byte : It is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer that
is 1 byte.
Minimum value : -128
Maximum value : 127(inclusive)
Default value : 0
You can use it in place of int where you need to save memory space.

Example : byte value1=150, value2= -55;

short : It is 16-bit signed two's complement integer that is
2 byte.
Minimum value : -32,768
Maximum value : 32,767(inclusive)
Default value : 0
This is also used to store numeric value where you need to save memory space.

Example : short s1=3000, s2= -2000;

int : It is 32-bit signed two's complement integer that is 4
byte.
Minimum value : -2,147,483,648
Maximum value : 2,147,483,647 (inclusive)
Default value : 0
In general we use this data types for numeric values. It is large enough to use
for common purpose of our program.

Example : int num=20000;

long : It is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer that
is 8 byte.
Minimum value : -9,223,372,036,854,775,808
Maximum value : 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive)
Default value : 0L
When we need large range of values then we use it in place of int.