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Indicate the typical change in VO2 max with endurance training programs, and the effect of the initial (pretraining) value on the magnitude of the increase.

State the typical VO2 max values for various sedentary, active, and athletic populations,

State the formula for VO2 max using heart rate, stroke volume, and the a-vO2 difference; indicate which of the variables is most important in explaining the wide range of VO2 max values in the population.

Discuss, using the variables identified in objective 5, how the increase in VO2 max comes about for the sedentary subject who participates in an endurance training program.

Define preload, afterload, and contractility, and discuss the role of each in the increase in the maximal stroke volume that occurs with endurance training.

Describe the changes in muscle structure that are responsible for the increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference with endurance training.

Describe the underlying causes for the decrease in VO2 max that occurs with cessation of endurance training.

Describe how the capillary and mitochondrial changes that occur in muscle as a result of an endurance training program are related to the following adaptations to submaximal exercise: a lower O2 deficit, an increased utilization of FFA and a sparing of blood glucose and muscle glycogen, a reduction in lactate and H+ formation, and an increase in lactate removal.

Discuss how changes in “central command” and “peripheral feedback” following an endurance training program can lower the heart rate, ventilation, and catecholamine responses to a submaximal exercise bout.

Contrast the role of neural adaptations with hypertrophy in the increase in strength that occurs with resistance training.