%%% -*-BibTeX-*-
%%% ====================================================================
%%% BibTeX-file{
%%% author = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
%%% version = "4.133",
%%% date = "25 November 2016",
%%% time = "10:03:19 MDT",
%%% filename = "einstein.bib",
%%% address = "University of Utah
%%% Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
%%% 155 S 1400 E RM 233
%%% Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
%%% USA",
%%% telephone = "+1 801 581 5254",
%%% FAX = "+1 801 581 4148",
%%% URL = "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe",
%%% checksum = "13828 186076 835790 8251696",
%%% email = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org,
%%% beebe at computer.org (Internet)",
%%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
%%% keywords = "Albert Einstein; BibTeX; bibliography;
%%% Bose--Einstein condensate; Bose--Einstein
%%% statistics; Einstein--Bohr debate;
%%% Einstein--Cartan formalism; Einstein--Dirac
%%% equations; Einstein--Laue discussion;
%%% Einstein--Lenard debate; Einstein--Maxwell
%%% equations; Einstein--Maxwell fields;
%%% Einstein--Podolsky--Rosen paradox;
%%% Einstein--Roosevelt letter; Einstein--Rosen
%%% bridge; Einstein--Swann correspondence;
%%% Einstein--Szilard refrigerator;
%%% Einstein--Yang--Mills equations; Einstein--de
%%% Sitter controversy; General Theory of
%%% Relativity; Special Theory of Relativity",
%%% license = "public domain",
%%% supported = "yes",
%%% docstring = "This bibliography records books and papers by
%%% Albert Einstein (14 March 1879--18 April
%%% 1955).
%%%
%%% This bibliography has seven main sections:
%%%
%%% * Part 1: Einstein's publications.
%%%
%%% * Part 2: Publications by others about
%%% Einstein and his works. However,
%%% mathematical-physics papers on the
%%% subject of Einstein's scientific
%%% productions are generally omitted:
%%% their number is huge.
%%%
%%% * Part 3: Publications related to the
%%% development and use of atomic bombs and
%%% other technologies in World War II.
%%%
%%% * Part 4: Textbooks on cosmology for the
%%% physics community.
%%%
%%% * Part 5: Additional books that describe
%%% cosmology for readers outside the
%%% physics community.
%%%
%%% * Part 6: Books by, or about, the
%%% pioneers of quantum mechanics.
%%%
%%% * Part 7: Publications about the Nobel
%%% Prizes in science
%%%
%%% At version 4.133, the year coverage looked
%%% like this:
%%%
%%% 1890 ( 1) 1933 ( 24) 1976 ( 36)
%%% 1891 ( 1) 1934 ( 29) 1977 ( 46)
%%% 1892 ( 0) 1935 ( 16) 1978 ( 42)
%%% 1893 ( 0) 1936 ( 15) 1979 ( 181)
%%% 1894 ( 0) 1937 ( 11) 1980 ( 78)
%%% 1895 ( 1) 1938 ( 26) 1981 ( 69)
%%% 1896 ( 1) 1939 ( 44) 1982 ( 97)
%%% 1897 ( 1) 1940 ( 20) 1983 ( 63)
%%% 1898 ( 1) 1941 ( 15) 1984 ( 66)
%%% 1899 ( 0) 1942 ( 9) 1985 ( 70)
%%% 1900 ( 5) 1943 ( 5) 1986 ( 72)
%%% 1901 ( 2) 1944 ( 12) 1987 ( 78)
%%% 1902 ( 3) 1945 ( 24) 1988 ( 82)
%%% 1903 ( 3) 1946 ( 30) 1989 ( 87)
%%% 1904 ( 1) 1947 ( 26) 1990 ( 67)
%%% 1905 ( 5) 1948 ( 31) 1991 ( 70)
%%% 1906 ( 7) 1949 ( 73) 1992 ( 73)
%%% 1907 ( 9) 1950 ( 45) 1993 ( 101)
%%% 1908 ( 6) 1951 ( 25) 1994 ( 102)
%%% 1909 ( 10) 1952 ( 21) 1995 ( 111)
%%% 1910 ( 13) 1953 ( 33) 1996 ( 110)
%%% 1911 ( 13) 1954 ( 24) 1997 ( 98)
%%% 1912 ( 15) 1955 ( 47) 1998 ( 90)
%%% 1913 ( 17) 1956 ( 26) 1999 ( 110)
%%% 1914 ( 23) 1957 ( 20) 2000 ( 112)
%%% 1915 ( 16) 1958 ( 13) 2001 ( 108)
%%% 1916 ( 21) 1959 ( 21) 2002 ( 123)
%%% 1917 ( 14) 1960 ( 28) 2003 ( 111)
%%% 1918 ( 20) 1961 ( 26) 2004 ( 125)
%%% 1919 ( 31) 1962 ( 24) 2005 ( 305)
%%% 1920 ( 59) 1963 ( 30) 2006 ( 164)
%%% 1921 ( 63) 1964 ( 37) 2007 ( 137)
%%% 1922 ( 48) 1965 ( 49) 2008 ( 106)
%%% 1923 ( 45) 1966 ( 31) 2009 ( 131)
%%% 1924 ( 30) 1967 ( 38) 2010 ( 103)
%%% 1925 ( 27) 1968 ( 36) 2011 ( 121)
%%% 1926 ( 12) 1969 ( 39) 2012 ( 130)
%%% 1927 ( 16) 1970 ( 39) 2013 ( 80)
%%% 1928 ( 13) 1971 ( 24) 2014 ( 77)
%%% 1929 ( 24) 1972 ( 40) 2015 ( 125)
%%% 1930 ( 32) 1973 ( 28) 2016 ( 25)
%%% 1931 ( 28) 1974 ( 35)
%%% 1932 ( 15) 1975 ( 40)
%%% 19xx ( 5)
%%% 20xx ( 1)
%%%
%%% Article: 2786
%%% Book: 2686
%%% Booklet: 2
%%% InBook: 4
%%% InCollection: 263
%%% InProceedings: 66
%%% MastersThesis: 4
%%% Misc: 55
%%% PhdThesis: 15
%%% Proceedings: 57
%%% TechReport: 15
%%% Unpublished: 19
%%%
%%% Total entries: 5972
%%%
%%% At version 3.00 (following version 2.171),
%%% this bibliography was expanded from the
%%% original five parts into six, with the
%%% original first part now split into Parts 1
%%% and 2, and the remaining part numbers
%%% increased by one.
%%%
%%% Version 4.00 (following version 3.80) added a
%%% seventh part on Nobel Prizes in science, many
%%% entries of which discuss Albert Einstein, or
%%% work that arose from his many scientific
%%% discoveries.
%%%
%%% This bibliography includes selected
%%% publications about Einstein in recognition of
%%% the centennial year of his famous 1905
%%% papers, one of which (on the Photoelectric
%%% Effect) led to his award in 1921 of the Nobel
%%% Prize in Physics: see
%%%
%%% http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1921/
%%%
%%% and also
%%%
%%% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
%%%
%%% for an accessible on-line biography.
%%%
%%% Two other 1905 papers --- Brownian motion
%%% (entry Einstein:1905:MTW) and Special
%%% Relativity (entry Einstein:1905:EBK) --- are
%%% viewed by many scientists as also worthy of
%%% the Nobel Prize, but it took many decades for
%%% a conservative senior physics community to
%%% accept the Theory of Special Relativity.
%%% According to entry Haw:2005:ERW, the 1905
%%% Brownian-motion paper has many more citations
%%% than the 1905 papers on Relativity and the
%%% photoelectric effect. That paper spurred the
%%% work of Jean Perrin (see entries
%%% Perrin:1910:BMM, Brush:1968:HRP,
%%% Nye:1972:MRP, Haw:2002:CSB, and
%%% Perrin:2005:BMM) that definitively
%%% established the existence of atoms and
%%% molecules, and won him the 1926 Nobel Prize
%%% in Physics. Today, Einstein's explanation of
%%% Brownian motion is widely used in biology,
%%% chemistry, engineering, finance, and physics,
%%% for modeling of cell-membrane function,
%%% evolution of species, phase behavior, protein
%%% folding, stock-price fluctuation, traffic
%%% flow, and many more.
%%%
%%% Similar mathematical models of Brownian
%%% motion were discovered independently by
%%% Bachelier (entry Bachelier:1900:TSF) and
%%% rederived (with knowledge of Einstein's work)
%%% more simply by Langevin (entries
%%% Langevin:1908:TDM and Lemons:1997:PLP). See
%%% entries Nye:1972:MRP and Haw:2002:CSB for
%%% historical overviews of work on Brownian
%%% motion.
%%%
%%% Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in
%%% Physics in 1922 (on the same day as Niels
%%% Bohr received that Prize for 1922) for
%%% Einstein's 1905 paper on light quanta and the
%%% photoelectric effect (entry
%%% Einstein:1905:EVL). Rigden (entry
%%% Rigden:2005:ERP) views that paper to be the
%%% real start of quantum physics, even though
%%% Max Planck's 1900 work is usually given that
%%% honor. Rigden also reports that Einstein's
%%% `light particle' was renamed `photon' in 1926
%%% by the famous American physical chemist
%%% Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23, 1875--March
%%% 23, 1946) (see entry Lewis:1926:CP).
%%%
%%% The story of how Einstein got the Nobel
%%% Prize, and why it took so long, is well
%%% chronicled in a chapter of Abraham Pais' last
%%% book on Einstein (entry Pais:1994:ELH), and
%%% the remark in that bibliography entry carries
%%% additional information.
%%%
%%% In papers in 1916, 1918, and 1937 (entries
%%% Einstein:1916:NIF, Einstein:1918:GGG,
%%% Einstein:1937:GW), Albert Einstein discussed
%%% his prediction of the existence of
%%% gravitational waves from the interactions of
%%% large masses in the Universe. The predicted
%%% size of those waves was, however,
%%% extraordinarily tiny, and despite efforts by
%%% groups of expert physicists over several
%%% decades, none had ever been reliably detected
%%% until the announcement on 11 February 2016 by
%%% a large team from the Laser Interferometric
%%% Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) project
%%% of the confirmed discovery of such waves.
%%% See entries Cho:2016:GWE, Cho:2016:HFP, and
%%% Cho:2016:WDI for press-release reports. The
%%% wave stretched space by about one part in
%%% 10**21, about the width of the atomic
%%% nucleus. That work is predicted to be worthy
%%% of a Nobel Prize in Physics, though the size
%%% of the team, and the Prize's restriction to
%%% at most three recipients, poses difficulties
%%% in assigning credit.
%%%
%%% Abraham Pais (1918--2000) was the last person
%%% to work with, and know well, both Albert
%%% Einstein and the great Danish physicist Niels
%%% Bohr (who, along with the German physicist
%%% Max Planck, is regarded as the grandfather of
%%% quantum physics), and his books contain
%%% valuable insights into these two men who were
%%% not only great scientists, but also great
%%% humanists, and inspirations for generations
%%% of younger scientists.
%%%
%%% This bibliography was developed in support of
%%% a special course in the University of Utah
%%% Department of Physics, Physics 1905,
%%% initiated in August 2005 by my friends and
%%% colleagues, Ben Bromley and Maria Cranor, in
%%% recognition of the centennial of Einstein's
%%% Miraculous Year of 1905.
%%%
%%% The goal of the Physics 1905 course is to
%%% describe for undergraduate students, most of
%%% whom are from the humanities, what Albert
%%% Einstein did, why he is viewed as one of
%%% mankind's greatest scientists, and how his
%%% work changed the course of science, strongly
%%% affected Twentieth-Century history, ushered
%%% in the Nuclear Age and the Cold War, and led
%%% to a profoundly different understanding of
%%% the origin and evolution of the Universe. A
%%% New Yorker cartoon after his death in 1955
%%% showed the Cosmos with Planet Earth carrying
%%% a sign ``Albert Einstein lived here''.
%%%
%%% We hope that Physics 1905 will continue to be
%%% offered each Fall Term, because it is
%%% comparatively rare in university science
%%% education to reach out to nonscientists, and
%%% explain why science is important to everyone,
%%% and why we to find it so fascinating and
%%% worthy of career-long study.
%%%
%%% Four phrases occur extensively in this
%%% bibliography, and deserve brief definitions;
%%%
%%% * Principle of Relativity: It was first
%%% defined by Henri Poincar{\'e} in 1904
%%% to mean that laws and physical
%%% phenomena must be the same for a
%%% ``fixed'' observer as for an observer
%%% who has a uniform motion of translation
%%% relative to him [Whittaker:1955:AE,
%%% p. 41]
%%%
%%% * Special Theory of Relativity: a slight
%%% correction to Newton's Laws of Motion
%%% that incorporates velocity-dependent
%%% mass [Feynman:1997:SEP, pp. 49--50].
%%%
%%% * Principle of Equivalence: the idea
%%% that when a thing is falling freely,
%%% everything inside it seems weightless
%%% [Feynman:1997:SEP, pp. 129--130].
%%%
%%% * General Theory of Relativity: This is
%%% Einstein's Theory of Gravitation,
%%% extending the Special Theory to handle
%%% the case of time-varying velocity
%%% (acceleration). It is based on a
%%% mathematically-complex description of
%%% the Universe as four space--time
%%% dimensions with curvature of space
%%% caused by objects of mass being
%%% responsible for what we usually call
%%% gravitation.
%%%
%%% According to page 144 of entry
%%% Pais:1994:ELH, the first occurrence in
%%% print of the German term Allgemeine
%%% Relativit{\"a}tstheorie (General Theory
%%% of Relativity) was in the 6 November
%%% 1914 issue of the newspaper Die
%%% Vossische Zeitung, describing a lecture
%%% that Einstein gave to the Preussischen
%%% Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian
%%% Academy of Sciences).
%%%
%%% Whittaker's In Memoriam paper for Albert
%%% Einstein [Whittaker:1955:AE] lists 197 of
%%% Einstein's publications; each is included in
%%% this bibliography, with a key
%%% Whittaker-number identifying the entry in
%%% Whittaker's list. That list is not complete,
%%% however; Schilpp [Schilpp:1949:AEPb]
%%% identifies 309 scientific publications and an
%%% additional 136 nonscientific ones up to 1949,
%%% plus numerous letters. Version 1.00 of this
%%% bibliography now has many of them, with all
%%% of those up to number 163 identified by
%%% Schilpp-number data, but it remains
%%% incomplete, and is still a work in progress.
%%% Schilpp-number data will be expanded in later
%%% editions of this bibliography.
%%%
%%% Einstein published about 50 papers in the
%%% journal Annalen der Physik, and they are now
%%% reprinted in a book, entry Renn:2005:EAP.
%%% There are several other collections of his
%%% papers included in this bibliography.
%%%
%%% One of the most important contributions of
%%% Baron Roland von E{\"o}tv{\"o}s
%%% (E{\"o}tv{\"o}s Lor{\'a}nd in Hungarian)
%%% (1848--1919) was the demonstration (to 8
%%% decimal digits) of the equivalence between
%%% inertial mass and gravitational mass, and
%%% accurate measurement of Newton's
%%% gravitational constant, $G$:
%%%
%%% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_experiment
%%% http://www.kfki.hu/eotvos/onehund.html
%%% http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/tarsad/tudtan/eotvos/html/stepcikk.html
%%%
%%% His torsion balance was later improved and
%%% the equivalence has now been experimentally
%%% confirmed with an accuracy of 1 part in
%%% $10^{11}$. See references
%%% vonEotvos:1890:FVK, Eotvos:1891:AEV,
%%% vonEotvos:1909:BGP, vonEotvos:1910:BBD,
%%% vonEotvos:1922:BGP, Roll:1964:EIP,
%%% Gundlach:1996:NTM, Luo:1998:DNG,
%%% Gundlach:2000:MNC, Anonymous:2006:CNG, and
%%% Tu:2010:NDG for the experiments, Bod:1990:OHY
%%% for a centennial review of those works, and
%%% Speake:2005:NCT for another review.
%%%
%%% The demonstrated equivalence was fundamental
%%% evidence for Albert Einstein's Principle of
%%% Equivalence in the Theory of Relativity,
%%% although even by 1912, Einstein was still
%%% unaware of E{\"o}tv{\"o}s' 1890 and
%%% 1909--1910 work (see Illy:1989:EEV). However,
%%% at a lecture at King's College, London, in
%%% 1921, Einstein said: ``The General Theory of
%%% Relativity owes its existence in the first
%%% place to the empirical fact of the numerical
%%% equality of the inertial and gravitational
%%% mass of bodies''.
