Previously referred to simply as "LAUNCH", LAUNCH Media was co-founded by Dave Goldberg and Bob Roback[1] and began as the publisher of LAUNCH, a magazine issued in both standard print format and as an interactive CD-ROM starting in May 1995.[3] Eventually the print version was eliminated and subscribers were sent only the CD-ROM version. LAUNCH magazine disks were often found pre-packaged with new PCs in the late 1990s.

LAUNCH magazine contained video interviews, live performances, and special video segments by music stars as well as standard (but interactive) music magazine features.

LAUNCH Media later introduced LAUNCH.com, the official LAUNCH magazine website. The site featured LAUNCH magazine content, music videos, and, beginning in 1999, LAUNCHcast Internet radio.

The company was purchased by Yahoo! for US$12 million in 2001. LAUNCH.com was later integrated into Yahoo! Music.

At the time of its acquisition, LAUNCH was in a legal battle with the recording industry over LAUNCHcast, which the industry claimed provided an "unapproved level of interactivity". LAUNCH pulled LAUNCHcast from LAUNCH.com, then later restarted it with a reduced catalog. Yahoo! later acquired LAUNCH as a subsidiary to avoid being dragged into the recording industry's lawsuit, but was dragged into it anyway. On April 27, 2007, Yahoo! defeated a Sony BMG copyright infringement lawsuit over LAUNCHcast.[4]

1.
Launch Media
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LAUNCH Media is a Santa Monica-based media company that created LAUNCH. com, an online music site, and Launch, a magazine issued both in print and as a CD-ROM disk magazine. LAUNCH Media was acquired by Yahoo. for US$12 million in 2001, the features of LAUNCH. com, including the LAUNCHcast Internet Radio service, were later integrated into Yahoo. Eventually the print version was eliminated and subscribers were sent only the CD-ROM version, LAUNCH magazine disks were often found pre-packaged with new PCs in the late 1990s. LAUNCH magazine contained interviews, live performances, and special video segments by music stars as well as standard music magazine features. LAUNCH Media later introduced LAUNCH. com, the official LAUNCH magazine website, the site featured LAUNCH magazine content, music videos, and, beginning in 1999, LAUNCHcast Internet radio. The company was purchased by Yahoo. for US$12 million in 2001, LAUNCH. com was later integrated into Yahoo. At the time of its acquisition, LAUNCH was in a battle with the recording industry over LAUNCHcast. LAUNCH pulled LAUNCHcast from LAUNCH. com, then restarted it with a reduced catalog. Later acquired LAUNCH as a subsidiary to avoid being dragged into the recording industrys lawsuit, defeated a Sony BMG copyright infringement lawsuit over LAUNCHcast. Arista Records, LLC v. Launch Media, Inc

2.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine

3.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book

4.
Disk magazine
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A disk magazine, colloquially known as a diskmag or diskzine, is a magazine that is distributed in electronic form to be read using computers. These had some popularity in the 1980s and 1990s as periodicals distributed on floppy disk, the rise of the Internet in the late 1990s caused them to be superseded almost entirely by online publications, which are sometimes still called diskmags despite the lack of physical disks. A diskmag tends to have an appealing and custom graphical user interface, background music. Diskmags have been written for many platforms, ranging from the C64 on up to the IBM PC and have even created for video game consoles. Some ideas of putting bar codes into paper magazines, which could be read into a computer with the peripheral, were floated at the time. CLOAD was not the first electronic periodical, however, because various ARPANET digests had been published as text files sent around the network since the early 1970s and these, however, were pure ASCII text and hence were not diskmags by the current definition. Also, at the time, few people outside of institutions had access to this forerunner of the Internet. In September,1981, the first issue of Softdisk was published for Apple II computers, coming out monthly on a 5¼ diskette, this was the first floppy-disk-based periodical. This was the first publication of a company known as Softdisk which would later bring out similar publications for the Commodore 64, IBM PC. Of these magazines, the one for the Commodore 64, called Loadstar, other publishers produced a variety of competing publications, including Diskazine, Window, I. B. Magazette, UPTIME, and PC Life. The Atari ST, in 1986, saw the first disk magazine in the shape of ST News and this was an English-language on-disk magazine from the Netherlands. Some publishers of magazines published disk companions, either polybagged with the magazines or available as separate subscriptions. In the early 1990s, id Software founders John Carmack and John Romero had some of their earliest works published on disk magazines while working for Softdisk. A short-lived game subscription called Gamers Edge published side-scrolling and 3D games written by the team that would later create Commander Keen, by the mid-1990s, CD-ROMs were taking over from floppy disks as the major data storage and transfer medium. Some of the disk magazines switched to this format while others. The higher capacity of this format, along with the speed of newer computers, allowed disk magazines to provide more of a multimedia experience, including music. Such things as movie trailers and music samples could now be provided, many disk magazines of the 1990s and later are connected with the demoscene, including Grapevine, for the Amiga computer. Demoscene diskmags have been known to cross over into the closely neighboring underground computer art scene, as a result, disk-based periodicals became uncommon, as publishers of electronic magazines preferred to use the Web or e-mail as their distribution medium

5.
Yahoo!
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Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion

6.
Yahoo! Music Radio
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Music Radio was an Internet radio service offered by Clear Channel Communications iHeartRadio through Yahoo. The service, formerly offered by LAUNCH Media, and originally developed by Todd Beaupré and Jeff Boulter, debuted on November 11,1999, previously, LAUNCHcast combined with CBS Radio beginning in 2009, then iHeartRadio in 2012. The service closed in 2013 or 2014, LAUNCHcast allowed users to create personal radio stations or playlists of songs tailored to their musical tastes. To create a station, users rated music on a 4-star or 100-point scale. The service used those ratings to create a station of songs based on a users favorite genres, artists, albums. The generated playlist contained a combination of rated and recommended songs, the ratio of rated/recommended songs could be specified by each user, but by default it was 50/50. Users were not required to participate in the system to listen to music. Pre-programmed stations based on theme, genre, or artist were available throughout the Yahoo Music website, Music videos could also be rated, allowing users to create personal music video channels as well. For legal reasons, specific songs could not be played whenever one wished, the service could generate a personal video channel based on a single selection. Users also have the option to turn off explicit lyrics while listening to their customized stations, users could share their personal stations publicly and listen to other users stations. When LAUNCHcast plus was implemented in January 2003, music was available for streaming for free at Low or Medium quality, although in 2007, between tracks, free accounts would hear commercial advertising for the Yahoo service and its partners and affiliates. The advertisements were generally 30 seconds, in 2007 Yahoo added permanent banner ads to the LAUNCHcast player. Because LAUNCHcast was only compatible with Internet Explorer, an alternative was to use the Yahoo Music Engine, the Jukebox was unable to stream music anymore following September 2008, although it remained available for download well into the following year. Limited skipping was available, at up to 5 skips per hour, previously, banning a song skipped the song automatically, but this was removed. If the skips were not used in the hour, they did not roll over. Free accounts were limited to playing up to 1000 songs/mo without any special restrictions, a song could be skipped to bypass an undesired track, but skipped songs counted against the monthly allowance. Like skips, songs did not roll over to the next month and this wont be the case when LAUNCHcast is powered by CBS as it will provide unlimited listening. Free users had access to specific stations labeled free

7.
Internet radio
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Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means, Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations and this has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests that are not adequately served by local radio stations. Internet radio is listened to on a standard home PC or similar device. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a radio receiver have arrived on the market. Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using an audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, Audio data is continuously transmitted serially over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of audio broadcasting. A local tuner simulation program includes all the radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. In 2003, revenue from online streaming radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that rose to US$500 million. A February 21,2007 survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research found that s much as 19% of U. S. consumers 12, in other words, there were some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, an April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008,13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience. As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, in the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share. Currently, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older -- an estimated 124 million people -- said they have listened to radio in the last month. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013, the average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours,56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014

