Essays on Banking Concept

...BANKING CONCEPT OF EDUCATION Freire’s banking concept opened my eyes to new things that I never understood before. The banking concept that made students as containers was something familiar to me. In Saudi Arabia this was the teaching methods widely used. Even though I never realized it, I knew there was something wrong with the way we were getting information. Mastering the science of memory has become part and parcel of student’s learning processes in recent times. The ability to recall facts from their classroom makes the differences between success and failure in most schools....

...Banking concept of education Introduction In philosophy, Paulo Freire makes hypocritical arguments in his ‘The Banking Concept of Education’, that perceive education as a banking system. It is natural for students to master the science of memory in which their abilities to recall the facts that they were taught in class will depend on their abilities to memorize thus, be a great way for their success (Sebeki 25). Like any other student in college, I have also faced the scenario in which I had to apply the arguments of Paulo Freire especially in relation to an event that occurred in during a class session I...

...banking concept of education” a constant trouble for any educator. The “banking concept of education” is a very traditional understanding of education where there is a big difference between the role of the teacher and the role of the student. The educator does, in this concept, work as a “depositer” whose role is to deposit information, narratives, and a lot of other things into the students, who function as “banks” for the depositing (Mills et. al. 315). Whichever student “banks” the best, by memorizing the material given to him or her by the teacher, by being able to “return” the information to the depositer closest to the way it was inputed, wins, is the best... ? One of the most biggest problems...

...banking concept of education” a constant trouble for any educator.
The “banking concept of education” is a very traditional understanding of education where there is a big difference between the role of the teacher and the role of the student. The educator does, in this concept, work as a “depositer” whose role is to deposit information, narratives, and a lot of other things into the students, who function as “banks” for the depositing (Mills et. al. 315). Whichever student “banks” the best, by memorizing the material given to him or her by the teacher, by being able to “return” the information to the depositer closest to the way it was inputed, wins... One of the most biggest problems about...

...Banking Concept There is an old saying in China: “travelling thousands of miles is better than reading ten thousand books,” which has the same conclusion from a different angle with an American saying: “practices are more important than theories.” According to both of the phrases, one may learn knowledge better from practicing and experiencing it rather than just learning and reading it in books etc. I don’t think knowledge is something people can learn directly from books or teachers’ lessons because it cannot be learnt without understanding. But I do believe that people may gain knowledge from their daily life... Insert His/her Insert Insert Grade Insert Here (Day, Month, Year) The Harm of the Banking ...

...Banking Concept The banking approach of education restricts the creativity of both teachers and The limitation is imposed on the teacher by the society and educational institution who do not wish to deviate from the traditional methods of standard educational systems. Thus the duty of a teacher is restricted to the curriculum. This concept is revived and renewed by the teacher in the movie Dead Poets Society where children are asked to perform unusual tasks so that they could think from a novel and wider perspective. Keating, the teacher at Welton Academy asks his students to stand on their desk to test this new idea. The headmaster however comments that discipline... and tradition are the...

...Banking Concept of Education: Analyzing the Banking versus the Problem Posing Approaches in Education Introduction The banking and the problem posing methods of education are two divergent approaches applicable in learning institutions. This essay is in support of the problem posing method because of its interactive approach and involvement of the student in the learning process. The banking method is described by Paulo Freire as being oppressive through the perception of students as empty vessels into whom knowledge is deposited by teachers. The banking method of education is therefore ineffective in providing knowledge as compared to the problem posing method.
Paulo Freire explains two... The Banking ...

...Banking Method in a Pre-school Art When I was in Pre-school, my teacher asked us to draw a landscape of our own choosing. The teacher's words were encouraging as she told us that we should be expressive in using colors. Slowly, I drew the fields with sheep and created a backdrop with mountains and sky. The sky had clouds in it which I decided to color grey since I thought of cold days. When the teacher was looking around, she commented that I should color my clouds blue. A sense of revolt came up to me and I spewed " clouds aren't blue, they're grey or white ". Nevertheless, the teacher suggested that I should change my color lest my artwork would not be chosen for...

...banking concept of education" by Paulo Freire According to Paulo Freire, the modern form of education that involves the student giving a listening ear to their teachers may not after all be the most effective form of education. In real sense, the author calls it the ‘banking concept of education’ whereby the teacher plays an active role while the students are merely passive in the learning process. This leads to a situation whereby the teacher is in control of everything including the knowledge that they are dispensing to their students. This only means that the students are empty vessels that need to be continuously filled with knowledge without them actually participating... Feedback from "the banking ...

...Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education Table of Contents Choice of Text 3 ment of Problem 3 Thesis 3 Supporting Text 3 Building the Account with the Supporting Text 5
References 6
Choice of Text
My chosen text is Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education by Paulo Freire (68-74).
Statement of Problem
Does the current educational system based on what Freire calls the banking concept true to the nature of man and to the nature of man as a being capable of far more than what Freire sees as the narrow and confining view of education as it is practiced under the banking concept? (Freire 68-74)
Thesis
The banking model of education, where the students are deprived of opportunities... Freire-...

...Banking Concept of Education", he likened the system of education to that of the banking system, wherein the teacher is the depositor and the students are merely "receiving, filing, and storing the deposits". Freire explains that this narrative form of education turns students into mere receptacles that are filled with information-information that is memorized, instead of processed into reality.
This form of narrative or banking education then becomes a system of oppression wherein the teacher holds all authority, and the student is the oppressed being that is considered to be iliterate and ignorant who need to ba taught, managed, and molded. This strips the students... In Paulo Freire's essay "The...

...banking industry of India. The banking industry of India has a long history and with better use of IT, the industry has been able to come up with different innovations and services that have helped consumers of Indian banking industry. The research study analyses the evolution and how the industry has improved and changed because of IT. BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT: The banking industry of India has a long history. The introduction of the banking concept is attributed to the medieval Florence in the year 1937. Medici, a powerful and renowned merchant family, introduced networking system in shops through which people can easily deposit and withdraw their money from different... ?INTRODUCTION: IT has...

...banking industry is that a works council covers 97 percent of companies that have more than 50 workers.
Markets will have to go through a period of reformation to consider the facts of the impact of recession. Bank liquidity is currently known as being a lot more significant within the banking concept than in the previous years, when banks gave unsatisfactory attention to the need to expand financing sources. Market participants should become responsive to the changing wave within the banking industry as well as adjust their policy and approach consequently. A need for stronger guideline... ﻿Banking Industry in Recession
The international financial crisis initiated in the United States’ mortgage market an...

...Banking Internet Banking This paper will analyze the concept of E-banking. More specifically, it will try to provide answers to the following questions in relation to E-banking. What is E-banking? What are the advantages and Disadvantages of E-banking? How are people accepting and using E–banking? How are banks benefiting from E-banking? , and lastly, what is the future of-banking? Thus, this paper will review the ideas of various sources to elaborate on the subjects of the topics of study. Definition of Internet Banking Internet banking is another concept of web based banking. The deployment of whole sale or retail banking services can also be referred to as E-banking. It involves... ? Internet Banking...

...Banking: Foreign Trade Introduction Money and banking services constitute some of the inevitable elements of the modern life. Unlike olden days where the scope of money was limited to buying goods/services and paying debtors, today money is deployed as a tradable commodity to make further profits. Similarly, modern people largely depend on banking services including but not limited to check settlement, money transfer, online purchases, and payment of bills and subscriptions. With the emergence of globalization, countries worldwide liberalized their cross border trade laws which in turn promoted the concept of foreign trade. Today, foreign trade accounts for a noticeable percent of GDP... ? Money &...

...bank. It also increases moral hazard also known as risk taking. Since they provide liquidity assistance they help curb the insolvency problem. The lender of the last resort therefore, eases smooth bank runs through recapitalizing the insolvent banks. This helps the financial institutions to enhance their consumer protection. In conclusion, both depository insurance and lender of the last resort have the one thing in common in that they tend to protect various financial institutions from insolvency challenges leading to efficient and effective bank runs. Essay Two An economic theory is a concept or an idea put forward to explain various economic aspects that exist... ? Running Head: Banking Economics...

...banking industry initiated joint bargaining against an average of 84 percent within other industries. Another consideration within the banking industry is that a works council covers 97 percent of companies that have more than 50 workers.
Markets will have to go through a period of reformation to consider the facts of the impact of recession. Bank liquidity is currently known as being a lot more significant within the banking concept than in the previous years, when banks gave unsatisfactory attention to the need to expand financing sources. Market participants should become responsive to the changing wave within the banking industry... Running Head: Banking Industry in Recession Banking Industry in...

