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Abstract:

A payment card (e.g., credit and/or debit card) is provided with a
magnetic emulator operable to act as a magnetic stripe read-head detector
and a data transmitter. A multiple layer flexible PCB may be fabricated
to include multiple magnetic emulators. Layers of the flexible PCB may
include magnetic shielding in order to reduce interference from the
magnetic emulators to particular read-heads on a magnetic stripe reader.

Claims:

1-5. (canceled)

6. A card comprising: an electronic device operable to communicate
information to a magnetic stripe reader; a first layer of magnetic
shielding, wherein said first layer of magnetic shielding is located over
said electronic device; and a second layer of magnetic shielding, wherein
said second layer of magnetic shielding is located over said electronic
device, wherein said second layer is located at a point above said first
layer.

7. The card of claim 6, further comprising a battery.

8. The card of claim 6, further comprising a processor.

9. A card comprising: a first electronic device operable to communicate
information to a magnetic stripe reader; and a first magnetic field
limiting layer.

10. The card of claim 9, wherein the first magnetic field limiting layer
is on the first electronic device, and the first magnetic field limiting
layer on the first electronic device includes a space.

11. The card of claim 9, wherein the first magnetic field limiting layer
is directly on the first electronic device, the first electronic device
is operable to generate a magnetic field, the first magnetic field
limiting layer directly on the first electronic device includes a space,
a material of the first magnetic field limiting layer limits the magnetic
field, and the space passes the magnetic field.

12. The card of claim 9, further comprising a second magnetic field
limiting layer.

13. The card of claim 9, further comprising: a second magnetic field
limiting layer, wherein the first magnetic field limiting layer and the
second magnetic field limiting layer are on opposite sides of the first
electronic device.

14. The card of claim 9, further comprising: a second magnetic field
limiting layer, wherein at least one of the first magnetic field limiting
layer and the second magnetic field limiting layer is configured to block
communications between the first electronic device and at least one
read-head of a card reader.

15. A printed circuit board, comprising: a first layer including a first
electronic device; a second layer including a first magnetic field
limiting material; a third layer including a second electronic device,
the second layer between the first and third layers; and a fourth layer
including a second magnetic field limiting material, the third layer
between the second and fourth layers.

16. The card of claim 15, wherein the first magnetic field limiting
material and the second magnetic field limiting material at least
partially overlap.

[0003] A card is provided, such as a credit card or security card, that
may transmit information to a magnetic stripe reader via a magnetic
emulator. The magnetic emulator may be, for example, a circuit that emits
electromagnetic fields operable to electrically couple with a read-head
of a magnetic stripe reader such that data may be transmitted from the
circuit to the magnetic stripe reader. The emulator may be operated
serially such that information is transmitted serially to a magnetic
stripe reader. Alternatively, for example, portions of a magnetic
emulator may emit different electromagnetic fields at a particular
instance such that the emulator is operated to provide physically
parallel, instantaneous data. Alternatively still, a magnetic medium may
be provided and a circuit may be provided to change the magnetic
properties of the magnetic medium such that a magnetic stripe reader is
operable to read information written on the magnetic medium.

[0004] A processor may be provided on a card, or other device, that
controls a magnetic emulator. The processor may be configured to operate
the emulator such that the emulator transmits serial or parallel
information. Particularly, the processor may decouple portions of an
emulator from one another such that different portions of the emulator
may transmit different information (e.g., transmit data in a parallel
operation). The processor may couple portions of an emulator together (or
drive the portions together) such that all portions of the emulator
transmits the same information (e.g., transmit data in a serial
operation). Alternatively, the processor may drive a portion of the
emulator to transmit data using one method (e.g., serially) while the
processor drives another portion of the emulator using a different method
(e.g., in parallel).

[0005] The processor may drive an emulator through a switching circuit.
The switching circuit may control the direction and magnitude of current
that flows through at least a portion of an emulator such that the
switching circuit controls the direction and magnitude of the
electromagnetic field created by at least that portion of the emulator.
An electromagnetic field may be generated by the emulator such that the
emulator is operable to electrically couple with a read-head from a
magnetic stripe reader without making physical contact with the
read-head. Particularly, for example, an emulator that is driven with
increased current can be operable to couple with the read-head of a
magnetic stripe reader even when placed outside and within the proximity
of (e.g., 0.25 inches) the read-head.

[0006] A processor may detect, for example, the presence of a read-head of
a magnetic stripe reader by receiving signals from a magnetic stripe
reader detector and, in response, the processor may drive a magnetic
emulator in a manner that allows the emulator to couple with the magnetic
stripe reader. More than one emulator may be provided on a card or other
device and a processor may drive such emulators in a variety of different
manners.

[0007] A circuit may be provided on a credit card that is operable to
receive data from a device, such as a magnetic stripe. In this manner, a
card, or other device, may communicate bi-directionally with a device.

[0008] An emulator may communicate with a magnetic stripe reader outside
of, for example, the housing of a magnetic stripe reader. Accordingly,
for example, the emulator may be provided in devices other than cards
sized to fit inside of the reading area of a magnetic stripe reader. In
other words, for example, the emulator may be located in a device that is
thicker than a card--yet the emulator can still communicate with one or
more read-heads located in a magnetic stripe reader. Such a device may
be, for example, a security token, a wireless communications device, a
laptop, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a physical lock key to a
house and/or car, or any other device.

[0009] Dynamic information may be provided by a processor located on the
card, or other device, and communicated through a magnetic emulator. Such
dynamic information may, for example, change based on time. For example,
the dynamic information may be periodically encrypted differently. One or
more displays may be located on a card, or other device, such that the
dynamic information may be displayed to a user through the display.
Buttons may be provided to accept input from a user to, for example,
control the operation of the card or other device.

[0010] Dynamic information may include, for example, a dynamic number that
is used as, or part of, a number for a credit card number, debit card
number, payment card number, and/or payment verification code. Dynamic
information may also include, for example, a student identification
number or medical identification number. Dynamic information may also,
for example, include alphanumeric information such that a dynamic account
name is provided.

[0011] Magnetic emulation circuits may be provided that generate
electromagnetic fields. The emulation circuits may have active regions
operable to be read by a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader. The
emulation circuits may also have, for example, non-active regions that
are not operable to be read by a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader.
Multiple emulation circuits may be provided on different layers such that
the active regions of multiple emulation circuits provide a read-head of
a magnetic stripe reader continuous visibility to active regions while a
card is swiped.

