"This book is designed to meet the need for a concise, easy-to-read text on how to approach and manage patients with nail diseases. The book opens with a description of nail anatomy and physiology, followed by a review of nail symptoms, divided according to the part of the nail apparatus involved. Non-invasive and invasive tools for the diagnosis of nail disorders are then described and insights provided into their appropriate use. Subsequent chapters review the various nail diseases, covering inflammatory, infective, environmentally and auto- induced, drug-induced and neoplastic conditions as well as disorders due to systemic diseases. An additional chapter addresses nail conditions commonly seen in toenails. Informative high-quality illustrations are included for each disorder and boxes helpfully summarize the most important features, clues to diagnosis, necessary examinations, and treatments. Nail Disorders: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Management will be an invaluable, ready source of information for students in dermatology, clinical practitioners and podiatrists."--Publisher's website.

Nail psoriasis is very common and causes considerable morbidity to patients. With the aid of informative illustrations, this book presents the clinical signs suggestive of nail psoriasis and describes the differential diagnosis of nail abnormalities. Newer methods of diagnosis are considered, and advice is provided on the use of severity evaluation indexes. The available treatments are extensively discussed, with information on the latest options. Selection of the appropriate treatment may be a challenge, so guidance is provided on all factors that should be taken into consideration and on choice of treatment for special categories of patient, such as children and pregnant women. Contributors have been selected from across the world, offering an international perspective on the condition. Nail Psoriasis will be an invaluable up-to-date source of information for dermatologists and will also be of interest to rheumatologists and general practitioners, given that recognition of nail signs can lead to earlier diagnosis of arthropathic disease.

Biosensors are used for detecting biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Traditional techniques, such as Enzyme-linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are sensitive but require several hours to yield results and usually require attaching a fluorophore molecule to the target molecule. The creation of label-free, fast, more accurate and integrated detection devices is imperative and we are increasingly looking to the nano-world for such technology. Micro-machined biosensors that employ electrical detection are now being developed. Impedance biosensor is a class of electrical biosensors that shows promise for point-of-care and other applications due to low cost, ease of miniaturization and label-free operation. Critically important component of any bio-detection system is the core biosensor device. Here we have designed, developed, tested and optimized a nano-biosensor that is configured and fabricated using silicon process technology. Electrical nano-sensors rely on label free detection of biochemical reactions in real time. These electrical sensors can measure impedance change as an electrical 'signature' of the nucleic acid or proteins interactions via a number of different mechanisms that are determined by their specific design and geometry. These nano-sensor designs will lead to an improvement in sensitivity by increasing the signal to noise ratio which results in more accurate readings through a reduction of spurious signal generation. We have developed a nano-bridge biosensor with a depletion-mode silicon 'nano-resistor' for the detection of DNA and protein at very low concentrations. In order to achieve higher sensitivity the sensing surface area is significantly increased as well as doping profile of impurities in silicon nano-resistor is optimized.. In contrast to a conventional Si enhancement mode MOSFET, this device behaves similar to depletion mode MOSFET, thereby it is always in the "ON" state, and no threshold voltage is needed to turn it into the active sensing mode. In addition signal calibration is not required due to a linear I-Vg characteristic at low Vg. The nano-bridge design has been optimized for maximal [Delta]I/I. The linearity of the response shows that the design will allow measurement of charge induced changes over a wide range with no threshold and high signal to noise ratios. To increase sensing throughput we will flow the solution containing the target molecules over an array of such sensing structures each of which has its own integrated readout circuitry that will offer 'real-time' detection (i.e. several minutes) of un-labeled molecules without sacrificing sensitivity. These electrical nano-biosensors are much more suited for the development of affordable bio-detection platforms, because they do not require expensive labeling reagents, rely on fabrication processes well established in the semiconductor IC industry, do not need bulky, expensive optical readout systems, and more importantly, can generate data on real time. One of the most important issues in the design of these sensor devices is to achieve high signal to noise ratio in order to make them amenable to sensitive detection of biological events, molecular interactions or chemical reactions. In order to improve the sensitivity and signal to noise ratio and to address the need for high density array construction we have designed and partially tested a nano-scale sensor with spatial structure, type and signal detection principles. The nano-bridge sensor is a double-gated depletion-mode semiconductor nano-resistive sensor. The structure and fabrication of these sensors will lead to improved sensitivity and greater accuracy of DNA hybridization detection up to 10 fM.

"This book explores the enormous diversity in social perspectives on the emergence of nanoscale sciences and technologies. It points to four nodes of interest where nano meets macro: in the making, in the public eye, in the big questions, and in the tough decisions. Each node draws attention to important lines of research and pertinent issues. The book is designed for interdisciplinary teaching, but the richness of issues and perspectives makes it of interest to all researchers, practitioners, and non-academics wanting an introduction to social perspectives on nanoscale sciences and technologies."

This book offers a fundamental and comprehensive overview of nanomedicine from a systems engineering perspective, making it the first book in the field of quantitative nanomedicine based on systems theory. It will advance knowledge of nanoscale science and engineering by efficiently employing quantitative tools for fundamental biomedical engineering and biological science research. The book starts by introducing the concept of nanomedicine, and provides basic mathematical modeling techniques that can be used to model nanoscale biomedical and biological systems. It then demonstrates how this id.

"The nanosciences are a rapidly expanding field of research with applicability to all areas of health and disease prevention, including cardiology in its broadest sense. This book covers a variety of nano subjects and areas as applied to the heart and circulatory system. There are state-of-the-art chapters on nanoparticles, nanowires, nanoscale topography, nanosensors, nanospheres, nanospin probes, nanomatrices and nanobubbles to name but a few topics. Their applications to cardiovascular disorders and their treatments are also described"--Provided by publisher.

Nanoparticles and the Immune System provides a reference text for toxicologists, materials scientists and regulators and covers the key issues of interaction of nanomaterials with the immune system. The book discusses several issues that toxicologists and regulators need to know: identification of endpoints that are relevant for assessing hazard, evaluating impact on immunologically frail populations, and how to evaluate chronic/cumulative effects. In addition, the book addresses the possibility of turning the immunomodulating properties of certain nanomaterials to our advantage.

Abstract: The small scale of nano-materials makes them one of the best man-made candidates to interact with biological systems at subcellular or even molecular level. It has been the focal point of the research interests to interfacing live cells with one dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanopillars. In my Phd research, I have utilized nanopillar based structures and devices to interface biological cells electrically, optically and mechanically. 1. We achieve improved electric interface between biological cells and solid state device by using arrays of vertically aligned nanopillar electrodes. Their tight attachment to the cell membrane allows us to acquire intracellular-like action potential signals non-destructively from cultured cardiomyocytes, which is responsible for various important cellular functions. 2. We demonstrate below-the-diffraction-limit observation volume in vitro and inside live cells by using vertically aligned silicon dioxide nanopillars. With a diameter much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, a transparent silicon dioxide nanopillar embedded in a nontransparent substrate restricts the propagation of light and affords evanescence wave excitation along its vertical surface. This effect creates highly-confined illumination volume that selectively excites fluorescence molecules in the vicinity of the nanopillar. We show that this nanopillar illumination can be used for in vitro single molecule detection with high fluorescence background. In addition, we demonstrate that vertical nanopillars interface tightly with live cells and function as highly localized light sources inside the cell. Furthermore, chemical modification of the nanopillar surface provides a unique way to locally recruit proteins of interest and simultaneously observe their behavior within the complex, crowded environment of the cell. 3. We engineer and fabricate vertically nanopillar arrays, and culture various types of cells atop. We study the cell growth pattern in presence of nanopillar arrays, including attachment, migration, etc. We also design patterned nanopillar arrays and utilized them to guide and control cell growth via cell-nanopillar interaction.