%%%
%%% Einstein worked as a patent examiner at the
%%% Swiss Patent Office in Bern from summer 1902
%%% to spring 1909. In February 1908, he
%%% submitted to the University of Zurich a
%%% Habilitationsschrift entitled ``Folgerungen
%%% aus dem Energieverteilungsgesetz der
%%% Strahlung schwarzer Koerper, die Konstitution
%%% der Strahlung betreffend (``Consequences for
%%% the constitution of radiation following from
%%% the energy distribution law of black bodies,
%%% and on the constitution of radiation''), a
%%% post-doctoral step then necessary in
%%% German-speaking countries to qualify for an
%%% academic position. According to page 123 of
%%% entry Stone:2013:EQQ, that document has sadly
%%% been lost, and is thus not yet recorded in
%%% this bibliography. In May 1909, Einstein got
%%% his first academic post, Professor
%%% Extraordinarius at the University of Zurich.
%%% In September 1909, he attended what might
%%% have been his first scientific conference, a
%%% meeting in Salzburg, Austria, of the Deutsche
%%% Gesellschaft der Naturforscher und Arzte
%%% where he met for the first time in person
%%% well-known physicists, such as Max Planck,
%%% Max Born, Wilhelm Wien, and Max von Laue.
%%% That lecture is published in entries
%%% Einstein:1909:EUAa and Einstein:1909:EUAb.
%%%
%%% In version 1.00 of this bibliography, of the
%%% 304 entries listed that are authored by
%%% Einstein before his death (there are many
%%% posthumous publications), 221 are in German,
%%% 145 in English, 22 in French, 4 in Italian, 2
%%% in Russian, 2 in Spanish, 1 in Dutch, 1 in
%%% Hungarian, and 1 in Swedish. English
%%% translations are provided for all of the
%%% non-English titles, following the practice of
%%% the American Mathematical Society MathSciNet
%%% database. Cross references are supplied for
%%% multipart publications and for corrections
%%% and comments.
%%%
%%% Of the 304 entries, 246 have Einstein as
%%% the sole author. Almost 30 distinct
%%% co-authors are listed, of whom Leopold Infeld
%%% appears 9 times, Walter Mayer 7 times,
%%% Jakob Johann Laub 4 times, and about 20 (some
%%% of them also Nobel Prize winners) appear only
%%% once. Einstein never had any doctoral
%%% students, and rarely taught courses after he
%%% moved to Berlin at the age of 35.
%%%
%%% Of the 304 entries, 47 were published in
%%% the journal Annalen der Physik, the leading
%%% physics journal in the world at the beginning
%%% of the Twentieth Century. After Einstein
%%% moved to Berlin in 1914, he published 49
%%% papers in the meeting reports of the Prussian
%%% Academy of Science (three separate parts of
%%% Staendiger Beobachter der Preussischen
%%% Akademie der Wissenschaften). After he moved
%%% to the USA in 1933, he published 14 papers in
%%% the journal Annals of Mathematics, which is
%%% edited at Princeton University, near the
%%% separate Princeton Institute for Advanced
%%% Study at which he spent the last two decades
%%% of his life. He published 14 in the German
%%% Natural Sciences (Naturwissenschaften), 10
%%% papers in the German Physical Journal
%%% (Physikalische Zeitschrift), 7 in the
%%% Proceedings of the German Physical Society
%%% (Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische
%%% Gesellschaft), 6 in the German Journal of
%%% Physics (Zeitschrift fuer Physik), and 5 or
%%% fewer in 77 other periodicals, of which 56
%%% contain only a single Einstein publication.
%%%
%%% Einstein's first paper in English was in 1927
%%% [Curie:1927:EIB], although the first English
%%% translation of his German works appeared in
%%% 1916, and publications in English about his
%%% work began in 1912. His last book in German
%%% appeared in 1954, a year before his death.
%%% Despite living for two decades in the United
%%% States, Einstein was never comfortable in
%%% English: he invariably wrote first in German,
%%% and then that was translated to English.
%%%
%%% At least two dozen editions of Einstein's
%%% short book ``The Meaning of Relativity'' have
%%% been published, and are recorded here.
