The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically disrupted our courts. Courthouses have been closed; hearings have been conducted with minimal staffing, held remotely or postponed; and court personnel have scrambled to work from home. Federal courts, which long have resisted electronic access and virtual proceedings, suddenly have had to implement emergency measures to facilitate them.

It would be disappointing if these measures simply were abandoned when the current circumstances have passed. While their first priority must be assuring the safety of court users and court staff, the courts also have an invaluable opportunity to study new ways of doing their work.

The Catalyst of Crisis

History teaches that crises can catalyze innovations that endure long after a crisis itself has ended. Efforts to mitigate the worst effects of the Great Depression permanently transformed government and left a legacy ranging from rural electrification to Social Security. It is doubtful that any of these changes would have occurred, at least when they did, had the disruption of our economy been less severe.

Our federal courts are widely respected for their independence, their professionalism and the seriousness they bring to their work. Social and partisan controversies aside, most federal judges decide most cases on the basis of competent evidence and applicable legal principles. This is not true in much of the world.

The federal courts also are a “small c” conservative institution. The same seriousness that inspires federal judges to produce high-quality work also leads them to be reflexively cautious about structural change. Properly concerned about the unintended consequences of different ways of doing things, the federal judiciary tends to consider new ideas infrequently, at length and in granular detail. Even the pilot projects it undertakes to study potential innovations are typically limited in scope and produce incremental results.

Such caution is valuable in normal times, but a disruption on the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic makes caution impossible. The public access to proceedings guaranteed by the Constitution is a physical impossibility given shelter-in-place orders and health risks to court users and personnel. Jury trials and in-person hearings are impracticable, movement of in-custody criminal defendants is fraught with logistical problems, and public presence in courtrooms and clerk’s offices is not a realistic option. Even the U.S. Supreme Court, which long has eschewed any real-time transmission of its proceedings, now will hold telephonic hearings and provide a live feed to the media and the public. The importance of the remaining cases on the Court’s docket made such a step necessary.

Considering Concerns With Remote Access

The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts has issued guidance enabling lower federal courts to implement remote electronic access to most proceedings. Its directives stress that the guidance is temporary and will terminate once the current emergency has passed. This limitation was necessary because the authority to bypass existing rules is contained in legislation responding to the COVID-19 crisis.

Unfortunately, the emergency is unlikely to end soon. In the meantime, the courts’ emergency measures will produce a bounty of data concerning each of the principal areas of concern that have been cited to support judicial reservations about greater use of virtual proceedings.

One such area is privacy. Understandably, courts are reluctant to see images of witnesses, parties, lawyers, jurors and judges on the internet or social media. The current exigencies could help courts find practical ways of balancing privacy interests with the transparency provided by virtual access.

Another concern is security. Even under normal circumstances. courts use metal detectors to screen visitors. And the identity of certain witnesses— usually cooperators in criminal cases—can be shielded from disclosure after appropriate judicial findings. The courts’ experience in the present emergency could identify new ways to secure their electronic portals and to prevent harmful or unauthorized access to sensitive proceedings or information.

Other Constitutional rights are implicated by the use of virtual technologies. California’s courts had to decide whether criminal defendants may be arraigned remotely during the emergency without waiving their right to be personally present. The courts concluded that a waiver still is required. It is doubtful that a remotely conducted jury trial would satisfy the Constitution’s right of confrontation, at least absent consent. The current situation could enable in-depth thinking about the Constitutional dimensions of other remote proceedings.

Judges also worry about the impact of virtual operations on their own role. They express concern that lawyers will be less candid and that judges’ ability to assess nonverbal cues will be diminished. They fear that lawyers will have less incentive to cooperate away from the courtroom. And appellate judges, who sit with other judges, have trepidation about adverse impacts on collaboration and collegiality. The COVID-19 pandemic has created an opportunity for the validity of these apprehensions to be tested.

The federal courts have recognized that the costs of civil litigation are unacceptably high and skew access to justice in favor of wealthy parties. More frequent virtual proceedings could reduce costs substantially by limiting the time lawyers and parties spend getting to and being in court. With appropriate waivers, virtual criminal proceedings could result in substantial savings in inmate transportation costs and a reduced burden on law enforcement officers.

While federal courts consistently do better than the other branches in opinion polls, a closer look at the data shows that public confidence in the courts has declined in recent years and that few outside the legal profession understand what judges actually do. There is a widespread (and mistaken) perception that judges decide every case on the basis of their political inclinations. Confidence also varies significantly across socioeconomic groups.

Transparency is a powerful antidote to such negativity. Virtual technologies have potential for both court users and public education. While some proceedings are more amenable to virtual access than others, treating courthouse walls as an outer boundary for real-time information is hard to justify in this digital age.

The federal courts should take advantage of the unexpected opportunity that the COVID-19 pandemic has presented. They should thoroughly review their experience over the course of the present emergency and act boldly on the basis of what they learn.

Crisis Provides Opportunity for Examination of Court Culture

BY JUDGE JEREMY FOGEL

On April 3, in response to the closing of or severe restriction of public access to federal courthouses throughout the country because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Administrative Office of the US Courts (AO) issued emergency guidance intended to enable federal courts to livestream various proceedings that until now have been accessible only through physical presence at the courthouse. A day earlier, the influential Scotusblog speculated that the US Supreme Court may be unable to hold in-person oral arguments for many months to come and likely will need implement some form of virtual proceedings. In both cases, permitting real-time electronic access would represent a major departure from tradition and institutional culture.

The guidance from the AO concludes with a statement that, “[t]he remote access authority granted by the CARES Act will expire 30 days after the date on which the national emergency ends, or the date the Judicial Conference determines that the federal courts are no longer materially affected by COVID-19, whichever is earlier.” This language is understandable given the extraordinary circumstances and limited statutory authority under which the guidance has been issued.

At the same time, the current situation presents a unique opportunity for the federal courts to think about the potential value of greater use of virtual proceedings going forward. Their experience over the remaining duration of the COVID-19 crisis will provide the courts with an otherwise unobtainable bounty of data that can inform new critical thinking about the future and perhaps even challenge some of the long-held concerns and assumptions that have made the federal judiciary generally resistant to remote public access. Both more efficient service to court users and greater public trust and confidence in the courts might result from such an examination.