Primary Sources: Home

Definitions of Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

Primary sources are the first hand evidence left behind by participants or observers at the time of events.

"Primary sources originate in the time period that historians are studying. They vary a great deal. They may include personal memoirs, government documents, transcripts of legal proceedings, oral histories and traditions, archaeological and biological evidence, and visual sources like paintings and photographs. " ( Storey, William Kelleher. Writing History: A guide for Students. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.18).

Primary sources provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented. Often these sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring, but primary sources can also include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later. Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format. (Primary Sources at Yale: http://www.yale.edu/collections_collaborative/primarysources/primarysources.html)

Secondary Sources

"Secondary works reflect on earlier times. Typically, they are books and articles by writers who are interpreting the events and primary sources that you are studying. Secondary works vary a great deal, from books by professional scholars to journalistic accounts. Evaluate each secondary work on its own merits, particularly on how well it uses primary sources as evidence." (Storey, William Kelleher. Writing History: A guide for Students. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.18-19).

Articles, such as literature reviews, commentaries, research articles in all subject disciplines

Criticism of works of literature, art and music

Manuscripts & Archival Material

Diaries, letters, correspondences, journals

Interviews, oral histories, speeches

Artifacts—manufactured items, clothing, furniture, tools, buildings

Organization records

Audio Visual Materials

Cartoons, postcards, posters

Films, music

Interviews, oral histories, speeches

Maps/atlases

Photographs

Articles

First-hand newspaper and magazine accounts of events

Data

Statistics, surveys, opinion polls

Scientific data

Internet Sources

Emails, text messages, tweets

Web pages of primary source materials

Format of Primary Sources

Format

Description

Books and monographs

A monograph is "a systematic and complete treatise on a particular subject" (ALA glossary of library and information science, Chicago: ALA, 1983, p.48), in one or many volumes, complete at the time of publication or published with the intention of being completed at some future date.

Serials

A serial is a publication that is usually published at regular, established intervals, with the intention of continuing publication indefinitely. Magazines and newspapers -- often offer the most immediate published accounts of and reactions to historical events. The important thing is to distinguish between material written at the time of an event as a kind of report, and material written much later, as historical analysis.

Government documents

Government documents are publications issued by federal, state, municipal and international governments.

Records of organizations and individuals

The minutes, reports, correspondence, etc. of an organization or agency serve as an ongoing record of the activity and thinking of that organization or agency. There are many kinds of records, such as: births, deaths, marriages certificates; permits and licenses issued; census data; etc.

Manuscripts

Documents created by individuals, not as employees or representatives of an organization, are called manuscripts or personal papers. These documents can be either hand-written or typed, varying in length from a single note or letter to a full-length book. Include among other things: personal papers, memoirs, autobiographies, correspondence, diaries, letters, artificial collections, etc.

Digital collections may have been transferred from their original format to a machine-readable form or, may exist only as electronic resources. Data may be stored on disk, computer tape, CD-ROM or from Internet sites.

Primary Source Search Strategies

Familiarizing Yourself with Background Information

Reference Source A first step you need to do to find primary materials is to familiarize yourself with the background information on your topic. Library reference collection is a great place to get started. These reference materials will give you a good overview of the topic, will outline the basic historical context, and will help you identify key issues, events, participants, dates, and even keywords needed for you to plan a more informed and efficient search.

Examples of Reference Sources:

Specialized encyclopedias

Encyclopedia of of the American Civil War : a political, social, and military history

Latin America, history and culture : an encyclopedia for students

Encyclopedia of Asian History

Chronolgies

Chronology of World Hisotry: a Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1976

The Timetables of History: a Horizontal Linkage of People and Events

Factbooks

Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates

Biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias

Dictionary of World Biography

Current Biography (1940-present)

Specialized bibliographies and guides to research

Bibliographies in American History: Guide to Materials for Research

Sources of Information for Historical Research

A Reference Guide to Latin American history

Textbooks and Journal ArticlesTextbooks and journal articles (especially those with extensive bibliographies) and other secondary sources can provide you background informaiton and clues about the event, participants involved, as well as source of materials useful for your research.

For general history topics, you can use the following online databases to find articles:

America: History & Life

Historical Abstracts

JSTOR

Project Muse

Humanities Abstracts

Academic Search Premier

Where to Find?Primary sources may be in their original format or may have been reproduced at a later date in a different format. Library Catalogs, electronic databases, and the Web are tools can be used to find primary sources.

