Robert L. Dabney—a rock in the storm of 19th century natural history

Despite widespread compromise with Lyell and Darwin by nineteenth-century theologians, some remained faithful, arguing against the new theories of uniformitarianism
and evolution. Robert L. Dabney was as able a Presbyterian theologian as his better known contemporaries at Princeton University, and unlike them, remained staunchly opposed to secular natural
history.

Figure 1. Robert L. Dabney was born and lived most of his life in Virginia. He was a farmer, pastor, professor, author, and served as General ‘Stonewall’
Jackson’s adjutant during the Civil War.

Many Christians have chronicled the sad decline of the Church in the face of Lyellian geology and Darwinian biology. Those thinkers who stood fast on Scripture were attacked by both
secularists and compromising clerics. Theologians of the time were unable to stem the tide, often succumbing to the siren song of secular natural history or trading their approval for academic
respectability. For example, Princeton Seminary, long the bastion of orthodox Presbyterianism, succumbed when their leading scholars, Benjamin B. Warfield (1851–1921) and Archibald A. Hodge
(1823–1886), failed to see the worldview behind the “new science”. Compromise led to compromise, and in turn to the decline of Princeton, finally forcing J. Gresham Machen
(1881–1937) to break away and form Westminster Seminary. It is a tragic plot that has been replayed more times than I Love Lucy.

But there is always light in darkness, and though Hodge and Warfield remain respected theologians, Robert L. Dabney (1820–1898) was arguably the ablest Presbyterian theologian of the
19th century, despite faulty and inconsistent views on slavery. Dabney (figure 1) graduated from and taught at Union Theological Seminary in Richmond, Virginia. He took leave during the
Civil War to become the adjutant for General “Stonewall” Jackson, whose wife was the cousin of Dabney’s wife. Before he died, Jackson called Dabney “the most efficient
officer he knew”.1 After the war, Dabney wrote a famous biography of Jackson,2
and his lectures were published by his students as a systematic theology.3 Dabney moved to Austin, Texas in 1883, and founded Austin
Theological Seminary, where he remained until his death.

After the war, Dabney feared the spread of liberalism that had captured the northern Presbyterians (United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America). He stood firmly against that
trend the rest of his life, credited by Johnson1 with preventing the reunion of the northern and southern Presbyterians as a means to preserve orthodoxy in the southern church
(Presbyterian Church in the United States). One of the issues separating Dabney from many of his northern peers was his uncompromising opposition to the rising secularism in science, exhibited in
both Darwinian biology and Lyellian geology. He was the leader of the faction in the southern church that kept compromise with either of the ‘new sciences’ at bay until the early
1900s, decades after the northern church had surrendered to secular science and accompanying theological liberalism. His arguments, as presented in the classroom in the 1860s and 70s, and
published in his Systematic Theology, are still cogent and worth re-examining. His foresight was incredible, given the novelty of both subjects and that both were outside his
discipline.

Dabney on Darwin

Dabney saw Darwinism as a facet of a new worldview, comparable to both Greek Atomism and Epicureanism. He marshalled arguments against Darwin, many of which are still relevant. This section
summarizes his views from his Systematic Theology in the order he presented them. He summed up his opinion of Darwin in succinct and blunt terms:

“‘Darwinism’ happens just now to be the current manifestation, which the fashion of the day gives to the permanent anti-theistic tendency in sinful man. As long as men do not
like to retain God in their knowledge, the objection to the argument for His existence will re-appear in some form … This recent evolution theory verges every year nearer to the pagan
atomic theory.”4

‘In assigning man a brute origin, it encourages common men to regard themselves as still brutes. Have brutes any religion?’—Dabney

In other words, despite early religious support for Darwin from naïve Christians, Dabney saw evolution’s true philosophical home was materialism.

