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Answer: B

QUESTION: 305

You have received a gift from a good friend who also happens to be your USD/YEN broker. Under such circumstances, the Model Code recommends that you should:

Always decline gifts.

Give the gift to charity.

Keep the gift.

Report the gift to management.

Answer: D

QUESTION: 306

Click on the Detail Button to view the Formula Sheet.

Extended trading hours and off-premises dealing can involve additional hazards, the avoidance of which requires clear controls. The Model Code prescribes best market practice. Which of the following is true?

Off-premises dealing should be forbidden

After-hours trading should be forbidden.

Deals transacted after normal business hours or off-premises should only be undertaken on mobile phones approved by management.

Deals transacted after normal business hours or off-premises either by mobile phones or any other equipment should only be undertaken with the approval of management.

Answer: D

QUESTION: 307

Click on the Detail Button to view the Formula Sheet.

Confirmations should be sent out by both counterparties through an efficient and secure means of communication, preferably electronic:

Within 24 hours of the deal.

Within two business days of the deal.

Before the value date.

As soon as possible.

Answer: D

QUESTION: 308

Click on the Detail Button to view the Formula Sheet.

Under the Model Code, if a broker shouts "done" or "mine" at the very moment a dealer shouts

Guys i used to be busy in some HLD for past two weeks or so. i am again now into my ordinary blogspace - GWB.

the day gone by when our 64 bit porting group is working for the instant 64 bit unlock of our product, they got here to me for suggestion on a topic which I think worth discussing. whereas they're fortunately ported unmanaged C++ code, they have been dealing with some difficulties with porting managed code(which should be more convenient! right?). In unmanaged C++ world they handled pointer disparity between the systems with smart #ifdefs and #outline macros. but in managed C# layer we do have some hazardous pointer code that interoperate to the unmanaged C++ code. situation turn into problematic. As there is not any #outline macros in C# world, they had been unable to write down ubiquitous code that could work on both platform.

in one selected circumstance we have an extended native 64 bit pointer allotted in unmanaged layer and C# hazardous code would want to interoperate with it in following way.

In 32 bit platform we desired to entry first four bytes(32 bit pointer measurement) of x

... = *((int*)x)

In 64 bit platform ,analogously, we wanted to entry first 8 bytes(sixty four bit pointer measurement) of x

... = *((__int64*)x)

And in each instances we also used to make use of integer pointer arithmatic by means of adding integer offset values to (int*)x or (__int64*)x (which hasn't been shown). No difficulty as such right here. The problem relates to merging these two set of lines to 1. I automatically scream "use UIntPtr...". but simply how? smartly we should construct a UIntPtr out of the lengthy value - x. In searching through Reflector the unique ctor looks like under

2 funds MARKET FUTURES funds market futures are trade-traded pastime cost contracts. contrary to their counterpart within the OTC market the FRA the standards of futures are strongly standardised. constantly, the underlying is a three-month deposit, in some currencies additionally a 1- month deposit, that represents the hobby cost of a future time duration. funds market futures will also be used like FRAs. that's, to get rid of a future pastime cost chance (hedging) speculate on activity expense tendencies (trading) to arbitrage between distinctive markets (arbitrage) money market futures are standardised items, as a result of they are traded within the change market. therefore, some specifications are alread 3I0-008y mounted by using the specific change: contract volume maturity dates marginal price adjustments (tick size) price of a cost trade by using one tick in line with one contract (tick cost) For money market futures the most crucial exchanges are Euronext.Liffe (London), CME (Chicago) and SGX (Singapore) resp. Tiffe (Tokio). basically, futures contracts can most effective be closed at the same alternate the place the place has been opened. Some contracts may also be sold or bought (and subsequently closed), at diverse exchanges [e.g. a USD 3-months contract purchased in Chicago (CME) and sold in Singapore (Simex)]. for this reason the contract can be traded 24 hours and never simplest all the way through the trading hours on the certain exchange. FINANCE trainer overseas cash Market Futures / page 2 of twenty-two

