COMMUNION IN LIFE AND SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY AMONG THE BAPTIZED
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A. THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM

92. By the sacrament of baptism a
person is truly incorporated into Christ and into his Church and is reborn to a sharing of
the divine life.103 Baptism, therefore, constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing
among all who through it are reborn. Baptism, of itself, is the beginning, for it is
directed towards the acquiring of fullness of life in Christ. It is thus ordered to the
profession of faith, to the full integration into the economy of salvation, and to
Eucharistic communion.104 Instituted by the Lord himself, baptism, by which one
participates in the mystery of his death and resurrection, involves conversion, faith, the
remission of sin, and the gift of grace.

93. Baptism is conferred with water and
with a formula which clearly indicates that baptism is done in the name of the Father, Son
and Holy Spirit. It is therefore of the utmost importance for all the disciples of Christ
that baptism be administered in this manner by all and that the various Churches and
ecclesial Communities arrive as closely as possible at an agreement about its significance
and valid celebration.

94. It is strongly recommended that the
dialogue concerning both the significance and the valid celebration of baptism take place
between Catholic authorities and those of other Churches and ecclesial Communities at the
diocesan or Episcopal Conference levels. Thus it should be possible to arrive at common
statements through which they express mutual recognition of baptisms as well as procedures
for considering cases in which a doubt may arise as to the validity of a particular
baptism.

95. In arriving at these expressions of
common agreement, the following points should be kept in mind:

a) Baptism by immersion, or by
pouring, together with the Trinitarian formula is, of itself, valid. Therefore, if the
rituals, liturgical books or established customs of a Church or ecclesial Community
prescribe either of these ways of baptism, the sacrament is to be considered valid unless
there are serious reasons for doubting that the minister has observed the regulations of
hisher own Community or Church.

b) The minister's insufficient faith
concerning baptism never of itself makes baptism invalid. Sufficient intention in a
minister who baptizes is to be presumed, unless there is serious ground for doubting that
the minister intended to do what the Church does.

c) Wherever doubts arise about
whether, or how water was used,105 res- pect for the sacrament and deference towards these
ecclesial Communities require that serious investigation of the practice of the Community
concerned be made before any judgment is passed on the validity of its
baptism.

96. According to the local situation and as
occasion may arise, Catholics may, in common celebration with other Christians,
commemorate the baptism which unites them, by renewing the engagement to undertake a full
Christian life which they have assumed in the promises of their baptism, and by pledging
to cooperate with the grace of the Holy Spirit in striving to heal the divisions which
exist among Christians.

97. While by baptism a person is
incorporated into Christ and his Church, this is only done in practice in a given Church
or ecclesial Community. Baptism, therefore, may not be conferred jointly by two ministers
belonging to different Churches or ecclesial Communities. Moreover, according to Catholic
liturgical and theological tradition, baptism is celebrated by just one celebrant. For
pastoral reasons, in particular circumstances the local Ordinary may sometimes permit,
however, that a minister of another Church or ecclesial Community take part in the
celebration by reading a lesson, offering a prayer, etc. Reciprocity is possible only if a
baptism celebrated in another Community does not conflict with Catholic principles or
discipline.106

98. It is the Catholic understanding that
godparents, in a liturgical and canonical sense, should themselves be members of the
Church or ecclesial Community in which the baptism is being celebrated. They do not merely
undertake a res- ponsibility for the Christian education of the person being baptized (or
confirmed) as a relation or friend; they are also there as representatives of a community
of faith, standing as guarantees of the candidate's faith and desire for ecclesial
communion.

a) However, based on the common
baptism and because of ties of blood or friendship, a baptized person who belongs to
another ecclesial Community may be admitted as a witness to the baptism, but only together
with a Catholic godparent.107 A Catholic may do the same for a person being baptized in
another ecclesial Community.

b) Because of the close communion
between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, it is permissible for a
just cause for an Eastern faithful to act as godparent; together with a Catholic
godparent, at the baptism of a Catholic infant or adult, so long as there is provision for
the Catholic education of the person being baptized, and it is clear that the godparent is
a suitable one.

