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StudyBlue printing of 600-1450 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } The Rise of Islam Islam took hold in the 7 th century in the Middle East, believing that Allah had transmitted his message v ia a merchant named Mohammad, who recorded this message in the Qu'ran - which teaches that salvation is won by following the 5 Pillars of Islam. Consisted of five (shock) things: Confession of faith Prayer 5 times per day Charity Fasting during Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca Also believed in the concept of Jihad (to struggle) - specifically against non-muslims. Believe that all are equal under God and they have a duty to convert people. Hijira is the first year of the Islamic calendar. After persecution in Mecca by polytheistic leaders, he fled to Medina where he found support for Islam. Returned to Mecca and destroyed Pagan shrines, except for the Ka'ba - which is important to the faith today. Islam then spread through the Arabian Penninsula , being incorporated into a few different empires - which collectively become known as Dar al Islam (House of Islam). As it grows in the Middle East and Africa, Europe (which is to say, Christianity) gets nervous. Split between Sunni and Shia based on who should lead Islamic empires after Mohammad's death. Succession of Leadership in dar al Islam and the Umayyad Dynasty Abu Bakr becomes caliph of Islam after the death of Mohammad. Caliph is both the emperor and religious leader, similar to the pope. Shiite thinkthat Ali Bakr, son in law to Mohammad, was his designated successor. Sunni think that it should have been a descendant of Mohammad himself. The Islamic Empire becomes known as theocracy, because it's controlled exclusively by a religious institution. It becomes known as a " caliphate". The line of succession in Islamic empires becomes a little confused - sometimes it operates like a monarchy and moves down a blood line, but there is some confusion in what the line is exactly. Originally there are 4 caliphs of dar al Islam and it's parts, but when one is assassinated and his son takes over -- he resigns from caliph, and the UMAYYAD DYNASTY is formed. They build the Dome of the Rock and a rich Cordoba. The Umayyad's extend the borders of Islam to the far reaches of Southern Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula . This brings the borders of Christianity and Islam together. Charles Martel, a Frankish leader, finally stops the Islamic empires as they advance towards Paris. As Shia take power, and lose room to expand, the Umayyad starts to decline. They're defeated by Abu-al-Abbas who's supported by the Shia sect. Abbasid Dynasty Overthrows the Umayyad dynasty and becomes the new center of Islam. They oversee a golden age, and build the capital at Baghdad. This new Islamic empire is built around the value of trade, and introduced concepts like credit and accounting via receipts and bills. They manufactured steel. Mohammad al-Razi publishes a massive medical encyclopedia , unlike any other. Math is expanded from new knowledge from India. Islamic empire defeats Tang China for control of the silk road trading posts in central Asia, and in the war they learn about paper money. They end up monopolizing most of the Silk Road. They preserve much of Europe despite the hostility between the two regions in a way even Europeans were uninterested in doing. They translated some important Greek texts from Aristotle/Plato which were stored in Arabic libraries and museums. Muslims were extremely tolerant of the local customs of areas they conquered, just like the Romans - but they still tried to convert all of the conquered people. Sufi's, Islamic mystics, served as missionaries. And succeeded in doing converting conquered people. Internal struggles and civil war were common due to tension between Sunni and Shiite. Other rivals didn't threaten the religion, but more often the stability of Baghdad. Turkish slaves, mamluks, revolted and established Samarra in Iraq which diminished the empire. The Mongols would later defeat them, and destroy Baghdad . People would flee to Egypt, preserving the empire in name but not in power. The Ottoman turks would later establish the next Islamic empire. Women in Islam No property or inheritance rights. Women were viewed as property (men would keep the dowry upon divorce) Low status was institutionalized. Led to a culture wherein girls were seen as less than boys, which led to female infanticide. Didn't start the veiled trend - just followed suit from Persia and Mesopotamia. Polygamy was fine. Islamic society became structured - and as it did, more patriarchal. Women were protected under the Qu'Ran, but not extended many more rights. Europe & Byzantium Eastern Rome basically became the Byzantine Empire, and the west pretty much collapsed entirely. Byzantines were VERY CENTRALIZED AND VERY ORGANIZED - SIGNIFICANTLY MORE THAN THE REMAINS OF WESTERN ROME. But both were Christian. Architecture was mostly domes, culture was similar to Eastern Rome, they spoke Greek (hellenism, anyone?) and it's branch of religion was Orthodox Christianity. Central unified state in Europe because the rest was mostly a lot of feudal states. Justinian reigned in Byzantium and restored some of the glory of Rome, and the region flourished in trade and arts. Wrote the Justinian Code, one of the first codification of Roman laws and kept alive a lot of the original culture of Rome. Built the Hagia Sophia, a cathedral. Pope of the two churches excommunicated each other from their respective institutions as Orthodoxy and the catholic church became more different and conflicted more often. Roman Catholics had a centralized church with the Pope, but Orthodox Christianity made use of local languages and was thus far more localized. So, local practices became more intertwined with church itself. The West gave power to the church by allowing them the blessing of each ruler, and the East let the political rulers be in charge of church and state. So... The West was a religion with an empire, the East was an empire with a religion. Orthodoxy in Russia Vladmir, a leader in Russia converted to Orthodoxy, under