Exam 4

During a lab session in your physical anthropology class, you are asked to look at this tooth under magnification and state the importance of its morphology. A valid answer would be

the ridges on the enamel can be used to figure out how quickly the tooth formed.

the vertical crack can be measured to figure out what this individual ate.

the wear pattern at the tip can determine in what climate this individual lived.

All of the above

the ridges on the enamel can be used to figure out how quickly the tooth formed.

Fossils of H. erectus have been found at which of these sites in Ethiopia:

Bodo

Buia

Bouri

All of the above

all of the above

Paleoanthropologists know that Acheulian hand axes were used to butcher animals because

pieces of hand axes have been found in fossilized hippos.

the wear patterns on ancient tools are similar to those that can be replicated experimentally.

analysis of the blood on the hand axes reveals it is animal rather than human.

All of the above

the wear patterns on ancient tools are similar to those that can be replicated experimentally.

An animal bone such as this one may provide evidence that Homo erectus scavenged for meat if

an Oldowan chopper is found embedded in the bone shaft.

counting the perikymata shows that Homo erectus did not have a fully modern diet.

ancient DNA analysis finds the saliva of both a carnivore and Homo erectus in the marrow canal.

puncture holes from carnivore teeth are found beneath cuts made by manufactured tools.

puncture holes from carnivore teeth are found beneath cuts made by manufactured tools.

The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to

material culture and tool use.

environmental degradation in Africa.

language capabilities.

All of the above

material culture and tool use

The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is

lack of disease.

access to animal protein.

need to see over tall grasses.

All of the above

access to animal protein.

During excavations at this site in China, researchers found the fossil remains of over 40 hominids.

Zhoukoudian

Majuangou

Gongwangling

Zhu

Zhoukoudian

H. erectus’s brain increased about ________ compared to H. habilis’s.

30%

75%

100%

200%

30%

Paleoanthropologists have found stone tool marks on Homo erectus bones, and this bit of information has been spun on TV as “cannibal hominids.” A valid criticism of this sensationalistic conclusion is

the teeth of predators can make marks identical to those of stone tools.

contemporaneous Australopithecus anamensis may have made the cuts, and cannibalism implies within-species meat eating.

the tool marks only indicate that flesh was removed, not whether it was consumed.

All of the above

the tool marks only indicate that flesh was removed, not whether it was consumed.

Your roommate, a staunch vegetarian, argues that eating meat is unhealthy. You counter this argument by noting that the latest research in paleoanthropology suggests that

cattle were healthier in ancient times, with no evidence of diseases such as tuberculosis.

we might not be the tall, big-brained humans we are today had our hominid ancestors not eaten meat.

our hominid ancestors did not eat much meat but had life expectancies only up to age 40–50.

All of the above

we might not be the tall, big-brained humans we are today had our hominid ancestors not eaten meat.

The first hominid species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was

A. anamensis.

A. afarensis.

H. habilis.

H. erectus.

H. erectus.

Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because

it had a large chewing complex.

it could walk on two legs.

it had a larger brain.

All of the above

it had a larger brain

This skull shows some of the characteristics of H. erectus, including a long cranium, low forehead, large brow ridges, and

large face.

small braincase.

sagittal keel.

large teeth.

sagittal keel

H. erectus’s change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates

retention of climbing and brachiating abilities.

fully modern bipedal locomotion.

a life spent in the trees.

quadrupedal walking.

fully modern bipedal locomotion.

If a fully clothed Nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of New York City, which feature would indicate that he was not a modern human?

His large teeth

His height

The way he walked

None of the above

none of the above

Evidence of tool use in H. habilis includes

muscle markers on the hand bones.

stone tools present in fossil sites.

expanding brain size.

All of the above

all of the above

It is possible that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished because of

cannibalism.

bipedal locomotion.

habitat changes.

All of the above

habitat changes

A H. erectus specimen from Turkey dating to about 500,000 yBP demonstrates the antiquity of _______________, a disease still prevalent today.

tuberculosis

leprosy

syphilis

smallpox

tuberculosis

An evolutionary argument for why women today need assistance in giving birth may be that

the large brains of Homo sapiens infants necessitate a different pattern of childbirth events than seen in earlier hominids and primates.

the shape of the female pelvic inlet and outlet are incompatible with fully modern bipedalism.

primates’ larger shoulders help make way for the head, resulting in an easier delivery.

the shortened labor stage of human childbirth means the infant arrives quickly and without warning.

the large brains of Homo sapiens infants necessitate a different pattern of childbirth events than seen in earlier hominids and primates.

