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1 AUSTRALIAN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNSW RESEARCH CENTRE FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND EQUITY (CPHCE) AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER (UK) COORDINATION OF CARE WITHIN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND WITH OTHER SECTORS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Gawaine Powell Davies Professor Mark Harris Dr David Perkins Professor Martin Roland Ms Anna Williams Ms Karen Larsen Ms Julie McDonald September 2006

2 PREFACE This is a final report of a systematic review that focused on coordination of care within Primary Health Care and between Primary Health Care and other health or health related services. The review was funded by the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI), as part of Stream four, and was one of three reviews being undertaken at the same time focusing on integration, coordination and multidisciplinary care. Ethics approval for this project was obtained from the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (067034). THE RESEARCH TEAM The review was conducted by the UNSW Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE) at the University of New South Wales in association with the University of Manchester (UK). The research team consisted of Gawaine Powell Davies 1, Professor Mark Harris 1, Dr David Perkins 1, Professor Martin Roland 2, Ms Anna Williams 1, Ms Karen Larsen 1, Ms Julie McDonald 1, and Dr Judy Proudfoot 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team would particularly like to acknowledge the support provided to the project by a number of key informants both within Australia and internationally who provided input into the focus of the review and comments on the emerging results. These include: Ms Karen Peters, NSW Mr Peter Waxman, VIC Ms Sylvia Barry, VIC Mr Bruce Whitby, SA Ms Caroline Langston, WA Ms Megan Cahill, ACT Mr Rod Meldrum, Tasmania Ms Victoria Rigney, Tasmania Ms Sonia Lillico, Tasmania Ms Lenora Lippman, Victoria Ms Libby Kalucy, SA Ms Eleanor Jackson-Bowers, SA Ms Miriam Keane, SA Dr Ingrid Muir, Netherlands Dr Dennis Kodner, US Dr Jackie Cumming, NZ Ms Louise Lapierre, Canada Dr Peter Bower, UK 1 The UNSW Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity 2 National Primary Care Research & Development Centre, University of Manchester 2

3 The team would also like to thank the following people for their contributions: Mr Steve Kennedy (UNSW Biomedical Library) Mr Upali Jayasinghe (CPHCE Statistician, UNSW) Ms Danielle Wheeler (Quality Checks) Ms Nicola Madden and Ms Sarah Ford ( UNSW administrative assistance) Mr John Humphries (Monash University) Dr Terri Snowden (Royal Australian College of General Practitioners) Ms Rachel Yates (ADGP) Ms Chrissy Arthur (ACT DGP) Mr Michael Kakakios Ms Ann Maree Liddy (QDGP) Ms Jan Newland (ANSWD) Mr Harold Lomas, Mr Peter Halladay and Ms Piroska Wenzel (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing) The research reported in this paper is a project of the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, which is supported by a grant from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing under the Primary Health Care Research, Evaluation and Development Strategy. The information and opinions contained in it do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Suggested citation: Powell Davies G, Harris M, Perkins D, Roland M, Williams A, Larsen K, McDonald J. Coordination of care within primary health care and with other sectors: A systematic review. Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Australia T: F: E: W: Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI) ANU College of Medicine and Health Sciences Building 62, Cnr Mills and Eggleston Roads The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 T: F: E: W: 3

5 LIST OF TABLES... 4 LIST OF FIGURES BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE... 7 METHODS...7 RESULTS...7 OPTIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE...8 Supporting coordination of clinical activities...8 Strengthening relationships between service providers...9 Use of tools, instruments or systems to support coordination of care INTRODUCTION METHODS...12 PRIMARY STUDIES SEARCH STRATEGY SEARCH CRITERIA Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Initial assessment Assessment based on relevance and main focus Quality Assessment Data Extraction Data Analysis Question Question PUBLISHED SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION OF STUDIES OVERVIEW OF INCLUDED STUDIES...16 PRIMARY RESEARCH STUDIES DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INCLUDED STUDIES SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS WHAT STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED...19 RESULTS FROM THE PRIMARY STUDIES Communication between service providers Systems to support coordination of care Coordinating clinical activities Support for service providers Support to patients Relationships between service providers Joint planning, funding and/or management Organisational arrangements Organisation of the health care system RESULTS FROM THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE STRATEGIES?...24 RESULTS FROM PRIMARY STUDIES RESULTS FROM SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS REPORTED OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH INTEGRATION STRATEGIES DISCUSSION...32 SCOPE OF THE REVIEW METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

