The Naval Academy's football program is one of the nation's oldest, with its history dating back to 1879.[4] There were two separate efforts to establish a Naval Academy football team in 1879, the first was guided by first-classman J.H. Robinson, who developed it as a training regiment to help keep the school's baseball team in shape, the team played the sport under rules that made it much closer to soccer, where the players were permitted only to kick the ball in order to advance it.[5] The second effort, headed by first-classman William John Maxwell was more successful in its efforts. Maxwell met with two of his friends, Tunstall Smith and Henry Woods, who played for the Baltimore Athletic Club and officially challenged their team to a game with the Naval Academy.[6] A team was formed from academy first-classmen, which Maxwell led as a manager, trainer, and captain, the team would wake up and practice before reveille and following drill and meals. The squad received encouragement from some of the faculty, who allowed them to eat a late dinner and skip final drill for additional practicing, this was against the direct orders of the school superintendent, who had banned football and similar activities.[6][7]

The year's sole contest was played on December 11 against the Baltimore Athletic Club, the opposition's team was reportedly composed of players from Princeton, Yale, Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins.[6][8] The Naval Academy hosted the Baltimore team on a temporary field drawn on part of the superintendent's cow pasture. Rules decided upon between the teams established that the game was to be played under rugby rules,[6][8] the Baltimore American and Chronicle, which covered the contest, described it as such:[9]

The game, played under rugby rules, was a battle from beginning to end—a regular knock down and drag out fight. Both sides became immediately excited and the audience was aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the spirited contest, the ball oscillated backward and forward over the ground without any material result.[9]

The scrimmages were something awful to witness—living, kicking, scrambling masses of humanity surging to and fro, each individual after the leather oval. If a Baltimorean got the ball and started for a run, he was unfailingly caught by one of the brawny Cadets and dashed to earth with five or six men falling on him.[9]

The 1879 team introduced a white canvas jacket uniform (shown being tailored, c. 1892) which is believed to be the first in college football

The game was closely fought and was finally declared a scoreless tie by the referee about an hour after it began. Navy reportedly never gained possession of the ball. However, the Naval Academy managed to keep the Baltimore Athletic Club from ever being in a scoring position, on three separate occasions, Navy forced Baltimore back into its own end zone for a safety; these were not worth any points until 1882, however, so they offered Navy no benefit. The American and Chronicle reported that Maxwell, Craven, and Sample of Navy gave the strongest performances, but were also reckless in their play and were repeatedly penalized for jumping offside or kicking the ball out of play, a form of delay of game.[10][11]

Some time after the game, Walter Camp, known as the "Father of American Football", credited Maxwell as the inventor of the first football uniform, after he was informed that the Baltimore team he was playing outweighed his by an average of ten pounds, Maxwell looked for a way to make the teams more evenly matched. Using his knowledge of sailing, he decided to design a sleeveless canvas jacket which would make his players "difficult to grasp when they began to sweat",[9][12] he presented the design to the academy's tailor, who created the double-lined jackets which "were laced down the front and drawn tightly to fit snugly around a player's body".[9][12] The weighted suits were worn by the team, which was confused by the "strangle, heavy, newfangled getups".[12]

The Naval Academy would not produce another football team until the 1882 season, the 1882 team would be the first with a coach, being supported by Academy officials. The 1879 season was the last time that a Navy squad would play the Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy would finish the 1880s with four winning seasons, and an overall record of 14–12–2, with one of those ties being the game against the Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy would outscore their opponents 292–231, and would finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54–19–3, the lack of a coach for the 1879 season was one of the two times the Naval Academy squad lacked one, the other time being from 1883 through 1891.[13][14]

Frank Berrien served as Navy's head football coach from 1908-1910, compiling a record of 21–5–3.[15] He was the thirteenth head coach of the Naval Academy's football program and, under his tutelage, the Midshipmen compiled an undefeated 8–0–1 mark in 1910.[16]

1926 national championship team

Three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters today, but this was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama. A 7-7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave Stanford a 10-0-1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9-0-1 records.

The Midshipmen opened the '26 season with a new coach, Bill Ingram. A Navy football standout from 1916 through 1918, Ingram took over a Navy team that had only won seven games in the previous two seasons combined. One of the keys to Navy’s 1926 squad was a potent offense led by All-America tackle and team captain Frank Wickhorst, who proved to be a punishing blocker for the Navy offense. One member of the Navy offense that appreciated the blocking of Wickhorst was Tom Hamilton, the quarterback and kicker had a pair of 100-yard rushing games en route to All-America honors.

Navy's biggest win that year was against Michigan in front of 80,000 fans in Baltimore, the Mids scored 10 second half points to upset the Wolverines, 10-0. Navy’s offense tallied 165 yards behind the powering attack of Hamilton and Henry Caldwell who scored Navy’s lone touchdown on a one-yard plunge. Jubilation from the victory continued after the game, as the Midshipmen tore down the goal post at each end of the field and carried away all the markers that lined both sides of the field.

Navy headed into its season finale against Army with a 9-0 record, the game was to be played in Chicago at Soldier Field, which had been built as a memorial to the men killed in World War I. It was only natural Army and Navy would be invited to play the inaugural contest there. James R. Harrison of the New York Times described the game as "the greatest of its time and as a national spectacle." Over 110,000 people witnessed the Midshipmen open up a 14-0 lead on the Cadets, only to see Army fight back to take a 21-14 lead early in the third quarter. The Navy offense responded behind its strong ground game led by running back Alan Shapley, on fourth down and three yards to go, Shapley ran eight yards for a touchdown to tie the game at 21. As the final quarter concluded, Army mounted a brief threat only to miss a 25-yard field goal.

The tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship based on retroactive rankings by both the William Boand and Deke Houlgate mathematical poll systems.[3]

Navy was one of the very few programs to field a football team during World War II, with John Whelchel leading the Midshipmen from 1942-1943 and Oscar Hagberg serving as head coach from 1944-1945. During those years, three of the four Navy teams finished ranked in the top 10 of the final AP poll.[17][18][19]

George Sauer left his post as Kansas head coach and took over in Annapolis from 1948-1949.[20] The Midshipmen struggled under Sauer's tutelage, posting a 3–13–2 record which included a winless 1948 season.[21]

Eddie Erdelatz returned to Navy, where he'd previously served as an assistant coach from 1945–1947, to take over a football program that had won just four games over the previous five seasons.[22]

In 1950, Erdelatz led an upset of arch-rival Army,[23] the Black Knights entered the game with an 8–0 record which had not lost in 28 contests.[23] Army also had defeated Navy five times in the last six games,[23] although Navy had only a 2–6 record, an outstanding defensive effort resulted in a 14–2 victory for the Midshipmen.[23]

After two years at Navy, Erdelatz's record stood at 5–12–1, but he would never again have a losing season in his final seven seasons and would finish 5–3–1 in his games against Army; in 1954, the team finished 8–2, losing close games to Pittsburgh and Notre Dame.[24] Erdelatz labeled this squad, "A Team Called Desire" and then went on to shut out Ole in the 1955 Sugar Bowl.[25] Three years later, the Midshipmen competed in the Cotton Bowl Classic, where they knocked off Rice University, 20–7,[26] the latter win came one year after Navy's bid to play in a bowl game was rejected despite having only one loss.

After the bowl victory over Rice, Erdelatz was courted by other schools and nearly accepted the task of replacing Bear Bryant at Texas A&M University.[27] After the 1958 season, he was also seen as a candidate for the NFL's San Francisco 49ers head coaching job, but began spring practice the following year at Navy,[28] on April 8, 1959, Erdelatz resigned as head coach of the Midshipmen, citing a number of factors, including the desire for an easier schedule.[29]

Virginia head coach Bill Elias replaced Hardin, and the Midshipmen struggled mightilty under Elias' leadership. Elias' Midshipmen posted a 15–22–3 record in his four seasons,[35] which included three non-winning seasons. Elias was fired following a 2–8 season in 1968.[36]

Former UConn head coach Rick Forzano was hired as Elias' replacement in 1969.[37][38] However, the Midshipmen's struggles continued, with Navy failing to post a single winning season, something that hadn't occurred in Annapolis in decades. Forzano's teams posted yearly records of 1–9,[39] 2–9,[40] 3–8[41] and 4–7.[42] Forzano resigned after the 1972 season.[43]

Penn State assistant coach and Navy alum George Welsh succeeded Forzano as Navy's head coach.[44] He inherited a Navy Midshipmen football program that had only had one winning season since the days of Roger Staubach, he led the Midshipmen to three bowl game appearances and their first nine-win season in 16 years.[45][46] In nine seasons, Welsh compiled a record of 55–46–1,[45] making him the service academy's most successful coach.[47]

West Virginia offensive coordinator Gary Tranquill was hired as Welsh's replacement in 1982.[49] Tranquill's Midshipmen compiled a 6–5 record in 1982,[50] but it was downhill from there. 1983 saw a 3–8 record[51] followed by back-to-back four-win seasons in 1984 and 1985.[52][53] A 3–8 campaign in 1986 ended Tranquill's tenure at Navy as the school declined to renew his contract.[54]

Former Western Michigan head coach Elliot Uzelac was hired by Navy to serve as the school's 34th head football coach in 1987.[56] Navy's struggles continued, with the Midshipmen posting records of 2–9 in 1987[57] followed by back-to-back 3–8 seasons in 1988 and 1989.[58][59] Uzelac was fired following the 1989 season.[60]

Marshall head coach George Chaump was hired as Uzelac's replacement in 1990.[61] Chaump was unable to revive the Midshipmen football program, compiling a record of 14–41 in five seasons.[62] Chaump's Midshipmen posted back-to-back 1–10 records in 1991 and 1992.[63][64] Navy fired Chaump after the 1994 season in which the Midshipmen finished 3–8.[65][66]

Utah State head coach Charlie Weatherbie was hired to replace Chaump in 1995.[67] Under Weatherbie, Navy did have a couple of winning seasons, the first coming in 1996 with a record of 9–3 with a win in the Aloha Bowl,[68][69] that was followed with a 7–4 campaign the following year.[70] After that, however, Navy struggled, failing to post a record better than a 5–7 record, after a 1–10 season in 2000[71] followed by an 0–7 start to the 2001 season,[72] Weatherbie was fired.[73]

In 2002, Paul Johnson departed Georgia Southern and was hired as the 37th Navy head football coach.[74] Johnson's initial season saw the Midshipmen win only two of 12 games,[75] though the season ended on a high note with his first victory over Army,[76] which would not beat Navy again until 2016.[77] Subsequently, Johnson's teams enjoyed a high degree of success.

The 2003 team completed the regular season with an 8–4 mark,[78] including wins over both Air Force and Army, and earned a berth in the Houston Bowl, Navy's first bowl game since 1996. However, the Midshipmen lost to Texas Tech, 38–14.[79]

In 2004, Johnson's team posted the program's best record since 1957, finishing the regular season at 9–2[80] and once again earning a bowl berth, this time in the Emerald Bowl. There Johnson coached the Midshipmen to a win over New Mexico, 34–19, the fifth bowl win in the school's history,[81] the win gave Navy 10 wins on the season, tying a school record that had stood since 1905. For his efforts, Johnson received the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award.[82]

In 2007, Johnson coached the Midshipmen to their first win over rival Notre Dame since 1963, winning 46–44 in triple-overtime.[84] Navy finished the season with an 8–5 record.[85]

Johnson dominated the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy competition, going 11–1 (.917) in his six years, with the only loss against another service academy coming at the hands of Air Force in his first season. He was the first coach in Navy's history to go 6–0 in his first six seasons against Army (Ken Niumatalolo, who followed Johnson at Navy, went 8-0 against Army in his first eight seasons), and his 2006 senior class was the first in Navy history to win the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy all four of their years.

Much of Johnson's success at Navy was predicated on his triple optionflexbone offense, a run-oriented attack that led NCAA Division I-A/FBS football in rushing yards three of his last four years at Navy. Johnson departed Navy for the head coaching position at Georgia Tech after the end of the 2007 regular season.[86]

Ken Niumatalolo was promoted from offensive line coach to head football coach of the Naval Academy on December 8, 2007 after Johnson's departure for Georgia Tech.[87][88] Niumatalolo is the 38th head football coach in Naval Academy history, on January 7, 2009, Niumatalolo was given a contract extension, although terms and length of the extension were not released.[89]

With Niumatalolo as Navy's head coach, beginning with the 2008 season, the Mids have continued their run of success. Highlights in 2008 included an upset in Winston-Salem over #16 Wake Forest, 24–17, the Mids' first victory over a ranked team in 23 years,[90] and a 34–0 shutout victory of Army.[91]

Other highlights of Niumatalolo's years as head coach at Navy include: Navy defeated Army in each of Niumatalolo's first nine seasons as head coach, not losing to Army until 2016, the 2016 loss ended a streak of 14 Midshipmen wins in the Army–Navy Game,[92] the longest winning streak for either side in the rivalry. The Midshipmen captured the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy in 2008, 2009 and 2012, they went on to capture the trophy outright in 2013, with a 34–7 win against Army, and recaptured it outright in 2015 with wins over Army and Air Force. The Midshipmen have nine winning seasons during Niumatalolo's 10 full years as head coach, the Mids have played in nine bowl games during Niumatalolo's tenure, winning the 2009 Texas Bowl,[93]2013 Armed Forces Bowl,[94]2014 Poinsettia Bowl, and 2015 Military Bowl. Navy defeated longtime rival Notre Dame in consecutive years, 2009 and 2010, for the first time since the early 1960s,[95][96] the Midshipmen also defeated Notre Dame in 2016, when the Midshipmen went on to finish with a 9–5 record.[97][98]

Niumatalolo led Navy into the American Athletic Conference after 134 years as an independent in 2015, the first time Navy joined a conference in the school's history.[99]

Three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters today, but this was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama. A 7–7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave Stanford a 10–0–1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9–0–1 records.

The Midshipmen opened the '26 season with a new coach, Bill Ingram. A Navy football standout from 1916 through 1918, Ingram took over a Navy team that had only won seven games in the previous two seasons combined. One of the keys to Navy’s 1926 squad was a potent offense led by All-America tackle and team captain Frank Wickhorst, who proved to be a punishing blocker for the Navy offense. One member of the Navy offense that appreciated the blocking of Wickhorst was Tom Hamilton, the quarterback and kicker had a pair of 100-yard rushing games en route to All-America honors.

Navy's biggest win that year was against Michigan in front of 80,000 fans in Baltimore, the Mids scored 10 second half points to upset the Wolverines, 10–0. Navy’s offense tallied 165 yards behind the powering attack of Hamilton and Henry Caldwell who scored Navy’s lone touchdown on a one-yard plunge. Jubilation from the victory continued after the game, as the Midshipmen tore down the goal post at each end of the field and carried away all the markers that lined both sides of the field.

Navy headed into its season finale against Army with a 9–0 record, the game was to be played in Chicago at Soldier Field, which had been built as a memorial to the men killed in World War I. It was only natural Army and Navy would be invited to play the inaugural contest there. James R. Harrison of the New York Times described the game as "the greatest of its time and as a national spectacle." Over 110,000 people witnessed the Midshipmen open up a 14–0 lead on the Cadets, only to see Army fight back to take a 21–14 lead early in the third quarter. The Navy offense responded behind its strong ground game led by running back Alan Shapley, on fourth down and three yards to go, Shapley ran eight yards for a touchdown to tie the game at 21. As the final quarter concluded, Army mounted a brief threat only to miss a 25-yard field goal.

The tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship based on retroactive rankings by both the William Boand and Deke Houlgate mathematical poll systems.[3]

Navy celebrates after winning the 2005 Army–Navy Game on December 3, 2005.

The Navy-Army Game, played annually on the last weekend of the college football regular season in early December,[100] pits the football teams of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York (Army) against the Navy Midshipmen. It is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football, and is televised every year by CBS,[101] it was in the 1963 Army–Navy game that instant replay made its television debut.[102]

This game has always had inter-service "bragging rights" at stake; in past decades, when both Army and Navy were often national powers, the game occasionally had national championship implications.[103] However, as top-level college football has developed and grown, the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the military commitment required of West Point and Annapolis graduates has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies in comparison with other football programs.[103]

While Navy has had a resurgence in recent years, Army has struggled to post winning seasons. However, the tradition of the game has ensured that it remains nationally televised to this day. One of the great appeals of this game to many fans is that its players are largely playing for the love of the game, since almost none will ever play in the NFL, the game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" or "firsties" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive football game they will ever play.

During wartime, the game is even more emotional because some seniors may not return once they are deployed, for instance, in the 2004 game, at least one senior from the class of 2003 who was killed in Iraq, Navy's J. P. Blecksmith, was remembered.[104] The players placed their comrade's pads and jerseys on chairs on the sidelines. Much of the sentiment of the game goes out to those who share the uniform and who are overseas.

The Commander-in-Chief's Trophy is awarded to each season's winner of the triangular college football series among the United States Military Academy (Army), the United States Naval Academy (Navy), and the United States Air Force Academy (Air Force).[107] Navy controlled the trophy from 2003 to 2009, marking one of the longest times any academy has had possession of the prestigious trophy.

Typically, the Navy–Air Force game is played in early October[107] followed by Army-Navy in early December.

Navy has played Notre Dame in 87 annual games without interruption since 1927 with a record of 13–76–1.[108] Notre Dame plays this game to repay Navy for helping to keep Notre Dame financially afloat during World War II.[109][110][111] This series is scheduled to continue indefinitely.[112]

From 1963, when Navy beat Notre Dame 35–14, to 2006, Notre Dame won 43 consecutive games against Navy, the longest such streak in Division 1-A football,[113] this streak ended on November 3, 2007, when Navy beat Notre Dame 46–44 in triple overtime.[84] Navy also bested Notre Dame in 2009 and 2010, which made the class of 2011 only the third class in Navy history to have beaten Notre Dame three times. Navy won 28-27 in 2016, making Coach Niumatalolo only the second coach in Navy history to defeat Notre Dame three times.

The intrastate rivalry between Maryland and Navy is referred to as the "Crab Bowl Classic."[115] Starting in 1905, the two teams have played sporadically over the years. Many of the early games were lopsided and Navy leads the series 14–7; in 2005, the teams renewed their rivalry and Maryland won, 23–20. The teams met again on Labor Day 2010 and Maryland won again, 17–14, after the Terps' goal-line stand with under a minute remaining, as of 2010, the winner of the Crab Bowl Classic is awarded the Crab Bowl Trophy, created by the Touchdown Club of Annapolis with underwriting from the D'Camera Group. [116]

This rivalry stems from Navy and Rutgers being two of the only three programs (the third is Army) to come out of the original, informal "Ivy League" that are still members of the top tier of NCAA college football (currently Division I-FBS),[117] although the two teams only began a regular series relatively recently in 1995, the games between the two schools are often close and sometimes have controversy as in the 2004 and 2007 editions of the series. The rivalry dates to 1891, making the two schools each other's oldest active football rivals,[118] the schools have met 25 times, with Rutgers leading the series at 13–11–1 all-time after the 2014 Navy loss. Navy and Rutgers have played most years since 1995, but do not have additional games scheduled at this time with Rutgers' move to the Big Ten and Navy's move from independents to the American.[119]

The Gansz Trophy was created in 2009 through a collaboration between the athletic departments of the Naval Academy and Southern Methodist University,[120] the trophy is named for Frank Gansz who played linebacker at the Naval Academy from 1957 through 1959. Gansz later served on the coaching staffs at numerous colleges, including all three service academies and Southern Methodist, as well as several professional teams, the two teams have met 18 times with Navy leading the all-time series 11–7, and the trophy series 5–0.[121]

Navy and Pittsburgh recently renewed their rivalry, which began in 1912, and was played 26 times in 29 years between 1961 and 1989,[122] the contest was then played consecutively between 2007 and 2009 and again in 2013.[123] After a 44–28 victory for Navy in the 2015 Military Bowl in Annapolis,[124] the series now stands with Pitt leading 22–15–3.[125] Of historic interest, it was during the Pitt-Navy game at Annapolis on October 23, 1976, that Pitt running back Tony Dorsett broke the NCAA career rushing record.[126]

Ricketts Hall – This building contains the locker room for the varsity football team and offices for football, basketball, and lacrosse.[130] It also contains the Jack Lengyel Sports Conditioning Facility, which is one of three "strength and conditioning facilities" at the academy, the weight-room facility serves football, men's lacrosse, baseball and wrestling.[131]

Rip Miller Field – Named for Edgar Miller, who was the Navy head football coach for three seasons (1931–1933). The field is used by both lacrosse and sprint football.[131]

1.
Ken Niumatalolo
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Kenneth Vaa Niumatalolo is an American football coach and former player. He has been the football coach at the United States Naval Academy since 2007. Niumatalolo played college football at the University of Hawaiʻi, as a quarterback he led the then-Rainbows to their first postseason bowl game in 1989. Niumatalolo is the person of Polynesian descent to be named head coach of a NCAA Division I FBS college football program. Niumatalolo was inducted into the Polynesian Football Hall of Fame on January 23,2014, Ken Niumatalolo is the son of parents who were both born in American Samoa, Simi and Lamala Niumatalolo. His father, Simi, retired from the U. S. Coast Guard, Niumatalolo was a star in both football and basketball at Radford High School in Honolulu, graduating in 1983. He served as a Spanish-speaking missionary, at the time, the mission covered Ventura County, California and extended northward to take in the greater Bakersfield, California area. During his time with the Rainbows, he ran an offense under the direction of Paul Johnson. Niumatalolo stayed on at Hawaii after his graduation, taking a position as an assistant under Johnson. By 1992, he had elevated to a full-time assistant position. When Johnson left Hawaii to become the coordinator at Navy in 1995. The following season, Niumatalolo was elevated to offensive coordinator after Johnson left to take the coaching job at Georgia Southern. On December 12,2009, at the annual Army-Navy football game, in 1999, Niumatalolo left Annapolis to become an assistant at UNLV. While there, he called the plays and also worked with the kickoff return unit, Niumatalolo returned to Navy in 2002 when he was hired by Johnson, who had just taken over the head coaching job at Annapolis, as the offensive line coach. In 2008, Navy averaged 292.4 yards per game on the ground and this rushing game helped Navy football reach a level of success it had not seen in decades. Navy went 45–29 under Johnson and appeared in a game every year from 2003 through Johnsons last season in Annapolis in 2007. The Mids also won the Commander-in-Chiefs Trophy, the football trophy contested by Navy, Army and Air Force. The 2006 first-class midshipmen went 8–0 against the other academies during their careers at Navy, the Class of 2009 repeated this achievement during the 2008 season with the seventh straight victory over Army and the sixth straight victory over Air Force

2.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city

3.
American Athletic Conference
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The American was considered one of the six collegiate power conferences of the Bowl Championship Series era. With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014, The American became a Group of Five conference, the league is the product of substantial turmoil in the original Big East Conference during the 2010–14 conference realignment period. It is one of two conferences to emerge from the all-sports Big East in 2013, while the other successor, which does not sponsor football, purchased the Big East Conference name, The American inherited the old Big Easts structure and is that conferences legal successor. However, both conferences claim 1979 as their date, and the same history up to 2013. The American is headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, and led by Commissioner Michael Aresco, UConn and Boston College would accept the invitation, while Holy Cross soon thereafter declined the invitation, and Rutgers eventually declined and remained in the Atlantic 10 Conference. Seton Hall was then invited as a replacement, and the conference started play with seven members, villanova and Pittsburgh joined shortly thereafter under the leadership of the Big Easts first commissioner, Dave Gavitt. The conference remained largely unchanged until 1991, when it began to sponsor football, adding Miami as a member, and Rutgers, Temple, Virginia Tech. Rutgers and West Virginia upgraded to full Big East membership in 1995, Temple football was kicked out after the 2004 season, but rejoined in 2012 and intended to become a full Big East member in 2013. The unusual structure of the Big East, with the football and non-football schools, the conference was reorganized following the tumultuous period of realignment that hobbled the Big East between 2010 and 2013. The Big East was one of the most severely impacted conferences during the most recent conference realignment period, in all,14 member schools announced their departure for other conferences, and 15 other schools announced plans to join the conference. Three of the group later backed out of their plans to join. The Catholic 7, by leaving, were looking for a lucrative television deal than the one they would receive by remaining with the football schools. Various names were considered, with the America 12 conference reportedly one of the finalists until rejected by college presidents sensitive of adding a number to the end of the conference name. On April 3,2013, the announced that it had chosen a new name. The conference also revealed that it prefers the nickname The American because it was thought AAC would cause too much confusion with the Atlantic Coast Conference, Louisville and Rutgers spent one season in the renamed conference. On July 1,2014, Louisville joined the ACC and Rutgers joined the Big Ten Conference, on that same day, East Carolina, Tulane, and Tulsa joined The American for all sports, while Sacramento State and San Diego State joined as associate members for womens rowing. Navy joined as a member in football on July 1,2015. Wichita State, Dayton, and VCU were reportedly considered, with Wichita State being seen as the strongest candidate, the report indicated that a final decision would be made in April

