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In Hong Kong, every 30 and 12.9 in 100,000 males and females respectively has nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). With early detection and advances in medical care, the number of NPC survivors post radiotherapy is rapidly growing in Hong Kong. One of the most distressing consequences post radiotherapy for NPC patients is swallowing disorder, or dysphagia. Dysphagia in NPC patients almost certainly cause frequent chest infection, dehydration, malnutrition and limitations to concurrent treatment such as oral medication. Given the existing large costs NPC patients incur to the healthcare system, dysphagia only serves to further inflate the soaring costs.

In an attempt to reduce dysphagia related costs to the healthcare system, swallowing rehabilitation is offered to NPC patients. Currently, two major swallowing rehabilitation approaches are commonly adopted. The first is traditional rehabilitation, which involves patients performing various oropharyngeal exercises aimed at improving swallowing physiology. The other swallowing rehabilitation approach is transcutaneous electrical stimulation, which entails using small amount of electric current to increase muscle strength while patients are engaged in swallowing activities. These two methods are proven as effective in patients with stroke and head and neck carcinoma patients. Neither of these methods, nevertheless, yields any efficacy studies in treating NPC patients. Yet, clinicians continue to use either one or both rehabilitation methods as swallowing rehabilitation.

This study aims to address the gap in efficacy studies on swallowing rehabilitation for NPC patients post radiotherapy. The research results should provide justification for rehabilitation time, clinicians' efforts, costs involved and resources used in rehabilitating the swallowing difficulties of the NPC patients.

TR rehabilitation will be scheduled three 45-minute sessions per week for 4 weeks with a total of 12 sessions that include Mendelsohn manoeuvre, Shaker's exercise, Effortful swallow and Masako manoeuvre.

Active Comparator: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES)

Behavioral: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES)

Subjects will receive three 45-minute sessions per week for 4 weeks with a total of 12 sessions.

Penetration-Aspiration Scale [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

Each subject will undergo Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) to identify penetration and aspiration risks of each consistency. Subjects will be assessed on five different consistencies: thin fluids, honey-thick fluids, pureed diet, soft diet and biscuits. Therefore, five penetration-aspiration scores will be generated for each assessment.

Scores will be obtained at baseline, post rehabilitation, six months after baseline and one year after baseline for comparison.

Secondary Outcome Measures
:

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Nasopharyngeal (FACT-NP) [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

The validated FACT-NP is a Chinese QOL questionnaire that evaluates the rehabilitation outcomes specifically for NPC patients. Among the sixteen NPC sub-scale items, seven are specific to dysphagia. The total score and dysphagia specific scores will be analysed.

Scores will be obtained at baseline, post rehabilitation, six months after baseline and one year after baseline for comparison.

Self-rated Swallowing Score [ Time Frame: up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

A questionnaire based on patient's perception of existing feeding difficulties. Scores will be obtained at baseline, post rehabilitation, six months after baseline and one year after baseline for comparison.

Voice Handicap Index - 30 [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

This self-assessment scale consists of 30 items that measures the voice-related quality-of-life over three domains: functional, physical, and emotional. Scores will be obtained at baseline, post rehabilitation, six months after baseline and one year after baseline for comparison.

Oral Assessment Guide [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

This 24 point tool comprise of eight categories: swallow, voice, lips, saliva, tongue, gingival, teeth and mucous membrane. Each category is rated by a scale of 1 (normal), 2 (some abnormality) and 3 (severely abnormal). Scores can be obtained at baseline, post rehabilitation, six months after baseline and one year after baseline for comparison.

Perceptual Evaluation of Voice [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year after rehabilitation program ]

Four vocal parameters, overall severity, roughness, breathiness and strain, will be rated on a 10-point equal-appearing interval scale by the attending speech therapists. Scores will be obtained at all 4 assessment time point for comparison.

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Ages Eligible for Study:

18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)

Sexes Eligible for Study:

All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

able 18 years of age

undergone primary radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as the treatment

are expected to complete the 12 month follow-up

Exclusion Criteria:

prior history of head and neck surgery except biopsies of the NP or the neck nodes