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On November 7th 1938, Ernst von Rath, secretary to the German Embassy in Paris, was shot by a Jewish refugee, Herschel Grynsznap.

The Nazis seized this opportunity to arrange "spontaneous actions" against the jewish community, which took place on the night of November 9th - 10th.

Thousands of businesses and homes were attacked and practically all the synagogues were burnt down or demolished. Over twenty thousand people were arrested and taken to the concentration camps and at least thirty six were killed, all Jews.