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Does South Africa belong to those who live in it, or to those who conquered it? In other words, is land expropriation without compensation constitutionally permissible and is it possible to expropriate land without compensation without the consent of the conquerors?

According to the Freedom Charter, “South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white”. The Freedom Charter also states: “The land shall be shared among those who work it; restrictions of land ownership on a racial basis shall be ended, and all the land redivided amongst those who work it, to banish famine and land hunger.”

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According to Section 25 of the South African Constitution:

(1) No one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application, and no law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property.

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(2) Property may be expropriated only in terms of law of general application – for a public purpose or in the public interest; and subject to compensation, the amount of which and the time and manner of payment of which have either been agreed to by those affected or decided or approved by a court.

(3) The amount of the compensation and the time and manner of payment must be just and equitable, reflecting an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected, having regard to all relevant circumstances, including – the current use of the property; the history of the acquisition and use of the property; the market value of the property; the extent of direct State investment and subsidy in the acquisition and beneficial capital improvement of the property; and the purpose of the expropriation.

(4) For the purposes of this section – the public interest includes the nation’s commitment to land reform, and to reforms to bring about equitable access to all South Africa’s natural resources; and property is not limited to land.

(5) The State must take reasonable and other measures, within its available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis.

I have decided to quote this section of the Constitution extensively because I am not always certain that the loudest voices in the land debate have read it. I suppose the question we must ask is: Why now? Why, almost 25 years since the advent of democracy, is the African National Congress (ANC) having an attack of interest in the land question when it has been dismissive and derisive of the Pan Africanist Congress’s approach to this question?

Broadly speaking, there are two reasons: first, the ANC is nervous about suffering more electoral losses in 2019. It is afraid that these losses will be suffered to the advantage of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). What this means is that, to the ANC, the EFF is both ally and foe on the land question. Second, the ANC is under pressure to disprove the notion that its president, Cyril Ramaphosa, is a Trojan horse for white capital and white interests.

Outside the ANC, what is the land question really about?

To me, it seems to be about the unfinished business of the political settlement between the ANC and the apartheid regime. It seems some of the compromises that were made during the negotiation process have come home to roost. Further, it is about the dismal failure of the reconciliation process and the gap between reality and the illusion of a Rainbow Nation.

What complicates the matter even further is the fact that, ironically, to many black and white people, land reform seems to be more about being a punitive measure than it is about redress. In the minds of some black people, white people must suffer for the historical injustice of land dispossession.

It also does not help that too many white people still refuse to acknowledge the impact of colonial and apartheid crimes on black people. They seem to be unwilling or unable to realise that denying land dispossession as a historical injustice is akin to the denial of the humanity of black people. To the extent that there are white people who acknowledge the historical injustice, this acknowledgement coincides with anger informed by the belief that land expropriation without compensation will punish a generation that is not responsible for the historical injustice. In turn, black people are angry because, to them, this is just another form of denial.

But is land expropriation without compensation constitutionally permissible? In my view, it should be one option among many. However, in both good and bad faith, there are voices which argue that ‘just’ and ‘equitable’ compensation, as the Constitution dictates, includes R0 (zero rand) as compensation. This is just English and dishonest lawyering. Those who make this argument in good faith should have no problem with amending Section 25 to make it clear and unambiguous.

By: Erin Steenhoff-Snethlage
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