[0012] Magnetic emulation circuits may extend across multiple tracks.
However, the areas of such magnetic emulation circuits that extended to
undesired tracks may be configured to be invisible to the read-heads for
those tracks. For example, a magnetic emulator may produce magnetic
fields that are not oriented properly to be picked up by unintended
read-head(s) but that are oriented properly to be picked up by intended
read-head(s).

[0013] Read-head detectors may be provided to determine, for example, when
a card is being swiped and/or when a read-head is located over a
particular portion of a card (e.g., a magnetic emulation circuit). A
magnetic emulation circuit may be provided as, for example, a coil.
Portions of such a coil may be utilized to detect a read-head while in
other portions of the coil may be utilized to communicate information
electromagnetically to a read-head. Accordingly, a coil may be utilized
to detect a read-head and, after a read-head is detected, the coil may be
utilized to, for example, serially transmit information to a magnetic
stripe reader.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The principles and advantages of the present invention can be more
clearly understood from the following detailed description considered in
conjunction with the following drawings, in which the same reference
numerals denote the same structural elements throughout, and in which:

[0015]FIG. 1 is an illustration of cards constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0016]FIG. 2 is an illustration of cards constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0017]FIG. 3 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0018]FIG. 4 is an illustration of a card and a reader constructed in
accordance with the principles of the present invention;

[0019]FIG. 5 is an illustration of a card and a reader constructed in
accordance with the principles of the present invention;

[0020]FIG. 6 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 7 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0022]FIG. 8 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0023]FIG. 9 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0024]FIG. 10 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0025]FIG. 10 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0026]FIG. 11 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0027]FIG. 12 is an illustration of a circuit and flow charts constructed
in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

[0028]FIG. 13 is an illustration of a circuit and flow charts constructed
in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

[0029]FIG. 14 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0030]FIG. 15 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0031]FIG. 16 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0032]FIG. 17 is an illustration of a circuit constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention;

[0033]FIG. 18 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention;

[0034]FIG. 19 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with
the principles of the present invention; and

[0035]FIG. 20 is an illustration of a personal electronic device
constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0036]FIG. 1 shows card 100 that includes printed information 111 and
120, displays 112 and 113, and buttons 130-134. Card 100 may be, for
example, a payment card such as a credit card, debit card, and/or gift
card. Payment information, such as a credit/debit card number may be
provided as static information 111, dynamic information 112 and/or 113,
or any combination thereof.

[0037] For example, a particular number of digits of a credit card number
(e.g., the last 3 digits) may be provided as dynamic information. Such
dynamic information may be changed periodically (e.g., once every hour).
Information may be changed via, for example, encryption. Software may be
provided at, for example, the payment verification server that verifies
the dynamic information for each period of time such that a payment can
be validated and processed for a particular user. A user may be
identifies using, for example, static information that is used to form a
credit card number or other static information (e.g., information 120).
Additionally, identification information may be derived (e.g., embedded)
in dynamic information. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a
credit card number may have, for example, a length of 15 or 16 digits. A
credit card number may also have a length of up to 19 digits. A
verification code may be used with some payment systems and such a
verification code may be provided statically on the card or may be
provided as dynamic information. Such a verification code may be provided
on a second display located on, for example, the front or rear surface of
card 100. Alternatively, a verification code may be displayed on the same
display as other dynamic information (e.g., dynamic information 112). A
display may be, for example, a flexible electronic ink display. Such a
flexible electronic ink display may, for example, utilize power to change
displayed information, but may not utilize power to display information
after the information is changed.

[0038] Card 150 may be provided. Card 150 may include static magnetic
stripe tracks 153 and 152. A magnetic emulator may be provided as device
151. Device 151 may be operable to electrically couple with a read-head
of a magnetic stripe reader. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate
that a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader may be provided with
one, two, or three active read-heads that are operable to each couple
with a separate magnetic track of information. A reader may also have
more than one read-head housing and each read-head housing may be
provided with one, two, or three active read-heads that are operable to
each couple with a separate magnetic track of information. Such read-head
housings may be provided different surfaces of a magnetic stripe reader.
For example, the read-head housings may be provided on opposite walls of
a trough sized to accept payment cards. Accordingly, the devices on the
opposite sides of the trough may be able to read a credit card regardless
of the direction that the credit card was swiped.

[0039] A magnetic emulator may be provided and may be positioned on card
150 such that when card 150 is swiped through a credit card reader, the
magnetic emulator passes underneath, or in the proximity of, a read-head
for a particular magnetic track. An emulator may be large enough to
simultaneously pass beneath, or in the proximity of, multiple read-heads.
Information may be transmitted, for example, serially to one or more
read-heads. Information from different tracks of data may also be
transmitted serially and the magnetic stripe reader may determine the
different data received by utilize the starting and/or ending sentinels
that define the information for each track. A magnetic emulator may also
transmit a string of leading and/or ending zeros such that a magnetic
reader may utilize such a string of zeros to provide self-clocking. In
doing so, for example, information may be transmitted serially at high
speeds to a magnetic stripe reader. For example, credit card information
may be transmitted to a magnetic stripe reader at speeds up to, and
greater than, 30 Khz).

[0040] Different emulators may be provided, and positioned, on card 150 to
each couple with a different read-head and each emulator may provide
different track information to those different read-heads. Read-head
detectors may be utilized to detect when a read-head is over an emulator
such that an emulator is controlled by a processor to operate when a
read-head detector detects the appropriate presence of a read-head. In
doing so, power may be saved. Additionally, the read-head detector may
detect how many read-heads are reading the card and, accordingly, only
communicate with the associated emulators. In doing so, additional power
may be conserved. Accordingly, an emulator may be utilized to communicate
dynamic information to a magnetic stripe reader. Such dynamic information
may include, for example, dynamic payment card information that changes
based on time.

[0041] A static magnetic stripe may be provided to transmit data for one
or more tracks to a magnetic strip reader where dynamic information is
not desired. Card 150, for example, may include static magnetic track 153
and static magnetic track 152. Information on static magnetic tracks 152
and 153 may be encoded via a magnetic stripe encoder. Device 151 may
include an emulator such that dynamic information may be communicated
through emulator 151. Any combination of emulators and static magnetic
tracks may be utilized for a card or device.

[0042] One or more batteries, such as flexible lithium polymer batteries,
may be utilized to form card 100. Such batteries may be electrically
coupled in a serial combination to provide a source of power to the
various components of card 100. Alternatively, separate batteries may
provide power to different components of card 100. For example, a battery
may provide power to a processor and/or display of card 100, while
another battery provides a source of energy to one or more magnetic
emulators of card 100. In doing so, for example, a processor may operate
even after the battery that supplies power to an emulator completely
discharges. Accordingly, the processor may provide information to another
component of card 100. For example, the processor may display information
on a display to indicate to a user that the magnetic emulator is not
longer operational due to power exhaustion. Batteries may be, for
example, rechargeable and contacts, or other devices, may be provided on
card 100 such that the battery may be recharged.

