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Thursday, August 8, 2013

2.IntroductionHow can we get HydrogenHydrogen storageHow can we get energy?Hydrogen energy integration with renewable sourcesSustainability and Hydrogen energy

3.Why Hydrogen?

4.Introduction

5.Hydrogen StoragePressure StorageEasiest and most economical wayTanks can hold up to 350 times of the gas (750 in the future)Mainly used for indoor and stationary applicationsLiquid Hydrogen storageHigh energy storage density per volume and massUsed in limited spaceEvaporation lossesHuge energy needed to liquefy Hydrogen (1/3 of stored energy)

6.Metal Hydride StorageHydrogen is pumped into a storage medium to bond with a metal (alloy)High energy storage density per volumeHigh energy storage density per massCarbon Nano-fiber StorageUnder research (promising)Very high energy storage density per volume and massViable option for automobiles

7.Fuel Cells Development

8.Honda FCX Clarity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxMuYMOMh1U

9.Hydrogen energy and renewable sources
Supply and demand don’t coincide with renewablesHydrogen is a way to store and transport regenerative energyUsing excess energy to get hydrogen then using it with fuel cellsMaking other renewable sources more reliable

10.Is it sustainable?

11.Infinite energy sourceClean sourcePollution free……….No CO2 is produced when burned only vaporReducing greenhouse effectSafe energy sourcemixing hydrogen and oxygen together, reduces the risk of having many large-scale accidents in the production of power.It is not toxic

2.A peer-to-peer network, P2P, is consider any type of network architecture composed of contributors that make a part of their resources available to other contributors on the same network without the need for a server

3.Unstructured p2p networkIn an unstructured P2P network, if a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the query has to be flooded through the network in order to find as many peers as possible that share the data.The main disadvantage with such networks is that the queries may not always be resolved.

4.Structured P2P networks overcome the limitations of unstructured networks by maintaining a Distributed Hash Table (DHT).
whenever a peer wants to search for some data, it uses the global protocol to determine the peer(s) responsible for the data and then directs the search towards the responsible peer(s).

5.Classification of unstructured p2pP2P networks can be roughly classified into two types — “pure P2P networks”, and “hybrid P2P networks”
A pure p2p system is a distributed system without any centralized control. All participating peers are equal, and each peer plays both the role of client and of server. Gnutella and Freenet are examples of a pure P2P network.
There are two kinds of hybrid systems: centralized indexing and decentralized indexing.

6.In centralized indexing a central server maintains an index of the data or ?les that are currently being shared by active peers.
In decentralized indexing, some of the nodes assume a more important role than the rest of nodes. They are called ” SuperNodes”. Queries are sent to supernodes, not to other peers.

7.Famous p2p networks

8.napsterIt was used primarily for file sharing hybrid p2p networkWays of action:Client sends server the query, server responds to clientClient gets list of clients from serverAll Clients send ID?s of the data they hold to the server and when client asks for data, server responds with specific addressespeer downloads directly from other peer(s)

9.Napster subscribers also receive access to more than fifty commercial-free radio stations. Users can pause, play, fast-forward and rewind the radio stations at any time.

10.Advantages and drawbacksAdvantages:Efficient searchLimited bandwidth usageNo per-node state
Drawbacks:Central point of failureLimited scale

11.gnutellaGnutella is a file sharing protocol. When a user wishes to find a file, the user issues a query for the file to the Gnutella users about which it knows. Those users may or may not respond with results, and will forward the query request to any other Gnutella nodes they know about. A query contains a Time-To-Live (TTL) field and will be forwarded until the TTL has been reached.

12.Advantages and drawbacksAdvantages:Fault tolerantNo single point of failureAnonymity
Drawbacks:High bandwidth usageLong time to locate itemNo guarantee on success rate

13.freenetFreenet represents the purest form of P2P system.
The primary mission of Freenet is to make use of the system anonymous.
Each file in the Freenet system is identified by a key. These are typically generated using the hash function. Typically a user starts by providing a short text description of the file. This description is then hashed to generate a key pair.

14.Freenet is able to optimize searches by creating routing tables. When a file is successfully located by a search, the file's key is inserted into a local routing table.
When a search is received by a node that contains the desired file, it returns the entire file as a successful result.

Introduction to Classes and Objects Presentation Transcript:
1.Introduction to Classes and Objects

2.AgendaIn this Lecture you will learn: What classes, objects, methods and instance variables are.How to declare a class and use it to create an object. How to declare methods in a class to implement the class’s behaviors.How to declare instance variables in a class to implement the class’s attributes.How to call an object’s method to make that method perform its task.The differences between instance variables of a class and local variables of a method.How to use a constructor to ensure that an object’s data is initialized when the object is created.The differences between primitive and reference types.

3. Introduction Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance Variables Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a Class Declaring a Method with a Parameter Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods Primitive Types vs. Reference Types Initializing Objects with Constructors Floating-Point Numbers and Type double (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Dialog Boxes (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in a Requirements Document Wrap-Up

4.ClassesFloating-Point numbers

5.Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance VariablesClass provides one or more methodsMethod represents task in a programDescribes the mechanisms that actually perform its tasksHides from its user the complex tasks that it performsMethod call tells method to perform its task

6.Classes contain one or more attributesSpecified by instance variablesCarried with the object as it is used

7.Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a ClassEach class declaration that begins with keyword public must be stored in a file that has the same name as the class and ends with the .java file-name extension.

8.Class GradeBookkeyword public is an access modifier Class declarations include:Access modifierKeyword classPair of left and right braces

9.Method declarationsKeyword public indicates method is available to publicKeyword void indicates no return typeAccess modifier, return type, name of method and parentheses comprise method header

10.Common Programming Error 3.1Declaring more than one public class in the same file is a compilation error.

11.Java is extensibleProgrammers can create new classesClass instance creation expressionKeyword newThen name of class to create and parenthesesCalling a methodObject name, then dot separator (.)Then method name and parentheses

12.Compiling an Application with Multiple ClassesCompiling multiple classesList each .java file in the compilation command and separate them with spacesCompile with *.java to compile all .java files in that directory

4.REQUIREMENT for NON TRADITIONAL MACHININGThe need to machine newly developed metals and non-metals. These materials often have special properties (e.g., high strength, high hardness, high toughness) that make them difficult or impossible to machine by conventional methods.The need for unusual and/or complex part geometries that cannot easily be accomplished and in some cases are impossible to achieve by conventional machining.The need to avoid surface damage that often accompanies the stresses created by conventional machining.Many of these requirements are associated with the aerospace and electronics industries.

5.Classification of non traditional MachiningThe classification is based on principal form of energy usedMechanicalElectricalThermalChemical

6.MECHANICAL ENERGY PROCESSESSeveral of the nontraditional processes that use mechanical energy other than a sharp cutting tool: ultrasonic machining,water jet processes,andother abrasive processes.

7.Ultrasonic Machining (USM)Used for Hard and Brittle Materials like Ceramics and glassAbrasive particles impacts on workpiece to achieve metal removalThe tool drives the abrasives contained in a slurryThe tool oscillates perpendicular to work surface at high frequency(20,000 HZ) and low amplitude(0.075mm) and fed slowly in the work surfaceTool Material is normally soft steel & Stainless SteelAbrasive slurry includes boron nitride, boron carbide, Aluminum Oxide etc mixed with water(20% ~60%) and the grit size is propotional to amplitudeTool and work both undergo abrasion with a ratio of 100:1 to 1:1.

8.Abrasives contained in a slurry are driven at high velocity against the work by a tool vibrating at low amplitude and high frequency. The amplitudes are around 0.075 mm , and the frequencies are approximately 20,000 Hz. The tool oscillates perpendicular to the work surface, and is fed slowly into the work, the shape of the tool is formed in the part. It is the action of the abrasives, impinging against the work surface, that performs the cutting. Common tool materials are soft steel and stainless steel.

9.Abrasive materials in USM include boron nitride, boron carbide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and diamond. Grit size ranges between 100 and 2000. The vibration amplitude should be set approximately equal to the grit size,the gap size maintained at about twice grit size. To a significant degree, grit size determines the surface finish on the new work surface. the material removal rate increases with increasing frequency and amplitude of vibration.

10.The slurry consists of a mixture of water and abrasive particles.Concentration of abrasives in water ranges from 20% to 60%. The slurry must be continuously circulated to bring fresh grains into action.It also washes away chips and worn grits.The cutting action operates on the tool as well as the work. As the abrasive erode the work surface, they also erode the tool. It is therefore important to know the relative volumes of work material and tool material removed. This ratio varies for different work materials,100:1 for cutting glass 1:1 for cutting tool steel.

11.Used for hard, brittle work materials, such as ceramics, glass, and carbides. stainless steel and titanium. Shapes obtained by USM
Shapes obtained include non-round holes, holes along a curved axis, and coining operations,in which an image pattern on the tool is imparted to a flat work surface.

12.Water Jet Cutting (WJC)Hydrodynamic or Water Jet cutting (WJC)High Pressure (400 MPA)High Velocity stream(900 m/s) from a nozzle opening of 0.1 to 0.4 mm diameterThe nozzle unit consists of a holder made of stainless steel, and a jewel nozzle made of sapphire, ruby, or diamondFiltration systems is used to separate the swarf produced during cutting.Preferred cutting fluids are polymer solutions,because of their tendency to produce a coherent stream.

13.Water Jet Cutting (WJC)

14.Standoff distance: the separation between the nozzle opening and the work surface.generally desirable to be small to minimize dispersion of the fluid stream ( typically 3.2 mm). size of nozzle orifice affects the precision of cut; smaller openings are used for finer cuts on thinner materials. thicker jet streams and higher pressures are required to cut thicker stock.Typical feed rates range from 5 to 500 mm/s, depending on work material and its thicknessUsed for plastics, leather, textiles, composites, tile, carpet, cardboard etc

15.Applications / advantages include: no crushing or burning of the work surface typical in other mechanical or thermal processes, Minimum material loss because of the narrow cut slit, no environmental pollution, and ease of automating the process. A limitation of the process -- not suitable for cutting brittle materials (e.g., glass) because of their tendency to crack during cutting.

2.What is hypertension?The heart pumps blood to various parts of the bodyAs blood passes through the blood vessels or arteries it pushes against the walls of the arteries. This is called blood pressure.Sometimes, due to certain causes, this pressure remains high for a sustained period causing what is called hypertension or high blood pressureBlood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercuryAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), the normal adult blood pressure is 120 mm Hg when the heart beats (systolic) and 80 mm Hg when the heart relaxes (diastolic). Anything above 120mm Hg and 90 mm Hg is high blood pressure

8.Currently available conventional drugs to treat hypertensionDiuretics or water pills (helps excrete salt and water from the body)Beta-blockers (works on the heart and reduces its workload, output of blood and rate)ACE inhibitors (reduces production of angiotensin, which narrows the arteries)Angiotensin II receptor blockers (blocks the effects of angiotensin by blocking the binding of angiotensin to its receptor)Calcium channel blockers (It blocks the calcium (forcefully contracts the heart) from entering the smooth muscle cells of the heart)

9.Alpha blockers (works on the resistance of the arteries, relaxing them)Alpha-2 receptor agonist (decreases the sympathetic portion activity of involuntary nervous system)Combined alpha and beta blockersCentral agonists (reduces blood pressure through a different nerve pathway than the alpha and beta-blockers)Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors (works on the brain neurotransmitters reducing signals which command to constrict)Blood vessel dilators or vasodilators (relaxes or widens the blood vessel walls)

10.Alternative medicine for hypertensionYoga, Tai chi & Qigong These are proven techniques, used in the management of hypertension, which enhances breathing and posture

11.Meditation & RelaxationMeditation calms the body and soul and relaxation techniques such as massaging relieves stress

13.Herbs & spicesDifferent systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha use medicinal herbs to treat hypertensionSnakeroot, ginseng, hawthorn and licorice are some of the herbs usedFew of the spices are Cinnamon, garlic, oregano, cardamom and olives

14.Nutritional supplementsThe following nutrients when taken in small amounts has helped in management of high blood pressureVitamins E, C & B complexPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumZincCoenzymeQ-10CocoaOmega 3 – fatty acids &Fish oil

15.Spirituality Spirituality is an essential dimension in the treatment of hypertension

8.CHILDRENS EDUCATIONAL NEEDS Primary responsibility of every parent to ensure the best education of child.
Child prepares academically, parent has to be prepared financially.
Rising cost of education world wide particularly in India

9. CHILDRENS EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
Consequences if not provided for?
Our own needs and age at that time

11.RETIREMENT How would you like your retirement to be? You have to be mentally agile and physically active. Financially you have to analyze and prepare yourself.

12.RETIREMENT
What options does one have to help save for retirement?
The role Life Insurance would play during deferment period.

13. TAX BENEFITS
While paying premiums your premium amount is directly deducted from your taxable income under sec 80C of IT Act.
When you receive the maturity amount it is totally TAX FREE under sec 10/10D of the IT Act.

Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy (0.85 x 0.8 x nominal battery voltage)

= 60,000 x 2 32.64

= 3676.47 Ah

No. of Batteries Required = 24 batteries (2 volt and 4000 Ah)

6.Solar Charge Controller:According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.1 for MPPT and 1.3 for PWM

7.Inverter SizingAn inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.Client –Energy has 20 KW inverter which is more than requirements.

8.Battery Selection:Applications:¦ Utility (stations and substations)¦ Power Distribution¦ Switchgear¦ Telecom Equipment¦ Solar/Photovoltaic¦ UPS24 batteries will be connected in series to obtain 48 volts and capacity will remains constant 4000 Ah which is Client requirement

3.Harnessing the Sun
Commonly known as solar cells, photovoltaic (PV) devices convert light energy into electrical energyPV cells are constructed with semiconductor materials, usually silicon-basedThe photovoltaic effect is the basic physical process by which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricityWhen light shines on a PV cell, it may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through. But only the absorbed light generates electricity.

9.Polycrystalline Silicon ModulesLess expensive to make than single crystalline modules Cells slightly less efficient than a single crystalline (10% - 12%)Square shape cells fit into module efficiently using the entire space

1883 - first solar cell built, by Charles Fritts, coated semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions.

1954 - Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, accidentally found that silicon doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light. Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson, invented the first practical device for converting sunlight into useful electrical power. Resulted in the production of the first practical solar cells with a sunlight energy conversion efficiency of around 6%.

4.Crystalline SiliconMost common for commercial applicationsAdvantagesWell known standard processingSilica is very abundantDisadvantagesRequires expensive highly pure siliconCompetes for silicon with electronics industry

5.Types of Crystalline SiliconCarefully made Silicon forms crystals. Different levels of crystal structure may exist ranging from single crystal to totally non-crystallineSingle crystal silicon (Mono crystal silicon)Multi-crystal siliconPolycrystallineRibbon siliconAmorphous siliconThe main difference between each is the crystal grain size and their growth technique

6.Single crystal silicon (Mono crystal silicon) Monocrystalline silicon or single-crystal Si, or mono-Si is the base material of the electronic industry. It consists of silicon in which the crystal lattice of the entire solid is continuous, unbroken (with no grain boundaries) to its edges. It can be prepared intrinsic, i.e. made of exceedingly pure silicon alone, or doped, containing very small quantities of other elements added to change in a controlled manner its semiconducting properties. Most silicon monocrystals are grown by the Czochralski process, in the shape of cylinders up to 2 m long and 30 cm in diameter (figure shown), which, cut in thin slices, give the wafers onto which the microcircuits will be fabricated.

7.Different Forms of Silicon

8.Single Crystal Growth TechniquesCzochralski Growth (Cz)Most single crystal silicon made this wayLower quality silicon than FZ with Carbon and Oxygen presentCheaper production than FZProduces cylinders and circular wafersFloat Zone (FZ)Better Quality than CzMore Expensive than CzProduces cylinders and circular wafers

9.Czochralski MethodPure Silicon is melted in a quartz crucible under vacuum or inert gas and a seed crystal is dipped into the meltThe seed crystal is slowly withdrawn and slowly rotated so that the molten silicon crystallizes to the seed (Rock Candy)The melt temperature, rotation rate and pull rate are controlled to create a ingot of a certain diameter

10.Czocharlski TechniqueSpinning rod with “Seed” Crystal lowered into the molten siliconSlowly pulled up to allow silicon to crystallize on the seed layerOnce to the size desired, the crystal is pulled faster to maintain the needed diameter

11.Czochralski GrowthEntire ingots of silicon produced as one big crystalVery high quality material with few defectsNo boundaries between crystals because it is one crystal in one orientationSi crystal inevitably contains oxygen impurities dissolved from the quartz crucible holding the molten silicon

12.Float Zone MethodProduced by cylindrical polysilicon rod that already has a seed crystal in its lower endAn encircling inductive heating coil melts the silicon materialThe coil heater starts from the bottom and is raised pulling up the molten zoneA solidified single crystal ingot forms belowImpurities prefer to remain in the molten silicon so very few defects and impurities remain in the forming crystal

15.Ribbon SiliconRibbon silicon is a technique used to grow multi-crystalline silicon Two graphite filaments are placed in a crucible of molten siliconThe molten silicon is grown horizontally through capillary action along the filamentsProduces a ribbon-like sheet of multi-crystalline silicon which is already a long wafer ? no kerf losses

3.What’s wrong with this picture? Pollution from burning fossil fuels leads to an increase in greenhouse gases, acid rain, and the degradation of public health.

4.The world’s current energy system is built around fossil fuelsProblems:Fossil fuel reserves are ultimately finiteTwo-thirds of the world' s proven oil reserves are locating in the Middle-East and North Africa (which can lead to political and economic instability)5.Projection of Long term World Energy SuppliesIssues of availability and security

6.Pakistan’s Energy Demand Projections

7.Why Sustainable Energy MattersDetrimental environmental impactsExtraction (mining operations)CombustionGlobal warming (could lead to significant changes in the world' s climate system, leading to a rise in sea level and disruption of agriculture and ecosystems)

9.Today’s Solar Picture10.Solar Energy Potential in Pakistan11.All Pakistan, especially Baluchistan, Sindh and Southern Punjab, receives abundant Solar radiation about 3000hours/year. This is on the highest side of global averages. Exploitable potential of Solar energy at country level is of the order of 100,000MW. Some remote villages have been electrified by off-grid solar installations.

12.Development status of Grid-Connected Solar Power ProjectsAEDB and NTDC are developing Energy Purchase Agreement for Solar Power Projects.NTDC, through its Grid Code Review Panel, is bringing modifications of existing Grid Code for grid integration of Solar Power Projects2Nos. IPPs have got issued LOIs from AEDB for installation of Solar Power Projects.

13.Punjab Government, with co-operation of Government of Japan, is installing a 2MW PV Solar Power Project at Bahawal pur city at fast track basis.M/s Akhtar Solar, a private company, has started assembling PV Solar panels at their factory near Islamabad.

14.Overhaul required in top-down mannerStep 1 (Policy)Change the way progress is measuredProgress will not be measured by projects initiated Progress will be measured in terms of number of megawatts of energy produced

15.Step 2 (Policy)
Identify a VisionProduce at least 5% of the total electricity generating capacity of the country (i.e. 9,700 MW) by alternative energy sources by the year 2030 [Vision 2030, 85]; ANDUse renewable energies to decrease pollution and help improve social and economical lives of ruralpopulation

3.The Full Wave Bridge RectifierThe bridge rectifier is the most commonly used rectifier circuit for the following reasons:No centre - tapped transformer is required.The bridge rectifier produces almost double the output voltage as a full wave C-T transformer rectifier using the same secondary voltage.

4.The Basic Filter Capacitor

5. The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier This circuit is simplified to show the circuit conditions during the positive half cycle. The load & ground connections are removed because we are concerned with the diode conditions only. Using the ideal diode note: Diodes D 1 and D 3 are forward biased & act like closed switches. They are replaced with wires.Diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and act like open switches.

2.OutlineOverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

3.Football is the most popular game in the worldMany people see football as the gate of fame and fortuneLarge number of talented young players who can’t find the appropriate chanceThe number of football Academies in Egypt isn’t parallel with the size of this market

4.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

6.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

7.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

8.Marketing PlanTargeted customers are middle class and high class families, highly talented playersCompetitors The marketing campaign will consist of the following items:Facebook campaignsAdvertisements in football websites such Yallakora, Filgoal, Korabia.Using a famous footballer such as Hazem EmamAdvertisements in sports newspapers and magazinesFliers in schools and clubs

9.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

10.Costs
The expected costs of this project are a bit high.Infrastructure: 1.78 million pounds.Salaries: 1.25 million pounds per yearMarketing 1.5 million pounds per yearSigning with talented players 470,000 poundsTotal costs = 5,000,000 pounds

11.Revenue2 ways of getting profit (subscription fees & selling players)Expected applicants in the first year = 120 applicantFees per person = 12,000 per yearExpected players to be sold in the first year = 5 playersExpected price of one player = 100,000 poundsProfit in the first three years = (1,440,000 + 1,500,000 ) * 3 = 5820000 poundsThis covers the costs and makes a profit margin of 820,000 pounds.

12.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

13.Conclusion
By all means, establishing a football academy is a very profitable project if it was done in the proper way. That’s because of its huge market and shortage in the number of football academies in Egypt. It only needs a large capital and some time.

14.OverviewAn example of an investment in young playersWhat I propose to doExpected design of the academyMarketing PlanEstimated costs and Expected revenueConclusionReferences

15.References
(A Community Football Academy in the Bolivian Andes, 2011)(El-Kader, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/876/sport.htm, 2010)(http://www.thefa.com/GetIntoFootball/Facilities/Artificial_Pitches)(http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/lionel-messi/profil/spieler_28003.html,2011)(http://www.artificial-grass.com/advantages.htm, 2011)(http://socceracademyreno.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5)

2.OutlineIntroductionWhen may an ethical dilemma happen?How to resolve an ethical dilemma?Conclusion

3.IntroductionWhat is an Ethical Dilemma?
Cases where conflict occurA single personDifferent people (ideologies)Workplace (diversity)

4.When may an ethical dilemma occur?Conflicts between the professional and personal values of a person. Example : Family duty vs. Job duty

5.When may an ethical dilemma happen?Conflict between two professional values
Example: A patient refusing a certain treatment

6.Conflict between a person’s moral values and perceived role.
Example: The idea of abortion

7.Unavoidable alternativesExample: Manipulating reports for the benefit of the company Employee’s ethics vs. Need for money

8.How to resolve an ethical dilemma?Think of the consequences
Ask your self these four questionsWho will be benefited?Who will be hurt?What are the benefits?What are the harms?

9.Consider the right course of action? (which principles are you ready to breach and which are the ones you’d never let go)

10.Make your decision and stick to it

11.ConclusionEthical dilemma is an unpleasant situation which all of us experience at different times in life I hope this presentation can help you overcome the helplessness and mental pressure that comes with such a situation.

4.What is energy efficiency?It is a way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption.When a compact florescent lamp(CFL) uses less energy than an incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light, thus the CFL is considered to be more energy efficient.

9.IEA – International Energy AgencyThe International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous organization which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. IEA promotes energy efficiency policy and technology in: Cross SectoralBuildingsAppliances and equipmentLightingTransportIndustryUtilities

14.IEA – Energy IndicatorsEnergy indicators are an important tool for analyzing the interactions among economic and human activity, energy use and CO2 emissions.

15.Increasing EfficiencyTo help its member countries achieve the benefits of energy efficiency, the IEA developed a set of 25 energy policy recommendations for seven priority areas:Cross SectoralBuildingsAppliances and equipmentLightingTransportIndustryUtilities

4.PASSIVE DIFFUSIONPassive diffusion is the process by which molecules spontaneously diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
e.g. Propranolol, Ketoprofin

5.CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE DIFFUSIONTranscellular processRequires no energy and carrierNot saturableDepends on lipid solubilitySmall mol.wt and lipophilliic molecules are primarily transported by this mechanism.

7.Passive diffusion across GI-blood barrier can be described by Fick’s First law of diffusion:
dC/dt = Rate of drug diffusionD = Diffusion Coefficient of the drug A= Surface area of the membranek =Partition coefficient of the drugCgi =Concentration of drug in GI lumenCb= Concentration of drug in bloodh= Thickness of GI membrane

8.The passively absorbed drug enters the blood, gets diluted and distributed into a larger volume of body fluids.
Hence, the concentration of drug at absorption site Cgi is maintained greater than the concentration in the plasma (Cgi>>Cb). Such a condition is called sink condition for drug absorption.

9.If D, A and h are kept constant and Cgi>>Cb (sink condition), the equation of fick’s law can be reduced as follows

10.Most of the drugs are weak electrolyte and exist in aqueous solution as ionized and unionized species.The ionization of the drug is determined by pKa of the drug and pH of the environment, according to Henderson Hasselbalch equations for weak acids and bases. The nonionized species is more lipid soluble than the ionized species, and it partitions more readily across cell membranes.

11.CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT Involves a carrier which reversibly binds to the solute molecules and forms a solute-carrier complex.This molecule transverse across the membrane to the other side and dissociates, yielding the solute molecule.The carrier then returns to the original site to accept a new molecule.

12.MECHANISM Carrier molecules within the cell membrane are involved in carrier-mediated transport mechanisms. The molecule to be transported binds to the carrier molecule, the three-dimensional shape of the carrier molecule changes, and the transported molecule is moved to the opposite side of the cell membrane. the transported molecule is then released by the carrier molecule, which resumes its original shape and is available to transport another molecule. EXAMPLE: large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane.

13.CARRIER MOLECULES EXHIBIT:
Specificity for single molecules (substrate)Competition among substrates for transport carrierSaturation when all carriers are occupiedThis is called Tm (transport maximum)

15.. FACILITATED DIFFUSION Facilitated diffusion is a carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance. Because movement is with the concentration gradient, metabolic energy in the form of ATP is not required.

Digoxin Presentation Transcript:
1.Digoxin , also known as digitalis, is a purified cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata .Its corresponding aglycone is digoxigenin, and its acetyl derivative is acetyldigoxin. Digoxin is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade names Lanoxin, Digitek, and Lanoxicaps.

3.MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the a-subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes) and decreases its function. This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which leads to a rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions. This occurs because of a sodium/calcium exchanger on the plasma membrane, which depends on a constant inward sodium gradient to pump out calcium. Digoxin decreases sodium concentration gradient and the subsequent calcium outflow, thus raising the calcium concentration in myocardiocytes and pacemaker cells.Increased intracellular calcium lengthens Phase 4 and Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, which leads to a decrease in heart rate. Increased amounts of Ca2+ also leads to increased storage of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing a corresponding increase in the release of calcium during each action potential. This leads to increased contractility, the force of contraction, of the heart.There is also evidence that digoxin increases vagal activity, thereby decreasing heart rate by slowing depolarization of pacemaker cells in the AV node. . This negative chronotropic effect would therefore be synergistic with the direct effect on cardiac pacemaker cells. Digoxin is used widely in the treatment of various arrhythmias

4.Today, the most common indications for digoxin are probably atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response, but beta- or calcium channel- blockers should be the first choice.High ventricular rate leads to insufficient diastolic filling time. By slowing down the conduction in the AV node and increasing its refractory period, digoxin can reduce the ventricular rate. The arrhythmia itself is not affected, but the pumping function of the heart improves owing to improved filling.The use of digoxin in heart problems during sinus rhythm . In theory the increased force of contraction should lead to improved pumping function of the heart. Digoxin is no longer the first choice for congestive heart failure, but can still be useful in patients who remain symptomatic despite proper diuretic and ACE inhibitor treatment. It has fallen out of favor because it was proven to be ineffective at decreasing morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure

5.USE OF DIGOXIN IN HEART FAILURE:Patients with more severe heart failure, a third heart sound gallop, left ventricular enlargement and a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction are more likely to respond to digoxin therapy. Many compensatory mechanisms, including the sympathetic nervous system and salt- and water-retaining systems, become activated in the setting of a depressed cardiac output. The compensatory systems can maintain left ventricular function for days to months. However, when patients become overtly symptomatic, they begin to experience a striking increase in morbidity and mortality. The transition to symptomatic heart failure is accompanied by further activation of the neurohormonal system, including the sympathetic nervous system and a series of adaptive changes in the myocardium.
Digoxin-Induced Neurohormonal ModulationIn the past, digoxin was considered to be solely a positive inotropic agent. In patients with heart failure, digoxin exerts its positive inotropic effect by inhibiting sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Inhibition of this enzyme in cardiac cells results in an increase in the contractile state of the heart. it has been shown that digoxin exerts a positive inotropic effect at higher dosages (0.25 mg or more per day); however, at lower dosages (less than 0.25 mg per day), this drug exerts a mainly neurohormonal effect and has little inotropic activity.21The neurohormonal effect of digoxin showed that digoxin reduced plasma norepinephrine levels; these results were validated in other studies.The explanation for this effect was that digoxin improves impaired baroreceptor reflexes in heart failure.Digoxin may also lower plasma renin levels, either because of a direct renal effect or secondary to inhibition of sympathetic activity. By inhibiting sodium-potassium ATPase in the kidney, digoxin decreases renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, thereby increasing delivery of sodium to the distal tubules and suppressing renin secretion.

6.DIGOXIN THERAPY IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE:
Digoxin has been shown to improve morbidity without any benefit on mortality.Digoxin may act by decreasing sympathetic activity.Digoxin may not be effective in patients who have normal left ventricular systolic function.The benefits of digoxin therapy are greatest in patients with severe heart failure, an enlarged heart and a third heart sound gallop.Digoxin may be used in patients with mild to moderate heart failure if they do not respond to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a beta blocker.Low dosages of digoxin can be effective.Renal function and possible drug interactions must be considered in deciding on an appropriate dosage of digoxin.In general, digoxin therapy should be avoided in the acute phase after myocardial infarction.

7.ATRIAL FIBRILLATION:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of heart arrhythmia. An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. Atrial fibrillation occurs when rapid, disorganized electrical signals cause the atria to fibrillate (contract very fast and irregularly). When this happens, the heart's upper and lower chambers don't work together as they should.

8.ATRIAL FLUTTER:Atrial flutter refers to rapid and regular contractions (usually in the range of 120 to 350 times each minute) that is characterised on the ECG by a saw-tooth appearance. Not all atrial contractions are necessarily conducted to the ventricles due to a variable block within the atrioventricular node. When conduction to the ventricles does occur, the QRS complex morphology is regular but RR intervals may be random or follow a specific pattern.

9.DOSING AND TDM of Digoxin:

10.BIOAVALABILITY FACTOR (F)OF DOSAGE:

11.CRCL-BASED MAINTANCE DOSAGE AND INTERVAL ADJUSTMENT:

12. DOSING :Digoxin may be taken with or without food. Digoxin is primarily eliminated by the kidneys; therefore, the dose of digoxin should be reduced in patients with kidney dysfunction. Digoxin blood levels are used for adjusting doses in order to avoid toxicity. The usual starting dose is 0.0625-0.25 mg daily depending on age and kidney function. The dose may be increased every two weeks to achieve the desired response.

13.Usual pediatric dose in atrial fibrillation:

14. DOSE ADJUSTMENTS:If patients are switched from intravenous to oral formulations, allowances must be made for differences in bioavailability when calculating maintenance dosages. When changing from oral formulations to IM or IV therapy, dosage should be reduced by 20% to 25%.
Divided dosage of the capsule formulation is preferred in patients that require a daily dose greater than 300 mcg, those with a previous history of digitalis toxicity, and in patients who may be more likely to become toxic.

15. GENERAL ADVICE: Calculate doses based upon lean (ideal) body weight. Consider the differences in bioavailability between digoxin injection, tablets, and oral solution when changing patients from one dosage form to another. For IV administration, digoxin injection may be diluted (4-fold or more) with normal saline, dextrose 5% in water, or sterile water for injection. Infuse slowly, 5 min or longer. IM injection can lead to severe pain at the injection site. If the drug must be administered IM, inject it deeply into the muscle and follow with massage. Do not inject more than 2 mL (500mcg) into a single site.

Business Intelligence Presentation Transcript:
1.Putting Data to work for mid-market companies

2.IntroductionMicrosoft and Dell believe that data warehousing, BI and analytics should not be exclusive to large enterprises; that they should be easy to use and cost-effective enough for all organizations. To make that view a reality, they have partnered to bring to market a data warehouse appliance designed for mid-market and departmental users.

3.Context for mid market BIDATAThe fuel of the information economy is data. We use data to describe products and services and their fate in the marketplace. The profits derive largely from how the company collect, organize, display, manage and analyze data about things.

4.Data-driven companies use data to

5.Business IntelligenceBusiness intelligence (BI) is a set of theories, methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information for business purposes.

6.Benefits of BITactical Benefits : At a tactical level, employees at data-driven companies spend less time looking for data and reports.
Strategic Benefits : At a strategic level, leading adopters of BI use information to transform their businesses and gain a competitive advantage.

7.Layers of BIMost of the work involved in building a BI solution stems from sourcing, integrating, cleaning and aggregating data.
The dirtier and more fragmented an organization’s data, the longer it takes to piece together a uniform view of the enterprise for business consumption.

8.BI ComponentsAt a component level, mid-market solutions typically provide a subset of the following: Hardware (server and storage) A relational database management system (RDBMS) A data model A variety of data integration tools and source data connectors A metadata repository A variety of reporting and analysis tools.

9.From a software perspective, packaged mid-market BI solutions typically provide a subset of functionality compared with enterprise BI solutions, which is one reason they are priced more affordably.
Mid-market BI packages focus on delivering basic functionality that companies need most.

10.Catalog of Mid-Market Tools1.Appliances Perhaps the easiest way a mid-market company can deploy a BI solution is to purchase a data warehousing appliance to run its new existing BI software.
2.Packaged Analytical Software Solutions Another option, that is very complementary to an appliance, is to purchase a packaged software solution, which can be deployed on an analytical appliance or an existing server

11.3.Cloud SolutionsCloud-based BI solutions eliminate the need for companies to purchase and maintain hardware and software. Instead, customers pay a monthly subscription fee, usually based on the number of users. Most cloud BI vendors offer packaged solutions to get customers up and running quickly.

3.obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, minimizing the life expectancy and the life quality of patients. Obese are people whose body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in metres, exceeds 30 kg/m2.

4.Causes of obesityThey are a combination of:excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, genetic susceptibility, Although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness.

5.BMI is defined as the subject's mass divided by the square of their height, expressed kilograms per square meter and calculated as:

6.Classification of bmi

7.Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. The surgical literature breaks down "class III" obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed.
Any BMI = 35 or 40 is severe obesity
A BMI of = 35 and experiencing obesity-related health conditions or =40–44.9 is morbid obesity
A BMI of = 45 or 50 is super obesity

8.MortalityObesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Generally, mortality is lower in BMI of 20-25kg/m2 in non smokers and 24-27kg/m2 . A BMI above 32 kg/m2 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate among women.
In the United States obesity is estimated to cause 111,909 to 365,000 deaths per year, while 1 million (7.7%) of deaths in Europe are attributed to excess weight. On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by six to seven years, a BMI of 30–35 kg/m2 reduces life expectancy by two to four years, while severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) reduces life expectancy by ten years.

2.The heart is a hollow muscle that pumps bloodthroughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is found in all animals with a circulatory system(including all vertebrates)

3.The average human heart, beating at 72 beats per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during an average 66 year lifespan. It weighs approximately 250 to 300 grams (9 to 11 oz) in females and 300 to 350 grams (11 to 12 oz) in males.

4.The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek ?a?d??, kardia, for "heart".The vertebrate heart is principally composed of cardiac muscle and connective tissue. Cardiac muscle is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ and responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood.

5.StructureIt is enclosed in a double-walled protective sac called the pericardium. The superficial part of this sac is called the parietal pericardium. The inner pericardium layer is called the visceral pericardium. Together they are usually called the serous pericardium because they contain the pericardial fluid. Outside the parietal pericardium there is a fibrous layer which depends from the mediastinal fascia and is called the fibrous pericardium.[13] The pericardium sac protects the heart, anchors its surrounding structures, but has no effect over the heart function in normal individuals.[14]The double membrane of pericardium contains the pericardial fluid which provides a smooth lubricated sliding surface within which the heart organ can move in response to its own contractions and to movement of adjacent structures such as the diaphragm and lungs.[15]

6.The outer wall of the human heart is composed of three layers. The outer layer is called the epicardium, or visceral pericardium since it is also the inner wall of the (serous) pericardium. The middle layer of the heart is called the myocardium and is composed of muscle which contracts. The inner layer is called the endocardium and is in contact with the blood that the heart pumps.[16] Also, it merges with the inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels and covers heart valves.[17]

7.The human heart has four chambers, two superior atria and two inferior ventricles. The atria are the receiving chambers and the ventricles are the discharging chambers.The pathways of blood through the human heart are part of the pulmonary and systemic circuits. These pathways include the tricuspid valve, the mitral valve, the aortic valve, and the pulmonary valve.[18] The mitral and tricuspid valves are classified as the atrioventricular (AV) valves. This is because they are found between the atria and ventricles. The aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves separate the left and right ventricle from the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively. These valves are attached to the chordae tendinae (literally the heartstrings), which anchors the valves to the papilla muscles of the heart.The interatrioventricular septum separates the left atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and ventricle, dividing the heart into two functionally separate and anatomically distinct units.

8.Functioning Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out of the great arteries, or the aorta for example. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.The heart acts as a double pump. The function of the right side of the heart (see right heart) is to collect de-oxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the body (via superior and inferior vena cavae) and pump it, via the right ventricle, into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) so that carbon dioxide can be dropped off and oxygen picked up (gas exchange). This happens through the passive process of diffusion.

9. The left side (see left heart) collects oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body (via the aorta).10.On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker and stronger than the upper atria. The muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation. Atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart, preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole.[19]

11. Starting in the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. Here, it is pumped out of the pulmonary semilunar valve and travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. From there, blood flows back through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. It then travels through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, from where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body. The (relatively) deoxygenated blood finally returns to the heart through the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava.

12.Lifestyle and heart healthObesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol can increase the risk of developing heart disease. However, half the number of heart attacks occur in people with normal cholesterol levels. Heart disease is a major cause of death.It is generally accepted that factors such as exercise or the lack of it, good or poor diet, and overall well-being, including both emotional and physiological components, affect heart health in humans

10.Vodka :Originally distilled Fermented wheat mash Now Mash of rye, corn, or potatoes.Clear in form ,clean tasting and clear looking.

11.Rum:Distilled Cane juice/scummings of the boiled juice/treacle /molasses /lees of former distillations. Used colloquially intoxicating liquor.Clear or dark in form.

12.Whiskey :Distilled from grain, potatoesScotland, Ireland, and the United States.Generally distilled from maize, rye, or wheat.But in Scotland and Ireland it is often made from malted barley.Brown or dark.

13.Tequilla:Fermented juice of the Central American century plant Agave tequilana.Brown (Gold) or clear (silver, white, Blanco) in color.Originates from one specific location in Mexico.

14.Brandy:Distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice.Prominent in France.

15.Liquors ?Flavored spiritsBy infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc.Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents.

2.ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS) concerns the absorption of radiation by the atomised analyte element in the ground state.
Only applicable for the detection of trace metals.

3. In atomic emission spectrometry, atoms are thermally excited so that they emit light and the radiation emitted is measured.
Only applicable to determination of alkali and alkaline earth metals.

4.ATOMIC SPECTRA

5.ATOMIC SPECTRAIn an atom, electrons have specific and discrete energies in which electron are arranged in definite energy levels. When an electronic transitions (‘jumps’) from one energy level to another (by an electric arc ,temperature or flame), it emits or absorbs light – a photon – with a discrete, specific wavelength, the collection of all these specific wavelengths ( spectral lines) form the spectrum of the atom and it will be the characteristic of particular atom…so atomic spectra are the spectra of atoms.

6. ATOMIC LINE SPECTRA ARE CHARACTERISTIC FOR EVERY ELEMENT

7.Atomic absorption spectra
Atomic emission spectra

8.ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTRA When an electron is excited to a higher energy level it must absorbed energy.The energy absorbed as an electron jump from an orbit of low energy to one of the higher energy is characteristic of that transition.This mean that the excitation of electron in a particular element result in energy absorption at specific wavelength it will be the characteristic of particular atom thus in addition to emission spectrum every atom possess a characteristic absorption spectrum.

9.When a sodium salt is heated in a flame the outer electron in the volatilized atoms are excited and returned to ground state with emission of energy, which appears as a yellow light (wavelength 589.5)The major line in the sodium emission spectrum is due to an electron falling from 3p excited state to 3s ground state. Common atom which give their bands in the emission spectrum are Ca, Ba , Na, Li, k.

10.COMPARISON OF THE ABSORPTION(a) AND EMISSION LINES (b)OF SODIUM

11.PRINCIPLE OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY

12.PRINCIPLE OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
The absorption of energy by ground state atoms in the gaseous state forms the basis of atomic absorption spectroscopy. By the help of atomic absorption spectroscopy, one can determine the amount of light absorbed

13.Atoms of a metal are volatilized in a flame and their absorbance of a narrow band of radiation produced by a hollow cathode lamp, coated with the particular metal being determined is measured.
Absorption will be proportional to the density of atoms in flame.

14. Once absorption is known the concentration of the metallic element can also be known because absorption is proportional to concentration of atoms in the flame. Mathematically, the total amount of light absorbed is given by:

15. Once absorption is known the concentration of the metallic element can also be known because absorption is proportional to concentration of atoms in the flame. Mathematically, the total amount of light absorbed is given by:

10 Most Shocking Things Found In People's Stomachs Presentation Transcript:
1. 10 Most Shocking things found In people's stomachs.

2.A 10-Pound Hairball

3.On November 2007 10-pound hairball from a 18-year-old woman came to the hospital with pain in her abdomen for about five months and a 40-pound weight loss. Doctors found a mass there, a 10 pound hairball, which was taking up nearly her entire stomach. She was diagnosed also with trichotilomania, a condition in which patients eat their own hair.

4.Live frogs and rats

5.Yang Dingcai has been swallowing tree frogs and rats. He claims that it helped him avoid intestinal complaints and made him strong. Jiang Musheng, 66, in Jiangxi province, suffered from frequent abdominal pains and coughing since the age of 26, until Yang suggested tree frogs as a remedy.

6.20 cobblestones

7.In 2006, a girl from China, swallowed down 20 cobblestones after a big quarrel with her boyfriend. She thought the stones would be flushed out, but unfortunately they remained intact within her body for the next few days and she constantly felt that the stones were knocking against each other within her stomach causing pain and discomfort. After taking an X-ray, she was advised to undergo. To avoid complications, doctors have advised her to undergo treatment as soon as possible, at first through the non-painful gastroscope for extracting stones.

8.A Plane, a Bike, and so on…

9.Michel Lotito, or as also known, Mangetout (Eat it all) is a French entertainer, famous as the consumer of undigestables, whose performances are the consumption of metal, glass, rubber and so on. He even ate an aircraft, that took him 2 years to finish (1978-1980). His “eating habits” began in his early childhood and he performs publicly since 1966. The weird thing is that he is not usually suffering pain or illness from what he consumes, even if it’s poisonous. When performing he consumes around a kilogram of material daily, preceding it with mineral oil and drinking considerable quantities of water during the 'meal'. He apparently possesses a stomach and intestine with walls of twice the expected thickness, and his digestive acids are, allegedly, unusually powerful, allowing him to digest a certain portion of his metallic meals.

10.Magnetic pieces of a block

11.This X-ray shows a boy who swallowed magnetic pieces of a block one at a time. When they reached his stomach, they reconnected.

12.Bed springs, batteries and so on

13.X-rays from Central Prison in Raleigh, N.C., show items such as bed springs and batteries that prisoners swallowed to gain trips to outside hospitals.

3.Nursing Responsibility: Check three times for safe administration. Read the medication administration record (MAR) and compare the label of the medication against it. Check the expiration date of the medication. If the dosage does not match the MAR, determine if you need to do a math calculation. While preparing the medication, look at the medication label and check against the MAR. Recheck the label on the container before returning to its storage place.

4.Right Amount / Dose.

5.Nursing Responsibility: Give special attention if the calculation indicates multiple pills/tablets or a large quantity of a liquid medication. This can be a cue that the math calculation may be incorrect. Double check calculations that appear questionable. Know the usual dosage range of the medication.Question a dose outside of the usual dosage range

6.Right Patient/ Client.

7.The Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goal requires a nurse to use at least two client identifiers whenever administering medications. Neither identifier can be the client’s room number. Acceptable identifiers may be the person’s name, assigned identification number, photograph, or other person-specific identifier. Check the clients identification band with each administration of medication.
Know the agency’s name alert procedure when clients with the same or similar last names are on the nursing unit

8.Nursing ResponsibilityMake certain that the route is safe and appropriate for the client. Clients may require physical assistance in assuming positions for intramuscular injections.

9.Right Time and Manner

10.Medication given within 30 minutes before or after the scheduled time are considered to meet the right time standard. The nurse should also check institutional policy concerning administration of medications. Hospitals often have standardized interpretations for abbreviations. The nurse must memorize and utilize standard abbreviations in interpreting, transcribing, and

11.Right client education

12.Clients may need guidance about measures to make medication more effective or prevent complications. Some clients covey fear about medication. Nurses should listen carefully to their concerns and give them the correct information

13.Right documentation 14.Document medication administration after giving it, before.If time of administration differs from prescribed time, note the time on the MAR and explain reason and follow-through activities (e.g.’ pharmacy states medication will be available in 2 hours) in nursing notes. If a medication is not given, follow the agency’s policy for documenting the reason why.