The may offensive of the North building

Turmoil. 1919. 100 years ago, in may 1919, the White army stormed Petrograd. North building Rodzianko with the support of Estonia and the UK launched an offensive on the Narva-Pskov direction. Having three-fold superiority in forces, white broke through the defenses of the 7th red army and on may 15 took Gdov, may 17 – may 25, Yamburg and Pskov. In late may – early June 1919, the whites came to the outskirts of Gatchina, at the beginning of June — the Ropsha, Oranienbaum and the Fort "Red Hill".

Baltic in the fire

At the end of 1918 in the Baltic States was dominated by three political and military forces: 1) the German troops after the capitulation of Germany was not yet fully evacuated. The Germans generally supported local nationalists to local public education focused on Germany; 2) nationalists, who relied on external forces, Germany and then the allies (mostly England); 3) Communists who wanted to create a Soviet Republic and to reunite with Russia.

So undercover German infantry in Baltic States formed the nationalist white groups. Place policy created "independent" state. At the same time, representatives of workers ' and Communist movement sought to create a Soviet Republic and to unite with Soviet Russia.As the evacuation of German troops Moscow received the opportunity to regain their power on the Baltic. On the territory of the RSFSR was formed by the Soviet national army, to release and to secure the Baltic territory for themselves. The most powerful force was a Latvian rifle division (9 regiments), which became the basis of the red Army of Soviet Latvia. Estonia had to take the red Estonian part with the support of the 7th red army and the red Baltic fleet. The main impact was rendered on the Narva direction. Latvia had to take the Latvian infantry units. In January 1919 he was created the army of Latvia. It was headed by Vatsetis, remaining at the same time, commander of all the armed forces of the Russian Federation. Operations for the liberation of Lithuania and Belarus were to hold the Western army.In early December 1918, the Reds tried to take Narva, but the operation failed. There were still German units that, together with Estonian troops defended Narva. The battle for Estonia has taken a protracted nature. The nationalist Estonian government, relying on the remnants of German troops, Russian and white Finnish from Finland have created quite a strong army, which successfully resisted. Estonian troops have successfully used internal operating line, based on two end-to-end railway, which runs from revel (Tallinn), and widely used armored trains. Red troops had to abandon the idea of "blitzkrieg" and methodically step on rebelscum, Yur and perovskom directions. To suppress the enemy took considerable force.At the same time, was the liberation of Latvia. Here red Latvian side advancing on three fronts: 1) Pskov – Riga; 2) Kreizburg – Mitau; 3) Ponevez – Savli. The bulk of the population, the peasants, who suffered from the domination of the landlords and the big landowners, tenants, supported the Reds. In Riga formed part of the defense – Baltic Landover, which was German, Latvian and Russian companies. Headed by their General background Loringhoven. Here was created the German Iron division major Bischof – volunteer part kind of Kornilov shock regiment, which was to maintain order in the crumbling of the German army, which, during the evacuation decompose rapidly and increasingly succumbed to revolutionary sentiments.However, this did not prevent the red Army to take the city. To the East of Riga, the Reds could not stop. The newly formed company of Landover could not stop the regular shelves. 3 Jan 1919 red occupied Riga. This contributed to the successful revolt of Riga's business, which began several days before the arrival of the red troops and desorganizacao behind enemy lines. Baltic Landover and German volunteers tried to stay in Mitau, and red in a few days and took Mitau. In mid-January 1919 started an offensive in Kurland on a broad front Vindava — Libava. The advancing red army occupied the Vindavo, threatened Libau, but at the turn of R. Vindava stopped them. German Barony in Alliance with the Baltic nationalist bourgeoisie offered stubborn resistance. With the Reds fought not only the local formation and wage-volunteer units from part of the remnants of the 8th German army.The red Army was already exhausted. The first offensive outburst has dried up. Latvian Riflemen, once home, quickly lose combat capability. Started the symptoms of decomposition of the old army is indiscipline, mass desertion. The front stabilized. In addition, the struggle was complicated by the fact that the Baltic States were already ravaged by world war and the German occupiers. The Germans during the occupation systematically plundered the region, and during the evacuation tried to take everything you can (bread, cattle, horses, and various good etc.), have deliberately destroyed the roads and bridges to impede the advance of the red Army. The confusion has led to rampant gang. Famine and epidemics. In the end, the material supply of the red Army deteriorated, which also negativelyimpact on the morale of the red army.Soviet Russia, which fought on the Northern, southern and Eastern fronts, could not have serious financial support. As a result, the formation of the new Soviet Latvian army was hard. The struggle for Lithuania proceeded in an even more unsatisfactory conditions. The Soviet government of Lithuania due to the lack of a sufficient number of personnel are unable to form your army. The local population was a strong petty-bourgeois sentiment, support for the Bolsheviks was minimal. Therefore, to help local councils had to send the 2nd Pskov division. The struggle was hard, as in Estonia. In addition, the Lithuanian nationalists, the Germans came.Soon to replace Germany, which surrendered and was occupied serious internal problems came from UK. The British Navy dominated the Baltic. The Entente troops captured the coastal city revel, the Ust-Dvinsk and Libau.

The Government of Ulmanis was fixed in Libau under the protection of the British. Here they continued the formation of the Latvian army. While still basic assistance was provided by Germany, which wanted to create a buffer on the borders of East Prussia, so it came out red. Germany helped the Latvian government finances, ammunition and weapons. In the service of Latvia has transferred a significant portion of the volunteer division rail. German soldiers promised Latvian citizenship and the possibility of acquiring land in Courland. It also created a white Russian Lebowski squad.