8.
Yahoo! Music
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Music, owned by Yahoo. is the provider of a variety of music services, including Internet radio, music videos, news, artist information, and original programming. Accounts can gain access to hundreds of thousands of songs sorted by artist, album, song, Yahoo Music began as LAUNCH, a website and magazine produced by LAUNCH Media which Yahoo acquired for US$12 million in 2001. LAUNCH was later rebranded as Yahoo Music, then simply Y, lAUNCHs LAUNCHcast Internet radio and music video offerings were integrated into Yahoos site along with artist profiles containing an extensive selection of music and biographical information. Yahoo Music was the number one online music site in terms of audience reach, as of June 2008, Yahoo Musics old website is inactive and redirecting to the new website at new. music. yahoo. co. Sometime in early 2013, Yahoo Music has deleted its entire database of artists, however, music videos continue to be accessible. As of late 2015, all of Yahoo, Musics previous URLs have been redirected to its new URL. Music Radio and LAUNCHcast Plus Internet radio Yahoo, Music Unlimited subscription streaming and download service In 2001, Yahoo purchased LAUNCH Media, makers of the LAUNCHcast Internet radio service. On September 14,2004, Yahoo purchased Musicmatch, Inc. makers of the Musicmatch Jukebox software, as of Musicmatch 10.1, Yahoo has rebranded Musicmatch Jukebox as Yahoo Music Musicmatch Jukebox, and integrated it with the Yahoo Music Engine store. The main difference is the branding and physical program, in 2008, Yahoo announced that Yahoo Music Unlimited will be merged into Rhapsody. This merge was completed with the shutdown of Yahoo Music Unlimited on September 30,2008, in 2011, Yahoo Music became the main CBS Radio player, with AOL Radio switching to Slacker Radio. Yahoo Music provides officially licensed lyrics, local stations are limited to affiliates within iHeartRadios platform. Customization is limited to favorite artist or song, however, it can be built using the Thumbs Up/Down rating tool. No play-on-demand, playback, rewind, or fast-forward, commercial interruptions every hour or half-hour on live stations. A maximum of six skips per hour per customized station, refreshing or reloading the player, as well as changing the station, will use a skip. Banner ads, which cannot be blocked, as of 2012, there is no premium service to remove skip limits or ads. Listeners are limited to Low/Medium audio quality, on pre-programmed stations, listeners are allowed 5 skips an hour. Overall, listeners are allowed so many songs per listening month, local stations are limited to affiliates of CBS Radio. No direct customization, although rating songs influences the songs played, songs cannot be banned entirely, although a one-star rating will have it played very rarely

9.
Live (band)
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Live is an American rock band from York, Pennsylvania, consisting of Ed Kowalczyk, Chad Taylor, Patrick Dahlheimer and Chad Gracey. Kowalczyk left the band in 2009 and was replaced by Chris Shinn, Live achieved worldwide success with their 1994 album, Throwing Copper, which has sold eight million copies in the U. S. The band has sold over 20 million albums worldwide and their last three studio albums fared only moderately well in the U. S. but they continued to enjoy success in The Netherlands, South Africa, Australasia and Brazil. On November 30,2009, Taylor revealed that what had initially been termed a two-year hiatus was more likely the end of the band. An acrimonious split occurred, with Kowalczyk leaving the band, however Live continued with new vocalist Chris Shinn. Kowalczyk rejoined the band in December 2016, Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer and Gracey. Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show and they went through various different names, including Action Front, Body Odor Boys, Paisley Brues and Club Fungus, before settling on Public Affection in January 1987. When the band graduated high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, The Death of a Dictionary. In 1990 they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, the band played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991. In June that year, the changed its name to Live. Gracey gave the band the name Public Affection based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time, under the new name Live, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison and recorded the EP Four Songs. The single Operation Spirit went to nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991s Mental Jewelry. Pat Dalheimer said, So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, I mean, we were still learning how to write songs. Jerry just seemed to know everything. this guys a wizard. Some of the lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. After appearances on the MTV120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock 94 and on Peter Gabriels WOMAD tour, Lives second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success. The album featured the singles I Alone, All Over You, Lightning Crashes also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks. The band appeared on NBCs Saturday Night Live, where they performed I Alone, the success of the singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6,1995, its 52nd week on the chart. It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Macs Fleetwood Mac in 1976 and it is Lives best-selling album, having sold eight million copies in the US alone

