What comes to your mind when you think of
a Muslim woman? A mysterious, veiled victim of male oppression, awaiting Western
liberation? A slogan-shouting terrorist? An uneducated foreigner with whom you
have little or nothing in common? Unless your social circle includes Muslim
friends and acquaintances, the chances are that your impressions of Muslim women
have largely been formed by negative media stereotypes - images that usually
have little to do with real life, and may have been designed to attract more
viewers, sell more products, or gain support for someone's political agenda.

How much do you really know about
Muslim women's lives or views, and why does it matter? Well, for one thing,
Muslims account for 20-25% of the people on this planet, and Islam has become
the second main religion in Europe. But did you know that the majority of
European and American converts to Islam are women - not men? Would it surprise
you to learn that many women in the Muslim world feel sorry for Western women
and view them as being victimised? Have you ever stopped to consider why Muslim
women who immigrate to the West usually maintain their identity and strive to
pass it on to their children? A thinking person may well ask, if Islam is as
oppressive to women as some journalists would have us believe, why aren't Muslim
women running away in droves? What it is about Islam that attracts any followers
outside its heartlands?

In this brochure we aim to look beyond
sensationalistic or alarmist stories to take a glimpse at what Islam has to
offer educated women in today's world, and understand why so many (men and)
women of every race, colour, and social class have made Islam their choice. The
truth, like real life, is beyond propaganda and stereotypes.

The Islamic view of women

First of all, women are portrayed
positively in the Qur'an and the Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad). The
Qur'an is the only book of world Scripture in which women are frequently
referred to alongside men, and both are described as being friends and partners
in faith. The following verses are just a few notable examples:

The believers, men and women, are
protecting friends one of another; they promote the right and forbid the wrong,
establish prayer, pay the poor-due, and they obey God and His messenger. As for
these, God will have mercy on them. Surely God is Mighty, Wise. God has promised
to believers, men and women, gardens under which rivers flow, to dwell therein,
and beautiful mansions in gardens of everlasting bliss. But the greatest bliss
is the good pleasure of God: that is the supreme felicity. (Qur'an 9:71-72)

Surely for men who surrender to God,
and women who surrender
and men who believe and women who believe;
and men who obey and women who obey;
and men who speak the truth and women who speak the truth;
and men who persevere (in righteousness)
and women who persevere;
and men who are humble and women who are humble;
and men who give alms and women who give alms;
and men who fast and women who fast;
and men who guard their modesty and women who guard
(their modesty);and men who remember Allah much and women who remember - Allah
has prepared for them forgiveness and a vast reward. (Qur'an 33:35)

There is no question in Islam of men
and women being at odds with one another, engaged in some kind of historical
struggle for power. Rather, the roles of both are complementary and essential.
The Qur'an states:

O mankind! Be mindful of your duty to
your Lord, Who created you from a single being, and from it created its mate,
and from the two of them has scattered countless men and women (throughout the
earth). Fear God, in Whose (Name) you demand your rights of one another, and (be
mindful of your duty) towards the wombs that bore you. God is ever Watching over
you. (Qur'an 4:1)

Do not long for the favours by which
God has made some of you excel others. Men shall have a share of what they have
earned, and women shall have a share of what they have earned. (Do not envy each
other) but ask God to give you of His bounty. God has knowledge of all things. (Qur'an
4:31-32)

The Prophet Muhammad augmented the
revelations he received with further teachings and his wonderful personal
example, which made him beloved by family and followers alike. He forbade
violence against women, and preached against all forms of abuse of power. He
warned that both men and women would be held accountable by God for those in
their care or under their authority, and said:

Let no Muslim man entertain any bad
feeling against a Muslim woman. If he should dislike one quality in her, he will
find another that is pleasing.

The best of believers are those who are
best to their wives and families.

