Java Threads

Threads :

A thread is in process in execution within a program. Within a program each thread defines a separate path of execution.

Creation of a thread :

A thread can be created in two ways
a) By implementing the Runnable interface. The Runnable interface consists of only one method – the run method. The run method has a prototype of

public void run();

b) By extending the class Thread.

Execution of a thread :

To execute a thread, the thread is first created and then the start() method is invoked on the thread. Eventually the thread would execute and the run method would be invoked. The example below illustrates the two methods of thread creation. You should note that the run method should not be invoked directly.

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publicclassThreadExampleextendsThread{

publicvoidrun(){

System.out.println("Thread started");

}

publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){

ThreadExamplet=newThreadExample();

t.start();

}

}

Example-Creation of Thread by extending the

Thread class.

When the run method ends, the thread is supposed to “die”. The next example shows the creation of thread by implementing the Runnable interface.

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publicclassThreadExample2implementsRunnable{

publicvoidrun(){

.../* Code which gets executed when

thread gets executed. */

}

publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){

ThreadExample2 Tt=newThreadExample2();

Threadt=newThread(Tt);

t.start();

}

}

Example-Creating thread by implementing Runnable

States of thread :

A thread can be in one of the following states – ready, waiting for some action, running, and dead. These states are explained below.Running State : A thread is said to be in running state when it is being executed. This thread has access to CPU.Ready State : A thread in this state is ready for execution, but is not being currently executed. Once a thread in the ready state gets access to the CPU, it gets converted to running state.Dead State : A thread reaches “dead” state when the run method has finished execution. This thread cannot be executed now.Waiting State : In this state the thread is waiting for some action to happen. Once that action happens, the thread gets into the ready state. A waiting thread can be in one of the following states – sleeping, suspended, blocked, waiting for monitor. These are explained below.

Yielding to other processes :

A CPU intensive operation being executed may not allow other threads to be executed for a “large” period of time. To prevent this it can allow other threads to execute by invoking the yield() method. The thread on which yield() is invoked would move from running state to ready state.

Sleep state of a thread :

A thread being executed can invoke the sleep() method to cease executing, and free up the CPU. This thread would go to the “sleep” state for the specified amount of time, after which it would move to the “ready” state. The sleep method has the following prototypes.

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publicstaticvoidsleep(longmillisec)

throws InterruptedException;

publicstaticvoidsleep(longmillisec,intnanosec)

throws InterruptedException;

Synchronized state :

A code within the synchronized block is “atomic”. This means only one thread can execute that block of code for a given object at a time. If a thread has started executing this block of code for an object, no other thread can execute this block of the code (or any other block of synchronized code) for the same object.