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Squat every day matt perryman

This program is all about squats... literally. Some may consider this overtraining, but too few lifters have ever really tested themselves to the extent this book entails. If you ever wanna be the best at squats, you'd get working on it.

3.
Contents
Preface
Doing It All Wrong
PART ONE: Disturbing the Status Quo
1. The Case for More
2. The Overtraining Myth
PART TWO: Recovery Matters
3. How You Feel is a Lie
4. Hardgainers and Responders
5. Nerves of Steel
PART THREE: How to Squat Every Day
6. Practice, Not Pain
7. The Longtails Strategy
8. Squatting Every Day
9. Reality Checks
10. The Empty Life
Notes
Bibliography

4.
Preface
This book started as an experiment I did on myself. Long-time readers of my blog at
Myosynthesis.com will know that I started tinkering with daily squatting back in early 2010.
I hadn’t intended to do anything but try it out for awhile, just to see what would happen. I
honestly expected a crash-and-burn inside a few weeks.
But it never came. In fact, it started to feel like the exact opposite. The squat numbers
kept going up as long as I kept turning up. I expected more injuries, but those never
materialized either. Instead, my long-aching joints and sore spots, some of which I’d
thought were career-enders, started to feel better.
I started taking notes, sifting through research papers, and trying to ﬁgure out why this
was happening. Based on everything I thought I knew at the time, my body should have
been stressed to the breaking point ― and it just wasn’t. I blogged about what was going on,
and I was content to leave it at that.
I didn’t have any intention of writing a book about it. After all, it’s one thing for a top-
caliber athlete to train every day, multiple times at that. They have the skill, the bodies, and
the incentive. It didn’t seem like there would be any appeal for programming that
specialized, requiring that much of a time commitment and dedication, for the recreational
lifters and bodybuilders that I write for. I’m far from a top-tier athlete, and while I like to
tinker with strategies that I’d never “ofﬁcially” recommend, it didn’t occur to me that
there’d be anything of real interest here, beyond the novelty of it.
The more I thought about it, though, the more I realized that what I’d stumbled upon
wasn’t just about squatting to a max every day. There was more here, potentially much
more, hidden away in the assumptions we all make about our bodies, about our training, and
how it all hangs together behind the scenes. At the time, I’d been following John Broz’s
lifters, reading his thoughts on the “Bulgarian” system he used, and watching the progress
videos on YouTube. I was following Jamie Lewis’s Chaos & Pain blog, reading his exploits in
the land of extreme training. There was a pattern at play here ― a pattern that transcended
the usual excuses of genetics and steroids ― and I wanted to figure out what it was.
It was about a year later when I was convinced to write a book about the topic. By that
point I’d put in my own time with the system, come up with some good reasons to support
it, and frankly I was sold. Not as a program or even a “workout system”, but as a different
way of looking at fitness, at strength-building, and the process of recovery.
So here we are.
Those of you familiar with my older work will notice that I have made a sharp departure
from my usual “scientiﬁc” approach. In the last few years, my views on science, especially
science’s role in establishing “truth” in ﬁtness and nutrition, have changed so much that it
qualifies as a complete break.
The internet has developed whole communities who believe that ﬁtness and strength
can be reduced to numbers and captured in micro-level facts about biochemicals and cellular

5.
biology. The conclusions drawn are Truth given by the authority of Science. The more
oblique references listed, the more scientific. Let’s call this “Pubmed Science”.
It sounds good, but this style of truth-seeking is as mythical as the gym-rumors it aims
to counter. Combing abstracts for biochemical information or the hormonal responses of
athletes or some such trivia removes you from the realities of actually lifting a weight. It
strips away all the context and creates mock-quote “facts” in a vacuum. In the absence of
any grounding, it’s easy to construct a whole reality out of those “facts”, one which has little
to do with the world we live in.
Pubmed Science is more like telling a story, crafting a beautiful narrative out of
scientiﬁc factoids. It gives you that story we all need to tell ourselves, that we know what is
going on and, more to the point, that we have control over it. I’m all for the safety blankets
of illusions, but not when the illusion is held up as a superior, objective, non-biased account
of reality.
My strategy here is not so novel, and will probably seem like common sense to many of
you. What I’m doing here is shifting the priority away from the abstract theoreticals and
instead grounding my ideas in the practical.
Any practitioner, whether we’re talking the line technician who keeps the phone lines
working or the MD who keeps you healthy, has more knowledge than is immediately evident
from their educational background and formal training. There is an unspoken ― and
unspeakable ― element in the Doing. The term for this is tacit knowledge.
Dealing with the contingencies and uncertainties of Reality means that we just can’t
write down every last detail, or even a formal list of rules and good ideas. Some things are
going to remain fuzzy, and you’ll have to make judgment calls based on necessarily
incomplete information.
Pubmed Scientists see this as a problem, expecting that all questions about living
bodies will have distinct, objective, “true” answers. I don’t believe that either is the case.
Biological systems largely won’t have concrete answers of the sort you’d ﬁnd in physics or
chemistry ― but, well, so what? I believe it’s wrong-headed to expect those answers in the
ﬁrst place, and on the other hand, the fuzziness works in our favor because we don’t need
concrete answers at all. Our judgment about “what next?” is oftentimes better than any
“scientific” reply.
In this book, I start with the assumption that Doing takes precedence over the abstract
theorizing of Pubmed Science. In strength training, it is getting in the gym, paying attention
to your body, and keeping records that forms our starting point. I start with the premise that
not having a precise answer is no problem at all. The idea is to use that knowledge you amass
while Doing and learn how to deal with uncertainty.
With that grounding of personal knowledge to start with, then ― and only then ― we
look to the research to give that knowledge context. Formal research is wonderful for
explaining why some observations might be happening, and that is the methodology I have
used. The science here is in the service of what I saw happening in the gym, not the other
way around.
While this is, ofﬁcially, a book on strength training and ﬁtness, these themes of tacit

6.
knowledge, acceptance of uncertainty, and rejection of reductionist Pubmed Science lie
beneath everything you’re about to read, and I would suggest that you read it with that in
mind.
Finally, besides the usual disclaimers about getting medical clearance before beginning
any such program and such, I would add that nothing written herein is intended as the last
word on any subject. This is a record of an experiment I conducted on myself and with the
input of acquaintances who decided to throw in and see what would happen.
Consider this the starting point of a dialogue rather than the an authoritative ﬁnal
word on the matter.

7.
Doing It All Wrong
“Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.”
―Mark Twain
“It is impossible to begin to learn that which one thinks one already knows.”
―Epictetus
It was on March 5th, 1949 when a wiry farmer stunned the crowd in Johnson City,
Tennessee with a deadlift of 725 and one-half pounds. An impressive number in its own
right, this feat was all the more amazing for the size of the man hoisting the barbell. Our
farmer weighed all of 180 pounds, and that 725 pound deadlift set a record which stood for
over 20 years.
Bob Peoples was one of the most gifted lifters of the 20th century and one of the
strongest men to ever touch a barbell. No stranger to hard work, Peoples spent his days in
the local textile mill and on his farm, sometimes training as late as 2am after a long day,
sometimes missing months of training due to work and other obligations.
What might surprise you even more than a 700-plus pound deadlift by an 180 pound
man ― with a double overhand grip, no less ― is how he arrived at that kind of strength.
In a 1952 article written for Peary Rader’sIron Man magazine, Peoples summarized the
nuts and bolts of his training. His methods were simple, if diverse, and he always came back
to the old standby which had served him best: “that is, daily training with a few exercises
and working up to limit poundages and 3 to 5 reps.”1
Although it’s clear from his writings that he tried many different systems and methods
over his career, Peoples always came back to heavy, low-rep training done every day of the
week. Work schedule or not, when Bob Peoples trained, he trained. Deadlifts in excess of 600
lbs and squats over 400 lbs for sets of 3-5 reps ― each and every day ― are the rule rather
than the exception in his recorded workouts. And this, despite a grueling work schedule and
a busy life in the community.
Bob Peoples trained as heavy as he could and as often as he could make it happen. Not
for the sake of any training-dogma. In the 1940s there were no internet forums and barely a
hint of the mass-media circus that would become the public face of strength and ﬁtness. He
trained daily because, through trial and error, he found that this was the most productive
way to get stronger. For his efforts he was able to pull over 700 and squat over 500 while
weighing well shy of 200 pounds.
It’s hard to imagine that kind of workout schedule these days. Current thinking in the
strength and ﬁtness world doesn’t allow for it. Everyone knows that training every day is
reckless, counterproductive, dangerous. Unsustainable without drugs. Only good for genetic
freaks. Working with a modern-day personal trainer or coach, Peoples would be advised to

