traditions that provide guidance for the Islamic community; it includes sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophetâ€™s deeds. Several collections of hadith appeared between the 9th and 11th centuries CE and Muslim scholar have often taken them as guides for interpretation of the Quran

Pray 5 times a day facing mecca
Fast during month of Ramadon
Hajj
Charity (zakat)
Only one god - ALLAH

Caliph

Rulers of the Islamic Empire. Abu Bakkr was the first Caliph

Abu Bakkr

First Caliph. Father in law of Mohamed

Sunni

Led by Abu Bakkr. Argue that heâ€™s the leader - because he is older, wiser, military capable. Said blood was not important. The official split between the Sunni and Shia occurred in 661 when the Ummayad empire was established.

Shia

Led by Ali. Argue he should be the ruler because they were blood relatives (his nephew and son and law) He was not chosen though, because he was younger and less talented. The official split between the Sunni and Shia occurred in 661 when the Ummayad empire was established.â€˜

OBJECTIVE - Sunni Shia split - Not in 632. OFFICIAL - 661.

Similarities
Believe is same god
Both follow Quran
Belief that Mohamed was the last messiah
Differences
Who should inherit the empire
Shia - Ali
Sunni - Abu Bakker
Shia - Believed that the 12th lesser messiah would come at the end of the world and help them save the world. (He went into hiding etc.)

Islam in India - CONQUEST

1) The Ummayads captured Sind - became part of their empire.
Sind was passed to the Abbasids when the Ummayad empire ended
2) In the 10th century - several parts of India were conquered by Turkish Muslims
One of the first to Mahmud of Ghanzi.
Between 1001 and 1027 - he attacked 27 times. He wanted to plunder wealth.
Smashes 100â€™s of temples in process of capturing wealth
BUILT MOSQUES
The hinduâ€™s associated Islam with destruction
3) Mahmudâ€™s Ghanziâ€™s descendants conquered northern India. - The Dehli Sultanate
Unsuccessful in capturing southern India.
Dehli Sultanate had a weak administrative structure.
The way they remained in control was by having good relations with Hindu neighbors
Gave them a LOT of autonomy.
Converted Hinduâ€™s into Muslims. Encouraged conversions.

Islam in India - TRADE

Muslim Merchants (took faith to coastal regions in both north and south India)
Arab and Persian mariners went to Indian seaports
Sea routes
Indian Ocean.
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Dows (Indians)/ Junks (Chinese)
Land Routes
Silk Road
Became the natural sight for warehouses
During monsoon seasons - Merchants stopped a lot in India until they moved on.
Religions mingle
Suffis
Muslim Missionaries

Why Did People Convert into Islam

1) Islam has Equality (No Caste System)
Everybody is equal in the eyes of Allah
2) Hinduism is very ritualistic - BUT Islam is less expensive. Simple.
3) ¼ of the population converted into Islam.
4) Many women converted into Islam.
Islam promised women equality

Bahkti Movement

It essentially argued that one did not need to perform rituals and pay large amounts of money to connect with God. They said that you could connect to God on a personal level. Like a â€˜bible studyâ€™ group - but Hindu. They gathered from time to time and sang hymns and connected with the God or Goddess. Women played an important role in this movement Ã they helped spread it. This was the first time they were able to take a part in a religion. Women got these important roles because they helped reinforce etc

How did Islam get to South-East Asia?

Trade
Merchants came in
Ruling Elite Were the First to Convert
Converted people became a part of Dar-Al-Islam.
Protected by Muslim allies in the Middle East. Economic/Political Allies
Because you were a Muslim - you could get better trade too.
Suffis
Missionaries
Offered social services - people converted.

Stateless Societies

Tribes. (Essentially the Bantu tribes.) No formal government. During the Bantu Migrations. -- Bantu Migrations start from Nigeria (?) And settle all over Africa. Done by 1500 CE. They moved out because of overpopulations -- Lived in very small villages/tribes. No more than 100 people in a tribe. The male-heads of the families formed the ruling council. Usually the richest person on the council was the chief. He represented the village in the district council. The village council dealt with village affairs. The district council had authority over inter-village affairs. After an increase in population - the stateless societies became Chiefdoms. This shift occurred during and after 1000 CE.

Chiefdoms

As the villages got bigger, their was a struggle to control natural resources à they get into a fight. Then, the winning village will incorporate the losing village into their owns. From Chiefdoms, there came the creation of Kingdoms.

