GENERAL STUDIES - POPULAR FATHERS

POPULAR FATHERS

World

Father of Psychology.................. Sigmund Freud
Father of Cloning ............................... Ian Wilmut
Father of Printing .............................. Guttenberg
Father of History ............................... Herodotus
Father of Economics ........................ Adam Smith
Father of Philosophy ............................ Socrates
Father of Sociology ................. Augustus Comte
Father of English Poetry .......... Geoffrey Chaucer
Father of Biology.................................. Aristotle
Father of Essay................................. Montaigne
Father of Medicine.......................... Hippocrates
Father of Homeopathy .............. Samuel Haniman
Father of Socialism......................... Robert Owen
Father of Scientific Socialism.................Karl Marx
Father of Co-operation ................... Robert Owen
Father of Jurisprudence.................. John Locke
Father of Atom Bomb .......................... Otto Hahn
Father of Genetics........................ Gregor Mendel
Father of Motor Car ......................... Henry Ford
Father of Reformation ................... Martin Luther
Father of Greek Democracy .............. Clesthenes
Father of Bangladesh ....... Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
Father of Pakistan ............. Muhammed Ali Jinnah
Father of Tanzania ......................... Julius Nyrere
Father of Mathematics ...................... Pythagorus
Father of Modern Cartoon ........ William Hogarth

Father of Modern Computer.......... Charles Babbage
Father of Nuclear Physics ...... : Ernest Rutherford
Father of Modern Drama ............. Henrik J. Ibsen
Father of Modern Tourism ............ Thomas Cook
Father of Painting .................. Leonardo Da Vinci
Father of Green Revolution ........Norman Borlaug
Father of Renaissance ............................ Petrarch

INDIA

Father of the Nation ...................Mahatma Gandhi
Father of Ayurveda ................................ Athreya
Father of Astronomy....................... Varahamihira
Father of Sanskrit Drama ....................... Kalidasa
Father of Indian Renaissance.......... Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Father of Surgery.................................... Susruta
Father of Indian Unrest .............Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Father of Indian Budget ........ Professor Mahalanobis
Father of Indian Painting............... Nandalal Bose
Father of Indian Cinema .............. Dada Saheb Phalke
Father of Indian Engineering ............ M.Visweswariah
Father of Indian Green Revolution .......................... Dr M.S. Swaminathan
Father of Indian Railway ............. Lord Dalhousie
Father of Co-operative Movement in India .......... Frederic Nicholson
Father of Indian Printing ................ James Hickey
Father of Local Self-Government in India ... Lord Ripon

Father of Malayalam Language ........ Ezhuthachan
Father of Modern Travancore ... Marthanda Varma
Father of Kerala Renaissance ... Sree Narayana Guru
Father of Modern Hinduism .. Adi Shankaracharya

Largest democracy ......................................... India
Largest electorate ........................................... India
Largest town ......................... Mt. Isa (Queensland)
Largest palace ..................... Imperial Palace, Beijing
Largest dam........................... Three Gorges (China)
Largest landmass................The Eurasian Landmass
Largest park ...... Wood Buffalo National Park (Canada)
Largest zoo ...... Krugal National Park (South Africa)
Largest river island ......................... Majuli (Assam)
Largest inland sea .......................Mediterranean sea
Largest canal ........................ Keil Canal in Germany
Largest reef ............... Great Barrier Reef, (Australia)
Largest city (population)................... Tokyo (Japan)
Largest estuary..................................... Ob (Russia)
Largest cave ........ Mammoth Cave, Kentucky (USA)
Largest strait ........................................ Tartar strait
Largest wall ......................... The Great Wall (China)
Largest cemetery ....................... Leningrad (Russia)
Largest railway station ......... Grand Central Terminal (New York)
Largest university building ..................................... University of Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Largest open university ........Indira Gandhi National Open University (New Delhi)
Largest steel plant ..........Nippon Steel plant (Japan)
Largest wingspan ....................................Albatross
Largest active volcano ............Mauna lao on Hawaii
Largest planet ............................................. Jupiter
Largest bird .................................................Ostrich

