Asma Jahangir, Fearless Pakistani Rights Activist, Dies at 66

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Asma Jahangir leaving the Cerro Hueco prison in Tuxtla Gutierrez, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, in 1999. She championed the rights of religious minorities and those in bonded labor.CreditEduardo Verdugo/Associated Press

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — Asma Jahangir, a leading Pakistani rights activist, fearless critic of the military’s interference in politics and a staunch defender of the rule of law, died on Sunday in Lahore. She was 66.

The death was confirmed by her daughter Munizae Jahangir, who said the cause was a heart attack.

Ms. Jahangir, a human rights lawyer, had a reputation for speaking truth to power and defending the weak and the marginalized and women and minorities against injustice. She gained international acclaim for being the conscience of a country where liberal, secular voices have continuously been under threat.

She was the founding chairwoman of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, an independent group, and was a trustee of the International Crisis Group. She won international awards and served as the United Nations rapporteur on human rights and extrajudicial killings.

Ms. Jahangir never minced words while defending democracy and human rights, despite threats to her life, both from military dictators and militants. She championed the rights of religious minorities — especially those who were charged under the country’s blasphemy laws — and women and men killed in the name of honor.

Born on Jan. 27, 1952, into an affluent family in Lahore, Asma Jilani Jahangir studied at the Convent of Jesus and Mary, receiving her bachelor’s degree from Kinnaird College in Lahore. She received her law degree from Punjab University in Lahore in 1978.

Ms. Jahangir was exposed to politics and activism at an early age. Her father, Malik Ghulam Jilani, was a civil servant and a left-wing politician who was frequently jailed for opposing military dictators. Ms. Jahangir initially appeared in court to represent her jailed father.

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Ms. Jahangir, a human rights lawyer, in Lahore in 2014. “I will not leave,” she said. “My ancestors are buried here, and my life is here.”CreditArif Ali/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Her first foray into politics was in 1969, when she participated in a women’s march to the residence of the governor of Punjab and clashed with the police. In 1983, she was put under house arrest and later imprisoned when she campaigned for women’s rights and democracy during the rule of Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

In 2007, Pervez Musharraf, then a general, also put her under house arrest as the country’s lawyers and politicians began a movement to restore democracy.

Ms. Jahangir also worked for the rights of bonded laborers, especially brick kiln workers.

“In bonded labor cases, judges would ask me why I had brought those people to the courts who stank,” she told Herald, a local magazine. “ ‘You are here precisely for them,’ I would respond.”

While Ms. Jahangir was respected internationally, she endured bitter criticism from the military and right-wing nationalists. She was attacked for advocating peace with India, and was often accused of being an Indian agent or a traitor.

Her criticism of the country’s military and its intelligence agencies made her a target of campaigns on television and social media.

Some Pakistanis accused her of looking the other way when it came to the corruption of two mainstream political parties, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz. They complained that she was single-mindedly focused on criticizing the military.

In 2012, Ms. Jahangir said that an assassination plot against her had been hatched “at the highest level of the security establishment.” She refused to leave the country despite the threats, however, and told the British newspaper The Telegraph that she would not follow other activists out of the country.

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Ms. Jahangir, center, in Ahmedabad, India, in 2008. She was placed under house arrest in 1983 and 2007, and imprisoned.CreditSam Panthaky/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

“I will not leave,” she said. “My ancestors are buried here, and my life is here.”

Ms. Jahangir is survived by her husband, two daughters, a son, two sisters and a brother.

An active member of bar politics, she was the first female president of the Pakistan Supreme Court’s Bar Association. Till her death, she spoke out against corruption in the legal community and advocated judicial reform.

She was critical of the proliferation of suo motu notices — a legal provision that empowers a judge to start a hearing on virtually any matter. Ms. Jahangir, along with other lawyers and critics of the courts, believed that the justices were overreaching and interfering in the executive sphere.

To many women in the country, she was an inspiration.

“Asma Jahangir was a voice of the oppressed and an icon of courage and valor,” said Maryam Nawaz Sharif, the daughter and political heir of former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. “She endured so much but chose to be on the right side of history.”

Critics often questioned her focus on the country’s minorities and on women’s rights. She fended off such criticism as misplaced.

“Yes, I am very unhappy, extremely anguished at human rights violations against Kashmiris in India or against Rohingyas in Burma or, for that matter, Christians in Orissa,” Ms. Jahangir told Herald. “But obviously I am going to be more concerned of violations taking place in my own house because I am closer to the people who I live with. I have more passion for them.”

She added, “I think it sounds very hollow if I keep talking about the rights of Kashmiris but do not talk about the rights of a woman in Lahore who is butchered to death.”

Correction:

An earlier version of this obituary contained an incomplete list of Ms. Jahangir’s survivors. In addition to her husband, two daughters and a son, she is survived by two sisters and a brother.

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Asma Jahangir, Pakistani Rights Activist Who Was a Voice of Conscience, Dies at 66. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe