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Structure Nephron: functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney has over a million nephrons. Composed of: 1. Glomerulus – filtering unit –network of capillaries originating from the afferent arteriole –surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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As glomerular filtrate flows through the tubules, >99% of water and varying amounts of solutes are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries (capillaries that surround the tubule system). Substances are also secreted from peritubular capillaries directly into the tubular fluid to be excreted. The remaining water and solutes becomes urine.

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2. Produces erythropoietin a.Stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow b. The anemia of CRF is primarily caused by impaired erythropoiesis c.  RBC formation is mainly due to  erythropoietin production in the diseased kidneys, although other compounds that accumulate in renal failure may also suppress erythropoiesis.

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The two major forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is sent through a machine that filters away waste products. The clean blood is returned to the body. Hemodialysis is usually performed at a dialysis center three times per week for 3 to 4 hours.

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In peritoneal dialysis, a fluid (the dialysate) is dripped into the abdomen. The dialysate captures the waste products from the blood, and after a few hours is drained away. Then, a fresh bag of dialysate is used. Patients using continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the most common form of peritoneal dialysis, change dialysate four times a day. Another form of peritoneal dialysis, however, can be performed at night with a machine that drains and refills the abdomen automatically. Patients can perform peritoneal dialysis themselves.