"This
microfilm collection consists of transcripts from Navajo and Pueblo Indian
interviews and from a Native American perspective, is a unique historical
resource. Universities from seven states, including the University of New
Mexico, participated in the project."

"The American Society for
Ethnohistory (ASE) was founded in 1954 to promote the interdisciplinary
investigation of the histories of the Native Peoples of the Americas. The
ethnohistorical method, as it has come to be known, involves developing
histories informed by ethnography, linguistics, archaeology, and ecology."

"This book is intended to portray the significance of our
Great River, Dehcho, to the Dene. Through a variety of means, (legends,
poems, photographs, explorers' journals and illustrations) we hope that
readers will get a new sense of importance of the river, and a greater
appreciation of history from a Dene perspective."

"The preservation of
traditional knowledge and the oral tradition is important both to Inuit
identity and morality in the political context of the development of
Nunavut. It is important to Inuit that the traditional knowledge passed on
by the elders is not lost and that it is incorporated into new structures to
be set up by the Nunavut government."

"The book of 25 interviews is part of the campaign of
Navajo uranium miners and their families to gain compensation for the great
loss in death and illness brought about by mining uranium, with no warning
of its ill effects, during the Cold War era of 1947- 1971."

"The people
of the White Earth Indian Reservation lost their land, endured humiliation
and persevered through great hardships to keep their culture alive. This is
their story -- and the legacy of one remarkable woman, Winnie Jourdain."

"1492. Columbus. The date and the name provoke many
questions related to the linking of very different parts of the world, the
Western Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. What was life like in those areas
before 1492? What spurred European expansion? How did European, African and
American peoples react to each other? What were some of the immediate
results of these contacts?" This site tries to answer some of these
questions.

"The story of Washington's recognition of the
American Indian Code Talkers is a case study of our cultural problems when
it comes to Native American peoples. It made
BBC online when President Bush's kid had a ceremony honoring the most
celebrated of them, fifty-six years late, this last July."

"The Ohio Valley-Great Lakes Ethnohistory Archive is a
unique assemblage of primary and secondary resources pertaining to the
Native American occupancy of the region. It includes nearly a thousand
microfilm reels, reproduced maps and other documents, ethnic group data
files, detailed reports for many Indian treaty areas, indices that assist in
using portions of the collection, and correspondence records."

"The codex was written by eight different scribes, each
with their own distinctive style, type of glyphs and subject matter. It is
linked to the Yucatecan Maya in Chichén Itzá, the extraordinary ancient
Mayan city situated in the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. It was made
between A.D. 1200-1250, and was still possibly in use when the conquistadors
arrived."

"Throughout both the Pueblo and the Navajo history, each
of their cosmologies developed as products of the observations and
interpretations of the societies' environment. For this reason, many
similarities exist between both cultures. The sky, in particular, acted as a
primary element in their cosmologies. Interestingly, the interpretations of
the Navajo and Pueblo varied considerably, although they were influenced by
the same physical environment day in and day out."

"The 'Nazca lines' is the
name given to the huge lines, trapezoids and animal figures that are etched
into kilometer after kilometer of this plain. The pampa was originally
covered with black, wind-smoothed rock -- the lines were created by removing
these black-colored rock fragments and topsoil to reveal the light-colored
sand underneath."

"As its contribution to the
500th Anniversary of The Encounter of Two Worlds, Millersville University of
Pennsylvania created and installed The Computerized Information Retrieval
System (CIRS) on Columbus and the Age of
Discovery in 1989."

"Esther and
David Braun have assembled an excellent introductory text on the archaeology
of northeastern America. In the manner of such regional overviews, the text
begins chronologically with Paleoindian sites and continues through the
European contact period."

"The major objective of this report has been to determine
the location of the various bands of Potawatomi Indians at the time treaties
ceding land to the United States were made and simultaneously to determine
the extent to which these same lands were occupied by other Indian tribes at
the time of the respective cessions."

"The Louisiana Purchase has been described as
the greatest real estate deal in history. In 1803 the United States paid
France $15 million for the Louisiana Territory--828,000 square miles of land
west of the Mississippi River. The lands acquired stretched from the
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to the
Canadian border. Thirteen states were carved from the Louisiana Territory.
The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States, making
it one of the largest nations in the world."

"Hernando de
Soto explored America for a seaway to China in order to trade Spain's New
World gold. He followed trails that we use as highways. His records describe
Native Villages along those trails at places that are cities again today.
Conquest Trails in Fourteen States
are presented here."

"This collection currently includes the
narrative reports of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1871, 1872,
1875, and 1876, and three additional reports for 1871. It also includes a
map of
western reservations published with the 1875 report."

"Share in the journey of the Great Lakes
Indians who were forced to emigrate to Kansas in the 1800s, adapting their
traditional woodlands cultures to the rolling prairie landscape. At the
museum, once a Presbyterian Mission built in 1845 to educate Iowa and Sac
and Fox children, you will find quillwork, baskets and other artwork of
present-day descendants of emigrant tribes."

"Many citizens across the nation currently are upset
because many American Indians deeply resent and protest against distorted
depictions of them in the media. Residents of cities such as Atlanta and
Cleveland and Kansas City don’t understand why members of most Native
American tribes object to cartoon-like portrayals of them as Braves or
Indians or Chiefs. Part of the answer, of course, is that Native Americans,
having been stripped of identity, dignity and distinction for more than two
centuries, are convinced that false media caricatures have helped rob them
of their history."

"When the earth is ravaged and the animals are dying, a new tribe
of people shall come unto the earth from many colors, classes, creeds, and who by their
actions and deeds shall make the earth green again. They will be known as the warriors of
the Rainbow -- Old Native American Prophecy"

"In subsequent years she was
primarily a researcher and writer of books on the Five Civilized Tribes,
Geronimo, and the history of Native Americans and of Oklahoma. She also was
a teacher, pastor, and director of the Federal Writers Project in Oklahoma.
From 1947-1955 she was curator of maps at Oklahoma A&M College. After
retirement in 1955 she wrote, lectured, traveled, researched family
histories, served on the boards of directors of the Oklahoma Chapter of the
American Civil Liberties Union and the Association on American Indian
Affairs, made surveys for the Indian Rights Association, and lobbied for
land rights for Indians in Alaska and for water rights for the Havasupai and
Pima in Arizona."

