On
20 February, 1437 King James I of Scotland was assasinated. In memory
of this King, I have written a small biography of his life and his
reign. This by no means is a full account of the events in the Kings
life -- or the events that took place in Scotland at the time, but
the major events are covered to give an idea who this man was.

JAMES
I of Scotland********************************

King
of Scots (1424--37), born in Dunfermline, Fife, the second son of
Robert III. After his elder brother David was murdered at Falkland
(1402), allegedly by his uncle, the Duke of Albany, James was sent
for safety to France, but was captured by the English, and remained a
prisoner for 18 years. Albany meanwhile ruled Scotland as governor
until his death in 1420, when his son, Murdoch, assumed the
regency,and the country rapidly fell into disorder.

The
Regents===================

James
Stewart of the Royal house of Stuart spent most of his childhood life
in exile as a prisoner of the English. The Scots who ruled in his
absence as regents would not pay his high ransom the English demanded
for his return to Scotland. Finally, after 18 years in exile, his
countrymen agreed to his ransom and James returned to Scotland.

Scotland
was in a near state of armed insurrection when James returned. The
previous regent, Murdoch, had been a poor and corrupt regent and the
clan feuds in the Highlands continued unabated. In the Lowlands and
Borders, the Border Barons rode their raids, terrorized the burghs,
and pursued the Crowns revenues by theiving the crown taxes for
themselves. Less that 4% of revenues were actually reaching Edinburgh
when James took over.

Murdoch,
the regent soon regretted paying for James's return. "If God
gives me but a dog's life," said James when he saw and heard
what had befallen his country, "I will make the key keep the
castle and the bracken bush keep the cow through all Scotland".
In a week after his coronation a parliament at Perth declared that
peace would be enforced throughout the realm, and of "any man
presume to make war against another he shall suffer the full
penalties of the law."

Once
released (1424), James dealt ruthlessly with potential rivals to his
authority, executing Murdoch and his family.

Within
a year, James had broken the power of his cousins the Albany Stewarts
and seized their estates. Upon some real or contrived charge of
treason, the former regent of Scotland who had let James remain a
prisoner in England so long, Murdoch and his two sons, with the aged
father-in-law of one of them, were first imprisoned and then taken to
the heading-block at Stirling.

There
were men who mourned their death, despite all the corruption,
believing them friends of the poor and the victims of James's
tyranny. The romantic and frequently misguided attachment to the
unsuccessful members of the House of Stewart has deep roots in
Scotland's history.

James
Takes Control of Scotland________________________________He
was 32 when he came back to Scotland, of medium height but
large-boned and thickset, quick in his movements like a fox. He was
an athlete, rider and wrestler, skilled with bow and spear, and proud
of the strength in his broad chest and muscled arms. His darting and
inquisitive mind was fascinated by the machinery of war, gunnery in
particular, as it intrigued most men of the day. He was also a poet
andmuscian, and almost unique in the contradictory powers of
tranquil reflection and uncompromising action. Beyond firm government
perhaps, the greatest gift he brought to a bleak Scotland was some of
the first of its lyrical verse.

Idle
as a prisoner, albiet well kept prisoner, in England he had read all
he could, and his long poem "The Kingis Quair", inspired by
Chaucer's translation of a French allegory, is a soft voice speaking
with a love of evocative words.

James
was the first of many Stewart kings to act as a patron of the arts,
and almost certainly wrote the tender, passionate collection of
poems, ("The King's Quire" or book), c.1423--4.

It
was not a woeful wretch who came home to Scotland, but the first real
king the country had had since the death of Robert Bruce in 1329.

His
bride was Joan Beaufort, a niece of English king Henry IV, and a
sixth of his ransom had been obligingly remitted as her dowry. It was
not only a marriage of dynastic arrangement, and many believe the
tender poem referred to above , was about her as he viewed her from
his prison tower, and fell in love with as she walked among the
court.

From
James I, perhaps comes that legendary Stewart charm, more disasterous
to Scotland than an Albany's corrupt rule. But, the man who had
sighed and written for and about love at a garden window in London,
was merciless and resolute on a throne. His concern for law and
order, while it was needed to secure his crown, also had roots in a
poet's sense of justice, but he did not respond like a poet. When he
had exterminated his cousins, he turned upon the Highlands. He was
the firstof his family to treat the clans like cattle, showing
that contempt most of them had for the Gaelic people, and making the
Highlander's ultimate self-sacrifice for the House of Stewart as
pointless as it was herioc.

He
summoned over 40 Highland Chiefs in 1428 before him and his
parliament at Inverness. Among the Highlanders were Alexander of the
Isles, (the current Lord of the Isles), the son of Donald of Harlaw.
They were greeted as thugs upon arrival, as each appeared before the
throne he was seized by men-at-arms and thrown into the dungeon pit.
One by one, the Chiefs of Clan Donald, MacKay, MacKenzie, Campbell
and all the tribes and leaders of the north, while the poet king
entertained theparliament with a witty Latin squib on their
certain hempen departure. In fact, three were hanged and the rest
released after a brutal , but short imprisonment. Clemency was
granted for any offences they might have commited, but it was wasted
on Alexander of the Isles. He and his wild Islanders, remembered the
treachery that had preceded it, and when King and parliament were
gone, came back by ship over rivers, and burnt the burgh of Inverness
to the ground, one of seven bonfires whichthe MacDonald's lit
upon that ground in their clan's riotous history.

James
marched to Lochaber, isolated Alexander from his allies, and forced
him to come to Edinburgh in submission. Wearing shirt and drawers
only, holding his 2 handed claymore by the blade, he knelt before the
high altar of Holyrood and humbly offered the hilt of the weapon to
the king. James would have hanged him, it is said, but for the
intercession of the Queen, and was instead sent to a Lothian castle
in the keeping of a Douglas earl.