A Catholic is not forbidden to stand as
godparent in an Eastern Orthodox Church, if heshe is so invited. In this case, the duty of
providing for the Chris- tian education binds in the first place the godparent who belongs
to the Church in which the child is baptized.108

99. Every Christian has the right for
conscientious religious reasons, freely to decide to come into full Catholic communion.109
The work of preparing the reception of an individual who wishes to be received into full
communion with the Catholic Church is of its nature distinct from ecumenical activity.110
The Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults provides a formula for receiving such persons
into full Catholic communion. However, in such cases, as well as in cases of mixed
marriages, the Catholic authority may consider it necessary to inquire as to whether the
baptism already received was validly celebrated. The following recommendations should be
observed in carrying out this inquiry.

a) There is no doubt about the
validity of baptism as conferred in the various Eastern Churches. It is enough to
establish the fact of the bap- tism. In these Churches the sacrament of confirmation
(chrismation) is properly administered by the priest at the same time as
baptism. There it
often happens that no mention is made of confirmation in the canonical testimony of
baptism. This does not give grounds for doubting that this sacrament was also
conferred.

b) With regard to Christians from
other Churches and ecclesial Communities, before considering the validity of baptism of an
individual Christian, one should determine whether an agreement on baptism (as mentioned
above, n. 94) has been made by the Churches and ecclesial Communities of the regions or
localities involved and whether baptism has in fact been administered according to this
agreement. It should be noted, however, that the absence of a formal agreement about
baptism should not automatically lead to doubt about the validity of baptism.

c) With regard to these
Christians,
where an official ecclesiastical attes- tation has been given, there is no reason for
doubting the validity of the baptism conferred in their Churches and ecclesial Communities
unless, in a particular case, an examination clearly shows that a serious reason exists
for having a doubt about one of the following: the matter and form and words used in the
conferral of baptism, the intention of an adult baptized or the minister of the
baptism.111

d) If, even after careful
investigation, a serious doubt persists about the proper administration of the baptism and
it is judged necessary to baptize conditionally, the Catholic minister should show proper
regard for the doctrine that baptism may be conferred only once by explaining to the
person involved, both why in this case he is baptizing conditionally and what is the
significance of the rite of conditional baptism. Furthermore, the rite of conditional
baptism is to be carried out in private and not in public.112

e) It is desirable that Synods of
Eastern Catholic Churches and Episcopal Conferences issue guidelines for the reception
into full communion of Christians baptized into other Churches and ecclesial
Communities.
Account is to be taken of the fact that they are not catechumens and of the degree of
knowledge and practice of the Christian faith which they may have.

100. According to the Rite of Christian
Initiation of Adults, those adhering to Christ for the first time are normally baptized
during the Paschal Vigil. Where the celebration of this Rite includes the reception into
full communion of those already baptized, a clear distinction must be made between them
and those who are not yet baptized.

101. In the present state of our relations
with the ecclesial Communities of the Reformation of the 16th century, we have not yet
reached agreement about the significance or sacramental nature or even of the
administration of the sacrament of Confirmation. Therefore, under present
circumstances,
persons entering into full communion with the Catholic Church from one of these
Communities are to receive the sacrament of Confirmation according to the doctrine and
rite of the Catholic Church before being admitted to Eucharistic communion.

B. SHARING SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES

General Principles

102. Christians may be encouraged to
share in spiritual activities and resources, i.e., to share that spiritual heritage they
have in common in a manner and to a degree appropriate to their present divided state.113

103. The term "sharing in spiritual
activities and resources" covers such things as prayer offered in common, sharing in
liturgical worship in the strict sense, as described below in n. 116, as well as common
use of sacred places and of all necessary objects.

104. The principles which should direct
this spiritual sharing are the following:

a) In spite of the serious
difficulties which prevent full ecclesial communion, it is clear that all those who by
baptism are incorporated into Christ share many elements of the Christian life. There thus
exists a real, even if imperfect, communion among Christians which can be expressed in
many ways, including sharing in prayer and liturgical worship,114 as will be indicated in
the paragraph which follows.

b) According to Catholic
faith, the
Catholic Church has been endowed with the whole of revealed truth and all the means of
salvation as a gift which cannot be lost.115 Nevertheless, among the elements and gifts
which belong to the Catholic Church (e.g.; the written Word of God, the life of
grace, faith, hope and charity etc.) many can exist outside its visible limits. The Churches and
ecclesial Communities not in full communion with the Catholic Church have by no means been
deprived of signi- ficance and value in the mystery of salvation, for the Spirit of Christ
has not refrained from using them as means of salvation.116 In ways that vary according to
the condition of each Church or ecclesial Community, their celebrations are able to
nourish the life of grace in their members who participate in them and provide access to
the communion of salvation.117

c) The sharing of spiritual
activities and resources, therefore, must reflect this double fact:

1) the real communion in the life of the
Spirit which already exists among Christians and is expressed in their prayer and
liturgical worship;

2) the incomplete character of this
communion because of differences of faith and understanding which are incompatible with an
unrestricted mutual sharing of spiritual endowments.

d) Fidelity to this complex reality
makes it necessary to establish norms for spiritual sharing which take into account the
diverse ecclesial situations of the Churches and ecclesial Communities
involved, so that,
as Christians esteem and rejoice in the spiritual riches they have in common, they are
also made more aware of the necessity of overcoming the separations which still
exist.

e) Since Eucharistic concelebration
is a visible manifestation of full communion in faith, worship and community life of the
Catholic Church, expressed by ministers of that Church, it is not permitted to
concelebrate the Eucharist with ministers of other Churches or ecclesial Communities.118

105. There should be a certain
"reciprocity" since sharing in spiritual activities and resources, even with
defined limits, is a contribution, in a spirit of mu- tual good will and charity, to the
growth of harmony among Christians.

106. It is recommended that consultations
on this sharing take place between appropriate Catholic authorities and those of other
Communions to seek out the possibilities for lawful reciprocity according to the doctrine
and traditions of different Communities.

107. Catholics ought to show a sincere
respect for the liturgical and sacramental discipline of other Churches and ecclesial
Communities and these in their turn are asked to show the same respect for Catholic
discipline. One of the objectives of the consultation mentioned above should be a greater
mutual understanding of each other's discipline and even an agreement on how to manage a
situation in which the discipline of one Church calls into question or conflicts with the
discipline of another.

Prayer in Common

108. Where appropriate, Catholics
should be encouraged, in accordance with the Church's norms, to join in prayer with
Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities. Such prayers in common are
certainly a very effective means of petitioning for the grace of unity, and they are a
genuine expression of the ties which still bind Catholics to these other Christians.119
Shared prayer is in itself a way to spiritual reconciliation.

109. Prayer in common is recommended for
Catholics and other Christians so that together they may put before God the needs and
problems they sharee.g., peace, social concerns, mutual charity among people, the
dignity of the family, the effects of poverty, hunger and violence, etc. The same may be
said of occasions when, according to circumstances, a nation, region or community wishes
to make a common act of thanksgiving or petition to God, as on a national
holiday, at a
time of public disaster or mourning, on a day set aside for remembrance of those who have
died for their country, etc. This kind of prayer is also recommended when Christians hold
meetings for study or common action.

110. Shared prayer should, however, be
particularly concerned with the res- toration of Christian unity. It can centre, e.g. on
the mystery of the Church and its unity, on baptism as a sacramental bond of unity, or on
the renewal of personal and community life as a necessary means to achieving unity. Prayer
of this type is particularly recommended during the "Week of Prayer for Christian
Unity" or in the period between Ascension and Pentecost.

111. Representatives of the
Churches, ecclesial Communities or other groups concerned should cooperate and prepare
together such prayer. They should decide among themselves the way in which each is to take
part, choose the themes and select the Scripture readings, hymns and prayers.

a) In such a service there is room
for any reading, prayer and hymn which manifest the faith or spiritual life shared by all
Christian people. There is a place for an exhortation, address or biblical meditation
drawing on the common Christian inheritance; and able to promote mutual good will and
unity.

b) Care should be taken that the
versions of Holy Scripture used be acceptable to all and be faithful translations of the
original text.

c) It is desirable that the
structure of these celebrations should take account of the different patterns of community
prayer in harmony with the liturgical renewal in many Churches and ecclesial Communities,
with particular regard being given to the common heritage of hymns, of texts taken from
lectionaries and of liturgical prayers.

d) When services are arranged
between Catholics and those of an Eastern Church, particular attention should be given to
the liturgical discipline of each Church, in accordance with n. 115 below.

112 Although a church building is a place
in which a community is normally accustomed to celebrating its own liturgy, the common
services mentioned above may be celebrated in the church of one or other of the
communities concerned, if that is acceptable to all the participants. Whatever place is
used should be agreeable to all, be capable of being properly prepared and be conducive to
devotion.

