6/4/2017, An Islamist terrorist
drove a lorry into crowds shopping in the centre of Stockholm; 4 people were
killed.

14/2/2015, In scenes reminiscent of
the ParisCharlie Hebdo shootings (7/1/2015)
an Islamist
terrorist, Omar
el Hussein, 22, shot dead Finn Norgaard, a 55 year old film director, at
a Free Speech meeting at a cafe in central Copenhagen, at 3.30pm Saturday.The Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks, who portrayed the
prophet Mohammed
as a ‘mad dog’ in 2007, was belived to have been the main target; Hussein’s
entry into the cafe was thwarted by a metal detector, prompting him to spray
some 200 bullets from the entrance. Hussein then went to the Krystalgade synagogue
and opened fire, killing the doorman Dan Uzan, 37, and wounding two police
officers, at a Bat-Mitzvah, at 1am Sunday. Danish police identified the gunman
and traced his address to an apartment in the Norrebro district; by then he was
on his way to the synagogue. At 5am the next morning, 15 February, armed police
shot Hussein
at his apartment. Hussein had just been released from prison in
Denmark two weeks earlier after serving a term for aggravated assault.

25/5/2013, A sixth night of rioting
in the Swedish capital, Stockholm; many cars were burnt, mainly in poorer
areas.

22/7/2011, Anders Behring Brevik shot 77 people on Utoya
Island as a protest against immigration to Norway.

16/7/2009, Iceland’s Parliament voted to begin negotiations to join the European
Union.

21/6/2009, Greenland took steps
towards further separation from Denmark; it took control of police, law
enforcement, the legal system and natural resources.

25/11/2008, Greenland held a
referendum on further autonomy from Denmark, with a result 75% in favour.

22/8/2004, Edvard Munch’s famous painting, The Scream, was stolen at gunpoint from Norway’s Munch Museum,
Oslo.

23/2/1982. Greenland, a Danish territory, with home rule,
voted to leave the EC.

1/5/1979, Denmark
granted Greenland home rule.

30/4/1977, Red Adair successfully put out an oil rig fire
in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.

1/6/1976.Britain and Iceland signed an agreement in Oslo to end the Cod War.Up to 24 British trawlers would be permitted
to fish within the 200-mile zone claimed by Iceland.

19/2/1976. Iceland broke off
diplomatic relations with Britain
after the two countries failed to reach agreement on fishing limits in the ‘Cod War’ dispute. Conflict began in
1958 when Iceland extended its territorial waters from 3 to 12 nautical miles;
Britain finally recognised this limit in 1961. In 1972 Iceland claimed a
further extension to 50 miles; Britain ignored this, and Icelandic gunboats
sank two British trawlers. In January 1976 an Icelandic gunboat rammed the
Royal Navy frigate Andromeda, which
had been protecting British fishing boats.

10/12/1975,The first shots
were fired in the Cod war between Britain
and Iceland.

1/11/1975, 3 died and 6 were injured in an explosion aboard the
Ekofisk A oil rig.

15/10/1975,Iceland unilaterally extended its fishing grounds to 200 miles,
leading to a resumption of the Cod war with Britain.

25/7/1974,The International
Court of Justice at The Hague ruled that Britain was not bound to observe Iceland’s
unilateral extension of its fishing rights from 12 to 50 miles in 1972.

8/11/1973,The Cod war
between Britain and Iceland ended.

15/9/1973, Gustavus VI, King of Sweden since 1950, died
aged 90. He was succeeded by his 23-year-old son, Carl Gustavus XVI.

24/5/1973. The Cod War continued
between Britain
and Iceland. In Reykjavik several hundred protesters, in a
crowd of several thousand, threw stones, eggs, and paint at the British
Embassy. Reykjavik’s
150 police officers were hopelessly outnumbered.

25/10/1972.Iceland boycotted
British goods as part of the Cod War.

