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Subcellular locations results

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Subcellular locations Results

The appearance of the striated muscle is created by a pattern of alternating dark A bands and light I bands. A bands comprise thick filaments of myosin and proteins that bind myosin. They are bisected by the H zone, a paler region where the thick and the thin filaments do not overlap. The exact center of the A band is termed the M line.

The acidocalcisome is an electron-dense acidic organelle which contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound calcium and other cations. Its limiting membrane possesses a number of pumps and exchangers for the uptake and release of these elements. The acidocalcisome does not belong to the endocytic pathway and may represent a branch of the secretory pathway in trypanosomatids and apicomplexan parasites. The acidocalcisome is possibly involved in polyphosphate and cation storage and in adaptation of these microoganisms to environmental stress.

The acrosome is a large lysosome-like vesicle overlying the sperm nucleus. This spermatid specific organelle, derived from the Golgi during spermatogenesis, contains both unique acrosomal enzymes and common enzymes associated with lysosomes in somatic cells. Only sperm that have undergone the acrosome reaction can fuse with egg plasma membrane. The acrosome reaction is characterized by multiple fusions of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane.

The actin patch is a highly dynamic actin structure in fungi required primarily for endocytosis but possibly also coupled to exocytosis. Actin patches are highly motile, they first assemble at sites of polarized cell growth and then move slowly and nondirectionally along the cell cortex.

The adherens junction is an adhesion complex that localizes close to the apical membrane in epithelial cells. These junctions join the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane to form adhesive contacts between cells or between cells and extracellular matrix. AJs mediate both cell adhesion and signaling.

The aleurone grain (protein body), is a specialized dry vacuole where storage proteins accumulate in a stable form in seeds, usually in the endosperm. Cells containing aleurones form the aleurone layer. These act as a source of amino acids for various synthetic activities during germination, but also represent immensely important nutritional sources for humans and ruminants. In most seeds, the aleuron grains contain three morphologically distinct regions: the matrix, crystalloid, and globoid.

The amyloplast is a colorless plant plastid that forms and stores starch. Amyloplasts are found in many tissues, particularly in storage tissues. They are found in both photosynthetic and parasitic plants, i.e. even in plants that are not capable of photosynthesis. Many amyloplast proteins are also expressed in photosynthetic tissue.

The anammoxosome is a large intracytoplasmic compartment bounded by a single bilayer ladderane lipid-containing membrane present in bacteria that perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). This specific organelle is the site of anammox process, in which nitrite is used as the electron acceptor in the conversion of ammonium to dinitrogen (N2) gas and water. Anammox bacteria belong to the phylum Planctomycetes and are recognized as major players in the global nitrogen cycle.

The apicoplast is a plastid found in some apicocomplexan parasites which is a non-photosynthetic plastid relict. Apicoplasts do not contain thylakoids; it is not yet clear if they contain internal membranes.

The apoplast is the "non-living" extracellular space that surrounds the symplast. It consists of cell walls and spaces between cells. Water and solutes can move freely in this framework, except at the endodermis in roots and stems where the apoplastic flow of ions is interrupted by the Casparian strip, forcing water to flow to symplast.

The flagellum of Archaea is a long hair-like cell surface appendage made of polymerized flagellin with an attached hook. This rotating structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium. The archaeal flagellum is distinct from its bacterial equivalent in terms of architecture, composition and mechanism of assembly. Thinner (10-15 nm) compared to the bacterial flagellum (18-24 nm), it is usually composed of several types of flagellins and is glycosylated. The archeal flagellum is considered as a type IV pilus-like structure.