Are there any pointers to think about when placing defensive structures? For example, should all defensive structures be walled off from each-other? Obviously it is ideal to have walls between every single building, but because of the limit on the amount of walls you can build this is not possible.

Right now, I'm winging it. I am using a strategy where the defensive structures and the storage are walled in, while the other buildings (barracks for example) are outside the walls to act as cannon fodder. How can I improve this strategy?

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This questions is similar to a question I asked about how to use walls, but since I think you have a more general focus- I'll give you a more general answer :) .Constructing a good defense is complicated. Arguably its the most challenging aspect of the game. It is hard to define a "best" defense, since attackers will use different counter-strategies, the defensive options available to you vary by level, and new strategies are evolving all the time. That said, here are some tips I find helpful.

Step 1 - Decide to protect trophies or resources

This is an easy decision if you don't have much of one or the other, but you will eventually have to choose. Protecting your resources will be important when you are saving up for the late game upgrades - some of which will require days or even weeks of stockpiling to afford. Protecting your trophies means protecting your town hall and minimizing collateral damage - so as to minimize or eliminate "cheap" one star victories for your opponents.

Step 2a - Protecting resources

The best protection for resources, is to spend them - but of course sometimes that is not an option. Given that, it is best to put your storage containers deep inside your base, ideally behind concentric walls. Put your most powerful defensive buildings close your your storage containers, and consider putting traps near them as well.
Also, and this may seem unintuitive - make your Town Hall vulnerable. It's up to you whether you want to leave it totally undefended, or with minimum defenses - but make sure its the target that attackers focus on. When it is destroyed you get an 8 hour shield for free. If it is well protected it is actually possible to get attacked over and over - resulting in massive resource losses, without ever getting a shield.

Step 2b - Protecting trophies

If you are going this route, the most important thing is to keep your Town Hall well protected - using the same strategy mentioned in Step 2a for your storage containers. Opponents can also get a 1 star victory by destroying 50% of your buildings, so keep your buildings close together, and fit whatever you can behind walls. Since you are less focused on resources, it is also good to spend as much as you can on walls and simple upgrades, which will make you less of an attractive target.

Step 3 - General Tips

Get a Clan Castle, and join a clan that is active enough to keep it filled. Units from the Clan Castle are free to you, and are a nice boost to defenses.

Use "less valuable" buildings like Builder Huts and Barracks to distract attackers. Note that these buildings create a "keep out" which can be used to control where the enemy can drop troops - forcing a long walk under fire, as opposed to getting dropped right where they want. Decorations can also be used in this way - but note that they do not create a keepout (other than the space they occupy).

The edge of the world is no protection. Don't use it like a wall. It is in fact better to build a little away from it - see previous point.

Mortars have a close in "blind spot". Use walls and building to "fill" this blind spot so enemy units can't stand in it.