IBM 7070

IBM 7070 Data Processing System
MANUFACTURER
International Business Machines Corporation
590 Madison Avenue
Hew York 22, New York
Photo by International Business Machines Corporation
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer
System is used in the many areas of management deci-
sion criteria such as engineering design and develop-
ment, research, accounting controls and reports, pro-
duction, inventory controls and reports, and mathe-
matical models.
U. S. Army Oversea Supply Agency
Located at the Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn 50,
New York, the computer will be used to validate, edit,
maintain supply status and render reports for requi-
sitions received from Oversea Commands serviced by
this Agency.
U.S.A.F. 1608th Air Transport Wing (MATS)
Located at the Statistical Services Division,
Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, the sys-
tem is used for the solution of problems in materiel,
maintenance, personnel, accounting and finance, air
operations, vehicle management, and civil engineering.
Union Carbide Chemicals Company
Located at the Union Carbide Chemical Company, Tech.
Center, South Charleston, West Virginia, the system
is used for engineering design calculations connected
with building new plants and chemical processes, re-
duction and analysis of experimental data pertaining
to research and development of new processes, and
(future) business and data processing applications,
including cost accounting, inventory control and
payroll.
Brown University
Located at the Division of Applied Mathematics, 180
George Street, Providence 6, R. I, the system is
used for education in numerical analysis, data pro-
cessing, and computer applications and for the con-
duct of research in computer applications in the
physical, biological and social sciences, mathematics
and linguistics.

This is a tape-oriented system. For card-tape, tape-card, tape-printer
operations, a 1401 machine would be used. This equipment is described
elsewhere in the writeups.
The above rental rates include customer engineering maintenance and
parts and cover the first 176 hours a month the system is in use. Each hour of
use thereafter is subject to a rate of 1/176 of 40%.
A maintenance contract is available for components of a purchased system at
rates per a published schedule.
Purchase price, typical system: $813,250
Rental price, typical system: $ 17,400 monthly
USA OSA
Rental is $27,950/month.
1-727 Tape Drive, 1-720 II Printer, and 1-760 Printer Control, rents at
a total of $4,950/month.
Maintenance included in rental.
USAF MATS
Quantity Type Monthly Rental
1 7150 $ 300
2 7300 3,000
1 7301 3,500
1 7500 400
1 7550 550
1 7600 1,400
1 7601 3,000
1 7602 1,900
1 7603 2,050
1 7604 2,700
1 7605 3,900
1 7802 400
1 7900 250
4 729 2,800
1 533 765
2 Typewriter 420
--------
$27 335
UCC
Basic 7070/card input/card output cost $580,000.
407 Printer, storage for panel boards, keypunch, and above system
rental at $12,700/month.
The407 rents at $850/month.
Brown Univ.
A 7070 System, with 4 tape drives, automatic floating point, on line printer
and 407 tabulator is purchased.
Key punches, reproducer and sorter are rented.
Service contract with IBM for purchased system.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturer
The number of people required will vary a great deal based upon type of
work (scientific, commercial mix), type of industry coupled with application.
Education training, program testing, technical assistance on all
phases is available.
USA OSA
One 8-Hour Shift
Used Recommended
Supervisors 4 4
Analysts 8 8
Programmers-Coders 12 16
Clerks 1 4
Methods of training used includes internal orientation, IBM programming
school and on-the-job training.
USAF MATS
One 8-Hour Shift
Used Recommended
Supervisors 4 4
Analysts 8 8
Programmers-Coders 20 20
Librarians 1 1
Operators 1 1
Engineers 1 1
In-Output Oper 1 1
Tape Handlers 1 1
Methods of training used includes contractor schools and on-the-job
training.
UCC
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 3
Analysts 2
Programmers 3
Operators 2
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training used is manufacturer's training.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Manufacturer System features and construction techniques utilized
by manufacturer to insure required reliability include diagnostic programs
and marginal checking, to detect and anticipate component failures, and solid
state components together with conservative circuit design criteria, to assure
a high level of reliability.
UCC Time is not available for rent to outside organizations.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Manufacturer One of the most outstanding features of the 7070 is its
modularity. For growth, the 7070 System can be quickly and easily converted to
the 7074 in the field. The 7074 is 6 to 20 times as fast as the 7070 internally, and
completely compatible with programs written for the 7070. The 7070 can be used
efficiently for a scientific-commercial mix. USA OSA Magnetic tape library on
wheels will store input tapes in alternate area. This will allow for recreation of
files as of yesterday. Normal IBM procedures are used for labelling and handling
of magnetic tapes. Tape library procedures provide for central control or tape and
program set up. Librarian will be focal point of operation. USAF MATS
The Inventory Control Application will operate online from remote
input/output stations simultaneously with other periodically processed
applications.
Use will be made of the IBM Input/Output Control System (IOCS) for all.
tape operations. A fireproof vault has been built adjacent to the computer
room for magnetic tape storage.

Arithmetic mode Serial
Timing Synchronous and Asynchronous
Operation Concurrent
STORAGE
Access
Media No. of Characters Microsec
Core 40 000; 80,000; 160,000 2.18
Core (Fast Registers) 1.09
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 50 Units
No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches
Tape speed 75 or 112.5 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500;41,667; 62,500 Chars/sec
Start-stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec
Average time for experienced
operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds
Physical properties of tape
Width 0.5 Inches
Length of reel 2,400 Feet
INPUT
Media Speed
Magnetic Tape See Storage
Card 250 cards/min
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Magnetic Tape See Storage
Card 100 cards/min
Console Typewriter 600 char/min
In addition to the above components, an IBM 1401 Data
Processing System may be used for peripheral operations. The
speeds of the 1401 components are:
Card Reading 800 cards/min
Card Punching 250 cards/min
Printing 600 lines/min
TapesThe 7080 tapes are completely
compatible with the 1401 system
CHECKING FEATURES
Character code check on internal operations and data
transmission sign check for arithmetic instructions overflow,
character code check during transmission from storage to I/0
units, horizontal and vertical parity check on magnetic tape,
dual level sensing, two gap head for verification of tape writing,
two read stations in card reader, echo checking on line printer,
and row-count comparison in card punching.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 14.4 Kw
Area, computer 1,000-1,200 sq ft (approx)
Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft
Weight, computer 19,700 lbs
Site preparation requirements: Physical planning manual
and assistance available.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Time required for delivery 12 months
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Monthly Purchase
Type Description Model Rental Price
7102 Arith & Logical Unit 1 $14,500 $685,000
7153 Console Control Unit 1 1,500 75,000
7302 Core Storage 1 17,500 840,000
7305 Ctrl Stor & 1/0 Ctrl 1 7,300 345,000
2 8,400 395,000
7800 Power Converter 1 700 25,000
7801 Power Control 1 900 35,000
7621 Tape Control 2 3,300 147,000
729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 700 27,000
729 Magnetic Tape Unit 4 900 48,500
7622 Signal Control 1 1,500 26,000
The above renatl rates include customer engineering
maintenance and parts and cover the first 176 hours
a month the system is in use. Each hour of use
thereafter is subject to a rate of 1176th of 40%.
A maintenance contract is available for components of a
purchased system at rates per a published schedule.
Purchase Price, typical system: $2,200,000
Monthly Rental, typical system: $ 48,000
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
The number of people required to operate this computer
system will vary with the configuration, the application and the
policies of the user.
Education and training in all phases of computer use are
provided by the manufacturer. One week classes conducted for
executives at IBM educational departments in Endicott and
Poughkeepsie, New York. Comparable classes are available in
several major cities across the country. These courses are
designed to acquaint executives with the organization, operating
characteristics, capacities, and applications of the 7080.
Customers who complete this course are better able to evaluate
the advantages, economics and wide business applications of the
7080. In addition to the executive class, courses are available to
qualified methods personnel. These classes are of longer duration
and provide knowledge of programming and necessary operating
details. Special representatives offer overall consulting service in
connection with the study of possible uses. Sales engineers are
available to assist in preparing the site for physical installation.
This assistance begins twelve months in advance of delivery. The
Programming Service has personnel available for consultation
with field representatives and customers. A library of programs
common to many problems is available for adoption as sub-
routines by customer. Automatic coding, as listed under
automatic coding, is available. Symbolic coding methods and
assembly programs are available.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
This system is completely compatible with the IBM 705 Data
Processing System. The logic of these systems is carried forward
with additional features to increase the memory size and the
internal speed and usefulness of the data channels.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Reference is made to the 7080 Physical Planning Manual which
assists in the preparation of the site.
INSTALLATIONS
International Business Machines Corp., Data ystems Division,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
International Business Machines Corp., Methods DS
Manufacturing, South Road, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.
Commonwealth Edison Company, 72 W. Adams Street,
Chicago, I11.
International Harvester Co., Motor Truck Div.,
Box 1109, Meyer Road, Fort Wayne, Indiana
Convair, Fort Worth, Texas (Proposed)