10.
Dave Goldberg
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David Bruce Dave Goldberg was an American management consultant and businessman. He was the founder of LAUNCH Media and the CEO of SurveyMonkey and he was married to Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook. Goldberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, on October 2,1967 and grew up in Minneapolis and he interned at the Minneapolis Star Tribune newspaper while in high school. He graduated from Blake School in Minneapolis in 1985, and graduated cum laude from Harvard University in 1989, majoring in history. Goldberg was an enthusiastic Minnesota Vikings fan throughout his life, Goldberg worked for Bain & Company for two years after graduating from college. He had planned to attend law school but instead joined Capitol Records and he founded LAUNCH Media in 1994, and led it through its acquisition by Yahoo Inc. in 2001. He quit Yahoo in 2007 and joined Benchmark Capital and he then joined SurveyMonkey in 2009. In 2004, Goldberg married Sheryl Sandberg, the couple had two children and lived in Menlo Park, California. According to the Nayarit State Prosecutors Office, Goldberg fell off a treadmill while exercising at a gym and died after suffering head trauma, however, autopsy results suggested that Goldberg also suffered a cardiac arrhythmia that contributed to his fall and death. In lieu of donations, we want to celebrate his life in a manner that respects the family’s privacy as they cope with this tragic, life-changing event, tributes to Goldberg were posted to social media across the Silicon Valley community. A spokesperson for Facebook said its executives were heartbroken by this news, mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chief executive, said in a post that Goldberg was an amazing person and I am glad I got to know him. One of the great people on the planet, Dave was of almost unimaginably remarkable character, said Dick Costolo. One of kindest and most generous friends I’ve known, said Jeff Weiner, professional poker player Phil Helmuth, who was a friend, donated his historic 14th World Series of Poker bracelet to Goldbergs family. A memorial service for Goldberg was held at Stanford Memorial Auditorium on the Stanford University campus on May 5,2015, the post got over 800,000 likes, over 300,000 shares, and over 60,000 comments. It was also discussed in Business Insider and the New York Times

11.
Personal computer
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A personal computer is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by a end-user, rather than by an expert or technician. In the 2010s, PCs are typically connected to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web, personal computers may be connected to a local area network, either by a cable or a wireless connection. In the 2010s, a PC may be, a multi-component desktop computer, designed for use in a location a laptop computer, designed for easy portability or a tablet computer. In the 2010s, PCs run using a system, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux. The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel, required hand-loading of a program to load programs from external storage. Before long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal, in the 2010s, users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free software and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run or ready-to-compile form. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the computer market, first with MS-DOS. Alternatives to Microsofts Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry and these include Apples OS X and free open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution. Advanced Micro Devices provides the alternative to Intels processors. PC is an initialism for personal computer, some PCs, including the OLPC XOs, are equipped with x86 or x64 processors but not designed to run Microsoft Windows. PC is used in contrast with Mac, an Apple Macintosh computer and this sense of the word is used in the Get a Mac advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, Im a PC campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since Apples transition to Intel processors starting 2005, all Macintosh computers are now PCs, the “brain” may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far, in the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers. Using the narrow definition of operated by one person, the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 and it did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and it came with a retail price of $47, 000—equivalent to about $414,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a programmable calculator described in advertisements as a desktop computer. It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, the Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov

12.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos

13.
Sony BMG
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Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a record music company, which was a 50–50 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann AG. The ventures successor, the again-active Sony Music Entertainment, is 100% owned by the Sony Corporation of America, Sony BMG Music Entertainment began in Skem as the result of a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment and Bertelsmann Music Group completed on March 4,2004. The merger affected all Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group companies worldwide except for Japan, financial analysts covering the merger anticipated that up to 2,000 jobs would be cut as a result, saving Sony BMG approximately $350 million annually. The companys chief executive officer is Rolf Schmidt-Holtz, who succeeded Andrew Lack on February 10,2006, in the first half of 2005, the companys share of new releases in the United States declined from 33% to 26% according to Nielsen SoundScan. This, and Lacks negotiation of what called a ill-conceived deal with Bruce Springsteen led to Bertelsmann informing Sony that it would not renew Lacks contract. The company signed a content deal with the video sharing community YouTube. On August 5,2008 Sony Corporation agreed to buy Bertelsmann AGs 50 percent stake in the company for $1.2 billion to get full control. The music company was renamed Sony Music Entertainment and became a unit of Sony Corporation of America, epic Records, one of their labels, was specifically cited for using fake contests in order to hide the fact that the gifts were going to disc jockeys rather than listeners. A scandal ensued over digital rights management software produced and shipped by Sony BMG that automatically installed itself on peoples computers, the scandal and attendant controversy about the practice of software auto-installation spawned several lawsuits. Sony BMG eventually recalled all of the affected CDs, uS-CERT advised, Do not install software from sources that you do not expect to contain software, such as an audio CD. In its Top Flops of 05 issue, the enterprise newsweekly eWeek had to create a new category for the Sony BMG root-kit fiasco, peter Coffee, of eWeek Labs reported, The Sony brand name was already in trouble—it lost 16 percent of its value between 2004 and 2005. Now it has taken a blow among tech-product opinion leaders, weve never done it before, and we hope well never have occasion to do it again but, for 2005, eWeek Labs awards a Stupid Tech Trick grand prize to Sony. EWeek Vol.22, No.50 In October 2007, Sony BMG, alongside other large music firms, successfully sued Jammie Thomas. Ms. Thomas – who made US$36,000 a year – was ordered to pay US$222,000 in damages for making 24 songs available for download on the Kazaa file-sharing network. Thomas had allegedly shared 1702 files in total, the court upholding the award called it a case of willful infringement. Sony did not restrict minor childrens participation in its websites, Sony paid a $1 million fine. Sony Commercial Music Group – Official Site Sony Music Entertainment, Incorporated – Company Profile on Yahoo

