Until the Internet Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially transitory medium. And yet, as it becomes more important in forming and reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive.
Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer researcher. In the 1990s, Kahle decided he had had enough business success. It was time to become a different kind of success. So he launched a series of projects designed to archive human knowledge. The Internet Archive was just the first of the projects of this Andrew Carnegie of the Internet.

…

So we're at a turning point in our history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press.
Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of libraries or archives could be. When the commercial life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and culture, remains perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past for the future.

…

Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took copies of the Internet and stored them.
By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these copies created, the Internet Archive, was opened to the world. Using a technology called "the Way Back Machine," you could enter a Web page, and see all of its copies going back to 1996, as well as when those pages changed.
This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports.

In 1999, he sold his company, Alexa Internet—an homage to his beloved Library of Alexandria—to Amazon for $250 million in stock, and then turned his attentions to building and maintaining the Internet Archive, which he founded in 1996. The nonprofit Internet Archive is dedicated to the overwhelming task of archiving the entire World Wide Web. It sends little “spiders” spinning across the Web to “crawl” through every website they can find and to memorize what those sites looked like on any given day. Those snapshots are then stored on the Internet Archive’s servers, where they serve as a massive, functional photo album of the World Wide Web past and present.
For Kahle, however, archiving websites for posterity had always been a prelude to the archiving of books. In late summer 2002, Kahle began uploading public-domain books onto the Internet Archive servers. Then he purchased an old Ford minivan and christened it the Internet Bookmobile.

Then he purchased an old Ford minivan and christened it the Internet Bookmobile. On the side of the bookmobile, written in the Comic Sans typeface, was the phrase 1,000,000 Books Inside (soon). Inside the bookmobile were a couple of laptop computers, a high-speed color printer, and a bookbinding machine; on its roof sat a satellite dish connected to the Internet Archive’s servers in California. That fall, Kahle packed his eight-year-old son, a couple of friends, and a freelance journalist named Richard Koman into the bookmobile, and drove it cross-country in a mobile demonstration of the good things that can happen when the public domain meets an eccentric, civic-minded multimillionaire.
Kahle made stops in Salt Lake City, Columbus (Ohio), Akron, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore. He also stopped in Urbana, Illinois, to surprise Michael Hart, but Hart was loath to leave his house.

It uses the
power of volunteer-driven distributed computing in solving the
computationally intensive problem of analyzing a large volume of
data. . . . As of June 3, 2006, over 120,000 volunteers in 186 countries have participated in the project.64
The contributions to these distributed-computing projects are
voluntary. Price does not meter access either to the projects or to
their results.
• The Internet Archive is a sharing economy. Launched in 1996 by
serial technology entrepreneur (and one of the successful ones) Brewster Kahle, the Internet Archive seeks to offer “permanent access for
researchers, historians, and scholars to historical collections that exist
in digital format.”65 But to do this, Kahle depends upon more than
the extraordinarily generous financial support that he provides to the
project. He depends as well upon a massive volunteer effort to identify and upload content that should be in the archive.

…

In some cases, the response is more thee-regarding: Some part
of the motivation to write for Wikipedia is to help Wikipedia fulfill its mission: “Wikipedia is a project to build free encyclopedias in all languages of the world. Virtually anyone with Internet
access is free to contribute, by contributing neutral, cited information.” People contribute because they want to feel that they’re
helping others. Some people help the Internet Archive or Project
Gutenberg because they want to be part of their mission: to offer
“permanent access for researchers, historians, and scholars to historical collections that exist in digital format” (Internet Archive)
or to “encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks” (Project
Gutenberg).
But again, even the thee-regarding motivations need not be
descriptions of self-sacrifice. I suspect that no one contributes to
Wikipedia despite hating what he does, solely because he believes
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REMI X
he ought to help create free knowledge.

The HathiTrust is a shared digital repository in which major U.S. academic
libraries archive their digitized collections. The content of the repository is searchable, and the full-text of public domain items is freely available on the Internet.
Though originally a collaboration between the thirteen member universities of the
Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) and the University of California
system, membership in the HathiTrust is open to all.
The Internet Archive hosts the Wayback Machine, an archive of the World Wide
Web. It is also home to extensive archives of moving images, audio, software, educational resources, and text. In addition to housing public domain documents, the
Text Archive contains a collection of open access documents, many of which are
licensed using Creative Commons licenses. It can be a useful place to find conference papers or reports.

We had talked past each other, but I realized we’d built a reading machine, which I’d say is what the World Wide Web with search engines has become. We really need a writers’ machine, one that would be worthy of the vision of Ted. I could have been crushed, but the conversation was an inspiration to keep moving forward. We should not say, “Hurray! We’ve already done it. Look at all these users.” Ted doesn’t say that.
Ted started hanging around at the Internet Archive because he lives in Sausalito on a cute little houseboat with wonderful Marlene. We would be hanging out and he’d be yearning to try and get more of his ideas built. He was never comfortable with saying, “Oh yes, I’ve achieved great things. Aren’t I terrific? Now it’s time for me to hang out on my houseboat.” He wanted more things done.
There’s this concept of these hack days or hacker-fests where people would work for a couple days, and the lore is that great things would come out of these 2-day sessions.

The importance of the development of enabling technologies is stressed by Jawed Karim, “YouTube: From Concept to Hypergrowth,” University of Illinois seminar, October 21, 2006, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XA-JEXUNmP5M. This talk provides an interesting and entertaining look at the early history of YouTube.
2. And maybe find a date. Right underneath the sign-in, users were prompted for “I’m a [blank] seeking [a blank] between [the age of blank] and [the age of blank].” YouTube home page (archived April 28, 2005), Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.Org/web/20050428014715/
http://www.youtube.com/.
3. This chapter focuses on situations like that faced by YouTube, in which more participation on any one side attracts more participation on the other side(s). This is true for many but not all multisided platforms. As we noted in chapter 2, for instance, radio advertisers are attracted by listeners, but listeners are not generally attracted by advertisers.

C
H
A
P
T
E
20
R
Brewster Kahle
Founder,WAIS, Internet Archive,
Alexa Internet
Brewster Kahle started WAIS (Wide Area Information
Servers) in the late ’80s while an employee of Thinking
Machines. He left in 1993 to found WAIS, Inc. WAIS
was one of the earliest forms of Internet search software. Developed before the Web, it was in some
ways a predecessor to web search engines. Kahle sold
WAIS to AOL in 1995.
The next year, Kahle founded Alexa Internet with
Bruce Gilliat. The Alexa toolbar tracked user browsing behavior and suggested related links using collaborative filtering. Once captured, pages visited by
users would then be “donated” to the related nonprofit Internet Archive, to help
build a history of the Web.
Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999. Kahle continues to run the Internet
Archive.
Livingston: You were one of the first members of the Thinking Machines team.

…

One was called Alexa
Internet (short for the Library of Alexandria), and the other was the Internet
Archive, to archive everything that was in the library. Alexa was a for-profit, and
the Internet Archive was nonprofit. I didn’t make enough money to go and make
a nonprofit and fund it myself, and I didn’t know how to ask for money in a nonprofit, but I knew how to build products.
Alexa Internet was a navigation system for the Internet. Bruce Gilliat and I
started it out here in San Francisco, in a house in the middle of a park—in the
Presidio. We’re in a 1500-acre park in the middle of San Francisco. We’re
the second lease-holder here.
Livingston: You started both companies simultaneously? Did you have different people running each one?
Kahle: Everybody worked at Alexa. The idea was that everything that Alexa
ever collected would be donated to the Internet Archive. Over the long term,
companies come and go.

…

I said, “Well, it has a board, and I meet with the
board once a month and they give general direction and I run the place.” And
he said, “OK, let’s do it that way.”
So we got acquired, and we ran as a separate company. The company is still
running. It’s about 200 yards away from the Internet Archive, which is where I
am now. I stayed for 3 years and then moved over to build the Internet
Archive—which had nobody working here—into a real organization. Because
once we had enough materials, then we could build the library. So Alexa was
about the cataloging of the library, and the Internet Archive is trying to build
the stuff.
Livingston: This was your dream?
Kahle: Yes. One thing I learned from Marvin Minsky (one of the founders of
AI) was, “Pick a big enough project, something that’s really hard, something
that over the years you can work on.”

IPFS, then, is a global, versioned, peer-to-peer filesystem, a system for requesting and serving a file from any of the multiple places it might exist on the Web (versus having to rely on a central repository) per a hash (unique code) that confirms the file’s integrity by checking that spam and viruses are not in the file.60 IPFS is congruent with the Bitcoin technical architecture and ethos, rewarding file-sharing nodes with Filecoin.
Third, in the area of archiving, a full ecosystem would also necessarily include longevity provisioning and end-of-product-life planning for blockchains. It cannot be assumed that blockchains will exist over time, and their preservation and accessibility is not trivial. A blockchain archival system like the Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine to store blockchains is needed. Not only must blockchain ledger transactions be preserved, but we also need a means of recovering and controlling previously recorded blockchain assets at later dates (that might have been hashed with proprietary algorithms) because it is likely that certain blockchains will go out of business. For example, it is great that someone established proof-of-existence of her will on the Bitcoin blockchain in 2014, but how can we know that the will can be rehashed and authenticated in 60 years when it needs to be verified?

…

Similarly, personal thinking blockchains could be easily and securely recorded (assuming all of the usual privacy concerns with blockchain technology are addressed) and mental performance recommendations made to individuals through services such as Siri or Amazon’s Alexa voice assistant, perhaps piped seamlessly through personal brain/computer interfaces and delivered as both conscious and unconscious suggestions.
Again perhaps speculatively verging on science fiction, ultimately the whole of a society’s history might include not just a public records and document repository, and an Internet archive of all digital activity, but also the mindfiles of individuals. Mindfiles could include the recording of every “transaction” in the sense of capturing every thought and emotion of every entity, human and machine, encoding and archiving this activity into life-logging blockchains.
Blockchain Government
Another important application developing as part of Blockchain 3.0 is blockchain government; that is, the idea of using blockchain technology to provide services traditionally provided by nation-states in a decentralized, cheaper, more efficient, personalized manner.

In 1998 a major (but unheralded) milestone occurred: Available digital data storage capacity surpassed the total of information in the world. We now have more room to store stuff than there is stuff to store. In other words, concludes Lesk, “We will be able to save everything—no information will have to be thrown out—and the typical piece of information will never be looked at by a human being.” Most information will simply be exchanged among computers. Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive is attempting to download and preserve the entire World Wide Web. The easy part of that Herculean endeavor is the digital storage.
Such a deluge of data, accelerating every month, does bring its own problems. The vast archives of digitized NASA satellite imagery of the Earth in the 1960s and 1970s—priceless to scientists studying change over time—now reside in obsolete, unreadable formats on magnetic tape.

…

Metcalfe’s Law of exponential growth of the Net is proving to be even more significant than Moore’s Law of exponential growth of microchip capability. The chip is an individual’s tool; the Net is society’s tool. It may even become its own tool. As the science-fiction writer Vernor Vinge has suggested, the Net is supplied with so much computer power and is gaining so much massively parallel amplification of that power by its burgeoning connectivity that it might one day “wake up.” Brewster Kahle, of the Internet Archive, asks, “What happens when the library of human knowledge can process what it knows and provide advice?”
At the same time Long Now is contemplating a timeless desert retreat it has to explore how it can foster on the Net the types of services monasteries provided to deurbanized Europe after the fall of Rome and that universities provided to cities after the twelfth century. Every potential service of the Library therefore should be examined in terms of how it might develop at Net velocity and how it might be something timelessly physical—and how both forms might enhance one another.

…

Holmes, George
Holocene
Holy Fire
Hoyle, Fred
“Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems”
Ibn al-Kifti
Idea of Decline in Western History, The
Iliad, The
Indian culture and time
Individual time
Infinite games
Inflation
Information
endangered
quantity of
quantity of worldwide
Infrastructure
natural systems as
Institute for the Future
Intel Corporation
Internet
as dominant event of our time
and information preservation
and universal virtual-reality world
See also World Wide Web
Internet Archive
Ise Shrine
Islam and the Messiah
I Told You So! services
Jain account of time
Java programming language
Johnson, Samuel
Joy, Bill
Judaism
and history
and the Messiah
Kaczynski, Ted
Kahle, Brewster
Kahn, Herman
Kairos
Kairos-chronos dialogue
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
Kaplan, Robert D.
Kapor, Mitchell
Karma vertigo
Kay, Alan
Keeling, Charles
Kelly, Kevin
and the future
and science fiction
and time capsules
Kennedy School of Government
Kerr, David
Kesey, Ken
Landmarks of Tomorrow, The
Lanier, Jaron
and karma vertigo
Lawes, John Bennett
Leakey, Mary
Legacy systems
LeGuin, Ursula
Lesk, Michael
Libraries, burning of
Library, 10,000-Year
categories of the collection in
and Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence programs
ideas for
as information time
as insurance provider
and the Internet
and “I-Told-You-So!”

The
consensus is that Nutch is much stronger in providing good search results
once the web pages have been downloaded and indexed into Nutch. To
address this hole is the NutchWAX (Nutch + Web Archive eXtensions) project. NutchWAX allows you to index archived web content in the
standard ARC format used by the InternetArchive. ARC is a very
compact format for storing web pages in an archived format produced by
Heritrix. It has been used to build full text Nutch indexes with over 500
million web pages in them by running on top of the Hadoop distributed
computing framework. The InternetArchive has published some good
practices for indexing with NutchWAX and Hadoop at http://
archive-access.sourceforge.net/projects/nutch/best-
practices.pdf. Both Nutch and Heritrix are constantly evolving
projects, so keep an eye on both to see if one suits your needs better than
the other

…

Both Nutch and Heritrix are constantly evolving
projects, so keep an eye on both to see if one suits your needs better than
the other.
[ 225 ]
Download at Boykma.Com
This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by William Anderson on 26th August 2009
4310 E Conway Dr. NW, , Atlanta, , 30327
Integrating Solr
Using Heritrix to download artist pages
Heritrix is an extremely full featured and extensible web crawler used by the InternetArchive for archiving the contents of the Internet. The InternetArchive is a non-profit organization established to preserve web sites by taking regular snapshots of them. You may be more familiar with the site under the name The Wayback
Machine. By looking back at the original indexed version of the Solr homepage taken on January 19th, 2007 at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://lucene.
apache.org/solr, we learn that Solr had just graduated from the Apache
Incubator program!

FROM SATORI TO SILICON VALLEY
o ®
Theodore Roszak
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in
2012
http://archive.org/details/fromsatoritosiliOOrosz
OTHER BOOKS BY
THEODORE ROSZAK
Nonfiction
Person/Planet
Unfinished Animal
The Cult of Information
Where
the Wasteland
The Making of
Editor
Ends
a Counter Culture
and
contributor
The Dissenting Academy
Masculine/Feminine
(with coeditor Betty Roszak)
Sources
Fiction
Dreamwatcher
Bugs
Pontifex
FROM SATORI
TO SILICON VALLEY
San Francisco and the American Counterculture
Theodore Roszak
Don't Call It Frisco Press
Publisher & Distributor
4079 19th Avenue
San Francisco
California
94132
DON'T CALL
FRISCO PRESS
IT
4079 19th Avenue
San Francisco,
CA
94132
Copyright 1986 by Theodore Roszak.
All rights reserved.
No
part of this publication
may be reproduced
or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or
retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

How these firms have achieved their success is not something you
read in the library or on the Web. Company web sites are short and
cryptic. Renaissance Technologies, for example, has removed almost
everything except the address from its site, www.rentec.com. However,
we can tell by its appearance at the top of electronic trade volume lists
that Renaissance is keeping its machinery very active in the market.
Using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine,10 a digital time capsule named after Mr. Peabody’s Rocky and Bullwinkle Show time travel
machine, we can see what Renaissance and other companies were saying when they were more forthcoming with information.
The picture that emerges is actually not all that surprising. The
technologically innovative firms describe increasingly sophisticated trading strategies. They show expansion into ever more markets.

…

There were $25,000
monthly prizes for the best stock picks, which was supposed to keep
everyone honest.
The Epinions.com rating site for social web sites gave iExchange
four stars, “a good place to make money.” The anonymous successful
investors on the right are minting money. Surely they will be willing
to pay the insightful analysts who let them reap these rewards? What
could go wrong? Plenty. Perhaps you noticed that the screen grab is
from the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine,6 the elephant graveyard
of the Internet. Either those 1,200 percent returns weren’t enough to
keep people happy or something went awry. The party ended, fittingly
enough, just before April Fools’ Day in 2001, with the following signoff, comprising the entirety of the iExchange site:
To the iExchange Members & Analysts:
We regret to inform you that the iExchange community web
site has been permanently shut down, effective March 29, 2001.

…

The party ended, fittingly
enough, just before April Fools’ Day in 2001, with the following signoff, comprising the entirety of the iExchange site:
To the iExchange Members & Analysts:
We regret to inform you that the iExchange community web
site has been permanently shut down, effective March 29, 2001.
While iExchange has been a great success at providing a new
source of stock market intelligence, market conditions have
Collective Intelligence, Social Media, and Web Market Monitors
231
Figure 10.1 A profit of 1,200 percent in four months! Pretty soon these
anonymous investment wizards will have all the money.
Source:The Wayback Machine (iexchange.com, on the Internet Archive site at www.
archive.org).
hurt the firm’s ability to develop sustainable revenue streams
from the community. Payments for the March 2001 $25,000
incentive promotion program will be paid out in accordance
with the contest rules.
We appreciate your patronage and wish you the best of luck in
your personal investing.7
If I sound a tad cynical about this kind of site, it is because the grizzled old side of me that has seen the relentless search for profits on greater
232
Nerds on Wall Str eet
Wall Street has pounded down the “peace, love, and understanding—
three days of fun and music” side.

The content of each text
ﬁle should appear on a single line (remove all CR and LF characters) and must be
enclosed in quotation marks (“ ”). Add the page title at the beginning of the line and
the page category at the end. Then create a ﬁle header as follows:
@relation web pages in string format
@attribute web page name string
@attribute web page content string
@attribute web page class string
@data
"Internet Archive", "internet archive web moving...", info
...
The data section (the lines after @data) includes the actual web page text: one (long)
line per page.
A Weka data ﬁle created as explained above is available from the book series Web
site www.dataminingconsultant.com. The ﬁle name is “Top-100-websites.arff” and
contains 100 top-ranked web pages returned by Google search “web” on April 18, 2006.
The class is assigned (manually) as “prof” for web pages intended for IT professionals, and “info” for web pages that provide various types of information or direct web
services.
2.

…

Having in mind the huge capacity of the text repository, the need
for regular updates poses another challenge for the web crawler designers. The
problem is the high cost of updating indices. A common solution is to append
the new versions of web pages without deleting the old ones. This increases
the storage requirements but also allows the crawler repository to be used for
archival purposes. In fact, there are crawlers that are used just for the purposes
of archiving the web. The most popular web archive is the Internet Archive at
http://www.archive.org/.
r The Web is a live system, it is constantly changing—new features emerge and
new services are offered. In many cases they are not known in advance, or even
worse, web pages and servers may behave unpredictably as a result of bugs or
malicious design. Thus, the web crawler should be a very robust system that is
updated constantly in order to respond to the ever-changing Web.
r Crawling of the Web also involves interaction of web page developers.

an engineer to jerry-rig . . . the world’s first handheld mp3 player Robert Friedrich, a Fraunhofer hardware expert, built the device.
in late 1995 . . . a spiky red starburst shouted, NEU! The earliest snapshot of this website on the Internet Archive is dated to August 1996. Grill believes that earlier pages looked similar.
please send 85 deutsche marks From the readme.txt file accompanying early versions of L3Enc.
CHAPTER 5
Hughes Network Systems Today known as Hughes Communications.
a cluttered blue-on-white color scheme This description is based on the Internet Archive’s earliest Yahoo! snapshot, from October 17, 1996.
“AFT: Please tell us about this new concept in releasing . . .” These quotes are copied verbatim from Affinity #3, “Spot Light.” “NetFraCk” is interviewed by “Mr. Mister” and the interview is dated August 19, 1996.

…

The documentary record of the official court system was matched—and sometimes exceeded—by the shadow bureaucracy of the Scene itself. Various dupecheck sites and leaked databases provided millions of NFO files, but it wasn’t until Tony Söderberg’s creation of Srrdb.com that these found a centralized home. The tireless work of other Internet historians proved invaluable as well, particularly that of Jason Scott and the rest of the team at the Internet Archive.
Reporting on the life and history of Dell Glover comes from a series of ten interviews I conducted with him, on the phone and in person, over the course of nearly three years. I corroborated the details of his story with historical photographs, court testimony, DOJ evidence, clemency letters written by his friends, family, and neighbors, Facebook posts, corporate records from Vivendi Universal and Glenayre, arrest records from the Cleveland County Sheriff’s Office, and on-site visits to the Kings Mountain plant.

It announced late in 2010 that it would lead an effort to build the DPLA and turn the Enlightenment dream into an Information Age reality. The project garnered seed money from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and attracted a steering committee that included a host of luminaries, including both Darnton and Courant as well as the chief librarian of Stanford University, Michael Keller, and the founder of the Internet Archive, Brewster Kahle. Named to chair the committee was John Palfrey, a young Harvard law professor who had written influential books about the internet.
The Berkman Center set an ambitious goal of having the digital library begin operating, at least in some rudimentary form, by April of 2013. Over the past year and a half, the project has moved quickly on several fronts. It has held public meetings to promote the library, solicit ideas, and recruit volunteers.

…

If it can’t find a way around current legal constraints, whether through negotiation or legislation, it will have to limit its scope to books that are already in the public domain. And in that case, it’s hard to see how it would be able to distinguish itself. After all, the web already offers plenty of sources for public-domain books. Google still provides full-text, searchable copies of millions of volumes published before 1923. So do the HathiTrust, a big book database run by a consortium of libraries, and Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive. Amazon’s Kindle Store offers thousands of classic books free. And there’s the venerable Project Gutenberg, which has been transcribing public-domain texts and putting them online since 1971 (when the project’s founder, Michael Hart, typed the Declaration of Independence into a mainframe at the University of Illinois). Although the DPLA may be able to offer some valuable features of its own, including the ability to search collections of rare documents held by research libraries, those features would probably interest only a small group of scholars.

Days after the inauguration, the Badlands National Park Twitter account was the first to defect from the administration’s clamp-down on science, tweeting out facts about ocean acidification and the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The posts were taken down shortly after they were issued, but not before sparking a trend of rogue Twitter accounts.
With key scientific research mysteriously disappearing from government websites, there’s been a concerted international effort to save it from the memory hole. Shortly after Trump’s win, the Internet Archive, a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library, which for the last two decades has dedicated itself to preserving Web content for the public (and already has hundreds of billions of webpages archived), announced plans to find a backup server in Canada to preserve US data. In the days before Trump’s inauguration, “data rescue” events were held in several cities, as researchers and concerned volunteers met to back up data sets from the EPA and other government websites.

Rather, the company wants YouTube to just figure it out, determine a priori which video clips are being presented with permission and which ones are not. After all, Viacom does the very same thing: it won't air clips until a battalion of lawyers have investigated them and determined whether they are lawful.
But the Internet is not cable television. Net-based hosting outfits — including YouTube, Flickr, Blogger, Scribd, and the Internet Archive — offer free publication venues to all comers, enabling anyone to publish anything. In 1998's Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Congress considered the question of liability for these companies and decided to offer them a mixed deal: hosting companies don't need to hire a million lawyers to review every blog-post before it goes live, but rightsholders can order them to remove any infringing material from the net just by sending them a notice that the material infringes.

…

These projects — Everything2, H2G2 (which was overseen by Adams himself), and others — are like a barn-raising in which a team of dedicated volunteers organize the labors of casual contributors, piecing together a free and open user-generated encyclopedia.
These encyclopedias have one up on Adams's Guide: they have no shortage of space on their "microprocessors" (the first volume of the Guide was clearly written before Adams became conversant with PCs!). The ability of humans to generate verbiage is far outstripped by the ability of technologists to generate low-cost, reliable storage to contain it. For example, Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive project (archive.org) has been making a copy of the Web — the whole Web, give or take — every couple of days since 1996. Using the Archive's Wayback Machine, you can now go and see what any page looked like on a given day.
The Archive doesn't even bother throwing away copies of pages that haven't changed since the last time they were scraped: with storage as cheap as it is — and it is very cheap for the Archive, which runs the largest database in the history of the universe off of a collection of white-box commodity PCs stacked up on packing skids in the basement of a disused armory in San Francisco's Presidio — there's no reason not to just keep them around.

But under the DMCA, only Amazon can authorize the conversion of Kindle books to read on non-Kindle platforms. Good luck with that, Hachette.
Platform as roach motel
Brewster Kahle is a bit of a software legend. He created the first search engine, the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS), sold it, founded another search company, Alexa, sold it, and then decided to spend the rest of his life running the Internet Archive (archive. org), an amazing public library for the Internet. Brewster tells a famous story about life in the shadow of Microsoft during the heyday of the packaged-software industry, when all software was sold in boxes hanging from pegs in software stores.
Back in those days, Microsoft owned 95 percent of the operating-system market, and spent a lot of time extolling the virtues of its “platform” (Windows) to its “partners”—the software creators who wrote Windows programs.

…

Funny story: the Industry Standard spiked the story on blogging on the grounds that it was just a passing fad.
2.8
The New Intermediaries
HOWEVER YOU DECIDE to handle the independence question, unless you’re also up for being an ISP, a payment processor, a retailer, a wholesaler, and a marketing company, you’re going to have to sell your works through one or more intermediaries. Intermediaries are vital to creative business, making it easier for ever-larger pools of creators to get paid for their work. If the only way to get your videos out there is to host them yourself, then the pool of successful video creators will be limited to those people who can make great movies and great video-hosting tools. Thankfully, we have YouTube (and Vimeo, and the Internet Archive, and VODO, and Netflix…).
However, when competition is scarce among intermediaries—when there are only a few ways to get your payments processed or your e-books sold—the companies that control those channels will turn them into bottlenecks, and will use their power to extract as much money as they can from the creators who depend on them.
For as long as there have been middlemen who sit between a supplier and a customer, there have been debates over how much responsibility the middleman owed to both, and to the wider society.

Browser support
Aside from the challenges of dealing with multiple codecs and format containers, video has full support in all of the latest browsers. However, video is not supported in Internet Explorer 8 and below. For these earlier versions, you’ll need to rely on fallback content.
See Also
For some open source videos on developing and experimenting with HTML5 video support, search the Internet Archive (see http://www.archive.org/details/movies).
5.2. Ensuring Multi-Browser Video Support
Problem
You want to make sure your native video plays on the broadest range of browsers possible.
Solution
Use the source child element of video to specify each of your video formats:
<video controls> <source src="video.mp4" /> <source src="video.ogv" /> Your device does not support HTML5 video.

Trying to pitch Knuth on the intangible returns of building an audience on Twitter, or the unexpected opportunities that might come through a more liberal use of e-mail, will fail, as these behaviors don’t directly aid his goal to exhaustively understand specific corners of computer science and then write about them in an accessible manner.
Another person committed to monastic deep work is the acclaimed science fiction writer Neal Stephenson. If you visit Stephenson’s author website, you’ll notice a lack of e-mail or mailing address. We can gain insight into this omission from a pair of essays that Stephenson posted on his early website (hosted on The Well) back in the early 2000s, and which have been preserved by the Internet Archive. In one such essay, archived in 2003, Stephenson summarizes his communication policy as follows:
Persons who wish to interfere with my concentration are politely requested not to do so, and warned that I don’t answer e-mail… lest [my communication policy’s] key message get lost in the verbiage, I will put it here succinctly: All of my time and attention are spoken for—several times over.

By the late 1970s, ‘having offended anyone in the academy who could
help him’ (Rheingold 1985, 302), Nelson found a few like-minded friends and
THE MAGICAL PLACE OF LITERARY MEMORY: XANADU
81
programmers and attempted to direct the development of Xanadu himself.17
One of the most important collaborators was Roger Gregory, then a science
fiction fan working in a used-computer store in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Gregory
had technical skills that Nelson wanted: training in computer programming
and an ability to make computers work. Gregory began to write shells of
Xanadu code with Nelson full-time in 1979 (they’d known each other since
1976) and continued for the next decade.
In an interview with the Internet Archive, Gregory says he got a group
together at Swarthmore and designed a system that he ‘almost had working’
by 1988, when he organized funding through Autodesk, an American software
corporation (Gregory 2010). He’d been running the group as a volunteer
organization for ten years prior to this. Gregory seems to sigh and shake his
head a lot in this interview; he clearly has some regrets.
By 1983 Gregory claims that he wanted to ‘get some work done’ on Xanadu
without Nelson interfering (‘Ted can be very distracting.

For Feldmar, it was a time in his life that was long past, an offense that he thought had long been forgotten by society as irrelevant to the person he had become. But because of digital technology, society’s ability to forget has become suspended, replaced by perfect memory.8
Much of Stacy Snyder’s pain, some say, is self-inflicted. She put her photo on her web page and added an ambiguous caption. Perhaps she did not realize that the whole world could find her web page, and that her photo might remain accessible through Internet archives long after she had taken it offline. As part of the Internet generation, though, maybe she could have been more judicious about what she disclosed on the Internet. This was different for Andrew Feldmar, however. Approaching seventy, he was no teenage Internet nerd, and likely never foresaw that his article in a relatively obscure journal would become so easily accessible on the worldwide Net.

For economic predictions, see Jerker Denrell and Christina Fang, “Predicting the Next Big Thing: Success as a Signal of Poor Judgment,” Management Science 56, no. 10 (2010); for NFL predictions, see Christopher Avery and Judith Chevalier, “Identifying Investor Sentiment From Price Paths: The Case of Football Betting,” Journal of Business 72, no. 4 (1999). / 24 A similar study by a firm called CXO Advisory Group: See “Guru Grades,” CXO Advisory Group / 25 Smart people love to make smart-sounding predictions: See Paul Krugman, “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring, June 1998. (Thanks to the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.) / 26 More than the GDP of all but eighteen countries: market caps of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple are based on stock prices as of February 11, 2014; the eighteen countries are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Spain, the Netherlands, the U.K., the U.S., and Turkey (see CIA World Factbook).
27 WE DON’T EVEN KNOW OURSELVES ALL THAT WELL: See Clayton R.

…

Bilmes, “The Financial Legacy of Iraq and Afghanistan: How Wartime Spending Decisions Will Constrain Future National Security Budgets,” Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP13-006 (March 2013); Amy Belasco, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” Congressional Research Service, March 29, 2011.
30 AN ELDERLY CHRISTIAN RADIO PREACHER NAMED HAROLD CAMPING: See Robert D. McFadden, “Harold Camping, Dogged Forecaster of the End of the World, Dies at 92,” New York Times, December 17, 2013; Dan Amira, “A Conversation with Harold Camping, Prophesier of Judgment Day,” Daily Intelligencer blog, New York Magazine, May 11, 2011; Harold Camping, “We Are Almost There!,” Familyradio.com. (Thanks to the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
30 ROMANIAN WITCHES: See Stephen J. Dubner, “The Folly of Prediction,” Freakonomics Radio, September 14, 2011; “Witches Threaten Romanian Taxman After New Labor Law,” BBC, January 6, 2011; Alison Mutler, “Romania’s Witches May Be Fined If Predictions Don’t Come True,” Associated Press, February 8, 2011.
32 SHIP’S COMPASSES AND METAL INTERFERENCE: See A. R. T. Jonkers, Earth’s Magnetism in the Age of Sail (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003); T.

The first true search tool for files stored on FTP servers was called
Archie, created in 1990 by a small team of systems administrators and
The Internet and the Visible Web 5
graduate students at McGill University in Montreal. Archie was the prototype of today’s search engines, but it was primitive and extremely limited
compared to what we have today. Archie roamed the Internet searching
for files available on anonymous FTP servers, downloading directory listings of every anonymous FTP server it could find. These listings were
stored in a central, searchable database called the Internet Archives
Database at McGill University, and were updated monthly.
Although it represented a major step forward, the Archie database was
still extremely primitive, limiting searches to a specific file name, or for
computer programs that performed specific functions. Nonetheless, it
proved extremely popular—nearly 50 percent of Internet traffic to
Montreal in the early ’90s was Archie related, according to Peter Deutsch,
who headed up the McGill University Archie team.

…

Remember, tools like Moreover can be of added value because of the
“time lag” involved in the general search engines’ crawling material.
Search Form URL: http://www.moreover.com/news/index.html
Related Resources:
Search.Com News Search
http://www.search.com/search?channel=5
TotalNews
http://www.totalnews.com
Special Libraries Association News Division—Directory of News
Archives on the Web
http://www.ibiblio.org/slanews/internet/archives.html
News and Current Events 287
Newslibrary.Com
http://www.newslibrary.com
Search the Newslibrary.Com archives for content from numerous
papers including the Denver Post, Philadelphia Inquirer, and Miami
Herald. The archive is free to search but registration is required. You
will be charged for the articles you choose to download. Many newspapers offer free full-text content for a limited period, often for the first 7
to 14 days after publication.

But even in its present form, the Internet has transformed how we scientists work.
The Internet flattens communities of thought. Blogs, e-mail, and Internet databases put everyone in the community on the same footing. There is a premium on articulateness. You don’t need a secretary to maintain a large and varied correspondence.
Since 1992, research papers in physics have been posted on an Internet archive, arXiv.org, which has a daily distribution of just-posted papers and complete search and cross-reference capabilities. It is moderated rather then refereed, and the refereed journals now play no role in spreading information. This gives a feeling of engagement and responsibility: Once you are a registered member of the community, you don’t have to ask anyone’s permission to publish your scientific results.

…

Consider the award in 2006 of the Fields Medal (the highest prize in mathematics) for a solution of the Poincaré Conjecture. This was remarkable in that the research being recognized was not submitted to any journal. In choosing to decline the medal, peer review, publication, and employment, the previously obscure Grigori Perelman chose to entrust the legacy of his great triumph solely to an Internet archive intended as a temporary holding tank for papers awaiting publication in established journals. In so doing, he forced the recognition of a new reality by showing that it was possible to move an indisputable intellectual achievement out of the tradition of referee-gated journals bound to the stacks of university libraries into a new and poorly charted virtual sphere of the intellect.
But while markets may drive exploration, the actual settlement of the frontier at times requires the commitment of individuals questing for personal freedom, and here the New World of the Internet shines.

Wikipedia is useful both for a basic gloss on the related concepts and because at the bottom of most Wikipedia articles (and all materially complete ones) there is a list of additional resources.
One disturbing feature of Web media is their potential evanescence. Because many sites are labors of love (for reasons discussed in the book), there is no guarantee that the materials will last for years, much less decades. Many organizations are working on long-term solutions to this problem; the most fully realized effort is Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive, at archive.org. Among the services hosted at the Internet Archive is the Wayback Machine, which contains snapshots of an enormous number of websites taken over a period of years. For instance, a search of the Wayback Machine for material relating to the story of Ivanna’s phone produces a list of archived copies of Evan’s website, available at the rather lengthy URL web.archive.org/web/*/evanwashere.com/StolenSidekick (the * is part of the URL).

If you want to run Heritrix yourself, proceed to the next section. If you want to use the already downloaded ARC files in ./examples/9/crawler/heritrix-3.0.0/jobs with the SolrJ client, then skip down to the section SolrJ-based client for Indexing HTML.
Using Heritrix to download artist pages
Heritrix is an extremely full featured and extensible web crawler used by the InternetArchive for archiving the contents of the Internet. The InternetArchive is a non-profit organization established to preserve websites by taking regular snapshots of them. You may be more familiar with the site under the name The Wayback Machine. By looking back at the original indexed version of the Solr homepage taken on January 19th, 2007 at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://lucene.apache.org/solr, we learn that Solr had just graduated from the Apache Incubator program!

I describe how such time-consuming conflicts can be
resolved only by departing from the policy of consensus (and by resorting to
mechanistic straw polls, once the participants are exhausted enough). This
analysis leads to a typology of conflicts on Wikipedia and pinpoints important differences between Wikipedia policies and the rules used by the Society
of Friends and the Search Conference.
Feel like Danzig: The Beginning
The article on Gdańsk was written in the beginnings of Wikipedia, and the earliest edits of the article have not been preserved on Wikipedia servers. The Internet Archive Wayback Machine stores a copy of the article from November 9,
2001 (see “Gdansk,” 2001a). An old backup of Wikipedia discovered in 2010 by
Tim Starling shows that the article on Gdansk was written in early May 2001,
as one of the first ten thousand articles, and consisted of just two sentences:
“Gdansk is a city in Poland, on the Baltic Sea. Its old German name is Danzig”
(see Starling, 2010).

Soon the agency capitulated, took over from
Malamud, and started making this vital trove of information
available to the public for free.
Malamud was a pioneer in liberating taxpayer-ﬁnanced
public information and putting it online where everyone
could get to it. He has continued to ﬁght for expanding free
access to public domain material online, convincing C-SPAN
to open up its congressional video archives, digitizing old
government ﬁlms for the Internet Archive, and making troves
of court decisions and legal documents available. And his
work has been at the forefront of a wave of new eﬀorts—from
the Library of Congress’s Thomas database of congressional
bills and votes, and the Center for Responsive Politics
OpenSecrets.org database of campaign ﬁnance information,
to the Environmental Working Group’s searchable database
of individual agricultural subsidy recipients—that all sought
to make public records more accessible.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
Parts of this book were given as the Castle Lectures in Yale's Program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics, delivered by Francis Fukuyama in 2005.
The Castle Lectures were endowed by Mr. John K. Castle. They honor his ancestor the Reverend James Pierpont, one of Yale's original founders. Given by established public figures, Castle Lectures are intended to promote reflection on the moral foundations of society and government and to enhance understanding of ethical issues facing individuals in our complex modern society.
*<^\jiii,\,ni,o
7 A Different Kind of American Foreign Policy 181 notes 195
INDEX 217
vm
Preface
The subject of this book is American foreign policy since the al-Qaida attacks of September 11, 2001. This is a personal subject for me.

Most YC founding teams get a nickname among the partners; ours was “the muffins.” Thanks, Jessica.
7. That’s not to say these two communities are mutually exclusive. In fact, I’m a proud member of both.
8. I’d hoped people would say this to one another, but to date, I don’t think a single person has. So it goes.
9. This is from a recorded interview with Steve Huffman.
10. I found it thanks to the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine! http://web.archive.org/web/20051026085633/http://changingway.net/archives/221
11. http://www.chron.com/life/article/The-turkey-was-almost-our-national-bird-1732163.php
12. http://www.paulgraham.com/relres.html
13. Author’s note: If you’re reading this at a time when reddit.com has become even more popular, possibly even forming its own online city-state, think of the above as charmingly humble.

MENABREA of Turin, Officer of the Military Engineers With notes upon the Memoir by the Translator ADA AUGUSTA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE.
3. David Deutsch. The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World.
4. This appears in the introduction to Alan Turing’s Systems of Logic: The Princeton Thesis. This introduction is also available on Appel’s website.
5. Hermann Grassmann’s book Lehrbuch der Arithmetik für höhere Lehranstalten can be found in The Internet Archive.
6. The lambda in the λ-calculus evolved from notation used by Russell and Whitehead. They used . Church felt that the symbol ^ should come before the x and should be written as ^x. This then got typeset λx.
7. The function + takes two numbers as input and gives a number as output. In the λ-calculus, + is usually written first, so instead of writing m + n, you write +(m)(n), which, though it looks strange, makes it clear that + is a function with two inputs.

http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-report-forecasts-half-a-billion-mobile-subscribers-ssa-2020/
87 “Processing Power Compared: Visualizing a 1 trillion-fold increase in computing performance”, Experts Exchange.
http://pages.experts-exchange.com/processing-power-compared/
88 “A history of storage costs”, mkomo.com, 8 September 2009
http://www.mkomo.com/cost-per-gigabyte
According to the website, data was retrieved from Historical Notes about the Cost of Hard Drive Storage Space (http://ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.html). Data from 2004 to 2009 was retrieved using Internet Archive Wayback Machine (http://archive.org/web/web.php).
89 Elana Rot, “How Much Data Will You Have in 3 Years?”, Sisense, 29 July 2015. http://www.sisense.com/blog/much-data-will-3-years/
90 Moore’s Law generally states that processor speeds, or the overall number of transistors in a central processing unit, will double every two years.
91 Kevin Mayer, Keith Ellis and Ken Taylor, “Cattle Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of the Communication and Computer Networks Conference, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2004.

The radical disappearance of the artist into the point zero of art makes it possible to present the context of art as a total context. Self-nullification in and through art is an illusion. But only the pursuit of this illusion makes visible the conditions of art – conditions that include the possibility of this illusion.
___________________________
1‘Saint Max’, in ‘A Critique of the German Ideology’, Marx/Engels Internet Archive, marxists.org.
2Kazimir Malevich, ‘Sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 1, Moscow: Gilea 1995, p. 29.
3Ibid., 34.
4Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, New York: Benjamin R. Tucker 1907, p. 3.
5Ibid., p. 309.
6Malevich, pp. 161–226.
7Kazimir Malevich, Die gegenstandslose Welt, Bauhausbuch 1927. Reprinted and distributed by Hans M. Wingler, Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag 1980.
8Michael Fried ‘Art and Objecthood’, Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press 1998.
9Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, Chicago: Chicago University Press 1996.
10Ibid.
11El Lissitzky, ‘Suprematizm mirostroitel’stva’, (‘The Suprematism of World-Building’ 1920]), pp. 56–7.
12Nikolai Tarabukin, ‘From the Easel to the Machine’, Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology, eds.

They are able to accomplish much in the aggregate that they wouldn’t alone. As philospher Pierre Lévy says, “No one knows everything. Everyone knows something.”
All it takes is one person to translate a bit of dialogue, recognize a style of license plate, or pinpoint a specific mountain range in the background of a fuzzy YouTube video. These detectives use Google Maps, Flickr, Facebook, WhoIs, the Internet Archive, property records, and a host of other tools to dig up a wealth of information. The work would intimidate any single /b/tard, but together, hundreds or thousands of slackers can rival a small government’s intelligence efforts.
Adam Goldstein Raid
In July 2009, a disgruntled customer posted an exchange he’d had with computer repair serviceman Adam Goldstein to Something Awful, hoping to incite the wrath of the SA goons.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
for my parents, Harold andVictorine Henwood
Acknowledgments
Though books usually have a single name on the cover, writing one requires lots of help from others. I'd Hke to thank, among many, Laura Stare-cheski for her excellent research w^ork; my good friend Philippa Dunne for her many forms of collaboration; CoHn Robinson for being the best publisher one could ask for; and Andre Schiffrin and the staff of The New Press for both their professional skills and their role as splendid office-mates. Thanks also to Jared Bernstein, Patrick Bond, Heather Boushey, Tom Frank, Branko Milanovic, Christian Parenti, Michael Perehnan, Kim PhiUips-Fein, Nomi Prins, Max Sawicky, Michal SeHgman, Gregg Wirth, the members of the Ibo-talk Hstserv. And, most of all, thanks to my wife, Liza Featherstone, who not only made this a better book with her comments on the manuscript, but who makes Hfe worth Hving as well.

Cut expenses for things that don’t reward you. Sell the three most valuable things that you don't want to own anymore on eBay or craigslist, or go to an appraiser, have a yard sale, or whatever works best. Turn them into money, take 10–20% of it for something fun, like dinner out, and use the rest to discard some debt.
Enjoy more free stuff. Visit the library. Take advantage of the great entertainment resources online, such as the Internet Archive’s Open Library and free songs offered by bands on their websites.
If you do spend money on something, pay less for it. About to go shopping? Think about whether all of it really needs to be brand new. Sure, you don't want hand-me-down underwear or food, but what about a winter coat? A dining table? A bread maker? Get familiar with your local resources. What kind of things do the different thrift stores have?

A huge recent step was the publication of a book on paper by John Conway, Heidi Burgiel, and Chaim Goodman-Strauss called The Symmetries of Things. This is a tour de force that fuses introductory material with cutting-edge ideas by using a brash new visual style. It is disappointing to me that pioneering work continues primarily on paper, having become muted online.
The same could be said about a great many topics other than math. If you’re interested in the history of a rare musical instrument, for instance, you can delve into the internet archive and find personal sites devoted to it, though they probably were last updated around the time Wikipedia came into being. Choose a topic you know something about and take a look.
Wikipedia has already been elevated into what might be a permanent niche. It might become stuck as a fixture, like MIDI or the Google ad exchange services. That makes it important to be aware of what you might be missing.

Indeed, it may be the
largest non-oil sector, since most tourism investment goes into building
tourist villages and vacation homes, another form of real estate. 51
47 Kwadwo Konadu-Agyemang, The Political Economy of Housing and Urban
Development in Africa: Ghana's Experiencefrom Colonial Times to 1998, Westport 2001, p. 123.
48 Keyder, "The Housing Market from Informal to Global," p. 153.
49 Ozlem Diindar, "Informal Housing in Ankara," Cities 18:6 (2001), p. 393.
50 Janet Abu-Lughod, "Urbanization in the Arab World and the International
System," in Gugler, Cities of the Developing World, p. 196.
51 Timothy Mitchell, " Dreamland: The Neoliberalism of Your Desires," Middle
East Report (Spring 1999), np (internet archive).
Even as metro Cairo has doubled its area in five years and new
suburbs sprawl westward into the desert, the housing crisis remains
acute: new housing is too expensive for the poor, and much of it is
unoccupied because the owner is away working in Saudia Arabia or the
Gulf. "Upwards of a million apartments," writes Jeffrey Nedoroscik,
"stand empty ... there is no housing shortage per se.

Her rare complaints have more to do with having to ride side-saddle while in town than with the conditions she faces. An awe-inspiring woman, she is also a talented writer who brings to life Colorado of more than one hundred years ago, when today's big cities were only a small collection of frame houses, and while and beautiful areas were still largely untouched. --Erica Bauermeister [Amazon]
About This ePub
1st Edition
1879, John Murray, London
Open Library OL7022845M
Internet Archive inrockyladyslife00birdrich
1st Modern Edition
1960, University of Oklahoma Press
Series: The Western Frontier Library Series (Book 14)
Introduction by Daniel J. Boorstin
OCLC 654948612
Revised Edition
1975-12-15, University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 0806113286
Series: The Western Frontier Library Series (Book 14)
Introduction by Daniel J. Boorstin
Present Electronic Edition
2007-12-28, 2010-08-27 hxa7241, no version
Relation: http://www.hxa.name [from old opf]
MD5 D85A4FD2590999488A3305F15F51213B
N.B.

pages: 271words: 62,538

The Best Interface Is No Interface: The Simple Path to Brilliant Technology (Voices That Matter)
by
Golden Krishna

Patil, “Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century,” Harvard Business Review, October 2012. http://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century/ar/1
Chapter 15 Proactive Computing
1 “During the second World War, the robot was stored in the basement of the Weeks’s family home in Ohio, where he became 8-year-old Jack’s playmate.”
Noel Sharkey, “Sign In To Read: The Return of Elektro, the First Celebrity Robot,” New Scientist, December 25, 2008. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026873.000-the-return-of-elektro-the-first-celebrity-robot.html?full=true
2 Standing over 7 feet tall and weighing in at 300 pounds
Jack Weeks, “Hey . . . Where’s My Legs??,” Internet Archive, September 7, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041011003402/ http://www.maser.org/k8rt/
3 “But when Westinghouse cleared its warehouses for World War II production, Elektro ended up in the basement of an engineer who had worked on the robot’s wiring.”
“‘He showed us . . . and we managed to put the head on the torso and played with it as children, wheeling it around in games of cowboys and cops and robbers.”

Like the Kochs, Google and Facebook are in the extraction industry—their business model is to extract as much personal data from as many people in the world at the lowest possible price and to resell that data to as many companies as possible at the highest possible price—data is the new oil. And like Koch Industries, Google and Facebook create externalities during the extraction process. Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, outlined some of these externalities:
Edward Snowden showed we’ve inadvertently built the world’s largest surveillance network with the web. China can make it impossible for people there to read things, and just a few big service providers are the de facto organizers of your experience.
Others include YouTube’s decision to make available all the world’s music for free, which makes it impossible for many musicians to make a living.

For a relatively small sum—by 2008, Google garnered $10 billon dollars in annual revenue—Google had not only won the right to become the sole authorized archivist of a historic and comprehensive collection of the world’s books but had entered a new business without competition. But as people in the world of culture and digital commerce—and Google’s rivals—began to study the agreement, a swell of opposition rose. Eventually the swells became a tsunami.
The objections were myriad. Some former allies of Google were incensed that it had given up the fight to legally scan books. One new foe was Brewster Kahle, the founder of the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization bent on preserving all documents on the web as well as information in general. Kahle had been involved in his own digitization process under the aegis of an organization called the Open Book Alliance. Now he claimed that Google had become an information monopolist bent on destroying efforts other than its own to make books accessible.
Another former friend, Lawrence Lessig, attacked the settlement, calling it “a path to insanity.”

The carefully crafted and widely used Creative Commons licences, pioneered by Lawrence Lessig, give a clear set of rules, allowing several variants of free reproduction.42 Freespeechdebate.com uses one of them, a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence, which means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the content of the site, and to make derivative works from it, provided you give credit to the original author of the content, do not use the content for commercial purposes and distribute any derivative work under the same kind of Creative Commons licence.43 Freely available digital library resources, such as the Digital Public Library of America, Europeana and the Internet Archive—to name but three—support this purpose.44 So does the scientific preprint site arXiv, which reportedly includes half of all the world’s physics papers.45
Second, open access can enhance not merely the dissemination but the production of knowledge. On occasion, crowdsourcing has generated scientific results that could not have been found by a single researcher, or only at vast expense of time and money.

That means that tools such as Creative Commons licenses, which have been tremendously effective in moving to a more open culture, don’t directly address the principal underlying challenge in science: the fact that scientists are rewarded for publishing papers, and not for other ways of sharing knowledge. So although open science can learn a lot from the open culture movement, it also requires new thinking.
Notes
Some of the references that follow include webpag
es whose URLs may expire after this book is published. Such webpages should be recoverable using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine (http://www.archive.org/web/web.php). Online sources are often written informally, and I’ve reproduced spelling and other errors verbatim when quoting such sources.
Chapter 1. Reinventing Discovery
p 1: Gowers proposed the Polymath Project in a posting to his blog [79]. For more on the Polymath Project, see [82].
p 2: Gowers’s announcement of the probable success of the first Polymath Project: [81].

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
To Andrew and Allie
Podcast 227
Coda 255
Notes 257
Acknowledgments 271
Index 273
Contents
Author's Note
From following the iPod since its inception, both as a reporter and someone bound to his subject literally by the ears, I came to understand that one feature in particular was not only central to the enjoyment of this ingenious device but has come to symbolize its impact on the larger media landscape—and perhaps to embody the direction of the digital revolution in general.
Shuffle.
As I document in these pages, mixing one's music library in the high-tech version of fifty-two pickup is a source of constant delight and, at least for me, a stepping-stone to ruminations on computer intelligence, randomness, and the unintended effects produced by a well-designed system.

; Leon Trotsky, The Transitional Program: Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International (London: Bolshevik Publications, 1999).
6.On the criteria of desirability, viability and achievability, see Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso, 2010), pp. 20–5.
7.For an example of the former, see the Stakhanovite movement, or Lenin’s comments on Taylorist management methods: ‘The Russian is a bad worker compared with people in advanced countries … We must organise in Russia the study and teaching of the Taylor system and systematically try it out and adapt it to our own ends.’ Vladimir Lenin, ‘The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government’, 1918, Marxists Internet Archive, at marxists.org; Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For a critique of the idea of freedom without abundance, see: ‘[T]his development of productive forces … is an absolutely necessary practical premise, because without it privation, want, is merely made general’. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology (London: Prometheus, 1976), p. 54.
8.While we do not have the space to discuss them here, there are important ethical questions surrounding machines and work – particularly in the area of artificial intelligence.

Robert Lynd, coauthor of
the groundbreaking studies of the city he called Middletown, praised the
Annals project in the American Sociological Review, noting that it offered
a unique, “folk-­eye view” because that was the view that had greeted the
“eyes of citizens of Cleveland year after year” in the pages of their own
newspapers.81 He might also have added that it was a folk-­eye view because
it was prepared by folks in Cleveland.
To twenty-­first-­century readers this may sound like a radical vision:
amateur cultural production meets progressive politics, a Wikipedia
wrought in typescript, or the Open Content Alliance and Internet Archive sans Internet. But at base the hrs had a centrist or even conservative tenor, with the aim of providing a palliative for current ills rather than
a remaking of the social order.82 In comparison with the highly politicized
Federal Writers Project and Federal Theater Project of the wpa —both
of which had attracted the attention of the House Un-­American Activities Committee, chaired at that time by Representative Martin Dies Jr.

., scanned or re-recorded), which can be expensive
and time-consuming, though the process can be automated to an extent. The overheads associated with
digitisation, in terms of cost, staff time and specialist equipment, have limited its employment in many
older analogue archives held by museums, libraries and private collections. While such institutions
have struggled to finance their digitisation activities, both philanthropic (e.g., the Internet Archive:
https://archive.org/) and commercial (e.g., Google) entities are helping to undertake such activities,
using their own resources and that of ‘the crowd’, making them freely available to the public (see
Chapter 5).
In all cases, the data within digital data holdings and archives can be easily shared and reused for a
low marginal cost, though they can be restricted with respect to access and reuse by IPR policies.

Between 1956 and 2000 there were sixty tape video formats, already a formidable number; today over three hundred video file formats exist, many of them proprietary. For files in these formats to be successfully archived, the software for playing them and machines that can run that software must be in working order. Faced with this rapid pace of change and growing stacks of outdated hard drives, Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive and leader of the open access movement, announced in 2011 that he would refocus his efforts on preserving paper books. “We’re discovering what librarians have known for centuries in this new digital world,” Kahle told NPR, confessing that he felt he had been naive. “The opportunity to live in an Orwellian or a Fahrenheit 451 type world, where things are changed out from underneath us, is very much present … Let’s make sure we put in place the long-term archives to make it so that we can check up on those that are presenting things in the future.”
3.

I ask Fabrice if he knows whether the Halls’ business renting out the château to British tourists was a success.
“We know nothing about that,” he says. “We know they welcomed people into their house. But we don’t know the details.”
• • •
IN AUGUST 2006, Laura Walsh was looking to rent a château for her family holiday when she chanced upon chateaudefretay.com. The site is gone now, but you can still find it on the Internet archive, with its photograph of horses grazing by the lake, plus a list of activities such as fishing, swimming, a games room, a go-karting stadium, cycling, and a weekly treasure hunt.
Laura phoned Joanne Hall, who told her, “We’re not Center Parcs, but we do our best,” which Laura took to mean they were something like Center Parcs.
And so, swept up in the lovely-sounding nature of the thing, she offered to pay the full amount up front—$4,000 for a fortnight’s stay.

There was an email from a kid who liked to send in funny phone-cam videos of the DHS being really crazy -- the last one had been of them disassembling a baby's stroller after a bomb-sniffing dog had shown an interest in it, taking it apart with screwdrivers right on the street in the Marina while all these rich people walked past, staring at them and marveling at how weird it was.
I'd linked to the video and it had been downloaded like crazy. He'd hosted it on the Internet Archive's Alexandria mirror in Egypt, where they'd host anything for free so long as you'd put it under the Creative Commons license, which let anyone remix it and share it. The US archive -- which was down in the Presidio, only a few minutes away -- had been forced to take down all those videos in the name of national security, but the Alexandria archive had split away into its own organization and was hosting anything that embarrassed the USA.

Was Google going to enter the online book-selling business, competing against an early investor, Amazon’s Jeff Bezos? With Microsoft dropping its book search project and no other deep-pocketed competitor jumping in, did the agreement concentrate too much informational power in the hands of a single company? Did Google have the right, as it claimed, to sell digital copies of books whose copyright had expired? If it is true—as the Internet Archive, a competitive book digitizer, claims—that the settlement grants Google immunity from copyright infringement, will the courts permit this? What of so-called orphaned books, those whose copyright owners can’t be identified—does Google, as it claims, get to own the digital rights? Will there be any regulation of the prices Google may charge libraries and colleges for access to digitized books?

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
The credit system, which has its focal point in the allegedly national
banks and the big money-lenders and usurers that surround them, is
one enormous centralization and gives this class of parasites a fabulous
power not only to decimate the industrial capitalists periodically but
also to interfere in actual production in the most dangerous manner —
and this crew know nothing of production and have nothing at all to
do with it.
— Marx, Capital, vol. 3, chap. 33
I'm not a parasite. I'm an investor.
— Lyonya Gulubkov, described by the New York Times as "a bumbling
Russian Everyman" responding to "Soviet-style" taunts in an ad for the
fraudulent MMM investment scheme which collapsed in 1994
Acknowledgments
Though one name usually appears on the cover, a book is a far more collaborative project than that.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
To Macduff, Cleo, and Barley, who are sure to chew on this.
PREFACE
Ten years ago I wrote a book about the state of the world from a geographic perspective, guided in part by the preferences of viewers who had watched my appearances on ABC's Good Morning America over the preceding seven years (de Blij, 1995). We had mapped on screen the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the first Gulf War, the breakup of Yugoslavia, the economic miracle on the Pacific Rim, the apparent strides the planet was making toward a New World Order. There was still hope that global warming would be mild and temporary, that Africa's health and economic malaise would reverse, that Russia was headed for stable democracy, that incidents of terrorism would decline in number and severity.

“Moving your files from this machine”: Bill Gates, quoted in USA Today, June 29, 2003, at http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-06-29-gates-longhorn_x.htm.
“Our head count has been fairly flat”: Mitch Kapor blog posting on August 3, 2003, at http://blogs.osafoundation.org/mitch/000313.htm#
000313.
“Do you have any advice for people”: Linus Torvalds, quoted in Linux Times, June 2004. Linux Times has ceased publication. The article used to be at http://www.linuxtimes.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=145 and can be found via the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine at http://web.archive.org/web/20041106193140/
http://www.linuxtimes.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=145.
CHAPTER 7
DETAIL VIEW
Simple things should be simple: This quotation is widely attributed to Alan Kay. I have been unable to trace its original source. It is also occasionally attributed to Larry Wall.
Clay Shirky wrote about Christopher Alexander’s “A City Is Not a Tree” in the Many to Many blog on April 26, 2004, at http://many.corante.com/archives/2004/04/26/a_
city_is_not_a_tree.php.

Ted Turner’s full quote appears in Saul Hansell, “Media Megadeal: The Overview,” New York Times, January 11, 2000.
6. Steve Lohr, “AOL Merger Turns Tables on Microsoft,” New York Times, January 12, 2000.
7. Kramer defends the AOL–Time Warner merger in Larry Kramer, “Why the AOL–Time Warner Merger Was a Good Idea,” The Daily Beast, Blogs and Stories, May 4, 2009, available at www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-05-04/how-time-warner-blew-it/.
8. You can find the old Pathfinder site on the Internet Archive, http://archive.org.
9. On Disney’s total merchandising strategy, see “All the Movies Are Geared to Publicizing … and Making Money,” Newsweek, December 1962, 48–51.
10. This figure was at the time of the merger. Klein, Stealing TIME, 259.
11. Ken Auletta, Media Man: Ted Turner’s Improbable Empire, 96.
12. The FTC and FCC both imposed conditions on the merger, including the “open access” provision referred to in the text, as well as conditions designed to maintain an open market for instant messaging, then thought to be a crucial platform for the future.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
For my grandmother
Part Four: A Separate Peace
16. Breaking the Cycle 281
17. Redefining the Mother-Daughter Relationship 296
18. Friendship 309
19. Truce 327
20. Divorce 345
Part Five: Closing the Circle Epilogue: Five Generations, One Family Album 367
Notes 379 Bibliography 392 Index 397
II
The more we idealize the past . . . and refuse to acknowledge our childhood sufferings, the more we pass them on unconsciously to the next generation.
—Alice Miller, Ph.D.
Acknowledgments
Many authors say that writing is a lonely profession. In my experience, it is anything but. This book could not have been accomplished without the help and involvement—intellectually, professionally, and personally—of others.
I owe an enormous intellectual debt to those researchers, social scientists, and clinicians who have studied patterns in how and why people behave as they do.

We'll leave it to you to decide whether it applies here.
In the meantime, we've shut our doors. The hundred-plus Britons who worked for us are now looking for jobs. We've set up a page here where you can review their CVs if you're hiring. We vouch for all of them.
We struggled with the problem of what to do with all the video you've entrusted to us over the years. In the end, we decided to send a set of our backups to the Internet Archive, archive.org, which has a new server array in Iceland, where -- for the time being -- the laws are more sensible than they are here. The kind people at archive.org are working hard to bring it online, and once it is, you'll be able to download your creations again. Sorry to say that we're not sure when that will happen, though.
And that's it. We're done.
Wait.
We're not quite done.

He said his dream was to put a robot in every home. The idea resonated with Hassan. A student in computer science first at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he then entered graduate programs in computer science at both Washington University in St. Louis and Stanford, but dropped out of both programs before receiving an advanced degree. Once he was on the West Coast, he had gotten involved with Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive Project, which sought to save a copy of every Web page on the Internet.
Larry Page and Sergey Brin had given Hassan stock for programming PageRank, and Hassan also sold E-Groups, another of his information retrieval projects, to Yahoo! for almost a half-billion dollars. By then, he was a very wealthy Silicon Valley technologist looking for interesting projects.
In 2006 he backed both Ng and Salisbury and hired Salisbury’s students to join Willow Garage, a laboratory he’d already created to facilitate the next generation of robotics technology—like designing driverless cars.

Parliamentary Records
Verhandlungen der verfassungsgebenden Deutschen Nationalversammlung (Proceedings of the Constitutuent German National Assembly, 1919-1920) and Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstages (Proceedings of the German Reichstag, to 1918 and after June 1920), both available at http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de
Contemporary Newspapers and Periodicals
Die Weltbühne, searchable facsimiles of all issues available online at the Internet Archive, http://archive.org/search.php?query=die%20weltb%C3%BChne%20AND%20collection%3Aopensource
ProQuest Historical Newspapers, Archive of the Manchester Guardian and the Observer, accessed via the London Library website (subscription service).
Sunday Times Digital Archive 1822-2006, accessed via the London Library website (subscription service).
The Living Age, available online at http://www.unz.org/Pub/LivingAge
Times Digital Archive 1785-1985, accessed via the London Library website (subscription service).

One of those soldiers—jaunty and confident in his high-necked tunic with its gleaming buttons down the front—was a relative of mine: a great-great-uncle, or maybe a cousin, named Robert George MacFarlane. On the back of the photo, the names and fates of those grinning young men are listed in my great-grandmother’s careful script:
L. B. Reynolds
B. T. O’Grady
G. H. Revell, Killed
A. Davies
Tom Brown Jr.
A. J. Evans, Killed
L. B. North
R. G. MacFarlane, Shot with a machine gun
Thanks to Internet archives and a few old family stories, I know a fair amount about Robert George MacFarlane. At the time of his death he was a second lieutenant attached to the British Army’s Royal Engineers. He was born in Huntingdon, Quebec, on January 28, 1889; he had a brother named James and a sister named Elsie. He was a Presbyterian, like his Scottish emigrant forebears, and he attended McGill University, graduating in 1910 and finding work as a mining engineer in Nelson, British Columbia.

“a very fundamental principle in my method”: Yukio Noguchi, personal interview, December 17, 2013.
the “super” filing system was born: Noguchi’s filing system is described in his book Super Organized Method, and was initially presented in English by the translator William Lise. The blog article describing the system is no longer available on Lise’s site, but it can still be visited via the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20031223072329/http://www.lise.jp/honyaku/noguchi.html. Further information comes from Yukio Noguchi, personal interview, December 17, 2013.
The definitive paper on self-organizing lists: Sleator and Tarjan, “Amortized Efficiency of List Update and Paging Rules,” which also provided the clearest results on the theoretical properties of the LRU principle.
“God’s algorithm if you will”: Robert Tarjan, personal interview, December 17, 2013.

She fished in her pocket for her earbuds and dropped them on the table where they clattered like M&Ms. “I think I’ve got about 40,000 songs on those. Haven’t run out of space yet, either.”
He rolled the buds around in his palm like a pair of dice. “You won’t—I stopped keeping track of mine after I added my hundred-thousandth audiobook. I’ve got a bunch of the Library of Congress in mine as high-rez scans, too. A copy of the Internet Archive, every post every made on Usenet... Basically, these things are infinitely capacious, given the size of the media we work with today.” He rolled the buds out on the workbench and laughed. “And that’s just the point! Tomorrow, we’ll have some new extra fat kind of media and some new task to perform with it and some new storage medium that will make these things look like an old iPod. Before that happens, you want this to wear out and scuff up or get lost—”
“I lose those things all the time, like a set a month.”

If nothing else, limiting yourself to ingredients that would traditionally be used together can help bring a certain uniformity to your dish, and serve as a fun challenge, too. And you can extend this idea to wines to accompany your dishes, from the traditional (say, a French rosé with Niçoise salad) to modern (Aussie Shiraz with barbeque).
Another way of looking at historical combinations is to look at old cookbooks. A number of older cookbooks are now in the public domain and accessible via the Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org), Project Gutenberg (http://www.gutenberg.org), and Google Books (http://books.google.com). Try searching Google Books for "Boston Cooking-School Cook Book"; for waffles, see page 80 (page 112 in the downloadable PDF). If nothing else, seeing how much—and, really, how little!—has changed can be great fun. And then there are classic gems, foods that have simply fallen to the sidelines of history for no discernable reason.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
To NEW YORK CITY
where I came to seek my fortune and found it by finding Bob, Jimmy, Ned and Mary for whom this book is written too
Acknowledgment
So many scores of persons helped me with this book, wittingl and unwittingly, that I shall never fully be able to acknowleds the appreciation I owe and feel. In particular I am grateful fc information, aid or criticism given by the following person Saul AUnsky, Norris C. Andrews, Edmund Bacon, June Blyth John Decker Butzner, Jr., Henry Churchill, Grady Clay, Williai C. Crow, Vernon De Mars, Monsignor John J. Egan, Charl( Famsley, Carl Feiss, Robert B. Filley, Mrs. Rosario Folino, Cha< bourne Gilpatric, Victor Gruen, Frank Havey, Goldie HoflFma Frank Hotchkiss, Leticia Kent, William H. Kirk, Mr. and Mr George Kostritsky, Jay Landesman, The Rev.

That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world.
This flood of data is coming from many sources. Consider the following:[3]
The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day.
Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage.
Ancestry.com, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data.
The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month.
The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year.
So there’s a lot of data out there. But you are probably wondering how it affects you. Most of the data is locked up in the largest web properties (like search engines), or scientific or financial institutions, isn’t it?

The new group was alt.november5-disaster.recovery, with .recovery.goverance, .recovery.finance, .recovery.logistics and .recovery.defense hanging off of it. Bless the wooly alt. hierarchy and all those who sail in her.
The sysadmins came out of the woodwork. The Googleplex was online, with the stalwart Queen Kong bossing a gang of rollerbladed grunts who wheeled through the gigantic data-center swapping out dead boxen and hitting reboot switches. The Internet Archive was offline in the Presidio, but the mirror in Amsterdam was live and they’d redirected the DNS SO that you’d hardly know the difference. Amazon was down. PayPal was up. Blogger, TypePad, and LiveJournal were all up, and filling with millions of posts from scared survivors huddling together for electronic warmth.
The Flickr photostreams were horrific. Felix had to unsubscribe from them after he caught a photo of a woman and a baby, dead in a kitchen, twisted into an agonized hieroglyph by the bioagent.

From the street outside, the water is at eye level and the effect is intense, and
a flying pier structure juts out from the second floor.
Inside the library, the best perspective is from above, at the level of the entranceway. From here you get a marvelous sense of space, which extends to the stacks, mostly
empty due to a combination of censorship and lack of funding. The irony here is that
the Bibliotheca is the mirror site for the Internet Archive project, which attempts to
download and archive the entire contents of the Internet.
The Antiquities Museum in the basement isn’t very good—it feels like an afterthought—but it has two exquisite mosaics as well as some lovely Mamluke glass and
Coptic icons. The documentation is in broken English and difficult to follow.
The Bibliotheca also hosts traveling international exhibits from time to time, and
it’s worth checking its website if you’re in town for a few days.

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
21 'One of the Arabs we killed last night' 254
22 The peace of Deir Yassin 260
23 'Shalom, my dear ...' 279
24 'Attack and attack and attack' 295
25 A message from Glubb Pasha 302
26 'We shall come back' 320
27 Throw stones and die' 339
28 By just one vote 349
29 The last supper 363
30 The fifth day of Iyar 377
PART FOLR
JERUSALEM: A CITY DIVIDED
31 These shall stand' 399
32 The most beautiful month of the year' 409
33 'Go save Jerusalem' 419
34 4 A lament for a generation' 431
35 'Yosef has saved Jerusalem!' 440
36 Take Latrun' 451
37 Ticket to a Promised Land 463
38 'Execute your task at all costs' 474
39 The wheatfields of Latrun 482
40 *... Remember me only in happiness' 489
41 'Goodnight and goodbye from Jerusalem* 502
42 'We'll open a new road* 509
43 The Arab people will never forgive us' 521
44 A toast to the living 535
45 The thirty-day pause 541
46 The flawed trumpet 553
Epilogue 563
Biographical notes: Where are they now?

Throi 1
(continued on back flap)
(continued from front flap)
we can look back and understand the achievement ogan on that almost mythic July night when, as ikin writes in his preface, “we touched the face of another world and became a people without limits.”
APR 2 3 1996
629.45
Cha Chaikin, Andrew, 1956-A man on the moon : the voyages of the Apollo astronauts
ARCHBISHOP MITTY LIBRARY
Archbishop Mitty High School Library
5000 Mitty Way San Jose, CA 95129
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 http://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyagesOOchai
ANDREW CHAIKIN
A Man
ON THE
Moon
The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts
VIKING
VIKING
Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books USA Inc., 375 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.
Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books (N.Z.)

This book made available by the Internet Archive.
For Jane, my sister; Michael, my brother; AND for Kate
And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves.
And said unto them. It is written. My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.
MATTHEW 21:12-13 King James Edition
Cast of Characters
As crime on Wall Street neared its climax^ late 1985.
At Kidder, Peabody & Co., New York Martin Siegel, investment banker Ralph DeNunzio, chief executive Al Gordon, chairman John T. Roche, president Robert Krantz, counsel Richard Wigton, head of arbitrage Timothy Tabor, arbitrageur Peter Goodson, head of M&A John Gordon, investment banker Hal Ritch, investment banker
At Ivan F.

Now a barren wasteland in far western China’s Xinjiang Province, it may have been a hospitable living environment before warfare and desertification forced the population to move on.
7 Dupree, Afghanistan, 199.
8 The Kushan kings promoted Gandhara Buddhist art, an eclectic mixture of Buddhist, Greek, and Hindu art themes. They simultaneously carried three titles reflecting their religious tolerance: the Sanskrit rajatiraja (king of kings), the Greek basileus (king), and kaisara, from the Latin “caesar.”
9 Procopius, translated by H. B. Dewing, Internet Archive, www.archive.org/stream/procopiuswitheng01procuoft/procopiuswitheng01procuoft_djvu.txt. See also Arnold Fletcher, Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1965), 33.
10 Because the White Huns were not related to the Black Huns, most historians, including ancient Greek and Roman writers, have referred to them as the Hephthalites or Ephthalites.
11 The title khan gradually morphed into a surname adopted by the khans’ descendants, whatever their walk of life, in Pakistan and India as well as Afghanistan.