Inverted US yield curve – should FX traders be worried?

Apr 4, 2019

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The first quarter was a tough one for the US dollar. After the flash crash at the beginning of the year, USDJPY engaged in a steady rally that took the pair from a flash crash low of 104.78 to a high of 112.13.

The greenback also hit multi-month lows versus the euro but lost value against sterling, the Australian, New Zealand and Canadian dollars. A lot has happened over the past three months. Growth is slowing across the globe, bond yields are crashing and central bankers are talking about the need for fewer rate hikes and more stimulus. In the US, an inverted yield curve sparks fears of a recession and in Europe, with no end in sight, investors are still waiting to see the next twist in the Brexit drama. These concerns should haunt the financial markets throughout the second quarter and for the FX market specifically, there will be a tug of war between risk appetite and central bank policy. Looking ahead, the second quarter kicks off with a very busy economic calendar. There’s a Reserve Bank of Australia monetary policy meeting along with a number of important US, UK, Australian and Canadian economic reports. This means that not only should we expect big moves in the AUD, but greater volatility for all of the major currencies.

Key Levels

Support 110.00

Resistance 112.00

Inverted US yield curve – Should dollar bulls be worried?

The biggest story in the financial markets right now is the inverted US yield curve. For the first time since 2007, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note is lower than the yield on 3-month paper and this has investors very worried. The US economy fell into recession 7 times in the last 5 decades and the yield curve inverted before all but one. The reason why yield curve inversion is such an accurate determinant for recessions is because when short term rates exceed long time rates, investors are worried about the near-term outlook for the economy and want more compensation for tying up their money during this time. The stock market tends to peak in advance with bear markets coinciding with recessions.

Should you be worried? NO, in the short term. YES, in the long run.

Throughout the past week, FX traders were yanked around by risk on / risk off flows because investors are having a hard time deciding whether the drop in yields is positive or negative for stocks. On the one hand, lower rates are good for borrowing but on the other, the yield curve inverted as a result of falling interest rates and central bank pessimism. In the past month, every major central bank raised concerns about domestic or global growth and bond traders are finally hearing what they have to say. Equity traders, on the other hand, are still largely ignoring these warnings as US stocks spend the past month hovering near 3-month highs. The mixed performance of the US dollar is a sign that forex traders are not sure what’s more important – risk aversion or US recession. In the short run, there’s no need for panic because there’s generally a long 12+ month lag between the yield curve inversion and a recession. While the stats are all over the place, on average in the past 60 years, during which there were 9 yield curve inversions, the stock market generally does not peak until 8 months later. This means stocks could hold onto their gains in the near term until the deterioration in the economy becomes more evident. Also, the yield curve can invert, normalise and invert again as it has many times in the past.

In the long run, the historical ramifications of a yield curve inversion are consistent with the Fed and ECB’s warnings of slower growth. There’s a very good chance of a recession in 2020 or 2021. But like stocks, a yield curve inversion is not always negative for the US dollar. The last time the 3-month rate exceeded the 10-year rate was in 2008 and that was right before the Dollar Index soared on risk aversion. Before that in 2006, the dollar fell at the initial inversion but recovered quickly. The same was true in 2000, the dollar index consolidated and then popped higher.

While a yield curve inversion could actually help the dollar, in the near term, the focus will be on Fed monetary policy and whether the economy is really slowing enough to justify the central bank’s decision to cut their interest rate forecast to zero for the rest of the year. How fast the greenback falls will hinge on the upcoming retail sales, ISM and nonfarm payrolls reports. If spending, economic activity and job growth is weak, USDJPY will extend its slide quickly. However, if these reports improve from the prior month, we could see a relief rally.

AUD, NZD, CAD

Data Review

Australia

No data

New Zealand

RBNZ says the risk of a rate cut greater than a hike

Trade Balance 12M vs. -200M Expected

ANZ Activity Outlook 6.3 vs. 10.5 Previous

ANZ Business Confidence -38 vs. -30.9 Previous

ANZ Consumer Confidence 0.8% vs. -0.7% Previous

Building Permits 1.9% vs. 16.5% Previous

Canada

Trade Balance -4.25B vs. -3.55B Expected

GDP MoM 0.3% vs. 0.1% Expected

GDP YoY 1.6% vs. 1.3% Expected

Data Preview

Australia

RBA Rate Decision – No changes expected from the RBA but investors will be watching for any cautiousness

AU PMI Manufacturing – Likely to be weaker given slowdown in China’s economy

New Zealand

Canada

Key Levels

Support AUD .7000 NZD .6700 CAD 1.3200

Resistance AUD .7200 NZD .6900 CAD 1.3450

Will AUD Break Down on RBA?