H. erectus was originally known as

Java man.

Peking man.

Pithecanthropus erectus.

All of the above

all of the above

If you wanted to know what the landscape was like when Homo erectus walked Earth a million years ago, you might try to find evidence by studying

the fossilized bones of contemporaneous local animals.

microorganisms from the ocean floor.

the plants available for Homo erectus to consume.

All of the above

all of the above

Evidence of fire use at Zhoukoudian included

burned plants.

charcoal.

burned animal bones.

All of the above

all of the above

You come across a website that states Homo rudolfensis was a slightly larger version of Homo erectus found in Canada in the eighteenth century. Based on your knowledge of physical anthropology, though, you know that this website is bunk because

Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis are the same species.

only Homo sapiens reached North America.

fossil hominids were not found until the nineteenth century.

All of the above

all of the above

These stone tools made by H. erectus belong to the ___________ tool complex.

Oldowan

Acheulian

Mousterian

Solutrean

Acheulian

This early researcher’s scientific approach to the origin of humans, searching for fossils to test his hypothesis rather than comparative animal anatomy, helped create the discipline of paleoanthropology.

Dubois

Darwin

Haeckel

Huxley

Dubois

__________ H. erectus were more robust than ___________ H. erectus.

Asian / European

African / Asian

European / African

African / North American

African/Asian

Modern human traits including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture first show up in:

Homo erectus.

Homo sapiens.

Neandertals.

Homo habilis.

homo habilis

Fossil evidence of cut marks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:

meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.

meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

none of the above

meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:

had a narrower range of functions.

used fewer raw materials.

were characterized by fewer tool types.

required more learning and skill to produce.

required more learning and skill to produce.

Eugène Dubois found fossils of this species in Southeast Asia:

Australopithecus afarensis.

Homo sapiens.

Homo habilis.

Homo erectus.

Homo erectus

The Daka Member, Ethiopia is a prime example of:

the utility of material culture to manipulate the environment.

the importance of environmental reconstruction for better understanding of hominid fossils.

how fire affected digestion in early hominids.

all of the above

the importance of environmental reconstruction for better understanding of hominid fossils.

Fossil evidence for the earliest members of the genus Homo have been found from:

0.5–present.

2.5–1.0 mya.

4.0–3.0 mya.

none of the above

2.5–1.0 mya.

Classic Homo erectus cranial features include all of the following EXCEPT:

thick cranial bones.

large browridges.

rounded skull.

sagittal keel.

rounded skull

According to the text, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa was:

A major shift by Homo habilis to new environments was characterized by:

dietary shift.

tool use for obtaining and processing food.

big game hunting.

use of marine resources.

tool use for obtaining and processing food.

Eugène Dubois was unique among major evolutionists in the nineteenth century in that he sought to test hypotheses about early human ancestors with:

fossil evidence.

comparative anatomy.

genetics.

archaeological remains.

fossil evidence

Hominid fossils indicate which of the following differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?

H. habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.

H. erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.

H. habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than H. erectus.

H. erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than H. habilis.

H. erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.

Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in having

a high, vertical forehead.

a mental eminence.

no occipital bun.

All of the above

a mental eminence.

Fossils found in a cave at Gran Dolina, Spain, show evidence of

speaking ability.

pottery production.

cannibalism.

All of the above

cannibalism

Neandertal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraq provide the first evidence of

care for the injured.

cannibalism.

speaking ability.

All of the above

care for the injured

Evidence that ancient hominids practiced cannibalism comes from

Gran Dolina, Spain.

Krapina, Croatia.

Moula-Guercy, France.

All of the above

all of the above

Neandertals were well-adapted to cold, owing to body changes such as

large, wide noses.

short, wide bodies.

short limbs.

All of the above

all of the above

The Out of Africa model of modern human origins states thatmodern humans

spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

stayed in Africa.

spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states that

modern humans left Africa and killed all the other H. sapiens populations they found.

gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.

Neandertals and modern humans never interbred, staying in their respective regions.

modern humans originated in Europe and spread to Africa and Asia.

gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.

The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that

H. sapiens is an evolutionary dead end.

gene flow is not important in understanding where humans originated.

