To the memory of my father, whose passion for his craft inspired my own M.G.

Last year, I was lucky enough to be in Chile, as a guest of Mr. Agustin Edwards, the publisher of El Mercurio. At one point, Mr. Edwards took me into his magnificent library to show me several rare books, among which was an illuminated manuscript, circa 1495, of Aesop’s Fables. In addition to admiring the Gothic-style lettering and the 66 miniature illustrations drawn in liquid gold, I recognized instantly the author’s ability to tell a complete story in a few lines. Aesop was a precursor of the Internet, I thought. One does not need to “scroll” to read an entire fable. Whata utilitarian and “modern” way to present valuable information. The inspiration for the short “fables” in this book was born there.
— DR. MARIO GARCIA SEPTEMBER 1, 2002

contents
foreword
JOHN MILLER xi

introduction
MARIO GARCIA 1

words
HOW TO TELL A STORY 11

type
HOW TO USE FONTS 43

layout
H O W TO B U I L D A PAG E 7 5

color
H O W T O C R E AT E PA L E T T E S 1 3 7

pictures
HOW TO USE PICTURES 159

process
HOW TO MAKE A REDESIGN WORK 187 APPENDIX

ten myths of design
201

acknowledgments
210

foreword
JOHN MILLER

If I had designed 450 newspapers and been called the most important newspaper designer in the world, I’d be tempted to rest on my laurels. Not Mario Garcia. The architect behind some of the most successful redesigns in the world, including The Wall Street Journal (U.S., Europe, and Asia), Die Zeit (Germany), El Mercurio (Chile), El Tiempo (Colombia), Liberation (France) and The San Jose Mercury News, Mario Garcia continues to be a visionary leader in the world of publication design. For the last thirty years, he has championed ideas about readability, storytelling, and multiple points of entry and has helped define how content is presented in all media with one fundamental goal in mind: always design with the reader in mind. But today readers have changed. People are inundated from so many directions they don’t have the time to make sense of it all. They flip, they scan, and they surf. All at once. Scarborough Research recently reported that 91 percent of Internet users with a TV in the same room surfed and watched television simultaneously! (We usually blame the web for this, but it probably should fall on remote controls, the device with which people began seriously determining whether or not they were interested in a television station—within five seconds.)
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Editors and designers have responded by cramming in more and more and more and more, cranking up the volume in a cacophony of grueling, information-dense pages and mesmerizing, whirring screens. But Mario’s response is a new kind of design: Clean, elegant, usable, and true to itself. Design that stands out from the clutter by presenting information in a radically simple, stripped-down way. In a word, pure. Pure design is not a revolutionary concept. In fact, its basic, “less is more” principles apply to all forms of design. Mario’s series of design solutions presented here will give designers new perspective, help them decide what information is most important, and provide successful ways to present it. Mario’s ideas on pure design have been immensely helpful to my team and are the reason for my involvement in this book. We’ve been privileged to work alongside him and have seen the effectiveness of pure design in action. Today, this philosophy affects all of my work. During a recent redesign, we finished the look and feel of the pages quickly, but went through round after round of designs of the information graphics, a key element in the new style. With each successive revision, we peeled off another layer of unnecessary information. It was a lot of work, but in the end we were left with

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something brilliant: designs that were clean, simple, and instantly accessible. For decades, designers have looked to Mario Garcia for inspiration, direction, and new thinking. In today’s information-riddled world, the idea of pure design makes more sense than ever. 

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introduction
MARIO GARCIA

Pure design is just what it sounds like—creating storytelling structures that are simple and uncomplicated. Whether it is for the design of a newspaper, magazine, website, CD cover, newsletter, or annual report, the inspiration for pure design comes first and foremost from the content to be presented. Once that has been established, pure design calls for what I refer to as “look and feel” that is appropriate for the content and audience for which it is intended. After years of print design developing as a means to adapt to rapidly growing technology, today design is starting to relax a bit, sort of what happened in the late 1960s, when the so-called minimal artists who emerged in that era insisted on stressing a certain architectural precision, which led to clarity and a non-relational organization of parts. Indeed, it was a style of expression stripped of decoration and excesses. As minimalist artist Frank Stella famously said of his painting, “What you see is what you see.” For the visual journalist—those of us dealing with very specific content aimed at chronicling a story—the motto could be “what you see is how it is.”

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My idea of pure design is inspired by minimalism. And, although this movement found its truest manifestations in sculpture— composed of modular units, aluminum and steel cubes, etc.— one can relate to how artists of this group created, for example, horizontal sculptures made of identical units. The overall impression, however, is what contributed to “telling the story.” Likewise, pure design is a series of repetitions: how story structures are created, how a grid is adhered to, with the same number of columns and equal repetitions of white space, for example, with a typographic cluster that is identical, and, if possible, based on one family of type; all of which is ultimately highlighted by a color palette, again, made up of similarly hued colors, and only a few, which are constantly repeated. To the minimalist artist, repetition of forms gave way to a grand overall impression. The same is true for those of us who adhere to pure design for telling stories in print and the web. The segments that follow attempt to make clarity and simplicity foundations for all we do as designers. If the story is told with clarity and simplicity, then, indeed, “what you see is the story”. That, after all, is the most important part of our job. However, in our work, clarity and simplicity rely more on the designer’s instinct than on theory.

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Design Theories

A graduate student from an American university recently wrote seeking assistance with her doctoral dissertation. “I am trying to establish some theories of newspaper design,” she explained. My response was that there are no “theories” of newspaper design, at least not in the abstract sense of the word. Newspaper design is deeply rooted in practical realities and is more an organic than an abstract theoretical process. The most I could offer were some generalizations about what we do with visual journalism:
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Make it easy to read—use typography that is clear, easy on the eyes and very legible. Make it easy to find—employ navigational tools that allow the reader to get to the content he or she wishes to read in the least amount of time possible. Make it visually appealing—provide an environment in which good content will find attractive display, thus increasing the number of readers who will use it.

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Pure design is all about paving the way for readers to move through a publication or website almost effortless, while enjoying the experience.

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Achieving Design Balance

How we achieve this level of design varies from medium to medium, as factors such as size, format and time spent make a difference. For practical purposes, let us examine how pure design applies to a well-designed newspaper, knowing that its applications to magazine and Web design almost parallel. A well-designed newspaper must have:
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Newsy and appealing front pages. At least three powerful stories (high on emotion, low on baggage). At least one wonderful photo that conveys it all in ten seconds. A list of what I must know I’ll find in the paper today. A very short list of what I should know if I have an extra five minutes. Something to make me feel good about me. . . .

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Good indexing

An index has always been an important part of a good newspaper. However, the emergence of the Internet, and the fact that so many newspaper readers browse web sites, where navigation is a key element, has made it even more important for the modern newspaper.
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Legible typography

A newspaper is, after all, for reading. It is a fact that about 85 percent of what appears in most newspapers is text.

Uncomplicated page architecture

Good design uses a precise grid, with combinations of columns based on a specific basic set, let us say five or six, from which other combinations are created.

Steps to Design Success

In 1981, in the first edition of my textbook, Contemporary Newspaper Design, I listed three challenges redefining the role of newspapers. Today these also apply to the various media:
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Accepting the emergence of television as a far-reaching medium for news and entertainment Satisfying the informational needs of a greater number of readers who have moved to the suburbs and created news microcosms within the large metropolitan area Developing content relevant to the changing lifestyles of young readers and reestablishing the newspaper habit among the large number of nonreaders
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For the most part, these challenges remain with us. But if I were to reconsider them for today’s publication design environment, as a publisher recently asked me to do, I’d list the top three contemporary challenges redefining the role of newspapers as these:
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Include local news. It’s what readers everywhere crave, followed by better and easier-to-use information on health, technology, and personal finance. Coordinate with your website to provide more service-oriented features and lists. Lists do very well with today’s readers. Introduce supplements for younger readers, not necessarily about entertainment but about issues of particular interest to this age group.

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These challenges make the process of change, of redesign, even more important than ever before. The key is getting all the pertinent information before the project starts, and then establishing a time line that accommodates a gradual process. Here are some steps that are crucial to redesigning any product, from a simple two-page brochure, to a major annual report, magazine, newspaper, or website:
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The briefing stage: All those involved discuss the scope of the project, where they wish to take the subject of the redesign, visions of the future (a redesign is done for the next two to four years, not for the here and now), changes in content (which are vital to a good redesign), navigation of the new product, and links to its website.

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After this briefing, the team is ready to work on sketches, to visualize abstract discussions, to make them a bit more real.
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The sketching phase: Here the designers prepare two or three versions with different styles and typography to present for discussion. This is one of the more creative aspects of the project, and my favorite. The sketches are presented, discussed by all, and then some conclusions are drawn. Now we either go back to the drawing board and start again, or we take concepts from here and there, to incorporate into a more final prototype. The prototype phase: Here the team puts together a complete sample of the new product incorporating all the agreed-upon changes. Perhaps this version is tested with focus groups, which are then discussed, analyzed and a final prototype is then prepared. The implementation phase: The team prepares its style manual and trains designers and subeditors for the launching of the new design. Training is an important part of what happens here. This is what guarantees that a design will be followed.

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Design for people and place

Finally, publications, especially newspapers, must fit in with their city, their readers, and the communities they serves. Each newspaper must have its own identity and personality, and not copy that of another paper. Aesthetics is secondary to individuality.

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Newspapers that do this that will be around for many more years. Pure design does not work outside the limitations and requirements of the technology we use to produce our work, and, most important, without taking into account the realities of marketing, circulation and the changing reading habits of people who live in an unprecedented information revolution. The most successful projects are those in which a content realignment precedes the redesign process, and the editors are ready to tackle the issue of how to highlight that good content through design. To that effect, we start with the creation of story structures, which eventually lead to typographic components and then to the right page architecture and color palette. I could have probably told that doctoral student who asked about theories of newspaper design that the phases described above, although not specifically theoretical, constitute the basis of good progression for design generally, allowing both journalists and designers to divide the work into units that link processes and stimulate creative thinking. And pure design does not exist without a good sprinkling of common sense, the ability to surprise oneself with new concepts, and that element of passion that separates the magnificent project from the rest. 

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words
HOW TO TELL A STORY

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Engines to good design
Designers who respect words gain the respect of the editors they work with. Respect for words shows in every page. Words hold the key to our senses, in ways that perhaps visuals, and even the power of color, can’t. We may be impacted by the presence of a bright hue on a page, but words mesmerize, and are remembered long after our eyes went on to seek other sensations on another page. Not long ago, Tom Brokaw was presenting a lead-in to a documentary on the Baby Boom generation. He was seated at his desk in a dark suit, with nothing around him but the weight of words. The words themselves were far more powerful than any of the footage shown. For the designer, words have practical applications:
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Certain “key words” give us visual clues. Cling to adjectives (“this was an over-the-top school principal”), to descriptive phrases (“it had not rained for days, all was dry and brown”), or point of view (“there was nothing humorous about this meeting”) and seek ways to reflect them on the page. The tone of the words leads to the tone of the design. While reading a manuscript, a good designer underlines any passages that describe potential visuals.

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Even when words are used to point directly to an aspect of a story such as “ what the strike means”, the designer can then utilize visual tools to make the material more comprehensible. It is an interesting exercise, and one I recommend to start by writing a short paragraph descriptive of what a design project is all about. I find myself making notes that read: “This is a text-driven newspaper where what one reads is more important than what one sees. . . .” “Here we must explode with energy on every page: the bold, the large, the bright hues, all are protagonists in this circus-like environment. . . .” “A website for those who wish to meditate and contemplate: go easy on the bright images; find dropped capitals to intercept here and there.”

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When a reader sees a page, it is the words he begins with. No matter what one is designing, he begins with words. It all starts with words, so we begin our study of pure design with words. 

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Layering stories
Headlines are beacons leading us to a destination. Because the destination is usually a mass of text, smaller beacons, such as deck heads or summaries, also contribute to getting us into a story. But for these devices to work well, copy editors must make sure that each new element within a story structure adds information, that they do not simply repeat the thought from the headline into the deck and into the summary. When I worked with The Philadelphia Inquirer, the editor would not release the completed redesign until everyone on the copy desk understood and applied the concept of integrated editing: insuring that each element in the story structure contributed an added dimension of the story. At the Asian and European Wall Street Journals, the lead structure on each page uses three elements preceding the text. The main headline, our primary beacon, wets our appetite. The second deck amplifies what the story has to offer, and additional decks or summaries take us by the hand—or the neck—into the text. 

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Hand in hand: The Philadelphia Inquirer editors and designers know that writing, editing and design combine to give us pages where words and images form a harmonious marriage. Headlines and photos/illustrations convey different aspects of a story. Collaboration between editors and designers leads to the best designed pages. 15

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Summaries
Headlines and photos are our most effective tools to grab the attention of readers. However, designers and editors know that summaries—four or five line paragraphs that appear between the headline and the first line of text—can also be good hooks to pull readers in. Popular with magazines, summaries have made a great entrance into newspapers and other printed matter. The well-written ones do not repeat what the headline says; instead, they flesh out the story, to give scanners an idea of what the story is about. Typographically, summaries should be set in a minimum of 12 points, and should offer contrast to the headline. A very light headline, might use a bold summary, and vice versa. Avoid using very long summaries. One-column summaries should not exceed 8-10 lines. If spread over two columns, summaries should be a maximum of six lines. Summaries should not appear as an impassable block of text. Instead, they are extensions of the headline, another point of entry to interest the reader. 