7 1. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Coordination of care is a an important issue in a health system where an increasing number of people are seeking complex care, often due to age or chronic conditions, from a health system that is often fragmented and highly specialised. This review addresses the issue through two research questions: What strategies have been used to improve coordination of care within primary health care and between primary health care, health and health related services in Australia and other countries with comparable health system? What is known about the costs and effectiveness of the strategies in different contexts? METHODS Studies were sought through the main electronic databases, followed by a limited snowballing exercise, using a wide range of terms combined with integration, coordination, multidisciplinary care and primary health care to develop both title and key word searches. For primary studies methods were assessed using the Cochrane filter for identifying RCTs clinical trials and evaluated studies, and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) filter was used for the systematic reviews. In addition, information was collated on major national and State/Territory integration initiatives and policies through searches of web sites and consultation with key informants and representatives from State Health Departments. Only studies that focused on coordination of care within primary health care or between primary health care and other services were included. 85 primary studies and 21 previous systematic reviews were selected. The primary studies were assessed for methodological rigour using a published quality checklist (Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, Effective Public Health Practice Project) and five studies were excluded from the analysis of effectiveness in question 2. For question 1, data were extracted by two researchers. The strategies reported in each study were analysed categories developed to describe them in terms of the way they contributed to coordination of care. For question 2, studies were analysed in terms of their strategies and the health, patient satisfaction and economic outcomes that they reported. For each type of outcome the significant outcome rate was computed as the percentage of studies reporting least one statistically significant positive result. The significant outcome rates for strategy types were analysed by clinical issue addressed setting and country. The differential impact of each strategy types was also assessed. Most of the systematic reviews had approached their topics from a rather different angle from the one taken in this review. Their results were therefore analysed separately and used to confirm or disconfirm findings from the primary studies. RESULTS Most primary studies were concerned with one of three areas of health care: chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AIDS/HIV %), mental health (including substance abuse %) and aged care (including palliative care %). The greatest number was concerned 7

8 with the interface between primary health care and a specialist provider or service (47%). A number of studies also covered the interface between primary health care and hospitals (34.1%). 16.5% of the studies addressed linkages between providers or services located within primary health care. Nine broad categories of strategy were identified. These are shown in the box below Main types of strategies for coordinating care: relating to Communication between service providers (68.2% of studies) Use of systems to support the coordination of care (58.8% of studies) Coordinating clinical activities (44.7% of studies) Support for service providers (43.5% of studies) Support for patients (20.0 % of studies) Relationships between service providers (42.3% of studies) Joint planning, funding and/or management (7% of studies) Agreements between organisations (3.5% of studies) The organisation of the health care system (1.2% of studies) Outcomes were assessed in terms of the percentage of studies reporting health or patient satisfaction outcomes that had significant positive results. In terms of health outcomes, the most successful studies were those addressing relationships between service providers (65.5%), arrangements for coordinating clinical activities (61.3%) and use of systems to support coordination (60.5%). For patient satisfaction, the most successful were those addressing relationships between service providers (66.7%), support for clinicians (57.1%) communication between service providers (54.5%), and support for patients (50.0%). While there were some variations by setting and health issue addressed, in general it was strategies that involved providing systems and structure to support coordination that were the most successful in achieving significant health outcomes, and those that involved communication and support that were most successful in achieving patient satisfaction (although the relationship between service providers was important here too). OPTIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE The following opportunities were suggested for supporting successful strategies for coordinating care in Australia. Supporting coordination of clinical activities Developing service networks and arrangements for improve access to allied health and other community based services for early intervention to prevent diabetes and heart disease 8

9 Strengthening relationships between service providers Strengthening general practice multidisciplinary teams including the role of practice nurses in chronic disease management Co-locating general practice and other services, and investing in the systems to support coordination of care between co-located systems Strengthening the link between patient and primary health care providers, particularly for those with complex care needs Developing stronger networks of service providers Use of tools, instruments or systems to support coordination of care Further developing tools (e.g. common assessments, care plans, decision supports) that can be used by a range of providers across both national and state funded services and integrated in the care provided by different services Develop systems for communicating or sharing information between primary health care and other service providers Structures, particularly at regional level, which are able to develop the structures and systems to support coordination of care. 9

10 2. INTRODUCTION As the population ages and rates of chronic diseases (and in particular co-morbidities) grow, an increasing number of people are receiving complex regimes of care from a range of different health service providers, often intermittent hospital or specialist care in addition to on ongoing care in the community. Increasing specialisation in health services has tended to increase this complexity. While specialisation may bring benefits in the form of more effective care for specific problems, it creates a counter-balancing need for effective coordination so that people with complex care needs receive care that is comprehensive and continuous and allows them to self manage effectively. As van Raak says: These developments call for a careful coordination of services, collaboration of service providers and involvement of patients (WHO 2003 cited in van Raak 2005) As a result the care of patients does not meet standards set in evidence-based guidelines both in Australia and overseas (Seddon et al 2001). Only 50% of patients receive optimum evidence-based clinical care (Briganti et al 2003). Coordination is made more difficult by the boundaries that exist within health services. In Australia care are provided from services are provided in different locations, by people with a different professional background working in the private or public sectors and often part of health services that are accountable to different levels of government. Each of these boundaries can complicate the task of coordinating care. Care coordination is one of the drivers for current concerns about health service integration. This rather imprecise term (Kodner 2002) covers initiatives at the micro (patient and service provider), meso (health service organisation) and macro (health service) levels to enable the different parts of the health care system to work more effectively together to provide efficient and effective health care. These initiatives themselves need to be linked: policy and service development must take account of the realities of service provision, which in turn needs appropriate policies and organisational arrangements to support it. In Australia the national and state/territory governments all have policies relating to integration and coordination of care. Strategies and programs with a clear aim of improving integration and coordination of care include organisational developments such as the Divisions of General Practice program and the Primary Care Partnerships in Victoria; strategies for specific health issues such as the National Chronic Disease Strategy and the National Mental Health Strategy; funding initiatives to support more comprehensive and coordinated care such as the Medicare Benefits Schedule items for chronic disease management; and programs to support self management. In addition, direct trials of care coordination have been carried out through programs such as the Coordinated Care trials (Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care 2001). These developments include a broad mix of elements being implemented across the macro, meso and micro levels. While these are all needed, their effectiveness depends ultimately on the way in which health care is provided at the level of patient and provider the patient care team (Wagner 2000). As Robinson has commented: 10

11 Most concerns relating to linkages are addressed from the perspective of the macro policy environment rather than having a focus on what actually makes linkages work at the micro level of practice; that is, while much has been written outlining concerns with linkage at the level of inter-governmental relations and the fragmentation of services, little research has been carried out which aims to flesh out strategies that practitioners in the field might employ to develop more collaborative relationships among groups of service providers at local level (Robinson 1998) This review was originally intended to range more broadly across different levels of integration, but in the process of development the focus was limited to coordination of care between service providers. The original research questions were: 1. what is meant by integration, coordination and multidisciplinary care in relation to health and health related services? 2. what strategies have been implemented to improve integration and coordination within primary health care (PHC) and between PHC, health and health related services in Australia and other countries with comparable health system? 3. what is known about the costs and effectiveness of the strategies in different contexts? These were modified to: 1. what strategies have been used to improve coordination of care within primary health care and between primary health care, health and health related services in Australia and other countries with comparable health system? 2. what is known about the costs and effectiveness of the strategies in different contexts? The original intention was to measure the effectiveness of strategies in terms of their impact on coordination and continuity of care. However for most studies the information available in this area was too limited and heterogeneous to be used as the basis for analysis. We therefore analysed effectiveness in terms of health, patient satisfaction and economic outcomes. Comparable countries for the purposes of this review are the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and New Zealand. This report has four main sections. The first outlines the methods used in the review, including the selection of studies and the way these were analysed. The next section identifies the strategies for coordinating care that are described in these studies, and develops a framework for drawing these strategies into main types. The third section reviews evidence from these studies about the impact of care coordination strategies on health outcomes, patient satisfaction and costs. The final section discusses these results and considers their implications for Australian health policy. 11

