The critique of Cartesian dualism, that is to say the myth of interiority, was carried out from two philosophical positions. The first sought to reduce the mental state to the neuronal state defined by its neurological properties, while the other, Wittgenstein’s, attempted to eliminate the mystery of the relations between thought and brain. For this, there was a grammatical criticism of language. The notion of absolute overflight, a central notion of Ruyer’s philosophy, makes it possible to develop a non-materialistic concept of the identity between the cerebral and the mental states. Moreover, this conception shows that the interiority of the mental state cannot be reduced to a category-mistake [Ryle 1949]. This thesis of the identity of consciousness and the body requires a radically new perspective to be developed to conceive an “extended” consciousness.