Aurora is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 13,782 at the 2010 census.[1] It is one of the "Southtowns" of Erie County and is also erroneously called "East Aurora", the name of its principal village. The town is centrally located in the county, southeast of Buffalo.

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The town was created in 1818 from the (now defunct) town of Willink, which once contained all the southern part of Erie County. By a close vote, citizens voted to change the name to "Aurora" in a display of their growing dissatisfaction with the Holland Land Company and its stockholders, which included Willem Willink.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.4 square miles (94.4 km2), of which 36.4 square miles (94.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.13%, is water.[1]

There were 5,421 households out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,939, and the median income for a family was $63,550. Males had a median income of $46,269 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,530. About 2.2% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

1.
Aurora, Cayuga County, New York
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Aurora, or Aurora-on-Cayuga, is a village and college town in the town of Ledyard, Cayuga County, New York, United States, on the shore of Cayuga Lake. The village had a population of 724 at the 2010 census, Wells College, an institution of higher education for women founded by Henry Wells in 1868, is located in Aurora. It became coeducational in 2005, and since then enrollment has risen, in 1980, its Aurora Village-Wells College Historic District, with more than 50 contributing properties, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Indigenous peoples occupied the lakeshore and riverways in present-day New York for thousands of years, prior to European-American settlement, a major Cayuga Indian village, Chonodote, stood near the present-day site of Aurora village. It had permanent dwellings and the cultivated fields for their staple crops of varieties of corn, beans. Most of the Cayuga went with other Iroquois nations to Canada, some members of the Cayuga tribe returned to the area after the war, but the tribe had been forced to cede its land to New York. They were left landless and shared space with the Seneca on their reservation that included the north end of Cayuga Lake. Part of the village was within the Central New York Military Tract, the United States reserved this portion to pay off veterans with deeds to land after the Revolutionary War. The tract was part of the five acres of lands which the Iroquois were forced to cede in the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua. Many veterans from New England settled in the Finger Lakes area, as did some migrants from the Mohawk, during the 19th century, Aurora developed as a minor center for manufacturing. A stopping point for traffic after the Cayuga–Seneca Canal opened. It became a port, shipping produce from farmers in the region up Cayuga Lake, academies and seminaries for basic education were established in 1800. Notable schools include Cayuga Lake Academy, which was founded in 1797 and its second structure, built in 1835, remained until it was destroyed by fire on April 19,1945. In 1868 Henry Wells founded Wells College for the education of women, with changes in transportation, development of the Midwest, and other economic shifts, local agriculture declined in importance. The village is a center with well-preserved buildings composing the Aurora Village–Wells College Historic District. It has come to rely on Wells College as the major employer, during the school year, nearly half the population of the village is made up of students. Since the renovations in the town and the colleges 2005 decision to enroll men and become co-educational, the student body, with enrollment of 567 in 2007, had increased by a third since a few years ago. Also listed on the National Register of Historic Places are the Aurora Steam Grist Mill, farm was signed over to the Cayuga Nation of New York by US citizens who had purchased and developed the 70-acre farm in Aurora, New York

2.
Administrative divisions of New York
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town

3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

5.
Erie County, New York
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Erie County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,040, the countys name comes from Lake Erie, which in turn comes from the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived south and east of the lake before 1654. Erie County is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the countys southern part is known as the Southtowns. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, present-day Erie County was Indian territory, at this time, all of Western New York was part of Ontario County. In 1802, Genesee County was created out of Ontario County, in 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, the first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence comprised the northern portion of Erie county, and Willink the southern part, Clarence is still a town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia, and Wales. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, the Town Line Fire Department supports the slogan Last of the Rebels due to their Confederate ties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,227 square miles. Erie County is in the portion of upstate New York. It is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area, the county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario. The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek, part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek, Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek, the countys northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns, is much hillier and is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 feet above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 feet, on Grand Island at the Niagara River, the Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County. The population density was 910 people per square mile, there were 415,868 housing units at an average density of 398 per square mile. 3. 27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 6% were of German,17. 2% Polish,14. 9% Italian,11. 7% Irish and 5. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000

