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VIII Congresso Nazionale di Archeometria
Scienze e Beni Culturali: stato dell’arte e prospettive
Bologna 5 - 7 Febbraio 2014
THE USE OF “AURISINA LIMESTONE” IN THE ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE (MILAN AND LOMBARDY)
R. Bugini, L. Folli
CNR - Ist. Conservazione e Valorizzazione Beni Culturali, Milano
[email protected]
Riassunto
L’impiego in epoca romana della pietra calcarea fossilifera del Carso Triestino
(Aurisina) raggiunse anche l’attuale territorio lombardo. Non solo in alcune città
(Pavia, Voghera ecc), ma anche a Milano sono stati identificati diversi manufatti (stele,
cornici, conci) dal periodo Augusteo ai Flavi. Il trasporto avveniva nell’Adriatico e
lungo le vie d’acqua della pianura Padana, allora perfettamente navigabili come
testimoniato da diversi Autori latini.
Introduction
A fossiliferous limestone quarried in the Karst near the Adriatic sea (North-Eastern
Italy) was employed in the Roman times in the neighbouring Regio X (Venetia):
Cividale, Aquileia, Concordia, Altino, Torcello (stele, funerary monument, capital,
ashlar etc). The use of Aurisina stone is also reported in the Regio VIII Aemilia
(Emilia-Romagna): Modena [1] or Ravenna. In particular, Theodoric’s mausoleum
(Ravenna, around 526) shows huge blocks of ashlar and a circular dome (diametre 11
m) hewn from a single block [2].
Transport
The use of Aurisina stone involved also the Regio XI Transpadana (Lombardia) despite
a very long distance from the quarries (about 400 km). The quarry location was close to
the sea coast, but the delivery of the stone artifacts was a great challenge. Some
quotations of Latin Authors may suggest a transport via the Adriatic sea to the river Po
and tributaries along the Padania Plain. Vitruvius wrote on the transport of larch “down
the Po to Ravenna” (De Arch. 2,9,16). Strabo wrote on a two days and two nights
journey “down the Po from Piacenza to Rimini” (Geogr. 5,1,12). Pliny the Elder wrote
on Turin “at which place the Po become navigable” (Nat. Hist. 3,17,123). Sidonius in a
letter to Heronius, wrote on a quick travel from Pavia “down-stream to the Po” (Epist.
1, 5, 3-4).
Petrography
Light grey limestone with irregular white spots, the main feature is the presence of
Rudists. The Rudists are extinct epiphaunal bivalves (Hippuritidae and Radiolitidae):
the attached left valve was a tall, conical-shaped shell while the right valve became a
lid-like cover. The present-day exploitation embraces three varieties: Fiorito (deformed
shells), Granitello (coarse shell fragments - packstone), Roman stone (fine shell
fragments - wackestone).
Geology and outcrops
The Aurisina stone pertains to the “Calcari di Aurisina”, a formation made of carbonate
platforms deposits and referred to a shallow and warm marine water environment of
Upper Cretaceous (Turonian- lower Senonian). The average bed tickness is about 1
metre. The outcrops occupy two different areas of the Karst: southern slope of Monte
VIII Congresso Nazionale di Archeometria
Scienze e Beni Culturali: stato dell’arte e prospettive
Bologna 5 - 7 Febbraio 2014
San Michele, near Gorizia between Sagrado e Gabria or from the Adriatic sea coast
(Sistiana) to the Slovenian territory. The thickness ranges from 1800, near Gorizia, to
4000 m in Slovenia [3].
Quarries
The quarry area is located near Aurisina (Nabrežina), some hundreds metres from the
sea coast, about 10 km North of Trieste. Some big chambers supported by huge rock
piers are still visibile.
Microscopic features
A distinguishing feature is the microsopic aspect of the Rudist shell wall with a part of
cellular calcite and a part of equant calcite spar, originally made of aragonite. The
examined samples coming from Milan’s sites are referred to the “Granitello” with
syntaxial overgrowth cement on bioclasts.
Use in Lombardy
Different artifacts made of Aurisina stone were reported in Lombardy: Sale Marasino.
Mantua, Cremona, Pavia, Casteggio, Voghera (votive altar, stele, cippus, urn) [4].
New acquisition about the use of Aurisina stone in Lombardy comes from Cremona (p.
Marconi excavations): many architectural fragments pertaining to an important
building in the southern part of the town, burned after the pillage (69 CE).
Use in Milan
The use of Aurisina stone in Milan was not reported till now [4], but some artifacts
made of Aurisina stone were recently detected using optical microscopy. Three
funerary stelae: Geminius (Augustan), Magii (Claudian), Vettius (Neronian),
previously displayed in the “Archi di Porta Nuova” (via Manzoni) [5]. Many
architectural fragments from the site of via Broletto - Lauro: two capitals (St.168516,
St.170909 - Augustan); lintels (St.16890), carved profiles (St.16874) and corinthian
capitals (St.11057 - Flavian). In the same site were identified thirty-one cornice
fragments (St.16923) and some fragments of a lintel (St.16922) pertaining to a
corinthian building (Flavian) [6].
Some Aurisina dimension stones are still visible in situ in a tower of the city wall at
Carrobio (via Medici): Aurisina blocks (size cm 60 - 30) make the lower part of the
tower together with blocks of a Quaternary conglomerate (Ceppo Brembo).
Finally, some shafts and capitals in the crypt of the former church of St Giovanni in
Conca (11th century) are the consequence of the medieval reuse of Roman pieces.
Conclusion
The fossiliferous limestone of Aurisina, quarried from a marine formation (Upper
Cretaceous) near Trieste, was identified in some Roman remains of Milan. The
examined artifacts are architectural elements: cornices, lintels, capitals, funerary stelae
and ashlars for masonry, dating back to the 1st century (from Augustus to the Flavian
emperors). The long distance between the quarries and Milan was probably overcome
using a waterway along the Po and other rivers.
References
1] Lugli, S., 2010. Dall’Egitto all’Istria: viaggio tra le pietre di Modena. Geologia
Ambiente, 2: 31-41.
2] Piazza, V., Bevilacqua, F., Grillini, G., 1998. Ravenna, mausoleo di Teodorico: esiti
delle ultime indagini. In XIV Conv. Scienza e Beni Culturali, 251-260.
3] Tentor, R., Tunis, G., Venturini, S., 1994. Schema stratigrafico e tettonico del Carso
Isontino. Natura Nascosta, 9: 1-32.
4] Zezza, M.G., 1982. I materiali lapidei locali impiegati in età romana. Soc. It.
Scienze Naturali, Milano.
VIII Congresso Nazionale di Archeometria
Scienze e Beni Culturali: stato dell’arte e prospettive
Bologna 5 - 7 Febbraio 2014
5] AA.VV., 1991. La porta nuova delle mura medievali di Milano. Ed. ET, Milano.
6] Sacchi, F., 2012. Mediolanum e i suoi monumenti. Contributi Archeologia 6, Vita e
Pensiero, Milano.