...his ruler at the Reichstag (imperial Diet) from 1522 to 1526. His perpetual lack of funds, however, soon led him into a number of fraudulent schemes. The most serious of these became known as the Pack Affairs (Packsche Händel). After a meeting between the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I and a number of Catholic princes at Breslau (1527), Pack reported to Philip the Magnanimous, the......

...school (fish), and tribe (humans) and more generalized terms such as colony, den, family, group, or pack. An even greater diversity of names is used to describe human social groups. Names such as class, congregation, platoon, squad, ......

any domesticated animal that is used to carry freight, goods, or supplies. The ass or donkey is the oldest-known pack animal, having been in use possibly as early as 3500 bc. Pack animals are most often used in terrain where wheeled vehicles would encounter difficulty. Camels, for example, are used in the desert, horses and mules are used in mountainous terrain, an...

...school (fish), and tribe (humans) and more generalized terms such as colony, den, family, group, or pack. An even greater diversity of names is used to describe human social groups. Names such as class, congregation, platoon, squad, ......

any area of sea ice (ice formed by freezing of seawater) that is not landfast; it is mobile by virtue of not being attached to the shoreline or something else. Pack ice expands in the winter and retreats in the summer in both hemispheres to cover about 5 percent of the northern oceans and 8 percent of the southern oceans. See also sea ice....

Controversies surrounding the speed skating competition drew much attention. Pack-style skating was introduced, whereby the competitors raced each other instead of skating in pairs and racing against the clock. Europeans, unfamiliar with this style, fared poorly as two Americans, Irving Jaffee and Jack Shea, swept the events, each winning two gold medals. Legendary Finnish speed skater Clas......

...their reliability, these circuits depend on insulating materials that can serve as substrates (that is, the bases on which the microscopic electronic components and their connections are built) and packages (that is, the structures that seal a circuit from the environment and make it a single, compact unit). The insulating properties of ceramics are well known, and these properties have found.....

...efficient for treating small sewage flows from motels, schools, and other relatively isolated wastewater sources. Both of these treatments are usually provided in prefabricated steel tanks called package plants. Oxygen aeration systems mix pure oxygen with activated sludge. A richer concentration of oxygen allows the aeration time to be shortened from six to two hours, reducing the required......

...bigger business internationally in the latter half of the 20th century as air travel was progressively deregulated and decoupled from “flag carriers” (national airlines). The airborne package tour to sunny coastal destinations became the basis of an enormous annual migration from northern Europe to the Mediterranean before extending to a growing variety of long-haul destinations,......

Other motorcars of this type included the Hispano-Suiza of Spain and France; the Bugatti, Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss, Talbot (Darracq), and Voisin of France; the Duesenberg, Cadillac, Packard, and Pierce-Arrow of the United States; the Horch, Maybach, and Mercedes-Benz of Germany; the Belgian Minerva; and the Italian Isotta-Fraschini. These were costly machines, priced roughly from $7,500 to......

...Eli Olds, whose name is familiar from the long-lived Oldsmobile, was also active in gasoline-engine research in the 1890s, after initially being interested in steam; so were Alexander Winton and James Ward Packard. By 1898 more than 100 companies had been organized with the intent of automobile......

U.S. social critic and author of the 1957 best-selling book The Hidden Persuaders, in which he deplored manipulative advertising techniques that used subliminal images and symbols to stimulate consumer sales (b. May 22, 1914--d. Dec. 12, 1996)....

...for use in the home, the military, and industry. One of its most successful models was the Roomba, a small autonomous robot introduced in 2002 that could vacuum a floor. Another iRobot product, the PackBot, was used by U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq to dispose of explosives....

Packed red blood cells are what remains of whole blood after the plasma and platelets have been removed. A 450-millilitre unit of whole blood is reduced to a 220-millilitre volume. Packed red blood cells are used most often to raise a low hemoglobin or hematocrit level in patients with chronic anemia or mild hemorrhage....

Cocurrent and cross-flow packed scrubber designs are also used for gas absorption. In the cocurrent design, both gas and liquid flow in the same direction—vertically downward through the scrubber. Although not as efficient as countercurrent designs, cocurrent devices can work at higher liquid flow rates. The increased flow prevents plugging of the packing when the airstream contains high......

...is along a coordinate much longer than its width. There are two basic geometries: columnar and planar. In column chromatography the stationary phase is contained in a tube called the column. A packed column contains particles that either constitute or support the stationary phase, and the mobile phase flows through the channels of the interstitial spaces. Theory has shown that performance......

