The patching mechanism of dysferlin is dependent upon what mineral?

Calcium

Mutations of the dysferlin gene lead to what three types of muscular dystrophy?

How does a mutation in proinsulin lead to proinsulinemia?

1) Mutated proinsulin is missorted into the unregulated (constitutive) secretory pathway2) Prohormone converting enzymes are properly sorted in the regulated pathway3) Consequently, there is an absence of prohormone converting enzyme activity in the unregulated pathway

What are the four types of endosomal compartments?

Where are early endosomes and recycling endosomes located in the cell?

Periphery

33

Which endosomal compartments are located at the periphery of the cell?

Early endosomes, recycling endosomes

34

What is the pH of early endosomes and recycling endosomes?

6.2 - 6.5

35

Which endosomal compartments have a pH of 6.2 - 6.5?

Early endosomes, recycling endosomes

36

Which endosomal compartment is responsible for glucose transport in response to insulin?

Recyling endosome

37

What is the pH inside multivesicular bodies?

5.0 - 6.2

38

Which endosomal compartment has a pH of 5.0 - 6.2?

Multivesicular bodies

39

What do multivesicular bodies eventually fuse with?

Late endosomes

40

Do multivesicular bodies have a secretory role?

Yes

41

Where are late endosomes located in the cell?

Near Golgi and nucleus

42

Late endosomes either fuse or mature into _______

Lysosomes

43

What is another term for late endosomes?

Prelysosomes

44

What is the pH of late endosomes?

5.0

45

Which endosomal compartment has a pH around 5.0?

Late endosome

46

What are the four fates of receptor-ligand complexes?

1) Receptor is recycled, ligand is degraded or released for use (e.g. LDLr)2) Receptor and ligand are recycled (e.g. TfR)3) Receptor and ligand are degraded (e.g. FGFR3 - reverse occurs, leading to achondroplasia)4) Receptor and ligand are transported across cell and secreted (transcytosis, e.g. antibodies in glandular cells)