"Written for chemists, physicists, molecular biologists, and students in related fields, this reference covers information presently available on the specific properties of metallic nanoparticles, and compares their properties with those related to nanoobjects formed by biological molecules. It also discloses details of formation and physic-chemical peculiarities of the DNA nanostructures and DNA-based nanoconstructions. Timely in publication, the reference contains more DNA physics and molecular biology than other published titles. Authors discuss how nucleic acid molecules and their complexes with chemical and biologically active compounds are of great interest in the development of various nanoscale systems and devices of practical importance"-- Provided by publisher.

"Pharmacotherapy is often limited by the inefficient activity and severe toxicity of drug molecules. Nanotechnology offers a revolutionary and definitive approach for the efficient delivery of drug molecules to non-healthy tissues and cells. This first volume of a series of two volumes analyzes the basics in the development of drug-loaded nanoplatforms, the so-called nanomedicines. Special attention is given to physicochemical engineering, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility and biodegradability, representative nanoplatforms (based on lipids, polymers, cyclodextrins, metals, carbon, silica, iron oxides, etc.), and advanced nano-engineering strategies for passive, ligand-mediated, and/or stimuli-sensitive drug delivery and release"--Provided by publisher.

"Understanding the importance of nanosciences is somewhat problematic as a great deal of text can be rather technical in nature with little consideration to the novice. In this book information is readable as it has sections for the novice and expert alike. Each chapter has an abstract, "key facts", and a "mini-dictionary" of key terms and phrases within each chapter. Each chapter has a summary in point form The book covers for example, introductions to the field, lipid matrix nanoparticles, atomic force microscopy, characterization of tissues at the nanometer scale, antisense oligonucleotides, carbon nanotubes, , nanocomposites, nanorods, carbon nanomaterials, nanolabeled diabetogenic, nanofiber wound dressings, and nanotechnology footsocks"-- Provided by publisher.

Nanotechnology in Dermatology is the first book of its kind to address all of the important and rapidly growing aspects of nanotechnology as it relates to dermatology. In the last few years there has been an explosion in research and development for products and devices related to nanotechnology, including numerous applications for consumers, physicians, patients, and industry. Applications are underway in medicine and dermatology for the early detection, diagnosis, and targeted therapy of disease, and nanodesigned materials and devices are expected to be faster, smaller, more powerful, more efficient, and more versatile than their traditional counterparts. Written by experts working in this exciting field, Nanotechnology in Dermatology specifically addresses nanotechnology in consumer skin care products, in the diagnosis of skin disease, in the treatment of skin disease, and the overall safety of nanotechnology. The book also discusses future trends of this ever-growing and changing field, providing dermatologists, pharmaceutical companies, policy makers, and consumer cosmetics companies with a clear understanding of the advantages and challenges of nanotechnology today.

'Narrating a Psychology of Resistance' analyzes first-hand testimony from the Movimiento Autónomo de Mujeres in Nicaragua - a coordinated mobilization of women that has weathered unremitting power differentials characterized by patriarchy and capitalism - to examine the psychology of resistance in order to revolutionize societies who have suffered under brutal regimes.

The need to establish a narrative self reaches an important peak during adolescence as teens work to understand life events and establish their self-identity. This book examines narrative development during adolescence in depth, focusing on both stable and at-risk youth as they construct, organize and tell their life stories.

Combining scholarship with personal experience, this title uses examples ranging from Barack Obama's talent for storytelling to the experiences of students from London's East End to examine how story and imagination inform our ideas about education, politics, aging, and doing research.

Evidence-based medicine and narrative medicine: a harmonic couple -- Bridging from mythology to contemporary care: the art of listening -- Bridging from oral tradition to writing: the art of empathy -- The Tower of Babel: the language of physicians, patients, and providers of care -- Patient's narrative as a probe for successful coping -- The muted desire for well-being and the abuse of the word "normality" in medicine -- Bridging the gap between personalization of care and research -- The place of illness-centred movies in medical humanities -- Designing health care based on patient's needs and rights -- Building a bridge between economic investment and medical humanities: the fears to overcome -- A selection of narratives -- Glossary: a tool to bridge the gap between medical humanities, medical science, health-care organization, and health-care economics.

A community of elders who meet daily and spontaneously at the seaside exemplify the idea of positive aging. Through their individual life narratives, this book explores the impact of routine, physical exercise, and social relationships on the well-being of these seniors, and portrays the safe environment fostered by their discourse and wisdom.

Nasal physiology and pathophysiology is a relatively neglected area, yet without a deep knowledge of the physiology it is impossible to understand the impact of structural changes and the process of disease development or to make sound treatment decisions. With the help of numerous tables, schematic drawings, and color photographs, this book will enable the reader to understand the nasal physiology and pathophysiology in detail. All four functions of the nose -- respiration, defense, olfaction, and cosmesis -- are covered. Each chapter addresses one important aspect in an accessible way, and each is written by an acknowledged expert on the topic under consideration. The various techniques of clinical evaluation of nasal function are fully discussed, and current trends and future directions in nasal physiologic research are also explored. This book will be of value to both practicing otorhinolaryngologists and novices in the field.

A nasal reconstruction authority shows you how to obtain the best outcomes and repair unsatisfactory results from former surgeries. In addition to presenting the latest principles and techniques, this new resource also examines evolving concepts and methods, keeping you at the forefront of today's practice. The book emphasizes the restoration of nasal defects, from simple to complex, and achieving normal appearance and function. Comprehensive coverage of all nasal injuries and available surgical methods, both cutting edge as well as older, established approaches, help you choose the best approach for each patient and situation. Full-color clinical photos offer real-life clinical views of conditions and step-by-step surgical results.

Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

"The National Atlas of the United States of America will include four distinct products. In addition to having high-quality, small-scale maps, the atlas will include authoritative digital national geospatial and geostatistical data sets. Examples of geospatial data include soils, boundaries, volcanoes, and principal aquifers. Crime patterns, population distribution, and incidence of disease are examples of geostatistical data. This information is tied to specific geographic areas and is categorized and indexed using different methods, such as county, State, and zip code boundaries or geographic coordinates like latitude and longitude. These data will be collected and integrated to a consistent set of standards to support analysis. The atlas will also include easy-to use software for data display, query, and custom information and map making. The product will include hot links to atlas sites on the WWW. More up-to-date, real-time, and regional data will be served by means of the WWW. Descriptive information, marketing products and software programs will also be delivered via the WWW"--About the Atlas screen.

Worldwide, the application of information and communication technologies to support national health-care services is rapidly expanding and increasingly important. This is especially so at a time when all health systems face stringent economic challenges and greater demands to provide more and better care, especially to those most in need. The National eHealth Strategy Toolkit is an expert, practical guide that provides governments, their ministries and stakeholders with a solid foundation and method for the development and implementation of a national eHealth vision, action plan and monitoring framework. All countries, whatever their level of development, can adapt the Toolkit to suit their own circumstances. Representing one of the most significant collaborations in recent years between the World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union, the Toolkit is a landmark in understanding what eHealth is, what it can do, and why and how it should be applied to health care today.

This edited volume concerns a group of devastating neurological disorders that share a common pathological mechanism, namely the aggregation and deposition of insoluble, proteinaceous lesions, termed 'amyloid'. Examples of cerebral amyloid disorders include common neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease-related dementia and Parkinson's disease, as well as other less prevalent conditions like Huntington's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the transmissible prion disorders. A disease-modifying therapeutic agent is still lacking for all these diseases, and there are no approved therapies that target amyloid formation directly. Nevertheless, a large and complex group of natural aromatic compounds known as polyphenols are rapidly emerging as potentially potent anti-amyloidogenic agents. This book collectively presents a considerable body of experimental and epidemiological evidence from peer-reviewed scientific publications that support a role for natural compounds and herbal extracts in the chemoprevention and therapy of amyloidogenic disorders. Each contribution is written by scientific experts in the relevant field; chapters are devoted to Mediterranean diet and olive oil phenols, traditional Chinese medicine, herbal extracts, polyphenols (with a particular emphasis on epigallocatechin-3-gallate) and bi-flavonoids, amongst others. The topic of this book is relevant to a wide audience, from academia and university students in the biological and chemical sciences, to physicians and allied health professionals, as well as people working in the nutraceutical industry.

Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) has the potential to change the practice of surgery as we know it. Proponents say advantages over laprascopic surgery include lower anesthesia requirements, faster recovery and shorter hospital stays, avoidance of transabdominal wound infections, less immunosuppression, better postoperative pulmonary and diaphragmatic function, and the potential for "scarless" abdominal surgery. In this text/video set, the leading world expert in NOTES shares his experience. Three sections cover fundamentals, current clinical applications and techniques.

The processes by which the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolizes carbon sources by both fermentation and respiration have been studied for more than a century. Yeast metabolism has been used both industrially, for the production of important molecules such as ethanol, and as a model for basic scientific research. Applied scientists have studied yeast metabolism to create and optimize novel metabolic phenotypes not naturally found in Saccharomyces yeasts. In parallel, basic scientists have used yeast as a model to understand fundamental processes such as evolutionary adaptation, as well as the pathways of carbon metabolism themselves. There are many unanswered questions in both of these fields, some of which I have addressed in this work. With respect to the industrial importance of yeast, I asked whether there are naturally existing Saccharomyces yeasts that can metabolize the five-carbon sugars important for lignocellulosic ethanol production (such as xylose), and, if so, what is the genetic basis for their phenotypes? Having characterized natural genetic variation in xylose metabolism, I also wanted to understand something more fundamental about how carbon metabolism can adapt, including the molecular nature of adaptations to selection on a limiting carbon source. Specifically, I asked what is the niche breadth of, and are there genetic trade-offs in, yeast that have been evolved under glucose-limitation? I have used a combination of classical genetics, physiology, and high-throughput genomics to answer these two questions. I have discovered novel xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces yeasts and have shed considerable light on the genetic basis for their phenotypes. In addition, I have discovered at least one trade-off for adaptation to limiting glucose, namely that amplification of the hexose-transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7 causes reduced fitness in carbon-rich environments. These two projects highlight two major spheres of Saccharomyces research, and they provide key answers to outstanding questions in both fields.

This guideline defines ventilation and then natural ventilation. It explores the design requirements for natural ventilation in the context of infection control, describing the basic principles of design, construction, operation and maintenance for an effective natural ventilation system to control infection in health-care settings.

This book advances biomedical innovations to address the plethora of health problems afflicting the developing world. A panoply of cultural, economic, infrastructural, and other factors prevent many interventions currently popular in the developed world from being similarly effective in the developing world. This book discusses less-traditional approaches, such as naturally based biomaterials and therapeutics, an area that has traditionally been overlooked but has also demonstrated impressive potential for health applications in recent years. This book explores precisely the kinds of applications which can enable countries like India to access more effective, inexpensive treatments while also taking more ownership of their healthcare technologies and innovations.

Suffering and the practice of nursing -- Ethical and theological perspectives on the nature of suffering and the goals of nursing -- Contextual analysis of patient suffering -- The suffering of nurses -- What is the nature of suffering and the goals of nursing.

"The NCBI Handbook 2nd Edition is geared towards advanced users of NCBI resources to provide an understanding of how bioinformatics resources at NCBI work. It is not a step-by-step user manual but complements NCBI user guides, tutorials, help information, and other existing documentation. It is our intent that the handbook will reflect, to the extent possible, the current state of databases, resources, and tools at NCBI, with information updated periodically"--Resource home page.

"What can we learn from the genes of our closest evolutionary relatives? Neanderthal Man tells the story of geneticist Svante Pääbo's mission to answer that question, beginning with the study of DNA in Egyptian mummies in the early 1980s and culminating in his sequencing of the Neanderthal genome in 2009. From Pääbo, we learn how Neanderthal genes offer a unique window into the lives of our hominin relatives and may hold the key to unlocking the mystery of why humans survived while Neanderthals went extinct. Drawing on genetic and fossil clues, Pääbo explores what is known about the origin of modern humans and their relationship to the Neanderthals and describes the fierce debate surrounding the nature of the two species' interactions. A riveting story about a visionary researcher and the nature of scientific inquiry, Neanderthal Man offers rich insight into the fundamental question of who we are"-- Provided by publisher.

Authored by ""a superb clinician and award-winning teacher, ""* Near Misses in Pediatric Anesthesiology, Second Edition is a thorough updating and significant expansion of this popular case book in the newest anesthesiology subspecialty to be approved by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The book comprises 87 true-story clinical ""near misses, "" including 40 cases that are brand new. Recommendations, references, and discussion accompany each case. The cases provide an ideal basis for problem-centered learning and also model how to learn from experience and to maintain professionalism.

The first of its kind, Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes is a comprehensive evidence- and clinical-based book, covering research-based diagnosis, prognosis and management of neuromusculoskeletal pathologies and dysfunctions of the upper quadrant, including joint, muscle, myofascial and neural tissue approaches. It uniquely addresses the expanding role of the various health care professions which require increased knowledge and skills in screening for contra-indications and recognizing the need for medical-surgical referral. Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes also stresses the integration of experiential knowledge and a pathophysiologic rationale with current best evidence. the only one-stop guide for examination and treatment of the upper quadrant supported by accurate scientific and clinical-based data acknowledges the expanding direct access role of the various health professions both at the entry-level and postgraduate level addresses concerns among clinicians that research is overemphasized at the expense of experiential knowledge and pathophysiologic rationale multiple-contributed by expert clinicians and researchers with an international outlook covers diagnosis, prognosis and conservative treatment of the most commonly seen pain syndromes in clinical practice over 800 illustrations demonstrating examination procedures and techniques.

Cell death is an essential process in development, and a major contributor to a wide range of human diseases. Three major classifications of cell death, apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis, have been described for years, and the existence of many more forms of cell death is now accepted. In, Necrosis: Methods and Protocols experts in the field provide a wide range of methods and techniques for the study of necrosis in vitro and in vivo. These include methods and techniques for the analysis of necrosis in mammalian cells, characterization of alternative forms of cell death: entosis and pyroptosis, and analysis of cell death in non-mammalian model sytems and mammalian tissues, including chapters on skin, brain, and heart. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. -- Publisher website.

In 2014, a reported $3,377m was invested in neglected disease R&D, consisting of $3,197m from repeat survey participants (called year-on-year -- YOY -- funders) and $179m from irregular survey participants. Total YOY funding for neglected disease R&D increased by $150m (up 4.9%), but this was entirely the result of significant new investment in Ebola R&D in response to the 2014 West African Ebola epidemic. Without Ebola, YOY funding for neglected disease R&D would have been essentially unchanged from 2013 (down $14m, -0.4%).

"In a new era of global health diplomacy, the most important tool for decision-making is negotiation. Globalization is binding countries, issues and people together as never before. In the domain of public health, traditional international concerns like the spread of infectious diseases have been joined by new concerns and challenges in managing the health impacts of trade and intellectual property rights, and by new opportunities to create effective global public health agreements and programs. To address the major health crises of today and to prevent or mitigate them in the future, countries must seek collective agreement and action within and across their borders. However, the world of international negotiation is not the world in which health decision-makers reside or are most comfortable. The goal of this guide is to provide health policy-makers with practical information and negotiation tools, to help them create better international health agreements and programs. "This is the best book I know to help health professionals develop the negotiation skills necessary to meet the challenges of global health diplomacy"--Provided by publisher.

It has long been theorized that people living in poor areas have more health problems than their more advantaged peers. More recently, science has been testing this hypothesis, concentrating on the impact of the built environment on well-being and its contribution to health inequities.Neighbourhood Structure and Health Promotion offers sociology-based theory and evidence-based findings so readers may better understand the effects of place on health choices, behaviour, and outcomes. This international volume analyzes the complex relationships among neighbourhood conditions and characteristics,

After more than 75 years, Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics remains your indispensable source for definitive, state-of-the-art answers on every aspect of pediatric care. Embracing the new advances in science as well as the time-honored art of pediatric practice, this classic reference provides the essential information that practitioners and other care providers involved in pediatric health care throughout the world need to understand to effectively address the enormous range of biologic, psychologic, and social problems that our children and youth may face. Brand-new chapters and comprehensive revisions throughout-along with regular online updates personally selected by Dr. Kliegman-ensure that you have the most recent information on diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases based on the latest recommendations and methodologies.

1. Did ebola emerge in West Africa by a policy-driven phase change in agroecology? -- 2. Ebola in the hog sector: modeling pandemic emergence in commodity livestock -- 3. Did neoliberalizing West Africa's forests produce a vaccine-resistant ebola? -- 4. Introducing pandemic control theory -- 5. The social amplification of pandemics and other disasters -- Index.

This is the first comprehensive book in more than a decade in the very specialized field of neonatal anesthesia. Edited and written by a team of recognized experts in neonatal anesthesia, surgery, and intensive care, this volume is the quintessential clinical reference for perioperative care of these small patients. The considerations of developmental physiology and pharmacology, which influence anesthesia care and pain management, are clearly explained. Care for surgical and medical procedures, including sedation and monitoring in and out of the operating room, is detailed. Congenital disorders of all organ systems are described together with their current management. The special considerations for neonatal intensive care ? current recommendations for fluid, nutrition, and metabolic requirements, mechanical ventilation, and management of the airway ? are detailed. This topical volume concludes with a summary of complications and ethical considerations in the neonate.

Cranial ultrasonography is the most important, accessible, patient friendly, and cheapestneuroimaging technique on the neonatal ward. It provides important information on brain maturation in the (preterm) neonate and enables the detection of frequently occurring brain anomalies. In this second edition of Neonatal Cranial Ultrasonography, the focus is on the basics of the technique, from patient preparation through to screening strategies and the classification of abnormalities. Many new ultrasound images have been included to reflect the improvements in image quality since the first edition. Essential information is provided about both the procedure itself and the normal ultrasound anatomy. Standard technique is described and illustrated, but emphasis is also placed on the value of supplementary acoustic windows. The compact design of the book makes it an ideal and handy reference that will guide the novice but also provide useful information for the more experienced practitioner

This book discusses the key features of normal, age-dependent neonatal head and spine ultrasonography and the application of this modality to common and rare neonatal neurologic disorders. Ultrasonography is an incredibly versatile bedside imaging tool in detecting brain and spine abnormalities in neonates, monitoring the course of these lesions, and evaluating the maturation of the neonatal brain and spine. Organized to correspond to daily bedside practice, it presents a symptom-based approach and classifies neonatal neurologic disorders at presentation. For each disorder, clinical cases are presented that explore the differential diagnoses and are accompanied by high-quality ultrasound images that depict the abnormal findings. Topics include seizures, encephalopathy, hemiparesis, apnea, microcephaly, and neonatal spine abnormalities. Neonatal Head and Spine Ultrasonography is a succinct guide to this imaging modality and is a valuable resource for pediatric radiologists, neuroradiologists, neonatologists, and pediatricians.

This pocket atlas explains how to use pulmonary graphics as a valuable adjunct for patient management. Actual patterns commonly encountered in neonatal practice are presented side-by-side with schematic illustrations that take apart the graphic and identify its key features, accompanied by brief explanatory text. The book addresses the principles of real-time pulmonary graphics, discusses waveforms and loops, and examines how both are affected by mechanical ventilation and disease states. A series of clinical cases brings key points to life.

Neonatology is a science in rapid evolution, and updated information is crucial for the correct and successful care of newborns and fetuses suffering from severe disorders, who until a few decades ago had no chance of survival. Written in a clear and easy-to-follow way by the most renowned experts in the field, this new textbook wants to offer to neonatologists and pediatricians a modern and complete view of the various problems and aspects of neonatology, currently one of the most complex and advanced fields of pediatrics. The volume contains comprehensive, clear and up-to-date descriptions of the current knowledge of neonatal diseases and of their pathophysiology and treatment, and provides a selection of other relevant information with an evidence-based approach. Figures and diagrams are used to improve understanding of complex problems, and references have been chosen to enable in-depth evaluation of clinical problems. The text pays particular attention to the various diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures for which reliable guidelines are not yet available. The use of summaries, tables, and accurately selected guidelines or recommendations that will accompany the text will supply quick references and instant solutions to the concerned specialists during their daily practice.This book aims to provide the scientific community with the state of the art on neonatal care in order to avoid as much as possible, or at least limit, the tragic disabilities due to prematurity, abnormal delivery, and diseases affecting these patients. Expert pediatricians, neonatologists, obstetricians, anaesthesiologists, training doctors in these areas, as well as all child caregivers will find it this volume a fundamental tool for their activity, thanks to the schematic and practical information it offers and to the indications of clinical solutions.

Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood" integrates the history, epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics of modern neoplastic hematopathology. The book is divided into five major sections, with the first four covering the spectrum of hematologic neoplasia - Chronic Leukemias and Related Disorders, Acute Leukemias, Myeloma and Related Disorders, and Lymphomas. The fifth section covers a variety of topics in supportive care. Now in its fifth edition, this classic and invaluable text brings together a team of internationally renowned experts and offers in-depth coverage of the complex interface between diagnosis and therapy. Chapters feature an accessible and easy-to-read layout and provide updates on the tremendous progress made in the last decade in the understanding of the nature of hematologic malignancies and their treatment. An authoritative and indispensable resource for students, trainees, and clinicians, this fifth edition is sure to distinguish itself as the definitive reference on this topic.

Representing the treatment and management philosophy of Dr. Susan Mackinnon, Nerve Surgery provides extensive coverage of innovative surgical options as well as guidance on the management of complicated compression neuropathies. In addition to detailed information on tried-and-true as well as cutting-edge surgical techniques, it contains chapters on the basic principles of nerve surgery, such as Anatomy and Physiology for the Peripheral Nerve Surgeon and Evaluation of the Patient with Nerve Injury or Nerve Compression. Key Features: More than 850 compelling full-color figures and photographs demonstrate key concepts, Videos narrated by Dr. Mackinnon are available online, Coverage of important conditions that can be treated non-operatively, such as neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome and multilevel compression neuropathy, Strategies and secondary procedures for failed nerve surgeries, Dr. Mackinnon provides tips on how she manages complicated pain problems. This book is a core reference for all plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, hand surgeons, residents, and allied health specialists treating patients with nerve injuries.

The outcomes of most viral infections are controlled by many genetic loci whose interactions are complex and difficult to predict. To characterize the genes that predispose to viral persistence, I carried out a genetic analysis of a murine susceptibility locus termed Tmevp3. Mice that carry the SJL/J-derived Tmevp3 locus become persistently infected, whereas mice carrying the B10.S-derived locus clear the infection. My investigation revealed that a long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, transcript named NeST RNA was the most polymorphic gene in the locus. I found that a spliced version of NeST RNA was abundant in T cells of SJL/J mice and not expressed in B10.S mice. To test whether expression of this lncRNA was the cause of viral persistence, I developed transgenic mice that expressed NeST RNA in B10.S mice. Indeed, NeST RNA alone was sufficient to confer viral persistence. To investigate the function of NeST RNA in T cells, I tested whether NeST regulates its neighboring genes, IL-22 and IFN-[gamma]. CD8+ T cells from mice carrying the SJL/J-Tmevp3 locus were found to produce greater amounts of IFN-[gamma], suggesting that NeST RNA might functions as an enhancer lncRNA. Indeed, transgenic expression of NeST lncRNA induced higher of IFN-[gamma] after T cell stimulation. Results from a collaborative study revealed NeST RNA functions in trans, localize to the nucleus, associates with the histone modifying complex component WDR5, and induces accumulation of histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at the Ifng locus. I also found that the Tmevp3 locus controls lethality from Salmonella. However, I found that in this model the SJL/J allele, which increases viral persistence, conferred decrease susceptibility for pathogenesis. As was the case in the viral susceptibility model, transgenic NeST RNA expression was sufficient to recapitulate this susceptibility phenotype. To test for any effects of NeST RNA in the inflammatory response to pathogen antigens, I carried out septic shock assays using the bacterial component LPS. I found that mice expressing NeST RNA survived more compared to the B10.S parental strain. Take together these data suggest that during immune challenge NeST RNA regulates the inflammatory response. To further analyze the effect of NeST RNA in the control of inflammation, NeST knockout mice were utilized. Deleting a 640 base pair region in the NeST promoter was found to abrogate gene expression and increase lethality to LPS sepsis. This difference in lethality coincided with larger abundances of numerous cytokines in mice lacking NeST RNA after LPS injections. However in the absence of an immune challenge, mice with an intact NeST gene showed higher basal levels of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the basis of NeST RNA protection is a hormetic effect. Indeed, pre-treatment with low doses of LPS phenocopies the endotoxin tolerance effect of NeST RNA. Understanding how NeST RNA controls the timing and magnitude of cytokine secretion by T cells may provide new venues for therapeutic intervention to various inflammatory diseases.

