Maxime de la Rocheterie on Marie-Antoinette

"She was not a guilty woman, neither was she a saint; she was an upright, charming woman, a little frivolous, somewhat impulsive, but always pure; she was a queen, at times ardent in her fancies for her favourites and thoughtless in her policy, but proud and full of energy; a thorough woman in her winsome ways and tenderness of heart, until she became a martyr."

John Wilson Croker on Marie-Antoinette

"We have followed the history of Marie Antoinette with the greatest diligence and scrupulosity. We have lived in those times. We have talked with some of her friends and some of her enemies; we have read, certainly not all, but hundreds of the libels written against her; and we have, in short, examined her life with– if we may be allowed to say so of ourselves– something of the accuracy of contemporaries, the diligence of inquirers, and the impartiality of historians, all combined; and we feel it our duty to declare, in as a solemn a manner as literature admits of, our well-matured opinion that every reproach against the morals of the queen was a gross calumny– that she was, as we have said, one of the purest of human beings."

Edmund Burke on Marie-Antoinette

"It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely there never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she had just begun to move in, glittering like a morning star full of life and splendor and joy. Oh, what a revolution....Little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters fall upon her, in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honor and of cavaliers! I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards, to avenge even a look which threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone; that of sophisters, economists, and calculators has succeeded...."

~Edmund Burke, October 1790

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Sunday, January 25, 2015

Who was the real Anne Boleyn? In
the film Anne of a Thousand Days, she is the brave girl who loves a
king. In the novel The Other Boleyn Girl she is the fallen woman, her
brother’s lover. Now we are to meet the Anne Boleyn of the BBC
adaptation of Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall. Vindictive, calculating and
political, this Anne sets out to marry Henry VIII and to destroy his
heroic servant, Thomas Cromwell.

The historical Anne
was born the daughter of the prominent courtier, Sir Thomas Boleyn. But
we don’t know exactly when, and much else about her is lost in myth.
After Anne’s execution for treason, Henry VIII’s subjects didn’t keep
pictures of the fallen queen, and the only contemporary image of her
that survives is on a coin so damaged you cannot see the middle of her
face.

The paintings of Anne we know – the most famous
being that of her wearing a necklace adorned with a “B” – were painted
after both Anne and Henry were dead. The woman in that particular
picture may not even be Anne. In her lifetime she used “A”, for Anne, as
a cipher – not “B” for Boleyn. It could equally be a picture of a
Belinda or a Beryl.

The contemporary descriptions of what Anne looked like are, however, vivid. She was not beautiful. Her skin was sallow,
as was that of her daughter Elizabeth, who made her face white with
make-up. Anne’s nose was also rather large, but she was chic, with black
eyes she used to great effect. It was said that they could “read the
secrets of a man’s heart”. Educated in the courts of Burgundy and
France, Anne was an expert in the art of courtly flirtation. But it is
wrong to suggest that she set out to capture the king. When he fell in
love with her in 1526, Henry had ended an affair with Anne’s sister
Mary, who had been married off to a gentleman.

It was a
pattern the king had followed with mistresses before. Anne, who had
already attracted the attentions of many high-born suitors, was
disinterested. She resisted Henry’s attentions in the hope that he would
move on, but her behaviour appealed to his love of chivalric romances
and their unobtainable heroines.

In any case, at this
stage in his life, Henry needed a wife, not a mistress. The queen,
Katherine of Aragon, could not give him a son and heir, and Anne was a
possible replacement. While Henry did not approve of divorce and was
therefore reluctant to leave Katherine, he could argue that his marriage
to her was invalid. She was his brother’s widow and this, he claimed,
broke an inviolable biblical injunction against marrying your brother’s
wife. The Pope disagreed.

The arguments with Rome went
on for years and Anne was stuck. No courtiers would take on the king as a
romantic rival. She would either marry Henry soon, or end up barren and
unwed. But Anne was fiercely intelligent and resourceful, and she
looked for solutions in the movements for religious reform that were
sweeping Europe at the time. Contrary to myth, Anne was never a
Protestant. But she fed Henry with selected readings that supported the
view that kings had rightful authority over the church. Henry already
associated himself with King Arthur, whom, he believed, had wielded an
imperial power over the English church, as well as the state. He became
convinced the papacy had usurped this power.

In 1533, Henry finally broke with Rome and had his
marriage to Katherine annulled. The already-pregnant Anne was now his
queen. But Katherine remained much-loved, and women in particular
resented Henry’s abandonment of his first queen. Anne acquired a new
reputation as a “goggle-eyed whore”. (Read more.)

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