Sunday, February 17, 2013

Quetta’s Enduring Savagery: Ethnic Cleansing or Sectarian Violence?

Hazaras in Quetta protesting by refusing to bury their dead

Guest contributor, Farah Jan, a doctoral candidate in the Dept. of Political Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, has written extensively on Pakistani politics and is currently conducting research on Chinese-Pakistani relations.

Since the
start of 2013, more than 300 people have been killed in different attacks in
Quetta – the provincial capital of Baluchistan, Pakistan’s largest province. The targets of these attacks have been Pakistan’s Shiite
Hazara minority.

The 2013 cycle
of violence was set in motion by the January 10th twin suicide
blasts that left 117 dead with over 200 injured. The detonation
of an improvised explosive device on February 16th, led to 84 dead and more than 200 injured. Besides
these major bomb blasts, the Hazaras have been targeted almost on a daily basis, leaving their neighborhoods and mosques vulnerable to ongoing violent attacks.

After the
January 10th attack, the embattled Hazara community was forced
to protest in the most unorthodox manner when they refused to bury the victims
of the January 10 massacre. Members of the Shia community staged a three-day sit-in on the
very street where the attack took place and demanded the imposition of military
rule for their protection and sacking of the democratically elected but ineffectual provincial government. The protest ended with a mass burial of the victims
after the imposition of the Baluchistan's governor`s orders.

Following the February attacks, once again,
in subzero conditions, the Hazaras have refused to bury their dead and staged
a protest on the streets with 84 dead bodies. The President of the
Baluchistan Shia Conference, Syed Dawood Agha, stated that this time “until our demands are
met, we will continue our protest.”

The Hazara
are demanding that the army conduct an operation against the terrorists that
carry out such acts. The continued attacks on the Hazaras raise two issues- either the government of Pakistan
and its armed forces are incompetent, or they are complicit with these
organizations that are mercilessly killing an ethnic group based on its
religious identity.

Quetta is
home to an estimated 2.5 million people, of which 600,000 are
Hazaras, who emigrated from Afghanistan to Quetta about 120 years ago in order to avoid harsh
repression by the Afghan ruler Abdur Rahman. About a century or shall I say five
generations later, the same fate has followed the Hazaras in Pakistan, where
they sought refuge from persecution on the basis of their distinct Mongolian
features and Shia identity.

An elderly man protesting with the body of his grandson who died in the February 16th attacks

The
similarities between the 19th and 21st centuries are uncanny. We can trace the attacks on the Hazaras back to the 19th Century,
when Afghanistan's ruler declared a jihad against the Hazara Shias for the
same reasons, their distinct features and Shia identity. Analogously, in today’s
Pakistan, the Taliban backed Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)has spearheaded
this anti-Shia crusade, as a counter movement to the 1979 Islamic revolution
in Iran.

The question that needs to be asked is how should we characterize the situation in Quetta? Is it sectarian violence or ethnic
cleansing? To call it sectarian violence would be an injustice to those who
were savagely killed, to those who are forced to leave their homes, and of course to those
who have endlessly suffered because of their distinguishing features and
religious identity.

The reason the anti-Hazara violence should not be called sectarian is that that would indicate symmetrical
levels of confrontation between two or more ideological groups. In Quetta, the Hazaras (Shia minority) are targeted by the LeJ(a Sunni group) and the victims are either too weak or
unable to confront the opposing group. Thus violence unleashed in this
situation is asymmetrical and seeks to carry out a systematic elimination of Hazara
men, women and children.

The plight
of Hazaras reminds us of the Serbian led Croatian ethnic cleansing. The
UN resolution GA 47/121 refers to ethnic cleansing as a form of genocide; it is
characterized as genocide when a group of people intends to “destroy, in whole
or in part” another group of people by force. The purpose of ethnic cleansing
is to remove the targeted ethnic community by hostile measures. The LeJ’s
sole tactic is killing (accompanied by large scale bloodshed) and the forced
expulsion of the Hazara community from Quetta.

Ethnic
cleansing is a crime under international law – it is a crime against humanity
under the statutes of International Criminal Court (ICC). In the case of
Pakistan, we see a cold-hearted and detached response by the federal
government. Who then should be held accountable for these ruthless killings?

Should the
terrorist organization Lashkar-e-Jhangvi– which brazenly takes full
responsibility of each bomb blast targeting the Hazaras and all Shia, be held responsible. Or
should the blame rest with the state, which is ruled by the
Pakistan Peoples Party government of President Asif Ali Zardari, who despite multiple
requests by the Hazara community for protection has failed to ensure their
security. Or should we hold the Army Chief of Staff, Gen. Ashfaq Pervez Kiyani, who by oath is
responsible for the protection of ALL Pakistani citizens and has failed to
defend them from the enemy within, and from external enemies as well?

The silent ethnic cleansing that the Hazaras have endured over a
span of many years needs to stop. The Hazaras are as much Pakistanis as the
Punjabis; Pashtuns, Baluchs or Sindhis. Those responsible for the security of
Pakistan and its citizens cannot continue to ignore these daily atrocities. Someone needs to be held responsible and punished. Fir its part, the international community cannot remain a silent spectator to these massive human rights violations – in the end the price paid by the Hazaras and indeed Pakistan is too heavy to pay!

About Me

Eric Davis is Executive Director, MA Program in Political Science - Concentration in United Nations and Global Policy Studies, Professor of Political Science and the former director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. He is author of CHALLENGING COLONIALISM: BANK MISR AND EGYPTIAN INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1920-1941 (Princeton University Press, 1983; Institute for Arab Development, Beirut, 1986, and Dar al-Sharook, Cairo, 2009); STATECRAFT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: OIL, HISTORICAL MEMORY AND POPULAR CULTURE (University Presses of Florida, 1993); MEMORIES OF STATE: POLITICS, HISTORY AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN MODERN IRAQ (University of California Press, 2005; Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 2008; and the forthcoming, TAKING DEMOCRACY SERIOUSLY IN IRAQ (Cambridge University Press). Currently, he is writing a book on the Islamic State and the changing modalities of terrorism in the Middle East. He can be contacted at davis@polisci.rutgers.edu and @NewMidEast