Investors are bailing out commodity currencies as concern about global growth grows. These smaller economies are generally more sensitive to a slowdown abroad when their largest trading partners are affected. This past week, we learned that Chinese industrial profits dropped 14% and a decline as large as this could trigger additional stimulus from the central bank. But tax cuts in China go in effect this week and the government may want to see how much they lift the economy before doing more. The Reserve Bank of Australia who has a monetary policy meeting on Tuesday could share this sentiment. Although the Reserve Bank of New Zealand talked easing this past week, the RBA should still reiterate that the next rate move will be up not down. Since February, we’ve seen inflation expectations rise, consumer spending recover and the unemployment rate drop to its lowest level since 2011. These improvements help to offset the decline in business and consumer confidence as well as the deterioration in Chinese trade. So while risk appetite could keep AUD down, the RBA rate decision may help more than hurt the currency. Aside from the monetary policy announcement, we also have retail sales, the trade balance, manufacturing and service sector PMIs scheduled for release. Technically, the pair is range bound with a negative bias and that will remain the case until it breaks above .7150.

The New Zealand dollar, on the other hand, could trade much lower. Last Wednesday, NZDUSD experienced its strongest one day decline in 7 weeks on the back of the Reserve Bank’s monetary policy announcement. The last time NZDUSD dropped this much was when the unemployment rate rose much more than expected. This time, the RBNZ surprised everyone by saying a rate cut is more likely now than a hike as the balance of risks shifted to the downside due to lower business sentiment and a more pronounced global downturn. This is a major departure for Governor Orr who just last month said the chance of easing did not increase despite recent downgrades to growth. Having broken below a number of important technical levels, the next stop for NZDUSD should be the March low near .6750. USDCAD is closing in on 2-month highs despite a recovery in oil prices. While the price of crude is hovering near 5-month highs investors are more worried about how the slowdown in US growth could affect Canada. After ballooning in December, the trade deficit saw very little improvement in January. GDP growth rebounded but it was not enough to ease the market’s concern that a possible recession in the US will hit Canada hard. This week will also be an important one for CAD with the country’s IVEY PMI and employment reports scheduled for release.

Data Preview

UK PMI Services – Have to see how manufacturing sector fares but growth should remain weak given Brexit uncertainty

Key Levels

Support 1.2800

Resistance 1.3300

In a last ditch effort to test the temperature of Parliament after her offer to resign if her Brexit deal is approved, Prime Minister May faced another crushing defeat when members of Parliament struck down her agreement by a vote of 334 vs. 286. The UK has until April 11th to come up with another plan or be forced to leave the European Union with no agreement – a scenario that could send the UK economy and currency in a downward spiral. The EU isn’t optimistic – they feel “No-deal” scenario on 12 April is now a likely scenario. The EU has been preparing for this since 12/2017. Now fully prepared. We will remain united. Benefits of WA, including a transition period, will not be replicated in the “no-deal” scenario. Sectoral mini-deals are not an option.” European Council President Donald called an emergency leaders summit on April 10th to discuss any requests by the UK. The EU has some contingency measures planned to maintain continuity for 6-9 months but beyond that, there are no guarantees. There are only 3 potential outcomes at this stage – the UK leaves the EU with no deal, May steps down and the UK asks for a longer extension citing her departure as a game changer or May bows down to the EU and requests for the delay herself. The most likely scenario is one that involves her resignation and if that’s the option chosen we could see a relief rally in GBP. Brexit will remain a leading driver of sterling this week but UK data will also be in focus. The PMIs are scheduled for release and improvements are unlikely given ongoing Brexit uncertainty.

EURO

Data Review

German IFO Business Climate 99.6 vs. 98.5 Expected

German IFO Expectations 95.6 vs. 94 Expected

German IFO Current Assessment 103.8 vs. 102.9 Expected

German GfK confidence 10.4 vs. 10.8 Expected

German CPI MoM 0.4% vs. 0.6% Expected

German CPI YoY 1.3% vs. 1.5% Expected

EZ Business Confidence 105.5 vs. 105.9 Expected

EZ Industrial Confidence -1.7 vs. -0.6 Expected

German Retail Sales 0.9% vs. -1% Expected

German Unemployment Change -7K vs. -10K Expected

German Unemployment Rate 4.9% vs. 4.9% Expected

Data Preview

EZ CPI and Unemployment – Potential downside surprise given a weaker German growth

EZ PPI – Potential downside surprise given a weaker German CPI and PPI

Eurozone Retail Sales

German Industrial Production – Will have to see how factory orders fare

Key Levels

Support 1.1200

Resistance 1.1400

German Yields Turn Negative – Euro Headed for 1.10?

Yields are also falling in Europe. Over the past week, German 10-year bund yields dropped to a 2.5 year low, turning negative for the first time since 2016. This is very bearish for the currency but the slide in euro was tempered by the contemporaneous decline in US Treasury yields. With negative interest rates, the euro should be trading at 1.10 and not 1.12 but with 10-year bund yields so low the yield spread is actually moving in favour of the EURUSD and slowing the decline. The pair is still falling and it shouldn’t be long before this support level is reached. EURJPY is also likely to fall further as German 10-year bund yields dropped below Japanese JGB yields of the same maturity for the first time since 2016. Although a fresh 2-month low was reached this past week, we are looking for EURJPY to drop to 123 and possibly even 122. Meanwhile, Eurozone data has been mixed. German business confidence improved slightly but Eurozone confidence declined and inflationary pressures eased. Looking at this week’s calendar, there are fewer market moving releases for the euro than the dollar, so the pair is likely to take its cue from the market’s reaction to US data.

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