Niagara Movement membership certificate
The Niagara Movement emerged out of years of struggle against racial oppression in the United States and frustration with the slow pace of change on the one hand and the moderate, accommodationist policies of Booker T. Washington on the other. In February 1905, W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter helped call together an all-black "national strategy board" to chart a new and more radical course toward social and racial justice. Inviting fifty nine like-minded intellectuals and activists to a conference on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls in July 1905, twenty nine of whom attended, they established the Niagara Movement, an early and strident voice for equality.

From the outset, the Niagara Movement defined itself against both racial oppression and Washingtonian conciliation, demanding immediate freedom of speech and press, full suffrage, the "abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color," a "recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed," and a belief in the dignity of labor. Their demands were simple, but radical for America in 1905: "We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not 'knockers' save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are 'out after the Stuff' but that 'stuff' includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots. . ."

With Du Bois as General Secretary, the Movement grew rapidly, establishing chapters in twenty one states by mid-September and reaching 170 members by year's end. Symbolically, they selected Harper's Ferry, W.Va. -- the site of John Brown's raid -- for their second annual conference in 1906, and they met subsequently in Boston, Oberlin, and Sea Isle City, N.J. Through its committees and branches, the Movement organized against segregation in travel and education and worked to secure voting rights and civic equality. In one of their best known works, they made their goals clear:

We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America. The battle we wage is not for ourselves alone but for all true Americans. It is a fight for ideals, lest this, our common fatherland, false to its founding, become in truth the land of the thief and the home of the slave -- a byword and a hissing among the nations for its sounding pretensions and pitiful accomplishment.

Weak finances and internal dissension, however, increasingly hampered the effectiveness of the organization. After a bitter feud within its Massachusetts branch and continuing conflict with Washington, the momentum of the Movement slowed and by 1910, it was disbanded altogether. Their work, however, was not abandoned. Du Bois and most of the original members were instrumental in the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909, a less radical movement that nevertheless shared the same basic goals.

Du Bois Central
Additional information on Du Bois, including links to the Du Bois Papers finding aid, exhibits, and more is located on our Du Bois Central page.

"The Niagara Movement stands for: 1. Freedom of speech and criticism; 2. Freedom of an unsubsidized Press; 3. Full manhood suffrage restricted only (a) by ignorance in cases where the ignorance is due to neglect of opportunity or (b crime.; 4. The abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color; 5. The recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed; 6. The recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no class or race.7. A belief in the dignity of manual toil; 8. United effort to realize these ideals under a leadership of courage and ideals."

"Of course I have heard of the Niagara movement. I dont live in the desert! I read of it in the Post and the Christian Register which had a sympathetic account of the matter. Then I subscribed to the Guardian and have grown more fond of Mr. Washington evry day! I should think Mr. Trotter would make converts to the other side with every edition."

Likely to be interested in the Niagara Movement. "I cannot believe that in the long run it can be for the real good of any race to oppress unjustly any man or set of men anywhere in the world. . . God and right will rule, and must rule in the affairs of races as well as in those of individuals. . . It surely needs no argument to any fair minded man to be convinced that the national sin of our coutnry today is the shameful injustice to which our race is subjected in practically all parts of the land, both in a private and a public way. But we ask not the destruction or overthrow of the oppressors, we seek not their harm; on the other hand we desire thair good, when we earnestly ask them to think on these things, to put themselves in our place, as it were, and think how they would like to be thus treated. Can it be treason to refer to the Golden Rule?"

"We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not 'knockers' save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are 'out after the Stuff' but that 'stuff' includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots as we as cash. . . "

Covering Harpers Ferry will be her first reporter's work. Du Bois reply (in pencil on verso): "I shall look out for you. I'm afraid I can't smuggle you into the members meetings but I'll smuggle all the important matter out to you."

Articles publisheed in the Post and Independent. "I am afraid I made it too clear as to just where the point of division between the two Negro camps lies. Dr. Washington wants to keep this fuddled, and what Dr. Washington wants still goes. 'But not for long, oh not for long.'"

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

"While I am in most hearty sympathy with the aims of the Niagara Movement, I have been unable to bring myself into accord with the methods, in the main, which it has adopted for realizing these aims." Declines active membership.

Thought De Berry had joined the Movement, and is sorry that he cannot "work for its object. We are wedded to no particular way of working we comprise men of a great many different kind of ideas and the plan is to let every one work freely for the great object. If any one does not like our methods we are very glad to have them come in and show us better methods but I think it is very unfortunate at this time to have a man of your ability and ideals stand outside of an organization like this and refuse to help.

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

Greetings from Equal Suffrage League, National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. "These are auspicious times, and many violations of the laws of both state and nation in the interest of the Negro for proper development as citizens are constantly occurring; yet these are grand incentives for us to accept in the name and service of the Lord, as His ammunition to assist us in the battle for justice. Dear friends, these apparent obstacles which beset our pathway in our struggles are blessings in disguise; can be not look upon them as such? Therefore, be assured that we are with you in the spirit of the work to co-operate in any practical way." Signed by Sarah J. S. Garnet, Mary E. Eaton, Lydia C. Smith, and V. Morton-Jones.