German captured armored car of Landover "Titanic" on the streets of Riga, 1919

Feature of the Baltic States

A Feature then of the Baltic States was the prevalence of German and Russian in cultural and economic life of the region. Estonians and Latvians was then a backward and primitive borderland peoples, darker than the bulk of the Central Russian peasantry. They were very far from politics. The local intelligentsia was very weak, only beginning to emerge. Almost the whole layer of culture of Estonia and especially Latvia, were Russian-German. The Baltic (Baltic, Ostsee), the Germans then constituted a significant percentage of the local population. The Teutonic knights conquered the Baltic States in the middle ages and for centuries was the dominant segment of the population, exerting a strong influence on the culture and language of local residents.Therefore, the Baltic Germans in the early twentieth century was the region's dominant cultural and economic relations class – the nobility, the clergy, the greater part of the middle class – urban dwellers (burghers). They do not assimilate with the Estonians and Latvians, maintaining the position of the social elite. Between Germans and Latvian and Estonian peasants and urban Nizami was lying a century of hostility. She was aggravated by agrarian overpopulation. So, by the early twentieth century, the Germans still owned almost all the forests of the Baltic States and 20 % of arable land. And the indigenous population, landless peasants have steadily increased (which caused a mass migration of the Baltic peasants in Russian province). It is not surprising that the young Baltic States have carried out agrarian reform aimed at a radical expropriation of the German estates.

Thus, in the Civil war in the Baltics-Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans and Russian white had completely different interests. The opponents of the Bolsheviks were not a United front and they had a lot of contradictions. However, in the beginning, when there was a threat of the "red blitzkrieg", the opponents of the Bolsheviks were able to unite.

Red train on the front of the 7th red army. Yamburg. 1919

The General situation in the spring of 1919. North building

At the end of March 1919 the Reds were all Latvia, in addition to the district of Libau, which ran the invaders. But the strategic position of the red Army was heavy, as is the situation in Estonia and Lithuania was dangerous. Latvian red Riflemen had to allocate troops to the flanks, against Estonia and Lithuania. In the end, and so relatively weak forces of the Latvian army were scattered over a wide front. Particularly weak was the center of Courland direction. There were no reserves, the formation of the 2nd division had done badly due to problems in material supply.Estonia was convenient for the defense. She was covered Peipsi and Pskov lakes, rivers and swamps. Besides the main blow of the red Army came to Riga, there were concentrated the best red part. The direction of the revel was auxiliary. Estonia came more weak parts, mainly from the Petrograd district, which retained the negative features of old decomposed Metropolitan regiments.Estonian troops in winter was greatly enhanced due to the formation of the white Russian troops. Even in the autumn of 1918, with the support of the German invaders began the formation of the "Russian volunteer Northern army." The formation of the first division was in Pskov, the Island and Gora (Pskov, and Ostrovsky Reicke shelves, only about 2 thousand infantry and cavalry). Also in the "Northern army" included the various groups of adventurers, like ataman Bulak-Balakhovich, who first fought for the Bolsheviks, and then defected to white (red it was planned to be arrested for bloody action in the village and stealing).Was supposed to lead the count K. A. Keller (a talented commander of the cavalry division, and thencavalry corps, "the first sword of Russia"), but not reached the destination and was killed in Kiev, with Petliura. Temporarily commanded the formation of a white Colonel Nave. In November 1918, the backbone of the Pskov case white left Pskov and began to retreat after the Germans, so was not able to resist the red Army. In December 1918, the corps entered in the Estonian service and was renamed from Pskov in the North. In December, the corps in cooperation with the Estonian volkami confronted red in Yur direction.The Baltic state of education actively supported England. First Estonia, where the local government immediately led to a national-chauvinistic policy towards Germans and Russians. Lands of the German nobility were nationalized, German officials were fired, the Germans were forced out. London was interested in the dismemberment and weakening of Russia, therefore, helped the nationalist regimes. The British Navy chilling effect of the red Baltic fleet. The British supported local regimes with weapons and ammunition, and in the yard of the cases of direct military force in the first place this concerned the coastal points. While the British until the summer of 1919, did not help the Russian white since the Northern building was founded by the Germans, and the whites, advocated a "United and indivisible Russia". White did not recognize the independence of Estonia, which became their base. That is, whites were potential enemies of the local nationalists.Significant help of the Estonian units are also provided German and Latvian landowners, representatives of the bourgeoisie who fled from Latvia, where he defeated red. As a result of attempts of the opponents of the red to go on the offensive from Narva to Jamburg and then had success. Success accompanied their attack on Valk and Verro. This forced the commander of the army of Latvia (for the position in February 1919 was assigned to Nice) to allocate against Bluestone three additional rifle regiments. The successes of the red forces on the Lithuanian direction was also stopped, as in the district of Kovno province appeared the German volunteers who have strengthened the local position of the Lithuanian government. Also in Lithuania against the Reds fought Polish troops.It should be noted that the spring of 1919 became Soviet Russia's time of extreme tension of all forces on the southern and Eastern fronts. In the South and East were the decisive battles of the Civil war, so red the rate could not send to the Western front with sufficient forces and means. In the immediate rear of the red, around the North-West of Russia blazed a natural "kulak" revolts, often led by deserters who had military training and escaped with weapons. The country continued the Peasant war, the peasants revolted, unhappy with the policies of "war communism", the surplus and the mobilization of the army. For example, in June 1919, three provinces of the Petrograd military district was considered more than 7 thousand. Especially prominent was the Pskov province, in the riots which were of a continuous nature.

The defense of Petrograd. Fighting force of senior officials of the trade unions and economic Council

A Group of commanders and red army men. The defense of Petrograd

To be Continued...

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