"Their wood cells contain high concentrations of tannins,
aromatic oils and resins that inhibit the growth of wood- decomposing fungi
and bacteria. This high rot-resistance along with its straight grain, light
weight and thin fibrous bark have made the cedar a very useful tree to the
Aboriginal Peoples of British Columbia."

"It is not known when the ancestors of the Palaeo-Eskimos
crossed from Asia to Alaska - whether 10 000 years ago on the Bering Land
Bridge or about 5 000 years ago by boats or on winter ice. Certainly they
came from Asia. The Palaeo-Eskimos' harpoons, microblades, burins, bows, and
tents (with two sleeping or work areas separated by a mid-passage containing
a central hearth) all derive from old northern Asiatic traditions."

"The Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation has been known
by many names in the past. At the time before our people entered in Treaty 2
with the British Imperial Crown in 1871, our people were called the Riding
Mountain Band, because our people lived in the Riding Mountains."

"The history of the Ouje-Bougoumou Crees throughout the
better part of this century is a sad story of abuse, dispossession, and
neglect by the combined efforts of mining and forestry companies and
successive governments at both the provincial and federal levels."

""Comey-uks" is the second person listed on one of the
aboriginal treaties made by Governor James Douglas in 1852. This treaty was
called the South Saanich Treaty, but included the area south of the
territory of the Saanich people, from Cowichan head to Mount Douglas."

""Moment in Time: Fort
Steele - A Historic Metaphor" will allow you to discover a slice of British
Columbia's history. Fort Steele became a settlement in 1864 during the
Kootenay Gold Rush. By browsing through stories and viewing photographs of
the period between 1864-1898, you will experience life in Fort Steele
through the eyes of the early white settlers, the Ktunaxa people and the
North West Mounted Police."

"During the last ice age, 15,000 years ago, Asia and
North America were connected near the Bering Sea by a 1,000 mile wide grassy
plain. Primitive hunters followed herds of large game animals across the
land bridge to spread over North America during the next ten centuries.
These people were named ‘Clovis Point People’ by archeologists because their
distinctive stone tools were first found in Clovis, New Mexico."

"Although the evidence is meagre, it suggests that
northern European sailors built and used sea-going ships at least as early
as did Mediterranean peoples. Boats or small ships with high curved stems
and sterns are common in Scandinavian rock art dating from earlier than 1000
B.C., and a thousand years later Julius Caesar described large vessels used
by the Celtic tribes of northwestern Europe."

"The purpose of this site is to improve access to
materials relating to the Northwest Resistance of 1885 held by the
Special Collections Department
of the University of Saskatchewan Libraries and the
University of Saskatchewan Archives.
It contains a
searchable database of bibliographic records. A number of the items have
been digitized (such as photographs) and transcriptions of others are
available as HTML documents. These images and texts are appended to the
appropriate records in the database."

"When Europeans from the Old World came to the New World
of the Americas in the 16th century, they observed thousands of native
societies speaking a variety of languages. These cultures ranged from small,
loosely organized bands of hunter-gatherers living in small settlements, to
highly organized agricultural societies with large cities."

"The human images on the posts represent ancestors or
ancestral privileges. The small creatures depicted on two of the posts are
said to be minks, animals used in a cleansing ritual to wipe away impurity
or shame from an afflicted person."

"The daughter of a Cree medicine woman, she went to her
first buffalo hunt in a Red River cart at age 13, when the great western
bison herds could still be described as "a dark solid moving mass." She
later farmed with her husband, Louis Callihoo, and raised 12 children. An
expert teamster, she also freighted for the Hudson's Bay Company between
Edmonton and Athabasca Landing."

"The documents do not just tell about their deaths. "Who
Killed William Robinson?" is just the first of the questions you may ask of
this web site. "How did he live?" is another. In the documents that follow
there is a rich social history of the Blacks, Aboriginal People, Kanakas
(Hawaiians) and Whites of many national backgrounds, from Azorian Portugese
to the British colonial elite, who settled Salt Spring Island."

This site is written in Spanish which (unfortunately) I
don't speak well so I can't tell you much about it. If any of my Spanish
speaking readers would like to furnish a description, I would be happy to
include it.

"The ancient cities died, but in the world of politics
and power, the vacuum is always filled. Commanded by their god of war, the
fierce Huitzilopochtli, the Aztecs began to
swoop
down from the north, to
found
a city in the lake, where an eagle perches on a cactus devouring a serpent.
They named the city Mexico, which means "the navel of the moon." Founded in
1325, it
is the oldest living city in the Americas."

"The papers collected here used to reflect the
experiences gained over sixteen long years of personal political work. Their
new focus will reflect the effects democratic change, its possible avenues,
and its potential outcome."

"The Latin American Library, located on the fourth
floor of Tulane's Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, is one of the world's
foremost collections of source materials in Latin American archaeology,
anthropology, history, linguistics, art, architecture, film, women's studies,
economics, and many other subject areas."

"Through a legislative Act of 1859, John Milton Earle,
Worcester politician and newspaper publisher, was appointed to investigate
the social condition of Massachusetts Indians and advance recommendations
whether they should be placed on the same legal footing as other residents
of the Commonwealth."

"If the Great Spirit had desired meto be a
white man he would have made me so in the first place. He put in your heart certain wishes and plans; in my heart he put other
and different desires.Each man is good in the sight of the Great Spirit. It is not
necessary, that eagles should be crows."..Sitting Bull (Teton Sioux)

"The Nipmuc Nation whose petition for federal recognition
(69a) was first submitted to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in 1980--has
received notice from the BIA's office of Federal Acknowledgement that its
final determination of this matter has again been extended, this time to May
1, 2004."

"I don’t believe you can
understand Native American cultures unless you are keenly aware that
everything they do is spiritually related. Everything. Everything has
Manitou, Life: everything is Life in itself. They never designed anything
for design’s sake....Nothing, from the slightest little thing to the
universe itself, was ever taken for granted by Native Americans. Life was in
all things, and they respected that life."

"The New York State Archives was established in 1971 and
opened its doors to the public in 1978. It is a program of the State
Education Department, with its main facility located in the Cultural
Education Center on Madison Avenue in Albany. There it cares for and
provides access to more than 130 million documents that tell the story of
New York from the seventeenth century to the present."

"The main problem
involved in my study of the Horseneck Riots was to determine their causes
and to find the main arguments used by the Proprietors and the Rioters in
justifying their courses of action."

"They arrived thousands of years ago
when the ice was finally gone, a trickle of big-game hunters who sought out
shelter near freshwater streams and lakes. They had been walking for
centuries, generation after generation, traveling imponderable distances,
continent to continent. When they arrived in the land that divided into two
forks at its easternmost end like the tail of a great fish, they were as far
east as they could go."

"Despite his fame, Jeffrey Amherst's name became
tarnished by stories of smallpox-infected blankets used as germ warfare
against American Indians. These stories are reported, for example, in Carl
Waldman's Atlas of the North American Indian [NY: Facts on File,
1985]. Waldman writes, in reference to a siege of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) by
Chief Pontiac's forces during the summer of 1763."

"The Lenape way of life has been faithfully recreated on an island
called "Winakung" (meaning "Place of Sassafras") in Historic Waterloo
Village. Here there are no teepees, no feathered war bonnets, no fringed
buckskins or other trappings reminiscent of the TV Indians, who are
usually associated with the Great Plains or the Southwest. Instead,
Winakung is a life-sized Minisink Indian Village carefully built on actual
archaeological evidence and scholarly research."

"The Schuylkill watershed was inhabited by the
Lenni-Lenape people when the European explorers arrived. They were labeled
the "Delaware" by the settlers, after the European name for the river
alongside which they lived. They were a part of the Algonquin language
group, and were under the political influence of the Iroquois Confederation.
By and large they were a peaceful people. They were typical hunters and
gatherers, although they also practiced farming, raising corn, beans and
squash as staples of their diet."

"In one of the more widely read nineteenth-century texts
on New England Native Americans, Samuel G. Drake’s Book of Indians,
the Nipmucs were labeled "long extinct." When first mentioned by English
immigrants in the 1630s, Nipmucs were described as a powerful nation, the
only Natives of the interior of Massachusetts. They occupied a series of
homelands bounded by the New Hampshire border stretching from Sudbury to the
Connecticut River, extending south towards Hartford along the river,
incorporating northeastern Connecticut and northern Rhode Island, continuing
through Mendon and Medway back to the Sudbury, Marlborough and Concord
area."

"Welcome to a unique, on-line resource
for Delaware treaty history. The Delaware, or Lenape, tribe of Indians,
signed the first-ever "Indian treaty" with the newly-born United States of
America in 1778. To date, the Lenape people, now located in Oklahoma and
Canada, have suffered betrayals, massacres, and at least seven "Trails of
Tears," all marked by multiple treaties and multiple relocations."

"The following is a transcription of the Native
American microfilm card index housed at the Massachusetts State Archives.
This index may be found to be a useful tool to those interested in the study
of New England Native American history. I will give a brief explanation of
what the index is, followed by how it may be used."

"The Nanticoke Indians once roamed the area of what is
now Maryland and Delaware. The Last villages and Reservations On Delmarva
were dissolved during the decade preceding 1750. The people from Delmarva
were relocating to the North and West."

"The following chapter on Nipmuc history was published in
a shortened version in AFTER KING PHILIP'S WAR, PRESENCE AND PERSISTENCE IN
INDIAN NEW ENGLAND, edited by Colin Calloway of Dartmouth College and
published by the University Press of New England in 1997."

"In late December of 1620, one hundred and two men,
women, and children began to establish the second English permanent
settlement in the New World. They christened their plantation New Plymouth
after their last port of call in England. Within the next few decades, New
Plymouth gave rise to numerous townships and communities in the area that
came to be known as New England."

"Near the town of Tanasee, and not
far from the almost mythical town of Chote lies Taskigi(Tuskeegee), home of
Sequoyah. In this peaceful valley setting Wut-teh, the daughter of a
Cherokee Chief married Nathaniel Gist, a Virginia fur trader. The warrior
Sequoyah was born of this union in 1776."

"Much information is available on the Creeks as a people
and as tribes. I seek to look at the individuals they were. And at the
families. And at how they strived to survive the influx of Whites. And at
how they fought for their homes. Yet assimilated successfully with the
Whites when there seemed no other way to live. Most were finally driven from
their territory but some stayed. And of the ones that are gone, their
stories remain, and this is what I desire to share."

"Prior to the early 18th Century,
most of Georgia was home to American Indians belonging to a southeastern
alliance known as the Creek Confederacy. Today's Creek Nation, also known as
the Muskogee, were the major tribe in that alliance."

"As a member of the Chickasaw Nation, I have been
concerned about the lack of historical information about this proud nation.
After searching the Internet for information, documents, etc., concerning
the history of the Chickasaw Indian Nation, and not being very successful in
finding useful sources, I have decided to create just the sort of "web page"
that I have been looking for"

"The Cherokee Nation, largest of the
Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, is a people of Iroquoian lineage.
The Cherokee, who called themselves "Ani'-Yun' wiya" or "Principal People",
migrated to the Southeast from the Great Lakes Region. They commanded more
than 40,000 square miles in the southern Appalachians by 1650 with a
population estimated at 22,500."

"Florida's Native People were never organized as large
political units (tribes). Rather they practiced chiefdomships; whereby the
chief and individuals of several small villages chose an overall leader
(usually the chief of the area's principal town). Principal towns were
formed when a village grew too large for the natural environment in that
area to support the population level."

"In a study of the history of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, an
interest was developed in the Caddo Indians who were aborigines of the
parish, and since no adequate study had been made of these interesting
people it became my purpose to give an account of them from the time when
first met by the white man until about 1845."

"Birds were sent down to find a dry place to live but
none could be found. The Great Buzzard, the father of all buzzards we see
now, flew down close to the earth while it was still soft. He became tired
and his wings began to strike the ground. Where they struck the earth became
a valley and where they rose up again became a mountain and thus the
Cherokee country was created."

"When French explorers first journeyed down from Canada
to the upper Mississippi Valley in the early Seventeenth Century, they found
the region inhabited by a vigorous, populous Algonquin nation who called
themselves "Hileni" or "Illiniwek" which means "men."
(1). This the
French rendered as "Illinois"."

