Zarya Module

The Zarya Module, also known by the technical term Functional Cargo Block
and the Russian acronym FGB, was the first component launched for the International
Space Station. This module was designed to provide the station's initial
propulsion and power. The 19,323-kilogram (42,600-pound) pressurized module
was launched on a Russian Proton rocket in
November 1998.

Image to right: Zarya approaches the out-of-frame Space Shuttle Endeavour
and the Unity Node during STS-88. The U.S.-funded and Russian-built Zarya
("Sunrise" in Russian) is a U.S. component of the station, although it was
built and launched by Russia. The module was built by the Khrunichev
State Research and Production Space Center, which is also known as KhSC,
in Moscow under a subcontract to The Boeing
Company for NASA. Only weeks after Zarya reached orbit, Space Shuttle Endeavour
made a rendezvous and attached a U.S.-built connecting module called Node
1, or Unity. The Zarya Module provided orientation control, communications,
and electrical power attached to the passive Node 1 while the station awaited
launch of the third component, a Russian-provided crew living quarters and
early station core known as the Zvezda
Service Module. The Service Module enhanced or replaced many functions
of Zarya. The Zarya module is now used primarily for its storage capacity
and external fuel tanks.

The Zarya Module is 12.6 meters (41.2 feet) long and 4.1 meters (13.5 feet
wide) at its widest point. It has an operational lifetime of at least 15
years. Its solar arrays and six nickel-cadmium batteries can provide an
average of 3 kilowatts of electrical power. Its side docking ports accommodate
Russian Soyuz piloted spacecraft and unpiloted Progress resupply spacecraft.
Each of the two solar arrays is 10.7 meters (35 feet) long and 3.4 meters
(11 feet) wide. The module's 16 fuel tanks combined can hold more than 5.4
metric tons (6 tons) of propellant. The attitude control system for the
module includes 24 large steering jets and 12 small steering jets. Two large
engines were available for reboosting the spacecraft and making major orbital
changes before Zvezda arrived.

History

Construction of the Zarya Module began at KhSC in December 1994. It was
shipped to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan,
launch site to begin launch preparations in January 1998. The three-stage
Proton rocket launched the module into a 220.4- by 339.6-kilometer (137-
by 211-statute mile) orbit. During launch, the module's systems were in
an idle mode to conserve battery power. After reaching the initial elliptical
orbit and separating from the Proton's third stage, a set of preprogrammed
commands automatically activated the module's systems and deployed the solar
arrays and communications antennas. Using the Russian Kurs system, the Zarya
performed an automated and remotely piloted rendezvous and docking with
the Service Module in orbit. After several days of operational tests, the
module was commanded to fire its engines and circularize its orbit at an
altitude of about 386.2 kilometers (240 statute miles), the orbit at which
Endeavour made rendezvous and captured the spacecraft to attach it to the
U.S.-built Unity Node.