Karen
Bartelt is an organic chemist and an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Eureka College in
Eureka, IL. Her PhD in organic chemistry is from Montana State University. She
also has a MS in physical chemistry from Drexel U in Philadelphia and a BS in chemistry
from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She can be reached through the college,
300 E. College Avenue, Eureka, IL 61530, or at bartelt@eureka.edu

Dr.
Michael Behe, author of Darwin's Black Box, appeared recently (October 5-6,
1999) at Lincoln Christian Seminary in Lincoln, IL. Briefly, Darwin's Black Box
proposes that certain cellular structures are "irreducibly complex" - that all
parts must be functional for the structure to work, and Behe asserts that gradual
Darwinian evolution does a poor job of explaining these features, therefore, there must be
an "intelligent designer".

Prior to his appearance, Behe was the subject of a large article by Michael Miller,
religion editor of the Peoria Journal Star. Piqued by what Behe might have
to say to a receptive but non-scientific audience, I attended two of the three lectures.
What follows are my responses - as a scientist - to Behe's lectures at the seminary
and his October 3 1999 interview in the Peoria Journal Star.

In his PJS interview, Behe described three lines of criticism from scientists.
First, he said that scientists consider his findings to be of a religious nature rather
than science. Since the standard definition of science tends to be something like
"the systematic study of the natural world", it is hardly unfair, then, for
scientists to respond in this manner! If Behe and others want to explore the
possibility of a "designer" that subsumes our current body of scientific
knowledge, they are welcome to do so. Just don't call it science, and let's see how
fruitful it is in ten years.

Behe went beyond this at Lincoln, however, saying (supposedly to mimic scientists),
"That Behe fellow is a known Christian...Therefore design is a religious
idea." This is a ridiculous assertion. Some of Behe's most vehement
critics are also "known Christians", and never has the idea of design been
rejected because it comes from a particular religious group; it is rejected by the bulk of
the scientific community because there is absolutely no evidential support.

Aha, you say, but what about all of those wonderful examples of irreducible complexity
(IC) in Darwin's Black Box? Behe used many of them at Lincoln. They
have all been soundly refuted in scientific journals and on the web.

Behe proposed that a mousetrap is irreducibly complex (all parts must be there for it to
function) and therefore a good metaphor for IC in biological systems. On PBS' Firing
Line in 1997, evolutionary biologist and "known Christian" Kenneth Miller
demonstrated how that analogy fails - with Behe sitting across the table! There is a
more basic flaw in Behe's assertion, however - that a molecular machine must perform a
specific task, or it is useless to the organism. Just as a mousetrap without a
critical part might function as a great paperclip or a very interesting earring, a
proto-flagellum or enzyme might be capable of some other function (Indeed, this is what is
seen). That's basic evolutionary biology.

This brings me to Behe's second allegation: scientists say that he "isn't the proper
type of scientist to be discussing evolution." From my reading of many reviews,
the criticisms tend to center around the fact that Behe is either selectively ignorant of
the evolutionary literature that exists, or that he just doesn't know how to do a computer
search! For example, at Lincoln he said that if one looks in the scientific
literature for evidence of Darwinian evolution, this literature "is
absent." In Darwin's Black Box (p.179) he is even more emphatic:
"There has never been a meeting, or a book, or a paper on the details of the
evolution of complex biochemical systems." How then could John Catalano
[see Publish or Perish]
have done a keyword search of the word "evolution" and come up with 13,000
articles describing the evolution of the immune system, cilium, flagellum, blood-clotting
system, eyes - subjects that Behe says do not exist! Perhaps Behe could be forgiven
for being sloppy in 1996 when his book came out, but to make this statement in 1999
indicates either continuing ignorance or arrogance. Scientists have penetrated the
"black box" to a much greater extent than Behe would have his general audiences
believe!

Behe's purported third area of criticism from the scientific community is that he hasn't
published enough in scientific journals on this topic. Behe agreed, saying later
that he wants to see "real laboratory research on the question of intelligent
design." Well, so would the rest of us scientists, and then perhaps intelligent
design (ID) would be taken seriously! A recent keyword search of the words
"intelligent design" turned up exactly one article, and it was about
robots! This small, well-funded (by the Discovery Institute) cadre' of ID proponents
is great at attending/hosting conferences, traveling and giving speeches (usually to
general, not scientific, audiences), and writing apologetic books. Their own
journal, Origins & Design, which I read regularly, should be brimming with
research articles on "intelligent design". Instead, there are theological
arguments and critiques, articles that address the design issue in general but do not
detail any original research that supports intelligent design, book reviews, reports from
conferences, and advertising for ID books, videos, tapes and study kits.

Perhaps part of Behe's publishing dilemma is that neither he nor anyone else in the ID
movement can come up with a definition of design that differentiates designs done by their
proposed "designer" from products of natural selection (Elsewhere, fellow ID
proponent William Dembski admits this, saying, "In principle, an evolutionary process
can exhibit such 'marks of intelligence' as much as any act of special creation."
(Dembski, 1998)).