2/10/1972. Denmark voted in a referendum to
join the Common Market.

26/9/1972. Norway voted in a referendum
against joining the Common Market.

1/9/1972,Iceland extended its fishing limit from 12 to 50 miles.

14/1/1972, In Denmark, Margrethe II (31) became Queen, succeeding her
father King
Frederick IX, who died aged 72.

17/3/1971, In Norway, Per Borten's Cabinet ended its term in
government, replaced by Bratteli's First Cabinet.

1/5/1968. Legoland FamilyPark, the Danish toy maker’s answer to
Disneyland, opened at Billund in Denmark.

25/4/1964, The head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen
Harbour was hacked off and stolen. The statue was in honour of the children’s’
author, Hans
Christian Anderson.

18/9/1961, Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish Secretary General of
the United
Nations and Nobel Prize Winner, was killed a plane crash near Ndola in
Northern Rhodesia.He had been flying
from Leopoldville, Congo.

10/12/1959.US
troops began to leave Iceland.

6/5/1959.The UK
protested to Iceland
about violence in the Cod War. Icelandic gunboats had fired live ammunition at
British trawlers. Iceland said they were just warning shots, but one only
missed a trawler by three metres.

1/9/1958,British trawlers
defied the Icelandic 12-mile fishing limit, which came into force this day.

1/6/1958.Iceland extended its fishing limits to 12 miles.

21/9/1957, Norway’s King Haakon VIIdied, aged 85, after a 52-year reign.His son, aged 54, succeeded him as King Olav V.

4/11/1955, Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland
2003-2010, was born in Jyvaskyla.

5/6/1953, The Danish Parliament, or
Riksdagen, was reformed. The upper chamber, or Landstinget, was abolished. The
lower chamber, or Folketinget, now became the entire Parliament.

27/1/1951, Carl Mannerheim, Finnish soldier and politician,
who as President secured his country’s independence from Russia, died
aged 83.

29/10/1950, Gustav V, King of Sweden since
1907, died aged 92,
after a 43-year reign. He was succeeded by his 61-year old son, Gustavus VI
Adolf,who ruled until 1973.

20/4/1947, Christian X, King of Denmark, died aged 76. He was succeeded by his
son Frederick
IX, aged 48.

10/2/1947. The USSR
concluded a peace treaty with Finland.

26/1/1947, Prince Gustav of Sweden was killed in a air
crash near Copenhagen

9/1945, The Aaland Island Assembly unsucesfully
tried to join Sweden.

31/5/1945, The Norwegian Government returned to govern in Oslo, having been in exile in London.King
Haakon returned from London
a week later.

17/6/1944.Iceland
became an independent republic. The 25-year Union with Denmark had expired, see
1/12/1918.

29/8/1943, The Nazis
occupying Denmark dismissed the Danish Government, following extensive strike
action and acts of sabotage against the Germans. In response the Danes formed
the Frihedsrad (Free Council) in
order to coordinate and escalate resistance activity. It commanded a Danish
Resistance Army of some 43,000 men; several of its members held government
positions in the post-war Danish Government from 1945.

16/4/1940, Margrethe, Queen of Denmark, was born.

10/4/1940.Sweden insisted on its neutrality.

12/3/1940.Finland
signed a peace treaty with the USSR, surrendering large areas of territory on the KareliaPeninsula. See 30/11/1939.The Finns had lost over 20% of their fighting
force in 3 months.Finland surrendered over 10,000 square miles of
territory to the USSR.In the
hope of recovering these lands, Finland sided with Germany when Hitler attacked
the USSR on 22/6/1941.

16/2/1940.Soviet
troops pierced the Mannerheim Line of the Finnish defences.

1/2/1940.The
Soviet army launched an attack in Karelia,
against the Finnish Mannerheim Line.

29/7/1917, Taking
advantage of Revolutionary chaos, the Finns declared their independence from
Russia.

