Most readers will already be familiar with more common word-building processes such as prefixation and suffixation, in
which an affix is added to the beginning or end of a base word
respectively... Infixation is yet another morphological process which occurs internally in a base word, rather than at either end of the base...

Instances of infixation in English, however, are mostly found in
non-standard vernacular speech and usually add
a playful, extra-grammatical sense to the word rather than changing its
grammatical meaning. For example, the process of expletive infixation is used for added emotional emphasis

In expletive infixation, common obscene expletives or their milder variants, such as fucking/fuckin, freaking, flipping, effing, goddamn, damn (and bloody/blooming in British and Australian English contexts) are inserted productively into words to express a stronger vehemence.

We can see how different expletives can be inserted in exactly the same space in the word absolutely. English speakers can also quickly note that constructions such as *ab-fucking-solutely (infixed after the first syllable) and *fanta-bloody-stic (infixed
after the second syllable) are technically possible yet do not sound
right (linguistically indicated by an asterisk). This is the case even
though the expletive happily appears after the first syllable in fan-tastic but the second syllable after abso-lutely. They somehow violate the unwritten rules of this infixation construction. Why is this so?

Now let's back up a minute. Why was Switzerland pushing its currency down, and why has it stopped now? Well, in four words, it's the euro crisis. Back in 2011, you see, what looked like the imminent end of the euro made people want to move their money to the safety of Swiss banks...

Switzerland is still stuck in deflation, with prices falling 0.3 percent, and a stronger currency is only going to make that worse. Now, they tried to offset this by charging people even more to hold their money in Switzerland—aka negative interest rates—but that wasn't nearly enough to stop the Swiss franc from going vertical...

More at the link and more at this Bloomberg Business Week article. This is a big deal for those outside of Switzerland who purchase Swiss products and for those who have their mortgages demoninated in Swiss francs.

It's also the first time I remember encountering negative interest rates. How does that work? You deposit your money and they take a little away each week?

The move comes as neighbouring Denmark takes ever more drastic steps to stop a
flood of money overwhelming its exchange rate peg to the euro and tightening
the deflationary noose. The Danes have cut rates four times to minus 0.75pc in a month to combat
fall-out from the European Central Bank’s forthcoming QE...

Exchange rate mayhem in Europe is matched by a parallel saga in Asia, where
Japan’s vast monetary stimulus and barely disguised efforts to drive down
the yen are causing heartburn in China...

The Riksbank insists that the only motive is to stave off deflation but there
are widespread suspicions that Sweden is in fact protecting its industrial
and export base. It is no stranger to controversy. The oldest central bank
in the world, it took radical action early in the 1930s to liberate Sweden
from the constraints of the Gold Standard. Its prescience shielded the
country from the worst of the Great Depression.

Stephen Lewis from Monument Securities says the emergency actions are getting
out of hand: “The chief threat from a global currency war is that it will
lead central banks to take up monetary stances so extreme that they damage
the smooth functioning of financial markets. It is remarkable that they
should be closing their minds to the possibility that they are undermining
the basic motive to save and invest as they blindly wage their currency
wars.”

This isn't front-page news in mass media. One hopes it doesn't become such...

Please feel free to offer advice in the Comments as to what an ordinary person should do in such circumstances.

Addendum: Reposted again from February to add some information from a Telegraph column which is thought-provoking (though I think not fear-mongering):

Here’s an astonishing statistic; more than
30pc of all government debt in the eurozone – around €2 trillion of
securities in total – is trading on a negative interest rate.

With the advent of European Central Bank quantitative easing, what
began four months ago when 10-year Swiss yields turned negative for the
first time has snowballed into a veritable avalanche of negative rates
across European government bond markets...

What makes today’s negative interest rate environment so worrying is
this; to the extent that demand is growing at all in the world economy,
it seems again to be almost entirely dependent on rising levels of debt.
The financial crisis was meant to have exploded the credit bubble once
and for all, but there's very little sign of it. Rising public
indebtedness has taken over where households and companies left off...

One by one, all the major central banks have joined the money printing
party. First it was the US Federal Reserve. Then came the Bank of
England and later the Bank of Japan. Just lately, it’s the European
Central Bank. Now even the People’s Bank of China is considering the “unconventional” monetary support of bond buying. Anything to keep the show on the road...

