Michael Daugherty

Michael Kevin Daugherty (born April 28, 1954) is an American composer, pianist, and teacher. He is influenced by popular culture, Romanticism, and Postmodernism, and is one of the most widely performed American concert music composers of his generation. Daugherty's notable works include his Superman comic book-inspired Metropolis Symphony for Orchestra (1988–93), Dead Elvis for Solo Bassoon and Chamber Ensemble (1993), Jackie O (1997), Niagara Falls for Symphonic Band (1997), UFO for Solo Percussion and Orchestra (1999) and for Symphonic Band (2000), Bells for Stokowski from Philadelphia Stories for Orchestra (2001) and for Symphonic Band (2002), Fire and Blood for Solo Violin and Orchestra (2003) inspired by Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, Time Machine for Three Conductors and Orchestra (2003), Ghost Ranch for Orchestra (2005), and Deus ex Machina for Piano and Orchestra (2007). Daugherty has been described by The Times (London) as "a master icon maker" with a "maverick imagination, fearless structural sense and meticulous ear."[1]

Michael Daugherty was born into a musical family on April 28, 1954 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, his father Willis Daugherty (1929–2011) was a jazz and country and western drummer, his mother Evelyn Daugherty (1927–1974) was an amateur singer,[4] and his grandmother Josephine Daugherty (1907–1991) was a pianist for silent film.[5] Daugherty’s four younger brothers are all professional musicians: Pat Daugherty (b. 1956), Tim Daugherty (b. 1958), Matt Daugherty (b. 1960), and Tommy D. Daugherty (b. 1961).[4]

During his developmental years, Daugherty's mother encouraged him to paint, draw cartoons, tap dance, and play basketball and his father and uncle Danny Nicol taught him how to play rock and jazz drums, from 1963-67 Daugherty played bass drum in the Emerald Knights and tom-toms in the Grenadier Drum and Bugle Corps where he competed against other Drum and Bugle Corps throughout small Midwestern towns. During these years, Daugherty was employed as an early morning paper boy for The Des Moines Register and delivered papers across his neighborhood and to Mercy Hospital in Cedar Rapids.[4]

The sixties in America were a time of great political unrest and social change, this made a great impact on the teenage Daugherty.[8]Civil Rights demonstrations for racial equality and integration and demonstrations against the Vietnam War were becoming common day occurrences in Iowa by 1970, especially at the nearby University of Iowa, in Iowa City.[9]

From 1968-72, Daugherty was the leader, arranger, and organist for his high school rock, soul, and funk band, The Soul Company,[4] this band performed a variety of Motown charts and music by James Brown, Blood Sweat & Tears, and Sly and the Family Stone. Because accessing sheet music was almost impossible, Daugherty learned to hand-transcribe the music by listening to vinyl recordings, with the help of his father, who drove the band across the state, The Soul Company became a locally popular group that performed at high school proms, dances, and other events.[7]

At Yale, Daugherty wrote his dissertation on the relationship between the music of Charles Ives and Gustav Mahler and the writings of Goethe and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[4] He worked closely on this dissertation with John Kirkpatrick, who was the curator of the Ives Collection at Yale and gave the 1938 premiere of Ives’ Piano Sonata No. 2: Concord Sonata. Daugherty also continued his interest in jazz where he worked with Willie Ruff and directed the Yale Jazz Ensemble, it was Ruff who introduced Daugherty to jazz arranger Gil Evans, who, at that time, was looking for an assistant. For the next several years, Daugherty traveled by train from New Haven to Evans' private studio in Manhattan. Daugherty helped Evans organize his music manuscripts and complete projects, the most notable project was the reconstruction of the lost arrangements of Porgy and Bess, which was originally used for the 1958 recording with Miles Davis.[4]

During the summer of 1981, Daugherty studied composition with Pulitzer Prize–winning composer Mario Davidovsky as a composition fellow at Tanglewood, which, at that time, was renowned as a bastion of abstract and atonal music. It was at Tanglewood that Daugherty met the composer/conductor Leonard Bernstein, after hearing Daugherty's music at Tanglewood, Bernstein encouraged Daugherty to seriously consider integrating American popular music with concert music.[8] In the early 1980s, Bernstein's populist attitude was rarely shared by critics who favored "serious" contemporary concert music.[13]

One year later, in the summer of 1982, Daugherty traveled to Germany to attend the Darmstädter Ferienkurse (Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik – Darmstadt International Summer Courses in New Music).[4]Darmstadt was one of the leading centers for new music in Europe, where the musical aesthetics of Theodor W. Adorno were still of great influence. Daugherty attended lectures given by composers, including Brian Ferneyhough and Karlheinz Stockhausen, and performances by the Arditti String Quartet, at Darmstadt, Daugherty became friends with Karlheinz's son, the trumpet player Markus Stockhausen. Together they formed an experimental improvisation ensemble (Markus Stockhausen on trumpet and electronics and Daugherty on synthesizers) that, over several years, performed in concert halls and clubs across Europe.[4]

In the fall of 1982, Daugherty was invited by composer György Ligeti to study composition with him at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. In addition to attending Ligeti’s composition seminar (which took place at his apartment in Hamburg), Daugherty traveled with Ligeti to attend concerts and festivals of his music throughout Europe,[4] at the time, Ligeti was interested in the music of Conlon Nancarrow, who lived in isolation in Mexico City and composed complex polyrhythmic music for player pianos. The player piano (by now an antique) was a familiar and nostalgic musical instrument to Daugherty. Daugherty met Nancarrow in Graz, Austria, when Ligeti introduced Nancarrow and his music to the European intelligentsia at the 1982 ISCM (International Society for Contemporary Music) World Music Days.[14] During the following two years (1983–84), Daugherty continued to study with Ligeti while employed as a solo jazz pianist in night clubs in Cambridge, England and Amsterdam. To create "original" music, Ligeti encouraged and inspired Daugherty to find new ways to integrate computer music, jazz, rock, and American popular music with concert music;[4] in the fall of 1984, Daugherty returned to America and devoted his career to doing just that.

In 1991, Daugherty was invited to join the composition faculty at the University of Michigan School of Music (Ann Arbor),[8] he replaced Pulitzer Prize–winning composer Leslie Bassett, who retired after 40 years of service to the university.[17] Daugherty was co-chair of the composition department with composer William Bolcom from 1998–2001, and chair of the department from 2002-06,[18] as a Professor of Composition at the University of Michigan, Daugherty has been and continues to be a mentor to many of today's most talented young composers,[8] many who been recognized by the American Academy of Arts and Letters, have won composer awards from BMI and ASCAP, and have received commissions from important orchestras, wind ensembles, and chamber ensembles, such as eighth blackbird, Kronos Quartet, and Dogs of Desire. These composers include, among others: Richard Adams, Stacy Garrop, Derek Bermel, Gabriela Frank, D. J. Sparr, Joel Puckett, David Little, Roshanne Etezady, Armando Bayolo, Kristen Kuster, Andrew Bishop, Daniel Roumain, Felicia Sandler, Stephen Newby, Carter Pann, Alexandra Vrebalov, Ian Dicke, Elizabeth Kelly, Joshua Penman, David Schober, Kevin Beavers, James Lee III, Alexis Bacon, William Zuckerman, Matthew Tommasini, Manly Romero, and David Maki.[19] Many of Daugherty's former students are also professors of composition at major universities and schools of music across America and abroad, including Daniel Thomas Davis, Ian Dicke, Christopher Dietz, Arlene Sierra, David Biedenbender, and Andrea Reinkemeyer.

At the University of Michigan, Daugherty has organized residencies of guest composers with performances of their music; these include Henryk Górecki, Louis Andriessen, Michael Colgrass, David Lang, Tania Leone, Michael Torke, Joan Tower, Betsy Jolas and György Ligeti.[2] He has also composed many new works, including Niagara Falls (1997) and Bells for Stokowski (2002), for the University of Michigan Symphony Band and its two most recent conductors, H. Robert Reynolds (directorship 1975-2001) and Michael Haithcock (directorship 2001–present).[20]

Daugherty organized an historic three-day festival and conference entitled ONCE. MORE., which took place November 2–4, 2010 at Rackham Auditorium, located on the University of Michigan campus.[21] For the first time in 50 years, the original ONCE composers Robert Ashley, Gordon Mumma, Roger Reynolds and Donald Scarvada returned to Ann Arbor to participate in concerts featuring their recent compositions and their historic, groundbreaking works from the original ONCE festival held in Ann Arbor in the 1960s.[2]

In 2001, Daugherty was invited to present his music with performances by the United States Air Force Band at the Midwest Clinic "The Midnight Special" in Chicago. Also in the Chicago area, Daugherty has frequently participated in the Ravinia Festival Community Outreach program which is designed to promote and encourage new music by student ensembles in the Chicago Public Schools. Daugherty continues to work with many youth orchestras, wind ensembles, and bands across the country.[2]

1.
Postmodernism
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Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence. The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard. The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s, John Watkins Chapman suggested a Postmodern style of painting as a way to depart from French Impressionism. In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to new forms of art. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form, however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee, Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post modern world happened between 1937 and 1957, post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form, postmodernist describes part of a movement, Postmodern places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity, instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the hermeneutic circle. He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal, in this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization, Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. For Baudrillard, “simulation is no longer that of a territory and it is the generation by models of a real without origin or a reality, a hyperreal. In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the assumptions and his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a part of his analysis

2.
Diego Rivera
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Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art, between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals among others in Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Rivera had a marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Rivera was born in Guanajuato, Mexico, to a well-to-do family, Diego had a twin brother named Carlos, who died two years after they were born. Rivera was said to have Converso ancestry, Rivera wrote in 1935, My Jewishness is the dominant element in my life. Rivera began drawing at the age of three, a year after his brothers death. He had been drawing on the walls. His parents, rather than punishing him, installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls, as an adult, he married Angelina Beloff in 1911, and she gave birth to a son, Diego. Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska gave birth to a daughter named Marika in 1918 or 1919 when Rivera was married to Angelina and he married his second wife, Guadalupe Marín, in June 1922, with whom he had two daughters, Ruth and Guadalupe. He was still married when he met art student Frida Kahlo and they married on August 21,1929 when he was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities and his violent temper led to divorce in 1939, Rivera later married Emma Hurtado, his agent since 1946, on July 29,1955, one year after Kahlos death. His mural Dreams of a Sunday in the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign which read and this work caused a furor, but Rivera refused to remove the inscription. The painting was not shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to remove the inscription. He stated, To affirm God does not exist, I do not have to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez, I am an atheist, from the age of ten, Rivera studied art at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City. He was sponsored to study in Europe by Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez. In those years, Paris was witnessing the beginning of Cubism in paintings by such eminent painters as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, from 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new school of art. Around 1917, inspired by Paul Cézannes paintings, Rivera shifted toward Post-Impressionism with simple forms and his paintings began to attract attention, and he was able to display them at several exhibitions

3.
Frida Kahlo
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Frida Kahlo de Rivera, born Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón, was a Mexican painter, who mostly painted self-portraits. Inspired by Mexican popular culture, she employed a naïve folk art style to explore questions of identity, postcolonialism, gender, class and her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. In addition to belonging to the post-revolutionary Mexicanidad movement, which sought to define a Mexican identity, born to a German father and a mestiza mother, Kahlo spent most of her childhood and adult life at her family home, La Casa Azul, in Coyoacán. She was left disabled by polio as a child, and at the age of eighteen was seriously injured in a traffic accident, prior to the accident, she had been a promising student headed for medical school, but in the aftermath had to abandon higher education. Although art had been her hobby throughout her childhood, Kahlo began to entertain the idea of becoming an artist during her long recovery and she was also interested in politics and in 1927 joined the Mexican Communist Party. Through the Party, she met the celebrated muralist Diego Rivera and they were married in 1928, and remained a couple until Kahlos death. The relationship was volatile due to both having affairs, they divorced in 1940, but remarried the following year. Kahlo spent the late 1920s and early 1930s traveling in Mexico, the exhibition was a success and was followed by another in Paris in 1939. While the French exhibition was successful, the Louvre purchased a painting from Kahlo. Throughout the 1940s, Kahlo continued to participate in exhibitions in Mexico and she also began to teach at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado La Esmeralda, and became a founding member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicana. Kahlos always fragile health began to decline in the same decade. She had her first solo exhibition in Mexico in 1953, shortly before her death the year at the age of 47. Kahlo was mainly known as Riveras wife until the late 1970s, by the 1990s, she had become not only a recognized figure in art history, but also regarded as an icon for Chicanos, feminists, and the LGBTQ movement. Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón was born on July 6,1907 in Coyoacán, Kahlo stated that she was born at the family home, La Casa Azul, but according to the official birth registry, the birth took place at the nearby home of her maternal grandmother. Kahlos parents were photographer Guillermo Kahlo and Matilde Calderón y González, originally from Germany, Guillermo had immigrated to Mexico in 1891, after epilepsy caused by an accident ended his university studies. Although Kahlo claimed that her father was Jewish, he was in fact a Lutheran, Matilde was born in Oaxaca to an indigenous father and a mother of Spanish descent. In addition to Kahlo, the marriage produced daughters Matilde, Adriana and she also had two half-sisters from Guillermos first marriage, María Luisa and Margarita, but they were raised in a convent. Kahlo later described the atmosphere in her home as often very, very sad

4.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

5.
Country and western
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres

6.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view

Silent film
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Scene from Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), one of the highest-grossing silent films.
Silent film
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The iconic clock scene from Safety Last! (1923)
Silent film
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Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers, working from 1912 to 1987
Silent film
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Cinématographe Lumière at the Institut Lumière, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras.

7.
Tin Pan Alley
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The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut, the origins of the name Tin Pan Alley are unclear. One account claims that it was a reference to the sound of many pianos. Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a percussive sound. After many years, the term came to refer to the U. S. music industry in general, various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term Tin Pan Alley. This article has not been found, simon Napier-Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business. In this version, popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue, von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound. The journalist told von Tilzer, Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can, ill call the article Tin Pan Alley. With time, this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general, the term then spread to the United Kingdom, where Tin Pan Alley is also used to describe Denmark Street in Londons West End. In the 1920s the street known as Britains Tin Pan Alley because of its large number of music shops. In the mid-19th century, copyright control of melodies was not as strict, with stronger copyright protection laws late in the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit. Songwriters would literally bang on doors of Tin Pan Alley to get new material, the two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T. B. Harms, the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music. Naturally, these firms were located in the entertainment district, which, Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown, and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead. When a tune became a significant local hit, rights to it were purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms. The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen, the background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters. Leo Feist had sold corsets, and Joe Stern and Edward B, marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively. The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places, with a stream of songwriters, vaudeville and Broadway performers, musicians. Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell, when tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits, the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer, or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee

8.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on

The Ed Sullivan Show
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Ed Sullivan
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Carmen Miranda and Ed Sullivan on Toast of the Town, 1953.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Sullivan and The Beatles, February 1964
The Ed Sullivan Show
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Elvis Presley performing "Ready Teddy"

9.
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
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The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under The Tonight Show franchise from October 1,1962 through May 22,1992. In 2002, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked No.12 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, particularly during the early years of Carsons tenure, his guests included politicians such as former U. S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon, former U. S. Attorney General Robert F. Psychologist Joyce Brothers was also one of Carsons most frequent guests. Carson strongly disliked prop comedy and generally refused to have such comics on his show, gallagher first appeared on The Tonight Show Dec.5,1975, when he demonstrated his prop, The Tonight Show Home Game, and Carson noted that it was his first appearance. Gallagher again appeared on May 9,1979, a show hosted by Carson, mort Sahl recalled, The producer crouches just off camera and holds up a card that says, Go to commercial. So Carson goes to a commercial and the team rushes up to his desk to discuss what had gone wrong. Actor Robert Blake once compared being interviewed by Carson to facing the death squad or Broadway on opening night, the publicity value of appearing on Tonight was so great, however, that most guests were willing to subject themselves to the risk. The shows announcer and Carsons sidekick was Ed McMahon, who from the very first show would introduce Carson with a drawn-out Heeeeeeeeeres Johnny. The catchphrase was heard nightly for 30 years, and ranked top of the TV Land poll of U. S. McMahon, who held the same role in Carsons ABC game show Who Do You Trust. For five years previously, would remain standing to the side as Carson did his monologue, laughing at his jokes, the two would usually interact in a comic spot for a short while before the first guest was introduced. McMahon stated in a 1978 profile of Carson in The New Yorker that the ‘Tonight Show’ is my staple diet, my meat and potatoes—I’m realistic enough to know that everything else stems from that. After a 1965 incident in which he ruined Carsons joke on the air McMahon was careful to, as he said and he wrote in his 1998 autobiography, My role on the show never was strictly defined. I did what had to be done when it had to be done, I was there when he needed me, and when he didnt I moved down the couch and kept quiet. I did the audience warm-up, I did commercials, for a brief period I co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show, and I performed in many sketches. On our thirteenth-anniversary show Johnny and I were talking at his desk and he said and he paused long enough for me to recognize my cue, so I asked, How long is it. Thats why youre here, he said, probably summing up my primary role on the show perfectly. I had to him, I had to help him get to the punch line. Many nights Id be listening to Johnny and in my mind Id reach the same ad lib just as he said it, Id have to bite my tongue not to say it out loud

The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
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The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
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Carson's first Tonight Show on New Year's Eve, 1962; shown with Skitch Henderson and Ed McMahon
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
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Doc Severinsen, leader of The Tonight Show Orchestra, known for his flashy outfits
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
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Some memorable moments. Top left: Carson's first show with Groucho, 1962. Top right: Carson practices pitching at Yankee Stadium, 1962. Bottom left: Tiny Tim's wedding, 1969. Bottom right: Carson does a skydiving demonstration, 1968.