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Taking the headline further: For “scanners”, summaries may be all of the story they take with them. Santiago’s El Mercurio uses summaries intelligently, in a style that never exceeds 8-10 lines of text.

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A brief should be brief
When we conducted the often-quoted Poynter Institute EyeTracking Research, it became obvious that briefs—those short and nicely packaged columns that run up and down on the page— enjoy some of the highest readership. More than 69 percent of all the briefs that appeared were read in their entirety. We should incorporate briefs whenever possible, and give them a prominent place on the page. Most newspapers run brief columns vertically, usually on the outside of the page, with small, bold headlines and type set ragged right, to distinguish them from regular text. But at The Wall Street Journal Europe, the new design calls for brief columns to appear anywhere but on the edge, making them a more integral part of the page. News websites have enhanced the status of briefs. A new generation of readers is used to scanning and scrolling up and down to get summaries of stories they may eventually read in their entirety. When those readers transfer to print, they expect the same, smooth type of visual “scrolling.” There remains a consistent problem with briefs, however. In many newspapers, they are not brief enough. A brief should be what the term implies: not more than fifteen to twenty lines in a one-column setting. If more space is needed, then the editor should create a compact story. Long briefs are unfair to the reader—and the story. 

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Reaffirmation news: Readers come to their newspaper to discover what they don’t know or to reaffirm what they already heardelsewhere. Briefs rank among the most often read items in the newspaper. Editors know that these short items are best utilized with reaffirmation news. The Wall Street Journal Europe runs briefs on almost every page, complementing text-driven pages of news. 19

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Whispers
The storytelling process we design on the page or screen should, as much as possible, imitate how we communicate the same stories orally. This is an effective way to introduce contrast and surprises. In normal conversation, there is seldom only one aspect of the story taking place; instead, stories run parallel to each other. We start talking to a friend about a movie we have seen but soon take detours (sometimes better than the original story.) Likewise, in design, we must present visual detours. Traditionally called “sidebars”, they are more than just that. If we use the conversation metaphor, these detours are “whispers”. Say you are at a busy cocktail part and a speech is being presented. You “whisper” your sidebar to the person standing next to you. You add to the story. You bring in background information. You remind whomever you are talking to of an event in the past that ties in to the speech of the moment. When placed on the page, whispers are second readings, normally short (no more than five to six paragraphs), and carry their own headline, since many times they are read first. Reporters and writers who understand the importance of storytelling should suggest whispers in their stories from the start; in cases when this does not happen, it is up to the designer to seek them out, to discuss possibilities with the writers and editors, and to present them. As runners have known all along, sometimes the detour one takes from the usual route can provide the ultimate surprise. 
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Secondary, but relevant: Use “sidebar” items to offer a glimpse into an interesting aspect of a story, to enhance biographical or other encyclopedic information, or to pull away from the narrative with a single element of the story that nobody should miss. This prototype page for the new design of Liberation (Paris) shows an interesting approach to a secondary read that stands out, aided by ample white space on the left.

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Web design? Think books
Websites are not like newspapers, magazines or television. In fact, they resemble the book more than any other medium. One buys a book because of interest in a specific topic. This is how users approach sites. A book requires total concentration, as does a website. More important, books normally separate text and photos; this is also something that should happen on websites. In terms of writing, books keep us interested throughout the narrative. Web sites should attempt to do the same. I believe that the use of the traditional pattern of journalistic writing—the inverted pyramid—may not be the best form to present information on news sites. Instead, knowing that the average computer screen allows about twenty-one lines of text before the user must scroll, we should abandon the inverted pyramid for more of a champagne glass structure, where every twenty-one lines or so the writer makes an effort to keep us interested. Anyone who likes champagne knows that every time the glass is empty, it is nice to have it refilled, and to watch new bubbles rise to the surface. 

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Easy to digest: For the publishers of the Meyers-Briggs personality test, Miller Media created an e-commerce site to highlight current products. Even at the deepest levels of the site, long running text was condensed, with stories edited into bite-sized chunks to pull readers through.

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The influence of books: Book design clearly delineates image from text, also useful in Web design. But the story can also employ multiple points of entry. When Miller Media published a visual biography of the life of Muhammad Ali, the color images and running text told the story of his career. But another layer was added: readers could flip through the book and read the highlights of Ali’s life through a series of large scannable captions and quotes.

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Web influences
The survival of print magazines and newspapers depends heavily on editors’ ability to embrace new media. The future consists of people living in a multimedia environment. They will read on the screen as well as on the printed page. Smart editors will make sure they keep users moving from one to the other, emphasizing the pluses of each as they refer them back and forth. One of the advantages of the printed page is that it provides a sense of closure. A newspaper or magazine has a beginning and an end, a first page and a last, whereas websites are an endless barrage of information. An editor can take advantage of this; he or she might publish a few paragraphs of an interview in the paper—just the right amount to tell the story—and refer those interested to a site where the remaining text appears. The best publications already include guides to the Internet. Just as we all find that bibliographies at the end of chapters enhance the utility of books, modern readers welcome a good list of selected websites to consult on a covered topic. But the real influence of the Internet on print may be in indexes, navigational devices and better use of functional color. The Web has made us more aware of indexes, facilitating what we wish to find, and leading us there. Print (not notorious for making navigation easy) can now regularly be seen applying these lessons

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to contents pages, covers and other indexing tools. As for color, we are beginning to use it like never before. Web designers have discovered color as a functional element for moving the user from one side of the screen to the other. Print designers are imitating the technique, with great success. There will always be printed newspapers and magazines in some form (smaller formats, for sure), but the strong publications will be allies of everything we are learning from the Internet. 

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Cross-Platform: Hispanic Business magazine includes Web references in all of their stories. These include links to reader- feedback pages, online polls and extended versions of stories.

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Indexes on the cover: Increasingly, we notice that magazine readers don’t spend the time to read the table of contents. John Miller and Aaron Kenedi have been in numerous focus groups where readers preferred coverlines with page numbers to find what they wanted. So when they designed Schwab’s On Investing magazine, they created a cover strategy that featured a mini table of contents—perfect for scanners. 29

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Photograph captions
After headlines and photographs, photo captions capture the most attention on a newspaper or magazine page. Editors with insight realize that these small text blocks represent a powerful tool in the storytelling process. In fact, research shows that readers seldom move into story texts, that just scanning the other page elements (including captions) satisfies their appetite. Knowing this, what can one do to make photo captions more effective?
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Always make caption type at least one point size bigger than the story text. Increase the leading, or interline spacing, of caption text. Doing so enhances legibility. Start each caption with a bold element. A good device is to start with one or two words in bold written like a miniheadline. Avoid using the caption to describe what is obvious from the photo or what is already stated in any accompanying story's headlines. Instead, provide additional information and enhance storytelling. Stand-alone photos, without accompanying stories but with fully informative captions, are particularly effective. Readers love them; good editors use them whenever possible. 

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Powerful story enhancers: Photo captions prove to be the storyteller’s best ally in guaranteeing that information is read by lots of readers. 31

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Longer isn’t boring
Perhaps it is a result of post-September 11, or part of the influence brought about by the Internet, but there is no doubt that texts appear longer in newspapers everywhere these days. This is a good thing. And for copy editors and designers who worry that longer texts mean more inaccessible or unattractive pages, my answer is that it does not have to be so. Even that pioneer and master of the short text, USA Today, seems to have opened the door for a few extra lines of text, especially in its cover stories. The good news is that many of these long texts are being read. This spark in reading is not limited to newspapers, by the way. The Wall Street Journal, in a November 9, 2001 cover story, reports that the under-25 crowd is purchasing books in record numbers: “After a decade in which reading was considered about as hip as the Bee Gees, the under-25 set is now buying books for leisure reading at three times the rate of the overall market.” The Journal continues to explain that bookstores across the United States report jumps in sales of 20% to 75% in young buyers over the past three years. If this younger generation of readers enjoy their newly discovered activity, it is likely that they will start reading newspapers again. This is a good time for marketing/circulation folks to tune in to this trend, and revitalize their sales and promotion campaigns to tap into this difficult-to-conquer target.
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What do we need to do to present these longer sorties effectively?
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Make sure that there is a very good headline that fleshes out the entire story. And, remember, longer texts require larger size heads. It is the first signal to the reader about the importance of the story. Establish the type of story structuring that goes beyond the headline, to include one or two decks (or additional smaller headings.) Incorporate subheads at strategic points throughout the text. Place subheads at transitional points in the story, since many scanners may wish to move to the next interesting segment of the story. (Simply because the text is long does not mean that readers will read it in its entirety. Facilitate navigation within the article itself. This is an important step, journalistically as well as visually). If visuals are available, play editor, and select the one image that is definitive in presenting the story. Avoid the temptation to incorporate too many visuals, some of which may not contribute much to the storytelling process.

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If long texts are in, and more readers are coming to the pages we create, we must rally to the occasion. Facilitate movement in a dignified and simple way. Let the value of the story be the engine that gets and keeps the reader interested. n

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Redesign while you still look good
A nervous publisher once asked me, “When is it time to redesign your newspaper?” The answer to this question is not always easy, but is quite consistent. Many of the editors and publishers who call me do so when their publication has had a dramatic drop in circulation or when a competitor moves in. Sometimes when new editors arrive, they want to innovate, to put their own visual stamp on the newspaper. While all of these reasons may be valid, a redesign really should be a continuous process in the life of a publication, and should not be prompted by dramatic events. More than before, change is essential for a newspapers and magazines to survive. The competition is fierce. Readers are bombarded by more information than they can possibly process. Papers can’t afford to wait until they look so out of date that they’re losing readers. The best redesigns happen when publications still look good. They’re looking ahead to the next five years. 

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When beautiful turns better: Liberation, every designer’s choice of one of the world’s most visually appealing dailies, was turning thirty and wanted to change its look. What to do when one starts with an aesthetic winner? The Garcia-Media team first reviewed the history of the legendary Parisian newspaper, then conducted workshops to review ways of integrating that rich past into a more interesting presentation of the news and features.

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Case Study | Die Zeit
The Challenge: No amount of preparation could ever be enough to tackle this weekly German icon of intellectual journalism, a newspaper that included on its board of directors Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, one of the most distinguished woman journalists of the twentieth century, as well as former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, plus dozens of extremely bright and opinionated editors. We did eleven different sets of sketches during the twenty-one months that the project lasted. The first draft was not considered elegant enough: photographs were too big, and some sections were too much like “those British Sunday magazines.” The next draft was too colorful. Then there was the version that emphasized illustrations, and the version that introduced a colorful promo bar. I still can hear the resounding:“Take it away, this is not us, not now, not ever.”

What we did: After multiple failed design proposals, we decided that a workshop setting, with key editors sitting down with us to “sketch” the paper would be ideal. My designer, Foster Barnes, and I set up shop in a room with two Macintosh computers, a printer, and a screen. Sketches with headlines and text came to life on the screen, the editors commented, and, by the end of the first day, the new Die Zeit was emerging.

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What we did: For the front page of Die Zeit, we proposed five categories for art:  The abstract photograph: a subtle connection to the topic, not a direct news link.  The caricature as photo illustration: a caricature with technology applied, so that the end result looks like a photo in texture, but with the humanity of the drawing.  The cartoon as photo illustration: An editorial cartoon, with photographic techniques applied.  The artistic photograph: a photograph that is simply artistic merits space.  The pencil drawing as photo illustration: a traditional drawing, digitized, with the end product a combination of old and new.

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What we did: We retouched the original redesign in 2000 when new editors wanted more text and larger photographs. Both were very good decisions, as the newspaper managed to become newsier and attract younger readers.
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What we did: The creation of a totally new supplement called Leben, which our team carried out under the direction of Theresa Kral, allowed editors to present a product targeted to a young demographic.
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type
HOW TO USE FONTS

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Selecting type
Perhaps no task is more painful for the designer than the selection of typographic fonts. Many agonize over their choices. Today, with so many well-drawn alphabets, the task becomes even more difficult. Some tips for picking type:
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Fonts should be easy to read. Especially for text type, it is best to use type of 9 points or above; many newspapers even go for 10 points for texts, knowing that their older readers appreciate it. Fonts should allow for contrast. Headlines should be bold, and in large sizes, and typefaces should provide contrast through combinations of demi and lighter tones. The font should include a well-designed condensed version. Headline writers will always appreciate this. Fonts should include an elegant italic. It is always needed. Fonts should be appropriate to the publication. I have said many times that there are Bodoni towns and Helvetica towns. Relate your selection to the culture of the publication’s home. Finally, do not select trendy fonts that will not age well.

Versatility: Pick a font that has numerous weights and italics. Miller Display has fourteen variations. It is also available in text cuts.

