This § 1983 case stems from the death of Anthony Jones in the early morning of December 11, 2010. The autopsy report listed " cocaine and ethanol intoxication" as the cause of death, with cardiomegaly (enlarged heart), high blood pressure, and police restraining procedures as " significant contributing" conditions. These restraining procedures--which included two officers using taser guns on Jones as he repeatedly resisted arrest after fleeing a traffic stop, one officer using his baton to try to wrestle Jones's arm out of a threatening position, and a fourth officer using his hands to grab Jones's ankles to stop Jones from kicking--prompted Jones's estate and parents to sue both the individual officers and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (" Metro").

Plaintiffs allege, among other things, that the officers used excessive force when trying to restrain Jones and that Metro's policies regarding the procedures are unconstitutional. Having reviewed the defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment and related briefs, I find that plaintiffs cannot maintain their claims. Plaintiffs do not have standing to bring their first, second, and third claims for relief. They provide insufficient evidence to support their fourth claim for relief. And Nevada's discretionary immunity statue bars their fifth, sixth, and seventh claims for relief. Accordingly, I grant defendants' motion.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The Traffic Stop

Shortly after 1:05 a.m. on Saturday, December 10, 2011, Metro Officer Mark Hatten pulled over Anthony Jones for driving a vehicle without headlights and turning right on red without coming to a complete stop. Officer Hatten remembers that when he asked Jones why he was driving without headlights, Jones " looked straight ahead" and " didn't answer." [1] When he asked Jones more basic questions, intended to " make [Jones] feel at ease, " Jones responded in a way Officer Hatten described as " vague, " " odd, " and " nervous." [2]

Because he had already seen Jones try to conceal his left hand between the door panel and his left thigh when Officer Hatten first approached Jones's vehicle, these answers caused Officer Hatten to become " concerned that [Jones] was hiding something in the vehicle, maybe a weapon." [3] So he asked Jones to step out from behind the wheel. Jones complied. Then he asked Jones to place his hands behind his back, and told him, " I'm just going to pat you down for any weapons." [4] To which Jones responded, " What's the problem, Officer?" and instead of putting his hands behind his back, brought them up towards his waistband.[5]

Officer Hatten interpreted this movement as an effort to possibly reach for a concealed weapon.[6] So he pulled out his firearm, created a distance of about 25 feet between himself and Jones and ordered Jones to " Show me your hands!" Using his police radio, he also issued a " Code Red." [7]

Soon sirens could be heard, which, according to Officer Hatten. seemed to agitate Jones.[8] Of even more concern to Officer Hatten. however, was that Jones started moving towards his own car.[9] Not wanting Jones to re-enter it. Officer Hatten, still holding his firearm, attempted to grab the back of Jones's jacket with his free hand.[10] But as soon as he did, Jones sprinted across Lake Mead Blvd.[11]

The Chase

Jones was 6'0" and weighed 236 pounds. Officer Hatten, in contrast, was 5'7'' and weighed 170 pounds. So after Officer Hatten informed dispatch that he was about to pursue Jones on foot, he intentionally did not try to apprehend Jones on his own. He knew their difference in size and strength would make it difficult to arrest Jones without back-up.[12] Instead, his plan was to follow close enough behind to simply keep a visual on Jones.[13]

But then Officer Hatten saw Jones lose his footing and tumble in the backyard of an abandoned home on Hart Street.[14] Thinking he might have a tactical advantage now that Jones was on the ground. Officer Hatten closed in and grabbed Jones with his left hand.[16] But Jones resisted, even though Officer Hatten had, with his right hand, pressed his firearm against Jones's back and warned that if Jones did not " get on the ground . . . I will shoot you." [17]

Officer Hatten Tases Jones

Freeing himself from Officer Hatten's control. Jones eventually stood up and turned to face Officer Hatten, at which point Officer Hatten holstered his firearm and took out his taser gun. " [G]et on the ground, " he said, " or I'm going to tase you." [18] But instead of getting on the ground, Jones advanced toward Officer Hatten; in response, Officer Hatten deployed his taser against Jones in " dart-mode." [19]

