2006506508http://journal.waocp.org/article_24515_f21ce6ab77c8103146391342604514e6.pdfBarriers for Breast Cancer Screening Among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Reviewtextarticle2006engBreast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Asian women. Breast cancer is detected in advancedstages and among younger age group women in Asia. The delay in presentation is attributed mainly to the socialculturalperception of the disease, poverty, and the strong influence of traditional medicine. Many of Asian womenare not aware of the importance of regular screening. Cultural attitudes toward breast cancer screening tests,modesty, lack of encouragement by family members and physicians are the major inhibitors to women’s participationin breast cancer screening. Health education using media and community health programs to create awareness ofthe advantages of earlier presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer in Asian women can motivate participation inbreast cancer screening programs.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006509514http://journal.waocp.org/article_24516_9e2ea0a47e9b6932cd583c0a54666b46.pdfRisk Factors and Primary Prevention of Acute Leukemiatextarticle2006engAlthough risk factors for leukemia have been invastigated in numerous studies, only a few of them explain thedisease etiology. Established and suspected risk factors for leukemia can be classified as familial, genetic ,environmental (benzene, high dose ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, electromagnetic fields) and lifestyle(smoking, obesity, dietary intake). Prevention of leukemia may be possible by avoiding exposure to risk factorsassociated with leukemia such as smoking, benzene exposure and high dose ionizing radiation. To explain the etiologyof all leukemias and develop preventive methods for the disease, future studies are needed.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006515517http://journal.waocp.org/article_24517_1b13a34075629804780c572dff090d54.pdfCancer Profile of Larkana , Pakistan (2000-2002)textarticle2006engThis present study was conducted with the objective of providing the cancer profile of Larkana, the fourthlargest city of Sindh, Province. The study included two sets of patients. The first set included the incident cancercases, residents of Larkana, who reached Karachi for diagnosis or treatment. The second set consisted of the incidentcancer cases registered at the Aga Khan University (AKU) Pathology collection points at Larkana during 1st January2000 to 31st December 2002. The age-standardized rates (ASR) for cancer (all sites) were 134.2/100,000 in males and110.3/100,000 in females. The most common malignancies in males were lymphoma, oral cavity, prostate, liver, andurinary bladder. Cancers in females were breast, oral cavity, lymphoma, skin and thyroid. Tobacco-associated cancersaccounted for approximately 35.0% of the tumors in males and 18.6% in females. The gender ratio was 1.5, themean age of cancer all sites was 45.5 years (95% CI 34.6; 56.4) in males and 42.9 years (95% CI 33.6; 52.2) infemales. This is the first attempt to determine the cancer incidence pattern of Larkana and should serve as a guidelinefor estimation of the cancer burden of Pakistan and the cancer control program of the country. The data must beinterpreted with care, as they are largely pathology-based with approximately 15-30% population-wise underregistration.However, the chances of selective collection bias were minimized as the AKU pathology specimens werecollected from 2 centers within the city, Each collection centre provided diagnostic service to several health centresgiving wide population coverage, thus ensuring adequate sampling from the entire city.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006518521http://journal.waocp.org/article_24518_ceb07306a2ecc8f160aedc4b37691af2.pdfCan Adenocarcinoma in situ of the Uterine Cervix be Predicted before Cervical Conization?textarticle2006engThis study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, colposcopicallydirectedbiopsy (CDB), and endocervical curettage (ECC) in preconization detection of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)of the uterine cervix. Women, whose cervical conization specimens contained adenocarcinoma in situ without anyassociated invasive lesion at Chiang Mai University Hospital between March 1998 and March 2006, were reviewed.During the study period, fifty-one women who matched the study inclusion were identified. Glandular abnormalitywas detected by Pap smears in 22 women (43.1%). Among 29 women with squamous lesions on Pap smears, 9additional glandular abnormalities were detected on CDB and/or ECC. In total, glandular abnormality was suspectedin 31 women (60.8%) preoperatively. According to the histological type of AIS, glandular abnormality suspectedfrom preoperative evaluation was noted in 20 women (70.4%) who had pure AIS. Among women with mixed AIS/HSIL, only 12 women (50.0%) had preoperative evaluation suggesting glandular abnormality. These data demonstratethat the sensitivity of combining Pap smear, CDB and/or ECC in detecting glandular lesions before conizationcontaining AIS appears to be suboptimal. Further study concerning the improvement of detecting AIS before conizationis warranted to select the most appropriate diagnostic conization method for such lesions.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006522524http://journal.waocp.org/article_24519_0463886286d3841c8258d85c55ca7fd0.pdfNo Association of an SDHC Gene Polymorphism with Gastric Cancertextarticle2006engIt is widely reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause apotosis and carcinogenesis. Marked infiltration ofactivated leukocyte and enhanced production of ROS appear to occur in the gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori). The previous studies reported that the mutation of the succinate dehydrogenase subunit C (SDHC)gene caused the increase in superoxide anion (O2-) and oxidative stress. To extend these findings, we epidemiologicallyinvestigated the association of a SDHC polymorphism at 3’-untranslated region of exon 6 (JST173800) with H. pyloriinfection, gastric atrophy and gastric cancer risk in Japan. The subjects consisted of 454 health checkup examineeswithout a history of cancer and 202 gastric cancer patients. The SDHC polymorphism was not associated with H.pylori infection seropositivity, gastric atrophy, and cancer risk in this study. Although the polymorphism at the 3’-untranslated region could be hypothesized to be functional, this study did not demonstrate any significant associationof the SDHC gene polymorphism with gastric atrophy and cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006525528http://journal.waocp.org/article_24520_3b82f198c92d08f2fa2c7cf27615e579.pdfPrevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Women with Normal and Abnormal Cervical Cytology in Irantextarticle2006engIntroduction: HPV infection has a prime etiologic role in development and progression of cervical cancer, one ofthe most frequent forms of cancer among women in developing countries. This study was designed to determine themost prevalent HPV genotypes in women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology in Iran. Materials and Methods:Samples from134 patients, including 127 who attended gynecology clinics and 7 with solid cervical tumors wereused. All 127 patients underwent routine Pap tests for cytological evaluation and at the same visit a sample ofcervical epithelial cells was obtained by scraping the cervix osteum. In each case HPV infection was primarily evaluatedby PCR using GP 5/6 primers and then subtyping was performed in proved infected