8.
cut back on his workouts in order to hit the gym fresh and avoid overtraining himself.
Bob Peoples lived and trained in a time and a place where steroid use would have been
unthinkable. John Ziegler wouldn’t synthesize methandrostenolone ― Dianabol ― and kick
off the steroid era for another decade. Peoples lived a busy life full of manual labor, with no
research, no blogs and only a handful of ﬁtness magazines to tell him he was training sub-
optimally and likely overtraining.
And yet he still trained every day he could and deadlifted weights that most people will
never see in real life.
If doing everything wrong works better than doing it by the book, is it really wrong?
❧
At the 1988 Olympics, Turkey brought home its ﬁrst gold medal thanks to weightlifter
Naim Suleymanoglu’s spectacular 342.5 kilogram total, hitting a 152.5 snatch and 190 clean
& jerk. Numbers of that caliber would grab the attention of many national teams for a 200
pound man. Suleymanoglu stood a scant 4‘9 (1.47m) tall as he competed in the 60 kilo
featherweight class, proportions earning him the nickname “The Pocket Hercules” as well as
a Sinclair score of 505 ― a score that establishes Suleymanoglu as the all-time best lifter by
bodyweight.
Before defecting to Turkey in 1988, Suleymanoglu trained in his native Bulgaria under
coach Ivan Abadjiev. Abadjiev, from a background as a humble basket-weaver, surely didn’t
strike anyone as an innovator when he ﬁrst began his weightlifting career in the 1960s. The
man who would go on to coach Bulgaria’s national team to multiple gold medals in the
1970s and 80s started out as a weightlifter himself before several embarrassing displays that
left him disgruntled and at odds with the administration.
As the story goes, it was Abadjiev’s disgust with Bulgaria’s sporting system, and the
belief that he could do better, that led him to take over the top coaching slot. Inspired by
practices of American weightlifters of the previous generation, Abadjiev’s solution was at
once simple and intimidating: his lifters would clean, jerk, snatch, and squat. Every day. For
eight hours a day.
The Bulgarian method, as this would become known, emphasizes speciﬁcity. You want
to get good at the snatch and the clean & jerk? Then train them, train them hard, and train
them often. Bulgarian lifters would train in half-hour sessions focused on one lift, followed
by down time for mental as well as physical relaxation.
While Abadjiev’s method isn’t without criticisms ― some justiﬁed, others less so ―
and represents an extreme case, the underlying logic is sound. Take the lifts you want to
improve and, perhaps, a bare minimum of assistance work, and hammer it as often as you
can. That probably won’t require 50 hours a week of Olympic weightlifting, but then again,
nothing says you need that level of dedication and sacrifice to make frequent lifting work.
❧
Anthony Ditillo wrote for Peary Rader’sIron Man magazine for over 20 years between
the late 1960s and the 1980s. An eclectic and impressive lifter in his own right, Ditillo was

9.
always open to experimentation. Over his career, he ranged from a body weight of over 300
pounds at 5‘7, his trademark “bulk and power” build, to a shredded sub-200 pound
bodybuilder’s physique. Although he tried many diverse methods of training, like Bob
Peoples he always came back to heavy basics, working in the range of 3-5 reps and training
on a regular basis.2
One of Ditillo’s articles recounts his training in the summer of 1974, when he trained
with a good friend and “accomplished Olympic weightlifter” who he named as “Dezi”. As he
went on to describe, he was training “for the most part ﬁve days a week on the following
movements: Bench Presses, High Pulls, Shrugs, and possibly sometimes Power Snatches. I
also include whenever I feel like it, full, bar high on the neck, back completely straight,
Olympic Squats.”3
Ditillo, always a fan of sets of three or ﬁve reps, stayed with that scheme while working
up to maximum weights for the day. He noted that, despite the workload, “the need to psych
up for a workout or limit lift is no longer necessary” as your body begins “slowly adapting to
the workload you are putting on it and it gets to the point where you can recuperate
overnight”.
Like Bob Peoples, he found it better “to condition the body to accept workouts on a
DAILY basis than to use the two or three times a week method of operation”.
Ditillo’s training partner “Dezi” was the weightlifter Dezso Ban, no slouch himself.
Ditillo reported that Ban, weighing all of 190 pounds, clean & jerked 380, power cleaned and
pressed 285 for sets of ﬁve, shrug pulled 500 and stiff-legged 605 for doubles, and front
squatted 455 for five among other feats.
❧
Weightlifting coach Bud Charniga has translated a range of former-Soviet materials on
strength training and athletic development, some of which is published on his Sportivny
Press website. Among his articles are an interview with Russian superheavy lifter Leonid
Taranenko, who would still hold the all-time record in the clean & jerk had the weight
classes not been restructured. In an interview with Charniga in the late 80s, Taranenko said
that he trained six days a week: three times a day, up to six hours per day, for three days, and
twice a day up to four hours on the remainder. This netted Taranenko a 380kg (837 lb) back
squat, with a two-second pause at the bottom.4
Among strength athletes, it’s the weightlifters who treat their training like a skill. All
you have to do is one rep with a snatch or clean & jerk to understand why. These lifts are
hard. Not only in the sense that they’re skill-intensive, requiring immense concentration,
but rep for rep the quick lifts are more physically challenging than just about any other lift.
Accomplished Olympic lifters must not only be strong and fast; they must also be proﬁcient
at the lifts, and ﬁt enough (in aerobic terms) to tolerate the workouts. It’s a sport that ﬁts
well with regular practice and demands a conditioned body.
This sets the weightlifter apart from powerlifters and strongmen, who traditionally
gravitate towards more conservative strength programs and the style of training that treats
strength as a simple brute-force equation.

10.
While developing a brutally-strong squat doesn’t guarantee equally brutal
performances with the clean and snatch (as many strong squatters with weak showings on
the platform attest), there’s an unexpected lesson for those of us after plain old gym-
strength.
The squat is an accessory exercise for Olympic weightlifters, used as a developmental
movement for the hips and legs. A degree of squatting strength is necessary, but certainly
not sufficient, for stellar performances on the platform.
What does it say about training for a goal when weightlifters have such impressive
numbers for a lift that they don’t even take seriously? Pound for pound, top weightlifters
have squats that rival ― if not exceed ― those of top powerlifters. And these squats are all
the more impressive for the technique used, the high-bar, full-depth “Olympic” style with
little or no supportive equipment.
This is a trend among top weightlifters ― lots of pulling and squatting, then more
pulling and squatting, leads to a strong squat. Taranenko wasn’t a weak squatter just
because he didn’t train the “right” way. If you get stronger, you’re stronger.
When you succeed by doing everything wrong, are you really doing it wrong?
❧
Once upon a time, strength training looked a lot more like the programs of Bob
Peoples, Anthony Ditillo and Ivan Abadjiev. Squatting, picking up, and putting weights
overhead as often as possible, lifting as heavy as possible.
Naim was setting world records as a teenager, and won that ﬁrst gold at age 21 before
going on to medal again at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic games. There’s little doubt that
Peoples was an extraordinary lifter, given his equally extraordinary tolerance for
punishment. These men, regardless of their dimensions, were all outliers among strength
athletes. That kind of strength doesn’t happen without being wired right for it.
Yet these smaller powerhouses nevertheless point us toward an important truth:
strength isn’t always built through raw muscle bulk. Strength sports aren’t bodybuilding.
Strength means lifting things. Powerlifters, Olympic weightlifters and strongmen all need to
pick things up and move them around. The exercises are different, but the better you are at
moving heavy things, the better you perform. What better way to get better than to spend
time practicing your sport?
Fast-forward to the modern day. Decades of bodybuilding and mass-marketed aerobics
and circuits and shaping and toning have ingrained the idea that muscle bulk and low body
fat are synonymous with strength and health. Bodybuilding methods and training
schedules, with split workouts and a focus on pumping, bombing and blasting individual
muscles, have become synonymous with weight training.
There’s nothing wrong with bodybuilding or training for the sake of looking better, but
that focus on bodybuilding as the one and only way to lift weights gives the wrong idea.
The bigger the engine, the more horsepower you have to work with, and it’s no
coincidence that the best numbers, in absolute terms, are put up by the biggest lifters. Yet

11.
there’s an uncomfortable relationship between training for muscle bulk and aesthetics, on
the one hand, and strength for the sake of strength. Like any close siblings, they have a
great deal in common and just as much to argue about.
Beginners hear nothing to challenge this, of course. The beginner, typically a
chronically underweight male (and increasingly, female) ﬁnding it difﬁcult to add muscle
mass and get stronger, hears the cardinal rule: Eat. Lift Heavy. Sleep.
In fairness, for most would-be strength athletes, this is the solution. Your typical
“hardgainer” is chronically underweight and a chronic undereater. Force-feeding yourself to
a healthy body mass works, and it works well.
For awhile.
Fired up by the calorie-fueled pace of beginner’s gains, however, you might expect the
party to last forever. It’s easy to lose perspective in the moment, even though you will hit a
point of diminishing returns sooner than later. At that point, when you can no longer rely
on eating yourself 10 pounds fatter for an extra 10 pounds on your squat, is when the test
begins.
With the low-hanging fruit picked, it’s time for a new strategy. Gains will be slow and
hard-won. You’ll hit the same plateaus and butt heads against the same maxed-out lifts.
You repeat the same programs, the same weights, the same rhythms and timing. You try to
out-eat the problem, piling on 20 pounds of fat for every five pounds on your squat.
And you don’t improve.
When all the things youshould do stop working, what’s left? You can settle into a rut
and get comfortable with mediocrity. You can complain about genetic potential and steroids
and being a hardgainer. Some will choose pharmaceutical enhancement, switching back on
the growth potential with anabolic steroids and brieﬂy extending the power of Eating to
Gain.
Strangely enough, during all that, the training never changes. Of all the things to
question and tinker with, all the places to squeeze out a little extra, it’s never the training.
I wrote this book to explore these questions. Genetic wonders they may be, there’s also
another set of common factors. Their training wasn’t anything exceptional. They focused on
the basics. They trained heavy and hard, using lots of low-rep sets and occasional rep-outs.
They trained with little more than the core lifts, squatting, pulling, and pressing weights.
And they trained every day. Each of these men trained according to an apparently
unique philosophy, each was impressively strong, and ― above all else ― each of them
completely ignored everything you’ve ever been told about overtraining and recovery.
A central theme of this book is that there’s more than one way to get strong. Not
everyone has the potential to eat themselves to a svelte and muscular ﬁghting weight. Not
everyone wants to be 30% body fat for a 10 kilo bump in their squat. The “bulk and power”
method, effective as it can be, is not for everyone, and probably has little place outside brief
and occasional growth spurts.
Strength can happen in other ways. You can be sleek, streamlined, and still lift
impressive amounts of weight. Strength can be more like practice. We need to think more

