Saturday, August 30, 2014

In 1838 a girl living in Jacksonville, Illinois gradually realized she'd been duped. Although she lived in a free state, Emily Logan and her brother Robert were treated as slaves by Elizabeth and Porter Clay. The Kentucky-born children were ignorant of their murky legal status.

Freed children during the Civil War.

Photo sold at Cowan's Auctions, 2008.

Illinois
had been platted from the Northwest
Territories where slavery was banned, but the state's
many southern immigrants established two exceptions to the concept of a free state. One was that
slave owners like the Clays could continue to enslave people as long as they
returned them to a slave state for a short period each year. With an annual return visit to Kentucky the Logans were technically
residents of a slave state and thus slaves.

Abraham Lincoln

Illinois lawyers like Abraham Lincoln might
argue (and Lincoln
did argue in an 1847 case) that according to the law such Illinois
blacks were slaves in transit rather than free Illinois residents. The other technicality
created a system of indentured servitude---in essence slavery. Once registered as a servant, a girl like
Emily could be indentured for twenty-eight years.

Jacksonville is the yellow star, west of Springfield, Illinois

with Kentucky in the lower right

Elizabeth Logan Hardin Clay and her second husband brought
the Logan
children with them to the western Illinois
town of Jacksonville,
which attracted a "considerable admixture of people," remembered an
early settler. "A very large and influential part of the population was
made up of Kentuckyens having a strong proslavery bias." Many of those
Kentuckians were kin to Elizabeth Clay's first husband Martin Davis Hardin, a
third cousin to Mary Todd Lincoln's family.

Jacksonville
also had a share of New England settlers whose
cultural center was IllinoisCollege, a western mission
of New England ideas created by Yale's antislavery
graduates. Southerners regarded the college as an "engine of
abolitionism."

Illinois College still stands

Abraham Lincoln’s future law partner and biographer William
Herndon attended IllinoisCollege for a short time
before his father demanded he come home. “My father was thoroughly pro-slavery
in his ideas, believing the college was too strongly permeated with the virus of
Abolitionism….” Although New Englanders made up less than ten percent of Jacksonville’s
population, their antislavery notions gave the town a reputation as a radical
outpost.

Mid-19th-century view of the Opera House

from the collection of the New York Public Library

In a county history published fifty years later, several of
the "Old-Time Abolitionists" recalled the town's early years.
Although they might be remembered as heroes at the end of the century, in the 1830s and '40s antislavery activists were "the
most hated and despised of men….Once when…a noted preacher was addressing us at
the Congregational Church, some malicious person threw a black rag baby
straight at his head."

Charlie King, redeemed from slavery

about 1862. Images of Charlie and his

sister Alice were sold to fund the anti-slavery cause.

After two years in Illinois Emily and Robert had talked to
enough abolitionists to believe they could walk away from the Clay household.

The Porter/Clay house photographed in 1935

from the Library of Congress

When the Clays realized their intentions they made plans to ship them to Kentucky. The children
escaped into "Africa"---the local name for Jacksonville's free black community.

Alice King

One of the New Englanders remembered the fury of the three
angry men who knocked at the door of a neighbor "demanding to know the
whereabouts of Bob and Emily Logan." Despite the threats,
"courage…suddenly possessed the mind of the man who was not afraid to do
right, and the early callers had to go elsewhere." But the men soon found
Robert and shuttled him to a boat on the Mississippi River
heading south. He disappeared into the slave state of Missouri. A Clay relative named Marcus Chinn
and another man were indicted for kidnapping Robert, but the courts of MorganCounty
refused to convict them.

Elihu Wolcott (1784 - 1858) as a young man.

He was in his fifties when he helped the Logans

Emily sought shelter with several of the town's
abolitionists, among them Connecticut-born Elihu Wolcott who sued for her
freedom in her name. The Clays transferred her ownership to Chinn and the case
of Emily Logan, a woman of color, vs.
Marcus A. Chinn languished in the MorganCounty
justice system. After two years the trial was moved to SangamonCounty
where a jury declared that Emily was indeed free and awarded her damages of one
dollar.

The dollar damages were a token and so, unfortunately, was
the case. African-Americans in Illinois
remained in legal limbo under the state's "Black Laws" until the end of the
Civil War.

Today Emily Logan is remembered primarily as a case name.
Re-enactors in Jacksonville
tell her story in Underground Railroad tours of the town's historic houses, but
we know little about her life after 1840. She represents an important---if
neglected---chapter in the story of freedom's fight. African-Americans sued
their owners and the state for relief from slavery. Although most lost their
legal fights and those who did win rarely established positive precedents,
their ambition to use the law was a step in developing methods of peaceful
resistance.

Jacksonville Star by Jean Stanclift

Jacksonville Star is a new block featuring a traditional
nine-patch star with elongated points. The square inside a square inside a
square can recall the layers of different cultures in a town with so diverse a
population.

The patterns were free online for two years but now I am
offering them for sale in two formats

What We Can Learn About the Underground Railroad from Emily Logan's Story

Today we tend to recall the pre-Civil War United States as two regions: free states and slave states. This neat dichotomy of good and evil allows us to forget the gray areas where "Black Laws" demeaned African-Americans. The Underground Railroad had to operate within a free state like Illinois because Southern immigrants brazenly brought their slaves with them.

Jacksonville Star

Make a Quilt a Month

Piece 13 blocks to create a dazzling fireworks display. Make 9 blocks with one background (here blue) and 4 identical except for a different background (here red.) The border is 6 inches for a 63" x 63" quilt. You will need 8 large triangles for the edge and 4 smaller ones for the corners.

For the side triangles cut 2 squares 18-1/4". Cut each into 4 triangles with 2 diagonal cuts.

For the corner triangles cut 2 squares 9-3/8". Cut each into 2 triangles with a diagonal cut.

Read more about slavery in Jacksonville in Mark Steiner's Abolitionists and Escaped Slaves in Jacksonville:

Saturday, August 23, 2014

In my list of quilt dated during the Civil War I missed this quilt dated 1862 in the collection of Pam Weeks. The red, white and blue quilt was made in Saco, Maine, perhaps to be sent to a soldier's aid society. It's constructed block-by-block, or "Pot-holder Style" in which each block is pieced, quilted and bound and then joined to the other blocks. Pam has studied this New England style of Civil War quilt extensively.

A pattern for the Crosses and Losses quilt was published in American Quilter in 2012. See a free pattern here.

Saturday, August 2, 2014

The Quilt Index shows a detail of a quilt "found in collections" at the La Crosse County Historical Society. "Found in collections" is museum-speak meaning something like, "No one still here remembers where it came from."

The signature quilt had something to do with the local Wilson Colwell Relief Corps No. 2, associated with the Union veterans' group, the G.A.R. Information about the group's 50th anniversary in 1933 accompanied the quilt. It's inscribed 1883 and 1927 and contains an impressive list of embroidered names.

Check the Index records to see if anyone you know from LaCrosse County, Wisconsin signed the quilt.