View the cardiovascular system as only Netter images can depict it. This spectacularly illustrated volume, part of the masterwork known as the Netter (CIBA) "Green Books," provides a highly visual guide to the heart, from basic science, anatomy, and physiology to pathology and injury. This classic Netter reference has been updated to mirror the many exciting advances in cardiovascular medicine and imaging - offering unparalleled insights into anatomy, physiology, and clinical conditions. Gain a rich clinical view of all aspects of the cardiovascular system in one comprehensive volume, conveyed through beautiful illustrations and radiologic images. Clearly see the connection between basic science and clinical practice with an integrated overview of normal structure and function as it relates to pathologic conditions. Grasp current clinical concepts regarding development, pediatrics, and adult medicine captured in classic Netter illustrations, as well as new illustrations created by artist-physician Carlos Machado, MD, and others working in the Netter style. Quickly understand complex topics thanks to a concise text-atlas format that provides a context bridge between primary and specialized medicine. Benefit from matchless Netter illustrations that offer precision, clarity, detail and realism as they provide a visual approach to the clinical presentation and care of the patient.

"Visualize normal anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis like never before with Netter's Correlative Imaging: Abdominal and Pelvic Anatomy. This outstanding radiology reference from Dr. Drew A. Torigian and Dr. Mary Kitazono Hammell features beautiful and instructive Netter paintings and illustrated cross-sections created in the Netter style, presented side by side with high-quality patient MR images to help you envision and review both gastrointestinal and genitourinary anatomy section by section."--Publisher's website.

Here's a rich pictorial review of normal and abnormal human prenatal development. For each body system or region, you'll find a brief description of the developmental plan, with key concepts and terminology, followed by discussions of histological principles, the classification of congenital defects, and basic cellular, molecular, and genetic concepts. An emphasis on morphological patterns in the embryo and fetus makes it easy to understand the structure and function of the adult body and the embryonic basis of birth defects. Summary tables and terminology sections at the end of each chapter, plus an appendix with all major congenital defects and their embryonic basis, make it easy to review course material and prepare for the USMLE.

2nd Edition, by Marschall S. Runge, Cam Patterson, and George Stouffer, uses visually rich Netter artwork to efficiently provide you with a concise overview of cardiovascular anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. You'll rapidly access complete introductions to common issues in cardiology, including annotated references of the most important articles, guidelines, and available evidence. Netter - it's how you know. Apply dependable clinical advice from Marschall S. Runge, MD, PhD, Cam Patterson, MD and George Stouffer, MD and utilize diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms and clinical pathways developed by the many world-renowned chapter contributors. Benefit from expanded coverage of cardiovascular imaging including echocardiography, stress testing and nuclear imaging, and CT and MRI. Gain a concise and visual overview of the common conditions in cardiology.

Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 3rd Edition is a Clinical Anatomy textbook you will actually "read." A concise, focused and manageable medical reference textbook for your busy lives! The uniquely aesthetic and memorable Netter-style illustrations-accompanied by descriptive text and tables-help you to visually grasp and focus on the most relevant clinical implications of anatomical concepts. Multiple-choice review questions at the end of each chapter plus online access to the complete text-with additional Clinical examples and study questions-result in a thorough but quick introduction to basic and clinical anatomy as well as a fast review source-the perfect supplement to your course's syllabus, lectures, conferences and labs. Enhance your learning and understanding with "Clinical Focus" boxes presenting hundreds of illustrated clinical correlations that bridge anatomy to pathophysiology, and Features and Characteristics boxes that explain the relation between structure and function. Get a quick overview of the MSK system. Muscle/Ligament/Joint Tables summarize attachment points, actions, and other key information related to each structure.

"Along with the latest data in thoroughly updated diagnostic and treatment algorithms for all conditions you'll get even more art from the Netter Collection as well as new radiologic images that visually demonstrate the key clinical correlations and applications of anatomical imaging."--BOOK JACKET.

Designed to make learning more interesting and clinically meaningful, Netter's Concise Radiologic Anatomy, 2nd Edition matches radiologic images-from MR and ultrasound to CT and advanced imaging reconstructions-to the exquisite artwork of master medical illustrator Frank H. Netter, MD. As a companion to the bestselling Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, this updated medical textbook begins with the anatomy and matches radiologic images to the anatomic images; the result is a concise, visual guide that shows how advanced diagnostic imaging is an amazing "dissection tool" for viewing human anatomy in the living patient! Quickly review key information with a concise, user-friendly format that is organized and color-coded to be in-line with Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, 6th Edition. View direct, at-a-glance comparisons between idealized anatomic illustrations and real-life medicine with side-by-side radiology examples of normal anatomy and common variants with corresponding anatomy illustrations.Improve upon your knowledge with a brief background in basic radiology, including reconstructions and a list of common abbreviations for the images presented.

Musculoskeletal Anatomy is the first title in the brand new Netter's Correlative Imaging series. Series editor and specialist in musculoskeletal imaging Dr. Nancy Major and coauthor, Michael Malinzak, presents Netter's beautiful and instructive paintings and illustrated cross sections created in the Netter style side-by-side with high-quality patient MR images created with commonly used pulse sequences to help you visualize the anatomy section by section. With in-depth coverage and concise descriptive text for at-a-glance information and access to correlated images online, this atlas is a comprehensive reference that's ideal for today's busy imaging specialists. View upper and lower limbs in sagittal, coronal, and axial view MRs of commonly used pulse sequences, each slice complemented by a detailed illustration in the instructional and aesthetic Netter style. Find anatomical landmarks quickly and easily through comprehensive labeling and concise text highlighting key points related to the illustration and image pairings. Correlate patient data to idealized normal anatomy in the approximately 30 cross-sections per joint that illustrate the complexities of musculoskeletal anatomy.

Netter's Essential Histology integrates gross anatomy and embryology with classic histology slides and cutting-edge scanning electron microscopy to give you a rich visual understanding of this complex subject. This histology textbook-atlas has a strong anatomy foundation and utilizes a variety of visual elements - including Netter illustrations and light and electron micrographs - to teach you the most indispensible histologic concepts and their clinical relevance. Excellent as both a reference and a review, Netter's Essential Histology will serve you well at any stage of your healthcare career. Gain a rich understanding of this vital subject through the succinct explanatory histology text. Learn to recognize both normal and diseased structures at the microscopic level with the aid of succinct explanatory text as well as numerous clinical boxes.Access the entire contents and ancillary components online at Student Consult, view images and histology slides at different magnifications, and watch new narrated video overviews of each chapter.Take your learning one step further with the purchase of Netter's Histology Flash Cards (sold separately), designed to reinforce your understanding of how the human body works in health as well as illness and injury.