BRL 1961, IBM 7090, start page 0548

IBM 7090

IBM 7090 Data Processing System
MANUFACTURER
International Business Machines Corporation
Photo by International Business Machines,Corporation
APPLICATIONS
Manufacturer System is designed and used for scientific and
commercial data processing, real time flight control, safety and
impact prediction calculations, and message processing.
General Electric-Missile & Space Vehicle Dept. Located at
3198 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa., the system is used for
flight test data reduction, for engineering computations, including
aerodynamics, flight mechanics.space science problems, for
trajectory analysis, for data processing including recording,
updating and maintaining files on provisioning, reliability,
document control, weight and balance, and wiring harness
problems, and business data processing routines such as personnel
accounting records, cost ledger, general ledgers and budget
exercises. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. Located at El
Segundo, California, the system is used for the full spectrum of
scientific computations.
Union Carbide Corporation Located on the 36th floor of
the Union Carbide Building, 270 Park Avenue, New York City,
the system is used for sales analysis, financial reporting, product
costing, engineering studies, operations research and economic
studies, scientific analysis, and others to be added as time goes by.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Steam Division Located at
Lester Branch P. O., Philadelphia 13, Pa., the system is used for
commercial applications, e.g. integrated data processing system
including payroll, personnel statistics, labor distribution, inventory
control, shop scheduling, shop simulation, manufacturing
information, general and cost accounting, dispatch, purchasing,
drafting planning, sales negotiation, linear programming, and
statistical analyses, and for scientific applications, e.g. turbine
performance, testing, and design, numerically controlled machine
tools, stress analysis, heat balance, and

