Keywords

Introduction

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) possess fenestrae whose number can be increased both in vitro and in situ by depolymerizing the actin cytoskeleton [1]. Specially designed liposomes can be targeted with a high efficiency to LSECs. These liposomes, which were surface grafted with poly-anionized albumin (Aco-HSA) [2], can be filled with various substances, such as microfilament-disrupting drugs. This technique opens up attractive possibilities to modulate the liver sieve of LSECs with liposome-encapsulated microfilament-disrupting drugs in vivo.

The goal of this study was to alter the sieve's porosity by using cytochalasin B-loaded Aco-HSA liposomes. The increase in the liver sieve porosity induced by cytochalasin B (CB) may be exploited therapeutically to improve the extraction of atherogenic lipoproteins from the circulation; or to enhance the efficiency of liposome-mediated gene or drug delivery to hepatocytes.

Methods

For in vitro studies, LSECs of the male Wistar rat were isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver, isopycnic sedimentation in a two-step Percoll gradient, and selective adherence to different substrates. LSECs were cultured for 8 hours and treated with 0.025 microgram/ml CB or with Aco-HSA CB-loaded liposomes for 30, 60 and 120 minutes. In order to visualize filamentous actin (F-actin), LSECs grown on glass coverslips were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin [1]. Preparation of samples for EM-investigation and computer-assisted analysis was done according to standard protocols [1].

For in vivo experiments, male Wistar rats were injected with 2 micromolar (i.e., 0.45 ml) of liposomes via the penile vene. The liposomes were allowed to circulate for two hours. Control animals received free Aco-HSA, injected at the same concentration and volume. For all experiments, CB-loaded Aco-HSA liposomes with the following characteristics were used: 4.48 micromolar total lipid/ml; 47.6 micrograms Aco-HSA/micromolar total lipid; 0.32 microgram CB/micromolar total lipid; 0.025 microgram CB/ml.

Effect of CB on the number of fenestrae per micrometer squared in time. Solid line shows the effect of 0.025 microgram/ml free CB on LSECs in vitro (* p &lt; 0.05; means – S.E.M); whereas the dashed line shows the effect of Aco-HSA CB-loaded liposomes in vivo at a final CB concentration of 0.025 microgram/ml. The pointed line above shows the expected effect of 10 micrograms/ml CB on LSECs in vitro.

Examination of Aco-HSA treated cells or rats did not reveal any effects on the F-actin cytoskeleton (Fig. 3A) nor on the number of fenestrae per area (Fig. 3C) or on the ultrastructure of the liver sieve (Fig. 3E). When cultured LSECs (Fig. 3B,3C,3D) or rats (Fig. 3F) were exposed for 2 hours to 2 micromolar Aco-HSA CB-loaded liposomes, i.e., corresponding with 0.025 microgram/ml CB, no effect on the F-actin cytoskeleton or on the number of fenestrae per area could be detected (Fig. 2).

Figure 3

Fluorescence- and SEM images of LSECs in vitro (A-D) and in vivo (E-F) treated with Aco-HSA (A, C, E) (control) and with Aco-HSA CB-loaded liposomes (B, D, F) at a CB concentration of 0.025 microgram/ml for two hours. No signs of F-actin disruption could be observed in both conditions (A-B) (compare with Fig. 1A) and fenestral number remained unchanged (C-D) (compare with Fig. 1B). Nucleus (N), Fenestrae (arrow). (E-F) SEM images of the sinusoidal lumen (S) and parenchymal cells (P). Fenestrae (arrow). No significance difference in the number of fenestrae could be determined between the control (E) and rats injected with Aco-HSA CB-loaded liposomes (F). Bars A-B = 15 –m; C-D = 2 –m; E-F = 1 –m.

Discussion

It is well known that CB disrupts F-actin in various cell types within 5 to 15 min after application. Previous studies on LSECs confirmed the rapidity of CB on the actin cytoskeleton and the number of fenestrae when relatively high doses of this drug were used, i.e., 10 micrograms/ml (21 micromolar/L). In this study, however, we used CB at a concentration of 0.025 microgram/ml and showed that this concentration induces a moderate but significant increase in the number of fenestrae in vitro (Figs. 1, 2). Unfortunately, due to technical limitations we were not able to load Aco-HSA liposomes with higher doses of CB, thereby excluding full comparison between the results obtained in this paper (Figs. 1,2,3) and the literature. Based on the data gathered, we suggest that there is a difference in cellular processing of free CB (Fig. 1) versus CB-loaded liposomes (Fig. 3). Aco-HSA-liposomes are taken up very efficiently by LSECs via a scavenger receptor mediated system [2]. Scavenger receptor mediated uptake is followed by efficient lysosomal degradation as was also shown for Aco-HSA liposomes. Therefore, we postulate that CB is not able to exert its effect anymore on the number of fenestrae after being in the lysosomal milieu. On the other hand, we have previously shown that CB is capable to inhibit the uptake of Aco-HSA liposomes in LSECs. The initial uptake of CB-loaded liposomes may inhibit further uptake of these liposomes, leaving the intracellular concentration of CB below the value that can be obtained with a free CB concentration of 0.025 microgram/ml. In summary, the obtained data show that targeted CB containing liposomes are not able to induce an increase in the number of fenestrae both in vitro and in vivo. This raises new questions regarding the uptake and processing of liposomes within cells.

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.