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Q1. What is meant by Foreign Policy? Explain the basic principles & objectives of the Foreign Policy of Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14th August 1947 and it inherited the foreign policy from British India. After independence, Pakistan made some changes in British policy according to the ideology and the objectives of Pakistan Movement.

Definition of Foreign Policy
The foreign policy is to establish and develop relations with other countries to watch the national interests by taking appropriate steps at international level.

PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
Every country established its foreign policy according to own ideological, historical, political and geographical circumstances. Foreign Policy of Pakistan was established by Quaid-e-Azam itself. Foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the following basic principles: 1. Peaceful Co-existence Pakistan believes in peaceful co-existence and respects the liberty, freedom and sovereignty of other countries, and expects the same from others. Pakistan is always disinterested in the internal affairs of others, and opposes imperialism and aggression of every type. 2. Non-Alignment Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China, United Kingdom France and other countries and expects the same from others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member of Non-aligned Movement (NAM). 3. Unite Nations Charter Pakistan wants to develop its relations with all countries on the basis of bilateralism. Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighbouring countries on the basis of bilateralism. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India many times to solve the Kashmir dispute by negotiation. 4. United Nations Charter Pakistan is a member of United Nations and follows its charter strictly. Therefore, Pakistan has supported every action of the United Nations and provided military assistance to implement its decisions. 5. Support to Right of Self-Determination Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations. Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination. Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important role in the struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and Vietnam. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia, and helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule.

Pakistan Studies

Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad

2 6. Unity of Islamic World Pakistan is the supporter of the unity of Islamic world, and is following the policy to establish good relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan has always tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very important role in Iran – Iraq war, Palestine’s and Afghanistan’s liberation. Pakistan is an active member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Pakistan has provided a platform for Muslim countries of Central Asia to solve their economic problems by establishing Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). De-weaponisation Pakistan is the main supporter of de-weaponisation and supported all international efforts to de-weaponise the world. Therefore, Pakistan is not in the race of weaponisation. Pakistan uses atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Pakistan tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war. In the world Pakistan has repeatedly suggested for the de-weaponisation of South Asia, but India has not responded it accordingly. Elimination of Racial Discrimination Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world. Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa, Namibia and Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in Pakistan have equal rights. Establishment of Peace Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move. Good Relations with Neighbours Pakistan wants good relationship with all neighbours including India. Pakistan also wants to solve all the issues with neighbouring countries including Kashmir issue with India peacefully. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India for talks at any time, at every level and at every place. International and Regional Cooperation Pakistan is an active member of international and regional organization i.e. United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and SAARC. Pakistan always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of world peace.

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OBJECTIVES AND DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN
According to Lord Parmesan: “In the International Relations, There is no any permanent friend and enemy but the preference is given only to the national interest any state form its foreign policy on the base of National Security & Interest.” The main objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan are as under:National Security The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or independence. Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make
Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad

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Pakistan Studies

3 arrangements for its security. So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the basis of national security. It gave due importance to the national security, while establishing external relationships with other countries. Pakistan respects the national integrity and the political independence of other countries, and expect from others the same. Economic Development Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic development. It needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum economic benefits. Pakistan has made changes in its foreign policy keeping in view the new economic trends. It has adopted particularly free trade, free economic policy, and policy of privatization. Protection of Ideology of Pakistan Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the ideology of Pakistan or Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also dependent upon ideology. Better Relations with Islamic Countries Pakistan can protect its ideology by developing good relationship with Muslim countries. All the constitutions of Pakistan emphasized on establishing good relations with Muslim countries. Non-Alignment Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China, United Kingdom, France and other countries and expects the same from others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member of Non-aligned Movement (NAM). Support to Right of Self-Determination Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations. Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination. Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important role in the struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and Vietnam. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia, and helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule. Elimination of Racial Discrimination Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world. Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa Namibia and Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in Pakistan have equal rights. Establishment of Peace Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move.

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Pakistan Studies

Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad

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DETERMINANTS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN
1. The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:Administrative Troika Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign policy. It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can make any change in it. However, it is very difficult to deviate from the previous foreign commitments made by Troika.

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Army Chief Prime Minster Ministry of Foreign Affairs The ministry can play very important role in formulating the foreign policy. It comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of high level. They prepare foreign policy, keeping in view the basic objectives and principles of the policy. They formulate the policy, plans and programmes regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its preparation. In accordance with new constitutional amendment, the Troika has been replaced by the National Security Council. Intelligence Agencies Pakistan’s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these information’s, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy. Political Parties and Pressure Groups The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the formulation of foreign policy. The political parties include the priorities of foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view points. Likewise the pressure groups can also influence the foreign policy. Parliament The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to the directions of executive and puts it before the Parliament for approval. After discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some change in it.

Q2.

Discuss the Relations between Pakistan & China.

Ans. Pakistan and China are neighbouring countries. They have common boundary of about 600 km long. Their bilateral relations depend upon the glorious traditions and close friendship. Pakistan recognized China on its birth in October 1949 and developed good relationship with it.

Pakistan Studies

Compiled by: Hafiz Ashfaq Ahmad

5 1. Start of Pak China Friendship The Prime Minister of the both countries met in Bandung Conference in 1955, and after that the series of visits continued up till now. The heads of governments and states of both countries have made many visits. Settlement of Boundaries In 1961, the efforts to resolve the boundary issue were started and it was completed in 1963. Which strengthened the good relationship, and trade pact was signed by them. Pakistan Air Line started its flights to Beijing in early sixties. Support at Indo-Pak Wars The President of Pakistan visited China in February 1964, and China supported the claim of Pakistan to solve Kashmir issue peacefully. In the Indo-Pak war of 1965 China supported Pakistan and provided arms. Economic & Technical Aid China gave economic and technical aid to Pakistan is establishing industries, which included Texila Industrial Complex and its affiliated plans, setting up the heavy tools factory at Landhi and Sports Complex at Islamabad. Construction of Silk Route The Silk-route of Karakaram was completed in 1969 that connected Pakistan with China by road. It helped in frequent exchange of delegations and establishment of close relationship. The air contact was also established between both the countries. Defense Pacts Many defense pacts were concluded between Pakistan and China in 1985, according to which China provided economic and technical assistance in building the Kamra Complex and Ordinance Factory at Wah. Likewise China provided the assistance of Rs. 273 million for setting up Heavy Electric Complex in NWFP. Support to China Pakistan also sided, China and supported it for its permanent membership of Security Council of United Nations. Pakistan played an important role in establishing the close relations of United States with China. Pakistan supported China on the issue of the presence of foreign troops in Kampochia, and China supported Pakistan on the issue of the Russian intervention in Afghanistan. Bilateral Relation between Two Countries The bilateral relations between Pakistan and China were established and Chinese Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Chairman Peoples Congress visited Pakistan in 1987, February 1999 and April 1999 respectively. Again the Chinese Prime Minister visited Pakistan in 2001 and President of Pakistan visited China in 2001 and 2002. The mutual strong relationship of both countries has helped them to come closer.