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103 Cards in this Set

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That quality of a literary work that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events. This makes the reader ask "What will happen next?"

Suspense

A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Conflict can be internal or external, and it can take one of these forms:
1. Person against another person
2. Person against society
3. A person against nature
4. Two elements or ideas struggling for mastery within a person
5. Person against supernatural

Internal/External Conflict

A series of related events, in which, each event in a plot "hooks" our curiosity and pulls us forward to the next event to satisfy that curiosity, and the order in which this happens

Plot/Plot Sequence

The highly charged moment when the suspense is greatest, when we finally discover how the conflict is going to work out. In most stories this is the moment that brings about some change in the situation, the main character, or both.

Climax

Clues the writer plants that foretell what's coming next

Foreshadow

A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an event that happened at an earlier time

Flashback

The personality a character displays; also, the means by which an author reveals that personality

Characterization

Using humor to ridicule

Satire

The events that make up the plot are closely related: One event cause another event which causes you to ask youself: "How did that discovery affect the girl in this story?"

Cause and Effect

An ending that makes sense but could not have been predicted

Surprise Ending

The order in which the events occured

Chronological Order

n.: obstacles; things that restrain or prevent an activity

Hindrances

n.: balanced arrangement

Symmetry

n.: fear; bewilderment.

Consternation

v.: drew back or crouched in fear and helplessness

Cowered

v.: causing to occur at the same rate or time.

Synchronizing

System for exercising authority

Government

The idea that people can govern themselves

Democracy

A state ruled by the noble class

Aristocracy

Those who were granted certain rights and responsibilities

Citizens

Predictable patterns found by using reason and intelligence

Natural Laws

Government controlled by one person

Monarchy

A form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make government desicions

Republic

Aristocractic branch of Rome's government

Senate

He began a series of political reforms that greatly increased citizen participation in Athenian government

Solon

He worked toward making Athens a full democracy by reorganizing assembly. He is reffered to as the founder of democracy in Athens

Cleisthenes

He strengthened Greek democracy by increasing the number of paid public officials and by paying jurors

Pericles

The first great philosopher, he encouraged his students to examine their most closely held beliefs and used a question-and-answer method.

Socrates

Student of Socrates, he wanted society goverened not by the richest and most powerful but by the wisest

Plato

Religion of the Hebrews

Judaism

The Jews written code of laws

Ten Commandments

The religion founded by Jesus

Christianity

Leaders and teachers who were believed by the Jews to be messengers from God

Prophets

One chruch that developed from Roman Christianity, and most powerful institution in Europe in the Middle Ages

Roman Catholic Church

Period of European history, from about 1300-1600, which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

Renaissance

16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority

Reformation

the political and economic system of the Middle Ages

Feudalism

This reflected customs and principles established over time.

Common Law

"Great Charter" -- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John

Magna Carta

The right to have the law work in known, orderly ways

Due Process of Law

England's national legislature

Parliment

The claim tht a king's power came directly from God

Divine Right

The bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary

Glorious Revolution

Where the powers of the rulers are restricted by the constitution and the laws of the country

Constitutional Monarchy

A formal summary of the rights and liberties considered essential to the people

Bill of Rights

Political and economic system of the Middle Ages

Feudalism

This reflected customs and principles established over time

Common Law

"Great Charter" -- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John

Magna Carta

England's national legislature

Parliment

Where the powers of the rulers are restricted by the constitution and the laws of the country

Constitutional Monarchy

A formal summary of the rights and liberties considered essential to the people

Bill of Rights

An intellectual movement where thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the methods of science to all aspects of society

Enlightenment

Agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society

Social Contract

He gave views on human nature and believed that people were by nature selfish and ambitious, and the only government that could control selfish ambitions was absolute monarchy. Believed in a social contract between the people and an authoritarian ruler

Thomas Hobbes

He believed that the government's fundamental purpose is to protect the rights of the people, and that all people had, by nature the right to life, liberty, and property.

