Support site with downloadable files for AST products, such as GRiDPad pen computer with touchscreen. Includes: PenCell Working Modek, PenCell Help file; On-Screen Keyboard for GridPAD, Pen-based mouse Driver for DOS Apps, Unsupported PenRight! development tools, GRID 4025 BIOS, Win4PEN Drivers, PenRight! Driver for GRiDPAD.
CD with some of the files in physical files: Web site says it would be taken down in 2009

3D/6DOF "tablet" position sensors, used in a number of hand-gesture projects, virtual reality inputs (i.e. sense position and orientation of toy "gun". Multiple small electromagnetic sensors with cables to match one or more multiple base transmitters. Original version of manual 1991.

Story of graphing calculator project for Apple PowerPC in 1993/1994, continued by developers after project cancelled and contractors laid off by sneaking back into the building, with informal collusion by engineering staff at Apple.

Fitts' law on pointing with a stylus/pointer can be "beat" by making target area larger, snapping-to the target, area cursors, etc. But this cannot be applied when there are lots of targets.
File contains additional citations by Balakrishnan with other authors.

Windows Pocket PC: Zoom user interface into region of interest / degree of interest or information of interest in a small display: e.g. tap on a date in a calendar month view, get the day information with the rest of the calendar month pushed out to the sides. Mentions work on DataLens and fish-eye menu techniques back to 1982.

GUI toolkit using run-time composition of objects, rather than compile-time class heirarchy. Example is photomesa using Zoomable User Interface and Jazz. Zoomable user interface zooms by showing more semantic information and reducing other semantic information, rather than simply magnifying.

[BeezerJL05a]
Beezer, John L. et al
"Method and Apparatus for Capturing and Rendering Annotations for Non-Modifiable Electronic Content",
United States Patent 6,957,233, October 18, 2005

Storing annotation separate from document with link back to location in document: numerous citations, but compare with Anoto, Slate and InkWriter

[BellG04]
Bell, Gordon
"A Time and Place for Standards",
VoiP Magazine, Vol 2, No 6, September 2004

Essay on positive/negative role of technical standards in promoting or impeding innovation, quotes "Better is the Enemy of Good Enough". Quote from Stewart Alsop regarding PenPoint vs. Pen-Windows: "If GO had ever been given the chance, they would have succeeded.\".

Classifying/recognizing electronic ink on tablet computer as text or as sketch: based on length, other characteristics of strokes. Segmentation based on time (time-stamps for cut-and-paste ink data, deferred recognition). Mentions time information in applying context rules (Viterbi algorithm).

On small device, navigation by small keypad/keyboard by single-click operation or taps on touchscreen, drill-down for more detailed information (e.g. select name to get full record). For no full alphanumeric keyboard/keypad, recognize path through a set of icons as password for user authentication.

Documentation on JOT (a.k.a. Graffiti2 for Palm OS) handwriting recognition and neography by CIC. FAQ states that JOT is not a Unistroke character set. Includes reference chart for non-English European characters, Scandinavian, German, special gestures for newline/enter, etc.

Describes modification of "Mouse-stroke character recognizer" by Mike All, which in turn borrows code from other sources. Recognizes cursive words written as a single stroke: crossing of T's, etc. not supported.

[CampbellV05]
Campbell, Virginia
"Why Johnniac Can Read: The first big step in handwriting recognition came 40 years ago",
American Heritage of Invention and Technology, Summer 2005

Historical article on RAND digital tablet in 1964, "not the first, but the first that was practical". Dimond, GRAIL, Groner
Recognition as soon as stylus was lifted, slashed Z and 0 required versus O and 2. Ink was not quite real time, displayed only after stroke lift. Quotes Leonard (Leonid) Kitainik of Paragraph, Apple Newton, penandinternet.com, www.evernote.com

tablet and PC user interfaces distract too much by focusing user attention on the desktop/computer, not on the task at hand
Review of "Smart paper"/"Digital pen" in actual use (Rasa: military battle operations) using Anoto technology and other technologies: one key is maintaining operation using the physical ink when the electronic system is non-operational / deliberately crashed
Natural Interaction Systems LLC: compare with VIPDATA?
Use of combined voice and electronic ink annotation for "mutual disambiguation": compare with Freestyle system at Wang, 1992 (not cited?)
Digital Desk by Wellner, 1992, tangible paper system using computer vision

