Current advances in nanotechnologies are being applied to the development of more effective techniques for environmental remediation. Theoretical models of the nanoscale dynamics of pollutants in aquifers and soils are already undergoing verification in the field. Nanostructuring of the surfaces of naturally occurring minerals to increase their reactivity has potential applications in water purification and for CO2 sequestration. Photocatalytic TiO2 thin films and nanocrystalline diamond coated electrodes are used for water purification, and membranes with nanoscale pores of similar size to that of the molecules of contaminant chemicals allow nanofiltration. TiO2 nanoparticles have also been incorporated into paints and cements and used as surface coatings on glasses to degrade airborne pollutants.