While the complicated technology transfer package of "Golden Rice" will
not solve vitamin. A problems in India, it is a very effective strategy
for corporate take over of rice production, using the public sector as
a Trojan horse.

Golden rice has been heralded as the miracle cure for malnutrition and
hunger of which 800m members of the human community suffer.

Herbicide resistant and toxin producing genetically engineered plants
can be objectionable because of their ecological and social costs.
But who could possibly object to rice engineered to produce vitamin A,
a deficiency found in nearly 3 million children, largely in the Third World?

As remarked by Mary Lou Guerinot, the author of the Commentary on Vitamin
A rice in Science, one can only hope that this application of plant genetic
engineering to ameliorate human misery without regard to short term profit
will restore this technology to political acceptability.

Unfortunately, Vitamin A rice is a hoax, and will bring further dispute
to plant genetic engineering where public relations exercises seem to have
replaced science in promotion of untested, unproven and unnecessary technology.

The problem is that vitamin A rice will not remove vitamin A deficiency
(VAD). It will seriously aggravate it. It is a technology that
fails in its promise.

Currently, it is not even known how much vitamin JA the genetically
engineered rice will produce. The goal is 33.3% micrograms/100g of
rice. Even if this goal is reached after a few years, it will be
totally ineffective in removing VAD.

Since the daily average requirement of vitamin A is 750 micrograms of
vitamin A and 1 serving contains 30g of rice according to dry weight basis,
vitamin A rice would only provide 9.9 micrograms which is 1.32% of
the required allowance. Even taking the 100g figure of daily consumption
of rice used in the technology transfer paper would only provide 4.4% of
the RDA.

In order to meet the full needs of 750 micrograms of vitamin A from
rice, an adult would have to consume 2 kg 272g of rice per day. This
implies that one family member would consume the entire family ration of
10 kg. from the PDS in 4 days to meet vitaminA needs through "Golden
rice".

This is a recipe for creating hunger and malnutrition, not solving it.

Besides creating vitamin A deficiency, vitamin A rice will also create
deficiency in other micronutrients and nutrients. Raw milled rice
has a low content of Fat (0.5g/100g). Since fat is necessary for
vitamin A uptake, this will aggravate vitamin A deficiency. It also
has only 6.8g/100g of protein, which means less carrier molecules.
It has only 0.7g/100g of iron, which plays a vital role in the conversion
of Betacarotene (precursor of vitamin A found in plant sources) to vitamin
A.
Superior Alternatives exist and are effective.

A far more efficient route to removing vitamin A deficiency is biodiversity
conservation and propagation of naturally vitamin A rich plants in agriculture
and diets.

Table 1 gives sources rich in vitamin A used commonly in Indian foods.
SourceHindi name/Content (microgram/100g)
(Amaranth leaves) Chauli saag=266-1,166 -
(Coriander leaves) - Dhania=1,166-1,333
(Cabbage) Bandh gobi=217
(Curry leaves)-Curry patta=1,333
(Drumstick leaves)-Saijan patta1=283
(Fenugreek leaves)-Methi-ka-saag=450
(Radish leaves)-Mooli-ka-saag=750
(Mint)-Pudhina=300
(Spinach)-Palak saag=600
(Carrot)-Gajar=217-434
(Pumpkin (yellow))-Kaddu=100-120
(Mango (ripe))-Aam=500
(Jackfruit)-Kathal=54
(Orange)-Santra=35
(Tomato (ripe))-Tamatar=32
(Milk (cow, buffalo))-Doodh=50-60
(Butter)-Makkhan=720-1,200
(Egg (hen))-Anda=300-400
(Liver (Goat, sheep))-Kalegi=6,600 - 10,000
Cod liver oil=10,000 - 100,000
In spite of the diversity of plants evolved and bred for their rich
vitamin A content, a report of the Major Science Academies of the
World - Royal Society, U.K., National Academy of Sciences of the USA, The
Third World Academy of Science, Indian National Science Academy, Mexican
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brazilian Academy of
Sciences - on Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture has stated, Vitamin
A deficiency causes half a million children to become partially or totally
blind each year.

Traditional breeding methods have been unsuccessful in producing crops
containing a high vitamin A concentration and most national authorities
rely on expensive and complicated supplementation programs to address the
problem. Researchers have introduced three new genes into rice, two
from daffodils and one from a microorganism. The transgenic rice
exhibits an increased production of betacarotene as a precursor to vitamin
A and the seed in yellow in colour. Such yellow, or golden rice,
may be a useful tool to help treat the problem of vitamin A deficiency
in young children living in the tropics.

