Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

published:14 Apr 2009

views:201591

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

published:17 May 2016

views:172029

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

published:02 Sep 2013

views:46820

published:06 Jun 2016

views:29240

In this video, we look at the definition of the word "ore", which frequently comes up in exams. We then explore four different metals: Iron, copper, aluminium and titanium.

published:14 Oct 2014

views:56064

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

published:17 Feb 2015

views:19099

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

published:27 Aug 2014

views:19615

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

published:29 Jul 2016

views:21477331

In order to win wars (or to prevent them) a civilization needed iron. Here is one of the sources in England

Ore

An ore is a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock. The ores are extracted from the earth through mining; they are then refined (often via smelting) to extract the valuable element, or elements.

The grade or concentration of an ore mineral, or metal, as well as its form of occurrence, will directly affect the costs associated with mining the ore. The cost of extraction must thus be weighed against the metal value contained in the rock to determine what ore can be processed and what ore is of too low a grade to be worth mining. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates, or "native" metals (such as native copper) that are not commonly concentrated in the Earth's crust, or "noble" metals (not usually forming compounds) such as gold. The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock and from the ore minerals. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of geological processes. The process of ore formation is called ore genesis.

Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable — that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking — as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms.

Astrophysicists use the term "metal" to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium. Thus, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium.

Like other group 8 elements, iron exists in a wide range of oxidation states, −2 to +6, although +2 and +3 are the most common. Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to oxygen and water. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in normal air to give hydratediron oxides, commonly known as rust. Unlike many other metals which form passivating oxide layers, iron oxides occupy more volume than the metal and thus flake off, exposing fresh surfaces for corrosion.

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

9:26

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

5:23

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Making Steel from Iron Ore

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

In this video, we look at the definition of the word "ore", which frequently comes up in exams. We then explore four different metals: Iron, copper, aluminium and titanium.

3:20

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

5:12

Iron Ore Rock

Iron Ore Rock

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

4:32

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

2:45

Making History - Bog Iron

Making History - Bog Iron

Making History - Bog Iron

In order to win wars (or to prevent them) a civilization needed iron. Here is one of the sources in England

Smelting Iron from Iron ore

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe.
can buy it here:
https://www.createspace.com/336053
See the trailer here:
http://youtu.be/vWxs7ZV5Ly8

10:39

From Rock to Ring

From Rock to Ring

From Rock to Ring

Kanyon and I extract silver from rock and make a ring.
See where/how I got the gold here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh1c8R23urM

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

published: 14 Apr 2009

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

published: 17 May 2016

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Making Steel from Iron Ore

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebo...

Minnesota Iron Mining Process

In this video, we look at the definition of the word "ore", which frequently comes up in exams. We then explore four different metals: Iron, copper, aluminium and titanium.

published: 14 Oct 2014

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

published: 17 Feb 2015

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of...

published: 27 Aug 2014

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end las...

published: 29 Jul 2016

Making History - Bog Iron

In order to win wars (or to prevent them) a civilization needed iron. Here is one of the sources in England

Smelting Iron from Iron ore

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe.
can buy it here:
https://www.createspace.com/336053
See the trailer here:
http://youtu.be/vWxs7ZV5Ly8

published: 15 Dec 2009

From Rock to Ring

Kanyon and I extract silver from rock and make a ring.
See where/how I got the gold here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh1c8R23urM

published: 24 Aug 2015

Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit!

How to turn copper ore into copper using Bronze Age techniques. For more information on our reconstruction of the earliest known copper smelting site in the UK (Pentrwyn, Great Orme) please visit: http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf

published: 25 May 2012

Making an Axe from Iron Ore: Trailer for the film Ore to Axe by Ken Koons

Purchase the Movie Here
https://www.createspace.com/336053
Ore to Axe
This documentary film details the process of smelting iron ore into metal and forging it into an eighteenth century-style axe. Follow blacksmiths with over 100 years collective experience as they demonstrate every step in the centuries-old bloomery smelting process. By combining earth, air, and fire, they create that "tool of necessity" used for generations.
Blacksmiths Shelton Browder, Ken Koons, Steve Mankowski, and Lee Sauder take you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe. If you have ever wondered how the tools so important to our ancestors were made, watch and see skills almost lost to history.
Buy i...

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. ...

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferr...

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this ...

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from co...

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

Smelting Iron from Iron ore

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes...

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe.
can buy it here:
https://www.createspace.com/336053
See the trailer here:
http://youtu.be/vWxs7ZV5Ly8

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe.
can buy it here:
https://www.createspace.com/336053
See the trailer here:
http://youtu.be/vWxs7ZV5Ly8

Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit!

How to turn copper ore into copper using Bronze Age techniques. For more information on our reconstruction of the earliest known copper smelting site in the UK...