3 1. Conventions and Contract standards exchange dates alternate dates of cash market futures are set by means of the futures exchange. For the core markets these are all the time the third Wednesday of the final month of the quarter (March, June, September, December). These change dates are referred to as IMM-dates (foreign money market dates). The start months have here abbreviations: March H June M September U December Z (be aware: the abbreviations do not follow any common sense) furthermore, at most futures exchanges so-called serial months are traded. These are the maturities between the IMM dates. on the LIFFE for instance, in addition to the IMM dates, 4 serial months are traded. in consequence, there are maturities for all following 6 months. exchange date: 4th April Maturities: may additionally (serial month) June (IMM) July (serial month) August (serial month) September (IMM) October (serial Month) (after settlement of the may contract the next new serial month can be November) front month is the contract with the next maturity. Contracts with a later maturity are known as returned months. For the front month liquidity is continually the maximum. FINANCE trainer foreign cash Market Futures / page 3 of 22

four ultimate buying and selling day last trading days of futures are determined with the aid of the exchanges and are always two days before beginning date (an exception is GBP, the place the theoretical start date is the remaining buying and selling date, i.e. equal-day fixing). citation The quotation for futures expenditures is: minus hobby expense hence a ahead hobby cost of four.50 % p.a. (i.e. an interest price for a future duration) equals a futures price of (= ). The penalties of this quoting conference are illustrated under: interest prices expenditures hobby fees expenditures If the interest expense rises from four.50 % to five %, the long run price will fall from to If the interest fee falls from four.50 % to four %, the longer term price will upward push from to With the citation of an pastime expense on the basis of 100, the purchasing/selling of a cash market future has just the contrary effect to an FRA buy/sale: FRA buy = future brief FRA sale = future lengthy A future's quote of JUNE (M) / corresponds to an interest rate of three.35 % / three.36 % p.a. for the term from the third Wednesday in June XY unless the third Wednesday in September XY, in a particular foreign money. FINANCE coach international money Market Futures / web page four of twenty-two

5 Underlying continually, the underlying is a 3-months interbank deposit (e.g. Eurodollar, Euroyen, Euro Swiss Franc, EURIBOR). The fixing for these contracts is normally BBA LIBOR (resp. EURIBOR for EURIBOR futures). The term is always precisely 90 days for the 3-months futures duration (resp. 30 days for a 1-month futures period). The fastened LIBOR resp. EURIBOR notwithstanding is calculated on the exact number of days. quantity of the contract no longer simplest the underlying however additionally the volume (primary) of a future contract is exactly distinctive. (see desk below) Futures buy as hedging operation: insurance policy against falling activity quotes as hypothesis: speculation on falling interest costs Futures sale as hedging operation: insurance plan in opposition t rising hobby prices as speculation: hypothesis on rising pastime quotes Tick A tick is the marginal circulation of the futures cost. For EUR, USD and JPY cash market futures, a tick is always half a foundation point, i.e. one hundredth of 0.5 % (= % or ), for GBP contracts it's 1 BP. (see table below) Tick value The tick price is the profit or loss which occurs when the fee alterations by using one tick. also the tick cost is special with the aid of the alternate (e.g. USD 12.5 for the three-months Eurodollar contract at LIFFE). The tick value may also be decided in here manner: extent of thecontract volume of thetick time period 360 FINANCE trainer overseas funds Market Futures / web page 5 of 22

eight three. exchange and Clearing residence The exchange specifies the situations for the buying and selling. It defines among other issues which contracts are traded and their standards. The contract of the offers is performed by means of the clearing condominium of the change. The clearing condo has here leading capabilities: it's counterparty for each the buyer and the vendor in all traded contracts. placing the clearing residence between purchaser and seller reduces the credit possibility. To cut back this possibility to a minimum, the clearing house deals solely with registered clearing participants who for his or her half present their capabilities as brokers or clearers. in an effort to give protection to in opposition t default possibility of exchange individuals, so-known as preliminary margins and adaptation margins are calculated. day by day revaluation and accounting of adaptation margins for all open deals Fixing of the preliminary margin; the initial margin depends on the market s volatility. for this reason it is adjusted consistently to the genuine market conditions. FINANCE trainer foreign cash Market Futures / page 8 of 22

