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Summary

Of the People: A History of the United States, Third Edition, not only tells the history of America--of its people and places, of its dealings and ideals--but it also unfolds the story of American democracy, carefully marking how this country's evolution has been anything but certain, from its complex beginnings to its modern challenges. This comprehensive survey focuses on the social and political lives of people--some famous, some ordinary--revealing the compelling story of America's democracy from an individual perspective, from across the landscapes of diverse communities, and ultimately from within the larger context of the world.

Table of Contents

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Chapter 1: Worlds in Motion, 1450-1550AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Malinche, Cultural TranslatorThe Worlds of Indian PeoplesGreat MigrationsThe Emergence of FarmingThe Cradle of the Americas AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: TenochtitlanThe Northern World Takes ShapeThe Worlds of Christopher ColumbusThe ReconquistaThe Age of Exploration New Ideas Take RootCollision in the CaribbeanColumbus's First VoyageThe Origins of a New World Political and Economic OrderThe Division of the WorldOnto the MainlandThe First Florida VenturesThe Conquest of MexicoDEMOCRACY: Native Americans Debate the Question of the EuropeansThe Establishment of a Spanish EmpireThe Return to North AmericaThe Consequences of ConquestDemographic DisasterThe Columbian ExchangeMen's and Women's Lives Conclusion

Chapter 1 Primary Sources1. The Aztecs Address Their Gods2. The People of Chaco Canyon Build a Town3. The King and Queen of Spain Give Authorization to Columbus4. Native Priests Respond to the Spanish5. Cabeza de Vaca Describes North America

Chapter 2: Colonial Outposts, 1550-1650AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Paquiquineo Finds His Way HomePursuing Wealth and Glory Along the North American ShoreEuropean Objectives The Huge Geographical Barrier Spanish OutpostsNew France: An Outpost in Global Politics and EconomicsThe Five Nations of Iroquois and the Political Landscape Champlain Encounters the HuronsCreating a Middle Ground in New FranceDEMOCRACY: The French and the Indians Learn to CompromiseAn Outpost in a Global Political EconomyNew Netherland: The Empire of a Trading NationColonization by a Private CompanySlavery and Freedom in New NetherlandThe Dutch-Indian Trading Partnership The Beaver WarsEngland Attempts an EmpireCompetition with Spain Rehearsal in Ireland AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Indians on the ThamesThe Roanoke VentureThe Abandoned ColonyConclusion

Chapter 3: The English Come to Stay, 1600-1660AMERICAN PORTRAIT: The Adventures of John SmithThe First Chesapeake ColoniesFounding VirginiaStarving TimesTroubled Relations with the PowhatansToward a New Economic Order and the Rise of DemocracyToward the Destruction of the PowhatansA New Colony in MarylandAMERICA AND THE WORLD: The English Enter the Slave TradeThe Political Economy of Slavery EmergesThe Problem of a Labor SupplyThe Origins of African Slavery in the ChesapeakeDEMOCRACY: The First African Arrivals Exercise Some RightsGender and the Social Order in the Chesapeake A Bible Commonwealth in the New England WildernessThe English Origins of the Puritan MovementWhat Did the Puritans Believe? The Pilgrim Colony at PlymouthThe Puritan Colony at Massachusetts BayThe New England WayChanging the Landscape to Fit the Political EconomyThe Puritan FamilyDissension in the Puritan RanksRoger Williams and Toleration Anne Hutchinson and the Equality of BelieversPuritan Indian Policy and the Pequot WarConclusion

Chapter 4: Continental Empires, 1660-1720AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Tituba Shapes Her World and Saves HerselfThe Plan of EmpireTurmoil in EnglandThe Political Economy of MercantilismNew Colonies, New Patterns New Netherland Becomes New YorkDiversity and Prosperity in Pennsylvania AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: New Amsterdam/New YorkIndians and Africans in the Political Economy of CarolinaThe Barbados Connection The Transformation of VirginiaSocial Change in VirginiaBacon's Rebellion and the Abandonment of the Middle GroundVirginia Becomes a Slave SocietyNew England Under AssaultSocial Prosperity and the Fear of Religious Decline King Philip's War Indians and the EmpireThe Empire Strikes The Dominion of New England The Glorious Revolution in Britain and AmericaDEMOCRACY: Maryland's Colonists Demand a New GovernmentThe Rights of EnglishmenConflict in the EmpireMassachusetts in CrisisThe Social and Cultural Contexts of Witchcraft Witchcraft at Salem The End of WitchcraftEmpires in CollisionFrance Attempts an EmpireThe Spanish Outpost in FloridaConquest, Revolt, and Reconquest in New MexicoNative Americans and the Country Between Conclusion

Chapter 4 Primary Sources1. The Navigation Act of 16512. William Penn Meets with Indians3. Mary Rowlandson is Kidnapped4. The Pueblo Indians Eject the Spaniards5. The Puritans Face a Crisis

Chapter 5: The Eighteenth-Century World, 1700-1775AMERICANPORTRAIT: George Whitefield: Evangelist for a Consumer SocietyThe Population Explosion of the Eighteenth CenturyThe Dimensions of Population GrowthBound for America: European ImmigrantsBound for America: African Slaves AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: The Slave ShipThe Great Increase of OffspringThe Transatlantic Economy: Producing and ConsumingThe Nature of Colonial Economic GrowthThe Transformation of the Family EconomySources of Regional ProsperityMerchants and Dependent Laborers in the Transatlantic EconomyConsumer Choices and the Creation of GentilityThe Varieties of Colonial ExperienceCreating an Urban Public SphereThe Diversity of Urban LifeThe Maturing of Rural SocietyThe World That Slavery MadeGeorgia: From Frontier Outpost to Plantation SocietyThe Head and the Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious AwakeningThe Ideas of the Enlightenment The Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy Enlightened Institutions DEMOCRACY: Books Become More AccessibleOrigins of the Great Awakening The Grand Itinerant Cultural Conflict and Challenges to AuthorityWhat the Awakening WroughtConclusion

Chapter 5 Primary Sources1. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin2. The Autobiography of Sansom Occum3. Olaudah Equiano's Autobiography4. George Whitefield Experiences South Carolina5. Phyllis Wheatley Responds to the Students at Harvard

Chapter 6: Conflict in the Empire, 1713-1774AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Susannah Willard Johnson Experiences the EmpireThe Victory of the British EmpireNew War, Old PatternThe Local Impact of Global WarThe French Empire Crumbles from WithinThe Virginians Ignite a WarFrom Local to Imperial WarProblems with British-Colonial CooperationThe British Gain the AdvantageEnforcing the EmpirePontiac's Rebellion and Its AftermathPaying for the Empire: Sugar and StampsAMERICA AND THE WORLD: Paying for WarThe British Empire in CrisisAn Argument About Rights and ObligationsThe Imperial Crisis in Local ContextContesting the Townshend DutiesA Revolution in the Empire"Massacre" in BostonSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Boston MassacreThe Empire Comes ApartThe First Continental Congress Conclusion

Chapter 6 Primary Sources1. George Washington on Braddock's Defeat2. Pontiac's Speech to the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Hurons3. An Account of the Paxton Boys' Murder of the Conestoga Indians4. A Visiting Frenchman's Account of Patrick Henry's Caesar-Brutus Speech5. Peter Oliver on Non-importation6. The Intolerable Acts

Chapter 7: Creating a New Nation, 1775-1788AMERICAN PORTRAIT: James Madison Helps Make a NationThe War BeginsThe First BattlesCongress Takes the LeadMilitary ArdorDeclaring IndependenceCreating a National GovernmentCreating State GovernmentsWinning the RevolutionCompeting Strategies The British on the Offensive: 1776 AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Mercenaries in Global PerspectiveA Slow War: 1777-1781 AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: The South Carolina BackcountrySecuring a Place in the World The Challenge of the RevolutionThe Departure of the LoyalistsThe Challenge of the EconomyContesting the New EconomyCan Women Be Citizens?The Challenge of Slavery A New Policy in the WestThe Indians' RevolutionThe End of the Middle GroundSettling the WestCreating a New National GovernmentA Crippled CongressWriting a New ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution: PoliticsRatifying the Constitution: IdeasSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Ratification of the ConstitutionConclusion

Chapter 7 Primary Sources1. Common Sense2. Excerpts from A narrative of some of the adventures, dangers and sufferings of a revolutionary soldier3. "Remember the Ladies"4. Slave Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature5. Excerpt from Speech to the Virginia Ratifying Convention

