Abstract

Background

Perilipin1, a lipid droplet associated protein has an important role in the regulation of lipolysis and lipid storage in adipocytes. Perilipin1 is also expressed in foam cells of atheroma plaques and could therefore play a role in the accumulation of lipids in arterial wall and in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate this possible role of perilipin1 in atherogenesis.

Methods

Mice deficient in perilipin1 (Plin1-/-) were crossed with Ldlr-/- mice. Ldlr-/- and Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice received an atherogenic diet during 10 or 20 weeks. Blood pressure and plasma lipids concentrations were measured. Aortas were collected at the end of the atherogenic diet periods for quantification of atheroma lesions (en face method), histological and immunohistological studies

Results

Ldlr-/- and Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice had comparable blood pressure and plasma lipids levels. Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice had a lower body weight and decreased adiposity. The atherosclerotic lesion area in Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice was moderately increased after 10 weeks of atherogenic diet (ns) and significantly higher after 20 weeks (p < 0.01). Histology of atheroma plaques was comparable with no sign of increased inflammation in Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice.

Conclusion

Perilipin1 ablation in mice results in increased atherosclerosis independently of modifications of risk factors such as raised blood pressure or plasma lipids levels. These data strongly support an atheroprotective role for perilipin1.

Keywords

perilipin1atherosclerosislipids

Introduction

A hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of free (FC) and esterified (EC) cholesterol in macrophages and smooth muscular cells transforming them in foam cells [1]. Such accumulation depends on the balance between the uptake of cholesterol-rich lipoprotein through scavenger receptors [2] and the efflux of free cholesterol controled by the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 [3] and to a lesser extent by SR-B1 (or CLA-1) [4, 5]. This accumulation depends also on the intra-cellular metabolism of cholesterol, particularly the balance between its free and esterified forms. CE taken up by cells is hydrolyzed in lysosomes to FC that is then directed to various cell membranes by the protein NPC1 [6]. Excessive accumulation of FC has toxic effects on cells [7] and FC must be either by removed through efflux to extra-cellular acceptors or esterified. CE is then stored in lipid droplets and can be removed from cells only after hydrolysis to FC by a cholesterol ester hydrolase, whose nature is still debated [8–10].

Storage of lipids droplets in cells accumulating triacylglycerols (adipocytes, hepatocytes) or EC (steroidogenic cells) is also dependent in part of specific proteins surrounding these droplets and belonging to the PERILIPIN family (previously named PAT family) [11], particularly perilipin1 (previously perilipin) and perilipin2 (previously adipophilin or ADRP). Perilipin2 is present in all cells storing lipids [12]. Its expression is increased during incubation of macrophages with oxidized LDL [13, 14]. It is expressed in foam cells of atherosclerotic plaques [14]. Its overexpression in THP-1 macrophages enhances lipid accumulation [15] whereas its invalidation protects against atherosclerosis [16]. Therefore perilipin2 is clearly involved in atheroma. Perilipin1 has at least three different forms, perilipin1 A, B and C, resulting from alternative splicing of a common premessenger RNA [17]. Perilipin1 A and B are present in adipocytes, the A form being largely predominant. Perilipin1 C is found in steroidogenic cells. In adipocytes, perilipin1 opposes in the basal state hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. β-adrenergic agents phosphorylate perilipins1 on specific serine sites and phosphorylated perilipins 1 allow phosphorylated HSL to hydrolyze TG. Perilipins1 are thus implicated in the regulation of basal and stimulated lipolysis. Perilipin1 A is expressed in macrophages [18–21] and vascular smooth muscular cells [18], in arterial wall [18] and is overexpressed in atheroma plaques [18, 22], particularly unstable plaques [22]. Perilipin1 could therefore be implicated in the development of atherosclerosis by controling the hydrolysis of stored EC. The overexpression of perilipin1 in atheroma plaque could favour the accumulation of cholesterol and promote the development of atheroma. However, perilipin1 could also shift the balance between FC and EC toward EC and help to prevent excessive accumulation of FC. Since excess FC is toxic for cells and plays a role in the evolution of plaques toward instability [7, 23], perilipin1 could have on the contrary a protective role. In a first step to clarify this issue and to determine the role, if any, of perilipin1 in atheroma, we investigated the effect of perilipin1 invalidation on the development of atheroma in an experimental model, the Ldlr-/- mouse.

Methods

Plin1-/-mice were a gift from I Tabas (Columbia University, NY, USA). These mice are from the strain generated and described by Martinez-Botas et al [24] and are on a C57BL/6 background. Ldlr-/- mice (C57BL/6 background) were from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Plin1-/-and Ldlr-/- mice were crossed to obtain Plin+/-Ldlr+/- mice, which were intercrossed to obtain Ldlr-/- and Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice. All mice were housed in an animal facility with controlled temperature (21-23°C) and lighting (light on 07:00, light off 19:00) and had free access to food and water. Male mice were used for the experiments. These mice received, starting at 8 weeks of age, an atherogenic diet (38.4% fat, 0.15% cholesterol, U8958 version 52 from SAFE, Augy, France) and were investigated after 10 (8 Ldlr-/-, 13 Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice) or 20 weeks (13 Ldlr-/-, 30 Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice) of atherogenic diet. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University Cl Bernard of Lyon.

Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 20 weeks old mice (8 Ldlr-/-and 16 Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice) by the tail-cuff method (Visitech 2000 series II) after acclimation to restrain and tail-cuff inflation. For quantification of atheroma mice were anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Blood was collected from inferior vena cava and plasma separated by centrifugation for enzymatic determination (Biomerieux, Lyon, France) of total cholesterol and of triacylglycerols concentrations. Aortas were dissected from aortic root to iliac bifurcation, carefully cleaned form periarterial adipose tissue, pinned on silicon dishes and stained for lipid deposits with Red Sudan IV (en face method). Red Sudan IV positive areas were quantified using Image J software and expressed as the percentage of total aorta area. For histological studies some aortas of 20 weeks atherogenic diet fed mice were rinced with PBS and fixed in phosphate buffered formalin, carefully dissected, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin before sectioning. Haematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff (elastic fibres) stainings were performed as well as immunocytology for macrophages (anti-Mac3 antibodies), lymphocytes (anti-CD3 antibodies) and smooth muscular cells (anti α-SMA antibodies) [25]. For measurements of mRNA concentrations aortas of 20 weeks atherogenic diet fed mice (5 Ldlr-/-and 5 Plin1-/-Ldlr-/-) were removed, flushed with cold isotonic saline, carefully cleaned of perivascular adipose tissue and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen before storage at -80°C until analysis. Total RNAs were purified using TRIZOLR protocol (Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France) with the addition of a DNase treatment. Concentrations, intergrity and purity were verified. For measurements of individual mRNA levels (IL-6, IL1-β, TNFα, MCP-1, SR-A, ABCA1, ABCG1), total RNA was reverse transcripted using Superscript II (Invitrogen) and random hexamers. Real time PCR was performed in a MyIQ thermal cycler (Biorad, Marnes La Coquette, France) using iQ SYBR green Supermix (Biorad). Samples were run along with dilutions of known amounts of target sequence for quantification of initial cDNA copies. Results were calculated as the target over 18S RNA concentration ratio (ng/μg). Primer sequences are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Primers used for determinations of mRNAs concentration

Forward primer

Reverse primer

IL-6

GCTGGAGTCACAGAAGG

TAGATGAGCCGTTTGGA

IL-1β

AGTCCCAGTGTTCYYGG

GCTGGACTGTTTCTAATGC

TNFα

GCCACCACGCTCTTCTG

GCTCACTGTTCGGACATCG

MCP-1

ACAACCACCTCAAGCAC

CAATACCATAAGGGAAAGT

ABCA1

TCCTGTGCCATTTATTC

GTTACTTAGTGGTCCTTCTT

ABCG1

ATGAATCAGCGAATGTTG

GTTCTAATGGGTGCCTCT

SR-A

CATCACCAACGACCTCAG

TGTCCAGTAAGCCCTCT

18S

TGAGGCCATGATTAAGAGGG

AGTCGGCATCGTTTATGGTC

Results are shown as individual values or as means ± sem. Comparisons between groups were performed by Student t test for non paired values or by Mann-Whitney test using GraphPad Prism (version 5.03). P < 0.05 was considered as indicating a significant difference.

Discussion

The present results support an atheroprotective role of perilipin1 since the extent of atheroma lesions was increased in Ldlr-/- mice with perilipin1 ablation. The overall histological appearance of the plaques was unchanged and we observed no increase in macrophages or lymphocytes infiltration, nor any significant increase in the mRNA concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore inflammation does not appear increased and the enhanced atheroma seems to result mainly form an increase in lipid deposits. Such an increase is demonstrated by the examination of aortas by the en face method since Red Sudan IV stains lipid deposits. An increased expression of SR-A could contribute to this increase in lipid deposits. The increase in ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression would on the contrary favour cholesterol efflux and could be an adaptative response to the increased accumulation of intra-cellular cholesterol. Perilipin1 can be found in macrophages and vascular smooth muscular cells and is present within atheroma plaques in foam cells originating from both cell types [18–22]. We used mice with a global invalidation of perilipin1 and cannot delineate the respective roles of macrophages and smooth muscular cells perilipin1 in the evolution of atheroma. This will need investigating mice with tissue specific invalidation. We cannot exclude an indirect effect on atheroma of perilipin1 ablation outside of the vasculature, i.e. in adipose tissue. However, blood pressure and plasma lipid levels were unaffected while body weight and fat mass (as appreciated by fat pads volume) were reduced by perilipin1 ablation. Therefore we can exclude a role for three major risk factors for atheroma (hypertension, higher plasma lipid levels, obesity) in the enhanced atherosclerosis we observed. Physical activity was also unchanged (data not shown) in agreement with previous reports [26]. Perilipin1 invalidation induces however some peripheral insulin-resistance, despite the reduced adiposity [27]. We cannot exclude a role for such insulin-resistance.

Conclusion

In conclusion we found a protective role of perilipin1 against atherosclerosis. Evaluation of the respective roles of perilipin1 in macrophages and in smooth muscular cells and elucidation of the precise mechanisms implicated will require further studies.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the ALFEDIAM and from the Fondation de France.

Authors' original submitted files for images

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Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

DL had in charge the mice strains and performed with JYL the quantification of atheroma and histological studies. FF and PDC had in charge mice strains and collected data, particularly plasma lipids and blood pressure. SN had in charge mRNA determinations. MB designed the study and wrote the manuscript. All authors participated in the analysis of data and the preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.