This 2nd Edition, covers the entire field of digestive diseases--including those related to gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition--in one concise reference. A templated format offers a quick and memorable summary of nearly 300 of the most commonly encountered clinical conditions. From the classic to more contemporary, while hundreds of vivid Netter illustrations depict key anatomic structures and highlight important concepts. Features expanded coverage and new illustrations in the Netter tradition of subjects related to bariatric and post-bariatric surgery that are of key importance in gastroenterology and general health. Includes hot topics such as gastroenterologic treatment of obesity, autoimmune pancreatitis, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and parasites from sushi.

Neil S. Norton, PhD, uses more than 600 full-color images from the Netter Collection to richly depict all of the key anatomy that's relevant to clinical practice. This new edition takes your knowledge further than ever with more Netter illustrations; addition of over 20 cone beam CT images; new chapters on the upper limbs, thorax, and abdomen; and more than 100 multiple-choice questions. Whether for your dental anatomy course, board review, or as a handy reference in your dental office, this concise, visual guide is an excellent anatomy atlas and quick reference for students and professionals in dentistry and dental hygiene. Master anatomy for the head and neck and beyond, including upper limbs, thorax, and abdomen. Stay current on hot topics like cone beam CT imaging, intraoral injections, and anesthesia. Recognize the context and clinical relevance of head and neck anatomy through additional coverage of dental procedures. Prepare effectively for the dental boards with over 100 multiple-choice questions.

Provides clear representations of common human diseases and concentrates on pathologic anatomy. Each chapter relates the anatomical changes to the functional and clinical manifestations of over 150 diseases and their underlying causes and mechanisms.

This updated edition of Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology allows you to take a distinct visual approach to understanding both the basic science and clinical applications of pharmacology. Designed to be compatible and used in conjunction with other pharmacology resources, this medical reference book offers a vivid, uniquely effective visual presentation of the pharmacodynamic relationship between drugs and the human body. And with the new addition of Student Consult online access, Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology is even more convenient than ever before! Available online for the first time! Search the full contents of Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology no matter what your location with convenient access to Student Consult.Visually grasp the most important principles in pharmacology with succinct, easy-to-understand presentations of introductory pharmacologic principles based on classic images by Frank Netter, as well as dynamic new illustrations from other talented medical artists.Learn how drugs are used to treat specific disorders in the body, as well as their effects on a particular site, with a format divided by organ system and full-color illustrations of the systems themselves.Access in-depth guidance on the must-know elements of each pharmacologic principle with clear, concise notes located beneath the corresponding image.

Larry R. Cochard, PhD, Lori A Goodhartz, MD Carla B, Harmath, MD, Nancy M. Major MD, and Srinivasan Mukundan, JR, MD, makes interpreting normal and abnormal X-ray, CT, and MR images easy by correlating them with crystal-clear Netter illustrations. You'll learn to recognize anatomical relationships in images and apply them to a variety of examples of pathology throughout the body, including the imaging of masses, air, or blood in organs and spaces, fractures, thickening, constriction, and compression and more. It's an ideal introduction to diagnostic imaging! Develop your ability to better identify pathologies by viewing normal healthy anatomical images and abnormal images. Comparative images reinforce your basic understanding of what normal tissues and anatomy look like and serve as a guide in recognizing disease patterns and processes: atypically large or small organs and compartments, masses, air, or blood in organs and spaces, fractures, thickening, constriction, compression, and more. Understand how radiologists apply systematic search strategies in imaging studies of each region of the body.

Netter's Neurology, 2nd edition, by Drs. H. Royden Jones, Jayashri Srinivasan, Gregory J. Allam, and Richard A. Baker uses visually rich Netter artwork to efficiently provide you with a concise overview of general neurology and its intersection with internal medicine, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and orthopedics. From stroke and epilepsy to dementia and neuromuscular disorders, Netter's Neurology is a thorough synopsis of the state of the art in most areas of adult neurology. You'll rapidly access complete introductions to clinical details, complex concepts, and correlations between anatomical, pathological, physiological, and pharmacological aspects in the clinical settings. Master general neurology and its intersection with internal medicine, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and orthopedics through comprehensive topic coverage. Get a quick and memorable overview of anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation from the precision and beauty of Netter and Netter-style plates that highlight key neuroanatomical and neurologic concepts. Explore specific clinical applications with vignettes included throughout the text that bring each topic to life. Find the information you need quickly and easily thanks to the short text and concise topic overviews.

This book edited by Drs. Todd Florin and Stephen Ludwig, is a visual aid with more than 500 images by Dr. Frank Netter and other artists working in his style that will help you diagnose and care for children with common clinical conditions. This is the first time that Netter's drawings of pediatric illness are brought together in a single volume. The superb, accurate artwork accompanies up-to-date text contributed by physicians at the prestigious Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The book provides you with all the at-a-glance information you need for a quick overview of common issues from nutrition, allergy, infectious disease, and adolescent medicine, to cancer and heart disease. Efficiently review key details for each condition with 500 detailed, crystal-clear images provided by Frank H. Netter and others working in the Netter tradition. Apply dependable, concise, clinical advice from a team of physicians at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, one of the top children's hospitals in the U.S. Get answers at a glance during pediatric rotations when studying for exams or preparing for consultations.

This one-of-a-kind resource combines the unmatched surgical anatomy illustrations of Frank H. Netter, MD with endoscopic, laparoscopic, and radiologic images - integrated with expert descriptions of each operative procedure - to provide a clear overview of the exposures, incision sites, surgically relevant landmarks, structures, fascial planes, and common anatomical variants and operative methods that are critical to your success in the operating room. Key Features: Vividly visualize the surgical anatomy you need to know through the uniquely detailed, memorable artwork of Dr. Netter, Carlos Machado, MD, and other anatomy illustrators working in the Netter tradition. View surgical anatomy from a clinical perspective through photographs and endoscopic, laparoscopic, and radiologic images that capture important landmarks and anatomy and are integrated into an expert description of each operative procedure. Access the complete contents online for quick look-ups, including videos of relevant surgical dissections to help you review approaches to common operations.

Target identification is both a critical and difficult step in the drug discovery process. A novel approach is presented here that utilizes flow cytometry to: 1) identify small molecule signaling network probes, and 2) characterize the diverse network activation states they induce. Signaling events across the network are compared to functional responses to determine the way in which each signaling node influences a given function. Nodes that accurately predict cellular functions that drive disease are promising drug targets. The approach was applied to mast cells to determine which signaling molecules best predicted the degranulation, eicosanoid release, and cytokine secretion induced by stimulation of the cells with IgE and specific antigen crosslinking. Erk and Akt phosphorylation best predicted degranulation; Erk and cJun phosphorylation best predicted eicosanoid release; and Akt phosphorylation alone best predicted cytokine secretion. The results confirmed several known aspects of mast cell IgE-dependent signaling and revealed unknown associations to be tested in future work -- notably, that the cJun pathway plays a role in eicosanoid production and that the Akt pathway is a critical integration point for transcription of most or all cytokine genes. Overall, the results suggest that Erk and Akt are the most promising targets in the IgE signaling network for development of mast cell stabilizing drugs.

Network Functions and Plasticity: Perspectives from Studying Neuronal Electrical Coupling in Microcircuits focuses on the specific roles of electrical coupling in tractable, well-defined circuits, highlighting current research that offers novel insights for electrical coupling's roles in sensory and motor functions, neural computations, decision-making, regulation of network activity, circuit development, and learning and memory. Bringing together a diverse group of international experts and their contributions using a variety of approaches to study different invertebrate and vertebrate model systems with a focus on the role of electrical coupling/gap junctions in microcircuits, this book presents a timely contribution for students and researchers alike.

Networks, collaborations, and learning and knowledge-creation -- The biotechnology industry through the lenses of organizational and networks scholarship -- New organizational forms for knowledge-creation in biotechnology -- Scientific entrepreneurship -- Science and discoveries in the context of private and public knowledge-creation and learning -- The search for university-industry collaborations : linear and chaotic networking processes -- Trust in collaborations and the social structure of academic research -- Organizational learning and strategic alliances : recombination and duality of competition and collaboration -- Further directions for understanding interorganizational collaborations and learning.

The issues of mental causation, consciousness, and free will have vexed philosophers since Plato. This book examines these unresolved issues from a neuroscientific perspective. In contrast with philosophers who use logic rather than data to argue whether mental causation or consciousness can exist given unproven first assumptions, Tse proposes that we instead listen to what neurons have to say. Because the brain must already embody a solution to the mind--body problem, why not focus on how the brain actually realizes mental causation? Tse draws on exciting recent neuroscientific data concerning how informational causation is realized in physical causation at the level of NMDA receptors, synapses, dendrites, neurons, and neuronal circuits. He argues that a particular kind of strong free will and downward mental causation are realized in rapid synaptic plasticity. Recent neurophysiological breakthroughs reveal that neurons function as criterial assessors of their inputs, which then change the criteria that will make other neurons fire in the future. Such informational causation cannot change the physical basis of information realized in the present, but it can change the physical basis of information that may be realized in the immediate future. This gets around the standard argument against free will centered on the impossibility of self-causation. Tse explores the ways that mental causation and qualia might be realized in this kind of neuronal and associated information-processing architecture, and considers the psychological and philosophical implications of having such an architecture realized in our brains.

For many decisions, we must explicitly compare the value of two or more goods being offered. However, often decisions are not between multiple goods, but rather between a single offer and the choice to pass on that offer, such as when deciding to buy a new car, marry a significant other, or read this abstract! For these decisions the relevant comparison is between the expected benefit of the offer and its associated cost. We studied cost-benefit decisions in the macaque monkey while recording from single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which has been implicated previously in decisions between competing goods. We found that the animal was sensitive to the balance of cost and benefit. That is, his willingness to accept an offer increased monotonically as we increased the benefit while keeping the cost constant. We found that the OFC represented task-relevant information--such as benefit, choice, and expected outcome--in a complex manner. These signals were mixed at the level of single neurons, but by examining the population response, we found separable ensembles of neurons that represented each of these task relevant variables. Moreover, different sets of neurons appeared to represent these signals for discrete temporal epochs within and between trials, which may correspond to distinct functional processes revealed by behavior. Taken together, we offer a novel view of how a population of neurons may collectively represent value and choice information and how that population may transform the representation dynamically over time.

Across the human neuroimaging literature, there is general consensus that the primary somatosensory cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and thalamus are activated during pain. Many other brain regions have been implicated in pain processing, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, and amygdala. Unfortunately, inter-study differences make it unclear which of these regions are or are not activated during pain. Furthermore, it remains unclear how the many brain regions that are activated during pain interact to distinguish stimuli that are painful from those that are not. The first study in this thesis is a meta-analysis in which we synthesizes the neuroimaging literature on pain and reveal that 14 brain regions are significantly more activated during painful than nonpainful stimulation. These 14 brain regions are the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, contralateral primary motor cortex, contralateral anterior midcingulate cortex, contralateral supplementary motor area, ventral tegmental area, right anterior insular cortex, bilateral midinsular cortex, bilateral thalamus, bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, and bilateral superior temporal lobe. The second and third studies in this thesis investigate two mechanisms by which neural activity in distributed brain regions might be integrated to distinguish painful from nonpainful stimulation. The second study in this thesis uses a support vector machine to distinguish painful and nonpainful stimuli based on the linear summation of neural activity across the whole brain. Using whole-brain patterns of neural activity and a support vector machine, we distinguish painful and nonpainful stimuli with 81% accuracy. These results suggest that the linear summation of activity in distributed brain regions may constitute a neural mechanism for distinguishing painful and nonpainful stimuli. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that it is possible to objectively measure pain and we discuss tasks that should be undertaken the advance this approach towards clinical use. The third study in this thesis investigates temporal correlations in neural activity as a potential mechanism of by which the brain may distinguishing painful and nonpainful stimuli. We found that the brain regions activated during pain are significantly correlated in their response to painful and nonpainful stimulation. Furthermore, we found that the brain regions activated during pain are functionally connected during rest. These results do not support the hypothesis that correlations in brain activity distinguish painful and nonpainful stimuli. Importantly however, these results demonstrate that the brain regions activated during pain comprise a resting state network, that is, they are temporally correlated at rest. Together, the studies presented here have spatially defined the distributed brain regions that are activated during pain, and suggest that these brain regions comprise a neural network in which overall activity is increased during pain.

This book summarizes discoveries of historical significance and provides in-depth, current analyses of the evolution of neural crest cells, their contribution to embryo development, and their roles in disease. In addition, prospects for tissue engineering, repair and regeneration are covered, offering a timely synthesis of the current knowledge in neural crest cell research.

A Primer with MATLAB® and Python"!present important information on the emergence of the use of Python, a more general purpose option to MATLAB, the preferred computation language for scientific computing and analysis in neuroscience. This book addresses the snake in the room by providing a beginner's introduction to the principles of computation and data analysis in neuroscience, using both Python and MATLAB, giving readers the ability to transcend platform tribalism and enable coding versatility. Includes discussions of both MATLAB and Python in parallelIntroduces the canonical data analysis cascade, standardizing the data analysis flowPresents tactics that strategically, tactically, and algorithmically help improve the organization of code.

The dynamics of neurological disease : current views and key issues -- Clinical and economic features of age-related neurological diseases -- Spectrum of neurological disease, clusters, and ubiquity -- Complexity, cascading failures, and neurological diseases -- Genetic determinants of neurological disease -- Environmental determinants of neurological disease and gene-toxin interactions -- The mystery and lessons of ALS-PDC -- Neurological disease models and their discontents : validity, replicability, and the decline effect -- The progression and the time line of neurological disease -- Development, aging, and neurological disease -- CNS-immune system interactions and autoimmunity -- The impact of synergy of factors in neurological disease -- The current status of neurological disease treatments -- The future of translational research in neurological disease -- Defining the limits for neurological disease treatments -- The politics and economics of neurological disease.

Moving is thought to require separate preparation and execution steps. While preparing, neural activity in primary motor and dorsal premotor cortices achieves a state specific to an upcoming action, but movements are not performed until the execution phase. In this work, we investigated the interactions between motor preparation and motor execution. We first investigated whether the preparatory state (more precisely, prepare-and-hold state) is required for movement execution using two complementary experiments. We compared monkeys' neural activity during delayed and non-delayed reaches, and in a delayed reaching task in which the target switched locations on a small percentage of trials. Neural population activity bypassed the prepare-and-hold state both in the absence of a delay and if the wrong reach was prepared. However, the initial neural response to the target was similar across behavioral conditions, regardless of whether there was a delay period. This means that there are consistent neural preparatory steps which are performed prior to movement even in the absence of a delay. This suggests that the prepare-and-hold state can be bypassed if needed, but there is a short-latency preparatory step which is performed prior to movement even without a delay. We suggest that this preparatory step may be best understood as a dynamical process rather than simply a particular, static neural state. We next examined whether motor preparation and motor generation can be run in parallel. We instructed monkeys to reach to a particular target, and occasionally switched that target to a new location shortly before the monkey began initiating his reach. We found that the amount of time required to change a reach goal tends to remain constant regardless of whether that computation is being performed online (during the execution of the initially-cued reach), or offline (prior to reach initiation). Examining neural activity during this task, we found that neural activity following a switch tends to explore dimensions which are not well-represented during the course of normal reaching. Furthermore, reaches can be initiated correctly even if their neural activity has not fully recovered from the switch, as long as neural activity in dimensions which are relevant to movement output has been corrected. This work reveals a potentially important way in which neural activity can simultaneously prepare one reach while executing another, again underscoring the view that motor preparation is itself a dynamical process which is independent of but complimentary to movement generation.

Rapid advances in understanding neural-immune interactions have far reaching impact on research in many areas of neuroscience. It is becoming increasingly clear that neuroimmune factors modulate a wide range of brain functions and play an important role in development, normal brain function, and CNS dysfunctions, including neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders and addiction. "Neural.Immune Interaction in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders" integrates emerging knowledge on neural-immune interactions with related key discoveries in alcohol research to provide a comprehensive overview of neuroimmune system in brain function and behavior associated with alcohol use disorders. Readers will benefit from cutting edge insights provided by outstanding, active researchers in the fields of neuroimmune research and alcohol use disorders.