12 3. METHODS PRIMARY STUDIES SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy was developed in consultation with a UNSW Biomedical Librarian and key informants and through a process of testing and refinement to identify the relevant databases and the combinations of terms that were most sensitive for identifying relevant studies. The strategy involved searching for primary studies through electronic databases followed by a limited snowballing exercise. In addition, information was sought on major national and State/Territory integration initiatives and policies through searches of web sites and consultation with key informants and representatives from State Health Departments. Most of the primary research studies were identified through electronic databases. These included ABI Global (Proquest), Australasian Medical Index (AMI), CINAHL, Campbell Collaboration, APAIS, EMBASE, Global Health, Health and Society, Medline, PsychINFO, Social Science Index and the Cochrane Collaboration database. The search was conducted during February and March Studies were also identified by snowballing from the reference list of a very comprehensive Rapid Appraisal Review (Singh 2005). The list of studies included in the rapid appraisal was reviewed and any articles that had not been retrieved by the electronic database searches were reviewed. SEARCH CRITERIA A wide range of terms were combined with integration, coordination, multidisciplinary care and primary health care to develop both title and key word searches (appendix 1). Potential search terms were tested in each of the databases to identify subject headings and relevant text word searches appropriate to each database. The search strategy was the run and achieved a hit rate of approximately 50%, i.e. at least 50% of the studies retrieved appeared relevant to the topic area of interest based on a review of titles. After a review of a range of methodological filters using Medline as a test database, the Cochrane filter for identifying RCTs clinical trials and evaluated studies was chosen for the primary studies and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) filter for the systematic reviews. These were modified and tested in Medline and then used as the basis for developing filters for other databases. All studies were stored using Endnote 7.0. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Decisions as to whether to include or exclude studies from the review were made at two stages: an initial assessment and a further assessment based on the relevance and main focus of the studies. Two independent researchers assessed all the studies at each step, with discrepancies either being debated by the team or discussed by the reviewers. The article assessment process was recorded in Excel

13 Initial assessment In the initial assessment two researchers (AW & KL) reviewed the titles and abstracts for inclusion using the following criteria: language (studies published in English) origin (studies that originated from the suggested comparable countries (Canada, New Zealand, UK, US, Netherlands)) study design (experimental studies (RCTs and quasi-experimental) and evaluation studies (trials, pilots, intervention studies, controlled before and after, comparative studies). evidence that the strategy had been implemented, (the study reported the results of an evaluation study or pilot/trial study). Studies were excluded if: the title of the article indicated no direct relevance to the subject of the review the abstract (and/or author) were missing and the title did not indicate that the article was of major significance Assessment based on relevance and main focus At this stage the full articles were retrieved for the remaining studies and reviewed simultaneously by two researchers for relevance (KL & GPD) and main focus (AW & DP). Discrepancies either being debated by the team or discussed by the reviewers until agreement was reached. The relevance check involved re-applying the initial inclusion criteria for verification and then assessing the content of the studies for relevance to the research questions. Studies were excluded if they did not meet the original inclusion criteria and or did not involve primary health care or include a component related to integration of health services. Non-experimental studies were also excluded at this stage. The main focus check excluded studies if the intervention did not seek to make care that involved primary health care more continuous or comprehensive, or to increase the linkage between primary health care and other health or health related services. Excluded studies were audited by a third researcher (GPD or MH). Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion within the team. Studies that were excluded and included are found at appendices 2 and 3 respectively. Quality Assessment A published quality checklist (Quality Assessment Tool For Quantitative Studies, Effective Public Health Practice Project 3 ), was used to assess the methodological rigor of the included studies (appendix 9). The quality checks were undertaken by two independent researchers (UNSW statistician and a Cochrane researcher). The Cochrane researcher performed the majority of the checks, with the UNSW Statistician checking an overlapping sample of 19% of the dataset to establish reliability. A one-way Anova was used to calculate mean squares of the scores, giving a coefficient of Available from hhtp://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/cityandgovernment/healthandsocialservices 13

14 A cut off was set at a mean score of 2.0 out of 3. Studies scoring less than 2.0 were excluded from question 3 (the effectiveness of strategies) but retained for question 2, which involved creating a typology of strategies used to coordinate care but not an assessment of outcomes. Data Extraction A data extraction template was developed for the data required for question 2 and to provide context for question 3 (appendix 10). Two independent researchers (GPD & KL) extracted information from half the studies each and then reviewed the entire set together to check reliability and resolve any queries. Where discrepancies were found, the study was reviewed by both researchers and discussed until agreement was reached. If agreement could not be reached, it was discussed with a third member of the research team (AW or DP) The findings of each of the studies were extracted separately by a third researcher (AW) into a Word document. KL checked reliability by correlating the extracted data against comparable fields recorded in the Access database. Where discrepancies were found, the study was reviewed by AW and KL. Where more than one paper was found to report the same study, the main paper was used as the basis for data extraction of reported outcomes for question 3. Outcomes that were reported in other papers (but not the main paper) were added to the record for that study. Data Analysis Data were analysed separately for questions one and two. Question 1 Data for question 1 were derived from full 85 studies. Frequencies were tabulated for country of origin, year of publication and study type. Categories were developed for the clinical issue addressed in the study and its setting. The four categories for the clinical issue were: chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDs, cancer, cardiopulmonary disease); mental health (including substance abuse); aged care and palliative care; and other, which included dermatology, disorders of the locomotor system, blood disorders, referral patterns, and emergency department use. The categories for setting reflected type of boundaries across which the studies were coordinating care. The four categories were between primary health care and specialist providers or services; between primary health care and hospital based services, including hospital outreach/follow up, linkages between hospitals and emergency departments; within primary health care; between primary health care and a residential aged care facility. The strategies used in each intervention were extracted and identified as an integration strategy (i.e. being intended at least in part to contribute to coordination of care) or a non integration strategy. A content analysis was carried out and categories developed to describe the strategies in terms of their contribution to coordination of care. The strategies used in each study were then mapped to these categories and recorded in the Access database. They were also sub-categorised as to whether the coordination involved primary health care, or was confined to other services (e.g. within hospital 14

