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Investigation of effect of resistance using an electrical current on wires

Aim

I am going to be studying the resistance of wire. The purpose of this investigation is to see how length and thickness of wire affect the dependent variable, resistance.

I predict that the longer the piece of wire, the greater the resistance will be. This is due to the idea of the free moving electrons being resisted by the atoms in the wire. In a longer piece of wire, there would be more atoms for the electrons to collide with and so the resistance would be greater. The relationship between the wire length and the resistance should be directly proportional. This is because in a wire twice the length of another wire there would be double the amount of atoms causing the resistance.

Hypothesis

Electrons bumping into ions cause resistance. If the length of the wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many ions so there should be double the resistance. But also twice as many electrons getting through twice as many gaps.

Apparatus

1- Power pack supply of at least 1V

-A variable resistor

-A digital voltmeter

4-Circuit wires

5-Nichrome wire

6-A meter ruler

7-crocodile clips

8-Sellotape

Some variables that will be relevant to this investigation are

Length

Thickness

Temperature

Voltage

Resistance

Method

I started the experiment by taping a meter ruler between the terminal blocks so that I could measure 100cm of nichrome wire. I made sure that the wire was carefully tightened at both ends to try to minimise the kinks or twists in the wire. I then switched on the lab pack supply and adjusted the variable resistor until a constant current of 0.6V was flowing through the circuit. I then recorded the corresponding voltage reading that was displayed on the digital voltmeter. I repeated this procedure using different lengths ranging from 0-100cm and adjusting the variable resistor until 0.6V was flowing through the circuit. After recording the corresponding voltage readings for each length and putting them into a table I decided to repeat the whole experiment again another time so that I could take the average voltmeter reading for each length. I then plotted a graph of the length of the wire against average resistance and used it to calculate the resistance nichrome where the average resistance can be calculated using the relation between them.

We did preliminary tests to ensure that the wire did not get too hot. If the wire got too hot, energy would be given off, as heat, and the resistance would be increased.

We will use this equation for the results

V/I = R or

V - volts

I - current

R � resistance

1. Set apparatus up as shown

. Set the power pack on as low a voltage as possible. (So that there is not too high a current passing through the circuit.)

. Place the 10 cm of nichrome between the two crocodile clips to complete the circuit.

4. Turn on the lab pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter read.

5. Replace the 10 cm of wire with the 0 cm of nichrome remembering to keep the voltage the same. Turn on your power pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter says.

6. Change the wire to the 40 cm of nichrome wire and repeat the experiment.

7. Work out the resistance for all the results using Ohms law. V = IR

8. Record your results in a graph.

Results

Conclusion

My hypothesis was correct. The longer the wire, the higher the resistance.

Ohms law states that the current flowing through the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied. (If you double one, you double the other.)

I worked out the resistance of the wires by using the formula

V/I = R or

This happens because of the electrons that flow through the wire. These electrons travel at a steady pace, when they come to a different piece of wire, they have to slow down in order to be able to pass. (This is why the current differs). While moving through the wire, the electrons need to squeeze together. This is because there is not enough room/space for them to pass evenly through. The more the electrons have to bump together then the higher the resistance. This is because it will take longer for them to pass from one side of the wire to the other side. This is because the current is slowed down. (The longer the wire, the longer the electrons have to stay squashed together, and so the longer they take to pass through the wire and the higher the resistance. The material of the wire makes a difference because it is harder for electrons to pass through some materials than it is for them to pass through others. (Some wires cause the electrons to bump together more than others.)

The graphs that compare the length of the wire to the resistance it gives travels in a straight line through the origin. This means that the size of the length is directly proportional to the resistance it gives. I can work out the gradient of this line by dividing the height of the line by the width. (Gradient = height/width)

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