The flip side of the cheap money story is soaring asset prices. The
bond market bubble is just the half of it; since most other assets are
priced relative to bonds, just about everything else has been going up
as well. Eventually, there will be a massive correction, in which
creditors will suffer sickening losses.

Nobody can tell you when
that moment will arrive. We live in an “extend and pretend” world in
which economies pathetically fight between themselves for any scraps of
demand.

"Terry Pratchett’s Discworld might look intimidating — there are 40
books, and they’re humorous fantasy, which seems like it could be an
acquired taste. But everybody should read at least one Discworld book,
because they’re wonderful, and there’s something for everyone. Here’s
our complete guide to Pratchett’s masterwork."

There must certainly be an abundance of sites online that can serve as an introduction to the fictional world created by Terry Pratchett. This one at io9 seems to be particularly well done (and designed more for the newbie than for the aficianado), though there are Pratchett enthusiasts among the readers here who can offer a better-informed opinion than I can.

29 April 2015

Yoyo Chan is preparing for an important interview that could help her succeed in life. She is one-and-a-half years old.

At
two she will start nursery, but competition is fierce in Hong Kong, and
some of the most prestigious nurseries are selective. Her parents want
her to be well-prepared for her first big test in life.

The best
nurseries and kindergartens are seen as a gateway into the best primary
schools - which in turn, parents believe, pave the way to the best
secondary schools and universities.

So the most renowned of them
can receive more than 1,000 applications for just a few dozen places. As
a result, enterprising tuition companies are now offering interview
training for toddlers...

But this year nursery entrance will be particularly tough. More children
than usual were born in 2012-2013 because it was the year of the
dragon, which is considered to be auspicious. For Hong Kong's dragon
children, this is their first big challenge.

Preikestolen or Prekestolen, also known by the English translations of Preacher's Pulpit or Pulpit Rock, is a famous tourist attraction in Forsand, Ryfylke, Norway. It consists of a steep cliff which rises 604 metres (1982 feet) above Lysefjorden, opposite the Kjerag plateau, with an almost flat top of approximately 25 by 25 metres (82 by 82 feet).

The authorities have opted not to install fencing or other safety
devices as they felt it would detract from the natural beauty of the
site and the fact that fatalities at the site are extremely rare,
despite having approximately 200,000 visitors each year.
Furthermore, there were concerns that fences or other devices might
encourage dangerous behavior such as climbing onto the fences. It should
also be noted that it is a policy from Norwegian
authorities that "we cannot fence in all nature in this country", and
this is supported by the Norwegian population who are generally more
accustomed to "dangerous nature" of their country than foreign tourists.

28 April 2015

Credit to @VBagate; hat tip to reader Kniffler who found the source, which TinEye couldn't locate last night.

What an amazing contrast to the set of twelve photos (examples below) posted at imgur of looting inside a 7-Eleven store (which has garnered 2 million views and been discussed with 15,000 comments at Reddit). I hope the above photo gets equal attention.

27 April 2015

"Lighthorse Harry" Lee, Revolutionary War hero
and father of Confederate General Robert E. Lee

“With no hope of flight, the trapped men were punched, kicked, and knifed in the flickering light of more candles brought in from the jailer’s room and passed overhead. Clubs swung and beat against heads, opening deep gashes and splashing blood over capes, coats, and hats… Most victims were dragged out and clubbed at the jail’s entrance by Mumma the butcher. Others were savaged by rogues waiting their turn in the street...

Hanson, Lee, Gen. James McCubbin Lingan, and half a dozen others were knocked down the prison steps and tortured as they lay in a heap of unconscious and semiconscious bodies. Their assailants used penknives to slash and poke at faces and hands. Hoodlums forced open the eyes of other victims to let burning candle-grease drip in…

What's going on? Is this a British attack on Americans? Quite the contrary. This account describes how pro-war Americans attacked anti-war Americans as the War of 1812 was beginning.

