..These findings illustrate the potential complexity and functionality of the impact of L. intestinalis upon its fish host, which together reduce the parsimony of the alternative 'incidental effect' hypothesis...

..Then we derive a set of predictions for testing the hypothesis that CI is partly a host-manipulative parasite adaptation. Evidence in support of this model would present an unusual case of adaptive population regulation...

Host manipulation by Ligula intestinalis: a cause or consequence of parasite aggregation?

..Our results demonstrate the importance of emergent stability properties of multidimensional social dilemmas, as one-dimensional stability in all component dimensions can conceal multidimensional instability...

Social evolution in micro-organisms and a Trojan horse approach to medical intervention strategies

..We try to clarify what the theory actually says and to correct some misunderstandings that have been put forward. We also review current research on autumn colours and discuss what needs to be done to test the theory...

..In exploring trade-offs between transmission strategies, we found that more costly trade-offs made it more difficult to evolve a CLC while less costly trade-offs between traits could favor a mixed strategy...

Avoid, attack or do both? Behavioral and physiological adaptations in natural enemies faced with novel hosts

..Our specific goals are (i) to derive the conditions that may favor the simultaneous investment in avoidance and physiological resistance and (ii) to study the factors that govern the relative investment in each adaptation mode...