1.
Stanford Cardinal football
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The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conferences North Division. Stanford, the academic institution with a FBS program, has a highly successful football tradition. The team is known as the Cardinal, adopted prior to the 1982 season. Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972, a student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators. Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions, like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport, the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917. The school also did not field a team in 1918 or in 1943,1944, the school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902, in which they were routed 49-0. Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12, the Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame. Stanford claimed National Championships in 1926 and 1940, in 1926, led by legendary coach Glenn Pop Warner, who still has the most wins in Cardinal history, the team was undefeated in the regular season and tied Alabama in the 1927 Rose Bowl. The 1940 team went unbeaten and untied after defeating Nebraska 21–13 in the 1941 Rose Bowl, quarterback Jim Plunkett is the only Stanford player to win the Heisman Trophy, doing so in 1970. Stanford first fielded a team in 1891. The team was without a coach and only played a few games, early football pioneer Walter Camp served as Stanfords head coach in 1892 and from 1894–1895. Football on the Pacific Coast had been on the rise since the late 1910s, early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924. Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. Years later, he wrote, I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast, weather conditions at Pittsburgh during the football season are rather disagreeable, and much of the late season work had to be done upon a field which was ankle deep in mud. At the close of every season I would be in physical condition. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be better for a man of my age. In 1924, Warner began his tenure at Stanford. When he began coaching, Stanford was one of nine teams in the Pacific Coast Conference, Warner inherited a notable squad from the previous year, including Ernie Nevers and All-American ends Ted Shipkey and Jim Lawson

2.
Pacific Coast Conference
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The Pacific Coast Conference was a college athletic conference in the United States which existed from 1915 to 1959. The name Pacific Coast Conference is now used by a San Diego area community college established in 1982. Established on December 2,1915, its four members were the University of California, the University of Washington, the University of Oregon. Among other complaints, he disdained the quality of education in the Oregon schools, pauley felt that University of California campuses deserved to play against colleges with comparably high academic standards. The PCC had a commissioner, an elaborate constitution, a formal code of conduct. Following the submission of his report, Atherton was promptly hired as commissioner in 1940, the conference was wracked by scandal in 1951. Charges were made and confirmed that University of Oregon football coach Jim Aiken had violated the code for financial aid. After Aiken was compelled to resign, Oregon urged the PCC to look at similar abuses by UCLA football coach Red Sanders, the conference spent five years attempting to reform itself. In 1956, the scandal became public, the scandal first broke in Washington, when in January 1956, several discontented players staged a mutiny against their coach, John Cherberg. After the coach was fired, the PCC followed up on charges of a slush fund, the PCC found evidence of the prohibited activities of the Greater Washington Advertising Fund run by Roscoe C. Torchy Torrance, and in May imposed sanctions, in March, allegations of prohibited payments made by two booster clubs associated with UCLA, the Bruin Bench and the Young Mens Club of Westwood, were published in Los Angeles newspapers. UCLA refused for ten weeks to allow PCC officials to proceed in their investigation and this same alumnus also blew the whistle on Cals phony work program for athletes known as the San Francisco Gridiron Club, with an extension in the Los Angeles area known as the South Seas Fund. The first major reaction came from the University of California system, for Sproul the PCC dispute was not just about athletics, at stake was the ideal of a unified University of California that enjoyed statewide support. This ideal collided with aspirations of UCLA alumni who believed that Sprouls vision would always favor the Berkeley campus at the expense of the younger UCLA campus. Oregon State College president August Leroy Strand wrote, The reasons for California and UCLA dropping out are as different as night, the significance of the whole affair was the union of Berkeley and UCLA. Admissions and scholarship had nothing to do with the withdrawals, the PCC was falling apart, leading to the decision to dissolve after the 1958-59 season. Soon after the PCC was dissolved, five of its nine members created the Athletic Association of Western Universities for the 1959 season, after initially being blocked from admission, three of the four remaining schools would eventually join, but members were not required to play other members. Tensions were high between UCLA and Stanford, as Stanford had voted for UCLAs expulsion from the PCC, Idaho was not involved in the scandals but had become noncompetitive in the PCC

3.
Pop Warner
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Glenn Scobey Warner, most commonly known as Pop Warner, was an American football coach at various institutions who is responsible for several key aspects of the modern game. Included among his innovations are the single and double wing formations, fellow pioneer coach Amos Alonzo Stagg called Warner one of the excellent creators. He was inducted as a coach into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of its class in 1951. He also contributed to a football program which became known as Pop Warner Little Scholars. In the early 1900s, he created a football program at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School—a federally-funded. He also coached teams to four championships, Pittsburgh in 1915,1916. Predating Bear Bryant and Bobby Bowden, he once had the most wins of any coach in football history. Warner was born April 5,1871 on a farm in Springville and he was the son of William Warner, a cavalry officer in the American Civil War, and schoolteacher Adaline Scobey. In 1878 a railroad came to Springville, and four years later the moved to a house on East Main Street. Plump as a child, Warner was sometimes known as Butter and he began playing baseball at an early age, and was a skilled pitcher. Nobody in town owned a football, his exposure to the new sport at a young age was with an inflated cows bladder, and as few knew the rules. Warners East Main Street house attracted a number of friends, when a neighbor told his mother that the play would damage her lawn, she replied, Im raising boys. Aside from ranching, Warner got a job assisting a tinsmith and he was already interested in art as a kid — learning how to paint watercolor landscapes, and as a tinsmith he learned how to use tools to make cups, teapots, baking pans as well as lanterns. In 1892, Warner returned to Springville and began to use his experience to gamble on horse races. Although he had no interest in college, soon after coming back he was forced to attend Cornell Universitys law school. Later Warner wrote I dare not write to my father and tell him I was broke — he felt that the way to get funds was to inform his father that he decided to study law. His father, who had wanted him to be a lawyer. Eventually, Warner became known as Pop because he was one of the oldest students at Cornell, at the end of 1894, Warner left Cornell and began working as an attorney in Buffalo, New York

