The task was the delivery of parameterization schemes for the calculation of the regional evapotranspiration of different land surfaces. The main weight was on the discussion of existing approaches and on the development of new ones for the calculation of evapotranspiration. After consideration of different concepts the well-known Penman-Monteith equation proved to the optimal basis of calculation. The surface resistance, respectively the related bulk-stomata resistance, is an important part of the resistance pattern (analogous to Ohm`s law) on which the Penman-Monteith equation is based. Under consideration of the dependence of these resistances of the spatial scale (leaf, canopy) as well as of the time scale (hour, day) possibilities for their estimation were discussed. An important step to determine the surface resistances from literature data of vegetation evapotranspiration was the development of a converting scheme of Haude`s factors to surface resistances. For bare soil an approach was developed which allows approximately to give a new interpretation to surface resistances from evapotranspiration courses, described in literature as proportional to the square root of time. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Aufgabenstellung bestand in der Bereitstellung von Parametrisierungsverfahren zur Bestimmung der regionalen Verdunstung verschiedener Landoberflaechen. Dabei lag das Schwergewicht auf der Diskussion bereits bestehender und der Entwicklung neuer Ansaetze zur Berechnung der Verdunstung. Nach der Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Konzepte erwies sich die bekannte Penman-Monteith-Gleichung als optimale Berechnungsgrundlage. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des der Penman-Monteith-Gleichung zugrundeliegenden Widerstandsschemas (Analogie zum Ohmschen Gesetz) ist der Oberflaechenwiderstand bzw. der damit verwandte Bulk-Stomatawiderstand. Unter Beruecksichtigung der Abhaengigkeit dieser Widerstaende sowohl von der raeumlichen Skala (Blatt/Bestand) als auch von der zeitlichen Skala

While the Russians have been busy for decades determining the doses received by, and resulting health effects to, the concerned population - which falls into three groups: (a) workers at the Majak plutonium factory, (b) the population along the Techa river, and (c) the population from the area contaminated by the Kyschtym accident - it is also true that the integral strontium 90 exposure has been, and is being, determined subsequently via whole-body bremsstrahlung measurement (both on the part of the Russians and as a German scheme in 1993). In accordance with what was indicated by the Russian side, the Majak workers were found to have a distinctly higher risk of cancer. The population along the Techa river, too, with an average dose of 0.4 Gy for the red bone marrow, showed a significant increase in the rate of leukemia. By contrast, the persons affected by the Kyschtym accident, with a distinctly lower mean dose of about 0.02 Gy, so far have not shown any long-term effects.- As yet no exact quantitative statement regarding the cancer risks can be made, for two reasons: the comprehensive data material collected by the Russians has not yet been sufficiently evaluated, and suitable control persons need yet to be found. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] An einer Bestimmung der Dosen und der daraus resultierenden gesundheitlichen Effekte der betroffenen Bevoelkerung - naemlich der drei Gruppen (a) Arbeiter der Plutoniumfabrik Majak, (b) die Bevoelkerung entlang des Flusses Techa und (c) die Bevoelkerung aus dem durch den Kyschtym-Unfall kontaminierten Gebiet, wird zwar von russischer Seite seit Jahrzehnten gearbeitet, aber die integrale Sr 90-Exposition wurde und wird nachtraeglich ueber die Messung von Bremsstrahlung im Ganzkoerper (neben russischer Messung auch die deutsche Messaktion im Jahre 1993) bestimmt. Wie von russischer Seite angegeben, fand sich bei den Majak-Arbeitern eine deutliche Erhoehung des Krebsrisikos, ebenso wurde bei der Bevoelkerungsgruppe entlang des

The project aims to improve the safety against embrittlement of WER-1000 type reactors by a more reliable and accurate determination of the neutron load reactor pressure vessels. Therefore, six scientist from three Russian research institutions were sponsored to support with their work another BMBF project of the FZR aimed at the same goal. By providing reliable data for the evaluation of ex-vessel neutron activation experiments at two WER-1000 and formulating the corresponding reactor models a basis has been established for further investigations as well in the FZR as well as in several Russian and Western research institutions. The leading Russian nuclear data library ABBN/MULTIC has been improved and tested. The uncertainties affecting the calculations of the fluence spectrum at the outer boundary of the pressure vessel have been analysed and a spectrum covariance matrix has been derived. The methodologies for the experimental determination of activation rates and for calculations of fluence spectra and activation rates have been further developed and tested by interlaboratory comparisons. Measurements of different laboratories were compared with each other, as well as the corresponding calculations. Moreover, measurements and calculations were compared against each other, partly with participation for further Russian, Czech and Western institutes. The results of the intercomparisons have been evaluated by the `International workshop on the Balakovo-3 interlaboratory dosimetry experiment` in September 1997 in Rossendorf. As a result of these works a better evaluation of the reached accuracies was possible and proposals for an improvement of the used methods could be derived. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Vorhaben zielte auf die Erhoehung der Sproedbruchsicherheit von Reaktoren des Typs WWER-1000 durch Beitraege zur zuverlaessigeren und genaueren Bestimmung der Neutronenbelastung der Reaktordruckbehaelter. Dazu wurden sechs Wissenschaftler aus 3 russischen

The emission rates of isoprene, mono- and sesquiterpenes from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. giganteus) were determined in an environmental chamber, a continuously stirred tank reactor. {alpha}-pinene, {beta}-caryophyllene and two oxygenated compounds were emitted. The emission rates of all terpenes increased exponentially with temperature. Substance specific differences of the rate of increase of the emission rates were observed. For all substances the dependence of their emission rates on temperature increased with increasing light intensity. Increasing lightflux resulted in an increase of the emission rates for all substances. The raise of emission rates with lightflux was dependent on temperature and increased with increasing temperature. During periods without plant stress the emission rates exhibited a good correlation with the rate of transpiration as well as with the rate of net photosynthesis. Sunflowers emitted higher amounts of terpenes when they were stressed by mechanical, wounding and ozone treatment as well as nutrient- or water deficiency. The emission rates increased by a factor of 5-300. Exposure with ozone had an effect on hydrocarbon emission rates with a delay-time. 3-4 h after exposure with 25-120 ppb ozone the emission rates increased by factor of 5-100. This increase was only observed on the first day of exposure. Nutrient deficiency resulted in an increase of emission rates by a factor of 10-300. In situations of mechanical, wounding and ozone stress, substance specific changes in the emission spectrum were observed. A model was developed to explain the observed phenomena. The main pathway of ozone loss in the chamber is caused by the uptake through the stomata of the plants. However, up to 50% of the ozone loss must be explained by other processes indirectly caused by the plants. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] In Laborversuchen wurden Emissionsraten biogener Kohlenwasserstoffe von Sonnenblumen gemessen. Die groessten Emissionsraten wiesen die

Calcitonin in serum is a comparatively highly sensitive, specific and reliable tumor marker of central relevance for the diagnosis and follow-up of medullary thyroidal C-cell carcinoma (MTC) and neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia (CCH). It is seen considerably less often in other tumor entities. For determination we recommend immunometric two-site assays of approximately 1-2 pg/ml sensitivity. Higher MTC specificity is achieved by assays focussing on a largely selective determination of monomeric calcitonin. If this is realized, basal calcitonin levels are already greatly relevant for MTC or CCH diagnosis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of calcitonin determination may be further enhanced by means of pentagastrin test, but even then false positive results are clinically relevant especially in benign CCH and renal insufficiency. In family screening in case of MTC patients, moleculargenetic techniques have become the procedure of choice and have now largely replaced the pentagastrin test. Calcitonin screening in adenomatous goitre (struma nodosa) is making headway. Although this accounts for only 10% of thyroidal malignomas (which are in fact rare), and the recommended levels of intervention will result in many unnecessary surgical operations, early tumor staging definitely increases the chances for curative intervention. (orig.)

In this project, the distribution and behaviour of {sup 129}I and {sup 127}I in the environment and its pathways through the environment to man were comprehensively investigated in order to provide a basis for estimating the radiation exposure to man due to releases of {sup 129}I. To this end, the actual situation in Lower Saxony, Germany, was studied for exemplary regions near to and far from the coast of the North Sea. Accelerator mass spectrometry, radiochemical neutron activation analysis, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS were applied to measure the iodine isotopes, {sup 129}I and P{sup 127}I, in sea-water, air, precipitation, surface and ground waters, soils, plants, animals, foodstuffs, total diet, and human and animal thyroid glands. For air-borne iodine, the speciation as well as the particle size distribution of aerosols was determined. Soil depth profiles were investigated down to depths of 2.5 m in order to study the iodine migration as well as individual surface soil samples to allow for the determination of transfer factors of the iodine isotopes into plants. From the analytical results radioecological parameters for the long-term behaviour of {sup 129}I in the pedo- and biosphere were derived. The iodine isotopes are in severe disequilibrium in the different environmental compartments. The pre-nuclear equilibrium {sup 129}I/{sup 127}I ratio in the biosphere was determined to be 2.0 x 10{sup -13} with a geometric standard deviation of 1.39. Today, the environmental isotopic ratios in Northern Germany range from 10{sup -6} to 10{sup -10}. The highest ratios are found in North Sea water, the lowest in deep soil samples and ground water. The North Sea appears as the dominant source of air-borne iodine in Northern Germany due to the emissions of European reprocessing plants. The results are discussed with respect to their radiological relevance and in view of the general protection of the environment, i.e. air, water, soil and the biosphere. (orig.)

In the field of nuclear medicine, various radioactive compounds are taken up by tumors and their metastases. Several computer programs (e.g. MIRDOSE, LUDEP) are available for the calculation of internal radiation doses. These programs require the determination of the time based activity distribution of the radiotracer in individual organs. The determination of organ doses can be problematic due to the interpretation of the measurement data, the biokinetics of the tracer and the morphology of the target organs. Calculations based on scintigraphic data can have high errors associated with the background subtraction method. Additionally, the determination of the residence times are important. They are derived from the time-activity courses. However, a problematic area is the accurate determination of the sizes of both the tumor and its metastases. These aspects will be discussed using actual examples based on such new tumor tracers as VIP and DOTA-lanreotide. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der Nuklearmedizin werden radioaktiv markierte, in Tumoren und Metastasen gespeicherte Substanzen eingesetzt. Voraussetzung fuer die Berechnung der internen Strahlendosen im Zielgewebe und in anderen Geweben bzw. Organen sind Daten ueber die Verteilung und ueber das zeitliche Verhalten der Tracer. Computerprogramme unterstuetzen diese Berechnungen (z.B. MIRDOSE, LUDEP). Bei der Bestimmung der Gewebedosen ergeben sich Probleme, die in der Interpretation der Messdaten, in er Biokinetik der Substanzen und in der Morphologie der Zielgewebe liegen. Bei der Auswertung von szintigraphischen Aufnahmen stellt die Hintergrundsubtraktion einen wesentlichen Unsicherheitsfaktor dar. Weiters werden die Strahlendosen in den Geweben von den mittleren Aufenthaltsdauern der radioaktiven Substanzen bestimmt, welche wiederum ueber Zeit-Aktivitaets-Verlaeufe bestimmt werden muessen, die in eine mathematische Form gezwaengt werden. Schliesslich ist die Bestimmung der Masse von Tumoren/Metastasen oft problematisch

Mineralisation of up to 5 1 urine by UV-irradiation and destruction of urea by nitrous acid, produced by electrolysis were described. Phosphate precipitation following by coprecipitation on iron-tannin-complex increase the concentration of radionuclides 10{sup 4} times. Presented semi-automatic procedure minimise the digestion time and amount of used chemicals. (orig.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate relative regional blood volume (rCBV) in meningioma and compare the utility of reconstruction using both gradient-echo sequence and echo-planar-imaging (EPI) sequence. Eighteen patients with meningiomas were studied on a Siemens 1.5-T scanner.During the gradient-echo sequence (n= 12) and EPI sequence (n=6), a bolus (0.2 mmol/kg) of GdDTPA was injected mechanically with a flow rate of 5 ml/second. Image processing of dynamic data was performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The ratio of tumor rCBV/gray matter rCBV was 3.01 ±1.18(3.07 ± 1.39 in gradient sequence and 2.84 ± 0. 94 in EPI sequence). The ratio of gray matter/white matter as the reference tissue had a mean of 2.79 ± 0.76 using the FLASH sequence, and a mean of 3.04 ± 1.31 using EPI. These differences were not statistically signifcant (P＞0.5, t-test).According to the ratio of tumor rCBV/gray matter rCBV, a mean value, 14.5 ml/100 g, of rCBV in meningiomas was calculated. Compared with gray matter, increased inhomogeneous rCBV was observed in meningioma. Based on the two different sequences, no bias can be observed in our rCBV reconstruction.

51 Greek, Roman and Renaissance marble busts from the Antiquarium of the Residenz in Munich were studied for their C- and O-isotopic composition. Apart from some overlapping values, this technique permits — contrary to microscopic and chemical methods — localization of different Turkish, Greek and Italian marble deposits.

The long-term release of radioactivity into the ground water path cannot be excluded for the radioactive waste repository Asse II. The possible radiological consequences were analyzed using a radio-ecological scenario developed by GRS. A second scenario was developed considering the solubility of radionuclides in salt saturated solutions and retarding/retention effects during the radionuclide transport through the cap rock layers. The modeling of possible radiation exposure was based on the lifestyle habits of reference persons. In Germany the calculation procedure for the prediction of radionuclide release from final repositories is not defined by national standards, the used procedures are based on analogue methods from other radiation protection calculations.

