Diergaardt, C. M. (2018). South African national identity as constructed by black and coloured South Africans in South Korea. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104956

Diergaardt, Candice Michelle. “South African national identity as constructed by black and coloured South Africans in South Korea.” 2018. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Diergaardt CM. South African national identity as constructed by black and coloured South Africans in South Korea. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2019 Sep 15].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104956.

Council of Science Editors:

Diergaardt CM. South African national identity as constructed by black and coloured South Africans in South Korea. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104956

Stellenbosch University

2.
Albien, Anouk Jasmine.
A mixed-methods analysis of black adolescents’ vocational identity status and career adaptability competencies in a south african township.

► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A critical standpoint is taken in the present research study to explore the extent to which key career constructs, such as career adaptability…
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▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A critical standpoint is taken in the present research study to explore the extent to which key career constructs, such as career adaptability and vocational identity, may manifest differently in a non-Western and developing world context, such as that of the Kayamandi township in South Africa. This research process consisted of six phases as part of a multi-phase mixed-methods research design. In Phase 1, relevant role players were included in the development of a culturally sensitive life-designing career intervention. In Phase 2, a psychometric analysis was undertaken that determined that the Career Adapt-abilities Scale (CAAS) and Vocational Identity Status Assessment (VISA) measures had moderate reliability and validity in the Kayamandi township context. This data was contextualised with qualitative Delphi interviews. Thereafter, Phase 3 consisted of the pilot intervention, which established the content, structure and applicability of the career intervention, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Phase 4 included the final administration of the Shaping Career Voices intervention.
In Phase 4, the career measures were administered to 582 Grade 10, 11, and 12 isiXhosa-speaking high school students between the ages of 14 and 22 years old (M=17, SD=1.3) from a peri-urban low-income setting. Participants included 314 Grade 10 (55%), 237 Grade 11 (41%) and 31 Grade 12 (5%) students, of whom 169 (31%) were males and 369 (69%) were females. A repeated-measures research design was utilised and scores were tracked at four time points: T1 and T2 before administering a culturally-constructed career life-designing intervention, as well as at two time points after the intervention (T3 and T4). Scores were observed in all of the subscales of the VISA and CAAS to have increased significantly as a result of the intervention. The most significant results were seen between T1 and T4, where scores remained high at the follow-up (T4).
The results indicated gender differences, as female participants were seen to score significantly higher on the CAAS subscales of concern and co-operation, in contrast to male participants, who scored higher on the VISA subscales of career flexibility (CF) and self-doubt (SD). Grade differences were also observed, which indicated that learners who were facing high school graduation (Grade 12) had the highest increases in scores across the two instruments. Most interesting was the finding that vocational identity statuses began shifting at T1 and then remained consistent from T3 onwards. In addition, the CAAS subscales increased monotonically across vocational identity statuses from least to more adaptive as a result of the intervention. Lastly, two new vocational identity statuses were uncovered in this sample, namely undifferentiated moratorium and foreclosed moratorium, due to the increase in vocational identity subscale scores that resulted from the intervention process. The implications for research and career counselling practice are discussed.
Furthermore, quantitative data…
Advisors/Committee Members: Naidoo, A. V., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Psychology..