In his death groans, the sixty-year-old Lingan cried out for mercy, pleading that he was old and weak. Pitifully, he reminded them how he had fought for their freedom during the Revolutionary war. His tormentors did not care at all. It made no difference that the aging general had survived a British prison-ship…

As Light-Horse Harry Lee lay battered upon the ground, someone tried to slice off his nose but succeeded only in bloodying his face. A knife aimed at Lee’s eye missed its mark and nicked open his cheek. His glorious past was of no consequence now. No one cared that Congress had turned to him to deliver the funeral oration for his friend, George Washington, whom Lee had eulogized as “First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” Light-Horse Harry, father of Robert E. Lee, then five, was beaten into a limp and bloody casualty for the first time in his long life as a soldier, patriot, and elected public figure…

The war with Great Britain was only forty-one days old, and the bloodletting on the soil of the United States had just begun. But all the victims and every assassin and their accomplices were Americans.

These excerpts are from a very scholarly and comprehensive book entitled The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814, by Anthony S. Pitch (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1998). I'll have more to say about the book in later posts. Those with an interest in the Baltimore Riots can read more at Commonplace, and can read contemporary accounts of the incidents at the University of Chicago website.

"Horsemen in dreamlike landscapes, men leading a bull to the church gate, with
burning candles on its horns, young girls singing ancient songs with
inward-looking glance. And towers everywhere, rising in groups or alone,
closed, dark towers. Aaron Huey has been coming back for sixteen years
to Svaneti, for thirteen years he has been photographing this region...

Over the course of history many powerful empires – Arab, Mongol, Persian, Ottoman – sent armies rampaging through Georgia, the frontier between Europe and Asia... Svaneti’s isolation has shaped its identity – and its historical value. In times of danger, lowland Georgians sent icons, jewels, and manuscripts to the mountain churches and towers for safekeeping, turning Svaneti into a repository of early Georgian culture... "

By the first century B.C. the Svans, thought by some to be descendants of Sumerian slaves, had a reputation as fierce warriors, documented in the writings of the Greek geographer Strabo. By the time Christianity arrived, around the sixth century, Svan culture ran deep – with its own language, its own densely textured music, and complex codes of chivalry, revenge, and communal justice...

This is some of the world’s oldest polyphonic music, a complex form that features two or more simultaneous lines of melody. It predates the arrival of Christianity in Svaneti by centuries. Yet none of the musicians in the room this autumn afternoon is over 25.

Lots more text and dozens of photos at Poemas del rio Wang, (where I consistently find fascinating material). See also this intriguing video about the National Geographic photographer -

According to 2013 data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which
administers the program, 40.2 percent of SNAP recipients are white, 25.7
percent are black, 10.3 percent are Hispanic, 2.1 percent are Asian and
1.2 percent are Native American.

In 1856 the coffin of Princess Elizabeth (1635-1650) was discovered during the demolition of old St. Thomas's Church at Newport,
Isle of Wight, England. Mr. Ernest P. Wilkins, MRCS, examined the remains of the Princess and noted:

The bones of the upper arm were slightly curved outwards—more
particularly the right humerous—while those of the forearm were
somewhat twisted and considerably curved outwards.
The spinal column, retaining the relative position of the vertebrae
during
life, presented an extremely curved condition
constituting the double lateral or S curvature of pathologists, which
must have
caused considerable projection of the right
shoulder-blade and its attendant deformity....

The bones of the skeleton indicate the great deformity which existed
during life—there was evidently considerable "growing
out" of the right shoulder-blade and corresponding
flattening of the left side of the back. The lower extremities were
contorted
and of unequal length, the knees were what is
termed "knocked"; below the knees the legs were bowed, the heels thrown
outwards
and the toes inverted.

I haven't purchased access to the fulltext, so I don't know the cause of the rickets - probably congenital to be that severe, unless she developed dietary deficiencies during her imprisonment (anyone know?).

Elizabeth Stuart (28 December 1635 – 8 September 1650) was the second daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France. From the age of six until her early death at the age of fourteen she was a prisoner of Parliament during the English Civil War. Her emotional written account of her final meeting with her father on the eve of his execution and his final words to his children have been published in numerous histories about the war and King Charles I.

An eight-year-old girl in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Que. was told she's
no longer allowed to read books on the school bus because it poses a
risk to the safety of other students.​
Sarah Auger loves reading and used to enjoy using her 20-minute ride to and from school to read for pleasure. But recently, her bus driver told her she had to stop.

She says she was told reading posed a risk to other students on the bus. He suggested they might stand up to see what she was reading, or she
might poke herself in the eye with the corners of the book.

