Tuesday, April 3, 2007

From time to time I am going to answer people have about the ancient world. Until the time when my readership starts sending in questions (which you can do by emailing me at brestian@@sas..upenn..edu -- just take out half the symbols), I will post some of the questions I frequently encounter as a practicing archaeologist. To take the topic of the movie 300 one step further, I will address a question that pops up frequently: were the Greeks really all flaming homosexuals?This is a topic that is difficult to answer in a straightforward fashion. First, there is the old saw that any sentence beginning with "The Greeks" is false. Every city state had different customs, laws and rituals, and it is impossible to generalize. In addition, almost all our literary and artistic evidence comes from Athens, so it always gets a disproportionate amount of attention. Most of what I say here will deal with that city.

The Greeks did not have words for "heterosexual" and "homosexual." Our notion of sexual 'orientation' would be alien to them. Right there we have a major stumbling block to finding an answer to the question. What we can talk about is what the Athenians did. What they did participate in homosexual liasons quite openly. However, homosexual sex played a rather different role in Athenian society than in ours. Men of similar age did not engage in homosexual sex (at least, we don't have much evidence for it), nor did one individual act as both penetrator and penetrated with a single partner.

The traditional Athenian homosexual relationship involved an older man (the erastes, or "lover"), and a younger boy or man (the eromenos, or "loved"). These names are modern; the Greeks did not distinguish them so precisely. The younger partner would be anywhere from 13-20 years of age. The erastes would court the young man with gifts and admiring words. The eromenos would become enamored with the older man's wisdom and experience, but would never take an active role in the relationship. The eromenos was always the one sought, the one pursued, the one penetrated. K. J. Dover has likened the eromenos to the role of a young Victorian woman, who was never supposed to initiate courtship or sex, but simply be an object of admiration and desire. Together, the two would form a mentor-pupil relationship. This could have practical benefits, as the erastes could educate the eromenos in politics and civic life, and use his connections to ensure the eromenos would find success when he got older.

Actually consenting to be the eromenos for money, particularly with multiple partners, was considered prostitution, and was illegal in Athens. We have an account of the prosecution of an Athenian in the 4th century named Timarchus for this crime. In Athens, there was no law-enforcement agency; private individuals brought other Athenians to court for alleged crimes, and in this case the real reason Timarchus was prosecuted is in retaliation for his actions as ambassador to Philip II. What is interesting is that the prosecutor, Aeschines, anticipates that the defense would attempt character assassination against himself (a standard tactic), and says that he never stooped to prostitute himself, although he too served as an eromenos. This public admission, done without apparent embarrassment, indicates the institution was widely accepted at the time. Occasionally we find philosophers speaking disapprovingly, but only in the context that lust for either sex was a sign of lack of self-control.

The erastes-eromenos relationship wasn't permanent. Once the "boy" reached adulthood, sooner or later he would marry and have kids, and the erastes would be left behind, although ties of friendship would continue. In turn, the former eromenos might well become an erastes himself when he got older.

Unlike in modern society, men engaging in homosexual behavior were not, by and large, characterized as feminine (the eromenos, as the passive partner, could be an exception). Indeed, having an erastes and eromenos serve together in battle was seen as a good thing, as the erastes would endeavor to provide a good role model, and the eromenos would strive to meet the example of his mentor. For those who have seen 300, remember "The Captain" and his son Astinos? Make them erastes/eromenos instead of father/son and you have it. The Theban Sacred Band, a crack unit, was composed of 500 homosexual pairs, and was feared in battle for that very reason.

Foreigners, such as the Persians, could be depicted as effeminate, and occasionally as the subordinate partner in a homosexual relationship. Here, it is the status, rather than the action, that is derogatory. For example, there is an Athenian red figure vase with a nude Greek with the inscription "I am Eurymedon" (a reference to the Greek victory at the battle of the Eurymedon in the 460s), while on the other side is a Persian bent over with the inscription "I am bent over" (i.e., "I'm fucked!")

We know very little about homosexuality at Sparta. In Plato's Laws, he has an Athenian speaker speak negatively of Spartan homosexuality as unnatural -- not only one of the few examples of anti-homosexual opinion, but one of the few references to Spartan practice. We also have a comment in Aristophanes to Spartan homosexuality, but it's hard to know how much weight to place on a comedic author. The historian Ephorus tells us that on Crete, the pursuit of the eromenos was highly ritualized, with a show of mock resistance by the family of the pursued youth.

All this involves elite males, as Greek literature was created for the elite, and depictions of homosexual behavior on Greek vase painting was used for the Greek ritual known as the symposium. About women we know little, about the lower classes and slaves even less. The modern word 'lesbian' does come from the island of Lesbos, for it was the home of the poetess Sappho, who wrote poems to her lover in the sixth century B.C. (whence also "Sapphic love")

In short, Greek homosexuality is difficult to generalize about, and by and large it took forms that would be very unfamiliar to us. The Greeks are often brought into both pro- and anti-GLBT rhetoric by individuals who don't really know what they are talking about. Like most aspects of ancient society, it can only be understood in context.

205 comments:

Fantastic post, Scott. I recall some of this from undergrad and my philosophy and ancient history studies; it becomes clear that history has much to tell us about the impact of civil society on sexual practices -- and, further, on the mutability of human sexual practices.

I recall reading one historian, name escapes me, on Sparta and Thermopylae who argued that some ancient sources gave an entirely different account of homosexuality in Sparta. Those sources suggested, I recall, that Spartans viewed homosexuality as a weakness or flaw in character, and something engaged in only by non-Spartans. Any knowledge or views on that argument?

He is probably thinking about a passage in Xenophon about Sparta. He says that Lycurgus (the semi-legendary lawgiver of the Spartans) approved the mentor-pupil relationship of the erastes/eromenos, but "if anyone clearly had an appetite for the boy's body, he laid down that this was utterly shameful" and classed such activity with incest.

The problem is knowing how much weight to place on this. Xenophon was not a Spartan (though he was an admirer), and Sparta was a secretive society. Was the practice publically disapproved but privately engaged in? We know that the Spartans could engage in an erastes/eromena relationship between an older man and a young, unmarried girl, which seems to have been consummated with anal or intracrural sex (there was even a verb, "laconize," which describes this. So did they really abstain? Many of our sources are Athenian, so hostile. In short, we really don't have a lot of information.

A post nicely done!Thumbs up to you for trying to be objective! However, I would just like to put a few things on the table, just for consideration's sake:

A)If homosexuality was so very OK in the classical (and even earlier) years as many, ahem, scholars support, how come modern Greeks don't have some strong remnant of it in their culture today? (as is the case with many other aspects of antiquity that have survived and evolved throughout the centuries).

B)In every advanced and civilized society there are "deviants", so to speak; so yes, there were homosexuals in every major Greek city, child molestors, cross-dressers (there's even the famous statue of Patrinela in Patras, a male statue that they dressed with female clothing), etc... but connecting that percentage of people to the whole would be like saying that for example all modern Americans accept homosexuality as a practice because an archeologist found a stash of gay porn magazines somewhere...:)

C) (and most important) - what most Westerners somehow fail to understand is the meaning of the word "eros" and the verb "ero". I guess it has to do with the Middle Ages or something... when you "love" your best friend and say "I love you, man!" you don't mean you want to have intercourse with him, right? The same goes for "I love my mum!":)Now, in a society where men spent all their time together, it is only natural for strong relationships to develop but NOT in a sexual kind of way. Anyone who has served in the army knows what I'm talking about...

So, all in all, I think that the whole "homosexuality in ancient Greece" is just a subject blown way out of proportion by certain groups of today that want a "historical justification" to support their claims - or just to take a bash at ancient Greece as usual due to their Schiller-style complex...

And let me close this rant with a funny historical anecdote:

Diogenes was wrestling with a young lad in the palestra, naked, oiled up and all that. So, during the "match" Diogenes got an erection. And the young lad looked at him shocked and backed away. But Diogenes replied "Fear not boy! *This* is not me! It has a mind of its own altogether!":P

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