Putting my experiences of Life In NYC in a more personal perspective, and checking in with international/national, tech and some other news

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Sunday, May 1, 2016

Brain Pickings Weekly

The psychology of time and how it explains the paradox of impulsivity and self-control, the love letters of Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger, how music helps us grieve, the story of the tragic pioneer who paved the way for hearing space-time, and more.

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Hello, Larry! If you missed last week's edition â€“ Einstein's advice to Marie Curie on how to handle haters, Van Gogh on heartache, fairy tales and the importance of being scared, and more â€“ you can catch up right here. If you're enjoying my newsletter, please consider supporting this labor of love with a donation â€“ I spend countless hours and tremendous resources on it, and every little bit of support helps enormously.

Lesser, who doesnâ€™t consider herself â€œa particularly musical person,â€ contemplates the way in which music bypasses the intellect and speaks straight to the unguarded heart:

The springs of our reaction to music lie deeper than thoughtâ€¦ Part of what music allows me is the freedom to drift off into a reverie of my own, stimulated but not constrained by the inventions of the composer. And part of what I love about music is the way it relaxes the usual need to understand. Sometimes the pleasure of an artwork comes from notknowing, not understanding, not recognizing.

Nothing befuddles our elemental need for understanding more effectively than death, the great unknown and ultimate unknowable. Music, Lesser suggests, offers a gateway not to understanding death in an intellectual way but to befriending its mystery in that Rilkean sense â€” something she realized in a surprising encounter with music shortly after her dear friend Leonardâ€™s death, which she hadnâ€™t let herself mourn.

Lesser, who had traveled to Germany for research on a book about David Hume but had somehow found herself at the auditory oasis of the Berlin philharmonic, recounts:

I had been carrying around Lennyâ€™s death in a locked package up till then, a locked, frozen package that I couldnâ€™t get at but couldnâ€™t throw away, either. As long as I was afraid to look inside the package, it maintained its terrifying hold over me: it frightened and depressed me, or would have done, if I had allowed myself to have even those feelings instead of their shadowy half-versions. It wasnâ€™t just Lenny that had been frozen; I had, too. But as I sat in the Berlin Philharmonic hall and listened to the choral voices singing their incomprehensible words, something warmed and softened in me. I became, for the first time in months, able to feel strongly again.

Later, when I looked at the words in the program, I saw that the choral voices had been singing about the triumph of God over death. This is what I mean about the importance of not understanding. If I had known this at the time, I might have stiffened my atheist spine and resisted. But instead of taking in what the German words meant, I just allowed them to echo through my body: I felt them, quite literally, instead of understanding them. And the reverie I fell into as I listened to Brahmsâ€™s music was not about God triumphing over death, but about music and death grappling with each other. Death was chasing me, and I was fleeing from it, and it was pounding toward me; it was pounding in the music, but the music was also what was helping me to flee. And, as in a myth or a fairy tale, I sensed that what would enable me to escape â€” not forever, because all such escapes are temporary, but to escape just this once â€” would be if I looked death, Lennyâ€™s death, in the face: if I turned back and looked at it as clearly and sustainedly as I could bear.

In his groundbreaking 1915 paper on general relativity, Albert Einstein envisioned gravitational waves â€” ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by astronomic events of astronomical energy. Although fundamental to our understanding of the universe, gravitational waves were a purely theoretical construct for him. He lived in an era when any human-made tool for detecting something this faraway was simply unimaginable, even by the greatest living genius, and many of the cosmic objects capable of producing such tremendous tumult â€” black holes, for instance â€” were yet to be discovered.

One September morning in 2015, almost exactly a century after Einstein published his famous paper, scientists turned his mathematical dream into a tangible reality â€” or, rather, an audible one.

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory â€” an enormous international collaboration known as LIGO, consisting of two massive listening instruments 3,000 kilometers apart, decades in the making â€” recorded the sound of a gravitational wave produced by two mammoth black holes that had collided more than a billion years ago, more than a billion light-years away.

