Main Contents

Introduction

Origins

The name "Scots" signifies that the language is from Scotland, which was from the Latin word scotti. "Lowland" is just used to distinguish the language from Scottish Gaelic, which is completely unrelated, and many people refer to the Germanic Scots language as simply "Scots". Scots is a Germanic language closely related to English and spoken by about 1.5 million people in Scotland. Scots is descended from the language of the Angles who settled in northern Britain, in an area now known as Northumbria and southern Scotland, in the 5th century AD. The language was originally known as 'Inglis' and has since been influenced by Gaelic, Norse, Latin, Dutch, Norman French, Standard French and English.

By the 14th century Scots was the main language of Scotland and was used in literature, education, government and in legal documents. This was the period when Scots literature began to take off and notable literary works include Barbour's Brus, Whyntoun's Kronykil and Blin Harry's Wallace.

After the union of the Scottish and English parliaments in 1707, English became the language of government and of polite society in Scotland, though the vast majority of people continued to speak Scots. English also began to replace Scots as the main written language in Scotland.

During the 19th and early 20th century efforts were made to eradicate Scots, mainly by punishing children for speaking it at school. In the 1980s and 1990s attitudes began to change and there is limited use of Scots in education, the media and in literature. In 1983 a Scots translation of the New Testament was published and 1985 the saw the publication of the SNDA's Concise Scots Dictionary.

Here is an example of a sample sentence in the two languages, and Dutch, another close relative;

English: I eat an apple.

Scots: A eat a aiple.

Dutch: Ik eet een appel.

Archaic English words show its Germanic roots, which are reflected in Scots:

English: hound, fowl, house, milk

Scots: hoond, foul, hoose1, milk

It might not be as easy to learn for an English speaker as, say, Esperanto, but is probably the easiest natural language to learn for English speakers due to the fact that it is so similar to English. In fact, Scots and English share approximately 80% to 90% of the same lexicon.

1: Also "haudin".

Can Scots people and English people understand each other?

In the majority of instances Scottish people and English people can understand each other with few problems since most Scots can just change to standard English. Many Scots only speak Lowland Scots at home with family and friends. Standard English is used for business and communicating with tourists.

"Missing" letters

Many writers now strictly avoid apostrophes where they supposedly represent "missing" English letters. Such letters were never actually missing in Scots. For example, in the 14th century, John Barbour spelt the Scots cognate of 'taken' as tane. Since there has been no k in the word for over 700 years, representing its omission with an apostrophe seems pointless. The current spelling is usually taen.

Trivia

Like most languages, Scots has its own distinct regional dialects. Most Scots can tell which part of the country someone is from simply by their dialect.

There is another language used in Scotland. As well as English and Lowland Scots there is also Scottish Gaelic. This is a Celtic language similar to Irish. It's mainly spoken in the North West Highlands and Islands. Luckily most Gaelic speakers also know standard English so there are few communication problems.

You are probably more likely to hear more Scots spoken in the country rather than big cities. Urban Scots generally tend to speak a more diluted version which is more like standard English.

Scots is recognised by the UK government as a minority language which is distinct from English.

"River City" is a Scots soap opera set in a fictional Glasgow suburb. Many of the actors on the show speak a form of Urban Scots. The TV program is produced by Scottish Television.

t: may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final. In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for 'd'.

th: /ð/ or /θ/ much as is English. Initial 'th' in thing, think and thank, etc. may be /h/.

wh: usually /ʍ/, older /xʍ/. Northern dialects also have /f/.

wr: /wr/ more often /r/ but may be /vr/ in Northern dialects. wrack (wreck), wrang (wrong), write, wrocht (worked), etc.

z: /jɪ/ or /ŋ/, may occur in some words as a substitute for the older ȝ (yogh). For example: brulzie (broil), gaberlunzie (a beggar) and the names Menzies, [inzean, Culzean, MacKenzie etc. (As a result of the lack of education in Scots, MacKenzie is now generally pronounced with a /z/ following the perceived realisation of the written form, as more controversially is sometimes Menzies.)

Silent letters

The word final 'd' in nd and ld: but often pronounced in derived forms. Sometimes simply 'n' and 'l' or 'n'' and 'l''. auld (old), haund (hand), etc.

