Patrick Ferguson (1744 – 7 October 1780) was a
Scottish officer in the
British Army, an early advocate of
light infantry and the designer of the
Ferguson rifle. He is best known for his service in the 1780 military campaign of
Charles Cornwallis during the
American Revolutionary War in the Carolinas, in which he aggressively recruited Loyalists and harshly treated Patriot sympathizers. Some[who?] dispute this characterization of Ferguson as showing pro-Patriot bias, however, and other accounts praise him for his humanity and unwillingness to follow orders he considered barbaric.

Ultimately, his activities led to a Patriot
militia uprising against him, and he was killed in the
Battle of Kings Mountain, at the border between the colonies of North and South Carolina. Leading a group of Loyalists whom he had recruited, he was the only regular army officer participating on either side of the conflict. The victorious Patriot forces desecrated his body in the aftermath of the battle.

In 1770 Ferguson purchased the Castara estate in
Tobago.[3] After Ferguson's death the estate was inherited by his younger brother
George who had managed it since the early 1770s and developed it into a successful enterprise. Exports of rum, sugar and molasses were made back to the UK from it.[4]

Seven Years' War

Ferguson began his military career in his teens, encouraged by his maternal uncle
James Murray. He served briefly in the
Holy Roman Empire with the
Scots Greys during the
Seven Years' War, until a leg ailment – probably
tuberculosis in the knee – forced him to return home. After recovering, now in peace-time, he served with his regiment on garrison duty. In 1768, he purchased a command of a company in
70th Regiment of Foot, under the Colonelcy of his cousin Alexander Johnstone, and served with them in the
West Indies until his lame leg again began to trouble him.

American War of Independence

1777

In 1777, Ferguson went to the colonies to serve in the
American War of Independence; commanding an experimental rifle corps equipped with his new rifle. However, after initial success, he was shot through the right elbow joint at the
Battle of Brandywine on 11 September 1777 in Pennsylvania. Shortly before, he had had the chance to shoot a prominent American officer, accompanied by another in distinctive
hussar dress, but decided not to do so, as the man had his back to him (Ferguson) and was unaware of his presence. A surgeon told Ferguson in the hospital that some American casualties had said that General
Washington had been in the area at the time. Ferguson wrote that, even if the officer were the general, he did not regret his decision. The officer's identity remains uncertain; historians suggest that the aide in hussar dress might indicate the senior officer was Count
Casimir Pulaski.

For some months after being wounded, Ferguson was at risk for amputation of his arm. During this time, he received news of his father's death. Ferguson eventually recovered, although his right arm was permanently crippled.

1778

Ferguson resumed his military duties in May 1778, under the command of
Sir Henry Clinton.

In October 1778, Ferguson was assigned to lead a raid in southern New Jersey to suppress
privateers who had been seizing British ships. They were based around the
Little Egg Harbor River, which empties into the Great Bay. Ferguson attacked their base in what is known as the
Battle of Chestnut Neck.

About a week later, Ferguson was notified by a Hessian defector, Lieutenant Carl Wilhelm Juliat, who had returned to the British side after a furious argument with the American Lieutenant Colonel Carl Von Bose, that a detachment of Count Pułaski's troops, under Von Bose's command, was located nearby. Ferguson marched his troops to the site of Bose's infantry outpost, which comprised fifty men and was a short distance from Pulaski's main encampment.[5][6] At first light on 15 October 1778, Ferguson ordered his men to use bayonets to attack the sleeping men of the American force. Pulaski reported that Ferguson's Tories killed, wounded or took prisoner about 30 of his men in what the Americans called the
Little Egg Harbor massacre.[7]

Ferguson's own account (under the pen-name Egg-Shell) expresses his dismay at Pułaski's lack of preparations and failure to post look-outs. He said in his official report that little quarter could be given, and his men took only five prisoners.[8] Ferguson reported that he did not destroy the three houses which sheltered the Americans because they were the dwellings of inoffensive
Quakers, who were innocent civilians.[9] Pułaski eventually led his mounted troops (
Pułaski's Legion) forward, causing Ferguson to retreat to his boats, minus a few men who had been captured. Ferguson reported his losses as two killed, three wounded, and one missing.[10]

1779

Ferguson was commissioned as a
Major in the
71st Foot on 25 October 1779.

1780

In 1780, the British Army sent General
Lord Cornwallis to invade
South Carolina and
North Carolina. His mission was to defeat all American forces in the Carolinas and keep the two colonies within the British Empire. A key part of Cornwallis's plan was to recruit soldiers from local
Loyalists. To achieve this goal, General Clinton appointed Major Ferguson as Inspector of
Militia in
South Carolina. Ferguson's mission was to recruit Loyalist militia in the Carolinas and Georgia and to intimidate any colonists who favoured American independence.

After winning several victories over American forces, Cornwallis occupied
Charlotte, North Carolina in the summer of 1780. He divided his army and gave command of one section to Ferguson. Ferguson's wing consisted of Loyalists he had recruited to fight for the British cause.

Battle of Musgrove's Mill

On the evening of 18 August 1780 two hundred mounted
Patriot partisans under joint command of Colonels
Isaac Shelby,
James Williams, and
Elijah Clarke prepared to raid a
Loyalist camp at Musgrove’s Mill, which controlled the local grain supply and guarded a ford of the
Enoree River. The
Battle of Musgrove Mill, 19 August 1780 occurred near a ford of the
Enoree River, near the present-day border between
Spartanburg,
Laurens and
Union Counties in
South Carolina.[13] The Patriots anticipated surprising a garrison of about an equal number of Loyalists, but a local farmer informed them that the Tories had recently been reinforced by about a hundred Loyalist militia and two hundred provincial regulars on their way to join British Major Patrick Ferguson.[14] The whole battle took perhaps an hour and within that period, sixty-three Tories were killed, an unknown number wounded, and seventy were taken prisoner.[15] The Patriots lost only about four dead and twelve wounded.[16]

Some Whig leaders briefly considered attacking the Tory stronghold at
Ninety Six, South Carolina; but they hurriedly dispersed after learning that a large Patriot army had been
defeated at Camden three days previous.

Pursuit of Shelby

Shelby’s forces covered sixty miles with Ferguson in hot pursuit before making good their escape.[17] In the wake of General
Horatio Gates’ blundering defeat at Camden, the victory at Musgrove Mill heartened the Patriots and served as further evidence that the South Carolina backcountry could not be held by the Tories.

Shelby and his Overmountain Men crossed back over the Appalachian Mountains and fled back into the territory of the
Watauga Association at
Sycamore Shoals in present day
Elizabethton, Tennessee, and by the next month on 25 September 1780, Colonels Shelby,
John Sevier, and Charles McDowell and their 600 Overmountain Men had combined forces with Col. William Campbell and his 400 Virginia men at the Sycamore Shoals muster in advance of the 7 October 1780 Battle of Kings Mountain near present day
Blacksburg, South Carolina.

On 2 September, Ferguson and the militia he had already recruited marched west in pursuit of Shelby toward the
Appalachian Mountain hill country on what is now the
Tennessee/North Carolina border.[18] By 10 September, Ferguson had established a base camp at Gilbert Town, North Carolina and issued a challenge to the Patriot leaders to lay down their arms or he would "lay waste to their country with fire and sword."[19]

Battle of Kings Mountain

When Major Ferguson reportedly threatened to invade the mountains beyond the legal limit on westward settlement unless the colonists there abandoned the cause of American independence (Ferguson was actually in pursuit of Issac Shelby following the Battle of Musgrove's Mill), the Overmountain Men first mustered at
Sycamore Shoals organised a militia to eventually fight Ferguson and his British Loyalists at
King's Pinnacle, an isolated ridge on the border between the Carolinas.

