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Most political theorising and philosophical discourse happens in the anglosphere. And the anglosphere is mostly, by numbers, the United States. It is no surprise that attempts at explaining political blocs are in one way or another USAcentric.

Even in the academic literature, one can find such things as "economic conservatism", meaning "being in favour of less intervention of the government in the economy, lower taxation, etc". Those things are not conservative (in the sense of preserving the status quo) at all! But it is called like that because political conservatives in the US endorse those policies.

To see what are these "left and right" things, we should think first about the essence or core of what here is called right and left, if any. But before classifying the world into two, as others have done before, we must ask: Why two?

Indeed, for some it may come easily to see the world in terms of left and right. Many people have an answer ready to the question "Do you consider yourself to be on the right or the left?". I've never had an internal answer to that question that feels comfortable. It's like asking me "Do you like coffee or alcohol?" (It happens to be neither). Those questions either assume that it has to be one or the other, or forget that there can be more categories.

But what categories. We'll come back to that.

Previous attempts at explaining the political spectrum have tried to tie differences between left and right to wealth. Thethrive/survive theory that Scott Alexander has or the similar theory that Robin Hanson espouses point to a strong role for wealth: the wealthier the more thrive/left/hunter a society is.

But this theory has an issue: Oil rich, high GDP, arab countries. Even when we limit ourselves to the rich within those countries, we don't see as much "leftism" as we would see in Sweden. Equally, as people get rich they should get more leftist, yet in the US, income does not affect ideology that much.

These theories seem to work because if one looks cross-nationally, one does see a wealth-values correlation.

1. Leftists care more about equality, rightists care more about efficiency. 2. Leftists care more about the poor, rightists care more about the rich. 3. Leftists are more secular, rightists are more religious.

To my mind, though, all these theories overintellectualize Left and Right. Neither ideology is a deduction from first principles. Not even close. What binds Leftists with fellow Leftists, Rightists with fellow Rightists, is not logic, but psycho-logic. Feelings, not theories.

What's my alternative? This:

1. Leftists are anti-market. On an emotional level, they're critical of market outcomes. No matter how good market outcomes are, they can't bear to say, "Markets have done a great job, who could ask for more?"

2. Rightists are anti-leftist. On an emotional level, they're critical of leftists. No matter how much they agree with leftists on an issue, they can't bear to say, "The left is totally right, it would be churlish to criticize them."

And with this theory, he criticised Scott Alexander's, arguing that society is not drifting leftward (the Soviet Union fell, etc), radical left parties were more prominent in poorer countries, and were not particularly socially liberal, and a few issues don't match the theory (abortion, for one). He also points out that the power of our theory may hinge on what we call left and right

My Simplistic Theory _intentionally _fails to predict lots of details. Why? Because many of the features that Scott sees as quintessentially leftist - such as "freedom of religion, democratic-republican governments, weak gender norms, minimal family values, and a high emphasis on education and abstract ideas" - have been neglected or rejected by history's most influential, dyed-in-the-wool leftists. The leftists Scott personally knows may cherish the items on his list. To be frank, though, the leftists Scott personally knows are just a trendy subset of a diverse and enduring movement.

Defining Left and Right

What facts should the theory fit, for Scott Alexander?

1) Why do both ideologies combine seemingly unrelated political ideas? For example, why do people who want laissez-faire free trade empirically also prefer a strong military and oppose gay marriage? Why do people who want to help the environment also support feminism and dislike school vouchers?

My issue with this is that 1) is not quite true. You have libertarians, Vox leftists, SJW leftists, conservatives, alt-righters, fascists, and communists. These groups are quite different from each other, and they do not seem to neatly align in a 1D axis unless one is so enmeshed in the 1D political world that the 1D axis swampts the other differences.

Point 2) may have some truth to it, but it may also be availability bias. We have this image of Athenians as enlightened philosophers and Spartans as skilled warriors, but both societies featured large amounts of slavery, in Sparta women apparently had more freedoms than elsewhere. And Spartans were apparently less open than the Athenians to commerce and trade.

Sparta does seem like what you would get when a society is configured for survival and expansion, and Athens not so. But that doesn't immediately map into modern categories of left and right. If one wants to define right as survival and left as thriving, one cannot keep the modern axis where you have socially conservative and economically liberal (in the classic sense) policies at one side, and socially liberal and economically progressive policies at the other, for if we define it like that, then Sparta's relative economic leftism would put it outside of a US-based version of what the right is.

Point 3) seems hard to evaluate - and it is not much discussed in the post? . Take socialist realism and compare it to the preferred style of the Third Reich and you will note some similarities.

