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Archive for December 18th, 2009

Hubble’s Festive View of a Grand Star-Forming Region

A Hubble Space Telescope picture postcard of hundreds of brilliant blue stars wreathed by warm, glowing clouds. The festive portrait is the most detailed view of the largest stellar nursery in our local galactic neighborhood. The massive, young stellar grouping, called R136, is only a few million years old and resides in the 30 Doradus Nebula, a turbulent star-birth region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. There is no known star-forming region in our galaxy as large or as prolific as 30 Doradus. Many of the diamond-like icy blue stars are among the most massive stars known. Several of them are over 100 times more massive than our Sun. These hefty stars are destined to pop off, like a string of firecrackers, as supernovas in a few million years.

The image, taken in ultraviolet, visible, and red light by Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3, spans about 100 light-years. The nebula is close enough to Earth that Hubble can resolve individual stars, giving astronomers important information about the birth and evolution of stars in the universe. The Hubble observations were taken Oct. 20-27, 2009. The blue color is light from the hottest, most massive stars; the green from the glow of oxygen; and the red from fluorescing hydrogen.

Erupting West Mata Volcano shown in newly released video, images

Researchers have recorded the deepest erupting volcano known, West Mata Volcano, describing high-definition video of the submarine eruption as “spectacular.”

An explosion at the West Mata Volcano throws ash and rock, with molten lava glowing below. Credit NOAA/NSF

“For the first time we have been able to examine, up close, the way ocean islands and submarine volcanoes are born,” said Barbara Ransom, program director in NSF’s Division of Ocean Sciences. “The unusual primitive compositions of the West Mata eruption lavas have much to tell us.”

The volcanic eruption, discovered in May, is nearly 4,000 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, in an area bounded by Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.

Summit of West Mata Volcano, shown in red, is nearly a mile below the ocean surface (1,165 meters / 3,882 feet), and the base, shown in blue, descends to nearly two miles (3,000 meters / 9,842 feet) deep. Eruptions occurred at several places along the summit, in an area about 100 yards. The volcano has a six-mile-long rift zone running along its spine in a SW/NE orientation. Credit: NOAA. Click image to enlarge.

West Mata Volcano (white ellipse on bathymetric map) is not the largest volcano in the northeast Lau Basin, but appears to be the most active. Map represents the area visited and mapped on two recent expeditions. Summit of West Mata Volcano is nearly one mile deep, the base is nearly two miles deep. Tonga Trench (north and east of the expedition area) is nearly seven miles deep. Credit NOAA. Click image to enlarge.

West Mata Volcano, in the Lau Basin, is located in the southwest Pacific, within an area bounded by Samoa, Tonga and Fiji (the black areas on the map, which are the only areas above water). Area is home to many submarine volcanoes. Credit NOAA. Click image to enlarge.

“We found a type of lava never before seen erupting from an active volcano, and for the first time observed molten lava flowing across the deep-ocean seafloor,” said the expedition’s chief scientist Joseph Resing, a chemical oceanographer at the University of Washington.

“Since the water pressure at that depth suppresses the violence of the volcano’s explosions, we could get an underwater robot within feet of the active eruption. On land, or even in shallow water, you could never hope to get that close and see such great detail.”

Imagery includes large molten lava bubbles three feet across bursting into cold seawater, glowing red vents exploding lava into the sea, and the first-observed advance of lava flows across the deep-ocean floor.

Sounds of the eruption were recorded by a hydrophone and later matched with the video footage.

Expedition scientists released the video and discussed their observations at a Dec. 17 news conference at the American Geophysical Union (AGU)’s annual fall meeting in San Francisco.

The West Mata Volcano is producing boninite lavas, believed to be among the hottest on Earth in modern times, and a type seen before only on extinct volcanoes more than one million years old.

The orange glow of magma in an eruptive area the length of a football field along the summit. Credit: NSF/NOAA

A University of Hawaii geochemist believes that the active boninite eruption provides a unique opportunity to study magma formation at volcanoes, and to learn more about how Earth recycles material where one tectonic plate is subducted under another.

Water from the volcano is very acidic, with some samples collected directly above the eruption, the scientists said, as acidic as battery acid or stomach acid.

A microbiologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory, found diverse microbes even in such extreme conditions.

A biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), found that shrimp were the only animals thriving in the acidic vent water near the eruption. Shank is analyzing shrimp DNA to determine whether they are the same species as those found at seamounts more than 3,000 miles away.

The scientists believe that 80 percent of eruptive activity on Earth takes place in the ocean, and that most volcanoes are in the deep sea.

Superheated molten lava, about 2200 degrees Fahrenheit, is about to explode into the water. Credit: NSF/NOAA

Further study of active deep-ocean eruptions will provide a better understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon dioxide and sulfur gases, how heat and matter are transferred from the interior of the Earth to its surface, and how life adapts to some of the harshest conditions on Earth.

The science team worked aboard the University of Washington’s research vessel Thomas Thompson, and deployed Jason, a remotely-operated vehicle owned by WHOI.

A pillow lava tube extends downslope in an area about three feet across. Credit: NSF/NOAA

Jason collected samples using its manipulator arms, and obtained imagery using a prototype still and HD imaging system developed and operated by the Advanced Imaging and Visualization Lab at WHOI.

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Other expedition participants were affiliated with Oregon State University, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Western Washington University, Portland State University, Harvard University, the University of Tulsa, California State University’s Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, the University of California Santa Cruz and Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory.

FEWW Comment: More intense seismic activity may occur in the region. Other geophysical events including seismic, volcanic activity and submarine eruptions may be occurring. The geophysical events in the region could herald a change to the map of Japan.

Above Left: USGS/EHP map of the latest quake measuring 5.3 Mw which struck at a very shallow depth near South Coast of Honshu, Japan.

Above Right: JMA map of the same quake in Izu-hanto Toho-oki. [JMA map may be subject to copyright.]

Deadly Landslides in Peruvian city of Ayacucho Kills a Dozen People, Injures Dozens More with Many Missing

Mudslides triggered by heavy rain have killed about a dozen people, injuring dozens more in the southern Peruvian city of Ayacucho.

The death toll is expected to rise, the authorities said.

5 people were reportedly killed when a torrent of mud swept their cars and buried them.

The torrential rainfall, which lasted for about 20 hours, washed thousands of tons of mud and rock from the surrounding hills and filled the streets of Ayacucho, transforming them into rivers of mud, and destroying many structures in their paths.

Bodies are still being dug out of the mud, as meteorologists forecast even more intense seasonal rains.

Peru is probably experiencing a mild El Nino effect, a number of climatologists have suggested.