Digital Collections @ Mac - Women for Peacehttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace
Women have been historically linked with anti war movements. While some scholars consider this position reductionist, others have argued that women's traditional roles as mothers and nurturers situate them as natural opponents of militarism and warfare. The women represented in this theme found the struggle for peace to be their life's work. Both Vera Brittain and Dora Russell were radicalized for peace by their very different experiences in England during the First World War: Brittain, a young woman who lost both her fiance and her brother in the conflict, and Russell, who saw her future husband imprisoned for his outspoken resistance. Eva Sanderson and Claire Culhane were both outspoken Canadian anti-Vietnam War activists.
In addition to the four case studies presented here, women are also featured in the counterpoint theme to this one, Women and War. They also appear elsewhere, presented in various themes: Marion S. Simpson under The Hamilton Connection, Constance Malleson and Jane Abbott in Civilians Caught up In War, and Vera Brittain once again, this time as a young woman exchanging letters with her sweetheart in the trenches Life at the Front.
enFrom Youth to Experience: Vera Brittain’s Work for Peace in Two World Warshttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/youth-experience-vera-brittains-work-peace-two-world-wars
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Vera Brittain, pacifist, feminist, novelist and poet, was born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England, on 29 December 1893 and grew up in Buxton, Derbyshire. She won a scholarship to Somerville College, Oxford to study English Literature. Brittain was just about to begin her studies when the First World War was declared. During the same eventful period, carefully documented in her vividly detailed <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00000283.jpg">diaries</a>, she met her brother Edward’s closest friend, Roland Leighton. Edward and Roland immediately volunteered for service. Vera and Roland’s friendship blossomed into a courtship, developed in the long and frequent letters the two exchanged following <a href="/pw20c/case-study/violets-trenches-selections-letters-roland-leighton-and-vera-brittain">Roland’s</a> posting to the front early in 1915. They became engaged during Roland’s first leave in August and Vera was expecting him home in time for her birthday when news of his death came on 27 December 1915. Her brother and two other close friends were also killed before the war’s end.</p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00000258.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00000258.jpg" alt="00000258.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> Brittain’s diaries and extensive correspondence reveal a woman transformed by war. Nor were her perceptions altered only by her tragic losses. Having worked hard to win her place at Oxford, at a time when women were only just beginning to be admitted to the university, she abandoned her studies and volunteered as a Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurse, serving first in London and then in France and Malta. </p>
<p>Following the armistice Brittain returned to Somerville College, this time to read history, so that she might better understand, she later wrote, how the “whole calamity” of the war had occurred and “to know why it had been possible for me and my contemporaries, through our own ignorance and others’ ingenuity, to be used, hypnotised and slaughtered” (<cite>Testament of Youth</cite>, 1978 ed., 471). Almost without realizing it, Brittain had become a pacifist and she was to spend the rest of her life opposing war, no matter how strongly circumstances might appear to justify its declaration. </p>
<p>Much of Brittain’s creative work was to reflect her anti-war stance. Her first published poetry, <cite>Verses of a V.A.D.</cite>, appeared in August 1919. She left Oxford for London in 1921, sharing a flat with Winifred Holtby, a fellow feminist, writer and social activist, whom she had met at Oxford. After her marriage in 1925 to the political scientist George Catlin, who was teaching at Cornell University, she lived for a year in the United States. However, the two agreed to a “semi-detached marriage,” with Catlin spending the teaching term in the USA but making their permanent home base in London, so that Brittain could return to England and continue with her work. Living once again with Holtby, Brittain resumed her writing life, which now included novels and journalism as well as intensified anti-war activism. Thanks in large part to Holtby’s generous support, Brittain’s work was not significantly interrupted by the birth of her two children: John in 1927 and Shirley (later the politician Shirley Williams) in 1930.