This 2012 Fall Semester, I decided to take Life Span Development and I really enjoyed the entire course for the semester. The nursing program that I am entering requires this course and that is why I decided to take this class before getting into the nursing program to get this class out of the way. I learned the knowledge bases of psychology, critical thinking of psychology, applications of psychological principles and concepts and personal and professional development. These knowledge bases that was in our syllabus and we really learned on these levels of knowledge and I will be able to reflection on these throughout my life time in my own life and career. Developmental Psychology is defined as the scientific study of changes that occurs in human beings over the course of their life span starting from infancy to childhood and will expand from adolescence, adult development, aging and the entire life span of a human being. My favorite psychologist is Erik Erikson. Erikson was a German born American developmental psychologist and is know for his theory on psychosocial development. My favorite subject of his Psychosocial Development was Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development. I learned so much from it and was able to relate age periods to someone, myself, and especially my children. For example; stage 2. Muscular-Anal: ages 18 months to 3 years of age, my two youngest boys which is ages 2 and 3, their important events at this time is potty training and they are trying to master that event in their lives. My daughter, she is age 6 and she is in between stage 3 and stage 4. She is very independent and she is in school learning and mastering new skills and taking risks. There is myself, which I am in stage 6: The young adulthood and dealing with love and my relationship. Then, on the other hand, I see my grandmother at age 82, she is always trying to prepare my family and myself that the time for her maybe coming at anytime. Which is so sad to hear and I’d never...

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...﻿Research Methods of Psychology
Psychological Research is conducted to obtain factual information about human behavior and mental processes to find out the underlying cause and effect relationship. Here we will discuss two out of five methods of conducting Psychological Research named:
1. Case History Method
2. Survey Method
1. CASE HISTORY/ CASE STUDY/ CLINICAL METHOD
Definition:
A case study is an in-depth study of one person. Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies.
Explanation:
It is sometimes very helpful to study one person (or a very small group of people) in great depth to learn as much information as possible. This method is particularly useful in studying rare disorders or circumstances.
Examples:
A. Studying the life history of a man who acquired schizophrenia at the age of 20.
B. Following one child from conception to adulthood to examine this lifespan development.
Types of Case Studies:
Explanatory: Used to do causal investigations.
Exploratory: A case study that is sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses.
Descriptive: Involves starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
Intrinsic: A type of case study in which the researcher has a personal interest in the case....

...stages which goes from infant to adulthood. It can be said that both piaget and Freud both have an agreement that what children go through during their early years affect who they later become and how successful they will be, they both acknowledge that fact that changes do happen at every point in time in life, which then lead them to further carry out experiments and observations as to how a child develops using their memory and environment (nurture and nature) to develop and how it impacts on the individual personalities.
It can be debated that the power of nature and nurture (memory and environment) has a huge impact on the human development; it is safe to say that this two is the oldest and most controversial in both inside and outside psychology. Nature and nurture helps us to deal with some vital questions as to how do we come to be the way we are and what makes us develop, grow in the way we do (Gross, 2001.p732).
Nature is the way a person’s memory develops and nurture is the things we pick up from our environment through those who are surrounding an infant from birth to adulthood. The topic of nature and nurture has been discussed widely. Which ends up in the complete opposite. Both Piaget and Freud have carried out researches on this. How ever they both have similarities.
Piaget starts by looking into the cognitive development of humans by carrying out research on his children which made he believe that humans are greatly inclined through what...

...
Final Exam Study Guide
Paragraph 1- Module 1A on Psychology Perspectives and Ethics in Research
In this module I had been taught the different Psychologists who came up with many different research experiments to educate students like myself today. Abraham Maslow believed that every human being desired fulfillment of needs such as being fed, nourished, warm, and secure; how we can be self-actualization and be who we want to be. There are five different approaches that he/she can come across. Behavioral approach understands the behavior by biological processes in which associates with behavior that include the brain, nervous system, genetics, and more. The cognitive approach is a psychological view that focuses on how people process, restore, and retrieve information and relate it to their problems. Cross Cultural Approach is looks at human behavior across different cultures to where we can learn by looking at the different behaviors and influences of others. The humanistic approach is the psychological perspective by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow which emphasizes the human capacity and growth. Lastly, the psychoanalytical approach shows the importance of the unconscious mind by dictating the behavior that is determined by your past experiences.
Paragraph 2- Module 1B on Research Methods and Evaluation
In this module we learned many different methods in performing experiments
Paragraph 3- Module 2A on Neurobiological Approach to Behavior
Going...

