Characters were then developed, but when Alfred Shaughnessy, an old friend of John Hawkesworth, was called in as script editor, he changed much of the detail to make the characters more realistic. Honor Blackman was short-listed for the role of Lady Marjorie and George Cole for that of the butler, Hudson.[2] Eileen Atkins, who was to play the other maid opposite Jean Marsh, was playing Queen Victoria in a stage show at the time, so Pauline Collins took the role, and Gordon Jackson was offered the role of Hudson after it was decided that Londoner George Cole would not be suitable to play a Scotsman.[1] The programme took many names, including Two Little Maids in Town, The Servants' Hall and That House in Eaton Square. It was called 165 Eaton Place until just before the production of the first episode when it was changed to Upstairs, Downstairs, following a suggestion from John Hawkesworth.[1]

Despite having a champion in Stella Richman, the show suffered from internal politics at the station, most notably from the sales department who could not see the attraction of a period drama, and master tapes of the programme spent nearly a year in storage awaiting a transmission date.[1] Eventually the network had a space in its schedule at the unfashionable time of Sunday nights at 10:15 and called upon LWT to fill it. They chose Upstairs, Downstairs, and with no promotion of the show, there was little expectation of success. However, audiences steadily grew and the series became a hit.[1]

The stories depict the lives of the wealthy Bellamy family ("upstairs"), who reside at 165 Eaton Place in London's fashionable Belgravia, and their servants ("downstairs").

The household is led by Lady Marjorie Bellamy (née Talbot-Carey), daughter of the Earl and Countess of Southwold, and her husband Richard Bellamy MP, the son of a country parson. They married despite the objections of her parents and set up house at 165 Eaton Place, one of several London properties owned by Lord Southwold. Richard is a politician, and several plots revolve around his political ambitions and conflicts arising from his desire to follow his conscience and his allegiance to his father-in-law's political party, the Conservatives ("Tories").

Richard and Lady Marjorie Bellamy have two children, James and Elizabeth, who are, respectively, in their early twenties and late teens when the series starts in 1903. In 1912, James' ill-fated wife Hazel becomes the new mistress of the house, and the following year, Richard's ward, Georgina, comes to live at 165 Eaton Place.

The original servant staff comprises the authoritarian butler Mr. Angus Hudson, cook Mrs. Kate Bridges, pragmatic head house parlourmaid Rose Buck, sweet Irish kitchen maid Emily, eccentric footman Alfred, mischievous under-house parlourmaid Sarah, who dreams of a dramatic life beyond servantdom, coachman Pearce, and Lady Marjorie's lady's maid Maude Roberts. Over the years they are joined by Edward, a cheeky footman who later becomes a chauffeur; Daisy, the parlourmaid who eventually marries Edward; Thomas Watkins, the devious chauffeur who dabbles with Sarah's affections; and Ruby, the slow-witted kitchen maid.

In the episode "Another Year" from series 4, Hazel Bellamy notes that there are two families living in the house, one upstairs and the other downstairs, which she likens to a related family: Mr Hudson and Mrs Bridges are the father and mother; Rose, the eldest daughter who lost her man at the front; Edward and his wife, Daisy; and Ruby, the youngest child.

The first and second series span the period 1903 to 1910, during the reign of Edward VII. In 1903, Sarah Moffat applies for a job as under-house-parlour maid for the Bellamy family, pretending to be of French parentage but soon revealed to be illiterate, English, and with no work history. Later in the year, Lady Marjorie poses for Bohemian artist Mr Scone (which he pronounces "skoon"), who over the same period paints an intimate portrait of Sarah and (an imagined) Rose; he exhibits both pictures juxtaposed at the Royal Academy. Fearing a scandal, Bellamy threatens to sack the two maids but is dissuaded by Scone. Later the Bellamys go on vacation to Scotland, and, with Mr Hudson gone, the servants carouse drunkenly through the house only to be caught by son James, who promises not to disclose their misbehaviour. James and Sarah later have an affair that results in Sarah's pregnancy. James is banished to India, and Sarah is sent to live at the Southwold estate for the duration of her pregnancy.

Around 1905, daughter Elizabeth returns from Germany, to be prepared to be presented to the King and the Queen Consort at a social event, but her rebellious, headstrong nature causes her to flee the event. She has a talk with her servant Rose, who lectures her on the importance of duty and that it applies to everyone in the household.

Elizabeth soon falls in love with German Baron Klaus von Rimmer, who later turns out to be gay. He is caught by Rose in a room having sex with Alfred, the footman, and flees Eaton Place, before the police arrive to arrest them, as this was illegal at the time. The ″baron fled, dumping Elizabeth and taking Alfred with him instead!″ Not wishing Elizabeth to know the real reason for his departure, she is told that he is a spy. Alfred is replaced by Edward Barnes, a young and naive footman whose fun-loving and immature nature initially annoys Mr Hudson.

In the summer of 1906, Lady Marjorie is enchanted by her son's friend Captain Charles Hammond, and has an affair with him. Her conscience gets the better of her and she breaks off the affair. Lady Bellamy leaves with Rose for the country, but while Rose is gone the new under-house-parlour maid, Mary Stokes, arrives in service pregnant, having been raped by Myles Radford, the son of a powerful politician and family friend. Richard Bellamy attempts to help her but the Radfords refuse to take responsibility and the legal system proves ineffective. Mary quits her job with the Bellamys, but departs with a small gift of money from some of the servants.

The following year, 1907, Mrs Van Groeben arrives from South Africa and Emily falls madly in love with her footman, William. They spend several of their days off together, but Mrs Van Groeben gets wind of the affair, and, considering Emily to be beneath William, forbids him to see her. But the affair may have ended anyway, as William drops Emily like a stone when he learns of his mistress's disapproval, suggesting he never really cared about her anyway. Emily is madly in love, however, and cannot bear life without him. She commits suicide. Mrs. Bridges, distraught with remorse over Emily's death, steals a baby from its pram outside a shop and hides it in her room. The baby is returned to its parents by Richard and Lady Marjorie, and Mrs Bridges only escapes a jail sentence after Hudson agrees to marry her once they are no longer in service. The role of scullery maid is first replaced by Doris, then by Nellie, and then finally by Ruby, a hardworking young woman who is rather slow and is frequently scolded by Mrs Bridges.

In 1908, the daughter Elizabeth marries a young poet, Lawrence Kirbridge.

Somewhat indifferent to his new responsibilities as a householder, Lawrence also avoids the baseness of marital relations with Elizabeth, preferring her pure and muse-like, and their marriage remains unconsummated. Elizabeth has a brief affair (arranged by her husband) with her husband's publisher, which results in her becoming pregnant, later giving birth to a daughter, Lucy Elizabeth. She joins a group of militant suffragettes and attacks the home of a prominent politician, which results in her being sent to prison, only to be bailed out shortly thereafter by a wealthy Armenian gentleman called Julius Karekin. She later becomes involved with Karekin, who buys her a hat shop. But Karekin is more interested in buying his way into British society than he is in Elizabeth's affections. He buys the lease of 165 Eaton Place after the Bellamys are forced to sell in the aftermath of Lady Marjorie's father's death in 1909. He offers the lease to Elizabeth who then gives it to her parents. Richard and Lady Marjorie are in Karekin's debt.

Sarah returns to Eaton Place on the night the Bellamys host the King; Sarah goes into labour, but the baby, a son, is stillborn. James eventually returns from India just before his mother's birthday on 6 May 1910 (which coincides with the death of King Edward VII), and brings with him his brash and gushing fiancée, Phyllis, the daughter of an army vet. James eventually breaks off the engagement, however, after deciding that Phyllis is not right for him.

Elizabeth eventually moves to America in 1910 after her split from Karekin and divorce from Kirbridge. She is later said to have married a man named Dana. Sarah and Thomas Watkins, who had previously been employed as the valet of Lawrence Kirbridge, fall in love, resulting in Sarah becoming pregnant again. They eventually leave service. While in the Upstairs, Downstairs episode "A Family Gathering" it is stated that Thomas and Sarah were married, this fact is disregarded in the spin-off series Thomas & Sarah.[3]

Lady Marjorie, her brother Hugo Talbot-Carey (the Earl of Southwold), and his new wife (widow Marion Worsley) die in the sinking of the RMS Titanic, her last known words being uttered to her maid—"Keep this for me, Roberts"—as she hands over her jewellery box. Miss Roberts returns alive refusing to let anyone touch the jewellery box, believing she is keeping it for Lady Marjorie. Richard's new secretary, Hazel Forrest, wins the hearts of all when she very gently persuades Miss Roberts to open the box. That means accepting Lady Marjorie is gone and she breaks down into sobs, as she cries, "I tried to save her! I tried to make them [the life boat] go back! I tried to save my Lady."

Richard had hired Hazel Forrest to type the biography of his father-in-law, the old Earl of Southwold, which he is writing. Soon after, she and James fall in love and eventually marry. Hazel becomes mistress of the household, and they are happy for a time but start to grow apart due to James' habitual self-serving ways, but this estrangement is worsened by a miscarriage in the spring of 1914.

Georgina Worsley, James' step-cousin, comes to live with the Bellamys at Christmas 1913, aged 18. Georgina is the orphaned stepdaughter of Lady Marjorie's brother Hugo. She decides to "steal" some food from the pantry and offer it to the family of Daisy, the new parlourmaid, but she is horrified when she discovers Daisy's family live in the kind of abject poverty she has never had to experience.

Rose, the head houseparlourmaid, is shocked when Alfred, the Bellamys' former footman, turns up at Eaton Place one night. He claims he's been sacked by his former employer and is homeless. She agrees to hide him in one of the basement rooms, but is horrified when it later transpires Alfred is actually on the run from the police having murdered his previous employer. After taking Edward hostage in the coal cellar, Alfred is arrested and eventually hanged for murder. The following year, Rose briefly becomes engaged to an Australian sheep-farmer called Gregory Wilmot whom she meets on an omnibus. She agrees to move to Australia with him, but later becomes frightened of making such a leap, and changes her mind, deciding to remain in the life she knows at Eaton Place.

Richard, who has had to sell the lease of the house to James after Lady Marjorie's death (all her money passed on to James and Elizabeth), makes money after a share tip-off from a member of his gentleman's club. Richard is later unjustly accused of insider dealing, and it is only the intervention of Hazel and Hudson that saves his career and reputation. (This plot was inspired by the Marconi scandal of 1912).

During a visit to Somerby, the country house of James' school-friend Lord "Bunny" Newbury in the Autumn of 1913, Edward unwittingly becomes the witness in an impending divorce case when he spies rising Tory MP Lord Charles Gilmour leaving the bedroom of a fellow MP's wife. Edward is put under pressure to lie and change his story, but he refuses, and the case is withdrawn after pressure from Richard.

The servants are offered a day's holiday in Herne Bay in Kent in August 1914. They enjoy a rare day out together, and Hudson goes so far as to offer a song on the vaudeville stage, but their enjoyment is curtailed by the announcement that Britain is about to go to war with Germany. Hudson sings "Rule Britannia" instead.

James serves in World War I, is seriously injured in a trench battle and brought home, amid much difficulty, to recover. He is nursed by his step-cousin Georgina, who now volunteers as a VAD Nurse and serves in France during the war. Georgina and James develop a close understanding and affection during the war but do not go so far as to become lovers. Downstairs, Edward signs up and fights in the trenches, Hudson serves as a Special Constable, Rose works as a bus conductress, and Ruby leaves Eaton Place to work in a munitions factory in Silvertown, returning to service after the Silvertown explosion. Hazel, unknowingly echoing her late mother-in-law Lady Marjorie, has a brief affair with an RFC Lieutenant named Jack Dyson who, like herself, has risen from the ranks of the middle classes. He is killed while James is at home on leave. Rose meets up with Gregory Wilmot again. After overcoming their emotional and practical hurdles, she finally agrees to marry him on his return from the war and follow him to Australia. Unfortunately he is killed in action. Rose is heartbroken but Gregory has left her £1200 in his will, enough to make her independent in her retirement. Edward returns, and while not physically wounded, suffers badly from shell shock and goes into hospital. He speaks to Richard, who comforts him as if he were his own son, assuring him that mental wounds are as real as physical, and no mark on his character.

In 1918, just as the War ended, Hazel dies, aged around 35, in the worldwide influenza pandemic. Grief-stricken, James lets Georgina comfort him, but she wisely stops him from any further closeness. Richard later marries a young widow named Virginia Hamilton, whose eldest son Michael was killed in the war when he was 17 in the spring of 1918. Her other children are Alice, aged 10 and William, 6, when Richard proposes to Virginia in late October/November 1918. The house comes alive with the arrival of the new Lady and two children. Alice becomes very attached to Rose, who is soon given duties that keep her upstairs with the children and the new Lady Bellamy. Richard is elevated to the House of Lords as Viscount Bellamy of Haversham in the New Year Honours List of 1917.

At the end of the fourth season, according to Jean Marsh and Simon Williams, they, along with other cast members, were eager to move on to other projects. However, they were persuaded to do a fifth and final season showing the Bellamy family and staff entering the decade of the twenties and ending the series with the start of the Great Depression. Six new cast members were added to the household, which included two servants, Frederick and Lily, played by Gareth Hunt and Karen Dotrice; Richard Bellamy's new wife, Virginia (Hannah Gordon); Virginia's two children Alice and William (Anne Yarker and Jonathan Seely); and Shirley Cain as Miss Treadwell, the children's governess. In the fifth episode of that season, "Wanted: A Good Home", William is sent off to a boarding school while Alice resumes her schooling with Miss Treadwell. To compensate for William's absence, Rose gives Alice a dog - a cairn terrier named Thimble. While Lord and Lady Bellamy are away on a trip, Miss Treadwell quickly assumes the role as head of the house alienating the other servants as well as mentally and physically abusing Alice and the dog. Upon their return, Lord and Lady Bellamy dismiss Miss Treadwell and she leaves in disgust. Richard and Virginia then decide that Alice should go to a day school for her studies. After that installment, Alice, William, and the dog are never seen again, although Alice returns for a brief appearance in the final episode. Downstairs, Lily leaves her position as housemaid after the seventh episode "Disillusion" and Frederick departs Eaton Place after the eleventh installment "Alberto".

In the roaring 20s, Georgina and her friends rebel against the depression and hard times of the past war, but her frivolity and merriment are brought to a quick end — firstly by the suicide of a friend who professes his love for her and threatens to kill himself if she doesn't marry him, making good on this threat in the schoolroom at 165 Eaton Place, while a roaring 20s party rages below; secondly, by Georgina accidentally killing a working class man early one morning after borrowing Richard's car without asking (and without Edward driving) in order to win a prize for completing a scavenger hunt. Her friends, part of the set of moneyed, bored and pleasure-seeking "bright young things", desert her at the inquest, except the very rich but shallow Lady Dolly and the seemingly dull Lord Stockbridge, heir to a dukedom, who defends her despite his family's wishes. He is in love with Georgina and she very quickly falls in love with him. James never settles and is unable to come to terms with his war experiences and Hazel's death. Restless, he stands for Parliament, but is not elected.

Lord Stockbridge's parents send their son on a trip around the world to try to wean him from Georgina, under the guise of helping him discover whether his feelings are true. James returns from America in October 1929, where he has visited Elizabeth and become rich through speculation on Wall Street. Rose allows James to invest the money Gregory left her when he died in the war, but the market crashes and James loses everything. James had also "borrowed a fair bit" that he now is unable to repay. He has disgraced his family and taken advantage of a member of staff who trusted him. Depressed and ashamed of his entire life, he goes to a hotel in Maidenhead where he commits suicide.

Downstairs, Edward and Daisy have left Eaton Place and are replaced by Frederick (James' batman during the war) and Lily, respectively. Edward's job prospects are dim, and a pregnant Daisy loses the baby due to malnutrition; both are re-hired at Eaton Place as chauffeur and house parlourmaid, respectively. Rose becomes children's maid and later Lady's Maid to Virginia when the children are sent off to school. Romance blooms between Hudson and Lily, but she spurns him and leaves Eaton Place. Ruby also meets a man named Herbert through magazine correspondence, but rejects him because "he was no Rudolph Valentino." Frederick discovers the allure of escorting young upper-class women to balls and other functions and ultimately leaves service.

The final episode, set in 1930, finds things looking up at Eaton Place as Georgina is married to Lord Stockbridge on 12 June 1930. Mr Hudson and Mrs Bridges also finally marry, and take the uneducated but surprisingly shrewd kitchen maid, Ruby Finch, off to the seaside with them, to run a guest house called "Seaview" (however, one can only see the cliffs from the top bedroom window, over the other houses). When asked by Rose how she feels about becoming part of the Hudsons' household, Ruby says "They'll not last long and I'll have guest house all to meself." Lord Bellamy has delivered his retirement speech to the House of Lords. He and Virginia retire to a small villa in Dorset, keeping Rose Buck in their employ. Young Edward and his wife, Daisy, are elevated to the posts of butler and Head House Parlourmaid in the country household of the Marquess and new Marchioness of Stockbridge.

The last scene shows Rose taking a final walk through the now empty rooms at 165 Eaton Place, which is up for sale. She hears the voices of Lady Marjorie and Mr. Hudson and the sounds of many incidents she had witnessed over the years, but when she finally hears the voice of James, talking about Gregory's honourable death in the war, she realises that it is time to move on and leaves through the front door.

Upstairs, Downstairs ran for five series from 10 December 1971 to 21 December 1975. The first four series had thirteen episodes each, while the final series had sixteen. Due to an industrial dispute over extra payments for using newly introduced colour equipment, during which broadcasting unions refused to allow their members to use colour cameras, the first six episodes of the first series were shot in black-and-white, and when colour production resumed, the first episode was remade in colour. Two endings were made, which could be shown depending on whether the black and white episodes were broadcast by the channel. The original untransmitted black-and-white version of the first episode is believed to have been wiped.

The opening credits of each episode featured a cartoon from the magazine Punch, and the lettering was drawn by the graphic designer Terry Griffiths. The theme tune was composed by Alexander Faris and entitled The Edwardians. It won an Ivor Novello Award.[2] Part of this tune would be made into the song What Are We Going to Do with Uncle Arthur?, sung by Sarah, with lyrics written by Alfred Shaughnessy. Pauline Collins released this as a single in 1973. The theme tune was also used as the processional march for the church wedding of Elizabeth and Lawrence in series 1, Episode 13: For Love of Love.

Each episode of Upstairs, Downstairs was made in a fortnightly production schedule. The book Inside Updown has a detailed production history. The first week and a half would be spent rehearsing, with two days in the studio - the latter part of the second day being used for recording.[1] Location footage was usually shot beforehand. The exterior shots of 165 Eaton Place were filmed at 65 Eaton Place with the "1" painted on.[1]Upstairs, Downstairs was one of the first major colour productions to be made by LWT.[1] Interior sequences were first recorded in LWT's first studio production area in Wembley in London, for all of series one and the episode "A Pair of Exiles" in series two. For the rest of series two and for the remaining three series the interior sequences were recorded in LWT's brand new studio complex called Kent House, or as it is known today The London Studios on London's Southbank.

Herne Bay features in series three, episode thirteen “The Sudden Storm”, when the staff take a day out to the seaside.[4]

Upstairs, Downstairs was nominated for and won many national and international awards, winning two BAFTA awards, two Royal Television Society awards, three Writers Guild Awards, eight Emmys, and a Golden Globe. It was nominated for a further seven BAFTAs, nine Emmys and four Golden Globes. It was nominated for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Drama Series in 1972, 1973, 1975, and 1976, winning in 1972 and 1974. Pauline Collins was nominated for Best Actress in 1973 for her portrayal of Sarah Moffat and Gordon Jackson was nominated for Best Actor for playing Mr. Hudson in 1975.[5]

Following the final episode of Upstairs, Downstairs many ideas for spin-offs were thought of. These included having the new Lord and Lady Stockbridge buying back 165 Eaton Place and an American company wanted to make a programme based around Hudson and Rose emigrating to the United States. Jack Webb was interested in a series of Marsh and Gordon Jackson reprising their roles as head of a Los Angeles Employment Agency.[6] Another idea, called You Live or You Die, was to have Frederick Norton seeking his fortune in the US. A further idea would have followed Hudson, Mrs Bridges and Ruby running their seaside boarding house, and this probably would have been made had it not been for the death of Angela Baddeley on 22 February 1976. The only spin-off to make it onscreen was Thomas & Sarah, which broadcast in 1979, and this followed the adventures of Thomas and Sarah after they left Eaton Place.

A short-lived CBS series entitled Beacon Hill, which aired in the fall of 1975, was loosely based upon Upstairs, Downstairs; its executive producer, Beryl Vertue, was Jean Marsh's literary agent and had been responsible for helping sell the original Upstairs, Downstairs to LWT.[7]

Each series of Upstairs, Downstairs was accompanied by a novelisation, with additional detail in each, but also with some episodes missing. All books were published by Sphere Books. The novelisation of the first series, Upstairs, Downstairs or the secrets of an Edwardian household, was written by John Hawkesworth and published in 1972. Hawkesworth also wrote the series two novelisation, In My Lady's Chamber and this was published in 1973. The following year, Mollie Hardwick's novelisation of the third series, The Years of Change, was published and she also wrote the 1975 The War to End Wars, the fourth series novelisation. The fifth series, which was longer than the others, was novelised in two books, both by Michael Hardwick and published in 1975. They were called On With The Dance and Endings and Beginnings.

As well as these novelisations, five books were separately published, again by Sphere Books, with each being the biography of a main character before the series started. Rose's Story was written by Terence Brady & Charlotte Bingham and published in 1972. The following year, Mollie Hardwick's Sarah's Story and Michael Hardwick's Mr Hudson's Diaries were both published. Mr Bellamy's Story, by Michael Hardwick, was published in 1974 and Mrs Bridge's Story by Mollie Hardwick was published in 1975. Also in 1975, The Upstairs, Downstairs Omnibus, featuring all five slightly edited stories, was published.

John Pearson published The Bellamys of Eaton Place (a.k.a. The Bellamy Saga) in 1976.

The BBC series The Duchess of Duke Street is widely seen as the BBC's answer to Upstairs, Downstairs, not least because some of the same producers and writers worked on it, and it also has a theme tune by Faris. The 1990 BBC sitcom You Rang, M'Lord? also featured a similar situation. In the early 1990s, Marsh and Atkins created another successful period drama, The House of Eliott, for the BBC. In 1975, an American version, entitled Beacon Hill, debuted but due to low ratings it was soon cancelled, running for just thirteen episodes. Tom Wolfe called the series a plutography, i.e. a "graphic depiction of the lives of the rich".[8]

In 2000, a stop-motion animated series called Upstairs, Downstairs Bears, co-produced by Canada's Cinar and Scottish Television for the CITV block, was based upon Upstairs, Downstairs.[10] Ironically, it happened to air on the very last day of London Weekend Television's broadcasting under that brand (as part of the CITV block) on October 27, 2002; the next day LWT was subsumed into ITV London.

In 2009, the BBC announced it was to broadcast a revival of the series, with Jean Marsh reprising her role as Rose alongside a new cast in the same Eaton Place household. The new series was created and written by Heidi Thomas. The first series aired from 26 December 2010. Eileen Atkins appeared in the first series, but left her role before production on the second series began.

Upstairs, Downstairs was first released to Region One DVD in December 2001 by A&E Home Entertainment. During 2002, it released the remaining series and then released Thomas and Sarah on DVD in 2004. The individual releases have also been collected together into two boxed sets, the second of which, The Collector's Edition Megaset, also includes Thomas and Sarah. These are all out of print. Acorn Media is due to re-release the entire series, without Thomas and Sarah, in a 21-disc set that duplicates the content of the Network set listed below.

Upstairs, Downstairs was originally released on DVD by VCI in Region 2 (UK). The colour episodes of the first series were released in 2001 followed by the other series finishing in 2003. In 2004, the black-and-white episodes and the first episode with the original ending were released. Thomas & Sarah was released in matching packaging in 2004. In 2005, VCI stopped making these DVDs, none of which had included any extras.

Network Video released the entire programme series-by-series from 2005 to 2006. The episodes were digitally remastered and the black-and-white episodes were put in chronological order in the first series. Some episodes also featured audio commentaries, the LWT logo, commercial bumpers and the original preceding countdowns. In addition, each series was accompanied by a special one-hour documentary relating to that series featuring new and archive interviews. The fifth series release also featured the 1975 documentary Russell Harty goes . . . "Upstairs, Downstairs". In 2006, a boxed set featuring all the DVDs was released.

Universal DVD released all five series to DVD in Australia and New Zealand. These were later deleted. Timelife issued the series as a mail-order collection. ITV began re-releasing the series in Australia in January 2013.

1.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed

2.
Jean Marsh
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Jean Lyndsey Torren Marsh, OBE is an English actress and writer. Marsh co-created and starred in the ITV series Upstairs, Downstairs and she later reprised the role in the BBCs revival of the series. Marsh also co-created the television series The House of Eliott in 1991 and her film appearances include Cleopatra, Frenzy, The Changeling, Return to Oz, Willow and Monarch. She was a regular in the ITV series The Informer starring Ian Hendry, hawaii Five O1978 Marsh appeared several times in the BBC series Doctor Who. She first appeared alongside William Hartnell in the 1965 serial The Crusade as Lady Joanna and she returned later that year as companion Sara Kingdom in the 12-part serial The Daleks Master Plan. Marsh reprised the role in the audio plays Home Truths in 2008, The Drowned World in 2009, The Guardian of the Solar System in 2010, The Five Companions in 2011 and The Anachronauts in 2012. She also appeared in the 1989 television serial Battlefield as Morgana Le Fay and she made an un-billed cameo appearance in the 2013 docudrama about Doctor Who, An Adventure in Space and Time. Marsh was featured as Bertha Mason Rochester in the George C, scott-Susannah York version of Jane Eyre, directed by Delbert Mann. The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom in 1970, Marshs 2000 film about the death of Henry VIII, Monarch, with T. P. McKenna, written and directed by John Walsh was re-released in cinemas in 2014. With Eileen Atkins, Marsh created the British period drama Upstairs, Downstairs, the programme was internationally popular and received numerous awards including two BAFTAs, two Royal Television Society awards, eight Emmys and a Golden Globe. The actress also received awards from the American Drama Centre and American Drama Critics Circle for the role, Marsh and Eileen Atkins created a second television series The House of Eliott, three series of which were broadcast between 1991 and 1994. This time, Marsh did not act in the series, in 1994, she starred in a villain role in the Nickelodeon/Thames Television remake of The Tomorrow People. After several other guest roles in television, she played a supporting role on the situation comedy 9 to 5 in 1982 and 1983. Marsh served as the presenter for International Animation Festival, an American public television series featuring award-winning animated short films from around the world, the thirteen-part series was originally broadcast in 1975 on PBS. From 2000 until 2002, Marsh appeared in The Ghost Hunter and her many stage credits included the West End stage revival of Boeing Boeing at the Comedy Theatre in 2007 and in Peter Halls production of The Portrait of a Lady in 2008. She appeared in BBC Fours Crooked House in December 2008 in a role written for her by Mark Gatiss. A three-part revival of Upstairs Downstairs was commissioned by the BBC with the first episode broadcast on BBC One on 26 December 2010. Marsh reprised her role as Rose Buck, who had returned to London to run an agency for domestic servants after a period spent nursing her mother in Suffolk, Eileen Atkins, who co-created the original series with Marsh, also starred in the revived series

3.
David Langton
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For the fictional television character, please see David Langton David Muir Langton was a British actor who is best remembered for playing Richard Bellamy in the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. David Langton was born Basil Muir Langton-Dodds to a family in Motherwell. His father was a merchant and Langtons family moved to England when he was four years old. He attended a school in Bath, Somerset and left education at the age of 16. Langtons father had encouraged him to go into acting and got him his first job touring with a small Shakespearean company. At 19 years old, Langton left the theatre and went to live on Yell, an island in the Shetlands. However, he admitted this was a disaster, and when he went back to the mainland when his mother was ill. In 1938, Langton returned to working full-time in theatre and it was at this time that he changed his name to David Langton, as there was already an actor called Basil Langton, and his legal name was David Muir Langton. However, in 1939 the war broke out and Langton soon enlisted and he first served in the Royal Artillery ending up a sergeant and was later commissioned in the Northumberland Hussars and ended up a major. Langton served in France, Germany and Belgium and he married his first wife, Rosemary, in 1940. When the war ended, they realised that the marriage had been a mistake, the eldest, Simon, a director, would later work with his father on the set of Upstairs, Downstairs. Following the death of his father, Langton went missing and was discovered in New York City and he later explained that he needed a break, and soon returned to Seagulls Over Sorrento, which finished its run in 1953. Following Seagulls Over Sorrento, he acted in plays, including Agatha Christies Rule of Three and The Devils Disciple. He also appeared in such as The Trials of Oscar Wilde, A Hard Days Night. Langton achieved international fame in 1971 playing family patriarch Richard Bellamy in the historical serial drama Upstairs, Downstairs. He was given the role after an encounter with producer John Whitney at the Garrick Club in London. During some of Upstairs, Downstairss run, Langton actually lived in Eaton Place, the square in Belgravia where Upstairs, Downstairs was set and his final television appearances were in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes and Absolutely in 1991, and The Good Guys in 1992. Langton had also continued to appear on stage, including appearances in Night and Day, Ross, in May 1975, Langton married his second wife, Claire Green, the former wife of TV host Hughie Green

4.
Rachel Gurney
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Rachel Gurney was an English actress. She began her career in the theatre towards the end of World War II and then expanded into television and she remained active, mostly in television and theatre work, into the early 1990s. She was best known for playing the elegant Lady Marjorie Bellamy in the ITV period drama Upstairs, Downstairs, rachel Gurney was born in Buckinghamshire, England on 5 March 1920. Her father, Samuel Gurney Lubbock, was a housemaster at Eton and her mother, due to her fathers occupation, Gurney grew up in a large house with 42 boys that was often host to visiting artists and musicians. As a teenager she attended the Dr Challoners High School in Little Chalfont, in 1938 Gurney entered the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art to study acting. World War II postponed her acting career, and she did not make her debut until 1945 with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. At the close of the war she became a regular presence on the West End. In the same year she married novelist Denys Rhodes but their marriage ended in 1950 in divorce and they had one daughter together, actress Sharon Gurney. Gurney continued to regularly on the London stage during the 1950s. Several of her appearances were broadcast live on television on the BBC Sunday Night Theatre including The Tragedy of Pompey the Great, The Doctors Dilemma. In 1952 she portrayed the roles of Mabel in First Person Singular and she also appeared as Alice in The Voysey Inheritance at the Arts Theatre and as Mrs. George Lamb in Caro William at the Embassy Theatre. The following year she played Valerie Carrington in the groundbreaking play Carrington VC at the Westminster Theatre and she remained busy over the next several years appearing as Avice Brunton in The Bombshell, Portia in The Merchant of Venice and Olivia in The Chalk Garden. In 1959 she replaced Celia Johnson as Hilary in The Grass is Greener at the St. Martins Theatre, Gurney also began to appear in both films and television in the 1950s. Her first film role was in Tom Browns Schooldays in 1951 and this was followed by the films The Blakes Slept Here, Room in the House, Port Afrique and A Touch of Larceny. Her television credits at this time included Night River, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Colonel March of Scotland Yard, Our Mutual Friend, Gurney continued to remain active in theatre, television and film during the 1960s. On the stage she most notably starred opposite John Gielgud as Hermione in the 1965 production of A Winters Tale and she also starred in the 1969 touring production of Shaws On the Rocks opposite David Tomlinson, Robert Flemyng and Jack Hulbert. Her later film roles included Funeral in Berlin and I Want What I Want, Gurney remained active in theatre during the 1970s. She appeared as Mrs Darling in Peter Pan at the Palladium in 1975, in 1977 Gurney made her American stage debut off-Broadway as Mrs. Clandon in George Bernard Shaws You Never Can Tell at the Roundabout Theatre in New York City