14/12/1916, A referendum in Denmark agreed by 64.3% for to 35.7% against to agree to
the sale of the Danish West Indies to the US, for the sum of US$ 25 million.
These islands became the US Virgin Islands; they were of strategic importance
to the US now that the Panama Canal had opened. The islands were formally
handed over on 1/4/1917, just before the US
declared war on Germany.

15/5/1912, Crown Prince
Christian, brother of King Haakon VII of Norway, was proclaimed as King Christian
X of Denmark.

10/2/1913.The remains of Captain Scott
and two of his companions, who died returning from the South Pole in January
1912, were found dead, just 11 miles from a safe camp.

14/6/1912, King Frederick VIII of Denmark died after a
6-year reign, aged 69. He was succeeded by his son, 41-year old Christian X,
who reigned until 1947.

29/3/1912.Captain
Robert Falcon Scott died in his
tent in Antarctica, returning from his
expedition to the South Pole.

17/3/1912,Lawrence
Oates died heroically during the
return journey from the South Pole. On his 32nd birthday he left the
tent, saying, ‘I am just going outside, and I may be some time’.

18/1/1912,British explorer Captain Scott reached the South Pole, with his
companions Lawrence Oates, Lieutenant
Bowers, Edward Wilson, and Edgar Evans, only to find thatRoaldAmundsen
had beaten them by 35 days, leaving
a tent behind for proof. All five died on the return journey. Amundsen,
with his fast dog sleds, had possessed superior equipment.

14/12/1911.The Norwegian
explorer Roald Amundsen beat the
British team, led by Captain Scott, to the South Pole. The British
relied on motorised transport, the Norwegians on dog sleds. Captain Scott
arrived at the South Pole on 17/1/1912 to find the Norwegians had beaten him to
it.

18/11/1905. Prince Carl of Denmark was chosen to be King Haakon VII of Norway.

26/10/1905. Norway and Sweden
ended their union. King Oscar II of Sweden
formally abdicated the crown of Norway.

13/8/1905, A referendum in Norway found 80% agreed with the separation from
Sweden.

29/7/1905, Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish
Secretary-General of the United Nations, was born in Jonkoping.

16/7/1905.Commander Peary of the USA set out on
his second expedition to the North Pole.

7/6/1905.Norway declared independence from Sweden (see
4/11/1814).Since the end of the
Napoleonic Wars, Norway
had been a self-governing subject of the Swedish Crown. In 1905 the provincial
parliament voted to cut off relations with Sweden, and a plebiscite backed the
move by 386,208 to 184 votes. In 1397 Margaret I succeeded in uniting Denmark,
Norway and Sweden. In 1527 Gustav I cancelled that union, and Norway was ruled
by Denmark until 1814, when it was ceded to Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel.
Calls for Norwegian independence grew, especially after the adoption of
universal suffrage in 1898.

22/9/1902.Czar Nicholas II abolished the nominal independence
of Finland
and appointed a Russian Governor-General.

11/7/1897, The Swedish
balloonist S
A Andree set off from Spitsbergen with two companions to fly over
the North Pole. After a few days all contact with them was lost; their remains
were discovered in 1930 on White Island.

16/7/1896,
Trygve Lie,
Norwegian politician and Secretary General at the United Nations, was born in
Oslo.

1890, Exploitation of the great
iron ore deposits at Kiruna began; see railways (Sweden) for transport development
here.

1888, Fridjtof Nansen explored the
interior of Greenland.

11/11/1882, Gustav VI, King of Sweden, was born the eldest
son of Gustav
V.

3/11/1879, The Arctic
explorer, Vilhjalmur
Stefansson, was born.

18/9/1872, Charles IV of Sweden died at Malmo, aged 46. He
was succeeded by his 43-year-old brother, as Oscar II.

3/8/1872, King Haakon VII of Norway was born in
Charlottenlund. He refused to surrender to the Germans in World War Two.

