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Business Ethics

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The paper presents the results of an empirical research that explored the opinion of Romanian students from four different professional Master’s Degree programs, on the impact of applying the method that we have called “Ethics by Movie” (creating the students’ own video scenarios on an ethical topic in teams) on substantiating ethical knowledge, ethical attitude and ethical behavior. The final sample consisted of 395 respondents. The students appreciate several advantages of the above mentioned teaching and learning method (”an ideal practice for understanding a theoretical concept”, ”an interactive method of learning” that helped them ”to acquire ethical concepts more easily or to reflect more deeply on the importance which must be given to ethical behavior, on the consequences of unethical behavior”, etc). Our study might prove to be useful due to the fact that it revives attention to a complementary teaching method that can contribute to increasing awareness of the ethical issues around us, to learning ethical concepts in a more substantiated manner, to the need to solve the ethical dilemmas related to the fact that we must be solidarity in the fight against unethical actions and that, through everything we do, we can send out own ethical message.

The conference proceedings “ 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GOVERNANCE AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT “ICGSM” are a collection of the papers presented by the lecturers and PhD students – participants in the 4-th International Conference on Governance and Strategic Management (ICGSM).

Learning a language means learning the culture. What we act and speak reflect the culture of our language. Requests have attracted the attention of many researchers which they have often been investigated adjacent to the politeness (Liu, 2007; Jalilifar, 2009; Al-Marrani & Sazalie, 2010; Félix- Brasdefer, 2010; Youssef, 2012; Mohammadi & Tamimi Sa’d, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine Iranian EFL learners, Persian native speakers, and American English native speakers’ perception of speech act of requests without politeness markers. To this end, the data were collected from 35 EFL learners, 35 Persian native speakers, and 14 English native speakers. The data were collected through an open ended questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task and a Perception questionnaire in the form of Likert scale adopted from Saidi and Khosravi (2015). The questionnaire consists of situations with variations in contextual variables, i.e. social status: requests made by people of higher social status, equal social status and lower social status relative to the speakers. The participants were asked to imagine themselves in the situations and rate the (im)politeness of each request situation on a 4-point Likert scale. Moreover, they were required to write down what they would say if they were in a situation without politeness markers. A translated version of questionnaire was handed to Persian native speakers. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between EFL learners and English native participants, and also between EFL learners and Persian speakers’ perceptions of (im)politeness of different request situations. Moreover, by comparing the three groups of participants who perceived a request as mostly/ slightly impolite, the writer provided information about their expectations of politeness in different situations. It is hoped that the findings of this study can add to the body of knowledge in speech act studies in general and to our understanding of Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers’ perception of (im)politeness in particular.

The paper deals with the topic of external offline media which are referred to as „Out Of Home“ media – also known under the abbreviation OOH. It briefly defines the key areas of OOH nowadays and explains particular approaches to be applied when creating visual advertising. The conclusion focuses on our new view of the approach towards these media so as an advertiser has a simple key how to use particular advertising space in the most effective way. Its main target is to enhance communication effectivity for target audience. The paper also highlights some of the main mistakes the promoters often make and recommend the approaches how to avoid them.

This article seeks to understand and explain the relationship between lifestyle reality television programs and consumers. Specifically, this article outlines this relationship from a critical narrative perspective by interrogating two common story structures within lifestyle reality programming. By analyzing these narratives, conclusions are drawn about the role of story in consumer behavior. Additionally, this article argues that through the combination of the rhetorical situation of the housing collapse and narrative storytelling, consumers are taught how to perceive and interact when considering the purchase of a house. Finally, this article synthesizes Social Cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) in conjunction with Narrative theory (Fisher, 1984) to explore how rhetorical criticism can use social science to better understand lived, mediated, experience.

Economic development is a multidimensional process that involves improvement of social, political, legal and business platform of a nation. Over the last two decades global issues affected the international relations and businesses around the world. Globalization helped many countries to achieve their economic development nowadays, but also brought many challenges for international businesses and societies. The first part of this article presents the Romanian economic structure, the economic growth, its measurement and limitations. Then is given a general description of economic growth process, showing the benefits and costs of economic growth, the structure and impact of modern technologies for the consumers and producers who are interacting in the globalized economic system. In the second part, it is analysed the manner in which business ethics can affect economic development. In fact, in this section are evaluated the connections between technological advancement, economic growth and the enforcement of law in international affairs. This last section gives a general description concerning the role of business ethics for the economic development.

