In one bone density study, 115 post-menopausal women ate dairy that provided either 800 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D, the same amounts of calcium and D plus 100 mcg of vitamin K1, or calcium and D plus 100 mcg of vitamin K2. There was also a fourth non-treatment/control group. All of the treatment groups attended nutrition and lifestyle counseling sessions every two weeks.

After one year, overall bone mineral density increased slightly in women in all three treatment groups, but decreased slightly in women in the control group.

“Our findings showed that the holistic approach followed in the current study, combining nutrition and lifestyle counseling with the consumption of fortified milk and yogurt, managed to induce favorable changes in dietary intake indices (calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K) and physical activity levels, as well as in total body bone mineral density,” the study’s authors concluded. “Furthermore, an additional benefit was observed for lumbar spine bone mineral density for the groups supplemented with vitamin K1 and K2, probably indicating a site-specific skeletal effect of this nutrient.”

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