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Tripoli - Libya on Tuesday celebrated the first anniversary of its "liberation" from the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, even as fighting flared in a former bastion of the slain dictator.

On 23 October 2011, just three days after Gaddafi was captured and killed in his hometown Sirte, the transitional authorities declared the country's liberation, formally ceasing hostilities.

The day was observed as a public holiday across Libya.

Cars cloaked with the national flag cruised the capital from the early morning, their speakers pumping out patriotic songs at full volume. People gathered at Martyrs Square after sundown with youths setting off fire crackers.

In Benghazi, hundreds of people massed outside Tibesti Hotel to mark the one-year anniversary but also demand that the eastern city, cradle of the uprising that toppled the regime, become the "economic capital".

Fierce clashes in Bani Walid, one of the final bastions of the former regime and accused of harbouring die-hard Gaddafi loyalists, have cast a pall over celebrations.

De facto Libyan leader Mohammed Megaryef expressed confidence on Tuesday that the military operation in Bani Walid would finish "very soon". He expressed regret over the casualties of the fighting.

In a speech broadcast by state television, Megaryef emphasised that the assault specifically targeted the "criminals who held the town and its residents hostage," rather than Bani Walid as a whole.

He called for national reconciliation and the reactivation of the judiciary.

Columns of smoke

Earlier, columns of smoke rose over the hilltop town according to an AFP photographer on the northwestern edge of the town. The sound of shooting and explosions rang out in the valleys below.

Fighting in Bani Walid has fanned old tribal feuds and underscored the difficulties of achieving national reconciliation. Former rebel fighters are locked in battle with ex-Gaddafi loyalists.

"Since the formal declaration of the end of hostilities, Libya has become a country beset by intercommunal strife," said Claudia Gazzini, senior Libya analyst for the International Crisis Group.

"The central authorities have acted chiefly as bystanders, in effect sub-contracting security to largely autonomous armed groups only nominally under the authority of the state," she said.

Bani Walid natives, angered by the government-sanctioned offensive against the heartland of the powerful Warfalla tribe, stormed the national assembly on Saturday in protest.

Demonstrators also ransacked the offices of a private television station in Benghazi after it announced that Gaddafi’s son Khamis and the dictator's spokesperson Mussa Ibrahim had been captured there.

The authorities never presented evidence to back these claims and the Bani Walid natives said these reports were fuelling attacks on their town.

Lawless militia

Last week's scaled-up offensive against Bani Walid came in response to the death of Omran Shaaban, 22, a former rebel from the city of Misrata who was credited with capturing Gaddafi.

Shaaban spent weeks held hostage in Bani Walid, where he was allegedly tortured, before the authorities managed to broker his release.

He later died of injuries sustained during the ordeal, stoking tensions between his hometown Misrata and Bani Walid, long-time rivals who fought in opposite camps of the 2011 conflict.

The incident galvanised the authorities to tackle the bastion of the former regime.

Dozens of people have been killed and hundreds more wounded during clashes between pro-government forces and Bani Walid fighters over the past week. The bitter fighting has evoked recent memories of the civil war that toppled Gaddafi one year ago.

To justify the offensive, Megaryef, president of the national assembly, said the oasis had become "a sanctuary for a large number of outlaws and anti-revolutionaries and mercenaries."

Tribal leaders and commanders in Bani Walid, located 185km southeast of Tripoli, accuse "lawless Misrata militias" of seeking to annihilate their historic rival.

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