7 Cost of Sexual ReproductionSpecialized cells and structures must be formedSpecial courtship and parental behaviors can be costlyNurturing developing offspring, either in egg or body, requires resources (usually from mother)

54 Prenatal Care Nutrition Infection Drugs and alcoholmust be provided from maternal diet through placentaInfectionmother’s viruses can affect fetusDrugs and alcoholharm developing fetusChildren of smokersat risk for heart defects and death