Why it's done

A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical device that supports the lower left heart chamber (left ventricular assist device, or LVAD), the lower right heart chamber (right ventricular assist device, or RVAD) or both lower heart chambers (biventricular assist device, or BIVAD).

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is implanted under your skin. It helps pump blood from the left ventricle of your heart and on to the rest of your body. A control unit and battery pack are worn outside your body and are connected to the LVAD through a port in your skin.

Biventricular assist device (BIVAD)

Biventricular assist device (BIVAD)

A biventricular assist device (BIVAD) is a mechanical device that supports both lower heart chambers (ventricles).

Your doctor may recommend you have a VAD implanted if:

You're waiting for a heart transplant. You may have a VAD implanted temporarily while you wait for a donor heart to become available.

A VAD can keep blood pumping despite a diseased heart and will be removed when your new heart is implanted. It may also help improve the function of other organs in your body that may not be working properly and may improve other medical conditions.

When a VAD is implanted while you're waiting for a heart transplant, it's referred to as a "bridge to transplant."

You're not currently eligible for a heart transplant because of other conditions. A VAD may sometimes be implanted if you have heart failure, but you're not yet eligible for a heart transplant due to other medical conditions. Your doctor may not have decided whether you're eligible for a heart transplant or a VAD as a permanent treatment. When a VAD is implanted for this reason, it's called "bridge to candidacy" or "bridge to decision."

The VAD may help improve the function of other organs that aren't working properly or improve other medical conditions that may be keeping you from being a candidate for a heart transplant. In some cases, the VAD may improve these conditions so that you can become a heart transplant candidate, or you may keep the VAD as a permanent treatment.

Your heart's function can become normal again. If your heart failure is temporary, your doctor may recommend implanting a VAD until your heart is healthy enough to pump blood on its own again. This is referred to as "bridge to recovery."

It's also possible you'll have a VAD implanted for a short time during or after having heart surgery. You may have a VAD implanted for a few weeks or months.

RVADs may be temporarily implanted after some heart surgeries. An RVAD can help keep blood flowing from the right ventricle to your lungs.

You're not a good candidate for a heart transplant. VADs are increasingly being used as a long-term treatment for people who have heart failure but aren't good candidates for a heart transplant. Generally if you're older than age 65, you may not be eligible for heart transplantation. In that situation the VAD would be implanted as therapy for heart failure. A VAD can enhance your quality of life.

When a VAD is implanted as a permanent treatment for heart failure, it's referred to as "destination therapy."

If a VAD can't help your heart, your doctor may consider a total artificial heart as a treatment option. This device replaces the two lower heart chambers (ventricles) of your heart. This option is generally only considered in people with severe heart failure whose conditions haven't improved through other treatments. It may be an option while you're waiting for a heart transplant. Your doctor will discuss with you whether a total artificial heart is an appropriate treatment option for you.

Yancy CW, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:e240.

A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.