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It’s all in the details
A redesign is complete. Reader reactions start pouring in. Editors and designers meet to see what works and what doesn’t. At the end of the day, when the process is finished, it is all in the details: not only for the editors and designers involved in the redesign, but, of greater importance, for the readers. While many of us start with the larger “strokes” of the design— selecting legible and attractive typefaces, creating good page architecture and an appropriate color palette, the truth is that many secondary details make or break the overall look and feel of a design. What are some of those details?
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Folio lines: These minute elements tell us the page number, the date, and the name of the publication. Make them easy to read, and, if you can, create a little personality for them. Not every folio has to be one horizontal line on top of which type sits. How can the folios reflect some aspect of the rest of the design? Bylines: There will be hundreds of bylines in the average publication. They should not call too much attention to themselves but also should not disappear. Give bylines a job: to provide typographic contrast between the headline that precedes them, and the text that follows them. And, don’t forget to create special byline styles for longer reports, exclusives, and for noted writers and columnists.

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Captions: The Poynter Institute’s Eye Track research demonstrated how popular captions are with readers. Make them come alive. Provide captions with good information that does not repeat what is visible in the photograph; and make the type sing, providing contrast with the text of stories around them. Photo credits: Small as these are, they are important. Ideally, place them bottom right under they photo, with type that provides contrast to the caption that follows it, in all caps, for example. Refers: The lines that tell you that there is a related story somewhere else in today’s edition, or that an Internet version is also available, should be wonderful opportunities to apply good typography and effective visual thinking. 

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Think text ﬁrst
When we paint the canvas of a page, or screen, most of our strokes are going to be text. We fill entire columns with text, we incorporate headlines, bylines and captions under photographs; we highlight quotations or facts, include boxes with statistics, and we dress up the pages with headers made up of words. About 80 uercent of what appears on a page is going to be text, not photos or illustrations. It is no wonder, then, that good designers begin strategizing by thinking about typographic elements for the page. Combining good text fonts, with an interesting architecture, and adding touches of contrast (bold, italics, light, condensed) as well as color, completes the package. Here are some tips on using text:
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Start your design by selecting a text font, since that will lead to the rest of your choices. Find a text font that allows for high levels of contrast, so that hierarchy as well as highlighting of certain words is possible. Look at the text font in various sizes, so that a story could begin, with, say, 12 or 13 point, and then decreases to 10 point. Don’t make text smaller than 9 points; go with 10 when possible. Pay attention to leading —the space between lines.

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Remember that when you dip your design brush in the can, it is mostly text that you will be painting with! 
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In-depth and readable: The Wall Street Journal is text-driven product that was designed with text as the first and foremost consideration. Occasional graphics and illustrations are employed to help the story along. Notice theuse of white space to make the page easier to follow.

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When design looks outdated
Typically, five years or more after even the best redesign, wrinkles start to show in a publication's appearance. The first wrinkles appear in typography, often in the headers used to identify sections and individual pages, or in small type areas such as listings and the type used for infographics. The second wrinkles appear in story-structuring details. Redesigns of a few years ago paid less attention to the process of creating hierarchy on the page. Many publications relied simply on headlines to get readers into the text; we now know that it takes other devicers such as summaries and secondary headlines to achieve that. The third wrinkles usually show up in the use of color. A palette acceptable a few years ago may no longer look as good, or the publication may be after a different target readership, or it may have different printing equipment with different color capabilities. When wrinkles appear, first study what they are, how they affect the overall design of the newspaper. Often, one does not have to redesign the entire publication to make some quick but long-lasting fixes that can have a wonderfully rejuvenating effect. 

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Ragged right vs. justiﬁed
It happens often that an editor and a designer argue over how to set the type for a specific story. The designer may wish to have the text set ragged right—meaning that the right hand margin will not be justified as a block. The editor argues that this trivializes the content of the story. When it comes to ragged right versus justified type, the research does not point to very specific differences in terms of legibility for one or the other. However, it is true that readers tend to associate ragged right with columns and features, but that is because it has been traditionally used this way. Ragged right can be helpful in providing a bit of white space on a crowded page. I recommend it for shorter, not longer, texts. A small box or second reading in the middle of a mass of dense text, set ragged right, provides breathing room and lightens things up within the architecture of the page. Remember, a vertical column of ragged right type should always be accompanied by a thin vertical column rule, to prevent the ragged lines from running into the material to the right. 

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Headlines: bigger is better
For some reason, headlines have become smaller in many newspapers. Yet readers like headlines that are bigger, especially on inside pages. Every newspaper should have a set of guidelines for the range of sizes of the lead headline. This in turn, determines the proportional size of all other headlines on the page. For instance, say a broadsheet newspaper carries, ordinarily, a 48point headline for its most important story (and that may be small, since 54 points or bigger carries more impact). Then the next important story on the page should have a 42-point headline, and so on. What we see these days is a lead headline in 36 points atop a page, with the rest of the headlines “whispering” their content. Readers are helped when a page instantly conveys the hierarchy of stories based on headline size. To do less is not to serve your readers well. 

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Read all about it: El Tiempo in Bogota depends on street sales. But that’s just one reason its editors use large headlines. Just as important, the headline volume matches the volume of the content. 53

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Storytelling
The single headline is becoming a thing of the past. Multideck headlines result in more reader-friendly newspapers. With more readers scanning as they move through their daily newspapers, the role of headlines has tripled in importance. Their prominence, usually being at least three times the size of the story text, gives them great power to lead readers into stories or help them decide to bypass a certain story in search of another. To aid this scanning process, add “decks” or “extra thoughts” to headlines. There is an art to doing this properly, however.
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The first line gets into the story; subsequent decks each add more information so that overall they convey the essence of the story. Multi-deck headlines must offer typographic contrast. If the main headline is bold, then the decks should be lighter in weight. A Roman main headline may be accompanied by decks in Italics. Some newspapers colorize decks. Multi-deck headlines must offer size contrast. If the main headline is set in 36 points, the first deck might be in 18 points, and the second in 14. Multi-deck headlines can highlight an exclusive story or an important author. The British newspapers do this well, using decks to go beyond storytelling into unusual aspects of the story. 

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Adding stories: When John Miller worked on the first Esquire Fiction issue, he added a layer of storytelling to the fiction pieces: an extended caption on each opening spread, which gave readers the story behind the stories.

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Stories on the web: Gensler, the international architecture firm, had a problem. Clients who came to them for, say, airport design, were not aware of their other offerings, like retail design—which might be very useful to someone building an airport. An explanation of this in some sort of philosophy or capabilities page would be ignored by users. So Miller Media created a corporate site built around rich minisites for each practice area. When you come to the homepage of the airport’s minisite, it’s filled with news of current projects and links to relevant content in the other minisites, like Gensler’s work with retail in airports.

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Italics: not just for features
At one point, perhaps in the 1950s, italics were mostly found in the “Women’s” section of the newspaper. Fifty years later, thanks to newsroom legacy syndrome, the rumor persists: italics are not macho enough, you should never use them for sports stories, and never on hard news stories. And so one still sees italics restricted to articles about flower arrangement, new recipes for quiche, and the latest fashions from Paris. It is time to give italics a bit of credit. Readers do not perceive italics as being less forceful —it is the words that make a headline strong or weak. And readers do not slow down when the headline is in italics. So they can be useful as long as you follow a few guidelines:
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Give italics a job to do through your creation of story structures. In other words, do not use italics for a feature today and for an opinion piece tomorrow, and then for a lead international story the next. Whatever their particular use happens to be, they should be used consistently and continuously in that role. Avoid excessive use of italics for text. Italics are more suitable for headlines, quotes, and highlights, but are not as attractive in text size. 

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What a little slant can do: When we converted The San Francisco Examiner from a traditional broadsheet to a vibrant and colorful tabloid, one of the best decisions made was to consider italics for headlines, not just for features, but for news as well. Especially on double page spreads, like the one shown here, italics bring a certain elegance, a change of rhythm, and visual movement to the page.

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Centered vs. ﬂush left headlines
Centered headlines dominated newspapers for decades, until, in the 1970s, more experimental newspapers began experimenting with flush-left headlines. Suddenly, newspapers would use the left-hand side of the page to align not only headlines, but also other elements like bylines, summary paragraphs, quotes and captions under photographs. One of the first newspapers to do this was the now defunct Chicago Daily News. The style was also adopted by the Minneapolis Tribune when, in 1971, it also switched to an all-Helvetica approach. Since then, newspapers have opted mostly for flush left-headlines, especially in the United States, where centered heads are rare in any newspaper today. However, a quick trip across the Atlantic, and one finds the classic Times of London, continuing to use centered heads, as do many other European newspapers, as well as dailies in Asia and South America. Any comment about one style of headline alignment versus the other would be based only on personal preference. However, how one aligns headlines does have an overall effect on the look of the page.
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Centered headlines give a page a more classic and traditional look; flush left headlines are more modern, and invite more white space onto the page.
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Flush-left headlines must be followed by a flush-left alignment for all other elements that follow it, while centered heads can very well be accompanied by bylines and other elements that are aligned to the left. Tabloids fare much better with flush-left headlines, while broadsheets can use either style. Consistency is important: keep either all heads centered, or all heads flushed left. However, some papers with centered headlines, such as The Times of London, do offer a bit of contrast by making the headlines for briefs flush left. This is better when there is also a switch of type font.

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After all this, we are reminded that the wording of the headline, the message transmitted, the hook to get the reader to read the text is, at the end of the day, far more important than how one aligns the type. 

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Elegant and easy to read: When Ron Reason first sketched pages for our redesign of the Staten Island Advance, he never imagined headlines in any other way than centered. It was a way of lending elegance to a newspaper with a rich community tradition. Centered headlines also allow for good headline counts, which writers appreciate.

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Perfectly aligned heads: The Daily Star of Lebanon, designed by our Jan Kny, employs flush-left headlines, which became popular in the 1970s. They help organize the page, with perfect alignment of elements that emphasizes a better use of modular layout. They also accommodate perfectly square modules much better than they do centered ones.

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Type on photographs
If there was ever a subject that could get the emotions soaring in a newsroom, it is the dilemma of whether to put type (headlines) over a photograph or not. Photographers do not want anything to come between their photo and the reader; designers want “freedom” to express themselves; editors either love the practice or hate it. Some publishers I know ban the procedure entirely in their newspapers, sometimes for such trivial, but understandable, reasons such as: “My wife hates that.” (True story!) I have seen type over a photo make everyone look great: the photo, the story, the writer, and the designer, with readers smiling all the way. I have seen it used poorly, especially when a type-happy designer mistakes the photograph as a drawing pad. As with everything else in design: make it pure, make it simple. If the photo lends itself to it, put type on it, discreetly and as a secondary touch to the photo. And fewer words work best. If a designer decides to put type on a photo, a conversation with the photographer will be appreciated. He or she may think the integrity of the image is being compromised. But tread easily when proposing it, and be ready to scratch your concept, since this is one of those battles that, in most cases, is not worth fighting. Save your energy for real issues, like writing a good headline that does not land on the great photo. 
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Numbers and pictures: In an unusual variation, John Miller designed simple infographcis to be used over photographs for Charles Schwab’s investor magazine. The effect achieved an editorial goal: a strong link between the relationships depicted in the images and the company’s success, depicted in the portfolio charts.

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Not just for magazines: The placement of a headline or other type element over a photograph comes naturally to magazine designers but is more carefully calculated among newspaper editors. However, a large headline that is easy to read can complement a photograph, as we see on this front page of Germany’s Morgen Post, the popular Hamburg daily. The image and the headline form a “mini poster” or magazine cover to separate the lead story from the rest.

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What a difference a subhead makes
Some stories need to run long. It is then that the designer works with the writer or editor to guarantee that the text will be easy to read. This is done with subheads, those lines that provide a pause in the midst of the article, allowing the writer to push the content and anticipating what is to come. The effectiveness of subheads is unquestionable. Not only do they provide a visual break, but they also divide or outline the story for readers who scan texts. Sometimes the subheads make the difference in a long article being read or not. How do you use them effectively?
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Do not use mathematical formulas. Instead, place subheads in strategic points of the text, where they advance the story. Use a size at least one point bigger than that used for the text of the story. A 9 point text would carry 10 point subheads. Allow some white space over the subhead to make them noticeable and to bring the reader’s eye and finger to them. Nothing is worse than a “squeezed” subhead. Both serif and sans-serif fonts work well. Lowercase letters work better than all caps. 
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Drop caps: help or hindrance?
How the eye moves across a page is an issue that editors, designers, and advertisers would like to know more about. While many studies have been conducted on the subject, the fact remains that we continue to design pages in ways that we personally think make the reader move from here to there. One of the most popular tools, of course, is the use of a large capital letter at the beginning of an article, which, when shown in the size equivalent of three or four lines of type, causes the eye to move to where the text starts. Used properly, these can be effective eye-moving devices. However, used in excess, as in four or five within one article, they lose impact and create an “alphabet soup.” Some drop cap tips: Use initials only at the beginning of articles, not throughout the text (subheads are better at breaking up a long article).
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Use initials in a size that does not drown out the headline: ideally, three lines of text. Do not use initials for every article on a page. Instead, give it greater importance by using it for the lead item. Use drop caps functionally, not as decoration. 

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Guide

Case Study | TV
The Problem: When TV Guide was looking to redesign, the editors weren’t concerned about their logo, photography, or any glamourous stuff. The problem was that cable channels were multiplying, and their trademark small pages were quickly beginning to resemble Sanskrit. They couldn’t make the book any larger, because of their custom grocery store checkout boxes. So the grids had to be reworked, as did the “highlights” listings which ran alongside.

