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Summary

The Fifth Edition of this innovative text continues to emphasize a generalist, empowerment-oriented approach, along with practice strategies and techniques for working toward individual client and social change. The Fifth Edition updates the contemporary themes of social work practice into an integrated practice process. New resources extend the research base, add breadth and depth, and position this book as a defining work for articulating an empowerment-based method of social work practice.

Table of Contents

Preface

xvii

PART 1 Social Work Practice Perspectives

1

(126)

Generalist Social Work Practice

3

(21)

Social Work Values and Purpose

6

(4)

Human Dignity and Worth

6

(1)

Social Justice

6

(2)

Defining Social Work

8

(1)

Achieving the Purpose of Social Work

9

(1)

Generalist Social Work

10

(6)

Levels of Intervention in Generalist Practice

10

(2)

Policy and Generalist Practice

12

(2)

Research in Generalist Practice

14

(2)

Advantages of a Multifaceted Approach

16

(1)

Social Work Functions and Roles

16

(6)

Consultancy

16

(2)

Resource Management

18

(2)

Education

20

(1)

Integrating Generalist Functions

21

(1)

Looking Forward

22

(1)

Internet Search Terms

23

(1)

The Ecosystems Perspective

24

(29)

The Knowledge Base of Generalist Practice

26

(5)

Theoretical Frameworks for Practice

26

(3)

Developing a Practice Framework

29

(1)

Analyzing Theoretical Perspectives

29

(2)

Key Perspectives for Empowering Practice

31

(3)

Ecosystems

31

(1)

Constructivism

31

(1)

Social Constructionism

32

(1)

Feminism

33

(1)

The Ecosystems Perspective

34

(5)

Humans in Context

34

(1)

Focus on Transactions

35

(1)

Development as Evolutionary Change

35

(1)

Goodness-of-Fit

36

(1)

View of Dysfunction

36

(3)

Implications for Change

39

(1)

Human Systems

39

(8)

System Defined

39

(3)

Dimensions of Systems

42

(1)

A Structural View of Systems

42

(1)

An Interactional View of Systems

43

(2)

Biopsychosocial Dimensions

45

(1)

Cultural Influences

46

(1)

Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework for Practice

47

(4)

Identify the Focal System

47

(1)

What's Happening Inside the System?

48

(1)

What's Happening Outside the System?

49

(1)

How Do the Inside and Outside Connect?

49

(1)

How Does the System Move through Time?

50

(1)

Applying the Ecosystems Framework

50

(1)

Looking Forward

51

(1)

Internet Search Terms

52

(1)

Values and Multicultural Competence

53

(26)

Frames of Reference

54

(2)

Your Frame of Reference Shows

55

(1)

Professional Values and Practice Principles

56

(5)

Acceptance

56

(1)

Individualization

56

(1)

Nonjudgmentalism

57

(1)

Objectivity

57

(1)

Self-Determination

58

(1)

Access to Resources

58

(1)

Confidentiality

59

(1)

Accountability

59

(1)

Value Conflicts in Practice: An Example

59

(2)

Personal Values and Resources

61

(5)

Use of Self in Social Work

61

(1)

Increasing Self-Awareness

61

(1)

Values and Principles in Action: A Practice Example

62

(2)

How Values Influence Practice

64

(2)

Values and Diversity

66

(1)

Multicultural Competence

66

(4)

Cultural Diversity Defined

67

(1)

Proficient Multicultural Practice

68

(1)

Cultural Competence

68

(2)

Cultural Sensitivity

70

(1)

Cultural Responsiveness

70

(1)

A Generalist View of Cultural Competence

70

(8)

Practitioner-Level Cultural Competence

71

(4)

Agency-Level Cultural Competence

75

(3)

Community-Level Cultural Competence

78

(1)

Looking Forward

78

(1)

Internet Search Terms

78

(1)

Strengths and Empowerment

79

(24)

Strengths Perspective

81

(4)

Practice Assumptions

82

(1)

Key Transitions

82

(2)

Applying a Strengths Perspective

84

(1)

Empowerment

85

(8)

Personal Dimensions of Empowerment

87

(1)

Interpersonal Dimensions of Empowerment

88

(1)

Sociopolitical Dimensions of Empowerment

88

(2)

Power

90

(2)

Empowerment as a Concept and a Process

92

(1)

Empowerment-Based Practice

93

(9)

The Paradox of an Empowering Process

93

(2)

Collaboration and Partnership

95

(2)

Characteristics of Empowerment-Centered Social Workers

97

(1)

Empowerment-Oriented Strategies

98

(4)

Looking Forward

102

(1)

Internet Search Terms

102

(1)

An Empowering Approach to Generalist Practice

103

(24)

Elements of an Empowering Generalist Approach

104

(3)

Infusing an Ecosystems Perspective

104

(1)

Reflecting a Social Justice Commitment

105

(1)

Applying a Strengths Orientation

105

(1)

Collaborating with Clients

105

(1)

Constructing an Empowering Reality

106

(1)

Phases and Processes of Empowering Practice

107

(7)

The Dialogue Phase

107

(2)

The Discovery Phase

109

(1)

The Development Phase

110

(3)

From Solving Problems to Promoting Competence

113

(1)

Processes in Action: Practice Examples

114

(11)

An Example at the Microlevel

115

(3)

An Example at the Midlevel

118

(5)

An Example at the Macrolevel

123

(2)

Looking Forward

125

(1)

Internet Search Terms

126

(1)

PART 2 The Dialogue Phase: Building Relationships and Describing Situations

127

(90)

Forming Partnerships

129

(29)

Collaboration and Partnership

130

(3)

The Dilemma of Social Workers as Experts

131

(1)

The Rewards of Clients as Experts

131

(1)

The Social Worker's Role

132

(1)

Agency Influences on Worker-Client Relationships

133

(1)

Making Initial Contacts

133

(5)

Recognizing What Clients Bring

133

(1)

Initiating Collaboration

134

(1)

Beginning Steps: A Practice Example

135

(3)

Qualities of Professional Partnerships

138

(8)

Genuineness

140

(1)

Acceptance and Respect

140

(2)

Trustworthiness

142

(1)

Empathy

143

(1)

Cultural Sensitivity

144

(2)

Purposefulness

146

(1)

Constructing Empowering Relationships

146

(6)

Recognizing Rights

146

(1)

Taking Responsibilities

146

(2)

Discussing Rights and Responsibilities

148

(1)

Augmenting Power

148

(1)

When Clients Feel Powerless

149

(1)

Collaborating with Oppressed Clients

150

(1)

Voluntary and Involuntary Clients

151

(1)

Partnerships with Larger Systems

152

(1)

Respecting Confidentiality

152

(5)

Absolute and Relative Confidentiality

152

(1)

Violating Confidentiality

153

(1)

Informed Consent for Releasing Information

154

(1)

Privileged Communication

154

(2)

Balancing Accountability and Privacy

156

(1)

Looking Forward

157

(1)

Internet Search Items

157

(1)

Articulating Situations

158

(31)

Empowering Dialogue

159

(2)

Listening and Responding

160

(1)

Proactive Responding

161

(3)

Describing the Current Situation

161

(1)

Orienting toward Goals

162

(1)

Searching for Strengths and Resources

163

(1)

Sizing Up Situations

163

(1)

Exchanging Information

164

(6)

Verbal Communication

165

(1)

Nonverbal Communication

166

(1)

Influences on Communication Processes

167

(3)

Assessing the Client's Perspective

170

(1)

Responding to Thoughts

171

(9)

Allowing Space

171

(1)

Nonverbal Responses

172

(1)

Single Word Responses

172

(1)

Restatement

172

(2)

Clarification

174

(1)

Summary Clarification

175

(1)

Request to Continue

175

(1)

Questioning

176

(1)

Combining Responses

177

(1)

Practice Example

177

(3)

Responding to Feelings

180

(3)

The Experience of Feelings

181

(1)

Identifying Feelings

181

(1)

Verbalizing Feelings

181

(1)

Validating Feelings

182

(1)

Special Issues in Responding

183

(3)

Responding to Anger

183

(1)

Responding to Silence

184

(1)

Responding to Questions

185

(1)

Responding to Feedback from Clients

186

(1)

Responding to Larger Client Systems

186

(2)

Facilitating Discussion

187

(1)

Respecting Existing Functioning

188

(1)

Looking Forward

188

(1)

Internet Search Terms

188

(1)

Defining Directions

189

(28)

Transforming Challenges into Directions

191

(3)

Orienting Forward, Not Back

193

(1)

Framing the Search for Resources

194

(1)

Integrating Transactional Dimensions

194

(1)

Considering Client Motivation

194

(3)

A Transactional View of Motivation

195

(1)

Motivating Clients Who Have Given Up

195

(1)

Aligning Worker and Client Motivations

196

(1)

Motivating Larger Systems

196

(1)

Collaborating with Clients Who Resist

197

(2)

Resistance Is Motivated

198

(1)

Cooperating with Resistance

198

(1)

Overcoming Environmental Resistance

199

(1)

Cooperating with Mandated Clients

199

(4)

Constructing Workers' Expectations

200

(1)

Structuring a Working Partnership

201

(1)

Defining a Motivating Direction

202

(1)

Taking Priority Actions

203

(11)

Responding to Trauma

203

(3)

Responding to the Threat of Suicide

206

(2)

Responding to Threats toward Others

208

(2)

Responding to Child Abuse

210

(2)

Responding to Elder Abuse

212

(1)

Responding to Intimate Partner Violence

212

(1)

Responding to Survival Needs

213

(1)

Responding to Signs of Addiction

213

(1)

Looking Forward

214

(1)

Internet Search Terms

215

(2)

PART 3 The Discovery Phase: Assessing Resources and Planning Change

217

(100)

Identifying Strengths

219

(29)

Infusing a Strengths Perspective

221

(5)

What Are Strengths?

221

(1)

Why Identify Strengths?

222

(1)

Balancing Strengths and Challenges

223

(2)

Looking for Strengths

225

(1)

Highlighting Strengths in General Functioning

226

(2)

Strengths in Individuals

226

(1)

Strengths in Families

227

(1)

Strengths in Groups

227

(1)

Strengths in Organizations

228

(1)

Strengths in Communities

228

(1)

Solution-Focused Dialogue

228

(4)

Creating a Solution-Saturated Atmosphere

229

(1)

Searching for Exceptions

229

(1)

Detecting Incremental Steps

230

(2)

Searching for Transferable Skills

232

(1)

Recognizing Cultural Strengths

232

(1)

Strengths in Diversity

232

(1)

Ethnic Group Strengths

233

(5)

African Americans

233

(2)

Latino Americans

235

(1)

Asian Americans

236

(1)

Native Americans

237

(1)

Strengths in Cultural Group Memberships

238

(5)

Women

238

(2)

Gays and Lesbians

240

(1)

Older Adults

241

(1)

Religious Affiliations and Spirituality

241

(1)

Persons with Disabilities

242

(1)

Clients as Resources for Understanding Cultures

243

(1)

Uncovering Strengths in Adversity

243

(3)

Surviving Oppression

243

(2)

Surviving Violence

245

(1)

Surviving Family Disruption

246

(1)

Looking Forward

246

(1)

Internet Search Terms

247

(1)

Assessing Resource Capabilities

248

(40)

Exploring Resource Systems through Assessment

249

(4)

Recognizing Environmental Resources

250

(1)

Turning Challenging Situations into Resources

250

(1)

Collaborating to Search for Resources

251

(2)

Applying Theoretical Frameworks

253

(4)

Organizing Assessment Using a Five-Point Ecosystemic Schema

253

(1)

Practice Example: Franklin Courts

253

(4)

Organizing Assessment: Applying Ecosystemic Questions

257

(9)

Assessing Structures

257

(3)

Assessing Interactions

260

(2)

Assessing Thinking and Feeling

262

(1)

Assessing Cultural Influences

263

(1)

Assessing Spiritual Dimensions

264

(1)

Assessing Physical Environments

265

(1)

Putting the Pieces Together

265

(1)

Using Assessment Tools

266

(10)

Social Histories

267

(2)

Genograms

269

(1)

Eco-maps

270

(2)

Culturally Sensitive Assessment

272

(1)

Social Network Maps

272

(1)

Group Assessment

273

(1)

Organizational Assessment

273

(2)

Neighborhood and Community Assessment

275

(1)

Tools as Resources for Empowerment

276

(1)

Adding Viewpoints

276

(2)

Bringing in Significant Others

277

(1)

Contacting Other Professionals

277

(1)

Assessing through Observation

278

(3)

Observations by Clients

278

(1)

Observations by Workers

279

(2)

Recordkeeping

281

(5)

Recording

281

(1)

Types of Recording Formats

282

(2)

Ethical and Legal Issues in Recordkeeping

284

(2)

Looking Forward

286

(1)

Internet Search Terms

287

(1)

Framing Solutions

288

(29)

Collaborative Planning Processes

289

(4)

Client Expertise in Planning

290

(1)

Worker Expertise in Planning

290

(1)

Issues Affecting Collaborative Planning

291

(1)

Planning in Multiperson Systems

292

(1)

Goals and Objectives

293

(8)

Differentiating Goals and Objectives

294

(1)

Considering Goals

294

(1)

Translating Goals into Objectives

295

(6)

Constructing Action Plans

301

(13)

Crystallizing Outcome Goals

301

(4)

Writing Effective Objectives

305

(1)

Prioritizing Objectives

306

(1)

Screening Generalist Intervention Strategies

307

(4)

Choosing Effective Strategies

311

(2)

Delineating Tasks and Responsibilities

313

(1)

Setting Reviews and Evaluations

314

(1)

Contracting

314

(2)

The Evolving Contract

314

(1)

Contracting as an Empowering Process

315

(1)

Looking Forward

316

(1)

Internet Search Terms

316

(1)

PART 4 The Development Phase: Implementing, Evaluating, and Stabilizing Change