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Abstract

There is a well-documented relationship between urinary bladder diverticula and intradiverticular
neoplasms. The great majorities of these tumors are urothelial carcinomas, but may
also be of glandular or squamous type. Sarcomas occurring within bladder diverticula
are exceptionally rare and highly malignant lesions, with only 20 well documented
cases published in the literature to date (including carcinosarcomas). We report a
case of osteosarcoma of the bladder diverticulum in a 68-year old man, which clinically
mimicked intradiverticular calculus. To our knowledge, this is the second case described
in the literature to date, and the first in English literature.

Virtual Slides

Background

Bladder diverticula mainly present as small, clinically insignificant anomalies. Rarely,
probably due to urinary stasis and prolonged exposure to carcinogens, malignancies
may arise within them. Analogous to overall distribution of bladder tumors, most intradiverticular
tumors also originate from urothelial cells. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas
are uncommon and carcinosarcomas and sarcomas are exceptionally rare within diverticula.
There are only 20 well documented cases of intradiverticular sarcoma with or without
carcinomatous component published in the literature to date [1]. Eleven of them are pure sarcomas, mainly leiomyosarcomas, with isolated cases of
osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Here,
we report a case of primary intradiverticular osteosarcoma which is, to our knowledge,
the second case described in the literature to date, and the first in English literature
[2].

Case report

A 68-year old man was admitted to our clinic in November 2006 because of an isolated
episode of gross hematuria. Intravenous urography, performed a few days later, identified
a right-sided bladder diverticulum measuring 5 cm in the largest diameter, with no
wall irregularities, or filling defects, which would point to the presence of neoplasm.
In October 2007, after a few additional episodes of painless gross hematuria, the
patient returned to the clinic and was hospitalized for further diagnostic procedures.
Cystoscopy revealed a diverticulum over the right side of the urinary bladder. Intravenous
urography showed a large bladder diverticulum measuring 7 × 7 cm with a 3 cm stone
within (Figure 1a). The diverticulum was compressing the bladder and dislocating the right ureter towards
the central line. Prostate was moderately enlarged. Cystography confirmed the diagnosis
of lithiasis of the bladder diverticulum. Diverticulectomy was performed and intraoperative
tumorous-like tissue surrounding the stone was found. The specimen was sent to pathology.

Grossly, the bladder diverticulum exhibited tan to brown mucosa with a 3.2 × 3.5 ×
1.8 cm greyish, solid tumor with gritty, firm center (Figure 1b). Microscopically, the tumor was composed of atypical, oval to spindle shaped cells
with prominent mitotic activity, in some parts rimmed with lacelike osteoid (Figure
1c). In central parts of the tumor, the osteoid was mineralized and deposited as irregular
trabeculae with malignant osteocytes within lacunae (Figure 1d). There were 20 slides of the tumor in bioptic material and these were thoroughly
examined, but no epithelial component was found. Immunohistochemistry was performed
with primary antibodies to cytokeratin (CK), cytokeratin 7 (CK 7), cytokeratin 20
(CK 20), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), smooth
muscle actin (SMA) and S-100 protein (all DAKO, Denmark). Tumor cells showed negative
reaction for CK, CK 7, CK 20, EMA and CEA, which confirmed the absence of epithelial
component, specifically the urothelial one. Reaction to SMA was positive, and reaction
to S-100 protein was only focally positive. The diagnosis of osteosarcoma was established.
The tumor invaded the whole thickness of diverticulum wall with no extension to the
perivesical fat. The urothelium adjacent to the tumor showed areas of squamous metaplasia
with no cytologic atypia.

Six months postoperatively the patient was alive and well. Extensive clinical examination
revealed no signs of other primary tumor.

In April 2009, the patient was hospitalized again due to macrohematuria. A CT scan
revealed extensive tumorous intrapelvical mass (Figure 2a) which was designated as unresectable.

Patient died in July 2009, 2 years and 8 months after the initial symptoms had occurred.
The autopsy revealed a large tumor of urinary bladder, measuring 29 × 26 × 18 cm,
filling the pelvis, with extension to abdomen (Figure 2b). There were 15 slides of primary tumor in autopsy material and again, no epithelial
component was identified. Metastases to lungs, heart and liver were found. There were
numerous metastatic nodules in lungs, three nodules in myocardium (Figure 2c) and one nodule in liver. All nodules were histologically confirmed to be metastases
of the primary osteosarcoma of the bladder diverticulum (Figure 2d).