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In one of Uganda’s main national newspapers, the New Vision, women and men advertise that they seek ‘white’ partners. Using emergent design, this…
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In one of Uganda’s main national newspapers, the New Vision, women and men advertise that they
seek ‘white’ partners. Using emergent design, this study set out to explore this yearning for local -
‘white’ relationships. I conducted exploratory and semi-structured interviews with 20 of these women
and men. As I started conducting the interviews, it became clear that this was a topic which provoked
emotionally charged responses and a great deal of ‘identity work’, with participants identifying with,
or disidentifying from, particular groups and categories, notably ‘prostitutes’ and ‘traditional’,
‘cultural’ or ‘modern’ women and men. Engaging critically with post-colonial writings and
contemporary feminist research, I argue that my respondents provided important insights into the
broader dynamics of gender, sexuality, race and power, as well as processes of identity construction in
post-colonial Uganda. I explore the fantasy constructions and stereotypes perpetuating beliefs in
‘white’ superiority and address the various influences upon which respondents draw to bolster
constructions of ‘whites’ as superior. These are marked by explicit beliefs in racial hierarchy, as well
as ‘modernisation’ and ‘developmental’ discourses which positively associate ‘modernisation’ with
‘Westernisation.’ I discuss respondents’ negative constructions of local, ‘black’ men and women born
out of past experiences with local partners. Male respondents expressed frustration with Ugandan
women, whom they constructed as ‘money minded’, whom they believe forfeit dignity, for love of
money, in their search for modernity. ‘Tradition’ and ‘culture’ were often invoked by men against
women, who were seen as failing to live up to presumed cultural standards of femininity. I also
explore female respondents’ appeals to ‘tradition’ and ‘culture’ which they feel benefit Ugandan men
to the detriment of women and romantic relationships. I show that female respondents draw on
discourses of Western ‘modernity’ and human rights, to illustrate the extent of gendered inequalities in
Uganda, and find that Western humanism, embodied in the ‘white’ male, is constructed as a solution
to their relationship dilemmas.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the context of the present conflict in Darfur, and in the years preceding it, the distinction
between so-called African and Arab tribes has come to the forefront, and the tribal identity
of individuals has increased in significance. These distinctions were never as clear cut and
definite as they are today. The ‘Arab’ and ‘African’ distinction that was always more of a
passive characteristic in the past has now become the reason for standing on different sides
of the political divide. What then are the main factors which contributed to this new violent
distinction between Arab and African? How is it possible for people and communities who
have a positive history of cooperation and tolerance to suddenly plunge into a situation of
such cruelty and hate towards one another.
The thesis uses the New War framework to look at the current situation in Darfur. The most
definitive version of this new framework is presented by scholars such as Mary Kaldor
(2006), Martin van Creveld (1991) and Helfried Münkler (2005). The thesis then shows
how the war in Darfur, exactly in line with the new war argument, has political goals with
the political mobilization occurring on the basis of identity. Kaldor (2006) argues that the
political goals in the new wars are about the claim to power based on seemingly traditional
identities, such as Arab or African. Defining identity politics as “movements which
mobilize around ethnic, racial or religious identity for the purpose of claiming state power”
(Kaldor, 2006: 80), it becomes apparent that Darfur has become subject to this these kind
of new war politics. The study therefore questions the popular argument that ethnic conflict
arises out of an “ancient hatred” or “tribal warfare”.
Chapters three and four illustrates how this new distinction between Arab and African
should rather be seen as the cumulative effects of marginalization, competing economic
interests and, more recently, from the political polarization which has engulfed the region.
Most of the factors leading to the current Arab/African antagonism were traced to
contemporary phenomena. The study also looks at factors such as loss of physical coercion
on behalf of the state, loss of popular legitimacy and effective leadership,
underdevelopment, poverty, inequality, and privatization of force. The study then
concludes that politics of identity should more often be seen as a result of individuals,
groups or politician reacting to the effects of these conditions then as the result of ethnic
hatred.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The publication in 1983 of Medhi Charef’s novel Le thé au harem d’Archi Ahmed
marked the beginning of Beur literature, a collection of narratives concerning the lives
of individuals of North African origin in the French suburbs. The term “beur”, derived
from the double inversion of the word “arabe”, would become synonymous with
“Maghrebians” and be used to define a cultural movement claiming its uniqueness.
Beur writers or those who make use of Beur heroes in their novels reveal, often in
autobiographical form, the daily experiences of a marginalized minority living in
identical socio-economic conditions, which are sources of conflicts, whether latent or
manifest, with the dominant culture. The sensitivity of Beur writers as manifested in
