Abstract

It is presented, that the quantitative characteristics of spring wheat are inherited in a complex process. In their determination, a significant role is played by genetic systems which are expressed depending on environmental factors. The task of ecological selection is to select forms with a wide reaction norm on changing the factors, which are limiting growth and development of cenoses. A new method for the dissociation of phenotypic dispersion in a three-factor dispersion analysis is proposed. The method is based on the average squares of variations and the expected structure of the average squares of variations. For the selection of genotypes with wide adaptation, one of the main conditions is a creation of a model ecological gradient. In the article, the example of the “Ekada” program demonstrates the formation of a similar gradient, the so-called "ecological vector". The ecological point, where the factors limiting the growth and development of plants are the most concentrated, is Bezenchuk (B). At the vector points of the Ulyanovsk (U) and Kazan (K), conditions are most favorable for the formation of a high crop. At the center of the vector is Karabalyk (F) with high parameters of the differentiating capacity of the environment, but atypical for the vector as a whole. The points Penza (P) and Chishmy (Ch) change position, approaching the left, then to the right points. Each point is characterized by a set of statistical parameters. An ecological vector B → (Ch) → F → (P) → U → K with a different pressure spectrum of the limiting factors of the environment in ontogeny along ecological points is formed. When selecting according to polygenic quantitative characteristics, the selectioner must take into account that individual genes and genotypic systems manifest differently in different combinations of environmental factors, i.e. to select less on a genotype, than on an epigenotype. It is demonstrated, that by the ratio of the share of the genotype-environment and the genotype component of the phenotype by the quantitative trait (χg/e / χg) the selection by quantitative characteristics along the ecological vector is several times more effective than at the local ecological point. In none of the points of the ecological vector, nor on one trait, direct selection is not advisable (in comparison with ecological selection).

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