Interference concerns to a range of 15 kilometres mean that hundreds of wind turbines cannot be permitted. Upgrading or decommissioning the VOR can clear the way to a successful wind project.

Aeronautical Navigation

Pilots have many ways of navigating including visually, using GPS and using ground-based radio navigation aids such as VOR.

Pilots have instruments that they tune into specific VORs so that they can fly a specific track from it. Other ground based radio navigation beacons are:

Non Directional Beacons (NDB)

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN).

Some of this equipment is being phased out as alternative GPS based navigation systems become available.

CVOR and DVOR

There are two different types of VOR:

CVOR denotes conventional VOR

DVOR denotes Doppler VOR

Both are received in the same way so pilots are unaware of whether they are using a CVOR or a DVOR. The differences can be important when considering potential interference issues. The table below sets out the main differences between the two technologies:

Parameter

CVOR

DVOR

Description

Conventional VHF Omni Range

Doppler VHF Omni Range

Technology

Physically rotating antenna and fixed antenna

Multiple switched antenna and fixed antenna

Moving components

Yes

Yes

Complex electronics

No

No

Technology age

Older

Newer

Typical bearing accuracy

4 degrees

1 degree

Tolerance to errors due to terrain and structures

Poorer

Better

Wind Farm Interference

Potential wind turbine interference mechanisms include blocking and reflection. Blocking can result in a weakening of radio signals beyond the wind turbine and reflection can result in signals being modified or being received in an unexpected direction.

Reflections from a wind farm can be complex due to the fact that the wind turbines are rotating in an unsynchronized fashion with many degrees of movement.

International Guidance

Guidance on developing wind turbines in range of VOR beacons is provided by the European and North Atlantic Office (Paris) of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). The specific document is EUR DOC 015 which provides guidance for general development and wind turbines in the vicinity of VOR beacons. This guidance is in the form of Building Restricted Areas (BRA).

The guidance states that general development within 3km of VOR beacons may require assessment along with wind turbines within 15km.

French Situation

France is understood to have 96 VOR of which 66 are conventional (CVOR) and 30 are Doppler (DVOR). Some have a particularly long range, with the St Tropez VOR having a range of 200 nautical miles to the south. VOR in France are safeguarded by Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC).

Planned wind developments within 15km of VOR are being objected to and consequently prevented although there are some circumstances where developments may be permitted including:

When a VOR is due to be decommissioned

When a CVOR is to be replaced with a DVOR

When there are no other developments within 15 kilometres of the VOR

Likely Impacts

Whilst VOR technology is relatively old there is as yet no universally accepted method of accurately predicting the impacts of a specific wind farm on a specific VOR installation. In practice it is likely that the actual wind turbine impacts may be less than predicted impacts because:

All radio systems are designed to reject interference

Time delays associated with cockpit instrument response; pilot response and aircraft response will reduce the impact of any interference

Calculations usually take peak rather than average wind turbine Radar Cross Section (RCS [1]). Peak values are invariably much higher than average values.

Mitigation

In practice mitigation techniques for placing wind turbines in the vicinity of VOR include:

Reducing turbine height

Modifying wind farm layout

Replacing CVOR with DVOR

Decommissioning the VOR

Undertaking analysis that demonstrates (to a satisfactory confidence level) that the wind farm will not adversely affect the VOR

Recommendation

Wind farm developers should assess the potential impact of their wind developments on any VOR within 15 kilometres of their wind developments during early stages of project development.