10.
Drum and bugle corps (modern)
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A modern drum and bugle corps, is a musical marching ensemble consisting of brass instruments, percussion instruments, synthesizers, and color guard. Typically operating as independent non-profit organizations, drum corps perform in competitions, parades, festivals, competitive drum corps participate in summer touring circuits, such as Drum Corps International and Drum Corps Associates. Corps prepare a new show each year, approximately 8–12 minutes in length, shows are performed on football fields and are judged in various musical and visual categories, or captions. Musical repertoires vary widely among corps and include symphonic, jazz, big band, contemporary, rock, wind band, vocal, Rap, Broadway, competitive junior corps usually spend between 10 and 15 weeks on tour over the summer, practicing and performing full-time. All-age and alumni corps have less demanding schedules, practicing and performing mostly on weekends, Drum and bugle corps stems from a rich American and Canadian military history, separate from other marching musical activities. Beginning after World War I through the 1970s, corps and competitions were often sponsored by the VFW, Scout troops, churches, the Royal Canadian Legion, owing to many of these groups roots, corps were traditionally militaristic. By the late 1960s, many corps wanted more creative freedom, some felt the prize-money structures, based on competitive placement, were not fairly compensating all corps for their appearances. Additionally, some felt the current judging rules were stifling musical and theatrical possibilities, at the peak of North American drum corps participation, several corps decided to unionize, as stated by Don Warren. They formed their own organizations, which led to the formation of DCA in 1965. By this time, many corps had already lost their church or community sponsors, at the same time costs for the increasingly complex field shows mounted and creative and instructional demands rose leading many competitive corps to falter and become inactive. By the late 1990s only a fraction of the corps existed in the 60s and 70s remained, although several new corps, some of which have become very successful. A common criticism of drum corps is that it has become too similar to marching band, a few corps still utilize the traditional G Bugle which is very rarely found in DCI marching units. The competitive season for drum corps is in the rather than fall, with auditions. A typical show usually revolves around one genre of music, or sometimes melds separate genres together, modern corps programs have become increasingly conceptual and programmatic, with overarching show themes rather than loosely related musical selections. Often, especially within classical selections, a single composers material is featured, Corps have performed virtually every genre of music that can be fit for on-field adaptation, including jazz, new age, classical, and rock music. It is becoming common to hear corps performing original music. The exclusive use of bell-front brass instrumentation is a musical element of drum corps. Throughout the years, the used in drum corps have evolved from true

11.
The Des Moines Register
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The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa. A separate edition of the Register is sold throughout much of Iowa, the first newspaper in Des Moines, the Iowa Star, was founded in 1849. In 1855, the Iowa Citizen began publication, it was renamed the Iowa State Register in 1860, in 1902, the Register merged with the Des Moines Leader, a descendant of the Star, to become the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1903, Des Moines banker Gardner Cowles, Sr. purchased the Register and Leader, under the ownership of the Cowles family, the Register became Iowas largest and most influential newspaper, eventually adopting the slogan The Newspaper Iowa Depends Upon. Newspapers were distributed to all four corners of the state by train, during the 1960s, circulation of the Register peaked at nearly 250,000 for the daily edition and 500,000 for the Sunday edition–more than the population of Des Moines at the time. In 1935, the Register & Tribune Company founded radio station KRNT-AM, named after the newspapers nickname, the R n T. In 1955, the company, renamed Cowles Communications some years earlier, founded Des Moines third television station, KRNT-TV, Cowles eventually acquired other newspapers, radio stations and television stations, but almost all of them were sold to other companies by 1985. In 1943, the Register became the first newspaper to sponsor a statewide opinion poll when it introduced the Iowa Poll, Sports coverage was increased under sports editor Garner Sec Taylor – for whom Sec Taylor Field at Principal Park is named – in the 1920s. For many years the Register printed its sports sections on peach-colored paper, another Register tradition – the sponsorship of RAGBRAI – began in 1973 when writer John Karras challenged columnist Donald Kaul to do a border-to-border bicycle ride across Iowa. The liberal-leaning editorial page has brought Donald Kaul back for Sunday opinion columns, other local columns have faded and given way to Gannett-distributed material. In 1985, faced with declining circulation and revenues, the Cowles family sold off its various properties to different owners, at the time of sale, only The New York Times had won more Pulitzer Prizes for national reporting. Many of the Registers news stories and editorials focus on Des Moines, the Register opened a new printing and distribution facility on the south side of Des Moines in 2000. The news & advertising offices remained in downtown Des Moines, the old building was sold in late 2014 and will be redeveloped into a combination of apartments and retail space. In the three decades before the Cowles family acquired the Register in 1903, the Register was a voice of pragmatic conservatism. However, Garner Cowles Sr. who served as a Republican in the Iowa General Assembly and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, was an advocate of progressive Republicanism. The new owners presented a variety of viewpoints, including Darling cartoons that frequently made fun of progressive politicians, Garner Cowles Sr. served in the administration of President Herbert Hoover. The publishers strongly supported Republican Wendell Willkies 1940 presidential campaign against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the newspaper also supported Republican Dwight Eisenhowers campaigns for the Republican nomination and general election in 1952, and again in 1956. Although the Register endorsed presidential candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Hubert Humphrey in 1968, the paper was a severe critic of George W. Bushs warrantless wiretapping strategy, claiming that in doing so, President Bush has declared war on the American people

The Des Moines Register

12.
Mount Rushmore
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Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres and is 5,725 feet above sea level, robinsons initial idea was to sculpt the Needles, however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, after securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of Mount Rushmores great political patron, U. S. Senator Peter Norbeck, construction on the began in 1927. Upon Gutzon Borglums death in March 1941 his son Lincoln Borglum took over construction, each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist. Lack of funding forced construction to end in late October 1941, Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and it has appeared in works of fiction, as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million visitors annually, originally known to the Lakota Sioux as The Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, after long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities, as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area. Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain and it was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey, and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota, in 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles, however, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a location, partly because it faced southeast. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, America will march along that skyline, Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3,1925. President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed and these presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of honeycombing, in total, about 450,000 short tons of rock were blasted off the mountainside

13.
Miami Beach, Florida
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Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It was incorporated on March 26,1915, the municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from Miami. The neighborhood of South Beach, comprising the southernmost 2.5 square miles of Miami Beach, along with downtown Miami, as of the 2010 census, Miami Beach had a total population of 87,779. It has been one of Americas pre-eminent beach resorts since the early 20th century, in 1979, Miami Beachs Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco District is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments, mediterranean, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District. The Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco Districts architectural heritage was led by interior designer Barbara Capitman. Miami Beach is governed by a mayor and six commissioners. Although the mayor runs commission meetings, the mayor and all commissioners have equal voting power and are elected by popular election. The mayor serves for terms of two years with a limit of three terms and commissioners serve for terms of four years and are limited to two terms. Commissioners are voted for citywide and every two years three commission seats are voted upon, a city manager is responsible for administering governmental operations. An appointed city manager is responsible for administration of the city, the City Clerk and the City Attorney are also appointed officials. In 1870, a father and son, Henry and Charles Lum, the first structure to be built on this uninhabited oceanfront was the Biscayne House of Refuge, constructed in 1876 by the United States Life-Saving Service at approximately 72nd Street. Its purpose was to provide food, water, and a return to civilization for people who were shipwrecked, Collins family members saw the potential in developing the beach as a resort. This effort got underway in the years of the 20th century by the Collins/Pancoast family, the Lummus brothers. Until then, the beach here was only the destination for day-trips by ferry from Miami, there were bath houses and food stands, but no hotel until Browns Hotel was built in 1915. Much of the land mass at that time was a tangled jungle of mangroves. Clearing it, deepening the channels and water bodies, and eliminating native growth almost everywhere in favor of landfill for development, was expensive

14.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

15.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960

The Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964

16.
Swinging Sixties
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The term Swinging London refers to a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in London during the mid-to-late 1960s. The Swinging London also reached British cinema, which saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy. During this period, creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers. During this era, London from a gloomy, grimy post-War capital into a bright, the phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city and the postwar economic boom. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the countercultural British underground of the same period, Swinging London was a youth-oriented phenomenon that emphasized the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution, one catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II austerity which lasted through much of the 1950s. It swings, it is the scene, and celebrated in the name of the radio station, Swinging Radio England. However, swinging in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, in 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue magazine, said London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment. Later that year, the American singer Roger Miller had a hit record with England Swings, psychedelic rock from artists such as Pink Floyd, Cream, Procol Harum, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Traffic grew significantly in popularity. During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and Kings Road, Chelsea. The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the worlds first supermodels and she was the worlds highest paid and most photographed model during this time. Shrimpton was called The Face of the 60s, in which she has been considered by many as the symbol of Swinging London, other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt, and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called the face of 1966 and the Queen of Mod, the British flag, the Union Jack, became a symbol, assisted by events such as Englands home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini-Cooper car was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising that covered their paintwork, the Jaguar E-Type sports car was another British icon of the 1960s. The phenomenon was featured in films of the time, including Darling. The comedy films Austin Powers, International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers, The Spy Who Shagged Me resurrected the imagery, the ITV spy-fi series The Avengers, particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, reveled in its Swinging London setting. In the 1967 episode, Dead Mans Treasure, Emma Peel arrives in the archetypal English village of Swingingdale, in the episode Beauty is an Ugly Word of BBCs Adam Adamant Lives. Adamant, an Edwardian adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, jigsaw Man, a 1968 episode of the detective series Man in a Suitcase, opened with the announcement, This is London

17.
Civil Rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes

18.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades

19.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint

Motown
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The Hitsville U.S.A. Motown building at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit served as Motown's headquarters from 1959 until 1968, and became the Motown Historical Museum in 1985.
Motown
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Motown
Motown
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Berry Gordy House, known as Motown Mansion in Detroit 's Boston-Edison Historic District

20.
James Brown
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James Joseph Brown was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and bandleader. The creator of music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance. In a career spanned six decades, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown began his career as a singer in Toccoa, Georgia. He joined an R&B vocal group, the Gospel Starlighters, in which he was the lead singer. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as Papas Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You and Its a Mans Mans Mans World. During the late 1960s he moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms, by the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J. B. s with records such as Get Up Sex Machine and The Payback. He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit Say It Loud – Im Black, Brown continued to perform and record until his death from congestive heart failure in 2006. Brown recorded 16 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts and he also holds the record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart which did not reach number one. Brown has received honors from many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in Joel Whitburns analysis of the Billboard R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, James Brown is ranked as number one in The Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on the music magazine Rolling Stones list of its 100 greatest artists of all time, Rolling Stone has also cited Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Brown was born on May 3,1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie and 22-year-old Joseph Joe Gardner Brown, in a small wooden shack. Browns name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, Jr. however, his first and he later legally changed his name to remove Jr. His parents were black, in his autobiography, Brown stated that he also had Chinese and Native American ancestry. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina. They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five and his family first settled at one of his aunts brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt, Browns mother later left the family after a contentious marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out in the streets and he managed to stay in school until the sixth grade

21.
Sly and the Family Stone
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Sly and the Family Stone was an American band from San Francisco. Active from 1966 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of funk, soul, rock, the band was the first major American rock group to have an integrated, multi-gender lineup. Formed in 1966, the groups music synthesized a variety of musical genres to help pioneer the emerging psychedelic soul sound. In the 1970s, the band transitioned into a darker and less commercial sound on releases such as Theres a Riot Goin On and Fresh. The work of Sly and the Family Stone greatly influenced the sound of subsequent American funk, pop, soul, R&B, and hip hop music. In 2010, they were ranked 43rd in Rolling Stone list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. Sly Stone was a member of a deeply religious middle-class household from Dallas, Texas, K. C. and Alpha Stewart held the family together under the doctrines of the Church of God in Christ and encouraged musical expression in the household. While attending high school, Sylvester and Freddie joined student bands, One of Sylvesters high school musical groups was a doo-wop act called The Viscaynes, in which he and a Filipino teenager were the only non-white members. The Viscaynes released a few singles, and Sylvester recorded several solo singles under the name Danny Stewart. By 1964, Sylvester had become Sly Stone and a jockey for San Francisco R&B radio station KSOL. During the same period, he worked as a producer for Autumn Records, producing for San Francisco-area bands such as The Beau Brummels. One of the Sylvester Stewart-produced Autumn singles, Bobby Freemans Cmon, Stewart recorded unsuccessful solo singles while at Autumn. In 1966, Sly Stone formed a band called Sly & the Stoners, around the same time, Freddie founded a band called Freddie & the Stone Souls, which included Gregg Errico on drums, and Ronnie Crawford on saxophone. At the suggestion of Stones friend, saxophonist Jerry Martini, Sly and Freddie combined their bands, creating Sly and the Family Stone in November 1966. At first the group was called Sly Brothers and Sisters but after their first gig at the Winchester Cathedral in Redwood City they changed the name to Sly & the Family Stone. Since both Sly and Freddie were guitarists, Sly appointed Freddie the official guitarist for the Family Stone, meanwhile, Sly recruited Larry Graham to play bass guitar. Vanetta Stewart wanted to join the band as well and she and her friends, Mary McCreary and Elva Mouton, had a gospel group called The Heavenly Tones. Sly recruited the teenagers directly out of school to become Little Sister, Sly

Sly and the Family Stone
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Sly and the Family Stone in 1969. Clockwise from top: Larry Graham, Freddie Stone, Greg Errico, Sly Stone, Rose Stone, Cynthia Robinson, and Jerry Martini. A similar photograph was used as the cover of Rolling Stone No. 54 (March 19, 1970).
Sly and the Family Stone
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The Woodstock Music and Art Festival, at which Sly and the Family Stone performed on August 17, 1969.
Sly and the Family Stone
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The band's 1975 performance at Radio City Music Hall (shown 2003) was only one-eighth occupied.
Sly and the Family Stone
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"The Original Family Stone", live in concert at Red Rock Resort in Las Vegas, 2006. Jerry Martini, Rose Stone, and Cynthia Robinson.