John Locke

The idea that all human beings had, by nature the right to life, liberty and property

Natural Rights

He proposed tolerance, freedom of religion, and free speech.

Voltaire

He was considered the most free thinking of the Enlightenment, he considered the only legitimate governmant one that came from the consent of the goverened

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

He concluded that liberty, (your natural right) could best be safeguarded separation of powers

Baron de Montesquieu

The division of government into three separate branches:
1. Legislature- to make laws
2. Executive- to enforce them
3. Courts- to interpret them

Separation of Powers

Colonists' fight for independence from Great Britain that began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord

American Revolution

A government in which citizens elect representatives to make laws and policies for them

Representative Government

System of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

Federal System

French war for democracy that began in 1789 and ended with the overthrow of the monarchy

French Revolution

An international organization whose goal is to work for world peace and the betterment of humanity

United Nations

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by the careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Scientific Revolution

A polish cleric and astronomer, he reasoned that the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun, the heliocentric theory

Nicolaus Copernicus

Idea that the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun

Heliocentric Theory

A brilliant mathmatician and Brahe's former assistant, continued Brahe's work after his death and mathmatically confirmed that Copernicus' theory was correct

Johannes Kepler

17-year-old Italian student who disproved many of Aristotle's theories, and discovered the law of the pendulum

Galileo Galilei

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
1. Develop a question
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis in an experiment or on the basis of data
4. Analyze and interpret the data to reach a new conclusion
5. Prove or disprove your hypothesis

Scientific Method

He urged scientists to experiment theories formed by Aristotle and other ancient philosophers because their ideas were based solely on abstract theories

Francis Bacon

He developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry. This provided an important new tool for scientific research. He also believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings

Rene Descartes

Scholars generally relied on ancient authorities, church teachings, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world

Old Science

Scholars used observations, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world

New Science

He discovered gravity

Isaac Newton

Social critics of this period in France

Philosophes

An Italian philosophe that railed against common abuses of justice and he believed that the degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime, he also said that people deserved the right to a speedy trial

Cesare Beccaria

She argued that women should recieve the same rights as men

Mary Wollstonecraft

A social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

Salons

A grand, ornate style

Baroque

Relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s

Neoclassical

Monarchs who embraced the new ideas of the Enlightenment

Enlightened Despots

King of Prussia who granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education. He also reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture, he called himself "the first servant of the state"

Frederick II

He controlled Austria and was the most radical royal reformer, he introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press, he also supported freedom of worship, and he abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash

Joseph II of Austria

She ruled Russia with absolute authority, but took steps to reform Russia, she recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment, however her enlightened ideas changed after an uprising from the serfs

Catherine the Great

Document written by Thomas Jefferson that was based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment

Declaration of Independence

He wrote the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

A violent protest in Massachusetts where debt-ridden farmers, led by a war beteran named Daniel Shays

Shays's Rebellion

System where each branch of the federal system could check the actions of the other two

Checks and Balances

The first ten ammendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms

Bill of Rights (U.S.A.)

A word used pejoratively to describe works whose purpose is to evoke strong emotion

Sentimentality

An exaggerated flat character

Caricature

A song of religious rejoicing, usually associated with Christmas

Carol

An object, person, or place that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself, usually an idea or concept; some concrete thing that represents an abstraction

Symbol

A comparison of tow things that are basically dissimial but are brought together in order to create a sharp image

Metaphor

Prose writing whose purpose is to get reponses from the reader

Evocative Prose

A subtle sometimes humorous perception of inconsistency in which the significance of a statement or event is changed by its content

Irony

The audience knows more about a character's situation that the character does

Dramatic Irony

A naive hero whose view of the world differs from the author's and reader's

Structural Irony

A discrepancy between what is said and what is really meant

Verbal Irony

A comparison between two different things using either like or as

Simile

The position or vatage point from which the events of a sotry seem to come and are presented to the reader