4.
Single-wing formation
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In American and Canadian football, a single-wing formation, created by Glenn Pop Warner, was a precursor to the modern spread or shotgun formation. The term usually connotes formations in which the snap is tossed rather than handed—formations with one wingback, the single wing was superior to the T formation in its ability to get an extra eligible receiver down field. Traditionally, the single-wing was a formation that featured a core of four backs including a tailback, a fullback, a quarterback. Linemen were set unbalanced, or simply put, there were two linemen on one side and four on the side of the center. This was done by moving the off-side guard or tackle to the strong side, the single-wing was one of the first formations attempting to trick the defense instead of over-powering it. Pop Warner referred to his new scheme as the Carlisle formation because he formulated most of the offense while coaching the Carlisle Indians. The term single-wing came into use after spectators noticed that the formation gave the appearance of a wing-shape. In 1907, Warner coached at Carlisle, a school for Native Americans, the first was the discovery of Jim Thorpes raw athletic ability. The second was the use of a passing game that relied on the spiraled ball. Finally, faking backs who started one way, but abruptly headed the opposite way, because Jim Thorpe had so much raw talent, Coach Warner more than likely designed much of his single-wing offense around this gifted athlete. Thorpe, the triple threat, was a good runner, passer. For much of the history of the formation, players were expected to play on both sides of the ball. Consequently, offensive players often turned around to play a corresponding location on defense, the offensive backs played defensive backs, just as the offensive linemen played defensive linemen. Unlike teams of today, single-wing teams had few specialists who only played on certain downs, college football playbooks prior to the 1950s were dominated with permutations of the traditional single-wing envisioned by Warner. Two-time All-American Jack Crains handwritten playbook clearly denotes how the University of Texas ran their version of the single-wing circa 1939-1940, University of Texas Coach Dana X. Bible ran a line, which means that there were the same numbers of linemen on each side of the center. Also, the ends were slightly split, slightly splitting offensive ends, called flexing, was in widespread use by Notre Dames Box variation of the single-wing. Knute Rocknes Notre Dame Box offense employed a balanced line, which had 3 linemen on each side of the center, another Rockne innovation was a shifting backfield that attempted to confuse the defense by moving backs to alternate positions right before the snap

5.
Stanford Stadium
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Stanford Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium in Stanford, California, on the campus of Stanford University. It is the home of the Stanford Cardinal college football team as well as the site of the commencement exercises. It originally opened 96 years ago in 1921 as a football and track stadium and its original seating capacity was 60,000, which grew to 89,000 by 1927 as a nearly enclosed bowl. Immediately following the 2005 season, the stadium was demolished and rebuilt as a concrete structure. Stanford Stadium was built in five months and opened its gates on November 19,1921, the first game was against rival California, who defeated Stanford 42–7 in the Big Game. Seating capacity was originally 60,000, with a 66-row, in 1925,10,200 seats were added to the stadium, nearly enclosing the horseshoe while still keeping the overall height of the facility intact. In 192714 additional rows of seating were added, increasing the stadium to its capacity of 85,500. In 1935, Stanford Stadium set a record for single-game attendance, in January 1985, Super Bowl XIX was held in Stanford Stadium, with the Bay Areas own San Francisco 49ers defeating the Miami Dolphins, 38–16. Stanford Stadium is one of two venues to host a Super Bowl without previously serving as the stadium of a National Football League or American Football League team. As of now, Super Bowl XIX is the only Super Bowl where the host region saw its team win, the stadium hast hosted international soccer matches for the 1984 Summer Olympics, the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup. Also, the San José Earthquakes plays a match since 2011. After hosting the New York Red Bulls the first year, the visiting has been the Los Angeles Galaxy since 2012, the stadium has gone a number of significant renovations since the 1920s. In 1960, a box was added, while the first. In 1994, prior to the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the level of the press box was expanded. The crown of the surface was also reduced. In honor of his gift, Stanford named the playing surface the Louis W. Foster Family Field at Stanford Stadium, various justifications for the renovation included poor sightlines in the existing stadium, long stairways, and lack of adequate restroom facilities. The track around the stadium had previously created a distance between the field and the spectators. The capacity of the new stadium was set to be approximately 50,000 seats made by Ducharme Seating and this was partially the result of San Franciscos failure to secure a bid for the 2012 Olympics, which would have featured a renovated Stanford Stadium as the main Olympic Venue

6.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail

7.
Rose Bowl Game
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The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game, usually played on January 1 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. When New Years Day falls on a Sunday, the game is played on Monday, the Rose Bowl is nicknamed The Granddaddy of Them All because it is the oldest bowl game. It was first played in 1902, and has played annually since 1916. Since 1945, it has been the highest attended college football bowl game and it is a part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Associations Americas New Year Celebration, which also includes the historic Rose Parade. Beginning with the 2015 game, the name for sponsorship reasons is the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Vizio was the sponsor from 2012, prior sponsors included AT&T, Sony. In 2015, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. In 2002 and 2006, under the Bowl Championship Series system, the Rose Bowl was designated as its championship game, beginning in 2015, the Rose Bowl has been part of the College Football Playoff system and hosts one of its semi-final games every three years. During non-Playoff years, the Rose Bowl reverts to a Pac-12/Big Ten matchup, originally titled the Tournament East–West football game, the first Rose Bowl was played on January 1,1902, starting the tradition of New Years Day bowl games. The football game was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of the Rose Parade, the inaugural game featured Fielding H. Michigan finished the season 11–0 and was crowned the national champion, yost had been Stanfords coach the previous year. The game was so lopsided that for the next 13 years, the Tournament of Roses officials ran chariot races, ostrich races, and other various events instead of football. But, on New Years Day 1916 football returned to stay as The State College of Washington defeated Brown University in the first annual Rose Bowl with that explicit name. Tournament Park was determined to be unsuitable for the larger and larger crowds gathering to watch the game, the Rose Bowl stadium, designed after the Yale Bowl in New Haven, then hosted the first Rose Bowl game in 1923. The name of the stadium was alternatively Tournament of Roses Stadium or Tournament of Roses Bowl, the stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its original construction in 1922. For many years, the Rose Bowl stadium had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States, the maximum stated seating capacity was 104,594 from 1972 to 1997. Capacity was lowered following the 1998 Rose Bowl, the 2006 Rose Bowl game, which was also the BCS championship game, had a crowd of 93,986, and a crowd of 94,118 saw the 2011 Rose Bowl game between TCU and Wisconsin. The Rose Bowl is also the only BCS bowl game that is held in a non-NFL stadium. S, during the last two years of World War I, teams from military bases met in the Rose Bowl