%%%
%%% An important source of material on Albert
%%% Einstein will be the Einstein Archives
%%% Online, jointly sponsored by The Hebrew
%%% University of Jerusalem and the California
%%% Institute of Technology, on the World-Wide
%%% Web at
%%%
%%% http://www.alberteinstein.info/
%%%
%%% The page at
%%%
%%% http://www.alberteinstein.info/database/availability.html
%%%
%%% notes:
%%%
%%% ``The present version of Einstein
%%% Archives Online presents digitized images
%%% for Einstein's handwritten manuscripts.
%%% In particular, it does not include
%%% correspondence, typescripts,
%%% publications, photos, or manuscripts by
%%% others. The present version of Einstein
%%% Archives Online presents transcriptions
%%% and/or translations only for those
%%% manuscripts that are already published in
%%% the Collected Papers of Albert
%%% Einstein.''
%%%
%%% Another Web site devoted to Einstein is
%%%
%%% http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/
%%%
%%% Yet another is the Einstein Papers Project at
%%% Princeton University:
%%%
%%% http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/
%%%
%%% That Project is far from finished: so far, 13
%%% major volumes, with companion English
%%% translation volumes, have appeared, and they
%%% cover Einstein's life only up to March 1923,
%%% 32 years before his death in 1955.
%%%
%%% Dozens of new books were published in
%%% recognition of the 2005 centennial of 1905.
%%% In addition, 1995 was the fiftieth
%%% anniversary of the end of World War II, and
%%% the expiration of the 50-year publication
%%% moratorium of the British Official Secrets
%%% Act. The latter made available historical
%%% material that has been incorporated in new
%%% books, notably Bernstein's careful chronicle
%%% [Bernstein:1996:HUC] of the Nazi effort to
%%% build an atomic bomb.
%%%
%%% Alice Calaprice's useful book ``The Einstein
%%% Almanac'' (see the entry with BibTeX label
%%% Calaprice:2004:EA below) lists 300 Einstein
%%% publications in chronological order, with
%%% brief comments about many of them. Her list
%%% has been cross-checked against the contents
%%% of this bibliography; checked entries contain
%%% a Calaprice-number field value.
%%%
%%% Of the several biographies of Einstein
%%% recorded in this file, most discuss Einstein
%%% as the creator of Special and General
%%% Relativity, or as the first modern superstar
%%% scientist, or as the preeminent philosopher
%%% of science. Entry Stone:2013:EQQ, however,
%%% offers a very different view that emphasizes
%%% Einstein's many contributions to quantum
%%% theory, and this bibliographer recommends it
%%% highly, because it rectifies serious
%%% omissions in common textbook histories of
%%% quantum theory.
%%%
%%% Although he was primarily a theoretician,
%%% Albert Einstein keenly understood that his
%%% theories would be widely accepted only if
%%% they agreed with experiment, even if those
%%% experiments might lie far in the future.
%%% For General Relativity, he proposed three
%%% critical experimental tests:
%%%
%%% (1) the gravitational red shift;
%%% (2) the deflection of light passing near
%%% a massive body;
%%% (3) the perihelion advance of Mercury.
%%%
%%% The papers Shapiro:1964:FTG,
%%% Shapiro:1968:EFT, Shapiro:1968:FTG, and
%%% Shapiro:1971:FTG discuss a proposed fourth
%%% test that is based on measuring the tiny
%%% gravitationally-induced delay in radio
%%% signals sent from Earth to Mercury or Venus,
%%% and reflected back to Earth.
%%%
%%% In entry Einstein:1936:LLA, Einstein also
%%% predicted gravitational lensing in
%%% unpublished work from 1912. The lensing
%%% effect was first found by experiment in 1979,
%%% and led to methods for measuring the masses
%%% of neutron stars and galaxies, and later, to
%%% the discovery of dark matter. In 1916, Karl
%%% Schwarzschild used Einstein's field equations
%%% of General Relativity to predict the
%%% existence of objects so massive that light is
%%% bent into them, never to escape. Einstein
%%% later refuted that idea in entry
%%% Einstein:1939:SSS. However, Princeton
%%% University physicist John Wheeler named them
%%% `black holes' in 1967, and the name stuck.
%%% It had, however, been used as early as 1964
%%% in an article by Ann Ewing (1921--2010)
%%% titled ```Black Holes' in Space'' (see entry
%%% Brown:2010:OAE), but it seems that Wheeler's
%%% use of the term was more widely noted. The
%%% first experimental evidence for black holes
%%% was found in 1972 (see entry
%%% Shipman:1975:IHT).