One of the most significant discoveries in the history of science, this landmark event introduces a whole new modality of curiosity in our quest to know the cosmos, its thrill only amplified by the fact that we had never actually seen black holes before hearing them. Nearly everything we know about the universe today, we know through five centuries of optical observation of light and particles. Now begins a new era of sonic exploration. Turning an inquisitive ear to the cosmos might, and likely will, revolutionize our understanding of it as radically as Galileo did when he first pointed his telescope at the skies.

In Black Hole Blues and Other Songs from Outer Space(public library) â€” one of the finest and most beautifully written books Iâ€™ve ever read, which I recently reviewed for The New York Times â€” astrophysicist and novelist Janna Levin tells the story of LIGO and its larger significance as a feat of science and the human spirit. Levin, a writer who bends language with effortless might and uses it not only as an instrument of thought but also as a Petri dish for emotional nuance, probes deep into the messy human psychology that animated these brilliant and flawed scientists as they persevered in this ambitious quest against enormous personal, political, and practical odds.

Somewhere in the universe two black holes collide â€” as heavy as stars, as small as cities, literally black (the complete absence of light) holes (empty hollows). Tethered by gravity, in their final seconds together the black holes course through thousands of revolutions about their eventual point of contact, churning up space and time until they crash and merge into one bigger black hole, an event more powerful than any since the origin of the universe, outputting more than a trillion times the power of a billion Suns. The black holes collide in complete darkness. None of the energy exploding from the collision comes out as light. No telescope will ever see the event.

What nobody could see LIGO could hear â€” a sensitive, sophisticated ear pressed to the fabric of space-time, tuned to what Levin so poetically eulogizes as â€œthe total darkness, the empty space, the vacuity, the great expanse of nothingness, of emptiness, of pure space and time.â€ She writes of this astonishing instrument:

An idea sparked in the 1960s, a thought experiment, an amusing haiku, is now a thing of metal and glass.

But what makes the book most enchanting is Levinâ€™s compassionate insight into the complex, porous, often tragic humanity undergirding the metal and glass â€” nowhere more tragic than in the story of Joseph Weber, the controversial pioneer who became the first to bring Einsteinâ€™s equations into the lab. Long before LIGO was even so much as a thought experiment, Weber envisioned and built a very different instrument for listening to the cosmos.

Weber was born Yonah Geber to a family of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants in early-twentieth-century New Jersey. His motherâ€™s heavy accent caused his teacher to mishear the boyâ€™s name as â€œJoseph,â€ so he became Joe. After he was hit by a bus at the age of five, young Joe required speech rehabilitation therapy, which replaced his Yiddish accent with a generic American one that led his family to call him â€œYankee.â€ As a teenager, he dropped out of Cooper Union out of concern for his parentsâ€™ finances and joined the Navy instead, where he served on an aircraft carrier that was sunk during WWII. When the war ended, he became a microwave engineer and was hired as a professor at the University of Maryland at the then-enviable salary â€” especially for a 29-year-old â€” of $6,500 a year.

Eager to do microwave research, he turned to the great physicist George Gamow, who had theorized cosmic microwave background radiation â€” a thermal remnant of the Big Bang, which would provide unprecedented insight into the origin of the universe and which Weber wanted to dedicate his Ph.D. career to detecting. But Gamow inexplicably snubbed him. Two other scientists eventually discovered cosmic microwave background radiation by accident and received the Nobel Prize for the discovery. Weber then turned to atomic physics and devised the maser â€” the predecessor of the laser â€” but, once again, other scientists beat him to the public credit and received a Nobel for that discovery, too.

Levin writes:

Joeâ€™s scientific life is defined by these significant near missesâ€¦ He was Shackleton many times, almost the first: almost the first to see the big bang, almost the first to patent the laser, almost the first to detect gravitational waves. Famous for nearly getting there.

And that is how Weber got to gravitational waves â€” a field he saw as so small and esoteric that he stood a chance of finally being the first. Levin writes:

In 1969 Joe Weber announced that he had achieved an experimental feat widely believed to be impossible: He had detected evidence for gravitational waves. Imagine his pride, the pride to be the first, the gratification of discovery, the raw shameless pleasure of accomplishment. Practically single-handedly, through sheer determination, he conceives of the possibility. He fills multiple notebooks, hundreds of pages deep, with calculations and designs and ideas, and then he makes the experimental apparatus real. He builds an ingenious machine, a resonant bar, a Weber bar, which vibrates in sympathy with a gravitational wave. A solid aluminum cylinder about 2 meters long, 1 meter in diameter, and in the range of 3,000 pounds, as guitar strings go, isnâ€™t easy to pluck. But it has one natural frequency at which a strong gravitational wave would ring the bar like a tuning fork.