What we did: The Highlights pages had traditionally had a “rolling log” design, simply column after column of entries. We remade these in a magazine format, with single page features (right) interrupting the listings, allowing for a stronger editorial voice throughout.

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What we did: Above, even single pages were interrupted by boxes, for contrast and a stronger editorial voice. What we did: For the grids (right), we did type tests, deciding on a highly readable Interstate Condensed. Leading and tracking were adjusted to fit as much text as possible, while retaining legibility. Next, we looked at the page to see if there was unnecessary information taking up space. We minimized page headers and dropped folios (would you really use page numbers?). One important piece of information, the day header, was left large. But the real breakthrough was removing the vertical rules in each grid. While traditional, they are often unnecessary, since the content defines the verticals. This contributed white space, making the pages much more readable.
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Page architecture
Architecture refers to how a designer uses the space available on the canvas of the page. It is defined by the numbers of columns used, the varieties available, and how text and photos blend on the page. When it comes to page architecture, the front page sets the “mood”, and gives the publication its distinctive personality. We all identify such newspapers as the Frankfurter Allgemaine, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal by their distinct vertical placement of elements. Recently, the Times sometimes deviates from the strict vertical layouts of yesteryear, with some front pages sporting multicolumn color photos, and the Wall Street Journal Europe and Asia have redesigned to do likewise. However, these classic newspapers remain quite vertical in their approach to news placement. Do readers sense that a vertical architecture lends a more “serious” aura to a page? This question has not been scientifically tested, but it is dear to editors and publishers. They’re all convinced that a serious newspaper is more vertical than horizontal. Ultimately, it is the tone of the headline, the content of the page, and the overall look and feel of a newspaper that determines how it is perceived, not how the columns are displayed.

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Let me add that excessive use of vertical columns leads to “tombstoning” (clashing of headlines), and gray masses of type, and overall dullness. As for the more contemporary horizontal placement, it is easier for headline writers and allows the editor and designer better opportunities to create page hierarchy. For instance, one can lead with a four-column headline, and then move to a measurement of fewer columns. Instantly, the page gains balance and contrast. In the end, content is still king and should dictate how page architecture is utilized. 

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Designing with columns: Other than type, one constant element in newspapers and magazines is the column shape. Denmark’s Jyllands Posten shows how the movement of columns can inject magic and help complement and contrast other structures, such as photographs, illustrations and graphics. Sometimes the best “column” is the one that includes only white space. 78

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Architecture and hierarchy: The international page of The Wall Street Journal was designed to accommodate tremendous amounts of different information. By distributing the material over the six-column space, with an anchoring spot for the world briefs on the left, we solved the problem and maintained a page that is attractive and easy to follow. 79

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Systematic chaos
Editors are always a bit shocked when I say that I would like to put some systematic chaos on page one. Chaos has a negative connotation. But, like a pinch of pepper in soup, chaos, in small doses and carefully controlled, adds energy and zest to a publication. The front page is a mirror of what happened the past twenty-four hours. Chances are it was not an orderly fare of events. A front page that is dormant does not reflect this well. So how does one provide systematic chaos?
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Avoid perfectly rectangular architecture. Modular design can be helpful on inside pages, but don’t over apply it to the front. Wrap one major story around another one, allowing for two stories to be above the fold. Sometimes, in our efforts not to make headlines clash, we sacrifice energy and movement. Have one photograph dominate, and sprinkle the page with a few smaller photos (not too many.) Add a dash of light color where the reader least expects it or add a story that the reader is not likely to expect on the page, and give it an italic headline. Mix serifs and sans serifs, preferably from within the same family of type. Create templates to “plan” systematic chaos. That is what makes it systematic: it is controlled, with a purpose, planned to be that way. 
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A place for everything, almost: Who says one cannot have attractive pages that are busy? The Hamburg Morgen Post shows that it can be done well. We kept the edgy, newsy, in-your-face approach to tabloid news, but organized it so that a sense of hierarchy and some order prevailed.

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Content rhythm
The American composer, Ira Gershwin, wrote about what he called “fascinating rhythm.” The idea applies to design. Too often editors put content into “baskets” from which they are not willing to deviate. Observing reader behavior for decades now has taught me that readers are not on the same page, so to speak, as editors when it comes to “rhythm.” In fact, they are on different pages, and following different rhythms. The sanctuary of hard news in one corner, and soft news on the other is a myth created by editors. Mix them, and readers are happy. In a modern publication this mixture is critical in keeping readers interested and stimulated. So page two of a newspaper, for example, may have a column, or a soft feature, followed by a hard news item at the bottom, or vice versa. For a reader, fascinating rhythm comes when editors make that monotony never sets in, and that, like life in general, each page reflects the ups and downs of the day. 

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Visual parallelism
Sometimes a page has all the right ingredients: good content, eyecatching photographs, good copy, and enticing headlines. But the page still looks boring, or, as one editor of a Scandinavian newspaper put it: “I think our page is monotonous.” In this case, the problem was the designer constantly placed a vertical column of text on the far left hand side of the page, then did the same on the far right of the page, creating “mirror images” that suffocated whatever good might be happening in the center of that page. Perfectly balanced pages are not the most exciting ones. Create variety. Mix vertical and horizontal units. If the left side is a textheavy column, make the right a series of briefs, with illustrations added. This way visual variety provides excitement. 

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Indexing
There are different ways a publication can use indexing: through promotional units for main stories to the inside, through a specific summary of highlights (the news that the reader must not miss inside), or through a directory of sections, that is, sports, classified advertising, opinion, and so forth. Readers appreciate a newspaper, magazine or newsletter that is easy to navigate. It is with indexes and promotional units that color is used most effectively, to highlight key sections, or to guide the reader from one section to the next. But do not create indexes to decorate a cover or page one, or to show off good photos or visuals. Good indexes give the front of the publication a sense of hierarchy. What do editors think the reader should read first, second and third? If the reader only has ten minutes, what is must reading? And if five more minutes become available, what should be next? Good indexing prioritizes content for the busy reader. 

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Instant index: El Tiempo of Bogota, Colombia is among the best at using indexing to pull readers in. The front page gives the reader a review of what’s inside, since headlines are accompanied by story summaries. Promo boxes at the top indicate the best people coverage, and additional navigation indicates features and opinion pieces of interest. 85

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How the eyes move across a page
In 1984, my colleague Dr. Pegie Stark Adam and I conducted research on how the eys move on the page at the Poynter Institute for Media Studies, which led to publication of “Eyes on the News” (www.poynter.org). Results of that study are more current today than ever. Designers of all types of publications can benefit from this research. In the study we learned that:
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Readers enter a printed page through the largest image on the page, usually a photograph. After this, headlines are seen by the majority of readers. Captions under photographs are the third most frequently visited part of the page.

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So we learn that our best opportunities to grab the attention of readers are in these three areas. We learn that we must always have one dominant element on the page, three times bigger than any other visual element on that page. This is the reader’s point of entry. We also learned that headlines and photo captions are fantastic tools in which to add new, compelling information. 

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How the eyes move across a screen
The Stanford/Poynter research is the first known study of how readers read on the web, conducted using Eye-Track technology. A few highlights of the findings:
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Users’ eyes go first not to photographs or graphics, but to text. Briefs or captions are first. Next, they come back to photos or graphics, often not until they have returned to the first page after clicking away. We learn that the designer’s first chance to engage the reader is through text. We continue to see patterns in which text is sought out and skimmed or read.

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Much research continues, and even though the Stanford/Poynter study indicates that text is preferred over photos, I attribute this to the fact that many news web sites do not use photos properly, often copying the newspaper layout. As a result, photos are presented in a reduced format and their impact is lost. An early study conducted at the Poynter Institute, showed that photos were the first point of entry for print readers. Why? Because most of the time, papers publish dominant photos that command instant attention. When we reduce a photograph to the size of a postcard, impact disappears. However, if photos are presented separate, and sized appropriately, users will look to them as a key piece of the story. 
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Shapes of information
There is nothing complicated about the shapes, or modules, in which information may be presented on a page. This applies equally to newspapers, magazines, brochures, and newsletters. Usually, a designer has a photograph or illustration, a headline, and text. Those are the basic components of the storytelling process. And if readers could have a dialog with designers, they would say that their preference is a simple one: photo or illustration, headline and text. In its purest form, that is not difficult to do, and it makes the most sense: the reader first looks at the photo to grab the first message of the story, then reads the headline, the caption, the headline, and if interest remains, the text. Two other shapes that are part of the same type of packaging are:
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The U-shape: With a horizontal headline across the page (let us say across six columns), the text forms the shape of the letter U around the photo or illustration. The L-shape: This is similar to above, but the text ends under the photo, without going up into a sixth column.

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These shapes do the job well and should be part of every designer’s must have templates. 

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Think U and L: As much as a designer may wish to imagine new shapes to present information on a page, the fact is that the basic shapes of the letters U and L are still the best solutions. We see here how these structures work for our projects with Listin Diario of the Dominican Republic and El Pais of Cali, Colombia. Shapes are part of the papers’ style, adding visual continuity, and permitting designers to spend more time in the selection of images than in the inventing of new shapes.

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Promos
Three ingredients of effective promos are: variety, brevity, and content. One of the most popular subjects of newsroom consternation is news promos (also known as refers or teasers) in the nameplate area of the front page. Newspapers with a high rate of street or rack sales are more likely to benefit from effective nameplate promos. On the other hand, some editors are convinced that a large headline on a major news story is the main thing that increases rack sales, while many circulation directors will swear that a colorful, active photo, placed entirely above the fold—not partially—is the way to boost sales. Here are three quick tips to consider when producing effective promos above, within, or immediately below the nameplate:
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Variation—of tone, texture, and even size and frequency – is important. If the promos look the same each day, readers become numb to them. The wording of promo elements is at least as important as accompanying visuals. In grabbing readers' attention, generic wording such as “Movie Reviews - See Section F” is not as effective as saying “Jurassic Park III: Too scary for kids? Story, photos in Section F.” Brevity is best. Readers will spend just a second or two processing information in promos (also confirmed by our Eye-Track research). And visuals should be tightly cropped, easily recognizable images. Do not use crowded action photos from sporting events, or busy news photos. “Quick read” needs to be the order of the day. 
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What’s inside: At both Madera’s (Portugal)

Diario de Noticias and the Dominican Republic’s Listin Diario, promos are effective because they are much more than just headlines. Each is a mini-summary of an interior story, more effective for scanners.

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Going after you: The San Francisco Examiner jumps out of the box and chases the reader down the street. Promos help the chase. Notice the burgundy for top promos, as well as simply written headlines and images.

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Selling stories: Germany’s Kleine Zeitung utilizes skyboxes and a left column of promos to pull readers in. They vary in shape and content every day to keep the reader alert.

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Experimenting with ads
If there is one area where the Internet has left a mark on print, it is advertising. The limited size of the screen affords designers and editors a small canvas for editorial and advertising elements. This cozy cohabitating has produced adventurous ad placements, which are giving rise to experimentation in publications, such as:
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Wraparound: Some newspapers allow advertisers to buy a four-page wrap around, especially when a new product is introduced into the market. Some, like Colombia's highly respected leading daily El Tiempo, of Bogota, carried a L’Oreal shampoo ad around its first section, with no major disruption or complaints from readers. Unusual Shapes: Ads are no longer limited to rectangles at the bottom of the page. When Compaq computers introduced a new line of products in Denmark, the largest circulation daily, JyllandsPosten, accommodated ads for the computer maker in circular or triangular shapes, with news items surrounding the ads. Silent Ads: Perhaps the most innovative, these ads appear in the midst of navigational devices, such as indexes or promo boxes. In this type of ad, the only message is a brand: Visa, MasterCard, and Nike. Seen mostly in German or Scandinavian newspapers right now, these will soon be extremely popular everywhere.

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And so, in today's newspaper, all kinds of experimenting with ad positioning is key. Some ads appear at the top of the page, and not at the bottom; and, yes, the editorial content is placed directly under the large ad at the top (keep the depth as shallow as possible, please); other adds appear as islands, especially in the middle of large masses of text, as in stock listings or sports results. We have only seen the beginning of experiments with ad positioning. The staircasing of ads may finally be a thing of the past. That is good news for designers, editors, and definitely readers. 

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Ads coming of age: The greatest experimentation with advertising positioning is taking place in Denmark. When we worked with the Jyllands-Posten team in Copenhagen, it was refreshing to be able to use advertising away from the basement of the page and to use other unusual placements, as these three examples show. This is the future, the eventual integration of advertising and editorial content. Savvy readers know the difference between the two.

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Classifieds
Classifieds usually appear at the end of the day’s edition, a mass of small type that nobody pays much attention to—except readers. They eagerly await the classifieds to find that precious new job, house, car, new pet, or soul mate. It used to be rare to be asked to even look at the classified section during a redesign. However, these days, no project is complete without making efforts to improve the section.Where does one start?
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Make sure that the typography of the section harmonizes with (or is identical to) that of the rest the newspaper. Section headers should match the rest of the paper. It is useless to create a new “section header” for classifieds, when it appears between business and sports. Why create typographic cacophony? There must be a complete and easy to read navigator, an index that describes each content section of the classifieds and where to locate it, either by letter, number, or page number. Icons help make locating each area easier, but are not the only way to achieve this. Sometimes clear use of type—words—does as well. Allow white space between categories. Readers search for information here and there, and do not read an entire page. Select a font for the text of small ads that is very easy to read, since the reader will have to struggle enough to get to the information. 
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A place for every category: Indexing is the key to a successfully designed classified page. Our work with The Las Vegas Review Journal, our designer, Ed Hashey, evaluated how the section was presented, looking for the best possible font to make the small type legible. The result is a vastly successful section that sells well, and still looks attractive.

