The Dunkirk evacuation represented massive losses in materials and equipment for the British army. In this article we are going to take a look at the amount of equipment that was left in France, the amount of equipment remaining in the United Kingdom and the ability of the United Kingdoms industry to replace the losses suffered.

Below is a list of the artillery lost in France.

Field

Anti-Tank

Medium Artillery

Heavy Artillery

Super-Heavy

25/18pdr

18pdr

4.5" How

2pdr

25mm

6" How

4.5/60pdr

60pdrs

6" Gun

8" How

9.2" How

9.2" Gun

12" How

704

216

96

509

98

221

32

19

13

13

27

2

4

Tank losses in France.

Light Light VI

Matilda I

Matilda II

Cruiser

Total

331

77

23

184

It's clear to see that the amount of material lost was significant, particularly that of anti-tank and medium/field artillery. The total number of tanks lost seems high but, fortunately for Britain the majority of these were obsolete light tanks and the older Matilda I infantry tanks. The number of Cruiser tanks lost was however quite significant, representing more than half of the total number of Cruiser tanks available. I have as yet not been able to locate figures for anti-aircraft losses but I suspect they would be relatively light as the number of weapons sent to France was quite small.

While the total amount of equipment lost is interesting, it does not give a good indication of the situation Britain was faced with after the fall of France. The able below shows the stock of equipment in the hands of the Army on June 6th 1940 compared to the losses in France.

Lost

Stock 6th June

% Lost

2pdr Equipments

509

333

60

Bofors Equipments

-

283

-

3.7" Equipments

-

662

-

18/25pdr Equipments

704

492

59

25pdr Equipments

0

114

0

18pdr Equipments

216

180

55

4.5" How Equipments

94

280

25

Cruiser Tanks

184

141

57

Infantry Tanks

100

140

42

Light Tanks

331

407

45

Rifles

-

1,150,000

-

Bren Guns

-

14,023

-

Boys Anti-Tank

-

6,675

-

2" Mortar

-

3,100

-

3" Mortar

-

261

-

Overall artillery and anti-tank losses are in the region of 60% of total stocks and tanks around 50% of total stock. Before we continue, it is important to look at the situation the United Kingdom and the British Army was in. The British Army before the war was a small, professional force but as the probability of conflict increased the size of the British Army was rapidly increased and so did the need to modern equipment. The War Office requirements for equipment until 1939 was around 5 field divisions, by February 1939 this had increased to 10 divisions and by September the requirement was for 20 divisions with "55 as soon as possible".

The United Kingdoms industry was not war ready at the outbreak of war and had no hope of equipping the rapidly expanding army let alone the 55 division requirement set by the War Office. As the war progressed and the United Kingdom's industries where switched over to the production of the weapons of war, the increase in munitions was rapid and by June 1940 production was more than double that of the average of the first 6 months of war. Table comparing output of tanks, weapons and ammunition in September 1939 and June 1940

Production

September 1939

June 1940

Light Tanks

26

21

Cruiser Tanks

21

58

Infantry Tanks

7

57

Bren Guns

1,694

3,447

25pdr Equipments

0

102

Bofors AA Equipments

2

118

3.7" AA Equipments

56

122

2pdr Equipments

47

83

25pdr HE

77,500

293,000

2pdr AP

29,500

84,500

.303"

14.5m

69m

Despite the increases in output the losses in France meant a massive setback in the equipping of the new British army. It is common to read the statement " the statement "there were fewer than 100 tanks left in the United Kingdom", this is obviously an exaggeration as the two tables above clearly show more than 100 tanks in the hands of the army and Junes production alone was more than 100 tanks. It is also often said that there was only a single fully equipped division in the United Kingdom, this may have been the case, but how many divisions worth of equipment were available in total?

The following table shows the percentage of the 27 "token" divisions in the United Kingdom that could be equipped with army stocks within the UK, June 30th 1940. The equipment for these 27 "token" divisions includes all the equipment for 27 Infantry Divisions, 2 Armoured Divisions, 7 Army Tank Brigades, 11 Divisional Cavalry Regiments and all equipment for the Air Defence of Great Britain. Note, a the equipment requirement of a token division includes all the initial equipment of an infantry division, its share of equipment from the armoured divisions, all equipment from non divisional troops and reserves. For example a regular infantry division required around 740 Bren guns while a "token" division requires 1,171.

