Submodules

Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For example, an embedded Linux distribution's source tree would include every piece of software in the distribution with some local modifications; a movie player might need to build against a specific, known-working version of a decompression library; several independent programs might all share the same build scripts.

With centralized revision control systems this is often accomplished by including every module in one single repository. Developers can check out all modules or only the modules they need to work with. They can even modify files across several modules in a single commit while moving things around or updating APIs and translations.

Git does not allow partial checkouts, so duplicating this approach in Git would force developers to keep a local copy of modules they are not interested in touching. Commits in an enormous checkout would be slower than you'd expect as Git would have to scan every directory for changes. If modules have a lot of local history, clones would take forever.

On the plus side, distributed revision control systems can much better integrate with external sources. In a centralized model, a single arbitrary snapshot of the external project is exported from its own revision control and then imported into the local revision control on a vendor branch. All the history is hidden. With distributed revision control you can clone the entire external history and much more easily follow development and re-merge local changes.

Git's submodule support allows a repository to contain, as a subdirectory, a checkout of an external project. Submodules maintain their own identity; the submodule support just stores the submodule repository location and commit ID, so other developers who clone the containing project ("superproject") can easily clone all the submodules at the same revision. Partial checkouts of the superproject are possible: you can tell Git to clone none, some or all of the submodules.

Oxycodone and its Effects

Oxycodone is made from opium, so it belongs to the
opioids
in the classification of drugs. It is often used a gateway drug for heroin use, since they are in the same class of drugs. Many individuals who begin abusing oxycodone begin taking it as prescribed for the management of an injury or condition. Once it’s taken, tolerance can be quick to set in. Tolerance is when the medication loses some of its effectiveness over time, so that more of the drug is needed in order to work with the same strength. As more and more of the drug is required to elicit the same effects, addiction sets in.

Dangers of oxycodone abuse include addiction and overdose. Though it is not necessary to have an addictionto overdose, oxycodone abusers are much more inclined to it because they have likely built up a tolerance, which means they have to take more of the drug to feel the same effects.

As a rule,
oxycodone is snorted
, taken in tablet form, or it can be dissolved in a solution and injected directly into a vein. Injected oxycodone often causes the quickest high.

Oxycodone, when taken as directed, can cause:

It works as a depressant on the nervous system. This slows down the rate of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. When used as directed, these effects can work as a sedative to help patients with pain sleep, while also reducing the body’s reception of pain. When abused, overdose is a real risk.

Signs of an oxycodone overdose include:

If you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, immediate medical care is required to prevent fatal reactions. Because oxycodone is so powerful, it is easily overdosed by
people doing drugs
.

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If you use OS X or Linux on your desktop/servers, you may be at a point where you have configured a lot of your own settings, configurations, or themes within dotfiles. For the uninformed, dotfiles are files in your home directory that begin with a dot, or full-stop character. This indicates to the operating system that they are hidden files, used to set configuration settings for tools like
vim
, or shells such as
bash
and
zsh
to name a few.

This tutorial does not go into the specifics of configuring your dotfiles. Instead, my goal is to provide you with a light introduction to Git version control, allowing you to maintain your dotfiles in a centralized repository on
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What’s The Point?

If you aren’t convinced it’s worth your time to put your dotfiles into Git version control, consider this:

By storing your dotfiles in a Git repository, you’ll be able to use them on any OS X or Linux machine with Internet access.

This means that in addition to gaining the ability to revert back to a known-working setup should you misconfigure your files, you will also be able to work in an environment you’ve customized yourself. On almost any workstation or server, you’re a simple
git clone
away from the familiarity of your customizations. More on
git clone
later… For now, we’ll begin with an example.

The following is an example of the type of file we would manage with
git
. This is actually an abridged version of my own
.vimrc
. The full version is available for view on my
public Github
:

If you don’t have your own
.vimrc
in your home directory, you’re welcome to use mine. It is intentionally minimal, as it works standalone (you don’t need to do anything other than drop it into your home directory for it to work). That said, we’re going to do things a little differently from here on, so pay attention (if you aren’t already).

The typical location for dotfiles on an OS X or Linux machine would be in a users home directory, e.g.
/home/smalleycreative/.vimrc
. We aren’t typical though, are we? We are trying to be crafty.

For starters, we’ll be putting all of our dotfiles into a folder called
dotfiles
, like so:
/home/smalleycreative/dotfiles/vimrc
. Then, we’ll simply symlink to them from our home directory. To programs like
vim
and
bash
these symlinks are transparent. As far as these programs are concerned, our dotfiles will still appear to exist at the top-level of our home directory, even though they’ll be tucked away in the
dotfiles
directory.

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