12.
like Bob Peoples and Ivan Abadjiev.
❧
Tell one of your in-the-know gym-friends that you plan on squatting to a max six days
a week and the response can be scripted almost to the last word. You’ll hurt yourself. You’ll
overtrain. You can’t do that without drugs. No way you can do legs that much, you need at
least a week to recover after leg day.
One place you won’t hear it is Average Broz’s Gym in Las Vegas. Until recently, this
hole in the wall of a gym was little more than that: a few platforms and jerk boxes, a set of
upright squat stands, and stacks of bumper plates piled into ofﬁce space in a commercial
strip mall.
In late 2009, then teenage Pat Mendes became an overnight sensation thanks to his
unbelievable squat strength, handling 350 kilos with an almost casual effort. Mendes’s
coach, John Broz, revealed that this was no one-off event. Handling ridiculous weights with
casual effort was routine in the training at his gym.
Broz, himself an accomplished record-holder, is a former student of Antonio Krastev,
best known for his all-time record snatch of 216 kilos. It was from Krastev that Broz
developed his own variant on the Bulgarian methodology, using a daily max approach to the
quick lifts as well as the front and back squat. Lifters train up to a technically-solid
maximum for the day, make a few attempts with it, and then plan work sets (back-off sets)
from that.
Broz has a knack for turning out impressively strong squatters. It seems like every
other week he has a new lifter turn up and squat close to triple body weight. It was reading
through Broz’s rationale for his training, and seeing his results, that ﬁrst prompted me to
try the method for myself.
This was a point in my life when I’d taken the orthodox powerlifting approach to heart,
and in fairness it did net me some decent gains over the years. But there was a problem. I’d
leveled out, and much of that plateau was due to an impressive range of injuries. One torn
adductor and one torn quad meant that doing things the old way, squatting once or twice a
week with a powerlifter’s wide stance, just wasn’t in the cards anymore.
I gave it an honest try, though, even knowing that maxing out on squats ﬁve or six days
a week was probably not going to cooperate with two busted legs. I didn’t have anything to
lose, so why not?
Imagine my surprise when the numbers on the daily max just kept climbing, week after
week. I felt beat up, maybe more irritable than normal, had a constant low-grade soreness
going on ― pretty much what you’d expect from squatting heavy every single day (or
starting a new job heavy on manual labor).
Not only were the numbers going up, but I noticed that all the physical symptoms ―
symptoms I’d have classiﬁed as “overtraining” in years past ― didn’t really do anything.
They were there, certainly, and I didn’t always feel great, but most days at the gym it just
made no difference. Even days where I came in sluggish, I’d do a few sets to grease the
groove and I’d feel the power come on. Hitting max weights, double body weight or more,

13.
became as casual as getting out of bed.
I ignored all the “overtraining” and nothing happened. The textbook says one thing,
and yet when the cards were down in the gym, it just didn’t matter. I didn’t make it a big
deal and it wasn’t a big deal.
As for my injuries, something even more bizarre happened. I’d expected to become
progressively achier, maybe aggravating the old scar tissue and risking a new tear if I wasn’t
careful. Imagine how surprised I was when the pain got better the more I squatted.
You read that right. The more I squatted, the less warmup I needed and the more
cooperation I got from the old injuries. From somebody who seriously thought he’d never
squat heavy again to be squatting double body weight ― for casual singles on a daily basis ―
inside six weeks, that’s big progress. I noticed a similar effect on my shoulders, which have
both suffered partial rotator-cuff tears, while bench pressing. The frequency felt like it was
greasing the wheels and making everything feel better.
That experience, more than anything else, sold me on the idea.
❧
I started writing this book as a defense of frequent lifting after my own experiences
with daily squatting. I wanted to explain just why alleged “freaks” like Bob Peoples and Naim
Suleymanoglu and Deszo Ban could get so strong by doing everything wrong, at least by the
standards of accepted mainstream knowledge. I wanted to know, ﬁrst and foremost, why I
hadn’t exploded as I expected I would.
Ask this question to your average ﬁtness know-it-all and you’ll get a response, of
course: genetics and drugs. While there’s an element of truth in those charges, they lack any
real explanatory power, and can be easily challenged by counter-examples. Why accuse one
athlete of drugs, and not another? Why assume that one kind of excess is good ― say
squatting to your limit once a week, or less ― and another unsustainable? There’s an
incredible double standard within the orthodox viewpoint.
What about a geneticuntermensch like myself? I’ve got a small bone structure, have
never been particularly impressive at muscle-building, and even the lifts I’m good at aren’t
particularly good when measured against a high bar. I still made it work, and for my trouble I
got about as strong as I’ve ever been while at a much lighter body weight.
The ﬁtness mainstream, such as it is, is dominated by people who have no idea what
“too much” is because they can’t rate exercise by any metric beyond immediate discomfort;
or else by those who, in a bizarre twist, cut out anything resembling hard work so as not to
risk “overtraining”. It would be most charitable to say that these points of view aren’t
exactly wrong, but neither are they right-enough to be useful.
Paraphrasing Vladimir Zatsiorsky, the idea is to train as heavy as possible and as often
as possible while staying as fresh as possible. We want to ﬁnd a balance point between all
three of those variables and, as Ditillo wrote, to encourage the body’s adaptability. As I
researched, I came across a lot of information on what recovery might be and how it relates
to both positions, and ultimately that’s what I’m trying to get across to you.

14.
The “every day” wording is a bit of an exaggeration. You don’t have to be in the gym
literally every day of the week. It might be better to call this frequent training, or regular
training, or high-frequency lifting. Whatever you like. I’m not terribly concerned about the
label; just know that I’m talking about doing enough strength training to aggravate people
on the internet.
As I’m deﬁning it here, high frequency means training an exercise or muscle group with
three or more sessions in a seven-day week. This deﬁnition covers everything from the daily
workouts of Peoples and Ditillo to, at the extremes, the almost non-stop training attributed
to the Bulgarian and Chinese weightlifting teams. High-frequency includes more modest
programs, which could mean training as little as three times a week, though this would be a
bare-bones starting point.
What I have in mind falls above that bare minimum, but still shy of an eight hour day of
squats, ﬁve or six days a week. Think ﬁve or six workouts, 50 minutes to an hour each, with a
squat and a press, or a press and a pull, and some conditioning work thrown in. Whatever
you want to call it, the idea is to get as much exposure to heavy weights as you can stand. If
that means lifting seven days a week, so be it. If that means only three or four, that’s ﬁne
too.
If you want more than modest results ― if doing it all “right” hasn’t worked out for you
― then you should be open to new kinds of training instead of resigning yourself to being a
genetic reject. Genetics matter, but, as I will argue, so do other factors that lie beyond the
scope of simple inheritance ― and our reluctance to try these “crazy” workout options may,
itself, hold us back more than anything about our biology.
The traditional strength-building approach works, and I’d be lying to say it doesn’t.
Powerlifters use it, strongmen use it, lots of strong people train that way. Even I started off
training with those basic methods, and they earned me a lot of progress over the years.
I have no desire to pull a hatchet-job on meat-and-potatoes strength training. At the
same time, I also think there’s a lot of folks out there who won’t respond well to it as a
career-building perspective on training. Common wisdom is common because it works for
somebody, but that doesn’t mean it works for you. There’s a whole space of training options
out there that most of us won’t ever explore, and we never try them out because we’re
convinced we know better.
If nothing else, this is an approach to have in your tool-kit for times when you might
make use of it.
At a deeper level, I think there’s an inherent kind of uncertainty built in to the human
body. This will perhaps make more sense as you read, but I believe that we’re misguided in
trying to treat physical training as an activity that can be quantiﬁed and neatly categorized
― the way most “science-based” programming methodologies treat the problem.
This helps make sense out of my observations on “overtraining” and the fact that my
injuries improved with more lifting, which only makes sense if we throw out much of the
established understanding in regards to recovery and adaptation.
I will elaborate more in coming chapters. For now, you need only know that I have
more fundamental reasons for being skeptical of orthodoxy, and the reasons relate to what

15.
biological organisms really are (as well as fundamental limits in our ability to understand
that nature).
It may turn out that you’ll see better results by doing everything wrong.
❧
Instead of taking a purely research-driven approach, I’m coming at this problem from
the assumption that lifters, by and large, have ﬁgured out What Works through an
accumulated process of trial and error. The formal apparatus of science then supports and
validates those conclusions, or suggests a better explanation, or else does its own kind of
myth-busting. What it doesn’t do is tell us what to do. It can’t, and with a literal handful of
exceptions, that’s not the intent of published research.
You could argue that training science has reﬁned the art since the days of Peoples and
Ditillo, and that the practices of modern-day lifters reﬂect these advances. There may be
some truth to that. It’s easier these days to conﬁrm what doesn’t work, or what may be
worth investigating. We’ve certainly got a much better idea of what biology’s doing in the
broadest scope, and that’s useful in its own way.
As far as improved training practices explaining for the steady increase of records in
strength events, I can’t get on board with that. That weight training has grown from an
obscure activity reserved for social outcasts and become a core part of athletic programs and
a popular mainstream hobby ― thus drawing from a much wider talent pool ― could explain
the improvement by itself. We’d also have to take a serious and honest look at what
supportive gear and performance-enhancing drugs have added in order to make any
meaningful comparison.
While we’re on the subject of drugs, that stigma largely comes from several high-profile
drug-testing failures by Bulgarian weightlifting team in the 1980s and 90s. As I’ll explain
later, I think that the drug argument is a red herring. Drugs are equally common at the top
levels of sport, regardless of how the athletes choose to train. It makes little sense to
stigmatize lifters who train often while ignoring drug use in those who only squat once a
week.
If anything, the infrequent lifters beneﬁt more from pharmaceutical enhancement for
reasons which I’ll explain.
The chronic overtrainers of yore could train every day while drug-free and living active
lives. If they could, there’s no reason ― no physical reason at least ― why you couldn’t.
Nothing’s changed between you and them, and I think the lifestyle is a greater determinant
than anything else. Daily training methods can and do work for anyone, genetics and drugs
aside, provided you follow a few basic guidelines and realize what you’re getting into.
For any training philosophy to work, it has to agree with you, your beliefs, and your life
circumstances. Look at who you’re copying. Not just what they can lift, but look at what they
do. Do they squat like you? Do they train in gear? Do you have similar builds? Look at who
they are ― how do they live their lives? What beliefs and goals drive them? Who are their
five biggest influences? How do they train with? What’s their gym like?
Circumstances matter. The people around you, the people in your gym, the atmosphere

16.
of your gym, what you read about training, who you talk to about training, what you believe
about training ― this all matters, and I believe it is key to making any type of training
effective.
❧
What you’re going to ﬁnd in this book is afﬁrmation of the basics: squatting, picking
up, and pressing heavy weights on the regular. Time-tested exercises and strength-building
methods that never stop working, the same stuff that Olympic weightlifters like Bob
Bednarski were doing back in the 1950s, what Bob Peoples did when he trained himself to a
725 pound deadlift in a dingy basement gym, and what earned Leonid Taranenko the all-
time world record in the clean & jerk while squatting six days a week.
I’m assuming you already know how to squat, deadlift, bench, press, and can generally
exhibit competence with a barbell. As much as I’d love to pad out the page-count with
pictures of the starting and ending positions of basic exercises, there are around 10 million
fitness books that do that.
I’m assuming you’ve got a few years of consistent strength-building behind you, and
some of the discussion might not make sense if you don’t. If you’re still new to the game,
keep reading. There’s plenty to think about, particularly in your ideas of productive training
and recovery, but you may want to reconsider some of the high-frequency training
suggestions if you don’t have at least a few years of real, serious, hard training behind you.
Then again, maybe not.
As you read the coming chapters, keep simplicity in mind. Strength training is Not That
Complicated. The hardest part is showing up and putting in the effort. If you can do that,
just about anything will work. But we want to overcomplicate it, overthink it, and wear it
out. I’ve been just as guilty of that as anyone. Learning to cut out the ﬂuff, all the useless,
unhelpful and unnecessary baggage, is key to any successful exercise program.
The ﬁrst two chapters in Part One are meant to explain just why we’re supposed to
train less, and why the old rubrics may not be as true as we thought. Overtraining, we’re
told, is always looming, ready to cut us down with a career-ending injury or months of
recovery if we don’t get enough rest. There are limits, to be sure, but our ideas on recovery
might not be as on target as we believe.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 expand on this in Part Two, describing how differences in biology
and psychology inﬂuence our training, suggesting that not all programs are created equally.
The prevailing belief in “genetics” has been upset by current thinking in biology, and studies
of talent development suggest that there may be more to success than the genes we inherit.
Your mindset and your emotional coping style and your social networks all inﬂuence you in
subtle, but powerful, ways that can’t be explained through pure biology, and there may be
advantages to training on a regular basis irrespective of your genes.
Chapters 6 through 10 suggest guidelines for training, building on these ideas and
putting them into practice along with basic workout templates in Part Three. Training
frequently requires quality over quantity, treating strength as a matter of practice and
repetition, and we can encourage quality by moving away from highly-structured workouts.

17.
Chapter 10 closes out with a look at the ineffable qualities of mindset, psychological tools to
keep your head focused, and some of my less-proven, more out-there ideas which might still
be of interest.
If you don’t care much about the rest of the book and just want to get on with it, start
at Chapter 6.
If, at the end of the book, you don’t ﬁnd yourself compelled to squat to a max every day
of the week, that’s okay. I don’t expect to build an army of converts. If you think I’m full of it,
that’s okay too. All I ask is that you read what’s here and give it an honest, thoughtful
consideration.
What’s important to me, whether you agree with my conclusions or not, is that you
stop and ask yourself “what if there’s something to this?” If I make you stop and think about
how you’re lifting, or just give you a few ideas to help you along, then mission accomplished.

19.
1
The Case For More
“Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far they can go.”
― T.S. Eliot
Do More, Get More
Milo of Croton lived in southern Italy around 2500 years ago, at the height of ancient
Greece’s power. Renowned for his skill as a wrestler, Milo cleaned up with six Olympic
victories and numerous wins in the lesser-known games of the Greeks. His physical prowess
made him as much of a household name as you could be circa 520 BC, the classical era’s
equivalent of a sporting icon.
The ancient Greeks had a thing about pufﬁng up their heroes, surrounding them with a
halo of larger-than-life feats which are undoubtedly embellished. Writing in the 2nd century
AD, historian Athenaeus cites Theodorus of Hierapolis, who claimed that Milo “used to eat
20 pounds of meat and as many of bread, and he drank three pitchers of wine. And at
Olympia he put a four-year-old bull on his shoulders and carried it around the stadium; after
which, he cut it up and ate it all alone in a single day.”
It’s the ill-fated bull that brings Milo to our attention. According to legend and every
exercise physiology textbook, Milo began lifting the bull when it was a tiny calf, carrying it
on his shoulders every day. As the calf grew, Milo kept lifting it ― and lifting that tiny extra
amount of weight every day ― until one day he was picking up a full-grown bull.
Today, Milo’s bull-carrying feats handily demonstrate progressive overload to bright-
eyed exercise science undergrads. Seek to lift gradually heavier weights and over weeks and
months and years those tiny increments eventually add up to a respectable number. This is
the fundamental principle of exercise: to stimulate physical ﬁtness, we must present our
bodies with ever-increasing challenges.
Yet, foundational as progressive overload may be, Milo’s story leads to unsightly
implications. Why couldn’t he keep on lifting heavier bulls, maybe graduating to boulders
and mountains as Greek legends were prone to do, and keep getting stronger?
If getting strong were about showing up every day and picking up a marginally heavier
weight, we could all be world champions. Anybody can pick up one more pound a day, right?
The math seems unavoidable, though. After a year, one pound has become 365, a rate
of strength gain that might, generously, be in the cards for a fresh beginner. But after two
years, you’ll have added 730 pounds, and at three, 1095. Assuming we’re talking about a

20.
simple deadlift from the ﬂoor, you’ll be handling weights well above the all-time world
record after a scant three years of training.
Developing superhuman strength with simple progressive overload, as Milo did, is not
so easy for those of us without the biographers of legendary Greek heroes.
Milo’s oft-cited example demonstrates that strength gains don’t happen linearly over
long spans of time. There will come along occasional outliers and freaks who keep piling
weight on their deadlifts and bench presses week after week until they reach numbers that
rival mythical Greek athletes, but these people are exceptional (in more ways than you might
realize).
For most of us, progress doesn’t happen in a straight line. It can seem like it when you
ﬁrst start to train, and maybe for brief spells later in your career when everything comes
together just right, but if you were to map out your gains in strength over time, you’d ﬁnd a
line full of peaks and valleys and probably more than a few plateaus.
Progress fluctuates. Progress is nonlinear.
Coaches and sports scientists alike have spent considerable time and effort trying to
work around this problem. Mapping out and, perhaps, even deliberately planning these
peaks and valleys has been the goal of periodization, a word taken from the former Soviet
Union which is fancy way of saying “plan and organize your training”. Sometimes you train
light and take it easy, sometimes you train heavy and push out the efforts.
Periodized workouts cycle the intensity from lighter and easier weights on up to
heavier and maximum attempts. The less-than-maximum weights develop a foundation for
the heavier attempts later on, while the variety keeps you from getting too comfortable and
stalling out into one of those plateaus.
Cycling is the time-tested basis of strength-building. To get strong, we must lift heavy
weights, but we must also respect that our bodies can ft support endless progress. The
peaks must be matched with valleys.

21.
How Strength Happens
Most of us have an intuition for what strength is ― objects being picked up and carried
around, and the heavier the better. Like pornography, we know strength when we see it,
even if a strict definition is hard to come by.
Almost anyone would acknowledge the strength of the person who squats 800 pounds,
or deadlifts over three times body weight, or clean & jerks 180 kilos.
Strength comes in different forms. The bodybuilder who squats 400 pounds for 20 reps
would qualify, as should the strongman who presses that same 400 pounds over his head.
Milo with his wrestling and bull-shouldering feats would certainly count as strong even
though he never touched a barbell.
Pick up the neighbor’s couch on moving day? You might be strong to somebody.
We know strength when we see it because we understand, on some level, that we’re
talking about the ability to move things around, picking up a heavy object and doing things
with it.
In Supertraining, Mel Siff deﬁned strength as “the ability of a given muscle or group of
muscles to generate muscular force under speciﬁc conditions”.5
Strength happens in
powerlifting and Olympic lifting and strongman contests. Strength happens in real life,
whether that’s helping friends move, working out in the yard for some casual landscaping, or
moving your body to play a sport.
Getting stronger, then, means lifting heavier things, or carrying them for longer
distance, or even changing the speciﬁc conditions ― the exercises ― in which you can
develop force.
Back in 1993, Fred “Dr. Squat” Hatfield and quadzilla Tom Platz decided to see who was
really stronger: powerlifters or bodybuilders.
The gym rat’s analysis says that powerlifters are stronger than bodybuilders, but
bodybuilders have more muscle than powerlifters. The bodybuilder needs ﬁnely-developed
muscles and low body fat, which isn’t great for lifting the most weight. The powerlifter
trains to move the most weight, which isn’t always great for taking your shirt off at the
beach.
The Great Squat-Off in Fibo, Germany put this belief to the test. Hatﬁeld, a powerlifter
and one of the ﬁrst men to squat over 1000 pounds, faced Platz, the bodybuilder renowned
for his otherworldly leg development, in a challenge to see who could lift the most weight
and knock out the most reps with 500 pounds.
Hatﬁeld out-squatted Platz at 855 to Platz’s 765. But when the weight came off for
maximum reps, Platz took home the trophy with an amazing 23 reps at 500 pounds, while
Dr. Squat only managed thirteen.
Who’s stronger? Hatﬁeld with his 855 max or Platz with his 500x23? The strict view
says that Hatﬁeld takes it, in that he lifted more weight. Then again,“weak” isn’t a word I’d
use to describe Platz ― and that 500x23 could be seen as more impressive, dare I say
stronger than, a one-off maximum lift.

22.
Picking sides in the “who’s stronger?” debate defies any simple answers.
Ever since the 1960s, strength and ﬁtness circles have centered on muscles. Muscles
generate force, so bigger muscles mean more strength. Unsurprisingly, the strongest people
have always been the biggest. Debates over size and strength aside, the person with more
muscle will always lift more than the person with less if all else is equal.
The thing is, the else is rarely equal.
Top bodybuilders aren’t weak by any stretch of imagination, as evidenced by Tom
Platz’s performance in the squat-off. But if bodybuilders, with their advantage in muscular
development (if not in pure bulk), don’t match the top-end strength of powerlifters, what
does this tell us about strength? If strength were a simple matter of muscle mass and
development, Platz should have won.
While big muscles clearly correlate with the lifting heavy weights, as any strong
bodybuilder demonstrates, bodybuilders have more of a “low gear” to their strength, being
better equipped to handle high reps and train through muscular fatigue. The strongest
powerlifters are hardly small men, but at the same time ― with bodyfat percentages aside ―
they don’t always demonstrate the development or reﬁnement of physique displayed by top
bodybuilders. The powerlifter has fine-tuned himself to lift in one big effort.
Strength events, whether a squat, a stone lift, or a clean & jerk, rely on muscle mass
and supporting tissues like tendons and ligaments. Muscle mass will always determine the
upper limits of strength, but only in terms of potential strength. The more muscle available
to contract, the more potential for generating force and torque around joints.
Lifters like Bob Peoples and Naim Suleymanoglu demonstrated incredible strength
with physiques which, while muscular, were lightly-built. Strength increases with muscle
mass in some proportion, but the ratio is not one to one.
Unfortunately, the upper bounds of muscle mass ― not to mention other anatomical
traits like leverages, bone size and joint robustness ― are outside our power to alter (the
future may offer a variety of alternatives, but speaking of practical present-day solutions,
our hands are tied). Your success with the “big is strong” approach will likely come down to
luck of the genetic draw and your willingness to use chemical solutions (and how you
respond to the chemical solutions).
Think of muscles as the engine in your car. A supercharged V8 is going to have a whole
lot more horsepower than a one-liter economy car thanks to how it’s built. This is a
structural difference. The bigger engine has more power because it’s bigger, in much the
same way as a hypertrophied muscle becomes stronger.
You could take that tiny engine and soup it up, add a new power train, suspension, and
a turbocharger, and wind up with a more even contest. The improvement in performance is
functional, changing the way the system works. Training for function realizes the potential
of your muscles.
One engine is powerful because of its size, the other because it’s tweaked to squeeze
out every last bit of power. Strength comes from what you do as much as how you’re built.
This explains why lighter powerlifters and weightlifters, bound to a weight class, can “lift
more” than a bodybuilder of greater mass. Smaller lifters learn to squeeze all the

23.
horsepower out of their engines.
Training for strength doesn’t have to be about exhausting yourself like a bodybuilder or
endurance athlete. The bodybuilding approach of strength-through-muscle is one way to
succeed, but it requires either biological proclivities or chemicals (or both).
What we need is a different thought process, and we can base that on one simple rule:
You become what you do.

24.
The Power of Nerve
Dr. Ramachandran watches as his patient stares at a rubber arm. The man, an
amputee, sits at a partition with the fake appendage in front of him. With only a little
imagination, you could see that arm as a part of your body. Out of place, but there all the
same.
To the patient, this is exactly what happens. He feels the rubber arm graft itself on,
briefly replacing his missing limb.
This sounds fantastical, but many of V.S. Ramachandran’s amputee patients
experience this exact effect. The rubber limb sitting on the table, in plain sight, manages to
graft itself on to the patient’s body. He knows it’s not there, not really, but for brief
moments it feels authentic. Touch it, scratch an itch on the fake arm, and he will experience
it.
The phantom limb syndrome is surprisingly common in amputees. Ramachandran has
studied the phenomenon since the 1980s, and is famous for his stories of men and women
who have experienced bizarre neurological events.
The origins of the phantom limb syndrome lie deep in the brain, and their discovery
added a new dimension to the relationship between mind and body.
In our brains, a thin strip of tissue called the somatosensory cortex contains a full map of
our bodies. That neurological map represents our internal “body image”. Not how you feel in
a bikini, but all the information brought in by your senses and integrated into a sense of
existing and perceiving the world. 6
Literally every part of your body has a corresponding piece of neural real estate. When
someone touches your arm, nerve impulses travel into the brain and light up the
corresponding region on the brain map, which is where you register the feeling of touch.
In amputees, Ramachandran discovered that the part of the body map for the missing
arm would go dead. With no information streaming in from the now-missing limb, those
neurons were listening to dead air.
The brain doesn’t like to leave resources unused. Nerves from nearby regions, which
happen to control the face, grew into the abandoned space and took it over. When phantom
limb patients feel a touch on their face, the nerves that used to handle the arm are
stimulated at the same time. This phenomenon, where still-functioning brain regions
repurpose unused areas, has been conﬁrmed time and again in amputees, in stroke victims,
and in other cases of traumatic brain injury.
It wasn’t that long ago that the brain didn’t change, at least not according to any
neuroscience textbook. Thanks to contributions from Ramachandran and others in the ﬁeld,
we’ve had to admit that, yes, nerves can and do grow in adult human brains, and the
centuries-old belief in the unchanging brain finds itself on shaky ground.
Not only do nerves form new connections (called synapses) with other nerves, creating
the feeling of arms in faces, but we can actually see the growth of brand new neurons in
some parts of the brain. The brain, even in adults, is far more malleable than we’d ever

25.
thought thanks to the process of reshaping and rewiring known as neural plasticity.
In 1949, neurologist Donald Hebb wrote:
When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently
takes part in ﬁring it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or
both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.7
Hebb’s rule, as this came to be, says that “cells which ﬁre together wire together”.
Nerves learn through repetition. Nerve A might ﬁre a little more often, nerve B might start
listening a little more closely. During this early stage, changes are all signal, happening in
quickly and laying down the beginnings of a new connection. If A keeps signaling B, then the
nerves start literally growing stronger links, as happens in the phantom limb patients.
This process of reinforcement and growth, known as long-term potentiation, is
fundamental to all learning, whether picking up a language or learning how to squat.
Changes in nerve activity precede changes in nerve structure.
The more you practice a skill, the better you become at that skill. Practice enough and
the skill hardwires itself into your brain.
Following on this exact idea in his book Power to the People!, Pavel Tsatsouline writes
that most strength-training programs are all bodybuilding in disguise, focused on building
muscle bulk rather than more productive strength-building methods.8
That’s ﬁne if bodybuilding is the goal. But Pavel says most people wind up chasing
bigger muscles when they really want to lift more weight. Instead of training with that in
mind, they train badly and, when the bodybuilding stops being so effective, the next step is
to hop on a steroid cycle.
As Mel Siff and Yuri Verkhoshansky wrote, it would be better to use “specialized
training regimes to enhance nervous system conditioning” if the goal is strength. Train the
nervous system, not the muscles.
It’s easy to think of strength as a crude quality, just hoisting a weight from point A to
point B. In the middle of a heavy set of squats, the word “skill” doesn’t immediately spring
to mind. But that’s exactly what it is.
When you decide to move, a stream of nerve impulses ﬂows out of your brain, through
the spinal cord, and into relevant muscles, causing them to contract. That sounds simple
enough, but motor control ― control over voluntary movement ― is one of the more
complicated feats performed by the mammal brain.
The motor cortex sits right next door to the sensory cortex, acting as the outbox and
sending those movement signals out to your muscles. When the motor cortex sends out the
signal to move, another structure down by the bottom of the brain, the cerebellum, gets a
copy. The cerebellum also responds to sensory feedback from your body ― how your limbs
are moving, where they are in space relative to everyone else ― and works to ﬁne-tune the
signals coming out of the motor cortex.
This feedback loop is the basis of any movement. Even actions we take for granted,

26.
standing up or grabbing a cup of coffee, require an enormous amount of on the ﬂy ﬁne-
tuning, involving vision and kinesthetic (body-awareness) senses.
You have to know where the object is, and where you are in relation to it, in order to
grab it and move it around.
Every move you make is a complex balance between the signals to move ― called
central motor drive ― and your sensory awareness of what’s actually happening.
It’s easy to think of skill as being the gross movement through space ― swinging a bat,
shooting a three-pointer, kicking a soccer ball ― and little more. A skill is just a movement.
Once you learn it, you’ve learned it.
Mel Siff noted that motor learning doesn’t quite work that way. Learning isn’t just a
matter of picking up a movement one time, in the way you learned to ride a bike as a kid.
According to Siff, skill development is an on-going process which “continues as the intensity
and complexity of loading increases, as skill under demanding conditions is signiﬁcantly
different from skill under less onerous conditions”.9
Even to the trained eye, a batter’s swing will always look like a swing no matter how
heavy the bat. As far as your brain is concerned, the superﬁcial movement pattern is just the
beginning. Different parts of your motor-control system light up in different ways when a
movement is done quickly compared to slowly, or heavy compared to light. Speed,
resistance, and range of motion are all part of that skill.10
A squat with 60% is literally a different movement from a squat at 95% of your best lift.
Squatting 90 kilos in your ﬁrst year of training is different from 140 in your second year and
still different from 220 after eight years. You can see this for yourself. Load up a bar with
60% and do a few reps with it. Now load the bar up to 95%. The weights feel different, almost
like different movements. As far as your brain knows, they are.11
Technical mastery, even in “dumb” strength movements, is continual process of
learning. Each gain in strength, every extra kilo on your squat, presents a new challenge to
your brain. You learn the movement-through-space, and you learn how to handle it with
heavy weights.
Pavel’s groove-greasing philosophy exploits this circuit between brain and muscle,
treating strength as a skill to develop through practice and repetition. As you learned to
swim and ride a bike, practicing heavy lifts ― squats, bench presses, and deadlifts included
― teaches the motor-control loop how to lift heavy.
“Neural” training explains why you never forget how to ride a bike, or walk, or any
motor skill that you take for granted. New, complex, and challenging movements stimulate
new connections, literally wiring the new skill into your brain.12
In principle, the more practice you get with an exercise ― not just the gross movement,
but the weight and technical conditions of that weight ― the better you get at it. You
wouldn’t practice the violin once a week, or try to learn German with two one-hour
practices. The best violinists play for hours each week. Language learning correlates with
time spent speaking it.