26/9/1870, King Christian X of Denmark was born.

4/6/1867,Carl Mannerheim, Finnish soldier and politician,
President, was born in Vilnas.

1866, The Danish Heathland Society was formed; its object was the reclamation
for agriculture of Jutland’s heath and marsh lands. Drainage ditches were dug,
the barren sandy heaths improved with clay, and new towns such as Herning constructed. Rows of trees were
planted to provide shelter from North Sea storms.

30/10/1864. By the Peace of Vienna, Denmark gave up Schleswig, Holstein, and
Lauenberg.These provinces came under
Austrian and Prussian
rule.

16/1/1864, Denmark rejected an
ultimatum, from Germany over the Danish province of Schleswig.

24/12/1863. Following the Danish
annexation of the province of Schleswig on 30/3/1863, Saxon and Hanoverian
forces moved into Holstein.

15/11/1863, Frederick VII, King of Denmark, died.

20/7/1863, Denmark, with no hope of
intervention from England, sued for peace over the German attack
over Schleswig.

10/10/1861, Fridjtof Nansen, Norwegian Polar explorer, was
born near Oslo.

8/7/1859, King Oskar I of Sweden died aged 60 after a
15-year reign. He was succeeded by his 33-year-old son who reigned as Charles XV
until 1872.

16/6/1858. Gustav V, King of Sweden from 1907 to 1950,
was born the son of Oscar II.

6/5/1856, Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer, was born in Cresson Springs,
Pennsylvania.

21/10/1853, Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm.

26/8/1848. Denmark and Prussia signed
a truce at Malmo. Both agreed to evacuate the disputed territory of
Schleswig-Holstein.

20/1/1848, Christian VIII
of Denmark died aged 50, after a reign of less than 9 years. He was succeeded
by his 39-year-old son, Frederick VI, who ruled until 1863, and fought
a war with Germany over Schleswig-Holstein.

1847, The Carlsberg
brewery business began in Denmark when J C Jacobsen built a new brewery, and named
it after his young son, Carl.

1/12/1844, Queen
Alexandra, wife of Edward VII, was born,
the eldest daughter of King Christian
of Denmark.

8/3/1844, Charles XIV, King of Sweden, died aged 81, afger a 26-year reign. He was succeeded by his
son, Oskar I,
aged 44.

15/8/1843, In Copenhagen, the Tivoli Gardens opened. They were laid out on part of the old
defensive works.

1/6/1831.Sir James Clark Ross located the Magnetic
North Pole on his Arctic expedition with Admiral Parry.

21/1/1829, Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway, was born.

5/2/1818, Charles XIII of Sweden died aged 69. He was succeeded by Crown Prince
Jean Bernadotte (55), who now became Charles XIV.

4/11/1814, Norway united with Sweden, see 7/6/1905.

17/5/1814, The independence of Norway was proclaimed.

14/1/1814,Britain made peace with Denmark, restoring all
territories except Heligoland.The King
of Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden.

3/3/1813, Britain agreed with Sweden that it would not
oppose a union of Sweden and Norway.

17/11/1810. Sweden declared war on Britain.

1/3/1810, The world’s
first Ombudsman, Lars Mannerheim, was appointed in Sweden.

1809, The Diet of Porvoo (Borga). Following the Russian invasion of Finland (formerly
part of the Swedish Empire), Tsar Alexander I guaranteed the Finns the
rights they had enjoyed under Swedish rule. This meant Finland enjoyed
considerable autonomy within the Russian Empire, and effectively marked the
start of the modern State of Finland.

17/9/1809, In February 1808 Tsar
Alexander invaded
Finland, then part of Sweden, without a declaration of war.On this day the Treaty of Fredrikshamn ended the war; Sweden ceded Finland and the Aland Islands
to Russia.

