The only thing I don't get is why Nugumanova is not listed in the girls. The only girl in that age group on her level is Gubanova.

Gubanova is significantly better than Nugumanova.

Only medalists of Zhuk Memorial are included in Team Russia. Nugumanova was 4th, Gubanova 3rd at Zhuk Memorial.
Gubanova also won Crystal Skate and was much better than Nugumanova at Russian Cup Events (Junior) - 1st and 3rd places, she qualified to JrNats and was 7th at JrNats, ahead members of Team Russia Kaiumova, Kolomiets, Bezrukova, Drynkina.

I do agree that Gubanova is a phenom and I am a big fan of hers. But you think the other girls are better than Nugumanova? I don't.

There are not formal reasons to include Nugumanova in Team Russia.
Her results at national level - 10 and 12 places at Russian Cup Events (Junior) and 4th place at Zhuk Memorial.

Bezrukova (2nd at Zhuk Memorial, 3rd at Final of Russian Cup Junior), Drynkina (1st at Nats Elder Age), Kolomiets (2nd at Final of Russian Cup Juniors and Nats Elder Age), Pervushkina (3rd at Nats Elder Age), Tsurskaya (1st at Final of Cup of Russia Junior) have good results in season. And because of these results they are included.

For example, why is Diana Pervushkina in the younger juniors (or novice?) team when age wise she is old enough to be in seniors? If she is not good enough for juniors or seniors, why is she on the team at all?

Why is Rogonov and his new partner on the reserve team, whereas Martiusheva and her new partner are not?

Gainedtinova and Bich don't even skate together any more, but they are still in the reserve team (and their new partners are not).

Sofia Biriukova was also quite lucky, but even if the Federation did not know that she plans to do pairs, why were her results considered to be good enough to be on the reserve team?

What about Gerasimova and Stavitskaya? They both lost the majority of the last season due to their injury, and now they are completely off team. Wouldn't they deserve to be in reserve team to have a chance to prove themselves? When Shershak was injured, she was not skating the whole season while being kept on the reserve team, and the following season (when already healthy) she remained on the reserve team to have a chance to prove herself.

Why is Chernivskaya-Souza Kordyeru on the junior team if they are not going to be junior eligible? They should be either in senior team, or (if not good enough for senior team) in reserve or be off the team.

In regards to Martiusheva and her new partner, it seems like the new pairing only came about recently, judging by a recent interview where they say it's not the final choice. In the mean time, Astakhova and Rogonv have been together longer and were probably seen and approved by the federation.

It is always so, because Team Russia has not formal criteria like Team USA.

Originally Posted by hanca

For example, why is Diana Pervushkina in the younger juniors (or novice?) team when age wise she is old enough to be in seniors? If she is not good enough for juniors or seniors, why is she on the team at all?

It is absolutely normal.
Level of team means level of bonuses and privilegies.
Pervushkina did not deserve level of Senior or Junior Team, but deserved level of Boys, Girls. She is young (born 22 Jun 1998), she progresses. Leonova and Artemieva progressed being elder, and Leonova is Worlds medalist. Pervushkina also may progress to international level (in fact, she is at international level for any team except Russia, she is not worse than, for example, Tyler Pierce or Miyabi Oba).

Originally Posted by hanca

Why is Rogonov and his new partner on the reserve team, whereas Martiusheva and her new partner are not?

Gainedtinova and Bich don't even skate together any more, but they are still in the reserve team (and their new partners are not).

I don't know

Originally Posted by hanca

Sofia Biriukova was also quite lucky, but even if the Federation did not know that she plans to do pairs, why were her results considered to be good enough to be on the reserve team?

She won Universiade.

Originally Posted by hanca

What about Gerasimova and Stavitskaya? They both lost the majority of the last season due to their injury, and now they are completely off team. Wouldn't they deserve to be in reserve team to have a chance to prove themselves? When Shershak was injured, she was not skating the whole season while being kept on the reserve team, and the following season (when already healthy) she remained on the reserve team to have a chance to prove herself.

Shershak after 2011/2012 season looked as haveing good chance to progress.
And before Sochi Olympics Federation had more money than now.
Maybe, because of this.

Originally Posted by hanca

Why is Chernivskaya-Souza Kordyeru on the junior team if they are not going to be junior eligible? They should be either in senior team, or (if not good enough for senior team) in reserve or be off the team.