Year 2012

SHELL companies—which exist on paper only, with no real employees or offices—have legitimate uses. But the untraceable shell also happens to be the vehicle of choice for money launderers, bribe givers and takers, sanctions busters, tax evaders and financiers of terrorism. The trail has gone cold in many a criminal probe because law enforcers were unable to pierce a shell’s corporate veil.

The international standard governing shells, set by the inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force (FATF), is clear-cut. It says countries should take all necessary measures to prevent their misuse, such as ensuring that accurate information on the real (or “beneficial”) owner is available to “competent authorities”. More than 180 countries have pledged to follow it. A study scrutinises the level of compliance worldwide. The results are depressing.

Posing as consultants, the authors asked 3,700 incorporation agents in 182 countries to form companies for them. Overall, 48% of the agents who replied failed to ask for proper identification; almost half of these did not want any documents at all. Contrary to conventional wisdom, providers in tax havens, such as Jersey and the Cayman Islands, were much more likely to comply with the standards than those from the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries. Even poor countries had a better compliance rate, suggesting the problem in the rich world is not cost but unwillingness to follow the rules (see chart). Only ten out of 1,722 providers in America required notarised documents in line with the FATF standard.

Providers were often strikingly insensitive even to clear criminal risks. The authors sent three main types of e-mail: the first from a low-risk alias from a country such as Norway or Australia; the second from a high-corruption-risk individual purporting to work in government procurement in such places as Kyrgyzstan and Equatorial Guinea; the third a terror-financing risk, working for a Muslim charity in Saudi Arabia. Providers were less likely to respond to the corruption category than the low-risk one, but also less likely to ask for identification when they did reply. Finding takers for the terrorist financier was harder, but not impossible: one in every 17 providers was willing to set up an anonymous shell for him.

Informing the incorporators of the international rules they should be following made them no more likely to do so, even when penalties were mentioned. When the undercover authors offered to pay a premium to flout the rules, the rate of demand for identity documents fell precipitously. “Your stated purpose could well be a front for funding terrorism,” one American provider replied—and then indicated he would consider establishing and administering the shell for $5,000 per month.

This study, by far the most thorough of its kind, makes sobering reading for anyone who worries about the link between financial crime and corporate secrecy. OECD countries show little willingness to tackle their own weaknesses and end their hypocrisy. In America, by some measures the least compliant of all, the incorporation-friendly states and business groups opposing reform continue to have the upper hand, despite valiant attempts by Senator Carl Levin to push through legislation that would require the registration of beneficial owners. Movers of dirty money know where the best shells are to be had, and it is not on a Caribbean island.

Tropical island’s and Alpine town’s offshore tax havens have more and more competion in Britain, the US and few European countries. Anonymous shell companies are behind so many crimes and misdemeanours that eliminating them should probably be “a no-brainer”, but today the OECD’s “white list” facilitates the money laundering industry to paint their facades with a new image. It is so easy to set up a company with hidden ownership in Britain and the US that even a dead man can do it: The great thing is that they look more respectable.

Criminals and corrupt politicians have found in offshore havens a tool so perfect that it has permanently changed how business is done in the region. By using offshore laws that stress secrecy over everything else including crime prevention, they have been able to set up networks of offshore companies where they can hide their assets from police, launder their money and evade taxes all at the same time. According to the Tax Justice Network, more than $250 billion is lost each year in tax revenues from wealthy individuals and criminals who hide their money in offshore accounts. That is money that by rights should be going toward better education, health care and infrastructure. On top of that, around $1 trillion — often money that corrupt leaders have stolen — flows out of developing countries into offshore accounts and wealthy banking centres.

Offshore registry firms are one-stop shops that for a fee will do everything from filing tax and annual reports to acting as the director of a client’s company. They often work with a registration firm in the offshore country with connections to local government officials. They may provide proxies to serve as directors. They will help a client issue shares and can find proxy shareholders. They might set up bank accounts. If law enforcement or journalists come sniffing around, the trail often ends with them. They will also help set up companies in other countries that will own, be owned by or work with the client’s company. In this way they set up a network of companies that are seemingly independent — but owned by the same person. This confusing arrangement more thoroughly hides ownership and thwarts accountability. They usually do this over the Internet and within a matter of hours or days and without a question. If they ask for identification, they will almost never verify the information they are given.

Offshore tax havens bring to mind tropical islands or Alpine towns. Today, England, the US and some European countries are replacing the more exotic Caribbean or Indian Ocean Islands as the tax havens of choice. On the Tax Secrecy index, the US state of Delaware is listed as the No. 1 offender by the Tax Justice Network. Delaware earns $700 million per year in company registration fees, a significant part of its budget.