Includes example of using stylus angle for implementing a Joystick UI user interface. Chapter 18 cites to Graffiti for UI for a media player for Video and Audio, using gestures on Tablet PC including arrow gestures. Annotation (handwriting ink) on videos: compare with Freestyle at Wang.

Haptic force-generating stylus which allows the user to feel a force generated electromagneticly; contrasted with other haptic devices, which are able to generate vibration but not actual force feed-back to the user. Compare with force-feedback devices developed at M.I.T. A.I. lab by Margaret Minsky (?) et al around 1980, which used mechanical linkages

Touchscreen digitizer using a touch sensitive layer between two optical layers. Uses QTC quantum tunnelling composit or piezo-resistive material as the pressure/force-sensitive sensor, to be embedded between the pixels on an LCD display.

Single touchpad sensor on each key of music keyboard, sensing X/Y location, area of contact (multi-touch?), depth of key travel, and force when at limit of travel. Additional multi-touch control touchsurface for global parameters.

Hardware patent (but is labeled "Software Patent") on electrostatic/capacitive non-contact digitizer, similar in principle to a theremin, to sense in-air gestures. Hardware for iPoint device from Fraunhofer Institut?

Microsoft documentation, describes how to install Tablet PC SDK 1.7 recognizers on non-Tablet PC versions of Windows for development purposes only, external/separate tablet is still not supported. Tablet data rate is much higher than mouse, mouse not for recognition accuracy.

News article on filing by Jerold Kaplan, former GO CEO, against Microsoft and certain vendors: numerous reader comments
Photocopy of NDA between GO Corporation and Microsoft, Signed by Bill Gates 7/8/88.
See also "GO/Microsoft" file.

[Hawkins05]
Hawkins, Jeffrey C.; Rees, William B.; Chyi, Debbie O.; Haitani, Robert Y.
"Interface for Processing of an Alternate Symbol in a Computer Device",
United States Patent 6,975,304, December 13, 2005

User interface pop-up display of alternate characters for a main character: e.g. Accented versions of "E" for the letter "E", alternate currency symbols (Pound, Yen) for currency symbol. Mainly to reduce size of keyboard or simulated keyboard in a palm/PDA device, or to simplify handwriting recognition.
Has extensive bibliography, numerous references.

Xerox dataglyphs dot pattern for encoding information in pictures and printed documents. Encoded information can be can be for tactile, audible, visual or other information for user. Compare with Anoto optical pattern digitizer pen.

Array of bidirectional LEDs used as photo sensors as well as display light sources: one LED used as light source, adjacent LED used as sensor for light passing through partially-translucent human finger. Includes optical (display) press feedback.

Ink gestures recognized using Chebychev Polynomials and Bayes net
Refers to an ink gesture being included in a stroke: gesture is part of a larger stroke?
In description, lists example gestures and their semantics: e.g. braces (discontinuous selection), circle-tap, , flick (scroll), double-right-flick for scroll to end, double-left-flick, triple-up-flick, etc. Appears to be same basic set of gestures as Microsoft "Unimplemented Glyphs". Compare with GO/PenPoint flick and other gestures

hidden optical printed pattern on labels allows for encoding of digital signatures, for tracking of product through the distribution chain. Does not refer to tracking the provenance of manufacturing, or to security documents. Mentions encoding of web hyperlinks.
Silverbrook product announcement -- Australian patent house. Compare with Anoto, and with Digimark filing "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography"

