We describe a novel experimental technique for neutron imaging with scatteredneutrons. These scatteredneutrons are of interest for condensed matter physics, because they permit to reveal the local distribution of incoherent and coherent scattering within a sample. In contrast to standard attenuation based imaging, scatteredneutron imaging distinguishes between the scattering cross section and the total attenuation cross section including absorption. First successful low-noise millimeter-re...

We give here an introduction to the theoretical principles of neutronscattering. The relationship between scattering- and correlation-functions is particularly emphasized. Within the framework of linear response theory (justified by the weakness of the basic interaction) the relation between fluctuation and dissipation is discussed. This general framework explains the particular power of neutronscattering as an experimental method. (author) 4 figs., 4 refs.

Insulating compounds containing dimers of transition metal and rare earth ions have been studied by inelastic neutronscattering (INS). Energy splittings can be directly determined, and the corresponding parameters are easily extracted from the experimental data. The intensities of dimer excitati......Insulating compounds containing dimers of transition metal and rare earth ions have been studied by inelastic neutronscattering (INS). Energy splittings can be directly determined, and the corresponding parameters are easily extracted from the experimental data. The intensities of dimer...

Much of our understanding of the atomic-scale magnetic structure and the dynamical properties of solids and liquids was gained from neutron-scattering studies. Elastic and inelastic neutron spectroscopy provided physicists with an unprecedented, detailed access to spin structures, magnetic-excitation spectra, soft-modes and critical dynamics at magnetic-phase transitions, which is unrivaled by other experimental techniques. Because the neutron has no electric charge, it is an ideal weakly interacting and highly penetrating probe of matter's inner structure and dynamics. Unlike techniques using photon electric fields or charged particles (e.g., electrons, muons) that significantly modify the local electronic environment, neutron spectroscopy allows determination of a material's intrinsic, unperturbed physical properties. The method is not sensitive to extraneous charges, electric fields, and the imperfection of surface layers. Because the neutron is a highly penetrating and non-destructive probe, neutron spectroscopy can probe the microscopic properties of bulk materials (not just their surface layers) and study samples embedded in complex environments, such as cryostats, magnets, and pressure cells, which are essential for understanding the physical origins of magnetic phenomena. Neutronscattering is arguably the most powerful and versatile experimental tool for studying the microscopic properties of the magnetic materials. The magnitude of the cross-section of the neutron magnetic scattering is similar to the cross-section of nuclear scattering by short-range nuclear forces, and is large enough to provide measurable scattering by the ordered magnetic structures and electron spin fluctuations. In the half-a-century or so that has passed since neutron beams with sufficient intensity for scattering applications became available with the advent of the nuclear reactors, they have became indispensable tools for studying a variety of important areas of modern

Much of our understanding of the atomic-scale magnetic structure and the dynamical properties of solids and liquids was gained from neutron-scattering studies. Elastic and inelastic neutron spectroscopy provided physicists with an unprecedented, detailed access to spin structures, magnetic-excitation spectra, soft-modes and critical dynamics at magnetic-phase transitions, which is unrivaled by other experimental techniques. Because the neutron has no electric charge, it is an ideal weakly interacting and highly penetrating probe of matter's inner structure and dynamics. Unlike techniques using photon electric fields or charged particles (e.g., electrons, muons) that significantly modify the local electronic environment, neutron spectroscopy allows determination of a material's intrinsic, unperturbed physical properties. The method is not sensitive to extraneous charges, electric fields, and the imperfection of surface layers. Because the neutron is a highly penetrating and non-destructive probe, neutron spectroscopy can probe the microscopic properties of bulk materials (not just their surface layers) and study samples embedded in complex environments, such as cryostats, magnets, and pressure cells, which are essential for understanding the physical origins of magnetic phenomena. Neutronscattering is arguably the most powerful and versatile experimental tool for studying the microscopic properties of the magnetic materials. The magnitude of the cross-section of the neutron magnetic scattering is similar to the cross-section of nuclear scattering by short-range nuclear forces, and is large enough to provide measurable scattering by the ordered magnetic structures and electron spin fluctuations. In the half-a-century or so that has passed since neutron beams with sufficient intensity for scattering applications became available with the advent of the nuclear reactors, they have became indispensable tools for studying a variety of important areas of modern

We describe how virtual experiments can be utilized in a learning design that prepares students for hands-on experiments at large-scale facilities. We illustrate the design by showing how virtual experiments are used at the Niels Bohr Institute in a master level course on neutronscattering....... In the last week of the course, students travel to a large-scale neutronscattering facility to perform real neutronscattering experiments. Through student interviews and survey answers, we argue, that the virtual training prepares the students to engage more fruitfully with experiments by letting them focus...... on physics and data rather than the overwhelming instrumentation. We argue that this is because they can transfer their virtual experimental experience to the real-life situation. However, we also find that learning is still situated in the sense that only knowledge of particular experiments is transferred...

We describe how virtual experiments can be utilized in a learning design that prepares students for hands-on experiments at large-scale facilities. We illustrate the design by showing how virtual experiments are used at the Niels Bohr Institute in a master level course on neutronscattering....... In the last week of the course, students travel to a large-scale neutronscattering facility to perform real neutronscattering experiments. Through student interviews and survey answers, we argue, that the virtual training prepares the students to engage more fruitfully with experiments by letting them focus...... on physics and data rather than the overwhelming instrumentation. We argue that this is because they can transfer their virtual experimental experience to the real-life situation. However, we also find that learning is still situated in the sense that only knowledge of particular experiments is transferred...

Neutronscattering techniques have been part of the Australian scientific research community for the past three decades. The High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) is a multi-use facility of modest performance that provides the only neutron source in the country suitable for neutronscattering. The limitations of HIFAR have been recognized and recently a Government initiated inquiry sought to evaluate the future needs of a neutron source. In essence, the inquiry suggested that a delay of several years would enable a number of key issues to be resolved, and therefore a more appropriate decision made. In the meantime, use of the present source is being optimized, and where necessary research is being undertaken at major overseas neutron facilities either on a formal or informal basis. Australia has, at present, a formal agreement with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) for access to the spallation source ISIS. Various aspects of neutronscattering have been implemented on HIFAR, including investigations of the structure of biological relevant molecules. One aspect of these investigations will be presented. Preliminary results from a study of the interaction of the immunosuppressant drug, cyclosporin-A, with reconstituted membranes suggest that the hydrophobic drug interdigitated with lipid chains.

Full Text Available Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS is a technique that enables to probe the 3-D structure of materials on a typical size range lying from ∼ 1 nm up to ∼ a few 100 nm, the obtained information being statistically averaged on a sample whose volume is ∼ 1 cm3. This very rich technique enables to make a full structural characterization of a given object of nanometric dimensions (radius of gyration, shape, volume or mass, fractal dimension, specific area… through the determination of the form factor as well as the determination of the way objects are organized within in a continuous media, and therefore to describe interactions between them, through the determination of the structure factor. The specific properties of neutrons (possibility of tuning the scattering intensity by using the isotopic substitution, sensitivity to magnetism, negligible absorption, low energy of the incident neutrons make it particularly interesting in the fields of soft matter, biophysics, magnetic materials and metallurgy. In particular, the contrast variation methods allow to extract some informations that cannot be obtained by any other experimental techniques. This course is divided in two parts. The first one is devoted to the description of the principle of SANS: basics (formalism, coherent scattering/incoherent scattering, notion of elementary scatterer, form factor analysis (I(q→0, Guinier regime, intermediate regime, Porod regime, polydisperse system, structure factor analysis (2nd Virial coefficient, integral equations, characterization of aggregates, and contrast variation methods (how to create contrast in an homogeneous system, matching in ternary systems, extrapolation to zero concentration, Zero Averaged Contrast. It is illustrated by some representative examples. The second one describes the experimental aspects of SANS to guide user in its future experiments: description of SANS spectrometer, resolution of the spectrometer, optimization of

This project covers four principal areas of research: Elastic and inelastic neutronscattering studies in odd-A terbium, thulium and other highly deformed nuclei near A=160 with special regard to interband transitions and to the investigation of the direct-interaction versus the compound-nucleus excitation process in these nuclei. Examination of new, fast photomultiplier tubes suitable for use in a miniaturized neutron-time-of-flight spectrometer. Measurement of certain inelastic cross sections of 238U. Determination of the multiplicity of prompt fission gamma rays in even-A fissile actinides. Energies and mean lives of fission isomers produced by fast fission of even-Z, even-A actinides. Study of the mean life of 7Be in different host matrices and its possible astro-physical significance.

High-temperature superconductivity in both the copper-oxide and the iron-pnictide/chalcogenide systems occurs in close proximity to antiferromagnetically ordered states. Neutronscattering has been an essential technique for characterizing the spin correlations in the antiferromagnetic phases and for demonstrating how the spin fluctuations persist in the superconductors. While the nature of the spin correlations in the superconductors remains controversial, the neutronscattering measurements of magnetic excitations over broad ranges of energy and momentum transfers provide important constraints on the theoretical options. We present an overview of the neutronscattering work on high-temperature superconductors and discuss some of the outstanding issues.

Full Text Available Hydrogen has been identified as a fuel of choice for providing clean energy for transport and other applications across the world and the development of materials to store hydrogen efficiently and safely is crucial to this endeavour. Hydrogen has the largest scattering interaction with neutrons of all the elements in the periodic table making neutronscattering ideal for studying hydrogen storage materials. Simultaneous characterisation of the structure and dynamics of these materials during hydrogen uptake is straightforward using neutronscattering techniques. These studies will help us to understand the fundamental properties of hydrogen storage in realistic conditions and hence design new hydrogen storage materials.

High-temperature superconductivity in both the copper-oxide and the iron–pnictide/chalcogenide systems occurs in close proximity to antiferromagnetically ordered states. Neutronscattering has been an essential technique for characterizing the spin correlations in the antiferromagnetic phases and for demonstrating how the spin fluctuations persist in the superconductors. While the nature of the spin correlations in the superconductors remains controversial, the neutronscattering measurements of magnetic excitations over broad ranges of energy and momentum transfers provide important constraints on the theoretical options. We present an overview of the neutronscattering work on high-temperature superconductors and discuss some of the outstanding issues. - Highlights: • High-temperature superconductivity is closely associated with antiferromagnetism. • Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations coexist with the superconductivity. • Neutronscattering is essential for characterising the full spectrum of spin excitations.

An instrument that will directly image the fast fission neutrons from a special nuclear material source has been described. This instrument can improve the signal to background compared to non imaging neutron detection techniques by a factor given by ratio of the angular resolution window to 4.pi.. In addition to being a neutron imager, this instrument will also be an excellent neutron spectrometer, and will be able to differentiate between different types of neutron sources (e.g. fission, alpha-n, cosmic ray, and D-D or D-T fusion). Moreover, the instrument is able to pinpoint the source location.

Neutronscattering is an important experimental technique in amongst others solid state physics, biophysics, and engineering. This year construction of European Spallation Source (ESS) was commenced in Lund, Sweeden. The facility will use a new long pulsed source principle to obtain higher...... potential performance than any existing facility, however in order to use this pulse structure optimally many existing neutronscattering instruments will need to be redesigned. This defense will concentrate on the design and optimization of the inverse time-of-flight cold neutron spectrometer CAMEA...

The scattering formalism for fractal structures is presented. Volume fractals are exemplified by silica particle clusters formed either from colloidal suspensions or by flame hydrolysis. The determination of the fractional dimensionality through scattering experiments is reviewed, and recent small...

Together with X-rays, thermal neutrons are the ideal probe to study the microscopic structure of condensed matter, however the precision attainable usually with neutrons for the measurement of atomic position correlation functions in liquids is, at least, one order of magnitude better than for X-rays. In order to measure properly the microscopic dynamics a wide range of momentum transfer with corresponding energy transfer must be available in the range of liquid state excitations. This again is only attainable, with good resolution, with neutrons. (author) 7 figs., 3 refs.

. The instrument is ideally suited for solid state experiments with extreme sample environments such as large pressures and strong magnetic fields. CAMEA combines the time-of-flight technique to determine the energy of the incoming neutrons with a complex multiplex backend that will analyse and detect......Neutronscattering is an important experimental technique in amongst others solid state physics, biophysics, and engineering. This year construction of European Spallation Source (ESS) was commenced in Lund, Sweeden. The facility will use a new long pulsed source principle to obtain higher...

This report describes neutronscattering instruments and accessories installed by four neutronscattering research groups at the ASRC (Advanced Science Research Center) of the JAERI and the recent topics of neutronscattering research using these instruments. The specifications of nine instruments (HRPD, BIX-I, TAS-1 and PNO in the reactor hall, RESA, BIX-II, TAS-2, LTAS and SANS-J in the guide hall of the JRR-3M) are summarized in this booklet. (author)

are a unique probe for studying the atomic and molecular structure and dynamics of materials. Even though neutrons are very expensive to produce, the advantages neutrons provide overshadow the price. As neutrons interact weakly with materials compared to many other probes, e.g. electrons or photons......, it is possible to make a neutronscattering experiment through sample environment equipment like cryostats or pressure cells. Another advantage of neutron experiments is that the wavelength and energy of the neutron match the inter-atomic distances and basic excitations of solid materials. The scattering cross...... is not taken into account in previous reports on the field effect of magnetic scattering, since usually only L 0 is probed. A paper draft submitted for publication describing the results of elastic and inelastic neutronscattering experiments performed on the oxygen-doped La2CuO4+y HTSC is appended (Tc 40 K...

The purpose of this introductory lecture is to give the basic facts about the scattering of neutrons by condensed matter. This lecture is restricted to nuclear scattering, whereas magnetic scattering will be dealt with in an other course. Most of the formalism, however, can also be easily extended to magnetic scattering. (author) 17 figs., 3 tabs., 10 refs.

Scientists from the around the world converged in Knoxville, TN to have share ideas, present technical information and contribute to the advancement of neutronscattering. Featuring over 400 oral/poster presentations, ACNS 2014 offered a strong program of plenary, invited and contributed talks and poster sessions covering topics in soft condensed matter, hard condensed matter, biology, chemistry, energy and engineering applications in neutron physics – confirming the great diversity of science that is enabled by neutronscattering.

The German NeutronScattering Conference 2012 - Deutsche Neutronenstreutagung DN 2012 offers a forum for the presentation and critical discussion of recent results obtained with neutronscattering and complementary techniques. The meeting is organized on behalf of the German Committee for Research with Neutrons - Komitee Forschung mit Neutronen KFN - by the Juelich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS of Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH. In between the large European and international neutronscattering conferences ECNS (2011 in Prague) and ICNS (2013 in Edinburgh), it offers the vibrant German and international neutron community an opportunity to debate topical issues in a stimulating atmosphere. Originating from ''BMBF Verbundtreffen'' - meetings for projects funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research - this conference series has a strong tradition of providing a forum for the discussion of collaborative research projects and future developments in the field of research with neutrons in general. Neutronscattering, by its very nature, is used as a powerful probe in many different disciplines and areas, from particle and condensed matter physics through to chemistry, biology, materials sciences, engineering sciences, right up to geology and cultural heritage; the German NeutronScattering Conference thus provides a unique chance for exploring interdisciplinary research opportunities. It also serves as a showcase for recent method and instrument developments and to inform users of new advances at neutron facilities.

Position sensitive detectors (PSD) measure the distribution of scatteredneutrons and are essential tools for neutronscattering experiments. Various types of neutron detectors used at neutron diffractometers are conventional tube detectors, 1-D and 2-D PSDs. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has been developing various kinds of PSDs to improve the instrument performance and to develop new scattering instruments. Our development work is initiated with 1-D PSD for residual stress analysis spectrometer and finally the technology is extended to development of 2-D PSD with planar and curved geometry. All PSDs are based on multiwire grid assembly with delay line readout method for position encoding, as the response is faster than charge division method and enables higher count rate capability. Design details and operational characteristics of some of the PSDs developed, for application at neutronscattering instruments are presented.

This thesis describes the details on building a new Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facility (NIOFa), the measurement of the incoherent neutronscattering length bi of 3He, and the measurement of the coherent neutronscattering length bc of 4He at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). A new monochromatic beamline and facility has been installed at the NCNR devoted to neutron interferometry in the research areas of spin control, spin manipulation, quantum mechanics, quantum information science, spintronics, and material science. This facility is possible in part because of advances in decoherence free subspace interferometer designs that have demonstrated consistent contrast in the presence of vibrational noise; a major environmental constraint that has prevented neutron interferometry from being applied at other neutron facilities. This new facility, NIOFa, is located in the guide hall of the NCNR upstream of the existing Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facility (NIOF) and has several advantages over the NIOF including higher incident flux, better neutron polarization, and increased accessibility. The measurement of the incoherent neutronscattering length bi of 3He was done using a (220) single silicon crystal skew symmetric interferometer. This experiment requires both a polarized beam and a polarized target. We report bi = -2.35 +/- 0.014 (stat.) +/- 0.014 (syst.). This experiment is a revision of the previous experiment which was done in 2008, and partially explains the non-zero phase shift seen in 2008 experiment even if target cell was completely unpolarized. The measurement of the coherent neutronscattering length b c of the 4He was done using a (111) single silicon crystal interferometer. The neutron interferometry and optics facility at NIST had been used previously to determine the coherent scattering lengths for n- 1H, n-2H, and n-3He to less than 1% relative uncertainty. We report bc of the 4He

Drawing on the author's practical work from the last 20 years, Techniques in High Pressure NeutronScattering is one of the first books to gather recent methods that allow neutronscattering well beyond 10 GPa. The author shows how neutronscattering has to be adapted to the pressure range and type of measurement.Suitable for both newcomers and experienced high pressure scientists and engineers, the book describes various solutions spanning two to three orders of magnitude in pressure that have emerged in the past three decades. Many engineering concepts are illustrated through examples of rea

are a unique probe for studying the atomic and molecular structure and dynamics of materials. Even though neutrons are very expensive to produce, the advantages neutrons provide overshadow the price. As neutrons interact weakly with materials compared to many other probes, e.g. electrons or photons......, it is possible to make a neutronscattering experiment through sample environment equipment like cryostats or pressure cells. Another advantage of neutron experiments is that the wavelength and energy of the neutron match the inter-atomic distances and basic excitations of solid materials. The scattering cross...... magnetism. This is in contrast to what is observed as the critical temperature is slightly lower for this system compared to other co-doped systems, suggesting that the magnetic and superconducting phases co-exist. A published manuscript describes the study of magnetic and superconducting properties of Ba...

Inelastic neutronscattering from Ce metal at 300 K was studied both below and above the first order γ-α phase transition, using a triple axis spectrometer. It was found that (a) there is no indication of any residual magnetic scattering in the collapsed α phase, and (b) the energy width of the p......Inelastic neutronscattering from Ce metal at 300 K was studied both below and above the first order γ-α phase transition, using a triple axis spectrometer. It was found that (a) there is no indication of any residual magnetic scattering in the collapsed α phase, and (b) the energy width...

In the first half of fiscal year 1997, JRR-3M was operated for 97 days followed by a long term shut down for its annual maintenance. Three days were lost out of 100 scheduled operation days, due to a trouble in irradiation facility. Neutronscattering research activities at the JRR-3M have been extended from that of fiscal year 1996. In the Research Group for Quantum Condensed Matter System, experimental study under high pressures, low temperatures and high fields as well as coupling of these conditions were planned to find new quantum condensed matter systems. And, obtained experimental results were immediately provided to theorists for their investigations. In cooperation with new group, Research Group for NeutronScattering of Strongly Correlated Electron Systems and Research Group for NeutronScattering at Ultralow Temperatures were carrying neutronscattering experiments at JRR-3M. Research Group for Neutron Crystallography in Biology had opened a way for investigating biomatter neutron diffraction research with high experimental accuracy by growing a millimeter-class large single crystal. In fiscal year 1997, 39 research projects were conducted by these four groups and other staffs in JAERI, 27 projects collaborated with university researchers and 3 projects collaborated with private enterprises were also conducted as complementary researches. 2117 days of machine times were requested to use 8 neutronscattering instruments this year, which corresponded to 1.51 times larger than those planned at its beginning. (G.K.)

Neutronscattering methods are a powerful probe to complex fluids, soft matters as well as solid materials of nano- and micro-structures and their related dynamic properties. They complement other microstructural probing tools, such as microscopes, x-ray and light scattering techniques. Because neutron does not carry charges, it interacts only with nuclei of the matter, therefore not only can it penetrate a longer length into matters, it can also see' many features other methods can't due to their lack of proper contrast or heavy absorption. One of the largest contrasts in neutron methods is from hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) difference. Therefore, hydrocarbons can be easily studied by neutrons when H/D isotope substitution is applied. Here at National Institute of Standards and Technology's Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, one of the USA's premier neutronscattering facilities, we have been using neutronscattering techniques to study microstructures of asphaltenes, waxes, gas hydrates, porous media, surfactant solutions, engine oils, polymers, nanocomposites, fuel cell element and other hydrocarbon materials. With the completion of a new Neutron Spin Echo instrument, we can also look at the dynamics of the above mentioned systems. (author)

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a 1 MW pulsed spallation source for neutronscattering planned for construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This facility is being designed as a 5-laboratory collaboration project. This paper addresses the proposed facility layout, the process for selection and construction of neutronscattering instruments at the SNS, the initial planning done on the basis of a reference set of ten instruments, and the plans for research and development (R and D) to support construction of the first ten instruments and to establish the infrastructure to support later development and construction of additional instruments.

These proceedings enclose ten papers presented at the 1. European Conference on Neutronscattering (ECNS `96). The aim of the Introductory Course was fourfold: - to learn the basic principles of neutronscattering, - to get introduced into the most important classes of neutronscattering instruments, -to learn concepts and their transformation into neutronscattering experiments in various fields of condensed matter research, - to recognize the limitations of the neutronscattering technique as well as to the complementarity of other methods. figs., tabs., refs.

The advent of new neutron facilities and the improvement of existing sources and instruments world wide supply the biological community with many new opportunities in the areas of structural biology and biological physics. The present volume offers a clear description of the various neutron-scattering techniques currently being used to answer biologically relevant questions. Their utility is illustrated through examples by some of the leading researchers in the field of neutronscattering. This volume will be a reference for researchers and a step-by-step guide for young scientists entering the field and the advanced graduate student.

Scale factors for neutron diffraction and neutron inelastic scattering are presented for common adsorbates, and the feasibility of experiments is discussed together with the information gained by each type of experiment. Diffraction, coherent inelastic scattering, and incoherent scattering are tr...

Thermal neutronscattering is a typical microscopic probe for investigating dynamics and structure in condensed matter. In contrast, light (Brillouin) scattering with its three orders of magnitude larger wavelength is a typical macroscopic probe. In a series of experiments using the improved small-angle facility of IN5 a significant step forward is made towards reducing the gap between the two. For the first time the transition from the conventional single line in the neutron spectrum scattered by a fluid to the Rayleigh-Brillouin triplet known from light-scattering experiments is clearly and unambiguously observed in the raw neutron data without applying any corrections. Results of these experiments are presented. (author).

In a concerted effort supported by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Energy, the United States is rebuilding its leadership in neutronscattering capability through a significant investment in U.S. neutronscattering user facilities and related instrumentation. These unique facilities provide opportunities in neutronscattering to a broad community of researchers from academic institutions, federal laboratories, and industry. However, neutronscattering is often considered to be a tool for 'experts only' and in order for the U.S. research community to take full advantage of these new and powerful tools, a comprehensive education and outreach program must be developed. The workshop described below is the first step in developing a national program that takes full advantage of modern education methods and leverages the existing educational capacity at universities and national facilities. During March 27-28, 2008, a workshop entitled 'Building a Network for NeutronScattering Education' was held in Washington, D.C. The goal of the workshop was to define and design a roadmap for a comprehensive neutronscattering education program in the United States. Successful implementation of the roadmap will maximize the national intellectual capital in neutron sciences and will increase the sophistication of research questions addressed by neutronscattering at the nation's forefront facilities. (See Appendix A for the list of attendees, Appendix B for the workshop agenda, Appendix C for a list of references. Appendix D contains the results of a survey given at the workshop; Appendix E contains summaries of the contributed talks.) The workshop brought together U.S. academicians, representatives from neutron sources, scientists who have developed nontraditional educational programs, educational specialists, and managers from government agencies to create a national structure for providing ongoing neutron

This report describes investigations of the magnetic systems DyFe{sub 4}Al{sub 8} and MnSi by neutronscattering and in the former case also by X-ray magnetic resonant scattering. The report is divided into three parts: An introduction to the technique of neutronscattering with special emphasis on the relation between the scattering cross section and the correlations between the scattering entities of the sample. The theoretical framework of neutronscattering experiments using polarized beam technique is outlined. The second part describes neutron and X-ray scattering investigation of the magnetic structures of DyFe{sub 4}Al{sub 8}. The Fe sublattice of the compound order at 180 K in a cycloidal structure in the basal plane of the bct crystal structure. At 25 K the ordering of the Dy sublattice shows up. By the element specific technique of X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, the basal plane cycloidal structure was also found for the Dy sublattice. The work also includes neutronscattering studies of DyFe{sub 4}Al{sub 8} in magnetic fields up to 5 T applied along a <110> direction. The modulated structure at the Dy sublattice is quenched by a field lower than 1 T, whereas modulation is present at the Fe sublattice even when the 5 T field is applied. In the third part of the report, results from three small angle neutron experiments on MnSi are presented. At ambient pressure, a MnSi is known to form a helical spin density wave at temperature below 29 K. The application of 4.5 kbar pressure intended as hydrostatic decreased the Neel temperature to 25 K and changed the orientation of the modulation vector. To understand this reorientation within the current theoretical framework, anisotropic deformation of the sample crystal must be present. The development of magnetic critical scattering with an isotropic distribution of intensity has been studied at a level of detail higher than that of work found in the literature. Finally the potential of a novel polarization

There is currently a big effort put into the operation and construction of world class neutronscattering facilities (SNS and SNS-TS2 in the US, J-PARC in Japan, ESS in Europe, CSS in China, PIK in Russia). On the other hand, there exists a network of smaller neutronscattering facilities which play a key role in creating a large neutronscattering community who is able to efficiently use the existing facilities. With the foreseen closure of the ageing nuclear research reactors, especially in Europe there is a risk of seeing a shrinking of the community who would then be able to use efficiently the world class facilities. There is thus a reflection being conducted in several countries for the replacement of smaller research reactors with low energy accelerator based sources. We consider here a reference design for a compact neutron source based on existing accelerator components. We estimate the performances of various types of neutronscattering instruments built around such a source. The results suggest tha...

Measurements of neutron total cross-sections are both extensive and extremely accurate. Although they place a strong constraint on theoretically constructed models, there are relatively few comparisons of predictions with experiment. The total cross-sections for neutronscattering from $^{16}$O and $^{40}$Ca are calculated as a function of energy from $50-700$~MeV laboratory energy with a microscopic first order optical potential derived within the framework of the Watson expansion. Although ...

An overview of notable contributions of neutronscattering in the advancement of magnetic materials has been presented. A brief description of static neutronscattering techniques, viz., diffraction, depolarization, small angle scattering, and reflectivity, employed in the studies of advanced magnetic materials, is given. Apart from providing the up-to-date literature, this review highlights the importance of neutronscattering techniques in achieving microscopic as well as mesoscopic understanding of static magnetic properties of the following selective classes of advanced magnetic materials: (i) magnetocaloric materials, (ii) permanent magnets, (iii) multiferroic materials, (iv) spintronic materials, and (v) molecular magnetic materials. In the area of magnetocaloric materials, neutron diffraction studies have greatly improved the understanding of magneto-structural coupling by probing (i) atomic site distribution, (ii) evolution of structural phases and lattice parameters across the TC, and (iii) microscopic details of magnetic ordering in several potential magnetocaloric materials. Such an understanding is vital to enhance the magnetocaloric effect. Structural and magnetic investigations, employing neutron diffraction and allied techniques, have helped to improve the quality of permanent magnets by tailoring (understanding) structural phases, magnetic ordering, crystallinity, microstructure (texture), and anisotropy. The neutron diffraction studies of structural distortions/instabilities and magnetic ordering in multiferroic materials have improved the microscopic understanding of magnetoelectric coupling that allows one to control magnetic order by an electric field and electric order by a magnetic field in multiferroic materials. In the field of molecular magnetic materials, neutron diffraction studies have enhanced the understanding of (i) structural and magnetic ordering, (ii) short-range structural and magnetic correlations, (iii) spin density distribution

analytically and compared with neutronscattering experiments on 8 nm and 16 nm particles, validating the theory and determining the magnitude of the anisotropy constants. In addition, the temperature dependence of the excitations and of the superparamagnetism are explored using numerical simulations. Through...... dynamics of GAG as function of applied magnetic eld were measured using inelastic neutronscattering. The data showed the existence of a low energy mode in zero eld, similar to what was discovered in GGG earlier. An applied magnetic eld was found to sharpen the excitations, nally inducing a gap when...

A library of Monte Carlo subroutines has been developed for the purpose of design of neutronscattering instruments. Using small-angle scattering as an example, the philosophy and structure of the library are described and the programs are used to compare instruments at continuous wave (CW) and long-pulse spallation source (LPSS) neutron facilities. The Monte Carlo results give a count-rate gain of a factor between 2 and 4 using time-of-flight analysis. This is comparable to scaling arguments based on the ratio of wavelength bandwidth to resolution width.

Since its inception, single-crystal neutron interferometry has often been utilized for precise neutronscattering length, b, measurements. Scattering length data of light nuclei is particularly important in the study of few nucleon interactions as b can be predicted by two + three nucleon interaction (NI) models. As such they provide a critical test of the accuracy 2+3 NI models. Nuclear effective field theories also make use of light nuclei b in parameterizing mean-field behavior. The NIST neutron interferometer and optics facility has measured b to less than 0.8% relative uncertainty in polarized 3He and to less than 0.1% relative uncertainty in H, D, and unpolarized 3He. A neutron interferometer consists of a perfect silicon crystal machined such that there are three separate blades on a common base. Neutrons are Bragg diffracted in the blades to produce two spatially separate (yet coherent) beam paths much like an optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A gas sample placed in one of the beam paths of the interferometer causes a phase difference between the two paths which is proportional to b. This talk will focus on the latest scattering length measurement for n-4He which ran at NIST in Fall/Winter 2010 and is currently being analyzed.

Measurements of the angular and energy distributions of 4.28 Å neutronsscattered at small angles from iron at temperatures above the Curie temperature are described. The results are interpreted in terms of Van Hove's theory of critical magnetic scattering and yield information on the range of spin...... to the existence of long-range couplings within the spin system. Details of certain recent modifications of the theory of critical systems are discussed and compared with the experimental results....

Polarized neutronscattering (PNS) is a powerful tool that probes the magnetic structures in a wide variety of magnetic materials. Polarized ^3He gas, produced by optical pumping, can be used to polarize or analyze neutron beams because of the strong spin dependence of the neutron absorption cross section for ^3He. Polarized ^3He neutron spin filters (NSF) have been of great interest in PNS community due to recent significant improvement of their performance. Here I will discuss successful applications using ^3He NSFs in polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) and triple-axis spectrometry (TAS). In PNR, a ^3He NSF in conjunction with a position-sensitive detector allows for efficient polarization analysis of off-specular scattering over a broad range of reciprocal space. In TAS, a ^3He NSF in combination with a double focusing pyrolytic graphite monochromator provides greater versatility and higher intensity compared to a Heusler polarizer. Finally I will present the results from patterned magnetically-coupled thin films in PNR and our first ``proof-of-principle'' experiment in TAS, both of which were performed using ^3He NSF(s) at the NIST Center for Neutron Research.

This experiment will measure neutron-proton elastic scattering at very small angles and hence very small four-momentum transfer, |t|. The range of |t| depends on the incident neutron momentum of the events but the geometrical acceptance will cover the angular range 0.025 < $\\Theta_{lab}$ < 1.9 mrad. The higher figure could be extended to 8.4 mrad by changing the geometry of the experiment in a later phase. \\\\ \\\\ The neutron beam will be highly collimated and will be derived from a 400 GeV external proton beam of up to $4 \\times 10^{10}$ protons per pulse in the SPS North Area Hall 1. The hydrogen target will be gaseous, operating at 40 atm. pressure and acts as a multiwire proportional chamber to detect the recoil protons. The forward neutron will be detected and located by interaction in a neutron vertex detector and its energy measured by a conventional steel plate calorimeter. \\\\ \\\\ The experiment will cover the angular region of nucleon-nucleon scattering which is dominated by Coulomb scattering ...

The mean kinetic energy of hydrogen and carbon atoms in unstretched and stretched polyethylene samples has been measured by neutron Compton scattering. The vibrational frequencies of the ground state and torsional energies have been calculated and compared with the existing data and calculations. The results obtained on deuterated and non-deuterated samples are compared. (orig.)

The 8th American Conference on NeutronScattering (ACNS) was held July 10-14, 2016 in Long Beach California, marking the first time the meeting has been held on the west coast. The meeting was coordinated by the NeutronScattering Society of America (NSSA), and attracted 285 attendees. The meeting was chaired by NSSA vice president Patrick Woodward (the Ohio State University) assisted by NSSA president Stephan Rosenkranz (Argonne National Laboratory) together with the local organizing chair, Brent Fultz (California Institute of Technology). As in past years the Materials Research Society assisted with planning, logistics and operation of the conference. The science program was divided into the following research areas: (a) Sources, Instrumentation, and Software; (b) Hard Condensed Matter; (c) Soft Matter; (d) Biology; (e) Materials Chemistry and Materials for Energy; (f) Engineering and Industrial Applications; and (g) Neutron Physics.

The observability of the stochastic resonance phenomenon in a neutronscattering experiment is investigated, considering that the scatterer can hop between two sites. Under stochastic resonance conditions scattered intensity is transferred from the quasielastic region to two inelastic peaks. The magnitude of the signal-to-noise ratio is shown to be similar to that arising in the corresponding power spectrum. Effects of potential asymmetry are discussed in detail. Asymmetry leads to a reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 1-xi(2), where xi is an asymmetry parameter which is zero for symmetric problems and equal to unity in a completely asymmetric case.

Neutronscattering data, using neutrons of incident energies as high as 2 eV, on -Ce and -Ce-like systems such as CeRh2, CeNi2, CeFe24, CeRu2, and many others that point clearly to the substantially localized 4f electronic state in these systems are reviewed. The present interpretation is contrary to the widely held view that the 4f electrons in these systems form a narrow itinerant electron 4f band.

Reliable detection of explosives and narcotics depends on generating signatures of compounds which characterize them. Major explosives and also alkaloid narcotics contain unique concentrations of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O). The kinematic energy shifts of neutronsscattered through angles larger than 140{degrees} allows separate determinations of C, N, and O; ratios of N/C and O/C together give clear signatures of the presence of plastic explosives or narcotics. The ability to detect these signatures under conditions similar to those that would obtain for airport screening has been demonstrated for neutrons for energies less {le} 3 MeV. Strong N resonances and a deep window for scattering from O enhance the confidence of element quantification. Detection of contraband in large cargo containers presents a much more difficult problem. Use of higher energy neutrons is now being tested for shielding penetration, so narcotic signatures could be identified behind the shielding of cargo containers. Scatteredneutron spectra, or {open_quotes}signatures{close_quotes} of different organic compounds will be presented.

We have designed and built a mechanical rotation system for use in single crystal neutronscattering experiments at low temperatures. The main motivation for this device is to facilitate the application of magnetic fields transverse to a primary training axis, using only a vertical cryomagnet. Development was done in the context of a triple-axis neutron spectrometer, but the design is such that it can be generalized to a number of different instruments or measurement techniques. Here, we discuss some of the experimental constraints motivating the design, followed by design specifics, preliminary experimental results, and a discussion of potential uses and future extension possibilities.

Multiple spin exchange leads, according to present understanding, to a variety of magnetically ordered states in solid 3He, depending on pressure and applied magnetic field. We report the status of experiments to directly determine these structures by neutronscattering. The large neutron absorption cross section, and associated sample heating, impose severe experimental demands on the design of the sample cell. We report on our proposed solution, including details of the sintered heat exchanger necessary to cool the sample, as well as the PrNi 5 nuclear demagnetization stage. The use of NMR in parallel experiments to characterise growth of the solid sample within the sinter is also discussed.

Time-dependent small-angle polarised neutronscattering from domains of polarised protons has been observed at the onset of dynamic nuclear polarisation in a frozen solution of 98% deuterated glycerol-water at 1 K containing a small concentration of paramagnetic centres (EHBA-Cr sup V). Simultaneous NMR measurements show that the observed scattering arises from protons around the Cr sup V -ions which are polarised to approx 10% in a few seconds, much faster than the protons in the bulk. (authors)

A code package consisting of the Monte Carlo Library MCLIB, the executing code MC{_}RUN, the web application MC{_}Web, and various ancillary codes is proposed as an open standard for simulation of neutronscattering instruments. The architecture of the package includes structures to define surfaces, regions, and optical elements contained in regions. A particle is defined by its vector position and velocity, its time of flight, its mass and charge, and a polarization vector. The MC{_}RUN code handles neutron transport and bookkeeping, while the action on the neutron within any region is computed using algorithms that may be deterministic, probabilistic, or a combination. Complete versatility is possible because the existing library may be supplemented by any procedures a user is able to code. Some examples are shown.

Progress in neutronscattering experiments at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute for the year 1997-1998 is reported in brief. The superconducting gap was discovered in the spin excitation spectra of a heavy fermion superconductor UPd{sub 2}Al{sub 3}, which proved the superconductivity of this compound to be due to magnetic origin. The magnetic and superconducting order parameter was found in UPd{sub 2}Al{sub 3}, UNi{sub 2}Al{sub 3}, UPt{sub 3} and URu{sub 2}Si{sub 2}. It was concluded from this result that the coupling of the order parameter would be a characteristic property in heavy fermion superconductors. The correlation between strong magnetic interaction and the superconducting transition under high pressure was indicated from spin excitation in the strongly correlated electron system of a ladder material (Sr,Ca){sub 14}Cu{sub 24}O{sub 41}. The magnetic flux structure in a Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}} superconductor was examined by SANS (small angle neutronscattering) to observe the decomposition of the flux lines. A liquid-He-free dilution refrigerator was developed for neutronscattering experiments at ultralow temperature. The coherent scattering length of the {sup 69}Ga and {sup 71}Ga was evaluated by use of the apparatus for precise neutron optics. The structure of hen egg-white Lysozyne was investigated in detail. Detailed research report for the year 1997-1998 was published in the JAERI-Review 99-003. (Y. Kazumata)

Neutrons have an important role to play in structural biology. Neutron crystallography, small-angle neutronscattering and inelastic neutronscattering techniques all contribute unique information on biomolecular structures. In particular, solution scattering techniques give critical information on the conformations and dispositions of the components of complex assemblies under a wide variety of relevant conditions. The power of these methods is demonstrated here by studies of protein/DNA complexes, and Ca{sup 2+}-binding proteins complexed with their regulatory targets. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of a new structural approach using neutron resonance scattering. The impact of biological neutronscattering to date has been constrained principally by the available fluxes at neutron sources and the true potential of these approaches will only be realized with the development of new more powerful neutron sources. (author)

Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, Volume 15: NeutronScattering shows how neutronscattering methods can be used to obtain important information on materials. The book discusses the general principles of neutronscattering; the techniques used in neutron crystallography; and the applications of nuclear and magnetic scattering. The text also describes the measurement of phonons, their role in phase transformations, and their behavior in the presence of crystal defects; and quasi-elastic scattering, with its special merits in the study of microscopic dynamical phenomena in solids and

Conventional wisdom holds that since biological entities are large, they must be studied with cold neutrons, a domain in which reactor sources of neutrons are often supposed to be pre-eminent. In fact, the current generation of pulsed spallation neutron sources, such as LANSCE at Los Alamos and ISIS in the United Kingdom, has demonstrated a capability for small angle scattering (SANS) - a typical cold- neutron application - that was not anticipated five years ago. Although no one has yet built a Laue diffractometer at a pulsed spallation source, calculations show that such an instrument would provide an exceptional capability for protein crystallography at one of the existing high-power spoliation sources. Even more exciting is the prospect of installing such spectrometers either at a next-generation, short-pulse spallation source or at a long-pulse spallation source. A recent Los Alamos study has shown that a one-megawatt, short-pulse source, which is an order of magnitude more powerful than LANSCE, could be built with today`s technology. In Europe, a preconceptual design study for a five-megawatt source is under way. Although such short-pulse sources are likely to be the wave of the future, they may not be necessary for some applications - such as Laue diffraction - which can be performed very well at a long-pulse spoliation source. Recently, it has been argued by Mezei that a facility that combines a short-pulse spallation source similar to LANSCE, with a one-megawatt, long-pulse spallation source would provide a cost-effective solution to the global shortage of neutrons for research. The basis for this assertion as well as the performance of some existing neutron spectrometers at short-pulse sources will be examined in this presentation.

