Cell Division Biochemical Timer Is Potential Anti-cancer Target

How the timer controlling human cell division is switched on and off has been uncovered by researchers at University of Leuven in Belgium. The findings offer new perspectives on the treatment of cancer, as keeping the timer running would stop cancer cells from dividing.

Building new tissue and replacing dead or damaged cells are processes of cell division.

Skin cells, for instance, only last about a month before they are replaced by newly divided cells. Scientists know that cells have a built-in timer ensuring that their division takes at least half an hour.

“First, the chromosomes of a cell are duplicated. Two spindles with so-called microtubules then attach to these chromosomes, allowing the two copies of each chromosome to be separated and pulled into opposite directions. This is how the chromosomes are evenly divided between two new cell nuclei. Then the actual division takes place, creating two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.”

Bollen is senior author of the new study.

Chromosome Errors

The above scenario is only if everything has gone well. And that’s not usually the case right away.

“Temporary issues with attachment of microtubules to the replicated chromosomes are common. Sometimes, there’s a missing link so that a chromosome does not end up in a daughter cell. In other cases, the microtubules pull both copies towards the same daughter cell. The result is a daughter cell with one chromosome too few or too many. These little errors usually cause the cell to die. But they may also speed up the cell division process, as is sometimes the case in cancer cells,”

Bollen said.

Dr Junbin Qian, the first author of the paper, found that the timer gives cells the time to fix attachment-related problems.

“At the start of the cell division process, the biochemical clock starts ticking when a phosphate group is attached to a key protein,” he said. “About half an hour later, this phosphate group is removed again. All the while, the distribution of the chromosomes is on hold, allowing the cell to add missing links and fix incorrect ones.”

The timer has potential for cancer therapy, Bollen continues:

“You want to prevent cancer cells from dividing and spreading. Some of the current cancer therapies target the microtubules in the cell. One example is the drug Taxol, which is produced from yew clippings. Unfortunately, such drugs are toxic and have many unwanted side effects. Cancer cells are also building resistance to these substances.

Now that we know how the cell division timer works, we can start looking for drugs that keep the timer switched on .This brings cell division to a standstill, eventually causing the cancer cells to die. Together with existing treatment methods, this could form an effective combination therapy, because you’d be attacking the cancer cells on several fronts.”

The work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders, a Flemish Concerted Research Action, and the Belgian Foundation Against Cancer.