Delaware is becoming the preferred location for organized crime figures and corrupt politicians worldwide. Despite complaints from federal law enforcement officials, congressional testimony, and reports from the Government Accountability Office, procedures in Delaware – and similar processes in other states – still let criminal groups infiltrate the corporate system. Professor Jason Sharman, an expert in offshore havens for the Centre for Governance and Public Policy at Griffith University in Australia agrees: “The US has been pretty robust in making sure that other countries live up to these standards, but they have been lax about applying the same degree of rigor to themselves. It’s nowhere near what the US has signed on to do,” he said. Delaware requires no information on actual ownership when companies fill out incorporating documents. Federal law enforcement agencies complain that this lack of identification makes it difficult at best for investigating suspected wrong-doing.

Criminals simply do not fear a legal crackdown. Hampered by offshore secrecy law enforcement especially in Eastern Europe has no talent working across international boundaries figuring out the real owners of companies cloaked in proxies.

Governments scrutinize the offshore industry and blame it for aiding criminals, but do little about fixing the problem. Organized crime has found common cause with business organizations to squash any efforts to radically change offshore laws. Some countries only pay lip service to efforts to provide greater transparency. Some keep on promising important actions and nothing else.

Serbian fugitive Stanko Subotic registered the planes in Delaware that Italian prosecutors said were used to ferry stacks of illegally earned cash to banks in Cyprus and Liechtenstein. The money was earned, prosecutors say, from tobacco smuggling between the Montenegrin government and the Italian Sacra Corona Unita mafia group.

Fugitive Serbian drug lord Darko Saric, who allegedly tried to move 2.1 tons of cocaine from South America to Montenegro last year, registered many of his companies in Delaware where they are still active.

Marian Iancu, a Romanian businessmen charged with organizing a criminal group by Romania prosecutors, used Delaware based companies in his takeover of a state oil refinery through an alleged corrupt privatization and in its eventual resale to controversial Russian businessman Mikhail Chernoy.

And romanian offshore consultant Laszlo Gyorgy Kiss used Delaware companies to bill Petrom Service in consulting contracts for work that was never done.

Anonymous shell companies are behind so many crimes and misdemeanours that eliminating them should probably be “a no-brainer,” as a US district attorney recently put it. International law enforcement, justice officials and academics agree that knowing who really is reaping the benefits of offshore shell firms is crucial. Jurisdictions must have a way to find out who the really owns companies and a method to close loopholes that make shells operate, such as use of proxies or bearer shares. A major selling point of offshore registry companies, in fact, it that police can’t identify owners. Authorities basically have to ask information from the very people hiding it.We’re operating in this 19th Century manner, yet the money is moving in seconds. It’s long gone. Griffith University Professor Jason Sharman, who last year used Google and $20,000 to find and pay agents to set up anonymous shell companies in 17 jurisdictions, suggested regulating those agents. Sharman recommended that the US and Britain stipulate that agents not be allowed to set up companies unless they themselves know the actual owner and they keep records of that information. Sharman also suggested that the UK and US restrict non-residents from forming shell companies in their countries. “The most acute problem is non-residents setting up ostensibly respectable companies in these jurisdictions and doing crime around the world,” he said. “The great thing about US and British companies is that they look more respectable, and they’re more secret, so you get the best of both worlds. It might raise eyebrows to have a company from any small obscure island, but New York is respectable.” In fact, urisdictions such as Bermuda and the Cayman Islands require far more certified ID from anyone wanting to establish a company or bank account there than do the US states of Nevada and Wyoming, which at the time require no certified ID documents at all. Member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), an international organization that has tried to push for laws to reduce the worst abuses of offshores, should get their own houses in order before pointing fingers at other countries. The OECD’s “white list” is maybe problematic?

Money laundering is a massive global problem. It allows criminals to infuse trillions of dollars of black money into the stream of commerce and business, corrupting financial institutions and officials and at the end the complete economy. It can be stated that, at the beginning of the 21st century, not the banks are the number one targets of the laundries, but in addition to conquest of cyber space their “activities” spread more and more to the global world of general business life, where dozens of companies which are deemed to be unblemished, having seemingly honest business operations can always be found.