Point 4) As mentioned above, this is just not true. If anything, liberalism wins, which is closer to the Whig theory linked by Scott than leftism. (Unless liberalism is leftism!)

The specific issues that are discussed are:

Fear that society might collapse (right) vs everything is okay (left)

Pro gun (right) vs anti gun (left)

Big and powerful police and military (right) vs smaller (left)

More religion (right) vs less religion (left)

Distrust of outsiders (right) vs trust (left)

Preference for hierarchy and conformity (right) vs the opposite (left)

Harsh enforcement of rules (right) vs less strict (left)

Wealth maximisation (right) vs other concerns (left)

Purity ethics (right) vs not having it (left)

Practical skills (right) vs bookish skills (left)

Black and white thinking (right) vs shades of grey (left)

This may make us think "Yeah, it all fits..." but when we bring into scene communists, or libertarians, it doesn't seem to fit. Central planning was a big thing back in the days of the USSR and Nazi Germany. It was also popular among the progressive elites in the West, which at the time also endorsed eugenics and policies that were biased against women, immigrants, the disabled and blacks. These guys were also religious. We need to explain last-century Progressivism too.

Here is a first half-baked attempt of an explanation that I don't really fully endorse: The common thing between leftists is utilitarianism. Eric Hobsbawm - a marxist historian - notoriously said that the promise of a utopian society justified the death of twenty or fifteen million people. Similarly, (one could say) what unites past-day Progressives and the modern day Vox wonk is the belief that whatever they believe in is what serves the greater good. Thus the difference between the eugenicists of the past and the wonks of the present is more of empirics than of values. What then unites rightists?

Concerns about the nation? That thread also seems common among Progressives (not quite so with modern rational leftists)

Free marketism? (Not with Trump, or Theresa May. In what respects to markets, rightists seem to accept conservatism: keep what is on the table. Some of what they will then propose on the margins will be more or less pro-free market). Nazis certainly did keep private property and markets relatively alone and crushed unions. This is not free market, but pro-business (Or ultimately, whatever worked to keep churning Panzer IVs)

Or maybe rightists are also utilitarians! (Again, I don't really believe this). But this would be far fetched. It is true that utilitarianismcould commands things that could be "rightist", such as increasing the fertility rate (perhaps banning abortions, or making contraception less available), and it is true that social conservatism has had its utilitarian defenders). Utilitarianism is not probably what we are looking for.

Here's another half-baked explanation, merely based on semantics: right wing means maintaining the status quo and left wing means changing it. This would make the transition from communism to capitalism in western countries as left wing, and Stalin a massive rightist, and this would also make libertarians left wing in Sweden, and social democrats right wing.

I have my own theory, and my own facts to fit.

The facts to fit include what Scott Alexander has already mapped, when applied to Group A (US republican-types) and Group B (US democrat-types). But in addition:

Some people see things as getting better, others as getting worse, or stagnating

Some are more willing than others to use force to impose a more extensive set of values on society

Some desire a society that is just people doing their stuff and cooperating, others prefer a society tied together by a common purpose

Communism and fascism must be similar in at least one axis

Libertarianism and Vox leftism must be similar in at least one axis

Given that, my theory is this: There are three axes that define political ideology.

Axis one is liberalism (Ideology)

Liberalism is something around the lines of recognizing people as moral equals, and having strong anti-coercion and anti-violence principles. Rule of law, civil rights, free speech, all that. Liberals tends to think of individuals, not nations, and the liberal utopia is a society where everyone can do as they please without harming others, freely associating with each other.

Illiberalism does not see everyone as moral equals, and tends to be more group or nation focused. Rights are not seen as being posessed by individuals and recognised by states, but as being created and granted by states, perhaps for the benefit of society as a whole. Society should have some sense of common goal, and people should not just do what they want, they should think beyond themselves in some cause deemed worthy.

2. Axis 2 is conservatism-progressivism (Mood)

Conservatism here means worrying that society might collapse, that cooperation is difficult, that trust is hard to gain and easy to lose, keeping in mind that institutions are made of people, and preferring small marginal changes to the status quo versus major changes, regardless of the expected outcome.

Progressives see opportunities for change and improvement. Cooperation is easy, everyone can be trusted. If there are big sweeping changes to be made that might make things better off, why not go for it. Things have been going well and they will continue to do so, is the belief of the progressive.

3. Axis 3 is voluntarism-involuntarism (Compulsion)

Voluntarists would just leave people to do what they wish, without forcing them to do it, regardless of whether they should or not. For example, a voluntarist conservative may think that homosexual marriage is wrong, but he won't oppose banning it. An involuntarist liberal will be more open to coercing the rich to give to the poor.

With these three axis, we account for most political subgroupings.

Take nazis and communists. They both are high in compulsion, but they differ in their ideological orientation. Both are towards the illiberal side (one is biased against other nationalities, the other is biased against the bourgeoisie, with fascism being more illiberal than communism. And both are progressive ideologies: they look to radically transform the world, and are optimistic about being able to achieve that transformation.

Take now social democrats and libertarians. Both share liberal ideas, but social democrats are more willing to use force to enforce them. Within both groups there are conservative and progressive camps. Conservative libertarians (I would include here David Friedman, ~~Bryan Caplan ~~(Edit: Bryan is not a good example of being on the conservative pole), or public-choice libertarians) talk - comparatively - more about the negative effects of compulsion, and progressive libertarians (Matt Zwolinski or Jason Brennan) talk more about the good aspects of voluntarism. It is only in the progressive libertarian camp where we can find discussions of libertarianism in the frame of ideal theory (Brenann's Why not capitalism). Progressive social democrats tend to endorse things like UBI, and conservative social democrats minor tweaks to the existing system, usually emphasising how hard it was to get where we are. Conservative social democrats would be sneering at UBI defenders years ago for their utopian aspirations, while progressive social democrats would be keen to have open discussiong about it.

Neoreaction and nazis are different, but in what sense? Compulsion is the answer here. They share a nationalist (Illiberal) bias, and a progressive outlook of the world. Neoreaction wants to change things to make them as they used to be, and this requires massive changes. But nazis want to do it by force, while alt-righters want to do it more voluntarily through the application of the right of exclusion, or so they say.

Scott Alexander and myself are quite liberal, and we are also relatively low on compulsion scale, but he is somewhat more on the conservative direction as I am. He is the one who wrote the now classic Meditations on Moloch, a beautifully written explanation of coordination problems, and I was the one who wrote the (far less known, and less beautifully written) Slaying Alexander's Moloch, on why those problems are not that bad!

This theory places most people somewhere in the middle. US republicans and democrats are both somewhere in the middle in terms of liberalism, willingness to enforce their ideas, and how sanguine their are about the future, with conservatives being, naturally, more on the conservative side, and democrats being more on the progressive side.

Indeed, they are probably equally liberal, and equally willing to use compulsion, and their greater difference may be just one of mood, of how much they trust politicians, or on how much they think social problems can be solved by the government.

This is in contrast to other theories of the spectrum, where we have a defined axis that goes from one extreme to the other. The thrive/survive theory (Or Robin Hanson's, for that matter) would have a hard time with communism and fascism, mine doesn't.

But one may argue: Those theories at least try to find a common explanation, or even make predictions. Yours is like Caplan's: it merely describes what there is. Yes, that's fair.

Can we add some predictive meat to this model? I think we can.

(Ideology) Liberalism is predicted by IQ, not so much wealth.

(Mood) Conservatism/Progressivism is predicted by personality factors ( I can think of openness to experience)

(Compulsion) For this one I honestly have no idea.

Throughout history, there have been people more or less willing to try new things, and this probably will stay the same: there we have our progressives and conservatives, our eternal two blocks of social confrontation. But thanks to the Flynn effect, people are getting more and more liberal. Compulsion I said is a tricky one because if one looks at what clever people think, one indeed tends to find liberalism, both conservative and progressive fractions, and also people who are willing/not willing to use force to implement liberalism. This is, the key political conflict used to be one between illiberal and liberal values. Now we are migrating to a compulsion vs less compulsion world, if anything.

This theory also points at the fact that all your clever friends are equally liberal, but then they vary across the other dimensions: the elite political spectrum is bi-dimensional (The illiberal quarter is empty), with Vox leftists (progressive, high in compulsion), left libertarians (progressive, low in compulsion), right libertarians (conservative, low in compulsion), and those few who advocate state paternalism a la Singapore (conservative, high in compulsion)

This theory is half-baked, and has lots of holes (e.g. Poland is a high IQ highly traditional society), but I believe this approximates reality and its change better than the other theories discussed above.

Comments from WordPress

Rightists care so much about efficiency they are pushing for the least efficient system possible. Just look at how efficient the West has been since the crackpot ideas of Reagan/Thatcher era have been put in place.

By its adherents winning more arguments than they lose in front of audiences. All else equal, clever people will more arguments than they lose, and since liberalism is not maladaptive at this stage in history, and very much resonates with the preferences of clever people, it is not surprising to see it making massive headway across the world.

The Communist states essentially "froze" their societies at earlier stage of social liberalism - decades of Hollywood, MTV, etc. passed them by. Their younger generations are rapidly becoming far more liberal now that their are fully exposed to the Anglosphere's global cultural hegemony.

George 2017-10-16T23:02:44Z

I think that framework is a good starting point. I would guess oil rich Arab states and perhaps theocratic ones like Iran would be heavily dominated by the conservatism axis. I don't think Bryan Caplan's framework captures the reality of religion well and IMO culturally open / lefty types usually don't think about religion when constructing a world view or more charitably religion is usually a blind spot for them.

This whole topic reminds me of a discussion I had with someone on Twitter about where to put classical liberals and libertarians on the right/left spectrum. I think it's too simple and have since decided to try out using Moral Foundations Theory instead. Have you read the Righteous Mind by Jonathan Haidt? I really enjoyed it and I think that the way Haidt describes his moral foundations is super helpful:

Care/harm

Fairness/cheating

Loyalty/betrayal

Authority/subversion

Sanctity/degradation

Liberty/oppression

http://moralfoundations.org/
This video is pretty good. The relevant bit starts at ~16:55. https://vimeo.com/36128360

I think different combos of the moral foundations produce different ideologies or if we maximize one aspect of one foundation and let it dominate it also can produce an ideology. So for example maximizing 6 Liberty we get libertarians and classical liberals.

if we equalize everything we'll get typical US conservatives. If we max out 4b (subversion) then we get radicals and revolutionaries. We add to that a lot of 1 Care/harm with 6B oppression we can produce SJWs etc.

Haidt is also open to adding other foundations or reorganizing them so they describe the world better. I think ideology is a coherent organization and translation of morals into real world applications. So that's why I find this classification appealing.

Yep, I'm aware of Haidt's framework and his evolution. I think he downplays somewhat the role that reason plays, and more current work is beginning to reacknowledge this, in a sort of Kohlberg-Haidt-Greene synthesis:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311964487_The_Moral_Myopia_Model_Why_and_How_Reasoning_Matters_in_Moral_Judgment

On its face, the model itself could plausible be mapped somehow to mine. The combined care/harm and fairness/cheating would be the liberalism axis, the liberty axis would be my compulsion axis, and the others would vaguely map to mood.

Of course, Haidt has some reasoning behind his foundations, and mine is handwavy, so this counts in favour of his, but counting against is the fact that he has 6 and I have 3.
If one thinks about it, Haidt's individualising foundations tend to go together, and same for his binding foundations, so maybe there is a strong factor driving them all. If so, this would be more in agreement with my model (Or his model would be facets of the factors I identiied)

[…] Yet Another Half Baked Theory Of The Political Spectrum by Artir – Theories of left/right: Thrive/Survey, Caplan’s model that leftists are anti-market and rightists are anti-left. The data Scott wants to explain. Are Scott’s clusters actually natural. What unites leftists is utilitarianism, what defines the right. A three axis model. What factors predict each axis. […]

Comments on this
https://twitter.com/aleksjoksic/status/919341138473050113

It is true that the axis are not fully independent. Liberalism goes well together with progressivism and low-compulsion. But they can be "involuntarist" relative to one another. With my socialdemocrat and libertarian examples, they are both willing to use force to upkeep certain rules, but in addition to that, socialdemocrats are willing to use it for redistribution.

Legal vs natural rights. That particular point comes from viewing society as made up of pre-existing individuals (bottom-up), or as viewing individuals as parts of society (top down). My views on this were influenced by this analysis here, contrasting liberalism with fascism.
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiXuLSwlPPWAhWH0hoKHagXDSIQFggoMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibrarian.net%2Fnavon%2Fpaper%2FJason_Brennan_Political_Philosophy_Term_Paper.pdf%3Fpaperid%3D1050939&usg=AOvVaw2UNjWINGkebgiGTaBQzE1P

On common goals, I think that this might be true for people who call themselves liberals in the US. For liberals in the classical tradition, society is an aggregate of people, each with their own plans, that live together and have to find institutional arrangement to enable them to do so, and solve coordination problems.

Yeah, the Caplan case is not that clearcut, I have dropped the reference to Caplan. Nevertheless, I still maintain that there are such people as conservative and progressive libertarians.

elfly 2017-10-15T18:57:14Z

It's not a bad idea, but it is v possible that political ideology would be better modeled by multi dimensional vectors, and that the inadequacies of current approaches is simply projecting those vectors into 1D, 2D or 3D.

Citation

In academic work, please cite this essay as:

Ricón, José Luis, “Yet another half-baked theory of the political spectrum”, Nintil (2017-10-14), available at https://nintil.com/yet-another-half-baked-theory-of-the-political-spectrum/.