GE
Three 8-Hour Shifts
Used Recommended
Supervisors 3 3
Analysts20 30
Programmers 17 20
Coders 10 12
Clerks 1 1
Librarians 1 1
Operators 3 4
Input-Output Oper 4 5
Tape Handlers 3 4
Scheduler 1 1
Operation tends toward open shop.
Methods of training used include on-the-job training and IBM School.
Space Tech Labs
Three 8-Hour Shifts
Supervisors 15
Analysts 6
Programmers 60
Clerks 2
Librarians 1
Operators 7
Engineers 1
Technicians 2
Input-Output Op- 2
Tape Handlers 1
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training used includes IBM local short courses, internal two-
week courses, and on-the-job training.
Union Carbide
One 8-Hour Shift
Supervisors 6
Programmers 16
Operators 2
In-Output Oper 1
Tape Handlers 1
Operation tends toward closed shop.
Methods of training used includes IBM and internal training courses.
Applications programmed outside the department will be accepted for
running on the 7090 by EDP personnel. In other words, programming is, if
desirable, open shop, operations are closed shop.
UCLRL
Seven days/week
Three 8-Hour Shifts
Supervisors 1
Programmers 21
Coders 5
Librarians 1
Operators 10
Operation tends toward open shop.
Personnel are trained by working with an experienced person.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
GE
Average error-free running period 110 Hours
Good time 110 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time 120 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.916
Above figures based on period 16 Jun 60 to 14 Aug 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 16 Jun 60
Time is available for rent to qualified outside or-
ganizations.
Time is made available, on none interference basis,
to other government contractors.
Space Tech Labs
Passed Customer Acceptance Test July 1960
Westinghouse
System installed in May 1961.
UCLRL
Good time110 Hours/Week (Average)
Attempted to run time150 Hours/Week (Average)
Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.75
Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 15 Jul 60
Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jul 60
Time is not available for rent to outside organiza-
tions.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Manufacturer
Outstanding features include high speed, compatibility with IBM 704
and 709 systems, a rich operation code set, and a very fast memory.
Unique system advantages include overlap of input output operations with
computing with very low memory interference rate and automatic interrupting
facilities permitting I/0 devices to interrupt main program. Many special features
and attachments are available on a "Request for Price Quotation" basis: (i.e.)
Cathode Ray Tube pictorial output, clocks, extended precision arithmetic, direct
data I/0 device, tape switch, etc.
Manufacturer's recommendations for the care and handling of magnetic
tape:
Storage for frequent or infrequent usage (Mylar Base) at relative
humidity 0 to 80% (The upper limit on humidity is given to prevent the
formation of fungus and mold growth. This limit may be exceeded by
hermetically sealing the tape in a plastic bag.) and temperature 40 to 120oF.
The tape should be stored in a dust proof container. Should the tape be
exposed to atmospheric conditions outside the above limits for more than
four hours, it must be reconditioned by allowing it to remain at the given
condition for a length of time equal to the time it was away. Twenty-four
hours reconditioning is necessary if the tape is removed for longer than
twenty-four hours.
General Precautions
The tape should not come in contact with magnetic material at any time
and should never be subjected to strong magnetic fields. Either of these can
cause the loss of information or the introduction of noise.
When shipping magnetic tape, the reel should be placed in a dust-proof
container and hermetically sealed in a plastic bag. Additional support
should be obtained by enclosing in an individual cardboard box.
GE
Outstanding features include column binary, on line clock, speed necessary
to meet schedules, capacity large enough to handle our largest programs, and
size (not cumbersome machine to operate).
Customer asks for tapes to be assigned to him although physical use of tapes
are under control of tape librarian. The customer maintains a log of what he has
been assigned and releases the tapes as data is no longer of any value. Stored in
special design plastic containers under humidity and temperature controlled
conditions.
Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution will use an IBM
7090 System at its Astrophysical Observatory for four hours during the day.
The rest of the time is to be made available, by contract, to Computer Services,
Inc. of Englewood, New Jersey, for purchase and resale.

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 9.57 KVA
Volume, computer 375 cu ft
Area, computer 64 sq ft
Weight, computer 5,755 lbs
The above figures include the 412/418, 605, 527 Group. Special air
conditioning is not required.
PRODUCTION RECORD
Number produced 693
Number in production 0
Delivery timeout of production
COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES
Manufacturer
Approximately $2,200/month and up.
The Griscom-Russell Company
Basic system $2,000/month, additional equipment
$1,000/month.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
The Griscom-Russell Company One 8-hour shift requires one
engineer and three technicians or operators.
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE.
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Manufacturer Average service time for all machines is approximately
25 hours/month.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
The IBM Card-programmed Electronic Calculator solves problems involving
any number of sequential steps to obtain a single solution. It is a combination
of several units, including three standard IBM machines, and bas many
applications in engineering, scientific and actuarial computations. One
standard unit is an electronic calculator capable of 2,174 additions and
subtractions or 86 multiplications and divisions a second. Other units include
an accounting machine for interpreting instructions and for accumulating and
printing results, a storage unit for retaining data for later use in a problem and a
punching unit for recording results in IBM cards. Numerical instructions in
IBM cards direct the sequence of operations. These instructions tell the
electronic calculator where to obtain factors; whether to add, subtract,
multiply or divide, and what to do with the result-print it, punch it, hold it for
later use, or perform combinations of these possibilities. When not being used
for this type of computation, the accounting machine and electronic calculator
may be disconnected and used to perform standard accounting and computing
operations.
INSTALLATIONS
U. S. Army Ordnance, Frankford Arsenal
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
NASA
Langley Field, Virginia
Allis-Chambers Manufacturing Company
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus 1, Ohio
Esso Standard 011 Company
New York 19, New York
The Griscom-Russell Company
Massillon, Ohio
Republic Aviation Corporation
Farmingdale, Long Island, New York
United Aircraft Corporation
East Hartford 8, Connecticut