Necessarily atheistic

Dabney saw the links between evolution and materialism. It was a crucial point for him; he started his chapter by noting that the materialist argument of an infinite regress fails at the point
of cause and effect, and that evolution can be seen as an attempt to overcome that problem by showing that “the series contains within itself a power of differentiating its effects, at
least slightly”.5 He goes on to assert:

“The tendency of this scheme is atheistic. Some of its advocates may disclaim the consequence, and declare their recognition of a God and Creator, we hope, sincerely. But the undoubted
tendency of the speculation will be to lead its candid adherents where Dr. Leopold Büchner has placed himself, to blank materialism and
atheism.”6

Subsequent decades have vindicated that insight. Dabney also recognized that atheism would inevitably have a social dimension by affecting mankind’s self-image:

“In assigning man a brute origin, it encourages common men to regard themselves as still brutes. Have brutes any religion?”6

At root, evolution removes the distinction between spirit and matter, removing the possibility of the human soul, as we saw decades later in the works of men like Julian Huxley and Bertrand
Russell.

Man’s mind and soul are distinct from all animals, therefore they did not evolve.

Evolution explains observations of nature.

Weak theory. Unverifiable. No amount of circumstantial evidence can overturn testimony of Scripture.

No need of divine action; evolution is driven by chance. Proof of purpose in design is invalid.

Teleological argument accepted by past scientists. Evolutionists assume no design; they do not prove it./td>

Selection implies a mind

Dabney then attacked the logic of Darwin’s argument from natural selection.

“The favorite law of ‘natural selection’ involves in its very name a sophistical idea. Selection is an attribute of free-agency, and implies intelligent choice. But the
‘Nature’ of the evolutionist is unintelligent. The cause, if it be a cause, supposed by him in his natural selection, acts blindly and by hap-hazard. Now, whenever we apply the idea of
selection, or any other which expresses free-agency, to such effects: we know that we are speaking inaccurately and by mere trope
[figuratively].”7

Dabney was a keen logician and pierced Darwin’s faulty logic. As he noted, the very term ‘selection’ refers to choices made by intelligent beings. Darwin failed scientifically
too; “this is but giving us a metaphor in the place of induction”.7 Darwin’s errors were minimized by secularists for many decades. The failure of secular philosophers
at that time to acknowledge them as directly as Dabney does remind us of Paul’s observation that fallen men not only participate in sin but give hearty approval to others that do the same
things.

Fossil record does not support theory

Dabney was quick to note problems with Darwin’s argument from the fossil record. Not only were the ‘links’ missing, but there was a much greater problem—the absence of
the much greater number of fossil forms expected from the prediction of evolution:

“Then, since the blind cause probably has made ten thousand nugatory experiments for every one that was an advance, the fossil remains of all the experiments, of the myriads of
genera of failures, as well as the few genera that were successes, should be found in more immense bulk.”8

In his debate with contemporary paleontologists, who followed Darwin in optimistically assuming that the missing links would turn up, Dabney remained dubious. He has been long vindicated; the
fossil record remains ‘incomplete’ and the only ‘evolution’ is that of optimism transforming into pessimism among paleontologists.

Limits to change and Darwin’s invalid use of the argument

Next, Dabney assailed Darwin’s argument from selective breeding, arguing that it was not natural and therefore invalid. In fact, he noted the effects of biological entropy before
thermodynamics had been formally defined:

“And when we surrender any individual of the varieties to the dominion of ‘nature,’ the uniform tendency is to degradation.”8

He also noted that greater selectivity in breeding led to a greater tendency of individual breeds to revert back to a natural homogeneity if re-mixed with a general population. Another problem
was the inferred limits of selection changes based on observations of diminishing changes as breeding programs progressed, an observation that remains a formidable obstacle to evolutionary
biology, and a major reason for the role of mutations in the neo-Darwinian synthesis of the 20th century.

Qualitative distinction between man and animals

Dabney’s ability to see evolution as a wedge for the worldview of Naturalism was demonstrated again by a philosophical argument about the nature of man. Because it was philosophical, not
scientific, he clearly recognized that Darwin had moved far outside the bounds of biology. His argument was updated and restated by Adler9
and by creationists.10 In short, Dabney argued for the qualitative distinction between man and all other creatures by virtue of the unique
nature of the human mind.

“ … just as he [Darwin] accounts for the evolution of the human hand, from the forepaw of an ape; so all the wonders of consciousness, intellect, taste, conscience, religious belief,
are to be explained as the animal outgrowth of gregarious instincts, and habitudes cultivated through them … It ignores the distinction between the instinctive and the rational motive in
human actions; thus making free-agency, moral responsibility, and ethical science impossible.”11

Adler9 would later construct a more elegant argument that the presence of conceptual thought, expressed by human language, exhibited a qualitative difference in kind between man and
animal, rendering human evolution unlikely.

Evolution is a weak theory

Dabney was a theologian, but was well read in the various disciplines of his time. He understood what made a good scientific theory and what made a bad one. He placed evolution in the latter
category:

“The utmost which can possibly be made of the evolution theory, is that it may be a hypothesis possibly true, even after all the arguments of its friends are granted to be valid. In fact,
the scheme is far short of this.”11

In other words, evolution was not simply a bad theory because of incomplete evidence; it was a bad theory because it was “unverifiable and incapable of
verification”.11 Its weakness as a theory was not simply in the structural and evidential realms. Dabney noted its moral
weakness:

“These speculations are mischievous in that they present to minds already degraded, and in love with their own degradation, a pretext for their materialism, godlessness, and
sensuality.”12

Unfortunately Dabney underestimated that very degradation, thinking that the theory would never take hold because it was so insulting to man’s moral character. Sadly, we have seen that
his view of mankind, even influenced as it was by his Calvinistic view of depravity, still underestimated the depths of depravity in the coming century. Finally, he noted the fatal flaw of the
theory. It was based on circumstantial evidence, which is inferior to the historical testimony of the Bible.

“Judicial science, stimulated to accuracy and fidelity by the prime interest of society in the rights and the life of its member, has correctly ascertained the relation between
circumstantial proof and competent parole testimony. In order to rebut the word of such a witness, the circumstantial evidence must be an exclusive demonstration: it must not only satisfy the
reason that the criminal act might have been committed in the supposed way, by the supposed persons; but that it was impossible, it could have been committed in any other
way.”12

Today’s crime drama television emphasizes circumstantial evidence because it makes for a more entertaining format. But the fact remains that direct credible testimony is an
attorney’s best friend. Dabney completed the analogy with eyewitness testimony by noting that the Bible came from the most credible possible witness in the universe—God:

“Then even though the evolution hypothesis were scientifically probable, in the light of all known and physical facts and laws, it must yield before this competent witness … As
Omnipotence is an agency confessedly competent to any effect whatsoever, if the witness is credible, the debate is ended.”13

It is a sad commentary on the state of the Church that such sound biblical and logical thinking is markedly absent in most contemporary theological understanding of the origins debate.

Design and chance

Darwin brought a screeching end to the European fascination with natural theology that long predated Paley’s famous watch. The debate over purpose in nature is at least as old as
Aristotle and was one of Aquinas’ famous proofs of God’s existence—the one Kant admitted to be the most powerful of the theistic proofs.14 Evolutionists have always
been quick to use their theory to counter this famous ‘teleological argument’. But it is a futile attempt; the more we learn about nature, the clearer the evidence for purpose and
design becomes, as creationists and the Intelligent Design advocates have repeatedly shown.

As Dabney noted, one of the errors in the evolutionary position is the gratuitous assumption of the invalidity of metaphysics—an outgrowth of positivism. Dabney corrected that error by
pointing out that metaphysics is distinct from science, but that distinction in no way invalidates metaphysical inquiry. As he noted, both Bacon and Newton were firm proponents of the teleological
argument. He swats Spencer’s argument that Paley’s analogy was invalid because it was a mere ‘anthropomorphism’ by noting that Spencer’s point is sophistry because
all human knowledge is by definition ‘anthropomorphic’. “To complain of any branch of man’s knowledge on this score is to demand that he shall know
nothing!”15

He then delivers the final blow:

“The theists must not assume it [creation in God’s image] at the outset as proved. Very true; and their opponents shall not be allowed to assume the opposite as proved—they shall
not ‘beg the question’ any more than we do. But when our inquiries in Natural Theology lead us to the conclusion that in this respect ‘we are God’s offspring’, then
He is no longer the ‘Unknown God’.”15

This is a point that modern creationists have begun to make more vocally; that even-handed debate does not mean we begin by accepting the naturalistic presuppositions of our opponents. It is a
point that bears frequent repetition.

Dabney on Lyell

Dabney stands in marked contrast to the Princeton theologians in his insight into Lyellian natural history. Even Charles Hodge, who opposed Darwinism, accepted Lyell, and that curious position
is still wildly popular with today’s theologians … nervous about the implications of Darwinism, but equally nervous about being classed with the ‘lunatic fringe’ of
creationism. But Dabney saw the danger in the new geology and his cogent observations of its weaknesses are impressive for a theologian swimming against the tide of scientific experts. And they
are all the more in their promptness—a gap of only three to four decades existed between Lyell’s Principles of Geology and Dabney’s Systematic Theology. Given
that the latter was published by Dabney’s students some years after his lectures, Dabney’s prescience is all the more astounding.

In contrast to the Enlightenment view that theologians were hopelessly inept when dealing with science, Dabney was clearly aware of the geological arguments for deep
time:16

time to cool and erode crystalline basement,

time to accumulate vast thicknesses of sedimentary rocks,

features of sediments indicate long ages,

time needed for gradual accumulation of fossil record and large variety of extinct fauna in it,

absence of human fossils in older rocks, and

modern (gradual) rates of erosion, deltas, etc. demand long time.

The caricature of the ‘ignorant theologian’ railing against the ‘clear facts’ of science finds no comfort here.

A theologian first, Dabney dealt with the Christian compromises already circulating in his day—the Gap and Day-Age theories. Many of his arguments remain relevant against theistic
evolutionists and progressive creationists:

the narrative is historical, not symbolic,

qualifiers of YOM argue for literal days,

the link between the Sabbath and the creation week demonstrates normal days,

the order of the fossil record does not match the sequence of creation events, and

the timing of the creation of the sun and moon presents insuperable problems for long days prior to the fourth day.

LYELL

DABNEY

Geology is science; criticism by theologians is unwelcome.

Geologic history is virtual cosmogony, necessary for theologians to address.

Scientific proof of geology is more powerful than Bible.

Burden of proof on geologists. If they wish to dismiss Bible, they need sure proof, which they do not have.

Creator’s testimony outweighs all a posteriori arguments.

Geologists make logical error inferring like causes from like effects.

Rocks prove reality of deep time.

No God = no first cause. This leads to infinite regress, which is atheistic.

Fossil record proves rocks are old.

Circular reasoning. Argue fossils are old because their strata
are old; then use “old” fossils to prove strata’s age.

Having dealt with the theological errors of compromise, Dabney took on the geologists in an appendix to his lecture on creation. In it he warned that geology as presented by Lyell and his
followers must be addressed by theologians because it

“ … is virtually a theory of cosmogony, and cosmogony is but the doctrine of creation, which is one of the modes by which God reveals Himself to man, and one of the prime
articles of every revealed theology.”17

He warned of the metaphysical nature of secular natural history, seeing that it was rooted in a particular worldview inconsistent with Christianity. Unfortunately, this insight was not
understood by most of his theological peers, including the Princeton theologians.

Dabney then humorously chided geologists for their resentment of theologians arguing their science—a point that resonates in today’s debates:

“Not a few modern geologists resent the animadversions [critical remarks] of theologians, as of an incompetent class, impertinent and ignorant. Now I very freely grant that it is a very
naughty thing for a parson, or a geologist, to profess to know what he does not know. But all logic is but logic; and after the experts in a special science have explained their premises in their
chosen way, it is simply absurd to forbid any other class of educated men to understand and judge their deductions. What else was the object of their publications? Or, do they intend to practice
that simple dogmatism, which in us religious teachers, they would so spurn?”17

As we have learned in the subsequent years, scientific dogmatism (and hypocrisy) has proven every bit as common as Dabney feared. It is a constant, though illogical, argument used against
creationists.

Dabney urged his students to a fearless and temperate skepticism, noting that God’s word has met many intellectual challenges through the centuries and has always prevailed. He warned
that compromise would only lead to new and weaker compromises as new scientific theories came and went. His reason?

‘If any part of the Bible must wait to have its real meaning imposed upon it by another, and a human science, that part is at least meaningless and worthless to our
souls.’—Dabney

“I repeat, if any part of the Bible must wait to have its real meaning imposed upon it by another, and a human science, that part is at least meaningless and worthless to our souls. It must
expound itself independently; making other sciences ancillary, and not dominant over it.”17

Would that today’s theologians hold as firmly to this point! Then he explained that doctrines such as creation could not be classed with phenomenological language, such as that advanced
against heliocentrism. He noted that while the Bible used common terms (which he called “popular language”) for things like the sun “moving” across the sky, that
“there was no popular language about world-making [i.e. creation] conformed to the seeming phenomenon”.18 Another logical
point was that geologists bear the burden of proof in seeking to overturn the Bible because the Bible is not only inspired, but was in “prior possession of the field”.18
Their responsibility is weighty:

“Hence, the geologist does not dislodge the Bible, until he has constructed his own independent, and exclusive, and demonstrative evidence that his hypothesis must be the true one, and the
only true one. Has the science ever done this? This logical obligation geologists perpetually forget. They perpetually substitute a ‘may be’ for a ‘must
be’.”18

Once again, Dabney displayed his logical acumen. Nothing has changed. In every aspect of secular natural history, from the geologic column to plate tectonics, geologists continue to take the
‘may be’ and transmute it into the ‘must be’. His insight also carries a warning for creationists to avoid doing the same thing. For example, many see the continental
‘fit’ across the Atlantic as an indication that the continents must have been joined, when logically it only suggests that they might have been joined.

Dabney followed up with another logical point, which he called his “most vital”.18 It remains a powerful argument against compromising Christians who believe that science
should drive our understanding of Scripture. He noted:

“Hence, should it be found that the Creator has uttered His testimony to the supernatural origin of any observed things, that testimony cuts across and supersedes all the arguments a
posteriori [reasoning based on past experience] from natural analogies to a natural origin. Thus, many geologists, seeing that sedimentary action by water now produces some stratified rocks,
claim that they are entitled, by the similarity of effects, to ascribe all stratified rocks to sedimentary action. This, they say, is but a fair application of the axiom that ‘like causes
produce like effects’, which is the very corner-stone of all inductive science. But the real proposition they employ is the converse of this: that like effects imply like
causes.”19

After presenting the logical basis for his claim, Dabney referred again to the analogy of the courtroom to show that circumstantial evidence must bow before direct credible testimony,
questioning the right of geologists to impugn God’s credibility.

During Dabney’s day, geologists were still careful to avoid overt atheism. However, Dabney saw it coming, using the Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace and logic to demonstrate the necessity
for an infinite regress of atheism. Then he answered their objections:

“This argument is usually dismissed by geologists with a sort of summary contempt, or with a grand outcry of opposition. It does indeed cut deep into the seductive pride of their science,
sweeping off at one blow that most fascinating region, the infinite past. It is urged … that my argument would subvert the foundations of all natural science … I answer, no. Within
the domain of time, the known past of human history, where its testimony proves the absence of the supernatural, the analogical induction is perfectly valid. And there is the proper domain of
natural science. In that field, their method of reasoning is a useful organon [instrument for acquiring knowledge], and a legitimate; let them use it there, to the full, for the good of
man. But in the unknown eternity of the past, prior to human history, it has no place; it is like the mariner’s compass carried into the stellar spaces. That compass has a known attraction
for the poles of this globe; and therefore on this globe, it is a valued guide. But away in the region of Sirius, where we know not whether the spheres have poles or whether they are
magnetic, it is naught. He who should follow it would be a madman.”20

That point is valid today. Positivism would convince most that science could hijack any discipline it desired. But history is not science and natural history is a mixed question that employs
aspects of both, rendering the conclusion much less certain than science.21

“They reason in a circle, in that they argue the relative oldness of certain fossils from the strata in which they are found; and then argue the oldness of the strata from
the assumed age of the fossils.”22

Conclusion

Secular natural history has been met with numerous objections from both secular and Christian thinkers. Most of this we associate with the rise of creationism and the Intelligent Design School
in recent decades. Yet, the basic truths of Scripture and logic have been evident all along. We regret the inability of the Church to advance them during much of the 19th and
20th centuries, and at the same time, we see in Robert L. Dabney the truth that God keeps a group of people, even if only a few, that do not bend the knee to Baal.

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