We describe some of the first polarized neutronscattering measurements performed at HYSPEC spectrometer at the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We discuss details of the instrument setup and the experimental procedures in the mode with the full polarization analysis. Examples of the polarized neutron diffraction and the polarized inelastic neutron data obtained on single crystal samples are presented.

Because of the prevalence of its use in the nuclear energy industry and for our overall understanding of the interactions of neutrons with matter, accurately determining the effects of fast neutronsscattering from 12C is important. Previously measured 12C inelastic neutronscattering differential cross sections found in the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) show significant discrepancies (>30%). Seeking to resolve these discrepancies, neutron inelastic and elastic scattering differential cross sections for 12C were measured at the University of Kentucky Acceleratory Laboratory for incident neutron energies of 5.58, 5.83, and 6.04 MeV. Quasi mono-energetic neutrons were scattered off an enriched 12C target (>99.99%) and detected by a C6D6 liquid scintillation detector. Time-of-flight (TOF) techniques were used to determine scatteredneutron energies and allowed for elastic/inelastic scattering distinction. Relative detector efficiencies were determined through direct measurements of neutrons produced by the 2H(d,n) and 3H(p,n) source reactions, and absolute normalization factors were found by comparing 1H scattering measurements to accepted NNDC values. This experimental procedure has been successfully used for prior neutronscattering measurements and seems well-suited to our current objective. Significant challenges were encountered, however, with measuring the neutron detector efficiency over the broad incident neutron energy range required for these measurements. Funding for this research was provided by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA).

It is generally assumed by most of the small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) user community that a neutrons energy is unchanged during SANS measurements. Here, the scattering from water, specifically light water, was measured on the EQ-SANS instrument, a time-of-flight SANS instrument located at the Spallation Neutron Source of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A significant inelastic process was observed in the TOF spectra of neutronsscattered from water. Analysis of the TOF spectra from the sample showed that the scatteredneutrons have energies consistent with room-temperature thermal energies (~20 meV) regardless of the incident neutron energy. With the aid of Monte Carlo particle transport simulations, we conclude that the thermalization process within the sample results in faster neutrons that arrive at the detector earlier than expected based on the incident neutron energies. This thermalization process impacts the measured SANS intensities in a manner that will ultimately be sample- and temperature-depe...

Importance of collective variable description of conformational dynamics of biopolymers and the vital role that neutron inelastic scattering phenomena would play in its experimental determination are discussed. (author)

Quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS) technique is well suited to study the molecular motions (rotations and translations) in solids or liquids. It offers a unique possibility of analysing spatial dimensions of atomic or molecular processes in their development over time. We describe here some of the systems studied using the QENS spectrometer, designed, developed and commissioned at Dhruva reactor in Trombay. We have studied a variety of systems to investigate the molecular motion, for example, simple molecular solids, molecules adsorbed in confined medium like porous systems or zeolites, monolayer-protected nano-sized metal clusters, water in Portland cement as it cures with time, etc. (author)

The present experiment exploits the interference between the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) and the Bethe-Heitler processes to extract the imaginary part of DVCS amplitudes on the neutron and on the deuteron from the helicity-dependent D$({\\vec e},e'\\gamma)X$ cross section measured at $Q^2$=1.9 GeV$^2$ and $x_B$=0.36. We extract a linear combination of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) particularly sensitive to $E_q$, the least constrained GPD. A model dependent constraint on the contribution of the up and down quarks to the nucleon spin is deduced.

The present experiment exploits the interference between the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) and the Bethe-Heitler processes to extract the imaginary part of DVCS amplitudes on the neutron and on the deuteron from the helicity-dependent D$({\\vec e},e'\\gamma)X$ cross section measured at $Q^2$=1.9 GeV$^2$ and $x_B$=0.36. We extract a linear combination of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) particularly sensitive to $E_q$, the least constrained GPD. A model dependent constraint on the contribution of the up and down quarks to the nucleon spin is deduced.

Full Text Available Today facilities with collimated radiation field are widely used as reference in metrological support of devices for neutron radiation measurement. Neutron fields formed by radionuclide neutron sources. The aim of this research was to study characteristics of experimentally realized neutron fields geometries on АТ140 Neutron Calibration Facility using Monte Carlo method.For calibration, we put a device into neutron field with known flux density or ambient equivalent dose rate. We can form neutron beam from radionuclide fast-neutron source in different geometries. In containercollimator of АТ140 Neutron Calibration Facility we can install special inserts to gather fast-neutron geometry or thermal-neutron geometry. We need to consider neutronscattering from air and room’s walls. We can conduct measurements of neutron field characteristics in several points and get the other using Monte Carlo method.Thermal neutron collimator forms a beam from radionuclide source with a significant amount of neutrons with thermal energies. From found relationship between full neutron flux and distance to neutron source we see that inverse square law is violated. Scattered radiation contribution into total flux increases when we are moving away from neutron source and significantly influences neutron fields characteristics. While source is exposed in shadow-cone geometry neutron specter has pronounced thermal component from wall scattering.In this work, we examined main geometry types used to acquire reference neutron radiation using radionuclide sources. We developed Monte Carlo model for 238Pu-Be neutron source and АТ140 Neutron Calibration Facility’s container-collimator. We have shown the most significant neutron energy distribution factor to be scattered radiation from room’s walls. It leads to significant changes of neutron radiation specter at a distance from the source. When planning location, and installing the facility we should consider

The molecular nature of the secondary relaxation (Johari-Goldstein relaxation) and its relationship with the alpha relaxation is in most cases still unknown. In order to access these processes on a molecular level, it is necessary to obtain spatial information of the relaxation. Through the momentum-transfer dependence of the dynamic structure factor S(Q,t), this information can be provided by quasielastic neutronscattering techniques. The large difference in scattering lengths between hydrogen and deuterium allows us to accentuate specific correlations between atoms in a polymer melt. Here, we report on recent results on a polybutadiene melt, where the double bond was hydrogeneous, while the methylene groups carried deuterons (d4h2-PB). In this way the correlations between the double bonds are emphasised. We will show that the double bond/double bond correlation function, generated in this way, shows the same temperature dependence as the viscosity at higher temperatures at the structure factor peak maximum...

The methods employed and the results obtained from measurements and calculations of the detection efficiency for the neutron detectors used at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) in the simultaneous determination of the {sup 1}S{sub 0} neutron-neutron and neutron-proton scattering lengths a{sub nn} and a{sub np}, respectively, are described. Typical values for the detector efficiency were 0.3. Very good agreement between the different experimental methods and between data and calculation has been obtained in the neutron energy range below E{sub n}=13MeV.

We give an introduction to inelastic neutronscattering and the dynamic scattering function for magnetic nanoparticles. Differences between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles are discussed and we give a review of recent results on ferromagnetic Fe nanoparticles and canted antiferro......We give an introduction to inelastic neutronscattering and the dynamic scattering function for magnetic nanoparticles. Differences between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles are discussed and we give a review of recent results on ferromagnetic Fe nanoparticles and canted...

slab geometry, two studies were conducted exploring the relative effect of anisotropic scatter as compared to isotropic scatter in the center of mass... anisotropic scatter. In order to address this question, first anisotropic scatter was implemented, then verified, and finally, the measurement of the... measured value. The relative error between neutron counts in isotropic and anisotropic time- integrated energy bins, isotropic anisotropicrel

The principle of using strongly scattering materials to recover efficiency in neutron detectors, via back-scattering of unconverted thermal neutrons, is discussed in general. Feasibility of the method is illustrated through Geant4-based simulations of a specific setup involving a moderator-like material placed behind a single layered boron-10 thin film gaseous detector.

of the lack of conventional long range order in GGG. Several members of the La2􀀀xSrxCuO4+y cuprate family of high-temperature superconductors were investigated using neutronscattering. In La2􀀀xSrxCuO4 with x = 0:12 the correlations along the c-axis were investigated. It was found......O4+y were performed, with a number of interesting results. There was evidence of a small gap below 0.5 meV, and the intensity of the uctuations above this energy was found to decrease with increasing applied magnetic eld, contrary to expectations. The most likely explanation is that the magnetic eld...

The authors report zero-field inelastic neutronscattering experiments on a 14-gram deuterated sample of Mn{sub 12}-Acetate consisting of a large number of identical spin-10 magnetic clusters. Their resolution enables them to see a series of peaks corresponding to transitions between the anisotropy levels within the spin-10 manifold. A fit to the spin Hamiltonian H = {minus}DS{sub z}{sup 2} + {mu}{sub B}B{center_dot}g{center_dot}S-BS{sub z}{sup 4} + C(S{sub +}{sup 4} + S{sub {minus}}{sup 4}) yields an anisotropy constant D = (0.54 {+-} 0.02) K and a fourth-order diagonal anisotropy coefficient B = (1.2 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup {minus}3}K. Unlike EPR measurements, their experiments do not require a magnetic field and yield parameters that do not require knowledge of the g-value.

Measurements of neutron total cross sections are both extensive and extremely accurate. Although they place a strong constraint on theoretically constructed models, there are relatively few comparisons of predictions with experiment. The total cross sections for neutronscattering from 16O and 40Ca are calculated as a function of energy from 50 to 700 MeV laboratory energy with a microscopic first-order optical potential derived within the framework of the Watson expansion. Although these results are aleady in qualitative agreement with the data, the inclusion of medium corrections to the propagator is essential to correctly predict the energy dependence given by the experiment. In the region between 100 and 200 MeV, where off-shell tρ calculations for both 16O and 40Ca overpredict the experiment, the modification due to the nuclear medium reduces the calculated values. Above 300 MeV these corrections are very small and depending on the employed nuclear mean field tend to compensate for the underprediction of the off-shell tρ results.

Measurements of neutron total cross sections are both extensive and extremely accurate. Although they place a strong constraint on theoretically constructed models, there are relatively few comparisons of predictions with experiment. The total cross sections for neutronscattering from [sup 16]O and [sup 40]Ca are calculated as a function of energy from 50 to 700 MeV laboratory energy with a microscopic first-order optical potential derived within the framework of the Watson expansion. Although these results are aleady in qualitative agreement with the data, the inclusion of medium corrections to the propagator is essential to correctly predict the energy dependence given by the experiment. In the region between 100 and 200 MeV, where off-shell [ital t][rho] calculations for both [sup 16]O and [sup 40]Ca overpredict the experiment, the modification due to the nuclear medium reduces the calculated values. Above 300 MeV these corrections are very small and depending on the employed nuclear mean field tend to compensate for the underprediction of the off-shell [ital t][rho] results.

This thesis is a blend of neutron transport theory and numerical analysis. We start with the study of the problem of the Mika/Case eigenexpansion used in the solution process of the homogeneous one-speed Boltzmann neutron transport equation with anisotropic scattering for plane symmetry. The anisotropic scattering is expressed as a finite Legendre series in which the coefficients are the ``scattering coefficients'. This eigenexpansion consists of a discrete spectrum of eigenvalues with its co...

Small-angle neutronscattering measurements were performed on end-linked poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks swollen to equilibrium with d-benzene. Comparison was made with equivalent concentration PDMS solutions. Equilibrium-swollen networks consistently displayed a linear scattering regime at low q followed by a good-solvent-like scaling regime at high q in agreement with the predictions of the Gel Tensile Blob (GTB) model. Data are fit using the unified function modified for the GTB model (3-parameter fit). Equilibrium-swollen networks display a base structural size, the gel tensile-blob size, xi, that was found to be independent of the molecular weight between crosslinks for the series of molecular weights studied, consistent with the predictions of the model. The length of the extended tensile structure, L, can be larger than the length of the fully extended network strand. The predicted scaling relationship for L, L approximately Q(1/2)N(avg), where N(avg) = (1/fN(c)(2) + 1/4N(e)(2), Q is the equilibrium swelling ratio, N(c) is the molecular weight between crosslinks, N(e) is the entanglement molecular weight and f is the crosslink functionality is in agreement with experimental results for the networks studied.

Providing a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the theory and applications of slow-neutronscattering, this detailed book equips readers with the fundamental principles of neutron studies, including the background and evolving development of neutron sources, facility design, neutronscattering instrumentation and techniques, and applications in materials phenomena. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience in this field, this text explores the implications of slow-neutron research in greater depth and breadth than ever before in an accessible yet rigorous manner suitable for both students and researchers in the fields of physics, biology, and materials engineering. Through pedagogical examples and in-depth discussion, readers will be able to grasp the full scope of the field of neutronscattering, from theoretical background through to practical, scientific applications.

Neutronscattering is a direct probe of mass and magnetization density in solids. We start with a brief review of experimental strategies for determining the mechanisms of superconductivity and how neutronscattering contributed towards our understanding of conventional superconductors. The remai......Neutronscattering is a direct probe of mass and magnetization density in solids. We start with a brief review of experimental strategies for determining the mechanisms of superconductivity and how neutronscattering contributed towards our understanding of conventional superconductors....... The remainder of the article gives examples of neutron results with impact on the search for the mechanism of superconductivity in more recently discovered, 'exotic', materials, namely the heavy fermion compounds and the layered cuprates, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved....

Since the advent of the nuclear reactor, thermal neutronscattering has proved a valuable tool for studying many properties of solids and liquids, and research workers are active in the field at reactor centres and universities throughout the world. This classic text provides the basic quantum theory of thermal neutronscattering and applies the concepts to scattering by crystals, liquids and magnetic systems. Other topics discussed are the relation of the scattering to correlation functions in the scattering system, the dynamical theory of scattering and polarisation analysis. No previous knowledge of the theory of thermal neutronscattering is assumed, but basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and solid state physics is required. The book is intended for experimenters rather than theoreticians, and the discussion is kept as informal as possible. A number of examples, with worked solutions, are included as an aid to the understanding of the text.

This thesis describes the experimental investigation of frustrated magnetic systems based on the pyrochlore lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra. Ho2Ti207 and Dy2Ti207 are examples of spin ices, in which the manifold of disordered magnetic groundstates maps onto that of the proton positions in ice. Using single crystal neutronscattering to measure Bragg and diffuse scattering, the effect of applying magnetic fields along different directions in the crystal was investigated. Different schemes of degeneracy removal were observed for different directions. Long and short range order, and the coexistence of both could be observed by this technique.The field and temperature dependence of magnetic ordering was studied in Ho2Ti207 and Dy2Ti207. Ho2Ti2()7 has been more extensively investigated. The field was applied on [00l], [hh0], [hhh] and [hh2h]. Dy2Ti207 was studied with the field applied on [00l] and [hho] but more detailed information about the evolution of the scattering pattern across a large area of reciprocal space was obtained.With the field applied on [00l] both materials showed complete degeneracy removal. A long range ordered structure was formed. Any magnetic diffuse scattering vanished and was entirely replaced by strong magnetic Bragg scattering. At T =0.05 K both materials show unusual magnetization curves, with a prominent step and hysteresis. This was attributed to the extremely slow dynamics of spin ice materials at this temperature.Both materials were studied in greatest detail with the field applied on [hh0]. The coexistence of long and short range order was observed when the field was raised at T = 0.05 K. The application of a field in this direction separated the spin system into two populations. One could be ordered by the field, and one remained disordered. However, via spin-spin interactions, the field restricted the degeneracy of the disordered spin population. The neutronscattering pattern of Dy2Ti207 shows that the spin system was separated

Fast neutron radiography opened up a new range of possibilities to image extremely dense objects. The removal of the scattering effect is one of the most challenging problems in neutron imaging. Neutronscattering in fast neutron radiography did not receive much attention compared with X-ray and thermal neutron radiography. The purpose of this work is to investigate the behavior of the Point Scattered Function (PScF) as applied in fast neutron radiography. The PScF was calculated using MCNP as a spatial distribution of scatteredneutrons over the detector surface for one emitting source element. Armament and explosives materials, namely, Rifle steel, brass, aluminum and trinitrotoluene (TNT) were simulated. Effect of various sample thickness and sample-to-detector distance were considered. Simulated sample geometries included a slab with varying thickness, a sphere with varying radii, and a cylinder with varying base radii. Different neutron sources, namely, Cf-252, DT as well as DD neutron sources were considered. Neutron beams with zero degree divergence angle; and beams with varying angles related to the normal to the source plane were simulated. Curve fitting of the obtained PScF, in the form of Gaussian function, were given to be used in future work using image restoration codes. Analytical representation of the height as well as the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the obtained Gaussian functions eliminates the need to calculate the PScF for sample parameters that were not investigated in this study.

Neutron inelastic-scattering data from liquid N2 at wave-vector transfer κ between 0.18 and 2.1 Å-1 and temperatures ranging from T=65-77 K are presented. The data are corrected for the contribution from multiple scattering and incoherent scattering. The resulting dynamic structure factor S (κ,ω)...

Building on previous work that considered spherical scatterers and randomly oriented spheroidal scatterers, we describe a multiple small-angle neutronscattering (MSANS) analysis for nonrandomly oriented spheroids. We illustrate this with studies of the multi-component void morphologies found in plasma-spray thermal barrier coatings. (orig.)

Most of the early development of neutronscattering techniques utilizing reactor neutrons occurred at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory during the years immediately following World War II. C.G. Shull, E.O. Wollan, and their associates systematically established neutron diffraction as a quantitative research tool and then applied this technique to important problems in nuclear physics, chemical crystallography, and magnetism. This article briefly summarizes the very important research at ORNL during this period, which laid the foundation for the establishment of neutronscattering programs throughout the world. 47 refs., 10 figs.

This paper describes progress that has been made at the Manuel Lujan Jr. NeutronScattering Center (LANSCE) during the past two years. Presently, LANSCE provides a higher peak neutron flux than any other pulsed spallation neutron source. There are seven spectrometers for neutronscattering experiments that are operated for a national user program sponsored by the US Department of Energy. Two more spectrometers are under construction. Plans have been made to raise the number of beam holes available for instrumentation and to improve the efficiency of the target/moderator system. 9 refs., 4 figs.

We discuss various methods to obtain the resolution volume for neutronscattering experiments, in order to perform absolute normalization on inelastic magnetic neutronscattering data. Examples from previous experiments are given. We also try to provide clear definitions of a number of physical quantities which are commonly used to describe neutron magnetic scattering results, including the dynamic spin correlation function and the imaginary part of the dynamic susceptibility. Formulas that can be used for general purposes are provided and the advantages of the different normalization processes are discussed.

Scatteringneutrons are one of the key factors that may affect the images of fast neutron radiog- raphy. In this paper, a mathematical model for scatteredneutrons is developed on a cylinder sample, and an empirical formula for scatteredneutrons is obtained. According to the results given by Monte Carlo methods, the parameters in the empirical formula are obtained with curve fitting, which confirms the logicality of the empirical formula. The curve-fitted parameters of common materials such as LiD are given.

Full Text Available Elastic and inelastic neutronscattering differential cross sections and γ-ray production cross sections have been measured on 54,56Fe at several incident energies in the fast neutron region between 1.5 and 4.7 MeV. All measurements were completed at the University of Kentucky Accelerator Laboratory (UKAL using a 7-MV Model CN Van de Graaff accelerator, along with the neutron production and neutron and γ-ray detection systems located there. The facilities at UKAL allow the investigation of both elastic and inelastic scattering with nearly mono-energetic incident neutrons. Time-of-flight techniques were used to detect the scatteredneutrons for the differential cross section measurements. The measured cross sections are important for fission reactor applications and also for testing global model calculations such as those found at ENDF, since describing both the elastic and inelastic scattering is important for determining the direct and compound components of the scattering mechanism. The γ-ray production cross sections are used to determine cross sections to unresolved levels in the neutronscattering experiments. Results from our measurements and comparisons to model calculations are presented.

A predictive approach based on ab initio quantum mechanics and/or classical molecular dynamics simulations has been formulated to calculate the scattering law, S(κ⇀,ω), and the thermal neutronscattering cross sections of materials. In principle, these atomistic methods make it possible to generate the inelastic thermal neutronscattering cross sections of any material and to accurately reflect the physical conditions of the medium (i.e, temperature, pressure, etc.). In addition, the generated cross sections are free from assumptions such as the incoherent approximation of scattering theory and, in the case of solids, crystalline perfection. As a result, new and improved thermal neutronscattering data libraries have been generated for a variety of materials. Among these are materials used for reactor moderators and reflectors such as reactor-grade graphite and beryllium (including the coherent inelastic scattering component), silicon carbide, cold neutron media such as solid methane, and neutron beam filters such as sapphire and bismuth. Consequently, it is anticipated that the above approach will play a major role in providing the nuclear science and engineering community with its needs of thermal neutronscattering data especially when considering new materials where experimental information may be scarce or nonexistent.

Observation by inelastic neutronscattering of resonant lattice modes due to small concentration of W atoms in Cr host crystal; frequencies and lifetimes of phonons with frequencies near that of resonant mode are considerably affected by presence of defects....

We present the first triple-axis neutronscattering measurements of magnetic fluctuations in nanoparticles using an antiferromagnetic reflection. Both the superparamagnetic relaxation and precession modes in similar to 15 nm hematite particles are: observed. The results have been consistently...

We have investigated the influence of multiple scattering on the magnetic small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) from a Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnet. We performed sample-thickness- and neutron-wavelength-dependent SANS measurements, and observed the scattering vector dependence of the multiple magnetic scattering. It is revealed that significant multiple scattering exists in the magnetic scattering rather than the nuclear scattering of Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnet. It is considered that the mean free path of the neutrons for magnetic scattering is rather short in Nd-Fe-B magnets. We analysed the SANS data by the phenomenological magnetic correlation model considering the magnetic microstructures and obtained the microstructural parameters.

In July 10, 2012 cold neutrons were generated for the first time with the unique pelletized cold neutron moderator CM-202 at the IBR-2M reactor. This new moderator system uses small spherical beads of a solid mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene derivatives) as the moderating material. Aromatic hydrocarbons are known as the most radiation-resistant hydrogenous substances and have properties to moderate slow neutrons effectively. Since the new moderator was put into routine operation in September 2013, the IBR-2 research reactor of the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics has consolidated its position among the world’s leading pulsed neutron sources for investigation of matter with neutronscattering methods.

The TRIGA MARK II Research reactor at the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Research (MINT) was commissioned in July 1982. Since then various works have been performed to utilise the neutrons produced from this steady state reactor. One of the project involved the Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS). (author)

Full Text Available Bainite transformation behavior was monitored using simultaneous measurements of dilatometry and small angle neutronscattering (SANS. The volume fraction of bainitic ferrite was estimated from the SANS intensity, showing good agreement with the results of the dilatometry measurements. We propose a more advanced monitoring technique combining dilatometry, SANS and neutron diffraction.

It is generally assumed by most of the small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) user community that a neutron's energy is unchanged during SANS measurements. Here, the scattering from water, specifically light water, was measured on the EQ-SANS instrument, a time-of-flight (TOF) SANS instrument located at the Spallation Neutron Source of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A significant inelastic process was observed in the TOF spectra of neutronsscattered from water. Analysis of the TOF spectra from the sample showed that the scatteredneutrons have energies consistent with room-temperature thermal energies (∼20 meV) regardless of the incident neutron's energy. With the aid of Monte Carlo particle transport simulations, we conclude that the thermalization process within the sample results in faster neutrons that arrive at the detector earlier than expected based on the incident neutron energies. This thermalization process impacts the measured SANS intensities in a manner that will ultimately be sample- and temperature-dependent, necessitating careful processing of the raw data into the SANS cross-section.

We review current research on minerals using inelastic neutronscattering and lattice dynamics calculations. Inelastic neutronscattering studies in combination with first principles and atomistic calculations provide a detailed understanding of the phonon dispersion relations, density of states and their manifestations in various thermodynamic properties. The role of theoretical lattice dynamics calculations in the planning, interpretation and analysis of neutron experiments are discussed. These studies provide important insights in understanding various anomalous behaviour including pressure-induced amorphization, phonon and elastic instabilities, prediction of novel high pressure phase transitions, high pressure{temperature melting, etc.

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a major new user-oriented facility which is now coming on line for basic research in neutronscattering and neutron radiation damage. This paper describes the data-acquisition system which will handle data acquisition and instrument control for the time-of-flight neutron-scattering instruments at IPNS. This discussion covers the scientific and operational requirements for this system, and the system architecture that was chosen to satisfy these requirements. It also provides an overview of the current system implementation including brief descriptions of the hardware and software which have been developed.

We will report the results of our recent inelastic neutronscattering study on {beta}-US{sub 2}. This compound shows a semi-metallic or narrow gap semi-conducting behaviour at room temperature. A clear exponential up-turn of the resistivity in the order of {approx}10{sup 6} {Omega}cm has been observed below 100 K. We found a sharp inelastic peak at the excitation energy of about 7 meV at 8 K. The Q-dependence of the peak intensity is in good agreement with the magnetic form factor of U{sup 4+} ion and no clear dispersion relation has been observed. Therefore we concluded that this is a crystalline electric field (CEF) excitation peak. The excitation energy is in good agreement with the CEF level scheme obtained from the susceptibility data. The CEF peak intensity decreases with increasing temperature and becomes much weaker than the calculated temperature factor expected from the CEF level scheme. Furthermore a quasi-elastic response appears, and coexists with a broadened CEF peak at higher temperatures. The quasi-elastic component is not due to phonon, because the temperature dependence of the intensity is inconsistent with calculation. We concluded that this quasi-elastic response is a hybridization effect of U-5f electrons with, most likely, p-electrons of sulfur. It is highly interesting that the energy scale of the CEF peak ({approx}7 meV) is very close to the conduction gap (90K), and the quasi-elastic component appears above the characteristic temperature of about 100 K. Our data strongly suggest that the crossover of 5f character plays an import role for the metal-insulating transition in {beta}-US{sub 2}.

We give an introduction to inelastic neutronscattering and the dynamic scattering function for magnetic nanoparticles. Differences between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles are discussed and we give a review of recent results on ferromagnetic Fe nanoparticles and canted antiferromagnetic alpha-Fe sub 2 O sub 3 nanoparticles.

The results of a neutron inelastic scattering experiment performed at the Geel Electron Linear Accelerator pulsed white neutron source of the European Commission Joint Research Centre are reported. The neutrons with energies up to 18 MeV interacted with a natTi sample and the γ rays resulting from inelastic scattering reactions on the stable isotopes were detected using the Gamma Array for Inelastic NeutronScattering (GAINS) spectrometer. We were able to measure the γ -production cross sections for 21 transitions in the five stable Ti isotopes. From these, the level cross sections and the total inelastic cross sections were determined. Our experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations performed using the talys 1.8 code, evaluated nuclear data libraries, and also with previously reported results.

We are developing magnetic neutron waveguides (NWG) consisting of thin films of low-optical index sandwiched between two layers of high-optical index. In such structures, the neutron wave function is strongly localized in the guiding layer and the sensitivity to interface scattering effects is enhanced. The samples were characterized on the reflectometer HADAS (FZ Jülich, Germany) by specular reflectivity and off-specular scattering for different magnetic states of the permalloy layers. We show that the waveguide structure strongly enhances the off-specular scattering.

We are developing magnetic neutron waveguides (NWG) consisting of thin films of low-optical index sandwiched between two layers of high-optical index. In such structures, the neutron wave function is strongly localized in the guiding layer and the sensitivity to interface scattering effects is enhanced. The samples were characterized on the reflectometer HADAS (FZ Juelich, Germany) by specular reflectivity and off-specular scattering for different magnetic states of the permalloy layers. We show that the waveguide structure strongly enhances the off-specular scattering.

Wang, W.; Kamenev, K. V. [Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ (United Kingdom); Sokolov, D. A.; Huxley, A. D. [SUPA, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ (United Kingdom)

2011-07-15

Inelastic neutronscattering measurements typically require two orders of magnitude longer data collection times and larger sample sizes than neutron diffraction studies. Inelastic neutronscattering measurements on pressurised samples are particularly challenging since standard high-pressure apparatus restricts sample volume, attenuates the incident and scattered beams, and contributes background scattering. Here, we present the design of a large volume two-layered piston-cylinder pressure cell with optimised transmission for inelastic neutronscattering experiments. The design and the materials selected for the construction of the cell enable its safe use to a pressure of 1.8 GPa with a sample volume in excess of 400 mm{sup 3}. The design of the piston seal eliminates the need for a sample container, thus providing a larger sample volume and reduced absorption. The integrated electrical plug with a manganin pressure gauge offers an accurate measurement of pressure over the whole range of operational temperatures. The performance of the cell is demonstrated by an inelastic neutronscattering study of UGe{sub 2}.

Inelastic neutronscattering measurements typically require two orders of magnitude longer data collection times and larger sample sizes than neutron diffraction studies. Inelastic neutronscattering measurements on pressurised samples are particularly challenging since standard high-pressure apparatus restricts sample volume, attenuates the incident and scattered beams, and contributes background scattering. Here, we present the design of a large volume two-layered piston-cylinder pressure cell with optimised transmission for inelastic neutronscattering experiments. The design and the materials selected for the construction of the cell enable its safe use to a pressure of 1.8 GPa with a sample volume in excess of 400 mm3. The design of the piston seal eliminates the need for a sample container, thus providing a larger sample volume and reduced absorption. The integrated electrical plug with a manganin pressure gauge offers an accurate measurement of pressure over the whole range of operational temperatures. The performance of the cell is demonstrated by an inelastic neutronscattering study of UGe2.

The ACNS provides a focal point for the national neutron user community to strengthen ties within this diverse group, while at the same time promoting neutron research among colleagues in related disciplines identified as “would-be” neutron users. The American Conference on NeutronScattering thus serves a dual role as a national user meeting and a scientific meeting. As a venue for scientific exchange, the ACNS showcases recent results and provides forums for scientific discussion of neutron research in diverse fields such as hard and soft condensed matter, liquids, biology, magnetism, engineering materials, chemical spectroscopy, crystal structure, and elementary excitations, fundamental physics and development of neutron instrumentation through a combination of invited talks, contributed talks and poster sessions. As a “super-user” meeting, the ACNS fulfills the main objectives of users' meetings previously held periodically at individual national neutron facilities, with the advantage of a larger and more diverse audience. To this end, each of the major national neutron facilities (NIST, LANSCE, HFIR and SNS) have an opportunity to exchange information and update users, and potential users, of their facility. This is also an appropriate forum for users to raise issues that relate to the facilities. For many of the national facilities, this super-user meeting should obviate the need for separate user meetings that tax the time, energy and budgets of facility staff and the users alike, at least in years when the ACNS is held. We rely upon strong participation from the national facilities. The NSSA intends that the American Conference on NeutronScattering (ACNS) will occur approximately every two years, but not in years that coincide with the International or European Conferences on NeutronScattering. The ACNS is to be held in association with one of the national neutron centers in a rotating sequence, with the host facility providing local

neutrons has reached a level that makes it a complementary method to conventional small angle scattering at each neutron source supplying enough neutron flux. prove high order interference effects. Measuring this kind of samples the performance of an USANS instrument can simply be determined. This allows the comparison of different instruments. For the calibration of the instrument and testing of the data treatment routines suspensions of latex spheres of various diameters were examined. In order to demonstrate that the evaluation of samples showing strong multiple scattering can produce meaningful results, measurements on sintered alumina using various sample thickness were carried out. The investigation of the scattering behavior of sedimentary source rocks revealed that only selected samples show a fractal scattering behavior and, therefore, a fractal inner structure. Time resolved measurements on hardening cement paste demonstrate that time dependent information on the changes of the structural parameter ...

The scattering, from powder and single crystal samples, appears only above the superionic transition temperature, 1000K. The integrated intensity is found to be strongly dependent on the direction and magnitude of the scattering vector, Q, (which suggests the scattering is coherent) but does not ...

Small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) is an experimental technique to detect material structures in the nanometer to micrometer range. The solution of the structural model constructed from SANS strongly depends on the accuracy of the reduced data. The time-of-flight (TOF) SANS data are dependent on the wavelength of the pulsed neutron source. Therefore, data reduction must be handled very carefully to transform measured neutron events into neutronscattering intensity. In this study, reduction algorithms for TOF SANS data are developed and optimized using simulated data from a virtual neutron experiment. Each possible effect on the measured data is studied systematically, and suitable corrections are performed to obtain high-quality data. This work will facilitate scientific research and the instrument design at China Spallation Neutron Source.

The accuracy of quantitative neutron transmission radiography can be substantially decreased if highly scattering materials, such as water or plastics, exist in the sample. There are currently two main solutions to this problem: either performing experiments at a large distance between the detector and the sample or employ some numerical correction techniques. In the former case, the spatial resolution is substantially reduced by the limited beam divergence, while the latter correction requires a priori information about the sample and is limited to distances of above {approx}2 cm. We demonstrate the feasibility of another technique, namely the possibility to remove the scatteredneutron component from the transmitted neutron beam by a very compact polycapillary collimator. These {approx}1 mm thick devices can be placed between the sample and the detector and remove most of the neutronsscattered at angles larger than the acceptance angle of the collimator (typically 1{sup o}). No image distortions above {approx}10 {mu}m scales are introduced by these collimators. The neutron transmission of highly scattering samples (water and plexiglass) is measured in our experiments with and without scatter rejection. In the latter case, the accuracy of measured transmission coefficient was substantially improved by our collimators.

Neutron reference fields for calibrating neutron-measuring devices in JNC Tokai Works are produced by using radionuclide neutron sources, {sup 241}Am-Be and {sup 252}Cf sources. The reference field for calibration includes scatteredneutrons from the material surrounding sources, wall, floor and ceiling of the irradiation room. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the scatteredneutrons contribution and their energy spectra at reference points. Spectral measurements were performed with a set of Bonner multi-sphere spectrometers and the reference fields were characterized in terms of spectral composition and the fractions of room-scatteredneutrons. In addition, two techniques stated in ISO 10647, the shadow-cone method and the polynomial fit method, for correcting the contributions from the room-scatteredneutrons to the readings of neutron survey instruments were compared. It was found that the two methods gave an equivalent result within a deviation of 3.3% at a source-to-detector distance from 50cm to 500cm. (author)

The availability of 27 1 STP krypton-86 gas, an isotope with unknown thermal neutronscattering cross section, was an excellent occasion to determine the (bound atom) scattering cross section and its coherent part by application of the neutron transmission method and neutron interferometry. The transmission method was applied in a diffractometer, a Larmor spectrometer and a TOF-spectrometer. In addition to {sup 86}Kr also natural krypton ({sup n}Kr) was used for sample in the diffractometer. The diffractometer measurements result in bound atom scattering cross sections {sigma}{sub s}=8.92(46) b for {sup 86}Kr and {sigma}{sub s}=7.08(95) b for {sup n}Kr. The Larmor transmission measurements lead to a final result {sigma}{sub s}=8.44(9) b for {sup 86}Kr. In the TOF-spectrometer the wavelength-dependent total cross section of water was determined. Coherent neutronscattering lengths were determined using the neutron interferometry method with a skew symmetric neutron interferometer. Scans with {sup 86}Kr and {sup n}Kr led to b{sub c}=8.07(26) fm for {sup 86}Kr and 7.72(33) fm for {sup n}Kr, corresponding to coherent scattering cross sections {sigma}{sub c}=8.18(53) b and 7.49(64) b respectively. Due to the large errors in the bound atom scattering cross section and coherent scattering cross section of {sup 86}Kr and {sup n}Kr, the incoherent cross section of both gases, {sigma}{sub i} = 0 within its inaccuracy, {sigma}{sub i}=0.26(54) b for {sup 86}Kr and {sigma}{sub i}=0.41(1.15) b for {sup n}Kr. (orig.).

We describe a very compact (0.9 m high, 0.4 m diameter, 40 kg) battery operable neutronscatter camera designed for field deployment. Unlike most other systems, the configuration of the sixteen liquid-scintillator detection cells are arranged to provide omnidirectional (4{\\pi}) imaging with sensitivity comparable to a conventional two-plane system. Although designed primarily to operate as a neutronscatter camera for localizing energetic neutron sources, it also functions as a Compton camera for localizing gamma sources. In addition to describing the radionuclide source localization capabilities of this system, we demonstrate how it provides neutron spectra that can distinguish plutonium metal from plutonium oxide sources, in addition to the easier task of distinguishing AmBe from fission sources.

Neutron radiography and computed tomography are commonly used techniques to non-destructively examine materials. Tomography refers to the cross-sectional imaging of an object from either transmission or reflection data collected by illuminating the object from many different directions.

On August 25 1999, the Australian government gave final approval to build a research reactor to replace the existing HIFAR reactor at Lucas Heights. The replacement reactor, which will commence operation in 2005, will be multipurpose in function, with capabilities for both neutron-beam research and radioisotope production. Regarding beams, cold and thermal neutron sources are to be installed and the intent is to use supermirror guides, with coatings with critical angles up to 3 times that of natural Ni, to transport cold and thermal neutron beams into a large modern guide hall. The reactor and all the associated infrastructure, with the exception of the neutron beam instruments, is to be built by INVAP, SE and subcontractors in a turnkey contract. The goal is to have at least eight leading-edge neutron-beam instruments ready in 2005, and they will be developed by ANSTO and other contracted organisations, in consultation with the Australian user community and interested overseas parties. A review of the planned scientific capabilities, a description of the facility and a status report on the activities so far is given.

Inelastic scattering of fast neutrons from $^{56}$Fe was studied at the photoneutron source nELBE. The neutron energies were determined on the basis of a timeof- flight measurement. Gamma-ray spectra were measured with a high-purity germanium detector. The total scattering cross sections deduced from the present experiment in an energy range from 0.8 to 9.6 MeV agree within 15% with earlier data and with predictions of the statistical-reaction code Talys.

A national facility for neutron beam research is operated at the research reactor Dhruva at Trombay in India. The research activities involve various nanoscale structural, dynamical and magnetic investigations on materials of scientific interest and technological importance. Thermal neutron has certain special properties that enable, e.g., selective viewing of parts of an organic molecule, hydrogen or water in materials, investigations on minerals and ceramics, and microscopic and mesoscopic characterization of bulk samples. The national facility comprises of eight neutron-scattering spectrometers in the reactor hall, and another four spectrometers in the neutron-guide laboratory. In addition, a neutron radiography facility and a detector development laboratory are located at APSARA reactor. All the instruments including the detectors and electronics have been developed within BARC. A new powder diffractometer (PD-3) is being developed by UGC-DAE-CSR. The national facility is utilized in collaboration with various universities and other institutions.

Many of the world's time-of-flight spallation neutrons sources are migrating to recording individual neutron events. This provides for new opportunities in data processing, the least of which is to filter the events based on correlating them with logs of sample environment and other ancillary equipment. This paper will describe techniques for processing neutronscattering data acquired in event mode which preserve event information all the way to a final spectrum, including any necessary corrections or normalizations. This results in smaller final uncertainties compared to traditional methods, while significantly reducing processing time and memory requirements in typical experiments. Results with traditional histogramming techniques will be shown for comparison.

scattered at small angles in iron and determined the spin correlation range 1∕κ1 and a parameter Λ associated with the lifetime of the fluctuations. Our results confirm the recent observation of Jacrot, Konstantinovic, Parette, and Cribier that the scattering is not elastic even at the Curie temperature. We...

In the far past, it was not possible to accurately correct for the finite geometry and the finite sample size of a neutronscattering set-up. The limited calculation power of the ancient computers as well as the lack of powerful Monte Carlo codes and the limitation in the data base available then prevented a complete simulation of the actual experiment. Using e.g. the Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNPX [1], neutronscattering experiments can be simulated almost completely with a high degree of precision using a modern PC, which has a computing power that is ten thousand times that of a super computer of the early 1970s. Thus, (better) corrections can also be obtained easily for previous published data provided that these experiments are sufficiently well documented. Better knowledge of reference data (e.g. atomic mass, relativistic correction, and monitor cross sections) further contributes to data improvement. Elastic neutronscattering experiments from liquid samples of the helium isotopes performed around 1970 at LANL happen to be very well documented. Considering that the cryogenic targets are expensive and complicated, it is certainly worthwhile to improve these data by correcting them using this comparatively straightforward method. As two thirds of all differential scattering cross section data of 3He(n,n)3He are connected to the LANL data, it became necessary to correct the dependent data measured in Karlsruhe, Germany, as well. A thorough simulation of both the LANL experiments and the Karlsruhe experiment is presented, starting from the neutron production, followed by the interaction in the air, the interaction with the cryostat structure, and finally the scattering medium itself. In addition, scattering from the hydrogen reference sample was simulated. For the LANL data, the multiple scattering corrections are smaller by a factor of five at least, making this work relevant. Even more important are the corrections to the Karlsruhe data due to the

The Kartini Research Reactor (KRR) is located in Yogyakarta Nuclear Research Center, Yogyakarta - Indonesia. The reactor is operated for 100 kW thermal power used for research, experiments and training of nuclear technology. There are 4 beam ports and 1 column thermal are available at the reactor. Those beam ports have thermal neutron flux around 10{sup 7} n/cm{sup 2}s each other and used for sub critical assembly, neutron radiography studies and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). Design of neutron collimator has been done for piercing radial beam port and the calculation result of collimated neutron flux is around 10{sup 9} n/cm{sup 2}s. This paper describes experiment facilities and parameters of the Kartini research reactor, and further more the prospective studies for neutronscattering application. The purpose of this paper is to optimize in utilization of the beam ports facilities and enhance the manpower specialty. The special characteristic of the beam ports and preliminary studies, pre activities regarding with neutronscattering studies for KKR is presented. (author)

Reviewed are the results of simulating the neutronscattering instruments with the program package VITESS upgraded by the routines for treating the polarized neutrons, as developed by the authors. The reported investigations have been carried out at the Frank Laboratory for Neutron Physics at JINR in collaboration with the Juelich research center (Germany). The performance of the resonance and gradient adiabatic spin flippers, the Drabkin resonator, the classical and resonance spin-echo spectrometers, the spin-echo diffractometer for the small-angle neutronscattering, and the spin-echo spectrometer with rotating magnetic fields is successfully modeled. The methods for using the 3D map of the magnetic field from the input file, either mapped experimentally or computed using the finite-elements technique, in the VITESS computer code, are considered in detail. The results of neutron-polarimetry experiments are adequately reproduced by our simulations.

The contrast giving rise to neutron small-angle scattering can be enhanced considerably by polarisation of the hydrogen nuclei [J. des Coizeaux and G. Jannink, Les Polymères en Solution, Les Editions de Physique, F-91944 Les Ulis, France (1987)]. Using polarised neutrons the scattering from protonated labels in a deuterated matrix will increase by an order of magnitude. This is the basis of nuclear spin contrast variation, a method which is of particular interest for the in situ structure determination of macromolecular components. A new polarised target for neutronscattering has been designed by CERN and tested successfully at FRG-1 of the GKSS research centre. For the purpose of thermal-neutronscattering the frozen solutions of biomolecules are immersed in liquid helium 4, which is thermally coupled to the cooling mixture of helium 3/helium 4 of the dilution refrigerator. The nuclear spins are aligned with respect to the external magnetic field-parallel or antiparallel-by dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP). The gain in neutronscattering compared to earlier experiments using direct cooling of the sample by helium 3 is a factor of 30. Another factor of 30 arises from the installation of the cold source and the beryllium reflector in FRG-1 [W. Knop et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 22 (1989) 352]. Pure nuclear spin targets are produced from dynamic polarised targets by selective depolarisation. In biological material only the hydrogen isotopes contribute significantly to polarised neutronscattering. Thus, saturation of the proton NMR yields a deuteron target, provided the target material has been enriched by the latter isotope. A proton target is obtained from the dynamic polarised target by saturation of deuteron NMR. This leads to six additional scattering functions reflecting the proton and deuteron spin densities and the correlations between the polarised isotopes. Polarised neutronscattering from nuclear spin targets of apoferritin and various derivatives of the

γ Rays and neutrons, emitted following spontaneous fission of {sup 252}Cf, were measured in an AGATA experiment performed at INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro in Italy. The setup consisted of four AGATA triple cluster detectors (12 36-fold segmented high-purity germanium crystals), placed at a distance of 50 cm from the source, and 16 HELENA BaF{sub 2} detectors. The aim of the experiment was to study the interaction of neutrons in the segmented high-purity germanium detectors of AGATA and to investigate the possibility to discriminate neutrons and γ rays with the γ-ray tracking technique. The BaF{sub 2} detectors were used for a time-of-flight measurement, which gave an independent discrimination of neutrons and γ rays and which was used to optimise the γ-ray tracking-based neutron rejection methods. It was found that standard γ-ray tracking, without any additional neutron rejection features, eliminates effectively most of the interaction points due to recoiling Ge nuclei after elastic scattering of neutrons. Standard tracking rejects also a significant amount of the events due to inelastic scattering of neutrons in the germanium crystals. Further enhancements of the neutron rejection was obtained by setting conditions on the following quantities, which were evaluated for each event by the tracking algorithm: energy of the first and second interaction point, difference in the calculated incoming direction of the γ ray, and figure-of-merit value. The experimental results of tracking with neutron rejection agree rather well with GEANT4 simulations.

Elastic-neutron-scattering measurements on the singlet-ground-state ferromagnets fcc Pr and Pr3 Tl are reported. Both exhibit magnetic phase transitions, possibly to a simple ferromagnetic state at 20 and 11.6 °K, respectively. The transitions appear to be of second order although that in fcc Pr...... is clearly anomalous. Additional information on the inelastic scattering studies of the Γ1-Γ4 excitons in these systems is presented. dhcp Pr is also briefly discussed....

During the report period, we continued the work as outlined in the original proposal. We have analyzed potential optical designs of Wolter mirrors for the neutron-imaging instrument VENUS, which is under construction at SNS. In parallel, we have conducted the initial polarized imaging experiment at Helmholtz Zentrum, Berlin, one of very few of currently available polarized-imaging facilities worldwide.

Historically, most studies of heterogeneous catalysts that have used neutron vibrational spectroscopy have employed indirect geometry instruments with a low (methane to synthesis gas (CO + H2) over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts and an operando study of CO oxidation. We conclude with a proposal for a unique instrument that combines both indirect and direct geometry spectrometers.

To support the nuclear fusion program at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), a consistent and verifiable method to determine fusion ion temperatures needs to be developed. Since the fusion temperature directly affects the width in the spread of neutron energies produced, a measurement of the neutron energy width can yield the fusion temperature. Traditionally, the spread in neutron energies is measured by using time-of-flight to convert a spread in neutron energies at the source to a spread in time at detector. One potential obstacle to using this technique at the Z facility at SNL is the need to shield the neutron detectors from the intense bremsstrahlung produced. The shielding consists of eight inches of lead and the concern is that neutrons will scatter in the lead, artificially broaden the neutron pulse width and lead to an erroneous measurement. To address this issue, experiments were performed at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics, which demonstrated that a reliable ion temperature measurement can be achieved behind eight inches of lead shielding. To further expand upon this finding, Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) was used to simulate the experimental geometric conditions and perform the neutron transport. MCNPX was able to confidently estimate results observed at the University of Rochester.

This two-day workshop will engage the international neutronscattering community to vet and improve the Lujan Center Strategic Plan 2007-2013 (SP07). Sponsored by the LANL SC Program Office and the University of California, the workshop will be hosted by LANSCE Professor Sunny Sinha (UCSD). Endorsement by the Spallation Neutron Source will be requested. The discussion will focus on the role that the Lujan Center will play in the national neutronscattering landscape assuming full utilization of beamlines, a refurbished LANSCE, and a 1.4-MW SNS. Because the Lujan Strategic Plan is intended to set the stage for the Signature Facility era at LANSCE, there will be some discussion of the long-pulse spallation source at Los Alamos. Breakout groups will cover several new instrument concepts, upgrades to present instruments, expanded sample environment capabilities, and a look to the future. The workshop is in keeping with a request by BES to update the Lujan strategic plan in coordination with the SNS and the broader neutron community. Workshop invitees will be drawn from the LANSCE User Group and a broad cross section of the US, European, and Pacific Rim neutronscattering research communities.

The ORNL Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and development across a broad range of disciplines. SNS experiments produce large volumes of complex data that are analyzed by scientists with varying degrees of experience using 3D visualization and analysis systems. However, it is notoriously difficult to achieve proficiency with 3D visualizations. Because 3D representations are key to understanding the neutronscattering data, scientists are unable to analyze their data in a timely fashion resulting in inefficient use of the limited and expensive SNS beam time. We believe a more intuitive interface for exploring neutronscattering data can be created by combining immersive virtual reality technology with high performance data analytics and human interaction. In this paper, we present our initial investigations of immersive visualization concepts as well as our vision for an immersive visual analytics framework that could lower the barriers to 3D exploratory data analysis of neutronscattering data at the SNS.

The goal of this project was to develop improved instrumentation for studying the microscopic structures of materials using neutronscattering. Neutronscattering has a number of advantages for studying material structure but suffers from the well-known disadvantage that neutrons’ ability to resolve structural details is usually limited by the strength of available neutron sources. We aimed to overcome this disadvantage using a new experimental technique, called Spin Echo Scattering Angle Encoding (SESAME) that makes use of the neutron’s magnetism. Our goal was to show that this innovation will allow the country to make better use of the significant investment it has recently made in a new neutron source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and will lead to increases in scientific knowledge that contribute to the Nation’s technological infrastructure and ability to develop advanced materials and technologies. We were successful in demonstrating the technical effectiveness of the new method and established a baseline of knowledge that has allowed ORNL to start a project to implement the method on one of its neutron beam lines.

In this work, we investigate the effect of neutron moderator dimensions on the performance of neutronscattering instruments at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). In a recent study of the planned second target station at the SNS facility, we have found that the dimensions of a moderator play a significant role in determining its surface brightness. A smaller moderator may be significantly brighter over a smaller viewing area. One of the immediate implications of this finding is that for modern neutronscattering instrument designs, moderator dimensions and brightness have to be incorporated as an integrated optimization parameter. Here, we establish a strategy of matching neutronscattering instruments with moderators using analytical and Monte Carlo techniques. In order to simplify our treatment, we group the instruments into two broad categories: those with natural collimation and those that use neutron guide systems. For instruments using natural collimation, the optimal moderator selection depends on the size of the moderator, the sample, and the moderator brightness. The desired beam divergence only plays a role in determining the distance between sample and moderator. For instruments using neutron optical systems, the smallest moderator available that is larger than the entrance dimension of the closest optical element will perform the best (assuming, as is the case here that smaller moderators are brighter).

The basic principles of the application of small-angle neutronscattering to materials research are summarized. The text focusses on the classical methods of data evaluation for isotropic and for anisotropic materials. Some examples of applications to the study of alloys, porous materials, composites and other complex materials are given. (author) 9 figs., 38 refs.

The defect structure and diffusional processes have been studied in the anion-excess fluorite (Sr, Y)Cl2.03 by diffuse neutronscattering techniques. Static cuboctahedral clusters found at ambient temperature break up at temperatures below 1050 K, where the anion disorder is highly dynamic...

The current status of SANS (Small Angle NeutronScattering facility) activities in Malaysia has been presented. Many works need to be done for system improvement before the system can be confidently used as one of effective quality control tools in materials production and engineering sectors. (author)

A high-pressure cell, capable of 8 kbar, is developed for neutronscattering. It can be used with ILL type orange cryostats to obtain a temperature as low as 1.5 K. The simple seal design described here can easily be adopted to other high-pressure applications.

The inelasticity of the critical neutronscattering in Tb was measured at and above the Neel temperature. In the hydrodynamic region the line width Gamma (q=0, kappa 1)=C kappa z1, with z=1.4+or-0.1 and c=4.3+or-0.3 meVAAz. This result deviates from the conventional theory, which predicts...

A simulation of an inelastic neutronscattering experiment on the high-temperature superconductor La2-xSrxCuO4 is presented. The complete experiment, including sample, is simulated using an interface between the experiment control program and the simulation software package (McStas) and is compared...

Chromium and its dilute alloys are unique examples of magnetism caused by itinerant electrons. The magnetic excitations have been studied by inelastic neutronscattering using a high-resolution triple-axis spectrometer. Spin-wave peaks in q scans at constant energy transfer ℏω could, in general, ...

Spin-Echo Small-Angle NeutronScattering (SESANS) instrument is a novel SANS technique which enables one to characterize distances from a few nanometers up to the micron range. The most striking difference between normal SANS and SESANS is that in SESANS one gets information in real space, whereas i

The herein described inelastic neutronscattering (INS) method of measuring soil carbon was based on a new procedure for extracting the net carbon signal (NCS) from the measured gamma spectra and determination of the average carbon weight percent (AvgCw%) in the upper soil layer (~8 cm). The NCS ext...

The most recent measurements of the differential and total cross sections of neutron-proton elastic scattering from 70 to 400 GeV/c have been explained by using rho as a simple pole and pomeron as a dipole. The predictions are also made regarding the energy dependence of dip and bump structure in angular distribution.

Inelastic neutronscattering and measurement of the ortho-para separation coefficient have been used to study the low lying rotational states of molecular hydrogen adsorbed on activated alumina. The observations are consistent with a picture in which the orientational motion of the molecules...

We propose an innovative design for a vector magnet compatible with neutronscattering experiments. This would vastly expand the range of experimental possibilities since applying a magnetic field and orienting the sample in diffraction conditions will become completely independent. This Wide Aperture VEctor magnet is a setup made of 16 coils, all with a vertical axis. The vertical component of the field is produced by two pairs of coaxial coils carrying opposite currents for an active shielding of the stray field, while the horizontal components are generated by 3 sets of 4 coils each, two above and two below the diffraction plane. This innovative geometry allows a very wide aperture (220$\\,^{\\circ}$ horizontal, $\\pm$ 10$\\,^{\\circ}$ vertical), which is crucial for neutron diffraction and inelastic neutronscattering experiments. Moreover, the homogeneity of the field is far better than in the usual vertical coils, and the diameter of the sample bore is unusually large (10 cm). The concept has been developed ...

Extensive inelastic-neutron-scattering experiments have been performed on superfluid helium over a wide range of energy and momentum transfers. A high-resolution study has been made of the pressure dependence of the single-excitation scattering at the first maximum of the dispersion curve over...... of the multiexcitation scattering was also studied. It is shown that the multiphonon spectrum of a simple Debye solid with the phonon dispersion and single-excitation cross section of superfluid helium qualitatively reproduces these data....

A new sample component is presented for the Monte Carlo, ray-tracing program, McStas, which is widely used to simulate neutronscattering instruments. The new component allows the sample to be described by its material dynamic structure factor, which is separated into coherent and incoherent contributions. The effects of absorption and multiple scattering are treated and results from simulations and previous experiments are compared. The sample component can also be used to treat any scattering material which may be close to the sample and therefore contaminates the total, measured signal.

We propose an order of magnitude improvement in the present five parts in 105 precision of a nondispersive interferometric measurement of the neutron coherent scattering length c. For this purpose we make a judicious selection of the Bragg angle for the interferometer and the sample thickness. The precision is further improved by an optimal choice of the Bragg reflection (and a consequent neutron wavelength). By performing the experiment in vacuum, errors arising from possible variations in the pressure, composition or humidity of the ambient air can be eliminated. On attaining such precision, we ought to account for the neutron beam refraction at the sample-ambient interfaces, to infer the correct c from the observed phase. The formula for the phase used hitherto is approximate and would significantly overestimate c. The refractive index for neutrons can thus be determined to a phenomenal precision of a few parts in 1012.

The current 3DHZETRN code has a detailed three dimensional (3D) treatment of neutron transport based on a forward/isotropic assumption and has been compared to Monte Carlo (MC) simulation codes in various geometries. In most cases, it has been found that 3DHZETRN agrees with the MC codes to the extent they agree with each other. However, a recent study of neutron leakage from finite geometries revealed that further improvements to the 3DHZETRN formalism are needed. In the present report, angular scattering corrections to the neutron fluence are provided in an attempt to improve fluence estimates from a uniform sphere. It is found that further developments in the nuclear production models are required to fully evaluate the impact of transport model updates. A model for the quasi-elastic neutron production spectra is therefore developed and implemented into 3DHZETRN.

Differential elastic and inelastic neutron-scattering cross sections of elemental iron are measured from 4.5 to 10 MeV in increments of {approx} 0.5 MeV. At each incident energy the measurements are made at forty or more scattering angles distributed between {approx} 17{degrees} and 160{degrees}, with emphasis on elastic scattering and inelastic scattering due to the excitation of the yrast 2{sup +} state. The measured data is combined with earlier lower-energy results from this laboratory, with recent high-precision {approx} 9.5 {yields} 15 MeV results from the Physilalisch Technische Bundesanstalt and with selected values from the literature to provide a detailed neutron-scattering data base extending from {approx} 1.5 to 26 MeV. This data is interpreted in the context of phenomenological spherical-optical and coupled-channels (vibrational and rotational) models, and physical implications discussed. Deformation, coupling, asymmetry and dispersive effects are explored. It is shown that, particularly in a collective context, a good description of the interaction of neutrons with iron is achieved over the energy range {approx} 0 {yields} 26 MeV, avoiding the dichotomy between high and low-energy interpretations found in previous work.

Polarized neutronsscattering is an important technology for characterizing magnetic and other materials. Polarized helium three (P-3He) is a novel technology for creating polarized beams and, perhaps more importantly, for the analysis of polarization in highly divergent scattered beams. Analysis of scattered beams requires specialized targets with complex geometries to ensure accurate results. Special materials and handling procedures are required to give the targets a long useful lifetime. In most cases, the targets must be shielded from stray magnetic fields from nearby equipment. SRL has developed and demonstrated hybrid targets made from glass and aluminum. We have also developed and calibrated a low-field NMR system for measuring polarization lifetimes. We have demonstrated that our low-field system is able to measure NMR signals in the presence of conducting (metallic) cell elements. We have also demonstrated a non-magnetic valve that can be used to seal the cells. We feel that these accomplishments in Phase I are sufficient to ensure a successful Phase II program. The commercial market for this technology is solid. There are over nine neutronscattering centers in the US and Canada and over 22 abroad. Currently, the US plans to build a new $1.4B scattering facility called the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The technology developed in this project will allow SRL to supply targets to both existing and future facilities. SRL is also involved with the application of P-3He to medical imaging.

In the low-energy regime, differential cross sections for n + d elastic scattering are not well described in existing nuclear data libraries, such as ENDF/B-VII.0. Supporting experimental data in this energy region are old, sparse and often inconsistent. We have carried out calculations with the AGS three-body theory and the Bonn-B nucleon-nucleon potential at energies 50 keV to 10.0 MeV.

The ICNS provides a focal point for the worldwide neutron user community to strengthen ties within this diverse group, while at the same time promoting neutron research among colleagues in related disciplines identified as would-be neutron users. The International Conference on NeutronScattering thus serves a dual role as an international user meeting and a scientific meeting. As a venue for scientific exchange, the ICNS showcases recent results and provides forums for scientific discussion of neutron research in diverse fields such as hard and soft condensed matter, liquids, biology, magnetism, engineering materials, chemical spectroscopy, crystal structure, and elementary excitations, fundamental physics and development of neutron instrumentation through a combination of invited talks, contributed talks and poster sessions. Each of the major national neutron facilities (NIST, LANSCE, ANL, HFIR and SNS), along with their international counterparts, has an opportunity to exchange information with each other and to update users, and potential users, of their facility. This is also an appropriate forum for users to raise issues that relate to the facilities.

This work reports neutron spin echo results on aqueous solutions of trehalose, a naturally occurring disaccharide of glucose, showing an extraordinary bioprotective effectiveness against dehydration and freezing. We collected data using the SPAN spectrometer (BENSC, Berlin) on trehalose aqueous solutions at different temperature values. The obtained findings are compared with quasi-elastic neutronscattering results in order to furnish new results on the dynamics of the trehalose/water system on the nano and picoseconds scale.

This report summarizes the Workshop on NeutronScattering Techniques for Studies in Catalysis, held at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on September 16 and 17, 2010. The goal of the Workshop was to bring experts in heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis together with neutronscattering experimenters to identify ways to attack new problems, especially Grand Challenge problems in catalysis, using neutronscattering. The Workshop locale was motivated by the neutron capabilities at ORNL, including the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and the new and developing instrumentation at the SNS. Approximately 90 researchers met for 1 1/2 days with oral presentations and breakout sessions. Oral presentations were divided into five topical sessions aimed at a discussion of Grand Challenge problems in catalysis, dynamics studies, structure characterization, biocatalysis, and computational methods. Eleven internationally known invited experts spoke in these sessions. The Workshop was intended both to educate catalyst experts about the methods and possibilities of neutron methods and to educate the neutron community about the methods and scientific challenges in catalysis. Above all, it was intended to inspire new research ideas among the attendees. All attendees were asked to participate in one or more of three breakout sessions to share ideas and propose new experiments that could be performed using the ORNL neutron facilities. The Workshop was expected to lead to proposals for beam time at either the HFIR or the SNS; therefore, it was expected that each breakout session would identify a few experiments or proof-of-principle experiments and a leader who would pursue a proposal after the Workshop. Also, a refereed review article will be submitted to a prominent journal to present research and ideas illustrating the benefits and possibilities of neutron methods for catalysis research.

Two novel neutron-based analytical techniques have been treated in this thesis, Neutron Resonance Capture Analysis (NRCA), employing a pulsed neutron source, and Neutron Incoherent Scattering (NIS), making use of a cold neutron source. With the NRCA method isotopes are identified by the isotopic-spe

Two novel neutron-based analytical techniques have been treated in this thesis, Neutron Resonance Capture Analysis (NRCA), employing a pulsed neutron source, and Neutron Incoherent Scattering (NIS), making use of a cold neutron source. With the NRCA method isotopes are identified by the

Mass fractions of hydrogen in titanium matrices have been measured using neutron incoherent scattering (NIS) and compared with results from prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). Qualitatively, NIS is a more efficient technique than PGAA which involves neutron absorption, and the former may be suitable for on-line analysis. However, for NIS the scattering contribution comes from both the hydrogen and the matrix, whereas prompt gamma emission has minimal matrix effect. To isolate the signal due to hydrogen scattering, a set of polypropylene films is used to simulate the increasing amount of hydrogen, and the scattered intensity is monitored. From this response, an unknown amount of the hydrogen can be deduced empirically. The authors have further attempted a first principle calculation of the intensity of the scattered signal from the experimental systems, and have obtained good agreement between calculation and the measurements. The study can be used as a reference for future applications of the scattering method to other hydrogen-in-metal systems.

The concept of the information content of a scientific measurement is introduced, and a theory is presented which enables the information that may be obtained by a neutronscattering instrument to be calculated. When combined with the time taken to perform the measurement the bandwidth of the instrument is obtained. This bandwidth is effectively a figure of merit which is of use in three respects: in the design of neutron instrumentation, the optimisation of measurements, and in the comparison of one instrument with another.

This report documents the construction of a stilbene-crystal-based compact neutronscatter camera. This system is essentially identical to the MINER (Mobile Imager of Neutrons for Emergency Responders) system previously built and deployed under DNN R&D funding,1 but with the liquid scintillator in the detection cells replaced by stilbene crystals. The availability of these two systems for side-by-side performance comparisons will enable us to unambiguously identify the performance enhancements provided by the stilbene crystals, which have only recently become commercially available in the large size required (3” diameter, 3” deep).

In this article we describe a range of simulations (lattice dynamics and molecular dynamics) of the inelastic inco-herent neutronscattering spectra of ices (normal ice, ice Ⅱ and ice Ⅷ ). These simulations use a variety of different inter-molecular potentials from simple classic pair-wise (rigid and non-rigid molecule) potentials to sophisticated polarisable poten-tials. It was found that MCY makes stretching and bending interactions too weak while others do them well. We demon-strate that in order to reproduce the measured neutron spectrum, greater anisotropy (or orientational variation) is requiredthan these potentials presently provide.

The experiments performed on the thirteen university-owned spectrometers installed at JRR-3M of JAERI in the fiscal year of 1997 were described in this report. The latest ``Neutron News`` (vol. 9, issue 3, 1998) has featured highlights of the activities based on the JRR-3M and its cover displays a graph showing an endless increase of the number of proposals to the users program in the fiscal 1997. The university-owned spectrometers are available for general users all over Japan. The users` requirement for a higher flux beam reactor became larger and larger with time. Thus, JAERI has refurbished JRR-3 to satisfy these demands. In 1997, a joint project between Chiba University and Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) started to build a new 4-cycle diffractometer for crystal physics/chemistry at T{sub 2-2} beam port on a thermal guide. (M.N.)

We consider the constraints of causality and unitarity for the low-energy interactions of protons and neutrons. We derive a general theorem that non-vanishing partial-wave mixing cannot be reproduced with zero-range interactions without violating causality or unitarity. We define and calculate interaction length scales which we call the causal range and the Cauchy-Schwarz range for all spin channels up to J=3. For some channels we find that these length scales are as large as 5fm. We investigate the origin of these large lengths and discuss their significance for the choice of momentum cutoff scales in effective field theory and universality in many-body Fermi systems. (orig.)

Gamma rays and neutrons, emitted following spontaneous fission of 252Cf, were measured in an AGATA experiment performed at INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro in Italy. The setup consisted of four AGATA triple cluster detectors (12 36-fold segmented high-purity germanium crystals), placed at a distance of 50 cm from the source, and 16 HELENA BaF2 detectors. The aim of the experiment was to study the interaction of neutrons in the segmented high-purity germanium detectors of AGATA and to investigate the possibility to discriminate neutrons and gamma rays with the gamma-ray tracking technique. The BaF2 detectors were used for a time-of-flight measurement, which gave an independent discrimination of neutrons and gamma rays and which was used to optimise the gamma-ray tracking-based neutron rejection methods. It was found that standard gamma-ray tracking, without any additional neutron rejection features, eliminates effectively most of the interaction points due to recoiling Ge nuclei after elastic scattering of...

The incoherent inelastic neutronscattering from protonated potassium phosphate glass was measured on CAT at KENS and AGNES at ISSP (JRR-3M) over a wide energy range of 0.1-300 meV. The measurement of coherent inelastic scattering was also performed for the deuterated analogue in the energy range 3-90 meV and momentum transfer range 1-13 A{sup -1} by using MARI at ISIS. We have found a boson peak at around 4 meV and some interesting features of the acoustic and localized vibrations characteristic to the amorphous structure of the present materials. (author)

Results that shed new light on the study of protein dynamics were obtained by quasi-elastic neutronscattering. The triple axis instrument H-9 supplied by the cold source was used to perform a detailed study of the quasi-elastic spectrum and the Debye-Waller factor for trypsin in powder form, in solution, and in crystals. A preliminary study of myoglobin crystals was also done. A new way to view the results of quasi-elastic scattering experiments is sketched, and the data on trypsin are presented and analyze according to this new picture.

We outline a theory which suggests that the dynamics of point defects in crystals can be studied by coherent quasielastic neutronscattering. The theory assumes that the surrounding lattice distortion follows each defect instantaneously, and that the distortion fields of different defects can be linearly superposed. The energy width of the scattered intensity yields the hopping rate and jump vectors of the defects. We discuss systems for which the predicted effects for ionic defects are observable, pointing out that the detection of small polaron hopping should also be possible.

At Trombay, lattice dynamics studies employing coherent inelastic neutronscattering (INS) experiments have been carried out at the two research reactors, CIRUS and Dhruva. While the early work at CIRUS involved many elemental solids and ionic molecular solids, recent experiments at Dhruva have focussed on certain superconductors (cuprates and intermetallics), geophysically important minerals (Al2SiO5, ZrSiO4, MnCO3) and layered halides (BaFCl, ZnCl2). In most of the studies, theoretical modelling of lattice dynamics has played a significant role in the interpretation and analysis of the results from experiments. This talk summarises the developments and current activities in the field of inelastic neutronscattering and lattice dynamics at Trombay.

Superconductors hold the promise for a more stable and efficient electrical grid, but new isotropic, high-temperature superconductors are needed in order to reduce cable manufacturing costs. The effort to understand high-temperature superconductivity, especially in the layered cuprates, provides guidance to the search for new superconductors. Neutronscattering has long provided an important probe of the collective excitations that are involved in the pairing mechanism. For the cuprates, neutron and x-ray diffraction techniques also provide information on competing types of order, such as charge and spin stripes, that appear to be closely connected to the superconductivity. Recently, inelastic x-ray scattering has become competitive for studying phonons and may soon provide valuable information on electronic excitations. Examples of how these techniques contribute to our understanding of superconductivity are presented.

Superconductors hold the promise for a more stable and efficient electrical grid, but new isotropic, high-temperature superconductors are needed in order to reduce cable manufacturing costs. The effort to understand high-temperature superconductivity, especially in the layered cuprates, provides guidance to the search for new superconductors. Neutronscattering has long provided an important probe of the collective excitations that are involved in the pairing mechanism. For the cuprates, neutron and x-ray diffraction techniques also provide information on competing types of order, such as charge and spin stripes that appear to be closely connected to the superconductivity. Recently, inelastic x-ray scattering has become competitive for studying phonons and may soon provide valuable information on electronic excitations. Examples of how these techniques contribute to our understanding of superconductivity are presented. (au)

We calculate for the first time the phonon excitation rate in the outer crust of a neutron star due to scattering from light dark matter (LDM) particles gravitationally boosted into the star. We consider dark matter particles in the sub-GeV mass range scattering off a periodic array of nuclei through an effective scalar-vector interaction with nucleons. We find that LDM effects cause a modification of the net number of phonons in the lattice as compared to the standard thermal result. In addition, we estimate the contribution of LDM to the ion-ion thermal conductivity in the outer crust and find that it can be significantly enhanced at large densities. Our results imply that for magnetized neutron stars the LDM-enhanced global conductivity in the outer crust will tend to reduce the anisotropic heat conduction between perpendicular and parallel directions to the magnetic field.

The techniques of X-ray and neutronscattering that have been so successfully applied to the study of the structure of biological macromolecules have in recent years been also used for the study of the thermal motion of these molecules. The diffraction of X-rays has been widely used to investigate the high-frequency motion of the heavy-atom residues of proteins. In these studies, the mean-square thermal amplitudes can be determined from the intensities of the sharp structural lines obtained from single crystals of the hydrated proteins. Similar information can be obtained on lighter atoms from the study of the neutronscattering from single crystals. The results of these measurements are coupled closely to the rapidly developing field of theoretical molecular dynamics which is now being applied to study the dynamics of large biological molecules. This report discusses research in this area.

The combination of high pressure techniques with neutronscattering proves to be a powerful tool for studying the phase transitions and physical properties of solids in terms of inter-atomic distances. In our report we are going to review a high pressure technique based on a gas medium compression. This technique covers the pressure range up to ~0.7GPa (in special cases 1.4GPa) and typically uses compressed helium gas as the pressure medium. We are going to look briefly at scientific areas where high pressure gas vessels are intensively used in neutronscattering experiments. After that we are going to describe the current situation in high pressure gas technology; specifically looking at materials of construction, designs of seals and pressure vessels and the equipment used for generating high pressure gas.

We calculate for the first time the phonon excitation rate in the outer crust of a neutron star due to scattering from light dark matter (LDM) particles gravitationally boosted into the star. We consider dark matter particles in the sub-GeV mass range scattering off a periodic array of nuclei through an effective scalar-vector interaction with nucleons. We find that LDM effects cause a modification of the net number of phonons in the lattice as compared to the standard thermal result. In addition, we estimate the contribution of LDM to the ion-ion thermal conductivity in the outer crust and find that it can be significantly enhanced at large densities. Our results imply that for magnetized neutron stars the LDM-enhanced global conductivity in the outer crust will tend to reduce the anisotropic heat conduction between perpendicular and parallel directions to the magnetic field.

Unpolarized and polarized neutronscattering experiments have been performed at ambient pressure on a single crystal of the itinerant electron superconductor UGe2 in both the ferromagnetic and the paramagnetic phases. Unpolarized neutrons have confirmed the ZrGa2-type orthorhombic crystal structure of UGe2 and a ferromagnetic ordering below TC=53 K with the moments aligned along the a axis. No evidence of any modulated component for the magnetic structure has been found. Polarized neutron data have shown a large and almost spherical magnetization distribution at the U sites and no induced moment at the Ge sites. Refinements of the magnetic structure factors within the dipolar approximation allow the magnitude of the orbital and spin uranium moments to be quantified, and a comparison to the measured static magnetization reveals that there is no diffuse contribution.

Computer codes for neutron crystal spectrometer design, optimization and experiment planning are described. Phase space distributions, linewidths and absolute intensities are calculated by matrix methods in an extension of the Cooper-Nathans resolution function formalism. For modeling the Bragg reflection on bent crystals the lamellar approximation is used. Optimization is done by satisfying conditions of focusing in scattering and in real space, and by numerically maximizing figures of merit. Examples for three-axis and two-axis spectrometers are given.

We study the exclusive photoproduction of an electron-positron pair on a neutron target in the Jefferson Lab energy domain. The reaction consists of two processes: the Bethe-Heitler and the Timelike Compton Scattering. The latter process provides potentially access to the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) of the nucleon. We calculate all the unpolarized, single- and double-spin observables of the reaction and study their sensitivities to GPDs. (orig.)

Micellar solutions are the suspension of the colloidal aggregates of the surfactant molecules in aqueous solutions. The structure (shape and size) and the interaction of these aggregates, referred to as micelles, depend on the molecular architecture of the surfactant molecule, presence of additives and the solution conditions such as temperature, concentration etc. This paper gives the usefulness of small-angle neutronscattering to the study of micellar solutions with some of our recent results.

We review a strategy for targeted synthesis of large single crystal samples of prototype quantum magnets for inelastic neutronscattering experiments. Four case studies of organic copper halogenide S = 1/2 systems are presented. They are meant to illustrate that exciting experimental results pertaining to the forefront of many-body quantum physics can be obtained on samples grown using very simple techniques, standard laboratory equipment, and almost no experience in advanced crystal growth techniques.

Neutronscattering studies have provided important information about the momentum and energy dependence of magnetic excitations in cuprate superconductors. Of particular interest are the recent indications of a universal magnetic excitation spectrum in hole-doped cuprates. That starting point provides motivation for reviewing the antiferromagnetic state of the parent insulators, and the destruction of the ordered state by hole doping. The nature of spin correlations in stripe-ordered phases i...

Polyamide nanocomposite films were prepared from nanometer-sized silica particles having particle radius of gyration (g) of about 66 Å and trimesoyl chloride--phenylene diamine-based polyamides having macromolecular units of about 100-140 Å. The nanoscale morphology of the samples was characterized using small angle neutronscattering (SANS). SANS reveals that silica nanoparticles interact well with the polyamide units only at limited silica loading.

A simulation of an inelastic neutronscattering experiment on the high-temperature superconductor La2-xSrxCuO4 is presented. The complete experiment, including sample, is simulated using an interface between the experiment control program and the simulation software package (McStas) and is compared with the experimental data. Simulating the entire experiment is an attractive alternative to the usual method of convoluting the model cross section with the resolution function, especially if the resolution function is nontrivial.

Full Text Available The dipole strength function of 78Se and 196Pt are investigated by two different experimental methods, capture of cold neutrons in 77Se and 195Pt and photon scattering experiments on 78Se and 196Pt. Considering the different ways of excitation, the strength function deduced from the results are expected to agree. The report shows the status of the data analysis and presents first preliminary results.

Nowadays neutronscattering science is increasing its instrumental power. Most of the neutron sources in the world are pushing the development of their technologies to be more performing. The neutronscattering development is also pushed by the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden, a neutron facility which has just started construction. Concerning small area detectors (1m^2), the 3He technology, which is today cutting edge, is reaching fundamental limits in its development. Counting rate capability, spatial resolution and cost-e?ectiveness, are only a few examples of the features that must be improved to ful?fill the new requirements. On the other hand, 3He technology could still satisfy the detector requirements for large area applications (50m^2), however, because of the present 3He shortage that the world is experiencing, this is not practical anymore. The recent detector advances (the Multi-Grid and the Multi-Blade prototypes) developed in the framework of the collaboration between the Institut Laue...

Graphical abstract: Interaction between water molecules and internal clay surfaces was studied by means of neutron diffraction and quasielastic neutronscattering. A hydrophobic cation, TMA{sup +} was used to reduce hydration of interlayer cations. - Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate interaction between water molecules and internal clay surfaces by means of neutron diffraction and quasielastic neutronscattering. A hydrophobic cation, TMA{sup +} (NC{sub 4}H{sub 12}), was used to saturate the interlayer space of nontronite NAu-1 in order to reduce hydration of interlayer cations that could hinder the effects related to the clay-water interactions. The water content was low in order to reduce hydrogen bonding between water molecules. It was found that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with surface oxygen atoms of nontronite. The diffusion activation energy value E{sub a} = 29 {+-} 3 kJ/mol was obtained for water molecules hydrating the clay surface. These results confirm the assumption that surfaces of smectite clays with tetrahedral substitutions are hydrophilic.

