Mr. WILLIAMSON moved to reconsider in order to increase the number of Representatives fixed for the first Legislature. His purpose was to make an addition of one half generally to the number allotted to the respective States; and to allow two to the smallest States.

Art. 1. sect. 3.-the words [FN3] "by lot" were struck out nem: con: on motion of Mr. MADISON, that some rule might prevail in the rotation that would prevent both the members from the same State from going out at the same time.

"Ex officio" struck out of the same section as superfluous: nem: con: and "or affirmation." after "oath" inserted also unanimously.

Mr. RUTLIDGE and Mr. Govr. MORRIS moved "that persons impeached be suspended from their office [FN5] until they be tried and acquitted."

Mr. MADISON. The President is made too dependent already on the Legislature, by the power of one branch to try him in consequence of an impeachment by the other. This intermediate suspension, will put him in the power of one branch only. They can at any moment, in order to make way for the functions of another who will be more favorable to their views, vote a temporary removal of the existing Magistrate.

Art. 1. sect. 4. "except as to the places of choosing Senators" [FN7] added nem: con: to the end of the first clause, in order to exempt the seats of Govt. in the States from the power of Congress.

Art. 1. Sect. 5. "Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy."

Col: MASON & Mr. GERRY moved to insert after the word "parts" the words "of the proceedings of the Senate" so as to require publication of all the proceedings of the House of Representatives.

It was intimated on the other side that cases might arise where secresy might be necessary in both Houses. Measures preparatory to a declaration of war in which the House of Reps. was to concur, were instanced.

Mr. BALDWIN observed that the clause, Art. 1. Sect 6. declaring that no member of Congs. "during the time for which he was elected; shall be appointed to any Civil office under the authority of the U.S. which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time," would not extend to offices created by the Constitution; and the salaries of which would be created, not increased by Congs. at their first session. The members of the first Congs. consequently might evade the disqualification in this instance. -He was neither seconded nor opposed; nor did any thing further pass on the subject.

Mr. RUTLIDGE moved to strike out this power, and let the Treasurer be appointed in the same manner with other officers.

Mr. GORHAM & Mr. KING said that the motion, if agreed, to would have a mischievous tendency. The people are accustomed & attached to that mode of appointing Treasurers, and the innovation will multiply objections to the System.

Mr. Govr. MORRIS remarked that if the Treasurer be not appointed by the Legislature, he will be more narrowly watched, and more readily impeached.

Mr. SHERMAN. As the two Houses appropriate money, it is best for them to appoint the officer who is to keep it; and to appoint him as they make the appropriation, not by joint but several votes.

Genl. PINKNEY. The Treasurer is appointed by joint ballot in South Carolina. The consequence is that bad appointments are made, and the Legislature will not listen to the faults of their own officer.

Art 1. sect. 8. [FN10] "but all such duties imposts & excises, shall be uniform throughout the U.S." was [FN11] unanimously annexed to the power of taxation.

[FN12]To define & punish piracies and felonies on the high seas, and "punish" offences against the law of nations.

Mr. Govr. MORRIS moved to strike out "punish" before the words "offences agst. the law of nations," so as to let these be definable as well as punishable, by virtue of the preceding member of the sentence.

Mr. WILSON hoped the alteration would by no means be made. To pretend to define the law of nations which depended on the authority of all the civilized nations of the world, would have a look of arrogance, that would make us ridiculous.

Mr. Govr. [FN13] The word define is proper when applied to offences in this case; the law of nations being often too vague and deficient to be a rule.

Docr. FRANKLIN moved [FN15] to add after the words "post roads" Art I. Sect. 8. "a power to provide for cutting canals where deemed necessary."

Mr. WILSON 2ded. the motion

Mr. SHERMAN objected. The expence in such cases will fall on the U. States, and the benefit accrue to the places where the canals may be cut.

Mr. WILSON. Instead of being an expence to the U.S. they may be made a source of revenue.

