Extinction does not erase the original memory, but yields a "safety" memory that inhibits fear under certain conditions. Unfortunately, these "safety" memories are short-lived and place-dependent, says Stephen Maren, U-M professor of psychology and neuroscience. Individuals that undergo extinction-based therapies often exhibit relapse of fear.

Maren and his colleagues studied how fear and safety memories are retrieved by a network of three brain structures that are critical for memory and emotionthe hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

Rats that had been conditioned to fear an auditory stimulus by associating it with a mild shock decreased their fear when the stimulus was extinguished. This fear returned, however, when the stimulus was encountered in a place that was different from where the extinction procedure occurred. This is similar to the return of fear patients undergoing exposure therapy experience when they leave the clinic.

Researchers examined the rats' brains to determine how the fear memory network changed when fear returned. The researchers found that the return of fear activated neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that project to the amygdala. Next, they found that severing the connections between these structures prevented fear relapse.

The results provide new insight into the brain systems involved in the return of fear memories thought to be vanquished by extinction. Developing novel therapeutic approaches that dampens activity in these circuits might aid in preventing fear relapse after therapy.