Attempting Post-Communist Government

An ex-Communist, Ion Iliescu of the National Salvation Front, served as
president from 1990–1995. Emil Constantinescu of the Democratic
Convention Party was president from 1996–2000. The post-Communist
governments' conflicted and halfhearted attempts to change to a
free-market economy have been largely unrealized. Growing dissatisfaction
with the government's inefficiencies and economic policies led to a wave
of protests by workers, students, and others that peaked in 1997, and
again in 1999. In 2000 former president Iliescu returned to power with a
landslide victory, easily defeating a xenophobic nationalist opponent.
Discrimination against the Magyars (ethnic Hungarians) and the Roma
(Gypsies) continues, fueled by several ultranationalist political
parties.

Romania joined NATO in 2004. The following year, the EU approved the entry of
Romania. Final acceptance into the EU was based on a number of
reforms, including increased law enforcement and environmental measures
and the protection of the rights of the Roma minority. Romania became an official member
of the EU in 2007. At the time, President Traian Basescu earned international praise for
his anti-corruption campaigns and for paving the way for Romania to join the European Union.

However, that praise and high opinion of President Traian Basescu did not last.
In April 2007, Parliament voted to suspend Basescu,
citing abuse of power. Tension had been growing between Basescu and the
government of Prime Minister Calin Tariceanu. The president of the Senate,
Nicolae Vacaroiu, was named acting president. In a May referendum, 74% of
the electorate voted against impeaching Basescu, and he was reinstated as
president. Observers saw the vote as an endorsement of Basescu's agenda of
reform and rooting out corruption.

Following inconclusive general elections in November 2008, economist
and former prime minister Theodor Stolojan was asked by President Basescu
to form a new cabinet. On December 15, Stolojan withdrew from the race and
Emil Boc was named prime minister.

The Social Democrat Party (PSD) pulled out of the governing coalition in October 2009, leaving Boc as the head of a minority government, which thereafter lost a confidence vote in Parliament. Member of Parliament cited Boc's failure to pull the country out of recession. In November, Parliament rejected President Traian Basescu's choice for prime minister, Lucian Croitoru, and Boc stayed in office as caretaker. Basescu was narrowly reelected in December's run-off election against Mircea Geoana, of the opposition Social Democrats', and asked Boc to form a new coalition government. Boc quickly introduced stringent budget cuts and vowed to address the country's financial crisis.