Hot Peppers Hot Peppers

THE CARICOM REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION
PROGRAMME FOR AGRICULTURE
MARKET INTELLIGENCE REPORT
Hot Peppers
Core Team of Consultants
Singh, R.H. (Ph.D)
Rankine, L.B (Ph.D)
Seepersad, G (Ph.D)
December 2006
Acknowledgements
The core team takes the opportunity to express its appreciation to all those who provided
logistical and technical support for the completion of this exercise. We firstly like to thank the
RTP Coordinator / Agricultural Advisor, Mr. Sam Lawrence as well as the country officers for
their logistical and other support in the completion of this exercise. Field visits allowed us to
verify and update the information base on small ruminants. Small ruminant investors particularly
in the case of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana provided valuable information in
shaping the review of the Regional Sheep and Goat industry. The database on small ruminants
worldwide, as well as in the Caribbean, contains significant gaps and took considerable time in
their verification and validation.
Our discussion with officials in the Ministries of Agriculture in the Region proved helpful in
reconciling some of the deficiencies we encountered in the review. Technical support was
provided through the assistance of Brent Theophhile, Rebecca Gookool, Jai Rampersad and
David Hanson, to which the Core Team also expresses support. To Ms. Martha Jiminez-Spence
and Ms. Indira Buchoon-Ousman, we express our sincere thanks for their logistical organizational
and communication support.
Although we tried to ensure accuracy of the database used for the review, nonetheless we accept
responsibility for any errors that may be discovered. This may be the result of the multiple
databases from which we had to access the data. The small ruminants sector in the Caribbean is
just emerging unlike countries such as Australia and systems of data recording for this
commodity have not yet entered the mainstream databases. This gap we recommend should be
addressed with urgency.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables................................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v
Glossary........................................................................................................................................................ vi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... vi
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................... vii
Section 1 Global Market Intelligence: Hot Pepper.................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1
Section 2 World Situation for Chilies ......................................................................................................... 3
2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Classification of Peppers ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 World Hot Chili Pepper Production and Trade.................................................................................... 5
2.3 Trade in Value Added Chili Products.................................................................................................. 7
Section 3 Market Intelligence – The United States of America ................................................................ 9
3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Fresh Chilies: Utilization and Trade .................................................................................................... 9
3.1.1 Caribbean Exports of Hot Peppers............................................................................................. 10
3.1.2 Average Unit Value of Imports of Chilies ................................................................................. 11
3.2 Valued Added Products ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The USA Hot Pepper Market .......................... 15
Section 4 Market Intelligence - Canada.................................................................................................... 17
4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Pepper Trade (Hot and Bell) .............................................................................................................. 17
4.1.1 Imports of Fresh Hot Chilies...................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Value Added Pepper Products ........................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Canadian Exports of Value Added Chilies ........................................................................................ 20
4.4 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The Canadian Hot Pepper Market ................... 21
Section 5 Market Intelligence – The European Union ............................................................................ 23
5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1 The Fresh Pepper Trade (Chilies and Bell Peppers) .......................................................................... 23
5.2 Trade in Value Added Peppers (Dried or Crushed) ........................................................................... 24
5.3 CARICOM Exports of Hot Pepper and Pepper-Based Products into the EU .................................... 26
5.3.1 Fresh Hot Pepper Exports to the EU .......................................................................................... 26
5.3.2 CARICOM Exports of Value Added Hot Peppers to the EU .................................................... 27
5.4 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The EU Hot Pepper Market ............................. 28
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Section 6 Market Prices & Supply Characteristics ................................................................................. 29
6. 0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 The USA Fresh Chili Market............................................................................................................. 30
6.1.1 Factors Determining Price Levels for Chili Peppers: Relationship to Hotness & Flavour ........ 30
6.1.2 Market Attractiveness: Miami vs New York ............................................................................. 32
6.1.3 Price Seasonality........................................................................................................................ 33
6.1.4 Competitors in the USA Fresh Hot Pepper Market.................................................................... 34
6.1.5 Windows of Opportunity ........................................................................................................... 35
6.1.6 Intelligence on Market Operations............................................................................................. 36
6.2 The Canadian Market for Hot Chilies................................................................................................ 37
6.3 The United Kingdom Market for Hot Chilies.................................................................................... 39
6.3.1 Price Levels and Trends............................................................................................................. 39
6.3.2 Competition in the UK Market for Hot Chilies Sources of Supply ........................................... 40
6.3.2.1 The Market for Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros .................................................................. 40
6.3.2.2 Monthly Availability of Peppers in the UK and Sources of Supply................................... 41
Section 7 CARICOM Chilies Situation..................................................................................................... 46
7.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 46
7.1 Production and Utilization Profile ..................................................................................................... 46
7.2 Export Market Profile ........................................................................................................................ 48
7.3 Processed Pepper Trade..................................................................................................................... 48
Section 8 Regulations ................................................................................................................................. 51
8.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 51
8.1 Regulatory Market Access Requirements of the USA....................................................................... 51
8.2 Regulatory Market Access Requirements - Market Access Health and Safety / Standard - Canada . 52
8.3 Regulatory Market Access Requirements – The EU ......................................................................... 53
References ................................................................................................................................................... 55
Annex........................................................................................................................................................... 57
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
List of Tables
Item Page No.
Table 2.1: The World’s Largest Producer of Hot Chilies (Historical Production) 6
Selected Years
Table 2.2: Major Exporters of Fresh Chilies in the World 7
(2000 - 2002 Av.)
Table 3.1: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (USD 1,000 Dollars) 11
Table 3.2: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (1,000 kg) 14
Table 3.3: Trend of Imports of HS 0904 Pepper of the Genus Piper; Dried or Crushed or Ground 16
Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the Genus Pimenta into the USA
Table 4.1: Canada Value Imports of Capsicum (HS 070960 Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the 18
Genus Pimenta from Selected Countries) USD
Table 5.1: European Union Annual Imports of Peppers in (2001/03 av) 27
Table 5.2: EU Imports of Peppers and Pepper Products from Various CARICOM Sources (Euro) 27
Table 6.1: Average Annual Prices for the Major Various of Chilies Traded at the Miami and New 31
York Terminal Markets (2001/05 av).
Table 6.2 Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet and Thai Chilies Hot Traded at the 36
Miami and New York Terminal Markets
Table 6.3: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies / Hot Pepper (Habanero, Scotch Bonnet and 38
Thai Chilies) in the USA (2001-05)
Table 6.4: Average Monthly Prices for Chilies: Habaneros Traded at the Montreal Terminal Market 39
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom 42
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom (cont’d) 43
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom (cont’d) 44
Table 7.1 CARICOM Production, Export and Consumption/Utilization of Fresh Hot Peppers: 48
Average 2001-2004
Table 7.2: Profile of CARICOM and Other Caribbean Fresh Chili Exports to Major Destinations:
49
Various Years
Table 7.3: CARICOM Trade of Processed Peppers (Dried, Crushed/Ground): 2001 50
Annex Tables
Table A 2.1: World Trade of Processed Peppers or Pimenta (Dried, Crushed/Ground)(2002) 63
Table A 3.1: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (USD 1,000 Dollars) 63
Table A 3.2: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (1,000 kg) 64
Table A 4.1: Canadian Imports of Both Chiles and Bell Peppers from Selected Countries (1000 64
USD): 2000-2004
Table A 4.2: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper from Selected Countries 65
Table A 4.3: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper from Selected Countries 65
Table A 4.4: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper that is neither crushed or ground 65
Table A 4.5: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper that is neither crushed or ground 66
Table A 4.6: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper that is crushed or ground 66
Table A 4.7: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper that is crushed or ground 66
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table A 5.1: European Union Annual Imports of Peppers in (2001/03 av) 67
Table A 5.2: United Kingdom Import of both Capsicum and Bell Peppers (2004) 67
Table A 5.3: United Kingdom Import of Processed Peppers (Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004) 68
Table A 5.4: Netherlands Import of both Capsicum and Bell Peppers (2004) 69
Table A 5.5: Netherlands Import of Processed Peppers (Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004) 70
Table A 6.1: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet and Thai Chilies Hot Traded at 71
the Miami and New York Terminal Markets: Average 2001-2005
Table A 6.2: Average Monthly prices for Chilies traded at Various Terminal Markets in the United 72
Kingdom (2001/05 av) USD/kg
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
List of Figures
Figure Page No.
Figure 2.1: Scoville Heat Units (SHU) of Various Types of Chilies 4
Figure 2.2: World Export Market Share of Fresh Chilies (2000/02 av) 7
Figure 2.3: Top Five Global Importers of HS 090420 Capsicum/Pimenta, dried, crushed or ground in 8
2002
Figure 2.4: Top Five Global Exporters of HS 090420 Capsicum/Pimenta, dried, crushed or ground in 8
2002
Figure 3.1: Trend in Imports into the USA of Chilies, Fresh for Consumption, 1996 – 2002 (USD mn) 10
Figure 3.2: Segments and Share of the USA Value Added (HS 090420) Chili Market in 2001 12
Figure 3.3: USA Trends in Imports of Various Types of Value Added Chilies from 1997 – 2001, USD 14
mn
Figure 4.1: Canada’s major source of Imports of Capsicum (HS 070960 Fruits of the Genus Capsicum 17
& Pimenta) – USD mn
Figure 4.2: Source of Imports of HS 070960 Fresh Chilies into Canada in 2003 (USD Thousand) 19
Figure 4.3: Source of Imports of HS 090420 Value Added Capsicum & Pimenta into Canada in 2004 19
(USD mn)
Figure 5.1: Source of Imports of HS 070960 Chilies into the European Union 2001/03 av. 24
Figure 5.2: Source of Imports of HS 0904 Value Added Capsicum and Pimenta into the European 25
Union 2001/03 av.
Figure 5.3: EU Major Importers of HS 0904 Value Added capsicum and Pimenta in 2002 26
Figure 6.1: Prices of Various Varieties of Hot Chilies in Miami and New York Terminal Markets 32
(2001/2005)
Figure 6.2: Average Monthly prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet and Thai Chili Hot Traded at the 32
Miami Terminal Market (2001/05 av
Figure 6.3: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros and Scotch Bonnet (and Thai Chili Hot) Traded at 34
the New York Terminal Market (2001/05 av)
Figure 6.4: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet at the Miami and Montreal 38
Terminal Markets
Figure 6.5: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet at the New York and Montreal 40
Terminal Markets
Figure 7.1: CARICOM Exports of Hot Pepper (HS 070960): Major Destinations (kg and percentage of 50
Total Exports)
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Glossary
Chile pepper Term used to describe the pungent capsicum varieties
Bell pepper The non-pungent form of Capsicum, widely used as a green vegetable
Capsicum The genus is a member of the Solanaceae family that includes tomato,
potato, tobacco and petunias
Capsicum The best known domesticated capsicum species in the world
annuum
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Kg Kilogramme
mn Million
SHU Scoville Heat Units
USA United States of America
UK United Kingdom
EU European Union (15)
USD United States Dollar
Euro European currency of exchange
HS6 Six Digit Harmonized System of Classification
HS 07096020 Refers to Chilies, fresh, chilled
HS07096040 Refers to Non-chilies………….
Pepper of the Genus Piper; Dried or Crushed or Ground Fruits of the Genus
HS 0904
Capsicum or of the Genus Pimenta
HS 09041100 Pepper of the genus Piper, neither crushed nor ground
HS 09041200 Pepper of the genus Piper, crushed or ground
HS 09042020 Paprika, dried or crushed or ground
HS 09042040 Anaheim and ancho pepper, dried or crushed or ground
Fruits of the genus Capsicum, other than paprika or anaheim and ancho
HS 09042060
pepper, not ground
Fruits of the genus Capsicum, other than paprika or anaheim and ancho
HS 09042070
pepper, ground
HS 09042073 Mixtures of mashed or macerated hot red peppers and salt, nesoi
HS 09042076 Fruits of the genus capsicum, ground, nesoi
HS 09042080 Fruits of the genus Pimenta (including allspice), dried or crushed or ground
Fruits of the genus Capsicum, not pimentos, prepared or preserved otherwise
HS 20059055
than by vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen
nesoi Not elsewhere stated or included
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 1
GLOBAL MARKET INTELLIGENCE: HOT PEPPER
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background : The CARICOM Regional Transformation Studies on Competitiveness
This Report constitutes the results of a review of the Markets for Hot Peppers from the perspective
of the CARICOM industry. It is part of a larger study commissioned by the CARICOM Regional
Transformation Project for Agriculture. The study evaluates the international competitiveness of
five commodities: Hot Pepper, papaya, sweet potato, coconuts and small ruminants.
This market intelligence Report was preceded by a review of the general agricultural sector policies
as well as those specific to the selected commodities in the seven CARICOM countries selected for
the overall study, namely: Jamaica, Belize, Barbados, Guyana, St Vincent, St Lucia and Trinidad
and Tobago.
