Indecisive quanta

Measurement devices for extreme dimensions: the thermal expansion cell (left) facilitates measuring changes in length of less than one nanometre, i.e. one millionth of a millimetre, at temperatures between 6 and 0.05 Kelvin – this is -267.15, or 273.1 degrees Celsius. In this way, they can observe the phase transition between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states, during which the volume of the sample changes. With the instrument at the right, the researchers measure how much heat their sample absorbs or gives off in high magnetic fields and at low temperatures. This reveals to the researchers which type of phase transition the material has passed through. Credit: MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids

(Phys.org)—In ytterbium nickel phosphide there is a quantum critical point between the ferromagnetic and non-magnetic states that was previously not thought possible.

What do the melting points of ice and high-temperature superconductivity have in common? Nothing. Yet there is a peculiar connection. This major unsolved enigma in physics and other quantum mechanical phenomena have to do with what are known as phase transitions, which also includes the melting of ice. However, these are "quantum phase transitions", which are closely intertwined with other quantum mechanical phenomena. They exist entirely at the lower end of the temperature scale, near absolute zero. Physicists from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden have now created an exotic material: At extremely low temperatures, it does not know whether it should pass through a phase transition into a magnetic state or not. It sits at a quantum critical point. Such strange states of matter give clues to help understand exotic phenomena, like high-temperature superconductivity, where a material loses its electrical resistance even at relatively high temperatures.

At present, we experience almost daily snow and ice melting to water, or the opposite, of water freezing to ice. Strictly speaking, such a change in properties is dramatic; in physics it is referred to as a phase transition. A rising temperature generally causes melting first, then vaporisation afterwards, which is true for water as well as for other materials. The molecules in ice occupy ordered positions in the crystal, just like in solids. A supply of thermal energy displaces them from these fixed positions and drives them increasingly into a turbulent motion of molecules: The ice melts into liquid water. Phase transitions are therefore transitions between states having different degrees of order.

Manuel Brando's "Competence Group Extreme Conditions" at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden is also interested in phase transitions. These "quantum phase transitions" are nevertheless as extreme as they are enigmatic. To investigate them, the physicists must cool down their samples to extremely low temperatures. The phenomenon that the Dresden-based researchers are using as a lab mouse, so to speak, is one we are likewise familiar with from everyday life. It is magnetism, in a form that we can even sense, called ferromagnetism more precisely – after the Latin word ferrum, meaning iron. Ferromagnetism is based on a certain form of order as well.

Many exotic phenomena are bound up with a quantum critical point

For iron, the phase transition takes place from an almost non-magnetic state ("paramagnetic") to the ferromagnetic state below 770 degrees Celsius, or 1043 K (K stands for the Kelvin temperature scale). As water freezes to ice, its temperature remains fixed until the water has released so much heat that it becomes completely solidified. This energy-intensive transformation is called a first-order phase transition. In contrast, ferromagnetism develops while cooling without displaying such a halt in temperature change. This smoothly changing temperature behaviour is a hallmark of a second-order phase transition.

The phenomenon that the physicists in Dresden are tracking down also involves second-order phase transitions like this. It is called the quantum critical point and actually exists only at absolute zero. "At a quantum critical point, the curious thing is that it has an effect at much higher temperatures", says PhD student Alexander Steppke. "Many exotic phenomena are associated with it". One of them is the ever enigmatic phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity which continues to exist at comparatively comfortable, warm temperature ranges up to 135 Kelvin (-138 °C).

A quantum critical point is generally distinguished by the boundary between two different quantum phases disappearing. The material discovered in Dresden can no longer decide whether it wants to be non-magnetic or ferromagnetic at this point. Fundamentally, heat is not allowed to provide the drive for such a quantum phase transition, as it does with water, since such transitions only exist at absolute zero. That is 0 Kelvin or – 273.15 degrees Celsius.

Impurities in the crystal lattice place the material under negative pressure

The scientists in Dresden therefore have to use a different lever, and that is pressure. A mechanical press however, can be ruled out. "Firstly, we require enormous pressures of the order of gigapascals", says Steppke. This is the pressure used in industry to compress carbon into diamond. "Secondly, we also need these pressures in a negative form", explains the physicist. "We need to powerfully expand the samples". That can only happen by using "chemical pressure". To do this, the Dresden-based physicists intentionally build impurities into the crystals of their samples, which increases the volume of the spatial crystal lattice. The trick is not to change the properties of the samples, despite this deliberate contamination.

The complex crystalline structure of the ytterbium nickel phosphide compound YbNi4P2 shows how the researchers in Dresden shifted the temperature scale of the transition to ferromagnetism downwards, so to speak. The chains of ytterbium atoms form perfectly linearly in the direction of the red arrow, almost like one-dimensional ferromagnets. These chains mutually feel the magnetism of their neighbouring chains, but only weakly. For this reason, they do not manage to order themselves collectively into a bulk ferromagnet at higher temperatures. Only close to absolute zero, where the disruptive thermal agitation of all the atoms nearly freezes, can the ferromagnetic phase transition take place. Credit: Alexander Steppke / MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids

For their experiment, Manuel Brando's group still had to establish a new world record. To do that, their colleague Christoph Geibel and his "Competence Group Materials Development" at the Institute had to design a material that had never existed before. Unlike iron for example, this material only becomes ferromagnetic in the neighbourhood of absolute zero. Thanks to their experience, they were successful, says Brando: "The new ytterbium nickel phosphide material has the lowest Curie temperature that has ever been observed!" This temperature, named after the French Nobel Physics laureate Pierre Curie, describes the point at which the phase transition to ferromagnetism takes place. Yet what creates the magnetism?

Spins can still rotate at absolute zero

Magnetic ytterbium atoms within the crystal are responsible for this. Electrons sitting within such atoms behave like tiny magnetic elements that can rotate. The "spins", which produce their micromagnetism, feel each other. In ferromagnets, all these spins are aligned in one direction and their collective order produces bulk magnetism. In ytterbium nickel phosphide (YbNi4P2), this ferromagnetic transition lies so close to absolute zero that an additional famous quantum effect also comes into play: the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Actually, no phase transition whatsoever should be possible at this extreme cold where thermal energy is non-existent, and any kind of movement should be frozen. The electron spins should therefore no longer be able to switch back and forth between ferromagnetism and non-magnetic disorder. "Due to the uncertainty principle, however, their energy is not precisely determined", says Steppke, "and therefore they really can still rotate".

With a sophisticated experiment, the scientists were able, for the first time, to observe a quantum critical point during transition between a ferromagnetic and non-magnetic state in a metal; standard theories had excluded its existence and must now be corrected. The basic researchers in Dresden hope they can contribute to solving the riddle of high-temperature superconductivity with these experiments.

Related Stories

Minimal evidence of a Higgs transition 1 of north and south poles of electron spins was observed in a magnet Yb2Ti2O7 at the absolute temperature 2 0.21 K. A fractionalization of these monopoles from electron spins was observed ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- Physicists and chemists use different techniques to study essentially the same thing  the nature and behavior of matter. Usually the particular path is of little consequence, because they all lead ultimately ...

U.S., German and Austrian physicists studying the perplexing class of materials that includes high-temperature superconductors are reporting this week the unexpected discovery of a simple "scaling" behavior in the electronic ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- "People want to understand phase transitions in a finite system by quantum simulation," Luming Duan tells PhysOrg.com. Duan is a professor at the University of Michigan, located in Ann Arbor. "Being able ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- New experiments on a recently discovered class of iron-based superconductors suggest that the ability of their electrons to conduct electricity without resistance is directly connected with the magnetic properties ...

Recommended for you

Many chemical processes run so quickly that they are only roughly understood. To clarify these processes, a team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has now developed a methodology with a resolution of quintillionths ...

Although mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones let us communicate, work and access information wirelessly, their batteries must still be charged by plugging them in to an outlet. But engineers at the University of ...

Lead magnesium niobate (PMN) is a prototypical "relaxor" material, used in a wide variety of applications, from ultrasound to sonar. Researchers have now used state-of-the-art microscopy techniques to see exactly how atoms ...

Lens technologies have advanced across all scales, from digital cameras and high bandwidth in fiber optics to the LIGO lab instruments. Now, a new lens technology that could be produced using standard computer-chip technology ...

A laser-driven ion acceleration scheme, developed in research led at the University of Strathclyde, could lead to compact ion sources for established and innovative applications in science, medicine and industry.

A team of researchers working at the Weizmann Institute of Science has found that organoids can be used to better understand how the human brain wrinkles as it develops. In their paper published in the journal Nature Physics, ...

0 comments

Please sign in to add a comment.
Registration is free, and takes less than a minute.
Read more

Click here to reset your password.
Sign in to get notified via email when new comments are made.