9 4. The Margin device As mentioned above, margins are required when coping with futures. They reduce the credit risk for the alternate to a minimal. they're demanded both one-shot and up-entrance on the subject of the variety of contracts (initial margin) or every day for the accrued profits and losses (variation margin). The initial margin is a set amount; differing by means of contract and forex, e.g. USD 350 for every 3-month eurodollar contract. The amount is fixed by way of the clearing apartment and changes relating to the volatility of the markets. The preliminary margin serves as an further coverage against default risk in an effort to cover the competencies lack of a market participant that could outcome from the daily fee fluctuations. The initial margin is continually no longer paid in cash however securities. The returns of those securities belong to the market participant. The preliminary margin is again to the market participant at expiry of the place or if the position is closed past. a ramification margin is a decreased initial margin as a result of simultaneous lengthy and brief positions (in distinctive intervals), e.g. Eurodollar March lengthy, a hundred contracts and June brief, 100 contracts. in its place of paying a margin of USD 350 for 200 contracts (complete volume of contracts), i.e. USD 70,000, a decreased spread 3I0-008 margin is utilized, e.g. USD 250. New calculation 200 (complete amount of contracts) x 250 = USD 50,000. Some clearing properties calculate the initial margin by way of ability of a chance-primarily based device with certain parameters. This system is referred to as span margin (Standardized Portfolio evaluation of possibility). right here the whole chance of a position is calculated in accordance with a series of chance elements. The result is transformed via a specific ratio right into a margin this is at last charged. version margin (Margin Calls) The edition margin is the each day accounting of all amassed earnings or losses. here the change between closing cost and buy cost (or the closing expense of the day before) is decided every day, and consequently, the precise profits or losses are charged. FINANCE coach international cash Market Futures / web page 9 of 22

10 5th of may additionally 10:00 a.m., buy one hundred June Eurodollar futures, cost (with out preliminary margin) closing expense fifth of may additionally ninety six.sixty five: version margin: 10 ticks x 12.5 tick price x 100 = USD 12,500 (credit) closing cost sixth of can also ninety six.57: edition margin: 16 ticks x 12.5 tick value x 100 = USD 20,000 (charge) Realised loss considering that the purchase = 6 x 12.5 x a hundred = USD 7,500 (this equals the total sum of all margin calls) notice: because the adaptation margin is paid cash, for the actual calculation of the entire influence of a futures place additionally the refinancing prices (resp. investment returns) need to be taken under consideration. agreement on the final buying and selling Date (EDSP) whereas bond futures (e.g. US T-bonds, UK gilt, Euro-Bund) need to be settled by way of physical delivery of the underlying, the cash market futures are settled cash on the final trading date. The "cash agreement" is in line with the EDSP (alternate delivery contract rate) which is determined on the final buying and selling day. therefore, the EDSP is 100 fixing price (e.g. 3-months USD LIBOR). The settlement volume is calculated because the difference between the EDSP and the closing fee of the day before. The effect of a futures position is the sum of the daily variation margins plus the settlement amount of the remaining trading day. you're lengthy 100 contracts 3-months June Eurodollar futures. buy fee: the day before today closing cost: months BBA LIBOR these days: three.30% ( = last buying and selling date) what is the agreement volume? FINANCE coach overseas funds Market Futures / page 10 of 22

11 The EDSP is ( ). contract volume: ( ) x 2 x 12.5 x 100 = USD -12,500 You have to pay USD 12,500. (observe: Of route the total outcomes of this place is a income. The remaining result has been taken into consideration for the every day model margins.) Closing a Futures position every futures position may also be closed by a suitable, opposite futures position before or at the ultimate buying and selling date. The closing leads to the elimination of the position and the related preliminary margin. The profits and losses effect from the day by day variation margin payments (plus possible pastime returns resp. payments). Open hobby and traded volume These figures define the liquidity of contracts and intervals. generally the contract with the shortest length (entrance month) has the maximum traded volume. The sum of all open contracts is the open activity. A contract has both a purchaser and a seller, so both market gamers mix to make one contract. The open hobby place that's suggested everyday represents the boost or lower in the variety of contracts for that day, and it's proven as a good or terrible quantity. The better the traded quantity and the open hobby, the more liquid the market. This has the expertise for the market individuals that they could trade big volumes at close spread 3I0-008s each time. a rise in open pastime along with a rise in fee is asserted to verify an upward style. in a similar way, an increase in open interest along with a decrease in expense confirms a downward trend. an increase or reduce in fees while open activity is still flat or declining may additionally indicate a probable trend reversal. FINANCE trainer international money Market Futures / web page eleven of 22

12 Computing the open pastime The open pastime is not, despite ordinary opinion, the volume of the traded options or futures. See here example: Day trading exercise Open pastime extent per day 1 st may additionally A buys 1 choice and B sells 1 alternative nd might also C buys 5 options and D sells 5 alternate options rd can also A sells his one alternative and D buys 1 option th may E buys 5 alternate options from C, who sells his 5 options 5 5 Open interest = (all open lengthy positions + all open brief positions) / 2 1 st may additionally: A buys an alternative which leaves an open hobby and creates trading extent of 1. 2 nd might also: C and D create trading volume of 5 and there are also 5 more alternatives left open. three rd might also: A takes an offsetting place, for this reason open pastime is decreased by way of 1, extent 1. 4 th may additionally: E effectively replaces C and hence open pastime does not change, buying and selling extent increases by way of 5 requirements for the 3-months Eurodollar futures at Euronext.Liffe (from: ) FINANCE trainer overseas funds Market Futures / web page 12 of 22

13 Three Month Eurodollar pastime rate Futures Contract Unit of trading interest rate on three month deposit of $1,000,000 beginning Months quotation minimal rate movement (Tick measurement & value) ultimate buying and selling Day beginning Day buying and selling Hours March, June, September, December and four serial months, such that 24 birth months are available for buying and selling, with the closest six birth months being consecutive calendar months minus fee of activity ($12.50) for all start months eleven:00 London time Two London business days previous to the third Wednesday of the start month First business day following the closing buying and selling Day 07:00 to 21:00 London time daily settlement Positions settled to nearest :00 London time trade birth settlement price (EDSP): in keeping with the British Bankers association offered price (BBA US$ LIBOR) for 3 month US $ deposits at 11:00 London time on the last buying and selling Day. The agreement rate should be minus the BBA US$ LIBOR. the place the EDSP rate is not an accurate dissimilar of 0.001, it might be rounded to the closest or, where the EDSP expense is an actual uneven numerous of , to the closest reduce (e.g. BBA US$ LIBOR of becomes 1.537). Contract general: cash agreement based on the alternate delivery agreement fee. FINANCE trainer foreign cash Market Futures / page 13 of 22

15 6. function of Futures for Pricing and Hedging FRAs In follow, FRAs are priced via futures. accordingly the market depth and the close charges within the futures market will also be utilized. For pricing FRAs by way of futures the contracts close to the FRA maturity are converted into an FRA rate, both with the aid of compound hobby calculation (futures strip) or by means of interpolation. 6.1 Calculation of three-months IMM FRAs least difficult case: if the maturity and the length of the FRA in shape with the maturity of the future (like for a 3-months IMM FRA), the FRA price will also be derived at once from the future price. trade date: Fri eight th April mo EURIBOR-Future IMM FRA FRA price duration FRA FRA days JUN 05 (M) x SEP 05 (U) x DEC 05 (Z) x notice: For hedges futures vs. FRAs you should have to take into consideration the change in days for futures it's at all times ninety days, for the FRAs in this instance 91 days. 6.2 Calculation of IMM FRAs with longer periods (Futures Strips) Longer periods will also be produced out of a series of futures - so-known as futures strip. The FRA price is the effective expense of the 3-months periods, i.e. compound interest is taken into consideration. FINANCE trainer overseas funds Market Futures / web page 15 of twenty-two

sixteen change date: Fri 8 th April what is the bid cost of a 2/eleven IMM FRA? The bid price can be calculated during the buy of the futures strip JUN, SEP and DEC. accordingly in the first step you have to derive the one FRA quotes from the 3-months intervals: three-mo EURIBOR-Future IMM FRA FRA rate duration FRA FRA days JUN 05 (M) x SEP 05 (U) x DEC 05 (Z) x within the 2nd step you calculate the cost of the 2/eleven IMM FRA with the valuable rate formulation: x11fra = = 3.385% Calculation of non-imm FRAs If the period of the FRA doesn't birth on an IMM date, the FRA expense is calculated about through a superior fee which is weighted with the duration. exchange date: Fri eighth April 2005 Spot price: Tue 12th April 2005 what is the bid expense of a 3 x 9 spot FRA (184 days)? three-mo EURIBOR-Future IMM FRA FRA price period FRA FRA days JUN 05 (M) x SEP 05 (U) x DEC 05 (Z) x For the calculation the FRA length is devided into the pro rate futures intervals. The FRA price is then produced by using the constructive cost of the particular person durations: FINANCE coach international funds Market Futures / page sixteen of 22

17 IMM JUN IMM SEP IMM DEC days ninety one days 29 days days word: in case you hedge an FRA with a futures strip you've got ultimate dangers. this is due to the diverse conventions involving time to agreement, maturity and settlement. moreover you have got the risk of a flip in the yield curve (yield curve risk) because the futures ought to be rolledover at maturity. 6.four Stack Hedging In opposite to a strip hedge, where you change a series of consecutive futures, for a stack hedge you best trade the long run with the closest birth month. Stack hedging is used when the futures which might be needed for the hedge are not liquid adequate (or aren't traded in any respect). These futures are then changed with the aid of futures with shorter intervals and rolled-over at maturity. you're assuming that the price of the shorter future develops the same manner because the cost of the longer future. specifically when the yield curve turns this assumption is not suitable; hence this system is no perfect hedge. In June, you are looking to hedge a short three/12 FRA place over EUR 100 m with futures. as the March contract is not liquid satisfactory, you change a stack hedge. futures hedge: You replace the illiquid MAR contract with the aid of the liquid DEC contract which effects in right here transactions: promote a hundred contracts three-months EURIBOR SEP promote 200 contracts three-months EURIBOR DEC roll-over: should still the liquidity of the MAR contract increase, you roll-over the DEC future in ingredients: buy back 100 contracts three-months EURIBOR DEC sell one hundred contracts 3-months EURIBOR MAR FINANCE coach overseas cash Market Futures / web page 17 of twenty-two

18 6.5 significance of Convexity effects on FRA/Futures Hegdes When trading FRAs you have convexity consequences. This ability that the current value (mark-tomarket) of an FRA position doesn't correspond completely to the interest expense actions. Assuming you've got a brief FRA place. If the quotes rise, the revaluation of this place will display a loss. The latest price of this loss, despite the fact, will be less than anticipated because the (future) loss is now discounted at a more robust activity expense. On the contrary, the earnings for falling activity costs will be better than expected as now it needs to be discounted at a lower pastime expense. a short FRA position for this reason has a positive convexity, i.e. when fees trade the influence will always be better than anticipated. Analogically a protracted FRA position has a bad convexity as the earnings for rising pastime fees needs to be discounted at an improved cost resp. the loss for falling charges must be discounted at a lower cost. When hedging (resp. for arbitrage activities with) cash positions or FRAs with FRAs these convexity consequences are beside the point because the money position has the same convexity outcomes and therefore the results are compensated. In contrast, funds market futures will not have any convexity consequences as the price of 1 BP is at all times the equal, independent from the stage of activity prices (commonly 25 EUR, USD, and many others.). As rate changes are adjusted daily through model margins the BP value is additionally all the time the existing value (no count number if the interest fee level is at 10% or 1%). in case you hedge an FRA with futures (for arbitrage futures vs. FRA) you have to take into account the convexity. here example suggests the outcomes: FRA/futures hedge: you are lengthy USD one hundred DEC IMM three/6 FRA (ninety days) at 5.00% and hedge this place with the buy of one hundred DEC Eurodollar Futures on the quantity and the period for each are the identical. You hence predict an ideal hedge (no profit, no loss). On the identical day interest costs upward push to 8%. what's your influence now? FINANCE trainer overseas money Market Futures / page 18 of twenty-two