How to turn copper ore into copper using Bronze Age techniques. For more information on our reconstruction of the earliest known copper smelting site in the UK (Pentrwyn, Great Orme) please visit: http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf

How to turn copper ore into copper using Bronze Age techniques. For more information on our reconstruction of the earliest known copper smelting site in the UK (Pentrwyn, Great Orme) please visit: http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf

published:25 May 2012

views:370568

back

Making an Axe from Iron Ore: Trailer for the film Ore to Axe by Ken Koons

Purchase the Movie Here
https://www.createspace.com/336053
Ore to Axe
This documentary film details the process of smelting iron ore into metal and forging i...

Purchase the Movie Here
https://www.createspace.com/336053
Ore to Axe
This documentary film details the process of smelting iron ore into metal and forging it into an eighteenth century-style axe. Follow blacksmiths with over 100 years collective experience as they demonstrate every step in the centuries-old bloomery smelting process. By combining earth, air, and fire, they create that "tool of necessity" used for generations.
Blacksmiths Shelton Browder, Ken Koons, Steve Mankowski, and Lee Sauder take you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe. If you have ever wondered how the tools so important to our ancestors were made, watch and see skills almost lost to history.
Buy it here https://www.createspace.com/336053
Read a review here http://warehamforgeblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/ore-to-axe-review.html

Purchase the Movie Here
https://www.createspace.com/336053
Ore to Axe
This documentary film details the process of smelting iron ore into metal and forging it into an eighteenth century-style axe. Follow blacksmiths with over 100 years collective experience as they demonstrate every step in the centuries-old bloomery smelting process. By combining earth, air, and fire, they create that "tool of necessity" used for generations.
Blacksmiths Shelton Browder, Ken Koons, Steve Mankowski, and Lee Sauder take you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe. If you have ever wondered how the tools so important to our ancestors were made, watch and see skills almost lost to history.
Buy it here https://www.createspace.com/336053
Read a review here http://warehamforgeblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/ore-to-axe-review.html

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

published: 14 Apr 2009

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

published: 17 May 2016

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Making Steel from Iron Ore

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebo...

Minnesota Iron Mining Process

In this video, we look at the definition of the word "ore", which frequently comes up in exams. We then explore four different metals: Iron, copper, aluminium and titanium.

published: 14 Oct 2014

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

published: 17 Feb 2015

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of...

published: 27 Aug 2014

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end las...

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. ...

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferr...

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this ...

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from co...

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

silver ore smelting

Smelting Iron in Africa

Smelting iron from ore by a smith family in West Africa. The only complete, high quality video of iron smelting in Africa. Making charcoal, digging ore and flux, building the kiln, firing the kiln, sacrifices, smelting the iron, forging the iron into tools. With Chinese subtitles. A CULTURAL RECREATION !! THIS WAS DONE FOR ME TO FILM. THEY DO NOT SMELT IRON LIKE THIS ANYMORE.

published: 20 Sep 2014

10th how we get pure metal from from its ore ,mineral and ore difference in hindi by ganesh dutt

published: 11 Sep 2016

Ancient African Iron Smelting Technology

This video by Christopher D. Roy depicts the ancient iron smelting technology of African community.
The simple & locally available materials & tools are used in the smelting process.
This would have been the typical way that Siva smelted iron.
This video proves that it could have been done by Siva 20,000 years ago looking at the viable technique adopted by these people.
This original technology should have been handed down to future generations by Siva, through Ruk Veda.

more at http://news.quickfound.net/cities/minneapolis.html
How taconite will save Minnesota iron mining. "Produced to reassure Minnesotans that iron mining would continue to spur economic development."
Public domain film from the Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Range
The IronRange is an informal and unofficially designated region that makes up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. It is a ...

Welcome back to Portal Knights! In part 7 of our Portal Knights series, we continue portal jumping and fight some Crestors! We also find some Iron!
► Watch the entire Let’s Play Portal Knights Gameplay series - http://bit.ly/PortalKnightsLP ►SupportBlitz on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/Blitzkriegsler
- - - - -
Here are some other suggested playlists for your entertainment:
► Let's PlaySlime Rancher: http://bit.ly/SlimeRancher
► Let's Play Scrap Mechanic: http://bit.ly/ScrapMechanicLP
► Let's Play Unravel: http://bit.ly/UnravelLP
- - - - -
Keep in touch with Blitz!
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Sub2Blitz
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Blitzkriegsler
SteamGroup: http://steamcommunity.com/groups/Blit...
- - - - -
Portal Knights Gameplay Information:
Leave the familiar world behind and step into the fantastic unknown with Portal Knights! Play with your friends in this action-packed crafting adventure across dozens of sandbox islands connected by ancient portals.
No one can remember how long it’s been since the peaceful world was torn apart by The Fracture, plummeting it into darkness. Is there any soul brave enough to reunite the shattered realm? Craft your adventure. Forge your hero. Become the ultimate PortalKnight!
- - - - -
Portal Knights Gameplay Features:
►Travel between randomly generated 3D sandbox worlds — each one with unique environments, creatures, and resources for crafting.
►Tactical action combat. Strike your foes and dodge their attacks in fast-paced 3rd-person battles. Choose from an assortment of weapons and spells to defeat them!
►RPG character classes to choose from and master. Play as a Warrior, Mage or Ranger and customize your appearance, abilities, and gear.
►Mine and gather resources from across the lands to craft your arsenal and supplies.
►Build your home with dozens of materials and furnishings. Display the hard-earned treasure from your journeys. Plant a farm and reap your harvest as your crops grow in real time.
►Epic boss battles. Face off against the Portal Guardians, the most formidable beasts in the realm, in their twisted arenas.
► Join your friends in 4-person cooperative multiplayer. Work together to build structures, explore dungeons, and overcome the toughest perils.
- - - - -
For more information on Portal Knights, visit these links:
Portal Knights Official Website - portalknights.com
Download Portal Knights on Steam - http://store.steampowered.com/app/374040/
Official Portal Knights Trailer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XixOLND5cE4
- - - - -
Portal Knights is developed by KeenGames and published by 505 games. They were kind enough to send me a free press download for the game.

