Joel L. Lebowitz, James S.Langer, William I. Glaberson, Editors, “Fourth International conference on collective phenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 337, 1-223, 1980.

Joel L. Lebowitz, Editor, “Fourth International conference on collective phenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 373, 1-233, 1981.

The poem”Babi Yar” by Yevgeny Yevtushenko is published on the twentieth anniversary of the mass execution of Jews in Kiev. (18, p.180).The poem resonates among intellectuals in the West, and is referenced by advocates for Soviet Jewry.

Aug. 1962

Cuban missile crisis after the installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

1963

A virulent anti-Semitic book, “Judaism Without Embellishment,” by Trofim Kichko is published in USSR. (9, p. 618-619).

1963

Elie Wiesel’s book, Jews of Silence is published in the U.S.

12.10.1963

In Cleveland, Ohio, the “Cleveland Committee on Soviet Anti-Semitism” is created under the leadership of Louis Rosenblum, the future president of the national organization, the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews.(7, p. 4).

All Canadian Rabbinic Conference in Ottawa, Canada, on ” Jews in the Soviet Union” (13, p.18).

05.04.1964

Symposium in Washington on “The Current Conditions of Soviet Jews”, April 5th and 6th. (7, p.34).

05.04.1964

American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry established in Washington (7, p. 34).

27.04.1964

01.05.1964

Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry founded in USA (19, p. 156-161, site Jewish movements).SSSJ’s first demonstration, lasting 4 hours, at Soviet UN Mission, with page 2 coverage in the NY Times the next day.

Nov. 1964

Removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power. Leonid Brezhnev takes over .

Dec. 1964

Canadian branch of “Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry” established by Irwin Cotler (13, p.20).

Feb. 1965

04.04.1965

Start of the full-scale U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.At a SSSJ mass march to the UN, Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach introduced “Am Yisrael Chai”, which became the signature song of the Soviet Jewry movement.

08.09.1965

Arrest of Andrei Sinyavsky.

12.09.1965

Arrest of Yuly Daniel. Arrests of Sinyavsky and Daniel stimulated struggle on the human rights in USSR and creation of human rights movement.

At the trial in Kiev – May 13th -16th – Boris Kochubievsky charged with slander against Soviet regime with no intention of undermining it (16, p. 44-49). Sentence – 3 years hard labor in prison camp. Father and grandfather of Kochubievsky were shot and buried at the infamous Babi Yar. It is the first known trial of a Jewish activist demanding the right to leave for Israel. Shortly thereafter arrests and trials of Jewish activists accelerate.

06.08.1969

Letter of 18 Georgian Jews to Israel and to the United Nations. (8, p.17).

19.08.1969

Meeting of Dov Shperling, Lea and Boris Slovin and Yakov Kedmi with Head of Nativ Shaul Avigur. (13, p.29).

Oct. 1969

The first public students demonstration for Soviet Jewry in Israel at Haifa’s Technion Institute involving Kedmi and Shperling. (13, p.29-30).

Generalissimo Franco abolished the death penalty of Basque terrorists responsible for the deaths of several Spanish policemen. (22, Voitovetsky).

31.12.1970

Cancellation of the death penalties in the First Leningrad trial of Mark Dymshits and Edward Kuznetsov (13, p. 35).

1971

Canadian Committee for Soviet Jewry is founded. (13).

1971

18 Georgian families, who signed the first open collective letter to the UN and Israel, are granted exit visas to Israel. (2).

Jan. 1971

More than 200 Jews from Riga appealed to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with the request for exit permits to Israel.

13.01.1971

Vitaly Svechinsky receives permission to leave for Israel.(22).

15.01.1971

The newspapers “L’Humanite” and “Unita” reported that there will no longer be anti-Zionist trials in the USSR. (18, str.362).

19.01.1971

The first KGB interrogations of aliya activists in the city of Sverdlovsk.

23.01.1971

An article by the Soviet news agency APN observer S. Beglov “Fuhrers and Stormtroopers of Neoracism” is published in The New York Times.

30.01.1971

Pinchas Dubrov, author of the song “Let my people go” (“Otpusti narod moi”), is beaten in a street of Moscow and hospitalized unconscious. (2).

Feb. 1971

Lazar Lubarsky (Rostov) threatened with arrest by the KGB if he will not cease Zionist activity. (2).

02.02.1971

Vitaly Svechinsky arrives in Israel (22).

09.02.1971

Press-conference of the Soviet “state” Jews” in Brussels against the organizers of the World Conference on Soviet Jewry. Participants: Zivs, Dragunsky, Peller, Vidyasova and others (11, vol. 1, number 1, p. 103).

10.02.1971

Grigori Feigin received permission to emigrate from Riga to Israel, where he arrived on February 11th.

19.02.1971

Anti-Zionist press-conference of the “state” Jews in Brussels.

21.02.1971

The newspaper of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee “Ural worker” published an article “Where is the ancestral land?”, condemning the Sverdlovsk activists Valery Kukui and Yuli Kosharovsky. (aa)

22.02.1971

Meetings of censure of Jewish activists began in Sverdlovsk, based on the article in the “Ural Worker“.

23.02.1971

“The First World Conference on Soviet Jewry” is held February 23rd – 25th in Brussels. (13, p. 37)

24.02.1971

Presidium of the Conference in Brussels decided to deny Rabbi Kahane’s right to participate in the conference. (13, p. 38)

24.02.1971

Vladimir Slepak quoted at the conference in Brussels that a group of 30 Jews arrived that day to the CPSU Central Committee and submitted an appeal to the Congress of CPSU demanding free emigration.

28.02.1971

The first public sit-down demonstration of 30 Jews in the Supreme Soviet protesting against the denial of exit visas and constant persecution. Participants: Gelfond, Slepak, Polsky, Orlov, Rosenblum and others. (17)

March 1971

Canadian students of University of Toronto arrange telephone contact with refuseniks with the help of Russian speaking Genya Intrator. (13, p. 39).

March 1971

The trial of Haim Rennert in Chernovtsi for “attempting to bribe” workers of OVIR.

01.03.1971

Press-conference of the “state” Jews in Brussels after the “First World Conference on Soviet Jewry”. Participants: Zivs, Dragunsky, Vidyasova and others. (11, vol. 1, number 1, p. 103).

02.03.1971

Institute authorities at Valery Kukui’s job, assembled to condemn Kukui, adopted a resolution demanding that he be brought to trial. (aa).

146 Jews from eight cities of the USSR, 57 of them are from Latvia, began a hunger-strike at the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR against the “forcible confinement of Jews in the USSR”. Later they were joined by 69 Jews from Lithuania and 20 Jews from Moscow. (35).

11.03.1971

In continuation of the protest hunger-strike Jews staged a demonstration at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and were received by the Minister of Internal Affairs Nikolay Shchelokov. (35).

17.03.1971

Demonstration of 80 Jews in Moscow in the waiting room of the CPSU Central Committee, demanding freedom of exit from the USSR and more transparent procedures for consideration of appeals.

17.03.1971

The first administrative arrest of Yuli Kosharovsky in Sverdlovsk. Sentenced to 15 days and then another 12 days for a hunger-strike in the punishment cell.(aa)

20.03.1971

Valery Kukui is arrested in Sverdlovsk and charged with anti-Soviet slander. (aa)

23.03.1971

Expulsion of Yuli Kosharovsky from postgraduate courses and dismissal from position as chief engineer in the Institute’s laboratory. (aa).

