M.S. - Zoologyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2172
Tue, 03 Mar 2015 19:10:56 GMT2015-03-03T19:10:56ZIntegrating Biosystems to foster Sustainable Aquaculture: Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae as Feed in Aquaponic Systemshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/29693
Chapter 1 of this report examines the current state of aquaculture and identifies two major environmental concerns associated with it, namely nutrient pollution by effluent and use of fishmeal-based feed. Together, these concerns cast doubts on the sustainability of aquaculture with current techniques. The studies outlined herein address these issues through 1) aquaponic filtration of the aquaculture effluents and 2) the use of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens, as an alternative to fishmeal in aquaculture feedstuffs. The introductory chapter examines the current state of aquaculture and makes the case that aquaponics is a viable option to manage aquaculture effluent in recirculating systems. Furthermore, Black Soldier Flies offer a locally sourced feed that is more sustainable, both economically and environmentally, than fish-meal based fish feed. Chapter 2 provides a detailed discussion of the logistics of aquaponics and Black Soldier Fly culture used in these studies. Separated as two stand-alone documents, Chapter 2 is developed as: i) Considerations of Aquaponics and ii) Techniques for Black Soldier Fly Culture with the intention of publication of each through the Agricultural Extension purview of the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources of the University of Hawai’i Mānoa. These documents were written as a combination of literature review and case analysis of different systems built in support of these studies, and are intended for an audience of farmers, aquaculturalists, homeowners, researchers, investors, and others that are interested in sustainable aquaculture. Once the reader is convinced of both the importance and feasibility of both aquaponics and Black Soldier Fly Culture, the ultimate question is presented, “Are Black Soldier Flies a legitimate food for catfish?” Chapter 3 is the culminating research project, presented as a journal article, to answer this project’s central question.
Not submitted as official thesis?
Wed, 17 Jul 2013 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/296932013-07-17T00:00:00ZStankus, AustinReproduction of Zebrasoma flavescens : oocyte maturation, spawning patterns, and an estimate of reproductive potential for female yellow tang in Hawaiʻihttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/20928
Zebrasoma flavescens is one of 80 species within the surgeonfish family Acanthuridae (Nelson, 2006). Acanthurids are gonochoristic and primarily herbivorous, and are found in coral reef habitats in tropical and subtropical seas, although they are absent in the Mediterranean (Nelson, 2006). Zebrasoma flavescens (the yellow tang) and several other surgeonfish species are common on most reefs in the Hawai'ian islands, including an exceptionally large population along the Kona coast of the Big Island of Hawai'i. In fact, local mythology suggests that the nickname 'Gold Coast' is in reference to the many golden-colored fishes visible in the shallow waters of Kona, thanks to the prevalence of yellow tangs. Yellow tang provide 70.5% of the total catch for the aquarium trade in the state of Hawai'i, and the majority of these fish are taken from the Kona (west) side of Hawai'i island (Hawai'i Division of Aquatic Resources, unpublished data, FY 2006). At the urging of local interests, whose intentions were to protect coral reef fish targeted for the aquarium trade, the state legislature established a network of nine separate Fish Replenishment Areas (FRAs) on the Kona coast of Hawai'i in 2000. Currently, these protected areas, where aquarium fishing is prohibited, encompass over 30% of the total western coastline. Since the inception of the FRA network, the Hawai'i Division of Aquatic Resources (HOAR) has been charged with maintaining populations of popular reef species, including the yellow tang, at levels that satisfy fishing interests, the burgeoning snorkel/scuba diving industry, and local conservationists. Information regarding the basic reproductive biology of a species can contribute to developing appropriate fishing regulations in terms of both location and season. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the timing and seasonality of yellow tang spawning along the Kona coast, and to use this information to estimate the reproductive potential of adult females within the population.
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79).; vii, 79 leaves, bound 29 cm
Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/209282007-01-01T00:00:00ZBushnell, MeganAcoustic telemetry of the short-term movements of Octopus cyanea (Gray, 1849) in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaiʻihttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/20927
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-134).; x, 134 leaves, bound 29 cm
Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/209272007-01-01T00:00:00ZIvey, Gayla LResponse to heat stress in the porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipeshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/20926
The response to heat stress in the intertidal porcelain crab, Petrolisthes cinctipes, was investigated at the gene expression level. A 13,824 cDNA library was constructed and subsequently used to profile transcriptome changes in crabs during recovery from heat stress. 187 transcripts were either upregulated or downregulated in heat stress versus control groups Ih-30h into recovery from heat stress. Gene expression changes following heat stress involved genes from a wide variety of biological processes, including protein/folding and degradation, cytoskeletal activity, detoxification, energy generation, and lipid metabolism. The majority of expression patterns could be captured by sampling 2h and 18h following heat stress, information important for designing future experiments aiming to determine the effect seasonal changes or latitudinal differences have on the response to heat stress. The present study sets the stage for addressing broader questions relating to how global climate change might affect organisms (i.e. species distribution).
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-70).; ix, 70 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm
Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/209262006-01-01T00:00:00ZTeranishi, Kristen SThe responses of two species of hermatypic corals and their zooxanthellae to changes in light intensityhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/18155
The photosynthetic capabilities of zooxanthellae at various depths and light levels have been investigated by a number of workers (Barnes & Taylor, 1973; Wethey & Porter, 1976; Jeffrey & Haxo, 1968; Halldal, 1968). The relationship between photosynthesis and light has been described as a rectangular hyperbola. The Michaelis-Menton equation has often been fitted to the photosynthesis-light relationship for the coral-zooxanthellae complex as well as for phytoplankton (Wet hey & Porter, 1976; Caperon & Meyer, 1972; Steeman-Nielsen & Jorgensen, 1968). Wethey & Porter (1976) compared the photosynthetic rates of "sun" and "shade" corals. The terms "sun" and "shade" corals refer to corals collected from environments subjected to high and low light intensities respectively. Colonies of the foliaceous species, Pavona praetoria, collected from 10 meters, and 25 meters depth at Enewetak were compared. The maximum photosynthetic rate was higher for the 10 m. individuals than for the 25 m. corals. The "shade" corals, however (25 m.) were found to be light saturated at a lower light intensity than the shallow water colonies. This indicates that the "shade" corals are making efficient use of their photosynthetic machinery to obtain the maximum possible photosynthetic rate. Wethey and Porter (1976) suggest that the high photosynthetic rate of the "shade" corals at low light levels is due to their greater ability to absorb light in the 450 nm. light range. A large volume of phytoplankton research has investigated the differences between "sun" and "shade" adapted algae (algal cultures grown at high and low light intensities respectively) in their responses to changing light conditions (Steeman-Nielsen & Jorgensen, 1968; Steeman-Nielsen, 1973; Yentsch & Scagel, 1966; Ryther, 1956; Ryther & Menzel, 1959). These studies investigated the effects of changing light intensities on plant pigments, pigment ratios, enzyme systems, productivity, cell size, and growth rate, primarily on green algae, diatoms, and mixed phytoplankton populations. Although no studies of this type have investigated the light responses of dinoflagellates, it is assumed that the results obtained for diatoms apply to the Dinophyceae, which include zooxanthellae. The present study compares the effects of different light intensities on the zooxanthellae of "sun" and "shade" corals. Two Hawaiian species of hermatypic corals were selected for this purpose: Cyphastrea ocellina, a shallow reef species, and Leptoseris incrustans, a species limited to deep reef zones as well as shaded environments on shallow reefs.
Wed, 01 Dec 1976 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/181551976-12-01T00:00:00ZRedalje, Randi CAspects of the age and growth, reproduction, and diet of the millet-seed butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris (Pisces: Chaetodontidae), an Hawaiian endemichttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/16334
Aspects of the growth, reproduction and diet of Chaetodon
miliaris, the millet-seed butterflyfish, were studied in an effort to
characterize populations of fish exploited by the aquarium fish industry.
Age determinations were accomplished by examination of daily
growth rings within otoliths. Age estimates were corroborated by
growth experiments, analysis of a size-frequency distribution, and
the determination of the onset of reproductive maturity. Estimates
of the duration of the larval tholichthys stage were also obtained
from study of the otoliths.
The sex ratio of £. miliaris was 1:1 and individuals matured
after one year of growth. The spawning season extended from November
through Hay but peaked in February and March. No lunar influence on
spawning was found. Estimates of fecundity were high and indicated a
relatively large investment in reproduction.
Chaetodon miliaris is broadly opportunitistic in its diet, however it
feeds principally on zooplankton in the water column. The
diet of individual fish varied as a function of the time of year, the
collection location and the size of the fish.
Individuals from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, were small and appeared to be
reproductively inactive when compared to fish from other areas.
Dietary deficiencies are postulated as causing these differences.
The overexploitation of populations of the millet-seed butterflyfish
as a fisheries resource is improbable due to its fast growth,
high fecundity, and the existence of refuge populations.
Thesis for the degree of Master of Science (University of Hawaii at Manoa). Typescript. Bibliography: leaves [93]-102.
Mon, 01 Dec 1975 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/163341975-12-01T00:00:00ZRalston, StephenAspects of Corallivory by Chaetodon unimaculatus in Kane'ohe Bay, Oahuhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/15317
Interactions between a corallivore, Chaetodon
unimaculatus, and the two dominant coral species in
Kane'ohe Bay, Montipora verrucosa and Porites compressa,
were investigated. Feeding selectivity was tested in
laboratory and field observations, with the fish clearly
selecting M. verrucosa: 39:1 bites in laboratory trials and
284:1 bites in field observations. Using an estimated
bite size of 2.54 mg AFDW and two estimated feeding rates,
4.88 bites min-1 during the "dry" season (May to
September) and 7.20 bites min-1 during the "wet" season
(October to April), an average sized fish consumes
approximately 4000 g of coral tissue each year, and the
population of C. unimaculatus on Patch Reef #42 is
removing approximately 10% of the standing crop of
M. verrucosa each year. A series of experiments was
designed to measure the effect of predation by these fish
on growth and competition between the two corals. Caged
colonies of M. verrucosa at Patch Reef #42 had a vertical
growth rate of 9.71 x 10-3cm day-1, and M. verrucosa
killed P. compressa tissue it came in contact with. In
uncaged colonies, M. verrucosa grew at a rate of
3.92 x 10-3cm day-1, about 40% of the caged growth rate,
and several colonies showed a reversal of aggressive
dominance as predicted from previous studies, with
P. compressa killing branches of M. verrucosa. On Patch
Reefs #42 and #43 there is a significant increase in the percent M. verrucosa with increased distance from the edge
of the reef, where the fish are normally found, and grazing
pressure is greatest. Because of its selective feeding
behavior in Kane'ohe Bay, C. unimaculatus appears to have
a significant effect on the growth and distribution of its
preferred coral species, M. verrucosa.