4.
Army Black Knights football
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The Army West Point Black Knights football team represents the United States Military Academy in college football. Army is currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision member of the NCAA, the Black Knights currently play their home games in West Point, New York at Michie Stadium, with a capacity of 38,000. Army is currently coached by Jeff Monken who is in his 3rd season as head coach, Army is a three time national champion, winning the title in 1944,1945, and 1946. With the exception of seven seasons where the team was a member of Conference USA, Army has competed as an independent, meaning that they have no affiliation with any conference. Currently, Army is one of four schools in the FBS that does not belong to any conference, however, all four of these schools belong to conferences for all other sports. Army is primarily a member of the Patriot League, BYU is a member of the West Coast Conference, Notre Dame belongs to the Atlantic Coast Conference, three players from Army have won the Heisman Trophy, Doc Blanchard, Glenn Davis, and Pete Dawkins. Armys football program began on November 29,1890, when Navy challenged the cadets to a game of the new sport. Navy defeated Army at West Point that year, but Army avenged the loss in Annapolis the following year, the academies still clash every December in what is traditionally the last regular-season Division I college-football game. The 2015 Army–Navy Game marked Armys fourteenth consecutive loss to Navy, from 1944 to 1950, the Cadets / Black Knights / the Corps had 57 wins,3 losses and 4 ties. During this time span, Army won three national championships, past NFL coaches Vince Lombardi and Bill Parcells were Army assistant coaches early in their careers. The football team plays its games at Michie Stadium, where the playing field is named after Earl Blaik. Cadets attendance is mandatory at football games and the Corps stands for the duration of the game, at all home games, one of the four regiments marches onto the field in formation before the team takes the field and leads the crowd in traditional Army cheers. For many years, Army teams were known as the Cadets, in the 1940s, several papers called the football team the Black Knights of the Hudson. From then on, Cadets and Black Knights were used interchangeably until 1999, between the 1998 and 2004 seasons, Armys football program was a member of Conference USA, but starting with the 2005 season Army reverted to its former independent status. Army competes with Navy and Air Force for the Commander-in-Chiefs Trophy, Michie Stadium is the home stadium of the Army Black Knights in West Point, New York, which was opened in 1924. The stadium is named after the first Army football head coach, in 1999 the field was renamed Blaik Field at Michie Stadium in honor of Former Coach Earl Blaik. Songs Alma Mater is the Armys school song, Armys fight song is On, Brave Old Army Team. Army also plays other organized cheers, Army Rocket Yell, Black, Gold, and Gray, mascot Armys mascot is Army Mules

5.
Air Force Falcons football
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The Air Force Falcons football program represents the United States Air Force Academy in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Air Force has been a member of the Mountain West Conference since its founding in 1999, the Falcons play their home games at Falcon Stadium in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Troy Calhoun has been the head coach since 2007. Falcon home games are played in Falcon Stadium, which sits below the campus at an elevation of 6,621 feet above sea level. Pre-game activities include flyovers by USAF aircraft, including the F-15, the highest attendance at a home game was 56,409 spectators in 2002, when the Falcons battled the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. The Falcons are not only recognized by the bolt on the side of their helmets. Air Force is one of the premier rushing teams in the nation, since Fisher DeBerry took over as Falcons head coach in 1984, they have ranked among the nation’s top 10 in rushing 19 times in 21 years. The Air Force football team has enjoyed success not only on the field, in 49 years of Air Force football, there have been 39 Academic All-Americans. 1985 was the most successful season in Air Force football history, under second-year coach Fisher DeBerry, the Fightin’ Falcons came within one win of playing for the national championship. They recorded 10 straight wins to start the season, climbed the polls to #2 in the nation, Air Force rebounded with a bowl game win over Texas in the Bluebonnet Bowl and finished with a 12–1 record as the #5 ranked team in the nation. Air Force has played in 26 bowl games in their history and their highest finish in the AP polls was #6 in 1958. Since 1980, the Falcons and Colorado State Rams have competed for the Ram-Falcon Trophy, Air Force currently holds a 21-14 advantage over Colorado State in games that the trophy has been contested in. Beau Morgan, He became the first player in NCAA history to rush and he broke the NCAA single season rushing record for a quarterback, along with being only the second player in NCAA history to run and pass for 3,000 yards in a career. Troy Calhoun - Head Coach Steve Russ - Asst, coord. /DBs Mike Thiessen - Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks Clay Hendrix - Assoc. Air Force has held the trophy 20 times, more than either Army or Navy, among other schools, Air Force has played more games against Colorado State and Wyoming, having played each school 55 times since 1957, the Falcons first season. Below are Air Forces record against its top ten most-played opponents

6.
Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
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The Commander-in-Chiefs Trophy is awarded to each seasons winner of the American college football triangular series among the teams of the U. S. Military Academy, the U. S. Naval Academy, and U. S. Air Force Academy. The Navy–Air Force game is played on the first Saturday in October, the Army–Air Force game on the first Saturday in November. In the event of a tie, the award is shared, along with the Florida Cup, the Michigan MAC Trophy, and the Beehive Boot, the Commander-in-Chiefs Trophy is one of the few three-way rivalries that awards a trophy to the winner. Through 2016, the Air Force Falcons hold the most trophy victories at 20, the Army Black Knights trail with only six, their last came 21 years ago in 1996. The trophy has been shared on four occasions, last in 1993, prior to 1972, Air Force played Army in odd years and Navy in even years. The Commander-in-Chiefs trophy was the brainchild of Air Force General George B, first awarded in 1972 by President Richard Nixon, the trophy itself is jointly sponsored by the alumni associations of the three academies. The trophy is named for the U. S. President, the President has personally awarded the trophy on a number of occasions. During the 1980s, for instance, President Ronald Reagan presented the award in an annual White House ceremony, in 1996, President Bill Clinton presented the trophy to the last winning Army team at Veterans Stadium after the Army–Navy Game. From 2003 to 2007, President George W. Bush presented the trophy to Navy teams at ceremonies in the White House. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the winner of the trophy, if eligible, was granted an invitation to the Liberty Bowl in Memphis. Navy was the first to five wins in 1981, while Army won its fifth in 1988, Air Force has led since their win in 1990, and dominated through 2002, with sixteen wins to Armys six. Winless in the series for two decades, Navy reeled off seven consecutive sweeps from 2003 through 2009 to draw close. In the annual series, Air Force plays a home game, Army–Navy is a neutral site game, usually in a major eastern city and most frequently in Philadelphia, it was last played on campus in 1942 and 1943, during World War II travel restrictions. The other two federal service academies – the U. S. Coast Guard Academy and U. S, Merchant Marine Academy – do not participate in this competition. The Coast Guard Bears and Merchant Marine Mariners have a football rivalry for the Secretaries Cup. The trophy itself stands 2.5 feet high and weighs a hefty 170 lb, the design consists of three silver footballs in a pyramid-like arrangement, set on a circular base, with three arc-shaped sections cut out — one for each academy. In each of the cut-out areas stands a silver figurine of the mascot of one of the academies, in front of small, beneath each of the three silver footballs is the crest of one of the three academies

7.
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football
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The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football team represents Johns Hopkins University in the sport of American football. The Blue Jays compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as members of the Centennial Conference, Johns Hopkins has fielded a team since 1882. Hopkins first team was assembled in 1881, and spent a year training and learning a version of the game. Their sport, which was closer to rugby, was played in Druid Hill Park, after the training, the team planned a two-game 1882 season. The squad had to play the season under the title of the Clifton Athletic Club, the first was a practice game with the Baltimore Athletic Club, played on October 7. The Hopkins team lost the contest 4–0, the following game was their first true game, to be played against the Naval Academy. Bill Stromberg earned a B. A. from Hopkins in 1982 and became one of the most decorated athletes in the history of Johns Hopkins, making him arguably the best football player in Johns Hopkins history. He is considered as one of the best wide receivers in NCAA Division III history as the holder of six national and 13 school records. Stromberg was inducted into the Johns Hopkins Hall of Fame and then elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2004, and was, as of 2017, Hopkins constructed a new baseball field and athletic facilities which was named Stromberg Stadium in 2014 in his honor. After graduation, Stromberg signed as an agent with the Philadelphia Eagles, played a few preseason games before pulling a hamstring. He became the CEO of Baltimore-based asset management firm T. Rowe Price in 2016

8.
Maryland Terrapins football
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The Maryland Terrapins football team represents the University of Maryland, College Park in the sport of American football. The Terrapins compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the Terrapins joined the Big Ten Conference on July 1,2014, following 62 years in the Atlantic Coast Conference as a founding member. The Terrapins are currently coached by D. J. Durkin. C, Maryland shares storied rivalries with Virginia and West Virginia. Maryland possesses the third-most ACC championships with nine, which places them behind Clemson, many former Terrapins players and coaches have gone on to careers in professional football including 16 first-round NFL Draft picks. In 1892, the then known as the Maryland Agricultural College fielded its first officially sanctioned college football team. They went scoreless in all three of that games, but the following year, posted a perfect record of 6–0. For the first two decades of the program, the team competed against local universities and high schools due to the prohibitive nature of long-distance travel at the time. Curley Byrd became head coach and held position for more than two decades until he was named the university president. In 1921, Maryland joined the Southern Conference where it remained for thirty years, Bryant resigned after one season when a player he had suspended was reinstated by President Byrd. Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Marylands sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons, during his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships, three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans, under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record. After the 1947 season, the Terrapins participated in their first bowl game, NCAA season-scoring leader Lu Gambino recorded all three Maryland touchdowns. In 1949, Maryland again played in the Gator Bowl, where they defeated 20th-ranked Missouri, the Terrapins finished the season ranked 14th by the Associated Press. Marylands current home field, Maryland Stadium, was constructed in 1950, Maryland started the 1950 season ranked 15th and defeated Navy, 35–21, in the Byrd Stadium dedication game. The Terrapins won the 1951 Southern Conference co-championship alongside the Virginia Military Institute and their perfect season culminated with an upset over first-ranked Tennessee in the 1952 Sugar Bowl. At the time, however, the wire services released their final rankings before the bowl games, several selectors, including analyst Jeff Sagarin, have retroactively credited Maryland with the national championship. In 1953, Maryland and six other schools split from the Southern Conference to form the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Terrapins were defeated by fourth-ranked Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl

9.
Crab Bowl Classic
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The two institutions, located in close proximity in the state of Maryland, first met for a football game in 1905. Since then, the series has often been marked by controversy, the winner of the game is awarded the Crab Bowl Trophy. Navy dominated the series early by winning the first eight games, Maryland secured its first win in 1931 at a neutral site in Washington, D. C. After two more meetings, the series was suspended in 1934 when the Maryland administration protested a play, the teams met again in 1950 when Navy had a last-minute opening in its schedule. The Terrapins won three games from 1950 to 1952, and the Midshipmen won three from 1958 to 1963. During the 1964 game, a Maryland player twice flashed an obscene gesture, after contractual obligations were fulfilled with the following years game, the series was put on hiatus for 40 years. Maryland and Navy finally resumed the rivalry in 2005 and again in 2010, the Naval Academy and the University of Maryland are separated by about 30 miles in the state of Maryland. The schools by their nature, a Federal service academy and a university, differ radically in terms of culture. For many years, the University of Maryland possessed the reputation of a blue-collar, some students viewed the Naval Academy, with its strictly regimented culture, as elitist. A former Terrapins linebacker, Jerry Fishman, believed that many Midshipmen thought they were far superior to the Maryland redneck coal miners, a former Navy fullback, Pat Donnelly, said that compared to a public institution, was night and day. I think there was a feeling of dislike, but it wasn’t personal. According to former Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen, the sentiment at Navy has been that beating their archrival Army is a must, but Maryland is a necessity. Darryl Hill, who attended schools and broke the color barrier on each team, said that the Midshipmen had a saying that beating Army is great. Despite a lopsided start in the early 20th century, the Terps, between 1931 and 1965, Navy won six and Maryland five games. In the 2005 season opener, Navy was coming off one of its best seasons in history with a 10–2 record the previous year, Maryland struggled later in 2005, but proved a competitive match for Navy and achieved a last-minute win, 23–20. In addition to proximity and competitiveness, the rivalry was fueled by controversial incidents both on and off the field, Maryland supporters long held that Navy players used unnecessary roughness during play, a charge counter-accused by the Academy after the 1963 game. Some Midshipmen would travel to College Park to meet female students, pranks and vandalism were commonplace on both campuses and exacerbated the already tense situation between Maryland and Navy. On October 25,1905, the then known as the Maryland Agricultural Farmers traveled to Annapolis to meet the Navy Admirals for the first time

10.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
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The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. The team is coached by Brian Kelly. The team plays its games at the campuss Notre Dame Stadium. One of the most iconic and successful programs in sports, have 13 national championships recognized by the NCAA. With 486 players selected, Notre Dame is second to USC in the number of players chosen by NFL teams in the draft, all Notre Dame home games have been televised on NBC since 1991, and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract. It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout and these factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country, allowing them to remain independent of a conference. Football did not have a beginning at the University of Notre Dame. In their inaugural game on November 23,1887, the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8–0 and their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep by a score of 20–0. At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1–3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a score of 43–9. Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins,15 losses, in 1908, the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history. By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins,31 losses, jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917. During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins, five losses and this period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalries with Michigan State. In 1913, Notre Dame burst into the consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest. In an effort to respect for a regionally successful but small-time Midwestern football program, Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas, Penn State. On November 1,1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35–13 in a game played at West Point and this game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918, under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins,12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp. Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I/FBS football history, Rocknes offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme

11.
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
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The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represents Rutgers University in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletics Association. The team was formerly a member of the American Athletic Conference, Rutgers joined the Big Ten Conference on July 1,2014. Rutgers plays its games at High Point Solutions Stadium, located on the universitys Piscataway. The team is coached by Chris Ash. The Rutgers University football program is considered to be one of the most historic programs in the country, in 1869, Rutgers defeated Princeton University by a score of 6–4 in what is considered to be the first ever intercollegiate football game. For this reason, Rutgers has been described as The Birthplace of College Football. The team currently holds a record of 641–622–42, giving Rutgers the 37th most victories among NCAA FBS programs. On November 6,1869, Rutgers and nearby neighbor Princeton competed in the first ever football game. The site for the contest was a plot of land where the College Avenue currently stands on Rutgers campus in New Brunswick. The structure of the game resembled more of a rugby-style contest instead of football, with players allowed to kick and bat the ball with their fists. At the time, Rutgers was referred to as the Queensmen, the Rutgers squad was captained by William J. Leggett and donned scarlet kerchiefs atop their heads in an effort to distinguish between the two teams. Rutgers would go on to win the contest by a score of 6 goals to 4, a week after the first game was held in New Brunswick, Rutgers would visit Princeton for a second matchup. This time, Princeton prevailed by a score of 8 goals to 0, Rutgers and Princeton had planned for a third game in the 1869 season, but the contest never took place due to fears that the games were interfering with the students studies. Thus, both schools would end the season with a record of 1-1, Rutgers first undefeated season was in 1876. From 1929 to 1975, Rutgers was a member of the Middle Three Conference, J. Wilder Tasker served as the head football coach of the Queensmen football program for seven seasons, from 1931 to 1937. Under his leadership, the Scarlet Knights compiled a record of 31–27–5, Tasker was replaced by Harvey Harman, who led the team from 1938 through the 1940s and into the 1950s. Harmans record at Rutgers stands at 33–26–1 in a total of 14 seasons, succeeding Tasker was John Stiegman, who compiled a record of 22–15 in four seasons. Starting in 1940, the champion received the Little Brass Cannon

12.
SMU Mustangs football
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The SMU Mustangs football program is a college football team that represents Southern Methodist University. The team competes in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the American Athletic Conference, in June 1915, Ray Morrison became SMUs football, baseball, basketball, and track coach, in addition to being to a math instructor. The football team began as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the first game played by SMUs football team was a 13-2 victory over Hendrix College. After winning two games in a span of two seasons, Morrison left SMU for Fort Oglethorpe upon the United States’ entry into World War I, during this time, the football team was known as the Parsons, due to the large number of theology students on the team. On October 17,1917, the name Mustangs was selected as the schools mascot, for the 1917 season, Morrison would be replaced by J. Burton Rix, who would lead the Mustangs to a 3-2-3 record in their final season in the TIAA. The Mustangs’ first season in the conference ended with a 4-2 record. J. Burton Rix would continue to coach the team until the 1921 season, in which he was replaced by W. A. Cunningham and Victor Kelly, his co-coaches that season, as the team went on to lose six games. Ray Morrison would return to SMU in 1922, co-coaching the team with former Vanderbilt teammate Ewing Y, for the 1922 and 1923 seasons, Morrison would focus on the backfield and ends, while Freeland focused on the linemen. The team became known as the Aerial Circus by sportswriters because of Morrisons passing offense, Morrison would become known as the father of the forward pass, due to the teams use of passing on first and second downs, instead of as a play of last resort. At the time, most teams utilized the forward pass five to six times in one game, in the 1922 season, the Mustangs would compile a 6-3-1 record. Furthermore, end Gene Bedford and back Logan Stollenwerck were named first-team All-Southwest Conference, Bedford would go on to be the first player to play in the National Football League for the Rochester Jeffersons. In the 1923 season, the SMU Mustangs would go on to compile a perfect 9-0 record, after this season, Freeland would leave the SMU football team, later becoming head coach for the Texas Tech University football team, leaving Morrison as the sole head coach for SMU. SMU would go on to play in their first bowl game in 1924, playing in the Dixie Classic against West Virginia Wesleyan College, by 1926, the team began playing their home games at Ownby Stadium. In their first game at Ownby Stadium, the Mustangs defeated North Texas State Teachers College 42-0, the first Homecoming game would also be played in 1926, resulting in a 14-13 victory over Texas Christian University. The team would continue to have winning seasons until the 1932 season, the Mustangs would win their second conference title in 1926, compiling an 8-0-1 record, and a third conference title in 1931, compiling a 9-0-1 record. In 1928, guard Choc Sanders would become SMUs first All-American, in 1929, tackle Marion Hammon would become SMUs second All-American. After a winning 1934 season, Morrison left SMU to take over the Vanderbilt Commodores football team after the retirement of Dan McGugin, Morrison would be replaced by Matty Bell in 1935. Known as a coach, Bell brought discipline to his team

