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Measurements and Main Results: After adjusting weight based on the recorded fluid balance before enrollment, 21.9% of subjects were categorized into different body mass index categories than without this adjustment. We used a competing risk analysis with events of interest considered death during hospitalization and successful liberation from mechanical ventilation. We found no statistically significant difference between body mass index categories (<25 kg/m2 vs. 25 to <30 kg/m2 vs. ≥30 kg/m2) in the competing risks analyses when the results were unadjusted or adjusted for severity of illness and comorbidities. When the analyses were adjusted for the use of continuous infusions of opioids and/or sedatives and ventilator parameters (tidal volume per ideal body weight, positive end-expiratory pressure, and airway pressure), subjects with an overweight fluid-balance–adjusted body mass index had significantly lower hazard ratios for dying while hospitalized (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68 [95% confidence interval 0.47–0.99], p = .044), and those with an obese fluid-adjusted body mass index had significantly higher hazard ratios for successful extubation (adjusted hazard ratio 1.53 [95% confidence interval 1.14–2.06], p = .005). An analysis of longer-term mortality found lower adjusted hazard ratios for subjects with overweight (adjusted hazard ratio 0.74 [95% confidence interval 0.56–0.96]) and obese (adjusted hazard ratio 0.74 [95% confidence interval 0.59–0.94]) fluid-balance–adjusted body mass indices.

Conclusions: Processes of provided care may affect the observed association between excess weight and outcomes for critically ill adults and should be considered when making inferences about observed results. It is unknown if disparities in processes of care are due to clinically justified reasons for variation, bias against heavier patients, or other reasons.