13/3/1809, Swedish
Army officers seized King Gustavus IV of Sweden and put him under
house arrest in the royal apartments. A provisional government was announced,
led by the Duke
of Sudermania. On 29/3/1809 Gustavus IV officially abdicated, and on
10/5/1809 the Swedish Government announced that the Gustavus family would not regain
the throne.

21/2/1808.Russia occupied Finland, which was formerly under
Swedish domination.

29/3/1792, King Gustavus IIIof Sweden died, aged 46. He was succeeded by his son, 13-year old Gustavus IV.

16/3/1792, Gustavus III, King of Sweden, was shot at a
masked ball; he died on 29/3/1792.

21/6/1788,
King Gustavus III of Sweden invaded Russian
Finland, without declaring war first.

1/11/1778, Gustavus IV, King of Sweden, was born.

19/8/1772, Gustavus III
of Sweden re-established an absolute monarchy, as he removed the Riksdag’s
power to legislate. However he also liberalised, abolishing torture and
proclaiming the freedom of the press and of religious worship.

10/2/1771, King Adolphus
Frederick of Sweden died, aged 60, in Stockholm. He was succeeded by
his 25-year old son, Gustavus III.

14/1/1766, Christian VII
(1749-1808) became King of Denmark.

26/1/1763, Charles XIV, King of Sweden, was born.

9/10/1757, Charles X, King of Sweden, was born.

6/4/1746, Christian VI
of Denmark died aged 47. He was succeeded by his son, 23, Frederick V.

24/1/1746, Gustavus III, King of
Sweden, was born.

12/10/1730, Frederick IV
of Denmark died, the day after his 59th birthday, at Odense. He had
reigned for 31 years, and lost some territory in Germany He was succeeded by
his 31-year old son, Christian VI, who ruled until 1746.

28/2/1710, Sweden
defeated a force of 14,000 Danes at the Battle of Helsingborg.

8/7/1709, The Battle of Poltava (in modern day
eastern Ukraine). Peter the Great of Russia destroyed the
Swedish army. Hanover and Denmark joined with Russia in attacking the Swedish
Empire.

9/10/1708, Battle of
Lesnaya; Russia beat Sweden.

4/7/1708, Battle of
Holovsin; Sweden beat Russia.

2/7/1708, Battle of
Kliszow; Sweden beat Russia.

13/4/1703, Battle of
Pultusk; Sweden beat Russia.

18/7/1702, Battle of
Hummelsdorf; Russia beat Sweden.

7/1/1702, Battle of Errestfer; Russia beat Sweden.

20/11/1700, Sweden
defeated the Russians at Narva.

1699, Drottingholm Palace,
near Stockholm, was completed.

14/12/1697, Charles XII was crowned King of
Sweden, aged 15.

7/5/1697, The Royal Castle, Tree Kronor (Three Crowns) in
Sweden burnt down, destroying a large part of the Royal Library.

5/4/1697, Death of King Charles XI of Sweden, aged 40, after a
37-year reign. He was succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Charles XII, who ruled until
1718, see 14/12/1697.

19/4/1689, Queen Christina of Sweden died; she had
abdicated in 1654.

29/1/1688, Emmanuel Swedenborg, Swedish mystic, was born.

30/4/1683, France, Brandenburg-Prussia, and Denmark agreed
that Sweden should be expelled from German territories.

17/6/1682, Charles XII, King of Sweden, was born.

1680, The city of Karlskrona, Sweden, was founded by King Charles XI.

14/7/1677, At the Battle
of Landskrona, Sweden defeated Denmark.

31/5/1677, Danish ships defeated a Swedish naval force.

4/12/1676, The Swedish
town of Lund was defended in the Battle
of Lund, one of the bloodiest battles fought in Scandinavia.

9/2/1670, Frederick III, King of Denmark, died.

3/5/1660, At the Peace of Oliva (near Danzig), Frederick
William ceded Eastern Pomerania to Sweden.