Neandertals can still be found today in Europe.

modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neandertals.

sapiens is an evolutionary dead end.

modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neandertals.

Early modern humans moved into North and South America because of

population increase.

competition for food.

climate change.

All of the above

all of the above

The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 40,000 yBP, were found at

Borneo.

Tasmania.

Lake Mungo.

Kow Swamp.

Lake Mungo.

Modern humans likely migrated to the Americas via

walking across the Bering land bridge.

rafts of vegetation from Africa.

walking into South America at Patagonia.

None of the above

walking across the Bering land bridge.

Modern humans migrated into North America around

50,000 yBP.

15,000 yBP.

5,000 yBP.

500 AD.

15,000 yBP

One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the

Acheulian hand axe.

Oldowan single-edge chopper.

Folsom fluted point.

Mousterian flint flake.

Folsom fluted point.

The Hobbit skeleton found on the Indonesian island of Flores has been interpreted as

an offshoot of H. erectus based on the size of the cranium.

a new species based on the morphology of the wrist bones.

a fake, based on the australopithecine-like brain.

a monkey, based on the presence of a tail.

a new species based on the morphology of the wrist bones.

Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in their

inability to speak.

careless treatment of the dead.

small cranial capacity.

None of the above

none of the above

During your internship with the Medical Examiner s Office, you observe the ME attempt to identify an unknown individual based on skeletal remains. The ME asserts confidently that the deceased was of Asian or Native American ancestry. How does she know this, based only on the skeleton?

The individual has shovel-shaped incisors, a heritable trait often found in East Asians and their descendants.

The occipital bun indicates that this person was not as highly evolved as Caucasians.

The individual s diminutive stature suggests s/he was actually Homo floresiensis, a species known only from Indonesia.

The facial structure of this person indicates s/he lived in a hot, dry climate

The individual has shovel-shaped incisors, a heritable trait often found in East Asians and their descendants.

A valid critique of the Out of Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is that

dietary specialization would not have allowed Homo sapiens to leave Africa.

Africa has greater genetic diversity than Europe.

there was gene flow between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens.

All of the above

there was gene flow between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens.

While watching a television program on Neandertal origins, you hear molecular geneticist Matthias Krings state that mtDNA analysis found two dozen base pairs were different between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans, indicating we are not related to Neandertals. Your roommate asks you if this is true, and you reply that

molecular geneticists are not qualified to talk about human origins because they lack information about the fossil record.

the mtDNA analysis is true but testing of nuclear DNA has found some similarities between Neandertals and modern humans.

there is no genetic or cultural evidence that Neandertals were anything like modern humans.

All of the above

the mtDNA analysis is true but testing of nuclear DNA has found some similarities between Neandertals and modern humans.

A valid critique of the Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans can be found in the fossil record, which shows that

modern variation originated in Africa based on the Herto skeleton.

Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens are not anatomically similar.

the Gran Dolina skeletons from Spain were cannibals.

All of the above

modern variation originated in Africa based on the Herto skeleton.

When they were first found, Neandertals were depicted as stupid, hairy, knuckle-dragging brutes. Evidence that refutes this depiction includes

the limb positioning of the La-Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal.

the hyoid bone of the Kebara Neandertal.

the 1,740cc brain of the Amud Neandertal.

All of the above

all of the above

The wear pattern on the teeth of this Shanidar 1 Neandertal indicates

he used his teeth like a third hand.

his poor diet caused his enamel to weaken and disintegrate.

he retained at least one ape-like characteristic.

All of the above

he used his teeth like a third hand

This cave wall in Chauvet, France, shows

the pictographic communication system of Neandertals.

that early modern Homo sapiens were creating art as early as 30,000 years ago.

animals that were eaten by Homo erectus.

None of the above

that early modern Homo sapiens were creating art as early as 30,000 years ago.

Which of these tools indicates that H. sapiens began eating a new type of food?

Chopper

Flake

Harpoon

Spear

Harpoon

Some people think the reconstruction of Kennewick Man s skull looks a bit like Patrick Stewart, the actor who played Captain Picard on Star Trek. The cranial morphology of Kennewick Man, however, shows

a long and narrow skull indicating a direct line to modern Native Americans.

a robust face and jaws that are not found in modern European men.

worn teeth generally associated with modern African women.

None of the above

a robust face and jaws that are not found in modern European men.