The market intelligence study covers a review of the global situation – production and trade flows.
It focuses on the sources of competition, opportunities and challenges for the respective CARICOM
industries. The market intelligence report is followed by the final component of the overall study
which evaluates the competitiveness of the Industry in each of the country studied as well as
identifying strategies for development.
1.2 The Hot Pepper Markets
Given the globalization of markets, international competitiveness requires industries to be
competitive in both the domestic and relevant foreign markets since the removal of barriers to trade
have integrated these markets. In the case of Hot Pepper, it is our view that the relatively small and
spatially fragmented market within CARICOM is unlikely to be of significant interest to global
producers of this fruit. At the same time, Regional producers have as one of the main targets the
export markets for the fresh peppers as well as value-added pepper-based products. Given, the
logistics of transportation as well as transportation costs, the feasible export markets for Caribbean
fresh Hot Peppers are the Eastern States of the USA, Eastern Provinces of Canada and Western
Europe (mainly, the UK and the Netherlands).
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
The target markets for the competitiveness study for fresh Hot Pepper are therefore the extra
regional markets identified above. For each market it is important to fully understand the structure
and functioning as well as to identify the key drivers of competition including: consumer preference
patterns, trends in consumer demand, who (which countries/suppliers) are the main participants in
these markets, what are the sources of competition for the main players in the market, the roles of
produce quality and price and finally, the regulatory requirements for market entry. Such an
analysis assists in identification of the key market requirements to enter such markets and to
increase and sustain market share.
This report on the Global Market Intelligence for Hot Pepper is therefore an attempt to determine
the drivers of competitiveness in the major markets of interest. It provides the basis for analyzing
the potential for the industry in the selected CARICOM countries.
This report begins with an overview of the world situation in Section 2, to be followed by an
analysis of each of the selected extra-regional markets with respect to structure, competitors and
key market attributes in Sections 3 - 5. An analysis of the prevailing prices for fresh Hot Pepper in
the extra-regional markets is then presented in Section 6 and the CARICOM situation for hot
peppers is examined in Section 7. In Section 8, a brief outline of the regulatory requirements
governing entry into the extra-regional markets in presented.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 2
WORLD SITUATION FOR CHILIES
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This Section of the report provides a broad overview on global production and trade in peppers and
pepper-based products. It is followed by an examination of conditions in the specific markets – the
USA, Canada and the EU.
2.1 Classification of Peppers
The genus Capsicum is a member of the Solanaceae family that includes tomato, potato, tobacco
and petunias. Capsicum annuum is the best known domesticated species world-wide. The non-
pungent form, bell pepper, is widely used as a green vegetable while "chile pepper" has been used
to describe the pungent chile varieties1. Numerous names exist for different chile cultivars in Latin
America, especially México. Most of these cultivars belong to the species C. annuum. However
some classifications treat most Mexican chilies as paprika2.
Using the Scoville Index as a measure of hotness, the hottest cultivars (Capsicum chinense) range
from 200,000 to 300,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU) while the extremely fiery Thai chilies barely
reach 100,000, (Figure 2.1). The more common varieties in the USA such as the jalapeño or the
Italian peperoncino are generally rated at less than 5,000 Scoville Heat Units. Paprika is often used
to describe the milder types of chilies, up to the level of jalapeños (4000 Scoville heat units). The
C. chinense varieties Habanero and Scotch Bonnet are considered the hottest. Although the
Habanero pepper has been listed as being the hottest of all peppers, some rated at 200,000 to
1
(The term ‘bell pepper’ has generally been used to refer to the non-pungent, blocky, sweet chile pepper types, while "chile
pepper" has been used to describe the pungent chile varieties Source: Reference
source:http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-
132.html#CAPSICUM%20ANNUUM%20VAR.%20ANNUUM--CAPSICUM%20CHINENSE Peppers: History and
Exploitation of a Serendipitous New Crop Discovery*. W. Hardy Eshbaugh
2
http://www-ang.kfunigraz.ac.at/~katzer/engl/generic_frame.html?Caps_fru.html Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
300,000 SHU3, not all Habaneros are hot. Other extremely hot C. chinense peppers include Scotch
Bonnet (yellow), and Bahamian (The Chile Pepper Institute).
We provide below in Figure 2.1 a rating of common varieties according to Scoville Heat
Units (SHU) and in Photos 2.1 to 2.6 selected common chilli varieties.
Figure 2.1: S choville Heat Units (S HU) of Various Types of Chilies
Data Source : The Chile Peppe r Institute
S c o tc h Bo nne t 250
Ora nge Ha ba ne ro 210
R e d Ha ba ne ro 150
Ta ba s c o 120
Te pin 75
C hilte pin 70
Tha i Ho t 60
Lo ng S lim C a ye nne 23
M itla 22
S a nta F e Gra nde 21
Aji Es c a be c he 17
S e rra no 10
Lo ng Thic k C a ye nne 9
C a ye nne 8
P a s illa 6
J a la pe no M 5
S a ndia 5
P rim a ve ra 5
NuM e x J o e E. P a rke r 5
Hunga ria n wa x 1
M ula to 1
B e ll
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
SHU Rating (000)
3
The most common sensory method to determine pungency in peppers has been an organoleptic test (Scoville, a dilution-taste
procedure) with results expressed as Scoville Heat Units (SHU). The validity and accuracy of it have been widely criticized. The
American Spice Trade Association and the International Organization for Standardization have adopted a modified version. The
American Society for Testing and Materials is considering other organoleptic tests (the Gillett method) and a number of chemical tests to
assay for capsaicinoids involved in pungency (see Chile Pungency. Still, the values obtained by the various tests are often related to
Scoville Heat Units. For more information on chile peppers, see The Chile Pepper Institute.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Picture 2.1: Jamaican Yellow Scotch Bonnet
Picture 2.2: Jamaican Scotch Bonnet (Top Row)
Peppers Displayed for Sale at Miami Terminal and Bell Peppers on Display at the Miami Produce
Center (Terminal Market) Florida, USA.
Market (July 2004), Florida, USA.
Picture 2.3: Thai (Cayenne) Peppers in Plastic Picture 2.4: Green Jalapeno Peppers on Display at
Bags on Display at the Miami Produce Center a Retail Market, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
(Terminal Market) Florida, USA.
Picture 2.5: Red Jalapeno Peppers on Display at a Picture 2.6: Tabasco Peppers on Display at a
Retail Market, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Retail Market, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
2.2 World Hot Chili Pepper Production and Trade
Data on the production of hot chilies were compiled by De Witt for Fiery Foods and are presented
in Table 2.1. The data pertain to various countries and years for which information was available.
The information reveals that the major producers of hot Chilies are India, Mexico, Indonesia, China
and Korea. With annual production exceeding 200,000 tons (dry equivalent).
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
One of the difficulties of analyzing the situation with respect to hot peppers is that the statistics on
trade generally fail to differentiate hot peppers from other chilies and other spices. Determination of
the volumes and values of trade in hot chilies such as those varieties produced in the Caribbean
requires segregation of the data at the Harmonized System eight (8) digit level. However, often
trade data is only presented at the 6 digit level thus giving broader categories of Chilies to include
both Bell and Hot Chilies or even broader at the HS 4 digit level to include Pimenta.
Most of the producers of Chilies are themselves large consumers. Among the largest producers
Mexico also stands out as the World’s largest exporter of Chilies with a global market share of 23%
worth USD 389 mn (Figure 2.2). Other major exporters were the USA with 5 % of global market
followed by China and India, each having less that 1 % of global trade (Figure 2.2, Table 2.2).
World trade of all peppers and other spices (HS 0904) was estimated at USD 1,792 mn in 2002
(Comtrade Database of the UN). The top importers in this product category were USA, Germany,
Malaysia, Spain and Japan while the top reported exporters were China, India, Spain, Mexico and
Peru estimated at $1,301 mn. A further disaggregating of the trade data at the Harmonized System
six-digit level is presented in Annex Table 2.2.
Table 2.1: The World’s Largest Producer of Hot Chilies (Historical Production)
Selected Years
Acreage Yield
Country Year
(Acres) (Dry Eqv. Tons)
India 1986 2202746 707900
Mexico 1988 156840 536000
Indonesia 1986 498940 387000
China 1988 148200 212500
Korea 1986 326311 202841
Thailand 1985 143652 116501
Ethiopia 1971 600704 102200
U.S.A. 1988 31200 49921
Taiwan 1986 7047 21218
Malaysia 1985 2848 13836
Japan 1984 351 400
Source: http://www.fiery-foods.com/zine-industry/world.html Excerpt from the upcoming book The Pepper Encyclopedia, by Dave
DeWitt, published by William Morrow & Co.Source: Fiery Foods (Based on an original study by AVDRC).
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 2.2: World Market Share of Fresh Chili Exports: 2000/02 av (USD/Mn)
Data Source: FAOStat Database
Mexico
$389
23%
USA
$87
5%
China
$3
0%
Rest of the World India
$1,177 $2
72% 0%
Table 2.2: Major Exporters of Fresh Chilies in the World
(2000 - 2002 Av.)
Quantity Value
Countries 000 Tonnes (USD Million)
Mexico 345 $389
USA 85 $87
China 14 $3
Korea Rep. 11 $3
Thailand 11 $2
India 3 $2
Indonesia 1 $0
Japan 0 $0
Rest of the World 984 $1,177
World 1,453 1,690
Source: FAOStat Database
2.3 Trade in Value Added Chili Products
In the case of value added products of both Capsicum and Pimenta (dried/crushed/ground - HS
090420) the Comtrade Database reported that the top importers in 2002 were the USA at USD 125
million, Germany USD 39 million, Malaysia USD 35 million, Spain USD 34 million and Japan
USD 25 million (Figure 2.3 and Annex Table 2.2). The top exporters during that year were China
USD 74 million, India USD 60 million, Spain USD 34 million, Mexico USD 20 million and Peru
USD 19 million (Figure 2.4 and Annex Table 2.1). The top five importers accounted for 59 % of
world trade, with the top five exporters also accounting for 59 %.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 2.3: Top Five Global Importers of Capsicum/Pimienta, Dried, Crushed or
Ground: (HS 090420)
2002 (USD/Mn)
(Data Source : C omptrade Database )
USA
$125
28%
Ot her Reporters
$186
41%
Germany
$39
9%
Japan Malaysia
$25 Spain $35
6% $34 8%
8%
Figure 2.4: Top Five Global Exporters of Capsicum/Pimienta, Dried, Crushed or
Ground: (HS 090420)
2002 (USD/Mn)
(Da ta S o urc e : Co mptra de Da tabas e ) (HS 09 04 20 )
China
$74
Other Reporters 20%
$152
41%
India
$60
16%
Spain
Peru $47
$19 Mexico 13%
5% $20
5%
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 3
MARKET INTELLIGENCE – THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
3.0 INTRODUCTION
In this section we examine the characteristics of the USA markets for fresh hot pepper. As indicated
in Section 1 we focus our investigation on the Miami and New York markets since these represent
the entry point for the Eastern USA. Our examination of market focuses on volumes traded, sources
of supply, price levels and other market characteristics.
3.1 Fresh Chilies: Utilization and Trade
The USA represents a major participant in the global chilies market. The country is a major
producer, supplier, importer, exporter and consumer in the global market for chilies. The 2005
USDA reports indicate that an estimated 242,000 tonnes of Chilies valued at USD 124 mn were
produced in the USA in 20044. Utilization levels for the period 1997-2001 for the most part showed
an increasing trend for all categories of Chilies produced and consumed in the USA.
The USA is also ranked as a leading importer of fresh Chilies (both hot peppers and Bell Peppers
- HS 07096020) in the world. Imports grew by 265 % (value basis) over the six year period 1996-
2002 from USD 46 mn (106,000 tonnes) to USD 168 mn (159,000 tonnes) (Figure 3.1).
Mexico dominates the USA Chili market supplying more than 99% of USA’s of total imports.
However, as indicated above this includes hot, mild and sweet. Only a small percentage of Mexican
pepper exports are of the hot varieties. Mexican exports of Chili to the USA in 2000 were valued at
USD 202 mn (Table 3.1).
Other exporters of Chilies to the USA market include Netherlands (263 tonnes), India (122 tonnes),
Dominican Republic (88 tonnes), China (67 tonnes), Trinidad and Tobago (56 tonnes)5 and Jamaica
(24 tonnes). However, the relative market shares of these countries are quite small. India, a major
4
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Vegetables 2004 Summary January 2005
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/fruit/pvg-bban/vgan0105.pdf
5
Data Source: Fintrac / Agribusiness Online
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
international competitor in the USA market saw exports decline from 211 tonnes in 1996 to 122
tonnes in 2001 reaching zero levels in 2002.
