1) You fail to study for your final examination stating that "all work and no play make Jack a dull person." According to Freud's theory, how will you explain your behaviour?

Sigmund Freud developed a theory about adult personality. Throughout the stages of childhood, the first part of personality, which we are all born with, is called the id. According to Freud id contains a reservoir of unconscious instincts, impulses that strives to satisfy basic sexual, and aggressive drives that operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. He said that adults never lost this part of their personality, as they grew older; they just developed ways of coping with it a bit better. As the child grew older, a second part of the personality developed, which was more in touch with outside reality. This he called the ego. The ego (largely conscious) operates on the reality principle, which mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. It satisfies the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. For example, if you got very angry with someone, then the demands from your id might be to attack them but that is not very realistic, or socially acceptable. So the ego would take over, and find a way that the id's demand could be satisfied, but in a better sort of way, perhaps by making a very sarcastic remark, or something similar. As the child grows older, another part of its personality develops. According to Freud, for a small child, its parents are representations of absolute authority. They represent society and society's demand on the child. They tell it what it ought to be doing and how it should behave. This function is called the superego. In a way, the superego is kind of internal 'parents' but a very authoritarian one. The superego represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations. Freud saw personality in adults as being about a dynamic...

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...understand a number of different theories to explain motivation or sight an example. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, I have gained a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Based from keen observation, people tend to avoid imminent danger when they feel so. In the animal kingdom, as seasons change, or when there is an upcoming natural disaster, they migrate from one place to another. Such actions are the result of motivation in the sense of their Instincts. Thus, Instinct Theory of Motivation best describes it. According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. This trait of actions is also considered in the example from the animal kingdom that I mentioned earlier. Animals do not learn to do this; it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior.
As the world modernize and slowly becoming more civilized, people at early age tend to acquire skills and abilities that can someday benefit them. Children go to school as early as 4 years old to enhance their academic expertise so that they may be able to use it to their favor and be rewarded from it. Services being provided are always prized. The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might be motivated to...

...My Theory of Personality
While studying the theories given by scholars such as Freud, Adler, and Horney, one cannot help but forming an opinion of what is right and what is wrong. During class, I would see flashes of things and think, “wow, that actually sounds correct to me”, but there were many other times when I found myself disagreeing or sometimes snickering at the ridiculous of some theories. Weighing each theory studied, I believe I have found different parts of each psychologist that creates one concrete theory that I believe whole-heartedly. This theory takes a little from almost everything theorist studied, with some of my own original ideas brought from a Christ-centered viewpoint.
There are many ideas from Freud, but not all are correct in my eyes. His idea of sex as the primary motivation in life does not line up with my theory, but I do like the idea of the Id, Ego, and Superego. The Id, the pleasure-seeker, is definitely alive in the human realm. We like to be happy and feel good and that drives us. Our Superego must regulate the Id with our morals. Everyone has different moral standards, so each person’s superego is different. The ego then directs us how to approach things; we use our morals to weigh against what we want, and then act. It’s all very smooth and I believe fits well into my theory. That is really the only piece I could take from...

...The Psychodynamic Theory, or psychoanalytic as it is also referred to, stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior. It is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation (Gallop & Reynolds 2004). Its roots focus on the roles of unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses as a motive for choice and self-direction. Thetheory presents itself as our way of trying to balance our feelings, the unconscious being the reason why aggressive impulses are common reactions to the frustrations of daily life and that we seek to vent these impulses on other people. But because we fear rejection and retaliation, we put most aggressive impulses out of our minds, but by holding aggression in, we set the stage for future explosions (Gottlieb 2002).
Behavioral theory (also known as behaviorism) says that psychology is the scientific study of observable behavior (Lickliter & Honeycutt 2003). The way we learn, the way we act, the way we speak, even the way we eat was learned. Everything around us is observable and the behavioral theory argues just that, because behavior is observable, and it is grounded in a reward versus punishment model, it is who we are and how we have learned to be . Because humans have learned the proper way of living through behavior and through the reinforcements that...

...ESSAY: THEORY IN PRACTICE CST-L3
There are three main theoretical approaches/models used in Counselling: Humanistic/Person centred developed by Carl Rodgers, Psychodynamic theories developed by Sigmund Freud and Behavioural therapies such as (T/A) TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS founded by Eric Berne and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
If any of the above are used effectively in practice, a therapist will be able to help an individual achieve positive change in problematic areas presented. Each approach is constantly evolving with new techniques and concepts although; the fundamental basis of all remains the same. And none of the theories represent the absolute TRUTH!
Whether or not I or any therapist chooses to work solely with one theory or to mix and match concepts to match an individual’s needs, the skills and the qualities that the counsellor possesses remain just as important as the therapeutic approach. It is essential that therapists must be in possession of the core conditions- congruence (genuine), empathic understanding and acceptance (unconditional positive regard). These qualities help build a trusting free from constraints relationship which when maintained create a positive working relationship between the two parties. ‘NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS OF THERAPEUTIC PERSONALITY CHANGE’-(Rodgers 1957:95). At a later stage, upon reflection the client will mimic to form positive healthy...

...There are many different theories about development, however some of the theories apply to actual development more than others and describe development better. The theory that applies most to development is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, which was created by Erik Erikson. Several other theories do not apply to development as much, the one created by Sigmund Freud, his Psychoanalytic Theory which is onetheory that least describes development.
Erik Erikson created a Psychosocial Theory that describes eight different lifespan stages that all people go through as they age. The stages are Integrity versus Despair, Generatively versus Stagnation, Intimacy versus Isolation, Identity versus Identity Confusion, Industry versus Inferiority, Initiative versus Guilt, Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt and Trust versus Mistrust (Santrock, 2011). At each stage the person has to confront a unique developmental task, each stage marks a “turning point” in a person’s life(Harder, 2009). The first stage, Trust versus mistrust is in the first stage of life, it occurs in the first year of life, and success in this stage means individuals will be able to view the world with a basic confidence. Autonomy versus Shame and doubt is the second stage between one and three years of age. In this stage infants and toddlers discover they have a will of their own and learn to master skills....

...on the belief that personality was revealed by facial features.
C. Physique and Personality -- Somatotypes (body types) -- Constitutional theory of personality -- William Sheldon. According to this view, there is al ink between a person's body type and personality.
1) ectomorph -- thin, frail body; believed by Sheldon to reveal a shy, restrained, and introspective temperament called cerebrotonia.
2) mesomorph -- muscular, strong body; believed to display a bold, assertive, and energetic temperament called somatotonia.
3) endomorph -- large, soft body; believed to display a relaxed, sociable and easygoing temperament called viscerotonia.
D. Heredity and Personality
Behavioral Genetics -- the study of the relationship between heredity and behavior.
1) support for this perspective is demonstrated by the differences found in infants. At that early age, personality theorists say that the baby has not had time to learn how to behave, but is behaving according to their innate personalities.
2) Bouchard studies of identical twins reared apart. These studies demonstrate that identical twins who grow up in different homes often exhibit many similar behaviors and characteristics.
II. The Psychoanalytic Approach (rooted in the psychobiological approach) - this theory is extremely popular, and was developed by Freud.
A. Psychosexual Theory of the Structure of Personality
1) Id (Latin for "it") -- contains innate biological...

...Psychodynamic Theories
Many psychologists have proposed theories that try to explain the origins of personality. One highly influential set of theories stems from the work of Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, who first proposed the theory of psychoanalysis. Collectively, these theories are known as psychodynamic theories. Although many different psychodynamic theories exist, they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality.
Sigmund Freud’sTheory of Psychoanalysis
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Freud developed a technique that he called psychoanalysis and used it to treat mental disorders. He formed his theory of psychoanalysis by observing his patients. According to psychoanalytic theory, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.
The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious
Freud believed that most mental processes are unconscious. He proposed that people have three levels of awareness:
* The conscious contains all the information that a person is paying attention to at any given time.
Example:
The words Dan is reading, the objects in his field of vision, the sounds he can hear, and any thirst,...

...There are many different theories of development that help us to understand children’s behaviour, reactions and ways of learning. All equally important as they influence practice. To begin with there is Piaget’s constructivist theories which look at the way in which children seem to be able to make sense of their world as a result of their experiences and how they are active learners. He also suggested that as children develop so does their thinking. Piaget’s work has influenced early years settings into providing more hands on and relevant tasks for children and young people. In other words the children are ‘learning through play’. Teachers are working out the needs of children and plan activities accordingly.
Vygotsky is another theorist but of cognitive development. Vygotsky suggested that children were born to be sociable and by being with parents and then with friends they learned and gained understanding from them. He suggested that people in early years setting working with children should extend and challenge their thoughts in order for their potential development to be achieved. As well as the need for adults to work alongside children Vygotsky also felt that children could guide and develop each others potential by encouraging them to do tasks together. Evidence of this can often be found in my setting. One example would be reading buddies where children in the infants are paired up with a child from the juniors and they...