In
the 13 years he strengthened the machinery of government and justice,
replacing the baron's law with the king's law, and restoring the
crown to a respect it had not received since Bruce's heart was taken
from his rib cage. Copies of law were distributed among all sheriffs
so that no man might claim ignorance of the law. Of course this
really only worked in the Lowlands, as the Highlands and Isles were
still ruled by the clan system and the supreme authority there, was
the individual Chief of the clan -- with the King coming in a distant
second.

Justice
was attempted to be available to all, but since this principle was
easier to enact through parliament than to put into actual practise,
the king himself chose a special court from the Three Estates to
consider complaints and abuses. He also set up a commitee of wise and
discreet men to examine the laws at intervals, and to advise upon
their admendment if neccessary. The power of the civil justice and
criminal courts were strengthened under James I's reign. He clearly
wished toestablish a parliament such as he had seen at work in
England.

For
more information of his mammoth changes to Scottish courts and
parliaments, see the book "Scotland from the Earliest Times to
1603" - by William Croft Dickinson. (Although it may be
difficult to obtain a copy).

Though
orthodox in faith and sincere in piety, he was a rough opponent of
Rome when he felt it threatened his own countries independence. He
denied the Pope's power of provision, the right to appoint bishops to
vacant sees on Scotland, and thus have influence over one of the
estates in its parliament.It had become the kings right to approve a
bishop-elect before consecration and papal promotion, and he stopped
his churchmen from bargaining with Rome for these benefices, arguing
with some justice that the traffic was impoverishing his kingdom.
With his parliament, he declared this "barratry" illegal,
taxed the export of gold and silver, and forbade the clerics to
travel abroad without royal license, the Pope demanded the repeal of
the acts. The king's response was to acknowledge the authority of the
Counsil of Basle, which had attempted to reform such papal powers of
provision.

He
was hard and exacting on the true duties of his churchmen, and
ordered them to set their house in order, lest the crown's past
generousity be cut. But, Scotlands detestment of so called
"heretics", which resulted in the first heretical buring,
during the regent before James' reign, was started again in 1433. A
second was burnt, PaulCrawar, a reasonable fellow by the sound of
him, a Bohemian graduate of medicine and the arts who had come to St.
Andrews University as an emissary of the Hussites. He was said to
have preached free love and socialism (or a form of it) by his
detractors, that enduring combination of human desires. The
smoldering flames that would spread from his burning, burnt longer
than his judges could have imagined.

Law,
administration, and political and church reform were all done or
attempted during James I's reign. No king had done so much for
Scotland, outside of war and independence, since Alexander II, and
few had so many enemies. The work he set off was too great for any
one man, and in his efforts to break the powers of the barons he was
often careless and foolish. He alienated the Douglases (one of the
most powerful Lowland Scottish families) by imprisoning their earl,
and deprived the Earl of March of his title and estates because of
his father's desertion to the English 30 years before. Four-fifths of
his ransom was yet to be paid and many of the lords had kinsman still
held hostage in England, and bitterly resented the kings indifference
to them. His custom of appropriating estates to the crown when there
was doubt about an heir may have been good housekeeping or feudal
custom, but most men considered it robbery. His large family of first
and distant cousins was full of jealousy, spite, envy and greed, and
it was perhaps inevitable that this Stewart king should die by a
Stewart plot.

He
himself made it possible by weaking his prestige with a half-hearted
war with England. On her way to marry the Dauphin his daughter
Margaret narrowly escaped a piratical attack by an English ship, and
what seems on the surface to be a good excuse, James besieged the
castle of Roxburgh, which had been in English hands now, for 100
years. He abandoned it without assualt, the reason is unclear, but it
is said that his wife warned him of plots against him if he pressd
on. And there wasa plot, within his own family and his own
household, and the unpopularity of the king's withdrawl from a
chivalrous field (the castle) gave the plotters courage. At it's
veiled centre was the Earl of Atholl, "that old servant of many
evil days", a son of Robert II's second marriage and by his own
reckoning the rightful king of Scotland.His son, Sir Robert
Stewart, was the King's Chamberlain, and it was he who found a
willing assassin in Sir Robert Graham, a man with his own festering
grudge and a scarred memory of the imprisonment and banishment.

At
the end of 1436 James went to keep Christmas with the Dominican
friars at Perth. As he crossed the Forth a Highland woman warned him
that he would never return alive, a common warning in Scots history
and just as commonly ignored. She followed him to Perth, it is said,
repeating her tedious warnings, and she was present on the night of
February 20 when Robert Stewart opened the door of the convent where
the King was staying, and admitted the Graham.

James
was in his wife's chamber, talking to her and her ladies, relaxed in
his dressing-gown, amused by the Highland's woman's last warning and
telling stories of omens and premonitions. When he heard the noise of
heavy feet, clanking armour, his quick mind sensed what they meant.
He wrenched up the planking of the floor and dropped into a vault or
drain below, hoping to escape into a court beyond but forgetting that
its mouth had recently been sealed to prevent his tennis-balls from
rolling into it. Graham and his eight confederates broke into the
room, draggedout the fighting King, and butchered him with
twenty-eight dagger-strokes.

The
Queen was wounded in her efforts to save her husband, and it might
have been better for Graham had he killed her too since he had gone
this far. This "freshest and fairest flower" of the King's
youth became a tigress in revenge. Atholl and Robert Stewart, Graham
and his hired cutthroats were soon taken, and suffered long and
appalling torture until the Queen's grief was satisfied and they were
sent to the merciful headsman.

And
so ended the life of James I of Scotland on 20 February, 1437....560
years ago this year.