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Figure 22. A glacial erratic of Fordham
Gneiss in the New York Botanical Gardents. The large boulder was probably
split by the physical weathering action of tree roots. The tree has long
since vanished.

Figure 23. Glaciated outcrops and erratics
of schist and gneiss of the Manhattan Formation are integrated into the
grizzly bear pen and other exhibits throughout the Bronx Zoo Park.

Figure 24. Generalized geologic map
of Staten Island showing the location of the Serpentinite locality along
the Staten Island Expressway (located near Brooklyn and Staten Island
Schools, formerly the campus of the College of Staten Island) (map after
Lyttle & Epstein, 1987).

Figure 25. Exposure of the serpentinite
in an abandoned highway cut adjacent to the Staten Island Expressway.

Figure 26. Trail system and investigation
sites in western Harriman State Park (map modified after Palisades Interstate
Park trail map).

Figure 27. View of the barren, glacier-scoured
hilltop above Claudius Smith Den in Harriman State Park. The view of the
hilltops in the distance illustrates the Schooley Peneplain, a mid-Tertiary
erosional surface that is now the top of the regional erosionally dissected
plateau.

Figure 28. A view of Bear Mountain
from the east side of the Hudson River from Anthony's Nose Overlook. Iona
Island Bird Sanctuary is in the foreground. The terrace along the base
of Bear Mountain represents the base level position of the Hudson RiverValley
prior to Pleistocene glaciation.

Figure 29. Trail system and investigation
sites in Bear Mountain State Park, including the location of Anthony's
Nose parking area on the east side of the Hudson River. Note the location
of the park visitor center on the Palisades Interstate Parkway (modified
after Palisades Interstate Park trail map).

Figure 30. View of the Hudson River
"fjord" from Anthony's Nose Overlook.

Figure 40. Anticline and syncline in
layered Precambrian gneiss along NJ Route 23 near the rest area exit ramp
(west of Butler, NJ).

Figure 41. A nineteenth century charcoal
iron furnace preserved in Wawayanda State Park. Iron was supplied from
typically small magnetite veins in the Precambrian gneiss from throughout
the surrounding Highlands.

Figure 42. White granitic gneiss along
a tumbling stream near the charcoal furnace in Wawayanda State Park.

Figure 49. Late Proterozoic granite
crops out on the western shore of Round Valley Reservoir. Cushetunk Mountain,
a large, semicircular Jurassic diabase intrusion into the Triassic sediments
of the western Newark Basin forms a U-shaped ridge that surrounds most
of the lake on its eastern end.

Figure 51. Map o the Appalachian Mountains
region showing the outcrop belts of the "Sedimentary Appalachians"
(also called the Appalachian Basin, and represents a vast region underlain
by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks), and the."Crystalline Appalachians"
(underlain chiefly by Precambrian and Early Paleozoic metamorphic and
igneous rocks).

Figure 52. Map of the "Sedimentary
Appalachians" Province in the New York City region including the
Valley and Ridge Province and the Allegheny Plateau and the Catskills
(after highway map by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1996).

Figure 53. Origin of the Appalachian
Orogen, a result of three separate continental collisions involving the
North American Continent with the Taconic and Acadian terranes, and finally
the collision of the African and North American continents during the
Alleghenian Orogeny at the end of the Paleozoic.

Figure 54. Generalized Middle Paleozoic
stratigraphy for the New York City region; not that Late Paleozoic rocks
are "missing" (after Drake et al., 1996, Fisher et al., 1996,
and Rogers 1995) .

Figure 55. Map of the Catskill Mountains
and central Hudson River Valley region.

Figure 57. The Catskill Mural Front
from along Route 23A east of Palenville, New York. The gorge bisecting
the front is the Kaaterskill Clove - a canyon carved by stream erosion
after the continental glacier melted. North Lake State Park encompasses
the mountain to the right of the gorge.

Figure 58. Map of the North Lake State
Park area showing the location of Kaaterskill Falls.

Figure 70. An exposure of puddingstone
(Late Devonian Skunnemunk Conglomerate) along NJ Route 513 on Bearfort
Mountain, north of West Milford, New Jersey; car keys are for scale.

Figure 71. View of the barren ridge
of "puddingstone" (Late Devonian Skunnemunk Conglomerate) on
Bearfort Mountain. Greenwood Lake is in the valley below to the east.
The flat surface of the Schooley Peneplain is quite apparent in the New
Jersey Highlands region in the distance (east).