6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

7.
Independence Party of New York
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The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U. S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994. Although often associated with Ross Perot, as the party came to prominence in the wake of Perots 1992 presidential campaign, as of October 2010, there were 426,005 members statewide. It currently has one registered member of the New York State Assembly, Fred W. Thiele, the Independence Partys platform is somewhat ambiguous. The party itself is designed to draw independent voters and allows non-affiliated voters to vote in its primary elections, current New York State election practice for most parties does not normally permit this. However, there is a provision in the law indicates that the party can allow non-members to vote in its primaries. The relevant text of the law says, in order to vote in an election of a political party. Like other minor parties in New York, the Independence Party sometimes nominates its own candidates and sometimes one of the major party candidates using electoral fusion. The listing of a major-party candidate on the Independence line can be seen as an indication of that candidates friendliness to centrist views. The Independence Party placed fourth in 1994 with its own candidate, Tom Golisano to Row D, and moved up to third in 1998 and 2002, again with Golisano to achieve Row C. In 2006, the Independence Party endorsed Democratic candidate Eliot Spitzer and it fell to line F in the 2014 gubernatorial election, garnering less than 80,000 votes and falling behind the Green Party. The state senates Republican conference is a contributor to the Independence Partys coffers. The chairman of the Independence Party of New York is Frank MacKay, surviving state parties of the Independence Party of America include, the Minnesota Independence Party, Independence Party of Florida, and Independence Party of New York State. The party has seen several major internal struggles, in 1996, the founding Chair, Laureen Oliver, declined to run again as State Chair and went on to be the partys State Secretary. She was succeeded by Suffolk County Chair Jack Essenberg, when Essenberg lost this case, Richmond, Jefferson, and Suffolk Counties formed county committees. Suffolk County Chair James FX Doyle was ousted by Frank MacKay, who was elected as Suffolk County Chair, Frank MacKay, before succeeding James Doyle, was Suffolk County Vice Chair. Jefferson County dissolved its party committee in 2010, the nine committee members split their allegiances between the Anti-Prohibition Party and Taxpayers Party for the 2010 elections, neither achieved automatic ballot access. The Nassau County committee was dissolved in February 2011 after MacKay seized control over the partys operations from Bobby Kumar

8.
New York Conservative Party
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The Conservative Party of New York State is a political party in the United States founded in 1962 and active in the State of New York. As of April 1,2016,159,355 voters were registered with the Conservative Party, a key consideration was New Yorks fusion voting, unusual among US states, which allows individual candidates to receive votes from more than one party. The Liberal Party of New York, founded in 1944, had earlier benefitted from this system, the Conservative Party founders wanted to balance the Liberal Partys influence. One early supporter was National Review founder William F. Buckley and he eventually served three terms before retiring. In the 2004 U. S. Senate election, the Conservative Party endorsed Marilyn OGrady to oppose Republican candidate Howard Mills, the Conservative Party platform addresses a range of fiscal and social issues. Rather than nominating its own candidates, the Conservative Party usually endorses the same candidates as the Republican Party and it withholds this support from the Republicans if it deems them too liberal. For example, the Conservative Party withheld its support from Republican Rudy Giulianis fusion campaigns with endorsement from the Liberal Party for New York City mayor in 1989,1993 and 1997. The decision not to endorse party-switching Syracuse state Senator Nancy Larraine Hoffmann cost the GOP that seat in the 2004 election and it also cross-endorsed such Democrats as Asms. Michael Cusick, Michael P. Kearns, and Robin Schimminger, former Manhattan District Attorney Frank Hogan, no Republican endorsed by the Conservative Party has won statewide office since 2002. Cain, Town Justice from Collins Thomas M. Best, Sr. Superintendent of Highways from Hamburg Remy Orffeo, Town Clerk from Orchard Park John Armitage, town councilman from LeRoy David Werth, Sr. London ran a strong campaign statewide and finished one point behind Rinfret. The party lobbied against Jeanine Pirros candidacy for the 2006 Senate election against Hillary Clinton, Pirro was a liberal Republican and was supported by Governor George Pataki and other GOP leaders who saw her as the only candidate who could compete against Clinton. Under pressure from the Conservative Party and factions within the GOP and she was defeated in that race by Andrew Cuomo. Most Conservative Party state and county leaders supported John Spencer, former mayor of Yonkers, while Spencer received the Republican nomination, he was defeated by Clinton in the general election. In the race for Governor, Conservative Party Chairman Michael Long endorsed John Faso, Faso also received the endorsements of county branches of the Conservative Party. Faso was the nominee of both the Republican and Conservative parties, but was defeated by Eliot Spitzer, the Conservative Party nominated Republican candidates John McCain and Sarah Palin for president and vice president in the 2008 election. The graph shows how it did throughout the state, the Conservative Party nominated Doug Hoffman for the special congressional election in the 23rd congressional district, an election won by the Democratic nominee, Bill Owens. On October 31,2009, Dede Scozzafava suspended her campaign, the final election results showed that Owens prevailed over Hoffman by a margin of 48. 3% to 46%

9.
United States Republican Party
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers

10.
North American Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

11.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule

12.
Eastern Daylight Time
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

13.
Area code 716
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United States area code 716 is an area code that is used for the western corner of New York, including Buffalo, Niagara Falls and the surrounding area. The 716 area code was one of the set of area codes issued in October 1947. In 1954, area code 607 was created by splitting 716, in 2001, the new area code of 585 was created for the Rochester area. Until 1993, it was bounded over the Niagara River by area code 416 in Ontario, the Buffalo 716ers basketball team are named for the telephone area code. Erie County Cattaraugus County Chautauqua County Niagara County Because of Oleans proximity to the 716/585 line, List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of New York

