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Fox v. Washington (1915)

In Fox v. Washington, 236 U.S. 273 (1915), the Supreme Court upheld a Washington state statute that made it a crime to publish materials “advocating, encouraging or inciting, or having a tendency to encourage or incite the commission of any crime, [or] breach of the peace.” The Court reached its decision by applying the bad tendency test.

Jay Fox had published an article entitled “The Nude and the Prudes” on behalf of Home Colony anarchists, whom he described as “a community of free spirits, who came out into the woods to escape the polluted atmosphere of priest-ridden, conventional society.” Defending their right to bathe in the nude, he called for a boycott of those interfering with the colony’s freedom.

In the opinion for the unanimous Court — issued before the Court recognized that the First Amendment limited state governments — Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. focused chiefly on issues of due process. He construed the Washington statute narrowly in order to limit only publications that encouraged actual breaches of the law and then argued that the case revolved only around this issue. Like contemporary advocates of judicial restraint, Holmes further clarified that the Court’s ruling did not address the “wisdom of the defendant, the prosecution, or the Act.”