Police services have traditionally valued the ability to work without ongoing public
scrutiny of their investigations and operations. They can very reasonably cite the need
to avoid alerting criminals to police activities that might result in their arrest and
charging with offences, the need to protect police and witness safety, and the frequent
need to act swiftly and decisively without obtaining special approval from relevant
authorities or endorsement from public opinion. This necessary lack of disclosure
concerning many police operations has often extended into a general lack of
transparency regarding police activities and expenditures, to the extent that, in many
countries, the police services are regarded as unaccountable and unconcerned with
how public opinion perceives them. In such a climate, police corruption and arbitrary
exercise of police power flourishes. This paper addresses the creation of a policing
environment radically different from this through the introduction of transparency into
policing in the UK and the consequent revelation of layers of grey documentation and
data. The paper makes use of official documentation and case studies of selected
British police forces to show how the culture of policing is being changed. The
principles of open government, scrutiny, and disclosure with a view to establishing
accountability, are in the process of becoming institutionalised in the UK right across
government, local government, other ‘public authorities’ and the business and nongovernmental
organisation (NGO) sectors. The UK Human Rights Act 1998 sets the
context, and a legal framework for this transparency is provided by the Freedom of
Information Act 2000 and, to some extent, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998.
The press and civil society are consistently using these mechanisms to call those with
political and economic power to account. It has become apparent, even in sectors
formerly as concerned with avoiding openness as the police service, that pro-active
disclosure is the best way to meet public expectations. Police services now respond as
a matter of course to freedom of information requests, organise a range of meetings
to provide information and answer questions (from local officers’ meetings with
community groups through to major budget consultative meetings with citizens’
panels), and participate in public and semi-public enquiries into aspects of the success
or failure of police programmes and operations. The case studies in this paper will
explore the opinions of key players in this process and draw attention to the grey
information that is becoming available as a consequence.

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