An important factor for a good result after total knee arthroplasty is the position of the patella in relation to the tibiofemoral joint line. The position of the patella itself is not influenced by arthroplasty, therefore any changes in the position of the tibiofemoral joint line are of special interest. The Figgie method to describe patella height delivers only absolute measurements, which makes it difficult to compare different radiographs. For this reason we developed a new JL/P quotient (JL: distance from the tibial plateau to the tibial tubercle, P: distance from the inferior pole of the patella to the tibial plateau) to enable better comparison. Furthermore, we modified the JL/P quotient and instead of taking the tibial plateau as the reference line, we constructed a tangent on the femoral condyle. With this modification, problems such as tibial inlays of different heights which have to be taken into account in the measurements, the slope of the tibial component or difficult assessment of the tibial joint surface in osteoarthritic knees do not arise. The JL/P quotient shows massive shift to cranialisation of the tibiofemoral joint line which does not correspond to reality. The modified method also shows cranialisation of the tibiofemoral joint line, but in a realistic way. Both methods show a minimal interobserver variability. The modified JL/P quotient seems to be a good method for determining the shift in the tibiofemoral joint line after total knee arthroplasty. (orig.) [German] Ein bedeutender Faktor fuer ein gutes postoperatives Ergebnis nach einer Knieendoprothesenimplantation ist die Stellung der Patella in Relation zur tibiofemoralen Gelenklinie. Da die Stellung der Patella durch den operativen Eingriff primaer nicht beeinflusst wird, liegt besonderes Augenmerk auf den Veraenderungen der Gelenklinie des Tibiofemoralgelenks. Die Messmethode zur Bestimmung der Patellahoehe nach Figgie liefert dafuer nur absolute Werte, was eine Vergleichbarkeit von

Fusion power reactors next to renewable energy sources shall form an important basis for a future energy scenario avoiding damaging emissions due to the lack of fossil primary energy carriers. An efficient operation of such reactors necessitate temperatures >700 C, which require new kinds of structural materials. Today only reduced activated oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS-) materials based on iron, which have high strengths at elevated temperatures, offer the possibility to meet those criterias, which are developed in internationally coordinated programs. Therefore a nearly industrial production process based on the powdermetallurgical route is iteratively and systematically optimized to produce the ferritic ODS-alloy 13Cr-1W-0,3Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}-0,3TiH{sub 2}. Through TEM elemental analyses of mechanically alloyed steel powder it is confirmed, that the additives Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} and TiH{sub 2} dissolve completely in the powder and form the ODS-particles during the HIP-cycle. Detailed studies of powder contamination during mechanical alloying reveal correlations between the contamination behaviour of certain elements and the milling parameters. A specially designed procedure of powder encapsulation and sealing leads to a successful powder compaction to the ODS-material 13Cr-1W-0,3Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}-0,3TiH{sub 2}. Detailed TEM studies show a bimodal grain size distribution within the material at first. The alloy's recrystallization behaviour is the main reason for this phenomenon and is therefore discussed in detail. A high dispersion of ODS-particles as the decisive material's component with particle sizes von 3-5nm within grains and 12-36nm at the grain boundaries is successfully reached and verified by numerous TEM-Elemental Mappings. By applying hot rolling as an additional step during production a more even grain structure by equally maintaining the fine nanoskaled particle dispersion is set up. The microstructure is highly stable, since no grain- or

Currently there is no feasible way for systematic data collection of individual medical radiation exposure for the assessment of cancer risk. Therefore in the frame of a feasibility study, the retrospective registration of medical radiation exposure and a methodology for estimating the organ dose has been investigated. Three methods have been developed that can be implemented for the organ dose calculation depending on the data available. Firstly, the entrance dose was calculated and thereafter, using conversion factors the organ dose was calculated. The most common X-ray examinations were Dental (80%) followed by radiographs of the chest area (58%). Less than half of all participants in the study (45%) had undergone a CT scan with head examinations (21%) having the highest frequency. The frequency distribution of the effective dose for each participant showed that 90% of all participants received a dose between 0 to 0,3 mSv from X-ray and 0 - 4,5 mSv from CT examinations. Although more X-ray examinations were performed, the CT examinations accounted for the most of the radiation exposure. In principle, using self-reported data, dose assessment and dose reconstruction can be carried out taking into account the different calendar periods. (orig.)

Thin layer chromatography is well established for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals. A convenient and widely used stationary phase are ITLC SG strips. However, the Pall Corporation stopped manufacturing of the silica gel impregnated glass fibre strips (ITLC SG). Material, Methods: As a replacement we tested silicic acid impregnated glass fibre strips from Varian (ITLC SA) and sufficient mobile phases. Results: The chromatography with these strips takes two to three times longer than with ITLC SG, but it is in an acceptable range. Only three mobile phases are necessary to test most of the common in-house made radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: The proposed method is suitable for routinely measuring the radiochemical purity of radiophamaceuticals.

A newly developed experimental rig allows the research of the inner heat transfer coefficient at test items, which are operated as a condenser. With the knowledge of the internal heat transfer it is possible to make statements on the impact of structural properties, such as tube circuiting, fin geometry, fin material or fin coating of heat exchangers. (orig.)

Summary The catalytic activity of ribonucleic acids is essential for probable prebiotic processes. The formation of C-N bonds is most important for the metabolism in a hypothetical RNA world. This work describes the development of a selection scheme for the isolation of a new ribozyme for the N-glycosidic bond formation between an activated sugar phosphate and a nucleobase. This catalytic RNA should be isolated from a combinatorial RNA library with the use of in vitro selection techniques....

Fatigue data of material states with different carbon contents are necessary for calculation of carburized parts. Experimental results on the correlation of local material structure and local endurance are not available. Up to now only carburized notched specimens and components have been investigated. In this investigation a new tube specimen with homogenous carbon content in the wall resulting from carburization process was developed. Carbon contents of 0.18 %, 0.40 %, 0.55 % und 0.70 % in the thin wall tube specimen have been tested. Specimens were loaded with cyclic internal and monotonic external pressures. Special test rig with two pressure intensifier is introduced. With the aid of the cyclic internal and constant external pressure the whole Haigh-diagram with ratios of pressure or stress of R = {infinity} until R = 0.5 could be covered. Main load direction in the tube specimen is perpendicular to the steel rods axis. Results obtained for the used 20MnCrB5 steel grade show the same endurance limit for different carbon contents or hardness, respectively, and are significantly affected by big non-metallic inclusions. (orig.)

Several marine organisms were investigated regarding their qualification for oil dispersant toxicity determination. Appropriate organisms were chosen for two different test procedures: Using mortality as a test criterion an acute toxicity test can be carried out very easy with larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. The sensitivity for different dispersants ranges over several orders of magnitude. Another test indicator is the cell multiplication-inhibition test, conducted with the microalga Scrippsiella trochoidea, a representative of phytoplankton. The sensitivity for a common dispersant ranges a hundredfold higher than the acute toxicity test. Both test procedures are also practicable for other water-soluble substances, as well. One oil-spill dispersant efficiency test is proposed provisionally. (orig.) With 62 refs., 20 tabs., 11 figs.

The growth of the national GDP on a worldwide level and the associated increasing demand for primary energy inevitably result in higher emissions levels. According to recent international scientific studies the energy sector (including electricity generation, industrial activities and traffic) contributes up to 83 % to the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change and the projection of its impacts have been acknowledged also on the political level and concise measures are being considered. Since access to electricity and sustainable development are inseparable, the question arises whether and how adequate answers can be given within the coming years. Furthermore, the definite lifetime of the existing power plant fleet will result in a gap of up to 12.000 MWh in 2020, depending on the scenario. One part of the answer lies in the sustainable design of power plants. The main contribu-tion of this work is therefore the life cycle analysis of a combined cycle power plant from of a manufacturer's perspective. The visualisation of the entire product system and the re-sults of the impact assessment facilitate the determination of improvement potential. The system boundaries for this study include all relevant phases of the product life cycle (materials, manufacturing, transport, operation, service and end of life). The life cycle inventory consists of all bills of materials and energy consumption for all components and life cycle phases. The interpretation of the results of the impact assessment showed the expected significant contribution in kg CO{sub 2}e for the emission of the full load operation. Nevertheless, the results for all impact categories over the entire lifecycle are given. Various operation scenarios and configurations can now be analysed based on the elaborated modules, and can now serve as decision support already during product development. The visualisation of impacts of design decisions on the ecological footprint of the product system in an aggregated form enables decision makers and customers to evaluate design choices and decide accordingly. Furthermore, the starting point for the green-house gas reporting according to the GHG Protocol over the entire product life cycle has been established. Eventually, the results will be published as Type II Environmental Product Declaration acc. ISO 14021 and serve as reference value for the determination of the CO2-intensity of the respective grid mix. (orig.)

Epidemiological studies are either studies with individual data (cohort studies, case control studies), or studies with aggregate data (ecologic studies). The first-mentioned method has the advantage that methods for investigating risk models, e.g. dose-effect relationship studies, are available and mathematically validated also in consideration of confounders, but they have the drawback of high cost, while aggregate studies provide larger data sets at less cost and time. On the other hand, ecologic studies have significant methodological problems (''ecological bias''), especially if causal statements are required. It is well known that variation of a confounding factor (e.g. smoking in case of lung cancer caused by radon) may lead to non-valid results. On the other hand, studies with aggregate data in the Chernobyl region so far have been the only studies that provided quantitative results on the risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131-I in infant age. In view of this situation, the report investigates the problem of validity and the potential range of applications of ecological studies. (orig.)

Epidemiological studies are differentiated into studies with individual data (cohort studies, case studies) and studies with compiled data (studies with aggregated data, ecologic studies). The first group has the advantage that methodologies of risk models (for instance dose-response relations) are available and mathematically validated, but these studies are expensive. Studies with compiled data allow the assessment of more case data with rather low effort but include methodic problems, especially in case of required causal conclusions. The authors discuss general results on ecologic studies and specific results on studies concerning the thyroid cancer risk in consequence of the Chernobyl accident.

The aim of the project was to contribute to enhanced service life and reliability of batteries in photovoltaic systems by developing further processes and components for charge measurement. The essential basic information in charge determination is the direct measurement of acid concentration in the electrolyte compartment of lead batteries and the evaluation and processing of this signal. Within the framework of this project, operative acidity sensors were developed and tested. They are accurate within an error margin of 0.5 per cent for short periods and of 2 per cent for long periods. A charge measurement unit based on the acid concentration reading was built and special algorithms for measuring charge were developed and tested. This unit stands out particularly because of the following: determination of dynamic charge, long-term stability, and automatic and regular adaptation to the type, size and age of the battery. Using this unit in combination with the acid concentration sensor in photovoltaic plant will permit more efficient plant operation and reliable protection of the battery. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Ziel des Vorhabens war es, Massnahmen zur Verbesserung der Lebensdauer und Zuverlaessigkeit von Batterien in PV-Anlagen durch die konkrete Weiterentwicklung von Verfahren und Komponenten zur Ladezustandserfassung aufzuzeigen, durchzufuehren und zu demonstrieren. Die direkte Messung der Saeuredichte im Elektrolytraum von Bleibatterien sowie die Auswertung und Weiterverarbeitung dieses Signals bildet dabei die wesentliche Basisinformation. Im Rahmen des Vorhabens wurden funktionstuechtige Saeuredichtesensoren entwickelt und erprobt. Die dabei erreichte Genauigkeit betraegt im Kurzzeitbereich 0,5% und im Langzeitbereich ca. 2%. Eine Ladezustandseinheit basierend auf dem Saeuredichtesignal wurde aufgebaut und spezielle Algorithmen zur Ladezustandserfassung entwickelt und getestet. Besonders die Bestimmung des dynamischen Ladezustands, die Langzeitstabilitaet sowie

This work was performed at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Aeronomie (F.R.G.) and treats the following points: 1. Satellite borne microwave radiometry. Principles for a real-time evaluation of the MAS-Limb-Sounding measurements. (MAS: Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder from Space Shuttle as part of the NASA ATLAS Missions, 1991-1997). (a) Deconvolution of the 60 GHz-antenna. (b) Test of different inversion proceedings. A detailed study of the boundary conditions and 'error influence' as well as a discussion of the radiometer specifications. (c) Near real time inversion of microwave spectral lines of the Earth atmosphere. i. The possibility of a (near) real time evaluation (retrieval of the profiles of the atmospheric components) was proved for the first time with a space proof microprocessor. ii. Data reduction of about a factor > 10{sup 3} in comparison with other methods. 2. Airborne and ground based microwave radiometry. (a) Study of the possibilities of ground- and aircraft based measurements for validation and cross calibration of the satellite measurements. (b) Study of the possibilities of ground based radiometric measurements of water vapour in the Artic or Antartica. Precise boundary conditions were given for the first time in order to perform ground based millimeter radiometric measurements in these areas. (orig.).

A rapid method for determining Sr-89 and Sr-90 in water, milk and biological samples has been developed and tested. After sample preparation strontium is separated by extraction chromatography using Sr resin. Eluate is divided and transfered to LSC vial and filter paper by SrCO{sub 3} precipitation. A Hidex 300 SL TDCR liquid scintillation counter and Thermo Fisher low level proportional counter have been used. Chemical yield of Sr-85 tracer is determined by Gamma spectroscopy. Uncertainty budget, decision threshold and detection limit are calculated in accordance with GUM and ISO 11929.

In this work we calculated observables which can be used to determine the CP parity of the Higgs boson. We considered the neutral Higgs bosons of the MSSM as well as CP-indefinite Higgs bosons. The calculation have been made for an application at LHC. For Higgs production we considered gluon fusion (in NLO) and b-quark annihilation (in LO) and for the Higgs decay studied the decay in tau lepton or top quark. We find that the angle between the charged particles of the tau (or top) decay are a good observable to determine CP properties of the intermediate Higgs bosons. For CP indefinite Higgs bosons we considered triplet-correlation-observables. (orig.)

The solubility of methane has a great influence on the colloid stability of crude oils at the conditions of production. Adequate data are needed for the modelling of the beginning of asphaltene precipitation as the result of the destabilization. Because such data are limited in the literature a magnetic suspension balance was used. By means of the magnetic suspension balance the solubility of gases in high boiling products can be determined by the weight difference resulting from the steped pressure reduction. The solubility of methane was investigated in different n-alkanes and squalane as well as a wax, a slack wax, a extract from the solvent raffination and a atmospheric crude oil residue. The aim was to investigate the influence of the molare weight, the structure and the composition of mixture on the solubility of methane. The pressure was varied in the region to 120 bar, the temperature was predominantly 75 C. The influence of the temperature on the solubility of methane was studied in the slack wax and the atmospheric residue. The results and the advantage as well as the disadvantage of the using of the magnetic suspension balance will be discussed. (orig.)

The mobility of radionuclides and heavy metals in aqueous systems depends significantly on their oxidation state. Under saline conditions the measurement of pH values and redox potential are distorted/falsified by solution-specific and hardly assessable ion diffusion effects at the reference electrode. The secure prognosis of redox properties is an essential prerequisite for the calculation of the expected heavy metal and radionuclide concentrations in case of a hypothetical solution ingress in an underground disposal facility. The evaluation of the existing data base shows that there are large uncertainties even for the solubility of widespread oxides and oxy-hydroxides like goethite or hematite. The redox properties of natural systems are determined by the solubility of metastable ferrous intermediate products like ferrihydrite, ''green rust'' or jarosite. The work is aimed to establish a consistent data base with information on these phases and ferrous solute species.

Silica melts are reflected in many different industrial and natural processes such as slags in steel production and gasification of coal, glass in the glass making industry, lava in the volcanology and in lots of other fields. Rheological properties like the viscosity of this silica melts are really important in all of these processes. A general and good working viscosity model would help all scientists and engineers, who have to simulate and optimise these processes. First, it is important to have the possibility to measure viscosities of slags. As part of this PhD thesis a new high-temperature high-pressure rotational viscosimeter is developed for measurements up to {>=}1600 C and 20 bar. Particularly in relation to the coal gasification process this two parameters are really important, because coal gasification occurs under high temperatures and high pressures. With this new viscosimeter it is possible to measure slag viscosities under realistic gasification conditions. To show that the new viscosimeter works quite good viscosity measurements of four real slags have been done. The influence of pressure and atmosphere on viscosity have been examined. The measurements are also compared with different viscosity models. The Arrhenius- and Weymann-Equation have been determined and the correlation between viscosity and basicity of the slag has been evaluated. In the second part of the Phd thesis a new viscosity model is developed. The model is based on the structure inside the slag and consists in existing thermodynamic models. After a detailed literature research the model is developed for the SiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Na{sub 2}O-K{sub 2}O system. The quality of this new model is estimated by comparing calculated viscosity values with measurements found during the literature research. The new model is also compared with other existing models for viscosity calculation.

The water management is one of the key factors for the performance of a low temperature PEM fuel cell. With respect to the optimization of the fuel cell operation it is important to detect and differentiate water in the membrane, in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and excess water in the flow field channel. The water content of each component influences the performance in different ways and adapted operation modes have to be kept. This work entitled 'Combined novel methods for the determination of the humidification conditions of PEM fuel cells' provides techniques and guidelines for fuel cell operation and will conclude in a straightforward control and operation strategy. Based on a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), locally resolved current distribution measurements and neutron radiography an informative basis for the determination of the water content of an operating PEM fuel cell is created. Special attention has been paid to the reproducibility and comparability in order to set up a consistent investigation and control strategy. (orig.)

