Waste Management is relevant to everyone. Wastes are substances that have no further economic use, and if disposed of in land, water, or air, which are potentially harmful to humans and/or the environment. Wastes include solid waste (litter, household garbage, industrial commercial wastes), liquid wastes (sewage, storm water), and air pollutants (greenhouse gases, carbon monoxide). Much of the waste created by humans cannot be naturally recycled most of it is not managed in a sustainable manner. We wake up every day to manage, clean and fix ourselves, but are we also concern of doing these to our waste? We buy things, we use it and after using it, we dumped it anywhere because we believe it is completely useless. Let’s think about it. Count how many wastes have you added in the economy and how many did you dispose properly. For over years that passed by, we rate pollution as one of the most controversial problem of human on earth but only several are aware about its effects and bad results. Most wastes take a long time to break down - plastic bags take up to 20 years, and cigarette butts take 1-5. Continuing to dump wastes in the manner we are using now is something, which is ecologically unstable and must be dealt with. The first and most obvious geographical process that relates to household waste management is the creation of that original waste through human activities such as packaging, product usage, the consuming of fuel, and physical human waste. Another process involved with household waste management is the collection and organization of the waste. In regard to general household waste, local councils usually have a weekly collection system for each household, and recyclables are often collected separately from general waste. These items, such as containers and paper, are recycled, which is much more helpful for the environment. Liquid waste from homes is organized by a sewerage system. The last main process related to this issue is the disposal of that waste. The general household waste, which will take a long time to breakdown, is sent to landfill sites or sometimes burned. When wastes are disposed off improperly, they become a significant source of pollution but if we would implement our best WASTE MANGEMENT practices (segregation, recycling, re-using, implementing MRF, etc.), it will be the most effective way of preserving cleanliness and the avoidance of sickness and pollution.]]>Empowerment TechnologyFri, 01 Dec 2017 06:32:11 +0000Legal, Ethical and societal issues in Media and Information - by: tognaihttp://cordilleraviews.com/forum/empowerment-technology/22-legal-ethical-and-societal-issues-in-media-and-information#14
http://cordilleraviews.com/forum/empowerment-technology/22-legal-ethical-and-societal-issues-in-media-and-information#14

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Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and "moral rights" such as attribution.

Copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws vary by country.
Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is, copyright typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction). Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.

Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works". Specifics vary by jurisdiction, but these can include poems, theses, plays and other literary works, motion pictures, choreography, musical compositions, sound recordings, paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, computer software, radio and television broadcasts, and industrial designs. Graphic designs and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.
Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed. For example, the copyright to a Mickey Mouse cartoon restricts others from making copies of the cartoon or creating derivative works based on Disney's particular anthropomorphic mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough to not be judged copies of Disney's. Note additionally that Mickey Mouse is not copyrighted because characters cannot be copyrighted; rather, Steamboat Willie is copyrighted and Mickey Mouse, as a character in that copyrighted work, is afforded protection.

Several exclusive rights typically attach to the holder of a copyright:
*To produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies (including, typically, electronic copies)
*To import or export the work
*To create derivative works (works that adapt the original work)
*To perform or display the work publicly
*To sell or cede these rights to others
*To transmit or display by radio or video.

The phrase "exclusive right" means that only the copyright holder is free to exercise those rights, and others are prohibited from using the work without the holder's permission. Copyright is sometimes called a "negative right", as it serves to prohibit certain people (e.g., readers, viewers, or listeners, and primarily publishers and would be publishers) from doing something they would otherwise be able to do, rather than permitting people (e.g., authors) to do something they would otherwise be unable to do. In this way it is similar to the unregistered design right in English law and European law. The rights of the copyright holder also permit him/her to not use or exploit their copyright, for some or all of the term. There is, however, a critique which rejects this assertion as being based on a philosophical interpretation of copyright law that is not universally shared. There is also debate on whether copyright should be considered a property right or a moral right.
If a pictorial, graphic or sculptural work is a useful article, it is copyrighted only if its aesthetic features are separable from its utilitarian features. A useful article is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information. They must be separable from the functional aspect to be copyrighted.

Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g. musical composition, novel), whether the work has been published, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of the world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. Under most countries' laws (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom), copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in question.
The length and requirements for copyright duration are subject to change by legislation, and since the early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in various countries, which can make determining the duration of a given copyright somewhat difficult. For example, the United States used to require copyrights to be renewed after 28 years to stay in force, and formerly required a copyright notice upon first publication to gain coverage. In Italy and France, there were post-wartime extensions that could increase the term by approximately 6 years in Italy and up to about 14 in France. Many countries have extended the length of their copyright terms (sometimes retroactively). International treaties establish minimum terms for copyrights, but individual countries may enforce longer terms than those.
In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses. It should be noted that US copyright does NOT cover names, title, short phrases or Listings (such as ingredients, recipes, labels, or formulas). However, there are protections available for those areas copyright does not cover – such as trademarks and patents.
There are some exceptions to what copyright will protect. Copyright will not protect:
Names of products
Names of businesses, organizations, or groups
Pseudonyms of individuals
Titles of works
Catchwords, catchphrases, mottoes, slogans, or short advertising expressions
Listings of ingredients in recipes, labels, and formulas, though the directions can be copyrighted
Idea–expression dichotomy and the merger doctrine
The idea–expression divide differentiates between ideas and expression, and states that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the ideas themselves. This principle, first clarified in the 1879 case of Baker V. Selden, has since been codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 at 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).
Copyright law does not restrict the owner of a copy from reselling legitimately obtained copies of copyrighted works, provided that those copies were originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. It is therefore legal, for example, to resell a copyrighted book or CD. In the United States this is known as the first-sale doctrine, and was established by the courts to clarify the legality of reselling books in second-hand bookstores.
Some countries may have parallel importation restrictions that allow the copyright holder to control the aftermarket. This may mean for example that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country where it was printed does infringe copyright in a country into which it is imported for retailing. The first-sale doctrine is known as exhaustion of rights in other countries and is a principle which also applies, though somewhat differently, to patent and trademark rights. It is important to note that the first-sale doctrine permits the transfer of the particular legitimate copy involved. It does not permit making or distributing additional copies.

Copyright Infringement is defined as “the unauthorized use of copyrighted material in a manner that violates one of the copyright owner’s exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it.”
You can infringe upon a copyright in many different ways. You can duplicate a work, rewrite a piece, perform a written work or do anything that is normally considered to be the exclusive right of the copyright holder. As such, copyright infringement is a very broad term that describes a variety of acts.
Copyright infringement is also against the law. A wide range of civil punishments can be levied against people who infringe upon copyrights and, in some cases, criminal charges can also be filed.
The main thing to remember is that copyright infringement is a broad term used to catch every conceivable way that one can violate another’s copyright.

A copyright, or aspects of it (e.g. reproduction alone, all but moral rights), may be assigned or transferred from one party to another. For example, a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a record company in which the musician agrees to transfer all copyright in the recordings in exchange for royalties and other considerations. The creator (and original copyright holder) benefits, or expects to, from production and marketing capabilities far beyond those of the author. In the digital age of music, music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the Internet; however, the record industry attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and his or her work so it can reach a much larger audience. A copyright holder need not transfer all rights completely, though many publishers will insist. Some of the rights may be transferred, or else the copyright holder may grant another party a non-exclusive license to copy and/or distribute the work in a particular region or for a specified period of time.
A transfer or licence may have to meet particular formal requirements in order to be effective, for example under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 the copyright itself must be expressly transferred in writing. Under the U.S. Copyright Act, a transfer of ownership in copyright must be memorialized in a writing signed by the transferor. For that purpose, ownership in copyright includes exclusive licenses of rights. Thus exclusive licenses, to be effective, must be granted in a written instrument signed by the grantor. No special form of transfer or grant is required. A simple document that identifies the work involved and the rights being granted is sufficient. Non-exclusive grants (often called non-exclusive licenses) need not be in writing under U.S. law. They can be oral or even implied by the behavior of the parties. Transfers of copyright ownership, including exclusive licenses, may and should be recorded in the U.S. Copyright Office. (Information on recording transfers is available on the Office's web site.) While recording is not required to make the grant effective, it offers important benefits, much like those obtained by recording a deed in a real estate transaction.

Copyright may also be licensed. Some jurisdictions may provide that certain classes of copyrighted works be made available under a prescribed statutory license (e.g. musical works in the United States used for radio broadcast or performance). This is also called a compulsory license, because under this scheme, anyone who wishes to copy a covered work does not need the permission of the copyright holder, but instead merely files the proper notice and pays a set fee established by statute (or by an agency decision under statutory guidance) for every copy made. Failure to follow the proper procedures would place the copier at risk of an infringement suit. Because of the difficulty of following every individual work, copyright collectives or collecting societies and performing rights organizations (such as ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC) have been formed to collect royalties for hundreds (thousands and more) works at once. Though this market solution bypasses the statutory license, the availability of the statutory fee still helps dictate the price per work collective rights organizations charge, driving it down to what avoidance of procedural hassle would justify.