According to this chart, domestication

started in Africa and ended in Asia.

occurred earlier in Asia than in Africa.

began in the northern part of North America and spread south.

never came to South America.

occurred earlier in Asia than in Africa.

The treponematoses are a category of disease that include

leprosy.

syphilis.

hookworm.

periostitis.

syphilis

You find a cache of skeletons from an agricultural site in the United States. What would you expect to see in the cross section of the femur?

An increase in the size because of hard work associated with farming

A decrease in the size because farming is less stressful than hunting

I would want to know more about the geographic location of the site, because different kinds of food production can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the size.

None of the above

I would want to know more about the geographic location of the site, because different kinds of food production can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the size.

An increase in dental caries in North America came about because of the increase in consumption of

wheat.

corn.

rice.

sugar.

corn

The shift from foraging to farming is associated with the time period called the

Paleolithic.

Chalcolithic.

Mesolithic.

Neolithic.

Neolithic

Modern humans have misaligned teeth because of

the development of agriculture.

the invention of pottery.

a change in muscle and bone in the jaw.

All of the above

all of the above

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists have higher rates of

periosteal reactions.

enamel hypoplasias.

dental caries.

All of the above

all of the above

One of the advantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation is

the elimination of disease.

the ability to feed a larger number of people.

the increase in biodiversity of plants.

All of the above

the ability to feed a large number of people

Modern human evolution has been marked by a(n) ______________ in the size of the face and jaw and a(n) ______________ in cultural complexity.

decrease / stasis

increase / decrease

decrease / increase

stasis / increase

decrease/increase

Which of these locations is most likely to have people suffering from a variety of infectious diseases?

Icehouses in the Arctic

Lean-to dwellings in the jungle

An isolated mountain cave

Closely packed slums

closely packed slums

While reading an article for your archaeology class, you come across a section in which the author lays out a claim for the dolichocephalic Mesolithic foragers being replaced by the brachycephalic agriculturalists in Nubia. This claim that “short-headed” people came in and replaced all the “long-headed” people is likely false because

short-headed people would have been at an evolutionary disadvantage.

craniofacial changes can be attributed to long-term changes in diet rather than to wholesale population replacement.

long-headed people were more successful at combat because of their anatomical characteristics.

All of the above

craniofacial changes can be attributed to long-term changes in diet rather than to wholesale population replacement.

Iron-deficiency anemia can result from

dietary stress.

parasites.

both a and b.

neither a nor b.

both a and b

Disadvantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation include

an increase in interpersonal violence.

the lack of a surplus food supply.

the inability of agriculture to feed a large number of people.

All of the above

an increase in interpersonal violence.

In a biology class, your friend had to read Jared Diamond’s essay The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race, which details the drawbacks of sedentary life and agriculture. Your friend wants to know why humans continued to farm in the face of disease and other issues. You reply that

agriculture led to an increase in peaceful relations between groups because there was less competition for food.

having reliable access to food and being able to produce more calories per unit of land available led to population increase.

farming for food was better for the environment than was hunting and gathering.

All of the above

having reliable access to food and being able to produce more calories per unit of land available led to population increase.

While washing bones at your internship in the physical anthropology lab, you come across these vertebrae. In your notes, you write that

this individual suffered from osteoarthritis in his/her lower back.

this person engaged in a lot of physical activity in his/her life.

this individual was more likely a hunter-gatherer than an agriculturalist.

All of the above

all of the above

Diseases that continue to plague modern humans because of overcrowding include all of the following except

caries.

measles.

flu.

smallpox.

caries

With all the disadvantages to farming, why did humans continue to do so?

It allowed women to bear more children.

It allowed them freedom to move when they wanted to.

It made them grow taller.

It reduced their disease load.

it allowed women to bear more children

Domesticated C3 plants include all of the following except

wheat.

barley.

corn.

rice.

corn

You are interested in tracking the spread of maize agriculture throughout the eastern United States, so your professor suggests that you might want to study human skeletons and look into

stable isotope analysis of carbon.

the rate of dental caries.

frequencies of iron-deficiency anemia.

