“Why should investors accept their claims about future coal and oil demand when they clearly don’t stack up with technology and policy developments?” he asked.

“Investors need to challenge companies who are ignoring the demand destruction that the market sees coming through much sooner than the business-as-usual scenarios being cited by the industry. Otherwise they will be on the wrong side of the energy revolution.”

Their scenarios are generally consistent with 4-6C of global temperature rise, a level scientists say will trigger catastrophic impacts.

The independent International Energy Agency (IEA) and US-based Energy Information Administration produce similar scenarios, which are selectively cited by the industry.

All combine bullish forecasts for population growth and economic growth with conservative views on the potential for energy efficiency and low carbon technology.

These are not borne out by the latest trends, analysts argued, and could lead the industry to invest in costly and unnecessary new resources.

Solar power installations exceeded all forecasts by the International Energy Agency

The IEA failed to predict the recent solar boom. As for the next big thing, household batteries to manage intermittent sun and wind power generation, Tesla is bringing costs down ahead of expectations. Electric vehicles could also take off rapidly, by some calculations, undermining demand for petrol.

Carbon Tracker senior analyst and co-author Luke Sussams said: “The incumbents are taking the easy way out by exclusively looking at incremental changes to the energy mix which they can adapt to slowly.

“The real threat lies in the potential for low-carbon technologies to combine and transform society’s relationship with energy. This is currently being overlooked by big oil, coal and gas.”

Household-scale batteries are seen as critical to greening the electricity mix – and costs are falling faster than expected

Equally, the sector may be underestimating the political will to curb climate change.

More than 150 countries have submitted climate pledges towards a UN deal to be finalised in Paris this December. As the most up-to-date commitments, these would be “a sensible reference point to build into planning,” the report said.

Yet collectively, the pledges imply CO2 savings of up to 100 gigatonnes compared to energy company forecasts by 2030. That is roughly equivalent to ten years worth of China’s emissions, at current rates.

A Paris agreement is expected to drive further emissions cuts in future, to put the world on a 2C path.