The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can
be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
\vspace command.

LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
argument. Then the space is never removed.

The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height
length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
of the total vertical space equal to length.

The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space
can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
\hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.

LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If
you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
argument. Then the space is never removed.

The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The
width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The
position of the text within the box is determined by the optional
position argument.

c - centered (default)

l - flushleft

r - flushright

The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
created by its argument.

A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The
\parbox has two mandatory arguments:

width: specifies the width of the parbox; and

text: the text that goes inside the parbox.

LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to
line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.

A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of
text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For
larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
environment, you should use a minipage environment.

The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in
LR mode.

Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different
size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how
tall it is.

The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the
text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text
extends below the line by the amount specified.