Technical information, software, support on converting Toshiba T200CS Dynapad pen computer (early 90s) as a web-pad unit for internet access with a stylus computer
Refers to PenPad software from Toshiba: same name used for hardware handwriting recognition product by Pencept in 1980's
Links to Dynapaedia for same topic: Dynapaedia documentation on Wacom 500 tablet in Toshiba T200

User-interface for one-handed touchscreen PDA (Palm Pilot): Informational fish-eye magnified view of data when thumb is over UI element. Notification zoom, context zoom, Full zoom levels of information at appropriate detail. Applications represented by tiles, tiles group into zones of a worldspace. User can scroll between zones, but UI snaps to zone when released.

Multiple-user whiteboard system using untethered electromagnetic digitizers and a central projection display. Using multiple untethered/wireless digitizer tablets to allow several users to annotate a drawing or document. Includes educational software for presenting images and annotation: can sub-divide display area into multiple virtual tablet displays for multiple student's work. Refers to dual-input digitizer whiteboard: wireless and USB/wired?

Browse photos not by uniform thumbnails, but by (smoothly/animated) zoomable display (semantic zoom) of photos at different scales. Stylus touchscreen interface more limited than mouse because of lack of additional buttons, and of scroll wheel. (Does not consider multi-touch, even for side-tap of 2nd finger)

contains historical notes on optical character recognition, citing back to unidentified US patent from 1800, also to Gismo system by David Shepard in 1951: Gismo could read up to 23 different letters and speak them out loud, as well as recognizing Morse Code. Example experiment of character recognition with neural nets.

Whiteboard system for distance teaching. Includes use of pie (marking) pop-up menus on whiteboard. Numerous references to uses of pen- and tablet-computers in education for whiteboarding.
Further information from www.echalk.de in paper file. See also FriedlandG.

Tree-maps/photo-browsing: For large collections of photos/albums, rather than groups by tags in a simple tree heirarchy, show in a circular layout: main topic in center, sub-topics or related topics (groups of photos) surrounding.

[LaViola04]
LaViola, Joseph J. Jr. and Zeleznik, Robert C.
"MathPad(2): a system for the creation and exploration of mathematical sketches",
ACM Transactions on Graphics, Volume 23, Issue 3, August 2004; Proceedings of the 2004 SIGGRAPH Convergence, Session: Identifying and sketching the future (abstract only)

Just Abstract and references
Several citations to recognition/editing of mathematical expressions, but no citations to 1970's work, anything prior to 1990s

Australian development. Pen digitizer, using printed pattern on same surface as electronic ink. Refers to detecting regions via a printed code: compare with dataglyphs. Refers to detecting motion of sensor, rather than position of sensor. Refers to Memjet and Netpage, printing of forms. Bennett and Sekendur patents as prior art. Compare also to "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography", WardJRW04.

[LapstunP04b]
Lapstun, Paul; Silverbrook, Kia; and Lapstun, Anne
"Method and System for Note Taking using Processing Sensor",
United States Patent 6,829,387, December 7, 2004

Australian development. Pen digitizer, using printed pattern on same surface as electronic ink. Refers to detecting regions via a printed code: compare with dataglyphs. Refers to detecting motion of sensor, rather than position of sensor. Refers to Memjet and Netpage, printing of forms. Bennett and Sekendur patents as prior art. Compare also to "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography", WardJRW04.

[LapstunP04c]
Lapstun, Paul; Silverbrook, Kia; and Lapstun, Anne
"Method and System for Note Taking",
United States Patent 6,681,045, January 20, 2004

Take electronic ink notes using Anoto-like paper "digitizer", and index them. Cites to Sekendur, but not to Anoto?

Haptic stylus for touch screens, with pressure (tip force) sensor, using solenoid in top of pen stylus, so that it can simulate button-like forces along the axis of the touch stylus. Cites to Anoto as a passive pen touchscreen technology.