113. Where there is a common agreement
among the participants, those who have a function in a ceremony may use the dress proper
to their ecclesiastical rank and to the nature of the celebration.

114. Under the direction of those who have
proper formation and experience, it may be helpful in certain cases to arrange for
spiritual sharing in the form of days of recollection, spiritual exercises, groups for the
study and sharing of traditions of spirituality, and more stable associations for a deeper
exploration of a common spiritual life. Serious attention must always be given to what has
been said concerning the recognition of the real differences of doctrine which exist, as
well as to the teaching and discipline of the Catholic Church concerning sacramental
sharing.

115. Since the celebration of the Eucharist
on the Lord's Day is the foundation and centre of the whole liturgical year,120
Catholicsbut those of Eastern Churches according to their own Law121are
obliged to attend Mass on that day and on days of precept.122 It is not advisable
therefore to organize ecumenical services on Sundays, and it must be remembered that even
when Catholics participate in ecumenical services or in services of other Churches and
ecclesial Communities, the obligation of participating at Mass on these days remains.

Sharing in Non-Sacramental Liturgical
Worship

116. By liturgical worship is meant
worship carried out according to books, prescriptions and customs of a Church or ecclesial
Community, presided over by a minister or delegate of that Church or Community. This
liturgical worship may be of a non-sacramental kind, or may be the celebration of one or
more of the Christian sacraments. The concern here is non-sacramental worship.

117. In some situations, the official
prayer of a Church may be preferred to ecumenical services specially prepared for the
occasion. Participation in such celebrations as Morning or Evening Prayer, special vigils,
etc., will enable people of different liturgical traditionsCatholic, Eastern,
Anglican and Protestantto understand each other's community prayer better and to
share more deeply in traditions which often have developed from common roots.

118. In liturgical celebrations taking
place in other Churches and ecclesial Communities, Catholics are encouraged to take part
in the psalms, responses, hymns and common actions of the Church in which they are guests.
If invited by their hosts, they may read a lesson or preach.

119. Regarding assistance at liturgical
worship of this type, there should be a meticulous regard for the sensibilities of the
clergy and people of all the Christian Communities concerned, as well as for local customs
which may vary according to time, place, persons and circumstances. In a Catholic
liturgical celebration, ministers of other Churches and ecclesial Communities may have the
place and liturgical honors proper to their rank and their role, if this is judged
desirable. Catholic clergy invited to be present at a celebration of another Church or
ecclesial Community may wear the appropriate dress or insignia of their ecclesiastical
office, if it is agreeable to their hosts.

120. In the prudent judgment of the local
Ordinary, the funeral rites of the Catholic Church may be granted to members of a
non-Catholic Church or ecclesial Community, unless it is evidently contrary to their will
and provided that their own minister is unavailable,123 and that the general provisions of
Canon Law do not forbid it.124

121. Blessings ordinarily given for the
benefit of Catholics may also be given to other Christians who request them, according to
the nature and object of the blessing. Public prayer for other Christians, living or dead,
and for the needs and intentions of other Churches and ecclesial Communities and their
spiritual heads may be offered during the litanies and other invocations of a liturgical
service, but not during the Eucharistic Anaphora. Ancient Christian liturgical and
ecclesiological tradition permits the specific mention in the Eucharistic Anaphora only of
the names of persons who are in full communion with the Church celebrating the Eucharist.

Sharing in Sacramental Life, especially the Eucharist

a) Sharing in Sacramental Life with members of the various Eastern Churches

122. Between the Catholic Church and
the Eastern Churches not in full communion with it, there is still a very close communion
in matters of faith.125 Moreover, "through the celebration of the Eucharist of the
Lord in each of these Churches, the Church of God is built up and grows in stature"
and "although separated from us, these Churches still possess true sacraments, above
allby apostolic successionthe priesthood and the Eucharist...".126 This
offers ecclesiological and sacramental grounds, according to the understanding of the
Catholic Church, for allowing and even encouraging some sharing in liturgical worship,
even of the Eucharist, with these Churches, "given suitable circumstances and the
approval of church authorities".127 It is recognized, however, that Eastern Churches,
on the basis of their own ecclesiological understanding, may have more restrictive
disciplines in this matter, which others should respect. Pastors should carefully instruct
the faithful so that they will be clearly aware of the proper reasons for this kind of
sharing in liturgical worship and of the variety of discipline which may exist in this
connection.

123. Whenever necessity requires or a
genuine spiritual advantage suggests, and provided that the danger of error or
indifferentism is avoided, it is lawful for any Catholic for whom it is physically or
morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister, to receive the sacraments of penance,
Eucharist and anointing of the sick from a minister of an Eastern Church.128

124. Since practice differs between
Catholics and Eastern Christians in the matter of frequent communion, confession before
communion and the Eucharistic fast, care must be taken to avoid scandal and suspicion
among Eastern Christians through Catholics not following the Eastern usage. A Catholic who
legitimately wishes to communicate with Eastern Christians must respect the Eastern
discipline as much as possible and refrain from communicating if that Church restricts
sacramental communion to its own members to the exclusion of others.

125. Catholic ministers may lawfully
administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist and the anointing of the sick to members
of the Eastern Churches, who ask for these sacraments of their own free will and are
properly disposed.

In these particular cases also, due
consideration should be given to the discipline of the Eastern Churches for their own
faithful and any suggestion of proselytism should be avoided.129

126. Catholics may read lessons at a
sacramental liturgical celebration in the Eastern Churches if they are invited to do so.
An Eastern Christian may be invited to read the lessons at similar services in Catholic
churches.

127. A Catholic minister may be present and
take part in the celebration of a marriage being properly celebrated between Eastern
Christians or between a Catholic and an Eastern Christian in the Eastern church, if
invited to do so by the Eastern Church authority and if it is in accord with the norms
given below concerning mixed marriages, where they apply.

128. A member of an Eastern Church may act
as bridesmaid or best man at a wedding in a Catholic church; a Catholic also may be
bridesmaid or best man at a marriage properly celebrated in an Eastern church. In all
cases this practice must conform to the general discipline of both Churches regarding the
requirements for participating in such marriages.

b) Sharing Sacramental Life with Christians of Other Churches and Ecclesial
Communities

129. A sacrament is an act of Christ
and of the Church through the Spirit.130 Its celebration in a concrete community is the
sign of the reality of its unity in faith, worship and community life. As well as being
signs, sacramentsmost specially the Eucharistare sources of the unity of the
Christian community and of spiritual life, and are means for building them up. Thus
Eucharistic communion is inseparably linked to full ecclesial communion and its visible
expression.

At the same time, the Catholic Church
teaches that by baptism members of other Churches and ecclesial Communities are brought
into a real, even if imperfect communion, with the Catholic Church 131 and that
"baptism, which constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing among all who
through it are reborn... is wholly directed toward the acquiring of fullness of life in
Christ".132 The Eucharist is, for the baptized, a spiritual food which enables them
to overcome sin and to live the very life of Christ, to be incorporated more profoundly in
Him and share more intensely in the whole economy of the Mystery of Christ.

It is in the light of these two basic
principles, which must always be taken into account together, that in general the Catholic
Church permits access to its Eucharistic communion and to the sacraments of penance and
anointing of the sick, only to those who share its oneness in faith, worship and ecclesial
life.133 For the same reasons, it also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of
exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or
even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.134

130. In case of danger of death, Catholic
ministers may administer these sacraments when the conditions given below (n. 131) are
present. In other cases, it is strongly recommended that the diocesan Bishop, taking into
account any norms which may have been established for this matter by the Episcopal
Conference or by the Synods of Eastern Catholic Churches, establish general norms for
judging situations of grave and pressing need and for verifying the conditions mentioned
below (n. 131).135 In accord with Canon Law,136 these general norms are to be established
only after consultation with at least the local competent authority of the other
interested Church or ecclesial Community. Catholic ministers will judge individual cases
and administer these sacraments only in accord with these established norms, where they
exist. Otherwise they will judge according to the norms of this Directory.

131. The conditions under which a Catholic
minister may administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, of penance and of the anointing
of the sick to a baptized person who may be found in the circumstances given above (n.
130) are that the person be unable to have recourse for the sacrament desired to a
minister of his or her own Church or ecclesial Community, ask for the sacrament of his or
her own initiative, manifest Catholic faith in this sacrament and be properly disposed.137

132. On the basis of the Catholic doctrine
concerning the sacraments and their validity, a Catholic who finds himself or herself in
the circumstances mentioned above (nn. 130 and 131) may ask for these sacraments only from
a minister in whose Church these sacraments are valid or from one who is known to be
validly ordained according to the Catholic teaching on ordination.

