Calvert is also known as Lord Baltimore. He never visited the colony that he founded. The colony's intent was to be a refuge for English Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649

Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; one of the first laws protecting religious tolerance to be passed in the English colonies.

Quakers

AKA Society of Friends. Quakers made up one of the largest religious groups in New Jersey. Founded by George Fox in the mid- 1600s. They were persecuted in both England and the American colonies.

William Penn

One of the proprietor of the New Jersey colony. He wished he founded a larger colony. Born in London son of a wealthy admiral. Joined the Quakers in 1666. In 1681, was received a charter to establish a new colony.

Privy Council

Group of royal advisers who set policies for Britain’s American colonies.

Bicameral Legislature

A lawmaking body made up of two houses.

House of Burgesses

Colonial Virginia’s elected assembly.

Glorious Revolution

(1688) A revolt in England against Catholic king James II that led to his overthrow and put Protestants Mary and William of Orange on the throne.

John Peter Zenger

Zenger began criticizing the royal governor of New York in his newspaper. He was charged with committing libel against a public official.

English Bill of Rights 1689

(1689) Shifted political power from the British monarchy to Parliament.

Mercantilism

Practice of creating and maintaining wealth by carefully controlling trade.

Exports

Items that a country sells to other countries.

Imports

Items that a country purchases from other countries.

Navigation acts

(1650–96) A series of English laws that required the American colonies to trade primarily with England; set duties on some goods.

Triangular Trade

Trading networks in which goods and slaves moved among England, the American colonies, the West Indies and West Africa.

Middle Passage

Voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

Cash Crop

Agricultural products grown primarily to be sold for profits, not for personal use.

Slave codes

Laws passed in the colonies to control slaves.

Staple crops

Crops that are continuously in demand.

Cause/effect of Great Awakening

A Christian movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

Cause: Church Leaders worries colonists were losing their religious faith.

Effect: Revivals took place and colonists experienced "a great awakening"

Enlightenment

Age of Reason; movement that began in Europe in the 1700s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government.

Ben Banneker

A free African American who lived in Maryland. In 1789, Banneker predicted a solar eclipse. Banneker published his work in an almanac. He was the first colonist to build a clock. It was said that his clock ran for over 40 years.