Athenian DemocracyAthenian democracyAthenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek
city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens
and the surrounding territory of Attica, and is the first known
democracy in the world. Other Greek cities set up democracies, most
following the Athenian model, but none are as well documented as
Athens'.
It was a system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens
voted directly on legislation and executive bills. Participation was
not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male
citizen i.e. neither a foreign resident, slave or a woman and the
number of these "varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total
population of around 250,000 to 300,000" or "no more than 30 percent
of the total adult population."[1]
The longest-lasting democratic leader was Pericles
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Philipp Foltz
Philipp von Foltz (11 May 1805 – 5 August 1877) was a German history
painter.
Biography[edit]
He was born in Bingen am Rhein. His father, Ludwig, a painter of some
note, gave him his first art lessons. In 1825, he went to Munich,
where he was accepted at the Academy of Fine Arts and studied with
Peter von Cornelius. Soon, he was allowed to assist Cornelius with his
frescoes at the
GlyptothekGlyptothek and the Hofgarten.
Later, he assisted
Wilhelm Lindenschmit the ElderWilhelm Lindenschmit the Elder at the new Royal
Palace, creating murals based on the ballads of Friedrich Schiller. At
this time, he also began to create a series of oil paintings on
historical subjects; notably one of King Otto saying farewell on his
way to Greece.
In 1835, he took a study trip to Rome, where he created his monumental
painting "Des Sängers Fluch" (The Singer's Curse), based on the poem
by Ludwig Uhland
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LegislationLegislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been promulgated (or
"enacted") by a legislature or other governing body or the process of
making it.[1] Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be
known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation",
while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other
business.
Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to
authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to
declare or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative
act which is adopted by an executive or administrative body under the
authority of a legislative act or for implementing a legislative
act.[2]
Under the Westminster system, an item of primary legislation is known
as an
Act of ParliamentAct of Parliament after enactment.
Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g
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People's Democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
People's democracy was a theoretical concept within Marxism–Leninism
(and a form of government in communist states) which developed after
World War II, which allowed in theory for a multi-class, multi-party
democracy on the pathway to socialism. Prior to the rise of Fascism,
communist parties had called for Soviet Republics to be implemented
throughout the world, such as the
Chinese Soviet RepublicChinese Soviet Republic or William
Z. Foster's book Towards Soviet America
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Multiparty Democracy
A multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties
across the political spectrum run for national election, and all have
the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in
coalition.[1] Apart from one-party-dominant and two-party systems,
multi-party systems tend to be more common in parliamentary systems
than presidential systems and far more common in countries that use
proportional representation compared to countries that use
first-past-the-post elections.
First-past-the-postFirst-past-the-post requires concentrated areas of support for large
representation in the legislature whereas proportional representation
better reflects the range of a population's views. Proportional
systems have multi-member districts with more than one representative
elected from a given district to the same legislative body, and thus a
greater number of viable parties
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Media Democracy
Media and democracy is a liberal-democratic approach to media studies
that advocates for reforming the mass media, strengthening public
service broadcasting, developing and participating in alternative
media and citizen journalism, in order to create a mass media system
that informs and empowers all members of society, and enhances
democratic values. Media is also defined as "medium" a way of
communicating with others[1].Contents1 Definition
2 Media ownership concentration
3 Internet media democracy
4 Feminism
5 Criticism
6 See also
7 References
8 Further readingDefinition[edit]
Media democracy focuses on using information technologies to both
empower individual citizens and promote democratic ideals through the
spread of information.[2] Additionally, the media system itself should
be democratic in its own construction [3] shying away from private
ownership or intense regulation
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Jeffersonian Democracy
Jeffersonian democracy, named after its advocate Thomas Jefferson, was
one of two dominant political outlooks and movements in the United
States from the 1790s to the 1820s. The term was commonly used to
refer to the Democratic-Republican Party (formally named the
"Republican Party"), which Jefferson founded in opposition to the
Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton
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Empowered DemocracyEmpowered democracy is an alternative form of social-democratic
arrangements developed by philosopher and politician Roberto
Mangabeira Unger. Theorized in response to the repressiveness and
rigidity of contemporary liberal democratic society, the theory of
empowered democracy envisions a more open and more plastic set of
social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact,
propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform
social, economic, and political structures. The key strategy is to
combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the
ability of political parties at the central level to promote radical
social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social
and political institutions.[1]
The theory of empowered democracy has received widespread critical
acclaim
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Cosmopolitan DemocracyCosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the
application of norms and values of democracy at the transnational and
global sphere. It argues that global governance of the people, by the
people, for the people is possible and needed. Writers advocating
cosmopolitan democracy include Immanuel Kant,[1] David Held,[2][3]
Daniele Archibugi,[4] Richard Falk,[5] and Mary Kaldor.[6] In the
cosmopolitan democracy model, decisions are made by those affected,
avoiding a single hierarchical form of authority. According to the
nature of the issues at stake, democratic practice should be
reinvented to take into account the will of stakeholders
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Eucleides
Eucleides[1] (Greek: Εὐκλείδης) was archon of
AthensAthens towards
the end of the fifth century BC. He contributed towards the
re-establishment of democracy during his years in office (403-402 BC).
He is also believed to have contributed to the new political order,
with proposals that sought to deal with the challenge of the
potentially disruptive minority who had supported oligarchy in the
previous years.[2]
Work[edit]
During his archonship many Greek poleis changed their epichoric
alphabet adopting the Ionic script. He supported a decree to change
the alphabet and adopt Ionian script. Athenians accepted a spelling
reform, adopting the Ionian alphabet, which included eta and omega.
There are inscriptions from
AthensAthens which used Ionian spelling before
it was official and others which continued to use the old Attic
spelling after it was repudiated
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OligarchicOligarchy (from Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía); from
ὀλίγος (olígos), meaning 'few', and ἄρχω (arkho), meaning
'to rule or to command')[1][2][3] is a form of power structure in
which power rests with a small number of people. These people might be
distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or
corporate, religious or military control. Such states are often
controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one
generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition
for the application of this term.
Throughout history, oligarchies have often been tyrannical, relying on
public obedience or oppression to exist
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Cellular Democracy
As developed by geolibertarian political economist Fred E. Foldvary,
cellular democracy is a model of democracy based on multi-level
bottom-up structure based on either small neighborhood governmental
districts or contractual communities.Contents1 Councils
2 Secession
3 Taxation
4 Barangay
5 See also
6 ReferencesCouncils[edit]
In cellular democracy, a jurisdiction such as a county or city is
divided into neighborhood districts with a population of about 500
people, with about 100 to 200 households. The voters in the district
would elect a council. The small size of districts would allow for
more informed voters at a smaller cost. Representatives, plus one
alternate, would be elected to the council. This would be a "level-1
council".
A region containing 10 to 20 neighborhood districts would then vote
for a "level-2 council"
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CitizenshipCitizenshipCitizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or
law as being a legal member of a sovereign state or belonging to a
nation.
A person may have multiple citizenships and a person who does not have
citizenship of any state is said to be stateless.
NationalityNationality is often used as a synonym for citizenship in English[1]
– notably in international law – although the term is sometimes
understood as denoting a person's membership of a nation (a large
ethnic group).[2] In some countries, e.g
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City-state
A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small
independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its
dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as
Rome, Athens, Carthage,[1] and the
Italian city-statesItalian city-states during the
Renaissance. As of March 2018 only a handful of sovereign city-states
exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great
deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies currently to
Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City. City states are also sometimes
called micro-states which however also includes other configurations
of very small countries.
A number of other small states share similar characteristics, and
therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states
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