In my presentation I will present recent results that have determined the spin-spin correlations in the geometrically frustrated magnets Gd2Sn2O7 and Gd2Ti2O7. This will include polarised neutron diffraction, inelastic neutronscattering and neutron spin echo data. One sample of particular interest is Gd2Sn2O7 which is believed to be a good approximation to a Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a pyrochlore lattice with exchange and dipole-dipole interactions. Theoretically such a system is expected to enter long range ordered ground state known as the ``Palmer Chalker'' state [1]. We show conclusively, through neutronscattering data, that the system indeed enters an ordered state with the Palmer-Chalker spin configuration below Tc = 1 K [2-3]. Within this state we have also observed long range collective spin dynamics, spin waves. This work has been performed in collaboration with many research groups including G. Ehlers (SNS), R. Stewart (ISIS). [0pt] [1] S. E. Palmer and J. T. Chalker, Phys. Rev. B 62, 488 (2000). [0pt] [2] J. R. Stewart, G. Ehlers, A. S. Wills, S. T. Bramwell, and J. S. Gardner, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, L321 (2004). [0pt] [3] J R Stewart, J S Gardner, Y. Qiu and G Ehlers, Phys. Rev. B. 78, 132410 (2008)

We present a method of analysis of inelastic neutronscattering (INS) experiments aiming at obtaining the density of phonon states in an absolute scale, as well as a reliable value of the mean-square displacement of the atoms. This method requires the measurement of the neutron total cross section of the sample as a function of energy, which provides a normalization condition for the INS experiment, as well as a value of the mean-square displacement. The method is applied in the case of an incoherent neutronscattering system, viz. the Ti-52wt.% Zr alloy. The applicability of this method to the study of metal alloys and other systems is discussed.

We present quantum Monte Carlo calculations of light nuclei, neutron-$\\alpha$ scattering, and neutron matter using local two- and three-nucleon (3N) interactions derived from chiral effective field theory up to next-to-next-to-leading order (N$^2$LO). The two undetermined 3N low-energy couplings are fit to the $^4$He binding energy and, for the first time, to the spin-orbit splitting in the neutron-$\\alpha$ $P$-wave phase shifts. Furthermore, we investigate different choices of local 3N operator structures and find that chiral interactions at N$^2$LO are able to simultaneously reproduce the properties of $A=4,5$ systems and of neutron matter, in contrast to commonly used phenomenological 3N interactions.

In efforts to perform accurate dosimetry, Oakes et al. [Nucl. Intrum. Mehods. (2013)] introduced a new portable solid state neutron rem meter based on an adaptation of the Bonner sphere and the position sensitive long counter. The system utilizes high thermal efficiency neutron detectors to generate a linear combination of measurement signals that are used to estimate the incident neutron spectra. The inversion problem associated to deduce dose from the counts in individual detector elements is addressed by applying a cross-correlation method which allows estimation of dose with average errors less than 15%. In this work, an evaluation of the performance of this system was extended to take into account new correlation techniques and neutronscattering contribution. To test the effectiveness of correlations, the Distance correlation, Pearson Product-Moment correlation, and their weighted versions were performed between measured spatial detector responses obtained from nine different test spectra, and the spatial response of Library functions generated by MCNPX. Results indicate that there is no advantage of using the Distance Correlation over the Pearson Correlation, and that weighted versions of these correlations do not increase their performance in evaluating dose. Both correlations were proven to work well even at low integrated doses measured for short periods of time. To evaluate the contribution produced by room-return neutrons on the dosimeter response, MCNPX was used to simulate dosimeter responses for five isotropic neutron sources placed inside different sizes of rectangular concrete rooms. Results show that the contribution of scatteredneutrons to the response of the dosimeter can be significant, so that for most cases the dose is over predicted with errors as large as 500%. A possible method to correct for the contribution of room-return neutrons is also assessed and can be used as a good initial estimate on how to approach the problem.

The deuterium nucleus is a system of two nucleons (proton and neutron) bound together. The configuration of the system is described by a quantum-mechanical wave function and the state of the nucleons at a given time is not know a priori. However, by detecting a backward going proton of moderate momentum in coincidence with a reaction taking place on the neutron in deuterium, the initial state of that neutron can be inferred if we assume that the proton was a spectator to the reaction. This method, known as spectator tagging, was used to study the electron scattering from high-momentum neutrons in deuterium. The data were taken with a 5.765 GeV polarized electron beam on a deuterium target in Jefferson Laboratory's Hall B, using the CLAS detector. The accumulated data cover a wide kinematic range, reaching values of the invariant mass of the unobserved final state W* up to 3 GeV. A data sample of approximately 5 - 105 events, with protons detected at large scattering angles (as high as 136 degrees) in coincidence with the forward electrons, was selected. The product of the neutron structure function with the initial nucleon momentum distribution F2n. S was extracted for different values of W*, backward proton momenta ps and momentum transfer Q2. The data were compared to a calculation based on the spectator approximation and using the free nucleon form factors and structure functions. A strong enhancement in the data, not reproduced by the model, was observed at cos(thetapq) > -0.3 (where theta{sub pq} is the proton scattering angle relative to the direction of the momentum transfer) and can be associated with the contribution of final state interactions (FSI) that were not incorporated into the model. The bound nucleon structure function F2n was studied in the region cos(thetapq) < -0.3 as a function of W* and scaling variable x*. At high spectator proton momenta the struck neutron is

The structure of gamma-ray-irradiated {kappa}-carrageenan in aqueous solutions was investigated in terms of small-angle neutronscattering. The scattered intensity, I(q), of non-irradiated {kappa}-carrageenan solutions (5 wt%) was well described with an Ornstein-Zernike (OZ)-type function with the correlation length of 85 A, indicating that the {kappa}-carrageenan solution behaves just as a polymer solution in the semi-dilute regime. By increasing the irradiation dose (100 kGy), I(q) changed to a power-law function with the scattering exponent of -1.84. Further increase in dose results in a recovery of OZ-type function. This indicates that a progressive cleavage of {kappa}-carrageenan chains takes place randomly, leading to a self-similar structure at 100 kGy. This is followed by further segmentation of {kappa}-carrageenan chains.

The calibration methods of neutron-measuring devices such as the neutron survey meter have advantages and disadvantages. To compare the calibration factors obtained by the shadow cone method and semi-empirical method, 10 neutron survey meters of five different types were used in this study. This experiment was performed at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI; Daejeon, South Korea), and the calibration neutron fields were constructed using a {sup 252}Californium ({sup 252}Cf) neutron source, which was positioned in the center of the neutron irradiation room. The neutron spectra of the calibration neutron fields were measured by a europium-activated lithium iodide scintillator in combination with KAERI's Bonner sphere system. When the shadow cone method was used, 10 single moderator-based survey meters exhibited a smaller calibration factor by as much as 3.1 - 9.3% than that of the semi-empirical method. This finding indicates that neutron survey meters underestimated the scatteredneutrons and attenuated neutrons (i.e., the total scatter corrections). This underestimation of the calibration factor was attributed to the fact that single moderator-based survey meters have an under-ambient dose equivalent response in the thermal or thermal-dominant neutron field. As a result, when the shadow cone method is used for a single moderator-based survey meter, an additional correction and the International Organization for Standardization standard 8529-2 for room-scatteredneutrons should be considered.

The thesis describes the neutronscattering experiments performed on poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer micelles in aqueous solution. The studies concern the non-ionic triblock copolymer P85 which consists of two outer segments of 25 monomers of ethylene oxide attached to a central part of 40 monomers of propylene oxide. The amphiphilic character of P85 leads to formation of various structures in aqueous solution such as spherical micelles, rod-like structures, and a BCC liquid-crystal mesophase of spherical micelles. The present investigations are centered around the micellar structures. In the first part of this thesis a model for the micelle is developed for which an analytical scattering form factor can be calculated. The micelle is modeled as a solid sphere with tethered Gaussian chains. Good agreement was found between small-angle neutronscattering experiments and the form factor of the spherical P85 micelles. Above 60 deg. C some discrepancies were found between the model and the data which is possibly due to an elongation of the micelles. The second part focuses on the surface-induced ordering of the various micellar aggregates in the P85 concentration-temperature phase diagram. In the spherical micellar phase, neutron reflection measurements indicated a micellar ordering at the hydrophilic surface of quartz. Extensive modeling was performed based on a hard sphere description of the micellar interaction. By convolution of the distribution of hard spheres at a hard wall, obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, and the projected scattering length density of the micelle, a numerical expression was obtained which made it possible to fit the data. The hard-sphere-hard-wall model gave an excellent agreement in the bulk micellar phase. However, for higher concentrations (25 wt % P85) close to the transition from the micellar liquid into a micellar cubic phase, a discrepancy was found between the model and the

Measurements and calculations of beam attenuation and background scattering for common materials placed in a neutron beam are presented over the temperature range of 300–700 K. Time-of-flight (TOF) measurements have also been made, to determine the fraction of the background that is either inelastic or quasi-elastic scattering as measured with a 3He detector. Other background sources considered include double Bragg diffraction from windows or samples, scattering from gases, and phonon scattering from solids. Background from the residual air in detector vacuum vessels and scattering from the 3He detector dome are presented. The thickness dependence of the multiple scattering correction for forward scattering from water is calculated. Inelastic phonon background scattering at small angles for crystalline solids is both modeled and compared with measurements. Methods of maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio by material selection, choice of sample thickness and wavelength, removal of inelastic background by TOF or Be filters, and removal of spin-flip scattering with polarized beam analysis are discussed. PMID:26306088

We report results from an experiment measuring the semi-inclusive reaction D(e,e'p{sub s}) where the proton p{sub s} is moving at a large angle relative to the momentum transfer. If we assume that the proton was a spectator to the reaction taking place on the neutron in deuterium, the initial state of that neutron can be inferred. This method, known as spectator tagging, can be used to study electron scattering from high-momentum (off-shell) neutrons in deuterium. The data were taken with a 5.765 GeV electron beam on a deuterium target in Jefferson Laboratory's Hall B, using the CLAS detector. A reduced cross section was extracted for different values of final-state missing mass W*, backward proton momentum {rvec p}{sub s} and momentum transfer Q{sup 2}. The data are compared to a simple PWIA spectator model. A strong enhancement in the data observed at transverse kinematics is not reproduced by the PWIA model. This enhancement can likely be associated with the contribution of final state interactions (FSI) that were not incorporated into the model. A ''bound neutron structure function'' F{sub 2n}{sup eff} was extracted as a function of W* and the scaling variable x* at extreme backward kinematics, where effects of FSI appear to be smaller. For p{sub s} > 400 MeV/c, where the neutron is far off-shell, the model overestimates the value of F{sub 2n}{sup eff} in the region of x* between 0.25 and 0.6. A modification of the bound neutron structure function is one of possible effects that can cause the observed deviation.

Four methods for employing neutrons to detect abandoned small anti-personnel landmines are presented and discussed. The techniques used are based on measurements of effects due to the scattering of neutrons on the hydrogen content of the landmine.

The measurement of hydrogen or zirconium hydriding in fuel cladding has long been of interest to the nuclear power industry. The detection of this hydrogen currently requires either destructive analysis (with sensitivities down to 1 {mu}g/g) or nondestructive thermal neutron radiography (with sensitivities on the order of a few weight percent). The detection of hydrogen in metals can also be determined by measuring the slowing down of neutrons as they collide and rapidly lose energy via scattering with hydrogen. This phenomenon is the basis for the {open_quotes}notched neutron spectrum{close_quotes} technique, also referred to as the Hysen method. This technique has been improved with the {open_quotes}modified{close_quotes} notched neutron spectrum technique that has demonstrated detection of hydrogen below 1 {mu}g/g in steel. The technique is nondestructive and can be used on radioactive materials. It is proposed that this technique be applied to the measurement of hydriding in zirconium fuel pins. This paper summarizes a method for such measurements.

Neutronscattering experiments on the mixed-valence (MV) compounds SmB{sub 6} are reported. The inelastic magnetic response of SmB{sub 6} at T = 2 K, measured on a double-isotope single crystal,displays a strongly damped peak at 35 meV corresponding to the inter multiplet transition of Sm{sup 2+}. At lower energies ( h.{omega} {approx_equal} 14 meV), a narrow magnetic excitation is observed, with remarkable scattering-vector and temperature dependences of its intensity. This novel feature is discussed in terms of recent theoretical works describing the formation of an anisotropic local bound state in semiconducting MV materials. If the average samarium valence is decreased by substituting La for Sm, a peak is found to appear at high energies. The elastic magnetic form factor of SmB{sub 6} was determined using polarised neutrons and no significant difference is observed in its Q-dependence with respect to that of pure divalent samarium. This surprising behaviour is constant with previous measurements on the gold (high-pressure) phase of SmS. The above results are compared to those already reported for other MV materials. In particular existing information for TmSe is supplemented by recent inelastic scattering measurements carried out on a large stoichiometric single crystal. (author). 44 refs., 7 figs.

Despite of setbacks in the lack of neutrons for the proposed We have made considerable progress in chromatin reconstitution with the VLR histone H1/H5 and in understanding the dynamics of nucleosomes. A ferromagnetic fluid was developed to align biological molecules for structural studies using small-angle-neutron-scattering. We have also identified and characterized an intrinsically bent DNA region flanking the RNA polymerase I binding site of the ribosomal RNA gene in Physarum Polycephalum. Finally projects in progress are in the areas of studying the interatctions of histone H4 amino-terminus peptide 1-23 and acetylated 1-23 peptide with DNA using thermal denaturation; study of GGAAT repeats found in human centromeres using high resolution Nuclear magnetic Resonance and nuclease sentivity assay; and the role of histones and other sperm specific proteins with sperm chromatin.

We report results of longitudinal (one-dimensional) neutron polarization analysis on polycrystalline bulk Co with an average crystallite size of D = 10 nm. The spin-flip small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) data are analyzed in the approach-to-saturation regime within the framework of micromagnetic theory. In particular, we provide a closed-form expression for the spin-flip SANS cross section d{Sigma}{sup {+-}-+}/d{Omega}. From the data analysis, we find a room-temperature value of A = (2.6 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup -11} J m{sup -1} for the exchange-stiffness constant, which agrees well with earlier data.

A novel 2π detector geometry for small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) applications is presented and its theoretical performance evaluated. Such a novel geometry is ideally suited for a SANS instrument at the European Spallation Source (ESS). Motivated by the low availability and high price of 3He, the new concept utilizes gaseous detectors with 10B as the neutron converter. The shape of the detector is inspired by an optimization process based on the properties of the conversion material. Advantages over the detector geometry traditionally used on SANS instruments are discussed. The angular and time resolutions of the proposed detector concept are shown to satisfy the requirements of the particular SANS instrument. PMID:24046504

This study centers on the use of inelastic neutronscattering as an alternative tool for physical characterization of solid pharmaceutical drugs. On the basis of such approach, relaxation processes in the pharmaceutical compound phenacetin (p-ethoxyacetanilide, C(10)H(13)NO(2)) were evidenced...... on heating between 2 and 300 K. By evaluating the mean-square displacement obtained from the elastic fixed window approach, using the neutron backscattering technique, a crossover of the molecular fluctuations between harmonic and nonharmonic dynamical regimes around 75 K was observed. From the temperature...... dependence of the quasi-elastic line-width, summed over the total Q range explored by the time-of-flight technique, it was possible to attribute the onset of this anharmonicity to methyl group rotations. Finally, using density functional theory-based methods, we were able to calculate the lattice vibrations...

The field of neutron inelastic scattering has probably been developed to the stage where it can begin to help the biologist. Because essentially no experimental data have been obtained, it is difficult either to draw conclusions or to make forecasts except on the basis of general hypotheses. It seems likely, however, that the next stage is up to biologists. After reviewing those biological problems in which molecular dynamics might play an important role, they should suggest specimens of interest which can give inelastic peaks with existing spectrometers operating with 5 to 10-A neutrons at angles greater than 5degrees and with resolutions of approximately 50 mueV. These specimens may involve molecules slightly smaller and more mobile than some biologists would like, but a successful outcome might lead to the development of spectrometers capable of working in a more satisfactory range. In this event the return may well prove rewarding to the biologists.

Ultra small angle neutronscattering instruments have recently covered the gap between the size resolution available with conventional intermediate angle neutronscattering and small angle neutronscattering instruments on one side and optical microscopy on the other side. Rocks showing fractal behavior in over two decades of momentum transfer and seven orders of magnitude of intensity are examined and fractal parameters are extracted from the combined USANS and SANS curves.

Energy storage in the form of ammonia bound in metal salts, so-called metal ammines, combines high energy density with the possibility of fast and reversible NH3 ab- and desorption kinetics. The mechanisms and processes involved in the NH3 kinetics are investigated by density functional theory (DFT......) and quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS). The crystal structures of Mg(NH3)(n)Cl-2 with n = 6, 2, 1, which contains up to 9.19 wt % hydrogen and 0.115 kg hydrogen L-1, are first analyzed using an algorithm based on simulated annealing (SA), finding all the experimentally known structures and predicting the C2/m...

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of ionic lamellar solids with positively charged layers of two kinds of metallic cations and exchangeable hydrated anions. Quasi-elastic neutronscattering (QENS) measurements are performed in this type of LDH structured hydrated hydrotalcite sample to study the dynamical behaviour of the water in geometric confinement within the layers. Dynamical parameters correspond to the confined water molecules revealed that depending on the amount of excess water present, behaves differently and approaches bulk values at high concentration. Both translational and rotational dynamical parameters showed that at very low concentration of excess water, water molecules are attached to the surfaces and show the confinement effect.

The electric and magnetic helicity form factors of the proton are measured at 4-momentum transfers (squared) of 25 to 45 f/sup -2/, by means of electron scattering by protons at high energies. The results are combined with other e/sup -/--p and e/sup -/--d experimental findings in order to show the proton form fuctors from 0 to 45 f/sup -2/ and the neutron form factors from 0 to 25 f/sup -2/. (T.F.H.)

A simulation of an inelastic neutronscattering experiment on the high-temperature superconductor La sub 2 sub - sub x Sr sub x CuO sub 4 is presented. The complete experiment, including sample, is simulated using an interface between the experiment control program and the simulation software package (McStas) and is compared with the experimental data. Simulating the entire experiment is an attractive alternative to the usual method of convoluting the model cross section with the resolution function, especially if the resolution function is nontrivial. (orig.)

The adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and various poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic) copolymers onto the synthetic clay Laponite, was investigated using Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The Laponite particles are anisotropic, with a relatively high aspect ratio; but are the same order of magnitude in size as the polymer radius of gyration. Consequently, the particles present a radically different adsorption geometry compared to a locally planar interface, that is assumed by the majority of adsorption studies. The PEO homo-polymer formed thin layers, with the layer thickness being much smaller on the face than on the edge of the particle. Furthermore, the face thickness remained constant with increasing molecular weight, unlike the edge thickness, which grew with a small power law dependence on the molecular weight. Although the hydrodynamic thicknesses (DLS) were larger than those observed with SANS, the layer thicknesses ...

Neutronscattering measurements of biological macromolecules and materials have provided answers to numerous questions about molecular assemblies and arrangements. Studies of ribosomes, viruses, membranes, and other biological structures are reviewed, with emphasis on the importance of both deuterium labelling and contrast variation with H2O/D2O exchange. Although many studies of biological molecules have been made using contrast variation alone, it is the deuterium labelling experiments that have provided the most precise information and answers to major biological questions. This is largely the result of the low resolution of scattering data and the consequent rapid increase of information content that specific deuterium labelling provides. Procedures for specific deuterium labelling `in vivo' are described for recent work on myelin membranes together with basic aspects of such labelling useful for future research.

Full Text Available We compare two techniques: Electron Compton Scattering (ECS and neutron Compton scattering (NCS and show that using certain incident energies, both can measure the atomic kinetic energy of atoms in molecules and solids. The information obtained is related to the Doppler broadening of nuclear levels and is very useful for deducing the widths of excited levels in many nuclei in self absorption measurements. A comparison between the atomic kinetic energies measured by the two methods on the same samples is made. Some results are also compared with calculated atomic kinetic energies obtained using the harmonic approximation where the vibrational frequencies were taken from IR/Raman optical measurements. The advantages of the ECS method are emphasized.

A study of inelastic neutronscattering by the nucleus /sup 152/Sm at incident energies of 2.47 and 2.75 MeV using the coupled-channel method has been made. Consideration is made of the 2/sup +//0.122 MeV/, 4/sup +//0.366 MeV/ and 2/sup +//1.086 MeV/excited states. It is shown that in this energy range the process may be described satisfactorily considering /sup 152/Sm as a deformed nucleus with non-axial symmetry, given the quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations. The scattering process through the compound nucleus is calculated according to the Hauser-Feshbach formula with width fluctuation correction. It is shown that the presence of direct excitation process is partly due to the non-axiality of /sup 152/Sm.

We analyze the different steps that must be followed for data processing in Deep Inelastic NeutronScattering Experiments. Firstly we discuss to what extent multiple scattering effects can affect the measured peak shape, concluding the an accurate calculation of these effects must be performed to extract the desired effective temperature from the experimental data. We present a Monte Carlo procedure to perform these corrections. Next, we focus our attention on experiments performed on light nuclei. We examine cases in which the desired information is obtained from the observed peak areas, and we analyze the procedure to obtain an effective temperature from the experimental peaks. As a consequence of the results emerging from those cases we trace the limits of validity of the convolution formalism usually employed, and propose a different treatment of the experimental data for this kind of measurements. (author)

We describe measurements of the magnetic critical fluctuations of holmium by x-ray scattering techniques. The x-ray results are compared to those obtained in neutronscattering experiments performed on the same sample.

We describe measurements of the magnetic critical fluctuations of holmium by x-ray scattering techniques. The x-ray results are compared to those obtained in neutronscattering experiments performed on the same sample.

Diffuse scattering of polarized neutrons on cobaltate polycrystalline samples with Swedenborgite structure, ABaCo{sub 3}BO{sub 7} (A=Y Ca, and B=Co Fe,Al,Zn) was used to study the change in magnetic order depending on chemical composition. The atomic structure contains alternate stacking of kagome and triangular layers of metal ions, all in tetrahedral oxygen coordination. Geometrical frustration of antiferromagnetically coupled spins should suppress long-range order even at low temperatures despite strong spin-spin coupling in the Swedenborgites. The diffuse magnetic scattering in Y{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}BaCo{sub 4}O {sub 7} reveals two dimensional (2D) spin correlations on the Kagome sublattices towards the entropically favoured V3*V3 structure and suggests a decoupling of layers on triangular sites. Co-substitution by Al and Zn yields similar diffuse magnetic scattering, however, spin dilution results in even more disordered spin liquid or spin glass states. With B=Fe or Co, differences in the magnetic scattering evolve, indicating the onset of spin correlations perpendicular to the Kagome layers.

Recent test results indicated drawbacks associated with the simple exponential attenuation method (SEAM) as currently applied to neutron radiography measurements to determine vapor fractions in a hydrogenous two-phase flow in a metallic conduit. The scattering component of the neutron beam intensity exiting the flow system is not adequately accounted for by SEAM, and this leads to inaccurate results. To properly account for the scattering effect, a neutronscattering probability method (SPM) is developed. The method applies a neutron-hydrogen scattering kernel to scattered thermal neutrons that leave the incident beam in narrow conduits but eventually show up elsewhere in the measurements. The SPM has been tested with known vapor (void) distributions within an acrylic disk and a water/vapor channel. The vapor (void) fractions deduced by SPM are in good agreement with the known exact values. Details of the scattering correction method and the test results are discussed.

We demonstrate the performance of a compact neutron guide module which boosts the intensity in inelastic neutronscattering experiments by approximately a factor of 40. The module consists of two housings containing truly curved elliptic focussing guide elements, positioned before and after the sample. The advantage of the module lies in the ease with which it may be reproducibly mounted on a spectrometer within a few hours, on the same timescale as conventional sample environments. It is particularly well suited for samples with a volume of a few mm{sup 3}, thus enabling the investigation of materials which to date would have been considered prohibitively small or samples exposed to extreme environments, where there are space constraints. We benchmark the excellent performance of the module by measurements of the structural and magnetic excitations in single crystals of model systems. In particular, we report the phonon dispersion in the simple element lead. We also determine the magnon dispersion in the spinel ZnCr{sub 2}Se{sub 4} (V = 12.5 mm{sup 3}), where strong magnetic diffuse scattering at low temperatures evolves into distinct helical order.

We demonstrate the performance of a compact neutron guide module which boosts the intensity in inelastic neutronscattering experiments by approximately a factor of 40. The module consists of two housings containing truly curved elliptic focussing guide elements, positioned before and after the sample. The advantage of the module lies in the ease with which it may be reproducibly mounted on a spectrometer within a few hours, on the same timescale as conventional sample environments. It is particularly well suited for samples with a volume of a few mm3, thus enabling the investigation of materials which to date would have been considered prohibitively small or samples exposed to extreme environments, where there are space constraints. We benchmark the excellent performance of the module by measurements of the structural and magnetic excitations in single crystals of model systems. In particular, we report the phonon dispersion in the simple element lead. We also determine the magnon dispersion in the spinel ZnCr2Se4 (V = 12.5 mm3), where strong magnetic diffuse scattering at low temperatures evolves into distinct helical order.

The scattering of slow neutron beams provides unique, non-destructive, quantitative information on the structure and dynamics of materials of interest in physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, geology, and other fields. Liquid hydrogen is a widely-used neutron moderator medium, and an accurate knowledge of its slow neutron cross section is essential for the design and optimization of intense slow neutron sources. In particular the rapid drop of the slow neutronscattering cross section of liquid parahydrogen below 15 meV, which renders the moderator volume transparent to the neutron energies of most interest for scattering studies, is therefore especially interesting and important. We have placed an upper bound on the total cross section and the scattering cross section for slow neutrons with energies between 0.43 meV and 16.1 meV on liquid hydrogen at 15.6 K using neutron transmission measurements on the hydrogen target of the NPDGamma collaboration at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge Nati...

We report results from an experiment measuring the semi-inclusive reaction $d(e,e'p_s)$ where the proton $p_s$ is moving at a large angle relative to the momentum transfer. If we assume that the proton was a spectator to the reaction taking place on the neutron in deuterium, the initial state of that neutron can be inferred. This method, known as spectator tagging, can be used to study electron scattering from high-momentum (off-shell) neutrons in deuterium. The data were taken with a 5.765 GeV electron beam on a deuterium target in Jefferson Laboratory's Hall B, using the CLAS detector. A reduced cross section was extracted for different values of final-state missing mass $W^{*}$, backward proton momentum $\\vec{p}_{s}$ and momentum transfer $Q^{2}$. The data are compared to a simple PWIA spectator model. A strong enhancement in the data observed at transverse kinematics is not reproduced by the PWIA model. This enhancement can likely be associated with the contribution of final state interactions (FSI) that ...

The neutron-deuteron elastic scattering differential cross section has been measured at 95 MeV incident neutron energy, with the Medley setup at TSL in Uppsala. The neutron-proton differential cross section has also been measured for normalization purposes. The data are compared with theoretical calculations to investigate the role of three-nucleon force effects.

Neutron backgrounds are a significant concern to experiments that attempt to directly detect Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter. Recoil nuclei produced by neutron elastic scattering can mimic WIMP signatures. There is insufficient experimental data available for the scattering cross-sections of neutrons with noble gases (Ne, Ar, Xe), which are candidate target materials for such experiments. Neutron elastic and inelastic scattering from neon of natural abundance was investigated at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory at neutron energies relevant to (α,n) and low-energy spallation neutron backgrounds in these experiments. The differential cross-section was measured using a time-of-flight technique at neutron energies of 8.0 and 5.0 MeV. Details of the experimental technique and current status of measurements will be presented.

We recently introduced a wave-mechanical model for quasi-elastic neutronscattering (QENS) in proteins. We call the model ELM for "Energy Landscape Model". We postulate that the spectrum of the scatteredneutrons consists of lines of natural width shifted from the center by fluctuations. ELM is based on two facts: Neutrons are wave packets; proteins have low-lying substates that form the free-energy landscape (FEL). Experiments suggest that the wave packets are a few hundred micrometers long....

The future of neutron and x-ray scattering instrument development and international cooperation was the focus of the workshop. The international gathering of about 50 participants representing 15 national facilities, universities and corporations featured oral presentations, posters, discussions and demonstrations. Participants looked at a number of issues concerning neutronscattering instruments and the tools used in instrument design. Objectives included: (1) determining the needs of the neutronscattering community in instrument design computer code and information sharing to aid future instrument development, (2) providing for a means of training scientists in neutronscattering and neutron instrument techniques, and (3) facilitating the involvement of other scientists in determining the characteristics of new instruments that meet future scientific objectives, and (4) fostering international cooperation in meeting these needs. The scope of the meeting included: (1) a review of x-ray scattering instrument design tools, (2) a look at the present status of neutronscattering instrument design tools and models of neutron optical elements, and (3) discussions of the present and future needs of the neutronscattering community. Selected papers were abstracted separately for inclusion to the Energy Science and Technology Database.

We had a weapons science breakout session last week. Although it would have been better to hold it closer in time to this workshop, I think that it was very valuable. it may have been less of a {open_quotes}short-sleeve{close_quotes} workshop environment than we would have liked, but as the first time two communities-the weapons community and the neutronscattering community- got together, it was a wonderful opportunity to transfer information during the 24 presentations that were made. This report contains discussions on the fundamental analysis of documentation of the enduring stockpile; LANSCE`s contribution to weapons; spallation is critical to understanding; weapons safety assessments; applied nuclear physics requires cross section information; fission models need refinement; and establishing teams on collaborative projects.

Protein carries out most functions in living things on the earth through characteristic modulation of its three-dimensional structure over time. Understanding the microscopic nature of the protein internal motion and its connection to the function and structure of the biomolecule is a central topic in biophysics, and of great practical importance for drug design, study of diseases, and the development of renewable energy, etc. Under physiological conditions, protein exhibits a complex dynamics landscape, i.e., a variety of diffusive and conformational motions occur on similar time and length scales. This variety renders difficult the derivation of a simplified description of protein internal motions in terms of a small number of distinct, additive components. This difficulty is overcome by our work using a combined approach of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and the NeutronScattering experiments. Our approach enables distinct protein motions to be characterized separately, furnishing an in-depth understanding of the connection between protein structure, dynamics and function.

A brief account of applications of polarized inelastic neutronscattering in condensed matter research is given. We show that full polarization analysis is the only tool allowing to discriminate unambiguously between different magnetic modes in various magnetic materials. We show by means of recent results in the Heisenberg ferromagnet EuS that the effects of dipolar interactions can be studied on a microscopic scale. Moreover, we have found for the first time indications for the divergence of the longitudinal fluctuations below c. In the itinerant antiferromagnet chromium we demonstrate that the dynamics of the longitudinal and transverse excitations are very different, resolving a long standing puzzle concerning the slope of their dispersion. Finally, we show that a measurement of the polarization-dependent part of the cross section of non-centrosymmetric MnSi proves directly that the chirality of the magnetic fluctuations is left-handed.

The opportunities for doing scattering experiments at synchrotron and neutron facilities have grown rapidly in recent years and are set to continue to do so into the foreseeable future. This text provides a basic understanding of how these techniques enable the structure and dynamics of materials to be studied at the atomic and molecular level. Although mathematics cannot be avoided in a theoretical discussion, the aim has been to write a book that most scientists will still find approachable. To this end, the first two chapters are devoted to providing a tutorial background in the mathematics and physics that are implicitly assumed in other texts. Thereafter, the philosophy has been one of keeping things as simple as possible.

A bilateral scientific cooperation, in the small angle neutronscattering has been agreed upon between CIAE, China and BATAN, Indonesia as well as MINT Malaysia. As stated in the agreed proposal that the objective of this cooperation, in the initial stage (stage-1), was to have a regional intercomparison measurements of SANS instruments in order to determine their characteristic/performance. Therefore, this report is supposed to describe the progress in the SANS instrument development of each country involved during the period of 1996/97 and some activities related to the SANS instrument. Since, up to now, we have not yet received any progresses reported from either China or Malaysia, this report will describe the progress of SANS`s activities in BATAN only. (author)

The dispersion relations for phonons in solid ortho-deuterium have been measured at 5 °K by inelastic neutronscattering. The results are in good agreement with recent calculations in which quantum effects are taken into account. The data have been fitted to a third-neighbor general force model....... The effective force constants which are obtained show that the bond stretching forces between nearest-neighbor molecules are dominant and this bond stretching constant is 174 dyn cm-1. The elastic constants are deduced and the isothermal compressibility is calculated to be B-1=2.19×10-10 cm2 dyn-1. The density...... of states and the heat capacity is calculated and the Debye temperature is found to be θ0=114 °K....

Both silver chalcogenides (Ag sub 2 S, Ag sub 2 Se, and Ag sub 2 Te) and silver halides (AgCl, AgBr, and AgI) are known to be fast-ion solids in which the silver ions can diffuse quickly in a sublattice formed by the other ions. To clarify whether mixtures of these materials (such as Ag sub 3 SeI) possess comparable properties and whether a systematic dependence on the cation-to-anion ratio can be observed, some of these mixtures were studied by quasielastic neutronscattering both in the solid and the liquid phases. To identify the diffusion mechanisms and constants, a new data-analysis method based on a two-dimensional maximum-likelihood fit is proposed. This method has the potential to give more reliable information on the diffusion mechanism than the traditional Bayesian method. (orig.)

We have made considerable progress in chromatin reconstitution with very lysine rich histone H1/H5 and in understanding the dynamics of nucleosomes. A ferromagnetic fluid was developed to align biological molecules for structural studies using small-angle-neutron-scattering. We have also identified and characterized in intrinsically bent DNA region flaking the RNA polymerase I binding site of the ribosomal RNA gene in Physarum Polycephalum. Finally projects in progress are in the areas of studying the interactions of histone H4 amino-terminus peptide 1-23 and acetylated 1-23 peptide with DNA using thermal denaturation; study of GGAAT repeats found in human centromeres using high resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and nuclease sentivity assay; and the role of histones and other sperm specific proteins with sperm chromatin.

Collective dynamics are considered to be one of the major properties of soft materials, including biological macromolecules. We present coherent neutronscattering studies of the low-frequency vibrations, the so-called boson peak, in fully deuterated green fluorescent protein (GFP). Our analysis revealed unexpectedly low coherence of the atomic motions in GFP. This result implies a low amount of in-phase collective motion of the secondary structural units contributing to the boson peak vibrations and fast conformational fluctuations on the picosecond timescale. These observations are in contrast to earlier studies of polymers and glass-forming systems, and suggest that random or out-of-phase motions of the β-strands contribute greater than two-thirds of the intensity to the low-frequency vibrational spectra of GFP. PMID:24209864

We have been engaged in studies of the structure and condensation of chromatin into the 30nm filament using small-angle neutronscattering. We have also used deuterated histone H1 to determine its location in the chromatin 30nm filament. Our studies indicate that chromatin condenses with increasing ionic strength to a limiting structure that has a mass per unit length of 6-7 nucleosomes/11 nm. They also show that the linker histone H1/H5 is located in the interior of the chromatin filament, in a position compatible with its binding to the inner face of the nucleosome. Analysis of the mass per unit length as a function of H5 stoichiometry suggests that 5-7 contiguous nucleosomes need to have H5 bound before a stable higher order structure can exist.

Nuclear radiation provides important changes in the microstructure of metallic components of nuclear power plant and research reactors, influencing their mechanical properties. The investigation of this problem has primary interest for the safety and life-time of such nuclear installations. For the characterization of this kind of nanostructures small angle neutronscattering technique is a very useful tool. We have carried out experiments on samples of irradiated reactor vessel material and welded components of VVER-440-type reactors on the SANS instrument at the Budapest Research Reactor. In our measurements irradiated as well as non-irradiated samples were compared and magnetic field was applied for viewing the magnetic structure effects of the materials. A clear modification of the structure due to irradiation was obtained. Our data were analyzed by the ITP92 code, the inverse Fourier transform program of O. Glatter [1].

We have measured coherent neutronscattering from deuterated orthoterphenyl on a spin echo and a backscattering spectrometer. In agreement with mode coupling theory, pair correlations decay in two steps and follow the same scaling laws as those found previously for self-correlations. The temperature evolution of the intermediate plateau is compatible with the previously established Tc=290 K. The spatial resolution has not been sufficient to fully resolve oscillations of parameters as functions of Q, which are predicted by mode coupling theory. Within this limitation, we find that the double peak structure of S(Q) is not expressed in the nonergodicity parameter fcQ and that the de Gennes narrowing is missing.

The distance between hard segment (HS) and soft segment (SS) of segmented polyurethane have been determined using the Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) technique. The segmented Polyurethanes (SPU) are linear multiblock copolymers, which include elastomer thermoplastic. SPU consist of hard segment and soft segment, each has tendency to make a group with similar type to form a domain. The soft segments used were polypropylene glycol (PPG) and 4,4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), while l,4 butanediol (BD) was used as hard segment. The characteristic of SPU depends on its phase structure which is affected by several factors, such as type of chemical formula and the composition of the HS and SS, solvent as well as the synthesizing process. The samples used in this study were SPU56 and SPU68. Based on the appearance of SANS profile, it was obtained that domain distances are 12.32 nm for the SPU56 and 19 nm for the SPU68. (author)

This Phase II research project was focused on constructing and testing a facility for the measurement of the structure of hot solid and liquid materials under extreme conditions using neutron diffraction. The work resulted in measurements at temperatures of 3300 K, the highest ever performed in a neutron beam. Work was performed jointly by Containerless Research, Inc. and Argonne National Laboratory with significant interactions with engineers and scientists at the under construction-SNS facility in Oak Ridge, TN. The work comprised four main activities: Design and construct an advanced instrument for structural studies of liquids and hot solids using neutronscattering. Develop and test a software package for instrument control, data acquisition and analysis. Test and demonstrate the instrument in experiments at the GLAD beamline at IPNS. Evaluate requirements for performing experiments at the SNS. Develop interest from the potential user base and identify potential support for Phase III. The objectives of the research were met. A second-generation instrument was developed and constructed. The instrument design drew on the results of a formal design review which was held at Argonne National Laboratory during the Phase I research [1]. The review included discussion with potential instrument users, SNS scientists and engineers and various scientists involved with materials, glass, ceramics, and geological sciences. The instrument combines aerodynamic levitation with pulsed neutron diffraction in a controlled atmosphere. An important innovation was the use of pure vanadium levitation nozzles that effectively eliminated contributions from the sample environment to the measured data. The instrument employed a 250 Watt CO2 laser that was configured for Class I laser operation. The use of Class I laser configuration meant that operators could work with the equipment with minimal restrictions and so concentrate on the research activities. Instrument control and data

observed in the disordered phase of spin-1/2 chains. The magnetic order of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 XY antiferromagnet Cs sub 2 CoCl sub 4 was investigated using neutron diffraction. The magnetic structure has an ordering wave-vector (0, 0.5, 0.5) for T < 217 mK and the magnetic structure is a non-linear structure with the magnetic moments at a small angle to the b axis. Above a field of H = 2.1 T the magnetic order collapses in an apparent first order phase transition, suggesting a transition to a spin-liquid phase. Low-dimensional magnets with low-spin quantum numbers are ideal model systems for investigating strongly interacting macroscopic quantum ground states and their non-linear spin excitations. This thesis describes neutronscattering experiments of three one-dimensional low-spin antiferromagnets where strong quantum fluctuations lead to highly-correlated ground states and unconventional cooperative spin excitations. The excitation spectrum of the antiferromagnetic spin-1 Heisenberg chain CsNi...

The design of a new Very Small Angle NeutronScattering (VSANS) Instrument for use in National Institute of Standards And Technology (NIST) will be discussed. This instrument is similar to a shorter instrument we designed and delivered to ANSTO in Australia called the Bilby SANS instrument. The NIST VSANS and the ANSTO Bilby SANS instruments have very similar dimensions for length and diameter and have similar requirements for internal detector motion, top access port, walkway supports, and ports; however, the Bilby SANS instrument vacuum requirement was lower (7.5×10-5 Torr) and the entire (60,000 pound) vessel was required to move 1.5 meters on external rails with a repeatability of 100 um, which ADC achieved. The NIST VSANS length is 24 meter, internal diameter 2.3 meter with three internal carriages. The NIST VSANS instrument, which covers the usual SANS range will also allow configuration to cover the range between q ∼⃒ 10-4 A-1 to 10-3 A-1 with a sample beam current of (104 neutrons/s). The key requirements are a second position-sensitive detector system having a 1 mm pixel size and a longer sample-detector flight path of 20 m (i.e., a 40 m instrument).

