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2.
SNRM in the WBWorld Bank is a large organization, sees itself as a knowledge bank, and allocates resources tocapacity building and knowledge management. It has thematic areas, communities ofpractice, is a GEF Implementing Agency, PPCR partner, participates in a number of global andregional efforts in knowledge management and sharing related to SLM.World Bank secures funding for SLM through its Rural Land Resources Management (LRM)Program which develops and promotes knowledge-based technical, social, institutional andpolicy choices which focus on:•Developing sustainable land management through improved land tenure systems andcommunity natural resources management;•Raising the profile of the risk and vulnerability impacts of climate change on communitiesnatural resources, (land/water) and promote appropriate adaptation mechanisms;•Mainstreaming of integrated approaches to Land and Water resources management for foodsecurity and poverty reduction;•Creating and strengthening an enabling environment, which will enhance national, regional,and global capacities to implement the convention to combat desertification and restoredegraded lands.SLM has been defined by WB as a knowledge-based process that helps integrate land, water,biodiversity, and environmental management (including input and output externalities) tomeet rising food and fiber demands while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihoods.

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Facts: Land degradation issue.•Most of the 2.5 m ha agricultural land they farm is pasture, only206,000 ha were in perennial crops and orchards, and there were fewsignificant irrigation systems.•Rural poverty, shifts in land management responsibilities, lack ofintegrated land management, inappropriate agriculture, and poor accessto technical support are causing increasing land degradation.•About twenty percent of the population live in hilly and mountainareas where access to most government services is limited.•Much of the population is using steep hillsides to grow cereal crops.• In turn, land degradation contributes to further impoverishmentthrough mudslides (ruining villages, roads and farmland, and irrigationand water systems), soil-erosion (undermining agricultural productivity)and silting of waterways used for drinking water and irrigation.•However, highlands had good productive potential if appropriatelyfarmed.

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Facts: Farm privatization.Officially, some 55% of all arable land had been converted intolease farms, joint stock companies and family farms. However, inlowland cotton growing areas, farmers were still not free to maketheir own management decisions, while in highlands they lackedthe capital needed to exploit productive potential.Furthermore, there are also large tracts of pasture, formerly underthe control of state farms, which are under the control of Jamoats(multivillages committees). These pastures faced problems ofinadequate maintenance as well as arbitrary and inequitableaccess to grazing rights and land use.

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Facts: Climate change and vulnerabilityClimate variability and change are likely to pose additional andsignificant risks, particularly for those pursuing subsistenceagriculture or pastoralism, and only reinforce the need to followsound land resource management principles.Climate projections suggest Tajikistan will experience highertemperatures, reduced rainfall and higher evapotranspiration withan increased frequency of extreme events.These changes will lead to impacts, such as fluctuations in thehydrological cycle - especially from glacial retreat and flash floods– with downstream consequences nationally and regionally foragro-ecosystems and water resources.

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Bank-financed projects within Tajikistan had already established culturally-appropriate, community-managed models for(a) allocation of land use rights in ways which ensure transparency, with participation of the community in the allocation of parcels, legitimacy (through involvement of traditional local institutions), conflict management, and land tenure security;(b) management of investments in irrigation infrastructure and their subsequent operation through Water User’s Associations;(c) establishment of efficient technology transfer mechanisms through Farmer Information and Advisory Services, and(d) establishment of a credit mechanism for seasonal agricultural needs through revolving funds via Non-Banking Financing Organizations.

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Community Agriculture and Watershed Management (2004-2012)Component I: Rural Production Investments. (US$11.9 m)A. Farm Productivity Improvement: Individuals, and groups of farminghouseholds, invested in productivity enhancing activities of their choice, most ofwhich provided immediate income. Investments could include inputs for annualcrops, horticulture, livestock, processing, distribution, leasing, and credit facilities.B. Land Resource Management: This subcomponent enabled local people toadopt more sustainable use of fragile lands, and provided land use certificatesafter three years of maintenance, subject to continued good land use. Thecombination of appropriate income-generating investments with soil conservationproposed to enhance the organic content of soil and create incentives forsustainable land use by better addressing interests of local people. Groups ofhouseholds working on contiguous areas could make long-term investments suchas horticulture, woodlots, or fodder, combined with soil and moisturemanagement structures. Blended financing from GEF almost quadrupled the landarea covered beyond the level that could be supported by the government onpurely national grounds.C. Rural Infrastructure: Investments to rehabilitate rural infrastructure were madeto community groups. Typical investments complimented agriculture and landresource management subprojects, were small scale (about $4800 on average),and included drinking water, small irrigation, access track rehabilitation, and smallpower generation.

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Eligibility criteria for CAWMP subprojects• The eligibility criteria included meeting at least one of the following impacts on fragile lands: • Prevent/reduce soil erosion • Increase vegetative cover through perennial crops and pasture • Provide soil and moisture conservation • Improve soil quality • Improve water use efficiency • Increase sustainable fodder/wood supply • Increase sustainable renewable energy supply • Increase integrated pest management• These criteria ensured an environmental focus, and kept the grant proposals consistent with a list of eligible activities which is critical for a large-scale, community-driven project. The criteria helped avoid diversion of grant funds to investments not directly related to land sustainability. Combining income-generating investments with environmental criteria encouraged sustainable land use by addressing vital interests of local people. The criteria were used also to monitor local environmental impacts.

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Possible ideas/methods/messages from CAWMP/LRCSP (incomplete list) for SLM:Soil conservation approaches and measures are also very different and can be combined inthe following technologies mainly oriented on the improvement of soil fertility andprevention of desertification and deterioration:•Terracing of steep slopes with further planting of orchards, woodlots, vineyards accordingrelevant environmental and marketing conditions•Composting and “organic farming”•Multicropping and intercropping•Crops rotation•Integrated pest management with biological methods application•River banks and canals protection with gabions and planting trees and bushes•Drainage rehabilitation in the salt-affected areasEnergy savings and alternative energy sources that prevent cutting trees and use ofmanure for fuel•Springs as natural refrigerators,•Solar energy for heating and drying (incl. fruits)•Water mills and pumps•Small hydropower stations

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Possible ideas/methods/messages from CAWMP/LRCSP (incomplete list) for SNRM:Pasture (rangelands) rehabilitation and improvement technologies and approaches includesseparately or integrated in different cases the following measures:•Pasture rotation•Creation of watering/drinking ponds for animals•Breeding of more effective and adaptive livestock (yaks, special kinds of sheep) and poultry (turkey)•Sowing of substantial grasses (alfa-alfa, sainfoin, izen, teresken)•Rehabilitation and building of shelters for animals (kosharas, cattle pens)•Rehabilitation of access to pastures (roads and bridges)•Planting of shelterbelts•Building of fences and obstructions for animals•Veterinary service support•Fodder supplyIn general these approaches decrease the overgrazing, limit the animal pressure, and improve soilquality and the risk of soil erosion and mudflowsWatersaving technologies prevent soil water erosion in uplands and salinization of the irrigated landsin the valleys. Separately or integrated includes the following activities•Drip irrigation (including primitive hand-made forms), especially for fruit trees, vineyards andvegetables•Screening of canals and furrows with film or plastic grooves preventing ineffective infiltration and lossof water•Tubing and pumping of irrigation water flows•Building of small ponds and water reservoirs•Soil moisture preservation, including mulching of soil surface, creation of special obstructions aroundtrees, special technologies for the preparation of planting holes, snow retention•Integrated approach for effective use of water resources on different soils and for different plants

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Water users associations and WUAsfederation model in Mogien river basinModel community rangeland managementplans in Dar-Dar jamoat, Ayni

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What does CAWMP have to offer for SLM, KM and DS?Pluses• CAWMP is the first project in Tajikistan to attempt mainstreaming SLM into rural production, innovator on several fronts (partnerships, fund flow and management, participatory decision-making).• CAWMP: there is much to share from CAWMP and dissemination for practitioners, agencies, projects working in SLM, agriculture and NRM, e.g., Bank wrap-up meetings involved all implementing partners• CAWMP: Project-site exchanges, farmer “good practice” competitions with follow-up workshops, facilitating organization led exchanges, dissemination strategy and activitiesMinuses• CAWMP: Knowledge Management is still nascent, language barriers limit access, lessons learnt and project documents need organization and systemization , e.g. basic data on all investments, data on environmental aspects impacts, reporting on environmental impacts into overall national and global database, etc.