Largest seabird .......................................Albatross
Largest diamond ................................. The Cullinan
Largest parliament. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
Largest north to the south stretch of land ........ America
Largest cold desert ........................Gobi (Mongolia)
Largest plateau ................................... Pamir (Tibet)
Largest mountain range ..................... The Himalaya
Largest statue ............................... Statue of liberty
Largest bank .................... World bank (Washington) Mammoth Cave is the longest cave system known in the world. It is situated in USA. It became a World Heritage Site on October 27, 1981, and an international Biosphere Reserve on September 26, 1990. It is centred around the Green River, with a tributary, the Nolin River, feeding into the Green just inside the park.
Largest army.................................................. China
Largest cricket stadium ......... Melbourne (Australia)
Largest navy .................................................. USA
Largest airforce............................................... USA
Largest natural satellite ............. Ganymede (Jupiter)
Largest port .......................................... New Jersey
Largest book publishing company .......................... Mc Graw Hill (New York)
Largest Dome in the World... Astrodome, in Housten (U.S.A)
Largest Epic ........................................ Mahabharat
Largest carnivorous mammal ................... Polar Bear

General studies

Largest in the World

National Symbols

National Anthem of India

The song Jana gana mana is the National Anthem of India which, was composed by Rabindra Nath Tagore in 1911, originally in Bengali. It was adopted by Constituent Assembly on January 24, 1950 in its Hindi version. The song Jana gana mana was first published in January, 1912 under the title ‘Bharat Vidhata’ in Tattva Bodhini Patrika. The song was translated in English in 1919 with the title “Morning song of India’’. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of Congress on December 27, 1911. Playing time of full version of National Anthem is 52 seconds while it is 20 seconds for first and last lines of the stanza.

National Symbols

National Anthem of India

National Symbols

National Emblem of India

National Emblem is adopted from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Asoka on January 26, 1950. In this emblem, only three lions are visible, the fourth lion being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus with a bull on right and a horse on left. The bell-shaped lotus (as in the original) has been omitted. The other animals present in the emblem are - An Elephant and a Lion. The words Satyameva Jayate are inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script. These words are taken from Mundaka Upanishad. SThe similar structure of Sarnath Lion capital was also found in Thailand.

National Symbols

National Emblem of India

National Symbols

National Flag of India

National Flag was adopted by Constituent Assembly of India on July 22, 1947. This tricolour flag was first accepted by the Indian National Congress in 1931, having Charkha in place of today’s Chakra. It is a horizontal tricolour of deep Saffron at the top (stands for courage, sacrifice and renunciation), White at the middle (shows truth and purity in thoughts), dark Green at the bottom (symbol of life abundance and prosperity).
A wheel (Chakra) in the centre of the white strip is the symbol of progress and movement. It has 24 spokes. Supreme Court declared the right to hoist the lag as a Fundamental Right under Article 19 (i) (a) of the Constitution in 2002. Flag hoisting in India is regulated by flag code of India, 2002. The Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya and first time, the flag was hoisted by Sacchindra Prasad Bose in 1906 in Calcutta and later on in year 1907, an another tricolour flag was unfurled by Madam Bhikaji Cama in stuttgart. The first flag committee was headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

National Symbols

National Flag of India

11 May 2017

Oh Father, Dear Father

– Raj Kinger

1. Why is the letter written?

‘Oh Father, Dear Father’ by Raj Kinger is a
heart-wrenching letter addressed to a father by his son. The letter writer
Rahul is the class topper in his school who slips to the second rank for losing
a quarter marks. This letter is his anguished plea to his father who scolds him
for losing his first rank. Rahul is against the India educational system which
is characterized by rote learning without any practical exposure to the real
world. He condemns the emphasis placed on examinations, marks and ranks.