Mr. MADISON suggested an enlargement of the motion into a power "to grant charters of incorporation where the interest of the U.S. might require & the legislative provisions of individual States may be incompetent." His primary object was however to secure an easy communication between the States which the free intercourse now to be opened, seemed to call for. The political obstacles being removed, a removal of the natural ones as far as possible ought to follow.

Mr. RANDOLPH 2ded. the proposition

Mr. KING thought the power unnecessary.

Mr. WILSON. It is necessary to prevent a State from obstructing the general welfare.

Mr. KING. The States will be prejudiced and divided into parties by it. In Philada. & New York, It will be referred to the establishment of a Bank, which has been a subject of contention in those Cities. In other places it will be referred to mercantile monopolies.

Mr. WILSON mentioned the importance of facilitating by canals, the communication with the Western Settlements. As to Banks he did not think with Mr. King that the power in that point of view would excite the prejudices & parties apprehended. As to mercantile monopolies they are already included in the power to regulate trade.

Col: MASON was for limiting the power to the single case of Canals. He was afraid of monopolies of every sort, which he did not think were by any means already implied by the Constitution as supposed by Mr. Wilson.

The other part fell of course, as including the power rejected. Mr. MADISON & Mr. PINKNEY then moved to insert in the list of powers vested in Congress a power-"to establish an University, in which no preferences or distinctions should be allowed on account of Religion."

Mr. WILSON supported the motion.

Mr. Govr. MORRIS. It is not necessary. The exclusive power at the Seat of Government, will reach the object.

Col: MASON, being sensible that an absolute prohibition of standing armies in time of peace might be unsafe, and wishing at the same time to insert something pointing out and guarding against the danger of them, moved to preface the clause (Art I sect. 8) "To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia &c" with the words" "And that the liberties of the people may be better secured against the danger of standing armies in time of peace" Mr. RANDOLPH 2ded. the motion.

Mr. MADISON was in favor of it. It did not restrain Congress from establishing a military force in time of peace if found necessary; and as armies in time of peace are allowed on all hands to be an evil, it is well to discountenance them by the Constitution, as far as will consist with the essential power of the Govt. on that head.

Mr. Govr. MORRIS opposed the motion as setting a dishonorable mark of distinction on the military class of Citizens.

Col: MASON moved to strike out from the clause (art I sect 9.) "No bill of attainder nor any expost facto law shall be passed" the words "nor any ex post facto law." He thought it not sufficiently clear that the prohibition meant by this phrase was limited to cases of a criminal nature, and no Legislature ever did or can altogether avoid them in Civil cases.

Mr. GERRY 2ded. the motion but with a view to extend the prohibition to "Civil cases," which he thought ought to be done.

On the question; all the States were-no.

Mr. PINKNEY & Mr. GERRY, moved to insert a declaration "that the liberty of the Press should be inviolably observed."

Mr. SHERMAN. It is unnecessary. The power of Congress does not extend to the Press.

Mr. READ moved to insert after "capitation" the words, "or other direct tax" He was afraid that some liberty might otherwise be taken to saddle the States, with a readjustment by this rule, of past requisitions of Congs.-and that his amendment by giving another cast to the meaning would take away the pretext. Mr. WILLIAMSON 2ded. the motion which was agreed to.

[FN19]At the end of the clause "no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State" was added the following amendment conformably to a vote on the ----- day of [FN24] ----- viz-no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.

Col. MASON moved a clause requiring "that an Account of the public expenditures should be annually published" Mr. GERRY 2ded. the motion.

Mr. Govr. MORRIS urged that this wd. be impossible in many cases.

Mr. KING remarked, that the term expenditures went to every minute shilling. This would be impracticable. Congs. might indeed make a monthly publication, but it would be in such general statements as would afford no satisfactory information.

