The Spy Who Loved Me is the ninth novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published by Jonathan Cape on 16 April 1962. It is the shortest and most sexually explicit of Fleming's novels, as well as a clear departure from previous Bond novels in that the story is told in the first person by a young Canadian woman, Vivienne Michel. Bond himself does not appear until two-thirds of the way through the book. Fleming wrote a prologue to the novel giving Michel credit as a co-author.

Fleming was not happy with the book, owing to the reactions by critics and fans, and attempted to suppress elements of it where he could: he blocked a paperback edition in the United Kingdom and only gave permission for the title to be used when he sold the film rights to Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, rather than any aspects of the plots. However, a British paperback edition was published after his death, and the Bond film character of Jaws is loosely based on one of the characters in the book.

A heavily adapted version of The Spy Who Loved Me appeared in the Daily Express newspaper in daily comic strip format in 1967–1968. In 1977, the title was used for the tenth film in the Eon Productions series. It was the third to star Roger Moore as Bond, and used no plot elements from the novel.

Contents

I found what follows lying on my desk one morning. As you will see, it appears to be the first person story of a young woman, evidently beautiful and not unskilled in the arts of love. According to her story, she appears to have been involved, both perilously and romantically, with the same James Bond whose secret service exploits I myself have written from time to time. With the manuscript was a note signed 'Vivienne Michel' assuring me that what she had written was 'purest truth and from the depths of her heart'. I was interested in this view of James Bond, through the wrong end of the telescope so to speak, and after obtaining clearance for certain minor infringements of the Official Secrets Act I have much pleasure in sponsoring its publication.

Ian Fleming, The Spy Who Loved Me, Prologue

Fleming structured the novel in three sections—"Me", "Them" and "Him" to describe the phases of the story.

Me

Vivienne "Viv" Michel, a young Canadian woman narrates her own story, detailing her past love affairs, the first being with Derek Mallaby, who took her virginity in a field after being thrown out of a cinema in Windsor for indecent exposure. Their physical relationship ended that night, and Viv was subsequently rejected when Mallaby sent her a letter from Oxford University saying he was forcibly engaged to someone else by his parents. Viv's second love affair was with her German boss, Kurt Rainer, by whom she would eventually become pregnant. She informed Rainer and he paid for her to go to Switzerland to have an abortion, telling her that their affair was over. After the procedure, Viv returned to her native Canada and started her journey through North America, stopping to work at "The Dreamy Pines Motor Court" in the Adirondack Mountains for managers Jed and Mildred Phancey.

Them

At the end of the vacation season, the Phanceys entrust Viv with looking after the motel for the night before the owner, Mr. Sanguinetti, can arrive to take inventory and close it up for the winter. Two mobsters, Sol "Horror" Horowitz and "Sluggsy" Morant, both of whom work for Sanguinetti, arrive and say they are there to look over the motel for insurance purposes. The two have been hired by Sanguinetti to burn down the motel so that Sanguinetti can make a profit on the insurance. The blame for the fire would fall on Viv, who was to perish in the incident. The mobsters are cruel to Viv and, when she says she does not want to dance with them, they attack her, holding her down and starting to remove her top. They are about to continue the attack with her rape when the door buzzer interrupts them.

Him

British secret service agent James Bond appears at the door asking for a room, having had a flat tyre while passing. Bond quickly realises that Horror and Sluggsy are mobsters and that Viv is in danger. Pressuring the two men, he eventually gets the gangsters to agree to provide him a room. Bond tells Michel that he is in America in the wake of Operation Thunderball and was detailed to protect a Russian nuclear expert who defected to the West and who now lives in Toronto, as part of his quest to ferret out SPECTRE. That night Sluggsy and Horror set fire to the motel and attempt to kill Bond and Michel. A gun battle ensues and, during their escape, Bond kills Horror, causing his and Sluggsy's car to crash into a lake with Sluggsy inside. Bond and Michel retire to bed, but Sluggsy is still alive and makes a further attempt to kill them, before Bond shoots him dead.

Viv wakes to find Bond gone, leaving a note in which he promises to send her police assistance and which he concludes by telling her not to dwell too much on the ugly events through which she has just lived. As Viv finishes reading the note, a large police detachment arrives. After taking her statement, the officer in charge of the detail reiterates Bond's advice, but also warns Viv that all men involved in violent crime and espionage, regardless of which side they are on—including Bond himself—are dangerous and that Viv should avoid them. Viv reflects on this as she motors off at the end of the book, continuing her tour of America, but despite the officer's warning still devoted to the memory of the spy who loved her.

The other characters in the novel are given less attention and Vivienne's second lover, Kurt, is a caricature of a cruel German, who forces her to have an abortion before finishing their affair.[4] According to Black, the two thugs, Sluggsy and Horror, are "comic-book villains with comic-book names".[5] Their characters are not given the same status as other villains in Bond stories, but are second-rate professional killers, which makes them more believable in the story.[3]

As with Casino Royale, the question of morality between Bond and the villains is brought up, again by Bond, but also by the police officer involved.[1] Benson argues that this runs counter to another theme in the novel, which had also appeared in a number of other Bond books including Goldfinger: the concept of Bond as Saint George against the dragon.[1] In this Black agrees, who sees The Spy Who Loved Me as being "an account of the vulnerable under challenge, of the manipulative nature of individuals and of the possibility of being trapped by evil".[6]

Goldeneye, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels, including The Spy Who Loved Me.

The Spy Who Loved Me was written in Jamaica at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1961, and was the shortest manuscript Fleming had produced for a novel, being only 113 pages long.[7] Fleming found the book the easiest for him to write, and apologised to his editor at Jonathan Cape for the ease.[8]The Spy Who Loved Me has been described by Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett as Fleming's "most sleazy and violent story ever", which may have been indicative of his state of mind at the time.[8]

Fleming borrowed from his surroundings, as he had done with all his writing up to that point, to include places he had seen. One such location was a motel in the Adirondacks in upstate New York, which Fleming would drive past on the way to Ivar Bryce's Black Hollow Farm; this became the Dreamy Pines Motel.[9] Similarly, he took incidents from his own life and used them in the novel: Vivienne Michel's seduction in a box in the Royalty Kinema,[10] Windsor, mirrors Fleming's loss of virginity in the same establishment.[11] A colleague at The Sunday Times, Robert Harling, gave his name to a printer in the story[12] while another minor character, Frank Donaldson, was named after Jack Donaldson, a friend of Fleming's wife.[13] One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica was Vivienne Stuart, whose first name Fleming purloined for the novel's heroine.[13]

The Spy Who Loved Me was published in the UK on 16 April 1962, as a hardcover edition by publishers Jonathan Cape; it was 221 pages long and cost 15 shillings.[15] Artist Richard Chopping once again undertook the cover art, and raised his fee from the 200 guineas he had charged for Thunderball, to 250 guineas.[16] The artwork included a commando knife which was borrowed from Fleming's editor, Michael Howard at Jonathan Cape.[17]The Spy Who Loved Me was published in the US by Viking Books on 11 April 1962[18] with 211 pages and costing $3.95.[19]

The reception to the novel was so bad that Fleming wrote to Michael Howard at Jonathan Cape, to explain why he wrote the book: "I had become increasingly surprised to find my thrillers, which were designed for an adult audience, being read in schools, and that young people were making a hero out of James Bond ... So it crossed my mind to write a cautionary tale about Bond, to put the record straight in the minds particularly of younger readers ... the experiment has obviously gone very much awry".[14]

Fleming subsequently requested that there should be no reprints or paperback version of the book,[20] and for the British market no paperback version appeared until after Fleming's death.[21] Because of the heightened sexual writing in the novel, it was banned in a number of countries.[22] In the US the story was also published in Stag magazine, with the title changed to Motel Nymph.[23]

Broadly, the critics did not welcome Fleming's experiment with the Bond formula; academic Christoph Linder has pointed out that The Spy Who Loved Me received the worst reception of all the Bond books.[6]The Daily Telegraph, for example, wrote "Oh Dear Oh Dear Oh Dear! And to think of the books Mr Fleming once wrote!"[14] while The Glasgow Herald thought Fleming was finished: "His ability to invent a plot has deserted him almost entirely and he has had to substitute for a fast-moving story the sorry misadventures of an upper-class tramp, told in dreary detail."[14] Writing in The Observer, Maurice Richardson described the tale as "a new and regrettable if not altogether unreadable variation",[24] going on to hope that "this doesn't spell the total eclipse of Bond in a blaze of cornography".[24] Richardson ended his piece by berating Fleming, asking "why can't this cunning author write up a bit instead of down?"[24] The critic for The Times was not dismissive of Bond, whom they describe as "less a person than a cult"[15] who is "ruthlessly, fashionably efficient in both love and war".[15] Rather, the critic dismisses the experiment, writing that "the novel lacks Mr. Fleming's usual careful construction and must be written off as a disappointment".[15] John Fletcher thought that it was "as if Mickey Spillane had tried to gatecrash his way into the Romantic Novelists' Association".[14]

