city, Westchester county, southeastern New York, U.S., on the east shore of the Hudson River, in a hilly region north of the Bronx, New York City. The site, once a major village, Nappeckamack, of the Manhattan Indians, was acquired by the Dutch West India Company in 1639. Adriaen van d...

...région of France encompassing the central départements of Côte-d’Or, Saône-et-Loire, Nièvre, and Yonne. Burgundy is bounded by the régions of Île-de-France and Champagne-Ardenne to the north, Franche-Comté to the east, Rhône-Alp...

river, north central France, a left-bank tributary of the Seine River. From its source in the Nièvre département at the foot of Mont Preneley, located in the Morvan heights west of Autun, to its confluence with the Seine at Montereau, the Yonne is 182 mi (293 km) long. It speeds north-northwest through deep, wooded gorges to Pannessières–Chaumard, where its turbu...

...highway between Ōsaka and Edo (Tokyo) during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), and both grew rapidly in the 20th century, especially after World War II. Between them was the much smaller Yono, which did not become urbanized until after the war and whose area was restricted by its two expanding neighbours. Merger discussions among the three were initiated before the war but did not....

Aug. 17, 1923Phichit province, Siam [now in Thailand]March 17, 2012Bangkok, Thai.Thai businessman who created the energy drink Krathing (or Krating) Daeng (“Red Gaur”), which was distributed in the West under the trademarked name Red Bull. Chaleo was born into a poor rural fam...

town and capital of Casanare departamento, eastern Colombia. The original settlement (caserío) of Yopal was founded in 1935 by Pedro Pablo González, and it has been the seat of Casanare intendency (now departamento) since the creation of Casanare in 1974. Located at the western edge of the Llanos (plains), Yopal has road connections to Sagamosa...

hallucinogenic snuff made from the seeds of a tropical American tree (Piptadenia peregrina) and used by Indians of the Caribbean and South America at the time of early Spanish explorations. DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and bufotenine are thought to have been the active principles. Cohoba was inhaled deeply by means of special b...

city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. The area was explored by a Spanish expedition in 1769, and in 1801 Juan Pablo Grijalva received a Spanish land grant known as Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana; Grijalva’s descendants, the Peraltas and the Yorbas, inherited the land, and the Yorba family retained ownership until the mid-19th century. In 1907 part of the former Yor...

Ucicky’s first nationalistic film, Yorck (1931), was panned in the United States as being no more than an overglorified depiction of an episode of German history. Though similarly criticized in Austria, the movie launched a string of films that were approved for the German public by Joseph Goebbels, Nazi minister of propaganda. Morgenrot (19...

Prussian field marshal, reformer, and successful commander during the Wars of Liberation (1813–15) against France. His initiative in signing a separate neutrality agreement with Russia during the Napoleonic invasion of that country (Convention of Tauroggen, 1812) opened the way for Prussia to join the Allied powers against Napoleon....

...advent of God’s kingdom) and documents of certain sects (Dead Sea Scrolls) and the writings, preserved in Hebrew, of the “explorers of the supernatural world” (yorde merkava). The latter comprise ecstatic hymns, descriptions of the “dwellings” (hekhalot) located between the visible w...

ancient Mesopotamian city, located southwest of Kirkūk, Iraq. Excavations undertaken there by American archaeologists in 1925–31 revealed material extending from the prehistoric period to Roman, Parthian, and Sāsānian periods. In Akkadian times (2334–2154 bc) the site was called Gasur; but early in the 2nd millennium bc the Hurrians, o...

...convicted of a crime, who falls into the degradation of the convict world. It was written melodramatically in a style of almost garish realism. Clarke enjoyed good company and helped to found the Yorick Club, which numbered among its members many of the literary lights of his day....

one of the most popular of the legendary Japanese warrior heroes and a member of the martial Minamoto clan. In his exploits he is always accompanied by four trusty lieutenants. One adventure concerns his vanquishing the boy-faced giant Shuten-dōji (“Drunkard Boy”), who lived on human blood and who together with his repulsive retainers terrorized the countryside around his stro...

