"Giorgione is regarded as a unique figure in the history of art: almost no other Western painter has left so few secure works and enjoyed such fame..." Sylvia Ferino-Pagden.

My website, MyGiorgione, now includes my interpretations of Giorgione's "Tempest" as "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt"; his "Three Ages of Man" as "The Encounter of Jesus with the Rich Young Man"; Titian's, "Sacred and Profane Love" as "The Conversion of Mary Magdalen"; and Titian's "Pastoral Concert" as his "Homage to Giorgione".

Wednesday, May 28, 2014

In his massive 2009 study of Giorgione, Enrico Maria dal Pozzolo attached great importance to a seventeenth century copy by David Teniers of a now lost Giorgione painting. Dal Pozzolo accepted the traditional identification of the painting as the discovery of the infant Paris on Mt. Ida, and paired it with another lost Giorgione, the meeting of Aeneas and his father, Anchises, after the fall of Troy.

as we previously
stated, the Birth of Paris and the probable flight of Aeneas and Anchises from
Troy constitute the beginning and the end of the Trojan saga. These specific
subjects had seemingly never been represented in Venetian painting before
Giorgione; but they were afterwards, and also in paintings by artists (both
anonymous and identifiable) who were bound with the master of Castelfranco’s
activity…. (Dal Pozzolo, Giorgione, 2009, p. 264)

I also believe that the Teniers copy is very important but more for its relationship to the "Tempest." The subject of the lost Giorgione has been misunderstood from the time Marcantonio Michiel saw the original in the home of Taddeo Contarini two decades after Giorgione's death to the present. Below see my 2010 essay that claims that the subject of the painting is "The Encounter of the Holy Family with Robbers on the Flight into Egypt."

David Teniers: Copy of a lost Giorgione

A “lost” Giorgione painting
which has been misidentified for almost 500 years can shed new light on the
work and career of the most mysterious and perhaps the greatest of all Venetian
Renaissance painters.

In 1525, fifteen years after the death of Giorgione,
Marcantonio Michiel noticed a painting in the home of Venetian patrician, Taddeo
Contarini, and described it as a “picture on canvas, representing the birth of
Paris, in a landscape, with two shepherds standing.…” Michiel noted that it was
one of Giorgione’s “early works.”[i]

This painting has been lost, but copies exist from
the 17th century. The editor of the 1903 translation of Michiel’s
notes cited a description in an “old manuscript catalog of the time.”

A landscape on canvas, in oil, where there are on
one side, a half nude woman and an old man, seated, with a flute.[ii]

One
of the copies, made by David Teniers around 1655, is currently in a private
collection but was discussed in two recent catalogues. The authors of both
catalogues agree that it is a copy of an early Giorgione and also accept,
although with some puzzlement, Michiel’s identification of the painting as “the
birth of Paris.”[iii] However,
details in this early Giorgione indicate that it has quite a different subject
than the one imagined by Michiel.

The subject of this “lost” Giorgione comes from a
legendary episode on the flight of the Holy Family into Egypt. Here is the
version from the apocryphal “Arabic Gospel of the Infancy.”

Joseph and the lady Mary departed and came to a
desert place, and when they heard that it was infested with raids by robbers,
they decided to pass through this region by night. But behold, on the way they
saw two robbers lying on the road, and with them a crowd of robbers who
belonged to them, likewise sleeping. Now these two robbers, into whose hands
they had fallen, were Titus and Dumachus. And Titus said to Dumachus: ‘I ask
you to let these (people) go free, and in such a way that our companions do not
observe them.’ But Dumachus refused and Titus said again: ‘Take from me forty drachmae and have them as a
pledge.’ At the same time he reached him the girdle which he wore round him,
that he might hold his tongue and not speak.[iv]

In Legends
of the Madonna Anna Jameson called the encounter with the robbers an
“ancient tradition,” and added another detail. After the acceptance of his
offer, “the merciful robber led the Holy Travellers to his stronghold on the
rock, and gave them lodging for the night.”[v]

The landscape in the background of the painting is
commonplace in depictions of the Flight into Egypt. The stream is often seen in
versions of the “Rest.” It was used by the Madonna to either bathe, or to wash
the swaddling clothes of her Son.

