Thanks for taking time. probably there is something we are missing out. The electro-magnet does NOT have 1000 layers. there are "1000 turns" and probably 150 turns per layer. I think smart people and "keyboard worriers" can do the math! :)

Hi thanks for the comment. In EAGLE CAD software, the bottom layer(in blue here) of the PCB is already mirrored with respect to the TOP VIEW.(Whatever you see on the Eagle screen is top view...like you are holding a pcb and viewing from the component side). You will have to mirror if you have designed the top side PCB.

The reason is you should not exceed the current rating of the micro controller (about 40mA here). Might cause the micro controller to shut down or damage it.So a transistor switch is required to operate the relay.Thank you

Can you please specify what kind of device are you running with your atmega328?(The image isn't clear) For example:If a DC motor/(or any inductive load) , The back EMF will affect the micro controller.. So make sure you use a proper driver is used to drive the load. (Like a transistor drive/H-bridge) .The reason is you should not exceed the current rating of the micro controller (about 40mA here). Might cause the micro controller to shut down or damage it. Thank you

hi there!are you using the motor driver as H-Bridge( 4 quadrant) configuration or 2 quadrant operation? Because i am thinking of controlling 2 servomotors with single motor driver. I feel we can use 2 quadrant operation because we are not using braking.. only direction control.Thanks!

Not exactly.. the moisture sensor does not output any voltage.. it's capacitance varies with moisture..Depending on that capacitance, The lm383 output voltage varies. The ADC on Arduino can read voltage.. so the lm393 is used. No troubles..U can leave a reply anytime.Thanks.!

"The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil."I am sorry . I mentioned resistance instead of capacitance in other comment.

Hello, Lm393 is a op amp comparator. It is used to measure the sensor resistance and output the proportional voltage (between 0v-5v). This output is fed to analog input of arduino.