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S&P's 4% fall: How the stockmarket has performed after big one day losses

The S&P 500 fell more than 4% on Monday, prompting the question: what next? We examine the history of sharp one-day falls.

6 February 2018

Andrew Oxlade

Head of Editorial Content

Falls in the US stockmarket this week will have understandably unnerved investors the world over.

The S&P 500 fell 4.1% on Monday, the largest one day fall since August 2011, when markets feared contagion from the European sovereign debt crisis.

Today, the concerns are less profound and actually stem from a bright economic backdrop. The US economy is growing at a pace that may create too much inflation, which in turn may necessitate rapid increases in interest rates.

It potentially marks the symbolic end to the era of ‘cheap money’ that has helped push up the price of investments. The time for widespread economic stimulus programmes deployed since the financial crisis of 2008 – from cheap borrowing to quantitative easing - may finally be over.

However, at moments of market turmoil it is wise to consider the longer view, bearing in mind that past performance is not a guide to the future - and always remembering that your capital is at risk when investing.

The first point to consider is that Monday’s 4.1% decline was only the 33rd largest one-day fall in the past 30 years.

But what about the worst days?

The 10 worst days over the past 30 years

We looked at three decades of data and focused on the ten worst days.

The data, since 1988, showed that the S&P 500 had, on average, delivered average annual returns of 13.6% in the five years following the ten worst days.

Of those ten days (shown in the table below), the strongest rebound was a return of 164%, or an annualised 21%, in the five years after a 6.7% fall for the S&P on 20 November 2008. That day landed during one of the bleakest episodes of the global financial crisis.

Investors may have been surprised that an investment of $10,000 at the start of that turbulent day would have grown to $26,400 within five years, before charges.

Ten worst one-day falls for the S&P 500

Date

One-day fall

Total return after one year

Total return after five years

15 October 2008

-9.03%

24%

109%

01 December 2008

-8.92%

39%

147%

29 September 2008

-8.79%

-1.5%

71%

09 October 2008

-7.62%

21%

103%

27 October 1997

-6.87%

23%

10%

31 August 1998

-6.80%

40%

13%

20 November 2008

-6.71%

49%

164%

08 August 2011

-6.65%

28%

117%

13 October 1989

-6.3%

-6.9%

6.4%

19 November 2008

-6.1%

39%

147%

Source: Schroders. Thomson Reuters Datastream data correct as at 06 February 2018. Data shown for the one-day fall is for S&P 500 over the last 30 years. Returns after a one and five year period are for the total return index, which includes dividends paid by companies. For information purposes only. Please remember that past performance is not a guide to future performance and may not be repeated.

The pattern is repeated on many of the ten worst days, which largely fell during the financial crisis. The most severe was a 9.03% fall on 15 October 2008. This was followed by a five-year return of 109%, or an annual equivalent of 15.9%.

In all, six of the ten worst days over the 30 years fell during a short four-month spell, from September to December 2008.

In our 30-year data set, four other years feature: 1989, 1997, 1998 and 2011. The 6.9% sell-off on 27 October 1997 was caused by an economic crisis in Asia. The 31 August 1998 crash, which saw a similar-sized decline, came shortly after a debt default by Russia which dealt an equal blow to global market confidence. The 1989 tumble was called a mini-Black Friday, falling on the 13th October, and came ahead of the early 1990s recession.

After these falls, the returns in the following years were less impressive, despite an initial rally in most cases. For example, five years after the 1997 crash, the S&P had only returned 9.6% or a paltry 1.85% a year.

Five years after the 1998 plunge, shares had returned a marginally better total return of 13%. Ten years on from the event, however, the returns were 22% and 28%, or annualised rates of 4.1% and 5.1%.

Five years after the worst sell-off of the eurozone debt crisis, in August 2011, the total return was 117%.

The calculations were based on 30 years of “total return” Bloomberg data, which includes the contribution of dividend income payments to returns.

Was the US market due a correction?

The data underlines the strength of equities over the long-term. But the scattering of dates, notably the lack of sharp stock market falls since 2011, also reflects the relative calm investors have enjoyed in recent years and particularly in the past 18 months.

With rapid price gains has come a fuller valuation for the US stockmarket - and higher valuations increase the chances of a correction in equity prices. When measured by the cyclically-adjusted price to earnings multiple or “CAPE”, the US had looked expensive against its historic norm.

CAPE is a more applied version of the price to earnings (p/e) ratio. It compares the price with average earnings over the past 10 years, with those profits adjusted for inflation. This smooths out short-term fluctuations in earnings. Historically, lower returns have followed when CAPE has been high and higher returns have come after low valuations.

Before the US market’s recent slide, it was trading on a CAPE of 32 compared to a 15-year average of 25, based on the MSCI US index. That would imply US shares were 22% more expensive than usual.

On the more standard p/e ratio, the US stockmarket was at 25.7 compared to a 15-year average of 18.

Some market commentators have blamed the recent falls on data published last Friday that showed wages growing at 2.9%, hence the heightened concern about inflation - and the possibility of more rapid rate rises. However, this should be considered in the wider context of valuation.

Shares had, perhaps, run too far ahead and a correction was needed. But optimists highlight plus points: economies around the world are enjoying rare synchronised growth while tax cuts in the US may further brighten the outlook for companies.

25 years of total returns on the S&P 500

Source: Schroders, Thomson Reuters Datastream data as at 06 February 2018. Data shown is for S&P 500 total return index which includes dividends paid by companies. For information purposes only. Please remember that past performance is not a guide to future performance and may not be repeated.

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Past performance is not a guide to future performance and may not be repeated. The value of investments and the income from them may go down as well as up and investors may not get back the amounts originally invested. All investments involve risks including the risk of possible loss of principal.

To the extent that you are in North America, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management North America Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Schroders plc and SEC registered adviser providing asset management products and services to clients in the US and Canada.

For all other users, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management Limited, 1 London Wall Place, London EC2Y 5AU. Registered No. 1893220 England. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.