22.
George Shearing
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Sir George Shearing, OBE was a British jazz pianist who for many years led a popular jazz group that recorded for Discovery Records, MGM Records and Capitol Records. The composer of over 300 titles, including the jazz standard Lullaby of Birdland, had multiple albums on the Billboard charts during the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s and 1990s and he died of heart failure in New York City, at the age of 91. Born in Battersea, London, Shearing was the youngest of nine children and he was born blind to working class parents, his father delivered coal and his mother cleaned trains in the evening. He started to learn piano at the age of three and began training at Linden Lodge School for the Blind, where he spent four years. Though he was offered scholarships, Shearing opted to perform at a local pub. He joined a band during that time and was influenced by the records of Teddy Wilson. Shearing made his first BBC radio broadcast during this time after befriending Leonard Feather, in 1940, Shearing joined Harry Parrys popular band and contributed to the comeback of Stéphane Grappelli. Shearing won seven consecutive Melody Maker polls during this time, around that time he was also a member of George Evanss Saxes n Sevens band. In 1947, Shearing emigrated to the United States, where his harmonically complex style mixing swing, bop, one of his first performances was at the Hickory House. He performed with the Oscar Pettiford Trio and led a quartet with Buddy DeFranco. Shearing said of this hit that it was as accidental as it could be and he became known for a piano technique known as Shearings voicing, a type of double melody block chord, with an additional fifth part that doubles the melody an octave lower. In 1956, Shearing became a citizen of the United States. He continued to play with his quintet, with augmented players through the years and he created his own label, Sheba, that lasted a few years. Along with dozens of stars of his day, Shearing appeared on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. Earlier, he had appeared on the networks reality show, The Comeback Story. In 1970, he began to phase out his by-now-predictable quintet, later, Shearing played with a trio, as a soloist and increasingly in a duo. Among his collaborations were sets with the Montgomery Brothers, Marian McPartland, torff, Jim Hall, Hank Jones and Kenny Davern. In 1979, Shearing signed with Concord Records, and recorded for the label with Mel Tormé and this collaboration garnered Shearing and Tormé two Grammys, one in 1983 and another in 1984

George Shearing
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Shearing in 1959

23.
Rahsaan Roland Kirk
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Rahsaan Roland Kirk was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his vitality, during which virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting. Kirk was born Ronald Theodore Kirk in Columbus, Ohio, where he lived in a known as Flytown. He felt compelled by a dream to transpose two letters in his first name to make Roland and he became blind at an early age as a result of poor medical treatment. In 1970, Kirk added Rahsaan to his name after hearing it in a dream, Kirks musical career spans from 1955 until his death in 1977. He preferred to lead his own bands and rarely performed as a sideman, although he did record with arranger Quincy Jones, one of his best-known recorded performances is the lead flute and solo on Jones Soul Bossa Nova, a 1964 hit song repopularized in the Austin Powers films. During his concerts, between songs he often talked about issues, including African-American history and the Civil Rights Movement. His monologues were often laced with satire and absurdist humor, in 1975, Kirk suffered a major stroke which led to partial paralysis of one side of his body. He continued to perform and record, modifying his instruments to enable him to play with one arm, at a live performance at Ronnie Scotts Jazz Club in London he even managed to play two instruments, and carried on to tour internationally and to appear on television. He died from a stroke in 1977 after performing in the Frangipani Room of the Indiana University Student Union in Bloomington. His playing was generally rooted in jazz or hard bop. The live album Bright Moments is an example of one of his shows, Kirk played and collected a number of musical instruments, mainly various saxophones, clarinets and flutes. His main instruments were tenor saxophone supplemented by other saxes, like two obscure saxophones, the stritch and a manzello, a number of his instruments were exotic or homemade. Kirk modified instruments himself to accommodate his simultaneous playing technique and he used the multiple horns to play true chords, essentially functioning as a one-man saxophone section. Kirk insisted that he was trying to emulate the sounds he heard in his head. Even while playing two or three saxophones at once, the music was intricate, powerful jazz with a feel for the blues. Kirk was also an influential flautist, including recorders and he employed several techniques that he developed himself. One technique was to sing or hum into the flute at the time as playing

24.
County fairs
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An agricultural show is a public event exhibiting the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest comprise a livestock show, a fair, competitions. The work and practices of farmers, animal fanciers, cowboys, the terms agricultural show and livestock show are synonymous with the North American terms county fair and state fair. Agricultural shows are an important part of life in small country towns. Larger shows often include live entertainment and fireworks in the main arena, the first known agricultural show was held by Salford Agricultural Society, Lancashire, in 1768. Since the 19th century, agricultural shows have provided people with an opportunity to celebrate achievements. City shows also provide city people with an opportunity to engage directly with rural life, agriculture shows are often enlivened with competitive events, including sheaf tossing, show jumping, food competitions, and tent pegging. Demolition Derbys and rodeos are popular in the US and campdrafting, studs are generally available for a fee. A livestock show is an event where livestock are exhibited and judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their breed standard. Species of livestock that may be shown include pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, llamas, poultry such as chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons are also shown competitively. There are also shows for rabbits, dogs, sheepdogs. Prize-winners at agricultural shows are generally awarded inscribed medals, cups, the National Museum of Australia has a rare collection of medals documenting the history of agricultural shows and rural industries across Australia. The 111 medals range in date from the mid-19th to the early 20th century and many are associated with significant individuals, related to a show is the field day, with elements of a trade show for machinery, equipment and skills required for broadacre farming. Field days typically do not involve livestock, showbags or sideshows, in some communities in northern England Field Days have lost their agricultural character and have become community celebrations. Pecan growers were given a talk on insect control by an entomologist at a recent field day at LSU AgCenter’s Pecan Research/Extension Station in Shreveport, a Landcare survey conducted in 1992/93 revealed that field days in Australia have a high value among local farmers. New Zealands National Agricultural Fieldays is held annually in June at Mystery Creek, near Hamilton, New Zealand, smaller shows, held annually in New Zealands towns and communities, are generally called agricultural and pastoral shows. The Denbigh Show has enjoyed success as the Caribbeans premier agricultural event and epitomizes wholesome family entertainment and attracts over 80,000 patrons to the event annually

County fairs
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An agricultural show parade
County fairs
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Cheddar cheese competition.
County fairs
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Border Leicesters lined up for the judge

25.
Bobby Vinton
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Stanley Robert Bobby Vinton, Jr. is an American singer and songwriter. In pop music circles, he known as The Polish Prince of Poch. Known for his vocals in love songs, his most popular song, Blue Velvet, peaked at number 1 on the now renamed Billboard Pop Singles Chart. It also served as inspiration for the film of the same name, Vinton is the only child of locally popular bandleader Stan Vinton and Dorothy Studzinski Vinton. He is of Polish and Lithuanian descent, the family surname was originally Vintula, and was changed by Vintons father. Vintons parents encouraged their sons interest in music by giving him his daily 25 cent allowance after he had practised the clarinet, at 16, Vinton formed his first band, which played clubs around the Pittsburgh area. With the money he earned, he helped finance his education at Duquesne University. While at Duquesne, he became proficient on all of the instruments in the band, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, drums, and oboe. When Vinton became a musician, it was common for people to become confused with the bands of father and son. Vintons father suggested his son use his name of Robert professionally to clear up the confusion. Vintons birthplace of Canonsburg, Pennsylvania is also the birthplace of Perry Como, joey Powers was born in nearby Washington, Pennsylvania, and at one time played in a band with Vinton. Vintons hometown named two streets, Bobby Vinton Boulevard and the shorter adjoining Bobby Vinton Drive, in his honor and these streets were built in the late 1970s, prior attempts to name a residential street after him failed. The residents did not care for the singer always using Pittsburgh as his town on TV interviews. Como always claimed Canonsburg as his hometown, so hundreds of people changed their address when the town renamed a street in the east end after Perry Como. The Canonsburg town fathers had plans to erect a statue in Vintons honor, after two years service in the United States Army, where he served as a chaplains assistant, Vinton was signed to Epic Records in 1960 as a bandleader, A Young Man With a Big Band. The break for the Epic Records contract had come after Vinton, however, two albums and several singles were not successful, and with Epic ready to pull the plug, Vinton found his first hit single literally sitting in a reject pile. The song was titled Roses Are Red, Vinton had to do his own promotion for the song, he bought one thousand copies and hired a young woman to deliver a copy of the record and a dozen red roses to every local DJ. It spent four weeks at one on the Billboard Hot 100

Bobby Vinton
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Bobby Vinton, 1965.

26.
Pee Wee King
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Julius Frank Anthony Kuczynski, known professionally as Pee Wee King, was an American country music songwriter and recording artist best known for co-writing Tennessee Waltz. King was born in Abrams, Wisconsin to a Polish American family and he learned to play the fiddle from his father, who was a professional polka musician. In the 1930s, he toured and made movies with Gene Autry. King joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1937, King and Stewart first recorded The Tennessee Waltz in 1948, and it went on to become a country music standard. Kings other songs included Slow Poke and You Belong to Me and his songs introduced waltzes, polkas, and cowboy songs to country music. King was not permitted to use the drummer and trumpeter he featured on his stage shows when the played at the Grand Ole Opry. His band also introduced on-stage dancing and Nudie Cohns customized rhinestone cowboy outfits to the Opry which later became popular with Nashville and country musicians and he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1974. He died of an attack in Louisville, Kentucky, at age 86. Pee Wee King, RCA Victor,1954 Waltzes, RCA Victor,1955 Swing West, RCA Victor,1956 Country Barn Dance, Camden,1965 Ballroom King, Detour,1982 Hog Wild Too. Zu Zazz,1990 Pee Wee King and His Golden West Cowboys, Bear Family,1995 Pee Wee Kings Country Hoedown, Bloodshot,1999 Hall, in The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Pee Wee King at the Country Music Hall of Fame Pee Wee King at the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Pee Wee King at the Internet Movie Database Pee Wee King obit Pee Wee King biography

Pee Wee King
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Pee Wee King c. 1944

27.
University of North Texas College of Music
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It developed one of the first jazz studies programs in the nation, and it remains one of the top schools for Jazz. As one of thirteen colleges and schools at the University of North Texas, North Texas has been a member of the National Association of Schools of Music for 78 years. Since the 1970s, approximately one-third of all North Texas music students have enrolled at the graduate level. Music at North Texas dates back to the founding of the university in 1890 when Eliza Jane McKissack, its founding director, the College of Music is a comprehensive institution of international rank. Its heritage dates back one hundred and twenty-six years, when North Texas was founded, the college has one of the largest enrollment of any music institution accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music, of which it has been a member for 78 years. It has been among the largest music institutions of learning in North America since the 1940s. The college awards bachelor of music, master of music, doctor of philosophy, concentrations include performance, music composition, music education, music history, music theory, and jazz studies. The music library, founded in 1941, has one of the largest music collections in the United States, with over 300,000 volumes of books, periodicals, scores, and approximately 900,000 sound recordings. Since the 1970s, approximately one-third of all North Texas music students have enrolled at the graduate level. North Texas was first in the world to offer a degree in jazz studies, the One OClock Lab Band has been nominated for 7 Grammy Awards. What then was a teachers college offered a Conservatory Music Course as part of the initial Nine Full Courses, the complete course in music, lasting forty-four weeks, required private lessons that had to be paid for, in addition to regular school tuition. Tuition for these classes was $200 for the course, while regular tuition for a forty-week school year was only $48. The founding president, Joshua Crittenden Chilton, taught the first classes in the history of music, john M. Moore, a Dallas Methodist bishop and teacher of mathematics and engineering courses, taught the classes in voice culture and harmony. Mrs. Eliza Jane McKissack was also a teacher of music,1960 — The oldest existing part of the current Music Building opens, along with Voertman Concert Hall. 1968 — The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved degrees leading to a Doctor of Musical Arts 1975 — Most of the current Music building opens. 1989 — The School of Music restructured itself as a college of music, reflecting nearly 60 years of size, the College of Music has enjoyed close collaboration with other Colleges within the University. Despite the high caliber of student musicianship and seriousness of all the programs, the College of Music is accessible in many areas to non-music majors

University of North Texas College of Music
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Winspear Auditorium, Murchison Performing Arts Center, University of North Texas College of Music (photo by Craig D. Blackmon, FAIA, courtesy of Holzman Moss Architecture)
University of North Texas College of Music
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University of North Texas College of Music

28.
Dallas Symphony Orchestra
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The Dallas Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Dallas, Texas. Its principal performing venue is the Meyerson Symphony Center in the Arts District of downtown Dallas, the orchestra traces its origins to a concert given by a group of forty musicians in 1900 with conductor Hans Kreissig. It continued to perform and grow in numbers and stature, so that in 1945 it was in a position to appoint Antal Doráti as music director, under Doráti, the orchestra became fully professional. Subsequent music directors have included Georg Solti and Eduardo Mata, andrew Litton was music director from 1992 to 2006. In 2007, Jaap van Zweden was named the DSOs 15th music director, to begin full-time with the 2008-2009 season, in October 2009, the orchestra announced the extension of van Zwedens contract through the 2015-2016 season. In November 2013, the orchestra announced an extension of van Zwedens contract through 2019. The orchestra was awarded the Gramophone Awards 2005 Editors Choice, CD of the Week and Record of the Year 2004 from The Sunday Times, and Classical Brit Award 2005 Critics Choice. Dallas Symphony Official website Dallas Symphony DSOKids. com, educational site Dallas Symphony Chorus Official website of the Dallas Symphony Chorus Dallas Symphony and Chorus reviews and press

Dallas Symphony Orchestra
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Dallas Symphony Orchestra (DSO)

29.
Samuel Barber
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Samuel Osborne Barber II was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. His Adagio for Strings has earned a permanent place in the repertory of orchestras. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice, for his opera Vanessa and for the Concerto for Piano, also widely performed is his Knoxville, Summer of 1915, a setting for soprano and orchestra of a prose text by James Agee. At the time of his death, nearly all of his compositions had been recorded, Barber was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Marguerite McLeod and Samuel Le Roy Barber. He was born into a comfortable, educated, social, and his father was a physician, his mother, called Daisy, was a pianist of English-Scottish-Irish descent whose family had lived in the United States since the time of the Revolutionary War. His aunt, Louise Homer, was a contralto at the Metropolitan Opera, his uncle. Louise Homer is known to have influenced Barbers interest in voice, through his aunt, Barber had access to many great singers and songs. At a very early age, Barber became profoundly interested in music and he began studying the piano at the age of 6 and at age 7 composed his first work, Sadness, a 23-measure solo piano piece in C minor. At the age of nine he wrote to his mother, Dear Mother, now dont cry when you read it because it is neither yours nor my fault. I suppose I will have to tell it now without any nonsense, to begin with I was not meant to be an athlet. I was meant to be a composer, and will be Im sure, ill ask you one more thing. —Dont ask me to try to forget this unpleasant thing and go play football. —Please—Sometimes Ive been worrying about this so much that it makes me mad. Barber attempted to write his first opera, entitled The Rose Tree, at the age of 12, he became an organist at a local church. He began composing seriously in his teenage years. Around the same time, he met fellow Curtis schoolmate Gian Carlo Menotti, at the Curtis Institute, Barber was a triple prodigy in composition, voice, and piano. He soon became a favorite of the founder, Mary Louise Curtis Bok. It was through Mrs. Bok that Barber was introduced to his lifelong publisher, at the age of 18, Barber won the Joseph H. Bearns Prize from Columbia University for his violin sonata. From his early to late twenties, Barber wrote a flurry of successful compositions and his first orchestral work, an overture to The School for Scandal, was composed in 1931 when he was 21 years old. It premiered successfully two years later in a given by the Philadelphia Orchestra under conductor Alexander Smallens

30.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

31.
Serialism
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In music, serialism is a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements. Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenbergs twelve-tone technique, though some of his contemporaries were working to establish serialism as a form of post-tonal thinking. The idea of serialism is also applied in ways in the visual arts, design, and architecture. Integral serialism or total serialism is the use of series for such as duration, dynamics. Other terms, used especially in Europe to distinguish post–World War II serial music from music and its American extensions, are general serialism. Serialism is a method, highly specialized technique, or way of composition and it may also be considered, a philosophy of life, a way of relating the human mind to the world and creating a completeness when dealing with a subject. However, serialism is not by itself a system of composition, neither is pitch serialism necessarily incompatible with tonality, though it is most often used as a means of composing atonal music. It is sometimes used specifically to apply only to music where at least one element other than pitch is subjected to being treated as a row or series. In such usages post-Webernian serialism will be used to denote works that extend serial techniques to other elements of music, other terms used to make the distinction are twelve-note serialism for the former, and integral serialism for the latter. A row may be assembled pre-compositionally, or it may be derived from a spontaneously invented thematic or motivic idea, the structure of the row, however, does not in itself define the structure of a composition, which requires development of a comprehensive strategy. The basic set may have restrictions, such as the requirement that it use each interval only once. The series is not an order of succession, but indeed a hierarchy—which may be independent of order of succession. Stockhausen, for example, in early serial compositions such as Kreuzspiel and Formel and this provides an exemplary demonstration of that logical principle of seriality, every situation must occur once and only once. Prohibited intervals, like the octave, and prohibited successional relations, such as premature note repetitions, frequently occur, the number twelve no longer plays any governing, defining rôle, the pitch constellations no longer hold to the limitation determined by their formation. The dodecaphonic series loses its significance as a model of shape is played out. And the chromatic total remains active only, and provisionally, as a general reference, in the 1960s Pousseur took this a step further, applying a consistent set of predefined transformations to pre-existent music. In his opera Votre Faust Pousseur used a number of different quotations, themselves arranged into a scale for serial treatment, so as to bring coherence. He extended this serial polyphony of styles in a series of works in the late 1960s, as well as later in portions of Licht

