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The nahda was established between the years 1860 and 1914, and, constructed in its three main centers of Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria, reform would figure as its most dominant theme. It was a geographic and linguistic module—a provincial, mostly Syro-Egyptian Arab manifestation—of a larger reformist project implemented by local rulers, administrators, and bureaucrats throughout the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century; it is also a conscious intellectual articulation of the need for reform and its manifestations by thinkers belonging to a variety of networks, groups, institutions,...

The nahda was established between the years 1860 and 1914, and, constructed in its three main centers of Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria, reform would figure as its most dominant theme. It was a geographic and linguistic module—a provincial, mostly Syro-Egyptian Arab manifestation—of a larger reformist project implemented by local rulers, administrators, and bureaucrats throughout the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century; it is also a conscious intellectual articulation of the need for reform and its manifestations by thinkers belonging to a variety of networks, groups, institutions, and intellectual traditions. The nahda was not explained monolithically and was not the monopoly of a single regional, religious, ethnic, or social category. The impetus of reform was shared by people forming a plethora of networks whose members intersected, collaborated, and shared various visions and implementations of reform.