All of the above

all of the above

The defects shown in these teeth are called ________________, which tell anthropologists that the individual underwent stress episodes, likely caused by nutritional deficiencies or diseases.

hypoplasias

anemias

hyperostosis

cribra orbitalia

hypoplasias

Plant domestication brought with it the invention of

alcohol.

bacon.

candy.

dairy.

alcohol

Given this cranium of an adolescent, you might suggest that the cause of death was

an untreated parasitic infection.

osteoarthritis from overuse of the skeleton.

ritual killing and subsequent cannibalism.

a treponemal disease, such as congenital syphilis.

an untreated parasitic infection.

Many of the bones from the prehistoric Cowboy Wash site in Colorado show evidence of cannibalism. Dr. Larsen suggests that environmental stresses may have led to a reduction in agricultural yields, causing a surge in interpersonal conflict over land. This is certainly not the only explanation for cannibalism, however, because

eating meat was necessary for human evolution, and eating human meat sped up the process.

cannibalism is a modern phenomenon engaged in by psychopaths.

evidence of cannibalism is found long before the advent of agriculture.

All of the above

evidence of cannibalism is found long before the advent of agriculture.

Your mother points out to you a magazine article that says that better nutrition is the reason modern Americans are taller than Americans of two centuries ago. You tell her that

while this is true, other factors such as a reduction in infectious diseases also contribute to the increase in height.

this is not true, because the obesity epidemic has started to make Americans shorter.

the truth is that we are far less healthy than we were when agriculture first began.

All of the above

while this is true, other factors such as a reduction in infectious diseases also contribute to the increase in height.

Greenhouse gases include all of the following except

neon.

carbon dioxide.

methane.

nitrous oxide.

neon

The trend among American males in the past 150 years is for an increase in height as a result of ______________ and an increase in weight as a result of ______________.

genetic admixture / nutrition

osteoporosis / calcium intake

nutrition / overnourishment

overnourishment / muscle mass

nutrition / overnourishment

Global warming

is quite recent.

is the result of trapped CO2 in the atmosphere.

can trace the seeds of its origin back to the agricultural revolution.

All of the above

all of the above

The World Health Organization notes that human casualties of global warming will result from climate-sensitive health issues; these include all of the following except

diarrhea.

lung cancer.

malaria.

malnutrition.

lung cancer

Human developments have made possible all of the following except

shorter life expectancy.

improved sanitation.

good medical care.

better quality of life.

shorter life expectancy.

All adults over the age of 40 experience ________________, or age-related bone loss.

osteoarthritis

osteophytes

osteoporosis

osteomalacia

osteoporosis

According to this chart of food consumption in the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1987,

there was a steady decline in cereal consumption.

Russians ate more potatoes in 1985 than in 1965.

an increase in red meat consumption was triggered by an influx of cows to Russia in 1964.

sugar consumption didn’t change in this period.

there was a steady decline in cereal consumption.

While babysitting your young cousin, you let her dig up part of your mom’s vegetable garden. Your mom complains that your cousin has destroyed part of her garden, but you insist that you are helping her because

dirt contains trace minerals that are important for your cousin to ingest or absorb.

she will not learn how to hold a spoon until she learns to hold a shovel.

increased exposure to microbes in dirt may decrease her chance of having allergies.

she needs to play with dirt so she does not grow up to think it is disgusting.

increased exposure to microbes in dirt may decrease her chance of having allergies.

Stable isotopes of oxygen can reveal information about

composition of the diet.

human migration.

temperature change.

All of the above

temperature change

Scientists predict that climate change will cause

flooding in the American Midwest.

the sea level to rise over peninsula Florida.

tsunamis in China.

desertification of the Nile River in Egypt.

the sea level to rise over peninsula Florida.

The Dust Bowl, seen here, was caused in the 1930s by

cold spells.

heavy rains.

soil overuse.

abandonment of fields.

soil overuse

Being obese predisposes a person to

lung cancer.

diabetes.

malaria.

All of the above

diabetes

What is contributing to the increasing trend in allergies in the United States?

Poor diet

Antibiotics

Pollution

All of the above

all of the above

This chart of hip fractures shows that

the rate of hip fractures has remain unchanged from 1966 to 1986.

women in Hong Kong had more fractures in 1985 than in 1966.

British women had low rates of hip fractures in 1986.

the Chinese diet is traditionally low in calcium.

women in Hong Kong had more fractures in 1985 than in 1966.

Your younger brother is writing a report on climate change and asks you what evidence there is that Earth is getting warmer. You reply that

glaciers and other ice masses have decreased by up to 85%.

scientists have recorded a spike in temperature in the last century.

high amounts of the isotope 18O in ice cores suggest the last 50 years were the warmest ever.