[0043] Buttons (e.g., buttons 130-134) may be provided on a card. Such
buttons may allow a user to manually provide information to a card. For
example, a user may be provided with a personal identification code
(e.g., a PIN) and such a personal identification code may be required to
be manually inputted into a card using the buttons in order for the card
to operate in a particular manner. For example, the use of a magnetic
emulator or the use of a display may require a personal identification
code.

[0044] By dynamically changing a portion of a user's credit card number,
for example, credit card fraud is minimized. By allowing the dynamic
information to displayed visually to a user, and changed magnetically on
a card, user behavior change is minimized (with respect to a credit card
with completely static information). By requiring the use of a personal
identification code, the fraud associated with lost or stolen credit
cards is minimized. Fraud associated with theft/loss is minimized as
third party users do not know the personal identification code needed to
operate particular aspects of a credit card with dynamic information.

[0045]FIG. 2 shows card 200. Card 200 may include, for example, static
magnetic stripe track 203, static magnetic stripe track 201, and magnetic
emulator 202 sandwiched between read-head detectors 204 and 205. A
read-head detector may, for example, be provided as a circuit that
detects, for example, changes in capacitance or mechanical coupling to a
conductive material. Processor 220 may be provided to, for example,
receive information from read-head detectors 204 and 205 and control
emulator 202. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that processor
220 may cause a current to flow through a coil of emulator 202 in a
different direction to produce different electromagnetic fields. The
transitions between the different electromagnetic fields may be sensed by
a magnetic stripe reader as information. Accordingly, a magnetic emulator
may transmit data serially while a read-head is electrically coupled with
a magnetic reader.

[0046] RFID antenna 210 may be provided on card 200. Such an RFID antenna
may be operable to transmit information provided by processor 220. In
doing so, for example, processor 220 may communicate with an RFID device
using RFID antenna 210 and may communicate with a magnetic stripe reader
using magnetic emulator 202. Both RFID antenna 210 and magnetic emulator
202 may be utilized to communicate payment card information (e.g., credit
card information) to a reader. Processor 240 may also be coupled to
display 240 such that dynamic information can be displayed on display
240. Button array 230 may also be coupled to processor 220 such that the
operation of card 200 may be controlled, at least in part, by manual
input received by button array 230.

[0047] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a static magnetic
track may be a read-write track such that information may be written to a
magnetic track from a magnetic stripe reader that includes a head
operable to magnetically encode data onto a magnetic track. Information
may be written to a magnetic track as part of a payment process (e.g., a
credit card or debit card transaction). Persons skilled in the art will
appreciate that a static magnetic track may include a magnetic material
that includes ferromagnetic materials that provide for flux-reversals
such that a magnetic stripe reader can read the flux-reversals from the
static magnetic track. Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate
that a magnetic emulator may communicate information that remains the
same from payment card transaction to payment card transaction (e.g.,
static information) as well as information that changes between
transactions (e.g., dynamic information).

[0048] A card may include magnetic emulators without, for example,
including a static magnetic track. Read-head detectors may also be
provided. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a magnetic
reader may include the ability to read two tracks of information (e.g.,
may include at least two read-heads). All of the information needed to
perform a financial transaction (e.g., a credit/debit card transaction)
may be included on two magnetic tracks. Alternatively, all of the
information needed to perform a financial transaction (e.g., a gift card
transaction) may be included on one magnetic track. Accordingly,
particular cards, or other devices, may include the ability, for example,
to only transmit data associated with the tracks that are needed to
complete a particular financial transaction. Persons skilled in the art
will appreciate that for systems with three tracks of information, the
bottom two tracks may be utilized for credit card information. Persons
skilled in the art will also appreciate that a secure credit card
transaction may be provided by only changing, for example, one of two
magnetic tracks utilized in a credit card transaction (for those
transactions that utilize two tracks). Accordingly, one track may be a
static magnetic track constructed from a magnetic material and the other
track may be provided as a magnetic emulator. Persons skilled in the art
will also appreciate that numerous additional fields of data may be
provided on a magnetic track in addition to a credit card number (or a
security code). Dynamic information may be provided in such additional
fields in order to complete a particular financial transaction. For
example, such additional dynamic information may be numbers (or
characters), encrypted with time and synced to software, at a validating
server, operable to validate the encrypted number for a particular period
of time.

[0049] Card 250 includes emulator 251 that includes active region 254
operable to communicate data serially to a magnetic stripe reader.
Similarly, for example, emulator 251 may receive information for a
magnetic stripe encoder. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that
emulator 251 includes a tail that is spread-out. Such a tail may include
the return lines of emulator 251 and may be spaced such that a magnetic
reader is not able to pick up the electromagnetic fields generated by
such a tail. Accordingly, active region 254 may be spaced close together
such that a magnetic stripe reader is able to pick up the cumulative
electromagnetic field generated by such an active region. Processor 253
may drive emulator 251 via switching circuitry 252. Switching circuitry
252 may include, for example, one or more transistors that may be
utilized to control the direction of current via emulator 251 (e.g., the
polarity of voltage(s) across a drive resistor).

[0050] Magnetic shielding may be provided to limit an electromagnetic
field of an emulator. For example, layer 310 of FIG. 3 may include
magnetic shielding 311 (which may be a magnetic material). Magnetic
shielding may block magnetic fields from emulator 351 on layer 320.
Accordingly, for example, a card may not interact with read-heads blocked
from emulator 351 from magnetic shielding 311. In doing so, for example,
a magnetic stripe reader may receive information from a single read-head
of a read-head housing at any given time. Layer 330 may be provided, for
example, with magnetic shielding 331 that includes an active-region space
332. Accordingly, layer 330 may block magnetic fields from emulator 351
except for those fields generated by active portion 354 (e.g., if space
332 is aligned with active potion 354).

[0051]FIG. 4 shows environment 400 that may include magnetic stripe
reader 410, read-head housing 440, card 420, and magnetic emulator 430.
Read-head housing 440 may include any number of read-head's such as, for
example, one, two, or three read-heads. Each read-head may independently
receive magnetic fields from magnetic emulator 430 (or a magnetic stripe,
such as a magnetic stripe encoded on-card by card 420). Emulator 430 may
be positioned to be adjacent to any one or more read-heads of read-head
housing 440 or may be positioned to communicate information to any one or
more read-heads of read-head housing 440. Persons skilled in the art will
appreciate that emulators with longer lengths may be located within the
proximity of one or more read-heads for a longer duration of time when a
card is swiped. In doing so, for example, more information may be
transmitted from an emulator to a read-head when a card is being swiped.

