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Year-round operation of biorefineries can be possible only if the continuous flow of cellulosic biomass is guaranteed. If corn (Zea mays) stover is the primary cellulosic biomass, it is essential to recognize that this feedstock has a short annual harvest window (≤1–2 months) and therefore cost effective storage techniques that preserve feedstock quality… (More)

Large scale biofuel production will be possible only if significant quantities of biomass feedstock can be stored, transported, and processed in an economic and sustainable manner. Torrefaction has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of transportation, storage, and downstream processing through the improvement of physical and chemical… (More)

The conformations of cyclooctadecane, cyclononadecane, and cycloicosane were generated by a stochastic program that works in conjunction with MM2. The shapes of the rings are analyzed in terms of previous work by Dale and others, and in terms of distributions of energies, torsion angle distributions, and torsion angle sequences. A new shape element called… (More)