</p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001539.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001539.jpg" alt="00001539.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> The increasing international political tensions of the 1930s were the context for the publication of Brittain’s best-known work, <cite>Testament of Youth</cite> (1933), a deeply moving autobiographical account of “the lost generation,” covering the years 1900 to 1925. The Vera Brittain archives at McMaster University contain an exquisitely bound copy of the <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001577.jpg">original manuscript</a>. The book, dedicated to Roland Leighton and Edward Brittain, was a best-seller, and its publication transformed Brittain into an influential public figure. </p>
<p>Although her anti-war stance had long been evident in her work, it was not until 1937, with the outbreak of another war seeming ever more certain, that Brittain formally declared herself a pacifist. Impressed by the public pacifism and dedication of Canon Dick Sheppard, she joined the <a href="/pw20c/case-study/renounce-war-and-never-support-or-sanction-another-peace-pledge-union-1934-1960s">Peace Pledge Union</a>, remaining a member until her death. Once the Second World War broke out, Brittain was one of the few public intellectuals who continued to hold firmly to her pacifist commitment; even the patently evil policies of Hitler, she argued, could not be used to justify the widespread death and devastation which were the inevitable legacy of war – even <a href="/bertrand-russell">Bertrand Russell</a> had concluded that, in this instance at least, war was an unavoidable response. Brittain wrote, published and disseminated a biweekly series of <cite>Letters to Peace Lovers</cite>, and wrote two books: <cite>England’s Hour</cite> (1941) and <cite>Humiliation with Honour</cite> (1942), which eloquently made the case for peace. As the war dragged on, she continued her efforts with the publication of two powerful polemics: <cite><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001547.jpg">One of these little ones: A Plea to Parents and Others for Europe’s Children</a></cite> (1943) and <cite><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001545.jpg">Seed of Chaos: What Mass Bombing Really Means</a></cite> (1944). The latter work, which attacked the allied policy of saturation bombing against Germany, provoked a significant backlash, especially when it appeared in the United States.</p>
<p>There is little doubt that Brittain’s unwavering pacifism had negative repercussions for her career as a writer. She never obtained the reputation as a writer of fiction to which she aspired, nor did she win the national honours which might have come her way had she not held fast to her “rebel passion.” However, she continued to write in a variety of genres, frequently returning to themes of peace and war. <cite>Testament of Experience</cite>, a sequel to her earlier autobiography, covering the years 1925-50, appeared in 1957, and <cite>The Rebel Passion</cite>, a brief history of some influential peacemakers, in 1964. Her diaries, edited by Alan Bishop of McMaster University, were published posthumously. The first volume of Brittain’s diaries, covering the years 1913 to 1917, is entitled <cite>Chronicle of Youth</cite>. Vera Brittain died in London in 1970. Her ashes were sprinkled over her brother Edward’s grave in Italy, where he had died on 15 June 1918. The Vera Brittain papers at McMaster University, extending to 36.5 meters, include material from seventy years of this creative activist’s life (1900-1970).</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>When war was declared on 4 August 1914, Vera Brittain, like most of her contemporaries, was swept up in the excitement which accompanied the announcement of hositilities. However, her voluminous papers reveal her transformation into a brave and unwavering voice for peace, even during the Second World War, when so many other public intellectuals concluded war to be the only recourse against the threat of Hitler’s Germany.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-headline-image field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001545</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-reference-footnote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Berry, Paul, and Mark Bostridge. Vera Brittain: a life (London: Chatto &amp; Windus, 1995)
</div><div class="field-item odd">Bishop, Alan. “Brittain, Vera Mary (1893-1970).&quot; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) Online ed. Oct 2006 [ HYPERLINK &quot;http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32076&quot; http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32076, accessed 28 March 2008].