All of the above

all of the above

You hear on the news that global warming is a recent phenomenon caused by the rise of motor vehicles in the last 100 years. You know this is not quite true, though, because

places without cars are also getting warmer.

motor vehicles did not start contributing to global warming until the invention of SUVs.

the warming trend actually began with the agricultural revolution.

All of the above

the warming trend actually began with the agricultural revolution.

If you wanted to live in the most healthy environment possible, you may choose to move to

the desert of Sudan.

rural Kansas.

downtown Mumbai, India.

All of the above

rural Kansas.

More than __________ of the world’s population lives in cities, and ___________ of these people live in overcrowded slums, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of a changing climate.

half / one-quarter

one-quarter / one-third

one-third / all

three-quarters / half

half / one-quarter

If you were to interpret this chart of temperature over the last century, you would say that

an ice age in the later part of the ninetenth century kept temperature down.

global warming is not true because there are clear dips in the graph.

on the whole, Earth’s temperature has increased over the last century.

All of the above

on the whole, Earth’s temperature has increased over the last century.

Your instructor asks you to draw some conclusions from this chart of the increase in obesity in the last decade. You write that

there is a significant sex disparity in obesity in Brazil and Nauru.

urban dwellers are more likely to be obese than those who live in rural locations.

populations around the world are affected by an increase in obesity.

All of the above

all of the above

Our environment is affected by

an increasing population.

development of new technology.

climate change.

All of the above

all of the above

Mutation and selection for light skin, which is useful for absorbing ultraviolet rays and producing vitamin D in northern latitudes, likely occurred in the last

10,000 yBP.

50,000 yBP.

100,000 yBP.

1,000,000 yBP.

10,000 yBP

About ______________ of American adults and ____________ of American children are overweight or obese.

three-quarters / one-half

one-half / one-quarter

one-quarter / two-thirds

two-thirds / one-fifth

two-thirds / one-fifth

Approximately what fraction of the world’s population currently suffers from malnutrition?

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/6

1/6

Over winter break, your family is sitting around talking about how cold it is outside. Your grandmother says that global warming would be quite welcome right about now. You, however, tell your family that considerable problems could befall humans should global warming continue, such as

the extinction of numerous animal species.

the destruction or loss of crops leading to mass shortages and starvation.

an increase in wildly variable temperatures, leading to deaths from heat waves and cold snaps.

All of the above

all of the above

After conducting genetic analysis of a newly found fossil of an early modern Homo sapiens, you find that several nucleotide sequences are the same as those documented in Neandertals. You know that this:

suggests that the only possible explanation for the origins of modern humans is the out-of-Africa theory.

can be used as evidence to support both the out-of-Africa model and assimilation models for modern human origins.

is evidence that supports assimilation and multiregional evolution models for modern human evolution.

provides evidence that none of the working models of modern human origins are appropriate based on the gene flow documented in these results.

is evidence that supports assimilation and multiregional evolution models for modern human evolution.

Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:

50,000 yBP.

25,000 yBP.

15,000 yBP.

5,000 yBP.

15,000 yBP

Fossil remains of archaic Homo sapiens:

occur only in Europe and Asia.

show a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.

are dated to the late Pliocene.

are often found with Oldowan stone tools.

show a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.

The distinctive fluted spear points used by early Native Americans (Paleoindians) to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals are:

Mousterian points.

Solutrean blades.

Levallois flakes.

Folsom points

Folsom Points

This type of stone tool traditionally marks the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic.

cleaver

chopper

flake

blade

Blade

Which of the following statements concerning Homo sapiens is FALSE?

The oldest Homo sapiens fossils are close to 200,000 years old.

The earliest Homo sapiens fossils are associated with cave art and other symbolic archeological remains.

Molecular studies demonstrate that Homo sapiens are all fairly similar genetically.

This is the only hominid species with a well-defined chin.

The earliest Homo sapiens fossils are associated with cave art and other symbolic archeological remains.

Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules predict anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These results are evident in:

the limb and trunk proportions of Neandertals.

the limb and trunk proportions of modern human populations.

the limb and trunk proportions of most mammals.

all of the above

all of the above

Which modern human population exhibits the greatest genetic diversity today?

Native Americans

sub-Saharan Africans

Aboriginal Australians

East Asians

sub-Saharan Africans

Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools, usually associated with Neandertals, are called the:

Mousterian.

Gravettian.

Solutrean.

Acheulean.

Mousterian.

The archeological period in Europe starting about 35,000 yBP, marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art, is called the:

later Stone Age.

Upper Paleolithic period.

Neolithic period.

Eurocentric period.

Upper Paleolithic period.

While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and flakes have been removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely to be:

a prepared core typically of prehistoric modern humans that inhabited this region.

an example of the Levallois technique of Homo erectus.

a completed tool that is similar to those you have seen from the Solutrean toolkit.

Which model of modern human origins would predict the likely discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils?

out-of-Africa

multiregional continuity

assimilation

None of these models would predict such a discovery.

assimilation

Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are Old World sites that contain the remains of:

Homo erectus.

modern Homo sapiens.

archaic Homo sapiens.

Neandertals.

archaic Homo sapiens.

The Paleoindian skull from Kennewick, in Washington State:

was recovered from an elaborate burial.

represents an early Eskimo population.

looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls.

is about 3,000 years old.

looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls.

According to John Relethford, the most likely reason for modern-looking people to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene was:

disease.

loss of food supply.

climate change.

rapid population growth.

rapid population growth.

The middle Pleistocene archaic Homo sapiens is credited with inventing:

prepared core “points” that may have been hafted to spear shafts.

the Acheulean tradition.

cave art.

the alphabet.

prepared core “points” that may have been hafted to spear shafts

The region of the Levant that contains more than fifty archaeological sites documenting the development of early farming villages in the Middle East is called:

the Arable Terrace.

the Indus Valley.

the Fertile Crescent.

the French Connection.

the Fertile Crescent.

Which of the following is NOT an infectious disease?

AIDS

tuberculosis

Ebola

diabetes

diabetes

Dental caries increased in some areas where agriculture began, due to an increase in the consumption of:

nuts.

starchy carbohydrates.

seeds.

animal protein.

starchy carbohydrates.

Osteoarthritis is a skeletal disorder most easily seen on:

joint surfaces.

bone shafts.

the skull.

the ribs.

joint surfaces.

Regarding the Neolithic, which of the following is TRUE?

It is believed to have occurred first in Europe.

It is characterized by small, settled villages where the domestication of plants and/or animals took place.

It occurred in one place initially, then spread everywhere else.

It occurred first approximately 25,000 yBP.

It is characterized by small, settled villages where the domestication of plants and/or animals took place.

Scientists who study plant remains in the archaeological record are:

paleontologists.

paleoethnobotanists.

ethnologists.

zooarchaeologists

paleoethnobotanists.

The large jaws of gorilla species, in addition to a sagittal crest, provide support for:

the temporalis-functional hypothesis used to describe variation and adaptation in human skulls.

the masticatory-functional hypothesis used to describe variation and adaptation in human skulls.

the masticatory-functional hypothesis which suggests that soft foods result in large jaw size.

none of the above

the masticatory-functional hypothesis used to describe variation and adaptation in human skulls.

Hookworm infestation of the human intestine can lead to a form of:

cancer.

anemia.

heart disease.

measles.

anemia

More than 20% of all calories consumed by people today comes from:

millet.

rice.

sorghum.

corn.

rice

Greater reduction in jaw size relative to tooth size during the Holocene has led to greater incidence of:

dental crowding.

cavities.

root canal procedures.

gum disease.

dental crowding.

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?

Violence increased.

Violence decreased.

Violence stayed about the same.

It is difficult or even impossible to determine the level of violence from only the bones.

Violence increased.

The invasion of spongy bone into the eye sockets as a response to anemia is called:

hyperosteitis.

trabeculitis.

orbital arthritis.

cribra orbitalia.

cribra orbitalia.

Swollen and bowed shin bones (tibiae) and cranial cavitations are often caused by diseases called:

treponematoses.

smallpox.

bubonic plague.

malaria.

treponematoses.

The idea that cranial shape can change within a human population as aresult of dietary change is referred to as the:

masticatory-functional hypothesis.

hard object feeding hypothesis.

masseter-temporalis hypothesis.

morpho-cranial hypothesis.

masticatory-functional hypothesis.

