HTML tools

HTML Resources

Posts Tagged ‘Subscript Text’

If you want people to read what you have written, then structuring your text well is even more important on the Web than when writing for print. People have trouble reading wide, long, paragraphs of text on Web sites unless they are broken up well.

This section will teach you basic text formatting elements like heading elements and paragraph elements.

Whitespace and Flow:

Before you start to mark up your text, it is best to understand what HTML does when it comes across spaces and how browsers treat long sentences and paragraphs of text.

You might think that if you put several consecutive spaces between two words, the spaces would appear between those words onscreen, but this is not the case; by default, only one space will be displayed. This is known as white space collapsing. So you need to use special HTML tags to create multiple spaces.

Similarly, if you start a new line in your source document, or you have consecutive empty lines, these will be ignored and simply treated as one space. So you need to use special HTML tags to create more number of empty lines.

Create Headings – The <hn> Elements:

Any documents starts with a heading. You use different sizes for your headings. HTML also have six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and after that heading.

This is heading 1

This is heading 2

This is heading 3

This is heading 4

This is heading 5

This is heading 6

Create Paragraph – The <p> Element:

The <p> element offers a way to structure your text. Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and closing </p> tag as shown below in the example:

<p>Here is a paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>

This will produce following result:

Here is a paragraph of text.Here is a second paragraph of text.Here is a third paragraph of text.

You can use align attribute to align your paragraphs.

<p align=”left”>This is left aligned.</p>
<p align=”center”>This is center aligned.</p>
<p align=”right”>This is right aligned.</p>
<p align=”justify”>This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.</p>

This will produce following result:

This is left aligned.

This is center aligned.

This is right aligned.

This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.

Create Line Breaks – The <br /> Element:

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts on the next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

Note: The <br /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid XHTML

Centring Content – The <center> Element:

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example:

<p>This is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This is in the center.</p>
</center>

This will produce following result:

This is not in the center.

This is in the center.

Nonbreaking Spaces:

Suppose you were to use the phrase “12 Angry Men.” Here you would not want a browser to split the “12” and “Angry” across two lines:

A good example of this technique appears in the movie “12 Angry Men.”

In cases where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity (&nbsp;) instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the “12 Angry Men” paragraph, you would use something similar to the following code:

<p>A good example of this technique appears in the movie “12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men.”</p>

Soft Hyphens:

Occasionally, you will want to allow a browser to hyphenate long words to better justify a paragraph. For example, consider the following code and its resulting output.

<p style=”text-align: justify;”> The morbid fear of the number 13, or triskaidekaphobia, has plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.</p>

In cases where you want a client browser to be able to hyphenate a word if necessary, use the soft hyphen entity (&shy;) to specify where a word should be hyphenated. So above example should be written as follows:

<p style=”text-align: justify;”> Example for soft hyphen – The morbid fear of the number 13, or tri&shy;skai&shy;deka&shy;phobia, has plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.</p>

This will produce following result:

Example for soft hyphen – The morbid fear of the number 13, or tri­skai­deka­phobia, has plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.

NOTE: This may notwork with some web browsers.

Preserve Formatting – The <pre> Element:

Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag (<pre>).

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the source document.

Horizontal Rules – The <hr /> Element

Horizontal rules are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.

For example you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as follows:

<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>

This will produce following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr /> tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

Note: The <hr /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid XHTML

Presentational Tags:

If you use a word processor, you are familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text – The <b> Element:

Anything that appears in a <b>…</b> element is displayed in bold, like the word bold here:

Monospaced font – The <tt> Element:

The content of a <tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter m is wider than the letter i). In a monospaced font, however, each letter is the same width.

Grouping – The <div> and <span> Elements :

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or subsections of a page.

For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.