Taylor & Francis Standard Reference Style: APA

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1 Taylor & Francis Standard Reference Style: APA APA (American Psychological Association) references are widely used in the social sciences, education, engineering and business. For detailed information, please see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, and Contents of this guide References in the text Tables and figures Reference list Book Journal Conference Thesis Unpublished work Internet Newspaper or magazine Report Personal communication Other reference types In the text In the text Placement Within the same parentheses References are cited in the text by the author's surname, the publication date of the work cited, and a page number if necessary. Full details are given in the reference list. Place them at the appropriate point in the text. If they appear within parenthetical material, put the year within commas: (see Table 3 of National Institute of Mental Health, 2012, for more details) Order alphabetically and then by year for repeated authors, with in-press citations last. Separate references by different authors with a semi-

2 Repeat mentions in the same paragraph With a quotation colon. If name and year are in parentheses, include the year in subsequent citations. This is the text, and Smith (2012) says "quoted text" (p. 1), which supports my argument. This is the text, and this is supported by "quoted text" (Smith, 2012, p. 1). Page number (Smith, 2012, p. 6) This is a displayed quotation. (Smith, 2012, p. 1) One author Smith (2012) or (Smith, 2012) Two authors Smith and Jones (2012) or (Smith & Jones, 2012) Three to five authors Six or more authors Authors with same surname No author At first mention: Smith, Jones, Khan, Patel, and Chen (2012) or (Smith, Jones, Khan, Patel, & Chen, 2012) At subsequent mentions: Smith et al. (2012) or (Smith et al., 2012) In cases where two or more references would shorten to the same form, retain all three names. Smith et al. (2012) (Smith et al., 2012) G. Smith (2012) and F. Smith (2008) G. Smith (2012) and F. Smith (2012) Cite first few words of title (in quotation marks or italics depending on journal style for that type of work), plus the year: ( Study Finds, 2007) Groups of authors that would shorten to the same form Organization as author If anonymous, put (Anonymous, 2012). Cite the surnames of the first author and as many others as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by comma and et al. The name of an organization can be spelled out each time it appears in the text or you can spell it out only the first time and abbreviate it after that. The guiding rule is that

3 the reader should be able to find it in the reference list easily. Author with two works in the same year Secondary source Classical work Personal communication National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2012) or (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2012) University of Oxford (2012) or (University of Oxford, 2012) Put a, b, c after the year (Chen, 2011a, 2011b, in press-a) When it is not possible to see an original document, cite the source of your information on it; do not cite the original assuming that the secondary source is correct. Smith's diary (as cited in Khan, 2012) References to classical works such as the Bible and the Qur an are cited only in the text. Reference list entry is not required. Cite year of translation (Aristotle, trans. 1931) or the version you read: Bible (King James Version). References to personal communications are cited only in the text: Unknown date A. Colleague (personal communication, April 12, 2011) (Author, n.d.) Two dates (Author, ) Author (1890/1983) Notes Endnotes should be kept to a minimum. Any references cited in notes should be included in the reference list. Tables and figures Tables and figures Put reference in the footnote or legend. Reference list Reference list Order Alphabetical letter by letter, by surname of first author followed by initials. References by the same single author are ordered by date, from oldest to most recent. References by more than one author with the same first

4 Form of author name author are ordered after all references by the first author alone, by surname of second author, or if they are the same, the third author, and so on. References by the same author with the same date are arranged alphabetically by title excluding 'A' or 'The', unless they are parts of a series, in which case order them by part number. Put a lower-case letter after the year: Smith, J. (2012a). Smith, J. (2012b). For organizations or groups, alphabetize by the first significant word of their name. If there is no author, put the title in the author position and alphabetize by the first significant word. Use the authors' surnames and initials unless you have two authors with the same surname and initial, in which case the full name can be given: Smith, J. [Jane]. (2012). Smith, J. [Joel]. (2012). If a first name includes a hyphen, add a full stop (period) after each letter: Jones, J.-P. Book Book One author Two authors Three authors More authors Organization as author No author Author, A. A. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Include all names up to seven. If there are more than seven authors, list the first six with an ellipsis before the last. Author, M., Author, B., Author, E., Author, G., Author, D., Author, R., Author, P. (2001). American Psychological Association. (2003). Book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Merriam Webster s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