...banking system prohibits the fixed payment interest on loaned money and it also shuns the investment in the business that cater goods and services that are considered unlawful in Islam. Today more than 200 Islamic financial institutions exist around the world (Iqbal and Llewellyn, 2002). Ahmad El Najjar pioneered the first Islamic bank that came into existence in Egypt, in 1963. Thus, when 1976 ended, there were nine banks in the country that were established on the same concept; however, previously in 1974 the Organization of Islamic Countries had established a bank called... ? Islamic Banking Executive Summary Following is a report that entails the origins and the development of Islamic banking over...

...Banking Concept of Education Introduction The philosophy of banking in education by Freire is an important aspect of teaching and learning in a classroom situation. However, I find the philosophy of “problem-posing” to be more significant when attracting the attention of students and maintaining their concentration ability in class. When Freire compares the two philosophies, it takes me back to my final year in high school, where my teacher liked to engage the students in her teaching. Problem-posing is critical because it encourages critical thinking, while the conversations between the teacher and the students establish the share of...

...banking system does not create a financial crisis, or a systematic risk (Quagliariello, 33). Furthermore, this type of a banking system eliminates the need of creating a central bank that can act as a regulatory banking organization. However, just like the fractional banking system, this system does not eliminate lending. However, it is able to create a long term view, of this concept of lending. Under the 100% reserve banking system, banking and investing are two different concepts (Quagliariello, 33). Banking does not have any risk, and does not have any gain, while investing, has some elements of risks, and gains.
In conclusion, the major different between... Banking System: The banking industry...

...banking practice, interest holds the value of price of credit that encompasses the opportunity cost of money. Emergence of Islamic Banking The foundations of Islamic banking were laid more than 1400 years ago by the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). “Literature on the model of banking based on profit-loss sharing first emerged in the late forties and fifties and more developed and detailed writings on the concept of interest free Islamic banking were published in the sixties and seventies” (El-Ghattis 3). The true development phase of the institutions of Islamic banking was the 1980s. Initiatives taken before that were inclined more towards the free... ?Islamic banking in the GCC in the Next ten Years...

...banks have decided on pre-fixed operational limits for better functioning of their risk assessment machinery. The management of information systems can be explored by insurance policies. Another concept discussed is reinsurance in the form of owning captive subsidiaries to offset any undesirable changes in business cycle.
Policies and procedures
The policies and procedures followed by banks, to a greater extent, can affect their real chances of implementing security measures in money transactions. It is important to devote sufficient time, energy and money to revamp... Analysing operational risk failure of Barings bank...

...banking services that are interest-free. However, the preface of Islamic banking is relatively new and as expected not all Muslims and non-Muslims fully understood the functions and concept of Islamic banking. The same scenario is happening in major Islamic countries even though majority of their population are Muslims. This is due to the fact that people are not fully aware on the ethical and moral concept of Islamic banking compared to conventional banking. It is a sad reality that despite of the myriad studies on how Islamic banking exceeded conventional banking, the financial system of many countries are still in favor with its counterparts... ?Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………2...

...concepts; the banking and inquiry based concepts. In the banking based concept, teachers normally do most of the work instead of the students who are the ones learning. This is because the teacher usually gives the class all information to the extent that the only thing that students do is “…receiving, filing and storing the deposits…(Freire 1)” The other concept of education is inquiry based whereby unlike banking based, the students do more than what the teacher does. It this concept, the teacher’s role is only to guide the students in the right path of tackling problems. By embracing the inquiry-based... Education Experiences Analysis Introduction According to Freire there are two types of education...

...banking” model of learning (Seymour, 26). From birth Ms. Celie was a bank for individuals to deposit their values and knowledge into. Pa, her stepfather, raped her. This taught her that women were sex objects. Mr. Johnson, a man she was forced to marry, worked her like a servant, cheated on her, and mentally/physically abused her. This taught Ms. Celie that she should be obedient and pliable. This was reinforced when Mr. Johnson separated Ms. Celie and her sister, Nellie. All of Ms. Celie’s hardships forced her to learn others’ values and beliefs. Ms. Celie’s bank was filled with a poor self image. The banking concept did... Ms. Celie from The Color Purple is the prime example of Frieire’s...

...banking sector and what are its pitfalls or benefits. It will also discuss the type of relationship that banks have with customers and what marketing activities it performs to establish and maintain such relationships.
Banks have adopted the concepts of marketing in the highly competitive market as the consumers have become highly literate and empowered. Customers are increasingly using technology for using banking services, and hence the bank-customer relationship have become of great importance. To stimulate the improvement in the quality of service from the banks, deregulation brought in a range of suppliers in the financial services... As banking regulations loosen up across the globe, universal...

...Banking education refers to a term that was developed by Paulo Freire, for purposes of criticizing and describing the traditional concept of education. The name is a metaphorical concept, and it is used to identify students as empty containers, and it is therefore the duty of educators to deposit knowledge into the minds of these students. This results to the inability of students to think, and acquire or own knowledge that emanates from the learning process. The result of this situation is oppression (Kobeleva and Luke, 13). Banking education is an offshoot of the traditional style or forms of education. It views education as a specific set of knowledge... or facts (Kobeleva and Luke, 22)....

...banking and wealth management industry'. Discuss Economic development is a term that has been defined by many professionals in different ways to mean different things to different people. Many economic development professionals have defined economic development in terms that on a broad scale shows us that anything that a community or a government does to foster and enhance a health economy can fall under economic development. Economic development involves the improvement in the standards of living also referred to as economic wealth of a certain city, country or region to create a better habitat for its citizens. It involves... College Economic development is the key driver of the global private banking ...

...Banking Concept of Education” by Paolo Freire 1. Define the 'banking concept of education' in your own words. The ‘banking concept of education’ is one where the teacher is the authority and the students are mere followers. In this system, the teacher fills the students mind with all the contents and lessons, and the students are merely expected to reiterate the information provided by the former “word to word” in the class, during tests, quizzes and everything that needs an answer. 2. Describe the student-teacher relationship found in the banking style of education. According... ? "I Just Wanna Be Average" by Mike Rose Explain the importance of the of this article. This line ‘I just wanna be average’...

...bank is strength, which makes it possible to analyze the bank’s current position in the market and make management decisions in a quick way.
The biggest weakness in the bank regards the vulnerability posed by the lack of knowledge on other products in the market, and especially by competing products. In this regard, it is evident that Sultan does not know the principles and concepts of Islamic Banking, which is a major weakness since the bank is losing customers to other banks that offered products based on these concepts and principles.
ABB’s major opportunity for development and growth lies within the bank’s niche market amongst the local community. With proper restructuring... Al Bateen Bank (ABB)...

...Banking: Islamic banking has been defined as banking in consonance with the ethos and value system of Islam and governed, in addition to the good governance and risk management rules, by the principles laid down by Islamic Shariah. Interest free banking is a narrow concept denoting a number of banking instruments or operations, which avoid interest.
Conventional Banking: The banking system deal with interest and do not follow the rules of shariah is known as Conventional... Research Paper on "Islamic Banking in Bangladesh An way to the light". Executive Summary The prime objective of this report is tofind out the overall situation, performance of Islamic (shariah based) Banking in the banking Industry...

...banks but a competition between a bank and an insurance company. Opportunities in the financial markets are contracting and simultaneously, diversifying.
Problems caused by Differing Objectives of Customers and Retail and Investment Banks
Customer allegiance is a formless concept for many retail bankers and the reason for so many bankers to combat against the development, deployment, and measurement of customer faithfulness programmes is that there exists very little agreement amongst the customers and bankers with regards to the behaviours constituting to loyalty and encouragement... Financial Services...

...banking regulation appear complex and confusing, but in the real sense, with understanding of the objectives, it brings out a clear understanding of the intended application and projected achievements. 1.3 Main objectives of bank regulation Prudential: involves reducing the level of risk exposure to the bank creditors considerably. Therefore, the regulation aims at protecting the depositors. The concept of prudence... ?INTERNATIONAL BANKING-LAW AND PRACTICE Task Questions Regulation of Banks 2. Security for secured syndicated loans in an international context NAME OF STUDENT STUDENT NUMBER LAW M591 INSTRUCTOR’S NAME 22ND DECEMBER 2011. Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 1.0REGULATION OF BANKS 2 1.1...

