To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website

ICE 17
I.CN.A.F. See FISHERIES ORGANIZATION, NORTHWEST ATLANTIC (N.A.F.O.); FISHERIES RESEARCH.
xf^^^.^V-. '. '
IBERVILLE, PIERRE LE MOYNE D'.
MOYNE D'IBERVILLE, PIERRE.
See LE
IBISES (Family Threskiornithidae). These birds oc¬ curred as long ago as the Eocene period, but they are a recent arrival in the New World. Of the 33 species, only five are known in North America. Two species, the glossy and the white-faced, have been observed in Newfoundland.
GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadisfalcinellus). This species is the smallest of the ibises, measuring on the average 57.2 cm (22.5 in) long, with a wingspread of about 96.5 cm (38 in). The sexes look alike, but males are larger than females. Wading birds of freshwater or saltwater marshes, they have long downward-curved bills, chest¬ nut plumage with a metallic gloss appearing black at a distance, and grey or green-black legs. Habitual wan¬ derers, they have been observed on the east coast ofthe Avalon Peninsula in spring and fall, even though they are regarded as uncommon in Newfoundland (Tuck).
WHITE-FACED IBIS (Plegadis chihi). This species is indistinguishable from the glossy ibis except at breeding times, when the bluish facial skin of the glossy ibis turns white, while the white-faced ibis develops white feathers on its otherwise bluish, bare facial skin. They are classified as vagrants (Tuck and Maunder), but have been sighted at Cape Broyle and at Ramea (Tuck).
Both species are protected under the federal Migra¬ tory Birds Convention Act. J.K. Terres (1980), Tuck and Maunder (1975), L.M. Tuck (1975), Birds Pro¬ tected in Canada under the Migratory Birds Conven¬ tion Act (197 S). EPS
ICE. The solid state of water, ice has played an import¬ ant role in the lives of Newfoundlanders. It has pro¬ vided seals with a habitat for whelping and suckling pups, supplied hunters with a convenient travelling surface to otherwise inaccessible sites, and offered children and adults endless opportunities for winter sport. In its more powerful and enduring glacial form, ice has moulded and shaped to a great extent the to¬ pography of Newfoundland and Labrador. But the be¬ nign and attractive aspects of this crystalline substance (differing from other mineral crystals only by its melting point) have been only a small part of its significance for the people of the Province. Sea ice and icebergs travelling with the Labrador Current qv have created great hazards for fishing and trading ves¬ sels throughout history, as well as for oil-drilling op¬ erations in the second half of the twentieth century.
GLACIERS. Large masses of ice which move very slowly over land, glaciers form in regions of high altitude where winter snowfall exceeds summer melt¬ ing. As snow accumulates in layers, it becomes com¬ pressed by its own weight and is transformed into ice. In the twentieth century conditions suitable for the
Ice in St. John's Harbour
formation of glaciers still existed in the Torngat Moun¬ tains qv of northern Labrador, making Newfoundland the only province east of Alberta containing this ice form. In 1991 geologists recognized 22 active (ie mov¬ ing) glaciers in the Torngats, all of which were located east of the drainage divide marking the Labrador/Que¬ bec boundary. The largest concentration of glaciers occurred in the Salemiut Range, south of Nachvak Fiord.
Measurements made on the Superguksoak and Min¬ aret glaciers in 1982 suggest glaciers in the Salemiut Range receded from 10 to 20 metres each year. Some observations of Bryants Glacier in the vicinity of Mount Tetragona have indicated that, like the mid-lat¬ itude glaciers of western North America, Alpine Eu¬ rope and Scandinavia, it has receded substantially since the turn of the century. Other observations sug¬ gest that many of the glaciers were no longer shrink¬ ing in the twentieth century, but were in fact increasing in size. One glacier on the northern side of Cirque Mountain, south of Nachvak Fiord, advanced approximately 1.5 m between 1981 and 1982.
Of the three major kinds of glaciers (valley, conti¬ nental and cirque) only the last has occurred in the Province. Bowl-shaped depressions bounded by sheer rock walls at the heads of valleys, cirques were cut into the flanks of mountains by glacial erosion many thousands of years ago. The extensive action of gla¬ ciers in this age greatly affected the natural topogra¬ phy of the North American continent. In 1876 British geologist John Milne published his observations on the glaciation of insular Newfoundland. He described many of the results of what he called "ice work," including scratches, grooves, displaced boulders and hummocky tracts of land. Alexander Murray and J.P. Howley qqv confirmed Milne's geological work. Howley noted the enormous erosion caused by gla¬ ciers, as well as the "immense profusion" of boulders

ICE 17
I.CN.A.F. See FISHERIES ORGANIZATION, NORTHWEST ATLANTIC (N.A.F.O.); FISHERIES RESEARCH.
xf^^^.^V-. '. '
IBERVILLE, PIERRE LE MOYNE D'.