Kingdoms (Africa)

One of the first Kingdoms was the kingdom of Congo - during the 14th century. This kingdom was extremely organized. It had a centralized government - including the king and officials. They divided the Kingdom into six provinces - and the province rulers would report back to the king. It was probably one of the most tightly centralized governments (of the Bantu people).

Islamic Kingdoms in AfricA

Whilst the Bantu migration was going on in Africa - at the same time you see the introduction of Islam going on in west and east Africa. Islam entered Africa through two major routes. One major route was a the Trans-Saharan network ((only possible because of Camels!)) . Here - North Africa traded with West Africa. Here is the Kingdom of Ghana and the Kingdom of Mali. The second route was a sea route in the Indian Ocean. This was an interaction between east Africa and India. What happened as a result of this after the 8th century was that Islam began influence the political, social, and economical aspects of African Societies. One of the Kingdoms that benefited from the Tran-Saharan network was Ghana.

Ghana (dear lord. ^__^;;)

Situated between the Senegal and Niger rivers. Ghana was a pretty weak Kingdom in the 8th century, however - as trade began to increase across the Trans-Saharan Network (Between North and West Africa) Ghana underwent a dramatic change. Ghana emerged as the center of tradeâ€¦because it had enormous amounts of Gold. (It had the largest supply of gold during that time) Apart from gold, Ghana also provided slaves, and ivory. The Muslims began to flock the Kingdom of Ghana. Because it was so important in the Trans-Saharan trade network, it became wealthy, and then - it became very politically strong. The capital was Koumbisaleh. By the 10th century - Ghana becomes the most powerful empire in western Africa. Also by the 10th century - the rulers had become Islamic. (They did this so they would get trade and protection) The Islam that they adopted was very different than pure Islam. It had the beliefs of Islam - but it also incorporated their old beliefs. It was a modified version of Islam. Gradually - many Africans began to follow their leaders and continue to convert into Islam. This was because it was less ritualistic, equality, simplicity, heaven and hell - etc. The women didnâ€™t cover themselves and enjoyed important positions despite the rules of Islamic religion.

African Economy in Ghana

A largely trade-based societies. Exported slaves, ivory, and gold. They imported clothing, horses, small manufactured goods and SALT. They also received income from the Taxes. - Division of labor/ Division of goods.

Ghana - Polotics

Extremely centralized government. There was the King àMinisters (War and Trade and Treasury etc) à Provinces and Governers à Districts and A DISTRICT HEAD à The Kinship Groups (smallest form of power) - small groups of people connected by clan-based societies.

Ghana - Society

Koumbisaleh emerged as the cultural center of Western Africa. It became the religious and intellectual center of west Africa as well. There were temples, Islamic schools. They had no concept of private property - except for slaves. Women - Females work at home. Home life. No veil. Rights

Ghana - Decline

As the kingdom began to expand - it became increasingly weak - and it became a target of the Nomadic peoples from the Sahara. All the surrounding kingdoms wanted to conquer Ghana because of itâ€™s location and itâ€™s wealth. By the early 13th century - it became so week that it soon collapsed. It had weak rulers too - and that also helped with the collapse of Ghana.

Mali (Save me! ^__^;;)

The kingdom of Mali essentially arose from the ashes of the Kingdom of Ghana. By the mid-13th century - the kingdom of Mali dominated west Africa. Two of its most important rulers were Sundiata and Mansa-Musa. Sundiata ruled for 1230 to 1255. Under Sundiata - the Kingdom of Mali included Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, and Sierrleone. Mali had the same political structure. The capital Niani was the center of trade. There was an introduction of brick and stone buildings. The significance of trade and Islam becomes very clear under the reign of Sundiataâ€™s grand nephew - Mansa-Musa. He ruled from 1312 to 1337. The high point of his rule was his trip to Mecca. ((He went to Cairo - and they were showered with Gold and lowered the value by 20%. He opened the eyes of the world to Africa - in not only terms of Goldâ€¦but it terms of slaves. Mali became the center of Islamic learning - and Scholars all over the world came to Mali to study Islam.))

HAI NICOLE

GUESS

Mali - Politics

Extremely centralized government. There was the King àMinisters (War and Trade and Treasury etc) à Provinces and Governers à Districts and A DISTRICT HEAD à The Kinship Groups (smallest form of power) - small groups of people connected by clan-based societies.

