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Aug. 21, 1962
R. |_. KlNDRED ETAL
3,049,908
PROGRAMMER-INTEGRATOR FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYZER
Filed Aug. 15, 1958
2 Sheets-Sheet 1
FIG. /
t: TIME PERIOD
FOR INTEGRATION
81592.60% 50.1xJo%0m2.?
INVENTORS
R.L. KINDRED
M.C. BURK
ZERO
TIME
FIG. 2
ATZNEES
Aug. 21, 1962
3,049,908
R. L. KINDRED ETAL
FROGRAMMER-INTEGRATOR FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYZER
Filed Aug. 15, 1958
2 Sheets-Sheet 2
U474
I27
66
INVENTORS
R.L. Kl NDRED
M.C.BURK
BY
MM 4% 5/
A TTORNEY;
..
United grates Fatent G " red
1
3,949,958
Patented Aug. 21, 1962
2
employing a programmer~integrator which is operative
3,049,908
PROGRAMMER-INTEGRATOR FOR CHROMA
ly associated with a chromatographic analyzer, a recorder
controller and a control valve for controlling a process.
A product stream leaves a fractionating column 10 via
TOGRAPHIC ANALYZER
Raymond L. Kindred and Marvin C. Burk, Bartlesville,
Okla, assignors to Phillips Petroleum Company, a cor
poration of Delaware
a conduit 12.
Although shown as an overhead stream
this could well be a side draw, re?ux, feed or kettle prod
uct stream.
Filed Aug. is, 1958, Ser. No. 755,312
15 Claims. (or. 73-23)
If necessary, means are provided for main
taining the sample in a vaporous state during elution. A
sample line 14 removes ‘a measured sample from the con
duit 12 to a sampling Valve 15 which is timer operated
as will be hereinafter described. The valve 15 measures
a sample and passes it to the chromatographic column 16
which is packed with material such as Linde molecular
This invention relates to means for controlling proc
esses from composition analyses rendered by a chromato
graphic analyzer. In one speci?c aspect it relates to an
electrical circuit ‘for integrating the area under an elu
tion curve and for applying a signal representative of
the integration to process control apparatus.
In vapor phase chromatography a measured sample is
sieve, sold by Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation,
or with either crushed ?rebrick or diatomaceous earth
coated with dimethylsulfolane. A carrier gas is then di
rected through the column from a conduit 18 to elute
placed in a packed column. This sample is then eluted
by passing a carrier gas such as helium through the col
components of the measured sample from the column
umn. The various gases that make up the sample will
into a detector cell 20 wherein a measurement is made.
be eluted from the column by the carrier gas in a ?xed 20 Gases are vented from the cell by the vent line 22.
rder. When the packed column is associated with suit
The detector cell includes a thermistor 24 that forms
able apparatus, such as a recorder, a series of curves will
one branch of a bridge circuit 26. Thermistor 25 is an
be generated by measuring the eluted gas stream. These
other branch of the bridge disposed in a reference cell
curves comprise a series of peaks with each peak indicat
27 through which flows a carrier gas stream. These
ing a certain component (or in certain cases, two com. 25 thermistors carry out the measurements that result in a
ponents), of the measured sample. The height of each
curve such as FIGURE 2. In the apparatus shown, the
peak indicates the concentration of the component which
thermistors 24‘ and 25 are heated by means of electrical
the peak represents.
energy applied thereto from the battery 28 and the gases
that ?ow past these thermistors cool them. The amount
of heat removed from the respective elements 24 and 25
is indicative of ‘both the amount of and thermoconduc
‘It has been proposed to control processes, e.g., frac
tionation of hydrocarbons, ‘by selecting one component
as the control or key component, providing means for
reading its peak height, and applying a signal representa
tivity of the component being eluted. The identi?cation
tive of this height to process control apparatus, e.g., a
recorder controller. Such an apparatus is disclosed in
of a particular component is related to time. This will
be discussed in further detail with respect to FIGURE 2.
Thermistors 24 and 25 could as well be bolometers,
the pending application Serial No. 727,606 by M. C.
Burk, entitled “Chromatographic Analyzer Peak Reader,”
glow discharge elements, or other such means as Well as
?led April 10, 1958.
Sometimes, however, a number of problems arise: the
thermistors.
