Dudley was the son of a country gentleman in England. After being converted to Puritanism he joined with other Lincolnshire gentlemen in the Cambridge Agreement to settle in New England and take the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company with them. In April 1630 Dudley sailed to America in the same ship with Winthrop. Dudley was elected deputy governor 13 times between 1629 and 1650, and served as governor 4 times.

Soon after his arrival in the colony Dudley settled at New Towne (later Cambridge), which he helped found. He was also one of the promoters of the plan to establish Harvard College. Winthrop’s decision to make Boston instead of New Towne the capital precipitated the first of many quarrels between the two and prompted Dudley to move his residence to Roxbury.

From Dudley, an earnest and persistent heresy hunter, New England Puritanism derived some of its harshest aspects.

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