Machine learning is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed. In the past decade, machine learning has given us self-driving cars, practical speech recognition, effective web search, and a vastly improved understanding of the human genome. Machine learning is so pervasive today that you probably use it dozens of times a day without knowing it. Many researchers also think it is the best way to make progress towards human-level AI. In this class, you will learn about the most effective machine learning techniques, and gain practice implementing them and getting them to work for yourself. More importantly, you'll learn about not only the theoretical underpinnings of learning, but also gain the practical know-how needed to quickly and powerfully apply these techniques to new problems. Finally, you'll learn about some of Silicon Valley's best practices in innovation as it pertains to machine learning and AI.
This course provides a broad introduction to machine learning, datamining, and statistical pattern recognition. Topics include: (i) Supervised learning (parametric/non-parametric algorithms, support vector machines, kernels, neural networks). (ii) Unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction, recommender systems, deep learning). (iii) Best practices in machine learning (bias/variance theory; innovation process in machine learning and AI). The course will also draw from numerous case studies and applications, so that you'll also learn how to apply learning algorithms to building smart robots (perception, control), text understanding (web search, anti-spam), computer vision, medical informatics, audio, database mining, and other areas.

NN

It's a good introduction - not too complicated and covers a wide range of topics. The programming exercises are well put together and significantly help understanding. The free Matlab license is nice.

RS

Aug 13, 2019

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Andrew Ng is a great teacher.\n\nHe inspired me to begin this new chapter in my life. I couldn't have done it without you\n\nand also He made me a better and more thoughtful person.\n\nThank You! Sir.

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Neural Networks: Representation

Neural networks is a model inspired by how the brain works. It is widely used today in many applications: when your phone interprets and understand your voice commands, it is likely that a neural network is helping to understand your speech; when you cash a check, the machines that automatically read the digits also use neural networks.

