(1) Includes 60 members elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, with men and women being listed alternately
on every list; 16 traditional chiefs are elected by the provincial assemblies of chiefs; 2 seats are reserved for the president
and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs; and 2 seats are reserved for representatives of people with disabilities.(2) Includes 210 directly elected seats and, for the first two assemblies elected after the promulgation of the 2013 constitution,
60 indirectly elected seats reserved for women.(3) Following the resignation of Pres. Robert Mugabe on November 21, 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa was sworn in as interim president
on November 24.(4) There are 16 official languages: Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Khoisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangaan (Shangani), Shona,
sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa.(5) The use of the Zimbabwe dollar (Z$) as legal currency was suspended indefinitely on April 12, 2009, because of long-term hyperinflation.(6) Multiple foreign currencies (including the U.S. dollar and South African rand) became legal tender in January 2009.

Zimbabwe is a country in southern Africa. The British once ruled the land and called it Southern Rhodesia. A white government later called it just Rhodesia. Zimbabwe gained independence under a black government in 1980. The capital is Harare.

Zimbabwe shares borders with Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Botswana. The country has a mild climate with dry and rainy seasons.

Zimbabwe lies on a plateau, or area of raised land. A ridge called the Highveld stretches from southwest to northeast. The Inyanga Mountains form Zimbabwe’s eastern border. A line of hills, called the Great Dyke, runs from north to south through the middle of the country.

The Zambezi River forms Zimbabwe’s border with Zambia. This river contains Victoria Falls, a huge waterfall. A major dam on the river created Lake Kariba.

Almost all of Zimbabwe’s population is African. The main African groups are the Shona and the Ndebele. Europeans make up a tiny part of the population. English is the language of government, but the Shona and Ndebele languages are more commonly spoken. About half of the people follow Christianity. Many people also follow traditional African beliefs. Most people live in rural areas.

Zimbabwe’s economy depends on agriculture. The most important crop is tobacco, which Zimbabwe sells to other countries. Other major crops include cotton, corn, and sugarcane. Farmers also raise cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs.

Mining is also important to the economy. Zimbabwe mines gold, nickel, coal, and other minerals in the hills of the Great Dyke. Zimbabwe’s industries make food products, metals, clothing, chemicals, and wood products.

Some of the earliest people in the region were the San, or Bushmen. Bantu-speaking peoples came from the north between the ad 400s and 900s.

Great Zimbabwe

The Bantu speakers built a city of stone in the southeast. It was the center of a rich trading empire from about 1100 to about 1500. The stone ruins at the site are called Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a Bantu word meaning “stone houses.”

Rhodesia

During the 1800s whites from South Africa and other Europeans settled on the land. By 1897 the British South Africa Company controlled the region. The British called the land Southern Rhodesia.

In 1923 Southern Rhodesia became a British colony. A small group of white people held all the power in the colony. In 1953 Southern Rhodesia joined with Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) to form the Central African Federation. The federation broke up in 1963. Southern Rhodesia went back to being a colony. In 1964 the colony was renamed Rhodesia.

Independence

In 1965 Rhodesia’s white government tried to declare independence from Great Britain. Black leaders in Rhodesia soon formed groups that attacked the white government. After years of fighting, the government allowed blacks to vote in elections in 1979.

Black leaders won more elections in 1980. Rhodesia became the independent country of Zimbabwe. One of the black leaders, Robert Mugabe, became Zimbabwe’s first prime minister. Mugabe became president in 1987. He held power for more than 35 years. In 2000 his government began taking land away from white farmers. Some of the people who took over the land did not know how to raise crops. The country experienced a shortage of food. It also faced economic problems. Many people protested against the government, but Mugabe refused to step down. In November 2017 the military took control of the country and placed Mugabe under arrest. Mugabe resigned on November 21.

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