samples with specific primersfor HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 11 and 6. After cytological evaluation, 50 patients with abnormal Pap tests were categorizedas the abnormal group and the remaining 77 patients as the normal group. Results: In the normal group, HPVinfection was established in 10 cases (13% infection rate), while 30 HPV positive cases were discovered in the abnormalgroup (60% infected). The most prevalent genotypes among the infected samples were HPV 16 (76%), HPV18 (12.7%)and HPV11/6 (8.5%). Moreover, all 7 tumor samples were positive for HPV general primers of which, 5 sampleswere infected with HPV 16, two were co-infected with HPV16,18 and HPV16,31 genotypes and one was infected withHPV 18. Conclusions: Infection with HPV 16 was found to be significantly higher in abnormal group in comparisonwith normal group (42% vs. 11.6%, P value <0.005), likewise HPV18 genotypes were proved to be more prevalent inabnormal group (8% vs. 0%, P value <0.05). No significant relation between other HPV genotypes and pathologiccervical changes was obtained. According to our study high rates of infection with HPV genotypes in sexually activeIranian women makes molecular investigation for HPV16 and 18 very essential in clinical approaches to patientswith proven dysplasia in their screening tests and also for those patients with borderline (i.e. ASCUS) or incongruouspathology reports. Larger studies are required to determine the most appropriate vaccine with highest protection inIranian women.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006529532http://journal.waocp.org/article_24521_73951556a8a6d32cf22f84e30b91a648.pdfA Population-based Follow-up Study on Mortality from Cancer or Cardiovascular Disease and Serum Carotenoids, Retinol and Tocopherols in Japanese Inhabitantstextarticle2006engObjective: Observational epidemiologic studies have shown that a high intake of dietary and high serum levels ofcarotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease. To investigatewhether high serum levels of carotenoids can reduce mortality rates, a population-based follow-up study was conductedamong Japanese inhabitants. Materials and Methods: Three thousand two hundred and fifty-four subjects (1,260males and 1,994 females) aged from 39 to 85 years who had attended health check-up programs from 1989 to 1995were recruited from the Japanese population. Serum levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols were separatelydetermined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hazard ratios for serum values of carotenoids, retinol andtocopherols were estimated by Cox’s proportional hazard model after adjusting for sex, age, and other confoundingfactors. Results: During the 11.7-year follow-up period, 140 deaths (86 males and 54 females) from cancer of all siteswere identified among the cohort subjects, including 41 from lung , 17 from stomach , 16 from colorectal and 12from liver cancer, as well as 89 deaths from cardiovascular disease, including 45 from heart disease and 37 fromstroke. High serum values of carotenoids including xanthophylls were apparently associated with low hazard ratiosfor mortality rates of cancer of all sites or of cardiovascular disease. High serum values of β-carotene, total carotene,provitamin A and total carotenoid for colorectal cancer or stroke also appeared to be related to low hazard ratios.Those of retinol and tocopherols were not associated with any reduction in risk of mortality from cancer orcardiovascular disease. Conclusions: Our follow-up study demonstrated that a typical Japanese diet related to elevatingserum levels of carotenoids with provitamin A activity may significantly reduce risk of mortality from cancer ofcertain sites or cardiovascular disease, especially colorectal cancer or stroke, while high serum levels of somexanthophylls, retinol and tocopherols do not.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006533546http://journal.waocp.org/article_24522_45658386643c4703ab448608a23dd6b1.pdfStage at Diagnosis and Relative Differences in Breast and Prostate Cancer Incidence in India : Comparison with the United Statestextarticle2006engPurpose: To examine and reconcile differences in incidence rates and stage-at-initial-presentation of prostate andbreast cancers in India, a country in epidemiologic transition. Methods: Age-adjusted prostate and female breastcancer incidence rates and proportion of cases by stage-at-diagnosis were compared. Data were derived from theNational Cancer Registry Program of India, other Indian registries, the International Agency for Research on Cancer,and the US/ NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Results: Average annual cancerincidence rates in India ranged from 5.0 to 9.1 per 100,000/year for prostate and 7.2 to 31.3 per 100,000/year forfemale breast. Comparative rates in the US for prostate cancer are 110.4 for Whites and 180.9 for Blacks; for femalebreast, the rates are 86.6 for Blacks and 96.4 for Whites. Notable differences were observed between rural and urbanareas in India, while such differences by rurality appear to be much smaller in the US. Overall, about 50-55% ofbreast cancer cases and about 85% of prostate cancers were detected at late (III and IV) stage; in contrast to the USwhere 15% of either cancer is diagnosed at late stage. Conclusions: Differences in stage-at-diagnosis help explainvariations in incidence rates among cancer registries in India and rate differences between India and the US. Thesefindings indicate that erroneous inferences will result from incidence-rate comparisons that do not take into accountstage-at-diagnosis. Results also point to epidemiologic studies that could be conducted to deepen understanding ofthe etiology of these cancers. By enhancing data on staging, the Indian cancer registries could widen the scope ofcollaborative, cross-national research.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006547555http://journal.waocp.org/article_24523_3f86707579b6608545c64cf4f544da83.pdfInvolvement of Multiple Signaling Pathways in Diallyl Sulfide Mediated Apoptosis in Mouse Skin Tumorstextarticle2006engMany chemopreventive agents appear to target signaling intermediates in apoptosis-inducing pathways. Inherently,the process of neoplastic conversion selects against apoptosis to initiate, promote, and perpetuate the malignantphenotype. Thus, targeting apoptosis pathways in pre-malignant cells, in which these pathways are still relativelyintact, may be an effective module of cancer prevention. Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a naturally occurring organosulfide,present in garlic, is reported to have pleiotropic biological effects. DAS is known to inhibit chemically inducedtumors in a number of in vivo and in vitro studies. The aberration of tumor suppressor gene, p53 and the rasoncogene have been linked to the induction of multiple signaling pathways and to the resistance offered by cancercells to the apoptosis. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the role of DAS on modulation ofmultiple p53 and ras-induced signaling pathways in 7,12-dimethylbenathacene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis.The results showed that DAS up regulates expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 (wt p53) and its downstreamtarget molecule p21/waf1. Proapoptotic protein, bax was upregulated by DAS supplementation. An opposite trendwas observed in DMBA induced antiapoptotic proteins expressions, survivin and bcl-2, which were significantlydownregulated by DAS supplementation. In the present study we also demonstrated that DAS supplementationsignificantly reduces the expression of ras oncoprotein and to modulate expression of its signaling molecules includingPI3K/Akt and MAPKs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that DAS significantly reduced the DMBA inducedprotein expressions of PI3K/Akt and p38MAPK. However, DAS supplementation did not alter the expression JNK1and ERK1/2. Thus, our results confirm that DAS can adopt a multi-prong strategy to target multiple signalingpathways leading to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of growth of DMBA induced skin tumors in Swiss albinomice. Although studies of single pathways have been helpful in guiding investigations, new tools to study the integrationand multiplicity of signaling pathways hold the hope of improved understanding of the signaling pathway alterationsin cancer chemoprevention by naturally occurring compounds.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006556562http://journal.waocp.org/article_24524_46a0d1c9ea6a5cd9e86516d1ef409ce6.pdfPhylloides Tumors in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Pakistantextarticle2006engThe objective of this study was to determine the frequency of phylloides tumor (PT) in adolescent girls and youngwomen (less than and equal to 25 years of age) and to define the clinico-pathological features of PT in this unusualclinical setting. This descriptive study was carried out at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) pathologydepartment. All consecutive cases of PT diagnosed during the last sixteen years in the section of histopathology from1st January 1990 to 31st June 2005 were included. Selection of cases was restricted to patients up to 25 years of age.A total of 42 cases of PT in up to 25 years of age were diagnosed. This comprised 11% of the total PT cases (totaln=363). The number of benign (BPT), borderline (BLPT) and malignant (MPT) was identical i.e. 14 (33.3%) each.Clinically all cases presented with a solid, mobile, palpable mass. The mean age was 19.1 years (95% CI, 16.7-21.6),21.9 years (95% CI, 20.7-21.9) and 19.7 years (95% CI, 17.2-22.3) in BPT, BLPT and MPT respectively. In majorityof cases the surgical procedure performed was lumpectomy (50% of BPT, 78% of BLPT and 64% of MPT). Highgrade PT (BLPT and MPT) is an uncommon mammary tumor in adolescent girls and young women but seems to beoccurring with increased frequency in the study population. This observation may indicate the biological behavior ofPT in a high risk population, though chances of referral bias are also present. In view of the rarity of the disease,larger population studies are suggested to confirm our findings.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006563566http://journal.waocp.org/article_24525_ca7415b002ea575d0fcfe2ee138ddb0a.pdfHuman Papilloma Infection in Northeastern Thai-womentextarticle2006engThis study aimed to investigate the histological outcome of cervix with human papillomavirus (HPV) infectionand the association of risk factors with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical carcinoma(ICC) development in Northeast Thai women. The study population (n=210) comprised 71 cases of normal cervix, 71cases of CIN and 68 cases of ICC. The histological outcome of HPV infection was determined for 9.5% of the studypopulation. Increased risk factors for CIN were observed for more than one partner (odds ratio (OR)=3.75, p<0.05),history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) (OR=2.28, p<0.05), menarche under 14 years of age (OR=0.31, p<0.05)and partners’ smoking history (OR=3.98, p<0.01). Increased risk for ICC was observed for those with a history ofSTDs (OR=0.14, p<0.01) and multiparity (OR=2.53, p<0.01). Age at first sexual intercourse was not a risk factor inthis study population. Further studies with HPV-DNA tests should more precisely quantify the risks.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006567570http://journal.waocp.org/article_24526_adedc50c1f51c764d247c3fdfc05f272.pdfBurden of Breast Cancer in Iran : A Study of the Tehran Population Based Cancer Registrytextarticle2006engBackground: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among Iranian women. This study was designedto estimate the burden of breast cancer in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Methods: In this retrospective study, theexisting data of Tehran Population Based Cancer Registry (TCR) from 1998 to 2001 were used; all Tehranian womenwith breast cancer were followed for computing the survival and remission rates. The World Health Organization’sPractical Guide of National Burden of Disease Studies was employed for performing the study. The data for breastcancer were analyzed with DISMOD II software and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) were computed usingExcel based software. Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.3±12.5, 31.4% being under 40 years old. Theincidence rate of breast cancer was estimated to be 17.09 (95 %CI: 15.67-18.50) per 100,000 women. The five yearsurvival rate was 75 %. The DALY for breast cancer was 4,252 years (95 %CI: 3896-4604). Conclusion: Breastcancer is a high burden in the community. More than 36% of the tumors occur in women under 40 years old.Comprehensive national cancer control programs including promotion of awareness, early detection, treatment andpalliative cares are vitally important for decreasing the burden of breast cancer in Iran. This strategy should bestrongly recommended to policy makers and special programs should be considered for women under 40 years old.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006571574http://journal.waocp.org/article_24527_f98530f9e62a239c74075f1ceb09f5e8.pdfRisk Factors for Multiple Myeloma: Evidence from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Studytextarticle2006engThis study assessed the association of multiple myeloma (MM) with age, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), physicalactivity, occupational history, and medical history for a Japanese cohort of 46,157 men and 63,541 women aged 40-79 years followed during 1988-2003 years. Cox proportional hazard model was mainly used to estimate the age andsex adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of MM including 95% confidence interval (CI) for both sexes. Same model, adjustedfor age, was also used for each sex. In total, 98 MM deaths (men=49 and women=49) was observed for both sexes.Higher age groups (60-69 and 70-79 years) experienced significantly higher unadjusted HR of MM than the agegroup of 40-49 years. Men revealed significantly higher age-adjusted MM than women (HR=1.5; 95% CI=1.0-2.2).For both sexes, higher BMI of ≥30 kg/m2 (HR=2.8; 95% CI=1.0-7.7), walking ≤30 minutes/day (HR=2.0; 95% CI=1.2-3.4), worried about personal relationship in working place (HR=2.3; 95% CI=1.3-4.2), restricted own pace in workingplace (HR=1.9; 95% CI=1.0-3.4), and history of peptic ulcer (HR=1.7; 95% CI=1.0-2.7) significantly increased ageand sex adjusted MM risk. Some of the above-mentioned significant associations became insignificant for age adjustedsex specific analyses. However, these findings should be validated by further epidemiologic studies in Japan beforegeneralization.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006575581http://journal.waocp.org/article_24528_f23b035448bd9756f80ffa9760ebe8e6.pdfABO Blood Group Frequency and Brain Tumorstextarticle2006engThe influence of blood group types on development of brain tumors is unclear since there are conflicting reportsfrom surveys regarding the distribution of ABO blood groups and primary intracranial neoplasms. The presentdescriptive, retrospective study was therefore made of 907 patients with reliable records for ABO blood groups andproven histological diagnosis who were hospitalized with brain tumors at the Shariati Hospital neurosurgical center,between 1980 and2002. The distribution of the ABO blood groups in this study population was compared with thatin the general population by the chi-square test. Data analysis showed that there are no significant differences betweentypes of intracranial tumors and frequencies of four major blood groups. The distribution of the ABO blood groupsin patients did not differ significantly from that of the general population. Of our patients with craniopharyngioma,however, significantly more were in group A (P<0.05) compared with the general population of Iran.