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Havard Style

Harvard is an author-date style, with in-text citations and a reference list (in alphabetical order). The Harvard Citation Style is widely used, but with a number of variations. Consistency is important, make sure that you are consistent in your own application of the style.

Books

Books with single author

Use the title page, for the reference details. Only include the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most commonly a first edition.

The required elements for a book reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.

As discussed in Houses & studios designed (2010) or Houses and studio designed (Houses and Studio, 2010)

Chapters of edited book

For chapters of edited books the required elements for a reference are:

Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials and surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-stop.

**Works by the same author should be displayed in chronological order, earliest first (as above).

An in text reference for the above example would read:

(Adcock, 1998, 2000)

This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation. So for example, if you have sources written by Dennis Adcock and also by John Adcock, you would list them in alphabetic order:

(Adcock, D. 2000)

(Adcock, J. 2000)

Secondary Source

A summary of another author’s work in the source that you are reading, and make a reference in your own document; this is called secondary referencing.

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book (edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put ed after the name). (Year) Title of book. Edition (if not the first edition) [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available from: include e-book source/database, web address or URL [Date of access]

References:

Mezrich, B. (2010). The accidental billionaires: the founding of Facebook: a tale of sex, money, genius and betrayal [e-book] New York: Anchor Books. Available through: Taylor’s University Library <http://library.taylors.edu.my> [Accessed 18 April 2011].

For an article from a web based magazine or journal, which is freely available over the web, the required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials. (Year) . Title of article. Title of Journal/Magazine, [online] volume number (issue number), page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’ before the page number). Available from: web address [date of access].

For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if availalble, Abstract only. Available through:.[name of database]. [Accessed date].

Drug (Bullock, Manias and Galbraith, 2007) can be useful in your life …

DVD, Video or Film

The required elements for a reference are:

Director/producer – Surname, initials. (Year published or first transmission in brackets). Title of Video or programme – in italics or underlined [Material type e.g.DVD/video – in square brackets],Production company or publisher

Artist/Photographer’s name (if known). (Year). Title of image. In: Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title, plate number or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Year of publication.

Beaton, C. (1944). China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. In: James, J (ed.) Imperial War Museum Collection. New York: Prentice.

For an electronic reference the suggested elements are:

Artist/Photographer’s name, Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the source.[Accessed date].

For websites found on the worldwide web the required elements for a reference are:

Authorship or Source. (Year). Title of web document or web page. [Online]. date of update if available. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

If the URL appears to be exceedingly long, provide routing details which enable the reader to access the particular page via the site’s homepage. You may be taken to a particular page as a result of a search you performed, or be directed from a link to another place on a website. The resultant URLs may include specific data about your method of accessing that page that is not available to your reader. If this is the case use the homepage (from which the reference can be found).

Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at: <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 15 April 2011].

MLA Style

The MLA style is produced by the Modern Language Association and features brief parenthetical in-text citations that point to more detailed information in the alphabetical list of Works Cited which is included at the end of the paper. MLA style is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature.

Books

Books with single author

Use the title page, for the reference details. Only include the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most commonly a first edition.

The required elements for a book reference are:

Author Surname, First Name, Other names as they appear on the title page. Book title: Subtitle (if Included). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium.

Reference:

Bower, John. The Craft of General Management. Boston: Harvard Business School, 1991. Print.

** Works by the same author should be displayed in chronological order, earliest first (as above).

An in text reference for the above example would read:

(Adcock, 1998, 2000)

This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation. So for example, if you have sources written by Dennis Adcock and also by John Adcock, you would list them in alphabetic order:

(Adcock, D. 2000)

(Adcock, J. 2000)

Secondary Source

A summary of another author’s work in the source that you are reading, and make a reference in your own document; this is called secondary referencing.

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal. Name of Journal, Vol., Number of page.

Peercy, Michael. A. and Kenneth W. McCleary. The Impact of the Year-Round School Calendar on the Family Vacation: an Exploratory Case Study. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 35 (2010): 147-170. Print.

An intext reference for the above example would read:

(Donyai, 2010)

(Peercy & Kenneth, 2010)

Journals Articles available from databases

For journal articles from an electronic source accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available, Abstract only. Retrieve (month, date and year) from web address (quote the exact URL for the article)

Include title, director’s name, distributor and year of release. You may include other information if relevant. If you are citing a DVD, videocassette, etc., include original release date, format and date of release in new format.

Artist’s last name, first name. Title of artwork. Year. Name of institution/private collection housing artwork. Title of print source. Author/editor’s first name last name. Publication city: Publisher, year. Page/plate number. Medium of reproduction

Artist’s last name, first name. Title of artwork. Year. Name of institution/private collection housing artwork. Title of database or website. Publisher/sponsor of database or website. Medium consulted. Date of access. <URL (optional)>

For websites found on the worldwide web the required elements for a reference are:

Author last name, First name [if any](or organization or agency)." Title of Web Page. “ Title of Entire Web Site. Publisher or copyright holder, Date of page OR last update. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

If the URL appears to be exceedingly long, provide routing details which enable the reader to access the particular page via the site’s homepage. You may be taken to a particular page as a result of a search you performed, or be directed from a link to another place on a website. The resultant URLs may include specific data about your method of accessing that page that is not available to your reader. If this is the case use the homepage (from which the reference can be found).

Defoe, David. The Fortunes and the Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders. Adelaide: HAM, 1999 <http://www.gutenberg.org>

Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with LEarning Disabilities. (n.d). Healthcare for all. Retrieved from http://www.iahpld.org.uk

** It is good practice to keep a copy of the front page of any website you use.

Blogs

The required elements for a reference are:

Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site. Version number (if available). Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher). Medium of publication. Date of access.

APA Style

APA is the publishing style established by the American Psychological Association. APA style is used in all of the books and journals that the association publishes, and is widely adopted in the social and behavioural sciences.

Books

Books with single author

Use the title page, for the reference details. Only include the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most commonly a first edition.

The required elements for a book reference are:

Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book. (Edition) (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.

Reference:

Bower, J. L. (1991). The craft of general management. Boston: Harvard Business School.

** (In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et. al. (not italicized and with a full stop after “al”) and the year).

Books with more than seven authors

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials. (Year). Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first edition). Place: Publisher.

** [When a reference has up to 7 authors, spell out the authors’ names in the reference list. For works with more than 7 authors, list the first 6 authors, followed by 3 full stops (…) then spell out the last author’s name]

**Works by the same author should be displayed in chronological order, earliest first (as above).

An in text reference for the above example would read:

(Adcock, 1998, 2000)

This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation. So for example, if you have sources written by Dennis Adcock and also by John Adcock, you would list them in alphabetic order:

(Adcock, D. 2000)

(Adcock, J. 2000)

Secondary Source

A summary of another author’s work in the source that you are reading, and make a reference in your own document; this is called secondary referencing.

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal. Name of Journal, Vol., Number of page.

Artist/Photographer’s name (if known). (Year of production). Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).

Beaton,C. (1944). China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (Imperial War Museum Collection).

For an electronic reference the suggested elements are:

Artist/Photographer’s name, Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the source. [Accessed date].

For websites found on the worldwide web the required elements for a reference are:

Authorship or Source. (Year). Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

If the URL appears to be exceedingly long, provide routing details which enable the reader to access the particular page via the site’s homepage. You may be taken to a particular page as a result of a search you performed, or be directed from a link to another place on a website. The resultant URLs may include specific data about your method of accessing that page that is not available to your reader. If this is the case use the homepage (from which the reference can be found).