Presentation Transcript

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On August 14, 1901, Maass allowed herself to be bitten by infected mosquitoes for the seventh time. Maass once again became ill with yellow fever on August 18 and died on August 24. Her death roused public sentiment and put an end to yellow fever experiments on humans.

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Thirty-three countries, with a combined population of 508 million, are at risk in Africa. These lie within a band from 15°N to 10°S of the equator.
In the Americas, yellow fever is endemic in nine South American countries and in several Caribbean islands. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are considered at greatest risk.
There are 200,000 estimated cases of yellow fever (with 30,000 deaths) per year.

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As of 6 December 2005, the Federal Ministry of Health,SUDAN reported to WHO a total of 565 cases, including 143 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 25.3%.
As of 19 December2005, the Ministry of Health, Guinea has reported a total of 114 suspected cases of yellow fever with 26 deaths, Twenty-three of these cases have been laboratory confirmed.

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There are no reported cases of yellow fever in Asia. It is suspected that the high incidence of dengue fever helps confer protection against yellow fever, and that the Asian mosquito strains are not as competent as vectors of the disease.

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AGENT
Genus :Flavivirus fibricus,
Group B Arbovirus
Family : Toga virus
The yellow fever virus is 35-40 nm in size.
It consists of a single strand of RNA virus

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The photomicrograph shows multiple virions of the yellow fever virus at a magnification of 234,000x

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Race: No known racial predilection exists.
Sex: Both sexes are infected equally
Age: All ages are suceptible to yellow fever.
Jungle yellow fever primarily affects nonimmunized adults who work as foresters,wood cutters & hunters in endemic areas and persons residing on the edge of the jungle.
Infants born of immune mothers have antibodies up to 6 months of life

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS :

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The natural host for the yellow fever virus in forest areas is non-human primates (usually monkeys and chimpanzees).
The vectors of yellow fever in forest areas in Africa are Aedes africanus . In South America, the primary vector is the Haemagogus species.
In urban areas of both Africa and South America, the vector is Aedes aegypti.

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The natural yellow-fever cycle is mosquito-monkey-mosquito.
The shift from jungle yellow fever to urban yellow fever is thought to be the result of humans entering the sylvan setting and becoming part of the yellow-fever cycle:
Initially, wood cutters and other forest workers were bitten by forest-canopy mosquitoes carrying the yellow-fever virus. The humans then returned to the urban settings.

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Clinical features of yellow fever
Yellow fever presents with a variety of clinical signs and outcomes ranging from mild to severe and fatal cases. Yellow fever in human beings has the following characteristics:
· An acute phase lasting for four to five days and presenting with:
- a sudden onset of fever
- headache or backache
- muscle pain
- nausea
- vomiting
- red eyes (infected conjunctiva). The diagnosis can be strongly suspected when Faget's sign is present.
Faget's sign: The simultaneous occurrence of a high fever with a slowed heart rate.

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This phase of yellow fever can be confused with other diseases that also present with fever, headache, nausea and vomiting because jaundice may not be present in less severe (or mild) cases of yellow fever. The less severe cases are often non-fatal.
· A temporary period of remission follows the acute phase in 5% to 20% of cases. The period of remission lasts for up to 24 hours.

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A toxic phase can follow the period of remission and presents with:
- jaundice
- dark urine
- reduced amounts of urine production
- bleeding from the gums, nose or in the stool
- vomiting blood
- hiccups
- diarrhoea
- slow pulse in relation to fever

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Treatment :
Symptomatic and supportive only
No specific treatment is available for yellow fever.
In the toxic phase, supportive treatment includes therapies for treating dehydration and fever.
In severe cases, death can occur between the 7-10 days after onset of the first symptoms.

CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER :

CONTROL OF YELLOW FEVER

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE :

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE The virus first isolated in 1927 by inoculating rhesus monkeys with the blood of an African patient (Asibi).
Edward Hindle developed inactivated vaccine 1928.Theilar and Smith developed 17D vaccine from the Asibi strain in cell cultures from embryonated chicken eggs.
It is a safe & effective vaccine.