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006582584http://journal.waocp.org/article_24529_8bfbc0ae581e2ac3125f5c9710b52d4e.pdfEffects of Aloe arborescens Ingestion on Azoxymethane-induced Intestinal Carcinogenesis and Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Male F344 Ratstextarticle2006engWe examined the modifying effect of freeze-dried whole-leaf Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger (Kidachialoe in Japan; designated as ‘ALOE’) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. Male F344rats (4 weeks old) were fed basal diet or experimental diet containing 0.2% or 1% ALOE for 28 weeks. Starting twoweeks later, the animals received subcutaneous injections of AOM once weekly for 10 weeks. The incidence of colorectaladenocarcinomas in the 0.2% (but not 1%) ALOE group showed a strong tendency for decrease (p = 0.056) from thecontrol group. Further, the adenocarcinoma incidence in the entire intestine (small and large intestines) in the 0.2%ALOE group was significantly (p = 0.024) decreased compared to the control value. However, there were no significantdifferences in tumor multiplicities of colorectal or entire intestines among the 3 groups. In addition, we also studiedthe safety of long-term ingestion of ALOE as a health food or natural thickening stabilizer. Rats were fed the basaldiet or 1% ALOE diet for 35 weeks without AOM treatment. Feeding with 1% ALOE did not affect most hematologicaland serum biochemical parameters in the rats. These results indicate that a low level of ALOE ingestion might havea mild suppressive effect on intestinal tumor growth without harmful side effects.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006585590http://journal.waocp.org/article_24530_6e860dcfffeb7d98bd79e5109d3f2d36.pdfA Case-Control Study on the Etiology of Urinary Bladder Cancer in Istanbul , Turkeytextarticle2006engBackground: Urinary bladder cancer is the third leading cancer in male in Turkey. The incidence rates of bladdercancer are 13.0 and 2.1/ 100,000 for males and females, respectively, in Turkey. Smoking and occupation are themain causes of urinary bladder cancer. Our goal was to investigate the etiologic factors of urinary bladder cancer inour region to improve our preventive services. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of patientswith bladder cancer and of controls drawn randomly from the acute non–urinary patients of three hospitals inIstanbul. Controls were matched for age, sex, and residence. Results: We interviewed 290 cases and 580 controls.Smoking and occupation were found to be related factors in urinary bladder cancer. Conclusion: Preventive measuresshould be planned regarding smoking and occupational factors for urinary bladder cancer in Turkey.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006591594http://journal.waocp.org/article_24531_3ee7f61fbe07708c29926a371bb907b6.pdfEpithelial Ovarian Cancer at a Cancer Hospital in a Developing Countrytextarticle2006engObjectives: To analyze records of patients seen with malignant epithelial ovarian cancer at a tertiary care cancerhospital in Pakistan and obtain information on factors as laterality, histology, CA-125 levels, and stage of the disease,determine age at presentation and, assess menopausal status of the patients. Also, to review results obtained in lightof data published in indexed journals. Patients and Methods: We analyzed 544 cases of malignant ovarian epithelialtumors registered at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center from December 1994-December 2003. Results: Mean age at presentation: 48.1 years (SD 13, range 4-82 years); commonest histologicalsub-type: serous cystadenocarcinoma (28.6%); most frequently seen stage: 3 (43.5%), followed by stage 4 (22.4%);post-menopausal: 56.8% of the women; bilateral disease: 41.2% of the women; and Cancer Antigen-125 (CA-125)level: elevated in 70% of the females. Conclusions: Stage at presentation in majority of the cases was advanced ascompared to that seen in the west. With only minor variations, our findings seem consistent with those reported inother local studies. However, it is imperative to conduct an extensive population-based study to understand theimpact of, and develop strategies for the management of ovarian cancer in Pakistan.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006595598http://journal.waocp.org/article_24532_aa5c430da27473ef2eb2d0b3c3089466.pdfSuppression of Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Premalignant Lesion Formation by Coenzyme Q10 in Ratstextarticle2006engReactive oxygen species cause damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a compound withmitochondrial bioenergetic functions. The reduced form of CoQ10 shows antioxidant activity. In the present study,effects of CoQ10 on development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depletedfoci (MDF) in F344 male rats were investigated. To induce ACF and MDF, 6-week old rats were given two weeklysubcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) and also received a control diet or experimental dietscontaining CoQ10 (200 or 500 ppm) for 4 weeks, starting one day before the first dose of AOM. At 10 weeks of age,all animals were sacrificed and their colons were evaluated for numbers and sizes of ACF and MDF. Administrationof 200 and 500 ppm CoQ10 resulted in reduction of ACF numbers, to 77% and 68% of the carcinogen control value,respectively. The percentages of ACF consisting of more than 4 crypts in these groups were also significantly lowerthan in the controls. Treatment with 500 ppm CoQ10 furthermore decreased the number of sialomucin-producingACF and MDF per colon to 42% and 38% of the carcinogen control value without CoQ10, respectively. Theseresults suggest that CoQ10 may be an effective chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006599603http://journal.waocp.org/article_24533_0d49350c3cc5f1cc68298db6e769c8f3.pdfCervical Screening by Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is Well Accepted by Women - Results from a Community-based Study in Rural Indiatextarticle2006engObjective: Among the low cost alternative screening tests Visual Inspection after Acetic Acid Application (VIA)has been found to be most promising. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and acceptabilityof VIA done by health workers among rural Indian women. We also evaluated the level of women’s satisfaction withthe screening program. Methods:Women residing in a defined geographic area were offered cervical screeningusing VIA by trained health workers. Women testing positive were colposcoped by a medical officer at the samesitting. Based on the feedback from a few focus group discussions a structured questionnaire was designed to interviewthe women after screening. A total of 498 women were selected randomly from the screened women for interview bya social worker. Besides enquiring about any discomfort they faced during or within seven days after screening, thewomen were also asked to indicate their level of satisfaction with the service. Their opinions to improve the quality ofservice were also sought. Results: Most women reported no pain or only slight discomfort during screening (94.2%).The most common complaint after screening was vaginal discharge (12%). A burning sensation in the vagina wasexperienced by some of the women (5.8%). These complaints were mild and short-lasting in majority of cases. Mostof the women were satisfied with the screening service (94.6% selected the top three of a six-point response scale) and97% said they would recommend the test to others. The most common reasons for dissatisfaction with screeningwere discomfort during or after screening, long waiting time and failure to get treatment for other medical problems.Conclusion: VIA by trained health workers followed by colposcopy at the same sitting is an acceptable screeningalgorithm for Indian women. A VIA based screening program has to be integrated to the existing primary healthcare facility in developing countries.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006604608http://journal.waocp.org/article_24534_a0a7abc0f54736e397ddaf0af51742f3.pdfAmeliorating Effects of Andrographis Paniculata Extract Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity in Micetextarticle2006engMajor drawbacks of chemotherapeutic agents are their toxic side effects and lack of tumor specificity.Immunological and biochemical studies were here carried out to investigate protective effects of ethanolic extract ofAndrographis paniculata against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced toxicity in vivo. Intraperitoneal administrationof the extract significantly increased the total WBC account (3256.5±196 cells/cm2), bone marrow cellularity(17.1±10.4x106 cells/femur) and β−esterase positive cells (849±23.2 cells/4000 cells) in CTX treated animals, whencompared to CTX alone treated control mice. Weights of lymphoid organs such as a spleen and thymus, reduced byCTX administration, were also increased by A paniculata treatment. Reduction of GSH in liver (4.8±0.21nmol/mgprotein) and in intestinal mucosa (13±0.67 nmol/mg protein) of CTX-treated controls was significantly reversed by Apaniculata administration (liver: 6.4±0.13, intestinal mucosa: 17.11±0.06), with amelioration of changes in serumand liver ALP, GPT, LPO (lipid peroxidation). Histopathological analysis of small intestine also suggests that extractcould reduce the CTX induced intestinal damage. The level of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, which was elevatedduring CTX administration, was significantly reduced by the A paniculata extract administration. The loweredlevels of other cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, GM-CSF, after CTX treatment were also found to be increased by extractadministration.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006609614http://journal.waocp.org/article_24535_1fdb9166ed7457f79c20ee682889f635.pdfAdolescent Sexual Health Behavior in Thailand : Implications for Prevention of Cervical Cancertextarticle2006engSince adolescents are now engaging in sexual activity in their early years, sexual behavior needs to be explored toprevent contact with HPVs and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including cervical cancer. This qualitativestudy aimed to explore this question from adolescents’ view points in their natural context. The participants were 19individuals aged 13-19 years living in rural families in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. The preliminary findingsindicated that factors contributing to low sexual risk behavior were helping family to do housework, an emphasis onlearning, listening to parents, and following their advice. Adolescent behavior leading to high sexual risk includedbeing very close to friends, having a wide social circle, going out for enjoyment at night time, returning home late atnight, drinking alcohol, smoking, paying less attention to learning, not listening to parents, and not following theiradvice. Adolescent sexual behavior was found to comprise: 1) sexual activities themselves; 2) non-disclosure ofhaving sex; and 3) protective behavior. Sexual activities were ranked from low risk to high risk of sexual health.Low risk included having a steady boy/girlfriend, hugging, and kissing. High risk sexual behavior featured unprotectedsex, abuse or rape, and abortion. Important influences were: eagerness to learn and try to have sex, mens’ sexualdesire, peer group value of having sex, and material value. The adolescents demonstrated no willingness to disclosehaving a boy/girl friend, having sex and negative consequences like becoming pregnant. Sexual protective behaviorwas up to males, whether they were willing to use a condom, with females having little power to negotiate. The studysuggests that inappropriate adolescent risk behavior and social values need to be a focus of attention for education.In particular, families need to take action by early detection of adolescent sexual risk behavior.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006615618http://journal.waocp.org/article_24536_98db1787372734058c69f28264419b9b.pdfGenotype-phenotype Correlation Analysis in Retinoblastoma Patients from Indiatextarticle2006engBackground: Genetic analysis has a beneficial impact on retinoblastoma management enabling definite riskassessment. However, information regarding genotype-phenotype correlation in retinoblastoma is limited. Aim: Toanalyze the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene for mutations in retinoblastoma patients and correlate the genotypesthe phenotypes. Methodology: Eleven retinoblastoma patients, who underwent molecular genetic studies were classifiedinto high, moderate or low disease severity groups based on phenotype. Results: Seven patients had high diseaseseverity and four moderate disease severity. Eleven truncating mutations were detected; six were in the N-terminusregion of the retinoblastoma protein and two in the A/B pocket (p=0.03). Conclusions: No significant associationbetween mutation type and disease severity could be established in the present study. However a positive correlationbetween location of the mutations in certain domains of the retinoblastoma protein and disease severity was observed.To the best of our knowledge this is the first genotype-phenotype correlation study in retinoblastoma patients fromIndia.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006619622http://journal.waocp.org/article_24537_4e7c43fddda7726adfc403d06be2967f.pdfTrends in Incidences of Stomach and Colorectal Cancer in Khon Kaen , Thailand 1985-2004textarticle2006engBackground: The life styles of Thai people are changing with westernization and this would be expected to havean impact on the prevalence of cancer and other non-communicable diseases. For planning control programmes it isnecessary to monitor change over time and the present study was conducted to provide information on stomach andcolorectal cancer incidence rates in Khon Kaen Cancer Registry (KKCR), established in 1984 at the Faculty ofMedicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University. Objective: To assess trends in urban and rural areas ofKhon Kaen province during 1985 - 2004. Methods: Data for stomach and colorectal cancer with an ICD-O diagnosis(coding C16 , C18 – C20) from the population-based cases of the KKCR, registered between 1985 and 2004, wereretrieved and incidence trends were calculated using the Generalized Linear Model method (GLM), which generatesincidence-rate-based logarithms. Results: The study population comprised 2,530 cases, 721 of stomach (males 449,females 272) and 1809 of colorectal (males 976, females 833) cancer. Most cases were aged 35-75 years. Accordingto the histopathological diagnosis, the most common was adenocarcinoma with over 90 percent. The overall agestandardizedincidence rates (ASR) for stomach cancer were 4.5 and 1.4 per 100 000 in males and females, respectively,during 1985-1989, 3.7 and 2.0 during 1990-1994, 3.0 and 2.2 during 1995-1999 and 3.6 and 1.8 during 2000-2004 .The respective figures for colorectal cancer were 3.3 and 2.6, 4.6 and 3.1, 5.4 and 3.5 and finally 5.8 and 5.3. In bothurban and rural areas males were affected more frequently than females, although a shift was evident towardsdecrease in the se ratio was evident for colorectal cancers over time. Discussion: The results of this study showedslight increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in Khon Kaen province, while rates for stomach cancer remainedquite stable. The findings indicate a need for continuing research in stomach and colorectal cancer epidemiology,with subdivision into particular sites within these two sections of the gut.