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hopoed that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blunds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

Cannot attend, but will designate a proxy. Asks whether there are plans to eulogize any of the heroes? "They seem to be holding meetings in Boston but it does not appear that they are under auspices of the N.M. . . "

A mid-winter meeting of the Niagara Movement would be "the worst calamity that could befall it." If the purpose of the meeting is the "enormity of the crime of Mass. membership and methods," should they not meet in Boston?

"In submitting this report your committee is deeply impressed with the conviction that now, if ever, is the time for the widespread and thorough organization of patriotic and liberty-loving American Negroes. The persistence and intensifying of race prejudice, and the injustice and oppression resulting therefrom, must be met by organization the more permanent and thoroughgoing. . . " Suggests founding "eminently practical" local branches whereever the Negro population is considerable and using these to fight local wrongs. "It is not greatness of numbers that the Niagara Movement needs, but a united cooperation of men and women who are inspired with the same ideals and who are burning with the desire to achieve those ideals. In the union of such souls there is strength." Signed by M.W. Gilbert, Carrie W. Clifford, L. Joseph Brown, E. Burton Ceruti, G.W. Ford, and N. B. Marshall.

"The Massachusetts trouble has spread from a local coolness to a cause of nation-wide dissention in our ranks." The Excutive Committee has refused to assent to the General Secretary's proposal for solution, so Du Bois throws it to them to resolve.

Niagara Movement gaining ground in Arkansas, "the stronghold of Washingtonism." Has heard of the trouble within the Movement, but believes it can be resolved. "N.M. stands for too much to be jeopardized by personal piques, or social spats. I would counsel prudence and a charitable spirit, in all. I feel very keenly for you as it appears the whole movement rests on your shoulders. If a failure is had, attempts will be made to saddle it on you, if success is realized, 'We killed the bear.' Your high sense of honor, keen sense of justice and true devotion to the cause will make you a safe leader in this crisis."

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . . "

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . . " Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Re: the "Massachusetts trouble" -- growing estrangement between prominent members there. The chief disputes: 1) whether persons unaffiliated with the movement or even inimical to it, should be allowed to assist in raising funds; and 2) who were bona fide members of the Massachusetts branch.

Sections: 1) The kind of work which may be done by a state organization of the character suggested in Departmental Letter, no. 1; 2) Some suggestive figures [potential voting power of African Americans]; 3) On the improvement of railroad accommodations in the south; 4) What of the civil rights act in your state?

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Unhappy she cannot attend the Niagara meeting. "At the Federation of Colord Women's Clubs the other evening we sang John Brown, and I thought, as I always do when I sing that song now, of our gathering at Harper's Ferry. That was a momorable time, and the inspiration from it has helped me often. "Go on with your constructive work, with the effort to win the rights of manhood for every Negro in the country. And work with those who are fighting the same fight. You ought all to be done with bickering with Republicans or Democrats. There is a working man's party in the country. How can the Negro belong with any other?"

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

"My attitude is this: the Niagara Movement is an organization that affiliates with no political party and pays its own bills, it is however, perfectly proper for individual members of the Movement to receive pay for legitimate political service from any part in whose principles they believe; they have no right in such case to use the official name of the organization."

Is not a member of the Niagara Movement and does not wish to be regarded as one. "The reason for which is this, at one time I attended one of the special meeting of the Mass. branch of the organization, at which time, the meeting ended in a wrangle, with everyone talking, the result being that the members could not agree on any common plan. At that time I secretly avowed that I would never give one cent to an organization of this kind regardless of its principles, as I am very poor, and have to work too hard for my money. And moreover I could not see how the organization could do an effective work where 'good fellowship' seemed to be lacking."

Hopes Crawford can attend the meeting: "I know that you have been disappointed in the actual accomplishment of the Niagara Movement, and so have I, but the way to do things in this world is to keep everlastingly at it. I am keeping at this with great personal sacrifice and I hope you will too."

Report of the Legal Committee: reaffirmation of "unceasing war against the denial of the suffrage and for civil rights. . . . Ours is the only organization of negros that can boast of having actually carried our cause to the Supreme Court, prosecuted an action in the Federal Court and both with success." Outcome of three civil rights cases, "serious blow" in Berea College decision. Need for the race to be more involved in their own defence and use the courts; need for a fund to support legal cases.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Suggests Du Bois send a letter to members "asking that their enthusiasm be renewed and subscribe to the Horizon. This can be supplemented by a case for meetings and the machinery started again. I think some such action from the head of the organization necessary for a renewal of interest everywhere."

Draft resolution to appoint committee to determine whether to establish a fraternal benefit association with "original rituals. That the object of this organization shall be honest & effective industrial insurance, racial pride and the furnishing of a defense fund which the Niagara Movement shall administer. The Grand lodge of the benefit Association shall meet successively at various centers of Negro population in mid-winter. . . "

Requests brief statement on principles of the NAACP along the lines of the Niagara Movement platform. "I have therefore practically decided to print the Platform of the Niagara Movement -- as, I take it, it did not differ in inner essentials from the present association."

"I beg to say that the platform of the Niagara Movement is probably more radical, at least more out-spoken, than anything that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has published. At the same time the general paths of the two organizations are practically identical. . . ."

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

Report of the Legal Committee: reaffirmation of "unceasing war against the denial of the suffrage and for civil rights. . . . Ours is the only organization of negros that can boast of having actually carried our cause to the Supreme Court, prosecuted an action in the Federal Court and both with success." Outcome of three civil rights cases, "serious blow" in Berea College decision. Need for the race to be more involved in their own defence and use the courts; need for a fund to support legal cases.

