Same molecular formula but a different structural formula. Posistional, functional, chain.

8 of 127

What are steroisomers?

compounds with same structural formula but differ in the arrangement of the bonds in space.

9 of 127

Examples? What is E-Z?

E-Z and optical isomerism. E-Z tells us about posistions of substituents at either side of a C-C double bond. If they are on the same side its Z while if on opposite sides its E.

10 of 127

Why can these occur?

as theres no rotation around a double bond so they have fixed positions.

11 of 127

What is optical isomerism?

can only occur when four diffrent substituents are attached to one carbon atom. This causes two isomers which are mirror images of each other but not identical. Is because of diffrent ways you can arrange 4 different groups around a C atom.

12 of 127

Why are they not identical?

Because even when they are rotated to each substituent being in the same posistion, they are not the same, as they cannot be superimposed onto the other.

13 of 127

Example with shoes?

left shoe and right shoe. They are mirror images but are not identical.

14 of 127

What is diffrent between the two isomers?

they differ in the ways they rotate the plane of polarisaion of polarised light ; either clockwise (+ isomer or D ) or anticlockwise (-isomer or L) .

15 of 127

what does a polaroid filter do?

Light consits of vibrating electrical and magnetic fields, occurring in all directions at right angles. The filter cuts all vibrations except for those in that plane, so they vibrate only in one direction.

16 of 127

How can we measure optical rotation using a polarimeter?

Pass polarised light through 2 solutions of the same conc, each with a diffrent optical isomer of same substance. One will cause the plane of light to rotate clockwise (+ isomer) while the other anti-clockwise (- isomer)

17 of 127

what does chiral mean? What are the two isomers called? The carbon bonded to the 4 diffrent groups is called? what always has a chiral center?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

20 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

21 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

22 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

23 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

24 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

25 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

26 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

27 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

28 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negativly charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

29 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

30 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

31 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

32 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

33 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate

34 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

35 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

36 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

37 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

38 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

39 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

40 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

41 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

42 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

43 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

44 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

45 of 127

Diagram?

3 lone pairs on the O

46 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

47 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

48 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

49 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

50 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

51 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

52 of 127

Diagram?

3 lone pairs on the O atom, arrow from one of these to a H+.

53 of 127

equations for stage 1 and 2?

CH3COH + HCN ---> CH3CHCN

54 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

55 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

56 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

57 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

58 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

59 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

64 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

65 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

66 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

67 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

68 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

72 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

73 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

74 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

75 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

76 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

77 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

81 of 127

the two optical isomers?

Diagrams- one with NC from the top, other from bottom (stage 1) and drawing, H

82 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

83 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

84 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

85 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

86 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

87 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

91 of 127

the two optical isomers?

Diagrams- one with NC from the top, other from bottom (stage 1).

92 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

93 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

94 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

95 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

96 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

97 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

101 of 127

the two optical isomers?

Diagrams- one with NC from the top, other from bottom (stage 1).

102 of 127

How can we get only one isomer in industry?

Use a receptor, molecule of active ingredient fitting an area of a cell thus because its 3 dimentisonal only one of a pai will fit.

103 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

104 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

105 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

106 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

107 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

108 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

112 of 127

the two optical isomers?

Diagrams- one with NC from the top, other from bottom (stage 1).

113 of 127

How can we get only one isomer in industry?

Use a receptor, molecule of active ingredient fitting an area of a cell thus because its 3 dimentisonal only one of a pai will fit.

114 of 127

what is usual in drugs? How to fix?

One optical isomer will be effective while the other is simply imactive. We can either seperate them (expensie), sell the mixture (wasteful and expensive) or alternative to making just one of them.

115 of 127

What is a racemate? What is it described as and why?

A racemate is a 50:50 mixture of thw two optical isomers. Described as not optically active because the two isomers, as they cause polarised light to rotate in opposite directions, cancel each other out.

116 of 127

Structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

C(chiral carbon) with a OH, CH3, COH2.

117 of 127

How many stages in the synthesis? what is it made from? What reaction is it?

2 stages and ethanol and nucleophillic addition

118 of 127

Stage 1?

arrow from the electrons on the CN- to the negatively charged chiral carbon. Another arrow from the double bond between C and O to the oxygen atom.

119 of 127

what do we form? What is this usually?

2-hydroxypropanenitrile and its usually a racemate mixture because it has a chiral carbon which the reaction does not favor regarding which enantomer forms.

120 of 127

Stage 2?

Nitrile group gets converted to carboxylic group by reacting with water acidified with dilute HCL in a hydrolysis reaction.

the chiral center has not been affected by the hydrolysis reaction therefore we still have a racemate mixture. Within industry this is common but in nature it usually only exists as one of the optical isomers.

124 of 127

the two optical isomers?

Diagrams- one with NC from the top, other from bottom (stage 1).

125 of 127

How can we get only one isomer in industry?

Use a receptor, molecule of active ingredient fitting an area of a cell thus because its 3 dimentisonal only one of a pai will fit.

126 of 127

what is usual in drugs? How to fix?

One optical isomer will be effective while the other is simply imactive. We can either seperate them (expensie), sell the mixture (wasteful and expensive) or alternative to making just one of them.