Insecticidal potency of certain organosilicon compounds.

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Applied Organomerallic Chemisfry ( 1989) 3 349-350
0268-2605/89/03407349/$03 S O
@ Longman Group UK Lid 1989
SHORT PAPER
Insecticidal potency of certain organosilicon
compounds
P N Saxena* and A K SaxenaJ.
*Department of Zoology, Agra University, Agra 282004, India, and ?Lash Miller Chemical Laboratory,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1Al
Received 3 November 1988
Accepted 8 April 1989
A small series of organosilicon compounds were
screened for efficacy against the housefly Muscu
domesticu. The activity of organosilicon compounds
is attributed to the silicon atom, the presence of
halogens and the alkyl groups.
Keywords: Organosilicon compounds, germanium
compounds, insecticidal properties, Muscu domesticu
INTRODUCTION
The importance of silicates in growth and reproduction
in lower as well as in higher animals is an established
fact. Silicon compounds have been thoroughly studied
worldwide for their effects and applications in biological systems.* Because of their inertness to biological processes, silicones have been used as materials
for artificial heart valves, blood vessels, implants and
ointments. A large number of sila-substituted drugs
belonging to various types of structures have been
synthesized and investigated pharmacologically. 3 A
slight change in the structure of the organosilicon compound influences the response of different animal
systems.
In the present paper an attempt has been made to
observe such a response in terms of toxicity. These
toxic values have been correlated with the structures
of the organosilicon compounds.
'
The authors wish to dedicate this paper to Professor F Huber, University of Dortmund, FRG,on the occasion of his 60th birthday. AKS
is particularly privileged and honoured to have worked with him
as AvH fellow, 1985-1986.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All the silicon compounds have been prepared by
previously published methods4 and are shown in
Table 1.
The compounds were serially diluted with acetone
to bracket approximate LD5o values for Muscu domesticu. One hundred flies (Muscu domesticu) in each
population were lightly anaesthetized with carbon
dioxide (CO,). These flies were acclimatized for 24 h
at cu 25°C in fonda containers. They were fed on milksoaked cotton pads. Each fly was then carefully held
with forceps and the thorax treated with 1 p1 of a
preassigned insecticide dilution. Control flies were
treated with 1 p1 of acetone. An automated microapplicator was used for treatment. The treated flies
were then returned to appropriately labelled containers,
given access to milk-soaked cotton and maintained at
cu 25°C for 24 h, when mortality counts were made.
The criterion for mortality was no response to probing;
any movement was taken to indicate survival for this
experimental purpose.
After the approximate LD5o range was bracketed,
a new stock solution (purity 100% by weight) of each
insecticide was serially diluted with acetone to obtain
five concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%,2.0% and
4.0% by weight). Four replications per concentration
were then tested. In each replication control flies were
treated with 1 pl of acetone. Post-treatment handling
conditions were the same as described previously.
The statistical analysis system (SAS) software package5 was used to estimate LD,, values, their fiducial
limits and slopes (+SE) for each regression. Slopes of
the probit regressions obtained for populations were
analysed by the method of Steele and Torrie.6 Present
mortalities were corrected using Abbott's f ~ r m u l a . ~
350
Insecticidal potency of organosilicons
Table I Response of fly populations (Musca domestica) to topically applied compounds
Musca domestica
-
(No. of flies)
LD,,"
95% Fiducial limit
Slopeb
I
I1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0.42
0.43
0.82
1.50
1.67
1.90
2.43
5.43
(0.53-0.68)
(0.44-0.51)
(0.73 -0.90)
(1.36-1.61)
(1.36-2.19)
(1.84- 1.97)
(2.32-2.53)
(3.60-7.37)
1.52
2.16
1.51
1.99
1.67
5.99
4.11
1.66
Compound
(Me,Si),CSiCI,
(Me,Si),CSiMe,CI
111 (Me,Si),CSi(MeO),I
(Me,Si),CSi(MeO),OH
IV
(Me,Si),CSiMe,I
V
VI
(Me,Si),CGeMe,
VII (Me,Si),C
VIII (Me,Si),CMe
~~
'Based on 24 h mortality data Concentratlon
different, P = 0 05
'
~~
IS
~
~~
f 0.41
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.36
0.65
0.41
0.16
~
0.25%, 0 5%, 1.0%, 2 0% and 4 0% by weight. bValues of slopes are not significantly
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The response (in terms of toxicity) is in descending
order, from compound I to compound VIII, i.e. compound I is more active than compound II and the others
are ranked below (Table 1).
The response of flies to the compounds reveals that
compound I is most active as the LD50 value is lowest
compared with the other compounds. The greater
activity of this compound is presumably due to three
chlorines and one silicon atom. Compound I1 is less
active than compound I. This may be because of the
substitution of two chlorine atoms by two alkyl groups
(methyl, Me). Since inorganic groups in a particular
series, e.g. I, Br, C1, F, OH in Me3SnX, are found
to have no great significant effect on toxicity for tin,'
the difference in the activities of compounds I1 and I11
may be attributed here to the replacement of methyls
by methoxy groups. Compound IV has a similar
structure to compound I11 but has a hydroxy group
instead of an iodo group. It may be less active due to
steric factors. Though iodo (covalent radius = 0.133
nm) is probably bulkier than hydroxy (covalent radius
of oxygen + hydrogen = 0.105 nm) and should cause
more steric hindrance, the hydroxy group is very often
involved in hydrogen bonding and thus may cause more
hindrance. A similar argument can be used for the
activity of compound V, which is less active than
compound 11.
A comparison was also made to check the relative
activity of carbon, silicon and germanium groups in
VI-VIII, which all have the (Me3Si)& moiety in
common; the fourth valency of C is saturated with
Me3Si, Me3Ge and Me.
A clear trend is obtained in LD50 values, with the
germanium compound being the most toxic. In Group
IV of the Periodic Table toxicity generally increases
from carbon to lead, so the lesser activity of VII compared with VI may be attributed to replacement of
germanium by silicon. However, at this point it is not
clear whether the even more reduced activity of VIII
is due to replacement of silicon and germanium by
carbon or the smaller number of methyl groups (10
compared with 12). Since these compounds are very
bulky, it takes more time to penetrate through the
c u t i ~ l eand
~ ~ the
' ~ LD50 values are therefore higher.
The activity of organosilicon compounds is attributed
to the silicon atom, the presence of halogens, the alkyl
groups and the bulky nature of the molecules and the
substitution of silicon by other atoms.
Acknowledgemenrs The authors are highly thankful to Professor
C Eaborn, FRS for critical evaluation of the manuscript.
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