MOYNE D'IBERVILLE, PIERRE.
See LE
IBISES (Family Threskiornithidae). These birds oc¬ curred as long ago as the Eocene period, but they are a recent arrival in the New World. Of the 33 species, only five are known in North America. Two species, the glossy and the white-faced, have been observed in Newfoundland.
GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadisfalcinellus). This species is the smallest of the ibises, measuring on the average 57.2 cm (22.5 in) long, with a wingspread of about 96.5 cm (38 in). The sexes look alike, but males are larger than females. Wading birds of freshwater or saltwater marshes, they have long downward-curved bills, chest¬ nut plumage with a metallic gloss appearing black at a distance, and grey or green-black legs. Habitual wan¬ derers, they have been observed on the east coast ofthe Avalon Peninsula in spring and fall, even though they are regarded as uncommon in Newfoundland (Tuck).
WHITE-FACED IBIS (Plegadis chihi). This species is indistinguishable from the glossy ibis except at breeding times, when the bluish facial skin of the glossy ibis turns white, while the white-faced ibis develops white feathers on its otherwise bluish, bare facial skin. They are classified as vagrants (Tuck and Maunder), but have been sighted at Cape Broyle and at Ramea (Tuck).
Both species are protected under the federal Migra¬ tory Birds Convention Act. J.K. Terres (1980), Tuck and Maunder (1975), L.M. Tuck (1975), Birds Pro¬ tected in Canada under the Migratory Birds Conven¬ tion Act (197 S). EPS
ICE. The solid state of water, ice has played an import¬ ant role in the lives of Newfoundlanders. It has pro¬ vided seals with a habitat for whelping and suckling pups, supplied hunters with a convenient travelling surface to otherwise inaccessible sites, and offered children and adults endless opportunities for winter sport. In its more powerful and enduring glacial form, ice has moulded and shaped to a great extent the to¬ pography of Newfoundland and Labrador. But the be¬ nign and attractive aspects of this crystalline substance (differing from other mineral crystals only by its melting point) have been only a small part of its significance for the people of the Province. Sea ice and icebergs travelling with the Labrador Current qv have created great hazards for fishing and trading ves¬ sels throughout history, as well as for oil-drilling op¬ erations in the second half of the twentieth century.
GLACIERS. Large masses of ice which move very slowly over land, glaciers form in regions of high altitude where winter snowfall exceeds summer melt¬ ing. As snow accumulates in layers, it becomes com¬ pressed by its own weight and is transformed into ice. In the twentieth century conditions suitable for the
Ice in St. John's Harbour
formation of glaciers still existed in the Torngat Moun¬ tains qv of northern Labrador, making Newfoundland the only province east of Alberta containing this ice form. In 1991 geologists recognized 22 active (ie mov¬ ing) glaciers in the Torngats, all of which were located east of the drainage divide marking the Labrador/Que¬ bec boundary. The largest concentration of glaciers occurred in the Salemiut Range, south of Nachvak Fiord.
Measurements made on the Superguksoak and Min¬ aret glaciers in 1982 suggest glaciers in the Salemiut Range receded from 10 to 20 metres each year. Some observations of Bryants Glacier in the vicinity of Mount Tetragona have indicated that, like the mid-lat¬ itude glaciers of western North America, Alpine Eu¬ rope and Scandinavia, it has receded substantially since the turn of the century. Other observations sug¬ gest that many of the glaciers were no longer shrink¬ ing in the twentieth century, but were in fact increasing in size. One glacier on the northern side of Cirque Mountain, south of Nachvak Fiord, advanced approximately 1.5 m between 1981 and 1982.
Of the three major kinds of glaciers (valley, conti¬ nental and cirque) only the last has occurred in the Province. Bowl-shaped depressions bounded by sheer rock walls at the heads of valleys, cirques were cut into the flanks of mountains by glacial erosion many thousands of years ago. The extensive action of gla¬ ciers in this age greatly affected the natural topogra¬ phy of the North American continent. In 1876 British geologist John Milne published his observations on the glaciation of insular Newfoundland. He described many of the results of what he called "ice work," including scratches, grooves, displaced boulders and hummocky tracts of land. Alexander Murray and J.P. Howley qqv confirmed Milne's geological work. Howley noted the enormous erosion caused by gla¬ ciers, as well as the "immense profusion" of boulders