Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for performing structure measurement on a tear film of an eye of a subject. At least a portion of a surface of the tear film is illuminated using a broadband light source. A spectrum of light of the broadband light that is reflected from at least one point of the tear film is measured, using a spectrometer. Color information for a plurality of points of the tear film is obtained, by imaging a field of view of the tear film using a color camera. Using a processing unit, data from the color camera and data from the spectrometer that are indicative of characteristics of the tear film are received, and based upon a combination of the data received from the color camera and the data received from the spectrometer, an output is generated that is indicative of a structure of the tear film.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided to obtain refractive correction with superior visual acuity (e.g., 20/10) by achieving an astigmatism-free customized refractive correction. The astigmatism-free customized refractive correction involves obtaining an objective and precise measurement of cylindrical power in a resolution between 0.01 D and 0.10 D in an eye using an objective aberrometer, reliably relating the cylindrical axis obtained from the objective aberrometer to that in a phoroptor, determining an optimized focus error of an eye through subjective refraction with a phoroptor, generating a customized refraction by combining the objective measured cylindrical power, the objective measured cylindrical axis, and the subjectively measured focus power, fabricating a custom lens with a tolerance finer than 0.09 D based on the generated customized refraction, and delivering an ophthalmic lens that can provide an astigmatism-free refractive correction for an eye.

Abstract: Methods and systems to facilitate eye tracking data analysis are provided. Point of regard information from a first client device of a first user is received, where the point of regard information is determined by the first client device by detecting one or more eye features associated with an eye of the first user. The point of regard information is stored. A request to access the point of regard information is received, and the point of regard information is sent in response to the request, where the point of regard information is used in a subsequent operation.

Abstract: An efficient method of evaluating the level of contrast of an OCT dataset is presented. The method develops a metric to segregate useful and not-so-useful data in one or more OCT B-scans, in order to reduce spurious subsequent analyses of the data by downstream segmentation algorithms. It is designed to be fast and efficient and is applied to determining autofocus of an OCT instrument real-time and in identifying a real image from its complex conjugate twin.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the efficiency of a myopia control product for a wearer, the method comprising: an initial myopia indicator providing step S1, during which the initial value of a myopia indicator of the wearer is provided, a myopia condition step S2, during which the wearer using the myopia control product is placed in myopia inducing conditions, a resulting myopia indicator determining step S3, during which the resulting value of the myopia indicator of the wearer is determined after the wearer has been placed in the myopia inducing conditions, an efficiency evaluation step S4, during which the efficiency of the myopia control product is evaluated by comparing the initial value of the myopia indicator and the resulting value of the myopia indicator.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to therapeutic intervention in patients with eye-length-related disorders to prevent, ameliorate, or reverse the effects of the eye-length-related disorders. Embodiments of the present invention include methods for early recognition of patients with eye-length-related disorders, therapeutic methods for inhibiting further degradation of vision in patients with eye-length-eye-length-related disorders, reversing, when possible, eye-length-related disorders, and preventing eye-length-related disorders. Additional embodiments of the present invention are directed to particular devices used in therapeutic intervention in patients with eye-length-related disorders.

Abstract: The invention is directed to quantification of the effects of drugs on a patient using pupillometric measures. Apparatus and processes for obtaining control and patient measures and deriving relationships from same are provided. The methods of the invention provide doctor quantitative feedback on patient symptoms and on the effects of a drug or dosage of same on a patient, as well as provide assessment capability to patients and law enforcement.

Abstract: Methods and systems for obtaining an ocular aberration measurement of an eye of a patient are provided. Exemplary techniques involve obtaining a first induced metric for the eye that corresponds to a first accommodation state of the eye, obtaining a second induced metric for the eye that corresponds to a second accommodation state of the eye, and determining a natural metric of the eye based on the first and second induced metrics. An induced metric may include a pupil size or a spherical aberration. Techniques can also include determining a target metric for the eye base on the natural metric, determining whether an actual metric of the eye meets the target metric, obtaining an ocular aberration measurement of the eye if the actual metric meets the target metric, and determining a treatment for the eye based on the ocular aberration measurement.

Abstract: Wavefront measurements of eyes are often taken when the pupil is in a first configuration in an evaluation context. The results can be represented by a set of basis function coefficients. Prescriptive treatments are often applied in a treatment context, which is different from the evaluation context. Hence, the patient pupil can be in a different, second configuration, during treatment. Systems and methods are provided for determining a transformed set of basis function coefficients, based on a difference between the first and second configurations, which can be used to establish the vision treatment.

Abstract: Provided herein is a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an algorithm to optimize a wavefront guided correction for a custom ophthalmic lens. The correction is determined from inputs of quantified wavefront error and registration uncertainty and a metric predictive of a visual performance task of interest and provides a level of visual performance within a user-defined performance range. Also provided is a method for optimizing a wavefront guided correction for a custom ophthalmic lens via inputting residual wavefront error values and quantified translational and rotational movements into an algorithm configured to determine the optimal wavefront guided correction therefrom and a custom ophthalmic lens comprising the correction.

Abstract: This invention discloses methods and systems for measuring corneal epithelial thickness and power, stromal thickness, subepitheila corneal power and topography. The systems and methods disclosed herein are non-invasive, non-contact and automated imaging methods which preferably makes use of Fourier-domain optical tomography. Also disclosed herein are scanning patterns and image analysis methods for utilizing and analyzing Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography images to obtain information about conical epithelial and stromal properties as well as parameters useful for evaluating the properties. The methods and systems described herein are useful as eye disease diagnostic tools and eye surgery planning tools.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to improve the prescribing of customized ophthalmic corrections which contain higher order aberration. The apparatus enables the subjective measurement of higher order aberrations such as spherical aberration which can be used as part of the prescription for customized ophthalmic corrections.

Abstract: A device for determining biometric variables of the eye, as are incorporated in the calculation of intraocular lenses including a multi-point keratometer and an OCT arrangement. The keratometer measurement points are illuminated telecentrically and detected telecentrically and the OCT arrangement is designed as a laterally scanning swept-source system with a detection region detecting the whole eye over the whole axial length thereof. The multi-point keratometer ensures that a sufficient number of keratometer points are available for measuring the corneal surface. By contrast, telecentricity ensures that the positioning inadequacies of the measuring instrument in relation to the eye to be measured do not lead to a local mismatch of the reflection points. The swept-source OCT scan detects the whole eye over the length thereof so that both anterior chamber structures and retina structures can be detected and a consistent whole eye image can be realized.

Abstract: A system and method for identifying a custom contact lens for a patient. The method includes receiving as input results from a bare eye examination of a patient including at least a measured sphere power; receiving as input a target or actual measured sphere power of a selected fitting lens; receiving as input results of an over-refraction examination of a patient wearing the fitting lens, wherein the results of the over-refraction examination include at least a measured sphere power; calculating the power delivered by the fitting lens on the patient's eye based on input received from the bare eye examination and over-refraction examinations; calculating an Effectiveness Ratio using the calculated power delivered by the fitting lens and the target or actual measured sphere power of the fitting lens; and calculating a custom lens power for the patient using the Effectiveness Ratio and measured sphere power from the bare eye examination.

Abstract: An optical tomographic imaging device configured to acquire a tomographic image of a tissue of an object, includes: a dividing device configured to divide a light beam emitted from a light source into measurement light and reference light; a combining device configured to combine the measurement light, which is separated by the dividing device and is reflected from the tissue, with the reference light so as to generate interference light for acquiring the tomographic image; a plurality of irradiation devices, each of the plurality of irradiation devices being configured to guide the measurement light and irradiate the tissue with the measurement light: and a switching device configured to switch the plurality of irradiation devices from one to another and select one of the plurality of irradiation devices to cause the selected irradiation device to irradiate the measurement light output from the dividing device with tissue.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing enhanced image quality across a wide and extended range of foci encompass vision treatment techniques and ophthalmic lenses such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses (IOLs). Exemplary IOL optics can include a circular surface structure which acts as a diffractive or phase shifting profile. In some cases, a single ring IOL includes an anterior face and a posterior face, where a profile can be imposed on the anterior or posterior surface or face. The profile can have an inner portion such as a microstructure or central echelette, and an outer portion. Between the inner portion and the outer portion, there may be a transition zone that connects the inner and outer portions.

Abstract: To ensure display of a region of interest on a fundus image and a tomographic image of an eye to be inspected in a correspondence manner, an apparatus for processing images of an eye to be inspected includes: a unit that acquires a fundus image of an eye to be inspected; a unit that designates an arbitrary point on the fundus image; a unit that acquires a tomographic image of the eye to be inspected; a unit that calculates a point on the tomographic image corresponding to the arbitrary point; and a unit that converts a coordinate system for displaying the tomographic image and the fundus image in association with each other on the basis of positions of the arbitrary point and the corresponding point.

Abstract: Methods for performing a surgical procedure using optical coherence tomography (OCT) are provided. The method includes extracting lenticular material from within a capsular bag of an eye of a patient; acquiring at least one OCT image of an interior region of the capsular bag after extraction of substantially all of the lenticular material from within the capsular bag; determining from the at least one OCT image the presence of cellular debris remaining within the interior of the capsular bag; and extracting at least a portion of the remaining cellular debris from the interior of the capsular bag.

Abstract: Treatment validation techniques include generating a modified treatment target from an original treatment target using a modification process, and comparing induced aberrations provided by the original and modified treatment targets, so as to verify the modified treatment target or the modification process. In some cases, a modification process may include a deconvolution process, a low pass filter process, a scaling process, or an adjustment process. The induced aberrations may include high order aberrations, such as spherical aberration.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a retinal densitometer, comprising an illumination unit for outputting bleaching illumination for photo-bleaching an eye and reflectance illumination at one or more wavelengths for determining reflectance of the eye at the one or more wavelengths, an imaging device arranged to output image data corresponding to an image of the eye at the one or more wavelengths of reflectance illumination, and a control unit arranged to control the illumination unit and the imaging device to output the bleaching illumination, the reflectance illumination at the one or more wavelengths and to output image data according to a predetermined sequence.

Abstract: A system includes a model eye and an optical measurement instrument, which includes: a corneal topography subsystem; a wavefront sensor subsystem; and an eye structure imaging subsystem. The subsystems may have a common fixation axis, and be operatively coupled to each other via a controller. The optical measurement instrument may perform measurements of the model eye to verify correct operation of the optical measurement instrument for measuring one or more characteristics of a subject's eye. The model eye may include an optically transmissive structure having a front curved surface and an opposite rear planar surface, and a material structure provided at the rear planar surface of the optically transmissive structure and having a characteristic to cause a speckle pattern of a portion of a coherent light beam that is directed back out the front curved surface of the optically transmissive structure to have a bright-to-dark ratio of less than 2:1.

Abstract: Apparatus for performing intraocular implant surgery, including surgical apparatus for performing intraocular implant surgery, an autorefraction device associated with the surgical apparatus, wherein the autorefraction device is configured to perform autorefraction on the aphakic eye to provide one or more aphakic refraction measurements, and a processor connected to the autorefraction device, wherein the processor is configured to process the aphakic refraction measurements and provide the user of the apparatus with information regarding the power of the intraocular lens.

Abstract: Systems and methods related to corneal ablation for treatment of one or more high-order optical aberrations are provided. A method includes providing a defect-correcting prescription, determining an ablation profile to impose the prescription on the cornea, and determining a sequence of laser-energy ablations to impose the ablation profile on the cornea. The prescription provides a high-order optical correction. The ablation profile includes a first-segment profile and a second-segment profile. The second-segment profile corresponds to at least one high-order optical correction. The ablation sequence includes applying ablations corresponding to the first-segment profile prior to applying ablations corresponding to the second-segment profile.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided to obtain refractive correction with superior visual acuity (e.g., 20/10) by achieving an astigmatism-free customized refractive correction. The astigmatism-free customized refractive correction involves obtaining an objective and precise measurement of cylindrical power in a resolution between 0.01 D and 0.10 D in an eye using an objective aberrometer, reliably relating the cylindrical axis obtained from the objective aberrometer to that in a phoroptor, determining an optimized focus error of an eye through subjective refraction with a phoroptor, generating a customized refraction by combining the objective measured cylindrical power, the objective measured cylindrical axis, and the subjectively measured focus power, fabricating a custom lens with a tolerance finer than 0.09 D based on the generated customized refraction, and delivering an ophthalmic lens that can provide an astigmatism-free refractive correction for an eye.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) and very high frequency ultrasound (VHFU) imaging systems. An OCT probe and reference arm are mounted along with an ultrasound probe on a carriage capable of rotational, linear, and/or arcuate motion. The probe carriage may be immersed in water or other suitable medium. The OCT and VHFU probes move about the cornea surface such that the probe axes are substantially perpendicular relative to the cornea surface throughout a scan. The probes are able to be scanned in an arcuate path across the entire cornea surface. The method and apparatus disclosed are also directed towards providing a positioning mechanism and scan head comprising an arcuate guide track wherein only an OCT probe is mounted on the probe carriage. This embodiment allows the OCT probe beam to remain substantially perpendicular to the cornea and lens surfaces.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a pupillary light reflex (PLR) system, wherein the PLR system includes a remote tracking and imaging system that is structured and operable to generate and acquire high resolution pupil stimulus and response data from a test subject while the test subject is moving and is disposed a distance from remote tracking and imaging system that is greater than or equal to one-third of a meter. The PLR system additionally includes a computer based system controller that is structure and operable to execute PLR software to control the operation of the remote tracking and imaging system and compute PLR information based on the pupil stimulus and response data acquired as the test subject is moving.

