Abierto (open) A wine with a lack of colour and one which does not have a well balanced taste.

Aciete Esencial (essential oils) Oils found in the pips of the grapes. If they are transferred into the wine, usually as a result of excessive pressing of the grapes, they tend to make it smell and taste stale or rancid.

Acerb (acerbic) Wine that is sharp and acidic and very harsh on the palate.

Afrutado (fruity) An incorrect Spanish expression widely used to describe the fruity character of a wine. The correct expression is frutal.

Aguja Spanish term used for the sensation of slight pinpricks on the palate produced by some wines that contain carbon dioxide bubbles. This carbonic gas left in the wine should be the result of the wine's own fermentation and should never be added manually.

Albarizas White soil, rich in lime, considered the best for growing vines in Jerez. This type of soil is known as alberos in Montilla.

Alcohol Produced through the transformation of sugars found in the Must during fermentation. The alcoholic content of wine is measured in percentage of alcohol by volume or degrees and is indicated on the label by the symbol %vol. For example, a 12 degree wine (12%vol) contains 12% of pure alcohol.

Alegre (zingy) Light, fresh and drinkable wine with unmingled aromas.

Amontillado A style of Sherry obtained when fino is aged for a long time in wood. It resembles wines formerly prepared only in Montilla. They are still prepared in Montilla and the term is used both for Sherries and Montilla-Moriles wines of the appropriate style.

Amplio (big) A full bodied, powerful wine with complex nuances and well defined components.

Andana A group of wine casks stacked on top of each other, usually to a height of five tiers.

Antocianos (anthocyans) Pigmentation substances that are found in the skins of black grapes, responsible for the colour of tinto wines.

Añada (vintage) Year in which the grape harvest took place from which a particular wine was produced.

Añejo Wine that has been subjected to an ageing process in a wooden cask or bottle, or both, for at least three years.

Armónico (harmonious) A wine in which the balance of components and characteristics is just right. It is the maximum expression of quality in a wine.

Aroma Combination of positive, natural sensations produced by a wine. They may come from the grapes themselves, (primary aromas), be produced during fermentation, (secondary aromas), or develop during the ageing of a wine, (tertiary aromas).

Barrica Bordelesa (Bordeaux cask) Barrel used to age Bordeaux wine and whose use has now spread to many other wine-producing areas e.g. Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Navarra, Valdepeñas etc. The barrel's capacity is 225 litres.

Blanco (white) Light-coloured category of wine with the predominant yellow colour blended with a wide range of green or golden hues.

Bodegas Winery or wine cellar.

Bota (butt) Oak barrel with a capacity of 550-600 litres and used to age Sherry wines. It is also a small container with a nozzle made from goatskin and waterproofed with tar and used to carry wine.

Botritis (botrytis) A microscopic fungus which causes a damaging grey mould on grapes.

Casca Spanish word that is used to describe husks and skins. See Hollejo and Orujos.

Cata (tasting) The technical, analytical and objective evaluation of wine - not to be confused with degustación, which is a much more subjective, less systematic sampling of wine.

Cava Natural sparkling wine produced in Spain through a second fermentation that takes place in the bottle. It is made in the specific regions of Catalunya, Cariñena, Navarra, Rioja, Utiel-Requena, and Ribera del Guadiana.

Cerrado (closed) A wine undergoing a long ageing process that is going through a stage in which it is slightly aromatic.

Clarificación (fining) Wine making practice designed to eliminate certain solid substances actually dissolved in the wine, or more frequently in colloidal suspension.

Clos French word that refers to a wine producing estate enclosed by a wall, usually of monastic origin.

Complejo (complex) Wine which offers a variety of sensations in its taste and bouquet.

Consejo Regulador A government official body which is responsible for and supervises a specific, recognised wine growing area known as a Denominación de Origen (DO).

Contraetiqueta Official black label on the back of a bottle containing DO approved wine, with the name of the Consejo Regulador, its official seal and the bottle's serial number.

Corked A term used to describe wine affected by a compound sometimes found in cork. Corked wines may display characteristics ranging from a musty quality through to putrefying odours and flavours of mouldy wet cardboard.

Crianza Generically this is used to describe any wine that has been aged. Vino de Crianza is the term for a Quality Wine that has been subject to a specific ageing period in wood or in bottle. In order to be classified as a crianza tinto, wine must spend at least 24 months in a cask or bottle, of which at least 12 months should be in oak casks. For blanco and rosado wines the ageing period is 12 months minimum, with at least six months spent in oak casks.

Cru French term that defines superior quality wines made from the grapes of specific vineyards. Known in Spanish as Pago.

Dejo (aftertaste) Sensations that linger after the wine has been swallowed.