13.
Anchors Aweigh
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Anchors Aweigh is the fight song of the United States Naval Academy and march of the United States Navy. It was composed in 1906 by Charles A. Zimmermann with lyrics by Alfred Hart Miles, when he composed Anchors Aweigh, Zimmermann was a lieutenant, and had been bandmaster of the United States Naval Academy Band since 1887. Miles was Midshipman First Class at the Academy, in the class of 1907, another Academy Midshipman, Royal Lovell later wrote what would be adopted into the song as its third verse. To weigh anchor is to bring it aboard a vessel in preparation for departure, the phrase anchors aweigh is a report that the anchors are clear of the sea bottom and, therefore, the ship is officially underway. Anchors aweigh is often misspelled as Anchors away, leading to confusion of the terms, another confusion is evident in the spellings encountered both with and without apostrophe. Here, it is a matter of distinguishing the singular anchor + contraction of is from the plural, although the original aweigh is verbal and transitive, the aweigh used now is adjectival/adverbial in nature and meaning. Weigh as a means to bear or move, thus giving it several shades of meaning and derivation. This lends itself to obvious plays on words, as with Flip Wilsons old routine about Christopher Columbus, Columbus cried, a few minutes later, a crewman reported, Two thousand, one hundred thirty six pounds. The song was first played during the Army–Navy football game on December 1,1906, Navy won the game 10–0 before a crowd in excess of 30,000, their first win in the match up since 1900. Its lyrics were considered too specific to the Academy and not representative of the Navy at large and its melody was also slightly rewritten by Domenico Savino. The song has a joyful, brisk melody, and it has been adopted by other navies around the world. Roll up the score, Navy, anchors aweigh, sail Navy down the field and sink the Army, sink the Army grey. Revised Lyrics of 1926 by George D. Lottman, Stand, Navy, out to sea, Fight our battle cry, Well never change our course, roll out the TNT, Anchors Aweigh. Sail on to victory And sink their bones to Davy Jones, Anchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh. Farewell to college joys, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay, through our last night on shore, drink to the foam, Until we meet once more. Heres wishing you a happy voyage home, revised Lyrics of 1997 by MCPON John Hagan, USN which is used today in the fleet, Stand Navy out to sea, fight our battle cry. Well never change our course so vicious foes steer shy-y-y-y, roll out the TNT, anchors aweigh. Sail on to victory, and sink their bones to Davy Jones, Anchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh

14.
Bill the Goat
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Bill the Goat is the mascot of the United States Naval Academy. The mascot is a goat and is also represented by a costumed midshipman. There is also a statue of the goat in the north end zone of Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. This statue also plays a role in Army Week traditions, the Navy Monkey was the first mascot. It was the animal of U. S. Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft. Bancrofts favorite animal, the monkey stayed the primary mascot -- along with a cat -- from 1847 to 1851, the first Bill the Goat appeared in 1893. Currently, Bill XXXIII reigns as the 36th mascot and is the 33rd goat to be named Bill, for centuries, ships sailed with livestock in order to provide sailors with fresh food. Ships in the British and early American navies often carried goats, to eat the garbage and other food and to return milk. The first usage of billy goat for a male goat occurs in the 19th century replacing the older term he-goat, and the first creature, animal or otherwise, to circle the earth twice was a goat that traveled first with Wallis and then with Captain Cook. After the Cook trip she was allowed to retire, there is a legend that a Navy ship once sailed with a pet goat, and that the goat died during the cruise. The officers preserved the skin to have it mounted when they returned to port, two young ensigns were entrusted with the skin. On their way to the taxidermist, they stopped by the United States Naval Academy to watch a football game, at halftime, for reasons the legend does not specify, one ensign decided to dress up in the goat skin. The crowd appreciated the effort, and Navy won the game, in 1893, a live goat named El Cid made his debut as a mascot at the fourth Army–Navy Game. El Cid was a gift to the Brigade of Midshipmen from officers of the USS New York, with the goat, Navy gained a 6-3 win over Army that year, so he was adopted as part of the team. There were other mascots in those years, including a gorilla -- the very first mascot, however, the goat has served without interruption since 1904. In the early 1900s, the mascot was finally given a name. It was then that the goat was given the name Bill, the tradition continued during World War II. In 1968 Bill XVI, a gift from the United States Air Force Academy, Bill XVII, met the same fate in 1971

15.
United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries

16.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football

17.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities

18.
NCAA Division I FBS independent schools
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National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference. This means that FBS independents are not required to each other for competition like conference schools do. All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff, or for the access bowls associated with the CFP. Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl, Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl, and Notre Dame, in addition to its CFP agreement, has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference. BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011, the ranks increased by two in 2013 when the WAC dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football. Massachuetts became FBS independent in 2016, in recent years, most independent FBS schools have joined a conference for two primary reasons, A guaranteed share of television and bowl revenues, and ease of scheduling. The four remaining independent FBS schools have unique circumstances that allow for freedom from conference affiliation, one of the remaining independent programs is the service academy Army. Army has annual games guaranteed with Navy and with Air Force and it also has a historic rivalry with Notre Dame, the Army game is semi-regular. Television rights for the longstanding Army–Navy Game, which is the last regular game in the NCAA. The academy also uses its football program to do recruiting, without a conference schedule, navys arrival in The American also brought the leagues football membership to 12 schools, allowing it to play a conference championship game. During the conference realignment that saw the university choose football independence in August 2010, both are prominent faith-based schools, Notre Dame is arguably the best-known Catholic university in the U. S. while BYU is the flagship university of the LDS Church. The 1984 teams national championship is the most recent by a university that is not a current member of the College Football Playoff coalition, BYU was getting less than $2 million a year through its contract with The MTN, the now-defunct TV network of the Mountain West Conference. BYU has its own channel, but had a very restrictive contract which did not allow BYU to broadcast its own football games. The new contract with ESPN will pay BYU an estimated $800,000 to $1.2 million per home game, the University of Massachusetts football program historically played in the Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I prior to 2011. The Minutemen began a two-year Football Bowl Subdivision transition period in 2011, in March 2014, the MAC and UMass announced an agreement for the Minutemen to leave the conference after the 2015 season due to declining an offer to become a full member of the conference. Massachusetts announced that it would look for a more suitable conference for the team. In September 2014, Notre Dame is now one of the most prominent programs in the country. Because of its national popularity built over decades, Notre Dame is the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition. These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country, previously, Notre Dame had filled its annual schedule without needing conference games to do so

19.
College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years

20.
Navy Midshipmen baseball
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The team is a member of the Patriot League, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division I. Navys first baseball team was fielded in 1893, the team plays its home games at Terwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland. The Midshipmen are coached by Paul Kostacopoulos, navy has had 8 Major League Baseball Draft selections since the draft began in 1965. List of NCAA Division I baseball programs Official website Template, League History

21.
William John Maxwell
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William John Maxwell was a United States Navy officer who served as the 18th Naval Governor of Guam. He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1874, but was not commissioned as an ensign until 1883 and he served aboard many ships before becoming one of the inaugural members of the General Board of the United States Navy. Afterward, he commanded both the USS Mississippi and the USS Florida, after becoming governor in 1914, Maxwell instituted a number of reforms, including establishing the Bank of Guam and the Guam Insular Patrol Force. He also reorganized the tax system and stressed the building and improvement of new roads and his plans to give Guamanians United States citizenship was rejected by then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Maxwell attracted controversy during his term, particularly when he approved the first execution on the island since the US takeover. Eventually, an officer, William P. Cronan, placed Maxwell on the sick list, despite his protest. The Navy launched an inquiry into the appropriateness and motives of the dismissal, Maxwell was appointed to the United States Naval Academy on June 8,1874. On March 3,1883, he was commissioned as a junior grade. He served aboard the training ship USS Jamestown from 1883 to 1885, on July 4,1893, he was promoted to Lieutenant. From July 1890 to March 1891, he served aboard the USS Dolphin, in 1900, Maxwell began his assignment aboard the USS Isla de Cuba. In 1905, as a Lieutenant Commander, he served as Chief Engineer on the USS Marylands commissioning crew, in 1910 as a Commander, he served as one of the first members of the General Board of the United States Navy. On November 12,1911, he left Hampton Roads, Virginia commanding the USS Mississippi and he continued in this position until 1912. In 1913, he commanded the USS Florida, Maxwell served as Naval Governor of Guam from March 28,1914 to April 29,1916. During his term, a hit in the summer of 1914, leaving a shortage of rice. As governor, he established a number of government organizations, some still in existence and these organizations include the Guam Insular Patrol Force, the civilian predecessor to the Guam Police Department, as well as the Bank of Guam. He reorganized the system by raising property assessments and stressed road building. The bank opened in January 1916 and helped many islanders obtain loans to small businesses. He also served as the first chairman of the Guamanian chapter of the American Red Cross, in 1914, Maxwell proposed granting United States citizenship to the people of Guam

