Iences) following the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR reactions were performed on

Iences) following the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR reactions were performed on an Realplex 4 s (Eppendorf ). Reaction conditions consisted of 95uC for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 95uC for 15 seconds, and 60uC for one minute. Data from a minimum of three mice per group were combined and are expressed as fold-change over vehicle-treated animals. Foldchanges .2 were scored as significant.Harvesting and Analysis of Intestinal Cell PopulationsAt the indicated times post-dosing and/or post-infection, cells from the Peyer’s Patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and small intestinal lamina propria (LP) were isolated as previously described [21]. Antibodies used for staining and analysis by flow cytometry included: anti-CD4 A488, anti-CD8 PE, Indolactam V Gracillin site biological activity anti-CD19 PE-cy7, anti-CD69 eF605, anti-CD127 PE-cy5, anti-CD185 PE, and anti-CD8a AF700, all from eBiosciences. Anti-CD138 PE and anti-CD11c APC were from BD Biosciences. Flow cytometry was performed on a BD LSR flow cytometer using FacsDIVA software and data were analyzed with FlowJo software.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal experiments were performed according to the NIH Guidelines for Care and Use of Animals, with approval from the Montana State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol number 2011-44).ELISAs for Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Shedding and Antirotavirus Serum AntibodyELISA for fecal rotavirus antigen detection was performed as previously described [22]. Fecal samples were diluted 10-fold w/v in TNC (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2) containing 0.05 Tween-20 and protease inhibitors (25 mM leupeptin, 1.5 mM 1480666 aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine, 30 mM pepstatin A). Flat-bottom 96-well plates were coated with a monoclonal antibody to rotavirus structural protein VP6 (A6M) [23] diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer overnight at room temperature. 50 mL fecal suspension was added to the wells and plates were incubated for one hour at 37uC. Anti-rotavirus SA11 antibody was added to the wells and incubated for one hour at 37uC, followed by HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody. To detect serum antibody to rotavirus [22], 96 well plates were coated with anti-SA11 24272870 antibody overnight. SA114F stock virus was treated with 25 mM EDTA for 20 minutes, then added to the wells and incubated for one hour at 37uC. Serial dilutions of serum samples were added to the wells and incubated for an additional hour at 37uC. Reactions for both the fecal antigen ELISA and the serum antibody ELISA were developed with TMB Microwell Peroxidase (KPL) for 10 minutes, then quenched with 1 M H3PO4. Absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm was measured on a VersaMax Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices).Compounds and VirusGlycyrrhizin (GA) and 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Stock solutions were prepared to a concentration of 100 mg/mL in DMSO (vehicle) and aliquots were stored at 280uC. Stock solutions were diluted to working concentrations in calcium-magnesium free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and tested for endotoxin with the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay (Associates of Cape Cod, Inc). The final concentration of endotoxin in the working stock was ,0.025 EU/dose. Murine rotavirus strain EW was prepared and maintained in intestinal homogenates harvested from neonatal mice as previously described [20].Animal Dosing and InfectionsFour to six week old male C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories. Fifty mg/kg of GRA or vehicle o.Iences) following the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR reactions were performed on an Realplex 4 s (Eppendorf ). Reaction conditions consisted of 95uC for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 95uC for 15 seconds, and 60uC for one minute. Data from a minimum of three mice per group were combined and are expressed as fold-change over vehicle-treated animals. Foldchanges .2 were scored as significant.Harvesting and Analysis of Intestinal Cell PopulationsAt the indicated times post-dosing and/or post-infection, cells from the Peyer’s Patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and small intestinal lamina propria (LP) were isolated as previously described [21]. Antibodies used for staining and analysis by flow cytometry included: anti-CD4 A488, anti-CD8 PE, anti-CD19 PE-cy7, anti-CD69 eF605, anti-CD127 PE-cy5, anti-CD185 PE, and anti-CD8a AF700, all from eBiosciences. Anti-CD138 PE and anti-CD11c APC were from BD Biosciences. Flow cytometry was performed on a BD LSR flow cytometer using FacsDIVA software and data were analyzed with FlowJo software.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal experiments were performed according to the NIH Guidelines for Care and Use of Animals, with approval from the Montana State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol number 2011-44).ELISAs for Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Shedding and Antirotavirus Serum AntibodyELISA for fecal rotavirus antigen detection was performed as previously described [22]. Fecal samples were diluted 10-fold w/v in TNC (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2) containing 0.05 Tween-20 and protease inhibitors (25 mM leupeptin, 1.5 mM 1480666 aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine, 30 mM pepstatin A). Flat-bottom 96-well plates were coated with a monoclonal antibody to rotavirus structural protein VP6 (A6M) [23] diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer overnight at room temperature. 50 mL fecal suspension was added to the wells and plates were incubated for one hour at 37uC. Anti-rotavirus SA11 antibody was added to the wells and incubated for one hour at 37uC, followed by HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody. To detect serum antibody to rotavirus [22], 96 well plates were coated with anti-SA11 24272870 antibody overnight. SA114F stock virus was treated with 25 mM EDTA for 20 minutes, then added to the wells and incubated for one hour at 37uC. Serial dilutions of serum samples were added to the wells and incubated for an additional hour at 37uC. Reactions for both the fecal antigen ELISA and the serum antibody ELISA were developed with TMB Microwell Peroxidase (KPL) for 10 minutes, then quenched with 1 M H3PO4. Absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm was measured on a VersaMax Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices).Compounds and VirusGlycyrrhizin (GA) and 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Stock solutions were prepared to a concentration of 100 mg/mL in DMSO (vehicle) and aliquots were stored at 280uC. Stock solutions were diluted to working concentrations in calcium-magnesium free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and tested for endotoxin with the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay (Associates of Cape Cod, Inc). The final concentration of endotoxin in the working stock was ,0.025 EU/dose. Murine rotavirus strain EW was prepared and maintained in intestinal homogenates harvested from neonatal mice as previously described [20].Animal Dosing and InfectionsFour to six week old male C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories. Fifty mg/kg of GRA or vehicle o.