Those wanting launder money, always going one step forward in front of the authorities, through the most different money laundering techniques, more and more overlie the still unexploited legal economic opportunities – causing some trillion dollar damages to the world economy – and resulting from it the difference between legal and illegal economy gets smaller and smaller and presumably will be terminated with the time. Today, the laundries make often use of many forms of parallel banking systems. This is facilitated by the globalisation of economy, new internet techniques of virtual currencies and the inability of the authority to combat transnational constructs. In essence, it is inspired by the Knights Templar banking system of about 1000 years ago, with their currencies, transaction systems and fortresses.

The battle is continuous, but as it’s known, the mine of technical achievements and of human ingenuity seems to be everlasting, thus who knows what the future will bring. There are so many money laundering systems existing that it’s difficult to note all of them, but all of them have common features and practically they mean only the endless variations of the same theme: deception of identities and camouflage of money transactions.

Classical techniques of money laundering

In countries where the banking system is underdeveloped yet, the simplest solution is when the criminals take over the control of the given financial institution and realize through it their dirty transactions.

One of the oldest usual method of money laundering, of presentation as legal of illegal money is the purchase of art treasures and jewellery easy to transfer and of stable value. The laundry presents the art treasures and jewellery in question – or rather the money obtained for them – as if they were the estate not found earlier of a deceased relative of him. To avoid denunciation, it’s expedient to sell by public auction the purchased valuable movables and to keep the received coverage certificate. In case of professional laundries it may also happen that they buy themselves the art treasures and jewellery at the auction, and later they sell them again. By so doing the valuables remain and the certificates are also obtained. Although the costs of auction are lost, but a further advantage is that it’s even more difficult clear up the origin of money and the valuables can be sold at a higher price.

The technique of illegal money import is excellent for the initial making disappear of the traces, when the smuggler himself, eventually by making use of a messenger or by international transport brings physically the dirty money to a foreign country where the regulation of money market is less developed and/or the legislation prefers the banking secret. Thereafter, as a result of different financial transactions, the money is mixed with the money of legal origin. Disadvantage of this method is that cash is heavy, therefore is difficult to hide, and has the risk to be stolen or the smuggler gets caught at the customs examination.

One of the simplest methods is the technique of smurfing or nominal partnership. A team of couriers (smurf, nominal partner) places small amount deposits every day in always other financial institutions. All deposits are below the amount which would call the attention of the banks (value below report limit). When the money is drawn later on, the origin can be certified with the documents belonging to it.

To further avoiding of reporting financial transactions, respectively to obliterate the traces indicating them, the split or divided into parts money laundering method is applied. A high amount transaction is divided into many smaller amount transactions.

Many money laundering activities are connected to the gambling too. The laundries legalize their income through casinos in most of the cases. They buy tokens for cash in high amount with the aim to play, but they use only a small part of the tokens or they don’t use them not at all. Then they redeem them and ask for certificate about the “prize”. In case an authority is asking for the origin of the amount, the answer is that it’s originating from gambling. A more perfect method is when the laundries have their own casino. In this case the only to do is to record the dirty money as income of the casino

A primitive but functioning method is to agree with the casino owner in a less developed country about the certificate of a higher amount prize.

In addition to the casinos, the gambling prize can origin from lottery, horse-race or even greyhound racing, as well as from activities outside of betting agencies. In this circle the most traditional method is the buying of the wining ticket. In such a case the lucky winner gets even more money than the prize, from the laundry who obtains this way a fully “legal” income. The main point of the fraud related to horse, respectively greyhound racings is that the race is hustled then the bet is made with “dirty” money for all possible outcomes of the result.

One of the most ingenious solutions is probably the technique of overpayment on tax account. As a result of “incidental procedure error”, the private person or the company effects an overpayment of considerable amount to the competent tax office. Then after observation of the error – following filling in of a self-control form – the overpayment is retransferred by the tax office to the bank account of the “erring” tax payer, and the origin of money is already certified.

The point of self-financing loan (Dutch sandwich) is that the “client” places the dirty money in a foreign country or in a financial haven. After that he transfers the money to a bank in an other country, and then applies for a loan at his own bank, the guaranty, collateral being the deposited money. The bank grants the loan, which will be invested into properties, companies respectively into different financial instruments. In case of any suspicion arisen (e.g. sudden richness) the person concerned can refer without fear to the bank loan. This technique can exploit the different countries’ regulations concerning banking secret.

The point of the technique related to real estate is when the laundry takes mortgage for the real estate from and off-shore company being in his ownership, or rents real estate from an off-shore company, of which he is anonymous owner.