the influence of St. Cyril. He had considered other religions, but ultimately settled on this one - supposedly because it wouldn't control what he could eat. Vladmir was the leader of the Franks, a Germanic tribe that later united under King Clovis in the 1400's, who became Roman Catholic. The unification of much of Europe helped unite them against the Muslim invaders to the south. Charles Martel succesfully defended Paris from the Umayyad invasions, and defeated them at the Battle of Tours. Martel then founded the CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY in order to reunite the region. (the first frankish kingdom, really) His son, Pepin, took over and sought approval via the Pope - which certified him an authority on catholicism against Orthodox control. Pepin's son, Charles was crowned king by the Pope and took the title of Charlemagne, who founded the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. The HRE covered most of modern Germany, Eastern France, much of Italy, and other surrounding Germanic states. Otto the Great was the first one to CALL it The Holy Roman Empire. But Charlemagne built most of the actual empire. HRE had little in common with the original Rome, but it was centralized and reinstated some of the region. It wasn't even an especially big empire. Charlemagne didn't do very well. There weren't any taxes, the empire wasn't well united, and he ended up dividing it by three in the Treaty of Verdun . More threats to Europe Europe continued to be attacked. The Vikings came from Scandinavia, and the Magyars from Hungary. They didn't really seek to expand, but more to raid in order to compensate for limited island resources. Vikings were also called Normans. They ended up getting converted to Christianity, as did many other nomadic tribes. European Feudalism & Society Instated a pyramid structure in Europe, really. At the top was the king, below him were nobles, under them were vassals, and finally the peasantry (serfs) The estates granted to vassals were called "fiefs" and later, "manors." Hosted a lord and his peasants , who worked farms in exchange for protection by the lord. Remarkably self-sufficient, but certainly led to decentralization. The three-field system incorporated the rotation of 3 different fields for each growing season. Led to mass deforestation in "the great clearing" The Code of Chivalry gave knights and lords a specific code of conduct. However, the feudal system itself was strictly patriarchal - only men could own and inherit land, so women had no power. Primogeniture: the passing of land to the eldest son. Trading and Crusading Burghers: middle class merchants The Hanseatic League: an trade union cross-country. Crusades: military campaigns undertaken by European Christians from 1000-1300 to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims (and all non-christians) over. At the same time, people at home questioned the ideals of organized religion. This gave rise to "heresies" or religious practices and beliefs that do not conform to the traditioanl church doctrine. Scholasticism became more prominent, and universities were established in Europe. This also conflicted with the church, as it relied on reason rather than faith. Pope Innocent III issued strict decrees on church doctrine, which persecuted heretics and Jews and initiated the Fourth Crusade which failed. Pope Gregory IX set into motions the Inquisition, which continued to persecute heretics across Europe. Ranged from excommunication, exile, torture, and execution. Thomas Aquinas, another Christian, wrote Summa Theologica which explained that faith and reason, indeed, are NOT in conflict which changed Christian thought, although the church continued the inquisition. :( The Black Death Began in China, killed around 35 million people. Spread to Europe (silk road anyone?) and crowded cities caught it fast. A third of Europe's population died, feudal hierarchies fell obsolete, religious hatred intensified, and many people lost faith altogether. Caused a shift to a commercial economy, more individual freedom, and development of new industries. France + England become states Magna Carta: established parliament and took some power out of the traditional British Monarchy. The Magna Carta effectively unified England by taking away a lot of power from each individual feudal state, and bringing politicians together for parliament. Formed a highly centralized state very quickly. France, under King Hugh Capet, expanded much of his territory in France for a unified state. However, England expanded into the territory - resulting in the Hundred Years' War. Joan of Arc fought for French independence France was henceforth unified under Bourbons , french monarchs. Around this time, Ferdinand and Isabella were getting married in Castille and Spain in order to form a unified Spain. They both ended up converting to Catholocism, and statehood thrived at the same time. The infamous Spanish Inquisition happens a few years later, killing thousands of heretics and causing the Muslim population to flee back into North Africa. Russia After a stint of Mongol Invasion by the Tartars (Russia made up most of the Golden Horde), Russia established itself as Ivan III expanded the territory of Moscow and finally declared himself czar. By the 1600's, his son Ivan the terrible had centralized power and made a name for Russia. Developments in China China Tang > Song > Ming The Tang and Song enjoyed massive techincal developments and a time of great piece and expansion of Chinese culture. DYNASTIC SUCCESSION: The Tang collapsed under the weight of supporting the massive Civil Examination system invented by the Han. The Song then took power, which eventually fell to the hands of the Mongols - and established the YUAN DYNASTY! The Tang and Song made use of early printing processes to make lasting remnants of their culture, including poetry and encyclopedias and histories. The bureaucratic system became more effective, transportation and communication networks including canals were developed. Paper money and letters of credit from the Arabic world eventually diffused to China, as well. The power of the dynasties depended on trade and expansion . Tang