30.03.1971

XXIV Congress of the CPSU, continues until 9th of April (3).

May 1971

The Women’s Campaign for Soviet Jewry – “the 35′s”- is founded in England in response to the arrest of Raiza Palatnik in Odessa.

May 1971

The “Women’s Committee for Soviet Jewry”is founded at the largest international women’s organization “Hadassah”.

11.05.1971

The second Leningrad trial with 9 defendants. Trial held on 11-20 of May. (18, p. 363-364). Hillel Butman was sentenced to ten years; Mikhail Korenblit to seven years; Lassal Kaminskii and Lev Yagman to five years; Vladimir Mogilever to four years; Solomon Dreizner and Lev Korenblit to three years; Viktor Boguslavskii to three years; Viktor Shtilbans to one year.

11.05.1971

Protest rally in Ottawa, Canada, against the cruel sentences in Leningrad trials with participation of a member of the Canadian government External Affairs Minister Mitchell Sharpe (13).

12.05.1971

An article “In the Leningrad City Court” in the newspaper “Leningradskaya Pravda ” against the defendants in the Second Leningrad trial, reprinted the next day by “Izvestia” and “Soviet Russia“.

16.05.1971

Visit of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in Moscow on May 16th-21st.(13, p. 39-41)

24.05.1971

Trials in Riga with 4 defendants held on May 24th-27th at the club “Ziemeļblāzma” in a distant suburb of Riga. (18, p. 367).Boris Maftser was sentenced to one year, Ruth Alexandrovich to one year, Aron Shpielberg to 3 years, Mikhail Shepshelovich to two years.

28.05.1971

06.06.1971

An article “Open Trial in Riga” in “Komsomolskaya Pravda“, reprinted on the following day in the central newspaper “Izvestia“.Adoption of a proposal by national Jewish organizations and local federations and community relations councils in the US to reorganize the AJCSJ, to be renamed the National Conference on Soviet Jewry. A separate New York City entity is also approved, leading to the creation of the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry.(Jerry Goodman timeline)

14.06.1971

Hunger-strike of Jews from Baltic Republics in the Central Telegraph of Riga on June14th-24th .

15.06.1971

Trial of Valery Kukui in the Sverdlovsk Regional Court on June 15th-16th. Sentence – three years imprisonment at hard labor. (aa, 9, p. 692).

21.06.1971

Trial in Kishinev with 9 defendants held June 21st-30th. (18, str.367). Arkadii Voloshin, , Kharii Kirzhner , Semen Levit , Lazar Trakhtenberg, and Hillel Shur were sentenced to two years, Anatolii Goldfeld – 4 years, David Chernoglaz – 5 years, David Rabinovich – 1 year, Aleksandr Galperin – two and a half years.

22.06.1971

The trial in Odessa of Raiza Palatnik in which she was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment at hard labor. (17)

22.06.1971

32 Jews from Riga, Vilnius and Kaunas held a hunger strike at the Central Telegraph Office in Moscow. (2).

23.06.1971

50 Jews in Riga held a hunger-strike at the Central Telegraph Office in Riga. (2).

24.06.1971

45 Jews in Vilnius held a hunger-strike at the Central Telegraph Office in Vilnius. (2).

July 1971

Appeal from Sverdlovsk activists to Podgorny and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in defense of Kukui. (aa).

12.07.1971

Hunger-strike Jews of Georgia in the Central Telegraph Office in Moscow on July 12th -15th.

16.07.1971

Sakharov’s letter to the Supreme Soviet in defense of Kukui. (20).

18.07.1971

Letter from Sverdlovsk activists to the newspaper “Izvestia” on wrongdoing in the case of Kukui. (20).

20.07.1971

The Court of Appeals on the Second Leningrad trial left the sentences unchanged. (20).

Aug. 1971

Demonstration of 12 women in the Aeroflot office in Montreal as a protest of emigration policies of USSR. (13, p. 40).

10.08.1971

Arrest of Doctor Boris Azernikov (Yankelzon) in Leningrad. (2).

Oct. 1971

Announcement of the upcoming visit of Kosygin to Canada. (13, p. 40).

04.09.1971

The first annual meeting of the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews in Philadelphia (September 4th-6th).

19.09.1971

Trial in Samarkand of Amelia Trachtenberg for Zionist activities, expressed in her desire to go to Israel. Sentence – three years imprisonment. (2).

20.09.1971

Activists visited the CPSU Central Committee and was received by the head of the administrative department, Albert Ivanov.

06.10.1971

Trial of Boris Azernikov (Yankelzon) on October 6th-7th, on the premises of the Leningrad City Court. Sentence – 3.5 years of imprisonment at hard labor. (2).

07.10.1971

Release of Ruth Alexandrovich from prison. (2).

18.10.1971

Premier Kosygin’s visit to Canada on October 18th-26th. (13, p. 43).

25.10.1971

Demonstration of 6000 Canadian Jews for Soviet Jewry on the last day of Kosygin’s visit. (13, p. 45).

During Congressman Scheuer’s visit to the USSR he arranged a meeting with refuseniks at the apartment of Alexander Lerner: the first meeting of an American Congressman with Refuseniks. (22, Lerner).

18.12.1971

An article in “Pravda” by academician Mark Mitin “Zionism – a Kind of Chauvinism and Racism“.

31.12.1971

Aliya to Israel in 1971 – 13,711. First noshrim ( drop-outs” – those who chose to emigrate to other countries rather to Israel.) – 58 people for 1971.

Jan. 1972

Ekatherina Palatnik holds five-day hunger strike in Moscow in support of her sister, Prisoner of Zion, Raiza Palatnik. (2).

Jan. 1972

Searches in the apartments of Solomon Greenberg and Constantine Skoblinsky in Kharkov. (2).

Jan.1972

The second trial of dissident Vladimir Bukovsky. Sentence: seven years in prison plus five years of internal exile.

05.01. 1972

An article by Gregory Deborin “Social Face of Zionism” is published in the newspaper “Izvestia”.

18.01.1972

28th Congress of the World Zionist Organization is held in Jerusalem.

21.01.1972

Michael Rozik is assaulted and beaten up while trying to enter the Dutch Embassy in Moscow . (2).

27.01.1972

Yuri Aronovich, the conductor of Soviet Radio and Television Orchestra, is assaulted and beaten up near his house in Moscow. (2).

!Feb. 1972

On the eve of President Nixon’s visit to the USSR, 57 activists wrote him a letter requesting a meeting. (24, p. 13).

07.02.1972

A young biologist Ilya Gleizer is arrested in Moscow, a month after he applied for an exit visa. (11, vol. 2, number 1, p. 126).

07.02.1972

Hunger strike of Prisoners of Zion Mendelevich, Shur, Trachtenberg, Grillius and Dymshitz in support of Hillel Shur, who was denied his visitation rights. (2)

19.02.1972

Demonstration of 60 Jews near a synagogue in Kiev to protest against being denied exit visas to Israel. (24, p. 18)

23.02.1972

Vladimir Slepak was issued a warning “for conducting a parasitic way of life”. (24, p. 14)

30-02-1972

Vitali, Inna and Maria Rubin applied for exit visas. (22)

05.03.1972

900 Jews laid wreaths and read Kaddish at the site of the mass killings of Jews by the Nazis and their accomplices in Minsk, Belarus. (24, p. 18)

11.03.1972

Prisoners of Pot’ma camps announced a hunger strike against the conditions of their detention. (2).

15.03.1972

Forty activists in Moscow appealed to President Nixon, requesting a meeting. (2).

20.03.1972

Eva Butman is beaten up after visiting her husband in labor camp; her husband’s letters are confiscated. (24, p. 19).

24.03.1972

Yuli Brind, Kharkov, is arrested and taken to a hospital for the mentally il. On Jan. 13th he applied for an exit visa, and on February 1st his apartment was searched. In the mental hospital on April 5th he will be found fit to stand trial. (24, p. 22)

25.03.1972

100 Moscow Jews came to the Supreme Soviet with a petition signed by 213 refuseniks, demanding either to release the detainees who were held without trial, or to open the trial. 10 activists, including Victor Polsky, Vladimir Slepak, Mikhail Zand and Vladimir Prestin were arrested and put in jail for 15 days. (2)

All streets near Moscow Central Synagogue on Arkhipova are closed to traffic to prevent Jews from gathering outside the synagogue. On the first evening of Passover on March 29th the police dispersed the crowds of Jews; many were detained. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

A Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, Benjamin Levich filed documents for exit visas and was fired from his position at Moscow State University. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124)

Jewish activists staged a rally at the memorial at Babi Yar. The rally was dispersed by the military and police. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

12.04.1972

Vladimir Markman’s phone conversation with Israel became one of the grounds for his indictment. (22).

12.04.1972

A letter of protest against the obstacles in Hebrew studies is sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU by 11 private Hebrew teachers. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

16.04.1972

A letter of protest to the Central Committee of the CPSU against the publication of an anti-Semitic book “Zionism Under the Blue Star” is sent by 35 Moscow activists requesting the ban of the book and prosecution of the author for anti-Semitism.(11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

18.04.1972

Shulem Royzen dismissed from his position as chairman of the Moscow religious community at the Moscow Synagogue for permitting the commemoration of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124)

An article in the newspaper “Ural Worker” entitled “Tel Aviv is Looking for a Hero” is published.

27.04.1972

Anwar Sadat’s visit to Moscow for talks on the strengthening of military cooperation with Egypt.

29.04.1972

Arrest of Vladimir Markman at the train station in Sverdlovsk while trying to travel to Kazan . (16, p. 295).

30.04.1972

A samizdat publication “The White Book of Exodus,” smuggled to the West and presented to President Nixon on the eve of his visit to Moscow (11, vol. 2, number 2, p. 37).

30.04.1972

In Sverdlovsk two officers woke refusenik Anna Levin at 4 o’clock in the morning to give her the summons for military training for her husband Mark. (24, p. 24)

30.04.1972

Solidarity Day with the Jews of the Soviet Union held in the United States. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

May. 1972

Arrest in Leningrad of Valery Panov for 10 days for “hooliganism”. (24, p. 26).

May. 1972

Arrest in Odessa of Yuri Pokh for evading military service. (24, p. 26).

May. 1972

Arest in Sverdlovsk of Leonid Zabelyshensky for 10 days. (24, p. 26).

02.05.1972

Despite the ban by the authorities, 1000 Jews staged a rally in the suburbs of Riga in memory of the Jewish victims of the Nazis. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

05.05.1972

David Bonavia, the Moscow correspondent of the London “Times”, expelled from Moscow for extensive coverage of Jewish and dissident activities. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 124).

12.05.1972

KGB warned Moscow’s leading refuseniks not to be active during Nixon’s visit to Moscow. (2).

12.05.1972

Police made a list of all the activists who were present at a meeting in Ilya Korenfeld’s apartment in Moscow. (2).

13.05.1972

First Bar Mitzvah in 27 years in Moscow Central Synagogue of Leonid Slepak, son of Jewish activist Vladimir Slepak. Prayer book sent as present by the British All- Party Parliamentary Committee for the release of Soviet Jewry and signed by 200 MPs, impounded by Soviet authorities. Legal ban on sending or bringing religious literature into USSR disclosed. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 125).

14.05.1972

During 14th and 15th of May, 38 Jews in Riga were summoned to the KGB to sign a statement obligating them not to leave the city within the next two weeks. (24, p. 25).

17.05.1972

Arrest in Kharkov of Weinman brothers, who were seeking emigration to Israel, on charges of “hooliganism”. They were summoned to military service on the eve of Nixon’s visit and ignored the call-up. (24, p. 26).

18.05.1972

20 Jews in Vilnius are warned by the Interior Ministry not to depart from Vilnius during Nixon’s visit. (2).

Arrest of Leonid Tsipin and Alexander Slepak in Moscow for their announced intention to demonstrate during the summit. (24, p. 25)

25.05.1972

Arrest of Isaac Shkolnik in Vinnitsa for 10 days. (24, p. 30).

31.05.1972

Arrest of a Hebrew teacher Gregory Berman in Odessa. (2)

June. 1972

Alexander Lerner opened a seminar on cybernetics in Moscow.

June.1972

Boris Davarishvili, Georgia, who applied for emigration visa in April, was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for “hooliganism”. (2, 11, vol. 2, number 2, p. 127).

01.06.1972

At the trial of Yuli Brind, a Jewish metal worker from Kharkov, he is sentenced to 2.5 years of imprisonment for “anti-Soviet activity”. ( He applied to emigrate to Israel In January 1972, and in March was interned in a mental hospital). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 125).

04.06.1972

Iosif Brodsky, a future Nobel laureate in literature, is expelled from the USSR. Iosif Brodsky, non-conformist Soviet Jewish poet, emigrates “under pressure” and goes to USA. Offered position as poet in residence at University of Michigan. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972,p. 125)

A chuppah in Moscow of Gabriel Shapiro and U.S. activist Judy Silver conducted by American Rabbi, Herzl Kranz after Gabriel Shapiro came out of hiding. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p. 125).

12.06.1972

Arrest of Gabriel Shapiro for evading military service after his wife’s departure from Moscow. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 125).

13.06.1972

International Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR set up a meeting in Paris. Renee Cassin elected chairman.(11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 125).

16.06.1972

Arrest in Moscow of Mark Nashpits for evading military service. (24, p. 29).

21.06.1972

Arrest of a well-known dissident Pyotr Yakir, leading Jewish member of Moscow democratic dissident movement. (He is the son of General Iona Yakir, executed after trial of Red Army commanders in 1937). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 125).

05.07.1972

The Soviet-Syrian treaty on economic and military aid to Syria is signed. 11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126).

05.07.1972

Arrest of Isaac Shkolnik in Vinnitsa for “anti-Soviet propaganda and espionage for Britain”. (24, p. 30).

05.07.1972

The visit of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Moscow. (11, Vol. 2, number 2,p. 126).

14.07.1972

A book by Trofim Kichko “, the author of the notorious antisemitic book “Judaism Without Embellishment” (1963), - “Zionism – the Enemy of Youth” is published. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p. 126).

15.07.1972

Henrietta Markman’s demonstration in the Central Committee of Communist Party in Moscow in protest against the arrest of her husband in Sverdlovsk. Moscow and Kishinev activists joined the protest. Henrietta was arrested and sent back to Sverdlovsk. (24, p. 32).

17.07.1972

The trial of Yuri Pokh in Odessa. His sentence – 3.5 years in prison “for evading military service”. He was conscripted after applying to emigrate to Israel. (2). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, vol.2. number 2, 1972, p. 126)

18.07.1972

Arrest of Lazar Lubarsky, Jewish activist in Rostov-on-Don. Interrogations of Moscow Jewish activists in connection with arrest later reported. Fears that a major trial of Jews is being prepared. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126).

