Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 10, 1744 into a
fourth generation of his family to live in the city of "Brotherly Love".
His father was a Quaker and served as a Philadelphia alderman. His father was
also a trustee of the College of Philadelphia which is today the University of
Pennsylvania. Mifflin attended Philadelphia's grammar schools and graduated in
1760 from the College. Upon graduation, he apprenticed at an important counting
house in Philadelphia. In the course of this business Mifflin traveled
throughout Europe in 1764 and 1765. In 1766 he returned to the colonies early
and opened a import and export business with a younger brother. In that same
year he joined the American Philosophical Society, served as it Secretary for
two years and remained a distinguished member until 1799.

Mifflin's entrepreneurial pursuits were responsible for the formulation of his
initial objections to Parliament's taxation policy. In his first year as a
Philadelphia Importer he found it necessary to publicly speak against Great
Britain's initial attempts to levy taxes on the colonies. In 1773 Merchant
Mifflin met Merchant John Hancock and political activist Samuel Adams who
convinced him that open resistance to Parliament was a businessman's only
judicious option to resist taxes “imposed upon the people against their
will.” In 1774 Mifflin organized several Pennsylvania town meetings to
support Boston's resistance to the Coercive Acts. In these meetings Mifflin
cautioned that although the acts only applied to Boston in reprisal to the
"Tea Party"; a successful implementation would embolden Parliament to punish
other cities that objected to seemingly perpetual wave of superfluous British
taxation.

In 1771 Mifflin ran and won election as a Philadelphia's warden. The following
year he began the first of four uninterrupted terms in the Colonial State
Legislature of Pennsylvania. His efforts in state government were rewarded in
1774 by being elected as a Pennsylvania Delegate to the 1st Continental
Congress. His business and patriotic fervor was embraced as the leadership
appointed him to serve on important committees. One Mifflin committee set-up a
Continental Association to enforce the resolution passed by Congress which,
created an embargo against English goods. His diligence as a delegate insured
his re-election to the 2nd Continental Congress.

When the news came of the fight at Lexington Mifflin eloquently advocated
resolute action in the Continental Congress and then attended many Pennsylvania
town-meetings supporting colonial armed resistance. Both John Dickinson and
Mifflin were instrumental in reviving the volunteer colonial defense force that
resisted the French in the 1750's and 60's known as the Associators. Once these
troops were enlisted, Mifflin was elected a Major becoming active in organizing
and drilling the 3rd Philadelphia Battalion. He severed his religious ties with
Quaker Society. This was an action that spoke volumes to his commitment to
Colonial self-government and defense.

When the 2nd Continental Congress created the Colonial Army as a national armed
force on June 14th, 1775, Mifflin resigned as delegate and as a Pennsylvania
Militia Major to serve with the new Commander-in-Chief, George Washington.
General Washington, who knew Mifflin as a fellow delegate, promoted him as his
first aide-de-camp after the establishment of the command headquarters at
Cambridge. While there, Colonel Mifflin successfully led a force against a
British detachment placing the heavy artillery stripped from Fort Ticonderoga on
Dorchester Heights. This was a strategic move that ended Britain's occupation in
Boston. Mifflin also managed the complex logistics of moving troops to meet a
British thrust at New York City. In July 1775, he was promoted to
quartermaster-general of the army; after the evacuation of Boston by the enemy.
Mifflin was commissioned as brigadier-general on May 19th, 1776 and assigned to
the command of a Pennsylvania troops when the army lay encamped before New York.

General Mifflin's Pennsylvania brigade was described as the best disciplined of
any in the Continental Army. His Continental Regiment covered the retreat of the
American army from Brooklyn after General Howe in the dead of night
outmaneuvered Washington. At dawn the continental troops were forced to fight
British regulars in a superior position and fell back to the East River.
Washington's only hope was to assemble enough boats to quietly cross the river
into Manhattan and as luck would have it the night brought a thick fog over the
entire area. Through a military order gaffe General Mifflin received the word to
retreat before all of the troops had embarked to Manhattan Island. At the ferry,
upon learning of the error, Mifflin managed to regain the lines before the enemy
discovered that the post was deserted and learned of the water retreat.
Mifflin's troops remained at their posts and were the last to leave Brooklyn in
the hasty nighttime evacuation.

Washington's rapid retreat across the East River meant that wagons containing
most of the Continental Army's powder, baggage and critical supplies fell into
to the hands of the British. In the aftermath soldier moral was low and the
Continental Congress held a committee hearing. After a three-day investigation
the committee recommended that quartermaster Moylan, who was given the
impossible task to protect the British controlled waterways resigned. In an
effort to restore the morale of the soldiers, against his wishes, Mifflin was
appointed this position by a special resolve of Congress. This new assignment as
quarter-master-general bitterly disappointed Mifflin who was also unhappy with
Nathanael Greene emerging as Washington's principal adviser, a role which
Mifflin coveted. George Washington did not object to Mifflin's re-assignment and
the disgruntled quarter-master assumed the mundane duties of protecting and
delivering the supply necessary for the Continental Army.

The Journal of Congress reported:

"Resolved, That Brigadier General Mifflin be authorized and requested to
resume the said office, and that his rank and pay, as brigadier, be still
continued to him:1[Note 1: 1 "We have obtained Colonel Moylan's resignation,
and General Mifflin comes again into the office of Quartermaster General."
Elbridge Gerry to Horatio Gates, 27 September 1776.]

That a committee of three four be appointed to confer with Brigadier General
Mifflin: The members chosen, Mr. Richard Henry Lee, Mr. Roger Sherman, Mr.
John Adams, and Mr. Elbridge Gerry.”