A signal is transmitted from the output terminals of
the bridge 26 through the conductors 30 and 31 to the
programmer-integrator 34. The conductors 35 and 36
key component has poor resolution, i.e., its elution curve
overlaps that of another component, or a single peak may
represent a number of components. At times it may be
transmit a signal from the element 34 to a recorder con
desired to control from such a curve or peak. The in—
stant invention provides a means for control in such
troller 38 which produces a control signal to adjust the
situations. Brie?y, this is accomplished by integrating
The valve 40, as shown, is disposed in the re?ux line
42. The re?ux is attained ‘by the overhead stream pass
ing through condenser 44 into an accumulator 46 from
valve 40‘ in a process stream.
the area under selected portions of the elution peak, and
employing the integrated signal to operate control means.
Apparatus for doing this includes timed switching means
to activate, zero (compensate for instrument drift), and
whence it is removed to ‘a re?ux pump 48. Connected
to the discharge of the pump are the re?ux line 42. and
to cut off an integrating circuit. Timed switching is feasi
the
product line 50 which has a valve 52 therein con
ble because of the ?xed, predictable order of elution. 50 trolled by a liquid level controller 54 connected to the
The integrated signal is stored for a short time and then
accumulator.
FIGURE 1 ‘also shows the timing motor 60 which op
position responsive thereto. A chromatographic col
erates cams 65, 70, 75, 80 and 85, to position, respec
umn, suitable valving for taking samples and purging the
tively, switches 66, 71, 76, 82 and 86 in their numerical
column, and associated measuring apparatus are included. 55 order. The operations thus carried out comprise operat
It is an object of this invention to provide means for
ing the sampling valve 15 to take a measured sample
controlling a process from a composition analysis ren
(cam 65, switch 66), closing the switch 71 by cam 70 to
dered by a chromatographic analyzer. It is still another
automatically zero the bridge in order to correct it for
object to do this by providing means to integrate the elu
any cumulative errors or drift, and closing the switch 76
tion response of the analyzer over preselected periods
with the cam 75 to prepare the circuit for integration.
is used to operate a servo motor which moves to control
of time and to actuate process control apparatus respon
Following this the cam 80 moves switch 82 to program
sive to the integrated signal. Other objects ‘and advan
tages will become apparent from the following disclosure.
In the drawings:
in an integrating operation by turning on and then turn
ing off the integrator 34. A signal representative of the
integration is temporarily stored in the integrator. After
FIGURE 1 shows schematically a fractionator control 65 the integration has been carried out, the cam 85 then op
system that includes the instant invention;
erates switch 86 to operate a servo-motor to adjust cer
FIGURE 2 is representative of one type of elution
tain apparatus (hereinafter described with respect to
curve from which control by the instant invention is
FIGURE 3) within the integrator 34 which results in a
FIGURE 3 shows schematically the details of the in
tegrator and apparatus for process control.
70 cam 75 prepares the circuit for the next sequence of
possible;
Referring now to FIGURE 1, there is shown a system .
signal being sent to the recorder 38, following which the
events. As shown, the earns 65, 70 and 85 operate alter
nating current (A.C.) circuits. The earns 75 and 80 op
3,949,908
verate direct current (D.C.) circuits and also move their
respective switches between two contacts. This will be
described in greater detail hereinafter with respect to
FIGURE
3. l
'
'
Referring now to FIGURE 2 there is shown a curve
which demonstrates or is exemplary of a recorded curve
a grounded connection common to 135 and to the re
corder controller 38. The other terminal of controller
38 receives power from the contactor 135a of the po
tentiometer, the lead 35 and the resistor 136. Contactor
135a is also connected through a resistor 138 to a junc
tion 140 which is the input terminal for the output signal
servo circuit. The contactor 135a is mechanically driven
wherein poor resolution of the components has been ob
by the servo motor 142 responsive to activation of its
tained ‘from the column 16. Such a peak would be gen
' ?eld 143 by the cam 85 moving switch 86 against a con
erated by isobutylene and butene-l in the presence of
each other in any mixture of hydrocarbons wherein the 10 tact 87. The motor 142 is preferably a shaded pole
motor. The direction and amount of rotation of the
column 16 is packed with diatomaceous earth coated
motor 142, hence the motion of the contactor 135a is
with 'dimethylsulfolane. Because of the poor resolution
determined by the polarity and size of the signal that ap
it is desired to obtain by integration the area under the
pears at junction 140 and is applied to a servo ampli?er
curve and use a signal representative thereof for control.
