فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri - Paris Observatory

1) The length of time that a celestial body or an evolutionary
stage of it has existed, i.e. the age of a
massive star, the age of a galaxy, a stellar cluster, and so on.
2) a: A period of time in the history of the Universe marked by a distinctive characteristic.
→ cosmic dark age.
b: A division of geologic time in the history of the Earth, usually shorter than an
epoch.

Meteo.:
The wind component deviating from the → geostrophic wind
in the absence of the → geostrophic balance.
In other words, ageostrophic wind is the difference between the true wind and
the geostrophic wind.

A comprehensive treatise, compiled by Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria,
around A.D. 140,
that summarized the astronomy, geography, and mathematics of
antiquity, and included a star catalogue with data for 1,022 stars.

A language that is characterized largely by the fact that it depends
on word order, rather than on inflections (grammatical endings), to convey sentence meanings.
In an analytic language relations between nouns and adjectives
are expressed using prepositions. English and (to a lesser extent) French, and Persian
are considered analytic languages, while German and Russian are
→ synthetic languages.

An artificially created language system for international communication or for a
specific intellectual or scientific purpose. Examples include Esperanto, computer programing
languages, → symbolic logic, and
→ tensor analysis.

A period of time between the → Stone Age and the
→ Iron Age when bronze was used widely to make tools,
weapons, and other implements. The Bronze Age starts at different areas of the
world at different times. The earliest use of bronze for making farm
tools and weapons are found in Near and Middle East and date back to
about 3700 BC. The Bronze Age starts about 2300 BC in Europe.

A general heading which covers a wide variety of complex views on
→ quantum theory. As the first and the founding interpretation of the
→ quantum mechanics, it was developed in the late 1920's
mainly by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, but also Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and
other physicists who made important contributions to the overall understanding of this field.
Bohr expressed himself on the subject at various meetings and later published
several articles and comments, but he never wrote a systematic and complete version
of his views. There is not a unique Copenhagen Interpretation but various more or less
complete versions, the common denominator of which is mainly the work of Bohr.
Among those opposed to the Copenhagen Interpretation have been Albert Einstein,
Erwin Schrödinger, Louis de Broglie, Max Planck, David Bohm, Alfred Landé,
Karl Popper, and Bertrand Russell. The Copenhagen Interpretation recognizes that
the deterministic picture of the universe that works so well at the macroscopic level
does not work for the world at the
quantum level. The universe at the quantum level is predictable only in a statistical sense.
This implies that we can never really know the nature of quantum phenomena.
The four cornerstones of the Copenhagen Interpretation are:
→ wave-particle duality,
the probability → wave function, the
→ uncertainty principle, and the significance of the
→ observer. The observer is of the utmost importance
because he causes the reality to unfold in the way it does. The key feature of
the Copenhagen Interpretation is a concept known as the
→ collapse of the wave function, for which there
is no known physical
explanation; see also → Schrodinger's cat.

Copenhagen, from Dan. København
"merchant's port," from køber "merchant" ("buyer") +
havn "port,"
from the fact that the originator and chief interpreter of this
school was Niels Bohr whose headquarters was in Copenhagen;
→ interpretation.