3.3 Factors Militating Against the Practice of Natural Family
Planning…..45

CHAPTER FOUR

CRITICAL
EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION

4.1
Critical Evaluation…… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… 49

4.2
Comparison Of The Two Methods Of Family Planning…… …… 49

4.3
Conclusion…… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY…… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… 62

GENERAL
INTRODUCTION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is this popular
perception that population growth impedes economic development and induces
poverty; that it means increased infant and maternal death rates, and that it
leads to environmental degradation and depletion of resources. Certainly, there
are problems with poverty, poor health and overcrowding in some regions of the
world; but could we then say that the world is simply overcrowded?

Through the media, we are
all familiar with the tragedy of people starving to death in various places.
Overpopulation propagandists often use the TV image of the severally
malnourished children in Somalia or Sudan, or any other war-torn-areas as a
basis to argue that population growth in developing countries is causing
poverty and famine.

The population
controllers to justify the violation of human rights throughout the world have
used the myth of overpopulation. Speaking of this, Michael Schwartz said:

The myth of overpopulation is one of the most powerful
in the world, and is the source of many of the attacks against our moral,
cultural and family values. In reality however, it is nothing more than a
rationalization for a world-wide war against the poor- a war which inhibits
legitimate development and social justice.[1]

All these shouts about
overpopulation is actually pointing to the fact that the world had a population
crisis especially when we consider the fact that the issue of family planning
had not been there right from when the world began.

Openness to life and the
extension of love to others must be the dominant qualities for a successful and
happy union. Yet maintaining the openness to life brings its own share of
problems and tensions. We live today in a world in which the child is often
looked upon as a burden, rather than a benefit. Each birth is analyzed in terms
of the economic cost, without any measurement of the intangible benefits that
accrue to parents, to the family itself and to society. The love of children
that leads to parental generosity and sacrifice is often constrained by a
propaganda effort, which has arbitrarily decided that the two-child family
should be the norm for all couples.

OF STUDY

Moreover, from
my origin of family planning, we are to see that the quest for family planning is
actually coming from well-developed organizations and associations who are bent
on checkmating the population of the world. Then, although that so many organs
had agreed to do something about the population of the world, several of these
organs to say had never reached on a precise way to follow. That is why we can
then talk of things like artificial and natural ways of achieving family
planning.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

Expectedly,
many scholars have pondered and are still pondering on the overall effects of family
planning on the entire human race. It is based on this fact that various camps
had emerged as far as family planning is concerned. There is this group that
feel that it is not appropriate to embrace family planning since they feel that
the world is not overcrowded and therefore, not yet the time to be talking
about family planning. Even, they argue that population growth is healthy and
highly recommended as a way of balancing our eco-system. The other camp is that
of those who support the idea of family planning but insisted that it should be
achieved through the natural
means. There are a lot of others who are against this idea as they maintain
that artificial method of controlling birth is more appropriate and easier than
any other method.

Yet, despite this
progress, a great number of married couples hardly know the basic techniques of
family planning, and many more are lacking in confidence because they remain
unaware of the dramatic advances that have taken place. In addition, many of
these women are always at a lost on which method of family planning to take
because they are uninformed in any type of family planning. And also, it will
go a long way in creating more awareness and enlightenment to those women who
have been forced into adopting a particular type of family planning due to
several governmental, environmental and organizational polices. This work will
also serve the purpose of bringing a basic knowledge of family planning to
those who are uninformed. It will also provide information and assurance that
will give new confidence and hope to couples who wish to use the natural
methods reliably and effectively.

SCOPE OF STUDY

My work is centered more
on the two methods of family planning including the analysis of both of them.
However, for the purpose of precision and of the requirements of this study,
the research is limited to the views of J. F. Kippley.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

Owing to the nature of
this work, which is historical and explorative, the method used is expository,
descriptive, analytical and evaluative. The expository and descriptive method
treated on the nature, origin and history of family planning. That of the
analysis treats on the differences among the different methods of family
planning as well as the merits and shortcomings. And then, the evaluative will
help in accessing the different methods of family planning so as to find out
the suitable and more risk free. As a philosophical inquiry, this study would
try to analyze the ‘raison d’etre’ of
the whole philosophy behind the issue of family planning.

In general, the
work is divided into four chapters. Chapter one offers the meaning of family
planning as well as the historical view on family planning. The second chapter
exposes and examines the different kinds of family planning that are applicable
in our society today. In chapter three, I will discuss the analysis of Mr. J.F.
Kippley’s notion of family planning. Then, the fourth chapter will critically
evaluate the whole intellectual exposure.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Before we proceed into our
main work, it will be right to see the notion of various people who have either
said or done something in favour of one of the two methods of family planning.
Thus, studies have shown that while some people are greatly in favour of the
natural family planning, others are on the other hand in support of the
artificial method of family planning. We are therefore to see those various
individuals and organization that did something in favour of one of the methods
of family planning.