Figure 72. Map of localities on Kittatinny
Mountain and in the surrounding region along the New Jersey/Pennsylvania
border.

Figure 76. An 18th Century copper mine
in the redbeds of the Upper Silurian Bloomsburg Formation in the Delaware
Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey.

Figure 77. The Appalachian Trail winds
among glacial erratics along the crest of Kittatinny Mountain in Stokes
State Forest, New Jersey.

Figure 78. A periglacial boulder field
on Kittatinny Mountain along the overlook road eat of Walpack Valley Environmental
Education Center, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey.

Figure 79. The lower falls of Tillman
Ravine in Stokes State Forest, New Jersey.

Figure 80. The monument at High Point,
New Jersey reflecting off of Lake Marria in the foreground.

Figure 81. The southwest view from High
Point showing the sinuous crest of Kittatinny Mountain (on the left))
overlooking the Delaware River Valley. The plateau of the Pocono Mountains
is on the right. Steeply dipping Silurian Shawangunk Conglomerate is the
resistant ridge- forming rock visible in the foreground; Lark Marria is
beyond in the center of the view.

Figure 82. The Delaware River Gorge
north of Port Jervis. Late Devonian sedimentary rocks of the Catskill
Group are well exposed along sinuous Pa Route 97 (beckoning another car
commercial).

Figure 92. A mineral collector illustrates
the size of a large cavity formed in a pillow basalt flow on Orange Mountain
(1st Watchung Mountain) near Paterson, New Jersey.

Figure 93. Condominiums built along
the highwall of a quarry in Orange Mountain in Paterson, New Jersey.
The ice flows form along the boundary between separate lava flows in the
Orange Mountain Basalt.

Figure 113. Map showing field localities
on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Staten Island, and Long Island.
The stippled pattern indicates the region covered by the Late Pleistocene
(Wisconsin) glacier (discussed in Chapter 6).

Figure 114. Cretaceous and Cenozoic
Stratigraphy of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the New York City region
(modified after Lyttle & Eptein, 1987 and COSUNA Chart by the American
Association of Petroleum Geologists,1983).

Figure 115. Geologic map of the Coastal
Plain in eastern New Jersey and New York City (modified after Lyttle &
Eptein, 1987).

Figure 116. Generalized cross section
of the Coastal Plain along a portion of the Garden State Parkway in eastern
New Jersey (after Lyttle & Epstein, 1987).

Figure 117. Pelecypods in glauconitic
marl from the Eocene Shark River Formation.

Figure 118. The brachiopod Oleneothyris
harlani from the Paleocene Vincentown Formation near New Egypt, New
Jersey.

Figure 126. Map of the Atlantic Highlands
area overlooking Sandy Hook and the Navesink River estuary in Monmouth
County, New Jersey (including Hartshorne Woods Park and the Mt Mitchell
Overlook).

Figure 127. Gravel outcrop of the
Beacon Hill Gravel (Pliocene) of the Cohansey Formation near the water
tower in Highlands, New Jersey (near the Mt. Mitchell Overlook, Monmouth
County).

Figure 128. Map showing the location
of Poricy Brook, Big Brook, Tatum Park, and the escarpment overlook at
Garden State Arts Center (Monmouth County, New Jersey).

Figure 129. Stream cutbank along Poricy
Brook in Poricy Park. A shell bed in the Late Cretaceous Navesink Formation
occurs about knee level above the stream. Weathered red sand of the Late
Cretaceous Redbank Formation is exposed near the top of the cutbank.

Figure 130. A nonconformity at the
base of the Late Cretaceous Navesink Formation along Big Brook (Monmouth
County, NJ) is highlighted by iron-stained deposits associated with groundwater
seepage.

Figure 131. A tulip tree grove in Tatum
Park (Monmouth County, NJ) has some of the tallest trees on the Coastal
Plain; the hillsides consist of weathered Late Cretaceous strata.

Figure 132. An Oleneothyrus shell
bed in the Vincentown Formation near New Egypt, New Jersey.

Figure 133. Map showing the location
of Shark River Park and Allaire State Park in Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Figure 134. Sieving for fossils from
the stream gravel along the Shark River.

Figure 135. Map showing parklands
and features in the central Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey.

Figure 136. A gravel pit in the Beacon
Hill Gravel (Pliocene) near the water tower along the trails around Allaire
State Park.