Seemingly unfazed, Jones continued to advance.[20] So Officer Hatten deployed his taser again, this time in the more powerful " drive-stun" mode.[21] Yet this too appeared to have no effect on Jones, who was now only about a foot away from Officer Hatten.[22] Then, with a third tase, Jones's body finally locked up, and Officer Hatten guided him to the ground.[23]

Jones kept resisting, however. In particular, he would not remove his hands from underneath his body.[24] Officer Hatten responded by tasing Jones again and wrestled with him until additional officers arrived.[25]

Officer Fonbuena Uses His Baton on Jones

Officer Richard Fonbuena arrived and observed that Jones " was a real strong individual" and was " resisting pretty good." [26] Seeing Jones lying on his stomach still fighting with Officer Hatten. Officer Fonbuena ordered Jones to stop resisting and show the officers his hands.[27] When that didn't work, he used his expandable baton to try to pull Jones's right arm out into a position where it could be handcuffed, employing a technique called " stirring the pot."

So I deployed my expandable straight baton, straightened it out and put it on the crook of [Jones's] elbow and started with the--stirring the pot. You're stirring in the circular motion to try to lever the arm out, and that worked for the [right] arm.[28]

But each time Officer Fonbuena pulled Jones's arm out. Jones would pull it back in.[29] Eventually, however, he controlled Jones's right arm and, after an additional 30-60 seconds of struggling, he managed to control Jones's left arm as well.

Before that, though, Officer Fonbuena had noticed that Jones kept his hands " in a balled position." [30] This caused Officer Fonbuena to yell, " He's got something in his hands." [31] Hearing this, Officer Hatten immediately tased Jones more times, later explaining that he believed Jones " had a weapon because that was my fear from the beginning of the stop all the way up to [the point Officer Fonbuena yelled what he did]." [32]

Officer English Tases Jones

Officer Hatten deployed his taser gun 10 times that night for a total of 92 seconds, although it is unclear how many of these deployments actually made contact with Jones.[33] Officer Timothy English arrived on the scene after Officer Fonbuena and also heard someone call out that Jones had something in his hand.[34] English deployed his taser two times for a total of ten seconds.[35] First, he targeted Jones's back. Then, not getting the desired effect, he focused on Jones's left arm. He testified that he did this because " as soon as I heard [that Jones had something in his hand], I thought that he was going to pull up a firearm, and the first person in his way would have been me." [36]

Officer Skenandore Grabs Jones's Ankles

The final officer named in the suit is Officer Steven Skenadore. When he arrived, he noticed that Officer Hatten was near Jones's " bottom half, " Officer Fonbuena was " kind of near the torso area, " and Officer English was " near [Jones's] head." [37] So Officer Skenadore went to Jones's feet.

Grabbing Jones's ankles, Officer English bent Jones's legs in a 90-degree angle and kept them in that position for approximately three to five seconds.[38] This technique is designed to restrict the person's leg movements. He stopped once Jones was handcuffed.

Jones's Death

Once Jones was handcuffed--which was around 1:15 a.m. about 10 minutes after the triggering traffic stop--the officers rolled him over onto his side to check for weapons.[39] Almost immediately, the officers noticed that Jones was unresponsive.[40] Officer Hatten tried talking to him, but Jones did not respond.[41] Officer Fonbuena saw that Jones's eyes had rolled back into his head.[42] He also saw that Jones was not breathing.[43] He then attempted a " sternum rub, " which is a technique used to wake people from unconsciousness by applying pressure with the knuckles to the sternum. Nothing happened.[44]

Two other officers not named in the suit began performing CPR and a third told dispatch to call the paramedics.[45] The call went out at 1:16 a.m., and the paramedics arrived at 1:25 a.m. According to their records, what they found was " Metro officers performing good and effective CPR" and a subject (Jones) who was " supine on the ground, unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless." [46]

Jones was taken to the Valley Hospital emergency room. On the way, he was given a bag-valve mask for respiratory resuscitation. When he arrived, he was intubated. Neither proved successful. He was pronounced dead at 1:59 a.m.[47]