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Yellow Fever Vaccine, Live (17D Strain Live, Freeze Dried).Each 0,5 mL contains Yellow Fever Virus 104.1 pfu.
Vaccine must be maintained continuously at temperatures between 5 and -30°C
The vial of diluent should not be allowed to freeze.
The reconstituted vaccine must be kept cool and used within 60 minutes following reconstitution.
Vials of 5 doses with vials of diluent.
Reconstitute the vaccine using only the diluent supplied (Sodium Chloride Injection).
Administer the vaccine subcutaneously.

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The yellow fever vaccine has a long record of safety, but clinicians should be aware of two severe complications from the vaccine.
Yellow fever-associated neurotropic disease (previously known as post vaccine encephalitis), occurs 7–21 days after vaccination. Of the 1/8 000 000 people who contract this disease, full recovery is typical.
Yellow fever-associated viscerotropic disease occurs 2–5 days after vaccination. It is characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, increased liver enzymes and bilirubin, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, oliguria and rhabdomyolysis. There have been 13 cases reported out of over 100 million doses administered worldwide.

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Persons exempted from production of vaccination
1.Infants below the age of six months.
2. Crew and passengers of an aircraft transiting through an airport located in yellow fever infected area provided the Health Officer is satisfied that such persons remained within the airport premises during the period of stay. The validity period of international certificate of vaccination or re-vaccination against yellow fever is 10 years, beginning 10 days after vaccination.

Aedes aegypti index :

Aedes aegypti index It is a house index.It is defined as “the percentage of houses and their premises showing actual breeding of Aedes aegypti larvae.
This index should not be more than 1% in airports and seaports in endemic areas at least 400 meters around their perimeters to ensure freedom from yellow fever

YELLOW FEVER RECEPTIVE AREA :

YELLOW FEVER RECEPTIVE AREA An area in which yellow fever does not exist, but where conditions would permit its development if introduced

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The population of India is unvaccinated
The vector Aedes aegypti is found in abundance
The climactic conditions are favourable for its transmission
The common monkey of India is more susceptible for yellow fever
The missing link is in the chain of transmission is the virus of yellow fever

INTERNATIONAL MEASURES :

INTERNATIONAL MEASURES

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A valid international certificate of vaccination
Aerosol spraying of prescribed insecticides on the arrival of aircrafts and ships from endemic areas
Airports and seaports are kept free from the breeding of insect vectors at least 400 meters around their perimeters
Clinical surveillance, entomological surveillance, epidemiological surveillance

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A) For entry into India:- Any person, Foreigner or Indian, (excluding infants below six months) arriving by air or sea without a vaccination certificate of yellow fever will be kept in quarantine isolation for a period up to 6 days if:
He arrives in India within 6 days of departure from an infected area.
Has come on a ship which has started from or transited at any port in a yellow fever affected country within 30 days of its arrival in India provided such ship has not been disinfected in accordance with the procedure laid down by WHO.
(B) For leaving India:There is no health check requirement by Indian Government on passengers leaving India.
The Government of Guyana requires that all persons including diplomats traveling to that country from India to possess valid yellow fever and cholera inoculation certificates before they leave India.

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GUIDELINES FOR YELLOW FEVER SURVEILLANCE
Make sure that personnel at health facilities in the district know how to identify suspected cases of yellow fever.
Make sure that health facilities use a standard case definition to report suspected cases of yellow fever.
Assist health facilities with investigation of suspected cases.
Collect samples for diagnostic testing and laboratory confirmation. If necessary, transport samples to a drop-off point or specified laboratory.
Notify the national level about the suspected case. Alert other health facilities in nearby areas about the potential for additional cases.

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Receive and report laboratory results about confirmed cases.
Coordinate the response to the confirmed case with a district emergency response committee.
Carry out intensified surveillance activities to identify additional cases in areas where the patient lived, worked or travelled. Collect diagnostic specimens from any new suspected cases.

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Monitor and supervise routine disease surveillance activities. Analyse data for trends suggesting a yellow fever outbreak. Report data from routine activities to the national level on time.
Assist and support health facilities with the integration of yellow fever vaccine into the routine childhood immunization schedule. Make sure vaccine and immunization supplies are available for routine yellow fever activities.