...modifying the keelboat they were to use, engaging the participation of several Kentuckians, and drilling the men during their winter camp. The Corps of Discovery (which included Clark’s slave York) departed on May 14, 1804, with Clark operating as the expedition’s principal waterman and cartographer. His monumental maps of the West (1810–14) represented the best available u...

town, York county, southwestern Maine, U.S., situated at the mouth of the York River on the Atlantic Ocean, 43 miles (69 km) southwest of Portland. York includes the communities of York Village, Cape Neddick, York Beach, and York Harbor. Settled in 1624 on a site called Agamenticus by Captain John Smith, who had explored the area in 1614, it...

former city (1983–98), southeastern Ontario, Canada. In 1998 it amalgamated with the cities of Toronto, Etobicoke, Scarborough, and North York and the borough of East York to form the City of Toronto. York was established as a borough in 1967, through the amal...

city and unitary authority, geographic county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, about midway between London and Edinburgh. It is the cathedral city of the archbishop of York and was historically th...

county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered to the northeast and east by the Susquehanna River, to the south by Maryland, and to the northwest by Yellow Breeches Creek. It consists of a hilly piedmont region that rises to the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwest. The county waterways include Lakes Marburg, Redman, and Williams, as well as...

city, seat (1749) of York county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on Codorus Creek, 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Harrisburg. It is the focus of a metropolitan district that includes the boroughs of North York and West York and a number of townships....

county, northern South Carolina, U.S. North Carolina forms the northern border, the Catawba River part of the eastern border, and the Broad River part of the western border. On the northern border is Lake Wylie, created by one of the state’s first hydroelectric projects, the Catawba Dam on the Catawba River. York co...

county, extreme southwestern Maine, U.S. It is located in a coastal region bordered by New Hampshire to the west and southwest (that border largely defined by the Salmon Falls and Piscataqua rivers), the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Ossipee and Saco rivers to the north. Maine and New Hampshire share the Isles of Shoals, a group of islands about 7 miles (11 km) offshore th...

northernmost point of the Australian continent, comprising the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula, in the state of Queensland. The cape juts north-northeast from the peninsula into Torres Strait, which separates it from the island of New Guinea. The cape is about 15 miles (25 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide. It was named in 1770 by Captain James Cook for the Duke of York, brother of King Georg...

in the Church of England, ecclesiastical assemblies of the provinces of Canterbury and of York that meet two or three times a year and, since the mid-19th century, have been concerned particularly with the reform of the canons of ecclesiastical law....

queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1936–52), wife of King George VI. She was credited with sustaining the monarchy through numerous crises, including the abdication of Edward VIII and the death of Princess Diana....

historical settlement in northeastern Manitoba, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Hayes River, on Hudson Bay. It was the site of a Hudson’s Bay Company post (Fort Nelson) built in 1683 and destroyed in 1684 by the French; a new fort, named for the duke of York (later King James II), was quickly erected. The fort changed hands several times until by the Treaty of Utrecht...

last legitimate descendant of the deposed (1688) Stuart monarch James II of Great Britain. To the Jacobites—supporters of Stuart claims to the British throne—he was known as King Henry IX of Great Britain for the last 19 years of his life....

younger branch of the house of Plantagenet of England. In the 15th century, having usurped the throne from the house of Lancaster, it provided three kings of England—Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III—and, in turn defeated, passed on its claims to the Tudor dynasty....

one of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Its relief is dominated by two volcanoes, the larger rising to 1,700 feet (520 m), that form the mass of the island’s area of 203 square miles (526 square km). Originally named for England’s King James II, who was previously the duke of Y...

king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently established Parliament as the ruling...

England has only fragmentary remains of 12th-century glass. The nave clerestory windows in York Minster contain some reused panels from a series of narrative windows, one of which depicted the life of St. Benedict (c. 1140–60). Another panel, a single figure of a king from a Jesse tree, shows some affinity in style with the glass at Saint-Denis and Chartres but is probably later in.....

a cycle of 48 plays, dating from the 14th century, of unknown authorship, which were performed during the Middle Ages by craft guilds in the city of York, in the north of England, on the summer feast day of Corpus Christi. Some of the York plays are almost identical with corresponding plays in the Wakefield cycle, and it has been suggested that there was an original (now lost) ...

...of the York plays, about 14 plays (mainly those concerning Christ’s Passion) were redacted into alliterative verse. These are powerful and the work of a dramatic genius, often referred to as the York Realist....

...and dungeons were replaced by sunny rooms; patients were also permitted to exercise on the hospital grounds. Among other reformers were the British Quaker layman William Tuke, who established the York Retreat for the humane care of the mentally ill in 1796, and the physician Vincenzo Chiarugi, who published a humanitarian regime for his hospital in Florence in 1788. In the mid-19th century......

claimant to the English throne whose attempts to gain power helped precipitate the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York; he controlled the government for brief periods during the first five years of this struggle. He was the father of two English kings, Edward IV and Richard III....

...the Roses and arranged a temporary reconciliation between the two sides in 1458. Nevertheless, after the defeat of the Lancastrians in 1461, Bourchier became a loyal supporter of the newly crowned Yorkist monarch Edward IV, who made him a cardinal in 1467. In 1483 he persuaded Edward’s widow to hand over her youngest son, Richard, Duke of York—a potential claimant to the throne...

...covers the early part of King Henry’s reign and ends with events immediately preceding the opening of Part 2. It contains the entirely nonhistorical scene in which Richard Plantagenet, later duke of York, chooses a white rose and John Beaufort, earl (later duke) of Somerset, a red rose as emblems of their respective houses of York and Lancaster. It is uncertai...

...Toxophilite Society in 1787 and set the prince’s lengths of 100 yards (91 metres), 80 yards (73 metres), and 60 yards (55 metres); these distances are still used in the British men’s championship York round (six dozen, four dozen, and two dozen arrows shot at each of the three distances). These recreational activities with the bow evolved into the modern sport of archery. In 1844 ...

...with many rumours of miracles at his tomb. Edward had many of Lancaster’s followers executed in a horrific bloodbath. In the same year the Ordinances were repealed in Parliament at York, and in the Statute of York the intention of returning to the constitutional practices of the past was announced. But in specifying that the “consent of the prelates, earls, and barons, and of the....

Jan. 9, 1939London, Eng.Jan. 15, 2011LondonBritish actress who was initially cast as a blue-eyed blonde ingenue, but her gamine beauty belied acting skills that came to the fore in such roles as the feisty Sophie Western, the object of the eponymous hero’s affections in Tom Jones...

privately endowed university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1959. It has faculties of administrative studies, arts, education, environmental studies, fine arts, and graduate studies as well as schools of law, business, and of pure and applied science. Among its research units are centres for the study of refugees, atmospheric chemistry, law and public policy, and computers in......

Prussian field marshal, reformer, and successful commander during the Wars of Liberation (1813–15) against France. His initiative in signing a separate neutrality agreement with Russia during the Napoleonic invasion of that country (Convention of Tauroggen, 1812) opened the way for Prussia to join the Allied powers against Napoleon....

...an international code of navigation. In other fields much has been accomplished to ensure international uniformity through private agreements voluntarily adhered to by affected interests; the York-Antwerp Rules of General Average, first promulgated in 1890 and most recently amended in 1950, are the best known example of such agreements; although they do not technically have the force of......

novelist and industrialist whose sophisticated satires mirrored the changing class structure in post-World War II English society. After completing his education at Eton and Oxford, he entered the family business, an engineering firm in Birmingham; he worked his way up to become the firm’s managing director in London. During this time he produced his laconically titled social comedies, B...

promontory of the south coast of South Australia, between Spencer Gulf to the west and Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait to the east and south. Extending southward for 160 miles (260 km) from Port Pirie to Cape Spencer, it is 20–35 miles (32–56 km) wide, with a gently rolling surface rising to 400 feet (120 m). Sighted in 1802 by Matthew Flinders, it was named after Charles P...

...of the most majestic—if most angst-saturated—music of the postmodern era. Formed in the mid-1980s at Abingdon School in Oxfordshire, Radiohead comprised singer-guitarist Thom Yorke (b. October 7, 1968Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England), bassist......

...forward to play his stroke or to move back. A half volley is a ball pitched so far up to the batsman that he can drive it fractionally after it has hit the ground without having to move forward. A yorker is a ball pitched on or inside the popping crease. A full pitch is a ball that the batsmen can reach before it hits the ground. A long hop is a ball short of good length....

breed of toy dog developed about the mid-1800s in the English counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire. The lineage of the breed is unknown but appears to include several terriers, such as the Skye and Dandie Dinmont; it may also include the Maltese. The most outstanding feature of the Yorkie is its straight, silky coat, parte...

members of two rival Masonic lodges that exercised considerable political influence in early 19th-century Mexico; the names mean Scotsman and Yorkist, respectively, after the two orders of Freemasonry, the Scottish and York rites....

historic county of England, in the north-central part of the country between the Pennines and the North Sea. Yorkshire is England’s largest historical county. It comprises four broad belts each stretching from north to south: the high Pennine moorlands in the west, dissected by the Yorkshire Dales; the central lowlands—including the Vale of York...

breed of swine produced in the 18th century by crossing the large indigenous white pig of North England with the smaller, fatter, white Chinese pig. The well-fleshed Yorkshire is solid white with erect ears. Although originally a bacon breed, the Yorkshire rose to prominence in the lean-meat category during the 20th century in the United States. The boar is used considerably as a sire of crossbred...

...of the Rivers Greta, Ribble, Aire, and Wharfe and open southward to the gap between Ribble and Aire, where Skipton, the administrative centre, is situated. The bleak limestone uplands are part of Yorkshire Dales National Park and are predominantly rural, with attractive stone-built villages that are now tourist centres (e.g., Malham)....

breed of swine produced in the 18th century by crossing the large indigenous white pig of North England with the smaller, fatter, white Chinese pig. The well-fleshed Yorkshire is solid white with erect ears. Although originally a bacon breed, the Yorkshire rose to prominence in the lean-meat category during the 20th century in the United States. The boar is used considerably as a sire of crossbred...

administrative and geographic county in northern England, part of the historic county of Yorkshire. The administrative county of North Yorkshire comprises seven districts: Craven, Hambleton, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Selby, and the boroughs of Harrogate...

a common British side dish made of a simple batter (egg, flour, and milk) that is baked, traditionally, in a large, shallow tin with roast-beef drippings. It was devised in northern England in the mid-18th century as a cheap and filling appetizer that was served prior to the pricier main meat dish of beef or mutton. During that time meat was commonly roasted on a spit suspended over a fire, and th...

metropolitan county in north-central England. It comprises four metropolitan boroughs: Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and the city of Sheffield. South Yorkshire lies within the historic county of Yorkshire, except for three areas. In the metropolitan borough of Doncaster, the parish o...

breed of toy dog developed about the mid-1800s in the English counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire. The lineage of the breed is unknown but appears to include several terriers, such as the Skye and Dandie Dinmont; it may also include the Maltese. The most outstanding feature of the Yorkie is its straight, silky coat, parte...

...carriers and one heavy cruiser. In the late afternoon U.S. planes disabled the fourth heavy carrier (scuttled the next morning), but its aircraft had badly damaged the U.S. carrier Yorktown. On June 6, a Japanese submarine fatally torpedoed the Yorktown and an escorting American destroyer; that day a Japanese heavy cruiser was sunk. The Japanese, however,......

historic town, seat (1634) of York county, southeastern Virginia, U.S. It is situated on the south bank of the York River across from Gloucester Point, just east-southeast of Williamsburg. The area around Yorktown was settled in 1630, but the town itself developed after 1691 when a port was authorized by Virginia’s General Assembly. Yorktown became a bu...

(September 28–October 19, 1781), joint Franco-American land and sea campaign that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender. The siege virtually ended military operations in the American Revolution....

city, northwestern Honduras. Situated in the highlands at an elevation of 1,837 feet (559 m), it is located near the headwaters of the Aguán River. Although its founding date is uncertain, it was first mentioned in 1684. It is now a commercial and manufacturing centre in a fertile agricultural area. Coffee, tobacco, livestock, and timber are the principal products of the ...

members of two rival Masonic lodges that exercised considerable political influence in early 19th-century Mexico; the names mean Scotsman and Yorkist, respectively, after the two orders of Freemasonry, the Scottish and York rites....

...hunter-gatherer society as it was at the time of European settlement emerged about 5,000 years ago. On contact there were three main Aboriginal groups in Victoria: the Kurnai of Gippsland, the Yorta Yorta of the eastern Murray, and the Kulin of the Central Divide. These groups were subdivided into about 34 distinct subgroups, each with its own territory, customs, laws, language, and......

American politician who gained national fame as mayor of Los Angeles from 1961 to 1973, a time of economic growth and civic improvement but also one of inner-city unrest that in 1965 erupted in riots in the Watts section; at first a liberal Democrat, he became increasingly conservative during his years in office and was especially controversial for his outspoken racial views (b. Oct. 1, 1909, Linc...

in Judaism, the anniversary of the death of a parent or close relative, most commonly observed by burning a candle for an entire day. On the anniversary, a male (or female, in Reform and Conservative congregations) usually recites the Qaddish (doxology) in the synagogue at all three services, and males may be called up (aliyah) for the public reading of the Torah. If the anniversary falls o...

one of the three largest ethnic groups of Nigeria, concentrated in the southwestern part of that country. Much smaller, scattered groups live in Benin and northern Togo. The Yoruba numbered more than 20 million at the turn of the 21st century. They speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language fami...

one of a small group of languages that comprise the Yoruboid cluster of the Defoid subbranch of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The other Yoruboid languages include Igala and Itsekiri. Yoruba is spoken by more than 20 million people in southwestern Nigeria and parts of Benin and Togo. It is also ...

variety of folk opera of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria that emerged in the early 1940s. It combined a brilliant sense of mime, colourful costumes, and traditional drumming, music, and folklore. Directed toward a local audience, it uses Nigerian themes, ranging from modern-day satire to historical tragedy. Although the plays are performed entirely in the Yoruba language, they may be und...

Ogunde’s most famous play, Yoruba Ronu (performed 1964; “Yorubas, Think!”), was such a biting attack on the premier of Nigeria’s Western region that his company was banned from the region—the first instance in post-independence Nigeria of literary censorship. The ban was lifted in 1966 by Nigeria’s new military government, and in that same year the ...

confederation formerly dominant in what is now western Nigeria. The Yoruba people probably migrated to the forests and savannas west of the lower reaches of the Niger River, founding the towns of Ekiti, Ile-Ife, and Ijebu in the tropical forest zone; a second group of migrants founded Oyo and other towns...

variety of folk opera of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria that emerged in the early 1940s. It combined a brilliant sense of mime, colourful costumes, and traditional drumming, music, and folklore. Directed toward a local audience, it uses Nigerian themes, ranging from modern-day satire to historical tragedy. Although the plays are performed entirely in the Yoruba language, they may be und...

confederation formerly dominant in what is now western Nigeria. The Yoruba people probably migrated to the forests and savannas west of the lower reaches of the Niger River, founding the towns of Ekiti, Ile-Ife, and Ijebu in the tropical forest zone; a second group of migrants founded Oyo and other towns...

Ogunde’s most famous play, Yoruba Ronu (performed 1964; “Yorubas, Think!”), was such a biting attack on the premier of Nigeria’s Western region that his company was banned from the region—the first instance in post-independence Nigeria of literary censorship. The ban was lifted in 1966 by Nigeria’s new military government, and in that same year the ...

The Defoid languages comprise two groups: the Akokoid cluster of four languages and the very much larger Yoruboid cluster whose principal members are Yoruba (20,000,000 speakers), Igala (1,000,000), and Itsekiri (Itsεkiri; 600,000). Yoruba is the Niger-Congo language with the largest number of mother-tongue speakers. Though Swahili has a greater total number of speakers—some......

floor covering handwoven by nomadic people in various parts of Anatolia. The Balıkesir Yürük rugs of western Anatolia have diagonal patterns and a maze of latch-hook motifs carried out in brick red and dark blue with touches of ivory. They may be reminiscent of and sometimes confused with Baluchi rugs....

...poems, presupposing a highly educated audience, abound in recondite allusions and contain exhaustive lists of rites and laws. It is known that the most outstanding poets—Phineas the Priest, Yose ben Yose, Yannai, and Eleazar ha-Kalir, or ben Kalir—lived in that order, but when or where in Palestine any of them lived is not known. The accepted datings are 3rd century and......

Sept. 23, 1920Baghdad, IraqOct. 7, 2013JerusalemIsraeli religious and political leader who was the spiritual leader of Sephardic Jews in Israel, notably in his position as the Sephardic chief rabbi of Tel Aviv (1968–72) and chief Sephardic rabbi of Israel (1973–83), and was a ...

...numerous wood pieces that have been carved and hollowed, then joined together and surfaced with lacquered cloth and gold leaf. This joined-block construction technique (yosegi-zukuri) allowed for a sculpture lighter in feeling and in fact, but it generally precluded the deep and dramatic carving found in single-block construction. Thus, the exaggerated,....

...numerous wood pieces that have been carved and hollowed, then joined together and surfaced with lacquered cloth and gold leaf. This joined-block construction technique (yosegi-zukuri) allowed for a sculpture lighter in feeling and in fact, but it generally precluded the deep and dramatic carving found in single-block construction. Thus, the exaggerated,....

magnificent series of snow-fed waterfalls in Yosemite National Park, east-central California, U.S., near Yosemite Village. They were formed by creeks tumbling into the Yosemite Valley over the edges of hanging tributary valleys (which eroded more slowly than the glacial- and river-carved Yosemite Valley and were left “hanging” above it) into the ...

scenic mountain region in east-central California, U.S. It is situated about 140 miles (225 km) east of the city of San Francisco and some 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Sacramento. Devils Postpile National Monument lies about 15 miles (25 km) to the east, and Kings Canyon National Park is about 40 mile...

...area of the park, many exceeding 10,000 feet (3,050 metres); Mount Lyell, at 13,114 feet (3,997 metres), is the highest summit. Glaciation has sculpted a number of deep U-shaped valleys, notably the Yosemite Valley of the Merced River. The valley—which curves in a gentle arc about 7 miles (11 km) long and between 0.5 and 1 mile (0.8 and 1.6 km) wide—features a number of attraction...

...publishing several collections of short stories during this time, including the short story “Perl” (“The Pearl”), which was his first international success. His novel Yoshe Kalb, a description of Ḥasidic life in Galicia, appeared in 1932, and the next year he immigrated to the United States. His subsequent writings appeared in serialized form in the......

Japanese architect who was a pioneer in the modern sukiya style of building, in which an affinity for natural materials and traditional construction techniques finds expression in contemporary structures....

Yoshida Shintō took its name from its founder, Yoshida Kanetomo (1435–1511), who systematized teaching that had been transmitted by generations of the Yoshida family. Subsequent generations transmitted the school’s teachings largely through family control over the ordination of priests in shrines and the ranking of deities. The school was also sometimes called Yui-itsu (...

Japanese poet and essayist, the outstanding literary figure of his time. His collection of essays, Tsurezuregusa (c. 1330; Essays in Idleness, 1967), became, especially after the 17th century, a basic part of Japanese education, and his views have had a prominent place in subsequent Japanese life....

Japanese political leader who served several terms as prime minister of Japan during most of the critical transition period after World War II, when Allied troops occupied the country and Japan was attempting to build new democratic institutions....