Umbilical Cord Swabs May Not Reduce Newborn Deaths

A new study of 37,800 live births in Zambia calls into question recent efforts to scale up the use of antiseptic chlorhexidine umbilical cord washes globally, as a strategy to reduce neonatal sepsis and mortality.

“Although chlorhexidine is potentially beneficial in places with a high neonatal mortality rate and home-based delivery environments in south Asia, the treatment had no effect on neonatal mortality in Zambia, an environment with a lower neonatal mortality rate (and) more facility-based deliveries,” the study says.

Image source: hdptcar – Flickr

“On the basis of these findings, we believe chlorhexidine should not be globally implemented, especially in moderate neonatal mortality environments in Africa.”

The results of the two-year study in Zambia come as researchers worldwide have been trying to find ways to reduce neonatal mortality, defined as death within the first 28 days of life. Globally, three million newborns die each year, with infection responsible for approximately 13 percent of these deaths. Poor hygiene and antisepsis at birth and in the first week of life increases the risk of deadly but preventable infections.

Misuse of resources

Over the past decade, studies in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan all found that chlorhexidine washes, compared with dry cord care, reduced neonatal mortality rates—fueling optimism that the intervention would work in other settings.

But the new study and a companion trial in Pemba Island, Tanzania, indicate that those results are “not generalizable” to many sub-Saharan African countries, where antenatal care services are used more frequently; there are more facility-based deliveries; and neonatal mortality rates are generally lower. Fewer than 20 percent of the births in the three south Asian countries occurred at a health facility, compared to 63 percent of the births in Zambia.

“Rolling out chlorhexidine to all low-income and middle-income settings risks the misuse of resources—time, money, political capital, and most importantly, patient trust,” says senior study author David Hamer, professor of global health at Boston University’s School of Public Health and of medicine at the School of Medicine.

The new study, published in Lancet Global Health, points to the need to identify more effective care that will reduce the risk of death in these lower mortality settings, researchers say.

“We need to focus on the interventions that we know work in this context, such as the use of skilled birth attendants and neonatal resuscitation, which can go far to reducing infant mortality in resource-limited settings,” says co-principal investigator, Katherine Semrau, a former SPH assistant professor of global health who is now a faculty member at Ariadne Labs and Harvard Medical School.

The authors call for a rigorous analysis of all major trials of chlorhexidine cord care to inform World Health Organization (WHO) policies.

WHO guidelines now recommend chlorhexidine applications to the umbilical cord stump during the first week of life for newborns who are born at home in locations with high neonatal mortality (>30 deaths/1,000 live births). Clean, dry cord care is recommended for babies born in health facilities and at home in low neonatal mortality settings.

The authors point to several factors that could have influenced the Zambia study results, including that participants in both the chlorhexidine and control groups received information about newborn care that emphasized keeping the infants’ umbilical cords clean and dry. That might have resulted in better cord-care practices in the context of the trial, and lower mortality in both groups.

The study, known as ZamCAT (Zambian Chlorhexidine Application Trial), was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Other researchers from Boston University; the Zambian Ministry of Health and Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health,; and the Zambia Centre for Applied Research and Development are coauthors of the study.