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

Sections: 1) The kind of work which may be done by a state organization of the character suggested in Departmental Letter, no. 1; 2) Some suggestive figures [potential voting power of African Americans]; 3) On the improvement of railroad accommodations in the south; 4) What of the civil rights act in your state?

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Suggests Du Bois send a letter to members "asking that their enthusiasm be renewed and subscribe to the Horizon. This can be supplemented by a case for meetings and the machinery started again. I think some such action from the head of the organization necessary for a renewal of interest everywhere."

Draft resolution to appoint committee to determine whether to establish a fraternal benefit association with "original rituals. That the object of this organization shall be honest & effective industrial insurance, racial pride and the furnishing of a defense fund which the Niagara Movement shall administer. The Grand lodge of the benefit Association shall meet successively at various centers of Negro population in mid-winter. . . "

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . . "

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . . " Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hoped that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blinds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

"I beg to say that the platform of the Niagara Movement is probably more radical, at least more out-spoken, than anything that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has published. At the same time the general paths of the two organizations are practically identical. . . ."

Requests brief statement on principles of the NAACP along the lines of the Niagara Movement platform. "I have therefore practically decided to print the Platform of the Niagara Movement -- as, I take it, it did not differ in inner essentials from the present association."

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

Cannot attend, but will designate a proxy. Asks whether there are plans to eulogize any of the heroes? "They seem to be holding meetings in Boston but it does not appear that they are under auspices of the N.M. . . "

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

A mid-winter meeting of the Niagara Movement would be "the worst calamity that could befall it." If the purpose of the meeting is the "enormity of the crime of Mass. membership and methods," should they not meet in Boston?

"In submitting this report your committee is deeply impressed with the conviction that now, if ever, is the time for the widespread and thorough organization of patriotic and liberty-loving American Negroes. The persistence and intensifying of race prejudice, and the injustice and oppression resulting therefrom, must be met by organization the more permanent and thoroughgoing. . . " Suggests founding "eminently practical" local branches whereever the Negro population is considerable and using these to fight local wrongs. "It is not greatness of numbers that the Niagara Movement needs, but a united cooperation of men and women who are inspired with the same ideals and who are burning with the desire to achieve those ideals. In the union of such souls there is strength." Signed by M.W. Gilbert, Carrie W. Clifford, L. Joseph Brown, E. Burton Ceruti, G.W. Ford, and N. B. Marshall.

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

"The Massachusetts trouble has spread from a local coolness to a cause of nation-wide dissention in our ranks." The Excutive Committee has refused to assent to the General Secretary's proposal for solution, so Du Bois throws it to them to resolve.

"We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not 'knockers' save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are 'out after the Stuff' but that 'stuff' includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots. . ."

"The Niagara Movement stands for: 1. Freedom of speech and criticism; 2. Freedom of an unsubsidized Press; 3. Full manhood suffrage restricted only (a) by ignorance in cases where the ignorance is due to neglect of opportunity or (b crime.; 4. The abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color; 5. The recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed; 6. The recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no class or race.7. A belief in the dignity of manual toil; 8. United effort to realize these ideals under a leadership of courage and ideals."

Covering Harpers Ferry will be her first reporter's work. Du Bois reply (in pencil on verso): "I shall look out for you. I'm afraid I can't smuggle you into the members meetings but I'll smuggle all the important matter out to you."

Articles publisheed in the Post and Independent. "I am afraid I made it too clear as to just where the point of division between the two Negro camps lies. Dr. Washington wants to keep this fuddled, and what Dr. Washington wants still goes. 'But not for long, oh not for long.'"

Hopes Crawford can attend the meeting: "I know that you have been disappointed in the actual accomplishment of the Niagara Movement, and so have I, but the way to do things in this world is to keep everlastingly at it. I am keeping at this with great personal sacrifice and I hope you will too."

Report of the Legal Committee: reaffirmation of "unceasing war against the denial of the suffrage and for civil rights. . . . Ours is the only organization of negros that can boast of having actually carried our cause to the Supreme Court, prosecuted an action in the Federal Court and both with success." Outcome of three civil rights cases, "serious blow" in Berea College decision. Need for the race to be more involved in their own defence and use the courts; need for a fund to support legal cases.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Niagara Movement gaining ground in Arkansas, "the stronghold of Washingtonism." Has heard of the trouble within the Movement, but believes it can be resolved. "N.M. stands for too much to be jeopardized by personal piques, or social spats. I would counsel prudence and a charitable spirit, in all. I feel very keenly for you as it appears the whole movement rests on your shoulders. If a failure is had, attempts will be made to saddle it on you, if success is realized, 'We killed the bear.' Your high sense of honor, keen sense of justice and true devotion to the cause will make you a safe leader in this crisis."

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Is not a member of the Niagara Movement and does not wish to be regarded as one. "The reason for which is this, at one time I attended one of the special meeting of the Mass. branch of the organization, at which time, the meeting ended in a wrangle, with everyone talking, the result being that the members could not agree on any common plan. At that time I secretly avowed that I would never give one cent to an organization of this kind regardless of its principles, as I am very poor, and have to work too hard for my money. And moreover I could not see how the organization could do an effective work where 'good fellowship' seemed to be lacking."

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . . "

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . . " Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Re: the "Massachusetts trouble" -- growing estrangement between prominent members there. The chief disputes: 1) whether persons unaffiliated with the movement or even inimical to it, should be allowed to assist in raising funds; and 2) who were bona fide members of the Massachusetts branch.

Cannot attend, but will designate a proxy. Asks whether there are plans to eulogize any of the heroes? "They seem to be holding meetings in Boston but it does not appear that they are under auspices of the N.M. . . "

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

A mid-winter meeting of the Niagara Movement would be "the worst calamity that could befall it." If the purpose of the meeting is the "enormity of the crime of Mass. membership and methods," should they not meet in Boston?

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

"The Massachusetts trouble has spread from a local coolness to a cause of nation-wide dissention in our ranks." The Excutive Committee has refused to assent to the General Secretary's proposal for solution, so Du Bois throws it to them to resolve.

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hoped that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blinds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

"While I am in most hearty sympathy with the aims of the Niagara Movement, I have been unable to bring myself into accord with the methods, in the main, which it has adopted for realizing these aims." Declines active membership.

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . . "

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . . " Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Is not a member of the Niagara Movement and does not wish to be regarded as one. "The reason for which is this, at one time I attended one of the special meeting of the Mass. branch of the organization, at which time, the meeting ended in a wrangle, with everyone talking, the result being that the members could not agree on any common plan. At that time I secretly avowed that I would never give one cent to an organization of this kind regardless of its principles, as I am very poor, and have to work too hard for my money. And moreover I could not see how the organization could do an effective work where 'good fellowship' seemed to be lacking."

"While I am in most hearty sympathy with the aims of the Niagara Movement, I have been unable to bring myself into accord with the methods, in the main, which it has adopted for realizing these aims." Declines active membership.

"We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not 'knockers' save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are 'out after the Stuff' but that 'stuff' includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots. . . "

"My attitude is this: the Niagara Movement is an organization that affiliates with no political party and pays its own bills, it is however, perfectly proper for individual members of the Movement to receive pay for legitimate political service from any part in whose principles they believe; they have no right in such case to use the official name of the organization."

Thought De Berry had joined the Movement, and is sorry that he cannot "work for its object. We are wedded to no particular way of working we comprise men of a great many different kind of ideas and the plan is to let every one work freely for the great object. If any one does not like our methods we are very glad to have them come in and show us better methods but I think it is very unfortunate at this time to have a man of your ability and ideals stand outside of an organization like this and refuse to help.

"The Niagara Movement stands for: 1. Freedom of speech and criticism; 2. Freedom of an unsubsidized Press; 3. Full manhood suffrage restricted only (a) by ignorance in cases where the ignorance is due to neglect of opportunity or (b crime.; 4. The abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color; 5. The recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed; 6. The recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no class or race.7. A belief in the dignity of manual toil; 8. United effort to realize these ideals under a leadership of courage and ideals."

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

"In submitting this report your committee is deeply impressed with the conviction that now, if ever, is the time for the widespread and thorough organization of patriotic and liberty-loving American Negroes. The persistence and intensifying of race prejudice, and the injustice and oppression resulting therefrom, must be met by organization the more permanent and thoroughgoing. . . " Suggests founding "eminently practical" local branches whereever the Negro population is considerable and using these to fight local wrongs. "It is not greatness of numbers that the Niagara Movement needs, but a united cooperation of men and women who are inspired with the same ideals and who are burning with the desire to achieve those ideals. In the union of such souls there is strength." Signed by M.W. Gilbert, Carrie W. Clifford, L. Joseph Brown, E. Burton Ceruti, G.W. Ford, and N. B. Marshall.

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

Likely to be interested in the Niagara Movement. "I cannot believe that in the long run it can be for the real good of any race to oppress unjustly any man or set of men anywhere in the world. . . God and right will rule, and must rule in the affairs of races as well as in those of individuals. . . It surely needs no argument to any fair minded man to be convinced that the national sin of our coutnry today is the shameful injustice to which our race is subjected in practically all parts of the land, both in a private and a public way. But we ask not the destruction or overthrow of the oppressors, we seek not their harm; on the other hand we desire thair good, when we earnestly ask them to think on these things, to put themselves in our place, as it were, and think how they would like to be thus treated. Can it be treason to refer to the Golden Rule?"

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

Sections: 1) The kind of work which may be done by a state organization of the character suggested in Departmental Letter, no. 1; 2) Some suggestive figures [potential voting power of African Americans]; 3) On the improvement of railroad accommodations in the south; 4) What of the civil rights act in your state?

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

"Of course I have heard of the Niagara movement. I dont live in the desert! I read of it in the Post and the Christian Register which had a sympathetic account of the matter. Then I subscribed to the Guardian and have grown more fond of Mr. Washington evry day! I should think Mr. Trotter would make converts to the other side with every edition."

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hoped that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blinds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

Niagara Movement gaining ground in Arkansas, "the stronghold of Washingtonism." Has heard of the trouble within the Movement, but believes it can be resolved. "N.M. stands for too much to be jeopardized by personal piques, or social spats. I would counsel prudence and a charitable spirit, in all. I feel very keenly for you as it appears the whole movement rests on your shoulders. If a failure is had, attempts will be made to saddle it on you, if success is realized, 'We killed the bear.' Your high sense of honor, keen sense of justice and true devotion to the cause will make you a safe leader in this crisis."

