▼ Indigenous people tend to consult traditional healers when a family member manifests change in behaviour, whilst conventional treatment disregards spirituality when preserving mental health. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of indigenous people and the role of traditional healers in the management of mentally ill persons within the Cacadu District in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study has adopted a qualitative approach which was exploratory and descriptive in nature.
The sample consisted of nine relatives of mental health care users (MHCUs) and six traditional healers. Ethical principles were also taken into consideration by the researcher during the process of conducting the study. Data were collected from two strata, namely, relatives of the MHCUs and the traditional healers and an interview guide was used to conduct in-depth face-to-face interviews. Data were analysed using Tesch’s method of data analysis. Four themes emerged from the data categories and sub categories were identified. According to the themes participants indicated the negative impact of mental illness; as a result they portrayed great desperation regarding the means of accessing a cure for mental illness. Some participants showed insufficient knowledge regarding mental illness and had different perceptions and beliefs regarding the origin of mental illness.
Available literature was used to emphasise and support the views that were expressed by both traditional healers and relatives of MHCUs. It has been highlighted from this study that indigenous people of Cacadu District view mental illness as spiritual in origin but they include Western medication for the benefit of the mentally ill. In addition, the relatives of the MHCUs highlighted the economic burden as the major problem that results from mental illness.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mrs N.I.N. magadla, Dr. N. Tshotsho.

Tilolo, L. (2016). Perceptions of indigenous people regarding mental illness at Cacadu district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021323

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Tilolo, Lwazi. “Perceptions of indigenous people regarding mental illness at Cacadu district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021323.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Tilolo, Lwazi. “Perceptions of indigenous people regarding mental illness at Cacadu district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.” 2016. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Tilolo L. Perceptions of indigenous people regarding mental illness at Cacadu district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2016. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021323.

Council of Science Editors:

Tilolo L. Perceptions of indigenous people regarding mental illness at Cacadu district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021323

2.
Nkele Dorcus Malahlela.
Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa.

► Community food gardens are regarded as a means through which rural households can improve their livelihoods. This study explores the contribution of community food gardens…
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▼ Community food gardens are regarded as a means through which rural households can improve their livelihoods. This study explores the contribution of community food gardens (CFG) to livelihoods in the Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality in the Limpopo province. The objectives of this study are, firstly to explore the reason behind CFG participation and the reasons behind the participating possibility. Secondly, the study seeks to identify the socio-economic factors influencing the participation of households in CFG and lastly to determine the influence of CFG and other socio-economic variables on household food security status (HFSS).
Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe the socio-economic characteristics and the reasons behind CFG participation and the reasons behind the participating possibility. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyse the determinants of household participation in community food gardens as well as the contribution of CFG to HFSS on Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 21. Through a structured questionnaire, data was collected from a sample of 180 households which was obtained using multistage sampling.
Descriptive results on the characteristics of sampled households revealed that there are high levels of food security in the area with 70% being food secure of which around 42.2% are CFG participants and 30% are food insecure. Furthermore the descriptive statistical analysis indicated that participation of households in CFG is mainly to obtain a source of food among the CFG participants and to generate income amongst the non-participants. On the basis of descriptive analysis, this study concludes that source of food and income generation respectively are the main reasons behind CFG participation and the possibilities of becoming a participant. Therefore the study accepts the research hypothesis stating that “There are social and economic reasons behind household participation and the possibilities of participating in CFG”.
Binary results for the determinants of CFG participation revealed that socio-economic variables such as household size, farm income, household monthly income, land size, household perception, marital status, agricultural training and homestead gardening significantly influence household decisions to participate in CFG.
This is an implication that socio-economic variables tested in this study are significantly influential to the household decision to participate in CFG, leading to the acceptance of the first hypothesis which states that “Socioeconomic factors determine the community food garden ownership or participation”. The results of the contribution made by CFG to HFSS showed that socioeconomic variables such as gender, age, household size, farm income, educational level, household monthly income, marital status, information access, formal employment status and CFG involvement significantly affect household food security status in the study area.
The result indicates a positive contribution to HFSS and implies that…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. A Mushunje.

Malahlela, N. D. (2014). Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021330

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Malahlela, Nkele Dorcus. “Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021330.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Malahlela, Nkele Dorcus. “Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa.” 2014. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Malahlela ND. Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021330.

Council of Science Editors:

Malahlela ND. Socio-economic Contribution of Community Food Gardens to the Livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021330

► South Africa and other developing countries are grappling with high levels of poverty as a result of slow to negligible rural development. Irrigation development is…
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▼ South Africa and other developing countries are grappling with high levels of poverty as a result of slow to negligible rural development. Irrigation development is one essential component that can be used to address the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in rural areas. In the President‟s “State of the Nation Address” in 2011, the President of South Africa outlined measures to reduce hunger and poverty in communal areas through enhanced government‟s expenditures in rural infrastructure developments, especially for such amenities as irrigation and roads, with a view to promoting food security. The broad objective of this study is to assess livelihood strategies and opportunities with regard to farming in Qamata area of Intsika Yethu Local Municipality. The stratified random sampling method was applied in order to choose a sample of 70 household that were interviewed by means of semi-structured questionnaires. Out of these, 53 belonged to the irrigation project and 17 farmers were non-irrigation farmers. The results show that women play an active role in agriculture. The Multiple Regression model was used to assess the relative importance of different livelihood strategies adopted by both irrigation and non-irrigation farmers in improving household food security and welfare in Qamata. More specifically, the study assessed the impact of different livelihood strategies on production of butternut, goats, maize and poultry (Chicken) in Qamata. The results show increased agricultural production, crop diversification and higher incomes from irrigation farming as compared to dry land farming. Irrigation farming has enabled many households to diversify their sources of income and therefore include activities and enterprises that contribute to enhanced household welfare. The study showed that household size is crucial in crop production, followed by gender of the household head. The government and research institutes need to come up with programmes to train people on ways to produce crop and livestock products more efficiently.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. Obi A..

► Resistance of human pathogenic bacterial strains results in selective pressure against known antibiotic. However, plant derived compounds that possess antibacterial potential are currently being investigated…
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▼ Resistance of human pathogenic bacterial strains results in selective pressure against known
antibiotic. However, plant derived compounds that possess antibacterial potential are currently
being investigated for treatment of wound infections in diabetic patients as they are inexpensive
and non-toxic. Hence, this dissertation was designed to evaluate two medicinal plants
(Brachylaena elliptica and Brachylaena ilicifolia) traditionally used in the treatment of various
diseases such as diabetes, and its secondary complications in diabetic patients. The in vitro
antioxidant activity of both plants were evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-diphenylhydrazl), ferric
reducing power, ABTS (2, 2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), NO (nitric
oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) techniques. The antibacterial test and Minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method against 5 bacteria strains
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogene, Proteus vulgaris and
Proteus mirabilis) infecting wounds in diabetic patients using amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as
positive control. The phytochemical analyses were assessed using standard published methods.
Identification of bioactive components in essential oils of both plants were assessed using GCMS.
The aqueous and ethanol extracts of both plants were also evaluated to identify bioactive
components using LC-MS. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of
phenols, tannins, flavanoids, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and alkaloids in both plants.
Both plants indicated strong antioxidant activities which might be due to the presence of bioactive
compounds. The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants demonstrated
appreciable broad spectrum activities against these wound pathogens with MIC ranging between
5 and 0.3 mg/ml. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils of both plants revealed the presence
of monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, phenolics and esters. The LC-MS analysis of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants showed that both plants are rich in alkaloids,
terpenes, terpenoids, monoterpernoids, and flavanoids. Conclusively, this study has partially
justified the ethnomedicinal use of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia leaves for the treatment of various
diseases, including diabetes and wound infections caused by bacteria in diabetic patients. These
may be attributed to the presence of antioxidant compound such as phenols, flavanoids, saponins,
tannins, alkaloids and other phytochemical compounds.

► Bioflocculants are polymers, mostly, of microbial origin which floc out suspended particles from liquid medium. The ability of these biopolymers to remove suspended particles from…
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▼ Bioflocculants are polymers, mostly, of microbial origin which floc out suspended particles from liquid medium. The ability of these biopolymers to remove suspended particles from solutions is termed bioflocculation, and the efficiency of flocculation activities depends on the characteristics of the flocculants. In comparison with conventionally used flocculants, bioflocculants have the advantage of being safe (no toxic effects known), biodegradable and harmlessness to the environment. The study assessed production of bioflocculant by two marine bacteria from the bottom sediment of marine environment. The 16S rDNA was used for identification, and the two bacteria species were identified as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus thuringiensis. Factors affecting the production and activity of the bioflocculants produced by these two organisms were studied. The bacteria optimally produced bioflocculant with fructose (91.7%) and urea (91%) as sole carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Mg2+ (87%) and Ca2+ (86%), likewise, served as best cation sources on the production of the bioflocculant at pH 5(93%). Additionally, the flocculating activity of the bioflocculant increased with the addition of Mg2+ (81%) and Na+ (81%), and the highest flocculating activity was at pH 5 of the kaolin clay. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the bioflocculant is a glycoprotein. The second bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) produced bioflocculant optimally when the media had mixed nitrogen sources (Urea, ammonium chloride and tryptone (67%)) and glucose (85.65%) as a sole carbon source, also Ca2+ (74.6%) was the best cation that induced the production of bioflocculant. After purification, the bioflocculant flocculated optimally in alkaline pH 12 (81%) in the presence of Mn2+ (73%) and Ca2+ (72.8%). Chemical analysis of the bioflocculant revealed it to be a polysaccharide. Both bioflocculants flocculate efficiently and can be used to replace synthetic flocculants in water treatment, wastewater, in downstream processing, and processing of food and chemicals and other industrial uses of flocculants. Challenges though (i) are to develop conditions for large scale production of the bioflocculant, (ii) to do further characterization of the both bioflocculants (iii) to assess the bioflocculants for treatments of water/wastewater, and to apply it in various industrial processes.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. Anthony I. Okoh, Dr Uchechukwu U. Nwodo.

Ntozonke, N. (2015). Assessment of bioflocculant production by two marine bacteria isolated from the bottom sediment of marine Algoa Bay. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021290

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Ntozonke, Ncedo. “Assessment of bioflocculant production by two marine bacteria isolated from the bottom sediment of marine Algoa Bay.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021290.

Ntozonke N. Assessment of bioflocculant production by two marine bacteria isolated from the bottom sediment of marine Algoa Bay. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021290

6.
Zamxaka, Xolisa.
Factors affecting participation rates in farming in the rural areas of South Africa. Case of Amathole District Municipality.

► South Africa and the rest of developing countries are faced with poverty and poor rural development. Rural participation in agricultural activities is one of the…
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▼ South Africa and the rest of developing countries are faced with poverty and poor rural development. Rural participation in agricultural activities is one of the components that can be used to address the poverty challenge facing the people residing in rural areas. The broad objective of this research is to determine factors affecting participation rate in farming in the rural areas of Amathole District Municipality of Eastern Cape. In this study stratified random sampling method was applied in order to choose a sample out of 30 households that were interviewed 13 people belonged to Participants and 17 people belonged to non-Participants. The results from this study show that women participate a lot in farming activities. The multiple regression model was used to test the participation rates of the people in Amathole region specifically Phumlani area. A number of variables were considered in this study to assess the impact of different variables on participation in farming activities. The results showed that about 57% of the respondents are not participating in farming while 43% of the respondents participate. The farming participants that were interviewed all claim that there is a lack in farming support in the area. When there is no support of any kind, rural people would not be motivated to start development projects on their own. Consequently, this lack of farming support in the Phumlani area may have an influence on the number of farming participants. Therefore, the lack of support in the area may serve as a motivation for non-participants not to be influenced to farm. Rural farming needs to be promoted amongst the youth so as to protect and sustain agricultural growth in rural areas. The study has discovered that the youth of Phumlani is not actively involved in farming activities. Government can provide community members with farming resources so as to promote farming in the area. It would be wiser for the government to provide physical farming resources and implements rather than cash grants.
Keywords: Amathole, Agriculture, Participants, Non-participants, Phumlani village, rural areas, Poverty, Farming.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. A. Obi.

Zamxaka, X. (2015). Factors affecting participation rates in farming in the rural areas of South Africa. Case of Amathole District Municipality. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021291

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Zamxaka, Xolisa. “Factors affecting participation rates in farming in the rural areas of South Africa. Case of Amathole District Municipality.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021291.

Zamxaka X. Factors affecting participation rates in farming in the rural areas of South Africa. Case of Amathole District Municipality. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021291

7.
Avoseh Opeyemi Nudewhenu.
Isolation, characterisation of terpenoids and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles of acacia mearnsii de wild and acacia Karroo Hayne and Their Bioassays.

► Great wealth of traditional knowledge about the use of plants had been transferred from generation to generations leading to the present day drug discovery and…
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▼ Great wealth of traditional knowledge about the use of plants had been transferred from generation to generations leading to the present day drug discovery and invention of new scientific methods of isolation, purification and identification. With the discovery of new diseases and drug-resistant organisms, there is no other source or deposit of lead compounds or drugs than the plant kingdom. As a result of this, about 25% of the current drug administered owe their origin to plant sources with the view to reduce the carcinogenic effect of synthetic drugs.
Volatile terpenoids among other broad spectrum of natural product had been implicated to show high therapeutic properly. In the present study, selected locally-used medicinal plants were exploited for the presence of potent bioactive compounds and ability to form nanoparticles with distinctive property for use as chemoprotective agent against inflammation, tumors, cancer and other chronic diseases.
Acacia mearnsii De Wild and Acacia karroo Hayne studied in this report are known to be invasive species with no proper regulation to conserve and preserve them. However, ethnopharmacology report of these plant species in the Southern Africa region reveals that they are good antiseptic, anti-diarrhea, anti-inflammation and a forage for livestock.
These plants were subjected to volatile extraction protocol of some parts of the plants (stem and leaves) followed by examination of the anti-inflammation capacity of the extracts using an animal model. In addition, the bye-product (hydrosol) from the stem bark of each species possess a high reducing and stabilizing property leading to synthesis of silver nanoparticles, followed by investigation of the anti-inflammation potential of the synthesized silver nanoparticles using animal model.
The volatile oils of the leaves and stem bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild obtained by hydro-distillation were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty, Thirty-Eight, Twenty-nine and Thirty-Eight components accounting for 93.8%, 92.1%, 78.5% and 90.9% of the total oils of the fresh, dry leaves and fresh, dry stem bark respectively. The major components of the oil were octadecyl alcohol (25.5%) and phytol (10.5%); cis-verbenol (29.5%); phytol (10.1%) and phytol (23.4%) for the fresh leaves, dried leaves, and fresh stem, dry stem bark respectively. Oral administration of essential oils at the dose of 2% showed significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory properties in the albumin induced test model in rats. Oils from the fresh leaves and dry stems inhibited inflammation beyond 4 h post treatment.
Furthermore, the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation from the leaves and stem bark (dry and fresh) of Acacia karroo Hayne, analysed by GC-MS, shows that hexanal (10.67%) and ß-ionone (9.74%) were dominant in the dried leaves, β-pinene (14.30%), and (Z)-2-Hexen-1-ol (10.21%) in the fresh leaves while Octacosane (10.59%) and phytol (23.38%) were dominant in the dry and fresh stem respectively. The…
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Oyedeji, O. O, Prof. Oyedeji, O. A.

Nudewhenu, A. O. (2015). Isolation, characterisation of terpenoids and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles of acacia mearnsii de wild and acacia Karroo Hayne and Their Bioassays. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021292

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Nudewhenu, Avoseh Opeyemi. “Isolation, characterisation of terpenoids and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles of acacia mearnsii de wild and acacia Karroo Hayne and Their Bioassays.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021292.

Nudewhenu AO. Isolation, characterisation of terpenoids and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles of acacia mearnsii de wild and acacia Karroo Hayne and Their Bioassays. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Fort Hare; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021292

► Gastrointestinal illnesses have continually become a global public health issue. Exposure to zoonotic food borne pathogens such as Salmonella and diarrhoegenic E. coli either by…
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▼ Gastrointestinal illnesses have continually become a global public health issue. Exposure to zoonotic food borne pathogens such as Salmonella and diarrhoegenic E. coli either by direct or indirect contact through the consumption of food producing animals is likely an important mode of infection to humans. More so, the use of antibiotics in farm animals similar to those used in humans can select for resistance in bacteria frequently harboured by them. These resistant strains can be passed on to humans through contaminated meat products and water leading to resistant infections with consequences such as prolonged illnesses, treatment failures, and increased morbidity and mortality. In animals, these can lead to reduced productivity. Monitoring the level of resistance among bacteria from animal isolates will help in generating data that could be used to create awareness of their presence in the environment and aid in preventing a potential epidemic in the community.
In this study, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli serogroups and Salmonella species in faecal samples collected from pigs in Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between April – July, 2014. A total of 310 presumptive Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were confirmed as E. coli spp using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique by amplification of the uidA gene, out of which 179 (58%) were confirmed positive. Approximately, serogrougs O157:H7, O145 and O26 made up 24% (n=43), 8% (n=14) and 20% (n=35) of the E. coli population respectively. Only E. coli O26 was positive for stx2 gene in 31% of the isolates harbouring the gene, while the other serogroups were non-pathogenic. Susceptibility of the isolates to 18 antibiotics was carried out in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Similarly, a relatively high susceptibility was observed in norfloxacin (83-100%), ciprofloxacin (63-100%), gentamycin
(77-100%), and chloramphenicol (77-100%). However, all the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and its long acting counterpart oxytetracycline. Resistances observed against other antimicrobials are as follows: ampicillin (84-91%), streptomycin (14-100%), erythromycin (91-100%), ceftazidime (35%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns and indices ranged from 3 to 12 and 0.2 to 0.7 to respectively. Genes encoding resistances to ampicillin (ampC), streptomycin (strA) and tetracycline (tetA) were frequently detected in 50-100%, 22-29% and 40-86% of the resistant isolates respectively.
In the other arm of the dissertation, two hundred and fifty eight presumptive isolates of Salmonella were recovered from the faecal samples of pigs. Specific primers targeting serogroups A, B, C1, C2, and D were used to delineate the isolates into different serogroups using PCR. Only serogroup A (n=48) was detected. These isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method using 18 antibiotics. The…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof A.I. Okoh.

► Surface waters are important freshwater sources used for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational activities, and the availability of good quality freshwater is indispensable for preventing…
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► The main objective of the current study was to determine the effect of distance travelled (DT), lairage duration (LDhr) and animal-related factors (animal class, breed,…
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▼ The main objective of the current study was to determine the effect of distance travelled (DT), lairage duration (LDhr) and animal-related factors (animal class, breed, sex) on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef. The study was conducted in an Eastern Cape abattoir under the Buffalo City District Municipality. Six genotypes of cattle (Beefmaster, Bonsmara, Brahman, Holstein-Friesian, Non-descript and Nguni) brought for slaughter at the abattoir on different days were used in the study. Slaughter weight (SWT), warm and cold carcass weight (WCW and CCW), fatness and conformation of each animal were measured and recorded. Representative samples of blood plasma and meat quality from the Muscularis thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were collected at slaughter and 24 hours after slaughter, respectively. Heat shock proteins 70kDa (HSPA1A), glucose (GLU), cortisol (CORT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined from the blood plasma. The representative LTL muscle was used to determine ultimate pH (pHu), lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), meat temperature (Tm), Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) and histological structure of beef. There were significant effects of distance on pHu, Tm, a*, b*, TL%, CK and LDH. Pearson correlations were observed between distance travelled (DT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultimate pH (pHu), colour coordinates (L*, a* and b*) and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 1st (pHu), 2nd (Tm) and 3rd (L*) principal components were the critical meat quality attributes. Positive relationships
between carcass weights and beef quality characteristics for bovine cattle where the cumulative percentage of the first six principal component`s (PC`s) (SWT, WCW, CCW, DP, pHu and Tm contributed to 93.4 % of the total variance. Significant correlation coefficients between DT (r = 0.15), LDhr (r = 0.29), Ta (r = -0.52), Tm (r = 0.26), L* (r = 0.33), a* (r = 0.32) and WBSF (r = -0.49) were observed. Meat from Brahman (BR), Non-descript (ND) and Nguni (NG) cows had visible skeletal muscle fibres which were thin and long indicating improved tenderness of beef. Exposing animals to longer hours of transportation did not only reduce glucose levels but also increased the expression of HSPA1A and levels of cortisol. The CK and LDH were not related to beef quality. Therefore, CK and LDH can be used as indicators of animal welfare in slaughter cattle but cannot be used to predict the quality of meat. Bulls were the heaviest, although heifers had the highest dressing percentage than cows. Furthermore, the nanostructure of beef indicated that heifers had the best muscle fibres, sarcomere length and visible intercalated discs. The observed nanostructures of Nguni genotype are an indication of tender meat. Beef from heifers of Nguni had visible and tender meat with traces of intramuscular fat while males had shorter sarcomere length and tougher…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof V Muchenje.

▼ Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly waste management strategy. Its successful performance necessitate that key functioning parameters like earthworm stocking density, nutrient enrichment be established for each target waste/waste mixture. One main target waste mixture in South Africa, and in the University of FortHare in particular is waste paper mixed with cow dung and rock phosphate (RP) for phosphorus (P) enrichment. This study was carried out to address the following specific objectives, to determine (i) the effect of Eisenia fetida stocking density on the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with rock phosphate, (ii) an optimum application rate of low grade South African Rock Phosphate and time required for efficient vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures, and (iii) to determine if the phosphorus in RP is responsible for improved biodegradation during the vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures.
Results of this study revealed that bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with RP was highly dependent on E. fetida stocking density and time. The stocking density of 12.5 g-worms kg-1 feedstock of the mixtures resulted in highest earthworm growth rate and humification of the waste mixture as reflected by a C: N ratio of < 12, polymerization index (PI) or humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of > 1.9, and a humification index of >13 for the cow dung waste paper mixtures. A germination test carried out also revealed that the resultant vermicompost had no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish. Extractable P increased with stocking density up to 22.5 g-worm kg-1 feedstock, suggesting that for maximum P release from RP enriched wastes, a high stocking density should be considered. Informed by an earlier study which demonstrated that RP improved vermidegration, a follow up study was done to determine the optimum amount of rock phosphate necessary for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures while ensuring a phosphorus rich vermicompost. The results showed that addition of RP at rates ≤ 1% P as RP efficiently enhanced the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures as reflected by low C: N ratio, high polymerization index (PI), HI and HR used as maturity indicators for matured compost. Final vermicompost products obtained at minimum amounts of RP application rates resulted highly humified vermicompost with finer morphological structure, with no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish similar to the ones obtained at higher RP rates. The findings suggest that 1%P as RP application rate is optimum for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures.
Since P or Ca happen to be the most prevalent elements in most rock phosphate used for compost enrichment, a study was carried out to determine if P or Ca in RP is predominantly responsible for the improved biodegradation of cow-dung waste paper mixture observed during vermicomposting. Phosphorus sources in form of triple superphosphate (TSP),…

► Geological and geophysical methods were used to investigate the southeastern Karoo Basin of South Africa in an area extending from longitudes 24 o E to…
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▼ Geological and geophysical methods were used to investigate the southeastern Karoo Basin of South Africa in an area extending from longitudes 24 o E to 29o E and latitudes 32o S to 35o S. This was undertaken in order to reveal geologic structures, isochore thicknesses of the geologic sequence and their variations across the study area, proffer the possible provenance of the sediments and assess the potential of oil and gas accumulation. The methodology used includes field investigation, rock sampling, preparation of thin sections, petrographic studies, X-ray diffraction analysis, density measurements, porosity calculations, extraction of elevation data from Google Earth, 2½ D gravity profile modelling, generating of isochore (true vertical) thicknesses and depositional surfaces maps from the models, PetroMod 1D modelling and qualitative interpretation of magnetic, gravity and radiometric maps.
Petrographic study was carried out on twenty six thin sections of rocks from the eleven geologic formations that cover the study area. Petrographic studies on the diamictite of the Dwyka Group shows abundance of monocrystalline quartz, granite and quartzite components in the breccias which possibly indicate the existence of granitic and metamorphic rocks in the source areas. The sandstones of the Ecca and Beaufort Groups are immature, greywacke and the heavy mineral assemblages signify that the minerals are of granitic, volcanic and metamorphic origin.
The magnetic maps show two main magnetic anomalies, a major one trending in a northeast to southwest direction which is part of the Beattie magnetic anomaly and another that is a “bean-shaped” anomaly. The radially averaged power spectrum shows two depths to magnetic sources. The first depth is about 0.6 km which is the average depth to the top of the shallow sources, while the average depth to the top of the deep sources is about 15 km. The shallow sources are connected to magnetic minerals within the Beaufort Group while deep magnetic sources were inferred to be in the basement.
The gamma ray spectrometric map shows areas with relatively high gamma radiation count. The high radiation count is possibly due to the uranium and thorium in the detrital materials, as well as the enrichment of radioelements in the feldspars (k-feldspar), calcite, quartz, zircon and clay minerals in the fluvial channel sandstones of the Beaufort Group. A total of two hundred and fifty-eight (258) rock samples were collected in the field and densities (dry, wet and grain densities) and porosities were determined in the laboratory. The Karoo Supergroup density values range from 2.526 – 2.828 g/cm3. The average porosities range from 0. 49 – 3.31 %. The dry densities and porosities of all the formations are inversely correlated with correlation coefficient values (R) that range from 0.9491 - 0.9982. The density of the dolerite intrusions (mostly sill) ranges from 2.700 – 2.837 g/cm3 whilst the porosity range from 0.1118 – 0.3868 %.
The Bouguer anomaly map shows an increase in gravity values from -140.7…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof O Gwavava.

Baiyegunhi, C. (2015). Geological and geophysical investigation of the South Eastern Karoo Basin, South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021280

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Baiyegunhi, Christopher. “Geological and geophysical investigation of the South Eastern Karoo Basin, South Africa.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021280.

Baiyegunhi C. Geological and geophysical investigation of the South Eastern Karoo Basin, South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021280

► Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta belong to the Poaceae botanical family. Both plants are used as thatching material; H. hirta is also used for weaving…
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▼ Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta belong to the Poaceae botanical family. Both plants are used as thatching material; H. hirta is also used for weaving mats and baskets. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of C. validus and H. hirta essential oils on fresh egg-albumin induced edema on Wistar rats. To fully understand the chemically induced anti-inflammatory properties of these plants, we first analyzed the chemical composition of the essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In C. validus, 13 compounds accounted for 74.3% of fresh leaves oil, 14 compounds 71.8% of dried leaves oil and 12 compounds 73.3% of flower oil were identified from the GC-MS Chromatogram. The percentage yields were as follows fresh leaves oil 2.2%, dried leaves oil 2.0% and flower oil 2.4% v/w respectively. Linalool (3.2-29.6%) and northujane (4.4-16.9%) were the dominant compounds found in the 3 oils analyzed. While, α-terpineol 37.5% and verbenone 13.5% was only found in the fresh leaf oil, this was absent in the dried leaves oil and the flowers oil of C. validus. In H. hirta, 25 compounds accounted for 68.1% of fresh leaves oil, 40 compounds 71.9% of dried leaves oil, 23 compounds 77.6% of fresh flowers oil and 18 compounds 80.1% of dried flowers oil were identified from the GC-MS Chromatogram. The percentage yields obtained from the different parts were 3.4% for fresh leaves oil, 2.8% for dried leaves oil, 2.8% for fresh flowers oil and 0.7% for dried flowers oil v/w respectively. Northujane (8.5-30.0%), diisooctyl phthalate (4.4-26.5%), phytone (1.1-10.4%) were the dominant compounds found in the 4 oils analyzed. While, dibutyl phthalate 26.9% was only found in the fresh flowers and was absent in the dried flowers oil. Moreover, caryophyllene oxide (1.7-9.6%) was found in fresh leaves and dried flowers oil of H. hirta. In vivo analysis revealed that the two essential oils displayed significant edema inhibition effect overtime. They displayed
strong anti-inflammatory properties when compared to control group. However, the H. hirta essential oil was more effective than that of C. validus. Linalool, α-terpineol, and northujane extracted from C. validus and H. hirta essential oils might have contributed to the anti-inflammatory effects observed in Wistar rats. This study, confirms the anti-inflammatory properties of C. validus and H. hirta suggesting that they may be used in diseases related to anti-inflammation.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. O. O. Oyedeji, Prof A.O Oyedeji.

► Bacillus cereus is a group of ubiquitous facultative anaerobic spore forming Gram-positive rods commonly found in soil. It has been detected and implicated in several…
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▼ Bacillus cereus is a group of ubiquitous facultative anaerobic spore forming Gram-positive rods commonly found in soil. It has been detected and implicated in several contaminated food products and raw milk in dairy farms and it causes foodborne gastroenteritis by producing several toxins. This study is aimed at characterizing virulence determinants of B. cereus from cow‟s raw milk. A total of 400 raw milk samples were collected in FortHare Dairy Trust and Middledrift Dairy Farm; and cultured on Polymyxin pyruvate Egg-Yolk Mannitol Bromothymol Agar (PEMBA) for 48 hours at 37°C. DNA was isolated from the isolates and 16S rDNA was amplified and sent to Central Analytical Laboratory for sequencing. The gyrB gene of B. cereus was also used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates together with virulence genes were investigated. Multilocus Sequence typing was used to investigate the genetic relatedness of some selected isolates. Furthermore, spores of the isolates were produced, harvested and their concentrations determined. All (100%) of the isolates were identified as having a 96-99% similarity to B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis using sequencing; while gyrB gene was observed in all (100%) of the isolates. Three virulence genes nheA, nheB, nheC encoding for non haemolysin enterotoxin were amplified in all (100%) the isolates. All (100%) of the isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, gentamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Resistance to rifampicin and penicillin G was predominant with equal rate of 100%, while susceptibility to erythromycin, clindamycin and doxycycline ranged from 60% to 100%. The selected isolates were related and are descendants of the same ancestor. All (100%) the isolates produced spores. The B. cereus isolates contain virulence genes, has multiple antibiotic drug resistance and produce spores, which poses a health risk to the public and cannot be used as probiotics.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. E. Green, Prof. A. I. Okoh, Prof. R.R. Ndip.

▼ PMPSgLig-NaMMT nanocomposites were prepared from methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), lignocellulose and montmorillonite clay. The potential enhancement of organic pollutant adsorption capabilities of PMPSgLig-NaMMT nanocomposite from water through functionalization was investigated. PMPSgLig-NaMMT was functionalized by esterification and etherification using different methods so as to increase the surface hydrophobicity of the material and hence improve its compatibility with the target pollutants. Specific chemical routes specially tailored for PMPSgLig-NaMMT were established for functionalization mostly based on the common esterification (Fischer esterification) and etherification (Williamson‟s etherification) reactions. In the functionalization methods, factors such as pH environment, nanocomposite composition, nature of functionalization moiety, and use of or absence of solvents and their variations were studied.
FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TGA were used to characterize the synthesized and functionalized nanoadsorbents. The techniques showed successful functionalization via esterification and etherification methods albeit to different extents, with clear retention of the material‟s original structure though there were signs of degradation with some methods. Characterization was supported by adsorption studies to validate implications and draw conclusions. The use of 1,10-phenathroline as a model organic pollutant in water in the adsorption studies showed that adsorbents conformed to monolayer adsorption following pseudo-second order kinetics for adsorption of organic pollutants accurately represented. Most importantly the studies revealed the significant impact of the nanocomposite composition on the overall absorbent performance. Adsorption studies also showed that functionalization via esterification methods gave rise to better adsorbents.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof L.Tichagwa, Dr M. Lutz, Dr D. M. Katwire.

► This study focuses on the creation of a safe learning environment at two schools in the Butterworth District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.…
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▼ This study focuses on the creation of a safe learning environment at two schools in the Butterworth District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The two schools are Ndabankulu Senior Secondary School and Butterworth High School. The study is of a comparative design and aims to assist the communities of Ndabankulu Senior Secondary School, and Butterworth High School to improve health, safety and security issues of their children by reducing their exposure to environmental risks while attending school. An ethnographic study was used to collect data and the study employed questionnaires, document analysis and interviews as methods of collecting data. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether the school is still a safe place for learning and teaching to take place without fear and harm so that both learners and teachers can attain growth and development. Physical risks were assessed through observation and document analysis. Interviews were conducted with the senior members of staff while questionnaires were issued to eighty learners and were all returned back for analysis.
The content analysis and interpretation yielded findings that suggests that hazards that may harm the development of learners at Ndabankulu S.S.S. and Butterworth High school exist. The study concludes that it is crucial that strategies and necessary interventions be set up and implemented to ensure that all stakeholders perceive school safety as an important aspect, both for the benefit of the school and that of the wider society. The barriers to school safety, specifically to both schools in this study need to be attended to. The study has presented findings that are consistent with those of other studies which emphasized that if barriers to school safety are identified, confronted and tackled, the schools could benefit positively from effects of involving everyone to create a safe learning environment. The conditions under which learners receive education in South Africa have to be closely and constantly monitored by Departmental officials. Teachers and managers need to be trained in their duties so that schools become places where learners are safe and enjoy reaching their future goals.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. W. Nel.

Vokozela Z. Creating a safe learning environment in two schools in the Butterworth District, Eastern Cape. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Fort Hare; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021297

17.
Nxumalo, Bongiwe Goodness.
The analysis of the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems: The case of smallholder Farmers in Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa.

► Maize is the most grown crop by the farmers in Jozini. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to assess the economic impact of…
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▼ Maize is the most grown crop by the farmers in Jozini. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to assess the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems in Jozini Municipality in KwaZulu Natal (KZN). The study was looking at the smallholder farmers producing maize under dryland and irrigation system. A total of 100 farmers were selected for the study (40 from dry-land and 60 from irrigating farmers). Cluster and random sampling procedures were used to select the sample. Questionnaires were used for the collection of primary data, from the respondents (maize farmers). Data was analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages), gross margin, regression analysis and the Ricardian model. Data for computing gross margins and net revenue was taken from the on-farm trials. Gross margin was used on regression analysis and the net revenue was used on the Ricardian model.
The results of the regression analysis indicated that land size, farmer’s experience to farming, level of education, use of fertiliser, use of irrigation and the yield obtained were significant and have a positive relationship with farmers gross margin. The results of the Ricardian model indicated that climate change affects both farming systems, but farmers that are producing under dryland are the most affected farmers because they rely more on climate variables especially rainfall for their production. So a change in climate variables affects maize farmers’ productivity and thus affecting farmers’ gross margin and net revenue. The study recommends that the farmers must use irrigation in order to support maize production even in the absence of rainfall. Farmers must also adapt to the short growing season so that they will be able to produce even in the presence of climate change.
Key words: Climate change, Net revenue and Ricardian model
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof A Mushunje.

Nxumalo, B. G. (2014). The analysis of the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems: The case of smallholder Farmers in Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021277

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Nxumalo, Bongiwe Goodness. “The analysis of the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems: The case of smallholder Farmers in Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021277.

Nxumalo BG. The analysis of the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems: The case of smallholder Farmers in Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021277.

Council of Science Editors:

Nxumalo BG. The analysis of the economic impact of climate change on maize production under different farming systems: The case of smallholder Farmers in Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021277

18.
Malaza Ntokozo.
Basin analysis of the Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields, Limpopo Province of South Africa.

► The Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields are both hosted in the Karoo Basin, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The Soutpansberg Coalfield is situated north of the…
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▼ The Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields are both hosted in the Karoo Basin, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The Soutpansberg Coalfield is situated north of the Soutpansberg Mountain Range and has a strike length of about 200 km and width of about 80 km which is fault controlled and extends from Waterpoort in the west to the Kruger National Park in the east. The Tuli Coalfield occurs in a small intracratonic, east-west trending fault-controlled sedimentary basin with a preserved width of 80 km and length of 120 km. The east to west trend of the Tuli Coalfield parallels that of the Soutpansberg Coalfield further east, and the two coalfields link up with the north-south trending Lebombo Basin. The Tuli Coalfield occurs in the Tuli Basin, while the Soutpansberg Coalfield occurs in the Soutpansberg Basin. The two basins preserve a heterogeneous succession of the Upper Paleozoic to Lower Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. Because the area is largely covered by the Quaternary Kalahari Group sands, the stratigraphy of the succession is not as well understood as the Main Karoo Basin in South Africa. This study deals with the intra-basinal stratigraphic correlation, facies and depositional environments, petrography, geochemistry, provenance, geophysics, structural geology, diagenesis of sandstone, subsidence history and coal quality in the Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields.
Based on the field work and detailed sedimentological analyses of over 2000 borehole data, seven facies associations (FAs) comprising sixteen major lithofacies were identified. The facies associations are: Glacial diamictite and sandstone (FA 1), Clast supported conglomerate and sandstone (FA 2), Tabular cross-bedded sandstone (FA 3), Trough and planar cross-bedded sandstone (FA 4), Fine calcareous and micaceous siltstone and mudstone (FA 5), Sandy shale/mudstone (FA 6), Laminated or thin-bedded Carbonaceous shale/mudstone and coal (FA 7). The facies associations (FA 1 to FA 7) correspond to the lithostratigraphic sub-divisions of the Tshidzi, Madzaringwe and Mikambeni Formations. The Madzaringwe Formation in this study is informally sub-divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Members while the Mikambeni Formation is informally sub-divided into the Lower and Upper Members.
Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate the following depositional environments: Fluvioglacial (braided streams) depositional environment (FA 1, Tshidzi Diamictite Formation); Floodplain ponds, lakes, marshes and backswamps (FA 6 and FA 7, Lower Member of the Madzaringwe Formation); Meandering and braided channels, crevasse splays, levees and crevasse channels (FA 2, FA 3, FA 4 and FA 5, Middle Member of the Madzaringwe Formation); Floodplain ponds, lakes and backswamps (FA 6 and FA 7, Upper Member of the Madzaringwe Formation); Meandering and braided channels, crevasse splays, swamps and shallow lakes (FA 5, FA 6 and FA 7, Lower Member of the Mikambeni Formation) and lastly braided channels, meandering channels, levees…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. B. Zhao, Prof. K. Liu.

Ntokozo, M. (2014). Basin analysis of the Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields, Limpopo Province of South Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021279

Ntokozo M. Basin analysis of the Soutpansberg and Tuli Coalfields, Limpopo Province of South Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021279

► The objective of the study was to determine growth performance, physico-chemical attributes, oxidative stability and sensory quality of pork from pigs fed one of three…
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▼ The objective of the study was to determine growth performance, physico-chemical attributes, oxidative stability and sensory quality of pork from pigs fed one of three dietary treatments, eac containing 0%, 2.5% or 5% (T1, T2 and T3, respectively) Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). Dietary treatments were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic for weaner (6 – 8 weeks) and grower (9 – 13 weeks) phases. Twelve Large White (LW) and 12 Kolbroek (KB) male pigs at 6 weeks of age, initially weighing an average 10 kg, were randomly allocated to one of the dietary treatments, each with four replicates, in individual pens. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of each carcass (n = 24) was sampled for meat quality and fatty acid analyses. Breed differences in measured parameters were observed. In pigs receiving 5% MOLM, the LW had significantly the highest ADFI (P<0.05) than KB pigs. In pigs receiving 2.5% and 5% MOLM, backfat thickness was significantly highest (P<0.05) compared to those receiving 0% MOML. Dietary inclusion of MOLM had no significant effects (P>0.05) on the physico-chemical quality of pork from LW pigs; although it significantly (P<0.05) increased a* and reduced WBSF values in pork from KB pigs. Pork from LW pigs receiving 5% MOLM had significantly increased (P<0.05) n-3 content of the subcutaneous tissue of LW pigs compared to KB, and also when compread to other treatment groups. In both breeds, the composition of PUFA: SFA and n-6: n-3 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 and T3 than in T1. The n-3 levels for pork muscle from LW pigs receiving 2.5% and 5% MOLM, and from KB pigs receiving 5% MOLM, were significantly (P<0.05) lower. Inclusions of MOLM significantly (P<0.05) reduced the n-6: n-3 fatty acids in pork from both LW pigs and KB pigs. Consumer scores on sensory attributes (aroma intensity, initial impression of juiciness, first bite, sustained impression of juiciness, muscle fibre and overall tenderness and overall flavor intensity) significantly (P<0.05) increased as the level of MOLM inclusion in the diet increased; and higher scores were observed in fried meat than in boiled for most sensory attributes. It may be concluded that inclusion of MOLM in pig diets up to 5% improved the ADFI, a*, tenderness of pork without adversely affecting the FCR and other physico-chemical quality attributes; and resulted in desired increase in levels of n-3 and reduced the n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio.
Keywords: Fatty acids, lipid oxidation, Moringa oleifera, pork quality, sensory evaluation.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. V. Muchenje, Dr. T. T. Nkukwana.

20.
Zwelendaba, Vincent Vusumzi.
An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

► Smallholder agriculture contributes to poverty alleviation through food price reduction and employment creation. Smallholder farmers have the potential of creating employment because they are labour-intensive.…
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▼ Smallholder agriculture contributes to poverty alleviation through food price reduction and
employment creation. Smallholder farmers have the potential of creating employment because
they are labour-intensive. Most small holder farmers in the Amathole District practices dual
farming system i.e. crops and livestock production. However these farmers are faced by a
number of constraints amongst these are land tenure security, lack of capital, drought, diseases,
lack of access to markets and production inputs. The objectives of this study were: to investigate
land tenure security impact on-farm investment and on-farm productivity by the smallholder
farmers; to assess constraints encountered by the smallholder farmers, to identify factors
influencing on-farm investment by the smallholder farmers and to identify factors influencing
on-farm productivity by the smallholder farmers.
Eighty smallholder farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data was
analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages) and regression analyses. Data was
for coded and processed for analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The
results revealed that generally, the household demographic characteristics have an influence on
the decision to investment in the farm thus on farm productivity. These included age, gender,
marital status, educational level and household size of the smallholder farmers. However the
findings revealed that smallholder farmers were not much concerned with the land tenure
security of the land as they see themselves as owners of these lands. The reason being that they
always had access to their land and there were no perceived tenure insecurity threats. The
majority of the smallholder farmers were not worried that they might lose their land in the future
as they felt that their land tenure was secured. Although, the majority of farmers had some sense
of security they still preferred a freehold tenure system as form of land tenure security. This
suggests that there was a sense of insecurity among some of the smallholder farmers caused by
their current tenure forms. Majority (66%) of the farmers held their land under freehold whilst
leasehold and communal hold farmers constituted 5 % and 29 % respectively. Even though
majority had freehold tenure system, they could not use their land as collateral when required for
funding from the lending institutions because the title deeds were not registered in their names
but those of deceased family members. As a result the majority was constrained by lack of credit
and had low income. Lack of cash suggests that the farmers have difficulties in purchasing farm of the survey suggest that the household demographics and socio-economic variables may have
an influence on the on-farm investment and on-farm productivity by the smallholder farmers.
Furthermore, besides the challenges with land tenure, there are other factors that are likely to
influence on-farm investment and on-farm productivity.
The results of the survey revealed that…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. Abbyssinia Mushunje.

Zwelendaba, V. V. (2014). An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021282

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Zwelendaba, Vincent Vusumzi. “An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021282.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Zwelendaba, Vincent Vusumzi. “An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.” 2014. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Zwelendaba VV. An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021282.

Council of Science Editors:

Zwelendaba VV. An evaluation of the effects of land tenure security in on-farm investment and on-farm productivity: A case of the smallholder farmers in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021282

21.
Jama Nzolo.
Effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and their subsequent relationship with pork quality.

► The study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and their subsequent relationship…
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▼ The study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and their subsequent relationship with pork quality. From our knowledge, there is paucity of information on transportation, lairage duration and sex effects on saliva cortisol and its relation with serum cortisol, urine cortisol and other meat quality traits. Stage one of the study assessed the effect of sex and time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) on the levels of cortisol and CK in crossbred pigs. The second stage of the study evaluated the effect of sex and lairage duration on pork quality. The trials comprised of 60 22-weeks old commercial crossbred pigs [(30 boars vs. 30 gilts) with an average body weight of 76.9kg for gilts and 78.3kg for boars. Thirty pigs (15 Boars vs. 15 Gilts) were slaughtered on arrival after a 120km road journey and the other 30, after travelling the same road and distance, were slaughtered after having been in the lairage for 20 hours. Saliva samples were obtained during three time periods: between 07:00-10:00 on the day before the journey, on arrival at the abattoir and after lairage. Levels of cortisol in serum and urine and CK in serum samples collected at slaughter were determined. The samples (saliva and serum) were centrifuged at 20 °C for 10 min at 3550 x g and stored at -20 °C in separate vials until analysis. Pork quality was assessed using muscle pH, colour, thawing and cooking losses and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force. Correlations between cortisol levels in saliva, serum and urine and meat quality were assessed.
The effect of sex and time to slaughter on saliva cortisol was significant. Statistical analysis showed significant interaction of sex by time to slaughter on serum cortisol. It was only the effect of sex that demonstrated higher (P <0.05) serum creatine kinase levels in gilts. Likewise, urine cortisol was influenced (P <0.05) only by time to slaughter. Saliva cortisol after transportation (r = 0.52) was correlated (P <0.05) with urine cortisol. The study suggests that there are greater responses of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) between gilts and boars. This can be used in measuring cortisol in saliva, serum and urine, and serum creatine kinase to determine stress levels in pigs.
Besides the lightness (L*) colour value which was significantly lower (P <0.05) in meat from gilts than from boars, the results of this study showed no interaction or individual effect (sex or lairage duration) on pH and other colour measurements. Meat cooking loss was affected (P <0.05) by gender x lairage interaction. Effect of lairage duration (as an individual effect) on the measured meat quality traits was not significant (P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed significant (P <0.05) negative relation between baseline saliva cortisol (r = -0.40) and the pork L* value. Saliva cortisol after lairage duration (r = -0.38 and r = 0.38) was correlated (P <0.05) with pH45 and pork a* value,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. V. Muchenje, Prof. L. C. Hoffman.

Nzolo, J. (2014). Effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and their subsequent relationship with pork quality. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021287

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Nzolo, Jama. “Effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and their subsequent relationship with pork quality.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021287.

Nzolo J. Effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and their subsequent relationship with pork quality. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021287

22.
Mdoda, Lelethu.
Farmers’ awareness of climate change and variability and It’s effects on agricultural productivity: (the case of king Sabata Dalindyebo Municipalty in Eastern Cape).

► Climate is an important factor of agricultural productivity and many rural dwellers in developing countries depend on agriculture and are highly affected by climate change…
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▼ Climate is an important factor of agricultural productivity and many rural dwellers in developing countries depend on agriculture and are highly affected by climate change and variability. The world is currently experiencing climatic changes and variability conditions which results in high temperatures, low rainfall patterns, shortage of water and drought persistence. Climate change and variability is affecting weather patterns and shifting seasons which results in serious repercussions on smallholder farmers. Smallholder farmers are extremely vulnerable to climate change and variability because their farming and production systems are climate sensitive and are not rebound to climate stresses. These adverse effects in developing countries arise from different climate change and variability-related causes, notable extreme weather events, food security, increased health risks in agriculture from vector home diseases, and temperature-related morbidity in environments.
The study was carried in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. This study examines farmers’ awareness of climate change and variability and its effects on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality using a Descriptive Statistics, Binary and Ricardian Model fitted to data from a cross-sectional survey of 200 farmers in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. Both primary and secondary data was used. This research study estimates the effects of climate change and variability on King Sabata Dalindyebo agricultural productivity using a continental dimension of Ricardian analysis. Results revealed that local farmers were aware of climate change and variability and perceived changes in average temperatures and rainfall. The changes in average temperatures and rainfall had adverse effects on crop and livestock production. However, farmers’ awareness of climate change is not to an extent that they presume adaptation to climate change as a necessity and crucial.
The results show that climate change and variability affects farm income and there is a non-linear relationship existing between climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and farm income which depicts U-shaped. The study results indicated that climate change and variability affect agricultural productivity and have an effect on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality.
In view of the research findings, several policy proposals are suggested. The study findings suggest that climate change and variability must be taken seriously and monitored. Policy makers and government officials must support farmers with information distribution,education, market access, well trained extension agents, credit and information about mitigation strategies to climate change and variability which includes institutional and technological methods, particularly smallholder farmers.
Key words: Ricardian model, agricultural productivity, climate change, variability, farmers’ awareness, adaptation strategies, crops and livestock, King…
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. A. Mushunje, Dr. L. Musemwa.

► E-commerce has been said to bring value to businesses by improving business efficiency and effectiveness and thus providing business with a competitive advantage through the…
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▼ E-commerce has been said to bring value to businesses by improving business efficiency and effectiveness and thus providing business with a competitive advantage through the potential benefits that it offers (Cloete, Courtney & Fintz, 2002). However, despite the potential benefits that e-commerce can offer, the adoption of B2C e-commerce in South African construction SMMEs is low and this is due to the challenges associated with e-commerce (Vaithanathan, 2010; Uzoka, Shemi & Seleka, 2007; Love & Irani, 2004; Anumba & Ruikar, 2002). These e-commerce challenges include: high implementation costs, lack or poor infrastructure, inadequate resources, low use of e-commerce by suppliers and consumers, lack of access to e-commerce, computer illiteracy, deficiency in understanding the potential benefits of e-commerce and security concerns (Vaithanathan, 2010; Uzoka, Shemi, & Seleka, 2007; Mensah, Bahta, & Mhlanga, 2005; Cloete, Courtney, & Fintz, 2002). Therefore, due to these e-commerce challenges, construction SMMEs do not exploit the business advantages that e-commerce offers. In order to assist South African construction SMMEs in their efforts to improve their business effectiveness and efficiency through commercial technologies.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. Flowerday, Stephen, Ms. Isabirye, Naomi.

► The Internet has become important since information is now stored in digital form and is transported both within and between organisations in large amounts through…
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▼ The Internet has become important since information is now stored in digital form and is transported both within and between organisations in large amounts through computer networks. Nevertheless, there are those individuals or groups of people who utilise the Internet to harm other businesses because they can remain relatively anonymous. To prosecute such criminals, forensic practitioners have to follow a well-defined procedure to convict responsible cyber-criminals in a court of law. Log files provide significant digital evidence in computer networks when tracing cyber-criminals. Network log mining is an evolution of typical digital forensics utilising evidence from network devices such as firewalls, switches and routers. Network log mining is a process supported by presiding South African laws such as the Computer Evidence Act, 57 of 1983; the Electronic Communications and Transactions (ECT) Act, 25 of 2002; and the Electronic Communications Act, 36 of 2005. Nevertheless, international laws and regulations supporting network log mining include the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Bribery Act of the USA. A digital forensic model for computer networks focusing on network log mining has been developed based on the literature reviewed and critical thought. The development of the model followed the Design Science methodology. However, this research project argues that there are some important aspects which are not fully addressed by South African presiding legislation supporting digital forensic investigations. With that in mind, this research project proposes some Forensic Investigation Precautions. These precautions were developed as part of the proposed model. The Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) Theory is the framework underpinning the development of the model and how it can be assimilated into the community. The model was sent to IT experts for validation and this provided the qualitative element and the primary data of this research project. From these experts, this study found out that the proposed model is very unique, very comprehensive and has added new knowledge into the field of Information Technology. Also, a paper was written out of this research project.
Advisors/Committee Members: Pro. Flowerday, S.

► There has been an increasing interest in survival analysis with interval-censored data, where the event of interest (such as infection with a disease) is not…
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▼ There has been an increasing interest in survival analysis with interval-censored data, where the event of interest (such as infection with a disease) is not observed exactly but only known to happen between two examination times. However, because so much research has been focused on right-censored data, so many statistical tests and techniques are available for right-censoring methods, hence interval-censoring methods are not as abundant as those for right-censored data. In this study, right-censoring methods are used to fit a proportional hazards model to some interval-censored data. Transformation of the interval-censored observations was done using a method called mid-point imputation, a method which assumes that an event occurs at some midpoint of its recorded interval. Results obtained gave conservative regression estimates but a comparison with the conventional methods showed that the estimates were not significantly different. However, the censoring mechanism and interval lengths should be given serious consideration before deciding on using mid-point imputation on interval-censored data.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof. Tyler, J.

► The study sought to investigate the viability of digital records management in the Office of the Premier (OTP) in the Eastern Cape Province. The objectives…
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▼ The study sought to investigate the viability of digital records management in the Office of the Premier (OTP) in the Eastern Cape Province. The objectives of the study were to establish the current status of digital records management in the OTP, determine the compliance with the legal framework, identify the requisite infrastructure for digital records management (DRM), describe the security and preservation measures for DRM, and the challenges of managing digital records. Purposive sampling was used to select 40 participants. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The study revealed that the OTP has taken a number of initiatives aimed at establishing records management practices. However, the study found that the OTP is faced with a number of challenges in trying to use the Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS). The majority of the employees did not have any qualification in records management. This lack of skills and competencies affects the implementation of the new system. The findings of the study showed that most of the employees were resisting using the new system because they were not comfortable with it. The study recommends that the department should encourage its staff to get training to be knowledgeable in the use of EDRMS which generates records; the staff should work closer with the consultancy in order to gain skills and knowledge to facilitate the change process, and the security and preservation of digital records should be enhanced.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mr. F.E. Khayundi.

Munetsi, N. (2011). Investigation into the state of digital records management in the provincial government of Eastern Cape : a case study of the office of the premier. (Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/496

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Munetsi, Ndakasharwa. “Investigation into the state of digital records management in the provincial government of Eastern Cape : a case study of the office of the premier.” 2011. Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/496.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Munetsi, Ndakasharwa. “Investigation into the state of digital records management in the provincial government of Eastern Cape : a case study of the office of the premier.” 2011. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Munetsi N. Investigation into the state of digital records management in the provincial government of Eastern Cape : a case study of the office of the premier. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/496.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Munetsi N. Investigation into the state of digital records management in the provincial government of Eastern Cape : a case study of the office of the premier. [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/496

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

27.
Morrison, Renee Fiona.
Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of FortHare in 2009.

► In South Africa there is an increasing concern regarding retention among Black students (who constitute the majority of the population) in general and in particular…
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▼ In South Africa there is an increasing concern regarding retention among Black students (who constitute the majority of the population) in general and in particular regarding the costs of student failure to both the students and for the institution. This thesis endeavours to obtain an understanding of the socio-educational experiences which led to Black Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting Students in 2009 dropping out of Accounting III at the University of FortHare.
In a field in which much of the literature is quantitatively orientated, a phenomenological investigation offered a unique way of understanding the experiences of the students as it allowed their voices to be heard. Insights contained in the data were synthesised and integrated into a consistent description of the essential nature of the experience, the primary endeavour of the phenomenologist being to transform naïve experience into more explicitly detailed conceptual knowledge. The use of in-depth interviews with three students, all of whom had dropped out of Accounting III at UFH, allowed the researcher interaction on a personal level with people not viewed as experimental objects but as human subjects.
The findings revealed that the students‘ social and educational background, together with the language of teaching and learning not being their mother tongue, caused students great difficulty. Interaction between lecturers and students and the subject content proved very challenging due to the language barrier. The introduction of General Accounting III in the same class as Accounting III in 2009 compounded the students‘ confusion and this ultimately led to students feeling demotivated. These findings contributed significantly to an understanding of why these three students dropped out of Accounting III in 2009, and at the same time provided an answer to the research question relating to how Black students who dropped out of the Accounting III programme in 2009, experienced the course.
Advisors/Committee Members: Pamella Maxakato.

Morrison, R. F. (2011). Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of Fort Hare in 2009. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013384

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Morrison, Renee Fiona. “Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of Fort Hare in 2009.” 2011. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013384.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Morrison, Renee Fiona. “Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of Fort Hare in 2009.” 2011. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Morrison RF. Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of Fort Hare in 2009. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013384.

Council of Science Editors:

Morrison RF. Socio-educational Experiences of black accounting III students who dropped out of the University Of Fort Hare in 2009. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013384

28.
Makombe, Rodwell.
Crime, violence and apartheid in selected works of Richard Wright and Athol Fugard : a study.

► Different forms of racial segregation have been practiced in different countries the world over. However, the nature of South Africa‟s apartheid system, as it was…
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▼ Different forms of racial segregation have been practiced in different countries the world over. However, the nature of South Africa‟s apartheid system, as it was practiced from 1948 until the dawn of the democratic dispensation in 1994, has been a subject of debate in South Africa and even beyond. Apartheid was a policy that was designed by the then ruling Nationalist Party for purposes of dividing and stratifying South Africa along racial lines - whites, blacks, coloureds and Asians. It thus promoted racial segregation and/or unequal stratification of society. In South Africa‟s hierarchy of apartheid, blacks, who constituted the majority of the population, were ironically the most destitute and segregated. Some historians believe that South Africa‟s racial policy was designed against the backdrop of Jim Crow, a similar system of racial discrimination which was instituted in the American South late in the 1890s through the 20th century. Jim Crow and apartheid are, in this study, considered as sides of the same coin; hence for the sake of convenience, the word apartheid is used to subsume Jim Crow. Although South Africa‟s apartheid system was influenced by different ideologies, for example German missiology as applied by the Dutch Reformed Church, historian Hermann Giliomee (2003: 373) insists that „the segregationist practice of the American South was particularly influential.‟ Given the ideological relationship between apartheid and Jim Crow, the present study investigates the interplay of compatibility between apartheid/Jim Crow and crime and violence as reflected in selected works of Richard Wright (African American novelist) and Athol Fugard (South African playwright). The aim of the study is firstly, to examine the works in order to analyse them as responses to apartheid and by extension colonial domination and secondly to investigate crime and violence. The three criminological theories selected for this study are strain theory (by Robert Merton), subculture theory (Edwin Sutherland) and labelling theory (Howard Becker). While criminological theory provides an empirical dimension to the study, postcolonial theory situates the study within a specified space, which is the postcolonial context. The postcolonial is, however understood, not as a demarcated historical space, but as a continuum, from the dawn of colonization to the unforeseeable future. Three postcolonial theorists have been identified for the purposes of this study. These are: Frantz Fanon, Homi Bhabha and Bill Ashcroft. Fanon‟s psychoanalysis of the colonized, Homi Bhabha‟s Third Space and hybridity as well as Ashcroft‟s postcolonial transformation are key concepts in understanding the different ways in which the colonized deal with the consequences of colonization. It has been suggested particularly in Edward Said‟s Orientalism (1978) that the discourse of orientalism creates the Oriental, as if Orientals were a passive object of the colonial adventure. This study uses Bhabha‟s and Ashcroft‟s theory of colonial discourse to argue that the…
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. M. Blatchford.

► A correlational study on group-based guilt and shame of white South Africans in post-Apartheid South Africa investigates the role of the perception of social change…
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▼ A correlational study on group-based guilt and shame of white South Africans in post-Apartheid South Africa investigates the role of the perception of social change and how it impacts on the group-based emotions guilt and shame as well as reparation intentions when controlled for ingroup identification. The study also aimed to control for the antecedents of group-based guilt and collective shame. Results revealed that guilt is predicted by perceived responsibility and is influenced by shame, while shame is predicted by image threat and guilt. The results further propose that the perceptions of status change for the ingroup and the outgroup predict the feelings of shame for high ingroup identifiers while status change (or lack thereof) for the ingroup predicts the willingness for symbolic reparation for low ingroup identifiers. The results are presented and discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Prof K. Dumont.

Clarke, R. (2011). Group-based guilt and shame in the desegregated context : the role of the perception of social change and ingroup identification. (Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/513

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Clarke, Rochelle. “Group-based guilt and shame in the desegregated context : the role of the perception of social change and ingroup identification.” 2011. Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/513.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Clarke, Rochelle. “Group-based guilt and shame in the desegregated context : the role of the perception of social change and ingroup identification.” 2011. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Clarke R. Group-based guilt and shame in the desegregated context : the role of the perception of social change and ingroup identification. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/513.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Clarke R. Group-based guilt and shame in the desegregated context : the role of the perception of social change and ingroup identification. [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/513

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

30.
Mugabe, T.C.
Fair trade in the Eastern Cape : an examination of its socio-economic impact and challenges among emerging Black farmers.

► This study examines the socio-economic impact of fair trade on black emerging citrus fruit farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is…
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▼ This study examines the socio-economic impact of fair trade on black emerging citrus fruit farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is a comparative analysis of farmers involved in fair trade and those who are not. Farmers from Riverside Enterprise and Sundays River Citrus Cooperative were examined to evaluate the impact of fair trade. Such impact was analyzed through looking at access farmers have to foreign markets and their ability to receive high income returns from these markets. The study also discusses the influence fair trade has on the social and economic development of the farmers’ communities. The findings of the study indicate how most fair trade communities have benefited financially and through public infrastructure such as crèches, learning centers and access to computers for both farmers and workers. Such public developments are funded through the fair trade social dividend which is a premium farmers receive for selling their fruit under fair trade. However, the study findings also indicate the limitations of fair trade; farmers have to incur high costs to become fair trade accredited. The study also examines the commodity value chains (hereinafter referred to as CVC) for citrus fair trade farmers and non fair trade farmers. This analysis reveals the procedure of value chains, their benefits and constraints.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. P Moyo.

Mugabe, T. C. (2011). Fair trade in the Eastern Cape : an examination of its socio-economic impact and challenges among emerging Black farmers. (Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/441

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Mugabe, T C. “Fair trade in the Eastern Cape : an examination of its socio-economic impact and challenges among emerging Black farmers.” 2011. Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/10353/441.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mugabe TC. Fair trade in the Eastern Cape : an examination of its socio-economic impact and challenges among emerging Black farmers. [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/441

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation