Humans and Rats Think Alike After Making Mistakes

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When it comes to learning from mistakes, humans and rats think
alike, research suggests.

In a study that tracked how humans and their rodent cousins
adapted to errors during a time estimation task, the two species
showed similar brain activity in the medial frontal cortex (MFC),
which sends signals that synchronize neurons in the part of the
brain that controls movement.

The findings suggest rats could serve as models for studying
human adaptive control, the process of modifying choices based on
experience. This knowledge could be useful in treating
psychiatric diseases, such as obsessive compulsive disorder,
depression and schizophrenia, the researchers say. [ Top
10 Controversial Psychiatric Disorders ]

"With this rat model of adaptive control, we are now able to
examine if novel drugs or other treatment procedures boost the
integrity of this system," study researcher James Cavanagh, now a
psychology professor at the University of New Mexico, in
Albuquerque, said in a statement.

Lesions to the MFC in humans and other animals are known to cause
impaired performance in tasks that require
learning from mistakes, such as a false start in a race. But
the mechanism for how MFC achieved this control wasn't known.

Cavanagh and his colleagues at Brown and Yale Universities
measured the brainwaves of rats and humans as both performed a
task that involved estimating time in response to a cue.

The researchers saw an increase in low-frequency brainwaves in
the MFC of rats and humans after they made errors during the
task. The brain activity in this area was synchronized with
activity in the motor cortex, the part of the brain that
controls muscle movement.

When the scientists used drugs to inactivate the MFC in the rats,
the animals were worse at learning from their mistakes on the
task, and their MFC brainwaves were less in sync with the motor
cortex.

The results, detailed today (Oct. 20) in the journal Nature
Neuroscience, "describe a new mechanism for behavioral adaptation
through low-frequency oscillations," the authors write. The
findings suggest rodents could be a good model for testing new
drugs or brain stimulation treatments for diseases involving
problems with adaptive control, they add.