15 services). Only the former were included in the analyses for questions 1 and 2. The categories were not exclusive: for example, a strategy that was concerned with communication between service providers using a standardized proforma, was coded to under both communication between service providers and systems to support the coordination of care. Question 2 Analyses for question 2 were based on the 80 studies whose methodology had passed the quality test. Studies were analysed in terms of their strategies and outcomes. The strategies were coded using the framework developed for question 1. The outcomes were health, clinician satisfaction, patient satisfaction and economic outcomes, but clinician satisfaction was not included in more detailed analyses because of the small number of studies reporting these results. For each study it was recorded which type of outcomes were reported and whether there were any significant findings. For each type of outcome the significant outcome rate was computed as the percentage of studies reporting on the outcome which achieved at least one statistically significant positive result. The significant outcome rates for strategy types were analysed by clinical issue addressed, setting and country, while the differential impact of strategy types was analysed all studies together. PUBLISHED SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION OF STUDIES Reviews were sought using the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Reviews, DARE, HTA and NHE EED) and a list of Key MeSH subject headings. Systematic reviews found in the main search strategy were also included. The full text of the published systematic reviews were assessed by one researcher (AW) using the same criteria for inclusion and relevance as for the primary research studies. To be included in the study, the systematic reviews had to have a primary health care focus and involve a component of integration. The methodological quality of reviews was not assessed: published systematic reviews were expected to have met satisfactory quality standards. Information was extracted to support the synthesis of information from the primary studies and related particularly to evidence of effectiveness (question 2). Key information extracted included: article identification, year, title, objectives, core integration related components, findings (provider, service, health outcomes, costs, and patient satisfaction), and limitations to the review and key findings/conclusions. All the reviews that met the selection criteria were analysed qualitatively to identify the type of integration strategies employed in the studies they reviewed, using the framework derived from the primary studies. This process was used to check the face validity of the framework. The subset of systematic reviews that addressed the main clinical issues in the primary studies (mental health, chronic disease and aged care) was reviewed and information extracted where outcomes were directly matched to strategies in the framework used in this review. This information was then used for triangulation to support the findings within the primary research studies and the synthesis. 15

16 4. OVERVIEW OF INCLUDED STUDIES PRIMARY RESEARCH STUDIES DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS The initial electronic database searches retrieved more than 7,000 articles. After filtering by method 2048 articles were retrieved and checked for relevance, leaving 517 articles. Snowballing added a further 19 articles and the set then checked for their relevance and main focus. This left 85 studies for data extraction and synthesis for question 1. Quality checking removed a further five articles, leaving 80 for question 2. Figure 1: Selection process for the primary research papers 16

18 All the studies were RCTs or quasi experimental studies, with a variety of design characteristics. The majority addressed one of three health issues: chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AIDS/HIV %), mental health (including substance abuse %) and aged care (including palliative care %). The other category included referrals (in general), issues relating to medication, dental health, dermatology, blood disorders, use of emergency departments, the locomotor system and cancer. Studies were grouped according to the setting within which they were coordinating care. The greatest numbers were concerned with the interface between primary health care and a specialist provider or service (47%). A number of studies also covered the interface between primary health care and hospitals (34.1%). These included 13 studies with hospital outreach or follow up, four studies that were concerned with linkages between primary health care and emergency departments and two that involved linkages between primary health care, hospital, and/or health related service. 16.5% of the studies addressed linkages between providers or services located within primary health care: for example GPs and community pharmacists. In addition two studies involved linkages between primary health care and residential aged care facilities. Almost half (45.9%) of the studies were conducted in the United States. An equal number of studies were conducted in Australia and the United Kingdom (20%). Few studies were selected from the Netherlands, New Zealand or Canada. SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 39 systematic reviews were initially retrieved. Data were extracted from 21 that met the selection criteria. Table 2 shows the clinic issue or focus of these reviews. Table 2: Number of Reviews by health issue or focus of the review Clinical Issue / Focus of Review No. Reviews % Mental Health Aged Care Chronic Disease Referrals GP-Specialist Interface Outreach Clinics Behaviour of Primary Care Physicians Hospital-Community Interface Vulnerable Populations Total As with the primary studies, mental health, aged care and chronic diseases (included heart disease and diabetes) were the most common issues addressed (14 studies). Outcome data associated with relevant strategies were extracted from these 14 as they related to the main health issues addressed in the primary research studies. The remaining 7 studies addressed a diverse range of other clinical or health care issues. found. The majority of the reviews were completed between 2000 and