</div><div class="field-item even">Bishop, Alan, and Mark Bostridge, eds. Letters from a Lost Generation: the First World War letters of Vera Brittain and four friends, Roland Leighton, Edward Brittain, Victor Richardson, Geoffrey Thurlow (London: Little, Brown &amp; Co., 1998)
</div><div class="field-item odd">Brittain, Vera. Testament of Youth: an autobiographical study of the years 1900-1925 (London: Virago, 2004)
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-reference-fonds field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/b/brittain.htm">Vera Brittain fonds</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-old-nid field-type-number-integer field-label-above"><div class="field-label">old-nid:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">37884</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Taxonomy:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 15:59:00 +0000Anonymous182693 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/youth-experience-vera-brittains-work-peace-two-world-wars#commentsWorking for Peace: Eva Sanderson and the Toronto Association for Peace, 1958-1972http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/working-peace-eva-sanderson-and-toronto-association-peace-1958-1972
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>“None of us can resign from our own individual responsibility.” So wrote veteran peace activist <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001462.jpg">Eva Sanderson</a>, expressing the belief that propelled her into work within the Toronto Association for Peace (TAP). Founded in 1958, TAP was the local body, which planned and carried out activities in association with the Canadian Peace Congress. President from 1958 to 1972, Sanderson directed TAP’s efforts which focused on educating the public about threats to peace and motivating them to work for the cause. While TAP identified many threats to peace: nuclear weapons, American intervention and Canadian complicity in Vietnam, German rearmament, the failure to recognize the People’s Republic of China, and apartheid in South Africa, it was the first two which received the most attention. </p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001462.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001462.jpg" alt="00001462.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> To alert Canadians about the dangers of nuclear weapons, TAP employed two powerful tools: <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001432.jpg">protest marches</a>, and the <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001464.jpg">submission of briefs to politicians</a>. Led by Sanderson, members of TAP converged on Parliament Hill in Ottawa annually between 1958 and 1961, each time highlighting a key issue. In 1958, for example, <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001463.jpg">they carried umbrellas</a> bearing slogans urging “SPEEDY ACTION to end the deadly tests and the menace of nuclear arms.” In 1959, they focused on the dangers of nuclear testing. Presenting themselves as concerned parents and grandparents, TAP protesters carried placards, which proclaimed the danger to children’s health represented by strontium 90, an element found in the fallout produced by atmospheric nuclear testing. </p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001435.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001435.jpg" alt="00001435.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> As TAP’s President, Sanderson <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001464-2.jpg">submitted briefs</a> to the Prime Minister to advocate for nuclear disarmament. Knowing that strategists viewed nuclear weapons as a deterrent that ensured Canada’s security, she argued in a May 1961 brief to Mr. Diefenbaker that true security rested on moral forces and mutual trust. Equally problematic, nuclear weapons siphoned money away from those Canadians who needed it most. Money spent on nuclear deterrence, Sanderson wrote in a February 1960 brief, should be devoted instead to improving the standard of living of the neediest by raising the exemption from income tax, increasing pensions and other payments, and launching large-scale public works. </p>
<p>From 1962, while continuing to advocate for nuclear disarmament, Sanderson led TAP in opposing American involvement and <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001435.jpg">Canadian complicity</a> in the Vietnam War. In this, she used strategies that experience had already proven effective. For example, on behalf of TAP, she wrote to American and Canadian politicians, demanding an end to the fighting. Disseminating information about the conduct of the war, Sanderson <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001434.jpg">implored Canadians</a> to write similar letters. Forming coalitions with other peace groups, TAP joined in protest marches to rouse public opinion against the war. </p>
<p>After suffering a debilitating stroke in 1972, Eva Sanderson was no longer able to serve as TAP’s president. However, the organization continued its work under the leadership of Hans Blumenfeld. Under Sanderson’s direction for fourteen years, TAP was made part of a world-wide movement for peace. While this international movement has attracted significant academic and popular attention, the Canadian component has been neglected and the work of its leaders, particularly women like Eva Sanderson, has been similarly under-recognized. But, as the records of the William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections demonstrate, there is ample material available which documents the Canadian chapter.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>A founding member of the Toronto Association for Peace, for 14 years Eva Sanderson led the group’s struggle for peace, primarily through its concerted efforts against nuclear weapons.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-headline-image field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001433</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-reference-fonds field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/canpeace.htm">Canadian Peace Congress fonds</a></p>
</div><div class="field-item odd"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/t/tap.htm">Toronto Association for Peace fonds</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-old-nid field-type-number-integer field-label-above"><div class="field-label">old-nid:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">37685</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Taxonomy:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 15:59:00 +0000Anonymous182677 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/working-peace-eva-sanderson-and-toronto-association-peace-1958-1972#commentsClaire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarianhttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/claire-culhane-canadian-peace-activist-and-humanitarian
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Peace activism in North America was utterly transformed in the 1960s and 1970s during the years of the <a href="/pw20c/case-study/vietnam-war-popular-protest-comes-age">Vietnam War</a>. Along with widespread student protests and sit-ins, many self-dubbed “non-political” individuals held protest signs for the first time as they joined grass-roots movements to stop the war. In Canada, protesters also wanted the government to reveal the complete nature of their country’s role in the conflict. Why was Canada, known widely for its peacekeeping efforts, selling war materials to the U.S.? How could the government explain eyewitness reports of compromised Canadian relief efforts and collusion between aid workers and the U.S. military and CIA in Vietnam?</p>
<p> Claire Culhane was born Claire Eglin on 2 September 1918 in Montreal. The daughter of Russian-Jewish immigrant parents, she was married for a time to Gerry Culhane, with whom she had two daughters. By the late 1960s, she was already a seasoned social activist. She had been involved as an adolescent with the relief movement in Quebec during the Depression. As a young woman she had joined the Communist Party of Canada, participating in the youth movement striving to end the <a href="/pw20c/case-study/spanish-civil-war-foreign-intervention-and-american-reaction">Spanish Civil War</a>. These activities earned her the attention of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police: with some pride, she would state in later life that her RCMP file spanned nearly fifty years. </p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001386.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001386.jpg" alt="00001386.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> Culhane’s practical experience as a medical records librarian in Montreal, and her ongoing political interests, prompted her to take on a one-year government contract as an advisor and administrative assistant at a tuberculosis (TB) hospital established in Vietnam by the Canadian government. The facility was situated in Quang Ngai City, a provincial capital some 500 kilometres northeast of Saigon, not far what would become the war’s most insidious locale: My Lai. On 6 October 1967, Claire Culhane arrived in Quang Ngai to begin one of the most extraordinary and emotionally wrenching experiences of her life.</p>
<p> The city was in a deeply-embattled region, and she was awakened nightly by the sound of mortar shells and the eerie light of flares. Awaiting the arrival of essential machinery for the Canadian hospital, Culhane volunteered at the local provincial hospital, witnessing both the misery of Third World medical problems and horrific civilian injuries caused by traditional warfare and the new, sinister chemical weapon, napalm. On her first day she examined a mother and three small children, noting numbly in her diary: “infant had a hole in its back (size of an orange), 4 year old with tracer bullet scars across face from nostril to back of ear, mother [badly scarred,] result of previous cannon fire burns”. She would see, and help treat, far worse wounds during the following months.</p>
<p> Canadian House, where the aid workers lived, was often visited by American soldiers and officials, whose callous attitudes and actions, particularly towards civilians, sickened Culhane. A helicopter pilot joked about zooming in repeatedly on farmers to make them scurry until he could “kill them off”. Culhane also became increasingly aware of the conflicted relationship between her country’s aid effort and U.S. military activity. In Vietnam, Canadians relied on American infrastructure support (Culhane herself was flown from Saigon to Quang Ngai on an Air America plane, run by the CIA). She stated: “Although the assignment was designated as an independent, Canadian humanitarian project, it soon became evident that one could not function separate and apart from the war which was all about us”. She was also devastated to discover that the confidential records system she had set up for her hospital was repeatedly compromised by the head of the Canadian medical aid team, who liberally shared patient information with American embassy officials. </p>
<p><a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001372.jpg"><img src="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001372.jpg" alt="00001372.jpg" class="pwimgembed" /></a> Dramatic events took place during the ferocious attacks of the Tet Offensive in February 1968. In spite of efforts to protect the hospital, it became a military target when South Vietnamese soldiers began using it as a base. The hospital had to be closed and Culhane campaigned to have patients moved to an empty ward in the provincial hospital. The hospital’s director refused the proposal. Broken-hearted and furious, Culhane and the staff readied the reluctant patients as best they could and sent them home, knowing that for many, ‘home’ no longer existed. After discovering evidence of further collaboration between some Canadian aid officials and the CIA, Culhane concluded that her presence and that of her colleagues was detrimental to the country they were supposedly assisting. She left Vietnam on 29 February 1968.</p>
<p> On her return to Canada Culhane filed an official report with the Canadian government, detailing events she had witnessed and decrying Canada’s complicity in the war. She called for immediate withdrawal of the Canadian team and she included recommendations on how to revitalize and improve the aid program. The Canadian government’s virtual suppression of the report, followed by policy revisions she felt were ineffective, infuriated and frustrated her.</p>
<p> Realizing the need for drastic action, on 30 September 1968 Culhane began a ten-day fast on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, supported by members of the Voice of Women organization, which had provided a strong backbone for the anti-war movement. She confronted numerous politicians, drew support from some elected members, and was finally granted a brief but ultimately fruitless meeting with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. The fast was widely-publicized and even received coverage in North Vietnam. A few months later she was invited to the international Stockholm Conference on Vietnam, and went to Paris during the Peace Talks to meet with officials. On her return to Canada she began a nationwide speaking tour.</p>
<p>In November 1969, the public learned of the March 1968 slaughter of hundreds of civilians at the hands of U.S. forces at My Lai. The attack took place less than two weeks after Culhane’s departure from Quang Ngai and it became a personal tragedy for Culhane; she learned that a dear hospital colleague had perished along with her four children. In December 1969 she was invited to participate in a Paris conference on war crimes. To her great joy, another invitee was a young woman Culhane had befriended in <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001385.jpg">Vietnam</a>. </p>
<p> Back in Canada, Culhane began another drastic action. On Christmas Eve 1969, with documentary filmmaker Mike Rubbo, she began a <a href="/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001384.jpg">campaign</a> she called “Enough/Assez”: enough horrors, enough vacillation, and enough complicity. The two spent the next nineteen days camped out in the cold, distributing hundreds of pamphlets and inviting the public to the site in Ottawa to discuss the war. Cameras captured some of the <a href="http://archives.radio-canada.ca/war_conflict/vietnam_war/clip/1413-9122/">impassioned conversations</a>. There is no doubt that the camp and Culhane’s continued efforts, including the 1972 publication of her book, <cite>Why is Canada in Vietnam?</cite>, helped galvanize the anti-war campaign and kept it in the forefront of Canadians’ minds. </p>
<p> In later years, the articulate and impassioned Culhane took up the cause of prison reform, and was appointed to the Citizens’ Advisory Committee for British Columbia Penitentiaries in 1976. She died in Vancouver in 1996, having inspired more than one generation of political activists.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Canada’s foremost peace activist during the Vietnam War was an unlikely figure: a 50-year old hospital records librarian and grandmother whose first-hand experiences in Vietnam propelled her into an eight-year public battle with the Canadian government.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-headline-image field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001384</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-reference-footnote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire. Why is Canada in Vietnam? The truth about our foreign aid (Toronto: NC Press, 1992)
</div><div class="field-item odd">Lowe, Mick. One Woman Army: the Life of Claire Culhane (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1972)
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cs-reference-fonds field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.lib.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Claire Culhane fonds</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-old-nid field-type-number-integer field-label-above"><div class="field-label">old-nid:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">37672</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Taxonomy:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 15:59:00 +0000Anonymous182667 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/claire-culhane-canadian-peace-activist-and-humanitarian#commentsSchuman [?], Audrey, Photograph, 12 April 1972http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/schuman-audrey-photograph-12-april-1972
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001372.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001372.jpg?itok=PfeDdRNE" width="220" height="175" alt="00001372.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Demonstration against President Nixon's Visit to Ottawa.
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Schuman [?], Audrey</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">photograph</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">12 April 1972</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Ottawa</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001372</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">photos - Nixon demo, Ottawa 1972</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">49</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181661 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/schuman-audrey-photograph-12-april-1972#commentsCulhane, Claire, Typescript, 15 January 1972http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-typescript-15-january-1972
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001371.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001371.jpg?itok=vmigDlrm" width="171" height="220" alt="00001371.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">first draft of Why is Canada in Vietnam
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">typescript</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">15 January 1972</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-publisher field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Publisher:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">BIAS, Vol. 2, no. 8, 1971; NC Press, 1972</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001371</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">BIAS</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">49</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181660 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-typescript-15-january-1972#commentsCulhane, Claire, Letter, 15 December 1968http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-15-december-1968-0
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001370-2.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001370-2.jpg?itok=F5_s8Fch" width="174" height="220" alt="00001370-2.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">to Friends
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">letter</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">15 December 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Stockholm, Sweden</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001370-2</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">December, 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">1</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181659 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-15-december-1968-0#commentsCulhane, Claire, Letter, 15 December 1968http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-15-december-1968
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001370.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001370.jpg?itok=OsdMKWz6" width="177" height="220" alt="00001370.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">to Friends
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">letter</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">15 December 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Stockholm, Sweden</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001370</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">December, 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">1</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181658 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-15-december-1968#commentsCulhane, Claire, Letter, 10 February 1968http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968-1
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001369-3.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001369-3.jpg?itok=EAEZfPNC" width="147" height="220" alt="00001369-3.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">to Pix Daly
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">letter</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">10 February 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Da Nang, Vietnam</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001369-3</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">February, 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">1</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181657 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968-1#commentsCulhane, Claire, Letter, 10 February 1968http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968-0
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001369-2.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001369-2.jpg?itok=bzQM1TNq" width="220" height="170" alt="00001369-2.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">to Pix Daly
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">letter</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">10 February 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Da Nang, Vietnam</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001369-2</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-transcript field-type-text-long field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Transcript:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>[This letter describes the closing of the hospital in early February 1968, and Culhane’s subsequent evacuation to Da Nang, prior to her decision to leave Vietnam; transcript of second and third pages of the letter].<br />
II<br />