3.1.1 Caribbean Exports of Hot Peppers
The Chilies exported by Caribbean countries are typically the most pungent varieties - Habaneros
and Scotch Bonnet. Thus although the export levels of Chilies from the Caribbean constitute a
fraction of one percent of USA imports, relative to the Hot Chili segment of the market Caribbean
exports are significant. The major exporters of hot pepper from the Caribbean are Trinidad and
Tobago, Jamaica, Belize and the Dominican Republic. Other smaller exporters are St Lucia,
Barbados and St Vincent. However, exports from these sources tend to be sporadic and not
sustained.
Trinidad and Tobago exports of hot pepper have shown significant increases in recent years.
Volumes exported increased from 9 tonnes in 1996 to 56 tonnes in 2001. Over the same period
supplies from Jamaica however have decreased from 27 to 24 tonnes. Exports from the Dominican
Republic, a producer of Habaneros and Scotch Bonnet, decreased from 112 tonnes in 1996 to 88
tonnes in 2001 (Annex Table A3.2).
Figure 3.1: USA Imports of Fresh Chilies: All Sources: 1996 - 2002 (USD mn)
Data Source: Fintrac
USD
250
200
150
100
50
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Mexico 46 57 88 106 202 180 167
Total 46 58 91 107 202 181 168
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 3.1: The USA Imports of Fresh Chilies: 2002
(% of Imports by source)
Country 2002
Mexico 99.73%
Canada 0.11%
Netherlands 0.06%
China 0.03%
Dom. Rep 0.03%
Caribbean 0.02%
All Others 0.02%
Sources: Fintrac. Data on this site have been compiled from tariff and trade data from the
U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Treasury, and the U.S. International Trade Commission
3.1.2 Average Unit Value of Imports of Chilies
A review of Chili prices in the various markets reveals a wide range of prices. Generally, the milder
Chilies attract a much lower price than the hotter varieties. At the top of the price range are Scotch
Bonnet and Habaneros, both attracting prices that were twice that of the milder Chilies.
As indicated earlier, trade data on Chilies are not usually disaggregated by the variety of Chili. In
an attempt to discern the type of Chili being traded, average unit import (cif) values of fresh chilies
imports into the USA from various sources were calculated. These are presented in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2 indicates that in 2002 imports of Chilies from the Netherlands averaged USD3.85/kg,
Trinidad and Tobago $3.66/kg and Dominica $2.50/kg. In comparison, Mexican imports averaged
$1.06/kg and imports from Canada $ 0.57/kg. Accordingly, the average unit import value may be
used as an indicator of the type of Chili being imported. Generally, the higher the level of pungency
the higher the average import value. This is reflected in Figure 3.2 where the highest import unit
value corresponds to countries that are known to export Habaneros and Scotch Bonnet such as
Trinidad and Tobago and Dominica. On the other hand the low unit value for Canadian exports may
suggest exports of Bell peppers and in the case of Mexico, exports of milder varieties of Chilies.
11
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 3.2 : US Imports of Fresh Chillies: Average CIF
Import Value: 2002 (Price/kg)
Source: Fintrac Database
Netherlands
3.85
Trinidad 3.66
Dominica 2.5
Israel 2.3
Vietnam 1.5
China 1.23
Dominican Republic 1.15
Mexico 1.06
Peru 0.8
Canada 0.57
Honduras 0.33
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Avg Unit CIF Value (USD/kg)
3.2 Value Added Products
Analysis of the USA market also focused on the range of pepper–based value added products
imported over the period. These included dried and marinated capsicum as well as other peppers –
“Piper” and “Pimenta” of the HS 0904 group. The USA imported a total of USD 92 mn of value-
added products in 2001. This represents an increase of 31 % over the level of imports in 1997.
Among the various value-added pepper based products imported into the USA, five main groups
are identified. The volume and value of imports of each are presented in Figure 3.3 and Table 3.2.
The relative importance (value basis) of the various categories of value added products imported in
2001 is as follows:
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
• HS 09042060 (Bell, Jalapeno, Other) - 48%
• HS 09042020 Paprika - 20%
• HS 09042076 Other nesoi - 14%
• HS 09042073 hot red pepper - 12%
• HS 09042040 anahein and ancho - 6%
Of this list, the HS 09042073 hot red pepper segment represents an important area of interest for
the Caribbean given the emerging preference for the hot varieties.
With respect to import trends in value added pepper based products, of interest to the
Caribbean, it should be noted that the highest growth in imports (120%) over the period 1997
– 2001 was realized for Mixtures of Mash or macerated hot red peppers (HS 090420730). The
value of imports in 2001 was USD 11 mn.
The major sources of imports of the hot red pepper mash were Mexico, accounting for 91% of all
imports. Other sources of supply were the Republic of Korea (5%), China (1%), Colombia (1%)
and India (1%).
Exports of hot pepper mash to the USA in 2001 from the Caribbean are as follows:
(i) Belize exported 20 tonnes valued at USD 17,000
(ii) Trinidad and Tobago exported 1.3 tonnes valued at USD 2000 compared with 1997
when 20 tonnes valued at USD 39,000
With respect to Pepper Sauce (HS 20059055) the value of imports in 2001 was USD 16.1 mn,
representing an increase of 53% over the 1997 import value. This trend is expected to continue as
is the case with hot chilies, generally.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 3.3: USA Imports of Various Types of Value Added Peppers (Dried, crushed, ground)
2001 USD mn (Data Source: Hemispheric Database)
Capsicum, ground, $13, Paprika, $18, 20%
15%
Mashed or macerated
hot red peppers, $11, Anaheim and ancho
12% pepper , $5, 5%
Capsicum, not ground ,
$43, 48%
Table 3.2: USA Imports of Value Added Processed Pepper: Dried, Crushed/Ground: 1997-2001
(Volume and value in USD)
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
HS Classification Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume
(USD (USD (USD (USD (USD
mn) Tonnes mn) Tonnes mn) Tonnes mn) Tonnes mn) Tonnes
Anaheim and
9042040 ancho pepper,
dried or crushed
or ground 3 1,795 3 2,476 6 3,039 4 1,986 5 2,329
Fruits of the
genus
Capsicum,
other than
9042060
paprika or
anaheim and
ancho pepper,
not ground 38 19,122 38 19,677 39 22,084 42 24,661 43 28,014
Mixtures of
mashed or
9042073 macerated hot
red peppers and
salt, nesoi 5 4,829 7 13,437 10 16,879 10 15,464 11 16,832
Fruits of the
genus
9042076
capsicum,
ground, nesoi 6 3,529 8 4,563 11 5,957 11 6,364 13 8,368
Paprike, dried
09042020 or crushed or
ground 16 7,065 25 12,613 15 7,765 18 8,725 18 9,550
Total Selection 68 36,340 81 52,766 81 55,724 85 57,200 90 65,093
Source: Hemispheric Database
(HS 0904 Pepper of the Genus Piper; Dried or Crushed or Ground Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the Genus Pimenta)
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
3.3 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The USA Hot Pepper Market
The following summarizes the key features of the USA market for Chilies and hot peppers from the
perspective of the Caribbean exporters:
(i) The USA market for Chilies, both fresh and processed, is huge
(ii) The USA market for fresh and processed Chilies is large.
(iii) Imports of fresh Chilies in 2002 were valued at USD 168 mn with a volume of 159,000
tonnes.
(iv) Significant growth in imports was noted between 1996 and 2002 – imports grew by 265
% on a value basis and 49 % on a volume basis.
(v) The demand for the hottest Chilies, namely Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros, is relatively
small in relation to the total Chili market. However, this segment of the market has also
experienced rapid growth.
(vi) Mexico is the dominant exporter of Chilies to the USA market, accounting for
approximately 99 % of the total USA imports.
(vii) Hot Chilies comprise only a very small fraction of Mexican exports, the majority of
exports being mild Chilies or Bell peppers.
(viii) Caribbean countries are the main exporters of the hottest peppers to the USA market
(West Indian Red, CARDI green, Caribbean Red and Scotch Bonnet), with the main
players being Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Belize and the Dominican Republic. The
other Caribbean countries export smaller quantities.
(ix) Generally, the USA hot pepper prices appear to be influenced by the degree of
pungency and flavour, with the hottest varieties such as Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros
attracting the highest prices, which in some cases is twice that of the milder Chilies.
(x) Among the suppliers of hot peppers, Caribbean peppers are preferred for their flavour
and pungency, with peppers from Trinidad and Tobago appearing to be the most
preferred.
(xi) Although Caribbean hot peppers (Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros) are generally
preferred to those from Mexico and other countries, there is some degree of product
substitutability among them. From discussions with traders in the Miami market place,
we have been informed that as Mexican and USA production peaks during the months
of May to October the additional supplies tends to depress prices for Habaneros and
Scotch Bonnet, impacting on the margin of returns on Caribbean exports.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
(xii) The above is reflected in seasonality and prices variation as presented in Table 3.3
below.
Table 3.3: Average Prices for Hot Chili Peppers in the Miami Terminal Market during Various
Seasons (Avg. 2001 -2005)
Low Season Average Price Scotch Bonnet $ 4.27/kg
(May – October) Habaneros $ 3.99 kg
High Season Average Price Scotch Bonnet $ 5.04/kg
(November – April) Habaneros $ 4.39 /kg
Scotch Bonnet 18 %
Seasonal Price Differential
Habaneros 10 %
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 4
MARKET INTELLIGENCE - CANADA
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Our global intelligence analysis indicates that Canada represents a significant market for chilies
accounting for 8% of world Imports. The concentration of market demand for fresh hot peppers and
pepper products is strongly influenced by demographics reflecting large populations of West Indian
and Asian migrants in metropolitan centres such as Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver.
4.1 Pepper Trade (Hot and Bell)
In 2003 Canada imported 90,411 tonnes of fresh peppers (HS 070960), valued USD 122.1 mn and
representing an increase of 58 % over the imports of 1999. The major sources of imports were USA
(55%), Mexico (22%), EU (20%) and Israel (2%) (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1: Canadian Imports of Fresh Chilles and Bell Peppers:
Import Value and Market Share of Major Suppliers: 2003 (USD 1000)
(Data S o urc e : S tatis tic s Canada HS 0 70 96 0)
Dominican
Republic Morocco
Argentina $274 $157
$200 0% 0% Rest of the
Israel 0% World
$2,982 $663
2% 1%
EU
$24,155
20% United States
$65,495
Mexico 55%
$27,253
22%
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
4.1.1 Imports of Fresh Hot Chilies
With respect to Hot Peppers the major supplies originate in the Caribbean. While Mexico and other
countries also export peppers to Canada, we are unable to ascertain the quantum that may be
classified as hot since the database does not allow for further disaggregation. In 2004 exports of hot
peppers from Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica to Canada were valued at USD 119,000 and USD
49,000, respectively (Appendix Table 4.1).
4.2 Value Added Pepper Products
Over the period 2002 – 2004 Canadian imports of value added chili products (HS 090420 Fruits of
the Genus Capsicum and of the Genus Pimenta, dried, crushed or ground) increased by 25 %, from
USD 9.4 mn to USD 11.7 mn. The major sources of these imports were the USA (14%), Spain
(13%), India (7%), China (6%) and the Caribbean (3%) (Figure 4.3).
With respect to Caribbean exports of pepper products, Jamaica supplied a total of USD 353,000 in
pepper products in 2004. Such products included pimento-all spice and hot peppers. Trinidad and
Tobago and Guyana exported mainly pepper mash valued at USD 159,000 and USD 43,000,
respectively (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1: Canadian Imports of Processed Pepper from the Caribbean and Mexico: 2000-2004 (Values
in USD)
Source of Imports 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Jamaica 181,266 163,734 193,347 472,483 352,951
Mexico 86,729 83,178 111,058 216,112 208,457
Trinidad and Tobago 68,743 114,733 109,789 108,677 158,997
Dominican Republic 5,021 8,959 15,167 28,199 50,950
Guyana 4,734 3,636 22,934 33,101 43,244
Barbados 407 10,993 19,524 2,148 5,356
Belize 9,717 -- 482 -- 121
Saint Lucia 1,281 4,311 12,791 -- --
St.Vincent-
Grenadines -- -- 260 -- --
Surinam -- 3,232 -- -- --
Dominica -- 84 -- -- --
St. Kitts-Nevis 18,712 -- -- -- --
Total (All Countries) 9,372,908 9,287,596 10,428,563 10,715,103 11,658,690
Data Source: Statistics Canada
(HS 090420 Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the genus Pimenta - dried, crushed or ground)
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 4.2: Canadian Exports of Processed Pepper to Major
Destinations: Value and Market Share: HS 090420
2003 (1000 USD)
(Source: Comtrade Database)
Rest of World
$1,012 $842
50% 42%
Trinidad and Jamaica
China, Hong Kong $113
$6 Switzerland SAR 6%
0% $22 $26
1% 1%
F igure 4.3: C anadian Im ports of P rocessed P epper:
V alue and M arket Share of M ajor Supplies:
H S090420: 2003 ('ooo U SD )
Source: C om trade D atabase
R es t of th e W orld
57 % USA
14%
S pain
13%
In dia
C hina 7%
C aribbean 6%
3%
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
A range of fresh and processed chili peppers is available on the Canadian retail market. These
include fresh Scotch Bonnets and Habaneros, dried peppers, as well as various sauces destined to
satisfy the demand of its multicultural society. Some of these are presented in Pictures 4.1 – 4.4
below.