Fair use is a legal gray area that refers to exceptions in the rights of copyright holders and allows for limited use of copyrighted material, even without permission. However, the conditions in which fair use can be claimed are not set in stone and depend upon four factors:
the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; andthe effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
In short, using short, attributed snippets of a piece for the purpose of commentary or education is generally considered fair use. However, reprinting an entire work without attribution for the purpose of self-promotion or profit isn’t. The shorter the amount copied and the more it is for the purpose of commentary or education, the more likely it is to be deemed fair use.
One important note about fair use is that all incidents of it involve attribution. An act of plagiarism never falls under fair use. So, if you ever want to claim fair use when copying from someone else’s work, you need to make sure to follow proper attribution procedures, just to be safe.

Plagiarism is defined as “the use of another’s information, language, or writing, when done without proper acknowledgment of the original source.” However, the critical element of it is the final part. The one thing that ties all plagiarism together is going beyond merely duplicating the work, but also not crediting the source and thus taking the material for yourself.
Thus, plagiarism is a very specific act and the term only means one thing. It is also, generally, considered to be a much more morally heinous act as it involves deception (lying to others about the origins of the work) and generally has a much greater impact on the copyright holder.
However, not all incidents of plagiarism are considered copyright infringement. Plagiarizing works in the public domain, though unethical, is not considered copyright infringement. Also, plagiarism, in and of itself, is not illegal. While it can be considered a mitigating factor in the event a legal dispute should arise, it is only considered illegal if it also constitutes copyright infringement.
The important thing to remember, though, is that plagiarism refers to using someone else’s work without providing attribution. Though it’s possible to infringe upon a copyright while attributing a source properly, it is not possible to plagiarize.
properly, it is not possible to plagiarize.

Digital ethiquette or netiquette is the basic set of rules you should follow in order to make the internet better for others, and better for you. Its just as important to treat people with courtesy and respect online as it is in real life.

Rules:
*Remember the human
*Adhere to the same standards of behaviour online that you follow in real life.
*Know where you are in cyberspace.
*Respect other people’s time and bandwidth
*Make yourself look good online
*Share expert knowledge

*Help keep flame wars under control
*Respect other people’s privacy
*Don’t abuse you power
*Be forgiving of other people’s mistake

Digital Divide
The digital divide is what separates people who have access to things such as computers, and the internet, and those who don’t.
Addiction

Addiction possessing typical addictive behaviours.
Escaping reality through the internet
An individual develops and addiction possessing typical addictive behaviours, this is manifested in different ways ( inclusion, escaping reality, attachment). It is the “mental health concern of the millennium”

Why/how do people become addict?
-relief of unpleasant or everwhelming feelings
-anxiety
-depression
-lack of social support
-unhappy teenager
-less socially active than before
-Stress

●SYMPTOMS
Losing track of time online
Trouble completing tasks at work or home
Isolation from family/friends
Guilty or defensive about internet use
Sense of euphoria
●Physical symptoms
*Carpal tunnel, dry or strained eyes, body aches, sleep disturbance, change in weight
Internet addiction:prevention and cures
●Prevention
*Cures
*Educate youth
*Recognizing time management
*Parental Guidance/control
*Develop new patterns of use to break the old

Social networking is supplement, does not replace real status
Setting goals

Develop time management/coping skills
Abstinence

Support groups
School-based intervention

Bullying
Cyberbullying – the use of digital media tools, such as the internet and cell phones, to deliberately and repeatedly hurt, harass, or embarrass someone else.

Why children/teens cyberbully?
*Entertainment
*Hunger for power and control
*Revenge
*Expressive manifestation of social status

Virtual Self
The virtual self as a form is, therefore, a new media object (or, at least, can be considered as such). It means, as Manovich explains, that, on a material level, the common modifying operations such as copy, paste, morph, interpolate, filter, composite, etc. can be applied to it. On the level of construction, it can combine different media such as text, image, video, sound etc., and take the form of hypertext or multimedia object. Moreover, in compliance with the principle of transcoding, it can be realized as a distributed system using different media or subdomains of the same media. On the level of distribution, the difference between limited and mass distribution, as well as between individual and public distribution of the self-images, are effacing. (Manovich 2001b).

The virtual self is thus a distributed system – a hypertext which elements are dispersed trough the network and can be linked to each other in a variety of ways. The primary form of existence of the virtual self, as well as other new media objects, is a database – a collection of items of different kinds; not a narrative as was the case with traditional forms of autobiography or other self-representing genres. From the database, various competing narratives or hyper-narratives can be produced. The particular forms of self-representation such as a personal homepage, online diary or a virtual character can be considered as particular interfaces to the self as a database.