Abstract: A device (10) for determining a group of at least one vision aid apparatus suitable for the vision of an individual, includes computing elements programmed to: a) determine at least one characteristic of the vision of the individual, b) determine at least one use of the group of at least one vision aid apparatus, desired by the individual, c) determine the group of at least one vision aid apparatus as a function of the characteristic of the vision and of the use desired by the individual.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improved acquisition of ophthalmic optical coherence tomography data are presented, allowing for enhanced ease of use and higher quality data and analysis functionality. Embodiments include automated triggering for detecting and initiating collection of OCT ophthalmic data, an automated technique for determining the optimal number of B-scans to be collected to create the highest quality image and optimize speckle reduction, automated review of fundus images collected with an adjunct imaging modality to guide the OCT data collection, a single scan protocol in which a large field of view is collected with HD B-scans embedded at different locations depending on automated analysis of either a fundus image or sparse OCT scan, and various scan configurations for imaging eyes with large axial depth range.

Abstract: Systems and methods for classifying abnormalities within optical coherence tomography images of the eye are presented. One embodiment of the present invention is the classification of pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) based on characteristics of their internal reflectivity, size and shape. The classification can be based on selected subsets of the data located within or surrounding the abnormalities. Training data can be used to generate the classification scheme and the classification can be weighted to highlight specific classes of particular clinical interest.

Abstract: A system and method for creating a line recognition template that replicates an object is provided for use as a control reference during ophthalmic surgery on the object. Creation of the template first requires aligning a plurality of reference points along a central “z” axis, with anatomically measured lengths (?“z”n) between adjacent reference points. Axially-symmetric surfaces can then be traced between selected, adjacent, reference points to create the template. For the present invention, the location of reference points, and the tracing of axially-symmetric surfaces, are based on a cross sectional image of the object for surgery. Preferably, the cross sectional image is obtained using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) techniques.

Abstract: A device may determine a baseline size of a font, obtain a distance between a user and a mobile device when the baseline size is determined, determine, via a sensor, a current distance between the mobile device and the user, determine a target size of the font based on the current distance, the distance, and the baseline size, set a current size of the font to the target size of the font, and display, on the mobile device, characters in the font having the target size.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a calculation unit configured to calculate information indicating similarity among a plurality of tomographic images, and a generation unit configured to generate a tomographic image from the plurality of tomographic images based on the calculated information indicating similarity.

Abstract: The apparatus and methods of the present invention in a broad aspect provide novel visualization platforms for performing enhanced visually directed procedures on target objects or tissues under low ambient light conditions. The visualization platforms can be included with or retro-fit to existing optical systems such as stereomicroscopes and include at least one high resolution photosensor capable of acquiring a plurality of optical views of the target object or tissue in at least one wavelength outside of the wavelengths of normal visible light. A resultant real-time high resolution video signal is transmitted from the photosensor to at least one high resolution video display that can be viewed by the apparatus or process operator.

Abstract: In a sensor system for determining the control signal supplied to the ciliary muscles of an eye for adjusting the focal length of the lens of an eye, a contact element of an electrically non-conductive material and provided with sensors is disposed on the cornea of the eye so that the sensors are arranged in contact with an annular area of the cornea next to the ciliary eye muscles so as to be able to sense the focal adjustment signals supplied to the ciliary muscles and the sensed adjustment signals are supplied to a signal processing unit which provides a control signal to a lens system with adjustable focal length for adjusting the focal length thereof depending on the focal adjustment signals of the ciliary eye muscles.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and computer readable media for detecting abnormalities in a characteristic of an eye using eye-imaging methods are presented. A plurality of images of the eye are received over time. Each image includes a plurality of pixels, which can be partitioned into blocks of pixels with varying sizes, called pixel partitions. A value is determined for each pixel partition, e.g., an average of the pixel values. A pixel partition set may be identified, which includes a pixel partition from each image, corresponding to a common region of a patient's eye. A regression model is computed for each pixel partition set using the values determined for each pixel partition. The regression model computes a rate of change of the retinal nerve fiber thickness at individual pixel partitions over time. An abnormality may be identified by comparing the rates of change of the model and the expected age-related rate of change.

Abstract: An intraocular lens power determination apparatus for determining a highly precise IOL power, the apparatus including: an anterior segment imaging device for obtaining a cross-sectional image of an anterior segment by detecting reflection from the anterior segment of an examinee's eye; and a power calculation unit obtaining an offset distance from a front surface of a lens to a point of contact of a Zinn's zonule with the lens based on the anterior segment cross-sectional image obtained by the anterior segment imaging device and calculating a prospective postoperative anterior chamber depth by adding the offset distance to an anterior chamber depth of an eye so that the IOL power is calculated by using the prospective postoperative anterior chamber depth.

Abstract: A method 300 and device for visual compensation captures 330 an image using an imager, detects 360 whether eyeglasses are present in the image, and sets 363 an electronic visual display to a normal font size, if eyeglasses are detected as present in the image. If eyeglasses are not detected as present in the image, the electronic visual display is set 367 to a larger font size. The method and device can be triggered 320 (for example) by an incoming call or message, by a touch screen activation, a key press, or by a sensed motion of the device. The method can be repeated from time to time to detect whether a user has taken off eyeglasses (or put on eyeglasses) after the first image capture. The method and device compensates for users with presbyopia (and some other types of visual impairments) who intermittently wear glasses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to structural analysis of the optic nerve head (ONH). In one approach, a 3D volume of intensity data which includes the optic nerve head is acquired using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. The vitreoretinal interface (VRI) and the optic disc margin are identified from the 3D data. The minimum area of a surface from the optic disc margin to the VRI is determined. This minimum area can be displayed as an image or in the alternative, a value corresponding to this minimum area can be displayed. The minimum area measurement provides relevant clinical information to determine the health of the eye.

Abstract: A method of calculating clinical performance of an ophthalmic optical correction using simulation by imaging a series of objects of different sizes by each of a plurality of eye optical systems, each of the eye optical systems including the ophthalmic optical correction, the method comprising A.) at an object distance, calculating a set of indicia of image quality, each indicium of the set of indicia corresponding to an object in the series of objects when it is imaged by a given one of the plurality of eye optical systems, B.) at the object distance, comparing the set of indicia to a threshold to determine a just-discernable object size for the given one of the plurality of eye optical systems, and C.) repeating steps A and B for each eye optical system in the plurality of eye optical systems.

Abstract: An optical imaging system (1) for in-vivo retinal imaging, the system (1) comprising: an optical source (3) for generating incoherent light in a plurality of wavelength bands; an optical imaging sub-system (6) configured to split light from said optical source (3) into a plurality of beams, to introduce a path difference between said beams of light, and recombine those beams to form interference fringes that are imaged on a subject (21); and an image capture device (29) configured to capture light from the subject (21) being imaged, and to form an image of said subject (21).

Abstract: The disclosure describes an apparatus (100) for improving a visual function, having a first display element (1) for displaying at least one moving grid (110) consisting of grid elements (120); at least one portable closure element (2) for the occlusion of at least one eye; a portable eye tracking device (3) for measuring at least one characteristic value of a non-occluded eye; a first control unit (5) having a first communication interface (140) to the eye tracking device (3) and a second communication interface (150) to the at least one closure element (2); and a second control unit (6) connected to the display element (1), with a third communication interface (160) to the first control unit (5).

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a system comprises one or more memories and one or more processors. The one or more memories store optical data from an optical recorder comprising at least two optical data sets by: receiving a first optical data set of an eye with a pupil having a first pupil size; and receiving a second optical data set of the eye with the pupil having a second pupil size. The one or more processors determine a pseudo-rotation related to a pupil size change, receive a measured cyclotorsion, calculate an actual cyclotorsion from the measured cyclotorsion and the pseudo-rotation, and adjust a laser treatment according to the actual cyclotorsion.

Abstract: Method for automatically measuring pupillary distance includes extracting facial features of face image, a head current center indicator is shown/displayed based on facial feature extraction, elliptical frame and target center indicator are shown, a first distance between head current center indicator and target center indicator is calculated to see if below a threshold range, then allowing head current center indicator, elliptical frame and target center indicator to disappear. Card window based on facial tracking result is shown. Credit card band detection is performed to see if located within card window. Card window then disappear. Elliptical frame of moving head and target elliptical frame are shown. Elliptical frame of the moving head is aligned with the target elliptical frame and maintaining a correct head posture. If elliptical frame of moving head is aligned with target elliptical frame, then allow them to disappear from view, and performing a pupillary distance measurement.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for selecting a lens that accounts for Decentration and/or Rotation Errors. The method includes obtaining results of a first wavefront exam on a patient, including a wavefront map and Zernike polynomials, selecting a first lens that improves vision, obtaining the results of a second wavefront exam including a wavefront map and Zernike polynomials, calculating the Decentration and/or Rotation Errors of the selected lens by calculating a difference between the Zernike polynomails, and selecting a second lens that better corrects accounts for the calculated Decentration and/or Rotation Errors.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for measuring ocular refraction and a geometric-morphological parameter of an individual, including: a gaze-stimulating target placed so as to stimulate the gaze of the individual in a posture associated with a proximity value and a sight axis; an illuminating system able to generate at least one illuminating beam in the direction of the eyes of the individual; an image-capturing system; and a computer able to receive at least one first image captured by the image-capturing system. According to the invention, the image-capturing system is able to acquire an image of part of the face surrounding the eyes of the individual, and the computer is able to extract, from the acquired image, a first measurement of a glazing parameter and a first measurement of objective ocular refraction by refraction of the illuminating beam on the eyes of the individual in the given posture.

Abstract: This image processing apparatus includes: a planar image acquisition unit configured to acquire a planar image showing a polarization state of a subject, a tomographic image acquisition unit configured to acquire a three-dimensional tomographic image including a plurality of two-dimensional tomographic image of the subject, a display control unit configured to display, on the display unit, an index indicating a position of a tomographic image to be displayed on the display unit among a plurality of two-dimensional tomographic images, by superimposing it on a planar image showing the polarization state, and an instruction unit configured to give an instruction to change a position of the index on a planar image showing the polarization state.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing a video game to map macular visual acuity comprising a multiple choice test where the fixation point is ensured by brief simultaneous presentation of both a central and pericentral targets. The game may be implemented on a hardware platform including a video display, a user input device, and a video camera. The camera is used to monitor ambient light level and the distance between the device and the eyes of the test subject. The game serves as a macular acuity perimeter that produces a map of the acuity of an eye that may be compared with normative data. The type of acuity tested is preferably Vernier acuity, but resolution acuity can also be tested. The test results are transmitted to a health care professional by telecommunications means to facilitate the diagnosis or monitoring of age-related macular degeneration or other relevant eye diseases.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to systems and methods for determining a correction for distortion in eye representations of an ophthalmoscope. A digital model of an optical system including the ophthalmoscope and a model eye may be constructed. The digital model may be transmitted to a ray tracing system. A ray may be passed through the optical system onto a surface of the model eye. A measurement of the ray at the surface of the model eye, with distortion, may be calculated and an angular position of a horizontal scanning element and an angular position of a vertical scanning element can be determined. Using the horizontal scanning angle and vertical scanning angle, a measurement of the ray at the surface of the model eye, without distortion, may be calculated and compared to the measurement with distortion to determine a correction for distortion in eye representations of the ophthalmoscope.