Picture 4.1: Variations of fresh hot peppers Picture 4.2: Dried Hot Peppers
sold in Canadian Market
Picture 4.3: Processed, Ground Hot Pepper Picture 4.4: Red Chili Peppers in Vinegar
Sauce in Peanut Oil
4.3. Canadian Exports of Value Added Chilies
Canada also exports small quantities of processed peppers. In 2003, the country exported an
estimated 265 tonnes valued at USD 1.0 mn6. The major export destination for Canadian exports of
processed peppers is the USA, accounting for 42% of exports. Other export destinations included
6
Data Source: Comtrade database
20
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Jamaica (6%); Switzerland, China and Hong Kong each accounting for approximately 1% of
exports; and Trinidad and Tobago accounting for less than 1%.
4.4 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The Canadian Hot Pepper
Market
1. Canada is ranked among the top five importers of chilies and peppers in the world
2. major markets are located in the Eastern and central provinces of Toronto, Montreal and
Winnipeg largely because of the large Asian and West Indian population
3. During the 3 years, 2002 to 2004, imports average USD 121mn of hot and bell peppers
4. Hot chilies represents approximately 1% of this market
5. All peppers imports grew by about 52% between 2000 to 2004 on a value basis
6. Major suppliers of hot chilies were Trinidad and Tobago, DR, Jamaica, Thailand, Costa
Rica and extremely small amounts from Grenada, St Lucia
7. Similar to the USA market, Mexico, USA, Netherlands, Spain and Israel also supplies
peppers to this market. These however comprise large amounts of Bell and the milder
varieties of chilies.
8. Caribbean countries export Caribbean Red, Scotch Bonnets, West Indian Red and CARDI
Green.
9. Generally, Trinidad and Tobago (Jan-Dec) and Jamaica (Jan-Sep) supplied the market year-
round with Habanero and Scotch Bonnet. Guyana also exports small amounts of wiri-wiri
to the Canadian market.
10. Most hot chilies are shipped through the private warehouse channel for distribution to
ethnic food stores and specialty shops and smaller amounts to the mainstream
supermarkets.
11. Hot chilies are shipped in 10-lb cartons to wholesalers which are sought at arrival to
remove damaged and spoiled peppers.
12. Wholesale prices at the Montreal Terminal Market for Habaneros were generally higher
from October to February (USD 5.92/kg av.) and low from March to September (USD
5.06/kg av.), that is a difference if 17%. Prices from private warehouses were not available.
13. Jalapenos, Thai chilies and other minor varieties of hot peppers such as Bird Pepper
represent potential competition to suppliers of Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros and it is
therefore important that CARICOM suppliers maintain a continuous presence in the
market.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
14. Value added pepper – dried, crushed, ground represent additional market opportunities.
Imports in 2003 of Value – Added Peppers (HS 090420 Capsicum and pimento) were
estimated at USD 10.8 mn or 4.8 tonnes. Major sources were the USA, Spain, India, China
and Chile. In the Caribbean Region, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, DR and
Barbados are the major exporters to this market.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 5
MARKET INTELLIGENCE – THE EUROPEAN UNION
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The European Union as a group comprises the third major market for chilies identified in this study.
Our examination of the market for fresh peppers was limited to the EU 15 countries (referred
hereafter as EU) as data for the new entrants were sketchy.
5.1 The Fresh Pepper Trade (Chilies and Bell Peppers)
Imports of fresh peppers (HS 070960 Fresh or Chilled Peppers) by the EU15 countries averaged
USD 116.4mn annually over the period 2001 – 2003. It should be noted that this includes both
chilies and bell peppers. The major sources of imports were Israel supplying USD 49.0 mn or 42%
of total EU imports, Turkey USD 32.2 (28%), and Hungary USD 22.8 (20%) (Figure 5.1).
It should be noted that of the total imports into the EU as much as 80 -90% are Bell Peppers.
Accordingly hot chili imports into the EU are only about 10 % or USD 11.6 mn. The major
suppliers of hot Chilies to the EU were Thailand, DR, Kenya, Egypt, Jordan, and Ghana.
CARICOM as group supplies less than USD 1 mn of this market.
23
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 5.1: EU Imports of Fresh Peppers (Capsicum or
Pimenta): Major Suppliers: 2001 to 2003 av.
Source: Europa Market Acce ss Database
Israel
49.0
Turkey 32.2
Hungary 22.8
Rest of World 3.8
1.7
Thailand
Dom. Rep. 1.5
Kenya 1.3
Egypt 1.3
Jordan 1.2
Ghana 0.9
0.8
Bulgaria
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
USD/Mn
5.2 Trade in Value Added Peppers (Dried or Crushed)
In the case of imports of value –added products, specifically peppers, dried or crushed (HS
090420), the EU imported USD 182 mn in 2001. The major sources of imports measured in value
terms were South Africa (supplying USD 19 mn or 10% of EU imports), Peru (USD 13 mn or 7%),
Brazil (USD 11 mn or 6%) and China (USD 9 mn or 5% (Figure 5.2). Other suppliers were
Zimbabwe, India, USA, Mexico, Turkey, Israel and Jamaica (USD 2mn).
24
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 5.2: Source of Imports of Value Added
Capsicum and Pimenta into the EU: 2001 (HS090420)
Source: Com trade Database
South Africa 19
Peru 13
Brazil 11
China 9
7
Zimbabwe
6
India
USA 6
Mexico 5
Turkey 4
Israel 4
Jamaica 2
0 5 10 15 20
USD (Mn)
The major EU importing countries of Pepper (Dried, Crushed, Ground – HS 0904) in 2002 were
Germany (21,338 tonnes / USD 41mn), Netherlands (19,300 tonnes / USD 31mn), France (11,177
tonnes / USD 22mn), Spain (7,113 tonnes /USD 13mn)) the UK (5,081 tonnes / USD 12mn) and
Belgium (4,064 tonnes / USD 12mn) (Figure 5.3). This order has generally been maintained since
1998 in both volume and value terms (ibid).
25
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 5.3: Major EU Importers of Value Added
Capsicum and Pimenta: 2002 (HS 0904)
Source: UNCTAD/WTO
$41
Germany
$31
Netherlands
$22
France
$13
Spain
United $12
Kingdom
$12
Belgium
0 10 20 30 40 50
USD (Mn)
The database records significant re-exports of value added peppers (Dried, Crushed and Ground -
HS 0904) mainly from Germany and The Netherlands to other European countries. The value of
exports from Germany was USD 3.2mn with major destinations being The Netherlands, Austria,
France, the UK and Denmark. Exports from The Netherlands were USD 2.5mn, mainly to
Germany, and the UK (Source: ibid).
5.3 CARICOM Exports of Hot Pepper and Pepper-Based Products into the EU
5.3.1 Fresh Hot Pepper Exports to the EU
St Lucia has recorded the highest levels of exports of hot peppers in the CARICOM Region
increasing from € 97,070 in 1996 to € 549,310 in 1997 (Table 5.1). Exports then showed a gradual
decline to € 310,980 in 2001 but fell significantly to less than € 100,000 thereafter.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Jamaica showed a steady presence in the EU market; however exports reached its highest level in
2000 at just about € 36,010 and € 27,300 in 2003. Sporadic exports have been recorded from
Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and St Vincent.
Table 5.1: CARICOM Exports of Fresh Hot Peppers to the EU (Euro)
Year Guyana Jamaica St Lucia St Vincent Trinidad & Barbado Belize
Tobago s
1996 0 12,200 97,070 0 53,460 42,450 0
1997 0 31,530 549,310 1,610 73,300 15,870 1,150
1998 0 26,300 476,560 3,830 34,960 16,640 0
1999 0 33,520 406,900 0 0 0 0
2000 0 36,010 391,080 0 0 3,950 0
2001 0 21,410 310,980 0 5,940 10,630 0
2002 0 0 96,620 0 0 0 0
2003 0 27,300 30,020 0 2,380 0 0
Source: Europa Market Access Database, Statistical Trade Flow Database < http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/stat/comext.pl
5.3.2 CARICOM Exports of Value Added Hot Peppers to the EU
Imports from Jamaica of Value-added peppers increased from € 1.6 mn in 1996 to a maximum of
€3.6 in 2000 (Table 5.2). Levels continue to be varied and decreased to € 1.3 mn in 2003. While the
database did not allow for satisfactory disaggregation, available data suggest that Jamaica exports
significant amounts of Pimento All-Spice which falls within the HS 0904 Classification. No other
CARICOM country recorded exports under this value-added category.
Table 5.2: CARICOM Exports of Pepper Products (Mainly Pimenta) (EURO)
(HS4 0904: pepper of the genus piper; dried or crushed or ground fruits of the genus
Capsicum or the genus Pimenta)
Year Guyana Jamaica St Lucia St Trinidad Barbados Belize
Vincent & Tobago
1996 0 1,553,460 0 0 0 0 0
1997 0 1,793,250 0 0 0 0 0
1998 0 1,858,080 0 0 0 0 0
1999 0 2,512,750 0 0 0 0 0
2000 0 3,593,970 0 0 0 0 0
2001 0 2,667,500 0 0 0 0 0
2002 0 3,075,640 0 0 0 0 0
2003 0 1,256,570 0 0 0 0 0
Source: Europa Market Access Database, Statistical Trade Flow Database < http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/stat/comext.pl >
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
5.4 Strategic Market Parameters for Competitiveness – The EU Hot Pepper Market
1. The EU-15 imported USD 116.4 mn of fresh chilies and bell peppers annually over the
2001 to 2003 period. Although the database did not allow for differentiation between
chilies and bell peppers, our crude calculations estimate that hot pepper imports into this
market will not exceed 10% of total imports.
2. The UK and The Netherlands are the major markets of interest to CARICOM exporters.
3. Both markets have a large Asian, African and Caribbean population who are traditionally
high consumers of peppers and pepper products. They also represent centres from which
these products are exported to other parts of the EU.
4. The major suppliers of hot peppers to the UK market were Israel, Thailand, DR, Kenya,
Egypt, Jordan and Ghana.
5. Suppliers of Scotch Bonnet include Brazil, Ghana, Mexico, Israel, Uganda, Jamaica and the
USA
6. Suppliers of Habaneros include Israel, Mexico and USA.
7. In addition to Scotch Bonnet, the Caribbean countries supplies a range of other hot peppers
including Cubanela, Morron, Caribbean Red, and CARDI Green, while other world
exporters’ ship varieties such as the Cayenne and Bird’s Eye.
8. Although CARICOM currently supplies a small amount of chilies to this market, our field
visits to St Lucia and St Vincent identified considerable interest by entrepreneurs in
recapturing and expanding the market share previously held in the UK market.
9. Supplies from Ghana and Uganda represent new entrants in the market and are posing
serious challenges to Caribbean suppliers of Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros to this market.
10. The UK market is supplied with a wide range of hot peppers simultaneously from different
countries, available year-round with few gaps in supply. This indicates a wide range of
substitution possibilities between various types of hot peppers on the market.
11. Four-year chili prices were analysed for four market centres: New Covent Garden,
Liverpool, Birmingham and Western International. In all cases, declines were observed in
the average prices from April to August (USD 5.52/kg) and modest increases from
September to March (USD 5.74/kg). Although the prices database did not allow for
identification of Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros prices, we are of the opinion that these
would be at the higher end of the price range.
12. Secondary data and other qualitative information have indicated that the EU represents a
large and growing market for both fresh and value added pepper.
28
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 6
MARKET PRICES & SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
6. 0 INTRODUCTION
Miami and New York represent major entry points for hot pepper imports from the Caribbean
Basin countries. Terminal markets at these locations represent major distribution centres for
produce destined for other US locations through a network of produce brokers, wholesalers,
distributors and retailers.
Although fresh hot Chilies are marketed through these various channels, produce moving through
the Food Terminals represent a major marketing channel. Additionally, available market prices
are mainly with respect to trade at the Food Terminal Markets. Accordingly, the price analysis
presented in this section of the report is based on available prices at the appropriate Food
Terminals in the USA, Canada and the EU. In the case of the USA, the principal Terminal
Markets for Chilies are the Miami and New York markets and thus the prices used in the analysis
are the prices recorded for those markets. In the case of Canada the relevant Terminal markets
were the Toronto and Montreal Markets. Because of transport logistics and cost, the United
Kingdom was selected as the market of relevance to the Caribbean. Prices at Terminal markets in
the United Kingdom were used in the analysis.