Modes for switching between electronic ink input and gestures: did not like pressure mode of digitizer, preferred switching with other (non-preferred) hand. Barrel-button (compare with Pencept recognition macros: may depend on design of barrel button?), press-and-hold (says this was the worst), eraser end of pen/stylus. Note: press-and-hold pen travel threshold

[LinJ05a]
Lin, Jaoching
"Sensing an Object with a Plurality of Conductors",
United States Patent 6,891,531, May 20, 2005

click, press-and-hold, and double-click on buttons in a PDA. Different functions/applications depending on how long a button it held, or if tapped/clicked multiple times. Buttons may be on a touchscreen. Compare with gesture sensitive buttons?

Automatic rescaling and repositioning of drawing images when the font size is changed in a document, or text is move. Automatic adjustment if this causes two drawing images to overlap in the laid-out layout page.

In-air gesture (a.k.a. "shake"), stylus must stop moving to indicate completion. Does not mention Polhemus. Spike motion is basis for gestures. Proximity position sensing. Does not refer back to Windows for Pen Computing, which may have had some of the same gestures.

Algorithm for recognizing a two-finger gesture on a multi-touch digitizer, where one finger is fixed and the other is moving. Example is rotating an object. The digitizer technology cited is resistive sheet, recognize that there are two fingers from reduced resistance between the two sheets. Rekimoto co-inventor, filing date in 2000.

History of the Telautograph, precursor both to the Fax/facsimile machine, and to digitizing tablets. First invention by Elisha Gray 1981, other early patents by George S. Tiffany and Foster Ritchie. See also "Dead Media Project"

[Microsoft04b]
Microsoft Corporation
"Issues that may occur with mobile devices that use Outlook Mobile Access and the Windows Mobile operating system or the Pocket PC 2003 operating system",
msdn.microsoft.com, KB871185, 7/21/2004

WISPTIS.EXE Windows Ink Services for Pen, Tablet Input Subsystem: installed automatically by Adobe Acrobat 6 and other application even if not originally present on Windows XP Operating System, not just Tablet PC.

Automated installation scripting for Tablet PC: notes that Tablet PC must have additional hardware buttons for changing orientation of the display, CTL-ALT-DEL reboot. TabTip.exe, tpa.exe, wisptis.exe services. Linearity Data in system registry for correction of position accuracy errors in the particular digitizer tablet.

Microsoft press note on the history of pen computing: factual errors include statement of RAND Tablet Grafacon as the first digitizing tablet. Mentions Hewlette Crane at Stanford Research Institute with 1964 patent, but not earlier work. Also omits later references to CIC, only to SRI.
Alan Kay Dynabook: does not specifically repeat assertion that the Dynabook "vision" included handwriting recognition or pen/tablet computing

[Milekic05]
Milekic, Slavoljub
"User Interface for Removing an Object from a Display",
United States Patent 6,920,619, July 19, 2005

User interface via direct manipulation on a touchscreen: in particular a gesture-like flick (rapid motion) results in object being "thrown away" / deleted rather than being moved around: the recognition of the feature is based on the velocity only, not on shape. Appears to refer to directional gestures with different meanings, but apparently does not describe a recognizer of shapes per se. Other disclosures are about proximity sensing, using multi-finger (two-user) behaviors of touch input. Include two-user/two-finger "transfer/share" gesture for resistive-sheet touchscreen.

In Japanese: On-line museum for PenPoint. Images of documentation in Japanese, future models of Hobbit other hardware, PenMagic and other applications. Sketches from hand-written design notebooks for PenPoint?

Pen (stylus) similar to touchscreens, but faster and more fluid for drawing or small PDA displays. References to work on haptic mice. Important that haptic feedback not provide too much detail. Tactile/haptic feedback very useful in improving drawing/targeting precision by highlighting position of target. Haptic feedback not useful/noticed on tap/click, may be more useful on slow careful targeting of small targets.