"Of course I have heard of the Niagara movement. I dont live in the desert! I read of it in the Post and the Christian Register which had a sympathetic account of the matter. Then I subscribed to the Guardian and have grown more fond of Mr. Washington evry day! I should think Mr. Trotter would make converts to the other side with every edition."

Articles publisheed in the Post and Independent. "I am afraid I made it too clear as to just where the point of division between the two Negro camps lies. Dr. Washington wants to keep this fuddled, and what Dr. Washington wants still goes. 'But not for long, oh not for long.'"

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hoped that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blinds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

Greetings from Equal Suffrage League, National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. "These are auspicious times, and many violations of the laws of both state and nation in the interest of the Negro for proper development as citizens are constantly occurring; yet these are grand incentives for us to accept in the name and service of the Lord, as His ammunition to assist us in the battle for justice. Dear friends, these apparent obstacles which beset our pathway in our struggles are blessings in disguise; can be not look upon them as such? Therefore, be assured that we are with you in the spirit of the work to co-operate in any practical way." Signed by Sarah J. S. Garnet, Mary E. Eaton, Lydia C. Smith, and V. Morton-Jones.

Suggests Du Bois send a letter to members "asking that their enthusiasm be renewed and subscribe to the Horizon. This can be supplemented by a case for meetings and the machinery started again. I think some such action from the head of the organization necessary for a renewal of interest everywhere."

Is not a member of the Niagara Movement and does not wish to be regarded as one. "The reason for which is this, at one time I attended one of the special meeting of the Mass. branch of the organization, at which time, the meeting ended in a wrangle, with everyone talking, the result being that the members could not agree on any common plan. At that time I secretly avowed that I would never give one cent to an organization of this kind regardless of its principles, as I am very poor, and have to work too hard for my money. And moreover I could not see how the organization could do an effective work where 'good fellowship' seemed to be lacking."

Niagara Movement gaining ground in Arkansas, "the stronghold of Washingtonism." Has heard of the trouble within the Movement, but believes it can be resolved. "N.M. stands for too much to be jeopardized by personal piques, or social spats. I would counsel prudence and a charitable spirit, in all. I feel very keenly for you as it appears the whole movement rests on your shoulders. If a failure is had, attempts will be made to saddle it on you, if success is realized, 'We killed the bear.' Your high sense of honor, keen sense of justice and true devotion to the cause will make you a safe leader in this crisis."

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

"While I am in most hearty sympathy with the aims of the Niagara Movement, I have been unable to bring myself into accord with the methods, in the main, which it has adopted for realizing these aims." Declines active membership.

"We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not "knockers" save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are "out after the Stuff" but that "stuff" includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots as we as cash. . ."

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . ."

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . ." Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Re: the "Massachusetts trouble" -- growing estrangement between prominent members there. The chief disputes: 1) whether persons unaffiliated with the movement or even inimical to it, should be allowed to assist in raising funds; and 2) who were bona fide members of the Massachusetts branch.

"My attitude is this: the Niagara Movement is an organization that affiliates with no political party and pays its own bills, it is however, perfectly proper for individual members of the Movement to receive pay for legitimate political service from any part in whose principles they believe; they have no right in such case to use the official name of the organization."

Hopes Crawford can attend the meeting: "I know that you have been disappointed in the actual accomplishment of the Niagara Movement, and so have I, but the way to do things in this world is to keep everlastingly at it. I am keeping at this with great personal sacrifice and I hope you will too."

Thought De Berry had joined the Movement, and is sorry that he cannot "work for its object. We are wedded to no particular way of working we comprise men of a great many different kind of ideas and the plan is to let every one work freely for the great object. If any one does not like our methods we are very glad to have them come in and show us better methods but I think it is very unfortunate at this time to have a man of your ability and ideals stand outside of an organization like this and refuse to help.

"I beg to say that the platform of the Niagara Movement is probably more radical, at least more out-spoken, than anything that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has published. At the same time the general paths of the two organizations are practically identical. . .."

Draft resolution to appoint committee to determine whether to establish a fraternal benefit association with "original rituals. That the object of this organization shall be honest & effective industrial insurance, racial pride and the furnishing of a defense fund which the Niagara Movement shall administer. The Grand lodge of the benefit Association shall meet successively at various centers of Negro population in mid-winter..."

"The Niagara Movement stands for: 1. Freedom of speech and criticism; 2. Freedom of an unsubsidized Press; 3. Full manhood suffrage restricted only (a) by ignorance in cases where the ignorance is due to neglect of opportunity or (b crime.; 4. The abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color; 5. The recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed; 6. The recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no class or race.7. A belief in the dignity of manual toil; 8. United effort to realize these ideals under a leadership of courage and ideals."

Likely to be interested in the Niagara Movement. "I cannot believe that in the long run it can be for the real good of any race to oppress unjustly any man or set of men anywhere in the world. . . God and right will rule, and must rule in the affairs of races as well as in those of individuals. . . It surely needs no argument to any fair minded man to be convinced that the national sin of our coutnry today is the shameful injustice to which our race is subjected in practically all parts of the land, both in a private and a public way. But we ask not the destruction or overthrow of the oppressors, we seek not their harm; on the other hand we desire thair good, when we earnestly ask them to think on these things, to put themselves in our place, as it were, and think how they would like to be thus treated. Can it be treason to refer to the Golden Rule?"