The analysis of prices was intended to determine the price of various types of hot Chilies with a
focus on the hottest Chilies, namely Scotch Bonnet and the Habanero. Given the view expressed
in the market place that hot peppers from CARICOM countries were more pungent and flavourful
that those from other countries, the price analysis attempted to determine whether this was
reflected in the respective prices. The analysis also sought to determine trends in prices as well as
seasonality of prices. A comparison of prices of hot peppers traded in the various markets was
also conducted to determine the attractiveness of various markets. Our analysis takes a general
look at “chilies” followed by a more in-depth review of the Habanero and Scotch Bonnet markets.
29
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
6.1 The USA Fresh Chili Market
6.1.1 Factors Determining Price Levels for Chili Peppers: Relationship to Hotness &
Flavour
As discussed in Section 3, the trade in Chilies is characterized by a range of varieties
distinguished by colour, shape and hotness. Most of the Chili varieties and the bulk of what is
produced and traded in the USA are milder varieties with relatively low SHUs, generally below
25,000. They include Jalapeno, Serrano, Poblamo, Anaheim, Cubanelle and Hungarian Wax, all
having SHU ranging from 1000 to 5,000 SHU. Other Varieties e.g. the Ajies, and Thai Chilies
Hot have SHU ranging from 17,000 to 60,000 (Table 6.1).
In contrast to the above, the hottest Chilies on the market, Habanero and Scotch Bonnet, are as
hot as 210,000 – 250,000 SHU. We have been informed by marketers that Caribbean grown
Habaneros and Scotch Bonnet could be even hotter, up to 300,000 – 350,000 SHU. However, as
far as the USA trade is concerned Habanero and Scotch Bonnet account for only a small fraction
of the market.
An analysis of Chili prices in relation to hotness index (SHU) showed a strong relationship, with
prices generally increasing as SHU increases (Figure 6.1). While the graph in Figure 6.1 is with
respect to prices at the Miami Produce Terminal, the relationship is generally true for prices in
other markets.
A review of the average annual prices (2001 to 2005) for various chilies at the Miami Terminal
show that Scotch Bonnet attracted the highest price of USD 4.62 / kg, followed by Anaheim and
Habanero. On the other hand Cubanelle attracted the lowest price USD 1.13 / kg (Figure 6.2 and
Table 6.1). At the New York Terminal, Scotch Bonnet received the highest price of USD 4.34 /
kg followed by Habanero at USD 4.10 / kg. Again Cubanelle received the lowest price of USD
1.07 / kg. The relatively high price of Anahein in the Miami market relates to the special uses for
this variety of Chili in this part of the country.
Thai chili hot, the next hottest after the Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros varieties, can be considered
a competing substitute based on the degree of hotness (rated at 60,000 SHU). The variety is
30
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
traded at an average price of USD 2.46 / kg at the Miami Terminal – approximately one half of
the price of Scotch Bonnet.
The general recognition in the market place that Caribbean hot peppers are among the
hottest as well as the most flavourful provides a basis for product differentiation and price
discrimination, specifically seeking premium prices. However, product differentiation in the
market place calls for the adoption of a range of marketing and promotional strategies. The
actual size of the market for these two varieties however, remains indeterminate as the
available databases do not differentiate pepper trade by varieties.
Table 6.1: Average Annual Prices for the Major Chilies Traded at the Miami and New York
Terminal Markets (2001/05 av).
Scoville Miami New York
Varieties Heat Avg Price Avg Price
Units* USD/kg USD/kg
Scotch Bonnet 250,000 4.61 4.34
Habanero 210000 4.17 4.10
Thai Chili Hots 60,000 2.46 -
Ajies 17000 3.20 3.03
Finger Hot 10000** 2.25 1.46
Long Hot 10000** 1.34 1.38
Jalapeno 5000 1.62 1.57
Serrano 4000 2.13 2.49
Poblano 2000 1.36 1.83
Anaheim 1000 4.51 2.05
Cubanelles 1000 1.13 1.07
Hungarian Wax 1000 1.71 1.69
( * ) Source: http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/Pungency.htm Chile Pungency
(**) Estimated
Data Sources: USDA And Today’s Market Prices Database
31
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 6.1 Prices of Various Varieties of Hot Chilies in the Miami and New York Terminal Markets
(2001/05 av)
(Data Source: Today's Market Prices and USDA Databases)
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
US D/kg 2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
S c o tc h Tha i C hili Hunga ria n C uba ne lle
Ana he im Ha ba ne ro Ajie s F inge r Ho t S e rra no J a la pe no P o bla no Lo ng Ho t Aji Dulc e s
B o nne t Ho ts Wa x s
M ia m i 4.61 4.51 4.17 3.20 2.46 2.25 2.13 1.71 1.62 1.36 1.34 1.13
Ne w Yo rk 4.34 2.05 4.10 3.03 1.46 2.49 1.69 1.57 1.83 1.38 1.07 4.62
Miami New York
Figure 6.2: Relationship Between the Scoville Heat Units and the Market
Prices for Pepper Varieties
300,000
250,000
200,000
Scoville 150,000
Heat
Units
100,000
50,000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
-50,000
Market Prices (USD/kg)
Miami New York
6.1.2 Market Attractiveness: Miami vs. New York
In general the Miami market is a more attractive market for hot peppers from the Caribbean. In
particular, Scotch Bonnet at the Miami Terminal Market attracted a 6% premium over prices at
32
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
the New York Terminal Market. In the case of Habaneros, prices at the Miami Terminal were just
about 2% higher than the New York Terminal.
Additionally, prices in the New York market in comparison to the Miami market revealed greater
volatility, with very low prices prevailing at some times. For example, over the period 2001/2005
average monthly prices for Scotch Bonnet in New York reached as low as USD 1.98/kg, down
from a maximum of USD 6.26. Habanero reached a minimum price of USD 1.98/kg down from a
maximum of USD 6.15. The Miami market on the other hand revealed less price fluctuations.
Over the same period the price fluctuations were as follows: average monthly price range for
Scotch Bonnet was USD 5.91 – 3.95/kg and Habanero: USD 4.77 – 3.50/kg.
The Miami market is therefore considered a more attractive market for Caribbean export
of hot peppers, both with respect to price levels as well as price volatility.
6.1.3 Price Seasonality
Caribbean exporters of hot peppers report seasonal movements in USA prices. This has been
confirmed by traders in both the Miami and New York markets. Our analysis of the average
monthly prices for the five-year period 2001-2005 at both Terminal Markets confirms the
seasonal movements in prices both for Scotch Bonnet and Habanero. However, no seasonality
was observed for other milder chilies.
In general, Scotch Bonnet and Habanero attract higher average monthly prices during the months
of October to March than during the remainder of the year, April to September (See Table 3.3).
The relatively lower prices during the latter months are ascribed to increased exports of
Habaneros by Mexico into the USA market. The seasonal difference in prices estimated over the
5 year period is USD 4.27/kg – USD 5.04/kg or 18% for Scotch Bonnet and USD 3.99/kg – USD
4.39/kg or 10% in the case of Habaneros. Figure 6.3 shows this seasonal movement in prices of
both Scotch Bonnet and Habanero. This is compared to the graph for Thai Hot Chili, which
shows no pronounced seasonality and is typical of the milder chilies.
Seasonal upward movement in prices for Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros in the USA market
during the period October – March needs further analysis in an attempt to develop a
33
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
strategy for optimizing returns. In particular, the following three issues needs to be
explored:
(i) firstly, the price elasticity of demand for these peppers must be
determined so as to estimate the extend of downward pressure on
demand from any increases in Caribbean exports
(ii) secondly, the technical feasibility of ramping up production during the
high season needs to be ascertained
(iii) thirdly, the feasibility of differentiating the domestic processing market
from the USA fresh market and supplying a relatively larger volume to
the domestic processing market during the low season and the USA
market in the high season.
Figure 6.3: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet and Thai
Chili Traded at the Miami Terminal Market (2001/05 av)
Data Source: Today's Market Prices & USDA
USD/kg
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Habanero S' Bonnet Thai Chili
6.1.4 Competitors in the USA Fresh Hot Pepper Market
The principal competitor for CARICOM exporters of hot pepper the USA market is of course
Mexico on account of the country’s capacity for volume production and low prices. Other
34
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
competitors include the Dominican Republic and Cost Rica. Small quantities are also produced in
the USA, mainly Florida, New Jersey, California, Texas.
With respect to the specific varieties supplied in this market -- Mexico, Netherlands and India
exported a mixed of variety of chilies. In the case of Mexico, the varieties traded at the Miami
and New York terminal markets include Serrano, Poblano, Jalapeno, Anaheim, and Habanero
among others. In the case of Caribbean exports, the Region supplied a relatively small share of
the USA market, mainly the Habaneros and the Scotch Bonnet.
Fresh peppers enter this market primarily through surface, trucking, rail and air. These represent
different levels of freight cost and impact on the final transaction cost for fresh chilies. Given the
geographic location of Mexico, one of the major competitors for Caribbean hot peppers in the
USA market, this feature is expected to be a comparative advantage over Caribbean suppliers.
6.1.5 Windows of Opportunity
The supply and availability of Scotch Bonnet, Habanero and Thai Chili to the Miami and New
York Terminal markets is shown in Table 6.2. The table also shows the sources of supply. As
discussed earlier, supply generally tends to fall of during the high season months of October to
February/March thus offering windows of opportunity in these markets.
35
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 6.2: Sources of Supply/Availability of Hot Pepper in the USA:
Habanero, Scotch Bonnet and Thai Chilies: 2004
Data Source: Today’s Market Prices & USDA.
Miami Terminal Market
Sources of Supply Variety
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jamaica Scotch Bonnet
Trinidad & Tobago Scotch Bonnet
New Jersey Scotch Bonnet
Florida Habanero
Mexico Habanero
Belize Habanero
Dom. Rep. Habanero
Trinidad & Tobago Habanero
Jamaica Habanero
Dom. Rep. Thai Chili Hots
New York Terminal Market
Mexico Scotch Bonnet
Trinidad & Tobago Scotch Bonnet
Jamaica Scotch Bonnet
New Jersey Scotch Bonnet
Dom. Rep. Scotch Bonnet
Mexico Habanero
Florida Habanero
Dom. Rep. Habanero
New Jersey Habanero
California Habanero
Netherlands Habanero
Texas Habanero
6.1.6 Intelligence on Market Operations
At the wholesale level, fresh capsicum / chilies are marketed in 8-lb, 10-lb and 40-lb cardboard,
cartonized packages, as well as wooden bushels of various sizes. The packaging material used is
designed to minimize post harvest losses, enhance presentation and extend shelf life of the
peppers.
Our visits to the Terminal markets have found that Caribbean suppliers to the market have not
fully kept pace to the new developments in packaging. These developments include concerns for
36
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
structural integrity, airflow, intelligent packaging and package design to enhance presentation.
Waxed boxes are a common feature of material used in package design and construction.
Local repack Scotch Bonnet from Georgia are packed in 8-lb cartons and imported red and green
Scotch Bonnet from Dominican Republic and Jamaica are packed in 15-lb cartons. Other Scotch
Bonnet (yellow) is packed in 8-lb cartons and ½ bushel cartons. Habanero from Trinidad and
Belize are packed in 8-lb cartons and Thai Chili Hots are packed in 30-lb cartons respectively.
6.2 The Canadian Market for Hot Chilies
The Canadian market of hot chilies is, as expected, a much smaller market than the USA market
but generally exhibits similar market characteristics. In particular, price movements including
seasonal trends, as shown in Figure 6.4, are similar to the USA market. However, Canadian
Produce Terminal Market price levels are generally above the USA prices by an amount roughly
reflecting the additional transportation cost to this destination.
Chilies reach the Eastern Canadian Markets through two distinct routes (1) The Ontario Food
Terminal and (2) Private Warehouses / Direct consignment System. Our research also indicates
that larger volumes of the produce pass through the private warehouses / direct consignment
system.
Habaneros traded at an average price of USD 5.42 / kg at the Montreal Terminal Market with
prices ranging from a low of USD 4.37 to a high of USD 6.49 (Table 6.3). As shown in Figure
6.4, the average monthly prices at the Montreal Terminal were found to be highly correlated to
Scotch Bonnet prices at the Miami Terminal Market (R2 = 75%).
Over the 12 month period December 2004 to November 2005, market data indicate that while the
Toronto Terminal market was supplied throughout with hot peppers, supplies came mainly from
Trinidad and Tobago (Table 6.4). Similarly, over the same period the Montreal Terminal market
was supplied with hot peppers primarily from California. The supply situation at the Terminal
market does not adequately reflect the national import situation since as noted above most of the
imports directly enters private warehouses and distribution channels.