made massive military advances at the capital Chang'An , which was the terminal of the Silk Road at the time. Tang made use of a tribute system with other nearby regions such as Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and other central Asian tribes. They functionally ruled these vassal states of Chinese influence. T he tribute system would be reinstated during the Ming Dynasty. The Civil Service exam was a meritocracy (earned) government position. This helped keep stability across China as dynasties changed, the leaders generally accepted the bureaucracy - so some form of government was typically carrying over from Dynasty to dynasty. The Song dynasty established a capital at Hangzhou. They developed movable type, which allowed literacy among the bureaucrats and lower classes. They also facilitated the spread of knowledge. They established a powerful navy and more trade in China . Gunpowder started to be developed, as well as compasses, bulkheads, and rudders for junks. Iron production increased tenfold during the Song dynasty , and rice from Vietnam allowed huge food surpluses. During the Tang dynasty was the rise of Wu Zhao, who was the first and only empress of China. She was a ruthless leader and was certainly a far call from patriarchal China, although institutionally things were pretty much the same. During the Song dynasty, foot binding also became a pretty widespread thing among the upper classes to make their daughters more valuable. Religion in China Nestorians, Manichean, Zoroastrians, and Islam had all established themselves in China. During the period, Buddhism also took root in Mahayana and Chan flavor. Mahayana appelead to many because it emphasized a peaceful and quiet existence, which sounded pretty good apparently. Chan won converts who were educated because it followed the tenets of Confucianism. The Confucians and he Daoists reacted to the spread of Buddhism badly. Confucians saw it as a drain on the treasury, Daoists saw it as a rival religion. Buddhists were persecuted under Emperor Wuzong (Tang), and reduced the influence of Buddhism in China. New concepts of Confucianism had since developed, and neo-Confucians borrowed a lot of ideas behind Buddhism for a revival. Filial piety, the maintenance of social hierarchies, and loyalty ot one's superiors were again emphasized. Japan Consists of four islands off of the coast of Asia, especially isolated and didn't have a lot of cultural diffusion. China and Korea influenced early Japan . The Yamato clan emerged as leaders in the 5th century, and the current emperor is a descendant of the same clan. Shintoism took root in Japan, worshiping Kami - the force of nature. iT encourages obedience and proper behavior, and helped the Yamato stay in power as they claimed to be a descendant from the sun goddess. Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought them Chinese culture, making Chinese goods desirable in the area as well as spreading Buddhism - but not in replacement of Shintoism. Many followed both simultaneously. Prince Shotoku made use of many Chinese ways of governing, such as a bureaucratic system and legal reforms. Enacted after his death, these were the Taika reforms and modeled Tang tradition. The Japanese, however, rejected Confucianism. Noble classes were hereditary, not earned (as in the Tang and Song meritocracy) . Education wasn't important in Japan the way it was in China. Japan drew inspiration from China, but maintained many of its own distinctive traditions by rejecting Confucianism, a focus on nobility at birth, etc. FUJIWARA JAPAN: The Fujiwara were another powerful family in Japan that soon took control of the company. Under them, J apanese society flourished and power among people in Japan spread among a large and larger pool of noble families, which fought over small territories (as feudalism developed, which we know had a similar effect in Europe) Feudal Japan Developed around the same time as the same thing in western Europe. Minamoto was given the title of chief general, or shogun, by the emperor. The real power was in his hands, while the emperor served as a figurehead for society. Social order became: Shogun (chief general, the "real" emperor) > daimyo (lords with large tracts of land, usually samurai - like a knight) > peasants and artisans. Pretty much the same as feudal Europe. However, in Europe it was an actual contract between lord and peasant - but in Japan, it was more an obligation of the peasant class as a whole instead of people who signed up for it, really. It also was worse off for women in Japan. Code of Bushido was similar to the code of chivalry - with the addition of ritual suicide upon dishonor. Vietnam and Korea Tributary states of China, but had a few things worth mentioning about themselves. Korea had an independent, powerful dynasty - but not as powerful as China, so ultimatley ended up paying tribute to their overlords. Tributary relationship began as early as the Han dynasty. Tang military campaigns solidified the exchange of Chinese culture as well as just paying up. Cultures became very similar to each other. Led to the spread of Chan Buddhism and Confucianism to Korea. The Viet people didn't want to give up their culture to China nearly as much, and resisted the Tang armies. The Tang won in the end, and they were tributes at last; but when the Tang fell, Vietnam regained and kept it's independence. They accepted Confucianism and other Chinese culture in the mean time. India!!!! Birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism. Don't forget it. The Muslims beat the Hindu's out of India, and set up in Delhi - forming the Delhi Sultanate (an Islamic form of government) which then proceeded to spread the religion through much of India. The Sultan's weren't especially compatible with the polytheism of Hinduism, so that caused some problems. They tried to convert them, and like the Umayyads - they were taxed for being Hindu (well, non-Muslim, really). Hindu temples were destroyed, and they were just generally persecuted. The Muslims set up colleges, irrigation systems, built Mosques with Hindu influence, and many converted in Northern Europe. The South sustained rebellion. The Mongols