Discussed at Reddit ("Books are dangerous; if they ban guns, the criminals will just get books.")

Hundreds of Puerto Rico’s residents qualified for federal disability
benefits in recent years because they lacked fluency in English,
according to government auditors.

The Social Security
Administration’s inspector general questioned the policy this month
in light of the fact that Spanish is the predominant language in
the U.S. territory...

The inspector general noted that a nurse in Puerto Rico who speaks only
Spanish could be considered “unskilled” under current Social Security
standards...

Nonetheless, auditors identified 218 cases between 2011 and 2013 in
which the the Social Security Administration granted disability status
to Puerto Rico residents because of the existing guidelines...

The Social Security Administration agreed with the proposals and said it
is making preparations for a potential rule change, including
by gathering research and taking input from federal experts and the
public.

Printer ink is the perennial bane of computer users' existence. The screencap above shows a common situation experienced by users like me who print almost exclusively black-and-white documents - the color ink level keeps declining.

I have been told that small amounts of color ink are dispersed during B&W printing in order to 1) improve the quality of the black color (?) and/or 2) to prevent the color inkjet nozzles from drying and clogging, and I have been told to "live with it."

This week while shopping for a new printer, I found a workaround offered at Consumer Reports:

I had the very same problem - kept running out of color ink even though I
had printed few or no color pages. I asked the clerk at Office Depot
and he told me to set the color to "grayscale". But, i couldn't find
where to do this for my HP Photosmart printer. Every time I bought ink,
I asked again, and looked again with no success, until a few months ago
when i put some serious problem-solving time into finding how to do
this. Finally, I found it. This is how to do it. When the print
screen comes up, select Paper Type/Quality" from the drop-down menu
showing "Layout". On that screen click the triangle by "Color
Options". From the new options that are displayed choose "Grayscale"
from the "Color" menu, then select "Black Print Cartridge Only" from the
"Grayscale Mode" menu.

It worked! I haven't gotten a message
since that I am low on any color ink. The fact that one has to go
through four menus and choices makes me think that they don't want us to
find it or even know about it. Good luck, hope you can find
"Grayscale" on your print screen.

I'm going to give this a try, but still occasionally print the old way to prevent nozzle blockage. I don't know whether this tip is applicable across printer platforms. There will be readers here who know way more about this topic - please feel free to share your expertise in the Comments.

"Pictures of a funeral in the city of Handan in northern Hebei province
last month showed a dancer removing her bra as assembled parents and
children watched... The government has been trying to fight the country’s funereal stripper scourge for some time now...

The point of inviting strippers, some of whom performed with snakes, was
to attract large crowds to the deceased’s funeral – seen as a harbinger
of good fortune in the afterlife. “It’s to give them face,” one
villager explained. “Otherwise no one would come.""

24 April 2015

Technically this shows "above-ground woody biomass," but in practical terms it is a map of tree density.

Over six years, researchers assembled the national forest map
from space-based radar, satellite sensors, computer models, and a
massive amount of ground-based data. It is possibly the highest
resolution and most detailed view of forest structure and carbon storage
ever assembled for any country.

Forests in the U.S. were mapped down to a scale of 30 meters, or
roughly 10 computer display pixels for every hectare of land (4 pixels
per acre). They divided the country into 66 mapping zones and ended up
mapping 265 million segments of the American land surface...

The link for the embedded photo was sent to me by Jennifer Fox, with a request for an explanation, since her web search had not proved satisfactory.

Several possibilities come to mind. It's obvious that the trees were bent when very young, then recovered. Those who live near large lakes with prominent ice heaves will have seen trees affected in this manner, and a similiar effect could occur after a blowdown by straightline winds.

I get the sense that this forest is a tree farm, because of the uniformity of age of the trees, and I suspect this is a man-made curvature, because of the similarity of all the trees involved. If that's true, then my best explanation would be that these trees were trained as "compass timbers" for shipbuilding or as material for other woodworking. See this post from last fall on that subject.

This blog gets about 500 visits a month from readers in Poland; perhaps someone can offer a definitive answer.

Addendum January 2012. One of the curious aspects of blogging is that you never know which posts will be popular or produce sustained interest. I posted the above about a year ago, and it has continued to accumulate hits (40,000 so far!) and comments, so I thought a repost with an update was warranted.

