JetStream Max: What a Cycle!

At its core, the hydrologic cycle is water, as a liquid or solid, changing into water vapor (a gas) and back into a liquid or solid. This change of state of water occurs in the atmosphere and between the earth's surface and atmosphere.

This basic cycle is seen almost daily around the world in the formation and dissipation of clouds. When a cloud develops it is water vapor becoming a liquid. Conversely, when a cloud dissipates, liquid water changes state back into a gas.

The Ocean's Role

On a global scale, nearly all of the water in the water cycle is in the oceans. The oceans hold 96.5% of the earth's water and because of their size it may take thousands of years for a water molecule to move from the ocean to the atmosphere. This is in spite of an average 45 inches (114 cm) of water that evaporates from the ocean each year. (An additional 1% of salty water is also found in saltwater lakes and saline groundwater.)

The highest rate of evaporation from the oceans occurs in winter for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The location of greatest evaporation is found on the east coasts of continents. This is due primarily to winter storms that move off the east coasts of continents which tend to have strong winds. These winds help carry water vapor away from its source thereby allowing more evaporation to take place.

The other factor is the warm ocean currents that move pole-ward along the east coasts of continents. The cold winter-time air masses that move over the water allow for large differences in air and sea temperatures so evaporation is also large. Then, when these differences in air and sea temperatures are combined with strong winds it makes evaporation in these regions very efficient.

Yet, of all evaporation that occurs over the oceans, a little over 90% of the moisture falls directly back into the sea as precipitation. And after spending upwards of a few thousand years in the ocean, a water molecule, on average, will only spend about nine days in the atmosphere before returning to earth. This is a very simple water cycle!

But over land, the water cycle can become quite complicated. The remaining 10% of moisture is transported over land and falls as precipitation from where it can travel a myriad of paths. If the precipitation falls as snow, it can remain frozen for a day or two then melt and flow into a river. Or the snow can become compacted and be locked up in a glacier for centuries.

Some water may infiltrate the soil or percolate into the groundwater. While most groundwater returns to the ocean, some groundwater can bubble up to the surface as a spring and evaporate back into the atmosphere, flow into a river, or even be captured and bottled for human consumption.

But remember, of all the water on the earth only 2.5% is fresh water and nearly all of that fresh water is locked up in glaciers and groundwater. Perhaps surprisingly, the atmosphere only contains about one-thousandths percent of all water on the earth.

Estimate of global FRESH water distribution and length water remains confined.