Philip Stead, writing in The Times Literary Supplement considered the novel to be "a morbid version of that of Beauty and the Beast".[25] The review noted that once Bond arrives on the scene to find Michel threatened by the two thugs, he "solves [the problem] in his usual way. A great quantity of ammunition is expended, the zip-fastener is kept busy and the customary sexual consummation is associated with the kill."[25] Stead also considered that with the words of the police captain "Mr. Fleming seems to have summarized in this character's remarks some of the recent strictures on James Bond's activities."[25]Vernon Scannell, as critic for The Listener, considered The Spy Who Loved Me to be "as silly as it is unpleasant".[26] What aggrieved him most, however, was that "the worst thing about it is that it really is so unremittingly, so grindingly boring."[26]

The critic for Time lamented the fact that "unaccountably lacking in The Spy Who Loved Me are the High-Stake Gambling Scene, the Meal-Ordering Scene, the Torture Scene, the battleship-grey Bentley, and Blades Club."[19] The critic also bemoaned the fact that "among the shocks and disappointments 1962 still has in store ... is the discovery that the cruel, handsome, scarred face of James Bond does not turn up until more than halfway through Ian Fleming's latest book.[19]Anthony Boucher meanwhile wrote that the "author has reached an unprecedented low".[22]

Not all reviews were negative. Esther Howard wrote in The Spectator, "Surprisingly Ian Fleming's new book is a romantic one and, except for some early sex in England (rather well done, this) only just as nasty as is needed to show how absolutely thrilling it is for ... the narrator to be rescued from both death and worse – than by a he-man like James Bond. Myself, I like the Daphne du Maurier touch and prefer it this way but I doubt his real fans will."[27]

Fleming's original novel was adapted as a daily comic strip which was published in the British Daily Express newspaper and syndicated around the world. The adaptation ran from 18 December 1967 to 3 October 1968. The adaptation was written by Jim Lawrence and illustrated by Yaroslav Horak.[28] It was the last Ian Fleming work to be adapted as a comic strip.[28] The strip was reprinted by Titan Books in The James Bond Omnibus Vol. 2, published in 2011.[29]

The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)

In 1977, the title was used for the tenth film in the Eon Productions series. It was the third to star Roger Moore as British Secret Service agent Commander James Bond. Although Fleming had insisted that no film should contain anything of the plot of the novel, the steel-toothed character of Horror was included, although under the name Jaws.[30]

1.
The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
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The Spy Who Loved Me is the tenth spy film in the James Bond series, and the third to star Roger Moore as the fictional secret agent James Bond. Curd Jürgens and Barbara Bach co-star and it was directed by Lewis Gilbert and the screenplay was written by Christopher Wood and Richard Maibaum. The film takes its title from Ian Flemings novel The Spy Who Loved Me, the storyline involves a reclusive megalomaniac named Karl Stromberg, who plans to destroy the world and create a new civilisation under the sea. Bond teams up with a Russian agent, Anya Amasova, to stop Stromberg, the Spy Who Loved Me was well-received by critics. The soundtrack composed by Marvin Hamlisch also met with success, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards amid many other nominations and novelised in 1977 by Christopher Wood as James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me. British and Soviet ballistic-missile submarines are mysteriously disappearing, James Bond—MI6 agent 007—is summoned to investigate. On the way to his briefing, he escapes an ambush by Soviet agents in Austria, the plans for a highly advanced submarine tracking system are being offered in Egypt. There, he encounters Major Anya Amasova—KGB agent Triple X—his rival to recover the microfilm plans and they travel across Egypt together, encountering Jaws – a tall assassin with steel teeth – along the way. Bond and Amasova reluctantly team up after a truce is agreed by their respective British and they identify the person responsible for the thefts as the shipping tycoon, scientist and anarchist Karl Stromberg. While travelling by train to Strombergs base in Sardinia, Bond saves Amasova from Jaws, posing as a marine biologist and his wife, they visit Strombergs base and discover that he had launched a mysterious new supertanker, the Liparus, nine months previously. Jaws escapes while Naomi is killed, Bond finds out that the Liparus has never visited any known port or harbour. Amasova discovers that Bond killed her lover in Austria, and she vows to kill Bond once their mission ends, Bond and Amasova examine Strombergs underwater Atlantis base from an American submarine, and confirm that he is operating the stolen tracking system. Stromberg sets his plan in motion, the launching of nuclear missiles from British and Soviet submarines to destroy Moscow. This would trigger a nuclear war, which Stromberg would survive in Atlantis. He leaves for Atlantis with Amasova, Bond escapes and frees the captured British, Russian and American submariners and they battle the Liparuss crew. Bond reprograms the submarines to fire missiles at other, saving Moscow. The victorious submariners escape the sinking Liparus on the American submarine, the submarine is ordered to destroy Atlantis but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first. He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws, whom he drops into a shark tank, however, Jaws fatally bites the shark and escapes

2.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine

3.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow

4.
Jonathan Cape
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Jonathan Cape was a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960. Cape and his business partner Wren Howard set up the house in 1921. They established a reputation for quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firms editor. Capes list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C, day Lewis, to childrens authors such as Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence. After Capes death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses, in 1987 it was taken over by Random House in 1987. Its name continues as one of Random Houses British imprints, Herbert Jonathan Cape was born in London on 15 November 1879, the youngest of the seven children of Jonathan Cape, a clerk from Ireby in what is now Cumbria, and his wife Caroline, née Page. He received a basic schooling and in his teens he was taken on by Hatchards bookshop in Piccadilly as an errand-boy. In 1904 he joined the house of Duckworth as London traveller. In 1914, on the outbreak of the Great War, he took over the charge of the business when the proprietor. In December of that year Cape joined the army, serving for the rest of the war, Cape returned to Duckworth in 1918. In 1920 he was appointed manager of the Medici Society, known mainly for publishing prints of paintings, while in this post he met George Wren Howard,14 years his junior, who was learning the publishing trade at the Medici Society. Capes biographer Rupert Hart-Davis writes, Cape quickly saw that Howard had a sense of design in book production, as well as a good business head. After some months they decided there was no future for them where they were. Howard was able to raise money from his family, Cape, with no such option, raised his share of the starting capital by selling cheap paperback reprints of novels by Elinor Glyn. Duckworth held the rights to her books, but did not wish to issue cut-price editions, Cape negotiated the rights in early 1920, with just enough starting capital, the firm of Jonathan Cape began trading on 1 January 1921 at 11 Gower Street, Bloomsbury. Cape and Howard recruited Edward Garnett as their editor and reader, Garnett, described by The Times as the prince of publishers readers, remained with the firm until his death in 1937. Hart-Davis credits Garnetts literary judgment and Howards production with gaining the firm an outstanding reputation for quality during the two decades. The firms first publication was regarded as a gamble, Cape published a new two-volume edition, at the high price of nine guineas

5.
Thunderball (novel)
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Thunderball is the ninth book in Ian Flemings James Bond series, and the eighth full-length James Bond novel. It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 27 March 1961, the story centres on the theft of two atomic bombs by the crime syndicate SPECTRE and the subsequent attempted blackmail of the Western powers for their return. James Bond, Secret Service operative 007, travels to the Bahamas to work with his friend Felix Leiter, seconded back into the CIA for the investigation. Thunderball also introduces SPECTREs leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld, in the first of three appearances in Bond novels, with On Her Majestys Secret Service and You Only Live Twice being the others. Thunderball has been adapted four times, once in a comic strip format for the Daily Express newspaper, twice for the cinema and once for the radio. The Daily Express strip was cut short on the order of its owner, Lord Beaverbrook, on screen, Thunderball was released in 1965 as the fourth film in the Eon Productions series, with Sean Connery as James Bond. The second adaptation, Never Say Never Again, was released as an independent production in 1983 also starring Connery as Bond and was produced by Kevin McClory, BBC Radio 4 aired an adaptation in December 2016, directed by Martin Jarvis. It starred Toby Stephens as Bond and Tom Conti as Largo, Thunderball begins with a meeting between Bond and his superior, M, during which the agent is told that his latest physical assessment is poor because of excessive drinking and smoking. M sends Bond on a treatment at the Shrublands health clinic to improve his health. At the clinic Bond encounters Count Lippe, a member of the Red Lightning Tong criminal organisation from Macau, when Bond learns of the Tong connection, Lippe tries to kill him by tampering with a spinal traction machine. Bond, however, is saved by nurse Patricia Fearing and later retaliates against Lippe by trapping him in a bath, resulting in the Counts second-degree burns. SPECTRE is headed by criminal mastermind Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Count Lippe was dispatched to Shrublands to oversee Giuseppe Petacchi of the Italian Air Force, at the Boscombe Down Airfield, a bomber squadron base. Although Lippe was successful, Blofeld considered him unreliable, because of his clash with Bond and, as a consequence. Acting as a NATO observer of Royal Air Force procedure, Petacchi is in SPECTREs pay to hijack the bomber in mid-flight by killing its crew and flying it to the Bahamas. Once there, Petacchi is killed and the plane, with bombs, are taken by Emilio Largo on board the cruiser yacht Disco Volante, the Americans and the British launch Operation Thunderball to foil SPECTRE and recover the two atomic bombs. On a hunch, M assigns Bond to the Bahamas to investigate, there, Bond meets Felix Leiter, seconded to the CIA from his usual role at Pinkertons because of the Thunderball crisis. While in Nassau, Bond meets Dominetta Domino Vitali, Largos mistress and she is living on board the Disco Volante and believes Largo is on a treasure hunt, although Largo makes her stay ashore while he and his partners hunt hidden treasure. After seducing her, Bond informs her that Largo killed her brother, Domino re-boards the Disco Volante with a Geiger counter to ascertain if the yacht is where the two nuclear bombs are hidden

6.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)
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On Her Majestys Secret Service is the tenth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 1 April 1963. The initial and secondary print runs sold out, with over 60,000 books sold in the first month, Fleming wrote the book in Jamaica whilst the first film in the Eon Productions series of films, Dr. No, was being filmed nearby. On Her Majestys Secret Service is the book in what is known as the Blofeld trilogy. The story centres on Bonds ongoing search to find Ernst Stavro Blofeld after the Thunderball incident, after meeting him and discovering his latest plans, Bond attacks the centre where he is based, although Blofeld escapes in the confusion. Bond meets and falls in love with Contessa Teresa Tracy di Vicenzo during the story, the pair marry at the end of the story but Blofeld kills Bonds wife, hours after the ceremony. Fleming made a number of revelations about Bonds character within the book, on Her Majestys Secret Service received broadly good reviews in the British and American press. The novel was adapted to run as a story in Playboy in 1963. In 1969 the novel was adapted as the film in the Eon Productions James Bond film series and was the only film to star George Lazenby as Bond. In 2014 On Her Majestys Secret Service was adapted as a play on BBC Radio, for more than a year, James Bond, British Secret Service operative 007, has been involved in Operation Bedlam, trailing the private criminal organisation SPECTRE and its leader, Ernst Stavro Blofeld. The organisation had hijacked two nuclear devices and subsequently blackmailed the western world, as described in Thunderball, convinced SPECTRE no longer exists, Bond is frustrated by MI6s insistence that he continue the search and his inability to find Blofeld. He composes a letter of resignation for his superior, M, the following day Bond follows her and interrupts her attempted suicide, but they are captured by professional henchmen. They are taken to the offices of Marc-Ange Draco, head of the Unione Corse, Tracy is the daughter and only child of Draco who believes the only way to save his daughter from further suicide attempts is for Bond to marry her. To facilitate this, he offers Bond a dowry of £1 million, Bond refuses the offer, afterwards Draco uses his contacts to inform Bond that Blofeld is somewhere in Switzerland. On a visit to the College of Arms, Bond finds that the motto of Sir Thomas Bond is The World Is Not Enough. Blofeld has undergone plastic surgery partly to remove his earlobes, but also to himself from the police. Bond learns Blofeld has been curing a group of young British and Irish women of their livestock, believing himself discovered, Bond escapes by ski from Piz Gloria, chased by SPECTRE operatives, a number of whom he kills in the process. Afterward, in a state of exhaustion, he encounters Tracy. She is in the town at the base of the mountain after being told by her father that Bond may be in the vicinity, Bond is too weak to take on Blofelds henchmen alone and she helps him escape to the airport

7.
Albert R. Broccoli
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Albert Romolo Broccoli, nicknamed Cubby, was an American film producer who made more than 40 motion pictures throughout his career. Most of the films were made in the United Kingdom and often filmed at Pinewood Studios, co-founder of Danjaq, LLC and Eon Productions, Broccoli is most notable as the producer of many of the James Bond films. He and Harry Saltzman saw the films develop from relatively low-budget origins to large-budget, high-grossing extravaganzas, and Broccolis heirs continue to produce new Bond films. Albert R. Cubby Broccoli was born in the borough of Queens, New York City and he acquired his nickname after his cousin, mobster Pat DiCicco, began calling him Kabibble, eventually shortened to Kubbie and adopted by Broccoli as Cubby. The family later bought a farm in Smithtown, New York, on Long Island, at the beginning of the 1950s, Broccoli moved once more, this time to London, where the British government provided subsidies to film productions made in the UK with British casts and crews. Together with Irving Allen, Broccoli formed Warwick Films that made a prolific, Saltzman and Broccoli produced the first Bond movie, Dr. No, in 1962. Their second, From Russia with Love, was a success and from then on the films grew in cost, action. With larger casts, more difficult stunts and special effects, and a dependence on exotic locations. Nonetheless, by the mid-1960s, Broccoli had put all of his energies into the Bond series. Saltzman and Broccoli had differences over Saltzmans outside commitments, but in the end it was Saltzman who withdrew from Danjaq, while Saltzmans departure brought the franchise a step closer to corporate control, Broccoli lost relatively little independence or prestige in the bargain. From then until his death, the credits sequence to every EON Bond film would begin with the words Albert R. Broccoli Presents. In 1966, Albert was in Japan with other producers scouting locations to film the next James Bond film You Only Live Twice, Albert had a ticket booked on BOAC Flight 911. He cancelled his ticket on that day so he could see a ninja demonstration, Flight 911 crashed after clear air turbulence. In 1940, at the age of 31, he married actress Gloria Blondell and they later divorced amicably in 1945 without having had children. In 1951, he married Nedra Clark, widow of the singer Buddy Clark, and they adopted a son, Tony Broccoli, after which Nedra became pregnant. She died in 1958, soon giving birth to their daughter. In 1959, Broccoli married actress and novelist Dana Wilson and they had a daughter together, Barbara Broccoli, and Albert Broccoli became a mentor to Danas teenage son, Michael G. Wilson. Broccoli insisted on keeping his family close to him when possible, consequently, the children grew up around the Bond film sets, and his wifes influence on various production decisions is alluded to in many informal accounts

8.
Jaws (James Bond)
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Jaws is a fictional character in the James Bond films The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker, played in both films by Richard Kiel. Jaws is one of the most popular James Bond henchmen and a character in the James Bond video games. His primary role in Ian Flemings novels is an assassin and he is a highly skilled killer relying on his brute strength and improvising any situation to quickly dispatch his victims. The character was inspired by Ian Flemings description of a hoodlum named Horror in his novel The Spy Who Loved Me, when Horror speaks, he reveals steel-capped teeth. The initial script of The Spy Who Loved Me concluded with Jaws being killed by the shark, but after a rough test screening, Jaws was so well-liked that the scene was changed to have him survive. In the storyboard of the sequence from Moonraker, Jaws appears with an Emilio Largo-style eye patch, the characters teeth play a prominent role in the films. Albert R. Broccoli is credited with adding steel teeth to the character for The Spy Who Loved Me, katharina Kubrick Hobbs designed the teeth as cog-like in shape as she felt that pointed teeth could have injured Kiel. Broccoli originally hired John Chambers to make the teeth, however, Broccoli then sent Kiel to Peter Thomas, a dental technician who worked near Pinewood Studios, to construct the appliances. Kiel stated the props were uncomfortable for him and he could wear them for less than one minute before gagging. When Kiel was required to use the teeth to bite through something, after shooting a scene, the teeth were placed in a plastic container with cotton wool in the bottom of it and the teeth were rinsed with mouthwash before drying for use in the next scene. After the James Bond films, the teeth were taken to an unknown location, in 2002, the teeth were displayed as part of an exhibition at The Science Museum, London to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the release of Dr. No. Recently, Jaws teeth were acquired by the Admiral Hotel, in Milan, Jaws first appeared in the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me as a henchman to the villain, Karl Stromberg. In the next film, Moonraker, Jaws is employed by both Bonds unspecified enemy in the sequence, and the main villain Hugo Drax. Jaws is evidently well known amongst criminals, as Drax is pleased to learn that Jaws is available to hire. In his second appearance Jaws changed from a ruthless and unstoppable killing machine to more of a figure and he eventually turns against Drax. In addition to having steel teeth, Jaws was also gigantic and extremely strong, in Moonraker he gains a girlfriend, Dolly, who like Jaws seems to almost never speak and who is the primary reason for his reformation. Jaws also has an ability to survive any misfortune seemingly unscathed. In Moonraker, he survives falling several thousand feet after accidentally disabling his own parachute, a crash through a building inside a cable car

9.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street

10.
Roger Moore
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Sir Roger George Moore KBE is an English actor. He is best known for playing the British secret agent James Bond in seven films between 1973 and 1985 and Simon Templar in The Saint between 1962 and 1969. Roger Moore was born on 14 October 1927 in Stockwell, London and he is the only child of Lillian Lily, a housewife, and George Alfred Moore, a policeman. His mother was born in Calcutta, India, of English origin and he attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during World War II. He was then educated at Dr Challoners Grammar School in Amersham and he then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but did not graduate. At 18, shortly after the end of World War II, on 21 September 1946, he was commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps as a second lieutenant. He was given the service number 372394 and he eventually became a captain, commanding a small depot in West Germany. He later looked after entertainers for the forces passing through Hamburg. At RADA, Moore was a classmate of his future Bond costar Lois Maxwell, Moore chose to leave RADA after six months in order to seek paid employment as an actor. His film idol was Stewart Granger, at the age of 17, Moore appeared as an extra in the film Caesar and Cleopatra, meeting his idol on the set. Later Moore and Granger were both in The Wild Geese, though they had no scenes together, other actors in that show included Clive Morton and Betty Ann Davies. Although Moore signed a contract with MGM in 1954, the films that followed were not successes and, in his own words. He appeared in Interrupted Melody—billed third under Glenn Ford and Eleanor Parker—a biographical movie about an opera singers recovery from polio and that same year, he played a supporting role in The Kings Thief starring Ann Blyth, Edmund Purdom, David Niven and George Sanders. In the 1956 film Diane, Moore was billed again, this time under Lana Turner and Pedro Armendariz in a 16th-century period piece set in France with Moore playing Prince Henri. Moore was released from his MGM contract after two years following the critical and commercial failure of Diane. After that, he spent a few years mainly doing one-shot parts in television series and he signed another long-term contract to a studio, this time to Warner Bros. His starring role in The Miracle, a version of the play Das Mirakel for Warner Bros. showcasing Carroll Baker as a nun, had turned down by Dirk Bogarde. Eventually, Moore made his name in television, shot mainly in England at Elstree Studios and Buckinghamshire, some of the show was also filmed in California due to a partnership with Columbia Studios Screen Gems

11.
Windsor, Berkshire
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Windsor is a historic market town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the residences of the British Royal Family. The town is situated 23 miles west of Charing Cross, London,7 miles south east of Maidenhead and it is immediately south of the River Thames, which forms its boundary with its ancient twin town of Eton. Windlesora is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the name originates from old English Windles-ore or winch by the riverside. By the late 12th century the settlement at Windelsora was renamed Old Windsor, the early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conqueror had a timber motte and bailey castle constructed. The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, from about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the sites link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, after the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Book under the entry for Clewer, although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century, King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century,1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephens reign. At about the time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. It had a merchant guild from the early 13th century and, under patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277. Somewhat unusually, this gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor. Windsors position as town of Berkshire was short-lived, however. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century, as a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century. New Windsor was a significant town in the Middle Ages. Its prosperity came from its association with the royal household

12.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected

13.
Adirondack Mountains
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The Adirondack Mountains /ædᵻˈrɒndæk/ form a massif in the northeast of Upstate New York in the United States. Its boundaries correspond to the boundaries of Adirondack Park, the mountains form a roughly circular dome, about 160 miles in diameter and about 1 mile high. The current relief owes much to glaciation, the earliest written use of the name, spelled Rontaks, was in 1724 by the French missionary Joseph-François Lafitau. He defined it as tree eaters, in the Mohawk language, Adirondack means porcupine, an animal that may eat bark. The Mohawks had no written language at the time so Europeans have used various phonetic spellings, an English map from 1761 labels it simply Deer Hunting Country and the mountains were named Adirondacks in 1837 by Ebenezer Emmons. People first arrived in the following the settlement of the Americas around 10,000 BC. The Algonquian peoples and the Mohawk nation used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, european colonisation of the area began with Samuel de Champlain visiting what is now Ticonderoga in 1609, and Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues visited the region in 1642. In 1664 the land came under the control of the English when New Netherland was ceded to The Crown, after the American Revolutionary War, the lands passed to the people of New York State. Needing money to war debts, the new government sold nearly all the original public acreage about 7 million acres for pennies an acre. Lumbermen were welcomed to the interior, with few restraints, resulting in massive deforestation, for the history of the area since industrialization, see The History of Adirondack Park. In 1989, part of the Adirondack region was designated by UNESCO as the Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve, the rocks of the mountains originated about two billion years ago as 50,000 feet deep sediments at the bottom of a sea near the equator. Because of continental drift these collided with Laurentia in a mountain building episode known as the Grenville orogeny, during this time the sedimentary rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It is these Proterozoic minerals and lithologies that make up the core of the massif, such minerals of interest include, wollastonite, mined near Harrisville magnetite and hematite, formerly mined at the Benson Mines, Lyon Mountain, Mineville, Tawahus, and Witherbee. Graphite, mined near Hague and Ticonderoga, garnet, mined at the Barton Mine, north of Gore Mountain. Anorthosite, visible in road cuts on the New York State Route 3 between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake, marble zinc, The Balmat-Edwards district on the northwest flank of the massif also in St. Lawrence County was a major zinc ore deposit titanium was mined at Tawahus. Around 600 million years ago the area began to be pulled apart, as Laurentia drifted away from Baltica, faults developed, running north to north east which formed valleys and deep lakes. Examples visible today include the grabens Lake George and Schroon Lake, by this time the Grenville mountains had been eroded away and the area was covered by a shallow sea. Several thousand feet of sediment accumulated on the sea bed, trilobites were the principal life-form of the sea bed, and fossil tracks can be seen in the Potsdam sandstone floor of the Paul Smiths Visitor Interpretive Center

14.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war

15.
SPECTRE
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SPECTRE is a fictional organisation featured in the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, the films based on those novels, and James Bond video games. Led by evil genius and supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the international organisation first formally appeared in the novel Thunderball and in the film Dr. No. SPECTRE began in the novels as a group of criminals but became a vast international organisation with its own SPECTRE Island training base in the films. In Ian Flemings novels, SPECTRE is a commercial enterprise led by Blofeld and their début is in the 9th Bond book, Thunderball. Flemings SPECTRE has elements inspired by mafia syndicates and organised crime rings that were hunted by law enforcement in the 1950s. During the events of Thunderball, SPECTRE successfully hijack two nuclear warheads and plan to hold the world to ransom, Blofeld, with a weakened SPECTRE, would appear for the final time in book 12, You Only Live Twice. By this point, the organisation has largely been shut down, in the films, the organisation often acts as a third party in the ongoing Cold War. Its long-term strategy, however, is illustrated by the analogy of the three Siamese fighting fish Blofeld keeps in an aquarium in the version of From Russia with Love. Blofeld notes that one fish is refraining from fighting two others until their fight is concluded, then, that cunning fish attacks the weakened victor and kills it easily. Thus SPECTREs main strategy is to instigate conflict between two enemies, namely the superpowers, hoping that they will exhaust themselves and be vulnerable when it seizes power. SPECTRE thus works with, and against, both sides of the Cold War, in both the film and the novel Thunderball, the physical headquarters of the organisation are laid in Paris, operating behind a terrorist front organisation aiding refugees. Organisational discipline is notoriously draconian, with the penalty for disobedience or failure being death, SPECTRE is headed by the supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld who usually appears accompanied by a Chinchilla Persian cat in the films, but not in the books. In both the films and the novels, Emilio Largo is the second in command and it is stated in the novel that if something were to happen to Blofeld, Largo would assume command. Largo appears in the novel Thunderball, the version and its remake, Never Say Never Again. Members are typically referred to by number rather than by name, in the novels, the numbers of members were initially assigned at random and then rotated on a regular basis to prevent detection. However, in the films the number indicates rank within the organisation, Blofeld is always referred to as Number 1 and Emilio Largo, the SPECTRE cabinet had a total of twenty-one members. Blofeld was the chairman and leader because he founded the organisation, a physicist named Kotze and an electronics expert named Maslov were also included in the group for their expertise on scientific and technical matters. In the original Bond novel series, SPECTREs first and last appearance as a power is in the novel Thunderball

16.
Raymond Benson
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Raymond Benson is an American author best known for being the official author of the James Bond novels from 1997 to 2003. Benson was born in Midland, Texas and graduated from Permian High School in Odessa in 1973, in primary school Benson took an interest in the piano which would later in his life develop into an interest in composing music. Other hobbies include film history and criticism, writing, and designing computer games, in 1984, Benson wrote The James Bond Bedside Companion, a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. The book was updated in 1988 and has since been re-released digitally without further updating and it was nominated for an Edgar Award by Mystery Writers of America in the Best Biographical/Critical Work category. In 1985, he worked as a designer and writer on the computer game James Bond 007 and he followed this in 1986 with work on a computer game version of Goldfinger and co-authoring the You Only Live Twice II module of the popular role-playing game James Bond 007. In 1996, John Gardner resigned from writing Bond books, glidrose Publications promptly chose Benson to replace him. As a James Bond novelist, Raymond Benson was initially controversial for being American, the author did much to placate these concerns, however, and promptly embarked on regular tours to promote his novels in the UK, as well as occasional trips to mainland Europe. Several signing sessions were held at the offices of his UK publisher Hodder & Stoughton, in total, Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelizations, and three short stories. He was the first Bond author since Ian Fleming to write short stories, glidrose changed its name to Ian Fleming Publications commencing with Bensons novel, High Time to Kill. Benson resigned from writing Bond books in 2003, in 2008 High Time to Kill, Doubleshot, Never Dream of Dying and his 1997 short story Blast from the Past were grouped and released as an omnibus called The Union Trilogy, Three 007 Novels. In 2004, Benson began writing the first of two based on the acclaimed video game series, Splinter Cell, although both are credited to the pseudonym, David Michaels. Further titles in the Splinter Cell series have also credited to David Michaels. The first book, Tom Clancys Splinter Cell was published in 2004 followed by Tom Clancys Splinter Cell, in 2008 Benson wrote A Hard Days Death about a private investigator who looks into the death of a rock star. The book spawned a novel in 2009 called Dark Side of the Morgue. The two novels plus a short story, On the Threshold of a Death, were collected in 2011 as an e-book anthology, The Rock n Roll Detectives Greatest Hits. Benson also wrote the novelization of the video game Metal Gear Solid in 2008 and followed it in 2009 with a novelization of Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. His entry in the Gabriel Hunt pulp adventure series, Hunt Through Napoleons Web, further video game novelizations continued in 2011, when Benson co-authored Homefront--the Voice of Freedom with John Milius, as a prequel to the THQ videogame Homefront. 2012 saw the announcement that Benson would also write Hitman, Damnation, Bensons first novel in a series of womens action/adventure thrillers, The Black Stiletto, was published in September 2011

17.
Casino Royale (novel)
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Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming. The story concerns the British secret agent James Bond, gambling at the casino in Royale-les-Eaux to bankrupt Le Chiffre, the treasurer of a French union and a member of the Russian secret service. Bond is supported in his endeavours by Vesper Lynd, a member of his own service, as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA, Fleming wrote the draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica while awaiting his marriage. He was initially unsure whether the work was suitable for publication, but was assured by his friend, the novelist William Plomer, since publication Casino Royale has appeared as a comic strip in a British national newspaper, The Daily Express. As part of Bonds cover as a rich Jamaican playboy, M also assigns as his companion Vesper Lynd, the CIA and the French Deuxième Bureau also send agents as observers. The game soon turns into a confrontation between Le Chiffre and Bond, Le Chiffre wins the first round, cleaning Bond out of his funds. As Bond contemplates the prospect of reporting his failure to M, the CIA agent, Felix Leiter, gives him an envelope of money, with the compliments of the USA. The game continues, despite the attempts of one of Le Chiffres minders to kill Bond, Bond eventually wins, taking from Le Chiffre eighty million francs belonging to SMERSH. Desperate to recover the money, Le Chiffre kidnaps Lynd and tortures Bond, during the torture session, a SMERSH assassin enters and kills Le Chiffre as punishment for losing the money. The agent does not kill Bond, saying that he has no orders to do so, Lynd visits Bond every day as he recuperates in hospital, and he gradually realises that he loves her, he even contemplates leaving the Secret Service to settle down with her. When he is released from hospital they spend time together at a quiet guest house, one day they see a mysterious man named Gettler tracking their movements, which greatly distresses Lynd. The following morning, Bond finds that she has committed suicide and she leaves behind a note explaining that she had been working as an unwilling double agent for the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Bond informs his service of Lynds duplicity, coldly telling his contact, Ian Fleming, born in 1908, was a son of Valentine Fleming, a wealthy banker and MP who died in action on the Western Front in May 1917. Fleming joined the organisation full-time in August 1939, with the codename 17F, early in 1939 he began an affair with Ann ONeill, who was married to the 3rd Baron ONeill. In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit and his friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye. The name of the house and estate has many possible sources, Fleming mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye and Carson McCullers 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye, which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the US Navy. Upon Flemings demobilisation in May 1945, he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, in this role he oversaw the papers worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to two months holiday every winter in Jamaica

18.
Goldfinger (novel)
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Goldfinger is the seventh novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 23 March 1959. Goldfinger originally bore the title The Richest Man in the World and was written in January and February 1958. As well as establishing the background to the operation, Bond uncovers a much larger plot. Fleming developed the James Bond character more in Goldfinger than in the six novels, presenting him as a more complex individual. The Saint George theme is echoed by the fact that it is a British agent sorting out an American problem, upon learning of the use of his name, Goldfinger threatened to sue over the use of the name, before the matter was settled out of court. Fleming had based the character on American gold tycoon Charles W. Engelhard. Most recently, Goldfinger was adapted for BBC Radio with Toby Stephens as Bond, Fleming structured the novel in three sections—Happenstance, Coincidence and Enemy action—which was how Goldfinger described Bonds three seemingly coincidental meetings with him. Bond quickly realises that Goldfinger is indeed cheating with the aid of his assistant, Jill Masterton. Bond blackmails Goldfinger into admitting it and paying back DuPonts lost money, Bond visits the Bank of England for a briefing with Colonel Smithers on the methods of gold smuggling. Coincidence Bond contrives to meet and have a round of golf with Goldfinger, Goldfinger attempts to win the match by cheating. He is subsequently invited back to Goldfingers mansion near Reculver where he narrowly escapes being caught on camera looking over the house, Goldfinger introduces Bond to his factotum, a Korean named Oddjob. Issued by MI6 with an Aston Martin DB Mark III, Bond trails Goldfinger as he takes his vintage Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost via air ferry to Switzerland, driven by Oddjob. Bond manages to trace Goldfinger to a warehouse in Geneva where he finds that the armour of Goldfingers car is actually white-gold, cast into panels at his Kent refinery. When the car reaches Goldfingers factory in Switzerland, he recasts the gold from the panels into aircraft seats and fits them to the Mecca Charter Airline. The gold is sold in India at a vast profit. Bond foils an attempt on Goldfinger by Jill Mastertons sister, Tilly, to avenge Jills death at Goldfingers hands, he had painted her body with gold paint. Bond and Tilly attempt to escape when the alarm is raised, Enemy action Bond is tortured by Oddjob when he refuses to confess his role in trailing Goldfinger. In a desperate attempt to survive being cut in two by a saw, Bond offers to work for Goldfinger, a ruse that Goldfinger initially refuses

19.
Saint George
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Saint George, according to legend, was a Roman soldier of Syrian origin and officer in the Guard of Roman emperor Diocletian, who ordered his death for failing to recant his Christian faith. As a Christian martyr, he became one of the most venerated saints in Christianity. In hagiography, as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most prominent military saints, he is immortalised in the myth of Saint George and his memorial, Saint Georges Day, is traditionally celebrated on April 23. Numerous countries, cities, professions and organisations claim Saint George as their patron, accounts differ regarding whether George was born in Cappadocia or Syria Palaestina, but agree that he was raised at least partly in Lydda. There is little information on the life of Saint George. Two stories tell of his possible origins, one says that he was born in the region of Cappadocia, which is now located in central Turkey. Georges parents were both Christian, and they brought him up to be a Christian and his father died when he was fourteen, and his mother took George back to her homeland of Palestine. At seventeen, he joined the Roman army, a second story says that Georges father came from Cappadocia. His mother was from Lydda, in Palestine, and George was born in Lydda, both of his parents were from noble Syrian families and gave him the Greek name of Georgios. Georges father had been an officer in the Roman army, so George joined the Roman army as soon as he could, an earlier work by Eusebius, Church history, written in the 4th century, contributed to the legend but did not name George or provide significant detail. A critical edition of a Syriac Acta of Saint George, accompanied by an annotated English translation, was published by E. W. Brooks in 1925. Pope Gelasius I stated that George was among those whose names are justly reverenced among men. The traditional legends have offered a narration of Georges encounter with a dragon. The modern legend that follows below is synthesised from early and late hagiographical sources, chief among the legendary sources about the saint is the Golden Legend, which remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxtons 15th-century translation. At the age of 14, George lost his father, a few years later, George then decided to go to Nicomedia and present himself to Diocletian to apply for a career as a soldier. Diocletian welcomed him with arms, as he had known his father. By his late twenties, George was promoted to the rank of military tribune, however, George objected, and with the courage of his faith, approached the Emperor and ruler. Diocletian was upset, not wanting to lose his best tribune, but George loudly renounced the Emperors edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian

20.
Goldeneye (estate)
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Goldeneye is the original name of James Bond novelist Ian Flemings estate on Oracabessa bay on the northern coastline of Jamaica. He purchased land adjacent to the renowned Golden Clouds estate in 1946, constructed from Flemings sketch, the modest three bedroom structure was fitted with wooden jalousie windows and a swimming pool. Flemings visitors at Goldeneye included actors, musicians and filmmakers, the property now operates as Goldeneye Hotel and Resort, an upmarket retreat consisting of Flemings main house and several cottages. The estate is located in the Oracabessa Bay Fish Sanctuary, established in 2011 to protect the marine ecosystem. It is adjacent to James Bond Beach, the land is on the site of a former donkey racetrack. The home was built on a cliff overlooking a beach based on a sketch by the author. Fleming joined The Sunday Times in 1946, for which he oversaw the worldwide network of correspondents. He negotiated a contract whereby he could spend three months of year at Goldeneye. Ann was then married to Lord Rothermere and he thought Ann was with Noel Coward, on 17 February 1952 James Bond appeared in the first Bond novel, Casino Royale. For the next years, Fleming wrote all his Bond stories there. A number of the Bond movies, including Dr, no and Live and Let Die, were filmed near the estate. In 1956 British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden and his wife Clarissa spent a month at Goldeneye after Edens health collapsed in the wake of the Suez Crisis, the attendant publicity helped to boost Flemings writing career. In 1976, twelve years after Ian Flemings death, the property was sold to reggae musician Bob Marley, a year later he sold the estate to Island Records founder Chris Blackwell. In 1995 GoldenEye became the title of the seventeenth James Bond film, Blackwell gradually added 25 acres in small parcels to the original estate to reach a current total of 40 acres. As it grew, he added various cottages and huts around an inner lagoon sandwiched between James Bond Beach and Low Cay Beach. In the late 1980s, he formed the Island Outpost Company, rather than a traditional hotel, Goldeneye resort is a compound of tropical buildings, gardens and private beaches. It closed in 2007 for major additions and renovations, and reopened in December 2010, the property was equally popular with a coterie of Hollywood stars and British literary greats as it was British aristocrats and international heads of state. Errol Flynn, Lucian Freud, Truman Capote, Patrick Leigh Fermor, the Duchess of Devonshire, Princess Margaret, Eden even made the property the temporary Headquarters for the British government during the Suez Crisis of 1956

21.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time

22.
Robert Harling (typographer)
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Robert Henry Harling was a British typographer, designer, journalist and novelist who lived to the age of 98. Robert Harlings success came despite an unpromising upbringing and he was born in Highbury, London, in 1910, and was orphaned at an early age being brought up by his mothers friend, a nurse whom he regarded as an aunt. After her marriage they moved to Brighton, bringing him in contact with the Royal Pavilion, and an appreciation for architecture and design, and the Sea. With the death of his uncle he returned to Islington with his aunt and this was the story he put about. Later research showed this was complete invention and he grew up and went to school in Islington, with a living mother and a father who drove a London taxi. He had a brother and a first wife who, like his parents, had been excised by Harling from his biography. He attributed his interest in lettering from his study of Pears Cyclopaedia and he was fascinated by the reproductions of assay marks for plate, fine examples of English vernacular lettering. His uncle would enlarged them for him photographically so he could copy them. This love of letter-forms and contemporary gothic led him to the Central School of Arts and Crafts, having rejected a place at Oxford. He briefly kept a bookshop in Lambs Conduit Street, and then got a job as a trainee at the Daily Mail, but as he would tell friends later left, quite untrained, a year later. This led him to write and publish two books prior to the war, The London Miscellany and Home, a vignette, both drew on his love of 19th-century architecture and design. In 1939 Robert Harling met Ian Fleming, the meeting was no accident, Fleming, was serving in Naval Intelligence, and had heard about Harlings editorship of the Typography journal, which was setting new standards for the design and display of printed matter. This led him to commission Harling to redesign the Admiraltys weekly intelligence report, Harling, a keen amateur sailor, volunteered for the Royal Navy. Before he finished training, under the legendary Captain O. M, watts, he found himself at Dunkirk in charge of a whaler. Sub-Lieutenant Harling, RNVR, next found himself navigator of a corvette and this led him to write The Steep Atlantic Stream, published by Chatto and Windus in 1946, based on his experiences in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean between 1941 and 1942. This led to an adventurous air-trip to various parts of the world to collect data, on forming 30AU Fleming again tapped Harling. Landing soon after D-Day, he pursued the task assigned to the unit to pick up enemy code-books, security documents and wireless equipment through fierce fighting round Cherbourg, a final mission to Norway to disarm German naval forces brought a close to Harlings war. In between convoy duty and the ISTD Harling had redesigned the ailing Daily Sketch for Lord Kemsley and he now invited Harling to become typographical adviser to The Sunday Times, where his friend Fleming had become Foreign News Manager

23.
Shilling
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The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries. The word shilling comes from scilling, a term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and from there back to Old Norse. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include bob and hog, while the derivation of bob is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was bobstick and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s, often it was represented by a solidus symbol, which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ, thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence. A price with no pence was sometimes written with a slash, the solidus symbol is still used for the shilling currency unit in former British East Africa, rather than sh. During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound of silver into 66 shillings. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, in the past, the English world has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere, a shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII. The term shilling was in use in Scotland from early medieval times, the common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling was issued as scilling in Irish and it was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side, the first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin ) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963, in 1966, Australias currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin, where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar. The slang term for a coin in Australia was deener. The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was bob, after 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933, in 1967, New Zealands currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight

24.
Guinea (coin)
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The guinea was a coin of approximately one quarter ounce of gold that was minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814. From 1717 to 1816, its value was fixed at twenty-one shillings. Then, Britain adopted the standard and guinea became a colloquial or specialised term. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, where much of the used to make the coins originated. The name also forms the basis for the Arabic word for the Egyptian pound الجنيه el-Genēh / el-Geni, the first guinea was produced on 6 February 1663, a proclamation of 27 March 1663 made the coins legal currency. One troy pound of 11/12 fine gold would make 44½ guineas, the denomination was originally worth one pound, or twenty shillings, but an increase in the price of gold during the reign of King Charles II led to the market trading it at a premium. The price of gold continued to increase, especially in times of trouble, and by the 1680s, indeed, in his diary entries for 13 June 1667, Samuel Pepys records that the price was 24 to 25 shillings. The diameter of the coin was 1 inch throughout Charles IIs reign, Guinea was not an official name for the coin, but much of the gold used to produce the early coins came from Guinea in Africa. The coin was produced each year between 1663 and 1684, with the elephant appearing on some coins each year from 1663 to 1665 and 1668, and the elephant and castle on some coins from 1674 onward. The elephant, with or without the castle, symbolises the Royal African Company, the obverse and reverse of this coin were designed by John Roettier. The edge was milled to deter clipping or filing, and to distinguish it from the silver half-crown which had edge lettering, until 1669 the milling was perpendicular to the edge, giving vertical grooves, while from 1670 the milling was diagonal to the edge. John Roettier continued to design the dies for this denomination in the reign of King James II. In this reign, the coins weighed 8.5 g with a diameter of 25–26 mm, Coins of each year were issued both with and without the elephant and castle mark. The edge of the coins are milled diagonally, with the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, his daughter Mary, and her husband Prince William of Orange ruled jointly by agreement as co-monarchs. Their heads appear conjoined on the piece in Roman style, with Williams head uppermost. By the early part of this reign the value of the guinea had increased to thirty shillings. The guineas of this reign weighed 8, following the death of Queen Mary from smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign as William III. The coins of William IIIs reign weighed 8.4 g with a gold purity of 0.9123

25.
Viking Press
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Viking Press is an American publishing company now owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1,1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheim and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975. The firms name and logo—a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent—were meant to evoke the ideas of adventure, exploration, the house has been home to many prominent authors of fiction, non-fiction, and play scripts. Viking publishes approximately 100 books a year and it is notable for publishing both successful commercial fiction and acclaimed literary fiction and non-fiction, and its paperbacks are most often published by Penguin Books. Vikings current president is Brian Tart, the Viking Childrens Book department was established in 1933, its founding editor was May Massee. Viking Kestrel was one of its imprints and its paperbacks are published by Puffin Books, which includes the Speak and Firebird imprints. From 2012 and as of 2016, Viking Childrens publisher is Kenneth Wright, jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Consulting Editor Viking Press history at Penguin Viking Childrens Books history at Penguin

26.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

27.
The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The newspaper was founded by an Edinburgh-born printer called John Mennons in January 1783 as a publication called the Glasgow Advertiser. Mennons first edition had a scoop, news of the treaties of Versailles. War had ended with the American colonies, he revealed, the Herald, therefore, is as old as the United States of America, give or take an hour or two. The story was, however, only carried on the back page, Mennons, using the larger of two fonts available to him, put it in the space reserved for late news. In 1802, Mennons sold the newspaper to Benjamin Mathie and Dr James McNayr, former owner of the Glasgow Courier, along with the Mercury, was one of two papers Mennons had come to Glasgow to challenge. Mennons son Thomas retained an interest in the company, the new owners changed the name to The Herald and Advertiser and Commercial Chronicle in 1803. In 1805 the name changed again, time to The Glasgow Herald when Thomas Mennons severed his ties to the paper, from 1836 to 1964 The Herald was owned by George Outram & Co. becoming the first daily newspaper in Scotland in 1858. The company took its name from the editor of 19 years, George Outram. Outram was an early Scottish nationalist, a member of the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, any man calling himself a Scotsman should enrol in the National Association, said The Herald. In 1895, the moved to a building in Mitchell Street designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In 1980, the moved to offices in Albion Street in Glasgow into the former Scottish Daily Express building. It is now based at in a building in Renfield Street. One of the most traumatic episodes in the history of The Herald was the battle for control, millionaires Hugh Fraser and Roy Thomson, whose newspaper empire included The Heralds archrival, The Scotsman, fought for control of the title for 52 days. Sir Hugh Fraser was to win, the papers then editor James Holburn was a disapproving onlooker The Labour Party condemned the battle as big business at its worst. The newspaper changed its name to The Herald on 3 February 1992, dropping Glasgow from its title and that same year the title was bought by Caledonia Newspaper Publishing & Glasgow. In 1996 was purchased by Scottish Television, as of 2013 the newspaper along with its related publications, the Evening Times and Sunday Herald, were owned by the Newsquest media group

28.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981

29.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

30.
Mickey Spillane
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Frank Morrison Spillane, better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American crime novelist, whose stories often feature his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally, Spillane was also an occasional actor, once even playing Hammer himself. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Spillane was the child of his Irish bartender father, John Joseph Spillane. Spillane attended Erasmus Hall High School, graduating in 1935. during World War II Spillane enlisted in the Army Air Corps, becoming a fighter pilot and a flight instructor. While flying over Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, he said and he was an active Jehovahs Witness. Mickey and Mary Ann Spillane had four children, and their marriage ended in 1962, in November 1965, he married his second wife, nightclub singer Sherri Malinou. After that marriage ended in divorce in 1983, Spillane shared his waterfront house in Murrells Inlet with his wife, Jane Rogers Johnson, whom he married in October 1983. In the 1960s, Spillane became a friend of the novelist Ayn Rand, despite their apparent differences, Rand admired Spillanes literary style, and Spillane became, as he described it, a fan of Rands work. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo ravaged his Murrells Inlet house to such a degree it had to be almost entirely reconstructed, a television interview showed Spillane standing in the ruins of his house. He received an Edgar Allan Poe Grand Master Award in 1995, Spillanes novels went out of print, but in 2001, the New American Library began reissuing them. Spillane died July 17,2006 at his home in Murrells Inlet, after his death, his friend and literary executor, Max Allan Collins, began the task of editing and completing Spillanes unpublished typescripts, beginning with a Mike Hammer novel, The Goliath Bone. In July 2011, the town of Murrells Inlet named U. S17 Business the Mickey Spillane Waterfront 17 Highway, the proposal first passed the Georgetown County Council in 2006 while Spillane was still alive, but the South Carolina General Assembly rejected the plan then. He is survived by his wife, Jane Spillane, Spillane started as a writer for comic books. While working as a salesman in Gimbels department store basement in 1940, he met tie salesman Joe Gill, Gill told Spillane to meet his brother, Ray Gill, who wrote for Funnies Inc. an outfit that packaged comic books for different publishers. Spillane soon began writing a story every day. He concocted adventures for major 1940s comic book characters, including Captain Marvel, Superman, Batman, two-page text stories, which he wrote in the mid-1940s for Timely, appeared under his name and were collected in Primal Spillane. Spillane joined the United States Army Air Forces on December 8,1941, in the mid-1940s he was stationed as a flight instructor in Greenwood, Mississippi, where he met and married Mary Ann Pearce in 1945. The couple wanted to buy a house in the town of Newburgh, New York,60 miles north of New York City

31.
Vernon Scannell
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Vernon Scannell was a British poet and author. He was at one time a boxer, and wrote novels about the sport. His published poem count stands at 53, Vernon Scannell, whose birth name was John Vernon Bain, was born in 1922 in Spilsby, Lincolnshire. The family, always poor, moved frequently, including Ballaghaderreen in Ireland, Beeston, Bain spent most of his youth growing up in Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. His father had fought in the First World War, and came to make a living as a commercial photographer, Scannell attended the local Queens Park Boys School, an elementary council school He left school at the age of 14 to work as a clerk in an insurance office. His real passions, however, were for the combination of boxing. He frequently read both the poetry of Thomas Hardy and the thrillers of Edgar Wallace, Scannell enlisted in the army as a lark in 1940, shortly after war was declared. He joined the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. and two later was transferred to the Gordon Highlanders, a part of the 51st Highland Division. The war took him into action in the North African desert and he fought at El Alamein and across the western desert during the Eighth Armys drive to reach Tunisia. Following an assault on an Axis held hill bear Gabes he watched as his Gordon Highlanders moved through the recently taken position, looting the dead and he was caught and court-martialled for deserting a forward area. His war ended when he was shot in both legs while on patrol near Caen. He was shipped back to a hospital at Winwick in Lancashire before being sent on to a convalescent depot. Scannell had always very much disliked army life, finding nothing in his temperament which fitted him for the part of a soldier, during this evasive time Scannell was writing poetry and was first published in Tribune and The Adelphi. He was also boxing for Leeds University, winning the Northern Universities Championships at three weights, in 1947 he was arrested and court-martialled and sent to Northfield Military Hospital, a mental institution near Birmingham. On discharge he returned to Leeds and then went to London, Scannell, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature won many poetry awards, including for war poems such as his collection Walking Wounded. A. E. Housman said that the business of poetry is to harmonise the sadness of the universe, Scannells poems, with their themes of love, violence and mortality, were shaped and influenced by his wartime experiences. His final collection, Last Post, was published in 2007, in the late 1950s and early 1960s he was a teacher of English Language and English Literature at Hazelwood School, Limpsfield, Surrey, teaching 8- to 13-year-old pupils. He brought his enthusiasm for boxing into the school and, while he did not exactly teach it and he was also able to write poetry about boxing

32.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931

33.
Anthony Boucher
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Anthony Boucher /ˈbaʊtʃər/ was an American crime and fantastic fiction editor and author of mystery novels and short stories and radio drama scripts in those fields. He was particularly influential as an editor, between 1942 and 1947 he acted as reviewer of mostly mystery fiction for the San Francisco Chronicle. In a 1981 poll of 17 detective story writers and reviewers, white was born in Oakland, California, and went to college at the University of Southern California. He later received a degree from the University of California. He pronounced his adopted name Boucher phonetically, to rhyme with voucher, Boucher was admired for his mystery writing but was most noted for his editing, his science fiction anthologies, and his mystery reviews for many years in The New York Times. He was one of the first English translators of Jorge Luis Borges and he helped found the Mystery Writers of America in 1946 and, in the same year, was one of the first winners of the MWAs Edgar Award for his mystery reviews in the San Francisco Chronicle. He was founding editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction from 1949 to 1958 and he won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine in 1957 and 1958. Boucher also edited the long-running Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction anthology series and his short story The Quest for Saint Aquin was among the stories selected in 1970 by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the best science fiction short stories of all time. As such, it was published in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, Boucher was the friend and mentor of science-fiction writer Philip K. Dick and others. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard and rocket scientist/occultist/fan Jack Parsons, Boucher also scripted for radio and was involved in many other activities, as described by William F. Nolan in his essay Who Was Anthony Boucher. The 1940s proved to be a busy and productive decade for Boucher. By the summer of 1946 he had created his own series for the airwaves. Boucher left dramatic radio in 1948, mainly because I was putting in a lot of working with J. Francis McComas in creating what soon became The Magazine of Fantasy. We got it off the ground in 1949 and saw it take hold solidly by 1950 and this was a major creative challenge and although I was involved in a lot of other projects, I stayed with F&SF into 1958. Throughout his years with the magazine, Boucher was involved in other projects. He wrote fiction for the SF and mystery markets and he taught an informal writing class from his home in Berkeley. Boucher was a poker player, a political activist, a rabid sport fan, an active Sherlockian in the Baker Street Irregulars. Boucher died of cancer on April 29,1968 at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in Oakland

34.
The Spectator
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The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828 and it is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper, via Press Holdings. Its principal subject areas are politics and culture and its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party, although regular contributors include some outside that fold, such as Frank Field, Rod Liddle and Martin Bright. The magazine also contains arts pages on books, music, opera, in late 2008, Spectator Australia was launched. This offers 12 pages of Unique Australian Content in addition to the full UK contents, the Spectator’s founding editor, the Dundonian reformer Robert Stephen Rintoul, launched the paper on 5 December 1828. Almost certainly he revived the title from the 1711 publication by Addison & Steele, the Spectator’s political outlook in its first thirty years reflected Rintoul’s liberal-radical agenda. Despite its political stance it was regarded and respected for its non-partisanship. Under Rintoul The Spectator came out strongly for the Great Reform Act of 1832, coining the phrase, The Bill. And There does not appear to be much glory gained in a contest so unequal that hundreds are killed on one side, what honour is there in going to shoot men, certain that they cannot hurt you. The cause of the war, be it remembered, is as disreputable as the strength of the parties is unequal, the war is undertaken in support of a co-partnery of opium-smugglers, in which the Anglo-Indian Government may be considered as the principal partner. Rintoul died in April 1858 and the magazine, whose circulation was falling, was sold, thereafter, it went into an accelerated period of decline. Records are scarce but it appears that it was owned by a Mr Scott. McHenry was a businessman and Moran was an Assistant Secretary to the ambassador, George M. Dallas, the editor was Thornton Hunt, a friend of Moran who had also worked for Rintoul. Hunt was also nominally the purchaser, having given the necessary monies in an attempt by McHenry. Circulation declined with this loss of independence and inspirational leadership, and the views of James Buchanan, within weeks, the editorial line followed Buchanans pronouncements in being. neither pro-slavery nor pro-abolitionist. The Spectator now would publicly support that policy and this set it at odds with most of the British press but gained it the sympathy of ex-patriate Americans in the country. Richard Fulton notes that from then until 1861, the Spectators commentary on American affairs read like a Buchanan administration propaganda sheet. And that this represented a volte-face, on 19 January 1861, The Spectator was bought by a journalist, Meredith Townsend, for £2000

35.
Daphne du Maurier
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Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning, DBE was an English author and playwright. Although she is classed as a romantic novelist, her stories feature a conventional happy ending. These bestselling works were not at first taken seriously by the critics, many have been successfully adapted into films, including the novels Rebecca and Jamaica Inn and the short stories The Birds and Dont Look Now. Du Maurier spent much of her life in Cornwall where most of her works are set, as her fame increased through her novels and the films based upon them, she became more reclusive. Her father was the actor Gerald du Maurier, and her grandfather was the artist, Daphne du Maurier was born in London, the middle child of three daughters of the prominent actor-manager Sir Gerald du Maurier and actress Muriel Beaumont. Her grandfather was the author and Punch cartoonist George du Maurier and her elder sister Angela also became a writer, and her younger sister Jeanne was a painter. Her family connections helped her in establishing her career. Her first novel, The Loving Spirit, was published in 1931, Du Maurier was also the cousin of the Llewelyn Davies boys, who served as J. M. Barries inspiration for the characters in the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldnt Grow Up. As a young child, she met many of the brightest stars of the theatre, on meeting Tallulah Bankhead, she was quoted as saying that the actress was the most beautiful creature she had ever seen. The novel Rebecca became one of du Mauriers most successful works. It was a hit on its publication, went on to sell nearly 3 million copies between 1938 and 1965, has never gone out of print, and has been adapted for both stage and screen several times. In the U. S. she won the National Book Award for favourite novel of 1938, in the UK, it was listed at number 14 of the nations best loved novel on the BBCs 2003 survey The Big Read. Other significant works include The Scapegoat, The House on the Strand, the last is set in the middle of the first and second English Civil War, written from the Royalist perspective of her adopted Cornwall. Several of her novels have also been adapted for the screen, including Jamaica Inn, Frenchmans Creek, Hungry Hill. The Hitchcock film The Birds is based on a treatment of one of her short stories, of the films, du Maurier often complained that the only ones she liked were Alfred Hitchcocks Rebecca and Nicolas Roegs Dont Look Now. Hitchcocks treatment of Jamaica Inn was disavowed by both director and author, due to a complete re-write of the ending to accommodate the ego of its star, Du Maurier also felt that Olivia de Havilland was wrongly cast as the anti-heroine of My Cousin Rachel. Frenchmans Creek fared rather better in a lavish Technicolor version released in 1944, Du Maurier later regretted her choice of Alec Guinness as the lead in the film of The Scapegoat, which she partly financed. Du Maurier was often categorised as a romantic novelist, a term she deplored, given her novels rarely have a happy ending, in this light, she has more in common with the sensation novels of Wilkie Collins and others, which she admired

36.
James Bond (comic strip)
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In 1957, the Daily Express, a newspaper owned by Lord Beaverbrook, approached Ian Fleming about adapting his James Bond stories as comic strips. Fleming was then reluctant, because he felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing. To wit, Fleming wrote, The Express are desperately anxious to turn James Bond into a strip cartoon, I have grave doubts about the desirability of this. A tendency to write still further down might result, the author would see this happening, and disgust with the operation might creep in. Regardless, Fleming later agreed, and the first strip Casino Royale was published in 1958, the story was adapted by Anthony Hern, who previously had serialised Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia with Love for the Daily Express. The illustrations were by John McLusky, who later would illustrate twelve more James Bond comic strips with his partner Henry Gammidge until 1966, to aid the Daily Express in illustrating James Bond, Ian Fleming commissioned an artist to sketch whom he believed James Bond to look like. John McLusky, however, felt that Flemings 007 appeared too outdated and pre-war, the majority of the early comic strips were adapted by Henry Gammidge, however, the Dr. No adaptation was by Peter ODonnell, years before he launched his strip Modesty Blaise, in 1962 the Daily Express abruptly cancelled their agreement with Ian Fleming when Lord Beaverbrook and Fleming disputed the rights to the James Bond short story The Living Daylights. Fleming had sold the rights to the Sunday Times, a rival newspaper — upsetting Beaverbrook into terminating his business relationship with Fleming, the dispute abruptly ended the comic strip adaptation of Thunderball. Actually, Thunderball never was finished, however, additional panels were added later for its syndication to other newspapers, Beaverbrook and Fleming later settled their differences, and the comic strip serial would continue in 1964 with On Her Majestys Secret Service. Additionally, John McLusky returned to team up with Jim Lawrence for five comic strips, one strip, Doomcrack, is unusual in that it featured artwork by Harry North, who at the time worked for MAD Magazine on its film parodies. Since first publication in the Daily Express, the comic adaptations have been reprinted several times. First by the James Bond 007 International Fan Club, in the early 1980s, then annually, from 1987 to 1990, by the British Titan Books company in anthologies, beginning with The Living Daylights to tie-in with the release of the eponymous James Bond film. With a more frequent publishing schedule than the first series, all 52 stories had been published in seventeen books by March 2010. Titans comic strip reprints were not initially published in the original publication order. No — Diamonds Are Forever, From Russia with Love and Dr. River of Death, the Golden Ghost is the first collection comprising all-original stories. The collection The Phoenix Project indicates that the July 2007 release was to have been Nightbird, the Nightbird collection eventually saw print in March 2010 and is considered the final release in the Titan series as all Daily Express-related strips have now been reprinted. From September 2009 to November 2014 larger volumes called Omnibus editions were released containing more stories in each volume, the James Bond Omnibus, Volume 001 — Casino Royale, Live and Let Die, Moonraker, Diamonds Are Forever, From Russia with Love, Dr

37.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5

Blofeld's SPECTRE volcano base complete with spacecraft-swallowing Bird One spacecraft, helipad and attack helicopter, and command centre in the 1967 film You Only Live Twice. The world map in the background is common to emphasise the aim of world domination.

Kitchen sink realism (or kitchen sink drama) is a term coined to describe a British cultural movement that developed in …

A Taste of Honey is an influential "kitchen sink drama". In this photo of the 1960 Broadway production, Joan Plowright plays the role of Jo, a 17-year old schoolgirl who has a love affair with a black sailor (played by Billy Dee Williams).