22.
Reveille
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Reveille is a bugle call, trumpet call or pipes call most often associated with the military and prisons, it is chiefly used to wake military personnel and prisoners at sunrise. The name comes from réveille, the French word for wake up, the tune used in the Commonwealth of Nations is different from the one used in the United States, but they are used in analogous ways, to ceremonially start the day. In modern times, the U. S. military plays Reveille in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while Reveille plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised while To the Colors plays. On board U. S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, on some U. S. military bases, Reveille is accompanied by a cannon shot. In Commonwealth Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday services, The Last Post begins the period of silent reflection, the two tunes symbolize sunset and sunrise respectively, and therefore, death and resurrection. To Reveille or to sound Reveille is often used among military personnel as a meaning to notify personnel that it is time to wake up. Although there are no lyrics to Reveille, these unofficial lyrics for the Commonwealth Reveille have been recently popularized. Or-der-ly officer is on his round, the first lines of the British Cavalry Reveille were for many years rendered as, Soldiers arise. Scrub the bloody muck out of your eyes. The infantry and general Reveille ran, Get out of bed, Get out of bed, I feel sorry for you, I do. In the Royal Navy, Reveille was usually verbalised as, Wakey Wakey, Lash up and Stow. To the U. S. tune, Reveille and Rouse are composed, like all music, solely from the notes of the major triad, usually notated in C as, C, the tonic, E, the mediant, and G. Reise Reise is the wake up call on ships of the German Navy and it comes from the Low German word for rise. Every day on a German Navy ship starts with a call, the purren, which is started by the Locken. The wake-up call is given by a whistle and the call, Reise, reise, aufstehen. Rise, rise, wake up, get your hammock ready, in the Indian Army, reveille is sounded at 06,00, and the regimental colours are hoisted. As this also signals the start of the physical training parade, for practical reasons, in the Irish Army, reveille is sounded at dawn and at military wreath-laying ceremonies, as on the National Day of Commemoration. In Mountjoy Prison a large triangle was formerly beaten to wake the prisoners

23.
Military parade
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A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvring known as drilling or marching. The military parade is now almost entirely ceremonial, though soldiers from time immemorial up until the late 19th century fought in formation, massed parades may also hold a role for propaganda purposes, being used to exhibit the apparent military strength of ones nation. The terminology comes from the tradition of close order formation combat, formation combat was used as an alternative to mêlée combat, and required strict discipline in the ranks and competent officers. As long as their formations could be maintained, regular troops could maintain a significant advantage over less organised opponents, roughly synonymous are drill and march. The English word drill is of Middle Dutch origin, dating from the 16th century drill of the Dutch army of prince Maurice of Orange, in ancient times, drilling increased in importance when men stopped fighting as individuals and began to fight together as units. Military drilling later was used by the Roman Army to maximise efficiency, massed military drilling was used mostly by only the foremost armies and nations, such as the Normans. The U. S. drill is based on the contributions of Baron von Steuben, during the winter quarters in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, von Steuben taught a model company of 100 soldiers musket drill. These soldiers, in turn, taught the remainder of the Continental Army, a military drill is memorizing certain actions through repetition until the action is instinctive to the soldiers being drilled. Complex actions are broken down into simpler ones which can be practised in isolation so when the whole is put together the results are achieved. Such is necessary for a force to perform at maximum efficiency in all manner of situations. However, depending on the army and the drills it adopts, drilling may destroy flexibility and initiative in exchange for predictability, recruits in most modern militaries are taught drill to teach them how to work and move as a team. In addition, formations are used in riot control, where mêlée combat is still the norm. When these are not present, the direction of the commander is the advance. There is only one person in charge of a parade at a time, changing this person is very ceremonious. This is to make it obvious to the soldiers who is currently in command, during parades, unless explicitly told otherwise, soldiers have restricted movement, meaning they can move only exactly when they are told, and then doing only exactly what they are told to do. American usage allows the member to be at four states of alert, Attention, standing straight, eyes forward, chest out, knees straight but not locked. Stand At Ease, Same as Parade Rest, but the soldier may look at the speaker, at Ease, The service member is allowed to move around all but the right foot, but must remain silent. Rest, Service member may talk, smoke and may move as long as their right pivot foot remains grounded, a formation must be brought to the position of attention before it can go to a higher state of alert

24.
Yale Bulldogs football
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The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Yales football program is one of the oldest in the world, with 890 wins, Yale ranks second in wins in college football history, trailing only the University of Michigan. The Bulldogs were the dominant team in the days of intercollegiate football, winning 27 college football national championships. Walter Camp, known as the Father of Football, graduated from Hopkins Grammar School in 1876 and he later served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. The team made the down and went on to win the game in one of Yales greatest victories in its history, laRoche went on to spearhead the creation of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. When the Ivy League athletic conference was formed in 1955, conference rules prohibited post-season play in football. While Yale had always abstained from post-season play, other schools had participated in bowls before, and the new policy further insulated Yale. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Yale has won 14 Ivy League championships,1956,1960,1967,1968,1969,1974,1976,1977,1979,1980,1981,1989,1999,2006. Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875, the annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season. As of 2016, Yale leads the series 66–59–8, the Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in college football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry and the Princeton–Yale game. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, Harvard had been unbeaten versus Yale from 2007 to 2015. The nine game winning streak was the longest during the rivalry, Yales 2016 victory over Harvard in Cambridge, 21-14, ended the streak. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard

25.
Penn Quakers football
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The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division, Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest stadium in football. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio, Penn bills itself as college footballs most historic program. The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman, the team has won a share of 7 national championships and competed in the granddaddy of them all in 1917. Penns total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football,18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons, Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penns home games, the only other teams to have exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as an independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. See, NCAA #Football television controversy Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed, Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982,23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship, since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles, and first in undefeated Ivy League titles. NCAA record for most college football games played -1,364, NCAA record for consecutive overtime losses -3 games Most outright Ivy League titles -13, Highest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons -8, Longest Ivy League winning streak -20 straight games. Penn also holds the next two Longest Ivy League win streaks, record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penns home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football, brooke - Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame. Outland - namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame Penns total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day. A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL, including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik and Bert Bell and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi. List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft Penns rivalry with Cornell is the 5th-most played college football rivalry of all time and their first game was in 1893 and have played every year since, except in 1918. Penn leads in the series, 72–46–5, since the official formation of the Ivy League in 1956 Penn has won 31 games and Cornell has won 29 games

26.
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays
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The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays are the athletic teams that represent Johns Hopkins University. They compete in the NCAA Division III, except for their lacrosse teams and they are primarily members of the Centennial Conference. The team colors are Columbia blue and black, and the blue jay is their mascot, Homewood Field is the home stadium. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season, the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, governed by US Lacrosse, is located on the Homewood campus and is adjacent to Homewood Field. Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition, at the 1932 Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration event Hopkins played for the US. They have also gone to Melbourne, Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship, originally, the Johns Hopkins athletes were not called Blue Jays but the Black and Blue, a nickname derived from their athletic colors. Hopkins archivist James Stimpert has theorized that the Blue Jay name stemmed from Hopkins student humor magazine, The Black and Blue Jay, the Black and Blue came from the athletic colors and the Jay most likely stood for first initial in Johns Hopkins. The rivalry with Maryland is the most prominent in college lacrosse, on June 3,2013, it was announced that Johns Hopkins would be joining the Big Ten Conference as a Sport Affiliate member in Mens Lacrosse starting in 2015. The Blue Jays Mens soccer team has won eight Centennial Conference Regular Season titles along with another four ECAC titles previously to joining the Centennial Conference in 1993, the team has reached the NCAA tournament 12 times in the programs history. The team is currently on a streak of 16 winning seasons and has had over 20 All-American selections, the Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. Hopkins also has a rivalry with McDaniel College, playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. Johns Hopkins latest team to encounter postseason success is the baseball team. The Blue Jays finished runner-up to Trinity College, losing the championship game, the womens cross country team has experienced great success in recent years, finishing 7th at the NCAA championship in 2009 and 2010. The cross country and track & field teams have also had several All-American runners in the past few years, in 2012, the womens cross country team beat out top-ranked MIT to become the first womens program in Johns Hopkins history to win an NCAA championship. They also won the NCAA championship in 2013 and 2014, giving them 3 championships in just 8 appearances, the Johns Hopkins womens volleyball team won their 1st Centennial Conference Title in 2011. The volleyball team has 4 NCAA All-Americans