Report of the Legal Committee: reaffirmation of "unceasing war against the denial of the suffrage and for civil rights. . .. Ours is the only organization of negros that can boast of having actually carried our cause to the Supreme Court, prosecuted an action in the Federal Court and both with success." Outcome of three civil rights cases, "serious blow" in Berea College decision. Need for the race to be more involved in their own defence and use the courts; need for a fund to support legal cases.

Cannot attend, but will designate a proxy. Asks whether there are plans to eulogize any of the heroes? "They seem to be holding meetings in Boston but it does not appear that they are under auspices of the N.M. . ."

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidity of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican party has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south."; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

A mid-winter meeting of the Niagara Movement would be "the worst calamity that could befall it." If the purpose of the meeting is the "enormity of the crime of Mass. membership and methods," should they not meet in Boston?

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

Greetings from Equal Suffrage League, National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. "These are auspicious times, and many violations of the laws of both state and nation in the interest of the Negro for proper development as citizens are constantly occurring; yet these are grand incentives for us to accept in the name and service of the Lord, as His ammunition to assist us in the battle for justice. Dear friends, these apparent obstacles which beset our pathway in our struggles are blessings in disguise; can be not look upon them as such? Therefore, be assured that we are with you in the spirit of the work to co-operate in any practical way." Signed by Sarah J. S. Garnet, Mary E. Eaton, Lydia C. Smith, and V. Morton-Jones.

"In submitting this report your committee is deeply impressed with the conviction that now, if ever, is the time for the widespread and thorough organization of patriotic and liberty-loving American Negroes. The persistence and intensifying of race prejudice, and the injustice and oppression resulting therefrom, must be met by organization the more permanent and thoroughgoing. . ." Suggests founding "eminently practical" local branches whereever the Negro population is considerable and using these to fight local wrongs. "It is not greatness of numbers that the Niagara Movement needs, but a united cooperation of men and women who are inspired with the same ideals and who are burning with the desire to achieve those ideals. In the union of such souls there is strength." Signed by M.W. Gilbert, Carrie W. Clifford, L. Joseph Brown, E. Burton Ceruti, G.W. Ford, and N. B. Marshall.

Sections: 1) The kind of work which may be done by a state organization of the character suggested in Departmental Letter, no. 1; 2) Some suggestive figures [potential voting power of African Americans]; 3) On the improvement of railroad accommodations in the south; 4) What of the civil rights act in your state?"

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

"The Massachusetts trouble has spread from a local coolness to a cause of nation-wide dissention in our ranks." The Excutive Committee has refused to assent to the General Secretary's proposal for solution, so Du Bois throws it to them to resolve.

"Of course I have heard of the Niagara movement. I dont live in the desert! I read of it in the Post and the Christian Register which had a sympathetic account of the matter. Then I subscribed to the Guardian and have grown more fond of Mr. Washington evry day! I should think Mr. Trotter would make converts to the other side with every edition."

Covering Harpers Ferry will be her first reporter's work. Du Bois reply (in pencil on verso): "I shall look out for you. I'm afraid I can't smuggle you into the members meetings but I'll smuggle all the important matter out to you."

Articles publisheed in the Post and Independent. "I am afraid I made it too clear as to just where the point of division between the two Negro camps lies. Dr. Washington wants to keep this fuddled, and what Dr. Washington wants still goes. 'But not for long, oh not for long.'"

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hoped that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blinds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

Unhappy she cannot attend the Niagara meeting. "At the Federation of Colord Women's Clubs the other evening we sang John Brown, and I thought, as I always do when I sing that song now, of our gathering at Harper's Ferry. That was a momorable time, and the inspiration from it has helped me often. "Go on with your constructive worek, with the effort to win the rights of manhood for every Negro in the country. And work with those who are fighting the same fight. You ought all to be done with bickering with Republicans or Democrats. There is a working man's party in the country. How can the Negro belong with any other?"

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Requests brief statement on principles of the NAACP along the lines of the Niagara Movement platform. "I have therefore practically decided to print the Platform of the Niagara Movement -- as, I take it, it did not differ in inner essentials from the present association."

"The Niagara Movement stands for: 1. Freedom of speech and criticism; 2. Freedom of an unsubsidized Press; 3. Full manhood suffrage restricted only (a) by ignorance in cases where the ignorance is due to neglect of opportunity or (b crime.; 4. The abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color; 5. The recognition of the principal of human brotherhood as a practical present creed; 6. The recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no class or race.7. A belief in the dignity of manual toil; 8. United effort to realize these ideals under a leadership of courage and ideals."

"Of course I have heard of the Niagara movement. I dont live in the desert! I read of it in the Post and the Christian Register which had a sympathetic account of the matter. Then I subscribed to the Guardian and have grown more fond of Mr. Washington evry day! I should think Mr. Trotter would make converts to the other side with every edition."

Likely to be interested in the Niagara Movement. "I cannot believe that in the long run it can be for the real good of any race to oppress unjustly any man or set of men anywhere in the world. . . God and right will rule, and must rule in the affairs of races as well as in those of individuals. . . It surely needs no argument to any fair minded man to be convinced that the national sin of our coutnry today is the shameful injustice to which our race is subjected in practically all parts of the land, both in a private and a public way. But we ask not the destruction or overthrow of the oppressors, we seek not their harm; on the other hand we desire thair good, when we earnestly ask them to think on these things, to put themselves in our place, as it were, and think how they would like to be thus treated. Can it be treason to refer to the Golden Rule?"