2. What is the father’s advice to the writer of
the letter?

Rahul
and his father are poles apart. Rahul’s father is a typical
rigid-minded Indian parent who believes in high score. He leads a complicated
and boring life. He earns well, believes in the importance of money and has a
set of rules written for his son. He has a specific approach to life and cannot
expect his son to go against his approach. He has an uncompromising attitude
and has always taught his son to be moulded in the mould of his beliefs. He
often asks his son to think twice before studying and before answering the
papers. He scolds his son for losing his first rank.

Rahul, on the other hand, is intelligent but
loves a simple and natural life. He is inspired by the life style of his
grandparents. Rahul learns from his grandparents that peace of mind and
happiness is the most important things in life. For Rahul, practical education
matters more than theoretical examinations. In his opinion, high scores are of
no use if one is unable to put his theoretical knowledge into practice. Real
education is that which comes handy in our day-today life. For instance it
should teach us how to protect our plants from pests, how to fix a fuse or how
to make your own desk using your carpenter tools.

(Rahul’s
argument against the education system in India is quite convincing. He is
against the Indian educational system which is characterized by rote learning
without any practical exposure to the real world. He condemns the emphasis
placed on examinations, marks and ranks.)

3.Write brief note on the relationship
between the letter writer and his father?

Rahul
and his father are poles apart. Rahul’s father is a typical
rigid-minded Indian parent who believes in high score. He leads a complicated
and boring life. He earns well, believes in the importance of money and has a
set of rules written for his son. He has a specific approach to life and cannot
expect his son to go against his approach. He has an uncompromising attitude
and has always taught his son to be moulded in the mould of his beliefs. He
often asks his son to think twice before studying and before answering the
papers. He scolds his son for losing his first rank.

Rahul, on the other hand, is intelligent but
loves a simple and natural life. He is inspired by the life style of his
grandparents. Rahul learns from his grandparents that peace of mind and
happiness is the most important things in life. For Rahul, practical education
matters more than theoretical examinations. In his opinion, high scores are of
no use if one is unable to put his theoretical knowledge into practice. Real
education is that which comes handy in our day-today life. For instance it
should teach us how to protect our plants from pests, how to fix a fuse or how
to make your own desk using your carpenter tools.

(Rahul’s
argument against the education system in India is quite convincing. He is
against the Indian educational system which is characterized by rote learning
without any practical exposure to the real world. He condemns the emphasis
placed on examinations, marks and ranks.)

4.What is the letter writer’s perception
of literacy?

Rahul
and his father are poles apart. Rahul’s father is a typical
rigid-minded Indian parent who believes in high score. He leads a complicated
and boring life. He earns well, believes in the importance of money and has a
set of rules written for his son. He has a specific approach to life and cannot
expect his son to go against his approach. He has an uncompromising attitude
and has always taught his son to be moulded in the mould of his beliefs. He
often asks his son to think twice before studying and before answering the
papers. He scolds his son for losing his first rank.

Rahul, on the other hand, is intelligent but
loves a simple and natural life. He is inspired by the life style of his
grandparents. Rahul learns from his grandparents that peace of mind and
happiness is the most important things in life. For Rahul, practical education
matters more than theoretical examinations. In his opinion, high scores are of
no use if one is unable to put his theoretical knowledge into practice. Real
education is that which comes handy in our day-today life. For instance it
should teach us how to protect our plants from pests, how to fix a fuse or how
to make your own desk using your carpenter tools.

(Rahul’s
argument against the education system in India is quite convincing. He is
against the Indian educational system which is characterized by rote learning
without any practical exposure to the real world. He condemns the emphasis
placed on examinations, marks and ranks.)

5.How does the letter writer critique the
education system in India? Does he make a convincing argument? Why/ Why not?

Rahul
and his father are poles apart. Rahul’s father is a typical
rigid-minded Indian parent who believes in high score. He leads a complicated
and boring life. He earns well, believes in the importance of money and has a
set of rules written for his son. He has a specific approach to life and cannot
expect his son to go against his approach. He has an uncompromising attitude
and has always taught his son to be moulded in the mould of his beliefs. He
often asks his son to think twice before studying and before answering the
papers. He scolds his son for losing his first rank.