Figure 137. A sandy beach next to
the brown tea-colored waters of Pakin Pond, an abandoned cranberry bog
within the pine barrens of Lebanon State Forest.

Figure 149. New York Bight beach fossils.
Calcareous sponges: A. sponge encrusting a quahog shell; B. sponge encrusting
an oyster shell; C. Stony Coral encrusting a concretion. These specimens
were derived from Pleistocene-Holocene marine sediments, but both all
species occur in the modern New York Bight. All specimens were found on
Breezy Point, NY.

Figure 150. New York Bight beach fossils.
Bivalves: A-C: Oysters preserved in growth position preserved in sideritic
sandstone matrix; found on Breezy Point, NY. A radiocarbon analysis of
a sample of oyster shell in concretion matrix yielded an Early Holocene
date of 7,610 (+/-150) years before present. The matrix of oyster shell-bearing
concretions contain an abundance of gastropods (mud dog whelk). Both species
thrive in estuary environments. D-E: Bay scallops in concretion matrix;
Sandy Hook, NJ.

Figure 166. Hurricane Bertha (1996)
was a Class 1 hurricane by the time it made landfall on Long Island, and
only caused minor damage. Both hurricanes and nor'easters are cyclonic
storms with counter-clockwise rotation (NOAA weather satellite image).

Figure 167. Topography and bathymetry
of the inner New York Bight region.

Figure 168. Dominant winds, waves,
and current patterns of the New York Bight.

Figure 179. Sedimentation features
on aerial photographs of Sandy Hook: A. Plum Island represents the remnants
of a washover fan. The sawtooth pattern along the Atlantic Ocean side
reveals the buildup of sand adjacent to stone groins transported northward
by longshore drift.
B. an accretionary sandy buildup on the northern tip of the spit. The
large dark area is a newly-formed freshwater pond. The dotted straight
line is the 9 Gun Batter completed in 1902.

Figure 180. A sand replenishment operation
along the seawall in Seabright, New Jersey just south of Sandy Hook. Note
the lack of beach along the seawall south of the beach-building operation.

Figure 181. A tidal creek and salt
marsh. A salt cedar forest is developed amongst the bayside dunes in the
distance. Raritan Bay is to the right. The telephone pole-like platform
is an artificial osprey nest.

Figure 182. An early 20th century
military bunker likes exposed to the wave on Raritan Bay. The line of
posts on the right represents an old shoreline seawall built around 1910.
The shoreline has eroded back almost 200 feet. The dark rocks in the foreground
are tightly iron-cemented conglomerate formed in Late Pleistocene or Early
Holocene gravel deposits.

Figure 183. A view of the flotsam-covered
South Beach of Staten Island with the Verrazano Bridge.

Figure 185. A wrackline formed on
the beach at Breezy Point. The dark line on the horizon is the Breezy
Point jetty built in the early 1970s.

Figure 186. Stone Indian artifacts
washed up on the New York beach after storms. The occurrence of these
materials on area beaches is an indication that sea level is progressively
rising. A rich archeological record is probably submerged offshore. Artifacts
are made from chert derived from the Valley and Ridge region, and local
granite and schist. The Swiss army knife is four inches for scale.

Figure 188. Peat exposed by beach
erosion at low tide at Floyd Bennett Field. Note the new marsh grass growth
about a meter above the high tide line. These peat deposits are another
indiction that sea level is rising.

Figure 189. A wrackline of broken
surf clam shells along mud flats exposed at low tide along Plumb Beach
in Brooklyn. Beach and shore dunes are on the left

Figure 190. Shell hash accumulations
exposed high in the shore dunes at Plumb Beach. These storm deposits formed
during nor'easters in the early 1990s.

Figure 191. The Cyclone at Coney Island
has been terrorizing riders since the late 1920s.

Figure 192. Map of Fire Island National
Seashore with Robert Moses State Park along the south shore of Long Island.

.Figure 193. Aerial photograph map
of Robert Moses State Park. Note the location of the end of Fire Island
in 1825 when the lighthouse was built.

Figure 194. Layered bedding exposed
by storm erosion of the shore dunes. The top of the Fire Island Lighthouse
is in the distance.

Figure 195. A runnel is formed on
the beach as a bar migrates on shore in the spring (after much beach erosion
during the previous winter) at Robert Moses State Park.

Figure 196. Westward view from the
Fire Island Lighthouse observation deck of the "new land" that
has formed since the lighthouse was built in 1825. This new land is now
Robert Moses State Park.