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0560

IBM STRETCH

IBM Stretch Computer
MANUFACTURER
International Business Machines Corporation
Photo by the International Business Machines
Corporation
APPLICATIONS
Engineering development, scientific research, real time processing and
control, logistics, procurement and supply, production scheduling and
control, and other areas of application.
PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM
Internal number system Binary and decimal
Binary and decimal digits/word 64 bits or 16 digits
Binary digits/instruction 32 or 64
Instructions per word 1 or 2
Instructions decoded 154 basic
Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point
Binary and Decimal Integer Arithmetic for variable
length fields
Instruction type One and two address
Number range - 21024 < N < 21024 for float-
ing point with a 48 bit fraction
Integer arithmetic:
0 < N < 264 or 0 < N < 1016

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0561

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0562

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0563

Automatic built-in subroutines
Square Root
Radix Conversion
Transmit
Swap
Automatic Subroutine-entry codes
Automatic priority processing through interruption system
Multiply and Add operation for both floating point and integer arithmetic
Automatic coding
STRAP I
704-709-7090 Simulator
STRAP II
704-709 Simulation
SMAC (MACRO Generator)
SMCP (master control program)
FORTRAN
Registers and B-boxes
16 index registers
20 addressable special registers
Special addressable registers include:
Interval timer Function through interrupt
Elapsed Time clock system to provide elapsed time
and time of day indication.
Interruption address - Base address of interrupt system fix-ups routines.
Upper Boundary Enable protection of areas of
Lower Boundary main core store to facilitate
Boundary control bit multiprogramming ability.
Maintenance bits
Channel Address
Other CPU
Left Zeros count
All ones count
Left half of accumulator
Right half of accumulator
Accumulator Sign
Indicators Set by interrupt system or
Mask programmer to provide flex-
Remainder ibility in interrupt hand-
Factor ling.
Transmit
A variety of modifiers apply to different instruction classes and lead to a total
of 2,975 individual operations e.g., there are two transmit instructions,
TRANSMIT and SWAP. Two modifiers, count forwards or backwards, and
immediate or direct address of count value, give a total of 8 transmit orders.
ARITHMETIC UNIT
Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access
Microsec Microsec
Add N/A-Overlapped 1.38 to 1.50
Mult N/A-Overlapped 2.48 to 2.70
Div N/A-Overlapped 9.00 to 9.90
Timing given for floating point. Precise time
unknown. Design incomplete.
Construction (Arithmetic unit only)
Transistors Approx 200,000 for complete system
Magnetic Cores Special index core storage and
exchange memory
Arithmetic mode Serial and parallel
Index arithmetic unit, 24 bits in parallel; Parallel 48 or 96 bit arithmetic
for floating point; Serial binary or decimal integer arithmetic (1 to 8 bits in
parallel). Note that instructions address
words, fields, or bits for arithmetic operations.
Timing Asynchronous
System is asynchronous for input-output devices,
central processing unit operation, including instruc-
tion preparation, memory operation and execution.
Operation Concurrent
Additional Features of Operation: The high degree of overlapped and
asynchronous operation, together with two new devices, the instruction
processor and look-ahead, not only permit concurrent operation of input-
output and external storage devices with the central processing unit, but also
several operations are carried on concurrently within the CPU, i.e.,
instructions and data may be fetched simultaneously from core storage while
other instructions are being prepared for processing and while previously
prepared instructions are being executed.
STORAGE
No. of No. of
Media Words Dec/Digits Microsec
Magnetic Core 16,384 to 262,144 to 0.5 to
262,144 4,194,304 2.18
Magnetic Disk 2,097,152 to 33,554,432 to 0 -
67,l08,864 1,073,741,824 215,000
Magnetic core storage unit modules may each opera-
te independently and simultaneously due to an inter-
leaving of addresses within the modules and the op-
eration of the instruction processor and look-ahead.
With as many as four modules each of which may be
referenced simultaneously, an effective core storage
cycle of 1/2 microsecond may be realized for data
and similarly with six modules, two for instructions
and four for data permit up to 2,000,000 instructions
and 2,000,000 data words to be referenced each second,
giving an effective storage cycle of 1/2 microseconds
for both instructions and data.
Magnetic Tape
No. of units that can be connected 256 Units
No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch
Channels or tracks on the tape 6 Tracks/tape
Blank tape separating each record 3/4 Inches
Tape speed 112.5 Inches/sec
Transfer rate 22,500 or 62,500 Chars/sec
Start time 7.3 Millisec
Stop time 7.3 Millisec
Physical properties of tape
Width 1/2 Inches
Length of reel 2,400 Feet
Composition Mylar
INPUT
Media Speed
Punched Cards 1,000 cards/min
Multiple card readers may be included in the system
operating simultaneously.
Magnetic Tapes (8 per 62,500 char/sec
channel)
Up to 8 magnetic tape units may be in simultaneous
operation (one per channel).
Typewriter, Keys Switches Manual
Keyboard, switches, and keys are part of operator's console which
functions like I/0 devices. Multiple consoles may be attached for
simultaneous operation.
Input-output devices are all controlled by the exchange, an asynchronously
and concurrently operating component of the system. The exchange may have
from 8 to 32 channels, each of which permits the simultaneous operation of
its input-output device through