[0052]FIG. 5 includes environment 500 that may include cards 520 and 530
as well as magnetic stripe reader 510. Read-head housing 511 may be
included on a wall of a trough of magnetic stripe reader 510. The trough
may be sized to accept cards (e.g., credit cards).

[0053] Card 520 may include emulator 521. Emulator 521 may provide
electromagnetic field 591 that may transmit through a portion of the
housing of magnetic stripe reader 510 (e.g., through a wall of a trough
to get to read-head housing 511). Accordingly, card 520 may be located
outside of a reader--yet still be operable to communicate information to
a magnetic stripe reader. A reader may be provided with an outer wall,
for example, with a thickness of a quarter of an inch or more. Emulator
521 can provide electromagnetic field 591 over a distance of, for
example, a quarter of an inch or more.

[0054] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that card 520 may be
coupled to a device via a permanent or removable cable. Such a device may
provide power to card 520 as well as control information--such as control
information for emulator 530. An external source of power may be
utilized, for example, to provide a larger amount of electrical energy to
emulator 521 than from a source of power located within card 520. Persons
skilled in the art will appreciate that a car having an internal battery
may still be able to receive a cable from a device having its own source
of electrical energy.

[0055] Card 530 may be provided with emulator 531 and may electrically
couple with a read-head of magnetic stripe reader 510. Any number of
emulators may be provided in card 530 in any number of orientations such
that the appropriate electromagnetic field may couple with a read head of
read-head housing 511 regardless of the orientation of card 720 with
respect to read-head 511. More particularly, for example, additional
read-head housings may be provided in magnetic stripe reader 510 at
different locations about the reader to electrically couple with a
emulators in a number of different configurations. A sticker and/or
guide-structures may be provided on a magnetic stripe reader to, for
example, direct a user on how to position his/her card (or other device)
for contactless transmission of data (e.g., credit card data) to a
read-head housing without using the trough that includes that read-head
housing.

[0056] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a magnetic stripe
reader may include a trough that includes two (or more) read-head
housings 511 located in approximately the same vertical position on a
card-swiping trough, but at different horizontal locations on opposite
walls of the trough. In doing so, for example, a magnetic stripe may be
read regardless of the direction that a card having the magnetic stripe
is facing when the card is swiped. Magnetic emulator 521 may, for
example, communicate magnetic fields outside both the front and read
surfaces of a card.

[0057] Accordingly, a single emulator 521 may, for example, couple with a
single read-head regardless of the direction the card was facing when
swiped. In doing so, for example, the costs of readers may be reduced as
only a single read-head may be need to receive information regardless of
the direction a card is facing when swiped. Accordingly, magnetic readers
do not need stickers and/or indicia to show a user the correct
orientation to swipe a card through a magnetic stripe reader. An adapter
may be provided that coupled directly to a read-head that allows a device
not operable to fit in a trough to electrically couple with a read-head.

[0058] An emulator may be positioned about a surface of a card (or other
device), beneath a surface of a device, or centered within a card. The
orientation of a magnetic emulator in a card may provide different
magnetic fields (e.g., different strength's of magnetic fields) outside
different surfaces of a card. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate
that a magnetic emulator may be printed via PCB printing. A card may
include multiple flexible PCB layers and may be laminated to form a card.
Portions of an electronic ink display may also be fabricated on a layer
during a PCB printing process.

[0059] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a number does not
need to, for example, change with time. Information can change, for
example, based on manual input (e.g., a button press or combination of
button presses). Additionally, a credit card number may be a static
display number and may be wholly or partially displayed by a display.
Such a static credit card number may result in the reduction of fraud if,
for example, a personal identification code is required to be entered on
a manual input entry system to activate the display. Additionally, fraud
associated with card cloning may be minimized with the use of a magnetic
emulator activated by the correct entry on a manual input entry system.

[0060] Person skilled in the art will also appreciate that a card may be
cloned by a thief, for example, when the thief puts a illegitimate credit
card reader before a legitimate credit card reader and disguising the
illegitimate credit card reader. Thus, a read-head detector may detect a
read-head housing and then, if a second read-head housing is detected on
the same side of the credit card, the reader may transmit information to
the second read-head that signifies that two read-head housings were
detected. In doing so, for example, a bank, or the police, may be
notified of the possibility of the presence of a disguised cloning
device. The information representative of multiple read-heads may be
included with information that would allow a credit card number to be
validated. As such, a server may keep track of the number of read-head
housings at each reader and, if more read-head housings are detected than
expected, the server may contact an administrator (or the police). The
server may also cause the credit card transaction to process or may
reject the credit card transaction. If the number of read-head housings
(or read-heads) is the number expected by the server, the server can
validate the payment transaction.

[0061] A payment system using dynamic numbers may, for example, be
operable with numbers that are stored outside of the period in which
those numbers would otherwise be valid. A server may be included, for
example, that accepts a dynamic credit card number, information
representative of a past credit card number, and the merchant that is
requesting payment. The server may register that merchant for that saved
number. The number may be decrypted (or otherwise validated) for that
past period of time. Accordingly, the credit card transaction may be
validated. Additionally, the merchant identification information may be
linked to the stored dynamic credit card number for that past period of
time. If the server receives a transaction from a different merchant with
that same dynamic credit card number for that same period of time, the
server may reject the transaction. In doing so, a merchant may be
protected from having credit card numbers stolen from its various storage
devices. If a thief steals a number from a merchant's server that is
associated with a past period of time, that number cannot be used, for
example, anywhere else. Furthermore, such a topology may, for example,
allow merchants to provide a one-click shopping, periodic billing, or any
other type of feature that may utilize dynamic numbers that are stored
and used outside of the period in which the dynamic numbers were
generated.

[0062] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that different emulators
may be controlled by different switching circuitry (e.g., different
transistors).

[0063] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple buttons
may be coupled together to form a single-bit bus. If any button is
pressed, the bus may change states and signal to the processor to utilize
different ports to determine what button was pressed. In this manner,
buttons may be coupled to non-triggerable ports of a processor. Each
button (or a subset of buttons) may be coupled to one or more triggerable
ports of a processor. A port on a microprocessor may be utilized to drive
an emulator in addition to, for example, receiving information from a
button. For example, once an appropriate personal identification code is
received by a processor, the processor may utilize one or more ports that
receive information from one or more buttons to drive an emulator (e.g.,
for a period of time). Alternatively, for example, a magnetic emulator
may be coupled to its own triggerable or non-triggerable processor port.
A card may also include a voltage regulator to, for example, regulate
power received from an internal or external source of power.