37
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Figure 6.4: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros and Scotch Bonnets
at the Miami and Montreal Terminal MarketsData Source: Today's
USD/kg Market Prices & USDA
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Habaneros - Miami Scotch Bonnet - Miami Habaneros - Montreal
Table 6.3: Average Monthly Prices: Habaneros Traded at the Montreal
Terminal Market: 2005
Months Price (USD / kg)
January 6.18
February 6.04
March 5.82
April 5.22
May 5.22
June 5.20
July 4.37
August 4.78
September 4.84
October 5.45
November 5.45
December (2004) 6.49
Average 5.42
Standard Deviation 0.62
Source: Today’s Market Prices, USDA and Infohort Databases
38
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 6.4: Sources of Supply of Habaneros & Scotch Bonnet at the Montreal and Toronto Terminal
Markets (Dec. 2004 – Nov. 2005)
Data Source: Today’s Market Prices, Infohort, USDA.& Trinidad and Tobago Exporters
Sources Variety Varietal Availability on the Montreal Terminal Market
of Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Supply
California Habanero
Varietal Availability on the Toronto Terminal Market
Trinidad & Scotch
Tobago Bonnet
6.3 The United Kingdom Market for Hot Chilies
As indicated in our introduction, because of transportation logistics and cost factor, our
investigation of the EU market was restricted to the United Kingdom. The analysis of prices was
based on trade at four major markets - New Covent Garden, Western International, Birmingham
and Liverpool (see Map 6.1).
6.3.1 Price Levels and Trends
The major features of the UK market are as follows:
(i) Price Levels: Amongst the three markets, the Birmingham market offered the most
attractive price. The least attractive on the basis of price was the New Covent Market.
The average annual prices for chilies in these market for the years 2001 to 2005 were
as follows (Annex 6.2) :
• Birmingham: average annual price = USD 6.61/kg
• Western International Market: average annual price = USD 5.19/kg
• New Covent Garden: average annual price = USD 4.89/kg
(i) Seasonality of Prices: Prices showed definite seasonal trends with the period
December – May being the period of higher prices. For the rest of the year, June to
November, prices generally remained below USD 6.00 / kg as shown in Figure 6.5.
39
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
(ii) Price Volatility: Not only was the Birmingham Market attractive in terms of price
levels, but also prices were least volatile in this market. The volatility of prices in this
market as reflected by the Standard Deviation in price movements was USD 0.85 /kg.
However, prices were most volatile at the Western International Market where the
Standard Deviation was USD 1.61 / kg.
Figure 6.5: Average Monthly Prices for Chilies in Various Markets in the United Kingdom - USD / kg
(2001-05 av)
USD/kg Data Source: Freshinfo
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Sep Oct Nov Dec Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
New Covent Garden Liverpool Birmingham Western International
6.3.2 Competition in the UK Market for Hot Chilies Sources of Supply
6.3.2.1 The Market for Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros
While a total of 38 countries export chilies to the UK market, the number competing directly with
Caribbean producers of hot peppers is much smaller. The major sources of competition are as
follows (Refresh Directory 2005):
(i) Scotch Bonnet:
• Brazil
• Israel
• Jamaica
• Mexico
• Uganda
40
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
(ii) Habaneros:
• Israel
• Mexico
• The USA (re-exports)
(iii) Belize, Barbados and some of the OECS countries (intermittingly) supply Caribbean Red,
West Indian Red and West Indian Yellow hot peppers to the UK market.
6.3.2.2 Monthly Availability of Peppers in the UK and Sources of Supply
As noted above there are a large number of countries supplying chili peppers to the UK market,
most focusing on the milder chilies. The monthly availability of chilies of various varieties in the
UK market and sources of supply (countries) are presented in Table 6.4. The table thus provides a
good guide as to the widows of opportunities for the supply of various peppers. In the case of the
Caribbean, we focus on the hottest varieties – the Scotch Bonnet and Habaneros.
41
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom
Sources of Variety UK Market
Supply and
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Variety
Bangladesh Green
Barbados -
Belize Caribbean Red
West Indian Red
West Indian Yellow
Brazil Scotch Bonnet
China Various
Costa Rica Various
Cyprus Green
Yellow
Red
Dominican Cubanela
Republic
Marron
Egypt Fresno
Jalapeno
Pencil
Fiji – Hot Rod
– Red Fire
France Green
– Red
Gambia Bullet
Cayenne
Fresno
Ghana Cayenne
Fresno
Indiana
Jalapeno
Scotch Bonnet
Honduras Various
India Bird’s Eye
Isreal Habanero
Jalapeno
Scotch Bonnet
Jamaica Scotch Bonnet
Jordan Anaheim
Cayenne
Fresno
Golden Heat
Rocket
Skyline
Kenya Anaheim
Cayenne
Fresno
Jalapeno
Jwala
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom (cont’d)
Sources of Variety UK Market
Supply and
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Variety
Mauritius Green
Red
Mexico Anaheim
Fresno
Habanero
Jalapeno
Pepperoni
Poblamo
Serrano
Scotch Bonnet
Yellow
Morocco Various
Netherlands Green
Madame Jeanette
Red
Suriname
Yellow
Nigeria Cayenne
Colorado
Fresno Grande
Hot Cherry
Hungarian Hot
Wax
Jalapeno
Pascilla
Rio Grande
Sandia
Santa Fe Grande
Serrano
Pakistan Various
Saudi Arabia Various
South Africa Various
Spain Fresno
Green
Hungarian
Yellow
Red
Sri Lanka Green
Hungarian
Yellow
St Lucia Various
Sudan Various
Suriname Various
Thailand Bird’s Eye
Cayenne
Uganda Cayenne
Scotch Bonnet
43
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 6.5: Sources of Supply and Availability of Chilies in the United Kingdom (cont’d)
Sources of Variety UK Market
Supply and
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Variety
United Anaheim
Kingdom
Cayenne
Cherry
Fresno
Habanero
Jalapeno
New Mexican
Serrano
Hungarian Wax
Hot
USA Anaheim
Fresno
Habanero
Jalapeno
Poblamo
Serrano
Scotch Bonnet
Yellow
Zambia Fresno
Jalapeno
Zimbabwe Amando
Bird’s Eye
Comet
Filibri
Fresno
Jalapeno
Seranade
Source: re:fresh Directory: 2005.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Liverpool Market
New Covent
Garden
Market
New Spitalfields
Market
Western
International
Market
Map 6.1: Map of the United Kingdom
45
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 7
CARICOM CHILIES SITUATION
7.0 INTRODUCTION
This section gives an overview of the Hot Pepper industry in CARICOM with respect to levels of
production, exports and domestic utilization.
7.1 Production and Utilization Profile
Hot chillies are produced in commercial quantities in all the CARICOM countries. Visits to the
various countries found the industry at various stages of development. In Belize, St Vincent and
St Lucia, commercial operations started only recently and farmers seemed to be acquiring initial
experience growing the crop. In Trinidad and Tobago farmers possess a wealth of experience;
Jamaica’s production is characterized by small-scale production units and Guyanese farmers are
experienced in growing the smaller cherry varieties and are trying the Habaneros for the first
time. Growers in Barbados have been moving out of hot pepper production due to limited market
opportunities.
Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica represent substantial domestic market opportunities through
their high per capita consumption as well as significant utilization in the processing and food
service industries. The other countries are limited in this regard and depend principally on export
marketing opportunities to drive production. Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago each has about
seven large-scale commercial hot pepper processors, while Barbados has one and Belize has one
based in Stann Creek in the south. One database for Jamaica shows a processing demand for 1.2
mn kg (1998 data) which must have almost doubled with the expansion of Walkerswood
Caribbean Ltd, while in Belize, Marie Sharp processing demand is estimated at about 110,000 kg/
annum (2005). These processors all have substantial export capacity and in addition to the
traditional USA, Canada and UK markets, have been entering a number of new markets in the
EU-25, as well as the emerging markets in the former Soviet Union and Asia. In spite of the
prominence of these large processors, it is estimated that their utilization of peppers is far
exceeded by the numerous small-scale cottage processors and by the food service industry,
particularly the informal sector throughout the countryside.
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Ambiguities in the databases in all countries of the study created difficulties in assessing the
actual dimension of domestic production as well as the market size. The FAOStat database was
therefore used to estimate domestic production where national data was not available. Further, in
order to improve the reliability of the estimates, the import databases from the developed
countries were used to determine the export levels. Table 7.1 presents a summary of the
CARICOM fresh hot pepper situation.
Examination of the databases shows Jamaica’s production at 4.6 mn kg of which just about 5% is
exported fresh and about 95% utilized domestically by processors, the Food Service Industry and
household consumption (Table 7.1). Guyana recorded the second highest production at 3.5 mn
kg, most of which is utilized by small-scale processors, the food service industry and households.
Less than 1% is being exported. Trinidad and Tobago’s production was estimated at 3.2 mn kg
(Agricultural census 2003). From this production, an estimated 50% is exported; the rest being
utilized locally as was reported for Jamaica. Barbados, the fourth highest producer in the Region,
produced 1.2 mn kg of which 98% was used for domestic consumption including processing, with
just about 2% being exported. Additionally, Barbados imports fresh hot chillies to satisfy
domestic demand.
Table 7.1: CARICOM Production, Export and Consumption/Utilization of Fresh Hot Peppers:
Average 2001-2004
Domestic Consumption & Utilization
Country Production (kg) Total Export (kg)
(kg)
CARICOM
Antigua 83,750 N/A 83,750
Bahamas N/A N/A N/A
Barbados 1,208,500 22,755 1,185,745
Belize**** 412,750 119,478 305,401
Dominica** 132,667 1,444 132,174
Grenada N/A 9,749 2,286
Guyana 3,420,500 16,891 3,403,609
Jamaica 4,566,000 272,345 4,293,655
Montserrat 15,000 N/A 15,000
Saint Kitts/ Nevis 30,000 169 29,831
Saint Lucia N/A 668 85,517
St Vincent*** 241,667 207,077 47,518
Suriname N/A N/A N/A
Trinidad & Tobago***** 3,164,973 1,558,109 1,606,864
*Comtrade: HS1996 Code 070960 (Trade of Fresh Peppers or Chilled)
**Ministry of Agriculture Dominica (Average 2001-2003)
***Source: Ministry Of Agriculture St. Vincent (Average 2001-2003)
****Export Source: Hemispheric Database (Average 1999-2001)
***** Agricultural census 2003 data
Data Source: Production (FAOStat) and Total Export (COMTRADE)
47
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
7.2 Export Market Profile
An estimated 2.0 mn kg of fresh hot peppers are exported annually from CARICOM countries
with over 95 % destined for extra-Regional markets. The USA represents the major market,
absorbing an estimated 81% of total Regional exports (Table 7.2). Other export markets include
the UK (12%), Canada (4%) and Barbados (3%); Barbados being the main CARICOM importer
of Hot Pepper (Figure 7.1).
Trinidad and Tobago recorded the highest volume of exports at 1.5 mn kg (2003) or 83% of the
estimated CARICOM export. The major market destinations were the USA, absorbing about
approximately 85% of Trinidad and Tobago’s exports. About 14% of the country’s exports went
to the UK and less than 1% to Barbados (Table 7.2).
Jamaica recorded the next highest volume of fresh Hot Pepper exports from CARICOM,
accounting for 0.2 mn kg or 12%. Of this amount, 72 % went to the USA and 27% to Canada.
Exports from Belize were just about 22,511 kg in 2003, all destined to the USA. The export
volumes from the other countries were quite low.
7.3 Processed Pepper Trade
The Region periodically imports shortfalls in supplies to satisfy processors’ demand; some of which originate
within the region. Trade data for 2001 show Jamaica imported 99,215 kg of Dried, Crushed/Ground peppers
for processing; Barbados 43,574; Trinidad and Tobago 40,478 kg and Guyana 12,170 kg Table 7.3. It should
be noted that these statistics include all chilies and other peppers.
The Region also exported peppers within this classification: Jamaica 679,211 kg and Trinidad and Tobago
117,649 kg (Table 7.3). In addition to these exports, processors also export significant amounts of pepper
based products such as hot sauces and other combinations thereof: seasonings; jerk sauces, chutneys and
amchars. The database however, does not allow for full disaggregation.
48
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 7.2: Profile of CARICOM and Other Caribbean Fresh Chili Exports to Major
Destinations: Various Years
Export Destination
Total
Year Country (Volume kg) Exports
US UK Canada Barbados Other
2000 Antigua 1,147 1,147
2001 Bahamas
2004 Barbados 386 4,250 300 4,936
2003 Belize 22,511 22,511
2004 Dominica 203 1,612 1,815
2003 Grenada 6,000 1,062 2,687 9,749
2004 Guyana 4,000 3,000 40,437 554 47,991
2002 Jamaica 154,738 906 56,769 1,960 214,373
2003 Saint Kitts/ Nevis 198 198
2004 Saint Lucia 256 256
2004 St Vincent 898 162 1,060
2003 Trinidad & Tobago 1,259,937 215,812 5,750 1,258 1,482,757
Total 1,786,793
Source: Comtrade Database (HS 070960: Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the Genus Pimenta)
Figure 7.1: CARICOM Exports of Hot Peppers (Hs 070960): Major
Destinations (kg and % of Total Exports)
Source: Comtrade Database
Canada Barbados Other
UK 63,706 46,187 7,447
221,678 4% 3% 0%
12%
USA
1,447,775
81%
49
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Table 7.3: CARICOM Trade of Processed Peppers (Dried, Crushed/Ground): 2001
Country Total Export (kg) Total Imports (kg)
Antigua - -
Bahamas - 1,500
Barbados 171 43,574
Belize - -
Dominica 1,007 529
Grenada 66 974
Guyana 4,695 12,170
Jamaica 679,211 99,215
Montserrat - -
Saint Kitts/ Nevis - 980
Saint Lucia 50 1,066
St Vincent - 1,092
Suriname - -
Trinidad & Tobago 117,649 40,478
Source: COMTRADE
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CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
SECTION 8
REGULATIONS
8.0 INTRODUCTION
Increasingly, legislation and regulations are being introduced and modified which may serve to
improve or hinder trade. It is not clear whether all aspects of the rules and regulations are
consistent with the WTO agreement such as those related to tracability and SPS.
Notwithstanding, countries of the Region seeking market access for their products into various
markets should become familiar and keep up-to-date with existing as well as the evolving
regulatory environment. This study does not seek to challenge the compatibility of the existing
rules to the WTO agreement but rather to highlight important market entry regulations of concern
to CARICOM exporters who may wish to enter the USA, Canada and EU markets so that they
can take advantage of the opportunities offered. The regulations are examined in much greater
detail in a special annex to this report.
8.1 Regulatory Market Access Requirements of the USA
As international trade increases and the population becomes more health conscious, countries
adopt more stringent measures to protect human life and safeguard their environment. While it
may be easier to monitor imports and exports of pesticides and other toxic substances, greater
challenges occur when these enter a country in the form of residue in food imports. Thus,
safeguard efforts are made at the international level to restrict export of certain pesticides in order
to reduce chances of re-entry into importing countries.
The U.S.A participates actively in the voluntary international programme known as the Prior
Informed Consent (PIC) procedure developed under the Rotterdam Convention which list
pesticides which are banned and severely restricted for use. Countries requiring market entry for
their exports must be aware of the pesticides listed under the PIC as well as maximum residue
limits (MRL) and conform to the regulation to ensure entry.
51
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
Controls are also implemented at the USA borders to prevent or reduce the chances of alien pest
species entering the country. Further, imports are allowed only after a pest risk assessment is
conducted and no actionable pests are observed. Although imports of chilies from the Region
have been approved for entry into all ports of the USA, shipments are still inspected for
actionable pests and where observed, either treatment will be required or entry refused.
Additionally, shipments containing soil on the peppers may be refused entry. Currently the
Capsicum pubescens variety from Belize is not allowed entry into the USA.
There are also custom regulations that impact on entry at the ports. These include a series of
tariffs and non-tariff measures. In the case of the CARICOM countries, exports are allowed entry
duty-free under the CBI/CBERA arrangement. A more comprehensive listing of the regulations
that impact on entry into the USA market is presented in the special Annex to this report.
8.2 Regulatory Market Access Requirements - Market Access Health and Safety /
Standard – Canada
The Canadian Agricultural Product Act regulates the entry and internal movement of fresh
agricultural procedures in Canada. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency is responsible for the
administration and enforcement of the Canada Agricultural Products Act: Fresh Fruit and
Vegetable Regulations7. The regulations with respect to the grading, packing and marketing of
fresh fruit and vegetables apply to all products supplied fresh to the consumer or those for food
processing. Single aggregate shipments (mixed products) of less than 15 containers and / or 250
kg are not governed under the Act. Further it is unlawful to import, export or participate in inter-
provincial trade in a commodity unless it meets the requirements of one of the grades established
for it in the Regulations8.
Canadian importers of fresh fruits and vegetables as well as processed foods are required to be
licensed with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and /or be a member of the Dispute
Resolution Council (DRC). An Inspection Certificate is necessary for certain products
indicating that they meet the minimum standards for quality, labeling, and packaging. Where the
7
Source: Canada Agricultural Products Act < http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-0.4/C.R.C.-c.285/index.html >
8
Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food of Plant Origin Division. Canadian Import, Export and Interprovincial
Requirements for Fresh Fruit & Vegetables http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/fresh/cdnreqe.shtml#pr
52
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
commodity is packaged into consumer-sized products (prepackaged), these must also be labeled
with the information required under the Consumer Packaging and Labeling Regulations.
The regulations also stipulate that fresh agricultural produce imported into Canada must comply
with the health and safety requirements of the Food and Drug Regulations (ex. maximum
chemical residue levels). Plant protection requirements such as a Phytosanitary certificate or an
import permit are also required from certain countries. In other cases, the product may simply be
refused entry into Canada until a pest risk assessment has been completed. Further, under
Canadian Law, fresh produce shipments are considered adulterated or contaminated if they
contain agricultural pesticides at concentrations greater than the MRL for that particular chemical
and crop. A more detailed listing of the regulatory requirements for entry into the Canadian
market can be found in the special annex to this report.
8.3 Regulatory Market Access Requirements – The EU
The EU has set out a series of health, food safety and other regulations such as those related to
packaging, waste, traceability and recycling of packaging material. Some of these are briefly
reviewed below.
(i) EU regulations prohibit the placing on the market and the use of plant protection
products containing certain active substances which, even if applied in an approved
manner, could give rise to harmful effects on human health or the environment. A
number of active substances such as heavy metal compounds and pesticides have
been listed as banned.
(ii) The EU has developed Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for an estimated 600
active substances and many crops/foodstuffs. Currently, this list is being revised and
many are being reduced to zero.
(iii) Invasive Species: The regulations require phytosanitary procedures and formalities
to ensure invasive species are not introduced into the Region.
(iv) The application of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) principles to
primary production is not yet generally feasible. However, guides to good practice
such as Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Agricultural Management
Practices (GAMP) should be used to encourage the use of appropriate hygiene
practices at farm level.
53
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
(v) There are concerns that Active and Intelligent packaging and materials do not
cause unacceptable changes in the composition of the food or in its organoleptic
characteristics. Where fungicides and/or ethylene scrubbers are used in packaging of
fresh produce, these are required to be identified.
(vi) The EU has developed a positive list of substances authorized for food contact.
Specifically, it deals with inertness of the packaging materials and migration of
substances from the packaging material into the food.
(vii) Since January 1, 2005, traceability has become mandatory. This includes both
packaging material and its contents and in this regard, labels must be included to
inform consumers.
(viii) In addition to active and intelligent materials and articles, three more groups of
materials, i.e. ion-exchange resins, adhesives and printing inks are being examined
for inclusion on the list of groups of materials, which may be regulated by specific
measures.
(ix) The EU has also been further examining the management of packaging and
packaging waste as it relates to environmental protection. In this regard, countries are
required to take measures to prevent the formation of packaging waste and also
encourage reuse/recycling of packaging.
It is clear that waste generation is becoming a serious problem throughout the world and more so
in the developed countries. Therefore, CARICOM exporters must take cognizance of this and
observe the legislative guidelines of countries as it relates to waste management. While it was not
mandated that export packaging must be recyclable or biodegradable, developed countries have
been creating legislation to handle the ever-burgeoning problem of packaging waste.
It is also important to note that disposal of packaging waste be seen as part of the transaction cost
of doing business. Failure to address the waste disposal issues can lead to difficulties in entering
new markets as well as inability to sustain ones market share. The legislative framework
governing packaging waste in the EU must therefore serve as a minimum standard for exporters
of fresh agricultural produce as well as value added products from CARICOM countries.
The main regulatory requirement for entry into the EU is further detailed in the special annex on
Regulatory Measures.
54
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
REFERENCES
1. Europe Fresh Quality Guide Online. Available on the Internet:
http://www.freshquality.org/english/news.asp. Europa Market Access Database Europa
Market Access Database, Statistical Trade Flow Database < http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-
bin/stb/stat/comext.pl Reference Source: Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on materials and articles intended
to come into contact with food Brussels, 7.11.2003. COM(2003) 689 final 2003/0272 (COD).
http://www.freshquality.org/files/Active%20packaging.pdf
2. Council Directive 89/109/EEC of 21 December 1988. Available on the Internet:
http://fca.cefic.org/Files/Publications/89-109-EEC.pdf. Cited: 20/10/05
3. REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on
materials and articles intended to come into contact with food Brussels, 7.11.2003.
COM(2003) 689 final 2003/0272 (COD). Available on the Internet:
http://www.freshquality.org/files/Active%20packaging.pdf . Cited: 10/09/05
4. DIRECTIVE 2004/12/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 11 February 2004
5. Amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste
http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21207.htm.Cited: 21/11/05
6. DIRECTIVE 2004/12/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 11 February 2004 amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_047/l_04720040218en00260031.pdf. Cited:
17/12/05
7. European Union in the US. Available on the Internet:
http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/Foodstuffs/FoodLabelRules.htm. Cited: 12/12/05
8. The Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD). Available on the Internet:
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/approvals.asp?id=55. Cited: 02/03/06
9. GMA Public Policy. Available on the Internet:
http://www.gmabrands.com/publicpolicy/docs/comment.cfm?DocID=877. Cited: 19/11/05
10. Banned and Non-Authorised Pesticides in the United Kingdom Pesticide The Pesticides Safety
Directorate (PSD) is an Executive Agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (Defra) of the UK. Available on the Internet:
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/approvals.asp?id=55. Cited: 06/12/05
11. The Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD). Available on the Internet:
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/approvals.asp?id=55. Cited: 05/12/05
12. Banned and Non-Authorised Pesticides in the United Kingdom Pesticide The Pesticides Safety
Directorate (PSD) is an Executive Agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (Defra) of the UK. Available on the Internet:
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/approvals.asp?id=55. Cited: 11/12/05
55
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
13. REGULATION (EC) No 852/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 29 April 2004
14. http://www.freshquality.org/files/Active%20packaging.pdf
15. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
REGULATION (EC) No 852/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 29 April 2004. Available on the Internet: http://europa.eu.int/eur-
lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_139/l_13920040430en00010054.pdf. Cited: 15/11/05
56
CARICOM Regional Transformation Programme for Agriculture: Competitiveness of Hot Pepper
ANNEX
Table A 2.1: World Trade of Processed Peppers or Pimenta (Dried, Crushed/Ground)
(2002)
HS 090420 Top Importers HS 090420 Top Exporters
Country Trade Value Country Trade Value
(USD Million) (USD Million)
USA $125 China $74
Germany $39 India $60
Malaysia $35 Spain $47
Spain $34 Mexico $20
Japan $25 Peru $19
Other Reporters $186 Other Reporters $152
Total Import $444 Total Exports $372
Data Source: Comtrade Database
(HS Chapter 090420 (Fruits of the genera Capsicum/Pimenta, dried/crushed/ground) in 2002)
Table A 3.1: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (USD 1,000 Dollars)
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Mexico 45,594 56,896 87,566 106,337 202,008 179,778 166,956
Netherlands 143 78 107 58 45 733 350
Trinidad 31 42 12 0 46 167 128
Jamaica 83 29 23 0 4 94 0
China 0 2 10 0 63 81 59
Dom. Rep 44 61 80 7 3 87 54
Israel 0 74 95 63 42 37 23
Peru 0 0 0 6 0 0 12
Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Dominica Is 2 13 0 0 0 10 5
Honduras 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Bahamas 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
India 308 454 155 86 73 142 0
Canada 55 454 2,375 10 12 20 96
Grenada Is 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
All Other 6 229 122 11 0 0 0
Rest of the 373 1228 2747 176 127 209 144
World
Total 46,267 58,337 90,544 106,579 202,296 181,150 167,690
Sources: Fintrac. Data on this site have been compiled from tariff and trade data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S.
Treasury, and the U.S. International Trade Commission
57
Table A 3.2: U.S.A. Imports of Chilies, Fresh or Chilled for Consumption (1,000 kg)
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Mexico 105,672 110,283 128,920 135,462 148,240 150,267 158,110
Netherlands 44 38 27 22 12 263 91
Trin & 9 11 4 0 18 56 35
Tobago
Canada 108 349 976 5 56 5 169
China 0 2 9 0 55 67 48
Dom. Rep 112 106 77 6 3 88 47
Israel 0 21 22 25 18 11 10
Peru 0 0 0 4 0 0 15
Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Dominica Is 1 8 0 0 0 2 2
Honduras 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Bahamas 0 11 0 0 0 0 0
Jamaica 27 8 8 0 1 24 0
India 211 381 125 73 65 122 0
Grenada Is 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
All Other 4 121 81 5 0 0 0
Total 106,189 111,339 130,249 135,602 148,468 150,905 158,537
Sources: Fintrac. Data on this site have been compiled from tariff and trade data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S.