"We want to pull down nothing but we don't propose to be pulled down. We are not 'knockers' save at the Door of Liberty & Opportunity. We are 'out after the Stuff' but that 'stuff' includes education, decent travel, civil rights, & ballots as we as cash. . . "

Covering Harpers Ferry will be her first reporter's work. Du Bois reply (in pencil on verso): "I shall look out for you. I'm afraid I can't smuggle you into the members meetings but I'll smuggle all the important matter out to you."

Articles publisheed in the Post and Independent. "I am afraid I made it too clear as to just where the point of division between the two Negro camps lies. Dr. Washington wants to keep this fuddled, and what Dr. Washington wants still goes. 'But not for long, oh not for long.'"

Urges cooperation in four lines of work: 1. securing an effective civil rights bill in the northern states, 2. organizing in each northern state "some sort of machine, like the Constitutional League," 3. improve traveling accommodations on rail in the south, and 4. to force "colored" service on juries in the south.

"While I am in most hearty sympathy with the aims of the Niagara Movement, I have been unable to bring myself into accord with the methods, in the main, which it has adopted for realizing these aims." Declines active membership.

Thought De Berry had joined the Movement, and is sorry that he cannot "work for its object. We are wedded to no particular way of working we comprise men of a great many different kind of ideas and the plan is to let every one work freely for the great object. If any one does not like our methods we are very glad to have them come in and show us better methods but I think it is very unfortunate at this time to have a man of your ability and ideals stand outside of an organization like this and refuse to help.

Urging cooperation. "The Niagara Movement is not merely an academical body. It is militant. Our fight is waged and to be waged against the outer enemy and the inner racial indifference and tendency to lethargy. It is obvious that there is a concerted plan -- a conspiracy, not of silence but to silence our demand for full citizenship and to belittle and deride any aspiration for the larger liberty and higher outlook."

Greetings from Equal Suffrage League, National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. "These are auspicious times, and many violations of the laws of both state and nation in the interest of the Negro for proper development as citizens are constantly occurring; yet these are grand incentives for us to accept in the name and service of the Lord, as His ammunition to assist us in the battle for justice. Dear friends, these apparent obstacles which beset our pathway in our struggles are blessings in disguise; can be not look upon them as such? Therefore, be assured that we are with you in the spirit of the work to co-operate in any practical way." Signed by Sarah J. S. Garnet, Mary E. Eaton, Lydia C. Smith, and V. Morton-Jones.

Asks Du Bois about the nature of the dispute with the Massachusetts branch of the Movement and the problems with Lewis and Trotter. "You can readily guess that you are severely criticized, and that the slick ones believe that you are caught at last. Of course I have all confidence in you, but it would be well since I shall hear as I did last night, terrible criticism, that I should known from you the facts. I cared little for Mr. Trotter when you introduced him to me with such eulogy at Harper's Ferry, but I have grown increasingly to admire the man, and when I knew that he and Mr. Morgan were 'out' I greatly hopoed that he would sin, since Mr. Morgan, while very pleasant, has great vanity, and that often blunds a man's judgment.How happy Washington must be over this. I can see him rubbing his hand with glee, and calling on the good work to go on."

Asks that Du Bois call a meeting of all the national organization "to compare notes and formulate plans for concerted action to preserve and protect the civil and political rights, privileges and immunities of colored men in all their varied and varying phases, and to make united campaign against their infringement and denial." Believes the Niagara meeting ought to allow for all the best minds to attend, not just council members.

Cannot attend, but will designate a proxy. Asks whether there are plans to eulogize any of the heroes? "They seem to be holding meetings in Boston but it does not appear that they are under auspices of the N.M. . . "

A mid-winter meeting of the Niagara Movement would be "the worst calamity that could befall it." If the purpose of the meeting is the "enormity of the crime of Mass. membership and methods," should they not meet in Boston?

"In submitting this report your committee is deeply impressed with the conviction that now, if ever, is the time for the widespread and thorough organization of patriotic and liberty-loving American Negroes. The persistence and intensifying of race prejudice, and the injustice and oppression resulting therefrom, must be met by organization the more permanent and thoroughgoing. . . " Suggests founding "eminently practical" local branches whereever the Negro population is considerable and using these to fight local wrongs. "It is not greatness of numbers that the Niagara Movement needs, but a united cooperation of men and women who are inspired with the same ideals and who are burning with the desire to achieve those ideals. In the union of such souls there is strength." Signed by M.W. Gilbert, Carrie W. Clifford, L. Joseph Brown, E. Burton Ceruti, G.W. Ford, and N. B. Marshall.

"The Massachusetts trouble has spread from a local coolness to a cause of nation-wide dissention in our ranks." The Excutive Committee has refused to assent to the General Secretary's proposal for solution, so Du Bois throws it to them to resolve.

Niagara Movement gaining ground in Arkansas, "the stronghold of Washingtonism." Has heard of the trouble within the Movement, but believes it can be resolved. "N.M. stands for too much to be jeopardized by personal piques, or social spats. I would counsel prudence and a charitable spirit, in all. I feel very keenly for you as it appears the whole movement rests on your shoulders. If a failure is had, attempts will be made to saddle it on you, if success is realized, 'We killed the bear.' Your high sense of honor, keen sense of justice and true devotion to the cause will make you a safe leader in this crisis."