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Partnership innovations: Joint effort between different players and use synergies in order to advance SNRM KM and DS at global, regional and national level? • CAWMP example of joint effort between Government, local communities and interest groups and international experienced NGOs and organizations as facilitating organizations Experience exchange, corrections in strategies and current activities

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Fund flow and management innovations: Lessons on the integrated SNRM projects managementDecades of World Bank international operational experience has shown that top-down land use planning and/or top-down technical prescriptions can encounterproblems such as :• (a) investment selection that is inappropriate because it does not fully takeinto account local environmental or social and economic conditions, constraints,and risks;• (b) lack of local stakeholder ownership and sustainability,• (c) high and sometimes wasteful transaction costs that do not result inmeaningful and sustainable implementation of field-level or policy improvements. It was therefore very important to address issues such as :• (a) the incentive framework,• (b) the participatory framework (with an understanding of the powerrelationships and dynamics) for planning, implementation, and monitoring,• (c) realistic considerations of factors affecting post-investment sustainability,• (d) transaction costs, cost effectiveness/efficiency,• (e) realistic results targets, assessment process, and learning culture for on-going participatory problem solving and improvement.

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Fund flow and management innovations: Lessons on the integrated SNRM projects managementBy focusing on highland areas the focus was on the poorest experiencingthe most severe land degradation – but complementing existing lowlandarea initiatives.Rather than working solely with village-level institutions – the Projectstrengthened Jamoat-level institutions to better coordinated communityinitiatives. The design of the institutional structure and sub-grantingmechanisms clearly demonstrated a participatory approach whereby theideas came from individuals – and the CIGs were instrumental inbringing together people and ideas. This was in contrast to the pastwhere most activities focused on humanitarian aid rather than supportfor rural agricultural production – which was a foreign concept for localpeople. Ultimately, changing this perception and attitude became one ofthe more important challenges at implementation.Granting funds from the bottom-up was also considered a better modelthan the previous top-down approaches – where the record of suchinvestments was uncertain.

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Management innovations: Lessons on the integrated SNRM projects managementTraining should be timely and appropriate. Training as a prerequisite before investmentwas integral to sustainability – since local knowledge contained gaps in more modern andenvironmentally-sustainable techniques. For example, individuals participated in trainingof pasture management and animal husbandry by the Institute of Husbandry TajikAcademy of Sciences and the Agrarian University of Tajikistan.Long term sustainability requires community involvement early on and full awareness ofthe level of operating expenses that will be required to maintain the investment.Participation by and consultation of local communities and individuals at the outset betterensured the financial sustainability of investments. The financial management aspect offarm and rural investments was part of the initial training package to precede investment.All stakeholders need to be included. Project preparation activities involved all keystakeholders: national, raion and Jamoat level authorities; NGOs; local communitiesincluding village elders, mahalla, farmers, livestock owners, and women. Key stakeholderswho would be involved directly in the Project include village leaders and village members,women, local government representatives, technical staff of the line ministries locatedprimarily at the raion level, and staff of the PIUs and existing PMU at the central level.NGOs would provide technical assistance during the facilitation and proposal developmentphase at the village level and JDCs would act as decision-makers and comprise of electedofficials from the communities.

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How to streamline SLM: 2 possible waysTwo possible ways to streamline1) CAWMP is directly SLM oriented project. Nevertheless not every NRM/LM activity is sustainable. Although small farmers are intended to be the basement for the agricultural sector in Tajikistan, the main problems for such farmers are low skills in the sustainable environmental land and water management and weak management of complicated agroecosystem. We observe a few example of unsustainable LM (misuse of irrigation water, increase of the risk of mudflows and soil erosion, overgrazing, etc. )Several basements are necessary in SLM oriented projects to mitigate risks:- Eligibility indicators,- M&E indicators,- Outcomes/outputs indicators2) Not all projects are directly SLM oriented: LRCSP is not a SLM project, but provided risks for SLM as a result of land passed into ownership of users with low environmental skills and responsibilities. Training on integrated environmental and sustainable land management for new users and governmental responsible officers is quite necessary.

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LAND REGISTRATION & CADASTRE SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (LRCSP) Project Development Objective is to expand farmland restructuring to enable more rural people to become independent farmers and take management decisions in response to market forces and to initiate the strengthening of tenure rights and services for other land users. Findings from the earlier Bank’s projects in Tajikistan and other countries indicate that improving farmers tenure security and ability to make farm management decisions has a positive impact on land and soil management and therefore on the environment in general. On the other hand, based on experience to date, new farmers and land users are generally not aware of sustainable agricultural approaches and methodologies or environmental safety. Therefore farmers might not anticipate the possible negative effects (e.g., on soils) associated with their agricultural practices (e.g., overexploitation of soils without crop rotation, weak usage of organic fertilizers, salinization of irrigated lands in flat areas, soil compaction and loss of soil structure, etc.). This poses some environmental risk and could cause unfavorable changes in land quality, including soil erosion, reduction of organic matter in soil, and land degradation. Farmers should monitor for possible changes with clear and simple indicators (e.g., changes in soil structure, soil organic content and others) in restored and rehabilitated lands. To stipulate proper on-farm water management the subcomponent supporting establishing of WUAs (water users associations) with small irrigation investments has been also included.

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Trainings on the base of the “good farmers practices” identifiedChallenges realized from the CAWMP :-demoplots organized by academic institutes have limited capacities.Experienced farmers have more successful stories to disseminate, and shouldbe studied by academic scientists and relevant NGOs for further application andknowledge management- it is impossible to train all local farmers, and the accent should be addressedto the governmental officials at the raion level responsible for land, water andenvironmental monitoring and control, and key representatives of WUAs andlocal NGOs, for further training and control of local farmersPractical approach:Subcomponent includes four basic stages: (i) identification and assessment ofthe best practice farm sites to determine the best (least hazardous) soilimprovement and pest management techniques under different agro-climaticconditions, (ii) mobilization of farmers through awards for best practices, (iii)training of trainers program (and use of best practice sites as training plots) forlocal environmental, agricultural and land officers, NGO technical specialists,water user associations, and others, and (iv) preparation and publication of anillustrated album on dekhan farms environmental land management methodsfor further dissemination and trainings .

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Trainings on the base of the “good farmers practices” identifiedTrainings focus on learning through agro-ecosystem analysis and discussions,field visits to existing examples of good and bad practices, and mass mediacampaigns. The aim of training is to strengthen the ability of localagricultural, environmental, land and water officers and specialists toidentify environmental risks and determine the sustainability of farmlandunder different agro-climatic and soil conditions and under differentmethods of land use and crops. The training enables officials to identifypests, determine damage thresholds, make prudent control decisions, andsafely and cost-effectively control land degradation and pests.Through this subcomponent, the project improves institutional and humancapacity, promote sustainable agricultural technology transfer and adoption,enables the integration of scientific and traditional knowledge, andpromotes informed decision-making to solve local problems.Based on best practice, the subcomponent improves communicationbetween research institutions, farmers, and extension agents and promotethe adoption of promising methods generated by farmers with scientificsupport.

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Total # of farmers participated in the competition organized in 36 raions: 495Winners (sites used as demoplots) : 108Number of people passed trainings : 782Composition of trainings (example):

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Lessons learned for further results development:Negative:•Low skills of project environmental stuff•Weak contacts with governmental stakeholders responsible forenvironmental issues•Lack of information sharing and low use of Web opportunities•Weak integration with other projects and donorsPositive:•Growth of level of national environmental NGOs•High effectiveness of local small interventions (bottom-up) incomparison with national-level activities (top-down)•Replicability and sustainabilty of environmentally soundactivities•Increasing attention to pastures as an important naturalresource•Rising possibilities and capacities to space imagery use.

31.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAND MANAGEMENT AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROJECT (ELMARL): 2013- 2017Financing Source Amount, USD mlnPilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)Component A5 on Agriculture & Sustainable Land Management. : 9.45Global Environment Facility (GEF), LD 1,2: 5.40Local Communities : 1.75Total: 16.60Pilot Program for Climate Resilience. Tajikistan is one of the 12 countries and regionsparticipating in the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) supported by Multi-lateral Development Banks (MDBs): World Bank (WB), European Bank forReconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Asian Development Bank (ADB). ThePPCR contributes to opportunities for Tajikistan to pilot critical approaches andmeasures in order to integrate climate resilience into its overall development strategiesand planning.ELMARL-GREAT collaboration: GIZ/DFID GREAT (Growth in the Rural Economy andAgriculture) programme is supporting sustainable economic growth in rural areas andhas strong synergies with the combined PPCR/GEF financed operation, since theirprogrammes will support sustainable land management, as well as strengthen marketdevelopment and provide other capacity building that would help the PPCR/GEF-supported producers.

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ENVIRONMENTAL LAND MANAGEMENT AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROJECT (ELMARL): 2013- 2017The overall Project Development Objective (PDO) and Global Environmental Objective (GEO) is to enable rural people to build their productive assets in ways that sustainably improve natural resource management and build resilience to climate change in selected climate vulnerable sites.The proposed project would comprise two components implemented over five years:(1) Rural Production and Land Resource Management Investments;(2) Knowledge Management.Project sites would comprise districts in three different agro-ecological zones - uplands, hill lands and lowlandsPeculiarities:• Nationally implemented and managed• Executive agency: Committee for Environmental Protection (small experience, but provides more environmentally oriented activities)• To rise incentives beneficiaries had to contribute their own resources in the form of labor, material and cash, for at least 20% of the total value of any investment under component 1.

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Component 1. . Rural Production and Land Resource Management Investments(US$7.12 million)Sub-component 1.1. “Sustainable village-based rural production and land resourcemanagement” aims to promote the adoption of innovative rural production andland management measures, by providing small-scale grants at the village level tohelp rural livelihoods become more resilient to climate change in selected vulnerabledistricts. Prior to village level planning, participatory jamoat-level environmentalanalyses would be conducted to help beneficiaries assess and understand the extentof resources, threats and impacts and the relationships between these factors.Similarly, jamoat-level assessments of community-based adaptation to climatechange would be prepared. These assessments will enable participants to factor inthe potential impact of climate change on livelihoods and vulnerability to disastersby using local and scientific knowledge (where available) of climate change and itslikely effects. Local knowledge would include information about trends and changesexperienced by communities themselves and strategies these communities haveused in the past to cope with similar shocks or gradual climatic changes.Three categories of investments:(i) Farm Production: field and horticultural crop productivity and diversity, livestock production efficiency, agro-processing and market access;(ii) Land Resource Management: pasture management, water management, soil fertility, integrated pest management, and sustainable sloping lands cultivation (including orchards, woodlots, shelter-belts); and(iii) Small-scale rural production infrastructure: irrigation/drainage system rehabilitation, minor transport infrastructure, renewable energy, and energy efficiency measures.

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Sub-component 1.2. Larger-scale initiatives in sustainable community land management. Certainnatural resource issues are better addressed at scales beyond the village. Of particular concern, toboth sustainable land management and productive rural livelihoods in the context of climatechange, are pasture management and on-farm water management. While pasture degradation andaccess are pressing issues in both lowland and upland areas, the consequences of poor watermanagement are especially critical in lowland areas where agriculture depends primarily onirrigation.1.2.1. Sustainable community pasture management. Comprehensive pasture and fodderassessments and evaluation of the feed/fodder balances would be carried out to inform plandevelopment in eight selected jamoats. The plan would define: (a) measures to improve pastureproductivity, such as rotational grazing, protecting areas for regeneration, pasture rehabilitation,improving access to remote pastures, and needs for supplementary fodder production; (b) grazingutilization levels; (c) animal health requirements and breed improvement measures; (d) investmentneeds; and (e) and implementation responsibilities, targets and indicators.1.2.2. On-farm water management in lowland areas. Existing Water User Associations (WUAs) anddekhan farmers would be supported to introduce, test and demonstrate practices that couldcontribute to improving on-farm water management and efficiency, maintain soil quality and reduceland degradation, and increase resilience to climate change. An action plan would be prepared bythe WUA with the support of locally-based NGOs, and jamoat agronomists and environmentofficers. Soil and irrigation water quality tests would be carried out along with an assessment ofcropping patterns and productivity to provide information for the plan. The action plan wouldpropose water saving and soil conservation technologies that could improve water use efficiencysuch as improved leveling and drip irrigation, reduce salinity, protect soil such as conservationagriculture and tree-planting, and improve soil fertility such as inclusion of legumes in the rotationor composting.

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Component 2. Knowledge Management and Institutional Support (US$5.48 million) Sub-component 2.1. Facilitation support and technical advice. This sub-componentincludes financing for mobilization, participatory planning and implementation support ofplans at the village and/or jamoat level. Locally-based international agencies and non-government organizations (NGOs) with a track record in similar activities would becontracted to facilitate the participatory planning, assist groups in the preparation andimplementation of rural investmentsSub-component 2.2. Training, dissemination and networking. A program would beinstituted to improve skills and knowledge in key topics such as environmentalassessment and monitoring; integrated land, water and grazing management; integratedpest management (IPM); pollution control; and climate change adaptation.Dissemination would be supported through a focus on exchange and learning betweenproject sites and with similar initiatives, including farmer-to-farmer exchanges and goodfarmer practice competitions.Sub-component 2.3. Analysis, research and impact evaluation. Topics to be coveredinclude soil quality and extent of land degradation, market development and access,grazing management and livestock production, potential incentive policies for sustainableland management practices, and changes in productivity and environmental conditionsresulting from technological change, etc. The aim would be to provide guidance for thedesign and sustainability of rural investments both within and beyond the project.Support would also be included for project evaluation, including evaluations at projectmid-term and completion.

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The ELMARL design took into account experience from CAWMP and LRCSP projects as wellas lessons learnt from other donors, such as DFID, GIZ, Aga Khan Foundation, UNDP,Caritas , Helvetas, PPCR 1 phase, and others:Smaller farming units with tenure security and having freedom to farm independently ofgovernment mandates can contribute to increasing the adaptive capacities of farmers.Such farming units made more investments and adopted more environmental managementpractices than large collective farms.Direct investment support to farmers through a systematic small grants program, coupledwith facilitation and training can build entrepreneurial capacity through a learning-by-doingapproach. Farmers can assume responsibility for sustaining their livelihoods in financiallyand environmentally sound ways.Fixed budgets with limits on funds available for each type of rural production investment,village and, household are effective ways for villagers to allocate resources. Suchmechanisms can foster prioritization of investments by cost-effectiveness and risk.Combined with participatory planning, they can also support even wider distribution ofproject financing than expected.A multi-stakeholder approach to project implementation with partnerships betweengovernment and civil society is worthwhile even in contexts where limited prior experienceand local conditions make management challenging. Such approaches can improve projecttransparency and accountability, increase respect for partners’ strengths, and provide newlearning opportunities for project participants.Identifying and highlighting innovative farmers is an effective way to encouragereplication since these farmers demonstrate technologies that are adapted appropriately tolocal climatic and other conditions.

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Conclusion.The projects’ SNRM policy is successive, although different projects coverdiverse directions of agricultural development: community actions andparticipatory capacities building, peculiarities of land privatization andfragmentation, and climate change adaptationThe synergy of the projects environmental results appears in:•Awareness raising and knowledge management in environmental risksassessment, application of environmentally and economically effectivetechnologies in farm production;•Experience in water- , soil- and energy-saving technologies in rural areas;•Improvement of sanitary and ecologic conditions in villages;•Rehabilitation of degraded lands (incl. irrigated) and increase of soils fertility;•Afforestation and alternative timber sources from woodlots.•Rehabilitation of pastures and access to;•Fixing erosion on slope lands by woodlots, horticulture, haying, etc.•Energy savings and alternative sources•On-farm irrigation and water management•Watershed and pasture management•Poverty reduction