Once surrounded by farmlands, Littleton is now largely suburban and effectively indistinguishable from adjoining communities in the Denver metropolitan area. Alfred (or Alferd) Packer (1842–1907), infamous as a murderer and cannibal, lived in Littleton during the last years of his life and is buried in the city’s historic cemetery; his grave attracts many visitors. In 1999 the city’s......

Once surrounded by farmlands, Littleton is now largely suburban and effectively indistinguishable from adjoining communities in the Denver metropolitan area. Alfred (or Alferd) Packer (1842–1907), infamous as a murderer and cannibal, lived in Littleton during the last years of his life and is buried in the city’s historic cemetery; his grave attracts many visitors. In 1999 the city’s......

The university was founded in 1865 by industrialist and philanthropist Asa Packer. Because of Packer’s generous donations, there was no tuition charge from 1871 to 1891. Women were admitted into graduate programs about 1916 and as undergraduates in 1971. Notable alumni include geodesist William Bowie and automobile executive Lee Iacocca....

Dec. 17, 1937Sydney, AustraliaDec. 26, 2005SydneyAustralian media magnate who , was at his death the richest man in Australia, with an estimated wealth of A$7 billion (about US$5 billion). Packer was also known for having created (1977) World Series Cricket, which challenged the traditional...

...a desire to share information over great distances without the need for dedicated phone connections between each computer on a network. As it turned out, fulfilling this desire would require “packet switching.”...

Typically, a firewall allows no direct connection between the internal network and the Internet. Instead, external connection requests, or digital packets, may be routed to a heavily secured “bastion host” server designed to withstand attack or to a larger “demilitarized zone,” a controlled network between the internal network and the outside. The firewall then evaluates......

...a desire to share information over great distances without the need for dedicated phone connections between each computer on a network. As it turned out, fulfilling this desire would require “packet switching.”...

In addition to orientation, a factor known as packing contributes to a rock’s fabric. Packing refers to the distribution of grains and intergranular spaces (either empty or filled with cement or fine-grained matrix) in a sedimentary rock. It is controlled by grain size and shape and by the degree of compaction of a sedimentary rock; in turn it determines the rock’s bulk density. A description......

in mathematics, a type of problem in combinatorial geometry that involves placement of figures of a given size or shape within another given figure—with greatest economy or subject to some other restriction. The problem of placement of a given number of spheres within a given volume of space is an example of a packing problem....

...attention is paid to the number of grain-to-grain contacts (packing proximity) and to comparisons between the sum of the lengths of grains to the total length of a traverse across a thin section (packing density)....

Harkins predicted the existence of the neutron and heavy hydrogen (or deuterium) and introduced the concept of the packing fraction, a measure of the energy involved in the association of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom. Utilizing Einstein’s concept of the equivalence of mass and energy, he demonstrated that by combining four hydrogen atoms to produce one helium atom, a small......

...of packing is generally based on the analysis of thin sections of a sedimentary rock using a petrographic microscope. Particular attention is paid to the number of grain-to-grain contacts (packing proximity) and to comparisons between the sum of the lengths of grains to the total length of a traverse across a thin section (packing density)....

The bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), often called a packrat, is among the largest and most common woodrats, weighing up to 600 grams (about 1.3 pounds) and having a body length of up to 25 cm (nearly 10 inches). Its slightly shorter tail is longhaired and bushy, which is unique within the genus. The Arizona woodrat (N. devia) is one of the smallest, weighing......

any of 20 species of medium-sized North and Central American rodents. Some species are commonly known as “packrats” for their characteristic accumulation of food and debris on or near their dens. These collections, called “middens,” may include bones, sticks, dry manure, shiny metal objects, and innumerable items discarded by or stolen from humans....

...his ruler at the Reichstag (imperial Diet) from 1522 to 1526. His perpetual lack of funds, however, soon led him into a number of fraudulent schemes. The most serious of these became known as the Pack Affairs (Packsche Händel). After a meeting between the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I and a number of Catholic princes at Breslau (1527), Pack reported to Philip the Magnanimous, the......

...in Kentucky. As chairman of the Senate Ethics Committee in 1995, he garnered national attention for resisting Democratic attempts to investigate sexual assault accusations against Republican Sen. Bob Packwood of Oregon. In a speech on the Senate floor, McConnell threatened to launch investigations into Democratic politicians who had faced similar charges in the past, among them Sen. Ted......

organic compound with a complex multi-ring molecule that occurs in the bark of Pacific yew trees (Taxus brevifolia). It is active against certain cancers of the lung, ovary, breast, head, and neck, disrupting cell division and interfering with separation of the nuclear chromosomes. A semi...

popular Mexican television personality who was the host of variety shows for two of Mexico’s largest networks, Televisa and TV Azteca, in a career spanning more than 25 years; his murder in a daylight attack on a busy Mexico City beltway rekindled fury at the rising incidence of violent crime in the country’s capital (b. 1942, Mexico City, Mex.—d. June 7, 1999, Mexico City)....

...Tagus as Lisbon’s lover. The river is indeed an ever-present part of the city’s decor, and the official entrance to Lisbon is a broad marble staircase mounting from the water to the vast arcaded Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio). The three landward sides of the square are surrounded by uniform buildings dating from the 18th century. That formal Baroque-inspired layout is......

professional boxer, media celebrity, and politician, who became world-famous for winning boxing titles in several weight classes. His rise from abject poverty to the pinnacle of his sport was made even more remarkable by his life outside the ring. The charismatic “Pac-Man” was an idol and a unifying force in the Philippines, where his unprecedented popularity led to commercial e...

professional boxer, media celebrity, and politician, who became world-famous for winning boxing titles in several weight classes. His rise from abject poverty to the pinnacle of his sport was made even more remarkable by his life outside the ring. The charismatic “Pac-Man” was an idol and a unifying force in the Philippines, where his unprecedented popularity led to commercial e...

Only days after his inauguration, Peña Nieto, who had based his campaign on the claim that he could get things done, announced a “Pact for Mexico” that joined the PRI, PAN, and PRD in support of a 95-point agenda of policy reform. The pact generated considerable discontent within the PAN and especially within the PRD, many of whose members expressed unhappiness with their......

...for Afrikaans- and English-speaking whites. The June 1924 election propelled Hertzog to the position of prime minister through a coalition between the National and Labour parties known as the Pact government....

Alliance between Germany and Italy. Signed by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini on May 22, 1939, it formalized the 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis agreement, linking the two countries politically and militarily....

...Shelf cases (1969). A treaty is based on the consent of the parties to it, is binding, and must be executed in good faith. The concept known by the Latin formula pacta sunt servanda (“agreements must be kept”) is arguably the oldest principle of international law. Without such a rule, no international agreement would be binding or......

The historic Pactum Hludowicianum, also issued in 817, replaced the ill-defined "friendship alliance" between the Carolingians and the popes with a carefully arranged imperial-papal relationship that the emperor dominated. Louis later described the pope as his helper (adiutor) in caring for God’s people. He was no less dynamic in the political realm. When Louis’s nephew, King......

...laws normally required approval by the popular assemblies. Because of this collaboration between king and people, a compilation was sometimes referred to as an “agreement,” or pactus. The Visigothic laws were an exception; they always appear to have been formulated by the king and chief landowners without popular participation. Gradually, first the Lombard and then the......

...diverse community is found in the Amazonian and Guianan forests, where the abundance of water and trees makes life easy. Rivers are the realm of large numbers of invertebrates and fishes, such as pacu (Metynnis), a big brownish flat fish, the meat of which is highly valued; coumarou (Curimato), which is a toothless vegetarian fish resembling the marine mullet;......

Feb. 8, 1940 Wilno, Pol. [now Vilnius, Lith.]April 19, 2007 Princeton, N.J.Polish-born American astrophysicist who pioneered a novel method for carrying out astronomical observations of distant objects that produce little or no light of their own. The technique makes use of a phenomenon ca...

The tension burst into public view when the opposition People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), led by media tycoon Sondhi Limthongkul and former Bangkok governor Chamlong Srimuang, organized a mass protest in May against Samak’s prospective move to amend the 2007 constitution, which the military junta had put into place to prevent Thaksin’s return to power. Samak faced another barrage of......

...of bharata natyam, the classical South Indian dance. The varnam, a completely composed piece, serves mainly as a warming up and is performed at the beginning of a concert. Pada and javali are two kinds of love songs using the poetic imagery characteristic of the romantic-devotional movement mentioned earlier. Tillana has a text composed mostly of......

love poem in Karnatak (Carnatic) music. A padam is slow in tempo and grave in import, and it is usually treated as allegorical: the yearning of the nayika (heroine) is interpreted as the soul’s longing for the nayaka (hero). The best-regarded ...

...meander through the level plains of the Llanos. The volume of the river increases as it receives numerous mountain tributaries, including the Mavaca River on the left bank and the Manaviche, Ocamo, Padamo, and Cunucunuma rivers on the right....

