Will I get USB 3.1 speeds (10Gbps) if I'm using this in a Thunderbolt 2 port?

If I have a USB 3.1 enclosure holding an M.2 SSD (capable of 10Gbps speeds) and plug this adapter into my 2015 MacBook Pro's Thunderbolt 2 port, will I get the full 10Gbps speeds? The M.2 is capable of 1.5Gbps write and 2.5Gbps read.

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This adapter is for Thunderbolt devices only.

To get 10 Gbps speeds from a USB port, you would need a Thunderbolt dock that has USB 3.1 Gen 2 ports. I don't believe there are any yet. Some Thunderbolt 3 docks have been announced and may arrive in 2017. Some of those may have USB 3.1 Gen 2 ports that support 10 Gbps. I suppose it's possible that you could use the adapter to connect such a dock and get more than 5 Gbps from a USB 3.1 port. This will require drivers in macOS that support 10 Gbps speed from the USB chipset used by the dock.