't' in medial cht: ('ch' = /x/) and st and before final en. fochten (fought), thristle (thistle) also 't' in aften (often), etc.

't' in word final ct and pt but often pronounced in derived forms. respect, accept, etc.

Vowels

In Scots, vowel length is usually conditioned by the Scots vowel length rule. Words which differ only slightly in pronunciation from Scottish English are generally spelled as in English. Other words may be spelt the same but differ in pronunciation, for example: aunt, swap, want and wash with /a/, bull, full v. and pull with /ʌ/, bind, find and wind v., etc. with /ɪ/.

The unstressed vowel /ə/ may be represented by any vowel letter.

a: usually /a/ but in south west and Ulster dialects often /ɑ/. Note final a in awa (away), twa (two) and wha (who) may also be /ɑ/ or /ɔ/ or /e/ depending on dialect.

ui, also u(consonant)e, oo: /ø/ in conservative dialects. In parts of Fife, Dundee and north Antrim /e/. In Northern dialects usually /i/ but /wi/ after /g/ and /k/ and also /u/ before /r/ in some areas eg. fuird (ford). Mid Down and Donegal dialects have /i/. In central and north Down dialects /ɪ/ when short and /e/ when long. buird (board), buit (boot), cuit (ankle), fluir (floor), guid (good), schuil (school), etc. In central dialects uise v. and uiss n. (use) are [jeːz] and [jɪs].

Lessons

Lesson One

Articles

English, has the words "the", "a" and "an". These words are called "articles" and are used to refer to concepts which are specific (the, which is definite) or general (a and an, which are indefinite).

A man. The man. A group of men. The men.

Some languages will have one but not the other. Some languages have niether. Scots has both, and the rules are slightly simpler than in English.

The

The Scottish word for "the" is also the (pronounced more like "theh" instead of how we pronounce it "thuh") and it almost exactly like in English. The only difference is that it is also used before the names of seasons, days of the week, many nouns, diseases, trades, occupations, sciences and academic subjects. It is also often used in place of the indefinite article and instead of a possessive pronoun: the hairst (autumn), the Wadensday (Wednesday), awa tae the kirk (off to church), the nou (at the moment), the day (today), the haingles (influenza), the Laitin (Latin), The deuk ett the bit breid (The duck ate a piece of bread), the wife (my wife) etc.

Scots: The hoond. The tree. The waw.

English: The dog. The tree. The wall.

A

The Lowlands word for "a" and "an" is simply "a".

Scots: The hoose. A aiple. The loanin an a tree.

English: The house. An apple. The field and a tree.

Am, Is, are, was, were

"Am", "is", and "are" are the same in Scots, but "was" and "were" are simply "wis", though "were" is sometimes "war" in the language.

Scots: A am, she is, we are, he wis, thay wis/war.

English: I am, she is, we are, he was, they were.

Pronouns

Words like "he" and "she" are pronouns. The Scottish system has a few differences over English, as you will see below:

A1I

me2me

ma3my

ye4singular "you"

hehe

hishis

sheshe

herher

himhim

it5it

we6we

us7us, me

thaythey

thaimthem

thairtheir

yese8plural "you"

yer9your

The most recognizable difference is the distinction between singular and plural "you". English used to have the same distinction; it used "thou" for singular "you" and "ye" for plural "you". However, "thou" fell into disuse, and "ye" took its place and became modern "you". "Yese/Youse" would be used in a sentence such as, "A lue10 yese/youse", which translates to, "I love you all". "Ye" would be used in all other cases, like "Wha are ye?", meaning "Who are you?" Scots:

Hou11 are ye?

Hou are yese?

English:

How are you? (Friendly)

How are you? (More than one person) or How are you all? or How are all of you?

1: Also "I" when used to emphasize.

2: Also "us" or "hus".

3: Also "ma certes".

4: Also "you".

5: Also "hit".

6: Also "oo".

7: Also "hus", "us".

8: Also "youse".

9: Also "your".

10: Also "amour" or "love".

11: Also "whitwey".

Prepositions

Prepositions, like the name suggests, describe positions and the relationships between things. Some language courses choose to describe these in more advanced lessons, but it's difficult to form sentences without them. Here we will introduce a few basic prepositions, but we will discuss them in greater depth in a future lesson.

inin

on1on (as in I put my books on my desk)

unnerunder (very similar to the English word)

ahint2behind

wiwith

neist tae3next to

The number of sentences which you can now build with a minimal vocabulary has increased dramatically.

