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Let a hundred flowers blossom, let a hundred schools of thought contend An Ancient Chinese Philosopher – the expression comes from a traditional poem. It means to allow free expression and criticism. Mao used this expression when, in 1956, he invited Chinese people to assess the performance of the Communist Party, and to offer it advice.

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PEACE CHINA INDEPENDENT OF FOREIGN CONTROL WARLORDS AND BANDITRY SUPPRESSED LAND REFORMS FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN – A SUCCESS 1950 MARRIAGE LAW + WOMENS REFORMS END TO PROSTITUTION + OPIUM TRADE

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THE 1 ST FIVE YEAR PLAN [1953-57] led to... City populations rose by 40 million – due to peasants moving into cities. Severe overcrowding Food shortages – much food was sent abroad to buy weapons and machines Housing Problems COLLECTIVISATION 1955 + Peasants resentful at increasing control of CCP over their lives.

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It is only by using discussion, criticism and reasoning that we can really foster correct ideas, overcome wrong ideas and really settle issues.

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What points are being made here by the cartoonist about Maos Hundred Flowers campaign?

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Intellectuals are beginning to... change their mood from cautious to open... One day punishment will come down on their heads... We want to let them speak out. You must stiffen your scalps and let them attack!... Let all those ox devils and snake demons... curse us for a few months. I am casting a long line to bait big fish How can we catch the snakes if we dont let them out of their lairs? We wanted those sons-of-turtles [bastards] to wriggle out and sing and fart... That way we can catch them. Jung Chang: Mao–the unknown story, 2005. P. 435

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Who are Intellectuals? These are the educated classes, especially those who have been to university. WHY PERSECUTE THEM? They valued freedom of speech. These were the people most likely to speak out against Communist rule, to criticise Mao. PROFESSIONS UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS JOURNALISTS WRITERS ARTISTS DOCTORS TEACHERS?

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Nuclear scientists and technicians escaped the worst persecution of the Hundred Flowers campaign, because they were important to achieving Maos ambition to make China into a great military power, to rival America.

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Mao allowed critics to post their views at certain locations on walls or in small meeting rooms [known as seminars]. In this way their views could be easily controlled and not reach the masses – posters could be removed, meeting rooms only admitted small numbers.

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Totalitarian power is peril! In not protecting citizens rights, todays government is worse than the feudal dynasties or Chiang Kai- shek. The Constitution is no more than toilet paper Why is it necessary to have leadership in the arts? Who led Shakespeare, Tolstoy, Beethoven, Moliere? I have indeed heard about peasants... Dying from having just grass roots to eat, in areas so rich in produce that they are known as the land of fish and rice. But the newspapers say nothing about any of this...

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In Yenan was Chairman Mao, who had two dishes plus soup for every meal, having a hard time? Were the peasants, who had nothing to eat but bitter vegetables, enjoying the good life? Everyone was told that Chairman Mao was leading a hard and simple life. That son of a bitch! A million shames on him!... Our pens can never defeat Mao Zedong's Party guards and his imperial army. When he wants to kill you, he doesn't have to do it himself. He can mobilise your wife and children to denounce you and then kill you with their own hands! Is this a rational society? This is class struggle, Mao Zedong style! (Benton and Hunter p. 101).

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Once critics of Mao revealed themselves, Mao retaliated and isolated them. Many were subjected to Struggle sessions, where they had to listen to many hours of accusations and, ultimately, apologise for their supposed past faults or crimes. A university professor being barracked by his students.

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Raise revolutionary violence, oppose slackers, resolutely eliminate all revolutionary Maos attacks on intellectuals broadened into a general campaign of repression, known as the Anti-Rightist campaign. Anybody who expressed even the slightest opposition to Mao stood the risk of being reported, victimised and forced to take part in Struggle Sessions.

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Jung Chang: Mao – the unknown story 2005. P439 Deportees were just dumped in places like the far north of Manchuria, known as the Great Northern Wilderness, and had to rig up a shelter in a hurry, using wheat stems to make a roof in a temperature of -38C. Even with a fire, it was still a dozen or so degrees below zero... The grass and beaten earth huts we lived in had wind coming in on all sides... There were hardly any vegetables or meat... We got up... Just after 4 at dawn, and did not stop until 7 or 8 in the evening... In these 15-16 hours... We basically worked non- stop... In summer... We had to get up at 2.00 am. We had at most three hours sleep. " Tie you a rope, " is a Chinese expression commonly used when someone is arrested by the government.

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Artists, who had been sent to a forced labour camp, having to work on propaganda paintings on the side of a building wall.

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A botany student from the city is sent to a distant arid farming region to work the land, as punishment for criticising Mao. She was instructed to learn from the peasant.

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You re here to redeem your crime! Don t dare to make trouble, or look for ways to be lazy! Deportees had to work on less than subsistence-level rations. Many died from malnutrition, illness, cold, overwork and in accidents doing unfamiliar jobs like felling trees.

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Mao talking to colleagues, revealed that one province, Hunan, had denounced 100,000, arrested 10,000, and killed 1000. The other provinces did the same. So our problems were solved. [There are 23 provinces in China].

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Stalin, the hardline leader of Russia and the Communist world, died in 1953. He was followed by the more moderate Khruschev. Khruschev eased the repression but this led to demands for more freedom and in Hungary led to revolts. Russia sent in tanks to crush the rebellions If Mao introduced similar moderate reforms what would happen in China? What would happen to Mao?

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The basic problem with some Eastern European countries is that they did not eliminate all those counter-revolutionaries... Now they are eating their own bitter fruit... Eastern Europe just did not kill on a grand scale. We must kill. And we say its good to kill.

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1. Mao silenced potential opponents. 2. He instilled fear amongst the educated classes who were now less willing to stand against Mao. 3. Mao prepared the ground for introducing the Great Leap reforms – communes, backyard furnaces and an extreme form of communist society 4. Chinas intelligentsia [brightest minds – artists, writers, journalists, etc] were decimated which set back Chinas cultural development. 5. Many students had their education interrupted due to the death of so many teachers - some 5 million children had their schooling terminated 6. Some 4 million people may have lost their lives in the Anti- Rightist campaigns which started after the Hundred Flowers.

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1998 – Question 9 A. (ii) Why was the One Hundred Flowers Campaign introduced? (4) 1999 – Question 10 A. (i) What was meant by Let a hundred flowers bloom? (3) 2001 – Question 10 A. (iii) Describe the key features of the one hundred flowers campaign. (5) 2003 – Question 5 A. (iii) Describe the key features of the One Hundred Flowers campaign. 2004 – Question 6 A. (ii) Why did Mao end the One Hundred Flowers Campaign? (5) 2004 – Question 6 B. (i) In what ways did Mao Zedong maintain control over the people of China in the 1950s and early 1960s? (5) (15)