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Abstract

Many patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all patients with T1DM require insulin to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. The most common route of insulin administration is subcutaneous insulin injections. There are many ways to deliver insulin subcutaneously such as vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. Though subcutaneous insulin delivery is the standard route of insulin administration, it is associated with injection pain, needle phobia, lipodystrophy, noncompliance and peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, the need exists for delivering insulin in a minimally invasive or noninvasive and in most physiological way. Inhaled insulin was the first approved noninvasive and alternative way to deliver insulin, but it has been withdrawn from the market. Technologies are being explored to make the noninvasive delivery of insulin possible. Some of the routes of insulin administration that are under investigation are oral, buccal, nasal, peritoneal and transdermal. This review article focuses on the various insulin delivery techniques. This article has focused on different possible routes of insulin administration with its advantages and limitation and possible scope for the new drug development.

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Abstract

The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses were carried out for a series of new side chain modified 5-phenylsulfamoyl-2-(2-nitroxy) (acetoxy) benzoic acid derivatives to find out the structural requirements of their anti-inflammatory activities. The statistically significant best 2D QSAR models for anti-inflammatory activity having correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.897 and cross validated squared correlation coefficient (q2) = 0.701 with external predictive ability (pred_r2) = 0.390 were developed by multiple linear regression coupled with genetic algorithm (GA–MLR) and stepwise (SW–MLR) forward algorithm, respectively. The results of the present study may be useful on the designing of more potent analogues as antimalarial agents.