The low point struck with Domitian, last of the
"twelve Caesars", was followed by a particularly auspicious period
during which five "good" emperors followed in succession. These
emperors are generally regarded as having done all they could for the good of
the empire and its citizens and it is not surprising that monumental testimony
of this period is to be found throughout Rome. For example Trajan's column and
the fabulous statue of Marcus Aurelius on horseback.

Nerva (96-98AD) was an aristocrat chosen by the senate. He was honest and
loved poetry and his short reign was full of justice although perhaps he lacked
a firm hand with his subjects. He lessened the heavy taxes which the long line
of Caesars had come to impose on Roman citizens and recalled all those who had
been exiled such as the philosopher Epictetus. He also put a stop to the
practice of using informers to eradicate those who might be regarded as being
subversive or against the emperor. In many ways Nerva was quite the opposite of
the Neros and Domitians: whilst the latter might be regarded as true tyrants he
was viewed as giving the citizens of Rome excessive freedom and liberty.

An example of this was when the Praetorian guard took it into their own hands
to set right Domitian's murderers. This involved finding the culprits and
putting them to death without a trial in clear violation of Nerva's authority.
Given that Nerva wasn't capable of punishing this rebellion himself he chose to
share his government with a young general from Spain called Trajan. It wasn't
long before Nerva himself died leaving Trajan to rule alone. At the time he was
on military campaign along the Rhine and a full year passed before he came back to
Rome.

Emperor Trajan (98-117AD) was just the right emperor for the times.
He expanded the
empire further, he conquered the lands south-east of the Black sea and also
succeeded in quelling the rebellious Dacians to whom Domitian had been paying a
shameful ransom.

Trajan was also a great builder. He had a fabulous marble column erected in
memory of the great and successful wars against the Dacians. The column is known
as "Trajan's column" and is still standing in Rome . The artistic
quality of the sculpture around this amazing column is not the best but it is
certainly "neo-realist" and as such tells us much of those events. The
size and construction of the column itself is an engineering feat. The column
was stood in a new forum which he had built and within this forum a grandiose
library was built half of which contained documents in Latin and the other half
in Greek. He also built a magnificent basilica, a triumphal arch and numerous
statues adorned his forum. Throughout the empire he had new public buildings
built such as theatres and baths. Bridges, roads and acqueducts were amplified
and maintained.

Trajan was called "Optimus" by his people. He was a man of
intellect as well as one of action and men of literature such as Pliny the
younger and Plutarch were amongst his personal friends. He ensured that poor
children were reared and assisted poor landowners to improve their properties
through loans made at preferential rates.

Trajan, in his final illness, adopted Hadrian (emperor from 117-138AD) who
was also a great man of action, thinker and builder. Whilst Trajan had set to
increasing the size of the empire, Hadrian was concerned with consolidating it.

He is best remembered for the great wall he built along the northern borders of
conquered Britain. He was also a good writer. In his later years he became a
little introvert especially after the death of his young friend Antinous whom he
deified and in whose honour he named a new city and built a temple. It is said
that Antinous committed suicide because it had been foretold that his death was
necessary in order for Hadrian to do the great things he was destined for.
Hadrian travelled at length across the empire and brought back much learning.
His villa at Tivoli near Rome includes many architectural features which he had
marveled at during his travels.

Hadrian's huge mausoleum was built along the same concept as that of Augustus
on the banks of the river Tiber. It was of such an imposing size that it later
became a fortress and is currently known as Castel St. Angelo: the Papal
stronghold next to the Vatican and St. Peter's basilica. He also rebuilt the
Pantheon in its present form after it had burned down. It is still regarded as a
marvel of architecture and engineering and provided inspiration to the likes of
Michelangelo.

Hadrian adopted a Gaul called Antoninus Pius to succeed him as emperor. He
bade Antoninus to adopt a young man aged 17 called Marcus Aurelius as his own
son as well as a small boy called Lucius Verus. Both these men succeeded Hadrian
as emperor.

Antoninus was called Pius by his citizens for the respect he paid to
Hadrian's memory. For example he had a temple to the Divine Hadrian built in
Rome of which a section can still be seen in Piazza di Pietra. He ruled for 23 years, many of which together with the young
Marcus Aurelius. Power didn't corrupt him and he ruled in the interest of the
good of his subjects.

When Antoninus Pius died Marcus Aurelius was left to rule together with Varus
but unfortunately the latter died soon after. The rule of Marcus Aurelius lasted 19 years.
He was a learner and philosopher (notice the beard on the statue) but in fact he was forced to spend much of his
time at the head of his army against the barbarians who were pressing against
the borders as yet more barbarians pressed towards them.

During this period there was a great plague, brought by the soldiers who had
served in the east. The sickness weakened the empire and the roman treasury was
low. Marcus Aurelius did his utmost to check the advance of the invading hordes
and made use of his learning as a philosopher to rule his subjects well. One of
his best books is called "meditations" and it was written whilst on
military campaign near the Danube. Within it he writes much of what learned from
his teachers such as Antoninus Pius and others.

A bronze equestrian statue of him (shown above) has amazingly survived the ages because
throughout the Middle Ages it was thought to be of Saint Paul. Pollution has
meant that the original statue of Marcus Aurelius is kept within the Capitoline
museum while a copy of it stands on the Capitoline Hill where it was placed as
part of Michelangelo's rework of the square.