In November 1776, General Mifflin was sent to Philadelphia to report to the
Continental Congress the critical condition of the army. Washington was unable
to hold onto Manhattan Island and loss Fort Washington that was garrisoned with
a large contingent of soldiers, ammunition, weapons and supplies while he
watched helplessly from the New Jersey Palisades. The Continental Army was
outgunned and manned and was unable to make a stand in New Jersey to stop the
advancing British march towards Philadelphia. Washington was out of supplies and
money to pay the troops whose tours of duty were set to expire in 60 days in the
early winter of 1776. It was a wise move by the Commander-in-Chief to send
General Mifflin to rally Philadelphia, as Congress in fear of losing the
Capital, was preparing to take flight to Baltimore. As Washington's Continental
Army was forced to cross the Delaware, the citizens of Philadelphia began to
panic. Business was suspended, schools were closed and agitated Patriots and
Tories gathered in the streets. As news of the Continental Army's plight
filtered in, roads leading from the city were crowded with refugees all fleeing
the city.

In the Pennsylvania Statehouse Yard a town meeting was called and newly
arrived General Thomas Mifflin addressed the crowd and much of Continental
Congress. After listening to his appeals for unity and support, Congress
formally appealed to the militia of Philadelphia and the nearest counties to
join Washington's beleaguered Army. Congress also sent word to all parts of the
country for re-enforcements and supplies, and then ordered Mifflin to remain in
Philadelphia for consultation and advice. Mifflin organized and trained three
regiments of militia of the city and adjoining neighborhoods, sending a body of
1,500 men to Washington. The General also orchestrated the complex re-supply of
the Washington's ragged American forces once they reached safety on the
Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River. These Mifflin measures were critical
components needed by Washington to counterattack the "fatheaded" British Army on
Christmas Day. After the successful win at Trenton, General Mifflin, accompanied
by a Committee of the legislature, made the tour of the principal towns of
Pennsylvania. Through his stirring oratory Mifflin recruited many men into the
ranks of the Continental Army. Washington's army reassembled once again in
Pennsylvania and crossed the Delaware taking the brunt of the British regular
forces head-on just outside of Trenton. That evening Mifflin came up with more
desperately needed re-enforcements Washington's troops, in nighttime advance,
outmaneuvered the British attacking a weak flank in the college town of
Princeton. This battle was won and the troops moved safely north into the hills
of Northern New Jersey. In recognition of his services, Congress commissioned
Mifflin as a major-general on February 19th, 1777 and made him a member of the
Board of War.

On the Board of War, General Mifflin joined a growing number of delegates and
generals who shared the dissatisfaction at the "Fabian policy" of General
Washington. The war was going poorly by the summer of 1777 with Major General
Arthur St. Clair's loss of Fort Ticonderoga. Clearly, at the very least, Thomas
Mifflin sympathized with the views of General Horatio Gates and General Thomas
Conway who blamed Washington for the losses of the Continental Army. In the late
fall of 1777 Horatio Gates, with the help and field leadership of Benedict
Arnold, defeated General Burgoyne's forces at Saratoga. Almost immediately
Washington's enemies embolden with the victory sought his replacement with the
"Hero of Saratoga," General Gates. Thomas Conway with Mifflin doing
nothing to stop the political intrigue organized an effort in the Board of War
to establish Gates as the new Commander-in-Chief. Mifflin vehemently declared,
after Washington overcame the Conway Cabal that he had not participated in their
efforts to remove General Washington as commander-in-chief. The Conway Cabal and
responsibilities of his various offices so impaired General Mifflin's health
that he offered his resignation. Congress refused to accept it. However, General
Mifflin was replaced by General Nathanael Greene in the quartermaster's
department in March, 1778, and in October of 1778 he and General Gates were
discharged from their places on the Board of War.

More trouble followed from Mifflin's "loosing side" affiliation. An
investigation of his conduct was ordered by Congress resulting from charges that
the distresses of the army at Valley Forge were due to the mismanagement of the
quartermaster-general. When the decree was revoked, after he had himself
demanded an examination, he resigned his commission. Congress refused to accept
it, and placed in his hands $1,000,000 to settle outstanding claims. In
January1780, Mifflin was appointed on a board to devise means for retrenching
expenses. In this capacity he once again became a stalwart and strong advocate
of General Washington during the darkest days of the revolution.

After the achievement of the Treaty of Paris he was elected as a delegate to
the United States in Congress Assembled. Thomas Mifflin was so respected by his
fellow delegates for his conduct during the 1780-81 campaigns that he was
elected President of the United States in Congress Assembled, on November 3,
1783. His presidency lasted only six months, as Congress adjourned on June 3,
1784. On his presidential election the Journals of the United States in Congress
Assembled reporting:

“Pursuant to the Articles of Confederation, the following delegates
attended:
FROM THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mr. A[biel] Foster, MASSACHUSETTS, Mr.
E[lbridge] Gerry, who produced a certificate under the seal of the State,
signed John Avery, Mr. S[amuel] Osgood, RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE
PLANTATIONS, Mr. W[illiam] Ellery and Mr. D[avid] Howell, CONNECTICUT, Mr.
S[amuel] Huntington and Mr. B[enjamin] Huntington, NEW YORK, Mr. James Duane,
NEW JERSEY, Mr. E[lias] Boudinot, MARYLAND, Mr. D[aniel] Carroll,Mr. J[ames]
McHenry, VIRGINIA.Mr. J[ohn] F[rancis], Mr. A[rthur] Lee, NORTH CAROLINA, Mr.
[Benjamin] Hawkins, and Mr. [Hugh] Williamson, SOUTH CAROLINA, Mr. J[acob]
Read, Mr. R[ichard] Beresford, Seven states being represented, they proceeded
to the choice of a President; and, the ballots being taken, the honorable
Thomas Mifflin was elected.”

Mifflin's first mission, as the new President, was to insure that the Treaty
of Paris was ratified under the six month time constraint set forth in the
agreement. President Mifflin scheduled a ratifying convention at the Maryland
State House in Annapolis in November 1783, but many of the delegates failed to
arrive. By mid-December Mifflin's attempt to assemble a ratifying quorum became
desperate. On December 15th Congress even failed to achieve even the simple
seven state quorum to read foreign dispatches. Once again, on December 17th
Congress failed to convene the mandatory nine state quorum to conduct
ratification despite the news of George Washington's impending audience to
resign as Commander-in-Chief. According to Ramsay:

“In every town and village, through which the General passed, he was met
by public and private demonstrations of gratitude and joy. When he arrived at
Annapolis, he informed Congress of his intention to ask leave to resign the
commission he had the honor to hold in their service, and desired to know
their pleasure in what manner it would be most proper to be done. They
resolved that it should be in a public audience.”

George Washington's attendance in Congress set the stage for one of the most
remarkable events of United States history under Thomas Mifflin's Presidency.

In November of 1783 the British finally evacuated New York and Congress made the
momentous decision to place the Continental Army on "Peace Footing". It was in
Annapolis, where the US Government convened, that the last great act of the
Revolutionary War occurred. George Washington was formally received by President
Thomas Mifflin and Congress. Instead of declaring himself King or dictator as
many men feared, Washington resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief to the
President of the United States.

What made this action especially remarkable was that George Washington, at his
pinnacle of his power and popularity, surrendered the commission to President
Thomas Mifflin, who by all accounts, conspired to replace Washington as
Commander-in-Chief with Horatio Gates in 1777. What follows is The United States
in Congress Assembled Journal account of George Washington's December 23, 1783
resignation:

“According to order, his Excellency the Commander in Chief was admitted
to a public audience, and being seated, and silence ordered, the President,
after a pause, informed him, that the United States in Congress assembled,
were prepared to receive his communications; Whereupon, he arose and addressed
Congress as follows:

'Mr. President:

The great events on which my resignation depended, having at length taken
place, I have now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to
Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands
the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the
service of my country.

Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, and pleased
with the opportunity afforded the United States, of becoming a respectable
nation, I resign with satisfaction the appointment I accepted with diffidence;
a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task; which however
was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of
the supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven.

The successful termination of the war has verified the most sanguine
expectations; and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence, and the
assistance I have received from my countrymen, increases with every review of
the momentous contest.
While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should do injustice to
my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, the peculiar services and
distinguished merits of the gentlemen who have been attached to my person
during the war. It was impossible the choice of confidential officers to
compose my family should have been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to
recommend in particular, those who have continued in the service to the
present moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress.

I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my official
life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of
Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them to his holy
keeping. Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great
theatre of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body,
under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take
my leave of all the employments of public life'”

George Washington then advanced and delivered to President Mifflin his
commission, with a copy of his address, and resumed his place, whereupon
President Thomas Mifflin returned him the following answer:

“Sir,
The United States in Congress assembled receive with emotions, too affecting
for utterance, the solemn deposit resignation of the authorities under which
you have led their troops with safety and triumph success through a long a
perilous and a doubtful war. When called upon by your country to defend its
invaded rights, you accepted the sacred charge, before they it had formed
alliances, and whilst they were it was without funds or a government to
support you. You have conducted the great military contest with wisdom and
fortitude, through invariably regarding the fights of the civil government
power through all disasters and changes. You have, by the love and confidence
of your fellow-citizens, enabled them to display their martial genius, and
transmit their fame to posterity. You have persevered, till these United
States, aided by a magnanimous king and nation, have been enabled, under a
just Providence, to close the war in freedom, safety and independence; on
which happy event we sincerely join you in congratulations.

Having planted defended the standard of liberty in this new world: having
taught an useful lesson a lesson useful to those who inflict and to those who
feel oppression, you retire from the great theatre of action, loaded with the
blessings of your fellow-citizens, but your fame the glory of your virtues
will not terminate with your official life the glory of your many virtues will
military command, it will continue to animate remotest posterity ages and this
last act will not be among the least conspicuous We feel with you our
obligations to the army in general; and will particularly charge ourselves
with the interests of those confidential officers, who have attended your
person to this interesting affecting moment.

We join you in commending the interests of our dearest country to the
protection of Almighty God, beseeching him to dispose the hearts and minds of
its citizens, to improve the opportunity afforded them, of becoming a happy
and respectable nation. And for you we address to him our earnest prayers,
that a life so beloved may be fostered with all his care; that your days may
be happy, as they have been illustrious; and that he will finally give you
that reward which this world cannot give.”

On the following day, December the 24th, President Mifflin once again
appealed to States to send their required representatives. Not even the
resignation of George Washington was enough incentive to attract a quorum of
delegates for the ratification of the Treaty of Paris. In this Christmas Eve
letter Mifflin makes a passionate plea to New Jersey and Connecticut:

"I had the honor to write to your Excellency on the 23rd November,
informing you that the definitive Treaty was arrived, and that the last
article of it declares that it should be ratified & exchanged within six
months from its Signature.

Yesterday I again writ to your Excellency by order of Congress informing you
that only Seven States were represented in Congress viz. Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia & North Carolina, and that
the ratification of the definitive Treaty & several other matters of the
greatest consequence were delayed by want of a representation of Nine States.

