Pavement StakeoutPavement stakeout will depend on the type ofpaving equipment used. Steps in the methodcommonly used for paving concrete highways areas follows:1. Set a double line of steel side forms,equipped with flanges that serve as tracts fortraveling paving equipment.2. Fill the space between the forms withconcrete poured from a concrete paving machine(commonly called just a paver).3. Spread the concrete with a mechanicalspreader that travels on the flanges of the side forms.4. Finish the surface with a finisher, amachine that also travels on the side forms.The line-and-grade problemthat is, thelayout or stakeout problemconsists principallyof setting the side forms to correct line with theupper edges of the flanges at the grade prescribedfor the highway. If the finished grade shown onthe plans is the center-line grade, then the formsare set with tops at the center-line grade less thecrossfall. If the design elevations are shown forpoints other than those on the center line, theform elevation is related to the design points asindicated by the typical section.Stakeout maybe done by setting a line or linesof offset hubs, as previously described. Some-times, however, a line of hubs is driven along theline the forms will occupy and driven to gradeelevation less the depth of a side form. The formsare then set to the line and the grade by simplyplacing them on the hubs.Concrete paving is also done by the slip formmethod in which, instead of a complete doubleline of forms, a sliding or traveling section offormwork is an integral part of the spreading andfinishing machinery. The machinery is kept on lineand the pavement finished at grade by a controldevice or devices. The line control device usuallyfollows a wire stretched between rods that areoffset from the pavement edge.Forms are not usually used in asphalt paving.Asphalt paving equipment, in general, is designedto lay the pavement at a given thickness, followingthe fine-graded subgrade surface. The manner inwhich a given piece of equipment is kept on linevaries, and the stakeout for equipment variesaccordingly.STRUCTURAL SURVEYSA STRUCTURAL survey is one that is partof the chain of human activities that will bringa structure, such as a building, a bridge, or a pierinto existence.EarthworkAs when a highway is built, the first majorstep in the construction of a structure is usuallythe rough gradingthat is, the earthmovingneeded to bring the surface of the site up to, ordown to, the approximate specified rough grade.The stakeout for rough grading is commonlydone by the GRID method. The area to be graded,which is shown, along with the prescribed finishgrade elevation on the site or plot plan is laid offin 25-, 50-, or 100-ft grid squares. The elevationat each corner point is determined; the differencebetween that and the prescribed grade elevationis computed; and a grade stake is marked withthe depth of cut or fill; then the stake is driveninto the ground at the point.Building StakeoutIf the structure is a building, the next majorstep after the rough grading is the buildingstakeout; that is, the locating and staking of themain horizontal control points of the building.These are usually the principal corner points plusany other points of intersection between buildinglines.The procedure followed varies with circum-stances. Figure 14-39 shows a simple buildingFigure 14-39.-Building stakeout.14-41