WorldCourtsTM I. INTRODUCTION

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1 WorldCourtsTM Institution: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights File Number(s): Report No. 92/03; Petition 0453/01 Session: Hundred and Eighteenth Regular Session (7 24 October 2003) Title/Style of Cause: Elias Santana, Marieta Hernandez, Hector Faundez Ledesma, Cecilia Sosa Gomez, David Natera Febres, Andres Mata Osorio and Juan Manuel Carmona Perera v. Venezuela Doc. Type: Decision Decided by: President: Jose Zalaquett; First Vice-President: Clare K. Roberts; Second Vice-President: Susana Villaran; Commissioners: Robert K. Goldman, Julio Prado Vallejo. Dated: 23 October 2003 Citation: Santana v. Venezuela, Petition 0453/01, Inter-Am. C.H.R., Report No. 92/03, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.118, doc. 5 rev. 2 (2003) Terms of Use: Your use of this document constitutes your consent to the Terms and Conditions found at I. INTRODUCTION 1. On July 1, 2001, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (hereafter "the Inter- American Commission", "the Commission", or "the IACHR") received a petition submitted by Cecilia Sosa Gómez against the Republic of Venezuela (hereafter "the State" or "the Venezuelan State") arguing that, by virtue of Judgment 1013 issued by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Venezuela on June 12, 2001, the State violated her right to freedom of thought and expression (Article 13), the right of reply (Article 14), the right to equal protection (Article 24), the right to judicial guarantees (Article 8), the right to private property (Article 21(1)), and the provisions relating to restrictions regarding interpretation (Article 29.a and b) and to the scope of restrictions (Article 30), all contained in the American Convention on Human Rights (hereafter the "American Convention" or "the Convention"), contrary to the obligations contained in Article 1(1) to respect those rights, and in Article 2 on the duty to adopt legislative measures to give effect to them, as well as Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Mrs. Cecilia Sosa attached to her petition a list of persons, with their name, nationality and signature, who declared their adherence to the complaint submitted by the petitioner to the Commission. 2. On July 16, 2001, the Commission received a petition submitted by Elías Santana, acting on his own behalf and as representative of the organization known as Queremos Elegir" [roughly We Want to Vote ], together with Mrs. Marieta Hernandez, a broadcaster and columnist with the newspaper Tal Cual and a founding member of that association, and the lawyer Hector Faundez Ledesma, a columnist with the newspaper El Nacional and President of the Centro por la Democracia y el Estado de Derecho (Center for Democracy and the Rule of

2 Law), complaining that the State of Venezuela, by means of that same Judgment 1013, had violated the right to judicial guarantees (Article 8), the right to freedom of thought and expression (Article 13), the right of reply (Article 14), political rights (Article 23(1)(a) and (c), the right to equal protection (Article 24), the right to judicial protection (Article 25), and provisions relating to restrictions regarding interpretation (Article 29) and the scope of restrictions (Article 30), contained in the American Convention on Human Rights, contrary to the obligations contained in Article 1(1) to respect those rights, and in Article 2 on the duty to adopt legislative measures to give effect to them. On July 20, 2001, the Commission, in accordance with Article 29(d) of its Rules of Procedure, decided to open file P-0434/2001 Cecilia Sosa and file P-0453 Elías Santana, and to process them together under the same case, P- 0453/ On July 20, 2001, the IACHR received a petition on behalf of the nongovernmental association "Bloque de Prensa Venezolana [FN1] [roughly "Venezuelan Press Front"], represented by members of its Board of Directors, Messrs. David Natera Febres, Andrés Mata Osorio and Juan Manuel Carmona Perera, who were acting as well in their personal capacity as media editors, and Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren, as their legal representative, in which they complained that the Venezuelan State, by means of the same court judgment number 1013, had violated the right to freedom of thought and expression (Article 13), the right of reply (Article 14), the right to equal protection (Article 24), and the provisions relating to restrictions regarding interpretation (Article 29(a), (b), (c) and (d) and the scope of restrictions (Article 30), recognized in the American Convention on Human Rights, contrary to the obligations contained in Article 1(1) to respect those rights, and in Article 2 on the duty to adopt legislative measures to give effect to them. Consequently, on August 6 the Commission decided to open the file P- 0474/2001, and to process it together with that of Cecilia Sosa and Elías Santana (P-0453/2001). Hereafter, these persons are referred to collectively as "the petitioners". [FN1] The Bloque de Prensa Venezolana is a nongovernmental association constituted on September 23, 1958, embracing most of the owners, editors and directors of national and regional newspapers and magazines of permanent circulation within Venezuela. 4. For its part, the State argued that the petitioners do not meet the requirements of Article 46(1)(d) of the American Convention, and that consequently the Commission must declare the petition inadmissible, pursuant to Article 47(a). The State rejected the charge that it had violated Article 14 of the Convention, because on September 11, 2000, the director of Radio Nacional de Venezuela granted Elías Santana the right to make a correction or reply, which would be broadcast by three stations belonging to Radio Nacional de Venezuela. In its response to the petition, the State also insisted on the differentiation between factual information and opinions, arguing that in the present case the object of the complaint was a simple opinion rendered by the President on the statements made by Mr. Santana to the newspaper El Nacional. On the basis of this distinction, the State argued that the right of reply applied only to inaccurate or offensive statements or information, and not to opinions. Finally, the State argued that the operative portion of the court judgment did not violate Article 13 of the American Convention.

3 5. After examining the positions of the parties, the Commission concluded that it was competent to examine the petitions submitted by some of the petitioners, and that these were inadmissible, in light of Articles 46 and 47 of the American Convention. II. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION 6. On July 1, 2001, the Commission received a petition submitted by Cecilia Sosa Gómez complaining that the Venezuelan State had violated Articles 13, 14, 24, 8, 21(1), 30, 29(a) and (b), 1 and 2 of the American Convention. That petition was processed under file number P- 0434/2001. On July 16, 2001, the Commission received a complaint submitted by Elías Santana on his own behalf and as General Coordinator of the nongovernmental association Queremos Elegir, Marieta Hernandez and Hector Faundez Ledesma, against the Venezuelan State for violation of Articles 8, 13, 14, 25, 23.a and b, 24, 29 and 30 of the Convention, which complaint was processed under file number P-0453/2001. Both petitions complained that, on June 12, 2001, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela issued judgment number 1013 which, according to the petitioners, violates various human rights enshrined in the Convention. 7. On July 20, 2001, the Commission received a petition submitted by the nongovernmental association "Bloque de Prensa Venezolana, represented by members of its Board of Directors, Messrs. David Natera Febres, Andrés Mata Osorio and Juan Manuel Carmona Perera, and Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren, as their legal representative, which was processed under file P- 0474/2001. This petition complained of the same facts as those contained in petition P- 0453/2001. On August 6, 2001, the Commission decided to combine file P-0474/2001 and file P- 0453/2001. On that same day it advised the petitioners of its decision and transmitted it to the State, asking that it submit a response within two months. 8. On August 21, 2001, the Commission received additional information from the petitioners, which was transmitted to the State on August 30, 2001, with a period of 30 days to present its response. 9. On September 12, 2001, the State requested, and the Commission granted, an extension of 30 days for delivery of its response. On November 8, 2001, the State presented its response, which was transmitted to the petitioners on November 16, 2001, with a period of 30 days in which to present their observations. 10. On March 8, 2002, during its 114th session, the Inter-American Commission held a hearing at which both parties asked the IACHR to rule on the admissibility or inadmissibility of the petition. III. BACKGROUND 11. On August 27, 2000, the President of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez Frías, made public reference to Elías Santana during the course of the radio program "Aló Presidente" that the President of Venezuela hosts every Sunday over the radio network Radio Nacional de Venezuela. Following is a partial transcription of what was transmitted during that program:

4 Here is a call: "civil society prepared for disobedience"--someone says--ah, Elías Santana. He is another representative of a miniscule sector of the civil society. Gentlemen, you are not civil society, don't get confused in your perspective, because it would be a shame if you were to lose your perspective. What civil society? Civil society, in its majority, I repeat, is revolutionary, and is driving this process. Well here, according to the newspaper El Nacional of today, Mr. Santana says on behalf of Queremos Elegir, a small group, it has the right to participate and it has always participated, but don't believe that they represent the civil society today. No, a small group, welcome, with all our respect, we are listening, we hear you, etc. Civil society prepared for disobedience says the newspaper El Nacional, quoting Mr. Santana, if it is excluded from the appointment of authorities to the Citizen Power. This is like a threat, it sounds like a threat, I'm going to read it word for word because this is very important, this is part of the revolutionary process and the transition that we are experiencing. If the assembly takes one step", says Elías Santana, "to choose at their discretion the new prosecutor, the new ombudsman, and the members of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, we will be waiting there to confront them and then they will know how to eat civil society. Another time the expression "eat", how does one eat the civil society? Coincident with the expression of the gentlemen I was referring to. This is like a threat, Mr. Santana, now more than you believe, more than you say, you have the right to say it, I'm going to respond to you on behalf of that other part of the civil society which is the great majority. The fact is, Mr. Santana, that the civil society, as I have said, has pronounced itself here in seven repeated cavalry charges: on November 8, December 6, April 25, July 25, September 15, six times, and July 30. Who was voting here? What society was voting? Was that not the civil society? The civil society is the immense majority of Venezuela, and it supports this process. If the National Assembly were to decide tomorrow or the day after tomorrow that the Prosecutor General or the Comptroller General or the National Elections Council should be replaced, then the National Assembly has the power that was given to it by the Constitution and popular sovereignty. Anybody who doesn't agree has the right to express his view, as they have done, but we, those who defend the process, those who are driving this process, we have, not the right but the duty to tell our people how things are and to put things in their place. So I am also responding to you, Mr. Santana, this is a call to battle, Mr. Santana. I like to issue calls to battle, come on, make my day! This threat that you are going to if they know and you are going to confront the civil society with it, well, Mr. Santana, we will do something, you can call your civil society to one corner and I will call mine to the other. That is not the idea, because I believe that we've already had enough of these confrontations, but I'm not ready to give up confrontation if you keep seeking confrontation and threatening confrontation. (A complete transcription of the radio broadcast is attached for information of the Commissioners). 12. On the basis of such statements, Elías Santana, a broadcaster and host of the radio program "Santana Total" and General Coordinator of the Nonprofit Association "Queremos

5 Elegir" made a request on August 29, 2000 to Teresa Maniglia, as Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela, for the right of correction or reply in order to respond to the President's personal remarks made during the program. 13. On September 3, 2000, President Hugo Chavez, again speaking on his program "Aló Presidente", made a statement, which is partially transcribed below: Here are some letters that I have received from citizens who are asking the right of reply against me, naming me and the program Aló Presidente. Well that's not the idea. I have done that, every Venezuelan has done that, but when I have asked for the right to reply to some media or other I don't do it over this program or that, if there s some TV channel and I have some complaint about what was said, or what was written, or what was shown, and like the government, like any citizen I need to reply, fine, ask that medium, don't ask the Aló Presidente program. Not here, because just imagine it. To the citizens that have been heard, in any case I am going to repeat it: civil society -- to someone who said it out there -- I'm not going to get into a debate, this is not a program for debating, and I don't want to enter into polemics with anybody. I have nothing against anybody in particular, I just defend the viewpoints of the Revolution and someone who says there, whose name I don't even remember right now, that in La Casona they were eating civil society on a barbecue because of the shooting last week, in defense of La Casona, and now we have a family, the Chavez Rodriguez family, and looks what happens when we are going to work. Now if that person feels he has been referred to and wants a right, I'm not going to be debating with anybody in particular, come here to Radio Nacional and here is Teresa Maniglia, and say what you have to say. (A complete transcription of the radio broadcast is attached for information of the Commissioners). 14. On September 11, 2000, Teresa Maniglia, Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela, replied to the request for correction or response from Elías Santana, and granted that right through its three news broadcasting stations, Antena Informativa 1050 AM, Antena Popular 630 AM and Canal Clásico 91.1 FM. Elías Santana rejected that offer, on the basis that " 1. The program "Aló Presidente" is carried not only by the three radio stations referred to, but by Television Venezuela, and by Globovision, and it creates great expectations and catches the attention of most of the social media in their different formats. 2. The radio program "Aló Presidente" has a very high audience rating, as was indicated by the host of the program during the broadcast of September 3, 2000, when he declared that it was being listened to right then by the people in the streets, the people in Tacupida, Guarico State, in Cumana and in San Cristobal, and without doubt by women, housewives who are listening, thousands, millions are listening to the program right now ". 15. On the basis of this objection, and reiterating his demand to exercise the right of reply, Elías Santana brought an appeal for constitutional protection (amparo constitucional) on October 9, 2000, acting on his own behalf and as General Coordinator of the Association Queremos Elegir, before the President and other magistrates of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. 16. On July 12, 2001, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela decided, in Judgment 1013, to reject the appeal for constitutional protection brought

6 by Mr. Santana as inadmissible in limine litis, on the grounds that, in accordance with Venezuelan law, he had been granted his right of correction or reply.[fn2] [FN2] See Supreme Tribunal of Justice, Constitutional Chamber, Presiding Magistrate: Jesus Eduardo Cabrera Romero, Decision of June 12, 2001: Decision For the reasons stated, this Tribunal, in the name of the Republic and by the authority of law, declares inadmissible the appeal brought by Elías Santana, on his own behalf and as representative of the Association Queremos Elegir [ ]"in light of the refusal of the citizens President of the Republic, Hugo Chavez, and Teresa Maniglia, Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela, to allow us the exercise of the right of reply with respect to the statements made by the host of the radio program "Aló Presidente" in his broadcasts of Sunday, August 27, and Sunday, September 3, 2000, which were transmitted by Radio Nacional de Venezuela and retransmitted by several radio and television stations. To be published and recorded. 17. In the interpretative background to Judgment 1013, the Constitutional Chamber held that "there is a constitutional right of reply and correction for persons offended by statements, but that right does not apply to the media or to those who express themselves in the media, because, this Chamber repeats, the right of reply and correction is granted only to those who receive information and not to those who supply it [ ]. According to Article 9 of the Law on the Exercise of Journalism, journalists must be accorded the right of reply or correction, but they do not have that right within the meaning indicated in that Article.[FN3] [ ]. The reason for this is that the broadcasting medium can always reply or correct inaccurate or offensive statements about it, its journalists or its collaborators that have been broadcast in other media. [ ]. This court considers that the right to reply and correction does not apply to the media, or to those in the regular practice of journalism through the media, or those who maintain columns or programs in the media, or those who place announcements in the media that evoke a contrary reaction. This right is granted to those who are affected by information carried over the media, and who do not have access to public channels to contest such information or to give their version." [FN3] Article 9 of the Law on the Exercise of Journalism declares: "Any distortion or untruthfulness in information must be corrected in a timely and effective manner. The journalist is obliged to correct it, and the company to accommodate such correction or such statement as the affected party may formulate. 18. As well, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal indicated that Judgment 1013 "will be binding doctrine for the interpretation of Article 57 and 58 of the Constitution of Venezuela.[FN4] In explaining its decision, the Tribunal declared, with reference to Articles 57 and 58 of the Constitution, that the communications media, in permitting people to be informed and satisfying their right with respect to such information or news, are acting on two levels: a

7 general level, where they must issue truthful, timely and impartial information, and avoid the dissemination of false news, or news manipulated by half-truths; disinformation that denies the opportunity to know the reality of the news; or conjecture or slanted information intended to achieve a specific purpose against something or someone. This constitutional right, which every person enjoys, creates for the media the obligation to provide truthful, timely and impartial information, which gives the right to reply or correction, which may be exercised through an appeal, if the legal situation of the person is affected by the inaccurate information (even if it does not refer to him), and this prevents him from receiving and imparting information or ideas in such a way as to exercise his right to freedom of thought or expression." [FN4] Articles 57 and 58 of the Constitution of Venezuela read as follows: Article 57. Any person has the right to express freely his thoughts, his ideas and his opinions aloud, in writing or by any other form of expression, through any medium of communication and dissemination, without censorship. Any person making use of the right assumes full responsibility for everything expressed. Anonymous authorship, war propaganda, and messages that promote discrimination or religious intolerance are prohibited. Censorship is prohibited in holding public officials accountable for matters under their responsibility. Article 58. Communication is free and pluralistic and implies the duties and responsibilities stipulated by law. Every person has the right to timely, truthful and impartial information, without censorship, in accordance with the principles of the Constitution, as well as the right of reply and correction when he is affected directly by inaccurate or offensive information. Children and adolescents have the right to receive information appropriate for their integral development. 19. With respect to the contents of information, the Tribunal ruled that "it is also a violation of the right to truth and impartial information" if a majority of a medium's columnists express the same ideological tendency, unless that medium openly declares itself, through its editorials or its spokesmen, to be a party to those views. IV. POSITION OF THE PARTIES A. The petitioners 1. Cecilia Sosa P-0434/ According to the petition submitted to the IACHR on July 5, 2001 by Cecilia Sosa, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice issued, on June 12, 2001, judgment number 1013, restricting and limiting the rights enshrined in Articles 13, 14, 24, 8.1, 21.1, 30, 29.a and b in relation to Articles 1 and 2 of the American Convention. 21. The petitioner declared that she was submitting her complaint as a victim, as a Venezuelan citizen, and as a columnist for a national newspaper, and on behalf of Venezuelans and residents of Venezuela who were offended by the judgment, "who may identify themselves and become party to this complaint".[fn5] She added that Judgment 1013 restricts the right of

8 all inhabitants of Venezuela to receive information, to have access to the thoughts expressed by others, to exercise the right of correction or reply, as well as the right not to be discriminated against, and the right to enjoy the appropriate judicial guarantees. [FN5] Mrs. Cecilia Sosa attaches to her petition a list containing the name, nationality and signature of persons who have declared that they would be party to the complaint submitted to the IACHR. 22. The petitioner maintains that Judgment 1013, far from limiting itself to deciding the personal action brought by Mr. Santana, interpreted Articles 57 and 58 of the Constitution, thereby producing legal consequences for all tribunals and judges in the Republic, since Article 335 of the Constitution provides that rulings of the Constitutional Chamber on the content or scope of constitutional rules and principles are binding for other Chambers of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and all other tribunals. The petitioner argues that the judgment, although it is a decision in abstracto, affects all citizens subject to Venezuelan jurisdiction. 23. With respect to Article 30 of the American Convention, the petitioner argues that the State, in interpreting the scope of Articles 57 and 58 of the Venezuelan Constitution, ignored the compulsory and binding force of the provisions contained in the American Convention by virtue of Article 23 of the Venezuelan Constitution.[FN6] [FN6] Article 23 of the Venezuelan Constitution provides: "Treaties, covenants and conventions on human rights, signed and ratified by Venezuela, have constitutional hierarchy and take precedence in the domestic legal system, to the extent that they contain rules for enjoyment and exercise more favorable than those established in this Constitution and in the laws of Venezuela, and they must be applied immediately and directly by the tribunals and other bodies of the Public Power". 24. With respect to Article 13 of the American Convention (freedom of thought and expression), the petitioner argues that, in interpreting Articles 57 and 58 of the Venezuelan Constitution, the Supreme Tribunal violated both domestic law (Article 23 above) and the provisions of the Convention. The petitioner notes that the requirement for timely, truthful and impartial information contained in Article 58 of the Venezuelan Constitution, and interpreted by the Supreme Tribunal, violates international standards of the inter-american system relating to freedom of expression. She adds that the Supreme Tribunal's interpretation establishes particular controls over the social communications media, intended to impede the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions, which constitutes prior censorship, contrary to the provisions of Article 13 of the Convention. The petitioner also argues that the judgment discriminates when it declares that "it is restrictive of true and impartial information if a majority of a medium's columnists express the same ideological tendency, unless that medium openly declares itself, through its editorials or its spokesmen, to be a party to those views.

9 25. With respect to Article 14 of the American Convention (right of reply), taken together with Articles 1.1 and 2 of the Convention, the petitioner argues that the State violated it by allowing the Supreme Tribunal to decide that "the media and those who habitually exercise journalism through the media do not have a right to reply, nor do those who maintain columns or programs in them, nor those who, through their paid announcements or advertisements, evoke a contrary reaction in a different medium." 26. The petitioner argues that through the decision of the Supreme Tribunal, the State violated the right protected by Article 24 of the Convention (equal justice), because Judgment 1013 discriminates and fails to provide equal protection before the law with respect to exercise of the right of correction or reply for directors and editors of communications media, and for those who habitually communicate through them. 27. With respect to Article 8 (judicial guarantees) of the Convention, the petitioner argues that the State violated the right to a fair trial. She argues that the Tribunal's decision interpreted the right to freedom of thought and expression and the right to correction or reply, denying her and other Venezuelans the opportunity to be heard before the competent courts. 28. The petitioner maintains that the Convention, in Article 21, guarantees all persons the use and enjoyment of their property. Yet, she argues, the judgment created a new form of subordination or limitation of this right, which constitutes discrimination against the owners of the social communications media. According to the petitioner, this discrimination lies in the requirement that the judgment imposes on the media to maintain ideological balance among its columnists, in order that its information should not be considered an attack against truthful and impartial information. This represents, according to the petitioner, a violation of Article 21 of the Convention (the right to private property) and the institution of prior censorship by the State. 29. The petitioner argues that the State violated Article 29 (limitations regarding interpretation) of the Convention, in that Judgment 1013 places severe limits on the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and freedoms recognized in Articles 13 and 14 of the Convention. 30. Finally, with respect to admissibility, the petitioner maintains that domestic remedies have been exhausted, since there is no recourse against the decisions of the Supreme Tribunal, and the petition therefore meets all the requirements of Article 46 of the Convention. 2. Elías Santana P-0453/ On July 16, 2001, the IACHR received a petition submitted by Elías Santana, in his own name and as General Coordinator of the Association Queremos Elegir, together with Mrs. Marieta Hernandez, a broadcaster and columnist with the newspaper Tal Cual and a founding member of the Association Queremos Elegir, and Mr. Hector Faundez Ledesma, a lawyer and columnist with the newspaper El Nacional. That petitioner argues that, by means of Judgment 1013 issued on June 12, 2001 by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, the State restricted and limited his rights enshrined in Articles 13, 14, 23, 24, 8.1, 25, 30, 29.a and b, in relation to Articles 1 and 2 of the American Convention.

10 32. According to the complaint, on August 27, 2000, during the course of the radio program "Aló Presidente", carried over several frequencies of Radio Nacional de Venezuela and Television Venezuela, both of which are owned by the State, the President of the Republic, Hugo Chavez, allegedly referred, in derogatory and offensive terms, to Mr. Santana and the Association Queremos Elegir[FN7], for statements that Mr. Santana had published on August 27, 2000, in the newspaper El Nacional. [FN7] See Part III of this report, with the paragraphs broadcast by President Chavez against which Mr. Santana requested the right of reply. 33. According to the petitioner, on August 27 and 29, 2000, and subsequently on September 3, 2000, Mr. Santana requested both the host of the program and the Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela, to allow him to exercise his right of correction or reply, provided in Article 58 of the Venezuelan Constitution. On September 3, 2000, the President of the Republic, during his program "Aló Presidente", refused the right of correction or reply requested by Mr. Santana, declaring that it was not the business of that radio and television program to grant the right of correction or reply, since that decision was up to the Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela. The petitioners maintain that on September 11, 2000, the Director of the Independent National Radio Institute of Venezuela informed Mr. Santana that his correction or reply would be broadcast on a day to be determined by Radio Nacional de Venezuela, but in a program different from the one that had carried the information that gave rise to the request. Mr. Santana objected to this decision, and on October 9, 2000, he filed an appeal for constitutional protection with the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, invoking his right of reply. On June 12, 2001, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela issued its Judgment The petitioners argue that Judgment 1013 excludes social communicators, speakers and columnists from the right of correction or reply. They also argue that the appeal brought by Mr. Santana was not heard by an independent and impartial tribunal, because the court that heard it was composed of judges whose appointments had been contested by Mr. Santana and by the Association Queremos Elegir as being contrary to the provisions of the Constitution. The petitioners added that the appeal was not decided within a reasonable time, since it should have been decided within 96 hours, and according to Article 27 of the Constitution it should have been handled "promptly and with preference over any other matter. Nevertheless, the appeal was resolved eight months later, and without any hearing of the parties. The petitioners argue that the appeal for protection was decided in limine litis, without hearing the parties and their arguments. 3. Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren and others P-0474/ According to the petition received by the IACHR on July 20, 2001, presented by the "Bloque de Prensa Venezolana, represented by members of its Board of Directors, Messrs. David Natera Febres, Andrés Mata Osorio and Juan Manuel Carmona Perera, and Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren, as their legal representative, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela issued a definitive appeal ruling on June 12, 2001 that violated

11 the freedom of expression and of thought, the right to information, and the right to private property and equality, among other obligations. 36. The petitioners argue that Judgment 1013 constitutes a flagrant and deliberate violation on the part of Venezuela, acting through the judiciary, of Articles 1.1, 2, 13, 14, 24, 29.a, b, c, and d, 30 of the American Convention, with a prejudicial legal effect on communication activities (freedom of expression and the right to information) and on free business management (the right to free use and enjoyment of private property) of the owners, editors and directors of the written press who, as such and as individuals, are members of the "Bloque de Prensa Venezolana, and in particular Messrs. David Natera Febres, Andrés Mata Osorio and Juan Manuel Carmona Perera. The petitioners' arguments take the same line as the petitioners referred to above. Among their arguments, the petitioners claim that the decision of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal violates the principles protected in Articles 14.1 and 24 of the American Convention, because it interprets the right of reply in a discriminatory manner. That decision, claim the petitioners, excludes a specific group of civil society by reason of their profession or by reason of their activities in connection with the communications media. 37. The petitioners argue that Judgment 1013 restricts and limits the right to freedom of expression and the right of reply. They add that the law is the only way to regulate or restrict those rights, and not the interpretative route or through jurisprudence, as the Supreme Tribunal of Justice attempted to do. B. The State 38. According to the State, the petitioners do not meet the requirements of Article 46.1d of the American Convention and consequently, pursuant to Article 47.a, the Commission must declare the petition inadmissible. 39. The State denies the violation of Article 14 of the Convention, on the grounds that, on September 11, 2000, the Director of Radio Nacional de Venezuela granted Mr. Santana the right to issue a correction or reply, which would be carried over three radio stations belonging to Radio Nacional de Venezuela. The State argues that it was Mr. Santana who refused to have his opinions broadcast under these conditions, because he insisted that it should be on the same program, "Aló Presidente", at the same time and with the same coverage, on which grounds he proceeded to bring an appeal for protection before the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. 40. The State argues that the interpretation of Articles 57 and 58 of the Venezuelan Constitution given by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice in its Judgment 1013 does not violate the standards of interpretation of the American Convention, because the object of interpretation is the provisions of the Venezuelan Constitution and not those of the Convention. 41. The State also argues that the host of the program "Aló Presidente", in making critical comments about the statements of Mr. Santana in the newspaper El Nacional of August 27, 2000, was merely exercising his freedom of expression. The State maintains that this was just one more case of political disagreement within a democratic society.

12 42. The State also argues that a differentiation must be made between information and mere opinions. What was at issue in the present case was simply an opinion of the President on the statements made by Mr. Santana in the newspaper El Nacional. The State also maintains that Judgment 1013 reiterates one of the most basic positions of international doctrine and jurisprudence, to the effect that the right of reply applies only against inaccurate or offensive statements, and not against opinions. 43. The State also said that the Constitutional Chamber, in establishing a binding doctrine for interpretation of Articles 57 and 58 of the Venezuela Constitution, was performing a didactic service as to the scope and interpretation of the rights protected in those articles, making use of its "judicial right" without creating legislation, under the powers conferred upon it in Article 335 of the Constitution[FN8]. The State also denies violation of Article 29 of the American Convention, because that Article refers to the interpretation of the rules contained in the Convention. [FN8] Article 335 of the Constitution of Venezuela provides: The Supreme Tribunal of Justice shall ensure the supremacy and effectiveness of constitutional rules and principles: it shall be the highest and final interpreter of the Constitution and shall see to its uniform interpretation and application. The interpretations issued by the Constitutional Chamber on the content or scope of constitutional rules and principles are binding on other chambers of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and on other courts of the Republic. 44. The State argues that, contrary to the claim of the petitioners, Judgment 1013 does not violate the right to freedom of thought and expression, because it limits itself to distinguishing, in detail, the contents and scope of the two articles of the Venezuelan Constitution that enshrine those rights. 45. With respect to the discriminatory treatment of journalists' right of correction or reply, the State argues that Judgment 1013 referred specifically to the condition of the well-known journalist Elías Santana, who, according to the Chamber, has ample possibilities of access to other media for giving effect to his right of correction or reply. 46. Finally, the State concludes that Judgment 1013 is not contrary to any of the rights protected by the American Convention, and it requests that the petition be declared inadmissible. V. ANALYSIS 1. The Commission s jurisdiction ratione personae, ratione loci, ratione temporis, and ratione materiae a. Ratione loci

13 47. The IACHR has jurisdiction ratione loci, because the petition in question declares that the alleged victims were subject to the jurisdiction of the Venezuelan State at the time the alleged violations occurred. Venezuela has been a member State of the Organization of American States since 1948, in which year it ratified the OAS Charter, and it has been subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission by virtue of the American Convention since August 9, 1977, on which date it deposited the instrument of ratification. b. Ratione temporis 48. The above information is also relevant in affirming that the IACHR has jurisdiction ratione temporis, inasmuch as the alleged violations took place after the American Convention came into force with respect to Venezuela. c. Ratione personae 49. With respect to procedural legitimacy, the Commission holds that, in general, its jurisdiction in the processing of individual cases refers to deeds that affect the rights of a specific person or persons. The various petitioners claim to be individual victims for whom Venezuela is committed to respect and guarantee the rights enshrined in the American Convention. Therefore, the Commission has jurisdiction ratione personae to examine the petitions as they relate to Elías Santana, Marieta Hernandez, Hector Faundez Ledesma, Cecila Sosa, Juan Manuel Carmona Perera, David Natera Febres, Andres Mata Osorio and Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren. 50. The Commission lacks jurisdiction ratione personae to consider the alleged violations of the legal persons Queremos Elegir or the nongovernmental association Bloque de Prensa Venezolana, in light of the provisions of Article 1.2 of the American Convention, and Article 46 of the Convention. The jurisprudence of the Commission has consistently maintained that complaints brought before it are inadmissible if they have been the subject of proceedings before the domestic courts on behalf of legal persons rather than individual victims[fn9], because the Commission lacks jurisdiction ratione personae to examine complaints referring to the rights of legal persons. Additionally, the Commission holds that, in principle, legal associations cannot be considered victims of interference with the rights of their individual members, unless they can prove that those rights, identified pursuant to Article 46.1d of the Convention, have been directly affected[fn10]. This was not argued in the judicial appeals filed domestically to defend the interests of the members of the two associations[fn11]. [FN9] See Report Nº 67/01, Case Tomás Enrique Carvallo Quintana, Argentina, IACHR, 2001 Annual Report quoting Report Nº 103/99, Bernard Merens and Family, Argentina, 27 September 1999, 1999 Annual Report; Report Nº 10/91, Case , Peru, Banco de Lima. IACHR, Annual Report, p. 452; Report Nº 47/97, Paraguay, Tabacalera Boquerón. IACHR, 1997 Annual Report, p. 229; Report Nº 39/99, Argentina, Mevopal, S.A., pending publication. [FN10] The American Convention, in Articles 46.1a and 47, establishes the subsidiary nature of the Inter-American system, and therefore the necessity of having exhausted the remedies available within domestic jurisdiction. It is the State that, in principle, and in accordance with its

14 internal procedures, must resolve its violations, and if it does not do so, the case will move to the jurisdiction of the inter-american system. As to the characterization of a victim, Article 44 of the Convention provides that " Any person or group of persons, or any nongovernmental entity legally recognized in one or more member states of the Organization, may lodge petitions with the Commission containing denunciations or complaints of violation of this Convention by a State Party. In contrast to the provisions of the European Convention and the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, petitioners in the Inter-American system do not need to maintain that they are victims of a violation of the Convention. [FN11] See IACHR, Case , Report Nº 10/91, Annual Report , considering With respect to the persons subscribing to the petition submitted by Mrs. Sosa, the IACHR concludes that they do not meet the requirements of Article 46 of the Convention. 52. Also inadmissible is the complaint with respect to the effect on all Venezuelans and inhabitants of Venezuela in general, invoked in the petition submitted by Mrs. Sosa. That petition must be declared inadmissible in light of Article 47 of the Convention, because the petition constitutes an actio popularis (class-action suit) brought in the name of an undetermined group of persons. 53. Article 44 of the Convention, dealing with the jurisdiction of the Commission, establishes that "Any person or group of persons, or any nongovernmental entity legally recognized in one or more member states of the Organization, may lodge petitions with the Commission containing denunciations or complaints of violation of this Convention by a State Party". 54. In contrast to other systems for the protection of human rights, the Inter-American system allows various kinds of petitioners to submit petitions on behalf of victims. In fact, the wording of Article 44 is very open, allowing any person or group of persons, or any nongovernmental entity legally recognized in one or more member states of the Organization, to lodge petitions with the Commission containing denunciations or complaints of violation of this Convention by a State party, without requiring, as does the European system or the United Nations Committee on Human Rights, that they be victims as such, i.e. that they have a direct or indirect personal interest in the adjudication of the petition. The victim's authorization is not required, nor do the petitioners have to submit powers of attorney from the alleged victims.[fn12] [FN12] See Tom Zwart, The Admissibility of Human Rights Petitions: The Case Law of the European Commission of Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee (Dordrecht, Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1994), page 50 ff. See also IACHR Case 1954, Report 59/81, Annual Report and Case 2141, Resolution 23/81, Annual Report , quoted in Mónica Pinto, La denuncia ante la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Editores del Puerto, 1993), page Nevertheless, the liberal stance of the inter-american system on this point must not be interpreted as meaning that a case can be submitted before the Commission in abstracto.[fn13]

15 The jurisprudence of this Commission, in interpreting Article 44 of the Convention, has followed the rule that, in order for a petition to be admissible, there must be concrete, individually identified and distinguished victims[fn14], and "class-action" petitions[fn15], i.e. those brought in the name of all the people of a country, such as applies to the present case, are not admissible. [FN13] See IACHR, Case , Report Nº 48/96 (Costa Rica), 1996 IACHR Annual Report, para. 28. [FN14] See IACHR, Case Report Nº 51/02 (Peru), 2002 Annual Report. [FN15] See supra, note 13, para In examining the Commission's jurisprudence on the application of Article 44 of the Convention, it is clear that that rule has been interpreted as meaning that jurisdiction ratione personae in the processing of individual petitions refers to deeds that affect the rights of a specific person or persons. In the case of petition (Peru), the Commission considered a complaint in which the Ombudsman claimed to be acting in representation in the abstract, on behalf of a group of potential women voters, in the form of class-action petitions. The Commission admitted that petition only with respect to those individual victims who were duly identified and distinguished, in accordance with the jurisprudence of the Inter-American system.[fn16] [FN16] See supra, note 14, para In its report 48/96, on the Costa Rican case quoted above, the Commission ruled that: An individual cannot institute an actio popularis and present a complaint against a law without establishing some active legitimation justifying his standing before the Commission. The applicant must claim to be a victim of a violation of the Convention, or must appear before the Commission as a representative of a putative victim of a violation of the Convention by a state party.[fn17] [FN17] See supra, note 13, para Similarly, the Commission declared in its report on the case of Maria Eugenia Morales de Sierra, of Guatemala, that: in order to initiate the procedures established in Articles 48 and 50 of the American Convention, the Commission requires a petition denouncing a concrete violation with respect to a specific individual.[fn18]

16 [FN18] See IACHR, Case , Report Nº 28/98 (Guatemala), 1997 Annual Report, paragraph See I-A Court, Advisory Opinion OC-14/94, "International Responsibility for the Promulgation and Enforcement of Laws in Violation of the Convention (Articles 1 and 2 of the American Convention)" of December 9, 1994, paragraphs The fact that petitions submitted as class actions are inadmissible does not mean that the petitioner must always identify each victim in whose name the petition is submitted. In fact, the Commission has admitted petitions on behalf of groups of victims when the group was specific and defined and the individuals composing it could be identified, as in the case of members of a defined community, for example.[fn19] [FN19] See for example IACHR, Case , Report Nº 34/01, Massacre in Mapiripan (Colombia), 2000 Annual Report, para. 27. See also IACHR, Case , Report Nº78/00, Mayan Indigenous Communities and Their Members (Belize), 2000 Annual Report, paras From an analysis of the petition submitted by Mrs. Sosa it is clear that it was submitted, in part, on behalf of the citizens of Venezuela, arguing that the State has violated the right to freedom of expression for all Venezuelans and inhabitants of the Republic of Venezuela. The IACHR must therefore declare inadmissible this portion of the complaint, relating to all the citizens and inhabitants of Venezuela, because it amounts to a class-action suit, without identifying and distinguishing specific victims or a specific group of victims. d. Ratione materiae 61. The Commission has jurisdiction ratione materiae to examine the complaints that are not excluded ratione personae, because the claims presented with respect to Elías Santana, Marieta Hernandez, Hector Faundez Ledesma, Cecila Sosa, Juan Manuel Carmona Perera, David Natera Febres, Andres Mata Osorio and Asdrubal Aguiar Aranguren relate to violations of rights protected in the American Convention. 2. The question of admissibility 62. Article 47 of the American Convention requires the Commission to consider a petition inadmissible if: a. any of the requirements indicated in Article 46 has not been met; b. the petition or communication does not state facts that tend to establish a violation of the rights guaranteed by this Convention; c. the statements of the petitioner or of the State indicate that the petition or communication is manifestly groundless or obviously out of order; or

17 d. the petition or communication is substantially the same as one previously studied by the Commission or by another international organization. 63. Item b of that Article refers to cases in which the petition does not state facts that tend to establish a violation of the rights guaranteed by the Convention, even where the requirements of Article 46 have been met. By virtue of Article 47.b, the IACHR must conduct a prima facie assessment to determine whether the petition states facts that tend to establish a violation of the rights guaranteed by the Convention. This involves a summary analysis that does not require forming an opinion on the merits. The Commission will now analyze the characterization of the violations denounced. For ease of understanding, the case of Elías Santana is examined separately from the other petitions. Elías Santana 64. The IACHR will now examine whether the allegations of the petitioner constitute a violation of the rights guaranteed by the Convention in light of the two arguments put forth by the State: the first, to the effect that the petitioner was granted the right of a correction or reply within domestic jurisdiction, and the second, to the effect that the right of correction or reply did not apply because what was involved was an opinion and not factual affirmations. 65. On this point, the IACHR believes it unnecessary to express an opinion on both questions: if the right of reply was granted within domestic jurisdiction in conformity with the requirements of the Convention, it is unnecessary to examine whether that right applies or not in light of the expressions that were to be contested. Notwithstanding, the IACHR will address both questions that were debated by the parties during proceedings before the Commission. 66. The Commission must note the controversy surrounding the scope accorded to the right of reply as it relates to the right to freedom of expression. Among the viewpoints in play are those, on one hand, that hold that the right of reply limits freedom of expression because it obliges the media to provide free coverage for information that is not necessarily consistent with their editorial line, while others maintain that the right of reply strengthens freedom of expression by fostering a greater flow of information. Consequently, the scope of the right of reply must be scrutinized strictly to ensure that it does not infringe the right to freedom of expression. 67. Article 14 of the Convention provides that: 1. Anyone injured by inaccurate or offensive statements or ideas disseminated to the public in general by a legally regulated medium of communication has the right to reply or to make a correction using the same communications outlet, under such conditions as the law may establish. 2. The correction or reply shall not in any case remit other legal liabilities that may have been incurred. 3. For the effective protection of honor and reputation, every publisher, and every newspaper, motion picture, radio, and television company, shall have a person responsible who is not protected by immunities or special privileges.

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