Opportunities in media and information

1. Promote your company’s brand—sales and marketing professionals can usesocial media to introduce and promote new products and services in a way thatincreases a potential target market exponentially. Social networking sites allowconsumers to communicate with each other and to share their thoughts andideas about your company’s products. Additionally, social media sites provideconsumers with the opportunity to “follow” your products or services or to“tweet” about their experiences, thereby creating a more personal connectionwhile building brand loyalty.
2. Engage your customers—whatever your company sells, whether a product or a service, it has a customer base that can be engaged through social media. But the manner of engagement is unique because social media has revolutionized the style of business-to-customer communications. Customers no longer want to be talked at. Instead, they are looking for organizations to listen, to appropriately engage, and to respond to them. Social media sites are now used as a version of electronic word of mouth and provide a platform for your consumers to not only speak directly to your company, but also for consumers to communicate with each other, sharing reviews or testimonials about specific products or services. Companies that join social media sites are able to create stronger relationships with their customers and are also able to improve customer service by utilizing social media to address customer service issues.
Customers no longer want to be talked at. Instead, they are looking for organizations to listen, to appropriately engage, and to respond to them.
3. Improved recruiting techniques—the days of simply posting a job on a job board or running a newspaper advertisement is long over. Instead, recruiters today are increasingly turning to social media sites to attract and recruit top talent. In order to avoid being barraged with hundreds of resumes submitted by unqualified candidates, recruiters are choosing to perform targeted searches on professional social media sites, such as LinkedIn. Doing so allows recruiters to search for candidates with specific knowledge, skills and experience.
Prospective employees are also using company profiles posted on social media sites to develop lists of companies where they would be interested in working.
By creating a detailed profile, your company will be able to attract the best candidates and maintain strong ties with former valued employees who could be potential candidates in the future.
4. Employee engagement—Social Networking tools allow organizations to improve communication and productivity among employees. Professional social media sites such as LinkedIn, allow your employees to join specific work groups in order to engage in conversations with other professionals in similar industries. This kind of participation can broaden the employee’s knowledge base and help to generate new and innovative ways of meeting business challenges. Employees can also use social networking sites to build targeted professional networks that can help them stay current with market trends. Allowing employees the latitude to utilize social media techniques also promotes trust with employees and fosters a more collaborative environment.
5. Cost effective—using social media as a sales and marketing tool is a very inexpensive mode of advertising because it reaches a vast audience for a marginal investment. Instead of spending large amounts of money on marketing and advertising campaigns, let your happy customers advertise for you. Many consumers rely heavily on social media sites such as Yelp, Urbanspoon, and Citysearch for peer reviews of businesses. Many consumers are no longer going directly to the source for product information; they trust their peers to fairly review products for them. Therefore it’s a good idea to encourage your customers or clients to check-in at your business, or direct them to review your product online. This method ensures that you reach a vast audience via social networks, and even better, doesn’t cost you a thing.
6. Share information about your company—both customers and potential employees use social media to research companies that they have an interest in knowing more about. Social media sites provide an excellent medium for companies to share positive information. It is important to leverage sites such as
Facebook and Twitter to your advantage. If your company doesn’t already have a
Facebook page you should challenge your marketing team to create one.
Using social media as a sales and marketing tool is a very inexpensive mode of advertising because it reaches a vast audience for a marginal investment.
Opportunities & Challenges of Social Media in the Workplace
4 trinet.com
Posting a Facebook page will allow your company to generate an online community of clients or customers that are familiar with your product. Encourage your customers to “like” your Facebook page. Each time an individual “likes” a page; all of their friends see that endorsement and may become motivated to visit your site. If you have a new product coming out—or maybe you’ve been recognized for a current product or service—let your customers know via Twitter. Strategically timed “tweets” disseminate information about your company to thousands of potential customers or employees.
7. An opportunity to listen—remember, just because you aren’t listening, doesn’t mean people aren’t talking. Conversations about you and your business may be taking place with you or without you. By actively taking part in the conversations happening on the web, you are able to manage these conversations in a positive manner. Leverage social media to solicit constructive feedback from both customers and employees. Social media allows companies to collect feedback both more quickly and more cost-effectively than does a traditional email or phone survey strategy. Many social media sites allow businesses to create polls, which are posted online and are viewable to anyone that visits your site. This is a great way to get invaluable feedback that you can use to improve your product.
Also, by encouraging employees to participate in these polls you can improve employment practices or pinpoint deficiencies in your human capital practices and strategy.
8. Thought leadership—social media is an ideal venue in which to establish your company as a thought leader. Many companies effectively utilize social media blogging sites to provide company-specific content. Not only does this show your customers that you are a thought leader, it also generates conversation on the topic you choose to blog about. By framing your message in a specific way you are sure to generate consensus which will lead to increased conversation about your topic, and ultimately your company. And when you give people a reason to discuss your topic you are generating online chatter—the goal of any social media strategy.]]>Empowerment TechnologyThu, 30 Nov 2017 23:48:56 +0000