Denso (dense) Thick, full bodied, well structured wine.

Denominación de Origen (DO) With the exception of one (Cava), all Quality Wines from Spain have DO status. Each area is governed by its own Consejo Regulador, which is government controlled, but run locally by a board which includes representatives of wine growers and bodegas. To obtain DO status, wines must meet certain criteria which include all aspects of planting, cultivating, harvesting, vinifying and ageing. All DO wines carry a contraetiqueta (official black label) on the back of the bottle.

Denominación de Origen Calificada (DoCa) A controversial higher category of Quality Wine introduced by the Spanish government in 1988 and awarded to Rioja in 1991. This status guarantees that wines from an area have consistently performed at the highest quality level for a number of years. Whilst this may be true for a number of the greatest Rioja wines, the debate whether or not it should apply to all of them indiscriminately is hotly contested. Other qualifying criteria for this new category include more stringent quality and laboratory controls, a more rigourous selection of grapes before pressing, the buying of grapes at higher price levels and on site bottling of wines by the producer.

Fermentación Maloláctica (malolactic fermentation) Transformation of malic acid into lactic acid through the action of certain bacteria. It is an almost essential process in the making of quality tinto wines, since this is how they become smooth.

Final de Boca (finish) The final flavours perceived just before the aftertaste when tasting a wine.

Generoso A type of fortified wine, uniquely Spanish, which is produced in the DO's Condado de Huelva, Jerez, Montilla-Moriles and Manzanilla, using select grape varieties and traditional methods of biological elaboration. Its alcohol strength is higher than 15%vol. Generoso wines include finos and amontillados from Jerez, Montilla-Moriles and Condado de Huelva and manzanilla from Sanlùcar de Barrameda.

Gran Reserva In order to be classified as a gran reserva, a tinto wine must be aged for at least 24 months in oak casks and for at least another 36 months in the bottle. For blanco and rosado wines, the minimum period is 48 months in casks and bottles, at least six of which must take place in casks made of oak.

Heces (sediment) Solid particles deposited on the bottom of the receptacle containing wine due to decantation, or once fermentation is completed. In wine tasting, advanced organic material that gives off very disagreeable, putrid odours.

Hollejo (grape skin) Skin covering the pulp or fleshy part of the grape. Also known as Orujos or Casca.

INDO Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen, the Spanish government body, which is responsible for, amongst other things, the classification of (new) geographical regions of wine (Denominación de Origen or DO).

Lágrimas (tears) Drops that fall slowly down a glass that has been filled with wine rich in alcohol and glycerine and then emptied. Also known as cortinas or piernas.

Lías (lees) Solid sediment, especially the remains of yeast, which accumulates at the bottom of the tanks after fermentation of the wine. Ageing on lees is a special system in which the wine evolves in conjunction with its lees, giving it some peculiar characteristics. This is the normal ageing system for sparkling wines, but it is also applied to certain still wines. 'Smelling of lees' - the term used to describe a wine that smells of lees, i.e. the yeasty smells and tastes taken on by the wine as a result of being in contact with its decanted sediments for a long time. If the sediments decompose in anaerobiosis, the wine can reach the most disagreeable level of 'smelling of lees' and begin to stink.

Licoroso Spanish wine, usually sweet, produced from the appropriate grape varieties with the addition of alcohol. The only one authorized to have an alcohol content greater than 15%vol. Some Mistelas are included in this category of wines.

Maceración A technique use for producing tinto wines through contact of the Must or wine with its grape skins in order to extract colouring, flavour and aromas.

Maceración Carbónica (carbonic maceration) A technique used for producing tinto wines in which the whole grape undergoes enzymatic fermentation inside the cells. It is used to obtain young, soft aromatic wines. It is the classic formula used in the production of the typical Rioja Alavesa cosechero (young vintage) wines.

Maceración en frío (cold maceration) Technique used to enrich blanco wines with primary aromas. It consists of maintaining the Must in contact with the grape skins and avoiding the start of fermentation by applying low temperatures.

Madura (ripe) Mature, fully developed grapes.

Manchado (literally 'stained') A term describing blanco wines which are slightly pink in colour due to having been stored in tanks that have previously contained tinto wine.

Manzanilla A fortified wine similar to fino, made exclusively in Sanlùcar de Barrameda by means of biological ageing and using the system of Criaderas and Soleras. Manzanilla pasada is the name given to very old manzanillas.

Mistela A type of wine made from a blend of grape Must with wine alcohol. Some are considered to be liquor wines.

