PRP Usage in Today's Implantology

Transcription

1 Volume 1, December PRP Usage in Today's Implantology by Dr. R. Shapira Introduction: Treating patients suffering from hematological disorders or using anticoagulant medications always presented a main concern. At the beginning fibrin homologous glues were introduced in 1990 by Gibble and Ness in order to face this challenge. 1 Those fibrin glues currently marketed do not contain growth factors and are derivatives of blood components drawn from other donors. The need for an autologous hemostatic gel provoked the development of platelet-rich plasma gel(prp gel). Autologous PRP was first introduced to dentistry by Marx et al. in order to improve bone healing. 2 PRP is a product that contains elevated levels of autologous growth factors. These growth factors are maintained in the same ratios as in peripheral blood. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is composed of platelets, lymphocytes and plasma. Platelets are cells that are partially responsible for causing blood to clot. Platelets are a small disk or plate like structure. They are non-nucleated blood elements with very fragile membranes. Platelets adhere to uneven or damaged surfaces. The average human platelet count is 250,000/mm3. Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow by the fragmentation of megakaryocytes. Platelets contain large amount of natural growth factors. The platelet count in PRP can exceed 1 million platelets per micro liter. Platelet degranulation is a physiologic process which proceeds upon contact with damaged vascular endothelium, collagen and other biochemical mediators. Physical damage to the platelet itself is to be avoided in order to preserve physiologic function, i.e., degranulation within the wound and not within the collection system. In theory, this would allow for the delivery of the greatest concentration of actual growth

2 factors to the wound. PRP is more likely a concept of amplifying a biological event that is happening any how in an injured tissue. Growth factors (more then 30 identified in platelets) shown to enhance the body's natural healing process include: Platelet Derived Growth Factors (PDGF) initiates connective tissue healing including bone regeneration and repair. PDGF also increases mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and macrophage. Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-ß) increases the chemotaxis and mitogenesis of osteoblast precursors and they also stimulate osteoblast deposition of the collagen matrix. Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF) induce epithelial development and promote angiogenesis. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF) has potent angiogenic, mitogenic, and vascular ploriferation. insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), platelet factor 4 (PF-4) and others. 3 There are also others products available, such as recombinant synthetic growth factors: these products are usually synthetic derivatives of a single growth factor. Signals generated from PRP-derived growth factors reach local pluripotent, mesenchymal and epithelial cells and enhance their local migration, division and matrix synthesis. As a result, PRP has been suggested to increase the early rate of bone deposition and its quality during guided bone regeneration procedures 4. Processing stage: As described by most authors, coagulation of the PRP to form a gel is acquired by mixing 6 ml of PRP with 1 ml of calcium thrombin (10% calcium chloride units thrombin/ml):

3 1. A quantity of ml of peripheral blood is drawn from the patient via vein puncture. 2. The blood is placed in a special Harvest centrifuge in order to separate the blood to its various cell populations divided in distinct layers. 3. The process is done a few minutes later when we obtain and recover the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from among the specific layer. 4. The liquid PRP is then mixed with bone tissue, harvested from the donor site and mixed with particulated bone, with the aid of chemical additives, such as calcium thrombin, calcium chloride or procoagulum, it gels shortly later. 5. The resulting gel mass is then placed at the surgical site. The PRP should be activated and immediately placed at the surgical site; otherwise a significant portion of the growth factors will remain un transferred to the surgical site. Not activating the platelets correctly may cause premature rupture. Activated slowly or not in the surgical site, or transferring the clot to the site after waiting too long - means the coagulum is very condense (with or without bone added),contains some platelets and only a small quantity of growth factors.

4 As observed by some authors, PRP is meanful when acting on living cells- osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts. It has no meaning when used only with bovine bone, or banked bone alone. Case presentations: Case 1: sinus lift Patient presented with 2 nd and 3 rd hopeless molars. After extraction, socket preservation and sinus lift were performed using DFDB + autogenous bone + PRP 5 Months later, dense D1 type bone can be noticed in the augmented sites. 3 screwvent implants were placed (4 months after placement) At 1 year check-up after rehabilitation. 3 years follow up clinical appearance X-ray at 3 years follow up. Case 2: vertical bone augmentation Hopeless roots to be extracted

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