Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 4

Co-Authors: Mr. Ole Johnsen, Denmark, Billund Water Utility

HighlightsA biorefinery has been built at the existing Grindsted WWTP in Denmark that demonstrates circular economy.The plant utilizes new technologies that process raw materials consisting of wastewater, separated organichousehold waste and organic waste from industries. Outputs are purified water, energy, fertilizer andfeedstock for polymer production

Introduction and objectives

The Billund BioRefinery was developed and built in a PPP-project supported by a grant from the Danish EPAto demonstrate how Denmark and the utility sector together with technology suppliers can take a circulareconomy approach in wastewater and waste handling. Drivers for the project included: • EU initiatives on Circular Economy • Finding renewable and storable energy sources • Danish water sector law requiring savings on utility operations but limiting the types of acceptable activities • Local Municipal strategy to lower energy consumption and CO 2 emissions • Local Municipal strategy to lower nutrient loading on local receiving waters

Methodology approachThe heart of the refinery is the thermal hydrolysis system. The purpose is to recover energy and producemore refined products from wastewater and organic waste, i.e. biofertilizer, Struvite, biogas, biopolymer andwater for reuse. The nutrients in the wastewater are mainly captured in the WWTP in simultaneous biologicalprocesses and made accessible in excess hygienized biofertilizer. The influent is a mix of domestic andindustrial wastewater and some rainfall from combined sewers generating biological sludge. Householdwaste is sorted and collected in paper bags. The industrial waste is delivered by trucks and categorized byenergy density

Analysis and results

The BioRefinery demonstrates new waste and wastewater technologies in a new, fully-integratedconfiguration. All processes are interconnected through on-line control “smart” systems that adapt toalternating load. The amount of remaining biofertilizer is minimized and the yield of CO 2-neutral biogas ismaximized with thermal hydrolysis and double digestion. The BioRefinery is an "open concept" that cancollect all types of organics and convert them into valuable resources, closing the loop of carbon andnutrients from farm to table and back. To avoid pollutant components in the wastewater (and thus eventuallythe biofertilizer), all industries have outlet control of flow, heavy metals content and content of xenobioticcomponents. The approval is published by the local authority - Billund Municipality. The biowaste is sortedand collected at local households and industries. Sludge and organic waste is carefully mixed and codigestedto give energy excess of +200%, turning biogas into electricity and excess heat. Actual Effluent Values 2016for the WWTP (10 months operation) are as low as 25% of regulatory. The biofertilizer contains 6 kg P/ton and11 kg N/ton and has a slow rate release in the local agricultural soil. Annual energy production is around 12Gwh.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 5

Conclusions and recommendationThe biorefinery is a showcase example of the circular economy demonstrating how wastewater utilities cancontribute to the local and national economy and improve the environment. The Danish example businessmodel has ROI of 8-10 years. The biorefinery is scalable and replicable, and can be built anywhere these rawmaterials are available for reasons of hygiene and the environment need to be treated safely; and the outputproducts can be applied locally, regardless of geography. With the proven technologies, setup and businesscase it is recommended for other Wastewater utilities to be proactive as Billund and close the local/regionalloops.

Co-Authors: Mr. Kim Helmo, Denmark, Helmo Consult

Introduction and objectives

Several Danish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have implemented energy as well as nitrogen,phosphorous and carbon management strategies, resulting in several of the Danish WWTPs to becomecarbon neutral energy producing plants. Besides reducing GHG emissions and energy consumption,technologies for combined water treatment and green production is emerging in Denmark and globally.GreenSpeed wastewater treatment represents a low carbon technology, designed to reduce the energyconsumption and N2O emission, while assimilating CO2, NH4+, PO4- and K by microalgae subsequently used asa carbon rich resource for biogas production or for the production of high-value products.

Analysis and results

Implementation of GreenSpeed at decentralized WWTPs (≤ 20.000 PE) vs. centralized WWTPs ≥ 100.000 PEshowed differences in the environmental and economic cost-benefit structure. Several environmental andeconomic benefits were observed for the decentralized plants, while a reduction in biogas production at thecentralized WWTPs receiving sludge from decentralized WWTPs represents a reduction in the return onInvestment. Pilot plant testing at a two-step WWTP of the size 25.000 PE showed that a GreenSpeed processvolume of 3,240 m3, are able to capture 53-67% of the nitrogen and 15-19% of the phosphorous in the influentwastewater. Such microalgae assimilation capacity results in reduction in the energy consumption foraeration during conventional biological treatment. Furthermore, a reduction in the N 2O emissioncorresponding to the percent N assimilated in the microalgae biomass is resulting. Pilot testing shows acontinuous growth rate corresponding to 10.8 ton fresh weight microalgae harvest per day with a dry matter(DM) content of 20%. Data showing a CH4 conversion factor of 300 l CH4/ kg VS points towards a biogasproduction per year in the range of 2-3 TJ, which corresponds to an increase in the biogas production at thetest study plant of 36%.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 7

Conclusions and recommendationInitial studies reveal a budget economic opportunity for decentralized plants in valorizing their resources inwastewater. The results of the LCA and cost-benefit analysis have identified barriers and opportunities forWWTPs to become net energy producers contributing to climate change mitigation. Emerging opportunitiesfor increased revenues from integrated wastewater treatment and biobased production systems have beenidentified in terms of protein and antioxidant extraction prior to biogas and fertilizer production. GreenSpeedis a low carbon resource-efficient wastewater treatment technology providing the opportunity for WTPs tobecome climate neutral while returning resources in wastewater back into the economic system.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 8

HighlightsMunicipalities and industry need to optimize their water management within the watershed in which theyare located. Taking a Circular Economy - CE- approach with water assets maintenance and development canbe the enabling factor for a healthy local economy and in line with the central role of water.

Introduction and objectives

Population growth, economic development, improved quality of life, and limited resources provide thecatalyst for a circular economy approach not only for water, but also its nexus with energy and materials.Water and the water-material nexus can benefit and be leveraged through the restorative and reuse natureof CE. Based on their experiences with connecting best practices and applying them in an impactful way forthe benefits of their municipal and industrial customers around the world, the authors have identified andwill share a number of CE pathways, success factors and barriers towards implementation.

Methodology approachThe circular economy is based on the concept that waste is designed out of or extracted from flows at theonset, and that net material flows are balanced, such that extraction rates do not exceed return or outputrates. As appropriate based on geography and local conditions, evidence shows progress is aligned with thethree CE Design Principles: • All durables are reused, • Consumables are used in multiple cascading cycles before safe return into the natural environment, and • All natural capital (including energy) is used only to the extent they can be regenerated

Analysis and results

Examples from water scarce regions illustrate the benefits and challenges of the CE approach. The authorsexperience reveals that CE best develops in three basic ways: • by removing the technical, administrative, and governance silos between water and wastewater. Since 2003, this allowed the Windhoek potable water direct reuse scheme to support 300,000 inhabitants; • by removing the social and sectoral silos between industries, cities and the civil society. The Durban (SA) Recycling Plant makes it possible for industry to switch manufacturing processes to recycled water, using 98% of the city’s reclaimed wastewater. In Honolulu, Hawaii, the 38,000 m3/d municipal treatment plant produces water for its industrial park and for irrigation. • By moving beyond infrastructure and operation silos to a holistic, integrated life-cycle view. This approach is increasingly applied by public utilities in arid zones with a strong push towards Non- Revenue Water Management such as in Oman, Riyadh or Tangiers). The concept is also applied in the industry, such as Shell in Qatar where the water generated during the gas-to-liquid process is fully reused on site, leading to zero liquid discharge management.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 9

Conclusions and recommendationCurrent linear economic and business models need to move to a circular model to alleviate escalating demandfor scarce water resources. Technical solutions are already available and more effective ones will continue tobecome available. However, implementation of technical solutions can be a challenge if the enablingenvironment is not ready. Changes in regulatory and institutional frameworks are necessary to encouragecircular solutions. Effective implementation of CE concepts will require acknowledging and adaptingpractices to local conditions, obtaining stakeholder consensus, having accurate metrics, and allowingadequate time for implementation.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 10

One Water' strategies for corporate engagement Presenting Dr. Alex Money, United Kingdom, Smith School of Enterprise Author: and the Environment

Co-Authors:

HighlightsThe circular water economy can improve the alignment between corporate water strategy and stakeholderexpectations.This could catalyse social, economic and political momentum necessary to facilitate broader transitions tonon-linear water use.It would unlock value that is embedded in water as a corporate asset, rather than a risk liability.

Introduction and objectives

Questions of quality, quantity and social licence are well rehearsed in the literature on corporate waterstrategy. I begin by challenging the orthodoxy of current best-in-class approaches by companies to managestakeholder expectations - focusing on efficiency and replenishment. From there I present a paradigmaticmodel using the circular water economy as a unique and powerful tool to align corporate strategy;accountability and disclosure; and stakeholder engagement.Presented as a work in progress, I propose avenues for incorporating circular economy approaches as a toolto catalyse innovation, enhance stewardship, and benchmark progress towards the sustainable managementof water resources.

Methodology approachQuestion: Can the sharing economy paradigm align corporate water strategy with stakeholder expectations,and unlock the embedded value of water as an asset?Approach: I will describe gaps between strategy and expectations based on extant best-in-class approaches,and illustrate how and why a 'one water' methodological approach could close those gaps.Method: Using real-world exemplars of efficiency and replenishment targets, I will discuss their limitations asproxy solutions, and contrast this to a 'one water' approach. I will suggest that incorporating the sharedeconomy into corporate water strategies will expedite the development of new models that facilitatebroader environmental transitions.

Analysis and results

Many companies have public targets to reduce their water use per unit of output. But let us imagine allincremental efficiency measures have been taken. Now, suppose an exogenous shock results in reducedwater availability. The efficient company has no 'fat in the system' - which means that the shock cannot bemitigated. As a result there is either a direct effect on operations (making performance more volatile) or thecompany has to take a greater share of available water (threatening its social licence). Perversely, a lessefficient water user may not face this Hobson's choice.This presents philosophical and practical questions as to whether targeting absolute efficiency is the optimalapproach for companies and stakeholders. But rather than the strategy above - that identifies water as aliability whose use should should be minimised - what are the prospects for a 'one water' strategy thatidentifies water as an asset whose value should be maximised?

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 11

In this context, what becomes salient is 'water asset turnover' - a much richer conception of efficiency thanper unit approaches. It allows for the value of water to be recaptured and realised both within and beyondthe operational fence line.

Conclusions and recommendation

Examples of 'one water' frameworks are emerging, e.g. Nestle's Lagos de Moreno dairy factory in Jalisco.But the approach is still largely dependant on companies' local production imperatives rather than theirglobal strategic aspirations. The circular water economy can improve alignment between corporate waterstrategy and stakeholder expectations. This in turn could catalyse the social, economic and politicalmomentum necessary to facilitate broader transitions to non-linear water use. It will expedite thetechnological innovation necessary to capture a growing share of the value that is embedded in water as acorporate asset; rather than its risk as a corporate liability.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 12

Co-Authors: Prof. Asit Biswas, Singapore

Mr. Martin Stavenhagen (Institute of Water Policy, National University of Singapore) Mr. Paul Schot (Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University)

Highlights • Singapore is the world’s model country on the circular water economy • We provide the very first quantitative assessment of this circular water economy showcasing the economic value created compared to a linear economy • Our assessment provides a fact base and a quantification approach for policymakers and water managers contemplating the transition to a circular water economy

Introduction and objectives

Singapore is internationally recognized as the model country on the circular water economy. Although thevarious measures undertaken in Singapore to reduce, reuse and retain water have been described by a varietyof scholars, e. g. Luan (2010), Chen et al. (2011), Tortajada et al. (2013), Tortajada & Joshi (2013), or Lee & Tan(2016), no holistic quantitative assessment has been undertaken so far on Singapore’s closed water loop. Ourpaper intends to address this gap. We quantify the economic value of Singapore’s circular water economycompared to a linear water economy.

Methodology approachThe economic model developed for this paper refines the modeling approach chosen by Hieminga et al.(2017) who calculated the economic value of a circular water economy for selected countries, while our break-even point calculations emulates the approach chosen by Louwen et al. (2016). Our model is iterated withdecision-makers and experts of Singapore’s circular water economy, e. g. policy-makers interviewed atSingapore’s Public Utilities Board (PUB) and/or Singapore’s Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources(MEWR).

Analysis and results

Our quantifications indicate that Singapore’s circular water economy creates less economic value in theshort-term than a linear water economy since particularly recycling water is a costly endeavor. However, wealso evidence that the economic value of the country’s circular water economy is far greater than the valuecreated by a linear water economy in the medium- and long-term since it helps to reduce exacerbating waterscarcity in the country. In particular, our findings on the break-even point are largely in line with previousquantitative assessments of the circular economy. Various measures are discussed which may further reducethe amortization period for a circular water economy, while we also outline the particularities of our casestudy to highlight the limits on external validity of our findings.

Conclusions and recommendation

Our quantitative assessment indicates that Singapore’s circular water economy creates vast economic valuecompared to a linear water economy in the medium- and long-term and is thus instrumental in ensuringsustainable water access for the country’s private and industrial water users. The quantification approachoutlined in our paper may be replicated by those interested in calculating the economic value implications ofa circular water economy, while our overall assessment provides a fact base for those contemplating thetransition to a circular water economy.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 13

Co-Authors: Ms. Brenda Achiro Muthemba, Uganda, N/A

Mr. Steve Sugden, United Kingdom Ms. Kelly Latham, United States

HighlightsCreating a circular economy around human waste - or brown gold - is the ultimate contribution to improvinghealth, protecting the environment, and generating business opportunities. Making a step-change alignedwith Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 requires new technologies, proven business models, capacitybuilding, market forces, and government partnerships.

Introduction and objectives

The world is in a state of crisis – one third of the global population still does not have access to a toilet.Developing disruptive and game-changing approaches are required to overcome this global scourge andsolve this crisis. Water For People has a scalable model in East Africa that is tested and replicable fordecentralized sanitation systems. By coupling sanitation with resource-recovery technologies with businessmodels and capacity building, we aim to catalyze a sanitation renaissance and through scale and progressfaster towards safely managed sanitation for all.

Methodology approachThe rural and peri-urban areas in East Africa will not be sewered by 2030 (if ever). Water For People plays afacilitating role to catalyze business opportunities within the market system along the value chain of on-sitesanitation while also providing quality, affordable, and accessible services to the poor. We apply proventechnologies (e.g., desirable toilets, pit life extender, DEFAST, etc.) to cover the entire value chain ofsanitation (toilets, pits/tanks emptying, collection, sludge treatment, and sludge reuse). Our approach buildsupon Water For People’s impact model – Everyone Forever (EF) and our ideal is zero waste.

Analysis and results

EF provides sustained sanitation services for every community member through infrastructure and institutionbuilding. We work with government partners and private sector to help create business opportunities usingmarket forces that are all part of the circular economy of brown gold.Business opportunities that Water For People is currently incubating and accelerating are: • Building toilets • Improving toilets • Supporting start-up of pit emptying businesses and continuous development of better pit emptying technologies • Reuse of wastewater (where available) for flush toilets • Building and operating decentralized fecal sludge treatment plants (DEDFAST) • Working with governments to support smart subsidies to spark sanitation • Developing sludge products for sale such as fuel briquettes, fertilizers and compost • Creating and supporting sources of credit for loans for toilets • Starting call centers and enabling infrastructure for pit emptiers in peri-urban areas • Partnering with others for large-scale urban treatment works of fecal sludge

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 14

Water For People has 38 sanitation market initiatives in various stages throughout East Africa. The outcomeof developing this circular economy sanitation paradigm is stronger communities that are cleaner, healthier,and more economically productive.

Conclusions and recommendation

One of the most exciting aspects of decentralized sanitation is the ability to create business opportunitieswhile also solving a societal problem and working towards SDG6. This change occurs through infrastructuredevelopment as well as through creation and transformation of sanitation services. We are focused ondriving this change with market forces and innovative technologies with a holistic approach and a vision oncreating circular economies. All of this we will do in partnership with government to ensure long-termsuccess. Our track record is good to date and we are focused on scale and replication.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 15

Co-Authors: Mr. William Sarni, United States, Zero Mass Water

HighlightsAlternative sources of water are an integral part of a circular economy strategy for water. In particular, airmoisture capture technology for residential use is a viable technology to move towards an off-grid solutionto providing access to water.

Introduction and objectives

The objective of this presentation is to highlight the importance of water technology innovation in addressingSDG 6.1. Specifically, how air moisture capture technology "powered" by solar technology can provide analternative to centralized drinking water or access to unsafe water. A roadmap of technology identification,funding and scaling the technology solution will be presented along with recommendations to facilitatewater technology innovation and adoption.

Methodology approachUniversal access to safe drinking water remains a global challenge and traditional approaches have hadlimited success. Traditional solutions of deploying centralized water systems or residential systems remainchallenging in emerging markets. "Democratizing" access to safe drinking water through deploying airmoisture capture systems powered by solar systems frees individual families to secure access to safe drinkingwater - providing high quality and high security. This innovative off grid approach bypasses many of thehurdles in deploying large scale and more traditional small scale water systems.

Analysis and results

A case study will presented highlighting the success of bringing together academic research in materialscience with proven entrepreneurship and socially mined funding sources from outside the water sector. Thechallenges of implementing an innovative water technology will be presented along with a long term strategyto identify and build a business ecosystem of stakeholders to scale the off grid solution to accessing safedrinking water. Technical, funding and adoption challenges will be presented along with examples ofsuccessful implementation in the Middle East, Central America, Mexico and the US.

Conclusions and recommendation

Stakeholders need 21st Century technology solutions to achieve SDG 6.1 Accelerating technology innovationcoupled with catalyzing an ecosystem of stakeholders to fund and deploy these technologies shows promisein ensuring universal access to safe drinking water. Technology innovation and entrepreneurs outside thetraditional water sector can bring new ideas and strategies to address the poor access to safe drinking water.These entrepreneurs working with the public sector, socially responsible funders and multinationals havebeen successful in implementing new solutions to a circular economy strategy.

Co-Authors: Ms. Corinne Trommsdorf, International Water Association,

HighlightsFour case studies from Mexico, Peru, Thailand and Jordan demonstrate the opportunities for urban utilitiesto transition to a circular economy by adopting energy recovering, water reuse, and nutrient recyclingmeasures. Challenges include access to financing to implement new technologies as well as incentives for alow carbon water sector.

Introduction and objectives

A resource-hungry future urgently requires the water sector to embrace a paradigm shift from removingpollutants in wastewater to resource recovery opportunities. By transitioning to a circular economy approachand towards recycling nutrients, reusing treated wastewater, and recovering clean energy, utilities cansignificantly reduce their carbon footprint. Four case studies from across the world (Mexico, Peru, Thailandand Jordan) demonstrate how utilities are pioneering the way to a low carbon water industry for others tofollow and contribute to carbon targets agreed to under the nationally determined contributions.

Methodology approachThe project ‘Water and wastewater utilities for climate change mitigation (WaCCliM)’ supports climatechange mitigation efforts in the water sector using a cross-sectoral approach that links water, energy andfood security to developing concepts for a climate resilient and low emission water industry.The project uses a systems approach and considers all components of the urban water cycle from watersupply, wastewater to reuse of water. Pilot measures on energy efficiency, water loss reduction as well asenergy generation from biogas are implemented with lead executing agencies to reduce overall greenhousegas emissions.

Analysis and results

Optimising energy use as well as wastewater treatment processes provide opportunities for significant GHGreductions across the entire urban water cycle. Through energy generation from biogas, energy efficientpumps, significant amounts of CO2e can be reduced. In the city of Cusco, Peru, for example ~ 4000 t CO2e/awere avoided through improved sludge management resulting in increased biogas production. Furthermore,1230 tons CO2e/a can be reduced through refurbishing old pumps with new energy efficient pumps. In thecity of Chiang Mai in Thailand, 130 tCO2e/a can be reduced through more energy efficient pumping stationsand the reduction of infiltration in the sewer network. In Guanajuato, Mexico; the wastewater utility reducedits carbon footprint by 20% (120tCO2e/a) through energy optimisation measures. Expanding wastewaterservice levels led to additional reductions of 2200tCO2e/a.At the national level, the program provides technical support to water experts and utility staff managers toimprove the political, regulatory and institutional framework and integrate emission reduction measures toreduce the waters sector carbon footprint. Technical assistance is provided to support the multiplication ofpilot measures, development of incentives for national mitigation strategies and the introduction ofappropriate financing instruments.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 17

Conclusions and recommendationWhile utilities are engaging in technologies and practices that support a circular economy, some challengesremain: remodeling of the water sector towards a sustainable low-carbon future requires country ownershipand the provision of sufficient financing that facilitates the deployment of new technologies. In addition,robust water sector GHG accounting and monitoring, and sharing best practices within the industry to ensurewide adoption of an economically viable and sustainable transition to decarbonisation is needed. Investmentin decarbonizing the water sector significantly contributes to meet the Nationally Determined Contributionsagreed in the COP21 Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Introduction and objectives

Running an ecological design practice provides an opportunity to include management of water and waste-water in individual buildings and institutions we design.In the context of Bengaluru,where at a city level water has become a scarce resource,it is possible to easilyintegrate rainwater harvesting , greywater recycling, kitchen waste composting, and terrace gardening intoindividual homes and institutional buildings such as schools to reduce dependency on external water andsanitation systems. Not only is harvested rainwater a major supplement but the nutrients from ecosan andgreywater can be used productively for food production at household level.

Methodology approachDesigning of building often avoids services such as water and wastewater infrastructure assuming a link tothe city lines. More often than not buildings in the periphery of a growing city have to create independentservices such as a borewell for water supply and septic tanks for sanitation systems.Analysing rainfall patternboth storage and recharge systems were designed to hold and reuse rainwater. Greywater tanks werelocated to catch clothes wash and bath water and filtered using biological systems for reuse in toilet flushingand for vegetable cultivation. Ecosan toilets provided urine and dessicated faeces as fertiliser for crops.

Analysis and results

In the design of a large school building it was possible to capture almost all the rainwater falling in a largesump tank. This water is filtered before being used for drinking. For toilets it is used directly. Greywatertreatment system recycle water for flushing requirement. The school with 200 students is independent ofthe city system for water and wastewater management.In most houses depending on the rooftop area between 100,000 to 200,000 litres of rainwater is harvestedannually.Where a perched aquifer exists an open well provides all the water requirement of the house and isrecharged using rooftop rainwater. Greywater systems recycle almost all shower and washing machinewater. By replacing detergents with ecofriendly soaps it is possible to simplify treatment requirements. Twinleach pit toilets and ecosan toilets provide safe containment and reuse of faeces.This in turn is reused forgrowing rooftop vegetable gardens. Kitchen waste is composted and reused on site. A rooftop provides anideal space for reusing greywater and nutrients from human waste as also to harvest rain. About 40 sq. mt.of roof area can provide water, food and energy security and also take care of waste from a house inBengaluru.

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 19

Conclusions and recommendationBy designing for rainwater harvesting,water efficient fixtures,recycling systems,ecosan toilets it is possibleto supplement water requirements to a great extent and complete the food cycle using nutrients fromhuman and kitchen waste.Ecological design is the way forward in closing the water and nutrient loop.Architects and engineers can play a crucial role in addressing the water and wastewater management of citiesSimple design tools and filters for rainwater and greywater recycling is needed to help take the designimplementation forward. Building byelaws and tax incentives can be thought of aprropriately for each city toto encourage such designs .

Abstract Volume – World Water Week 2017 20

Seminar: Wastewater and health –managing risks, seizing opportunities

Photo: Robert Bos

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

22A health risk assessment of wastewater use in Ghana Presenting Dr. Prince Antwi-Agyei, United Kingdom, London School of Author: Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Co-Authors: Prof. Sandy Cairncross, United Kingdom

Dr. Anne Peasey, United Kingdom, University College of London Dr. Jeroen Ensink, United Kingdom

Highlights • Produce contamination should be managed at all domains along the food chain, although prioritising markets and kitchens would be a more cost-effective approach. • Awareness of wastewater irrigation health risks alone is insufficient for vendors and consumers to adopt risk reduction measures, or influence them when buying produce or prepared salad.

Introduction and objectives

Wastewater use in urban agriculture is common as a result of rapid urbanisation, water scarcity, and the highcost of treating urban wastewater. The use of wastewater holds clear benefits to farmers, but also posesserious health risks to farmers and consumers of wastewater irrigated produce. This study aimed atidentifying key risk factors for produce contamination at different entry points of the food chain. It alsoassesses participants’ awareness and knowledge of wastewater irrigation practices, associated health risks,and the adoption of health protective measures.

Methodology approachIn the period from September 2012 to August 2013, over 500 produce and ready-to-eat salad samples werecollected from fields, markets, and food stalls in eight neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana during two croppingseasons, and over 300 soil and irrigation water samples were collected. All samples were analysed for E. coli,human adenovirus and norovirus using standard microbiological procedures. In addition, almost 700participants including wastewater farmers, market and street food vendors, chefs and consumers wereinterviewed and observed to assess critical exposures associated with the transmission of faecal pathogensin farmers and consumers.

Analysis and results

The results showed that over 80% of produce samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli, withmedian concentrations from 0.64 to 3.84 Log E. coli/g produce. Street food salad was found to be the mostcontaminated (4.23 Log E. coli/g), and that consumption of salads did not meet health standards. No streetfood sample was found positive for viruses, while less than 10% of produce from farms and markets werepositive for adenovirus. Key risk factors identified for produce contamination included farm soil, the use ofwastewater for irrigation, poor food and environmental hygiene, and operating with a hygiene permit.Awareness of the source of irrigation water was found to be low, but despite the high awareness of healthrisk, consumers did not prioritize health indicators when buying produce from vendors but were motivatedto buy produce, or prepared food based on taste, friendship, cost, convenience and freshness of produce.For example, only 2% of street food consumers relied on health indicators when buying food from vendors.Similarly, farmers’ awareness of health risk did not influence their adoption of safer farm practices.

23Conclusions and recommendationThe study findings suggest that farmers, vendors and consumers may not necessarily adopt risk reductionmeasures based only on their awareness or knowledge of wastewater irrigation health risks. The studyrecommends the promotion of interventions that would result in more direct benefits to producers andvendors, together with hygiene education and inspection, hygiene certification and enforcement of foodsafety byelaws in order to increase the uptake of the WHO multiple-barrier approach recommended for thesafe use of wastewater for agriculture. Access to credit schemes and improved land security are alsorecommended to encourage farmers to adopt risk reduction measures.

Highlights • The research address the question of sanitation planning in peri-urban areas of low income countries • Strengths and weaknesses of CLUES and SSP methodologies are examined within their application to a case study in Tanzania • The combined use of the tools is shown as successful in potentiate their effectiveness.

Introduction and objectives

The rapid urbanization occurring in most areas of developing countries contribute to worsen the problem ofadequate sanitation infrastructures and services, in particular in peri-urban areas. The study aims to explorethe domain of recent approaches to sanitation planning for improving the sanitation system in peri-urbanwards of the Municipality of Iringa, in Tanzania. In particular, the Sanitation Safety Plan (SSP) approach wastested to investigate how it could be adapted to a specific context and used for supporting the planning ofan improved sanitation system focused on the safeguard of public health and environment.

Methodology approachThe research was conducted within an international cooperation project under development in peri-urbanwards of Iringa, selected as case study. Two approaches were tested: the Community-Led UrbanEnvironmental Sanitation (CLUES) and the Sanitation Safety Plan (SSP). The SSP was developed based onguidelines of the WHO manual at research level and adapted for the specific context. A simplified matrix forsemi-quantitative risk assessment and a tool for prioritizing control measures based on weighted criteriawere developed for the case study. Strengths and weaknesses of these approaches applied in field wereevidenced and a methodology foreseeing their integrated use was proposed.

Analysis and results

The CLUES approach was applied involving stakeholders and communities of peri-urban wards of Iringa andparticipatory methods were used for selecting feasible and acceptable sanitation options for designing animproved sanitation system, named S1. A SSP was developed for the current sanitation system in place,named S0. A risk assessment was conducted for S0 for each step of the sanitation chain identifying exposuregroups and routes, as well as hazards and related hazardous events. For each risk obtaining high level,additional control measures were identified and integrated in the design of S1, applying a multi-barrierperspective. The application of these planning tools resulted in the design of an improved system, and in thedevelopment of an action plan and a monitoring and verification plan for its implementation.In its application in field, CLUES showed to be a strong tool for involving local communities and institutionsin understanding sanitation problems and defining shared solutions. The SSP demonstrated to becomplementary to CLUES in addressing specifically health risks and issues, assuring that all measures neededto control and reduce risks for health and environment in the whole sanitation chain were considered.

