The story of Dragon Ball follows the life of Son Goku, a monkey-tailed boy loosely inspired by the traditional Chinese novel Journey to the West (西遊記). The Dragon Ball franchise continues until Goku becomes an adult. The franchise then changes to Dragon Ball Z. During his life, he fights many battles and eventually becomes the strongest martial artist in the entire universe. He is not without help, however, as the manga a large ensemble cast of martial artist heroes and villains which provide the conflicts which drive the story.

The eponymous Dragon Balls are one component of the universe, but are not the focus for most of the plot lines. The Dragon Balls themselves are seven magical orbs which are scattered across the world. When assembled, they can be used to summon Shen Long, the dragon god who will grant one wish within its limit. After the wish is granted, the Dragon Balls are scattered again across the world and become inert for one year. In times past, it would take generations to search the world and gather the Dragon Balls. In the beginning of the story, however, a 16 year old genius girl named Bulma has created a "Dragon Radar" to detect the Dragon Balls and made the process far easier than it was originally intended to be.