19 reasonable price FRA at eight%: reasonable rate future at eight%: x 6 = 1 = 7.843% Future = = Mark to Market FRA: ( ) a hundred,000, = 683, MTM future (= margin call) BP x 25 x100= 710,750 hence the revaluation suggests a loss of USD 27, (683, ,750.00). The loss for the longer term place turned into larger than the profit for the FRA position. here is as a result of the indisputable fact that the earnings of the FRA is a future cost and has therefore to be discounted, but the model margin must be paid today. I.e. the full place has a bad convexity. 6.6 Calculating the Hedge Ratio for FRA/Futures Hedge Positions because the profit/loss of a future is at all times due these days, i.e. with present value, one futures contract has greater weight than an equivalent FRA. for this reason, when hedging, the futures extent needs to be lower than the FRA extent. For calculating the hedge ratio you ought to discount the FRA extent for the FRA period (i.e. maturity date except spot). volume FRA Hedge Ratio = periodfra 1+ i foundation Hedge ratio for FRA/Futures Hedge: you're long USD a hundred DEC IMM three/6 FRA (ninety days) at 5.00% and need to hedge this position with the buy of a hundred DEC Eurodollar Futures. what number of futures do you have to buy? (activity rate one hundred eighty days: 5%) 100 HR = = The hedge ratio is 97.56, i.e. You have to buy ninety eight contracts. FINANCE trainer international cash Market Futures / web page 19 of twenty-two

20 as the hedge ratio depends upon the length and the degree of activity quotes it must be adjusted dynamically. should still prices rise, the hedge ratio falls (and vice versa). reckoning on the particular position, the hedge adjustment ends up in earnings or losses: brief FRA + brief future: prices upward thrust future falls HR falls futures must be purchased returned earnings quotes fall future rises HR rises further futures must be offered earnings long FRA + lengthy future: fees rise future falls HR falls futures ought to be sold again loss rates fall future rises HR rises extra futures should be purchased loss hence following suggestions may also be defined for the convexity of futures/fra (resp. money) hedges: FRA short + future brief income on place when rates exchange (wonderful convexity) FRA long + future long loss on place when prices trade (bad convexity) note: If the FRA length (generally 91 or 92 days) differs from the futures period (always ninety days) this difference needs to be taken under consideration for the hedge ratio as it has an impact on the load of the FRA position. FINANCE coach foreign funds Market Futures / page 20 of twenty-two

21 7. spread 3I0-008 concepts frequently, the simultaneous buy and sale of futures contracts with distinct times to maturity and the same underlying (or different underlyings) is known as a diffusion. Intra-Contract unfold An Intra-Contract spread 3I0-008 is the simultaneous purchase and sale of futures contracts with distinctive times to maturity and the identical underlying. The unfold is calculated as follows: unfold = + expense of short contract - fee of lengthy contract If the spread 3I0-008 is high-quality or terrible is dependent upon the fees of the of the contracts. considering the fact that the rate of MM futures is certainly decided by the yield curve constitution, a steep yield curve entails decrease futures costs compared to the spot price. consequently the following guidelines cling: Steep yield curve unfold poor Inverse yield curve spread 3I0-008 effective Like in options trading, spread 3I0-008s on futures are additionally traded one after the other. The terminology used is: buy unfold = purchase brief contract, sell long contract promote spread 3I0-008 = sell brief contract, purchase long contract Intra-Contract spread 3I0-008s lift considerably much less risk than pure futures positions, due to the fact that they depend upon the relation between two contracts and never on the building of absolute values. therefore, inventory exchanges demand always lessen margins for unfold deals. FINANCE coach foreign funds Market Futures / page 21 of twenty-two

22 Inter-Contract spread 3I0-008 An Inter-Contract spread 3I0-008 is the simultaneous purchase and sale of futures contracts on distinct underlyings. distinct instances to maturity are not required. frequently, Inter-Spread 3I0-008ing can pay consideration to a proven correlation between two contracts and that the strategy is backed via a market opinion against the price tendencies of the two futures. In distinction to Intra-Spread 3I0-008ing, there isn't any conference concerning terminology. FINANCE trainer foreign funds Market Futures / web page 22 of 22