32.
Charles Wuorinen
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Charles Peter Wuorinen is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer of contemporary classical music based in New York City. His catalog of more than 260 compositions includes works for orchestra, opera, Salman Rushdie and Annie Proulx have collaborated with him. Wuorinens work has described as serialist, but he has come to disparage that term as meaningless. Wuorinen was born on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City and his mother, Alfhild Kalijarvi, received her M. A. in biology from Smith College. Wuorinen excelled academically, graduating from Trinity School as valedictorian in 1956, he received a B. A. Early supporters included Jacques Barzun and Edgard Varèse, Wuorinen began composing at age 5 and began piano lessons at 6. At 16 he was awarded the New York Philharmonics Young Composers Award, from 1952 to 1956 Wuorinen was President of the Trinity School Glee Club. He was pianist, librarian and General Manager of the Columbia University Orchestra in 1956–57, during the summers of 1955 and 1956 has was the organist at Saint Pauls Church in Gardner, Massachusetts, where his parents stayed during the summer months. He was awarded the Bearns Prize three times, the BMI Student Composers Award four times, and the Lili Boulanger Award and he was a fellow at the Bennington Composers Conference for several years. Many early professional performances of Wuorinens compositions took place on the Music of Our Time series at the 92nd Street Y run by violinist Max Pollikoff, in 1962 Wuorinen and fellow composer-performer Harvey Sollberger formed The Group for Contemporary Music. The ensemble raised the standard of new music performance in New York, championing such composers as Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter and Stefan Wolpe, many of Wuorinens works were premiered by The Group, including Chamber Concerto for Cello and the Chamber Concerto for Flute. The 1970s were a fruitful period for Wuorinen, who taught at the Manhattan School of Music from 1971 to 1979. of Babylon with an original libretto by Renaud Charles Bruce. The ensemble, created by Raymond DesRoches recorded the Percussion Symphony on the Nonesuch record label which was released in 1978, what I wanted to do was to see whether or not these things sounded composed, sounded purposively chosen. They did, at least by my lights, the random sequences were not just any old random sequences but were that of a kind called 1/f randomness. Wuorinen was composer in residence with the San Francisco Symphony from 1984 to 1989, in addition to the Dante texts Wuorinen was influenced by the watercolors of William Blake. In 1985 Wuorinen was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, major chamber works included the Saxophone Quartet for the Raschèr Saxophone Quartet, Percussion Quartet, Piano Quintet, and Sonata for Guitar and Piano. Orchestral works included the Concerto for Saxophone Quartet and Orchestra and Symphony Seven as well as the Dante works for the New York City Ballet, with the start of the 21st century, James Levine became a major champion of Wuorinens music. In honor of Wuorinens 70th birthday Levine conducted two performances of Wuorinens Ashberyana at the Guggenheim Museum, in 2004 the New York City Opera premiered his opera Haroun and the Sea of Stories based on the novel by Salman Rushdie, with a libretto by James Fenton

Charles Wuorinen
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Charles Wuorinen, 1990s

33.
Manhattan School of Music
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The Manhattan School of Music is a major music conservatory located on the Upper West Side of New York City. The school offers degrees on the bachelors, masters, and doctoral levels in the areas of classical and jazz performance, founded in 1917, the school is located on Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of New York City, adjacent to Broadway and West 122nd Street. The MSM campus was originally the home to The Institute of Musical Art until Juilliard migrated to the Lincoln Center area of Midtown Manhattan, the property was originally owned by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum until The Institute of Musical Art purchased it in 1910. The campus of Columbia University resides close by, where it has been since 1895, many of the students live in the schools residence hall, Andersen Hall. As of 2011,75 percent of the come from outside New York State and 31 percent from outside the United States. The Manhattan School of Music was founded in 1917–1918, by the pianist and philanthropist Janet D. Schenck, eventually, its name was changed to Manhattan School of Music. In 1943, the artistic and academic growth of the resulted in a charter amendment to grant the bachelor of music degree. Two subsequent amendments authorized the offering in 1947 of the master of music degree and, in 1974, in 1956, Dr. Schenck retired and Metropolitan Opera baritone John Brownlee was appointed director, a title later revised to president. President Brownlee initiated the idea of relocating the school to the Morningside Heights neighborhood, in 1969, George Schick, Metropolitan Opera conductor, accompanist, and opera coach, succeeded Brownlee as president and led the schools move to its present location. He created the program, while all other major school functions were managed by Senior Director Stanley Bednar. John O. Crosby, founder and general director of the Santa Fe Opera, was appointed president in 1976 and he was followed by Gideon W. Waldrop, who was appointed in 1986, and Peter C. Simon in 1989. On July 1,1992, Marta Casals Istomin was named president, Dr. Robert Sirota, former director of the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University, took over the presidency in 2005. He was succeeded by James Gandre, formerly of Roosevelt University, Manhattan School of Music offers a wide variety of live audience performance experiences for its students. There are three orchestras, The MSM Symphony, the Philharmonia, and the Chamber Sinfonia. In addition, many ensembles are assembled for orchestral chamber music. The MSM Wind Ensemble also performs throughout the year, the Jazz Arts Program also contains various ensembles, such as the Jazz Philharmonic, the Jazz Orchestra, Concert Jazz Band, Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, and Chamber Jazz Ensemble. Tactus, the ensemble for chamber music, is made up of graduate students in the schools Contemporary Performance Program. The school also holds an annual competition with which the winner is offered the opportunity to perform with the Symphony Orchestra

Manhattan School of Music
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Manhattan School of Music, at the intersection of West 122nd Street (Seminary Row) and Broadway
Manhattan School of Music
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Logo of the Manhattan School of Music
Manhattan School of Music
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Entrance to the John C. Borden Auditorium
Manhattan School of Music
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Since 1999, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and the Manhattan School of Music have partnered to offer a free summer music program for students who attend New York City's public schools.

34.
Carnegie Hall
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Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan

35.
Milton Babbitt
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Milton Byron Babbitt was an American composer, music theorist, and teacher. He is particularly noted for his serial and electronic music, Babbitt was born in Philadelphia to Albert E. Babbitt and Sarah Potamkin. He was raised in Jackson, Mississippi, and began studying the violin when he was four but soon switched to clarinet, early in his life he was attracted to jazz and theater music. He was making his own arrangements of songs at seven. Babbitts father was a mathematician, and it was mathematics that Babbitt intended to study when he entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1931, however, he soon left and went to New York University instead, where he studied music with Philip James and Marion Bauer. At the university, he joined the faculty in 1938. During the Second World War, Babbitt divided his time between mathematical research in Washington, D. C. and Princeton, where he became a member of the faculty from 1943 to 1945. In 1948, Babbitt returned to Princeton Universitys music faculty and in 1973 became a member of the faculty at the Juilliard School in New York. K. Randall, the theatre composer Stephen Sondheim, composers and pianists Frederic Rzewski and Richard Aaker Trythall, in 1958, Babbitt achieved unsought notoriety through an article in the popular magazine High Fidelity. A title which reflects little of the letter and nothing of the spirit of the article, than as the composer of music to which you may or may not care to listen. Babbitt later became interested in electronic music and he was hired by RCA as consultant composer to work with their RCA Mark II Synthesizer at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, and in 1961 produced his Composition for Synthesizer. Babbitt was less interested in producing new timbres than in the precision he could achieve using the Mark II synthesizer. Philomel, for example, was written for soprano and a synthesized accompaniment stored on magnetic tape, from 1985 until his death he served as the Chairman of the BMI Student Composer Awards, the international competition for young classical composers. Milton Babbitt died in Princeton, New Jersey on January 29,2011 at the age of 94, N. d.1986 – MacArthur Fellow 1988 – Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for music composition. 2000 – National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international, professional music fraternity 2010 – The Max Reger Foundation of America – Extraordinary Life Time Musical Achievement Award, Twelve-Tone Invariants as Compositional Determinants, Musical Quarterly 46/2. Set Structure as Compositional Determinant, Journal of Music Theory 5/1, the Structure and Function of Musical Theory, College Music Symposium 5. Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History, Perspectives in Musicology, Program in Music at the City University of New York, edited by Barry S. Brook, Edward Downes, and Sherman Van Solkema, 270–307. Reprinted, New York, Pendragon Press,1985, words About Music, The Madison Lectures, edited by Stephen Dembski and Joseph Straus

Milton Babbitt
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Milton Babbitt with amplifiers

36.
Pierre Boulez
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Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez CBE was a French composer, conductor, writer and organiser of institutions. He was one of the dominant figures of the classical music world. Born in Montbrison in the Loire district of France, the son of an engineer, Boulez studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Olivier Messiaen and he began his professional career in the late 1940s as Music Director of the Renaud-Barrault theatre company in Paris. As a young composer in the 1950s he quickly became a figure in avant-garde music, playing an important role in the development of integral serialism. From the 1970s onwards he pioneered the transformation of instrumental music in real time. In parallel with his activities as a composer Boulez became one of the most prominent conductors of his generation and he made frequent guest appearances with many of the worlds other great orchestras, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. His recorded legacy is extensive and he received 26 Grammy Awards, Pierre Boulez died at his home in Baden-Baden on 5 January 2016, aged 90. Pierre Boulez was born on 26 March 1925, in Montbrison and he was the third of four children, an older sister, Jeanne and younger brother, Roger were preceded by a first child, also called Pierre, who died in infancy. By the age of fifteen he was sceptical about religion, what struck me most was that it was so mechanical, as a child he took piano lessons, played chamber music with local amateurs and sang in the school choir. After completing the first part of his baccalaureate a year early he spent the year of 1940–41 at the Pensionnat St. Louis. The following year he took courses in advanced mathematics at the University of Lyon which his father hoped would prepare him for a career in engineering and he was in Lyon when the Vichy government fell and the Germans took over. It was not a time, and nothing to eat. It was in Lyon that he first heard an orchestra, saw his first operas and met the well-known soprano Ninon Vallin, impressed by his ability, she persuaded Léon to allow his son to apply to the Conservatoire in Lyon, but the selection board rejected him. Boulez was determined to pursue a career in music, the following year, with his sisters support in the face of opposition from his father, he studied the piano and harmony privately with Lionel de Pachmann. Our parents were strong, but finally we were stronger than they, in fact, when he moved to Paris in the autumn of 1943, Léon accompanied him, helped him to find a room and subsidised him until he could earn a living. In late 1943 he entered the preparatory class of Georges Dandelot at the Paris Conservatoire. There he was introduced to Andrée Vaurabourg, wife of the composer Arthur Honegger and he greatly enjoyed working with her and she remembered him as an exceptional student, using his exercises as models in advanced counterpoint until the end of her teaching career. He also studied the piano privately in the hope of entering Jean Doyens class, but he was unsuccessful

37.
New York Philharmonic
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It is one of the leading American orchestras popularly referred to as the Big Five. The Philharmonics home is David Geffen Hall, known as Avery Fisher Hall until September 2015, founded in 1842, the orchestra is one of the oldest musical institutions in the United States and the oldest of the Big Five orchestras. Its record-setting 14, 000th concert was given in December 2004, the New York Philharmonic was founded in 1842 by the American conductor Ureli Corelli Hill, with the aid of the Irish composer William Vincent Wallace. The orchestra was called the Philharmonic Society of New York. It was the third Philharmonic on American soil since 1799, and had as its intended purpose, the first concert of the Philharmonic Society took place on December 7,1842 in the Apollo Rooms on lower Broadway before an audience of 600. The concert opened with Beethovens Symphony No, the musicians operated as a cooperative society, deciding by a majority vote such issues as who would become a member, which music would be performed and who among them would conduct. At the end of the season, the players would divide any proceeds among themselves, after only a dozen public performances and barely four years old, the Philharmonic organized a concert to raise funds to build a new music hall. The centerpiece was the American premiere of Beethovens Symphony No,9, to take place at Castle Garden on the southern tip of Manhattan. About 400 instrumental and vocal performers gathered for this premiere, which was conducted by George Loder, the chorals were translated into what would be the first English performance anywhere in the world. However, with the expensive US$2.00 ticket price and a war rally uptown, the audience was kept away. Although judged by some as an odd work with all those singers kept at bay until the end, during the Philharmonics first seven seasons, seven musicians alternated the conducting duties. In addition to Hill, Timm and Étienne, these were William Alpers, George Loder, Louis Wiegers and this changed in 1849 when Theodore Eisfeld was installed as sole conductor for the season. Eisfeld, later along with Carl Bergmann, would be the conductor until 1865 and that year Eisfeld returned to Europe, and Bergmann continued to conduct the Society until his death in 1876. Leopold Damrosch, Franz Liszts former concertmaster at Weimar, served as conductor of the Philharmonic for the 1876/77 season, but failing to win support from the Philharmonics public, he left to create the rival Symphony Society of New York in 1878. Upon his death in 1885, his 23-year-old son Walter took over, Carnegie Hall would remain the orchestras home until 1962. The Philharmonic in 1877 was in financial condition, caused by the paltry income from five concerts in the 1876/77 season that brought in an average of only $168 per concert. At first the Philharmonics suggestion offended Thomas because he was unwilling to disband his own orchestra, because of the desperate financial circumstances, the Philharmonic offered Theodore Thomas the conductorship without conditions, and he began conducting the orchestra in the autumn of 1877. He left in 1891 to found the Chicago Symphony, taking thirteen Philharmonic musicians with him, another celebrated conductor, Anton Seidl, followed Thomas on the Philharmonic podium, serving until 1898

New York Philharmonic
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Ureli Corelli Hill, founder
New York Philharmonic
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New York Philharmonic
New York Philharmonic
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The New York Philharmonic Club, a chamber ensemble of Philharmonic musicians, clowning for their public-relations photograph in the 1880s. New York Philharmonic Archives
New York Philharmonic
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Arturo Toscanini (standing in the center, sporting a bow tie and cap) with the orchestra aboard the S.S de Grasse, embarking on their European tour, 1930. New York Philharmonic Archives

38.
IRCAM
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IRCAM is a French institute for science about music and sound and avant garde electro-acoustical art music. It is situated next to, and is linked with. The extension of the building was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, several concepts for electronic music and audio processing have emerged at IRCAM. Max/MSP has subsequently become a widely used tool in electroacoustic music, many of the techniques associated with spectralism, such as analyses based on fast Fourier transforms, were made practical by technological contributions at IRCAM. For instance, researchers at IRCAM have developed a special microphone capable of isolating each of the four strings for separate amplification or electronic treatment. IRCAM provides classes to train composers in music technology, apart from electroacoustic programmes, IRCAM has programmes in contemporary classical music. It has disseminated music of post World War II modernist musicians such as that of Luciano Berio or Pierre Boulez, Musical spectralism such as that of Tristan Murail, has also received support from IRCAM. Murail taught at IRCAM for a time, kaija Saariaho, whose work has been influenced by spectralism, has also been supported by IRCAM. IRCAM has also helped to develop various performance models, a resident ensemble of IRCAM, Ensemble InterContemporain, specialised in contemporary classical music, where each performer could be called upon to perform solo literature or ensemble literature. The Ensemble InterContemporain has been a model for large ensembles in Europe, for example the Ensemble Modern. Many classical contemporary pieces have been written for the orchestra section of Ensemble InterContemporain. There are regular concerts at IRCAM, in 1970 president Georges Pompidou asked Pierre Boulez to found an institution for research in music. In 1973 the section of the building underneath Place Igor Stravinsky was finished, from the outset, Boulez was in charge of the centre. The initial administrators included Luciano Berio, Vinko Globokar, Jean-Claude Risset,1990 Ircam established the Cursus Program for young Composers, a training in Computer Music and Composition. In 1992 Boulez, who then became director, was succeeded by Laurent Bayle. In 2002 the philosopher Bernard Stiegler became the new head of the institute, on January 1,2006, Stiegler became Director of Cultural Development at the Centre Pompidou and was replaced by Frank Madlener. The creation of IRCAM coincided with the rise of the debates about modernism and postmodernism in culture and its multimedia library was established in 1996. Orchidée is developed as a tool to aid in composition in which musical scores using traditional instruments are generated by imitating a target input sound

IRCAM
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Western face of the IRCAM building
IRCAM
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IRCAM's machine room in 1989

39.
Fulbright Fellowship
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The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world, the Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education and it operates in over 160 countries around the world. The U. S. Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an appropriation from the U. S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from governments, foundations, corporations. In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers, in countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the U. S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began, fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes, eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes. In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U. S. government war property to international exchange between the U. S. and other countries. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war and it was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. On August 1,1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law, since it began, the program has operated on a bi-national basis, each country active in the Fulbright Program has entered into an agreement with the U. S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were Cuba in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. The Fulbright Program works two ways, U. S. citizens may receive funding to go to a foreign country, citizens may come to the U. S. Fulbright grants are offered in almost all academic disciplines except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees fields of study span the arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences. Student Program offers fellowships for U. S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to research, study, the Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the year of study. This program is currently on hiatus, the Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships award up to four U. S. students the opportunity to study the power of music as a cultural force abroad. Fellows conduct research for one year on projects of their own design about a chosen musical aspect

