IQ TESTS & AUTISM-
GUIDELINES FOR PARENTS

In more severe cases of autism,
a child may undergo an IQ test to see if there is an intellectual
disability (also called mental retardation) present. IQ tests are
imperfect tools to begin with, and the problems raised by autism
can complicate an accurate assessment. The following tips are provided
by Gary J. Heffner, MA for parents of a child facing an IQ test...

As with most articles on my autism home page,
this page started with a question from a parent: "My child
was just tested and they say he has autism and mental retardation.
Is he mentally retarded?" To me the added diagnosis
is the equivalent of kicking someone when they're already down on
the ground. Let me try to answer this question.

I used to assess the intelligence of children
and adults when I worked as a behavior specialist for the Army,
a private center for persons with developmental disabilities, a
state mental health program, and a state hospital. Here's what I
know about IQ testing - A valid IQ score requires at least three
things: social interaction, some form of communication, and general
behavior control.

The child or adult is required to interact with
another person, often a stranger - this is extremely difficult for
persons with autism (in fact, it is a criteria for their diagnosis).
So you can say they have one strike against them coming into the
IQ test situation. The second thing needed for a valid IQ score
is some form of communication - persons with autism, by diagnosis,
have qualitatively impaired communication abilities. Most IQ tests
are heavily weighted with verbal abilities or at least partially
rely on these skills for a good total IQ score. The examiner asks
a question and the person is expected to respond - this is strike
two for most persons with autism.

Finally, an IQ score depends upon at least a minimum
of behavioral cooperation between the examiner and the subject.
Unfortunately, many children and adults with autism are not inclined
to cooperate. Part of their diagnosis is that they have "repetitive
and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities",
which are often at odds with what the examiner has in mind (there
are very few hand-flapping tasks on IQ tests). It takes just a few
runs around the room, a few stubborn refusals, or a few thrown test
materials to prompt the examiner to write "untestable"
on his IQ test forms. Can you say, "Strike three?"

The bottom line is: It is extremely difficult
to measure the IQ of a person with autism. Their disability (social
interaction problems, communication delay, and behavioral issues)
all work against an accurate measure of their intellectual abilities.
Although I do not recommend ignoring IQ test results, I would recommend
paying little attention to low IQ scores for children with autism.

In addition, make sure you do not limit the activities
you present to a child with autism just because his IQ score may
be low. This includes educational placement and opportunities. Typically,
children with autism have splinter skills that may be at or above
the average level of intelligence. Although adults may also show
splinter skills and their IQ scores are also affected by the above
three variables, their IQ scores are usually more accurate or at
least less changeable by behavioral intervention.

So how can you get a good IQ score for a child with autism?

Choose your examiner well

Preferably he or she will know autism and how
to work effectively with persons with autism. Ask other parents
of children with autism about who they used to assess their child.
Also, does your child respond better to males or females? Choose
accordingly.

Make sure your child is at his/her best

Make sure the child is not ill, is not in a bad
mood, having a bad week, and is at his or her best physically and
emotionally. It would be better to reschedule the testing than to
have the examiner add these words to a low-scoring IQ test: "Subject
was not at his best today, according to the parent." You know
your child better than anyone and can tell the examiner what part
of the day would be ideal for testing, etc. - use this knowledge
to your child's advantage.

Talk to the examiner

Talk to the examiner before the testing and tell
him or her all about your child: what he likes, doesn't like, what
reinforcers to use, what to say and what not to say, and all the
little things that would make the testing situation as ideal as
possible. You may have to explain to the examiner how your child's
autism presents itself. If your child is nonverbal discuss alternate
ways he or she communicates. Explain any sensory issues your child
may have and what can be done to help.

Take your child to the testing site ahead of time

Get your child used to the setting. Write a social
story about IQ tests that explains the reasons for testing,
what will happen, and (more importantly for the child) what wonderful
thing you will give him right after he does his best on the IQ test
(McDonald's is my choice). Read the social story to your child to
prepare him or her for the test. Try to get the examiner to spend
some non-threatening time with your child ahead of time - that way
he or she will not be a complete stranger.

Discuss the tests the examiner plans to use

Whether your child is verbal or not, a non-verbal
intelligence test is a good idea for children with autism (e.g.,
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Third Edition or the Leiter International
Performance Scale - Revised). Studies have shown that such tests
compare favorably with the performance IQ scores on typical IQ tests
but not the verbal IQ scores. Typically, children with autism have
higher performance IQ scores than verbal IQ scores. Children with
autism usually have better receptive language abilities than expressive
language abilities - discuss this with the examiner as well.

Another focus for testing is adaptive skills.
Usually, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales are used to assess
self-help and other adaptive skills. Request that the examiner uses
the Vineland Supplemental Norms for Persons with autism. Note: Many
examiners do not take too kindly to being told how to test a child
and what tests to use - be careful, respectful, and assure the examiner
that you will trust his or her judgment and that these are merely
recommendations.

A deferred diagnosis

For me the preferable diagnosis (regarding intellectual
disability) with all children with autism or PDD-NOS
is "deferred". Studies show that IQ scores, which are
supposed to be fairly stable over the course of a child's life,
can increase dramatically when Applied
Behavior Analysis (ABA) is used to improve the child's communication
and behavior. This tells me that IQ scores for children with autism
(and especially diagnoses based upon those scores) should be viewed
with great caution by all concerned. Discuss this preference with
the examiner, if he or she has not already thrown you out.

Finally, pray. The Lord knows autism and He knows
how to help us navigate through all these troubled waters of education
and life.

Many children with autism will also be diagnosed
as having an intellectual disability at some point in their lives.
Those of us who have worked with both populations know that, while
there may be some similarities in the two groups, there are far
more differences. Usually, people with autism and legitimate mental
retardation are considered "low-functioning autistics".
Before the label is placed on your child, make sure it aptly applies.
Unfortunately, many people that would not give up on a child with
autism may do so on a child with both diagnoses. If the child has
both diagnoses legitimately, that's okay, the child can still learn
and will still benefit from ABA and other services.

written by Gary J. Heffner, creator of The Autism Home Page at MSN Groups.

Click here for the full
range of Asperger's and autism fact sheets and personal stories
at www.autism-help.org

Visit http://groups.msn.com/TheAutismHomePage/environmental.msnw which is the autism home page of Gary Heffner, the author of this
article. This personal story remains under his copyright and is
used with his permission. You are encouraged to visit his site as
it is one of the few autism websites offering free comprehensive
information.