The trial of Gabriel Shapiro in Moscow for the “evasion of military service.” His sentence – one year corrective labor on probation(without loss of freedom). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p.126).

02.08.1972

The trial of young Moscow Jewish activist Mark Nashpits in Moscow for the “evasion of military service.” His sentence – one year corrective labor on probation (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p. 126).

03.08.1972

Introduction by Presidium of USSR Supreme Soviet of higher education levy to be paid by those emigrating from the Soviet Union. Council of Ministers adopts more detailed decree on August 14th – order no, 573 –“Compensation of Expenses for the Education of Citizens Leaving for Permanent Residence to Capitalist Countries”.) (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972,p. 126)

09.08.1972

The trial of Vladimir Markman in Sverdlovsk. His sentence – 3 years maximum security imprisonment for Zionist activities. Sentenced to three years in labor camp for “anti-Soviet activity”. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126)

10.08.1972

Grigory Berman, Jewish teacher in Odessa sentenced to three years in a labor camp for “evasion of military duty”. He applied to emigrate to Israel in April and was arrested at the end of May. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126)

11.08.1972

Moscow Jews gathered at the grave of Solomon Mikhoels,actor and director of the Moscow Yiddish Theater, murdered in January 1948 – on “The Night of the Murdered Poets“. Kaddish read by David Markish, the son of Peretz Markish, eminent Soviet Yiddish writer executed in 1952. (11, Vol. 2, number 2,p. 126). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126)

14.08.1972

The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a detailed resolution № 573 “On compensation for education”. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p. 126).

15.08.1972

Professor Venyamin Levich and nine other Jewish scientists who want to emigrate to Israel hold unofficial press conference in Moscow to protest against refusal of Soviet authorities to permit them to leave and new education levy. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126)

15.08.1972

The houses of Moscow activists Vladimir Slepak, Victor Polsky, and Victor Yahot are searched in connection with the case of Lazar Lubarsky. After the search, they sent a letter in defense of Lubarsky to the 28th Zionist Congress. (24, p. 33).

22.08.1972

Trial of Ilya Glezer in Moscow. His sentence – three years in labor camp plus three years in internal exile for “anti-Soviet activity”. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p. 126).

23.08.1972

The newspaper “Moskovskaya Pravda” published an article against the Zionist activity of Ilya Glezer, Vladimir Slepak and others. Glezer applied to emigrate to Israel in January and was arrested in February. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 126)

Premier Kosygin signed an addendum to article 74, prohibiting the use of the telephones against the interests of the state. Following this new decree, home telephones of many activists have been disconnected. (11, Vol. 2, number 2, p.134).

Sept. 1972

This autumn Vitaly Rubin opened a seminar on the Humanities in Moscow.

01.09.1972

Yuli Kosharovsky sent a letter to the Supreme Court in defense of Vladimir Markman (aa).

02.09.1972

“Abrasimov’s reply (dated August 31st) to Mitterand published by Soviet Information Bureau in Paris. Casts doubts on value of Mitterand’s intended visit to Moscow because of his attitude on Jewish and Czechoslovak questions. Includes justification of Soviet education tax”. (Text Le Monde, September 5th.) (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

Trial of the Weinman brothers in Kharkov. Their sentence – four years for “hooliganism under aggravated circumstances”.

08.09.1972

From 8 pm access to the Central Synagogue in Moscow for Jewish New Year celebrations is prevented by the police. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

12.09.1972

Arrest of Viktor Krasin, a prominent dissident and founder in 1969 of the Soviet Action Group on Human Rights in Moscow. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

17.09.1972

Over 1,000 Jews in Kishinev attend memorial service at Jewish cemetery on the eve of Yom Kippur for Munich victims. (One of many such meetings of Soviet Jews). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

19.09.1972

Demonstration of Moscow activists against the education tax conducted in the Supreme Soviet at the opening of the 4th session of the 8th Convocation. 31 activists were detained, some of them were fined or jailed for 15 days. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

19.09.1972

A hunger strike at the Central Telegraph Office in Moscow. It was dispersed by the authorities. Vladimir Slepak and Efim Manevich were jailed for 15 days. (24, p. 41).

26.09.1972

House of Commons of the British Parliament request that the UN Commission on Human Rights discuss at their next meeting the Soviet “education tax”. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127).

26.09.1972

An extraordinary meeting of the core of the leadership of the “National Conference” (125 people) held in Washington. It was dedicated to the education tax. At this meeting Senator Jackson for the first time presented the idea of “the amendment”, linking trade credits to the USSR with free emigration” . (22, Jerry Goodman).

27.09.1972

Jackson’s proposal was approved at the extraordinary meeting of the “National Conference “; the very same day Senator Jackson presented it in the Senate. (13, p. 50).

27.09.1972

At the end of his first-year prison term, after being sentenced in 1971 for for “hooliganism” after applying to emigrate to Israel, refusenik Yankel Khantsis, a Kishinev Jewish driver, was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda and sentenced to an additional two years in labor camp. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

27.09.1972

A meeting of “state Jews” in Moscow against the campaign in the West on the education tax. Participants include Dragunsky, Vergelis, Zivs and others. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 2, number 2, 1972, p. 127)

28.09.1972

The apartment of Lazar Lubarsky in Rostov-on-Don was searched. (2).

29.09.1972

A rally in memory of those executed at Babi Yar is dispersed by police in Kiev. 11 Jews are arrested and jailed for 15 days. (24, p. 41).

Oct. 1972

The New York Times published a letter against the education tax, signed by 21 Nobel laureates. (13, p. 51).

Oct. 1972

The first issue of Samizdat magazine “Jews in the USSR” is published in Moscow. (16, p. 418).

Oct. 1972

Jewish activists submitted the basic demands of the movement at a press-conference for foreign correspondents. (2).

04.10.1972

Representatives of the USA and the USSR signed the final document on Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which includes limiting of the number of land-based missiles and rockets that are installed on submarines (on 21st of November in Geneva would be starting the second stage of the negotiations – SALT-2).

03.10.1972

For the second time Senator Jackson with 65 co-sponsors, presented the Amendment to the Senate. (13, p. 51-52).

Senator Henry Jackson supported by almost all of the US Senate, submits amendment to earlier bill liberalizing East –West Trade. Amendment seeks to withhold most-favored nation status and other preferential trade to states which prevent their citizens from emigrating freely and without payment of ransom taxes. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1,1972, p. 134).

05.10.1972

Press conference of Moscow Jews in support of the Jackson Amendment (24, p. 42).

After serving two years Prisoner of Zion Michael Shepshelovich, sentenced in Riga Trial in 1971, was released from imprisonment. He arrives in Israel November 20th. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 134)

A symposium on “Zionism and anti-Communism” is held in the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR in the Academy of Sciences. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 134).

18.10.1972

19 Moscow Jewish families are given permission to leave without paying the education tax on the eve of the White House announcement of the trade agreement with the USSR. (11, p. 134). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, Number 1, 1972, p. 134)

21.10.1972

Well known Jewish activists in Moscow Gabriel Shapiro, Michael Klyachkin and Roman Rutman received permission to leave. (24, p. 43).

Esther and David Markish, widow and son of Perets Markish, Yiddish poet murdered in 1952, receive permission to immigrate to Israel. (Given four days to leave the country and arrive in Israel on November 6th ). (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

04.11.1972

Yuri Galanskov, a poet and long-standing dissident, died in the Pot’ma camp at the age of 33. He was sentenced to 7 years in January, 1968 for “anti-Soviet activity”. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

07.11.1972

Republican Richard Nixon won in the presidential election in the USA with a landslide victory.

08.11.1972

Hillel Shur, who had been released from detention in August of 1971, obtained an exit visa to Israel. (d.o.r.) (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, Number 1, p. 135)

09.11.1972

Prisoner of Zion Yankel Khantsis was denied an appeal by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

Valery Chalidze, one of the founders of the Human Rights Committee in Moscow, receives permission to immigrate to lecture in the United States. (11, p. 135).

18.11.1972

OVIR posted an announcement that the procedure for emigration would be changed as of December 1st. (2).

18.11.1972

A member of the Central Committee of the Italian Communist Party Umberto Terracini, in an interview to the newspaper “La Stampa” acknowledged the existence “residue of anti-Semitism in Russia”, but denies its existence in the Italian Communist Party. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, 1972, p. 135).

49 Jews were summoned to Moscow OVIR and were told that a special commission would reconsider their cases, but the criteria for issuing permits will not be published. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

22.11.1972

Jewish activists declare hunger strike at the Central Telegraph office in Moscow. They demand permission for all who want to go to Israel and release of Prisoners of Zion. Twenty-three of the hunger strikers were arrested for 15 days. (24, p. 44). (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

26.11.1972

More than 2000 Western stars of the entertainment world send petition to the Kremlin asking that Russian ballet dancers Valery and Galina Panov be allowed to emigrate to Israel. (11, Soviet Jewish Affairs, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 135).

Canadian Jewish Committee created a “Canadian Conference on Soviet Jews”. (13, p. 53).

00-12-1972

253 Jewish activists appealed to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet to include the Jews in an amnesty in honor of the 50th anniversary of the USSR. (24, p. 45).

01.12.1972

Raiza Palatnik,sentenced in Odessa in June, 1971 to two years in labor camp, released. She arrives in Israel on December 21st.

01.12.1972

Arrest of Gedaliah Kipnis in Minsk. On November 29th he and his wife were removed from an Israel-bound train at Brest. He is detained in connection with the case of Colonel Yefim Davidovich of Minsk who is under interrogation. Searches were conducted in the homes of Davidovich, Olshansky, Ovsischer and Bateman. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136, 24, p. 50).

02.12.1972

Special Appeals Commission in Moscow OVIR reviews applications to emigrate from December 2nd to 14th. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

07.12.1972

An appeal of a group of refusenik-scientists (Veniamin Levich, Alexander Voronel, Mark Azbel, Victor Mandelzweig, Vladimir Mash, Iosif Beilin, Alexander Lerner, Victor Brailovsky and others) to scholars of the West for support. “Ask not for whom the bell tolls, it tolls for thee ” – they wrote.

12.12.1972

By an edict of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Valery Chalidze had been stripped of his Soviet citizenship. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

12.12.1972

239 Soviet Jews appealed to the United Nations to establish a commission to investigate violations of the “Declaration of Human Rights” by the Soviet Union. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

18.12.1972

Eight people were exempt from paying the education tax, including Victor Perelman, a journalist, who refused to pay on principle. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

18.12.1972

At the eve of the three-day festive session of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 50 activists organized a demonstration demanding a response to their request for amnesty of Prisoners of Zion. Many were detained, some were arrested for 15 days. (24, p. 45).

21.12.1972

Following release from the prison camp Raiza Palatnik received permission to leave the Soviet Union. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

21.12.1972

Joint meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Supreme Council of Russian Federation to mark the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Union. The meeting was attended by representatives of foreign communist parties, including the Israeli CP. (December 21st is the anniversary of Stalin’s birth). (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p 136).

24.12.1972

A hunger strike in the Pot’ma and Perm camps on the second anniversary of the First Leningrad Trial. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 136).

27.12.1972

The Supreme Soviet announced the imposition of the education tax.

27.12.1972

According to the Soviet News Press: “Deputy Interior Shumilin announced a modification of the education tax. He stated that the desire to emigrate does not contradict Soviet laws”. (11, Vol. 3, number 1,p. 136).

27.12.1972

A group of Moscow Jews held a press conference in connection with the new escalation of repressions against emigration. (11, p. Vol. 3, number 1, p.136).

28.12.1972

The decree of amnesty to mark the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Union did not include Prisoners of Zion. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 137).

30.12.1972

The 50th anniversary of the USSR.

30.12.1972

Authorities do not allow Jews to gather in the street near the Central Synagogue in Moscow on Saturday. (11, Vol. 3, number 1,p. 137).

30.12.1972

British All-Party Parliamentary Committee for the Release of Soviet Jewry appealed to the Chairman of Soviet Supreme Council Podgorny with the proposal for the amnesty for all Prisoners of Zion. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 137).

00-01-1973

Charles Vanik introduces the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to to the House of Representatives. (13, p. 52).

07.01.1973

Yefim Davidovich appealed to the veterans of World War II to protest anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union. (2).

US House of Representatives joined the Senate in support of the Jackson Amendement. (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 137).

08.02.1973

Itshak Shkolnick, mechanic from Vinnitsa, Ukraine, arrested July 5th 1972, now charged with treason and spying for Britain. Three leading members of British –All-Parliamentary Committee for Release of Soviet Jewry apply for visas to attend trial. (d.o.r.). (11, Vol. 3, number 1, p. 137).

10.02.1973

Search of the apartment of Goldstein brothers in Tbilisi. (24, p. 53).

Jackson said he would resubmit the Amendment in the Senate due to increasing repressions in the USSR. Vanik has taken similar action in Congress.

08.03.1973

The appeal of 309 Jews from 6 cities (Moscow, Kharkov, Minsk, Kiev, Vilnius, and Novosibirsk) to Senator Jackson and Congressman Vanik in support of the Jackson – Vanik amendment. (New-York Times 9.3.1973).

11.03.1973

March 11th – 14th Visit to Moscow by US Secretary of the Treasury George Schultz for talks on development of trade and economic relations. Believed to have mentioned issue of education tax. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p.123).

11.03.1973

Soviet Jews urged Jackson not to give into growing pressure from the administration.

12.03.1973

The appeal of 13 international non-governmental organizations, including three Jewish ones- World Jewish Congress, Coordinating Board of Jewish Organizations, International Council of Jewish Women – submit document to UN Commission on Human Rights requesting it to note, inter alia, certain practices whichhamper emigration from given countries. (11, Vol.3, number 2, 1973, p. 123).

13.03.1973

Six Jews go on fast at KGB headquarters in Moscow against refusal to allow them to emigrate. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 123).

15.03.1973

Yefim Potik, Chernovtsy, arrested at Brest on the Soviet border on way to Israel and accused of attempting to bribe customs official to take a piano to his daughter, is given a 3 months sentence. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p.123).

16.03.1973

Senator Jackson officially submitted the amendment to the Senate on behalf of 77 of its members. (13, p. 52).

20.03.1973

The education tax is suspended. (13, p. 52).

20.03.1973

Nikolai Yavor, Leningrad, is arrested for “hooliganism” after filing documents for emigration. He applied to emigrate to Israel at the beginning of 1972. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 123.

After discussion in the Politburo, the implementation of the education tax is suspended. (1, p. 164-169).

27.03.1973

Representatives of the Soviet Information Service in Paris summoned to the court of law on the charges of publishing anti-Semitic article in the Soviet daily newsletter. The case was brought to court by the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism. (11, Vol.3, number 2, str.123).