One of the early comments included a link to Discovery News, with a map showing the location of this forest:

Re the etiology, my original postulate was that they were bent by humans for shipbuilding timbers or other woodworking. Others chimed in with suggestions of "gravity anomalies," crop circles, the Tunguska Event (!!), "evil," and tank maneuvers.

I favor the later suggestion that the trees were intended to be used for furniture making in the "German Jugendstil style (1900/30), which is noted for its numerous curvilinear features." Another reader offered a link to this photo of a sledge with curved wooden runners:

This post, for reasons not entirely clear to me, has over the years been one of the most-viewed entries in TYWKIWDBI, with something over 100,000 views.

“Nothing the desert produces expresses it better than the unhappy growth of the tree yuccas. Tormented, thin forests of it stalk drearily in the high mesas, particularly in that triangular slip that fans out eastward from the meeting of the Sierras and coastwise hills where the first swings across the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. The yucca bristles with bayonet-pointed leavesdull green, growing shaggy with age, tipped with panicles of fetid, greenish bloom. After death, which is slow, the ghosty hollow network of its woody skeleton, with hardly power to rot makes the moonlight fearful...”

One day in 1895, while walking through the Ngoya Forest in Zululand, southern Africa, a botanist with the oh so suitable name of John Medley Wood caught sight of a tree... Dr. Wood — who made his living collecting rare plants (he directed a botanical garden in Durban) had some of the stems pulled up, removed, and sent one of them to London...

The problem is, these trees cannot fertilize themselves. Some plants contain male and female parts on the same individual. Not E. woodii. It is, as the botanists say, dioecious. It needs a mate... But what if you can't find a mate? The tree in London (and its clones that are now growing in botanical gardens all over the world) is a male. It can make pollen. But it can't make the seeds. That requires a female.

Researchers have wandered the Ngoya forest and other woods of Africa, looking for an E. woodii that could pair with the one in London. They haven't found a single other specimen. They're still searching. ..

Hybrid cycads are sold at plant stores, but those plants aren't the real deal. The tree that sits in London can't produce a true offspring. It sits there, the last in its long line, waiting for a companion that may no longer exist.Unless a female exists somewhere, E. woodii will never mate with one of its own.

"Not only do we come in contact with it constantly in our daily lives,
from cinnamon to cork to chewing gum to rubber, but it’s also a
hauntingly beautiful, textured piece of living matter that looks like
the skin of some magnificent mythical dragon. French photographer Cedric Pollet travels the world to capture this beauty and has documented it in his gorgeous new book, Bark: An Intimate Look at the World’s Trees.

This book is not in our library system; I'll bet it is well worth a read. The embedded photos show the bark of the ocotillo tree, a Mindonoan gum, and a type of manzanita. My favorite bark is that of the river birch.Text and photos from Brain Pickings, via Dark Roasted Blend.

You learn something every day. I knew that the ginko is a most unusual tree - often described as a "living fossil" little unchanged from the Permian era. I certainly didn't know that it produces motile sperm. Here are some excerpts from an interesting article in Harvard Magazine:

[In 1896] in Tokyo, Japanese botanist Sakugoro Hirase peered through his
microscope at the inside of a female ginkgo tree’s ovule. The previous
spring, a male ginkgo’s pollen had wafted on the wind toward a female
ginkgo with many dangling pairs of round ovules. On the tip of an ovule,
a secreted drop of gooey fluid captured and absorbed the pollen into an
interior pollen chamber. The pollen had grown all through the summer
and, as Hirase was astounded to observe, it had become a
multiflagellated ginkgo sperm (three times larger than human sperm) that
was swimming to fertilize a waiting egg cell.

“This was really momentous,” according to Del Tredici. “The discovery
of motile sperm captured people’s attention. From the scientific point
of view, motile sperm was considered to be a trait associated with
evolutionarily primitive, non-seed plants such as mosses and ferns. And
yet here was the ginkgo tree—clearly a seed-producing plant—with its
motile sperm that linked non-seed plants to the more evolutionarily
advanced conifers and angiosperms with pollen tubes and non-motile
sperm..."

