Juvenile Phase : It is the period of growth and maturity before an organism can reproduce sexually.

Meiocytes : These are specialized cells of diploid organisms which undergo meiosis to produce gametes.

Pericarp : It is the protective coverning of fruit, may be divided into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.

Parthenogenesis : Development of an egg into an embryo without fertilisation. e.g. in rotifers, honeybees, turkey and some lizards.

Monoecious Plants : Plants having both male and female flowers on same plant. e.g. cucurbits and coconut. The term “homothallic” is used in Fungi for same condition.

Dioecious Plants : Plants having male and female flowers on separate plant. e.g. Papaya and date palm. The term “heterothallic”is used in fungi for the same condition.

Oestrus Cycle : The reproductive cycle in non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deer, dogs and tigers etc;. The sexually active females reffered to as being in “heat” at a specific time of Oestrus cycle. They reabsorbs the endometrium if conception does not occur.

Gamete Transfer

1. In Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes : The male and female gametes are flagellated and motile, need a medium (water) to reach to egg.
2. In seeded plants : Pollen grains are transferred to stigma of flower of same species by various agents, like wind, water, insects, birds and ants etc.
3. In animals :
(a) By Copulation : e.g., Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.
(b) By External medium : e.g., Fishes and Amphibians.

Sporulation : During unfavourable conditions organisms like Amoeba surrounded by resistant coat (three layered hard covering) or cyst. This is called encystation. Within cyst a number of spores are formed. On returning favourable conditions, the cyst brust and spores are liberated and gradually grows in adults. This process is known as sporulation (multiple fission).

Fragmentation : It is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments. Their fragments develops into fully grown individual. e.g. spirogyra, fungi and some annelids.

Regeneration : It is a process of renewal, restoration and growth. It can occur at the level of the cell, tissue and organ. It is common in Hydra, Planaria and echinoderms

In human, liver has power of regeneration, if it is partially damaged.

 During danger a lizard discard a part of its tail which can regenerate later.

Events in Sexual Reproduction

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