Early life

Welby studied at Eton College and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned a master’s degree in history and law (1978). Upon graduation he worked as a financial executive in the petroleum industry, first for the French corporation Elf Aquitaine (1978–83), then for Elf’s UK arm (1983–84), and then for Enterprise Oil (1984–89). While working in France he was a member of the council of St. Michael’s Church in Paris, and after returning to London he was a lay leader at Holy Trinity Brompton, an influential evangelical Anglican parish. In 1989 he left industry to enter seminary, and three years later he graduated with a bachelor’s degree and a diploma in theology (enabling him to pursue professional work in ministry) from St. John’s College, Durham. There he demonstrated a particular interest in banking and corporate ethics as well as in conflict resolution and reconciliation. His diploma dissertation at St. John’s was subsequently the basis of an influential pamphlet titled Can Companies Sin? (1992).

Church life

Welby’s first service as a cleric in the Church of England was in Coventry diocese, where he was ordained a deacon in 1992 and a priest in 1993. He served as rector of St. James Church, Southam, and St. Michael and All Angels, Ufton (1995–2002), reviving both churches and expanding their congregations. He then served as a canon (2002–07) and subdean (2005–07) of Coventry Cathedral, where he was also codirector of the cathedral’s International Centre for Reconciliation. In that position he worked with Anglican missions aimed at resolving conflicts in Africa and the Middle East, often under the threat of violence. For example, in 2005 he helped negotiate a peaceful settlement between Shell Oil Company and the Ogoni people of Nigeria amid claims that Shell had polluted local groundwater and had conspired with the Nigerian army to suppress protests violently. He also met frequently with Israeli and Palestinian leaders, and he was instrumental in reopening the Anglican church in Baghdad.

In 2006 Welby became priest-in-charge at Holy Trinity Coventry, the city’s largest Anglican church, and in 2007 he was named dean of the largest cathedral in England, Liverpool Cathedral, where he expanded outreach to the poor and to asylum seekers. Meanwhile, he continued to work on reconciliation issues overseas and to write on ethical and financial matters. He became bishop of Durham in 2011. In 2012 he served on the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards, advising lawmakers on matters of corporate ethics and assisting in the investigation of banking standards in the wake of that year’s LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) scandal, in which it was revealed that major British banks had manipulated a key benchmark for interest rates worldwide.

Archbishop of Canterbury

In 2012 Welby was elected archbishop of Canterbury, succeeding Rowan Williams. Williams’s tenure had been marked by a growing rift within the Anglican Communion between theological liberals and traditionalists within the United Kingdom and abroad. Traditionalists—particularly in the growing Global South (the Anglican provinces in Africa, Latin America, and Asia)—vehemently rejected increased calls for the ordination of women and openly homosexual bishops and for recognition of same-sex marriages. New Anglican churches backed by traditionalists formed in North and South America and appealed for recognition by the Anglican Communion, thus directly challenging the archbishop of Canterbury’s standing and authority.

Welby’s meteoric rise to leadership of the Anglican Communion inspired hope that he would be able to reconcile traditionalists and liberals. He spoke in favour of gay rights but affirmed the Church of England’s opposition to same-sex marriage. His election was confirmed in February 2013, and he was installed the following month. At his installation ceremony, Welby became the first archbishop of Canterbury to be enthroned by a woman cleric. In his inaugural sermon, he evoked the courage to face up to the work of reconciliation, and at his first Easter sermon as archbishop a week later, he called upon the faithful to acknowledge the “fallibility” of all human beings, including religious and political leaders.

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