One of the members of the organisation buys for cash high value article (e.g. car or period piece) and sells within short time, but in the way that the buyer pays already with transfer to one or more legal bank accounts indicated by the seller.

Buying of gift vouchers as simple all-day buyer, several times, in several places, in average, usual denomination and amount. Thanks to the increasingly spreading franchise systems, these vouchers can be spent at more and more points of the world, or can be simply legally owned, kept.

Assuring real estate credit for an investor, who for some reason could get credit only with difficulties (e.g. the investment is too risky or bizarre, or simply because the investor has no durable contacts established yet with the financial institutions). Let’s presume that the loan amount would be EUR 70 million. At this point these “companies” organise a EUR 100 million credit, to be paid back in say 5 year time. The borrower is obliged to buy investment trust unit for EUR 30 million. This is immediately conveyed to the real estate company (to the loaner). About the 70 million a bank is providing security for a letter of credit in amount equal to full interest paid for 70 million, using the investment (real estate) as for pledge. Of course, to avoid risk, this is also conveyed to the real estate company. Result: the investor obtains the necessary amount (70 million), the real estate company gets investment trust unit in the value of EUR 30 million, guaranteed interest payment for the loan, and credit balance certificate if the borrower could not perform his payment obligation. In 5 years time white clean money will be available at zero risk.

Establishing fictitious business organisation – which can’t be found at its residence, the manager and members are presumably homeless or persons engaged for money – transfers arrive to its account, and these amounts are collected in cash buy a person who is not member, not officer of the company, or the money is transferred through a subcontractor network among each other with fictitious contracts, as long as the money becomes clean.

Fictitious transactions. Here not the object of purchase is fictitious, but its price is not covering the real market value. Let’s suppose we have EUR 100 million. Let’s buy for example a real estate for EUR 25 million and let’s look for a “buyer” for it who will buy it from us for 75 million with the passing of a certain time. This is of course not a genuine buyer, only such a “blameless” person who could really have that much money without any problem. At the sale and purchase not his 75 million will be received but the our one which we gave him in cash. The payment is effected already with bank transfer, so the amount arrives in a “legal” clean form to our account. It’s true that the earlier invested 25 million, the duty and tax to be paid and the fee of “assistance” paid to our “buyer” are to be booked as “loss”, but even so, more than the half of our money became white (in addition the state got its part too from this with the paid in duty and tax). This method can work also in the way that a higher amount of down payment is “paid” for the real estate to be purchased, but the sale and purchase fails for some reason, so the amount of down payment is lost, or we get back its double (it makes no difference as the person of seller and buyer is the same).

Creating a cover company, dealing with trade of antiques, among others. It’s buying up continuously antiques for cash, which are of average value, popular and relatively many of them passes through many hands. When the stock is available the company offers these for sale, divided among different auction houses country- and worldwide. If one of the lots comes under the hammer the person in question lets to sell it to the person offering the most, or sends in secret one of his people to the auction to buy it back. Independent from the buyer, beside the certificate the purchase price reduced by commission from all lots gets legally to the bank account (in case of own purchase even the article offered for sale is also remaining which can be sold again). The commission can be booked as cost of money laundering.

One of the most perfect ways of perpetration is when the dirty money is mixed with legal money. It’s “worth” pumping money into enterprises which are cash intensive branches, i.e. it’s normal to have high physical cash flow (e.g. restaurants, casinos, currency exchanges). When the type of enterprise is accepted, i.e. cash forms the higher portion of their income and so of their banking transactions, the dirty cash can be incorporated without any problem into the system. It’s very difficult to follow this type of transactions and to prove how many portions of dishes have really been served per occasion. As long as the dirty money is gradually fed into the system, the matter remains undoubtedly unseen. The criminals can apply this technique in case of already existing enterprises or can establish their own one. Indeed they can establish a totally fictitious company too, which has absolutely no activities except invoicing, i.e. is a laundry.

We acquire or establish two companies. One where money was acquired, the other where the money is to be placed. The company, to where the money is to be sent, orders certain goods or services. The trick is: either the invoices containing the products or services are overvalued (the surplus corresponds to the amount to be cleaned) or false invoices are sent. The first method is much more difficult to be disclosed. The paid amount can be deducted by the company which one settled the false or overvalued invoice.