This research paper is developed from the perspective of the sustainability of the economic process, the main purpose of analyzing the relationship between social performance and financial performance of companies, and especially the multinational companies. Multinational companies are those in that practice corporate social responsibility is most strongly developed, given their size, financial
resources at their disposal, and exposure to various business environments, with different requirements and standards. The intensification global competition puts also pressure to the performance of companies and on a global market increasingly competitive, companies, whether multinational or domestic, attempted business solutions to identify optimal approaches through the prism of profit or integrated approach. Therefore, a number of increasingly more investors become interested not only in the financial performance of companies, but also how companies fulfill their social responsibilities, leading inevitably to changing the orientation pure financial to take consider other issues.

The article shows how to capitalize methods of accounting and statistics for a new ethics in the study of history. The aim of the paper is to remove a fake oral history document and to integrate another into the research flow based on accounting and statistical tools. The recent history research can not establish an objective like „ true image” as in accounting. But it is possible to follow that the documents used can reasonably describe the reflected reality. In accordance with the golden rule of ethics we have to accept the high level of education in Romania in the period 1968-1989, including history discipline. The article contains the following sections: introduction, the importance of the problem, state of the research topic covered in the article, the objective of the research, the research method used, the ethical component of the problem, fake oral history document, the formulations of the alternative hypothesis, criterion for validating the assumption, the correct content of that information, conclusions, references. I have also a result of the research. In Romania, between 1968 and 1989, we need to refer to a high level of pupils' education, including history discipline.

In this paper the issue of environmental and social responsibility is considered. I look into the goals that sustainability reports and social responsibility reports can serve and how they can draw attention to creating shared value. My research areas include the measurement of financial performance and the methodology for the comparability of conclusions from accounting reports. Some questions arise when this is completed with sustainability reports: how can sustainability performance be presented; is there a way to develop a single indicator system for measuring sustainability and social responsibility? As another issue, I also focus on the ethical behaviour of companies and its impacts on profit and profitability.

The fair trade movement by underlining the ethical aspects of behaving among particular links of delivery chain and assuring proper work conditions and payments for workers on plantations; natural environment conservation and investment towards local society has become a great tool of accomplishment of such concepts within the company management as CSR and sustainability development. The article has been mainly focused on presenting the essence of the FT movement and moreover the evaluation of the possibilities for the development of the FT market in Poland. Main research questions have been phrased as follows: What is the degree of the knowledge of the FT movement’s rules? What reasons induce consumers to purchase products with a FT label? What are the causes of the consumers’ lack of interest in FT products? The survey was conducted among university students.

For Muslims zakat is obligatory and different jurisdictions in the world have different mechanisms to administer it. Maldives is a hundred percent Muslim country and zakat administration in the country is unique. As such the objective of the paper is to discuss the zakat administration in Maldives with special reference to zakat al mal and to discuss the challenges facing the existing way of zakat administration. The paper also includes ways to overcome the challenges. No literature on this area in Maldives could be found and as such reference to primary materials such as unpublished statistics, reports, brochures have been made. It is hoped that this paper will encourage further research on this area in Maldives.

The Ethical Issue of the Reformer Martin Luther is still an important impulse for the Protestant Churches today. The article shows that Ethics does not belong to the largest part of Luther’s writing. There some different models of interpretation of Luther`s Ethics especially in the understanding of the relationship of Christians to the politics.The article is an attempt to find relevance of Luther`s Moral Thinking to the postmodern World. His moral advice is still present in the theological and Church discussion. On the other hand, the moral teaching of Luther is completely irrelevant to philosophical discourse.

The aim of this research is to study the relationships between perceived organizational support, organizational identification and manager’s ethical behaviors. In this context, study was performed on 300 research assistants who work in different public universities which are institutionalized and demonstrate high academic performance in Turkey. According to the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived organizational behavior and organizational identification; there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived organizational behavior and manager’s ethical behaviors and there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational identification and manager’s ethical behaviors.

This study handle the subject of the effects of manager arrogance on salesperson, which is an ignored issue in the management literature and which has not been conducted scientific research about it. Although it is known that arrogance is a phenomenon that encountered in every field of human life and has negative results, it is noteworth that the results are not investigated in terms of businesses. In this context, the study aims to reveal the effect of the salesperson perceptions about manager arrogance on burnout and turnover intention and possible mediator role of burnout on the effect of manager arrogance on turnover intention. It is also aimed to provide valuable information about the results of the manager arrogance to the enterprises in this way. In this direction, primary data were gathered through face to face survey method from salespersons of a company which operating in retail shoe sales sector. The obtained data were analyzed by statistical package program. According to research findings, the perceived manager arrogance of salespersons, positively affects the burnout level and intention to leave at work. Another finding that emerges as a result of the research is that, burnout has a mediating role in the effect of manager arrogance on the intention to leave the work, that is the manager arrogance has more influence on the intention to leave the work due to burnout.