"The Muscogee (Creek) people are
descendents of a remarkable culture that, before 1500 AD, spanned all the
region known today as the Southeastern United States. Early ancestors of the
Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen pyramids
along the rivers of the this region as part of their elaborate ceremonial
complexes. The historic Muscogee later built
expansive towns within these same broad river valleys in the present states
of Alabama, Georgia, Florida and South Carolina."

"Since
the first Creek(Yamacraw) cession by Mico Tomochichi to
James
Oglethorpe in 1733, land had been a major concern of the settlers.
Cessions by both Creek and the Cherokee did nothing to quench the insatiable
thirst for land that the Georgians had."

"As of the 1990 census, there were
16,391 Native Americans currently residing in Virginia. Some are members of
Virginia's recognized tribes. Representatives from tribes all over the
United States now consider Virginia home."

"At the time of the first European contact, North
Carolina was inhabited by a number of
native
tribes sharing some cultural traits, but also distinguished by regional
and linguistic variations. Three major language families were represented in
North Carolina: Iroquoian, Siouan, and Algonquian. The Iroquoian tribes--the
Cherokee, Tuscarora, Meherrin, Coree, and Neuse River (which may have been
Iroquoian or Algonquian)--were related linguistically and culturally to the
Iroquois tribes to the north."

"The last pre-historic cultural
development in North America was the Mississippian Culture, thriving from
approximately 800 AD until the arrival of European explorers. The
Mississippian Culture spanned from Wisconsin and Minnesota in the north,
through Georgia to the south, and westward into the Great Plains."

"The Chieftains Trail was designated by the 1988 Georgia
General Assembly a state historic trail for the purpose of preservation,
promotion and commemoration of Northwest Georgia's Native American heritage.
The Chieftains Trail guides travelers to nine public sites representative of
the Indian cultures which once thrived here in the foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains."

"Taino culture was the most
highly developed in the Caribbean when Columbus reached the Island of
Hispaniola in 1492. Islands throughout the Greater Antilles were dotted
with Taino communities nestled in valleys and along the rivers and
coastlines, some which were inhabited by thousands of people."

"Realizing a key to development of
the Cherokee Nation
was a written language,
Sequoyah began
work on a graphic representation of the Cherokee language. The syllabary,
officially listed as being completed in
1821, took 12 years to
create. Sequoyah came up with the idea of "Talking Leaves" when he visited
Chief Charles Hicks, who showed him how to write his name so he could sign
his work like American silversmiths had begun to do."

"For all but the last 200 years of the 12,000 years or so
that this country has been inhabited, the story of Tennessee is the story of
its native peoples. The fact that Tennessee and many of the places in it
still carry Indian names serves as a lasting reminder of the significance of
its native inhabitants. Since much of Tennessee’s appeal for her ancient
people as well as for later pioneer settlers lay with the richness and
beauty of the land, it seems fitting to begin by considering some of the
state’s generous natural gifts."

"Between
1790 and 1830 the population of
Georgia
increased six-fold. The western push of the settlers created a problem.
Georgians continued to take
Native
American lands and force them into the frontier. By 1825 the Lower Creek
had been completely removed from the state under provisions of the Treaty of
Indian Springs. By 1827 the
Creek
were gone."

"March, 1982, the House of Delegates, the Senate
concurring, created a subcommittee consisting of eleven members to undertake
a comprehensive study of the historic dealings and relationship between the
Commonwealth of Virginia and the Virginia Indian Tribes."

"With the Revolutionary War over and the Iroquois divided, the opposition to
American expansion into the Ohio River valley was carried on by a shifting
alliance of nations: Shawnee, Canadian Iroquois, Wyandot, Mingo, Ottawa,
Chickamauga, Miami, Kickapoo, Delaware, Ottawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Fox,
Sauk, and Mascouten. In the fall of 1787 the alliance agreed to draw the
line against American expansion on the Ohio River."

"Angie Debo (1890-1988) was
a child when her parents moved to Marshall, Oklahoma Territory in 1899, ten
years after the land was opened by the "Run of 1889." She saw a rough
frontier evolve into an active vigorous state and remembered well what she
observed. Debo was a lady with strong beliefs who followed her convictions,
which led her to write about the history of Oklahoma, of Marshall, and of
American Indians and the relations between them and the federal government."

"Ethnologists have identified hundreds of groups of Texas
"Indians," as the first European explorers to arrive called the peoples they
found. Some of these were true tribes, accumulations of families or clans
with social customs, traditions, and rules for order; these were
occasionally quite large."

"Geographically contiguous villages and settlements of
the Potawatomi Indians acted as quasi-political units, commonly designated
as bands. This practice had its inception in the Potawatomi's own regard for
the autonomy of the local group and their desire to be treated as separate
groups."

"In May of 1832 Sac and Fox Indians under the leadership
of Black Hawk left the Iowa territory and returned to their homes across the
Mississippi River in northern Illinois. These Native Americans had lost
their Illinois lands in a disputed treaty signed in St. Louis in 1805."

"The dramatic story of Fort Phil
Kearny represented a 'microcosm' of the early events in the West and was a
forerunner to the events at the Little Big Horn a decade later. It was the
story of the Indians, emigrants, the military, civilian contractors, Indian
and white women and children as well as warriors and soldiers."

"Overlooking the historic Delaware
Crossing on the Kansas River, the stately Grinter Place was home to Moses
and Annie Grinter. Visit the brick farmhouse, built in 1862. It is located
near the site of Grinter's Trading Post, where he traded with the Lenapi
(Delaware) Indians."

"The Ohio Valley-Great Lakes Ethnohistory Archive is a
unique assemblage of primary and secondary resources pertaining to the
Native American occupancy of the region. It includes nearly a thousand
microfilm reels, reproduced maps and other documents, ethnic group data
files, detailed reports for many Indian treaty areas, indices that assist in
using portions of the collection, and correspondence records."

"Acknowledged as one of the
most powerful tribes in the American northwest, the Blackfeet are a
confederacy of three independent tribes presently living in Montana and
Alberta, Canada. The name "Blackfeet" originates from the distinctive black
hue of their mocassins, either painted that color or perhaps darkened by
prairie fires."