My Letter of yesterday was forwarded by the post, but as Congress are strongly
impressed with an apprehension that the time mentioned in the definitive
Treaty will elapse, before a representation of nine States can be obtained,
and as such a representation cannot take place unless New Jersey and
Connecticut send on their delegates, they have instructed me to write to you
by Express, and to urge in the strongest terms the importance of an immediate
representation in Congress from the State of New-Jersey. Let me therefore
entreat your Excellency to use your influence on this important point, that
the consequences to be expected from the Want of an immediate representation
of nine States may not be imputable to your State, which on every former
Occasion has exerted itself with so much honor and reputation.

New Hampshire has but one Member attending, and there is no probability of a
representation of that State in less than Six Weeks. New York has no delegates
in Congress, nor can it be represented in many Weeks. South Carolina has one
member attending; one of the delegates from that State is in ill health at
Philadelphia; his attendance uncertain.

By letters from Georgia we find there is no probability of a representation
from thence this Winter; from this view of our situation your Excellency will
observe that the Ratification of the definitive Treaty in proper time, depends
upon the immediate exertions of New Jersey & Connecticut.

I should be glad to know from your Excellency by the return of this
Express, at what time we may expect a representation from your State.”

Later that day the President wrote Governor Livingston a personal letter:

“I have already addressed three several dispatches to your Excellency of
the 23d of November & of the 23d & 24th of December stating to you the arrival
of the Definitive Treaty and the necessity, by an Article thereof, of its
ratification and Exchange at Paris by the 3d of March next: I have also stated
in those dispatches the particular situation of Congress. Nine States being
necessary to a Ratification & Seven only being present. Apprehending that
these Letters may have miscarried & having Reason to believe that the
Representation from South Carolina will be compleat in a day or two, I have
dispatched Col. Harmar my private Secretary with this Letter to your
Excellency, informing you that if the Delegation of New Jersey attends in
Congress without further delay we may yet ratify the Treaty in time. A
Representation of Nine States to ratify the Definitive Treaty before the Time
limited for its Exchange expires must appear to your Excellency too important
to be longer delayed.”

In early January, despite these two letters, nine states had still not formed
the necessary ratification quorum in Annapolis to ratify the Definitive Treaty
of Peace with Great Britain. President Mifflin, unable to act, turned to other
matters requiring only a seven State quorum such as rejecting the proposal to
nominate knights to the Polish Order of Divine Providence on January 5th and 3
days later resuming the debate on the Quaker petition for suppression of the
slave trade. On January 10th the President once again failed to even convene a 7
state quorum to conduct the nation's business. On that day the President focused
on correspondence. Once again he wrote William Livingston but this time to
address the latest problems with mail theft in New Jersey:

“I have the Honor to transmit to you an Act of Congress of the 6th Inst
relative to the Robbery of the Mail at Princeton on the 30th October last;
together with a Copy of a Letter from the Post Master General, a Copy of a
Letter from Mr. Harrison Post Master at Princeton & a Copy of an Affidavit of
Joseph Parker on that Subject.”

The enclosed resolve requested Governor Livingston "to order a strict
enquiry" into this mail theft, and Congress' original November 1 order to
postmaster general Ebenezer Hazard to undertake such an investigation. Congress,
to aid these NJ officials in the mail theft investigation, would later offer a
reward of $300 for the arrest and conviction of "the perpetrator or
perpetrators of the aforesaid robbery."

By January 12th, only seven of the 13 states had sent their representatives.
Time was running short operating under the weak Articles of Confederation; the
Continental Congress lacked the power to enforce attendance at Annapolis. On
January 13, the convention needed one more delegate. Finally, South Carolina
Representative Richard Beresford, who was ill, traveled to Maryland. As soon as
he arrived, the vote was taken, and on January 14, 1784, the Definitive Treaty
of Peace was ratified by Congress and signed by Thomas Mifflin as President of
the United States. King George III did not ratify the treaty for Britain until
April 9, 1784 which officially ended the War. At the writing of this book the
author is please to report the Treaty is currently displayed prominently in the
National Archives Exhibit in Washington DC. Mifflin's signature, as President,
is strong on a printed document that is overall in fine condition.

Thomas Mifflin, to insure a timely delivery of the ratified treaty to Great
Britain, immediately dispatched this letter to Josiah Harmar on the 14th:

“Congress having this day appointed you to carry the Ratification of the
Definitive Treaty to our Ministers at Paris it is necessary that I should give
you private Instructions how to proceed in the Business allotted to you.

You will with all possible Expedition go to Philadelphia. Upon your arrival
there wait upon the Honble. Mr. Robert Morris & produce to him the Act of
Congress of this date, herewith delivered to you, directing him to supply you
with money to defray the necessary expenses of your appointment.Mr. Morris
will inform you at what time the French Packet will sail from New-York and
will give you, at your request, every assistance in his Power to facilitate
your Journey.

By a Letter I have just received from the Minister of France it is probable
you will meet him on your Road to Philadelphia. Enquire for His Excellency at
every Stage, and be particularly careful that you do not suffer him to pass
you before you have delivered my Letter to him and have requested his Commands
to Europe, intreat him to give you a Letter of Recommendation to the Captain
of the Pacquet Boat at New York, on which Subject I have written to him; If he
should desire you to wait three or four Hours for his dispatches, you are to
comply with his Excellency's request.

The moment you are on shore in France endeavor to procure Horses or a Carriage
for your Journey to Paris and be as expeditious as possible in that Journey.
At Paris enquire for Mr. LeGrand, banker there and inform him that you have
public dispatches for our Ministers & request him to inform you where you may
find Mr. Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Jay or Mr. Lawrens, follow his directions in
this point and deliver your dispatches to the first of those Gentlemen you may
meet. Take a Receipt for the dispatches when delivered specifying the several
Papers delivered by you and the time of delivery.
This Service being performed you are at Liberty to return to America
recollecting that the Act of Congress of this date provides only for your
necessary Expences on the particular Business assigned by them to you.