Welcome back to Portal Knights! In part 7 of our Portal Knights series, we continue portal jumping and fight some Crestors! We also find some Iron!
► Watch the entire Let’s Play Portal Knights Gameplay series - http://bit.ly/PortalKnightsLP ►SupportBlitz on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/Blitzkriegsler
- - - - -
Here are some other suggested playlists for your entertainment:
► Let's PlaySlime Rancher: http://bit.ly/SlimeRancher
► Let's Play Scrap Mechanic: http://bit.ly/ScrapMechanicLP
► Let's Play Unravel: http://bit.ly/UnravelLP
- - - - -
Keep in touch with Blitz!
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Sub2Blitz
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Blitzkriegsler
SteamGroup: http://steamcommunity.com/groups/Blit...
- - - - -
Portal Knights Gameplay Information:
Leave the familiar world behind and step into the fantastic unknown with Portal Knights! Play with your friends in this action-packed crafting adventure across dozens of sandbox islands connected by ancient portals.
No one can remember how long it’s been since the peaceful world was torn apart by The Fracture, plummeting it into darkness. Is there any soul brave enough to reunite the shattered realm? Craft your adventure. Forge your hero. Become the ultimate PortalKnight!
- - - - -
Portal Knights Gameplay Features:
►Travel between randomly generated 3D sandbox worlds — each one with unique environments, creatures, and resources for crafting.
►Tactical action combat. Strike your foes and dodge their attacks in fast-paced 3rd-person battles. Choose from an assortment of weapons and spells to defeat them!
►RPG character classes to choose from and master. Play as a Warrior, Mage or Ranger and customize your appearance, abilities, and gear.
►Mine and gather resources from across the lands to craft your arsenal and supplies.
►Build your home with dozens of materials and furnishings. Display the hard-earned treasure from your journeys. Plant a farm and reap your harvest as your crops grow in real time.
►Epic boss battles. Face off against the Portal Guardians, the most formidable beasts in the realm, in their twisted arenas.
► Join your friends in 4-person cooperative multiplayer. Work together to build structures, explore dungeons, and overcome the toughest perils.
- - - - -
For more information on Portal Knights, visit these links:
Portal Knights Official Website - portalknights.com
Download Portal Knights on Steam - http://store.steampowered.com/app/374040/
Official Portal Knights Trailer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XixOLND5cE4
- - - - -
Portal Knights is developed by KeenGames and published by 505 games. They were kind enough to send me a free press download for the game.

Smelting Iron in Africa

Smelting iron from ore by a smith family in West Africa. The only complete, high quality video of iron smelting in Africa. Making charcoal, digging ore and fl...

Smelting iron from ore by a smith family in West Africa. The only complete, high quality video of iron smelting in Africa. Making charcoal, digging ore and flux, building the kiln, firing the kiln, sacrifices, smelting the iron, forging the iron into tools. With Chinese subtitles. A CULTURAL RECREATION !! THIS WAS DONE FOR ME TO FILM. THEY DO NOT SMELT IRON LIKE THIS ANYMORE.

Smelting iron from ore by a smith family in West Africa. The only complete, high quality video of iron smelting in Africa. Making charcoal, digging ore and flux, building the kiln, firing the kiln, sacrifices, smelting the iron, forging the iron into tools. With Chinese subtitles. A CULTURAL RECREATION !! THIS WAS DONE FOR ME TO FILM. THEY DO NOT SMELT IRON LIKE THIS ANYMORE.

published:20 Sep 2014

views:1079116

back

10th how we get pure metal from from its ore ,mineral and ore difference in hindi by ganesh dutt

Ancient African Iron Smelting Technology

This video by Christopher D. Roy depicts the ancient iron smelting technology of African community.
The simple & locally available materials & tools are used i...

This video by Christopher D. Roy depicts the ancient iron smelting technology of African community.
The simple & locally available materials & tools are used in the smelting process.
This would have been the typical way that Siva smelted iron.
This video proves that it could have been done by Siva 20,000 years ago looking at the viable technique adopted by these people.
This original technology should have been handed down to future generations by Siva, through Ruk Veda.

This video by Christopher D. Roy depicts the ancient iron smelting technology of African community.
The simple & locally available materials & tools are used in the smelting process.
This would have been the typical way that Siva smelted iron.
This video proves that it could have been done by Siva 20,000 years ago looking at the viable technique adopted by these people.
This original technology should have been handed down to future generations by Siva, through Ruk Veda.

more at http://news.quickfound.net/cities/minneapolis.html
How taconite will save Minnesota iron mining. "Produced to reassure Minnesotans that iron mining wou...

more at http://news.quickfound.net/cities/minneapolis.html
How taconite will save Minnesota iron mining. "Produced to reassure Minnesotans that iron mining would continue to spur economic development."
Public domain film from the Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Range
The IronRange is an informal and unofficially designated region that makes up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. It is a region with multiple distinct bands of iron ore. The far eastern area, containing the Duluth Complex along the shore of Lake Superior, and the far northern area, along the Canadian border, of the region are not associated with iron ore mining. Due to its shape, the area is collectively referred to as the Arrowhead region of the state.
The area consists of seven counties: Aitkin, Carlton, Cook, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, and Saint Louis...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesabi_Range
The Mesabi Iron Range is a vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota. Discovered in 1866, it is the chief deposit of iron ore in the United States. The deposit is located in northeast Minnesota, largely in Itasca and Saint Louis counties. It was extensively worked in the earlier part of the 20th century. Extraction operations declined throughout the mid-1970s but rebounded in 2005. China's growing demand for iron, along with the falling value of the US dollar versus other world currencies, have made taconite production profitable again, and some mines that had closed have been reopened, while current mines have been expanded...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconite
Taconite is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate. Newton Horace Winchell, the Minnesota StateGeologist, coined the term during his pioneering investigations of the Precambrian Biwabik IronFormation of northeastern Minnesota. He noted the rock had a superficial resemblance to iron-bearing rocks from the Taconic Mountains of New York.
The iron content of taconite, commonly present as finely dispersed magnetite, is generally 25 to 30%....
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States was mining such an abundance of iron ore of high quality that taconite was considered an uneconomic waste product. By the end of World War II, however, much of the high-grade iron ore in the United States had been exhausted. Taconite became valued as a new source of the metal...
The Mesabi Iron Range region of the American state of Minnesota is a major production area. The taconite iron ore pellets are hauled by railroad to the ports of Silver Bay, Two Harbors and the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, all on Lake Superior. The docks at Escanaba, Michigan, on Lake Michigan, also ship taconite from the Marquette iron range in Michigan, and occasionally ore from Minnesota is hauled by rail there. Marquette, Michigan also has a taconite dock which also loads bulk freighters with ore from the Marquette iron range. The ore is generally shipped by lake freighters to locations on the lower Great Lakes. Many steelmaking centers are located near Lake Erie. Due to increased international demand, taconite is shipped to Mexico and China...

more at http://news.quickfound.net/cities/minneapolis.html
How taconite will save Minnesota iron mining. "Produced to reassure Minnesotans that iron mining would continue to spur economic development."
Public domain film from the Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Range
The IronRange is an informal and unofficially designated region that makes up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. It is a region with multiple distinct bands of iron ore. The far eastern area, containing the Duluth Complex along the shore of Lake Superior, and the far northern area, along the Canadian border, of the region are not associated with iron ore mining. Due to its shape, the area is collectively referred to as the Arrowhead region of the state.
The area consists of seven counties: Aitkin, Carlton, Cook, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, and Saint Louis...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesabi_Range
The Mesabi Iron Range is a vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota. Discovered in 1866, it is the chief deposit of iron ore in the United States. The deposit is located in northeast Minnesota, largely in Itasca and Saint Louis counties. It was extensively worked in the earlier part of the 20th century. Extraction operations declined throughout the mid-1970s but rebounded in 2005. China's growing demand for iron, along with the falling value of the US dollar versus other world currencies, have made taconite production profitable again, and some mines that had closed have been reopened, while current mines have been expanded...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconite
Taconite is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate. Newton Horace Winchell, the Minnesota StateGeologist, coined the term during his pioneering investigations of the Precambrian Biwabik IronFormation of northeastern Minnesota. He noted the rock had a superficial resemblance to iron-bearing rocks from the Taconic Mountains of New York.
The iron content of taconite, commonly present as finely dispersed magnetite, is generally 25 to 30%....
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States was mining such an abundance of iron ore of high quality that taconite was considered an uneconomic waste product. By the end of World War II, however, much of the high-grade iron ore in the United States had been exhausted. Taconite became valued as a new source of the metal...
The Mesabi Iron Range region of the American state of Minnesota is a major production area. The taconite iron ore pellets are hauled by railroad to the ports of Silver Bay, Two Harbors and the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, all on Lake Superior. The docks at Escanaba, Michigan, on Lake Michigan, also ship taconite from the Marquette iron range in Michigan, and occasionally ore from Minnesota is hauled by rail there. Marquette, Michigan also has a taconite dock which also loads bulk freighters with ore from the Marquette iron range. The ore is generally shipped by lake freighters to locations on the lower Great Lakes. Many steelmaking centers are located near Lake Erie. Due to increased international demand, taconite is shipped to Mexico and China...

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

9:26

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Res...

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

5:23

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educ...

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
At FuseSchool, teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT. Our OER are available free of charge to anyone. Make sure to subscribe - we are going to create 3000 more!
Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Be sure to follow our social media for the latest videos and information!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseschool
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
Google+: http://www.gplus.to/FuseSchool
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/virtualschooluk
Email: info@fuseschool.org
Website: www.fuseschool.org
This video is distributed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND

'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

5:12

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located...

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

4:32

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a devic...

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
Wordpress: https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/
Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2945881&ty=h
I have no face book page. Beware of fake pages.

2:45

Making History - Bog Iron

In order to win wars (or to prevent them) a civilization needed iron. Here is one of the...

Smelting Iron from Iron ore

Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths are smelting Iron in a bloomery furnace to make wrought iron.
I just completed a 52 minute movie called Ore to Axe. It takes you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe.
can buy it here:
https://www.createspace.com/336053
See the trailer here:
http://youtu.be/vWxs7ZV5Ly8

10:39

From Rock to Ring

Kanyon and I extract silver from rock and make a ring.
See where/how I got the gold here:...

Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit!

How to turn copper ore into copper using Bronze Age techniques. For more information on our reconstruction of the earliest known copper smelting site in the UK (Pentrwyn, Great Orme) please visit: http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf

3:13

Making an Axe from Iron Ore: Trailer for the film Ore to Axe by Ken Koons

Making an Axe from Iron Ore: Trailer for the film Ore to Axe by Ken Koons

Purchase the Movie Here
https://www.createspace.com/336053
Ore to Axe
This documentary film details the process of smelting iron ore into metal and forging it into an eighteenth century-style axe. Follow blacksmiths with over 100 years collective experience as they demonstrate every step in the centuries-old bloomery smelting process. By combining earth, air, and fire, they create that "tool of necessity" used for generations.
Blacksmiths Shelton Browder, Ken Koons, Steve Mankowski, and Lee Sauder take you on the journey of finding ore, making charcoal. building a furnace, smelting the ore to iron, converting the iron to steel, and finally forging the axe. If you have ever wondered how the tools so important to our ancestors were made, watch and see skills almost lost to history.
Buy it here https://www.createspace.com/336053
Read a review here http://warehamforgeblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/ore-to-axe-review.html

HowStuffWorks - Ore to Steel

Turning low grade iron ore into the most used metal in the world is no easy task. Learn how this hot process works on Discovery Channel's "HowStuffWorks" show. Watch more at http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/how-stuff-works/how-stuff-works.html

9:26

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Res...

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Smelting iron from iron ore using a bloomery furnace....by members of the Wealden Iron Research Group.
The website for the Wealden Iron Research Group is http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk
An application to join the Wealden Iron Research Group can be found on their website.
My website is http://www.bucklehurstleather.co.uk

5:23

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educ...

Gold Ore, Silver Ore and Platinum Group Metals Ore Explained

Silver, Gold, and Platinum group metals ores are presented in this second video which educates viewers on exploration and mining of precious metals ores. This is the Mineralogist's focus on the world of precious metals.
The series intends to showcase the variety of career opportunities across all disciplines within the unique and exciting world of the precious metals industry.
ipmi.org

Minerals and Ores & the extraction of Minerals | The Chemistry Journey | The Fuse School

Learn the basics about Minerals and Ores from a perspective of the Chemical Sciences.
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'Orange Gunge' - Iron Bacteria and Bog Iron

Iron is very common near old mine workings etc and this 'Orange Gunge' is a common sight near water. One type of 'Iron Bacteria' converts ferric to soluble ferrous in conditions free of oxygen and then another converts the ferrous into insoluble ferric that deposits out as the gunge. The bacteria 'feed' on the these chemical reactions.
In boggy conditions significant amounts of 'Bog Iron' have formed from the 'gunge' over thousands of years and this was once used to make iron in Russia, USA, etc.

5:12

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located...

Iron Ore Rock

This is a rock I picked up on the entrance drive here. It was on the surface. I am located over one of the biggest Iron Ore deposits in North America, and this is just one little piece that has been uncovered by erosion.
My theory is that all this iron underground has some bad effect on the propagation of radio waves into and out of this location during several months out of the year. Just like a generator makes a current when the windings move through the magnetic field of the core and creates a current, the magnetic lines of the earth moving though this iron makes some small amount of electricity that affects the propagation of radio waves locally.
When the solar wind gets the geomagnetic field whipping around, those lines are going through that iron in the ground, like the windings of a generator through a magnetic field. All it would take is a tiny amount to affect the microvolts in a radio signal and cancel it out. Not the exact same way, but there is obviously something going on with it.

4:32

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a devic...

Primitive Technology: Forge Blower

I invented the Bow Blower, a combination of the bow drill and forge blower to make a device that can force air into a fire while being easy to construct from commonly occurring natural materials using only primitive technology. I began by fanning a fire with a piece of bark to increase its temperature. It is this basic principle I improved on throughout the project.
Next, I made a rotary fan from two pieces of bark that slot together at right angles to each other to form a simple 4 bladed paddle wheel about 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm tall. The blades of the fan were not angled and were designed only to throw air outwards away from the axle when spun. The rotor of the fan was made by splitting a stick two ways so it formed 4 prongs. The fan was then inserted into the prongs and the end lashed to hold it in place. Spinningthe fan rotor back and forth between the palms of the hands fanned the fire. But only some of the wind generated by the fan reached the fire. The rest of it was blowing in other directions, effectively being wasted.
So I built a fan housing from unfired clay to direct the air flow into the fire. This was basically an upturned pot with a hole in the top, a spout coming out of the side. The housing was about 25 cm wide and 8 cm tall. The hole in the top and the spout were both about 6 cm in diameter so that the air coming in roughly equalled the air coming out. The base of the fan rotor sat in a wooden socket placed in the ground to make it spin easier and the top of the rotor protruded from the hole in the top of the housing.
Now when the fan spun, air entered the hole in the top of the housing and exited the spout in the side. Importantly, it doesn’t matter which way the fan spins, air always goes into the inlet and out the spout. Air is thrown out towards the walls of the housing and can only leave through the spout while the vacuum in the centre sucks new air into the housing through the inlet. A separate clay pipe called a tuyere was made to fit over the spout to direct air into the coals. This was done because the pipe that touches the fire can melt away so it’s better to make this part replaceable.
Instead of making a large wheel and belt assembly to step up the speed of rotation, I opted for a 75 cm long bow. I made a frame to hold the rotor in place consisting of two stakes hammered into the ground with a socketed cross bar lashed on to hold the top of the rotor. I made bark fibre cordage and tied the end to a stick. I then looped the cord around the rotor and held the other end in the same hand holding the stick. I then pushed and pulled the bow causing the rotor to spin rapidly, forcing air into the fire.
I made a simple mud furnace for the blower. Then I collected orange iron bacteria from the creek (iron oxide), mixed it with charcoal powder (carbon to reduce oxide to metal) and wood ash (flux to lower the melting point) and formed it into a cylindrical brick. I filled the furnace with charcoal, put the ore brick in and commenced firing. The ore brick melted and produced slag with tiny, 1mm sized specs of iron through it. My intent was not so much to make iron but to show that the furnace can reach a fairly high temperature using this blower. A taller furnace called a bloomery was generally used in ancient times to produce usable quantities of iron and consumed more charcoal, ore and labour.
This device produces a blast of air with each stroke of the bow regardless of whether it is pushed or pulled. The bow makes it possible to operate the blower without using a complicated belt and wheel assembly used in traditional forge blowers. There is a brief pause at the end of each stroke where the fan stops to rotate in the other direction, but this is effectively no different to the intermittent blast of a double acting bellows of Europe or box bellows of Asia. The materials used (wood, bark, bark fibre and clay) are readily available on most continents. No leather, valves or precisely fitted piston gaskets are required as with other types of bellows. The cords for this device wear out often so a number of back up cords should be kept handy for quick replacement. In summary, this is an easy to make device that solves the problem of supplying forced combustion air required for high temperature furnaces and forges.
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Welcome back to Portal Knights! In part 7 of our Portal Knights series, we continue portal jumping and fight some Crestors! We also find some Iron!
► Watch the entire Let’s Play Portal Knights Gameplay series - http://bit.ly/PortalKnightsLP ►SupportBlitz on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/Blitzkriegsler
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Here are some other suggested playlists for your entertainment:
► Let's PlaySlime Rancher: http://bit.ly/SlimeRancher
► Let's Play Scrap Mechanic: http://bit.ly/ScrapMechanicLP
► Let's Play Unravel: http://bit.ly/UnravelLP
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Keep in touch with Blitz!
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Sub2Blitz
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Blitzkriegsler
SteamGroup: http://steamcommunity.com/groups/Blit...
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Portal Knights Gameplay Information:
Leave the familiar world behind and step into the fantastic unknown with Portal Knights! Play with your friends in this action-packed crafting adventure across dozens of sandbox islands connected by ancient portals.
No one can remember how long it’s been since the peaceful world was torn apart by The Fracture, plummeting it into darkness. Is there any soul brave enough to reunite the shattered realm? Craft your adventure. Forge your hero. Become the ultimate PortalKnight!
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Portal Knights Gameplay Features:
►Travel between randomly generated 3D sandbox worlds — each one with unique environments, creatures, and resources for crafting.
►Tactical action combat. Strike your foes and dodge their attacks in fast-paced 3rd-person battles. Choose from an assortment of weapons and spells to defeat them!
►RPG character classes to choose from and master. Play as a Warrior, Mage or Ranger and customize your appearance, abilities, and gear.
►Mine and gather resources from across the lands to craft your arsenal and supplies.
►Build your home with dozens of materials and furnishings. Display the hard-earned treasure from your journeys. Plant a farm and reap your harvest as your crops grow in real time.
►Epic boss battles. Face off against the Portal Guardians, the most formidable beasts in the realm, in their twisted arenas.
► Join your friends in 4-person cooperative multiplayer. Work together to build structures, explore dungeons, and overcome the toughest perils.
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For more information on Portal Knights, visit these links:
Portal Knights Official Website - portalknights.com
Download Portal Knights on Steam - http://store.steampowered.com/app/374040/
Official Portal Knights Trailer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XixOLND5cE4
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Portal Knights is developed by KeenGames and published by 505 games. They were kind enough to send me a free press download for the game.

Smelting Iron in Africa

Smelting iron from ore by a smith family in West Africa. The only complete, high quality video of iron smelting in Africa. Making charcoal, digging ore and flux, building the kiln, firing the kiln, sacrifices, smelting the iron, forging the iron into tools. With Chinese subtitles. A CULTURAL RECREATION !! THIS WAS DONE FOR ME TO FILM. THEY DO NOT SMELT IRON LIKE THIS ANYMORE.

21:26

10th how we get pure metal from from its ore ,mineral and ore difference in hindi by ganesh dutt

Ancient African Iron Smelting Technology

This video by Christopher D. Roy depicts the ancient iron smelting technology of African community.
The simple & locally available materials & tools are used in the smelting process.
This would have been the typical way that Siva smelted iron.
This video proves that it could have been done by Siva 20,000 years ago looking at the viable technique adopted by these people.
This original technology should have been handed down to future generations by Siva, through Ruk Veda.

more at http://news.quickfound.net/cities/minneapolis.html
How taconite will save Minnesota iron mining. "Produced to reassure Minnesotans that iron mining would continue to spur economic development."
Public domain film from the Prelinger Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Range
The IronRange is an informal and unofficially designated region that makes up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. It is a region with multiple distinct bands of iron ore. The far eastern area, containing the Duluth Complex along the shore of Lake Superior, and the far northern area, along the Canadian border, of the region are not associated with iron ore mining. Due to its shape, the area is collectively referred to as the Arrowhead region of the state.
The area consists of seven counties: Aitkin, Carlton, Cook, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, and Saint Louis...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesabi_Range
The Mesabi Iron Range is a vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota. Discovered in 1866, it is the chief deposit of iron ore in the United States. The deposit is located in northeast Minnesota, largely in Itasca and Saint Louis counties. It was extensively worked in the earlier part of the 20th century. Extraction operations declined throughout the mid-1970s but rebounded in 2005. China's growing demand for iron, along with the falling value of the US dollar versus other world currencies, have made taconite production profitable again, and some mines that had closed have been reopened, while current mines have been expanded...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconite
Taconite is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate. Newton Horace Winchell, the Minnesota StateGeologist, coined the term during his pioneering investigations of the Precambrian Biwabik IronFormation of northeastern Minnesota. He noted the rock had a superficial resemblance to iron-bearing rocks from the Taconic Mountains of New York.
The iron content of taconite, commonly present as finely dispersed magnetite, is generally 25 to 30%....
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States was mining such an abundance of iron ore of high quality that taconite was considered an uneconomic waste product. By the end of World War II, however, much of the high-grade iron ore in the United States had been exhausted. Taconite became valued as a new source of the metal...
The Mesabi Iron Range region of the American state of Minnesota is a major production area. The taconite iron ore pellets are hauled by railroad to the ports of Silver Bay, Two Harbors and the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, all on Lake Superior. The docks at Escanaba, Michigan, on Lake Michigan, also ship taconite from the Marquette iron range in Michigan, and occasionally ore from Minnesota is hauled by rail there. Marquette, Michigan also has a taconite dock which also loads bulk freighters with ore from the Marquette iron range. The ore is generally shipped by lake freighters to locations on the lower Great Lakes. Many steelmaking centers are located near Lake Erie. Due to increased international demand, taconite is shipped to Mexico and China...

What Color Is Blue?

keep it all a little softersave it all up for themit's a virus of the simpleit's a virus of the simple sounding natureto keep you fromshow me the world that's in your eyesput it all togethersave it all up for thembe soft for nothing lastingsimple pulls it so much fasterthen you canshow me the world that's in your eyesshow me all that you've seeni see the blue and greens outsidereminding me that the world is stillbehind me all the wayand i see the stars at night and iwonder if they're looking down on who i amor who i used to beand i see the blue and greens and i know

When the sun dims dramatically Monday morning, that would be like an entire power plant unit shutting down for the Lone Star State's electricity grid. The much-anticipated solar eclipse will wipe out about 600 megawatts worth of electricity generation from Texas' growing solar power industry, according to officials with ERCOT, which manages the Texas grid.&nbsp; ... "That is not very much," she said about eclipse's influence ... ....

Multiple media reports Thursday reported a van crashed into dozens of people in the center of Barcelona Thursday killing two and injuring several people. Local Spanish media say two armed men have entered a restaurant after a van crashed into a crowd of people, according to Reuters, and police consider the incident to be terror related. Local media reports say two people were killed instantly when struck by the van....

The Guardian reported that police announced one person was arrested in relation to the attack on Thursday where someone drove a white van through the busy, pedestrian area of Las Ramblas in Barcelona, Spain which has left at least 13 dead, and more than 50 injured ...Police said that the number of the dead was "bound to rise" since at least 50 people were injured after the attack, interior minister for Catalonia, Joaquim Form said ... ... U.S....

Islamic State militants have claimed responsibility for an act of terrorism in which a van struck and killed at least a dozen people on Barcelona’s most famous avenue Thursday, Reuters reported Thursday.Carles Puigdemont, the head of the Spanish region of Catalonia, said at least 80 people had been taken to hospital and around 12 had died. Officials remain unsure how many attackers were involved in the incident ... She told La Vanguardia....

The number of asylum seekers who are illegally crossing into Canada from the United States more than tripled last month, according to new data released on Thursday by the Canadian government which hints at the deep fears that migrants have about the recent U.S. administration immigration crackdown ...The RoyalCanadian Mounted Police said that an additional 3,800 asylum seekers were arrested crossing the U.S ... "It's not a crisis ... ....

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Less constructively but maybe more cathartically, you could also listen to a bunch of blistering heavy-metal songs about whooping Nazi ass. Metal critic Kim Kelly has you covered on the last of those solutions....

SYDNEY, Aug 18 (Reuters) - Shanghaimetals futures opened lower across the board on Friday, weighed down by currency uncertainty and negative sentiment in metals markets overnight. LondonMetalExchange contracts fell further as investors looked to lock in profits after some base metals hit multi-year peaks ...Metals were set in downward motion on Thursday by weaker than expected U.S....

That’s been the trajectory of base metals so far in 2017. Copper and aluminium have been the best performing base metals this year, each up 15 percent year-to-date ...Signs of stability in China, in particular, has driven the rally, RobinBhar, head of metals - global markets at Societe Generale told BloombergQuint in an interview ... That’s clearly significant because China is the largest consumer of all metals in the global economy....

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 17 (Xinhua) -- Engineers at Stanford University have developed new "smart" windows consisting of conductive glass plates outlined with metal ions that spread out over the surface, blocking light in response to an electrical current ... The prototypes used in the study are about 4 square inches, or nearly 26 square centimeters, in size ... ....

"These measures are expected to cool the rising investment market, minimize the fluctuation range and make prices more reasonable," said Zhan, emphasizing that the futures market has only been in existence for about 20 years and is thus far less mature than the LondonMetalExchange... iron ore soared 30 percent, and zinc increased to a 10-year high....

The materials sector, which includes precious and base metals miners and fertilizer companies, lost 0.5 percent as aluminum, copper and other base metals retreated from multi-year peaks. Basemetals fell as some ......

LondonMetalExchange (LME) lead for three-months delivery hit a nine-month high of $2,537 per tonne on Thursday morning ... But being overshadowed by its more glamorous sister metal is nothing new for lead ... These figures, it should be emphasised, denote bulk tonnage, not metal contained. Judging by the implied value of North Korean imports, this seems to be relatively low-grade material, meaning lower metal content....

Victoria Scalisi, the vocalist for the influential Savannahmetal band DAMAD, died in the early morning hours of August 2nd at age 53. She was diagnosed last year with colorectal cancer that spread to her liver ...Original documenthttp.//georgiamusic.org/savannah-metal-scene-mourns-the-loss-of-victoria-scalisi/....

Gold rose for a second day on Thursday after Federal Reserve officials hinted that US interest rates could rise more slowly than expected, while palladium was lifted to a 16-year high by strong industrial metals markets ... The metal, used in the auto industry for emissions-controlling catalytic converters, was ......

From 873,371 wet metric tons (WMT), the combined nickel shipments of Berong Nickel Corporation (BNC) and ZambalesDiversifiedMetals Corporation (ZDMC) fell 71 percent to 257,120 WMT. The shipped nickel ore came from the stockpiles of the two firms ... At the start of the year, ZDMC had around 360,465 tons of ore stockpile while BNC had 939,088 tons....