Fiscal councils now exist in a number of countries.� This paper first considers the extent of deficit bias, potential explanations for it, and how independent institutions could help reduce it.� Are fiscal councils complements to or substitutes for fiscal rules, and why do none at� present have any formal control over fiscal decisions?� The paper then outlines the specific tasks that a fiscal council might undertake, and examines how these are combined in eleven fiscal councils.� A more detailed examination is undertaken of the fiscal councils in Sweden and the UK.� The paper draws some conclusions on the role of fiscal forecasting, ensuring independence, and the provision of policy advice.

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