27.03.1973

Arrest of Leningrad refusenik Yefim Krichevsky “for malicious hooliganism”. He has been trying to emigrate to Israel for over a year. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 123).

The trial of Itshak Shkolnik, March 29th-April 11th in Vinnitsa. He is sentenced to 10 years in hard labor camp for “espionage” and anti-Soviet agitation. Itshak’s wife Feiga appealed to Senator Jackson for help (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

12.04.1973

10 Jewish activists hold news conference in Moscow to stress that emigration curbs unchanged; plea to West not to be misled over apparent lifting of education tax. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

Senator Hugh Scott, US Senate Republican leader, announces the Soviet Union has notified US of suspension of education tax in 2 oral communications from Soviet leaders to President Nixon on March 30th and April 10th. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p.124).

19.04.1973

Nixon and Kissinger met with 14 representatives of Jewish organizations in order to persuade them to abandon their support of the Jackson-Vanik Amendement. The meeting was organized by Max Fisher. (13, Louis Rosenblum to his son Daniel).

19.04.1973

Professor Benjamin Levich holds press conference at home in Moscow in response to Soviet notification to US of suspension of education tax, warning against over- optimism. (11 , Vol.3, number 2, p.124).

Riga’s Jews gathered in Rumbuli to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the uprising of the Warsaw Ghetto. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

02.05.1973

New York Mayor John Lindsay visit in Moscow May 2-9th, accompanied by Seymour Graubard, National Chairman of B’nai Brith Anti-Defamation League. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

03.05.1973

A demonstration of “hunveibins” (young activist group, committed to demonstrations) near the building of newspaper “Izvestia” (Pushkin Square) against the biased coverage of Israel and Jewish emigration in the Soviet press (22, Michael Babel).

04.05.1973

Five-day visit of Henry Kissinger to Moscow to discuss the preparations for the visit of Brezhnev to the United States in June. Kissinger brought with him a list of 738 names of refuseniks, provided by American Jewish leaders. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

06.05.1973

More than 100,000 Jews have gathered in New York for a rally in solidarity with Soviet Jewry. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

07.05.1973

Sit-down demonstration of 40 Jews in the waiting room of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in protest against unreasonable refusals to emigrate. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 124).

08.05.1973

6 Moscow Jewish activists met with the Mayor of New York Lindsay after his meeting with Kosygin and Shumilin. John Lindsay said to activists, that in his meetings he discussed the problem of emigration. (11, Vol.3, number 2, str.125).

09.05.1973

It was reported in the West that on Soviet television was shown a movie entitled “Beware Zionism”, where Fanya Kaplan, who tried to assassinate Lenin, was called a Jew, and the link between the Mensheviks, Trotsky, Kerensky and Zionism was underscored. (d.o.r.) (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

09.05.1973

Moscow Jews gathered in the woods near the city to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Israel. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

15.05.1973

Jewish cemetery in Minsk has been desecrated. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

16.05.1973

Evgeny Levich, the son of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Benjamin Levich, was arrested on a Moscow street and drafted into the army, sent to Lake Baikal military district in Siberia, although seriously ill and undergoing medical tests in Moscow. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

17.05.1973

Demonstration of “hunveibins” near the General Prosecutor’s office. (22, Michael Babel).

17.05.1973

Alla Yavor’s appeal was accepted by the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. The case was submitted for review for lack of evidence, but the Leningrad City Court dismissed the Supreme Court’s decision, while reducing the term of imprisonment to the duration of the actual detention. Yavor will be released in September 1973 (22, Nicholas (Eli) Yavor).

18.05.1973

Four-day visit by CPSU General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev to West Germany May 18-22nd. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

23.05.1973

Sit-down demonstration outside the General Prosecutor’s office: sat on the sidewalk, were not arrested.

31.05.1973

In Minsk, an announcement that the investigation of the case against Yefim Davidovich and Gedalya Kipnis closed. Kipnis released from prison. This is considered in the West as a gesture of goodwill on the eve of Brezhnev’s visit. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 125).

June 1973

Since refuseniks Azbel, Voronel and Gitterman were denied exit visas to Israel again, they received offers from Tel Aviv University to work from their homes in Moscow (22, Azbel).

03.06.1973

The first stage of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was opened in Geneva. (24, p. 64).

04.06.1973

A week of solidarity with the Arab peoples begins in the Soviet Union, initiated by the Organization of Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa and Asia. Demonstrations and protests were organized “against Israeli aggression”. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

10.06.1973

On the eve of the visit of Leonid Brezhnev to the U.S., refusenik-scientists Alexander Luntz, Anatoly Libgober, Moisey Gitterman, Dan Roginski, Alexander Voronel, Mark Azbel and Victor Brailovsky began a two-week hunger strike in protest against unjustified refusals to allow them to emigrate and treatment of them as “state property”. Supported by hunger strikes by activists in other cities. (One of the hunger-strikers, Dr. Anatoly Libgober, receives an exit visa on June 18th). (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

10.06.1973

Demonstration of “hunveibins” in the Alexander Garden near the Kremlin in Moscow. (22, Michael Babel).

11.06.1973

The second demonstration of “hunveibins” near the Kremlin wall. The demonstrators were detained and then released.

12.06.1973

Charges of slandering the Soviet political and social system brought against Isai and Grigorii Goldstein (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

15.06.1973

Prisoners of Zion in the Perm’s maximum security camps declared a hunger strike during Leonid Brezhnev’s visit in the U.S.. Solomon Dreisner, recently released after a three-year prison term, joined the hunger strike in Leningrad. (24, p. 64).

“Izvestia” publishes an article about Soviet Jews in Rome wishing to return to the USSR. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

19.06.1973

Speaking to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the Jewish question, Leonid Brezhnev claims that over 95% of the applicants receive exit permits. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

21.06.1973

Demonstration of four women near Moscow OVIR against denial of exit visas.

28.06.1973

Demonstration of “hunveibins” at the “Mayakovskaya” subway station against their forcible detention in the USSR. They were arrested and sentenced to 15 days’ imprisonment where they were severely maltreated. (22, Michael Babel).

03.07.1973

The official opening of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) took place between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs in Helsinki July 3rd – 7th. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

03.07.1973

The appeal of Itshak Shkolnik. Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court reduced the 10-year sentence to seven years. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

13.07.1973

Victor Boguslavsky released from labor camp after serving the three year sentence he received during the Second Leningrad trial. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

17.07.1973

Demonstration of 17 Jews in Kishinev in the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Moldavia in protest against harassment while trying to emigrate. The demonstrators renounced their Soviet citizenship. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 126).

18.07.1973

The Soviet dissident Andrei Amalrik has received an additional three-year term “for defaming the Soviet state” before the end of his previous term. (He was due to end his earlier 3 year sentence on May 21st). (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127).

Aug. 1973

Demonstration in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in late August due to the fact that Minister Shchelokov had not responded to the letter of refuseniks.

01.08.1973

Press conference of corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences B. Levich on his son’s condition in military service. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127).

03.08.1973

Senator J.William Fulbright, Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, argues in speech to American Bankers Association against Jackson Amendement as “meddling in internal affairs of USSR”. (d.o.r.).(11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127,).

Arkady Shpilberg, sentenced to 3 years at Riga trial in May 1971, is released. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127).

13.08.1973

Lev Korenblit, sentenced to 3 years in labor camp in the First Leningrad Trial, December 1970, arrives in Israel on the same flight as two daughters of Mark Dymshitz, sentenced to 15 years in the same trial. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127).