25Conclusions and recommendationThe application of planning tools to the case study permitted to evidence strengths and limits of bothmethodologies in the specific context, and the added value of combining them for designing an improvedsanitation system with a strong participatory component and based on a multi-barrier approach, forguaranteeing the health risks control along the whole sanitation chain. The innovation suggested by thisresearch is the proposal of the integrated use of CLUES and SSP for the design of improved sanitationsystems in peri-urban areas which could be useful for others facing the challenge of sanitation in similarcontexts.

Introduction and objectives

Most residents of Port au Prince, Haiti, rely on on-site sanitation facilities such as latrines, septic tanks, orcesspools which require regular emptying and disposal due to their location in dense urban areas. At therequest of the National Water and Sanitation Agency of Haiti (DINEPA), a performance evaluation of onedisposal site, a non-discharging wastewater stabilization pond (WSP), was conducted to determine if thefacility was operating in accordance with its design, to better characterize the influent waste, and to assessthe effect of high-strength fecal sludge on treatment.

Methodology approachIn order to assess the performance of the WSP, grab samples were collected from trucks transporting fecalsludge (both from septic tanks/cesspools and latrines) to the facility, and from pipes between each lagooncell at the facility. On each sampling visit (four total), we collected one sample from each lagoon processstep, as well as samples of septic tank/cesspool waste and latrine waste. As biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5) was the main criteria used in the design of the facility, this was also the primary indicator used toassess performance, although analysis of other parameters was also included.

Analysis and results

While the volume of waste entering the WSP is less than what it was originally designed for, the estimatedvolumetric loading rate of BOD5 is approximately at capacity. This is primarily due to the high strength of thefecal waste from latrines. The range of values for BOD5 found in latrine waste was approximately 5,000 toalmost 40,000 mg/L, which is much higher than previous literature would suggest. The facility does appearto be performing approximately as designed in terms of overall BOD5 reduction, although reductions in eachlagoon cell do not conform to the design.Accumulation of sludge in lagoon cells has been a significant challenge at the facility, and emptying sludgefrom the anaerobic ponds has been required multiple times. Not only can the sludge accumulation increasethe operation and maintenance challenges at the facility, but it may also it may decrease the effectiveness oftreatment.Although more sampling is required to confirm these results, this evaluation does suggest that design valuesfor BOD5 in this facility and others receiving fecal sludge from latrines may need to be modified, dependingon the proportion of waste that comes from latrines.

27Conclusions and recommendationCharacterization of the strength of fecal sludge and treatment of high-strength fecal sludge in traditionalwastewater treatment facilities are not well understood, and more research is needed on these topics.Possible modifications to this existing facility to help prevent solids overloading include adjusting grates toprevent larger solids entering the system or pretreatment of high strength fecal sludge in drying beds or byother means. More routine monitoring of this facility than was possible in this project, including building locallaboratory capacity to perform regular analysis of key parameters, is also needed.

Co-Authors: Dr. Martina Flörke, Germany, CESR, University of Kassel

HighlightsSevere pathogen pollution affects around one-third of all river reaches in Latin America, Africa and Asia;Cities are hotspots of wastewater generation and intake but also rural population is exposed through directcontact to polluted surface waters;Modelling can contribute to integrated assessment identifying river reaches potentially at risk

Introduction and objectives

The ongoing socio-economic development together with urbanization presents a challenge for water qualityworldwide, especially in developing and emerging countries. The amount of wastewater from domestic andindustrial sources is rising, which can lead to an increased risk of surface water quality degradation, if thewastewater is not sufficiently treated before returned to water bodies. This in turn has impacts onecosystems and human health. The newly adopted targets for sustainable development include protectionof water quality and sustainable use of water resources. To achieve these goals, appropriate monitoringstrategies and the development of indicators for water quality are required.

Methodology approachIn the pre-study for a ‘World Water Quality Assessment’ a methodology for assessing freshwaters wasdeveloped in order to distinguish river stretches potentially at risk due to degraded water quality. Thecontinental scale WorldQual model simulates loadings and in-stream concentrations to provide insight intomain sources of pollution and status of water quality. The exposure is described by direct human contactwith potentially polluted surface waters using faecal coliform bacteria (FC) as indicator. High FC levelscorrelate with presence of dangerous pathogens. For the assessment a benchmark for safe and unsafe FClevels was determined from existing water quality standards.

Analysis and results

The pre-study results indicate that severe pathogen pollution already affects around one-third of all riverstretches in Latin America, Africa and Asia. The number of people at risk to health by coming into contactwith polluted surface waters may range into the hundreds of millions on these continents. The temporaltrends from 1990 to 2010 reveal that FC loadings have increased on the average in all three continents. Mostof the FC pollution in Latin America comes from sewered domestic wastes (81%). For Africa, the majority ofFC comes from non-sewered domestic sources (56%), Sub-Saharan countries having the lowest levels ofsanitation coverage. In Asia, about half of FC comes from sewered domestic waste. Only about one-third ofall wastewater in Asia is treated. Among the most vulnerable groups are women and children. Women are atparticular risk because of their frequent usage of water from rivers and lakes for cleaning clothes andcollecting water for cooking and drinking in the household. Children are also at particular risk because of theirplay activities in local surface waters and also because they often have the task of collecting water for thehousehold.

29Conclusions and recommendationThe results indicate the key role of domestic wastewater as source for FC loadings which are high in areas ofhigh population density like cities. In general, the manufacturing and agricultural sectors are minor pollutionsources. However, these sectors are at risk if using polluted water for further processing. It is not only aboutdrinking water, this study highlights the exposure of rural population through direct contact to water.Because sanitation and water use practices are of major importance, the improvement of wastewatermanagement is crucial for pollution prevention. Modelling can be used to run scenarios on improvedtreatment effects.

Co-Authors: Dr. Kumi Abeysuriya, Australia

Ms. Katie Ross, Australia Prof. Juliet Willetts, Australia

HighlightsLiquid streams (effluent, leachate, unintended leakage) from onsite and networked water-based sanitationsystems can pose a significant health hazard, but have received little attention. A new heuristic drawsattention to pathogens, synthesising health and engineering science with local knowledge to help decision-makers avoid investing in technologies that increase unsafe return.

Introduction and objectives

Liquid streams (effluent, leachate, unintended leakage) from onsite and networked treatment systems forwater-based sanitation can pose a significant health hazard, but to date have received little attention inIndonesia. The recent focus of development partners and policy makers on faecal sludge management hasled to essential gains, yet reaching ‘safely managed’ sanitation requires a step further, through makingpathogen hazards visible in all discharges, assessing all local exposure paths. Because measuring pathogensis complex and costly, and significant gaps remain in data and scientific understanding, this can only beachieved through ‘first principles’, translating existing knowledge into actionable directives.

Methodology approachThis paper (based on Mitchell et al. (2016) Waterlines 35(2):163-181) proposes the Pathogen Hazard Diagram(PHD) to describe, visualise and assess pathogen removal/survival through common wastewater treatmentsystems and remaining hazards, particularly those in liquid streams. Firstly we identify the accidentalmisunderstandings generated by common representations of pathogen removal. Secondly, we use availablescientific evidence on pathogen hazard reduction mechanisms and treatment efficacy of differenttechnologies and management approaches (encompassing the diversity of viral, bacterial, protozoan, andhelminth responses) to populate the new heuristic tool. The tool is then applied to assess water-basedsanitation systems and policies in urban Indonesia.

Analysis and results

The term ‘pathogen’ is often absent: wastewater system design/performance focuses on chemical/biologicalpollutants, not microbiological. When pathogen numbers are noted, exponential terms are used because thenumbers are large: every day an infected person produces 104-106 helminth eggs. Similarly, expectedtreatment performance is communicated in log reductions: sealed tanks reduce helminths by 0-2 log10. 2 logremoval corresponds to 99%, which sounds effective. But are we concerned about reduction in relation toinfluent, or hazard in the effluent? The minimum infective dose is 100-101, meaning 100-10,000 (102-104) dosesleave the tank. Communicating treatment performance in terms of potential infective doses dischargedfocuses on what matters most for human safety.We propose a new heuristic tool, the PHD, as a prototype for assessing local hazards in the absence ofpathogen data. Responses to particular removal/inactivation mechanisms often vary between viruses,bacteria, protozoa, helminthes classes. In contrast, filtration and sorption are efficacious across all classes.The PHD combines existing health and engineering science with local knowledge and system contexts toassess pathogen treatment efficacy. It reveals Indonesia’s policy of replacing traditional unsealed pits that

Conclusions and recommendation

A decade ago WHO defined the key determinants of pathogen risk, but these do not seem to be part ofsanitation planning and implementation, in Indonesia and perhaps elsewhere. Explicitly consideringpathogens in terms of the hazard that remains, including in intended and unintended liquid discharges, canguide investment towards wastewater treatment systems that reduce the hazard to public health whereexposure paths exist. As a stopgap until better/local data is available, the PHD is an attempt to make thispossible for local sanitation planners, delivery partners, and policy makers, requiring only local knowledgeand general sanitation reference knowledge.

Co-Authors: Dr. Meera Mehta, India CEPT University, Ahmedabad

HighlightsThe impact of poor waste management on environment and public health is well documented. Cities face thetwin challenges of providing safe sanitation and improved environment. The model framework of SaniPlanprovides a tool for simulating outcomes of various options and enables informed decision making.

Introduction and objectives

It is critical to plan for safe wastewater conveyance, treatment and reuse. The model, Saniplan, is an aid todecision makers to choose appropriate sanitation technology that is efficient (in service provision) andaffordable. The model SaniPlan simulates impacts of various options on service outcomes. The health impactsare captured through impact of technology selection on environmental parameters. The model also takesinto account capital and operating costs of various options and enables design of a financing plan.

Methodology approachThe tool SaniPlan developed at CEPT University under the PAS Project, is a modular tool that help iterativedecision making towards achieving safe sanitation. Health outcomes are captured through impacts onenvironmental parameters. The assessment module analyses the entire sanitation service chain of sanitation.Service levels are measured through specific performance indicators. These indicators are linked to thePerformance Assessment System (pas.org.in) which is an exercise carried out in India. The tool incorporatesvarious improvement actions (e.g. actions related to septage collection, conveyance, treatment, septic tanksrefurbishment etc.) that cities can choose to implement as part of their sanitation improvement plan. Anenvironment and health impact assessment module has been overlaid to the model.

Analysis and results

The tool has been successfully used in two small cities in India to plan for improving sanitation situation acrossthe whole service chain. These two cities, Wai and Sinnar in Maharashtra, are dependent on onsite sanitation.Open defecation, practiced by 10% of the population has been curbed. The challenge now is to plan andimplement a safe system for conveyance, treatment and disposal of waste. The SaniPlan model was used toformulate a viable fecal sludge management plan. This plan is currently being implemented.The SaniPlan model is designed to simulate service level impacts of various actions. Recognising that itbecomes difficult for city level decision makers to run the Excel based model and see the impacts of variousactions, a simple dashboard was linked to this model. The dashboard helped the decision makers tounderstand financial and service level impacts of various actions.

Conclusions and recommendation

Evidence-based decision making is advocated by city governments. However, there are no ready tools thatsupport such decision making. Application of SaniPlan in small towns in Maharashtra, India suggests thatdecision-makers are receptive to such comprehensive frameworks that can assess service outcomes, costsand financing plan leading to design of tariffs.

Co-Authors: Mr. Daniel Berdat, Consultant for WHO

HighlightsSDG Indicator 6.3.1 calls for the measurement of “safely treated” wastewater. But what is safely treated?Safe for public health, safe for ecosystems or both? What do countries national standards consider safe? Andwhat can be used as an international benchmark for “safely managed reporting under the SDGs? This paperpresents finding from analysis of national standards and discusses implication for global reporting,regulation, and implementation of quality monitoring.

Introduction and objectives

SDG Indicator 6.3.1 calls for the measurement of “safely treated” wastewater. A definition of safely treatedis needed in order to classify data and have met the SDG target. Yet, desired levels if wastewater treat varydepending on the intended next use and exposure environment. In 2016 a treatment working group (TWG)recommended normative definitions of safe treatment to using a treatment ladder with rungs according datatype of increasing relevance for public health.This study gathered and reviewed national standards on wastewater treatment with the objective ofcomparing with TWG recommendations for globally comparable reporting and asks what is “safely treated”?Safe for public health, safe for ecosystems or both? What do countries national standards consider safe? Andwhat can be used as an international benchmark for “safely managed reporting under the SDGs? This paperpresents finding from analysis of national standards and discusses implication for global reporting.

Methodology approachThe TWG recommendation of a treatment ladder with rungs according data type of increasing relevance forpublic health was used a point of departure. A systematic search for national standards was conductedthrough WHO country office and national counterparts ands well as internet searches. Data on treatmentrequirements was extracted from the national standards retrieved and classified according to the proposedladder rungs – no treatment, technology based (eg primary, secondary tertiary treatment), environmentalcompliance based (BOD, COD, SS) and Public Health compliance based (e.g. e.coli).

Analysis and results

Analysis in ongoing at the time of submission. Preliminary findings indicate that: • National standards are predominantly based on environment parameters (BoD, CoD) • Regional reporting initiatives such as the EU Urban Wastewater directive seeks technology based data although countries have more detailed national standards and compliance reporting covering environmental and often public health parameters. • Some countries (proportion TBD in final analysis) have a ranges of treatment qualities based on the receiving environment and human exposure scenario.

Conclusions and recommendation

Conclusions and recommendations of relevant for 6.3.1 “safely treated” classification will be added in Julywhen the research is complete.

HighlightsThis article provides an overview of the processes and challenges of implementing faecal sludgemanagement in Odisha State, India. The key processes are selection and establishing a low cost system forfaecal sludge treatment and engaging a private operator to run the cesspool fleet to transport the sludge.

Introduction and objectives

About six million urban residents of Odisha state in India rely on onsite sanitation facilities. Over time, largequantity of partly digested faecal matter are accumulated in them. Effluent containing high BOD andpathogens spills to the immediate environment posing grave danger to human health. Episodes of jaundicewere reported in many towns in the summer of 2014 with few deaths due to contamination of drinking waterpipelines. This article provides the processes followed and challenges faced during implementation of thefaecal sludge management (FSM) project in the State.

Methodology approachIn 2015, the state decided to implement FSM in its urban areas. In Odisha, nearly half of the urban populationlive in its 9 big towns. So, initial thrust was given to providing FSM service in the nine populated towns. Bestpractice and field study on full FSM service elsewhere in Asia were studied as the same were not available inthe country. The existing state sanitation strategy was reviewed and FSM was incorporated as a keycomponent to achieving city sanitation. FSM guideline was formulated to assist urban local bodies.

Analysis and results

The pilot sanitation survey revealed that discharge of untreated faecal sludge from household into opendrains have deteriorated the water quality in four perennial rivers serving as source of raw water for seventowns. For maximum impact of FSM service, nine populated towns out of total 110 towns of Odisha werechosen sheltering nearly half of urban population. The adopted faecal sludge treatment units consist ofsludge receiving chamber, screen channel, settling cum thickening tank, sludge drying bed and co-composting of dried sludge and, anaerobic baffled tank, horizontal constructed wet land, and a polishingpond for treatment of liquid effluent. Transparent public procurement processes were followed for (i)construction of treatment facility, (ii) procurement of cesspool vehicles and (iii) engaging private operatorsto manage fleet of cesspool vehicles in these towns. The towns received capex grant from the governmentfor the first two activities considering their weak financial base. The households pay fee towards faecalsludge emptying/collection service. The fee shall cover the cost of operation and maintenance of the vehiclesfor transport of faecal sludge to the treatment plant. In the future, a part of the fee will go towards operationof the treatment plant.

35Conclusions and recommendationThe challenges faced during implementation of the project was majorly related to availability of land forconstruction of treatment facility. To avoid land disputes, site for treatment facility henceforth shall belocated near the solid waste management facility. Community participation is very important for the FSMproject. The FSM project is now planned for adoption in small towns of Odisha. The cesspool vehicles andtreatment facilities will be operated by private players. The State will provide fund to close the gap betweenrevenue generated and actual expenditure to keep the system functional and viable.

HighlightsNew approach and model are presented for prognostication of concentrations of contamination in rivers andreservoirs. It gives effective strategy of pollution reduction in surface water for sustainable development andhealth-protective wastewater management. Cascade of the Dnieper reservoirs (Ukraine) was analyzed.

Introduction and objectives

The Dnieper basin includes nearly 50% of the total area of Ukraine and contributes with about 80% of the totalvolume of Ukrainian water resources. It is possible to decrease negative influence of work of industry onDnepr by optimization of management by a flow for sustainable development. For practice a task of pollutionreduction is important in connection with the necessity of prognostication of the state of water resources,to their fitness for the use, possible influencing of contamination on population on an environment, and alsoestimation of efficiency, possible water safe measures.

Methodology approachA mathematical model which united exactness one-dimensional, simplicity and small time of computerrealization of the simplified (by an ordinary chamber) model was developed simultaneously overcomingfailings each of them.A model is foreseen description of conduct of contamination in running reservoirs in solution, on suspensionand in the layer of the ground deposits, an exchange takes into account water-bottom, water-suspension,time of transporting on a reservoir and influencing of diffusion, what is provide possibility of design of widespectrum of contaminations for more effective impact assessment and safety planning.

Analysis and results

Water of Dnepr is used for the supply about 30 million people, 50 cities and industrial centres, about 10 000industrial enterprises, 2200 agricultures, 1000 communal services, 50 large irrigational systems. Presencehydroelectric power plants (HPP) enable to utilize their modes of operation for adjusting of contaminationof reservoirs. Changes of the modes exploitation HPP can be applied for diminishing of the harmfulinfluencing of contaminations on a population and environment. On the basis of research of influencing ofthe modes of exploitation HPP on the size of concentration of contamination possibility of application of theoffered model is shown for determination of influencing of water protection measures on quality of water.At the use of model by varying of the hydrological mode requirements and limitations, laid on different waterusers, can be easily taken into account, the ecological consequences of the different modes of exploitationare quickly counted HPP and the optimum mode of operation is certain. There are conflict of interestpractitioners and policy-makers: hydropower companies, irrigation, industry, water supply, fishing, watertransport, recreation, ecology.

37Conclusions and recommendationThe main problem - coexistence different practitioners and policy-makers in control of cascade of the Dnieperreservoirs. The work demonstrates some possibilities to improve communication of practitioners and policy-makers in the Dnieper basin. Accurate modeling and system approach can provide with more effective impactassessment on contaminations in wastewater systems and helth-protective wastewater management.

38Poster: Evaluating hazards and risks of water sources in Sultan Kudarat Presenting Mr. Yolwin Jed Perales, Philippines, University of the Author: Philippines- Diliman

Co-Authors:

Highlights • Sultan Kudarat heavily relies on water sources studied for food, water and household chores. • There is no current research on the potential risks and condition of these water sources in Sultan Kudarat. • The province needs to make and revise policies based on the results of the research.

Introduction and objectives

Water pollution is one of the major concerns in the Philippines most especially in rural areas where properhealthcare, sanitation and water purification are often expensive and limited. This study aims toquantitatively determine the levels of toxic heavy metals cadmium and lead from two major fresh and twomajor seawater sources in the province of Sultan Kudarat. This study also aims to calculate the projectedblood levels of the heavy metals to children and correlate the presence of these metals to common healthand biodiversity problems encountered by the communities living beside the water bodies.

Methodology approachThe research used an experimental design in determining the amount of heavy metals in the four bodies ofwater concerned by obtaining appropriate amount of sample using proper sampling techniques replicatedthree times. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to measure the amount of metals in thesamples. A through historical and archiving research supplemented by interviews and surveys were alsoconducted to government officials and residents living around the vicinity of the bodies of water studied togather data of health and biodiversity problems they encountered and related it to the results of theinstrumental analysis and current industrial operations in the area.

Analysis and results

Results showed that the two heavy metals are present in all four water bodies with varying concentrations.All fresh water and one seawater body went above the allowed safety limit of 0.005 ppm and projected bloodsafety level of 10ug/dL for lead. On the other hand, all fresh water samples and one seawater sampleexceeded the allowed safety limit for cadmium of 0.005 ppm but had an acceptable projected blood level. Itwas also been found from the historical research that the number of marine species thriving into the freshwater bodies in 1980s was around 50-60 before quarrying, logging and other industrial processes wereconducted in the area. Currently, only 20-30 marine species could be found in these fresh water bodies. Onthe other hand, there are also above average number of cases of diarrheas, frequent fever and nausea mostespecially on children of the residents living near the bodies of water from year 2000 onwards, which can beside effects of the high presence of heavy metals in the water. One of the seawater is also notably cleanerand having lower concentrations of heavy metals compared to the other because of the intensive fishing andother marine commercial activities conducted on the latter seawater body tested.

39Conclusions and recommendationIt can be concluded that all water bodies studied are not safe and risky for human and animal consumption.These bodies of water are also experiencing deterioration of biodiversity as well as impacting theirneighboring habitats through disruption of food chain. Industrial processes conducted in the communitywhere water bodies are located contributed a lot in degrading the quality of the waters. Stricter policiesshould be implemented to preserve the biodiversity of these bodies of water, to alleviate the health risks thatmay cause by excessive heavy metals concentration and to preserve the quality of the waters.

40Poster: Wastewater reuse and the burden of parasitic diseases in Nigeria Presenting Ms. Nneka Ozowara, United States, Baltimore City Community Author: College

Co-Authors: Dr. Oliver Odikamnoro, Nigeria, Ebonyi State University

HighlightsThe presence of the metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica and the infective stages of other parasites inirrigation water was investigated. The study revealed that life cycle stages of Fasciola gigantica, eggs ofAscaris lumbricoides as well as infective larvae of hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis were recoveredfrom the water sources.

Introduction and objectives

Most rural farmers in eastern Nigeria villages practise some form of irrigation for their crops. Thus, waterfrom broken drains, run-off from open defecation sites and night soil dumps are carried in channels throughthe farmlands causing potential risk of infection with parasitic helminthes. The infective stages attach to thesurfaces of the vegetables. In addition, the soil and water bodies are seeded with parasite eggs and larvaethereby exposing the farmers to multiple infection. Irrigation of farmlands in developing countries includingNigeria is done using untreated wastewater and raw manure of domestic animal origins as fertilizer.Mitigation measures are needed.

Methodology approachSoil-transmitted helminthiases have remained a common health problem of rural farmers in southeastNigeria. The study was conducted by investigating the life cycle stages of the parasite in irrigation watersources using sedimentation, centrifugation methods and microscopic examination respectively. Ten ruralfarming communities in southeast Nigeria were selected for the study. The study revealed that life cyclestages of helminthes are present in irrigation water bodies in both wet and dry seasons between February,2013 to January, 2016. The analysis of variance showed that there is a statistical significant difference betweenwater sources in having life cycle stages of the parasite (P<0.05).

Analysis and results

The study revealed that eggs, cercaria and metacercaria stages of F. gigantica and the infective stages ofAscaris lumbricoides, hookworms and Strngyloides stercoralis parasites implicated in irrigation water.Therefore, the recurrent transmission of helminthises among rural farmers in these areas may be as a resultof regular contact with infested water sources used for the cultivation of vegetables and other crops. Thissituation is worsened by ignorance. The seasonal distribution of the parasitic stages of Fasciola gigantica andother parasites as recorded in the present study showed that rainy season favours the presence of theseparasites. This agrees with earlier documented works showing that infective forms are more abundant duringthe wet seasons. The highest prevalence of these parasites was recorded in rainy season (99.9). This ischaracterized with abundant rain, high moisture contents and low temperature suitable for optimumdevelopment of the parasite life cycle stages. It was also established that metacercaria of Fasciola speciesmay survive for more than one year on pastures depending on moisture and temperature. This is supportedby Weldesilassie (2010) on the examination of vegetable collected from commercial markets which showedthat the vegetables were contaminated with many types of parasite eggs and cysts.

41Conclusions and recommendationThe transition from a rain-fed to irrigation agriculture favours the development and propagation of water-borne infections to both humans and livestock. The present study identified parasitic contaminants ofirrigation water, organic manure and sewage for vegetable production; suggesting that the parasitesidentified may pose. Occupational risks to the farming communities and consumers. The practice of usingwastewater for irrigation offers many opportunities, but poses human health risks which is associated withconsumption of contaminated vegetables irrigated with wastewater. Safe and adequate drinking watershould be provided in order to reduce the use of contaminated water which is highly incriminated withparasitic helminthes.

42 Seminar: Financing wastewatertreatment and resource recovery

Photo: Yegor Korzh

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

HighlightsThe paper shows that different wastewater reuse related business models have great potential to supportthe sustainability of wastewater management enterprises, by reducing operational and maintenance (O&M)costs and/or use generated revenues from recovered resources to bridge financial gaps and complementother supporting mechanisms for making wastewater management more attractive.

Introduction and objectives

There are significant opportunities to generate social benefits from wastewater treatment and also monetizethe reuse value in ways that enable public and private sectors to achieve higher degrees of cost recovery orto generate profits for a better delivery of wastewater services. As we make a paradigm shift towards moremarket-driven options for wastewater management, it is timely to analyze emerging business models fortesting and dissemination in the public and private sectors. The presentation will show successful examplesof wastewater reuse business models including: water recovery for irrigation, nutrients and energy recoveryand carbon credits in developing countries.

Methodology approachThe conceptual framework was based on an in-depth assessment of empirical wastewater reuse cases tounderstand factors driving their success and sustainability; and scalability barriers. The assessment drew ondata from 25 developing country case studies, together with a broad range of information sources (literaturereview, key informant and focus group interviews, secondary and primary quantitative data). Usingstandardized indicators, the cases were assessed based on key criteria that shed light on the financial flows,production factors, resources or capacities requirements, management structure, and economic benefits tohelp understand the financial sustainability, scalability and development impact potential of the models.

Analysis and results

1. Social and environmental value can be maximized while targeting cost recovery especially in regions where water is a scarce resource and reclaimed water is of high importance for agriculture as noted in Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. Some notable cases recovered 50 – 75% of operational costs, although financial cost recovery can be limited given the commonly subsidized freshwater tariffs or free groundwater access. 2. For medium to small-scale community-based wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), additional value propositions such as the sale of fish fed with fodder grown with the nutrients wastewater offers, can exponentially increase cost recovery potential for WWTPs (e.g. Ghana, Bangladesh and India). RRR to achieve high cost recovery also extends to larger-scale WWTPs through highly efficient energy recovery mechanisms (e.g. Jordan). 3. These successful enterprises of wastewater reuse leverage key partnerships to reduce investment costs and increase access to markets for their outputs. Results also suggest that the structure of business arrangements (i.e. innovative cost sharing models with clear benefit-sharing mechanisms, revenue models, management structure) has significant impacts on overall benefits to the involved

45 parties. Complex managerial systems of multi-partnerships can result in inefficiencies and higher operational costs when responsibilities of key partnerships are not clearly defined.

Conclusions and recommendation

Market-driven mechanisms are increasingly being adopted in the wastewater sector to catalyze higherdegrees of cost recovery or profit generating to better deliver waste management services. Innovative andstrategic partnerships have an important role to play in the success of wastewater reuse related businessmodels, although complex managerial systems and unclear benefit-sharing can hinder the sustainability ofthe partnerships and invariably that of the wastewater reuse enterprise.

Co-Authors: Dr. Josiane Nikiema, Ghana

HighlightsPublic-private partnerships (PPP) can enhance resource recovery and reuse (RRR) but remain challenging toimplement.Practitioners require more skills and capacity to run viable PPP but receive insufficient guidance, especially inlow-income settings.IWMI’s analysis of PPP in RRR in Ghana can inform tools to guide PPP practitioners in RRR.

Introduction and objectives

Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) can help alleviate the wastewater crisis by easing the waste burden andgenerating additional income. Public-private partnerships (PPP) can enhance RRR capacity and viability butdifferences in mandate, strategic focus, procedures and interface management complicate partnershipbuilding across sectors. Practitioners require better skills and more capacity to run PPP effectively andefficiently but they face a gap in PPP guidance, especially in low-income settings. IWMI seeks to developrecommendations and tools for PPP in RRR, drawing on lessons from first-hand implementation experiencein Ghana.

Methodology approachIWMI has successfully brokered and implemented PPP in RRR in Ghana. The analysis of these cases exposessuccess factors and bottlenecks along all stages of PPP management, including partnership brokerage,feasibility assessment, contract management, objectives-oriented planning, business models, financingoptions, execution, monitoring and evaluation, risk management, and options for being more gender-inclusive. Framework conditions have been screened for pull and push factors as well as barriers to fullstakeholders’ involvement. The resulting lessons can inform PPP practitioners in RRR and potentially fill gapsin existing PPP guidance and tools.

Analysis and results

IWMI’s reference cases from Ghana demonstrate how PPP in RRR can be set up while addressing skills andcapacity gaps. Guidance derived from these cases include: 1. The identification and attraction of suitable partners can be challenging for all sides. Clear strategies and commitments to overcome remaining capacity gaps need to be included in the PPP setup and business planning. 2. Partners need to build capacity across operational and leadership functions to negotiate between sectors. Joint management and supervisory bodies can lower transaction costs. 3. The development of functional cost- and risk-sharing mechanisms requires full cost and benefit transparency between stakeholders. Willingness to cooperate is fundamental but subject to risks over time. 4. Marketing, supply chain development and logistics for RRR products are key components of PPP inception and implementation especially when value chains are weak. 5. New partners and financing mechanisms can bridge funding gaps, especially in upfront investments.

