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363R-34 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Fig. 21—Charged passed at 56 days versus maximum concrete temperature during hydration (adapted from Myers and Carrasquillo [2000]). Fig. 22—Bulk diffusion coefficient DB of all mixtures (adapted from Hooton [1986]). ) Curing temperature has also been reported to influence the pore size distribution of a cement paste. According to Young (1988), at higher curing temperatures, there is an increase in the volume of large pores, which increases the permeability of the cement paste.

363R-41 Fig. 7—Ultimate concrete flexural strain εcu versus compressive strength (adapted from Kaar et al. [1978]). Ductility can be defined in many ways, including as a ratio of the deflection (or cross-section curvature) at failure to the deflection (or curvature) at the load producing yield of the reinforcement Δ μ = -----uΔy (7-12) ψ μ = -----uψy (7-13) or where μ is the ductility index; Δu is beam deflection at failure load; Δy is beam deflection at the load producing yielding of tensile steel; ψu is cross-section curvature at failure load; and ψy is cross-section curvature at the load producing yielding of tensile steel.

Even the higher confinement stress associated with the smaller-diameter HSC column produces a column with the undesirable characteristic of a sharp drop off of resistance immediately after peak stress (Martinez et al. 1984). Tied columns result in lower strength and ductility, for both normal- and high-strength concrete, in comparison to spiral columns. Experimental data suggest similar trends for tied HSC columns as for HSC columns with spirals. HSC columns with large levels of lateral confinement in the form of ties have been shown to exhibit improved strength and ductility over columns with minimal ties (Cusson and Paultre 1994; Sheikh and Uzumeri 1980; Vallenas et al.