BRL 1961, IBM STRETCH, start page 0564

appropriate control units.
OUTPUT
Media Speed
Magnetic Tapes (8 per channel) 62,500 char/sec
Punched Cards 250 cards/min
High Speed Printer 600 lines/min
Typewriter, direct digital
display, lights
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Solid state construction used throughout.
Tubes None
CHECKING FEATURES
Checking features include single error correction and double error detection
on all information transfers between core storage and the central processing
unit, disk synchronizer and exchange, parity checking within the CPU and
also in all I/0 units, and residue checking of all arithmetic operations in
parallel arithmetic unit.
Connective operations including automatic tests and counts allow facile
programmed testing of data in the system with various parity and checking
features contained within the data.
A unique error scanning and recording device automatically records the
entire machine state, should malfunction occur.
POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION
Power, computer 100 Kw 110 KVA 0.9 pf
Power, air conditioner 75 Kw 94 KVA 0.8 pf
Volume, air conditioner 5,400 cu ft
Area, air conditioner 600 sq ft
Room size, computer 2,500 sq ft
Room size, air conditioner 600 sq ft with
cooling tower
Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft
1,000 lbs concen max
Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons
Weight, computer 70,000 lbs
Figures are for "average" system.
Temperature and humidity requirement with machine power on is 50-80OF
and 20% to 80%n, relative. Cooling air will, in general, be furnished through
plenum chambers under false floor.
Power service requirements include 400 cycle, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire
(This 400 cycle power may be derived from a motor generator set supplied by
the customer. A five wire service should be provided consisting of three
phase conductors, one neutral conductor and one equipment ground. Each
phase conductor should be sized to carry 300 amperes).
60 cycles, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire (This 60 cycle power should be
obtained from a balanced 208 volts, 3 phase source. Should an MG be used to
supply the 400 cycle power, the same 60 cycle source may be used. A five
wire service should be provided consisting of three phase conductors, one
neutral conductor and one equipment ground, each phase conductor should
be sized to carry 210 amperes).
PRODUCTION RECORD
Delivery on contract basis
RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE,
AND TIME AVAILABILITY
Solid state construction is used throughout. Automatic error checking and
correction and automatic maintenance scanning and recording facilitates
troubleshooting.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
Outstanding features include simultaneous operation, high speed of
auxiliary storage and high speed of indexing and floating point operations.
Unique system advantages include an ability to run and interrupt several
programs simultaneously.
FUTURE PLANS
The exchange and central processing unit provide an adequate set of
commands control lines, and data paths to permit the attachment of many
types of input output devices. Future I/0 devices can be designed for
direct attachment to the exchange without requiring alterations of the
exchange or central processing unit.
INSTALLATIONS
University of California
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico

are devoted to a heterogeneous group of engineering, maintenance and
laboratory functions, it is more instructive for an error standpoint to look at the
periods between 10 a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day in order to make an
observation of the error frequency in the machine. This is the actual period
when the machine is designated for use, although certain engineering
procedures frequently require the scheduling of extra maintenance time. With
this in mind a summary table has been prepared, using the period between 10
a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day. This table lists the running time when the
machine was operating, the amount of time devoted to routine engineering, the
amount of time devoted to repairs because of breakdowns, and the number of
failures while the machine was listed as running. During the 5:30 - 6:30 period
(when the machine is checked, if no errors are to be found, the time is given to
the "running column". Each failure was considered to have terminated a
running period and was followed by a repair period in preparing this table.
Since the leapfrog code is our most significant machine test, the length of time
which it has been used on the machine is listed separately together with the
number of errors associated with that particular code. This information for the
month is presented in Table II.
It is important to notice that, except during scheduled engineering periods,
any interruption of machine time that was not planned is considered a failure
in this table. In rare cases, where the failure is not known until a later time, it
is possible that no repair period is associated with the failure. This overall
system has been adopted because it makes it possible for a machine user to
estimate directly the probability that the machine will be "running" any
instant of time and the probability of a failure during any given interval of
running time.
The following table presents a typical summary of errors or interruptions
for June 1959:
Source of Error Quantity of Errors
Control 2
Arithmetic 1
Memory 3
Drum 13
Reader 3
Punch 3
Unknown 7
Input-Output 1
Run-over from Sched. Main. _1
Total Errors 34
The following table shows the distribution of ILLIAC machine time for the
month of September 1959:
Hrs: Min
Regular Maintenance 84:00
Unscheduled Maintenance 22:13
Drum Engineering 21:06
R. A. R. :11
Leapfrog 16:18
Library Development 3:04
------
146:52
ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS
New ILLIAC Codes
During the month of September two new routines were added to the
ILLIAC Auxiliary Library.
Aux. P21-268 Data Plotter Output Converter II. Under the control
of parameters this routine will convert a data tape
output by the standard ILLIAC printing routines
into a tape suitable for input to the data plotter.
Aux. X15-269 Maximum Speed Sexadecimal Input
Preparation for Magnetic Drum and/or Williams Memory.
This routine permits loading of the drum and/or Williams memory
from the reader at maximum speed.
Any information previously assembled on the drum or in the Williams
memory is punched out in sexa-decimal form in such a manner that
the tape (provided with its own bootstrap) can be read in and sum
checked at some later time.
ILLIAC Usage
During the month of September specifications were presented for 17 new
specifications. This list does not indicate how the ILLIAC was used
because large amounts of machine time may have been consumed by
problems with numbers less than 1488T. Numbers followed by T axe for
theses.
1488 T Sociology. Patterns of Inmate Response. The problem is to group
questions (55) in terms of common differentiation of 556 subjects. What are
some of the common patterns of responses? Which questions can be grouped
together? A pattern analysis is used (KSL 294 in which the usual order of
persons and responses is reversed.
1489 T Sociology. Subject Similarities. The problem is to group inmates in
terms of how they answer questions about prison life and themselves. A
pattern analysis is used in the standard way on each of two subsamples of 50
subjects.
Two subsamples are used:
1. To investigate the reliability of the patterns obtained.
2. To compare samples from two different prisons on
differences and similarities in patterns of response.
1490 Civil Engineering. Thermal Stresses in
Elastic Shells. This is to solve the problem of
an elastic shell subject to the transient tempera-
ture input associated with high velocity motion
through an atmosphere of variable density, although
any temperature history input could be used. Two
kinds ofthin shells are being studied; spherical
dome shells and conical shells.
The significance of this analysis lies in the possibility of treating shells
under either applied loads or temperature variations by one unified
approach.