An understanding of the neural patterns available to guide plasticity in vivo is needed to bridge our knowledge of synaptic plasticity to its function in learning. I investigated the patterns of neural activity that trigger plasticity in vivo in a simple cerebellum-dependent motor learning task, adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), with the specific goal of determining which neurons carry the instructive signals that trigger plasticity in the circuit for the VOR. The VOR stabilizes images on the retina during head turns by using vestibular signals to generate compensatory smooth eye movements in the opposite direction of head motion. Motor learning maintains the accuracy of the VOR by modifying the gain and timing of the reflex whenever retinal image motion is persistently associated with head movements. In the laboratory, motor learning in the VOR can be acutely induced by pairing head movements with motion of a visual stimulus. Two specific hypotheses have been proposed regarding the neural signals that guide motor learning in the VOR. One suggests that learning is guided by the activity of Purkinje cells, the output neurons of the cerebellum[1]. The other hypothesis suggests that learning is guided by climbing fiber input to the Purkinje cells[2-4]. Previous experiments addressing which neurons carry instructive signals have typically used a single training condition for increasing VOR gain and a single training condition for decreasing VOR gain[5, 6]. These two training conditions each elicited Purkinje cell and climbing fiber signals that carried information about the required direction of learning, and since the patterns of neural activity were consistent with both hypotheses, data are needed to provide constraints that could discriminate between the hypotheses. The goal of my research is to provide such constraints by recording the patterns of neural activity present in Purkinje cells and climbing fibers during a broader range of visual-vestibular stimuli that induce motor learning in the VOR. I induced motor learning in the VOR by pairing head movements with complex visual stimuli. These novel behavioral manipulations elicited many different combinations of Purkinje cell and climbing fiber signals, allowing us to evaluate how each of these neural signals contributes to learning. My data demonstrated that neither instructive signals in the climbing fibers nor Purkinje cells are necessary for learning, although either signals appear to be sufficient to support learning. Additionally, the largest changes in VOR gain occurred when both signals were present, suggesting that the changes mediated by Purkinje cell-triggered mechanisms and climbing-fiber triggered mechanisms are additive in their effects at the behavioral level. These findings are evidence that motor learning in the VOR is accomplished by parallel and independent operation of climbing fiber-triggered and Purkinje cell-triggered plasticity mechanisms. If cerebellum dependent motor learning is supported by the parallel and independent operation of plasticity mechanisms, similar motor learning need not be accomplished in a stereotyped fashion, but rather similar motor learning can be achieved by engaging distinct subsets of plasticity mechanisms each under the control of a unique instructive signal.

The ultimate purpose of the motor system is clear: it exists to control the body. However, despite the motor system being among the longest-studied brain structures, it remains unclear how -- mechanistically -- motor cortex performs this function. Here, a mechanistic approach was taken to investigate how primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) control movement. That is, the goal was to elucidate the dynamics of the motor cortex 'machine.' Monkeys were trained in reaching tasks, and neural signals were recorded from their brains as they performed them. Two broad classes of analysis were used. First, cell-by-cell analyses were combined with cell-type analyses, which permitted examining the activity patterns of excitatory and inhibitory neurons separately. Second, techniques based on dynamical systems analysis (such as dimensionality reduction) were applied, which permitted analysis of neural populations as a whole and abstraction to a somewhat higher level of system function. Three major results and a technical advance are presented. Firstly, we investigated how it is possible for an animal to hold still even as neural activity in motor cortex changes drastically during preparation for the upcoming movement. We found that, contrary to common assumptions, there does not appear to be a 'gate' comprised of high inhibition during preparation. Instead, using the dynamical systems perspective, we found that preparatory activity has a special structure such that it remains in intrinsically muscle neutral, 'iso-force' patterns. Secondly, we searched for coherent dynamics in the movement-time activity of motor cortex. We found that motor cortex appears to obey a relatively simple set of dynamics, dominated by oscillatory patterns. Moreover, the exact neural trajectory is heavily determined ('seeded') by the immediately preceding preparatory activity. In order to causally perturb these dynamics with patterned stimulation and cell-type specificity, we then developed a set of optogenetic techniques for use in primates. Finally, we investigated how the dynamics of the decision-making process are reflected in motor cortex. To do so, we combined a novel decision-making paradigm, many simultaneous neural recordings, and single-trial analytical techniques. Preliminary results are given for this final section, demonstrating the presence of vacillation in monkey decision-making. In summary, we found that preparation and movement can be understood as an oscillatory dynamical system seeded by preparatory activity that lives in an iso-force space, that inhibitory and excitatory neurons seem to play more similar roles in the dynamical system than might be expected, and that moment-by-moment processes of motor decision-making can be seen in motor cortex.

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Cochrane reviews are created through a strict process of
compiling and analyzing data from multiple randomized control trials
to ensure comprehensiveness and reliability.

Provides systematic coverage of the
psychological literature from the 1800s to the present through
articles, book chapters and dissertations.BMJ
Clinical Evidence. A clinical information tool built around
systematic reviews summarizing the current state of knowledge about
prevention and treatment of clinical conditions.PIER (Physicians' Information and Education
Resource) is a Web-based decision-support tool designed for rapid
point-of-care delivery of up-to-date, evidence-based guidance for
primary care physicians.Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) provides access to
300,000 controlled trials that have been identified the Cochrane
Collaboration.Provides drug
information targeted for patients.A
continually updating drug monograph.The National Guideline
Clearinghouse (NGC): A comprehensive database of evidence-based
clinical practice guidelines and related documents.MedlinePlus: A repository of health
information from the National Library of Medicine. Links are from
trusted sites. No advertising, no endorsement of commercial companies
or productsLPCH
CareNotes via MicroMedex: Patient education handouts customized by
LPCH clinical staffMicromedex
Lab Advisor: Evidence based laboratory test informationA drug database organized by generic
name, trade name and drug class.LPCH /
Stanford Hospital Formulary.A
goldmine of trusted consumer health information from the world's
largest medical library.A trusted
source of expert advice for and about kids, providing the information
necessary to help patients and parents understand their unique needs.Provides patient handouts from the
American Academy of Family Physician.Access
to the Stanford Health Library for patients.Lane
provides access to over 5,000 eBooks many of which provide helpful
background material that will prepare you to better tackle primary
literature.

Largest,
broadest eBook package; covers all sciences, as well as technology
(including software), medicine, and humanities.

In addition to covering Wiley and Springer, MyiLibrary is also
the only provider for Oxford and Cambridge University Press titles.
No seat restrictions.

A
collection of biomedical books that can be searched directly by
concept, and linked to terms in PubMed abstracts.

Over 10,000 notes outline the status of specific infections
within each country.

Large number of high quality software
and database programming titles from O'Reilly. Other software titles
are also available from Sams and Prentice Hall. Limited to 7
concurrent users.Vast
collection of software and database programming titles from multiple
publishers, including Microsoft Press.Largest
provider of engineering-related eBooks; includes titles in computer
science and biomedical engineering.Over
4,000 full-text e-books covering scientific and technical information
from CRC Press and others. Many handbooks and single volume reference
sources.Includes
peer-reviewed life science and biomedical research protocols compiled
from Methods in Molecular Biology, Methods in Molecular Medicine,
Methods in Biotechnology, Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Neuromethods, the Biomethods Handbook, the Proteomics Handbook, and
Springer Laboratory Manuals.Contains
full text access to selected biomedical and nursing books.

Provides online, full-text
access to Springer's journal titles as well as journals from other
publishers.

Collection of
over 8 thousand fulltext titles in engineering, math, and basic and
applied biomedical research. Coverage is from 1967 to the present.A library of ebooks on a wide array of
topics, digitized and made available online in conjunction with the
original publishers.