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Opinion pages
Traditionally, opinion pages are the last to get looked at in a redesign project. Yet, editorial/opinion pages are some of the strongest in terms of content; it is there that a newspaper exposes its soul, convinces its readers of what routes to follow in daily life. In the redesign of the San Jose Mercury News the editors really wanted to update their opinion pages, to make them useful and attractive to younger readers. To achieve this, we allowed for horizontal placement of the editorial at the top of the page. For reasons that have to do with tradition, most newspapers run editorials vertically to the left. Eighty-five percent of all newspapers follow that model. Yet readers know nothing about “set patterns” for editorial pages. They simply know that these are the newspaper’s opinion pieces. To design editorial pages that set the pages apart:
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Use bolder fonts in conjunction with lighter ones. Use a photograph or illustration whenever possible. Inject quotes and highlights to attract scanning readers. Sometimes editorial headlines are abstract; a quote may be more specific. Write more direct headlines! Remember that if the “opinion” of the designer is to be included, it should be expressed through white space. 
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Inviting in the reader: For a proposed Spanish daily edition of the Dallas Morning News, we abandoned the editorial on the left, columns on the right, and textdriven architecture. Instead, illustration dominates the page, main editorial runs across the top of the page, and columns are short, allowing for white space.

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Tabloids vs. broadsheets
As newspapers get smaller, and tabloids become more popular, some newspapers are attempting “tabloid layouts” within the larger frame of the page. This can be a good way to bring the excitement of tabloids to the broadsheet. When I redesigned the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, in Stockholm, we attempted to do just that, increasing the size of the headline, displaying a dominant photograph and using such tabloid techniques as accelerated use of color. The same is true for Brunch, the new Sunday supplement of Jyllands-Posten (Copenhagen, Denmark), which uses a magazinetabloid approach within the more expansive ten-column broadsheet. The result: very elephantine and eye-catching treatment of pages, with large and sometimes full-page photos, larger headlines, and generous white space to accommodate it all. Sometimes what you first see is not the ultimate reality. In the case of Brunch and other broadsheets that adopt tabloid visual qualities, the mixing of the two “realities” provides for an interesting look. When designing tabloids, designers who are used to working with the broadsheet format should make allowances for the smaller canvas of the page. As we worked with the team of the San Francisco Examiner to carry out the conversion of that newspaper from a broadsheet to a tabloid, it was evident that many of those doing the layout were bringing “broadsheet” concepts to the pages of the tabloid. It was time for some quick tips:
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Tabloid page design involves not just one page at time, but two. Why? Well, as readers open the pages of the tabloid, they usually make a sweeping motion with their eyes from left to right, almost in a straight line at just about the middle of the page. Once they do that, which takes a few seconds, they usually start reading the page on the left. Broadsheet page design involves the canvas of a larger page, which the reader looks at from top to bottom, regardless of the page next to it. Knowing this, it is important that tabloid designers working with page two inquire what is going on next door, on page three. Try to avoid two headlines running itto each other, especially in the same font, weight or size. Also avoid having two equally sized photos coming too close to each other.

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By the same token, if the emphasis on page two is a big, vertical photo, it will be better to have a horizontal photo on page three, and so forth. Contrast between two contiguous pages is important for the tabloid designer, and not so key to those working on broadsheets. When we tell designers that tabloid require more energy, we also remind them that, because of the tips above, they are also more demanding in terms of communication with other designers in the team. The tabloid designer cannot work isolated from what others are doing, because the reader will grasp two pages as one, visually speaking. 

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Before

When smaller is bigger: In 2002, the San Francisco Examiner switched formats from broadsheet to tabloid. In the process, new content was incorporated, along with bigger headlines, more vibrant photography, a color palette that depends on few, bright, strategically positioned hues, and navigation that makes travel through the paper faster and easier. We worked with the editors on content. Tabloids follow a different rhythm; we thought nothing of mixing lighter content, such as a people/gossip column, on the same page with hard news. The modern newspaper, especially the tabloid, seeks such combinations. 104

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Relationships between items
Perhaps one of the most important tasks of the designer, whether for print or Web design, is to make sure that items that are somehow connected show that connection. Many times, in their efforts to keep things modular, designers forget to use techniques that emphasize relationships.Here are the best ways to be sure that this is accomplished:
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If a short item is related to a major piece, box the small item, but not in a full box, allowing an opening to establish that the two items are related. Place the related item, if very short, in the midst of the text of the longer article. Be careful not to make the reader jump too deeply before continuing the text. Use a color tint to highlight the related article. Always let the secondary, related item be under the coverage of the headline for the main article. Do not use heavy borders around the smaller related item. Whatever technique is used, make sure that readers do not have to second-guess your intentions, and that they see the established relationship in seconds. This is all the time they have! 

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Finger reading
Don’t let the size of the so-called “agate” (type set 6 points or smaller) fool you. When it comes to heavy traffic and high visibility, the content that is usually set in small type plays an important role. Consider what your newspaper would be without sports results, and start counting the complaints you would get from business people if you stopped running stock listings. How many readers decide to visit a restaurant or museum after they saw it mentioned, yes, in very small type? I refer to all of these areas of newspaper and magazines as “finger reading.” Readers tend to run their finger over the page when they search out these items, something they don’t do when reading a narrative set in 8 or 10 point. Fingers and eyes in unison, doing the moving. Here are some tips for designing them effectively:
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Always select the most legible typeface; sans-serifs do better than serifs. For The Wall Street Journal we picked Retina, but many other faces do just as well. Pay attention to category breakers, and make them slightly larger, and bolder, and maybe set in all capital letters. 

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To box or not to box
When the first newly redesigned edition of The Wall Street Journal appeared, one unexpected reaction became a constant in interviews, presentations, and seminars: Are boxes back? Well, did they ever disappear? That seems to be a more appropriate question. True, boxes, which have traditionally been used to separate articles on a page, or to highlight an item to which editors wish to call attention were not used as frequently today as they were in the 1940s and 50s. However, boxes are tools that magazine and newspaper editors and designers can use functionally. They are not trendy or whimsical decorations. Boxes should be part of every publication’s design strategy. Here are tips for using boxes:
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Determine from the start what type of articles will carry a box. (I recommend boxes for shorter, not longer, pieces; to set off sidebars or related articles that appear within a text package; and to isolate a photo story treatment, when the photo is not accompanied by a story. Use very thin borders around boxes. Do not call attention to the box itself with thick borders. Instead, create a box that delineates territory on the page, without overtaking it. Allow white space between the border of the box and the contents of it. Do not run photos or text right into the box.
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Sometimes use a thicker rule at the top or bottom of box, but never on the sides. The designer’s task is to make sure that the box blends well with other elements of the page. Boxes are intended to offer boundaries, not to isolate themselves from other items on the page. Boxing an entire page should be reserved for one-topic items, long reportages or photo essays. In most cases, it is best to go with an open page, without borders; but discretion and attention to the special content of the page are key.

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Boxes are not back. They never left. They are, and always will be, a fantastically useful tool to make the reader’s journey through a page faster and more orderly. 

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Navigation
Navigation is not limited to indexes and promo boxes on page one. It continues through every page of the newspaper. Labels do that job best. Page labels appear in three categories, each representing a level of hierarchy.
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The section front label appears as a large, prominent element to signal the start of a new section. The label resembles what is used on Page One, with similar elements such as color rules, navigational boxes, and typography. The sub-section label appears inside a section, signaling an important shift to a topic worthy of major consideration. For instance when a newspaper puts financial news on the back of the sports section, the financial news label should not be as large as what is on the section front, but it should be larger than a normal page label. The inside-page label appears on most pages of the newspaper. It should not be too large but also not so small as to lack functionality—30 to 36 points is a good size. It is important for each page to carry a label. It can be a combined label—such as “News/Features.” The more specific, the better. “Politics” is better than “News.” “Health/Fitness” is better than “Features”. 

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Navigation: Hispanic Business magazine employs large labels and healthy amounts of white space on every interior page, helping busy readers know instantly where they are.

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Labels In our design of MOM , a magazine for new mothers, our designer Theresa Kral used bold, color-coded blocks to guide the reader through the magazine. In focus group after focus group, we’ve seen that even loyal readers of publications have no idea of sections or how the magazine is broken up. Simple, crystal clear navigation is key for these distracted readers.

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Volume
In design, we all apply volume to how we present a page. Some-times the volume is loud; sometimes it is comfortable; sometimes it is a whisper. There is a place for all three. However, like rhythm, volume should be carefully calculated, and not all sections of a publication should have the same volume. Where does one apply volume?
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Determining the size and boldness of headlines is the first step. Since there are more headlines than anything else set in large type on a page, it is here that we set the tone. Very big and very bold headlines convey force, loudness and presence. Determining the size, color, and thickness of headers at the top of pages is next. When one uses a 230-point font for the word Entertainment, and crowns the page with it, then the volume for the page is set. Nothing has any chance of competing with the heaviness of the top of the page. In that case, one obviously unimportant word has drowned out the sound of the rest of the page. Next we look at the size of photographs. When a photo is too large, too dark, or too colorful, the elements around it suffer.

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Play your pages as you would your own radio, TV or CD player: not too loud, not too wimpy. Enough to get the message across, appropriate to the mood and situation. 

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Turning up the volume: Sports is the right section of the paper to turn the volume up. Big headlines, big photographs, and other graphic strategies help make a little noise on the page. Expressen, the Stockholm daily, requires a levelten volume on each of its pages, starting with page one. 117

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The look of North America
Newspaper designers worldwide watch North American newspapers, especially the dailies, with great interest. It was the American newspaper that first emphasized “makeup” in the 1950s, when type foundries such as Morganthaler and Linotype published newsletters and special reports on page layout to promote their newly created alphabets. American professor Edmund C. Arnold with his legendary Arnold Axioms—such as “functionalism over decoration”—emerged as one of the earliest gurus in the field. And American universities were among the first to introduce newspaper design as an academic discipline within journalism schools. All of these are reasons why the North American newspaper has gained a reputation for being design-conscious. And, truly, during the 1970s and early 1980s, when color was first introduced to a vast number of dailies, one could perceive a real sense of style and design experimentation. With color came new ways of looking at everything from typographic use for headlines and text, to better organization of content to clearer labels. Then, sadly, a sameness overtook the market. Newspapers in different parts of the country adopted the same color palettes regardless of their surroundings. Color weather maps dominated; promo boxes appeared on papers with barely enough pages to warrant them. With few exceptions, newspapers remained in that

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mold into the early part of the 1990s. Finally, during the last five years, some have begun to return to their roots, capturing elements of their past, such as a symbol for a logo, a certain color line, or a vertical navigator for the front page. Undoubtedly, the United States is still the place to turn to if one wishes to see well-designed newspapers: The New York Times (especially the Sunday edition); The Philadelphia Inquirer; The Minneapolis Star Tribune; The Wall Street Journal (see Weekend Journal); The Atlanta Constitution (index page, Internet sections); The Dallas Morning News (newly redesigned, modern, crisp, but looking very much like a major city newspaper should); The Charlotte Observer (showing that a medium size newspaper can make photos and text coexist). Further north, the Canadians have created some top-of-the-line newspapers with design that is among the best in the world. Standouts are the National Post (past and present meet in a new newspaper) and The Globe and Mail (great typographic touches). A newly inventive period for the design of North American newspapers is due soon. Hopefully this new era will usher in an openness to smaller formats, more functional use of indexes and navigation, and greater experimentation with advertising positioning. 

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The look of Europe
I am always fascinated by how much newspapers look alike globally, but even more surprised by the differences, usually accentuated by touches that are not immediately obvious. As we look through a newspaper vending kiosk of any major city in the world, subtleties become clear. The word variety best describes European papers. In the United Kingdom, we have the icon of what boulevard newspapers are all about, represented by such tabloids as The Sun and The Daily Mail. But there are also the classic models: The Times and The Scotsman, along with more contemporary examples such as The Independent and The Guardian, both a bit dated right now. For the most part, Scandinavian newspaper designers respect typography and white space. Color reproduction is fantastic, along with the use of large images. From Norway to Denmark, and especially in Sweden, artistic precision and functionalism define these papers. Although there has been relatively little innovation in Spanish newspapers in the past two years, they are, no doubt, among the best-designed newspapers in the world. The fresh air that came to Spain following the Franco era manifested itself well in the creation of newspapers that are models for the rest of the world, not only visually but editorially.

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With very few exceptions such as Le Monde and Liberation of Paris and Midi Libre of Montpellier, I am always surprised by how poorly designed most French newspapers are. It is surprising because this is a country where design is always spelled with a capital D—for magazines, fashion, home accessories, and so on. But not newspapers (though it is never too late.) Italian newspapers are not necessarily the most attractive, but they are heavily caffeinated, strong and bold. Not too far behind in energy and typographic passion are Greek newspapers, which are attractive, somewhat chaotic, and often carry great political cartoons, sometimes on the front page. And the top roses in the category of uncontrolled chaos, with overthe-top boldness and passion, goes to the Turkish newspapers. They are truly among the most colorful birds in the continent!. 