The main byproduct of plant photosynthesis is:

carbon dioxide.

oxygen.

starch.

water.

oxygen

Interpersonal conflict during the Holocene is displayed on human skeletons in the form of:

cut marks on bones.

cranial depression fractures.

cranial puncture wounds.

all of the above

all of the above

Research conducted by Richard Lee found that !Kung hunter-gatherers showed great variation in workload and leisure time. Prior to this research, hunting and foraging was thought to be physically and temporally demanding. Lee’s findings are:

evidence of the importance of the scientific method.

evidence of the importance of hypothesis testing.

evidence of the usefulness of observations and hypothesis generation.

all of the above

all of the above

Reduction of biodiversity:

has few negative impacts for humans.

reduces our ability to produce food.

cannot be slowed.

all of the above

reduces our ability to produce food.

The H2 haplotype on chromosome 17 occurs in about 21% of European women. Natural selection is strongly implicated because:

H2 women are infertile.

H2 women have 3.5% more children than do non-H2 women.

H2 women have 25% more children than do non-H2 women.

H2 women suffer from high rates of tuberculosis.

H2 women have 3.5% more children than do non-H2 women.

Between 1961 and 1987 in the Soviet Union:

disease decreased because of increased access to medical technology.

cardiovascular disease and diabetes increased, linked to a dietary increase of both sugar and red meat.

HIV became a dominant cause of mortality.

none of the above

cardiovascular disease and diabetes increased, linked to a dietary increase of both sugar and red meat.

Life expectancy in the United States has:

increased since 1900, due largely to improvements in medicine and in sanitation.

decreased since 1900, because of fast food and sedentary lifestyles.

not been affected by nutrition.

decreased since 1900, due to a rise in infectious disease.

increased since 1900, due largely to improvements in medicine and in sanitation.

Increases in technology result in all of the following EXCEPT:

alteration in cranial form.

increases in the prevalence of osteoporosis.

decreasingly gracile postcrania.

increases in malocclusions.

decreasingly gracile postcrania.

One major threat from global warming is the flooding of low-lying areas from the melting of glaciers and of polar ice caps. Scientists predict that over centuries sea levels could rise by as much as:

10 m.

4–6 mm.

4–6 m.

none of the above

4-6mm

If human population density continues to increase unabated, by 2050 most nations are expected to see a ____________ reduction in biodiversity:

40%

75%

14%

none of the above

14%

The nutrition transition refers to:

shifts to higher protein diets.

shifts to higher fat, higher carbohydrate diets.

shifts to lower fat, lower carbohydrate diets.

none of the above

shifts to higher fat, higher carbohydrate diets.

Obesity is associated with all of the following health problems EXCEPT:

cardiovascular disease.

Tay-Sachs disease.

diabetes.

sleep disorders

Tay-Sachs disease.

What percentage of the world’s population currently lives in cities?

25%

90%

75%

50%

50%

Global warming affects us through all of the following EXCEPT:

potentially negative impacts on food production.

reduction of disease vectors.

melting ice masses and coastal flooding.

none of the above

reduction of disease vectors.

Among children in rural Oaxaca after the 1960s, shorter, rounder heads and narrower faces are likely related to:

increased intelligence.

higher amounts of protein in the diet.

softer, more processed corn and other foods.

none of the above

softer, more processed corn and other foods.

Since the Civil War period, body weight in the United States has increased because of:

increased height.

more protein in the diet.

increased body fat.

both A and C.

both a and c

According to the text, approximately what percentage of urban populations reside in slums without access to basic sanitation?

10%

75%

40%

25%

25%

Common allergens include all of the following EXCEPT:

dust mites.

cabbage.

dander from animals.

pollen.

cabbage

Evidence for continued biological evolution in humans and in other organisms includes all of the following EXCEPT:

increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis.

high frequencies of the sickle-cell trait in malaria-endemic areas.

technological solutions for coping with climate change.

antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in hospitals.

high frequencies of the sickle-cell trait in malaria-endemic areas.

All adults experience age-related bone loss after about age:

40.

50.

60.

30.

40

Analysis by McKee and colleagues of changes in human growth rates and population density and the effects of those changes on biodiversityindicates:

human population growth rates are correlated with numbers of threatened species.

increases in human population density are strongly correlated with numbers of threatened species.

species extinction rates are not expected to increase with human population densities.

both A and B

increases in human population density are strongly correlated with numbers of threatened species.