You will deliver my Letter to the Marquis de la Fayette with my warmest Wishes
for his Welfare. Should you go to London, deliver my Letter to Mr. Robert
Barcley, who will be your friend in all things. God bless you my dear Harmar,
I am Your Friend, Thomas Mifflin.”

President Mifflin also wrote the Superintendent of Finance,
Robert Morris, a brief letter this day notifying him of Harmar's mission and
enclosing the congressional directive concerning his expenses. This being done,
Congress, by a unanimous vote, resolved that a Proclamation be issued. The
Proclamation ordered the strict and faithful observance of the treaty and issued
an earnest recommendation to the several States in the very words of the 5th
Article. Secretary Charles Thomson forward authenticated Copies of those Acts to
the Executives of the several States. On January 21st the following proclamation
was published and appeared in the Pennsylvania Gazette:

“PHILADELPHIA, January 21.
By the UNITED STATES in CONGRESS assembled.
A PROCLAMATION.

WHEREAS Definitive Articles of peace and friendship, between the United
States of America and his Britannic Majesty, were concluded and signed at
Paris on the 3d day of September, 1783, by the Plenipotentiaries of the said
United States and of His said Britannic Majesty, duly and respectively
authorized for that purpose, which definitive articles are in the words
following:

And we, the United States in Congress assembled, having
seen and duly considered the definitive articles aforesaid, did, by a certain
article, under the seal of the United States, bearing date this 14th day of
January, 1784, approve, ratify and confirm the same, and every part and clause
thereof, engaging and promising that we would sincerely and faithfully perform
and observe the same, and never to suffer them to be violated by any one, or
transgressed in any manner, as far as should be in our power.

And being sincerely disposed to carry the said articles into execution, truly,
honestly and with good faith, according to the intent and meaning thereof, We
have thought proper, by these presents, to notify the premises to all the good
citizens of these States, hereby enjoining all bodies of magistracy,
legislative, executive and judiciary, all persons bearing office, civil or
military, of whatever rank, degree or powers, and all others, the good
citizens of these states, of every vocation and condition, that, reverencing
those stipulations entered into on their behalf, under the authority of that
federal bond, by which their existence as an independent people is bound up
together, and is known and acknowledged by the nations of the world, and with
that good faith, which is every man's surest guide, within their several
offices, jurisdictions and vocations, they carry into effect the said
definitive articles, and every clause and sentence thereof, strictly and
completely.

Given under the seal of the United States. Witness his Excellency THOMAS
MIFFLIN, our President, at Annapolis, this 14th day of January 1784, and of
the sovereignty and independence of the United States of America, the eighth.”

On the 14th President Mifflin also wrote the Chevalier de La
Luzerne:

"This day nine States being represented in Congress Viz.
Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, together with one Member from New
Hampshire and one Member from New Jersey, The Treaty of Peace was ratified by
the unanimous Vote of the Members. This being done Congress by an unanimous
Vote, ordered a proclamation to be issued, enjoining the strict and faithful
observance thereof and published an earnest recommendation to the several
States in the very words of the fifth Article.

Congress have appointed Colonel Josiah Harmer my private
Secretary to carry the ratification to our Ministers at Paris; and I have
instructed him to pursue the rout marked by your Excellency's Letter of the
10th Inst. and upon meeting you to wait for such commands as you may be
pleased to honor him with. Let me entreat your Excellency to give Colonel
Harmar a recommendatory letter to the Captain of the Packet Boat at New York
that he may have upon his arrival in France the most expeditious means
provided for his Journey to Paris.

I will employ a proper person to secure two or three
comfortable rooms for you and if I can be so happy as to hear of your arrival
at Baltimore, I will take care that a person shall be on the road near
Annapolis to conduct you to the house which may be provided for you."

Two days after the Proclamation was issued to the people Mifflin turned to the
business of electing a Federal Chaplin, he writes to Daniel Jones:

"It is with the greatest Satisfaction I enclose to you an
Act of Congress of the 22d Inst. by which you are unanimously elected their
Chaplain. I need not inform you that it is the wish of your friends that you
attend as soon as your private affairs will permit."

The end of January had the President focus on a pressing border
matter that threatened the peace of the treaty. After just sending Governor
Hancock a brief letter on the 23rd stating "I have the honor to transmit to
your Excellency an Authenticated copy of the ratification of the Definitive
Treaty, together with the recommendation of Congress conformably to the said
Treaty"

On the 31st Mifflin transmitted a copy of a letter from John
Allan along with a resolution passed on the 29th by Congress to the Governor.
Allan, a United States agent in the eastern department of Indian affairs, had
claimed "Consternation" of Micmac, Passamaquody, Penobscot, and St. Johns
Indians over recent encroachments into their territory from Nova Scotia. This
was in breach of boundaries defined in the ratified Definitive Treaty of Peace.
The governor was requested to make an examination of Allan's concerns, and if
British encroachments into the territory were found, to "send a
representation thereof to the British governor of Nova Scotia."

On February 1, 1784 the following financial report of the United States was
submitted to Superintendent Robert Morris by the grand committee of Congress.
This grand committee, which had been selected on January 23rd, had originally
been assigned the Superintendent's report of October 21, 1783, that instructed
it draw up "a requisition on the States for the payment of Interest on the
national debt." After the committee's initial meeting on January 24th Thomas
Jefferson, who was elected chairman, moved "that it be an instruction to the
Grand committee to prepare and report to Congress an estimate of current
expenses from the 1st day of January 1784 to the 1st of Jan. 1785." On January
30th the committee was also assigned a letter and note from the French Minister
concerning the payment of interest to foreign holders of loan office
certificates as well as other documents at later dates. Thomas Jefferson's
committed filed the following report:

"A grand Committee of Congress is now engaged in preparing
estimates of the necessary federal expenses of the present year from the first
to the last day of it, inclusive and of the articles of interest on the public
debts foreign & domestic which call indispensably for intermediate provision
while the impost proposed ultimately for their discharge shall be on it's
passage through the states; these estimates are to lead to a new requisition
of money from the states, but the committee have hopes that this new
requisition may be lessened if not altogether dispensed with provided a full
compliance can be obtained with the former requisitions of Nov. 2, 1781, for 8
millions of dollars & of October 16, 1782, for 2 millions of dollars. They
suppose that the requisition of 8 millions was greater than all the objects of
it did in event require. They suppose further that some of these objects have
been transferred to other funds. Of course there will be a surplus remaining
after all the demands paid & payable out of this fund. In like manner the 2
millions having been part of 6 millions estimated on a war establishment and
peace taking place immediately after, they expect a surplus may remain on this
also after all payments made & to be made out of it. These surpluses which
will be reached by no former appropriation & which are therefore fairly open
to be newly appropriated they ask of you to estimate according to the best of
your information that they may see how far an enforcement of them will go
towards supplying the demands of the current year: but that they may know how
to call on the several states to pay up their deficiencies, it will be
necessary also for you to inform them what proportion of these requisitions
had been paid up by each state to the 1st day of Jan. 1784.

Another object claimed the attention of the Committee. By a vote of Sep. 4,
1782, 1,200,000 Dollars were required from the states for the special purpose
of paying interest, with a permission to them to pay first out of their quotas
the interest on loan office certificates and other liquidated debts, loaned or
contracted in their own states, so that the balance only was to be remitted to
the Continental Treasury. Have any such balances been remitted, or have you
any information how far the several states have proceeded to comply with this
requisition by payment of interest within their own state?

A former committee had been appointed to revise the civil list and to adapt it
to the change of circumstances which peace has induced.(5) They have gone
through that work except so far as it relates to the department of Finance, by
which I mean to include the establishments in the several offices of the
Superintendt, Comptroller, Auditors, Register, Treasurer, & the Commissioners
for settling the accounts in the several states, and the accts of the Staff
departments. They hope from your letter in answer to one written you by Dr
Williamson their chairman that you are turning your attention to this subject
and that you will be so kind as to inform them whether any of the offices or
officers in that department may be dispensed with under present circumstances
so as to lessen it's expenses without endangering more substantial loss, a
true and laudable Economy being their object. I take the liberty of mentioning
this subject to you only because the Grand Committee under whose instructions
I write will of course be delayed in their estimates till the other committee
shall have made a full report on the civil list. With you I know it is
unnecessary to urge as early an answer as is practicable"

On February 10th, in response to Schuyler's intelligence and
warnings, Mifflin turned the delegates' attention to Native American business.
After a brief debate Congress resolved to authorize Schuyler to assure the Six
Nations "of the protection of the United States, so long as they continue in the
peaceable disposition which they now manifest," and that a general treaty will
be held with them "as soon as the season and other necessary circumstances
will permit." On February 20th Thomas Mifflin once again was forced to deal
with sporadic delegate attendance by certain states. He wrote His Excellency the
Governor of New Hampshire as well as the Governors of New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina and Georgia the following letter:

"I think it a duty I owe to the office I am honoured with,
as well as to the Union, to inform your Excellency, and thro' you the State
over which you preside; that the great business of the United States is at a
stand, for want of a representation agreeable to the Articles of
Confederation. The Journal transmitted by the Secretary to your Excellency,
and which contains the proceedings of Congress, and an Account of the States
and Members present from the first Monday of November last to this day, will
convince your Excellency of the state of inactivity, to which the affairs of
the United States are reduced, for want of a full representation. At this
moment, there are many matters of the highest importance to the safety, honor,
and happiness of the United States, which require immediate Attention. Among
these I need only mention the establishing a general peace with the Indians,
and settling the western territory, the arranging our foreign Affairs,and
taking measures for securing our frontiers, preserving our stores and
Magazines; making requisitions for the expenses of the current year and for
satisfying the public Creditors.

I have only to add that by the sickness of some of the Members, attending at
Annapolis, we have had seven States represented in Congress only three days
since the sixth Inst.; as your Excellency will observe by the enclosed
certificate of the Secretary,(1) and, that the Members present are
dissatisfied with attending to no purpose, and are very impatient under their
situation. I am with the greatest Respect and esteem, Your Excellency's Most
Obedient and humble Servant, Thomas Mifflin

ENCLOSURE
Saturday February 7th, only five States attended.
Monday February 9th, only six.
Tuesday & Wednesday 10th, and 11th seven States attended.
Thursday February 12, only five States attended.
Friday February 13th, seven States attended,
Monday Feby 16th, only five.
Tuesday Feby. 17th, }
Wednesday Feby, 18th, }
Thursday Feby. 19th, } Only six States, attended.
Friday Feby. 20th, }
Saturday Feby. 21st, }
The States unrepresented, are New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Delaware,
and Maryland, North Carolina and Georgia.
21 Feby. 1784."

Mifflin also appended the following information to his letter to
the President of Pennsylvania, who is not among the addressees noted in
Mifflin's letter book.

