Powell, the Third Mandate, the New Fed and Crawdads

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We have reached the best time of year, when we can look to the future with hope. We can stop wondering what will happen in 2018 and look forward to 2019. The investment industry always does this enthusiastically, as you will see in forecasts everywhere the next few weeks.

Not wanting to be left out, or leave you wondering what I think, I usually review several other forecasts and later add my own. This year, I’m turning that sequence around. Recently I did a “2019 Investment Outlook” webinar with my business partner Steve Blumenthal. So right or wrong, my thoughts are now on record. In this letter, I’ll give you an abbreviated version of that webinar and add a few other thoughts at the end. Then in January, I’ll spend a letter or two reacting to other interesting forecasts.

But first, I am going to offer some different thoughts than the mainstream media spin on Jerome Powell, his press conference, and the Federal Reserve.

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My inbox and the mainstream media are packed with criticism of Jerome Powell’s press conference. The market didn’t like what it heard and immediately tanked. People called him tone deaf for not listening to the market. Looking at US-based indexes, and indeed most foreign ones, we are clearly in bear market territory with many benchmarks down well over 20% from their highs. What was Powell thinking?

There were many accusations that Powell fumbled the ball, not telling the market what it wanted to hear. As if that were his job.

I think Powell may have said exactly what he wanted to communicate. The last three Federal Reserve Chairs have acted like the Fed has three mandates: the two official ones (low inflation and full employment) and an unofficial third one: making sure asset prices rise as the market wants. Not just the stock market, but real estate and all other investment assets. It started with the Greenspan “Put” which morphed into the Bernanke Put (remember the taper tantrum?) and reached its apex with the Yellen Put.

And what did we get? A series of bubbles.

As Stan Druckenmiller says, the really big Fed mistake was when Greenspan kept rates too low for too long in 2003–2004, setting up the housing bubble and Great Recession. He clearly helped the massive bubble in 1999–2000.

Then Bernanke’s reluctance to raise rates above zero in 2012–2013, when the economy was manifestly recovering, refueled the asset price bubble.

Yellen continued that course. Her reluctance to raise rates until Trump won the election, the economy was booming, and unemployment clearly falling was inexcusable.

I think there is the very real possibility Powell wasn’t being tone deaf at all. He could have wanted to remind everyone that the Federal Reserve is independent from Wall Street as well as politics.

Yes, Powell worked on Wall Street, is quite wealthy and was an investment banker, and even ran his own hedge funds, as well as numerous posts for the Treasury before he came to the Fed, so he is clearly an “insider.” He is also wicked smart, maybe even wicked brilliant. He didn’t stumble or mumble at his press conference. He was quite deliberate. He knew exactly what he was saying and I’ll bet you a dollar against 27 doughnuts he knew the market would react negatively. You cannot have his resume and not know exactly what the market would do given his quite careful press conference.

This makes me think Powell is perfectly willing to walk away from that unofficial third mandate. Is he letting his inner Volcker show just a little bit? If so… damn, Skippy, it’s about time!

The Federal Reserve should be just as concerned about Main Street as it is about Wall Street. The serial bubbles of the last 30 years all had serious negative consequences. Yes, the ride was often fun, and some of us made good money in both the up and down cycles. But Main Street would be better served with a steady-as-she-goes Fed policy.

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Wall Street (and the financial world in general) should create earnings and value companies based on those earnings, and not game the system to the point where valuations get incredibly stretched and then the bubble pops. It kills the average investor who buys late in the cycle and then gets scared out of the market at exactly the wrong time. People come to see investing as a game Wall Street plays for its own benefit. In fact, it is anything but a game. To most people, investing is about retirement and life.

How will we know if Jay Powell is serious about his inner Volcker? In Texas, we would look to see if he “crawdads” on us. Let me explain that. I grew up in West Texas where farmers and ranchers would create “tanks” or ponds to catch and hold rainwater for the cattle to drink.

Little creatures we call crawdads (crayfish in more polite circles, which look like tiny lobsters) would burrow holes around these tanks and live happy little crawdad lives… until some young kid would come along, throw a piece of small bacon with a string attached to it in front of their home. When they would come out and grab the bacon, you would jerk the string, put the crawdads in a bucket and sell them to strange adults who would pay you a nickel apiece. Just for a silly crawdad.

Later in life, I learned that crawfish etouffee is a serious meal in Louisiana and much of Texas. Next time you go to Pappadeaux’s, order the crawfish etouffee. It is not cholesterol friendly, but it is really good.

But back to the main plot: When crawdads sense danger, they start walking backwards (as in this video) to hide in their hole. Hence the term, “Are you crawdadding on me?” Meaning, “Are you backing away from what you said or want back what you gave me?” It was generally not said in a polite manner. To crawdad on someone meant you broke your word.

If Powell lets the markets fall and doesn’t crawdad on us without coming back and giving a speech essentially saying “I’m sorry, I really meant to be more dovish,”, then we will know he really wants to end the third mandate. That would make me stand up and applaud. Loudly and with enthusiasm. Will it cause me personal pain? Sure. I’m trying to sell my home now, and what he did probably won’t help real estate values. (By the way, if you are reading this and thinking about buying my home, don’t lowball me. I’m not paying attention to Powell and the Fed either. Value is value.)

That being said, if Powell really sticks to his guns (I know I’m mixing metaphors here), then the United States and the world will be better in the long run—especially if his successors at the Fed do the same. They should politely take the president’s call, ignore the tweets, and set their own independent course.

Will there be a time to cut rates? Absolutely. And I fully expect Powell to do it when unemployment starts to rise or inflation rears its head. But not because of some tantrum in the %#$! markets. That is not the Fed’s mandate.

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I want the Fed chair not to be the second most important person in a world where most of the people don’t even know his or her name. Where we don’t live and die by some stupid dot plot, but on whether companies actually increase their earnings by growing their businesses. I can dream, but I’m not the only one…

And now, let’s look at an abbreviated version of my recent webinar.

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As a preface, I think I have a pretty good record calling major economic and market turns. My weakness is timing. I tend to be early and, as I mentioned last week, miss some opportunities near the top. My solution is to separate my own outlook from my portfolio decisions. Using multiple, systematic trading systems seems to work better, which is why I’m in business with Steve Blumenthal.

However, the annual forecasting exercise still helps. It forces me to review the data and identify the key issues that will affect my investments. Then, as the year unfolds, I can watch what actually happens and compare it with what the machines are doing to my money. When they’re not in sync, I can more intelligently evaluate why. This gives me more confidence in the systems and helps me stick with them through the inevitable bumps. The end result is better investment results over the long run. So, this isn’t just academic thought or entertainment. It matters to your and my money.

What follows is a mix of my own thoughts as well as Steve’s. We’ll look at three topics: recession probability, credit conditions, and stock valuations. We went deeper on the webinar. You can read a transcript or view a recording here, which is about three times as long with more charts.

Steve started the webinar by noting we currently sit late in an economic cycle. He showed the chart above to illustrate how all cycles have expansion periods and end with recession. The longest expansion cycle (1991–2001) lasted 10 years or 120 months. The average since 1854 is 40 months and then recession, then expansion, then recession.

The 2001 post-recession recovery lasted 80 months—ending, of course, with the Great Recession. We are 114 months into the current expansion, the second-longest in US history. Again, a recession is coming. The question is when. This expansion will break the record if it persists through 2019.

If recession strikes next year, then what? Aside from the layoffs and business problems, the stock market declines on average about 37% in recessions. The last two saw 50% drops. If you think your buy-and-hold portfolio can ride that out, everything we know about behavioral finance says you are probably wrong.

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This model measures leading indicators across 35 countries, things like money supply, yield curve, building permits, consumer and business sentiment, share prices, and manufacturing production. It’s done a good job at calling recessions, shown in the gray bars. Any reading above that red dotted line of 70 is the danger zone. When that’s occurred, over 90% of the time we’ve been in recession.

On the webinar, I pointed out that on this very useful chart, the indicator doesn’t just indicate a coming global recession. It says we’re in one. Economists identify them in hindsight. We only know we’re in a recession when we look back over the past data. So, the gray bars don’t appear in real time. They get added later.

There was a point in 2000 that we were in a recession for just one quarter. It was three years later they tell us this. Now, it didn’t change anybody’s trading when they announced it and few noticed because it was three-year-old news. But it illustrates that economists are pretty bad at actually recognizing recessions in real time. We could find out in late 2019 that a recession began sometime the prior spring.

However, that NDR index is global, and we know the US economy is doing better than most. This next chart is US-specific and the lower section shows the year-to-year rate of change in their Employment Trends index. Note how when employment trends have declined, recession (gray bars) followed. So, recession risk is highest when this index’s yearly change is below zero. Conditions are currently favorable, with low recession risk.

Next, let’s look at the yield curve. I explained last week that it’s flattening but not yet inverted, which would signal recession 9–15 months later. Ned Davis looks at the difference between the six-month Treasury bill and the 10-year Treasury note. We’ve highlighted inversion periods in yellow circles. Typically, it’s anywhere from 9 to 15 months between the inversion and the beginning of a recession. Presently we are not there yet (“Yet” being the operative word.)

As you’ll notice, the yield curve nearly always turns positive before we actually go into recession. I know this from painful experience. As I related last week, I called the last recession after the yield curve inverted and the markets promptly went up 20% more.

As of now, portions of the yield curve are flattening. It looks like the beginning of an inversion. The Fed seems aware of it, too, as we learned this week.

Unfortunately, recession isn’t the only risk we face for 2019. I’ve talked several times this year about corporate debt and it just keeps growing. The corporate bond market is roughly three times bigger than it was in 2008. Worse, quality is dropping as quantity increases. In 2008, the US had about $3 trillion in corporate bonds outstanding. Now we have far more than that just in the BBB ratings or below.

This might be tolerable if corporations were, as a group, highly capitalized with fortress-like balance sheets. Some are, but a dangerously high number are not. Yield-hungry investors have been throwing money at companies, which they naturally accept but don’t necessarily use wisely. Some large companies live on borrowed money and don’t have the reserves to survive long without it.

Having said that, such problems are not widespread yet and won’t necessarily become so in 2019. Here is another Ned Davis chart. Look at the lower portion, their Credit Conditions Index.

A dip below the green dotted line signals the kind of unfavorable credit conditions that would mean trouble for leveraged companies. As Warren Buffett famously said, that’s when the tide goes out and you see who’s swimming naked. The last three times happened near the beginning of recessions. Presently we are far from that point.

On the other hand, notice how fast the index fell right before the last recession. It could change considerably by this time next year if the Fed tightens too much, or federal deficits “crowd out” capital from the corporate markets, or some other stressful event occurs. So, while this looks okay for now, it is important to watch, which Steve does.

Finally, let’s get to what is most important for investors. Are your stocks safe? The quick answer is stocks are never safe. If safety is the priority, you should probably consider something else. Stocks are a “risk” asset. The real question is whether the gains adequately pay you for the risk you are taking. The higher the valuation, the less you are being paid. That makes this next chart disturbing if you’re long stocks.

We see here four popular valuation measures, the average of which crunch to the second-highest stock valuations since 1900. The highest was in 2000. We are much higher now than in 2007, which led to a 55% peak-to-trough decline.

That kind of decline won’t necessarily happen next year, but it’s all but certain within ten years. So this may not be a “sell” signal, but it sure looks like a “don’t buy” signal. And even with the recent drop, I would not bring a “buy the dip” mentality to my investment selection today.

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Note the bottom section of the chart where it says, “We’d be better off here.” That’s what a buying opportunity looks like. Buying opportunities happen at the bottom of the cycle when everybody is scared. That’s true for stocks, high yields, real estate, and everything else.

When people say they’re worried about holding cash, I remind them cash is an option on the future. It’s not earning very much right now but could potentially earn a lot more when you buy at the bottom. I’m not looking at this and panicking at all. I’m rubbing my hands at the coming chance to buy solid assets cheap.

It’s time to hit the send button. I will follow up this letter next week with my final year-end thoughts as we look to a brand-new 2019. Between now and then, my best to you and your families and friends, and here’s wishing you the best of the holiday season. The best gift I get is the time you graciously spend reading Thoughts from the Frontline. Thank you so very, very much.

Let me give you a small gift that may help lift your spirits as well. My favorite version of the famous Christmas song, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, was done by Frank Sinatra, who, as Judy Garland did before him, asked the original songwriter to make the lyrics more upbeat. Judy Garland used Sinatra’s version of the lyrics later she did her TV special. You can watch the Chairman of the Board himself sing that song here.

For nostalgia buffs, look at the personalities in the audience. And if you really like nostalgia, go to the 1:54 mark in this video for Bing Crosby, later joined by Sinatra, singing I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas like nobody else has ever done. It really will make your heart a little lighter.

“Faithful friends who have been dear to us, will be near to us once more….”

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Discuss This

Comments

William McCarthy

Dec. 23, 2018, 4:53 p.m.

Bacon and Crawdads! Yup!

Good missive and analysis of the Fed’s latest action and messaging. Watched Powell’s presentation and then the Wall Street commentators. Powell seemed measured and indicated a number of times awareness of the slowing in the economy and that the Fed’s actions would be data dependent. All I heard was a bunch of whining from the Wall Street crowd and a total disconnect from what Powell actually said.

How long do people think short term risk free interest rates can stay below the rate of inflation? Money should never be “free”. One would think after hearing Wall Street that they were entitled to a monetary Food Stamp For Life card. Or, do we run effective negative rates in perpetuity? The only real issue is that past Fed leaders have created a mess. Stayed too accommodative too long and too focused on asset prices creating massive inequality by benefiting the wealthy, financial engineers, and the Wall Street cabal. And, somehow we have to get out of it. Hopefully, Powell and the current Fed makeup represent a paradigm shift. Tough for Wall Street? Yes! Too bad! Solution? Cash, hedged or short.

Justin

wegerkerry@gmail.com

Dec. 23, 2018, 5:49 a.m.

John

I loved your comments about the Fed and the markets. I agree completely. Get rid of the Fed “put”! Stop bailing out the
market! I find it interesting that many who were critical of the Fed for “saving” the markets are now whining about the
fact that the Fed didn’t do more to reassure markets at their most recent meeting. Well done John!

Don Braswell

Dec. 22, 2018, 1:39 p.m.

What Fed President Powell wishes he could have said last week in December:

Greetings.
First a few comments. The FOMC has not taken away the punch bowl. IF we were to raise FED rates to 5% (their historical median average) THEN you could possible consider that move as taking away the punch bowl. At this point, with the FED target rate of 2.25%, we are just attempting to take away the Crack Cocaine. Of course you are all screaming, just like we expected addicts to scream. So, we would like to remind you. The FED congressional mandate is based on (1) inflation data, and based on (2) employment data. Not overpriced stock market valuations.

Along those lines, I will provide five market data points, and then I will make some observations about these absurd data points.
1) We have a large number of stocks trading at 10 times price to revenue. Not P/E, but P/TOTAL REVENUE! Please see https://thefelderreport.com/2017/10/26/what-were-you-thinking/.
2) The Shiller CAPE is higher than it was before the Great Depression. Please see: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/robert-shiller-interprets-what-the-cape-ratio-says-about-the-market-today-102737135.html
3) The Russell 2000 index is trading at 75 P/E accounting for the fact that 670 of the 2000 firms in the index have lost money this year. Please see https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/2018/03/20/stock-market-russell-2000-high/437481002/
4) The entire world has an abnormal high number of Zombie Firms. Please see https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1809g.htm
5) And we have all of these during a timeframe where interest rates are at a 2000-year low for the last decade. Please see: https://www.businessinsider.com/chart-5000-years-of-interest-rates-history-2016-6.

I’m going to let these data sink in for a minute. You think, I’ll wait.

So, now the market is having a tantrum. And the market is STILL overpriced by every reasonable metric listed above. Hasn’t the market has “corrected” is because the market made a “mistake” in valuing itself too highly in 2018? My opinion? At least 30% too high. Have you guys never heard or understood the phrase “irrational exuberance”?
So, the FED is not a dancing bear. Shouldn’t the market at least be fairly valued before the FED changes course? Shouldn’t the market at least reflect the median Shiller CAPE value? Shouldn’t the Russell 2000 at a median P/E, AND account for losing firms? Shouldn’t we have fewer zombie firms? Shouldn’t we have lower corporate debt with better loan covenants?
The last 28 years have seen the most sustained debt bubble buildup in the history of the world. In other words, during the tenure of Presidents Reagan, Bush 41, Bush 43, Obama and Trump, we have seen the doubling of national debt on an 8-year cycle*. Congress and the Fed are no less culpable. Every other nation has built their own bubble. Make no mistake, the freewheeling, high government spending, low interest rates have created a world-wide zombie economy. Everywhere. Now if I were just worried about my reputation, I would lower rates: just like Mr. Greenspan, Mr. Bernanke, and Ms. Yellen. I would urge others to do the same in other central banks around the world. In the eyes of the world, the cure for too much debt IS? Yes, more debt.

But we know better. Before you start arguing, you need to read the little book titled “This Time Is Different.” Perhaps you’ve heard about it? Let me assure you, that Nothing. Is. Different. This. Time. Before you reporters run out of here and print your news story, I urge you to read the short version of this book (a quick 59 pages) available at: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/this_time_is_different_short.pdf I read it this morning before I came to this press conference. I will read it before every press conference as long as I remain as Fed Chairman.

Bottom Line: Are you seriously trying to tell the world that USA firms cannot book a profit when FED interest rates are still ½ of their historical rate of 5%, the average interest rate for the last 2000 years?

Oh, yes, I almost forgot. We unanimously decided to raise our targeted interest rate ¼ point in December, and we have slightly lowered our dot plot for 2019.

Based on the inflation data, and based on employment data.

*I omitted the Clinton / Gingrich co-presidency. Do you seriously think Clinton would have passed his balanced budget with any other Speaker of the House other than Gingrich? Do you seriously think any other president would have passed Gingrich’s budget?

Larry English

Stuart Harnden

Dec. 22, 2018, 11:08 a.m.

John,

Great article and I agree totally with your assessment of the Fed’s meeting this past week. Finally, John, you’re the adult in the room who has the guts to say that the Federal Reserve is not in the business of pumping stocks just as all the whiners on the major financial networks were advocating last week. Lord knows these talking heads know just fine how to pump and dump without any help from the Fed.

I have 45 years of investing and my, how it has changed. Before computers, you had to read annual reports, financial journals, learn some technical skills, follow shows like “Wall Street Week with Louis Rukeyser” and the “Nightly Business Report” with Paul Kangas. You could learn from those shows and do some real investing. Now it’s a Casino, it’s you against the talking heads and quants. You hear what they want you to hear, and relegate the rest to places the normal investor can’t get to. It’s no wonder the millennials, to the chagrin of the talking heads, don’t want to invest in the markets. The next big crash will drive out thousands more, too. You can only fool people just so long. At least the Fed seems to be washing their hands of this game also, finally.

Sincerely,

Stuart B. Harnden

Ernest M Kraus

Dec. 22, 2018, 3:30 a.m.

John;
An addition to the previous send is that the Vanguard group has done a fantastic job with the advent of index funds.
Regards,
Ernest M. Kraus

Ernest M Kraus

Dec. 22, 2018, 3:23 a.m.

John;
Where are the signs of recession? Who can predict what will happen if the Fed were to leave the interest rate to be set by the banks rather then trying to manipulate the markets? How much market volatility is due to the computers making the high percent of trades that are executed? As is said in court; ” speculation and conjecture.” An entire industry has been created above and beyond the buying and selling of stocks. Look at the number of jobs created by that as well as all the downstream revenue; building of offices, computers, increased use of utilities andeven the delis, lunchonetes and countless other places that people eat. More housing for the legions of workers, their spending. I could go on and one by it is late for me and I am going to hit the send button.
Regards,
Ernest M Kraus

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