BRL 1961, ILLIAC, start page 0569

The method of solution is a finite difference approach, applied successively
as time is increased incrementally.
1491 T Economics. Analysis of the Demand for Coffee. The problem consists of
estimating price and income elasticities of the demand for coffee in the United
States. Yearly data on the coffee demand, prices, stocks, and imports to the
United States will be used. For the estimation of the demand equation a limited
estimate will be used. No other than standard library routines are involved.
1492 Mechanical Engineering. Nozzle Design for
4" x 4" Blow Down Tunnel. It is intended to design
a pair of nozzle blocks for the blow down tunnel
in Aerodynamics Laboratory B. The supersonic
nozzle profile will be first calculated by the method
of characteristics and then corrected for the bound-
ary layer growth along the nozzle. The complicated
step-by-step calculations and iterations can easily
be handled by ILLIAC.
The fundamental net calculation has been developed under Problem No. 866
and the general boundary layer calculation has also been developed under
Problem No. 1189. It is hoped to adapt and modify the codes from Problem
Numbers 866 and 1189 so that the final nozzle profile for a certain supersonic
test Mach number can be produced.
1493 Botany - Eastern Illinois University.
Analysisof Tree Growth. This is a continuation of
an earlier problem, Problem No. 1267, in which
daily tree growth measurements are analyzed using
the standard program, K 16. The best fitting equa-
tion forpredicting daily growth is being obtained
by attempting multiple correlation using different
combinations of factors on different species of
trees and for different periods of the season.
Part of this newly submitted data are measurements of growth occurring
before leaf enlargement during 1958 and 1959, a period which differs
markedly from the later growing season. Part of the data are yearly growth
ring measurements from 1901-1951. These are to be analyzed in terms of
values ascertained from monthly weather bureau records. This second
approach using yearly rather than daily growth measurements was conceived
because of an evident influence of the previous season upon the growth of
trees. It is hoped that by combining an analysis of daily growth during a
given year with an analysis of seasonal growth during a number of years it
will be possible to evaluate both the immediate and long-range effects of our
weather upon tree growth.
1494 Psychology. Situation-Response Analysis of
Anxiety Behavior. This study differs from other
studies of anxiety, even though it is based on an
inventory, because both situations and responses are
specified in the structure of the inventory. Four
groups of subjects, a total of 348, were presented
with thedescription of some situation and asked to
say whether and to what degree he would show each
of a sample of emotional responses.
The K-8 routine is to be used to compute Product Moment Correlations,
Means and Standard Deviations for each of the responses for the four groups.
A factor analysis for each of the groups is to be computed using KSL-1.90 on
the Correlation Matrices.
1495 Animal Science. Potassium Requirement for
Baby Pigs. This research is intended to ascertain
the amount of potassium required for optimal growth
by thebaby pig. The mathematical method is the
method of least squares.
1496 T Veterinary Medicine and Physiology. Strontium and Calcium
Metabolism. The replacement of calcium in the diet of young pigs by
strontium is being compared to controls receiving calcium, negative controls
receiving neither calcium nor strontium, and pigs receiving both ions.
ILLIAC is being used to analyze the variance between the treatment groups
for the various criterions used, i.e. weight gain, bone calcium, bone strontium,
etc.
1497 Agricultural Economics. A Game Theoretic
Model for Cattle Feeding. The feeder cattle enter-
prise is viewed as a game against nature with
natures choices assumed to be restricted to the
price-cost situations generated in the last ten
years. The farmer's choices consist of six differ-
ent feeding systems (or linear combinations of
these). Four different situations are considered;
1. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per $100 feed fed.
a. Maximize the minimum return.
b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret".
2. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per animal.
a. Maximize the minimum return.
b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret":
Thisproblem may be set up as a linear programming problem with
straightforward use of the library routine M15-183.
INSTALLATIONS
Digital Computer Laboratory
168 Engineering Research Laboratories
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois (ILLIAC)
University of Sidney
Sidney, Australia (SILLIAC)
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts
Ames, Iowa (CYCLONE)
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan (MISTIC)
The ILLIAC is a member of the family of machines orginally designed and
constructed by the Institute for Advanced Study.