40.
Tod Machover
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Tod Machover, is a composer and an innovator in the application of technology in music. He is the son of Wilma Machover, a pianist and Carl Machover and he attended the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1971 and received a BM and MM from the Juilliard School in New York where he studied with Elliott Carter and Roger Sessions. He also started his Doctoral studies at Juilliard before being invited as Composer-in-Residence to Pierre Boulezs new Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique in 1978 and he was named Director of Musical Research at IRCAM in 1980. Joining the faculty at the new Media Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985, he became Professor of Music and Media, in 2006, he was named Visiting Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Machover is a Finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize in Music for his opera Death, in the fall of 1978, Tod Machover arrived at IRCAM in Paris, and was introduced to Giuseppe di Giugnos digital synthesizer 4 series. Light was premiered at the Metz Festival in November 1979 using 4C, in 1981 he composed Fusione Fugace for solo performance on a real-time digital synthesizer, called the 4X machine. At IRCAM1986 and 1987 he was motivated to score for keyboard and he composed Valis, again using di Giugno’s 4X system to process voices. This desire to enhance the human performance foreshadowed his concept of the hyperinstrument, at MITs Media Lab, he developed methods for taking many more sophisticated measurements of the instrument as well as the performer’s expression. He propelled forward-thinking research in the field of performance and interaction using new musical and technological resources. Basically an electric violin, audio output provides raw material for real-time timbre analysis and synthesis techniques, coupled with an enhanced bow, measured properties of both the audio output of the instrument and the bowing gesture of the player create data which controls aspects of the resulting amplified sound. In addition to bow pressure and string contact, wrist measurements, bowing parameters are measured and data is processed to create an interaction between performance properties and audio output. Different types or styles of bowing create complex calculations which are conducive to the performance and manipulation of larger structures, MIDI data generated by performer on a Yamaha Disklavier is manipulated by various Max/MSP processes as accompaniment and augmentation of keyboard performance. For soprano, double bass, and computer-generated tape Winter Variations for large chamber ensemble String Quartet No. dicks novel VALIS Brain Opera, an original, interactive musical experience that included contributions from both on-line participants and live audiences. It toured Europe, Asia, the United States and South America from 1996 to 1998 and was installed at Viennas House of Music in the spring of 2000. Resurrection Skellig, a based on the novel of the same name by David Almond Death and the Powers. Libretto by Robert Pinsky Powers Machover, Tod, electric Sound, The Past and Promise of Electronic Music

41.
Frank Zappa
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Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation, as a self-taught composer and performer, Zappas diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse, Igor Stravinsky and he began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands, later switching to electric guitar. His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention, Freak Out, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. He continued this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the format was rock. Zappas output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed Project/Object, with musical phrases, ideas. His lyrics reflected his views of established social and political processes, structures and movements. Unlike many other musicians of his era, he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs. During Zappas lifetime, he was a productive and prolific artist, earning widespread acclaim from critics. He had some success, particularly in Europe, and worked as an independent artist for most of his career. He remains an influence on musicians and composers. His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Rosemarie was of Italian and French ancestry, his father, whose name was Anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, with Greek and Arab ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where Italian was often spoken by his grandparents, the family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the returned to Maryland. Due to their homes proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home in case of an accident and this had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work. Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches, a doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappas nostrils

42.
Betsy Jolas
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Betsy Jolas is a Franco-American composer. Her parents are the American writer Eugene Jolas and the translator Maria McDonald, Betsy Jolas was born in Paris in 1926. Her mother, the American translator Maria Jolas had studied singing and her father, the poet and journalist Eugene Jolas founded and edited the magazine transition, which featured over ten years most of the great names of the interwar period. Notably James Joyce, whose Finnegans Wake came out in form under the heading work in progress. Her family settled in the United States in late 1940, having returned to Paris in 1946, Betsy Jolas resumed her studies at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de musique, notably with Darius Milhaud and Olivier Messiaen. From 1971 to 1974 she served as Olivier Messiaens assistant at the Conservatoire and was appointed herself to the faculty in 1975 and she has since then also taught at Yale, Harvard, Mills College, Berkeley, Tanglewood, the University of Michigan, to name a few. Betsy Jolas is a member of the American Academy of Arts and letters and of the American Academy of Arts, an early follower of Pierre Boulezs Domaine Musical in the 1960s, she was always more a « fellow-traveler » than an unconditional disciple. Her music clearly sounds contemporary, if only for being consistently atonal, yet, unlike most composers of her generation, Betsy Jolas never encouraged a break with the past and her keen knowledge of tradition has often been felt as secretly backing her creative drive. She has indeed openly admitted many times her ambition to write expressive, préface de Henri Dutilleux, Edition Cigart,2001. Kennedy, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Music,985 pages, ISBN 0-19-861459-4 Thurlow, the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. Grove Dictionary of American Music, 2nd ed.2012, official website Excerpts from sound archives of Jolass works. Betsy Jolas interview by Bruce Duffie, July 17,1991 www. karttunen. org Betsy Jolass musical language by Fabra Crespo, Desamparados, city University of New York,2012. An Interview with Betsy Jolas by Dr. Maria Kallionpää, Van Magazine 12/01/2016, Interview RFI Invité Culture, Betsy Jolas pour « A little Summer Suite » par Carmen Lunsmann, diffusion le 16 juin 2016. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University Grands Entretiens INA Betsy Jolas in conversation with Fergus McWilliam at the Berliner Philharmonie Bruno Verrou, Edition Cigart Catalogue Betsy Jolas at Leduc / Music Sales Classical Catalogue Betsy Jolas at Billaudot Catalogue Betsy Jolas at Salabert

Betsy Jolas
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Betsy Jolas in 2006

43.
Yale School of Music
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The Yale School of Music is one of the twelve professional schools at Yale University, offering three graduate degrees, Master of Music, Master of Musical Arts, and Doctor of Musical Arts. The School also offers a joint Bachelor of Arts—Master of Music program in conjunction with Yale College, a Certificate in Performance, in November 2005, an anonymous donation of $100 million endowed full scholarships for all students accepted to the Yale School of Music. Albert Arnold Sprague Memorial Hall, renovated in 2003, abby and Mitch Leigh Hall, Gothic style, renovated in 2006. Portions of Hendrie Hall are also used by the School, woolsey Hall, used for orchestral performances and organ recitals. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, Romanesque style, a History of the Yale School of Music, 1855-1970. Official site Yale School of Music Papers at Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Papers, Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University

Yale School of Music
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People
Yale School of Music
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Yale School of Music

44.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction

Pulitzer Prize
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Pulitzer Prize

45.
Roger Reynolds
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Roger Reynolds is a Pulitzer prize-winning American composer. He is known for his capacity to integrate ideas and resources, for the seamless blending of traditional musical sounds. His work responds to text of poetic or mythological origins and his reputation rests, in part, upon his “wizardry in sending music flying through space, whether vocal, instrumental, or computerized”. This signature feature first appeared in the notationally innovative theater piece, during his early career, Reynolds worked in Europe and Asia, returning to the US in 1969 to accept an appointment in the music department at the University of California, San Diego. His leadership there established it as a state of the art facility – in parallel with Stanford, IRCAM and he has addressed the tradition with three symphonies, and four string quartets, works that have been performed internationally as well as in North America. Reynolds won early recognition with Fulbright, Guggenheim, National Endowment for the Arts, in 1989, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for a string orchestra composition, Whispers Out of Time, an extended work responding to John Ashbery’s ambitious Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. Reynolds is author of three books and numerous journal articles, in 2009 he was appointed University Professor, the first artist so honored by University of California. His work has featured at festivals including Warsaw Autumn, the Proms and Edinburgh Festivals, the Suntory International Series. The Library of Congress established a Special Collection of his work in 1998 and his nearly 100 compositions to date are published exclusively by the C. F. Peters Corporation, and several dozen CDs and DVDs of his work have been commercially released. This work knits together the Reynolds’s career-long interest in orchestra, text, extended musical forms, intermedia, Reynolds’s work embodies an American artistic idealism reflecting the influence of Varèse and Cage, and has also been compared with that of Boulez and Scelsi. Reynolds lives with his partner of 50 years, Karen, in Del Mar, California and these recordings, including a Vladimir Horowitz performance of Frédéric Chopins A-flat Polonaise, spurred Reynolds to take up piano lessons with Kenneth Aiken. Aiken demanded that his students delve into the context behind the works of classic keyboard literature they played. Reynolds remembers, I dont recall public performance as being an enjoyable experience. It served to bring what I cared about in much closer than did mere phonographic idylls. It was not the applause that interested me, but the experience of the music itself, during what would be his first stint at the University of Michigan, he stayed connected to music and the arts because of the virtual melting pot of disciplinary aspirations that then engaged him. Thomas Manns Doctor Faustus and James Joyces Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man both left marks upon his perception of music and the arts. I. consumed hungrily, stayed in my room for weeks, feverish over the allure of its issues, not attending classes. Systems Development Engineer and Military Policeman After completing his undergraduate, he went to work in the industry for Marquardt Ramjet Corporation

Roger Reynolds
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Roger Reynolds in 2013 (photo by Karen Reynolds)

46.
Bang on a Can
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Bang on a Can is a multi-faceted contemporary classical music organization based in New York City. It was founded in 1987 by three American composers who remain its artistic directors, Julia Wolfe, David Lang, and Michael Gordon. For the twentieth anniversary of their Marathon Concerts, Bang on a Can presented twenty-six hours of uninterrupted music at the World Financial Center Winter Garden Atrium in New York City. In 2002, Bang on a Can began the yearly Summer Institute of Music and this program is sometimes referred to by the nickname Banglewood in reference to the nearby, but far more traditional Tanglewood Music Festival. The three artistic directors occasionally collaborate by jointly composing large staged works, often without revealing which sections each contributed, examples include, The Carbon Copy Building - a comic book opera with words and drawings by MacArthur Grant recipient Ben Katchor. It was the winner of the 2000 Obie Award for Best Production, lost Objects - a contemporary oratorio, with a libretto by Deborah Artman. The New Yorkers - a staged concert with additional contributions by filmmakers and visual artists including, Ben Katchor, Bill Morrison, Doug Aitken. The All-Stars tour internationally and have received awards and public recognition for their work in the classical music field. The instrumentation of the Bang on a Can All-Stars is clarinet, cello, electric guitar, piano/keyboard, percussion, current members include Ashley Bathgate, Robert Black, Vicky Chow, David Cossin, Mark Stewart and Ken Thomson. Asphalt Orchestra is Bang on a Cans iconoclastic 12-piece marching band, the New York Times has called Asphalt Orchestras members 12 top-notch brass and percussion players, and praised their performance as coolly brilliant and infectious. FSN has led site-specific projects in New York City, India, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Italy, Switzerland, found Sound Nation was co-founded by Christopher Marianetti and Jeremy Thal. The project is directed by Marianetti, Thal and Elena Moon Park, in the past, Bang on a Can released recordings on Composers Recordings Inc. Sony Classical, Point Music, and Nonesuch, but now the majority of its recordings are found on its own record label, luke DuBois, and Don Byron among many, many others

47.
Michael Gordon (composer)
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Michael Gordon is an American composer and co-founder of the Bang on a Can music collective and festival. Michael Gordon was born in Florida on July 20,1956, Gordons music is an outgrowth of his experience with underground rock bands in New York City and his formal training in composition at Yale where he studied with Martin Bresnick. Gordon is one of the founders and artistic directors of New Yorks Bang on a Can Festival and he has collaborated with them on several projects. The opera The Carbon Copy Building, a collaboration with comic book artist Ben Katchor, a projected comic strip accompanies and interacts with the singers, and the frames fall away in the telling of the story. Gordon, Wolfe and Lang subsequently collaborated with librettist Deborah Artman on the oratorio Lost Objects, Shelter was premiered in Köln in Germany in spring 2005, and received its US premiere in November 2005. Both Shelter and Carbon Copy Building were staged by New Yorks Ridge Theater, in collaboration with Laurie Olinder, Bill Morrison, the opera Chaos, with libretto by Matthew Maguire premiered at The Kitchen in New York in the autumn of 1998 with stage direction by Bob McGrath. The work, which opened to reviews and packed houses, is a fast paced science fiction spectacle in 25 short scenes. Tuneful, rhythmic and raw, Gordons music has embraced elements of dissonance, minimalism, modality and popular culture for a bold, petersburg, Holland, Adelaide, Huddersfield, Settembre Musica and Dresden music festivals. His work Van Gogh Video Opera, a collaboration with video-artist Elliott Caplan, was premiered to acclaim in New York in 1991. The recording of Weather is available on Arthrob/Nonesuch Records, in 1997 he also worked with playwright Anna Deavere Smith on House Arrest, First Edition, which premiered at the Arena Stage Theater in Washington, DC. Gordons percussion sextet Timber along with the percussion ensembles Slagwerk Den Haag and this work, an evening-length piece for six 2x4s, toured with dance throughout 2009–10 and was premiered in its concert-version in June 2011. Michael Gordon is a featured artist in the repertoires of Ensemble Modern, Alarm Will Sound, Decasia, a large-scale symphony with projections, commissioned by the Europäischer Musikmonat 2001 for the Basel Sinfonietta, was also staged by the Ridge Theater. The ensuing Bill Morrison film, Decasia, cut to Michael Gordons complete score, was shown at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival and has screened at film festivals worldwide. Under the baton of composer/conductor John Adams, the Ensemble Modern toured Sunshine of your Love to seven European capitals in 1999, lightning at our feet puts Emily Dickinsons poetry to music and encompasses her words in a world of visual imagery. The two are collaborating on a new concerto for Tomoko Mukayaima and the Seattle Symphony in 2016. Gordon has worked extensively with Londons Icebreaker and his work Yo Shakespeare was recorded by Icebreaker on their debut Argo/Decca recording Terminal Velocity, recently re-released by Cantaloupe Music. Gordons work Trance was written for Icebreaker with the component of eight brass players. The 52-minute work was originally recorded for Argo and was released in the autumn of 1996

Michael Gordon (composer)
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Michael Gordon at Crater Lake

48.
David Lang (composer)
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David Lang is an American composer living in New York City. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Simple Song #3 from the movie Youth, Lang was born in Los Angeles, California. And I just thought he was amazing and he knew a lot of stuff that I’d never heard of before. So when I thought about grad school, I went to Iowa and it was really a kind of golden age. Lang went on to earn a Doctorate of Musical Arts at Yale University in 1989, in addition to Jenni, his teachers have included Henri Lazarof, Lou Harrison, Richard Hervig, Jacob Druckman, Hans Werner Henze, and Martin Bresnick. Together with Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon, Lang co-founded Bang on a Can in 1987, in 2008 he joined the Yale School of Music composition faculty. BMI Foundations Student Composer Awards in 1980 and 1981, Fisher Next Wave Award,2016 Langs music is informed by modernism, minimalism, and rock - and can perhaps be best described as post-minimalist or totalist. His music can be in comic, abrasive, and soothing. He sometimes gives his concert pieces strange and even iconoclastic titles such as Eating Living Monkeys and Bonehead. He is well known for his work with choreographers Pam Tanowitz, Annie-B Parson, Twyla Tharp, Shen Wei, Benjamin Millepied, Susan Marshall and Édouard Lock / La La La Human Steps. In 1999 he collaborated with composers Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon, the production won an Obie Award for Best New American Production. Lang, Wolfe and Gordon subsequently collaborated with librettist Deborah Artman on the oratorio Lost Objects, a piece with multiple choruses and dance, battle hymns was first performed in Philadelphia in 2009 by the Mendelssohn Club and the Leah Stein Dance Company. In May 2014, the Collegiate Chorale and the Manhattan Girls Chorus performed battle hymns at the Intrepid Sea, in 2015, the Shenandoah Chorus performed battle hymns at an on-campus concert. Lang was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in music for his piece The Little Match Girl Passion, composed in 2007. Tim Page of the Washington Post wrote that I dont think that Ive ever been so moved by a new. composition as I was by David Langs The Little Match Girl Passion, which is unlike any music I know. The recording of The Little Match Girl Passion on Harmonia Mundi received a 2010 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance. Lang composed this song cycle - a commission from Carnegie Hall and Stanford Lively Arts, premiered at both in late January,2012 - as a companion piece to the little match girl passion. The part of Death was sung by Shara Worden of My Brightest Diamond, the instrumentalists included Bryce Dessner of The National on guitar, Nico Muhly on piano, National Public Radio chose the commercial recording as one of its ten favorite classical albums of 2013

David Lang (composer)
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David Lang at le poisson rouge