For primary sources on the Web, see the selective list of Primary Sources on the Web or search the Web using Google. For important advice on finding and evaluating primary sources on the Web, see Using Primary Sources on the Web from the History Section of the Reference and User Services Association, a division of the American Library Association.

For important advice on finding and evaluating primary sources on the Web, see Evaluating Primary Sources from the History Section of the Reference and User Services Association, a division of the American Library Association.

Multi-Search, or Open WorldCat provides catalog access to 110+ million holdings worldwide. Includes catalog records for books, journals, films, sound recordings, videos, etc. It is a good tool for you to find books in your local libraries or other libraries. Since many primary source materials are rare books hosted in library archives or special collections, these items may not be borrowed through the interlibrary loan service. Open WorldCat helps you identify which library has a particular item, so you can plan to make a trip to a local library to use the item.

UNITED STATES

he American Presidency Projecthttp://www.presidency.ucsb.eduThis project contains a searchable database of tens of thousands of documents from U.S. presidents from 1789 to the present. It covers inaugural addresses, press briefings, signing statements, and debates. Also features data on topics such as popularity and number of public appearances, election results back to 1828, and an archive of audio and video clips.

Avalon Project at the Yale Law School: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy http://avalon.law.yale.edu/default.aspThe project contains digital documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy and Government from pre-18th Century to current.

Digital Historyhttp://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/Provides learning and teaching resources from online textbook, primary sources, ethnic voices to special topics and reference materials on all periods of United States History.

The Digital Public Library of America http://dp.la/
"The DPLA offers a single point of access to millions of items—photographs, manuscripts, books, sounds, moving images, and more—from libraries, archives, and museums around the United States. Users can browse and search the DPLA’s collections by timeline, map, format, and topic."

Emma Goldman Papershttps://archive.org/details/emmagoldmanpapers
Emma Goldman (1869–1940) stands as a major figure in the history of American radicalism and feminism. An influential and well-known anarchist of her day, Goldman was an early advocate of free speech, birth control, women's equality and independence, and union organization. The Emma Goldman papers feature over 300 letters, primarily written by Emma Goldman, and other anarchists, activists, and thinkers are represented as authors as well, including Alexander Berkman, Eugene Debs, Harry Kelly, Alexander Shapiro, and the Socialist Party of New England.

Harvard Open Collections http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/The Open Collections provide online access to historical resources from Harvard's renowned libraries, archives, and museums. OCP's highly specialized “open collections” are developed through careful collaborations among Harvard's distinguished faculty, librarians, and curators. Three open collections have been launched since 2004: Women Working, 1800-1930, Immigration to the United States, 1789-1930, and Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. Two additional collections are under development now: the Islamic Heritage Project, and Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age.

Making of Americahttp://moa.umdl.umich.edu/Making of America (MOA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. The collection currently contains approximately 8,500 books and 50,000 journal articles with 19th century imprints. The project represents a major collaborative endeavor in preservation and electronic access to historical texts.

National Archives and Records Administration http://www.archives.gov/
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is the nation's record keeper. The agency keeps documents and materials created in the course of business conducted by the United States Federal government.

National Security Archivehttp://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/index.html
The National Security Archive combines a unique range of functions: investigative journalism center, research institute on international affairs, library and archive of declassified U.S. documents.

Nineteenth Century Documents Projecthttp://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/ When completed this collection will include accurate transcriptions of many important and representative primary texts from nineteenth century American history, with special emphasis on those sources that shed light on sectional conflict and transformations in regional identity.

Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/The Project contains free eBooks or etexts. There are more than 10.000 eBooks in the present collection. Most of these eBooks are older literary works that are in the public domain in the United States. All may be freely downloaded and read, and redistributed for non-commercial use.

German Propoganda Archivehttp://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The Web site includes both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists.

The Great Hunger Archive, An Gorta Mor http://www.thegreathunger.org/html/main/center.htmA joint project of the Ireland Studies Program at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut and Kerry County Library, Ireland, to provide a comprehensive coverage or listing of archival material relating to the famine in Ireland in the 1840s.

Internet History Sourcebookhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/index.aspThe Internet History Sourcebooks Project is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented for educational use. It covers ancient, medieval, and modern time periods and includes the following regions and topics: African, East Asian, Global, Indian, Jewish, Islamic, Lesbian/Gay, Science, and Women.

Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Digital library of resources for the study of the ancient world. Originally begun with coverage of the Archaic and Classical Greek world, has now expanded to Latin text and tools, Renaissance materials, and Papyri. Contains hundreds of texts by the major ancient authors and lexica and morphological databases and catalog entries for over 2,800 vases, sculptures, coins, buildings, and sites, including over 13,000 photographs of such objects.