It takes about 133 days for the ginkgo pollen to develop into sperm that
then flails its way to the egg and creates a growing embryo. Soon
thereafter, in the fall, the fleshy seeds, containing a hard-shelled nut
with a tiny embryo, drop to the ground... And then there was the mystery of the stinky fruits. On that trip to
China, he learned that local nocturnal scavengers and carnivores like
Chinese leopard cats and the masked palm civet ate the ginkgo’s fruit.
He hypothesized that the stinky flesh mimicked the smell of rotting
meat, a successful strategy to attract these creatures. The ginkgo nuts,
in turn, were eventually excreted...

Oh, and BTW...

The 2008 and 2009 studies, Del Tredici said, "showed no significant effect by ginkgo-leaf extract in patients suffering from dementia or memory problems.

You can also go here, and find lots and lots of elsewheres to explore, some of which refer to these famous terminal verses from the eighth fit:

"It's a Snark!" was the sound that first came to their ears,
And seemed almost too good to be true.
Then followed a torrent of laughter and cheers:
Then the ominous words, "It's a Boo-"
Then, silence. Some fancied they heard in the air
A weary and wandering sigh
That sounded like "jum!" but the other declare
It was only a breeze that went by.
They hunted till darkness came on, but they found
Not a button, or feather, or mark,
By which they could tell that they stood on the ground
Where the Baker had met with the Snark.
In the midst of the word he was trying to say,
In the midst of this laughter and glee,
He had softly and suddenly vanished away-
For the Snark was a Boojum, you see.

And btw, despite the way it looks, the boojum in the photo is a tree - not a cactus.

The above image (via BoingBoing), by Frans Lanting was published by National Geographic about five years ago, and ever since has been fooling viewers into thinking it's a painting, rather than a photograph. The altered perspective of a telephoto lens positioning the trees against a sunset-illuminated giant sand dune is really quite startling. I had to search for a while to find a more prosaic view:

Credit Martin Heigan.

Other images here and here. The trees are sometimes described as being "petrified." I doubt whether that's technically correct; they certainly are desiccated.

Last week authorities in Japan cut down a pine tree at Rikuzentakata in a bid
to preserve it. The tree had been part of a coastal forest, but was the only
one left standing after last year's tsunami struck the country. It will be
cut into sections, given anti-decay treatment, reassembled using a carbon
spine, and replanted in the same spot. The whole process could take around
six months.

When I read that description of this pine, I was reminded of the (in)famous quote from the Vietnam war. I suppose I understand the logic behind the process - the tree is being preserved as a monument of an event rather than as a tribute to itself. Still...

The photo, btw, comes from a stunning 16-photo gallery of the "world's most famous trees," among which I find the "Queen Elizabeth oak" quite striking (because of its shape rather than the legend):

Legend has it that the future Queen Elizabeth was sat under this tree, eating
an apple, when she was told that her sister Mary had died, and she was the
new monarch. The tree is found in the grounds of Hatfield House in
Hertfordshire.

Nyssa sylvatica is cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, where it is often used as a specimen or shade tree. The tree is best when grown in sheltered but not crowded positions, developing a pyramidal shape in youth, and spreading with age. The stem rises to the summit of the tree in one tapering unbroken shaft, the branches come out at right angles to the trunk and either extend horizontally or droop a little, making a long-narrow, cone-like head.
The leaves are short-petioled and so have little individual motion, but the branches sway as a whole... Its often spectacular autumnal coloring, with intense reds to purples, is highly valued in landscape settings. It is the most fiery and brilliant of the 'brilliant group' that includes maple, dogwood, sassafras, and sweet gum, as well as various species of tupelo.

Photographed yesterday at the University of Wisconsin Arboretum. I was late getting there this autumn and missed most of the great foliage, but this gum tree was still absolutely magnificent.

I had never thought of that. It would also affect the appearance of furniture, walls, artwork, and anything else made of such wood.

Addendum: AM found a report published in Nature in 2006 indicating that xrays of tropical wood can reveal annular variations in calcium density that may be useful for estimating age of some types of wood.

Minneapolis can now add the credential of having one of the top urban
forests. The City of Lakes is home to an abundance of varied parkland —
a park every six blocks — including those designed for off-road cycling
and those for hiking, canoeing and swimming.
Minneapolis’ tree canopy of 31 percent is only 6.5 percent shy of its
potential canopy of 37.5 percent based on geographic information system
(GIS) analysis and modeling. Minneapolis was actually one of the first
cities to use the U.S. Forest Service’s iTree assessment tool to
determine the benefits of its urban forest. Today, it’s estimated that
the city’s urban forest has a structural value of $756 million and also
reduces energy use by $216,000 per year.