Mr. MADISON proposed to strike out "annually" from the motion & insert "from time to time," which would enjoin the duty of frequent publications and leave enough to the discretion of the Legislature. Require too much and the difficulty will beget a habit of doing nothing. The articles of Confederation require half-yearly publications on this subject. A punctual compliance being often impossible, the practice has ceased altogether.

Mr. WILSON 2ded. & supported the motion. Many operations of finance can not be properly published at certain times.

Mr. PINKNEY was in favor of the motion.

Mr. FITZIMMONS. It is absolutely impossible to publish expenditures in the full extent of the term.

Mr. SHERMAN thought "from time to time" the best rule to be given.

"Annual" was struck out-& those words-inserted nem: con: The motion of Col: Mason so amended was then agreed to nem: con: and added after-"appropriations by law as follows-"and a regular statement and account of the receipts & expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time"

Here insert the Amendment at the foot of the page [FN25]

[FN26]The first clause of Art. I Sect 10-was altered so as to read-'No State shall enter into any Treaty alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post [FN27] law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility." Mr. GERRY entered into observations inculcating the importance of public faith, and the propriety of the restraint put on the States from impairing the obligation of contracts, alledging that Congress ought to be laid under the like prohibitions, he made a motion to that effect. He was not 2ded.

FN3 "By lot" had been re-instated from the Report of five made Aug. 6. as a correction of the printed report by the Come. of stile & arrangement. [FN4]

FN4 In the transcript this note reads as follows: "By lot," had been reinstated from the Report of the Committee of five made on the sixth of August, as a correction of the printed Report by the Committee of style, &c."

In Convention. Deliberation on the Committee of Style Report continued.

Hugh Williamson motioned to add fifty percent more representatives in general, and one each in particular to the smallest States. It was defeated 6-5.

The Convention unanimously agreed to devise a rule for Senatorial rotation such that both Senators from a State could not be replaced in the same year.

In Article I Section 3, Ex Officio was removed so as to read, The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the senate . . .

John Rutlidge and Governeur Morris moved impeached men be suspended from office until acquittal.

James Madison predicted abuse by the House of Reps. It would amount an open power to temporarily remove the President. Rufus King agreed.

(Mr. Madison acknowledged an expansive definition of the impeachment power. High crimes, misdemeanors, poor judgment, policy disputes, anything could be used as justification. An impeachable crime is that which the House thinks is impeachable.) The motion to suspend impeached officials was defeated 8-3.

In Article 1 Section 4, "except as to the places of choosing Senators" was added without opposition to prevent Congress or the States from upsetting the appointment of Senators.

Next, Art. 1. Sect. 5. "Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy." George Mason & Elbridge Gerry motioned to remove any confidentiality from the proceedings of the House of Reps. It was objected to on the basis of, for instance, preparations for war. The motion was defeated 7-3-1.

Abraham Baldwin (GA) motioned to amend Article I Section 6 regarding the prevention of appointments to civil offices and Congressional corruption of them. He was not seconded.

John Rutlidge opposed this power and moved to let the Treasurer be appointed in the manner of other officers.

From Nathaniel Gorhams and Rufus Kings comments it was apparent State Legislatures generally appointed their Treasurers. It would invite opposition to do otherwise at the National level.

Governeur Morris was convinced a Treasurer not appointed by Congress would be more exposed to impeachment and removal.

Roger Sherman would leave the appointment power with those who appropriate the money, Congress.

General Pinckney said their State Treasurer is appointed by legislative joint ballot. Bad appointments are made and the legislature is reluctant to admit mistakes.

The motion to strike the clause passed 8-3.

Another enumerated power in Art 1. sect. 8. "but all such duties imposts & excises, shall be uniform throughout the U.S." was unanimously annexed to the power of taxation. (I suspect taxes were not included to be uniform because direct taxes had to be per capita.)

Next up, To define & punish piracies and felonies on the high seas, and punish offences against the law of nations.

Governeur Morris moved to strike the last punish. It was repetitive.