6 If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state in the publisher location: Publisher Santa Cruz: University of California Press Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press Give the name in as brief a form as possible. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., but retain the words Books and Press. If two or more publishers are given, give the location listed first or the location of the publisher s home office. When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. Multivolume works Multiple volumes from a multivolume work Levison, D., & Ember, M. (Eds). (1996). Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology (Vols. 1-4). New York, NY: Henry Holt. Use Vol. for a single volume and Vols. for multiple volumes. In text, use (Levison & Ember, 1996). A single volume from a multivolume work Nash, M. (1993). Malay. In P. Hockings (Ed.), Encyclopedia of world cultures (Vol. 5, pp ). New York, NY: G.K. Hall. In text, use (Nash, 1993). Journal One author Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Provide the issue number ONLY if each issue of the journal begins on page 1. In such cases it goes in parentheses:

7 Journal, 8(1), pp pp. Page numbers should always be provided. If there is no DOI and the reference was retrieved from an online database, give the database name and accession number or the database URL (no retrieval date is needed): Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, Retrieved from If there is no DOI and the reference was retrieved from a journal homepage, give the full URL or site s homepage URL: Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, Retrieved from Two authors Three authors Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1987). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx More authors Include all names up to seven. If there are more than seven authors, list the first six with an ellipsis before the last. Author, M., Author, B., Author, E., Author, G., Author, D., Author, R., Author, P. (2001). Organization as author No author Not in English American Psychological Association. (2003). Title of article: And subtitle. Title of Journal, 2, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Editorial: Title of editorial. [Editorial]. (2012). Journal Title, 14, 1 2. If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for the original language if needed. If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation. Give the English title without brackets. Titles not in English must be translated into English and put in square brackets.

8 Author, M. (2000). Title in German: Subtitle of Article [Title in English: Subtitle of article]. Journal in German, 21, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author, P. (2000). Title in French [Title in English: Subtitle of article]. Journal in French, 21, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Peer-reviewed article published online ahead of the issue Supplemental material Other article types Article in journal supplement Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Article title. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx If you can update the reference before publication, do so. If you are citing supplemental material which is only available online, include a description of the contents in brackets following the title. [Audio podcast] [Letter to the editor] Editorial: Title of editorial. [Editorial]. (2012). Title of Journal, 14, 1 2. Author, A. A. (2010). Title of review. [Review of the book Title of book, by B. Book Author]. Title of Journal, 22, doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author, A. A. (2004). Article title. Title of Journal, 42(Suppl. 2), xx xx. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Conference Conference Proceedings Paper Poster To cite published proceedings from a book, use book format or chapter format. To cite regularly published proceedings, use journal format. Presenter, A. A. (2012, February). Title of paper. Paper presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Presenter, A. A. (2012, February). Title of poster. Poster session presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Thesis Thesis

9 Author, A. A. (2012). Title of thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Unpublished work Unpublished work Manuscript Forthcoming article Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2008). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2012). Title of manuscript. Manuscript submitted for publication. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx Forthcoming book Author, A. A. (in press). Book title: Subtitle. Internet Internet Website Web page When citing an entire website, it is sufficient just to give the address of the site in the text. The BBC (http://www.bbc.co.uk). If the format is out of the ordinary (e.g. lecture notes), add a description in brackets. Author, A. (2011). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from Newspaper or magazi Newspaper or magazine Author, A. (2012, January 12). Title of article. The Sunday Times, p. 1. Author, A. (2012, January 12). Title of article. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from Title of article. (2012, January 12). The Sunday Times. Retrieved from Report Reports

11 podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. Smith, A. (Writer), & Miller, R. (Director). (1989). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In A. Green (Executive Producer), Series. New York, NY: WNET. Database Dataset Computer program Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York, NY: WNET. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, A. A. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal Title, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from the PsycARTICLES database. Author. (2011). National Statistics Office monthly means and other derived variables [Data set]. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from If the dataset is updated regularly, use the year of retrieval in the reference, and using the retrieval date is also recommended. Rightsholder, A. A. (2010). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Location: Name of producer. Name of software (Version Number) [Computer software]. Location: Publisher. If the program can be downloaded or ordered from a website, give this information in place of the publication information.

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