133. The reading of Scripture during a
Eucharistic celebration in the Catholic Church is to be done by members of that Church. On
exceptional occasions and for a just cause, the Bishop of the diocese may permit a member
of another Church or ecclesial Community to take on the task of reader.

134. In the Catholic Eucharistic Liturgy,
the homily which forms part of the liturgy itself is reserved to the priest or deacon,
since it is the presentation of the mysteries of faith and the norms of Christian living
in accordance with Catholic teaching and tradition.138

135. For the reading of Scripture and
preaching during other than Eucharistic celebrations, the norms given above (n. 118) are
to be applied.

136. Members of other Churches or ecclesial
Communities may be witnesses at the celebration of marriage in a Catholic church.
Catholics may also be witnesses at marriages which are celebrated in other Churches or
ecclesial Commu- nities.

Sharing Other Resources for Spiritual Life and Activity

137. Catholic churches are
consecrated or blessed buildings which have an important theological and liturgical
significance for the Catholic community. They are therefore generally reserved for
Catholic worship. However, if priests, ministers or communities not in full communion with
the Catholic Church do not have a place or the liturgical objects necessary for
celebrating worthily their religious ceremonies, the diocesan Bishop may allow them the
use of a church or a Catholic building and also lend them what may be necessary for their
services. Under similar circumstances, permission may be given to them for interment or
for the celebration of services at Catholic cemeteries.

138. Because of developments in society,
the rapid growth of population and urbanization, and for financial motives, where there is
a good ecumenical relationship and understanding between the communities, the shared
ownership or use of church premises over an extended period of time may become a matter of
practical interest.

139. When authorization for such ownership
or use is given by the diocesan Bishop, according to any norms which may be established by
the Episcopal Conference or the Holy See, judicious consideration should be given to the
reservation of the Blessed Sacrament, so that this question is resolved on the basis of a
sound sacramental theology with the respect that is due, while also taking account of the
sensitivities of those who will use the building, e.g., by constructing a separate room or
chapel.

140. Before making plans for a shared
building, the authorities of the communities concerned should first reach agreement as to
how their various disciplines will be observed, particularly in regard to the sacraments.
Furthermore, a written agreement should be made which will clearly and adequately take
care of all questions which may arise concerning financial matters and the obligations
arising from church and civil law.

141. In Catholic schools and institutions,
every effort should be made to respect the faith and conscience of students or teachers
who belong to other Churches or ecclesial Communities. In accordance with their own
approved statutes, the authorities of these schools and institutions should take care that
clergy of other Communities have every facility for giving spiritual and sacramental
ministration to their own faithful who attend such schools or institutions. As far as
circumstances allow, with the permission of the diocesan Bishop these facilities can be
offered on the Catholic premises, including the church or chapel.

142. In hospitals, homes for the aged and
similar institutions conducted by Catholics, the authorities should promptly advise
priests and ministers of other Communities of the presence of their faithful and afford
them every facility to visit these persons and give them spiritual and sacramental
ministrations under dignified and reverent conditions, including the use of the chapel.

C. MIXED MARRIAGES

143. This section of the Ecumenical
Directory does not attempt to give an extended treatment of all the pastoral and canonical
questions connected with either the actual celebration of the sacrament of Christian
marriage or the pastoral care to be given to Christian families, since such questions form
part of the general pastoral care of every Bishop or regional Conference of Bishops. What
follows below focuses on specific issues related to mixed marriages and should be
understood in that context. The term "mixed marriage" refers to any marriage
between a Catholic and a baptized Christian who is not in full communion with the Catholic
Church.139

144. In all marriages, the primary concern
of the Church is to uphold the strength and stability of the indissoluble marital union
and the family life that flows from it. The perfect union of persons and full sharing of
life which constitutes the married state are more easily assured when both partners belong
to the same faith community. In addition, practical experience and the observations
obtained in various dialogues between representatives of Churches and ecclesial
Communities indicate that mixed marriages frequently present difficulties for the couples
themselves, and for the children born to them, in maintaining their Christian faith and
commitment and for the harmony of family life. For all these reasons, marriage between
persons of the same ecclesial Community remains the objective to be recommended and
encouraged.