...and Parsis wear a sacred shirt (sudra) made of two pieces of white cambric stitched together. For ordination, a shawl, a cotton veil (padan) to cover the nose and mouth, and a mace are added; the Brahmanic (Vedic) initiate also receives a tall staff and a black antelope skin. In Sikhism (an Indian religion founded by......

kota (city), capital of West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. Padang is the chief port on Sumatra’s western coast and is the main city of the Minangkabau people of West Suma...

region near the western coast of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. It is part of the Barisan Mountains of Sumatera Barat provinsi (“province”). The highest among several volcanoes in the highlands is Mount Merapi (9,485 feet [2,891 m]). A favourite resort area because of its climate, the region has superb scenery and is the source of four major rivers (the Rokan, Kampar, Inderagiri, and Ba...

largest ethnic group on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, whose traditional homeland is the west-central highlands. The Minangkabau have extensive terraced fields and garden plots in which they raise irrigated rice, tobacco, and cinnamon, as well as fruits and vegetables. Their crafts include wood carving, metalworking, and weaving. Their language, closely resembling Ma...

Among the Navya-Nyaya philosophers, Raghunatha Shiromani in Padarthatattvanirupana undertook a bold revision of the traditional categorical scheme by (1) identifying “time,” “space,” and “ether” with God, (2) eliminating the category of mind by reducing it to matter, (3) denying atoms (paramanu) and dyadic......

genus of timber trees of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to Asia and Africa. Narra wood is primarily used for cabinetwork; it is usually red or rose colour, often variegated with yellow. The wood is hard and heavy, and the pattern of the grain and the colouring are hardly equaled by any other timber. The name refers especially to Pterocarpus indicus, ...

Modification of the torso focuses on the neck, trunk, and breasts. The Padaung women of Myanmar were famous for stretching their necks—by means of coiled brass neck rings—to a length of about 15 inches (38 cm), pushing down the collarbone, compressing the rib cage, and pulling up about four thoracic vertebrae into the neck....

The third genre, padāvalī (“string of verse”) songs, is also found elsewhere; inspired by the religious bhakti movement, the songs resemble the devotional poetry of the Nāyaṉārs and Āḻvārs in Tamil. It was such poetry that established Bengali as a significant literary language. The earliest work in what may be......

bird of the mannikin group in the family Estrildidae (order Passeriformes). One of the best-known cage birds, it is an attractive pet that chirps and trills. Native to Java and Bali, it has become established in the wild elsewhere in Asia as well as in Fiji, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Hawaiian Islands. Also called paddy bird, it may form large flocks that damage grain. It is 14 cm (5.5 inches) l...

...won him the Cannes Festival’s prize for best actor. The beloved character Paddington Bear, from the children’s books by Michael Bond, made a successful screen debut in the smartly packaged Paddington (Paul King). The story of the mathematician and wartime code breaker Alan Turing was tastefully told in The Imitation Game (Morten Tyldum), while The Theory of Everything......

area in the borough of Westminster, London. Formerly (until 1965) a metropolitan borough, it is located west of St. Marylebone and north of Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park. Its southern section includes the neighbourhood of Bayswater, and in its northern portion is Maida Vale....

...of overs (usually 50 per side) leads to a faster paced though much-altered game. In one-day cricket there are some restrictions on placement of fielders. This led to new batting styles, such as the paddle shot (wherein the ball is hit behind the wicket because there are usually no fielders there) and the lofted shot (where the batsman tries to hit the ball past the fielders and over their......

sport that is a combination of tennis and squash, devised in 1928 by American sports enthusiasts Fessenden Blanchard and James Cogswell at Scarsdale, N.Y. It is played on specially constructed platforms, 60 by 30 feet (18 by 9 m), surrounded by back and side walls of tightly strung wire netting 12 feet (3.7 m) high. The actual court measures 44 by 20 feet (13.4 by 6 m), and the net is 2 feet 10 i...

small-scale form of tennis similar to a British shipboard game of the 1890s. Frank P. Beal, a New York City official, introduced paddle tennis on New York playgrounds in the early 1920s. He had invented it as a child in Albion, Mich. It became popular, and national championship tournaments are still held in the United States. Platform tennis, a later development, is sometimes c...

method of ship propulsion that was once widely employed but is now almost entirely superseded by the screw propeller. Early experiments with steam-driven paddles acting as oars led several inventors, including Robert Fulton, to mount the paddles in a wheel form, either at the stern or at the sides of the vessel....

either of two species of archaic freshwater fish with a paddle-like snout, wide mouth, smooth skin, and cartilaginous skeleton. A relative of the sturgeon, the paddlefish is of the family Polyodontidae and the order Acipenseriformes. It feeds with mouth gaping open, gill rakers straining plankton from the water....

