1. Addition or removal of a product or reactant 2. Temperature changes 3. Pressure changes (but not if nonreactive gas like He is added)

Chracteristics of an ideal gas

1. Molecules have ZERO VOLUME

2. Molecules have ZERO ATTRACTION to one another

3. Energy is conserved in collisions because molecules collide elastically with one another and walls of the container

4. KEavg = 3/2RT

Real vs Ideal Gases

Vreal > Videal Ideal

gas molecules are thought to have no volume while real gas molecules obviously have volume

Preal < Pideal

Attraction between real gas molecules, causing them to slow down before they hit the walls of the container and exert less force/area The closer together the gas molecules are, more apparent deviations from ideal situations become

What is special about neurons in relation to metabolism?

They use facilitated transport to obtain glucose...but independently of insulin.

Unique distinction of vertebrates?

Only vertebrates have MYLENATED axons!

Where do sensory and motor neurons lie in the spinal cord?

Sensory neurons: dorsally

Motor/somatic NS neurons: ventrally

ACh receptors

a) Found ALL throughout the PNS except for sympathetic neuroeffector synapses

b) Nicotinic: muscles

c) Muscarinic: found in the parasympathetic NS

What effect do the contraction/relaxation of ciliary muscles have on the lens and focal point?

Contraction: Bends the lens, makes more spherical, moves focal point CLOSER to lens

Relaxation: straightens lens, flattens, moves focal point AWAY from lens, harder to see closer objects, happens in old age when muscles tire

Cornea

First place light hits the eye ; nonvascular and made of collagen ; where most bending of light occurs because it is highly refractive

The initial sample beam intensity will be greater than the reference beam intensity because energy is absorbed by the pi electrons

The longer the chains of conjugated bonds, the greater the wavelength of absorption When a certain wavelength is absorbed, the remaining light will assume the COMPLEMENTARY color to the wavelength absorbed.

If a compound has 8+ double bonds..

The absorbance will move into the visible spectrum

Which vessel carries the most deoxygenated blood in the entire body?

The pulmonary artery

Forms in which CO2 is carried in the body?

1. Dissolved in blood

2. Bicarbonate ion

3. Carbamino compounds bound of Hb and other proteins

Rxn catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O <---> HCO3- + H+

Remember that carbonic anhydrase is only an enzyme and does not actually prevent this reaction from happening if inhibited...just slows down

Which is the only part of the body not drained by the lymph system?

CNS

Pressure in the lymph system

Pressure is typically negative in regard to the other vessels it's surrounded by, which is what pushes fluid into the system.

Lymph system has valves and smooth muscle

Blood is composed of...?

1. Plasma - blood matrix (contain urea, proteins, etc.)

2. Buffy coat - white blood cells

3. Read blood cells = hematocrit (greater in men)

Important contents of plasma

1. Albumin

2. Immunoglobulins

3. Clotting factors (fibrinogen)

What is serum

Plasma from which the clotting factors such as fibrinogen have been REMOVED