Theo van Doesburg

Theo van Doesburg, pseudonym of Christian Emil Marie Küpper, (born August 30, 1883, Utrecht, Netherlands—died March 7, 1931, Davos, Switzerland), Dutch painter, decorator, poet, and art theorist who was the leader of the De Stijl movement.

Originally van Doesburg intended to pursue a career in the theatre, but he turned to painting about 1900. He worked in Post-Impressionist and Fauvist styles until 1915, when he discovered Piet Mondrian’s work, which persuaded van Doesburg to paint geometric abstractions of subjects from nature. His paintings, with their strict use of vertical and horizontal shapes and primary colours, closely resembled Mondrian’s until about 1920. In 1917 van Doesburg was instrumental in forming the De Stijl group of artists, and he also founded the avant-garde art review De Stijl (a publication that was continued until 1931). Among the artists involved with De Stijl was the Dutch architect J.J.P. Oud, for whom van Doesburg first designed stained-glass windows in 1916. His collaborations with architects continued throughout his career, as he went on to design more stained glass, as well as floor tiles and overall colour schemes.

Doesburg, Theo van: Composition IX, Opus 18: Abstract Version of Card PlayersComposition IX, Opus 18: Abstract Version of Card Players, oil on canvas by Theo van Doesburg, 1917; in the Gemeente Museum, The Hague.Courtesy of the Haags Gemeentemuseum, The Hague

Van Doesburg turned his attention away from painting around 1920, focusing instead on the promotion of De Stijl in Germany and France. He lectured at the WeimarBauhaus from 1921 to 1923, and his De Stijl theories subsequently influenced the Modernist architects Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. While in Germany, van Doesburg developed an interest in Dada art after meeting the artist Kurt Schwitters; using the alias I.K. Bonset, van Doesburg exhibited as a Dadaist in Holland in 1923 and published the Dada art review Mechano.

Van Doesburg returned to painting around 1924, at which time he decided to introduce the diagonal into his compositions to increase their dynamic effect. He named his new approach “elementarism,” and in 1926 he published a manifesto explaining it in De Stijl. Mondrian so disapproved of the concept that he rejected the De Stijl movement. In 1931 van Doesburg was involved in the formation of the Abstraction-Création association, a group of artists who advocated pure abstraction.