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The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions that are implemented
directly through the C-API. Some of these functions provide essential services
to the language (e.g., type and getmetatable);
others provide access to „outside“ services (e.g., I/O); and others could be
implemented in Lua itself, but are quite useful or have critical performance
requirements that deserve an implementation in C (e.g., table.sort).

All libraries are implemented through the official C API
and are provided as separate C modules.
Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries:

basic library, which includes the coroutine sub-library;

package library;

string manipulation;

table manipulation;

mathematical functions (sin, log, etc.);

input and output;

operating system facilities;

debug facilities.

Except for the basic and package libraries, each library provides all its
functions as fields of a global table or as methods of its objects.