[18] Industrial Revolution.doc

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School

University of Toronto St. George

Department

History

Course

HIS109Y1

Professor

Kenneth Bartlett

Semester

Winter

Description

January 13, 2011
Industrial Revolution I
- demand for comusmer goods, mechanical goods
- 1750-1850 (long time for revolution)
- Acceleration of economic growth -- eco & social consequences
- emrgence of capitalist economy
- Development of factory system
- Substituion of machines for human effort --> productivity increased (improvements to income
of workers)
- Changed face of Europe --> impacted lives of men, women, children (regardless of class, etc.)
- Central to growth of capitalist system
th th
- Capitalism -- first in iTaly, low countries and across eueope 16 -17 c. (mercantilism)
- Britain and france = restrictions on trade, monopolies --> gold and silver coming in rather than
out
- Goals: Private property and profit motive
- Capitalism driven by market -- consumer consiption is important --> lead to rise in comsument
consumption (middle class wanted what upper class had - but cheaper)
- Greater desire for profit)
- Enlighmtnet -- private protety was inalienable right
- Restitctions on trade placed by absolutist gov’t -- unnatural
- Greater good for greater # of people
Physiocrats = Fr.. Economic thinkers, ideas ppular in 1750s-60s
- put their faith in land
- Physiocrats = rule of nature
- Didnt believe in influence on power of manufacturing --> more emphasis on land (france =
mostly land)
- Freedom for domestic & int’l trade -- to strengthen frace's scomonmy
- When physiocratic school was welcomed into gov’t -- couldn’t transform ideas to state
- Alternative to rigid regulations of mercantile economy
- Played role to open up european trade
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
- english (scottish)
- Responsible for articulating economic enlightenment theirories
- How people obtained “domestic opulence” -- how marketplace evolved and developed - Specialization/division of labour
- Wealth of nations = laissez faire
- 1764 - met voltaire, other enlightenment thinkers, met phisiocrats and built on their theories
- Wanted to see labours --> led to tangible benefits (more food, clothing, etc.)
- Laissez faire economics let market be
- Smith = british --> no coincidence (england became close to laissez faire economic model)
Why did industrial rev begin in england?
- England & Scotland (mostly) -- not ireland
- England had several prerequisites for industrialization:
1. Available capital to finance new industry
- Private capitals needed money to invest
- England had something which only the Dutch had: a bank
- It could support growth of national debt; low interest loans
- Investors were keen to invest money in bank because it was stable
- Financial revoltion paves way for industrial rev
- French and spanish don’t have a bank -- borrowing money is more difficult and hard to estab-
lish same monopoly
- English gov’t protected private property -- people could invest money
- Quakers, baptists, presbyterians (non-conforminst) = 1/2 of industrial entrepreneurs
- Robert Owen - factory owner, middle class
2. Social & intellectual environment that favored technological innovation
- Private protpery was protected
- Long history of thinkers (scientists), hard-wrking entrepreneurs
- Education system lagged behind other countries
- Science = best studied in France
- Intelligent artisans were where to look for science in England
- Tradesmen took practical knowledge and applied them to inventions
-English patent office
- Patents protected inventions from copies
3. England has lots of natural resources:
- coal deposits, iron,
- Adoption of coal to fuel iron industry and vice versa (symbiotic relationship)
- Coal is difficult to mine and transport -- mostly went by sea but that means you have to mine by
sea --> increasing use of canal system
- Water is also a problem -- need a pumping system to pump water out - Eventually Watt’s steam engine is applied to pump air in and water out
4. System of roads and waterways (canals) to transport goods to London and to sea
- Bridgewater (around Manchester)
- Safe roads and turnpikes --> now roads are safe but main problem is that roads are muddy
tracks (no gravel)
- Scots improved road system: tar (tarmac) --> doubled speed which goods made it to the market
5. System of agriculture
- by 1750 there isn’t much of english peasantry (there is farming but no serfdom)
- Individuals are free to leave the land, no feudal obligations --> could enter factories if they
want
- Freeing up of land for sale, profit, private enterprise
- Put effective famirng techniques to use --> agricultural change
- Drove off landowners, dislocated sectors of agr economy
- In long run: more agr production to feed ever-growing production
- Fields had been turned to pastures --> then grew crops
- Land mostly owned by aristocracy, farmed by yeomen
- Crops: corn, grain, potatoes (pottoes = very important to sustain population)
- Market for goods = sustained by increasing population at home and abroad (colonies)
- Significant jump in population: improvements in agriculture, decline of plague & smallpox, im-
provements in hygiene
- Textile industry -- industrialization of it caused industrial rev to come to england
- Cotton garments replaced wool -- came from colonies and india
- Profit came from benefits of slave trade --> port towns used to trade for slaves
- Money from slave trade (e.g. Cotton) brought back to england’s economy
- Cotton industry = first great strides of indus rev
- 1730s - series of inventions which created bottlenecks which resulted in more inventions
- 1733: flying shuttle invention --> increased productivity of looms, spinning wheels still the
same
- James Hargreaves - wanted to produce more yarn
- Richard Arkwright = originally a tradesman and inventor
- 1679: made stronger yarn, building on Hargreaves
- Became very rich from it
- “Amachine which runs by a large waterwheel” --> grater perfection than can be done by hand
- Problem: too big and had to be run by water power (needed to be close to water source)
- Factory system grew around waterways (originally) - Attached frame to watt’s steam engine
- James Watt = inventor of steam engine (~1784-5)
- Water power + steam power
- Cotton gin = cleaner cotton
- Results: lighter cotton clothing now available to everyone (before only available to rich)
- 1784: Discovery of chlorine (bleach, sanitation)
- Removed any skilled labour necessary
- People had brightly colored, cheap clothes
- Supply and demand committed to spiral into 19 c th
- Steam power = larger factories, more production
- Iron mines expanded, coal could be dug deeper
- Smiths theories were coming true
- Physiocrats’idea that it was sterile = not true
January 19, 2011
Industrial Revolution II
Effects of Industrial Revolution in 19 c.:
th th
- What was started in 18 c. Continued to 19 c
- 1860s - England awas almost completely industrialized
- England produced more stuff than anywhere else b/c of industrialization
- Goods were carried on English ships to and outside of English empire -- came back with raw
materials (from other places’wealth)
- We still live in industrial society today
- Idea of industrial society, developments of applications of industrial society -- impacted every
aspect of british life and political, social, economic applications
- People had to change every aspect of life to succeeed
- Major effect of IR: change into modernity
- Shift in population everywhere --> modern urban society
- There was a population growth in 16 c which continued through 30 years’war, Fr. Rev --> bet-