Recent genetic studies tread

"Its main finding is that upper caste Indians are generally lighter skinned than other Indians, particularly those from tribal groups.

"Taken together, our findings suggest that the social structure defined by the caste system in India has a profound influence on the skin pigmentation patterns of the subcontinent. In particular, social category and associated SNPs explain about 32% and 6.4%, respectively, of the total phenotypic variance."
"

"Indo-Aryan-speaking South Asians fall below the line of best fit, which suggests that they don't have much, if any, Central_MN ancestry, so they're probably largely of Steppe_EMBA origin"

So the Steppe_EMBA people migrated to europe, india and western china. Later, admixture with agricultural people from eastern europe/caucasus created the Steppe_MLBA.
Then further admixture with east asian groups created the scythians.

So not only are the "European" R1a-Z282 and "South Asian" R1a-Z93 relatively young sister clades, but their ancestral clade has now been found in ancient samples from Northeastern Europe that probably predate their appearance by only a few generations, if that. Of course, the upshot of all of this is that R1a-Z93 could not have originated very far from the East Baltic, which makes South Asia look about as likely as the homeland of this subclade as the goddamn moon. Conversely, it makes AIT look very plausible indeed."

"During the past couple of years ancient DNA has revealed the presence of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a in Eastern European remains dated to the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age. Moreover, the Bronze Age remains, packed in ancestry derived from Eastern European hunter-gatherers (or EHG) and totally lacking any sort of South Asian admixture, belong to R1a-Z645, which is the ancestral clade of by far the most common types of R1a in Europe and South Asia today: R1a-Z282 and R1a-Z93, respectively. And on top of that, South Asians, especially those speaking Indo-European languages, show significant admixture derived from EHG.

The conclusion from this data is self-evident: during the Bronze Age R1a-Z645 became a very important Y-chromosome lineage in Europe and quickly moved to South Asia, in all likelihood on the back of the Indo-European expansion."

The finding that the Europeoid haplogroups did not descend from “African” haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that bearers of the Europeoid haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups do not carry either SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs) or M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as it was shown recently in “Walk through Y” FTDNA Project (the reference is incorporated therein) on several hundred people from various haplogroups.http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=19566

We believe that all the presuppositions posited in support of the Out-of-Africa hypothesis fail to hold up under simple scrutiny. This study shows that the Out-of-Africa hypothesis has not been adequately substantiated. The common assertion that “anatomically modern humans came out of Africa some 70,000 years ago” has never been convincingly calculated or determined otherwise; our research suggests that it is incorrect.http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=24586​

"The Contribution of Neanderthals
to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans"

"Assessing the genetic contribution of Neanderthals to non-disease phenotypes in modern humans has been difficult because of the absence of large cohorts for which common phenotype information is available. Using baseline phenotypes collected for 112,000 individuals by the UK Biobank, we can now elaborate on previous findings that identified associations between signatures of positive selection on Neanderthal DNA and various modern human traits but not any specific phenotypic consequences. Here, we show that Neanderthal DNA affects skin tone and hair color, height, sleeping patterns, mood, and smoking status in present-day Europeans. Interestingly, multiple Neanderthal alleles at different loci contribute to skin and hair color in present-day Europeans, and these Neanderthal alleles contribute to both lighter and darker skin tones and hair color, suggesting that Neanderthals themselves were most likely variable in these traits."

"We analyzed 136 baseline phenotypes in 112,338 individuals of British ancestry from the UK Biobank pilot study.A total of 822,111 SNPs directly genotyped in this cohort were classified as either ‘‘archaic’’ or ‘‘non-archaic’’ on the basis of their inclusion in a previously published map of Neanderthal ancestry4 and their similarity to the Altai Neanderthal genome"

"We also identified strongly associated archaic alleles on two unlinked introgressed haplotypes near BNC2 (MIM:
608669), a gene that has been previously associated with skin pigmentation in Europeans .... has a frequency of more than 66% in European populations .... and is associated with increased incidence of childhood sunburn .... and poor tanning""Interestingly, a second, less-frequent (19%) archaic haplotype .... shows strong associations with darker skin pigmentation""Two further archaic haplotypes .... are both significantly associated with lighter skin color"

"we also found two archaic haplotypes that contribute significantly to differences in sleep patterns""Archaic alleles are associated with a preference for being an ‘‘evening person’’ and an increased tendency for daytime napping and narcolepsy, respectively.""Because the natural length of day-night cycles differs according to latitude and influences circadian rhythms, we tested for a correlation between the Neanderthal allele frequency .... and latitude in worldwide non-African populations. We found a significant correlation between the frequency of the Neanderthal allele .... and latitude"

"Neanderthal alleles contributed more variation in four behavioral phenotypes influencing sleep, mood, and smoking behaviors, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles contribute more to these traits than expected from their frequency in modern humans. Conversely, for two associations (ease of skin tanning and pork intake), non-archaic alleles showed lower association p values (Table S3), indicating that introgressed Neanderthal alleles contribute less than frequency-matched non-archaic alleles to these traits."