Easley, Kelli
Assignment 5
kellieasley@gmail.com[->0]
English 1
America: Land of ChangeAmerica the Promise land, America the Melting Pot, America the land of the free; America was built around the idea of providing a place for freedom from tyranny, freedom from oppression, freedom to expand and explore and prosper. It was first colonized by people not of this land and so began a pattern in human history, a pattern that has sparked a wide and controversial debate around the concept of immigration. Who to let in? How many to accept? From where should they come? What rights may they have once they’re here? What language should they speak? What jobs can they have? These are just a few of the unending questions on immigration asked throughout our history and into our today. No matter the debates occurring around us, immigrates started knocking many, many years ago and for centuries, men, women and children have flooded this country seeking asylum, seeking new beginnings, seeking hope for a better tomorrow, seeking opportunities to provide for family members. These folks may come from many different countries, may be driven by different forces, but they all come with hope. Upon arrival into this glorious and prosperous land, immigrants are asked to forget their language, shed their cultures and traditions, and change the way they talk, look, dress, and think. Their identities are wiped clean and with this purification comes the annihilation of the beauty, history, diversity and vastness of this world. One-way assimilation, the melting pot and forced conformity all succeed in making this world very small and in turn destroying ancient traditions, languages and cultures. As a result of these limiting conceptions that immigrants must give up their language and renounce their own cultures, immigrants have built private, isolated societies based on ethnicity in order to preserve their cultural identities leading only to outlying, disconnected and insulated groups and causing resentments, prejudice and a recognition of differences instead of a search for similarities. Language is so crucial to and indicative of the identity of every ethnicity in existence and with the removal of said language, a very core component of identity is lost. From proper speech to casual slang, communities, cultures and individuals are brought together through dialect; brought together and strengthened with the ancient lines of their respective histories. Therefore, as immigrants “were forbidden to speak their own language”( George M. Fredrickson, “Models of American Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective,”:P.5), a loss of self, a silenced voice and a withdrawal from the formerly safe and protective home front began to occur. In a selection by Richard Rodriguez entitled Public and Private Language, it is the latter problem which occurs, for as the “children learned more and more English, we shared fewer and fewer words with our parents, I no longer knew what words to use in addressing my parents.” ( Richard Rodriguez, “Public and Private Language,” P.4) In representing his fellow Hispanics the author admits at the end, that by assimilating into the English speaking culture of America, Hispanics “suffer a diminished sense of private individuality” ( Richard Rodriguez, “Public and Private Language,” P.6) and in turn lose the close connection at home of family togetherness. Rachel Jones in What’s Wrong With Black English, takes this concept of being forced to leave behind one’s identifying language one step further by expressing an openly hostile attitude towards the African American English. She points out that “it hurts me to hear black children use black English, knowing that they will be at yet another disadvantage.”( Rachel Jones, “What’s Wrong With Black English,” P.3) She uses words such as “hurts” and “disadvantage” in talking about the dialect of her own culture, implying disdain, shame and anger towards the implications of black English,...

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...Worksheet
William Cronon, Changes in the Land
History 2110
Indians
1. How did the Indians occupy the land?
The northern Indians occupied the land much differently from those who lived in the south. The land was drier in the north, and the soil not as fertile, so agriculture was not a main source of subsistence. All Indians relied greatly on mobility throughout the seasons for survival. Those in the south were able to stay in one place for longer however because of the fertility of the soil and its ability to sustain agricultural needs. The women were mostly in charge of these needs, along with starting fires, making mats for wigwams, and caring for children. The fires, which were also more popular in the south, allowed for secondary succession and revitalized soil with nutrients for new plant life. Their purpose was also to clear the land for hunting and in retrospect, created the unique ecological pattern of the land that allowed for so much succession, creating ideal habitats for a host of wildlife species.
2. How did their “occupation” influence the natural development of the landscape?
Selective Indian burning thus promoted the mosaic quality of New England ecosystems, creating forests in many different states of ecological succession. In particular, ‘the edge effect’ enlarged edge areas that actually raised the total herbivorous food supply; they not...

...﻿Changes in the Land
William Cronon
There were many differences between the Colonists of New England and the natives that dwelled there in 1600. Among these many differences three stood out to be of the upmost importance. The Indians developed a life in which they moved with the seasons, they followed the food that was easiest to obtain in that season and environment. The English on the other hand were accustomed to a life which was more stationary, their agriculture was based upon raising crops and domestic animals in a household like production unit, which was contained within fixed property boundaries and was linked to a commercial market. Speaking of a commercial market the most important difference between the Natives and Colonists was the idea of land as a commodity. During the entire colonization of the new world the English constantly referred to the ecosystem as something they could convert to capital. It is hasty to say the Indians did not trade between villages; they did so for different reasons. In most cases village Sachem used trade as a way of obtaining respect or allies, not necessarily for obtaining wealth. The third and final difference between the Indians and colonists was their idea of property. Each Native village hunted, fished, trapped, and planted in the lands that they had for generations, if another village wished to use their land they would negotiate certain usufruct...