June 30th 1940/b>

% of 27 Divisions

Number of divisions

Anti-tank rifles

40%

13

Bren Guns

40%

14

2" Mortars

80%

24

3" Mortars

20%

5.4

2pdr AT

16%

4.5

Field Artillery

43%

15

Medium Artillery

26%

10

Heavy Artillery

44%

12

Medium A.A.

24%

6.5(est)

Heavy A.A.

59%

16(est)

This data shows that there is enough equipment in the United Kingdom to fully equip around 10-12 divisions with artillery and small arms (there are more than enough rifles to equip the full 27). It is clear from the table that the most serious situation is that of anti-tank weapons, with only enough 2pdrs to fully equip just over 4 divisions. The following table shows the increase in equipment from June to August 1940, large amounts of equipment were sent to the Middle East and these have been included in the final column.

June 30th

July 31st

August 31st

(ME)

Anti-tank rifles

40%

51%

55%

62%

Bren Guns

40%

53%

59%

66%

2" Mortars

80%

87%

91%

93%

3" Mortars

20%

35%

35%

39%

2pdr AT

16%

23%

24%

28%

Field Artillery

43%

49%

51%

52%

Medium Artillery

26%

27%

30%

31%

Heavy Artillery

44%

-

-

-

Medium A.A.

24%

29%

33%

36%

Heavy A.A.

59%

62%

65%

67%

By the end of August the situation has greatly improved from that of June 30th with infantry weapons seeing the greatest increase. Artillery and Anti-Aircraft weapons are also progressing slowly, the anti-tank situation is still critical but is being resolved at an ever increasing rate with 417 2pdr equipments being completed in October/November alone (27.5% of the entire years production). By October 1st the number of "token" divisions that could be equipped were as follows:

October 1st 1940

Number of Divisions

Improvement from June 30th

Anti-tank rifles

21

8

Bren Guns

23.5

9.5

2" Mortars

32

8

3" Mortars

16.5

11.1

2pdr AT

8.5

4

Field Artillery

19

4

Medium Artillery

10

0

The figures clearly show a significant improvement in the number of divisions that can be fully equipped, in terms of light infantry weapons such as mortars, anti-tank rifles and Bren guns the number of extra divisions that could be equipped has risen by at least 10, the greatest improvement being that of 3" mortars. Progress for artillery is slow as 25pdr production is still in the early stages and most of the older 18pdr guns have already been converted. 2pdr anti-tank weapon production is progressing but as mentioned before October and November sees a very large increase over previous months. Medium artillery figures remain static as the new 4.5" and 5.5" guns have not yet entered production.

The following tables detail the total stocks of .303 ammunition held in the United Kingdom, these include stocks for the Army, Air Force and Navy, September 27th 1940.

Ball

AP

Tracer

Incendiary (Mk.IV)

Incendiary (Mk.V)

Total

June 7th

242.9

29.4

10.3

12.4

0

295

August 30th

386.1

27.5

23.4

11.8

0.46

449.26

September 27th

377.9

28.37

24

11.37

0.44

442.08

Weekly output of .303 ammunition of all types for July was around 12.7 million rounds, August 11.2 million rounds and September 8.63 million rounds. Stocks have risen dramatically over the period despite heavy expenditure during over the period of just over 12 million rounds a week. UK production roughly equals expenditure over the period, the increase in stocks is mainly due to imports from Commonwealth sources - 67.7 million rounds in August.

The following shows tanks and carriers in the hands of the army between June 30th and August 31st.

Infantry

Cruiser

Light

Carriers

June 30th

140

209

582

2,242

July 31st

218

284

657

3,181

August 31st

274

322

659

3,784

The period between June 30th and August 31st sees an increase of 134 Infantry tanks, 113 Cruiser tanks and 1,542 carriers of all types. Infantry tank production is steadily increasing from 57 in June to 90 in August, Cruiser tank production is decreasing dropping from 58 in June to less than 30 a month by the end of the year. Carrier production has increased dramatically during the year to over 500 a month by May. Infantry tank production peaks in December with 127 tanks in that month alone.