Ministrado por

Andrew Ng

Transcrição

In the last video, we gave a mathematical definition of how to represent or how to compute the hypotheses used by Neural Network. In this video, I like show you how to actually carry out that computation efficiently, and that is show you a vector rise implementation. And second, and more importantly, I want to start giving you intuition about why these neural network representations might be a good idea and how they can help us to learn complex nonlinear hypotheses. Consider this neural network. Previously we said that the sequence of steps that we need in order to compute the output of a hypotheses is these equations given on the left where we compute the activation values of the three hidden uses and then we use those to compute the final output of our hypotheses h of x. Now, I'm going to define a few extra terms. So, this term that I'm underlining here, I'm going to define that to be z superscript 2 subscript 1. So that we have that a(2)1, which is this term is equal to g of z to 1. And by the way, these superscript 2, you know, what that means is that the z2 and this a2 as well, the superscript 2 in parentheses means that these are values associated with layer 2, that is with the hidden layer in the neural network. Now this term here I'm going to similarly define as z(2)2. And finally, this last term here that I'm underlining, let me define that as z(2)3. So that similarly we have a(2)3 equals g of z(2)3. So these z values are just a linear combination, a weighted linear combination, of the input values x0, x1, x2, x3 that go into a particular neuron. Now if you look at this block of numbers, you may notice that that block of numbers corresponds suspiciously similar to the matrix vector operation, matrix vector multiplication of x1 times the vector x. Using this observation we're going to be able to vectorize this computation of the neural network. Concretely, let's define the feature vector x as usual to be the vector of x0, x1, x2, x3 where x0 as usual is always equal 1 and that defines z2 to be the vector of these z-values, you know, of z(2)1 z(2)2, z(2)3. And notice that, there, z2 this is a three dimensional vector. We can now vectorize the computation of a(2)1, a(2)2, a(2)3 as follows. We can just write this in two steps. We can compute z2 as theta 1 times x and that would give us this vector z2; and then a2 is g of z2 and just to be clear z2 here, This is a three-dimensional vector and a2 is also a three-dimensional vector and thus this activation g. This applies the sigmoid function element-wise to each of the z2's elements. And by the way, to make our notation a little more consistent with what we'll do later, in this input layer we have the inputs x, but we can also thing it is as in activations of the first layers. So, if I defined a1 to be equal to x. So, the a1 is vector, I can now take this x here and replace this with z2 equals theta1 times a1 just by defining a1 to be activations in my input layer. Now, with what I've written so far I've now gotten myself the values for a1, a2, a3, and really I should put the superscripts there as well. But I need one more value, which is I also want this a(0)2 and that corresponds to a bias unit in the hidden layer that goes to the output there. Of course, there was a bias unit here too that, you know, it just didn't draw under here but to take care of this extra bias unit, what we're going to do is add an extra a0 superscript 2, that's equal to one, and after taking this step we now have that a2 is going to be a four dimensional feature vector because we just added this extra, you know, a0 which is equal to 1 corresponding to the bias unit in the hidden layer. And finally, to compute the actual value output of our hypotheses, we then simply need to compute z3. So z3 is equal to this term here that I'm just underlining. This inner term there is z3. And z3 is stated 2 times a2 and finally my hypotheses output h of x which is a3 that is the activation of my one and only unit in the output layer. So, that's just the real number. You can write it as a3 or as a(3)1 and that's g of z3. This process of computing h of x is also called forward propagation and is called that because we start of with the activations of the input-units and then we sort of forward-propagate that to the hidden layer and compute the activations of the hidden layer and then we sort of forward propagate that and compute the activations of the output layer, but this process of computing the activations from the input then the hidden then the output layer, and that's also called forward propagation and what we just did is we just worked out a vector wise implementation of this procedure. So, if you implement it using these equations that we have on the right, these would give you an efficient way or both of the efficient way of computing h of x. This forward propagation view also helps us to understand what Neural Networks might be doing and why they might help us to learn interesting nonlinear hypotheses. Consider the following neural network and let's say I cover up the left path of this picture for now. If you look at what's left in this picture. This looks a lot like logistic regression where what we're doing is we're using that note, that's just the logistic regression unit and we're using that to make a prediction h of x. And concretely, what the hypotheses is outputting is h of x is going to be equal to g which is my sigmoid activation function times theta 0 times a0 is equal to 1 plus theta 1 plus theta 2 times a2 plus theta 3 times a3 whether values a1, a2, a3 are those given by these three given units. Now, to be actually consistent to my early notation. Actually, we need to, you know, fill in these superscript 2's here everywhere and I also have these indices 1 there because I have only one output unit, but if you focus on the blue parts of the notation. This is, you know, this looks awfully like the standard logistic regression model, except that I now have a capital theta instead of lower case theta. And what this is doing is just logistic regression. But where the features fed into logistic regression are these values computed by the hidden layer. Just to say that again, what this neural network is doing is just like logistic regression, except that rather than using the original features x1, x2, x3, is using these new features a1, a2, a3. Again, we'll put the superscripts there, you know, to be consistent with the notation. And the cool thing about this, is that the features a1, a2, a3, they themselves are learned as functions of the input. Concretely, the function mapping from layer 1 to layer 2, that is determined by some other set of parameters, theta 1. So it's as if the neural network, instead of being constrained to feed the features x1, x2, x3 to logistic regression. It gets to learn its own features, a1, a2, a3, to feed into the logistic regression and as you can imagine depending on what parameters it chooses for theta 1. You can learn some pretty interesting and complex features and therefore you can end up with a better hypotheses than if you were constrained to use the raw features x1, x2 or x3 or if you will constrain to say choose the polynomial terms, you know, x1, x2, x3, and so on. But instead, this algorithm has the flexibility to try to learn whatever features at once, using these a1, a2, a3 in order to feed into this last unit that's essentially a logistic regression here. I realized this example is described as a somewhat high level and so I'm not sure if this intuition of the neural network, you know, having more complex features will quite make sense yet, but if it doesn't yet in the next two videos I'm going to go through a specific example of how a neural network can use this hidden there to compute more complex features to feed into this final output layer and how that can learn more complex hypotheses. So, in case what I'm saying here doesn't quite make sense, stick with me for the next two videos and hopefully out there working through those examples this explanation will make a little bit more sense. But just the point O. You can have neural networks with other types of diagrams as well, and the way that neural networks are connected, that's called the architecture. So the term architecture refers to how the different neurons are connected to each other. This is an example of a different neural network architecture and once again you may be able to get this intuition of how the second layer, here we have three heading units that are computing some complex function maybe of the input layer, and then the third layer can take the second layer's features and compute even more complex features in layer three so that by the time you get to the output layer, layer four, you can have even more complex features of what you are able to compute in layer three and so get very interesting nonlinear hypotheses. By the way, in a network like this, layer one, this is called an input layer. Layer four is still our output layer, and this network has two hidden layers. So anything that's not an input layer or an output layer is called a hidden layer. So, hopefully from this video you've gotten a sense of how the feed forward propagation step in a neural network works where you start from the activations of the input layer and forward propagate that to the first hidden layer, then the second hidden layer, and then finally the output layer. And you also saw how we can vectorize that computation. In the next, I realized that some of the intuitions in this video of how, you know, other certain layers are computing complex features of the early layers. I realized some of that intuition may be still slightly abstract and kind of a high level. And so what I would like to do in the two videos is work through a detailed example of how a neural network can be used to compute nonlinear functions of the input and hope that will give you a good sense of the sorts of complex nonlinear hypotheses we can get out of Neural Networks.