The population distribution is moderately
skewed,
unimodal, without outliers,
and the sample size is between 16 and 40.

The sample size is greater than 40, without outliers.

This approach consists of four steps: (1) state the hypotheses,
(2) formulate an analysis plan, (3) analyze sample data, and
(4) interpret results.

State the Hypotheses

Every hypothesis test requires the analyst
to state a
null hypothesis
and an
alternative hypothesis. The hypotheses are stated in such
a way that they are mutually exclusive. That is, if one is
true, the other must be false; and vice versa.

The table below shows three sets of hypotheses. Each makes a statement about how
the population mean μ is related to a specified
value M. (In the table, the symbol ≠ means " not equal to ".)

Set

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis

Number of tails

1

μ = M

μ ≠ M

2

2

μ > M

μ < M

1

3

μ < M

μ > M

1

The first set of hypotheses (Set 1) is an example of a
two-tailed test, since an extreme value on either side of the
sampling distribution would cause a researcher to reject the null
hypothesis. The other two sets of hypotheses (Sets 2 and 3) are
one-tailed tests, since an extreme value on only one side of the
sampling distribution would cause a researcher to reject the null hypothesis.

Formulate an Analysis Plan

The analysis plan describes
how to use sample data to accept or reject the null
hypothesis. It should specify the following elements.

Significance level. Often, researchers choose
significance levels
equal to
0.01, 0.05, or 0.10; but any value between 0 and
1 can be used.

Test method. Use the
one-sample t-test
to determine whether the hypothesized mean differs
significantly from the observed sample mean.

Analyze Sample Data

Using sample data, conduct a one-sample t-test. This involves
finding the standard error, degrees of freedom,
test statistic, and the P-value associated with the test statistic.

where s is the standard deviation of the sample,
N is the population size, and
n is the sample size. When the population size is much
larger (at least 20 times larger) than the sample size, the
standard error can be approximated by:

Test statistic. The test statistic is a t statistic (t) defined by
the following equation.

t = (x - μ) / SE

where x is the sample mean,
μ is the hypothesized population mean in
the null hypothesis,
and SE is the standard error.

P-value. The P-value is the probability of observing a
sample statistic as extreme as the test statistic. Since the
test statistic is a t statistic, use the
t Distribution Calculator
to assess the probability associated with the t statistic, given
the degrees of freedom computed above. (See
sample problems at the end of this lesson for examples of how this
is done.)

Interpret Results

If the sample findings are unlikely, given
the null hypothesis, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis.
Typically, this involves comparing the P-value to the
significance level,
and rejecting the null hypothesis when the P-value is less than
the significance level.

Test Your Understanding

In this section, two sample problems illustrate how to conduct a
hypothesis test of a mean score. The first problem involves a
two-tailed test; the second problem, a one-tailed test.

Sample Size Calculator

As you probably noticed, the process of hypothesis testing
can be complex. When you need to test a hypothesis about a mean score, consider using the
Sample Size Calculator. The Wizard is fairly easy to use, and it
is free. You can find the Sample Size Calculator in Stat Trek's
main menu under the Stat Tools tab. Or you can tap the button below.

An inventor has developed a new, energy-efficient lawn mower engine.
He claims that the engine will run continuously for 5 hours
(300 minutes) on a single gallon of regular gasoline. From his stock of 2000 engines,
the inventor selects a simple
random sample of 50 engines for testing. The engines run for an average
of 295 minutes, with a standard deviation of 20 minutes. Test the
null hypothesis that the mean run time is 300 minutes against
the alternative hypothesis that the mean run time is not 300
minutes. Use a 0.05 level of significance. (Assume that run times for
the population of engines are normally distributed.)

Solution: The solution to this problem takes four steps:
(1) state the hypotheses, (2) formulate an analysis plan,
(3) analyze sample data, and (4) interpret results.
We work through those steps below:

State the hypotheses. The first step is to
state the null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.

Null hypothesis: μ = 300

Alternative hypothesis: μ ≠ 300

Note that these hypotheses constitute a two-tailed test.
The null hypothesis will be rejected if the sample mean
is too big or if it is too small.

Formulate an analysis plan. For this analysis,
the significance level is 0.05. The test method is a
one-sample t-test.

Interpret results. Since the P-value (0.08) is
greater than the significance level (0.05), we cannot reject the
null hypothesis.

Note: If you use this approach on an exam, you may also want to mention
why this approach is appropriate. Specifically, the approach is
appropriate because the sampling method was simple random sampling,
the population was normally distributed, and the sample size was small relative to the
population size (less than 5%).

Problem 2: One-Tailed Test

Bon Air Elementary School has 1000 students. The principal of the
school thinks that the average IQ of students at Bon Air is at
least 110. To prove her point, she administers an IQ test to 20
randomly selected students. Among the sampled students, the average
IQ is 108 with a standard deviation of 10. Based on these
results, should the principal accept or reject her original
hypothesis? Assume a significance level of 0.01. (Assume that test scores in
the population of engines are normally distributed.)

Solution: The solution to this problem takes four steps:
(1) state the hypotheses, (2) formulate an analysis plan,
(3) analyze sample data, and (4) interpret results.
We work through those steps below:

State the hypotheses. The first step is to
state the null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.

Null hypothesis: μ >= 110

Alternative hypothesis: μ < 110

Note that these hypotheses constitute a one-tailed test.
The null hypothesis will be rejected if the sample mean
is too small.

Formulate an analysis plan. For this analysis,
the significance level is 0.01. The test method is a
one-sample t-test.

where s is the standard deviation of the sample,
x is the sample mean,
μ is the hypothesized population mean,
and n is the sample size.

Here is the logic of the analysis: Given the alternative hypothesis (μ < 110),
we want to know whether the observed sample mean is small enough to cause us to
reject the null hypothesis.

The observed sample mean produced a t statistic test statistic of -0.894. We use the
t Distribution Calculator to find P(t < -0.894) = 0.19.
This means we would expect to find a sample mean of 108 or smaller in 19 percent
of our samples, if the true population IQ were 110. Thus the P-value in this analysis is 0.19.

Interpret results. Since the P-value (0.19) is
greater than the significance level (0.01), we cannot reject the
null hypothesis.

Note: If you use this approach on an exam, you may also want to mention
why this approach is appropriate. Specifically, the approach is
appropriate because the sampling method was simple random sampling,
the population was normally distributed, and the sample size was small relative to the
population size (less than 5%).