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 Motivation is affiliation (not sex)  Development is not confined to early childhood  Development continues across the life span 16

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 Freudian Theory ◦ Consider that unconscious drives or motives may affect classroom behavior ◦ Defense mechanisms, such as rationalization and denial may be used by students to reduce their feelings of anxiety during a conflict or confrontation  Erikson’s Theory ◦ Provide ample opportunities for students to be successful and praise their effort and work ethic ◦ Provide positive role models for students 17

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 What similarities are found between Freud’s and Erikson’s theories?  Why is it beneficial to examine identity development across the life span? ◦ How might developmental contexts affect identity development? 18

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 Major premises: ◦ Maturation is basis for development. ◦ Children are active and curious. ◦ Children construct their own knowledge. ◦ Children want to maintain a mental homeostatic environment.  Stage theory of cognitive development beginning at birth and continuing through adolescence. 20

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 Major premises: ◦ Society and culture impact cognitive development ◦ Knowledge is co-constructed between a learner and a more knowledgeable other ◦ Language guides thinking and learning ◦ Mental processes begin as social activity typically utilizing language and then internalized 21

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 Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development.  What implications do these theories have for your teaching your future students?  How does the information processing theory help you to understand the learning process in which students engage during class? 25

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 Major premise: ◦ Automatic behaviors beyond overt control ◦ Associative learning  Associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus and evoke the same or similar responses as the meaningful stimulus ◦ Famous study examining dogs 27

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 Major premise ◦ Deliberate actions are controlled by consequences ◦ Learning occurs based on consequences ◦ Learning can be affected by modifying antecedents of and consequences to behaviors ◦ Reinforced behaviors will be repeated 28

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 Emphasize learning through observation and modeling  Help students develop self-regulatory skills ◦ Thinking about one’s own behavior ◦ Consider actions of and consequences to others have that have been observed 32

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 Think about Pavlov’s theory in relation to a fear or phobia that you have. How could you have been classically conditioned without your knowledge of it?  Is it possible to operantly condition other’s behaviors without their knowledge? Explain your response.  How can Skinner’s and Bandura’s theories be applied to classroom situations? 33

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 Attachment to a caregiver has important consequences across the life span  Positive or negative attachments  Sensitive period for attachment 36

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 Describe the difference between a sensitive period and a critical period in development.  How might positive attachment to a male caregiver influence development differently than a positive attachment to a female caregiver?  What are the implications of positive and negative attachment on classroom behavior? 37

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 Development is influenced by five interacting environmental systems ◦ Each system influences development and behavior  Updated theory to include the influence of biology but still dominated by environmental factors ◦ Bioecological theory 39

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 Ethological Theory ◦ Understanding infant attachment can provide insights into students’ emotional health, self- esteem, self-concept, and social interactions with peers and teachers  Bronfenbrenner’s Theory ◦ Foster connections between the school and home ◦ Include parents and students in educational decisions and learning 41

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 What benefits to do you see in viewing development from Bronfenbrenner’s systems theory compared with any other theory discussed thus far? Explain your response. 42

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 Theories are tools. ◦ Multiple tools are used to fix a problem. ◦ Multiple theories are used to understand behavior.  Development is a complex process which affects behavior and learning across the life span. 43