Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people who live in towns and cities. (people moving from the countryside to the cities)

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What is the definition of urban growth?

The expansion of towns and cities so that they cover more land, as well as gaining larger populations.

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Where does urbanisation happen the most currently?

LEDCs

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Why are cities in LEDCs growing rapidly?

Natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration.

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Why is urbanisation helping LEDCs develop economically?

Industrial growth provides employment, new businesses benefit the local economy and cities provide better services than most rural areas.

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What are the main problems with shanty towns?

They are very crowded, they have few basic services and disease is common meaning high infant mortality rate.

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What is counter-urbanisation?

When people and businesses move away from large urban centres to small towns or villages.

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What are the benefits of counter-urbanisation?

Benefits are that there are more people in the village to support local activities, old building get renovated, jobs are created locally and younger people will settle in villages.

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What are the problems caused by counter-urbanisation?

House prices go up and locals are priced out, greenbelt land may be built on, more cars meaning increased traffic, main roads become congested at commuting time and tension may develop between old residents and newcomers.

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What are the aims of putting green belt areas around cities?

To stop urban sprawl, to prevent towns and cities merging with each other, to protect the countryside and to encourage development within the town not around it.

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What is a brownfield site?

A site that has already been build on.

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Name the categories of land use in a city.

Residential, open space, commercial and green belt.

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What can be found in the CBD?

High-rise buildings, shops, offices, banks and leisure facilities.

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Why are these found in the CBD?

Because the CBD is the most accessible part of the city and people all over the city can reach it easily.

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What happens if too many businesses move away from the CBD?

There is a danger that it will create a bad city centre, the doghtnut effect.

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What housing is found in the inner-city areas?

Poor quality terraced housing or high-rise council flats.

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what type of people are found in the inner-city area?

Low-income families, older people living on the state pension, ethnic minority's and newcomers to the city like students.

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What are councils and the government doing to regenerate some of the cities?

They are renovating housing and building new more attractive flats to replace some of the housing.

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What types of housing do you find in the the outer city?

Detached houses, semi-detached houses, bungalows and flats.

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Why is there such a variety of houses in the outer city?

Because different people need and can afford different sorts of houses and building styles have changed alot.

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What is the rural-urban fringe?

The area where it slowly turns from a built up urban area to the countryside.

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What are problems with developments in the rural-urban fringe?

Countryside is lost as the town spreads outwards, traffic increases causing more congestion and inner city brownfield sites remain undeveloped.

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How can we make cities more sustainable?

Improve public transport, use brownfield sites for redevelopments, re-use some of our waste, provide more open space, use renewable energy sources, build zero-carbon homes and officers and use local food suppliers.

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How do the houses in Bed-ZED generate power?

Through wind turbines and biomass boilers.

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Name some convenience goods.

Bread, milk, newspapers, groceries etc.

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Name some comparison goods.

Clothes, shoes, home furnishings etc.

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Name some high-order goods.

Expensive clothes, electrical equipment and furniture etc.

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Why is the distribution of shops and shopping centres more complex now?

Improvements to roads and motorways mean shopping centres can be developed away from the city centre but still be quick to get to, and now you can order most things online.

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Why have out-of-town shopping centres been developed away from the city centre?

Land values are lower on the outskirts of a city, there is more space meaning they can expand easily and they can be near motorways making access easier for deliveries and customers.