The LEND-LEASE policy, formally titled "An Act to Promote the Defense
of the United States", (Pub.L. 77–11, H.R. 1776, 55 Stat. 31,
enacted March 11, 1941) was a program under which the United States
supplied Free
FranceFrance , the
United KingdomUnited Kingdom , the Republic of China ,
and later the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union and other Allied nations with food, oil,
and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. This included warships and
warplanes, along with other weaponry. It was signed into law on March
11, 1941 and ended in September 1945. In general the aid was free,
although some hardware, such as ships, were returned after the war. In
return, the U.S. was given leases on army and naval bases in Allied
territory during the war. Canada operated a similar smaller program
under a different name.

A total of $ 50.1 billion (equivalent to $667 billion today) worth of
supplies was shipped, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.
In all, $31.4 billion (equivalent to $418 billion today) went to
Britain, $11.3 billion (equivalent to $150 billion today) to the
Soviet Union, $3.2 billion (equivalent to $42.6 billion today) to
France, $1.6 billion (equivalent to $21.3 billion today) to China, and
the remaining $2.6 billion to the other Allies. Reverse Lend-Lease
policies comprised services such as rent on air bases that went to the
U.S., and totaled $7.8 billion; of this, $6.8 billion came from the
British and the Commonwealth . The terms of the agreement provided
that the materiel was to be used until returned or destroyed. In
practice very little equipment was returned. Supplies that arrived
after the termination date were sold to Britain at a large discount
for £1.075 billion, using long-term loans from the United States.
Canada operated a similar program called Mutual Aid that sent a loan
of $1 billion and $3.4 billion in supplies and services to Britain and
other Allies.

This program effectively ended the United States' pretense of
neutrality and was a decisive step away from non-interventionist
policy, which had dominated United States foreign relations since
1931. (See
Neutrality Acts of 1930s .)

Food aid from America: British pupils wave for the camera as
they receive plates of bacon and eggs.

Following the
Fall of France in June 1940, the British Commonwealth
and Empire were the only forces engaged in war against Germany and
Italy , until the
Italian invasion of Greece . Britain had been paying
for its material in gold under "cash and carry ", as required by the
US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, but by 1941 it had liquidated so many
assets that it was running short of cash.

During this same period, the U.S. government began to mobilize for
total war, instituting the first-ever peacetime draft and a fivefold
increase in the defense budget (from $2 billion to $10 billion). In
the meantime, as the British began running short of money, arms, and
other supplies, Prime Minister
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill pressed President
Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt for American help. Sympathetic to the British
plight but hampered by public opinion and the Neutrality Acts, which
forbade arms sales on credit or the loaning of money to belligerent
nations, Roosevelt eventually came up with the idea of "Lend-Lease".
As one Roosevelt biographer has characterized it: "If there was no
practical alternative, there was certainly no moral one either.
Britain and the Commonwealth were carrying the battle for all
civilization, and the overwhelming majority of Americans, led in the
late election by their president, wished to help them." As the
President himself put it, "There can be no reasoning with incendiary
bombs."

In September 1940, during the
Battle of BritainBattle of Britain the British
government sent the
Tizard Mission to the United States. The aim of
the British Technical and Scientific Mission was to obtain the
industrial resources to exploit the military potential of the research
and development work completed by the UK up to the beginning of World
War II, but that Britain itself could not exploit due to the immediate
requirements of war-related production. The shared technology included
the cavity magnetron which the American historian James Phinney Baxter
III later called "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores,"
the design for the VT fuze , details of
Frank Whittle 's jet engine
and the
Frisch–Peierls memorandum describing the feasibility of an
atomic bomb. Though these may be considered the most significant,
many other items were also transported, including designs for rockets
, superchargers , gyroscopic gunsights , submarine detection devices,
self-sealing fuel tanks and plastic explosives .