Zoom by zones using keypad: button to show zones (laid out same as keypad) on displayed image, press matching button to zoom in to that zone. May show world view of original image on top (semi-transparent). Uses Press-and-hold/pressing-and-holding/holding-and-releasing on button for temporary zoom.

Collaborative software for multiple users using multi-touch DiamondTouch touchscreen table: cites also to Rekimoto Smartskin, other tabletop displays. Users tended not to use interface simultaneously (social interaction), taking turns. Many gestures/manipulation were directed to inter-human communication in conjunction with speech, rather than manipulating calendar objects.

Use LED "in reverse" as an optical sensor for a touchscreen display using one set of LEDs. Uses deformable / elastomeric layer on top, light from one LED in emitter mode is reflected and detected by adjacent LED in detector mode, then the other way around, compute ratiometric position between the two. Prototype is 4x4 matrix. Cites to Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect. Compare with Abileah.

For a training-based (handwriting) recognizer using fixed prototypes, method of determining the prototype which has the greatest contribution to error, and reducing the training set size by removing that prototype. Further reduction by removing prototypes with the least increase in error when they are removed.

For a training-based (handwriting) recognizer using fixed prototypes, method of determining the prototype which has the greatest contribution to error, and reducing the training set size by removing that prototype. Further reduction by removing prototypes with the least increase in error when they are removed.

Experiment in vibro-tactile haptic feedback for simulating collision/contact between user and virtual reality objects. Multiple vibrators strapped on to different parts of arms, legs. Works better if also used with stereo or binaural 3D sound for 3D location.

[SantoroO04a]
Santoro, Ovid and Lagermann, Klaus
"System and Method for Simultaneous Display of Multiple Information Sources",
United States Patent 6,724,403, April 20, 2004

Display/refresh information in from different sources at same time in separate tiled windows, arranged in a grid. States that present art does not auto-update (?). Compare with TV split-screen, or split frames in HTML?

Siemens prototype handwriting pen(?) for smartphone "may be used on any surface" as digitizer with handwriting recognition, as alternative to thumb-typing SMS messages. Few details. Handwriting recognition for composing SMS message. Compare with IBM Simon?

[Silberman04]
Silberman, Steve
"The Hot New Medium: Paper. How the oldest interface in the book is redrawing the map of the networked world.",
Wired.com, April 2001, archive at www.wired.com

Tomas Edso and Mats-Petter Petterson devised dot-displacement pattern, Hugosson used larger and smaller dots
Business model was to be a charge on all transactions that involved Anoto paper pattern, not directly on the licensing of technology
Interview about Anoto with Christer Faehraeus, mentions comparison with Microsoft Tablet PC, which overshadowed their introduction at ComDex

[SilverbrookK04a]
Silverbrook, Kia; Lapstun, Paul; and Lapstun, Jacqueline Anne
"Method and System for Accessing the Internet",
United States Patent 6,813,039 B1, November 2, 2004

Optical digitizer for handwriting connecting directly to a Web page on the internet: web page with links would be printed, not displayed dynamically. Compare with Sekendur and Anoto.

[SilverbrookK04b]
Silverbrook, Kia; Lapstun, Paul; and Lapstun, Jacqueline Anne
"Method and system for collaborative document markup",
United States Patent 6,766,942, July 27, 2004

Kia Silverbrook: Past association with Canon until 1994. Business model is to file patents in Australia and enforce them internationally. See also Hyperlabel and patent application with DigiMarc on security document authentification.

For electronic ink editing and cursive recognition, segment pen strokes into lines and arcs using dwell points (pauses) and point of high curvature. Goal is to match user's intent, not exact ink pattern. Compare to Rubine, PenCept segmentation patterns.