47 6. Insufficient involvement of and alignment with stakeholders throughout the inception and implementation processes can hinder synergies and put the PPP at risk.

Conclusions and recommendation

There is a need and an opportunity for practical tools for PPP in RRR because existing tools insufficientlyrespond to the realities of practitioners, especially in low-income settings. Lessons from IWMI’s case studiesand other examples can be translated into practical recommendations which complement existing PPP toolsand address the particular requirements of public and private sector partners in RRR. Such PPP guidance willleverage viable business models for RRR and support investment decisions.

HighlightsInvestment guarantees are used to mitigate risks faced primarily by private players.Whilst extensively used in sectors like energy, and transport, they are rarely used in water and waste.This presentation demonstrates how guarantees can be used to bring additional and new financing to RRRinfrastructure and services.

Introduction and objectives

The private sector can bring much needed new funds to RRR efforts, but their potential remains largelyuntapped, often explained by the socio-political and historically public nature of water and waste. However,the private sector is interested, but finds investments risky, and beneficiaries’ affordability constraints makesit difficult to balance the risk and reward of investments.Investment guarantees are products designed to mitigate risk to make investments feasible. They areextensively used in sectors like energy, and transport, yet hardly used in water and waste. This presentationdemonstrates how investment guarantees can be used to foster additional financing.

Methodology approachEstablishment of high-level overall volumetric demand, the consequential demand for funding, thechallenges to private sector participation, the history of PSP in Africa and the reasons why existing guaranteeinstruments are not being used. This was followed by assessing the potential realistic demand for guaranteesand how this can be promoted and by whom. The assignment concludes with a feasibility study of theproposed instruments and recommendations on operationalisation. The study is based on primary andsecondary information sources. Hypotheses and recommendations were tested with private sectorstakeholders for relevance and underwent a peer review by the AfDB.

Analysis and results

A multi-pronged approach involving multiple investment facilitation actions will effectively support privateinvestment. 1. Policy and sector reform to ensure realistic political decisions regarding tariffs and subsidisation policies, determining the ability to service loans or to generate acceptable returns on investment. A policy environment that reconciles the conflicting goals of providing safe and affordable water, while ensuring a commercially viable system is needed; 2. Tailoring existing Partial Risk Guarantee (PRG) product to create a specific water and sanitation guarantee. This will mitigate the main cause for market failure and limited engagement by the private sector, which is loss due to the failure of governments to set tariffs at cost recovery level, or the failure to provide subsidies for long term creditworthiness; 3. Marketing and brokerage functions to make private and public sector operators, financial institutions and other W&S stakeholders aware of the potential and how to build risk mitigation products into projects;

49 4. Development of a pipeline of bankable projects, including the use of blended finance. When the transaction volume has increased, a specific investment guarantee facility may be set up for water and waste;Concrete suggestions will be provided for all of the above.

Conclusions and recommendation

Through a multi-pronged approach, and collaboration amongst stakeholders, a pipeline of water and wasteprojects that use guarantees will be built and investment funds mobilised from the private sector, oftentimesblended with public funds. In Africa it is estimated such investments can be ramped up from about $250million/year over the next two years, to the range of $6billion/year in about 10 years. A large portion of thiswill be for RRR.

50Seminar: Smart solutions in water and waste management for liveable cities

Photo: The Big Picture/Google Maps

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

Water and waste: reduce and reuse

51Seminar: Smart solutions in water and waste management for liveablecities

52Application of the UWU model for urban water use management Presenting Dr. Daniel Costa dos Santos, Brazil, Federal University of Author: Paraná

Co-Authors:

HighlightsThe IUWM approach offers real possibilities for water sustainability;The IUWM approach allows stakeholders to deal with a complexity of water use;It is necessary to consider a public vision for water management in urban areas;

Introduction and objectives

Given the dialectical conflict between a conservative approach and uncontrollable environmental changes, anew paradigm emerges in which the planning and management of water resources use requires a newapproach. To deal with this context, the Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) approach offerscontributions which aim to bring responses to these changes through alternatives that face this newparadigm. Thus, the aim of this work is to present an application of Urban Water Use (UWU) model whichwas developed under the IUWM and strategic planning approaches. This application was addressed toAlmirante Tamandaré City, Brazil.

Methodology approachThe UWU Model, while base of a case study, was applied in Almirante Tamandaré. The UWU is composed bysix steps: input data, vision building, scenarios elaboration, measures selection, outcomes and finalevaluation. With input data collected, it is possible to build the vision by indicators selection. The scenariosconsider external factors such as growth population rate, temperature and gross domestic product percapita. The measures are conceived based on Water Demand Management, Decentralized Sanitation,ECOSAN and SUDS philosophies. To conduct the final evaluation it is estimated the Effectiveness Index (EI)which establishes a hierarchy among group of measures.

Analysis and results

According to the Methodology Approach the measures were selected, as follow: Measure 01 - waterconsumption reduction by low-flush toilet; Measure 02 - greywater for toilets, cleaning and irrigation;Measure 03 - reduction of water loss in the distribution pipelines; Measure 05 - reuse of water using treatedwastewater for agriculture; Measure 09 - expansion of the current wastewater treatment plant; Measure 11- construction of new sanitation system. With these measures 4 groups were composed to apply the UWU.Observing the results for this specific case study, the Group II (composed of measures 1, 3, 5 and 11), and theGroup IV (composed of measures 1 and 2), presented the best performance considering that they achievedthe highest EI values. The EI values obtained for Groups II and IV were 4.0 and 4.1 respectively, which wereclassified as “good”. In these results it is important to highlight measures such as water consumption percapita reduction in buildings and decentralized wastewater treatment plants implantation because they arethe cheapest and promote good results. Thus, with Water Demand Management and DecentralizedSanitation measures it was possible to build the management plan for water conservation in AlmiranteTamandaré.

53Conclusions and recommendationIt was possible to observe in this case study that the best strategies were Water Demand Management andDecentralized Sanitation. With these strategies it was possible to build a management water conservationplan for Almirante Tamandaré. The UWU application has demonstrated some flexibility to manage variables,due to the easiness to review the vision and to change the external factors. However, it is important to payattention to the input data step and to fit coefficients in equations according to each studied reality. And forfinal evaluation it is recommended to have sensibility and knowledge enough to make good decisions.

Introduction and objectives

In each block, Adamjee slum dwellers are organized into groups for solving WASH and environmentaldifficulties. Installing solar operated water pumps, community eco-toilets, solar lighting and rainwaterharvesters in one block, they experience encouraging results in energy savings, onsite fecal sludgemanagement and accessing safe water to 100% households. New drainage and self-financed wastesmanagement initiatives keep environment clean, what they have planned to implement in other blocks.People's initiatives in recycling and reusing wastes for making healthy residence give scope to conduct thisstudy. This paper dedicates in presenting people-initiated models to wider audiences for scaling up.

Methodology approachIn quest of study question "How poor slum-dwellers have made their residences suitable to better live", thestudy was designed and framed for conducting. Participatory approaches have been followed for conductingthe study. A set of data collection tools comprising of questionnaire for household survey, Key InformantInterview, face to face interviewing, transect walks, observation sheets and Focus Group Discussion weredeveloped and trained data collectors collected data. To ensure quality of data, senior staffs directlysupervised monitored and rechecked 10% of collected data. Findings have been documented by criticallyanalyzing the qualitative and quantitative aspects of data.

Analysis and results

According to baseline study, about 10,000 lower income people from 1265 households live in Adamjee Colonywith two squire kilometres area. It is divided into six blocks; an average 200 households with 1,000populations live in each. Baseline findings reveals there were six demolished and unhygienic communitylatrines, severe water crisis, unhealthy waste dumps, clogged old drainage expose frequent health-threats.The report further reveals 100% children suffer from 7 to 10 times episodes of diarrhoea, stunting-growthtrends found among 70% children, 80% mothers face intestinal and urinal infections, medical cost of eachhousehold was around US$ 150 to 350. Social cohesions among households were too weak. These unwantedeffects aggravated their sickness and poverty levels.Study after one year interventions in selected block with 218 households reveals 100% households have accessto safe water, 85% households hygienically use Community Eco-toilets; recycle human excreta into organicfertilizers and market those. 100% households hygienically wash hands in critical times, keep children cleanand manage wastes efficiently as part of social norms and control. Diarrheal diseases among children andmedical expenses significantly decreased. Community drainages drain out stormwater. Positive results of theinitiative have inspired neighbours for scaling up the same facilities.

55Conclusions and recommendationDespite over crowded population, severe water and sanitation crisis, improper waste management, waterlogging due to older and clogged drainage, the poor slum dwellers of Adamjee slums have reorganized themto prevent negative implications through undertaking an innovative initiative towards healthy and livableenvironment. The innovative new initiatives include integration of hardware and software mixedinterventions e.g. assessing community needs, social preparation, Eco-friendly innovative technologies,strengthening community capacities for monitoring, linking with resource organizations, resources recyclefor marketing, recovering partnership between urban and rural settings and involving multi-stakeholderstowards suitable lives in urban cities to address the targets of SDG.

Co-Authors: Dr. Meera Mehta, India CEPT University, Ahmedabad

HighlightsThe paper highlights susceptibility of cities in semi-arid regions to water scarcity. Climate change andresultant uncertain weather patterns are forcing cities to take extreme steps to combat water crisis. Thepaper describes efforts initiated by community based organization at reviving the lakes and recharginggroundwater in cities in India.

Introduction and objectives

Bhuj, a city located in an arid region of Kutch in India, has suffered water scarcity in recent years. Communityefforts have revived the traditional wisdom and explored alternative water sources to work towardsbecoming water secure. The study highlights the unique example of participatory urban water managementapproach through the efforts made by the community and local NGO. These efforts combine a deepknowledge of the history of water resources and in-depth technical assessment through participatory watermanagement process. These efforts have led to influencing the new Development Plan and local governmentprogrammes.

Methodology approachWater resources management approach in Bhuj incorporates a strong technical knowledge in disseminatinginformation to the citizens through a citizens’ forum called as Jal Strot Sneh Savardhan Samiti (JSSS). In theinitial stages the forum was supported by NGO in the form of studies, research, data collection, capacitybuilding, planning and monitoring. Along with this, they also undertook technical interventions and pilotdemonstrations in the revival of the lake, flood control, groundwater recharge, rain water harvesting anddecentralized water supply systems. It is envisaged that these efforts will make the city water secure throughsustainable water resource management.

Analysis and results

Building up of the technical knowledge base and disseminating this knowledge to the citizens through strongcitizens’ forum is a key to the success of urban water resource management in Bhuj. Dissemination of thetechnical information to the citizens through simple messages and various awareness activities were alsohelpful. One learns from these efforts that sensitisation of local officials, capacity building of civil society andgovernment officers and demonstrations through pilot projects are essential for successful urban watermanagement. Another lesson is that it is essential to create specific institution and institutionalize the variousprocesses of PGWM to make it sustainable. It also shows that citizens need to be involved in planning,implementing and monitoring. The whole process of integrated urban planning and renewal of traditionalwater system should be backed by a governance system that ensures sustainable efforts. The urban waterresource management approach adopted in Bhuj has served as a background for initiating similar efforts inother cities to build their resilience in water security.

57Conclusions and recommendationThe case of Bhuj shows a unique approach and offers valuable lessons in urban water resource management.Smartest way to de-risk from future uncertainty is to begin with the conservation of local water resourcerather than depending on distant sources. There is a need to bring back that traditional knowledge to ensureself-sufficiency in water resources.

Co-Authors: Mr. James Murage, Kenya, Water Services Trust Fund

Highlights  Improvement of environment through intermediate sludge management for cleaner cities and reduced groundwater and water bodies pollution.  Reuse of faecal sludge coming from the DTF as soil conditioner or fertiliser, reducing the use of chemical fertilizer.  Possible reuse of treated effluent from the DTF as irrigation water.

Introduction and objectives

Kenya’s urban population continues to grow at an alarming rate of 4.2% annually. However, there is nocommensurate development of basic water and waste water management infrastructure. Of about 13 millionurban population, only 11% have access to sewerage services. The remaining 89% depend on onsite sanitationsystems characterized by poor sludge management. To address the situation, a national sanitation up-scalingprogramme has been initiated in Kenya. The programme aims at improving sanitation services in urban areasof Kenya through implementation of citywide resource oriented sanitation built on the principles of naturalsystems for wastewater management and processing for reuse.

Methodology approachThe management of faecal sludge from onsite toilets is an infamously difficult problem in urban communities.Often, sludge is dumped directly to the environment, with likely negative impacts on health. However, thereare opportunities in properly managing the faecal sludge through decentralized treatment facilities (DTFs)with the aim of reusing the processed sludge for soil conditioning and the treated effluent for irrigation.Utilities often accept responsibility only for sewerage, and not for FSM despite their institutional mandatesfor sanitation service provision. The programme exploits this legal mandate for the utilities to construct DTFsand promote reuse of the recycled resources.

Analysis and results

The intervention is currently being up-scaled in over 20 towns that do not have sewer networks. To date, atotal of 7 DTFs have been constructed with the capacity to treat 24m3 of sludge per day and serve 10,000beneficiaries each per day. A total of 70,000 people are expected to benefit from the FSM systems. The DTFsare small scale decentralized wastewater treatment plants which cater for sludge from dry and wet toiletsbrought in by the exhausters trucks among other sludge transportation equipments. The DTFs are designedto be located conveniently within the towns to provide sludge treatment for toilets which are of a standardthat permits emptying. The Fecal sludge management is achieved through the transportation system anddecentralized treatment facilities (DTFs). One key feature of the DTF design is the incorporation componentsfor processing sludge by-products such as organic compost, soil conditioner, and treated effluent forirrigation as well as biogas. A robust business model has been formulated along the operations of the DTFincluding sales of the processed sanitation by-products. Already the programme through the utilities haveconstituted sanitation teams and have also developed guides for the DTF operators on how to co-compost.

59Conclusions and recommendationMarketing of the end-products of sanitation is not easy as utilities lack the capacities to market. Robust socialmarketing strategy that referring to the best practices in sludge management is already being implemented.There is potential for the DTF s approach to treat sludge to contribute to improved sanitation services whilealso creating opportunities for farmers to use the natural manure recycled from faecal sludge and treatedwater for irrigation. The use the sector structures and engagement of community groups as sanitation teamsgives the reuse of manure from sludge and effluent credence thus marking the turning point for sludge.

HighlightsT ▪ PARK is the first sludge treatment facility in Hong Kong, treating sludge from 11 of Hong Kong’s sewagetreatment plants to achieve the government’s vision of sustainable waste management and waste to energy.To facilitate community acceptance and raise awareness, it incorporates an environmental education center.

Introduction and objectives

Hong Kong has major challenges as one of the world’s most densely populated cities. Ongoing upgrades ofits sewage treatment plants have resulted in significant improvement of the marine environment butgenerate large quantities of sludge. Landfilling had been the only means of sludge disposal but the increasehas shortened the capacity and stability of the landfills.

Methodology approachT ▪ PARK combines technical innovations with creative measures for wider community acceptance. The intentwas to build a facility that addresses the water, waste, and energy challenges and simultaneously providesopportunity for community awareness and acceptance. To manage the sludge volume, four fluidized bedincineration trains operate at 850°C and can handle a daily capacity of 2,000 tons of wet sludge containing30% dry solids. Steam generated from the process produces energy for onsite use and export to the grid.

Analysis and results

T ▪ PARK began operation in April 2015 and has already proven to be a success in meeting its technical andenvironmental requirements. It is currently treating 1,100-1,200 tonnes of sludge per day. Sludge volume isreduced by 90% and all internal power requirements are met with steam-generated electricity derived fromburning of sludge, with the excess power exported to the grid. An on-site desalination plant provides all ofT ▪ PARK’s water supply. Zero effluent discharge is achieved through onsite use of treated wastewater forprocess, cleaning, flushing and irrigation requirements. The Environmental Education Center opened in June2016 and has attracted strong interest from the public with almost 40,000 total visitors over the initial sixmonths. T ▪ PARK has also won numerous awards for its design that successfully integrates a large-scaleindustrial facility with its surrounding environment. The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Departmenthas thus demonstrated that a large-scale waste treatment facility can be built and operated embracing theprinciples of environmental sustainability (self-sufficiency for water and energy), circular economy (givingvalue to what had none) and achieve acceptance by the community by providing both an educational andleisure experience.

Conclusions and recommendation

T ▪ PARK provides a sustainable solution to manage the growing amount of sludge from more extensivesewage treatment in Hong Kong. Reducing landfill usage, it also turns waste into energy, paving the way fora sustainable source of electricity. T ▪ PARK has created a new model for development of such facilities,incorporating innovative and creative features to raise awareness and encourage public acceptance.

Co-Authors: Ms. Willemijn Nagel, Netherlands, VIA Water

Highlights  Showing promising water innovations in urban Africa of African innovators;  New approach of searching for the African initiatives focusing on local ownership and sustainability;  Simultaneously learning and innovating leads to a higher rate of successful innovations potentially making the transition to a sustainable business or social change

Introduction and objectives

VIA Water is a Dutch programme that supports innovative solutions for urban water, waste and sanitationproblems (‘pressing needs’) in seven African countries: Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda andSouth-Sudan. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs funds VIA Water. UNESCO-IHE Institute for WaterEducation and Aqua for All are carrying out the programme. Our goal is to realise about 60 applicableinnovations and to have an inspiring, active learning Community operational. At Stockholm, we will share ourexperiences and start an interactive discussion on the sustainability of pilot projects, that just come out ofthe research phase.

Methodology approachVIA Water’s intention is to identify critical success factors of social innovations in the African urban context.For this research, VIA Water supports a postdoctoral researcher (from Rwandese origin). VIA Water designeda learning strategy, in which three levels of learning are defined; project, programme and concept. On eachlevel VIA Water carries out activities to uptake the knowledge collected there.These activities entail Learning Tours, workshops, competitions and follow‐up VIA Water Cafés in thecountries concerned. Also country reviews were carried out by the African Studies Centre in Leiden.

Analysis and results

VIA Water is in the midst of its operations. On all three learning levels, see above, we have collected importantlearnings/results that we want to share with the Stockholm crowd. Our project owners will be present to telltheir story.Some preliminary results: 1. To keep focussing on the continuity of the pilot after conclusion, is key to success. Who is potentially interested, what is your market, what is the willingness to pay? 2. Key success factor is to give projects access to networks and financing to assure the continuity. Trying to get away from grant funding. 3. Combining innovating and learning is unique and of added value 4. Innovations in sanitation often focus on closing the value chain, adding economic value 5. Many innovations look at the usage of ICT in the water sector 6. Dynamics in the urban context help to attract innovations 7. The importance of skills development for African project leaders (business development, project management, technological knowledge) 8. The importance of connecting African innovators with international implementers to share knowledge and experiences

62We dare to argue that under the conditions mentioned above, the statement above: ‘pilots never fail andnever scale’ can be considered as false.

Conclusions and recommendation

The major steps taken by VIA Water in two years: over 523 applications received, resulted in 36 contracts andanother 26 in the pipeline with an (online) Community.With 82% of the applicants coming from African lead partners, the goal is reached of getting most initiativescoming from partners abroad.But the biggest challenge is in the phase after conclusion of each VIA Water project. Without the extrasupport on improving skills, investing in coaching, linking participants to potential investors and making thelearning more hands‐on, the projects remain pilots and not sustainable solutions to pressing urban waterneeds.

63Valuing sustainable urban drainage systems for water smart cities Presenting Ms. Katie Spooner, United Kingdom, Business in the Author: Community

Co-Authors:

HighlightsBusiness in the Community (BITC) has worked with leading developers and water companies in the UK todevelop a business case for sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). This project has sought to demonstrate thedirect and multiple benefits of SuDs so that they can be integrated with future urban planning

Introduction and objectives

SuDs supports improved water management and quality in cities. These systems can be a mix of hard andgreen infrastructure that can store water for reuse or to slow its progress to the water course, making thema key tool for supporting climate resilient cities.This project assessed the investment costs vs. savings in surface drainage charges to assess payback periodsas well as quantifying multiple benefits to encourage investments in SuDS for cities. By demonstrating thevalue of SuDS we hoped to encourage wider use of the approach both by retrofitting existing buildings andwithin new builds.

Methodology approachThe concept was that non-domestic customers, working with schools initially, could be incentivised toimplement SuDS through re-investing subsequent savings from surface water charges.Greater Manchester was chosen as the pilot area as it is a region that places direct costs on surface watercharges. there are currently over 1,000 schools paying together over £4.3m in surface water charges toUnited Utilities per year. If they could all move down one charging band, this could save over £2m which couldbe reinvested to cover the costs of SuDS measures in the short-term and educational benefits in the mediumterm.

Analysis and results

This project has identified that there is potential to create a model that can make it easier to significantlyincrease the uptake of SuDS in the North West, using Surface Water Drainage Charges to help incentiviseimplementation. This could work for individual organisations, but would be most effective at a programmelevel (city/city region or collection of smaller conurbations). While the project focused on schools the processcould work as well with businesses, local authorities, the NHS etc. and could lead to more holistic solutionsat a landscape level.Between January and March 2017 we will be valuing the multiple benefits of SuDS and engaging with agovernment led national level review of how SuDS can be mainstreamed into UK urban planning. From July2017 we will also be starting a pilot to design and implement SuDS in three sites as part of a practicaldemonstration of this project. This additional work will be presented to participants of the conference as partof a comprehensive example of the value of SuDS that can be applied globally.This work was project was a partnership with Arup, Costain, MWH, Marshalls and United Utilities supportedby the UK government(DEFRA).

64Conclusions and recommendationBy identifying the additional benefits for water quality, air quality, biodiversity and making our cities betterplaces to live and work the benefits of SuDS can be applied to a global context. Urban planners, nationalpolicy makers and developers can be incentivised to invest in SuDs as part of a strategy of smart solutions inwater for climate resilient and liveable cities. Whilst this case study is based in the UK, SuDS technologies areglobally applicable and accessible.

HighlightsIntegrating socio-hydrology and public health principles into urban stormwater management can informurban planning to incorporate resilience to changes in climate forcing and vector ecology. We present twocase studies that identify potential green infrastructure benefits toward public health in subtropical urbanareas (Caguas, PR and New Orleans, LA).

Introduction and objectives

Using interdisciplinary approaches to urban water management strategies can yield benefits forsustainability. While green infrastructure (GI) has primarily been used to increase infiltration and reducerunoff in urban areas, targeted situating of GI can provide additional socio-ecological benefits such as habitatfor biodiversity, enhanced public space and communities, and reduced heat island effects. By situating GI inthe broader context of the city as a socio-hydrologic system, we emphasize that traditional stormwatermanagement services and anticipated public health benefits can be jointly realized. We present two casestudies where contextual GI emphasizes public health and stormwater management.

Methodology approachWe describe a planning approach for contextual GI that targets the persistence of standing water afterrainfall in subtropical urban areas, thus disrupting and alleviating the severity of vector-borne diseasetransmission and infection. To develop portfolios of suitable landscapes for GI toward both stormwater andvector control, we used remotely sensed data of vegetation, topography, and rainfall patterns in conjunctionwith field measurements on soil parameters and surface hydrology, in relation to the abundance of Aedesaegypti and A. albopictus populations in Caguas, PR and New Orleans, LA.

Analysis and results

Landscape and mosquito data are overlaid and zonal statistics calculated to generate easily interpretablemaps that differentiate among site suitability for GI using color-coded areas in red (low suitability), yellow,and green (high suitability). This approach is used to rate sites where GI could be prioritized and installed toprovide multiple ecosystem services.

66Conclusions and recommendationThis interdisciplinary work recognizes that GI can serve multiple objectives that cut across social,environmental, and institutional gradients in cities. We argue the importance of integrating both field andremotely-sensed data for use in designing GI with the intent to control stormwater runoff and limit oreliminate Aedes spp. habitat. Finally, incorporating eco-hydrological principles into city planning canstrengthen resilience to changing socio-environmental conditions and help implement innovative solutionsfor dealing with coupled human-water issues, particularly those related to public health management andwatershed planning that enhances urban areas.

HighlightsWater4Cities project will focus on water management, urban infrastructure management, sensor networks,data mining, data visualization, system integration and urban planning. Due to the multi-disciplinary natureof the project, staff exchanges will allow partners working closely together to deliver high quality results andcontribute towards urban water sustainability.

Introduction and objectives

This work is part of the new Horizon 2020 project "Water4Cities" funded by the EC Horizon2020 MarieSkłodowska-Curie RISE program. Urban water management becomes progressively more challenging in theview of population growth and increasing complexity of water management infrastructure. In this line,Water4Cities project will enable water providers and public authorities to critically evaluate the existingwater ecosystems at city level in respect to the water supply, waste water treatment, reuse potential and theeffect the growing population has on the water ecosystem and endangered species.

Methodology approachThe Water4Cities project will rely on sensor technologies, data and visual analytics to enable localization,visualization and analysis of urban water (both surface water and groundwater) at a holistic urban settingproviding services to multiple water stakeholders. More specifically, the Water4Cities project aims to developthe necessary models and associated platform that will enable water providers and relevant stakeholders tomonitor in real-time the urban water resources, support their decisions for optimal urban water managementcausing minimal environmental impact and involve policy makers, corporations and the public to provide thesupport for sound and balanced decision-making.

Analysis and results

The project will contribute in sustainable management of urban water by relying on the design of a holisticintegrated methodology for urban surface water and groundwater monitoring and management, theconstruction of a beyond the state-of-the-art data collection mechanism and the enablement of real-timespatiotemporal visualization of water resources for sustainable urban water management. It will providewater managers the appropriate tools that will enable them to assess the implications of their decisions, suchas groundwater over-exploitation, trade-off between energy and water use, different land uses and theeffects of climate change on available water resources. Example decision support services are: a)improvedgroundwater management (e.g., planning of infrastructure such as location of municipal waterwells,planning of groundwater abstraction, enrichment of groundwater), b)improved water supply planning (e.g.selection of optimal water source w.r.t. energy and water use, water quality), c)improved water reusepotential (e.g., assessment of waste/storm water, water treatment) and d)implications of different land uses:city managers and urban planners will have all relevant information and data to decide the effects of a newproject—such as a hotel, a swimming pool, a golf course, buildings with underground garages—expansionof tourism sector, etc.

68Conclusions and recommendationOverall the scarcity of groundwater data and their poor exploitation through existing ICT tools, calls for newsolutions assisting groundwater management. However, groundwater management cannot be seen inisolation from the overall urban water ecosystem. Both surface water and groundwater should be viewed aspart of the extended urban water ecosystem with its spatiotemporal availability, quantity, quality andcompeting uses being taken into account. Unlike existing approaches, Water4Cities will conduct research onan integrated approach to tackle multiple issues concurrently, and assist in understanding trade-offsbetween different measures and investments and in optimizing resource use in the urban water ecosystem.

Co-Authors: Jimena Duram, Netherlands

Ms. Saskia Geling, Netherlands, Simavi

Highlights • Assessment of the functionality and management of decentralized waste water systems in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. • The understanding of factors that affect functionality, sustainability and management of decentralized wastewater treatment plants. • The inclusion of private sector in the management of decentralized wastewater treatment plants.

Introduction and objectives

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) have popularity as an alternative to centralizedwastewater treatment systems. In this study, the authors present an integrated analysis of the functionalityof wastewater treatment plants installed in Kathmandu Valley, in order to understand the factors that affectits functionality and management and design frameworks that allow long-term sustainability. Theintroduction of DEWATS in Nepal has facilitated improved environmental conditions and usage of biogas andsludge. However, problems persist in sustainability and management. A possible solution to this challenge isthe consideration of a multi-stakeholder approach and the inclusion of private sector management

Methodology approachThe study was conducted in two phases. The first phase took place in the month of December (WinterSeason) in which the existing DEWATS inside the Kathmandu valley were explored. The operationalconditions of the treatment plants were prioritized to make a category based on it and the site conditions ofthe plants in full or partial operation were assessed. The second phase of the study was conducted in April(Summer Season) for comparative analysis variation in functionality, flow pattern and site conditions.

Analysis and results

In the case of the municipal plants, the application and management aspect is very weak and the significantreasons for the failure of such systems are lack of periodic maintenance, lack of ownership, lack of monitoringfrom the concerned authorities and lack of awareness among users. In the case of institutional plants, thescenario is opposite and functioning of the system is given priority. The reason behind this is about propercare, maintenance and management system. A possible solution is private sector management or public-private partnership approach. In order to assure transparency and a good relationship, a system foraccountability of all activities must be developed.However, the study still revealed that the majority of the systems visited were operating at least partially andthere were a lot of positives to take from the 8 selected for detailed study. The more awareness among theuser committee and ability to maintain the systems led to increased functionality; positive examples wereshown in Shreekandapur and Kathmandu University where ownership was taken and the condition of thesystem significantly improved over the course of the study.

70Conclusions and recommendationThe study shows that treatment plants fail during the operation phase and their sustainability is a bigger issuein Nepal. The major limitation behind the failure of the systems is weak management and low involvementfrom major stakeholders during the operation phase. The study highlights several recommendations usefulfor the guaranteeing better performance of wastewater units that concern: 1) the empowerment of thecaretakers of the system; 2) the collection of wastewater treatment tariff from the users; 3) incorporation ofproper biogas and sludge production in the design; 4) the engagement of private sector entrepreneurs.

Co-Authors: Mr. Francisco Vasquez, Chile/Colombia, Independent

Researcher

Highlights  Multi-stakeholder participation is being promoted for urban wetlands protection and management.  An integrated approach is being used to study urban wetlands as part of a green infrastructure system, highlighting their relevance regarding stormwater management, water supply, public space and climate change control.  Relevant public information on environmental and urban water issues is being produced.

Introduction and objectives

The enormous array of environmental services that wetlands provide is hardly appreciated in Southern Chile.Real estate development has become a major threat to these valuable ecosystems, hence the urgency ofmaking them visible and raising awareness among city inhabitants and decision makers. The Interactive Mapof Urban Wetlands aims to contribute as an innovative tool for integrated urban water management. Theinitiative is currently being piloted in two towns through a participatory process that is shaping the onlineplatform to better fit the needs of different types of users, and that is also gathering information to feed themap.

Methodology approachThis is a social innovation project which has multi-stakeholder participation at its core. The participatoryprocess involves collaborative mapping, workshops, focus groups and other activities, which bring togetherrepresentatives of local governments, civil society organisations, education institutions, and the productivesector. The participatory approach has been undertaken to identify information needs as well as to gather,produce and validate part of the information that will feed the map. Also, extensive research has beenundertaken to understand what makes a social mapping platform useful, practical and alive.

Analysis and results

Although research is still ongoing at the time of writing, some key preliminary results can be highlighted: 1. Different stakeholders have different baseline knowledge on urban wetlands, but they are all eager to contribute to the mapping process and to get involved in wetland protection and management. 2. There is clear scope to use the interactive map of urban wetlands as a tool to support the ongoing process of updating urban development guidelines for both pilot towns involved. 3. Participatory mapping has resulted in valuable information on urban wetlands at a high level of cost- efficiency. 4. The multi-stakeholder participatory approach has enabled cross-sectoral collaboration for urban water management. 5. Active participation of local governments and other decision-makers has contributed to the engagement of other relevant stakeholders. 6. Different stakeholders have different information requirements and see different potential for the interactive map of urban wetlands. However, some of their shared information needs are: i) current and past wetland location; ii) land ownership/ public space potential; iii) urban biodiversity; iv) risk

72 and protection areas; v) development projects; vi) existing and potential paths and trails; vii) touristic spots and highlights. 7. Research shows that collaborative mapping platforms tend to lose strength when they are too ambitious in terms of the scope of information they cover and the applications they offer.

Conclusions and recommendation

Participation of multiple stakeholders is key for the design, development and information gathering of anIWRM tool such as the Interactive Map of Urban Wetlands. In order to be successful and sustainable, thiskind of platform needs to be as simple and intuitive as possible (less is more). Once the interactive map isadjusted to its final version, there is clear scope for replication in other territories.

Highlights  Suitable water harvesting sites are identified to create macro level rainwater harvesting structures.  The runoff potential map generated for this work will be useful for various applications such as flood risk zone analysis, crop suitability area analysis.

Introduction and objectives

A smart city is an innovative city that uses technology to improve the quality of life which has to supportgrowing population’s needs along with efficient management of natural resources. Increasing populationdensity in cities creates more demand for water. Among essential natural resources, available water hasalready become a commodity due to its scarcity. Rain is the primary source of water. Due to climate change,rainfall pattern becomes unpredictable and extreme events as floods and droughts occur often. Moreover,Groundwater is being exploited in a worrisome manner. Therefore it is critical to harvest rainwater torecharge groundwater.

Methodology approachThis paper presents a GIS-based approach for identifying the suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structuresin Madurai, one among 100 cities in India selected by Government of India. Site selection is made using runoffpotential of location, soil characteristics, slope details and land use pattern data. Runoff potential map isgenerated using Soil Conservative Service –Curve Number method. Slope map is derived from the contour.Land-use Land-cover data are obtained from NRSC, Hyderabad. Precipitation data is received from Globalweather data, Texas A & M University. These spatial data are processed with GIS software to obtain therequired thematic layers.

Analysis and results

An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) – weighted overlay analysis is performed using GIS with priority valuesfor different spatial layers. The purpose of the weighted overlay analysis is to apply a common scale of valuesto diverse and dissimilar data input to create an integrated analysis. The layers used for this work are LULCmap, soil map, slope map and runoff potential map. Each layer has its own influence, based on its importanceand necessity. So different weightages are assigned to each layers. As a result of this process, the suitablemacro level rain water harvesting sites such as farm pond, percolating tank and check dam are identified. Therunoff potential map was also generated and it will be useful for applications such as flood risk zone analysis,crop cultivation area analysis. From the study area of Madurai district, the Madurai metropolitan area aloneis extracted for validating the result. From the validation process, it is cleared inferred that the areashighlighted are highly suitable for setting up the rain water harvesting structures.

74Conclusions and recommendationRain water harvesting structures are critical to conserve the scarce resource. It will be helpful to check floodsduring rainy season. Madurai is now facing acute shortage of water and getting it from long distance.Growing urban area and shrinking water bodies in the city makes the need for creation of more water storagestructures to cater both agricultural need and drinking purpose. With that view, Madurai is selected foridentification suitable sites to create water harvesting structures utilizing remote sensing and GIStechnologies and several suitable sites are identified for macro level rain water harvesting structures.

75Poster: Using urine as a smart solution for sustainable food production Presenting Mr. Joel Ssekabembe, Uganda, Kawuku Womens Group Author:

Co-Authors:

Highlights  Urine was tested and evaluated as a crop fertilizer in small scale farming.  Urine contributes to significant yield improvements among urban farmers.  Social barriers against diffusion are negotiable.  Action research can create pathways towards sustainability.

Introduction and objectives

Urine though understood as a human waste,it is valuable for enriching soils for sustainable food productionin developing countries like Uganda. Urine fertilization is valued as a low cost and low risk practicecontributing to significant yield, increases food security and lower poverty levels especially in this era ofenormous climate change with worn out soils. Kawuku Women's Group is promoting the use of urine amongsmall scale urban farmers as a smart solution for sustainable food production in Uganda. However, the scaleup of the project is still a challenge which needs to be addressed.

Methodology approach  Urine is collected and stored in 5 gallons capacity from bathrooms among the mobilized communities.  In one (1) gallon of urine you add 4 gallons of water to dilute the urine because it is strong and concentrated.  Apply the urine to the outer perimeter of each plant that you feed.  Give one (1) pint to each plant and water the plants thoroughly after applying the urine.

Analysis and results

 Using urine as a fertilizer enriches the soils and contributes to sustainable food production in urban areas.  Urine contributes to yield improvement and positive farmer evaluation.  Urine fertilization is a low cost and low risk yet it contributes to food security and increases urban farmers incomes.  It is an appropriate method for purposes of sustainable land management, food security and urban livelihoods.  The importance of culture and social norms should be recognized but not taken as absolute barrier to diffusion of the practice.

Conclusions and recommendation

In conclusion, urine fertilization should be acknowledged as a smart solution for sustainable food productionand land management, food security and urban poverty reduction and livelihood. It is important foragricultural research to collaborate with urban farmers in all stages of development in research foraffordable, locally anchored and sustainable practices. It is also important to to support the scaling up of suchprojects in more and larger areas for better results.

76Seminar: Harnessing opportunities for the safe reuse of wastewater in agriculture

Photo: Kim Andersson

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

Water and waste: reduce and reuse

77Seminar: Harnessing opportunities for the safe reuse of wastewater inagriculture

Co-Authors: Mr. Ralph Ogden, Australia

HighlightsAgriculture requires 80% of water resources in the Asia Pacific. The Kini Initiative connects practitioners andbrokers knowledge between Australia and the rest of the Asia Pacific to share and promote effective bestpractices for water management in the Asia-Pacific, a key component of which is water recycling and reuse.

Introduction and objectives

The Kini Initiative is a research-based knowledge sharing initiative that brokers knowledge and connectspractitioners to support improved, integrated water management in practice. This presentation shares keyknowledge and insights from the Kini Interview series, and looks at the priorities and opportunities forimproved water and wastewater governance and management to address water scarcity and drought,particularly in the agriculture sector in the Asia Pacific. The Kini Initiative is a joint activity of the AustralianWater Partnership and the International WaterCentre Alumni Network.

Methodology approachExtensive research has been undertaken to understand (1) knowledge needs and (2) mechanisms foraccessing knowledge by practitioners in the Asia Pacific. The Kini Interview series provides long-forminterviews with leading water management practitioners in Australia and throughout the Asia-Pacific toidentify innovative approaches and evidence-based best practices to addressing water management andwater scarcity challenges throughout the region, particularly in the agriculture sector.

Analysis and results

At the time of writing, research is ongoing, however key themes have emerged to support knowledgemanagement and water management.In terms of knowledge management, learning through virtual means must be complemented by face-to-faceinteraction. High-value content (such as the Kini Interviews and supplemental articles) should be sharedthrough existing means (e.g., no new platform is required).For water management, three key themes have emerged: 1. Understanding the resource is the essential first step to managing water and wastewater. Not only should this understanding include quantifiable data and relevant information, but it should also include an understanding of the users and stakeholders, the values associated with water, and the benefits derived from water. 1. Cross-sectoral approaches are what will allow for the full realization of benefits (including associated health, food, energy, waste, WASH). 2. Knowledge exchange helps stakeholders to be able to think strategically, and when needed, change behaviors/act accordingly in order to effectively tackle water management challenges.

79Conclusions and recommendationRelationships are at the core of knowledge transfer, and the Kini Initiative works to link practitionersthroughout the Asia-Pacific to support learning and the implementation of Integrated Water Managementto address water scarcity challenges, particularly in the agricultural sector. Where Australia has developedtechnologies, policies, and tools for addressing water scarcity challenges (including wastewater recycling andreuse), the transfer of this knowledge and its eventual uptake requires a long-term, integrated approach.

Co-Authors: Dr. Pay Drechsel, Sri Lanka

Prof. Eric Lambin, United States, Stanford University Prof. Kara Nelson, United States, University of California, Berkeley

HighlightsThis study develops the first spatially-explicit estimate of irrigated croplands with a high likelihood ofirrigating with untreated, although often diluted urban wastewater. 35.9 Mha of irrigated croplands werelocated in catchments highly influenced by urban wastewater flows. 29.3 Mha were located in areas with lowlevels of wastewater treatment.

Introduction and objectives

Urban population growth is rapidly outpacing the development of infrastructure for the safe collection andtreatment of wastewater, leading to the widespread discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewaterto surface water bodies. Downstream of many urban areas are large areas of irrigated croplands reliant onthese same surface water sources. Urban wastewater is a reliable, nutrient rich source of water fordownstream farmers, but can present health risks without appropriate protections. Our study presents thefirst spatially-explicit global estimates of the magnitude and distribution of irrigated croplands with a highlikelihood of irrigating with untreated, although often diluted, wastewater.

Methodology approachCase studies document the widespread use of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture, but due to thepractical and political challenges of conducting a true census of this practice, its global extent is not wellknown except where reuse has been planned. Cognizant of the limitations of past attempts to characterizewastewater irrigation, we instead opted to develop a GIS-based decision tree classification algorithm. Thesemethods were developed to primarily quantify indirect reuse. Major sources of data used in this analysisincluded MIRCA2000 (irrigated croplands), WRI AQUEDUCT database, AQUASTAT and other compilations onwastewater treatment.

Analysis and results

Our study presents the first spatially-explicit global estimates of the magnitude and distribution of irrigatedcroplands (a) influenced by urban wastewater flows; and (b) having a high likelihood of irrigating withuntreated, although often diluted, wastewater.55.1 Mha of irrigated croplands were located within 40 km downstream of or within an urban area. This areaof downstream irrigated croplands (DSIC) constitutes approximately 26 percent of the global irrigatedcroplands identified by Portmann et al. We found 35.9 Mha (65%) of DSIC were located in catchments withhigh levels of dependence on urban wastewater flows. These same catchments were home to 1.37 billionurban residents. 91% of wastewater dependent DSIC were located within 10 km of urban areas. Of theseirrigated croplands, 86 percent (29.3 Mha) are located in countries where less than 75 percent of wastewaterreceives some form of treatment. Five countries, China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, and Iran, accounted for 25.1Mha (85.7%) of DSIC with a high likelihood of untreated reuse.

81Conclusions and recommendationConsiderable strides have been made in increasing access to improved sanitation in urban areas, butinvestments in wastewater treatment continue to lag behind. Even when untreated wastewater constitutesa small percentage of flow, concentrations of pathogens in irrigation water can far exceed thoserecommended in WHO guidelines. This study sheds further light on the often complicated ways in whichurban areas impact agricultural water quality in downstream peri-urban and rural environments. Further workis needed to ensure that urban sanitation policies not only address the protection of surface water qualityfor ecological reasons, but also recognize the water quantity and quality needs of downstream farmers.

Highlights  Nigeria embarked on Fadama farming since 1996 resulting in improved food security and quality of life of farmers.  Wastewaters, municipal and industrial effluents were widely used for irrigation which became risk factors.  There is need for improved irrigation water quality and implementation of stringent water quality guidelines.

Introduction and objectives

Nigeria is a beneficiary of National Fadama (low-lying flood plains) Development Project, initiated in 1990s bythe World Bank. The project is in Phases I, II and III , covering all 36 States and further funded by AfricanDevelopment Fund and other Donors. Simple and low-cost improved irrigation technologies were adopted.Farmers, however, practiced use of wastewater, effluents and polluted waters for irrigation and realizedincreased economic crops: up to 65% (Vegetables), 334% (wheat) and 497% (Rice) with improved quality oflife. This paper described the quality of irrigation waters being used and their impacts.

Methodology approachExhaustive data were collected from various States in northern, middle and southern belts, but this paperlimits to Taraba State. Data collection methods included community visits, in depth interviews and samplingof irrigation water samples. Standard methods followed using American Public Health Association. Waterquality assessment was made using pH, Electrical conductivity, Chloride, major cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+),zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). In addition, boron, CO3,HCO3 and NO3 were measured. Water quality risk factors were computed.

Analysis and results

The critical parameters of irrigation water are the salt content, toxic chemicals, carbonates and bicarbonatesand essential nutrients. The pH values 5.86±0.15 and 5.60±0.05 obtained from Taraba River (Gassol) andground water (Bali) were below the permissible limit. The electrical conductivity, CO3, HCO3, Mg, Na, K, andCl were low; Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Nickel were within the permissible limits, Copper was higher(mg L-1) in Garin Dogo (Stream, 3.10±0.10), Garin Dogo (Ground water, 10.23±0.21) and Garin Dogo (Tube well,1.31±0.03); Cr levels in Taraba river (Gassol), Garin Dogo (Stream), Garin Dogo (Ground water), Bali (Groundwater) and Garin Dogo (Tube well) ranged between 1.19±0.004 and 1.51±0.01 which were above permissiblelevels. The risk factors are open defecation, discharge of municipal, industrial, and livestock wastes, andnavigation. Eutrophication and growths of aquatic macrophytes were conspicuous and Water-borneinfections (Schistosomiasis, diarrhea) were common. The serious emerging risk factors were technologyrelated agrochemicals arising from excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Use of Gammaline for fishingwas widely practiced resulting in elevated levels in fish: Gamma BHC 5.4 to 35.2, and dieldrin 1.2 to10.2 mg/Kg-1.

83Conclusions and recommendationFadama initiative by the Nigerian Government since 1996 is most welcome by the farming populations. Wherethere is water, there is food and farmers enjoyed improved quality of life economic gains. However, withsubsidized farming inputs and irrigation equipment, farmers used any available waters such as wastewaters,effluents from small and medium scale industries, and polluted and eutrophic water bodies for irrigation thuscompromising water quality and public health risks. There is need to improve irrigation water quality throughtechnology use and implementing stringent water quality guidelines for effective reuse of precious waterresources.

HighlightsIn order for a sustainable and economic land application of treated sludge, a robust method to verify andvalidate the supply chain and life cycle from plant to land is necessary. This includes traceability, action whereviolations and discrepancies occur, and effective measurement and reporting.

Introduction and objectives

The wastewater treatment process produces biosolids as a by-product. Biosolids have significant fertilizingand organic value, and can be used in agriculture for fertilization of plants and soils (by composting). Becauseof the inherent risks that could be present, proper management of the material and credible tracking of useis necessary. SEDE -VEOLIA is the European market leader in the recovery of organic wastes produced bycommunities and industries. To support controlled and safe reuse of biosolids, traceability of the quality anduse is key. The authors will describe the SUIVRA software created by SEDE-VEOLIA.

Methodology approachSUIVRA can monitor any type of products, on both quantitative and qualitative basis, over a period of severalyears. The software can be linked to a geographical information system that can display the plots used forland application on a map base. The functional developments incorporated for connectivity with GIS makeSuivra a high-performance and user-friendly software program. The two applications are closely linked andguarantee the traceability of the land application operations. SUIVRA’s functionalities enable users to checkthe regulatory compliance status of sludge and by-products at any time, relative to expectations.

Analysis and results

Proper land application of sludge may replace on average 30% of Potassium and Magnesium, 40% of Nitrogenand 100% of Phosphorous of the needed fertilization in regions where this land application practice iscommon. SUIVRA provides farmers, waste producer and local authorities with a comprehensive record ofthe land spreading campaign, with various reports. SUIVRA is also an ideal tool for the establishment of thenutrient management plans. Analyses are performed to determine the optimized nutrient balance and theheavy metal content of the soil, and the results are automatically imported into SUIVRA. This land-plotmanagement system is used to establish the spreading schedule. The quantities of sludge required to fertilizethe crops are determined for each plot of land. Where necessary, the balance of nutrients to be supplied inchemical form following land spreading is also calculated.Today, SUIVRA data base integrates:  3 million tonnes of solid urban and industrial by-products  5 million m3 of food industries effluents processed  10 000 farmers over 1 000 000 ha of landbank

85Conclusions and recommendationSoftware applications such as SUIVRA allow land use application of biosolids to be done in a traceable andverifiable manner. This traceability helps alleviate concern over misuse and pollution impacts. As a result, avery sustainable use of a waste product can be more widespread. Currently, SUIVRA is being applied inFrance, Belgium, United-Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland. The software is conducive for use byregulatory agencies in every country.

Highlights  Context of wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture and its pros and cons.  Critical evaluation of present practices associate to fecal contamination of greywater and its impact on health and environment.  Recommendations for safe and sustainable reuse of wastewater.

Introduction and objectives

Worldwide feresh water sacarcity is compelling the reuse (combining water and nutrient recycling) ofwastewater, greywater and fecal sludge in agriculture and aquaculture at a rapid pace. In Bangladesh,wastewater, greywater and fecal sludge are being traditionally used in agriculture by the farmers in rural aswell as in peri-urban areas, particularly in the drought-prone parts. But this may pose risks to human healthand ecosystem. This paper attempts to identify the benefits, challenges, social acceptance and institutionalarrangements of wastewater reuse in the country and identify the management initiatives for its sustainablereuse.

Methodology approachMost of the data in this study were collected from two Bangladeshi cities, Dhaka and Rajshahi. Statisticallyrepresentative wastewater samples were collected randomly towards the end of dry season in 2015 forlaboratory analysis. The study also presents findings of a questionnaire survey having a total sample of 250households for Dhaka and 150 households for Rajshahi that were selected and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire focusing wastewater disposal and fecal sludge management. Then governanceissues and secondary data are reviewed particularly for rural areas, where wastewater is reused in agricultureand aquaculture to address the situation coherently.

Analysis and results

The most important benefits of wastewater reuse have been found as the availability of wastewater over allseasons and reduced chemical fertilizer requirements. The farmers reported that the crops grown withwastewater irrigation are socially acceptable as they do not face any difficulty to sell them in the market.Interviews with the key stakeholders indicate that a long term institutional arrangement for sustainable reuseof wastewater is available. They identified various problems associated with wastewater that includesincidents of pest and excess weed in the crop field, smells, skin diseases, mosquito nuisance and damage toirrigation pumps due to the high solid waste content. Test results revealed that the biological qualityparameters in the wastewater used in agricultural and aquacultural purposes do not satisfy the FAO and WHOguidelines values. This also has a very high degree of microbial contamination. More than 63% of therespondents in Dhaka expressed their concern that putting fecal sludge here and there contaminatesgreywater, affects human health and has negative consequences on environment in general. This percentageis lower (37%) in Rajshahi compared to Dhaka, but there is a certain level of awareness among people aboutthe undesirable consequences of this act.

87Conclusions and recommendationReuse of wastewater has an increased benefit due to higher crop production with minimum fertilizer cost inBangladesh. But there are possibilities of incidents of pest and excess weed in the crop field as well as healthimpacts of farmers. Microbiological and biological quality parameters in the wastewater used in agricultureand aquaculture exceed FAO and WHO guidelines values. This demands much more attention on theimplementation of simple yet cost-effective alternatives to wastewater treatment plants to improvewastewater quality, improving wastewater application methods, control of human exposure for theirsustainable utilization in the context of ecosystem perspective.

Highlights  Great potential to safely reuse the resources embedded in the 30 km 3 of municipal wastewater produced every year in the region  To reach its potential and meet the SDG 6.3 the region needs to develop capacities and facilitate the replication of the existing but still limited success stories

Introduction and objectives

LAC is the most urbanized region in the world. Its urban settlements produce more than 30 Km 3 of municipalwastewater every year. The resources embedded in these wastewater (e.g. water and nutrients) would beenough to irrigate and fertilize millions of hectares, but these resources remain greatly untapped. Thispresentation will review the available regional data on wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture andanalyze the key capacities that need to be developed to transition to a safer and more productive use ofthese waters in agriculture, all illustrated with sceptic examples form the region.

Methodology approachWe will present the results of a review of cases, literature and secondary data provided by a large number ofregional stakeholders to answer the following questions:  How much wastewater is produced, treated and reused in agriculture in the region?  What are the key capacities that need to be developed for a safer and more productive use of wastewater in agriculture?  What are some bright examples that if replicated across the region could accelerate the transition for more and safer reuse?The capacity needs assessment is partly based on the consultative workshops undertaken under an FAO-WHO-UNEP-UNWDPC-UNU-INWEH-ICID-IWMI project.

Analysis and results

More than 60% of the 30 Km3 of municipal wastewater produced in LAC every year is discharged to theenvironment without any treatment, missing opportunities for safe and planned reuse. As a result about 25%of the rivers in the region are affected by severe fecal pollution and an estimate of almost 2 Million hectaresuse polluted water to irrigate, posing relevant health and environmental risks. Nevertheless there are brightexamples of economic and finance models, reuse safety plans, effective policies, technologies and cost-effective investments that if replicated across the region would accelerate the adoption of safe reusepractices.

89Conclusions and recommendationCountries in the region need to assess in depth their capacity needs for a safer and more productive use ofwastewater in agriculture in at least these focus areas: i) better data and diagnosis of wastewatermanagement, ii) more institutional coordination and policy integration, iii) broader use of the WHO 2006guidelines and iii) better business models and incentives for safe reuse.The region needs to design cooperative initiatives to promote that countries learn from each other andreplicate success reuse stories across the region.

Co-Authors: Mr. Christian Baresel, Sweden, IVL Swedish Environmental

Research Institute

HighlightsReuse of municipal wastewater is the responsible solution to manage water scarcity, but configuring themost sustainable treatment system is challenging. This study offers an approach based on sustainability tools(e.g. environmental and economic evaluations, effluent performance and plant size) in the configuration ofthe agriculture reuse treatment systems.

Introduction and objectives

Water reuse for agriculture can be achieved with additional tertiary and disinfection steps, however it isimportant to analyze these steps from both environmental and economic outcomes.The goal of this project is to optimize wastewater treatment processes for sustainable agriculture reuse oftreated wastewater. The starting point is to assess the environmental and economic profile of two treatmenttrains that combine the secondary treatment (sequencing batch reactor, SBR) with two different tertiarytreatment technologies. The environmental impact assessment of the treatment trains is done using life cycleassessment. The economic evaluation was performed using life cycle cost.

Methodology approachTwo (2) different treatment trains for water reclamation for agriculture and urban use were evaluated forthree different full-scale sizes 20,000, 100,000 and 500,000 PE.The environmental assessment is carried out with LCA methodology according to ISO 14044 (2006). The goalis to compare the environmental profiles of treatment lines, which deliver reclaimed water for the samepurpose.The upstream boundary of the assessed system is the wastewater at the point of intake to the SBR. Thedownstream boundary considers all the effluents including reclaimed water and sludge treatment (aerobicsludge stabilization step (AD), thickening (TH) and dewatering (DW)).

Analysis and results

Results of the study allowed designing a sustainability tool integrating the environmental, economic andtreatment performances of the two selected treatment lines and three studied plant sizes. The outcome ofthe tool provides a comprehensive understanding of the degree of sustainability of the treatment train for aspecific application and raises visibility of the factors that have the greatest effect on the environmentalimpacts, the investment and operational costs.Generally, tertiary treatment steps with disinfection have only a small impact on the overall environmentalimpact even though those steps upgrade the water quality to non-potable water reuse standards. Within thetertiary treatment and disinfection step, energy consumption of UV contributes the most.Evaluation of the Life Cycle Cost revealed that for each of the selected treatment trains, the operating cost(OPEX) is larger than the investment cost (CAPEX) over the 20 years of lifetime of the plant. In addition, theenergy consumption accounts for more than 50% of the total operating costs based on European energy andlabor prices.

91Conclusions and recommendationThis study shows that various wastewater treatment trains can achieve the same reuse effluent quality whilehaving different environmental and economic impacts. Sustainability tools (effluent quality, LCA, LCC, energyconsumption, footprint, water efficiency) can be used to provide a more complete understanding of theenvironmental, economic and social impacts when selecting the most sustainable reuse treatment train ofcertain size.

HighlightsThis paper presents a success story for sustainable development project in Wadi Musa where wastewaterreuse is used to alleviate the poverty and create jobs for the local community.This will to support Jordan widestrategy to encourage beneficial reuse of wastewater and will contribute to achieve SDG's 1 (poverty), 2 (foodsecurity) and 6 (water and sanitation).

Introduction and objectives

Wastewater reuse in Wadi Musa is a landmark water reuse pilot project which aimed at enhancing thelivelihood in the local community. The project main objectives are:  To help improve the livelihoods of the local community  To reduce the pressure on the groundwater  To protect health and environment in Wadi Musa areaThe project is located approximately 10 km north of Petra and it was the first community based projectestablished in Jordan. Up to 100 hectares is irrigated with reclaimed water for growing fodder crops mainlyAlfaAlfa. 80 farmers and their families benefited from this project.

Methodology approachUsing the integrated rural water management approach and adopting the water conservation and reusestrategy,Wadi Musa wastewater reuse project was established to irrigate 100 hectares in the first phase. Amain conveyance system (3 km) with booster stations to pump water from Wadi Musa wastewater treatmentplant to farms downstream. In order to run the project an NGO farming Association was established to beresponsible on the project.The Women form 20% of the farmers.The HF and JWSRO provided the technicalsupport to farmers to maintain the irrigation system and so it can provide optimum use of wastewater.

Analysis and results

It was found that the treated wastewater was suitable for growing fodder crops in Wadi Musa farms. Theyield of the crops is higher by 20-30% from using freshwater. This is basically due to high nutrients such as Nand P in the water. The avergae generated income per farmer is around 500 Jordanian Dinar which is morethan poverty limit (150 Jordanian Dinar per family). This provided the farmers with a sustainable source ofincome and contributed to drop in migration from rural/remote areas to cities.However, the main challenge was to control the rise in salinity. In year 2014 to 2016 the salinity levels areincreasing with time (some records in recent years reached 1000 ppm) which affected the efficiency of theirrigation system by blockage of drip irrigation network by 20-30%. It also affected the booster stationsefficiency to drop by 10-20.

93Conclusions and recommendationThe Wadi Musa case study is a success reuse story which lead to;  A source of income for the local community members has been secured  A revolving fund has been established which will invest at least 20% of the annual revenues of the cooperative to support the future expansion  Social stabilization and reduction of migration from rural to urban.  Women farmers involvement in farming activities and association decision process  Protection of the tourism environment around Petra  Contribution to achieve SDG's: 1 (poverty), 2 (food security) and 6 (water and sanitation).

Co-Authors: Ms. Oluchukwu Odikamnoro, Nigeria, Ebonyi State

University

HighlightsThe effect of human urine on the growth and yield of three local varieties of maize was investigated on theresearch farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria. Resultsrevealed that human urine significantly influenced the growth rates and yield of the varieties of maize.

Introduction and objectives

Human urine is rich in nitrogen and can be used to fertilize crops. It also contains nutrients like phosphorus,potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Urine constitutes only 1% of the total wastewater generated. However,it contains the largest proportion of plant nutrients found in wastewater. Reuse of the nutrients containedin urine will reduce environmental pollution. The advantages of urine as fertilizer will be immense as it willserve as a substitute to commercial fertilizer. It can be of great use in meeting the fertilizer demands of ruralfarming communities in developing countries. In Nigeria, maize remains a major cultivated cereal

Methodology approachThe experiment was designed to determine the effectiveness of human urine as a viable and beneficial sourceof plant nutrients in comparison to other sources of nutrients. The experiment was a 5x3 factorial laid out ina randomized complete block design (RCBD). It had factor A as five sources of fertilizer (human urine, poultrymanure, urea, NPK 15:15:15, and control). Factor B was three local maize varieties. This gave a total of 15treatment combinations replicated three times, giving a total of 45 plots. Urine treatment was applied on allthree varieties of maize and compared with other nitrogen sources.

Analysis and results

The results of the experiments clearly showed that all three maize varieties responded positively to thetreatments (human urine, poultry manure, urea, NPK 15:15:15) except the control that had no form of fertilizerapplied to it.It was shown that human urine significantly influenced the growth rates and yields of all threemaize varieties, followed closely by NPK 15:15:15, urea, and lastly poultry manure. Maize varieties fertilizedwith human urine produced similar results as those fertilized with other sources of nitrogenous fertilizer. Thisagreed with earlier documented works by other authors which affirmed that the urea or ammonium-N inurine compares well with that of urea and inorganic fertilizer. In the taste assessment test, tasters could notdifferentiate between maize treated with human urine and those grown with other sources of fertilizer. Thus,tasters did not prefer any particular maize sample as all the maize were evaluated as being good-tasting. Thisshowed that human urine does not affect or alter the taste of any crop it is fertilized with. This experimentwas able to show the viability of the use of human urine as fertilizer. This means that human urine can beused at the convenience of a home to grow crops.

95Conclusions and recommendationPrevious documented works by different authors have successfully demonstrated the benefits of usinghuman urine as fertilizer. The results of this study affirmed these earlier works. Urine can be harvested byconstructing community urine diverting latrines in residential neighbourhoods. Simple and water-less urinalscan be constructed near the garden for collecting the urine for use in the field. Urine can also be collectedfrom private homes and stored before use. This work has high implication for policy. Governments at all levelsshould promote ecological sanitation and en-corporate it into relevant agricultural, health, andenvironmental policies and programmes.

HighlightsThis presentation provides a comparative study of three filtration systems of wastewater for agricultural use.This research includes: a taxonomy and description of the properties of wastewater salient for agriculturaluse; a comparison of the amount of water disposed during operation; available options for wastewaterfiltration; and generalizable outcomes

Introduction and objectives

The reliance on wastewater for agricultural use is increasing and it is imperative to understand how this waterresource should be optimally managed. A key element for utilizing wastewater is filtration. This studyevaluated the utility of automatic self-cleaning filtration of wastewater in agricultural settings using threecase studies. The objectives of the presentation include: explain and discuss the properties of wastewater;explain the properties, characteristics, types and options of filtration; explicate the filtration requirementsfor all irrigation regimens; conduct a cost-benefit comparison of typical filtration options; and compare thedisposal characteristics of flush water.

Methodology approachThis study compared the performance of three methods of filtration for agricultural use of wastewater inCalifornia. This is a quantitative comparison of sand media filtration, automatic self-cleaning disk filtrationand automatic self-cleaning screen filtration. The purpose of the study was to determine the rate of flushing,quantity of flushing effluent, time for flushing sequence. The source for all three system is the same;wastewater provided by Ventura County. Each system had identical inputs: flow, filtration degree, watersource, pressure and operative demands. The evaluation covered one irrigation season of 100 days.

Analysis and results

The three filtration options performed well. The objective was to evaluate the flushing performance of eachfilter system. Each filter option provided equivalent degrees of filtration and performed well in the eyes ofthe grower. The sand media filter system flushed about 4 times per day (424 times per season); the disk filtersystem flushed about 11 times per day (1144 times per season); the screen filter flushed about 15 times perday (1515 times per season). Each flush of the sand media filter took 12 minutes and flushed 11340 liters; thedisk filter took 3 minutes to flush and flushed 2268 liters; and the screen filter took 0.25 minutes to flush andflushed 95 liters. For the season, the media filter flushed 4,808,160 liters; the disk filter flushed 2,594,592liters and the screen filter flushed 143,925 liters. Each filtration flush disposes of effluent water. Even thoughthe screen filter flushed 3.5 times more frequently than the sand media system and 1.3 times more frequentlythan the disk filter system, it disposes about 3% of the total water disposed by sand media filters and about6% of the total water disposed by disk filters.

97Conclusions and recommendationWastewater is of significant utility for agricultural purposes. A key consideration for irrigation system usingwastewater is filtration type. An important characteristic of filtration systems is the amount of water that isdisposed during the automatic flushing sequence. It is important to reduce the amount of wastewater thatis disposed and, conversely, make greater use of total available wastewater. This research illustratesimportant inferences about the utility of self-cleaning screen filtration. Self-cleaning screen filters provide areliable and generalizable solution for reducing wastewater disposal for irrigation systems.

Co-Authors: Dr. Basheer Obaid, Germany, OBAID Integrated Solutions

Ms. Shahrazad Obaid, Germany, OBAID Integrated Solutions

HighlightsThis research presents a new approach to encourage the society and farmers to use treated waste waterthrough public awareness, Farmers incentives and sustainable treated water supply for agriculture.

Introduction and objectives

In Palestine, 70% of water is used in irrigation. Reusing of wastewater will reduce the scarcity of Water andreducing salinity of Groundwater. This research presents a new approach to encourage the society andfarmers to use treated waste water through public awareness, Farmers incentives and sustainable treatedwater supply for agriculture.

Methodology approachResearch methodology is based on three phases: Survey analysis for 100 farmers, Intensive Public awarenessand Implementing approach on selected Pilot area in North Gaza.This paper presents a pilot study in Gaza and will address Public Awareness Program implemented in pilotarea. This paper also shows the analysis of Detailed social-cultural Survey about using of treated water inAgricultural.

Analysis and results

69% of participation agree to use treated water in agriculture uses when there a sustainable supply for it. 75%of farmers agree to use treated water when there is incentives for that. Majority of farmers selected Installingpipes and reducing treated water tariff as the most important incentives. The reused water quality wasobserved in the pilot area which is acceptable and according to international standards. Several parametershave been measured such as salinity, chloride, nitrogen, heavy metalsnow and etc.

Conclusions and recommendation

Public awareness is an important role to use treated water in agriculture as an alternative water resources.Incentives encourage farmers to use treated water. Using of treated water will reduce the health risks andground Water contaminations.

99 Seminar: Water, pollution, and systemicchallenges: the case of the textile industry

Photo: iStock

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

Water and waste: reduce and reuse

100Seminar: Water, pollution, and systemic challenges: the case of the textileindustry

Co-Authors: Ms. Alexandra Freitas, Netherlands

Dr. Ertug Ercin, Netherlands Dr. Guoping Zhang, Netherlands

HighlightsWater Footprint Assessment of polyester and viscose fibres, field cotton and washing, dyeing and finishingmills shows that the grey water footprint is by far the largest share of textile’s total water footprint and thatthis water footprint is often in locations already suffering from poor water quality.

Introduction and objectives

The textile industry is ranked as the second largest polluter globally, after oil industry, with a large share ofthat pollution ending up in water, making fresh water unfit for other uses and with severe consequences onhuman health and ecosystems. With production (from raw materials to garment finishing) often taking placein areas under already unsustainable water pollution levels, this analysis aims at understanding the impact oftextile production in water quality throughout different production stages, by calculating the grey waterfootprint of polyester, cotton and cellulosic fibres and for textile washing, dyeing and finishing mills.

Methodology approachQuantification of the impacts of textile production on water resources has been mainly focused on waterconsumption. This study analysed the impact of textile at different stages of production – raw materials,fibres production and washing, dyeing and finishing – by applying the Water Footprint Assessmentmethodology. The grey water footprint, i.e., the volumes of freshwater required to assimilate pollution tomeet specific water quality standards (grey water footprint) was calculated for each production stage andfor different fibre types and the environmental sustainability of this water footprint was assessed againstlocal pollution levels and their socioeconomic efficiency against benchmarks.

Analysis and results

The studies focused on the Water Footprint Assessment of the production of polyester and viscose fibresglobally, production of field cotton in three states of India and on textile processing mills in China andBangladesh. Results showed that more than 98% of polyester and viscose’s water footprint is grey waterfootprint from industrial processing, and these can reach 30,000 m3/tonne of fibre, depending on theprocesses and practices applied. The grey water footprint of filed cotton varies dramatically across thedifferent agricultural practices, reflecting the level of toxicity of the pesticides used, or the overuse ofnutrients, reaching in some cases 500,000 m3/hectare. In textile processing mills, the grey water footprintalso represents the largest share of the total water footprint, and can be as high as 563 litres per squaremeter of fabric. The majority of all production sites analysed for fibres, fields and mills, are located in areaswith unsustainable water pollution levels, which worsens the impact of textile production in these regions.Results also indicate, that management practices and processing choices, both at industrial and farm levelslargely influence the size of the grey water footprint, i.e. level of pollution caused.

102Conclusions and recommendationAdopting better practices and processes without compromising production can significantly contribute tothe reduction of freshwater pollution by the textile industry and consequently enhance water quality wheretextile is produced. The grey water footprint of textile production assists selection of the most effectivepractices for reducing the industry’s impact on freshwater quality and can be used to prioritise locations inmost need of investment into improved practices. These practices include better choices in the chemicalsused, both at industrial and field levels, chemical reuse and closed-loop cycle production at industrial level,and enhancement of wastewater disposal and treatment methods.

Highlights  Global textile companies bring proof of impact, cleaning up their internal business.  Collective action push out of existing footprint and sets off a multiplication of impact into new areas, new sectors.  Movement from a footprint approach to understanding collective action

Introduction and objectives

The aim of this research is to deeper showcase the effect of water stewardship collective action on amultitude of scales.On a basin level, companies working with risk mitigation that engage local and regional decision makers, localindustry and finance interests creates not only tailor made local solutions to water challenges, but alsoincreases the critical mass that transforms governance, creating ripples by the pure pressure of water risks.A company that claims water stewardship, next step is increasing the amplitude of the wave, expand, recruitmore companies for water stewardship and grow engagement to a global scale.

Methodology approachThe stewardship journey, from a clean fish in a dirty pond to a clean brand in a dirty world.

Analysis and results

Where does the scaling up of a successful water steward impact take us?Looking for global governance support and setting science based targets for water is an adaptive processson local scale, but globally it may lead the industry to governing power levels.

Conclusions and recommendation

Event participants to contribute what focus on the expansion that give best impact on water managementglobally.

Co-Authors: Mr. James Lott, United Kingdom, CDP

HighlightsThe World Bank estimates 20% of industrial water pollution comes from textile production. The high waterintensity of this sector, coupled with increasing demand is straining already stressed water resources. CDPhighlights how textiles companies are setting targets to improve their water management practices.

Introduction and objectives

The textiles industry is estimated to be the second largest polluter of clean water resources, with more than8,000 chemicals used in various manufacturing process including dyeing and printing. It is thereforeimperative that the textile industry is a leader in water and wastewater management. This presentation willuse data from CDP's water programme in 2016 to provide insights into the targets and goals set by textilescompanies to address their impact on water resources on which they rely.

Methodology approachCompanies need to set targets and goals to bring their water impacts to sustainable levels that reflect theecological, economic and social needs of the river basins in which they operate. The textiles industry is noexception, and must tailor the objectives it sets to the specific challenges it faces. As above, pollution is oneof the key challenges for this sector. In this presentation, the information that textiles companies disclosedabout their targets is analysed. This includes: category of target, motivation for target, base-line year andproportion of target achieved. Case studies of best practice will be presented throughout.

Analysis and results

In 2016, over 3,000 companies were invited to respond to CDP’s request for water-related information, ofwhich 36 were from the textiles sector. Just 13 of these 36 textiles companies responded, representing a 36%response rate. Some of well-known responders include Burberry, Adidas, Coach and Kering. 77% of thesecompanies set targets (quantitative) and/or goals (qualitative) related to water. Some of the most commontargets among the textiles industry reported to CDP in 2016 were reductions in product water intensity;improving the monitoring of water use; and seeking a reduction in consumptive volumes. Despite the factthat the textiles industry is the second largest industrial polluter, only 3 out of the 10 companies set targetsrelating to water pollution prevention. Burberry is one of these few, having set a target to eliminate the useof chemicals that may have an environmental impact by 2020. Companies can also set qualitative goals suchas educating their customers to help them minimize product impact; remediating and restoring watershedsand ecosystems; and engaging with suppliers to help them improve water stewardship. Such actions candeliver significant benefits for companies: for example, Adidas AG report cost savings from requiringsuppliers to use approved bluesign chemicals, reducing the need to test upstream suppliers and loweringoperating costs and Kering have developed a Chemical Management Framework to serve as a standard fortheir brands and suppliers.

105Conclusions and recommendationThere some excellent examples of proactive action from textiles companies, but the sector can do more toaddress its growing impact on water resources. Meaningful targets are needed to address the specific issuesthat face the textiles sector, such as water pollution and contamination. As regulation on the textiles industrytightens, companies will have to practice good water management to remain competitive and ensure thatthey retain their social license to operate.

Co-Authors: Mr. Stefan Seidel, Germany, Puma

Highlights  First of kind guideline to set pass/fail reporting limits and standardizes testing methods for 15 targeted classes of hazardous chemicals  Defines equivalence among various national standards and regulations for traditional wastewater parameters  Creates a three-tiered system to drive continuous improvement on traditional wastewater parameters for direct dischargers

Introduction and objectives

In the apparel and footwear industry, most manufacturing processes use water and generate wastewaterthat requires treatment before reuse or discharge. Treatment processes often are developed to align witheffluent discharge parameters dictated by regulations that govern the receiving waterbody or centralizedwastewater treatment. Many countries have developed wastewater discharge regulations, some specific tothe textile industry, which reduce the potential for human health issues and/or negative environmentalimpacts. Leading consumer brands in the textile and apparel industry have recognized an opportunity todrive performance beyond existing regulations and guidelines; and to address 15 classes of hazardouschemicals.

Methodology approachIn the apparel and footwear industry, most manufacturing processes use water and generate wastewaterthat requires treatment before reuse or discharge. Treatment processes often are developed to align witheffluent discharge parameters dictated by regulations that govern the receiving waterbody or centralizedwastewater treatment. Many countries have developed wastewater discharge regulations, some specific tothe textile industry, which reduce the potential for human health issues and/or negative environmentalimpacts. Leading consumer brands in the textile and apparel industry have recognized an opportunity todrive performance beyond existing regulations and guidelines; and to address 15 classes of hazardouschemicals.

Analysis and results

Through the years, some multi-brand consortia and individual brands have undertaken the development ofmanufacturing facility wastewater discharge guidelines for locations at which wastewater dischargestandards have not yet matured or were considered insufficient. Despite efforts devoted to developingwastewater discharge regulations, there is no single industry-standard guideline that attempts to standardizedischarge criteria and define equivalence among testing methods. Leading textile and footwear brands, inconjunction with the Roadmap to Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC) Program, identified anopportunity where the global supply chain for the footwear and apparel industry would benefit greatly froma single, industry-standard discharge guideline with standardized analytical methods for monitoringwastewater quality. In response to brands’ own concerns – and those by raised by civil society organizations– about water pollution and the use of hazardous chemicals, leading brands and the ZDHC collaborated withglobal wastewater treatment experts and civil society organizations to develop wastewater a discharge

107quality guideline for the apparel and footwear industry. This guideline goes beyond regulatory compliance tohelp ensure wastewater discharges do not adversely affect the environment or the surroundingcommunities, and is the first in the world to develop pass/fail criteria for 15 classes of hazardous chemicals.

Conclusions and recommendation

In December 2016, the ZDHC released to the public first official version of ZDHC Wastewater DischargeGuideline for the footwear and apparel industry, and is currently piloting the guideline. During World WaterWeek, we will discuss the methodology used for the development of the guideline, the results of the pilot,and next steps for the guideline.

HighlightsThe Egyptian textile industry is one of the corner stone of the Egyptian economic strategy. It has a majorimpact on the social economic and environment quality of life. It faces a challenging condition in the field ofquality and productivity due to globalization of the world market.

Introduction and objectives

For the above mentioned reasons, better use of resources, pollution abatement and waste minimization,improved quality and productivity of textiles, cleaner production opportunities, enhancing the competitiveedge by using innovative technologies, upgrading the scientific knowledge as well as ecological andtechnological capabilities of the human resources, in addition to strength the partnership between textilesector and R&D institutions to make innovative happen as well as inclusion of all stakeholders throughoutthe corporate value chain are the most important priorities of Egyptian textile industry to stay competitivein the long-term and helps to ensure sustainable development and create new jobs.

Methodology approachThe current study intends to search how the Egyptian textile industry can be motivated to reduce theirwastewater pollution through implementing process integrated improvements and abatement technologies.In the past several improvements projects in the Egyptian textile industry have taken place demonstratingthe viability of the approach of Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Productions. Also as wastewater treatmenttechnology is widely applied in the wet textile processing industry worldwide the question remains how thetextile industry can be motivated to implement these technologies to the extent required.

Analysis and results

The present study shows that there are several aspects under which the Egyptian industry operates whichshould favour its sustainable development: 1. Rising prices of resources which will stimulate their efficient use; 2. Several improvement programmes and service providers demonstrating the viability of resource efficiency, quality improvement and other technological and managerial improvements; 3. An extensive strategy by the Egyptian government to expand (and modernizing?) the textile industry; 4. Laws and regulations addressing the various aspects of sustainability; 5. The desire to increase export to European countries and US which will require a higher level of quality products; 6. Increasing awareness of retailers and brands on sustainability issues in their supply chain; 7. Various business driven initiatives focusing on improving the textile supply chain and notably the social circumstances in the RMG and banned chemicals in wet textile processing and finishing.It is worth to highlight that improved technology and equipment operations, metering of resourceconsumption, monitoring and implementation of RECP recommendations in utility, process and wastemanagements may reduce water consumption on average with 40% and energy with 20%. These both casestudy and lesson learnt have been replicated in other industrial establishments within textile industry sector.

109Conclusions and recommendationThe study is highly recommend cleaner production opportunities, and at the same time reduce pollutantsconcentrations in the final effluent. Accordingly, the following few pollution prevention opportunities wererecommended: 1. Tight closing of dyestuff containers in the chemical store. 2. Replacement of acetic acid by formic acid. 3. Combining the after “full bleaching or dyeing” neutralization-softening steps in one bath. 4. Expanding the use of bi-functional reactive dyestuffs

HighlightsThis paper demonstrates the analysis of implementation of agreements (MEAs) and linkage with localstandards in the textile sector of Pakistan. This project also highlights the sustainable practices in the textileindustry to reduce the water consumption as well as wastewater production in processes with cost-benefitanalysis.

Introduction and objectives

Pakistan has ratified a number of international conventions to improve its position in global market. Textileindustry in Pakistan contributes 8.5% of the country’s GDP and 52% in exports. However, majority of theindustry is unable to implement the MEAs and don’t know the linkage of international standards with locals.This sector also consumes more water and discharges pollution to water bodies without any treatment. Thisproject will devise some practices which will make this sector resource efficient as well as develop linkagebetween international and local standards.

Methodology approachWe have engaged different groups of textile sectors from weaving to textile processing and did our analysison the implementation of Multi-environmental agreements (MEAs) in the industrial sector. We alsoconducted surveys for the water consumption per process and wastewater production in the textile sector.On the basis of our observations, some practices (Smart Environmental Management Practices) were devisedfor those industrial sectors to adopt and become resource efficient with cost-benefit analysis. Sometechniques of water replenishment were also suggested from the treated or recycled water to reduce theload on the water reserves

Analysis and results

Our analysis revealed that there is a gap of implementation of MEAs on ground because of unawarenessamong industries. There is a dire need of alignment of local standards with MEAs as a number of industriesare complying local standards which also contribute to the MEAs but a clear linkage is needed. Pakistan hasratified many international agreements which links directly or indirectly to industrial compliance butindustries are unable to understand.The survey of industrial sector also showed that there are a series of recommendations for textile industryto adopt for becoming water efficient named Smart Environmental Management Practices (SEMPs). TheseSEMPs comprise of a wide range of techniques for water management with short term to long term solutionssuch as from floor washing, reuse of wastewater to technical solution within process like Mercerizationprocess, dyeing bath etc. This analysis also showed the estimated cost of each intervention with benefits andpayback period. The case study revealed that if an industry invests upto 100,000 Euros in differentinterventions, it could save more than 110,000 m3 of water on annual basis with a reduction of 10-15% ofpollution and a payback period of upto 10 months.

111Conclusions and recommendationThe alignment of the local standards with the multi-environmental agreements will make it easy for thetextile industry to understand and implement on ground. The adoption of SEMPs in textile industries willreduce the resources consumption in the processes as well as increase the production which will be leadingtowards the economic benefits and productivity of the country. The SEMPs practices are one of the solutionsof the problem and could be used as guidelines for industries. By arranging training sessions, the complianceof environmental standards and SEMPs implementation could be made more clear to the industrial sector.

112Seminar: Opportunities and limits to water pollution regulations

Photo: iStock

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

Water and waste: reduce and reuse

113Seminar: Opportunities and limits to water pollution regulations

ContentsAgrochemical use in Argentine farming and its impact on water - Legal implications ...... 115An operator’s views on wastewater regulations around the world ................................... 117Integrating water footprint assessment into regulations to meet policy goals ................ 119Policy strategies for contaminants of emerging concern in water ......................................121To a paradigm shift in water quality and safety assessment............................................... 123Wastewater management regulations: challenges and opportunities for Africa .............. 125Poster: Integrated management of industrial effluents in Montevideo - Uruguay ........... 127Poster: Water quality and climate change: Science supply vs. demand ............................. 129

114Agrochemical use in Argentine farming and its impact on water - Legalimplications Presenting Dr. Clara Maria Minaverry, Argentina, National Cousel for Author: Scientific and Technical Research, University of Buenos Aires and National University of Lujan

Co-Authors: Prof. Raul Matranga, Argentina, National University of Lujan

Ms. Melina Macrini, Argentina, National University of Lujan

HighlightsSustainable Development Goal N° 6 (3) states that by 2030, we must improve water quality by reducingpollution, and minimize chemicals release.On the contrary in Argentina, Buenos Aires Provincial Congress is analyzing a bill of law which reducesagricultural herbicides use distances between fields and households, without protecting water.

Introduction and objectives

Agriculture is the main activity developed in Argentina, and in 2016 a bill of law was partially aproved byBuenos Aires Provincial Congress focusing on “exclusion zones”. It fixes a distance of 500 meters foragricultural spraying, but is reduced to a 100 meters for the most toxic products, and to 10 meters formoderate chemicals.The purpose of this paper is to analyze regulations and jurisprudence regarding agrochemical use inArgentina.The spatial scope chosen was from 2008 until present, where we started to analyse jurisprudence from aselection of argentine provinces.

Methodology approachExploratory phase:We compiled regulations and jurisprudence about agrochemical use in farming activities in a selection ofprovinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Cordoba). We followed the direct documentalobservation and the legal hermeneutics methods.Descriptive phase:The information taken before was categorized in order to elaborate a description of provincial “cases”.Analytical phase:The documental analysis implemented was used to ascertain legal principles and decisions, in order to findstrengths and weakness which are described at the conclusions.

Analysis and results

Sante Fe Province (Peralta case law):In 2009, judicial courts forbidded agrochemicals spraying in this province, having to apply a distance of 800meters from houses and of 1500 meters if it was air spraying, due to neibourhoods complaints.This case described the “environmental paradigm” and recognized nature as a “subject of law”, and gavemore importance to collective goods than to individual ones. It also stated that neighbours were not obligedto demonstrate their damages, and that Public Administration should provide a technical report (preparedby a university) showing agrochemical toxicity levels within a period of 6 months.Cordoba province (Gabrielli case law):In 2012 a Criminal Court sentenced to 3 years of conditional prison to a farmer and to the pilot who sprayedagrochemicals in a rural area. The first one was condemned as author of the environmental pollution crime

115which is regulated by the hazardous waste law, and the pilot was sentenced as co-author. Both were disabledto manage these toxic products and also were obliged to comply with community work.One of the most important issues was that courts applied the “Precautionary Principle” in all the analyzedjurisprudence, and they declared that scientific uncertainty about environmental risks could provokeirreversible damages to people and nature.

Conclusions and recommendation

In rural areas in Argentina, agrochemicals spraying is frequent in order to maximize agricultural performance.The main concern is that at the north of Buenos Aires province, researchers are starting to find herbicides inrivers and streams, affecting water quality and threatening human health.Nowadays Argentina does not have specific regulations in all provinces, so judicial courts and citizens claimsare developing a leading role in order to minimize environmental damage. Some social researchers questionwhether if it is suitable or not to apply criminal sanctions. Our country model is a key issue and might be alimitation in order to achieve a natural equilibrium.

HighlightsThe challenges facing wastewater systems stakeholders are to efficiently collect and treat wastewater whilereducing energy, maximizing water reuse and recovering materials at best cost, speed and environmentalefficiency. Global operators such as Veolia are benefit from seeing how different regulations generatedifferent kind of results over time.

Introduction and objectives

Initially, wastewater discharge regulations are characterized by stringent discharge permits, andcorresponding requirements for processes, such as secondary treatment or other best availabletechnologies. As conditions in the country improve, regulations are expanded with more tailored approachesto understand and address impacts on the receiving waters. There is better identification of pollutionsources, such as distinctions between industrial vs. municipal. Regulators then move beyond mainlyenforcement actions, taking more complex and targeted action, which may be translated into proactive fiscalincentives or more command and control approaches.

Methodology approachVeolia actively partakes in bidding for construction or operations of wastewater facilities in nearly allcountries, ranging from developing to more mature economies. This diverse experience offers a perspectiveto compare situations with different regulatory approaches. From this perspective gathered from their ownexperience or from technology transfers, the authors compare regulatory challenge experiences fromvarious geographies.The authors will focus more so on the different kind of results obtained and trends noted over time with agiven a regulatory approach than on evaluation of short term results.

Analysis and results

The authors have become familiar with the tools and approaches that regulatory authorities use around theworld, and the resulting variations in the speed and degree of effectiveness in meeting objectives. Examplesof different situations in western and central Europe and elsewhere in the world where Veolia is constructingor operating wastewater treatment facilities are described in regard to local regulation and localenvironmental objectives.Some examples such as in France,Germany, or Japan demonstrate how environmental objectives have beencontinuously upgraded over time by plant refurbishment and upgrades, or operational improvement, oroften a combination of both.Other examples such as in Eastern or southern Europe or in China illustrate the achievement of meetingenvironmental objectives in a limited amount of time.Going forward, compliance will mean addressing increasingly more stringent requirements that include awider range and scope of environmental impacts such as water scarcity (such as in Africa and middle east) orGHG emissions. Minimizing these more global impacts means contending with differing regulations.

117Conclusions and recommendationPollution control options are influenced by the level of ambition of the local authorities, and reflect anunderstanding of pollution impacts, desired level of pollution control, compliance timelines, and theeconomic capacity of the country and trust in its development capacity. Countries usually first opt fortraditional and basic wastewater treatment requirements, as SDG Goal 6 suggests: and even this fundamentalapproach can take a decade to implement. Over time, more tailored and diverse approaches are necessaryto deal with an increasingly uncertain future, and to deal with longer time frames because stakeholdersupport becomes the determining time factor

Co-Authors: Dr. Ertug Ercin, Netherlands, Water Footprint Network

HighlightsA new regulatory framework integrating water footprint indicators into water abstraction licences andeffluent discharge permits was developed with UK Environmental Agency to help achieve policy goals. Byincluding both water consumption and water quality indicators, this holistic framework will be instrumentalin allocating pollution loads while protecting the environment.

Introduction and objectives

Current regulations regarding water abstraction and effluent discharges and good compliance rates may notbe sufficient to protect water quality. A holistic approach that embraces water pollution and consumptionunder a single framework is needed to understand the sources of problems and to guide the formulation andimplementation of regulations that meet policy goals. Water Footprint Assessment was used to understandthe underlying water management and allocation issues driving poor water quality in both surface andgroundwater and to identify a new regulatory framework that can help the agency solve seasonal and localwater pollution problems.

Methodology approachTo develop a new regulatory scheme that supports sustainable development, we applied Water FootprintAssessment in 35 sub-catchments located in the UK Environment Agency’s Hertfordshire North London(HNL) Area. We first calculated green, blue and grey water footprints for the domestic, industrial andagricultural sectors on a monthly basis for both surface and groundwater. Next, we evaluated monthly bluewater scarcity and water pollution levels for surface and groundwater to assess the sustainability of the waterfootprints. Furthermore, we applied a wet and dry climate change scenarios and demographic changes topredict changes in pollution loads for the year 2060.

Analysis and results

Thirty-four percent of the sub-catchments in UK Environment Agency’s Hertfordshire North London Areahave significant or severe annual average surface water pollution levels. The primary contribution to thesehigh levels of pollution is coming from the discharge of treated effluent from sewage treatment works. Threesub-catchments have a significant or severe annual average groundwater pollution level, largely due to therecharge or infiltration of treated effluent. Based on the Water Footprint Assessment results, a newregulatory scheme for wastewater discharge permits and water abstraction licenses was proposed that usesblue water scarcity and water pollution levels in a sub-catchment to approve an application with conditionsor reject it entirely. The conditions reflect the intra- and inter-annual variability of water availability as well asdifferences between point and non-point source pollution. This approach will better respect the spatial andtemporal variability of water resources and will better integrate water management for water quantity andquality, and for surface and groundwater. By using a single indicator, the water footprint, to assess waterconsumption and pollution, the study provided insight into the role of water management and the existingregulatory framework in failing to meet policy goals for water quality and environmental protection.

119Conclusions and recommendationOur analysis showed that Water Footprint Assessment and in particular, water pollution levels can provide abasis for regulatory reform at the catchment level. The grey water footprint and water pollution levels canbe instrumental in managing cumulative effects of point and nonpoint source pollutant discharges. Mostimportantly, using a common metric for water quantity and quality management enables integration acrosssurface and groundwater, scarcity and pollution. Next steps of setting water footprint maximum sustainablelimits, equitable allocations and improved water efficiency will support further improvements in managingwater resources sustainably now and into the future.

120Policy strategies for contaminants of emerging concern in water Presenting Dr. Florence Metz, Switzerland, University of Bern, Institute of Author: Political Science

Co-Authors: Prof. Karin Ingold, Switzerland, University of Bern, Institute of

Political Science Ms. Laura Herzog, Switzerland, University of Bern, Switzerland

Highlights  Overview of policies in selected countries regarding contaminants of emerging concern to water quality  Results from an international survey with public, private, and civic actors about preferences regarding command-and-control, market-based, and persuasive instruments  Results on actors’ support for proactive or reactive approaches to deal with uncertainties related to emerging pollutants

Introduction and objectives

With growing awareness about newly detected, but unregulated, pollutants in waterbodies, the questionarises of how to politically address these emerging issues to water quality. While traditional policy responsesto water protection reach their limits, new wastewater treatment technologies and innovative monitoring,screening, and modelling techniques offer promising pathways to secure water quality in the future. Thiscontribution provides an overview about countries’ and policy actors’ responses to new challenges in waterprotection by presenting results from a research project conducted in Switzerland, France, Germany, and theNetherlands. Results support future regulation decisions in this emerging field of water protection.

Methodology approachWhich policies do countries adopt for contaminants of emerging concern? How can policy-makers reachagreements that ensure water protection? We evaluated policy designs of Switzerland, France, Germany, andthe Netherlands with a 6-item index, and analysed networked policy processes that promote waterprotection agreements.Which policy instruments do actors support to address emerging pollutants? Which strategies do actorspursue when they face uncertainties related to substances with unknown hazardous consequences? Weconducted an international survey with 110 public and private actors involved in water policymaking andanalyzed preferences towards command-and-control, market-based, persuasive instruments, proactive andreactive strategies.

Analysis and results

While Switzerland has integrated new wastewater technologies into legislation, countries like Germany,France, and the Netherlands have focused on alternative policy strategies including persuasive, command-and-control, or economic instruments. To explain these policy variations, we analyzed actors’ policyinstrument preferences, their way of dealing with uncertainties in policymaking, and network constellations.Instrument preferences of Swiss policy actors, for example, show that support for command-and-control orvoluntary instruments exceed market-based approaches for reducing emerging pollutants in water. In theSwiss case, most of the actors support precautionary action as an appropriate policy strategy to deal withremaining uncertainties. Actors agree on the fact that addressing the source of the pollution problem, andthereby avoiding the input of pollutants into waterbodies, is an appropriate way of dealing withmicropollutants. By contrast, Swiss actors are divided when it comes to technological solutions whichaddress pollution end-of-pipe. Network constellations show that improvements in wastewater treatment,

121nevertheless, represent a pragmatic policy compromise on which environmentalists and sceptics could agreein the Swiss case. Similar results will be presented for the German, French, and Dutch cases in a comparativeperspective.

Conclusions and recommendation

While contaminants of emerging concern to the aquatic environment remain largely unregulated, thiscontribution provides an overview about policies adopted by the Rhine riparian states, as those areforerunners in this new policy field of water protection. Findings reveal that collaborative governancesupports actors in dealing with uncertainties and promotes regulatory innovations in water protection onthe national and international level. Collaborative arrangements contribute to effective water protectionpolicies when they incentivize concerned actors to exchange and form dominant water protection coalitions,promote policy entrepreneurship, and enable strong brokers to mediate during negotiations.

Introduction and objectives

Bioanalytical tools hold great promise as an additional tool of our current water monitoring strategies. Invitro bioassays, which are increasingly being applied in water quality assessment, provide relevant and robustpredictive biosystems able to specifically and quantitatively measure early adverse effects of contaminantsin water, including providing a measure of mixture effect, even in low doses, where individual componentsof the mixture alone would not show an effect. They provide comprehensive and high-throughputmonitoring systems for a wide range of water contaminants, without the use of experimental animals.

Methodology approachSmart combinations of chemical & biological analytics can lead to reduced uncertainty in safety assessments,especially with regards to endocrine disruption, oxidative stress as other relevant primary adverse outcomepathways triggered by environmental mixtures of water micropollutants.Recent international projects delivered several methodological advances leading to a comprehensiveframework including the most promising panel of assays and expanded effect-based trigger values (EBT) forboth drinking and environmental waters (GWRC Endocrine Toolbox II, FP7 DEMEAU, FP7 Solutions, BRAVEinitiative). These innovations could contribute to strengthen the safety of conventional water treatmentplants and be integrated in future regulations.

Analysis and results

They also could provide robust monitoring frameworks to promote alternative water schemes as promotedby the Blue Print Initiative in Europe to better safeguard water resources and the WHO Potable ReuseGuidance document.While leading players in Australia, Europe and US recommend to incorporate predictive tools in the watercycle regulatory monitoring (Water Research Australia, US (CA), Canada, RIVM, EAWAG, KWR, UFZ, EU-JRCand EU DG-Env, WHO and GWRC), these bioanalytical tools need to be more comprehensively validated andbenchmarked across the entire water cycle and against human and ecological health outcomes before theycan be adopted in regulatory frameworks. A critical next step will be to derive further EBT for an expandedscope of bioassay endpoints. Several strategies for the derivation of EBT have been proposed but thereremains a lack of acceptance and harmonization across the field to allow better acceptance of theseinnovative water quality and safety frameworks.Covering a wide range of issues including water quality and quantity management and the management ofwater-related risks, the OECD is endeavouring to capture science as policy recommendations that derive fromits past and recent work on water in a single, consistent and action-oriented policy.

123Conclusions and recommendationBy hosting a collaborative task-force or expert working group including GWRC experts and gatheringinternational organizations such as WHO, UNESCO and the OECD we can get to benchmark these new effect-based trigger values, and contribute to the water challenge by targeting Water effect-based standards.Complementary tasks could also be taken up by such Science to Policy interface as a supportive action tobetter explain and disseminate the associated benefits for stakeholders as citizen towards their healthprotection, municipalities and local authorities, water professionals and institutional bodies.

HighlightsWith as much as 65% of residents in some African urban centres living in slums, management of wastewaterneeds creative policies that are attractive to investors while at the same time facilitating a habitableenvironment for residents. Africa lacks adequate infrastructure for wastewater management and adequatesanitation provision.

Introduction and objectives

The presentation will be based on preliminary findings from a project that seeks to identify opportunities forinvestment in wastewater management and sanitation delivery in Africa. This is a joint project by the AfricaDevelopment Bank, UN Environment and GRID-Arendal.The objectives of the paper are to: 1. note Africa's infrastructure needs for wastewater management; 2. highlight pollution levels due to wastewater; 3. analyse policy arrangements for wastewater management and sanitation delivery in Africa, and point out success stories for up-scaling and replication; and 4. suggest policy options for Africa.

Methodology approachThe Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework will be used in a desk research that addresses thefollowing questions: 1. What is the state of wastewater pollution in Africa? 2. Where and by who is the bulk of wastewater generated? 3. What are the regulatory solutions to wastewater management, and are these adequate? 4. What are the human and ecosystem impacts of poor wastewater management in Africa? 5. Where are successes in wastewater management in Africa, and how can this be up-scaled or replicated? 6. Why is new investment needed in wastewater management in Africa, and will it profitable.

Analysis and results

Africa has made little progress in attaining sanitation goals as defined by the just concluded MillenniumDevelopment Goals. This is partly due to increased levels and inadequate infrastructure for wastewater andsanitation management. The population without an improved sanitation facility in 2015 had increased by 289million since 1990 (with about 52% living in rural areas); and only 248 million people gained access during theperiod. The situation is compounded by rapid urbanization and high rates of population growth (populationis expected to double by 2050 to over 2 billion people). Moreover, in sub-Saharan Africa, as much as 65 percent of some urban dwellers live in informal settlements. Together with increased industrialisation, andexposure to climate change, the situation puts the health of people, water resources and ecosystems at risk;and threatens economic development. As such, huge efforts are needed to ensure greater access toimproved sanitation, including better management of wastewater.

125Cases from Burkina Faso indicate that investment in both sanitation and wastewater management can beprofitable for both private and public investment. Such investment needs to be supported by a well-functioning regulatory system.

Conclusions and recommendation

In as much as poor wastewater management and sanitation delivery is a health issue, it is also an opportunityfor investment. As long as there is a conducive regulatory framework such investment can be profitable. It istherefore recommended that local and central authorities be more creative in providing regulations thatallow for investment while at the same time addressing human and environmental needs.

Co-Authors: Mr. Hernán Méndez, Uruguay, Government of Montevideo

HighlightsMontevideo, the smallest of the 19 political/administrative divisions of the Republic of Uruguay, concentratesmost of the country's industries and service activities, and almost half of the country's population.Main contamination sources are: domestic sewage, industrial effluents and solid waste disposal.

Introduction and objectives

Montevideo’s water courses network is composed by a large amount of surface water courses. The streams,Pantanoso and Miguelete and the Bay of Montevideo, are very important because they are closely linked tohuman activities.The high degree of contamination found in the city's water courses, originates mainly from the dumping ofsewage and industrial effluent, and the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes.The main objectives of the City government programs and policies are directed towards:  Optimizing technical resources (public and private) and identifying weaknesses and strengths.  Reducing pollution loads contributed by Montevideo's industries.  Working in a holistic manner, with the continuous participation of the community.We largely met the objectives, particularly in reducing pollution loads.

Methodology approachThe Industrial Effluent Monitoring Program is complementary to the Program of Water Bodies andEnvironment and Education, initiated in the year 1997. Previously, a municipal regulation, the “IndustrialPollution Reduction Plan” (Resolution number 761/96), was carried out gradually, thus allowing its adoptionby small businesses that could not afford large investments in a short period of time.The companies responsible for 90% of the pollution of Industrial origin in Montevideo, according to theiractual or potential contribution to such pollution, are included in the Industrial Effluent Monitoring Program,and are grouped into prioritization categories.

Analysis and results

By the end of 2015, the greatest contribution to industrial pollution (88%) was attributable to 23 companies,and their relationship in the total pollution loads were: 88% flow, 77% oils and fats, 88% BOD5, 97% Sulphides,95% Chromium, 83% Lead.Since the start of the program, there has been a significant expansion of industries’ activities and to a lesserextent, of the industrial discharge flow.However, industrial restructuring, the implementation of quality systems and environmental management,the monitoring and control together with civic monitoring, have achieved important reductions ofcontamination loads.There is a growing public interest and citizen’s participation has increased thanks to a well targeted campaignthrough social networks, a more visible complaint handling system online and the establishment and trainingof environmental commissions comprised of experts, members of the public, and non-profit organizations.

127This prompted improvements in the relationship between industries and the community. The industriesbecame more open in their relationship with the population, thus driving more and better information.The implementation of the program has also involved job creation (oriented towards supporting technicalareas of environmental affairs): preparation of technical reports, works or reforms required, and others.Furthering these industrial effluent control efforts to recover watercourses and to improve theenvironmental quality of Montevideo and its habitants, management system and public works’ plans wereimplemented for: construction of health infrastructure, rehabilitation of networks and interceptors, andelimination of uncontrolled discharges of waste and other pollutants into water streams.

Conclusions and recommendation

The Industrial Effluent Monitoring Program is an innovative action for the city and its inhabitants, and it hasbeen very helpful as a tool for solving contamination problems in Montevideo.It is an element that marks an improvement in terms of industrial waste treatments and water quality, andcould be used as a benchmark and a framework to resolve city problems in other areas and in other citys.It has had a positive overall impact that has challenged the traditional status quo in the city, and given thatthe modality of work is based on the coordination and efficient use of resources (a priority for countries witheconomic shortfalls such as ours), it permits the creation of a foundation for new policies and managementstrategies, and contributes to sustainability in departmental government management.

Environment and the Economy Dr. Mark Lubell, United States, University of California, Davis

Highlights 1. Climate change science and management overwhelmingly focuses on water quantity instead of water quality 2. There are gaps between water quality and climate change science supply and demand 3. Comparing on-the-ground managerial experience with peer-reviewed and published science helps inform future water quality and climate change policy making

Introduction and objectives

As a first line of defense on public health and safety, water resource practitioners must consider water qualityin long-term climate change planning. While current science shows that water is a major factor in discussionsaround extreme events, it disproportionately focuses on the linkage with supply and availability rather thanquality. Water quality threats from extreme events, such as drought and wildfire, are becoming morecommonplace, globally affecting drinking, food production, and ecosystem health. To begin understandingwhy water quality and extreme events are not prioritized, this study compares threats identified by Californiadrinking water system managers with published science.

Methodology approachThe overarching research question is how can science meet the needs of resource managers? Morespecifically we are concerned with long-term water quality and climate change planning. Framing this studyin terms of supply and demand, we compare survey results of California drinking water systems with thesubset of published literature that addresses water quality and climate change in California. To determinewhether supply meets demand, we compare the results using an alignment/misalignment typology. Thismethodological approach allows us to begin ground-truthing science supply to determine whether it isaddressing the most appropriate challenges as identified by water practitioners.

Analysis and results

The survey and literature comparison considers surface water quality threats and groundwater qualitythreats separately. There are a total of 48 surface water quality -- extreme events combinations identified byCalifornia drinking water system managers. The surface water quality results show that 23 of the 48 waterquality -- extreme events combinations have some level of misfit. The highest level of misfit shows thatsurface water salinity is linked with drought by 77% of survey respondents, while only 12% of publicationsmentioning salinity also mention drought. The surface water quality threat that most frequently shows somelevel of misfit is Eutrophication. Overwhelmingly, the majority of available literature on water quality andextreme events focuses on surface water. Additionally, every groundwater quality threat (6 identified in thesurvey) shows some level of misfit between demand and supply for at least one extreme event type. Thelinkage between agricultural contaminants and extreme storms is the largest misfit with 24% of respondentsreporting a connection while 80% of articles mention a connection. While science production is oftenassumed to be addressing the most important challenges, our study questions this notion by attempting toground-truth published science with managerial perspectives.

129Conclusions and recommendationThe results question the assumption that science production inherently addresses the largest climate changeimpacts to drinking water quality by showing potential gaps between science supply and demand using on-the-ground experiences and available literature. While the results cannot be universally applied, this studydoes help us in beginning to understand why climate change planning may tend to overlook water quality infavor of availability and supply. As a next step, we are conducting case study interviews with drinking watermanagers throughout California to continue the discussion on water quality threats and climate changeplanning.

130Seminar: Governance of water and waste: a key to sustainable development?

Photo: SIWI

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

Water and waste: reduce and reuse

131Seminar: Governance of water and waste: a key to sustainabledevelopment?

ContentsAddressing integrity risks in wastewater management: good and bad practices ..........13133Community-based integrated water resources management in Meghalaya ..................13135Embedding integrity in water and waste management through social accountability ..13137Governance of sanitation: incentives for turning political will into action ..................... 13139Incorporating water governance in the annual monitoring and reporting framework .... 141Stakeholder engagement to improve community-scale wastewater systemgovernance in Indonesia ........................................................................................................ 143Sustainable water governance in industrial symbiosis: the case of Kalundborg ............... 145Poster: Local leadership development: An example for locally-driven, sustainablewaste management ............................................................................................................... 147Poster: Non-existent water supply regulators - Implications for sector governance ....... 149Poster: Performance measurement for effective regulation - Case of Indian urbanwater supplies ........................................................................................................................ 151Poster: Public-civil society incremental involvement in water governance inLatin America .......................................................................................................................... 153Poster: Tensions in rural water governance in the digital era ............................................. 155

Co-Authors: Ms. Elske Koelman, Germany

Highlights  Integrity risks in the wastewater sector received little explicit attention till now.  Integrity concerns related to urban, industrial and agricultural water pollution, and wastewater infrastructure are reviewed.  Good and bad practices show the need and possibilities for more transparency, ac-countability, participation and anti-corruption action in wastewater management.

Introduction and objectives

Untreated wastewater is often discharged in rivers, lakes, drains or into the groundwater. Such illicit practicesharm public health, crops and the environment, violate national and in-ternational rules and often occur inconjunction with corruption.This study provides a review of integrity issues in the wastewater sector, which thus far has received littlesystematic attention. A lack of data exists on the amount of treated and reused water, number of Integrityrisks in relation to wastewater and treatment plants, including data on these, and good and bad practices intheir management are documented.

Methodology approachWhat are the key integrity concerns that need to be addressed when managing wastewater? How can theserisks be mitigated?In light of the lack of information available on integrity risks in the wastewater sector, this study addressesthe above stated research questions. Good and bad practices of wastewater management exist, but theintegrity concerns associated with these cases have often not been studied. Desk research and case studieshighlight the importance of tackling integrity concerns in the wastewater sector and demonstrate the needfor more integrity when planning, implementing and monitoring urban, industrial and agriculturalwastewater developments.

Analysis and results

The overview of integrity risks and case studies from the wastewater sector highlights hotspots in relationto urban, industrial and agricultural water pollution and wastewater infrastructure. When looking atwastewater governance, treatment and infrastructure development, integrity risks arise with themismanagement of large investments. Corruption related to wastewater treatment projects can not onlylead to large scale pollution but also to major delays in construction or abandonment of unfinished projects.Increasingly, wastewater reuse for agriculture is being institutionalized, yet the lack of trust in wastewaterproviders often inhibits such initiatives. The management of industrial waste also poses integrity concerns:industrial development is considered beneficial for local economies, leading to local government officialsillegally tolerating the discharge of untreated wastewater or discharge of toxic chemicals. Enforcement ofenvironmental protection laws can be increased when citizens are better informed about water quality levels.Ongoing initiatives promote transparency and participation in the sector. In Peru, INFObras combinesinformation from implementing agencies about their physical progress on public works. Similarly, a UN-Water

133initiative proposes indicators to monitor progress regarding wastewater, water quality and water efficiency,providing a reference point for watchdogs and citizens to flag shortfall with regard to governmentalcommitments.

Conclusions and recommendation

Based on a range of good and bad practices, an overview is presented of integrity risks in wastewatermanagement, and what can be done about these. It demonstrates that the lack of attention for integrity risksis a major impediment to progress.Different actors have to act responsibly to ensure wastewater management with integrity. Policy andpractice coherence needs to be enhanced in governments, transparency and accountability is required frombusinesses demonstrating that they operating sustainably and are compliant with rules and regulations, andactive citizens need to demand this account-ability and transparency from both government and privatesector.

Introduction and objectives

Meghalaya, located in India’s Northeast region, enjoys a unique constitutional status where the ownership,control and management of water resources are driven by local customs and traditions of local communities.Water related laws and institutions have to be compatible with local communities. This research examines asto how participation of local communities have enabled the government institutional mechanism toimplement various water related laws in managing storm water runoff and tackle the problem of waterpollution for reuse, ensuring water and energy security.

Methodology approachThe research has adopted comparative and analytical tools of methodology and used mixed qualitative andquantitative methods including: a random rural household survey; focus group discussions with members oftribal communities, and interviews with water governance stakeholders at community, village and officialinstitutional levels. The focus is on to analyse the outcome of IWRM, Nexus and ecosystem-based adaptation(EbA) approaches for sustainable development with water being at the core.

Analysis and results

Our findings based on field research and open source material reveal that community members in Meghalayahave played vital role in helping implementation of water related legislations through various types ofinstitutional mechanism under the integrated water resource management under the flagship programmeof Integrated Basin Development and Livelihood Programme (IBDLP). Storm water runoff is preserved inJalkunds and multi-purpose reservoirs. Application of water-energy-food nexus approach has helped inensuring security in water, energy and food sectors. Deployment of EbA has enabled the stakeholders tobecome resilient to climate change and water-induced calamities to some extent. Communities’ participationin managing water resources through IWRM, Nexus and EbA approaches have seemingly yielded fruitfuloutcomes in terms of conserving runoff storm water, preservation of soil from erosion, recycling pollutedwater for reuse, energy generation though small hydro projects, improvements in livelihoods andaugmentation in irrigated area for cultivation etc. Increasing resilience to climate change and improvedagricultural productivity has enhanced Meghalaya’s potentials in trans-boundary cooperation in theneighbourhood and Southeast Asia in managing natural resources and speedy realization of SDGs, especiallySDG-1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,8,13, 16 & 17.

135Conclusions and recommendationIWRM alone is not enough and it is to be applied in tandem with Nexus and EbA approaches. Keeping in viewthe unique constitutional status of Meghalaya, increasing role of communities along with their capacitybuilding is required. Compatibility between legislation and local tribal customs and traditions is essential inmanaging water and other natural resources is the need of the hour. Undoubtedly, UN agencies and otherinternational organizations are supporting Meghalaya; nevertheless, increased support is required to achievethe SDGs.

136Embedding integrity in water and waste management through socialaccountability Presenting Ms. Monica Chundama, Zambia, Action for Water Author:

Co-Authors: Dr. Nick Hepworth, United Kingdom

Mr. Tyler Farrow, Canada Mr. Gershom Pule, Zambia, Action for Water

HighlightsSocial accountability for water security emphasises citizen engagement to activate IWRM institutions, holdduty bearers to account and advocate for change. Results demonstrate potential to improve services andpromote integrity in the water and waste sectors. Zambian practitioners share impact, sustainability andscalability of the approach.

Introduction and objectives

Globally, water resource management institutions have been subject to waves of reform and capacitybuilding in the wake of IWRM, yet the outcomes of these traditional approaches for equitable and sustainableresource use have been underwhelming. In response, social accountability interventions have emerged as a‘demand side’ approach towards improving water governance. This paper reports on the methodology andoutcomes of this approach in Zambia. Results suggest that civil-society oversight and evidence basedadvocacy hold significant potential as mechanisms to improve the accountability of water managementinstitutions and embed integrity in waste and water management.

Methodology approachSocial accountability monitoring for improved water security is being piloted in Zambia by Water WitnessInternational and Action for Water through the Fair Water Futures initiative. The methodology involves aparticipatory approach to identify and work with vulnerable water users, helping them to understand theirrights and the statutory duties of WRM institutions, and to ‘activate’ law and policy to ensure protection ofthe water they depend upon. By tracking responses to community activation and analysing how financial andhuman resources are used in the sector, the project provides compelling evidence to advocate for improvedsector performance.

Analysis and results

The learning centred methodology ensures that changes driven by social accountability monitoring at thelocal and national level are traced from intervention baseline. This approach generates triangulated evidenceon the efficacy of the approach, and how it can be adapted to drive maximum benefits for sustainable andequitable waste and water management. The team, with support through multi-stakeholder validation havegenerated the following results and lessons:  Fair Water Futures in Zambia has empowered vulnerable people to improve their water security status, by helping them demand better services from government duty bearers.  Activation of water law and policy has generated focused government action to address problems identified, ranging from urban groundwater pollution, water quality problems associated with mining, severe drought and conflict over water resources.  Root cause analysis of water security challenges has diagnosed the most severe bottlenecks facing effective institutional action on waste and water management.

137  The dearth of funding and human resources facing institutions such as the Water Resource Management Authority and the Zambia Environmental Management Agency stand as key barriers to effective waste and water management in Zambia.  The work generated an evidence base upon which to advocate for system change to improve waste and water management.

Conclusions and recommendation

In conclusion, social accountability monitoring coupled with budget analysis and evidence-based advocacyoffers a powerful approach for improving accountability, integrity and delivery in the water and waste sub-sectors. The approach holds considerable potential as means for civil society and communities to supportgovernment in the implementation of SDG 6. Further analysis of the transferability of such ‘demand-side’approaches is recommended to explore the scalability to other contexts for improved governance andimplementation of integrated water resources management.

Co-Authors: Mr. Nathaniel Mason, United Kingdom, ODI

Highlights  To turn political will into action and accelerated sanitation progress, governments need to cascade political prioritisation and invest in timely course correction to address bottlenecks.  Linking sanitation with values of modernity and cultural heritage and political and professional return are critical incentives shaping these processes

Introduction and objectives

In a change from historical trends, more and more governments are voicing their commitment toachievement of universal access to sanitation. However, to achieve these ambitions and achieve thesanitation target of the Sustainable Development Goals, governments need to move beyond rhetoricalpolitical will. To do so, one essential step is to translate this high-level political commitment into prioritisationof sanitation across government levels and departments, and into course correction processes that enableidentification of and adaptation to implementation challenges. In this presentation, we analyse the incentivesthat shape these processes and suggest ways to turn political will into action.

Methodology approachThe research presented tried to explore how countries tried to translate high-level political commitment intoprioritisation and course correction happens. We visited three countries and focused on the role of incentivesin shaping this process as a way to understand the political economy behind it. We looked at three subsectorswhere there is evidence of a certain degree of high-level political commitment: urban sanitation in Indonesia,and rural sanitation in Ethiopia and India. We spent a week in each country, doing key informant interviewsand field visits.

Analysis and results

Two main types of incentives shape the translation of high-level political commitment into prioritisation.First, there are incentives that work by aligning sanitation with the world views of elected leaders, officialsand implementers through an appealing narrative. They are encouraged to ask themselves “Do I believe inthis cause?” and to play their part.Second, there are incentives that created political buy-in through the prospect of personal and professionaladvantage – “What is in it for me?” – tapping into desires for political gains, career advancement, andpersonal renown.Other incentives were hindering prioritisation, such as imbalances in the decentralisation process, anddifferences of power and status between different departments involved in sanitation.Turning to course correction, although incentives linked to world views have a positive influence,professional and political advantage represent a double-edged sword. They can increase the likelihood ofstakeholders at lower levels sharing information from the ground for policy review.Sector reviews and other formal and informal learning mechanisms then play an important role in ensuringthe information shared actually results in corrective action. However, interviewees reported that theexcessive numbers of workshops and meetings disperse “attention and focus, with most stakeholderslimiting their level of participation”.

139Conclusions and recommendationTwo key recommendations emerge:To cascade political prioritisation. How?Foster buy-in by aligning with the world views of key stakeholders, linking sanitation with notions of nation-building.Tap into personal aspirations, ensuring sanitation efforts result in recognition and career progression.Enlist influential figures to drive prioritisation.Work with the financial, legal and political realities of decentralisation.To invest in timely course correction to address bottlenecks. How?Invest in reliable verification systems.Nurture a culture of learning.Use informal sharing and reporting mechanisms that cut across hierarchies and enable a rapid informationflow.Set up review mechanisms, ensuring quality over quantity.

Co-Authors: Mr. Gilbert Kimanzi, Uganda, Ministry of Water and

HighlightsDeveloping dedicated indicators to measure, analyse and report on the quality of processes used in the sectorto deliver services was our challenge. We did this through identification of critical areas of concern, raisingawareness on governance processes that promote service delivery and aligning these with the SustainableDevelopment Goals.

Introduction and objectives

The Ministry of Water and Environment assigned the Good Governance Working Group to develop dedicatedgovernance indicators. GIZ and WIN supported the process. The recognition that the sector needs to engagein monitoring the quality of governance propelled the Joint Sector Review of October 2015 andrecommended the incorporation of governance in the sector’s performance monitoring framework. Itspecifically asked for an indicator to; (i) guide the analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of existingprocesses, (ii) guide the prioritization and targeting of resources by sector players, (iii) identify and makeinformed decisions that promote good governance.

Methodology approachOur study focused on governance processes and aspects that have significant impact on water servicedelivery. The indicators were developed in a step-wise approach starting with the consultation anddevelopment of the project approach with the Good Governance Working Group. Establishment of atentative set of indicators and identification of data sources and gaps was done. The final set of indicatorswas prioritised from a larger range of potential indicators in a participatory process. Criteria were establishedof relevancy, ease to identify, collect and monitor, regular availability of information/data, ease to compile,analyse and monitor through existing reporting structures.

Analysis and results

Our study resulted in indicators for measuring, monitoring and reporting of governance processes. The trendof governance performance can now be monitored and reviewed annually at the Sector PerformanceReview. Reference for capacity development and awareness raising is equally possible. The discussion ofgovernance indicators has led to wide dissemination of information on audits, procurements and otherindicators, as the sector gets more concerned with its spending priorities. Sector and Sub-Sector indicatorsinforming on governance aspects are the following: 1. Percentage implementation of the previous year ́s audit recommendations of financial statements 2. Average weighed procurement performance 3. Percentage of Districts ́ budgets that reflect Civil Society Organizations ́ contributions 4. Percentage of annual budget allocations, budget releases and actual expenditures in relation to sector funding needs’ priorities 5. Percentage of Water User Committees/Water Boards/ Environmental management/ Water catchment management committees with women holding key positions

141 6. Percentage of pro-poor facilities that provide water at a price less than or equal to the household tariff of the service area. 7. National Water and Sewerage Corporation ́s customer satisfaction index 8. Percentage of gazetted water schemes and districts whose performance is published annually by the Regulation body 9. Percentage of water for production facilities with actively functioning Water User Committees 10. Percentage of permit holders complying with permit conditions

Conclusions and recommendation

Introducing good governance as one of the topics for discussion in the water sector has greatly promotedawareness and concern. Ministry Departments and sector partners are more concerned about their reportsfrom the respective entities (Office of the Auditor General, Public Procurement and Disposal Authority) sincethe findings of these reports are further discussed by the sector under the governance indicators.Recommendations: Incorporation of governance indicators in the existing monitoring and reportingframework gives an added advantage other than creating parallel reporting structures. Similarly, theinvolvement of final custodians and data providers in the development of the indicator enabled streamliningfor quality, relevant and easy to monitor indicators.

Co-Authors: Ms. Katie Ross, Australia

HighlightsHighly collaborative research on community-scale wastewater governance in Indonesia built strongstakeholder participation at both national and local levels. This cooperation enabled practical insights thatshaped the research outcomes. Communities, local and national governments, and NGOs are already usingthese insights to extend the success of decentralised wastewater systems.

Introduction and objectives

Urban wastewater management in densely populated, low income areas is challenging. Community scalewastewater systems serving 50-100 households offer an affordable way to manage public health andenvironmental hazards of untreated urban wastewater, and are a significant element in the Indonesiangovernment’s agenda, with about 80,000 systems planned, and more than 15,000 installed over the lastdecade. Historically, the systems have been ‘handed over’ to communities to manage. It is increasingly clearthat communities struggle to do this and services do not always last. This research sought to assess how bestto govern these systems in the future.

Methodology approachThis study had three phases. Firstly, we asked what constitutes effective governance of community scalewastewater systems? Secondly, we undertook a mixed method, systemic inquiry into practice, examiningperformance, costs, legal arrangements, and management approaches. Thirdly, we developed, tested, andwidely disseminated innovative capacity building materials targeting local governments and community-based organisations (CBOs) charged with managing these systems. The study took a transdisciplinary actionresearch approach, building in deep stakeholder engagement across the sector. Site visits were conductedwith 30 communities. Our national Project Advisory Group, involving six Ministries, five donors/programs,and national NGO supporting CBOs, validated our findings.

143Our national legal review and political economy analysis revealed important practical gaps andmisconceptions: local government is legally responsible for providing sanitation, but is not yet heldaccountable. CBOs are typically not legal entities, meaning they can neither own assets like wastewatersystems, nor easily receive financial support from local government. For local government, there are fewavenues for allowable actions to support assets they do not own, and existing national guidelines on thehandover process are ambiguous.

Conclusions and recommendation

Ultimately, the scale of wastewater technology should not determine the scale of management. There areboth practical and human rights reasons for ensuring communities are supported by government to deliverongoing wastewater services. Indonesia has invested more than any other country in community-scalewastewater systems, and so represents an important case study globally. National governments should setbasic principles, such as clear expenditure policies and minimum requirements for local government. Beyondthat, our research showed there are diverse models for distributing roles and responsibilities, spanningcommunity-led, collaborative, and local government-led, all of which include opportunities for private sectoractivities.

Co-Authors: Ms. Pernille Ingildsen, Denmark, Kalundborg Utility

Ms. Louise Brunsgård Michelsen, Denmark, Kalundborg Utility

HighlightsKalundborg Utility uses innovation as a tool to obtain a sustainable relationship between society and thenatural water environment, including participation in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis which hasconducted circular economy for decades. Recently, a heat-pump has been developed to exploit the heat fromwarm industrial wastewater to district heating.

Introduction and objectives

Wastewater management is often an overlooked subject within the field of sustainability. But in Kalundborg,the City facilitates an industrial symbiosis of private and public partners, which uses and re-uses resources,including energy and water. For Kalundborg Utility it is crucial to act proactively within the process of waterusage and wastewater treatment as freshwater resources become increasingly scarce and vulnerable due toclimate changes and pollution. Innovation and sustainability are key drivers for the company, andinvolvement of stakeholders is a natural part of the business operations.

Methodology approachFirst, we consider the water flows in the Kalundborg Symbiosis and how they can be considered sustainable.The flows are divided into two categories: 1) supply streams that are necessary for the industrial productionand 2) wastewater streams that can be considered resource streams. Second, we analyze the foundation ofthe collaboration of the symbiosis in order to map out the outcomes of the symbiosis.

Analysis and results

The utility supplies surface water in two qualities to Novo Nordisk and Novozymes. By using surface water,the scarce groundwater resource is preserved. The utility receives wastewater, which is cleaned at one ofEurope’s most advanced wastewater treatment plants in Kalundborg. Until now, the only by-product fromthe wastewater treatment has been sand and sludge, but as of 2017, the utility will construct a large-scaleheat-pump, which will transfer heat from the warm industrial wastewater to the local district heatingnetwork in Kalundborg. Thereby, Kalundborg Utility will supply district heating with a minimum ofenvironmental externalities.The utility has been engaged in developing microalgae production, as a vehicle to create a new developmentin industrial symbiosis and increased resource reuse, based on the groundbreaking EU FP7 founded E4Waterproject. Presently, the utility operates a state-of-the art algae house as test- and research laboratory open forinternational customers working in the blue bio-economy. This is a platform to further development of awater-based bio-economy and a possible new branch of the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis. The KalundborgIndustrial Symbiosis has proven to be durable. The outcomes of the symbiosis include strong collaborativeties among the involved partners leading to continuous optimization of processes and sizable reductions inwater and energy use.

145Conclusions and recommendationThe symbiosis has proven to be of benefit, both in the economic terms and to the environment. It hascontributed to the branding of Kalundborg City as a place where ‘green’ industry thrives. Through a culturefocused on sustainability and innovation in the utility as well as in the surrounding political and societalenvironment, it has been possible to create sustainable water governance, which harnesses the possibilitiesthat lie within the water to waste cycle, resulting in competitive advantages and substantial environmentalimprovements. Facilitated by the City, this stakeholder collaboration creates value and responsibleenvironmental solutions.

Co-Authors: Mr. Geoff Revell, Cambodia, WaterSHED

HighlightsWaterSHED designed, piloted and scaled up a model to engage local government in the management ofhuman waste through local leadership development. The project demonstrated that leadership developmentcan be a powerful, cost-effective, and sustainable way to support sub-national government to fulfill theirmandate to lead effective management of human waste and to reach SDG6.

Introduction and objectives

Integrity, engagement and strong leadership by local authorities, especially by subnational government, isoften seen as exogenous to program activities despite their importance for efficiency, effectiveness andsustainability. This presentation describes how WaterSHED designed, piloted and scaled up a model toengage local government in the management of human waste in their communities. The project is embeddedin a larger system of activities aimed to build a dynamic, sustainable market for improved sanitation productsand services in rural Cambodia by facilitating the supply chain and demand generating activities.

Methodology approachThe Civic Champions leadership development project for elected commune councilors uses an iterative modelof “discovering” new, not WASH-specific leadership skills, “developing” these skills through practice andcoaching, and “delivering” tangible results on their skills. This cycle repeats every three months over a 9-month period. Participants apply and pay a participation fee.The project evaluation undertaken in 2016 employs a mixed methods approach, including project data,qualitative interviews with stakeholders, observational data and latrine coverage data to document theproject implementation and lessons learnt for replication as well as to evaluate the project’s performancealong four dimensions: development impact, scalability, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Analysis and results

205 (19% of all eligible) councilors from 105 communes across 16 districts in rural Cambodia participated in theCivic Champions leadership development project. During the nine months of implementation the participantsfacilitated 15,320 households to install improved toilets equivalent to a 6.9 percentage point increase insanitation coverage in participating areas at a cost to the project of USD 14.60 per toilet. Six months after theend of the project, latrine uptake in the target areas remains 104% higher than in non-target areas.The project succeeded in establishing a reward and peer-learning mechanism that fostered innovation andmotivated participants to excel as leaders. The cascade training model employed to reach greater scalemeaningfully engaged all levels of subnational government contributed significantly to the project’s impactand scalability. Participants apply the generic leadership skills acquired during the project to other areas ofcommunity development, such as water supply management and planning for fecal sludge management.The project provides commune councilors with the necessary tools and skills to lead community engagementand find new, locally adapted strategies to promoting improved sanitation and waste management.

147Conclusions and recommendationLeadership development at local levels is a powerful, cost-effective and sustainable way to support sub-national governments to fulfill their mandate to lead effective management of human waste and to reachSDG 6 by 2030. Participants found innovative, locally adapted solution to addressing the sanitation problemin rural Cambodia. Key elements of the project design contributing to its success are the involvement andactive contribution of all levels of government; the project’s reward and peer-learning mechanism; the focuson generic, transferable leadership skills instead of project or WASH-specific skills; and the project’s 9-monthscyclical approach which facilitates learning, feedback, and development.

Co-Authors: Dr. Gopal Das Singhal, India, Shiv Nadar University

Dr. Tripta Thakur, India, MANIT-Bhopal

Highlights 1. This Paper presents a study that details governance issues arising out of non-existing Regulators in water-supply operations in most developing-countries. 2. Study analyses data from 199 Indian municipalities to explore linkages between non-existent regulation and issues like political-interference in tariff-determination, inconsistent data-collection, lack of sector-planning, poor-services, consumer-dissatisfaction, and derailment of sound- governance.

Introduction and objectives

Unlike developed nations where water-supplies are governed by an independent sector Regulator, mostdeveloping countries have unregulated water-supplies. This paper focuses on unwarranted consequences ofmissing regulation by posing the following questions: 1. Does absence of a Regulator imply political interference in governance by way of tinkering with tariffs leading to loss-making services reflected in large subsidies? 2. Does absence of Regulator imply lack-of-competition and under-performance due to non- measurement of relative-performances? 3. Does linkage between missing Regulation and failure to collect municipal operational-data prevent scientific-analysis of sector-issues? 4. Does absence of a Regulator imply water-sector planning/services are run in adhoc manner leading to mis-goveranance?

Methodology approach 1. Water-supply data from 147 municipalities in India with populations more than 0.1 million was collected and analyzed 2. Major water-supply parameters comprised performance indicators such as Water looses (Non- revenue water), Operating Expenditures, Length of Distribution network, Water Produced, Av. hrs of supply per day, and Population covered by water supply. 3. These water-supply indicators were integrated to evolve comprehensive relative performance measures using data envelopment analysis 4. Inferences from the analysis were used to evolve reasons for poor municipal performances in view of the fact that sector Regulator is non-existent.

Analysis and results

1. Absence of Regulator implies political interference in governance. Majority of municipalities depend on subsidies due to mounting financial losses attributed to political interference wherein elected- representatives decide to keep tariffs unreasonably low to garner political advantage/votes. A dedicated, independent regulator would have otherwise ensured tariffs based on cost- pricing/scientific-data/municipal-performances/people’s capacity-to-pay.

149 1. Mathematical-model indicated poor municipal-performances with a third of municipalities showing efficiencies below 50%. Non-existent regulatory-mechanisms ensure that inefficiencies remain unmeasured/unknown, while sector remains intrinsically poorly-performing/mismanaged. 2. Absence of Regulator implies absence of relative-competition amongst municipalities who remain unconnected and unconcerned of sector best-practices 3. Impact of non-existent sector-regulator spells inconsistencies in data-collection, endemic across developing countries. This study revealed that if data was collected on increasing numbers of indicators for greater accuracy, data availability decreases drastically. For the 6 indicators employed in this study, data was available for only 71 out of 199 municipalities. 4. Absence of regulator implies water-sector planning and services run in adhoc manner as there remains little basis for sector-planning in absence of consistent/regular data-collection. Lack of data hinders scientific-analysis of problems that remain unresolved fuelling public discontent. 5. Results confirmed that absence of water-supply Regulator leads to sector mis-governance, and that there needs to be an independent mechanism to regulate water-supplies.

Conclusions and recommendation

The study indicates that water-supply operations in developing-economies like India need to incorporateprovisioning of an independent sector-Regulator for sound governance.This will ensure that water-supply operations become efficient, consumers get benefitted, and municipalitiesbecome self-reliant to shun subsidies. This will also ensure that water-supply operations become transparent,and collect operational data regularly in terms of predefined indicators forming a basis for sound planningand policy. This will lead to good governance and wide consumer satisfaction resulting in municipalities thatmake profits which can be passed on for connecting the poor to water-supplies for common social good ofthe society.

Co-Authors: Ms. Sai Amulya Nyathikala, India, MANIT-Bhopal

Highlights  Paper details potential use of performance measures in price-cap regulation of water-supply services.  The case study evaluates scope for setting tariffs under incentive-regulation for 20 urban centers where hitherto operations remain unregulated and monopolized by government  DEA is used to assess performances and productivity growth of municipalities

Introduction and objectives

Water-supply services have emerged as profitable industries across developed nations wherein water-tariffsare regulated and set scientifically by a Regulator. Unfortunately, across several developing economiesRegulators remain non-existent, with monopoly operations of government whose policies are focused ondrinking water provisioning for growing populations, with neglect towards making operations efficient andprofitable.The scope of work comprises:  Reviewing existing water-supply scenario and sectoral reforms for providing valuable lessons to other countries of developing world.  Investigating importance of performance-assessment in regulatory framework  Developing a quantitative framework for tariff determination to evaluate possible cost-recoveries in municipal water-supply operations

Methodology approachThe Methodology focuses on answering the following :  Using DEA analyse the extent of inefficiencies in water supply operations existing in the urban areas of Andhra Pradesh State  Using Productivity Analysis to explore if water-supply operations are improving over time, and if not, then what could be the possible causes?  Using X-factor calculations, evolve a scientific basis of determining water-tariffs in order to overcome financial losses in the sector and bypass local politics  Drawing conclusions and policy outcomes in the context of a possible sector regulation and above findings

Analysis and results

The sample mean efficiency was found to be 80%, with individual municipalities performing as low as 32.4%.This indicated prevalence of large-scale inefficiencies in the water-supply operations.The TFP growth model indicated that over the time period 2005 to 2010 inefficiencies were found to beactually increasing over time implying further deterioration in services over time, thereby reflecting an urgentneed for regulation which may enable the municipalities to gain efficiencies.

151Further, X-factors calculated based on weighted mean annual productivity growth of 1.93% obtained fromTFP model, revealed a maximum X-factor of 3.28% for the most inefficient municipality indicating thatmunicipalities may end up increasing tariffs to a maximum of 3.28% per year over 5 year period. This tolerabletarrif increase can lead to tremendous increase in efficiencies of water-supply operations.DEA analysis also indicated a possibility of saving 22.6% of operating expenditure if the municipalities were toadopt appropriate policies and management tools of best practices.This is indicative of the fact that largesavings are possible in water-supply operations that may result in strengthening of the services and benefitsfor the consumers including the poor

Conclusions and recommendation

The illustrated framework comprises a basic step for ushering regulatory-reforms. It further has implicationsfor future privatization as private companies would not be forthcoming to sink investments in utilities thatare highly inefficient.X-factors for scientifically increasing tariffs demonstrate how tariffs can be kept out of purview of politics ina fair/upright regulatory regime.The X-factor calculations may help inefficient municipalities to bridge gap with best-practices, therebyeffecting savings for financial sustainability and reduction of subsidies.Internal cost-savings may be used to expand and improve services in rapidly expanding urban areas and tomake water-supplies accessible to the poor.

Highlights  A validated methodology to put governments and civil society organizations work together  An example to governments and civil society organizations in developing countries to create synergic water policies decision-making and implementation  A process to make public budgets planning and goals compliance monitoring accessible to civil society organizations

Introduction and objectives

This paper describes the validated water policy advocacy strategy implemented from 2014 to 2016 in Peru. Sofar, Latin American and developing countries in general have a disintegrated decision-making about water.Three main constrains were identified: i) disperse and uncoordinated decision-making on water, ii)generalized population abandonment of headwater territories, and iii) wide disregard of civil-societyorganizations and local cultures. So, a new specific advocacy strategy and methodology were needed. Thegoal of this validation experience was to identify an advocacy methodology that could be scaled up in LatinAmerica. No similar experience on synergic-advocacy was found in the Region.

Methodology approachThe main question that gave origin to this validation was: what is the best way to facilitate water policyadvocacy in Latin America? To validate the working hypothesis, a wide literature review and key interviewswere made. To validate the way to involve several sectors of the government it was used the “Blue Book”methodology developed by the International Secretariat for Water with the “synergy benefits analysis”. Tovalidate priority water policies and policy reforms, several joint public and civil-society workshops and a basinpublic consultation were developed. To validate the intervention on headwaters territories a managementplan was elaborated.

Analysis and results

It was first important to put civil society together, before inviting the government in, so the two main nationalwater NGO’s networks and other international organizations were invited to participate. The main messagefor the government was that the goal of the process was to create synergy more than to put pressure onnational policy reforms, and this was seen as a good sign from authorities. A “Synergy opportunitiesevaluation” was made and they were measured in the “synergy benefits analysis” that identified thesubstantial benefit that several sectors of the government could obtain. A process to carry on shared analysis,proposals and indicators was implemented by government and civil society representatives, and that had animportant milestone with the presentation of a shared document called the «Blue Book second generation».At the same time, a headwater management plan and the first water consultation at the basin level weredeveloped with an Andean community located at 5.000 of altitude to incorporate this learning and policygaps in the Blue Book process. Too, a validation and monitoring committee formed by governmentalauthorities and civil society organizations (universities, associations, donors, NGO’s, etc) called the Blue BookNational Committee was created.

153Conclusions and recommendationThe best way to facilitate water policy advocacy was made through a win-win strategy. Boosting thecooperation between public and civil-society actors that normally work separately begun with a «synergybenefits analysis» to develop a joint-synergic water agenda to strengthen the complementarity among theactors, instead of just overseeing the role of the State. It also incorporated the new launched SDG’s and thecitizen’s monitoring issues. The validation process was limited since the consultation processes were justcarried on in the capital city, in an Andean city and in one indigenous rural community located in a headwaterterritory.

Co-Authors: Dr. Juma Lungo, Tanzania, University Dar es Salaam

HighlightsPersistent rural water problems can be addressed with donor-funded development interventions.Information systems and mobile phone-based platforms can help if they are adaptive and "work with thegrain" of local water governance.

Introduction and objectives

This paper describes persistent governance problems in the rural water sector in Tanzania and their relationto projects funded by development partners. It focuses on how tensions revealed during the implementationof development projects are related to the inevitable silencing of the social and cultural heterogeneitybetween development partners and their government counterparts during project design. The empiricalfocus is on the Water Point Mapping System (WPMS), a development project of great ambition and potentialfor improving chronic rural water problems in Tanzania. Policy recommendations suggest how some of themanifested tensions may be adaptively resolved.

Methodology approachTanzania’s rural water woes are chronic and persist despite substantial policy reforms and significant donorfunding, ever since the first rural water policy in 1971. The paper asks how development projects revealtensions when implemented in the field and suggests how they may be adaptively resolved with informationtechnology.In-depth interviews conducted in the course of a five-year action research program in rural watersupply in Tanzania are the data source. Empirically, the focus is on Water Point Mapping System (WPMS), adevelopment project funded by the World Bank and implemented by Tanzania’s Ministry of Water from 2010to 2013.

Analysis and results

The Water Point Mapping System (WPMS)development project could be agreed upon because the culturaland social hererogeneity between the development partner and the recipient ministry had to be bracketedout during project design, else the project could not start at all. But, tensions silenced and bracketed-outduring project design reappeared forcefully in various forms in the field during field data collection. The firsttype of tensions can be seen as rational tactics of villagers to evade a state that has chronically by-passedthem in the shaping of rural water schemes ; the second type of tensions originates from data collected inthe field that were discretionary, ambiguous and subject to multiple contradictory interpretations.

Conclusions and recommendation

The study shows that it is rational for development partners and their government counterparts to bracketout their cultural heterogeneity and maximize top-down control, when designing a development project. Thisinevitable practice generates tensions between implementers and beneficiaries in the field. Some of thesetensions may be eased with aid addressing governance constraints. Others may be resolved incrementallywith carefully designed digital platforms, or by some combination. The key is an adaptive approach thatleaves room for ways of working with or around the interest conflicts and other unpredictable eventualitiesthat development projects typically entail.

155Seminar: Understanding the gender dimension of water and waste

Photo: GWP

ABSTRACT VOLUME World Water Week in Stockholm 27 August – 1 September, 2017

HighlightsHouseholds tend to use women for ‘labour smoothing’ and ‘consumption smoothing in agriculture and ruralareas. Inadequate availability and access to water and poor water management affect gender relations andhalt gender neutrality. New water interventions should make wider access to and use of water by womenwith other critical inputs like land, credit, markets etc. which Pani-Panchayat in India seems fails.

Introduction and objectives

Water has been increasingly linked with gender and progressive feminisation of agriculture and foodproduction. Though access to and use of water remain key development policy issues but much is not knownabout impact of new water interventions like Pani-Panchayat initiated in India to counter drought andimprove community level access, use and management of water. Our objective is to discuss role of Pani-Panchayat on gender and water use with focus on  impact of pani-panchayat on water governance and management with focus on gender,  changes in household resource uses, risk coping and gender relations  how to improve efficiency and gender neutrality in water

Methodology approachA three-stage approach was followed to assess household and community participation in Pani-Pnachayat inOdisha. To understand the new water intervention better our focus is on its impact on gender at householdlevel to argue whether it improves access to and use of water across regions and social groups. We also tryto analyse the changes in gender relations in the context of local adaptations and practices in waterarrangement and use. Selection of study areas for survey was made on the basis of area based resourcesapproach and on the scale of regional development.

Analysis and results

Intervention of Pani-Panchayat in India seems ignores changing farming, resource uses, gender relations,socioeconomic set up and it fails to improve access to and use of water by women who are disproportionatelyaffected by water distribution. Dominance by few upper castes, rich large land owners and male farmersfollowed by lack of group dynamics, exclusion of local institutions, ill-defined property rights, constraints ininput supply such as credit and extension services, not only discourage participation of women in watermanagement and use but push them harder into distress during water scarcity period.Our results show gender inequity in water access and use further lead to unequal intra-household risk sharing,poor water management and loss of production and earning opportunity. It also lead to reduction in foodproduction and returns of other land based activities where involvement of women found rising in recentyears. It has serious implication on intra-household gender relations and overall gender equity which remainsafter new intervention like Pani-Panchayat. Water induced distress like loss of crop production and farmincome, labour migration, multiple informal borrowing evident in study areas found associated with theaccess, use and management of water by women that pose tough challenges for rural livelihood and genderequity.

158Conclusions and recommendationHouseholds tend to uses women members for ‘labour smoothing’ and ‘consumption smoothing’, inadequateavailability and access to water and other resources affect intra-household gender relations and halt genderneutrality. Pani-Panchayats try to make wider access and better use of water fail to arrest gender bias in theabsence of access to land, credit, other farm inputs and markets by women. The paper suggests thatstrengthening existing local institutions and reforming the role and functioning of women in new waterinstitutions will be crucial for better water access and use along with existing public water and irrigationsystem to play the role of facilitator.

Co-Authors: Ms. Nameerah Khan, Bangladesh

HighlightsVillage WASH Committees were integral to enhancing gender parity.BRAC conducted monitoring and research over an 8-year period to assess gender equitable outcomes.Results show equitable access to WASH for women and men; hygiene behaviour change including menstrualhygiene management; and social transformation, e.g. men and women taking decisions together.

Introduction and objectives

A gender-inclusive approach to WASH implementation is based on the understanding that for WASHinterventions to succeed, everyone in a community must play a positive role. Prevalence of traditional genderroles leads to women being disproportionately affected by lack of access to water supply and sanitationservices. Women play a critical role in household decisions on water, sanitation and hygiene but often loseout on wider decision-making, especially relating to finances, which are most often controlled by men. Thisapproach is necessary to achieve gender-transformative changes, and thus improve the power balance inWASH-related decision-making between men and women.

Methodology approachBRAC seeks to transform gender roles and empower women by involving them in the decision-makingprocesses. The WASH programme has done this to a great extent through the introduction of Village WASHCommittees (six women and five men from various socioeconomic groups in the community), which involvewomen to meaningfully contribute to decision-making. The programme’s behaviour change communicationhas been tailored according to the needs of men, women, adolescent boys, adolescent girls and children,with messages to influence gender-transformative changes in the community. Schools are supported to buildgender-segregated WASH facilities, including menstrual hygiene management facilities for girls.

Analysis and results

According to the programme’s outcome monitoring data, 99% Village WASH Committees (VWCs) in areaswhich received 8 years of intervention and 100% VWCs in areas which received 3 years of intervention wereexisting and functional. All female members attended and participated in the meetings in 100% of these VWCsin the 8-year intervention areas, and in 94% VWCs in 3-year intervention areas.In the in the 8-year intervention areas, 78% of the households have access to hygienic latrines; and in 3-yearintervention areas, 57% have access to hygienic latrines. In 97% of these households in the 8-year interventionareas, men, women, adolescent boys, adolescent girls and children (above 6 years) use the latrine regularly.For 3-year intervention areas this figure stands at 98%.Among the BRAC WASH-supported schools, 91% of schools in the 8-year intervention areas, and 100% in the3-year intervention areas, had separate latrines for girls that are used only by girls. Menstrual hygienemanagement facilities were available at 71% and 96% of these schools, respectively. In the first five years ofthe programme’s interventions, the school absenteeism rate of girls during menstruation dropped from 44%to 33%.

160Conclusions and recommendationThrough this approach, BRAC has contributed to increasing access to WASH in a gender-equitable manner.The VWCs, which were formed in every village throughout the programme areas, have been a great exampleof improving gender relations and empowering women. When the programme began in 2006, it was highlyuncommon for men and women in a rural setting to be meeting and taking decisions together, or to be openlydiscussing issues like menstrual hygiene. Considering this fact, it is clear that great progress has been madeover the years; not just for the WASH sector, but in society as a whole.

HighlightsStudy conducted for 5 years in 4 schools regarding wastewater management revealed that incidence ofdiseases reduced by 22.2% in boys and 65.0% in girls, indicating a high imbibing nature of the latter. The girlstudents who had undergone training became good decision makers, household keepers and managers.

Introduction and objectives

Biologically, men and women have different health needs, but lifestyles and socially ascribed roles arisingfrom prevailing social and cultural patterns also play a part. Social factors, such as the degree to whichwomen are excluded from schooling, or from participation in public life, affect their knowledge about healthproblems and how to prevent. Environmental conditions arising from inadequate or non-existing wastewatermanagement pose significant threats to human health and economic activity. A study was conducted toenhance the capability of girl students to wastewater management and water, sanitation and hygiene(WASH) to make them responsible in their settled life.

Methodology approachA study was conducted for five years in four schools, imparting education up to matriculation. The populationsize was 100 students (50 each boys and girls) from each school, out of which 25 each were placed in twocategories. Category A, imparting training regarding wastewater management and water sanitation andhygiene (WASH) and category B, without any training. Lectures were arranged and practical conducted tomake these students aware of wastewater management to overcome scarcity situation and WASH issues.The parameters studied were; per cent students passing matriculation, annual incidence of diarrhea, cholera,malaria, typhoid, headache and attitude.

Analysis and results

Study conducted revealed that in category A, among boys; there was a decrease of 25%, 0%, 33%, 0% and 20%in the incidence of diarrhea, typhoid, malaria, cholera and headache, respectively, after five years ofundergoing training. The corresponding decrease was 66%, 0%, 50%, 66% and 60%, respectively, in case of girls.The incidence of typhoid remain unchanged, both in boys and girls. The overall incidence of diseases reducedby22.2% in boys and 65.0% in girls, indicating a high imbibing nature of the latter. The attitude of the boyswhich was moderately positive in the beginning became positive after 5 years, while in girls it changed frompositive to highly positive. There was no significant change in the category B students, both in boys and girls,however, the disease incidence decreased slightly and attitude improved in this category. This could beattributed to contacts between category A and B students after school hours as well as change with the time.The study showed that interventions made enhanced the women capabilities in wastewater managementand reuse as well as encouraged them to have better career in management positions. The girl students whohad undergone training became good decision makers.

162Conclusions and recommendationThe subordination of women by men results in a distinction between roles of men and women and theirseparate assignment to domestic and public spheres. In developing countries, most studies show preferentialfood allocation to males over females. Due to menstruation, girls cannot clean themselves due to scarcity ofwater. Girls become prone to diseases. Under such conditions, the training on WASH becomes absolutelynecessary. In India, a majority of the school drop-out children are girls from marginalized families. There isstrong need to invest in girls’ sanitation and hygiene infrastructure for learning, wastewater managementand toilets in schools.

Co-Authors: Ms. Caitlin Leahy, Australia

Highlights  Empirical research case study from Central Vietnam demonstrating how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs can influence gender and power relations between men and women.  Provides examples of addressing and supporting women’s strategic interests and capabilities (in addition to practical needs) through inclusive WASH programming and participatory monitoring.

Introduction and objectives

Contributing to improved gender equality is an important aspiration for WASH programing and monitoring.A twelve-month empirical study in 2016 was undertaken by ISF-UTS, Plan International Australia, Plan Vietnamand Vietnam National University through innovation funding from the Australian Government. The researchwas designed to determine the extent to which Plan International’s innovative Gender and WASH MonitoringTool (GWMT) contributed to achievement of strategic gender outcomes. The research revealed the strategic(as opposed to practical) gender equality outcomes experienced by women and men in Central Vietnam andexplored contribution of the GWMT and Plan’s WASH programming to those outcomes.

Methodology approachThe research utilised a quasi-experimental design and mixed method approach to compare experiences ofdifferent groups of people with varying degrees of exposure to the GWMT. The GWMT comprises aparticipatory, dialogic tool to assist participants assess changes in gender dynamics. A peer-reviewedframework on gender outcomes resulting from WASH initiatives underpinned the research and analysis.Semi-structured interviews with 48 people and participatory pocket voting with 139 people in 7 villages inCentral Vietnam were used to uncover strategic gender changes as experienced by women and men acrossstratifying variables of age, ethnicity, and including people living with disabilities.

Analysis and results

Significant strategic gender changes were revealed. The majority (81%) of participants had experiencedstrategic gender outcomes with minor differences between men and of women and between age and ethnicgroups. Experiences of change at household level were more common than those at community level.Changes could be traced to both WASH programming as well as wider societal change dynamics. Of allreported changes 31% could be attributed to WASH programs, although not necessarily specifically to theGWMT. Key reasons for change included:  women accessing information and knowledge, either through formal education or community meetings (confidence of women was enhanced with greater opportunities to participate in meetings and community activities)  authority figures providing an initial trigger to encourage women to participate more often and more actively;  peer learning and example setting (raising gender awareness of key individuals through meetings and activities had a positive flow-on effect)

164  use of public information to contribute to awareness-raising about gender equality.The results also demonstrated that norms set in a local setting or in broader media and society influencedpeople’s values and attitudes, even in the face of traditional gender norms which could provide considerablebarriers to change.

Conclusions and recommendation

This research in the Vietnamese context revealed that WASH programs can positively influence powerrelations between women and men, and can be intentionally designed to do so. Wider societal dynamics needto be carefully taken account of by WASH practitioners and have potential to reinforce or to undermineimprovements in gender equality. Enabling women’s active participation, facilitating conducive roles forauthority figures and conducting activities that can influence gender norms were found to be important.Participatory monitoring tools designed to monitor strategic gender changes, such as Plan International’sGWMT, are valuable in identifying and reinforcing gender equality changes.

165Indigenous Kichwa women lead community water and sanitationmanagement in Ecuador Presenting Ms. Deborah Payne, United States, MedWater Author:

Co-Authors:

Highlights  Gender mainstreaming was incorporated into collaboration between MedWater and rural, indigenous Kichwa communities in Ecuador to promote community led water, sanitation, and hygiene management.  Institutionalized gender mainstreaming has ensured both women and men are incorporated into community water councils, both women and men serve as health promoters, and has informed programming.

Introduction and objectives

MedWater, a non-profit WASH organization, collaborates with communities and other institutions to createsustainable water and sanitation programming with rural Kichwa communities in the Napo provence ofEcuador.MedWater established institutional policies to promote gender mainstreaming within five pilot communitiesbetween 2014 and 2016. This practice ensured a balance of men and women on community water councils aswell as the selection of female community health promoters. Objectives for this case study included:Observation of continued engagement of women leaders in WASH managementObservation of relationships between WASH outcomes and the engagement of women in leadershippositions.

Methodology approachMedWater created an institutional policy that at least one third of a community’s water management councilbe comprised of women, and both women and men should be considered equally when selecting communityhealth promoters.Five pilot communities were observed for successes and challenges in community led WASH management.MedWater observed the level of engagement of women in WASH management as well as the level ofimplementation of project goals including successful use of a water chlorination system as well asconstruction of latrines within the community.MedWater documented anecdotal evidence of impacts of gender mainstreaming on WASH activities.

Analysis and results

Within the five pilot communities, all communities maintained a minimum of one third female leadership andall selected community health promoters continue to operate in their selected positions.By incorporating gender mainstreaming in water management techniques, MedWater observed both thecontinued leadership of women in water and sanitation programming as well as positive outcomes in waterand sanitation programming.Examples of the benefits of women as community health promoters include the following:One health promoter, a matriarch in a household of 17, was strongly aware of the need for toilets due to thecare she had provided for her granddaughter’s chronic infection of worms. This woman helped champion theaddition of 10 additional “dry” latrines in her community, cutting the level of open defecation.

166Another female health promoter championed for stronger provisions for girls in schools to be able to managefemale hygiene concerns.A third female health promoter, aware of the standard lack of hand washing facilities in the home, installedtippy tap hand washing stations at each household where she trained. This practice led to the installation ofover 75 additional hand washing stations in four communities.

Conclusions and recommendation

Establishing institutional policies regarding gender mainstreaming in the creation of water and sanitationcommittees and the selection of community health promoters can ensure women are engaged in WASHmanagement in indigenous Kichwa communities. Rural indigenous women are frequently overlooked forleadership roles due to limited education. Alternately, life experiences of these women in care taking rolesprovides a highly contextualized skill set that is invaluable to the informed development of appropriateWASH programming. Engaging both women and men in the development of water and sanitationmanagement activities ensures that goals are achievable and appropriate to the values of the community.

HighlightsIWRM is the official instrument for improving water resources in the Great Ruaha River Catchment. TheNAWAPO and WRM Act of 2009 recognize the importance of mainstreaming gender in water resourcesmanagement but it doesn’t explain how should be implemented at the ground. Sustainable Water Access,Use and Management (SWAUM) pilot identified the need to adopt the catchment learning approach (MSP)for mainstreaming gender into water management. The pilot project made a recommendation on how bestto improve gender mainstreaming in water resource management.

Introduction and objectives

The Great Ruaha River Catchment (GRRC) in Tanzania is critical to the lives of 2 million people dependentupon its freshwater ecosystem services; including livelihood such as agricultural activities and hydropowerwhich provides almost half the country’s electricity, and the Ruaha National Park as an important touristattraction. Upstream over-abstraction has led to annual drying of GRR. Earlier initiatives failed to restore theyear round flow, among other failures is none inclusion of all stakeholders especially women and girls to theonly thought technical solution. Women often have a wealth of knowledge on the subject, but are oftenoverlooked in the formulation of solution/projects and policies due to their lack of inclusion in watergovernance processes.

Methodology approachSWAUM’s approach has been to pilot a multi-stakeholder catchment learning process (2011-16). Our premisewas that spaces/opportunities can be created which both bring all stakeholders together and enable them(i) to address existing conflicts and reduce disagreements (ii) to identify knowledge gaps and prepare foruncertainty, and (iii) to mitigate capacity constraints through better collective working. The approach isappropriate to integrating genders issues with water resources issues; it addresses; lack of practices effortson the ground and meaningful integration of gender into the effort of water resources management -restoration of river flows. Furthermore, the methodology is in alignment with the principles of national waterlegislation.

Analysis and results

The SWAUM pilot methodology mainly consisted several workshops and collaborative initiatives (CIs);involved all stakeholder groups; men and women of different age group and classes through a facilitateddialogue and debates. The process of mainstreaming gender starts from proposal writing, planning for theworkshop and pre-interviews to the communities before inviting them to the workshop. For effectivemainstreaming gender issues, most cases the first day of the workshop focused on hearing and learning fromlocal stakeholders – women and men including tail enders and individuals, while the second days onwards,the local participants were joined by other stakeholders. Furthermore, specific interviews; situation andstakeholder analysis; institutional relationship interview – trying to understand norms, values and behavior;monitoring and evaluation; online communication (the use of project basecamp); and training of staff indifferent aspects both provided better understanding of gender dimension on water resources management.The CIs identified and championed by some members of the communities enhanced gender mainstreaming.

168According to Land use planning CI, realized that women are negatively affected, as they cannot accessdecision-making structures for land issues as easily as their male counterparts. Land issues are heavilyinfluenced by customary and traditional practices, which give low priority to women.

Conclusions and recommendation

The process of demonstrating gendered approach to effective water resources management is difficult. Themulti-stakeholder process (catchment learning approach) is demand – driven approach; allowing freedialogue and debate for all stakeholders, has showed its potential to improves mainstreaming gender issuesto effective water resources management. The approach if adopted by the basins/catchments; improvesdimension of integration: - the working relation within and cross sectors, integrate freshwater ecosystemconservation with WASH, engage and involve all the stakeholders – upstream and downstream users, andintegrate practices, research and policy-making for improved decision making. Therefore, gendermainstreaming efforts is possible through working to those dimensions of integration, with well facilitatedMSP by gender and water experts.

HighlightsAlternative sanitation solution adapted with the variety of situations with a focus on small communities.A gender perspective, which seeks to ask for the best way to adapt the wastewater treatment systems forsmall communities.Managerial, socio-economic and technical innovations aspects for adapt the wastewater treatment systemsfor small communities.

Introduction and objectives

Lack of sewerage system, control and environmental awareness are the main factors that cause the spreadof disease, environmental degradation and gradually bacterial contamination of groundwater surface.Therefore, the sewage treatment is the ideal solution to this problem. The wastewater treatment system byan on-site could be beneficial to the rural Morocco.The objectives of the project are to proposes a scheme covering the different technical aspects, managementand institutional innovation, to meet the various constraints that characterize the rural areas. The projectasks for the best way to adapt the wastewater treatment systems for small communities in MENA region.

Methodology approachVillage Talat Marghen, Subject of our study, located a few km from Marrakech.  Managerial and institutional aspectIn order to plan the major guidelines of our project to the time scale on the one hand, and identify solutionsthat respond most effectively to different problems and needs identified and the actions and resourcesneeded to achieve these results, on the other hand. A methodology was followed taking into account theinvolvement of the population and gender approach (participants who benefited of all events with 50% arewomen), to analyze and identify the main actors and their roles in the field of planning and management ofsanitation the site subject to our project.The current approach involves a series of steps, including: Step 1. Diagnosis and description of the inventory knowledge of the environment. Step 2. Identification of problems and solutions. Step 3. Education / awareness of the people of the environmental challenges and opportunities to act on the environment. Step 4. Organization management and programming of actions, by strengthening the capacity of non- governmental organizations (NGO) working in the field of the environment in general and in particular sanitation.During the companion of awareness for programming of the main lines of our project, training on the designand operation of our wastewater treatment system (multi-soil-layering), the woman was present during theholding of the project activities. Through this approach, women have been able to participate in decision-making and in the success and sustainability of this project.

170  Technical aspectIn order to complete a part of our objectives two pilot scale MSL systems have been installed in order toadapt the MSL in the Moroccan rural context.

Analysis and results

The companion of awareness was crowned by the acceptance of the entire project by the people. The resultof planning the technical, institutional, and managerial aspect phase for this project is built upon twofundamental principles: direct involvement of stakeholders in the approach used to decide between variousalternatives and the sustainability of the sanitation service as it stems from the previous principle of directinvolvement.The results of the statistical analysis showed the benefits of setting up an association for the managementand operation of the sewer system.Moreover, and in relation to the technical aspect, the results show, that multi-soil-layering technologysuccessfully used in the pilot-scale and full-scale. In effect, excellent efficiency was obtained in the pilot andfull-scale fed with real wastewater. Multi-soil-layering system could be feasible to apply in full-scale systemsat rural area in Morocco, if sufficient conditions were supplied.We have tried throughout this project based on a participatory approach of the population and especially ofthe woman for the realization of the different phases of the project. After the completion of the project, weanticipate that women will benefit from the implementation of this project through the development ofhandicraft associations using treated wastewater by the MSL system and reeds.

Conclusions and recommendation

The results emerging from this pilot case can be extrapolated for national use. According to our results, theimplementation of rural sanitation projects should be based on a participatory approach, organized in anintegrated manner so as to involve decision makers and users. The basic principles of this approach are:Participation, integration, the organization of populations, the organization of populations and thepartnership and contractual relationships.The results show also, that multi-soil-layering technology successfully used in the pilot-scale and full-scale. Ineffect, excellent efficiency was obtained in the pilot and full-scale fed with real wastewater.

Co-Authors: Dr. Malgosia Madajewicz, United States

Mr. Ahasan Habib, Bangladesh, NGO Forum for Public Health

HighlightsEvidence from a randomized experiment in Bangladesh shows that delegating decision-making authority tocommunities increases the impact of a program to improve access to safe drinking water, relative to a top-down approach, but only when the intervention mandates the involvement of women and the poor; andcontrols the influence of elites.

Introduction and objectives

Many believe that participation in decision-making by intended beneficiaries of programs to improve accessto safe drinking water, particularly women, leads to better outcomes: improving project targeting; increasing'buy–in’; and generating a 'sense of ownership' over project assets. However, participation is expensive andtime-consuming, and programs in which communities participate in decision-making may be moresusceptible to 'capture' by powerful community members. Much of the early evidence in support of thishypothesis is probably biased, since the choice of a decision-making structure is likely to be correlated withother project characteristics that also influence project impact. Our study uses a randomized experiment toprovide causal evidence on this question.

Methodology approachWe randomly assigned different decision-making processes to communities receiving an otherwise identicalintervention, a package of subsidies and technical advice to improve access to safe drinking water. Thedecision-making processes assigned included one top-down process and two participatory processes. Underthe top-down process, project staff took all decisions, using information from the community. Under oneparticipatory process, the 'community participation approach', the community took all decisions using theirown internal decision-making processes. Under the other, the 'regulated community participation approach'the community took all decisions by consensus at a meeting at which women and the poor had to berepresented.

Analysis and results

Access to safe drinking water increased by 14 percentage points in villages that used the top down approach,15 percentage points under the community participation approach, and 26 percentage points, (67% more thanunder the other two treatments), in villages which were assigned to the regulated community participationapproach. The top down process uses local information less effectively, and installs fewer sources than underthe two participatory processes. Under the community process, elite control constrains access to safe watersources. The regulated community process expands and diversifies the group of people who participate indecision-making relative to the other two approaches, including with respect to gender, and it results inbargaining that limits the influence of elites.

172Conclusions and recommendationOur results confirm that involving communities in decision-making can lead to greater project impacts, interms of access to safe drinking water. However, the results also suggest that these greater impacts may notbe realized, when communities are involved in decision-making without measures to avoid co-option of thedecision-making process by influential groups or individuals, and without ensuring the representation of thepoor and women.

Co-Authors: Ms. Susmita Sinha, India, The Consortium for DEWATS

Dissemination (CDD) Society

HighlightsFaecal Sludge Management as a men’s domain? While women are highly underrepresented in the sector, thecase of Devanahalli show that women can be at the core of an innovative and technology-focused project oncity scale. The case study presents key factors and recommendations for women’s involvement inwastewater management.

Introduction and objectives

Sustainable faecal sludge management is imperative for sustainable urban development. But developingeconomies are lacking significant numbers of water professionals. As countries face the overwhelmingdemand for professionals, the numbers of female water professionals remains low. There is a need toacknowledge women as agents of change in the sector. The objective of the case study is to not only give anoverview of the data on gender representation in the sector, but also explore how women in a specific casebecame key drivers for change. The objective is to identify the enabling factors for women to becomewastewater champions.

Methodology approachThe case study draws its learnings from a pilot project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation andcarried out by BORDA and CDD in India 2014-2015. The aim of the project is to ensure efficient treatment offaecal sludge in the town of Devanahalli, to ensure safe reuse of treatment by-products, and demonstratepossible business opportunities with by-products. The case study focuses on the role of women in projectdevelopment, implementation and now in the operation phase. Main stakeholders have been and still arelocal women, the case study identifies key factors and obstacles for women’s involvement.

Analysis and results

Many recognize the role of women in the water sector mostly as recipients of services or at an unpaid ruralcommunity management level. In an IWA study covering 15 developing countries, only an average of 16.7% ofthe workforce were female professionals. This is not only a matter of inclusion but also about increasingquality and sustainability. Various studies show companies with a higher percentage of women on all levelsperformed significantly better than their all-male counterparts. With the diverse customer base of the watersector, a gender-diverse staff structure is a business advantage. The importance of women for professionalmanagement of water and sanitation is slowly getting recognized on a global level. Despite theseacknowledgements, the numbers of female water professionals worldwide remains low. Main obstacles lienot only within local socio-cultural norms but within gender-based discrimination, unequal opportunities, andlack of representation in professional environments. However, the Devanahalli women’s professionalunderstanding of the technical, political, and managerial project aspects, the ability to take risks, the abilityto identify with the problem, empathy and human connectedness, and the ability to see the largerenvironmental and public health benefits are key factors for the project success.

174Conclusions and recommendationThe case study highlights how women can be the key to successful wastewater management on town scale.The women’s professional understanding of the subject and their knowhow to provide inputs from design toimplementation, management and governance, their relatedness and empathy with all stakeholders involvedin the matter, their ability to sustain behaviour change, and the acknowledgement of the importance ofrelationships are an example of how the sector could look like if women are given the opportunity to bewater professionals. The main obstacles need to be addressed by all involved stakeholders, from governmentto utilities and implementing partners.

175Women as agents of change in transboundary water and wastewatergovernance Presenting Dr. Mark Smith, Director of the IUCN Global Water Programme Author:

Highlights  Analyses how women generate behavioural and institutional change in transboundary water and wastewater governance  Contributes case studies on women as agents of change in water governance around the world  Provides recommendations for monitoring and support of actions of women in transboundary water and wastewater governance

Introduction and objectives

This paper analyses how women play key roles in generating behavioural and institutional change intransboundary water and wastewater governance, at multiple levels and scales. Using evidence from practiceand data around the world, this work will illustrate and analyse the role of women as agents of change intransboundary water and wastewater governance. The study will conclude with recommendations to helpincrease women’s active involvement in transboundary water resources and wastewater planning and policymaking through targeted interventions and improved monitoring tools.

Methodology approachThe study will use (1) literature review; (2) secondary data collection and analysis; (3) case study preparationincluding field visits and key informant interviews; and (4) expert practitioner and policy-maker interviews.Cases and data will be sourced from organisations active on the ground and at regional and global levels insupporting or researching transboundary cooperation and women’s inclusion in water governance. The casesinclude examples from India/Bangladesh, Honduras/El Salvador, and Cambodia/Vietnam.

Analysis and results

The dimension of gender is not commonly associated with transboundary water governance becausetransboundary issues are often tackled with reasoning at state-to-state levels and in terms of “nationalinterests.” In fact, women act as major users of the resource through their productive and domestic activities,as knowledge holders about the resource and how it is managed locally and across borders, as championsfor the resource and the ecosystem services it provides now and for future generations, and as decision-makers around the resource in local to national and regional roles. Yet prevailing cultural and politicalpractices in many countries mean that their roles are often overlooked, misunderstood, or constrained.Drawing from theory and practice on systemic change processes and gender inclusion, and using evidencefrom the case studies, interviews and data described above, the analysis will delve into each of thesedimensions: women’s use, knowledge, leadership and decision-making around water and wastewater. It willshed light on the levers that women can access to effect change in water and wastewater management atthe level of their communities, nations and regions and across sectoral boundaries, and on the enablingconditions for accelerating women’s drive for change.

176Conclusions and recommendationThe paper will conclude with a set of recommendations on how the roles and leadership of women intransboundary water governance can be monitored and supported, making reference to the kinds ofindicators, project design and institutional design measures that will be most gender-responsive. Improvedrecognition of the role of women as agents of change in TB water governance will help to accelerate thedesired changes that translate to a more sustainable resource for all humans and for nature.

Co-Authors: Peter Harvey

Javier Maíllo

HighlightsThe presence of water and sanitation facilities in schools can increase female-to-male enrolment ratios andreduce repetition and drop-out-rates for girls. This is because more girls are likely to enrol and are less likelyto repeat grades and drop-out in schools with water and sanitation facilities.

Introduction and objectives

Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a common barrier to educational progression in developingcountries. This paper highlights the need for WASH facilities in schools, as an important aspect of promotingquality education for girls. The paper aims to explore the relationship between water and sanitation facilitiesand educational progression, mainly for girls. It shows that improved water and sanitation in schools canincrease learning and educational proficiency for girls. The analyses were conducted on linkages betweenfemale-to-male enrolment ratios, repetition and dropout rates with sanitation and water supply situation inschools and were disaggregated by gender and grade.

Methodology approachDatasets were obtained from the national Education Management Information System (EMIS) forapproximately 10,000 schools. The most relevant variables were selected for the analysis, including numbersof students enrolled, numbers who repeated and numbers who dropped out, number of toilets and whetherconsidered adequate or not, and number and type of available water sources.Prior to the analysis, the datasets were sorted and cleaned to remove irregularities. The analysis wasdisaggregated by gender and grade (1-12)

Analysis and results

Lack of WASH facilities negatively influenced girls’ enrolment in schools. Female-to-male ratios were lower inschools with no toilets compared to schools with 20 or less students per toilet. At grade 8 more girls hadenrolled in schools with good toilet provision, most likely due to the critical need for adequate toilet facilitiesduring their menstrual cycle. Further results confirmed significant gender differences in drop-out rates,particularly between schools with inadequate WASH and those with adequate WASH. Certainly, withoutadequate WASH facilities, girls during their menstrual cycle are more likely to drop out if they repeatedlyexperience difficulties in managing their hygiene every month. Significant disparities were quite obvious ingrades 6, 7, 8 and 9. Practically, it would be difficult for girls who experience their menstrual cycle to remainin class or school and queue up for crowded toilets with no water and most would choose to remain at hometo manage their personal hygiene.

178Conclusions and recommendationThe benefits of improved WASH in schools have been proven and include better-quality education andimproved health. To build a good evidence base for WASH interventions in schools, a monitoring systemshould include detailed WASH information on quality of the facilities and services provided. Additionalinformation such as proximity of the facilities to schools, whether they are seasonal/permanent (e.g. watersources) are very useful. An analysis of WASH facilities gives understanding of its critical role especially forgirls who need to manage their menstrual hygiene. Certainly, WASH programmes requires seriousconsiderations of gender at all levels of learning.

HighlightsThe goal of the study is to visualize the comprehensive assessment of the survey results on gender awarenessof organizations and projects in water sector of Central Asia (CA) using a geographic information system(GIS).

Introduction and objectives

 An analysis of the current state of gender sensitive issues in the management of water and land resources has been undertaken by the Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Central Asia;  The interpretation of the results of the survey aimed at identifying gender awareness of representatives of organizations and projects in the water sector of CA has been made, as well as a comparative analysis of the countries.This particular case study has shown how gender is incorporated in water in CA.

Methodology approachTo what extent water professionals of CA are competent in gender-sensitive aspects of water management?Women are recognized as important actors in water management and gender mainstreaming is an integralpart of IWRM.Since gender is a socially constructed definition of women and men, social survey on gender awareness ofwater specialists in the region was chosen. The survey results are presented visually using GIS which allowedto carry out a comparative analysis of the data. GIS is the most effective and innovative means of analysis,evaluation and visualization of sociological studies based on demographic and other data.

Analysis and results

Thus, research has shown that water management organizations of CA countries are aware of the genderdimension in the management of land and water resources, and most of them supported the need tointegrate gender issues into the work of the water management organizations, as well as agree on the lackof information on gender issues in water resources management. At the same time, gender according to therespondents, are being underplayed, with the exception of Kyrgyz Republic. In general, there is the activeposition of the representatives of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic in the promotion of gender issues in thewater sector and the relatively passive of the representatives of Turkmenistan.

180Conclusions and recommendationAnalysis of the current state of gender mainstreaming in the management of water and land resourcesshowed that, along with the existing problems of gender equality in the water CA sector, expressed bywomen's limitations in decision-making, access to resources, there is a trend change in the situation for thebetter, in particular by carrying out joint projects aimed at increasing awareness of gender issues in waterresources management at the macro and micro levels.This issue needs further research with a focus on gender mainsteaming in water management that will beimplemented by the UNESCO Tashkent Office within the EU Programme “Sustainable management of waterresources in Uzbekistan”.

Co-Authors: Mr. M.M. Ahidul Islam Kazal, Program Manager, Max

Highlights  Women can be key agents for change when involved in sanitation management. Their involvement is crucial for human health and national socio-economic development.  Empowering women means increasing their economic, social, political and physical strength.  The process of social transformation needs more research at the individual and structural level.

Introduction and objectives

Poor sanitation management impacts women’s health, dignity, safety and socio-economic status. MaxFoundation addresses these challenges in the coastal areas of Bangladesh together with technical advicefrom the Gender and Water Programme Bangladesh in order to streamline gender issues in its WASHprogrammes. In Bangladesh, there is limited research on the social exclusion of women in WASH initiativesand most of the research fails to incorporate gender-disaggregated data. This results in a lack of recognitionfor the challenges women face. This case study demonstrates that the integration of multiple dimensions ofwomen’s empowerment into WASH management leads to sustainable and advanced development, povertyreduction and human rights for all.

Methodology approachThis case study addresses the following research question: How we can catalyse transformative change thatenables women and girls to empower themselves effectively and sustainably in partnership with men andthe wider community? Women in Bangladesh are the primary users, providers, and managers of water andhygiene in their households. Their empowerment in sanitation can serve as a mechanism for grounding deepand broad-based social transformation. In order to ensure in-depth understanding of the specific challengesfaced by women, a participatory method of rapid rural appraisal was applied to collect data through keyinformant interviews and focus-group discussions.

Analysis and results

Max Foundation’s project interventions show how women leaders strive to overcome physical, economic,political and socio-cultural discrimination through their participation in Community Support Groups (CSGs).Women are placed at the core of WASH planning, implementation and operations via this village-basedplatform chaired by women in cooperation with male members. The CSG advises union-based governmentcommittees that oversee progress towards universal latrine and water coverage in the union, therebyengaging women at the beginning of the water project cycle and truly improving their politicalempowerment. Improved health (physical empowerment) extends from the women’s individual level to theentire village. Latrine construction results in decreased diarrhoea and open defecation and the spread ofmessages on menstrual hygiene management increase the physical empowerment of adolescent girls. Thewomen in CSGs have created an environment where women’s leadership is now more socially accepted(socio-cultural empowerment). Although economic empowerment is also considered an important factor, it

182has not yet been fully incorporated into this project; nevertheless, the time spent by women on watercollection has been significantly reduced, thus allowing women more time to develop economic activities. Atpresent, Max Foundation is developing a women-led social entrepreneur programme to market healthcommodities.

Conclusions and recommendation

One of this study’s main conclusions is that in WASH interventions, it is essential to include gender analysisand women’s (economical, physical, political and socio-cultural) empowerment in the needs-assessment inorder to provide appropriate solutions that are effective, sustainable and safe and that restore and promotedignity for women. The cooperation with men and local government institutions also needs to beemphasised. Although the scope of our project is limited to three Bangladeshi unions, its implications arewidely applicable given that women’s empowerment is vital to sustainable development and theachievement of safe water for all.