Monte Carlo simulations provide an important tool for the interpretation of neutronscattering data in the MoNA and LISA arrays at NSCL. Neutron energy and trajectory are determined by time of flight and position of first light produced in the array. Neutrons elastically scattered from H and inelastically from C typically produce light above detector threshold, while those elastically scattered from C produce light below threshold (``dark scattering'') and are redirected in flight, thus lowering energy and trajectory resolution. In order to test the effectiveness of our Geant4/MENATE_R simulations, we conducted an experiment at the LANSCE facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory to observe scattering of individual neutrons with well defined energy and trajectory in 16 MoNA detector bars arranged in two different stack geometries. Neutrons with energies ranging from 0.5 to 800 MeV emerged from a 3 mm collimator in the 90m shed on the WNR 4FP15L flight path to enter the array at a well defined point. Several features of neutronscattering are compared with simulation predictions, including hit multiplicity, scattering angle, mean distance between scatters, and the effect of dark scatter redirection. Results to date will be presented. Work supported by NSF Grant PHY-1506402.

The research accomplishments during the award involved experimental studies of correlated electron systems and quantum magnetism. The techniques of crystal growth, neutronscattering, x-ray scattering, and thermodynamic & transport measurements were employed, and graduate students and postdoctoral research associates were trained in these techniques.

Full Text Available The COMPTON@MAX-lab collaboration has recently published a new measurement of elastic photon scattering from deuterium using tagged photons at the MAX IV Laboratory [1]. The experiment utilized the Tagged Photon Facility at MAX IV and three of the largest NaI(Tl detectors in the world. Correction terms to the cross section were determined via Monte Carlo simulations [2, 3] and were confirmed by comparisons to the well-known 12C(γ,γ12C reaction [4]. These results represent the most extensive data on deuteron Compton scattering ever measured and effectively double the world data set. In addition, the energy range overlaps previous experiments and extends nearly 20 MeV higher where the sensitivity to the polarizabilities is enhanced. As a result, we have obtained the neutron polarizabilities as αn=[11.55 ± 1.25(stat ± 0.2(BSR ± 0.8(th] × 10−4 fm3 and βn=[3.65 ∓ 1.25(stat ± 0.2(BSR ± 0.8(th] × 10−4 fm3, which represents a 30% reduction in the statistical uncertainty.

The heat capacity of cyclooctanol was measured with an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range 5-340 K. Liquid cyclooctanol crystallized into crystal I, a plastic (orientationally disordered) phase. Crystal I was supercooled readily and underwent a glass transition at 160 K. Crystal II, obtained by annealing crystal I at about 200 K, also underwent a glass transition at 160 K, indicating that crystal II is also an orientationally disordered phase. On heating, crystal II transformed to crystal I at 261.7 K with a transition entropy of 8.06 J K{sup -1} mol{sup -1} and crystal I fused at 295.3 K with a fusion entropy of 7.00 J K{sup -1} mol{sup -1}. Neutronscattering of cyclooctanol was measured in the temperature range 20-335 K, energy range 0.1-20 meV and momentum transfer range 0.23-2.7 A{sup -1}. A clear boson peak was found around 2.5 meV in both orientational glasses of crystal I and II. Quasielastic scattering appeared at temperatures as low as the glass transition temperature. This may be due to a fast {beta} process which has been observed in most glass-forming liquids. The present results indicate that glass-forming plastic crystals are similar to glass-forming liquids in their dynamical properties in terahertz region.

Nano- and microparticles composed of saccharide and lipid systems are extensively investigated for applications as highly biocompatible drug carriers. A detailed understanding of particle-solvent interactions is of key importance in order to tailor their characteristics for delivering drugs with specific chemical properties. Here we report results of a quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS) investigation on lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles prepared by autoassembling the two components in an aqueous solution. The measurements were performed at room temperature on lyophilized and H{sub 2}O hydrated nanoparticles (h = 0.47 w H{sub 2}O/w hydrated sample). In the latter, hydration water is mostly enclosed inside the nanoparticles; its dynamics is similar to that of bulk water but with a significant decrease in diffusivity. The scattering from the nanoparticles can be described by a simple model of confined diffusion. In the lyophilized state only hydrogens belonging to the polar heads are seen as mobile within the experimental time-window. In the hydrated sample the diffusive dynamics involves also a significant part of the hydrogens in the lipid tails.

We have determined a value for the $^1S_0$ neutron-neutronscattering length ($a_{nn}$) from high-precision measurements of time-of-flight spectra of neutrons from the $^2H(\\pi^-,n \\gamma)n$ capture reaction. The measurements were done at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility by the E1286 collaboration. The high spatial resolution of our gamma-ray detector enabled us to make a detailed assessment of the systematic uncertainties in our techniques. The value obtained in the present work is $a_{nn} = -18$.63 $\\pm $0.10 (statistical) $\\pm$ 0.44 (systematic) $\\pm$ 0.30 (theoretical) fm. This result is consistent with previous determinations of $a_{nn}$ from the $\\pi^-d$ capture reaction. We found that the analysis of the data with calculations that use a relativistic phase-space factor gives a more negative value for $a_{nn}$ by 0.33 fm over the analysis done using a nonrelativistic phase-space factor. Combining the present result with the previous ones from $\\pi^-d$ capture gives: $a_{nn} = - 18$.63 $\\pm$ 0.27 (e...

A discussion of the instrumental smearing effects for small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) data sets is given. It is shown that these effects can be described by a resolution function, which describes the distribution of scattering vectors probed for the nominal values of the scattering vector. ...

A review is given of the neutronscattering studies on a frustrated spinel antiferromagnet CdCr{sub 2}O{sub 4}. As observed in ZnCr{sub 2}O{sub 4}, which has been most extensively studied in the Cr-based spinel oxides, CdCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} also shows an antiferromagnetic phase transition and a structural phase transition simultaneously, indicating a strong spin-lattice coupling. The magnetic structure of CdCr{sub 2}O{sub 4}was determined by neutronscattering studies. The neutronscattering study in magnetic field up to 10 T indicates an orientation of magnetic domains.

We have performed numerical ray-tracing Monte-Carlo-simulations of incoherent dynamic neutronscattering experiments. We intend to optimize the efficiency of incoherent measurements depending on the fraction of neutronsscattered without and with spin flip at the sample. In addition to conventional spin echo, we have numerically and experimentally studied oscillating intensity techniques. The results point out the advantages of these different spin echo variants and are an important prerequisite for neutron resonance spin echo instruments like RESEDA (FRM II, Munich), to choose the most efficient technique depending on the scattering vector range and the properties of the sample system under study.

The capability of manufacturing long superconducting MgB2 wires with already remarkable critical currents makes this material a very promising candidate for future applications. Tapes are prepared by the powder-in-tube technique. After the cold working procedure typically carried out by wire drawing and cold rolling, it has been found that a final sintering step carried out in argon atmosphere is a key process for further improving the superconducting properties of the conductors. To study the effect of the deformation and heat treatment processes, we performed neutronscattering experiment. Due to the high penetration depth of neutron inside matter, it was possible to analyse the MgB2 phase still wrapped in the Ni sheath. Our studies were carried out by a full spectra refinement by the Rietveld method. In the starting superconducting powder a large Mg deficiency was observed. In the tapes we found that the large forces applied during the cold working induced a large MgB2 lattice deformation, and that it is partly relaxed during the final sintering process. An important correlation of the residual stress with the critical temperature and the pinning properties was pointed out. We also observed the appearance of detrimental secondary phases during the sintering process. In particular, the MgB2 phase reacted with the nickel sheath and MgB2Ni2.5 was formed at temperatures higher than 850 °C. These results are of basic importance for a further optimization of the transport properties at moderate fields where applications of MgB2 tapes are already envisageable.

Coherent Neutrino Nucleus Scattering (CNNS) is a theoretical well-grounded, but as-yet unverified process. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) may provide an optimal platform for detection of CNNS, possibly with existing detector technology. A proto-collaboration of groups from several institutions has come together to investigate this option and propose an experiment for the first-time observation of CNNS. Currently, the largest risk to such an experiment comes from an unknown background of beam-induced high-energy neutrons that penetrate the existing SNS concrete shielding. We have deployed a neutronscatter camera at the SNS during beam operation and performed preliminary measurements of the neutron backgrounds at a promising experimental location. In order to measure neutrons as high as 100 MeV, we needed to make modifications to the neutronscatter camera and expand its capabilities beyond its standard operating range of 1-14MeV. We have identified sources of high-energy neutrons and continue to investigate other possible locations that may allow a successful CNNS experiment to go forward. The imaging capabilities of the neutronscatter camera will allow more optimal shielding designs that take into account neutron flux anisotropies at the selected experiment locations.

The Antonella experiment is a measurement of the ionization efficiency of nuclear recoils in silicon at low energies [1]. It is a neutron elastic scattering experiment motivated by the search for dark matter particles. In this experiment, a proton beam hits a lithium target and neutrons are produced. The neutron shower passes through a collimator that produces a neutron beam. The beam illuminates a silicon detector. With a certain probability, a neutron interacts with a silicon nucleus of the detector producing elastic scattering. After the interaction, a fraction of the neutron energy is transferred to the silicon nucleus which acquires kinetic energy and recoils. This kinetic energy is then dissipated in the detector producing ionization and thermal energy. The ionization produced is measured with the silicon detector electronics. On the other hand, the neutron is scattered out of the beam. A neutron-detector array (made of scintillator bars) registers the neutron arrival time and the scattering angle to reconstruct the kinematics of the neutron-nucleus interaction with the time-of-flight technique [2]. In the reconstruction equations, the energy of the nuclear recoil is a function of the scattering angle with respect to the beam direction, the time-of-flight of the neutron and the geometric distances between components of the setup (neutron-production target, silicon detector, scintillator bars). This paper summarizes the survey of the different components of the experiment that made possible the off-line analysis of the collected data. Measurements were made with the API Radian Laser Tracker and I-360 Probe Wireless. The survey was completed at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA in February 2015.

Understanding how particles behave in detectors is a critical part of analyzing data from neutrino experiments, but neutral particles are difficult to characterize. The purpose of this project was to calibrate the neutron response in Quasielastic antineutrino scattering (QE) events in the Minerva detector. We applied quasi-elastic assumptions to estimate the outgoing neutron kinematics in QE scattering, and then added modifications to improve the model's predictions for neutron response in data. We compared these kinematic predictions of neutron energy and angle to Monte Carlo simulations of QE scattering and to the behavior of reconstructed energy ``blobs'' that characterize neutral particle behavior in simulated and real Minerva data. Filtering events for neutron energy, angle, and distance from the interaction vertex, we derive calibration functions for both the simulation and real data. Future work will include potential changes to the blobbing algorithms and refinement of the calibration technique using rigorous statistical methods.

Instead of using the phase grating concept for dark field imaging, macroscopic scattering grids were employed at the ANTARES neutron imaging facility. Two Cadmium grids with a 1 mm gap and 1.2 mm bar were adjusted in a distance of only a few cm in order to block the direct beam. Thus, by placing the samples between these two grids only neutrons that were scattered at the samples were transmitted. A linear motion of the coupled grids allowed scanning across the samples and obtaining complete scattering projections, which delivered surprisingly sharp images. The geometric relation between grids permits determination of the transmitted scattering angles.

This issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor JRR-3M during the period between April 1, 2001 and March 31, 2002. (author)

The dynamic behavior of an endoglucanase from the hyperthermophilic microorganism Pyrococcus furiosus was investigated using elastic neutronscattering. The temperature dependence of the atomic motions was correlated with conformational. and functional characteristics of the enzyme. The onset of

The dynamic behavior of an endoglucanase from the hyperthermophilic microorganism Pyrococcus furiosus was investigated using elastic neutronscattering. The temperature dependence of the atomic motions was correlated with conformational and functional characteristics of the enzyme. The onset of

The present issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor (JRR-3M) during the period between April 1, 1998 and March 31, 1999. (author)

This issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor (JRR-3M) during the period between April 1, 1999 and March 31, 2000. (author)

The general expression we have found earlier for the dynamics form-factor is used to analyse experiments on the neutron and photon (light) scattering by the gas of solitons in quasi-one-dimensional magnetics (Authors)

The present issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor (JRR-3M) during the period between April 1, 1998 and March 31, 1999. (author)

Observation of an unconventional superconductivity in ferromagnetic UGe2 when ferromagnetism is suppressed by pressure indicates a dramatic modification of its electronic structure near the Quantum Critical Point [1]. We present high resolution measurements of the lattice constants of ferromagnetic superconductor UGe2 under pressure probed by a novel technique, which utilizes Larmor precession of polarized neutrons and surpasses the resolution of conventional scattering methods by an order of magnitude. We have observed sharp anomalies at the Curie temperature, TC and at TX, which marks the crossover regime. Our studies under pressure of 10, and 12 kbar indicate that the sharp anomaly corresponding to TC shifted to lower temperature in agreement with a phase diagram. At the pressure corresponding to an onset of superconductivity, 10kbar, the lattice expansion corresponding to ferromagnetic transition undergoes a first order transition and increases by a factor of 3. The results indicate a complex response of the electronic structure of UGe2 to external pressure and suggest a strong magnetoelastic coupling as one of multiple energy scales that stabilize superconductivity in UGe2. [1] S. S. Saxena, et al., Nature 406, 587 (2000)

Fast neutrons can be detected with relatively high efficiency, >15%, using two planes of hydrogenous scintillator detectors where a scatter in the first plane creates a start pulse and scatter in the second plane is separated by time-of-flight. Indeed, the neutron spectrum of the source can be determined as the sum of energy deposited by pulse height in the first added to the energy of the second found by time-of-flight to the second detector. Gamma rays can also create a double scatter by Compton interaction in the first with detection in the second, but these events occur in a single time window because the scattered photons all travel at the speed of light. Thus, gamma ray events can be separated from neutrons by the time-of-flight differences. We have studied this detection system with a Cf-252 source using Bicron 501A organic scintillators and report on the ability to efficiently detect fast neutrons with high neutron/gamma detection ratios. We have further studied cosmic-ray neutron background detection response that is the dominant background in long range detection. We have found that most of the neutrons are excluded from the time-of-flight window because they are either too high in energy, >10 keV, or too low, < 10 keV. Moreover, if the detection planes are position-sensitive, the angular direction of the source can be determined by the ratio of the energy of scattered protons in the first detector relative to the position and energy of the scatteredneutron detected in the second. This ability to locate the source in theta is useful, but more importantly increases the signal to noise relative to cosmic-ray produced neutrons that are relatively isotropic. This technique may be used in large arrays to detect neutrons at ranges up to 0.5 kilometer.

Full Text Available Inelastic neutronscattering techniques are introduced here as one of the most important experimental techniques in the investigation of collective excitations in fluids (liquids and compressed gases and amorphous solids. The correlation functions involved, the spectra of which are determined in inelastic neutronscattering experiments, the dispersion relations of the collective excitations and how they are obtained from the measured spectra and finally two of the most often used instrumental techniques are briefly discussed.

Low temperature inelastic neutronscattering studies have been performed to characterize the low energy magnetic excitation spectrum of the magnetic nanomolecule {Mo(72)Fe(30)}. This unique highly symmetric cluster features spin frustration and is one of the largest discrete magnetic molecules st...... of the temperature dependence of the observed neutronscattering are explained by a quantum model of the frustrated spin cluster. However, no satisfactory theoretical explanation is yet available for the observed magnetic field dependence....

The structure and dynamics of a prototype polymer electrolyte, PPO-LiClO4, have been investigated using neutron diffraction (ND) and quasi-elastic neutronscattering (QENS). For comparison, corresponding studies of pure PPO have also been performed. The diffraction data reveal large structural ch...

Hydrogen concentrations of 0 up to 350 mg/kg in a titanium alloy have been determined at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with neutron incoherent scattering (NIS) and with cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. The latter is a well-established technique, while the former

In this study non-invasive neutronscattering techniques are used on soft condensed matter, probing colloidal length scales. Neutrons penetrate deeply into matter and have a different interaction with hydrogen and deuterium, allowing for tunable contrast using light and heavy water as solvents. The

In this study non-invasive neutronscattering techniques are used on soft condensed matter, probing colloidal length scales. Neutrons penetrate deeply into matter and have a different interaction with hydrogen and deuterium, allowing for tunable contrast using light and heavy water as solvents. The

The Mantid framework is a software solution developed for the analysis and visualization of neutronscattering and muon spin measurements. The framework is jointly developed by software engineers and scientists at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The objectives, functionality and novel design aspects of Mantid are described.

The Mantid framework is a software solution developed for the analysis and visualization of neutronscattering and muon spin measurements. The framework is jointly developed by software engineers and scientists at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The objectives, functionality and novel design aspects of Mantid are described.

The FN method which has been applied to many physical problems for isotropic and anisotropic scattering in neutron transport theory is extended for problems for extremely anisotropic scattering. This method depends on the Placzek lemma and the use of the infinite medium Green's function. Here the Green's function for extremely anisotropic scattering which was expressed as a combination of the Green's functions for isotropic scattering is used to solve the critical slab problem. It is shown that the criticality condition is in agreement with the one obtained previously by reducing the transport equation for anisotropic scattering to isotropic scattering and solving using the FN method.

A High Field Pulsed Magnet (HFPM) setup, is in use at the Spallation Nuetron Source(SNS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory. With this device, we recently measured the high field magnetic spin structure of LiNiPO4. The results of this study will be highlighted as an example of possible measurements that can be performed with this device. To further extend the HFPM capabilities at SNS, we have learned to design and wind these coils in house. This contribution will summarize the magnet coil design optimization procedure. Specifically by varying the geometry of the multi-layer coil, we arrive at a design that balances the maximum field strength, neutronscattering angle, and the field homogeneity for a specific set of parameters. We will show that a 6.3kJ capacitor bank, can provide a magnetic field as high as 30T for a maximum scattering angle around 40° with homogeneity of +/- 4 % in a 2mm diameter spherical volume. We will also compare the calculations to measurements from a recently wound test coil. This work was supported in part by the Lab Directors' Research and Development Fund of ORNL.

Research reactor geometries and special characteristics present unique dosimetry analysis and measurement issues. The introduction of a cold neutron moderator and the production of cold neutron beams at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor have created the need for modified methods and devices for analyzing and measuring low energy neutron fields (0.01 to 100 meV). These methods include modifications to an MCNPX version to provide modeling of neutron mirror reflection capability. This code has been used to analyze the HFIR cold neutron beams and to design new instrument equipment that will use the beams. Calculations have been compared with time-of-flight measurements performed at the start of the neutron guides and at the end of one of the guides. The results indicate that we have a good tool for analyzing the transport of these low energy beams through neutron mirror and guide systems for distance up to 60 meters from the reactor. (authors)

The production of energetic neutrons in $ep$ collisions has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The neutron energy and $p_T^2$ distributions were measured with a forward neutron calorimeter and tracker in a $40 \\pb^{-1}$ sample of inclusive deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data and a $6 \\pb^{-1}$ sample of photoproduction data. The neutron yield in photoproduction is suppressed relative to DIS for the lower neutron energies and the neutrons have a steeper $p_T^2$ distribution, consistent with the expectation from absorption models. The distributions are compared to HERA measurements of leading protons. The neutron energy and transverse-momentum distributions in DIS are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the predictions of particle exchange models. Models of pion exchange incorporating absorption and additional secondary meson exchanges give a good description of the data.

The fraction of low-energy neutrons created from 14 MeV neutrons by elastic scattering and (n,2n) reactions on D and T has been proposed as a measure of the areal density (radial integral of density) of ICF targets. In simple situations the fraction of neutrons between 9.4 (the upper energy of T+T neutrons) and 13 MeV (below the Doppler broadened 14.1 MeV peak) is proportional to the at the time of neutron production. This ratio does not depend upon the temperature of the fuel, as does the number of reaction-in-flight neutrons. The ratio of neutrons elastically scattered at a specific energy (e.g. 13 MeV) to the total number of neutrons can be measured along different lines of sight. The ratio of two perpendicular measurements provides a quantitative measure of asymmetry. A detector can be placed inside the target chamber to measure these low-energy neutrons. If it is close enough to the target that measurements are made before the 14 MeV neutrons reach the chamber wall, gamma rays can be a negligible back...

The use of miniature clamp cells made of Cu:Be for magnetization and neutronscattering studies in the medium pressure range is reviewed by giving recent results achieved in studies of UGe{sub 2}, MnSi and ZrZn{sub 2}. The experiments reviewed here establish in particular that small samples can be studied rather well at high pressures using a variety of different techniques, notably conventional diffraction, cold and thermal neutron triple axes and small-angle neutronscattering.

The conventional description of a solid is based on a static atomic structure with small amplitude so-called harmonic fluctuations about it. This is a final technical report for a project that has explored materials where fluctuations are sufficiently strong to severely challenge this approach and lead to unexpected and potentially useful materials properties. Fluctuations are enhanced when a large number of configurations share the same energy. We used pulsed spallation source neutronscattering to obtain detailed microscopic information about structure and fluctuations in such materials. The results enhance our understanding of strongly fluctuating solids and their potential for technical applications. Because new materials require new experimental techniques, the project has also developed new techniques for probing strongly fluctuating solids. Examples of material that were studied are ZrW2O8 with large amplitude molecular motion that leads to negative thermal expansion, NiGa2S4 where competing interactions lead to an anomalous short range ordered magnet, Pr1- xBixRu2O7 where a partially filled electron shell (Pr) in a weakly disordered environment produces anomalous metallic properties, and TbMnO3 where competing interactions lead to a magneto-electric phase. The experiments on TbMnO3 exemplify the relationship between research funded by this project and future applications. Magneto-electric materials may produce a magnetic field when an electric field is applied or vise versa. Our experiments have clarified the reason why electric and magnetic polarization is coupled in TbMnO3. While this knowledge does not render TbMnO3 useful for applications it will focus the search for a practical room temperature magneto-electric for applications.

The magnetic neutronscattering from isotopically enriched powders of EuO and EuS near their Curie temperatures has been studied. Results of the critical exponents for the static properties in standard notation were * Thumbnail image of Spin wave scattering at T...

The disruption of caseinmicelles, as found in cows’ milk, was investigated at pressures up to 300 MPa with small angle neutronscattering (SANS). From the decrease of the overall level of scattering, the expected disruption of the micelles was concluded. This disruption was incomplete, and stable at

We have measured the diffuse neutronscattering in the hkk plane for Cu2Se and Cu1.8Se at 180°C and 51°C, respectively, in the cubic antifluorite type phase. The diffuse scattering shows significant structure, indicative of correlated short range mobile ion ordering. The short range order is found...

The antiferromagnetic order of MnSi has been studied as function of temperature and applied magnetic field using small-angle neutronscattering. The results were analyzed using the three-dimensional resolution function and the scattering cross-section to model the diffraction data. Physical param...

The relevant reaction cross sections for the nuclear transmutation will be measured at the neutron flight time facility nELBE in Dresden-Rossendorf. Transmutation by fast neutron irradiation is supposed to reduce the radiotoxicity of high-level radioactive wastes. The thesis is aimed to measure the inelastic neutronscattering cross sections of Fe-56 using a new double flight-time method. With combined plastic and BaF2 scintillation detectors for the first time the emitted neutrons and photons are observed in coincidence.

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A_PV in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 208Pb. A_PV is sensitive to the radius of the neutron distribution (Rn). The result A_PV = 0.656 \\pm 0.060 (stat) \\pm 0.013 (syst) corresponds to a difference between the radii of the neutron and proton distributions Rn - Rp = 0.33 +0.16 -0.18 fm and provides the first electroweak observation of the neutron skin which is expected in a heavy, neutron-rich nucleus.

We consider the transmission of neutrons through disk-type neutron choppers, considering both the uncollided neutron fraction ({phi}{sub u}) and scatteredneutron fraction ({phi}{sub s}). We computed {phi}{sub u}, {phi}{sub s}, and the ratio {phi}{sub u}/{phi}{sub s} through plates of five different absorber materials of various thicknesses to give information for selecting optimum materials and thicknesses. We also studied variance-reducing techniques for Monte Carlo calculation of chopper using MCNP4b, selecting those most effective for these calculations. (author)

The central aim of our work is the characterisation of magnetic and crystallographic properties of solid 3He on a microscopic scale. This can only be achieved using neutron-diffraction techniques. The potential of neutron methods in magnetism and their application to nuclear magnetism is well known. They were very successful in the recent investigation of spontaneous nuclear order in copper and silver. The high neutron absorption cross section makes the application of neutron diffraction in solid 3He very difficult - but a careful feasibility study of diffraction experiments shows that new results of fundamental importance in the field of magnetism may be gained.

Energy-resolving neutronscattering techniques provide spatiotemporal data suitable for testing and refining analytical models or computer simulations of a variety of dynamical processes in biomolecular systems. This paper reviews experimental work on hydrated biopolymers at ISIS, the UK Pulsed Neutron Facility. Following an outline of basic concepts and a summary of the new instrumental capabilities, the progress made is illustrated by results from recent experiments in two areas: quasi- elastic scattering from highly hydrated polysaccharide gels (agarose and hyaluronate), and inelastic scattering from vibrational modes of slightly hydrated collagen fibers.

Aqueous solution of tetrabutylammonium bromide is studied by quasi-elastic neutronscattering, to give information on the dynamic modes involving the ions present. Using a careful combination of two techniques, time-of-flight (TOF) and neutron spin echo (NSE), we de- couple the dynamic information in both the coherently and incoherently scattered signal from this system. We take advantage of the different intensity ratio of the two signals, as detected by each of the techniques, to achieve this decoupling. By using heavy water as the sol- vent, the tetrabutylammonium cation is the only hydrogen-containing species in the system and gives rise to a significant incoherent scattered intensity. The dynamic analysis of the incoherent signal (measured by TOF) leads to a translational diffusion coefficient of the cation as that is in good agreement with previous NMR, neutronscattering and tracer diffusion measurements. The dynamic analysis of the coherent signal observed at wave-vectors < 0.6 angstrom^(-1) (measu...

Highlights: • Innovative multiresolution wavelet analysis of elastic incoherent neutronscattering. • Elastic Incoherent NeutronScattering measurements on homologues disaccharides. • EINS wavevector analysis. • EINS temperature analysis. - Abstract: In the present paper the results of a wavevector and thermal analysis of Elastic Incoherent NeutronScattering (EINS) data collected on water mixtures of three homologous disaccharides through a wavelet approach are reported. The wavelet analysis allows to compare both the spatial properties of the three systems in the wavevector range of Q = 0.27 Å{sup −1} ÷ 4.27 Å{sup −1}. It emerges that, differently from previous analyses, for trehalose the scalograms are constantly lower and sharper in respect to maltose and sucrose, giving rise to a global spectral density along the wavevector range markedly less extended. As far as the thermal analysis is concerned, the global scattered intensity profiles suggest a higher thermal restrain of trehalose in respect to the other two homologous disaccharides.

A new type of neutron-scattering spectroscopy is presented that is designed specifically to measure dynamics in bio-systems that are difficult to obtain in any other way. The temporal information is largely model-free and is analogous to relaxation processes measured with dielectric spectroscopy, but provides additional spacial and geometric aspects of the underlying dynamics. Numerical simulations of the basic instrument design show the neutron beam can be highly focussed, giving efficiency gains that enable the use of small samples. Although we concentrate on continuous neutron sources, the extension to pulsed neutron sources is proposed, both requiring minimal data-treatment and being broadly analogous with dielectric spectroscopy, they will open the study of dynamics to new areas of biophysics.

A new type of neutron-scattering spectroscopy is presented that is designed specifically to measure dynamics in bio-systems that are difficult to obtain in any other way. The temporal information is largely model-free and is analogous to relaxation processes measured with dielectric spectroscopy, but provides additional spacial and geometric aspects of the underlying dynamics. Numerical simulations of the basic instrument design show the neutron beam can be highly focussed, giving efficiency gains that enable the use of small samples. Although we concentrate on continuous neutron sources, the extension to pulsed neutron sources is proposed, both requiring minimal data-treatment and being broadly analogous with dielectric spectroscopy, they will open the study of dynamics to new areas of biophysics. PMID:27703184

In order to increase shelf life and minimize aggregation during storage, many biotherapeutic drugs are formulated and stored as either frozen solutions or lyophilized powders. However, characterizing amorphous solids can be challenging with the commonly available set of biophysical measurements used for proteins in liquid solutions. Therefore, some questions remain regarding the structure of the active pharmaceutical ingredient during freezing and drying of the drug product and the molecular role of excipients. Neutronscattering is a powerful technique to study structure and dynamics of a variety of systems in both solid and liquid phases. Moreover, neutronscattering experiments can generally be correlated with theory and molecular simulations to analyze experimental data. In this article, we focus on the use of neutron techniques to address problems of biotechnological interest. We describe the use of small-angle neutronscattering to study the solution structure of biological molecules and the packing arrangement in amorphous phases, that is, frozen glasses and freeze-dried protein powders. In addition, we discuss the use of neutron spectroscopy to measure the dynamics of glassy systems at different time and length scales. Overall, we expect that the present article will guide and prompt the use of neutronscattering to provide unique insights on many of the outstanding questions in biotechnology.

A facility for detection of scatteredneutrons in the energy interval 50-130 MeV, SCANDAL (SCAttered Nucleon Detection AssembLy), has recently been installed at the 20-180 MeV neutron beam line of the The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala. Elastic neutronscattering from {sup 12}C and {sup 208}Pb has been studied at 96 MeV in the 10-70 deg interval. The achieved energy resolution, 3.7 MeV, is about an order of magnitude better than for any previous experiment above 65 MeV incident energy. The present experiment represents the highest neutron energy where the ground state has been resolved from the first excited state in neutronscattering. A novel method for normalization of the absolute scale of the cross section has been used. The estimated uncertainty, 3 %, is unprecedented for a neutron-induced differential cross section measurement on a nuclear target. The results are compared with modern optical model predictions, based on phenomenology or microscopic nuclear theory.

This thesis deals with magnetic excitations in three different Manganese oxides, single-layered LaSrMnO{sub 4}, charge- and orbital-ordered La{sub 1/2}Sr{sub 3/2}MnO{sub 4}, and multiferroic TbMnO{sub 3}, which are studied by means of inelastic neutronscattering. The properties of the first system, LaSrMnO{sub 4}, are governed by the complex interplay of orbital, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom typical for the physics of manganites. The magnetic low-temperature behavior is quite unusual, and the comprehensive analysis of the spin-wave spectrum of LaSrMnO{sub 4} suggests a heterogenous ground state with ferromagnetic orbital polarons embedded in an antiferromagnetic background. The doped system La{sub 1/2}Sr{sub 3/2}MnO{sub 4} exhibits a stable charge- and orbital-ordered state, which today is discussed very controversially, as it is of great relevance for the colossal increase of electric conductivity at the metal-insulator transition in perovskite manganites. Analyzing the spin-wave dispersion of the ordered state, we find an excellent agreement with classical predictions by Goodenough and reject a recent alternative proposal. The different strength of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange in the CE-type ordering leads to the conclusion that the magnetic state has to be considered as a weak AFM coupling of stable FM elements. This thesis is further supported by the thermal evolution of the ordered state, revealing anisotropic correlations and the close competition of FM and AFM correlations above the Neel transition, as well as by the doping dependence of the charge- and orbital-ordered state, which is interpreted on the basis of a different response of the magnetic system with respect to additional electrons or holes. In the orthorhombic perovskite TbMnO{sub 3} the electric polarization is closely coupled to the magnetic degrees of freedom via a complex, non-collinear magnetic ordering. Precisely characterizing the different magnon excitations

Understanding the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity continues to be a “hot” topic in modern condensed matter physics. The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in iron-based materials in 2008 provided an unique opportunity to compare and contrast these materials with traditional high-Tc copper oxide superconductors. Neutronscattering plays an important role in determining the dynamical spin properties in these materials. This proposal is a continuation of previous DOE supported proposal. This report summarizes the final progress we have made over from May 2005 till Aug. 2013. Overall, we continue to carry out extensive neutronscattering experiments on Fe-based materials, focusing on understanding their magnetic properties. In addition, we have established a materials laboratory at UT that has allowed us to grow these superconductors. Because neutronscattering typically demands a large amount of samples, by growing these materials in our own laboratory, we can now pursuit neutronscattering experiments over the entire electronic phase diagram, focusing on regions of interests. The material synthesis laboratory at UT was established entirely with the support of DOE funding. This not only allowed us to carry out neutronscattering experiments, but also permit us to provide samples to other US/International collaborators for studying these materials.

Understanding the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity continues to be a “hot” topic in modern condensed matter physics. The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in iron-based materials in 2008 provided an unique opportunity to compare and contrast these materials with traditional high-Tc copper oxide superconductors. Neutronscattering plays an important role in determining the dynamical spin properties in these materials. This proposal is a continuation of previous DOE supported proposal. This report summarizes the final progress we have made over from May 2005 till Aug. 2013. Overall, we continue to carry out extensive neutronscattering experiments on Fe-based materials, focusing on understanding their magnetic properties. In addition, we have established a materials laboratory at UT that has allowed us to grow these superconductors. Because neutronscattering typically demands a large amount of samples, by growing these materials in our own laboratory, we can now pursuit neutronscattering experiments over the entire electronic phase diagram, focusing on regions of interests. The material synthesis laboratory at UT was established entirely with the support of DOE funding. This not only allowed us to carry out neutronscattering experiments, but also permit us to provide samples to other US/International collaborators for studying these materials.

The design of a state-of-the-art selector wheel instrument to support the area of neutron imaging research (neutron radiography/ tomography) is discussed. The selector wheel is installed on the DINGO Radiography instrument at the Bragg Institute HB2 beamline at ANSTO in Sidney Aus. The selector wheel consists of a single axis drum filled with a wax/steel shielding mixture and six square cutouts for neutron optics and a larger solid shielding sector to act as a shutter. This paper focuses on the details of design and shielding of the selector wheel.

The Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP has been used to calculate the room and air scatteredneutron component at 75 cm from a radionuclide source located at the center of the low-scatter area in the Chadwick Building, Bldg. 47, at National Physical Laboratory (NPL). This is the standard distance used for calibrating personal dosemeters, and the calculation provides information for correcting the response of dosemeters to the scattered radiation. Calculations were performed for both an Am-Be and a (252)Cf source. These measurements revealed that the model used for features within the low-scatter area needs to be refined for calculating scatter at distances further from the source than 75 cm.

The concentration and distribution of certain elements in surface layers of planetary objects specify constraints on models of their origin and evolution. This information can be obtained by means of remote sensing gamma-ray spectroscopy, as planned for a number of future space missions, i.e., Mars, Moon, asteroids, and comets. To investigate the gamma-rays made by interactions of neutrons with matter, thin targets of different composition were placed between a neutron-source and a high-resolution germanium spectrometer. Gamma-rays in the range of 0.1 to 8 MeV were accumulated. In one set of experiments a 14-MeV neutron generator using the T(d,n) reaction as neutron-source was placed in a small room. Scattering in surrounding walls produced a spectrum of neutron energies from 14 MeV down to thermal. This complex neutron-source induced mainly neutron-capture lines and only a few scattering lines. As a result of the set-up, there was a considerable background of discrete lines from surrounding materials. A similar situation exists under planetary exploration conditions: gamma-rays are induced in the planetary surface as well as in the spacecraft. To investigate the contribution of neutrons with higher energies, an experiment for the measurement of prompt gamma radiation was set up at the end of a beam-line of an isochronous cyclotron.

On August 25{sup th} 1999, the Australian government gave final approval to build a research reactor to replace the existing HIFAR reactor at Lucas Heights. The replacement reactor, which will commence operation in 2005, will be multipurpose with capabilities for both neutron beam research and radioisotope production. Cold, and thermal neutron sources are to be installed and supermirror guides will transport cold and thermal neutron beams into a large modern guide hall. The reactor and associated infrastructure is to be built by INVAP, SE and subcontractors under contract. The neutron beam instruments will be developed by ANSTO in consultation with the Australian user community and interested overseas parties. We review the planned scientific capabilities, give a description of the facility and a status report on the activities so far. (author)

Neutron correlation spectroscopy can exceed direct spectroscopy in the incoming beam intensity by up to two orders of magnitude at the same energy resolution. However, the propagation of the counting noise in the correlation algorithm of data reduction is disadvantageous for the lowest intensity parts of the observed spectrum. To mitigate this effect at pulsed neutron sources we propose two dimensional time-of-flight recording of each neutron detection event: with respect to both the neutron source pulses and to the rotation phase of the pseudo-random beam modulation statistical chopper. We have identified a formulation of the data reduction algorithm by matching the data processing time channel width to the inherent time resolution of this chopper, which makes the reconstruction of the direct time-of-flight spectra exact and independent of all other contributions to instrumental resolution. Two ways are proposed for most flexible choice of intensity vs. resolution without changing the statistical chopper or ...

The presence of trace amounts of hydrogen in niobium is believed to have a detrimental effect on the mechanical and superconducting properties. Unfortunately, few techniques are capable of measuring hydrogen at these levels. We have developed two techniques for measuring hydrogen in materials. Cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) has proven useful for the determination of hydrogen and other elements in a wide variety of materials. Neutron incoherent scattering (NIS), a complementary tool to PGAA, has been used to measure trace hydrogen in titanium. Both techniques were used to study the effects of vacuum heating and chemical polishing on the hydrogen content of superconducting niobium.

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the first high performance pulsed neutron source in China, which will meet the increasing fundamental research and technique applications demands in the domestic and oversea. A new distributed data processing and analysis environment has been developed, which has generic functionalities for neutronscattering experiments. The environment consists of three parts, an object-oriented data processing framework adopting a data centered architecture, a communication and data caching system based on C/S paradigm, and a data analysis and visualization software providing the 2D/3D experimental data display. This environment will be widely applied in CSNS for live data processing and virtual neutronscattering experiments based on Monte Carlo methods.

Very Small Angle NeutronScattering (VSANS) is an upgrade of the traditional Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) technique which can cover three orders of magnitude of length scale from one nanometer to one micrometer. It is a powerful tool for structure calibration in polymer science, biology, material science and condensed matter physics. Since the first VSANS instrument, D11 in Grenoble, was built in 1972, new collimation techniques, focusing optics (multi-beam converging apertures, material or magnetic lenses, and focusing mirrors) and higher resolution detectors combined with the long flight paths and long incident neutron wavelengths have been developed. In this paper, a detailed review is given of the development, principles and application conditions of various VSANS techniques. Then, beam current gain factors are calculated to evaluate those techniques. A VSANS design for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is thereby presented.

Very Small Angle NeutronScattering (VSANS) is an upgrade of the traditional Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) technique which can cover three orders of magnitude of length scale from one nanometer to one micrometer. It is a powerful tool for structure calibration in polymer science, biology, material science and condensed matter physics. Since the first VSANS instrument, D11 in Grenoble, was built in 1972, new collimation techniques, focusing optics (multi-beam converging apertures, material or magnetic lenses, and focusing mirrors) and higher resolution detectors combined with the long flight paths and long incident neutron wavelengths have been developed. In this paper, a detailed review is given of the development, principles and application conditions of various VSANS techniques. Then, beam current gain factors are calculated to evaluate those techniques. A VSANS design for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is thereby presented. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21474119, 11305191)

This review summarizes recent experimental investigations using neutronscattering on layered nanomagnetic systems (accentuating my contribution), which have applications in spintronics also. Polarized neutron investigations of such artiﬁcially structured materials are basically done to understand the interplay between structure and magnetism conﬁned within the nanometer scale that can be additionally depth-resolved. Details of the identiﬁcation of buried domains and their nature of lateral and vertical correlations within the systems are important. A particularly interesting aspect that has emerged over the years is the capability to measure polarized neutronscattering in directions parallel and perpendicular to the applied ﬁeld direction (which is also the quantization axis for neutron polarizations). This was added with the capability of measuring in specular as well as in off-specular geometry. Distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) theory for neutrons has proved to be a remarkable development in the quantitative analysis of the scattering data measured simultaneously for specular and off-specular modes within the same framework. In particular, the depth and lateral distribution of the ferromagnetic spins relative to the interface within interlayercoupled or exchange-coupled system has been extensive. For example, twisted magnetization state at interlayer coupled interfaces or intricacies of symmetric and asymmetric magnetization reversals along with suppression of training effect in exchange coupled system was microscopically identiﬁed using neutronscattering only. The investigation on the distribution of magnetic species within dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor superlattices, with low angle neutronscattering, has played a crucial role both from practical and fundamental research points of view.

Neutronscattering from the 0{sup +}, 2{sup +} (1-st) and 4{sup +} (2nd) levels of {sup 238}U was measured for incident energies between 0.4 and 0.85 MeV at the Tohoku University 4.5 MV Dynamitron facility, using the time-of-flight (TOF) method with monoenergetic pulsed neutrons by the {sup 7}Li(p,n) reaction. The results are presented in comparison with other experimental data and evaluated data. (author)

This paper reviews the progress made in the study of the internal organization of the 30 S ribosomal subunit of E. coli by neutronscattering since 1975. A map of that particle showing the position of 14 of the subunit's 21 proteins is presented, and the methods currently used for collecting and analyzing such data are discussed. Also discussed is the possibility of extending the interpretation of neutron mapping data beyond the limits practical today.

This report contains concept of small angle neutronscattering , various design features and considerations of the small angle neutron spectrometer at HANARO, and recent trends of polymer studies by using this SANS technique with the installation of the spectrometer in near future. We, therefore, wish to review feasibility of small angle studies for polymer field at this spectrometer and to help possible beam time users for their experimental consideration. (author). 23 refs., 7 tabs., 23 figs

The design principle of a phased rotating collimator for a pulsed-neutron fixed scattering angle spectrometer is given. The collimator's dimensions were selected to match the curved slot rotor of the spectrometer which is in operation at the ET-RR-1 reactor. The collimator has one slot, whose shape was determined to satisfy a 100% transmission of the polyenergetic neutron bursts produced by the curved slot rotor. (orig.).

We report on the spin.dependent neutronscattering length on 3He from a microscopic calculation of p-3H, n-3He, and d-2H scattering employing the Argonne v18 nucleon-nucleon potential with and without additional three-nucleon force. The results and that of a comprehensive R-matrix analysis are compared to a recent measurement. The overall agreement for the scattering lengths is quite good. The imaginary parts of the scattering lengths are very sensitive to the inclusion of three-nucleon forces, whereas the real parts are almost insensitive.

We describe searches for parity and time reversal violations in the scattering of polarized neutrons from polarized and aligned165Ho targets. We have completed a search with 7.1 and 11.0 MeV neutrons for PoddTodd terms in the elastic scattering forward amplitude of the form s. ( I×K), where s is the neutron spin, I is the target spin and k is the neutron momentum vector. The target was a single crystal of holmium, polarized horizontally along its b axis by a 1 Tesla magnetic field. The neutrons were polarized vertically. Differences in the neutron transmission were measured for neutrons with spins parallel (antiparallel) to I×k. The P,T violating analyzing powers were found to be consistent with zero at the few 10-3 level: ρP,T(7.1 MeV)=-0.88 (±2.02) x 10-3, ρP,T(11.0 MeV)=-0.4 (±2.88) x 10-3. We have also attempted to find enhancements with MeV neutrons in P-violation due to the term s k. We are preparing an aligned target cryostat for investigations of PevenTodd terms {bd(Ik)(I×k)s} in neutronscattering. The target will be a single crystal cylinder of165Ho cooled to 100 mK in a bath of liquid helium and rotated by a shaft from a room temperature stepping motor. The cylinder will be oriented vertically and the alignment ( c) axis oriented horizontally. Warming or rotation of the sample allows one to separate effects that mimic the sought-after time reversal violating term.

Neutronscattering science at ANSTO is integrated into a number of fields in the Australian scientific and industrial research communities. The unique properties of the neutron are being used to investigate problems in chemistry, materials science, physics, engineering and biology. The reactor HIFAR at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation research laboratories is the only neutron source in Australia suitable for neutronscattering science. A suite of instruments provides a range of opportunities for the neutronscattering community that extends throughout universities, government and industrial research laboratories. Plans to replace the present research reactor with a modern multi-purpose research reactor are well advanced. The experimental and analysis equipment associated with a modern research reactor will permit the establishment of a national centre for world class neutron science research focussed on the structure and functioning of materials, industrial irradiations and analyses in support of Australian manufacturing, minerals, petrochemical, pharmaceuticals and information science industries. A brief overview will be presented of all the instruments presently available at ANSTO with emphasis on the SANS instrument. This will be followed by a description of the replacement research reactor and its instruments. (author)

Full Text Available The γ-ray production cross section for the 477.6-keV transition in 7Li following inelastic neutronscattering has been measured from the reaction threshold up to 18 MeV. This cross section is interesting as a possible standard for other inelastic scattering measurements. The experiment was conducted at the Geel Electron LINear Accelerator (GELINA pulsed white neutron source with the Gamma Array for Inelastic NeutronScattering (GAINS spectrometer. Previous measurements of this cross section are reviewed and compared with our results. Recently, this cross section has also been calculated using the continuum discretized coupled-channels (CDCC method. Experiments for studying neutrinoless double-β decay (2β0ν or other very rare processes require greatly reducing the background radiation level (both intrinsic and external. Copper is a common shielding and structural material, used extensively in experiments such as COBRA, CUORE, EXO, GERDA, and MAJORANA. Understanding the background contribution arising from neutron interactions in Cu is important when searching for very weak experimental signals. Neutron inelastic scattering on natCu was investigated with GAINS. The results are compared with previous experimental data and evaluated nuclear data libraries.

We report a neutron-scattering investigation of the spin-crossover compound [Fe (ptz) 6] (BF4)2 , which undergoes an abrupt thermal spin transition from high spin (HS), S =2 , to low spin (LS), S =0 , around 135 K. The HS magnetic state can be restored at low temperature under blue/green light irradiation. We have developed a specially designed optical setup for neutronscattering to address the magnetic properties of the light-induced HS state. By using neutron diffraction, we demonstrate that significant HS/LS ratios (of up to 60%) can be obtained with this experimental setup on a sample volume considered large (400 mg), while a complete recovery of the LS state is achieved using near-infrared light. Finally, with inelastic neutronscattering (INS) we have observed magnetic transitions arising from the photo-induced metastable HS S =2 state split by crystal-field and spin-orbit coupling. We interpret the INS data assuming a spin-only model with a zero-field splitting of the S =2 ground state. The obtained parameters are D ≈-1.28 ±0.03 meV and |E |≈0.08 ±0.03 meV. The present results show that in situ magnetic inelastic neutron-scattering investigations on a broad range of photomagnetic materials are now possible.

The NIST neutron interferometer and optics facility (NIOF) is currently performing a precision measurement of the n-4He scattering length to less than 0.3% relative uncertainty. A neutron interferometer consists of a perfect silicon crystal machined such that there are three separate blades on a common base. Neutrons entering the interferometer are Bragg diffracted in the blades to produce two spatially separate yet coherent beam paths much like an optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A sample placed in one of the beam paths of the interferometer causes a phase difference between the two paths. This phase difference is directly related to the sample's scattering length. Neutronscattering lengths are one parameter that can be predicted using advanced theoretical models describing two and three nucleon interactions. In an effort to provide tests and/or benchmarks of these theoretical models, the NIOF has already performed precision measurements of neutronscattering lengths to less than 1% relative uncertainty in several low Z gases: H, D, 3He, and polarized 3He. A preliminary result of this work will be given.

We present a lattice calculation of neutron-deuteron scattering at very low energies and investigate in detail the impact of the topological finite-volume corrections. Our calculations are carried out in the framework of pionless effective field theory at leading order in the low-energy expansion. Using lattice sizes and a lattice spacing comparable to those employed in nuclear lattice simulations, we find that the topological volume corrections must be taken into account in order to obtain correct results for the neutron-proton S-wave scattering lengths.

The diluted magnetic (‘‘semimagnetic’’) semiconductor Cd1–xMnxTe reveals intriguing spin glass properties. In this paper, the results of neutronscattering studies of Cd1–xMnxTe are presented. The low‐temperature spin correlations have been studied for several single crystal samples in the compos......The diluted magnetic (‘‘semimagnetic’’) semiconductor Cd1–xMnxTe reveals intriguing spin glass properties. In this paper, the results of neutronscattering studies of Cd1–xMnxTe are presented. The low‐temperature spin correlations have been studied for several single crystal samples...

that the diameter of the aggregates is 40 Angstrom at pH 11 and 10 mM NaCl, independent of the protein concentration. The largest diameter of about 120 Angstrom is found for pH 8, 100 mM NaCl, and a protein concentration of 10 mg/ml. Estimates of the pair distance distribution functions, free of inter...... to an equilibrium model recently introduced by Kadima et al. (1993). The neutronscattering results agree well with the predictions of this model except that broader mass distributions are suggested by neutronscattering....

SMARTer, a 36 m small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) spectrometer owned by the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) was installed at the NeutronScattering Laboratory (NSL) in Serpong, Indonesia. Lots of works on replacing, upgrading and improving the control system, experimental methods, data collection and reduction in the last two years have been carried out to optimize the performance of SMARTer. Some standard samples such as silver behenate, monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticle, porous silica and block copolymer PS-PEP film were measured for the inter-laboratory comparison.

The recent development of a micromagnetic simulation methodology—suitable for multiphase magnetic nanocomposites—permits the computation of the magnetic microstructure and of the associated magnetic small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) cross section of these materials. In this review we summarize results on the micromagnetic simulation of magnetic SANS from two-phase nanocomposites. The decisive advantage of this approach resides in the possibility to scrutinize the individual magnetization Fourier contributions to the total magnetic SANS cross section, rather than their sum, which is generally obtained from the experiment. The procedure furnishes unique and fundamental information regarding magnetic neutronscattering from nanomagnets.

Because neutrons can penetrate bulky pieces of matter, increasingly complex sample environment is requested by the users of neutron beams. This corresponds to the ever-growing complexity of the scientific problems addressed by neutronscatterers. Until now such requirements could be satisfied by sample environment, which could be added to the instruments without major modifications. Now it becomes evident, that for certain applications further progress is possible only by bringing the neutrons to the sample environment instead of bringing the sample environment to the neutrons. As one of the first examples of this concept we will discuss the high field magnet (HFM), which Hahn-Meitner-Institute Berlin (HMI) and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Tallahassy (NHFML) are constructing jointly for BENSC at HMI. At BENSC the HMI has built in the meantime a dedicated instrument based on the TOF principle to be equipped with the HFM to enable experiments at fields up to 25 T.

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the first high-performance pulsed neutron source in China, which will meet the increasing fundamental research and technique applications demands domestically and overseas. A new distributed data processing and analysis environment has been developed, which has generic functionalities for neutronscattering experiments. The environment consists of three parts, an object-oriented data processing framework adopting a data centered architecture, a communication and data caching system based on the C/S paradigm, and data analysis and visualization software providing the 2D/3D experimental data display. This environment will be widely applied in CSNS for live data processing.

A series of measurements has been completed that provides a benchmark for Monte Carlo simulations related to an algorithm for explosives detection using active neutron interrogation. The original simulations used in algorithm development, based on land-sea cargo container screening, have been adapted to model active neutron interrogation of smaller targets. These smaller-scale measurements are easily accomplished in a laboratory environment. Benchmarking measurements were completed using a D-D neutron generator, two neutron detectors, as well as a variety of scatter media including the explosives surrogate melamine (C{sub 3}H{sub 6}N{sub 6}). Measurements included 90 Degree-Sign , 120 Degree-Sign , or 150 Degree-Sign neutronscatter geometries and variations in source-detector shielding, target presence, and target identity. Comparisons of measured and simulated neutron fluxes were similar, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.7. The simulated detector responses also matched very closely with the measured photon and neutron pulse height distributions, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9. The experiments and simulations also provided insight into potential application of the new method to the problem of explosives detection in small objects such as luggage and small packages.

We have followed up on our previous measurements of upscattering of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) from a series of gases by making measurements of total cross sections on the following gases hydrogen, ethane, methane, isobutene, n -butane, ethylene, water vapor, propane, neopentane, isopropyl alcohol, and 3He . The values of these cross sections are important for estimating the loss rate of trapped neutrons due to residual gas and are relevant to neutron lifetime measurements using UCNs. The effects of the UCN velocity and path-length distributions were accounted for in the analysis using a Monte Carlo transport code. Results are compared to our previous measurements and with the known absorption cross section for 3He scaled to our UCN energy. We find that the total cross sections for the hydrocarbon gases are reasonably described by a function linear in the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

The morphology of carbon nanofoam samples comprising platinum nanoparticles dispersed in the matrix was characterized by small angle neutronscattering (SANS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Results show that the structure of pores of carbon matrix exhibits a mass (pore) fractal nature and the average radius of the platinum particles is about 2.5 nm. The fractal dimension as well as the size distribution parameters of platinum particles varies markedly with the platinum content and annealing temperature. Transmission electron micrographs of the samples corroborate the SANS and SAXS results.

Precise measurement of the neutron scalar polarizabilities has been a lasting challenge because of the lack of a free-neutron target. Led by the University of Glasgow and the Mount Allison University groups of the A2 collaboration in Mainz, Germany, preparations have begun to test a recent theoretical model with an active helium target with the hope of determining these elusive quantities with small statistical, systematic, and model-dependent errors. Apparatus testing and background-event simulations have been carried out, with the full experiment projected to run in 2015. Once determined, these values can be applied to help understand quantum chromodynamics in the nonperturbative region.

This research monograph presents the latest results related to the characterization of low dimensional systems. Low-angle polarized neutronscattering and X-ray scattering at grazing incidence are used as the two main techniques to explore various physical phenomena of these systems. Special focus is put on systems like thin film transition metal and rare-earth layers, oxide heterostructures, hybrid systems, self-assembled nanostructures and self-diffusion. Readers will gain in-depth knowledge about the usage of specular scattering and off-specular scattering techniques. Investigation of in-plane and out-of-plane structures and magnetism with vector magnetometric information is illustrated comprehensively. The book caters to a wide audience working in the field of nano-dimensional magnetic systems and the neutron and X-ray reflectometry community in particular.

We have studied the amino acid L-leucine (LEU) using inelastic neutronscattering, X-rays and neutron diffraction, calorimetry and Raman scattering as a function of temperature, focusing on the relationship between the local dynamics of the NH(3), CH(3), CH(2) and CO(2) moieties and the molecular...

A facility for detection of scatteredneutrons in the energy interval 50--130 MeV, SCANDAL (SCAttered Nucleon Detection AssembLy), has recently been installed at the 20--180 MeV neutron beam facility of the The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala. It is primarily intended for studies of elastic neutronscattering, but can be used for the (n,p) and (n,d) reaction experiments as well. The performance of the spectrometer is illustrated in measurements of the (n,p) and (n,n) reactions on {sup 1}H and {sup 12}C. In addition, the neutron beam facility is described in some detail.

Handling of polarization became very important in simulations of neutronscattering. One of the very comprehensive and open-source neutron simulation package, VITESS, has been intensely involved in polarized neutron simulations. Several examples will be shown here. Another similar package NISP al...

We propose to use antiprotons to investigate the sizes of stable and neutron-rich exotic nuclei by measurements of the $\\pbar A$ absorption cross section along isotopic chains in inverse kinematics. The expected effects are studied theoretically in a microscopic model. The $\\pbar U$ optical potentials are obtained by folding free space $\\pbar N$ scattering amplitudes with HFB ground state densities and solving the scattering equations by direct integration. The mass dependence of absorption c...

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, provides an intense flux of neutrinos in the few tens-of-MeV range, with a sharply-pulsed timing structure that is beneficial for background rejection. In this white paper, we describe how the SNS source can be used for a measurement of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CENNS), and the physics reach of different phases of such an experimental program (CSI: Coherent Scattering Investigations at the SNS).

We have investigated the magnetic ordering and the phase transition in MnO nanoparticles confined in a porous glass using polarized neutronscattering. These MnO nanoparticles are best described as extended wormlike structures with a mean diameter of 70 angstrom. We observe an apparent continuous magnetic phase transition in MnO nanoparticles, in contrast to the well-known discontinuous phase transition in bulk MnO. By polarization analysis, separating the magnetic scattering, it is found tha...

The knowledge of neutron reflection coefficients is of practical interest when projecting the shielding of radiotherapy rooms, since it is known that about 75% of the neutrons at the maze entrance of these rooms are scatteredneutrons. In a previous paper, the energy spectra of photoneutrons were calculated, when reflected by ordinary, high-density concrete and wood barriers, using the MCNP5 code, considering normal incidence and neutron incident energies varying between 0.1 and 10 MeV. It was found that the mean energy of the reflected neutrons does not depend on the reflection angle and that these mean energies are lower in wood and barytes concrete, compared with ordinary concrete. In the present work, the simulation of neutron reflection coefficients were completed, considering the case when these particles do not collide frontally with the barriers, which constitute the radiotherapy room walls. Some simulations were also made to evaluate how neutron equivalent doses at the position of the room door is affected when the maze walls are lined with neutron absorbing materials, such as wood itself or borated polyethylene. Finally, capture gamma rays dose at the entrance of rooms with different maze lengths were also simulated. The results were discussed in the light of the albedo concepts presented in the literature and some of these results were confronted with others, finding good agreement between them.

Detecting the phonon dispersion relations in proteins is essential for understanding the intra-protein dynamical behavior. Such study has been attempted by X-ray in recent years. However, for such detections, neutrons have significant advantages in resolution and time-efficiency compare to X-rays. Traditionally the collective motions of atoms in protein molecules are hard to detect using neutrons, because of high incoherent scattering background from intrinsic hydrogen atoms in the protein molecules. The recent availability of a fully deuterated green fluorescent protein (GFP) synthesized by the Bio-deuteration Lab at ORNL opens new possibilities to probe collective excitations in proteins using inelastic neutronscattering. Using a direct time-of-flight Fermi chopper neutron spectrometer, we obtained a full map of the meV phonon-like excitations in the fully deuterated protein. The Q range of the observed excitations corresponds to the length scale close to the size of the secondary structures of proteins and reflects the collective intra-protein motions. Our results show that hydration of GFP seems to harden, not soften, the collective motions. This result is counterintuitive but in agreement with the observations by previous neutronscattering experiments. Sample preparation was supported by facilities operated by the Center for Structural Molecular Biology at ORNL which is supported by the U.S. DOE, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research Project ERKP291.

The design principle of a Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) spectrometer is based on producing monochromatic neutron bursts using two phased rotors with curved slots. An optimization study of their number and shape to achieve the highly available intensity of monoenergetic neutrons at the required resolution is given. The study was applied to the improvement of the performance of the pulsed monochromatic double rotor system at ET-RR-1 to operate as SANS spectrometer. It is shown that for rotors having 19 slots each with radius of curvature 96.8 cm, the intensity gain factor is 13. The proposed SANS spectrometer could cover the neutron wavelength range from 2 Å up to 6 Å through small angles of scattering from 5 × 10 -3 rad to 0.1 rad, i.e., the scattering wavevector transfer between 0.6 Å -1 and 0.01 Å -1. The maximum neutron intensity on the specimen is 2 × 10 6 n s -1.

The design principle of a small angle neutronscattering (SANS) spectrometer is based on producing monochromatic neutron bursts using two phased rotors with curved slots. An optimization study of their number and shape to achieve the highly available intensity of monoenergetic neutrons at the required resolution is given. The study was applied to the improvement of the performance of the pulsed monochromatic double rotor system at ET-RR-1 to operate as SANS spectrometer. It is shown that for rotors having 19 slots each with radius of curvature 96.8 cm, the intensity gain factor is 13. The proposed SANS spectrometer could cover the neutron wavelength range from 2 A up to 6 A through small angles of scattering from 5 x 10{sup -3} rad to 0.1 rad, i.e., the scattering wavevector transfer between 0.6 A{sup -1} and 0.01 A{sup -1}. The maximum neutron intensity on the specimen is 2 x 10{sup 6} ns{sup -1}. (orig.). 19 refs.

We present a concept and ray-tracing simulation of a mechanical device that will enable inelastic neutronscattering measurements where the data at energy transfers from a few μeV to several hundred meV can be collected in a single, gapless spectrum. Besides covering 5 orders of magnitude on the energy (time) scale, the device provides data over 2 orders of magnitude on the scattering momentum (length) scale in a single measurement. Such capabilities are geared primarily toward soft and biological matter, where the broad dynamical features of relaxation origin largely overlap with vibration features, thus necessitating gapless spectral coverage over several orders of magnitude in time and space. Furthermore, neutronscattering experiments with such a device are performed with a fixed neutron final energy, which enables measurements, with neutron energy loss in the sample, at arbitrarily low temperatures over the same broad spectral range. This capability is also invaluable in biological and soft matter research, as the variable temperature dependence of different relaxation components allows their separation in the scattering spectra as a function of temperature.

The structural properties of the ionic conductor LiID2O have been studied by neutronscattering. The cubic room temperature α-phase, Pm3m, is disordered both with respect to the occupation of the Li+-positions and to the orientations of the water molecules. A first order phase transition from the α...

An effective spiral spin phase ground state provides a new paradigm for the high-temperature superconducting cuprates. It accounts for the recent neutronscattering observations of spin excitations regarding both the energy dispersion and the intensities, including the "universal" rotation by 45...

The present issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor (JRR-3M) during the period between April 1, 1997 and March 31, 1998. The 76 papers are indexed individually. (J.P.N.)

We present results of sound propagation measurements and neutronscattering experiments on one and the same sample of the heavy fermion substance UPt3. From these experiments we deduce a B-T phase diagram of the small-moment spin density wave region in this compound for magnetic field B parallel-...

to perform real inelastic neutronscattering experiments. We present the results from inelastic powder, single crystal dispersion and single crystal constant energy mapping experiments. The advantages and complications of performing these experiments are discussed along with a comparison between the imaging...

Experimental three- axis spectrometer data of critical neutron- scattering data from Fe are reanalyzed and compared with the recent theoretical prediction by P. Resibois and C. Piette. The reason why the spin- diffusion parameter did not obey the prediction of dynamical scaling theory is indicated...

We use small-angle neutronscattering to measure the molecular stretching in polystyrene melts undergoing steady elongational flow at large stretch rates. The radius of gyration of the central segment of a partly deuterated polystyrene molecule is, in the stretching direction, increasing with the...

Small-angle neutronscattering data obtained from fully hydrated, multilamellar phospholipid bilayers with deuterated acyl chains of different length are presented and analyzed within a paracrystalline theory and a geometric model that permit the bilayer structure to be determined under condition...

In the present study, we determined characteristic repeat distances of the photosynthetic membranes in living cyanobacterial and eukaryotic algal cells, and in intact thylakoid membranes isolated from higher plants with time-resolved small-angle neutronscattering. This non-invasive technique rev...

Small-angle neutronscattering measurements on a double-crystal spectrometer with perfect monochromator and analyzer crystals were used to follow microstructural changes in the aluminum alloy VD-17. refractory alloy ZhS-6, and dispersion-hardened zirconia-based ceramics with yttria additions. The me

Linear and non-linear Rheology on dilute blends of polystyrene ring polymers in linear matrix is combined with Small Angle NeutronScattering (SANS) investigations. In this way 2 different entanglement interactions become clear. After stretching the samples to different hencky strains up to 2 in ...

In this paper we use a Schwinger-boson mean-field approach to calculate the neutron-scattering cross section from the S = 1/2 antiferromagnet with nearest-neighbor isotropic Heisenberg interaction on a two-dimensional triangular lattice. We investigate two solutions for T = 0: (i) a state with long...

Neutronscattering has been used to study the magnetic ordering process in the isotropic exchange coupled ferromagnets EuO and EuS. Quantities investigated include the critical coefficients B and F+ and the critical exponents β, ν, and γ describing respectively the temperature dependence of the r...

Inelastic neutronscattering has been used to investigate the spin dynamics of the isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet EuO over a wide range of wave vectors and over a temperature range extending from 0.14 to 1.9TC. Below the ordering temperature spin-wave renormalization is found to agree well...

Two types of liposomes, commonly used in drug delivery studies, and E. coli bacteria, all prepared in H2O, were resuspended in D2O and measured with Small Angle Spin-Echo NeutronScattering (SESANS). Modeling was performed using correlation functions for solid spheres and hollow spheres. The signal

We describe the use of reverse Monte Carlo refinement to extract structural information from angle-resolved data of a Bragg peak. Starting with small-angle neutronscattering data, the positional order of an ensemble of flux lines in superconducting Nb is revealed. We discuss the uncovered correl...

The microstructure of the poly( N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamido- 2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid) gel, poly( NIPA-co-AMPS), was investigated as a function of temperature and cross-link density using the small angle neutronscattering technique. The sample temperature was varied in the range...

A better understanding of how wood nanostructure swells with moisture is needed to accelerate the development of forest products with enhanced moisture durability. Despite its suitability to study nanostructures, small angle neutronscattering (SANS) remains an underutilized tool in forest products research. Nanoscale moisture-induced structural changes in intact and...

The neutronscattering properties of water ice are of interest to the nuclear criticality safety community for the transport and storage of nuclear materials in cold environments. The common hexagonal phase ice Ih has locally ordered, but globally disordered, H2O molecular orientations. A 96-molecule supercell is modeled using the VASP ab initio density functional theory code and PHONON lattice dynamics code to calculate the phonon vibrational spectra of H and O in ice Ih. These spectra are supplied to the LEAPR module of the NJOY2012 nuclear data processing code to generate thermal neutronscattering laws for H and O in ice Ih in the incoherent approximation. The predicted vibrational spectra are optimized to be representative of the globally averaged ice Ih structure by comparing theoretically calculated and experimentally measured total cross sections and inelastic neutronscattering spectra. The resulting scattering kernel is then supplied to the MC21 Monte Carlo transport code to calculate time eigenvalues for the fundamental mode decay in ice cylinders at various temperatures. Results are compared to experimental flux decay measurements for a pulsed-neutron die-away diffusion benchmark.

Small-angle neutronscattering studies have been carried out to check the structural integrity of citryltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) micelles in a magnetic fluid for different magnetic fluid concentrations at two different temperatures 303 and 333 K. It is found that the CTABr micelles grow with increasing magnetic fluid concentration and there is a decrease in the micellar size with increase in temperature.

Small-angle neutronscattering measurements were performed on some cholic acid-based gel systems in order to gain detailed information about the network structure. The presence of thin fibers with a radius of about 10-20 Å was found for various gelators. Two types of interaction between different so

We report measurements of the two-magnon states in a dimerized antiferromagnetic chain material, copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)(2).2.5D(2)O]. Using inelastic neutronscattering we have measured the one- and two-magnon excitation spectra in a large single crystal. The data are in excellent agreement with...

Thermal-neutronscattering has been used to investigate the structure of nitrogen films adsorbed on Grafoil, a basal-plane-oriented graphite. Diffraction scans were made at coverages between 1/3 of a monolayer and 7/4 monolayers over a temperature range from 10 to 90 K. The observed line shapes...

The phonon spectrum of solid deuterium has been measured using coherent inelastically-scattered thermal neutrons. Measurements were conducted at pressures up to 4.5 kbar with a temperature range between 4 and 50 K. Force constants of a harmonic model were calculated from the phonon energies at two...

The Fourier transform p(ω) of the velocity-autocorrelation function is derived from neutron incoherent scattering results, obtained from the two liquids Ar and H2. The quality and significance of the results are discussed with special emphasis on the long-time t-3/2 tail, found in computer...

The most recent measurements of the angular distribution and total cross-section for neutron-proton elastic scattering between 70< pL <400 GeV/c with squared four momentum transfer -t ≤ 3.6 (GeV/c)2 have been explained using Van der Waals type model.

Inelastic neutronscattering experiments have been carried out to measure the phonon density of states in polycrystalline -ZnCl2 at Dhruva, Trombay. Lattice dynamical calculations, based on an interatomic potential model, are accomplished to study phonons associated with this otherwise extremely hygroscopic compound. Our calculated data are found to be well-compatible with the available measured ones.

The solution structure of a DNA fragment of 130 base pairs and known sequence has been investigated by neutron small-angle scattering. In 0.1 M NaCl, the overall structure of the DNA fragment which contains the strong promoter A1 of the Escherichia coli phage T7 agrees with that expected for B...

This issue summarizes research progress in neutronscattering at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) by utilizing the research reactor (JRR-3M) mainly during the period between April 1, 1996 and March 31, 1997. The 57 of the presented papers are indexed individually. (J.P.N.)

The dynamics of translation and rotation of methane in microporous bulk silica have been studied with quasi-elastic neutronscattering. At T=200 K the self-diffusion coefficient of translation is DS=1.1×10−8 m2 s−1 with an estimated activation energy of 4 kJ mol−1. Any variation of DS with occupanc

The production of leading neutrons, where the neutron carries a large fraction x_L of the incoming proton's longitudinal momentum, is studied in deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering at HERA. The data were taken with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 122 pb^{-1}. The semi-inclusive cross section is measured in the phase space defined by the photon virtuality 6 < Q^2 < 100 GeV^2, Bjorken scaling variable 1.5x10^{-4} < x < 3x10^{-2}, longitudinal momentum fraction 0.32 < x_L < 0.95 and neutron transverse momentum p_T < 0.2 GeV. The leading neutron structure function, F_2^{LN(3)}(Q^2,x,x_L), and the fraction of deep-inelastic scattering events containing a leading neutron are studied as a function of Q^2, x and x_L. Assuming that the pion exchange mechanism dominates leading neutron production, the data provide constraints on the shape of the pion structure function.

Dark matter detectors require calibrations of their energy scale and efficiency to detect nuclear recoils in the $1-50$ keV range. Most calibrations use neutronscattering and require MCNP or Geant4 simulations of neutron propagation through the detector. For most nuclei heavier than $^{16}$O, these simulations' libraries ignore the contribution of resolved resonances to the neutron elastic differential cross-section. For many isotopes and neutron energies of importance to dark matter detection, this invalid assumption can severely distort simulated nuclear recoil spectra. The correct angular distributions can be calculated from the resonance parameters using R-matrix formalism. A set of neutronscattering libraries with high resolution angular distributions for MCNP and Geant4 of $^{19}$F, $^{40}$Ar, $^{50,52}$Cr, $^{56}$Fe, $^{136}$Xe, and $^{206,207,208}$Pb is presented. An MCNPX library for simulating the production of low-energy neutrons in the $^9$Be$(\\gamma,n)^8$Be reaction is also presented. Example d...

Monte Carlo simulations provide an important tool for nuclear physics research, both in preparing for experiments, and in interpreting experimental data. The Modular Neutron Array (MoNA) and the Large area multi-Institutional Scintillator Array (LISA) are used in conjunction with the Sweeper Magnet and charged particle detector chamber at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University to study the properties of exotic, neutron-rich nuclei. We use simulations to model our BC408 scintillator detectors and extract physics results from experimental data. We have developed specific simulations in preparation for an experiment we will conduct at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), where we will direct a well-defined neutron beam onto a cluster of 16 MoNA detector bars and observe the scattering patterns of single neutrons. Simulations enable us to study the predicted light output generated by individual neutronscattering channels from Carbon and Hydrogen. The data we will generate in the LANSCE experiment will provide a large experimental database with which to test the reliability of our simulations. This is important since our understanding of nuclei far from stability is becoming increasingly reliant on simulations. this work supported by NSF Grants PHY-1101745 and PHY-1506402.

The neutron total cross sections of {sup 58}Ni were measured from {approx} 1 to > 10 MeV using white-source techniques. Differential neutron elastic-scattering cross sections were measured from {approx} 4.5 to 10 MeV at {approx} 0.5 MeV intervals with {ge} 75 differential values per distribution. Differential neutron inelastic-scattering cross sections were measured, corresponding to fourteen levels with excitations up to 4.8 MeV. The measured results, combined with relevant values available in the literature, were interpreted in terms of optical-statistical and coupled-channels model using both vibrational and rotational coupling schemes. The physical implications of the experimental results nd their interpretation are discussed in the contexts of optical-statistical, dispersive-optical, and coupled-channels models. 61 refs.

The effect of radiation embrittlement has a high safety significance for Russian VVER reactor pressure vessel steels. Heats of base and weld metals of the as-received state, irradiated state and post-irradiation annealed state were investigated using small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) to obtain insight about the microstructural features caused by fast neutron irradiation. The SANS intensities increase in the momentum transfer range between 0.8 and 3 nm-1 for all the material compositions in the irradiated state. The size distribution function of the irradiation-induced defect clusters has a pronounced maximum at 1 nm in radius. Their content varies between 0.1 and 0.7 vol.% dependent on material composition and increases with the neutron fluence. The comparison of nuclear and magnetic scattering indicates that the defects differ in their composition. Thermal annealing reduces the volume fraction of irradiation defect clusters.

The growing demand for electric energy will require expansion of the amount of nuclear power production in many countries of the world. Research and development in this field will continue to grow to further increase safety and efficiency of nuclear power generation. Neutrons are a unique probe for a wide range of problems related to these efforts, ranging from crystal chemistry of nuclear fuels to engineering diffraction on cladding or structural materials used in nuclear reactors. Increased...

Neutrons are extremely versatile probes for investigating structure and dynamics in condensed matter. Due to their large penetration depth, they are ideal for in-situ measurements of samples situated in sophisticated and advanced environments. The advent of new high-intensity neutron sources and instruments, as well as the development of new real-time techniques, allows the tracking of transformation processes in condensed matter on a microscopic scale. The present volume provides a review of the state of the art of this new and exciting field of kinetics with neutrons

In the paper, a study is made of the 1,5 Mev and 2,47 Mev neutronscattering at /sup 186/W and /sup 152/Sm nuclei. The inelastic scattering cross-section of the 2+ and 4+ levels of /sup 152/Sm are calculated and an analysis is made of how they are influenced by the spin orbital deformation potential. The inelastic and elastic cross-section at the /sup 186/W nucleus are also calculated, taking into account the Hauser-Feshbach scattering and the non-axiality of this nucleus. An analysis is made of the obtained results and they are compared with the experiment.

We are currently developing machinable and load-bearing mica-based glass-ceramics for use in restorative dental surgery. In this paper we present the results of an ambient temperature small angle neutronscattering (SANS) study of several such ceramics with chemical compositions chosen to optimise machinability and strength. The SANS spectra are all dominated by scattering from the crystalline-amorphous phase interface and exhibit Q-4 dependence (Porod scattering) indicating that, on a 100Å scale, the surface of the crystals is smooth.

Full Text Available Neutronscattering intensity from Cu2O compound has been measured at 10 K and 295 K with High Resolution Powder Diffractometer at JRR-3 JAEA. The oscillatory diffuse scattering related to correlations among thermal displacements of atoms was observed at 295 K. The correlation parameters were determined from the observed diffuse scattering intensity at 10 and 295 K. The force constants between the neighboring atoms in Cu2O were estimated from the correlation parameters and compared to those of Ag2O

Elastic neutronscattering from (12)C, (14)N, (16)O, (28)Si, (40)Ca, (56)Fe, (89)Y and (208)Pb has been studied at 96 MeV in the10-70 degrees interval, using the SCANDAL (SCAttered Nucleon Detection AssembLy) facility. The results for (12)C and (208)Pb have recently been published, while the data on the other nuclei are under analysis. The achieved energy resolution, 3.7 MeV, is about an order of magnitude better than for any previous experiment above 65 MeV incident energy. A novel method for normalisation of the absolute scale of the cross section has been used. The estimated normalisation uncertainty, 3%, is unprecedented for a neutron-induced differential cross section measurement on a nuclear target. Elastic neutronscattering is of utmost importance for a vast number of applications. Besides its fundamental importance as a laboratory for tests of isospin dependence in the nucleon-nucleon, and nucleon-nucleus, interaction, knowledge of the optical potentials derived from elastic scattering come into play in virtually every application where a detailed understanding of nuclear processes is important. Applications for these measurements are dose effects due to fast neutrons, including fast neutron therapy, as well as nuclear waste incineration and single event upsets in electronics. The results at light nuclei of medical relevance ((12)C, (14)N and (16)O) are presented separately. In the present contribution, results on the heavier nuclei are presented, among which several are of relevance to shielding of fast neutrons.

