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Abstract

South-East Asia is one of the world’s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. An understanding of the distribution of diversity and the factors shaping it is lacking, yet essential for identifying conservation priorities for the region’s highly threatened biodiversity. Here, we take a large-scale comparative approach, combining data from nine forest-associated Anopheles mosquito species and using statistical phylogeographical methods to disentangle the effects of environmental history, species-specific ecology and random coalescent effects. Spatially explicit modelling of Pleistocene demographic history supports a common influence of environmental events in shaping the genetic diversity of all species examined, despite differences in species’ mtDNA gene trees. Populations were periodically restricted to allopatric northeastern and northwestern refugia, most likely due to Pleistocene forest fragmentation. Subsequent southwards post-glacial recolonization is supported by a north–south gradient of decreasing genetic diversity. Repeated allopatric fragmentation and recolonization have led to the formation of deeply divergent geographical lineages within four species and a suture zone where these intraspecific lineages meet along the Thai–Myanmar border. A common environmental influence for this divergence was further indicated by strong support for simultaneous divergence within the same four species, dating to approximately 900 thousand years ago (kya). Differences in the geographical structuring of genetic diversity between species are probably the result of varying species’ biology. The findings have important implications for conservation planning; if the refugial regions and suture zone identified here are shared by other forest taxa, the unique and high levels of genetic diversity they house will make these areas conservation priorities.

Keywords

Publication History

Received 6 April 2011; revision received 9 July 2011; accepted 20 July 2011

Supporting Information

Fig. S1 Bayesian Skyline Plots, as constructed in BEAST v1.4 [49], showing changes in effective population size withi n each species over time.

Fig. S2 Correlation coefficients for the FST matrices of each intraspecific dataset to the matrices of the 1000 datasets simulated under various evolutionary scenarios in SPLATCHE. Vertical bars indicate means. The red histogram shows the correlation coefficients between the real data and data simulated under the best fitting evolutionary model; the blue histogram shows the coefficients under the scenario that differs from the best fitting scenario only in the range of glacial carrying capacities (figure 2a or b); the black histogram shows the coefficients under the null model (see table 1 for details).

Fig. S3 The relationship between genetic diversity, as represented by θπ, and latitude, across the seven species included within this study.

Table S1 Details of sample locations and numbers of specimens obtained for each species.

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6Klaus-Gerhard Heller, Sigfrid Ingrisch, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa, Chunxiang Liu, The genus Ectadia (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae: Phaneropterinae) in East Asia: description of a new species, comparison of its complex song and duetting behavior with that of E. fulva and notes on the biology of E. fulva, Journal of Orthoptera Research, 2017, 26, 39CrossRef