Culture: All that human beings learn to do, to use, to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong. Culture Shock: The reaction people may have when encountering cultural traditions different from their own. Culture Universal: Forms or patterns for resolving the common, basic, human problems that are found in all cultures. Culture universals include the division of labor, the incest taboo, marriage, the family, rites of passage, and ideology. Material Culture: All the things human beings make and use, from small handheld tools to skyscrapers. Non-Material Culture: The totality of knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules for appropriate behavior that specifies how people should interact and how people may solve their problems. Norms: Specific rules of behavior that are agreed upon and shared within a culture to prescribe limits of acceptable behavior. Mores: Strongly held norms that usually have a moral connotation and are based on the central values of the culture. Folkways: Norms that permit a rather wide degree of individual interpretation as long as certain limits are not overstepped. Folkways change with time and vary from culture to culture. Ideal Norms: Expectations of what people should do under perfect conditions. The norm that marriage will last “until death do us part” is an ideal norm in American society. Real Norms: Norms that allow for differences in individual behavior. Real norms specify how people actually behave, not how they should behave under ideal circumstances. Value: A culture’s general orientations toward life; its notion of what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A hypothesis that argues that the language a person uses determines his or her perception of reality. Cultural Lag: A situation that develops when new patterns of behavior conflict with traditional values. Cultural lag can occur when technological change...

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...﻿Chapter One:
Each perspective uniquely explains society, social forces, and human behavior. “Functionalist perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system” (16). They say that the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations (16). I believe that our society has to have certain people, things, and parts to function properly. This is where the functionalism would come in. We need one thing to keep the other things going. Each part that is contributed serves as a function and provides stability for the society. Our societies develop certain things or institutions to make the society stronger as a whole; helping the society survive and not fail. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy. If anything bad were to happen to one of these institutions, all other parts would be affected and the system would no longer function properly (16). One criticism that functionalism faces is suicide. Sometimes people feel like that it wouldn’t matter, or no one would notice, that they were gone; so they kill themselves. The society needs to think of a way where everybody can feel like they are needed to keep the society stable.
Conflict perspectives is the “sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged and continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources” (17). People of this perspective view social life as a competition with social groups....

...Chapter 4 - Culture: Its Unity and Diversity
CULTURE
* People’s beliefs with regard to dressing, food and cooking, love and courtship, marriage practices, ways of worshipping God, earning a living, leisure time activities, etc.
* Behaviour patterns peculiar to a group of people comprise what sociologists and other social s scientists call Culture.
CONCEPT OF CULTURE
* Popular view of culture
It includes activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes. This includes rock music, spectator sports movies, and TV soap operas.
* Hicks and Gynne (1994:313) concept about culture
Culture can also refer to expressive culture which includes plastic and graphic arts, such as sculptures and painting, and language when utilized as an artistic medium.
* Sociologists and Anthropologists concept about culture
-It refers to the total distinctive way of life or designs for living of any society.
* Weinstein (1996-82) concept about culture
It is a human invention that has a fundamental role in the population’s adaptation to its environment.
* Stark (1998:64) concept about culture
It is the sum total of human creations, intellectual, technical, artistic, physical and moral.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
* Sociologists define society as a group of people occupying a geographical territory, with a common culture, and interacting with each other.
* Functionalists consider...

...﻿Franklin Henry Giddings, Ph.D., LL.D. (March 23, 1855 – June 11, 1931) was an American sociologist and economist, born at Sherman, Connecticut. He graduated from Union College (1877). For ten years, he wrote items for the Springfield, Massachusetts Republican and the Daily Union. In 1888 he was appointed lecturer in political science at Bryn Mawr College; in 1894 he became professor of sociology at Columbia University. From 1892 to 1905 he was a vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
His most significant contribution is the concept of the consciousness of kind, which is a state of mind whereby one conscious being recognizes another as being of like mind. All human motives organize themselves around consciousness of kind as a determining principle. Association leads to conflict which leads to consciousness of kind through communication, imitation, toleration, co-operation, and alliance. Eventually the group achieves a self-consciousness of its own (as opposed to individual self-consciousness) from which traditions and social values can arise.
Sociology[edit]
The mechanics of society fall under two general groups: social statics and social dynamics. Social dynamics is further divided into social genesis and social telesis. Social telesis may be further divided into individual telesis and collective telesis.[4]
Lester ward
Telesis: Progress consciously planned and produced by intelligently directed...