...multicultural, multidisciplinary and plastic. It is multi-directional because it can go in different directions instead of following just one path. Because of the different contexts, events and situations it is multi contextual and can be further broken down into the historical context and the socioeconomic context. Being multicultural it accepts information and behaviors shared within a certain group. Culture is frequently interchanged with ethnicity and race. It is multidisciplinary because it welcomes the input from different aspects or fields of psychology or science. Lastly development is plastic because it continually evolves and changes. It can be molded into different shapes and forms.
A theory is as an idea or a set of ideas that are intended to explain facts or events. The beginning of the twentieth century saw the birth of two new theories. The psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism became the two general theories of psychology. Originating from Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalytic theory contends that the root of human behavior starts with unconscious thoughts and internal debates. The first six years of life are divided into three stages of development - the oral stage, the anal stage, and the phallic stage. Freud further stated that two more developmental periods follow in early childhood. There is latency and the genital stage. Freud characterized each stage with a sexual nature. He did not believe that there were any...

...Sigmund Freud
was the founder of psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic approach to psychology. This school of thought emphasized the influence of theunconscious mind
on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Freud's theories ofpsychosexual stages
, the unconscious, and dream symbolism remain a popular topic among both psychologists and laypersons, despite the fact that his work is viewed with skepticism by many today.
Many of Freud's observations and theories were based on clinical cases and case studies, making his findings difficult to generalize to a larger population. Regardless, Freud's theories changed how we think about the human mind and behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture.
Another theorist associated with psychoanalysis isErik Erikson
. Erikson expanded upon Freud's theories and stressed the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of personality
remains influential today in our understanding of human development.Major Thinkers Associated With Psychoanalysis
* Sigmund Freud
* Anna Freud
* Erik Erikson
* Erich Fromm
* Carl Jung
* Karl Abraham
* Otto Rank
* Sabina Spielrein
Key Psychoanalysis Terms
Case Study
- An in-depth study of one person. Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies. In a case study, nearly every...

...﻿Social Psychology and Multicultural Psychology
Xxx Xxx
PSYCH/620 Multicultural and Social Issues in Psychology
Xxx Xxx
April 28, 2014
Social Psychology and Multicultural Psychology
People are influenced by many people, things, and situations. The impact of their social interaction is influenced by the way they think, feel and behave. Understanding how people form attachments and get along within society is essential, especially since there is a growing number of individuals with ethnic or minority and cultural backgrounds. Although “norms of behavior” are promoted by all cultures, other multicultural variables such as contextual factors, racial and ethnic identity, religious/spiritual beliefs, parenting factors, student attitudes must also be consider when dealing with diverse populations.
In this discussion, social and multicultural psychology will be defined, various research strategies used to assess social interaction will be identified, and similarity and distinctiveness of the two branch of psychology will be explained.
Social Psychology and Primary Research Strategies
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary online, social psychology is defined as “the study of the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups." In other words, social...

...﻿EVALUATING THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Hello my part will be about evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective, with an objective to summarize psychology’s current assessment of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis.
First, I need to say that people often critique Freud from an early 21st century perspective, a perspective that itself needs revising. Freud didn’t have access to neurotransmitter or DNA studies, or to all that we have learned about human development, thinking, and emotion. Therefore, to criticize his theories by comparing them with current concept, some say, is like comparing Henry Ford’s Model T with today’s Mustang.
However, Freud’s admirers and his critics agree that recent research contradicts many of his ideas. Today’s developmental psychologists see our development as life – long, not fixed in childhood. They doubt that infants’ neural networks are mature enough to sustain as much emotional trauma as Freud assumed. Some think Freud overestimated parental influence and underestimated peer influence.
New ideas about why we dream dispute Freud’s belief that dreams disguise and fulfill wishes. Researchers find little support for Freud’s idea that defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses. History also failed to support another of Freud’s ideas – that suppressed sexuality causes psychological disorders. From Freud’s time to ours, sexual inhibition has diminished and psychological disorders have not.
Freud’s entire psychoanalytic theory...