An assertion that something is true or factual.
Claim has many meanings but SAT, it will most likely refer to an argument's main point -- what the writer is trying to persuade you to believe.
More than one claim in an argument may exist, but the reading passages on the SAT will highly likely have one central (or main) claim that is supported by different types of evidence.

Argument is the name of the game on the new SAT. In the case of the new SAT, an argument is a reading passage (with or without an informational graphic) that advances a claim and supports that claim with evidence.

A conveyance of an interest in property as security for the repayment of money borrowed. The rights conferred by it, or the state of the property conveyed. The deed by which such a transaction is effected.

a person who has learned a subject without the benefit of a teacher or formal education; a self-taught person.
You could have presented yourself as being self-taught, the product of your own worthy efforts, there's nothing to be ashamed of, society in the past took pride in its autodidacts.

The branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe, with its parts, elements, and laws, and especially with such of its characteristics as space, time, causality, and freedom.