Early humans lived in North China 1.6 million years ago, say scientists

A team of scientists say they have uncovered evidence of early humans in China dating back at least 1.6 million years, the oldest signs of early humans in North China.

In a paper published in the scholarly journal Scientific Reports, Chinese Academy of Sciences geologist Hong Ao and his team determined that tools and other artifacts found at the Shangshazui Paleolithic site in China's Nihewan Basin were deposited there between 1.6 and million 1.7 million years ago. Previously, the artifacts were thought to be 1 million years old.

Determining the ages of stone artifacts in North China is tricky; unlike the famed Olduvai gorge in Tanzania, rocks there don't contain volcanic materials suitable for radiometric dating.

So instead, the team used a technique known as paleomagnetism.

Since the late 1920s, when Japanese geologist Motonori Matuyama examined basalt rocks from different layers of earth in Japan. He noticed that the magnetic polarity of some of the rocks was reversed, all on rocks dating to the early Pleistocene or older.

Over time, geologists came to accept that the magnetic North Pole and South Pole occasionally trades places, at what appear to be random time intervals. Each reversal takes between 1,000 to 10,000 years to complete. The last known reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago.

These magnetic reversals leave their imprints in some rocks. Just as a rod of iron can be magnetized by heating until it is red hot and then plunging in cold water, the magnetic particles within igneous rocks heated inside the Earth's crust will align with the earth's magnetic field, which ever way it happens to be pointing, and they will remain in that orientation after the rocks cool.

To determine the polarity of the rocks at Shangshazui, Ao and his team took 738 samples of earth from the site, carefully recording their orientations with a compass. They first heated the samples to remove the magnetic "overprint" in the rocks created by the North Pole's current orientation. They then heated the samples again, this time to higher temperatures, to tease out the earlier reversals.

They found that the stratigraphic layer at Shangshazui where the artifacts were found had six polarity intervals, making it between 1.6 million 1.7 million years old.

The artifacts makers were almost certainly members of the species Homo erectus, an extinct human that lived as early as 1.8 million years ago and as recently as about 140,000 years ago – a span several times longer than Homo sapiens have walked the earth so far.

Tall and slender, with a capacity for making complex tools, hunting in coordinated groups, and possibly caring for the infirm, H. erectus is thought to have originated in either Africa or southern Caucasia and dispersed across Eurasia. Fossils of this species have been turned up in such diverse sites as Georgia, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.

Anthropologists disagree over whether H. erectus is a direct ancestor of H. sapiens, or whether it represents an evolutionary branch that had been pruned by natural selection.

Since the 1920s, China's Nihewan Basin has been a treasure trove of stone tools thought to be produced by this species. Discoveries have included hide and wood scrapers, chisels, and blade-like flakes.

"The Nihewan Basin preserves one of the most detailed sets of early Paleolithic evidence from the whole of Asia, " writes Ao.

The Shangshazui site was established in 1972, when a distinctive "lithic core" – a rock whose scars indicate that it was the source of three flakes – was unearthed. In the following decades, archaeologists there found more cores, flakes, and other stone artifacts, along with bone fragments of extinct mammals, such as the straight-tusked elephant and the wooly rhinoceros.

The region was not the only place in China that was home to H. erectus. In 1965, archaeologists unearthed a pair of H. erectus incisors in Yuanmou County, in southern China, that were determined to be about 1.7 million years old. That suggests that, 1.7 years ago, the species had already occupied a vast area.

"The human occupation of this relatively high latitude area during the earliest Pleistocene was not only a significant biogeographic event but also a major evolutionary threshold in hominid evolution," writes Ao.