American Association for Cancer Research 39For more than a decade, the process of therapeuticdevelopment has been steadily moving toward theproduction of therapeutics that precisely target themolecules disrupted as a consequence of cancer-speci;cgenetic mutations. Unfortunately, it is estimated to costmore than $1 billion and take more than a decade to developa targeted therapeutic and bring it to market ( 68). ;us,numerous e;orts have been made to streamline clinicalresearch. Some of these e;orts are aimed at matching theright drugs to the right patients, whereas others focus onreducing the number of patients that need to be enrolled ina particular trial. Yet others are designed to reduce the timeneeded for the trial to continue before a clear result can beachieved—for example, by using alternative or surrogateendpoints (see sidebar on Alternative (Surrogate) ClinicalTrial Endpoints) and expedited review strategies (see sidebaron FDA’s Expedited Review Strategies, p. 40).