Mali - Economy

A largely trade-based societies. Exported slaves, ivory, and gold. They imported clothing, horses, small manufactured goods and SALT. They also received income from the Taxes. - Division of labor/ Division of goods.

Mali - Decline

The reasons are about the same for Mali as they were for Ghana. Weak central government, neighboring Kingdoms were becoming more powerful and began to attack the borders of the empire. It fellt during the end of the 15th century.

Objective - Swahili City States

By the 2nd century - the Bantu people began to settle in East Africa
The Bantuâ€™s - essentially - were the builders of east African society
By the 10th Century - East Africa began to attract the attention of Islamic merchants
Offered gold, slaves, ivory, leopard skins
In return the merchants brought with them:
Pottery, glass, textiles.
Gradually - powerful city-states emerged among the coast of east Africa
Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique, Sofala, Zimbabwe
Each supervised by a king who supervised trade and organized publis live
As a result of the trade - Swahili people began to construct buildings made of Coral.
Like west Africa - eastern African royalty converted to Islam as well
Same reasons - to be part of Dar-Al-Islam
Indian Ocean linked Africa and India together

Objective - African Society

By the 11th century - the Sub-Saharan people spoke 800 different languages.
They had Christianity, Islam, and the Native religion.
Hierarchical Society
Rulers, Priests, Warriors, Merchants, Artisans, Business People, Common People, Peasants, Slaves
Extended families and clans were the foundations of African Society
They had no concept of private property (save slaves)
Communal rights over land
Womenâ€™s roles
All the men dominated the public realm!
African women had more opportunities opened to them unlike their counterparts in other societies
Revered as sources of life
Motherhood was celebrated - gained â€˜powerâ€™ from that
They took part in active combat - some all female military units.
The arrival of Islam did not greatly change the status of women in African Society
They didnâ€™t have to cover themselves
They could still participate in social life. Still had jobs
GRADUALLY - forced to cover themselves and they withdrew from public life
Age J
Social roles assigned based on age
(Job Examples: Labor for community projects, care for elderly, matchmakingâ€¦etc)
One class of individuals that stood apart from the rest of the society were the slaves.
People in debt, witches, criminals - most were POWâ€™s though.
So the slavery began to really make money around the 9th century because they were trading in the Indian Ocean trade routes - etc. It became a source of wealth - the more slaves captured and sold - the richer one became.
There was an increased warfare because of the slave trade (wanted to get POWâ€™S)
The importance of the African slavery in the Middle east was highlighted by the Zanj Revolt.
(Zanj refers to â€œblacks from the Swahili coast/East Africa)
The Zanj revolt takes place in Mesopotamia
In 869 - a slave called Ali Bin Mohamed organized about 1,500 Zanj slaves into a massive force and they captured Basra.
They established rebel state in Basra (During the Abbasids reign)
In 883 - they crushed the revolt, killed Ali Bin Mohamed and other leaders.
14 year revolt!
Highlighted - mistreatment of slaves and importance of slaves
Sorry Nicole, it\'s long!

Objective - African Religion

- Magic
- Ancestor worship
- Fetishes - magical object: something, especially an inanimate object, that is revered or worshiped because it is believed to have magical powers or be animated by a spirit
- Creator God
- Islam / Christianity
- The Diviners
- Animism - belief that nature has soul: the belief that things in nature, e.g. trees, mountains, and the sky, have souls or consciousness

Christianity in Ethiopia (Axum)

Introduced in the 4th century CE
By Mediterranean Christians
Missionaries
They convert in order to be protected, have trade - etc.
Axum was the only Christian city until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 14th century.
Stone churches - carved out of stone.
This Christianity in Axum is very different from Christianity elsewhere
During the 12th century - the new ruling house argued they were the descendants of King David and Solomon.
This is epitomized in the fictional work of the Kebra Negast
Introduced in the 4th century CE
By Mediterranean Christians
Missionaries
They convert in order to be protected, have trade - etc.
Axum was the only Christian city until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 14th century.
Stone churches - carved out of stone.
This Christianity in Axum is very different from Christianity elsewhere
During the 12th century - the new ruling house argued they were the descendants of King David and Solomon.
This is epitomized in the fictional work of the Kebra Negast
Modified version of Christianity
They had charms and amulets
Believed in spirits
Shrines
Stone churches