U.S. companies that have already carried out inversions are likely to cost the government a record $2.2 billion or more in lost tax revenue next year, double the amount in 2014, according to calculations.

Medtronic Inc. plans to pick up a $25 million tax bill for Chief Executive Officer Omar Ishrak, the cost of a special penalty imposed by Congress on executives who shift their company’s tax domiciles out of the U.S.