At Lincoln, Behe relied upon a particularly egregious "folk-science" type
definition of design: Using a Far Side cartoon showing a person swept into the air
and impaled by a jungle trap, Behe said, "You look and realize that the trap was
designed. Just look at how the parts interact." You just know design when
you see it! In fact, humans are not always able to discern real design from apparent
design, and tend to impose design when it is not there; hence the "face on
Mars", and the sightings of the Virgin Mary on the side of a building or the face of
Jesus in a tortilla.

Furthermore, if we assume that Behe is correct, and that humans can discern design, then I
submit that they can also discern poor design (we sue companies for this all the
time!). In Darwin's Black Box, Behe refers to design as the "purposeful
arrangement of parts." What about when the "parts" aren't purposeful,
by any standard engineering criteria? When confronted with the "All-Thumbs
Designer" - whoever designed the spine, the birth canal, the prostate gland, the back
of the throat, etc, Behe and the ID people retreat into theology. At Lincoln, Behe
rebuffed one of his critics, Russell Doolittle, who pointed out (referring to biochemical
systems) that "...no Creator would have designed such a circuitous and contrived
system" (Doolittle 1998). Behe accused Doolittle of defending evolution on
theological grounds, (also saying that God could do whatever God wanted) but in fact,
Doolittle was asking nothing but that an "intelligent designer" design
intelligently! This is a big problem for ID proponents, as they admit
elsewhere: "Charles Darwin...saw the existence of what he regarded as poor
biological engineering (suboptimality) ...as prima facie evidence that God could have not
directly created the world. This viewpoint continues to undergird much evolutionary
reasoning in our own day, and poses a difficult challenge to theories of intelligent
design." (O & D, Winter 1999)

Behe has set himself (and the other intelligent design proponents) up as
Davids-with-slingshots against the intractable Goliath of science. In the PJS
article, Behe stated that "the scientific community resists such unorthodox ideas as
intelligent design," and "I guess every profession has its codes, unwritten or
written, and anybody who speaks out, especially in the field of biology, and especially in
the field of intelligent design, risks some consequences to their [sic]
career." In answer to a question at one of the lectures, Behe stated that
though there really is "no place to go", scientists hold to Darwinian theory
because they are confirmed atheists and materialists. Scientists are conservative
and don't support new ideas, he continued, noting that the chemiosmotic hypothesis was not
supported initially, and the person who came up with the idea committed suicide.
(The chemiosmotic theory is now a biochemical paradigm; to go into it in detail would
require an extensive knowledge base in chemistry and biochemistry).

How arrogant of Behe to misrepresent this information so completely!
Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory in the 1960's. It did meet
with resistance at first, but was well-accepted by the 1970's. Behe (conveniently?)
left out a few little teensy facts: Mitchell was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for
this theory - a nice monetary vindication! And Mitchell died in 1992. I don't
know whether he committed suicide, but his demise occurred 14 years after basking in the
glow of a Nobel Prize. This subtle demonization of the orthodox scientific community
is important to the ID proponents. Since they have no data to support their
hypotheses, they must rely solely upon casting doubts on well-established theories like
evolution, and one way to do so is to make science look like a closed union shop unable to
respond to new ideas.

The question-and-answer periods revealed additional information about the degree to which
Behe was willing to gloss over well-established theories of modern science. In
response to the question, "Do you consider humans and chimps to be the products of
the same microevolutionary process, and if not, what are the irreducibly complex
structures that separate humans from chimps?" Behe replied that he was not
sure, that there was not enough information, also saying "The differences
[between humans and chimps] at the molecular level are not really known", and
"It's a black box." When responding to a question concerning evolution and
entropy (coming from someone who said that he'd heard that evolution violated this
notion), Behe jumped right in with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, correctly noting that
even when living things become more ordered, there is a net increase in the entropy of the
universe (due to heat loss by the organism). He should have stopped there! He
then went on to say that it is "unclear whether Darwinian evolution contradicts the
Second Law"; and that there were "no examples of Darwinian evolution putting
together such order"; that it's "up in the air." Presumably this
statement is as well-researched as Behe's comments on the evolution of complex systems.

So what to make of Behe and ID in general? Rather than the "shockwave in the
scientific community", as one of the introductory speakers at Lincoln described
Darwin's Black Box, it's really kind of a yawn. Behe and others are attempting to
bring back the "argument from design", which goes back at least to the mid
1800's and William Paley. This argument was repudiated in that century, and Behe
offers nothing new. Behe is welcome to attempt to resuscitate this dead horse, but
he had better do so by taking an honest and complete look at the literature before he
eliminates natural selection as an agent of apparent design. He should stop using
his Christianity as a crutch to prop up his dubious science, get back into the laboratory,
and start producing some results that support his premises. New ideas in
science are treated with skepticism - not only Peter Mitchell, but biologists Barbara
McClintock, Mitoo Kimura, and Sewell Wright went through periods where their ideas were
thoroughly scrutinized and criticized. Why have they prevailed and their ideas
become cornerstones of biology? Because they were able to support their ideas with
evidence.