145. In view, however, of the growing
number of mixed marriages in many parts of the world, the Church includes within its
urgent pastoral solicitude coup- les preparing to enter, or already having entered, such
marriages. These mar- riages, even if they have their own particular difficulties,
"contain numerous elements that could well be made good use of and develop both for
their intrinsic value and for the contribution they can make to the ecumenical movement.
This is particularly true when both parties are faithful to their religious duties. Their
common baptism and the dynamism of grace provide the spouses in these mar- riages with the
basis and motivation for expressing unity in the sphere of moral and spiritual
values".140

146. It is the abiding responsibility of
all, especially priests and deacons and those who assist them in pastoral ministry, to
provide special instruction and support for the Catholic party in living his or her faith
as well as for the couples in mixed marriages both in the preparation for the marriage, in
its sacramental celebration and for the life together that follows the marriage ceremony.
This pastoral care should take into account the concrete spiritual condition of each
partner, their formation in their faith and their practice of it. At the same time,
respect should be shown for the particular circumstances of each couple's situation, the
conscience of each partner and the holiness of the state of sacramental marriage itself.
Where judged useful, diocesan Bishops, Synods of Eastern Catholic Churches or Episcopal
Conferences could draw up more specific guidelines for this pastoral care.

147. In fulfilling this responsibility,
where the situation warrants it, positive steps should be taken, if possible, to establish
contacts with the minister of the other Church or ecclesial Community, even if this may
not always prove easy. In general, mutual consultation between Christian pastors for
supporting such marriages and upholding their values can be a fruitful field of ecumenical
collaboration.

148. In preparing the necessary marriage
preparation programmes, the priest or deacon, and those who assist him, should stress the
positive aspects of what the couple share together as Christians in the life of grace, in
faith, hope and love, along with the other interior gifts of the Holy Spirit.141 Each
party, while continuing to be faithful to his or her Christian commitment and to the
practice of it, should seek to foster all that can lead to unity and harmony, without
minimizing real differences and while avoiding an attitude of religious indifference.

149. In the interest of greater
understanding and unity, both parties should learn more about their partner's religious
convictions and the teaching and religious practices of the Church or ecclesial Community
to which he or she belongs. To help them live the Christian inheritance they have in
common, they should be reminded that prayer together is essential for their spiritual
harmony and that reading and study of the Sacred Scriptures are especially important. In
the pe- riod of preparation, the couple's effort to understand their individual religious
and ecclesial traditions, and serious consideration of the differences that exist, can
lead to greater honesty, charity and understanding of these realities and also of the
marriage itself.

150. When, for a just and reasonable cause,
permission for a mixed marriage is requested, both parties are to be instructed on the
essential ends and properties of marriage which are not to be excluded by either party.
Furthermore, the Catholic party will be asked to affirm, in the form established by the
particular law of the Eastern Catholic Churches or by the Episcopal Conference, that he or
she is prepared to avoid the dangers of abandoning the faith and to promise sincerely to
do all in hisher power to see that the children of the marriage be baptized and educated
in the Catholic Church. The other partner is to be informed of these promises and
responsibilities.142 At the same time, it should be recognized that the non-Catholic
partner may feel a like obligation because of hisher own Christian commitment. It is to be
noted that no formal written or oral promise is required of this partner in Canon Law.

Those who wish to enter into a mixed
marriage should, in the course of the contacts that are made in this connection, be
invited and encouraged to discuss the Catholic baptism and education of the children they
will have, and where possible come to a decision on this question before the marriage.

In order to judge the existence or
otherwise of a "just and reasonable cause" with regard to granting permission
for this mixed marriage, the local Ordinary will take account, among other things, of an
explicit refusal on the part of the non-Catholic party.

151. In carrying out this duty of
transmitting the Catholic faith to the children, the Catholic parent will do so with
respect for the religious freedom and conscience of the other parent and with due regard
for the unity and permanence of the marriage and for the maintenance of the communion of
the family. If, notwithstanding the Catholic's best efforts, the children are not baptized
and brought up in the Catholic Church, the Catholic parent does not fall subject to the
censure of Canon Law.143 At the same time, hisher obligation to share the Catholic faith
with the children does not cease. It continues to make its demands, which could be met,
for example, by playing an active part in contributing to the Christian atmosphere of the
home; doing all that is possible by word and example to enable the other members of the
family to appreciate the specific values of the Catholic tradition; taking whatever steps
are necessary to be well informed about hisher own faith so as to be able to explain and
discuss it with them; praying with the family for the grace of Christian unity as the Lord
wills it.

