Bridge is the structure provide passage over on obstacle
without closing of the way. The passage may be a road , railway pedestrian etc

TYPES OF BRIDGES

1.timber bridges

2.Masontry bridges

3.Rcc bridges

4.Steel bridges

TIMBER BRIDGES

Timber bridges are classified as temporary bridges. These bridges
are very common and are suitable for hill, because they can be constructed with
local material and labour very quickly and economically, the cantilever and
suspension timber bridges are explained below.

TIMBER CANTILEVER BRIDGE

Timber cantilever bridges are suitable for light traffic the
construction of these bridges is very simple layers of timber logs are embedded
in the side banks. Another layer of timber logs projecting between 2 to 3 m
from the lower layer is laid on it.in this way layer over layers are laid with projections
from the bottom laters till 5 to 7 m gap is left in the middle. Road bearers
are laid over this gap and the bridge is completed by leveling the surface of
earth and stone ballast and the top is giver a smooth finish .

In hilly areas for crossing small valley of steam timber
suspension bridge. It consists of cables or ropes which bears the load of the roadway
through suspenders. The cables are secured anchored to the banks

MASONRY BRIDGE

The super structure of masonry bridges consists of masonry
arch over which the roadway is constructed .this arch rests on piers and abutments
.the arches may be semi circular semi elliptical parabolic and multi centered
types masonry arch bridges are suitable for small span bridges.

Foundation is the lowest part of the structure .it is used
to transmit the load from structure to hard strata of the soil.

The foundation is classified into two types

1.shallow foundation

2.deep foundation

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

When the load is transferred through the shear resistance of
the bearing stratum and the depth not more than 3m is called shallow foundation

The depth of the foundation less than or equal to the width
of the foundation is also called shallow foundation.

DEEP FOUNDATION

Depth of foundation is more than 3m is called deep
foundation. the load is transferred to the load bearing stratum by mean of
friction or end bearings. Heavy load buildings are used deep foundation for
like multi storied buildings, dams , docks etc.

Mix design is the process of selection of suitable
ingredients for the concrete and to determine the relative proportion with the
object of producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economy as possible.

Workability is defined as the amount of work required to
place concrete and to compact it thoroughly. workability of concrete is
increase with increasing of water content to concrete but it causes to reduce
the strength of concrete.

17.define masonry

Masonry is the construction structure it made either stone masonry or brick masonry
.masonry is used to construct buildings dams columns etc.

The brick in the facing are laid in alternate courses of
headers and stretchers .the header course is commenced with a queen header
followed by a queen closer and continued with successive headers the stretcher
coursed are formed by stretchers having a minimum lap of one quarter their
length over the header.

Rapid hardening cement is similar to ordinary Portland cement but it finer than ordinary Portland cement .it give early strength compared than ordinary Portland cement. Strength of this cement in 3 days is equal to 7 days strength in opc.
Main advantage of this cement is where we want to remove the form work early.2.LOW HEAT CEMENT

Low heat cement have high C2S and low C3S ,C3A content compared to opc .initial setting time of low heat cement is higher than opc. This cement is used in high volume concrete works like construction of dams etc.

3.SULFATE RESISTING CEMENT

This cement has low C3A content compared to opc. This content have high resisting capability .this cement is used to construction of river works and foundation where soil have high sulfate content.

4.WHITE CEMENT

White cement is the type of ordinary Portland cement but its color is pure white. Composition and compressive strength of cement is same as ordinary Portland cement. Iron oxide content is reduced in opc to obtain pure white colour.raw materials are clay and line power. This cement is used in aesthetic works like swimming pools, exterior architecture works etc.

5.COLORED CEMENT

This cement is like ordinary Portland cement by it has various colors. Production of colored cement by adding various colors. Production of colored cement by adding 5-10 % mineral pigments with opc during the grinding grinding process .for chlorium oxide gives green color, gobalt produce blue color manganese dioxide gives black of brown colored cement. Colored cement are used various aesthetic works for interior and exterior works . Most of the times colored cement is used in tiles laying process in flooring.

6.HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

This cement is manufactured by adding bauxite and lime in specified temperature , this cement also called calcium aluminum cement .it have high strength it achieved maximum strength with in 24 hours adding water .it is used in water construction works.

7.EXPANSION CEMENT

This cement expand during and after construction. its does not shrink this property is achieved by adding some components like sulpho aluminates and stabilizing agent to ordinary cement this cement is mainly used in fill the cracks and grouting works.

8.QUICK SETTING CEMENT

Quick setting cement is used in various works. When we want accelerate the construction time for like under water construction. this cement is manufactured adding small percentage of aluminum sulphate as an accelerator and reducing gypsum content with fine grinding.

Good quality of concrete depends upon homogeneous mixture of
cement , coarse aggregate ,fine aggregate with water .each ingredients of concrete have different function. the
coarse aggregate act as a filter. fine aggregate fill up the voids between
coarse aggregate .the cement conjunction with water act as a binding material.
The mobility of the mixture is aided by the cement paste fines , nowadays increasingly
use of the admixture .