The underworld organisation acquires – possibly fully or partly in cash – an uncared-for restaurant or any kind of service unit in line with its “scope”. The renovation, paid mostly also in cash, artificially increases the unit’s value. At this point they could get out from the business and could sell the newly started business (even with profit too) as the money becomes legal in their bank account after being transferred. But this can be further increased. The appliances, materials needed to start the business and the continuous daily wasting assets are purchased from a company belonging to the interest of the organisation. At each daily order, the delivered quantity is 20 – 30 percent less than effectively ordered on the documents (e.g.: in case of a restaurant only 40 kg meat instead of 50 kg). The organisation pumps dirty money into the enterprise to replace the shortage. The same happens in case of the other wasting assets too.

The money flown through the different bank accounts of the covering companies established in several countries, more and more legal “layers” are placed, making more difficult to identify the real origin of dirty money. Finally, the off-shore covering ventures invest the money into real estates and wait until they will be suitable to be sold. Completed hotels and apartment houses stand empty for years, waiting for the owners’ dirty money to get clean through termination.

The property acquired from crime is inserted in a legally established company, there it’s recorded as revenue. Both the revenue and expenditure booking data are forged, i.e. the “cleaned” money is covered with fictitious invoices.

Technique of over- or undercharge. Products or services are purchased at artificially high price (in this case the “profit” remains at the seller) or at artificially low price (in this case the “profit” remains at the buyer) from the money passed through several transactions.

Method of acquisition and selling of companies. From the layered money, the laundries acquire, including assets, a low value company having very little own property. Then the assets are revaluated, the company is sold and “legal” profit is realised.

Insertion of phony companies. The laundries acquire control of a company of which true owners’ identity is hidden for the authorities. Trading, financial transaction, forging of balance sheet loss/ profit, borrowings and exploitation of tax benefits are performed under the mask of this covering company.

Acquisition of sports club, respectively player. The buying and selling for several million dollars of professional sportsmen (mainly football players, ice-hockey players), called also slaves of modern age, among the different sports clubs offers excellent opportunities to legalise dirty money. These so called “showcase” companies are ventures which in classical meaning are not connected to the criminal groups, but practically are under inspection and control of the underworld.

By increasing of layering the origin of money becomes untraceable through crossing and covering operations, purchases, electronic transfers, frequent transfers, such as:

– Repeated buying and selling of bearer securities

– Repeated buying and selling of registered securities with involvement of owner

These transactions are easier to perform when the laundries are infiltrated to the brokerage institutions, or the employees of those are corrupted, blackmailed.

Merchandise laundering: In addition to the techniques of money laundering it’s also worth to mention the merchandise laundering, being a process similar to money laundering. In this case the merchandise is cleaned, that is it’s sold and purchased out of the banking system, adding the most possible masking “layers” as long as the merchandise respectively money becomes fully clean.

The use of gold purchase for criminal purposes is one of the most effective mechanisms to clean illegal money. Its outstanding role is due to the fact that it can be used in many different ways, can be changed in several ways, and can materialize, respectively. promote all separate phases of money laundering. Whether in form of bar, fragments or jewellery, this precious metal is easy to buy, can be got through geographical borders and can be resold, i.e. money can be relatively easily legalised.

The barter trade system of commercial products such as agricultural commodities, other non-ferrous metals and precious stones offers also opportunities the revenues to be “legalised” this way, especially when all this is made in the legal export-import guise between different countries.

The dirty revenues from drugs laundered in the African barter trade are also to mention here, getting greater and greater role in the money laundering transactions of the world.

Secret banking systems

The more and more strict regulation of banking system leads to that the laundries are forced to find new possible channels outside of the banking system. As stronger the regulation the more demand for new alternatives. It has to be promptly noted that this change is highly touching the legal operating companies of business life too as from now on these are the potential targets for money laundering. The targeted companies are menaced, exploited or their control is overtaken simply by force. Any kind of products can be interesting for the criminals which can be purchased for cash in adequate volume and then can be easily sold.

The laundries also make often use of many forms of the parallel or underground banking systems. These non official, secret banking systems were developed by criminal groups mainly due to political chaos and distrust in banks. The organised (family, tribal) contact is typical for their operation. The purpose during their use is to avoid the financial regulations in force in the different countries in order to bring out the dirty and/or clean money from the country, respectively to settle the goods purchased abroad (capital flight). The system can only work properly when the countries concerned have commercial contacts which each other and the operations can be balanced with the time.

The simplest form was invented by the Chinese under the name fei chien i.e. flying money. The process works as follows: e.g. the dirty money is deposited in a gold shop in Hong Kong – for which the owner gets an overstamped dollar note or a small piece of paper or card marked with an innocent looking secret sign. Later on this is presented at a moneychanger in the Chinatown of an American city and the owner gets his cash which can be further covered through new transactions.

The essence of Hawalah network is the laundry to place money at a hawalah-banker somewhere in the world, which can be drawn few hours later -after deduction of commission – in an other part of the world (a very good sample is the case of India and the United Kingdom, where it’s the interest of the significant Indian population living in Great Britain to bring money grom the subcontinent to Europe). The system works as the market is two-directional. That is, there are persons in both countries who have large amounts of cash surplus (organised criminals) and who are ready to pay in a big way for the possibility to make use of a paper free banking system.

New money laundering possibilities offered by the digital money system and by the development of Internet

By development of the techniques at the beginning of the 21st century the laundries have nearly everything available to enter the “space” and by conquering newer and newer dimensions they continue undisturbed their dirty activities.

While the authorities still concentrate on the problem of “terrestrial” money laundering – first of all of off-shore financial centres -, the criminals are one step forward and they move and clean their money in the cyber space, i.e. online, with no little success.

To the greatest pleasure of the laundries, the “face to face”, respectively “know your client” principle gets more and more injured by the expansion of online. It is not in the power of the banks, economic units to know who is standing exactly behind the transaction (phone, computer). Who has the disposal of user name and the password belonging to it, can open bank account online; can order international business enterprises; can participate in different share trading models; can communicate via nameless e-mail; can diffuse money through online casinos and betting offices; can buy houses via Internet; can penetrate money through online auctions; can open his own off-shore or online bank, i.e. can do nearly everything.

The spreading of prepaid credit cards in the US and Russia also offers opportunity for anonymity. These can easily be bought without knowing the buyer’s identity. Moreover, certain criminal groups are just sending the filled cards per regular terrestrial mail and nobody can notice it.

It’s possible to play in the virtual casinos sites and online sport bet sites from any point of the world. Most of them operate as off-shore company of course. There are 2’900 legally registered sites and additional 20’000 sites without any gambling license. The organised crime is standing in the background in many cases. The money laundering trick is as follows. In order to play for “prize”, first a credit line is to be registered at the casino. Exploiting the lack of regulation, the most simple is to send average amount of cash. Some gambling is played and the rest of credit line is claimed in form of cheque or transfer. This method is however not very efficient since it implies transactions limits. More sophisticated methods in the contest of online gaming is to use the fact that online gaming licenses are only issued in countries known as off-shores heavens. Even legally operated online sites can be used as pretext to dissimulate a high volume of fictitious transactions between cover companies.

The possibility of opening online bank account and the banking and electronic payment systems operated through this terminate more and more the need of personal contact. Making use of the free and anonymous services offered by e-mail have access via the Internet to the letters and bank accounts of their own and of others (e.g. in Internet café or in public library). Thus they can create an e-mail possibility which will be then used only from public terminals, that means it’s nearly impossible to follow that kind of communication access and utilization. To cover their transactions, they use online channels, deemed to be legal, suitable for money transfer, as e.g. Liberty Reserve or E-Gold or Gold & Silver Reserve or … Let’s imagine that one of these groups can create false identities. Then he can open with them as much accounts as he wants, has access to them anytime and from anywhere in the world, i.e. can easily launder money through them. You can try yourself and create a false identitiy in Liberty Reserve: just register with a fake name and address – It works! Liberty Reserve SA is registered in Costa Rica. Notice that Costa Rica is also the pioneer country in online gambling.

There are many virtual currencies available: MoneyMail, LiqPay, UkrMoney, moneta.ru, Z-Payment, NN-Money, AlertPay, DeltaKey, LibertyReserve, Perfect Money, AlterGold, Pecunix, V-Money, Webcreds, W1 RUR, Edram, E-Gold, C-Gold, iMoney, E-bullion, InoCard, Chebo Money, ECUmoney, Express Gold, ICQMoney, IntellectMoney, VRS, Wirex, Dengi 2.0, Younicrata. You can transfer virtual currencies to any Exchanger having a business relation with the issuer of the virtual currency. Some of the Exchangers can pay out in cash or make transactions into a correspondence bank or through Western Union without limits. As example you can find a list of the Exchanger working with Liberty Reserve here http://www.libertyreserve.com/en/exchangers. Just try it – It works!

With the use of virtual money the bank regulation can be evaded and the criminals can launder illegal money. The registered users can perpetrate different transactions evading the SWIFT control for the money “issued” by the company. Some companies accept this virtual money for means of payment too, i.e. changes into official currency, thus it becomes available everywhere in the world and can be transferred to everywhere.

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