2
#1. How did Persian & Greek civilizations differ in their political organization and values? PERSIANS was far larger than its predecessors, stretching from Egypt to India, and a size of 35 mill. People. A great absolute King effective administrative system that placed Persian governors, called satraps, in each of 23 provinces, while lower-level officials were drawn from local authorities. This system was monitored by imperial spies. GREEKS Greek political organization was based on 100’s of independent city-states or small settlements of between 500 and 5,000 male citizens. Greeks did not build an empire but did expand through the establishment of colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas participation was based on the unique ideas of “citizenship,” of free people running the affairs of state, and of equality for all citizens before the law. Debt slavery was abolished, access to public office was opened to a wider group of men, and all citizens were allowed to take part in the Assembly

3
#2. Why did semi-democratic governments emerge in some of the Greek city-states? Growing numbers of men were able to afford the armor and weapons that would allow them to serve in the armies of the city-states. Athenian leader Solon, who emerged in 594 B. C. E. During his rule, he broke the hold on power of a small group of aristocratic families in Athens. At the same time, he abolished debt slavery, increased access to public office to a wider group of men, and allowed all citizens to take part in the Assembly.

4
#3.What were the consequences for both sides of the encounter between the Persians and the Greeks? failure of the Persian invasions of Greece had very little impact on the Persian Empire. Defeat of the Persian armies was a source of enormous pride for Greece. For the Greeks (especially the Athenians), it confirmed their view that Greek freedoms strengthened their will to fight the Golden Age of Greek (and especially Athenian) culture, a period when monumental buildings like the Parthenon in Athens were built, Greek theater was born, and Socrates was beginning his career as a philosopher.

5
#4. What changes did Alexander’s conquests bring in their wake? conquests led to the widespread dissemination of Greek culture into Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. The major avenue for this spread lay in the many cities established by the Greeks throughout the Hellenistic world.

6
#7. In comparing the Roman and Chinese empires, which do you find more striking— their similarities or their differences? Both defined themselves in universal terms. Both invested heavily in public works designed to integrate their respective domains militarily and commercially. Both invoked supernatural sanctions to support their rule. Both absorbed foreign religious traditions, though the process unfolded somewhat differently. In the case of Rome, Christianity was born as a small sect of a small province in a remote corner of the empire Both empires established effective centralized control over vast regions and huge populations.

7
#5. How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire? The values of the Roman republic, including rule of law, the rights of citizens, upright moral behavior, and a political system that offered some protection to the lower classes Victory in the Punic Wars with Carthage (264–146 B. C. E.) extended Roman control over the western Mediterranean Rome’s central location in the Mediterranean basin made empire building easier. Rome’s army was a key to its success. It was drawn from the growing population of Italy and was renowned for being well trained, well fed, and well rewarded.

8
#6. How & why did the making of the Chinese empire differ from that of the Roman Empire? Unlike the Roman Empire (which was new), the Chinese empire represented an effort to revive an imperial tradition that already existed under the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Because of the preexisting imperial tradition in China, the process of creating the empire was quicker, though it was no less reliant on military force and no less brutal than the centuries- long Roman effort. Unlike Rome’s transition from republic to empire, the creation of the Chinese empire had only brief and superficial domestic repercussions.

9
The Romans ruled as a distinct minority within the empire. Over time, the empire did assimilate conquered peoples by granting them Roman citizenship for service to the empire Romans assimilated more cultural traditions, with Roman and Greek culture freely mixing and other non- Roman cultural traditions— including the cult of the Persian god Mithra, the cult of the Egyptian goddess Isis, and the Judaism- derived religion of Christianity— spreading throughout the empire. Language were built off Latin & gave rise to other European languages The Romans, though, unlike the Chinese, developed an elaborate body of law applicable equally to all people of the realm. The Chinese empire was able to foster greater cultural uniformity and more centralized political control than did its Roman counterpart. In China, with the exception of Buddhism, Chinese culture was widely recognized as the model to which others should conform. Chinese written characters, which represented words or ideas more than sounds, were not easily transferable to other languages. The Chinese relied on a civil service system, complete with examinations and selection by merit

10
#8. How did the collapse of empire play out differently in the Roman world than in China? While the Han Empire came to an end in 220 C. E., only the western half of the Roman Empire collapsed, leaving the eastern half (subsequently known as the Byzantine Empire) to maintain the tradition of imperial Rome for another thousand years. Nomadic or semi-agricultural peoples occupying the frontier regions of both empires became growing threats that ultimately conquered portions of both empires. – Nomads –China simulated into Chinese culture – Barbarians – Rome Europe developed their own ethnic identities, even as they drew on Roman law and adopted Roman Christianity