At times this area may represent a group of components, 15 14.4, a biased triode 146, thence to parallel control wind
ing circuits each comprising transistors 148 and ‘149;
e.g., total butylenes, rather than one speci?c component.
recti?ers 150 and 152; and control windings 154 and I155.
The area is proportional to and representative of the
The servo circuit comprises the control circuit for the
mole percent of these components and is denoted as that
motor ‘142 (and the motor) and is substantially the same
occurring during time interval “1.” Similarly, the time
interval for automatically compensating the bridge is de 20 as for the zero circuit. The output signal servo circuit is
- noted as “zero.”
In FIGURE'3 there is shown the timing motor 60 con
nected to an A.C. source by a starting switch 61. The
activated when the cam'85 moves switch 86 against con
tact 87 to energize ?eld 143.
The integrating circuit proper receives its input signal
through a lead 160 which is connected between the cou
and is preferably synchronous. The cam 65 operates the 25 tactor 102 and the contact ‘81. The switch 82 is moved
by cam 80 between the contacts 81 and 83. When the
contactor of switch 66 to contact 67 which in turn op
motor drives a plurality of cams as shown in FIGURE 1
erates the sample valve 15. The D.C. power supply 28
supplies power through leads 91 and 92 to the bridge 26.
In the left hand branches of the'bridge resistors 93, 94
switch is against the contact 81 the signal from the
telemetering slide wire 104 is applied to the input termi
nal 161 of an integrating circuit, thence through a resistor
and 95 and thermistor 24 are series connected between 30 162 to a junction 164.
the leads 91 and ‘92. In the right hand branches of the
bridge, resistors 96, 97, 98, 99 and thermistor 25 are
The integrator comprises resistor 162 in series with a
number of parallel circuits connected to the junction ‘164.
The ?rst of these comprises a circuit through a capacitor
series connected between the leads 91 and 92. An at
166, a grounded resistor 167 to a ?rst input terminal of
tenuator 100 is connected by adjustable contactors 95a
and 98a between resistors 95 and 98. Resistor 98 and 35 an operational ampli?er 169. 'The output of this ampli
?er is applied to a junction 170. In parallel with this
contactor 98a comprise'a zeroing potentiometer. The
?rst circuit is a capacitor 172. In parallel with both of
leads 30 and 31 connect the attenuator 100 to a recorder
these is a circuit that comprises the switch 76 which is
101, or other bridge balancing means, which is internally
connected to the junction ‘164 and is operated by cam 75
disposed of the element 34. The pen or other indicating
means of the recorder 101 is mechanically linked to a. 40 between the contacts 77 and 78. In series between the
contact 78 and the junction 1170 is 81113518101‘ 174. Con~
contactor \102 of a telemetering slide wire 104, the ter
nected between the junction 164 and a second input ter
minals of which are connected to a D.C. power supply
minal of the ampli?er 169 is a stabilizing ampli?er 175,
106, and one terminal of which is connected to ground.
which has one input terminal connected to ground. A
Separate D.C. power supplies 28 and i106 are preferred
instead of one (which could be used) because the ar 4:5 lead 176 connects the junction 170 to the junction 140
through a resistor 177.
rangement shown permits isolation of the bridge whereas
the use of a single power supply would require grounded
connections on the bridge which would then permit stray
ground currents and voltages to leak into the bridge and
‘affect its accuracy.
The zero circuit includes a lead 108 that connects the
contactor ~102 to servo ampli?er 110 in order to provide
power to a zero motor control circuit. In the preferred
embodiment this power is applied to the control wind
ings of a shaded pole motor 112. This signal from am
A cycle of events in the operation of the aforemen
tioned apparatus will now be described. Referring ?rst
to FIGURE 1, the column 10 is assumed to be in opera
tion with a stream of material passing through the con
duit 12 to the accumulator 46 and reflux ?owing through
the line 42 back to the column. The switch 61 is closed
and the timing motor 60 is started. The cam 65 makes
a contact between switch 66 and contact 67 to operate
the sample valve '15. After a measured sample has been
placed in the column 16 the carrier gas entering through
18 elutes the sample to the detector cell 20 wherein the
which has a positive bias supplied to its anode and a
thermistor 24 senses a change in the composition of the
negative bias to its cathode. The signal is taken off the
stream passing therethrough to the vent 22.
cathode and applied to parallel control winding circuits
at junction 116. Each of these control winding circuits 60 After the sample valve 15 has been operated but be~
fore any‘integration takes place, the bridge 26 is zeroed
comprise, respectively, a transistor .118, 119; a full wave
by the cam 70 making a contact between switch 71 and
recti?er 123, 122 that includes four diodes or equiva
the contact 72. Of course, it may be necessary to zero
lents; and the control windings 126, 127 of the motor
before sampling if the key component is among the ?rst
112.
'pli?er'110‘is applied to the control grid of a triode 114
rection in which the zero motor 112 will rotate when its
to be eluted. This actuates the motor ?eld 130- which
causes the motor 112 to adjust the contactor 98a if
there is any unbalance sense in the bridge circuit. ‘If
‘there is any unbalance in the bridge 26 it will appear in
‘ Power from the supply 106 is supplied through a series
a the motor .112 to operate in a' certain direction to ad
The polarity of the signal appearing at junction 116
during zeroing determines which of the respective con
trol windings 126 ‘and 127 is activated, and thus the di
the leads 30, 31 and result in adjustment of the contactor
?eld 130 is energized. - The zero motor is mechanically
linked to' the contactor 98a to adjust the bridge 26. The 70 :102.’ A signal appears on 108 and is ampli?ed in the
‘ampli?er 110 and applied to the junction 116. The
zero circuit is actuated when the ?eld of the motor 112
polarity and size of the signal appearing on 108 will short
is energized by the cam 70 moving switch 71 to a con
out one of the control windings 126, 127 and cause
tact 72.
circuit comprising the lead 36, a potentiometer 135, and 75 just the co-ntactor. 98a. to thereby ‘zero the bridge by
3,049, 908
5
reducing the signal between 30‘ and 31 to a predeter
mined minimum, preferably to zero. As is shown in
FIGURE 2, zeroing is accomplished when no elution
curve is being generated. ln response to this movement
of 98a, recorder 161 and contactor 102 move to new
positions.
After the sample has been taken and the bridge has
been zeroed, the next operation is to operate the cam
6
right 1956. Ampli?ers ‘110, 14-4, and 175 were chopper
ampli?ers denoted in said manual as model K2-P. Am
pli?ers 110 and ‘144- were modi?ed to provide short time
constants on the order of 0.22 second.
This was done
by removing the 1 mid. capacitor connected between the
output terminal and ground (octal plugs numbered 6
and 4, respectively) and replacing it with one having a
capacitance or 0.1 aid.
75 to move switch 76 against contact 77. This pre
The instant invention has been disclosed as suitable
pares the circuit for the integration procedure and the 10 for effecting measurements and process control ‘for situa
position of the switch 76 remains the same until aiter
tions where the material being tested has poor resolution
integration and readout has been completed.
‘from a chromatographic column. Other applications As a re?nement for more perfect zeroing it may be
should be apparent to those skilled in the art. For exam
desirable to reduce the attenuation of the zero signal
ple, it would be possible by closely timing the beginning
across 109. This is done by actuating a relay when 71 15 ‘and end of the integrating operation to effect control
contacts 72. The relay then disconnects line 3%} from
‘from a single peak ‘by integrating over a period of
the arm of .100 and connects line 39 directly to arm 98a.
time t’, as illustrated in FIGURE 2. Where this is done
Next, cam 8i} moves switch 82 against the contact 81
it is necessary that the beginning and end of the time
thereby applying the signal from the bridge to the inte
period be selected to include the maximum value of the
grating circuit 161. The signal that is integrated is that
peak therebetween.
on telemeterin-g slidewire 104i. Telemetering and recorder
What we claim is:
'
101 provide an effective :or apparent ampli?cation. This
1. Process control apparatus comprising a chromato
is advantageous since it lowers the order of sensitivity
graphic column 1having an inlet and an outlet; a sample
required for the integrator, zero, and output circuits.
measuring valve connected to said inlet; a sample cell
The portion of the circuit through ‘ampli?er 175 pro 25 connected to said outlet; a Wheatstone bridge circuit
vides stability. The circuit that includes ampli?er 169
comprising ?rst and second ‘output terminals, a branch
and the parallel circuit with capacitor 172 perform the
of the bridge being disposed in said sample cell, a zeroing
integrating. The capacitor 172 stores the integrated
potentiometer comprising a resistor connected bet-ween
signal thereon. This integrated signal then is impressed
branches of said bridge circuit and a contactor, and means
via junction 170 and lead 176 on the resistor 177 and 30 for connecting said contactor to one of said bridge out—
appears at junction 149 where it is compared ‘with the
put terminals; zero, integrating, and output signal servo
signal from potentiometer contactor 135a that has been
circuits; a second potentiometer having a contactor; a
applied through resistor 138 ‘to the junction 1140. The
algebraic sum of these two signals is then applied to
the one terminal of ampli?er 144 thence to the control
winding circuit of motor 142.
No change takes place until the cam 34} moves switch
8-2 to contact 83. This terminates the integration, but
the signal remains stored on 172 and the sum at 140
direct current potential source connected to one ter
minal of said second potentiometer; means for provid
ing to said zero and integrating circuits signals rep~
resentative of the signals appearing between said bridge
output terminals; means for adjusting said zeroing po
tentiometer contactor responsive to said zero circuit;
means
‘for algebraically summing the signal from said
40
remains the same.
integrating circuit and the signal from said second poten
Then cam 85 connects the motor held 142 to power
tiometer contactor and for applying the summed signal
source through the switch 86. When thus activated the
to said output signal servo circuit; means for actuating
motor 142 moves responsive to the ampli?ed summed
said sample measuring valve for a ?rst predetermined
signal that appears at junction 14% and adjusts the con
period of time; means for actuating said zero circuit
tactor 135a until the sum of the signals appearing at ' for a second predetermined period of time; means for
junction 140 becomes a predetermined minimum, pref
actuating said integrating circuit for a third predeter
erably zero. At this time the motor ceases to move the
mined period of time; and means for actuating said
contactor 135a. At some predetermined time subse
output signal servo circuit after said third period of
quent to this the cam 85 shuts off the power to motor
time.
142 by moving the switch 86 away from the contact
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for
87. Shortly thereafter the cam 75 then moves switch
integrating comprises a junction; an ampli?er having ?rst
75 against the contact 78 and discharges the capacitor
and second input terminals and an output terminal; a ?rst
172 through resistor 174. The circuit is now prepared
capacitor; a resistor connected at one end to a source of
for the next cycle of events.
potential; and means [for connecting in series said junc
When the contactor 135a has been moved to a new 55 tion, said ?rst capacitor, the other end of said resistor, and
position by motor 142 the recorder controller 33 re
said ?rst input terminal; a second capacitor; and means
ceives a new signal, and responsive thereto provides a
for connecting said second capacitor between said junc
control signal to adjust the position of the valve 40‘.
tion and said ampli?er output terminal and in parallel With
The control signal may be electrical, pneumatic, or hy
said ?rst capacitor and ampli?er.
0
draulic. Of course, other means of effecting process
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising a
control could be achieved instead of adjusting the re
switch; means for connecting said switch to said junction;
?ux, e.g., in a debutanizer using a chromatographic an
:a second resistor having one end connected to said ampli
alyzer for measuring iso-pentane in the overhead vapors,
?er output terminal; and means ‘for connecting the said
which are mostly butane (the measurement is preferably
switch to the other end of said second resistor ‘for a fourth
65
Off 9th tray from the top of the column) and resetting
predetermined period of time that includes said third pe
the steam rate responsive to the isopentane concentra
riod of time.
tion.
4. The apara-tus ‘of claim 1 ‘further comprising a means
vIn an actual embodiment, the ampli?ers used in the
for adjusting said second potentiometer contactor respon
integrating circuit and in the motor control circuits were
sive to said output signal servo circuit.
manufactured by the George A. Philbrick Researches,
5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means
Inc., Boston, Mass. Ampli?er 169 was a phase-revers
for responding to the signal (from said second potentiom
ing ‘negative feedback type ‘denoted by Philbrick as model
eter contactor; ‘and means for applying said signal from
KZ-X as described in the “Applications Manual for
said second potentiometer contactor to said means for
Philbrick Octal Plug-In Computing Ampli?ers,” copy 75 responding.
3,049,908‘
8
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said means for re
sponding comprises a recorder-controller.
7. A circuit adapted for combination with a chroma;
rtographic analyzer comprising a Wheatstone bridge cir
cuit comprising ?rst and second output terminals, a zero
vfor responding to the signal ‘from said second ‘potentiom
eter contactor; and means for applying said signal from
said second potentiometer contactor to said means for
responding.
'
i
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said means for
ing potentiometer comprising a resistor connected between
responding comprises a recorder-controller.
branches of said bridge circuit and a contactor, and means
for connecting said con-tactor to one of said bridge out
providing to said integrating circuit signals representative
put terminals; zero, integrating and output signals servo
13. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said means for
of the signals appearing between said bridge output ter
circuits; a second potentiometer having a contactor; a 10 minals, and said means for actuating said integrating cir
cuit for a second predetermined period of time comprise
direct current potential source connected to one terminal
means for connecting said bridge output terminals to said
of said second potentiometer; means for providing to said
integrating circuit ‘for a pre-selected interval of time.
zero and integrating circuit-ts signals representative of the
14. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said output signal
signals appearing between said bridge output terminals;
means for adjusting said zeroing potentiometer conta-ctor 15 servo circuit comprises a servo-motor having ?eld wind
ings and control windings, and means 'for applying power
responsive to said Zero circuit; means tor algebraically
to said ?eld windings, whereupon said servo-motor ro
‘summing the signal from said integrating circuit and the
tates responsive to the signal applied to said control Wind
signal from said second potentiometer contactor and for
ings; wherein said means for applying the sum signal to
applying the sum signal to said output signal servo cir
cuit; means 1for actuating said zero circuit ‘for a ?rst pre
determined period of time; means ‘for actuating said inte
grating circuit tor a second predetermined period of time;
and means for actuating saidrtoutput signal servo circuit
after said second period of time.
8. The apparatus of claim- 7 wherein said means for in 25
said output signal servo circuit comprises means for ap
plying said sum signal to said control windings; and fur
ther comprising means for driving said second potentiom
'eter contactor responsive to the rotation of said servo-mo
tor to reduce to zero the sum signal ‘from said means for
algebraically summing.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said means for
applying power comprises means for applying power to
said ?eld windings for a predetermined period of time.
capacitor; a resistor connected at one end to a source of
potential; and means for connecting in series said junction,
References Cited in the ?le of this patent
said ?rst capacitor, the other end of said resistor, and said 30
UNITED STATES PATENTS
?rst input terminal; a second capacitor; ‘and means for
tegrating comprises a junction; an ampli?er having ?rst
and second input terminals and an output terminal; a ?rst
connecting said second capacitor between said junction
and said ‘ampli?er output terminal and in parallel with said
2,542,160
2,756,378
Stoner et a1 _______ __'____ Feb. 20, 1951
Davis ________________ __ July 24, 1956
?rst capacitor and ampli?er.
2,826,908
Skarstrom ____________ __ Mar. 18, 1958
-
9. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising a 35
OTHER REFERENCES
switch; means for connecting said switch to said junction;
Article: Gas Chromatography, published in Analytical
a second resistor having one end connected to said ampli
Chemistry, Vol. 28, No. 3, March 1956, {by Dirnbat et al.,
?er output terminal; and means for connecting the said
switch to the other end of said second resistor for a ‘fourth
predetermined period of time that includes said third pe
riod of time.
i
pages 290-297. (Copy in 73-23C.)
.
Article: “Gas Chromatography,” published in Oil &
Gas Journal, Dec. 17, 1956, pages 133, 134. (Copy in
73-23c.)
10. The apparatus of claim 7 ‘further comprising a
Article: Gas Chromatography in Plant Streams, by
means for adjusting said second potentiometer contactor
D. H. Fuller in ISA Journal, November 1956, pages 440
responsive to said output signal servo circuit.
'
11. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising means 45 444. (73-230.)