example may have survived past Executor's demise,
and there may have been a third sibling disintegrated early by the
Death Star II.
There were at least two of the winged Liberty type,
and at least one was destroyed.
There were at least four of the [anonymous wingless] type,
of which at least two survived the Battle of Endor.

The names of Mon Calamari warships fall into several distinct types.
In the computer games and Dark Empire comics,
warships tend to be given girl names from European cultures
(eg. Cathleen)
or else names of belligerent virtues
(eg. Independence, Liberty).
However the Mon Calamari ships in many of the novels
are given names which appear to be Calamarian in origin:
(eg. Mon Remonda, Naritus).
It may be that the Mon Calamari give their ships proper names,
which may be difficult for humans to pronounce.
In such cases, human rebels may grant nicknames or operational codenames
to the Mon Cal vessels.

[anonymous #1]
Sister of Liberty,
survived into at least the point-blank fleet combat at Endor.
This may be the Maria.

[anonymous #2]
An [anonymous wingless] cruiser destroyed by superlaser.
There is a slight possibility that it was a Home One clone instead.

Ardent
A smaller ship of the same name destroyed in an Imperial
ambush of a Rebel supply depot ("CRL" in game notation).
[TIE Fighter, TIE Interceptor Mission 2]

Independence
Cruiser in X-Wing computer game,
served as the Calamarian flagship at around the time of the Battle of Yavin.
Possibly the same as Home One [speculative, unconfirmed].
Possibly Ackbar's personal ship, distinct from Home One,
as explained in The Truce at bakura.

Defiance
Admiral Ackbar's flagship during the events surrounding
the Battle of Calamari.
It was the first ship in built according to the MC90 design.

Excelsior
[From X-Wing computer game.]

Galactic Voyager
Supposedly the second MC90 constructed,
but its illustration [p.133 The Jedi Academy Sourcebook]
has little resemblance to Defiance.
It is another cigar-shaped ship, but has a pointed stern rather than
the MC90's blunt stern.
This ship carried out reconnaissance missions to into the Deep Core
in the year following the defeat of the mad clones of Palpatine.

Home One
Flagship of Admiral Ackbar during the Battle of Endor.
Over two miles long,
and possibily the largest known Calamarian warship.

Independence
Ackbar's vessel at the Battle of Endor according to the
X-Wing: Alliance computer game,
but this presents a discontinuity because this Independence
was very much smaller than the canonical Home One.
This aspect of the game should be considered part of
an “alternative universe” conflicting with the movies.
Or perhaps Independence was Ackbar's personal ship,
to which he reverted after the Battle of Endor,
in The Truce at Bakura?

Mon Remonda
MC80B released 1.5 years post-Endor;
participated in campaigns to capture Coruscant
and eliminate Warlord Zsinj.
Destroyed at Second Battle of Calamari by World Devastator Silencer-7.

Naritus
MC80a crusier used in the evacuation of worlds threatened by the Starbuster Plot
in the Corellian sector fourteen years after the Battle of Endor.
Captain Genkal commanding.
Severed as a base for Rogue Squadron around the time of the evacuations.

Orthavan
Flagship of a New Republic taskforce which lost an engagement
in the Qat Chrystac system.
After heavy losses the taskforce commander, Senator Bel Iblis,
ordered a retreat, leaving the system in the hands of Grand Admiral Thrawn.
Seems to be Liberty type.
Severed as a base for Rogue Squadron around the time of the evacuations.

Reef Home
A cruiser at Endor that cleared booby-trapped probot pods from the system
after the battle.
Named after a floating city on the Mon Calamari homeworld.
[The Truce at Bakura Sourcebook]

Silent Water
Flagship of Rebel Alliance tactician Adar Tallon
during the Battle of Heterkus,
which was sometime between the Battles of Yavin and Endor.
Tallon's fleet fought three Imperial star destroyers that were bombarding
rebel facilities on the planet,
along with civilian cities suspected of being sympathetic to the Alliance.
Since this vessel was active in the pre-Endor period,
it is likely to belong to one of the classes seen at Endor.

Startide
Partially-built ship of MC90 design
destroyed during the attack on rogue Imperial Admiral Daala
upon the Calamarian shipyards.

Starview
MC80a [from one of the Zahn novels.]

Stimsenj'kat
A cruiser that sends out transports
to take cargo from a container in an asteroid field
in Bonus Historical Mission 1 of X-Wing Collector's CD-ROM.

Michael Baker
for images of the MC40a, the 1300m cruiser,
and for discussion of the mysteriously inconsistent MC80a designation
in the computer games.

Chris Boggs
for suggesting the choice of the topmost control pod
as the site of the Home One bridge;
for alternative explanations for the TIE interceptor crash
into the underside of a cruiser in ROTJ.
Tim Bradshaw
invoked Ackbar's personal cruiser in The Truce at Bakura
as an explanation of the apparent contradictions between
Home One and Independence
as identifications of his flagship in the movies vs computer game sources.

Robert Brown
for general and specific discussion;
donation of numerous images;
for a particularly clear digitised image of the stern of
the pearly-hulled anonymous wingless cruiser.
Persistent challenges regarding the tactical viability
of Calamarian independence.
Suggested using a Y-Wing as a yardstick.

Pash Crackn
for information about the MC40a; any
game statistics for the MC80a (in X-Wing).

Andrew Larson
for observing the similarity of the MC80a and the 1300m warship,
suggestions about the identification of the MC80 with the ships in the movie,
and general discussion about emphasis and terminology.

Andrew Marshall
for pointing out the discrepency in naming styles for Mon Calamari vessels,
between the books and computer games;
reference to Mon Karren and Mon Delindo.

Forrest Mathews
for remarking on the aesthetic similarity between
[anonymous one-mile cruiser #2] and a Gallofree medium freighter.

Charles McNeill
suggested Home One's supposed 29 turbolasers
may be a transposition of 92.

Frank Wu
for pointing out the reuse of the cruiser name Defiance
in X-Wing: Alliance; names of other cruisers in the same game.

Brian Young
for suggesting investigation of the TIE Interceptor impact;
for a clear digitised image of the stern of
the pearly-hulled anonymous wingless cruiser;
for the screenshots from Behind the Magic;
for the generous donation of the Zipshot digitiser
used to obtain many of the movie screenshots.

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