James Wilson objected because it would give Congress alone power to decide what was a matter for all civilized nations. It would make the tiny and powerless US appear ridiculous.

The motion to strike the second punish passed 6-5.

Ben Franklin moved and James Wilson seconded to add a power to provide for cutting canals where deemed necessary" after the Article I Section 8 power to To establish post offices and post roads.

Roger Sherman objected. The US should not pay for projects that benefit the few.

James Wilson viewed such improvements as a revenue source.

James Madison would enlarge the power, "to grant charters of incorporation where the interest of the U.S. might require & the legislative provisions of individual States may be incompetent." With the ability to approve corporations, a political obstacle would be removed to the improvement of communications between the States with roads and canals.

Edmund Randolph seconded.

Rufus King thought the power unnecessary. James Wilson believed it was needed to prevent a State from obstructing the general welfare. (I do not follow this reasoning.)

Rufus King said the States would be at a disadvantage and divided over the power. If I understand him, the people of Philadelphia and NYC would be inclined to oppose the Constitution with this power because it would enable the formation of banks and commercial monopolies.

James Wilson envisioned the assistance to Western Settlements canals would afford. He was not confident it would foster division in the cities. Via the commerce power, commercial monopolies were already addressed.

George Mason wished to limit it to canals. He did not support government monopolies.

The question as to canals only failed 8-3.

With that vote the included power to grant charters of incorporation fell as well.

James Madison and Charles Pinckney motioned to include power to establish a university.

James Wilson supported the motion.

Governeur Morris did not think the power necessary within the federal city.

The question to establish a federal university fell 6-4-1.

George Mason motioned and Edmund Randolph seconded to add "And that the liberties of the people may be better secured against the danger of standing armies in time of peace" to, "To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia &c. (We knew that standing European armies, designed to face invaders, were soon turned inward on the people. Defense was needed, it would not be with standing armies.)

James Madison supported the motion as there would be occasions to mobilize before outbreak of hostilities, yet declare that standing armies are a evil to be avoided.

Governeur Morris opposed it as an insult to the military class.

Charles Pinckney and Gunning Bedford also opposed the motion.

On Mr. Masons motion, it failed 9-2.

George Mason wished to strike, nor any ex post facto law. It was not clear the prohibition applied strictly to criminal cases and it cannot be entirely avoided in civil cases.

Elbridge Gerry seconded, only because he would extend it to civil cases.

The motion to remove the clause failed unanimously.

Charles Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry moved to insert a declaration "that the liberty of the Press should be inviolably observed."

Roger Sherman said it was unnecessary since Congressional power does not extend to the Press. (Mr. Shermans point illustrated a problem that extends to this day. Federalists contended that to enumerate Natural Rights would eventually be an invite to an interpretation they are our sole rights, to the exclusion of the universe of rights unenumerated. This has largely happened.)

The motion to guarantee Press Freedom failed 7-4.

Next from Article I Section 9, No capitation tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census herein before directed to be taken.

George Read (DE) motioned and Hugh Williamson (NC) seconded to insert after "capitation" the words, "or other direct tax," as further clarification. The motion was agreed to. George Mason motioned to add, or enumeration after census as explanatory, which passed with only CN & SC dissenting.

Next from Article I Section 9, "no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State" was added, no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.

George Mason motioned and Elbridge Gerry seconded a clause to require an annual account of the public expenditures.

Governeur Morris declared it would be impossible in many situations.

Rufus King said it would be impractical to account for every shilling. James Wilson seconded. Many operations of finance cannot be published at certain times.

Charles Pinckney, Thomas Fitzsimmons (PA) and Roger Sherman agreed.

The motion of George Mason so amended to read, "appropriations by law as follows-"and a regular statement and account of the receipts & expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time," passed without opposition.

The first clause of Art. I Sect 10-was altered so as to read-'No State shall enter into any Treaty alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility."

Elbridge Gerry motioned a like clause to preclude the National Government from impairing contracts. It was not seconded.

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