On 7 October 1780, the two armies clashed during the
Battle of Kings Mountain. The battle went badly for the Loyalists positioned high on the mountain ridge, and during the fighting, Ferguson was shot from his horse. With his foot still in the stirrup, he was dragged to the rebel side. According to Rebel accounts, when a Patriot approached the major for his surrender, Ferguson drew his pistol and shot him as a last act of defiance. Other soldiers retaliated, and Ferguson's body was found with eight musket holes in it. Patriot accounts said their militia stripped his body of clothing and urinated on him before burial. They buried him in an oxhide near the site of his fall.

One of Ferguson's mistresses, 'Virginia Sal', was also killed in the battle and was buried with the officer. In the 1920s, the U.S. government erected a marker at Ferguson's gravesite, which today is a part of the
Kings Mountain National Military Park, administered by the
National Park Service.

Ferguson's personal correspondence reveals a man of intelligence, humour and charm. He also wrote several articles, satirical in tone, for publication in Rivington's Royal Gazette, under the pseudonyms Egg-Shell, Memento Mori and John Bull.

He was survived by his mother, his brothers
James and
George, and sisters Annie, Elizabeth (Betty) (Mrs Scrymgeour-Wedderburn of Birkhill), and Jean.

Popular culture

In the novel Horse-Shoe Robinson (1835) by
John Pendleton Kennedy, an historical romance set against the background of the Southern campaigns in the American War of Independence, fictional characters interact with Ferguson as he is en route to the climactic scene in which he is killed in the Battle of Kings Mountain.

In
Louis L'Amour's book The Ferguson Rifle (1973), Ferguson stops by a poor family home on his way to the Battle of King's Mountain and kindly gives his personal copy of the Ferguson rifle to a boy who later carries it West. Ferguson is shown to be a gentleman who displays all the appropriate social graces to a lady (the boy's ill mother) and compassion to a family in need by giving up his personal firearm, asking only that the boy keep it always, and never use it against the king. (p7)

In
Steve Ressel's novel State Of One (2010), Ferguson is the main antagonist featured against James Pariah, a soldier formerly under Ferguson's command during the
Battle of the Brandywine in 1777. Ferguson had been resurrected as a
golem by the Leeds Witch with hopes of raising a golem army of similar soldiers, all armed with
Ferguson rifles, to destroy the ratification of the
US Constitution in September 1787. James Pariah cleaves to his old Ferguson rifle, sometimes referring to it as his wife, having modified it with special actions such as a spring-loaded knife in the stock.

In
Sharyn McCrumb's novel Kings Mountain: A Ballad Novel (2014), Ferguson is the central antagonist. Events leading to and the battle itself are covered from multiple viewpoints on both sides.

In the 2014 episode "Patriots Rising" of the television program
The American Revolution, Ferguson is portrayed as having George Washington in his gunsight, but choosing not to shoot.

In the outdoor drama Horn in the West, Ferguson is portrayed harassing Daniel Boone's Patriot friends ultimately leading to the Battle of Kings Mountain whereby his final defiant moments are carried out by shooting a Patriot with his pistol.

^An older book spells the defector's name as Juliet and identifies him as a Frenchman. The author says that about 50 men were killed by the attackers. Sears, Robert. The Shot Heard Round the World: From Lexington to Yorktown: A Pictorial History of the American Revolution. Boston: John Adams Lee Pub., 1889. ISBN978-0-665-46858-2. p. 284.

^John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 177. "Provincial regulars" were Americans who enlisted in British army units, as opposed to British
regulars and Tory militia. Edgar, 153.

^Buchanan and Edgar give the losses as 63 killed, 90 wounded, 70 taken prisoner. Buchanan, 178; Edgar, 115. The figures in the text are those from a wayside at
Musgrove Mill State Historic Site.

^Edgar, 115, Buchanan, 179: "In forty-eight hours they had completed two forced marches, had neither slept nor rested, and had fought and won against a superior force an action renowned for its ferocity."

^John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 208. "Provincial regulars" were Americans who enlisted in British army units, as opposed to British
regulars and Tory militia. Edgar, 153.