Slave Voyages (The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database) http://www.slavevoyages.org/The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database has information on almost 35,000 slaving vogages that forcibly embarked over 10 million Africans for transport to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. It offers researchers, students and the general public a chance to rediscover the reality of one of the largest forced movements of peoples in world history.

United Nations Treaty Collectionhttp://treaties.un.org/A collection of treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with and published by the Secretariat since 1946.

Historical Newspapers

Historical Los Angeles Times offers completely searchable full text and full image coverage from 1881-1994. It gives quick and accurate Web access to articles, editorials, classified ads, comics, cartoons, photos, maps, and graphics. The collection provides access to every page from every available issue. For electronic access to current Los Angeles Times from 1985 to present, use Los Angeles Times (1985-present).

The New York Times (1851-2013) offers full page and article images with searchable full text back to the first issue. The collection includes digital reproductions providing access to every page from every available issue.

For current New York Times (1980-present) check the entry New York Times (1980-present)

The Times Digital Archive has millions of articles from the London Times. The entire newspaper is captured, with all articles, advertisements and illustrations/photos divided into categories to facilitate searching.

Published weekly since 1949, The Current Digest of the Russian Press Digital Archive paints a broad picture of Soviet and post-Soviet times, including coverage of domestic affairs and social issues.

Articles translated for The Current Digest include important news and comments from the leading dailies and government reports of the day. During the Soviet era, hundreds of other special interest journals and authoritative sources were also scoured for relevant articles to include.
Coverage: 1949-present

Includes digital facsimile images of both full pages and clipped articles for hundreds of 19th century U.S. newspapers. For each issue, the newspaper is captured from cover-to-cover, providing access to every article, advertisement and illustration.

Chronicling America is a Website providing access to information about historic newspapers and select digitized newspaper pages, and is produced by the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). NDNP, a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC), is a long-term effort to develop an Internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers with descriptive information and select digitization of historic pages.

ICON: International Coliation on Newspapers http://icon.crl.edu/digitization.htm#IC This page provides links to past, present, and prospective digitization projects of historic newspapers. Only those newspapers without the dollar icon are for free access.

ICON Database of International Newspapershttp://icon.crl.edu/database.php The ICON Database of International Newspapers is a freely accessible electronic resource intended to provide reliable information on newspapers published outside of the United States. It includes bibliographic descriptions of titles as well as specific information on institutions’ holdings of the same. The database serves as a central locus for information on international newspaper collections available in North American libraries and in selected libraries outside North America, providing a tool for resource discovery, access, and collection management.

Legal Documents

WestlawNext Campus Research provides legal materials including cases, statutes, and regulations of the U.S. government and state governments.

It includes the legal encyclopedia American Jurisprudence 2nd and American Law Reports, as well as Black's Law Dictionary and Campus Research Legal Guides.

Primary legal information--Cases from courts in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and from the federal courts since 1789; reported and unpublished decisions; statutes and regulations from all 50 states and federal statues published in the United States Code Annotated (USCA); Federal regulations published in the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Secondary sources--American Jurisprudence 2d, a comprehensive encyclopedia of state and federal law; American Law Reports (ALR) articles that summarize and analyze court decisions on a particular legal issue; hundreds of journals and law reviews from leading law schools
The database also covers news and business informaiton

ProQuest Congressional Publications provides access to historical and current Congressional information and publications on all aspects of legislation.
Coverage: 1789 to the present.

Provides full-text for Congressional Committee Prints, House and Senate Documents and Reports (Congressional Serial Set), Hearings, and Legislative Histories. It also covers full text of congressional working papers and bills, as well as the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and the U.S. Code. It provides access to a wide variety of additional information, including member biographical and committee assignment information, voting records, and financial data.

Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/The Continental Congress Broadside Collection (253 titles) and the Constitutional Convention Broadside Collection (21 titles) contain 274 documents relating to the work of Congress and the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. Items include extracts of the journals of Congress, resolutions, proclamations, committee reports, treaties, and early printed versions of the United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Most broadsides are one page in length; others range from 1 to 28 pages. A number of these items contain manuscript annotations not recorded elsewhere that offer insight into the delicate process of creating consensus. In many cases, multiple copies bearing manuscript annotations are available to compare and contrast.

Landmark Supreme Court Cases http://www.landmarkcases.org/ It covers landmark Supreme Court cases including a full range of resources and activities to support the teaching and learning of landmark Supreme Court cases.