%%%
%%% The book ``The Einstein Tower'' (entries
%%% Hentschel:1992:ETE and Hentschel:1997:ETI)
%%% describes some of the earliest work to verify
%%% the predictions of General Relativity by
%%% Berlin astronomer Erwin Finlay Freundlich and
%%% others. Although Einstein was initially
%%% supportive of Hentschel's work, relations
%%% between them later soured. Despite
%%% substantial efforts over several decades,
%%% that work was ultimately unsuccessful,
%%% because the tiny effects were too small to be
%%% measured accurately. In particular, Table 6
%%% on pages 144--145 reports the results of 12
%%% experiments made from 1919 to 1952 in Brazil,
%%% Principe, Australia, Sumatra, the USSR,
%%% Japan, and Sudan by different research teams
%%% to measure light deflection in solar
%%% eclipses. The deflections ranged from 0.93
%%% to 2.24 arc seconds. General Relativity
%%% predicted a value of 1.75, and the reported
%%% error bars often did not include that value.
%%%
%%% For a survey of how well Einstein's theories
%%% have since been shown to be in agreement with
%%% experiments (some of which could only be done
%%% decades after his death in 1955), see the
%%% book entries Will:1981:TEG, Will:1986:WER,
%%% Will:1990:WER, Will:1993:TEG, Will:1993:WER,
%%% and Aczel:2000:GEE. For example, entry
%%% Will:1993:WER reports on page 95 that the
%%% best experimental value for the Mercury
%%% perihelion advance is 42.98 +/- 0.04
%%% arcseconds; General Relativity predicts a
%%% value of 42.98.
%%%
%%% Most of Einstein's final years in America
%%% (1933--1955) were devoted to an unsuccessful
%%% attempt to unify the General Theory of
%%% Relativity with Maxwell's theory of
%%% electricity and magnetism, a subject that
%%% Einstein was tackling as early as 1918 (see
%%% comments in entry Deltete:2012:ERE). His
%%% unified field theory work ignored quantum
%%% mechanics, the weak nuclear force, and the
%%% strong nuclear force. Most physicists were
%%% sceptical of the value of that work, and some
%%% even wrote disparagingly of it.
%%% Nevertheless, today many physicists recognize
%%% the desirability and importance of finding an
%%% ultimate unifed theory of physics that
%%% includes gravitation, electromagnetism,
%%% quantum theory, and the strong and weak
%%% nuclear forces. Deltete quotes Brian Greene's
%%% book (page 329 of entry Greene:2005:FCS) like
%%% this:
%%%
%%% ``Albert Einstein, who for more than
%%% three decades, sought to combine
%%% electromagnetism and general relativity
%%% in a single theory, is rightly credited
%%% with initiating the modern search for a
%%% unified theory. For long stretches during
%%% those decades, he was the sole searcher
%%% for such a unified theory, and his
%%% passionate yet solitary quest alienated
%%% him from the mainstream physics
%%% community. During the last 20 years,
%%% though, there has been a dramatic
%%% resurgence in the quest for a unified
%%% theory; Einstein's lonely dream has
%%% become the driving force for a whole
%%% generation of physicists.''
%%%
%%% Albert Einstein appears on stamps issued by
%%% Belgium in 2001
%%%
%%% http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/stamp_einstein3.jpg
%%%
%%% by Guinea-Bissau in 2008
%%%
%%% http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/stamp_einstein7.jpg
%%%
%%% by the Republic of Guinea (with Niels Bohr)
%%% in 2012
%%%
%%% http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/sj_bohr04.jpg
%%%
%%% and by Mozambique (with Niels Bohr) in 2013
%%%
%%% http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/sj_bohr08.jpg
%%%
%%% Dozens more stamps with his image are listed
%%% at
%%% http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physstamps.html
%%%
%%% In recent decades, it has become fashionable
%%% in some circles to attempt to quantify the
%%% importance of scientists, journals, and
%%% published research by various `impact factor'
%%% assignments. One such is the Hirsch index,
%%% called the h-index, which is the number h of
%%% a scientist's publications that have been
%%% cited at least h times, when all of the
%%% remaining publications have been cited fewer
%%% than h times. Einstein's h-index is claimed
%%% to be 48. For a discussion of the problems
%%% of such indexes, and remarks on Einstein's
%%% work, see entry DeVisscher:2010:IMS.