To the Governor of New York, who was inquiring about direly
needed garrisons, Mifflin wrote on the 26th:

"I am directed by Congress to inform your Excellency that
"Nine States not having been represented but for a few days since the
Adjournment of Congress to this place, the arrangement of Garrisons for the
Western and Northern Posts has not been entered upon nor can it be considered
till the States become more attentive to keeping up a full representation in
Congress.

The States not represented are New Hampshire, New York, Delaware, Maryland
and Georgia. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect and esteem Your
Excellency's Most Obedient and humble Servant, Thomas Mifflin"

On the 23rd a resolution was adopted upon the recommendation of
the committee of qualifications to provide greater uniformity in the election of
delegates and improve congressional attendance. It requested that the states
appoint delegates to one year terms, running from November to November to
coincide with the congressional year.

In March 1784, a congressional committee led by Thomas Jefferson proposed
dividing up sprawling western territories into states, to be considered equal
with the original 13.

Whereas the general Assembly of Virginia at their session,
commencing on the 20 day of October, 1783, passed an act to authorize their
delegates in Congress to convey to the United States in Congress assembled all
the right of that Commonwealth, to the territory northwestward of the river
Ohio: And whereas the delegates of the said Commonwealth, have presented to
Congress the form of a deed proposed to be executed pursuant to the said Act,
in the words following:

To all who shall see these presents, we Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, Arthur
Lee and James Monroe, the underwritten delegates for the Commonwealth of
Virginia, in the Congress of the United States of America, send greeting:

Known as the Ordinance of 1784, Jefferson's committee not only proposed a ban
on slavery in these new states, but everywhere in the U.S. after 1800. This
proposal was narrowly defeated by the Southern Contingent of Congress, despite
President Thomas Mifflin's support. The chance of peacefully abolishing
slavery nationally was lost with the invention of the cotton gin, which
increased cotton production a thousand fold. It would not be until July 1787,
under President Arthur St. Clair, that an ordinance would be passed to govern,
free of slavery, the Northwest Territory, which later became the states of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.

On March the 17th Robert Morris had responded to Thomas Jefferson's grand
committee of January and issued a letter on the precarious health of the
nation's public credit. This report was referred to another committee that
drafted this circular letter for the signature of the president of Congress
which was issued to the states on April 1, 1784.

"The subject of this address claims the attention of your Excellency on the
principle of the most urgent necessity. The State of our finances is such as
to require the united efforts of Congress and of the several States for
obtaining immediately a supply of money, to prevent the loss of public credit.

When the Army was furloughed, they had the promise of three months pay; and as
there was not money in the Treasury, the superintendent of finance was under
the necessity of issuing his notes to discharge this and other demands. The
notes becoming due, part of them were redeemed with money supplied by the
several states; but this being inadequate, the financier drew Bills on Holland
for the deficiency. A considerable proportion of these drafts have been paid
by loans obtained there, on the credit of the United States; but the letters
from our Bankers to the superintendent of finance, inform that they had been
under the necessity for the want of funds, to suffer so many of his Bills to
be protested for non-acceptance, as with the damages on protest in case of
non-payment will amount to the sum of 636,000 Dollars.

We expect the return of these bills under a protest for non payment, and
should there not be money in the treasury of the United States to discharge
them, your Excellency may easily conceive the deplorable consequences.

Under such circumstances, Congress think it their duty to communicate the
matter confidentially to the Supreme Executive of each State; and to request
in the most pressing terms, their influence and exertion to furnish with all
possible dispatch, on requisitions unsatisfied, their respective quotas of the
sum mentioned, according to the apportionment herewith transmitted.
I shall only add Sir, that Congress rely on your Wisdom, for accomplishing
their views with as much dispatch as possible; and that the estimates and
requisitions for the year, will be soon transmitted to your Excellency.
The Apportionment of the 636,000 Dollars is as follows:
New Hampshire 22,348
Massachusets 95,157
Rhode Island 13,703
Connecticut 56,007
New York 54,375
New Jersey 35,344
Pennsylvania 87,000
Delaware 9,516
Maryland 60,003
Virginia 108,750
North Carolina 46,218
South Carolina 40,782
Georgia 6,797"

On April 3rd President Mifflin, with a quorum of 11 states,
finally was able to notify General Philip Schuyler that:

"Congress having unanimously elected you a Commissioner for
holding a Treaty with the Indians … I transmit with great Satisfaction to you
a Commission under the Seal of the United States for that purpose; and it will
give me much pleasure to receive a letter from you acknowledging your
Acceptance of this Appointment."

President Mifflin next addressed Chevalier de La Luzerne's April
6th letter, notifying Congress of the King and Queen of France's portraits
arrival in Philadelphia, and a second April 9th letter, "requesting to know what
measures had been taken by the United States, relative to the payments of the
principal and interest of the loan[s]...furnished [and guaranteed] by his Most
Christian Majesty." The later letter had been read and referred to a committee
consisting of Elbridge Gerry, Thomas Jefferson, and Jacob Read on April 10th. On
April 16 Congress directed Mifflin to send La Luzerne the following explanation
in response to the committee's recommendation:

"I have the honor to inform your Excellency that Congress
have a due Sense of the care you have taken for preserving the Portraits of
his Most Christian Majesty and his Royal Consort, and that they are desirous
they may continue in your possession, until proper places can be provided for
them.

In answer to your Excellency's letter of the 9th Inst. I am instructed to
assure you that 'as all the Legislatures have not yet passed on the
recommendations of Congress of the 18th of April 1783 for establishing
permanent funds, supplementary requisitions on the States will be adopted to
provide for the interest of the loans aforesaid for the present year, and that
the greatest care will be taken by subsequent measures for the punctual
payment of the principle and interest as they may respectively become due
according to the times of the several contracts."