their writings enables us to obtain images of the lives of people living in shantytowns
or the large conglomerations on the outskirts of French cities. However, this literature
provides more than just a simple description of context or situation, since it also
contains the verdict of young Beurs on the legitimacy of the established social order
and their strategies to transform or to adapt to this order. Work, home, school, politics
or affective relations are concrete examples of areas where the individual is faced with
an established system of values and norms, inequality of resources and convergent or
divergent interests that need to be taken into account during the process of exchange
in order to satisfy his/her needs. In this interdisciplinary research we apply the
sociological concepts of exchange and conflict theory in order to disclose the
strategies used by characters in Beur novels to adapt or free themselves from given
conditions of exchange and power configurations on different social markets of
exchange.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Immigrant societies are in the midst of heated debates about citizenship and what it means…
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Thesis (MA (Political Science)) – University of Stellenbosch, 2010.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Immigrant societies are in the midst of heated debates about citizenship and what it means to belong to their nation-states. The main purpose of this study is to conduct exploratory and descriptive research into the concept of belonging to a host country, in order to advance an understanding of this under-conceptualised, yet topical issue. The project was based on an extensive review of literature from the fields of psychology, sociology and political science, as well as on the responses from an empirical, quantitative survey of Zimbabweans living in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The findings reveal that Zimbabwean respondents are frustrated with perceived attempts to exclude them from becoming full and equal members of host societies. Zimbabweans who feel that they will never truly belong or be fully accepted by host countries have subsequently developed a heightened sense of attachment to Zimbabwe, as a way of differentiating themselves from the dominant population. The main conclusion that can be drawn is that belonging, inclusion and identification with a host country is a complex process that involves three separate stakeholders namely the host country, members of the dominant group, and the immigrants themselves. This research thus argues that the problem of immigrant integration should be viewed through multiple lenses, by including the influence of various stakeholders. Doing so would lead to a more nuanced understanding of the forces influencing belonging, and could potentially lead to the formulation of more comprehensive and more targeted policies.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Migration, the movement of people across various distances and through various means, has changed significantly in the current global era. Since 2010, migration…
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Migration, the movement of people across various distances and through various means, has changed significantly in the current global era. Since 2010, migration has taken on a different, more irregular nature, as people are determined to improve their livelihoods, some being driven by desperate circumstances to do so. Migration has also become increasingly feminised. During migration, the human security of migrants is at risk and their vulnerability persists throughout migration. Human security is an issue that reaches far beyond the individual, as human security issues shape national issues. It would be ignorant to assume that the two are mutually exclusive, as the influx of migrants to Europe in the post-Arab Spring context has illustrated.
This thesis employs a gender lens to understand the nature of human security issues that economic migrants, who migrate from North Africa to Europe, experience. By exploring the push and pull factors of migration, the thesis provided an overview of the human security of migrants pre-migration. Conflict in North African and modern-day slavery largely drive migration from North Africa to Europe and exacerbate the human insecurity of migrants. Economic opportunity has been identified as the most significant pull factor for migration to Europe. By analysing the responses of Italy and, to a lesser degree, France, to migrants, the thesis produced insights into the human security of migrants in Europe. The differences between the experiences of men and women migrants were also considered. Using feminist security theory and a human security framework, this thesis maintains that security on the ground is important, perhaps more so than high politics. Valuable insights were provided on how Italy and France have managed migration and the impact of this on how citizens perceive and receive migrants. Central to the study was the focus on the securitisation of state responses to irregular migration, which include measures like border control, search and rescue operations, returns, resettlement and relocation, the closure of ports and refusals to disembark, the Hotspot Approach and detention. From these, successes and shortcomings have been identified, illustrating the nature of state protection to non-citizens. The human insecurity of migrants has been compounded by the lack of provisions, including medical attention and safety provisions, and the unique threats to women migrants. Although men and women migrants face similar risks and experience similar challenges during migration, women remain more susceptible to gender based violence and sexual exploitation and are, therefore, more vulnerable than their counterparts.