...Banking and Finance Islamic Banking and Finance s Islamic Banking and Finance
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Socio-economic justice in the eyes of Islam depends on the abolishment from the economic area of interest and similar kinds of aspects that exploit people. Through the Islamic financial system there is a facilitation of services such as lending, borrowing and investing on a risk-sharing basis. Through this the market forces are able to get a conclusion of what the yield of the capital would be instead of getting it fixed "in priori as an "interest rate" to sabotage the free market mechanism and encourage speculative use and hoarding of capital" (Khan & Bhatti, 2008: 1... Running head: Islamic Banking...

...concept of perceived security may be useful to capture the user's subjective perception of the security risks involved in e-banking. Several studies including Jih et al. (2005) indicate that user adoption of e-banking is affected by perceived security. This supports a view of security as crucial to the overall usability of e-banking systems.
Whitten and Tygar (1999) suggest the following definition, against which we measure the e-banking systems evaluated in this study: Security-related software is usable if the people who are expected to use it -
1 1. are reliably made aware of the security tasks they need to perform;
2 2. are able to figure out how... Questionnaire The existing literature does not...

...Banking; it is called the Islamic Banking as the principles are based on the Holy Book of Muslims, the Quran. In fact, its principles are based on morality, equity and justice for all. Thus Islamic banking is no longer viewed just as a Utopian concept of hardcore Muslim thought, but as the new age ethical banking alternative. This paper aims to explore the usefulness of the Islamic Banking in current credit crunch. It would help many of us realizing that the Islamic Banking is not just for the followers of Islam, but it is a complete set of rules and principles, which not only solves consumer’s needs but it also helps banks improving their stability in today’s credit... THE Importance of islamic banking] ...

...banking, virtual banking, internet banking, mobile banking, online pay bill, mobile commerce, social media payments, credit cards and debit cards are some of the examples of how technology is changing the banking industry (Kendrick 2011). This paper will discuss the evolution of information technology in the banking industry with emphasis on internet banking, growth of e-commerce and virtual banking and new delivery channels such as PC banking, mobile banking and TV banking.
Discussion
The most important concept is the internet. In early years of internet, banks normally used the internet... IT evolution in Global Banking Insert Insert Grade Insert Insert Introduction Developments in information...

...banking, virtual banking, internet banking, mobile banking, online pay bill, mobile commerce, social media payments, credit cards and debit cards are some of the examples of how technology is changing the banking industry (Kendrick 2011). This paper will discuss the evolution of information technology in the banking industry with emphasis on internet banking, growth of e-commerce and virtual banking and new delivery channels such as PC banking, mobile banking and TV banking.
Discussion
The most important concept is the internet. In early years of internet, banks normally used the internet for internal purposes... ﻿IT Evolution in Global Banking
Introduction
Developments in information technology have bro...

...bank funding liquidities and market liquidities based on datasets Seamless relationships between bank funding liquidity and the market liquidity exist. As discussed in the above question, funding liquidity (which is the availability of sufficient cash in the capital deposit of a banking institution), influences the value of Market liquidity and (on the other hand) means that a trade institution is easily able to trade in the market (Pedersen, 2008, p. 13). The whole concept can therefore be perceived that in an instance of funding liquidity risks, when any bank cannot fund its... ? International Banking Lecturer: Introduction The 2008 economic and financial recession sent the world’s economy into...

...banking industry is one of the most benefitted industries which have applied the internet system in their mode of operation. The concept of e-banking came into prominence with the turn of the century and with the consistent spread of globalisation. The Information and Communication Technology has also developed over the years at a similar speed and have added to the effectiveness of the process. According to the observations of Ramya et al., (2013) with the introduction of e-banking, it has increased the effectiveness of the banks and other financial... Satisfaction towards E-Banking in Saudi Arabia By [Presented to] of Saudi Arabia is one of the powerful and developed countries in the Middle-East and...

...banking concept of education ensures that teachers reign supreme and are opposed to students in as far as the levels on the chain of knowledge are concerned as such the assumption is that the student is absolutely ignorant otherwise the teacher’s existence would not be justified (Freire 2). Unfortunately, this has been the trend in many education systems... Paulo Frerie is one of the most influential educationists in the world; his views on education and the connection between education and the quest to fight oppression in the book pedagogy of the oppressed have radically changed both theory and practice of education (Micheletti). According to the education system, in majority countries is fundamentally ...