The fundamental problem in developing a theory of international business ethics, without imposing ethnocentric assumptions, lies in the inherent conflict between the need for universal ethics and the reality of diverse national cultures. Integrative social contracts theory holds an intermediate position between ethical universalist and relativist positions – recognizing universal hypernorms on the one hand and moral free space on the other. We argue that all businesses share a common objective of sustaining long-run economic value for their stakeholders. We develop this argument using an evolutionary logic into a hypernorm along three propositions: First, the firm influences, and is influenced by, members of the society (social context proposition). Second, managers maximize profit subject to joint constraints of technical feasibility and ethical norms (managerial decision proposition). Third, ethical norms evolve from interactions among the stakeholders without a central authority. Natural selection favors norms that maximize long run economic value for the society (natural selection proposition). We show that the hypernorm can spawn widely agreed authentic ethical norms. However, moral bounded rationality when interpreting the hypernorm generates different authentic norms in the moral free space. The evolutionary logic is testable along the dimensions of variation, inheritance and selection of ethical norms.

Ethics is commonly defined as a moral code that rule or influence people’s behaviors, also as customers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore consumer ethics and cultural dimensions in relationship to consumer attitudes toward software downloading. Specifically, the study assesses a sample of Romanian professionals in terms of their own standing on the Hofstede model dimensions (collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) relative to select consumer ethics dimensions, and it addresses the respondents’ personal attitudes toward unauthorized downloading of copyrighted material. The target respondents were approached repeatedly through social networking, like Facebook, with 49 respondents agreeing to complete the questionnaire. Obtained results show that Romanian consumers are likely to be more individualistic and as such, they see unethical behavior as more acceptable. Such behavior can be found as typical for many post-communist countries, where economy and society undergo profound and long-term changes and citizens often pay no attention to the issue of moral principles.

Institutional Social responsibility (ISR) in context to a Higher Educational Institution has been defined as the ethical practice in transference of knowledge, and the active participation in betterment of quality of life in the society. It is an offshoot of the concept of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR), but unlike CSR, it is neither mandatory nor actively monitored or researched in Indian context. However, awareness towards aspects of ISR has been increasing, especially in Indian Universities. Indian Universities adopt practices related to Adoption of Villages, Awareness Drives, Environmental Care and rural Education initiatives. Critics often see ISR as an unnecessary burden; review of literature from around the world suggests that ISR practices contribute to increased accountability towards exploitation of resources by Educational Institutes as well as better reputation of Educational Institutes in the society. The purpose of this paper is to examine the perception towards the concept of ISR in Educational Institutes in India. The paper opted for a questionnaire-based exploratory survey of 50 faculty members, across Private Universities in Rajasthan. The findings suggest lacking awareness but a significant acceptance of need of ISR practices. The paper includes implications for the Universities to include ISR practices in their strategy to address its obligations to the society and simultaneously gain a competitive advantage.

Purpose – Last two decades have seen a marked increase in the interest given to the field of business ethics, particularly, marketing ethics. Marketing ethics provides an innumerable amount of materials and topics for open discussion, as well as for application in practice. Our intention is to open up a space within which to promote timely debate on contemporary marketing education.
Design/Methodology/Approach – Monitoring of academic journals in the area of marketing ethics tuition accessible in electronic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, Web of Science, Google Scholar) by means of the Centre for scientific-technical information SR portal.
The work is based on the analysis of thematic categories, and the number of publications and citations. Results are presented in a comprehensive and illustrative manner.
Findings and implications – Discussions about marketing ethics and ethical issues are useful. Students need preparation, mentoring and counselling while solving ethical problems, which occur during marketing ethics tuition in the academic field, but also in practice. Academic and scientific sources in the area of marketing ethics education are an excellent “instruction”.
Limitations – The limitation of this research can be seen in the fact that we focused especially on the marketing aspect of the ethics education. In further research, other fields of interest should be addressed, for example management or practices in commerce, etc.
Originality – The aim of the article is to map current trends in research in the field of marketing ethics education, as presented in scientific journals.

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