27.
To get good at lifting heavy things, you must practice lifting heavy things.

28.
Widen the Base
In his book Secrets of Soviet Sports Training, Dr. Michael Yessis relates a story of how he
once happened upon the Russian weightlifting team. This in itself is not so unusual, as it
happened at an international competition, but what they were doing caught his eye.13
Yessis watched the Russian national team playing a pickup game of soccer the day
before going on the platform. Soccer can be a demanding game, and yet, despite playing
hard, the lifters were, well, making a game of it, having fun and enjoying themselves without
a hint of strain.
Why would weightlifters be playing a vigorous game of soccer right before an important
competition? Shouldn’t they be resting? And for that matter, why were weightlifters in
shape to casually play an aerobically-inclined sport as soccer?
Russian coaches were big on general physical preparation (GPP). GPP training doesn’t
don’t directly improve the sport, but does improve work capacity and break up the
monotony of lifting heavy year-round. General development was especially important for
young athletes, who needed a large base of conditioning to tolerate later specialization.
Being“ﬁt” in a well-rounded sense ― in good enough condition for leisurely games of soccer
before a major weightlifting contest ― was essential to Russian strength-building practice.
The term “GPP” has come to mean “hard cardio” nowadays, with powerlifters dragging
sleds and doing strongman medleys alongside more traditional strength workouts. The idea
reached the mainstream in the West thanks to Louie Simmons, who’s long advocated the
idea of being “in shape to train”. GPP methods encourage recuperation in mind and body, as
well as building that crucial work capacity.
It’s hard to draw a line between too much training and just being out of shape for what
you’re doing. We need to be in shape if we want to perform at a high level, and that takes
more than two or three strength workouts in between force-feedings.
By “in shape”, I don’t mean extreme aerobic conditioning for any 10-minute romp or
10-mile run, but that’s certainly got something to do with it. This isn’t about that ever-
elusive quality of “hardcore” with cute motivating slogans meant to show the world what an
uncrackable nut you are. You can surround yourself with all the trendy mass-marketed fad-
driven totems in the world and never once get close to the inner power necessary for a
nosebleed deadlift, or overhead axle for maximum reps, or a triathlon.
When I say “in shape”, ignore whatever preconceived notions you have about
endurance athletes. In shape means that you’re ﬁt for every aspect of your goal. In strength
training, that means being able to lift the weight, yes, but it also means developing all the
other parts of your body (and mind) that give you the physical ability to be strong.
“Establishing a solid foundation of consistent, hard training and slowly expanding it is
the only way to achieve a higher level of strength,” wrote strength coach Bill Starr. “It’s
much like building the base of a pyramid. Once that base is sufﬁciently wide, you can elevate
the top.”14
Starr was writing about the need to gradually increase the training volume in your

29.
strength workouts, necessary to build “strength conditioning”. The volume isn’t the end in
itself, but rather the means of getting in shape in order to get stronger. A high work capacity
allows you to handle the volume you need to improve.
Widening the base is about being in shape to lift. Being athletic and capable of handling
whatever comes at you. Getting through your workouts without tanking 20 minutes in. It’s
that old-school kind of toughness where you just get it done. No worrying about
overtraining, no worrying about whether your conditioning work will kill your strength. You
just go do the thing, and you’re confident that it’s no big deal because you’re doing it smart.
The more quality work you do in training, the more your whole body ― muscles,
nerves, organs, everything ― experiences a demand to adapt. These adaptations lay the
base for future peaks in strength. You can tolerate harder training, even as the training itself
builds strength.
Volume is part of the answer but not, by itself, the goal.
A lifter training with 50,000 pounds each week can split it over two workouts for 25,000
pounds each day ― sustainable, but each of those monster sessions leaves him a wreck for
several days. There’s a limit to how much you can do in a single workout, and even if you
have time for two to three hours of training, long and volume-heavy workouts aren’t always
ideal.
But divide that over ﬁve workouts and now he’s only handling 10,000 lbs each session.
Much shorter sessions, much easier on recovery from day to day.
Training frequently lets you break up those long sessions into manageable bites, and
the volume becomes a consequence of regular practice. With months and years of gradual
improvements, this lifter will be handling far higher net volume ― tonnage per week ― than
he ever could in one or two sessions.
More workouts mean more opportunities to practice under weights without the
boredom and exhaustion of three-hour workouts. You get in shape through sheer repetition
and consistency.
Strength is about skill, teaching your brain how to handle both a movement and a
maximum weight, but it’s also about building your body’s capacities.

30.
Nobody Strong Trains This Way
Right about now, the astute reader will have posed an obvious question: “Why do I
need to do all this when so many of the strongest people in the world don’t train that
often?” Why wouldn’t you want to do the least amount of work that you can get away with?
Despite all the anecdotal evidence of lifters surviving and thriving on frequency, this is a
good question.
I can give you two good answers.
We’ve already covered the ﬁrst. Progressive overload and neurological adaptation tell
us that, at least in principle, the more you do, the stronger you can become. Each workout
promotes growth and stimulates adaptation, so the more often you can train, the more you
experience those cycles of growth and adaptation stress. In principle, more frequent training
should add up to more progress.
This answer won’t satisfy many people, not the least of which because there are so
many examples of people getting amazingly strong without all the trouble. And, as Milo’s
story demonstrates, strength doesn’t just “add together” from training every day. There has
to be more to it.
You also don’t have to look far to ﬁnd top strength athletes who train 2-4 days a week.
Squatting and benching once a week is common, and leaving the deadlift to languish every
second week or once a month or even less has become a staple.
Doesn’t this disprove the idea that you need to train more to get stronger? If so many
of lifters at the top get there by Doing Less, doesn’t that mean you should follow their lead?
Isn’t it likely that more training would lead to diminishing returns by dipping into your
recovery? Isn’t it true that more isn’t always better, precisely because the human body can
only handle so much before training beats you into paste?
To be honest about my intentions up front, the answer is no. When it comes to
recovery, there are myths and unconsidered half-truths that play like a broken record in the
domains of ﬁtness and human performance, and I think most of them are next to useless.
What I have come to call ‘folk recovery’, in which your freshly-certiﬁed personal trainer
speaks of ‘recovery’ as if it’s some ghostly energy stored in a battery near your kidneys, is so
off the mark that it’s not even wrong.
Bad theory, of course, leads to bad advice. From folk recovery we get the belief that
there is some ultimate limit to how much training you can do, and, in the opposite case, that
you are best served by getting more rest so as to keep your recovery magic topped up like a
fresh tank of gas.
Consider the popular statement “no one needs to do that much training”. Really? How
do you know what anyone needs with regards to any performance goal? It’s not clear what
anyone needs to do in any instance, and we’re best staying out of arguments about
necessity.
The more critical issue, implied by the question about the training of the world-class, is
whether or not you beneﬁt from the same type of strategy they do. Again, I believe the
answer is no. I will make a more detailed case for this later on. For now let it sufﬁce to say

31.
that people are not identical and even if you share the goal of “lift more weight” you might
ﬁnd that there are better ways to make that happen. I realize that doesn’t sound like much
more than a weak “everybody’s different” justification, but there is meat to this point.
Ivan Abadjiev gets credit for “the Bulgarian training system”, but training daily with
maximum weights is no Bulgarian innovation. Angel Spassov, one-time coach of the
Bulgarian team, once stated that in developing their seemingly radical system they looked to
the American weightlifters of previous decades.
We’ve already been introduced to Bob Peoples with his routine of daily heavy sets, but
Peoples himself wasn’t exceptional for his time. Lifters like Bob Bednarski and John Davis
were training heavy and often, using multiple triples and single-rep sets back in the 1940s,
lifting on ﬁve- and six-day schedules. The slightest research will turn up many more names
from the early to middle 20th Century, and most all of them trained heavy and often.
You might point out that many (though not all) of these examples are Olympic
weightlifters. The snatch and the clean & jerk, phenomenal tests of strength and
athleticism that they are, have noticeable differences from your standard squats and
deadlifts and bench presses.
For one thing, these lifts are fast ― it’s not for nothing that we call them the quick lifts.
As the ruckus in your average weightlifting gym will inform you, these lifts are dropped from
the top position. No messy eccentric overload and all the muscular damage it causes.
The quick lifts are a far cry from the tooth-gritting effort put into a bench press or a
deadlift, let alone the muscle-blasting that bodybuilders swear by. There’s a whole slew of
psychological and physiological differences that must surely make a difference.
But hang on: Olympic lifters also squat. In the case of Abadjiev’s lifters, they squat the
same way they practice the lifts ― heavy and unreasonably often. Leonid Taranenko, the
Russian weightlifter who still holds the world record for the all-time best clean & jerk,
squatted over 300kg and claimed to squat six days a week.
Ok, so that’s no help. Well, what does Olympic weightlifting have to do with
powerlifting or strongman anyway? They are two different goals.
Boris Sheiko, the coach of the Russian national powerlifting team, seems to think the
answer to that last question is “quite a lot”. Sheiko’s programming is notorious for its focus
on volume, rather than the traditional powerlifting focus on intensity. Gone are the sets of
10. Even sets of ﬁve, the bread and butter of American strength-building, don’t get much
play in Sheiko’s methods.
Instead, Sheiko focuses on lots of volume ― lots of practice ― with moderate
intensities and low reps. Sets of three or less are the rule here, and intensity only rarely
climbs above 85% of the lifter’s 1RM.15
As Sheiko’s lifters progress in strength, they move through a ranking scheme that
qualiﬁes them from beginners to elites competing on the world stage. Depending on their
classiﬁcation, Sheiko’s athletes squat anywhere from three to ten times a week. The
internationally-competitive Master of Sport lifters train four to ﬁve days a week, sometimes
with morning and evening sessions.