Rahul, on the other hand, is intelligent but
loves a simple and natural life. He is inspired by the life style of his
grandparents. Rahul learns from his grandparents that peace of mind and
happiness is the most important things in life. For Rahul, practical education
matters more than theoretical examinations. In his opinion, high scores are of
no use if one is unable to put his theoretical knowledge into practice. Real
education is that which comes handy in our day-today life. For instance it
should teach us how to protect our plants from pests, how to fix a fuse or how
to make your own desk using your carpenter tools.

Rahul’s
argument against the education system in India is quite convincing. He is
against the Indian educational system which is characterized by rote learning
without any practical exposure to the real world. He condemns the emphasis
placed on examinations, marks and ranks.

6. How did the letter writer’s teacher react to
his asking her a question?

Rahul
has an unpleasant experience with his Biology teacher. When his
Rose plant is attacked by pests, Rahul seeks advice of his teacher to save his
plant. But the teacher gets irritated as she thinks it a question out of their
syllabus and asks him to approach a gardener for advice. The teacher serves as
a warning to all those teachers who do not show any interest or reverence
towards their profession and mould the students into mere mechanical objects.

7.What kind of childhood does the letter
writer wish he had?

Rahul
loved the peaceful and happy childhood of his grandparents. Rahul’s
grandfather used to speak of a carefree and beautiful childhood, of
the days when he spent plucking mangoes and guavas from their jameen,
of picnics on the banks of the river where men cooked mouth-watering food
and of playing marbles and gilli danda. During his grandfather’s childhood,
studies were only secondary for our survival. The major subject in their
education was living and experiencing.

Rahul
had always found his grandfather in the right place. He was a man who believed
in simplicity in sharp contrast to Rahul’s father. Rahul asks his father
whether his grandfather was a liar in order to remind him that his
grandfather’s life was the one worth living and not any failure. Seventy years
He refers to the 70 years age of his grandfather and questions his father if
the world has turned upside down during this period. It was during these 70
years that his grandfather had acquired a load of experience which Rahul
considers ideal.

8.What approach did the letter writer’s
grandfather have towards studies?

Rahul
loved the peaceful and happy childhood of his grandparents. Rahul’s
grandfather used to speak of a carefree and beautiful childhood, of
the days when he spent plucking mangoes and guavas from their jameen,
of picnics on the banks of the river where men cooked mouth-watering food
and of playing marbles and gilli danda. During his grandfather’s childhood,
studies were only secondary for our survival. The major subject in their
education was living and experiencing.

Rahul
had always found his grandfather in the right place. He was a man who believed
in simplicity in sharp contrast to Rahul’s father. Rahul asks his father
whether his grandfather was a liar in order to remind him that his
grandfather’s life was the one worth living and not any failure. Seventy years
He refers to the 70 years age of his grandfather and questions his father if
the world has turned upside down during this period. It was during these 70
years that his grandfather had acquired a load of experience which Rahul
considers ideal.

9.Describe the letter writer’s
grandparents and their outlooks towards studies and life.

Rahul
loved the peaceful and happy childhood of his grandparents. Rahul’s
grandfather used to speak of a carefree and beautiful childhood, of
the days when he spent plucking mangoes and guavas from their jameen,
of picnics on the banks of the river where men cooked mouth-watering food
and of playing marbles and gilli danda. During his grandfather’s childhood,
studies were only secondary for our survival. The major subject in their
education was living and experiencing.

Rahul
had always found his grandfather in the right place. He was a man who believed
in simplicity in sharp contrast to Rahul’s father. Rahul asks his father
whether his grandfather was a liar in order to remind him that his
grandfather’s life was the one worth living and not any failure. Seventy years
He refers to the 70 years age of his grandfather and questions his father if
the world has turned upside down during this period. It was during these 70
years that his grandfather had acquired a load of experience which Rahul
considers ideal.

10. Why is the letter writer’s grandmother wise?

Rahul’s
grandmother was semi-literate while his mother was highly
qualified. Yet his grandmother lived a happy and contended life and was very
wise. She took delight in cooking, gardening and reading the Gita. Rahul’s
mother, on the other hand, was always tensed and nervous. Rahul questions his
father whether literacy has become a harbinger of restlessness, fear and
frustration.

11. How did the letter writer lose his first rank?

Rahul
expresses a fear that his rigid schooling will deprive him of the joy of
learning. He tells his father that the over emphasis on his studies has taken
away all his enjoyment from his childhood. He says that education does not seem
to make people happy.

Rahul
condemns our educational system and explains the reason for losing his first
rank. It was due to his disagreement with his teacher regarding an answer in
English Grammar. Although the teacher was wrong, he was adamant that he was
correct. Rahul criticizes such an education system which curbs independent
thinking and encourages blind adherence to whatever the teacher teaches.

12. What does the letter writer fear?

Rahul
expresses a fear that his rigid schooling will deprive him of the joy of
learning. He tells his father that the over emphasis on his studies has taken
away all his enjoyment from his childhood. He says that education does not seem
to make people happy.

Rahul
condemns our educational system and explains the reason for losing his first
rank. It was due to his disagreement with his teacher regarding an answer in
English Grammar. Although the teacher was wrong, he was adamant that he was
correct. Rahul criticizes such an education system which curbs independent
thinking and encourages blind adherence to whatever the teacher teaches.

Oh Father, Dear Father – Raj Kinger

GOOD MANNERS - J.C.Hill

About the author: John C Hill (1888 –
1943) is a famous British
writer. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, and was eventually
ordained as a priest.

Introduction: J. C. Hill’s “Good Manners” is an adaptation
from his famous book “An Introduction to Citizenship”. In his essay “Good
Manners”, the famous British writer John C. Hill stresses on the importance of
thoughtfulness and courtesy towards common people. Human life on this planet is
not permanent. Hence one must try, as far as possible, to behave politely and
to help others.

Good manners are based on having sympathy for
others and acknowledging one’s own limitations. We should strive to maintain
cordial relations amongst one another.

1.How
did the attack of influenza change the young man’s attitude towards old men?

Hill begins the essaywith a story
of a young man. Once there lived a young man who was very strong and healthy
and carried on his work very actively. He was proud of his strength and had no
sympathy for the “uninteresting folk” i.e. the old and the helpless people. One
day he got an attack of influenza and became seriously ill. When he recovered,
he became very weak. He could hardly walk. After a few days, he started working
again. But he felt very tired while returning home from work. He felt sad
looking at the strong young men sitting comfortably in the train or bus. It was
then that he understood the misery of the weak and old people who were standing
beside him throughout the journey. He realized that he will get back his
strength after some days but those old people will never get back theirs. After
recovering, he promptly gave up his seat for the weak and the aged in the bus
or train. One should not feel proud of him and look down upon the weak.

2.What
made the young man lose his strength?

Hill begins the essaywith a story
of a young man. Once there lived a young man who was very strong and healthy
and carried on his work very actively. He was proud of his strength and had no
sympathy for the “uninteresting folk” i.e. the old and the helpless people. One
day he got an attack of influenza and became seriously ill. When he recovered,
he became very weak. He could hardly walk. After a few days, he started working
again. But he felt very tired while returning home from work. He felt sad
looking at the strong young men sitting comfortably in the train or bus. It was
then that he understood the misery of the weak and old people who were standing
beside him throughout the journey. He realized that he will get back his
strength after some days but those old people will never get back theirs. After
recovering, he promptly gave up his seat for the weak and the aged in the bus
or train. One should not feel proud of him and look down upon the weak.

3. Why should one not call an old man “an old
fool”?

J.C.Hill gives a beautiful illustration saying
that supposing an old man is hesitating to cross the road when young cyclist is
racing fast. The cyclist should not get irritated and call him an old fool. He
should not scold him for walking slowly. The man may be weak and tired or he
may not be able to see or listen well. In the past, he might have been a famous
soldier in war or perhaps lost one leg. Someday the young cyclist may face a
similar situation. How would he feel if some school boys made fun of him in his
old age?