Treasury, and the U.S. International Trade Commission
Table A 4.1: Canadian Imports of Both Chiles and Bell Peppers from Selected Countries
(1000 USD): 2000-2004
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
United States $59,108 $62,161 $61,513 $65,495 $70,881
Mexico $13,252 $17,777 $17,911 $27,253 $34,291
Netherlands $11,132 $12,566 $11,655 $14,071 $15,111
Spain $7,222 $6,564 $7,877 $9,262 $12,819
Israel $296 $3,169 $1,660 $2,982 $3,540
Trinidad and
Tobago $113 $197 $122 $153 $119
Dominican
Republic $107 $151 $257 $274 $249
Jamaica $70 $47 $23 $25 $49
Costa Rica $18 $23 $6 $45 $32
Dominica $2 $11 $3
St.Vincent-
Grenadines $4
Saint Lucia $17 $12 $5 $2
Grenada $11 $6 $1 $3
Belize $1 $5 $18 $22
Guyana $9 $14 $7
Barbados $2 $2
All Others $790 $722 $1,521 $1,741 $3,437
TOTAL (ALL
COUNTRIES) $92,154 $103,425 $102,578 $121,328 $140,531
Source: Statistics Canada
(HS 070960: Fruits of the Genus Capsicum or of the Genus Pimenta)
58
Table A 4.2: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper from Selected Countries
Value USD Quantity
Country
(000) KG (000)
USA $4,080 1,015
China, Hong
Kong SAR $158 56
Jamaica $148 34
Switzerland $26 7
Dominican
Rep. $20 5
Trinidad and
Tobago $15 4
World $4,467 1,128
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 0904: Pepper of the genus Piper, dried or crushed or ground fruits of the genus Capsicum or of the genus Pimenta) (Year 2003)
Table A 4.3: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper from Selected Countries
Value USD Quantity
Country
(000) KG (000)
India $5,950 2,730
USA $4,023 1,367
Indonesia $2,834 1,013
Viet Nam $2,784 1,275
Spain $2,575 1,260
Jamaica $506 187
Trinidad and
Tobago $112 43
Guyana $33 11
World $24,763 10,418
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 0904: Pepper of the genus Piper, dried or crushed or ground fruits of the genus Capsicum or of the genus Pimenta) (Year 2003)
Table A 4.4: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper that is neither crushed or ground
Value Quantity
Country
USD (000) KG (000)
USA $175 63
China, Hong
Kong SAR $112 46
Jamaica $35 15
Austria $13 6
Trinidad and
Tobago $8 2
Costa Rica $5 2
World $348 133
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 090411: Pepper (genus Piper), neither crushed/ground) (Year 2003)
59
Table A 4.5: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper that is neither crushed or ground
Value Quantity
Country
USD (000) KG (000)
India $2,874 1,310
Indonesia $1,591 680
Viet Nam $1,131 614
Ecuador $531 315
Malaysia $402 162
World $7,655 3,504
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 090411: Pepper (genus Piper), neither crushed/ground) (Year 2003)
Table A 4.6: Canada’s Export of Processed Pepper that is crushed or ground
Value Quantity
Country
USD (000) KG (000)
USA $3,064 720
China, Hong
Kong SAR $20 4
Dominican
Rep. $18 4
Switzerland $4 1
Areas, nes $1 0.3
World $3,107 730
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 090412: Pepper (genus Piper), crushed/ground) (Year 2003)
Table A 4.7: Canada’s Import of Processed Pepper that is crushed or ground
Value Quantity
Country
USD (000) KG (000)
India $1,690 645
Viet Nam $1,644 655
Indonesia $1,243 333
USA $1,117 289
China $175 58
World $6,369 2,143
Source: Comtrade Database
(HS 090412: Pepper (genus Piper), crushed/ground) (Year 2003)
60
Table A 5.1: European Union Annual Imports of Peppers in (2001/03 av)
HS6 070960:Fresh Or Chilled HS4 0904:"Pepper Dried Or
Fruits Of The Genus Capsicum Crushed Or Ground Fruits Of The
Or Pimenta Genus ""Capsicum""
Exporting Country USD MN Exporting Country USD MN
Israel 49.00 Indonesia 40.3
Turkey 32.17 Brazil 33.8
Hungary 22.77 India 20.2
Thailand 1.66 Vietnam 19.4
Dom.Rep. 1.49 Peru 13.3
Kenya 1.30 China 11.9
Egypt 1.26 South Africa 10.2
Jordan 1.22 Zimbabwe 9.8
Ghana 0.88 Hungary 8.8
Bulgaria 0.84 Malaysia 6.5
Rest Excl. Rest Excl.
CARICOM 3.83 CARICOM 33.43
All Countries Total All Countries Total
Imports 116.41 Imports 207.7
Source: Europa Market Access Database
Table A 5.2: United Kingdom Import of both
Capsicum and Bell Peppers (2004)
Value (1000 Quantity (1000
Country USD) KG)
World $268,672 115,981
Netherlands $175,027 69,671
Spain $57,619 28,093
France $10,682 5,890
Israel $7,319 2,998
Belgium $4,637 2,200
Germany $4,454 2,148
Ghana $1,737 789
Turkey $996 824
Egypt $903 717
Jordan $719 395
Zambia $650 201
Italy $594 259
Zimbabwe $563 295
Ireland $557 202
Kenya $507 146
Gambia $299 109
Uganda $262 116
Dominican
Rep. $222 326
Dominica $148 204
Pakistan $138 116
61
Table A 5.2: United Kindom Import of both
Capsicum and Bell Peppers (2004) con’t
Cyprus $112 63
Portugal $84 21
Morocco $81 35
Thailand $75 6
United Rep.
of Tanzania $70 63
USA $65 27
Bangladesh $62 24
Brazil $21 21
Bulgaria $15 5
India $13 4
South Africa $11 2
Saint Lucia $10 5
Jamaica $9 4
Mozambique $4 2
Sierra Leone $2 0.898
Rep. of Korea $1 0.339
Philippines $1 2
Poland $1 1
Source: Comtrade Database (070960)
Table A 5.3: United Kindom Import of Processed
Peppers (Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004)
Quantity (1000
Country Value (1000 USD) KG)
World $16,911 6,985
India $3,804 2,595
Spain $3,224 1,322
USA $3,055 763
Netherlands $1,445 406
South Africa $727 441
France $623 109
China $619 265
Turkey $544 87
Germany $481 122
Jamaica $410 56
Ireland $303 27
Mexico $252 52
Costa Rica $245 275
Belgium $202 67
Pakistan $198 142
Zimbabwe $143 58
Thailand $121 38
Hungary $119 26
Malawi $72 21
Italy $65 14
Israel $45 7
62
Table A 5.3: United Kindom Import of Processed
Peppers (Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004) con’t
Bulgaria $33 30
Brazil $24 6
Rwanda $24 6
Switzerland $24 7
Turkmenistan $22 10
United Arab
Emirates $16 10
Rep. of Korea $16 5
Kenya $14 3
Austria $10 3
Canada $9 3
Nigeria $7 2
Sri Lanka $4 1
Iran $3 3
Viet Nam $3 1
Japan $3 0.359
Uganda $1 0.433
Portugal $1 0.032
Greece $1 0.136
Source: Comtrade Database (090420)
Table A 5.4: Netherlands Import of both Capsicum and Bell
Peppers (2004)
Country Value (USD) Quantity (KG)
World $149,057,588 77,150,098
Austria $31,109 28,214
Belgium $17,598,262 10,570,652
Brazil $13,688 5,500
Canada $3,733 589
Cuba $1,244 1,500
Cyprus $6,221 1,687
Denmark $12,444 9,750
Dominican Rep. $29,865 24,562
Finland $24,887 13,000
France $10,924,561 4,605,757
Occ. Palestinian Terr. $3,733 757
Germany $2,419,107 1,046,875
Ghana $12,444 5,437
Greece $54,753 20,230
Indonesia $6,221 523
Ireland $33,598 19,167
Israel $36,114,889 15,946,933
Italy $53,509 30,664
Côte d'Ivoire $1,244 316
Jamaica $1,244 296
Jordan $22,399 11,750
63
Table A 5.4: Netherlands Import of both Capsicum and Bell
Peppers (2004) con’t
Country Value (USD) Quantity(KG)
Kenya $141,861 28,925
Mexico $8,710 1,500
Morocco $23,643 21,687
India $38,576 7,875
South Africa $1,244 316
Zimbabwe $235,191 91,171
Spain $72,870,644 40,335,632
Suriname $191,637 76,484
Sweden $90,840 33,968
Thailand $929,564 173,246
Turkey $3,152,057 2,182,062
Uganda $613,487 356,500
Egypt $1,259,329 669,625
United Kingdom $1,981,080 756,250
United Rep. of
Tanzania $1,244 82
USA $33,598 5,437
Serbia and Montenegro $22,399 34,320
Areas, nes $93,329 30,859
Source: Comtrade Database (070960)
Table A 5.5: Netherlands Import of Processed Peppers
(Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004)
Country Value (USD) Quantity (KG)
World $18,641,046 9,430,035
Belgium $722,994 268,437
Bosnia Herzegovina $2,488 332
Brazil $496,514 250,835
Chile $696,862 299,187
China $821,302 630,687
Colombia $36,087 54,800
Croatia $1,244 382
Denmark $105,773 7,375
El Salvador $79,641 26,378
France $288,700 45,089
Germany $1,793,176 353,437
Ghana $2,488 1,375
Guatemala $372,074 110,367
Honduras $790,192 240,695
Hungary $1,072,670 317,937
Indonesia $6,221 5,250
Israel $171,726 30,433
Italy $1,508,209 1,610,625
Jamaica $988,051 127,203
Japan $6,221 210
64
Table A 5.5: Netherlands Import of Processed Peppers
(Dried, Crushed and Ground) (2004) con’t
Country Value (USD) Quantity (KG)
Madagascar $6,221 2,250
Malawi $27,376 6,812
Mexico $2,299,645 765,000
Other Asia, nes $11,199 5,500
Morocco $68,441 33,050
Nigeria $1,244 257
Peru $510,202 368,125
India $526,379 382,937
Viet Nam $31,109 17,867
South Africa $272,522 155,011
Zimbabwe $3,733 1,062
Spain $3,123,436 1,230,375
Thailand $1,057,737 1,896,562
Turkey $416,873 83,589
Uganda $19,910 5,750
Ukraine $13,688 5,937
United Kingdom $140,616 50,062
USA $146,838 38,660
Source: Comtrade Database (090420)
Table A 6.1: Average Monthly Prices for Habaneros, Scotch Bonnet and Thai Chilies Hot
Traded at the Miami and New York Terminal Markets: Average 2001-2005
Miami New York
Month Habaneros S' Bonnet Thai Chili Habaneros S' Bonnet
January 4.77 5.26 2.49 3.16 6.06
February 4.26 4.63 2.42 3.30 6.26
March 4.23 4.72 2.60 3.88 3.78
April 4.11 4.51 2.75 2.27 5.19
May 3.80 4.26 2.35 4.89 5.09
June 3.50 4.22 2.26 6.15 5.43
July 4.17 4.54 2.26 3.96 5.38
August 4.23 4.09 2.27 4.62* 4.07
September 3.99 3.95 2.64 5.28 2.49
October 4.23 4.30 2.64 4.84 2.20
November 4.57 5.19 2.64 5.61 1.98
December 4.40 5.91 2.64 1.98 4.02*
Average 4.19 4.63 2.50 4.16 4.33
Maximum 4.77 5.91 2.75 6.15 6.26
Minimum 3.50 3.95 2.26 1.98 1.98
Std Dev 0.33 0.57 0.18 1.30 1.48
(*) average of preceding and following months
Data Source: Today’s Market Prices & USDA
(Note: Limited Data Available For The New York Terminal Market)
65
Table A 6.2: Average Monthly prices for Chilies traded at Various Terminal Markets in the
United Kingdom (2001/05 av) USD/kg
Terminal Market
New Covent Garden Liverpool Birmingham Western International
Month (USD / kg) (USD / kg) (USD / kg) (USD / kg)
Ja n 6.29 5.74 6.63 6.56
Feb 7.06 5.61 6.56 8.20
Mar 6.17 5.47 6.24 9.84
Apr 6.40 7.01 5.92 8.50
May 5.47 6.01 6.29 7.43
Jun 4.73 5.54 6.03 6.15
Jul 3.63 3.80 6.23 5.70
Aug 2.97 3.39 4.84 4.44
Sep 3.40 3.73 4.29 4.61
Oct 3.57 4.15 4.60 5.56
Nov 4.31 5.76 6.49 6.29
Dec 4.72 6.05 6.83 6.01
Average 4.89 5.19 5.91 6.61
Maximum 7.06 7.01 6.83 9.84
Minimum 2.97 3.39 4.29 4.44
Std Dev 1.37 1.13 0.85 1.61
Source: www.freshinfo.com
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