The first person to
consider here is Pope Pius XI’s stand and condemnation of unnatural methods of
family planning. For him, there should always be both a call to generosity in
the service of life and the acceptance of the principle of spacing babies through
natural family planning.

Pope Paul VI in his ‘humanae vitae’, one of his
encyclical letter in July 25th, 1968, lending weight to the course of natural
family planning made this assertion:

If we look further to physical,
economic, psychological and social conditions, responsible parenthood is
exercised by those who, guided by prudent consideration and generosity, elect
to accept many children. Those are also to be considered responsible who, for
serious reasons and with due respect for moral precepts, decided not to have
another child for either a definite or an indefinite amount of time.[2]

Another person to observe his opinion is His
Eminence, The Grand Imam Sheikh of al-Azhar University in Cairo, who once
provided conference goers with a booklet which was prepared by his
international Islamic center for population studies, saying that Islam
categorically condemns abortion…except…to…preserve the mother’s life.[3]

On the other hand, below are
the supporters of artificial family planning. The first
person to be seen among this group is Margaret Sanger nee Higgins (1879-1966),
an Irish American who was the one that introduced the phrase, birth control
through her polices in the 1920s and 1930s. Margaret’s theory

was very famous
in her time especially as to have influenced Hitler so much. Sanger’s objective
was to eliminate what she called the unfit members of the society by massive
sterilization programs. Unfit members of the public for her include the poor,
illiterates, the handicapped and the criminals, the black Americans and the
Africans. In a letter, which she wrote to Clarence Gamble on 19th
Oct, 1939, she expressed her plans to stop the growth of black population in
the USA. Margaret also introduced many groups to channel her views. Among these
groups were the Planned Parenthood Federation in America which she founded
and was its first president. Sanger’s group saw the Africans as ‘sub man’ and
the typical English labourer as ‘sub sub man’ who should be eliminated from the
society. For her, 70% of the American people were reckoned as ‘morons’ (morons
for her means those with low I.Q), and she recommended that the government
should conduct I.Q tests compulsively so that those with low I.Q. will be
immediately sterilized so as to curtail their growth. For her therefore:

The burden of supporting these unwanted
types has to be borne by the healthy elements of the nation. Funds that should
be used to raise the standards of our civilization are diverted to the
maintenance of those who should never have been born. [4]

Maria Stopes (1880-1956)
on her part in supporting the course of the unnatural method of family planning
founded the first birth control clinic in Great Britain in 1921. She also
founded a society for constructive birth control and racial progress for which
she was the first president. However, it is now widely recognized that these
two women, Maria and Sanger were responsible for today’s sexual permissiveness,
pornography, divorce, contraception and abortion through their actions.

Thomas Robert Malthus
(1766-1834), an avowed elitist is another personality who was credited to have
championed the birth of family planning. In his view, he believed that the poor
should be eliminated for the sake of the society. Intrinsic to Malthus theory
was a belief that the poor overburdened the world’s resources and that
consequently, they should never really exist. Malthus view influenced many so
that they began to see anyone who helps the poor as an enemy of the society
since he was only helping to prolong and propagate evil.

Having said something about some individual views on
family planning, let us then see the notion of some organizations and groups
that lended wait to the support of one of the methods of family planning.

The Christian churches
were not left behind in the issue of supporting one of the two methods of
family planning. Thus, the church insisted that the practice of natural family
planning is the only authentic method of family planning. Hence:

the church teaches that it is morally
permissible for couples to calculate their fertility by observing the natural
rhythms inherent in the generative faculties and to reserve marital intercourse
for infertile times. Thus, couples are able to plan their families without
violating the moral teachings[5]

Seeing the opinions of a
non-profit organization, which was founded in 1971 by Mr. J. F. Kippley, The
Couple to Couple League (CCLI), and the organization helps couples build
healthy marriages through the practice of natural family planning. The league
teaches engaged and married couples how to practice natural family planning.
Also, it teaches the most up-to-date

methods in natural family
planning. CCLI also distributes information on the hazards of unnatural birth
control, chastity, raising children, and related medical news.

The population controllers like the
Planned Parenthood Association of America which was founded by Dr. & Mrs.
Sanger allege that the world is critically overburdened with people right now,
and that this crush of humanity is destroying the environment and creating
inconveniences for those who are living. Therefore, they said that it is
essential that we slow or halt population growth by making contraception and
abortion available to all of the world’s women. Since about 1965, the population
controllers have also been hinting that, if we do not put the brakes on our
runaway population, the use of massive and widespread coercion will be
necessary in order to save the planet. On the whole, they advocated for zero
rate of natural population increase. 7

Some of these population controllers
include; International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), United Nations
Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). Some other organization and countries
that have extensively founded the population controllers are the World Bank,
USA, and Rockefellers Foundation in America, Singapore, Bangladesh, China,
South Korea, India, Brazil, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Egypt, turkey,
Colombia, Nigeria, and others. Among the countries that said they will not lend
easier support to abortion were Germany, Poland, Switzerland, France,