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18 March 2015

The Endocannabinoid System

In many states in the US medicinal cannabis is routinely recommended for a wide variety of conditions. For example, in California, patients can qualify for medicinal cannabis if they have AIDS, anorexia, arthritis, cachexia, cancer, chronic pain, glaucoma, migraines, muscle spasms, seizures, nausea or other chronic symptoms. This begs the question, how can cannabis be recommended for so many different conditions? The answer is the Endogenous Cannabinoid or Endocannabinoid System (ECS).

What is the Endocannabinoid System?

The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) literally means 'the cannabinoid system inside the body'. By regularly supplying our ECS with the nutrients it was designed for, vital communications can be restored between the control centres of the body and every other system. Due to the persecution of cannabis over the past 80 or so years, most humans today have gone their entire lives without feeding their bodies these raw materials. Imagine a large orchestra being made to play blind-folded; can’t see the conductor, can’t read the music! Sometimes they get it right but most of the time it’s a mess. Bringing the body back into harmony could be as simple as replacing this lost nutrition.

Therapeutic functions of the Endocannabinoid System

The ECS is comprised of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands (binding molecules) for those receptors and enzymes that synthesise and degrade the ligands. The most well known cannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. Studies in the early 1990's provided initial evidence of the existence and purpose of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Both types of cannabinoid receptors are found throughout the entire body but are distributed differently. CB1 receptors are concentrated primarily in the brain while CB2 receptors are mainly found in the immune system. However, CB1 receptors are also distributed in a variety of peripheral areas like adipose (fat) tissue and CB2 receptors are expressed to some degree in the brain.

The primary endocannabinoids are anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). Anandamide was discovered in 1992 and determined to be the endogenous ligand for the CB1 receptor. Its chemical structure is very similar to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 2-AG was discovered in 1995, and unlike anandamide has a high affinity for activating both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Anandamide and 2-AG are synthesised from arachidonic acid, an Omega-6 fatty acid, although the specific pathways and synthesising enzymes vary. Both endocannabinoids are manufactured 'on demand' (as needed), using precursor molecules from cell membranes.

The Primary Function of the Endocannabinoid System

The primary function of endocannabinoid activity is to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. This stability is known as homeostasis, which endocannabinoids promote at the most basic levels. These endocannabinoids regulate homeostasis through a wide variety of mechanisms, including facilitation of intercellular communication between different cell types. For example, at the site of an injury, cannabinoids can be found decreasing the release of activators and sensitisers from the injured tissue, stabilising the nerve cell to prevent excessive firing, and calming nearby immune cells to prevent release of pro-inflammatory substances. Three different mechanisms of action on three different cell types for a single purpose: minimise the pain and damage caused by the injury. When cells communicate, neurotransmitters normally flow from presynaptic neurons to postsynaptic neurons.

Endocannabinoids are unique, being able to travel in the opposite direction and deliver feedback to the presynaptic cell. This process is a fundamental mechanism by which endocannabinoids maintain homeostasis. For example, if a neuron is firing messages too quickly, then endocannabinoids (usually 2-AG) instruct it to slow down by travelling upstream and activating presynaptic CB1 receptors.

The Endocannabinoid System in Disease Pathology

Dr Robert Melamede, the former Chairman of the Biology Department at the University of Colorado, dedicated his career to cannabinoid research. He has described endocannabinoids as “multi-scaled, global homeostatic regulators of cells and society”. Evidence suggests the earliest components of the ECS evolved 600 million years ago in sea squirts. Furthermore, diseases often emerge when there is a deficiency or dysfunction of the ECS. These facts alone demonstrate the importance of proper ECS function to the healthy existence of higher-level organisms.