California is instituting what some are calling the toughest regulations in the nation for the controversial oil extraction process known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. But some environmentalists say the regulations don’t go far enough to protect air and water quality.

Several local governments have enacted moratoriums; others are calling for an outright ban on fracking. As Amy Quinton reports from Sacramento, the politics are beginning to take center stage.

More than a thousand protestors from around California came to the state Capitol in mid March with one goal: make politicians ban fracking. Latrice Carter is from the Los Angeles County city of Carson.

Carter: “We are the citizens they are supposed to protect, are you paying attention Governor Brown?”

Fracking protestors successfully grabbed Governor Jerry Brown’s attention recently by interrupting his speech at the Democratic State Party Convention.

"There are new monitoring requirements that are more extensive than we've ever seen before, there are water testing requirements, there are public notice requirements, there are absolute disclosure requirements." - Tupper Hull

Brown: “All you guys who like to make noise, just listen, a moment, Californians and most of you included are driving over 330 billion miles a year... 99-percent is fossil fuel.”

Brown has angered some environmentalists for not imposing a moratorium on fracking, which injects sand, water and chemicals underground to fracture rocks and release oil. But he has signed legislation that puts more regulations in place for the industry. Tupper Hull is with Western States Petroleum Association

Hull: “There are new monitoring requirements that are more extensive than we’ve ever seen before, there are water testing requirements, there are public notice requirements, there are absolute disclosure requirements.”

Groundwater monitoring will be required before, during and after fracking. Operators will notify neighbors within 1500 feet of a well head 30 days prior to the start of fracking and will receive a copy of a permit that lists chemicals used and their volumes. Brian Nowicki with the Center for Biological Diversity says that may sound more comprehensive than it really is.

Nowicki: “The proposed regs take the narrowest and most oil industry-friendly approach possible as allowed under the law, and in so doing they allow for this increase in fracking and the expansion of fracking across our state.

"The only way forward right now for the state to truly protect California's assets our people our climate, our air and water is to halt fracking." - Brian Nowicki

Nowicki says regulators are relying on other agencies to monitor air pollutants and water contamination. He says the regulations also don’t restrict how much water is used in the process, nor do they deal with seismic risk.

Nowicki: “The only way forward right now for the state to truly protect California’s assets our people our climate, our air and water is to halt fracking.”

Jason Marshall who oversees the state’s oil division says since January of this year, oil companies have submitted about 100 applications for well stimulation.

Marshall: “There haven’t been a lot that have actually met the threshold for providing a groundwater monitoring plan where one is needed, I think there’s somewhere in the vicinity of 30 well stim applications that have been approved since January.

Environmentalists say there are just too many unknowns about fracking and the risks it poses. Another bill to halt fracking is proposed this legislative session. Latrice Carter of Carson marches with other anti-fracking protestors around the Capitol. Until recently, Occidental Petroleum had plans to drill more than 200 new wells in Carson. But last week the city approved a 45-day moratorium on all new oil and gas drilling. She says the best way to halt fracking may come from the local level.

Carter: “Sometimes you can’t run, you have to fight and so that’s what we’re doing.”

Carson is the latest city taking a closer look at fracking. Santa Cruz passed a temporary moratorium last year. And the LA city council recently voted unanimously to halt fracking in oil fields in the city.

This story is part of a collaboration with the Food and Environment Reporting Network, which produced a companion investigative print story on fracking for the latest issue of Sunset Magazine.