Joseph Weber with his cylinder

Following his announcement, Weber became an overnight celebrity. His face graced magazine covers. NASA put one of his instruments on the Moon. He received ample laud from peers. Even the formidable J. Robert Oppenheimer, a man of slim capacity for compliments, encouraged him with a remark Weber never forgot: â€œThe work youâ€™re doing,â€ Oppenheimer told him, â€œis just about the most exciting work going on anywhere around here.â€

Under the spell of this collective excitement, scientists around the world began building replicas of Weberâ€™s cylinder. But one after another, they were unable to replicate his results â€” the electrifying eagerness to hear gravitational waves was met with the dead silence of the cosmos.

Joe Weberâ€™s claims in 1969 to have detected gravitational waves, the claims that catapulted his fame, that made him possibly the most famous living scientist of his generation, were swiftly and vehemently refuted. The subsequent decades offered near total withdrawal of support, both from scientific funding agencies and his peers. He was almost fired from the University of Maryland.

Among Weberâ€™s most enthusiastic initial supporters was the great theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson. Perhaps out of his staunch belief that no question is unanswerable, Dyson had emboldened Weber to attempt what no one had attempted before â€” to hear the sound of space-time. But when the evidence against Weberâ€™s data began to mount, Dyson was anguished by a sense of personal responsibility for having encouraged him, so he wrote Weber an extraordinary letter urging him to practice the immensely difficult art of changing oneâ€™s mind. Levin quotes the letter, penned on June 5, 1975:

Dear Joe,

I have been watching with fear and anguish the ruin of our hopes. I feel a considerable personal responsibility for having advised you in the past to â€œstick your neck out.â€ Now I still consider you a great man unkindly treated by fate, and I am anxious to save whatever can be saved. So I offer my advice again for what it is worth.

A great man is not afraid to admit publicly that he has made a mistake and has changed his mind. I know you are a man of integrity. You are strong enough to admit that you are wrong. If you do this, your enemies will rejoice but your friends will rejoice even more. You will save yourself as a scientist, and you will find that those whose respect is worth having will respect you for it.

I write now briefly because long explanations will not make the message clearer. Whatever you decide, I will not turn my back on you.

With all good wishes,Yours everFreeman

But Weber decided not to heed his friendâ€™s warm caution. His visionary genius coexisted with one of the most unfortunate and most inescapable of human tendencies â€” our bone-deep resistance to the shame of admitting error. He paid a high price: His disrepute soon veered into cruelty â€” he was ridiculed and even baited by false data intended to trick him into reaffirming his claims, only to be publicly humiliated all over again. In one of the archival interviews Levin excavates, he laments:

I simply cannot understand the vehemence and the professional jealousy, and why each guy has to feel that he has to cut off a pound of my fleshâ€¦ Boltzmann committed suicide with this sort of treatment.

Here, I think of Levinâ€™s penchant for celebrating tragic heroes whose posthumous redemption only adds to their tragedy. Her magnificent novel A Mad Man Dreams of Turing Machines is based on the real lives of computing pioneer Alan Turing and mathematician Kurt GÃ¶del, both of whom committed suicide â€” Turing after particularly cruel mistreatment. Levinâ€™s writing emanates a deep sympathy for those who have fallen victim to some combination of their own fallible humanity and the ferocious inhumanity of unforgiving, bloodthirsty others. No wonder Weberâ€™s story sings to her. A mad man dreams of tuning machines.

Without diminishing the role of personal pathology and individual neurochemistry, given what psychologists know about suicide prevention, social support likely played a vital role in Weberâ€™s ability to withstand the barrage of viciousness â€” Dysonâ€™s sympathetic succor, but most of all the love of his wife, the astronomer Virginia Trimble, perhaps the most unambivalently likable character in the book. Levin writes:

She called him Weber and he called her Trimble. They married in March 1972 after a cumulative three weekends together. She laughs. â€œWeber never had any trouble making up his mind.â€ Twenty-three years her senior, he always insisted she do what she wanted and needed to do. Perhaps trained in part by his first wife, Anita, a physicist who took a protracted break to raise their four boys, the widower had no reservations about Virginiaâ€™s work, her independence, or her IQ. (Stratospheric. In an issue of Life magazine with a now-vintage cover, in an article titled â€œBehind a Lovely Face, a 180 I.Q.â€ about the then eighteen-year-old astrophysics major, she is quoted as classifying the men she dates into three types: â€œGuys who are smarter than I am, and Iâ€™ve found one or two. Guys who think they areâ€” theyâ€™re legion. And those who donâ€™t care.â€)

Behind a Lovely Face, a 180 I.Q.: Virginia Trimble in LIFE magazine, 1962

In her third year, having demonstrated her tenacity â€” particularly manifest in the fact that she still hadnâ€™t married, she suspects â€” she was awarded a fellowship from the National Science Foundation. When she arrived at Caltech, she was delighted. â€œI thought, â€˜Look at all of these lovely men.â€™â€ In her seventies, with her coral dress, matching shoes and lip color, Moon earrings, and gold animal-head ring, she beams. Still a lovely face. And still an IQ of 180.

This fierce spirit never left Trimble. Now in her seventies, she tells Levin:

When I fell and broke my hip last September, I spent four days on the floor of my apartment singing songs and reciting poetry until I was found.

It isnâ€™t hard to see why Weber â€” why anyone â€” would fall in love with Trimble. But although their love sustained him and he didnâ€™t take his own life, he suffered an end equally heartbreaking.

By the late 1980s, Weber had submerged himself even deeper into the quicksand of his convictions, stubbornly trying to prove that his instrument could hear the cosmos. For the next twenty years, he continued to operate his own lab funded out of pocket â€” a drab concrete box in the Maryland woods, where he was both head scientist and janitor. Meanwhile, LIGO â€” a sophisticated instrument that would eventually cost more than $1 billion total, operated by a massive international team of scientists â€” was gathering momentum nearby, thanks largely to the scientific interest in gravitational astronomy that Weberâ€™s early research had sparked.

He was never invited to join LIGO. Trimble surmises that even if he had been, he wouldâ€™ve declined.

One freezing winter morning in 2000, just as LIGOâ€™s initial detectors were being built, 81-year-old Weber went to clean his lab, slipped on the ice in front of the building, hit his head, and fell unconscious. He was found two days later and taken to the E.R., but he never recovered. He died at the hospital several months later from the lymphoma heâ€™d been battling. The widowed Trimble extracts from her husbandâ€™s tragedy an unsentimental parable of science â€” a testament to the mismatch between the time-scale of human achievement, with all the personal glory it brings, and that of scientific progress:

Science is a self-correcting process, but not necessarily in oneâ€™s own lifetime.

When the LIGO team published the official paperannouncing the groundbreaking discovery, Weber was acknowledged as the pioneer of gravitational wave research. But like Alan Turing, who was granted posthumous pardon by the Queen more than half a century after he perished by inhumane injustice, Weberâ€™s redemption is culturally bittersweet at best. Iâ€™m reminded of a beautiful passage from Levinâ€™s novel about Turing and GÃ¶del, strangely perfect in the context of Weberâ€™s legacy:

Their genius is a testament to our own worth, an antidote to insignificance; and their bounteous flaws are luckless but seemingly natural complements, as though greatness can be doled out only with an equal measure of weaknessâ€¦ Their broken lives are mere anecdotes in the margins of their discoveries. But then their discoveries are evidence of our purpose, and their lives are parables on free will.

Free will, indeed, is what Weber exercised above all â€” he lived by it and died by it. In one of the interviews Levin unearths, he reflects from the depths of his disrepute:

If you do science the principal reason to do it is because you enjoy it and if you donâ€™t enjoy it you shouldnâ€™t do it, and I enjoy it. And I must say Iâ€™m enjoying itâ€¦ Thatâ€™s the best you can do.