14.
Southtowns
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The Southtowns is a region of Western New York, United States, that lies within the snowbelt or ski country and includes the southern suburbs of Buffalo, New York. This is the name for the southern part of Erie County. The region has numerous historic landmarks, especially in Springville and East Aurora, according to a telephone directory that formerly published specific editions for the area, this region includes Aurora, Blasdell, East Aurora, Elma, Hamburg, and Orchard Park. Several other towns in the south of Buffalo are also considered part of the Southtowns. According to one source the entire part of Erie County, West Seneca, Elma, Marilla. This region is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the National Weather Service defines the Southtowns as anything south of U. S. Route 20A. The region includes the northeastern half of the village of Gowanda, Buffalo also has a Northtown region north of the city. Some sources divide the entire Buffalo Suburban region into the Southtowns, East Aurora, the home of Fisher-Price, has earned the nickname as Toy Town, U. S. A. Frommers also mentions the Kazoo Museum, Eden as an attraction, other highly attended attractions in the region include New Era Field, the home of the National Football Leagues Buffalo Bills, Chestnut Ridge Park, and Buffalo Raceway. Since 1868, Erie County Fair has been annually in Hamburg. Until the 1980s one of the regions largest employers was Bethlehem Steel, three broadcast stations are explicitly licensed to the Southtowns, classic hits outlet WSPQ in Springville, religious TV station WDTB-LP in Hamburg, and MeTV affiliate WBBZ-TV in Springville. Only WSPQ operates from within the Southtowns, one of the more notable examples is the WIVB-TV Tower. The Buffalo News is the daily newspaper in the region. Many of the Southtowns communities were served by newspapers until July 2016. The Springville Times serves the village of Springville using staff of one of the former Community Papers, the Springville Journal, likewise, the Salamanca Press launched a Gowanda edition to replace the Gowanda Pennysaver/News in August 2016. United States President Millard Fillmore resided in East Aurora, where the Seymour Knox I family has held property,1996 Vice Presidential nominee Jack Kemp represented Hamburg and nearby suburban southtowns regions in the United States House of Representatives. The areas current political representatives are state assemblyman Kevin Smardz, state senator Patrick Gallivan, WNY Southtowns Scenic Byway website Southtowns travel guide from Wikivoyage

15.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men

16.
Holland Land Company
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The syndicate hoped to sell the land rapidly at a great profit. Instead, for years they were forced to make further investments in their purchase, surveying it, building roads, digging canals. They sold the last of their interests in 1840, when the syndicate was dissolved. The tract purchased in Western New York was a 3,250,000 acre portion of the Phelps and it was purchased in December 1792 and February and July 1793 from Robert Morris. Morris was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and a financier of the American Revolution, Morris had purchased it from Massachusetts in May 1791, after Phelps and Gorham failed to extinguish Indian title to this tract and had defaulted on payment in 1790. Morris purchased all lands west of the Genesee River except for the 185,000 acres Mill Yard Tract and this 500,000 acres tract was known as the Morris Reserve. Before Morris could give the Holland Land Company title to land, however. This was achieved at the 1797 Treaty of Big Tree, executed on the Genesee River near modern-day Geneseo, south of Rochester, New York. Representatives of the Holland Land Company, Robert Morris, the Indians, chiefs and Sachems present included Red Jacket, Cornplanter, Governor Blacksnake, Farmers Brother and about 50 others. Red Jacket and Cornplanter spoke strongly against selling the land and they held out for reservations, that is, land which the Indians would keep for their own use. After much discussion, the treaty was signed Sept.15,1797, the native Indians were to receive $100,000 for their rights to about 3.75 million acres, and they reserved about 200,000 acres for themselves. In 1798, the New York Legislature, with the assistance of Aaron Burr authorized aliens to hold directly. It was transferred to two sets of proprietors, and one of these sets soon divided into two, making three sets of owners altogether, the 300,000 acre remainder was conveyed to Wilhelm Willink, Wilhelm Willink, Jr. Jan Willink and Jan Willink, Jr. The members of the Holland Land Company never travelled to America, in 1789 the Holland Land Company sent a general agent, Theophile Cazenove, to oversee land sales and keep them informed. They bought American funds, including the South Carolina Funded Debt and the Massachusetts Deposit, and shares in the Pennsylvania Population Company. In 1798, they hired Joseph Ellicott and he, along with his brother Benjamin and 130 men, in November,1800, Paolo Busti succeeded Cazenove as General Agent. Busti was an Italian from Milan, Italy, who had married one of the syndicate members sister and he would serve until his death in 1824. Agents with Dutch roots were Gerrit Boon and Adam Gerard Mappa, Ogden and his brother Thomas Ludlow Ogden were legal advisors to the company

