References

Figures

Geometry of the cylindrical (upper) and conical (lower) nozzle used in experimental and numerical investigations of air-core formation (dimensions are given in millimeters; arrows indicate water flow direction)

Numerical grid used to compute the flow in a cylindrical nozzle, also showing distribution of water and air at nozzle exit

Development of air core during the filling of the nozzle: distribution of water and air with velocity vectors in a longitudinal cross-section through the nozzle at four time instants, 500 time steps apart.

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