At the end of the magnificent and exceptionally poetic Black Hole Blues, the merits of which Iâ€™ve extolled more fully here, Levin offers a wonderfully lyrical account of LIGOâ€™s triumph as she peers into the furthest reaches of the space-time odyssey that began with Einstein, gained momentum with Weber, and is only just beginning to map the course of human curiosity across the universe:

Two very big stars lived in orbit around each other several billion years ago. Maybe there were planets around them, although the two-star system might have been too unstable or too simple in composition to accommodate planets. Eventually one star died, and then the other, and two black holes formed. They orbited in darkness, probably for billions of years before that final 200 milliseconds when the black holes collided and merged, launching their loudest gravitational wave train into the universe.

The sound traveled to us from 1.4 billion light-years away. One billion four hundred million light-years.

[â€¦]

We heard black holes collide. Weâ€™ll point to where the sound might have come from, to the best of our abilities, a swatch of space from an earlier epoch. Somewhere in the southern sky, pulling away from us with the expansion of the universe, the big black hole will roll along its own galaxy, dark and quiet until something wanders past, an interstellar dust cloud or an errant star. After a few billion years the host galaxy might collide with a neighbor, tossing the black hole around, maybe toward a supermassive black hole in a growing galactic center. Our star will die. The Milky Way will blend with Andromeda. The record of this discovery along with the wreckage of our solar system will eventually fall into black holes, as will everything else in the cosmos, the expanding space eventually silent, and all the black holes will evaporate into oblivion near the end of time.

â€œReality is never and nowhere more accessible than in the immediate moment of oneâ€™s own life,â€ Kafka once told a teenage friend. â€œItâ€™s only there that it can be won or lost.â€ The great Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky believed that what draws us to film is the gift of time â€” â€œtime lost or spent or not yet had.â€ From the moment we are born to the moment we take our last breath, we battle with reality under the knell of this constant awareness that we are either winning or losing time. We long for what T.S. Eliot called â€œthe still point of the turning world,â€ but in chasing after it we spin ourselves into a perpetual restlessness, losing the very thing we strive to win. The French philosopher Gaston Bachelard captured this perfectly in his superb 1932 meditation on our paradoxical experience of time: â€œIf our heart were large enough to love life in all its detail, we would see that every instant is at once a giver and a plunderer.â€

These multiple and contradictory dimensions of time is what German psychologist Marc Wittmann explores in Felt Time: The Psychology of How We Perceive Time(public library) â€” a fascinating inquiry into how our subjective experience of timeâ€™s passage shapes everything from our emotional memory to our sense of self. Bridging disciplines as wide-ranging as neuroscience and philosophy, Wittmann examines questions of consciousness, identity, happiness, boredom, money, and aging, exposing the centrality of time in each of them. What emerges is the disorienting sense that time isnâ€™t something which happens to us â€” rather, we are time.

One of Wittmannâ€™s most pause-giving points has to do with how temporality mediates the mind-body problem. He writes:

Presence means becoming aware of a physical and psychic self that is temporally extended. To be self-conscious is to recognize oneself as something that persists through time and is embodied.

In a sense, time is a construction of our consciousness. Two generations after Hannah Arendt observed in her brilliant meditation on time that â€œit is the insertion of man with his limited life span that transforms the continuously flowing stream of sheer change â€¦ into time as we know it,â€ Wittmann writes:

Self-consciousness â€” achieving awareness of oneâ€™s own self â€” emerges on the basis of temporally enduring perception of bodily states that are tied to neural activity in the brainâ€™s insular lobe. The self and time prove to be especially present in boredom. They go missing in the hustle and bustle of everyday life, which results from the acceleration of social processes. Through mindfulness and emotional control, the tempo of life that we experience can be reduced, and we can regain time for ourselves and others.

Perception necessarily encompasses the individual who is doing the perceiving. It is I who perceives. This might seem self-evident. Perception of myself, my ego, occurs naturally when I consider myself. I â€œfeelâ€ and think about myself. But who is the subject if I am the object of my own attention? When I observe myself, after all, I become the object of observation. Clearly, this intangibility of the subject as a subject â€” and not an object â€” poses a philosophical problem: as soon as I observe myself, I have already become the object of my observation.

