Психологический центр (Москва)

22.12.2014, 17:07

In this chapter:

Worms inside our intestines live off our food and blood. They cause belly aches or diarrhea, and drain us of nutrition and energy. A child with a very bad worm infection may develop anemia (lack of iron) or vitamin A deficiency. Often she will have trouble in school and working around the home, because the infection hurts her ability to concentrate.

Different worms get in our bodies in different ways, live different amounts of time, cause different problems, and may require different medicines. Try to learn how the worms where you live are best prevented and treated. (And if you adapt this book for use in another language or specific place, include details about the particular worms common to your community.) But generally, worm infections can be prevented:

Use toilets to improve sanitation.

Wash hands. Keep fingernails short so dirt does not get trapped under them.

Cook meat well before eating. Do not feed raw meat or feces to livestock.

Wear shoes or sandals.

De-worm children over 1 year old every 3 to 6 months with albendazole or mebendazole.

Worms that spread from feces to the mouth:
roundworm, whipworm, pinworm

Roundworm (Ascaris)

20 to 30 cm long, pink or white color.

Whipworm
(Trichuris, Trichocephalus)

3 to 5 cm long, pink or grey.

Pinworm, threadworm, seatworm
(Enterobius)

1 cm long, white, very thin
and thread-like.

How these worms spread

Tiny amounts of feces are left on the hands when cleaning the anus after passing stool, or when someone scratches an itchy bottom. Or stool left on the ground is tracked into the house by animals, children, or on people’s feet. Then worms, or their eggs that are in the stool, get under the nails or on the skin. These worms or eggs get into the mouth when:

A child puts his hands in
his mouth.

Someone cooks for the family.

Anyone touches her own
or someone else’s mouth.

Worm eggs are too small to see -
that is why they spread so easily

Treatment

To treat roundworm, whipworm, hookworm, or pinworm, give mebendazole for 3 days. In places where these worms are common, repeat treatment every 3 to 6 months.

Avoid thiabendazole for roundworms. It can make roundworms move up to the nose or mouth and can cause choking and difficulty breathing.

You may be able to treat these worms with home remedies. Eating a little raw garlic or ground papaya seeds each day can help to kill worms.

Prevention

For worms, prevention is the best and most important treatment. Without prevention and cleanliness, a person will just get worms again and again.

Toilets: Build a clean, private place to pass stool, away from the house and drinking water. Then children and animals will not track stool into the house. Click here for how to build simple, safe toilets.

Wash your hands, and help children wash their hands too: Wash often and well with soap and water, or with ashes. Wash before preparing food and before eating, and after every time you pass stool.

Help children to wash hands even more often – since they touch everything and frequently put their fingers in their mouths.

If a child is scratching his anus because of worms, he will easily re-infect himself or others. To prevent this:

Cut the nails short, so feces and worm eggs do not stick under them.

Wash the child’s hands well each morning, before he eats, and after he passes stool.

Have the child wear pants during the day. Put him in a snug diaper or pants before bed – so he cannot scratch his anus in his sleep.

Prevent itching with a little Vaseline on the anus before bed.

Wash after you handle other people's stool: If you are caring for babies or an ill adult, dispose of their stool into a toilet. Wash their bottoms after they pass stool. And carefully wash your hands after. For more ideas on how to prevent worms and other diseases, see Water and Sanitation: Keys to Staying Healthy.

Other problems caused by these worms

Children with a lot of worms may have hard, swollen bellies.

Roundworm: A severe, untreated roundworm infection can cause problems in the gut or with breathing. Young worms dig into the lungs, causing wheeze, a dry cough, or pneumonia with coughing of blood. This person needs medical help.

When a person has a fever, or when she starts taking worm medicine, the worms may come out in the stools or crawl out through the mouth or nose. Occasionally this causes the person to choke.

Rarely, roundworms cause an obstruction of the gut. Get medical help. Give mebendazole or albendazole on the way.

Whipworm: Whipworm can cause diarrhea, sometimes with blood. In severe infections, this leads to anemia (lack of iron in the blood).

Whipworm can also cause a child to push too hard when passing stool, which may cause a child’s intestine to come part-way out of the anus. This is called rectal prolapse. Pour some cold water on it and it should pull back inside. If not, gently press it back in.

Worms spread by eating undercooked meat:
tapeworm and trichina worm

Tapeworm (cestode), and tapeworm pieces (segments). These worms are white or yellow and up to several meters long. Depending on the type of tapeworm, you may see these segments in the stool.

The trichina worm cannot be seen in the stool, but this is how it would look if you could see it burrowed into someone’s muscle.

Tapeworms and trichina worms are spread by eating undercooked meat – usually pork. Fish, cows, and carnivores (animals that eat other animals) can also carry different types of these worms.

Tapeworm

The tapeworm lifecycle:

1. Someone eats under-cooked meat. Tapeworm cysts in the meat become tapeworms in his intestines.

Eggs that enter
a person’s mouth (for
example, if he does not
wash his hands
after passing stool),
can cause cysts in
his brain. This may
cause headaches
seizures, or death.

segments

eggs

cysts

If you find a small, flat, white piece (segment) of tapeworm in the stool or underclothing, treat for tapeworm.

Treatment (Trichina worm infection)

Give niclosamide or praziquantel. If there are seizures, get medical help. The person will need anti-seizure and steroid medicines.

Trichinosis

Within a week of eating infected meat, someone with trichinosis may get a stomach ache, nausea, and diarrhea. If everyone who ate the same pork has a stomach ache within a week of eating it, get treatment for trichinosis.

After a week the infection can spread to the muscles or brain causing:

fever and chills.

muscle pain or pain in the joints.

swelling around the eyes or of the feet.

bleeding in the whites of the eyes, pain in the eyes, or vision problems.

Treatment

Prevention for tapeworm and trichinosis

Pen pigs away from the house – so their stool is not tracked into the home or touched by children.

Do not feed raw meat or feces to pigs – infection will follow.

Cook meat well, especially pork. Cooking will kill tapeworm cysts.

Wash hands after passing stool and before cooking or eating.

Hookworm

1 cm long, red

Hookworms can be one of the most dangerous diseases of childhood, because they feed off the child’s blood and can cause anemia. A child who is anemic, pale, or eats dirt may have hookworms. If possible, his stools should be tested for hookworm.

How hookworms spread (start with number 1 below)

1.

The baby
hookworms enter a person’s bare feet. This can cause red marks on the feet and itching.

2. In a few days they reach
the lungs through the blood
stream. This may cause a
dry cough (rarely with blood).

3. The person coughs up the young worms and swallows them.

4. A few days later the person may have diarrhea or a stomach ache.

5. The hookworms attach themselves to the walls of the gut. Many worms can cause weakness and severe anemia.

6. The hookworms eggs leave the body in the person’s stools. The eggs hatch on moist soil.

Treatment

Give mebendazole to treat hookworm.

Treat anemia by eating foods rich in iron and taking iron tablets.

Protect children from hookworm: Build latrines and wear sandals or shoes.