...Society:
MacIver : “Society is a web of social relationship, which is always changing.”
Morris Ginsberg: “ A society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior”.
In short, the state of dynamic equilibrium of inter-relationship between different parts of human group and people can be defined as society.
Characteristics of society:
1. Society consists of people:
2. Society implies interdependence
3. Society depends on likeness
4. Society rests on differences too
5. Society is dynamic
Society and business administration Relationship:
* Society is divided into pre-industrial and industrial society which itself indicates the relationship between society and business administration.
* Looking at the various perspective: shareholders/managers
: Consumers
: Employees
Society and business administration Examples:
* Products are developed by an organization by focusing a prominent society. Products developed for people of Nepal will be different than the products developed for the people of America. We can see these differences of the products from one community to another all over the globe.
Community:
Ogburn &amp; Nimkoff: “ A Community is a group or collection of groups that inhabits locality.”
E.S. Bogardus: “community is a social group with some degree of ‘we feeling’ and living in a given...

...﻿‘’Children require only culture to become fully human, genes mean nothing’’. How far do you agree with this statement?.
Culture is a certain type of civilisation of shared meanings, norms, values and roles of a society or group of a certain race or nation. Culture is in support of the nurture side of the nature-nurture argument. The nurture side of the debate states that people are influenced with how they dress, to even their actions by the surroundings they are brought up in as well as the people in their lives. However the nature side of the nature-nurture debate believes that people are how they are because of their DNA and genetics, therefore their personality and everything they do is believed to be already genetically wired into them from the moment they are born. Therefore the nature-nurture debate is the argument between what affects how people live their lives, how they look, their beliefs, their personality etc.
Children require culture to become fully human due to the fact that when in certain cases children were not given primary and secondary socialisation by humans and instead by animals, they did not know how to behave like humans. For example John Ssabunnya ‘monkey boy’ who was abandoned at the age of 2 and the only socialisation for him was with monkeys. Due to the fact that he only had limited socialisation and only with monkeys, he was found doing everything that only monkeys would do at the age of 14 was when he was discovered. Therefore even though...

...Jamari Omene-Smith
Introduction to Sociology/Final Reflection Paper
* Part 1
Sociology, the scientific study of social groups (Chapter 1 Module 1), focuses primly on how our social relationships not only influence our behavior but the development of society as a whole. Sociologists analyze social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behavior, sociologists study everything from specific events (the micro level of analysis of small social patterns) to the “big picture” (the macro level of analysis of large social patterns). The pioneering European sociologists, however, also offered a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society and its workings. Their views form the basis for today's theoretical perspectives which provide sociologists with a concrete framework of philosophical positions for asking certain kinds of questions about society and its people.
Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: Interactionist, Functionalist, and Conflict (Chapter 1 Module 3). These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. The Functionalist perspective views each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. An example of this is could...

...﻿The role and importance of Sociology
Through the study of Sociology we hope that students will become informed and active citizens who are fully aware of the complex nature of social life and differentiation in society. The study of Sociology allows students to:
Be confident about their own personal identity
Learn to express their beliefs and values with conviction
Appreciate the role they play in society and how they can influence the lives of others
Develop an appreciation of different cultures and learn to respect different lifestyle choices
Apply the principle of equality in their interaction with others and be sensitive to prejudice
Develop ethical and moral values that help bind society
Understand how public perception can shape government policy and how social institutions and legislation in turn can influence people’s lives
Understand the nature of political processes and the significance of participation in democracy
We hope that through discussion, debate and the exploration of sociological themes and concepts students will develop the confidence and interpersonal skills they need to become thoughtful listeners and active participants at various levels of society.
Importance of Sociology
A sociological look at the world provides a number of unique benefits and perspectives.
Sociology provides an understanding of social issues and patterns of behavior. It...

...Humanities – Introduction to Sociology
Lecture 5: Culture
Unfortunately, there is no simple answer to the question of what is culture. Culture is a complicated phenomenon to understand because it is both distinct from but clearly associated with society. Also, different definitions of culture reflect different theories or understandings, making it difficult to pin down exact definitions of the concept. Generally speaking, the following elements of social life are considered to be representative of human culture: "stories, beliefs, media, ideas, works of art, religious practices, fashions, rituals, specialized knowledge, and common sense" (Griswold 2004:xvi). Yet, examples of culture do not, in themselves, present a clear understanding of the concept of culture; culture is more than the object or behavior. Culture also includes norms, values, beliefs, or expressive symbols. Roughly, norms are the way people behave in a given society, values are what they hold dear, beliefs are how they think the universe operates, and expressive symbols are representations, often representations of social norms, values, and beliefs themselves (Griswold 2004:3). To summarize, culture encompasses objects and symbols, the meaning given to those objects and symbols, and the norms, values, and beliefs that pervade social life.
‘High’ Culture
Many people today use a concept of culture that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th...