19 5. WHAT STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED RESULTS FROM THE PRIMARY STUDIES The strategies used in the primary studies were extracted and analysed qualitatively. Twenty seven different strategies were identified, falling into nine broad types. These are shown in Table 3, where the strategy types are in the highlighted rows and the detailed strategies below them. It should be noted that these are not exclusive: most studies used several strategies. Lists of the studies using each type of strategy are found in Appendix 4. Table 3: Breakdown of Individual Strategies that relate to the Nine Broad Categories Strategy/strategy type No of studies % Communication between service providers Case conference involving PHC Other communication within PHC/between PHC and other providers Systems to support the coordination of care Shared care plan used by PHC clinicians Decision support shared by PHC clinicians and other clinicians Pro formas used by PHC clinicians Patient held record used for PHC care Information or communication systems used by PHC clinicians Shared records used by PHC clinicians Register of patients used to support PHC Coordinating clinical activities PHC consultations coordinated with those from other providers in/outside PHC, including joint consultations Shared assessment Priority access to a health service Support for service providers Support/supervision for PHC clinicians Joint training/training on collaboration involving PHC Reminders for PHC clinicians Facilitating communication Relationships between service providers Co-location between PHC and other service providers Case management Multi disciplinary team (MDT) involving PHC Assigning a patient to a particular PHC provider Support for patients Joint patient education/relating to sharing care involving PHC Reminders for taking part in PHC care Assistance for patients for in accessing care from PHC Joint planning, funding and/or management Joint funding including a PHC provider/service 0 0 Joint management involving PHC provider/service Joint planning involving PHC provider/service Organisational agreements Formal agreement involving PHC organisation The organization of the health care system Change to funding arrangements impacting on PHC

20 Communication between service providers This was the most common strategy type, and was used in 62.8% of studies. Communication was defined as case conferencing if it involved making decisions about a patient s care and other communication if it involved merely the exchange of information. These were equally common. To be counted, the communication had to involve at least one primary health care provider. Systems to support coordination of care This was found in 58.8% of studies. The most common types were a shared care plan and shared decision support. In some cases proformas were used: for example a standard form for communication or referral. A smaller number of studies reported information systems to support coordination of care, including shared records, patient held records, information systems and registers. To be included, these needed to be used to coordinate care within primary health care or with other parts of the health system. Coordinating clinical activities 44.7% of studies reported using this type of strategy. It included coordinating consultations between service providers, either as joint consultations or with some predetermined relationship between them: for example alternating consultations between specialist team and general practitioner, or a patient having a consultation with a pharmacist before seeing a primary care physician. Shared assessments could be conducted jointly, or in some cases an assessment carried out in another service was used as the basis for primary health care. A few studies had arrangements for priority access to a health service: either from primary health care to a specialist service (if care was too complex for primary health care) or to a primary health care service. Support for service providers Just under half of all studies included strategies relating to support for service providers. The most common was support or supervision for primary health care clinicians, often from specialist services with which they were sharing care Training was included if it was joint training or training directly related to collaborative care. A very small number of studies also included reminders for clinicians for example that they were due to see a patient or facilitating communication between primary health care and other service providers. Support to patients This was included in only 20.0% of studies. It included joint patient education between primary health care and other service providers, or education relating to sharing care, reminders for taking part in primary health care and assistance in accessing primary health care for example by having emergency department staff make a phone call to set up a follow up GP appointment rather than simply make a referral Relationships between service providers 42.3% of the studies included at least one strategy that concerned the relationship between service providers. Co-location between PHC and other service providers was the most common, followed by case management. Only nine studies reported primary health care being involved in multidisciplinary team care. Three studies assigned patients to particular primary health care providers, for example to improve access to primary health care for people being treated for substance abuse. 20

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