Descriptions of Capacitive, Inductive, and resistive tablet technologies from Synaptics. Describes combining capacitive (finger-touch) and inductive (stylus) to work with both, or to work with resistive
SPIRAL (TM) Pen, powered via induction from tablet

Effectively transparent touchscreen by having multi-touch surface on desktop with small camera above, shadow images of hands/fingers are shown on display. Multi-touch tablet digitizer includes point-addressable tactile output what provides haptic feedback only where surface is being touched. See also Fish, D.E.

Video demonstration of TactaPad technology. Effectively transparent touchscreen by having multi-touch surface on desktop with small camera above, shadow images of hands/fingers are shown on display. Multi-touch tablet digitizer includes point-addressable tactile output what provides haptic feedback only where surface is being touched. Not only multi-touch: shows pinch and stretch gestures, also simultaneous use of multiple tools with multiple fingers. Because of one-to-one mapping of touch tablet to display, and shadow image of fingers, tools/menus are at same physical position on touch surface, and have tactile feedback about location, selection, detent, etc. See also Fish, D.E.

Haptic/force feedback for blind users: Wingman Force Feedback Mouse and PhanToM 3D electromechanical digitizer with force feedback. Best they could do was tell blind user about bounding boxes in 2D or in 3D, not texture. Notes that devices for blind users also useful for "visually occupied" users.

Overview of design principles and aspects for tangible user interfaces. Cites to Metadesk. Counterparts in GUI and TUI: icons/phicons, selectable trays/menus, etc. Does not include tablettop interfaces or touchscreen direct manipulation.

Tabletop touchscreen user interface, with all objects/windows rotatable by users. Circular table. Menu ribbons (curved) at edges of tables for particular users, on-screen virtual keyboards. Cites to DigitalDesk, ConnecTables, Wellner, i-LAND.. Mentions physical coffee mugs not as part of the invention, but the invention matches normal collaborative work by letting users place coffee mugs on the tabletop display.

Describes limitations of ambiguity (?) of Synaptics touchpads for multi-touch, better commercial solutions from Tactext Controls and Fingerworks, which are stated to have more complex hardware and lower spatial resolution (?). Algorithms for disambiguating multiple touches, by processing and interpolating images from grid of touch sensors.

[Voorhees04]
Voorhees, Mark
"Go Fish: How Fish and Richardson has climbed to the top of our annual list of most active IP practices",
American Lawyer, May 2004

Review of patent law firm growth by acquisition: Fish and Richardson: Microsoft client

Detect hidden rootkits in real time by instrumenting for internal inconsistencies (violation of invariant conditions): e.g. there is an executing process, but it's parent .EXE file does not show up as a file on the filesystem. Real-time version of comparing two views of the data structures of a system.

multi-touch surface (MTS) touchpad used for full-keyboard (QWERTY) input, where finger touches do not need to be at exact position of the button locations on the touchpad. Hypothesizes home row key locations based on touches, uses best match.

[WestermanW05a]
Westerman, Wayne and Elias, John G.
"Method and apparatus for integrating manual input",
United States Patent 6,888,536, May 2, 2005

[Williamson05a]
Williamson, Peter H.; Lui, Charlton E.; and Altman, Dan W.
"Method and System of Handling the Selection of alternates for Recognized words",
United States Patent Application US 2005/0096914 A1, May 5, 2005

For low-confidence matches on handwriting recognition, display menu list with the various matches to user when the confidence score for the result is not high. User may set confidence threshold. User is shown ink image of the ambiguous word along with the alternates, makes selection.
Compare with Chinese/Kanji input which shows alternate choices for the same input characters or strokes

Handwriting recognition practically adaptive, in that user can define character text abbreviations to be expanded to larger text or to invoke an applications program or function. Interpreter sensitive to context of writing (e.g. which application/input it was written in?). No apparent relation to recognition of Pittman or Gregg shorthand, etc.

Transparent touchscreen/whiteboard, projects video image of graphics and video image of counterpart user on same surface. Touches and gestures recognized by image processing of brighter light where hand/finger is in contact with surface: compare with Jeff Han FTIR. Cites to Clearboard.

Tabletop digitizer tablet, comparing to interactive table and whiteboard wall imaging touch screens. Optical finger tracking using the endpoints of the figures in a camera image. Touch is detected by heuristics that when in touch, finger will obscure its own shadow, so can also detect hover/proximity. Describes gesture of two hands moving apart to make an image large by zoom. Cites earlier work on TouchLight.
Includes video (in file).

Electrostatic/capacitive digitizer to recognize 3D gestures, hand movement gestures in front of a display in proximity: zooming, scrolling, and a "pick up" pinching gesture with the fingers for direct manipulation

Tablet PC Service Pack 2 (2002?), context-sensitive syntax rules for recognition of URLs and other formatted text in input fields, electronic ink in Web Browser input through web controls, In-place TIP (Tablet PC Input Panel) with writing pad mode, write-anywhere: see also Microsoft file. Remote-control RDP extended so that recognition on Tablet PC as controller may be used with remote system that does not have Tablet PC input, instead of just accepting stylus as mouse replacement. Input fields in applications automatically (?) extended with tap icon to bring up TIP for handwriting recognition input.

Edge Keyboard / EdgeWrite unistroke alphabetic handwriting using joystick or touchpad, user moves to corners and sides of small hand-held touchscreen with a frame: recognition depends only on order of corners, not on continuous contact. Intended for one-handed handwriting input, for persons with disabilities (wheelchair, use same joystick as wheelchair control)

Edge Keyboard / EdgeWrite unistroke alphabetic handwriting using joystick or touchpad, user moves to corners and sides of small hand-held touchscreen with a frame: recognition depends only on order of corners, not on continuous contact. Intended for one-handed handwriting input, for persons with disabilities (wheelchair, use same joystick as wheelchair control)

Edge Keyboard / EdgeWrite unistroke alphabetic handwriting using joystick or touchpad, user moves to corners and sides of small hand-held touchscreen with a frame (Synaptics Touchpad, with side buttons): recognition depends only on order of corners, not on continuous contact. Intended for one-handed handwriting input, for persons with disabilities (wheelchair, use same joystick as wheelchair control)

Single-finger touchscreen digitizer gesture/writing input for the blind: Gesture Driven Software Button GDSB -- pop-up pie menus (marking menu) with characters, tap and slide (press and hold) gesture on a set of pie menus combined with adaptive press-and-hold/dwell time to transition to a further menu to get a full character set: dwell time is adaptive/changeable. Some gesture input combined with key input on keyboard (left and right arrow keys). EdgeWrite and unistroke constrained handwriting. Note: pie menu and GUI user interface need not be visible, as this is an input technique for the blind. Extensive review of earlier work on blind input on touchscreens, in particular for mobile devices such as Palm PDAs and cell phones: Unistroke, Unigesture, touchscreen typing and constrained handwriting, auditory feedback, keyboard/menu layouts using frequency of characters (such as on IBM Simon). No reference to screenreaders such as VoiceOver or JAWS, nor to Milekic.

[YogaratnamK04a]
Yogaratnam, Kumanan
"Method and Apparatus for Operating a Virtual Keyboard",
United States Patent 6,677,933, January 13, 2004

[ZimmermanJ04a]
Zimmerman, John and Martino, Jacquely Annette
"Touch-Screen Image Scrolling System and Method",
United States Patent 6,690,387, February 10, 2004

Dynamic scrolling of lists or information based on speed of scrolling: list continues scrolling (momentum/intertia), user can stop scrolling by pressing and holding, or select with a click while list is scrolling ("touch-marking" known in scrolled display technology) while scrolling is coasting to a stop. End of abstract: press-and-hold.

Mechanical design of the Pegasus digital pen: mentions ultrasonic/acoustic digital transducers pen.
Mentions "disappearing ink" in disclosures, as means to eliminate problem of permanent marks from ink that is required for human reading of marks while writing