It appears as if the world’s top scientists suffer a more severe form
of blindness than children in poor countries. The statement that
"traditional breeding has been unsuccessful in producing crops high in
vitamin A" is not true given the diversity of plants and crops that Third
World farmers, especially women have bred and used which are rich sources
of vitamin A such as coriander, amaranth, carrot, pumpkin, mango, jackfruit.

It is also untrue that vitamin A rice will lead to increased production
of betacarotene. Even if the target of 33.3 microgram of
vitamin A in 100g of rice is achieved, it will be only 2.8% of betacarotene
we can obtain from amaranth leaves 2.4% of betacarotene obtained from coriander
leaves, curry leaves and drumstick leaves.
Even the World Bank has admitted that rediscovering and use of local
plants and conservation of vitamin A rich green leafy vegetables and fruits
have dramatically reduced VAD threatened children over the past 20 years
in very cheap and efficient ways. Women in Bengal use more than 200
varieties of field greens. Over a 3 million people have benefited
greatly from a food based project for removing VAD by increasing vitamin
A availability through home gardens. The higher the diversity crops
the better the uptake of pro-vitamin A.

The reason there is vitamin A deficiency in India in spite of the rich
biodiversity a base and indigenous knowledge base in India is because the
Green Revolution technologies wiped out biodiversity by converting mixed
cropping systems to monocultures of wheat and rice and by spreading the
use of herbicides which destroy field greens.

In spite of effective and proven alternatives, a technology transfer
agreement has been signed between the Swiss Government and the Government
of India for the transfer of genetically engineered vitamin A rice to India.

The ICAR, ICMR, ICDS, USAIUD, UNICEF, WHO have been identified as potential
partners. The breeding and transformation is to be carried out at
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Central Rice Research Institute,
Cuttack and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and University of
Delhi, South Campus.
The Indian varieties in which the vitamin A traits are expected to
be engineered have been identified as IR 64, Pusa Basmati, PR 114 and ASD
16.

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has been identified as "God father" to ensuring
public acceptance of genetically engineered rice. DBT & ICAR
are also potential partners for guaranteeing public acceptance and steady
progress of the project.

Genetically engineered vitamin A rice will aggravate this destruction
since it is part of an industrial agriculture, intensive input package.
It will also lead to major water scarcity since it is a water intensive
crop and displaces water prudent sources of vitamin A.

Transferring an Illusion to India.

The first step in the technology transfer of vitamin A rice requires
a need assessment and an assessment of technology availability. One
assessment shows that vitamin A rice fails to pass the need test.

The technology availability issue is related to whether the various
elements and methods used for the construction of transgenic crop plants
are covered by intellectual property rights. Licenses for these rights
need to be obtained before a product can be commercialised. The Cornell
based ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech
Application) has been identified as the partner for ensuring technology
availability by ensuring technology availability by having material transfer
agreements signed between the representative authority of the ICAR and
the "owners" of the technology, Prof. I. Potrykus and Prof. P. Beyer.
In addition, Novartis and Kerin Breweries have patents on the genes
used as constructs for the vitamin A rice.

At a public hearing on Biotechnology at U.S. Congress on 29th June 2000,
Astra-Zeneca stated they would be giving away royalty free licenses for
the development of "Golden rice".

At a workshop organised by the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation,
Dr. Barry of Monsanto’s Rice Genome initiative announced that it will provide
royalty-free licenses for all its technologies that can help the
further development of "golden rice".

Hence these gene giants Novartis, Astra-Zeneca and Monsanto are claiming
exclusive ownership to the basic patents related to rice research.
Further, neither Monsanto nor Astra - Zeneca said they will give up their
patents on rice - they are merely giving royalty free licenses to public
sector scientists for development of "golden rice". This is an arrangement
for a public subsidy to corporate giants for R&D since they do not
have the expertise or experience with rice breeding which public institutions
have.

Not giving up the patents, but merely giving royalty free licenses implies
that the corporations like Monsanto would ultimately like to collect royalties
from farmers for rice varieties developed by public sector research systems.
Monsanto has stated that it expects long term gains from these IPR arrangements,
which implies markets in rice as "intellectual property" which cannot be
saved or exchanged for seed. The real test for Monsanto would be
its declaration of giving up any patent claims to rice now and in the future
and joining the call to remove plants and biodiversity out of TRIPS.
Failing such an undertaking by Monsanto the announcement that Monsanto
giving royalty free licenses for development of vitamin A rice like the
rice itself can only be taken as a hoax to establish monopoly over rice
production, and reduce rice farmers of India into bio-serfs.

While the complicated technology transfer package of "Golden Rice" will
not solve vitamin A problems in India, it is a very effective strategy
for corporate take over of rice production, using the public sector as
a Trojan horse.