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ICO deputy commissioner of operations, James Dipple-Johnstone, said in a blog about the ICO investigation: “People expect that organisations will keep their personal data safe from malicious intruders who seek to exploit it.

“The failings our investigation identified are not what we expect from a company that had ample opportunity to implement appropriate measures, and potentially stop UK citizens’ data being compromised.”

The investigation found that Yahoo! UK Services Ltd failed to take appropriate technical and organisational measures to protect the data of 515,121 customers against exfiltration by unauthorised persons.

It also found the company failed to take appropriate measures to ensure that its data processor – Yahoo! Inc – complied with the appropriate data protection standards.

Meanwhile, it was also found there was a failure to ensure an appropriate monitoring was in place to protect the credentials of Yahoo! employees with access to Yahoo! customer data.

The inadequacies found had been in place for a long period of time without being discovered or addressed.

The ICO considered the breach to be a serious contravention of the Data Protection Act 1998, which states that appropriate technical and organisational measures must be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data.

Under the 1998 Act, the ICO has the power to impose a maximum fine of £500,000.

Dipple-Johnstone said: “Cyber-attacks will happen, that’s just a fact, and we fully accept that they are a criminal act. But as the intruders become more sophisticated and more determined, organisations need to make it as difficult as possible for them to get in. But they must also remember that it’s no good locking the door if you leave the key under the mat.”

Since the ICO investigation, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect on 25 May 2018, superseding the Data Protection Act.