Pipeline ComponentsFlanges: Subsea use high integrity ring type joints (RTJ) Pipelines usually use standard ASME/ANSI B16.5 or API For subsea use swivel ring and possibly misalignment flangesTees:Standard TeeInspection pigging of run only possible if branch size is less than 60% of run (No Inspectionpigging from branch)Barred TeeInspection pigging of run possible for all branch sizes (No Inspection pigging from branch)

Normal flow

Normal flow

Normal flow

Normal flow

Normal flow

Material grade selection

As API 5-L:The grades covered by this spec are:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

Material grade selection

Material grade selection

Material grade selection

Material grade selection

Pengenalan PenentuanDiameter Pipa

Pipe Sizing

Penentuan diameter pipa biasanya dilakukan oleh tim proses, dengan simulasi.Biasanya dengan software pipesim, olga, hysis.Banyak pertimbangannya, salah satunya flow assuranceFlow assurance is required to determine the optimum flowline pipe size based onreservoir well fluid test results for the required flowrate and pressure. As the pipe sizeincreases, the arrival pressure and temperature decrease. Then, the fluid may notreach the destination and hydrate, wax, and asphaltene may be formed in theflowline. If the pipe size is too small, the arrival pressure and temperature may betoo high and resultantly a thick wall pipe may be required and a large thermalexpansion is expected.It is important to determine the optimum pipe size to avoid erosional velocity andhydrate/ wax/asphaltene deposition. Based on the hydrate/wax/asphalteneappearance temperature, the required OHTC is determined to choose a desiredinsulation system (type, material, and thickness.) If the flowline is to transport a sourfluid containing H2S, CO2, etc., the line should be chemically treated or a specialcorrosion resistant alloy (CRA) pipe material should be used.

Data Pipa, Properti material, data operasi dan lingkungan pipa.

1. Internal Pressure Containment

Hoop Stress:Pipeline is design to be strong enough to withstand the maximumtangential (hoop) stress due to internal pressure. This stress cannotexceed the allowable stress. The hoop stress due to internal pressureis given by (barlow formulae):

The allowable stress for pipeline subjected to both functional and environmental loads duringinstallation, in accordance with DNV 1981, is 96%. However, for a conservative design margin,the following stress criteria are adopted in line with standard industry practice:

Allowable Overbend Stress:

85% of SMYS

Allowable Sagbend Stress :

72% of SMYS

Buckling and Collapse

Three buckling scenarios to consider :collapse - water depth where collapse can occur with negligible longitudinal stressinitiation - water depth where a buckle may be initiated due to a combination ofeffectspropagation - water depth where a previously initiated buckle would propagate to. Always size wall for collapse, initiation checked during lay analysis Propagation can be limited by use of buckle arrestors (thicker section of pipe), seeA.H. Mouselli BookDnV OS-F101, 2007:Collapse Pressure - the pressure required to buckle a pipeline.Initiation pressure - the pressure required to start a propagating buckle from a givenbuckle. This pressure will depend on the size of the initial bucklePropagating pressure - the pressure required to continue a propagating buckle. Apropagating buckle will stop when the pressure is less than the propagating pressure.The relationship between the different pressures are:Pc>Pinit>Ppr

Ppr > Pe ----- it is OK

INITIATION & PROPAGATION BUCKLING

Initiation&PropagationBucklebasedonAPIRP1111Buckle cannot be initiated orpropagated within a portion ofpipe where the maximum externaloverpressure is less than thepropagation of the pipe:Initiation buckling (Battele formula):