17.
Willem Willink
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Wilhelm Willink was a wealthy Amsterdam merchant, and one of the investors in the Holland Land Company, and the Louisiana Purchase. Wilhelm Willink had an estate on the Spaarne River, neighboring the estate villa Welgelegen of his associate Henry Hope. Robert Morris was involved in dealings with the Holland Land Company. Willinks name was given to the Town of Willink when it was created from Batavia and it was included in Niagara County when the latter was formed in 1808 from Genesee County. The Town of Willink, along with the Town of Clarence, was taken to form Erie County in 1821, the Town of Willink was then dispersed by the formation of newer towns in Erie County. Some of the names appear on the Big Tree Treaty of 1804. The names of the investors were given to locations in western New York. Buffalo, New York itself was briefly called New Amsterdam, stadnitski Avenue in Buffalo is now Church Street. Schimmelpenninck Avenue is now Niagara Street, Buffalo streets were also named after Willink and Van Staphorst, but only Willinks remains. Their names appear as the owners on most deeds for land in this part of New York. The syndicate hired agents to perform the work of selling and improving their land and their principal agent was Theophilus Cazenove, later succeeded by Paolo Busti. Others agents were Joseph Ellicott, Adam Gerard Mappa, Benjamin Ellicott, William Peacock, in 1801 Willem and Jan Willink, merchants in Amsterdam, were enabled to purchase and hold real property in the town of Havre de Grace in Harford County. Ultimately, the syndicate earned only modest profit from the investment, but their funds greatly assisted the development of the United States

18.
Horace Boies
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Horace Boies served as the 14th Governor of Iowa from 1890 to 1894 as a member of the United States Democratic Party. Boies was the only Democrat to serve in that position from 1855 to 1933, horace was born in Aurora, New York and started his education in the public school system. He then worked for four years as a farm laborer and it was during this time he decided to further his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1852 and he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1857. Horace moved to Waterloo, Iowa in 1867 and opened his law office, Boies, who was once a Republican, became a Democrat after the Republican Party began supporting prohibition and high tariffs. In 1889, he was elected governor by opposing the dry Republican demand for prohibition, reelected in 1891, he was defeated when hard times came in 1893, by Frank D. Jackson, a Republican. He was a prominent populist and advocate of bimetallism, in 1892, Boies ran a distant third in the presidential nominating contest at a Democratic National Convention handily dominated by former president Grover Cleveland. He died on April 4,1923, in Long Beach and he is buried at the Elmwood Cemetery in Waterloo, Iowa. Biography from the National Governors Association HONORED BY IOWA DEMOCRATS article printed September 5,1893 in the New York Times

19.
Governor of Iowa
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The Governor of Iowa is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Iowa. The governor is the head of the branch of Iowas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Iowa State Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have been 41 governors of Iowa, the longest-serving governor is Terry Branstad, who served from 1983 to 1999, was elected again in 2010 and took office on January 14,2011. He is the governor in U. S. history. The shortest-serving governor was Robert D. Fulton, who served 16 days, for the period before Iowa Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Wisconsin Territory. Iowa Territory was formed on July 4,1838, from Wisconsin Territory and it had three governors appointed by the President of the United States. The first governor did not arrive for six weeks after the territory had created, in the interim. The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Iowa on December 3,1846, the first state constitution of 1846 created the office of governor, to have a four-year term, with no specific start date for the term. The original constitution of 1857 reduced this term to two years, but an amendment in 1972 increased this back to four years. The 1857 constitution set the start of the term to the second Monday in the January following the election, the office of lieutenant governor was created in the 1857 constitution, elected for the same term as the governor. An amendment in 1988 specified that the lieutenant governor would be elected on the ticket as the governor. If the office of governor becomes vacant, the office devolves upon the lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term or vacancy, prior to 1857, if the office of governor became vacant, the state secretary of state would act as governor. There is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Parties Democratic Whig Republican As of January 2017, there are four former U. S. governors of Iowa who are living at this time. The most recent U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Leo Hoegh, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Harold Hughes, on October 23,1996. General Constitutions Specific List of Governors of Iowa at NNDB. com Governor of Iowa

20.
Millard Fillmore
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Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House. A former congressman from New York, Fillmore was elected the nations 12th Vice President in 1848 and he was instrumental in getting the Compromise of 1850 passed, a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over slavery. He failed to win the Whig nomination for president in 1852, he gained the endorsement of the nativist Know Nothing Party four years later, Fillmore was born into poverty in the Finger Lakes area of New York state, his parents were tenant farmers during his formative years. He rose from poverty through study, and became a lawyer though he had formal schooling. He became prominent in the Buffalo area as an attorney and politician, was elected to the New York Assembly in 1828, and to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1832. Fillmore was a candidate for Speaker of the House when the Whigs took control of the chamber in 1841. Fillmore received the Whig vice presidential nomination in 1848 as Taylors running mate, and he was largely ignored by Taylor, including the dispensing of patronage in New York, on which Taylor consulted Weed and Seward. As vice president, Fillmore presided over debates in the Senate as Congress decided whether to allow slavery in the Mexican Cession. Fillmore supported Henry Clays Omnibus Bill though Taylor did not, after President Taylor died in July 1850, Fillmore dismissed the cabinet and changed the administrations policy. The new president exerted pressure to gain the passage of the Compromise, in foreign policy, Fillmore supported U. S. Navy expeditions to open trade in Japan, opposed French designs on Hawaii, and was embarrassed by Narciso Lópezs filibuster expeditions to Cuba. He sought election to a term in 1852, but was passed over by the Whigs in favor of Winfield Scott. As the Whig Party broke up after Fillmores presidency, many of Fillmores conservative wing joined the Know Nothings, in his 1856 candidacy as that partys nominee, Fillmore had little to say about immigration, instead focusing on the preservation of the Union, and won only Maryland. In his retirement, Fillmore was active in civic endeavors. He helped to found the University of Buffalo, serving as its first chancellor, during the American Civil War, Fillmore denounced secession and agreed that the Union must be maintained by force if necessary, but was critical of the war policies of Abraham Lincoln. After peace was restored, he supported the Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson, obscure today, Fillmore has been praised by some for his foreign policy, but he is criticized by others for his enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act and for his association with the Know Nothings. Millard Fillmore was born in a log cabin, on a farm in what is now Moravia, Cayuga County, in the Finger Lakes region of New York state and his parents were Phoebe and Nathaniel Fillmore. He was the second of eight children and the oldest son, Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. was a member of the Green Mountain Boys, and served as an ensign and first lieutenant during the American Revolution. In 1767, Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. married Hepzibah Wood, the mother of Nathaniel Fillmore and grandmother of Millard Fillmore

21.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

22.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S

23.
Elbert Hubbard
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Elbert Green Hubbard was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher. Raised in Hudson, Illinois, he had success as a traveling salesman for the Larkin Soap Company. Presently Hubbard is known best as the founder of the Roycroft artisan community in East Aurora, New York, among his many publications were the fourteen-volume work Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great and the short publication A Message to Garcia. He and his wife, Alice Moore Hubbard, died aboard the RMS Lusitania when it was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland on May 7,1915. Hubbard was born in Bloomington, Illinois, to Silas Hubbard, in the autumn of 1855, his parents had relocated to Bloomington from Buffalo, New York, where his father had a medical practice. Finding it difficult to settle in Bloomington—mainly due to the presence of several already established doctors—Silas moved his family to Hudson, Illinois the next year. Nicknamed Bertie by his family, Elbert had two siblings, Charlie, who was largely bed-ridden after a fall when he was young. Charlie died at the age of nine, when Elbert was three-and-a-half years old, Elbert also had three younger sisters who were named Mary, Anna Miranda, and Honor. The Hubbard children attended the public school, a small building with two rooms that overlooked a graveyard. Thirty years later, Elbert described his days as splendid. Mary would remember her brothers role as a school troublemaker. Occasionally by roaring inappropriately when his sense of humor was tickled. Elberts first business venture was selling Larkin soap products, a career which brought him to Buffalo. His innovations for Larkin included premiums and leave on trial, Hubbard described himself as an anarchist and a socialist. He believed in social, economic, domestic, political, mental and spiritual freedom, Hubbard wrote a critique of war, law and government in the booklet Jesus Was An Anarchist. Originally published as The Better Part in A Message to Garcia and Thirteen Other Things and his best-known work came after he founded Roycroft, an Arts and Crafts community in East Aurora, New York in 1895. This grew from his press which he had initiated in collaboration with his first wife Bertha Crawford Hubbard. Although called the Roycroft Press by latter-day collectors and print historians, Hubbard edited and published two magazines, The Philistine and The Fra

