A Modern Treatise on the Law of Criminal Complicity

Complicity is both structurally and conceptually a complex area of criminal law. This is partly a consequence of requiring a single supplementary form of liability relevant to most crimes.

Furthermore, the inherently problematic nature of such wide ranging liability is compounded by complicity's coverage of undesirable activities often some way removed, in distance and in time, from the more obvious core of harm defined in each substantive offence.

This frequently raises awkward fundamental policy dilemmas as to law's legitimate limits, representing prime examples of penumbral issues where the criminal law is operating, so to speak, on the outer edge of liability. Despite these underlying difficulties and complicity's considerable practical importance, its conceptual framework remains surprisingly undeveloped, resulting in extensive judicial uncertainty and conflicting case law.

This book seeks to explore and articulate complicity's theoretical foundations as a relatively self-contained criminalizing mechanism and to review its coherence within more general criminal law theory. Although the study's principal focus is English law, American and Commnwealth jurisdictionsd figure prominently to facilitate and inform discussion. The work is intended for criminal lawyers, both practitioners and academics, and students and scholars of criminal law

duction - the "Actus Reus"; modes of complicity; causation's role in complicity; the derivative - the mental requirement; the accessory's purpose or knowledge that his actions will assist or encourage the principal; specificity - the necessary extent of the accessory's "knowledge" of the principal offence; variations in performance by the principal from that contemplated by the accessoory; the doctrine of common purpose - exclusion, limitation, and withdrawal; exclusion and limitation of complicity; general defences and withdrawal