The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter sequence, CaMV P-35S, is one of several commonly used genetic targets to detect genetically modified maize and is found in most GMOs. In this research we report the finding of an alternative P-35S sequence and its incidence in GM maize marketed in Jordan. The primer pair normally used to amplify a 123 bp DNA fragment of the CaMV P-35S promoter in GMOs also amplified a previously undetected alternative sequence of CaMV P-35S in GM maize samples which we term V3. The amplified V3 sequence comprises 386 base pairs and was not found in the standard wild-type maize, MON810 and MON 863 GM maize. The identified GM maize samples carrying the V3 sequence were found free of CaMV when compared with CaMV infected brown mustard sample. The data of sequence alignment analysis of the V3 genetic element showed 90% similarity with the matching P-35S sequence of the cauliflower mosaic virus isolate CabbB-JI and 99% similarity with matching P-35S sequences found in several binary plant vectors, of which the binary vector locus JQ693018 is one example. The current study showed an increase of 44% in the incidence of the identified 386 bp sequence in GM maize sold in Jordan's markets during the period 2009 and 2012.
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This work is focused on modelling the galvanic behaviour of Cu: Fe: Zn couple in aerated 0.2 N HCl at various operating conditions as independent variables; temperatures (30 and 40 oC), speed of agitation (0, 300, 600 & 900 RPM) and area ratio (0.5:1:1) and (1:1:0.5) against the average galvanic current (I g) as dependent variable using a patented electrochemical system to measure the galvanic currents and coupling potentials. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to generate two models for the given area ratios (0.5:1:1) and (1:1:0.5) based on the highest R 2 and R 2 adj with reference to ANOVA statistical analysis based on F and P tests: Ig=363.863+14.866T-0.489S+0.017 T×S R 2=97.9%, R 2adj.=96.3% Ig=598.757-5.764T+0.399S-0.0126 T×S R 2=92.7%, R 2 adj.=87.3% Three dimensional mapping was generated using MATLAB in order to reflect the interactions among these independent variables. It was concluded that varying the area ratio with the other operating conditions (temp. and speed of agitation) have direct influence on changing the average galvanic current generated among the suggested couple based on the results which showed that increasing the temperature and the speed of agitation will increase the average galvanic current for the area ratio 0.5:1:1, while increasing the temperature and the speed of agitation will decrease the average galvanic current for the area ratio 1:1:0.5 because the area of Cu and Fe (cathode) in the Cu:Fe:Zn couple determined the extent of galvanic current. In other word the reduction of oxygen on Cu and Fe samples which is facilitated by large surface area of the exposed metals was the rate determining process. In contrast variations in the area of Zn in the Cu:Fe:Zn couple had negligible effect on the extent of galvanic current. It was also concluded that the patented electrochemical system gave better understanding for the behavior of Cu:Fe:Zn couple in the given corrosive environment under the various operating conditions.
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