The position of women in other
religions

While these teachings may not seem very
remarkable today, they were revolutionary at the time they were revealed, for
Arabs and non-Arabs alike. While Muslim sons were being taught that Paradise lay
at their mothers' feet, women in Confucian China were told to obey their
fathers, then their husbands, and finally their sons after their husbands'
death. Hindu women were declared to be unfit for independence, inherently weak,
easily misled, sinful and unintelligent. In Buddhism, women were said to be the
personification of evil. At the time, Jews and Christians believed women to be
responsible for the downfall of the human race, and considered menstruation and
childbirth to be the consequences of a Divine curse. One thousand years after
Muhammad, in 1586, French Catholics were still debating whether or not women
possessed souls! English Christians burned millions of women alive on the mere
suspicion that they were witches. Married women in Europe did not gain the right
to own property, obtain a divorce or enter into their own contracts until the
19th century. Not surprisingly, women who found such teachings unreasonable
rebelled against them and fought for better treatment. Whereas other women have
often had to pit themselves against the authority of a male priesthood, in Islam
the dynamics of social change have been quite different.

Muhammad was greatly concerned with
women's rights

The Prophet Muhammad was an extremely
successful social reformer as well as spiritual and political leader, who
championed the rights of the weak and oppressed. The Qur'anic verses referring
to women had the effect of vastly improving the status and rights of women at
the time they were revealed. Muslim women were granted the right to own, inherit
and dispose of their own property as they saw fit; reject forced marriages; keep
their own names and identities after marriage; initiate divorce; and obtain an
education - back in the 7th century. In contrast to the dismal situation
affecting many women in developing countries today, early Muslim women were
noted for their learning and accomplishments. The Prophet declared, 'To seek
knowledge is an obligation on every Muslim, male and female,' and his own wife
Aisha was responsible for transmitting thousands of his sayings to later
generations. Aisha was also renowned for her knowledge of poetry, medicine, and
Islamic law, as well as her personal qualities of character and intelligence.
When she led a battle after the Prophet's death, no one objected on the grounds
that she was a woman. Many Muslim women in the medieval period enjoyed positions
of respect as scholars and religious authorities. Therefore, Muslims seeking to
improve the position of women in society have usually focused their efforts on
getting men (and women) to practice Islam, rather than trying to 'reform' it, as
happened with other religions. The main obstacles to Muslim women achieving the
rights guaranteed to them, then and now, have been persistent un-Islamic
cultural traditions (usually dating to the period before people accepted Islam
in a given locality), inadequate religious education, and the bad side of human
nature.

Women's roles, rights and
obligations

Spiritual status
As shown in the Qur'anic verses above, women are considered to be the spiritual
equals of men, and they have the same religious duties. This is all the more
important when we consider that the main goal of a Muslim is to serve God, and
that this world is regarded as no more than a testing-grounds to prepare oneself
for eternal life after death. Therefore, worldly accomplishments, fame, wealth
and power simply do not have the same attraction for a Muslim, whose main focus
is on the Next World. The Qur'an repeatedly draws our attention to the fact that
the time we spend in this world is short and unpredictable, and what really
counts is our character, how we treat others, and what we do with the blessings
God has given us. In this context, home and family are of paramount importance,
since stable families are essential to the rearing of well-adjusted children who
will transmit their faith and values to the next generation. According to a
well-known Arab proverb, 'The mother is a school.'

Social roles
Islam supports the traditional division of labour whereby women assume the main
responsibility for home while men are responsible for their financial support,
but with an important difference: motherhood and homemaking, like a Muslim's
inner life, are not considered to be less important or rewarding than a
professional career. Indeed, motherhood is one of the most important
professions, and competent mothers who can successfully run a warm and welcoming
home, and raise a family of happy, confident and well-disciplined children are
becoming increasingly harder to find. Muslim wives and mothers are granted the
respect due to all women for the struggles and sacrifices they make for the sake
of their families. Furthermore, Muslims consider it unfair to burden women with
both the physical and emotional demands of motherhood and the professional
demands of the workplace, which end up exhausting so many women and destroying
family life for the sake of economic gain. Muslims often express sympathy for
women in the West, who often suffer from sexual exploitation and abuse at home
and in the workplace, while being unappreciated in their traditional roles.
Western women who seek to be respected must often dress and behave like men, and
are expected in practise to neglect their children's needs for the sake of their
careers. In Islam, femininity is appreciated, and Muslim women may seek a higher
education, work outside the home or volunteer their services to benefit the
community as long as their primary responsibilities are taken care of. Any money
that a Muslim woman earns is her own, to spend as she likes; men remain solely
responsible for maintaining the family.

