Lothair II († 869) was granted Frisia and the parts of Austrasia that remained his father's after Verdun (containing the original area of the Roman Empire settled by the Franks and the capital of Aachen) - this kingdom became known as Lotharingia, after its ruler, and was the shortest lived of the three successor kingdoms

Louis II († 875), the eldest son, was granted the imperial crown and the medieval Kingdom of Italy (then only comprising the northern half of the Italian peninsula)

Due to the deaths of Charles in 863 and Lothair II in 869, the two northernmost kingdoms lasted no more than 15 years, and were divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy. The effects of the Treaty of Prüm came to a complete end in 962, when Otto I, king of Germany, invaded and conquered Italy during a period of political unrest caused by the ascension of a woman to the throne, Adelaide of Italy. The Treaty of Prüm is regarded as one of the last significant effects of partible inheritance before being surpassed by feudalism as the primary cause of European state decentralization.