27.
Baltimore News-American
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The Baltimore News-American was a Baltimore broadsheet newspaper with a continuous lineage of more than 200 years of Baltimore newspapers. For much of the century, it had the largest circulation in the city. Its final edition was published on May 27,1986, the News American was formed by a final merger of two papers, the Baltimore News-Post and The Baltimore American, in 1964, after a long 191-year history and weaning process. Built opposite later in 1873, was The News office/printing establishment with its mansard roof, all this perished in smoke with the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904, which burned out both buildings to a shell. Publication had to be shifted to other neighboring cities such as Washington. The South Street complex was torn down several years after the closing in 1986. Paul and East Fayette Streets consumed by the blaze although the new massive City Circuit Courthouse just to the east across the street, mencken described his early reporting years in the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy Newspaper Days published in 1941. The Baltimore American, claimed to be a descendent of the original Maryland Journal. Fulton during the middle 19th Century, after the American Civil War, Felix Agnus, returned from the war and settled in Baltimore and became manager of the American and eventually married the Fultons daughter. Within a decade, he became the editor and publisher following the death of Fulton and he was also very proud that his new skyscraper for the American was the first to be completed in early 1905 in the burnt district. He died in October 1925 at 86, several years after selling the paper to a very controversial, william Randolph Hearsts Hearst Company newspaper empire acquired the morning American from Agnus and the afternoon News from Grasty in 1923 from another newspaper mogul Frank A. Munsey. It became one of the city and states largest financial empires into the 1990s, now the newly revamped News American is published seven days a week with the usually thick special Sunday edition of many sections. Masthead is redesigned with new vignette with old Phoenix Shot Tower in center and city buildings behind. For the first time, paper is referred to without city name on masthead, entrances on Pratt and Lombard are closed. Paper uses postal new address on South Street, john L. Carey, was editor of the Baltimore American in 1845. He published a number of books and pamphlets on the question of prior to the American Civil War. Baltimore News American Photograph Collection, University of Maryland Libraries, College Park, Maryland

28.
End zone
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The end zone refers to the scoring area on the field, according to gridiron-based codes of football. It is the area between the end line and goal line bounded by the sidelines, there are two end zones, each being on an opposite side of the field. It is bordered on all sides by a line indicating its beginning and end points, with orange. Canadian rule books use the terms goal area and dead line instead of end zone and end line respectively, a similar concept exists in both rugby football codes, where it is known as the in-goal area. Ultimate frisbee also uses an end zone scoring area, scores in this sport are counted when a pass is received in the end zone. The end zones were invented as a result of the creation of the forward pass, prior to this, the goal line and end line were the same, and players scored a touchdown by leaving the field of play through that line. Goal posts were placed on the line, and any kicks that did not result in field goals. In the earliest days of the pass, the pass had to be caught in-bounds. This also made it difficult to pass the ball very close to ones own goal line. Thus, in 1912, the end zone was introduced in American football. Goal posts were originally kept on the lines, but after they began to interfere with play, they moved back to the end lines in 1927. The National Football League moved the goal posts up to the line again in 1933. As with many aspects of gridiron football, Canadian football adopted the forward pass. The forward pass and end zones were adopted in 1929, in Canada, college football never reached a level of prominence comparable to U. S. college football, and professional football was still in its infancy in the 1920s. As a result, Canadian football was still being played in rudimentary facilities in the late 1920s, a further consideration was that the Canadian Rugby Union wanted to reduce the prominence of single points in the game. Therefore, the CRU simply appended 25-yard end zones to the ends of the existing 110-yard field, a team scores a touchdown by entering its opponents end zone while carrying the ball or catching the ball while being within the end zone. If the ball is carried by a player, it is considered a score when any part of the ball is directly above or beyond any part of the line between the pylons. In addition, a two-point conversion may be scored after a touchdown by similar means, in Ultimate Frisbee, a goal is scored by completing a pass into the end zone

29.
Penalty (gridiron football)
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In American football and Canadian football, a penalty is a sanction called against a team for a violation of the rules, called a foul. Officials initially signal penalties by tossing a yellow or orange colored penalty flag onto the field toward or at the spot of a foul. Many penalties result in moving the football toward the teams end zone, usually either 5,10, or 15 yards. Most penalties against the team also result in giving the offense an automatic first down. In some cases, depending on the spot of the foul, because football is a high-contact sport requiring a balance between offense and defense, many rules exist that regulate equality, safety, contact, and actions of players on each team. It is very difficult to avoid violating these rules without giving up too much of an advantage. Thus, a system of fouls and penalties has been developed to let the punishment fit the crime. Players and coaches are looking for ways to find an advantage that stretches the limitations imposed by the rules. It is a misconception that the term penalty is used to refer both to an infraction and the penal consequence of that infraction. A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed, officials initially signal fouls by tossing a bright yellow colored flag onto the field toward or at the spot of the foul. Because of this, broadcasters and fans use the terms flag or flag on the play to refer to fouls during the game. During a play, multiple officials may flag the same play, if applicable, the same official can signal additional fouls on a given play by throwing a beanbag or their hat. When officials throw a flag during a down, play does not stop until the ball becomes dead under normal conditions, the final determination and assessment of the penalty is the sole responsibility of the referee. The referee then confers with the offended teams on-field captain to find out whether the team would rather decline the penalty. However, there are scenarios where the referee may not have to confer with the team captain because the enforcement cannot be declined or when the choice is fairly obvious. In college and professional football, the referee will give out the numbers of the players who committed the fouls. Some officials will refer to teams by their jersey color, the following are general types of penalty enforcement. Specific rules will vary depending on the league, conference, and/or level of football, most penalties result in replaying the down and moving the ball toward the offending teams end zone

30.
Walter Camp
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Walter Chauncey Camp was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the Father of American Football. Among a long list of inventions, he created the line of scrimmage. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost and he attended Yale College, where he played and coached college football. Camps Yale teams of 1888,1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national champions, Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general, by the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, Walter Camp was of English descent. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1875, at Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, the Linonian Society, and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever, in 1873, he attended a meeting where representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale universities created the intercollegiate football association. They created the rule that each team is only allowed 15 plays per drive and he played as a halfback at Yale from 1876 to 1882. Harvard player Nathaniel Curtis took one look at Camp, then only 156 pounds and he worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. On June 30,1888, Camp married Alice Graham Sumner, sister of sociologist William Graham Sumner and they had two children, Walter Camp, Jr. who attended Yale as well and was elected as a member of Scroll and Key in 1912, and Janet Camp Troxell. Camp served as the football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University. On Christmas 1894, he and Amos Alonzo Staggs Chicago Maroons organized an early intersectional contest, Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a player, when the ball was fairly held. College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrimmage be replaced with a line of scrimmage where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession and this change effectively created the evolution of the modern game of American football from its rugby football origins. This is significant as rugby union has no point value award for this action, the NCAA emerged from the national talks, but worked to Yales disadvantage relative to rival Harvard, according to Branch. By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and his stories also appeared in major daily newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual All-American team, by the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the Father of Football

31.
Stanford Cardinal football
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The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conferences North Division. Stanford, the academic institution with a FBS program, has a highly successful football tradition. The team is known as the Cardinal, adopted prior to the 1982 season. Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972, a student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators. Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions, like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport, the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917. The school also did not field a team in 1918 or in 1943,1944, the school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902, in which they were routed 49-0. Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12, the Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame. Stanford claimed National Championships in 1926 and 1940, in 1926, led by legendary coach Glenn Pop Warner, who still has the most wins in Cardinal history, the team was undefeated in the regular season and tied Alabama in the 1927 Rose Bowl. The 1940 team went unbeaten and untied after defeating Nebraska 21–13 in the 1941 Rose Bowl, quarterback Jim Plunkett is the only Stanford player to win the Heisman Trophy, doing so in 1970. Stanford first fielded a team in 1891. The team was without a coach and only played a few games, early football pioneer Walter Camp served as Stanfords head coach in 1892 and from 1894–1895. Football on the Pacific Coast had been on the rise since the late 1910s, early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924. Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. Years later, he wrote, I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast, weather conditions at Pittsburgh during the football season are rather disagreeable, and much of the late season work had to be done upon a field which was ankle deep in mud. At the close of every season I would be in physical condition. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be better for a man of my age. In 1924, Warner began his tenure at Stanford. When he began coaching, Stanford was one of nine teams in the Pacific Coast Conference, Warner inherited a notable squad from the previous year, including Ernie Nevers and All-American ends Ted Shipkey and Jim Lawson

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Bill Ingram
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William A. Bill Ingram was an American football player and coach. Ingrams 1926 Navy team went 9–0–1 and was recognized as a champion by the Boand System. Ingram was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973 and he died in his sleep while serving as a Major in the Marine Corps. From 1923 to 1925, he guided Indiana to a 10–12–1 record, at Navy he posted a 32–13–4 record. These totals included his 1926 team, which finished with a 9–0–1 record and he coached at California and won 27 games in four years. Bill Ingram at the College Football Hall of Fame Bill Ingram at the College Football Data Warehouse