Bathing might explain Mary’s exposed leg and arms
but the disarray of her clothing could also be Giorgione’s way of representing
her obvious danger from the robbers. In a painting now in the Hermitage
Giorgione exposed the thigh of Judith, the famous Jewish heroine whose virtue
was also threatened.[vi] In any case
Mary sits with her back to Joseph with her eyes intent on her Son, her real
protector. Joseph is portrayed as an elderly graybeard as in Giorgione’s
well-known Nativities. The infant Christ lies on a white cloth and returns his
mother’s imploring look. The white cloth recalls the corporale, used to cover the altar on which the Eucharist is
placed.[vii]

The
two men on the right side are not shepherds but robbers. A Giorgione shepherd
would be kneeling or bending over the Child in adoration. The one with the red
jacket has just convinced the other to leave the Holy Family in peace. He has
taken off his “girdle” leaving himself somewhat exposed and given it to the
other who is in the process of fixing it around his waist. The band of robbers
can be seen lounging in the middle ground. Joseph’s flute recalls the well-know
verse from Juvenal: “A wanderer who has nothing can sing in a robber’s face.”[viii]

In “The Encounter with the Robbers in the Desert”
Giorgione did not attempt to hide the subject of that early work. If no one has
recognized its subject from Michiel’s time to ours, it is because the very
popular apocryphal legends have largely been forgotten. Early in his career
Giorgione was working not on a pagan subject derived from the legend of Paris
but on a depiction of an apocryphal legend based on the Flight into Egypt.
Moreover, he showed an inclination, even at this early stage in his brief career,
to depict the Madonna in a very unusual way.

Marcantonio Michiel may not
have been the first to describe this painting. In 1510, the year of Giorgione’s
death, Isabella D’Este, the Marchioness of Mantua and a noted collector, was
trying to acquire a work by Giorgione for her camerino. When she was informed by Taddeo Albano, her agent in
Venice, that Giorgione had just died, she urged him to try to acquire a “Notte” from his estate:[ix]

we hear that among the possessions left by Zorzo da
Castelfranco, the painter, there is a picture of a Notte, very beautiful and original. If this is the case, we wish to
have it, and beg your Lorenzo da Pavia or any other person of taste and
judgment to go and see if it is a really excellent thing. If it is, I hope you
will endeavor to secure this picture for me, with the help of our dearest compare the Magnifico Carlo Valerio, or
of any one else you may think fit. Find out the price and let us have the exact
sum; but if it is really a fine thing, and you think well to clench the bargain
for fear others should carry it off, do what you think best…”

Albano
replied,

I have spoken in your interests to some of my
friends who were very intimate with him, and they assure me that there is no
such picture among his possessions. It is true that the said Zorzo painted a Notte for M. Taddeo Contarini, which,
according to the information which I have, is not as perfect as you would
desire. Another picture of the Notte
was painted by Zorzo for a certain Vittore Beccaro, which, from what I hear, is
finer in design and better finished than that of Contarini. But Beccaro is not
at present in Venice, and from what I hear neither picture is for sale, because
the owners have had them painted for their own pleasure, so that I regret I am
unable to satisfy Your Excellency’s wish.

According
to Michiel’s notes the only painting in the home of Taddeo Contarini that could
be a “notte” would be the “discovery of Paris,” or as we have called it, “The
Encounter with the Robbers on the Flight into Egypt.” Scholars have never
agreed about what Isabella D’Este could have meant by “Notte.” Some think she was referring to a Nativity but Isabella
knew a Nativity when she saw one, or when she requested one from Giovanni
Bellini. No, the “Encounter with the Robbers,” indicates that a “Notte” was an evening scene where the
sun was setting over a landscape at the end of day.

What about the other “notte”? It is certainly
possible that the one done for Vittore Beccaro, the one finer in design and
better finished; the one described by Isabella as “very beautiful and original”
could have been the Tempesta. In the “Encounter with the
Robbers” Giorgione was “stretching the envelope” with a presentation of a
disheveled and partially nude Madonna. Later he would go even further in the
“Tempesta.” But that is another story.[x]

###

[i]The
Anonimo, Notes on Pictures and Works of Art in Italy made by an Anonymous
Writer in the Sixteenth Century, ed. George C. Williamson, London, 1903. p.
104.

[iv] Extract
from the Arabic Infancy Gospel in Edgar Hennecke, New Testament Apocrypha,
edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, English translation edited by R. McL. Wilson,
Volume One, Philadelphia 1963. p. 408. On the web a search for theFirst
Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus, Chapter. VIII, will give the story with
slightly different wording.

[v]Jameson, Legends of the Madonna,
Boston, 1885. pp. 361-362. Mrs. Jameson noted that the encounter with the
robbers has been “seldom treated” as an artistic subject but did indicate that
she had seen two representations. “One is a fresco by Giovanni di San Giovanni,
which, having been cut from the wall of some suppressed convent, is now in the
academy at Florence. The other is a composition by Zuccaro.” In a later edition
she provided a sketch of the Zuccaro “Encounter,” which shows Joseph assisting
the Madonna down from the Ass at the behest of the armed robber.

[vi] In Judith’s
famous prayer she recalled her ancestor Simeon who took vengeance on the
foreigners “who had undone a virgin’s girdle to her shame, laid bare her thigh
to her confusion…” Judith 9:2, Jerusalem Bible.

[vii] For the corporale see the discussion of Titian’s
Pesaro Altarpiece in Rona
Goffen,Piety and Patronage in
Renaissance Venice, Yale, 1986, p. 114.

[viii] Juvenal,
Satires, X, 22. I thank Dr. Karin Zeleny of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in
Vienna for the Juvenal reference.

