Chondrosarcoma

What is chondrosarcoma?

Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that develops in cartilage cells. Cartilage is the specialized, gristly connective tissue that is present in adults and the tissue from which most bones develop. Cartilage plays an important role in the growth process. There are many different types of cartilage that are present throughout the body. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant type of bone cancer that primarily affects the cartilage cells of the femur (thighbone), arm, pelvis, and knee. Although less frequent, other areas (such as the ribs) may be affected.

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common type of primary bone cancer. A primary bone cancer is one that originates from bone, as opposed to starting in another organ and then spreading to the bone. This type of cancer rarely affects individuals under age 20 and continues to rise until age 75. The incidence between males and females is equal.

What causes chondrosarcoma?

The exact cause of chondrosarcoma is not known. There may be a genetic or chromosomal component that predisposes certain individuals to this type of malignancy. Chondrosarcomas have been observed as a late consequence of radiation therapy for other cancers.

What is a risk factor?

A risk factor is anything that may increase a person's chance of developing a disease. It may be an activity, such as smoking, diet, family history, or many other things. Different diseases have different risk factors.

Although these factors can increase a person's risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. Some people with one or more risk factors never develop a disease, while others develop the disease and have no known risk factors.

But, knowing your risk factors to any disease can help to guide you into the appropriate actions, including changing behaviors and being clinically monitored for the disease.

What are the risk factors for chondrosarcoma?

Most often, chondrosarcoma occurs from normal cartilage cells, but it may also stem from a preexisting benign (noncancerous) bone or cartilage tumor. The following is a list of some benign conditions that may be present when chondrosarcoma occurs:

Enchondromas. A type of benign bone tumor that originates from cartilage and usually affects the hands (can also affect other areas).

Osteochondromas. An overgrowth of cartilage and bone near the end of the bone near the growth plate.

Multiple exostoses. The presence of multiple osteochondromas (an overgrowth of cartilage and bone near the end of the growth plate).

Ollier's disease. A cluster of enchondromas (benign cartilage tumors that usually affect the hands).

Maffucci's syndrome. A combination of multiple enchondroma (benign cartilage tumors that usually affect the hands) tumors and angiomas (benign tumors made up of blood vessels).

What are the symptoms of chondrosarcoma?

Symptoms of chondrosarcoma may vary depending on the location of the tumor. The following are the most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

Large mass on the affected bone

Feeling of pressure around the mass

Pain that is usually worse at night and may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen

Pain that is not usually relieved through rest

Local swelling

Pain that may be present for years but increases gradually over time

How is chondrosarcoma diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for chondrosarcoma may include the following:

Biopsy. A procedure in which tissue samples are removed (with a needle or during surgery) from the body for examination under a microscope; this is done to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present.

Computed tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan). A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.

Treatment for chondrosarcoma

Specific treatment for chondrosarcoma will be determined by your doctor based on:

Your age, overall health, and medical history

Extent of the disease

Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, and therapies

Expectation for the course of the disease

Your opinion or preference

The goal for treatment of chondrosarcoma is to remove the mass and reduce the likelihood that it will return. Close follow-up with your doctor may be necessary. Treatment may include:

Surgery. Removal of the tumor.

Physical therapy. This treatment helps to regain strength and use of the affected area after surgery.

Radiation therapy. Radiation is given at high doses.

Chemotherapy. Although not the primary treatment, it may be required if the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.