5.
Gordon Jackson (actor)
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Lt. Andrew MacDonald, Intelligence, in The Great Escape. Gordon Jackson was born in Glasgow in 1923, the youngest of five children and he attended Hillhead High School, and in his youth he took part in BBC radio shows including Childrens Hour. He left school aged 15 and became a draughtsman for Rolls-Royce and his film career began in 1942, when producers from Ealing Studios were looking for a young Scot to act in The Foreman Went to France and he was suggested for the part. After this, he returned to his job at Rolls-Royce, but he was asked to do more films. Jackson soon appeared in films, including Millions Like Us, San Demetrio London, The Captive Heart, Eureka Stockade. In the early years of his career, Jackson also worked in theatre in Glasgow, Worthing. In 1949, he starred in the film Floodtide, along with actress Rona Anderson and he and Anderson married two years later on 2 June 1951. They had two sons, Graham and Roddy, the same year, he made his London stage debut, appearing in Seagulls Over Sorrento. In the 1950s and 1960s he appeared on television in such as The Adventures of Robin Hood, ABC of Britain, Gideons Way. In 1955 he had a part in The Quatermass Xperiment. He later had supporting roles in the films The Great Escape, The Bridal Path, in 1969, he and his wife had important roles in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. That year, he played Horatio in Tony Richardsons production of Hamlet and he won a Clarence Derwent Award for Best Supporting Actor, Gordon Jackson became a household name playing the stern Scottish butler Hudson in sixty episodes of the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs from 1971 to 1975. In 1976, he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor for the episode The Beastly Hun, in 1974, he was named British Actor of the Year and in 1979 he was made an OBE. Jackson was cast opposite Bette Davis for the American television film Madame Sin and his next big television role was in The Professionals from 1977. He played George Cowley in all 57 episodes until the end in 1983. He played Noel Strachan in the Australian Second World War drama A Town Like Alice, from 1985 to 1986, Jackson narrated two afternoon cookery shows in New Zealand for TVNZ called Fresh and Fancy Fare and its successor Country Fare. His last role before his death was in Effies Burning, in December 1989, he was diagnosed with bone cancer, the diagnosis was too late and nothing could be done, and he died on Sunday 15 January 1990 aged 66, in London. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, note, TV movies are listed in the filmography

6.
Angela Baddeley
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Angela Baddeley, CBE was an English stage and television actress, best-remembered for her role as household cook Mrs. Bridges in the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. Her stage career lasted more than six decades, born as Madeleine Angela Clinton-Baddeley in West Ham, London in 1904 into a wealthy family, she would later base the character of Mrs. Bridges on one of the cooks her family employed. Her younger sister was actress Hermione Baddeley, who is known to American audiences for such appearances as on NBCs Little House on the Prairie. In 1912, aged 8, Angela made her stage début at the Dalston Palace of Varieties, Dalston, when she was nine, she auditioned at the Old Vic Theatre. In November 1915 she made her stage début at the Old Vic in Richard III, during her teenage years, the consummate little actress, as a national paper had once called her when she was 10, starred in many musicals and pantomimes. She briefly retired from acting at age 18 and her first marriage, to Stephen Thomas, produced one daughter. On 8 July 1929 she married actor/stage director Glen Byam Shaw, after spending some time touring in Australia, Baddeley established herself as a popular stage actress. Later in the decade, Baddeley had a role in the MGM-British film, The Citadel, throughout the 1940s, she played many strong female roles on stage, including Miss Prue in Love for Love and Nora in The Winslow Boy. She played the bawd in Tony Richardsons production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1958 and she played Mistress Quickly in several episodes of the BBC Shakespeare history series An Age of Kings, performing with her sister Hermione as Doll Tearsheet. In the original version of Upstairs, Downstairs she played Mrs Bridges, the resident cook at 165 Eaton Place, who, when the show ended, married the butler, Angus Hudson. A possible spin-off was in the works featuring Mrs. Bridges married life with Mr. Hudson and her long-time kitchen maid Ruby Finch, Baddeley replaced Hermione Gingold in the second cast of the original London run of the musical A Little Night Music. She was made a CBE in 1975 for services to the theatre and she died at Grayshott Hall in 1976 from pneumonia at age 71, shortly after Upstairs, Downstairs ended its run. She is interred, along with her husband Glen Byam Shaw, at St Marys Church, Wargrave and she was the grandmother of Charles Hart, lyricist of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, The Phantom of the Opera

7.
George Innes
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George Innes is an English actor. Innes was born in Wapping, East London, and began his career on the stage with the National Theatre of Great Britain under Laurence Olivier. Before that, he trained at Toynbee Hall and evening classes at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, where he was awarded the Shakespeare Cup for excellence. He appeared in the Bernard Kops play The Dream of Peter Mann at the Edinburgh Festival and on a tour of Great Britain, directed by Frank Dunlop, under whom he had trained at Toynbee Hall and LAMDA. His final year of study and training was at the Bristol Old Vic School and he worked with Dunlop again in The Pantomime at the Bristol Old Vic, before a season at Nottingham Playhouse with Dunlop and John Neville. Other theatre credits include working for The Royal Court production company in Chips with Everything and he appeared in Othello with Olivier at the National Theatre at Chichester and the Old Vic. Other performances in this period include roles in Dutch Courtesan, Mother Courage, Hobsons Choice, at the National Theatre at South Bank, he appeared in Tom Stoppards Jumpers, Bedroom Farce, and The Vortex at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. In 1993–94 he appeared in The Rise and Fall of Little Voice with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, with Simon Curtis directing in Chicago, returning to London, he performed at the Southwark Playhouse in Rosmersholm and Riders to the Sea. In 2009 he appeared off-Broadway in The Lodger at the Workshop Theatre, there he developed his one-man show called Tribute, based on the Ages of Man by Sir John Gielgud. It was also performed at The Players, a club in New York City. The show played during the August 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Festival to excellent reviews, in March 2010, he performed Tribute at the Barrons Court Pub Theatre in London, receiving these reviews. The whole show centres around a superb talent, not Gielguds, the veteran performer has a marvellously warming presence with a deep velvet voice that could make a line from Avenue Q sound profound. Tribute really is a display of extraordinary talent and he performed the show at the Workshop Theatre in New York, touring westward to California. Innes has been nominated for an Emmy Award for his work in television. Credits include classic British and American programmes, Alfred in Upstairs, Downstairs, Jumbo in Budgie, Wilkins in Danger UXB, I, Claudius, The Good Life, Rumpole of the Bailey, masada, Hill Street Blues, Magnum, P. I. Cagney and Lacey, M*A*S*H, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, Adam Bede, Seekers, Agatha Christie, Noble House, Midsomer Murders, Menace, The Brief, billy Liar as Stamp A Bridge too Far as Sergeant Macdonald George Innes at the Internet Movie Database

8.
Pauline Collins
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Pauline Collins, OBE is an English actress of stage, television, and film, who first came to prominence portraying Sarah Moffat in Upstairs, Downstairs and its spin-off, Thomas & Sarah. In 1992, she released her autobiography, titled Letter to Louise, Collins played the title role in the play Shirley Valentine, for which she won an Olivier Award in 1988, and Drama Desk and Tony Awards in 1989. She reprised the role in the 1989 film adaptation, winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and receiving Golden Globe and she also starred in the television dramas Forever Green and The Ambassador. Her other film appearances include City of Joy, Paradise Road, Albert Nobbs, Quartet, Collins was born in Exmouth, Devon, the daughter of Mary Honora, a schoolteacher, and William Henry Collins, a school headmaster. She is of Irish extraction, and was brought up as a Roman Catholic in Wallasey near Liverpool and her great-uncle was Irish poet Jeremiah Joseph Callanan. Collins was educated at Sacred Heart High School, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. Before turning to acting, she worked as a teacher until 1962 and she made her stage debut at Windsor in A Gazelle in Park Lane in 1962 and her West End debut in Passion Flower Hotel in 1965. During the plays run, she made her first film, Secrets of a Windmill Girl, released in 1966. Collins played Samantha Briggs in the 1967 Doctor Who serial The Faceless Ones and was offered the chance to continue in the series as a new companion for the Doctor, but declined the invitation. Other early TV credits include the UKs first medical soap Emergency - Ward 10, Collins first became well known for her role as the maid Sarah in the 1970s ITV drama series Upstairs, Downstairs. She co-narrated the animated British childrens TV series Little Miss with husband John Alderton in 1983, in connection with her Upstairs, Downstairs role, Collins recorded a 1973 single for Decca, What Are We Going to Do with Uncle Arthur. She was a subject of the television programme This Is Your Life in April 1972 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews, in 1988, Collins starred in the one-woman play Shirley Valentine in London, reprising the role on Broadway in 1989 and in the 1989 film version. The film won a number of awards and nominations and she was voted sexiest woman in Britain in 1990. It ran from 1989 to 1992 over 18 episodes, Collins film credits include 1992s City of Joy, 1995s My Mothers Courage, 1997s Paradise Road, and 2002s Mrs Caldicots Cabbage War, which also featured Alderton. In 1999 and 2000, Collins starred as Harriet Smith in the BBC television drama Ambassador, other television credits include The Saint, The Wednesday Play, Armchair Theatre, Play for Today, Tales of the Unexpected, Country Matters and The Black Tower. In 2002, she guest starred in Man and Boy, the dramatisation of Tony Parsons best-seller, in 2005 she appeared as Miss Flite in the BBC production of Charles Dickens Bleak House. In 2006, she became only the actor to have been in both the original and new series of Doctor Who, appearing in the episode Tooth and Claw as Queen Victoria. Later in 2006, she appeared in Extinct, a programme where eight celebrities campaigned on behalf of an animal to save it from extinction, Collins campaigned to save the Bengal tiger and won the public vote

9.
John Alderton
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John Alderton is an English actor who is best known for his roles in Upstairs, Downstairs, Thomas & Sarah, Wodehouse Playhouse, Little Miss, Please Sir. and Fireman Sam. Alderton has often starred alongside his wife, Pauline Collins, Alderton was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, the son of Ivy and Gordon John Alderton. He grew up in Hull where he attended Kingston High School, Alderton first became familiar to television viewers in 1962, when he played Dr Moone in the ITV soap opera, Emergency – Ward 10. He married his co-star, Jill Browne, but they later divorced, in 1972 he appeared with Hannah Gordon in the BBC comedy series My Wife Next Door which ran for 13 episodes, and for which he won a Jacobs Award in 1975. He then transferred to another top-rated ITV series when he played Thomas Watkins and he was a subject of the television programme This Is Your Life in 1974 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. He made his first stage appearance with the company of the Theatre Royal, York in August 1961. After a period in repertory, made his first London appearance at the Mermaid, November,1965, as Harold Crompton in Spring and Port Wine, at the Aldwych, March 1969, played Eric Hoyden in the RSCs production of Dutch Uncle. At the Comedy Theatre, July 1969, played Jimmy Cooper in The Night I Chased the Women with an Eel. At the Howff, October,1973, played Stanley in Punch and Judy Stories, at the Shaw, January 1975, played Stanley in Pinters The Birthday Party. At the Apollo, May 1976, played four parts in Ayckbourns Confusions, from 1989 to 1992, he starred in the series Forever Green as the character Jack Boult, and appeared in the film Clockwork Mice in 1995. Alderton played against his wife Pauline in Mrs Caldicots Cabbage War in 2002 and made something of a comeback in the 2003 film, then, in 2004 he played a role in the BBC series of Anthony Trollopes He Knew He Was Right. Also in 2004 Alderton starred in the first series of ITV 1s Doc Martin in an episode entitled Of All The Harbours In All The Towns as sailor John Slater and he played Christopher Casby in the 2008 BBC adaptation of Charles Dickens Little Dorrit. He married actress Jill Browne in 1964 but they later divorced, in 1969, he married actress Pauline Collins and they had three children, a daughter and two sons. Alderton is also the stepfather of Collins daughter Louise, John Alderton at the Internet Movie Database John Alderton John Aldertons appearance on This Is Your Life

10.
Lesley-Anne Down
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Lesley-Anne Down is an English actress, former model, and singer. She achieved fame as Georgina Worsley in the ITV drama series Upstairs, Downstairs and she received further recognition for her performances in the films The Pink Panther Strikes Again, A Little Night Music, The First Great Train Robbery, Hanover Street, Sphinx and Nomads. She is also known as Madeline Fabray in the miniseries North and South, in 1990, Down played the role Stephanie Rogers in the CBS drama series Dallas. During 1997–99 she played Olivia Richards in the NBC series Sunset Beach, from April 2003 to February 2012, she portrayed Jackie Marone in the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. Down was born on 17 March 1954 and raised in Wandsworth, South West London and she began acting and modelling, and in her teenage years had won several beauty pageants. She was voted Britains most beautiful teenager at the age of fifteen and she made her feature film debut in a supporting role of British drama The Smashing Bird I Used to Know in 1969. In 1973, Down was cast as Georgina Worsley, Marchioness of Stockbridge, on the Emmy Award-winning British drama series and this role was her career breakthrough, and after the show ended in 1975 she moved to Hollywood and began her film career. She starred in the 1976 movie The Pink Panther Strikes Again, down worked as leading lady in film, and starred opposite Kirk Douglas, Laurence Olivier, Sean Connery, Anthony Hopkins and Donald Sutherland in various films. Her major roles were in The Betsy, The First Great Train Robbery, Hanover Street, Rough Cut, down has appeared on stage in Hamlet and a musical version of Great Expectations. Down has played number of leading roles in made for television movies and miniseries and she starred in 1978 British drama The One and Only Phyllis Dixey as Phyllis Dixey. She played the role of Esméralda in a British-American TV movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1982 opposite Anthony Hopkins, and starred in Murder Is Easy, Indiscreet, in 1985, she starred in Arch of Triumph with Anthony Hopkins and Donald Pleasence. She starred in the ABC miniseries The Last Days of Pompeii in 1984, for her role as Madeline Fabray LaMotte in North and South, she was nominated for Golden Globe Award in 1986. She later starred in North and South, Book II, and Heaven & Hell, North & South and she turned down the roles in Fatal Attraction and on The Thorn Birds. In 1990, Down was cast as regular for a limited run in the CBS primetime soap opera Dallas as Stephanie Rogers. She earned a quarter of a million dollars salary for a 10-week shoot, in the 1990s, Down starred in several small feature and television films, and played guest roles on television series such as The Nanny and Diagnosis, Murder. She starred in the 1994 film Death Wish V, The Face of Death, opposite Charles Bronson, in 1996 Aaron Spelling cast her as Olivia Blake on the NBC soap opera Sunset Beach. The series aired from January 1997 to December 1999, after the soap was cancelled, Down starred in Lifetime movies The Perfect Wife, and You Belong to Me. In 2003, Down was cast in another soap as Jackie Marone on CBSs The Bold, in January 2012, Down confirmed that she would be departing the program

11.
Gareth Hunt
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Alan Leonard Hunt was a British actor, known as Gareth Hunt, best remembered for playing the footman Frederick Norton in Upstairs, Downstairs and Mike Gambit in The New Avengers. Alan Leonard Hunt was born in Battersea, London in 1943 and his father was killed in the Second World War when Hunt was two years old, and he was brought up by his mother Doris and stepfather. At the age of 15, he joined the Merchant Navy, after six years, he jumped ship in New Zealand and worked in a car plant for a year before he was caught and served three months in a military prison. Hunt was then deported back to Britain and while taking a BBC design course he held a variety of jobs, including stagehand, road digger, butchers assistant and door-to-door salesman. Having had an interest in acting since his years, he subsequently trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Following that, Hunt did rep across the United Kingdom and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, among the many stage productions he appeared in were Twelfth Night, Oh. What a Lovely War and West Side Story, Hunt started his television career in 1968, playing a private Kitson in one episode of series Frontier. In 1972, Hunt played a policeman in For the Love of Ada, in 1974, Gareth had roles in the Doctor Who story Planet of the Spiders and Bless This House. In 1975 he played Thomas Woolner in The Love School, in 1974, Gareth Hunt appeared in the Upstairs, Downstairs episode Missing Believed Killed as Trooper Norton, batman to James Bellamy. The character was a one, however, his performance led producers John Hawkesworth. Hunt continued playing Frederick Norton, who had by now become the footman, until the episode of the fifth series. In 1975, Hunt made appearances in The Hanged Man, Softly, Softly, in 1976, the year after leaving Upstairs Downstairs, Hunt starred alongside Joanna Lumley and Patrick Macnee in The New Avengers. The shows producers said he was cast because of his part in Upstairs, Downstairs, Hunt played secret agent Mike Gambit and starred in the show until its end after two series in 1977. In 1979 he appeared in the films Licensed to Love and Kill, in which he portrayed secret agent Charles Bind, after that in the late 1970s and 1980s, Hunt made appearances in Sunday Night Thriller, Minder and Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense. Hunt appeared alongside Julia McKenzie in That Beryl Marston and he also appeared in the films Funny Money and Bloodbath at the House of Death, and in 1988 he played many parts in the Pet Shop Boys film It Couldnt Happen Here. Hunt starred in a series of adverts for the coffee brand Nescafé in the 1980s, with a trademark move, to shake his closed hand then open it, to reveal coffee beans. In more recent years his name has been used in rhyming slang for an expletive. From 1992 to 1993 Hunt had a role in the sitcom Side by Side

12.
Anthony Andrews
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Anthony Colin Gerald Andrews is an English actor best known for his role as Lord Sebastian Flyte in the 1981 ITV miniseries Brideshead Revisited. Andrews was born in London, the son of Geraldine Agnes, a dancer, and Stanley Thomas Andrews and he grew up in the North Finchley district of London. At the age of eight he undertook dancing lessons, making his debut as the White Rabbit in a stage adaptation of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland. He auditioned in 1968 for a production of Alan Bennetts new play, Forty Years On, Andrews was cast as Skinner, one of twenty schoolboys, the role gave him the opportunity at an early age of working with Gielgud. Andrews was replaced in the part by Lewis Collins, following this, in 1979, he was the main star of the ITV television series Danger UXB, in which Andrews played a British bomb disposal officer in World War II during the London Blitz. The series first aired in the United States in 1979 on Masterpiece Theatre and his subsequent work includes the leading role of Lord Sebastian Flyte in Brideshead Revisited. In 1982, he won a Golden Globe and BAFTA TV Award for his performance and was nominated for an Emmy Award. In the United States, Andrews is best known for his portrayal of the character in Ivanhoe as well as that of Sir Percy Blakeney in the 1982 film. He played Professor Higgins in a version of My Fair Lady. In 2003 Andrews survived a case of water intoxication, the condition, known as hyponatraemia, is caused by the dilution of sodium in the body. It has similar symptoms to dehydration, such as headaches, nausea, whilst performing as Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady he would consume up to eight litres of water a day. He lost consciousness and spent three days in intensive care and he married Georgina Simpson of the Simpsons of Piccadilly department store family. Their daughter Amy is a god-daughter of Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, lost in Siberia Haunted Count Fosco in The Woman in White. Professor Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady, seasons with The New Shakespeare Company and Chichester Festival Theatre. Somerset Maughams The Letter at the Wyndhams Theatre, London, oscar in premiere of Bully Boy at the Nuffield Theatre, Southampton. Coming In To Land at the National Theatre, London, anthony Andrews at the Internet Movie Database