In December 1940, President Roosevelt proclaimed the U.S. would be
the "
Arsenal of Democracy " and proposed selling munitions to Britain
and Canada. Isolationists were strongly opposed, warning it would
lead to American involvement in what was seen by most Americans as an
essentially European conflict. In time, opinion shifted as increasing
numbers of Americans began to see the advantage of funding the British
war against Germany, while staying out of the hostilities themselves.
Propaganda showing the devastation of British cities during The Blitz
, as well as popular depictions of Germans as savage also rallied
public opinion to the side of the Allies, especially after the Fall of
FranceFrance .

After a decade of neutrality, Roosevelt knew that the change to
Allied support must be gradual, especially since
German Americans were
the largest ethnicity in America at the time. Originally, the American
position was to help the British but not enter the war. In early
February 1941, a Gallup poll revealed that 54 percent of Americans
were in favor of giving aid to the British without qualifications of
Lend-Lease. A further 15 percent were in favor with qualifications
such as: "If it doesn't get us into war," or "If the British can give
us some security for what we give them." Only 22 percent were
unequivocally against the President's proposal. When poll participants
were asked their party affiliation, the poll revealed a sharp
political divide: 69 percent of Democrats were unequivocally in favor
of Lend-Lease, whereas only 38 percent of Republicans favored the bill
without qualification. At least one poll spokesperson also noted that,
"approximately twice as many Republicans" gave "qualified answers as
... Democrats."

Opposition to the
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease bill was strongest among isolationist
Republicans in Congress, who feared the measure would be "the longest
single step this nation has yet taken toward direct involvement in the
war abroad." When the House of Representatives finally took a roll
call vote on February 9, 1941, the 260 to 165 vote fell largely along
party lines. Democrats voted 238 to 25 in favor and Republicans 24 in
favor and 135 against.

The vote in the Senate, which took place a month later, revealed a
similar partisan divide. 49 Democrats (79 percent) voted "aye" with
only 13 Democrats (21 percent) voting "nay." In contrast, 17
Republicans (63 percent) voted "nay" while 10 Senate Republicans (37
percent) sided with the Democrats to pass the bill.

President Roosevelt signed the
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease bill into law on 11 March
1941. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease,
lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense
article." In April, this policy was extended to China, and in October
to the Soviet Union. Roosevelt approved US $1 billion in Lend-Lease
aid to Britain at the end of October 1941.

This followed the 1940
Destroyers for Bases Agreement , whereby 50 US
Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy and the Royal
Canadian Navy in exchange for basing rights in the Caribbean.
Churchill also granted the US base rights in
BermudaBermuda and Newfoundland
for free, allowing British military assets to be redeployed.

ADMINISTRATION

President Roosevelt set up the Office of
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease Administration in
1941, appointing steel executive Edward R. Stettinius as head. In
September 1943, he was promoted to Undersecretary of State, and Leo
Crowley became head of the
Foreign Economic Administration which
absorbed responsibility for Lend-Lease.

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease aid to the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union was nominally managed by
Stettinius. Roosevelt's Soviet Protocol Committee was dominated by
Harry Hopkins and General John York, who were totally sympathetic to
the provision of "unconditional aid". Few Americans objected to Soviet
aid until 1943.

The program began to be wound down after VE Day . In April 1945,
Congress voted that it should not be used for post conflict purposes,
and in August 1945, after Japanese surrender, the program was ended.
Prior to his death in April of that year, Roosevelt had announced his
intention to end the program from September 1945.

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease would help the British and Allied forces win the battles
of the late war; the help it gave in the battles of 1941 was trivial.
In 1943–1944, about a quarter of all British munitions came through
Lend-Lease. Aircraft (in particular transport aircraft) comprised
about a quarter of the shipments to Britain, followed by food, land
vehicles and ships.

Even after the United States forces in Europe and the Pacific began
to reach full strength in 1943–1944,
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease continued. Most
remaining allies were largely self-sufficient in front line equipment
(such as tanks and fighter aircraft) by this stage, but Lend-Lease
provided a useful supplement in this category even so, and Lend-Lease
logistical supplies (including motor vehicles and railroad equipment)
were of enormous assistance.