Chevalier de La Luzerne had also communicated on April 9th a
letter from the Comte de Vergennes, which herald the good news of opening a
trade port to the United States. Thomas Mifflin wrote each of the states on
April 21st 1784:

"I have the honor to inform your Excellency that by
intelligence communicated to Congress by the Minister of France, his Most
Christian Majesty has determined that L'Orient shall be a free port, and
although the Edict is not published, may be so considered by the Citizens of
the United States--And that the Merchants of the United States likewise enjoy
the liberty of frequenting the Ports of Marseilles and Dunkirk and participate
as other Nations the franchises and privileges of these two places."

In April inadequate State representation continued to plague
congressional business. Often States were left without a voice when two-member
delegations were divided on roll call votes. This left too few states,
effectively represented, to enable Congress to reach decisions on important
matters. So another resolution was passed on the 19th "… recommending a
representation by three Members at least from each State."

One of the results of the earlier monetary policy debate and Jefferson's
Ordinance of 1784 were the congressional broadsides issued by Congress
containing resolutions of both April 27th and 28th, to which was appended the
April 29th resolution on the cession of western claims described in Mifflin's
May 6th letter to the States:

"I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency an Act of Congress of the
27th of April being a requisition for the purpose of discharging the arrears
of Interest due on the national Debt &c. Also an Act of Congress of the 29th
of April recommending to the States claiming Western Territory immediate and
liberal Cessions thereof.

April 29th, 1784 Resolution

Congress, by their resolution of September 6, 1780, having thought it
advisable to press upon the states having claims to the western country, a
liberal surrender of a portion of their territorial claims; by that of the
10th of October, in the same year, having fixed conditions to which the Union
should be bound on receiving such cessions: and having again proposed the same
subject to those states, in their address of April 18, 1783, wherein, stating
the national debt, and its annual interest, the they recommended for the
discharge of the interest the plan of an impost on commerce now under
consideration with the states, with such subsidiary funds as they might judge
most convenient, and for the discharge of the principal, and expressing some
their reliance for its discharge, on the prospect of vacant territory, in aid
of other resources, they, for that purpose, as well as to obviate disagreeable
controversies and confusions, included in the same recommendations, a renewal
of those of September 6, and of October the 10th, 1780; which several
recommendations have not yet been fully complied with:

Resolved, That the same subject be again presented to the attention of the
said states; that they be urged to consider that the war being now brought to
a happy termination by the personal services of our soldiers, the supplies of
property by our citizens, and loans of money from them as well as from
foreigners; these several creditors have a right to call for precise
designation of the funds expect that funds shall be provided on which they are
to may rely for indemnification;

That Congress still consider vacant territory as a capital resource; that this
too is the tune when our Confederacy, with all the territory included within
its limits should assume its ultimate and permanent form; and that therefore
the said states be earnestly pressed, by immediate and liberal cessions, to
forward these necessary ends, and to remove those obstacles which disturb the
harmony of the Union, which embarrass its councils and obstruct its
operations.

That Congress still consider vacant territory as an important resource: and
that therefore the said states be earnestly pressed, by immediate and liberal
cessions, to forward these necessary ends, and to promote the harmony of the
Union."

By mid-May Thomas Mifflin's hopes were to complete his term as President before
the start of summer. Once again the States were under represented. Believing
that it would be impossible for a letter to reach the more distant States in
time for congressional final action and adjournment, the President wrote only
his Excellency Nicholas Van Dyke of Delaware on May 11th, 1784:

"I have the Honor to inform your Excellency that there are Subjects of
considerable importance which demand the immediate attendance of your Delegates
in Congress, which must necessarily be postponed unless they come forward
without Delay, Congress having determined to adjourn on the 3d day of June
next."

On May 15th President Mifflin directed Secretary of War, Henry Knox:

"to open a Correspondence with the Commander in Chief of
his Britannic Majesty's Forces in Canada in order to ascertain the precise
time when each of the Posts within the Territories of the United States now
occupied by British Troops shall be delivered up. You are also to endeavor to
effect an exchange with the British Commanding Officer in Canada of the Cannon
and Stores at the Posts to be evacuated, for Cannon and Stores to be delivered
at West Point, New York or some other convenient place, and if this cannot be
accomplished, that then you cause the compliment of Cannon and Stores
requisite for those Posts to be in readiness to be transported in the most
convenient and expeditious manner possible."

General Knox responded suggesting that he order "a confidential
field officer to repair to Canada, who will be able upon the spot to negotiate
the affair much sooner than it could be done by Letters." Congress immediately
endorsed Knox's request.

In May, while Benjamin Franklin's efforts were underway for the United States
and France to reach agreement on a consular convention in France a foreign
relations crisis gripped Pennsylvania. Charles Julien chevalier de Longchamps
assaulted the French Consul General in Philadelphia.

Chevalier de La Luzerne advised Thomas Mifflin of this attack on
May 20th claiming it a breach of diplomatic privilege. The issued of Longchamps'
attack on Marbois that illuminated the rights of diplomatic officials and the
obligation of the Federal government to protect and defend foreign dignitaries
was a topic of heated debate in Congress. The United States in Congress
Assembled did little more than offer a reward of $500 for Longchamps' capture
and urged the states to assist in his apprehension as their hands were tied by a
weak Federal Constitution. The real issue of the Marbois-Longchamps affair
shifted from foreign policy to states rights. The acts of Philadelphia and the
government of Pennsylvania prevented the incident from escalating into a cause
that would undermine federal-state relations. Pennsylvania, much to the pleasure
of the Thomas Jefferson (the recently appointed U.S. Minister to France
currently in Philadelphia), quickly apprehended Longchamps.

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