"The Wyandot Nation of Kansas is made up of
those formerly known as "absentee" or "citizen class" Wyandot Indians. The
Wyandot Nation of Kansas is currently petitioning the U.S. Department of the
Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs for federal recognition and was
incorporated in 1959."

"Many of the lodges or societies of the Lakotas were
social in character, while others arose for very serious puposes,
particularly those brought into existence by dreams or visions. The Buffalo
Lodge was a social order which held no secret meetings. Its members, who
joined only upon invitation, were braves, mostly old or middle-aged men, who
met for the purpose of keeping alive their war records, telling stories,
singing the lodge songs, dancing, and playing games."

"According to Professor Dennis Jones who teaches the
Ojibway language at the University of Minnesota, either Ojibwe or Ojibway
are actually correct spellings, but some people feel Ojibwe should be the
preferred standardized spelling. I have chosen to use the Ojibway spelling
only because that is the way I originally learned it. If I had it to do over
again I would probably use Ojibwe."

"An Introduction to Indiana Prehistory is written in
order to make available in summary from some of the answers to commonly
asked questions about Indiana archaeology and prehistory. The impetus for it
derives from the almost daily inquiries archaeologists receive from a varied
public, for which archaeology and the numerous evidences of Indian
occupation in the state have some attraction."

"The Ioway Nation presents the most comprehensive
information on the Iowa (or Ioway) tribe to be found anywhere on the
Internet, including the contemporary situation. Like all websites, it is
continually growing and responding to user needs and concerns."

"Visit this historic stone mission
where 30 Kaw (or Kansa) Indian boys lived and studied from 1851 - 1854. The
U.S. Government removed the Kaws to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, in 1873.
The Kaws, known as "The People of the South Wind," gave our state its name."

"Wiinindib" means
knowledge "makak(oons)" is a (small) container or box...Wiinindibmakakoons -
(Little box of knowledge, or Little Brain-Box) is the Ojibwe word that the
elders group at Lac Courte Oreilles gave the Laptop computer, during field
production work and review in 1994."

"Contrasting patterns are
a distinctive feature of Meskwaki art in which often seeming chaotic
arrangements take on a new pattern on close inspection. This duality is
expressed in the function of Meskwaki art as well."

"The Muscogee (Creek) people
are descendents of a remarkable culture that, before 1500 AD, spanned all
the region known today as the Southeastern United States. Early ancestors
of the Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen
pyramids along the rivers of the this region as part of their elaborate
ceremonial complexes."

"The following is an
excerpt from a longer piece written by Benjamin Franklin about 1784.
Franklin clearly does not regard Native Americans as "savages": he is
using the term for ironic effect. The "savages" are, in fact, as
civilized or more civilized than the Whites: it is the Whites who must
rely upon force, punishment, and prisons to enforce good behavior."

"My "Grandma" Riddle, being a Cherokee Indian, was
educated at the Eastern State Normal School, where she learned to be a
teacher to her people. I thank her for leaving me the many history books
which she kept, read, and loved, and which were instrumental in my
becoming a bibliophile. I will forever owe them a dept of gratitude."

"The people who would become the Missouria, the Otoe,
and the Ioway once belonged to the
Ho-Chunk
(Winnebago) Nation, one of the Siouan tribes of the Great Lakes region.
At some point, a large group separated themselves and began to migrate to
the south. In the simplest sense, the Ioway settled along the Mississippi
River, the Missouria settled along the Missouri River, and the Otoe
settled farther west."

"For travelers on the Santa Fe Trail, this sandstone
citadel was one of the most prominent landmarks on their long journey.
Native Americans were said to have met at Pawnee Rock and reputedly used
it as a vantage point to spot bison herds and approaching wagon trains."

"The online books in this digital collection are made
up of the digitized page images and transcribed, searchable text of some
of the books from the Library of Congress's General Collections and (in a
few cases) its Rare Book and Special Collections Division. Each book is
also described in a bibliographic record that links to the searchable text
and page images."

"Come and see the manual training school attended by
Shawnee, Delaware and other Indian nations from 1839-1862. The Shawnee
Mission served as an early territorial capitol, supply point on the Santa
Fe and Oregon Trails and a camp for Union soldiers during the Civil War."

"Sheridan's massive winter campaign involved six
cavalry regiments accompanied by frontier scouts such as "Buffalo Bill"
Cody, "Wild Bill" Hickok, Ben Clark and Jack Stilwell. Troops camped at
the location of the new fort included the 7th Cavalry, the 19th Kansas
Volunteers and the 10th Cavalry, a distinguished of black "buffalo
soldiers" who constructed many of the stone buildings still surrounding
the old post quadrangle."

"Four hundred years ago the valleys and tributaries of
the Ouachita, Red, Sabine, and Neches rivers in what is today northeast
Texas, northwest Louisiana, southwest Arkansas, and southeast Oklahoma
were home to an extraordinary society of farmers, warriors, potters,
priests, and traders, the ancestors of the people known today as the
Caddo."

"Tracing place-names derived from Indian words, or
associated with Indian groups or places, is not always easy. The Spanish
explorers and missionaries, who were the first Europeans to enter Texas,
often adopted Texas Indian names for rivers and other natural features."

"The Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation is part of the
Great Sioux Reservation that was established under the Treaty of 1868.
This treaty established a reservation of 60,000,000+ acres that
encompassed all of western South Dakota, North Dakota, Eastern Wyoming,
and parts of Nebraska and Montana."

"The Yankton Sioux Reservation is
located in the south central part of South Dakota, occupying the eastern
half of Charles Mix County. The Yankton Service Unit is comprised of six
counties; Bon Homme, Charles Mix, Douglas, and Hutchinson, SD and Boyd and
Knox, NE."

"In this treaty, signed on April 29, 1868,
between the U.S. Government and the Sioux Nation, the United States
recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set
aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people."

"The Navajo Nation,
which occupies 25,000 square miles of land in parts of Arizona, New
Mexico, and Utah, was the largest and one of the most resource rich Indian
territories in the country in the 1960s. Its development had long been
hampered, however, by its status as a Native American reservation. The
U.S. government had first begun a campaign to "pacify" the Navajo people
and thoroughly disrupt their way of life during the Mexican War. After a
protracted battle to retain their ancestral lands, the Navajo people were
forced to accept a treaty in 1868 that relegated them to their present
territory, and effectively categorized them as second class citizens."