With close to 6,000 recorded interviews and related transcripts, photographs, and other materials, COPH maintains the largest oral history archive in the state of California. The collection stands out nationally for its grassroots nature and the wide range of communities represented. The genesis of this archive came with the creation of a student-driven oral history program at Cal State Fullerton in 1968.

American Rhetoric: Online Speech Bankhttp://www.americanrhetoric.com/speechbank.htmTHE ONLINE SPEECH BANK is an index to and growing database of 5000+ full text, audio and video (streaming) versions of public speeches, sermons, legal proceedings, lectures, debates, interviews, other recorded media events, and more.

Talking History http://www.talkinghistory.orgA collection of audio documentaries, speeches, debates, oral histories, conference sessions, commentaries, archival audio sources, and other aural history resources as is available anywhere.

Public Records & Government Documents

NARA 100 Milestone Documentshttp://www.ourdocuments.gov/content.php?page=milestoneA list of 100 milestone documents, compiled by the National Archives and Records Administration, and drawn primarily from its nationwide holdings. The documents chronicle United States history from 1776 to 1965.

U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1873 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation consists of a linked set of published congressional records of the United States of America from the Continental Congress through the 43rd Congress, 1774-1875.

America from the Great Depression to World War IIhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsowhome.html55,000 black and white (more coming) and 1600 color photographs from the Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information collection have been digitized. Includes scenes of rural and small-town life, migrant labor, the effects of the Great Depression, and mobilization for World War II. Part of the American Memory series from Library of Congress.

America's First Look into the Camera http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/daghtml/daghome.htmlSubtitled Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1839 - 1864, this site is a searchable and browsable collection of more than 650 photographs taken between 1839 and 1864. The majority are portraits taken by the Mathew Brady studio. There are also photographic views of buildings and monuments in the Washington-Baltimore area and street scenes in Philadelphia. Part of American Memory from the Library of Congress.

American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/aladhome.htmlThis searchable or browsable "collection of approximately 2800 lantern slides represents an historical view of American buildings and landscapes built during the period 1850-1920." It includes the work of Frederick Law Olmstead, designer of New York's Central Park. It also contains "views of cities, specific buildings, parks, estates and gardens, including a complete history of Boston's Park System." There are images of plans, maps, and models. From the Library of Congress' American Memory Project.

By the People, For the Peoplehttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/wpahome.htmlSubtitled Posters from the WPA, 1936-1943, this searchable site contains over 900 posters from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. Search by keyword or browse by subject or creator. Full descriptive information is provided. Created in silk-screen, lithograph, and woodcut mediums, they were "designed to publicize health and safety programs; cultural programs including art exhibitions, theatrical, and musical performances; travel and tourism; educational programs; and community activities in seventeen states and the District of Columbia." From the Library of Congress' American Memory Project.

Emergence of Advertising in Americahttp://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/eaa/ The Emergence of Advertising in America: 1850 - 1920 (EAA) presents over 9,000 images, with database information, relating to the early history of advertising in the United States. The materials, drawn from the Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library at Duke University, provide a significant and informative perspective on the early evolution of this most ubiquitous feature of modern American business and culture.

Internet Movie Databasehttp://us.imdb.com/The most comprehensive movie database on or off the Internet. It covers over 250,000 movies, video, TV movies and TV shows, 500,000 actors, and 50,000 directors. Information includes filmographies for all professions in the industry; plot summaries; character names; movie ratings; running times; trivia; quotes etc. You can find a list of historical movies by using Browse--Facts & Trivia--Titles by year

Labor History Cartoonshttp://images.library.pitt.edu/f/fredwright/ Fred Wright was an American labor cartoonist and activist. From 1939 until his death in 1984, Wright created thousands of cartoons reflecting the politics and labor issues of the day, which were featured in newspapers, union publications, and overseas union activism.

National Museum of American History (Smithsonian) http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/index.cfmThe National Museum of American History collects artifacts of all kinds—from gowns to locomotives—to preserve for the American people an enduring record of their past. The Museum has more than 3 million artifacts in its collection.

New York Public Library Online Exhibitionhttp://www.nypl.org/events/online-exhibitionsWeb sites created by NYPL based on some of its physical exhibitions presented at its research centers, as well as a number of web-only presentations based on its collections.

Online Archive of California http://www.oac.cdlib.org/The Online Archive of California (OAC) provides free public access to detailed descriptions of primary resource collections maintained by more than 150 contributing institutions including libraries, special collections, archives, historical societies, and museums throughout California and collections maintained by the 10 University of California (UC) campuses.

