History

Founding (2007-2013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[12] While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd after learning about the lengthy process required to publish academic papers.[14] His father, a doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months to have his medical research published.[14] Adler wanted to create a simple way to publish and share written content online.[15] He co-founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[16] There, Scribd received its initial $12,000 in seed funding and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March 2007.[6]

Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents," allowing anyone to self-publish on the site using its document reader.[14] The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints into Web documents that can be shared on any website that allows embeds.[17] In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million visitors as of November 2008.[18] It also ranked as one of the top 20 social media sites according to Comscore.[18]

In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload and sell digital copies of their work online.[19] That same month, the site partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[20] The deal made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[21]

Subscription service (2013-present)

Screenshots of Scribd's subscription service

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited subscription service for e-books.[11] This gave users unlimited access to Scribd's library of digital books for a flat monthly fee.[11] The company also announced a partnership with HarperCollins which made the entire backlist of HarperCollins' catalog available on the subscription service.[25] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief digital officer at HarperCollins, this marked the first time that the publisher has released such a large portion of its catalog.[26] In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal with Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's entire library on its subscription service.[27]

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in February 2015.[4][30]

In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library would be available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three books and one audiobook per month from the entire library; unused credits roll over to the next month.[31]

Timeline

In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.[39] In April 2010 Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[40] which allows automatic sharing of documents on Facebook and Twitter.[41] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins at the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[42]

Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to become, according to TechCrunch, "the social network for reading".[43]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat monthly fee in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.[44]

Financials

The company was initially funded with US$12,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.[45][7] In December 2008, the company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with re-investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[46]David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.[47]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia and SVB Capital.[48] In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new funding from Khosla Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of directors.[49]

Technology

In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF built for the web, which allows users to embed documents into a web page.[50] iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without conversion, as long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash support for the iPhone).[51] All major document types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be private or open to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple to embed documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[52]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0 Conference in San Francisco.[53] TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a Web page.'"[54][55]

Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[56] but is no longer offering new API accounts.[57]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal computers. As of December 2013, Scribd is available through the various app stores on iOS and Android smartphones and tablets, as well as the Kindle Fire and Nook tablets.

In April 2015, Los Angeles favorably reviewed Scribd's subscription service by saying, "Subscribing to Scribd is sort of like shopping at Trader Joes: you may not find every product you want, but it sure as hell is convenient, inexpensive, and downright delectable." [60] Scribd has grown to more than 100 million users in 75 countries who use the site on a monthly basis.[61] As of June 2015, the Scribd app has been downloaded 5.7 million times on Android and 3.3 million times on iOS.[62]

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged that Scribd "shamelessly profits from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[63] Her attorneys sought class action status in their efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly "egregious copyright infringement" and accused it of calculated copyright infringement for profit.[64][65][66] The suit was dropped in July 2010.[67][68]

The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their books available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling's lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were 'unauthorised and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available from Scribd. A quick search throws up novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and JRR Tolkien.."[70]

Controversies

In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.[71][72][73]

BookID

To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their works on Scribd. [78] This proprietary technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, meta data, images, and other elements and creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work. [79] BookID is available for free for authors and publishers whether or not they choose to make their content available through the Scribd platform. [80]

Developed Strategies and Processes that Enabled Brands to Grow During an Economic Downturn.

Taught Advanced Internet Marketing Strategies at the graduate level.

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