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The look of Asia
The Asian newspapers are a good study of how historical influences can become a trademark of the look and feel of publications. Published in a variety of languages, including English, Asian newspapers tend to be bold, aggressive, spirited and colorful. Those published in English tend to imitate newspapers from the United Kingdom more than from the United States. My first work in Asia was to create a newspaper in Singapore, The New Paper, now thirteen years old is still as interesting and colorful as it was those few weeks when it first hit the street. Many critics were amazed that such a youth-oriented newspaper could do well in its market, attracting more than young readers. The New Paper characterized Asian newspapers generally in its ability to be adventurous, to branch out and do things differently. The front page could be a poster one day, more text driven the next; photographs could extend across two pages, and headlines were considered small at 86 point. What distinguishes Asian newspapers from their counterparts in Europe and the Americas is:
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More experimentation with advertising placement: starting on page one, around the logo of the newspaper, as floating islands, or in the middle of a page surrounding the ad with text. Greater emphasis on coverage for young readers. For even the smallest regional Asian newspaper, a effort is made to attract young readers, and, with much success.

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Returning to the English language newspapers, progress has been slower. While newspapers in the UK have, redesigned themselves to be more organized, with better navigation, and superior use of photographs, their Asian counterparts continue to adhere, to models of the British press of the 1960s and 1970s: mixing column widths on those broadsheets, utilizing far too many small photos on a page, and mixing type fonts. I have to include here some of the daily newspapers from Australia and New Zealand, which, although improved in terms of design over the past ten years, continue to be throwbacks to the golden era of the British broadsheet: too much, too cluttered, too “in your face.” Just like we turn to European newspapers for some of the best use of typography, or U.S. dailies for their excellent photojournalism, and to Latin American newspapers for their superb use of illustrations, we turn to Asian newspapers for their sense of spirit that is instantly transmitted, right on the front page. 

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The look of South America
If you could use one word to describe Latin American newspaper, it would be creative. So it is no surprise to see so many Latin American newspapers among the top winners in international design contests. Countries with the best dailies to watch for their design are Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. In 1984, Roger Black and I collaborated on a remake of the Mexican daily Novedades taking it from a nine-column, black and white, textdriven broadsheet, to one of the earliest examples of a “tabloid” or magazine-style layout in newspapers. We increased the size of the photos and introduced a strong sans serif for headlines, accompanied by the classical Caslon, mixing them on the page. Much good has happened to Mexican newspaper design since then, and such dailies as Reforma, or Monterrey’s El Norte, are among the best designed newspapers in the world, truly “Mexican” in their approach to art and illustration. Distinct, too, are the newspapers of Brazil, with their front pages that serve entirely as navigation tools to the inside. Color palettes here are as bright as the colors on the facades of Rio's houses and, in many cases, as busy as its stadium during a World Cup match. Few newspapers anywhere carry the high level of illustrations that these dailies do. Standouts are: Folha de São Paulo, O Globo, Correio Brasilense, Zero Hora, O Povo and A Gazeta. One of the latest entries
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is Agora, a broadsheet with a tabloid feel, in populous São Paulo. The rest of South America offers a variety of visually appealing broadsheets. El Tiempo of Colombia must be studied for its use of an unorthodox three-section distribution, where sports and economic news share a section cover! In Peru, El Comercio has always maintained a classic look, but one that is updated regularly. El Comercio of Ecuador is similar, with great use of informational graphics. It is the Argentinean newspapers where one sees constant experimentation with color, graphics, story structuring and illustration. La Nacion and Clarin are excellent examples, but the provinces offer the most distinct uses of color and illustration, with La Gaceta, La Voz del interior, Uno, La Nueva Provincia, and El Liberal. The Caribbean is full of colorful dailies. In the Dominican Republic, check Listin Diario, El Siglo, and Ultima Hora. In Puerto Rico, El Nuevo Idea is one of the most successful experiments in a tabloid format. Central Americans like tabloids, and many visually appealing ones abound. El Salvador’s Prensa Libre and Diario de Hoy are the best. One does not have to know Spanish to get ideas and draw inspirations, all quite abundant here! 
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Spanning the globe: Color, photography, typography, story structure, and size are change according to culture and climate. Some standouts from around the world: The Dallas Morning News (North America), Handelsblatt, Germany (Europe), The New Paper, Singapore (Asia), and La Gaceta, Tucuman, Argentina (Latin America.)

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Publications of the future
The publication of the year 2020 will:
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Be small. Readers of all ages prefer small formats in magazines and newspapers. Be linked to electronic media, such as websites, CD components, and so on. Have color on every page, in photography and on highlighted texts. Include effective navigational devices to move the reader inside, and to guide him or her to the publication’s web site Be minimalist in style. The more screens fill up with buttons, gadgets, and more and content bits, the more print will do the opposite. Have more white space, bigger and fewer photos, and have a simple, skeletal, accessible look. From gutters to space between lines of headlines and text, everything will be more open. Make advertising a top priority. Especially on websites, advertising will become more prominent than it has ever been in print, more powerful and full of visual impact. As a generation of Web users grows, so will the role of advertising on printed matter. We have not even seen the tip of the iceberg in this area. 

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More color for sure: When the American Press Institute invited a group of designers to gather and propose newspaper models of the future, I worked with my Buenos Aires team, headed by Rodrigo Fino and Paula Ripoll, on our vision for a small-format daily (8.5 x 11 or A4). We used color everywhere, including typographic treatments, and a good interplay of longer and shorter texts. 129

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Case Study |

The Wall Street Journal
The Challenge: The Wall Street Journal is the icon of what a newspaper should look like. As a professor at Syracuse, I began each semester by holding up a copy of the paper and asking my eager students to redesign it. It isn't a surprise that the students tried to make it “modern” by placing a photo on page one. The most daring designed a new color logo, but the wisest students would effect subtle changes, using brushes, light colors, and thin strokes. In these cases, the design played in the choir, while the texts and the content were the protagonists. In 1999 I began to redesign the international editions in Europe and Asia. The work was completed successfully, with the introduction of color and photography in both editions. Next, it was time to work with the merican “mothership” version. This was a more challenging task: more pages and many more (mostly conservative) readers. From the beginning, the redesign was a collaborative effort between Garcia Media and the Journal team, headed by Joanne Lipman, deputy managing editor, and Joe Dizney, art director.

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What we did: As if researching to write a novel or screenplay, the designers and I engaged in visual archaeology, studying issues from the 1920s through the 1950s. We discovered visual motifs, story structures, and storytelling that played a major part in the redesign.

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What we did: We started by developing story structures to facilitate hierarchy through the pages: each story was composed of specific elements, depending on placement and importance. This helps to move the reader from story to story, and page to page.

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What we did: Once we had established story structures, we concentrated on page architecture, moving away from a rigid, sixcolumn format, and introducing some five column formats for section fronts.

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What we did: A basic foundation of the redesign was the introduction of a color palette. We made sure that when color appeared on a page, it was sophisticated and elegant. We used a few subtle colors consistently and repeatedly, including mint green, sky blue, and soft champagne.

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What we did: A refined redrawing of the Scotch Roman typeface gave the new Journal a look that—although new and modern—did not take away from the tradition of the paper. An avid reader would still recognize his reliable paper in the newly redesigned version.

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What we did: Our main goal was to preserve that which is genuinely and uniquely The Wall Street Journal. At the same time, we introduced modern elements such as better navigation, including a new panel on page one to promote interior stories. Now these new elements become part of the Journal’s identity for future readers.

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color
H O W T O C R E AT E PA L E T T E S

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Lots of color
If readers were to hand their editors a wish list, it would probably have color printed in big caps, each letter in a different hue. The publication of today uses color to communicate, to energize the canvas, to attract the eye, to move it from here to there, and, ultimately, to leave an impression, ephemeral as it may be. Color, however, is not only an aesthetic component; its use is ruled by optical perceptions that border on the scientific, and by symbolic ones that have more to do with culture and environment. Assigning color to a page, to the cover of a book, or to a website screen requires consideration of both.Three important characteristics of color are movement, temperature, and symbolism.
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Movement: Some colors—red and yellow for example—move forward on the page, grabbing readers by the lapel and pulling them in. Blue and gray, on the other hand, are flatter, emphasizing less motion. Temperature: Some colors are hot or warm, other are cool or cold. Content dictates what to use, but so does culture. Symbolism: Designers and editors know very well the passions that certain colors can evoke; fervent sports fans would not forgive a sports editor who painted a page with the rival team’s color. It could be a costly accident. 

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Where color is king: A Dallas Morning News story, where color tells the story.

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Color research
Color research abounds, not only for the specifics of publication design, but for applications in interior design, set decorating, hospital interiors, even building facades. The Poynter Institute for Media Studies has been a pioneer in the research of color and how readers react to it. Some highlights of the research, available through www. Poynter.org, were:
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Readers do like color on their publications. However, color alone will not make a page more appealing: good content does. Readers enter each page through a dominant photograph, illustration, or other visual image, whether it is in color or black and white. Size and placement are more important determinants of point of entry than color. Focus groups do show that a large image in a bright, forward color is the ultimate way to get a reader on to the page. Color backgrounds are effective in drawing attention to the subject in a box, for example. However, it is best to use background colors in small areas: not too tall, not too wide. Colorizing type can be effective, but color works best on sans serif fonts, where legibility is greater. 

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Color headlines
Every designer and/or editor I have met has his own opinion on the subject of color headlines.And so do I, of course. My preference is for headlines in black, 99 percent of the time. In the days before newspapers could reproduce beautiful color through photographs and illustrations, the occasional headline in color added a bit of visual excitement to the page. However, today we can achieve colorful pages without colorizing headlines. True, feature pages may benefit from a touch of color in a headline, but more often, a page can run the extra mile with just good color images, and a nice, big black headline. 

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White space
More often than not, after a redesign is complete, readers think the publication is printed on better paper. This, of course, is rarely the case. What has changed is that white space has been incorporated, thus giving an impression of a cleaner environment. White space is important. Like punctuation in a sentence, it allows thoughts to flow without running into each other. It is no longer true that only feature or supplement pages should utilize white space; even news pages benefit from more breathing room. I incorporate white space in all pages of my projects, and at some level, the reader appreciates it. Beside the obvious, there are many places to employ white space:
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Between lines of headlines or summaries. Between photographs and captions. Between subheads and the text that follow them. Between a graphic and surrounding elements. Around the box that packages a story or photo essay. Directly under the header of the page (two lines of white space recommended here) Between ad space and editorial space.

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White space is the most silent of aids to the designer. 
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Forceful silence: Brunch, the Sunday supplement of the Jyllands Posten in Copenhagen, emphasizes big photographs and long text, and buffers it all with generous white space. If not cushioned by white space, the pieces would be less inviting.

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The power of white: When Miller Media redesigned Barra’s web site, simplicity was the goal. Barra, a maker of complex riskmanagement tools, was scaring off users with an information-dense site. Designers spent the majority of time working with editors to whittle down the information to the essentials, then applied a clean, open design with white space at a premium.

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Less is more: During a change in editors, Miller Media was asked to update the look and feel of House Beautiful, an interior design magazine that had seen market share slipping. Lead designer John Miller stripped down the stuffy covers, concentrating on simple, iconic images. The logo was redone in a classic serif; typography was elevated to starker, more elegant levels. And to complete the look, liberal amounts of white space was used on every page.

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Culture and design
Design is deeply rooted in the culture and traditions of the people for whom it is intended. Furniture designers, sculptors, and architects follow subtle, cultural leads in their work. Publication design is no exception. Around the world, newspapers and magazines look alike, but I am even more surprised by the differences, usually accentuated with touches that are not so obvious, but which are there, waiting to be discovered. Scandinavian newspapers tend to have the clean, uncontested look that is typical of Nordic cities. Deciphering cultural elements takes nothing more than a quick run or walk through the city, or a sharp eye when traveling by train or bus within a city. Newspapers in those Nordic cities with Viking traditions circulate in environments where one does not see curtains in any color but white. However, try a tour of a Latin American city, or Greece, Spain, and Italy, and the opposite is true. White curtains rarely appear. Instead, one sees every color of the rainbow. That is when the designer takes out the digital camera, or the note pad, and scribbles thoughts at the most basic level of how culture and design blend. Latin American newspapers show more emotion, bolder headlines, brighter colors. Greek and Italian newspapers also display the immensity and intensity of life in those countries.

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In American newspapers, regional differences are accentuated: with Southern newspapers showing a calmer, more relaxed visual environment than those in the large cities of the Northeast and Midwest. An important step in the design of a newspaper is to incorporate a bit of cultural identity.” 

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Accentuating the natural: Newspapers must reflect the visual environments in which they exist. Here we see front pages that typify their regions well. Il Secolo XIX, Genoa: Italian newspapers show energy, congestion, vibrancy. Diario de Noticias, Portugal: An island of colorful flowers, a front page to match. Typos, Athens, Greece: Vigorous, bold, and expressive.