The Autopsy Report

The next day Lisa Gavan, the Clark County Coroner, performed Jones's autopsy. Tin foil with cocaine residue was found between Jones's buttocks and his toxicology report revealed cocaine at " toxic/lethal" levels. A blood alcohol level concentration of .04% was measured (the legal limit is .08%) and the drug Atropine was discovered. Dr. Gavan also noted that Jones " was an obese man with enlarged heart and mild hypertensive changes of his kidneys." She concluded that he " died of cocaine and ethanol intoxication" and listed the following as " other significant contributing" conditions: " cardiomegaly due to obesity and mild hypertension and police restraining procedures." [48]

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs filed their complaint on September 18, 2012.[49] They amended it on April 10, 2013.[50] The amended complaint alleges that: (1) Jones was unlawfully detained in violation of his Fourth Amendment Rights; (2) the police officers used excessive force on Jones and denied him medical care in violation of his Fourth Amendment Rights; (3) Jones's parents were deprived of the their Fourteenth Amendment due process right to be free from unwarranted interference with their familial relationship with Jones; (4) the alleged unconstitutional acts of the police officers occurred because of unconstitutional policies, customs, and practices of Metro--in other words, a Monell claim; and (5) there were three state law violations: false imprisonment, battery, and negligence.[51]

Defendants filed for summary judgment on November 8, 2013.[52] In their Opposition, plaintiffs abandoned their claims against Officers Richard Fonbuena and Steven Skenandore, as well as their claim for denial of medical care.[53]

DISCUSSION

Legal Standard

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary adjudication when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that " there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." [54] Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the case.[55] A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party.[56] " Summary judgment is inappropriate if reasonable jurors, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, could return a verdict in the nonmoving party's favor." [57] A principal purpose of summary judgment is " to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims." [58]

In determining summary judgment, courts apply a burden-shifting analysis. " When the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, it must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial. In such a case, the moving party has the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of fact on each issue material to its case." [59] In contrast, when the nonmoving party bears the burden of proving the claim or defense, the moving party can meet its burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence to negate an essential element of the nonmoving party's case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party's case on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.[60] If the moving party fails to meet its initial burden, summary judgment must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving party's evidence.[61]

If the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue of material fact exists.[62] T o establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that " the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." [63] In other words, the nonmoving party cannot avoid summary judgment by relying solely on conclusory allegations that are unsupported by factual data.[64] Instead, the opposition must go beyond the assertions and allegations of the pleadings and set forth specific facts by producing competent evidence that shows a genuine issue for trial.[65] At summary judgment, a court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.[66] The evidence of the nonmovant is " to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." [67] But if the evidence of the nonmoving party is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.[68]

First and Second Claims for Relief: Fourth Amendment

The first two claims of the amended complaint allege that the defendant officers, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, violated Jones's Fourth Amendment rights. Plaintiffs argue that the initial traffic stop by Officer Hatten was an unconstitutional search and seizure and that after this stop, the officers used excessive force while trying to apprehend Jones.

None of the plaintiffs has standing to bring these claims. Nevada state law provides for the survival of a cause of action for injuries suffered by an individual who dies before judgment is rendered.[69] But this right extends only to the official representatives of an individual's estate; family members and heirs are not included, in the sense that they cannot bring a claim just because they are family members or heirs.[70] To pursue a survival cause of action the plaintiff must be a " duly appointed representative[] of the deceased's estate." [71]

At the time plaintiff's filed their original complaint, and at the time they filed their amended complaint, none of them was a duly appointed representative of Jones's estate. Nor did they cure this defect by the time defendants filed their motion for summary judgment. In fact, plaintiffs did not even initiate the appointment process until ten days after receiving defendants' motion for summary judgm ent, [72] even though plaintiffs claimed, in their amended complaint, that one of them (John's father) had already filled out the necessary paperwork to be appointed.[73]