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006623626http://journal.waocp.org/article_24538_4fb0969d46c048d0537efac33f3f5fc1.pdfAnticancer and Antimutagenic Properties of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Micetextarticle2006engWe report the chemopreventive activity of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) gum, flower and leaf aqueous extracts, on 7,12–dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin papillomagenesis in male Swiss albino mice. Animals were dividedinto following groups: Group I (Controls) given DMBA and croton oil, with no extract ; Group II (treatment) animalstreated with Acacia nilotica gum (Group II-a) (800 mg/kg body weight), flowers (Group II-b) (800 mg/kg bodyweight), or leaves (Group II-c) (800 mg/kg body weight) during the peri- and post initiation periods of DMBA andcroton oil application. A significant reduction in the values of tumor burden, tumor incidence and cumulative numberof papillomas was observed in mice treated by oral gavage with the Acacia nilotica gum, flower and leaf extracts ascompared with the control group. The latency period in treatment Group-II (b) and Group-II (c) was significantlyincreased as compared with the control group. A significant reduction in the frequency of micronuclei was alsoobserved in mice treated by oral gavage with the aqueous extracts, along with significant decrease in total chromosomalaberrations in the form of chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, centric rings, dicentrics, acentric fragments andexchange. Treatment with Acacia nilotica flower (Group II-B) and leaf (Group II-C) aqueous extracts by oral gavagefor 15 days resulted in a highly significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in the liver, but this was lessevident with the gum (Group II-A) . Conversely, reduced glutathione (GSH) content was observed to be significantlyelevated as compared with the control group with leaves (Group II-C) and flowers (Group II-B). The chemopreventiveand antimutagenic activity of the leaf extract of Acacia nilotica was most significant followed by the flower extractand then by gum.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006627632http://journal.waocp.org/article_24539_2e1b0bbfa04fd87e17cd19803082022d.pdfEnvironmental Factors Related to Gastric Cancer Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus in Colombiatextarticle2006engEpstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNA can be detected in about 1-17 % of gastric carcinomas. To elucidatelifestyles and other factors related to such an EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC), we conducted a casecontrolstudy in Cali, Colombia. The study subjects were 368 patients with gastric carcinoma newly diagnosed duringthe period between September 2000 and June 2003, including 42 EBV-GC cases. We obtained information on lifestyles,dietary habits, and occupational exposure by a questionnaire. The frequency of EBV-GC was related to birth orderof patients (P for trend =0.025). More precisely, EBV-GC was much less frequent among the patients who were theeldest child in a family (P=0.007). Those findings were contrary to what was reported by the study conducted inJapan, where EBV-GC was more frequently observed among eldest brothers/sisters. A possible explanation for theapparently conflicting results is that EBV-GC risk is related to the age at first EBV infection but its relationship isnot monotonic. In addition to the relationship with birth order, the present study showed that high salt intake andmetal dust exposure may be related to EBV-GC as reported by the Japanese study although these associationsobserved in the present study were not statistically significant. No significant association was observed in otherfactors, including dietary habits. Further studies seem warranted to elucidate the difference between Japan andColombia with respect to the environmental factors related to EBV-GC cases.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006633637http://journal.waocp.org/article_24540_1a10d6eda89873b92801956214ce1ec4.pdfClinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Thai Women with Endometrioisis-Associated Ovarian Carcinomatextarticle2006engThis study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical features and survival outcomes of ovarian cancer patients whohad associated pelvic endometrioisis. The medical records of 1076 patients with ovarian cancer treated at ChiangMai University Hospital between 1995 and 2005 were reviewed. Among of these patients, 37 (3.4%) had associatedpelvic endometriosis. The mean age of the patients was 44 years (25-62 years). The most common presenting signand symptom was an abdominal mass (12), followed by abdominal pain (10), abdominal distension (7), abnormaluterine bleeding (2). Twenty-one (56.8%) patients were nulliparous and 14 (37.8%) were single. The stage distributionwas stage I (24), stage II (4), stage III (4), and stage IV (1). Four patients had 2 primary carcinomas. The mostcommon histology of the 37 patients was clear cell carcinoma (17) followed by endometrioid carcinoma (11). Theestimated 5-year disease - free survival was 55.4%. In conclusion, most patients associated with endometriosisassociatedovarian carcinoma present with abdominal masses and pain. Clear cell CA is the most common histologyin ovarian cancer patients who have associated endometriosis. Three fourths of the patients are in stage I and havefavorable prognosis.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006638640http://journal.waocp.org/article_24541_33d2313942cee7b3a8d4c0eb2c07ccda.pdfInduction of Apoptosis in RKO Colon Cancer Cell Line by an Aqueous Extract of Millingtonia hortensistextarticle2006engMillingtonia hortensis is an important medicinal plant in Southeast Asia, used for the treatment of asthma, sinusitisand as a cholagogue and tonic. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts ofMillingtonia hortensis on the induction of apoptosis in an RKO human colon cancer cell line. Viability of RKO cellswas assessed by MTT reduction assay. The aqueous extract, but not the ethanol extract of M. hortensis inhibited cellgrowth and proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptotic cells were determined by flow cytometryand DNA fragmentation assay. Apoptotic cell numbers increased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment withaqueous extract. DNA ladders were clearly observed in RKO cells treated with 200, 300 and 400 μg/ml of the aqueousextract of M. hortensis for 48 h. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of M. hortensis inhibited cellproliferation in an RKO colon cancer cell line via the apoptosis pathway.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006641644http://journal.waocp.org/article_24542_c68dd7c151a241a836d9d3652c408fd6.pdfParticipation in Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Chinese Americanstextarticle2006engIntroduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and thethird most common malignant neoplasm worldwide. Chinese Americans are one of the ethnic minority groups whohave the lowest rates of CRC screening. The purpose of this study was to describe CRC screening among lessacculturated Chinese Americans and to identify factors associated with CRC screening. Methods: We performed areview of 383 patients’ medical records at a large community health clinic in Seattle’s metropolitan area betweenJuly 2003 and September 2004. Outcome measurements included receiving fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) in thelast 12 months, sigmoidoscopy in the previous 5 years and/or colonoscopy in the past 10 years. Compliance withCRC screening was assessed by documentation in patients’ medical records. Results: The overall use of CRC screeningper guidelines was 40%. Only 72(19%) patients had their FOBT test in the last 12 months. Eighty one patients (21%)had colonoscopy in the last 10 years and eleven (3%) of the patients had sigmoidoscopy in the last 5 years. Chisquareanalyses revealed no significant differences between users and non-users of FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, andcolonoscopy in terms of age, gender, insurance status or language. Discussion: Participation in CRC screeningamong less acculturated Chinese Americans was lower than rates derived from previous self-reported surveys.Research of effective preventive programs promoting annual FOBT is vital to increasing the use of CRC screeningamong this population.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006645660http://journal.waocp.org/article_24543_eb54b860d4d911e60e5d3dce0d48c335.pdfHodgkin's Lymphoma in Pakistan : A Clinico-epidemiological Study of 658 cases at a Cancer Center in Lahoretextarticle2006engObjectives: To study the clinico-epidemiological profile of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) in Pakistan. Patients andMethods: We retrospectively studied all histopathologically proven cases of HL, who presented between Dec 1995 toJune 2003 at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Hospital (SKMCH & RC). All the relevantinformation was obtained through the hospital based cancer registry and medical records of the selected patients.Results: Six hundred and fifty eight histopathologically confirmed cases of HL were identified. There were 505 malesand 153 females, with a male to female ratio of 3.3: 1. Patients ranged in age from 1 year - 84 years. The mean age atpresentation was 23.8 years. Three hundred and twenty cases (48.6%) belonged to age group ≤ 18 years and 338cases (51.4%) were > 18 years of age. Histopathologically, mixed cellularity (MC) constituted 63.8% of cases, followedby nodular sclerosis (NS) 19.9%, lymphocyte predominant (LP) 7.3% and lymphocyte depleted (LD) 1.2%. Earlystage (stage I and II) disease was present in 43.9% of patients at presentation, while 56.1% patients presented withadvanced stage (stage III and IV). The majority of patients (81.2%) presented with cervical lymphadenopathy.Conclusion: The clinico–epidemiological pattern of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Pakistan manifested is similar to thatobserved in other developing countries, with male predominance, mixed cellularity as the commonest histologicaltype, advanced stage at presentation and absence of bimodal age distribution.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006651655http://journal.waocp.org/article_24544_3081fe0a4a61e2ad84568fe11cfbf14a.pdfLimited Value of Vaginal Cytology in Detecting Recurrent Disease After Radical Hysterectomy for Early Stage Cervical Carcinomatextarticle2006engThe objective of this study was to evaluate the value of vaginal cytology in routine surveillance for recurrentcervical cancer after surgery. We reviewed the medical records of 565 patients with stage IB-IIA cervical cancer whowere treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (RHPL) and attended follow- up at ChiangMai University Hospital between January 2000 and May 2006. With the median follow-up of 35 months (range 1-76months), 23 (4%) patients developed recurrence. The interval from surgery to detection of recurrence ranged from5-61 months with a median of 23 months. Of the total 4,376 vaginal smears, 5 (0.1%) showed abnormal cytology butonly 1 had malignant cells and tumor recurrence. The sensitivity and specificity of vaginal cytology for detection ofrecurrence were 4.3% and 99.3%, respectively. In conclusion, vaginal cytology has limited value in detection ofrecurrence after RHPL for early-stage cervical cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006656658http://journal.waocp.org/article_24545_5b2faac6dce807a38de28b3d34f8e03d.pdfFinding a T-cell Epitope for a Melanoma Vaccine by an Immunomics Techniquetextarticle2006engThe identification of tumor-associated T cell epitopes has contributed significantly to the understanding of theinterrelationship of tumor and immune system and is instrumental in the development of therapeutic vaccines forthe treatment of cancer. Here, the author reports preliminary data from the computation analysis of available Homosapiens melanoma associate antigen to find potential T-cell epitopes using bioinformatics tool namely MHCPred.Using computational algorithm, we predicted the most potential T cell epitope from known melanoma associatedantigen. This data are useful for further vaccine development because these promiscuous peptide binders allows tominimize the total number of predicted epitopes without compromising the population coverage required in thedesign of multi-epitope vaccines.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006659660http://journal.waocp.org/article_24546_05f765ffe91d53f5b7f6e584ab0c1cfc.pdfBlack Tea Polyphenols Restrict Benzopyrene-induced Mouse Lung Cancer Progression through Inhibition of Cox-2 and Induction of Caspase-3 Expressiontextarticle2006engLung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in most developed and many developing countriesof the world. Due to lack of validated screening methods and poor prognosis, treatment of lung cancer has notimproved significantly over the last two decades. Therefore the risk of the disease needs to be minimized by preventivemeasures. One approach for lung cancer prevention envisages reversal or restriction of precancerous lesions bychemopreventive intervention. It demands a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and identificationof the ideal point of intervention. In the present investigation, tea components, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) andtheaflavins (TF) were assessed for their chemopreventive potential when administered in the post initiation phase oflung carcinogenesis in an experimental mouse model. Histopathological changes in lungs of mice administeredbenzo(a)pyrene (BP) were followed serially and correlated with the expression of Cox-2, caspase-3 and caspase-7,which play key roles in histopathogenesis of neoplasia. The observations strongly indicate that both EGCG and TFcan influence the expression of these genes to modulate the process of carcinogenesis, resulting in delayed onset andlowered incidence of pre-invasive lung lesions.