Quality of concrete based on each process of manufacturing
of concrete. Ratio of proportioning of ingredients of concrete is essence of the mix design .the objective of
the quality control is to supervising the batch stage of manufacturing process.

PROCESS INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE

1. 1. Batching or measurement of materials

2. 2.Mixing’

3. 3.Transportation

4. 4.Placing

5. 5.Compacting

6. 6. Curing

BATCHING OF MATERIALS

A good quality of concrete is based proper accurate quantity
of ingredients should be used. the
cement ,aggregates and water should be used +3 percent of batching quantity and
the admixture by the +5 percent of batching quantity. there are two types of
batching are used .the volume batch and the weight batch. The most important
work weight batching is used .the factor affecting the choice of batching
method are the size of job required production rete, and required standards of
batching performance

VOLUME BATCHING

Volume batch is recommended only for the small works only .the
amount of concrete ingredients are measured by loose volume using standard box
known as volume gauge box. the box is made in wood or the Metal .the amount of
solid granular material in a cubic meter will be an indefinite quantity as an
example volume of moist sand in a loose condition weights much less than the same
volume of dry compacted sand. Cement is always measured by weight irrespective
the methods of batching .cement is always measured by weight .the volume of a
bag of cement is(50 kg) is 0.035 m3

WEIGHT BATCHING

For all biggest works weight batching is used. Different
types of weight batches are used. For small works manually weight batch is
done. All the ingredients are measured manually by weight. The weight may be
done in ordinary weight platform machine. For large works buckets are used. The
bucket is discharge the materials directly into the mixture machine. For
automatic batching plants ranging from

small to large operated by manually or
electrically.

MIXING

The next process is mixing .strength of the concrete is
based on the mixing of ingredients. Homogeneous mixing process is mix the
cement to aggregates correctly. All the aggregate particles should have a coat
of cement paste and all the ingredients of the concrete should blend into a
uniform mass .the mixing is done either by hand or machine

HAND MIXING

Hand mixing is done by only small works .batched quantity of
fine aggregate and cement is spread over the impervious floor then mix with
hand using hand mixing equipment’s .then the coarse aggregate is added to the
mix .all the three materials are mixed through .water is added finally and mix
one more time until than when color is achieved

MACHINE MIXING

For quality and large works machine mix is done. Machine
mixing is broadly classified as patch mixing and continuous mixing.in small and
medium works patch mixer is used. batches are batch with time interval .whereas
continuous mixer is produce the concrete until the plant is working. continuous
mixer is used for large size works. Ex dams

TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE

The concrete can be transmitted either by normally of mechanically.
For small works concrete are transmitted manually by using pans, wheel carts. for
large and massive works the concrete is transported by buckets or by pumps
which are operated mechanically .

Chutes are used to transport the concrete to lower lever

A barrow lift attached to scaffolding is used to hoist
concrete to upper floors

PLACING OF CONCRETE

Placing of concrete is the process of depositing the
concrete in its required position. concrete should be placed in position in a
proper manner as early as possible within the initial setting time of the
cement. some of the time admixture is used to increasing the initial setting
time.

COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

Compaction is the process or removal of air voids from the
concrete. because air voids in concrete make the vacuum it decrease the
concrete strength .compaction may be done manually or mechanically .in manual
process damping rods are used .in mechanical process vibrators are used .small
size of works manual compaction process is done. Large size works vibrators are
used. vibrators are classified into three types, internal vibrators ,external
vibrators and table vibrators

CURING OF CONCRETE

The concrete surface are maintain moisture condition in
certain period after the placing of concrete is done is called curing.so as to
increase the concrete strength .it consists of control of temperature and of
the moisture movement from and into the concrete. The period of curing is
depends on the types of work and nature of works. For ordinary Portland cement
the period of curing time is from 7 days to 14 days. if rapid cement is used
the curing time is reduced

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ALSO READ-----SLUMP TEST TO FIND OUT THE WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

If you have any query about that post then ask in comment section below I will reply as early as possible

Slump test is the simplest workability find out method or consistency find out method

for concrete.Slump method may be done at the construction site or
laboratory.Concrete slump test is carried at construction site for each
batch because to maintain the uniform quality of concrete for all the batches.This is empirical test measure the workability of concrete.Slump test is the very very low expansive method of finding
workability of fresh concrete also its provide the result immediately

Due to this reason slump test is used all over the world to
find the workability or consistency of concrete

Slump test is proceed as per procedure mentioned in ASTM
C143 united states is 1199 -1959 in india

Slump test is carried in construction field generally to
find out the workability of concrete

Many factors like
water cement ratio, material quality cement quality, aggregate size and shapes
are affected the slump value.In this test maximum aggregate size does not exceed 38 mm

Apparatus required

1 slump cone

2. tamping rod (size 60 mm long 16 mm dia)