Typescript.; Bibliography: leaves 56-60
Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/153171983-01-01T00:00:00ZCox, Evelyn FTrophic Relationships of Goatfishes (Family Mullidae) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islandshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/15316
Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 81-86.
Sat, 01 May 1982 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/153161982-05-01T00:00:00ZSorden, Carol TThe Food and Feeding Habits of the Kumu, Parupeneus porphyreushttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/15314
The kumu, Parupeneus porphyreus, is one of the most valuable reef fishes in Hawaii. It is a member of the goatfish family (Mullidae) and
is endemic to Hawaii. One hundred and ninety-eight specimens, ranging
in size from 31 to 306 mm, were collected from four areas around Oahu,
Hawaii. Collections were made from July through November, 1968. The
anatomy and the contents of the digestive systems were examined
The digestive system is short. The stomach is V-shaped with a bulbiform
pylorus. There are 20 pyloric caeca. The instestine has one siphonal
loop. Transforming specimens differ in having a shorter, straight intestine.
They also have sharper pharangeal teeth and longer gill rakers than
do the adults.
Occurrence of food in the entirA gastrointestinal tract was used in
ranking relative fullness. These rankings, compared with time of capture,
indicated feeding was nocturnal or crepuscular among larger fish (only
very young kumu fed during the day) and that food passed through the alimentary
canal within 19 hours. Twenty-three food items were identified;
12 of them occurred in >10% of the guts. Crabs were the most important
food, followed by other crustaceans (copepods, isopods, other decapods)
and other invertebrates. Sand occurred in 57% of the specimens. An extensive
comparison of food items vs. fish size demonstrated various relationships.
Although crabs were eaten by nearly all fish, only large kumu
ate Stenopus and other fish, and only small kumu ate copepods and isopods.
Sat, 01 Feb 1969 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/153141969-02-01T00:00:00ZMahi, Cherrie AnnA Behavioral Study Of The Hawaiian Goby-Shrimp Relationship And The Effects Of Predation On The Systemhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/10554
The belief that the relationship between certain gobies and snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) is mutualistic typically includes the assumption that predation is a selective force driving the co-evolution of the relationship. In this study, I first showed the importance of the Hawaiian shrimp goby (Psilogobius mainlandi) to the sheltering behavior of its associated alpheid shrimp. Shrimp spent 53.6 ± 21.8 percent of light hours in the day outside burrows with gobies present, but only 6.9 ± 3.4 percent of the time outside without gobies present. I then examined effects of predation by experimentally excluding predators on gobies from several I.S-m square plots and observing the subsequent density and size of gobies. Over the 5 months of predator exclusion, no significant effect on goby density was detected (ANOYA; p = 0.345). The most conspicuous results of the exclusion were the changes in the size classes of gobies (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Plots with exclosures had a mean of 2.23 more large gobies (> 4 cm TL) than plots with no exclosures. In a final part of the study, I documented the daily cycle of activity of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus rapax, with an associated goby present. The results indicate that A. rapax increases foraging and burrow maintenance activities toward the end of daylight. Overall, this study was able to test the widely held assumption that predation can be a selective pressure on the goby-shrimp association.
Mon, 01 Aug 2005 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/105542005-08-01T00:00:00ZNelson, Robert PaulTemporal Variation In An Initial Marine Biofilm Community And Its Effect On Larval Settlement Of The Tubeworm Hydroides Eleganshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/10553
Planktonic larvae of many invertebrates settle preferentially on surfaces covered by bacterial biofilms. The polychaete tubeworm Hydroides elegans is induced to settle by biofilms and is the primary colonizer of newly submerged surfaces in the succession of macrofouling invertebrates in Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i. This study examines culture-independent community composition, as well as densities of bacteria, and how these aspects of marine biofilms affect settlement preferences of H. elegans. Settlement assays of H. elegans were conducted on naturally formed biofilms of increasing age from Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and epifluoresence microscopy were used to identify community composition and densities of bacterial biofilms. This study showed that increased densities of bacteria rather than dominant species composition are likely responsible for the primary colonization of submerged surfaces by H. elegans in Pearl Harbor.
Sun, 01 May 2005 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/105532005-05-01T00:00:00ZShikuma, Nicholas J.