Non-fiction books about snipers come in two classes: personal experience books and historical reference
books. SNIPER is a well-researched, well-written book of the second genre. History books containing
this much information have a tendency to put the reader to sleep. Mr. Gilbert avoids this by adding enough
action scenes to keep the reader's blood flowing.

SNIPER has chapters dedicated to the basics of the sniper's craft but it is in no way a training
manual. This book's main focus is providing a general overview of sniper-tactics and -use, by various
nations, throughout history.

Adrian Gilbert starts his story in the War for American Independence. He follows the use of precision
riflemen through the American Civil War, WW1, WW2 (both Eastern and Western Theaters), the Korean War,
Vietnam, and through to today. Mr. Gilbert also emphasizes the training, or lack thereof, between these
wars.

During his study of the War for American Independence, Mr. Gilbert shows how in June, 1775, the American
Continental Congress, in authorizing the raising of ten independent companies, gave birth to what became the
sniper. These riflemen were armed with 45 cal. Kentucky rifles while standard troops were armed with
smoothbore muskets. The muskets were chosen because they were faster to reload. The Kentucky rifle was
accurate to 400 yards, over four times the range of the smoothbore musket. The riflemen were dressed in
fringed buckskin clothes and carried tomahawks and knives. The standard troops of the day were dressed in
much more colorful uniforms and carried bayonets.

In response to the threat of the Kentucky rifle, Englishman Captain Patrick Ferguson developed a breech
loading rifle that was both accurate and fast loading. Ferguson chose not to shoot General George Washington
in the back, missing his chance at altering history. Shortly afterward an American rifleman shot Ferguson in
1780. After his death his rifle corps was disbanded.

In his study of the American Civil War, Gilbert covers the many innovations in small arms, including the
telescopic weapon sight, the origination of the term sharpshooter, and the development of counter-sniper
tactics. The psychological effects of sniper fire are also touched on here.

In the chapter covering WW1 Mr. Gilbert describes how the Germans were the first to acknowledge the
suitability of the scope sighted bolt action rifle to the sniper role. The Germans are also given credit for
the practice of the sniper moving alone or in pairs. The success of the Germans in sniping brought the
British back to the reality of the benefits of sniping, but interest waned after the war. The origination of
the term sniper is covered in this chapter, with credit given to the British. The use of the sniper team as
skilled observers is also covered in this chapter.

Gilbert describes the importance of stalking skills in the chapter on WW2. The Germans had more accurate
weapons, but the Soviets were able to overcome this advantage by developing superior stalking skills. This is
shown in a blow-by-blow commentary of the battle between Vasili Zaitsev and Major Konings during the Battle of
Stalingrad. Camouflage is also covered in this chapter. Although the ghillie suit is mentioned, it seems
that smocks and veils were more common. The Germans and Soviets are also represented as more dedicated to the
training of snipers, while the Americans and British tended to issue the weapons to men who had a natural
aptitude for it. What training that was done is seen as inadequate and non-uniform. Both European and Pacific
theaters are covered, as is the development of the M1C and M1D by the Americans (and whether or not they were
an improvement over the Springfield that preceded them).

The time between WW2 and the Korean War is shown as a low point in sniper development and training. Only
the British Royal Marines and the United States Marine Corps preserved scout/sniper methods and training in
the west, while the Soviets maintained their snipers as a standard element of every Red Army Company.

In the short chapter covering the Korean War, Gilbert gives the U.S. Marine Corps credit for successful use
of their sniping skills and covers the use of the .50 BMG for long-range shooting. The use and training of
snipers by the bulk of the western armies was still considered a battlefield expedient, and was ignored.

The chapter on the Vietnam War shows how the American sniper finely became legitimized, due largely to the
work of a Marine officer Lieutenant (later Major) Jim Land. Land is credited for setting up the Scout/Sniper
School in Hawaii in 1960, the implementation of the Winchester model 70, and sniper TO/E (table of
organization and equipment). There are a few descriptions of combat scenarios in this chapter showing the
tactics of NVA snipers as well as U.S snipers, including Major Land, Gunnery Sergeant Hathcock, and Joseph T.
Ward. The further evaluation of rifles and scopes by the Marine Corps is also covered in this chapter with
the change to the Remington model 700-40 in .308 cal. and the Redfield accurange 3x9 scope.

Mr. Gilbert gives an interesting insight in the chapter on British sniping after 1945. The battles covered
include Maylaya, Borneo, Djebel Akhdar in Oman in the 1950's, the Aden Emergency 1963-67, Dhofar, action
against IRA terrorists in the 1970's, and the Falkland Islands in 1982 (which confirmed the usefulness of
sniping to the British Army and encouraged further development).

The chapter titled "The basics of sniper training" covers just that: the basics. It is in no way
a comprehensive training manual, but it does give an overview of the skills required and a few exercises or
drills to help acquire them.

The chapter on recent conflicts gives a modern picture of what a sniper can experience. Examples include
Lebanon in 1982, Grenada in 1983, Panama in 1989, The Gulf War in 1990-91, the Balkans, and Soviet experiences
in Afghanistan in the 1980's.

In the last chapters of SNIPER, Mr. Gilbert gives a country-by-country review of sniper rifles,
including a brief description of the specifications of each. My only criticisms of this section are that the
average accuracy of each weapon was not listed, and that pictures of each rifle would have aided in
identifying the rifles in the future.

I found SNIPER to be a well-written and informative text, giving the reader a good overview of the
sniper's role. The best use I have found for this book is as a reference to further study. Mr. Gilbert did a
great job of giving credit to his sources, and the bibliography of this book is an easy to use guide to the
best reference materials on snipers and their art.