[0064] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that any type of device
may be utilized to provide dynamic magnetic information on a card to a
magnetic stripe reader. As discussed above, a magnetic encoder may be
provided that can change information on a magnetic medium where the
changed information can be detected by a magnetic stripe reader.

[0065]FIG. 6 includes circuits 600 that may include magnetic emulator 650
that includes active region 651. Magnetic emulator 650 may be, for
example, a coil. Current may be provided through magnetic emulator 650
such that the magnetic emulator generates an electromagnetic signal.
Active region 651 may include a dense section of coil segments where
current runs through those coil segments in the same direction.
Accordingly, the electromagnetic field is intensified in active region
651 compared to the area of the coil with coil segments that are widely
spaced.

[0066] Accordingly, a current may be placed through the coil such that a
magnetic stripe reader is operable to receive information from active
region 651 but not the region outside active region 651. Persons skilled
in the art will appreciate that the direction of current through magnetic
circuit 650 may be reversed in a pattern that is representative of
magnetic stripe data. Particularly, a processor may, for example,
transmit information through a coil by changing the direction of the
electromagnetic field generated from emulator circuit 650 at particular
times. A change in the frequency of field reversals may be representative
of, for example, a particular bit of information (e.g., "1" or "0").
Magnetic emulation circuit 650 may include a dense active region and a
less dense tail region.

[0067] Magnetic emulation circuit 670 may be included that includes active
region 671 and non-active regions 672 and 673. Active region 671 may
include coil segments in which current flows through the segments in the
same direction. Non-active regions 672 and 673 may include, for example,
coil segment spacing that is wider than the coil segment spacing of
active regions 671. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate, for
example, that non-active regions 672 and 673 may be utilized to
communicate information to a magnetic stripe reader. However, active
region 671 may include a stronger electromagnetic signal then non-active
regions 672 and 673. Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that
a read-head may travel through non-active region 672, through active
region 671, and through non-active region 673 when reading information
communicated from emulator circuit 670. Persons skilled in the art will
appreciate that the level of current provided to emulator circuit 670 may
be configured such that a magnetic read-head received information from
active region 671 but does not receive information from non-active
regions 672 and 673. Emulator 670 may, for example, be tall enough such
that more than one read-head passes over emulator 670 at any one time.
For example, one read-head from a magnetic stripe reader may pass over
active region 671 and another read-head from a magnetic stripe reader may
pass under active region 671. Person skilled in the art will appreciate
that coil segments may be configured in an orientation such that they
produce electromagnetic fields that are invisible to such read-heads. For
example, active region 671 may include coil segments that are parallel to
one another. Coil segments above and below active region 671 may be
configured to be perpendicular to the coil segments of active region 671
or approximately oriented at a 45 degree angle from the coil segments of
active region 671.

[0068] Magnetic emulation circuit 680 may be provided that includes active
region 681. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate, for example, that
the height of magnetic emulation circuit 680 may be approximately equal
to the height of a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader such that, for
example, only one track read-head, of a multiple track read-head housing,
passes over magnetic emulation circuit 680.

[0069] Multiple magnetic emulation circuits may be provided on a multiple
layer PCB. For example, a magnetic emulation circuit may be provided with
active region 691 (e.g., active region 698) and non-active region 692
(e.g., non-active region 699). Emulators may be provided on different
layers such that active layers align with non-active layers. Accordingly,
for example, a read-head may pick up a continuous stream of active
regions. Accordingly, the active regions may be controlled through a
common switching circuit such that current flows in the same direction
through the active regions of the multiple layer PCB at a given time.
Accordingly, the active regions may, for example, provide electromagnetic
fields in the same direction. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate
that the widths of coil segments of non-active regions may be widened to
decrease the effect of those non-active regions when multiple non-active
regions are stacked. Additionally, for example, the coil segments of
vertically stacked non-active regions may be aligned with one another or
may be staggered from one another. Furthermore, for example, current may
flow through vertically stacked non-active regions in the same or
different directions.

[0071]FIG. 8 includes circuit 800 that may include, for example,
active-region 811 and non-active regions 812 and 813.

[0072] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that magnetic emulation
circuits with one non-active region may be vertically stacked with
magnetic emulation circuits with two non-active regions. Magnetic
emulation circuits with one non-active region may have non-active regions
that are wider than the non-active regions of a magnetic emulation
circuit with two non-active regions. FIG. 9 shows topology 900 that may
include active region 912 (e.g., active region 951), active region 922
(e.g., active region 952), and active region 931 (e.g., active region
953). Non-active regions 911, 921, 923, and 932 may also be included.

[0073]FIG. 10 shows magnetic emulation circuit 1000 that may include
region 1010, 1020, and 1030. Regions 1010, 1020, and 1030 may include
approximately the same spacing between coil segments or may provide
different spacing between coil segments.

[0074]FIG. 11 shows circuit 1100 that may include region 1110, 1120, and
1130. Circuit 1100 may also include read-head detectors 1141, 1142, 1143,
and 1144. Read-head detectors 1141, 1142, 1143, and 1144 may detect a
read-head and/or a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader. A
read-head detector may determine the presence of a read-head and/or
read-head housing by detecting, for example, physical contact with a
read-head and/or housing. Capacitive coupling, sonar, optical, or any
other technique may be utilized to determine the presence of a read-head
or read-head detector. Accordingly, for example, region 1020 may be
utilized to communicate information to a magnetic stripe reader upon the
detection of a read-head by a read-head detector. Accordingly, for
example, no current may be provided through regions 1010 and 1030 when a
read-head passes over regions 1010 and 1030. Multiple read-heads may be
utilized, for example, to determine the direction that a read-head is
moving as well as the read-heads velocity and/or acceleration. Such
information may be utilized, for example, to provide information in
different ways. For example, a processor may transmit information at a
first rate when a user swipes a card including circuit 1100 at a first
velocity and the processor may transmit the same (or different)
information at a second rate when that user swipes the card at a second
velocity.