8.
Yankee Stadium (1923)
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Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the citys Major League Baseball franchises, from 1923 to 1973, the stadium hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the home of the New York Giants football team from 1956 through the first part of the 1973–74 football season. It has also known as The Big Ballpark in The Bronx, The Stadium. The stadium was built from 1922 to 1923 for $2.4 million, Yankee Stadium opened for the 1923 MLB season and at the time, it was hailed as a one-of-a-kind facility in the country for its size. Over the course of its history, it one of the most famous venues in the United States, having hosted a variety of events. The stadium went through many alterations and playing surface configurations over the years, the condition of the facility worsened in the 1960s and 1970s, prompting its closing for renovation from 1974 to 1975. The renovation significantly altered the appearance of the venue and reduced the distance of the outfield fences, in 2006, the Yankees began building a new $2.3 billion stadium in public parkland adjacent to the stadium. The price included $1.2 billion in public subsidies, the design includes a replica of the frieze along the roof that was in Yankee Stadium. Monument Park, a Hall of Fame for prominent former Yankees, was relocated to the new stadium, Yankee Stadium closed following the 2008 baseball season and the new stadium opened in 2009, adopting the Yankee Stadium moniker. The original Yankee Stadium was demolished in 2010, two years after it closed, and the 8-acre site was converted into a park called Heritage Field, the new Yankee stadium opened in 2009 and is currently used by the NY Yankees. The Yankees had played at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan since 1913, however, relations between the two teams were rocky, with the Giants harboring resentment towards the Yankees. For the 1920 season, the Yankees acquired star slugger Babe Ruth and in his first year with his new team, by the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued an eviction notice to the Yankees, which was soon rescinded. In 1921, the Yankees won their first American League pennant and this exacerbated Giants owner Charles Stonehams resentment of the Yankees and reinforced his insistence that the Yankees find another place to play their home games. The Giants derisively suggested that the Yankees relocate to Queens or some other out-of-the-way place, tillinghast LHommedieu Huston and Jacob Ruppert, the Yankees owners since January 1915, decided to build their own stadium. They did so at considerable financial risk and speculation, Baseball teams typically played in 30, 000-seat facilities, but Huston and Ruppert invoked Ruths name when asked how the Yankees could justify a ballpark with 60,000 seats. The total bill for construction of the stadium was $2.5 million, Huston and Ruppert explored many areas for Yankee Stadium. Of the other sites being considered, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, consideration was also given to building atop railroad tracks on the West Side of Manhattan and to Long Island City, in Queens

9.
Stanford, California
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Stanford is a census-designated place in Santa Clara County, California, United States and is the home of Stanford University. The population was 13,809 at the 2010 census, with a population of 35,000. Stanford is an area of Santa Clara County and is adjacent to the city of Palo Alto. Stanford, California is a postal address, and has its own post office. A popular landmark is the Dish, Stanford is located at 37°25′21″N 122°9′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.8 square miles. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Stanford has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. The 2010 United States Census reported that Stanford had a population of 13,809, the population density was 4,974.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Stanford was 7,932 White,651 African American,86 Native American,3,777 Asian,28 Pacific Islander,263 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,439 persons. The Census reported that 55. 6% of the lived in households and 44. 4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 159 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 15 same-sex married couples or partnerships,1,522 households were made up of individuals and 87 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96, there were 1,230 families, the average family size was 2.77. The median age was 22.6 years, for every 100 females there were 118.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.1 males, there were 3,999 housing units at an average density of 1,440.6 per square mile, of which 790 were owner-occupied, and 3,123 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0. 9%, the vacancy rate was 0. 9%. 2,022 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 5,657 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,314 people,3,207 households, the population density was 4,849.8 people per square mile. There were 3,315 housing units at a density of 1,207. 4/sq mi

10.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President

11.
Olympic Club
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The Olympic Club is an athletic club and private social club in San Francisco, California. First named the San Francisco Olympic Club, it is the oldest athletic club in the United States, established on May 6,1860, its first officers were President, G. W. Bell, Secretary, E. Bonnell, Treasurer, H. G. Hanks and its main City Clubhouse is located in San Franciscos Union Square district, and its three golf courses are in the southwestern corner of the city, at the border with Daly City. The Lakeside Clubhouse is located just north of the Daly City border, the three golf courses are named Lake, Ocean, and Cliffs. Lake and Ocean are 18-hole par-71 courses, and the Cliffs is a nine-hole par-3 course in the bluffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, All three venues are lined with many trees and offer views of the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Park. The United States Golf Association recognizes the Olympic Club as one of the first 100 golf clubs established in the United States, first named the San Francisco Olympic Club, it is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Established on May 6,1860, its first officers were President, bell, Secretary, E. Bonnell, Treasurer, H. G. Hanks, and Leader, Arthur Nahl. James J. Corbett, the boxing champion from 1892 to 1897. He later went on to boxing at the club for many years. On January 2,1893 the club opened its first permanent clubhouse on Post Street and that building did not survive the San Francisco earthquake. Women who wished to join the Olympic Club but were prevented by its men-only policy built their own athletic club a few doors down. Begun in 1912 and completed in 1917, it provided many of the facilities as the Olympic Club. In 1966, the Club changed its name to the Metropolitan Club of San Francisco, in 1987, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne filed suit against the Olympic Club for discrimination against women and against minorities. Renne contended that the Clubs lease of City-owned land upon which one hole of the Lake Course, rather than face a protracted legal case with an uncertain outcome, the board voted to accept women as members in 1990. The allegation involving minorities was withdrawn, in 1918, the club took over the Lakeside Golf Club, which had just opened in 1917 but was struggling financially. Lakeside had one 18-hole golf course designed by Wilfrid Reid, and these were designed by Willie Watson, a well-known Scottish architect, and the Lake and Ocean courses opened in 1924. The Ocean course was shortly thereafter damaged by landslides, and Sam Whiting remodeled, in 1953, the Lake course was modified by Robert Trent Jones in preparation for the 1955 U. S. Open. The Ocean course was altered several times over the years, and following heavy damage in 1996 was completely redesigned by Tom Weiskopf

12.
Hayward Field
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Hayward Field is one of the worlds best-known historic track and field stadiums, located in the northwest United States in Eugene, Oregon. Nearly a century in age, it has been the home of the University of Oregons track and field teams since 1921, Hayward Field was named after track coach Bill Hayward, who ran the Ducks program from 1904 to 1947. Renovated in 2004, it is one of only five International Association of Athletics Federations Class 1 certified tracks in the United States, the elevation of Hayward Field is approximately 420 feet above sea level and its infield has a conventional north-south orientation. The Pacific Ocean is approximately fifty miles to the west, separated by the Coast Range, Hayward was built 98 years ago in 1919 to replace Kincaid Field, and was intended to primarily serve the schools football program. In 1921, a cinder track was constructed around the football field. A natural grass field was first installed at Hayward Field in 1937, in 1949, a 28-row grandstand in the south end zone was constructed, with temporary bleachers in adjacent corners, the venues capacity was raised to 22,500 for football. By the 1960s, the team had outgrown the venue and, outside of the Civil War game with Oregon State. The track was widened to eight lanes in late in the summer of 1969 and its first synthetic track was Pro-Turf, a urethane and sand composite which led to a hard and fast surface, it produced many world records and gained a reputation as the earths fastest track. Light in color, it was resurfaced with the same in 1976, decayed and in disrepair, the original west grandstand was built in 1925 and its roof added in 1938. It was demolished in September 1973, and the line was moved to the tracks northeast corner for the 1974 season. The new west grandstand, also made of wood with a capacity of 4,300 spectators, was ready for use in March 1975, the Prefontaine Classic originated as the Hayward Field Restoration Meet in 1973, to help raise funds for a new west grandstand. The track was converted to metric in the summer of 1987, its lap length changed from 440 yards to 400 meters, the geometry of the track was changed to the international configuration, with shorter straights and longer turns. This widening of the infield required the relocation of the 300-foot, 500-ton east grandstand, the surface was again Pro-Turf, but with different surface properties, a textured top layer and a reddish color. In addition, a 200 m warmup track was added to the southwest of the track, along with a new hammer throw area. A state-of-the-art scoreboard was added in 1991, which gave unofficial times, bowerman began a public jogging program at Hayward Field in 1963 after a visit to New Zealand, inspired by coach Arthur Lydiard. A major renovation in 2004 added a new entrance named Powell Plaza and it also moved the practice track, expanded it to 400 meters, and replaced the aging fencing bordering the complex. After Hayward Field was awarded the 2008 U. S. Olympic Trials, eight light poles were installed for televised night events, and the crowned infield was removed and reconfigured. A walkway was added behind the west grandstand, and a new scoreboard was installed, thanks to a donation by alumnus Phil Knight and Nike

13.
Eugene, Oregon
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Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 160,561 by the US Census. Eugene is home to the University of Oregon and Lane Community College, the city is also noted for its natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and focus on the arts. Eugenes official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors and it is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town, USA. The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene, in 2021, the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships. The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans and they made seasonal rounds, moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village, when crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading. They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived Chifin, other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and they were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans were related to the Pee-you and it is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene. According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years, French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, by 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, in July,1830, intermittent fever struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U. S. ship, Owyhee, intermittent fever is thought by researchers now to be malaria. In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841 and this catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations, though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856. Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society

14.
Kezar Stadium
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Kezar Stadium is an outdoor athletics stadium in San Francisco, California, located adjacent to Kezar Pavilion in the southeastern corner of Golden Gate Park. It is the home of the San Francisco 49ers and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League. It also served as the home of the California Victory of the USL First Division before the club folded, in 1920, Jack Spaulding proposed an athletics stadium for San Francisco, seating 50,000. Many business leaders in The City backed him, as it would keep San Francisco level with other cities with large stadiums, after the City and County of San Francisco appropriated an additional $200,000, the stadium was built in a year. Dedication ceremonies were on May 2,1925, and featured a two-mile footrace between Ville Ritola and Paavo Nurmi of Finland, two of the runners of the era. The stadium had many uses in the 1930s, in addition to track and field competitions, Kezar Stadium hosted motorcycle racing, auto racing, rugby, lacrosse, soccer, baseball, boxing, cricket, and football. In September 1932, the Australian Cricket Team played a North California all-star team in the Australians 56-game tour of the U. S. and Canada. The stadium was home to several colleges such as Santa Clara, USF, St. Marys. In 1926 the Stadium also became the home of the East-West Shrine Game, the Bruce-Mahoney rivalry football game between St. Ignatius College Preparatory and Sacred Heart Cathedral Prep is held at the new stadium. The annual East-West Shrine Game of 1931 was replaced by a raucous Knights of Columbus game featuring the Savoldi All-Stars, prescott Sullivan, noted San Francisco Chronicle sportswriter, recounted the days events in his January 26th column. More than 30,000 customers put the Knights of Columbus’ grid finales over in a big way and saw “Jumping Joe” and his playmates cinch their victory with two spectacular fourth period touchdowns. These runs, end to end, constituted a very sizable days work for Jumping Joe, and the crowd showed its deep appreciation by mobbing him at the finish of the ball game. Savoldi managed to escape by throwing his headgear to the milling throng, more than 200 enthusiastic souvenir hunters joined in the fight, which continued to rage unabated outside the stadium after police had managed to chase the combatants from the big bowl. Numerous black eyes were exchanged before mounted police finally quelled the uprising, Stanford University played four of its home football games at Kezar, one in 1928 and three in 1942. Stanford was also part of the major college football double header in 1940. Kezar Stadium was the first home of the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders, as well many NFL Hall of Famers, historical NFL games, and the first alley-oop. The 49ers played the final NFL game at Kezar in early 1971, losing the 1970 NFC Championship Game to the Dallas Cowboys, 17–10, the 49ers moved to the more modern and accessible Candlestick Park for the 1971 season, and played there through 2013. The Stingrayz were one of the Bay Areas women tackle football teams in the Womens Professional Football League, months after the 49ers departure, several scenes from the 1971 film Dirty Harry were filmed at and above the stadium

15.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush

16.
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
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The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California Trojans football team, the facility has a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference. For Rams games, capacity is at 80,000, giving it the fourth-largest capacity in the NFL, the stadium is located in Exposition Park and across the street from USC. From 1959 to 2016, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was located adjacent to the Coliseum, the Coliseum is the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1932 and 1984 and has been proposed to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The stadium was the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 1958 to 1961 and was the host venue for games 3,4. It was the site of the First AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later called Super Bowl I, additionally, it has served as a home field for a number of other teams, including the Los Angeles Raiders of the NFL, and UCLA Bruins football. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 27,1984, under the lease the University has day-to-day management and operation responsibility for both the Coliseum and Sports Arena. The 98-year lease took effect on July 29,2013, and was signed by the parties on September 5,2013. The Coliseum is now primarily the home of the USC Trojans football team, Most of USCs regular home games, especially the alternating games with rivals UCLA and Notre Dame, attract a capacity crowd. The current official capacity of the Coliseum is 93,607, USCs women lacrosse and soccer teams use the Coliseum for selected games, usually involving major opponents and televised games. USC also rents the Coliseum to various events, including soccer games, musical concerts. The Olympic Cauldron was built for the stadiums two Olympic Games and it is still lit during the fourth quarter of USC football games, and other special occasions. It was lit to honor the fallen Israeli Athletes from the 1972 Munich Olympics Games and it was also lit for several days following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The torch was lit for over a following the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2004, the cauldron was lit non-stop for seven days in tribute to president Ronald Reagan and it was lit again in April 2005 following the death of Pope John Paul II, who had celebrated Mass at the Coliseum during his visit to Los Angeles in 1987. At the Los Angeles Dodgers 50th anniversary game on March 29,2008, charity ceremony, while Neil Diamonds Heartlight was played and the majority of the attendees turned on their complimentary souvenir keychain flashlights. It was lit for the duration of Special Olympics World Games held in Los Angeles from July 25,2015 to August 2,2015, the cauldron was most recently lit for the returning Los Angeles Rams first home game on September 18,2016 against the Seattle Seahawks. The Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to L. A. veterans of World War I, the official ground breaking ceremony took place on December 21,1921 with work being completed in just over 16 months, on May 1,1923

17.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital

18.
Santa Clara Broncos football
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The Santa Clara Broncos football program were the intercollegiate American football team for Santa Clara University located in Santa Clara, California. Santa Clara played their first football game against St. Marys College in San Francisco in 1896, Santa Clara enjoyed major college football success as the Notre Dame of the West in the 1930s continuing into the 1950s. The pinnacle of success was perhaps Buck Shaws Broncos winning the Sugar Bowl in 1936 and 1937. Football was reinstated in 1956, first as a club program, Santa Clara competed favorably at this level, producing NFL players like Brent Jones, Dan Pastorini, and Doug Cosbie. In 1993, new NCAA legislation prohibited football programs from playing down, Santa Clara, who had always played all other sports at the NCAA Division I level, had to either elevate their program to Division I, or disband. The University chose the latter, much to the disappointment of the student body, Santa Clara compiled an all-time record of 352–244–28. At the conclusion of the 1992 season, the Santa Clara football program was discontinued due to new NCAA regulations which mandated all sports be played at the level at each university. Santa Clara had fielded all Division I teams with the exception of the Division II football team, and elected not to field a team at the Division I-AA level

19.
California Memorial Stadium
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California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California. Commonly known as Memorial Stadium, it is the field for the University of California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference. The venue opened in 1923 and currently seats around 63,000 fans for football, the playing field runs NW-SE, at an elevation of 410 feet above sea level, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 27,2006. The stadium is located on the Hayward Fault, which passes directly under the playing field, Memorial Stadium was funded from public contributions, as a memorial to Californians who lost their lives in World War I. The chair of the committee was John Galen Howard, the universitys chief architect. This has earned it a reputation as one of the most scenic venues in college football, on February 14,1885, the first football game was played on the University of California campus between the hometown Bears and a football club from San Francisco known as the Merions. The field was located where the Valley Life Sciences Building currently stands, in subsequent years, the field was officially named West Field and was expanded to hold around 5,000 spectators. However, by 1904, Californias football team had become so popular that West Field became too small, therefore, California Field opened its doors in 1904 to replace the antiquated West Field and the boosted capacity allowed California to host important games for the first time. The new stadium was located closer to the center of campus and was able to draw unprecedented crowds for the time. California Field is also notable because it is many of Californias longstanding traditions began to take form. In 1910, the first card stunt was performed at the Big Game and after victories, California Field is also where the Golden Bears gained national prominence under head coach Andrew Latham Smith. Four of the Bears five consecutive undefeated seasons were played at California Field, because of this success, it became evident that California needed an even larger venue to host its football team, therefore, the team and its fans began pushing for a new stadium. The early 1920s saw four major collegiate venues open in the State of California, Stanford Stadium, the Rose Bowl, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and California Memorial Stadium. One of the first proposals for a new stadium was on the corner of the campus where Edwards Stadium. This proposal was rejected and the regents settled on a site at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon. The location caused controversy, but the popularity of Andy Smiths Wonder Teams prevailed. WIth the funding secured, the university broke ground in January 1923 hoping to open the new stadium in time for the 1923 Big Game. Both teams were having a season in 1923 with California going undefeated up to that point

20.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan

21.
Big Game (American football)
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First played 125 years ago in 1892, it is one of the oldest college rivalries in the United States. The game is played in late November or early December. In even-numbered years, the game is played at Berkeley, while in odd-numbered years it is played at Stanford, Stanford has won the last seven games, the latest at Memorial Stadium 45–31. The Big Game is the oldest college football rivalry in the West, while an undergraduate at Stanford, future U. S. President Herbert Hoover was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams. He helped organize the inaugural Big Game, along with his friend Cal manager Herbert Lang, only 10,000 tickets were printed for the game but 20,000 people showed up. Hoover and Lang scrambled to find pots, bowls and any other available receptacles to collect the admission fees, the term Big Game was first used in 1900, when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco. Fred Lilly, the last victim of the disaster, died on December 4,1900, to this day, the Thanksgiving Day Disaster remains the deadliest accident to kill spectators at a U. S. sporting event. In 1906, citing concerns about the violence in football, both schools dropped football in favor of rugby, which was played for the Big Games of 1906–14, the first incidence of card stunts was performed by Cal fans at the halftime of the 1910 Big Game. California resumed playing football in 1915, but Stanfords rugby teams continued until 1917, from 1915–1917, Californias Big Game was their game against Washington, while Stanford played Santa Clara as their rugby Big Game. The game resumed as football in 1919, and has played as such every year since, except from 1943 to 1945. A handful of Stanford starters—including guards Jim Cox, Bill Hachten and Fred Boensch, running back George Quist, Quist returned to Stanford, playing against Cal in the 1946 Big Game. Scenes for the Harold Lloyd silent classic The Freshman were filmed at California Memorial Stadium during halftime of the 1924 Big Game, since 1933, the victor of the game has been awarded possession of the Stanford Axe. If a game ended in a tie, the Axe stayed on the side that already possessed it, this rule became obsolete in 1996 when the NCAA instituted overtime. In 2013, the new Levis Stadium in Santa Clara was proposed as the site of the 2014 Big Game, the 2015 game would then be held in Berkeley, reversing the current rotation of odd-numbered years at Stanford and even-numbered years at Cal. But several days later Cal declined the offer, both teams came into the game unbeaten with a berth in the 1925 Rose Bowl on the line. With its star Ernie Nevers sidelined due to injuries, Stanford trailed 20–6 with under 5 minutes to go, but rallied to score twice to force a 20–20 tie and earn the Rose Bowl bid. In the 50th Big Game, winless Stanford led the 8–1 Bears with less than three minutes left in the game, but Cal scored on an 80-yard touchdown pass to clinch a 21–18 victory. Stanford quarterback Dick Norman threw for 401 yards, but it was not enough to hold off the Bears, Cal drove 62 yards in the final 1,13, culminating in a Vince Ferragamo touchdown pass to Steve Sweeney for a last-second 24–22 Cal victory

22.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

23.
Bill Walsh Legacy Game
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The series between San Jose State and Stanford began in 1900 with a home-and-home series between the two schools in the same season. Stanford won both games, 35–0 on October 11,1900 in San Jose and 24–0 on October 24,1900 at Stanford, on November 13,1954, San Jose State defeated Stanford for the first time, with a 19–14 score. Throughout the over-100-year history of the series, most games in series have been played at Stanford. Since Spartan Stadium at San Jose State opened in 1933, only the 1995,2001, stanfords longest winning streak in this series is 11, beginning in 1900 and ending in 1953. This win streak covered the first 11 games in the series, San Jose States longest winning streak is three, achieved from 1981 to 1983 and again from 1998 to 2000. The games from 1979 to 1982 pitted Stanford star quarterback John Elway against his father, Jack Elway, who served as the SJSU head football coach from 1979 to 1983. The two teams split the series 2–2, with the younger Elway defeating his fathers team in 1979 and 1980, and the elder Jack Elway defeating his sons team in 1981 and 1982. In 2007, following the death of San Jose State alum and former Stanford coach Bill Walsh, the near-annual game played between the two schools was renamed the Bill Walsh Legacy Game. The 2013 game, a 34–13 win for Stanford, is the scheduled game between the two schools, reportedly due to the schools being unable to agree on a home-and-home setup for future games. San Jose State athletic director Gene Bleymaier later stated, Even if we have to look out to 2020 and beyond, San Jose State is booked for 2015, and Stanford is booked for 2016. Stanford designated its August 30,2014 season opener against UC Davis as the Bill Walsh Legacy Game, San Jose State victories shaded in ██ blue. Stanford victories are shaded ██ cardinal, numbers in parenthesis after school name indicate AP Poll ranking at the time of the game. Source for scores and game locations, Source for AP rankings, sports-reference. com schedules for Stanford

