Sleep on it

Scientists invent a method to control the timing and duration of sleep in fruit flies and find that snoozing helps form long-term memories.

By Megan Scudellari | June 23, 2011

COURTESY OF SCOTT LOEBL, ASA WINTHER, AND CASSANDRA VAN DUNK

It is one of life's greatest unsolved puzzles: why do we sleep? Now, researchers have designed a tool to help answer that question – one that allows scientists to induce sleep in fruit flies, and thus study the positive effects of snoozing, rather than simply depriving a subject of sleep to study the negative effects, as most sleep studies do.

Using the method, scientists at Washington University in St. Louis found that sleep facilitates the formation of long-term memories in flies. The results, reported this week in Science, unite two seemingly disparate theories in sleep research experimentally for the first time.

"This is the future," said Jan Born, a leading sleep researcher at the University of Lubeck in Germany who was not involved in the research. "We've needed a method, an approach, or a tool to experimentally induce sleep."

"Now we can ask questions we couldn’t ask before," said neurobiologist Paul Shaw, lead investigator of the study at Washington University. "I think a lot of people are going to use this tool in really amazing ways."

The most common approach to studying sleep -- depriving a subject of its Zs, then trying to infer sleep’s function, "is not a logical approach," said Born. Lack of sleep causes a stress response, which can mask or blur results, he explained. "The ability to induce sleep or enhance sleep… [is] much more meaningful for the field and more significant at producing significant results."

To induce sleep in a fly, Shaw and his team worked with a strain of Drosophila that express a bacterial sodium channel in a part of the brain called the dorsal fan-shaped body. When open, the channel makes neurons in the region more excitable, which sends a signal to the rest of the brain to go to sleep. To make the flies sleep on cue, the team engineered the channel to be temperature-sensitive, so it only opened at 31ºC -- 6º higher than normal fly room temperature. Thus, the team could put the flies to sleep by simply bumping up the heat. They could also wake the flies on demand, using an apparatus to jostle the insects and force them to walk.

Flies on the right express a transgene that causes them to fall asleep when the temperature is raised. Control flies shown on the left. Courtesy of Blake Sakran, Kevin Li, and Paul Shaw. From thescientistllc on Vimeo.

To determine what effects sleep had on the flies, the team designed experiments to test two reigning theories: synaptic homeostasis, the idea that neuronal connections increase during wakefulness but are downscaled during sleep, pruning synapses created during the day so only the strongest connections remain intact; and memory consolidation, which proposes the purpose of sleep is to replay and consolidate memories from the previous day, reactivating certain connections to make them more powerful.

To test the synaptic homeostasis model, flies were placed in social enrichment environments, with lots of other flies. Afterward, the flies were either induced to sleep or not, then taught a courtship ritual. Flies that slept shortly after social enrichment developed long-term memories of the ritual; flies that did not sleep did not retain the memory. The results support the model, showing that sleep is necessary to renormalize synapses after being awake and stimulated, pruning them down to making space for new learning. A second paper published in Science this week also provides additional evidence for the synaptic homeostasis model.

Shaw's team then tested the memory consolidation theory by training flies with a protocol designed to give them short-term memories. Surprisingly, when sleep was induced immediately after the training, the flies retained a memory lasting days instead of just hours -- supporting the memory consolidation model that sleep strengthens synaptic connections and memories.

"This is the first experimental demonstration I know of that both theories are supported by the data," said Born. "Both processes can take place simultaneously…one relieving the brain from the pressure of too much connectivity and the other maintaining and enhancing long-term memories."

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Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH

Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH

Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH

Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH

Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH

Â Â Â â€œhow species come to beâ€¦â€쳌http://www.sciencenews.org/ind...Â Â What drives â€œspecies come to beâ€쳌 is what drives all life/organisms to come to be,Â i.e.Â a proven successful route, circumstantially evolved culture, that enhanced the RNAsâ€™ constrained energy by the culturally enhancedÂ RNAsâ€™ proliferation, followed with accordingly alternatively spliced expression.Â This is evolution, i.e. enhanced constrained energy to delay-postpone the universal conversion of mass-formats to energy, to the energy that keeps fueling the expansion of the universe. This expansion will be overcome by gravity upon depletion of the universeâ€™s massfuel, and will be followed by empansion for accelerating reverting of energy to mass all the way back to singularity. The universe is an allmass allenergy poles affair. Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Â PS: - It's culture that modifies genetics, that changes gene's expression.Â NOT vice versa.- Epigenetics YOK. Alternative splicing is epiDNAtic, not epigenetic.- ALL life is RNAs evolution products. RNAs are Earth's prime organism.Â DHÂ ================================================Â Update Comprehension Of Universe/Life Evolution, Of RNA/DNA Mismatch-RelationshipÂ Genome is evolved by-for RNAs, like all other Earth organisms:Â THE National Science And Technology Policy ISSUE In The USA (And Therefore Elsewhere...):Â Â The early 20th century brief burst of scientific evolution started expiring 90 years ago, at the birth of the "scientists" (what does this mean?) trade-union AAAS.Â True to the AAAS trade-union interests the scientific evolution has grown into the technology-industrial evolution, with evolved counter-enlightenment, greed culture.Â Re Science Education, it's about WHAT, not about HOW, is taught. "Scientists" tradeunion-politically-controled "science" cannot be advanced/updated regardless of education system...See the C signature link...Â Unravel Some Of Nature's Complexities, A + B + C(adnauseam, ad shown where these data-based statements are wrong)Â Â A.Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â Again, Correct Some Figments Of Science Imaginationhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â 1. Dark energy and matter YOK. PerÂ E=Total[m(1 + D)]Â all the energy and matter of the universe are accounted for.Adopt space-massdistance concept, mass-to-energy reconversion.Â Â 2. Higgs Particle YOK. Mass forms below some value of the above D.Â 3. Galactic clusters formed by conglomeration?Galactic clusters formed by Big-Bang's dispersion, evidenced by their Newtonian behaviour including expansion acceleration. Â 4. The universe expansion is fueled by the mass-to-enrgy reconversion. Eventually, as expansion will slow down, will run out of massfuel, gravity will overcome expansion and initiate empansion back to singularity. The universe is a cyclic array of energy-mass dualism, between all-energy and all-mass poles, under omnipresent gravity.Â 5. Natural Selection is a trait of organisms, life?No. Natural selection is ubiquitous for ALL mass formats, all spin arrays. It derives from the expansion of the universe. All mass formats, regardless of size and type, from black holes to smallest particles, strive to increase their constrained energy in attempt to postpone their own reconversion to energy, to the energy that fuels cosmic expansion.Â 6. Life is an enigma?Life is just another type of mass array, a self-replicating mass array. Earth life is a replicating RNAs mass. It has always been and still is an RNA world. ALL Earth's organisms are evolved RNAs, evolved for maintaining-enhancing Earth's biosphere, for prolonging RNAs survival. Â 7. Cells are Earth-life's primal organisms?NO. Earth's life day one was the day on which RNA began replicating. RNAs, genes, are ORGANISMS. And so are their evolved templates, (RNA and DNA) genomes, ORGANISMS, as evidenced by life's chirality and by life's sleep.Â 8. Circadian Schmircadian sleep origin? Sleep is inherent for life via the RNAs, the primal Earth ORGANISMS originated and originally active only under direct sunlight, in their pre-metabolism genesis era. Â 9. Epigenetics are heritable gene functions changes not involving changes in DNA sequence?The "heritable or enduring changes" are epiDNAtics, not epigenetics. Alternative splicing is not epigenetics, even if/when not involving alteration of the DNA sequence. Earth life is an RNA world.Â 10.Genetics drive biology and culture modifications?NO. It is culture that modifies genetics, not genetics that modifies culture. Culture modifies genetics simply via the evolutionary natural selection process of the RNA ORGANISMS. Likewise many natural genetic changes are due to aging and/or circumstantial effects on the genes and/or genomes ORGANISMS, similar to aging and/or evolutionary processes in monocell communities or in multicelled organisms. Â Â SCIENCE SHOULD UNFREEZE. SCIENCE SHOULD ADJUST ITS VISION, COMPREHENSION AND CONCEPTS. Â Â Dov Henis (Comments From 22nd Century) Â Seed of Human-Chimp Genomes Diversityhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...03.2010 Updated Life Manifest http://www.the-scientist.com/c...Evolution, Natural Selection, Derive From Cosmic Expansionhttp://darwiniana.com/2010/09/...Rethink Evolution/Natural Selectionhttp://darwiniana.com/2011/03/...Â ==========================Â B.Â Quantum Mechanics Of LifeLife's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biologyhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â Â From "Essence Of Quantum Mechanics"http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â The universe, and life within it, are not just conglomerations of mechanisms. The universe, and life within it, have come into being by the nature of energy-mass dualism, and their fate, their final outcome, is governed by this dualism. The genesis and, most probable cyclic, existence of the universe are governed by the energy-mass relationship.Â Energy-mass relationship governs also the routes, the mechanisms, of cosmic and life evolutions. Â Mechanisms do not set/determine the classical physics fate states. Mechanisms are routes of evolution between classical physics fate states. Quantum mechanics are mechanisms, probable, possible and actual mechanisms of getting from one to other classical physics states WITHIN the expanse from cosmic singularity to the maximum expanded universe and back to singularity states.Â The universe is the archetype of quantum within classical physics. This is the fractal oneness of the universe. Astronomically there are two physics. A classical Newtonian physics behaviour of and between galactic clusters, and a quantum physics behaviour WITHIN the galactic clusters.Â Life's Evolution Is The Quantum Mechanics Of Biology.UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes.BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature's routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base Earth organism.Â It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.Â Â Dov Henis(Comments From 22nd Century)Inception And Prevalence Of Western Monotheismhttp://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...http://darwiniana.com/2011/04/...=============================Â C.Â Adaptation And GeneticsIdentify USA Science ProblemsEnough Is Enough!Â Â Concluding phrase of "A New Evolutionary History of Primates"http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...Â "genetic underpinnings of human adaptation"Â This phrase displays basic ignorance of the relationship between genetics and physiology/system adaptation.It should be replaced with "adaptation underpinnings of human genetics".Â UNRAVEL COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS. Extend Evolution/Natural Selection Backward To Genes/Genomes, BOTH ARE ORGANISMS.Â IT IS ADAPTATION (CULTURE) THAT INDUCES GENES' EXPRESSION MODIFICATION, NOT GENETICS THAT INDUCES ADAPTATION. Modified genetic expression proceeds to energetically favor/enable adaptation.Â Â Dov Henis(comments from 22nd century)Hope For Science?http://pulse.yahoo.com/_2SF3CJ...Â PS: How have the USA government and nation/public come to allow a plainly obvious ("scientists", whatever it means) trade-union, AAAS, to be involved in a host of national policies and budgets matters? The motives/interests of the AAAS, just another trade-union, are NOT always/necessarily congruent with the nation's/public welfare and it definitely hinders very effectively advancement of basic science...DH