10 Section 1 Primates Haplorhines! Include tarsiers, monkeys, and apes! The apes include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.! The anthropoids are split into the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys.

11 Section 1 Primates! The New World monkeys are a group of about 60 species of arboreal monkeys.! They inhabit the tropical forests of Mexico, Central America, and South America.! Most are diurnal and live together in social bands.! Distinguished by their prehensile tails

12 Section 1 Primates! Old World monkeys live throughout Asia and Africa.! Diurnal and live in social groups! Noses tend to be narrower and their bodies are usually larger.! None have prehensile tails, and some have no tails.! Most Old World monkeys have opposable digits.

13 Section 1 Primates! Apes have longer arms than legs, barrelshaped chests, no tails, and flexible wrists.! Highly social and have complex vocalizations! Classified into two subcategories: the lesser apes and the great apes

17 Section 1 Primates! Primate fossils appear in the fossil record at the beginning of the Eocene, about 60 mya.! Lemurlike primates were widespread by about 50 mya.! By the end of the Eocene, mya, the anthropoids had diverged and spread widely.

18 Section 1 Primates! The end of the Eocene also saw the appearance of the monkeys.! Many scientists hypothesize that New World monkeys evolved from an isolated group of ancestral anthropoids.! In Africa and Asia, the anthropoids continued to evolve.

19 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Hominoids! Hominoids include all nonmonkey anthropoids the living and extinct gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.

21 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Hominins! The lineage that most likely led to humans split off from the other African apes sometime between 8 and 5 mya.! Hominins have bigger brains.! Thinner and flatter face! Smaller teeth! High manual dexterity! Bipedal

22 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins

23 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Why bipedalism?! A changing environment might have played only a minor role.! Most successful hominins might have been those that evolved on the edge of the forest and savanna.

24 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Hominin Fossils! Australopithecines lived in the east-central and southern part of Africa between 4.2 and 1 mya.! Small! Apelike brains and jaws! Teeth and limb joints were humanlike.

25 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Taung Baby! The first australopithecine fossil discovered! Australopithecus africanus likely lived between 3.3 and 2.3 mya. Lucy! Lucy is one of the most complete australopithecine fossils ever found.! She was a member of the species A. afarensis, which lived between 4 and 2.9 mya.

26 Section 2 Hominoids to Hominins Paranthropus! Thrived between 2 and 1.2 mya! An offshoot of the human line that lived alongside human ancestors but were not directly related

33 Section 3 Human Ancestry! H. ergaster appears to have been the first African Homo species to migrate.! Eurasian forms of H. ergaster are called Homo erectus.! H. erectus lived between 1.8 million and 400,000 years ago.

36 Section 3 Human Ancestry! Homo neanderthalensis evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia about 200,000 years ago.! Shorter but had more muscle mass! Larger brains than modern humans! Thick skulls, bony browridges, and large noses

37 Section 3 Human Ancestry Emergence of Modern Humans! Homo sapiens is characterized by a more slender appearance than all other Homo species.! Thinner skeletons, rounder skulls, and smaller faces with prominent chins! Their brain capacity averages 1350 cm 3.! Appeared in the fossil record, in what is now Ethiopia, about 195,000 years ago

38 Section 3 Human Ancestry Out-of-Africa Hypothesis! 200,000 years ago, a morphologically diverse genus of hominins were present.! 30,000 years ago, only modern humans remained.! Modern humans evolved only once, in Africa, and then migrated.

39 Section 3 Human Ancestry Mitochondrial Eve! Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time.! The population with the most variation should be the population that has had the longest time to accumulate diversity.! H. sapiens emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago from a hypothetical Mitochondrial Eve.

40 Section 3 Human Ancestry Cro-Magnons! Early modern humans expressed themselves symbolically and artistically.! Developed sophisticated tools and weapons! The first to fish, the first to tailor clothing, and the first to domesticate animals

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