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Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling addresses the fundamental social and cultural foundations upon which counselors and other helpers develop the knowledge and skill to work effectively with diverse populations. The premise of this text is that such foundational knowledge includes learning about self-concept development within a cultural and sociological context and about the impact that both individual differences and collectivistic philosophies have on cultural and personal identity. It distinctively features a social psychology perspective of diversity, complemented by an understanding of self-concept theory and its interaction with other models of identity development.

Preface

xi

Society, Culture, Counseling, and Human Services

1

(22)

Society

3

(2)

Culture

5

(9)

Enculturation

6

(1)

Acculturation

6

(2)

Assimilation

8

(1)

Encapsulation

9

(1)

Collectivism

10

(1)

Individualism

11

(1)

Interculture and Intraculture

12

(1)

Subculture

13

(1)

Worldview

14

(1)

Diversity and Counseling

14

(9)

Orientation to Time

15

(2)

Language

17

(1)

Unearned Privilege

18

(2)

Orientation to Nature

20

(2)

Counseling Inferences

22

(1)

The Emerging Self and Social Learning

23

(28)

Self-Concept Theory

23

(5)

The Structure of Self-Concept

24

(1)

Self-Structure and Cultural Influence

25

(3)

Altering the Self-Concept

28

(5)

Ecstatic Events

29

(1)

Traumatic Events

29

(1)

Intervention

30

(1)

Self-Determination

31

(1)

Repeated Life Events

31

(2)

Stability of the Self-Concept

33

(1)

Related Developmental Theories

34

(1)

Self-View, Worldview, and Social Learning

35

(4)

Social Cognition Learning Model

36

(1)

Social Learning Theory

37

(1)

Social Learning and Self-Efficacy

38

(1)

Deviant Behavior

39

(4)

Violence and Abuse

43

(3)

Violence and Homicide

43

(1)

Suicide

44

(1)

Physical and Sexual Abuse

45

(1)

Substance Abuse

46

(1)

Education

46

(1)

Technology and Self-Development

47

(2)

Counseling Inferences

49

(2)

Social, Cultural, and Racial Identity

51

(18)

Social Identity Theory

51

(5)

Categorization

52

(2)

Identification

54

(1)

Social Comparison

54

(2)

Cultural Identity Theory

56

(3)

Critique of Identity Models

57

(1)

Cultural Identity Research

58

(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Identity

59

(3)

Racial Identity

60

(1)

Race as Social Construction

60

(2)

Self as a Cultural Product

62

(4)

Individualism and Collectivism

63

(2)

Independence and Interdependence

65

(1)

Counseling Inferences

66

(3)

Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Identity Models

69

(24)

Racial Identity Models

70

(14)

Black Identity

70

(3)

White Identity

73

(2)

Asian Identity

75

(2)

Biracial Identity

77

(3)

Racial and Cultural Identity Model (R/CID)

80

(2)

Optimal Theory Model

82

(1)

Ivey's Cultural Identity Model

82

(2)

Ethnic Identity

84

(4)

Ethnic Models

85

(1)

Ethnicity and Self-Concept Development

86

(2)

Multiple Identities

88

(2)

Self-Consciousness and Identity

90

(1)

Counseling Inferences

91

(2)

Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Identity

93

(18)

Sex

93

(3)

Gender

96

(6)

Gender and Culture

97

(4)

Gender and Identity

101

(1)

Sexual Orientation Identity

102

(7)

Theories and Research Findings

104

(1)

Terminology

104

(2)

Sexual Orientation Identity and Development Models

106

(3)

Counseling Inferences

109

(2)

Family, Culture, and Self-Concept Development

111

(18)

Family Structure

112

(3)

Family and Culture

115

(10)

African American Families

115

(1)

Arab American Families

116

(2)

Asian American Families

118

(1)

European American Families

119

(1)

Jewish American Families

120

(2)

Latino/Hispanic Families

122

(1)

Native American Families

123

(2)

Family and Community Ties

125

(2)

Counseling Inferences

127

(2)

Ability, Attractiveness, Aging, and Self-Image

129

(18)

Physical Development and Self-Image

130

(4)

Body Stereotypes

131

(1)

Body Image and Self-Concept Development

132

(2)

Media

134

(1)

Ableism and Disability

134

(5)

Aging and Ageism

139

(7)

Common Stressors and Cultural Factors

140

(1)

Physical Appearance, Ability, and Disability

141

(1)

Ageism

142

(4)

Counseling Inferences

146

(1)

Spirituality, Religion, and Self-Concept Development

147

(16)

Historical Considerations

147

(2)

Defining Spirituality and Religion

149

(14)

Comparison of Spirituality and Religion

149

(2)

Culture-Specific Perspectives

151

(9)

Spirituality and Counseling

160

(1)

Counseling Inferences

161

(2)

Social Class and Economic Considerations

163

(14)

Socioeconomic Status and Social Class

164

(6)

Classism

167

(1)

Poverty

168

(2)

SES and Self-Concept Development

170

(3)

Affluence and Poverty

170

(1)

Gender, Race, and Marital Status

171

(1)

Stress

171

(2)

Counseling Inferences

173

(4)

Counseling and Cultural Diversity

177

(26)

Cultural Aspects of Counseling

177

(5)

Counseling Approaches and Skills

178

(3)

Cultural Bias in Counseling

181

(1)

Being a Culturally Effective Counselor

182

(11)

Multicultural Approaches

182

(8)

Skills of a Culturally Effective Counselor

190

(3)

Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment

193

(5)

Group Procedures with Diverse Clients

198

(1)

Advocacy, Conflict Resolution, and Social Justice

199

(2)

Counseling Inferences

201

(2)

Ethical and Legal Issues

203

(24)

Ethical Standards

203

(6)

National Board of Certified Counselors

204

(1)

American Counseling Association

205

(1)

National Organization for Human Service Education

206

(1)

Ethical Distinctions

206

(3)

Multicultural Competency

209

(5)

Competency I: Counselor's Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases

209

(2)

Competency II: Counselor's Awareness of Clients' Worldviews

211

(1)

Competency III: Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies

212

(2)

Human Service Education

214

(1)

Laws, Legal Issues, and Diverse Clients

214

(13)

Search for Freedom: A Chronology of Immigration and Citizenship Legislation

215

(2)

Equality and Justice for All: A History of Legislation and Court Rulings

217

(6)

Counseling Inferences

223

(4)

Research Issues and Future Considerations for Counseling Diverse Populations