textual criticism

the technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their original form. Texts in this connection are defined as writings other than formal documents, inscribed or printed on paper, parchment, papyrus, or similar materials. The study of formal documents such as deeds and charters belongs to the science known as "diplomatics"; the study of writings on stone is part of epigraphy; while inscriptions on coins and seals are the province of numismatics and sigillography.