Andaman Islandsisland group, Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, India, lying in the Indian Ocean about 850 miles (1,370 km) east of the Indian subcontinent. The Andamans have an area of 2,474 square miles (6,408 square km). They are one of the two major groups of islands in the union territory, the other being the Nicobar Islands to the south; together they constitute an archipelago that forms the boundary between the southeastern Bay of Bengal (west) and the Andaman Sea (east). The Andamans extend north-south for about 225 miles (360 km) and include more than 300 islands, some two dozen of them inhabited. The three major islands are North Andaman, Middle Andaman, and South Andaman—closely positioned and collectively known as Great Andaman. Also prominent is Little Andaman, to the south. Of the still-extant original inhabitants—including the Sentinalese, the Jarawa, the Onge, and a group of peoples collectively known as the Great Andamese—only the first three retain a traditional hunting-and-gathering way of life.

The Andamans, situated on the ancient trade route between India and Myanmar (Burma), were visited by Lieut. Archibald Blair of the Bombay Marine (the East India Company’s navy) in 1789. The first European settlement on the islands was at Port Blair, situated along the eastern coast of South Andaman. It is now the union territory capital.

The islands are a succession of dome-shaped hill ranges running parallel to each other from north to south. The highest peak is Saddle, rising 2,418 feet (737 metres) on North Andaman. Flat land is scarce and confined to a few valleys such as the Bitampur and Diglipur. The islands are formed of Tertiary (from approximately 65.5 million to sandstone, limestone, and shale of Neogene and Paleogene age (i.e., some 2.6 to 65 million years agoold) sandstone, limestone, and shale and are highly dissected. Their surface is covered with dense forest, and large mangrove swamps occur in the northern part of North Andaman. Perennial rivers are few, and adequate water supply is a continuing problem.

Agriculture is the principal occupation; crops include cereals, pulses (legumes), coconuts, betel nuts, fruits, cassava (manioc), chilies, and turmeric. There is little manufacturing industry. Only South Andaman has roads. An interisland steamer service connects Port Blair with North, Middle, South, and Little Andaman. Vinayak Damodar (Vir) Savarkar, the great Indian revolutionary, was imprisoned for life (1911–37) in the Cellular Jail (declared a national monument in 1979) in Port Blair. In December 2004 the islands were struck by a large tsunami that had been triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean near Indonesia. Coastal areas of the Andamans suffered extensive damage, and scores of people were killed.