more in defiance than in surrender and shouting invectives at his captor, while all onlookers silent! So significantly silent!! Looked me square in eye as he passed but made no change – I always expect to be spat at as a “MYEE” (“Amer[ican]” in VN [Vietnamese]) (as is occasionally happening NOW) so like to think our reputation as humanitarian Canadians is definitely known at least in our environs.<br />
Then two nights of local VN Police Militia using our hospital as a more comfortable base for shooting from than the surrounding fields in spite of orders NOT to enter hospital until actual VC [Viet Cong] attack. When we protested to authorities that they were endangering lives of patients &amp; it should not be repeated were told “go tell it to the VC” (the 2nd night I was on duty alone with 44 patients – had to get them under their beds &amp; then just sit it out while the shooting went on from 2 – 6.30 am). But they (the patients) were just wonderful, when<br />
III<br />
I dozed off once sitting on floor with them. One patient covered me with her blanket and not one showed panic – after all, most of them have lived with war all their lives.<br />
The only tears &amp; heartbreak were the next day when we had to decide to pack them home as being safer than remaining at hospital – that part still haunts me and always will.<br />
Then we had to evacuate to Da Nang on the 6th Feb. where we are still sitting waiting for next developments. As of this moment we are told there are still 6,000 [Viet Cong] surrounding Quang Ngai &amp; so not to return.<br />
But here in Da Nang 2 nights ago [we] were given emergency posts in the bldg. complex where we are billeted &amp; told that 30,000-40,000 NV Army had been moving in since 4 p.m. BUT we would be evacuated by helicopter should it be necessary.<br />
[Along the side of the page, CC explains why she is writing on United States Government letterhead (Note that she has scrawled lines across the U.S. logo)] This section explained by fact that we have been all billetted in Da Nang in apt. of gal who just happens to be secty. of U.S. consul – and this is only paper she has on hand to give me to write so don’t go thinking anything else.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">February, 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">1</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181656 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968-0#commentsCulhane, Claire, Letter, 10 February 1968http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968
<div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/pw20c_images/00001369.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pw20c_images/00001369.jpg?itok=VwB-uM0V" width="147" height="220" alt="00001369.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Description:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">to Pix Daly
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-creator field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Creator:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Culhane, Claire</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-source field-type-list-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Source:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">letter</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-date field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Date:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">10 February 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-place field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Place:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Da Nang, Vietnam</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-coverage field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Collection/Fonds:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/c/culhane.htm">Culhane, Claire</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-contributor field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Contributer:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">McMaster University Libraries</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-rights field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Rights:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Copyright, public domain: McMaster University owns the rights to the archival copy of the digital image in TIFF format.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-subject field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Subject:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Women for Peace</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-relation field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Case Study:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Claire Culhane: Canadian Peace Activist and Humanitarian</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-identifier field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Identifier:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">00001369</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-language field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Language:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">eng</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-type field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Type:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">image</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Format:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">jpg</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-transcript field-type-text-long field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Transcript:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>[This letter describes the closing of the hospital in early February 1968, and Culhane’s subsequent evacuation to Da Nang, prior to her decision to leave Vietnam; transcript of page one]<br />
Da Nang Vietnam Feb. 10/68<br />
Dear Pix (Daly)<br />
Well – lost track of when I wrote to you last but have an idea it was’t too long before the fateful Jan 30th. Everything seems to date from then far as you probably known that was the night of this new “wave” of attacks – still going on.<br />
Since which time Quang Ngai was literally under siege for 3 days with the VC (how I hate that term somehow) the NLF holding the P.O., a secondary school and another big building – also sent in 150 Rounds of mortar into Airport compound &amp; all kinds of shooting up &amp; down the streets and houses blown up, and child next door killed from shell burst, and tail piece of shell through the thatched roof our patio &amp; 2 rooms riddled with bullets, and a NLF prisoner paraded thru the street, one arm held by captor &amp; the other arm upright</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">File:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">February, 1968</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-box field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Box:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">1</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomy field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Peace and War in the 20th Century:&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/peace-and-war-20th-century/women-peace" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Women for Peace</a></div></div></div>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:28:40 +0000Anonymous181655 at http://pw20c.mcmaster.cahttp://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/culhane-claire-letter-10-february-1968#comments