Watchmen: The Science of Dr. Manhattan

Among all the characters populating the Watchmen film, the glowing, blue figure of Dr. Manhattan stands out as a god-like being that is seemingly beyond comprehension.

Yet when filmmakers approached the character, it was essential to
comprehend as much as possible about Dr. Manhattan and his strange
powers. So they enlisted the help of James Kakalios, a physics professor at the University of Minnesota who wrote the book, The Physics of Superheroes.
Acting as science consultant on the movie, Kakalios guided the
filmmakers on everything from what a physics lab looks like to the
psychology behind obsessed research scientists. But many of the
conversations centered on the the enigmatic Dr. Manhattan, something
Kakalios -- a fan of the Watchmen graphic novel -- was more than happy to discuss.

"Most of [Dr. Manhattan's] powers, though not all, have some quantum
mechanical aspect to them," Kakalios explained. "We talked about the
things you could see that electrons do, and you have to take a major
leap of faith to extrapolate it up to Dr. Manhattan doing these things,
but somehow it's in the same broad suspension of disbelief."
In the film, as well as the acclaimed graphic novel on which it's
based, the blue-skinned Doctor Manhattan got his abilities after being
caught in a chamber called an "intrinsic field subtractor." According
to the story by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, the experience turned him
into a quantum-based superhero who could seemingly exist outside space
and time, teleporting and splitting into several different copies of
himself.
Newsarama spoke to Professor Kakalios about a few of his theories on the science behind Dr. Manhattan:
- Is it possible to have an "intrinsic field subtractor" that
removes the forces holding a person's atoms and nuclei together so he
disintegrates?
"In the graphic novel, Wally Weaver says, 'What if there was some sort
of field holding everything together except gravity?' They call that
the intrinsic field," Kakalios said.
While the term "intrinsic field" isn't used to describe that concept in
real science, the idea does have a foundation in reality.
"Scientists right now are saying, 'Aside from gravity, what other
forces are holding things together?' Electromagnetism is basically the
force that holds your atoms together, and then there's a strong nuclear
force and a weak nuclear force that work on the inside of your nuclei,
inside your atoms. And the strong force holds your nuclei together," he
said.
"Just earlier today, sitting in a colloquium by one of my colleagues,
he was talking about the unification of the strong force, the weak
force and the electromagnetic force. It only occurs at an energy so
vast that we cannot even possibly imagine creating it," Kakalios said.
"You'd need a trillion times more powerful particle accelerator than
the most powerful particle accelerator ever built to reach those
regimes.
"So that chamber is pretty tough that Jon Osterman gets locked into.
But those are the types of details that, in terms of the story, are not
very significant. And although it would require an almost unimaginable
level of power, it is something that you can find under the broad brush
of quantum physics."
- If you could turn off someone's intrinsic field, what would happen?
"There'd be no electromagnetism to hold the atoms together, there'd be
no strong force to hold the nuclei of the atoms together. You would
literally be disintegrated at the subatomic level," he said, indicating
that the effect in the graphic novel and film are pretty accurate.
"Now, you certainly wouldn't be able to reassemble yourself. But
without that, there's no story," Kakalios added. "The first leap of
faith is that they're able to somehow produce enough power to tear him
to pieces, and the bigger leap of faith is that he's able to come back."
- How could Dr. Manhattan teleport?
While "teleportation" isn't exactly a scientific term, Kakalios said
there's a quantum mechanical phenomenon called "quantum tunneling" that
might explain Dr. Manhattan's ability.
"Quantum tunneling is where an electron can be in one metal and it can
suddenly show up in another metal, even though it's separated by a
vacuum of empty space," he explained. "And it can happen with some
probability even if the electron never has enough energy to spark and
jump from one metal to the other. Basically, because it has a wavelike
nature to it, some of the wave can actually leak out from one metal,
and if the wave extends far enough, it can end up in the second metal.
And then there's a probability that will be there."
Kakalios said quantum mechanical tunneling is a very well-known concept, having been discovered decades ago.
"This is something that, at the end of the day, I don't know if anyone
really, fully understands this. They just kind of get used to it," he
laughed. "There are tunneling diodes in your cell phone right now that
make use of this quantum mechanical process in order to regulate the
currents so that your cell phone functions. And quantum mechanical
tunneling is the basis for being able to make microscopes that can see
individual atoms in surfaces. So at some point, we've understood this
well enough that we can engineer devices so that we can make it a
routine phenomena. But it really is very bizarre that it works at all.
"In some sense, it's like teleportation. We don't like to use those
words," he laughed. "But we use a word that's just as incomprehensible:
'tunneling.'"
Because Dr. Manhattan can control himself at the quantum level, his
teleportation is mostly likely similar to quantum tunneling, Kakalios
theorized. "This is one of those things where you say, 'Well, this is
my suspension of disbelief,' even though it turns out to actually be
true," he said.
"Doctor Manhattan can obviously adjust his probability function at
will, so he can extend his wave function all the way out to Mars and
make sure that he shows up where he wants to be," he said. "Even for
electrons, we don't know how to do something like that. But there is
the smallest nugget of some actual, real science behind his
teleportation."
- How is he able to be in more than one place at a time?
Kakalios came up with the theory that Dr. Manhattan might be diffracting his quantum mechanical wave function.
"It's not strictly correct, but this is one of those things where there
is a phenomena called defraction where if a wave goes through two
narrow slits, it creates interference patterns. And instead of having a
single wave, you get this very complicated pattern," he said.
If a wave is passing through some boundary, it can appear to be in many
locations at once, Kakalios explained. Kakalios used the example of
having a laser beam go through a screen, which acts as a series of
slits. If you pointed that laser through a screen, then toward a flat
wall or surface, the points of laser light would show up as many points
of light in a pattern.
"That's laser light, and light is a wave. But you can get the same
thing with electrons," Kakalios said. "But you say, wait a second;
electrons are not waves. Electrons are little nuggets of matter. And
yet quantum mechanics says that there's a wave associated with the
motion of electrons, and when you do it just right, you could actually
have the electrons creating the same type of a pattern that the laser
light appears to. And this phenomena is called defraction."
"In some cases, there's a question of where is the electron? It's kind
of spread out all over," he said. "Dr. Manhattan, presumably, is able
to do this by controlling his quantum mechanical wave function.
"Now, if this were the case, of course, Dr. Manhattan shouldn't be able
to independently control all of the guys. They should all be part of
the same pattern. But that wavelike nature of the electrons that leads
to defraction patterns is the same wavelike nature that leads to the
tunneling phenomena that I talked about earlier. So it's all part and
parcel of the beautiful mysteries of quantum mechanics. And we can see
some aspects of this with Dr. Manhattan."
- Why is Dr. Manhattan blue?
While Dr. Manhattan's color in the graphic novel was mostly likely just
an aesthetic choice of the artist, Kakalios said the reason can also be
related to science.
"I talked to the special effect people about why Dr. Manhattan might be
blue, because there's a physics reason for it," he said. "There's a
phenomena called Cerenkov radiation. And if he's leaking high-energy
electrons, he would create a blue glow around him. And presumably, if
he'd change the velocity of the electrons, he'd even change how dark a
blue he was, like he does in the TV studio in the book.
"Because he had to rebuild himself atom by atom, he's presumably got
all sorts of spare electrons flying off, giving him a blue glow,"
Kakalios said. "And those high speed electrons also are emitted from
certain nuclear isotopes when they undergo radioactive decay. And in
particular, I say Strontium-90.
"So if you were to expose someone to a radioactive material in the
attempt to try to give them cancer, and you wanted to blame it on the
radiation that was emitted from Dr. Manhattan, this is actually a
physically consistent way in which you might go about doing it," he
said. "You would use Strontium-90, and one of the characteristics is
these high speed electrons, called beta rays, and Dr. Manhattan is
constantly leaking high-speed electrons, which is why he's glowing
blue. So he does have kind of a radioactive signature that you could
associate with him."
Of course, while Kakalios can theorize about the science behind Dr.
Manhattan, the fact is that it's not any kind of hard fact, nor is it
likely to show up in the film. But he said it gave filmmakers a good
foundation on which to build their interpretation of the character.
Plus, he thinks the geeks like him who enjoy these types of comics and
films will also like learning at least a small part of the science
behind the superheroes.
"It's not like I've now proven this is how Dr. Manhattan does it,
because that's all just impossible. And if you are upset to find out
that Watchmen is fictional, I should have said: Spoiler alert!"
Kakalios laughed. "But there is this little nugget of real quantum
mechanics that you can find within the framework of the fictional story.
"And if you use this as a jumping off point to learn a little bit of
real science," he said, "well, as we say in physics, better blue than
red."
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