Endothelial activation is one of the necessary initial steps in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque that facilitates immune cell recruitment and retention. To image and quantify early markers of endothelial inflammation, we recently developed a multiplexing peptide-based targeting system for post-formulation functionalization of perfluorocarbon (19F) nanoparticles (PFC NP) that is intrinsically quantifiable at a binding site based on magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The approach is now demonstrated in vivo to detect and quantify VCAM-1 in ApoE-/- mouse aorta.

VCAM-1 targeted PFC NPs were generated through post-formulation strategy by using linker peptides. Specific targeting has been validated in vitro by using confocal imaging, 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantification of endothelial activation in atherosclerosis has been investigated by using ApoE-/- and control C57-BL6 mice through MRS.

The use of 19F MRI/MRS together with a flexible and rapid postformulation approach to creating ligand targeted nanoparticulate contrast agents may enhance the efficiency and breadth of molecular imaging of atherosclerosis with MRI and enable quantification of selected biomarker molecules that are important early drivers of atherosclerosis.

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