Much of the aid can be better understood when considering the
economic distortions caused by the war. Most belligerent powers cut
back severely on production of non-essentials, concentrating on
producing weapons. This inevitably produced shortages of related
products needed by the military or as part of the military-industrial
complex. For example, the USSR was highly dependent on rail
transportation, but the war practically shut down rail equipment
production. Just 446 locomotives were produced during the war, with
only 92 of those being built between 1942 and 1945. In total, 92.7%
of the wartime production of railroad equipment by the Soviet Union
was supplied under Lend-Lease, including 1,911 locomotives and 11,225
railcars which augmented the existing prewar stocks of at least
20,000 locomotives and half a million railcars.

Furthermore, the logistical support of the Soviet military was
provided by hundreds of thousands of U.S.-made trucks. Indeed, by
1945, nearly a third of the truck strength of the
Red Army was
U.S.-built. Trucks such as the
DodgeDodge ¾ ton and
Studebaker 2½ ton
were easily the best trucks available in their class on either side on
the Eastern Front . American shipments of telephone cable, aluminum,
canned rations, and clothing were also critical.

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease also supplied significant amounts of weapons and
ammunition. The Soviet air force received 18,200 aircraft, which
amounted to about 13% of Soviet wartime aircraft production. And
while most tank units were Soviet-built models, some 7,000 Lend-Lease
tanks were deployed by the
Red Army , or 8% of war-time production.

On the whole the following conclusion can be drawn: that without
these Western shipments under
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union not only
would not have been able to win the Great Patriotic War, it would not
have been able even to oppose the German invaders, since it could not
itself produce sufficient quantities of arms and military equipment or
adequate supplies of fuel and ammunition. The Soviet authorities were
well aware of this dependency on Lend-Lease. Thus, Stalin told Harry
Hopkins that the U.S.S.R. could not match Germany’s might as an
occupier of Europe and its resources.

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev , having served as a military commissar and
intermediary between Stalin and his generals during the war, addressed
directly the significance of Lend-lease aid in his memoirs:

I would like to express my candid opinion about Stalin’s views on
whether the
Red Army and the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union could have coped with Nazi
Germany and survived the war without aid from the United States and
Britain. First, I would like to tell about some remarks Stalin made
and repeated several times when we were “discussing freely” among
ourselves. He stated bluntly that if the United States had not helped
us, we would not have won the war. If we had had to fight Nazi Germany
one on one, we could not have stood up against Germany’s pressure,
and we would have lost the war. No one ever discussed this subject
officially, and I don’t think Stalin left any written evidence of
his opinion, but I will state here that several times in conversations
with me he noted that these were the actual circumstances. He never
made a special point of holding a conversation on the subject, but
when we were engaged in some kind of relaxed conversation, going over
international questions of the past and present, and when we would
return to the subject of the path we had traveled during the war, that
is what he said. When I listened to his remarks, I was fully in
agreement with him, and today I am even more so.

In a confidential interview with the wartime correspondent Konstantin
Simonov, the famous Soviet Marshal G.K. Zhukov is quoted as saying:

Today some say the Allies didn’t really help us… But listen, one
cannot deny that the Americans shipped over to us material without
which we could not have equipped our armies held in reserve or been
able to continue the war.

RETURNING GOODS AFTER THE WAR

Roosevelt, eager to ensure public consent for this controversial
plan, explained to the public and the press that his plan was
comparable to one neighbor's lending another a garden hose to put out
a fire in his home. "What do I do in such a crisis?" the president
asked at a press conference. "I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden hose
cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I
want my garden hose back after the fire is over." To which Senator
Robert Taft (R-Ohio), responded: "Lending war equipment is a good deal
like lending chewing gum. You don't want it back."

In practice, very little was returned except for a few ships. Since
the
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease agreement did not provide any practical mechanism for
allied nations to make good on any materials or equipment destroyed in
the war, the United States government was in fact implicitly conceding
that it did not expect the return of every piece of material and
equipment that it was loaning to its allies. Any suggestion otherwise
in the part of the administration was intended more as political
rhetoric to keep public opinion on its side as opposed to serious
foreign policy. The intended and actual commitment the United States
expected from its allies was to prevent the ravages of the conflict
from reaching the North American continent. This in turn helped to
ensure that the United States would be the world's strongest most
prosperous industrial power by the end of the war.

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin , during the
Tehran Conference in 1943, acknowledged
publicly the importance of American efforts during a dinner at the
conference: "Without American production the United Nations could
never have won the war."

US DELIVERIES TO THE SOVIET UNION

Shipped goods of the western Allies to the Soviet Union.
YEAR
Amount
(tons) %

* "pre Lend-lease" 22 June 1941 to 30 September 1941 (paid for in
gold and other minerals)
* first protocol period from 1 October 1941 to 30 June 1942 (signed
7 October 1941), these supplies were to be manufactured and delivered
by the UK with US credit financing.
* second protocol period from 1 July 1942 to 30 June 1943 (signed 6
October 1942)
* third protocol period from 1 July 1943 to 30 June 1944 (signed 19
October 1943)
* fourth protocol period from 1 July 1944, (signed 17 April 1945),
formally ended 12 May 1945 but deliveries continued for the duration
of the war with Japan (which the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union entered on the 8 August
1945) under the "Milepost" agreement until 2 September 1945 when Japan
capitulated. On 20 September 1945 all
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease to the Soviet Union
was terminated.

Delivery was via the Arctic Convoys , the
Persian Corridor , and the
Pacific Route .

The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for
lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous as
it involved sailing past German-occupied Norway. Some 3,964,000 tons
of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7% was lost, while 93%
arrived safely. This constituted some 23% of the total aid to the
USSR during the war.

The
Persian Corridor was the longest route, and was not fully
operational until mid-1942. Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000
tons of goods, 27% of the total. BM-13N Katyusha on a Lend-Lease
Studebaker US6 truck, at the Museum of the Great Patriotic War ,
Moscow.

The Pacific Route opened in August 1941, but was affected by the
start of hostilities between Japan and the US; after December 1941,
only Soviet ships could be used, and, as Japan and the USSR observed a
strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be
transported. Nevertheless, some 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this
route, 50% of the total.

In total, the U.S. deliveries through
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease amounted to $11
billion in materials: over 400,000 jeeps and trucks; 12,000 armored
vehicles (including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were M3 Lees
and 4,102 M4 Shermans ); 11,400 aircraft (4,719 of which were Bell
P-39 Airacobras ) and 1.75 million tons of food.

Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial
supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the
USSR, 94% coming from the US. For comparison, a total of 22 million
tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to
May 1945. It has been estimated that American deliveries to the USSR
through the
Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army
standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.

The United States sold to the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union from October 1, 1941 to
May 31, 1945 the following: 427,284 trucks, 13,303 combat vehicles,
35,170 motorcycles, 2,328 ordnance service vehicles, 2,670,371 tons of
petroleum products (gasoline and oil) or 57.8 percent of the
High-octane aviation fuel, 4,478,116 tons of foodstuffs (canned
meats, sugar, flour, salt, etc.), 1,911 steam locomotives, 66 Diesel
locomotives, 9,920 flat cars, 1,000 dump cars, 120 tank cars, and 35
heavy machinery cars. Provided ordnance goods (ammunition, artillery
shells, mines, assorted explosives) amounted to 53 percent of total
domestic production. One item typical of many was a tire plant that
was lifted bodily from the Ford Company's River Rouge Plant and
transferred to the USSR. The 1947 money value of the supplies and
services amounted to about eleven billion dollars.

In June 1941, within weeks of the German invasion of the USSR, the
first British aid convoy set off along the dangerous Arctic sea route
to
MurmanskMurmansk , arriving in September. It carried 40 Hawker Hurricanes
along with 550 mechanics and pilots of No. 151 Wing to provide
immediate air defence of the port and to train Soviet pilots. The
convoy was the first of many convoys to
MurmanskMurmansk and
Archangelsk in
what became known as the Arctic convoys , the returning ships carried
the gold that the USSR was using to pay the US.

By the end of 1941, early shipments of Matilda , Valentine and
Tetrarch tanks represented only 6.5% of total Soviet tank production
but over 25% of medium and heavy tanks produced for the Red Army.
The British tanks first saw action with the 138 Independent Tank
Battalion in the Volga Reservoir on 20 November 1941. Lend-Lease
tanks constituted 30 to 40 percent of heavy and medium tank strength
before Moscow at the beginning of December 1941. British Mk III
\'Valentine\' destroyed in the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union , January 1944.

Significant numbers of British Churchill , Matilda and Valentine
tanks were shipped to the USSR.

In total 4 million tonnes of war material including food and medical
supplies were delivered. The munitions totaled £308m (not including
naval munitions supplied), the food and raw materials totaled £120m
in 1946 index. In accordance with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies
Agreement of 27 June 1942, military aid sent from Britain to the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge.

REVERSE LEND-LEASE

Reverse Lend-lease was the supply of equipment and services to the
United States. Nearly $8 billion (equivalent to $124 billion today)
worth of war material was provided to U.S. forces by her allies, 90%
of this sum coming from the British Empire. Reciprocal contributions
included the
Austin K2/Y military ambulance, British aviation spark
plugs used in B-17 Flying Fortresses , Canadian-made Fairmile
launches used in anti-submarine warfare, Mosquito photo-reconnaissance
aircraft, and Indian petroleum products. Australia and New Zealand
supplied the bulk of foodstuffs to United States forces in the South
Pacific. Though diminutive in comparison, Soviet-supplied reverse
lend-lease included 300,000 metric tons of chromium and 32,000 metric
tons of manganese ore, as well as wood, gold and platinum.

In a November 1943 report to Congress, President Roosevelt said of
Allied participation in reverse Lend-lease:

...the expenditures made by the British
Commonwealth of NationsCommonwealth of Nations for
reverse lend-lease aid furnished to the United States, and of the
expansion of this program so as to include exports of materials and
foodstuffs for the account of United States agencies from the United
Kingdom and the British colonies, emphasizes the contribution which
the British Commonwealth has made to the defense of the United States
while taking its place on the battle fronts. It is an indication of
the extent to which the British have been able to pool their resources
with ours so that the needed weapon may be in the hands of that
soldier—whatever may be his nationality- who can at the proper
moment use it most effectively to defeat our common enemies.

In 1945–46, the value of Reciprocal Aid from New Zealand exceeded
that of Lend-Lease, though in 1942–43, the value of
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease to
New Zealand was much more than that of Reciprocal Aid. Britain also
supplied extensive material assistance to American forces stationed in
Europe, for example the USAAF was supplied with hundreds of Spitfire
Mk V and Mk VIII fighter aircraft.

The cooperation that was built up with Canada during the war was an
amalgam compounded of diverse elements of which the air and land
routes to Alaska, the Canol project, and the CRYSTAL and CRIMSON
activities were the most costly in point of effort and funds expended.

... The total of defense materials and services that Canada received
through lend-lease channels amounted in value to approximately
$419,500,000.

... Some idea of the scope of economic collaboration can be had from
the fact that from the beginning of 1942 through 1945 Canada, on her
part, furnished the United States with $1,000,000,000 to
$1,250,000,000 in defense materials and services.

... Although most of the actual construction of joint defense
facilities, except the
AlaskaAlaska Highway and the Canol project, had been
carried out by Canada, most of the original cost was borne by the
United States. The agreement was that all temporary construction for
the use of American forces and all permanent construction required by
the United States forces beyond Canadian requirements would be paid
for by the United States, and that the cost of all other construction
of permanent value would be met by Canada. Although it was not
entirely reasonable that Canada should pay for any construction that
the Canadian Government considered unnecessary or that did not conform
to Canadian requirements, nevertheless considerations of self-respect
and national sovereignty led the Canadian Government to suggest a new
financial agreement.

... The total amount that Canada agreed to pay under the new
arrangement came to about $76,800,000, which was some $13,870,000 less
than the United States had spent on the facilities.

Britain's lend-lease arrangements with its dominions and colonies is
one of the lesser known parts of
World War IIWorld War II history.

"Mutual Aid" was "the Canadian version of lend-lease," says Muirhead.
Canada gave Britain gifts totaling $3.5 billion during the war, plus
a zero-interest loan of $1 billion; Britain used the money to buy
Canadian food and war supplies. Canada also loaned $1.2 billion on
a long-term basis to Britain immediately after the war; these loans
were fully repaid in late 2006.

The Gander Air Base (RCAF Station Gander ) located at Gander
International Airport built in 1936 in Newfoundland was leased by
Britain to Canada for 99 years because of its urgent need for the
movement of fighter and bomber aircraft to Britain. The lease became
redundant when Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949.

Most American
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease aid comprised supplies purchased in the
U.S., but Roosevelt allowed
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease to purchase supplies from
Canada, for shipment to Britain, China and Soviet Union.

Congress had not authorized the gift of supplies delivered after the
cutoff date, so the U.S. charged for them, usually at a 90% discount.
Large quantities of undelivered goods were in Britain or in transit
when
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease terminated on 2 September 1945. Britain wished to
retain some of this equipment in the immediate post war period. In
1946, the post-war
Anglo-American loan further indebted Britain to the
U.S.
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease items retained were sold to Britain at 10% of nominal
value, giving an initial loan value of £1.075 billion for the
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease portion of the post-war loans. Payment was to be stretched
out over 50 annual payments, starting in 1951 and with five years of
deferred payments, at 2% interest. The final payment of $83.3 million
(£42.5 million), due on 31 December 2006 (repayment having been
deferred in the allowed five years and during a sixth year not
allowed), was made on 29 December 2006 (the last working day of the
year). After this final payment Britain's Economic Secretary to the
Treasury formally thanked the U.S. for its wartime support.

Tacit repayment of
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease by the British was made in the form of
several valuable technologies, including those related to radar ,
sonar , jet engines , antitank weaponry, rockets, superchargers ,
gyroscopic gunsights , submarine detection, self-sealing fuel tanks ,
and plastic explosives as well as the British contribution to the
Manhattan Project . Many of these were transferred by the Tizard
Mission . The official historian of the Office of Scientific Research
and Development , James Phinney Baxter III, wrote: "When the members
of the
Tizard Mission brought the cavity magnetron to America in 1940,
they carried the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores."

While repayment of the interest-free loans was required after the end
of the war under the act, in practice the U.S. did not expect to be
repaid by the USSR after the war. The U.S. received $2M in reverse
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease from the USSR. This was mostly in the form of landing,
servicing, and refueling of transport aircraft; some industrial
machinery and rare minerals were sent to the U.S. The U.S. asked for
$1.3B at the cessation of hostilities to settle the debt, but was only
offered $170M by the USSR. The dispute remained unresolved until 1972,
when the U.S. accepted an offer from the USSR to repay $722M linked to
grain shipments from the U.S., with the remainder being written off.
During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of
rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless repayment of
Lend-Lease. This was agreed upon before the signing of the first
protocol on 1 October 1941 and extension of credit. Some of these
shipments were intercepted by the Germans. In May 1942, the HMS
Edinburgh was sunk while carrying 4.5 tonnes of Soviet gold intended
for the U.S. Treasury. This gold was salvaged in 1981 and 1986. In
June 1942, the SS Port Nicholson was sunk en route from Halifax,
Canada to New York, allegedly with Soviet platinum , gold, and
industrial diamonds aboard. However, none of this cargo has been
salvaged, and no documentation of it has been produced.

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*
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease Shipments,
World War IIWorld War II (Washington: War Department,
1946)
*
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease to the Soviet Union
* The Voice of Russia on the Allies and
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease Museum, Moscow
* Official New Zealand war history of Lend-lease, from War Economy
* Official New Zealand war history; termination of Mutual Aid from
21 December 1945, from War Economy
* Allies and
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease Museum, Moscow
* "Reverse Lend-Lease" a 1944 Flight article reporting a speech by
President Roosevelt
* Lend lease routes - map and summary of quantities of LL to USSR