Bridge Bidding Conventions

This bridge conventions section is mainly concerned with bidding conventions although a few carding and defensive signalling conventions are included. For more general information on defense or play of the cards refer to the general bridge topics section.

Common/well known conventions

A convention popular in the UK to show a big balanced hand when partner has opened. I prefer to use Jacoby 2NT over major suit openings and to use inverted minors over minor suit openings, with 2NT as 11-12 and invitational over a minor suit opening.

The Baron three clubs convention is used over a 2NT (or via 2♣ etc.) opening to locate a 4-4 fit in either a minor or a major. It is fairly popular in the UK but most players play 3♣ as some form of Stayman in this situation.

A defence to opponent's 1NT opening. A very similar (but better) convention is Multi Landy. See also Defense to Cappelletti.

Checkback

or Checkback Stayman. An artificial relay bid (typically 2♣ but there are others bids) that requests information about partner's major(s). Normally used after partner has rebid in NoTrump.

Compressed Transfers

A silly convention which is summarily dismissed in the No Trump bidding book.

Constructive Raise

If partner opens1♥ or 1♠ then a raise to 2♥/♠ is generally 6-9 points with either 3 or 4 card support. In some systems, however you can differentiate between a good (constructive) raise and a poor one. Playing Bergen raises the direct 2 bid is a poor raise (usually just three cards) and a constructive raise with 4 card support is shown by bidding 3♣. Playing two-over-one some people play that a direct 2♥/♠ is constructive and with a poor raise they go via the forcing NoTrump.

Crawling Stayman

A variation of Garbage Stayman that is meant to make it easier to find a fit with very weak hands. I don't like it and it is summarily dismissed in the No Trump bidding book.

Crowhurst

A 2♣ bid by responder after opener has rebid 1NT. Playing the Crowhurst two clubs convention the 1NT rebid has a wide range (12-16) and 2♣ by responder primarily checks on the range. I don't recommend the convention as there is barely enough room to get all the information across playing normal Checkback Stayman (CBS); with this additional burden of the wide point range it is simply too cumbersome for me. There is an article comparing Checkback Stayman, Crowhurst and NMF in section 3 of this conventions page.

Often a bid in a suit in which the partnership does not wish to play. After trumps have been agreed such a bid is often a cue bid, usually showing 1st round control. Further bids (other than the trump suit) are also generally cue bids and such subsequent bids may show 1st or 2nd round control depending upon context. Cue bids, game tries, splinters and 4th suit forcing are often confused with each other. For a fairly comprehensive explanation of what is what refer to the Game Tries, Cue bids, Splinters, 4th suit forcing and all that Jazz link.

Directional Asking Bid. A cue bid of the opponent's suit asking partner to bid NoTrump if he has a ½ stopper in their suit. A ½ stopper is something like Qx, Jxx, singleton K etc. or better. It is similar to a Western cue bid but the Western cue generally asks for a full stopper.

A convention whereby a passed hand bids 2♣ (conventional) to enquire if partner's 3rd or 4th seat major suit opening was sound. Using two way Drury, both 2♣ and 2♦ are used in this conventional way - with 2♣ showing three card support and and 2♦ showing 4 card support. The modern treatment (so actually 2-way Reverse Drury) is that opener rebids two of his major with a weak opening and any other bid shows a sound opener. Note that Drury is a limit raise or better, if opener has a hand worth game opposite a limit raise the he must bid it. If responder's hand is worth game then he cannot bid three of the major at any stage in the auction.

Many (most?) Dutch players say that they play Acol. They do not. 'Dutch' Acol is a completely different system to Acol. I don't like it, see the link. The system is also fairly popular in Australia and Scandinavia.

Exclusion Blackwood

In a situation where 4NT would be Blackwood (or RKCB) it is possible to play that a bid of a suit at the 5 level is Exclusion Blackwood (or Exclusion RKCB) and asks for aces (or keycards) outside the suit bid. Obviously this is used when the asker has a void in the suit.

Fishbein

A defence to weak 3's (next suit up for take-out and double is penalties). I cannot recommend it; most people double for take-out these days.

These days more advanced players generally play weak jump shifts, but when partner partner opens a major and RHO doubles or overcalls then a pre-emptive bid has little effect. So the modern treatment for most experienced players is to play a jump in a new suit in competition as a fit-jump.

The Flannery two diamonds convention is that a 4522, 4531 or 4513 hand with 11-15 points is opened with 2♦. Obviously it is very accurate but it really is a bit extravagant to use the 2♦ opening bid for just this one particular hand shape.

Flint

Jeremy Flint. He has contributed a number of ideas to bidding theory, the most important of which is the concept of opener bidding 4 card suits up the line.

Forcing NoTrump

A convention, used with five card opening majors, whereby a response of 1NT to an opening bid of 1♥ or 1♠ forces opener to bid again if there is no interference. It is a fundamental part of the Two Over One bidding system.

In an uniterrupted sequence like 1♥ - 1♠ - 2♣ - 2♦, most players play that the 4th suit (so 2♦ here) is artificial and forcing. But there are loads of questions that need answering. Is 4th suit forcing best played as forcing for 1 round or to game? Is 1♠ or 2♠ the 4th suit forcing bid after 1♣ - 1♦ - 1♥ - ? All of this and much more is covered in the link.

A convention whereby the responses of 4♣ and 4♦ to a 1♥ or 1♠ opening both show a sound raise to 4 of the major. 4♣ shows a sound raise with two aces and a 'feature'. The feature may be a third ace, a singleton/void or the king of trumps. The 4♦ bid shows the same values but denies the requirement for a 4♣ bid. This is a fine convention, but has now been superseded by Keycard Swiss.

To bid Stayman you usually need invitational values or better. But there are a couple of cases where you can bid it with few points.(a) with 4441 type shape (short ♣'s) and (b) 45xx and 54xx where you try Stayman and then bid two of the 5 card major if no fit is found. Thus the sequences 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 2♥/♠ are weak and partner is expected to pass. Check out the link.

The Gerber four clubs is a convention where 4♣ is used for the ace ask. It is best used only after partner's last natural bid was NoTrump and is fully covered in the No Trump Bidding book. When to use Blackwood and when to use Gerber is fully defined in that link.

Also known as Gazille, is a convention that interchanges the meanings of 1♠ and a forcing 1NT over partner's 1♥ opening when playing the two over one bidding system. I cannot really recommend it - stick with the traditional Forcing NoTrump.

When a major suit has been agreed at the two level, a new suit is a help-suit game try, asking partner to bid game with help in this suit. Game tries, cue bids, splinters and 4th suit forcing are often confused with each other. For a fairly comprehensive explanation of what is what refer to the Game Tries, Cue bids, Splinters, 4th suit forcing and all that Jazz link.

Transfer to hearts/spades over partner's 1NT opening. The complete scenario of sequences after a Jacoby transfer is given in the NoTrump bidding book. Jacoby transfers are often also used over a 2NT opening (or after 2♣ - 2♦ - 2NT).

Transfer to clubs/diamonds over partner's 1NT opening. Use in conjunction with Jacoby transfers to the majors the whole scheme is often called 4-way transfers. The complete scenario of sequences is given in the No Trump bidding book.

A conventional bid of 2NT after partner's 1♥/♠ opening. It shows a sound raise to the two level with 4 card support but no shortage (otherwise you would splinter). The page has been updated to incorporate the use of (Key Card) Swiss with weaker hands.

Also known as Truscott 2NT. If partner opens 1♥/♠ and RHO doubles, then 2NT is not needed in a natural sense (double with 9+). So playing Jordan 2NT the 2NT bid shows a sound raise to three of the major and a direct bid of 3 of the major is pre-emptive.