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 17(a), an " estate" --which is what plaintiffs list in the caption of all their moving papers--cannot be a plaintiff in a lawsuit.[74] A party to a lawsuit must be an actual or natural person; " the estate" is neither. Rule 17(a)(3) requires courts to provide an opportunity to substitute in the correct party before dismissing the claim, provided that the substitution is made within a reasonable time after objection.[75] But the Advisory Committee's comments make clear that although the rule was added in the interest of justice, " [t]he provision should not be misunderstood or distorted. It is intended to prevent forfeiture when determination of the proper party to sue is difficult or when an understandable mistake has been made." [76] Accordingly, " most courts have interpreted . . . Rule 17(a) as being applicable only when the plaintiff brought the action [in the name of the wrong party] as a result of an understandable mistake, because the determination of the correct party to bring the action is difficult." [77]

Here, determining the proper party was not difficult. The Nevada survival statute when read together with Rule 17(a) is clear: the proper party in a survival action is the duly appointed administrator of the estate. That party is not present in this case. And the " mistake" of not following the appropriate procedures seems a lot less " understandable" given the disconnect between what the plaintiffs represented in their amended complaint in April of 2013--that John's father had " filed the necessary documents with the Clark County Probate Court to be appointed as the special administrator of THE ESTATE OF ANTHONY JONES" --and what their own exhibits show: that this process was not even initiated until over six months later. Moreover, plaintiffs have never requested leave to amend to cure this defect; instead they act as if no defect exists. With these procedural impediments in mind, I grant defendants' summary judgment motion as to plaintiffs' first two claims for relief.

Third Claim for Relief: Fourteenth Amendment

Plaintiffs' third claim for relief, which is brought by Jones's parents, alleges that defendants violated their Fourteenth Amendment due process rights " to be free from unwarranted state interference with [their] familial relationship with [Jones]." [78]

Nearly every circuit that has addressed whether parents have a protected liberty interest in their relationship with an adult child--Jones was 44 years old when he died--has concluded they do not.[79] One of the only holdouts is the Tenth Circuit, which, in a case decided well before the recent consensus had been reached, relied on a Seventh Circuit decision that the Seventh Circuit recently overruled.[80] In addition, both the First Circuit and the Sixth Circuit have held that parents do not have a protected liberty interested in their relationship with any children, adult or not.[81]

Without a cognizable constitutional right, plaintiffs cannot bring their Fourteenth Amendment claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C § 1983, because to bring a claim under that statute a plaintiff must allege both that the harmful conduct was committed under the color of state law and that the conduct violated a constitutional right.[82]

Even if plaintiffs could bring this claim, however, they did not provide sufficient facts to create a triable issue. The standard for this kind of Fourteenth Amendment claim is difficult to meet. Only official conduct that " shocks the conscience" [83] qualifies--conduct, in other words, in which an officer acted with a " purpose to cause harm unrelated to the legitimate object of arrest." [84] In fact, an officer's conduct may be objectively unreasonable " yet still not infringe the more demanding standard that governs substantive due process claims." [85]

Here, the facts do not reveal conduct that a reasonable jury could find " shocks the conscience." Had Officer Hatten wanted to act with a " purpose to cause harm, " he probably would not have holstered his firearm and switched to the less harmful alternative of a taser gun when Jones confronted him. He would have instead shot Jones. Nor is their evidence that any of the police officers acted in a way " unrelated to the legitimate object of arrest." The evidence shows that everything they did to Jones was to apprehend him. Once the officers finally handcuffed him, they stopped using physical force and directed their attention to giving Jones medical care. For these reasons, I grant defendants' motion as to plaintiffs' third claim for relief.

Fourth Claim for Relief: Monell

Plaintiffs also allege a Monell claim against Metro. They contend that Metro employed various unconstitutional polices that (1) inadequately supervised, trained, controlled, assigned, and disciplined each of the officers named in the lawsuit, all of whom have, according to plaintiffs, " dangerous propensities for using excessive force"; (2) failed to provide appropriate instructions about the use of force, including restraint techniques and taser guns; and (3) condoned the use of excessive force.[86]

Plaintiffs provide insufficient evidence to support these allegations. They do not attempt to substantiate, with performance reports or psychological assessments, their claim that the police officers had " dangerous propensities for using excessive force." They make no effort to establish a causal connection between the police officers' conduct and Metro's policies, beyond arguing--or rather assuming--that because the police officers acted the way they did, they must not have been adequately trained. Mostly, plaintiffs focus on the behavior of the police officers on the night Jones died, a " single incident" approach the Supreme Court has found unpersuasive.[87]

More fundamentally, however, a prerequisite of a Monell claim is that their first be a violation of constitutional rights caused by the municipality's unconstitutional policies.[88] Because I do not find that there was any violation of constitutional rights in this case, I cannot find that there is a Monell claim. Therefore, I grant defendants' motion as to plaintiffs' fourth claim for relief.

Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Claims for Relief: State Law Claims

In addition to their federal claims, plaintiffs assert three state law claims: false imprisonment/false arrest, battery, and negligence. Each of these can be addressed, collectively, by examining Nevada's discretionary immunity statute.

Discretionary Immunity

Under Nev. Rev. Stat § 41.032(1), no action may be brought against an officer or employer of Nevada " [b]ased upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty . . . whether or not the discretion involved is abused." The key phrase here is " discretionary function, " which the Nevada Supreme Court has linked to acts that require " personal deliberation, decision, and judgment" rather than mere " obedience to orders, or the performance of a duty in which the officer is left no choice of his own." [90] More specifically, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that, in the context of police work, " discretionary function" applies to " an officer's decision as to how to accomplish a particular seizure or search . . . and officers are therefore immune from suit as to state law claims arising therefrom in most cases." [91]

All of the actions taken by the police officers in the present case involved " personal deliberation, decision, and judgment." All of the actions involved an " element of judgment or choice." [92] Officer Hatten could have chosen not to chase Jones, nor try to apprehend him when Jones tripped and fell. He could have chosen not to tase Jones when he advanced, nor continue to tase him when Jones resisted. He could have chosen to not to pull Jones over in the first place. The same is true of the other police officers and their actions. They all made decisions, often in split-second moments, that involved an element of choice. They all made decisions therefore that entitle them to discretionary immunity.

Bad Faith

Plaintiffs contend, however, that these decisions were made in " bad faith." If true, that would disqualify the officers from the protections of discretionary immunity.[93] Specifically, plaintiffs cite Davis v. City of Las Vegas as a parallel case.

But even viewing the facts of this case in a light most favorable to the plaintiffs, I do not find that the actions of the police officers here parallel the actions of the police officer in Davis . There, the officer responded to a call from a casino complaining that a man was reading a magazine atop a stairwell not open to the public. When the officer arrived, he found that casino security had already put the man in handcuffs. The officer did not remove the handcuffs. Instead he patted the man down and then asked if he would consent to a search. The man said no, as was his right. The officer then tried to conduct a search anyway, reaching inside the man's left pocket to retrieve the man's wallet. When the man swiveled his hips to prevent the unconsented-to-search, the officer slammed the man, headfirst, into a wall. He then slammed the man, again headfirst, into another wall. One of these head-first slams left a sizable dent in the wall.[94]

At various points, the officer also threw the man to ground in such a way that the man's teeth hit the floor; jumped on top of the man, placing his knee on the man's back; and, turning him over, punched him the face. As a result, the man ended up with a fractured neck. The officer did not take him to the hospital until after he wras booked into jail, despite the man's complaints that he was in severe pain.[95] That is " bad faith." The officer arrested a citizen " in an abusive manner not as the result of the exercise of poor judgment as to the force required to make an arrest, but instead . . . because of a willful or deliberate disregard for the rights of a particular citizen or citizen." [96] But this is not, importantly, what happened in the present case.

Here there is no evidence of a " willful or deliberate disregard" for the rights of Jones, who, unlike the man in Davis, unlawfully--and repeatedly--resisted arrest and was thought to have a weapon. Nor is there any evidence that the police officers acted out of personal animus, as occurred in Pike v. Hester, [97] another Nevada case in which the " bad faith" standard was met. Here we have only the sad combination of circumstances--toxic levels of cocaine, physical resistance, and taser guns--that led to the premature death of LeRoy Jones. The defendants are entitled to discretionary immunity, so I grant their motion as to the fifth, sixth, and seven claims for relief.

CONCLUSION

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #32) is GRANTED. The clerk shall enter judgment in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiffs and close the case.

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