5 Key Findings Older people use more services than younger people, but age itself is not a strong driver of the use of medical care. To understand the patterns and predict future patterns, it is important to focus on factors that, while correlated with age, are the key drivers. Use of other services that can be important in helping people stay at home is more directly associated with age. While strongly correlated with age, use of GP services is driven by need factors (3 or more chronic diseases, poor self-rated health), enabling factors (especially having a medical card, as those with medical cards, on average, make two additional visits per year) and to some extent by levels of disability. Age in itself is not a significant driver of service use. Age is not strongly associated with use of outpatient services or the likelihood of being admitted to hospital, but older people have longer hospital stays. Having a medical card increases the number of days in hospital as does having medical insurance. Removing financial barriers to health services is likely to increase demand for hospital inpatient and outpatient care. Numbers of nights in hospital increases with the number of diseases and the level of disability. Living alone is not a major driver of the use of GP or hospital services. Married people have longer hospital stays than single people, which is probably because single people are more likely to be discharged to other institutional care. Age is independently important in explaining the patterns of use of community and social care services. In particular, the use of home helps is concentrated in the older age groups. Use of social care services also increases with levels of diseases and disability. Some service use decreases with age, in particular dental care. Other services, such as physiotherapy, are not affected significantly by age. The effects of entitlements are complex. While those with medical cards use more of most services, and those with medical insurance use more hospital services, it is clear that those without medical cards are low users of community services, and this is particularly the case for the small numbers of people over 7 who do not have medical cards. This suggests that practical as well as financial barriers can reduce use of services such as chiropody.

6 Report Layout In the first report on health care utilisation from the TILDA survey, some patterns of service use and entitlements were discussed. It was shown that while use of some services is related to age, the overall pattern is more complicated, and it was clear that the determinants of use needed more detailed study. This report looks more closely at the patterns of service use, focusing in particular on how patterns relate both to age and living status i.e. those living alone as distinct from those living with a partner or with others. It then goes into a more detailed statistical analysis of the drivers of use of the main elements of health and social care. The report is organised as follows: Section 1 Provides some context on the Irish health care system and its entitlements to care. Section 2 Provides more detailed descriptive statistics of patterns of use of services according to age and living status. Section 3 Describes the data and methodology used for the statistical analysis in this report. Section 4 Presents results and discussion on the determinants of health and social care utilisation (GP, Hospital, Community and Social Care Services) from the statistical analysis.

7 Introduction In Ireland health care utilisation depends on many factors that relate both to the health care system and to the characteristics of individual patients. In a time of social and economic transition, characterised by increased life expectancy, population ageing, changing expectations and the re-structuring of health services, it is crucial to disentangle the complex patterns and drivers of health service utilisation. This will help us understand the future demand for health care services, and better assess the potential impact of an ageing population. The data comes from the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing TILDA (Barrett A 211), a prospective study of 8,175 participants representative of the community-living population aged 5 and over in Ireland. In particular, we look at the relationship between age and other possible drivers of the intensity of service utilisation in hospital, primary, community and social care services. We use a number of self-reported health measures (overall health, emotional and mental health, chronic conditions and limitations in daily activities) to highlight the key drivers of health care utilisation, and to characterise the most frequent service users. Ireland has a complex set of entitlements to health care. At the time of the survey almost 7% of the population were paying out of pocket costs for primary and secondary care services. About 3% of the population had medical cards, providing free access to these services. We look at entitlement status such as those with private health insurance, medical card holders and those with no (additional) health coverage to examine the effect of different prices faced by service users and their impact on use of services. In line with previous work, this research highlights the differential utilisation rates between medical card holders and non-medical card holders (Nolan and Nolan 24; Nolan 27; Nolan and Nolan 28; Nolan and Smith 212) indicating that the price faced by users is a strong determinant of health care utilisation. Using TILDA s rich range of self-reported health measures we found that age in itself is not a significant driver of health care utilisation, the key drivers being entitlement status, poor self-rated health, limitations in daily activities and the presence of one or more chronic conditions. However, different patterns arise in the case of community and social care services with age being a major driver of utilisation.

8 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the vision and commitment of our funders, Irish Life, the Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Health, which is providing funding on behalf of the State. We would also like to state that any views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Department of Health or of the Minster for Health. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the TILDA respondents for giving generously of their time, to the TILDA survey team based in TCD and to the field interviewers managed by IPSOS MORI.

9 Contents 1. The Irish Health system and entitlements to care 1 2 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status 3 3 Data description and variables for Statistical Analysis 11 4 Statistical Analysis: Results and Discussion 16 5 References 34

10 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland 1 The Irish Health system and entitlements to care In Ireland there is a complex system of entitlement to free or subsidized health care, with entitlements depending on income, age and in some cases the presence of illnesses (Nolan 1994; Wiley 25). Table 1.1 presents a detailed description of these entitlements. Those in category (I) are granted a full medical card which entitles the recipient and his/her dependants to: free GP care, prescribed medicines (subject to a per item charge of 5 cents on prescriptions, at the time of survey), free access to public inpatient and outpatient hospital services in a public hospital ward (including consultant services), some dental, optical and aural services, entitlement to free maternity and infant care services and a maternity cash grant upon the birth of a child (HSE 29). Entitlement to a medical card is decided on the basis of a means test whose income thresholds are set nationally and updated annually. However, a medical card can be granted in a situation where the refusal of a medical card would cause undue hardship to people whose income is over the financial guidelines (HSE 29). Those aged 7 and over applying for a medical card are subject to a higher income threshold than younger people. A sub-category of entitlement exists within category (I). The GP visit card entitles the recipient and their dependants to free GP care, but excludes prescriptions and primary care services. Eligibility is again based on income but the income threshold is 5% higher than when applying for a full medical card. Those in category (II) i.e., ( nonmedical card holders ) are required to pay in full for GP services, with the exception of maternity and infant GP services which are provided free of charge for a specific number of visits. They are entitled to use public hospital services that are subject to modest charges up to an annual limit. They are also entitled to subsidized prescribed drugs and medicine through the Drugs Payment Scheme when their monthly expenditure on drugs exceeds a certain limit. 1

11 The Irish Health system and entitlements to care Table 1.1: Category of Entitlements (as at the date of survey). Categories GP Prescription Medications Public Hospital Care: Acute Hospital Outpatient: Public Hospital Care: Acute Hospital Outpatient: (Including Emergency Department) Category I Full medical card Free E.5 per item Free public care Free public care Category 2 GP visit card Free Free above E12. out of pocket payment for the month. Free for specific long term illness conditions. E75. per night subject to annual limit Free with referral Category 3 About E5-E55 Free Maternity & infant care services Free above E12. out of pocket payment for the month. Free for specific long term illness conditions. E75. per night subject to annual limit Free with referral In addition to the categories outlined above, around half of the population (at the time of survey) had supplementary private medical insurance. This provides a range of benefits including access to private services in public hospitals, access to private hospital inpatient services and coverage of public hospital fees. In general, private insurance does not provide significant outpatient or primary care cover. Table 1.2 below, derived from the TILDA dataset described in detail later, outlines the patterns of health insurance for those over 5 in Ireland. There are now 3 main providers of private insurance, each offering a variety of policies, so entitlement status for those covered varies greatly and the trend is for increasing diversity (HIA 27). Table 1.1: Category of Entitlements (as at the date of survey). Entitlement Status All Ages 5+ (a) Medical Card Only 24% 31% 32% 52% 68% 36% (b) Dual Cover 5% 9% 17% 39% 29% 16% (c) Health Insurance Only 52% 51% 42% 8% 3% 37% (d) No Additional Cover 19% 1% 1% 1% % 11% Total 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% All Medical Cards (a) +(b) 3% 39% 49% 91% 97% 52% All Health Insurance (b) +(c) 57% 59% 59% 46% 31% 53% 62

12 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland 2 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status This section of the report develops further the presentation of descriptive statistics on health service use from the first report (Barrett et al 211). The earlier report focused on the distinction between those who were and were not users of the different services. This report goes further by providing an analysis of the amount of use, allowing a fuller understanding of resource use and cost patterns. In particular, the frequency of GP use, the length of hospital stays and total bed days are used to show patterns of primary care and hospital use. Table 2.1 provides detail of the use of health services by age group. Table 2.1: Utilisation of health services by age (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days.1 While it has been shown elsewhere (Barrett et al 211) that people in their 8s are not more likely to have been a user of GP services than people in their 7s, those who do visit utilise the service more intensively. However, there is no similar pattern of use of outpatient or emergency department for people in their 6s, 7s and 8s. Use of nursing home beds (for those who normally live at home) is low for all ages but does rise with age. Research has shown (Inouye et al 28) that living alone increases the risk of using certain health services. From the TILDA data, it is possible to provide a breakdown of service use by those living alone, those living only with a partner and those living in other circumstances (typically households with two or more generations). This is potentially important since increasing proportions of older people are living with partners as life expectancy is converging between men and women, and there is increasing evidence that this can reduce the use of high cost care and other services. 3

13 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status Tables 2.2 to 2.7 show the breakdown of patterns of use by age group and by living status. In the younger age groups the usage rate of some services is very low, and the differences between different living conditions are not statistically significant. Where differences are significant, they are highlighted in the text. Table 2.2: Utilisation of services for those 5-54 (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age 5-54 Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days.1 Living alone is associated with more GP visits in this age group. Nights in hospital are higher for those living alone, which contrasts with the findings in other age groups, and appears to be driven by a small number of intensive users in this age group. There are no other significant differences for usage of other services. Table 2.3 Service use for those (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days The only service that is clearly used more by those living alone in this age group is GP visits. 4

14 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland Table 2.4 Service use for those 6-64 (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age 6-64 Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days.7.4 Living status does not affect the levels of services use in this age group. Table 2.5 Service use by those (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days.7.4 Overall, people in their sixties who normally live in their own homes have similar patterns of service use to those in their 5s, with slightly greater frequency of GP use. Interestingly, being over the statutory retirement age has little effect on the patterns of use. This may be important given the tendency in many reports to model the likely effects of ageing in terms of the numbers of people over 65. The data does not suggest that this is an important threshold for service use. Table 2.6 Service use for people aged 7-79 (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age 7-79 Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days

15 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status The patterns for those in their seventies show higher service use compared to younger age groups, with generally higher levels of GP attendance for all. Interestingly, the levels of GP attendances and hospital admissions are not higher for those living alone compared to those living with others. What is clear is that those who do go into hospital who are living alone are more likely to be discharged to a nursing home, and this is shown in the much higher (if still very low) usage of nursing home care. From the TILDA data it can be shown that those living alone and who have a hospital stay are the only group who are more likely to use short term nursing home care. Table 2.7: Service use for people aged 8+ (Average number in the 12 months prior to interview). Age 8+ Living alone Living with long term partner Living with others Total GP visits ED visits Outpatient visits Total bed nights Hospital admissions Nursing home days.4.1 An interesting pattern which emerges here is that those living alone in their 8s are more likely to be admitted to hospital than those living with a partner, but those who are admitted do not stay so long. Part of the explanation seems to be their greater likelihood of spending time in a nursing home, presumably due to more limited care support at home. Those living with a partner are more likely to return straight home, although they have slightly longer hospital stays. The results here should be treated with caution since the days in hospital and nursing homes are distorted by a relatively small number of people with long stays, and the observed differences in the use of services are small. Living status has been shown above to be related to use of some health care services, but the overall effects are not large. A related question is whether it is also connected with the need for home help support. Table 2.8 gives the percentages receiving home help support by age category and living status. 6

16 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland Table 2.8: Percentage of those with home help, classified by living status and age. Living alone % Living with long term partner % Living with others % Total % Age Age Age Age Age Age Total Not surprisingly living status is clearly associated with use of home help services, as those living alone generally use more. Interestingly those over 8 who live with family are also more likely to have home help support, possibly because this group is more dependent than those living alone or with a partner, or that families are effective advocates for their older relatives. Table 2.9 shows patterns of use of community and social care services by age. 7

17 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status Table 2.9 Use of social and community care services by age (Percentage who used each service at least once in the year prior to interview). Age 5-59 % Age 6-69 % Age 7-79 % Age 8+ % Total % Public Health Nurse Occupational therapy Chiropody services Physiotherapy services Speech and language therapist Social work services Psychological/counselling services Home help Personal care attendant Meals-on-Wheels Day centre services Optician service Dental services Hearing services Dietician services Respite services A number of interesting issues become clear from this table. Public health and community nursing services are strongly concentrated in the older age groups, especially those over 8. Some other services show a significant age gradient, such as chiropody and to a lesser extent occupational therapy. However, the overall level of use of most of these services is low in all age groups and there are few signs of an age gradient. In many cases entitlement to these services is restricted, in principle, to those with medical cards (which does of course include almost all of those over 8 and most people over 7). When this is broken down by medical card status, a more complicated pattern emerges. Tables 2.1 and 2.11 show the rates of service use by medical card status and age. It should be noted that the numbers in the categories of older people without medical cards are small, but nevertheless the differences in some cases are large. 8

18 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland Table 2.1: Percentage of the population with medical cards availing of different social care services in the past year, classified by age. Age 5-54% Age 55-59% Age 6-64% Age 65-69% Age 7-79% Age 8+ % Total Public Health Nurse Occupational therapy Chiropody services Physiotherapy services Speech and language therapist Social work services Psychological/counselling services Home help Personal care attendant Meals-on-Wheels Day centre services Optician service Dental services Hearing services Dietician services Respite services Community and social care services are strongly affected by age, but at least part of this is due to the age pattern of medical card status. Those facing user fees for services report lower levels of use than those who get the services free at the point of use. 9

19 Descriptive statistics of patterns of service utilisation according to age and living status Table 2.11: Percentage of the population without medical cards. (i.e., those with GP visit card, medical insurance and no additional cover) availing of different community and social services in the past year, classified by age. Age 5-54% Age 55-59% Age 6-64% Age 65-69% Age 7-79% Age 8+ % Total Public Health Nurse Occupational therapy Chiropody services Physiotherapy services Speech and language therapist Social work services.26 Psychological/counselling services Home help Personal care attendant 1.1 Meals-on-Wheels Day centre services Optician service Dental services Hearing services Dietician services Respite services It is clear that, while age remains a major determinant of service use, the lack of entitlement has the effect of reducing the use of most community services. For example, in case of physiotherapy, those without medical cards do not appear to be buying private services. This suggests that those without medical cards are not substituting private services for public ones, despite the fact that they are in higher income categories. This is in line with general international evidence that suggests user fees and charges deter use even in those who can in principle pay. The overall findings of the descriptive statistics are that age affects the pattern of some service use but the effects are limited to certain services and are in many cases gradual. Living status does affect use of primary care and some hospital services but the effects do not seem to be very strong. 1

20 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland 3 Data description and variables for Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis uses data from the first wave of the Irish Longitudinal study on Ageing in (TILDA) collected in 21. TILDA is a large-scale, nationally representative study of over 8, people aged 5 (or their spouses/partners) resident in Ireland. TILDA captures detailed information on respondents use of health and social care services in the previous year and on how much the respondent spends on healthcare. The questionnaire asks a set of questions about the level of utilisation of health care services, respondents satisfaction with them and perceived deficiencies in care provision. It is important to note that the sample in the first wave did not include those in residential care. Although this was estimated to cover only 2% of those over 5 years, it represents a larger proportion of those in older age categories and people in residential care typically have more chronic disease. This means that the findings presented in this paper do not apply to either the population under fifty or to those residents in long stay institutions. TILDA contains indicators of health status and a range of social and demographic variables that can be used to explain differences in health care utilisation. Table 3.1 presents the list of dependent and explanatory variables used in this study. The dependent variables in our analysis reflect the intensity of use of different types of services. We consider primary care, hospital services and health and social services provided in the community. The GP and hospital variables used were: (1) The number of visits made to a GP during the year preceding the survey date (2) The number of visits made to an emergency department during the year preceding the survey date (3) The number of outpatient visits during the year preceding the survey date (4) The number of hospital admissions (5) The number of overnight stays during the year preceding the survey date. Fifteen community and social care variables were examined. Respondents were asked if, in the last 12 months, they had availed of any of the following services: public health nurse, occupational therapy, dietician, home help, physiotherapy, chiropody, care attendant, day care, dentist, speech and language therapy, psychology services, meals on wheels, optician, hearing aid services, and respite care. Table 3.1 describes the data in more detail. 11

21 Data description and variables for Statistical Analysis Table 3.1: Description of Dependent variables. Dependent Variable GP visits Ed visits Hosponadmit Totbednights Outpvisits Public Health Nurse Occupational Therapy Dietician Home Help Physio Chiropody Careattnd Daycare Dentist S&L Psych Mealsonw Optician Hearing aid Respite care Description In the last 12 months, about how often did you visit your GP? In the last 12 months, how many accident & Emergency Department (A&E) visits as a patient? In the last 12 months, on how many occasions were you admitted to hospital overnight? In total, about how many nights did you spend in hospital in the last 12 months? In the last 12 months, about how many visits did you make to a hospital as an outpatient? In the last 12 months did you receive the services of a public health nurse? In the last 12 months did you receive occupational therapy services? In the last 12 months did you use dietician services? In the last 12 months did you receive home help services? In the last 12 months did you receive physiotherapy services? In the last 12 months did you receive chiropody (podiatry) services? In the last 12 months did you receive the services of a care attendant? In the last 12 months did you use day care services? In the last 12 months did you visit a dentist? In the last 12 months did you receive speech and language therapy services? In the last 12 months did you see a psychologist? In the last 12 months did you receive meals on wheels? In the last 12 months did you see an optician (optometrist)? In the last 12 months did you see a hearing aid service? In the last 12 months did you use respite care services? Turning to explanatory variables, Anderson s conceptual model of health care utilisation was used, to compile indices of predisposing, enabling and need characteristics as set out in Table 3.2 below. 12

22 Patterns and Determinants of Health Care Utilisation in Ireland Table 3.2 TILDA variables grouped according to Anderson s conceptual model into predisposing, enabling & need factors. Independent Variable Predisposing: Sex Age Age 6-64 Age Age 7-79 Age 8+ Atwork MarriedLWP Enabling: Primaryed Dublin Medcard Medinsurance Need: chrdis1 chrdis2 chrdis3ormore SRHG MHG DISADL DISIADL Value = 1 if respondent Female Aged between 55-59yrs Aged between 6-64yrs Aged between 65-69yrs Aged between 7-79yrs Aged between 8yrs & over Employed Married or living with long term partner (as if married) Has no more than Primary level Education Lives in Dublin Has a medical card Has medical insurance Has 1 chronic condition Has 2 chronic conditions Has 3 or more chronic conditions Has self-rated health which is excellent, good or very good in comparison to others of same age Has self-rated emotional or mental health which is excellent, very good and good Has at least 1 limitation in activities of daily living Has at least 1 limitation in instrumental activities of daily living Predisposing characteristics are individual propensities to use services (Andersen 1995) which exist prior to the onset of the illness episodes (Andersen 1995). They typically include; age, sex, race, religion, and values concerning health and illness. (Andersen 1995). We included the following predisposing variables: gender (female =1, male =); marital status (married or living with long term partner = 1, otherwise =). Five dummy variables capture age differences: years, 6-64 years, years, 7-79 years and 8 years or older, leaving 5-54 years as the reference category. Employment status is represented by a dummy. If one is at work = 1 and retired or not working =. 13

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