[0075]FIG. 12 shows topology 1200 that may include a magnetic emulation
circuit having regions 1210, 1220, and 1230. Persons skilled in the art
will appreciate that a magnetic emulation circuit may act as a read-head
detector as well as a magnetic information transmitter. For example, a
magnetic emulator may be driven according to a process that includes step
1241, in which a correct Personal Identification Code (e.g., a PIN) is
determined to have been entered on a card. Accordingly, step 1242 may
activate, in which a coil is driven such that its return paths act as a
read-head detector. This may be done in numerous ways. For example, the
current providing an electromagnetic field may undergo a phase-shift when
a magnetic and/or conductive material is placed in the electromagnetic
field. Accordingly, a phase-shift may be determined in step 1243. When
such a phase-shift is determined, step 1244 may initiate and a magnetic
emulation circuit may be driven to communicate data serially.
Accordingly, regions 1210 and 1230 may be utilized to detect a read-head
and region 1220 may be utilized to communicate information to that
read-head. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a magnetic
emulation circuit may not be supplied current until an appropriate
Personal Identification Code (PIC) is entered into manual interfaces
located on the card. Such a scheme, for example, provides for power
savings as well as prevents card cloning. Accordingly, a magnetic
emulator may be driven into a read-head detector mode upon receiving an
appropriate manual input and then into a data transmission mode after
determining the presence of a read-head.

[0076] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that timing zeros may be
provided before and after data such that a magnetic stripe reader can
utilize such timing zeros to perform synchronization activities.
Accordingly, a magnetic stripe emulator may transmit zeros while in a
read-head detector mode in step 1251 and upon the detection of a current
phase-shift in step 1252 the magnetic emulation circuit may transmit
information in step 1253. After the data is transmitted, timing zeros may
be transmitted again in step 1254. Step 1253 may also detect the presence
of a read-head to determine, for example, whether all of the information
was received. If a read-head was not detected after data transmission,
the processor may increase the rate of data transmission for future
transmissions until, for example, read-heads are detected at the
beginning and the end of the transmission of data.

[0077] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a card may include
multiple magnetic emulation and read-head detectors circuits. In this
manner, a card may include multiple circuits that can operate as both a
data transmitter and a read-head detector.

[0078]FIG. 13 includes topology 1300 that may include, for example, a
magnetic emulation circuit that includes regions 1310 and 1320. Read-head
detectors 1331, 1332, and 1332 may also be included.

[0079] A region (e.g., region 1310) may be utilized to determine the
velocity of a read-head. For example, step 1341 may be included in which
a region is driven such that the region acts as a read-head detector. A
read-head may be detected in 1342, but the region may continue to drive
the region to act as a read-head detector in step 1344. A second
read-head position may then be determined in step 1345. The number of
times that a read-head is sensed by a detector may correlate to a
velocity. Information may then be transmitted (e.g., via another region)
depending on the determined velocity. For example, the velocity of a
swipe may be detected in step 1351 and information may be transmitted
according to this velocity in step 1352. Read-head detectors 1331, 1332,
and 1333 may also be utilized, for example, to determine the velocity of
a read-head as well as the direction of movement of the read-head.
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a magnetic stripe reader
may be motorized and may read a card at a pre-determined speed. Such a
card may determine that the card is being read by a motorized reader and
may utilize this information to transmit different information and/or
transmit information in a different manner.

[0080]FIG. 14 shows card 1400 that may include magnetic emulation circuit
1420. Magnetic emulation circuit 1420 may be included on a short side of
a rectangle-shaped card--yet may transmit serially all of the information
on a track of financial payment data (e.g., credit and/or debit data).
Such transmitted financial payment data may be utilized to validate a
financial payment (e.g., a credit card purchase). Any number of magnetic
emulation circuits may be included on any side of card 1400. For example,
a magnetic emulation circuit may be provided on a long side of a
rectangle-shaped card and another magnetic emulation circuit may be
provided on the other long side of a rectangle-shaped card. Each magnetic
emulation circuit may be utilized to transmit different data or the same
data.

[0081]FIG. 15 includes circuit 1500 that may include read-head detectors
1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, and 1546. Circuit 1500 may include a
magnetic emulation circuit that includes regions 1511, 1512, 1513, 1521,
1531, 1522, 1532, 1523, 1524, 1533, 1525, 1534, and 1526. Regions
1511-1513 may be operable to communicate with a read-head that passes
through regions 1511-1513. The magnetic emulation circuit may include a
coil. Regions 1511-1513 may include, for example, coil segments that are
parallel to one another. The coil segments may produce an electromagnetic
field operable to communicate data to a read-head of a magnetic stripe
reader. The coil segments of regions 1521-1526 may be oriented
approximately at a 45 degree angle from the coil segments of regions
1511-1513. Accordingly, for example, the orientation offset of regions
1521-1526 from regions 1511-1513 may allow regions 1521-1526 to produce
an electromagnetic field that cannot communicate with a read-head of a
magnetic stripe reader when regions 1511-1513 are communicating data to a
read-head of a magnetic stripe reader. Similarly, the coil segments of
regions 1531-1534 may be oriented perpendicular to the coil segments of
regions 1511-1513. Accordingly, for example, the orientation offset of
regions 1531-1534 from regions 1511-1513 may allow regions 1531-1534 to
produce an electromagnetic field that cannot communicate with a read-head
of a magnetic stripe reader when regions 1511-1513 are communicating data
to a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader.

[0083]FIG. 17 includes circuit 1700 that may include, for example,
read-head detectors 1741, 1742, 1751, and 1752. Circuit 1700 may also
include, for example, magnetic emulation circuits 1710, 1720, and 1730.
Read-head detectors 1741, 1742, 1751, and 1752 may be utilized as
read-head detectors and may provide the capability for a read-head to be
detected when the read-head is over a particular magnetic emulation
circuit or portion of a magnetic emulation circuit. Read-head detectors
1741, 1742, 1751, and 1752 may detect a read-head by sensing, for
example, capacitive coupling of a read-head. Alternatively, for example,
a read-head contact may be, for example, pressed against another contact
when pressure is applied via a read-head.

[0084] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a display on the
card may display a credit card number that does not change with time.
Additionally, for example, a magnetic emulator (or multiple magnetic
emulators) may magnetically communicate financial data that does not
change with time. Such a card may reduce, for example, the effects of
physical card theft and card cloning.

[0085] One or more light generation devices, such as a Light Emitting
Diode (LED), may be provided as part of a card (or other device). Such an
LED may produce light, for example, upon a manual input such as a button
press, the correct entry of a PIC such as a PIN, and/or the incorrect
entry of a PIC. A light emitting device may be operable to produce
different colors of light. For example, the incorrect entry of a PIC may
produce a red light and the correct entry of a PIC may produce a green
light. A PIC may take any form such as a numerical code or a code that
include alphabet letters and/or symbols. For example, a PIC may be
"A-B-B-B-A" and an "A" button may be provided on a card in addition to a
"B" button (as well as other buttons such as a "C," "D," and/or "E"
buttons).

[0086] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that any numbers of a
credit card number may remain static and/or change either with time or
based off a transaction (e.g., by sensing a read-head "swipe").
Additionally, any static and/or dynamic numbers may be displayed via a
display or printed on a card. For example, a middle 6 digits of a
credit/debit card number may be static and may be displayed on a display.
Such a middle 6 digits may be displayed, for example, upon the entry of a
correct PIC. Similarly, a magnetic emulator may not communicate
information until a correct PIC has been entered by a user. Doing so may,
for example, reduce fraud associated with card cloning. Additionally, a
receipts may be provided that includes masked credit card numbers except
for the last few digits of credit card numbers. Accordingly, displaying a
static middle 6 digits of credit card numbers may allow for such a
receipt to be provided while still reducing credit card fraud from hiding
numbers that are not displayed on such a receipt. Any amount of numbers
and/or characters may be displayed through a display. For example,
nineteen digits may be displayed as part of a credit/debit numbers and
these numbers may also be communicated through one or more magnetic
emulation circuits. The entry of particular PICs may provide different
results. For example, a first PIC may only display a string of
alphanumeric characters. A second PIC may only activate a magnetic
emulation circuit to transmit information including that string of
alphanumeric characters (or a different string). A third PIC may activate
a magnetic emulation circuit and a display. A display and/or magnetic
emulation circuit may be turned OFF, for example, upon entry of an
incorrect PIC and/or after a period of time has passed since the entry of
the PIC and/or after the detection of a particular number of swipes by a
read-head detector (e.g., one or two).

[0087] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a credit/debit card
number (or any other information) may remain static until an event occurs
and then may become dynamic (e.g., change based on swipes and/or time).
For example, a particular PIC may change from a static to a dynamic
topology and/or a topology may be changed from static to dynamic after a
pre-determined period of time. Additionally a card and/or device may
include a wireless receiver and a topology may be changed from a static
to a dynamic topology upon, for example, receiving an appropriate signal
from the wireless receiver. Accordingly, a validation process may change
at a validation server depending upon whether a card is utilizing a
static and/or dynamic topology at any given time. Additionally, a static
credit/debit card number may be printed on the face of a card and
information (e.g., a security code) may be displayed via a display and
remain static over time (or with use) or be provided dynamically.

[0088] A card or other device (e.g., a mobile telephone) may accept a
pre-determined number of consecutive incorrect PICs before locking the
card for a period of time or until an appropriate secondary PIC is
entered. Accordingly, a user may enter in an incorrect PIC a number of
times and then, after a card becomes locked, call a support center for a
secondary one-time use PIC. A card may cycle through unlocking PICs
based, for example, on time or the number of previous unlock attempts.

[0089] A website may be provided where a user enters in his/her credit
card number, pays a fee, and a new card is programmed and sent to the
user. The new card may include a display to display a portion of the
users credit/debit card number in a static form upon entry of an
appropriate PIC. Such a card may also include one or more magnetic
emulation circuits to transmit the information to a reader. Such a card
may or may not, for example, include a portion of a magnetic stripe. For
example, three tracks of magnetic stripe data may be communicated via
three different emulation circuits, more than three different emulation
circuits, one emulation circuits (e.g., tracks communicated serially to
all read-heads), or one or more tracks may be represented by magnetic
stripe(s) while one or more other tracks may be represented by a magnetic
emulation circuit. A track of data may also be partially represented by a
magnetic emulation circuit and partially represented by a magnetic
stripe.

[0090]FIG. 18 shows card 1800 that may include, for example, one or more
IC chips 1830 (e.g., EMV chips), RFID antennas 1820, processors 1840,
displays 1850, dynamic magnetic communications devices 1810 (e.g.,
magnetic encoders and/or magnetic emulators), batteries 1860, and buttons
1851 and 1852. Additional circuitry 1898 may be provided which may be,
for example, one or more oscillators or emulator driving circuits.
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that button 1851 may, for
example, be utilized by a user to select one encryption algorithm for a
number displayed on display 1850 while button 1852 may be utilized by a
user to select a different encryption algorithm. Persons skilled in the
art will appreciate that the components of card 1800 may be provided on
either surface of a card (e.g., a front or rear surface of the card) or
inside of a card. A logo (e.g., of a card issuer) and logo may be
provided on either surface of a card.

[0091] A button, such as button 1051, may be utilized, for example, to
display a number. Such a number may be, for example, encrypted from a
secure number based on time or use. For example, one-time use numbers
(e.g., a payment number or code) may be retrieved from a list of numbers
on memory each time button 1851 is pressed and displayed on display 1850.
A processor may only go through each number once on a list. A
registration process may be provided in which a user may be requested to
enter in a sequence of numbers such that a remote server may validate the
card and learn where in a sequence of a list a card currently resides.
Numbers may be repeated on a list or may only occur once on a list. All
of the numbers available by the length of the number may be utilized by
the list or only a portion of the numbers available by the length of the
number may be provided by the list. A secret number may be encrypted on a
card and a verification server may also have knowledge of this secret
number. Accordingly, the remote server may perform the same encryption
function as the card on the secret number and verify that the resultant
encrypted number is the same as the resultant encrypted number on a card.
Alternatively, for example, the remote server may decrypt the received
encrypted number to determine the authenticity of the encrypted number
and validate an activity (e.g., validate a security access request or a
purchase transaction).

[0092] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate, for example, that a
card may include an IC chip (e.g., EMV chip), RFID, and a dynamic
magnetic communications device (e.g., a magnetic emulator or encoder).
The same information may be communicated through, for example, any number
of such devices (e.g., a dynamic magnetic communications device, RFID,
and an EMV chip). A central processor may cause each device to
communicate the information (in the same format or a different format).
Each component may have its own processor or driving circuitry. Such
individual processors or driving circuitry may be coupled to a central
processor. An EMV chip may be utilized, for example, to provide control
signals to other devices (e.g., circuitry driving a display as well as a
dynamic magnetic communications device). Such an EMV chip may receive
signals provided by one or more buttons to determine, for example, that a
particular button, or sequence of buttons, was pressed by a user.

[0093] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a read-head housing
may include, for example, multiple read-heads. A read-head detector may,
more generally, detect a read-head housing and, in doing so, detect a
read-head.

[0094]FIG. 19 shows card 1900 that may include, for example, signature
area 1940 that may include a material operable to receive marks from a
pen (e.g., a signature). Card 1900 may also include, for example,
displays 1920 and 1930. Display 1920 may, for example, display a payment
number while display 1930 displays a security code (e.g., for online
purchase authentication). Display 1920 as well as display 1930 may be
utilized on the same side as, for example, dynamic magnetic
communications device 1910.

[0095]FIG. 20 shows personal electronic device 2000 which may be, for
example, a portable telephonic device, portable media player, or any type
of electronic device. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the
functionality of a card may be provided on a personal device and
displayed through a graphical user interface. Personal electronic device
2000 may include, for example, user inputs 2040 and display 2010. Virtual
card 2020 may be displayed on display 2020. Display 2020 may be a
touch-sensitive display such that, for example, virtual button 2030 may
be provided on virtual card 2020. Persons skilled in the art will
appreciate that cards may be provided as virtual cards and a user may
interact with such virtual cards in order to provide a variety of
functions. Personal electronic device 2000 may communicate to a card
reader such as, for example, an RFID reader.

[0096] A display may be bi-stable or non bi-stable. A bi-stable display
may consume electrical energy to change the information displayed on the
bi-stable display but may not consume electrical energy to maintain the
display of that information. A non bi-stable display may consume
electrical energy to both change and maintain information on the non
bi-stable display. A display driving circuit may be provided, for
example, for a bi-stable display (or a non bi-stable display). Such a
display driving circuit may step-up a supply voltage (e.g., 1-5 volts) to
a larger voltage (e.g., 6-15 volts) such that a bi-stable display may
change displayed information. A controller (e.g., a processor) may be
utilized to control such a display driving circuit. Persons skilled in
the art will appreciate that a display may be configured to display
numerical data or alphanumerical data. A display may also be configured
to display other indicia (e.g., the image of a battery and its remaining
life).

[0097] A magnetic stripe reader may, for example, determine information on
a magnetic stripe by detecting the frequency of changes in magnetic
fields (e.g., flux transversals). A particular frequency of flux
transversals may correlate to, for example, a particular information
state (e.g., a logic "1" or a logic "0"). Accordingly, for example, a
magnetic emulator may change the direction of an electromagnetic field at
particular frequencies in order to communicate a different state of
information (e.g., a logic "1" or a logic "0").

[0098] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a magnetic emulator
may electromagnetically communicate information serially by changing the
magnitude of an electromagnetic field with respect to time. As such, for
example, a current in a single direction may be provided through a
magnetic emulator in order for that magnetic emulator to generate an
electromagnetic field of a single direction and a particular magnitude.
The current may then be removed from the magnetic emulator such that, for
example, the electromagnetic field is removed. The creation of a presence
of an electromagnetic field, and the removal of that electromagnetic
field, may be utilized to communicate information to, for example, a
magnetic stripe reader. A magnetic stripe reader may be configured to
read, for example, the change in flux versus time and may associate an
increase in an electromagnetic field (e.g., creation of a field) as one
flux transversal and a decrease (e.g., removal of a field) as another
transversal. In doing so, for example, driving circuitry (not shown) may
be provided which, in turn, controls when current is provided to a
magnetic emulator. The timing of magnetic flux transversals, as
determined by a magnetic stripe reader, may be utilized by that reader to
determine whether a logic one ("1") or logic zero ("0") was communicated.
Accordingly, a driving circuit may change the frequency of when current
is supplied and removed from a magnetic emulator in order to communicate
a logic one ("1") or a logic zero ("0").

[0099] A driving circuit may, for example, change the direction of current
supplied to a magnetic emulator to increase the amount of change in an
electromagnetic field magnitude for a period of time. In doing so, for
example, a magnetic stripe reader may more easily be able to discern
overall changes in an electromagnetic field and, as such, may more easily
be able to discern information. As such, for example, a driving circuit
may increase the magnitude of an electromagnetic field by providing
negative current, decrease the amount of negative current until no
current is provided and provide an increasing positive current in order
to provide a large swing in the magnitude of an electromagnetic field.
Similarly, a driving circuit may switch from providing one amount of
negative current (or positive current) to one amount of positive current
(or negative current).

[0100] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a string of a
particular bit of data (e.g., a string of logic zeros "0s") may be
communicated before as well as after information is communicated through
a magnetic emulator. A magnetic stripe reader may utilize such data, for
example, to determine base timing information such that the magnetic
stripe reader has a timing reference that the reader can utilize to
assist in determining timing changes of perceived flux transverals.
Accordingly, for example, a magnetic emulator may send data at different
overall frequencies and a magnetic stripe reader may be able to
reconfigure itself to receive data at such overall frequencies.
Information may be encoded using, for example, Frequency/Double Frequency
(F2F) encoding such that magnetic stripe readers may perform, F2F
decoding.

[0101] A processor may control one or more emulators by, for example,
controlling the direction of the current supplied through one or more
segments of an emulator. By changing the direction of current through a
region, for example, the direction of an electromagnetic field may be
changed. Similarly, a processor may control one or more emulators by, for
example, controlling the change in magnitude of current supplied through
one or more segments of an emulator. As such, for example, a processor
may increase the magnitude of current as well as decrease the magnitude
of current supplied through an emulator. A processor may control the
timing of such increases and decreases in current such that a magnetic
emulator may, for example, communicate F2F encoded information.

[0102] Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a dynamic magnetic
communications device (e.g., a magnetic emulator or magnetic encoder) may
be fabricated, either completely or partially, in silicon and provided as
a silicon-based chip. Other circuitry (e.g., driving circuitry) may also
be fabricated on such a silicon-based chip. A processor, such as a
processor for controlling a magnetic communications device, may be, for
example, a programmable processor having on-board programmable
non-volatile memory (e.g., FLASH memory), volatile memory (e.g., RAM), as
well as a cache. Firmware as well as payment information (e.g., dynamic
numbers) may be, for example, communicated from a programming device to a
processor's on-board programmable non-volatile memory (e.g., a FLASH
memory) such that a card may provide a variety of functionalities. Such a
processor may also have one or more power-saving operating modes, in
which each operating mode turns OFF a different set of circuitry to
provide different levels of power consumption. One or more power-savings
modes may turn OFF, for example, one or more clocking circuitry provided
on a processor. An Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) may
also be included in a card or other device to provide, for example,
processing, dynamic magnetic communications, as well as driving
capabilities.

[0103] Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that the present
invention is not limited to only the embodiments described. Instead, the
present invention more generally involves dynamic information. Persons
skilled in the art will also appreciate that the apparatus of the present
invention may be implemented in other ways then those described herein.
All such modifications are within the scope of the present invention,
which is limited only by the claims that follow.