Full Text Available In order to improve the design and safety of thermal nuclear reactors and for verification of criticality safety conditions on systems with significant amount of fissile materials and water, it is necessary to perform high-precision neutron transport calculations and estimate uncertainties of the results. These calculations are based on neutron interaction data distributed in evaluated nuclear data libraries. To improve the evaluations of thermal scattering sub-libraries, we developed a set of thermal neutronscattering cross sections (scattering kernels for hydrogen bound in light water, and deuterium and oxygen bound in heavy water, in the ENDF-6 format from room temperature up to the critical temperatures of molecular liquids. The new evaluations were generated and processable with NJOY99 and also with NJOY-2012 with minor modifications (updates, and with the new version of NJOY-2016. The new TSL libraries are based on molecular dynamics simulations with GROMACS and recent experimental data, and result in an improvement of the calculation of single neutronscattering quantities. In this work, we discuss the importance of taking into account self-diffusion in liquids to accurately describe the neutronscattering at low neutron energies (quasi-elastic peak problem. To improve modeling of heavy water, it is important to take into account temperature-dependent static structure factors and apply Sköld approximation to the coherent inelastic components of the scattering matrix. The usage of the new set of scattering matrices and cross-sections improves the calculation of thermal critical systems moderated and/or reflected with light/heavy water obtained from the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP handbook. For example, the use of the new thermal scattering library for heavy water, combined with the ROSFOND-2010 evaluation of the cross sections for deuterium, results in an improvement of the C/E ratio in 48 out of

Neutron and x-ray scattering have emerged as powerful methods for the determination of structure and dynamics. Driven by emerging new, powerful neutron and synchrotron radiation sources, the continuous development of new instrumentation and novel scattering techniques gives rise to exciting possibilities. For example, in situ observations become possible via a high neutron or x-ray flux at the sample and, as a consequence, morphological transitions with small time constants can be detected. This special issue covers a broad range of different materials from soft to hard condensed matter. Hence, different material classes such as colloids, polymers, alloys, oxides and metals are addressed. The issue is dedicated to the 60th birthday of Professor Winfried Petry, scientific director of the Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM-II), Germany, advisor at the physics department for the Bayerische Elite-Akademie, chair person of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Metall- und Materialphysik of the German Physical Society (DPG) and a member of the professional council of the German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). We would like to acknowledge and thank all contributors for their submissions, which made this special issue possible in the first place. Moreover, we would like to thank the staff at IOP Publishing for helping us with the administrative aspects and for coordinating the refereeing process, and Valeria Lauter for the beautiful cover artwork. Finally, to the readers, we hope that you find this special issue a valuable resource that provides insights into the present possibilities of neutron and x-ray scattering as powerful tools for the investigation of structure and dynamics. Structure and dynamics determined by neutron and x-ray scattering contents In situ studies of mass transport in liquid alloys by means of neutron radiography F Kargl, M Engelhardt, F Yang, H Weis, P Schmakat, B Schillinger, A Griesche and A Meyer Magnetic spin

Over the past several years, we have conducted a variety of elastic neutron diffraction and quasielastic neutronscattering experiments to study the structure and the dynamics of films of two intermediate-length alkane molecules (C nH2n+2), adsorbed on a graphite basal-plane surface. The two molecules are the normal alkane n-tetracosane [n-CH 3(CH2)22CH3] and the branched alkane squalane (C30H62 or 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyltetracosane) whose carbon backbone is the same length as teteracosane. The temperature dependence of the monolayer structure of tetracosane and squalane was investigated using elastic neutron diffraction and evidence of two phase transitions was observed. Both the low-coverage tetracosane (C 24H50) and squalane (C30H62) monolayers have crystalline-to-"smectic" and "smectic"-to-isotropic fluid phase transitions upon heating. The diffusive motion in the tetracosane and squalane monolayers has been investigated by quasielastic neutronscattering. Two different quasielastic neutronscattering spectrometers at the Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have been used. The spectrometers differ in both their dynamic range and energy resolution allowing molecular motions to be investigated on time scales in the range 10-13--10 -9 s. On these time scales, we observe evidence of translational, rotational, and intermolecular diffusive motions in the tetracosane and squalane monolayers. We conclude that the molecular diffusive motion in the two monolayers is qualitatively similar. Thus, despite the three methyl sidegroups at each end of the squalane molecule, its monolayer structure, phase transitions, and dynamics are qualitatively similar to that of a monolayer of the unbranched tetracosane molecules. With the higher resolution spectrometer at NIST, we have also investigated the molecular diffusive motion in multilayer tetracosane films. The analysis of our measurements indicates slower diffusive motion in

Amphiphilic molecules spontaneously self-assemble in solution to form a variety of aggregates. Only limited information is available on the kinetics of the structural transitions as well as on the existence of non-equilibrium or metastable states. Aqueous mixtures of lecithin and bile salt are very interesting biological model-systems which exhibit a spontaneous transition from polymer-like mixed micelles to vesicles upon dilution. The small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) instrument D22, with its very high neutron flux and the broad range of scattering vectors covered in a single instrumental setting, allowed us for the first time to perform time-resolved scattering experiments in order to study the micelle-to-vesicle transition. The temporal evolution of the aggregate structures were followed and detailed information was obtained even on molecular length-scales. (author). 5 refs.

. This magnetic order is observed both through the antiferromagnetic-superstructure-Bragg reflection as well as through the accompanying magnetostrictive distortion which is seen as a splitting of the nuclear Bragg scattering peak. In all, three distinct two-dimensionally ordered phases have been found, each...

Model atmospheres of isolated neutron stars with low magnetic field are calculated with Compton scattering taking into account. Models with effective temperatures 1, 3 and 5 MK, with two values of surface gravity log(g)g = 13.9 and 14.3), and different chemical compositions are calculated. Radiation spectra computed with Compton scattering are softer than the computed with Thomson scattering at high energies (E > 5 keV) for hot (T_eff > 1 MK) atmospheres with hydrogen-helium composition. Compton scattering is more significant to hydrogen models with low surface gravity. The emergent spectra of the hottest (T_eff > 3 MK) model atmospheres can be described by diluted blackbody spectra with hardness factors ~ 1.6 - 1.9. Compton scattering is less important for models with solar abundance of heavy elements.

Possibilities of discriminating neutrons and gamma rays in the AGATA gamma-ray tracking spectrometer have been investigated with the aim of reducing the background due to inelastic scattering of neutrons in the high-purity germanium crystals. This background may become a serious problem especially in experiments with neutron-rich radioactive ion beams. Simulations using the Geant4 toolkit and a tracking program based on the forward tracking algorithm were carried out by emitting neutrons and gamma rays from the center of AGATA. Three different methods were developed and tested in order to find 'fingerprints' of the neutron interaction points in the detectors. In a simulation with simultaneous emission of six neutrons with energies in the range 1-5 MeV and ten gamma rays with energies between 150 and 1450 keV, the peak-to-background ratio at a gamma-ray energy of 1.0 MeV was improved by a factor of 2.4 after neutron rejection with a reduction of the photopeak efficiency at 1.0 MeV of only a factor of 1.25.

The interest in neutrons of energies above 20 MeV is growing rapidly, since new applications are being developed or have been identified. Transmutation of nuclear waste and cancer therapy with neutron beams are two research fields that would benefit from new neutronscattering data at these energies. A facility for detection of scatteredneutrons in the energy interval 50-130 MeV, SCANDAL (SCAttered Nucleon Detection AssembLy), has been developed and installed at the neutron beam facility of the The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. It can be used to study the (n,n), (n,p) and (n,d) reactions. This thesis describes the layout of the setup, the experimental procedure, and data analysis principles. The performance of the spectrometer is illustrated with measurements of the (n,p) and (n,n) reactions on {sup 1}H and {sup 12}C. In addition, the neutron beam facility is described in some detail.

The Extreme Environment Diffractometer is a neutron time-of-flight instrument, designed to work with a constant-field hybrid magnet capable of reaching fields over 26 T, unprecedented in neutron science; however, the presence of the magnet imposes both spatial and technical limitations on the surrounding instrument components. In addition to the existing diffraction and small-angle neutronscattering modes, the instrument will operate also in an inelastic scattering mode, as a direct time-of-flight spectrometer. In this paper we present the Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations, the results of which illustrate the performance of the instrument in the inelastic-scattering mode. We describe the focussing neutron guide and the chopper system of the existing instrument and the planned design for the instrument upgrade. The neutron flux, neutron spatial distribution, divergence distribution and energy resolution are calculated for standard instrument configurations.

With the intention of developing a new data analysis method using virtual experiments we have built a detailed virtual model of the cold triple-axis spectrometer RITA-II at PSI, Switzerland, using the McStas neutron ray-tracing package. The parameters characterising the virtual instrument were...... carefully tuned against real experiments. In the present paper we show that virtual experiments reproduce experimentally observed linewidths within 1–3% for a variety of samples. Furthermore we show that the detailed knowledge of the instrumental resolution found from virtual experiments, including sample...

determined for the simulations as well as experimentally for polystyrene in d-toluene by small-angle neutronscattering (SANS), and excellent agreement is found. Interpolations of the MC scattering functions fit the SANS data in the full measured range of scattering vectors, demonstrating agreement almost...

The Lujan NeutronScattering Center (Lujan Center) at LANSCE is a designated National User Facility for neutronscattering and nuclear physics studies with pulsed beams of moderated neutrons (cold, thermal, and epithermal). As one of five experimental areas at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), the Lujan Center hosts engineers, scientists, and students from around the world. The Lujan Center consists of Experimental Room (ER) 1 (ERl) built by the Laboratory in 1977, ER2 built by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) in 1989, and the Office Building (622) also built by BES in 1989, along with a chem-bio lab, a shop, and other out-buildings. According to a 1996 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the Defense Programs (DP) Office of the National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA) and the Office of Science (SC, then the Office of Energy Research), the Lujan Center flight paths were transferred from DP to SC, including those in ERI. That MOA was updated in 2001. Under the MOA, NNSA-DP delivers neutron beam to the windows of the target crypt, outside of which BES becomes the 'landlord.' The leveraging nature of the Lujan Center on the LANSCE accelerator is a substantial annual leverage to the $11 M BES operating fund worth approximately $56 M operating cost of the linear accelerator (LINAC)-in beam delivery.

Full Text Available Over the last 60 years research reactors (RRs have played an important role in technological and socio-economical development of mankind, such as radioisotope production for medicine, industry, research and education. Neutronscattering has been widely used for research and development in materials science. The prospect of neutronscattering as a powerful tool for materials research is increasing in the 21st century. This can be seen from the investment of several new neutron sources all over the world such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS in USA, the Japan Proton Accelerator Complex (JPARC in Japan, the new OPAL Reactor in Australia, and some upgrading to the existing sources at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK; Institute of Laue Langevin (ILL in Grenoble, France and Berlin Reactor, Germany. Developing countries with moderate flux research reactor have also been involved in this technique, such as India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor in Serpong, Indonesia that also produces thermal neutron has contributed to the research and development in the Asia Pacific Region. However, the international joint research among those countries plays an important role on optimizing the results.

Neutronscattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) are employed to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with ethylenediamine (EDA) core under various charge conditions. Regarding to the conformational characteristics, we focus on scrutinizing density profile evolution of PAMAM dendrimers as the molecular charge of dendrimer increases from neutral state to highly charged condition. It should be noted that within the context of small angle neutronscattering (SANS), the dendrimers are composed of hydrocarbon component (dry part) and the penetrating water molecules. Though there have been SANS experiments that studied the charge-dependent structural change of PAMAM dendrimers, their results were limited to the collective behavior of the aforementioned two parts. This study is devoted to deepen the understanding towards the structural responsiveness of intra-molecular polymeric and hydration parts separately through advanced contrast variation SANS data analysis scheme available recently and unravel the governing principles through coupling with MD simulations. Two kinds of acids, namely hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, are utilized to tune the pH condition and hence the molecular charge. As far as the dynamical properties, we target at understanding the underlying mechanism that leads to segmental dynamic enhancement observed from quasielstic neutronscattering (QENS) experiment previously. PAMAM dendrimers have a wealth of potential applications, such as drug delivery agency, energy harvesting medium, and light emitting diodes. More importantly, it is regarded as an ideal system to test many theoretical predictions since dendrimers conjugate both colloid-like globular shape and polymer-like flexible chains. This Ph.D. research addresses two main challenges in studying PAMAM dendrimers. Even though neutronscattering is an ideal tool to study this PAMAM dendrimer solution due to its matching temporal and

A collocation method is developed for the solution of the one-dimensional neutron transport equation in slab geometry with both symmetric and polarly asymmetric scattering. For the symmetric scattering case, it is found that the collocation method offers a combination of some of the best characteristics of the finite-element and discrete-ordinates methods. For the asymmetric scattering case, it is found that the computational cost of cross-section data processing under the collocation approach can be significantly less than that associated with the discrete-ordinates approach. A general diffusion equation treating both symmetric and asymmetric scattering is developed and used in a synthetic acceleration algorithm to accelerate the iterative convergence of collocation solutions. It is shown that a certain type of asymmetric scattering can radically alter the asymptotic behavior of the transport solution and is mathematically equivalent within the diffusion approximation to particle transport under the influence of an electric field. The method is easily extended to other geometries and higher dimensions. Applications exist in the areas of neutron transport with highly anisotropic scattering (such as that associated with hydrogenous media), charged-particle transport, and particle transport in controlled-fusion plasmas. 23 figures, 6 tables.

Recent advances in thin-film structuring techniques have generated significant interest in the dynamics of spin waves in magnetic nanostructures and the possible use of inelastic neutronscattering (INS) for their investigation. This thesis describes the design and implementation, at GKSS Research Centre, of equipment for preparation of large and laterally submicron and nanometre structured magnetic samples for such future INS experiments. After a brief resume on spin waves in nanostructures, the development work on new purpose-designed equipment, including high vacuum (HV) argon ion beam milling and ultra high vacuum (UHV) e-beam evaporation setups, is described. Ni nanodot as well as Ni and novel Gd nanowire samples were prepared using combinations of sputter deposition, laser interference lithography, argon ion beam milling, e-beam evaporation and self organisation techniques. With reference to sample preparation, epitaxial growth studies for Ni on Si(100) substrate were performed, resulting in the development of a new deposition process, which by thermal tuning allows for the direct epitaxial growth of Ni on Si with unprecedented crystalline quality. The results of various characterisation experiments on the prepared nanostructured samples, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), microprobe analysis, Atomic and Magnetic Force Microscopy (AFM/MFM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Reflectivity (XRR), unpolarised and Polarised NeutronScattering (PNR) and off-specular scattering by X-rays and neutrons using rocking scans and Time-Of-Flight Grazing Incidence Small Angle NeutronScattering (TOF-GISANS), together with various analysis procedures such as Distorted-Wave Born Approximation (DWBA), are reported. The analysis of a Gd nanowire sample by TOF-GISANS led to a novel evaluation technique which in comparison with single wavelength methods allows portions of reciprocal space to be scanned without changing the angle of

Following the shut-down of the FRJ-2 research reactor in Jülich a large part of the neutronscattering instrumentation operating there is currently being moved to the FRM-II research reactor in Garching-München. The installation of these instruments requires the design and set-up of new neutron guides with geometrical and optical features imposed by the positioning of the instruments in the neutron guide hall and by the foreseen significant improvement of the instrument performance. Particularly three SANS diffractometers require a special approach due to on one hand, their pre-determined size and on the other hand, the demanded neutron wavelength range. Expected characteristics of three neutron guides (currently under construction) optimized using VITESS and McStas simulation packages, namely the vertically "S-shaped" guides serving the KWS2 and KWS1 conventional SANS instruments and the horizontally "S-shaped" guide serving the focusing KWS3 instrument, will be reported on.

Following the shut-down of the FRJ-2 research reactor in Juelich a large part of the neutronscattering instrumentation operating there is currently being moved to the FRM-II research reactor in Garching-Muenchen. The installation of these instruments requires the design and set-up of new neutron guides with geometrical and optical features imposed by the positioning of the instruments in the neutron guide hall and by the foreseen significant improvement of the instrument performance. Particularly three SANS diffractometers require a special approach due to on one hand, their pre-determined size and on the other hand, the demanded neutron wavelength range. Expected characteristics of three neutron guides (currently under construction) optimized using VITESS and McStas simulation packages, namely the vertically 'S-shaped' guides serving the KWS2 and KWS1 conventional SANS instruments and the horizontally 'S-shaped' guide serving the focusing KWS3 instrument, will be reported on.

Neutron powder diffraction has been used to obtain the thermal parameters for the deuterium atoms and to confirm the crystal structure of acetonitrile-d3 at 4 K. Inelastic neutronscattering from both isotopic species is used to determine the energies of the first and second rotational levels of the methyl group. These four levels are reasonably reproduced by a threefold potential with V3=125 meV. The activation energy derived from this potential is in agreement with that previously obtained from the temperature dependence of T1 in proton magnetic resonance measurements.

The structure of pure BPO 4 and Li-doped BPO 4 has been studied by neutron and X-ray scattering. Rietveld refinement of the neutron and X-ray spectra of the doped material did not show additional phases or a lithium superstructure. It appears that the interstitial Li +-ions as well as the charge compensating boron vacancies and substitutionally incorporated Li +-ions on boron sites are randomly distributed over the lattice resulting only in a slight change in peak intensities. The relevance of QENS for ceramic Li-ion batteries is discussed.

Monte Carlo simulations have become an essential tool for improving the performance of neutron-scattering instruments, since the level of sophistication in the design of instruments is defeating purely analytical methods. The program McStas, being developed at Risø National Laboratory, includes an extension language that makes it easy to adapt it to the particular requirements of individual instruments, and thus provides a powerful and flexible tool for constructing such simulations. McStas has been successfully applied in such areas as neutron guide design, flux optimization, non-Gaussian resolution functions of triple-axis spectrometers, and time-focusing in time-of-flight instruments.

Phonon dispersion relations have been measured by coherent neutronscattering in solid para-hydrogen and ortho-deuterium. The phonon energies are found to be nearly equal in the two solids, the highest energy in each case lying close to 10 meV. The pressure and temperature dependence of the phonon...... energies have been measured in ortho-deuterium and the lattice change determined by neutron diffraction. When a pressure of 275 bar is applied, the phonon energies are increased by about 10%, and heating the crystal to near the melting point decreases them by about 7%. The densities of states, the specific...

The Mantid framework is a software solution developed for the analysis and visualization of neutronscattering and muon spin measurements. The framework is jointly developed by a large team of software engineers and scientists at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The objective of the development is to improve software quality, both in terms of performance and ease of use, for the the user community of large scale facilities. The functionality and novel design aspects of the framework are described.

The Time Reversal Invariant Violating (TRIV) effects in neutron transmission through a nuclei target are discussed. We explore the possibility to search TRIV at new high flux Spallation Neutron Sources using two important advantages of neutron nuclei interactions: the possibility of an enhancement of T-violating observables by many orders of magnitude, and the relatively large number of the nuclear targets, which provides the assurance of avoiding possible ``accidental'' cancelations of TRI-violating effects due to unknown structural factors related to the strong interactions. This include the absence of final state interactions for a set of specific observables, the possibility to avoid of false asymmetries arising from combinations of time-reversal-invariant interactions and asymmetries in real experiment, and the comparison of expected results with existing limits on neutron, nuclear and atomic electric dipole moments (EDMs). It is shown that TRIV observables are complementary to the EDM experiments and have potential for essential improving of the current limits on the TRIV interactions. The Time Reversal Invariant Violating (TRIV) effects in neutron transmission through a nuclei target are discussed. We explore the possibility to search TRIV at new high flux Spallation Neutron Sources using two important advantages of neutron nuclei interactions: the possibility of an enhancement of T-violating observables by many orders of magnitude, and the relatively large number of the nuclear targets, which provides the assurance of avoiding possible ``accidental'' cancelations of TRI-violating effects due to unknown structural factors related to the strong interactions. This include the absence of final state interactions for a set of specific observables, the possibility to avoid of false asymmetries arising from combinations of time-reversal-invariant interactions and asymmetries in real experiment, and the comparison of expected results with existing limits on neutron

Differential cross sections for quasi-free Compton scattering from the proton and neutron bound in the deuteron have been measured using the Glasgow/Mainz tagging spectrometer at the Mainz MAMI accelerator together with the Mainz 48 cm $\\oslash$ $\\times$ 64 cm NaI(Tl) photon detector and the G\\"ottingen SENECA recoil detector. The data cover photon energies ranging from 200 MeV to 400 MeV at $\\theta^{LAB}_\\gamma=136.2^\\circ$. Liquid deuterium and hydrogen targets allowed direct comparison of free and quasi-free scattering from the proton. The neutron detection efficiency of the SENECA detector was measured via the reaction $p(\\gamma,\\pi^+ n)$. The "free" proton Compton scattering cross sections extracted from the bound proton data are in reasonable agreement with those for the free proton which gives confidence in the method to extract the differential cross section for free scattering from quasi-free data. Differential cross sections on the free neutron have been extracted and the difference of the electroma...

Full Text Available Results of recent SANS experiments with impurity-helium gel (IHG samples in He-II are presented. We estimate the mean size of the impurity nanoparticles that form the frame of the IHG samples and discuss the possibility to use IHG samples for the production of ultracold neutrons (UCNs in He-II cooled to the temperature of a few mK, as well as the reflection of UCNs at any temperature. Our results indicate that the most promising materials for these purposes might be the heavy water gel samples with the mean sizes of D2O clusters of d~8 nm and the heavy alcohol gel samples with the mean sizes of clusters of d~15 nm.

With the intention of developing a new data analysis method using virtual experiments we have built a detailed virtual model of the cold triple-axis spectrometer RITA-II at PSI, Switzerland, using the McStas neutron ray-tracing package. The parameters characterising the virtual instrument were carefully tuned against real experiments. In the present paper we show that virtual experiments reproduce experimentally observed linewidths within 1-3% for a variety of samples. Furthermore we show that the detailed knowledge of the instrumental resolution found from virtual experiments, including sample mosaicity, can be used for quantitative estimates of linewidth broadening resulting from, e.g., finite domain sizes in single-crystal samples.

A new measurement of the angular distribution of neutron elastic scattering on deuterium was carried out at the neutron time-of-flight facility nELBE. The backward-forward asymmetry of the reaction was investigated via the direct detection of neutronsscattered at the laboratory angle of 15∘ and 165∘ from a polyethylene sample enriched with deuterium. In order to extend the measurement to neutron energies below 1 MeV, 6Li glass scintillators were employed. The data were corrected for the background and the multiple scattering in the target, the events due to scattering on deuterium were separated from those due to carbon, and the ratio of the differential cross section at 15∘ and 165∘ was determined. The results, covering the energy range from 200 keV to 2 MeV, were found to be in agreement with the theoretical predictions calculated by Canton et al. [Eur. Phys. J. A 14, 225 (2002)], 10.1140/epja/i2001-10122-3 and by Golak et al. [Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 177 (2014)], 10.1140/epja/i2014-14177-7. The comparison with the evaluated nuclear data libraries indicated CENDL-3.1, JEFF-3.2, and JENDL-4.0 as the evaluations that best describe the asymmetry of n -d scattering. ENDF/B-VII.1 is compatible with the data for energies below 700 keV, but above the backward to forward ratio is higher than measured. ROSFOND-2010 and BROND-2.2 resulted to have little compatibility with the data.

We solved the three-nucleon Faddeev equation including relativistic features such as relativistic kinematics, boost effects and Wigner spin rotations. As dynamical input a relativistic nucleon-nucleon interaction exactly on-shell equivalent to the AV18 potential has been used. The effects of Wigner rotations for elastic scattering observables were found to be small. The boost effects are significant at higher energies.They diminish the transition matrix elements at higher energies and lead in spite of the increased relativistic phase-space factor as compared to the nonrelativistic one to rather small effects in the cross section, which are mostly restricted to the backward angles.

Highlights: • The inelastic neutron spectrum of cyclopentanone was obtained. • The neutron spectrum of the pure compound reveals presence of C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. • Almost exact match between simulated C–H⋯O bonded dimer and experimental spectra. • Anti-translational νH⋯O mode assigned to band at 95 cm{sup −1} and confirmed by DFT results. - Abstract: The inelastic neutronscattering (INS) spectra of cyclopentanone were obtained for pure and 50% CCl{sub 4} solution forms. Spectra are compared with infrared and Raman data, and with DFT calculated eigenvectors. This exercise aims to find spectroscopic evidence in the neutron spectra for the presence of C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These are weak interactions with an energy of ca. −6 kJ mol{sup −1} as predicted by DFT. The neutron spectra show narrow and sharp bands which allows for an assignment of the vibrational modes. The simulated neutron spectrum of C–H⋯O bonded cyclopentanone dimers matches the experimental spectrum of the pure compound, whereas the monomer simulation monomer matches the experimental spectrum of the diluted solution, meaning that such interaction can be probed by INS. Assignment of the 95 cm{sup −1} band to the νH⋯O anti-translational mode, being supported by DFT results and in agreement with previous literature data, is considered and discussed.

The present progress report describes the scientific and technical activities obtained by LNS staff members in 1997. It also includes the work performed by external groups at our CRG instruments D1A and IN3 at the ILL Grenoble. Due to the outstanding properties of neutrons and x-rays the research work covered many areas of science and materials research. The highlight of the year 1997 was certainly the production of neutrons at the new spallation neutron source SINQ. From July to November, SINQ was operating for typically two days/week and allowed the commissioning of four instruments at the neutron guide system: - the triple-axis spectrometer Druechal, - the powder diffractometer DMC, - the double-axis diffractometer TOPSI, the polarised triple-axis spectrometer TASP. These instruments are now fully operational and have already been used for condensed matter studies, partly in cooperation with external groups. Five further instruments are in an advanced state, and their commissioning is expected to occur between June and October 1998: - the high-resolution powder diffractometer HRPT, - the single-crystal diffractometer TriCS, - the time-of-flight spectrometer FOCUS, - the reflectometer AMOR, - the neutron optical bench NOB. Together with the small angle neutronscattering facility SANS operated by the spallation source department, all these instruments will be made available to external user groups in the future. (author) figs., tabs., refs.

Neutron inelastic scattering from liquid N2 at T=66.4 K and saturated vapor pressure is presented in the form of the normalized coherent nuclear-scattering law Sn,coh(κ, ω). Our results at the wave vector, κ=0.1 Å-1 are consistent with recent computer simulation showing that the sound mode...... continues to propagate for larger wave vectors than described by linear hydrodynamic theory. At larger wave vectors no evidence is found of propagating phononlike excitations in this liquid, but the observed spectra are broad and centered around the mean recoil energy of a Boltzmann gas. Using Sears...

We present a preliminary investigation of the dynamics of glassy polycarbonate (PC) and polysulfone (PSF) by means of quasielastic neutronscattering and dielectric spectroscopy. Whereas the consideration of pure phenylene ring pi-flips is enough to explain the momentum-transfer (Q) dependence of the inelastic intensity measured for PSF, in the case of PC the Q dependence of both the coherent and the incoherent scattering functions reveal the existence in this polymer of some more complex motion of the phenylene ring. On the other hand, the similarity of the energy landscapes deduced from the different techniques points to a closely related molecular origin for all the relaxation/motions observed. (orig.)

This paper addresses the question to which extent anisotropic atomic motions in proteins impact angular-averaged incoherent neutronscattering intensities, which are typically recorded for powder samples. For this purpose, the relevant correlation functions are represented as multipole series in which each term corresponds to a different degree of intrinsic motional anisotropy. The approach is illustrated by a simple analytical model and by a simulation-based example for lysozyme, considering in both cases the elastic incoherent structure factor. The second example shows that the motional anisotropy of the protein atoms is considerable and contributes significantly to the scattering intensity.

Results of small-angle neutronscattering experiments on fullerenes (Co_{60}) in pyridine/water solutions are reported. They confirm conclusions of the previous studies, in particular, dynamic light scattering experiments. Aggregates with characteristic radius of about 20 nm are formed in the solutions. The contrast variation using different combinations of protonated/deuterated components (water and pyridine) of the solutions points to the small pyridine content inside the aggregates. This fact testifies that the aggregates consist of a massive fullerene core covered by a thin pyridine shell.

Ceria powders were prepared by gel combustion process using cerium nitrate and hitherto unexplored amino acids such as aspartic acid, arginine and valine as fuels. The powders have been characterized by X-ray and laser diffraction. Cold pressed compacts of these powders have been sintered at 1250°C for 2 h. Internal pore microstructure of the sintered compacts has been investigated by small angle neutronscattering (SANS) over a scattering wave vector range of 0.003–0.17 nm-1. The SANS profiles indicate surface fractal morphology of the pore space with fractal dimensionality lying between 2.70 and 2.76.

Phonon dispersion curves of single crystal iodine at 77 K have been measured by one-phonon coherent inelastic neutronscattering techniques. The data are analysed in terms of two Buckingham-six intermolecular potentials; one to represent the shortest intermolecular interaction (3.5 Å) and the oth...... to represent the more distant interactions. Moderate agreement is obtained between the observed and calculated frequencies, but it also oappears necessary to treat the second-nearest-neighbor interaction (3.97 Å) separately from the van der Waals interactions (distances ⩾ 4.2 Å).......Phonon dispersion curves of single crystal iodine at 77 K have been measured by one-phonon coherent inelastic neutronscattering techniques. The data are analysed in terms of two Buckingham-six intermolecular potentials; one to represent the shortest intermolecular interaction (3.5 Å) and the other...

The work presented in this PhD thesis is concerned with the interpretation of the neutronscattering measurements from the palladium hydrogen system by means of ab initio electronic structure calculations. The motivation of performing such calculations was due to recent neutronscattering studies on this system that showed a strong directional dependence to the dynamical structure factor together with a complex dependence on energy. Here we attempt to describe the origin of these features by ab initio simulations of the dynamical structure factor. The method assumes an adiabatic separation of the motion of the proton and palladium atoms. The proton wave functions are calculated by a direct solution of the associated single-particle Schroedinger equation using a plane wave basis set method and a mapping of the adiabatic surface. The Fourier components of the adiabatic potential are obtained from LDA pseudopotential calculations. Using Fermi's golden rule within the Born approximation we were then able to calcu...

We have performed neutronscattering and magnetization/transport measurements on a series of FeTe1-xSex system single crystals to study the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity. Comparing to pure FeTe1-xSex compounds, extra Fe and Ni/Cu doping on Fe-site can change physics properties of these samples, including resistivity, magnetization and superconducting properties. Our neutronscattering studies also show the Fe-site doping change low energy magnetic spectrum, including the magnetic excitations intensity, position and magnetic correlation length in these samples. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the low energy magnetic fluctuations are also found to be different depending on the composition. This work is supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, DOE.

The moderation and absorption of a neutron burst in water, poisoned with the non-1/v absorbers cadmium and gadolinium, has been followed on the time scale by multigroup calculations, using scattering kernels for the proton gas and the Nelkin model. The time dependent reaction rate curves for each absorber display clear differences for the two models, and the separation between the curves does not depend much on the absorber concentration. An experimental method for the measurement of infinite medium reaction rate curves in a limited geometry has been investigated. This method makes the measurement of the time dependent reaction rate generally useful for thermalization studies in a small geometry of a liquid hydrogenous moderator, provided that the experiment is coupled to programs for the calculation of scattering kernels and time dependent neutron spectra. Good agreement has been found between the reaction rate curve, measured with cadmium in water, and a calculated curve, where the Haywood kernel has been used.

We review recent X-ray and neutronscattering studies of the structure and dynamics of confined complex fluids. This includes the study of polymer conformations and binary fluid phase transitions in porous media using Small Angle Neutronscattering, and the use of synchrotrons radiation to study ordering and fluctuation phenomena at solid/liquid and liquid/air interfaces. Ordering of liquids near a solid surface or in confinement will be discussed, and the study, via specular and off-specular X-ray reflectivity, of capillary wave fluctuations on liquid polymer films. Finally, we shall discuss the use of high-brilliance beams from X-ray synchrotrons to study via photon correlation spectroscopy the slow dynamics of soft condensed matter systems.

Quasi-elastic neutronscattering (QENS) has been used to study the deviation from Debye-law harmonic behavior in lyophilized and hydrated apoferritin, a naturally occurring, multisubunit protein. Whereas analysis of the measured mean squared displacement (msd) parameter reveals a hydration-dependent inflection above 240 K, characteristic of diffusive motion, a hydration-independent inflection is observed at 100 K. The mechanism responsible for this low-temperature anharmonic response is further investigated, via analysis of the elastic incoherent neutronscattering intensity, by applying models developed to describe side-group motion in glassy polymers. Our results suggest that the deviation from harmonic behavior is due to the onset of methyl group rotations which exhibit a broad distribution of activated processes ( E a,ave = 12.2 kJ.mol (-1), sigma = 5.0 kJ x mol (-1)). Our results are likened to those reported for other proteins.

We investigate the structure and shell dynamics of the droplet phase in water/AOT/octane microemulsions with polyethyleneglycol (M{sub W} = 1500) molecules loaded in the droplets. Size and polydispersity of the droplets is determined with small angle X-ray scattering and small angle neutronscattering experiments. Shell fluctuations are measured with neutron spin echo spectroscopy and related to the dynamic percolation seen in dielectric spectroscopy. Shell fluctuations are found to be well described by the bending modulus of the shell and the viscosities inside and outside the droplets. Addition of the polymer decreases the modulus for small droplets. For large droplets the opposite is found as percolation temperature shifts to higher values.

Diffraction first observed from myelin 50 years ago was correctly attributed to a fluid crystal of lipids, because similar patterns were observed from extracted lipid preparations. Following on more recent X-ray work which characterized a variety of lipid-water structures, neutron diffraction experiments have provided detailed descriptions of the molecular conformations in lipid bilayers. For a long time, however, the molecular structure of membrane proteins remained elusive and the development of detergents for the extraction of active membrane proteins, and the discovery of naturally crystalline purple membrane were important breakthroughs in this field. Structural parameters of membrane proteins solubilised in detergent have been measured by neutronscattering with contrast variation techniques. Purple membrane has been studied extensively by neutron diffraction. It is an excellent illustration of the use of deuterium labeling by different approaches to address specific questions of molecular structure. These studies are reviewed with a special emphasis on aspects which are applicable to membranes in general.

Full Text Available We give an overview of a model to describe deep-inelastic scattering (DIS off the deuteron with a spectator proton, based on the virtual nucleon approximation (VNA. The model accounts for the final-state interactions (FSI of the DIS debris with the spectator proton. Values of the rescattering cross section are obtained by fits to high-momentum spectator data. By using the so-called “pole extrapolation” method, free neutron structure functions can be obtained by extrapolating low-momentum spectator proton data to the on-shell neutron pole. We apply this method to the BONuS data set and find a surprising Bjorken x dependence, indicating a possible rise of the neutron to proton structure function ratio at high x.

The possibility of extracting accurately the neutron electric form factor from electron-neutron coincidence measurements in quasi-elastic electron-deuteron scattering is investigated for squared three-momentum transfers q/sup 2/<=30 fm/sup -2/ using the Reid soft-core, Hamada-Johnston and Bryan-Gersten potentials. It is found that contributions of the electric form factor of the neutron to the quasi-elastic cross section can be as large as 5.4% at q/sup 2/ approximately equal to 1 fm/sup -2/ (approximately 3% at q/sup 2/ approximately equal to 10 approximately 20 fm/sup 2/). Potential model dependence and corrections due to meson exchange currents and isobar configurations are found to be small (< or approximately 1%).

In this contribution we report results of a small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) investigation of dUTPase/D sub 2 O solutions. Data were collected by the V4 spectrometer at the BENSC facility (Berlin, Germany). The results allow us to characterize the conformational properties of the protein in solution as a function of temperature and in the presence of trehalose, a disaccharide with a noticeable bioprotective action. (orig.)

In this book, following the presentation of the basics of scattering from isotropic macromolecular solutions, modern instrumentation, experimental practice and advanced analysis techniques are explained. Advantages of X-rays (rapid data collection, small sample volumes) and of neutrons (contrast variation by hydrogen/deuterium exchange) are specifically highlighted. Examples of applications of the technique to different macromolecular systems are considered with specific emphasis on the synergistic use of SAXS/SANS with other structural, biophysical and computational techniques.

We performed an elastic neutronscattering investigation of the molecular dynamics of lysozyme solvated in glycerol, at different water contents h (grams of water/grams of lysozyme). The marked non-Gaussian behavior of the elastic intensity was studied in a wide experimental momentum transfer range, as a function of the temperature. The internal dynamics is well described in terms of the double-well jump model. At low temperature, the protein total mean square displacements exhibit an almost ...

The mobility of H2 in microporous amorphous silica is studied using quasi-elastic neutronscattering. At T=90 K the self-diffusion coefficient is approximately Ds=1.2×10−8 m2 s−1 for low degrees of occupancy (<20%) and decreases slightly to Ds=0.95×10−8 m2 s−1 for an occupancy of 31%. A rough esti

Multipolar excitations in the antiferroquadrupolar ordering phase of CeB{sub 6} are studied theoretically. We develop the method of boson expansion of multipoles, and apply it to the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida model, which has been introduced previously for CeB{sub 6}. Then the neutronscattering spectra are calculated within the dipole approximation and compared with experimental results obtained by Bouvet. The origin of the characteristic peak structures and their dependence on the magnetic field are discussed.

In this contribution, we show some recent progress in the study of neutron-proton scattering with Nuclear Lattice Effective Field Theory (NLEFT). We present preliminary studies of both, the uncertainties in the $np$ phase shifts extracted with NLEFT, and the lattice spacing dependence in the transfer matrix formalism. Such investigations have not been performed before in the literature, and will be relevant for Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear structure with NLEFT.

In this paper, various detectors available for small angle neutronscattering (SANS) are discussed, along with some current developments being actively pursued. A section has been included to outline the various methodologies of position encoding/decoding with discussions on trends and limitations. Computer software/hardware vary greatly from institute and experiment and only a general discussion is given to this area. 85 refs., 33 figs.

The aggregation behaviour of a hydrotrope, sodium -butyl benzene sulfonate (Na-NBBS), in aqueous solutions is investigated by small-angle neutronscattering (SANS). Nearly ellipsoidal aggregates of Na-NBBS at concentrations well above its minimum hydrotrope concentration were detected by SANS. The hydrotrope seems to form self-assemblies with aggregation number of 36–40 with a substantial charge on the aggregate. This aggregation number is weakly affected by the hydrotrope concentration.

In situ and in operando studies are commonplace and necessary in functional materials research. This review highlights recent developments in the analysis of functional materials using state-of-the-art in situ and in operando X-ray and neutronscattering and analysis. Examples are given covering a number of important materials areas, alongside a description of the types of information that can be obtained and the experimental setups used to acquire them.

Full Text Available In situ and in operando studies are commonplace and necessary in functional materials research. This review highlights recent developments in the analysis of functional materials using state-of-the-art in situ and in operando X-ray and neutronscattering and analysis. Examples are given covering a number of important materials areas, alongside a description of the types of information that can be obtained and the experimental setups used to acquire them.

We have measured the phonon dispersion of wurtzite CdS by inelastic neutronscattering in a single crystal made from the nonabsorbing isotope 114Cd. One of the two silent B 1-modes occurs at 3.96 THz ( k = 0 ). It is significantly lower and less dispersive than so far assumed. Previous semiempirical lattice dynamical models need to be reanalyzed. However, the observed dispersion branches compare favorably with an ab-initio calculation.

The existence and role of lateral lipid organization in biological membranes has been studied and contested for more than 30 years. Lipid domains, or rafts, are hypothesized as scalable compartments in biological membranes, providing appropriate physical environments to their resident membrane proteins. This implies that lateral lipid organization is associated with a range of biological functions, such as protein co-localization, membrane trafficking, and cell signaling, to name just a few. Neutronscattering techniques have proven to be an excellent tool to investigate these structural features in model lipids, and more recently, in living cells. I will discuss our recent work using neutrons to probe the structure and mechanical properties in model lipid systems and our current efforts in using neutrons to probe the structure and organization of the bilayer in a living cell. These efforts in living cells have used genetic and biochemical strategies to generate a large neutronscattering contrast, making the membrane visible. I will present our results showing in vivo bilayer structure and discuss the outlook for this approach.

An instrument that will directly image the fast fission neutrons from a special nuclear material source wherein the neutron detection efficiency is increased has been described. Instead of the previous technique that uses a time-of-flight (TOF) between 2 widely spaced fixed planes of neutron detectors to measure scatterneutron kinetic energy, we now use the recoil proton energy deposited in the second of the 2 scatter planes which can now be repositioned either much closer together or further apart. However, by doubling the separation distance between the 2 planes from 20 cm to a distance of 40 cm we improved the angular resolution of the detector from about 12.degree. to about 10.degree.. A further doubling of the separation distance to 80 cm provided an addition improvement in angular resolution of the detector to about 6.degree. without adding additional detectors or ancillary electronics. The distance between planes also may be dynamically changed using a suitable common technique such as a gear- or motor-drive to toggle between the various positions. The angular resolution of this new configuration, therefore, is increased at the expanse of detection sensitivity. However, the diminished sensitivity may be acceptable for those applications where the detector is able to interrogate a particular site for an extended period.

