Helicopter Safety - Technical Issues

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Mechanical problems

All of the mechanical parts of a helicopter are stressed due to wear and (physical) strain. Mechanical parts should be regularly inspected,
and will, ultimately, have to be replaced. Helicopters are more sensitive to mechanical failure than airplanes because of the rotor system
generated vibrations. To avoid mechanical problems, proper maintenance is mandatory.

Follow the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule and instructions

Always use certified replacement parts.

Beware of the status of your helicopter after maintenance. The chances of mechanical
failure are higher in the period immediately after maintenance has been carried
out. This paradoxical situation occurs because maintenance can also cause faults
by, e.g. procedures not being followed or a problem during
re-assembly, etc.

Always take any deviation from your normal operating experience seriously; it can
be an
early warning.

Carry out pre-flight inspections. You, as a pilot, are responsible!

Carry out post-flight inspections.

Lost of tail rotor authority

This is a very serious problem, since without tail rotor authority the helicopter will almost certainly start to spin around the rotorshaft axis.
This spinning is caused by the fact that the engine produces torque to rotate the rotorshaft. As a result, the rotor will start turning in one
direction and the fuselage in the opposite direction. The tail rotor compensates for this rotating movement. Therefore, without the tail rotor force
in place, the helicopter starts spinning.

As a loss of tail rotor authority can only come about by application of the engine power, a counter measure is therefore to remove engine power.
Because this will also result in (rapidly) low rotor rpm, the collective should be lowered too.

Start autorotation; be sure to remove engine power.

When tail rotor thrust is still in place, but cannot be controlled (no yaw control,
e.g. obstructed), yaw can, to some degree, be influenced by changing torque, thus
by applying more or less engine power.

Loss of power

In the event of a loss of engine power, rotor RPM will quickly diminish. The rate
at which this occurs depends on the amount of kinetic energy that is stored in the still moving rotor system.
Fortunately, helicopters can fly without engine power by lowering the collective
completely. The catch, however, is that the time between
power loss and the lowering of the collective should be minimal. The amount of time
available is dependent on the amount of stored kinetic energy in the rotor system.
Larger rotor systems (heavier, more blades) have an advantage here, because they store more energy. A helicopter with too low
RPM will, undoubtedly, be lost.

A helicopter with collective complete lowered can fly due to the shape of the rotor
blades. They are designed such that the innerpart wil drive the rotors while the
middle part of the rotors provide the required thrust vector. Of cource, the rotor
system isn't as effective (from a pilot point of view) as in powered condition.
The descent rate is quite high. However, it is perfectly possible to fly and land
every helicopter in autoration, if practiced.

Lower collective immediately

Keep flying the helicopter

Practice autorotations regularly

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