13.
Karen Dotrice
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Karen Dotrice is a British actress, known primarily for her role as Jane Banks in Walt Disneys feature film adaptation of the Mary Poppins book series. Dotrice was born in Guernsey to two accomplished stage actors and she appeared in five television programmes between 1972 and 1978, when she made her only feature film as an adult. Her life as an actress concluded with a run as Desdemona in the 1981 pre-Broadway production of Othello. She was named a Disney Legend in 2004, born into a theatre family, Dotrice is the daughter of Kay and Roy Dotrice, two Shakespearean actors who met and married while performing in repertory productions in England. Her father also was born in the Channel Islands and she has two sisters, Michele and Yvette, both of whom are actresses. Her godfather was actor Charles Laughton, who was married to Elsa Lanchester, Dotrice was a toddler when her father joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1957. By age four, she was ready to perform, making her début in an RSC production of The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht, there, a Disney scout saw Dotrice and brought her to Burbank, California, to meet Walt Disney. At age eight, Dotrice was hired in 1963 to appear in The Three Lives of Thomasina as a girl whose relationship with her father is mended by the reappearance of her cat. While Dotrice was in California, her father stayed in England—where he was portraying King Lear—and Walt Disney personally took care of her family, Dotrice took quickly to Disney as a father figure, calling him Uncle Walt. She said the admiration was mutual, I think he really liked English kids and he was tickled pink by the accent and the etiquette. And when I was being very English and polite, he would look proudly at this little charge who had good manners. Film historian Leonard Maltin said Dotrice won over everyone with her performance in The Three Lives of Thomasina, instead, they hire a nanny who takes Jane and Michael on magical adventures designed to teach them—and their parents—about the importance of family. Poppins was Disneys biggest commercial success at the time and won five Academy Awards, Dotrice and Garber were praised for their natural screen presence, critic Bosley Crowther wrote, the kids. Are just as they should be, while author Brian Sibley said, Dotrice and Garber paired up a third time in The Gnome-Mobile as the grandchildren of a rich lumber mogul who stumble across a gnome forest and help to stop the gnomes from dying off. Starring Walter Brennan in a role, The Gnome-Mobile failed to perform on a par with Poppins at the box office. After The Gnome-Mobile, the no longer kept in contact with each other. I wished I had picked up the phone over the years, I wished I had treated him more like a brother, in another interview she recalled, was how he looked—an imp, and I loved being his shadow. I cant imagine making movies would have half as much fun without him

14.
Margaretta Scott
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Margaretta Scott was an English stage, screen and television actress whose career spanned over seventy years. She is best remembered for playing the eccentric widow Mrs. Pumphrey in the BBC television series All Creatures Great, Scott was born in London in 1912 to Bertha Eugene and Hugh Arthur Scott, a distinguished music critic. She trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where she shared a scholarship with Celia Johnson and was awarded the Kendal Prize and she appeared as Viola at the New Theatre and as Ophelia and Juliet in a couple of BBC radio productions in 1932. In 1933 she played the first of four seasons at the Open Air Theatre in Regents Park. She also played Lavinia in George Bernard Shaws Androcles and the Lion with the rehearsals under the supervision of the author himself, by 1939 Scott had become one of the United Kingdoms leading young stage actresses. Scott was a signatory of the document that established Equity, the British actors trade union, scotts screen career began in 1934 when she made an uncredited appearance in Alexander Kordas The Private Life of Don Juan. Engaged by Korda, Scott made three pictures for London Films, Things to Come as Roxana/Rowana in H. G. Wells adaptation of his novel with Ralph Richardson, Raymond Massey and Ann Todd. Throughout the war Scott continued to perform in theatrical productions both at home and abroad, touring North Africa and Italy with ENSA in 1944, in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s Scott continued to play a wide range of roles on stage and screen. At this time, she appeared in such as The Man from Morocco. Town on Trial, The Scamp, Mayerling and Crescendo, over the course of the next three decades Scott appeared on stage throughout the United Kingdom and toured in plays abroad including the Far East, Canada and North and South Africa. Her last West End role was with Leo McKern in the revival of Hobsons Choice directed by Frank Hauser. Scott was one of the first women to perform Shakespeare on television, in 1946, she portrayed Portia in a made for television production of The Merchant of Venice. For twenty-five years, from the 1970s, Scott played a number of distinguished parts in television dramas. The character was based largely on Miss Marjory Warner of Sowerby, Scott was married to the English composer John Wooldridge, who was killed in a car accident in 1958. Their daughter, Susan Wooldridge, is also an actress and their son, Hugh Wooldridge is a theatre director, Scott died in 2005, aged 93, from natural causes and is buried with her husband, John, at St Lawrences Church, Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire. A devout Roman Catholic, she belonged to the British Catholic Stage Guild

15.
Joan Benham
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Joan Benham was an English actress best known for her portrayal of Lady Prudence Fairfax in the ITV period drama series Upstairs, Downstairs. She was born in London and was the first cousin of Hollywood actress Olive Sturgess, although her career mostly centred on television, Benham began her career appearing on the West End stage in the 1940s and continued to appear on the London stage periodically throughout her career. She appeared on Broadway as Helena in the 1954 revival of William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream opposite Patrick Macnee as Demetrius, Joan Benham appeared in sixteen episodes of Upstairs, Downstairs, from the first to the last series, as Bellamy family friend, Lady Prudence Fairfax. Other television programmes she appeared in include, Doctor in the House, Doctor in Charge, Father Brown, The Duchess of Duke Street, Doctor on the Go, Just William and her film credits include the Miss Marple movie Murder Ahoy. Ladies Who Do, Perfect Friday, and Carry On Emmannuelle and her last role was as Melinda Spry in the sitcom Terry and June. This episode, The Lawnmower, was broadcast on 13 November 1981, exactly five months after the day she had died, in Westminster, London, Joan Benham at the Internet Movie Database Joan Benham at the Internet Broadway Database

16.
Ian Ogilvy
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Ian Raymond Ogilvy is an English-American actor, playwright, and novelist. Ogilvy was born in Woking, Surrey, England, to Francis Fairfield Ogilvy, brother of advertising executive David Ogilvy and his grandfather, Francis John Longley Ogilvy, was a Gaelic-speaking Highlander from Scotland who was a classics scholar and a financial broker. He was educated at Sunningdale School, Eton College, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and he is best known as the star of the television series Return of the Saint, in which he assumed the role of Simon Templar from Roger Moore. The role led to his being considered a contender for the role of James Bond in the early 1980s. He never played the part, although he did play a Bond-like character in a series of North American TV commercials broadcast in the early 1990s. At least once, in an episode of Kung Fu, The Legend Continues, Dragons Wing II, he played a Bond-like British agent, complete with white dinner jacket. He recorded a series of readings of Ian Flemings James Bond novels in the early 1980s and he has also worked widely in the American theatre. Among his films, Ogilvy had a part in the 1970 epic film Waterloo. He was a friend of the film-maker Michael Reeves and starred in all three of Reevess films, Revenge of the Blood Beast, The Sorcerers and Witchfinder General and he also had a role in the short-lived 1990s American soap opera, Malibu Shores. He has had roles in one hundred television shows, often appearing as a guest star. He appeared in the television series Upstairs, Downstairs, and may be best known to American audiences for this role. He guest-starred in The Avengers in the 1968 episode They Keep Killing Steed as Baron Von Curt, in 1976, he featured in the pilot episode of the television comedy series Ripping Yarns, co-produced by former Monty Python members Michael Palin and Terry Jones. He also appeared in I, Claudius, and guest-starred in 6 episodes of Murder and he appeared as Edgar Linton in the 1970 film version of Wuthering Heights and as Owen Gereth in 1970s BBC dramatisation of The Spoils of Poynton. In the 1990s, he guest-starred in the American television series Babylon 5, the series star, Bruce Boxleitner, is the former husband of Ogilvys second wife, actress Kathryn Holcomb. The books have been translated into at least 15 languages, and there are plans to produce a film based upon Measle and he has written and published two novels – Loose Chippings and The Polkerton Giant – and two plays, A Slight Hangover and Swap. Currently running in Poland in its third successful year and his memoir, Once A Saint, was published by Little Brown/Constable, in May 2016. Ogilvy was married to Diane Hart from 1968–83, they had one child and he married Kathryn Holcomb in 1992, and later became a naturalised United States citizen. Ian Ogilvy at the Internet Movie Database

17.
Raymond Huntley
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Raymond Huntley was an English actor who appeared in dozens of British films from the 1930s to the 1970s. Huntley also appeared in the ITV period drama Upstairs, Downstairs as the family solicitor Sir Geoffrey Dillon. Born in Birmingham in 1904, Huntley made his debut at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre on 1 April 1922. His London debut followed at the Court Theatre on 22 February 1924, later that year he was offered the chance to reprise the role on Broadway, when he declined, the part was taken by Bela Lugosi instead. Huntley did, however, appear in a US touring production of the Deane/Balderston play, covering the east coast and midwest, I have always considered the role of Count Dracula to have been an indiscretion of my youth, he recalled in 1989. After Dracula, he made his Broadway debut at the Vanderbilt Theatre on 23 February 1931 and he also starred opposite Flora Robson in the Broadway production of Black Chiffon. In his later years, he became well-known on television as Sir Geoffrey Dillon, Huntley died in Westminster Hospital, London in 1990. In his obituary, the New York Times wrote, During his long career the actor played judges, bank managers, churchmen, bureaucrats and other figures of authority. He could play them if necessary, but in comedy his natural dryness of delivery was exaggerated to the point where the character he was playing invited mockery as a pompous humbug. Raymond Huntley at the Internet Movie Database Raymond Huntley at the Internet Broadway Database

18.
Cathleen Nesbitt
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Cathleen Nesbitt, CBE was a British actress of stage, film and television. Her younger brother, Thomas Nesbitt, Jr. acted in one film in 1925 and she made her debut in London in the stage revival of Arthur Wing Pineros The Cabinet Minister. She acted in countless plays after that, in 1911, she joined the Irish Players, went to the United States and debuted on Broadway in The Well of the Saints. She became the love of English poet Rupert Brooke in 1912, after five other plays there, she returned to England. For the rest of the decade she performed in London, her roles included the role in a revival of John Websters The Duchess of Malfi. Her film debut was in the silent A Star Over Night and she then performed in The Faithful Heart. She did not appear in a film again until 1930, when she played the role of Anne Lymes in Canaries Sometimes Sing, in 1932, she appeared in The Frightened Lady. She appeared in the 1938 film version of Pygmalion as a lady who attends the Embassy ball, in the opening credits her first name was spelled as Kathleen, but as Cathleen at the end of the film. She played the part of Mother in the 1949 BBC TV remake of the drama film Elizabeth of Ladymead, nesbitts first Hollywood film was Three Coins in the Fountain, in which she played the character role of La Principessa. This was followed that year by Black Widow, in which she played Lucia Colletti. She was Cary Grants Grandmother Janou in 1957s An Affair to Remember and and she also appeared in The Parent Trap, and Promise Her Anything. Other Broadway appearances included Aunt Alicia in the original Anita Loos adaptation of Gigi, Sabrina Fair, in 1956, she played Mrs. Higgins in My Fair Lady starring Rex Harrison. Nesbitt reprised the role in 1981, in her 90s, in a Broadway revival, opposite Harrison and she played Agatha Morley on the TV series The Farmers Daughter from 1963 to 1966, playing the mother of a Congressman. She guest starred on shows as The United States Steel Hour, Wagon Train, Naked City, Dr. Kildare. In 1969 she played Richard Burtons mother in the film Staircase and she played an elderly drug addict in French Connection II. Her next film was Hitchcocks Family Plot, in which she played Julia Rainbird and she then appeared as the grandmother in Julia. Her final film was Never Never Land as Edith Forbes and she was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1980 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Nesbitt became the love of English poet Rupert Brooke in 1912 and they were engaged to be married, but he died in 1915 at age 27 of blood poisoning, the result of a bite from an infected mosquito while he served in the Royal Navy during World War I

19.
Alexander Faris
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Samuel Alexander Sandy Faris was a Northern Irish composer, conductor and writer, known for his television theme tunes, including the theme music for the 1970s TV series Upstairs, Downstairs. He composed and recorded many operas and musicals, and also composed film scores, as a conductor, he was especially known for his revivals of Jacques Offenbach and Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. Faris was born in Caledon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, the third of the four children of George Faris, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife Grace and his aunt was the sculptress Anne Acheson. His father died of pernicious anemia when he was a toddler, and his mother moved the family to Belfast and his mother noticed his musical aptitude, and he was given piano lessons. He was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and won a Kitchener scholarship to study music at Christ Church and he served in World War II with the Irish Guards. After the war, still stationed in Europe, he was involved with the restoration of damaged German opera houses and he attended the Royal College of Music in 1948 and worked as a chorus master with the Carl Rosa Opera Company. Faris first conducted in London for a 1949 revival of Song of Norway at the Palace Theatre, in the 1950s, he served as the musical director for Carl Rosa and conducted for the Royal Ballet. He also conducted Summer Song at the Manchester Opera House in 1955, in between, in 1956 he was given a Commonwealth Fund fellowship to study in New York at the Juilliard School. Back in London, he was director, in 1959. Other operas that he conducted at Sadlers Wells included Madam Butterfly in 1966 and he conducted Carl Daviss television opera The Arrangement in 1965. Then in January 1962, on the first day after the copyright on W. S. Gilberts works expired, he conducted Iolanthe with Sadlers Wells at Stratford-upon-Avon and later The Mikado with that company. He was later engaged by the DOyly Carte Opera Company to conduct its last season in 1981–82, among other Gilbert and Sullivan engagements, Faris conducted The Mikado for the Turkish National Opera in Ankara. He also conducted The Yeomen of the Guard in the moat at the Tower of London for the 1978 City of London Festival and he was the conductor for twelve of the Savoy operas in the 1982 series of videos by Brent Walker productions. Four years later, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in Glasgow, other West End credits included Robert and Elizabeth, The Great Waltz and Billy, Bar Mitzvah Boy and Oklahoma. His original London cast recordings include Summer Song, Irma La Douce, Robert and Elizabeth, The Great Waltz, Bordello, Bar Mitzvah Boy, Faris also conducted for the London Symphony Orchestra, among other orchestras. He orchestrated music for Luciano Pavarotti, including Leoncavallos Mattinata for Pavarotti’s recording in 1976 and he composed the film scores for The Quare Fellow, He Who Rides a Tiger and Georgy Girl. He also wrote a scholarly Offenbach biography and a memoir, Da Capo Al Fine, the former remains one of the most important Offenbach biographies. For television he wrote the music for The Duchess of Duke Street, Wings, Fanny by Gaslight

20.
London Weekend Television
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London Weekend Television was the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm to Monday mornings at 6, 00am. Like most ITV franchises, including Carltons, the London weekend franchise is operated by ITV plc. As of 2014, the franchise is still licensed, but unlike many other franchises. LWT is now managed with Carlton Television as an entity. London Weekend Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. The London Television Consortium was created and led by television presenter David Frost, the consortium also consisted of three ex-BBC members of staff, Michael Peacock, Frank Muir and Doreen Stephens. Frost had originally considered applying for the new Yorkshire region franchise, changes elsewhere in the system led Frost to believe that the existing Midlands weekday broadcaster ATV had a significant risk of losing its London weekend contract. The consortiums application promised a variety of arts and drama productions. It accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority, so keen were the ITA that they were quoted at the time as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from an extension in broadcasting hours. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends and this led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the centre of ATV at Foley Street. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC1, other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee on 9 September 1968. The NPC was being chaired by Lew Grade, ATVs managing director, and I know I hate David Frost. Frost was present but no one else spoke out against LWTs programming policy, meanwhile, the £6.5 million they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frosts vision for the future of television, ATV dropped Frosts major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support, the ITA made it clear that LWTs franchise proposals must be retained

21.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4

22.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used

23.
Upstairs Downstairs (2010 TV series)
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Upstairs Downstairs is a British drama series, broadcast on BBC One from 2010 to 2012 and co-produced by BBC Wales and Masterpiece. Created and written by Heidi Thomas, it is a continuation of the London Weekend Television series Upstairs, Downstairs that ran from 1971 to 1975 on ITV. The series resumes the story of 165 Eaton Place, the setting of both iterations of the programme, in 1936, six years after the original series concluded. Jean Marsh reprises her role as Rose Buck, who becomes housekeeper of the household, with Ed Stoppard and Keeley Hawes playing its new owners Sir Hallam. The first series, consisting of three episodes, was broadcast across consecutive nights during Christmas 2010, the second, and last, series consisted of six episodes, and first aired between 19 February 2012 and 25 March 2012. The series is set from 1936 to 1939, the outbreak of World War II. At the time the show ended its run, the year was 1930, the Great Depression had already begun. Consequently, James committed suicide and the Bellamy family, as well as all the servants, Mr. Hudson, the head butler, and Mrs. The new series would see Jean Marsh reprising the role of Rose Buck as the original cast member from the LWT series. Buck now runs a domestic servant agency after a time away nursing a relative in the country and she returns to 165 Eaton Place as housekeeper to the new owners, the Holland family, with Dame Eileen Atkins playing one of the characters upstairs. There are no explanations as to what has happened to Lady Bellamy, Georgina, Lord Stockbridge, as well as Mr. Hudson, Mrs. Bridges, Edward, Daisy, and Ruby during that six-year period. In fact, in the first installment, the Bellamy family and the staff are only fleetingly referred to when Mrs. Thackeray. However, Rose does mention Lord Bellamy as the meaning he is dead by 1936. Also, there are scenes with Rose serving tea to Lady Agnes, Rose mentions that the teapot was given to her as a gift by Lord and Lady Bellamy in appreciation for all her years of service to the family. Also, in another scene when Lady Agnes gives Rose the keys to the wine cellar, Rose takes the keys and looks at them, smiling, in a very nostalgic way. In the middle of August 2010, filming started in Cardiff, with parts of the city transformed into 1930s Belgravia for exterior scenes, and the interiors shot in BBCs Llandaff studios in Cardiff. Further filming of scenes took place in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire in September 2010 with a terrace in Clarendon Square doubling up as Eaton Place. The new Upstairs Downstairs was made in-house by BBC Wales as a co-production with Masterpiece on PBS, a soundtrack album of music from the new series by composer Daniel Pemberton was released on iTunes

24.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

25.
ITV (TV channel)
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ITV is a commercial television channel in the United Kingdom. Previously a network of regional television channels, ITV currently operates in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man. From 2001 until 2013, the channel was called ITV1, in 2004, Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc. ITV is the biggest and most popular television channel in the United Kingdom. ITV and its channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UKs most watched television channel since the 1950s. However, in line with other channels, ITVs audience share has fallen in the era of multi-channel television. Following the creation of the Television Act 1954, the establishment of a television service in the UK began. The Independent Television service, or ITV, was made up of regions, the three largest regions were subdivided into weekday and weekend services, with a different company running each. ITV existed in a form from its inception to the 2000s. ITV1 became the generic brand name used by the twelve franchises of the ITV Network in the United Kingdom. The brand was introduced in 2001 by Carlton- and Granada-owned franchises, however, it became the sole on-air identity in 2002 when the two companies decided to create a single unified playout of the channel, with regional references only used prior to regional programming. Carlton and Granada went on to merge in 2004, creating ITV plc which now owns thirteen of the fifteen regional ITV licences. The ITV1 name was used in England, Wales, Southern Scotland and Isle of Man until Channel Television adopted the name in January 2006. It should be noted, however, that as national continuity is used on Channel Television. ITV Wales & West was the exception, using the name ITV1 Wales at all times for the Welsh part of its broadcast area as it has a higher regional commitment. Latterly the ITV1 Wales name was used on breakbumpers and regionally advertised programmes till 2013. Non ITV plc-owned licencees on the network generally did not refer to the ITV name, the network production arms of the ITV-plc owned licencees have been gradually combined since 1993 to eventually form ITV Studios. ITV was formed by the unification of eleven of the ITV licences, the Broadcasting Act 1990 changed many of the rules regulating the ITV Network, which most notably relaxed franchise ownership and hours of production

26.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review

27.
BBC Cymru Wales
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BBC Cymru Wales is a division of the BBC, and the national broadcaster for Wales. Established in 1964, BBC Cymru Wales is based in Cardiff and directly employs some 1,200 people to produce a range of programmes for television, radio, BBC Cymru Wales operates two TV channels and two radio stations. Wales raises some £182 million in licence fee resources, however, spend on local content by BBC Wales is £151 million, £31 million of which is for BBC-produced television productions. BBC Cymru Wales operates two services, BBC One Wales and BBC Two Wales, which can opt out of the main network feed of BBC One. In addition to two channels, BBC Cymru Wales is required to provide programmes in Welsh, which it supplies to the Welsh channel S4C free of charge using the BBC Cymru brand. These programmes include a Welsh news service Newyddion, covering Welsh, general UK and international news, and a soap opera Pobol y Cwm, BBC Cymru Wales operates two radio stations covering the entire country. BBC Radio Wales is the English language network, broadcasting local programmes for approximately 20 hours a day, while off air, Radio Cymru simulcasts BBC Radio 5 Lives overnight programme. BBC Cymru Wales operates its own mini-site on BBC Online as well as providing news, in addition, news stories are provided for the BBC Red Button interactive service. BBC Cymru Wales employs an orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. The majority of the concerts are recorded for broadcast on BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio Wales. Since January 2009 the administrative base of the NOW has been the BBC Hoddinott Hall, in the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff. The first broadcast in Wales was on 13 February 1923 from the radio station 5WA, later to become part of the BBC Regional Programme, during this time, the region was served from a variety of bases around Wales. During World War II, the services all ceased and broadcast the Home Service from London. The BBCs Bangor base played host to the BBC Variety Department during the war, the first television signals in Wales came on 15 August 1952 from the newly constructed Wenvoe transmitter. The transmitter itself broadcast the national BBC Television service, the launch of BBC Wales on 9 February 1964 provided a specific television service for the country. The new service was promoted with animated promos using the sound of Welsh choirs to explain about interference from the mountains. Two years later in 1966, BBC Cymru Wales new headquarters at Broadcasting House in Cardiff opened, following the end of the Second World War, the BBC Home Service continued its regional opt-outs, including an opt-out service for Wales. This opt-out continued after the change from the Home Service to Radio 4, prior to 1982, BBC Cymru Wales on television provided programmes in both English and Welsh, with the news programme Heddiw and the long-running serial Pobol y Cwm figuring among the key output

28.
Masterpiece (TV series)
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Masterpiece is a drama anthology television series produced by WGBH Boston. It premiered on Public Broadcasting Service on January 10,1971, the series has presented numerous acclaimed British productions. Many of these are produced by the BBC, but the line-up has also included programs shown on the commercial services ITV, Masterpiece is best known for presenting adaptations of novels and biographies, but it also shows original television dramas. The first title to air was The First Churchills, starring Susan Hampshire as Sarah Churchill, more recent popular titles include Prime Suspect, The Forsyte Saga, Sherlock, and Downton Abbey. The theme music played during the credits is the Fanfare-Rondeau from Symphonies and Fanfares for the Kings Supper by French composer Jean-Joseph Mouret. The theme was performed by Collegium Musicum de Paris and it was recorded in 1954 by Vogue Records in Paris, France, and was later remastered in stereo and re-released by Nonesuch records in the 1960s. In the late 1970s, the video switched to views of antique books. Many of which were featured on the program to date, in 1980, Masterpiece gained a sister series, Mystery. Featuring a mix of contemporary and classic British detective and crime series, such as The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, Agatha Christies Miss Marple, and Touching Evil. In 2000, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the show, it presented Masterpiece, The American Collection, nine works by American writers, including Thornton Wilders Our Town, starring Paul Newman. One of televisions most honored series, the shows aired on Masterpiece have garnered numerous Emmy Awards. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it #3 in its list of the 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time, suggestions for the series format came from, among others, Frank Gillard in England and Christopher Sarson in the US. In looking for an underwriter for the series, Calderwood eventually met with Herb Schmertz of Mobil Corporation, Schmertz was able to gain funding for the show and he and several other men, including Frank Marshall, met in London and made a selection of programs to be broadcast. Decisions on the format of the show were finalized and the series premiered on Jan,10,1971, with the first episode of The First Churchills. The series was hosted by British/American broadcaster/journalist Alistair Cooke until 1992, from 2004 to 2008, it was broadcast without a host. The original series producer was Sarson and he was succeeded in 1973 by Joan Wilson. The current series producer, Rebecca Eaton, took over in 1985 after Wilsons death from cancer, in 2008, the word Theatre was dropped, and the show, officially known as Masterpiece, was split into three different sections. Masterpiece Classic was initially hosted by Gillian Anderson, the following year, Masterpiece Mystery. is hosted by Alan Cumming

29.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot

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Townhouse
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A townhouse, or town house as used in North America, Asia, Australia, South Africa and parts of Europe, is a type of terraced housing. A modern town house is one with a small footprint on multiple floors. The term originally referred in British usage to the city residence of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house. Historically, a house was the city residence of a noble or wealthy family. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season, in the United Kingdom most townhouses were terraced. Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, for example, the Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while his London house, Norfolk House, was a terraced house in St Jamess Square over 100 feet wide. In the United States and Canada, a townhouse has two connotations, the older predates the automobile and denotes a house on a small footprint in a city, but because of its multiple floors, it has a large living space, often with servants quarters. The small footprint of the townhouse allows it to be walking or mass-transit distance of business. Townhouses are expensive where detached single-family houses are uncommon, such as in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, Washington, DC, and San Francisco. A townhouse is where there is a roof and foundation and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses. A rowhouse will generally be smaller and less luxurious than a called a townhouse. The name townhouse or townhome was later used to describe non-uniform units in areas that are designed to mimic detached or semi-detached homes. Today, the term, townhouse, is used to describe units mimicking a detached home that are attached in a multi-unit complex, such homes have multiple units vertically, normally each with its own private entrance from the street or at least from the outside. They can be side by side in a row of three or more, in case they are sometimes referred to as rowhouses. A townhouse in a group of two could be referred to as a townhouse, but in Canada and the US, it is called a semi-detached home and in some areas of western Canada. Freehold, where one owns exclusively the land and the dwelling without any condominium aspects and these may share the foundation as well but have narrow air spaces between and still referred to as a townhouse. Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are referred to as condos. All types of dwellings can be condos, and this is true of townhouses

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Belgravia
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Belgravia is a district in West London in the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is noted for its very expensive residential properties and is one of the wealthiest districts in the world, much of it, known as the Grosvenor Estate, is still owned by a family property company, the Duke of Westminsters Grosvenor Group. The area takes its name one of the Dukes subsidiary titles. Owing to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, the estate has been forced to sell many freeholds to its erstwhile tenants, the area takes its name from one of the Duke of Westminsters subsidiary titles, Viscount Belgrave. The village of Belgrave, Cheshire is two miles from the Grosvenor familys main seat of Eaton Hall. Most of the area was owned by Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster. Thomas Cubitt was the main contractor, Belgravia is characterised by grand terraces of white stucco houses, and is focused on Belgrave Square and Eaton Square. It was one of Londons most fashionable residential districts from its beginnings, fashion design houses that have their retail flagship stores and studios within the area include Philip Treacy, Donna Ida, Jenny Packham and HEMYCA. On the southern edge of Belgravia is Pimlico Road, renowned for its antique shops and high-end furniture. It is a quiet district in the heart of London, contrasting with neighbouring districts. Many embassies are located in the area, especially in Belgrave Square and this phenomenon has diminished social relations in the neighbourhood. Belgrave Square, one of the grandest and largest 19th century squares, is the centrepiece of Belgravia and it was laid out by the property contractor Thomas Cubitt for the 2nd Earl Grosvenor, later to be the 1st Marquess of Westminster, in the 1820s. Most of the houses were occupied by 1840, the numbering is anti-clockwise from the north, NW terrace Nos.1 to 11, west corner mansion No. 12, SW terrace 13–23, south corner mansion No,24, SE terrace Nos. 25–36, east corner mansion No. There is also a later detached house at the northern corner. 49, which was built in by Cubitt for Sidney Herbert in 1851, the terraces were designed by George Basevi and are possibly the grandest houses ever built in London on a speculative basis. The largest of the mansions, Seaford House in the east corner, was designed by Philip Hardwick. Eaton Square is larger but less grand than the feature of the district, Belgrave Square

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British nobility
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The British nobility refers to the noble families of the United Kingdom. In everyday speech, the British nobility consists of peers and their families, { however, members of the peerage carry the titles of Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount and Baron. Peers ranked from Marquess to Baron are frequently referred to generically as Lords, however, the Scottish Baron, an official title of nobility in the United Kingdom, is addressed as The Baron of X. The untitled nobility consists of all those who bear formally matriculated, or recorded, other than their designation, such as Gentleman or Esquire, they enjoy no privilege other than a position in the formal orders of precedence in the United Kingdom. Scottish lairds names include a description of their lands in the form of a territorial designation, in Scotland, a territorial designation implies the rank of Esquire, thus this is not normally added after the name, Lairds are part of Scotlands landed gentry and—where armigerous —minor nobility. The Peerage is a term used both collectively to refer to the body of peerage titles, and individually to refer to a specific title. All modern British honours, including peerage dignities, are created directly by the British monarch, the Sovereign is considered the fount of honour, and as the fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity from himself, cannot hold a British peerage. Before the twentieth century, peerages were generally hereditary and, descended in the male line. The eldest son of a Duke, Marquess or Earl almost always one of his fathers subsidiary titles as a courtesy title, for instance. The modern peerage system is a vestige of the custom of English kings in the 12th and 13th centuries in summoning wealthy individuals to form a Parliament. The economic system at the time was manorialism, and the privilege of being summoned to Parliament was related to the amount of land one controlled. In the late 14th century, this began to be granted by decree. Non-hereditary positions began to be created again in 1867 for Law Lords, in 1958, the Life Peerages Act enabled life peers to sit in the House of Lords, and from then on the creation of hereditary peerages rapidly became obsolete, almost ceasing after 1964. This, however, is only a convention and was not observed by former prime minister Margaret Thatcher, who asked the Queen to create three hereditary peerages. Until changes in the century, only a proportion of those holding Scottish and Irish peerages were entitled by that title to sit in the House of Lords. Until constitutional reforms in 1999, possession of a title in the peerage entitled its holder to a seat in the House of Lords. Since then, only 92 hereditary peers are entitled to sit in the House of Lords, of which 90 are elected by the hereditary peers by ballot and replaced on death. Typically, those due to inherit a peerage—or indeed have done so, in recent times—have been educated at one of the public schools

Forde Abbey in Dorset. Many country houses have evolved and been extended over several centuries. Here, the architecture runs from Medieval ecclesiastical to Palladian and on to Strawberry Hill Gothic, while at sometime an attempt at unity has been made by the use of crenelation.