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006661666http://journal.waocp.org/article_24547_9ccb68d8f1af213455247e3612a5c6b3.pdfMetaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast, an Intriguing Raritytextarticle2006engMetaplastic carcinoma breast is categorized as a rare heterogenous neoplasm generally characterized by a mixtureof adenocarcinoma with dominant areas of spindle cell, squamous and/or other mesenchymal differentiation. Todetermine the epidemio-demographic and histopathologic characteristics of this rare entity a retrospective studywas conducted to review all cases at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) Karachi, received during 1st January2000 to 31st August 2005. Twenty-four patients were identified with a mean age at diagnosis of 46.4 (±SD 3.8) years,and an age range of 28-68 years. The mean tumor size was 7.9 cm, range 2.0–17.0 cms (±SD 4.77). The specimenswere mostly obtained by modified radical mastectomy(54.2%) followed by biopsy (29.2%), lumpectomy (8.3%),and total mastectomy (4.2%). Skin ulceration was found in 37.5% cases. Component sub-categorization showed 13(54.2%) cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma with squamous metaplasia, followed by 2 (8.3 %) cases with heterologouselements, 4 (16.7%) cases with spindle cell component, 2 cases of matrix producing carcinoma and one case ofsquamous cell carcinoma. The malignancy was high grade, modified Bloom Richardson’s grade III (54.2 %) andgrade II (12.5%). Such grading was not applicable to 4 cases of spindle cell component and 1 case with extensivechondroid areas. Twelve patients had information available on the nodal status. Five (41.6%) were node-negative,four (33.33%) had 1-3 lymph node involvement positive, and three (12.5%) had more than 3 lymph nodes positive.The median 3 year Event Free Survival (EFS) was 10% and overall survival was 30%. MCB is an aggressive diseasewith a poor prognosis. This aspect appears bleaker in our population either due to the biological characteristic of themalignancy in a high risk group or the lack of availability and accessibility of health coverage, resulting in a delayedpresentation. MCB is an uncommon breast malignancy and due to the lack of sufficiently large studies there islimited knowledge as to the pathogenesis, progress, best treatment protocols and prognosis. Collaborative studiesare therefore recommended to allow for better understanding of this intriguing neoplasm.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006667671http://journal.waocp.org/article_24548_5171657f9938c13b40170d012a6f23f3.pdf“One Step” for Cancer Preventiotextarticle2006engI have been involved in cancer research for many years. When I think about what is most important in this field,I believe it must be “cancer prevention”. Unhappily, this area has not been always sufficiently valued either byresearchers or by the general public. However, from a realistic perspective, cancer prevention is extremely importantat both an individual and collective level. This fact, I believe, will eventually be understood by society and, consequently,more effective measures will be taken. In this paper, I will introduce my views on cancer prevention, along with a fewexperimental results.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006672678http://journal.waocp.org/article_24549_fe14868e6468a942757e73e4b771424c.pdfLifestyle, Genetic Susceptibility and Future Trends of Breast Cancer in Koreatextarticle2006engNot only the incidence but the mortality of breast cancer has been steadily increasing in Korea over the lasttwenty years, and it became the most common female neoplasm in 2002. In fact, the increase in the rate of breastcancer mortality in Korea over the past 10 years has been higher than anywhere else in the world, and it is particularlynoteworthy that more than half of the incident cases occur among those younger than 50 years of age. The rapidwesternization of dietary habits and changes in reproductive behavior of Korean women presumably played a centralrole in this extraordinary increase in breast cancer occurrence. A large-scale multi-center case-control analysisshowed that an older age, a family history of breast cancer, early menarche, late menopause, late full-term pregnancy,never-having had a breast-fed child, and postmenopausal obesity are breast cancer risk factors in Korea.Environmental and genetic factors are known to play interactive roles in human carcinogenesis and recent studieshave shown that genetic polymorphisms may predispose individuals to breast cancer via gene-to-environment orgene-to-gene interactions. Thus research into genetic variation in xenobiotic metabolism, estrogen metabolism, DNArepair, cytokine metabolism, or cell cycle control may give insights into both the etiology and prevention of breastcancer. Epidemiologic evidence obtained from migrant and lifestyle change studies and investigations of main riskfactors strongly suggests that breast cancer will further increase in Korea. Future predictions point to a 2- to 3-foldincrease in incidence by 2020. Here, we briefly introduce health education programs and breast cancer campaigns,in the broad context of the Korean National Cancer Control Program.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687

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2006679682http://journal.waocp.org/article_24550_476f220e938f45c101124ad35ded136d.pdfCervical Cancer: Screening and Preventiontextarticle2006engCancer of the cervix is the second most common life-threatening cancer among women worldwide and bothincidence and mortality rates are likely to be underestimated in developing countries. HPV high risk strains play atleast the major if not an absolutely necessary role in the etiology. The concept of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) was introduced in 1968 as an equivalent to the term dysplasia, which means abnormal maturation. Cervicalcancer progresses slowly from preinvasive CIN to invasive cancer and therefore screening for dysplasia is an importantpublic health effort worldwide, given the accessibility of the primary organ site, the acceptability of current screeningmethods, and the long preinvasive period in which to detect disease and successfully intervene. It is widely acceptedthat detection and treatment of HPV-related dysplastic epithelial change in the form of CIN-2 and CIN-3 canprevent the development of invasive cervical cancer in individual patients. The mainstay of screening programs hasbeen the Pap smear, introduced originally by George Papanicolaou in 1941. However, considerable numbers of falsenegativePap smears may occur with the traditional Pap technique, mostly due to sampling error. More recently, theuse of liquid-based technologies such as ThinPrep and AutoCyte Prep have gained popularity, in part because ofevidence suggesting reduction in the incidence of inadequate smears. It is also hoped that the ability to identifypatients with oncogenic HPV types will lead to improved detection in women more likely to have squamousintraepithelial lesions. Hybrid Capture 2 is the latest refinement of HPV tests and has been described as havingenhanced sensitivity. HPV DNA testing can be used as an adjunct to cytology in routine cervical disease screeningprograms. Establishment of the link between HPV and cervical cancer has further provided the impetus for researchinto prophylactic vaccination against the most common HPV types associated with the disease, HPV 16 and 18.Initial studies have provided evidence that L1 virus-like particle vaccines against HPV types (as monovalent, bivalent,or quadrivalent vaccines) prevent at least 90% of incident and persistent infections and their associated precursorsof cervical cancer. This vaccine has sustained long-term vaccine efficacy against incident and persistent infectionsand in the long term should provide an answer to the cervical cancer problem. For the vast majority of women whohave already been infected, however, continued screening and resection need to be emphasized.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-73687