Mosto (Must) Fresh grape juice that has not begun fermentation. In Jerez and some other areas Mosto, the name used in Spain for Must, is applied to wines which are fermented but have not been subjected to the ageing process. Mosto Flor or Mosto Yema is free run juice flowing from grapes crushed by their own weight without any mechanical pressing. Mosto Primera or Primeras is the Must extracted through light pressure. Mosto Segundo or Segundas is the juice extracted by applying maximum pressure. Mosto a la Piquera is liquid extracted by means of a wine press. Mosto al Deslío is recently fermented wine that is separated from its sediment (lees).

Orujos Solid residue of the grape, which can be unfermented or already fermented. The Orujos spirit or Aguardiente (known generically in Spain as Orujo of which the most well-known is made in Galicia), comes from the distillation of fermented Orujos.

Oxidación (oxidation) Chemical reaction between different components of wine and oxygen in the air. Under controlled conditions, oxidation is an irreplaceable process in the ageing of wines, but when it occurs involuntarily it can seriously alter wines.

Regaliz (liquorice) Spicy aroma which is usually associated with some aged tinto wines that tend to be complex.

Reserva Wine subject to a specific ageing period in wood or in bottle. In order to be classified as a reserva tinto, wine must spend at least 36 months in a cask or bottle, of which at least 12 months should be in oak casks. For blanco and rosado wines the ageing period is 24 months minimum, with at least six months spent in oak casks.

Roble (oak) Any tree of the genus Quercus (quercus rubber). It is a large, slow growing tree typically found in north Atlantic climes. Wood from this species, when correctly prepared, possesses excellent properties for the construction of wine casks, especially American oak and the French limousin. Also refers to the aroma and taste that this wood confers on wine stored in containers made from this wood. Sometimes this sensation can be present in wine to an excessive degree when the wood is new, (not soaked in wine), and/or because of prolonged presence in the cask. Recently, some young wines which have spent a short period in oak casks have become referred to as roble - also see Joven.

Rosado (rosé) Wine made from red grapes or a mixture of red and white grapes, where fermentation takes place in the absence of the grape skins, allowing the wines to achieve only a certain degree of colouring.

Sabor (flavour) Each one of the four sensations identified by the sense of taste. Sweet: identifiable on the tip of the tongue. Sour: identifiable on either side of the tongue. Salty: identifiable on the front part of the tongue. Bitter: identifiable at the very back of the tongue.

Sabroso (flavoursome) Wine with a wide variety of taste sensations.

Seco (dry) Wine with only a small proportion of sugars (less than 5 grams per litre).

Sedoso (silky) Wine that is very smooth.

Semidulce (semi-sweet) Wine with a residual sugar content of between 30-50 grams per litre.

Semiseco (semi-dry) Wine with a residual sugar content of between 15-30 grams per litre.

Soleo Spanish term meaning 'sunning', referring to the practice of exposing grapes to the sun in order to concentrate their sugars. It is currently restricted to the areas of Montilla-Moriles and Málaga, in order to obtain Pedro Ximénez wines.

Solera When ageing Generoso wines, the last phase in the process. Wine is periodically drawn from the lower casks which never move, and refreshed with an equal quantity of wine from a criadera or cask above. The name solera is derived from the fact that traditionally the last casks used in this phase are those nearest to the floor (suelo in Spanish).

Suave (smooth) Wine that is pleasant to drink because it does not taste aggressive in the mouth. Smoothness is related to the correct proportion of polyphenols, glycerine content, acidity and residual sugars.

Viejo Spanish word meaning 'old' and referring to a quality wine that undergoes a minimum period of ageing lasting three years. Type of wine produced through oxidation ageing in the DO Condado de Huelva.

Vigoroso Wine with powerful sensations in the mouth, full of flavour and with body, acidity, tannins and alcohol, notable and well-combined.

Vino (wine) Alcoholic liquid produced by the fermentation of the juice of the vitis vinifera i.e. grapes freshly picked or slightly ripened in the sun, with an acquired natural alcohol content of not less than 9%vol. There are some exceptions, such as the white chacolíes, which have a minimum alcohol strength of 7%vol and natural sweet wines, whose strength must not be less than 8%vol.

Vino Comarcal (VC or CV) Usually simple country wines, which may carry a vintage date and the name of the area from which they originated. Some of these wines are from distinguished growers who prefer to produce wine outside the recognized Quality Wine system.

Vino de Mesa (VM or VdM) Table wine. Wines which are usually grown in unclassified vineyards or wines blended from two or more different regions. Under EU law, table wines may not carry a vintage date or geographical identification.

Vino de la Tierra (VT or VdlT) Literally 'wine of the land'. These wines are from a defined geographical area which have local identities and characteristics. Some, if not all, of these wines are likely to apply for promotion to Quality Wines in the future.

Vintage A high quality wine made from the harvest of a single identified district in a good year.