Water bloom, dense aquatic population of microscopic photosynthetic organisms produced by an abundance of nutrient salts in surface water, coupled with adequate sunlight for photosynthesis. The microorganisms or the toxic substances that they release may discolour the water, deplete its oxygen content, poison aquatic animals and waterfowl, and irritate the skin and respiratory tract of humans. Single species of algae, diatoms, or dinoflagellates, reproducing every few hours, may dominate a blooming population; the number of individuals per litre (quart) of water may range from 1,000 to 60 million.

Water bloom of algae in a stream near Chengdu, Sichuan province, China.

Felix Andrews

In the oceans, annual blooms occur during the early spring in middle to high latitudes, especially in subpolar regions. In such localities phytoplankton do not flourish during the winter because of the short duration and low intensity of sunlight, and because they are preyed upon by grazing zooplankton. During the winter, upwelling restores the nutrient content near the surface, providing support for rapid growth as increased insolation in the spring promotes photosynthesis. In the Northern Hemisphere such a bloom reaches its peak about April. By midsummer the surface waters are depleted of nutrients, and the population of phytoplankton declines. A secondary bloom may occur in autumn, when storms destroy the summer stratification of the water and bring up fresh nutrients; photosynthesis and cell multiplication diminish, however, as solar radiation decreases with winter’s approach.

Sometimes, blooms of the dinoflagellategenusGymnodinium occur along the U.S. Gulf Coast when abnormally heavy rains increase the runoff of agricultural and industrial wastes. The enormous numbers of these organisms impart a distinct red colour to the water, a phenomenon known as red tide. The Red Sea is supposed to have been named for the occasional blooms of the alga Trichodesmium erythraeum.

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Similar nutrient enrichment has led to increasing frequencies of toxic blooms of microscopic organisms such as Pfiesteria piscicida in the eastern United States, a dinoflagellate that kills fish and has been reported to cause skin rashes and other maladies in humans.

...into inland waters following agricultural and urban development of catchments (known as eutrophication), can also be harmful. For example, eutrophication often results in the development of algal blooms—i.e., dense populations of algae and cyanobacteria, which may be unsightly, toxic, malodorous, or otherwise harmful and unwanted.

...species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. As photosynthetic protists, Euglena have a taxonomy that is somewhat contentious, and the genus is often placed...