Islamic marriage
Although Muslim parents traditionally play an important role in arranging
introductions and helping to choose marriage partners for their children, both
husband and wife must freely agree to the marriage. The Prophet granted girls
who had been forced into marriages against their will the right to have their
marriages annulled.

The relationship between husband and
wife in Islam is an interdependent one, based on love and tranquillity. The
Qur'an says,

And of His signs is this: He created
spouses for you from among yourselves that you might find comfort in them, and
He put between you love and mercy. Surely there are signs in that for people who
reflect. (Qur'an 30:21)

Both parents should strive to establish
a stable, loving home and partnership. Major family decision-making should be
through consultation and discussion. As the provider, the husband is expected to
take the lead, as he is accountable to God for his care of the family. If no
agreement can be reached, the wife should be supportive as long as her husband
does not ask her to do anything that contravenes religious law. This works well
as long as each spouse behaves maturely and treats the other with respect,
kindness and consideration.

Codes of behaviour for women and men

In order to safeguard the moral
integrity of family and society, Muslim men and women are expected to observe
certain guidelines of behaviour that Westerners may find restrictive. Both sexes
are expected to dress modestly in loose, non-transparent clothing and avoid
situations that would put them alone with members of the opposite sex, or lead
to temptation or misunderstandings. Muslim women additionally cover their hair,
since women are ordinarily considered to be the more attractive of the sexes.
These restrictions are not observed at home among close family members, but
serve to protect women's honour in public and draw attention to their personal
qualities rather than their looks. In Islam, the sexual urge is considered to be
natural and desirable as long as it is confined to expression within marriage.
However, Muslims are saddened by the rise in the vulgar exploitation of women
and the human body for marketing purposes and pornography, which inevitably
result in a cheapening of sexuality and the undermining of family and spiritual
life.

Islam's appeal to today's woman

For women who enjoy being women and
appreciate the differences (as well as the common ground) between the sexes, who
would prefer to be respected for their intelligence and character rather than
being chased after for their looks, and who would like to pursue personal and
spiritual fulfilment at a human pace without having to neglect their families,
Islam is a very appealing alternative.

A few words about polygamy…

Many people are aware that Muslim men
are permitted to marry more than one wife. What is not generally known is that
strict conditions of equal treatment in terms of time and money are imposed on
men who do, or that women may stipulate in their marriage contracts that they
have the right to divorce if their husbands take another wife. In reality,
monogamy is the norm and polygamy the exception; it has never been common among
Muslims except in areas where it was already practised, and it is seldom
successful unless the first wife agrees. Islam did not introduce polygamy; in
reality, some form of polygamy - whether with legal marriages, mistresses,
prostitution or extra-marital affairs - occurs in every society. Rather, it
allowed and regulated it in order to protect the women and children who might
otherwise be taken advantage of. In certain cases, such as when the first wife
is chronically (or mentally) ill or unable to bear children; when there are many
widows and orphans due to war; or when a marriage has effectively broken down
but the wife would prefer to remain married; open and legalised polygamy can be
a workable second-best solution.

The Prophet Muhammad was married to his
first wife, Khadijah, for 25 years, and he did not take other wives until after
her death. His marriages to several widows and divorcees in later years were
primarily contracted for political and humanitarian reasons, as was expected of
a man in his position. His home life was characterised by love, consideration,
kindness and respect.