...property development is not however unconnected with the increased awareness in making the highest and best use of land resources among competing uses.
According to Balowe (1978) the term ``land`` often mean different things depending upon the content in which it is used and the circumstances under which it is considered.
Land takes a fundamental significance as a commodity in daily use for multi-various purpose over the years; it has influenced and continues to influence the daily lives of Nigerians as expressed in social, economic and political organization of various communities in Nigeria.
However, the property market is an economic mechanism rationing land between competing and occasionally conflicting uses. The mechanism is often modified by State and local Government policies within the context of town planning, social needs and the distribution of income and wealth.
As a means of allocating land between different uses, the market has been criticized to be inefficient because it fails to quickly meet up with the urban land uses particularly in the under-developed world.
In an increasing cosmopolitan city like Lagos, the state Town Planning and the New Town Development Authority faces an uphill task of responding to the need for a total re-zoning of some residential layout like Lekki phase 1 with a view of increasing the values of private and profitable land uses....

...Changes in The Land Review Jesse Mura-Pelkey
Prof. David Deacon 9/28/14
"Changes in the Land" by William Cronon offers countless intimate observations and gatherings regarding the ecology of New England and the encounters between the colonists and the native americans. Cronon interprets and analyzes the different happenings in New England's plant and animal environments that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. As the distant world and inhabitants of Europe were introduced to North America's ecosystem, the boundaries between the two were blurred. Cronon uses an arsenal of evidence to discuss the circumstances that brought upon drastic ecological consequences following European contact with New England. Cronon made use of reports and records in addition to scientific data as evidence for his arguments. Court records, town hall records, descriptions by travelers, surveyor records, etc. proved invaluable to Cronon's arguments. Europeans saw the land from an economic standpoint and tended to focus upon "merchantable commodities", ignoring economically insignificant aspects of nature. Cronon stated that the environment the Europeans first encountered in New England stunned them. Early descriptions were restricted to the coastline, but the accounts all agreed on the astounding level of animal and plant life in New England. The european settlers were not used to so much untamed...

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Cronon, Changes in the land
William Cronon’s Changes in the Land interprets and analyzes the changing circumstances in New England’s plant and animal communities that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. In his thesis Cronon claims, “the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well known to historians—in the ways these peoples organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations—less well known to historians—in the region’s plant and animal communities” (Cronon 15). As the distant world and inhabitants of Europe were gradually introduced to North America’s ecosystem, the boundaries between the two were blurred. In the beginning of his book, Cronon describes changes that occurred in the region between 1600 and 1800. He relies heavily upon the writings of early European visitors to suggest the great variety and abundance of plant and animal life in pre-settlement in New England. He also assigns subsequent inhabitants.
Over time the Europeans impacted ecosystems differently than the pre-colonial relationship between Indians and the land. Cronon discusses the disagreements of Indians and Europeans regarding the uses of natural resources and he outlines different concepts of property. Cronon uses evidence to explain the events that led to the dramatic consequences, following the...

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The text “Changes In The Land” by William Cronon is an accurate depiction of the alteration in ecology in New England during the colonial period. The book carefully describes how the Indians had been influencing their environment in a significant yet sustainable manner many years before the Europeans came to colonize New England. Cronon explains the idea of how commodity shaped the differences between western and native land practices. He has the ability to tell this story from both perspectives in a correct and clearly understandable fashion. He illustrates that the misunderstanding between two races eventually led to the fall of the Indians. Cronon constantly calls upon many records and scientific reports to support his arguments on the changes that occurred in the colonial period in New England. This book demonstrates how humans shape the environment they are in. It provides readers with a great of environmental account that has change the lives of many people.
Natives’ years before landfall and colonization had been shaping the world around them. They lived very nomadic lifestyles that brought them all around the land depending on the seasons and where the food was this lead to a lesser impact on the environment. Many groups of natives did practice agriculture but at a very small scale. They had “practices of burning extensive sections of surrounding forests once or twice a...

...Changes in the Land
Native Americans were some of the first people to live and settle in America, and lived much differently than Europeans. Cabeza de Vaca and William Cronon explain their experiences with Native Americans in Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures in the Unknown Interior of American and Changes in the Land respectively. Their lifestyle was very new and unfamiliar to both de Vaca and Cronon when they arrived in America. Cabeza de Vaca arrived in Southwest America in the sixteenth-century while William Cronon arrived in the New England area of America in the twentieth-century. Even though both of them lived in different time periods and were in different parts of America, there are several similarities and a few differences when they observed and encountered Native Americans.
The Native Americans were nomadic people and traveled frequently according to the seasons and availability of food. In Changes in the Land, Cronon explains that the Native Americans only owned belongings that were essential because they moved around depending on where the food was most abundant (Cronon 54). During the seasonal migrations, a family might carry: clothing, baskets, fishing equipment, a few tools, corn, beans, and smoked meat (Cronon 54). Cabeza de Vaca explains that the Capoques and Han lived by the ocean in small huts. These huts are made of mats and their floors consisted of oyster shells,...

...except change," said philosopher Heraclitus. Others have called change or variety as 'the spice of life'. So, changes (shuffle or reshuffle) in the government from time to time should come as no surprise to anyone, though changes in the political arena are often viewed with suspicion.
Change is in the very nature of being. Every new day is different from the previous day. Body metabolism is one such process as also growth of trees and revolving of planets. Tides come and go. Sometimes a whole river changes its course as was the case with the Saraswati.
The great insight of the enlightened, Gautam the Buddha, was the everything that is, will change and the changed will change further. Hence, one must neither get attached to joy (happiness) because that will pass away; nor get depressed with sorrow (suffering) because that too will pass away. Nothing is really permanent in this world.
Changes can be categorized under two main types. Changes that take place in nature we have little or no control over. We cannot, for instance, switch the time of tides, which anyway, wait for no one. The other kind of change is the one we witness either in political, social or other fields including the area of personal life. These are changes over which one can exercise some degree of control, changes...