49.
Julia Wolfe
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Her work Anthracite Fields, an oratorio for chorus and instruments, was awarded the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Music. In 2015 Wolfe received the Herb Alpert Award, in September 2016 Wolfe was named a MacArthur Fellow. She is currently Artist-in-Residence at Drew University, Wolfe has written a major body of work for strings, from quartets to full orchestra. The Vermeer Room, Girlfriend, and Window of Vulnerability show Wolfes ability to create vivid sonic images, Girlfriend, for mixed chamber ensemble and recorded sound, uses a haunting audio landscape that consists of skidding cars and breaking glass. The Vermeer Room, inspired by the Vermeer painting A Girl Asleep—which when x-rayed reveals a hidden figure—received its orchestral premiere with the San Francisco Symphony. In Window of Vulnerability, written for the American Composers Orchestra and conducted by Dennis Russell Davies, Wolfe creates a massive sonic universe of dense textures and fragile windows. The influence of pop culture can be heard in many of Wolfes works, including Lick, Lick, based on fragments of funk, has become a manifesto for the new generation of pop-influenced composers. The raucous My Lips From Speaking for six pianos was inspired by the riff of the Aretha Franklin tune Think. Wolfes Dark Full Ride is an obsessive and relentless exploration of the set, beginning with an extended hi-hat spotlight. Wolfe’s interest in history has informed her recent work, including Steel Hammer. The text is culled from more than 200 versions of the John Henry legend and based on hearsay, recollection, following her folk interests and the tradition of body percussion in American folk music also led her to compose riSE and fLY, a concerto for body percussionist Colin Currie. Wolfe received a 2000 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award and her music for theatre includes the score for Anna Deavere Smiths House Arrest, and she won an Obie Award for her score to Ridge Theaters Jennie Richie. She has composed a series of collaborative works with composers Michael Gordon and David Lang, including Lost Objects, Shelter. Born in Philadelphia, Wolfe has a brother and an older brother. As a teenager she learned piano but she began to study music seriously after taking a musicianship class at the University of Michigan. She went to Yale in 1984 and studied primarily with Martin Bresnick, in 1987 Wolfe, Gordon, and Lang founded the Bang on a Can Marathon. In 1992 Wolfe received a Fulbright Scholarship to travel to Amsterdam, in 2012 Wolfe completed a PhD at Princeton University. She has been a Professor of Music Composition at New York University in the Steinhardt School since 2009, in 2015 Wolfe won the Pulitzer Prize for music for her work Anthracite Fields, and in 2016 she was named a MacArthur Fellowship recipient

Julia Wolfe
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Young Julia Wolfe with composer John Cage, David Lang, and Michael Gordon

50.
Charles Ives
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Charles Edward Ives was an American modernist composer. He is one of the first American composers of international renown, though his music was ignored during his life. Over time, he came to be regarded as an American original, Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut in 1874, the son of George Ives, a U. S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War, and his wife, Mary Parmelee. A strong influence of his may have been sitting in the Danbury town square, listening to Georges marching band, Georges unique music lessons were also a strong influence on him, George took an open-minded approach to musical theory, encouraging him to experiment in bitonal and polytonal harmonizations. It was from him that Ives also learned the music of Stephen Foster and it is considered challenging even by modern concert organists, but he famously spoke of it as being as much fun as playing baseball, a commentary on his own organ technique at that age. Ives moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1893, enrolling in the Hopkins School, in September 1894, Ives entered Yale University, studying under Horatio Parker. Here he composed in a style similar to his mentor, writing church music. On November 4,1894, his father died, a blow to him. At Yale, Ives was a prominent figure, he was a member of HeBoule, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Wolfs Head Society and he enjoyed sports at Yale and played on the varsity American football team. Murphy, his coach, once remarked that it was a shame that he spent so much time at music as otherwise he could have been a champion sprinter. His works Calcium Light Night and Yale-Princeton Football Game show the influence of college and he wrote his Symphony No.1 as his senior thesis under Parkers supervision. Ives continued his work as a church organist until May 1902, soon after he graduated from Yale, he started work in the actuarial department of the Mutual Life Insurance company of New York. In 1899, Ives moved to employment with the insurance agency Charles H. Raymond & Co. where he stayed until 1906. In 1907, upon the failure of Raymond & Co. he and his friend Julian Myrick formed their own insurance agency Ives & Co. which later became Ives & Myrick and his Life Insurance with Relation to Inheritance Tax, published in 1918, was well received. As a result of this he achieved fame in the insurance industry of his time. In his spare time he composed music and, until his marriage, worked as an organist in Danbury and New Haven as well as Bloomfield, New Jersey, in 1907, Ives suffered the first of several heart attacks that he had throughout his lifetime. These attacks may have been psychological in origin rather than physical, following his recovery from the 1907 attack, Ives entered into one of the most creative periods of his life as a composer. After marrying Harmony Twitchell in 1908, they moved into their own apartment in New York, according to his wife, one day in early 1927 Ives came downstairs with tears in his eyes

51.
Goethe
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer and statesman. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters and he was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement. He also contributed to the planning of Weimars botanical park and the rebuilding of its Ducal Palace and his first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants, was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. During this period, Goethe published his novel, Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, the verse epic Hermann and Dorothea, and, in 1808. Goethes comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, Goethes father, Johann Caspar Goethe, lived with his family in a large house in Frankfurt, then an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. Though he had studied law in Leipzig and had been appointed Imperial Councillor, Johann Caspar married Goethes mother, Catharina Elizabeth Textor at Frankfurt on 20 August 1748, when he was 38 and she was 17. All their children, with the exception of Johann Wolfgang and his sister, Cornelia Friederica Christiana and his father and private tutors gave Goethe lessons in all the common subjects of their time, especially languages. Goethe also received lessons in dancing, riding and fencing, Johann Caspar, feeling frustrated in his own ambitions, was determined that his children should have all those advantages that he had not. Although Goethes great passion was drawing, he became interested in literature, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. He also took pleasure in reading works on history and religion. He writes about this period, Goethe became also acquainted with Frankfurt actors, among early literary attempts, he was infatuated with Gretchen, who would later reappear in his Faust and the adventures with whom he would concisely describe in Dichtung und Wahrheit. He adored Caritas Meixner, a wealthy Worms traders daughter and friend of his sister, Goethe studied law at Leipzig University from 1765 to 1768. He detested learning age-old judicial rules by heart, preferring instead to attend the lessons of Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. In Leipzig, Goethe fell in love with Anna Katharina Schönkopf, in 1770, he anonymously released Annette, his first collection of poems. His uncritical admiration for many contemporary poets vanished as he became interested in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, already at this time, Goethe wrote a good deal, but he threw away nearly all of these works, except for the comedy Die Mitschuldigen. The restaurant Auerbachs Keller and its legend of Fausts 1525 barrel ride impressed him so much that Auerbachs Keller became the real place in his closet drama Faust Part One. As his studies did not progress, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the close of August 1768, Goethe became severely ill in Frankfurt. During the year and a half that followed, because of several relapses, during convalescence, Goethe was nursed by his mother and sister

Goethe
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Goethe in 1828
Goethe
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Goethe's birthplace in Frankfurt, Germany (Großer Hirschgraben)
Goethe
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Goethe, age 38, painted by Angelica Kauffman 1787
Goethe
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A Goethe watercolor depicting a liberty pole at the border to the short-lived Republic of Mainz, created under influence of the French Revolution and destroyed in the Siege of Mainz in which Goethe participated

52.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, following this work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. considered to be Americas intellectual Declaration of Independence. Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first and then revised them for print and his first two collections of essays, Essays, First Series and Essays, Second Series, represent the core of his thinking. They include the well-known essays Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet, together with Nature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emersons most fertile period. Emersons nature was more philosophical than naturalistic, Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature, Emerson is one of several figures who took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world. He remains among the linchpins of the American romantic movement, and his work has influenced the thinkers, writers. When asked to sum up his work, he said his doctrine was the infinitude of the private man. Emerson is also known as a mentor and friend of Henry David Thoreau. Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 25,1803, a son of Ruth Haskins and the Rev. William Emerson and he was named after his mothers brother Ralph and his fathers great-grandmother Rebecca Waldo. Ralph Waldo was the second of five sons who survived adulthood, the others were William, Edward, Robert Bulkeley. Three other children—Phebe, John Clarke, and Mary Caroline—died in childhood, Emerson was entirely of English ancestry, and his family had been in New England since the early colonial period. Emersons father died from cancer on May 12,1811. Emerson was raised by his mother, with the help of the women in the family. She lived with the family off and on and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863, Emersons formal schooling began at the Boston Latin School in 1812, when he was nine. In October 1817, at 14, Emerson went to Harvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send messages to faculty. Midway through his year, Emerson began keeping a list of books he had read. He took outside jobs to cover his expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel in Waltham. By his senior year, Emerson decided to go by his middle name, Emerson served as Class Poet, as was custom, he presented an original poem on Harvards Class Day, a month before his official graduation on August 29,1821, when he was 18

53.
John Kirkpatrick (pianist)
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John Kirkpatrick was an American classical pianist and music scholar, best known for championing the works of Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, Carl Ruggles, and Roy Harris. He gave the first complete performance of Ivess Concord Sonata in 1939. At the time of his death Kirkpatrick was a professor emeritus at Yale University, Kirkpatrick was born on 18 March 1905 to John and Marguerite Kirkpatrick in New York City, where his father had a jewelry business. He was educated at Lawrenceville School before entering Princeton University in 1922 where he studied classics, in the summer of 1925 he traveled to France to study piano under Nadia Boulanger at The American Conservatory in Fontainebleau. He returned to Princeton for his final year but abandoned his studies in February 1926 to return to France, Kirkpatrick returned to the United States in 1931, living at first in Greenwich Village and supporting himself by teaching piano. He and Aaron Copland had been students at Fonatainbleau. Throughout the 1930s, and in addition to his performances at Yaddo, Kirkpatrick gave many recitals and lecture-recitals of 20th-century American composers works, before the New York premiere, Kirkpatrick had tried out a complete performance at a semi-private lecture-recital in Cos Cob, Connecticut. Paul Rosenfeld had written a review of the Cos Cob performance in the journal Modern Music. Elliott Carters was more mixed, but neither was widely circulated outside the relatively narrow readership of the journal, however, the New York performance marked the first time that Ivess work was reviewed by a prominent critic in the mainstream press, Lawrence Gilman of the New York Herald-Tribune. It marked a point in the public recognition of Ives. It also marked a point in Kirkpatricks own career, much of which was subsequently devoted to collaborating with Ives. In January 1940 Kirkpatrick met his wife, the soprano Hope Miller. The couple married in June of that year and in the years of their marriage continued to give joint recitals. From 1942 until 1943 Kirkpatrick was the head of the department at Monticello College in Illinois. He then served as a professor at Mt. Holyoke College until 1946 when he joined the faculty in the music department of Cornell University. He remained at Cornell until 1968, serving as the head of the department from 1949 until 1953. Below is a list of John Kirkpatricks recordings and they were all released as LP records. However, some of these appear on CD, including Songs of Charles Ives and Ernst Bacon, Charles Ives, Five Violin Sonatas

John Kirkpatrick (pianist)
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John Kirkpatrick

54.
Atonal music
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Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key. The repertory of atonal music is characterized by the occurrence of pitches in novel combinations, erialism arose partly as a means of organizing more coherently the relations used in the preserial free atonal music. Thus many useful and crucial insights about even strictly serial music depend only on such basic atonal theory, the term atonality was coined in 1907 by Joseph Marx in a scholarly study of tonality, which was later expanded into his doctoral thesis. Their music arose from what was described as the crisis of tonality between the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in classical music. The connections between harmonies were uncertain even on the lowest—chord-to-chord—level, on higher levels, long-range harmonic relationships and implications became so tenuous that they hardly functioned at all. At best, the probabilities of the style system had become obscure, at worst. The first phase, known as free atonality or free chromaticism, Works of this period include the opera Wozzeck by Alban Berg and Pierrot Lunaire by Schoenberg. This period included Bergs Lulu and Lyric Suite, Schoenbergs Piano Concerto, his oratorio Die Jakobsleiter and numerous smaller pieces, however, actual analysis of Weberns twelve-tone works has so far failed to demonstrate the truth of this assertion. One analyst concluded, following an examination of the Piano Variations. 27, that while the texture of this music may superficially resemble that of serial music. None of the patterns within separate nonpitch characteristics makes audible sense in itself, the point is that these characteristics are still playing their traditional role of differentiation. Twelve-tone technique, combined with the parametrization of Olivier Messiaen, would be taken as the inspiration for serialism, Atonality emerged as a pejorative term to condemn music in which chords were organized seemingly with no apparent coherence. In Nazi Germany, atonal music was attacked as Bolshevik and labeled as degenerate along with music produced by enemies of the Nazi regime. Many composers had their works banned by the regime, not to be played until after its collapse after World War II, after Schoenbergs death, Igor Stravinsky used the twelve-tone technique. The twelve-tone technique was preceded by Schoenbergs freely atonal pieces of 1908–1923, the twelve-tone technique was also preceded by nondodecaphonic serial composition used independently in the works of Alexander Scriabin, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Carl Ruggles, and others. Additionally George Perle explains that, the free atonality that preceded dodecaphony precludes by definition the possibility of self-consistent, in other words, reverse the rules of the common practice period so that what was not allowed is required and what was required is not allowed. This is what was done by Charles Seeger in his explanation of dissonant counterpoint, kostka and Payne list four procedures as operational in the atonal music of Schoenberg, all of which may be taken as negative rules. Equal-interval chords are often of indeterminate root, mixed-interval chords are often best characterized by their interval content, Perle also points out that structural coherence is most often achieved through operations on intervallic cells

Atonal music
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The ending of Schoenberg's " George Lieder " Op. 15/1 presents what would be an "extraordinary" chord in tonal music, without the harmonic-contrapuntal constraints of tonal music (Forte 1977, 1). Play (help · info)

55.
Leonard Bernstein
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Leonard Bernstein was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the US to receive worldwide acclaim, according to music critic Donal Henahan, he was one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history. Bernstein was the first conductor to give a series of lectures on classical music, starting in 1954. He was a skilled pianist, often conducting piano concertos from the keyboard, as a composer he wrote in many styles encompassing symphonic and orchestral music, ballet, film and theatre music, choral works, opera, chamber music and pieces for the piano. Many of his works are performed around the world, although none has matched the tremendous popular. He was born Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the son of Ukrainian-Jewish parents Jennie and Samuel Joseph Bernstein and he was not related to film composer Elmer Bernstein, but the two men were friends, and even shared a certain physical similarity. Within the world of music, they were distinguished from each other by the use of the nicknames Bernstein West. His family spent their summers at their home in Sharon. His grandmother insisted that his first name be Louis, but his parents called him Leonard. He officially changed his name to Leonard when he was fifteen, to his friends and many others he was simply known as Lenny. His father, Sam Bernstein, was a businessman and owner of a hair product store in downtown Lawrence, it is no longer standing on the corners of Amesbury, Sam initially opposed young Leonards interest in music. Despite this, the elder Bernstein took him to concerts in his teenage years. As a child, Bernstein attended the Garrison Grammar School and Boston Latin School, as a child he was very close to his younger sister Shirley, and would often play entire operas or Beethoven symphonies with her at the piano. He had a variety of teachers in his youth, including Helen Coates. After graduation from Boston Latin School in 1935, Bernstein attended Harvard University, one of his friends at Harvard was philosopher Donald Davidson, with whom he played piano four hands. Bernstein wrote and conducted the score for the production Davidson mounted of Aristophanes play The Birds in the original Greek. Bernstein reused some of this music in the ballet Fancy Free, during his time at Harvard he was briefly an accompanist for the Harvard Glee Club. Bernstein also mounted a student production of The Cradle Will Rock, Blitzstein, who heard about the production, subsequently became a friend and influence on Bernstein

56.
Darmstadt
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Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area. Darmstadt has a population around 150,000, the Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants. Darmstadt holds the official title City of Science as it is a centre of scientific institutions, universities. The existence of the elements were also confirmed at GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research, nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium. Darmstadt is also the seat of the worlds oldest pharmaceutical company, Merck, Darmstadt was formerly the capital of a sovereign country, the Grand Duchy of Hesse and its successor, the Peoples State of Hesse, a federal state of Germany. As the capital of an increasingly prosperous duchy, the city gained some international prominence, in the 20th century, industry, as well as large science and electronics sectors became increasingly important, and are still a major part of the citys economy. It is also home to the football club SV Darmstadt 98, Darmstadt, Indiana was named after Darmstadt and for the former Royal Family. The name Darmstadt first appears towards the end of the 11th century, the origins of the name are unknown. Dar-mund in Middle Low German is translated as Boggy Headlands, even locals often believe, incorrectly, that the name derives from the Darmbach. In fact, the received its current name much later, after the city. Darmstadt was chartered as a city by the Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in 1330, the city, then called Darmstait, became a secondary residence for the counts, with a small castle established at the site of the current, much larger edifice. When the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479, the city was passed to the Landgraviate of Hesse, the city grew in population during the 19th century from little over 10,000 to 72,000 inhabitants. A polytechnical school, which became a Technical University now known as TU Darmstadt, was established in 1877. In the beginning of the 20th century, Darmstadt was an important centre for the art movement of Jugendstil, annual architectural competitions led to the building of many architectural treasures of this period. Also during this period, in 1912 the chemist Anton Kollisch, working for the pharmaceutical company Merck, Darmstadts municipal area was extended in 1937 to include the neighbouring localities of Arheilgen and Eberstadt, and in 1938 the city was separated administratively from the surrounding district. Darmstadt was the first city in Germany to force Jewish shops to close in early 1933, the shops were only closed for one day, for endangering communal order and tranquility. In 1942, over 3,000 Jews from Darmstadt were first forced into a camp located in the Liebigschule. Darmstadt was first bombed on 30 July 1940, and 34 other air raids would follow before the wars end, the old city centre was largely destroyed in a British bombing raid on 11 September 1944