Scots: We are in the hoose.

English: We are in the house.

1: Also "ontae".

2: Also "aback" or "hinder".

3: Also "til".

Vocabulary list

This is a vocabulary list. Some of these words have appeared previously in this lesson and some are new.

aipleapple

treetree

doordoor

eateat, to eat

hairhair, a small portion

dug1dog

cat2cat

meat3food

lassie4girl

moosemouse

wawwall

reidred

laddie5boy

sonson

sitsit, to sit

sleepsleep, to sleep

the touncity

chyrechair

blackblack

table6table

hackit7ugly

loanin8field, paddock, lane

bideto reside, live at, lodge, stay

1: Also "duggie", "hoond", or "tike".

2: Also "baudrons", "cheetie", "pous", or "pousie".

3: Also "farin", "leevin", "mealtith", or "fuid".

4: Also "lassie" or "quean".

5: Also "callant", "lad", "boy", or "loun".

6: Also "buird".

7: Also "grugous", "ill-farrant", "uggsome", or "ougly".

8: Also "lea".

Practice

Translate these sentences into English.

Ye are John.

The hoose is reid.

She bides in the toun.

The lassie wi black hair.

The dug sleeps unner a tree.

The cat eats the meat.

A sit on the chyre neist tae the table.

Yese are ahint the door in the waw.

Translate these sentences into Lowland Scots.

I am Jack.

It is under the table.

The door is in the red wall.

The mouse lives under the house.

A dog is sleeping behind the chair.

The tree is in the field.

The boy with food.

You eat an apple.

Answers

Answers to the above excercises.

You are John.

The house is red.

She lives in the city.

The girl with black hair.

The dog sleeps/is sleeping under a tree.

The cat eats/is eating the food.

I sit/am sitting on the chair next to the table.

You are behind the door in the wall.

A am Jack.

It is unner the table.

The door is in the reid waw.

The moose bides unner the hoose.

A dug sleeps ahint the chyre.

The tree is in the loanin.

The laddie wi the meat.

Ye eat an aiple.

End of lesson one

That concludes the very first Lowland Scots lesson, and by now you should already be able to form simple sentences. Use the vocabulary you have learned to form your own sentences!

End of lesson two

Now that lesson two is complete, you'd should also be able to have a simple conversation with anybody that speaks Scots. You can even count up to "twinty"! In the next lesson, we will discuss more advanced number material.

Lesson Three

Numbers

Here is a list of more advanced numbers; thirty1thirtyfowertyfortyfiftyfiftysaxtysixtyseiventyseventyaichtyeightyhunderhundredthoosandthousand

Ordinal, Cardinal

Numbers like "ane", "twa", and "three" are cardinal numbers, and that means that they are a generalized kind of number used to denote the size of a set. That's what you've learned so far. Ordinal numbers, however are another type of number used to accommodate infinite sequences and to classify sets with certain kinds of order structures on them. In English, Cardinal numbers would be "first", "second", and "third", though most numbers have "-th" added to them. In Scots, you generally add a "-t" to the end of the word, like so.

Scots: seicont, fowert, fift, saxt, seivent.

English: second, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh.

Notice how "first" and "third" weren't included in that list. That's because they are irregular like in English. In Scots, "first" is "first", or sometimes "foremaist", and "third" is "thrid" or "third".

1: Also "thritty".

Plural form

Plural is when the word becomes more than one. In English, the plural form is usually "-(e)s". In Lowland Scots, nouns usually form their plural by adding "-(e)s" to the end of a word, but some irregular plurals occur. For example; "ee"/"een" ("eye"/"eyes"), "cauf"/"caur" ("calf"/"calves"), "horse"/"horse" ("horse"/"horses"), "cou"/"kye" ("cow"/"cows"), "shae"/"shuin" ("shoe"/"shoes"). Nouns of measure and quantity unchanged in the plural. Words include, "fower fit" ("four feet"), "twa mile" ("two miles"), "five pund" ("five pounds"), "three hunderwecht" ("three hundredweight"). Regular plurals include "laifs" ("loaves"), "leafs" ("leaves"), "shelfs" ("shelves") and "wifes" ("wives"), etc.

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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.