Discussion

Urinary bladder diverticula are outpouchings of bladder mucosa through weakened muscular
areas of the bladder wall. They are commonly located in the posterior wall above the
trigone, near the ureteral orifices and in the dome at the site of an obliterated
urachus. They are mostly acquired, developing secondary due to increased intravesical
pressure in patients with urethral or bladder neck obstruction and in patients with
neurogenic bladder [3].

There is a well documented relationship between urinary bladder diverticula and intradiverticular
neoplasms, with a reported prevalence of 1-10% [4,5]. It seems that urinary stasis produces chronic mucosal irritation and prolonged exposure
to urinary carcinogens, which could explain predisposition to malignant transformation
of diverticular urothelium [5]. Therefore, the great majority of these tumors are urothelial carcinomas, but may
also be glandular or squamous cell carcinomas [6]. Tamas et al. [7] reviewed all bladder diverticula (71 cases) that underwent pathologic sampling in
their institution and in half of them (51%) found neoplastic changes that ranged from
in situ lesions to invasive carcinoma. The majority of invasive lesions were urothelial
carcinomas (70%) and the remaining cases included small cell carcinoma, squamous cell
carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The incidence of intradiverticular
neoplastic changes was significantly higher than in other studies, probably because
the diverticula were resected due to abnormal cistoscopy findings while benign-appearing
diverticula found on imaging and cystoscopy weren't included [7]. Cases of small cell carcinoma, paraganglioma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and
even metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma are also described within the bladder diverticulum
[8-10]. However, sarcomas occurring within bladder diverticula are exceptionally rare and
highly malignant lesions. The first comprehensive study on this topic was done in
2004, by Cheng et al. [1] who reviewed 18 cases of carcinosarcoma and pure sarcoma of bladder diverticulum
and described one additional case of carcinosarcoma [1]. We summarized the described cases of intradiverticular sarcomas, with or without
carcinomatous component, including our case of osteosarcoma (Table 1) [1,9,11-13]. In all described cases patients were male, with the age range from 47 to 87 years
(average 65.8 years). These cases are available at PubMed. Lack or thinness of muscular
layer of the diverticulum predisposes to early peridiverticular invasion. Consequently,
intradiverticular tumors tend to be more advanced in stage and, apart from some exceptions,
the outcome of these patients is poor despite radical therapy. Among these 19 cases,
there was only one case of intradiverticular osteosarcoma published in Italian by
Sarno et al. [2]. Authors reported a case of 77-year old man with hypertrophic prostate, who was also
hospitalized because of macrohematuria. These authors focused more on the tumor's
radiological presentation and the importance of preoperative imaging [2].

Table 1. Cases of intradiverticular sarcomas with or without carcinomatous component reported
in the literature to date

In the present case, the tumor mimicked diverticular lithiasis on radiological examination,
but histologically it was composed of irregular, lacelike osteoid and closely packed
anaplastic, round to spindle cells with prominent mitotic activity. More towards the
center of the tumor, the osteoid was mineralized. These findings, which clearly describe
the image of osteosarcoma, should be differentiated from other bone-forming tumors,
like carcinosarcoma, urothelial carcinoma with osseous metaplasia and, theoretically,
metastasis of osteosarcoma of other primary sites [14,15]. The bone in the mesenchymal component of carcinosarcoma, like that in osteosarcoma,
is neoplastic while that in the urothelial carcinoma with osseus metaplasia is benign-appearing.
However, these can be easily distinguished from the osteocarcoma by the presence of
neoplastic epithelial elements. In the present case, despite multiple sectioning,
no epithelial components were found within the tumor, which was confirmed by negative
immunohystochemical reactions for CK, CK 7, CK 20, EMA and CEA. The diagnosis of osteosarcoma
was confirmed at autopsy.

Conclusion

In most cases, bladder diverticula are small and asymptomatic, but occasionally malignant
transformation may occur within them. Overall incidence of sarcomas is the lowest
one among urinary bladder tumors. Our case of primary intradiverticular osteosarcoma
is the first such case reported in English literature. We find it very important to
make a thorough investigation in patients with symptomatic diverticula because once
a malignant transformation had occured, there is a predisposition for rapid spread
of the tumor due to lack of muscular layer in diverticular wall.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's family for publication of
this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available
for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

IG supplied relevant clinical information about the patient, drafted the manuscript
and acquired radiographs. TL acquired photomicrographs, was involved in the histopathological
evaluation and drafted the manuscript. DT and BK participated in the histopathological
evaluation and have been involved in revising the manuscript critically. TD was involved
in literature search and drafting the manuscript. DT and IT supplied relevant clinical
information about the patient and were involved in preparing the material. All authors
have read and approved the final manuscript.