3.non porous base plate

4.measuring scale

About slump cone

Slump cone has 30 cm height ,20 cm bottom diameter,10 cm top
diameter

Both side handle is provided to lift the cone vertically

Procedure for slump cone test

1.first clean the inner surface of the slump cone and apply
the oil

2.place the slump cone on the non porous steel base plate

3.take the sample and fill with in the slump cone with four
layer

4.each layer have equal height and tamp each layer with 25 strokes
with the use of tamping rod

5.remove the excess concrete from the top surface and level
the surface with trowel

6.clean cement leaked outer surface of the slump cone

7.raising the mold slowly and carefully immediately in
vertical direction

8.measure the slump value as difference between the slump
height to the tested concrete specimen height that is the slump value

9.keep in mind slump testing place carried out free from
vibration because it affect the exact slump value

Measurement of slump

The slump value is take in term of mm

Types of slump

The shapes of the slump concrete specimen is varied in three
shapes

1. true slump

2.shear slump

3.collapse slump

True slump

True slump is measure in the test slump of the concrete is distance
between top of the concrete and top of the slump cone

Shear slump

Shear slump indicate the slump value is not find out and the
sample is to be retested

Collapsed slump

Collapsed slump indicate the high workability of concrete or
high level wet concrete .it may affect the concrete strength

Recommended slump value for various types of concrete works

s.no

Structures

Slump
value

1

Mass concrete works

25-50 mm

2

Deck slab in bridge

30- 75 mm

3

Vibrated concrete

12- 25 mm

4

pavements

20-30 mm

5

Beam and slab

50-100 mm

6

Column retaining wall

75- 150 m

Application of slump test

1.the slump test is used to maintained the uniform quality
of concrete in different batches

2 simplest method so its made any place and any time

3.low and high slump value warning to the patch operator to
maintain water level

Admixtures are the construction materials other than water aggregate and cement .that are added to the concrete before or during mixing of concrete. Admixtures are used to improve the properties of concrete the uses of concrete should offer an improvement not economically attainable by adjusting the proportions of cement and aggregates and should not adversely affect any properties of the concrete

very small amount of admixture is added to the concrete. excess amount of admixture can change the properties of concrete

FUNCTION OF ADMIXTURE

1.to accelerate the initial setting time of concrete

2.to retard the initial setting time

3.to improve the strength of concrete

4.to improve the strength of concrete

5.to inhibit the corrosion of concrete

6.to increase the durability of concrete

7.to increase the bond between concrete to the steel

8.to increase chemical residence to the concrete

9.to reduce the segregation in grout mixtures

10 to decrease the weight of concrete

11. to increase bond bw old and new concrete surface

CLASSIFICATION OF ADMIXTURES

1.air entraining agents

2.retarders

3.accelerators

4.water proofers

5.pozzolana

6.pigments

7.Workability agents

1.Air entraining agents

Air entraining agents are used to increase the workability of concrete to improve resistance to weather and action of frost.

2.retarders

Retarders are used to delay the setting time of concrete. Calcium sulphate in the form of gypsum is generally added during the manufacture of cement to retard the setting Time. some other materials which are effectively used to retard the rate of hydration are ammonium chloride, ferrous and ferrous and ferric chlorides

3.accelerators

Accelerators are used to decrease the setting time of concrete without affecting strength of concrete. the most commonly used accelerator is calcium chloride .sodium chloride may used to acceleration of concrete

4.water proofers

Water proofers are used in the form of powder liquid and paste and consists of pore filling materials or water repelling materials they can be chemically active or inactive .alkaline silicates notably silica of soda aluminum and zinc sulphates . aluminium and calcium chlorides are the chief pore filling materials these are all chemically active and hence may accelerate the setting time of the concrete thus making it more impervious at an early age

5.pozzolana

A pozzolana is a silicious materials. which its self don’t have cementititous properties will either be processed or unprocessed and its finally divided form. React in the presence of water with lime normal temperatures to form compounds of low solubility having cementitious properties.

Advantages

Following advantages are achieved to use of the pozzolanas

1.obtain maximum workability with using small amount of water

2.attacks from salt arid sulphates is reduced

3.calcium hydroxide leaching is reduced

4.heat of hydration is reduced

Disadvantages

1.strength development is slowed

2.durability may be decreased

3.shrinkage may be increased

6.pigments

Pigments are the substances are used to produce the coloured cement .the main pigments used in concrete are brown, black ,red, green, blue, and yellow .to produce the colouring effect , the pigment should be ground with cement in a ball mill.

7.Workability agents
Workability agents are used to increase the workability of concrete. Workability and water reducing agents are same .many materials appear to perform all these function

Workability agents some times may be in the form of powder.some times much finer than the cement.

Workability agent chemicals are classified into three types

Organic acid ,lignosulfonates and carbohydrates. Excessive use of workability agents some times may cause shrinkage of concrete

FUNCTIONS
1.Its is used to spreading of cement over the fine aggregates

In commercial building usually the design data of
water tank is provided by the design engineer. But most of the time we want to
construct residential building. at the time water tank design is required.so
the topic we are discussed about water tank design of residential building .

we consider 5 members in this family so the water tank is
designed to for this data.