Harriet Tubman

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which became the bible of the abolitionist movement. It described the horrors of slavery and the attempts of some to get away; considered one of the causes of the Civil war

Popular Sovereignty

The Compromise of 1850

California applied to be a free state, but upset the South since the North would have an advantage. The compromise lasted Four Years. California would be a free state, fugitive slave law would be enacted, popular sovereignty would be used on land from Mexico, and slave trade would be Outlawed in Washington D.C.

The Kansas Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas

both abolitionists and slave owners rushed into Kansas, and violence began between the two in Lawrence, Kansas. 200 men women and children were killed, and it did not end until the US army was called in.

The Republican Party

The violence in Kansas started the Republican Party since neither the Democrats nor the Whigs could take a stand on the slave issue during the violence of Kansas. The party stood for stopping the spread of Slavery

Dred Scott

He went to court saying that he should be free since he lived in a free-state. He won the case, but not the appeal. The Supreme Court said that He was not free, and as a black man, he was not a citizen of the US and had no right to take a case to the Supreme Court. In addition, they said that Popular Sovereignty is unconstitutional.

Fort Sumter

Jefferson Davis

Northern and Southern advantages in the Civil War

i. North
1. Had 22 million people (the south had nine million people minus 3.5 million slaves)
2. Had 92% of industry
3. More gold and silver
4. More railroads
5. Grew more food
i. South
1. Better generals
2. Used to living outdoors/riding horses
3. Fight at home and defend their territory

Strategies of the Civil War

The North came up with a plan to win the war known as the "Anaconda Plan."
This plan had three parts:
1. Blockade of southern coastline
2. Take control of Mississippi river
3. Take Richmond Virginia
The south wanted to:
1. Fight defensive war.
2. Get help from European nations because of "King Cotton"
3. Take Washington DC if possible

Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Gettysburg

The three-day battle of Gettysburg turned out to be the bloodiest battle of the war (50,000 casualties) and turned out to be a turning point. The battle was a turning point because Lee lost too many men that he could not replace, and he would be forced to fight on the retreat for the rest of the war.

Battle of Vicksburg

The same day that the battle of Gettysburg ended, the Union won a months long siege along the Mississippi river. Vicksburg was the last Southern stronghold on the Mississippi river that was won over by General Ulysses S. Grant

William T. Sherman

Appomattox Courthouse

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln would pardon almost all Southerners, even if they had fought against the Union. All that Lincoln asked was that Southerners take a solemn oath to support the Constitution of the United States in the future. As soon as enough citizens of a Southern state took the oath, Lincoln would recognize the government of that state and let the people rule themselves

Thomas Nast

The Election of 1876

the most controversial election since 1824. Hayes became president, but it was due to the 8 men that were Republicans (versus 7 Democrats) that made him President. He did end the period of reconstruction by removing the Union troops from the South.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Vanderbilt/Carnegie/Rockefeller

a. Vanderbilt - made his fortune in the transportation industry with railroads and steam boats.
b. Carnegie - a Scottish immigrant that was the 2nd richest man through the Steel Industry, built 2,800 libraries (known as Scrooge McDuck in DuckTales).
c. Rockefeller - richest man in the world through the monopoly of the oil industry (known as Mr. Burns in The Simpsons)

The AF of L

The Populist Party

angry farmers started this party and had four goals:
a. free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of 16:1
b. government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones
c. A graduated income tax (the more is made, the more your paid)
d. Democratic reforms such as the secret ballot.

William Jennings Bryan

The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska after he made the famous "Cross of Gold" speech which favored using gold and silver. The Populist Party was so impressed with his speech that they also nominated Bryan

Muckrakers

Progressive Reforms

achieved some of the goals of the populist party Australian Ballot (Secret Ballot)
a. Women's suffrage, the 19TH amendment passed in 1920 gave women the right to vote.
b. The Initiative. This gives citizens the power to suggest a law and have the people of their state vote on it
c. The Referendum. This gives citizens of a state the power to vote on a law that has been proposed by lawmakers
d. The Recall Vote - this allows citizens to remove someone from office before their term is over.

Teddy Roosevelt

William Howard Taft

Taft was the largest man ever to be President (weighed over 300 pounds). Taft turned out to be more progressive and more of a "Trustbuster" than TR because he was more active in his attacks on monopolies.

The Election of 1912

"Seward's Folly"

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7 million. Americans called this purchase "Seward's Folly" because they thought it was only a frozen wasteland (Seward's IceBox)

"Rough Riders"

The Platt Amendment

In 1901, the US gave Cuba its freedom, but with strings attached. Cuba had to agree to do three things to keep their freedom according to the Platt Amendment: (1) hey must not enter into agreements that could cost them their freedom.(2) They must allow the US to intervene if their freedom was in danger; and (3) They must give the US the Guantanamo Bay naval base in Guantanamo Bay.

The Panama Canal

It took 10 years and $400 million dollars to build the canal. The US had to find a cure for Malaria before the canal could be completed (6 thousand workers had died building the canal). The completion of the canal shortened the distance from one US coast to the other by 8,000 miles.

Sussex Pledge

The Zimmerman Note

During the war, Germany sent a "secret message" to Mexico promising to give Mexico the land that the US had taken from them (California and Texas), however the British intercepted this note and held on to it until they thought the US was mad enough to join the war.

The Fourteen Points

- a peace plan that would not punish the losing side, some of the fourteen points were:
a. Freedom of the seas
b. An end to secret treaties and alliances
c. A reduction in weapons
d. A League of Nations to preserve peace
e. An end to Imperialism

The Treaty of Versailles

This is the treaty that ended World War I it did the following to Germany:
a. Germany was forced to accept "war guilt."
b. Germany was forced to pay millions of dollars in reparations.
c. Germany lost all of its colonies and the nations of Czechoslovakia and Poland were created with land taken from Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
d. The Germans had to reduce their arms and demilitarize the Rhine River

Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles

The "Red Scare"

a wave of fear spread across America about the Bolsheviks (communists) who had taken over Russia were going to try to take over the US as well. US Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer helped to end the "Red Scare" by illegally arresting and deporting those he believed to be communists.

The Stock Market Crash

As a result of over-speculation on the stock market, an over-production of good, a panic of selling hit the stock market. The stock market crashed in October 1929. The value of stocks dropped $30 billion in one month.

The Great Depression

As a result of the stock market crash, hundreds of banks went out of business, factories closed, and 7 million people lost their jobs within a year. By 1932, 12 million people were without jobs and crops rotted in the fields because they could not be sold at a profit.