Tuesday, May 13, 2014

In
“Giorgione’s Tempest”, famed Italian art historian Salvatore Settis discussed
practically every important commentary on Giorgione’s most beautiful, famous,
and mysterious painting. The book was first published in 1978 but I use the
1990 English version published by the University of Chicago Press. To assist
the reader Settis provided a convenient chart that listed 28 different
commentators who had produced a total of 25 different interpretations of the
subject.

Settis
compared the painting to a jigsaw puzzle and argued that any interpretion must
identify all the pieces of the puzzle and fit them easily together. In his chart
he identified the pieces as the Man, the Woman, the child, the lightning, the
pillars, the serpent, the city, and the bather seen only by x-ray. Actually, it
would take a great deal of imagination to see a serpent, and it would probably
have been better if he had used the prominent plant in front of the woman.
Also, he did not include the bird on the roof in the backround as one of the
pieces. Obviously, a pentimento like the bather can not be part of the completed puzzle.

Interestingly,
hardly any of the commentators tried to identify all of the pieces of the
puzzle, much less fit them together. Settis, himself, tried to fit them all
together in his interpretation of the painting as Adam and Eve after their
expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Perhaps this is why he saw a serpent rather
than a plant root in the painting.

The
Adam and Eve interpretation met the same fate as all the other interpretations
mentioned in the book. It was rejected by leading scholars and has never gained
wide acceptance. Since the book’s publication many other interpretations have
been proposed especially after Giorgione’s fame grew immensely as the five
hundredth anniversary of his death approached in 2010. In 2004 a groundbreaking
exhibition jointly sponsored by the Accademia in Venice and the
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna produced a catalog that offered at least three
competing interpretations of the Tempest. The editors of the catalog had to
admit that the painting was still as mysterious as ever.

One
of the interpreters listed by Settis was Robert Eisler, an outsider to the art
history world. In 1935 Eisler tried to identify the subject of the painting as
the discovery of the infant Paris by a shepherd and his wife. Settis described
the attempts of Eisler to penetrate the world of Art History.

It
is impossible not to feel a certain sympathy for this scholar (1882-1949), who
never taught and never managed to publish his book New Titles for Old Pictures,
part of which was devoted to Giorgione. (After Richter dated it with a
reference ‘London, 1935’ it was quoted by a long line of scholars as though it
were a published work!) After various adversities, one of which was a long
imprisonment in Nazi camps, Eisler discovered that some of his ideas on
Giorgione were beginning to circulate through Richter’s book and attempted to
draw attention to this fact in a letter to the Times Literary Supplement
(1946). He corrected the proofs but only a third of his letter was finally
published… regarding the Tempest, while the rest, on the Three Philosophers, is
still unedited… The proposition quoted here is not included in the typescript
of the book, and is only formulated in the letter to the Times Literary
Supplement. (The Eisler Papers are preserved in the Warburg Insitute, where I
was permitted , with a customary perfect courtesy, to examine them at my
leisure.*

I
also feel a certain sympathy with Eisler and his efforts. Like Eisler I had a
long and successful career in another field but lacked the credentials and a
certain amount of scholarly expertise. I earned a PhD in History long ago in
the area of eighteenth century British politics. I taught European history at a
local college but left to pursue a career as a financial advisor. Only as I
neared retirement in 2005 did I return to History and come upon Giorgione’s "Tempest" in an old travel book. It was primarily intuition that led me to see
the painting as an idiosyncratic version of “The Rest of the Holy Family on the
Flight into Egypt.”

Subsequent
investigation showed that this interpretation provided an explanation for all
the pieces of the puzzle and fit them together nicely. I sent my interpretation
to most of the leading scholars and institutions in the field but received
little response. Professor Settis was one of a handful who had the kindness and
courtesy to at least respond and offer words of encouragement.

In
2006 I did send an abbreviated version of the "Tempest" essay to the Wall St. Journal for possible
publication in their new weekend Masterpiece column. It was published there on
May 13, 2006. Attempts to publish an expanded version in scholarly journals
came to nothing. In 2010 I did read the paper in a small panel at the annual
meeting of the Renaissance Society of America held that year in Venice.

It
was a nice experience but I realized that I would have to find another way to
get my work out there. It was then that I decided to create my blog, Giorgione
et al… The blog has been relatively successful in that I have met with and
corresponded with interested parties all over the world. However, there is
still a great reluctance on the part of many scholars to use the Internet. Some
have told me that they won’t read anything that appears there. I can understand
a certain level of concern but I imagine the same fears were present 500 years
ago after the advent of the printing press.

Today
marks the eighth anniversary of the publication of my initial brief explanation
of the "Tempest" in the Wall St. Journal. The editor cautiously added the sub-title, "A Renaissance Mystery Solved?" I reproduced it last year on this site. For the full
essay and other papers that have flowed from the realization that the painting had a "sacred" subject, please visit my
website, MyGiorgione.