With an eye to his compatriot Martin Heidegger, whose philosophy equated self and time (and who happened to have been Arendtâ€™s onetime lover and lifelong friend), Wittmann adds:

As phenomenological philosophy has determined, self-consciousness is not a mental state that is added on to our experience, or that is particular; rather, it is a feature inherent in all experience. My perception contains me.

[â€¦]

On the phenomenal level, consciousness â€” and the self-consciousness deriving from it â€” is distinguished by spatial and temporal presence. Consciousness is tied to corporeality and temporality: I experience myself as existing with a body over time.

From this intertwining of self and time arises the most pernicious consequence of our productivity-entranced culture and the chronic busyness in which it engulfs us. Nearly two centuries after Kierkegaard lamented our greatest source of unhappiness â€” â€œOf all ridiculous things,â€ the Danish philosopher wrote, â€œthe most ridiculous seems to me, to be busy.â€ â€” Wittmann observes the effects of todayâ€™s social and technological acceleration on our inner lives:

If one has no time, one has also lost oneself. Distracted by the obligations of everyday activities, we are no longer aware of ourselvesâ€¦ Everything is done all at once, faster and faster, yet no personal balance or meaning can be found. This implies the loss of contact with oneâ€™s own self. We also no longer feel â€œat homeâ€ with ourselves and find it difficult to persist in any given activity because we are available at every moment.

In order to feel that oneâ€™s life is flowing more slowly â€” and fully â€” one might seek out new situations over and over to have novel experiences that, because of their emotional value, are retained by memory over the long term. Greater variety makes a given period of life expand in retrospect. Life passes more slowly. If one challenges oneself consistently, it pays off, over the years, as the feeling of having lived fully â€” and, most importantly, of having lived for a long time.

What contributes to this perception of fullness, Wittmann notes, is the storage of memory â€” the more memories we encode in a given period of time, the longer and fuller it will appear. But this raises an intriguing question about what we may be relinquishing as we increasingly outsource our memory to photographs stored in our disembodied digital memory. We vacate the moment in order to document it (and share that record), then end up remembering the photograph rather than the experience itself. Four decades before smartphones and Instagram, Italo Calvino captured this with brilliant poignancy in contemplating photography and the art of presence: â€œThe life that you live in order to photograph it is already, at the outset, a commemoration of itself.â€ This compulsive commemoration consumes a great deal of our lives today and sustains entire business models.

And yet we need not lose heart. Wittmann points to one mediating factor that can help us better inhabit our own memories â€” the cultivation of emotional attentiveness to the moment:

Events are subject to more frequent and more detailed recollection when they are connected with feelings. In general, we can say that events are stored because they are charged with a certain level of affect. Alternatively, the episodes in our lives that we remember depend on the feelings we associate with them. The greater the store of lived experience â€” that is, the more emotional coloration and variety oneâ€™s life has â€” the longer oneâ€™s lifetime seems, subjectively.

Radiating from this is one of the greatest perplexities of how we experience time â€” the paradox of self-control and impulsivity, mediated by our temporal myopia. Although self-restraint in the service of a future payoff is one of the hallmarks of our species â€” lizards, say, donâ€™t plan for the future â€” and learning to wait is central to how children develop self-reliance, none of this comes easily to us. In fact, the very duration of waiting diminishes our perceived satisfaction of the payoff â€” a phenomenon known as temporal discounting.

Wittmann cites one study that offers tangible substantiation for the â€œtime is moneyâ€ adage: Participants are asked whether they would rather receive a small amount of money right now or a greater sum at some point in the future; their choice is determined by the variation in waiting time. Those offered $1 today or $50 next week tend to choose the latter, since the time is short enough and the monetary difference substantial enough to justify the wait; those offered $45 today or $50 next week tend to choose the former, since the $5 difference is hardly worth the wait.