"The bloodwood tree (Pterocarpus angolensis) is a deciduous,
spreading and slightly flat-crowned tree with a high canopy. It reaches
about 15 metres in height and has dark bark. The bloodwood grows in warm
areas in the northeast of Africa, extending into Zimbabwe, northern
Botswana, Mozambique and Namibia. The red sap is used traditionally as a
dye and in some areas mixed with animal fat to make a cosmetic for
faces and bodies."

WHEN I see birches bend to left and right
Across the line of straighter darker trees,
I like to think some boy's been swinging them.
But swinging doesn't bend them down to stay.
Ice-storms do that. Often you must have seen them
Loaded with ice a sunny winter morning
After a rain. They click upon themselves
As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored
As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel.
Soon the sun's warmth makes them shed crystal shells
Shattering and avalanching on the snow-crust—
Such heaps of broken glass to sweep away
You'd think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.
They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load,
And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed
So low for long, they never right themselves:
You may see their trunks arching in the woods
Years afterwards, trailing their leaves on the ground
Like girls on hands and knees that throw their hair
Before them over their heads to dry in the sun.

But I was going to say when Truth broke in
With all her matter-of-fact about the ice-storm
(Now am I free to be poetical?)
I should prefer to have some boy bend them
As he went out and in to fetch the cows—
Some boy too far from town to learn baseball,
Whose only play was what he found himself,
Summer or winter, and could play alone.
One by one he subdued his father's trees
By riding them down over and over again
Until he took the stiffness out of them,
And not one but hung limp, not one was left
For him to conquer. He learned all there was
To learn about not launching out too soon
And so not carrying the tree away
Clear to the ground. He always kept his poise
To the top branches, climbing carefully
With the same pains you use to fill a cup
Up to the brim, and even above the brim.
Then he flung outward, feet first, with a swish,
Kicking his way down through the air to the ground.

So was I once myself a swinger of birches;
And so I dream of going back to be.
It's when I'm weary of considerations,
And life is too much like a pathless wood

Where your face burns and tickles with the cobwebs
Broken across it, and one eye is weeping
From a twig's having lashed across it open. I'd like to get away from earth awhile And then come back to it and begin over.
May no fate wilfully misunderstand me
And half grant what I wish and snatch me away
Not to return. Earth's the right place for love:
I don't know where it's likely to go better.
I'd like to go by climbing a birch tree,
And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk
Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,
But dipped its top and set me down again.
That would be good both going and coming back.
One could do worse than be a swinger of birches."

Here's a photo for those not familar with the effects of ice storms on birch trees -

- and a video of young boys swinging from birches (effectively ends at 1:40):

The palm is recognized as the national tree of Colombia, and since the implementation of Law 61 of 1985 it is legally a protected species in that country. Ceroxylon quindiuense has an extremely slow growth and can live up to one hundred years...

The apple and crabapple trees (malus sp.) were in full this past week at the university's arboretum, and in our front yard. When the blossoms fall, I get a sense of how conquering emperors might have felt walking down a path strewn with flower petals.

(Reposted from 2011 for Arbor Day 2014). Addendum 2016:

Two more nice examples from the arboretum, and an accelerated blossom loss at home after prolonged rains this year:

23 April 2015

When I read that the burglars at the Hatton Garden vault robbery had gone through a concrete wall, I imagined men with sledgehammers. This photo of the crime scene is mind-boggling. That's 20 inches of concrete.

22 April 2015

You think man can destroy the planet? What intoxicating vanity. Let me
tell you about our planet. Earth is four-and-a-half-billion-years-old.
There’s been life on it for nearly that long, 3.8 billion years.
Bacteria first; later the first multicellular life, then the first
complex creatures in the sea, on the land.

Then finally the great
sweeping ages of animals, the amphibians, the dinosaurs, at last the
mammals, each one enduring millions on millions of years, great
dynasties of creatures rising, flourishing, dying away — all this
against a background of continuous and violent upheaval. Mountain ranges
thrust up, eroded away, cometary impacts, volcano eruptions, oceans
rising and falling, whole continents moving, an endless, constant,
violent change, colliding, buckling to make mountains over millions of
years.