Resigning as Executive Officer of the Niagara Movement as of Dec. 27 [letter marked "Not Sent"]. "The organization has now come to a place where it demands in its executive talents other than those which I possess, moreover I feel that I have given as much time to this work as I can well spare from my regular duties. . . "

Draft of letter of resignation as executive officer of the Niagara Movement. States he had intended to resign during the Boston meeting, but decided not to in face of the "embroglio." His efforts to resolve the crisis with the executive committee led only to silence and vituperation. "I have done my duty honestly and unflinchingly & no man has he right to ask further sacrifices from me. . . " Letter lacking first page. With note to Charles Bentley.

Re: the "Massachusetts trouble" -- growing estrangement between prominent members there. The chief disputes: 1) whether persons unaffiliated with the movement or even inimical to it, should be allowed to assist in raising funds; and 2) who were bona fide members of the Massachusetts branch.

Sections: 1) The kind of work which may be done by a state organization of the character suggested in Departmental Letter, no. 1; 2) Some suggestive figures [potential voting power of African Americans]; 3) On the improvement of railroad accommodations in the south; 4) What of the civil rights act in your state?

Report on mid-winter meeting in Cleveland. Includes list of members in attendance, confirmation of Massachusetts members, reports from Committee on Education; notice that fourth annual meeting will be held in Niagara Falls.

Finances. Niagara men in D.C. "are beginning to get busy." Intends to send 1,000 copies of enclosed letter under name of the Niagara Movement and Afro-American Council regarding struggle for civil and voting rights and support for Senator Joseph Benson Foraker.

Unhappy she cannot attend the Niagara meeting. "At the Federation of Colord Women's Clubs the other evening we sang John Brown, and I thought, as I always do when I sing that song now, of our gathering at Harper's Ferry. That was a momorable time, and the inspiration from it has helped me often. "Go on with your constructive work, with the effort to win the rights of manhood for every Negro in the country. And work with those who are fighting the same fight. You ought all to be done with bickering with Republicans or Democrats. There is a working man's party in the country. How can the Negro belong with any other?"

Report in National Negro Political League to protest treatment of "our soldiers" and oppose nomination of Taft; segregation in Philadelphia public schools; opposition building to Republican party: Philadelphians "are beginning to see the difference between the party of Sumner, Julian and Hale and the posthumous bastard political organization which now claims these men as its father"; John Brown Memorial Committee.

"My attitude is this: the Niagara Movement is an organization that affiliates with no political party and pays its own bills, it is however, perfectly proper for individual members of the Movement to receive pay for legitimate political service from any part in whose principles they believe; they have no right in such case to use the official name of the organization."

Is not a member of the Niagara Movement and does not wish to be regarded as one. "The reason for which is this, at one time I attended one of the special meeting of the Mass. branch of the organization, at which time, the meeting ended in a wrangle, with everyone talking, the result being that the members could not agree on any common plan. At that time I secretly avowed that I would never give one cent to an organization of this kind regardless of its principles, as I am very poor, and have to work too hard for my money. And moreover I could not see how the organization could do an effective work where 'good fellowship' seemed to be lacking."

Hopes Crawford can attend the meeting: "I know that you have been disappointed in the actual accomplishment of the Niagara Movement, and so have I, but the way to do things in this world is to keep everlastingly at it. I am keeping at this with great personal sacrifice and I hope you will too."

Report of the Legal Committee: reaffirmation of "unceasing war against the denial of the suffrage and for civil rights. . . . Ours is the only organization of negros that can boast of having actually carried our cause to the Supreme Court, prosecuted an action in the Federal Court and both with success." Outcome of three civil rights cases, "serious blow" in Berea College decision. Need for the race to be more involved in their own defence and use the courts; need for a fund to support legal cases.

No progress with the John Brown Memorial Committee. Electoral politics in Pennsylvania, timidty of "colored editors. . . forced upon them by the Republican party and its leaders." "There seems to be a general impression abroad among colored men that the Republican prty has deserted them in its efforts to build up its fortunes among the white people of the south"; loud complaint after nomination of Taft. School segregation moving forward in Pennsylvania and inequity in hiring teachers now being protested: "The stir that the affair made among the colored people of Philadelphia did much to cower into silence and shame many separationists among us who had allied themselves with the Superintendent of Education and whose general attitude on such questions had been such that they could not consistently oppose separation. The net result of the agitation has been to turn over more schools to colored teachers though other children may attend if they choose." No new economic opportunities for colored people in Pennsylvania.

Suggests Du Bois send a letter to members "asking that their enthusiasm be renewed and subscribe to the Horizon. This can be supplemented by a case for meetings and the machinery started again. I think some such action from the head of the organization necessary for a renewal of interest everywhere."

Draft resolution to appoint committee to determine whether to establish a fraternal benefit association with "original rituals. That the object of this organization shall be honest & effective industrial insurance, racial pride and the furnishing of a defense fund which the Niagara Movement shall administer. The Grand lodge of the benefit Association shall meet successively at various centers of Negro population in mid-winter. . . "

Requests brief statement on principles of the NAACP along the lines of the Niagara Movement platform. "I have therefore practically decided to print the Platform of the Niagara Movement -- as, I take it, it did not differ in inner essentials from the present association."

"I beg to say that the platform of the Niagara Movement is probably more radical, at least more out-spoken, than anything that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has published. At the same time the general paths of the two organizations are practically identical. . . ."