Abstract1. Introduction2. Memes in the Minds of Animals3. Is this stretching the Meme too far?3.1 What is a meme?3.2 Why do British Birds not have a milk-bottle opening meme?3.3 Does this mean that animals don't have memes?4. What have I shown?

Abstract

Milk-bottle opening behavior in a species of bird known as the British tithas been put forward as an example of a meme in a non-human animal.The existence of this type of case has lead some thinkers to believe thatnon-human minds can acquire memes. I believe that the British tit'sbehavior has been misinterpreted as memetic. In this ePaper, I argue thatmilk-bottle opening in the British tit can be explained by appealing to itsinnate behavioral repertoire. I then suggest that the question of memes inanimal minds should be considered on a case by case basis.

1. Introduction

In their paper "Do Animals Have Memes?" (1999) Simon Reader and KevinLaland suggest that animal minds are suitable habitats for memes. Theirideas come about after a critical examination of points that SusanBlackmore raises in her book

The Meme Machine

(1999). Blackmoreargues that humans are the only animals with minds capable of supporting memes. Reader and Laland disagree and attempt to find someexamples of memetic transfer in non-human animals.

Memecosystems by Brent Silby1 of 9

In this ePaper, I will examine Reader and Laland's claims. I will focusmainly on their suggestion that the British tit's milk-bottle openingbehavior is a meme. My objective will be to show that Reader and Laland'sclaim is wrong, and that the British tit's behavior is not a meme. I willstart by outlining Reader and Laland's argument and will show that theirclaims rely on an incomplete definition of what a meme is. I will then offera firm definition for the meme, after which I will provide an alternativeexplanation for the milk-bottle opening behavior exhibited by the Britishtit. My next point will be that the question of memes in animals should beanswered on a case by case basis. My conclusion will be that examplessuch as milk-bottle opening in the British tit do not provide evidence of memes in animals.

2. Memes in the Minds of Animals

According to Susan Blackmore (1999), imitation is the primary mechanismby which a meme replicates and finds its way into a new mind. If she isright, it would seem that memes are exclusive to animals that have thecapacity to imitate behavior. So far this ability seems to be found only inhumans and some species of birds, members of which can mimic certainsounds and calls.Reader and Laland agree that there is limited evidence of imitation innon-human animals, but argue that imitation should not be the definingfeature of a meme (Reader & Laland 1999). They suggest that limitingmemetic transfer to acts of imitation is restrictive and cuts out asignificant range of behavioral transmission. For Reader and Laland, thepsychological process underlying the transmission of information is not adetermining feature of memetic replication. Instead, they argue that

transmission fidelity

is the key feature of memetic replication. This is tosay that regardless of the means by which a behavior is replicated, amemetic transfer can be said to have taken place if the resulting behavioris a

high quality copy

of the original behavior. Reader and Laland are rightto make this point. If acts of imitation were the only way that memescould spread, then it would seem senseless to speak of memes enteringhuman minds from written material or from musical notation. In thesecases information that produces behavior is transferred with noobservation of the original behavior -- it is not mimicked. Music can, of course, be imitated, but most of the time musical memes are encoded in amusical score and are assimilated to new minds when the score is read.To support their claims, Reader and Laland point to evidence of behavioraltransmission in non-humans animals that does not come about throughimitation. The examples used are cases of

social learning

-- learning thatoccurs when behavior is

influenced

by observation of other animals

Memecosystems by Brent Silby2 of 9

(Reader & Laland 1999). Perhaps the most significant example for Readerand Laland is milk-bottle opening in British birds. In some areas of Britain,a species of bird known as the British tit has acquired the behavior of opening milk bottles to get cream. The tit finds milk bottles at housedoors and pecks away at the foil bottle top in order to get access to thecream that sits on top of the milk. When other tits observe this behavior,they try it out themselves and soon learn that if they open milk bottles,they are rewarded. It is important to note that the tits are not

imitating

each other. They are simply being attracted to objects that other tits arepecking at. According to Reader and Laland, the spread of this behaviorthroughout the tit population in Britain shows that memetic transfer hastaken place. Opening milk bottles is not innate to the tit -- it is learned --and the behavior replicates with high fidelity showing that it is a meme.Since the British tit can have memes, Reader and Laland conclude thatanimals have memes.

3. Is this stretching the Meme too far?

To effectively assess Reader and Laland's claims we need to know exactlywhat a meme is. Without a firm definition, it is possible for theorists tomake any claims about memetic transmission. Reader and Laland want torelax the criteria that past thinkers have placed on the meme, but I thinkthey are relaxing the criteria too far. If we travel down the road thatReader and Laland are opening up, we will end up describing allconditioned behavior as memetic. On the surface, this might seemacceptable, but it is only acceptable if we have a very loose definition of ameme.Why is such a loose definition unacceptable? The reason is that it makesthe term 'meme' redundant. The best way to understand this is toconsider the parallel situation in genetics. A gene is a packet of instructions encoded in DNA, which directs the development of cells. Now,if someone comes along and claims that all chemical processes aregenetic, then the term gene would apply to everything that goes on in thebody. Not only would we describe an animal's physical and mentalcharacteristics as genetic, we would also describe the chemical processunderlying digestion as genetic. But this is not what genetics is about.Genetics attempts to explain things at a higher level than commonchemical process. The same is true of memetics. Memes are used todescribe high level behavior that is not an innate part of an organism'sbehavioral repertoire.In this section, I will offer a firm definition of the meme and will use thisdefinition to show why the spread of milk-bottle opening in British birds isnot memetic.