32.
Sheiko’s methodology developed from the study of strength-building methods used by
the weightlifting teams. In the Russian view, strength is strength: a weightlifter’s 300 kilo
squat is no less impressive simply because it belongs to a weightlifter. Factoring in
bodyweight, supportive gear, and squat style ― the Olympic lifter’s distinctive upright,
close-stance, full-depth style ― the weightlifters come out ahead more often than not.
Thanks to the Russian success on the world stage, Sheiko’s frequency-centric and
volume-heavy programs are currently all the rage among powerlifters competing under IPF
regulations. As impressive as top powerlifters are, the image of lifters virtually mummified in
supportive gear sets an expectation unreasonable ― and undesirable ― to many. The
training has been adjusted to play to the equipment, rather than building an overall
foundation of strength.
Do you squat in suits of triple-ply canvas with briefs under that and knee wraps as thick
as your wrist?
Propaganda aside, the powerlifters that have traditionally done the best in minimal
gear, at lighter body weights, and under strict judging have always had more in common
with Olymplic lifters than the current popular image of powerlifters. Even in the US, it’s not
hard to ﬁnd powerlifters who train more than orthodoxy wants to allow. Names like Brian
Siders, Mike Bridges, and Wade Hooper ― himself a recent Sheiko convert ― immediately
spring to mind.
Siders trains upwards of six days a week with an intimidating volume, and while his
records leave little doubt that he’s one of the genetically gifted, you can’t help but wonder
which came first ― the volume or the “genes”.
There’s a beneﬁt to training for that all-over toughness that characterized the ideal of
“strong people”. Jamie Lewis, angry person and author of the Chaos & Pain blog, bars no
holds and pulls no punches in his training talk. Lewis, no slouch in strength, believes that
overtraining is a crock and that most wheel-spinning gym-rats are wasting their time with
tame programs and mediocre progressions. Besides squats, deadlifts, and overhead pressing
there’s little in his aptly-named Chaos & Pain philosophy to resemble traditional programs.
Jamie’s only hard rules are time-tested wisdom: stick to big compound exercises, anything
that has you standing up with a bar in your hand or on your back, and keep it heavy. He
suggests training with 85% of your best lifts at the minimum, for as many sets as you can
handle with one, two, or three reps ― as many as 30 reps in each workout, ﬁve to six days a
week. Not one to be all bark and no bite, Jamie backs up his talk in powerlifting meets,
having totaled elite, several times, in the 181 lb weight class.16
Getting strong is not what the cliques would have you think, but neither is it
complicated.
Critics will say that my selections are biased and I’m only picking out those genetic
freaks who succeed while ignoring all the poor folks who suffer crippling overtraining.
Hysteria aside, I’m not aware of any support for this view. You’ll hear all the horror stories,
of course, which are always anecdotes about a friend’s cousin’s roommate’s brother’s uncle’s
dad’s son’s pharmacist’s dog walker who tried to squat more than three days a week and
then the devil claimed his soul. Posted to the internet, of course ― you’ll never meet any of

33.
these people in person.
As far as actual veriﬁable data goes, there’s just not much to draw on, for or against.
Those worried over prevalence of injury or the “need” to train often will have a hard time
ﬁnding any conclusive data to support that view. Intuitions on probability are routinely
wrong; without statistical information, the human mind defaults to what it knows. If what
you know is traditional strength training, or an example or two of people who “got hurt and
overtrained” by trying to do too much, then that’s what you’ll tend to believe as universal
truth.
Of course that doesn’t exempt me, and my argument is subject to the same criticism.
Naming off examples lends weight to the case but is not enough to draw any tight
conclusions. In lieu of sketchy or absent evidence to the contrary, I’m going to rely on other
sources.
Scientiﬁcally speaking, we’re still probing around in the dark. There are no (or at least
not very many) experiments published in well-regarded journals that can verify the
usefulness of training regularly, and none which can categorically disprove it.
With one exception. In late 2009, the Norwegian powerlifting team along with the
Norwegian School of Sports Sciences conducted an experiment on the distribution of
training volume. The Frekvensprosjektet (”Frequency Project”) took 27 powerlifters and
split them into two groups over a three-month training phase. The ﬁrst group trained with
an orthodox program, lifting three days a week with high volume. The second group used the
same weekly workload but split over six days.
In all measures taken, including strength in the three powerlifts and cross-section of
the thighs, the six-day group showed the greatest improvements, results which were
statistically significant (that is, likely due to the training rather than a chance outcome).
Researcher Truls Raastad and team coach Alexander Kierketeig suggest that these
results were due to the more frequent bouts of stress and recovery. Although the amount
work done each week was equal, the actual training stimulus ― the stress on the body
necessary to cause adaptation ― was higher in the six-day high-frequency group, leading to
almost double the strength gains in the same amount of time.
The Frequency Project remains unpublished at the time of this writing, but the
preliminary results suggest that, given equal volume, spreading the workload over six days
returns the better gains when compared to concentrating the same volume into three
sessions.17
While there’s not a large body of conclusive science to draw upon, it’s hints like these
that give me reason to question standard wisdom. I think that the rest-and-recovery notion
is weaker than we’re led to believe, both in scientiﬁc research and in real-life training
practices.
Someone, somewhere, will assemble a collection of Pubmed abstracts which “prove”
you can’t get results by training often (ignoring that this is just a weaker brand of
speculation), but that’s not the kind of justiﬁcation we should be after. There will be no
definitive answers from research journals.

34.
The lack of concrete research kicks the ball back to us, so we’re left with the natural
experiments of trial and error ― showing up at the gym and giving it an honest try. In this
I’m inclined to agree with Richard Feynman:
If it disagrees with experiment it is wrong. In that simple statement is the key to
science. It does not make any difference how beautiful your guess is. It does not make
any difference how smart you are, who made the guess, or what his name is – if it
disagrees with experiment it is wrong. That is all there is to it.18
From our perspective as people trying to get stronger, we need only one standard: if it
works, it works. If training more often works better for you, then why wouldn’t you do it? If
all these people doing it wrong are out-lifting you and staying injury-free, then could it be
that they’re not so wrong?
We’ve got an idea of why frequent training can work, but that doesn’t clarify
everything. Why do some people get strong on simple meat-and-potatoes training? How
can some people go nuts every day, while others remain insistent that you need drugs to
make that work?

35.
2
The Overtraining Myth
“For every subtle and complicated question, there is a perfectly simple and straightforward
answer, which is wrong.”
― H.L. Mencken
The Least Possible
Arthur Jones remains one of the most polarizing ﬁgures in bodybuilding. An entire sub-
culture developed around Jones’s unorthodox High Intensity Training methods, as did an
equally vocal range of critics. When discussing HIT, there is no middle ground.
Jones’s notoriety began in the 1970s, at a time when names like Joe Weider and Vince
Gironda were synonymous with bodybuilding. Stars of the Muscle Beach era include Franco
Columbu, Dave Draper, Lou Ferrigno, Larry Scott, and the man who would practically
become bodybuilding, Arnold Swarzenegger.
This motley crew trained according to principles of blasting and bombing, working a
muscle to exhaustion with set after excruciating set, splitting up their entire body into
muscle groups to be trained in total across five or six weekly workouts.
Arthur Jones didn’t agree. To Jones, spending six days in the gym, training two to three
hours at a stretch, was too much time wasted on too many useless sets. It was intensity, not
volume, that grew muscle.
Exercise science deﬁnes intensity as a physical measure: your output relative to your
maximum capability. In strength training, intensity is given as a percentage of your one-rep
maximum (1RM).
Jones used a more subjective value. In the HIT world, intensity is about effort, about
pushing through pain and fatigue. The endless sets of bombing and blasting were a waste of
time. There was no effort, no drive, no stimulus behind the pumping. What bodybuilders
needed was focus, to dig in and maximize the stimulus placed on a muscle with the least
possible amount of physical work.
Jones believed that he’d teased out the mythical Grow Button hidden away inside
muscle tissue, that he’d learned how to push it with the most direct possible stimulus. What
mattered was the so-called inroad, tapping the muscle’s momentary maximum ability,
which we’d know today as “training to failure”. Volume was a distraction, unnecessary and
even harmful as it depleted the energies needed to recover and grow.
The HIT school grew out of these two maxims: maximum effort put into minimal work.

36.
Endorsed by bodybuilders from Jones’s protégé Mike Mentzer to six-time Mr. Olympia
Dorian Yates, who used a variation of Mentzer’s Heavy Duty system to bring home his
Sandows, it seems there must be something to the minimalist approach.
As I’m using the term here, minimalism is the belief that workouts must be time-
efﬁcient, that one set is as good as or better than three or more sets, and that “recovery” ―
a vague term if there ever was one ― can only be maximized with ample rest between
workouts. Minimalism is the belief that less is always better than more.
Even Jones’s most bitter opponents concede ― if grudgingly ― that the gruff
curmudgeon raised points worthy of consideration. Jones’s central point was that people
didn’t train hard enough. Going through the motions for two hour workouts, pumping away
with set after set, probably isn’t the most productive use of time. There has to be some kind
of push behind your training.
Many of Arthur Jones’s training recommendations aren’t so bad, viewed in hindsight.
Jones promoted training a muscle 2-3 times a week, and despite the “one set to failure”
perception, muscle groups were trained with more than one exercise per session. Some of
the early HIT workouts are almost volume-heavy (at least compared to what would come
later). Jones’s occasionally obsessive focus on machine training notwithstanding, these were
not bad workouts.
As a core set of principles, “train hard and efﬁciently while focusing on lifting heavier
weight” is a message hard to argue with. Unfortunately, those reasonable ideas weren’t the
end of the minimalist trend.
The Hardgainer philosophy which grew out of HIT took the “brief and intense” idea and
ran with it. While even Jones allowed for a reasonable frequency of workouts, the minimalist
notion that we must aspire for less eventually overtook the more sensible view.
A hardgainer is the prototypical skinny kid that can’t gain weight. Hardgainers are at a
genetic disadvantage, as they don’t respond to training “normally”, so they have to do even
less work for any hope of a strong, well-muscled physique.
HIT’s minimalist legacy remains with us today, responsible in part for the popular gym-
belief that that less is always better. You train with brief, intense workouts, and follow up
with lots of rest. That’s just how it’s done. Anything more is overtraining.
Whether we’re talking HIT or blasting and bombing, we’re still in the world of
bodybuilding. We’re still talking about the best way to train muscles, whether that’s lots of
volume and lots of workouts, or a handful of sets at nose-bleed intensity with plenty of rest
time.
It’s all about muscles, not strength.
Current biological knowledge is vastly improved over the understanding of the 1960s
and 70s. We know more about muscle growth and about recovery and overtraining than we
did when minimalism first took shape.
Yet strength training remains in a virtual dark age when it comes to understanding
what happens and why.
We can do better than that.