152. While keeping clearly in mind that
doctrinal differences impede full sacramental and canonical communion between the Catholic
Church and the various Eastern Churches, in the pastoral care of marriages between
Catholics and Eastern Christians, particular attention should be given to the sound and
consistent teaching of the faith which is shared by both and to the fact that in the
Eastern Churches are to be found "true sacraments, and above all, by apostolic
succession, the priesthood and the Eucharist, whereby they are still joined to us in
closest intimacy".144 If proper pastoral care is given to persons involved in these
marriages, the faithful of both communions can be helped to understand how children born
of such marriages will be initiated into and spiritually nourished by the sacramental
mysteries of Christ. Their formation in authentic Christian doctrine and ways of Christian
living would, for the most part, be similar in each Church. Diversity in liturgical life
and private devotion can be made to encourage rather than hinder family prayer.

153. A marriage between a Catholic and a
member of an Eastern Church is valid if it has taken place with the celebration of a
religious rite by an ordained minister, as long as any other requirements of law for
validity have been observed. For lawfulness in these cases, the canonical form of
celebration is to be observed.145 Canonical form is required for the validity of marriages
between Catholics and Christians of Churches and ecclesial Communities.146

154. The local Ordinary of the Catholic
partner, after having consulted the Local Ordinary of the place where the marriage will be
celebrated, may for grave reasons and without prejudice to the law of the Eastern
Churches,147 dispense the Catholic partner from the observance of the canonical form of
marriage.148 Among these reasons for dispensation may be considered the maintaining of
family harmony, obtaining parental consent to the marriage, the recognition of the
particular religious commitment of the non-Catholic partner or hisher blood relationship
with a minister of another Church or ecclesial Community. Episcopal Conferences are to
issue norms by which such a dispensation may be granted in accordance with a common
practice.

155. The obligation imposed by some
Churches or ecclesial Communities for the observance of their own form of marriage is not
a motive for automatic dispensation from the Catholic canonical form. Such particular
situations should form the subject of dialogue between the Churches, at least at the local
level.

156. One must keep in mind that, if the
wedding is celebrated with a dispensation from canonical form, some public form of
celebration is still required for validity.149 To emphasize the unity of marriage, it is
not permitted to have two separate religious services in which the exchange of consent
would be expressed twice, or even one service which would celebrate two such exchanges of
consent jointly or successively.150

157. With the previous authorisation of the
local Ordinary, and if invited to do so, a Catholic priest or deacon may attend or
participate in some way in the celebration of mixed marriages, in situations where the
dispensation from canonical form has been granted. In these cases, there may be only one
ceremony in which the presiding person receives the marriage vows. At the invitation of
this celebrant, the Catholic priest or deacon may offer other appropriate prayers, read
from the Scriptures, give a brief exhortation and bless the couple.

158. Upon request of the couple, the local
Ordinary may permit the Catholic priest to invite the minister of the party of the other
Church or ecclesial Community to participate in the celebration of the marriage, to read
from the Scriptures, give a brief exhortation and bless the couple.

159. Because of problems concerning
Eucharistic sharing which may arise from the presence of non-Catholic witnesses and
guests, a mixed marriage celebrated according to the Catholic form ordinarily takes place
outside the Eucharistic liturgy. For a just cause, however, the diocesan Bishop may permit
the celebration of the Eucharist.151 In the latter case, the decision as to whether the
non-Catholic party of the marriage may be admitted to Eucharistic communion is to be
made in keeping with the general norms existing in the matter both for Eastern Christians152 and for other Christians,153 taking into account the particular situation of the
reception of the sacrament of Christian marriage by two baptized Christians.

160. Although the spouses in a mixed
marriage share the sacraments of bap- tism and marriage, Eucharistic sharing can only be
exceptional and in each case the norms stated above concerning the admission of a
non-Catholic Christian to Eucharistic communion,154 as well as those concerning the
participation of a Catholic in Eucharistic communion in another Church,155 must be
observed.