Mato Grosso, inland estado (state) of central Brazil. It is bounded on the northwest by the states of Rondônia and Amazonas, on the northeast by Pará, on the east by Tocantins and Goiás, on the south by Mato Grosso do Sul, and on the southwest and west by Bolivia. Mato Grosso, whose name means “great woods,” is one of the remaining great frontier regions of the world. The state capital is Cuiabá.

Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Braz.

Mateus Hidalgo

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Mato Grosso was settled first by pioneering gold seekers from São Paulo after they had been forced to retreat by the emboabas (Portuguese colonists) of Minas Gerais in the so-called war of the emboabas in 1708, over mining rights in gold fields. With the founding in 1719 of Cuiabá, where rich placer mines had been found, Mato Grosso became a district of the captaincy of São Paulo, and in 1748 it became an independent captaincy. In 1761 the capital was transferred to Vila Bela, on the Guaporé River, but in 1820 it was returned to Cuiabá. During the colonial period and until deposits were largely exhausted, the region’s placer mines supplied substantial quantities of gold and some diamonds. After the decline of mining, cattle ranching emerged as the principal activity. Mato Grosso became a province of the empire in 1822 and a state of the federal union in 1889.

The entire area’s overall growth and development was long retarded by its isolation and lack of access to the sea. Until the railroad was built across southern Mato Grosso in 1914, the only means of communication except by overland trails was by way of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers, 2,000 miles (3,000 km) eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. Only in the second half of the 20th century did highways and airplanes begin to offer more widespread communications. The expedition of the Brazilian explorer Marshal Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon in the early part of the 20th century furnished the first complete, accurate data about Mato Grosso; some sections of the state, however, remained virtually uninvestigated in the late 20th century.

Most of Mato Grosso lies on the western extension of the Brazilian Plateau, across which runs the watershed that separates the Amazon River basin to the north from the basin of the Río de la Plata system to the south. This elevated region is known as the Mato Grosso Plateau, and its elevation is about 3,000 feet (900 metres). Its northern slope, drained by the Xingu, Tapajós, and Madeira rivers, descends to the valley of the Amazon. The valley of the Araguaia River, an affluent of the Tocantins River, marks the eastern border of the state. The southern portion of the state drains southward through a multitude of streams flowing into the Paraguay River to the southwest. The northern region of Mato Grosso is drained by a dendritic system of streams that flows north into tributaries of the Amazon River. The western part of the state, chiefly a floodplain, is among Brazil’s best grazing lands, and it ranks as one of the great tropical grazing lands of the world.

The state’s lowlands are hot and humid, and its highlands are hot and dry. The average temperature is 79 °F (26 °C). Average annual rainfall is 50 to 60 inches (1,300 to 1,500 mm). There is a distinct dry season from May to September.

Natural vegetation includes expanses of grassland, densely wooded areas, and, in the highlands, extensive plains, or campos, with scrub growth and light forest.

Mato Grosso had a high rate of population growth in the 20th century. Despite this, the state as a whole has one of the lowest population densities of any Brazilian state. Ethnically, the state includes a relatively high proportion of mestizos (persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry), as do other areas of the interior.

The population is chiefly rural, and there are few cities, the principal ones being Cáceres, Rondonópolis, and the state capital, Cuiabá. The influx of new settlers has been distributed about equally between rural and urban areas, expanding both segments of the population. Xingu National Park, in the state’s northeast corner, also serves as one of Brazil’s most important Indian reserves.

Social conditions are those of an expanding frontier. Public health and welfare services are limited in the growing cities and developing rural areas of the south and even more limited in the sparsely settled expanses in the north. Elementary education is free and compulsory, by law, but there are insufficient numbers of schools and teachers to fully supply it. The Federal University of Mato Grosso (founded 1970) is located in Cuiabá.

Mato Grosso has important deposits of iron ore, manganese, tin, and limestone, but livestock raising and agriculture are the principal economic activities. Mato Grosso supports several million head of cattle and is one of the largest producers of cotton in Brazil. The state also grows significant amounts of soy, rice, sugarcane, and corn (maize), and lumbering is also important. Mato Grosso’s traditions of the cattle ranch and the farm were transformed in the second half of the 20th century by the infusion of immigrants, many from similar parts of Brazil, with large-scale agro-industry emerging as a dominant force. Area 348,788 square miles (903,358 square km). Pop. (2010) 3,035,122.

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