37.
Dealing With Stress
Every time we butt heads with the unfriendly world, we call it stress. In everyday
language, “stress” means psychological pressure. Boss breathing down your neck. Endless
trafﬁc on your morning commute. To be stressed out is to be anxious, wound up, nervous.
This definition isn’t too far off the mark.
Stress has a speciﬁc meaning: the biological response to a threat encountered by a
living being. Stress is your body’s reaction to a threat.
The threat itself is a stressor. Stressors can be physical: a third-degree burn, a deep cut
in your arm, a punch in the throat. Stressors can be psychological, as with the demanding
boss or morning gridlock.
Before the early 20th century, it was assumed that living organisms responded to
challenges with a variety of different responses. Heat would create a different reaction than
cold, infection different from a hammer to the head.
In the 1930s, experiments performed by Hans Selye turned that idea on its head. Selye
found that, regardless of the threat, rats demonstrated the exact same set of biological
reactions. Hot or cold, ﬂu or hammer-blow, the same set of neurological and hormonal
signals ― collectively called the neuroendocrine stress-response ― were activated any time
the rats faced a challenge.
A universal stress-response means that the stress symptoms aren’t controlled locally.
The entire organism responds to challenges as a whole.
We now know that the stress-response originates in the brain, in regions that we call
the sympathetic nervous system. Whenever the rats faced a stress, whether a fright or a lack
of food, the sympathetic nerves would activate and the same set of symptoms would appear.
Selye developed his General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model according to these
ﬁndings. The organism would ﬁrst become aware of a threat, causing a state of alarm and
activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Now aware and alert, the organism works to
cope and resist the stressor.
If things go well, the organism ﬁghts off whatever’s ailing it and things go back to
normal. If not, the organism enters the third stage, complete exhaustion. Having failed to
cope with or get rid of the threat, the organism’s energy reserves are depleted and it gets
sick (or dies).
Selye’s GAS model can be found in virtually all mainstream ideas on exercising.
Workouts are stressful, damaging muscles and connective tissues, activating the heart and
lungs and the organs of general housekeeping. Of course your body would treat physical
activity as a threat.
Train hard, then rest and recover.
As Selye’s model predicts, your entire body mobilizes to fend off the challenge.
Sympathetic nerves drive up levels of stress hormones ― catecholamines and
glucocorticoids ― leaving you prepared for the threat. With the threat removed, stress
hormones and amped-up neural activity return to baseline while any mop-up operations ―

38.
repairs of damaged tissues, for example ― go on about their business.
Exercise scientists adopted the GAS model, adding one key feature that remains with
us. Repair processes cause an “over-adaptation” after a workout session, and it’s this
overshoot that makes us bigger and stronger and faster.
Better known as supercompensation, this recovery process is a matter of restoring all
the biomolecules that we depleted during exercise. But your body is smart, so it adds a little
bit on top to ensure that you’re better prepared for the next time.
There’s a catch, though. Train again too soon, and you dip back into the stores before
they’re fully replaced. Train too late and the surplus ― your strength and size gains ― will
have been sold off to pay for the liver’s new car.
Supercompensation is all about timing. Training every ﬁve days, or seven days, or no
more than once every 10 days, all of those rules come from the principle of
supercompensation. If you train too often, you’ll eventually drain your “recovery supply”
and exhaust yourself just like Selye’s rats.
The supercompensation model dominates the way we think about exercise. Train hard,
then take time off to recuperate. You grow outside the gym, not in it.
Supercompensation theory tries to summarize a range of complex processes ― of
which recovered muscles are only one variable ― with one single indicator. Can you really
reduce your body’s “recoveredness” to a single question of whether you are or aren’t
recovered?
Selye thought that living organisms would deplete their reserves of stress hormones if
the stress-response continued indeﬁnitely. The organs producing catecholamines and
glucocorticoids would “burn out”, leaving the poor rats (or bodybuilders) defenseless.
As it turns out, Selye wasn’t quite correct. To see why, we have to take a brief detour.

39.
All The Little Pieces
Is diet 20% or 80% of your results? If you could only do one exercise, what would it be?
You’ve almost certainly had these questions come up when talking shop. But what does it
mean that diet is 80% of your results? How do you express that in real-world terms? What
does it mean to say there’s a “best” exercise? How would you begin to measure that?
In real terms, you can’t. Those questions don’t make sense. You’d think you would be
able to give a simple answer to a simple question, but it isn’t like that.
Your biology classes might give you the impression that living bodies are like a squishy
version of Mr. Potato Head. Add a nervous system and a circulatory system and a skeletal
system together and the result is a functioning human being. Just put the pieces and you get
a living organism.
We expect the world to add up like an arithmetic equation. The tiniest parts add
together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle and always give you the same predetermined result.
Finding the answer is simply a matter of understanding all the little pieces.
If you’ve ever lived in a hurricane zone during the warm months, you’ll be familiar with
the whirling vortex shape of a cyclone. Between June and November every year, the whole
east coast of the United States keeps a nervous eye out toward the Atlantic.
Hurricanes begin as humble thunderstorms off the coast of Cape Verde in Africa. As
they make their way across the warm oceans, something happens to the clouds. Fueled by
the heat of warm seas, wind speeds pick up, pressure drops, and before you know it, you’ve
got a spinning death-cloud in the familiar shape.
What is a hurricane exactly? You know it when you see it, to be sure, but what is it? The
simple answer, which applies to any cloud, is “water”. Zoom in down to the tiniest level and
a hurricane isn’t anything but ordinary water droplets, made up of ordinary H2O molecules.
It’s the same stuff you drink and bathe in, yet I can’t recall a time that a glass of water
knocked over a city. There’s something different about the hurricane.
Take a rug on your ﬂoor and look at it up close. Use a magnifying glass for extra effect.
Rugs are woven out of hundreds and thousands of threads. Up close, you can see those
strands criss-crossed into the repeating pattern that makes up the whole object we call
“rug”. How much does any one of those threads add to the “rug” object? 10%? 50%? Would
it ever occur to you to ask that question in the first place?
Probably not. The rug forms out of all the threads woven into a pattern. You could take
out one, or two, or ten threads and not affect the thing we call “rug”. You wouldn’t ask
about the relationship between thread and rug just as you wouldn’t think about a hurricane
by asking about the water droplets.
Over the last few decades, science has slowly come around to the understanding that
biology is more like a hurricane than Victorian clockwork. It doesn’t make any sense to ask
whether any water droplet is 10% or 60% of the whole storm. Reductionism, the point of
view that says we can understand a thing by breaking it down into the tiniest pieces, is
gradually being replaced by the science of complexity.
The hurricane is what we’d call an emergent property of the water droplets (or water

40.
molecules, if you zoom in even further). The droplets are just plain old water droplets, no
different from the condensation on a cold drink in the summer. It’s only when kicked up into
a specific pattern that we get the object we call “a hurricane”.
The pattern is what matters. A hurricane persists despite the turnover of tremendous
amounts of water, which it pulls in from warm seas and dumps out as rain. If you look at the
hurricane as a lot of water droplets, you leave out something very important.
Individual droplets don’t just add up to a cyclone the way gears and springs add up into
a watch. It’s the relationship between the water molecules, not just hundreds or thousands
but millions upon millions, that matters. When they’re arranged in the right way, you get a
hurricane.
Think patterns, not pieces.
Your body can be considered in much the same sense. What’s most important to live:
the heart, the brain, or the kidneys? The correct answer is “all of them” (or, more
confusingly, “none of them”). You can’t live without any of those organs; none of them is
“most” or “least” important.
Simple cause-and-effect thinking has no place in the study living beings. Causes and
effects smear out over networks where each piece effects, and is effected by, tens, hundreds,
or thousands of other pieces. The patterns that define our bodies are complex.
Complexity is a challenging concept, and even the scientiﬁc community is still coming
to terms with it, so don’t beat yourself up if bells aren’t ringing right now. The important
thing to remember is that individual pieces of complex systems aren’t the big deal.
Think big picture. What matters is the pattern, not the little parts that make it up. Rugs
will survive children pulling out some of their threads. A hurricane will absorb and drop
many tons of water and we still identify it as the same storm.
Is your diet 80% of your results? Are squats better than deadlifts? Does cortisol eat up
your hard-won muscle or lead to a ﬂabby gut? The only correct response to questions like
this is to unask them: forget this line of thinking, as it makes no sense.
Squats or deadlifts? Yes. Does the bench press train chest or shoulders? Yes. What’s
more important, diet or training? Yes.
Complex systems have some interesting properties. Their patterns are inherently
unstable, intrinsically variable, having no easily identiﬁed chains of causes and effects as we
would expect in a factory. Despite all this volatility and uncertainty, these patterns can
remain stable over long periods of time and are resilient in the face of all kinds of
perturbations.19
These are all features that have obvious implications for how we train, let alone how we
eat and live our lives. Unfortunately recreational exercisers, bodybuilders, and let’s face it,
most strength & conditioning experts and athletes, love to get hung up on details. We still
think of the body as a collection of linear systems that we can tug on and pry apart. Every
time someone asks what’s most important or worries about whether a hormone is optimally
stimulated, you’re seeing reductionist thinking in action.
Whenever that comes up, just remember: Biology Is Not Like That.

41.
We have to get over the Mr. Potato Head biology. You can no longer consider muscles
as dead pieces of meat that receive orders from the brain and have no other contact with the
rest of your body. Muscles – like glands, heart, lungs, brain and everything else – are
elements in an on-going storm of biochemical activity.