Wave of Indigenous Resistance Sweeps Colombia

In the northeastern tip of Colombia, fierce resistance to Cerrejón, one of the world’d largest open-pit coal mines, has seen indigenous communities block highways and railway lines in recent weeks. These protests take place in the context of a wider movement of indigenous people trying to safeguard their territories.

Instead, Romero points to the threats to local wildlife, soil, vegetation and waterways that the mine poses for many indigenous communities in the region. The sheer scale of the mine is hard to imagine – Cerrejón produces 32 million tonnes of coal per year, accounting for four percent of the world coal market.

The company responsible for the Cerrejón coal mine is Bogota-based Cerrejón Coal Limited, a corporation jointly owned by BHP Billiton, Anglo American and Xstrata. Combined revenue for these three companies exceeded $40 billion in 2012.

Photo of the Cerrejón mine courtesy of Tanenhaus

When I spoke to Romero in late October, indigenous communities affected by the Cerrejón mine were blockading the railway line that transports coal to port for exportation. The same railway line was bombed twice in October in attacks that military sources have blamed on FARC rebels. While the Wayúu and FARC are in no way connected, the latter attack highlights the economic importance of the coal project, which has made it an appealing target for paramilitary groups.

The Cerrejón coal mine covers a vast tract of land and has been responsible for the displacement of whole Wayúu communities. The constitution recognises that the Wayúu are in danger physically and culturally of extinction, but Romero points out that more and more of their ancestral lands are being appropriated in the name of expanding the coal mining project.

Movement for indigenous unity

The Wayúu people’s protest against the mine takes place in the context of a national minga (a traditional practice where whole communities work together to achieve a common goal) that began in mid October. The minga has seen tens of thousands of indigenous people set up blockades of highways and railway lines in diverse parts of the country. The protesters are calling for nationwide change in five key areas:

1) The ejection of large-scale mining and energy projects from indigenous territories

2) The rejection of current economic and agrarian policy

3) The defence of human rights and an end to armed conflict

4) The expansion of indigenous territories

5) The promotion of political, legal and administrative autonomy in indigenous territories

Romero believes that there has been some movement towards achieving these goals, but she says that the government will not enter into talks with indigenous leaders about hydrocarbon or mining projects.

In contrast, the government of Colombia has entered into ongoing negotiations with FARC representatives in Havana, Cuba to talk about land reform and political participation, but Romero feels that “neither the government nor FARC represent us.” She fears that the voice of Colombia’s indigenous people are being left out of conversations of national importance.

Fuelling foreign consumption

Around 80 percent of coal produced at the Cerrejón mine is exported to Europe and North America, including sales to municipal governments in the north-eastern United States. Romero points out that many of the countries that consume Colombian coal have signed international treaties to protect the rights of indigenous people.

While Romero would welcome support from these nations, the Wayúu people will continue to fight for their rights as original people of Colombia. It seems that continued acts of resistance are their best hope for regaining sovereignty over their ancestral lands.

“We are mobilising with strength, creating consciousness that mining is not sustainable,” Romero says, adding, “When you speak of open-pit mining, you cannot speak of sustainable mining, much less of responsible mining, because [companies] violate the fundamental rights of the people who live there, those who are the owners of these territories.”