NAYPYITAW, Myanmar—China and the Philippines traded barbs over recent maritime tensions at a weekend gathering of regional foreign ministers, as Manila appeared to win muted support from Southeast Asian neighbors for its proposed freeze on provocative acts in the disputed South China Sea.

Both Beijing and Manila sought to steer the tone of talks, organized by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. China rejected the Philippine plan as disruptive to efforts to manage maritime disputes, while the Philippines accused...