24.
Roycroft
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Roycroft was a reformist community of craft workers and artists which formed part of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. Elbert Hubbard founded the community in 1895, in the village of East Aurora, New York, the work and philosophy of the group, often referred to as the Roycroft movement, had a strong influence on the development of American architecture and design in the early 20th century. The name Roycroft was chosen after the printers, Samuel and Thomas Roycroft, and beyond this, the word roycroft had a special significance to Elbert Hubbard, meaning Kings Craft. In guilds of early modern Europe, kings craftsmen were guild members who had achieved a degree of skill. The Roycroft insignia was borrowed from the monk Cassiodorus, a 13th-century bookbinder, Elbert Hubbard had been influenced by the ideas of William Morris on a visit to England. He was unable to find a publisher for his book Little Journeys, so inspired by Morriss Kelmscott Press, decided to set up his own press to print the book himself. The inspirational leadership of Hubbard attracted a group of almost 500 people by 1910, in 1915 Hubbard and his wife, noted suffragist Alice Moore Hubbard, died in the sinking of RMS Lusitania, and the Roycroft community went into a gradual decline. Following Elberts death, his son Bert took over the business, in attempts to keep his fathers business afloat, Bert proposed selling Roycroft’s furniture through major retailers. Sears & Roebuck eventually agreed to carry the furniture, but this was only a short lived success, fourteen original Roycroft buildings are located in the area of South Grove and Main Street in East Aurora. Known as the Roycroft Campus, this survival of an art colony was awarded National Historic Landmark status in 1986. The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum, housed in the George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora is the main collection, William Wallace Denslow illustrated the The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and had a distinctive Roycroft-inspired logo. William Joseph Dard Hunter was an American authority on making paper by hand and he published a number of books on traditional, pre-industrial, techniques for making paper. S. Barnes, South Brunswick, ISBN 0-498-01052-X Cathers, David M. Y, ISBN 1-878822-43-8 Turgeon, Kitty and Rust, Robert The Arts and Crafts Home Friedman/Fairfax Publishers, New York, ISBN 1-56799-455-5 Rust, Robert et al. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Furniture Items from the 1906 Roycroft Catalog

25.
Fisher-Price
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Fisher-Price is an American company that produces toys for children, headquartered in East Aurora, New York. Fisher-Price has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Mattel since 1993, founded in 1930 by Herman Fisher, Irving Price, Prices illustrator-artist wife Margaret Evans Price, and Helen Schelle, the name Fisher-Price was established by combining two of the three names. Fisher worked previously in manufacturing, selling and advertising games for a company in Churchville, Price had retired from a major variety chain store, and Helen Schelle previously operated Penny Walker Toy Shop in Binghamton, New York. Fisher-Price’s fundamental toy-making principles centered on intrinsic play value, ingenuity, strong construction, good value for the money, early toys were made of heavy steel parts and ponderosa pine, which resisted splintering and held up well to heavy use. The details and charm were added with colorful lithographic labels, mrs. Price was the first Art Director and designed push-pull toys for the opening line, based on characters from her childrens books. In 1931, three of the four founders took 16 of their toys to the American International Toy Fair in New York City. The first Fisher-Price toy ever sold was Dr. Doodle in 1931, in the early 1950s, Fisher-Price identified plastic as a material that could help the company incorporate longer-lasting decorations and brighter colors into its toys. Buzzy Bee was the first Fisher-Price toy to use of plastic. By the end of the 1950s, Fisher-Price manufactured 39 toys incorporating plastics, during the 1960s, the Play Family product line was introduced and soon overtook the popularity of earlier toys. Herman Fisher retired at the age of 71 in 1969 and the Quaker Oats Company bought Fisher-Price the same year, in 1991, Fisher-Price regained its independence from The Quaker Oats Company and became a publicly traded company. Two years later, in November 1993, Fisher-Price became a wholly owned subsidiary of Mattel, a new management group set the company’s focus on basic, infant and preschool products and began expansion into international markets. By 1997 Mattel decided to all of its preschool products under the Fisher-Price name. Fisher-Price has created approximately 5,000 different toys since the early 1930s, one of Fisher-Price’s best-known lines is Little People toys, which includes people and animal figures along with various play sets such as a house, farm, school, garage and vehicles. The figures, which originally were wooden peg-style characters, are now molded of plastic and have detailed features. In addition to Little People, some of the toys and toy brands that have remained popular for many years include Power Wheels, View-Master, Rescue Heroes, the Chatter Telephone, and the Rock-a-Stack. Other brands marketed under the Fisher-Price name over the years include Disney, Sesame Street, Dora the Explorer, Fisher-Price also designs and sells infant care products and has begun developing electronic toys for preschoolers. In 2009, Fisher-Price bought all toy rights to Thomas & Friends except for the Learning Curve Wooden products, through Mattels 2012 acquisition of HIT Entertainment, which subsequently became a division of Fisher-Price, Mattel now owns the property outright. With this, toys based on Mike the Knight and Bob the Builder have been subsequently released

26.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public

27.
New York State Route 240
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New York State Route 240 is a 51. 64-mile state highway in western New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY242 in the Ellicottville community of Ashford Junction in northern Cattaraugus County and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY324 and Interstate 290 in Amherst in northern Erie County. The route passes through the villages of Springville and Orchard Park, much of NY240 between Concord and Aurora follows the west branch of Cazenovia Creek. The northern part of NY240 in Erie County, named Harlem Road, is a major route through the suburbs east of the city of Buffalo. Within Cattaraugus County, NY242 is co-designated as County Route 32, CR32 is the only route that has a marked concurrency with a state route in the county. At the county line, it becomes County Route 198 and, later, a section between CR198 and CR30 is also designated as part of CR27. NY240 was first designated in the renumbering of highways in New York in 1930 from NY39 in Springville to NY18 near downtown Buffalo. The portion between Springville and Ashford was a section of NY62 and Harlem Road was unnumbered, the section south of CR16 in West Valley was a portion of NY242. NY240 instead used Abbott Road and South Park Avenue to get to Buffalo, NY240 was realigned south to Ellicottville in the mid-1960s, after numerous bypasses and realignments had been done by the State of New York Department of Public Works. NY240 was realigned onto Harlem Road c, the former alignment to Buffalo is now designated as NY 950M, a reference route. NY240 begins at an intersection with NY242 in the town of Ellicottville along the leg of a railroad wye near Beaver Meadows Creek. NY240 proceeds northward alongside Beaver Meadows Creek co-designated as County Route 32, the routes proceed northward through Ellicottville as a two-lane roadway through dense forestry, bending northward along the creek and a nearby railroad track. The dense forestry remains for several miles, before bending northeast into an intersection with Fancy Tract Road, NY240 and CR32 continue northeast as the dense woods retreat for residences before bending northwest away from Beaver Meadows Creek. After bending northward once more, the cross through large fields. Continuing north, NY240 and CR32 intersect with the terminus of CR75. The routes continue winding northward, crossing the line into the town of Ashford at Town Line Road. At that junction, the routes bend northwest again, passing a stretch of residences before intersecting with the terminus of CR16. At CR16, NY240 and CR32 bend north, in West Valley, the routes intersect with the terminus of CR53

28.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times

29.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States

30.
1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively

31.
1920 United States Census
–
In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census

32.
1930 United States Census
–
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System

33.
1940 United States Census
–
The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com

34.
1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results

35.
1970 United States Census
–
Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population

Aurora, Cayuga County, New York
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Aurora, or Aurora-on-Cayuga, is a village and college town in the town of Ledyard, Cayuga County, New York, United States, on the shore of Cayuga Lake. The village had a population of 724 at the 2010 census, Wells College, an institution of higher education for women founded by Henry Wells in 1868, is located in Aurora. It became coeducational in 2

1.
Aerial view of Aurora from south by southwest, 2013. The village is along the straight stretch of the Cayuga Lake shore just above lower right of photo.

2.
The Aurora Inn

Administrative divisions of New York
–
The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that

1.
Separate municipal buildings for town and village of Monroe in Orange County

2.
Albany City Hall. Albany is New York's capital city and the first settlement by Europeans in the state.

3.
Crown Point

4.
Newburgh

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Erie County, New York
–
Erie County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,040, the countys name comes from Lake Erie, which in turn comes from the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived south and east of the lake before 1654. Erie County is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the countys southern part

1.
Erie County and City Hall

2.
Old Erie County Courthouse.

3.
Erie County, NY Population

4.
View of Akron Falls at Akron Falls Park.

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Independence Party of New York
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The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U. S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994. Although often associated with Ross Perot, as the party came to prominence in the wake of Perots

1.
Independence Party of New York

New York Conservative Party
–
The Conservative Party of New York State is a political party in the United States founded in 1962 and active in the State of New York. As of April 1,2016,159,355 voters were registered with the Conservative Party, a key consideration was New Yorks fusion voting, unusual among US states, which allows individual candidates to receive votes from more

1.
James L. Buckley won a Senate seat in 1970 on the Conservative Party line with 38% of the vote. It has been the party's only statewide victory

2.
Conservative Party of New York State

3.
<1.5%

United States Republican Party
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party

1.
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).

2.
Republican Party

3.
Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (1901–1909)

4.
Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (1953–1961)

North American Eastern Time Zone
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

1.
(farthest right pink)

UTC-5
–
UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after

1.
Behind (−)

Eastern Daylight Time
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

Area code 716
–
United States area code 716 is an area code that is used for the western corner of New York, including Buffalo, Niagara Falls and the surrounding area. The 716 area code was one of the set of area codes issued in October 1947. In 1954, area code 607 was created by splitting 716, in 2001, the new area code of 585 was created for the Rochester area.

1.
The blue area is New York State; the red area is area code 716

Southtowns
–
The Southtowns is a region of Western New York, United States, that lies within the snowbelt or ski country and includes the southern suburbs of Buffalo, New York. This is the name for the southern part of Erie County. The region has numerous historic landmarks, especially in Springville and East Aurora, according to a telephone directory that form

1.
The Millard Fillmore House (top) and Roycroft Campus are both National Historic Landmarks.

2.
Erie County 's municipalities, with the Southtowns shaded; the darker the color the more commonly it is included as a Southtown.