With the creation of high quality superlattices consisting of complex oxide materials novel materials exhibiting a wide range of interesting phenomena are emerging. Due to the diverse physical properties of complex oxides, (e.g., ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, superconductivity), some of which can be varied by doping, the versatility in their applications is large. The physical properties in these new materials, often is tied to the behavior at the interfaces between the different components of the superlattice, and therefore requires detailed knowledge of the relationship between the chemical and electronic composition. Polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) provides access to the depth-dependent magnitude and orientation of the magnetization and can therefore link the magnetic to the electronic and chemical properties, especially close to these interfaces. Several examples of our work will be presented, including that on La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/ YBa2Cu3O7-δ/ La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 trilayers which exhibit the inverse superconducting spin switch behavior, and where suppression of the magnetization close to the interface, as well as a varying anisotropy axis have been determined [1]. Another example is work on digitally layered analogs of La1-xSrxMnO3, where PNR reveals an asymmetric distribution of the magnetization across the two components (antiferromagnetic) LaMnO3and SrMnO3, which has been linked to structural properties at the interfaces [2]. [4pt] [1] V. Peña, Z. Sefrioui, D. Arias, C. Leon, J. Santamaria, J. L. Martinez, S. G. E. te Velthuis, A. Hoffmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 057002. [0pt] [2] S. J. May, A. B. Shah, S. G. E. te Velthuis, M. R. Fitzsimmons, J. M. Zuo, X. Zhai, J. N. Eckstein, S. D. Bader, and A. Bhattacharya, Phys. Rev. B 77 (2008) 174409.

The geometrical and dynamical properties of the reorientation of the methyl group of nitromethane in the solid state have been studied by inelastic neutronscattering. Quasielastic scattering spectra have been obtained for several values of momentum transfer at five temperatures between 50° and 150 °K. The spectra are shown to be consistent with jumps of 120 ° about an axis coincident with the C-N bond. The temperature dependence of the residence time yields a barrier of 234 cal/mole. An inelastic neutron spectrum obtained at 4.2 °K suggests a tunnel splitting of the torsional ground state of 0.045±0.005 meV, which is consistent with the derived activation energy. Inelastic neutronscattering has also been used to determine the energy of the tunnel split first excited state which in CH3NO2 has a mean energy of 7.4 meV above the ground state and is split by 1.8 meV. In the deuterated compound, the first excited stated is at 5.3 meV above the ground state and its splitting is less than the instrumental resolution.

Emergent model spectra of neutron star atmospheres are widely used to fit the observed soft X-ray spectra of different types of isolated neutron stars. We investigate the effect of Compton scattering on the emergent spectra of hot (T_eff > 10^6 K) isolated neutron stars with weak magnetic fields. In order to compute model atmospheres in hydrostatic and radiative equilibrium we solve the radiation transfer equation with the Kompaneets operator. We calculate a set of models with effective temperatures in the range 1 - 5 * 10^6 K, with two values of surface gravity (log g = 13.9 and 14.3) and different chemical compositions. Radiation spectra computed with Compton scattering are softer than those computed without Compton scattering at high energies (E > 5 keV) for light elements (H or He) model atmospheres. The Compton effect is more significant in H model atmospheres and models with low surface gravity. The emergent spectra of the hottest (T_eff > 3 * 10^6 K) model atmospheres can be described by diluted blackb...

We present a model for quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS) by an aqueous solution of compact and inflexible molecules. This model accounts for time-dependent spatial pair correlations between the atoms of the same as well as of distinct molecules and includes all coherent and incoherent neutronscattering contributions. The extension of the static theory of the excluded volume effect [A. K. Soper, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, 2399 (1997)] to the time-dependent (dynamic) case allows us to obtain simplified model expressions for QENS spectra in the low Q region in the uniform fluid approximation. The resulting expressions describe the quasielastic small-angle neutronscattering (QESANS) spectra of D(2)O solutions of native and methylated cyclodextrins well, yielding in particular translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of these compounds in aqueous solution. Finally, we discuss the full potential of the QESANS analysis (that is, beyond the uniform fluid approximation), in particular, the information on solute-solvent interactions (e.g., hydration shell properties) that such an analysis can provide, in principle.

The neutron-deuteron (nd) elastic scattering differential cross section has been measured at 95 MeV incident neutron energy. The neutron-proton (np) differential cross section has also been measured for normalization purposes. An inclusion of three-nucleon forces gives a considerable improvement in the theoretical description of the nd data in the angular region of the cross-section minimum.

Gelation of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) in various alcohol-water mixtures with 0.1 M (M = mol L(-1)) hydrochloric acid was investigated with small-angle neutronscattering (SANS), neutron spin echo (NSE), and time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TRDLS) measurements. The beta-Lg in alcohol-water solutions undergoes gelation at specific alcohol concentrations where the alcohol-induced alpha-helical structure of beta-Lg is stabilized. The SANS profiles showed that beta-Lg exists as a single molecule at a low alcohol concentration. With increasing alcohol concentration, the profiles indicate a power law behavior of approximately 1.7 when the samples gelate. These behaviors were observed in all alcohol-water mixtures used, but the alcohol concentrations where the SANS profiles change shift to a lower alcohol concentration region with an increase in the size of the hydrophobic group of the alcohols. Apparent diffusion constants, obtained from the intermediate scattering function (ISF) of NSE and the intensity time correlation function (ITCF) of TRDLS, mainly depend on the viscosity of alcohol-water mixtures before gelation. After gelation, on the other hand, the ISFs of gels do not change appreciably in the range of the NSE time scale, indicating the microscopically rigid structure of beta-Lg gel. The ITCF functions obtained from TRDLS follow a double exponential decay type before gelation, but a logarithmic one (exponent alpha = 0.7) after gelation. It is most likely that the alcohol-induced gelation undergoes a similar mechanism to that for the heat-induced one at pH = 7 where beta-Lg aggregates stick together to form a fractal network, although the gelation time is faster in the former than in the latter.

We summarise our UxY1-xPd3 inelastic neutronscattering experiments and present new neutron diffraction results for a single crystal of U0.45Y0.55Pd3. Long-range antiferromagnetic order is unambiguously observed below T-N = 22.5 K. in contrast, no long-range order is found in polycrystalline...

In this work the neutron production in a passive beam delivery system was investigated. Secondary particles including neutrons are created as the proton beam interacts with beam shaping devices in the treatment head. Stray neutron exposure to the whole body may increase the risk that the patient develops a radiogenic cancer years or decades after radiotherapy. We simulated a passive proton beam delivery system with double scattering technology to determine the neutron production and energy distribution at 200 MeV proton energy. Specifically, we studied the neutron absorbed dose per therapeutic absorbed dose, the neutron absorbed dose per source particle and the neutron energy spectrum at various locations around the nozzle. We also investigated the neutron production along the nozzle's central axis. The absorbed doses and neutron spectra were simulated with the MCNPX Monte Carlo code. The simulations revealed that the range modulation wheel (RMW) is the most intense neutron source of any of the beam spreading devices within the nozzle. This finding suggests that it may be helpful to refine the design of the RMW assembly, e.g., by adding local shielding, to suppress neutron-induced damage to components in the nozzle and to reduce the shielding thickness of the treatment vault. The simulations also revealed that the neutron dose to the patient is predominated by neutrons produced in the field defining collimator assembly, located just upstream of the patient.

The mechanical properties of functional heat-resistant ceramics SiC are significantly influenced by the concentration and idmensions of pores.Small angle neutronscattering measurements for 3 SiC samples with different densities are performed on C1-2 SANS instrument of the University of Tokyo.Two groups of the neutron data are obtained using 8 and 16m of secondary flight path,1 and 0.7 nm of neutron wave lengths,respectively,After deduction of background measurement and transmission correction,both neutron data are linked up with each other,The patterns of neutron data of 3 samples with Q range from 0.028-0.5nm-1 are almost with axial symmetry,showing that the shape of pores is almost spherical.Using Mellin transform,size distributions of pores in 3 samples are obtained.The average size (-19nm)of pores for hot-pressed SiC sample with higher density is smaller than the others (-21nm).It seems to be the reason why the density of hot-pressed SiC sample is higher than not hot-pressed sample.

Full Text Available It has been recently proposed to study coherent deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS off 3He nuclei to access neutron generalized parton distributions (GPDs. In particular, it has been shown that, in Impulse Approximation (IA and at low momentum transfer, the sum of the quark helicity conserving GPDs of 3He, H and E, is dominated by the neutron contribution. This peculiar result makes the 3He target very promising to access the neutron information. We present here the IA calculation of the spin dependent GPD H See Formula in PDF of 3He. Also for this quantity the neutron contribution is found to be the dominant one, at low momentum transfer. The known forward limit of the IA calculation of H See Formula in PDF , yielding the polarized parton distributions of 3He, is correctly recovered. The extraction of the neutron information could be anyway non trivial, so that a procedure, able to take into account the nuclear effects encoded in the IA analysis, is proposed. These calculations, essential for the evaluation of the coherent DVCS cross section asymmetries, which depend on the GPDs H,E and H See Formula in PDF , represent a crucial step for planning possible experiments at Jefferson Lab.

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) supports scientific research in many diverse fields such as biology, chemistry, and nuclear science. The Laboratory was established in 1943 during the Second World War to develop nuclear weapons. Today, LANL is one of the largest laboratories dedicated to nuclear defense and operates an 800 MeV proton linear accelerator for basic and applied research including: production of high- and low-energy neutrons beams, isotope production for medical applications and proton radiography. This accelerator is located at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The work performed involved the redesign of the target for the low-energy neutron source at the Lujan NeutronScattering Center, which is one of the facilities built around the accelerator. The redesign of the target involves modeling various arrangements of the moderator-reflector-shield for the next generation neutron production target. This is done using Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX), and ROOT analysis framework, a C++ based-software, to analyze the results.

Nuclei and electrons in condensed matter and/or molecules are usually entangled, due to the prevailing (mainly electromagnetic) interactions. However, the "environment" of a microscopic scattering system (e.g. a proton) causes ultrafast decoherence, thus making atomic and/or nuclear entanglement effects not directly accessible to experiments. However, our neutron Compton scattering experiments from protons (H-atoms) in condensed systems and molecules have a characteristic collisional time about 100-1000 attoseconds. The quantum dynamics of an atom in this ultrashort, but finite, time window is governed by non-unitary time evolution due to the aforementioned decoherence. Unexpectedly, recent theoretical investigations have shown that decoherence can also have the following energetic consequences. Disentangling two subsystems A and B of a quantum system AB is tantamount to erasure of quantum phase relations between A and B. This erasure is widely believed to be an innocuous process, which e.g. does not affect the energies of A and B. However, two independent groups proved recently that disentangling two systems, within a sufficiently short time interval, causes increase of their energies. This is also derivable by the simplest Lindblad-type master equation of one particle being subject to pure decoherence. Our neutron-proton scattering experiments with H2 molecules provide for the first time experimental evidence of this effect. Our results reveal that the neutron-proton collision, leading to the cleavage of the H-H bond in the attosecond timescale, is accompanied by larger energy transfer (by about 2-3%) than conventional theory predicts. Preliminary results from current investigations show qualitatively the same effect in the neutron-deuteron Compton scattering from D2 molecules. We interpret the experimental findings by treating the neutron-proton (or neutron-deuteron) collisional system as an entangled open quantum system being subject to fast decoherence caused

Neutronscatter and diffraction techniques have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the structure of the nucleosome, the structure of the 10-nm filament, the "10-nm----30-nm" filament transition, and the structure of the "34-nm" supercoil or solenoid of nucleosomes. Neutron techniques are unique in their properties, which allows for the separation of the spatial arrangements of histones and DNA in nucleosomes and chromatin. They have equally powerful applications in structural studies of any complex two-component biological system. A major success for the application of neutron techniques was the first clear proof that DNA was located on the outside of the histone octamer in the core particle. A full analysis of the neutron-scatter data gave the parameters of Table 3 and the low-resolution structure of the core particle in solution shown in Fig. 6. Initial low-resolution X-ray diffraction studies of core particle crystals gave a model with a lower DNA pitch of 2.7 nm. Higher-resolution X-ray diffraction studies now give a structure with a DNA pitch of 3.0 nm and a hole of 0.8 nm along the axis of the DNA supercoil. The neutron-scatter solution structure and the X-ray crystal structure of the core particle are thus in full agreement within the resolution of the neutron-scatter techniques. The model for the chromatosome is largely based on the structural parameters of the DNA supercoil in the core particle, nuclease digestion results showing protection of a 168-bp DNA length by histone H1 and H1 peptide, and the conformational properties of H1. The path of the DNA outside the chromatosome is not known, and this information is crucial for our understanding of higher chromatin structure. The interactions of the flexible basic and N- and C-terminal regions of H1 within chromatin and how these interactions are modulated by H1 phosphorylation are not known. The N- and C-terminal regions of H1 represent a new type of protein behavior, i.e., extensive

The bi-annual Meeting of the Spanish NeutronScattering Association, VI RSETN, took place in the magnificent world heritage ancient city of Segovia, Spain, from 24-27 June 2012, at the historical building ''Palacio de Mansilla''. It was the sixth in a series of successful scientific meetings, beginning in 2002 (San Sebastián), and followed by conferences in Puerto de la Cruz (Canary Islands, 2004), Jaca (Aragón, 2006), Sant Feliú de Guixols (Cataluña, 2008) and Gijón (Asturias, 2010). The conference covered a broad range of topics related to the use of neutronscattering techniques, from soft matter and biosciences to magnetism, condensed matter as well as advanced neutron instrumentation and applications. In addition to those topics, Spanish scientists working at neutron facilities reported recent upgrades of neutron instruments. The VI RSETN was organized by a group of research scientists belonging to different institutions in Madrid: CSIC, Universidad Complutense and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, in cooperation with the Spanish Society for Neutron Techniques (SETN, 'Sociedad Española de Técnicas Neutrónicas'). The meeting attracted around 90 participants. The total number of oral presentations was 36, including plenary and invited talks, both from domestic and foreign speakers. In addition, the number of posters was around 20. The success of the VI RSETN was due to the efforts of many colleagues involved at all stages of the meeting. We would like to thank the scientific committee, the local organizing committee, the chairs of the conference sessions as well as all the reviewers who agreed generously to help with the process. We would also like to emphasize the excellent scientific quality of all the presentations and posters, and we thank the support received from our sponsors (SETN, ICMM-CSIC, ESS-Bilbao, ILL, Carburos Metálicos), which was really important for the conference success. Finally, we hope that the readers will enjoy the 28

In this dissertation, I present research on four materials with properties that are not well understood, and illustrate the many roles inhomogeneity and disorder may play in material properties. First, we investigated materials synthesis and annealing conditions of the proposed topological superconductor CuxBi2Se3, finding that quenching above a minimum temperature was essential for superconductivity. Due to the inhomogeneity of CuxBi2Se 3, we suggest that a metastable secondary phase may be responsible for the superconductivity. Second, we performed neutronscattering measurements on samples in the Fe1+yTe1-xSex family of iron-based superconductors, focusing on the anomalous phonon mode recently discovered near Bragg peaks forbidden by symmetry and at high-symmetry wavevectors where the mode's neutronscattering intensity is expected to be zero. We characterize this mode and propose that disorder may explain its anomalous visibility. Third, a superconducting crystal of the bilayer cuprate La1.9Ca1.1Cu2O6+delta was synthesized and measured by neutronscattering. Though the magnetic excitations near (0.5,0.5) in reciprocal space resemble those of weakly doped members of the La2-xAexCuO 4 (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) cuprate superconductor family, the temperature-dependence of the intensity of the magnetic excitations is much different from those of weakly hole-doped cuprates. Superstructural peaks appear to indicate ordering induced by interstitial oxygen, and a comparison with the similarly oxygen-doped cuprate La2CuO4+delta suggests the possibility of phase separation. Fourth, the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb 2/3)0.68Ti0.32O3 was measured with neutronscattering while subjected to an electric field. From differences in neutronscattering intensity with and without field, we find a possible coupling between short-range polar correlations and transversely-polarized phonons near certain Brillouin zone centers.

Full Text Available We review recent developments in the rapidly growing field of membrane biophysics, with a focus on the structural properties of single lipid bilayers determined by different scattering techniques, namely neutron and X-ray scattering. The need for accurate lipid structural properties is emphasized by the sometimes conflicting results found in the literature, even in the case of the most studied lipid bilayers. Increasingly, accurate and detailed structural models require more experimental data, such as those from contrast varied neutronscattering and X-ray scattering experiments that are jointly refined with molecular dynamics simulations. This experimental and computational approach produces robust bilayer structural parameters that enable insights, for example, into the interplay between collective membrane properties and its components (e.g., hydrocarbon chain length and unsaturation, and lipid headgroup composition. From model studies such as these, one is better able to appreciate how a real biological membrane can be tuned by balancing the contributions from the lipid’s different moieties (e.g., acyl chains, headgroups, backbones, etc..

Crystallization of amorphous Y67Fe33 into the YFe2 C15 Laves phase via a novel 'YFe' intermediate phase has been observed through to completion using time-resolved small angle neutronscattering (SANS). The nucleation and growth kinetics of the phase transformations have been studied at annealing temperatures below the crystallization temperatures for both the 'YFe' phase and the YFe2 phase. The SANS results agree with previously reported neutron diffraction and SANS data. At the annealing temperatures of 360, 370 and 380 °C, changes in the scattering intensity I(Q) occur as a result of the contrast between the amorphous matrix and the nucleating and growing Y and 'YFe' phases. Critical scattering occurs during each of the isotherms, relating to the full crystallization of Y67Fe33, and extrapolation gives a crystallization temperature of 382 °C. Beyond critical scattering, isotherms at 435, 450, and 465 °C reveal the details of the continuing transformation of the 'YFe' intermediate phase into the YFe2 C15 Laves phase.

Small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) is a very powerful laboratory technique for micro structure research which is similar to the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and light scattering for microstructure investigations in various materials. In small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) technique, the neutrons are elastically scattered by changes of refractive index on a nanometer scale inside the sample through the interaction with the nuclei of the atoms present in the sample. Because the nuclei of all atoms are compact and of comparable size, neutrons are capable of interacting strongly with all atoms. This is in contrast to X-ray techniques where the X-rays interact weakly with hydrogen, the most abundant element in most samples. The SANS refractive index is directly related to the scattering length density and is a measure of the strength of the interaction of a neutron wave with a given nucleus. It can probe inhomogeneities in the nanometer scale from 1nm to 1000nm. Since the SANS technique probes the length scale in a very useful range, this technique provides valuable information over a wide variety of scientific and technological applications, including chemical aggregation, defects in materials, surfactants, colloids, ferromagnetic correlations in magnetism, alloy segregation, polymers, proteins, biological membranes, viruses, ribosome and macromolecules. Quoting the Nobel committee, when awarding the prize to C. Shull and B. Brockhouse in 1994: "Neutrons tell you where the atoms are and what the atoms do". At NIST, there is a single beam of neutrons generated from either reactor or pulsed neutron source and selected by velocity selector. The beam passes through a neutron guide then scattered by the sample. After the sample chamber, there are 2D gas detectors to collect the elastic scattering information. SANS usually uses collimation of the neutron beam to determine the scattering angle of a neutron, which results in an even lower signal-to-noise ratio for

The production of energetic neutrons in ep collisions has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The neutron energy and p{sub T}{sup 2} distributions were measured with a forward neutron calorimeter and tracker in a 40 pb{sup -1} sample of inclusive deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data and a 6 pb{sup -1} sample of photoproduction data. The neutron yield in photoproduction is suppressed relative to DIS for the lower neutron energies and the neutrons have a steeper p{sub T}{sup 2} distribution, consistent with the expectation from absorption models. The distributions are compared to HERA measurements of leading protons. The neutron energy and transverse-momentum distributions in DIS are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the predictions of particle exchange models. Models of pion exchange incorporating absorption and additional secondary meson exchanges give a good description of the data. (orig.)

We investigate an asymmetry in the angular distribution of hard elastic proton-neutronscattering with respect to the 90 degrees center of mass scattering angle and demonstrate that it's magnitude is related to the helicity-isospin symmetry of the quark wave function of the nucleon. Our estimate of the asymmetry within the quark-interchange model of hard scattering demonstrates that the quark wave function of a nucleon based on the exact SU(6) symmetry predicts an angular asymmetry opposite to that of experimental observations. We found that the quark wave function based on the diquark picture of the nucleon produces a correct asymmetry. Comparison with the data allowed us to show that the vector diquarks contribute around 10% in the nucleon wave function and they are in negative phase relative to the scalar diquarks. These observations are essential in constraining QCD models of a nucleon.

Changes of scattering are observed as the grazing angle of incidence of an incoming beam increases and probes different depths in samples. A model has been developed to describe the observed intensity in grazing-incidence small-angle neutronscattering (GISANS) experiments. This includes the significant effects of instrument resolution, the sample transmission, which depends on both absorption and scattering, and the sample structure. The calculations are tested with self-organized structures of two colloidal samples with different size particles that were measured on two different instruments. The model allows calculations for various instruments with defined resolution and can be used to design future improved experiments. The possibilities and limits of GISANS for different studies are discussed using the model calculations.

Small-angle neutron-scattering experiments were performed in order to obtain the six partial scattering functions of a droplet microemulsion containing water, decane, C sub 1 sub 0 E sub 4 surfactant and PEP sub 5 -PEO sub 8 sub 0. We systematically varied the contrast around the polymer contrast, where only the polymer becomes visible, and we also measured bulk and film contrasts. With the singular value decomposition method we could extract the desired six partial scattering functions from the 15 measured spectra. We find a sphere-shell-shell structure of the droplets, where the innermost sphere consists of oil, the middle shell of surfactant and the outer shell is a depletion zone where the polymer is almost not present. (orig.)

Neutronscattering continues to be an invaluable tool for exploring the microscopic magnetic properties of magnetoelectric (ME) and multiferroic materials. Here I will present studies where neutronscattering techniques less commonly used for studying MEs have provided pivotal insight into new ME coupling phenomena. Firstly, we have used polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) in a study of multiferroic and strained orthorhombic (o-) LuMnO3 thin films. Unlike bulk o-LuMnO3 which is a commensurate antiferromagnet, the films display drastically different properties and are simultaneously incommensurately antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic at low temperature. The pivotal PNR experiments allowed us to measure the spatial distribution of the ferromagnetic magnetization in the films, and show that the ferromagnetism is most pronounced close to the film-substrate interface which is highly strained due to the lattice mismatch. We could further show the ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism in the film to be directly coupled, and so demonstrate the promising functional properties of these films. Secondly, we have used small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) to study the topologically protected magnetic spin vortices, or skyrmions, in the chiral-lattice ME insulator Cu2OSeO3. Until 2012, skyrmions had been observed only in (semi)conducting B20 compounds where it is known that they can be manipulated by conduction electrons. From our SANS experiments on Cu2OSeO3, we show that applied electric fields can control the skyrmion lattice orientation in insulators, and in an essentially lossless manner that is dependent on both the size and sign of the electric field. These results provide the first evidence for a the electric field control of topologically protected magnetism in bulk magnetoelectrics.

Structural, vibrational, and dynamical properties of the mono- and mixed-alkali silanides (MSiH3, where M = K, Rb, Cs, K0.5Rb0.5, K0.5Cs0.5, and Rb0.5Cs0.5) were investigated by various neutron experiments, including neutron powder diffraction (NPD), neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS), neutron-scattering fixed-window scans (FWSs), and quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS) measurements. Structural characterization showed that the mixed compounds exhibit disordered (..alpha..) and ordered (..beta..) phases for temperatures above and below about 200-250 K, respectively, in agreement with their monoalkali correspondents. Vibrational and dynamical properties are strongly influenced by the cation environment; in particular, there is a red shift in the band energies of the librational and bending modes with increasing lattice size as a result of changes in the bond lengths and force constants. Additionally, slightly broader spectral features are observed in the case of the mixed compounds, indicating the presence of structural disorder caused by the random distribution of the alkali-metal cations within the lattice. FWS measurements upon heating showed that there is a large increase in reorientational mobility as the systems go through the order-disorder (..beta..-..alpha..) phase transition, and measurements upon cooling of the ..alpha..-phase revealed the known strong hysteresis for reversion back to the ..beta..-phase. Interestingly, at a given temperature, among the different alkali silanide compounds, the relative reorientational mobilities of the SiH3- anions in the ..alpha..- and ..beta..-phases tended to decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing alkali-metal mass. This dynamical result might provide some insights concerning the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect previously observed for these potentially promising hydrogen storage materials.

Highlights: • We have presented results of neutron diffraction on croconic acid (CA). • We have presented results of inelastic neutronscattering (INS) spectra. • INS is compared with lattice dynamical simulations using density functional theory. • The prominent doublet in INS spectra around 1000 cm{sup −1} are from two hydrogen ions. • We identify the role of these H ions in the ferroelectricity of the CA crystal. - Abstract: A combination of neutron-scattering experiments and first-principles calculations using density-functional theory have been performed to explore the structural and dynamical properties of the single-component organic ferroelectric croconic acid. Neutron diffraction and spectroscopy have been used to determine the location and underlying vibrational motions of the hydrogen ions within the crystalline lattice, respectively. On the computational front we find that dispersion corrections within the generalised-gradient approximation are essential to obtain a satisfactory crystal structure for this organic solid. Two distinct types of hydrogen ions in the crystal also have been identified, located at the ‘hinge’ and ‘terrace’ positions of a pleated, accordion-like structure. Phonon calculations and simulated neutron spectra show that the prominent doublet observed at ca. 1000 cm{sup −1} arises from out-of-plane motions associated with these two types of hydrogen ions. Calculated Born-effective-charge tensors yield an anomalously high dynamic charge centered on the hydrogen ions at the hinges, a finding which serves to identify the primary motif underpinning ferroelectric behaviour in this novel material.

Some jigs to fix detectors are used when radiation measuring instruments are calibrated or reference fluence rates are measured in thermal neutron irradiation fields. In this case, scattered thermal neutrons from the jigs, in particular, which contain hydrogenous materials, may affect the results of the calibration and measurements. In this study, scattered thermal neutrons were measured and calculated to clarify the characteristics of the thermal neutronscattered from various materials which are frequently used for the jigs. A spherical BF{sub 3}-counter of 2-inches in diameter was used in the experiment. Ratios of the fluence of scatteredneutrons to primaries (hereinafter, scattering ratio) were evaluated as a function of thickness and size of the materials, as well as the distance from the surface of the materials. The scattering ratios of the jigs that were actually-used in the calibration were also measured in order to select appropriate materials and thickness for the jigs. It was found that the scattering ratios were saturated with increase of thickness and size of the materials. The higher values were observed in the case of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylates) and paraffin since these materials contain more number of hydrogen atoms than the others. The saturated value was obtained 130% for PMMA and paraffin with the thickness of more than 5 cm and the size of 40 cm x 40 cm. The results for the actually-used jigs show that the thinner plate of styrofoam and aluminum reduces the scattering ratio to the value of less than 1%. The obtained data will be useful to improve the accuracy of the calibration of thermal neutron detectors and the measurement of reference fluence rates in thermal neutron irradiation fields. (author)

Prof. C. G. Shull presents "Early development of neutronscattering". A description of the early experiments and instrumentation problems starting in 1946 that led to the use of neutronscattering as a tool in augmenting and extending x-ray scattering from materials.

Neutronscattering has been proved to be a powerful tool to study the dynamics of biological systems under various conditions. This thesis intends to utilize neutronscattering techniques, combining with MD simulations, to develop fundamental understanding of several biologically interesting systems. Our systems include a drug delivery system containing Nanodiamonds with nucleic acid (RNA), and two specific model proteins, beta-Casein and Inorganic Pyrophosphatase (IPPase). RNA and nanodiamond (ND) both are suitable for drug-delivery applications in nano-biotechnology. The architecturally flexible RNA with catalytic functionality forms nanocomposites that can treat life-threatening diseases. The non-toxic ND has excellent mechanical and optical properties and functionalizable high surface area, and thus actively considered for biomedical applications. In this thesis, we utilized two tools, quasielastic neutronscattering (QENS) and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to probe the effect of ND on RNA dynamics. Our work provides fundamental understanding of how hydrated RNA motions are affected in the RNA-ND nanocomposites. From the experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MD), we found that hydrated RNA motion is faster on ND surface than a freestanding one. MD Simulation results showed that the failure of Stokes Einstein relation results the presence of dynamic heterogeneities in the biomacromolecules. Radial pair distribution function from MD Simulation confirmed that the hydrophilic nature of ND attracts more water than RNA results the de-confinement of RNA on ND. Therefore, RNA exhibits faster motion in the presence of ND than freestanding RNA. In the second project, we studied the dynamics of a natively disordered protein beta-Casein which lacks secondary structures. In this study, the temperature and hydration effects on the dynamics of beta-Casein are explored by Quasielastic NeutronScattering (QENS). We investigated the mean square displacement (MSD) of

We report on the study of the intensities of several gamma lines emitted after the inelastic scattering of neutrons in (56)Fe. Neutrons were produced via nuclear processes induced by cosmic muons in the 20tons massive iron cube placed at the Earth's surface and used as a passive shield for the HPGe detector. Relative intensities of detected gamma lines are compared with the results collected in the same iron shield by the use of the (252)Cf neutrons. Assessment against the published data from neutronscattering experiments at energies up to 14MeV is also provided. It allowed us to infer the qualitative information about the average energy of muon-created neutrons in the iron shield.

With the aim to investigate, by means of elastic neutronscattering, the effects produced by the cation substitution on the dynamics of water in zeolites, we measured, using a neutron backscattering spectrometer, the temperature dependence of mean-square atomic displacements [u2] derived from window integrated quasielastic spectra of fully and partially hydrated Na-A and Mg50-A zeolites. The results, collected in the 20-273 K temperature range, reveal that, at low temperature, the [u2] shows a harmonic trend independent of hydration and cation substitution, and, at higher temperatures, the onset of a non-Gaussian dynamics of the elastic intensity. This latter takes place at T approximately 200 K and approximately 150 K for fully and partially hydrated samples, respectively. This behavior has been interpreted in terms of reorientational jumps of H atoms described by two-site processes within an asymmetric double-minimum potential. In spite of its simplicity, the model seems to reproduce the rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network of zeolitic water. The fit results indicate a reduced proton mobility by diminishing the water content and by the induced Na+-->Mg2+ ion exchange, in agreement with previous incoherent quasielastic neutronscattering results at higher temperatures.

The present supply of 3He can no longer meet the detector demands of the upcoming ESS facility and continued detector upgrades at current neutron sources. Therefore viable alternative technologies are required to support the development of cutting-edge instrumentation for neutronscattering science. In this context, 10B-based detectors are being developed by collaboration between the ESS, ILL, and Link\\"{o}ping University. This paper reports on progress of this technology and the prospects applying it in modern neutronscattering experiments. The detector is made-up of multiple rectangular gas counter tubes coated with B4C, enriched in 10B. An anode wire reads out each tube, thereby giving position of conversion in one of the lateral co-ordinates as well as in depth of the detector. Position resolution in the remaining co-ordinate is obtained by segmenting the cathode tube itself. Boron carbide films have been produced at Link\\"{o}ping University and a detector built at ILL. The characterization study is pres...

Liquid monohydroxy alcohols exhibit unusual dynamics related to their hydrogen bonding induced structures. The connection between structure and dynamics is studied for liquid 1-propanol using quasi-elastic neutronscattering, combining time-of-flight and neutron spin-echo techniques, with a focus on the dynamics at length scales corresponding to the main peak and the pre-peak of the structure factor. At the main peak, the structural relaxation times are probed. These correspond well to mechanical relaxation times calculated from literature data. At the pre-peak, corresponding to length scales related to H-bonded structures, the relaxation times are almost an order of magnitude longer. According to previous work [C. Gainaru, R. Meier, S. Schildmann, C. Lederle, W. Hiller, E. Rössler, and R. Böhmer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 258303 (2010)] this time scale difference is connected to the average size of H-bonded clusters. The relation between the relaxation times from neutronscattering and those determined from dielectric spectroscopy is discussed on the basis of broad-band permittivity data of 1-propanol. Moreover, in 1-propanol the dielectric relaxation strength as well as the near-infrared absorbance reveal anomalous behavior below ambient temperature. A corresponding feature could not be found in the polyalcohols propylene glycol and glycerol.

The magnetization reversal of magnetic multilayers with spin-valve like characteristics, patterned into an array of parallel stripes, was structurally and magnetically analyzed, in detail, via x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and polarized neutron reflectivity. Each stripe contains a multiple repetition of the layer sequence [Fe/Cr/Co/Cr]. X-ray and neutronscattering maps of the patterned multilayer show rich details resulting from the superposition of Bragg peaks representing the lateral in-plane periodicity and the out-of-plane multilayer period. Detailed analysis of specular and off-specular polarized neutron intensity was used to ascertain the antiparallel alignment of the Co and Fe magnetization within the kink region of their combined hysteresis loop between the coercive fields of Fe and Co layers. This includes also an examination of domain formation and inter- as well as intra-stripe correlation effects upon magnetization reversal. Our combined study shows that the shape induced anisotropy via patterning is capable of overriding the four-fold crystal anisotropy but is unable to eliminate the ripple domain state of the Co layers, already present in the continuous multilayer.

Proteins that translocate across cell membranes need to overcome a significant hydrophobic barrier. This is usually accomplished via specialized protein complexes, which provide a polar transmembrane pore. Exceptions to this include bacterial toxins, which insert into and cross the lipid bilayer itself. We are studying the mechanism by which large antibacterial proteins enter Escherichia coli via specific outer membrane proteins. Here we describe the use of neutronscattering to investigate the interaction of colicin N with its outer membrane receptor protein OmpF. The positions of lipids, colicin N, and OmpF were separately resolved within complex structures by the use of selective deuteration. Neutron reflectivity showed, in real time, that OmpF mediates the insertion of colicin N into lipid monolayers. This data were complemented by Brewster Angle Microscopy images, which showed a lateral association of OmpF in the presence of colicin N. Small angle neutronscattering experiments then defined the three-dimensional structure of the colicin N-OmpF complex. This revealed that colicin N unfolds and binds to the OmpF-lipid interface. The implications of this unfolding step for colicin translocation across membranes are discussed.

Improvements in the available flux at neutron sources are making it increasingly feasible to obtain refineable neutron diffraction data from samples smaller than 1 mm{sup 3}. The signal is typically too weak to introduce any further sample environment in the 30–50 mm diameter surrounding the sample (such as the walls of a pressure cell) due to the high ratio of background to sample signal, such that even longer count times fail to reveal reflections from the sample. Many neutron instruments incorporate collimators to reduce parasitic scattering from the instrument and from any surrounding material and larger pieces of sample environment, such as cryostats. However, conventional collimation is limited in the volume it can focus on due to difficulties in producing tightly spaced neutron-absorbing foils close to the sample and in integrating this into neutron instruments. Here we present the design of a novel compact 3D rapid-prototyped (or “printed”) collimator which reduces these limitations and is shown to improve the ratio of signal to background, opening up the feasibility of using additional sample environment for neutron diffraction from small sample volumes. The compactness and ease of customisation of the design allows this concept to be integrated with existing sample environment and with designs that can be tailored to individual detector geometries without the need to alter the setup of the instrument. Results from online testing of a prototype collimator are presented. The proof of concept shows that there are many additional collimator designs which may be manufactured relatively inexpensively, with a broad range of customisation, and geometries otherwise impossible to manufacture by conventional techniques.

The study of nuclear generalized parton distributions (GPDs) could be a crucial achievement of hadronic physics since they open new ways to obtain new information on the structure of bound nucleons, in particular, to access the neutron GPDs. Here, the results of calculations of 3He GPDs in Impulse Approximation are presented. The calculation of the sum of GPDs H + E, and "tilde H", with the correct limits, will be shown. These quantities, at low momentum transfer, are largely dominated by the neutron contribution so that 3He is an ideal target for these kind of studies. Nevertheless the extraction of neutron information from future 3He data could be non trivial. A procedure, which takes into account nuclear effects encoded in IA, is presented. The calculation of H,E and "tilde H" allows also to evaluate the cross section asymmetries for deeply virtual compton scattering at Jefferson Lab kinematics. Thanks to these observations, DVCS off 3He could be an ideal process to access the neutron information in the ne...

Full Text Available At the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf the neutron time-of-flight facility nELBE has become operational. Fast neutrons in the energy range from 200 keV to 10 MeV are produced by the pulsed electron beam from ELBE impinging on a liquid lead circuit as a radiator. The short beam pulses of 10 ps provide the basis for an excellent time resolution for neutron time-of-flight experiments, giving an energy resolution of about <1% at 1 MeV with a short flight path of 5 m. By means of a “double-time-of-flight” setup the (n,nâγ cross section to the first excited state of 56Fe has been measured over the whole energy range without knowledge about cross sections of higher-lying levels. Plastic scintillators were used to detect the inelastically scatteredneutron and BaF2 detectors to detect the correlated γ-ray.

A new method for extracting neutron densities from intermediate energy elastic proton-nucleus scattering observables uses a global Dirac phenomenological (DP) approach based on the Relativistic Impulse Approximation (RIA). Data sets for Ca40, Ca48 and Pb208 in the energy range from 500 MeV to 1040 MeV are considered. The global fits are successful in reproducing the data and in predicting data sets not included in the analysis. Using this global approach, energy independent neutron densities are obtained. The vector point proton density distribution is determined from the empirical charge density after unfolding the proton form factor. The other densities are parametrized. The RMS neutron radius, R_n and the neutron skin thickness S_n obtained from the global fits using the most conservative errors are given as follows: for Ca40 R_n is (3.325 +/- 0.025) fm and S_n (-0.044 +/- 0.036) fm; for Ca48 R_n is (3.463 +/- 0.042) fm and S_n (0.103 +/- 0.045) fm; and for Pb208 R_n is (5.551 +/- 0.038) and S_n (0.116 +/-...

Highlights: ► Neutronscattering measurements have been performed on mycolate water mixtures. ► A comparison with lecithin lipid water mixtures has been carried out. ► Mycolates show a lower mobility and flexibility compared to lecithin. ► The observed peculiarities of mycolic acids could be ascribed to trehalose. ► The results could justify the high resistance to thermal stress of mycobacteria. - Abstract: The present paper is focused on the study of the dynamics of mycolic acids, which are fundamental components of the outer membrane (mycomembrane) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An elastic neutronscattering study of mycolic acid/H{sub 2}O and lecithin/H{sub 2}O mixtures as a function of temperature and exchanged wavevector Q has been carried out. This study provides an effective way for characterizing the dynamical properties, furnishing a set of parameters characterizing the different flexibility and rigidity of the investigated lipids. The behavior of the elastically scattered intensity profiles and the derived mean square displacements as a function of temperature shows a more marked temperature dependence for lecithin lipids in comparison with mycolic acids, so revealing a higher thermal stability of these latter. These findings could be useful for understanding the dynamics-function relation in the mycomembrane and then to relate it to the low permeability and high resistance of mycobacteria to many antibiotics.

The state of intermolecular aggregates and that of folded gelatin molecules could be characterized by dynamic laser light and small-angle neutronscattering experiments, which implied spontaneous segregation of particle sizes preceding coacervation, which is a liquid-liquid phase transition phenomenon. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data analysis revealed two particle sizes until precipitation was reached. The smaller particles having a diameter of 50 nm (stable nanoparticles prepared by coacervation method) were detected in the supernatant, whereas the inter-molecular aggregates having a diameter of 400 nm gave rise to coacervation. Small-angle neutronscattering (SANS) experiments revealed that typical mesh size of the networks exist in polymer dense phase (coacervates) [1]. Analysis of the SANS structure factor showed the presence of two length scales associated with this system that were identified as the correlation length or mesh size, xi = 10.6 Å of the network and the other is the size of inhomogeneities = 21.4 Å. Observations were discussed based on the results obtained from SANS experiments performed in 5% (w/v) gelatin solution at 60oC (xi = 50 Å, zeta = 113 Å) and 5% (w/v) gel at 28oC (xi = 47 Å, zeta = 115 Å) in aqueous phase [2] indicating smaller length scales in coacervate as compared to sol and gel.