INSIGHTS IAS QUIZ ON STATIC SYLLABUS - 2018

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Question 1 of 5

1. Question

With reference to permafrost, consider the following statements

Permafrost forms and exists in a climate where the mean annual air temperature is 0 °C or colder

Permafrost is widespread in the Arctic region, but absent in Antarctica

It is estimated methane release from cooling permafrost may outpace carbon dioxide as a major contributor to global warming over the next century

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 Only

b) 1 and 2 Only

c) 2 and 3 Only

d) 1,2 and 3

Correct

Solution: a)

Permafrost forms and exists in a climate where the mean annual air temperature is 0 °C or colder. Such a climate is generally characterized by long, cold winters with little snow and short, relatively dry, cool summers. Permafrost, therefore, is widespread in the Arctic, sub-Arctic, and Antarctica. It is estimated to underlie 20 percent of the world’s land surface.

Permafrost soils store vast quantities of organic matter that are vulnerable to decomposition under a warming climate. Recent research finds that methane release from thawing permafrost may outpace carbon dioxide as a major contributor to global warming over the next century.

Statement 3 is wrong as it says ‘COOLING’ instead of THAWING.

Incorrect

Solution: a)

Permafrost forms and exists in a climate where the mean annual air temperature is 0 °C or colder. Such a climate is generally characterized by long, cold winters with little snow and short, relatively dry, cool summers. Permafrost, therefore, is widespread in the Arctic, sub-Arctic, and Antarctica. It is estimated to underlie 20 percent of the world’s land surface.

Permafrost soils store vast quantities of organic matter that are vulnerable to decomposition under a warming climate. Recent research finds that methane release from thawing permafrost may outpace carbon dioxide as a major contributor to global warming over the next century.

Statement 3 is wrong as it says ‘COOLING’ instead of THAWING.

Question 2 of 5

2. Question

With reference to ecological successions, consider the following statements:

Secondary ecological succession occurs in areas such as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier

Primary ecological succession occurs in an area affected by forest fires

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 Only

b) 2 Only

c) Both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct

Solution: d)

Two different types of succession, primary and secondary, have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment. Events such as a fire that sweeps across a grassland or a storm that uproots trees within a forest create patches of habitat that are colonized by early successional species. Depending on the extent of the disturbance, some species may survive, other species may be recolonized from nearby habitats, and others may actually be released from a dormant condition by the disturbance. For example, many plant species in fire-prone environments have seeds that remain dormant within the soil until the heat of a fire stimulates them to germinate.

Incorrect

Solution: d)

Two different types of succession, primary and secondary, have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment. Events such as a fire that sweeps across a grassland or a storm that uproots trees within a forest create patches of habitat that are colonized by early successional species. Depending on the extent of the disturbance, some species may survive, other species may be recolonized from nearby habitats, and others may actually be released from a dormant condition by the disturbance. For example, many plant species in fire-prone environments have seeds that remain dormant within the soil until the heat of a fire stimulates them to germinate.

Question 3 of 5

3. Question

With reference to Climate sensitivity, consider the following statements:

It is ability of living organisms to tolerate a certain threshold of increase in temperature due to climate change

Question is asked to introduce you to Climate sensitivity concept. Both statements are wrong.

Climate sensitivity can be defined as the amount of surface warming resulting from each additional watt per square metre of radiative forcing. Alternatively, it is sometimes defined as the warming that would result from a doubling of CO2 concentrations and the associated addition of 4 watts per square metre of radiative forcing. In the absence of any additional feedbacks, climate sensitivity would be approximately 0.25 °C (0.45 °F) for each additional watt per square metre of radiative forcing. Stated alternatively, if the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere present at the start of the industrial age (280 ppm) were doubled (to 560 ppm), the resulting additional 4 watts per square metre of radiative forcing would translate into a 1 °C (1.8 °F) increase in air temperature.

Question is asked to introduce you to Climate sensitivity concept. Both statements are wrong.

Climate sensitivity can be defined as the amount of surface warming resulting from each additional watt per square metre of radiative forcing. Alternatively, it is sometimes defined as the warming that would result from a doubling of CO2 concentrations and the associated addition of 4 watts per square metre of radiative forcing. In the absence of any additional feedbacks, climate sensitivity would be approximately 0.25 °C (0.45 °F) for each additional watt per square metre of radiative forcing. Stated alternatively, if the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere present at the start of the industrial age (280 ppm) were doubled (to 560 ppm), the resulting additional 4 watts per square metre of radiative forcing would translate into a 1 °C (1.8 °F) increase in air temperature.

4. Question

With reference to ocean currents and their impact on marine organisms, consider the following statements

Ocean currents do not affect species range of oceans

Ocean currents help coral reef get nutrients

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only

b) 2 Only

c) Both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct

Solution: b)

Marine organisms of all sizes are influenced by ocean currents, which can determine the range of a species. For example, krill (Euphausia superba) are restricted to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Distribution patterns of both large and small pelagic organisms are affected as well. Mainstream currents such as the Gulf Stream and East Australian Current transport larvae great distances. As a result cold temperate coral reefs receive a tropical infusion when fish and invertebrate larvae from the tropics are relocated to high latitudes by these currents. The successful recruitment of eels to Europe depends on the strength of the Gulf Stream to transport them from spawning sites in the Caribbean. Areas where the ocean is affected by nearshore features, such as estuaries, or areas in which there is a vertical salinity gradient (halocline) often exhibit intense biological activity. In these environments, small organisms can become concentrated, providing a rich supply of food for other animals.

Incorrect

Solution: b)

Marine organisms of all sizes are influenced by ocean currents, which can determine the range of a species. For example, krill (Euphausia superba) are restricted to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Distribution patterns of both large and small pelagic organisms are affected as well. Mainstream currents such as the Gulf Stream and East Australian Current transport larvae great distances. As a result cold temperate coral reefs receive a tropical infusion when fish and invertebrate larvae from the tropics are relocated to high latitudes by these currents. The successful recruitment of eels to Europe depends on the strength of the Gulf Stream to transport them from spawning sites in the Caribbean. Areas where the ocean is affected by nearshore features, such as estuaries, or areas in which there is a vertical salinity gradient (halocline) often exhibit intense biological activity. In these environments, small organisms can become concentrated, providing a rich supply of food for other animals.

Question 5 of 5

5. Question

Which of the following species is/are extinct?

West African Black Rhino

Northern White Rhino

Tasmanian Tiger

Javan Tiger

Select the correct answer using codes below:

a) 3 and 4 Only

b) 1, 3 and 4 Only

c) 1 and 4 Only

d) 1,2, 3 and 4

Correct

Solution: b)

Recent Sudan, the last male northern white male died. However, his daughter and granddaughter still live (only two individuals of its species)