4.
Ralph Wilson Stadium has been the Buffalo Bills ' home field since 1973.

Buffalo, New York
–
Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Bu

Holland Land Company
–
The syndicate hoped to sell the land rapidly at a great profit. Instead, for years they were forced to make further investments in their purchase, surveying it, building roads, digging canals. They sold the last of their interests in 1840, when the syndicate was dissolved. The tract purchased in Western New York was a 3,250,000 acre portion of the

1.
Another Map of the Holland Purchase showing more detail (source: Holland Land Company Map - circa. 1821)

2.
The Holland Land Co. office in Batavia, New York.

Willem Willink
–
Wilhelm Willink was a wealthy Amsterdam merchant, and one of the investors in the Holland Land Company, and the Louisiana Purchase. Wilhelm Willink had an estate on the Spaarne River, neighboring the estate villa Welgelegen of his associate Henry Hope. Robert Morris was involved in dealings with the Holland Land Company. Willinks name was given to

Horace Boies
–
Horace Boies served as the 14th Governor of Iowa from 1890 to 1894 as a member of the United States Democratic Party. Boies was the only Democrat to serve in that position from 1855 to 1933, horace was born in Aurora, New York and started his education in the public school system. He then worked for four years as a farm laborer and it was during th

1.
Horace Boies

Governor of Iowa
–
The Governor of Iowa is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Iowa. The governor is the head of the branch of Iowas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Iowa State Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the mi

1.
Incumbent Terry Branstad since January 14, 2011

2.
Seal of the State of Iowa

3.
Robert Lucas

4.
John Chambers

Millard Fillmore
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Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House. A former congressman from New York, Fillmore was elected the nations 12th Vice President in 1848 and he was instrumental in getting the Compromise of 1850 passed, a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over sl

1.
Millard Fillmore

2.
A younger Fillmore at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.

3.
Millard Fillmore helped build this house in East Aurora, New York, and lived here 1826–1830.

4.
Fillmore in 1849

President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-

1.
Incumbent Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)

2.
Presidential Seal

3.
Obama signing legislation at the Resolute desk

4.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War

National Historic Landmark
–
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that

1.
USS Constitution

2.
Frank Lloyd Wright 's Taliesin is a National Historic Landmark

3.
The American Legation in Tangiers, Morocco, was the first National Historic Landmark on foreign soil.

4.
Navajo Nation Council Chamber, the seat of government for the Navajo Nation, Window Rock, Arizona.

Elbert Hubbard
–
Elbert Green Hubbard was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher. Raised in Hudson, Illinois, he had success as a traveling salesman for the Larkin Soap Company. Presently Hubbard is known best as the founder of the Roycroft artisan community in East Aurora, New York, among his many publications were the fourteen-volume work Little J

1.
Elbert Hubbard

Roycroft
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Roycroft was a reformist community of craft workers and artists which formed part of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. Elbert Hubbard founded the community in 1895, in the village of East Aurora, New York, the work and philosophy of the group, often referred to as the Roycroft movement, had a strong influence on the development of

1.
Roycroft Campus

2.
Golding Pearl letterpress used by the Roycrofters

3.
Front of the Town Hall building

4.
Roycroft Inn & Restaurant

Fisher-Price
–
Fisher-Price is an American company that produces toys for children, headquartered in East Aurora, New York. Fisher-Price has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Mattel since 1993, founded in 1930 by Herman Fisher, Irving Price, Prices illustrator-artist wife Margaret Evans Price, and Helen Schelle, the name Fisher-Price was established by combining

1.
Fisher-Price, Inc.

United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses a

1.
Census headquarters in Suitland, Maryland

2.
Seal

New York State Route 240
–
New York State Route 240 is a 51. 64-mile state highway in western New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY242 in the Ellicottville community of Ashford Junction in northern Cattaraugus County and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY324 and Interstate 290 in Amherst in northern Erie C

1.
NY 240 northbound co-signed with CR 32 through the town of Ashford

2.
Map of western New York with NY 240 highlighted in red

3.
The former Bigelow Bridge just east of the current NY 240 span, post-bypassing in Concord

4.
The lone CR 30 shield in Erie County, along NY 240 northbound in the town of Concord

1860 United States Census
–
The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabul

1.
1860 US Census from the state of New York

1890 United States Census
–
The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, o

1.
1890 Census form

1910 United States Census
–
The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given nam

1.
Population Schedule

2.
U.S. Census Bureau Seal

3.
An example of a 1910 U.S. census form with August H. Runge

1920 United States Census
–
In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administratio

1.
Population Schedule

2.
U.S. Census Bureau Seal

1930 United States Census
–
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the In

1.
Population Schedule Indian Census Roll

2.
U.S. Census Bureau Seal

1940 United States Census
–
The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 c

1.
Population Schedule

2.
U.S. Census Bureau Seal

3.
1940 US Census poster

1950 United States Census
–
Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable inform

1970 United States Census
–
Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous s