Why Saliva?

Advantages of Saliva Testing

Non-Invasive

• No blood draw is needed; no risk to the patient

Convenient

• Specimens can be easily collected at home or at work at any time of the day

Precise

• Saliva measures the biologically active fraction of steroid hormone at the tissue level.
• Since hormone levels may vary during the day or during the month, multiple specimens can be collected conveniently
offering precise measurement.
• Samples are stable for several weeks.

Saliva Testing At a Glance

All major steroid hormones, some peptide hormones, and antibodies can be readily detected and measured with
reproducible results from a patient’s saliva.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most prevalent laboratory technique utilized in measuring various
hormones, antigens, and antibodies within the saliva. The process involves using a prepared solution of antibody that
is specific for a substance. The saliva sample is exposed to the solution that has the known antibody. If the substance
tested for is present in the saliva, the antibody will bond to the substance and an enzyme linked chemical reaction will
notify the scientist via a change in color. These test results may be designed to provide either qualitative (“positive
vs. negative”) results or quantitative results (i.e. 5-50 nM/L, for example).

One of the profound advantages with
saliva testing is that the saliva producing cells passively allow ONLY unbound steroid hormones into the salivary ducts.
Therefore, saliva testing is a very affordable way to study active steroid hormone levels without the confounding artifact
of having to separate the bound hormone from the unbound fraction.

It is this unbound hormone that exerts the
activity that hormones are known for in various tissue beds throughout the body. If one is to measure total hormone levels
in the blood serum, an extra step of mental extrapolation is required in order to try to predict how much of that total
pool of hormone is actually having effects on a patient. Unfortunately, there is no predictable correlation between how
much total hormone is in the blood serum and how much free hormone goes into the tissues and has a clinical effect on a
patient.

Saliva testing specifically measures free, unbound hormone levels. This eliminates the need to make mental guesses
concerning how much hormone a patient’s body is really being influenced by.

An additional, profound advantage of saliva testing is that it is non-invasive. If a substance can be identified and
measured in the saliva, why submit a patient to venipuncture? In some clinical situations this may become necessary, but
it is an unnecessary risk to take for an initial evaluation. Thousands of complications via venipuncture happen yearly and
can result in transmission of blood born disease, puncture site inflammation and/or infection, pain, vein thrombosis, etc.
Venipuncture is expensive, labor intensive, inconvenient, and carries the risk of adverse health outcomes.

In order to accurately study how hormones clinically affect a patient, it is necessary to look at hormone levels
dynamically. In other words, hormone fluctuations are just as important as their level at any given one
point in time. The practice of including a time component to the evaluation of a patient is called chronobiology. There
are many well known chronobiological processes: sleep/wake cycles, seasonal mood changes, a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle,
etc. It turns out that the adrenal glands are controlled by a daily cycle…as is the thyroid gland.

The hormones that influence many of the cycles in our lives can be viewed as markers to check if our body is in a healthy
state from a standpoint of chronobiology. For example, multiple sample outpatient saliva testing allows a clinician to
monitor the hormone regulation of a woman over her ENTIRE monthly cycle! This information can have profound diagnostic
significance and can lead to therapeutic strategies over looked by one sample testing of her hormones.

In summary, enzyme linked laboratory analysis of the saliva has become scientifically accepted, clinically applicable,
an excellent alternative to serum testing, the only way to reasonably study a patient’s chronobiology, and economically
feasible.