Coetzee JA. A study of the human security of North African economic migrants through a gender lens. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105906

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study of the South African government‘s response toward Zimbabwean immigration, focusing…
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Thesis (MA (Political Science)) – University of Stellenbosch, 2010.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study of the South African government‘s response toward Zimbabwean immigration, focusing on the period from 2000 to July 2009. The aim is to shed light on why the government has acted in the manner that it has, using a human security framework. South Africa‘s legal obligations under international, regional, and domestic law are investigated and the ethical debate concerning issues of entrance and borders is explored. Concepts of morality, universality, and human dignity are central to this discussion. Against this backdrop, the Zimbabwean migration is briefly analysed in terms of push and pull factors and numbers; and the legal debate concerning the classification of Zimbabweans is explored. The challenges Zimbabweans face in South Africa and how the government has dealt with the Zimbabwean immigration is covered. Key actors from civil society and government are interviewed in an attempt to engage opinions about the government‘s response. The main opinions as to why the government has responded in the manner it has are then discussed and other factors are considered. Issues of solidarity, land reform, and South Africa‘s involvement in the Zimbabwean mediation process are some of the factors considered. The conclusion of this study is that the South African government has not succeeded in meeting its legal obligations nor acted ethically concerning Zimbabwean immigrants. The particular sentiments of ex-president Thabo Mbeki, the solidarity amongst national liberation movements, regional considerations, and the capitalist interests of some South Africans are factors that carry the most weight in explaining the South African government‘s response to the Zimbabwean crisis and its subsequent migrants.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology)) – University of Stellenbosch, 2006.

Human resources are one of the most valuable assets of any country’s economy. Countries invest…
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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology)) – University of Stellenbosch, 2006.

Human resources are one of the most valuable assets of any country’s economy.
Countries invest millions in the education and development of their citizens to improve
knowledge, skills and productivity that will sustain and enhance their economic growth.
Previously governments regarded money spent on education and training of its current
and potential workforce as a ‘safe’ investment, but the situation has changed drastically
in the past 50 years. Today, many highly skilled professionals are leaving their native
country to work and live in another.

This investigation explored the unique experiences of expatriates who have taken the proverbial first step into the novel and unknown. The main purpose of this study was to bring to the fore the importance of these experiences in a human resources management context. Through the application of the qualitative research methodology based on grounded theory, these experiences were unearthed, analysed and discussed. Various personal and contextual factors that contributed to the experience of success were identified and further elucidated. This study ultimately illustrated the need for organisations to develop adjustment programmes that would assist the expatriation process to provide insights and skills that could empower the individual to achieve true personal fulfilment in pursuit of career success.

This thesis consists of a study that identifies and analyses the origins, nature, and spectrum of different…
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Thesis (MA (VA)(Visual Arts)) – University of Stellenbosch, 2008.

This thesis consists of a study that identifies and analyses the origins, nature, and spectrum of
different stereotypes of Africans in popular texts.
The past can only be explored through texts, which are unavoidably mediated, re-interpreted,
fictional and temporary. No text can be read in isolation – it is imperative to gain knowledge
about the social and ideological context in the analysis of any historical text.
History shows that racism is a constructed concept, and the roots of stereotypical perceptions of
the ‘Other’ can be found in antiquity – in Ancient Egypt, Classical Greece and the Jewish Torah,
as well as during the Middle Ages. A historical synopsis is given of the conception and
development of racial stereotyping through the ages until the present. The study demonstrates
how stereotypes gradually adapt with history, politics, and ideology. Stereotypes are in my
opinion not necessarily constructed on purpose. Stereotypes are developed and based on
historical events, but are transformed in time to fulfil new purposes. My conclusion is that racist
stereotypes of Africans are created in the West, by the West, for the West.
In many ways, the adaptation of the stereotypes of Africans act as a timeline for Western
involvement on the continent. The stereotypical portrayal of Africa as the Dark Continent, “White
Man’s Burden” and Godforsaken Continent will firstly be studied. Secondly, the depiction of
African-Americans, especially in American popular culture, is discussed through stereotypes like
Mammy, Uncle Tom, Jezebel, and Buck. The theme of my practical component, a two part
series about the Cape Carnival, discusses the stereotype of the “Jolly Hotnot” or “Coon” and
examines the portrayal of Africans as comical.
The study shows the important role popular media plays in spreading and reaffirming
stereotypes. Stereotypes are often used as a survival method to make the multiplicity of reality
manageable, recognisable, and understandable. Stereotyping becomes problematic if the
stereotypes are used as generalisations to marginalise a group in terms of features such as skin
colour. A type of “cultural decolonisation” would be necessary to counteract this marginalisation,
through popular culture created by in Africa, by Africans, for Africans and international popular
culture.