Listening principles1. Encourage Ss to listen as often as much as possible. -The more Ss listen, the better they get at listening.2. Help students prepare listen. -Ss need to look at pictures, discuss the topic, or read questions first. 3. Once may not be enough. -Subsequent listening is important.4. Encourage Ss to respond to the content of a listening, not just to the language. -to draw out the meaning of what is being said5. Different listening stages demand different listening tasks.6. Good teachers exploit listening texts to the full.Audio and Videovideo is richer than audio

4 particular techniques are appropriate for learners 1) play the video without sound 2) play the audio without the picture 3) freeze frame - the teacher presses the pause button and asks the students what's going to happen next 4) dividing the class in half - half the class face the screen. The other half sit with their backs to it. The 'screen' half describe the visual images to the 'wall' half.More listening suggestionsjigsaw listeningmessage-taking: listen to a phone messagemusic and sound effects -songs are very useful and engaging -Ss can fill in the blanks in song lyrics, rearrange lines or verses, or listen to songs and say what mood or message they convey.news and other radio genrepoetrystories:a major speaking genre is storytelligmonologues -ask Ss to listen to lectures and take notes -listen to dramatic or comic monologuesReasons for listeningListening is good for Ss' pronunciation. - the more Ss hear and understand spoken English, the more they absorb appropriate pitch and intonation, stress and soundswhat are regional varieties?Ts need to expose their Ss to different varieties of English, and different kinds of listening.Different kinds of listening*intensive listening vs extensive listeningextensive listening is related with 'for pleasure listening' - audio materials: CDs, MP3 players, DVDs, videos or the Internet intensive listening means that Ss listen specifically in order to work on listening skills, and in order to study the way in which English is spokenListening sources: live listening, recorded extractslive listening can Ss interact with the speakers on the basis of what they are saying, making the whole listening dynamic & excitingListening levels & skillsSs need to hear people speaking in different genres.Ss should listen authentic English. -authentic speech: it is language spoken for native or competent speaker of English Ss need to be able to deploy different skills for listening in order to understand general meaning or, alternatively, to get specific details.*Students need to be able to recognize paralinguistic clues in order to understand mood and meaning.*Students need to be able to listen for specific information, and for more general understanding.*Ss need to listen different genres.