57.
Theodor W. Adorno
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Theodor W. Adorno was a German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society. He is widely regarded as one of the 20th centurys foremost thinkers on aesthetics and philosophy, as a writer of polemics in the tradition of Nietzsche and Karl Kraus, Adorno delivered scathing critiques of contemporary Western culture. Theodor W. Adorno was born as Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund in Frankfurt am Main on September 11,1903, the only child of Oscar Alexander Wiesengrund and Maria Calvelli-Adorno della Piana. His mother, a devout Catholic from Corsica, was once a professional singer, while his father, proud of her origins, Maria wanted her sons paternal surname to be supplemented by the addition of her own name, Adorno. Thus his earliest publications carried the name Theodor Wiesengrund-Adorno, upon his application for US citizenship and he was not only a precocious child but, as he recalled later in life, a child prodigy who could play pieces by Beethoven on the piano by the time he was twelve. At the age of six, he attended the Deutschherren middle school before transferring to the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gymnasium, I took this motif so much as my own that I do not believe I have ever written anything without reference to it, either implicit or explicit. Yet Adornos intellectual nonconformism was no less shaped by the repugnance he felt towards the nationalism which swept through the Reich during the First World War, the younger generations distrust for traditional knowledge arose from the way in which this tradition had discredited itself. Over time, Oscar Wiesengrunds firm established close professional and personal ties with the factory of Karplus & Herzberger in Berlin, I am not exaggerating in the slightest when I say that I owe more to this reading than to my academic teachers. In the summer of 1924, Adorno received his doctorate with a study of Edmund Husserl under the direction of the unorthodox neo-Kantian Hans Cornelius, before his graduation, Adorno had already met with his most important intellectual collaborators, Max Horkheimer and Walter Benjamin. Through Corneliuss seminars, Adorno met his future collaborator Max Horkheimer, in Vienna, he attended public lectures of the satirist Karl Kraus with Berg and met Lukács, who had been living in Vienna after the failure of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Alban Berg, the man Adorno referred to as my master and teacher, was among the most prescient of his young pupils early friends, convinced that and you are capable of supreme achievements and will undoubtedly fulfill this promise in the shape of great philosophical works. In December 1926 Adornos Two Pieces for String Quartet, op.2 were performed in Vienna, after writing the Piano Pieces in strict twelve-tone technique, as well as songs later integrated into the Six Bagatelles for Voice and Piano, op. 6, Adorno presented his Habilitation manuscript, The Concept of the Unconscious in the Transcendental Theory of the Psyche, Cornelius advised Adorno to withdraw his application on the grounds that the manuscript was too close to his own way of thinking. In this manuscript, Adorno attempted to underline the epistemological status of the unconscious as it emerged from Freuds early writings, against the function of the unconscious in both Nietzsche and Spengler, Adorno argued that Freuds notion of the unconscious serves as a sharp weapon. Against every attempt to create a metaphysics of the instincts and to deify full, undaunted by his academic prospects, Adorno threw himself once again into composition. In addition to publishing numerous reviews of performances and concerts, Adornos Four Songs for Medium Voice and Piano. Between 1928 and 1930 Adorno took on a role within the editorial committee of the Musikblätter des Anbruch. During this period he published the essays Night Music, On Twelve-Tone Technique and Reaction, at this time, Adorno struck up a correspondence with the composer Ernst Krenek, with whom he discussed problems of atonality and twelve-tone technique

Theodor W. Adorno
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(April 1964)
Theodor W. Adorno
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The "Adorno-Ampel" (Adorno-traffic light) on Senckenberganlage, a street which divides the Institute for Social Research from Goethe University Frankfurt —Adorno requested its construction after a pedestrian death in 1962, and it was finally installed 25 years later.

58.
Markus Stockhausen
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Markus Stockhausen is a German trumpeter and composer. His recordings and performances have typically alternated between jazz and chamber or opera music, the latter often in collaboration with his father, composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, born in Cologne, he is the son of composer Karlheinz Stockhausen. At age four he appeared as child at play in his fathers theatre piece Originals and he received his first piano lessons at age six, and at age twelve he began to play the trumpet. He attended the secondary school in Cologne. From 1974 he studied at the Cologne Musikhochschule, where he began on piano with Klaus Oldemeyer, then classical trumpet with R. Platt and jazz trumpet with Manfred Schoof, further studies between 1978 and 1983 were with P. Thibaud, C. His jazz and classical débuts were in 1974 with the group Key at the Newcomer Jazz Festival in Frankfurt, in 1981 he was the winner of the German Music Competition. Already in 1974 Markus began to cooperate intensively with his father, in addition, his father composed cadenzas to the trumpet concertos by Haydn and Leopold Mozart for him. Concerts and festival appearances, also for the Goethe Institute, have him around the world. The classical repertoire he plays on request only and he increasingly performs his own music, also giving solo performances with intuitive music, often in churches. Recently he composed Choral and Sehnsucht for jazz trio and orchestra, New works have been commissioned and performed by the London Sinfonietta and the Musikkollegium Winterthur. Aparis Cosi Lontano. Quasi Dentro Köln Musik Fantasy Stockhausen, Michaels Reise Despite the Fire-Fighters Efforts, nonduality Thinking About Mozart, La Nuit Jazz n Groove Es War Einmal. Markus Stockhausen, una mirada fuera de plano, scherzo, Revista de música 21, no. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell

59.
Conlon Nancarrow
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Conlon Nancarrow was an American-born composer who lived and worked in Mexico for most of his life. He became a Mexican citizen in 1956 and he lived most of his life in relative isolation, and did not become widely known until the 1980s. Nancarrow was born in Texarkana, Arkansas and he played trumpet in a jazz band in his youth, before studying music first in Cincinnati, Ohio and later in Boston, Massachusetts with Roger Sessions, Walter Piston and Nicolas Slonimsky. He met Arnold Schoenberg during that composers brief stay in Boston in 1933, in Boston, Nancarrow joined the Communist Party. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, he traveled to Spain to join the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in fighting against Francisco Franco and he was interned by the French at the Gurs internment camp in 1939. Upon his return to the United States in 1939, he learned that his Brigade colleagues were finding it difficult to renew their U. S. passports, after spending some time in New York City, Nancarrow moved in 1940 to Mexico, in order to escape similar harassment. He visited the United States briefly in 1947 but became a Mexican citizen in 1956 and his next appearance in the U. S. was in San Francisco for the New Music America festival in 1981. He traveled regularly in the following years, consequently, he continued living in Las Águilas, Mexico City, until his death at age 84. Though he had a few friends among Mexican composers, he was unknown by the Mexican musical establishment. It was in Mexico that Nancarrow did the work for which he is best known today and that situation did not improve in Mexicos musical environment. There being few musicians available who could perform his works, his need to find a way of having his pieces performed became pressing. Cowell had suggested that just as there is a scale of pitch frequencies, Nancarrow undertook to create music which would superimpose tempi in cogent pieces and, by his twenty-first composition for player piano, he had begun sliding tempi within strata. Nancarrow later said he had interested in exploring electronic resources. Temporarily buoyed by an inheritance, Nancarrow traveled to New York City in 1947, the machine was an adaptation of one used in the commercial production of rolls, and using it was very hard work and very slow. He also adapted the player pianos, increasing their range by tinkering with their mechanism and covering the hammers with leather. Nancarrows first pieces combined the language and melodic motifs of early jazz pianists like Art Tatum with extraordinarily complicated metrical schemes. The first five rolls he made are called the Boogie-Woogie Suite and his later works were abstract, with no obvious references to any music apart from his own. Many of these pieces are canons in augmentation or diminution

60.
ISCM
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The International Society for Contemporary Music is a music organization that promotes contemporary classical music. There have been a total of 86 of these thus far, the next WMD is scheduled to take place in Vancouver, Canada in November 2017. Each year, during the World Music Days, ISCM members also convene in a General Assembly. Membership in the ISCM is organized through national sections that promote contemporary music in each country and these sections are usually organizations independent from the ISCM that send delegates to the ISCM General Assembly. Each member of the section is also a member of ISCM. National organizations that promote contemporary music, but have not been designated as the section of ISCM, are sometimes given an associate membership status. This status also applies to the members of these organizations, some individual music professionals receive the honorary membership status. Since 1991, the ISCM has also published an annual World New Music Magazine, a total of 24 issues have been produced thus far, and since 2006, each magazine has also been made available as a digital downloadable PDF from the ISCMs website. ISCM is a member of the International Music Council

61.
Polyrhythmic
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Polyrhythm is the simultaneous use of two or more conflicting rhythms, that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another, or as simple manifestations of the same meter. The rhythmic conflict may be the basis of a piece of music. In some European art music, polyrhythm periodically contradicts the prevailing meter, for example, polyrhythm is heard near the opening of Beethovens Third Symphony. It is a common feature of the music of Brahms. Writing about the Violin Sonata in G major, Op and these ideas gather at the climax at measure 235, with the layering of phrases making an effect that perhaps during the 19th century only Brahms could have conceived. The illusion of simultaneous 34 and 68, suggests polymeter, triple meter combined with compound duple meter, however, the two beat schemes interact within a metric hierarchy. The triple beats are primary and the beats are secondary. The four-note ostinato pattern of Mykola Leontovychs Carol of the Bells is the composite of the two-against-three hemiola, another example of polyrhythm can be found in measures 64 and 65 of the first movement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts Twelfth Piano Sonata. Three evenly spaced sets of three attack-points span two measures, the physical basis of cross-rhythms can be described in terms of interference of different periodicities. A simple example of a cross-rhythm is 3 evenly spaced notes against 2, other cross-rhythms are 4,3,5,2,5,3,5,4, etc. All these interval ratios are found in the harmonic series, in traditional European rhythms, the most fundamental parts typically emphasize the primary beats. By contrast, in rhythms of sub-Saharan African origin, the most fundamental parts typically emphasize the secondary beats and this often causes the uninitiated ear to misinterpret the secondary beats as the primary beats, and to hear the true primary beats as cross-beats. In other words, the background and foreground may mistakenly be heard. In Non-Saharan African music traditions, cross-rhythm is the generating principle, cross-rhythm was first explained as the basis of non-Saharan rhythm in lectures by C. K. Ladzekpo and the writings of David Locke, from the philosophical perspective of the African musician, cross-beats can symbolize the challenging moments or emotional stress we all encounter. Playing cross-beats while fully grounded in the beats, prepares one for maintaining a life-purpose while dealing with lifes challenges. Many non-Saharan languages do not have a word for rhythm, or even music, from the African viewpoint, the rhythms represent the very fabric of life itself, they are an embodiment of the people, symbolizing interdependence in human relationships—Peñalosa. At the center of a core of rhythmic traditions within which the composer conveys his ideas is the technique of cross-rhythm, the technique of cross-rhythm is a simultaneous use of contrasting rhythmic patterns within the same scheme of accents or meter

62.
Computer music
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The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origins of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century. The worlds first computer to play music was CSIRAC, which was designed and built by Trevor Pearcey, mathematician Geoff Hill programmed the CSIRAC to play popular musical melodies from the very early 1950s. In 1951 it publicly played the Colonel Bogey March of which no known recordings exist, however, CSIRAC played standard repertoire and was not used to extend musical thinking or composition practice which is current computer-music practice. The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer, the music program was written by Christopher Strachey. During a session recorded by the BBC, the managed to work its way through Baa Baa Black Sheep, God Save the King. Two further major 1950s developments were the origins of digital sound synthesis by computer, max Mathews at Bell Laboratories developed the influential MUSIC I program and its descendents, further popularising computer music through a 1963 article in Science. In Japan, experiments in computer music date back to 1962 and this resulted in a piece entitled TOSBAC Suite, influenced by the Illiac Suite. Later Japanese computer music compositions include a piece by Kenjiro Ezaki presented during Osaka Expo 70, Ezaki also published an article called Contemporary Music and Computers in 1970. Early computer-music programs typically did not run in real time, programs would run for hours or days, on multimillion-dollar computers, to generate a few minutes of music. One way around this was to use a system, most notably the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer. In addition to the Yamaha DX7, the advent of digital chips. By the early 1990s, the performance of microprocessor-based computers reached the point that real-time generation of music using more general programs and algorithms became possible. Interesting sounds must have a fluidity and changeability that allows them to remain fresh to the ear, advances in computing power and software for manipulation of digital media have dramatically affected the way computer music is generated and performed. Current-generation micro-computers are powerful enough to perform very sophisticated audio synthesis using a variety of algorithms. Computer-generated music is composed by, or with the extensive aid of. There is a genre of music that is organized, synthesized. Later, composers such as Gottfried Michael Koenig had computers generate the sounds of the composition as well as the score, Koenig produced algorithmic composition programs which were a generalisation of his own serial composition practice. This is not exactly similar to Xenakis work as he used mathematical abstractions, koenigs software translated the calculation of mathematical equations into codes which represented musical notation

Computer music
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Diagram illustrating the position of CAAC in relation to other Generative music Systems

63.
Naxos
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Naxos is a Greek island—at 429 km2 the largest of the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture, the island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available. The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, the main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glinado. Climate is Mediterranean, with mild winters and very warm summers. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Csa, according to Greek mythology, the young Zeus was raised in a cave on Mt. Zas. Homer mentions Dia, literally the sacred island of the Goddess, dionysus who was the protector of the island, met Ariadne and fell in love with her. But eventually Ariadne, unable to bear her separation from Theseus, either killed herself, the Naxos portion of the Ariadne myth is also told in the Richard Strauss opera Ariadne auf Naxos. Zas Cave, inhabited during the Neolithic era, contained objects of stone from Melos and copper objects including a dagger, the presence of gold and other objects within the cave indicated to researchers the status of the inhabitant. Emery was sourced during the time to other islands, during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Naxos dominated commerce in the Cyclades. Naxos was the first Greek city-state to attempt to leave the Delian League circa 476 BC, Athens quickly squashed the notion, Athens then demanded all future payments from Naxos in the form of gold rather than military aid. Herodotus describes Naxos circa 500 BC as the most prosperous Greek island, under the Byzantine Empire, Naxos was part of the thema of the Aegean Sea, which was established in the mid-9th century. Of all the islands, only on Naxos was there any opposition to Sanudo, to steel his bands resolve, Sanudo burnt his galleys and bade his companions to conquer or die. The pirates surrendered the castle after a five weeks siege, Naxos became the seat of Sanudos realm, which he ruled with the title of Duke of Naxia, or Duke of the Archipelago. Twenty-one dukes in two dynasties ruled the Archipelago, until 1566, Venetian rule continued in scattered islands of the Aegean until 1714, under Venetian rule, the island was called by its Italian name, Nasso. The Ottoman administration remained essentially in the hands of the Venetians, very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island is slight. Under Ottoman rule the island was known as Turkish, Nakşa, Ottoman sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted, Naxos finally became a member of the Greek state in 1832. Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several ruins and it has a number of beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Chora. As other cycladic islands, Naxos is considered a place perfect for windsurfing

64.
Donald Byrd
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Donaldson Toussaint LOuverture Donald Byrd II was an American jazz and rhythm & blues trumpeter. As a bandleader, Byrd is also notable for his role in the early career of keyboard player and composer Herbie Hancock. Byrd attended Cass Technical High School and he performed with Lionel Hampton before finishing high school. While still at the Manhattan School, he joined Art Blakeys Jazz Messengers, in 1955, he recorded with Gigi Gryce Jackie McLean and Mal Waldron. After leaving the Jazz Messengers in 1956, he performed with leading jazz musicians of the day, including John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Thelonious Monk. He has always nurtured and encouraged young musicians, hes a born educator, it seems to be in his blood, and he really tried to encourage the development of creativity. Hancock also credits Byrd with giving him one of the most important pieces of advice of his career – not to give away his publishing. At this point, he stood up to leave and when it became clear that he was about to walk out, in June 1964, Byrd played with Eric Dolphy in Paris just two weeks before Dolphys death from insulin shock. By 1969s Fancy Free, Byrd was moving away from the hard bop jazz idiom and began to record jazz fusion and rhythm and he teamed up with the Mizell Brothers for Black Byrd which was, for many years, Blue Notes best-selling album. The title track climbed to No.19 on Billboard′s R&B chart and reached the Hot 100 pop chart, most of the material for the albums was written by Larry Mizell. They scored several hits including Happy Music, Walking in Rhythm. During his tenure at North Carolina Central University during the 1980s and they recorded the Love Byrd album, which featured Isaac Hayes on drums. Love Has Come Around became a hit in the UK. Byrd returned to somewhat straight-ahead jazz later in his career, releasing three albums for Orrin Keepnews Landmark Records, and his final album Touchstone, a quintet, Byrd died on February 42013 in Dover, Delaware. Donald Byrd And 125th Street, N. Y. C. – Davis Cup 1962 Duke Pearson – Hush. 11994 Various – Stolen Moments, Red Hot + Cool 1995 Guru – Gurus Jazzmatazz, Vol. org Donald Byrd at newyorkjazzworkshop. com Donald Byrd at Find a Grave

Donald Byrd
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Donald Byrd

65.
Broadcast Music Incorporated
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Broadcast Music, Inc. is one of three United States performing rights organizations, along with ASCAP, Global Music Rights and SESAC. It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters, composers, and music publishers, in FY2015, BMI collected more than $1.013 billion in licensing fees and distributed $877 million in royalties. BMI songwriters create music in genres, ranging from mainstream pop and country, to death metal. BMI also represents Michael Jacksons music catalog, Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in the 1930s, radio was coming to prominence as a source of musical entertainment that threatened to weaken record sales and opportunities for live acts. The Great Depression was already draining artist revenues from recordings and live performances, in 1939, ASCAP announced a substantial increase in the revenue share licensees would be required to pay. BMI was founded by the National Association of Broadcasters to provide a lower-cost alternative to ASCAP, as such, BMI created competition in the field of performing rights, providing an alternative source of licensing for all music users. The vast majority of U. S. radio stations and all three radio networks refused to renew their ASCAP licenses for 1941, choosing to forgo playing ASCAP music entirely and relying on the BMI repertoire. The U. S. District Court in Milwaukee was chosen by the Justice Department to supervise the decree for both BMI and ASCAP, competing against the strongly established ASCAP, BMI sought out artists that ASCAP tended to overlook or ignore. BMI also purchased the rights to numerous catalogs held by independent publishers or whose ASCAP contracts were about to expire, BMI has offices in Atlanta, London, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, New York, and Puerto Rico. BMI annually hosts award shows that honor the songwriters, composers, ASCAP BMI Foundation Copyright collective Recording Academy David Sanjek Choquette, Frederic, The Returned Value of PROs, Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011

Broadcast Music Incorporated
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Broadcast Music, Inc.