Earth has survived everything in its time. It will certainly
survive us. If all the nuclear weapons in the world went off at once and
all the plants, all the animals died and the earth was sizzling hot for
a hundred thousand years, life would survive, somewhere: under the
soil, frozen in Arctic ice. Sooner or later, when the planet was no
longer inhospitable, life would spread again. The evolutionary process
would begin again. It might take a few billion years for life to regain
its present variety.

Of course, it would be very different from what it
is now, but the earth would survive our folly, only we would not. If the
ozone layer gets thinner, ultraviolet radiation sears the earth, so
what? Ultraviolet radiation is good for life. It’s powerful energy. It
promotes mutation, change. Many forms of life will thrive with more UV
radiation. Many others will die out. Do you think this is the first time
that’s happened? Think about oxygen. Necessary for life now, but oxygen
is actually a metabolic poison, a corrosive gas, like fluorine.

When
oxygen was first produced as a waste product by certain plant cells some
three billion years ago, it created a crisis for all other life on
earth. Those plants were polluting the environment, exhaling a lethal
gas. Earth eventually had an atmosphere incompatible with life.
Nevertheless, life on earth took care of itself. In the thinking of the
human being a hundred years is a long time.

A hundred years ago we
didn’t have cars, airplanes, computers or vaccines. It was a whole
different world, but to the earth, a hundred years is nothing. A million
years is nothing. This planet lives and breathes on a much vaster
scale. We can’t imagine its slow and powerful rhythms, and we haven’t
got the humility to try. We’ve been residents here for the blink of an
eye. If we’re gone tomorrow, the earth will not miss us."

Via Scribd, although I couldn't find the quote in the Google Books version of Jurassic Park. It may have been written for the Jurassic Park/Congo compilation.

The Powers of Ten video is a classic from the 1960s. "From a picnic blanket
near [the lakefront in] Chicago out past the
Virgo Cluster of Galaxies,
every ten seconds the film zooms out to show a square a factor of ten times larger on each side.
The video then reverses, zooming back in a factor of ten every two seconds and ends up inside a single proton."

Robert Reich offers the opinion that wealthy individuals and corporations who donate to universities, churches, and non-profit groups are "buying the silence" of those entities. "It’s a matter of big money influencing what should and should not be
investigated, revealed, and discussed – especially when it comes to the
tightening nexus between concentrated wealth and political power, and
how that power further enhances great wealth."

Regulation has reduced motor-vehicle-related deaths, while gun deaths have continued to increase. The national numbers are about equal now, and in seventeen states, guns kill more people than cars do, even though 90% of people have cars, but only a third have guns.

In 1856, an 18-year-old girl arrived at Fort Yuma, California. Her name
was Olive Oatman, and after years of captivity with the Mojave, she was
being traded to her brother
for beads, blankets, and a white horse. The white crowd cheered as she
reunited with her family. But Olive Oatman’s return was marked by
suspicion and doubt, just as her face was marked with a distinctive blue Mojave tattoo... [image cropped for size]

A man tattoos anesthetized pigs with images of Disney princesses, then kills them to sell their tattooed skins. "The
animals' skins were sold for up to £55,000 apiece, with one canvas
featuring Disney characters sold to Chanel and made into two bags."

Unanswered questions about the Oklahoma City bombing. "Despite the government’s insistence that the case has been solved, we
don’t know the exact origin of the plot or how many people carried it
out... We don’t know how McVeigh and Nichols learned to build a fertiliser bomb of such size and power... We don’t know the identities of the other people seen with McVeigh on
the morning of the bombing – only that more than 20 eyewitnesses were
unanimous in telling the FBI he was not alone... There is no ready explanation for a different Ryder truck seen by witnesses at McVeigh’s motel..."

"Tai-wiki-widbee" is an eclectic mix of trivialities, ephemera, curiosities, and exotica with a smattering of current events, social commentary, science, history, English language and literature, videos, and humor. We try to be the cyberequivalent of a Victorian cabinet of curiosities.

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I'm using an old photo of my grandfather as an avatar; he would have been amused.
Readers - especially old friends, classmates, students, former colleagues, and long-lost relatives - are welcome to email me via retag4726 (at) mypacks.net