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For more information on the issue of sustainable intensification please see the joint publication of fcrn and oxford martin programme on the future of food sustainable intensification in agriculture. Initially introduced by pretty 1997 the si literature can be divided into three phases reflected by the temporal and geographical development of publications it originated in parallel to the mainstreaming of sustainability initialised by the brundtland report 1987 and the rise of the ecosystem service concept costanza et al 1997 . Life cycle assessment lca also known as life cycle analysis ecobalance and cradle to grave analysis is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life from raw material extraction through materials processing manufacture distribution use repair and maintenance and disposal or recycling