The visual evoked potential (VEP) can be used to objectively estimate sensory thresholds. Recently, we developed an adaptive procedure for this threshold estimation based on a Fourier analysis of steady-state responses during the recording. In this study we quantified the reduction in recording time of this adaptive procedure. Steady-state VEPs to pattern reversal (f=8.3 Hz) of checkerboards with 8 contrast values between 0.64% and 82% were recorded monocularly. Adaptive and non-adaptive recordings were performed for full correction (fc) and for blurred stimulus patterns (+1.5 D and +3.0 D). VEP contrast thresholds were defined by the lowest contrast condition that showed a significant response. An ANOVA of the VEP thresholds showed significant effects (p<0.0001) of the factors 'procedure' (psychophysics, adaptive VEP, non-adaptive VEP) and 'correction' (fc, fc+1.5D, fc+3.0D). Compared to non-adaptive recordings, adaptive recordings showed thresholds that were significantly reduced and closer to psychophysical contrast thresholds. By applying the adaptive procedure the recording time can be reduced by a factor of about 2 when compared to the non-adaptive procedure. The new adaptive VEP procedure may help to improve the correlation of electrophysiological and psychophysical estimates of sensory thresholds and may accelerate functional testing in the clinical routine. (orig.)

Bulk materials are widely used in industry. Bulk materials come up not only in mining (coal), in agriculture (flour) and food industry (coffee), but also in the pharmaceutical industry for example in the production of specialty chemicals and pigments. Mass-produced goods in tonnages are produced, processed, transported and stored. Due to the poor heat transfer in the bulks the relatively large storage volumes are especially critical in view of a possible self-ignition.

In frame of a project funded by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) the influence of meteorological and room climate parameters and energetic reconstruction on the radon concentration inside buildings has been investigated. For this purpose parameters like temperature, air pressure, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration have been measured. The daily and seasonal variations of the radon concentration were influenced by the behaviour of the residents. A parameter less influenced by this behaviour is the radon emission rate. Complementary to the above mentioned project the method of determination of the radon emission rate has been developed in frame of a project funded by the Ministry of the Environment of Hesse (HMUKLV). With the improved method, it is possible to determine the radon emission rate on a continuous base. Therefore both, the radon concentration and the air exchange rate of a building have to be determined. For the verification of the method simulations and measurements have been performed. Additionally meteorological parameters have been recorded in order to evaluate possible influences on the radon emission rate.

The blower door measuring system consisted of a variable frame with airtight foil and integrated speed-controlled blower, a volume flow meter and differential pressure manometer. It was not possible in all cases to generate sufficient volume flow for achieving the desired pressure gradient, both in the atrium and the building as a whole. In these cases, only the volume flow for a pressure gradient was measured. The curve was approximated using typical curves, and an n{sub 50} value was extrapolated which is not a real n{sub 50} value but an estimated value based on the values measured for low pressure gradients. Extensive measurements were carried out on different parts of the building.

The limitations of the determination of 14 trace elements (Ag, BA, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, Tl and Zn) in niobium and tantalum by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) are pointed out. Nb and Ta can be removed by a wet chemical trace-matrix separation procedure using cation exchange from hydro-fluoric acid solution. The traces can be isolated from a large amount of sample and collected in a small volume of liquid. Detection limits using ICP-AES are thereby lowered by about a factor of ten. The matrix-free solution are suitable for measurement by ICP-MS. (author). 16 refs.; 3 tabs.

Porosity is a fundamental parameter in hydrogeology. The empirical method of Beyer and Schweiger (1969) allows the calculation of hydraulic conductivity and both the total and effective porosity from granulometric data. However, due to its graphical nature with type curves, it is tedious to apply and prone to reading errors. In this work, the type curves were digitized and emulated by mathematical functions. The latter were implemented into a spreadsheet and a visual basic program, allowing the fast automated application of the method for any number of samples.

The development of insulations for use at extremely high temperatures is a major challenge for thermophysical property measurements. This paper reports about a new steady-state panel test facility which has been designed and constructed at TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Institut fuer Waermetechnik und Thermodynamik) for measuring the effective thermal conductivity of insulations in the temperature range of 500 to 1650 C. The design concept and underlying operating principles, as well as the preparation of specimens and the measuring process are discussed in detail. In addition, the paper represents the results obtained during the trial phase and FEM simulation of the relevant temperature range as a prerequisite to verify the unit's efficiency in meeting the specified constraints. Measurements on alumina fiber mats, which are used as an example, have provided plausible values and agree well with measurement results obtained for identical materials using other test units at lower temperatures. They confirm the functional efficiency of the new test facility at service temperatures of up to 1650 C. (orig.)

During a radioiodine therapy, the patients discharge {sup 131}I also via the breathing air. At the attending personnel of a therapy station, contaminations and incorporations up to 400 Bq could be found by means of whole body counting. The height of the measured values depends only on the duration of stay of the personnel in the patients room. (orig.)

A novel method is used to measure the b quark forward-backward asymmetry at the Z pole on a sample of 2,636,000 hadronic events collected with the DELPHI detector in 1992 to 1995. An enhanced impact parameter tag is applied to the data to obtain a high purity b sample. For each event hemisphere the charge of the corresponding quark or antiquark is determined using a neural network tag which combines in an optimal way the full available charge information from the vertex charge, the jet charge and from identified leptons and hadrons. The probability to identify b quarks and anti-quarks correctly is calibrated on the data themselves comparing the rates of double hemisphere tagged like-sign and unlike-sign events. The b-quark forward-backward asymmetry is determined from the differential asymmetry taking small corrections due to hemisphere correlations and background contributions into account. The result is: A sub F sub B sup b sup a sup n sup t sup i sup b (91.26 GeV)=0.0931+-0.0034(stat.)+-.0015(syst.)+-0.003...

Quick methods of the measurement of {sup 89}Sr and {sup 90}Sr have a great importance in the supervision of the environmental radioactivity. It is necessary to receive in short time dependable analytical data to be able to carry out suitable assessments or to give recommendations. The aim of the investigations was to be guaranteed the demands for these methods (test preparation, measurement and evaluation). The use of the solid phase extraction by means of commercial Sr Resin trademark columns (4.4' (5')-Di-tert-butylcyclohexanol-18-kronen-6-aether) (Triskem) to the radiochemical separation of the Sr isotopes was suitable. The measurements occurred to the FHT 770 T12 - Multi Low Level Alpha/Beta Sample Counter (Thermo Scientific). The results contain the summary activities of all available Sr isotopes, as for example {sup 89}Sr and {sup 90}Sr. The calculations of the single activities occur about the mathematical algorithm of the linear development on the basis of the works of G. Kanisch. The first results show, this method is suitable for the analysis of {sup 89}Sr and {sup 90}Sr and is used therefore in future in Thuringia.

This diploma thesis investigates an alternative method of mass determination of top quarks: The decay lengths of B hadrons correlates with the top quark mass. After checking the principle of this investigation in a generator-only study, the method is investigated using full detector simulation data. Cuts to identify dileptonic top quark events are described and applied, b-jets are closely studied and also taken into account in the signal selection. The correlation of the top quark mass and the decay length is determined. Uncertainties of this investigation are estimated and a scenario for their decreases in the future is given.

The anhydrous sugars levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan arise from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose. This anhydrous sugars are proven in atmospheric aerosols and are an important marker for the combustion of biomass. In contrast to this, the sugar alcohols arabitol and mannitol serve as aerosol markers for primary bio particles such as fungal spores. A fast and robust analysis method for the determination of saccharide markers in aerosols is of great interest for the chemistry of atmosphere, meteorology and health matters.

Waste incinerators with grate firing systems worked satisfactorily in the thermal treatment of wastes and in the energetic use of biomass. The potential of the advancements is not exhausted yet. Substantial goals of the continuous developments in incineration plants are: Increase of the efficiency; primary measures for pollutant reduction; lowering of the exhaust mass flows; improvement of the ash quality; reduction of the corrosion; improvement of economy. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on an on-line regulation of the heat flow on diaphragm evaporator walls. After description of the theoretical fundamentals, a test range is introduced for the investigation of diaphragm wall segments and the associated measuring technique is described. Moreover, the results from the mathematical modelling with the experimental results are presented. The results of attempts at two selected practice plants are discussed.

This paper tracks a structured financial innovation, the commercial mortgage-backed security which is not as novel as current discussion around the sub-prime crisis let assume. However, CMBS as credit-derivatives feature various factors that influence the risks arising from a commercial-mortgage credit agreement as well as marked-risks influenced by economy and marked behaviour. Risks of CMBS are generally evaluated by rating agencies, but volatile market prices show, that investors have diff...

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents and discusses the results of tests made on various samples of biogenous wastes taken from four fermentation plants in Switzerland. The aims of the tests made on the fermentation input materials that were sampled on a weekly basis are discussed. Various relevant data on the samples noted include the characterisation of the material and even weather data. The spread of the data acquired is discussed. The results obtained are examined in detail, including seasonal variations. The basic findings of the project are presented and differences between countryside and city areas as well as garden and catering wastes are discussed. A comprehensive appendix presents details on the data collected.

Dr. Theodore von Karman, co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Pasadena, California was an aeronautical theoretician. His contributions in the fields of aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering are well documented and well known to every aerospace engineer. He was the first winner of the prestigious U.S. Medal of Science presented to him by President John F. Kennedy. As well as being co-founder of JPL, he also was principal founder of a major rocket propulsion firm (Aerojet-General Corp.), the top science advisor to the U.S. Air Force during its transition to jet propulsion aircraft and the top science advisor to NATO. He was, during much of this time, the fountainhead of aerodynamic thought as head of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) in Pasadena, California. In the May 1956 issue of the Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, it was said of him that 'No other man has had so great an impact on the development of aeronautical science in this country. Hundreds of young men became his students and scientific collaborators and were inspired to greater effort.' Dr. William H. Pickering, then director of JPL said in 1960 'We wouldn't have an aeronautical science as we know it today, if it weren't for Dr. Thoedore von Karman.' Under his guidance, Caltech's 10 foot wind tunnel was designed, built and operated. Industry firms such as Douglas, Northrop, Hughes, Lockheed, North American, Vultee and Consolidated all tested new aeronautical designs and concepts in GALCIT's tunnel. Even Boeing's own high-speed wind tunnel was heavily influenced by suggestions from von Karman. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) became so concerned about GALCIT's growing influence over West coast aviation, it erected the Ames Laboratory in Sunnyvale, California in part to deter an ever widening aeronautical gap that had formed between NACA and GALCIT. From 1936 to 1940, Caltech stood alone as the only university

@@ Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is kind of bleeding disorder with laboratory findings similar to those in congenital yon Willebrand disease (vWD).AvWS doesn's have any personal or family history of bleeding, but is associated with certain diseases or abnormal conditions or drugs. Although AvWS is being stated as a rare disease, it has gained more and more attention during the past years. Not because of the severity of the disease, but it is more common than we thought and most patients don' t have a proper diagnosis.

The processes in the water-unsaturated zone have in the past received too little attention from hydrogeologists and their study by pedologists has been patchy. It is only recently that studies have been published, with for some part very diverse scientific approaches, which consider the water-unsaturated zone and the soil as a whole. There are small-scale and large-scale hydraulic approaches, hydraulic and first tracer-hydrological approaches. This poses the problem of how to transfer results obtained locally to larger spaces. Moreover, the homogeneity of substrates has been found to be such that hydraulic and tracer-hydrological approaches are unproblematic at the large scale, while at the small scale their results can only be interpreted with certain reservations. For example, this has led to findings of steady groundwater recharge at a large scale which contrast with findings at a smaller scale of a separation into highly variable matrix and bypass flows or into groundwater recharge and intermediate outflows. Studies at different levels of scale consequently bear different implications for material transport within and material export from specific landscape sections to underground or aboveground neighbouring compartments. The purpose of the present workshop on seepage water movement is to contribute to the establishment of facts on this issue, identify deficits, and stimulate future cooperation. [Deutsch] Die Prozesse in der wasserungesaettigten Zone wurden in der Vergangenheit zu wenig durch die Hydrogeologie und nur ausschnittsweise von der Pedologie betrachtet. Erst in neuerer Zeit mehren sich Arbeit, die die wasserungesaettigte Zone einschliesslich des Bodens integral betrachten, wobei die wissenschaftlichen Ansaetze z.T. sehr verschieden sind. Es gibt - klein- und grossskalige hydraulische Ansaetze, - hydraulische und erste tracerhydrologische Ansaetze und daraus erwaechst das Problem der Ueberleitung lokaler Ergebnisse auf groessere Raeume. Darueber

This thesis under the titel Experimental Determination of the Electronic Properties of Application-relevant Interfaces of Organic Semiconductors by means of Photoelectron Spectroscopy was drawn up at the Leibniz Institute for Solid-State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden at the Institute for Solid-State Research (IFF) under the maintenance of Prof. Dr. B. Buechner. To the scientific study hereby came two types of application-relevant interfaces. On the one hand the influence of the electrode preparation under normal conditions by means of ex-situ purification procedures in comparison to in-situ prepared contacts on the electronic behaviour of the organic semiconductor sexithiophene on interfaces to metallic substrates was studied. As substrate materials hereby the metals silver, palladium, gold, and platinum came to application. In a second study the interfaces of the organic semiconductors sexithiophene and copper(II)-phthalocyanine in contact to thin films of the transition-metal oxide La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} were studied. Also here a comparing study for ex-situ and in-situ purificated La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} contacts was performed. The films applied for this were fabricated in the IWF Dresden at the Institute for Metallic Materials (IMW). Also in the framework of these studies the influence of oxygen on the electronic and chemical behaviour on the interfaces held the spotlight. [German] Diese Dissertation unter dem Titel Experimentelle Bestimmung der elektronischen Eigenschaften anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflaechen organischer Halbleiter mittels Photoelektronenspektroskopie wurde am Leibniz Institut fuer Festkoerper- und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) Dresden am Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung (IFF) unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. B. Buechner angefertigt. Zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung kamen hierbei zwei Typen anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflaechen. Zum einem wurde der Einfluss einer Elektrodenpraeparation unter Normalbedingungen mittels ex

... to classify the type of von Willebrand disease platelet function tests, which determine how well the platelets work ... for pain or fever. These drugs interfere with platelet function and can increase the risk of bleeding. It ...

According to IAEA the food chain soil-plants-human is the predominant radionuclide ingestion path. The consumption of contaminated vegetarian food causes a continuous radiation exposure. In this context the problem of contaminated meadows in the Zwickauer and Vereinigten Mulde that is used for agriculture is of predominant interest. In this area intensive uranium mining has caused severe environmental contamination. The agricultural crop land and the grass land were studied with respect to the radionuclides U-238 and U-234. Following the radiochemical separation using ion chromatography the samples were analyzed by alpha-spectrometry. Compared to non-contaminated areas significant specific activities were measured. The transfer factors of the radionuclides U-238 and U-234 were determined for different plant parts. The transfer factors decrease with increasing radioactive contamination of the soils.

Within the framework of project RS1197, analysis methods have been further developed and tested for the determination of the structural dynamic loading and the maximum load-bearing capacity of containment structures with a focus on the quantification of safety margins against failures due to loads resulting from selected internal and external hazards. The analyses comprised a model containment structure of prestressed reinforced concrete under internal pressure loading until reaching failure pressure, an outer containment structure made of reinforced concrete under local impact loads that may occur during a targeted aircraft crash, and a steel containment under local peak loads from internal pressure and temperature loads due to core melt scenarios with a local hydrogen combustion. GRS participated in the international ''Standard Problem Exercise 3'' on the issue ''Performance of Containment Vessel under Severe Accident Conditions''. Together with the cooperation partners, aspects of the global containment behaviour were considered based on the example of the Sandia 1:4 model containment of prestressed concrete, which was loaded by rising internal pressure until failure. Complex analysis models were developed, calculating the behaviour of the prestressing tendons under consideration of the frictional contact with the cladding tubes. Compared with corresponding measurement values, the analysis results show that the stresses near the tensioning device and the deformation of the inner surface can be realistically modelled as a function of the internal pressure. In the experiment, global structural failure of the containment model was caused by tendon rupture at about 3.64 times the design pressure. With the developed analysis models of a generic structure of an outer reinforced concrete containment, simulations were carried out for various aircraft crash scenarios as contact problems with explicit impactor simulation. For this purpose, simplified models of a military aircraft and a medium-sized passenger aircraft were used. The parameter studies show that, as expected, the impact velocity as well as the failure criteria for concrete and steel have a significant influence on the integrity of the containment structure. With a 3D global analysis model of a Konvoi-type reactor building, the floor response spectra were calculated using a generic enveloping spectrum based on the ground response spectra of German nuclear power plant sites to derive loads for a cooling loop. For the area with the highest loads, determined by stress calculations with an analysis model of a cooling loop, a methodology to estimate material fatigue based on nuclear safety standard KTA 3201.2 has been tested. 3D analysis models of the spherical steel containment vessel of the Konvoi type have been developed and tested, one of them including all locks and pipe ducts. However, there remain unresolved issues, in particular in determining the maximum load-bearing capacity of containment structures made of reinforced concrete with regard to the influence of local crack-like damage in concrete and the modelling of the bond between concrete and the reinforcing bars as well as the cladding tubes of the prestressing tendons.

The release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an important parameter for the industrial processes of combustion and gasification. This parameter has to be determined for the active monitoring till to the ppm range. On basis of a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting laser (VCSEL) with 1,742 nm a new TDLAS spectrometer for the absolute in situ determination of hydrochloric acid during the processes of combustion and gasification was developed and used for a calibration-free absorption measurement of the HCl R3 line with minimal transversal sensitivity to the disturbing species CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. In an extractive application with a 10 cm long gas cell, an optical dissolution of 10{sup -}4 and a detection limit of 240 ppb . m at a time resolution of 12.5 s can be achieved. In the case of a time resolution of 1 s, the application of the spectrometer in the case of in-situ measurements in a biomass combustion (T = 900 C, p = 1 bar, L = 36 cm) resulted in an optical dissolution of 1.9 . 10{sup -}4. This corresponds to a detection limit of 9 ppm . m and a signal-noise ratio of 25: 1. First in-situ measurements in an air flow gasifier (T = 1,100 C, p = 1 bar, L = 28 cm) supply an optical dissolution of 2.3 . 10{sup -}4 and a detection limit of 13 ppm . m.

The deconstruction of nuclear power plants requires project planning and budgeting both during the project and in advance, as well as the secured provision of financial and human resources. When a facility is free from irradiated fuel, the reactor pressure vessel with the nuclear components as well as the biological shield determine the activity inventory of the facility, which almost exclusively consists of activated radionuclides located in the respective structures. Knowledge of the activity distribution and nuclide vectors of the involved components is of vital importance for deconstruction planning. In this context, the development of a computation procedure is described coupling the Monte Carlo method for the determination of neutron flux densities with a procedure to perform activation calculations for the determination of nuclide vectors. For this purpose, detailed knowledge of the material composition, particularly the trace-element concentrations of nitrogen and cobalt in steel and additionally of europium and caesium in concrete structures, considerably impacts the accuracy of the calculated activities. Extensive validation using data collected from various reactor facilities, such as nuclide activities, neutron flux densities, and neutron and gamma dose rates, demonstrates the reliability of the computed nuclide distributions showing ratios of computed over measured values of typically between 0.9 and 3. The practicality of the developed method as well as the convenient use of the results have already been demonstrated analysing several German BWR and PWR facilities and developing packaging strategies based on the produced results.

The aim of the project was to develop and validate a testing method for the determination of PCB and PCT in organic waste matrices such as cable covering material, waste wood and automotive shredder residue. The proposed method contains steps to grind the sample, extraction, clean up and quantification. For each matrix a maximum particle sizes was determined, necessary for reproducible results. A test series with different extraction methods such as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), sonication extraction, shaking extraction and Soxhlet extraction was carried out to compare various extraction techniques. Solvent and extraction times were varied. Different clean up methods were tested and evaluated. The results were taken into account in the method proposal. For quantification the GC/ECD procedure is favored, since hereby both PCB and PCB substitutes can be analysed simultaneously within one chromatographic run, if the detector response is sufficient. In presence of interfering substances like polychlorinated naphthalenes PCB can be quantified by variation of the GC-conditions. For the quantitation of PCT a calculation method based on freely selectable congeners is suggested. For the investigation of PCB and PCT in waste quality-assurance measures are formulated, which correspond both with the legal as well as the analytic requirements. (orig.)

This report describes the use of bidirectional and spectral measurements of the Stokes vector in the visible spectral range by means of POLDER/ADEOS for deriving physical properties of clouds and aerosols. Taking the polarization information into account, the cloud optical depth and the mode radius are derived from fully cloudy pixels as well as the aerosol optical depth and the aerosol type from cloud free pixels. The central point of the method are neuronal networks trained by data obtained from simulations of the radiative transport allowing for the complete Stokes vector. A complementary algorithm SYNAER uses OCTS data combined with POLDER bidirectional information to derive the aerosol optical thickness and the aerosol type. GOME/ERS2 data are compared with POLDER/ADEOS data to assess the quality of the correction for self polarization in the GOME processing chain. The determination of fully cloudy and cloud free POLDER pixels by means of simultaneous OCTS data will be demonstrated. (orig.)

The thesis describes the design and setting up of a system of analysis based on the flow injection method, which carries out measurements automatically, for process control. The three functional areas of the system are described: sampling, assay and control, and evaluation by personal computer. Following an assessment of the individual sectors, their combination into an overall system is shown. Assay methods for the chemical species nitrite and nitrate are presented. The methods of detection used are based on potentiometry and photometry. The assay systems were chosen according to the criteria simplicity of set-up, immunity to disturbances, and miniaturizability. They are assessed for their effective service life and long-term stability. The thesis also outlines the program that was developed for this application. It controls three FIA systems. The basic demands on such a program and how these were met are reported. The program permits to display the measuring signals from the FIA systems and an overview of the measured concentrations of the chemical species in the bioreactor on the monitor. Furthermore, the program was designed for automated calibration, recalibration and new calibration. Signals are evaluated either on the basis of their altitude or area by linear or non-linear regression. Then the readings are transmitted to the process control system. The program parameters and measured data can also be loaded and stored with other programs. Executed control experiments show that the overall system is suitable for use in the process control of a bioreactor for sewage cleaning. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es werden Entwicklung und Aufbau eines automatisch messenden Analysensystems zur Prozesskontrolle auf der Grundlage der Fliessinjektionsanalyse (FIA) beschrieben. Die Entwicklung des Gesamtsystems, bestehend aus den drei Teilbereichen Probennahme, analytische Bestimmung sowie Steuerung und Auswertung mittels eines Personal-Computers, wird im einzelnen gezeigt. Das

The association between von Recklinghausen's disease and pheochromocytoma is present about 10% of cases. We report a case of 49 years old women who presented with elevated blood pressure and von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Laboratory examination showed a marked level in the urinary excretion of cathecholamine. The computed tomography showed a right adrenal tumor suggesting a pheochromocytoma. The adrenalectomy was realised by transabdominal approach and the histological examination confirmed a benign pheochromocytoma. The authors discuss the pathogenetic hypothesis of this rare pathological association, the diagnostic methods and the therapeutic procedure.

Translation of Martin Krasnik interview with Lars von Trier broadcast on DR2, January 12, 2015. The following is an interview of Lars von Trier (LvT) by the Danish journalist Martin Krasnik (MK). The interview took place in Lars von Trier’s home in Brede, a small town just outside Copenhagen...

Full Text Available Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome - a systemic disease manifesting with multiple tumor growth, inherited by autosomal-dominant type with high penetrance. Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is important for determining the start time of screening for the presence of the tumors and adequate treatment, including metabolic disorders.

Full Text Available The concept of shock apparently emerged in the middle of the 18th century (Whyett as an occurrence observed experimentally after spinal cord transection, and identified as "shock" phenomenon one century later (Hall. The concept was extended (Brown-Séquard and it was suggested that brain lesions caused functional rupture in regions distant from the injured one ("action à distance". The term "diaschisis" (von Monakow, proposed as a new modality of shock, had its concept broadened, underpinned by observations of patients, aiming at distinguishing between symptoms of focal brain lesions and transitory effects they produced, attributable to depression of distant parts of the brain connected to the injured area. Presently, diaschisis is related mainly to cerebrovascular lesions and classified according to the connection fibers involved, as proposed by von Monakow. Depression of metabolism and blood flow in regions anatomically separated, but related by connections with the lesion, allows observing diaschisis with neuroimaging.

Dr. von Braun began his association with Walt Disney in the 1950s when the rocket scientist appeared in three Disney television productions related to the exploration of space. Years later, Dr. von Braun invited Disney and his associates to tour the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. This photograph is dated April 13, 1965. From left are R.J. Schwinghamer from the MSFC, Disney, B.J. Bernight, and Dr. von Braun.

Dr. Werhner von Braun, then Chief, Guided Missile Development Operation Division at Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) in Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, was visited by Walt Disney in 1954. In the 1950's, von Braun worked with Disney Studio as a technical director, making three films about space exploration for television. A model of the V-2 rocket is in background.

Wikipedia has claimed for over two years now that John von Neumann was the "first quantum Bayesian." In context, this reads as stating that von Neumann inaugurated QBism, the approach to quantum theory promoted by Fuchs, Mermin and Schack. This essay explores how such a claim is, historically speaking, unsupported.

Jolissaint and Stalder introduced the definitions of mixing and weak mixing for von Neumann subalgebras of finite von Neumann algebras. In this paper, we study various algebraic and analytical properties of mixing and weakly mixing von Neumann subalgebras. We prove some basic results about mixing inclusions of von Neumann algebras and establish a connection between mixing properties and normalizers of von Neumann subalgebras. The special case of mixing subalgebras arising from inclusions of group von Neumann algebras finds applications to ergodic theory. For a finite von Neumann algebra $M$ and von Neumann subalgebras $A$, $B$ of $M$, we introduce a notion of weak mixing of $B\\subseteq M$ relative to $A$. If $B$ is abelian and $A\\subset B$, we show that weak mixing of $B \\subset M$ relative to $A$ is equivalent to the following property: if $x\\in M$ and $xAx^*\\subset B$ then $x\\in B$. In the general case, we show that weak mixing of $B\\subset M$ relative to $A$ is equivalent to the following property: if $x\\i...

A 117-item annotated bibliography of books, articles, essays, lectures, and reviews by economist Ludwig von Mises is presented. The bibliography is arranged chronologicaly, and is followed by an alphabetical listing of the citations, excluding books. An index and information on the Ludwig von Mises Institute at Auburn University (Alabama) are…

This special report focuses on measurements of elements whose scope goes far beyond the routine monitoring for metals. The present studies are intended to extend the existing knowledge on the pollution situation of the Elbe and certain of its tributaries as well as provide a basis for formulating future guidelines for action. The first step towards this goal is sampling by means of an helicopter. The sampling is followed by a very involved and costly analysis programme, accompanied by extensive quality assurance measures. This is the only way of reliably analysing a large number of elements occurring in extremely low concentrations. Once the data have been recorded the question arises how they are to be evaluated. What schemes are suitable for categorising a large number of elements measured in either the suspended matter or the water compartment? What elements are to be regarded as the result of anthropogenic influences and what are their respective background concentrations in the fluvial system under study? These questions are approached by means of statistical methods which permit identifying elemental patterns and pollution sources as well as optimising the selection of measuring points for future studies. [German] In diesem Sonderbericht steht die Bestimmungvon Elementen, die in ihrem Umfang ueber die routinemaessig erfassten Metalle deutlich hinausgeht, im Vordergrund. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollen das bereits vorhandene Wissen zur Beschreibung der Immissionssituation der Elbe und von bestimmten Nebenfluessen erweitern, verbunden mit der Moeglichkeit, zukuenftige Handlungsmaximen zu erarbeiten. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels steht zu Beginn die Probenahme mit einem Helicopter. Im Anschluss an die Probenahme folgt eine sehr aufwendige und teure Analytik, die begleitet wird von umfassenden Massnahmen zur Qualitaetssicherung. Nur so ist es moeglich, eine grosse Vielzahl von Elementen in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen sicher analysieren zu koennen. Sind

Computerized tomography has received a new importance. It has been shown that decreased anteversion of femur and acetabulum, when both have decreased angles, are causing pain and osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Operative treatment should be performed before osteoarthritis develops. Exact measurements therefore are necessary. The investigation should be performed in prone position to have the pelvis lying in a defined and normal position. Femoral torsion is measured between the transverse axis of the knee and the femoral neck. The transverse axis for measurement of the femoral anteversion is defined by a rectangular line to the sagittal plane. For evaluation of the femoral anteversion in total the angle of the condyles has to be added to the femoral neck angle when the knee is found in internal rotation. Acetabular anteversion should be measured at the level where the femoral head is still in full contact and congruence with the anterior margin of the acetabulum. (orig.) [German] Fuer die Computertomographie hat sich eine neue Aufgabe ergeben. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass verringerte Pfannenanteversion und Schenkelhalsantetorsion haeufige Ursachen von Hueftschmerz und -arthrose sind, v. a. wenn beide gegen 0 gehen. Da operative Massnahmen vor Eintreten der Arthrose ergriffen werden sollten, sind genaue Messwerte erforderlich. Die Untersuchung sollte in Bauchlage durchgefuehrt werden, um eine einheitliche und weitgehend normale Beckenkippung zu gewaehrleisten. Die Schenkelhalstorsion wird zwischen der Kniegelenk- und der Schenkelhalsachse gemessen. Zur Festlegung der Sagittalebene legt man am besten eine Mittellinie zwischen die Beckenschaufeln. Die Messung der Pfannenanteversion sollte in der Schnitthoehe erfolgen, wo die Bewegungseinschraenkung der Innenrotation auftritt. (orig.)

The von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that comprises, apart from angiomas of the retina, the cerebellum, the spinal cord, and the cerebrum, also cystic and blastomatous dysplasias resulting from maldevelopment, namely cystic kidney and pancreas, hypernephroma, and pheochromocytoma. Early observers of the syndrome were the English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson (1872) and the German ophthalmologist Hugo Magnus (1874). The typical association of angiomas of the retina with the cerebellum was first described in 1905 by the Prague ophthalmologist Wilhelm Czermak, long before Lindau (1926). The fact that hypernephromas and pheochromocytomas may form parts of it characterizes the syndrome as a polyneoplastic hereditary disease and the sufferers as members of families at risk. Since the ophthalmologist is often the first to recognize this disease by direct inspection of the fundi, he is responsible for ensuring proper medical care for the affected person and his or her entire family.

