Book of Abraham

William Chandler purchased some mummies from Egypt and took them on a tour in the United States. With the mummies were a few scrolls with Egyptian writing. Joseph purchased these for an amount equivalent to about $30,000 in today’s dollars. Joseph claimed these scrolls had the writings of the Book of Abraham and Book of Joseph (son of Jacob/Israel). He translated the Book of Abraham and published it in 1838. The Book of Joseph was never finished. The Book of Abraham translation came at a time that Joseph was really big into language study. He was very interested in Egyptian. The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799, which enabled scholars to eventually piece together the logic to start translating Egyptian and now modern scholars can translate Egyptian. But in Joseph’s time, it was still a mysterious language that was considered untranslatable by scholarly techniques. The scroll that Joseph used to translate the Book of Abraham was found in a museum in 1966. The translation shows that it was a common funerary text that Egyptian nobles were buried with, giving instructions and requests to the Gods for the dead person in the afterlife. It had nothing to do with Abraham. It was called The Book of Hoth and dated to about 200 BC. Abraham would have lived about 2,000 BC.

Joseph Smith started the Kirtland Egyptian Papers, project in 1834 when he began translating the Book of Abraham. This was essentially an attempt to crack Egyptian using the revelatory process, creating an Egyptian/English dictionary. This is a fascinating look into the process Joseph used to try to understand Egyptian. This section is longer than others, mostly because I find it very interesting personally.

Historians and analysts have taken the KEP from Joseph’s records and the scroll as found in 1966 and piece together Joseph’s process of translation.

This illustration shows the main scroll, earlier thought to be destroyed in the 1871 Chicago fire, but which surfaced at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1966.

In the image below, on the left is a piece taken from the yellow rectangle above. On the right is a portion taken from the KEP. The arrows show the mapping from the Egyptian symbol to the KEP. In the KEP, to the right of the Egyptian symbol is the text that Joseph took as the translation of that character.

Text from KEP (matches Book of Abraham verses)

Actual Egyptian meaning

(1:11) manner of the Egyptians. (1:12) And it came to pass that the priests laid violence upon me, that they might slay me also, as they did those virgins upon this altar; and that you may have a knowledge of this altar, I will refer you to the representation at the commencement of this record.

“pool”

(1:13) It was made after the form of a bedstead, such as was had among the Chaldeans, and it stood before the gods of Elkenah, Libnah, Mahmackrah, Korash, and also a god like unto that of Pharaoh, king of Egypt. (1:14) That you may have an understanding of these gods, I have given you the fashion of them in the figures at the beginning, which manner of the figures is called by the Chaldeans Rahleenos, which signifies hieroglyphics.

“water”

(1:15) And as they lifted up their hands upon me, that they might offer me up and take away my life, behold, I lifted up my voice unto my God, and the Lord hearkened and heard, and he filled me with the vision of the Almighty, and the angel of his presence stood by me, and immediately unloosed my bands;

“great”

(1:16) And his voice was unto me: Abraham, Abraham behold, my name is Jehovah, and I have heard thee, and have come down to deliver thee, and to take thee away from thy father’s house, and from all the kinsfolk, into a strange land (page 4) which thou knowest not of; (1:17) And this because they have turned their hearts away from me, to worship the god of Elkenah, and the god of Libnah, and the god of Mahmackrah, and the god of Korash, and the god of Pharaoh, king of Egypt; therefore I have come down to destroy him who hath lifted up his hand against thee, Abraham, my son, to take away thy life. (1:18) Behold, I will lead thee by my hand, and I will take thee, to put upon thee my name, even the Priesthood of thy father, and my power shall be over thee. (1:19) And it was with Noah so shall it be with thee; but through thy ministry my name shall be known in the earth forever, for I am thy God.

“Khonsu” (Egyptian moon god)

In the image below, going down, vertically, the first two symbols are real Egyptian characters, existing in the version Joseph had but since damaged and illegible. Then we have a portion of the scroll that was apparently damaged and missing when Joseph received it. We can see that he inserted four characters. The first was a real Egyptian character he copied from another section. The next three are symbols look like they might be Egyptian but are not. Joseph apparently invented these using his imagination. After these three, we get to the characters shown in the second image above.

Facsimile problems

This is Facsimile 1 found with the scroll just to the right of the KEP/Book of Abraham translated portion. You can see that pieces are missing, and you see the hand sketches made by someone involved with Joseph in KEP project in 1830’s. Joseph reconstructed the missing parts and interpreted the meaning as Abraham being nearly killed by an Egyptian priest before being rescued by the Holy Ghost.

This is the image taken from the Book of Abraham that Joseph published, still found in LDS scripture.

The following are two reconstructions of the facsimile by trained Egyptians. The characters and the scene are typical for Egyptian pictures. Egyptologists agree generally on the meaning. This is to represent the Egytian god Horus (jackal head) offering up the buried dead to heaven. The other facsimiles have similar kind of issues.

Kinderhook Plates

I agree to some extent with LDS apologists who scoff at the idea that the Kinderhook plates episode is condemning to Joseph. But what I think is very interesting is the insight it gives into the prior Book of Abraham translation, and Joseph’s thought process when it comes to translating Egyptian.

In 1843 some men fabricated some ancient looking stone plates with Egyptian looking writing on them and offered them to Joseph Smith to trick him. These are called the Kinderhook Plates. By a couple different accounts, Joseph put them on display in his house, declared them as being a record from a Jaredite and started to translate them.

Facsimile of the Kinderhook Plates:

Second Plate:

Close up of top character on first plate:

James Gordon Bennett a friendly Non-Mormon visited Joseph and published this account in a newspaper:

“the plates are evidently brass, and are covered on both sides with hieroglyphics. They were brought up and shown to Joseph Smith. He compared, in my presence, with his Egyptian Alphabet …and they’re evidently the same characters. He therefore will be able to decipher them.””

Don Bradley, LDS scholar, presented some fascinating research where he tied the accounts referencing the Kinderhook Plates with the actual KEP. He found a section in the KEP English translation side that matches the alleged translation of Kinderhook Plates taken from the first symbol at the top of the second Kinderhook Plate.

From the KEP, we have this boat shape as an Egyptian character with a translation:

The translation from the KEP:

“Honor by birth, kingly power by the line of Pharaoh, possession by birth, one who reigns upon his throne universally. Possession of heaven and earth, and of the blessings of the earth.”

Compare this to William Clayton’s account on the Kinderhook translation:

“President Joseph has translated a portion and says they contain the history of the person with whom they were found and he was a descendant of Ham through the loins of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and that he received his kingdom from the ruler of heaven and earth.”

How do informed LDS members view this information?

churchistrue.com sacramental paradigm view:
Scripture is seen as metaphorical. Faith is an expression of loyalty, devotion, worship and doctrinal alignment but not necessarily a belief in the factual accuracy of scripture or historical religious origins. Challenges to scriptural historical events are not damaging to faith. I do not believe the papyri contained the writings of Abraham. I believe Joseph Smith was inspired by God to bring forth the restoration of the gospel, and he believed as a prophet he had a right to write the words of Abraham, in midrash style. Some scripture is more valuable than other. I believe Joseph felt called to be a prophet, but it’s possible he made mistakes in an attempt to bolster his credibility to others to execute the plan he felt deeply was his responsibility. I believe the fruits of Joseph’s work are true and beautiful.

Literal believing LDS view:
Some members are still in the “missing papyri” camp, ie the papyri that was found was missing portions. That could have been what Joseph was translating. It is not uncommon for writings to be passed down, and transcribed and combined with other writings, so it’s not impossible. They believe there are “bullseyes” related to Book of Abraham content that are remarkably similar to writings attributed to Abraham that Joseph would not have known about. Many literal believing members fall into the “catalyst” camp. The writings of Abraham were not on the scroll, but Joseph used the scroll to tap into the revelatory spirit, channeling an actual ancient record Abraham did write. The KEP shouldn’t condemn Joseph as it was a completely separate endeavor. Joseph first translated the Book of Abraham by the power of God. He then tried to use the translation as a way to figure out the Egyptian, which didn’t work and which might have been more focused on by some other men like W.W. Phelps.

Nuanced LDS view:
The actual reality lies somewhere in between the two above views. The catalyst theory or the midrash theory is fine with many members. Some might go so far to say Joseph intentionally misrepresented the papyri; some might think he misunderstood what the papyri were. But what ultimately is important is the doctrine and teachings that came as a result of Joseph’s prophetic role.

Shared view by all LDS:
We accept The Book of Abraham as the word of God as part of the canon of this church. By studying it, we can find value in our efforts to worship God, and we can gain insight into the revelatory process of a prophet.