24.
Stanford Tree
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The Stanford Tree is the Stanford Bands mascot and the unofficial mascot of Stanford University. Stanfords team name is Cardinal, referring to the red color. The Tree, in versions, has been called one of Americas most bizarre. The tree regularly appears at the top of Internet worst mascot lists but has appeared on at least one list of top mascots. The Tree is a member of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band and appears at games, basketball games. The Tree is representative of El Palo Alto, the tree appears on both the official seal of the University and the municipal seal of Palo Alto, Stanfords nearby city. From 1930 until 1972, Stanfords sports teams had been known as the Indians, Stanfords teams reverted unofficially to the name Cardinal, the color that had represented the school before 1930. From 1972 until 1981, Stanford’s official nickname was the Cardinal, a 1972 student referendum on the issue was in favor of restoring the Indian, while a second 1975 referendum was against. The Robber Barons won, but the administration refused to implement the vote. In 1978,225 varsity athletes started a petition for the mascot to be the griffin, finally, in 1981, President Donald Kennedy declared that all Stanford athletic teams would be represented exclusively by the color cardinal. The Tree ended up receiving so much attention that the band decided to make it a permanent fixture. The original Tree costume was conceived and constructed by Christine Hutson, when she left Stanford, she passed along the costume and the role of the Tree to a conga drum player in the band, Robert David Siegel. In the spring of 1987, Paul Kelly wrote a column in the Stanford Daily lamenting the lame stature of the mascot since it was, at that time. Responding to the dare, the major and others responded by having Tree Tryouts at the Shak at 2am on a Sat morning. Kelly was the one who showed up. They put a song on the tape while the keg flowed freely, Kelly made a fool of himself dancing. At 5am, approximately 25 band members were outside his dorm with All I Ever and they gave Kelly one week to prepare a costume before a mens home basketball game. Kelly spent the following summer designing and building the first true Stanford Tree complete with surf shorts, at the 1987 Big Game, Kelly was attacked by several Cal Students that had run onto the field during the half time show

25.
All Right Now
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All Right Now is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart, All Right Now originally appeared on the album Fire and Water, which Free recorded on the Island Records label, formed by Chris Blackwell. In 1991, the song was remixed and re-released, reaching #8 on the UK singles chart. All Right Now was a #1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP in 1990 for garnering 1,000,000 plus radio plays in the U. S. by late 1989. In 2006, the BMI London awards included a Million Air award for 3 million air plays of All Right Now in the USA. According to drummer Simon Kirke, All Right Now was written by bassist Andy Fraser and singer Paul Rodgers in the Durham Students Union building, one of the engineers during the recordings of All Right Now was Roy Thomas Baker, who would later become Queens producer. The single was only to Virgin Records executives and never issued to the public. Since 1972, All Right Now as arranged by Stanford Band has been the de facto fight song of Stanford University athletic teams

26.
Stanford Band
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The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band is the student marching band of Stanford University. Billing itself as The Worlds Largest Rock and Roll Band, the Stanford Band performs at sporting events, student activities, the LSJUMB was formed in 1893. However, its modern era began in 1963 with the hiring of Arthur P. Barnes as interim director, previous director Julius Shuchat had been very popular, and his ouster caused several members to go on strike. However, according to lore, Barnes immediately won the bands loyalty by ceding any meaningful control over it. As a result, the band is almost entirely student-run, in 1972, the Band went from an all-male band to co-ed. When it was played at the Big Game against Cal, just eight days after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Barnes said, Ive never heard such a loud silence. Its Badonkadonk Land Cruiser, resembling a vehicle from the science fiction movie Return of the Jedi), is used as a support vehicle. The bands repertoire is heavy on rock of the 1970s, particularly songs by Tower of Power, Santana. In the 1990s, more music was introduced, including songs by Green Day. For many years, it has billed itself as The Worlds Largest Rock n Roll Band, the de facto fight song is All Right Now, originally performed by Free. Another frequently played song in their repertoire is White Punks on Dope, the band prides itself on its vast song selection, never playing the same song twice in one day. It has a library of over 1,000 songs at its disposal,69 of which are in active rotation, one of the first collegiate marching bands to record and release their music, the band has produced thirteen albums since 1967. Arrangements focus on the loudest brass instruments—trumpets, mellophones, and trombones—and percussion—one bass drum, snare drums, and single tenor drums. This led a Rolling Stone writer to note in 1987, Its hard for anyone raised on rock to imagine that a band could sound this loud without thousands of watts of amplification, many traditional band instruments like bells and glockenspiels are altogether absent. Traditional marching is also missing, as the band scatters from one formation to the next, the halftime field shows feature formations that are silly or suggestive shapes, as well as words. A team of Stanford students writes a script for the show, delivered over the public address system. Irreverence has been a mainstay of the band through its over half-century as a scatter band, the Bands most infamous and controversial moment, however, had nothing to do with its irreverence. The Play is celebrated by Cal fans and inspires the ire of many Stanford fans, to this day, it remains one of the most famous and controversial plays in American football history

27.
The Play (American football)
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The Play was a last-second kickoff return during a college football game between the Stanford Cardinal and California Golden Bears on Saturday, November 20,1982. Stanford took a 20–19 lead on a goal with four seconds left. The Golden Bears used five lateral passes on the kickoff return to score the winning touchdown. Members of the Stanford Band came onto the field midway through the return, believing that the game was over, there remains disagreement over the legality of two of the backward pass attempts, adding to the passion surrounding the traditional rivalry of the annual Big Game. This was the two teams 85th Big Game, and was played on Cals home field, California Memorial Stadium, Although Cal was guaranteed a winning record for the season, no bowl game was looking to invite them. The Cardinal football squad was in the midst of an exciting season—they were 5–5 but had victories over highly ranked Ohio State, in fact, representatives of the Hall of Fame Classic committee were in attendance, apparently to extend an invitation to Stanford, if the Cardinal won. Also at stake was possession of the Stanford Axe, a trophy that is awarded to the winner of this annual matchup. The plaque upon which the Axe is mounted carries the scores of previous Big Games, Elway called a timeout with 8 seconds left on the clock. Had Elway let the clock run down to four seconds before calling time, but Elway was under instruction from coach Paul Wiggin to call timeout at the 8 second mark to allow time for a second field goal try in case Stanford drew a penalty on the first attempt. Harmons 35-yard kick was good, putting Stanford ahead 20–19, however, the teams celebrations drew a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, enforced on the ensuing kickoff. This was crucial, as Stanford was now kicking off from their 25 instead of the 40, at that point, Cal announcer Joe Starkey praised Stanford and Elway for their efforts, and added, Only a miracle can save the Bears now. With 4 seconds left, Stanford special teams coach Fred von Appen called for a kick on the kickoff. Due to confusion, Cal took the field with only 10 men, one short of the regulation eleven, what happened next became one of the most debated and dissected plays in college football history. Harmon squibbed the kick and Cals Kevin Moen received the ball inside the Cal 45 near the left hash mark, after some ineffective scrambling, Moen lateraled the ball leftward to Richard Rodgers. Rodgers was very quickly surrounded, gaining only one yard before looking behind him for Dwight Garner, Garner ran straight ahead for five yards, but was swallowed up by five Stanford players. While Garner was being tackled, however, he managed to pitch the ball back to Rodgers. It was at this moment, believing that Garner had been tackled and the game was over, that several Stanford players on the sideline and the entire Stanford band ran onto the field in celebration. Rodgers dodged another Stanford player and took the ball to his right, toward the middle of the field, around the Stanford 45, Rodgers pitched the ball to Mariet Ford, who caught it in stride

28.
Stanford Axe
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The Stanford Axe is a trophy awarded to the winner of the annual Big Game, a college football match-up between the University of California Golden Bears and the Stanford University Cardinal. The trophy consists of an axe-head mounted on a wooden plaque. Stanford has held the Axe since 2010, most recently retaining it after defeating Cal 45-31 in 2016, the Stanford Axe was originally a standard 12-inch lumbermans axe. Give em the axe, the axe, the axe, Give em the axe, give em the axe, Give em the axe, where. Right in the neck, in the neck, in the neck, Right in the neck, in the neck, in the neck. Right in the neck, right in the neck, Right in the neck, the Axe made its second appearance two days later on April 15,1899 at a Cal-Stanford baseball game played at 16th Street and Folsom in San Francisco. Led by Billy Erb, the Stanford yell leaders paraded the Axe and used it to chop up blue and gold ribbon after every play by the Stanford team. However, Stanford lost the game and the series, and the leaders debated if the Axe was a jinx. As Stanford students discussed the Axes fate, a group of Cal students seized it and ran off with the Axe. It in turn was passed from student to student, and a chase ensued through the streets of San Francisco, first followed by Stanford students and fans, during the chase, the Axes handle was broken off. Cal student Clint Miller, who was wearing an overcoat so he could conceal the axe head, was the last to handle the Axe. As he reached the Ferry Building, he noticed the police inspecting the pockets of every boarding male passenger, as luck would have it, Miller encountered an old girlfriend, Agnes. Two days later, Cal held its first Axe Rally, for the next 31 years, the Axe stayed in Berkeley as a prize of conquest. In 1930, twenty-one Stanford students plotted to take back the Axe from Cal and this group became known in Stanford lore as the Immortal 21, Cal partisans call them the Immoral 21. Cals protection of the Axe at the time was intense—it was kept in a Berkeley bank vault and brought out, in a car, only for spring baseball. In the subsequent scuffle, the Stanford students grabbed the Axe while several others disguised as Cal students tossed a tear gas bomb at the Cal students who guarded it, the Axe was taken to one of three cars which sped off in different directions. Several other Stanford students further delayed attempts to recover the Axe by organizing a search party away from the direction of the getaway cars, although several of the raiders were caught, the Axe made it back to Stanford where it was paraded around the campus. For three years after the raid on Berkeley the Stanford Axe lay in a Palo Alto bank vault while both universities decided what to do with it

29.
T formation
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In American football, a T formation is a formation used by the offensive team in which three running backs line up in a row about five yards behind the quarterback, forming the shape of a T. The T formation is said to be the oldest offensive formation in American football and is claimed to have been invented by Walter Camp in 1882. However, as the pass was legalized, the original T became obsolete in favor of formations such as the single wing. Innovations, such as a smaller, more throwing-friendly ball, along with the invention of the snap in the 1930s. The original T formation is used today, but it was successful in the first half of the 20th century. The formation led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game, Shaughnessy helped the Bears prepare for the game against the Redskins. He has been called The father of the T formation, the T-formation was viewed as a complicated gadget offense by early football coaches. Shaughnessy was as an advisor to Halas in the 1930s athehead coach at the University of Chicago, the T became much more viable in 1933 when passing was legalized anywhere behind the line of scrimmage. Halas recruited Solly Sherman, the Quarterback for the University of Chicago because of his experience with the T-Formation under Clark Shaughnessy, Solly then taught Sid Luckman the system. Sherman, a half back, had torn his meniscus in college. Eventually he played backup to Sid Luckman with the Bears in 1939 and 1940, Sid Luckman went on to win four NFL championships in the 1940s. The last team to run the single-wing in the NFL, the Pittsburgh Steelers, since that time, the T, and all its variants, have dominated offensive football and created the American football now employed throughout the NCAA and NFL. The T is referenced in the Chicago Bears fight song, Bear Down, Chicago Bears, well never forget the way you thrilled the nation, with your T formation. Additionally, two books detail the development of the T with the Bears, the Chicago Bears by Howard Roberts written in 1947, credits several coaches including Ralph Jones and Clark Shaughnessy for upgrading the T and teaching it to a succession of Bears QBs. The Wow Boys by James W. Johnson written in 2006 tells the story of the Stanford University football season of 1940, the arrival of Shaughnessy and his T offense led to a 10-0 season and a victory in the Rose Bowl over heavily favored University of Nebraska. The Bears thumping of the Washington Redskins 73-0 a few weeks later caused a sensation, the T swept college and pro football. The brain trust that created the T was always anchored by Coach Halas, who had the savvy for what worked, while unpopular today, the key innovations of the T still dominate offensive football. The T was the first offense in which the quarterback took the snap from under center, other offenses used the QB primarily as a blocker and the snap usually went to a halfback or tailback

In American and Canadian football, a single-wing formation, created by Glenn "Pop" Warner, was a precursor to the …

Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner at the University of Pittsburgh in 1917.

The single-wing melon-shaped ball measures from 28 to 22 inches in circumference, while the modern ball measures approximately 21 inches.

Double Wing Formation

Typical Single Wing set. Note the unbalanced line. "C" will snap the ball, even though he is not strictly in the center. This diagram uses the modern terms. In the original single wing, the primary ball handler was called the "tailback" and "quarterback" was used as a blocking back.