3D Scanners Lab from Digital Humanities Laboratory at the University of Warsaw initiated the scientific project, the purpose of which was to call attention to systematically penetrated and devastated pyramid-shaped tomb from the XVIII/XIX century, of family von Fahrenheid in Rapa in Banie Mazurskie commune (NE Poland). By conducting a series of non-invasive studies, such as 3D inventory using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), thermal imaging, georadar measurements (around and inside the tomb) and anthropological research of mummified remains as well - the complete dataset was collected. Through the integration of terrestrial (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) authors managed to analyse the surroundings of Fahrenheid pyriamid and influence of some objects (like trees) on the condition and visibility of the Pyramids in the landscape.

Von Laue's theorem is strictly proved in detail to clarify confusions in textbook and literature. This theorem is used to analyze the classical electron and the static electric field confined in a finite region of space.

Full Text Available On May 15, 2011 Christian von Ferber - member of the Editorial Board of "Condensed Matter Physics" and renowned expert in the fields of soft matter physics and complex systems - celebrated his 50th birthday. The Editorial board of CMP, colleagues and friends warmy congratulate Christian von Ferber and wish him and his family continuing good health and to enjoy many adventures and discoveries in his future scientific travels!

The shutdown and decommissioning of nuclear facilities is continuing in Germany. As a consequence, due to the resulting radioactive waste, it becomes more and more important to analyse the nuclides in the produced radioactive waste efficiently. Thereby a fast and reliable analysis procedure for the determination of Ni-63 and Fe-55 is needed. Therefor we developed recently a method for the determination of Ni-63 and Fe-55 in waste water based on extraction chromatography. The method was optimized in order to improve the sample preparation. The samples with usually relatively high matrix content were decomposed by wet chemical digestion. A unique feature of the current method is the use of an automated separating column module (TSM), developed in our laboratory, in order to selectively separate the radionuclides of interest. At last separated Ni-63 and Fe-55 are analyzed by means of Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC). To validate the developed procedure synthetically prepared (doped) matrix-matched samples as well as certificated standards were analyzed. The obtained results were in a good agreement with the expected or certified values.

An Assessment of the Demand Side Integration Potential from HVAC for whole cities can be achieved through a detailed analysis of the building stock. Using GIS based digital city maps in combination with usage based characteristic data on the typical power installed in buildings for HVAC (such as the VDI 3807-4) an automated approach can be defined to achieve building specific data covering a whole city. This paper discusses a feasibility study for such an approach that was carried out by the university of applied sciences and the harbour city university both of Hamburg. Out of a total of about 340.000 buildings in Hamburg the study defined 832 buildings of office like use with a noteworthy DSI potential from HVAC. The same method could be used to automatically analyse the DSI potential of other sectors of building use for a whole city and/or be transferred to other cities with similar data basis. Because of the inherent connection to a GIS based data set the results can be easily displayed in maps. The paper gives an introduction into the method, shows some results achieved and discusses the approach and its transferability. (orig.)

The natural radiation exposure includes external exposure due to terrestric and cosmic radiation and internal exposure due to respiration and food - incorporation. Incorporated radionuclides are partially absorbed in the vascular and lymphatic systems and partially excreted after a certain biological half-time through kidneys and intestines, and partially the lungs. The radiation exposure is defined as effective annual dose in Sievert. In Germany the medium natural exposure is 2.1 mSv per year.

A smart integration of electric vehicles into the future energy grid guarantees for matching energy demand and supply. To sufficiently integrate electric vehicles into the energy grid, it is necessary to maximize the vehicles' availability for intelligent charging processes. However, the availability highly depends on the motivation and skills of their users. Future drivers have to decide whether they want to initiate direct or intelligent charging processes. In case of intelligent charging processes, the systems require information about upcoming departure times and trip lengths. Inaccurate user predictions may reduce vehicles' availability for intelligent charging processes or may lead to insufficient battery levels. In the present paper, we investigate the influence of user variables on electric vehicles' availability for smart integration. We use data from psychological research that allows for comparing mobility predictions with actual mobility. We further technologically interpret data and display means to account for user variables in future charging scenarios. (orig.)

This thesis presents the design, development, commissioning and characterization of a novel Penning trap in the framework of the experiment for the direct Determination of the g-factor of a single proton. This trap is distinguished by the fact that the field lines of an external homogeneous magnetic field are distorted around the trap Center by means of a ferromagnetic ring electrode. The inhomogeneous part of the resulting magnetic field, the so-called magnetic bottle, can be quantified by the the coefficient B{sub 2}=297(10) mT/mm{sup 2} of the second-order term in the series expansion describing the field. Such an exceptionally strong field inhomogeneity is a fundamental prerequisite for the detection of the proton spin orientation via the continuous Stern-Gerlach effect. This effect is based upon the coupling of the spin degree of freedom of the trapped proton to one of its eigenfrequencies, which occurs in the presence of the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Thus, a transition between the spin states can be detected as a frequency jump. The measurable change in frequency is proportional to B{sub 2} and to the in the case of the Proton extremely small ratio between its magnetic moment and its mass. The technical challenges due to the needed high magnetic inhomogeneity require a well-founded understanding and control of the the properties of the Penning trap and experimental conditions. The Penning trap developed in the present work allowed the first non-destructive detection of spin quantum jumps of a single trapped proton, which represented a breakthrough in the experiment for the direct determination of the g-factor with the aimed relative uncertainty of 10{sup -9}. By means of a statistical method the Larmor and the cyclotron frequency of the proton could be measured in the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the trap, from which the g-factor could be determined with a relative uncertainty of 8.9 x 10{sup -6}.The experimental techniques and setup presented here can be transferred to an equivalent experiment for the determination of the g-factor of the antiproton in order to achieve the same relative uncertainty, thus tanking the first step towards a new stringent test of CPT symmetry in the the baryonic sector.

Sodium metaphosphate glasses doped with transition metal oxides show characteristic colors. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations provide information whether the coloration stems from different electronic transitions or changes in the geometrical structure of the glasses. Even though the violet color of MnO{sub y}-doped glasses is considered as an evidence for Mn{sup 3+}-ions, Mn K-XAS reveals that the majority of the manganese ions are in the oxidation state +II and have a mixed coordination of four and six oxygen atoms, respectively. The oxygen coordination around the nickel ions in NiO-doped glasses with different metall oxide concentrations is always six. The change of color from citreous to auburn with increasing nickel oxide content is attributed to a systematic change in the bonding characteristic from mainly ionic-like to a small but significant contribution of covalent-like bonding. Analysis of higher coordination shells provides no indication of the formation of metal oxide clusters. (orig.)

One of the most promising candidates to describe the physics beyond the standard model is the so-called supersymmetry. This work was created in the context of the DESY-Muenster-Collaboration, which studies in particular the N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM). SYM is a comparatively simple theory, which is therefore well-suited to study the expected properties of a supersymmetric theory with the help of Monte Carlo simulations on the lattice. This thesis is focused on the numerical determination of the quarkpotential, the glueball masses and the phase structur of the N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. The quarkpotential is used to calculate the Sommer scale, which in turn is needed to convert the dimensionless lattice spacing into physical units. Glueballs are hypothetical particles built out of gluons, their masses are relatively hard to determine in lattice simulations due to their pure gluonic nature. For this reason, various methods are studied to reduce the uncertainties of the mass determination. The focus lies on smearing methods and their use in variational smearing as well as on the use of different glueball operators. Lastly, a first look is taken at the phase diagram of the model at finite temperature. Various simulations have been performed at finite temperature in parallel to those performed at temperature zero to analyse the behaviour of the Polyakov loop and the gluino condensate in greater detail.

Many power transmission grids in East Germany still have PE cables of the NA2YHCaY type (TGL cables) that are more than 30 years old. As the cables are ageing, tests of their residual electric strength become necessary. (orig.)

In the frame of this project the extent of personal exposure against electromagnetic fields caused by various types of RFID equipment has been analyzed based on measurements on selected devices and numerical computations considering practically relevant exposure scenarios. The obtained results were assessed according to the ICNIRP guidelines published in 1998. Moreover, numerical computations were carried out in order to estimate disturbance voltages induced at the input of cardiac pacemakers. All relevant frequency bands used by present RFID devices were considered. With respect to RFID transponders it was shown that they do not cause relevant exposure. Exposure figures caused by typical active RFID transponders can be expected several orders of magnitude below the corresponding basic restrictions according to ICNIRP 1998. For the assessment of exposure caused by RFID reader devices a differentiation of device categories and operating frequencies is necessary. Small reader devices or handheld readers with operating ranges less than approximately 10 cm, e.g., for reading from or writing to electronic passports, tickets, etc., are based on inductive coupling at operating frequencies 13,56 MHz and 120 kHz. From the obtained results it can be concluded that these devices cause exposure well below the ICNIRP 1998 basic restrictions. Similarly, also measurement and computational results for inductively coupled RF access control and identification systems (13,56 MHz) with even higher operating ranges up to approximately 80 cm indicate that exposure above the basic restrictions is not to be expected for such devices under usual conditions in practice. In contrast, the obtained results for inductively coupled LF reading devices with operating ranges up to approximately 80 cm (operating frequency 120-125 kHz) showed that induced current densities in the central nervous tissue above the basic restrictions are possible for particular devices if a person approaches the antennas closer than 20 cm. Regarding UHF (868 MHz) and microwave (2,45 GHz) reader devices it was demonstrated that exposure above the basic restriction is not to be expected as long as a minimum distance to the antennas of 10 cm - 20 cm is maintained. Concerning exposure from currently widest deployed Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) technology also differences between technologies become obvious. While the numerous measurements and computations carried out did not give indications that radio frequency (RF)-EAS devices (operating frequency range typically 7,5-8,9 MHz) cause exposure above the basic restrictions defined in ICNIRP 1998, it could be demonstrated that for acoustomagnetic (AM)-EAS systems (operating frequency 58 kHz) exposure above the ICNIRP 1998 basic restrictions is possible, when approaching the antenna very closely, i.e., at unusual short distances of less than a few centimeters between the trunk and/or the head and the antenna. With respect to the assessment of the exposure caused by the RFID- and EAS devices with operating frequencies less than 10 MHz (particularly close to and below 100 kHz), it must be noted that the assessment summarized above was carried out based on the ICNIRP guidelines published in 1998, i.e., that the basic restriction in terms of current density was applied only to central nervous (CNS) tissue. It must be expected that the application of the new assessment concept recently published by ICNIRP 2010, which is based of induced electric field strength inside the tissue and which provides now also limits for all body tissues and not only for CNS tissue, may lead to significant different assessment results and conclusions for the mentioned device categories. Regarding possible electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers, again RFID- and EAS-devices with working frequencies 58 kHz and 120 kHz and large (e.g., floor standing) antennas showed up to have the highest potential for interference compared to the other investigated devices. In situations with adverse orientation of the body while approaching the antennas very closely the induced disturbance voltage at the pacemaker input was found to be higher than the corresponding disturbance test voltage levels defined in applicable standards for pacemakers.

While determinations of SP-1 in the amniotic fluid were found to be of rather limited diagnostic usefulness, both single and repeated measurements in the serum provided valuable information that permitted to predict the presumable patient outcome in cases of imminent abortion attributable to such conditions as diabetic fetopathy or severe gestosis associated with deficient fetal development (one limitation of the method's usefulness being a comparatively high percentage of false-positive results). (TRV).

Permanentmagnet synchronous machines (PMSM) show lower losses compared to induction machines (IM) due to the lack of rotor losses which are typical only for IM. Hence, for many applications with a fixed rotational speed such as fans or pumps the PMSM would be a good choice in case the PMSM is directly connected to the grid without any converter in between at nominal speed. This would be an optimal solution with respect to efficiency and losses. Because the PMSM is not able to speed up when directly connected to the grid, it has normally to be started using a frequency converter or it has to be equipped with a start-up short-circuit cage which would develop an asynchronous torque. A cost effective alternative is to use AC voltage controller or softstarter based on thyristors to speed up the PMSM and bridge the AC voltage controller once the PMSM has reached nominal speed. This paper presents a calculation method to predict the dynamic behaviour of a PMSM when fed by a thyristor-based AC voltage controller. (orig.)

Purpose: the influence of different magnetic field strengths on the quantification of glutamate was experimentally investigated by means of in vitro and in vivo {sup 1}H-MR spectroscopic measurements at 1.5 T and 3 T. Materials and methods: in vitro {sup 1}H-MR measurements of aqueous solutions of NAA, glutamate, glutamine and GABA were performed on two clinical MR scanners at 1.5 T and 3 T using a single voxel PRESS sequence (TR/TE = 10000/30 ms). In vitro brain measurements were also performed at both field strengths using a PRESS 2D-{sup 1}H-CSI-sequence (TR/TE = 5000/30 ms) in 6 volunteers. Spectra at 1.5 T and 3 T were compared with respect to the overlap of the single compound spectra and the deviations between estimated and nominally adjusted concentrations. In vivo spectra at both field strengths were compared with respect to SNR{sub Glu}, line width and Cramer-Rao values of the estimated glutamate intensities by using the LCModel. For the thalamus, insular and parietal cortex mean Glu/tCr ratios were estimated and compared between 1.5 T and 3 T as well as with corresponding values in the literature. Results: in general, an improved separation of signal maxima was observed in the in vitro spectra at 3 T. Except for GABA, all in vitro concentrations estimated at 3 T revealed lower deviations from their adjusted nominal concentration compared to 1.5 T: NAA (1.5 T: -5.5%, 3 T: 0.7%), glutamate (1.5 T: -18.1%, 3 T: 12.3%), glutamine (1.5 T: 44.8%, 3 T: 9.2%), GABA (1.5 T: -24.8%, 3 T: 33.8%). The SNR of in vivo spectra at 3 T was nearly doubled compared to 1.5 T. The mean number of voxels with %SD{sub Glu} < 20 was distinctly lower at 1.5 T (53%) than at 3 T (80%). Estimated Glu/tCr ratios for thalamus, insular and parietal cortex lay in the upper range of the literature values. (orig.)

The aim of the COBRA experiment is the observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay, primarily of the isotope {sup 116}Cd. The applied semiconductor detectors of cadmium zinc telluride that are 90% to be enriched enable both the detection and the source of this decay. The half-lives of decays of this kind are expected in the range of more than 10{sup 26} years. Therefore, the reduction of contributions to the background is of decisive importance. The main subjects of this work are, on the one hand, the time synchronization of the data, which provides the basis for coincidence analysis. This analysis method has access not only to identification of contributions to the background, but also to observe decays involving positron annihilation and decays into excited states. In this study, the intrinsic detector contamination of some decay products of {sup 238}U and {sup 232}Th was measured and sensitivities to the half-lives of the decays like {sup 120}Te and {sup 128}Te in each case to the first excited state of daughter products are given. On the other hand, qualitative studies on the importance of neutrons in the COBRA experiment were conducted. These have shown that fast neutrons, thus with energies greater than 10 keV, only result in an insignificant contribution to the background for the detection of neutrinoless double-beta decay of the {sup 116}Cd. Previous studies have also shown that the thermal neutron flux can be in situ determined by coincidence analysis.

Background and aims: X-rays cause relevant DNA damage to cells. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be the most biologically significant radiation induced DNA-lesions. Recently a sensitive immunofluorescence microscopic method was developed to quantify x-ray induced DSBs as nuclear foci, even after doses as used in computed tomography. The method is based on the phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX after formation of DSBs and distinct foci representing DSBs can be visualised. The number of foci correlates well with the delivered radiation dose. The importance of cardiac CT has increased during the last years. The radiation exposure of cardiac CT is rather high compared to other radiologic diagnostic procedures and techniques for dose-reduction receive increasing attention. In this context the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the γ-H2AX-based method is able to measure x-ray induced DSBs in patients undergoing cardiac CT. Furthermore the objective was to evaluate whether CT-induced DSBs correlate with exposure parameters (dose length product, DLP) and to assess the influence of the scan protocols on the biological radiation damage. Materials and methods: 32 patients undergoing coronary CT angiography either using a 64-slice (n = 5: SOMATOM Sensation 64 {sup registered}) or a dual-source CT scanner (n = 27: SOMATOM Definition {sup registered}) were included in the study. Venous blood samples were taken before and 0.5 h, 2.5 h, and 24 h after the CT scan. Additional venous blood samples obtained before CT were irradiated in-vitro at various radiation doses (10 mGy, 50 mGy, 100 mGy) to obtain reference values of foci. Lymphocytes were separated and incubated with a specific γ-H2AX primary and a fluorescent secondary antibody. The number of γ-H2AX-foci was quantified using a fluorescence microscope. Every distinct focus represents one DNA-DSB. The number of radiation-induced DSBs was calculated by subtracting the foci number of corresponding non-irradiated control samples (baseline) from excess foci after exposure. The radiation dose to the blood was determined by comparing the number of CT-induced in-vivo DSBs with in-vitro DSB levels. Individual DLP was registered as provided by the patient protocol. Results: In all patients an increase of DSB values after CT was found (median: 0.36; range: 0.15-0.71 DSB/cell). Over a period of 24 hours a rapid reduction of DSBs due to DNA repair was observed and the baseline value of pre-exposure samples is nearly reached after 24 h. The number of radiation-induced DSBs (ρ = 0.57; p < 0.01) and the resulting radiation dose to the blood (ρ = 0.66; p < 0.01) showed a significant linear correlation to the dose length product. The radiation dose to the blood did not significantly differ between the two CT scanners used in this study if results are normalized to the individual DLP (SOMATOM Sensation 64 {sup registered}: 30 mGy/1000 mGy x cm; SOMATOM Definition {sup registered}: 27 mGy/1000 mGy x cm). An additional scan for calcium scoring led to a significant 21% increase of foci (p = 0.04). A reduction of the tube voltage (100 kV vs. 120 kV) resulted in a lower DLP (44%) and radiation dose to the blood (36%) but these differences were not significant (DLP: p = 0.40; radiation dose to the blood: p = 0.44). The dose reducing effect of a higher pitch used in patients with higher heart rates was mitigated by a broader window (40-70% vs. 70-70%) of the ECG-based tube current modulation in these individuals (correlation pitch - DLP: ρ = 0.08, p = 0.69; pitch - excess foci: ρ = -0.14, p = 0.49). Conclusion: γ-H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy is a valid and sensitive method for biodo-simetric measurement in cardiac CT. Foci representing DNA DSBs reflect the biological dose and consider the effects of different scan parameters on the radiation-induced biological damage.

The contribution describes the fundamentals of radiometric age determination based on natural radionuclides. Organic (carbon containing) materials can be dated up to an age of 60.000 years using C-14. The methods used for radiometric dating of rocks and minerals include the radioactive decay series of U-238, U-235, Th -232, but also the beta decay of Rb-87 to Sr-87 or K-40 to Ar-40. The absolute age of rocks is not necessarily identical with the radiometric dating result, since geological processes could influence the radionuclide ratio.

Scaling in the context of REACH means: use of simple mathematics to check, whether chemi-cals are used in a safe way. Even in case if certain conditions of use deviate from the exposure scenario. In specific cases, scaling offers downstream users the opportunity to demonstrate coverage by an exposure scenario for their individual conditions of use. In this report we describe the duty of downstream users to check their conditions of use. We give a definition of scaling related to REACH. We describe objectives and results of scaling. We characterise available scaling tools in a structured way. We describe options for further development and harmonisation of scaling tools. Under use of the experience with existing tools, we develop a guidance document on scaling. Three examples in this guidance make clear how scaling works. In five steps. The guidance is addressed to persons using substances in industrial or professional applications - downstream users according to REACH. In addition, the guidance supports producers of substances and formulators who want to develop scaling tools for their customers. The report includes a calculation table for scaling related to the environment (REACH Scale Environment). In addition, it includes a template to generate product-specific scaling tools. This report focuses on scaling related to environmental exposure assessment. Scaling is possible related to workers and consumer exposure, too. References for this are given in chapter 7. (orig.)

The electron stretcher facility ELSA provides an electron beam of a few hundred pA used for the generation of bremsstrahlung photons probing the nucleon structure in a detector setup. For the correct interpretation of the events registered, the persistence of the beam position over time is crucial. Its continuous monitoring has been enabled by setting up a measurement system based on resonant cavities. Position signals at a frequency of 1.5 GHz and below one aW of power can be abstracted from the beam without degrading its quality. After frequency down-conversion to a few kHz, a narrow bandwidth detection performed by lock-in amplifiers separates them from noise. A maximum sample rate of 9 Hz and a resolution of one tenth of a millimeter could be achieved. The position signals have to be normalized to the beam current which is monitored by another dedicated resonator. The measurement precision down to a few pA allows for the accelerator extraction mechanism to be controlled by a feedback loop in order to obtain the respective requested current. (orig.)

This study investigates the methods of calculating the fluid-dynamic properties of fuel-vapour/air-mixtures. It aims to determine models for the calculation of the dynamic viscosity and density of these fuel-vapour/air-mixtures. For this purpose, fuels were analyzed. The data received were collected in a database which was complemented with the temperature-dependent vapour-pressures and dynamic viscosity-properties. Experiments were conducted in order to determine the air-content in the vapour venting from a fuel system during refueling. Based on these data conclusions can be drawn on the composition of the liquid fuel, which allows the assessment of the fuel-vapour and its properties. The results received were subsequently used to develop parametric models for the calculation of the average molecular weight, density and dynamic viscosity of fuel-vapour/air-mixtures. (orig.)

Accidental and intentional release of radioactive materials, for example in the wake of a nuclear accident, causes contamination of surfaces in the outdoor environment, in buildings and the clothing of humans. Resuspension of radioactive material from contaminated surfaces is the dominant source of radioactive inhalation exposure of first responders and emergency personnel at the accident site as well as in emergency care centres during the time period following the event. The assessment of the aerosol borne activity concentration is based on reasonable assumptions or measurements of the surface contamination and a quantitative understanding of the resuspension process. In this project the resuspension rate of respirable particles (< 10 {mu}m) and its dependence on time and influencing parameters was measured. Special emphasis was directed to the early phase after the release event. Using a versatile, small scale flow channel set-up, wind resuspension and resuspension caused by transient or continuous mechanical forces impacting on the surfaces was investigated. The flux of particles resuspended from small test surfaces was detected by an optical particle size spectrometer. Influencing parameters such properties of contaminated surfaces, wind speed, type of particle etc. could be easily varied. Well defined contaminations of the test surfaces were prepared in a settling chamber by dry and wet deposition using aerosolized dry powders of spherical (silver) and agglomerated (cerium oxide) particles, and sprays of aqueous solutions of cesium chloride, respectively. In the latter case the surface was dried after deposition of the liquid droplets leading to a surface contamination of CsCl crystals adhering stronger to the surface than particulates. The resuspension rate for surfaces contaminated by wet deposition is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower compared to the situation for dry deposition, irrespective of the resuspension mechanism. The air flow induced resuspension rate, R R, decreases with the time elapsed after the onset of the resuspension following a power law: R{sub R} = A.t{sup -{mu}}, where {mu} {approx} 1 for laminar flow in the duct and {mu} {approx} 1.3 for turbulent flow. For a contaminated smooth ceramic surface a turbulent flow of 6 m/s velocity induces an average resuspension rate within the first half hour of 2 %/h for dry deposition and 0.006 %/h for wet deposition. The figures reduce to 0.2 %/h, respectively, 0.001 %/h after an additional time period of one hour. The time pattern of the resuspension rate implies that more dust is released in the first hour immediately after the event, than in 12 hours following that period. The above considerations cover atmospheric wind resuspension. There is a strong non-linear dependency of the resuspension rate on wind speed,u: R{sub R} = B.u{sup 2.5}, resulting in a significant reduction of resuspension rates at lower wind speeds but also emphasizing the importance of wind gusts for example induced by moving vehicles. The influence of powder type: spherical versus agglomerated particles, and surface structure: smooth and rough tiles, metal surface, artificial grass surface, fabric, is small. Variations of the measured resuspension rates are less than a factor of approximately 2. Preliminary tests show that surface treatment by spraying water glycerine solutions is an effective fixation method and resuspension rates are reduced by a factor of 100. The above resuspension rates for 6 m/s were used to estimate the airborne activity concentration, the intake of radioactive particulates via inhalation and the corresponding effective dose for first responders in the immediate vicinity of the contaminated area after the initial plume of a dirty bomb event has passed through. Assuming a rather high value of released, respirable activity of 10{sup 12} Bq of Cs 137 ({gamma}-emitter) and Pu 238 ({alpha}-emitter) an inhaled intake of 40 Bq for an on-site residence time of 2 hours, beginning 5 minutes after the event, is obtained. As expected even under the conditions of enhanced

The cerebral cortex displays substantial variation in cellular architecture, a regional patterning that has been of great interest to anatomists for centuries. In 1925, Constantin von Economo and George Koskinas published a detailed atlas of the human cerebral cortex, describing a cytoarchitectonic division of the cortical mantle into over 40 distinct areas. Von Economo and Koskinas accompanied their seminal work with large photomicrographic plates of their histological slides, together with tables containing for each described region detailed morphological layer-specific information on neuronal count, neuron size and thickness of the cortical mantle. Here, we aimed to make this legacy data accessible and relatable to in vivo neuroimaging data by constructing a digital Von Economo - Koskinas atlas compatible with the widely used FreeSurfer software suite. In this technical note we describe the procedures used for manual segmentation of the Von Economo - Koskinas atlas onto individual T1 scans and the subsequent construction of the digital atlas. We provide the files needed to run the atlas on new FreeSurfer data, together with some simple code of how to apply the atlas to T1 scans within the FreeSurfer software suite. The digital Von Economo - Koskinas atlas is easily applicable to modern day anatomical MRI data and is made publicly available online.

Abstract. Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is the most common human ... The most bleeding forms of VWD usually do not concern type 1 patients with the ... and collagen binding test and genanalysis allow diagnosing the different types of von.

We present a novel first principles molecular dynamics scheme, called Liouville-von Neumann molecular dynamics, based on Liouville-von Neumann equation for density matrices propagation and Magnus expansion of the time-evolution operator. The scheme combines formally accurate quantum propagation of electrons represented via density matrices and a classical propagation of nuclei. The method requires a few iterations per each time step where the Fock operator is formed and von Neumann equation is integrated. The algorithm (a) is free of constraint and fictitious parameters, (b) avoids diagonalization of the Fock operator, and (c) can be used in the case of fractional occupation as in metallic systems. The algorithm is very stable, and has a very good conservation of energy even in cases when a good quality conventional Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics trajectories is difficult to obtain. Test simulations include initial phase of fullerene formation from gaseous C2 and retinal system.

One formulation of D. Voiculescu's theorem on approximate unitary equivalence is that two unital representations π and ρ of a separable C*-algebra are approximately unitarily equivalent if and only if rank o π = rank o ρ. We study the analog when the ranges of π and ρ are contained in a von Neumann algebra R, the unitaries inducing the approximate equivalence must come from R, and "rank" is replaced with "R-rank" (defined as the Murray-von Neumann equivalence of the range projection).

Starting from the Constantin Von Economo's description of a "new" disease, the lethargic encephalitis, the author delineates the history of an infectious sleeping sickness that caused epidemics in Europe from 1917 to 1928 and led to create, in Italy, the "Institutes for Encephalitis".

Platelets and von Willebrand factor (VWF) are unable to interact in circulation. To induce an interaction, a conversion of VWF to a platelet-binding conformation is required. At higher shear stresses, the first step in thrombus formation is binding of VWF to the subendothelium. This results in expos

Traditionally, crop load and fruit yield from previous seasons are used as indicators for prediction of fruit size. Disregarding the inevitable biological variation between fruit, von Bertalanffy (1938) described the growth, expressed as length, of virtually any living organism. The model is here

Von Neumann's procedure is applied for quantization of General Relativity. We quantize the initial data of dynamical variables at the Planck epoch, where the Hubble parameter coincides with the Planck mass. These initial data are defined via the Fock simplex in the tangent Minkowskian space-time, the Dirac conformal interval. The Einstein cosmological principle is applied for the average of the spatial metric determinant logarithm over the spatial volume of the visible Universe. We derive the splitting of the general coordinate transformations into the diffeomorphisms (as the object of the second Noether theorem) and the initial data transformations (as objects of the first Noether theorem). Following von Neumann, we suppose that the vacuum state is a quantum ensemble. The vacuum state is degenerated with respect to quantum numbers of non-vacuum states with the distribution function that yields the Casimir effect in gravidynamics in analogy to the one in electrodynamics. The generation functional of the pertu...

In these notes we consider two kinds of nonlinear evolution problems of von Karman type on Euclidean spaces of arbitrary even dimension. Each of these problems consists of a system that results from the coupling of two highly nonlinear partial differential equations, one hyperbolic or parabolic and the other elliptic. These systems take their name from a formal analogy with the von Karman equations in the theory of elasticity in two dimensional space. We establish local (respectively global) results for strong (resp., weak) solutions of these problems and corresponding well-posedness results in the Hadamard sense. Results are found by obtaining regularity estimates on solutions which are limits of a suitable Galerkin approximation scheme. The book is intended as a pedagogical introduction to a number of meaningful application of classical methods in nonlinear Partial Differential Equations of Evolution. The material is self-contained and most proofs are given in full detail. The interested reader will gain a ...

This article considers an exhibition of work made whilst the artist Bettina von Zwehl was on a residency at the Victoria and Albert Museum London. Influenced by their miniature collection she made a new series of work and for the first time made one longer series of work with the same person. This essay considers how this development evolved from the artist's previous practice over a period of 10 years.

Full Text Available In this paper we establish a very close link (in terms of von Neu- mann's coordinatization between regular modules introduced by Zel- manowitz, on one hand, and von Neumann regular rings, on the other hand: we prove that the lattice L^{fg}(M of all finitely generated submodules of a finitely generated regular module M, over an arbitrary ring, can be coordinatized as the lattice of all principal right ideals of some von Neumann regular ring S.

We place the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsaecker model of atoms on a firm mathematical footing. We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsaecker equation as well as the fact that they minimize the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsaecker energy functional. Moreover, we prove the existence of bindings for two very dissimilar atoms in the frame of this model.

Marshall Center Director Dr. Wernher Von Braun is pictured with Walt Disney during a visit to the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1954. In the 1950s, Dr. Von Braun while working in California on the Saturn project, also worked with Disney studios as a technical director in making three films about Space Exploration for television. Disney's tour of Marshall in 1965 was Von Braun's hope for a renewed public interest in the future of the Space Program at NASA.

This article reviews the significance of the contributions of Ernst von Glasersfeld to research in science education, especially through his theoretical contributions on radical constructivism. As a field shaper, Glasersfeld's subversive ideas catalyzed debate in the science education community and fuelled transformation of many facets including research methods, ways of thinking about teaching and learning, curriculum, and science teacher education. Perturbations emanating from the debates on constructivism forged new pathways that led to the development and use of many of the sociocultural frameworks employed by authors in Cultural Studies of Science Education.

Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder and is characterized by reduced plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels or functionally abnormal VWF. VWF is best known for its three classical hemostatic functions: (i) as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII, (ii)

Background: Because the number of elderly von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients is increasing, the pathophysiology of aging in VWD has become increasingly relevant. Objectives: To assess age-related changes in von Willebrand factor (VWF) and factor VIII (FVIII) levels and to compare age-related diff

Set during the Cold War and space race, this historical role-play focuses on Wernher von Braun's involvement in and culpability for the use of slave laborers to produce V-2 rockets for Nazi Germany. Students will grapple with two central questions. Should von Braun have been allowed to emigrate to the United States given his affiliation with the…

BACKGROUND: Quantitation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in plasma is a central element in assessing von Willebrand disease (VWD). VWF activity is known to vary, which has partly been ascribed to biological and preanalytical variation. However, a possible diurnal expression of VWF has not been tho...

Guy von Dardel, a well-known figure at CERN and in the international particle physics community, passed away on 28 August. Guy von Dardel came to CERN when it was founded in 1954 and was a full-time staff member until 1964, performing several experiments and working on technical developments. These included the first measurement of the neutral pion’s life-time. Called to Lund University in 1964, he became professor there in 1965 and director of the 1.2 GeV electron accelerator. In the late 1960s, he performed an experiment at CERN’s PS that measured the decays of the Λ. Then, in the early 1970s, he involved the Lund group in a series of experiments at the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), where he measured the production of various types of particles. In particular, he participated in a series of experiments that observed the production of a high abundance of particles with large transverse momenta. This required an explanation...

In this paper, we develop an entropy measure for assessing the structural complexity of directed graphs. Although there are many existing alternative measures for quantifying the structural properties of undirected graphs, there are relatively few corresponding measures for directed graphs. To fill this gap in the literature, we explore an alternative technique that is applicable to directed graphs. We commence by using Chung's generalization of the Laplacian of a directed graph to extend the computation of von Neumann entropy from undirected to directed graphs. We provide a simplified form of the entropy which can be expressed in terms of simple node in-degree and out-degree statistics. Moreover, we find approximate forms of the von Neumann entropy that apply to both weakly and strongly directed graphs, and that can be used to characterize network structure. We illustrate the usefulness of these simplified entropy forms defined in this paper on both artificial and real-world data sets, including structures from protein databases and high energy physics theory citation networks.

The publication presents methods of damage-free operation of lead batteries in electric road vehicles. The original charging method used in the citySTROMer car was based on the total voltage, causing permanent overload and fast ageing of modules. The charge state of the vehicle is defined on the basis of the residual charge state, a charge balance, and an evaluation of the temperature-compensated minimum module voltage. The time when current limiting is necessary is recognized reliably, and the charge state indicator works reliably soon after starting. The vehicle has an integrated power-assist store. Ultracap modules of various capacities were characterized in the laboratory. A variant was constructed in which the battery is discharged permanently with average driving current while the ultracap is used for making up the difference to the load at a given moment. The load cases for power-assist were identified on the basis of real driving cycles. The system can be described as an onboard dual-voltage system. The higher voltage of the ultracap provides higher power for acceleration. The availability of the ultracap is ensured in 90 percent of all accelerations. The first battery set installed in the car is now in its fourth winter, with a mileage of nearly 7000 km. In March 2006, 63 Ah were recorded in battery driving cycle in urban traffic at temperatures below freezing point. After commissioning in May 2002, 71 Ah were recorded. [German] Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt Verfahren zum schaedigungsfreien Betrieb von Bleibatterien in elektrischen Strassenfahrzeugen. Das urspruenglich im untersuchten citySTROMer eingesetzte Ladeverfahren war an der Gesamtspannung orientiert und hat Module hoeherer Spannungslage ueberladen. Die permanente Ueberladung fuehrt zu einem sehr schnellen Alterungsprozess. Die Ladezustandsbestimmung im Fahrzeug erfolgt ueber die Bestimmung des Restladegrades, eine Ladungsbilanzierung und die Auswertung der temperaturkompensierten

In this project real velocity curves from the city of Stuttgart are used to investigate the emission behaviour for both benzene and particulates of passenger cars. The driving cycles, which are carried out by the ISV, represent the style of driving for several types of city streets. The types of city streets are chosen in order to describe all occuring common traffic conditions. Vehicles from the passenger car population, both with Otto-engine and Diesel-engine will be selected by the FKFS. By means of these cars the emissions of CO, HC and NO{sub x}, benzene and particulates will be measured on the exhaust gas roller test bench of the Institute. Emissions factors for several groups of engine displacements and different classes of technologies to reduce noxious components in the exhaust gas are developed from the measuring results. By means of these factors it is possible to evaluate the emissions of passenger cars both related to car population and the types of city streets and even ascending routes the vehicles are driving on. The influence of the cold-start phase on the emissions is also taken into account and will be declared as a selfstanding factor. The interpretation of the results shows the great progress of technical research in emission reduction since the begin of the eighties. (orig.) 17 tabs., 30 figs., 17 refs. [Deutsch] In diesem Vorhaben werden reale Fahrprofile des Ballungsraumes Stuttgart fuer die Bestimmung des Emissionsverhaltens von Pkw fuer die Stoffe Benzol und Partikel verwendet. Die vom Institut fuer Strassen- und Verkehrswesen aus Messfahrten ermittelten Fahrprofile geben das Fahrverhalten auf verschiedenen Strassentypen wieder. Die Strassentypen wurden so ausgewaehlt, dass die im Ballungsraum vorkommenden Strassenverkehrsverhaeltnisse damit beschrieben werden koennen. Aus dem Fahrzeugkollektiv der Personenkraftwagen werden vom FKFS repraesentative Fahrzeuge sowohl mit Otto- als auch mit Dieselmotor ausgewaehlt und auf dem

We present a direct comparison of the recently proposed valence bond entanglement entropy and the von Neumann entanglement entropy on spin-1/2 Heisenberg systems using quantum Monte Carlo and density-matrix renormalization group simulations. For one-dimensional chains we show that the valence bond entropy can be either less or greater than the von Neumann entropy; hence, it cannot provide a bound on the latter. On ladder geometries, simulations with up to seven legs are sufficient to indicate that the von Neumann entropy in two dimensions obeys an area law, even though the valence bond entanglement entropy has a multiplicative logarithmic correction.

The von Bertalanffy model of body growth is inappropriate for organisms whose growth is restricted to a seasonal period because it assumes that growth rate is invariant with time. Incorporation of a time-varying coefficient significantly improves the capability of the von Bertalanffy equation to describe changing body size of both the bivalve mollusc Macoma balthicain San Francisco Bay and the flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon, in Washington state. This simple modification of the von Bertalanffy model should offer improved predictions of body growth for a variety of other aquatic animals.

The philosophical convictions of Hermann von Helmholtz and the empiricist psychology he developed have been extensively discussed in historical literature. This literature has not usually emphasized the tacti assumptions about human physiology that underlaid these convictions nor the way in which Helmholtz's epistemology served as a methodological directive in his research. Helmholtz assumed nerve transmission between sense organs and the mind to be a passive process. Distortion in stimulus patterns occurs physically in the sense organs, which can therefore be treated through mechanical analogies. Stimuli become converted to the perceptions of consciousness through mental processes that are essentially analogous to conscious, inductive inference and that are therefore susceptible, in principle, to introspective investigation. This view of mental function reflected Helmholtz's intellectual debt to German idealism, especially to the philosophical views of J.G. Fichte.

Article in German, Abstracts in English, German and Spanish.Alexander von Humboldt's work displays traces of Johann Gottfried Herder which are as multifaceted as the references to the latter are scarce...

Full Text Available A computational algorithm of a discrete model of von Mises planar steel truss is presented. The structure deformation is evaluated by seeking the minimal potential energy. The critical force invented by mathematical solution was compared with solution by computer algorithm. Symmetric and asymmetric effects of initial shape of geometric imperfection of axis of struts are used in model. The shapes of buckling of von Mises planar truss of selected vertical displacement of top joint are shown.

Richard von Volkmann (1830-1889), one of the most important surgeons of the 19(th) century, is regarded as one of the fathers of orthopaedic surgery. He was a contemporary of Langenbeck, Esmarch, Lister, Billroth, Kocher, and Trendelenburg. He was head of the Department of Surgery at the University of Halle, Germany (1867-1889). His popularity attracted doctors and patients from all over the world. He was the lead physician for the German military during two wars. From this experience, he compared the mortality of civilian and war injuries and investigated the general poor hygienic conditions in civilian hospitals. This led him to introduce the "antiseptic technique" to Germany that was developed by Lister. His powers of observation and creativity led him to findings and achievements that to this day bear his name: Volkmann's contracture and the Hueter-Volkmann law. Additionally, he was a gifted writer; he published not only scientific literature but also books of children's fairy tales and poems under the pen name of Richard Leander, assuring him a permanent place in the world of literature as well as orthopaedics.

Full Text Available Article in German, Abstracts in English, German and French.This article analyses the importance of an historical view of nature in the works of Alexander von Humboldt. In several of his first writings, Humboldt seems to outline the importance of what one may call history of nature. But even before his famous American travel, his position changed and he became reluctant to accept the seriousness of historical enquiry in the area of natural sciences: if we want to reconstruct the past state of nature, we cannot rely on empirical proofs; and history of nature is therefore necessarily based on uncertain hypotheses. Humboldt kept his sceptical attitude in the first decades of the 19th century, despite the positive results of the palaeontological researches of his scientific colleagues. However, he gradually convinced himself of the scientific interest of historical investigations in the natural sciences. The Cosmos paradoxally displays two apparently conflicting points of view: in his methodological remarks, Humboldt maintains that precise accounts of the past state of nature are out of reach of human knowledge, yet elsewhere in the same Cosmos he gives broad and rather vivid descriptions of the eventful history of nature.

Full Text Available The subject of this presentation is Wilhelm von Humboldt’s wife, Alexander von Humboldt’s sisterin-law, a close female friend of Lotte Schiller and of her sister, Caroline von Wolzogen, held in high regard by Goethe, admired by Schiller, the former Fräulein von Dacheröden from Erfurt, the future Caroline von Humboldt. She was the ancestress of one of the most respected and best German noble families, a mother of eight children, an intellectually gifted woman, in which the German ideals of femininity were fulfilled, who knew to lead the salons and to talk about arts and literature.

In this paper, we give an alternative approach to the theory of locally compact quantum groups, as developed by Kustermans and Vaes. We start with a von Neumann algebra and a comultiplication on this von Neumann algebra. We assume that there exist faithful left and right Haar weights. Then we develop the theory within this von Neumann algebra setting. In [Math. Scand. 92 (2003), 68-92] locally compact quantum groups are also studied in the von Neumann algebraic context. This approach is independent of the original C^*-algebraic approach in the sense that the earlier results are not used. However, this paper is not really independent because for many proofs, the reader is referred to the original paper where the C^*-version is developed. In this paper, we give a completely self-contained approach. Moreover, at various points, we do things differently. We have a different treatment of the antipode. It is similar to the original treatment in [Ann. Sci. & #201;cole Norm. Sup. (4) 33 (2000), 837-934]. But together with the fact that we work in the von Neumann algebra framework, it allows us to use an idea from [Rev. Roumaine Math. Pures Appl. 21 (1976), 1411-1449] to obtain the uniqueness of the Haar weights in an early stage. We take advantage of this fact when deriving the other main results in the theory. We also give a slightly different approach to duality. Finally, we collect, in a systematic way, several important formulas. In an appendix, we indicate very briefly how the C^*-approach and the von Neumann algebra approach eventually yield the same objects. The passage from the von Neumann algebra setting to the C^*-algebra setting is more or less standard. For the other direction, we use a new method. It is based on the observation that the Haar weights on the C^*-algebra extend to weights on the double dual with central support and that all these supports are the same. Of course, we get the von Neumann algebra by cutting down the double dual with this unique

Full Text Available Context: Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS is a rare bleeding disorder that mimics the inherited form of von Willebrand disease (VWD in terms of laboratory findings and clinical presentation. Aims: To study the etiology of acquired VWD. Settings and Design: The patients referred from various hospitals in and out of Mumbai were included in the study. Materials and Methods: Six patients with AVWS diagnosed at this center over the last 10 years were analyzed against 171 patients with inherited VWD. The differential diagnosis of AVWS was made based on reduced levels of von Willebrand antigen and von Willebrand ristocetin cofactor, decrease in ristocetin induced platelet aggregation, absence of correction in mixing studies with no prior history of bleeding problems and a negative family history for bleeding disorders. Results: In three patients, the disease was associated with systematic lupus erythematosus, out of which one was also associated with Kikuchi lymphadenitis and second with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Fourth case was associated with hypothyroidism and fifth was a case of dermatitis and vitiligo. The last patient was a case of hemophilia A with Burkitts lymphoma, who developed autoantibodies to von Willebrand factor. Except two patients, all other patients responded to immune suppressive therapy with corticosteroids, while the patient with hypothyroidism responded to oral thyroxine. Conclusion: AVWS is a rare condition and may often be missed or diagnosed as inherited disease associated with heterogeneous disease conditions.

Let $(M, \\varphi) = (M_1, \\varphi_1) \\ast (M_2, \\varphi_2)$ be the free product of any $\\sigma$-finite von Neumann algebras endowed with any faithful normal states. We show that whenever $Q \\subset M$ is a von Neumann subalgebra with separable predual such that both $Q$ and $Q \\cap M_1$ are the ranges of faithful normal conditional expectations and such that both the intersection $Q \\cap M_1$ and the central sequence algebra $Q' \\cap M^\\omega$ are diffuse (e.g. $Q$ is amenable), then $Q$ must sit inside $M_1$. This result generalizes the previous results of the first named author in [Ho14] and moreover completely settles the questions of maximal amenability and maximal property Gamma of the inclusion $M_1 \\subset M$ in arbitrary free product von Neumann algebras.

activity/antigen ratios in samples classified as having VWD (activity classification power might interfere with the interpretation......INTRODUCTION: Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. Measurement of von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity in plasma is often based on platelet agglutination stimulated by the ristocetin cofactor activity. Novel assays, based on latex beads with recombinant...... glycoprotein Ib instead of platelets, have recently been developed but it is unclear whether these can improve the diagnostic capability for VWD. AIM: To compare four automated VWF activity methods in a mixed population of patients referred for evaluation of bleeding tendency. METHODS: The analytical...

In the Wigner-Moyal approach to quantum mechanics, we show that Moyal's starting point, the characteristic function $M(\\tau,\\theta)=\\int \\psi^{*}(x)e^{i(\\tau {\\hat p}+\\theta{\\hat x})}\\psi(x)dx$, is essentially the primitive idempotent used by von Neumann in his classic paper "Die Eindeutigkeit der Schr\\"odingerschen Operatoren". This paper provides the original proof of the Stone-von Neumann equation. Thus the mathematical structure Moyal develops is simply a re-expression of what is at the h...

Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are the storage organelles for von Willebrand factor (VWF) in endothelial cells. VWF forms multimers that assemble into tubular structures in WPBs. Upon demand, VWF is secreted into the blood circulation, where it unfolds into strings that capture platelets during the onset of primary hemostasis. Numerous mutations affecting VWF lead to the bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease. This review reports the recent findings on the effects of VWF mutations on the biosynthetic pathway of VWF and its storage in WPBs. These new findings have deepened our understanding of VWF synthesis, storage, secretion, and function.

We discuss information-theoretic concepts on infinite-dimensional quantum systems. In particular, we lift the smooth entropy formalism as introduced by Renner and collaborators for finite-dimensional systems to von Neumann algebras. For the smooth conditional min- and max-entropy, we recover similar characterizing properties and information-theoretic operational interpretations as in the finite-dimensional case. We generalize the entropic uncertainty relation with quantum side information of Tomamichel and Renner and discuss applications to quantum cryptography. In particular, we prove the possibility to perform privacy amplification and classical data compression with quantum side information modeled by a von Neumann algebra.

Written by veteran aerospace journalist Bob Ward, who spent years investigating his subject, this biography presents a revealing but even-handed portrait of the father of modern rocketry. As he chronicles Wernher von Braun's life, Ward explodes many myths and misconceptions about the controversial genius who was a hero to some, a villain to others. The picture of von Braun that emerges is of a brilliant scientist with limitless curiosity and a drive to achieve his goals at almost any price from, developing the world's first ballistic missile used against the Allies in World War II to help

We present a definition of spectral flow for any norm closed ideal J in any von Neumann algebra N. Given a path of selfadjoint operators in N which are invertible in N/J, the spectral flow produces a class in Ko (J). Given a semifinite spectral triple (A, H, D) relative to (N, t) with A separable......, we construct a class [D] ¿ KK1 (A, K(N)). For a unitary u ¿ A, the von Neumann spectral flow between D and u*Du is equal to the Kasparov product [u] A[D], and is simply related to the numerical spectral flow, and a refined C* -spectral flow....

Full Text Available Article in German, translated by Wolfgang Böker, Abstracts in English and GermanBoth Alexander von Humboldt and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe have been portrayed in their later years anachronistically before the background of a mountain that had been of high significance in their earlier biography and carreer. For Goethe this was the Vesuvio, and for Humboldt the Chimborazo. This paper examines the numerous conceptual and formal parallels between the two paintings which make it probable that the Goethe portrait served as a blueprint for the portrait of Humboldt.

An extensive reliance on technology, an abundance of data, and increasing processing requirements have imposed severe challenges on computing and data processing. Moreover, the roadmap for scaling electronic components faces physical and reliability limits that hinder the utilization of the transistors in conventional systems and promotes the need for faster, energy-efficient, and compact nano-devices. This work thus capitalizes on emerging non-volatile memory technologies, particularly the memristor for steering novel design directives. Moreover, aside from the conventional deterministic operation, a temporal variability is encountered in the devices functioning. This inherent stochasticity is addressed as an enabler for endorsing the stochastic electronics field of study. We tackle this approach of design by proposing and verifying a statistical approach to modelling the stochastic memristors behaviour. This mode of operation allows for innovative computing designs within the approximate computing and beyond Von-Neumann domains. In the context of approximate computing, sacrificing functional accuracy for the sake of energy savings is proposed based on inherently stochastic electronic components. We introduce mathematical formulation and probabilistic analysis for Boolean logic operators and correspondingly incorporate them into arithmetic blocks. Gate- and system-level accuracy of operation is presented to convey configurability and the different effects that the unreliability of the underlying memristive components has on the intermediary and overall output. An image compression application is presented to reflect the efficiency attained along with the impact on the output caused by the relative precision quantification. In contrast, in neuromorphic structures the memristors variability is mapped onto abstract models of the noisy and unreliable brain components. In one approach, we propose using the stochastic memristor as an inherent source of variability in

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is considered to be the most common inherited bleeding disorder. VWD is diagnosed following a clinical and physical review, with personal and familial evidence of (primarily mucocutaneous) bleeding, and confirmed by laboratory testing. The latter typically entails initial plasma testing of factor VIII coagulant, von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein ('antigen') and VWF function which has classically been assessed using the ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) assay. More recent attention has focussed on other functional VWF assays, such as collagen binding and so-called 'VWF activity' assays, as possible replacements to the VWF:RCo, or as supplementary tests of VWF 'function'. Additional laboratory testing can comprise a battery of confirmatory and VWD-type assisting assays, including VWF:multimer and von Willebrand factor VIII binding. This review aims to update knowledge of current VWD diagnostics with a particular emphasis on 'functional' VWF assays.

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, mathematician, inventor, and correspondent of Spinoza, is often thought to have studied medicine at Leiden, though documentation of this fact has been lacking. Tschirnhaus' medical education is here documented, along with the nature of his medical practice.

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) director, Wernher von Braun, and a visitor, examine one concept of a possible Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) built by the Bendix Corporation. The data provided by the MTA helped in designing the LRV, developed under the direction of MSFC. The LRV was designed to allow Apollo astronauts a greater range of mobility during lunar exploration missions.

In this essay Clarence Joldersma explores radical constructivism through the work of its most well-known advocate, Ernst von Glasersfeld, who combines a sophisticated philosophical discussion of knowledge and truth with educational practices. Joldersma uses Joseph Rouse's work in philosophy of science to criticize the antirealism inherent in…

Full Text Available Article in German, Abstracts in English and GermanIn this study the fragment of Alexander von Humboldt’s Siberian personal diary of 1829 is introduced. The evaluation is focussed on Humboldt’s remarks about mineral resources, especially gold and diamonds. Also mentioned are results which Humboldt recorded about geographical, botanical, meteorological, zoological and ethnological questions.

Dr. Wernher von Braun holds the coveted Hermarn Oberth award presented to him by Professor Oberth during the banquet hosted by the Alabama Section of the American Rocket Society (ARS), on October 19, 1961. The Oberth award was given for outstanding technical contributions to the field of astronautics or for the promotion and advancement of astronautical sciences.

In this essay Clarence Joldersma explores radical constructivism through the work of its most well-known advocate, Ernst von Glasersfeld, who combines a sophisticated philosophical discussion of knowledge and truth with educational practices. Joldersma uses Joseph Rouse's work in philosophy of science to criticize the antirealism inherent in…

When Clark (1921) cleared the genus Linckia from superfluous synonyms, he could give no opinion on Linckia rosenbergi Von Martens 1866, p. 63 from Amboina. The unique holotype was in the Berlin Museum and hence not easily accessible to him, the species had not been described again. In his key Clark

We present a definition of spectral flow for any norm closed ideal J in any von Neumann algebra N. Given a path of selfadjoint operators in N which are invertible in N/J, the spectral flow produces a class in Ko (J). Given a semifinite spectral triple (A, H, D) relative to (N, t) with A separable...

In the Introduction the reader is referred back to the academic ceremonials held after Theodore von Kármán's death in Aachen in May 1963. His work as the first director of the Aerodynamisches Institut (Institute of Aerodynamics) of the RWTH Aachen University of Technology from 1913 on and his initiative to re-establish international cooperation after World War I, resulting in the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM), are commented on. The following chapter describes von Kármán's relation to his former teacher Ludwig Prandtl. Some of von Kármán's scientific contributions during his time in Aachen are briefly reviewed. Thereafter, his first contacts to the California Institute of Technology are covered. Finally, the scientific and political circumstances, which led to von Kármán's decision to leave Germany in the early thirties, are elucidated in some detail. The English translation of the titles of the Aachen papers is given in Appendix I.

Let $E$ be any directed graph, and $K$ any field. We classify those graphs $E$ for which the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E)$ is primitive. As a consequence, we obtain classes of examples of von Neumann regular prime rings which are not primitive.

Liver diseases are associated with complex changes in the hemostatic system and elevated levels of the platelet adhesive protein Von Willebrand factor (VWF) are reported in patients with acute and chronic liver damage. Although elevated levels of VWF are associated with fibrosis in the general popul

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and malaria are two diseases of distinct origin. TTP is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) cleaving protease ADAMTS13. Malaria is a poverty-related disease caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Plasmodium. TTP an

The autosomal dominant von Hippel-Lindau disease (vHL) is associated with a lifelong risk of tumor development, especially retinal and CNS hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Knowledge of paediatric vHL development is limited, and current surveillance guidelines are based...

Traces history of private library of German scholar, Leopold von Ranke, which was purchased by Syracuse University in 1888. Efforts of librarian Charles W. Bennett in 1870s and Professor James Powell beginning in late 1960s, and restoration and cataloging of collection are highlighted. Items from the collection are noted. (EJS)

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) director, Wernher von Braun, and a visitor, examine one concept of a possible Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) built by the Bendix Corporation. The data provided by the MTA helped in designing the LRV, developed under the direction of MSFC. The LRV was designed to allow Apollo astronauts a greater range of mobility during lunar exploration missions.

These clinical guidelines outline the criteria and recommendations for diagnostic and genetic work-up of families suspected of von Hippel-Lindau disease (vHL), as well as recommendations for prophylactic surveillance for vHL patients. The guideline has been composed by the Danish Coordination Gro...

In 1950, Dr. Wernher von Braun and approximately 100 of his team members came to Huntsville, Alabama, to begin work with the Army on what would later become America's historic space program. He would later serve as the first director of the Marshall Space Flight Center and led the development of the Saturn V launch vehicle that launched seven crewed American mission to the moon, as well as America s first space station, Skylab. Von Braun is best known for his team s technical achievements. He realized his dream of exploring outer space by helping place humans on the moon. His engineering and managerial talent during the Apollo era had contributed to a technological revolution. He was by all accounts a good engineer, but he was only one among many. What set Von Braun apart were his charisma, his vision, and his leadership skills. He inspired loyalty and dedication in the people around him. He understood the importance of communicating his vision to his team, to political and business leaders and the public. Today, the Marshall Center continues his vision by pursuing engineering and scientific projects that will continue to open space to exploration. This presentation will discuss Von Braun's impact on Huntsville, the Marshall Center, the nation and the world and look at his contributions in context of where world space exploration is today.

In the framework of research described in this publication, a method for gibberellin extraction from spruce needles and an enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of the gibberellins GA{sub 3} und GA{sub 1} in the trace range were developed. HPLC permitted far-reaching clean-up of the extracts to be analyzed for the subsequent enzyme immunoassay. In addition, the separation of the gibberellins GA{sub 3} and GA{sub 1} was achieved. Needle analyses during exposure chamber experiments at GSF-Neuherberg revealed no significant differences between ozone-fumigated and untreated spruces and between different damage categories. Probably, this is to be attributed to the high biological variability between the individual samples. The data obtained for the site `Wank` did not point to any association to be statistically substantiated between a tree`s degree of injury or site altitude and gibberellin content. Merely analyses of symptomless and chlorotic needles corroborated a significant influence on gibberellin content, which is probably due to a seasonal fluctuation of GA{sub 3}. The available data do not permit to conclude that the gibberellins GA{sub 3} and GA{sub 1} have physiological relevance for early indication of forest damage. (orig./UWA) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen der hier beschriebenen Forschungsarbeiten wurde ein Verfahren zur Gibberellinextraktion aus Fichtennadeln aufgebaut und ein Enzymimmunoassay zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Gibberelline GA{sub 3} und GA{sub 1} im Spurenbereich entwickelt. Die HPLC ermoeglichte eine weitgehende Reinigung der zu analysierenden Extrakte fuer den anschliessenden EIA. Zusaetzlich wurde eine Trennung der Gibberelline GA{sub 3} und GA{sub 1} erreicht. Nadelanalysen im Rahmen der Expositionskammerversuche an der GSF-Neuherberg ergaben keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen ozonbegasten und unbehandelten Fichten sowie zwischen verschiedenen Schadklassen. Dies ist vermutlich auf die hohe biologische Variabilitaet zwischen

the Ottoman Fifth Army was activated to defend the Dardanelles, and the Ottomans gave Limon von Sanders command. With Limon von Sanders’ move to...Fifth Army, von der Goltz took command of the First Army and the German military mission which were both previously commanded by Limon von Sanders.51

BACKGROUND: One of the major determinants of von Willebrand factor (VWF) plasma levels is ABO blood group status, and individuals with blood group O have ~ 25% lower plasma levels. The exact mechanism behind this relationship remains unknown, although effects on clearance have been postulated. OBJEC

通过对激波曲线的分析，研究了Euler方程组的激波反射结构，给出了Euler方程组激波反射现象中发生冯·诺依曼矛盾（Von Neumann Paradox）的一个充分条件，该条件是非必要的。结果表明，当给定绝热指数时，是否发生Von Neumann Paradox依赖于入射激波的马赫数和入射角。研究结果为激波反射分类和弱激波反射的研究提供一定依据。%This paper study the shock wave reflection configuration based on the theory of shock polar, and gives a sufficient condition under which von Neumann paradox appears for Euler equations. This condition is not a necessary condition though. It is proposed that, given the adiabatic exponent, Mach number of the incident shock determines the existence of von Neumann paradox. The results provide a numerical basis for the study of shock reflection classification and weak shock wave reflection.

Full Text Available Objective: to identify the possible factors of thrombogenic risk and ways of its prevention in patients with von Willebrand disease.Case description. Patient X., 42 years old, who suffers from von Willebrand disease type 3 with 5-years of age. Asked on reception to the traumatologist in the polyclinic of the Regional Hospital with pain in the left hip joint. Recommended planned operative treatment in the Altai Regional Clinical Hospital. Preoperative preparation included the infusion of concentrate of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factor VIII. Operation – cement total arthroplasty of the left hip joint. In the postoperative period analgesic treatment, elastic compression of the lower extremities, iron supplements, also conducted infusion of concentrate of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factor VIII for 20 days and thromboprophylactic with dabigatran. On the 3rd day after the operation the patient revealed deep vein thrombosis of the femoral segment (floating clot.Results. The patient was operated for emergency indications in the Department of endovascular surgery – installation of venous cava filter “Volan”. Dabigatran is cancelled, appointed clexane for 3 months. In our clinical example the patient lacked risk factors of pulmonary embolism as obesity, age, smoking, prolonged immobilization, estrogen therapy. Overdose of factor VIII were not observed – the level of factor did not exceed 135 % on transfusions. At the same time, the patient was found polymorphisms in the genes ITGA2, FGB, MTHFR, MTR – heterozygote, MTRR – mutant homozygote, which may indicate the genetic factors of thrombogenic risk. Also a significant risk factor was massive surgical intervention (total hip replacement. Despite preventive measures (elastic compression, thromboprophylactic dabigatran, early activation we cannot to avoid thrombotic complications.Conclusion. This article presents a case demonstrating a thrombotic complication in patients

Background: The effect of exercise on von Willebrand factor (VWF) and ADAMTS-13 levels in individuals with von Willebrand disease (VWD) has never been reported. Objectives: The aim was to quantify the effect of a standardized exercise protocol on individuals with type 1 and type 2B VWD. Patients/met

BACKGROUND: Mutations of cysteine residues in von Willebrand factor are known to reduce the storage and secretion of this factor, thus leading to reduced antigen levels. However, one cysteine mutation, p.Cys2773Ser, has been found in patients with type 2A(IID) von Willebrand's disease who have norma