14.08.1973

Sakharov’s letter to the U.S. Congress in support of the Jackson-Vanik Amendement.

15.08.1973

The 9th World Student Games in Moscow – August 15th-25th, involving two Israeli teams. Authorities create serious obstacles to Soviet Jews to visit the matches of Israeli teams as they passionately root for the Israelis. Foreign correspondents were amazed by treatment of Israelis by the Soviet authorities, who were trying to isolate the Israeli teams completely. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127; 24, p. 66).

15.08.1973

Meeting with Israeli athletes near the Central Synagogue in Moscow (11, Vol.3, number 2, p. 127).

The verdict against leading dissidents Pyotr Yakir and Viktor Krasin, charged with “anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda” – 3 years of labor camps, plus 3 years of exile. (11, Vol.3, number 2, p.116).

03.09.1973

Henry Kissinger is appointed U.S. Secretary of State.

07.09.1973

International Union of Pure and Applied Physics protest to USSR Academy of Sciences on behalf of physicist Alexander Voronel barred by Soviet authorities from attending Physicists Conference in Amsterdam. Prof. Cyril Domb of London University read Voronel’s paper. (In August 1973 Prof. Voronel, Mark Azbel and Moisey Gitterman were barred from International Conference of Magnetism in Moscow. They read their papers to 40 participants in Vornel’s home). (11, Vol.4, number 1,p. 115) (d.o.r.).

08.09. 1973

Andrei Sakharov at press conference at his home, reiterates his views about détente and calls for International Red Cross inspection of Soviet mental hospitals and prisons. (11, Vol.4, number 1, p.116).

08.09.1973

American Academy of Sciences warned the Soviet Academy of Sciences that further harassment of Andrei Sakharov may jeopardize American-Soviet scientific cooperation. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 116).

TASS attacks Sakharov and criticizes “some statesmen in Sweden and Austria” for attempting to link the treatment of dissidents inside the Soviet Union with the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 116)

12 refusenik-scientists in a public statement accuse U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce Steven Lazarus of having tried during a recent visit to Moscow to dissuade them from public protests and into appealing to US Jewish organizations not to support Jackson Amendment. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 116).

18.09.1973

The Supreme Soviet ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

18.09.1973

It’s announced that discussions of the Helsinki Accords will continue in Geneva until July 21st, 1975.

20.09.1973

In letter to CC CPSU 97 activists from Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius and Novosibirsk protest refusal of exit permits to Israel. They challenged Brezhnev’s assurances on the freedom of emigration to U.S. Senate Foreign Affairs Committee on June 19th. Among the signatories: Alexander Lerner, Vladimir Slepak and Venyamin Levich. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 117)

21.09.1973

An act of vandalism at the Jewish cemetery in Leningrad. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 117).

In a letter to Interior Minister Shchelokov refusenik-physicist Alexander Temkin denied that he did not want to use exit permit and demands that his teen-age daughter Marina, forcibly held in a Pioneers’ camp, be permitted to go with him. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 117).

Arkady Shpilberg, sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment in 1971in Riga trial and released in August, 1973, received an exit visa to Israel. (Two days earlier Sakharov appealed to world public opinion to help Shpilberg join his wife and child in Israel). (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 117-118).

25.09.1973

4 Jews in Kishinev launched a hunger strike in protest against the refusal of exit visas to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

25.09.1973

Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko delivered a speech at the UN for the reduction of military budgets by western countries and against their interference in the internal affairs of the USSR in the field of human rights, particularly in matters of emigration and dissidents. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

26.09.1973

Kissinger repeats his call for “quiet diplomacy” at a press conference in New York. (24, p. 82).

26.09.1973

U.S. House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee votes unanimously to block most-favored nation status for USSR and other Communist countries until they allow free emigration. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

27.09.1973

Twelve Jews with the Star of David on their chests held a demonstration near the Moscow synagogue protesting against the government’s refusal to allow them to emigrate to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

27.09.1973

Pravda announces the ratification of two UN treaties on human rights with the exception of an optional protocol related to complaints about violations. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

28.09.1973

Demonstration of “hunveibins” at the “Izvestia” building for exit visas to Israel. Four out of ten were arrested for 10-15 days. (22, Michael Babel).

28.09.1973

Two Arab terrorists took three Jewish immigrants enroute to Israel and an Austrian customs officer as hostages in the customs building at the Marchegg railway station on the Czechoslovak-Austrian border. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

29.09.1973

The Austrian government agrees to close the transit point at Schoenau Castle in exchange for the release of four hostages held by the two Arab kidnapers. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

29.09.1973

At a press conference in Tripoli two Arab terrorists have declared that the political purpose of their action was to stop aliya to Israel of Soviet Jews, reinforcing the Zionist enemy. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

29.09.1973

The Israeli government condemns Austrian surrender to Arab terrorism and calls on the Austrian government to revoke its “hasty” decision. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118).

29.09.1973

KGB dispersed a crowd of about 1000 Jews who came to Babi Yar from different cities throughout the Soviet Union for the annual commemoration of Nazi victims. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974,p. 118).

30.09.1973

President of the World Jewish Congress Nahum Goldmann expressed his protest to President Kreisky of Austria for the closure of the transit point Schoenau Castle . (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974,p. 118).

A case was open against Professor Gelikh on charges of espionage. Subsequently, he was not convicted. (22, Dina Beilin).

01.10.1973

After the speech of Golda Meir, The Council of Europe unanimously adopted a resolution, under which no government should “feel itself committed by extorted pledge to discontinue transit facilities for immigrants”. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 118-119).

02.10.1973

Demonstration against Soviet emigration policies by 10 “hunveibins” outside the TASS building. Four were arrested for 10-15 days; five were fined; one was expelled from Moscow under armed guard to Riga. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119; 22, Michael Babel).

02.10.1973

Golda Meir’s visit to Vienna for talks with Chancellor Kreisky. An agreement regarding Schoenau Castle could not be reached, but Austria would continue to transit migrants. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119).

04.10.1973

Naum Olshansky,Yefim Davidovich, Lev Ovsischer and Solomon Goldin, Jewish activists from Minsk, appealed to Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Podgorny and to Interior Minister Shchelokov with a statement of intent to demonstrate every day until they obtained permission to leave the USSR for Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119,). (d.o.r.).

04.10.1973

The Beirut newspaper Al Nahar published a statement of the terrorist organization “Eagles of Palestinian Revolution” that threatened attacks on Soviet missions and interests all over the world as long as the USSR did not stop Jewish emigration to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974,p. 119).

05.10.1973

Demonstration of “hunveibins” at the Interior Ministry. Five demonstrators were arrested, four of them sentenced to 10-15 days of detention. Three foreign journalists, trying to photograph event, assaulted and detained by police. (22, Michael Babel, 11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974,p. 119).

05.10.1973

In connection with the terrorist kidnapping in Austria, Egyptian and Syrian press criticized the USSR for allowing Jewish emigration to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119).

45 Moscow Jews send message of solidarity to Israel. Signatories include Professors Azbel and Lerner. Groups of Jews from all over the Soviet Union send similar messages throughout the war, and more Jews than usual apply for exit visas. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119).

Sakharov’s appeal to the Supreme Court demanding the release of mathematician Yuri Shikhanovich from a psychiatric hospital. He was arrested the year before for “anti-Soviet activities and detained since in complete isolation without trial in a mental hospital. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 119 – 120).

09.10.1973

Demonstration of three “hunveibins” in front of the APN. All three were arrested. (22, Michael Babel).