Chapter 8: Contested Republic, 1789-1800AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Ona Judge Finds Her FreedomThe Struggle to Form a GovernmentCreating a National GovernmentThe States and the Bill of RightsDebating the EconomyA Society in TransitionA People on the MoveAMERICAN LANDSCAPE: PhiladelphiaThe First Emancipation MovementsConflicting Visions of Republican SocietyThe Culture of the RepublicSecuring the NationBorders and BoundariesControlling the BorderlandsThe Whiskey RebellionOther RevolutionsBetween France and EnglandTo the Brink of WarThe Administration of John AdamsTensions at HomeSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Sedition and the Limits of DissentConclusion

Chapter 9: A Republic in Transition, 1800-1819AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Andrew Jackson's AmericaA Politics of TransitionA Contested Election, an Anxious NationSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Gabriel RevoltDemocratic Republicans in OfficeThe Louisiana PurchaseEmbargoThe War of 1812Madison and the WarFederalist ResponseAn Economy in TransitionInternational MarketsAMERICA AND THE WORLD: The United States in ChinaCrossing the Appalachian MountainsInvention and ExplorationEarly Industrial Society in New EnglandThe Rule of Law and LawyersWays of Life in FluxIndian Resistance to American ExpansionWinners and Losers in the New EconomyReligionAMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Religion in the Backcountry: Cane Ridge, KentuckyThe Problem of Trust in a Changing SocietyThe Panic of 1819Conclusion

CHAPTER 10: Jacksonian Democracy, 1820-1840AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Harriet NobleA New National PoliticsChanges in the Democratic Republican PartyJames Monroe and National RepublicanismThe Missouri CompromiseThe Election of 1824 and the "Corrupt Bargain"The Adams Presidency and the Gathering Forces of DemocracyThe Social and Political Bases of Jacksonian DemocracySettlersFree LaborSuffrage ReformOpposition to Special Privilege and Secret SocietiesSouthern Slavery"Property in Man"The Domestic Slave TradePlantation SlaveryAMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Gowrie: The Story of Profit and Loss on an American PlantationOther Varieties of SlaveryResistance and Creation Among Southern SlavesSlavery and National DevelopmentSlavery and Industrialization in the NorthSlavery and the Laws of the NationFree Black People in a Republic of SlavesJacksonian Democracy in ActionThe Election of 1828The Bank WarDismembering the BankThe Specie ActA Policy of Removing Indigenous PeopleJackson and Native PeoplesThe Removal ActHistory, Destiny, and the Remaking of Indian SocietiesThe Growth of Sectional TensionThe Sources of Southern DiscontentSouth Carolina's ProtestSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Federal Government Responds to AbolitionismThe Nullification CrisisConclusion

Chapter 10 Primary Sources1. Monroe Doctrine2. David Walker's "Appeal"3. Debate in the Senate on the Admission of Missouri into the Union4. Andrew Jackson's Vetoes the Recharter of the Second Bank of the United States5. Andrew Jackson's Speech to Congress on Indian Removal

Chapter 11: Reform and Conflict, 1820-1848AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Charles Grandison FinneyPerfectionism and the Theology of Human StrivingMillennialism and CommunitariansThe Benevolent EmpireAMERICA AND THE WORLD: The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign MissionsThe Politics of SlaveryThe Antislavery MovementBlack AbolitionistsImmediatismAntiabolition ViolenceThe Emergence of Political AbolitionismFreedom National, Slavery LocalReform and the Urban ClassesWage Dependency and Labor ProtestA New Urban Middle ClassImmigration and NativismInternal MigrationSelf-Reform and Social RegulationA Culture of Self-ImprovementTemperanceThe Common School Movement and DemocracyPenal ReformElectoral Politics and Moral ReformWomen's RightsWomen and Reform MovementsThe Seneca Falls ConventionSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Seneca Falls ConventionConclusion

Chapter 11 Primary Sources1. The First Issue of The Liberator2. Charles Dickens Describes Five Points3. Selections from Louisa May Alcott's Transcendental Wild Oats4. Alexis de Tocqueville on Voluntary Associations5. An Eyewitness Account of the Murders of Joseph and Hyrum Smith

Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1836-1848AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Elias Boudinot Dies in OklahomaThe Decline of JacksonianismPolitical Parties in CrisisVan Buren and the Legacy of JacksonThe Political Economy of the Trans-Mississippi WestManifest Destiny in Antebellum CultureTexasPacific BoundNations of the Trans-Mississippi WestSlavery and the Political Economy of ExpansionLog Cabins and Hard Cider: The Election of 1840And Tyler, TooOccupy Oregon, Annex TexasWar with MexicoAMERICA AND THE WORLD: Lt. Rankin Dilworth in the War with MexicoDEMOCRACY: Mexicans in California Lose Their RightsConclusion

Chapter 13: The Politics of Slavery, 1848-1860AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Frederick DouglassThe Political Economy of Freedom and SlaveryAMERICAN LANDSCAPE: City of Broad Shoulders and Broader Implications: ChicagoA Changing Economy in the NorthThe Slave EconomyThe Importance of the WestSlavery Becomes a Political IssueWilmot Introduces His ProvisoA Compromise Without CompromisesThe Fugitive Slave Act Provokes a CrisisThe Election of 1852 and the Decline of the Whig PartyNativism and the Origins of the Republican PartyThe Nativist Attack on ImmigrationThe Kansas-Nebraska Act Revives the Slavery IssueAMERICA AND THE WORLD: Slavery as a Foreign PolicyA New Political Party Takes ShapeThe Labor Problem and the Politics of SlaveryKansas Begins to BleedSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Settling and Unsettling of KansasThe First Sectional ElectionThe Dred Scott DecisionThe Lecompton Constitution Splits the Democratic PartyThe "Irrepressible" ConflictThe Retreat from UnionJohn Brown's War Against SlaveryNortherners Elect a PresidentConclusion

Chapter 13 Primary Sources1. Sumner Denounces the "Crime Against Kansas" and Senator Andrew P. Butler's Defense of the Southern Case2. John Greenleaf Whittier Describes the Perverting Effect of Cotton3. A Norwegian Immigrant Describes Life on the Prairies4. Senator James H. Hammond's "Cotton is King" Speech

Chapter 14: A War for Union and Emancipation, 1861-1865AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Laura M. Towne and the Sea Island InvasionLiberty and UnionThe Deep South SecedesThe Upper South Makes Its ChoiceCivilians Demand a Total WarSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Citizen Soldier Learns a ProfessionWhat Were Soldiers Fighting For?Mobilizing for WarThe Military ScorecardUnion Naval SupremacyKing Cotton's Failed DiplomacyThe Political Economy of Total WarFilling the Ranks - and the JailsThe Civil War as Social RevolutionUnion Victories in the WestRichmond Is a Hard Road to TravelA New Birth of FreedomThe Turn of the Tide - Gettysburg and VicksburgEmancipation in PracticeThe War at HomeThe "Butcher's Bill"Discontent on both SidesUnion Victory at Terrible CostGrant Takes CommandNo Turning Back: Hard War in an Election YearAMERICAN LANDSCAPE: "Burnwell": Sherman's March from the Sea and the Long-Term Cost of DevastationAtlanta to Appomattox From Emancipation to AbolitionThe Meaning of the Civil WarConclusion

Chapter 15: Reconstructing a Nation, 1865-1877AMERICAN PORTRAIT: John M. Dennett Visits a Freedmen's Bureau CourtWartime ReconstructionThe Meaning of FreedomExperiments with Free LaborLincoln's Ten Percent Plan Versus the Wade-Davis BillPresidential Reconstruction, 1865-1867The Political Economy of Contract LaborResistance to Presidential ReconstructionCongress Clashes with the PresidentOrigins of the Fourteenth AmendmentCongressional ReconstructionThe South RemadeThe Impeachment and Trial of Andrew JohnsonRadical Reconstruction in the SouthAchievements and Failures of Radical GovernmentThe Political Economy of SharecroppingThe Gospel of ProsperityThe Retreat from Republican RadicalismRepublicans Become the Party of ModerationAMERICA AND THE WORLD: Reconstructing America's Foreign PolicyReconstructing the NorthThe Fifteenth Amendment and Nationwide African American SuffrageWomen and SuffrageThe Rise and Fall of the National Labor UnionSTRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: An Incident at Coushatta, August 1874The End of ReconstructionCorruption is the FashionLiberal Republicans Revoltedeeming" the SouthThe Twice-Stolen Election of 1876Conclusion