Slave Voyages (The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database)http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.facesThe Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database has information on almost 35,000 slaving vogages that forcibly embarked over 10 million Africans for transport to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. It offers researchers, students and the general public a chance to rediscover the reality of one of the largest forced movements of peoples in world history.

Sanborn Maps http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/sanborn/index.php"The Sanborn map collection consists of a uniform series of large-scale maps, dating from 1867 to the present and depicting the commercial, industrial, and residential sections of some twelve thousand cities and towns in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The maps were designed to assist fire insurance agents in determining the degree of hazard associated with a particular property and therefore show the size, shape, and construction of dwellings, commercial buildings, and factories as well as fire walls, locations of windows and doors, sprinkler systems, and types of roofs. The maps also indicate widths and names of streets, property boundaries, building use, and house and block numbers. They show the locations of water mains, giving their dimensions, and of fire alarm boxes and hydrants."

Historical Music

Historic American Sheet Music 1850-1920http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ncdhtml/hasmhome.htmlThe Historic American Sheet Music collection presents 3,042 pieces of sheet music drawn from the Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library at Duke University, which holds an important, representative, and comprehensive collection of nineteenth and early twentieth century American sheet music. This selection presents a significant perspective on American history and culture through a variety of music types including bel canto, minstrel songs, protest songs, sentimental songs, patriotic and political songs, plantation songs, spirituals, dance music, songs from vaudeville and musicals, "Tin pan alley" songs, and songs from World War I.

Historic American Sheet Music Project http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/Digitized images of over 3000 pieces of American sheet music from 1850 to 1920 are presented, along with their full-color cover art and advertisements, in this searchable index. Search for specific criteria such as subject or date, or browse by cover. From The Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library at Duke University.

Events Specific Primary Source Web Sites

Campaign Literature Archive - A Century of Los Angeles Election http://digital.library.ucla.edu/campaign/ The UCLA Online Campaign Literature Archive presents a subset of the materials in the complete Campaign Literature Collection hosted in the UCLA Library. It contains copies of all archived websites plus scanned images of selected print materials. Currently, this includes all elections from 1908 to 1939, and some materials from 1940 and 2000.

Gulf War: An Oral Historyhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/ From tariq aziz to norman schwarzkopf, from colin powell to margaret thatcher, twenty top decision makers, military commanders, Iiraqis and analysts examine the war.It also contains firsthand accounts of soldiers and pilots in the battlefield who were captured by the Iraqis and interrogated.

Japanese American Relocation Digital Archivehttp://jarda.cdlib.org/ Over 10,000 images, including photographic prints, negatives, drawings, and watercolor paintings, can be searched and browsed.

Labor Archives in the United States and Canada (Directory)http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/labor/Labor_Archives_Directory.asp This directory updates the work carried out almost ten years ago by the staff at the Wagner Labor Archives in New York City. A survey then conducted identified "archivists, librarians, and labor union staff who are collecting paper; audio-visual materials, and artifacts that document the history of the trade union movement in the United States." This directory includes repositories with partial holdings relating to labor and workers, as well as repositories whose whole holdings pertain to labor.

New Deal Networkhttp://newdeal.feri.org/The Web site contains over 900 articles, speeches, letters and other texts, organized by subject, date and author. It also hosts over 5000 Great Depression era images from the National Archives, the FDR Library and many other sources.

The Valley of the Shadow http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/The Valley Project details life in two American communities, one Northern and one Southern, from the time of John Brown's Raid through the era of Reconstruction. In this digital archive you may explore thousands of original letters and diaries, newspapers and speeches, census and church records, left by men and women in Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Giving voice to hundreds of individual people, the Valley Project tells forgotten stories of life during the era of the Civil War.

Women and Social Movement in the United States, 1600-2000http://womhist.binghamton.edu/Organized around 52 document projects with over 1,250 primary documents, the Women and Social Movements website offers new ways for students, teachers, and scholars to study American History.

Women Working 1800-1930 (Harvard University Library) http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/ The Open Collections Program focuses on women's role in the United States economy and provides access to digitized historical, manuscript, and image resources selected from Harvard University's library and museum collections. The collection features approximately 500,000 digitized pages and images including: 7,500 pages of manuscripts, 3,500 books and pamphlets, and 1,200 photographs

World War I Trenches on the Webhttp://www.worldwar1.com/ This site contains information on the people, places, and events that comprised one of the worst calamities of modern history.