...Banking The concept of Central Bank evolved in the second half of the 19th century. The banking institutions started with commercial purposes or government banks have transformed into central banks in most of the countries. Bank of England model has been adopted by several countries. Central banks became the lender of the last resort and started issuing notes. In the aftermath of the great depression the independence of the central bank has been curtailed in US. However, gold standard and laissez faire... ? Banking Crisis Introduction The Federal Reserve sets the nation’s monetary policy to promote the objectives of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. (Federal...

...banks where profitability and maximization of shareholders’ value is the primary focus. The concept of Islamic banking goes beyond profitability and growth. There are many institutions across the world following Islamic banking concepts. However it is interesting to understand how Islamic banking concepts are applied in the banking format that makes it very different from the traditional or commercial banking.
Research Objectives
To determine effectiveness of Islamic banking in the context of Saudi Arabia... .
To understand if Islamic banking offers better economic solution for the social needs than the traditional commercial banks.
To explore whether...

...concept The Banking education concept is an education system that emphasizes much feeding the students with some contents to memorize while detaching the reality and existence of such contents within the real life. Paulo Preire describes the relationship between a student and a teacher as one with features of similarity to any narrative with some content, the teacher being the narrator and the student - the listener (Piere 72-73). He relates students to containers where information dumping takes place. In this case, the teacher fails to recognize the cognitive ability of students instead transforming them into passive learners. He writes that education suffers... ? The Analysis of Frerier’s educational...

...Banking has also prompted a number of banks to rethink their strategies of Information Technology in order to sustain in the competitive industry. Modern day customers demand more from the banking services, as they want new levels of flexibility and convenience than what traditional banks offer. In spite of the fact that Internet Banking is the need of the time, there is immediate necessity to solve some of the key problems, which is necessary to make it widely acceptable.
This research proposal discusses the main factors that affect the adoption of Internet Banking, by applying the...

...banking from investment banking Introduction Since the crisis of 2007-08, international discussion regarding banking structure and its effectiveness has taken place at different level. The argument regarding banking structure in the United States focussed on implementation of Volcker rule that prevents banks from participating in proprietary trading that is not associated with customers. The discussion focuses on ring fencing of retail banking from investment banking in the United Kingdom while in countries such as Germany and France, hybridization of ring fencing and proprietary trading has been proposed. The concept was highlighted for the first time in Liikanen report where... Separation of retail...

...BANK LIQUIDITY BY EVALUATING BANK STOCK TRENDS Contents Introduction 3 Bank Liquidity Risk 3 Measurement of Bank Liquidity Risk 4 Bank Liquidity Risks and Bank Stock Returns 5
Methodology 6
Findings 6
Conclusion 7
Bibliography 9
Introduction
This paper examines the concept of bank liquidity and how it is measured in the context of international banking. The paper addresses this in two parts. The first part will involve a theoretical analysis of the concept. This will culminate in the evaluation of a realistic analysis of variables and historical data relating to banking liquidity in the era of the global financial crisis.
Bank Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk in general refers... to a...

...banking is however, considered as a new concept because the functions within the banking framework were not segregated as retail, wholesale or corporate banking. Retail banking in modern terms comprises of asset based services and products, financial services that are designed for individual consumption or use. The concept of retail banking has been widespread with the increasing market share of private banks in the banking sector of India. Retail banking caters to the banking needs... ?Financial Performance of Retail Banking in India Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 7 Aims and Objective 8 Overview of Literature Review 9 Overview of Data Collection 11 Summary 12 References 14 Introduction...

...banks. However, other institutions have emerged which incorporate banking services and lending which in entirety cannot be classified as banks. These have changed the structure of the banking sector and necessitated the proper understanding of this industry. The introduction of shadow banking in the industry has led scholars to examine the concept of this new sector and categorize its services and operations in a clear manner. This paper defines shadow banking, highlights the services offered, explains the pros and cons and shows the connection between this new mode of banking and the traditional method (Poszars... Introduction Modern savings and investments entail the use of financial s such as banks....

...banking principals in connection with the profit and loss sharing concept. Here, it becomes necessary to mention two most important concepts (Ireland, 1999).
1. Aqad underpinning or the contracts
2. Services issued or products
Both of these principles are essentially interdependent, while their formulation has been based on disciplines of fiqh muamalah (Rahman, 1964). According to theorists, the two principals have been historically based on the similar concepts of Islamic financing which are;
1. Mudharabah or the profit sharing contract
2. Musyarakah or the profit and loss sharing contract
Both of these contacts have been incorporated into equity... Islamic Banking and finance Introduction Since...