14.
Arista Records, LLC v. Launch Media, Inc
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The lawsuit concerns the scope of the statutory term “interactive service” codified in 17 U. S. C. §114, as amended by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. ”The parties did not materially dispute how LAUNCHcast worked, LAUNCHcast is now known as Yahoo. §114, by providing a service and therefore willfully infringing sound recording copyrights of BMG from November 1999 to May 2001. The district court charged the jury with determining whether LAUNCHcast was a service within the meaning of 17 U. S. C. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Launch, whether a webcasting service that provides users with individualized internet radio stations in this case is an interactive service within the meaning of 17 U. S. C. On March 17,2009, BMG appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, arguing that LAUNCHcast is an interactive service as a matter of law. On August 21,2009, the Court of Appeal confirmed the lower court decision, ruling that the service was not an interactive service as a matter of law. ”Since the LAUNCHcast users cannot request a particular song on demand. The primary argument at stake is whether LAUNCHcast enables the user to receive a transmission of a specially created for the user. “In short, to the degree that LAUNCHcasts playlists are created for each user. Indeed, the nature of the playlist helps Launch ensure that it does not provide a service so specially created for the user that the user ceases to purchase music. ”Therefore. Socy of Composers,663 F. Supp, sony BMG Music Entertainment v. Tenenbaum, No. Arista Records Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC Text of Arista Records, LLC v. Launch Media, Inc. is available from, CourtListener Findlaw Justia

15.
CNET
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CNET is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the brand of CNET Networks. In addition CNET currently has region-specific and language-specific editions and these include the United Kingdom, Australia, China, Japan, French, German, Korean and Spanish. CNET TV was composed of CNET Central, The Web, CNET Central was created first and aired in syndication in the United States on the USA Network. Later, it began airing on USAs sister network Sci-Fi Channel along with The Web and these were later followed by TV. com in 1996. Current American Idol host Ryan Seacrest first came to prominence at CNET, as the host of The New Edge. In addition, CNET produced another television technology news program called News. com that aired on CNBC beginning in 1999, from 2001 to 2003, CNET operated CNET Radio on the Clear Channel-owned KNEW in the San Francisco Bay Area, WBPS in Boston and on XM Satellite Radio. After failing to attract a sufficient audience, CNET Radio ceased operating in January 2003 due to financial losses, as CNET Networks, the site made various acquisitions to expand its reach across various web platforms, regions, and markets. In July 1999, CNET acquired the Swiss-based company GDT, GDT was later renamed to CNET Channel. In 1998, CNET granted the right to Asiacontent to set up CNET Asia, in January 2000, the same time CNET became CNET Networks, they acquired comparison shopping site mySimon for $736 million. In October 2000, CNET Networks acquired ZDNet for approximately $1.6 billion, in April 2001, CNET acquired TechRepublic Inc. which provides content for IT professionals from Gartner, Inc. for $23 million in cash and stock. On July 14,2004, CNET announced that it would acquire Webshots, in October 2007, they sold Webshots to American Greetings for $45 million. In December 2006, James Kim, an editor at CNET, CNET hosted a memorial show and podcasts dedicated to him. On March 1,2007, CNET announced the launch of BNET. BNET had been running under beta status since 2005, on May 15,2008 it was announced that CBS Corporation would buy CNET Networks for US$1.8 billion. On June 30,2008, the acquisition was completed, former CNET properties are now part of CBS Interactive. On September 19,2013 CBS Interactive launched a Spanish language sister site under the name CNET en Español and it focuses on topics of relevance primarily to Spanish-speaking technology enthusiasts. The site offered a new perspective on technology and is under the leadership of managing editor Gabriel Sama, in March 2014, CNET refreshed its site by merging with CNET UK and vowing to merge all editions of the agency into a unified agency

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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

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Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste