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The Human Microbiome in Sports Performance and Health

Because our knowledge of the human microbiome is moving so rapidly, we turned our presentation at this conference into a discussion session so experts in the audience could share their professional knowledge and personal experience. By the end of the session, it was clear that we had barely scratched the surface of the importance of our microscopic kin to our health, to sports performance, and to how we need to think about designing research studies. A list of recommended resources is available at: www.caroltorgan.com/microbiome-sports/. We welcome your input!

There's an intriguing update on the science: in slide #10 we mention that the human body contains ~10 times more microbial cells than human cells. New research suggests it's closer to a 1:1 ratio. Take a look at, "Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells" at http://www.nature.com/news/scientists-bust-myth-that-our-bodies-have-more-bacteria-than-human-cells-1.19136 and read the comments. Thank you for viewing this presentation! Carol

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Goals:1.Introduce you to the human microbiome2.Provide a forum for brainstorming3.Encourage you to incorporate the human microbiomein your thinking and research4.Encourage you to think broadly about your work

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Genetics The science of genes, heredity, and variation inliving organismsGenomics The study of genomes(all of an organism’s heredity information)DNA Sequencing The process of reading the nucleotidebases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) in DNAGWAS Genome-wide association studies

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MicrobiomeThe community of organisms that live symbiotically inand on humans.Microbes, their genetic elements (genomes), andenvironmental interactions in a particular environment.Microbes include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses.

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Human Microbiome Project (HMP) Comprehensive characterization of the humanmicrobiota and analysis of its role in human health anddisease. Data set available worldwide for use by researchers inefforts to understand and improve health. International collaboration of ~ 200 physicians,microbiologists, and laboratory scientists from~ 80 universities and scientific institutions.

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InteractiveYou are encouraged to step to the floor microphonesto introduce your creative ideas regarding futureways that we can study the microbiome as a factor inhealth, sports medicine and the exercise sciencesFormat

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Please share your ideas!• How might the human microbiome be involvedin your area of specialization?• What experimental research designs might beemployed to test your ideas?• What practical applications do you see?

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A Testable HypothesisThe intestinal microbiome (gut microrganisms):• Can be viewed as a virtual organ within an organ(O’Hara & Shanahan, 2006)• Mounting evidence indicates that these cells playa key role in illnesses/conditions such asasthma, Crohns disease, psoriasis, and obesity.

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Please share your ideas!• How might the human microbiome beinvolved in your area of specialization?• What experimental research designsmight be employed to test your ideas?• What practical applications do you see?

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Methods“Subjects were instructed to keep a food andphysical activity diary …. to arrive at thelaboratory in a rested and fully hydrated statefollowing an overnight fast, and to avoidstrenuous activity in the 24 h preceding eachtesting session. …”

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And….“… to abstain from using antibacterialmouthwash and chewing gum throughoutthe study because these are known toeradicate the oral bacteria that arenecessary for the conversion of nitrate tonitrite.”

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Inorganic nitrate (NO3-)nitrite (NO2-)nitrogen oxides, such as nitric oxide (NO)Physiological changesHumans don’t have theenzyme for this step.Bacteria on the back ofour tongues do this for us.Beetroot juice journey

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Please share your ideas!• How might the human microbiome beinvolved in your area of specialization?• What experimental research designsmight be employed to test your ideas?What controls are needed?• What practical applications do you see?

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Please share your ideas!• How might the human microbiome beinvolved in your area of specialization?• What experimental research designsmight be employed to test your ideas?• What practical applications do you see?

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Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 7: 639-646, 2011• A number of studies describe characteristic differences between thecomposition and/or activity of the gut microbiota of lean individuals andthose with obesity.• Although these data are controversial, they suggest that specificphyla, classes or species of bacteria, or bacterial metabolic activitiescould be beneficial or detrimental to patients with obesity.• The gut microbiota is, therefore, a potential nutritional andpharmacological target in the management of obesity and obesity-related disorders.

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Please share your ideas!• How might the human microbiome beinvolved in your area of specialization?• What experimental research designsmight be employed to test your ideas?• What practical applications do you see?

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Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT)As of May 2013 the FDA requiresInvestigational New Drug (IND) application(Because FMT meet the definition of a biologic therapy)

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Ethical, legal, social issues:Should probiotic mixes designed to manipulate themicrobiome be regulated?Should you take samples of your microbiome whenyou are healthy and store them, so you can repopulateyour communities if you get sick?Will this change what it means to be ‘human’?

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Could the microbiomebe used as an ergogenic aid?Instead of blood doping,could there be bacterial doping?(metabolism, over-training, travel)

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Athlete Biological Passport“The fundamental principle of the AthleteBiological Passport is based on the monitoringof selected biological parameters over timethat will indirectly reveal the effects of dopingrather than attempting to detect the dopingsubstance itself.”- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Athlete-Biological-Passport/Will this become theAthlete MicroBiological Passport?