A network of GPS stations across southern Greenland has detected that the area lost 100 billion tons of ice due to an unusually warm summer in 2010, researchers report. What's more, removing that much weight has raised parts of the bedrock by a quarter inch more than in recent years.

Greenland's ice sheet has been seeing a steady melt during the summer months, and those GPS stations in years prior to 2010 typically detected an uplift of 0.59 inches.

"But a temperature spike in 2010 lifted the bedrock a detectably higher amount over a short five-month period -- as high as 20 mm (0.79 inches) in some locations," Ohio State University said in explaining the research by Michael Bevis, one of its geologists, and others that are part of the POLENET research network.

Bevis described the findings at a conference of the American Geophysical Union, saying he's convinced that the uplift is due to the ice loss.

"Really, there is no other explanation. The uplift anomaly correlates with maps of the 2010 melting day anomaly. In locations where there were many extra days of melting in 2010, the uplift anomaly is highest."

He added that the findings also have implications for sea levels.

"Pulses of extra melting and uplift imply that we'll experience pulses of extra sea level rise. The process is not really a steady process," he said.
Experts had earlier estimated that Greenland between 1961 and 2003 saw years that ranged from 25 billion tons of new ice to years where 60 billion tons were lost. Years since then have seen even higher shrinkage.

The PBS Nova program Extreme Ice explains where the water comes from...Massive Lake Found Under Greenland IceDecember 23, 2013 ~ A massive lake has been found under the ice in Greenland. The 43,500 square kilometer body of water could have major implications for understanding sea level rise.

Researchers at the University of Utah say the lake, known as a perennial firn aquifer, remains liquid year-round despite the otherwise perpetually frozen landscape. Large amounts of snow fall on the surface late in the summer and quickly insulates the water from the subfreezing air temperatures above, allowing the water to persist all year long, said Rick Forster, lead author and professor of geography at the University of Utah.

The Greenland Ice Sheet is vast, covering roughly the same area as the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah combined. The average thickness of the ice is 5,000 feet. In 2012, the ice sheet lost volume of 60 cubic miles  a record for melt and runoff. Of the current sea level rise, the Greenland Ice Sheet is the largest contributor  and it is melting at record levels, said Forster. So understanding the aquifers capacity to store water from year to year is important because it fills a major gap in the overall equation of meltwater runoff and sea levels. Since 2010, Forsters team has measured snow accumulation Greenland and how it varies from year to year. The area they study covers 14 percent of southeast Greenland yet receives 32 percent of the entire ice sheets snowfall, but there has been little data gathered.

Water from the Greenland perennial firn aquifer draining from a core extracted 12 m below the surface of the ice sheet. The core was drilled in April, months prior to seasonal melt, with air temperatures -15 C confirming the water was retained at depth.

In 2010, the team drilled core samples in three locations on the ice for analysis. Team members returned in 2011 to approximately the same area, but at lower elevation. Of the four core samples taken then, two came to the surface with liquid water pouring off the drill while the air temperatures were minus 20 degrees centigrade. The water was found at about 10 meters below the surface at the first hole and at 25 meters in the second hole. This discovery was a surprise, Forster says. Although water discharge from streams in winter had been previously reported, and snow temperature data implied small amounts of water, no one had yet reported observing water in the firn that had persisted through the winter.

The consequences of losing the Greenland Ice Sheet could be catastrophic. If all the water retained in the ice sheet melted, it is estimated that the global sea level would rise about 6 meters, says Forster. Although no one is predicting a total meltoff all at once, keeping an eye on ice formation, runoff amounts and how the water is moving is critical to accurately predicting sea level changes. Until now, calculations of the ice sheet mass changes did not include a year-round storage mechanism for liquid water.

Forster says the reservoirs exact role is unknown. It might conserve meltwater flow and thus help slow down the effects of climate change. But it may also have the opposite effect, providing lubrication to moving glaciers and exacerbating ice velocity and calving increasing the mass of ice loss to the global ocean. As for whether climate change caused the aquifer to form, Forster says thats not clear, but simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet going back to the early 1970s would suggest it has been around for some time. The study was published online Sunday, Dec. 22, in the journal Nature Geoscience.

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