There are hundreds of choices when picking a crabapple tree from the
nursery, but a Purdue University expert says only a handful are
resistant to a widespread fungus or other serious diseases.

After reviewing 33 years of data, Janna Beckerman, a Purdue assistant
professor of botany and plant pathology, found that only five of 287
crabapple varieties had durable resistance to a serious disease of
crabapple trees.

Beckerman said data on crabapple trees and apple scab had only been
done on a year-by-year basis until now. Looking over a prolonged period
gives researchers a better idea of which trees have historically
maintained or lost apple scab resistance.

"Whenever new plants are released, they are often touted as
disease-resistant, but they have only been tested for a few years,"
Beckerman said. "That isn't enough time. From this data, you could see
that varieties that did well for the first few years after planting
often developed scab within 10 years."

The Venturia inaequalis fungus produces black scab-like lesions on
the fruit and leaves. Crabapple trees with scab tend to defoliate, or
lose all their leaves, in early summer, a condition that can weaken and
eventually kill the trees.

"When a tree loses all of its leaves, it will try to produce more
leaves, using the energy reserves it needs to get through the winter,"
Beckerman said. "Over time, this repeated defoliation weakens the tree. A
tree that is defoliated is under stress and can be susceptible to
opportunistic insects and other diseases. The apple scab won't kill the
tree, but the chronic weakening will."

The data, collected from observations at the Secrest Arboretum in
Wooster, Ohio, showed that only 29 varieties of crabapple trees had
resistance to scabbing for at least 10 years. Only 15 varieties lasted
the entire 33 years, but 10 of those had problems with fire blight and
other diseases.

The five that showed resistance to scabbing and other serious
diseases were: Beverly, Sargentii, Jackii, White Angel and Silver Moon. A
promising new variety, Adirondack, showed resistance for 12 years, but
it was not considered enough time to count in the study.

Another major finding was that scab has infected the Japanese
flowering crabapple, Malus floribunda. This variety was considered scab
resistant in the early 1900s and provided the resistance gene bred into
other crabapple trees to protect them from scabbing. But a trace of scab
was found in Malus floribunda in 1997, and by 2003, the trees were
defoliating, Beckerman said.

"You can actually see the pathogen evolving by looking at the data
over time," Beckerman said. "Finding scab on this crabapple suggests
that all commercial apple varieties with this resistant gene are at risk
of scab."

Beckerman said even susceptible crabapples can be protected with
about three well-timed fungicide treatments per year. Certified
arborists have access to proper chemicals that the average homeowner
wouldn't be able to obtain.

Beckerman said using information on scab resistance could minimize
the need for those fungicides, though.

"What tree owners are doing is putting in an investment that could
live in their yards for 100 years," Beckerman said. "A few minutes of
research and choosing the right tree can pay out dividends over the
course of decades."