4. What odds did the parents and teachers face in
their lives?

Hill wants all the young boys and girls to
learn that they are all fragile little things in this dangerous world. We
are staying on this planet only for a very short time. We will never see those
who we live with again in our lives. During our short stay here, we should
help the world as much as we can. So we should behave politely and try to
please and help as many people as possible.

A child would not know about the sufferings of
his parents, teachers or older people because they never disclose them. They
might have experienced severe blows in life and may be very tired. But they
never complain about them. Instead parents try to invest everything they have
for the well being of their children. So children should make life easy for
them. Good manners come from sympathy with others and from understanding our
own limitations.

5.What
good manners should we follow when we are with friends?

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people
are delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone
is delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted
and angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their
views and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we speak
will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware of the
fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau
once said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to
hear”. Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State
control of commerce and industry to some, but to some others, it might be
robbing the rich and serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always
be true. We should not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is
always a possibility that we are mistaken.

6.It
takes two to speak the truth one to speak and another to hear. Explain.

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people
are delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone
is delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted
and angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their
views and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we
speak will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware
of the fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are
talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau once
said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to hear”.
Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State control of commerce
and industry to some, but to some others, it might be robbing the rich and
serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always be true. We should
not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is always a possibility
that we are mistaken.

7.What
did Thoreau say about uttering the truth?

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people
are delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone
is delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted
and angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their
views and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we
speak will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware
of the fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are
talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau once
said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to hear”.
Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State control of
commerce and industry to some, but to some others, it might be robbing the rich
and serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always be true. We
should not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is always a
possibility that we are mistaken.

8.How
should one speak to others? why?

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people
are delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone
is delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted
and angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their
views and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we
speak will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware
of the fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are
talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau
once said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to
hear”. Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State
control of commerce and industry to some, but to some others, it might be
robbing the rich and serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always
be true. We should not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is
always a possibility that we are mistaken.

9.Why
does one have to express truth differently to different people?

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people are
delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone is
delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted and
angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for himself;
he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their views and
feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we
speak will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware
of the fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are
talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau once
said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to hear”.
Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State control of
commerce and industry to some, but to some others, it might be robbing the rich
and serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always be true. We
should not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is always a
possibility that we are mistaken.

10.What precautions should one take while
speaking in company?

While in company, we should be very
careful in observing good manners. We should speak clearly and sufficiently
loud for others to hear us. It is our duty to make ourselves
understood. We should not talk too much and should always give
others a chance to speak. Good listeners get enough time to think so that when
they speak, they can speak clearly.

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well- mannered person. Some people
are delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone
is delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted
and angry at their behaviour. Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their
views and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk
too.

Strange as it may seem, many times, what we
speak will not be the truth. . If we speak of some subject, we should be aware
of the fact that the listener might have a different idea about what we are
talking.

The well known American writer Thoreau
once said that “It takes two to speak the truth – one to speak and another to
hear”. Truth differs from person to person. Socialism might be the State
control of commerce and industry to some, but to some others, it might be
robbing the rich and serving the poor. What we think to be true needn't always
be true. We should not assume that we alone know the whole truth as there is
always a possibility that we are mistaken.

11.Why did the Boy Scout make a joke of the Lady’s question?

Hill remarks that we should train ourselves to
remain calm even if some persons ask us annoying or irritating questions. This
is especially crucial in dealing with elderly people. We should also not take
remarks too literally. Instead we should look for the real meaning in the
statements.

Once an old lady asked a little boy whether he
was a Boy, Scout or not. He was irritated as his uniform was enough
to tell that he was a Boy Scout. He rudely answered that he was 'two eggs on
toast'. Perhaps she only meant that he looked nice in his uniform and in fact
there was really nothing silly in her remark. Such rude and impolite behaviour
towards older people is incorrect.

