Another painfully public backup failure example comes from [Jeff Atwood][jf], having relied on his hosting company to provide disaster recovery backups without testing or verification. He was soon to find out that they were not maintained correctly.

Ready to Backup?

Let’s talk about your backups. You're busy, I know. Startups are fast moving operations, and backups are boring, but this is important!

We won’t go into any great technical depth. This will be a high level overview of backups, their purpose, and how to make effective choices when designing a backup system that will scale with your need.

Essentially a backup is an offline point-in-time snapshot - nothing more and nothing less. A backup is not created for fault tolerance. It is created for disaster recovery. Disaster recovery begins after your fault tolerance threshold has been exceeded. For example, a RAID 5 is fault tolerant enough to lose one disk from the array, if two disks fail, or the array has been corrupted, you are in a disaster recovery mode. Your only tool for recovery is a good backup and a stiff drink (preferably after you've finished the restore).

About RAID

A RAID or active mirror is often mistaken as an effective means of creating a backup solution. A RAID is not a backup, it is only a fault tolerant array of disks. Likewise a mirror is not a backup because all write operations, including data corruption or destruction, are mirrored as well. Backups must be offline (that is, not writable) and should be stored in a different media than the original data.

Getting Started

Let’s begin by making a list of all your critical data. In a typical startup, this includes your code repository, the user data, and all of the associated infrastructure configuration files (which should already be checked into your code repository … right?). It may or may not include the actual operating system.

This list will become a catalog of sorts. Every time a new source of data has been added to your application or infrastructure put it into this catalog. At a minimum, you’ll want a common name, path, and description for each entry.

Once you’ve identified your data sources, begin to make estimations of their potential growth over time. The growth of your data sources will determine what media and technique that best fits your needs. Today there are many options, hard drives, magnetic tape, and even solid enough cloud solutions (such as Amazon’s S3).

Capacity Planning

Several factors are involved in capacity planning this project: time to complete a backup, time to transfer your backup to your backup media, and the cost of your backups per GB (cost per tape, cost for S3 storage, etc.). Next, project your cost over your estimated growth, this will function as your cost baseline. This baseline will be continually revised throughout the rest of the process. Keep it handy.

For example, you determine that you currently have a database that is at 10GB and that it grows at 10% per month. Amazon Web Services S3 pricing is currently $0.095 per GB per month (not including other fees). The first month will be $0.95 for 10GB, the second month will be $1.04 for 11GB, the third month $1.14 for 12.1GB, and so on.

Remember each type of backup media has hidden costs that you may not have considered: tapes need to be replaced, S3 charges for services other than just the storage, and removable commodity hard drives have less than ideal failure rates. Find out as much as you can about your media before committing to a long term solution.

Network transit times need to also be considered. If you collocate your servers, it may be more cost effective to keep large backup sets local to the server rack on tape. Similarly, living on Amazon Web Services infrastructure benefits from using Amazon’s S3. Ultimately, it will depend on your infrastructure, budget, and the amount of data which backup solution best fits your needs.

Backup Methods

Next, you’ll want to determine your rotation and retention scheme. There are many kinds of backups, some are vendor specific, while others are universal. We’ll review the three most common: Incremental, Differential, and Full.

Incremental backups are all data that has changed since the last incremental or full backup. This has benefits of smaller backup sizes, but you must have every incremental backup created since the last full. Think of this like a chain, if one link is broken, you will probably not have a working backup.

Differential backups are all data that has changed since the last full backup. This still benefits by being smaller than a full, while removing the dependency chain needed for pure incremental backups. You will still need the last full backup to completely restore your data.

Full backups are all of your data. This benefits from being a single source restore for your data. These are often quite large.

A traditional scheme uses daily incremental backups with weekly full backups. Holding the fulls for two weeks. In this way your longest restore chain is six media (one weekly full, six daily incremental), while your shortest restore chain is only one media (one weekly full).

Another similar method uses daily differentials with weekly fulls. Your longest chain is just 2 media (one differential, and one full), While your shortest is still just a single full backup.

Whatever your vendor of choice offers, make sure to pay attention to the longest possible restore chain and the time it takes to restore from this chain. The length of the chain, time to completion, and time to restore should be the major determining factors when you decide on a scheme.

At some point, between determining the length of time needed to effectively restore and buying into a backup solution, talk to your business managers. Bring your cost baseline, discuss the downtime, associated costs, and estimated restore time. Be ready to make the case that an effective backup solution will save the company revenue, bolster customer confidence, and generally make everyone's life easier.

You will need to make these points not from a technical point of view, but from a business point of view. This may be very difficult, but there are certain ways to estimate the value of data. Estimates can begin with real world hours that each developer and engineer have already put into your systems and the hours needed to recover from a disaster. Customer confidence is notoriously hard to determine, but you can certainly put a value on the current business income to customer ratio.

If you can’t be specific, don’t just make up numbers. Instead, tell your business managers what you know and let their knowledge of the business needs fill in the blanks.

Test and Monitor Your Backups

Testing your backups is as important as creating them in the first place. The only thing worse than not having a backup is believing you have a backup when you really don’t. Three things you should monitor: media space available, average time to completion, and successfully restoring a canary.

Media space needs to be monitored as intently as a production server file system. Running out of space will mean that backups are not able to successfully complete. If space is limited, choosing a backup scheme will become vitally important, if space is not limited or your backups are small, your scheme will not need to be optimized so quickly.

The time to complete a backup is also very important. You’ll want to make sure that your backup runs in sufficient time to complete the entire backup and send it to the media you’ve chosen before the next backup run.

Regular testing the validity of a backup is essential. You can test by restoring a canary into a test or development environment. Rebuilding your site and its data from a backup is something that most of us wish we never have to do, but testing gives you confidence (and practice) in your restore process, which improves the probability of a fast and successful restore as well as increasing the pool of folks capable of doing it - both things are good for the business.

By giving you a broad overview, I hope we’ve built a solid foundation for understanding backups. While backups may look like a simple thing, it needs planning and consideration to create an effective solution. Everyone has slightly different needs, but we all have a similar starting point.