American sprinter, world record holder for the 100-metre dash (1921–30) and the 200-metre dash (1921–26). He also held the world record for the 100-yard dash (1921, 1924–26) and the 220-yard dash (1921–26). In addition, he was a member of a world record-holding 4 × 100-metre team (1920–24)....

American sprinter, world record holder for the 100-metre dash (1921–30) and the 200-metre dash (1921–26). He also held the world record for the 100-yard dash (1921, 1924–26) and the 220-yard dash (1921–26). In addition, he was a member of a world record-holding 4 × 100-metre team (1920–24)....

...particular, bucket-ladder dredging, which is characterized by a continuous chain of buckets that rotate around a rigid adjustable frame called the ladder, is used worldwide. A later method known as paddock dredging allows placer deposits to be mined even when they are not adjacent to a river. In this method the dredge floats in its own pond, which is continuously extended by digging at one end....

small, level, flooded field used to cultivate rice in southern and eastern Asia. Wet-rice cultivation is the most prevalent method of farming in the Far East, where it utilizes a small fraction of the total land yet feeds the majority of the rural population. Rice was domesticated as early as 3500 bc, and by about 2,000 years ago it was grown in almost all of the present-day cultivat...

Doyle’s fourth novel, Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha (1993), won the 1993 Booker Prize. Set in the 1960s in a fictional working-class area of northern Dublin, the book examines the cruelty inflicted upon children by other children. The protagonist, 10-year-old Paddy Clarke, fears his classmates’ ostracism, especially after the breakup of his parents’ marriage. In 1994 Doyle wrote the BBC......

granite islet, South Ayrshire council area, Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde and 10 miles (16 km) off the coast of South Ayrshire, to which it belongs. It is nicknamed “Paddy’s Milestone” for its location halfway between Glasgow and Belfast (Northern Ireland). The name Ailsa Craig is thought to derive from Gaelic words meaning “Fairy Rock.” About 0...

The two species of hare wallabies (Lagorchestes) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares. Often called pademelons, the three species of scrub wallabies (Thylogale) of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Tasmania are small and stocky, with short hind limbs and pointy noses. They are hunted for meat and fur. A similar species is the......

city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the Pader River, a small affluent of the Lippe formed from rain seepage on the slope of the Egge Mountains (Eggegebirge) and emerging from below the cathedral in about 200 springs, about 60 miles (100 km) east-northeast of Do...

...and castas to positions of prominence. Service in the wars was particularly useful in this regard. Men such as the mulattoes Manuel Piar in Venezuela and José Padilla in New Granada rose to the rank of general and admiral, respectively, in Bolívar’s forces. In practice, however, the old hierarchies did not fall so easily and continued on......

aristocratic Spanish military leader of the Castilian Comunidades (Comuneros) in their unsuccessful revolt (1520–21) against the government of the Habsburg emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain)....

park in Norrbotten län (county), northwestern Sweden, adjoining Norway (west) and Sarek National Park (east). It is the largest of the Swedish national parks and one of the largest parks in Europe, with an area of 776 square miles (2,010 square km). It was established in 1962. Padjelanta National Park contains several lakes, the largest of which are Virihaure, Vastenjaure...

...the rings are turned so that a particular word or number is formed, the spindle can be drawn out because slots inside the rings all fall in line. Originally, these letter locks were used only for padlocks and trick boxes. In the last half of the 19th century, as developed for safes and strong-room doors, they proved to be the most secure form of closure. The number of possible combinations of.....

...The wife of Vishnu, she is said to have taken different forms in order to be with him in each of his incarnations. Thus, when he was the dwarf Vamana, she appeared from a lotus and was known as Padma, or Kamala, both of which mean “Lotus”; when he was the ax-wielding Parashurama, the destroyer of the warrior class, she was his wife Dharani; when he was King Rama, she was his......

main channel of the greater Ganges (Ganga) River in Bangladesh. For some 90 miles (145 km) the Ganges River forms the western boundary between India and Bangladesh before it enters Bangladesh at the northern edge of the Kushtia district as the upper segment of the Padma River. The upper Padma flows southeastward to receive the mighty Jamuna ...

...repairing, and the manufacture of rubber goods. The city has several colleges affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in Tirunelveli. About 9 miles (14 km) west is the tourist centre of Padmanabhapuram Palace, which was formerly the residence of the Travancore raja. Pop. (2001) 208,179; (2011) 224,849....

...Varttika (“Gloss”) on his bhashya and of Naishkarmya-siddhi (“Establishment of the State of Nonaction”), and Padmapada, author of Panchapadika, a commentary on the first five padas, or sections, of the bhashya. These......