Similarly, when a friend asks you, “You will
not be going past the post office, will you?” he actually expects you to go a
little out of your way to oblige him. Try to help him if possible.

12.Why do some people take remarks too literally?

Hill remarks that we should train ourselves to
remain calm even if some persons ask us annoying or irritating questions. This
is especially crucial in dealing with elderly people. We should also not take
remarks too literally. Instead we should look for the real meaning in the
statements.

Once an old lady asked a little boy whether he
was a Boy, Scout or not. He was irritated as his uniform was enough
to tell that he was a Boy Scout. He rudely answered that he was 'two eggs on
toast'. Perhaps she only meant that he looked nice in his uniform and in fact
there was really nothing silly in her remark. Such rude and impolite behaviour
towards older people is incorrect.

Similarly, when a friend asks you, “You will
not be going past the post office, will you?” he actually expects you to go a
little out of your way to oblige him. Try to help him if possible.

13.What
signs should one watch out for in a company?

When in a company, one must watch out for
certain signs in order to be labeled as a well-mannered person. Some people are
delighted to speak continuously wherever they are. They think that everyone is
delighted by their company, but in fact everyone there would be exhausted and
angry at their behavior.

Hence one should not do all the talking for
himself; he should instead give equal opportunity to others to express their views
and feelings. We should always give the other person a full and patient
hearing. If they do not speak, it means that they do not want us to talk too.

We should not say unpleasant things about
someone behind his back. Such remarks will usually find its way to that person.
Always adjust your remarks as there’s always a possibility that the very person
would be overhearing you. Hence never gossip about other people.

14.How
could we save a lot of argument and anger?

J C Hill advises us to understand ourselves before
teasing or talking ill about others. Many times we fail to understand our
selves. There is always a possibility of us being mistaken. People
look at everything from their own perspective. J.C. Hill sites an example.

Some students were once shown a picture of a
bull-fight and asked later to describe it from memory. One said, a bull's
tongue was out. Actually the bull's mouth was closed, but because its head was
turned to the side, its ear had looked like a tongue. So whenever we argue with
somebody about a point, think that always there is always a chance of us going
wrong. Hence we should take care of what we argue and speak.

If we understand this truth, a lot of argument
and anger could be avoided.

15.Explain
the writer’s remark: ‘No man really understands himself’.

J C Hill advises us to understand ourselves
before teasing or talking ill about others. Many times we fail to understand
our selves. There is always a possibility of us being
mistaken. People look at everything from their own perspective. J.C.
Hill sites an example.

Some students were once shown a picture of a
bull-fight and asked later to describe it from memory. One said, a bull's
tongue was out. Actually the bull's mouth was closed, but because its head was
turned to the side, its ear had looked like a tongue. So whenever we argue with
somebody about a point, think that always there is always a chance of us going
wrong. Hence we should take care of what we argue and speak.

If we understand this truth, a lot of argument
and anger could be avoided.

16.Where do good manners ultimately come from?

Good manners come from having sympathy with
others and from understanding our own limitations. We should realize that our
version of truth is always a part of the larger truth. We should realize that
we are unimportant little people on this earth who are going to pass this earth
only once. Hence we must give up pride and learn to be humble. We should
attempt to assist the world as much as we can in the short time that we are
going to spend here.

17.Bring out the significance of good manners in
life according to the author.

J. C. Hill’s “Good Manners” is an adaptation
from his famous book “An Introduction to Citizenship”. In his essay “Good
Manners”, the famous British writer John C. Hill stresses on the importance of
thoughtfulness and courtesy towards common people. Human life on this planet is
not permanent. Hence one must try, as far as possible, to behave politely and
to help others.

Good manners are based on having sympathy for
others and acknowledging one’s own limitations. We should strive to maintain
cordial relations among one another. Hill’s begins the essaywith a
story of a young man and points out that one should not feel proud of oneself
and look down upon the weak.

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Swamy Vivekananda

Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life - think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success, that is way great spiritual giants are produced.