"Charles
Fletcher Lummis, almost always attired in his trademark well-worn, dark
green, Spanish-style corduroy suit, soiled sombrero and red Navajo sash,
went on to become one of the most famous and colorful personalities of his
day as a book author, magazine editor, archaeologist, preserver of Spanish
missions, advisor to President Theodore Roosevelt and a crusader for civil
rights for American Indians, Hispanics and other minority groups."

"Until the 1980's very few Hohokam sites in
the Tucson Basin had been excavated and analyzed. Why then have hundreds
of sites been unearthed in the 1990s? How have these sites been
discovered? Fortunately for archaeologists, Pima County enacted an
ordinance stating that in order to change the zoning status or start
construction on private lands in the county, the land must be surveyed by
a state-approved archaeologist before development or rezoning can occur."

"The earliest visitors to Sabino Canyon are
believed to be hunter-gatherers of the Clovis culture. [Guide, p.2] They
hunted big game, such as bison, Columbian mammoth, and other large mammals
that lived in southern Arizona when the climate was cooler and more moist.
Later, as the climate changed, the Cochise culture became dominant. The
Cochise hunted small game and gathered edible plants."

This book consists of the full texts and
illustrations of 190 works documenting the formative era of California's
history through eyewitness accounts. The collection covers the dramatic
decades between the Gold Rush and the turn of the twentieth century.

"Founded in 1984, CMSA is a nonprofit
public benefit corporation formed with the following educational purposes:
To preserve, advance and promote the Hispanic period historic resources in
the State of California; To advance and promote development of
archaeological, historical, museum and archival resources; To promote,
conduct and coordinate research projects resulting in the preservation and
restoration of period landmarks; and To encourage and support educational
opportunities for interested students of the Hispanic period and for
persons of the public community regardless of color, race, creed, sex or
age."

"With the arrival in 1833 of the Mexican
appointee, General Jose Figueroa, as the new governor of California, the
final implementation of a plan for the widespread secularization of the
missions was completed. The process of emancipation of the Indians and
dividing up the land was commenced on July 15, 1833 when Figueroa issued
his Prevenciones Provisionales."

"This
chronology documents the major events in the history of San Diego's first
inhabitants--the Native Americans who were in residence before Spain sent
explorers to the West Coast of the Americas, before missionaries came
north from Mexico, before the Mayflower set sail for the New World, before
Mexico awarded land grants to its California colonists, and before
California became a part of the United States of America."

"My research interests frequently focus on
the ethical issues associated with colonialism and religious intolerance.
My perspective is not only the moral and spiritual impacts on the victims
of colonialism and dogmatism, but also on their impact on the perpetrators
of injustice and their descendants."

"This web site is sponsored by the Southern
Ute Indian Cultural Center. The site and database support our 30 minute
educational video COLORADO UTE LEGACY which has been distributed to over
500 Colorado schools."

"When the Spanish first established
colonies in California in the late 1700's, Alta California was the home of
more than 300,000 Indians—a greater number than in any comparable area
north of Mexico. The historic period Native Californians were by no means
"primitive," however."

"The purpose of this book is to provoke
more questions than it answers and to open new doors. It gives a sampling
of what has not been told about Arizona history. Zane Grey novels and
Hollywood movies give the false impression that all the research has been
done and all the facts are known. Nothing could be farther from the truth.
Veteran anthropologists and historians are the first to admit that we have
barely started."

"Having selected our site, we sank a shaft
in the northwest corner about two feet from the line of rocks. About two
feet down we found a hard-packed surface which we assumed to be the floor.
Working out from the shaft toward the stones, we found the wall of the
pit."

"The history of California Indians is a
different story from that of other ethnic groups who came in the last few
centuries as immigrants to an already populated land. For Indians, this is
their homeland, and their history spans more than 10,000 years of
occupation."

"The Continental Divide is hydrographically
defined by whether surface waters flow to the Atlantic Ocean or to the
Pacific Ocean. Crudely speaking, it is formed by the Rocky Mountains. It's
shape is an irregular arc that bulges to the east as far as central
Colorado and it runs more-or-less south by southeast from the northwestern
corner of Montana, along the Canadian border, to the southwestern corner
of New Mexico, along the Mexican border."

"The earliest settlers in the Fort Lowell
District came around 300 A.D. Since then, different communities have come
and gone leaving behind their characteristic remains. These people were
attracted to the area for the same reason: an abundance of water and
fertile soil. Here the Tanque Verde and Pantano washes come together to
form a new waterway, the Rillito."

"This on-line
exhibit is an adaptation of one curated by Lee Brumbaugh and shown at the
Nevada Historical Society in 1997. Of necessity, several sections of the
original have been omitted and the number of photographs reduced -- from
over one hundred, to fifty-four."

"It has often been said "the land was good
for nothing else so we gave it to the Indians". Nothing could be further
from the truth. The original Navajo, the T'aa dine' chose this very area
some 6 to 7 centuries age. This nomadic people arrived and apparently
lived in harmony with the existing Anasazi until the latters' disapearence
or assimilation."

"This document covers the ancient and
modern history of the Anasazi, Hopi, Navajo, and neighboring peoples of
the Four Corners region, with information on the cultures and environment
of the Southwestern Colorado Plateau."

"Over thousands of years, the Native
peoples of the present state of California developed many complex
cultures, with differing customs related to varied environments and
histories. At the time of Spanish settlement in 1769, there were as many
as 100 distinct culture groups, each speaking a different language. At the
same time, because of marriage, trade, and communication, many fundamental
ways of life were shared throughout California. With an estimated 310,000
people at contact, California was one of the most densely populated
regions in Native North America."

"In this brief paper
we will examine the Navajo sandpainting as a religious item and as an art
item. A brief history will be necessary as will a discussion of the
sandpaintings, as art forms that are used and made today. Lastly we will
look at the evolution of the art form. As mentioned, this paper is quite
brief and only touches the surface. A list of references is included for
any one wishing to pursue this discussion in greater depth."

"As early as the autumn of 1849 plans were
made to establish a post on the western approaches to Cajon Pass, an
important crossing through the Coast Range and one often used by parties
of raiding Indians. Eventually, in August, 1850, Captain Lovell and his
company were ordered to proceed from San Francisco to San Pedro by sea and
take post at the Rancho Santa Ana del Chino."

"This exhibit illustrates and describes a
selection of original rare and historic maps chosen from the Map
Collection of the University of Arizona Library. They portray a region of
New Spain once called Pimería and chronicle four centuries of mapping from
the earliest map of the region in the collection, a 1556 view of North and
South America, up to the Gadsden Purchase of 1854 when Pimería Alta--or
southern Arizona--was acquired by the United States from Mexico."

"Mission 2000 is a searchable database of Spanish mission records of the
Pimería Alta (southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico) containing
baptisms, marriages, and burials from the late seventeenth century to the
mid-nineteenth century."

"Over thousands of years, the Native
peoples of the present state of California developed many complex
cultures, with differing customs related to varied environments and
histories. At the time of Spanish settlement in 1769, there were as many
as 100 distinct culture groups, each speaking a different language."

"The Online Archive of New Mexico is
a single, integrated source for searching and navigating finding aids
to archival collections. These finding aids, usually called guides
or inventories, contain descriptive information about archives and
manuscript collections housed at research institutions in New Mexico."

"The Rio Grande Historical
Collections/Hobson-Huntsinger University Archives serves a dual function
in the New Mexico State University Library by acting as a repository for
non-current university records and for manuscripts and personal papers
documenting the cultural heritage and history of New Mexico and the
Southwest."

"Rocky Boy's provides a home for about 2,500 members of the Chippewa-Cree
tribe. The name "Rocky Boy" was derived from the name of a leader of a
band of Chippewa Indians. It actually meant "Stone Child," but it was not
translated correctly from Chippewa into English, and “Rocky Boy” evolved.

"We now know there are several dense
artifact concentrations that probably represent locations where the
Hohokam had lived in pithouses, outside the ruin's visible surface housing
compounds. These heavy artifact scatters and other architectural features
we located suggest the Sabino Canyon settlement was founded by pithouse-building
Hohokam Indians between A.D. 1000 and 1100 near where Sabino and Bear
creeks converge."

"The
San Manuel Band of Mission Indians are
of the Native American tribe known as "Serrano," a name given to us by the
Spaniards which means "mountaineer." Long before the Spaniards and other
European settlers arrived here, our ancestors roamed a territory that
spanned the San Bernardino Mountains and valley, and adjoining desert
lands. In our native language, we call ourselves "Yuhaviatam," or "people
of the pines."

"Perhaps along these rivers the people of
the "Desert Archaic" lived nine thousand years ago, for their arrow points
have been found in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Certainly a people called
the Hohokam built their towns and villages not long after the birth of
Christ. By 250 A.D. the archaeologists have found that they built houses,
made canals to water their fields, fashioned pottery, and raised their
families."

"During the night and early morning of
November 4-5, 1775, a force of Native Americans surrounded Mission San
Diego de Alcalá, set fire to its fragile wooden structures, and attacked a
small contingent of stunned Spaniards. The attack gave Alta California its
first Catholic martyr and weakened Spain's already tenuous hold on its
northern territory."

"The oldest
continuous residents of Colorado are the Ute Indians. It is not known
exactly when the Utes came from the north and west and inhabited the
mountainous areas of the present-day states of Colorado , Utah (which name
comes from the Ute people), and New Mexico. We do know that the earliest
Utes came into the present day United States along the eastern slope of
the Rocky Mountains."

"The Spain, United States, & the
American Frontier: Historias Paralelas project represents progress
toward the realization of a vision shared by leaders of esteemed cultural
institutions in Spain and the United States. The fulfillment of this
vision will result in a multimedia digital library portal which provides
Internet access to the historical treasures of several institutions."

"LACKING a comprehensive school system for
native Americans, during the latter half of the nineteenth century the
United States government began to rely heavily upon various religious
denominations to provide for the educational needs of the nation's
Indians."

"Web
de Anza provides students
and scholars with primary source documents and multimedia resources
covering Juan Bautista de Anza's two overland expeditions from the Sonoran
desert to northern California, leading to the colonization of San
Francisco in 1776."

Northwest and
Alaskan Tribes

Web Page Title

Comments

The below are segments from the PBS program, "New Perspectives on the West".

"The Spokane Indians are of the Interior Salish group which has inhabited
northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana for
centuries. The native language spoken by the Spokanes is common to other
Salish tribes with only a slight variation in dialect."

"On this page is a map of
the known permanent village sites (c.1800) of the Coast Salish people who
lived--and still live--in the Puget Sound area of Washington State. The
full map takes about 2 minutes (56 kbps) to download below this text."

"According to the
Kalapuya Indians, long ago a hero named Tallapus (also called Coyote) came
to the Willamette Valley from somewhere far over the Rocky Mountains. At
this time, gigantic skookums (ogres) terrified the people of the Valley."

"The Spokane Indians are
of the Interior Salish group which has inhabited northeastern Washington,
northern Idaho, and western Montana for centuries. The native language
spoken by the Spokanes is common to other Salish tribes with only a slight
variation in dialect. Generally speaking, the Spokanes can converse easily
in their native tongue with the Kalispels, Coeur d' Alenes, and
Flatheads."

"In confronting these documents, mostly written in
Russian but some in the Alaskan Native languages of Aleut, Eskimo, and
Tlingit, Dr. Ivanov has resuscitated the vibrant, incredibly moving human
exchanges that took place between the priests of the Russian Orthodox
Church in Alaska and Native Alaskans, during the years 1794 to about
1915."

"From 1803–1806, in an
exciting journey to the Pacific Ocean and back, Lewis and Clark's Corps of
Discovery mapped the lands, described the natural wonders, and encountered
the peoples of western North America. But, as Walter Kirn wrote in Time,
"If not for the . . . epic the captains scratched out while crouching on
hillsides and squatting on riverbanks, we might not remember Lewis and
Clark at all."

"This collection currently includes the narrative
reports of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1871, 1872, 1875, and
1876, and three additional reports for 1871. It also includes a map of
western reservations published with the 1875 report."

"Considered to be one of the most significant
achievements of the Congress of the Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance
of 1787 put the world on notice not only that the land north of the Ohio
River and east of the Mississippi would be settled but that it would
eventually become part of the United States. Until then this area had been
temporarily forbidden to development."

"The Spokane Indians are of the Interior Salish group which has inhabited
northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana for centuries.
The tribe originally consisted of three bands: Upper, Middle and Lower.
These terms applied to their location along the Spokane River."

"Today, January 23rd, fell
on a Sunday back in 1870. At first light, in
numbing cold, 200 dismounted U.S. cavalrymen lay spread out in ambush
positions along snowy bluffs overlooking the Marias River in Montana and
the large winter campsite of the Piegan leader Heavy Runner. The camp was
surrounded, its warriors were away hunting, and the edgy troopers awaited
the command to fire. Then the old chief came out of his lodge and walked
toward the bluffs, waving a safe-conduct paper. An Army scout, Joe Kipp,
shouted that this was the wrong camp; he was threatened into silence.
Another scout, Joe Cobell, fired the first shot, dropping Heavy Runner in
his tracks. What followed, according to Lt. Gus Doane who commanded F
Company in the attack, was "the greatest slaughter
of Indians ever made by U.S. troops."

"Many photographs and images in this collection are
provided by the courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives,
Smithsonian Institution. Images from the National Anthropological
Archives may not be reproduced without specific permission of the National
Anthropological Archives."

"A collection of unique photographs which historically
document the 1969-1971 occupation of Alcatraz Island by Indians of All
Tribes, Inc. These rare photographs were contributed by Ilka Hartmann,
Michelle Vignes, and the National Park Service in order that students and
researchers may have access to information that will provide insight into
the occupation and those who were instrumental in the early activities of
Indian protest and unified political activities by American Indian
people."

"In 1984, while researching photographs for the
Smithsonian's Handbook of North American Indians, Scherer found a
collection of
glass plate negatives at the National Archives and Records
Administration (NARA) in Washington, DC. Labeled only as "Portraits of
Indians from Southeastern Idaho Reservations, 1897," the images were so
compelling that Scherer had prints made for the Handbook - a 20
volume encyclopedia summarizing the anthropology and history of Indians
and Eskimos of North America north of Mesoamerica."

"Photographs on exhibit document the excavation of the
Hohokam platform mound dated 1000 A.D. located at the Pueblo Grande Museum
while Halseth was the director. The collection spans 1929 to the late
1950s, which demonstrates the years that archaeologists dedicate
themselves to carefully "reconstruct" the past."

"Anthropological interest in Plains Indian architecture
has long focused on the periodic ritual gatherings in which social
structure was symbolized in the formal arrangement of the village, the
camp circle. Features of domestic architecture have received little
attention. William S. Soule's series of photographs of a Comanche village
on Medicine Creek, Indian Territory, in the winter of 1872 - 1873, shows a
number of lodges, with associated features, and allows a two-dimensional
examination of the spatial arrangement and domestic architecture of a
Comanche village in the late pre-reservation period."

"The adventurers and explorers who, during the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, visited British Columbia needed
a means to convey to their contemporaries at home what they had
experienced during their voyages of discovery. Journals, ship's logs and
diaries supplemented the oral accounts of their journeys. Accomplished
artists recorded the flora, fauna, landscapes and peoples in sketches and
watercolors prior to the advent of photography in the mid-nineteenth
century."

"For three decades
Christopher Cardozo Fine Art has been the country's leading source of
original works by Edward S. Curtis. Mr. Cardozo is the author of six books
on Edward Curtis including "Sacred Legacy" and the award winning "Native
Nations."

"The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis
is one of the most significant and controversial representations of
traditional American Indian culture ever produced. Issued in a limited
edition from 1907-1930, the publication continues to exert a major
influence on the image of Indians in popular culture. Curtis said he
wanted to document "the old time Indian, his dress, his ceremonies, his
life and manners."

"Of all the incidents in recent American Indian
history, the Ghost Dance of 1890 is probably without equal in evocative
power. From the ecstatic dancing, the mysteriously patterned clothing, to
the bloody snows of Wounded Knee, the Ghost Dance is pervaded with
visually powerful images. But because they are so powerful, those images
must be constantly examined; one must see as well as look."

"The Project strives to
broaden access to new constituencies by providing students, researchers,
and the general public with direct access to important primary source
material on the Plains Indian cultures currently only available by travel
to Montana."

"After thirteen years of
research it is like a dream come true to know everyone in the world will
be able to enjoy and hopefully learn from these old treasured photographs
my grandmother, her mother, my father and mother so lovingly saved."

"Since the earliest days of photography images have
been made of Native American peoples. Although many different styles of
photography developed, the vast majority of photographs were taken to
serve the interests of the white American population."

"Prior to the arrival of Europeans,
ethnologists say North America's 5 million indigenous people were divided
geographically into nine culture groups. Each group consisted of many
different tribes. The use of the term North American Indians in reference
to all the people of the continent is not intended to ignore the great
differences among these people."

"This exhibit of panoramic
photographs is but a small sample of the wide variety of panoramic images
in NARA`s still picture holdings located at the National Archives Building
at College Park, Maryland. The exhibit photographs date from approximately
1864 until 1937."

"All images in the Photo Gallery are available for
purchase. See Ordering Photo Gallery Images for more information. The
images are from the Union Pacific Railroad archives. All graphics in the
Photo Gallery appear in JPEG format."

"The Picture Collection Online is an image resource
site for those who seek knowledge and inspiration from visual materials.
It is a collection of 30,000 digitized images from books, magazines and
newspapers as well as original photographs, prints and postcards, mostly
created before 1923."

"Historic photographs of American Indians, long used
simply as images or as illustrations, can be sources of ethnographic and
historical information, particularly about aspects of material culture. In
documenting artifact use and distribution, photographs can supplement
museum collections, which often lack that information."

"Most of the photographs
taken by Throssel depict the Crow, or Apsaroke, as they referred to
themselves, from 1905-1910. By the early 1900s, the Crows, like other
tribes in the country, were being encouraged to assimilate into mainstream
white society on reservations."

"Of the total holdings, approximately 110,000 images
have been described and are readily available for public reference. The
collection consists of historic photographs of all types from the earliest
to modern forms, depicting the widest range of subjects relating to
British Columbia's history and culture, with an emphasis on records
created by government ministries."