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Glass Target Measures Laser Weapon’s Power

Photonics.comAug 2010
ATLANTA, Aug. 18, 2010 — Technologies for using laser energy to destroy threats at a distance have been in development for many years. Today, these technologies — known as directed energy weapons — are maturing to the point of becoming deployable.

High-energy lasers — one type of directed energy weapon — can be mounted on aircraft to deliver a large amount of energy to a far-away target at the speed of light, resulting in structural and incendiary damage. These lasers can be powerful enough to destroy cruise missiles, artillery projectiles, rockets and mortar rounds.

Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) senior research scientist David Roberts developed a system that will help accelerate the development of high-energy laser systems and reduce the time required to make them operational for national security purposes. (Images: Gary Meek/Georgia Tech)
Before these weapons can be used in the field, the lasers must be tested and evaluated at test ranges. The power and energy distribution of the high-energy laser beam must be accurately measured on a target board, with high spatial and temporal resolution.

The researchers' system measures a laser's power and spatial energy distribution simultaneously by directing the laser beam onto a glass target board they designed. Ultimately, the reusable target board and beam diagnostic system will help accelerate the development of such high-energy laser systems and reduce the time required to make them operational for national security purposes.
With Orlando, Fla.-based OptiGrate, Roberts designed and fabricated a target board that can survive high-energy laser irradiation without changing its properties or significantly affecting the beam.
"The high-energy laser beam delivers its energy to a small spot on the target — only a couple inches in diameter — but the intensity is strong enough to melt steel," Roberts said. "Our goal was to develop a method for determining how many watts of energy were hitting that area and how the energy distribution changed over time so that the lasers can be optimized."

GTRI teamed with Leon Glebov of OptiGrate to design and fabricate a target board that could survive high-energy laser irradiation without changing its properties or significantly affecting the beam. The researchers selected OptiGrate’s handmade photothermorefractive glass — a sodium-zinc-aluminum-silicate glass doped with silver, cerium and fluorine — for the target board.

"This glass is unique in that it is transparent but also photosensitive like film, so you can record holograms and other optical structures in the glass, then 'develop' them in a furnace," explained Roberts.

The researchers tweaked the optical characteristics of the glass so that the board would resist degradation and laser damage. OptiGrate also had to create a new mold to produce 4 × 4-in. pieces of the glass — a size four times larger than OptiGrate had ever made before.

GTRI laser target board: The reusable target board shown here enables the power and energy distribution of a high-energy laser beam to be accurately measured with high spatial and temporal resolution.
During testing, the 4-in.² target board is secured between a test target and a high-energy laser, and the beam irradiance profile on the board is imaged by a remote camera. The images are analyzed to provide a contour map showing the power density — watts per square inch — at every location where the beam hit the target.

"We can also simultaneously collect power measurements as a function of time with no extra equipment," Roberts noted. "Previously, measuring the total energy delivered by the laser required a ball calorimeter and temperature measurements had to be collected as the laser heated the interior of the ball. Now we can measure the total energy along with the total power and power density anywhere inside the beam more than 100 times per second."

GTRI's prototype target boards and a high-energy laser beam profiling system that uses those boards were delivered to Kirtland Air Force Base's Laser Effects Test Facility in May. The researchers successfully demonstrated them using the facility's 50-kW fiber laser and measured power densities as high as 10,000 W/cm² without damaging the beam profiler.

Scaling the system up to larger target board sizes is possible, according to Roberts.

Research engineer Tim Norwood and research scientist Nathan Meraz, both from GTRI, and Georgia Tech mechanical engineering undergraduate student Matthew Vickers also contributed to this research.

The project is supported by US Army Award No. N61339-06-C-0046. The content is solely the responsibility of the principal investigator and does not necessarily represent the official view of the US Army.