12/2/1660, Charles X of Sweden died, aged37. He was
succeeded by his 4-year old son, Charles XI. Also this day the Treaty of Copenhagen ended hostilities
between Sweden and Denmark. The Danes ceded the province of Scania, southern
tip of Scandinavia, to Sweden.

25/6/1656, The Treaty of Mareinburg was concluded between Sweden and
Brandenburg-Prussia.The Poles under John Casimir
had expelled the Swedes, and under this Treaty Brandenburg-Prussia was promised
part of the spoils should Poland be defeated by Sweden.

16/6/1654, Queen Christina of Swedenabdicated in favour of her cousin, Charles
Gustavus (Charles X). There had been discontent at her luxurious
lifestyle and failure to produce an heir. She had sold off large amounts of
Crown Property to support the 500 nobles she had created . She fled disguised
in men’s clothes as ‘Count Dohna’, to settle in Rome.

28/2/1648, Christian IV, King of Denmark, died.

16/11/1632, Gustavus II, King of Sweden from 1611, killed as his army gained victory in the Battle of
Lutzen (Thirty Years War) near Leipzig. He was succeeded by his 6-year old
daughter, Christina;
in the interim, Sweden was governed by Count Axel Oxenstierna.

17/9/1631, During the Thirty
Years War, a battle was fought between Gustavus II, King of Sweden (1594-1632) and
the Holy Roman Empire forces under Tilly at Brietenfeld, Germany. (see
4/7/1630).The Swedes overwhelmingly
won. Gustavus
II had extended the Kingdom of Sweden right around the eastern
Baltic, turning it into a ‘Swedish lake’. Gustavus now began to conquer the
wealthy lands of the rivers Main and Rhine.

4/7/1630, During the Thirty Years War, Gustavus Adolphus, Protestant
King of Sweden, landed at Peenemunde with an army of 13,000 men, in an attempt
to bring the entire Baltic under Swedish control.See 17/9/1631.

8/12/1626, Queen Christina of Sweden was born.

27/2/1617, The Treaty
of Stolbovo ended the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia.Sweden
gained Ingermanland and Karelia.

1611, Jan Mayen Land, between Spitsbergen and Iceland, was discovered by
the Dutch explorer Jan Mayen.

30/10/1611, Charles IX
of Sweden died aged 61. He was succeeded by his 16-year old son, Gustavus II.

12/3/1610, Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie took Moscow.

18/3/1609, Frederick III, King of Denmark, born.

1596, Svalbard (Spitsbergen) was discovered by the Dutch explorer Willem Barents,
who sighted the islands whilst searching for the Northern Sea Route.

9/12/1594, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was born.

4/4/1588, Frederick II, King of Denmark, died, aged 53. He was succeeded by
his 10-year old son, Christian IV.

13/12/1570, The Peace of Stettin ended the war between Sweden and
Denmark, recognising Swedish independence.

30/9/1568, King
Eric XIV of Sweden was deposedafter several years of worsening insanity. He was succeeded by his
31-year-old brother who reiged until 1592 as John III.

29/9/1560, Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, died.

25/6/1560, Gustavus
I of Sweden abdicated, aged 64. He was succeeded by his son, Charles IX.

1/1/1559, Christian
III, King of Denmark and Norway, died aged 55 after a reign of
nearly 24 years. He was succeeded by his 24-year-old son as Frederick II,
who reigned for 29 years.

1/7/1534, Frederick II, King of Denmark, was born.

1533, King Frederick I of Denmark died
aged 62. He was succeeded as King of Denmark and Norway by his 30-tear-old son,
who ruled as King
Christian III until 1559.

6/6/1523, Gustavus Vasa, aged 27, was elected King of
Sweden, and finally established full independence from Denmark. End of the
Kalmar Union.

4/11/1520, Christian
was crowned King of Sweden.

