Difference between "intrinsic"and "parametric" curvature

I am studying differential geometry of surfaces. I am trying to understand some features of the first fundamental form. The first fundamental form is given by

ds2 = αijdxidxj

Now if the αijs are all constants (not functions of your variables) then I think (correct me if I'm wrong) that the surface is not curved. However if they are not then it depends. I am making the following distinction (which might not be legitimate) between what I am calling parametric curvature and intrinsic curvature. Let me give examples of the two.

The plane ℝ2 can be parametrized with polar coordinates in which case ds2 = dr2 + r2dθ2. However although the coefficients are not all constants, it is only the coordinates which are curved and not the surface. Most importantly, with the right reparametrization the curvature will go away.

On the other hand the sphere S2 with spherical coordinates has as its first fundamental form ds2 = dΦ2 + cos2θ dθ2. In this case the curvature is clearly a property of the surface and is intrinsic and (I'm guessing) will not dissapear with simply reparameterizing.

My questions are:

1 How can I distinguish between these?
2 In such cases where reparameterization will help eliminate the curvature, is there a simple way to generate this uncurved parameterization?

Since you're specifically studying the differential geometry of surfaces (I assume 2-dimensional surfaces in ##\mathbb{R}^3##?), then you will soon learn about the second fundamental form, which measures the extrinsic curvature of the embedding. And I assume shortly after that you will learn about the Gauss curvature and the Theorema Egregium.

The Gauss curvature measures the intrinsic curvature of a 2-dimensional surface. Therefore, you can find "Cartesian" coordinates if and only if the Gauss curvature vanishes.

Actually finding such coordinates typically requires a bit of guessing, although in 2 dimensions there are some methods, such as normal coordinates and isothermal coordinates, that should give you a Cartesian system if your surface is intrinsically flat.

The Riemann curvature tensor comes into play in higher-dimensional manifolds. In 2 dimensions, you require only one quantity (the Gauss curvature) to measure the intrinsic curvature; but in higher dimensions, you require ##d^2 (d^2-1)/12## independent quantities, which are organized into the Riemann curvature tensor. The Riemann curvature tensor vanishes if and only if a manifold is intrinsically flat (in which case, it will be possible to find local Cartesian coordinates).