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Emergencies

It is important to differentiate between the rules of conduct in an emergency
situation and the rules of conduct in the normal conditions of human existence.
This does not mean a double standard of morality: the standard and the basic
principles remain the same, but their application to either case requires
precise definitions.

An emergency is an unchosen, unexpected event, limited in time, that creates
conditions under which human survival is impossible—such as a flood, an
earthquake, a fire, a shipwreck. In an emergency situation, men’s primary goal
is to combat the disaster, escape the danger and restore normal conditions (to
reach dry land, to put out the fire, etc.).

By “normal” conditions I mean metaphysically normal, normal in the nature of
things, and appropriate to human existence. Men can live on land, but not in
water or in a raging fire. Since men are not omnipotent, it is metaphysically
possible for unforeseeable disasters to strike them, in which case their only
task is to return to those conditions under which their lives can continue. By
its nature, an emergency situation is temporary; if it were to last, men would
perish.

It is only in emergency situations that one should volunteer to help strangers,
if it is in one’s power. For instance, a man who values human life and is
caught in a shipwreck, should help to save his fellow passengers (though not at
the expense of his own life). But this does not mean that after they all reach
shore, he should devote his efforts to saving his fellow passengers from
poverty, ignorance, neurosis or whatever other troubles they might have. Nor
does it mean that he should spend his life sailing the seven seas in search of
shipwreck victims to save . . . .

The principle that one should help men in an emergency cannot be extended to
regard all human suffering as an emergency and to turn the misfortune of some
into a first mortgage on the lives of others.