66.
Arlene Sierra
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Arlene Sierra is an American composer of contemporary classical music, working in London, United Kingdom. A composition fellow at the Britten-Pears School in 2000 and Tanglewood in 2001, teachers included Louis Andriessen, Oliver Knussen, Magnus Lindberg, and Colin Matthews. In 2011, a debut CD of chamber music was released by Bridge Records, Arlene Sierra, Volume 1 and she was named Composer of the Year by the Classical Recording Foundation. A second CD, Game of Attrition, Arlene Sierra, Vol.2, was released in 2014 including four orchestral works recorded by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Jac Van Steen, conductor. Her work Moler from the disc was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2014. Sierra was a Composition Tutor at Cambridge University in 2003-4 before joining Cardiff University School of Music as Lecturer in Composition in 2004 and she was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2010 and to Reader in Composition 2016. Sierra is married to British composer Kenneth Hesketh and her music is published exclusively by Cecilian Music. Sierra is also inspired by song, insect calls and sounds. Her 2009 work, Game of Attrition – commissioned by the New York Philharmonic – takes its structure from processes described by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species. Since 2012, she has been working on a series of new scores to films by Maya Deren, including Meditation on Violence and Ritual in Transfigured Time

Arlene Sierra
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ArleneSierraComposer

67.
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
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The Detroit Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Detroit, Michigan. Its main performance center is Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center in Detroits Midtown neighborhood, the DSO performs throughout the metro Detroit area in both paid neighborhood series concerts and free community concerts. The DSO can also be seen and heard live on the web at dso. org/live, the DSO performed the first concert of its first subscription season at 8,00 p. m. on Monday, Dec.19,1887 at the Detroit Opera House. He was succeeded in subsequent seasons by a variety of conductors until 1900 when Hugo Kalsow was appointed and served until the orchestra ceased operations in 1910. The Detroit Symphony resumed operations in 1914 when ten Detroit society women each contributed $100 to the organization, the appointment of the Russian pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch as music director in 1918 brought instant status to the new orchestra. A friend of composers Gustav Mahler and Sergei Rachmaninoff, Gabrilowitsch demanded a new auditorium be built as a condition of his accepting the position, Orchestra Hall was completed for the new music director in 1919 in four months and twenty-three days. Under Gabrilowitsch, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra quickly became one of the most prominent orchestras in the country, in 1922, the orchestra gave the worlds first radio broadcast of a symphony orchestra concert with Gabrilowitsch conducting and guest artist Artur Schnabel at the piano. From 1934 to 1942, the performed for millions across the country as the official orchestra of The Ford Sunday Evening Hour national radio show. In 1939, three years after Gabrilowitschs premature death, the orchestra moved from Orchestra Hall to the Masonic Temple Theatre due to financial problems caused by the Great Depression. In the 1940s, the orchestra disbanded twice and moved to three different performing venues, in 1946, the orchestra moved to the Wilson Theater which was renamed Music Hall. In 1956, the moved to Ford Auditorium on the waterfront of the Detroit River. The orchestra once again enjoyed national prestige under music director Paul Paray, Paray was followed by noted music directors Sixten Ehrling, Aldo Ceccato, Antal Doráti, and Günther Herbig. Two Motown albums featured the strings with the Motown rhythm section the Funk Brothers, the combined ensemble was known as the San Remo Golden Strings and enjoyed two hit singles, Hungry for Love and Im Satisfied, which charted on the Billboard Top 100. In 1966, members of the orchestra were seen recording in the Motown studio on West Grand Boulevard with The Supremes for the ABC TV documentary Anatomy of Pop, the song they perform is the hit My World Is Empty Without You by Holland, Dozier, and Holland. There were 2 full albums released by the group, Hungry for Love, in 1970, the DSO instituted the Detroit Symphony Youth Orchestra as a training group, under Paul Freeman. In 1989, following a 20-year rescue and restoration effort, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra returned to Orchestra Hall, further renovations to the hall were completed in 2003, including a $60 million addition and a recital hall and education wing, the Max M. Fisher Music Center. A fine arts school, the Detroit School of Arts, was added to the DSO campus in 2004. Neeme Järvi began his music directorship in 1990, and served through 2005, Järvi now has the title of music director emeritus with the orchestra

68.
National Endowment for the Arts
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The National Endowment for the Arts is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created by an act of the U. S. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government, the NEA had its offices in Washington, D. C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, in March of 2017, a proposal to eliminate all federal funding for the program was put forward by the Trump administration. The NEA is dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established, bringing the arts to all Americans, and providing leadership in arts education. Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99, since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million. For FY2010, the reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million. The NEA is governed by a Chairman appointed by the President to a four-year term and this body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity. On June 12,2014, Dr. Jane Chu was confirmed as the 11th Chair of the NEA by the Senate, the NEA offers grants in the categories of, 1) Grants for Arts Projects, 2) National Initiatives, and 3) Partnership Agreements. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose, the NEA has partnerships in the areas of state and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional organizations are the NEAs primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies, the NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President. The NEA is the largest grantmaker to arts organizations in the nation, artist William Powhida has noted that in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christies in New York. He further commented, If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could double the NEA budget in two nights. Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period, another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called anti-Christian bigotry, in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al DAmato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club, on June 12,1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to adversely affect the NEAs congressional appropriations

National Endowment for the Arts
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National Endowment for the Arts

69.
University of Colorado at Boulder
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The University of Colorado Boulder is a public research university located in Boulder, Colorado, United States. It is the university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876. In 2015, the university consisted of nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs, twelve Nobel Laureates, nine MacArthur Fellows, and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students, researchers, or faculty members in its history. The university received nearly $454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, the Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference. The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships,20 in skiing, seven total in mens and womens cross country, approximately 1,500 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well. Two cities competed for the site of the University of Colorado, Boulder, the consolation prize for the losing city was to be home of the new Colorado State Prison. Cañon City was at a disadvantage as it was already the home of the Colorado Territorial Prison, the cornerstone of the building that became Old Main was laid on September 20,1875. The doors of the university opened on September 5,1877, at the time, there were few high schools in the state that could adequately prepare students for university work, so in addition to the University, a preparatory school was formed on campus. In the fall of 1877, the student body consisted of 15 students in the proper and 50 students in the preparatory school. There were 38 men and 27 women, and their ages ranged from 12–23 years, during World War II, Colorado was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a navy commission. The main CU Boulder campus is located south of the Pearl Street Mall and it consists of academic and residential buildings as well as research facilities. The East Campus is about a mile from the main campus and is composed mainly of athletic fields. CU Boulders distinctive architecture style, known as Tuscan Vernacular Revival, was designed by architect Charles Klauder. A month or so after approval, however, Klauder updated his design by sketching in a new wrap of rough, textured sandstone walls with sloping, multi-leveled red-tiled roofs and Indiana limestone trim. This formed the basis of a style which was used in the design of fifteen other buildings between 1921 and 1939. The sandstone used in the construction of all the buildings on campus was selected from a variety of front range mountain quarries. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named the Boulder campus as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States. Currently Freshmen and others attending the University of Colorado Boulder have an option of 24 on-, Residence halls have 17 varieties of room types from singles to four-person rooms and others with apartment style amenities

University of Colorado at Boulder
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The CU-Boulder campus.
University of Colorado at Boulder
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University of Colorado Boulder
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Old Main
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Sewall Hall

70.
Appalachian State University
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Appalachian State University /ˌæpəˈlætʃən/ is a comprehensive, public, coeducational university in Boone, North Carolina, United States. Appalachian State was founded as a college in 1899 by brothers B. B. and D. D. It expanded to other programs in 1967, and joined the University of North Carolina system in 1971. It is the sixth largest institution with about 16,000 undergraduate and 1,600 graduate students. It offers 174 undergraduate and 37 graduate majors as well as a degree in educational leadership. The university has ranked among the top 10 Southern Masters Universities since the U. S. News. Land was donated by Daniel B, Dougherty, father of the leaders in the enterprise, and by J. F. Hardin. On this site a wood building, costing $1,000, was erected by contributions from citizens of the town. In the fall of 1899, the Dougherty brothers, acting as co-principals, the first year saw 53 students enrolled in three grades. In 1903, after interest in the school had spread to adjoining counties and he traveled to the state capital, Raleigh, after drafting a bill. Newland of Caldwell County introduced the bill in the North Carolina Legislature to make this a school, with an appropriation for maintenance. Captain E. F. Lovill of Watauga County, R. B, white of Franklin County, Clyde Hoey of Cleveland County and E. J. Justice of McDowell County spoke in favor of the measure. On March 9,1903, the bill became law, the school opened on October 5,1903 with $2,000 from the state and 325 students. For 22 years, there was a period of growth, academic development. In 1925, the changed the name to the Appalachian State Normal School and appropriated additional funding for maintenance. Four years later, in 1929, the became a four-year degree granting institution and was renamed Appalachian State Teachers College. Over 1,300 students were enrolled in programs offered for primary grades education, physical education, math, English, science. Appalachian attained national standards by becoming accredited by the American Association for Teacher Education in 1939, in 1948 a Graduate School was formed

Appalachian State University
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A view from Sanford Mall. From left to right is D.D. Dougherty Hall, Belk Library, and Plemmons Student Union
Appalachian State University
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Appalachian State University
Appalachian State University
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The campus seen from the summit of Howard Knob
Appalachian State University
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Belk Library rotunda

71.
Eastman School of Music
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The Eastman School of Music is a comprehensive school of music located in Rochester, New York. The Eastman School is a school within the University of Rochester. It was established in 1921 by industrialist and philanthropist George Eastman and it offers Bachelor of Music degrees, Master of Arts degrees, Master of Music degrees, Doctor of Philosophy degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees in many musical fields. The school also awards a Performers Certificate or Artists Diploma, in 2015, there are more than 900 students enrolled in the collegiate division of the Eastman School. Students come from almost every state of the United States, with approximately 25% foreign students, each year approximately 2000 students apply. The acceptance rate was 13% in 2011, and about 1,000 students are enrolled in the Eastman School’s Community Music School. Alfred Klingenberg, a Norwegian pianist, was the schools first director. Since the founding of the Eastman School of Music in 1921, alfred Klingenberg served as the school’s first director from 1921 to 1923. After a one-year interim under Acting Director Raymond Wilson, the young American composer, Dr. Hanson is credited for transforming the Eastman School into a top school. Upon his retirement in 1964, after serving as director of the school for 40 years, Hendl served as director from 1964 to 1972, and was then succeeded by pianist and musicologist Robert Freeman who served from 1972 to 1996. Jamal Rossi, an Eastman alumnus, was appointed Interim Dean of the Eastman School in April 2006. On May 21,2007, composer/conductor Douglas Lowry, formerly the dean of the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music, was appointed Dean of the Eastman School, following Lowrys death in 2013, Rossi was appointed Dean. The Eastman School occupies parts of five buildings in downtown Rochester, the main hall includes the renovated 3, 094-seat Eastman Theater, the 455-seat Kilbourn Hall, and offices for faculty. The Eastman Theatre opened in 1922 as a center for music, dance, today, the 3, 094-seat theatre is the primary concert hall for the Eastman Schools larger ensembles, including its orchestras, wind ensembles, jazz ensembles, and chorale. Also, the Eastman Opera Theatre presents fully staged productions in the theatre each spring. It also is the performance venue for the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. A $5 million renovation of the theatre was completed in 2004, the theatre is located at 60 Gibbs Street, on the corner of Main and Gibbs Streets. Due to a $10 million donation by Eastman Kodak Inc. in April 2008, the Sibley Music Library—the largest academic music library in North America—is located across the street from the main hall. Hiram Watson Sibley founded the library in 1904 using the fortune he made as first president of Western Union

Eastman School of Music
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Eastman at night
Eastman School of Music
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Kilbourn Hall

72.
Juilliard School of Music
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The Juilliard School located in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It is informally referred to as Juilliard, the school trains about 850 undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the leading music schools. In 2016, QS Quacquarelli Symonds ranked it as the worlds best institution for Performing Arts in their global ranking of the discipline. The Institute opened in the former Lenox Mansion, Fifth Avenue and 12th Street and it moved in 1910 to 120 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, onto a property purchased from Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. In 1920, the Juilliard Foundation was created, named after textile merchant Augustus D. Juilliard, in 1924, the foundation purchased the Vanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E. 52nd Street and established the Juilliard Graduate School. In 1926, the Juilliard School of Music was created through a merger of the Institute of Musical Art, the two schools shared a common Board of Directors and President but retained their distinct identities. The conductor and music-educator Frank Damrosch continued as the Institutes dean, in 1937, Hutcheson succeeded Erskine as president of the two institutions, a job he held until 1945. In 1946, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School completely merged to form a single institution, the president of the school at that time was William Schuman, the first winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Schuman established the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946 and the Dance Division in 1951, William Schuman graduated from Columbias Teachers College and attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932,1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value in counterpoint. L&M was Schumans reaction against more formal theory and ear training, the general mandate was to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music. The quality and degree of each students education in harmony, music history or ear training was dependent on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate, William Schuman resigned as president of Juilliard after being elected president of Lincoln Center in 1962. Peter Mennin, another composer with experience at the Peabody Conservatory, was elected as his successor. Mennin made significant changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, in 1968, Mennin hired John Houseman to manage a new Drama Division, and in 1969 oversaw Juilliards relocation from Claremont Avenue to Lincoln Center. Polisis many accomplishments include philanthropic successes, broadening of the curriculum, in 2001, the school established a jazz performance training program. In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded the National Medal of Arts, in 2006, Juilliard received a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropist Bruce Kovner. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations,2, and manuscripts of Brahmss Symphony No.2 and Piano Concerto No.2

Juilliard School of Music
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Alice Tully Hall in the Juilliard School building
Juilliard School of Music
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The Juilliard School
Juilliard School of Music
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Morse Hall, one of the performing spaces inside the Juilliard School

73.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source

74.
Detroit Music Awards
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The Detroit Music Awards was initially proposed in 1988. Presented by the Motor City Music Foundation, the awards ceremony was established to bring recognition to Detroit area musicians. The first award show was held in 1992 at Detroits Music Hall, in 1998, the organization merged with the Metro Times-sponsored Detroit Music Awards. It has now held at The Fillmore Detroit theatre annually in April

75.
Grammy Awards
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast

Grammy Awards
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Grammy Awards

76.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

77.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day

78.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records