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White on black
From time to time one sees effective use of white type reversed over a black background. Some purists of design hate the technique; it is even banned in some newsrooms. There is no substitute for the legibility of black type over a white background. That said, it is also true that white type over a black background can look sharp, raise the presence of a quote or highlight on a page, and add a visual to a page where there might be none. Like all other tools available to the designer, reverses work best when used in small sizes. A very large box going from the top to the bottom of the page, all black, with a long article set in white over it, will not be legible. In fact, it will look hard to penetrate, and few will enter it. But used in small versions, and not repeatedly, it can be another efficient way to offer contrast and hierarchy for an item on a page. 

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Three dimensional motion: This front page from a proposed Spanish daily edition for The Dallas Morning News shows the power of a headline set in white against a black background.

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HOW TO USE IMAGES

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Photo composites
It is fashionable these days for newspaper designers to display “photo composites” on their pages. This is not a bad idea, and it’s actually not a new one. Publications during the 1950s displayed many groupings of photographs in order to maximize photo usage within a limited space. During the 1970s, the big picture era hit upon us, and photo composites became a rarity. But they are back. Photo composites work best for groupings of images that tell a story, but they should never be a substitute for selecting one image that really tells the story. For example, in staple news coverage, such as fires, accidents, plane crashes, and so on, using one dominant image is still better than to put five smaller images together within a rectangle. Photo editing is exactly what the name implies: someone editing from a field of many images, and coming up with the definitive one to tell the story. On the other hand, if one is illustrating the offerings in a museum that just opened, or describing pieces that are part of an ensemble in a fashion article, composites may be the best solution. Remember: when designing photo composites, avoid splitting the rectangular area into equal units; a Mondrian architecture, with pieces in various sizes (some horizontal, some vertical) works best. And divide the photos with a four-point rule. Also, composites work better in color, where contrast stands out, than in black and white, where, if printing is not good, the images blend into a muddy surface. 
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Page one
Newspaper front pages are not to be studied. They are to be reacted to. Magazine covers should not contain complex “concept photos” that readers have to struggle over to understand. The amount of time readers give to Page One before deciding their reaction has become shorter and shorter. To pass the “kiosk” or “coffee table” test, therefore, a publication's front page must have strong visual impact, which 99 percent of the time depends on a good photograph.
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The number one problem with most front pages is lethargic, passive photographs. At the same time, Page One is not a gallery for artsy photography. It is a venue for the best photo of the day, one that conveys a story or two, creates an emotion, pulls readers in, and makes them read. Page One photos should be active, surprising and, whenever possible, show people. This is not the place for a still view of the beautiful Alhambra, unless world leaders are seen meeting there. Especially in magazines, cover photos should be iconic, graphic, not overly complicated. With few exceptions, Page One also is not the place for gigantic info-graphics, which require that the reader study their contents. Info-graphics are one of the great storytelling techniques a newspaper editor can use, but they are best on inside pages. 

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Impacting through photography: The front page of the San Jose Mercury News excels in its use of large, dominant photos to attract readers. By contrast, the headlines surrounding the photo tend to be 165 smaller as not to compete with the visual impact of the photograph.

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Icons: Covers, whether on a book, magazine, or newspaper, need to be simple and iconic. For the Vanity Fair and Legends covers, John Miller chose images that were simple and stark, then cropped tightly to give a feeling of immediacy. Garcia Media employed the same iconic look for Momentum, the empolyee magazine for MAN Roland in Hamburg, Germany.

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Stand-alone photographs
We all like stories accompanied by good photos. Editors and designers everywhere try hard to find that one “visual” that fits perfectly with the text. Sometimes it does not happen. That is when we appeal to our next best solution: the stand-alone photo. In today's environment, with readers sweeping rapidly through the pages of the newspaper, stand-alone photos are a quick way to provide good graphic impact on the page. Many stories can and should be told only through photos. Brief texts do the job. Stand alones can also serve as navigational devices. A stand-alone a sports event on page one may capture our attention, and refer us to a complete story inside. Some tips on how to best use standalone photos:
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Place a good headline over the photo (the headline can also appear below the photo, but I always recommend the superior position for more effective packaging). Box or rule the photo, headline, and caption, to guarantee that the stand alone photo does not “float” on the page, or appear to be related to stories around it. Never write a block of text under a stand-alone photo that is deeper than the photograph. Captions of six to nine lines are ideal. Otherwise, write a story. 

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Pictures tell a story: The Las Vegas Review Journal uses a stand-alone photo to tell the story without resorting to the traditional headline and text combination. Readers who scan headlines and look at photos enjoy this type of treatment, as they get information without having to read much text. Stand-alone photos can be used to lead readers to an inside page where the story develops further, or they can just offer enough information on the

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Center of visual impact
One of the most frequent problems with newspaper front pages is the lack of a center of visual impact, or CVI. It does not take an art director to know that one photograph or illustration needs to be three times bigger than any other on the page to provide that much needed visual entrance. A CVI is essential and is the simplest formula to guarantee a sense of proportion, balance and design success. The CVI can appear anywhere on the page. However, in the case of the front page, it should be as high as possible, especially for pages that are folded while displayed in newsstands, store shelves, or on the kitchen table. In a perfect world the lead photo would be related to the lead article. When this is not possible, the CVI can refer readers to a significant article inside the newspaper. As more newspapers move to narrower page sizes, more pages are appearing without a distinctive CVI. But no matter how small a page—even in the case of A4 formats—designers must commit to one dominant image. 

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CVIs: El Tiempo excels at using large images as a center of visual impact. In this case, it’s a silhouetted photo. 171

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Photography vs. illustration
One of the most difficult decisions to make is how to illustrate a story. As always, the basic question should be: what is the best way to tell the story? Many times, in news events, photographs are usually the answer. A photograph conveys emotion, information and advances the story telling process in a direct way that impacts the readers and draws them into the story. However, illustrations can be the ideal visual image in stories that are more abstract, or where a photograph may be risky to use. Lifestyle articles, for example, can benefit from the impact of an illustration that captures the spirit of the story. Illustrations are ideal for subjects such as abortion, divorce, and the death penalty, to mention a few. Visuals need to reflect the point of view and tone of stories they accompany. Photos for the stories above may be difficult to find; illustrations can be made to order, conveying the necessary mood. Illustrations can also be effective when one does a long interview or reportage with a well known individual, whose photos are overused; an illustration, caricature or sketch of the person can help to create greater interest, while providing the visual surprise of an image we have not seen dozens of times before. Often, good designers mix photos and illustrations, with great results. Pure design relies on the instinct of the designer, working in close cooperation with the editor or reporter, to seek the best visual to illustrate the story. 
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Photo and illustration: The artists and designers of La Gaceta, of Tucuman, Argentina, excel in their ability to create a visual concept for a story and develop it, in a relatively short period of time. Here we see how an entertainment section is illustrated with a photograph, making this page visually seductive and appealing. Sometimes, as in this case, using both a photograph and an illustration is most effective. 173

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Infographics speak volumes
Busy readers appreciate good, simple informational graphics that visually tell them a story. Good infographics are based on the purist design strategies: they are clean and they are focused on just a few ideas. The best ones are small and concentrate on basic information, without attempting to be too textbook-like or encyclopedic in approach. A complicated graphic defies its purpose. Here are some tips, as recommended by infographics specialist Jeff Goertzen, whose award-winning infographic work has appeared in newspapers throughout the world:
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Start planning early for successful graphic presentation. Get ideas down on paper soon, probably right after the reporter/artist. What is the aim of the graphic? What is it supposed to communicate to the reader? If the graphic accompanies a story, how does it enhance the story telling process? Research the content of the graphic, taking into account that sometimes readers will look at a graphic before they read the story accompanying it. Those designing a graphic should ask editors and reporters for leads, set up interviews with reliable sources, consult websites, and take photos to use as factual visual data. Research is the key to a graphic that communicates in an authoritative manner.

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Have reporters and editors proofread the first possible draft of it. Write a good headline, remembering not to repeat what the headline of the story says. Use the opportunity to enhance another level of the storytelling process.

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Ultimately, a good infographic should be visually aesthetic. Readers enter a graphic to get information, but it is visual appeal that leads them to it first. Content comes first, visuals come second. The combination of the two, plus effective research makes the best infographics. 

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Charts, bars, and maps: When John Miller and Aaron Kenedi redesign any new magazine, strongly branded infographics are always a primary focus. Often they work with sepcialists, such as artist Stephanie Heald, to develop simple, pared-down charts and graphs that are effective storytelling tools and help extend the publication’s brand.

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Head shots
Head shots were among the first uses of photography when newspapers began publishing photos. They provided a quick visual reference to people mentioned or quoted in stories. To this day, they remain favorites. When you take a sample of a newspaper or magazine to a focus group, it does not take a specialized eye-tracking computer to see how the eyes rest on and read the head shots. They are quick encyclopedic references to who is in the story. Like headlines—and sometimes even more so than headlines—head shots alert readers to the “what” of the story. In addition, head shots require little space, become unobtrusive in the overall look of the page, and create energy without overpowering the elements around them. Some tips for the use of head shots:
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Use them small, and create a template, so that all head shots throughout the entire publication are the same exact size. Headshots should be closely cropped. The face is what is important. It’s no use to let somebody’s stomach show in what is meant to be a facial representation. By the same token, avoid the “passport” shot, where it is difficult to identify the subject.

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Always use a caption, regardless of how well known the face may be. It is a matter of journalistic style. Headshots can be utilized within the text of a story, but also accompanied by a quote or highlight of the story. Headshots can be in black and white or color. Readers like both. Headshots can be drawings, as well as photos. The Wall Street Journal has a particular style for what it calls “head cuts.” Images of people in the news do not appear as photos, but as pencil sketches. This renders the WSJ a unique style that is easily recognizable to habitual readers. 

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Simple

Case Study | Real

The Challenge: Real Simple is not your typical style magazine. The design needs to mirror the specific editorial philosophy of pure, elemental style. With his design, Robert Newman created a beacon of light and clarity in the midst of a world of clutter. It wasn’t sensible to design a complicated, overly decorated page that describes how to unclutter a closet and thus one’s life. Designers took cues from the title and the editorial. Specifically, Real Simple advances its design philosophy through three major areas: color use, white space, and how words and images blend in the story telling process.

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What we did: The contents page typifies the approach at Real Simple. Newman describes the design: “Most contents pages serve as little more than reference tools for the editors who put out the publications. To us, the pages give the reader a sense of the magazine’s interior design and mission over and above the information and data they deliver. And they aren’t ‘work’ to look at.”

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What we did: Unique to Real Simple is an overall color palette, in both type and photographs, for each issue. Sometimes it’s very prominent and other times it’s subtle, and often it’s related to seasonality. For example, in an issue with a lot of photographs of blue sky and water, the designers opted for blue type and blue accents. The philosophy is to let the images and/or the content themes dictate color.

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What we did: Perhaps more so than any other magazine, white space reinforces the simplicity and organization that embodies Real Simple. One can say that white space actually plays a protagonistic role at the magazine, blocking the page, separating articles, or allowing breathing room around a powerful photo. White space is considered a part of the color palette, a way of expressing cleanness, simplicity and authority.

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What we did: At Real Simple, stories are told through words as much as pictures. The editors know that some stories must be long, to convey many ideas, tips, and descriptions. However, the designers and editors work to change some long running narrative text into sidebars, or sidebars into running text. Simply because a text is long does not mean that it must be cut. It can be redistributed as second readings, leaving the narrative as a main element.

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process
HOW TO MAKE A REDESIGN WORK

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Good briefings
The best way to kick off a redesign project, or the creation of a new publication, is through a thorough briefing. A good briefing is that rare chance to gather key members of the group who will be in charge of creating the new design and get them around the table to present ideas. Briefings, even though they should be free-form meetings, must begin with a structure of what goals to achieve. I have always maintained that all projects begin with a sort of “fantasy” stage where one deals with what could be, and abandons totally any discussion of restrictions of what cannot be done. Of course, all projects have a reality stage as well, but it comes much later. In my experience, many projects that started with questions of “What if....” moved on to a higher level of innovation when those in the group answered with “Why not?” Technical obstacles, human resources limitations, budget dilemmas, and deadline restrictions are all part of the reality that will raise its head soon enough during the course of a project, but to start with these as the basis of discussion represents a wasted opportunity to be creative. Some tips for briefings that lead to innovation:
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Gather a small group, or one manageable enough in size that allows for full participation of all.

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Start with an outline of goals to be accomplished: I emphasize the need to discuss the “sunrise” and “sunset” categories. What should we preserve? What should we eliminate? What new topics need to be included? Deal with philosophical discussions of what lies ahead. A redesign is not done for today, but more likely for the next five years in the life of the publication. Who will be the new potential readers? What target audiences are we trying to reach? Dream a little: consider a different format, a new color palette, new ways of telling stories, an original typographic font, or even a new logo. Briefings are the ideal stage for discussions of the impossible, which, in some instances, becomes reality. Bring to the table the organization’s best and most innovative minds, regardless of titles or positions. 

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From workshop to prototype
Not all projects demand the same schedule or logistics. While a good foundation for organizing a redesign can be helpful, and we all have ours, sometimes the timetable and special circumstances demand a different approach, such as a three-day workshop where key people in a project gather, to discuss specific goals that can be accomplished by the end of the session. Such is the value of the “workshop approach” to a redesign. In this style of operation, a group not to exceed twelve people gather in a room complete with computers, printers and sketch pads. If the idea is to redesign a newspaper or magazine, then a top priority is to have content issues have been resolved prior to the start of the workshop. On the first day, a half-session is devoted to a discussion of how the content will flow into the publication: scope and sequence. This is followed by some sketching of how key pages—front page (cover), table of contents (navigators), inside pages with and without advertising, specific section fronts and supplements—will carry the look and feel that the content demands. In a good workshop setting, there is more doing than talking As soon as some basic ideas have been exchanged, the next step is to sit at the

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computers to produce very primitive sketches that are then printed, and put on display or beamed onto a projection screen for discussion. And what a difference it makes to deal with “real” pages, as opposed to abstract concepts. One hour of viewing pages can be the equivalent of weeks of discussing how a type strategy, or column measurement, or color palette might look on a nonexistent page. By the end of each day of the workshop, clean, approved sets of pages emerge. And, at the end of the workshop, a full prototype of twelve or more pages are available, ready for designers and editors to carry onto the next step, production of a full prototype to be printed and tested. Workshops do more than just save time—they also provide a good opportunity for team building. Members of the workshop feel ownership of the project, and learning takes place that stays with each individual long after the project has developed wrinkles and everyone readies for the next workshop. 

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Reader reaction
Many months of hard work suddenly pay off when that first edition of the newly redesign product –hits the stands. But it also puts editors on the edge as the day of reckoning arrives. It is the day that readers will let us know how much they like or dislike what we have done. This is an important part of the evolution of a redesign. And, no doubt about it, readers will let us know how they feel. Editors and especially publishers need to be prepared for an avalanche of negative calls that will come in first. Readers who like the redesign often have a second cup of coffee, admire their new paper, and go to work. Those who do not like what they see, or some small aspect of it, will get on the phone and fire off their complaints. As a result, smart publishers plan for this, allowing members of the editorial staff to answer the phones and the emails, personally, reassuring readers and reminding them that the changes have been made to benefit the overall effectiveness of the publication. Do not start redesigning when the first negative calls come in. This can be counterproductive, since many readers are basically reacting to change.

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However, if a complaint persists two to three weeks after the redesign has been introduced, then there is reason to believe that it is a legitimate concern that needs to be addressed. Gathering information from readers should be a continuous process, not just after the introduction of a new design. This is one sure way to guarantee that the publication stays in tune with its readers. 

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Daily reviews
One way to maintain high levels of creativity is to conduct daily postmortems. It never ceases to amaze me that designers and editors spend months creating a design strategy, but then do very little to evaluate how it works from day to day. This is what guarantees consistency, constant innovation, and, in the end, the longevity of the design. This idea does not apply solely to the big post mortem after a redesign is introduced. In fact, the best publications I have ever worked with are those where there is daily evaluation of what “we did yesterday” and how we can make it better today. Normally, in all of my visits, I engage in evaluations of the work done. I find that it that it is easier for editors and designers to accept criticism and comments from an outsider than from their own peers. Internal reviews are sometimes hampered by the fact that the designer or editor whose work is evaluated may feel that the evaluator simply does not like him/her. The outside consultant is normally seen as an objective mediator, with authority, expertise and no personal agendas. Unfortunately, the consultant cannot be on the premises to perform evaluations, so each organization needs to motivate itself to schedule regular internal postmortems.

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Here are some tips for effective postmortems:
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Focus on a few items (do not attempt to review an entire magazine or four-section newspaper all at once!) Start with praise for work well done. Criticize work on the basis of what needs to be improved, without attacking the author personally. Always offer solutions when presenting problem areas. End the session on a high note with comments about what works! 

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Listening to focus groups
Newspaper editors often ask what we think of focus groups and their effectiveness in providing answers to the many dilemmas that plague newsrooms. As one who has been involved in more behindthe-mirror focus groups than I care to remember, I always have one standard answer: focus groups will keep us from making at least one embarrassing mistake. To that effect, I am a fan of them. That said, I also review focus groups without taking them too seriously. From each group, some consistent themes appear, and the redesigned product is better because of the conclusions reached. Some things are almost universal in focus groups, as outlined here:
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The quality of the moderator determines the usefulness of the information gathered. It is important that the moderator be an objective, engaging, flexible person who will lead the discussion and drive it according to the conversation taking place in the room—rather than attempting to follow a prescribed set of prepared items that may not be of consequence to the participants. When it comes to testing a prototype for a redesigned product, approach the session with a few well targeted segments to test, as opposed to an impossibly long list. For example: perhaps you

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wish to know about the look and feel of page one, the legibility of body text, and the navigational system of a certain section(s). That should be enough for an intelligent conversation.
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For newspapers going from all black and white to color, it never fails that most readers will like the color but will also try to express how the color "takes away from the serious look" of their newspaper. This is to be expected, as well as the fact that the same readers will not even remember the black and white former style three weeks after the new color is introduced! Even when one tries to test purely graphic elements, readers are more interested in discussing content. This, I think, is good, even if it frustrates us when we want to know if a certain color screen works behind a column, but the readers concentrate totally on the content of the column.

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Finally, all redesigned projects should include a focus group before final changes are made. It informs us about reactions. It guides us in perfecting details. Again, it keeps us from making that one embarrassing mistake that nobody in the redesign committee even thought about, but that one smart soccer mom spotted instantly, echoing feelings of perhaps hundreds of other readers. 

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Working with consultants
Most of the projects I have ever been involved in included highly skilled art directors in residence who were more than capable of leading the effort of a redesign. And, in some cases, the art directors themselves probably wondered why an outside consultant was needed, although, by the end of the process, most agreed they h ad benefited from the interaction and the learning involved. In most cases, the consultant also learned much from the art directors and editors in the project. However, the role of the consultant has to be clearly defined and outlined at the beginning. Everyone has to know what his or het responsibilities and contributions will be to avoid misunderstandings later. A redesign project is a major enough undertaking, with major obstacles to overcome, without having to deal with personality problems. What can the role of the consultant be?
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To define key points of the project: briefing, sketching, prototyping, researching, implementing To guide the designers through the sketching process with concepts that the designers can use to develop their initial ideas

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To guide designers and editors to resources that may prove helpful, from website to books to other publications. To identify talents in the various areas needed in the redesign process: journalism, production, marketing, and advertising. To help with the creation of a stylebook. To teach throughout the project. This is perhaps the consultant’s most important role, that of nurturing the staff, imparting knowledge through seminars, discussions, and sessions in which the specific redesign project is momentarily put aside, talking about the craft, design, trends, and, in a sense, bring the classroom into the newsroom. To foster team effort and to alert everyone to the benefits of working as a team: we all shine if the project wins. This is everyone’s project, not anyone individual’s creation.

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When the art director and the consultant “click” everything else in the project falls into place quickly. Everyone benefits, but especially the readers, who gain from the experience and creativity of a team. 

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APPENDIX

ten myths of design

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The myths
My diary entries contain travelogues, agendas, and occasionally, the graffiti of design myths. I always write these myths in red, to make sure I do not forget them. I must have more than 150 that I have listed during twenty years of traveling, but ten have become the “super myths,” those that transcend nationalities, ethnicity, or language. I offer them as a checklist to see how many of them are part of your own myth repertoire:

1. Headlines should not be run next to each other.

“Bumping headlines” should be ranked as the number-one design myth, especially in the United States. I am certain that more time is spent in newsrooms everywhere designing pages that avoid headlines coming together than actually writing better headlines. As a veteran of hundreds of focus groups that were shown pages with headlines that sometimes bumped, I have yet to hear a reader anywhere complain about them. Of course, I am not an advocate of bumping headlines. However, I am suggesting that we should not spend unnecessary time and effort avoiding what seems to affect no one but the editor and his or her old journalism school professor.

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2. Readers don't like reversed-out type.

Well, many editors don't. And I am sure that readers would probably find it unusual and hard to read if an entire article were set in white type against a black or color background. However, a few lines of a quote or a highlight set against a dark background will not affect legibility as long as the type size is larger than normal and the interline spacing is adequate.

3. Color must be introduced slowly.

Life is in color. Attempts at slowly introducing color in a newspaper that has been black and white for years are exaggerated. In this regard, one must respect the editors’ knowledge of their own communities and their readers’ ability to assimilate change. However, my own experience has been that color is almost always extremely well received, and that readers in most communities no longer attach the label of “less serious” to newspapers that print in color. Specifically with twenty-five- to thirty-five-year-old readers, color is an expectation more than an abomination. What is important, and this must be emphasized, is that color use be appropriate for the newspaper and its community.

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4. Italics are difficult to read.

I have heard this at least five-hundred times, from South America to South Africa, and in Malaysia, too! Every editor seems to have a built-in catalog of anecdotes to illustrate why italics should never be used. They are supposed to be “feminine”; therefore, why use them in the macho sports section? They are “strange” to the reader and imply soft news, as opposed to hard news, so they should be relegated to the gardening page. And, last, italics slow down reading, so avoid them in text. The truth? Italics are unisex. A feature in sports can wear italics well, but so can that souffle story in the food section. The softversus-hard implication is an American phenomenon, I must admit. A banner headline in a strong italic font played large will do the job as well as a Roman headline. Size and boldness and the distinction of the type used are more significant than whether the type is italic. Contrast italics with Roman type, or bolder or lighter type nearby, and they make that souffle rise on the page. Add them as a secondary line under a classic Roman face, and there is music on the page. Give the name on the byline an italic touch, and somehow the visual rhythm of the text may be altered for the better.

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5. Color and black-and-white photographs or graphics should not be mixed on the same page.

Never once have I heard a reader complain about this special cocktail of mixed black-and-white and color images. The designer’s task is to select the best possible images, regardless of color, and display them properly on the page following a hierarchy that indicates where the eye should go first, second, and third. The color-versus-black-and-white issue becomes quite secondary to the content of the images, their placement on the page, and the role of the images in the overall design.

6. The flow of text should not be interrupted.

Magazines have been using quotes, highlights, and other text breakers for years. However, place one of these devices in the text of many newspapers and you will find a chorus of editors repeating the same verse: Any interruption of text causes the reader to stop reading. I have found no evidence of this in the many focus groups I have observed or in The Poynter Institute’s own Eye-Track Research. (Eye-Track scientifically documented how color, text, graphics, and photos direct a reader’s eyes around a newspaper page.) Of course, interruptions can become obstacle courses if:

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One places a 24-line quote across 12 picas, forcing the reader to jump over text; or One places the breaker in such a strategic position that the reader will not jump over it, but assumes instead that he or she should move across to the adjacent column.

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The length of the interruption and its placement determine legibility factors. Any interruption that requires more than a two-and-ahalf-inch jump should be reconsidered.

7.. Readers prefer justified type over ragged-right type.

The myth is that ragged-right type implies “soft” or feature material, while justified type represents serious hard news. This, too, is only in the minds of editors and some designers. There is no evidence of the truth of this perception. If newspapers had always set all their text ragged right, readers would have accepted that style. Ragged-right type can change the rhythm on the page, even when used for short texts or for columnists. Its use incorporates white space, which is always needed, and allows for more appropriate letter spacing within and between words. Some research has confirmed that the presence of ragged right speeds up reading.

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8. Story count counts.

One must have, says this myth, a minimum of five stories on the front page. Well, it is seven in some newspapers, and eleven in others. Story count is a state of mind; it should not be a formula. No two days in the news are alike for the editor putting together page one. On certain days, one big story may equal four, or even seven, small ones. Sometimes a photograph may carry the weight of ten stories, and so on. Individual elements are what count, not a systematic formula that forces elements to satisfy a quota on the page. What do we know about story count and page one? Well, the front page is still the face of the newspaper and not only must display the day’s news but promote the best content inside. More is definitely better than less, and index items, promo boxes, and even stand-alone photos are all part of what makes the eye move. Readers in focus groups do not count stories. Eye movement—activity on the canvas of the page—is what counts. How one makes the readers' eyes move can be determined by factors that are not necessarily associated with the mythical story counts to which editors are subjected.

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9. Things should be left in the same place every day.

For many editors, a page one or a section front with static elements (promos at the top, left-hand column of briefs, and so forth) provides a sort of teddy bear to embrace when they come to work every day. So, in typical fashion, editors always ask for the teddy bears. There is no truth to the myth that readers want these elements exactly in the same places every day. I prefer to experiment with “teddy bears on roller skates”—letting the promo boxes appear differently from day to day. Some days use only one promo, some days use three. Surprise the reader with promos that run vertically on Tuesday but horizontally on Wednesday.

10. The lead story must always appear on the right-hand side of the page.

Editors seem sure of this, but nobody bothered to tell the readers. To them, the lead story is the one with the biggest and boldest headline, whether it is to the right or the left. Of course, hierarchy is important. No myth here. One definitive lead must appear on the page to guide the reader, but its appearance, as long as it is above the fold, becomes inconsequential. Why the myths? Well, what would newspapers be without them? Meetings would be shorter, and less argumentative, especially if there were no “italics”
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pure design

myth. Who creates the myths? Like the games children play, nobody knows where these myths start. Children teach each other games in the schoolyard; professors pass on myths to their innocent charges in journalism school. Then those myths gain momentum when the rookie journalist hears the same myth glorified by his veteran editor, and so on. What can one do about myths? Select the ones you really want to do battle over, then wrestle the myth promoter to the ground. Sometimes you win. 