%%% However, note that counting citations is a
%%% difficult job, because any citation database
%%% has only a small subset of the world's
%%% publications, and thus, any such count is
%%% always seriously underestimated. Nor is
%%% there any evidence that mere citation of a
%%% work suggests much at all of the importance
%%% of that particular work compared to other
%%% related works in the same field, or to
%%% science as a whole, or to commerce, or human
%%% history, or even to humanity itself. Nor
%%% should there be any clear relation of an
%%% index in one field to an index in another
%%% field. Also, the ease of citation has
%%% improved dramatically since the advent of
%%% online journal archives and electronic
%%% document production systems, so it should be
%%% expected that citations in more recent works
%%% are likely to be more voluminous than in
%%% older works, especially because the existence
%%% of ``impact factors'' encourages authors to
%%% cite their friends in the belief that such
%%% actions are mutually beneficial.
%%%
%%% Many of the declassified research reports
%%% formerly available from the Los Alamos
%%% library have been removed, or blocked from
%%% public access, but some of them have been
%%% saved by the Federation of American
%%% Scientists:
%%%
%%% http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/
%%% http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/index1.html
%%% http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/index1b.html
%%% http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/index2.html
%%% http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/index2b.html
%%%
%%% Back issues of the journal Los Alamos Science
%%% are available at
%%%
%%% http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/LaScience.htm
%%%
%%% Data for this bibliography have been
%%% collected from
%%%
%%% * the University of Utah Mathematics
%%% Department bibliography archives,
%%%
%%% * the TeX User Group bibliography
%%% archives,
%%%
%%% * the Karlsruhe Computer Science
%%% bibliography archives,
%%%
%%% * the European Mathematical Society
%%% Zentralblatt fuer Mathematik database,
%%%
%%% * the Karlsruhe virtual catalog at
%%% http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk_en.html
%%%
%%% * the US Library of Congress catalog at
%%% http://catalog.loc.gov/
%%%
%%% * the author's cattobib utility, which
%%% provides Z39.50 interfaces to many
%%% large libraries around the world, at
%%% http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/cattobib/
%%%
%%% * the American Institute of Physics
%%% Scitation database at
%%% http://scitation.aip.org/search_scitation
%%%
%%% * the American Physical Society PROLA
%%% database at
%%% http://publish.aps.org/search
%%%
%%% * the American Mathematical Society
%%% MathSciNet database,
%%%
%%% * the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
%%% (archives available, albeit inconveniently,
%%% via http://books.google.com/)
%%%
%%% * the Canadian Journal of Physics
%%% database at
%%% http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/search/advanced
%%%
%%% * the European Mathematical Society
%%% Zentralblatt fuer Mathematik database
%%% at http://zb.msri.org/ZMATH/zmath/en/
%%%
%%% * the Europhysics journal archive at
%%% http://www.europhysicsnews.org/
%%%
%%% * the JSTOR database
%%%
%%% * the Nature journal archive at
%%% http://www.nature.com/search/
%%%
%%% * the Physics World magazine archive
%%% at http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/
%%%
%%% * the journal archives of the National
%%% Academy of Science at
%%% http://www.pnas.org/
%%%
%%% * the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System at
%%% http://adsabs.harvard.edu/
%%%
%%% * the Science journal archive at
%%% http://www.sciencemag.org/search
%%%
%%% * the SPIRES high-energy physics
%%% literature database at the Stanford
%%% Linear Accelerator at Stanford
%%% University at
%%% http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/hep/search/
%%%
%%% * the Springer journal database at
%%% http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-13-0-0
%%%
%%% * the Wiley journal database at
%%% http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
%%%
%%% * several online library catalogs,
%%% including those of the British Library,
%%% the Karlsruhe Virtual Library catalog,
%%% the Oxford University Library, and the
%%% US Library of Congress.
%%%
%%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%% checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%% count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%% characters. This is produced by Robert
%%% Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%% }
%%% ====================================================================

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Part 2 (of 7) --- publications about Einstein and his works
%%%
%%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation key.