1513, King John I of Denmark (who was
also King
John II of Sweden, 1497-1501), died after a 32-year reign. He was
succeeded by his 32-year-old son as King Christian II of Denmark and Norway,
but Sweden refused to accept his rule.

12/5/1496, Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, was born.

30/10/1495, An explosion at Vyborg Castle deterred Russian
forces who were invading Sweden through Karelia.

21/5/1481, Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway, died
and was succeeded by his son John (1481-1513).

15/5/1470,Charles VIII, King of Sweden, died

28/10/1412, Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, died.

20/6/1397.The Union of Kalmar united Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden under one monarch. See 1380.

1380, Hakon, King of Norway, died. His surviving wife was Queen Margaret
(born 1353, married 1363, and daughter of Waldemar III, King of Denmark). Her son Olaf
died in 1387, which meant she became ruler of Denmark also. She defeated Albert,
King of Sweden, thereby gaining that country too. Margaret then instituted the Union of Kalmar, 1397, to permanently
unite these three countries. Margaret died in 1412.

1363, King Magnus II of Sweden was
forced to abdicate at age 47 after a weak 44-year reign. He was succeeded by Albert of
Mecklenburg, a puppet of the Swedish aristocracy, who ruled until
1387.

8/7/1319, Three-year-old Magnus Erikssonwas elected king of Sweden, thus uniting it
with Norway. His mother Ingeborg of Norway was given a place in the
regency in both Sweden and Norway.

31/8/1314, King Hakon V Magnusson moved the capital of
Norway from Bergen to Oslo, where he built Akershus Fortress.
Norway ws ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.

1290, Sweden’s King Magnus
Ladulos died aged 50 after an 11-year reign. He was succeeded by his
10-year-old son who was crowned Birger III in 1302; he ruled until his exile
in 1318.

15/12/1263, Haakon IV, King of Norway, died.

1255, The city of Stockholm was founded, on an island in
a fjord.

15/7/1240. Alexander Nevski defeated the Swedish army,
led by General
Briger Jarl, on the banks of the Neva.

1194, Spitsbergen was discovered by Norsemen.

1157, King Eric IX of Sweden conquered
Finland, and forced the Finns to be baptised as Christians.

1150, King Sverker of Sweden was
deposed after a 16-year reign that has amalgamated the Swedes and Goths. He was
succeeded by Eric
IX, who ruled until 1160.

1090, King Ingo of Sweden acceded
(died 1112).

1070, Bergen, Norway, was founded by Olaf Kyrre.

1047, Magnus I died after 12 years
rule as King of Norway and five years as King of Denmark. He was succeeded I
Norway by Harald
Haadraade, 32, who ruled until 1066 as Harald II. In Denmark he was
succeeded by Sweyn
Estrithson, grandson of Sweyn Forkbeard, who ruled until 1075 as Sweyn II.

993, Sweden’s first Christian
ruler, Olaf
Skutkonung, acceded. Son of Eric the Conqueror, he ruled until his death
in 1024.

Ca. 985, Erik the Red was banished from Iceland, and sailed to Greenland
where he founded a new Viking colony. The name ‘Greenland’ may have been chosen
to attract new colonists to an inhospitable place where farming was only
possible, with a short growing season, in the extreme south-west. The Vinking
colony died out in the 1400s as climatic conditiins deteriorated.

928, The Althing, the Icelandic
Parliament, was founded at Thingvellir. It was reformed in 1874.

907, The city of
Trondheim,Norway, was founded.

874, Norse settlement of Iceland began. Ingolfur Arnason brought in
the first settlers.

866, Floki Vilgeroarson, Norseman, made an early expedition to Iceland, and
named it ‘Ice-Island’ due to the quantity of ice in its fjords.

850, Gorm the Elder united Jutand and
the Danish Islands, and became King of Denmark.

800, The Vikings discovered the
Faeroe Islands.

517, The first documented
Viking raid on Gaul. The Viking King Hygelac was killed and his
fleet defeated.