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Question 1 What do individuals around foreign managers add to the adjustment process they experience working in Japan? Not clear, but becoming clearer – Information, interpretation of culture, guidance on the hybrid track March 2010 SIEM Symposium 2

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Cultural Informants - Descriptors Partially or very proficient in target language and culture; Not necessarily related to work world; Need not be established in work or society; Need not be technically proficient; Advises in situational incidents in business and other areas; Expatriates may have more than one cultural informant; Need not be a deep personal relationship; Provide ad hoc advice; Accessible, even giving instant feedback; Socially embedded in the target culture, or even in both cultures; Advise on social cues; 7

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Cultural Informants – Examples – A: significant other, co-worker – C: acquaintance with relevant business and life experience – D: superior with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures – E: spouse and business partner – F: familiar with Japan and the home country, but low accessibility – G: acquaintance with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures 8

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Cultural Informants Not defined by quality! Not defined by ability to transmit or interpret knowledge! March 2010 SIEM Symposium 9

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Cultural Informants – Examples – A: significant other, co-worker – C: acquaintance with relevant business and life experience – D: superior with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures – E: spouse and business partner – F: familiar with Japan and the home country, but low accessibility – G: acquaintance with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures 10 – D: superior with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures – G: acquaintance with extensive business and cultural experience in both home and target cultures

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Highly fluent in home and host languages, work and life culture; Aware of subtle variations among groups and regions in home and host cultures; Embedded in social networks of home and host cultures, for example: – Professional associations; Alumni networks; Social organizations; Readily available and in frequent contact; Interculturally Fluent Informants March 2010 SIEM Symposium 11

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Hybrid Manager Notion from Schlunze and Plattner A manager with one foot in each of two (or more) worlds – Not a manager with abstract knowledge – Real cultural, professional, personal knowledge – Local network, local language, cultural skills Hybrid managers develop over time if the conditions are right March 2010 SIEM Symposium 13

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Next Questions Is there a Hybrid Track? Where is a person in the process? How can we compare managers? How can we know what should be developed in order to generate well rounded hybrids? March 2010 SIEM Symposium 15

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Mentor Functions and Attributes Guide into management; Established person in their field, but not necessarily socially embedded; Technically proficient in their field; Offers work related network access; Offers some behavioral guidance; Advises in situational incidents related to business and management; May support specific career goals with mentee; Because of high status, may offer only low or moderate accessibility, but is committed; Mentee usually has only one mentor; Trusting relationship; On-site or home country; March 2010 SIEM Symposium 18

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