You have a hand something like ♠A ♥xx ♦AKQJ1096 ♣QJ6 and RHO opens 1♥, what do you bid? Double is very likely to turn out badly, especially if the opponents compete. The answer is to bid 3♥, a jump cuebid overcall of the opponent's suit, showing a strong hand with a long solid minor and both unbid suits stopped. It invites partner to bid 3NT with a stop in the suit opened.

In Standard American (and many other systems) 2♣ is the only strong bid and the sequence 2♣ - 2♦ - 2NT shows 22-24 balanced. So with a balanced 25+ you either have to open 3NT or use the sequence 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT. This is totally unsatisfactory and one solution is to play the Kokish relay.

Landy

A defence to the opponent's 1NT opening. Multi Landy really is a better system.

A bid of two of the suit opened by the opposition. It shows a two-suited hand which is either weak or very strong. In conjunction with the UNT most two suited hands can be shown. But not all combinationa can be shown and there is ambiguity with which minor suit when the two suits are ♠'s and a minor. These problems have been overcome with Questem.

Some people (mostly 2/1 players) play that a jump to 3 of a minor over a 1♥/♠ opening is a mini-splinter, agreeing the major and showing shortage. Such a mini splinter is played as invitational (although responder may have a more powerful hand). Playing Mini-splinters is not that common and certainly would have to be agreed.

Minor Suit Stayman

Some people play that 2 spades over partner's 1NT opening is minor suit Stayman. But this really is rather inefficient and SARS, which is fully covered in chapter 2.5 of the No Trump bidding book, is a much better method. Two variations of Minor Suit Stayman are discussed in "The 2♠ (and 2NT) response to 1NT".

The Multi Landy convention is a defence to opponent's 1NT opening. It is very similar to Cappellitti/Hamilton but superior in my view as 2♣ is used for the majors and the best major suit fit is always found. Playing Cappellitti/Hamilton you can easily end up in a 4-3 (or 4-2) fit when there is a 5-3 (or 5-2) fit in the other major. See also Defence to Mutli-Landy.

If partner opens and RHO overcalls then a double is negative. In principle showing the other two suits but there are many different options and many players (including myself) play that it just shows unbid major(s).

Puppet Stayman asks for both 4 and 5 card majors. The most important application is 3♣ over a 2NT opening and this works extremely well. There are also variations over a 1NT opening (either 2♣ or 3♣) but neither are really satisfactory. Note that with Puppet Stayman, the artificial 2♣ or 3♣ bid is in fact a relay and not a puppet.

Traditionally 2♦ is negative and other bids show about 7+ points; with 2NT and 3NT showing specific point ranges. This really is a terrible scheme, and if you are not enlightened enough to play Benjamin twos then I give here the best scheme for responding to 2♣ (2♦ waiting and 2♥ negative).

A rebid in a suit that is higher ranking than your first bid suit (or a new suit at the three level), thus forcing partner to the three level if he wishes to give preference to your first bid suit. The link gives examples of a reverse and indicates which sequences are forcing or not.

When LHO opens, partner overcalls and RHO bids (or negative doubles) then you have two ways to support partner at the two level. Playining Rosenkrantz a direct raise denies a top hinour while a double (or redouble) shows three to a top honour. Playing Reverse Rosenkrantz the meanings of these bids are reversed.

Revolving discards

A discard system similar to Lavinthal/McKenny, except that a low club indicates spades and a high spade indicates clubs.

The Roman two diamonds convention is an opening bid of 2♦ which shows a hand with 4441 or 5440 type shape. Traditionally it is a strong hand but the point range may be anything you agree. I discuss the convention and the best point range (which depends upon your opening 1NT point range) along with other options for the 2♦ opening in The 2♦ opening.

A bid of NoTrump (usually 1NT) made between two bidding opponent - so usually in 4th seat after LHO has opened, partner passed, and RHO bid another suit. The bid shows 5-5 in the two unbid suits. You really do need to have a shapely hand for this bid, as both opponents have values and partenr has passed - you could easily be doubled for penalties. For the situation where just one opponent has bid, see also Two Suited Overcalls.

Semi-forcing NoTrump

A silly idea that negates all of the advantages of playing a Forcing NoTrump.

A somewhat inefficient method of showing a game forcing hand which is 5-4 or 4-5 in the majors opposite a 1NT opener. It is fully described in the No Trump bidding book but it has been superceeded by Quest transfers.

2♣ over partner's 1NT opening. This link give a simple explanation, it is much more fully described in the No Trump bidding book. There is also a comprehensive description of when you can use Stayman with a weak hand in the Garbage Stayman link.

A fundamental ingredient of basic Acol and other old bidding systems. Opening bids of 2♦, 2♥ and 2♠ are strong (8-9 playing tricks) and the bid is forcing. Most players play weak twos these days but the strong two capability is built into Benjamin twos (see section 2).

Bids of 4♦ or 4♥ over partner's 1NT opening that ask him to bid 4♥ or 4♠

resp.

Swiss

A convention whereby the responses of 4♣ and 4♦ to a 1♥ or 1♠ opening both show a sound raise to 4 of the major. There are numerous variations differentiating between the 4♣ and 4♦ bids and the most popular is "Fruit Machine Swiss". This is a fine convention, but has now been superseded by Keycard Swiss.

The gambling 3NT (no ace or king outside) is a good well established convention. However, it does have the downside that the wrong hand is declarer. The link gives Phillip Alder's solution for transfer pre-empts so that a 3♠ opening shows the gambling 3NT.

The Truscott Two NoTrump convention is also known as Jordan 2NT. If partner opens 1♥/♠ and RHO doubles, then 2NT is not needed in a natural sense (double with 9+). So playing Truscott 2NT the 2NT bid shows a sound raise to three of the major and a direct bid of 3 of the major is pre-emptive.

When LHO opens and partner overcalls then a cue bid of the opener's suit by you shows a limit raise or better (ie a sound raise to the three level). Thus, when playing the Unassuming Cue Bid, direct raises to three or four of partner's suit are pre-emptive.

The Unusual No Trump. A bid of NoTrump (usually 2NT but not always) in a situation where it cannot really be expected to be natural. It shows a hand which is 5-5 in the lowest 2 unbid suits and is either weak or very strong. Played in conjunction with Michaels Cue Bids, most two suited hands can be shown. But see Questem in the next section.

A treatment whereby after a 1♣ opening responder may by by-pass a diamond suit in order to bid his major when holding a weak hand. This really is an excellent scheme but perhaps best left to experienced players/partnerships.

Walsh Relays

A really silly scheme whereby a transfer to hearts is negated by a 2♠

bid. It is briefly described and sumarrily dismissed in the advanced No Trump bidding book.

A bid of the opponents suit asking for a stop for NoTrump. It is similar to the DAB but the Western cue generally asks for a full stopper whereas playing the DAB a ½ stopper is enough.

Wolff Sign Off

A somewhat out-dated convention that enables responder to sign off in 3♦ or three of his major after partner has made a jump rebid of 2NT . The convention has been superceded by the PARROT convention which also allows opener to have 4 cards in the other major.

If you wish to practice some of the more common conventions above, then many Practice CD-ROMs, including those below, are detailed in the link

These are jumps to three of the other major when partner opens 1♥/♠. If opener is interested in slam he enquires where the shortage is. The mechanism is actually exactly the same as splintering after partner opens 1NT and you transfer or find a fit using Stayman. See Splinters After Stayman/transfers later in this section.

) then 3♦ has been used as the SID (Stayman in doubt) convention in days long gone - stating that responder is 3433/4333 shape exactly (4 trumps) and offering 3NT as an alternative contract. This rather quaint convention is rarely used but it's new model - ASID - is a very powerful tool in NoTrump bidding. Check it out, it's section 2.4 of the No Trump bidding book.

Benjamin Twos are a convention whereby both 2♣ and 2♦ are strong and artificial - this is well established, of course (especially in the UK) and I really cannot understand why it is not used more worldwide. Anyway, there are numerous variations on the Benji theme and I give my preferred one here.

When RHO overcalls your partner's 1NT opening with a natural call then double is generally played as penalties. But when 2♣ and 2♦ are artificial this has littles sense. Also, if RHO makes a bid showing both majors then Stayman is of little use. These links detail a scheme for combatting these two conventions.

When partner opens a minor, RHO doubles and you have a limit raise for partner's minor, then it may be preferable for partner to be declarer in an eventual 3NT contract. This treatment reverses the meaning of 2NT and the raise to three of the minor.

Keycard Swiss is a convention whereby the responses of 4♣ and 4♦ to a 1♥ or 1♠ opening both show a sound raise to 4 of the major. 4♣ shows a sound raise with two key cards and a 'feature'. The feature may be a third key card, a singleton or the queen of trumps. The 4♦ bid shows the same values but denies the requirement for a 4 ♣ bid. This is an improvement on the well established Fruit Machine Swiss. Keycard Swiss is best used in conjunction with the Jacoby 2NT convention.

PARROT - Puppet and Relay Responses Over a Two no-trump rebid. This convention combines the uses of the Wolff Sign-Off and New Minor Forcing after partner opens one of a minor, you respond one of a major, and partner makes a jump 2NT rebid

Quest transfers is a convention used after the sequence 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ whereby a jump to 3♦ or 3♥ is a transfer to the suit above and shows 5 cards in the suit transferred into and 4 in the other major. This is an improvement on Smolen as it caters for both invitational and game forcing hands. Quest transfers (and Smolen) are fully described in the No Trump bidding book

A scheme for showing all two-suited overcalls. It is basically a combinatinon of UNT, Michaels and using 3♣ as an artificial bid. It is superior to Ghestem in that a cue bid of a 1♣ or 1♦ opening shows both majors as when using Michaels (using Ghestem you are at the 3-level).

Bidding in the Sandwich seat is totally different from the direct seat. There is little point in pre-empting (as both opponents have already made a bid) and as both opponents have shown values you are very likely to get doubled. The link describes some Sandwich seat examples and also indicated when a double by opener is for penalties (it usually is).

When partner opens 1NT and you either transfer or use Stayman (and find a fit) then if you have shortage somewhere you may wish to splinter. Unfortunately there are insufficient bids to be able to splinter in all suits (4♣ is some sort of ace/key card ask). This link (part of the NoTrump bidding book) explains how it's done (3 of the other major is an ambiguous splinter).

The most popular (and best in my view) version of Stayman over a 1NT opening is 'Garbage Stayman'. Responder does not promise any values and so the traditional requirement of responder having invitational values or better no longer stands and 'obviously' a response such as 2NT to show both majors is unsound.... But is it?

Even when playing Garbage Stayman it is possible for opener to bid 2NT or even higher with a suitable hand. Don't believe me? Check it out! It is section 2.7 of the No Trump bidding book.

Using transfers over partner's 2NT opening bid, the use of 3♠ is often undefined. Some us it to show 5 ♠'s and 4 ♥'s as that shape cannot be described
satisfactorily
if using Puppet Stayman and transfers. But if playing Niemeijer then 3NT is used to show that awkward shape and 3♠ is spare. This link defines an excellent use of the bid.

These responses feature two-way 2♠ (either Minor Suit Stayman or to play in 2♦) and 2NT (eitherthree suited game force or to play in 3♣) responses.

Section 3

Comparisons between conflicting conventions

Convention

Brief Description

I'll start off with the two very basic choices you have to make: -

Weak or Strong No Trump?

There have been pages (even books) written on the benefits of one over the other. It all boils down to playing whichever you prefer as they are both perfectly sound. But the decision may depend upon whether you wish to play 4 or 5 card majors: -

4 or 5 card majors?

Now here I do have a preference. I will play either but one scheme that I will not play is 4-card majors in conjunction with a Strong No Trump. I call this Dutch Acol, it is unsound and simply does not work! I have fully described why not. So if partner insists upon 4-card majors then I play a weak NoTrump (so Acol).

And now we'll have a look at a few other decisions you need to make: -

Ace/Keycard ask

There are a multitude of different ace/keycard asking bids. Easily the best/most common are Gerber (when you probably intend to play in No Trumps) and RKCB (when a trump suit has been established). The next entry suggests when 4♣ is Gerber and when 4NT is RKCB. But then there is the separate issue of what bid is RKCB. Most players play that 4NT is generally RKCB regardless of the trump suit, but this is not satisfactory with lower ranking suits and I suggest that you have a look at Kickback.

1430 or 3014?

If you have decided to play RKCB then you have to choose which variation! Basic RKCB has 5♣ as 0 or 3 keycards and 5♦ as 1 or 4 Keycards - so called 3014. But there is an 'improvement' on this where the 5♣ and 5♦ bids are reversed (1430). Why you may ask? The theory is that the RKCB bidder is more likely to be looking for slam after a 1 keycard response that after zero, so 5♣ gives more room to ask about the trump queen. This benefit is very marginal and only applies when ♥'s are trumps. With ♠'s as trumps there is always room for the queen ask whichever treatment you use and with a minor suit as trumps you are already past the point of no return (comitted to a small slam). Eddie Kantar is the acknowleded expert on RKCB and in his book 'Roman Keycard Blackwood' (4th edition) he actually says that one should use 1430 when the stronger hand bids RKCB and 3014 when it is the weaker hand asking! Too complex for me; and, anyway, all of the problems are solved if you use Kickback.

Bergen raises are really for the more advanced player. But there is a difference of opinion about the 3♣ and 3♦ bids. Playing traditional Bergen 3♦ is a limit raise and this leaves opener with no room to invite game if ♥'s are trumps. So 'Inverted Bergen' was invented - this solves the problem but simply creates a new one!

Better Minor or Short Club?

If you elect to play a 5-card major system then you will sometimes have to open a minor suit containing less than 4 cards (because you have no 5 card major). The most popular choice is to play 'better minor' whereby you open the longest (or best if equal length) minor. The 'short club' scheme allows a 1♣ opening with just two cards when exactly 4432 shape. Which is best? Assuming the hand is unsuitable for a 1NT opening I will always open 1♣ when equal length, 44 or 33, (open 1♦ if 55 of course) and I prefer to play a short club as then a 1♦ opening always guarantees a 4+ card suit.

A cue bid of the opponent's suit may have many different meanings. The link covers the Western Cue Bid, Directional Asking Bid (DAB), a sound limit raise after an overcall, the Unassuming Cue Bid, the Jump Unassuming Cue Bid, Splinters, Michaels Cue Bids, Ghestem, Questem, the Jump Cue Bid Overcall and Stayman after partner's 1NT is overcalled.

Which suit do you open with a 4441 type shape if you have no system bid to describe it in this point range? One popular 'rule' is the suit below the singleton. I believe this to be unsound and I will always open the lowest ranking suit. Don't believe me? Then check out the link and you'll see there's never a problem. And opening the lowest possible suit always makes partner's bidding easier.

There is a multitude of choice and I certainly will not go into all the possibilities; the link discusses a dozen or so of the most widely used schemes. Cappelleti is probably one of the most popular but Multi Landy is very similar and an improvement upon it. I prefer to play Multi Landy but there is a lot of sense in playing DONT in the 4th seat together with Multi Landy in the direct seat. Using this combination the player in the direct seat may wish to convert a DONT double from partner in the 4th seat (showing a single-suited hand) into penalties. Bear in mind that a penatly double in the 4th seat is rare because the doubler is under the NoTrump opener and doubler may also get a poor lead from partner.

The defence to weak twos is pretty standard these days, with double for take-out. The link summarises overcaller's options and advancer's responses. There is also a brief discussion of Leaping Michaels.

... and I have also briefly written up a number of conventional doubles.

5-4 in the majors opposite partner's 1NT opening

Holding a game-going hand with 5 cards in one major and four in the other, there are various options for the bidding. Some will transfer into the 5-carder and then bid the 4- carder, but that really is best reserved for 5-5's. The most popular method is to bid Stayman and then jump over a 2♦ response (jump to 3 of your 5 card suit - or 3 of your 4 card suit if you play Smolen). This 'works' but is not really satisfactory as there is no way to show invitational hands. This has all been solved by Quest transfers.

5-5 in the majors opposite partner's 1NT opening

Now Quest transfers have solved all of the 5-4 situations, but what about 5-5's. We need to be able to distinguish between weak, invitational and game forcing without using the same sequence that shows a 5-4. Quite a task. See section 3.1.4 of the No Trump bidding book.

The general style of cue bidding is to bid first round controls before second round controls. The link explains the advantages/disadvantages of bidding either a first or second round control (whichever is cheaper) as played by many Italian bridge experts.

Traditionally one opens 2♣ followed by a 3NT rebid (or else open 3NT) with this huge hand type. However, this really is an extreemly poor treatment as responder does not know what to do when he is virtually bust (often the case) with (a) a 4 card major (Stayman 4♣ or pass?) or with (b) a five card major (transfer or pass?). Deciding to bid may lead to an eventual 4NT contract going one down. This link discusses various options for solving the problem.

Playing Tricks and Losers

Are these two the opposite of each other? No! And it also depends upon how you count your losers! Consider this hand ♠KQJ10xxx ♥Kxx ♦Qxx ♣-. It has 6½ Playing Tricks, but how many losers? Commonsense says 6 or 7 but the rather quaint English Losing Trick Count evaluates the hand as 5 losers.

This link takes a look at splinters, Jacoby 2NT, Key Card Swiss and the Delayed Game Raise. It explains when which one should be used (and when another approach is best). In particular it explains why Jacoby 2NT and (Key Card) Swiss are not mutually exclusive and should both be working together in you armoury. The quaint Delayed Game Raise should really only be used with hand with just three card trump support. The direct raise (i.e. 1♥ - 4♥ or 1♠ - 4♠) is, of course, weak and pre-emptive.

A brief discussion of defensive signals, count, attitude etc. There are numerous schemes but in the Pattaya bridge club I encourage all non-regular partnerships to play Lavinthal (McKenny). Another good system is to play Distributional Discards - you discard from a suit that you don't like and a high card shows an even number of cards in that suit and a low card shows an odd number. As for attitude, about 50% play standard (HELD - High Encourage, Low Discourage) and 50% play upside-down attitude (low to encourage). My personal preference is the latter, which is more common in Europe than America but it's really up to individual partnerships.

The most common approach is to use the combination of the Unusual No Trump (UNT) together with Michaels Cue Bids. However, that is not totally satisfactory as not all two-suited combinations are covered (spades and the other minor over a minor suit opener) and numerous Michaels bids are ambiguous for the minor suit. Ghestem solves these problems but has it's own problems. The 'best' solution is Questem; check out the link to the left.

This is not so much a comparison of conventions, but a suggested treatment. Systems on, systems off, Lebensohl, stolen bids? This link tells you when to play systems on and when to play Lebensohl. Also, it explaind when you should double conventional overcalls (and the answer is not 'stolen bid'!).

This list of links to no-frame pages is here for the benefit of search engines/directories; their robots are not that keen on frames technology . Human visitors can access all of the relevant information via the links in the page. If the topic you wish to see is not on this bridge conventions page, then it may appear on the Bridge Abbreviations or the general bridge topics pages. If you wish to have a bridge convention written up on this page, then send me an e-mail.