Contents

Figures and Tables

Preface

Nationalism is a tricky research subject, because it is difficult to write about it
without being categorized as either a “sympathizer” or a “critic.” This tendency to
place tags on writers is understandable, because much...

Introduction

"Es la realidad del País.” This is a statement I heard more than once when conducting
research on Basque nationalism in the Basque Country. It conveys a sense of resignation
about the deep polarization of Basque politics and society that has accompanied
the expression of Basque nationalism in the...

Chapter One. The Early Spanish State

Basque nationalism can be understood only in the context of a particular historical
process: the construction, transformation, and evolution of the Spanish state and
its relationship with Spanish nation-building. The erection...

Chapter Two. The Centralizing State

If the structures of the early Spanish state favored the construction of a Basque
identity through foral autonomy, they were not immediately conducive to Basque
nationalism for at least two reasons. First, the fueros maintained the individuality
of the Basque provinces, which rendered problematic...

Chapter Three. The Authoritarian State

The emergence of Basque nationalism stems from the specific historical sequence
of the Spanish state, more specifically its transition from confederal to centralizing
and the agency this change triggered from Bizkaia’s conservative elites.
Prior to the Second Republic and the Franco dictatorship,...

Chapter Four. The Democratic State

By the time Spain began its transition toward democracy, Basque nationalism was
a potent political force. The sequential chain represented by the institutional mutations
of the Spanish state had taken it from a marginal movement spearheaded by
conservative politicians to a vigorous, popular, and...

Chapter Five. Basque Paradiplomacy

The last chapters showed how the historical trajectory of the Basque Country from
the late nineteenth century onward involved the development of nationalism as an
increasingly powerful political force. The previous chapter explained that the transition
to democracy in Spain featured the creation of the....

Chapter Six. The Management of Basque Nationalism in Spain

The contemporary sociological reality of Spain is characterized by multinationalism,
which means that a segment of the country’s population identifies, at least to
a degree, with a different national community....

Conclusion

The study of nationalism is permeated by a handful of research questions. At the
top of the list is the issue of its modernity: to what extent can the roots of nationalism
be located in ancient, or at least premodern,....

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