11.10.1973

To disrupt the press conference held at David Azbel’s apartment, David Azbel and Vitaly Rubin were detained. Vitaly’s wife Inna Rubin was sent to police custody. Police and KGB placed guards near the apartment of Mark Azbel. Detainees were held in the district police stations until late in the evening, and then released. (36, Volume 2 page 221).

13.10.1973

Peter Pinkhasov, Derbent, sentenced to five years in prison. The trial served as a warning to other Jews of Derbent wishing to apply for exit visas to Israel. (24, p. 80).

Demonstration of Alexander Slepak, Yona Kolchinsky and Evgeny Kirzhner near the Central Committee of Communist Party in support of Israel. All three were beaten up, arrested and jailed for 15 days for hooliganism. Also detained were five Western correspondents who witnessed the demonstration. (24,p. 68; 11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 120).

14.10.1973

The visit of Algerian President Houari Boumedienne in Moscow. The joint communique proclaims all possible assistance in the liberation of Israel’s occupied territories. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 120).

15.10.1973

An article in “Pravda“, directed against Andrei Sakharov for his criticism of Soviet aid to Arabs during the war. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 120).

16.10.1973

Israeli troopes crossed the Suez Canal and invaded Egypt.

17.10.1973

The Soviet press published information about anti-Israel rallies of Soviet citizens in factories and institutions. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 120-121).

18.10.1973

As a result of a provocation, Alexander Feldman was arrested outside the Kiev Synagogue after the celebration of Simchat Torah. Next day his apartment was searched and books for the study of Hebrew and Jewish history confiscated. (24, p. 73).

18.10.1973

The Moscow authorities diverted to Arkhipova street a stream of cars in order to prevent Jews from singing, dancing and having fun at the celebration of Simchat Torah near the Moscow Central Synagogue. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

20.10.1973

About 100 Moscow Jews offered to donate blood for Israel through the Red Cross. After Soviet Red Cross refused donations, they appealed to the international Red Cross. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

21.10.1973

A terrorist organization “Black September” threatens Sakharov for his support for Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

21.10.1973

Henry Kissinger and Leonid Brezhnev met in Moscow to discuss the plan for a cessation of military actions in the Middle East (On October 22, Egypt and Israel accept the UN proposal for a ceasefire, but the fighting continued).

23.10.1973

Leonid Zabelishensky, a radio-electronics specialist from Sverdlovsk, is arrested again on charges of “parasitism”. He was refused employment since his dismissal in October 1971 for applying for exit permit to Israel. Exit visa refused on grounds of access to classified information. (24, p. 78).

24.10.1973

Many activists were called for interrogation, where they were warned not to be active during the World Congress of Peace Forces in Moscow”. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

25.10.1973

23 Moscow Jews had intended to hold a demonstration in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and to deliver a letter with 85 signatures requesting the release of Silva Zalmanson. All were arrested on the outskirts of the Supreme Soviet and spent the next two days in custody. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

25.10.1973

Prisoners of Zion in Pot’ma and Perm’ declared a hunger strike in support of Silva Zalmanson on her birthday. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

25.10.1973

The World Congress of Peace Forces opened in Moscow. It lasted until October 31st. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

26.10.1973

In a speech on the World Congress of Peace Forces Leonid Brezhnev denounced the ongoing campaign in the West in defense of human rights in socialist countries.

26.10.1973

10 Moscow Jews appealed to the World Congress of Peace Forces with an open letter calling to condemn the harassment and persecution of Jews in the USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

26.10.1973

16 wives and relatives of Jews, arrested on October 25th , appealed for help to the Chairman of Amnesty International Sean McBride who participated in the World Congress of Peace Forces. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

27.10.1973

Thirteen Jews were arrested near the synagogue in Kishinev. In this regard, ten Jews sent a protest letter to the Prosecutor General of Moldova and the Attorney General of the USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

31.10.1973

In Moscow, 12 refuseniks were arrested on the last day of the Peace Congress. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

01.11.1973

4,200 Soviet Jews allowed to emigrate to Israel in October 1973. Previous record of 3,650 was in September when US Trade Bill was considered and Soviet Jewish emigration issue was debated by House Ways and Means Committee. (d.o.r.). (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 121).

02.11.1973

Valery Panov and his wife Galina Rogozina (Leningrad) began a hunger strike to protest against the denial of exit visas to Israel. The hunger strike will continue for 19 days and will cease only at the request of physicians. (11 Vol. 4, number 1, 1974,, p. 122).

02.11.1973

Physicist Alexander Tiemkin receives an exit visa to Israel. His daughter Marina was returned to her mother. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 122) (d.o.r.)

03.11.1973

Three Leningrad Jews staged a demonstration near OVIR against refusal. They were arrested and detained for 15 days. All went on hunger strike. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 122).

05.11.1973

British artists have launched a protest campaign outside the Soviet Embassy in London against the denial of permission to emigrate for the Panovs, as well as in solidarity with their hunger strike. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 122).

12.11.1973

After his wife and six children left the USSR for Israel, Pieter Pinkhasov, Derbent, sentenced to five years in prison for alleged “private carpentry.” (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 123).

15.11.1973

Board of Deputies of British Jews declare a Month of Solidarity with Prisoners of Zion. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 123).

18.11.1973

Canadian Foreign Minister Mitchell Sharp discussed the issue of Soviet Jewry with his counterpart Andrei Gromyko during his visit to Moscow. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 123).

Myron Dorfman, Kishinev, has declared an indefinite hunger strike in protest against the denial of permission to emigrate to Israel. He was trying to leave since 1966. Dorfman was on hunger strike for 21 days. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 123).

27.11.1973

“Pravda” reported on a visit to the USSR of the PLO delegation, headed by Yasser Arafat. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124).

30.11.1973

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Benjamin Levich addressed an open letter to scientists around the world, where he described the harassment of himself and his family, deprivation of the opportunity to continue his scientific activities, appropriation of his works by others, the removal of references and citations to his works from new scientific publications. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124).

30.11.1973

32 Leningrad Jews appealed to the City Prosecutor with the protest against the detention of three activists, who demonstrated outside Leningrad OVIR. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124)

Dec. 1973

The mayor and governor of New York declared the month of December - Solidarity with Soviet Prisoners of Zion.

01.12.1973

3,660 Jews are reported to have been allowed to emigrate to Israel in November 1973.

06.12.1973

Gerald Ford is sworn in as the 40th U.S. president.

07.12.1973

60 Jews appealed to the Politburo in Moscow with a letter of protest against the trial and fabricated charges against Alexander Feldman in Kiev. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124). (d.o.r.).

09.12.1973

Police prevent150 Jews of Riga from paying homage to Jews murdered by Nazis at site in Rumboli. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124).

09.12.1973

KGB officers threatened Valery Panov with a trial “for parasitism”, unless he find work and ceases to meet foreign correspondents and tourists. They tried to convince his wife Galina to leave her husband. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 124).

09.12.1973

On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 183 Jewish activists appealed to the UN Secretary General with a letter asking him to intervene in violations by the USSR in cases of Jews wanting to emigrate. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 125).

A hunger strike of solidarity with the Prisoners of Zion in many cities across the Soviet Union on the anniversary of the sentencing of the Leningrad Trial. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 125).

27.12.1973

Colonels Yefim Davidovich, Naum Olshansky and Lev Ovsischer from Minsk hold a press conference in Moscow where they spoke about the threats of arrest and trial for anti- Soviet activities if they do not end their campaign for exit visas to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 125).