By varying these differences, psychologists were able to discern the tipping point past which people arenâ€™t willing to wait â€” around $20. That is, amounts over $20 triggered participantsâ€™ preference for instant gratification. But this is where psychological differences come in. For impulsive people, that barrier of instant gratification tends to be lower â€” theyâ€™ll settle for a lesser amount if they can have the money right now. Wittmann writes:

Impulsive people will accept lesser sums of money, whatever the waiting time involved, so they do not have to wait. With more impulsive subjects, the value of $50 decreases more sharply because of the waiting period. One may affirm that more impulsive peopleâ€™s experience of time â€” that is, the way they imagine it â€” is subjectively longer; that is why they opt for immediate payment, even when sums are lower. Such behavior exemplifies one definition of impulsivity: immediate, positive gain is valued more highly, despite the long-term consequences. This understanding of impulsivity also matches behavior displayed by children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This group, like impulsive people in general, shows a greater tendency not to value deferred gratification; such individuals content themselves with lesser sums so they do not need to wait. Thus, impulsive people display greater temporal myopia.

These tendencies, Wittmann points out, are a function of our individual temporal orientation â€” each of us weighs the past, present, and future differently, and makes decisions accordingly. (â€œOn how one orients himself to the moment,â€ Henry Miller wrote in contemplating the art of living, â€œdepends the failure or fruitfulness of it.â€) Wittman writes:

Studies have demonstrated the ways that a personâ€™s temporal orientation affects everyday behavior. People who are unambiguously present-oriented, for example, stand out insofar as they live relatively dangerously: they tend to take more drugs, get more speeding tickets, have more unprotected sex, and so on. It sounds like the motto of rock stars in the sixties: â€œLive fast, love hard, die young.â€ The attitude toward life expressed in these words is surely to be understood as a reaction to the future-orientation that otherwise prevailed at the time, as a perceived lack of spontaneity and lust for life. â€œSensation-seekingâ€ â€” pursuing distraction and new experiences â€” is related to both impulsiveness and present-orientedness, even if it is not quite the same thing as either. That said, orientation in the present proves essential for achieving a positive quality of lifeâ€¦ This perspective acquires a negative quality only when it becomes too pronounced and the individual in question loses the capacity to act freely inasmuch as she or he cannot break out of the present moment and plan for the future.

Indeed, lest we forget, all polarities are inherently limiting â€” a balanced life, Wittmann notes, requires both impulsivity and self-control. The great French artist EugÃ¨ne Delacroix intuited this when he wrote in his diarytwo centuries ago: â€œI must never put off for a better day something that I could enjoy doing now.â€ Wittmann offers a psychological substantiation:

People who meticulously pay attention to every entry in their calendars and are largely trapped by the future perspective â€” those who are always working toward a goal â€” forgo opportunities for experience. Time that is felt and lived, that is, a life rich in positive experiences, is made up of moments of fulfillment, often in the company of good friends or a beloved partner. Therefore, whether one lives out the moment or pursues gain over the long term is a matter of emotionally intelligent conduct and weighing decisions. Someone who is free and full of life does not always choose to delay gratification; rather, she or he is smart about when to seek enjoyment and when to wait.

In the remainder of the immensely insightful Felt Time, translated by Erik Butler, Wittmann goes on to explore the temporal dimension of emotional control, the crucial difference between our prospective and retrospective judgments of time, and how we can use the psychology of time to our advantage in extending and expanding our experience of life. Complement it with Virginia Woolf on the elasticity of time, Rebecca Goldstein on how Einstein and GÃ¶del shaped our experience of it, and Sarah Manguso on the ongoingness of life.

When she was a 19-year-old university student, Arendt fell in love with her 36-year-old married professor, Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889â€“May 26, 1976). A philosopher as influential as he is controversial, Heidegger made monumental contributions phenomenology and existentialism; he also joined the Nazi party and took an academic position under Nazi favors. Although he resigned a year later, stopped attending Nazi party meetings, and later told a student that he considered taking the position â€œthe greatest stupidity of his life,â€ he never publicly repented. That he should fall in love with a Jew â€” Arendt saw the power and privilege of being an outsider as central to her identity â€” exposes the complexity and contradiction of which the human spirit is woven, its threads nowhere more ragged than in love.

Heidegger considered their romance â€œthe most exciting, focused, and eventfulâ€ period of his life, and that creative vitality fertilized Being and Time â€” his most famous and influential work. â€œNothing like this has ever happened to me,â€ he writes in one of their first love letters, collected in Letters: 1925â€“1975 (public library) â€” half a century of their electrifying correspondence, first as lovers and then as friends and intellectual peers.

In his first letter to Arendt, penned in February of 1925, Heidegger implores:

Dear Miss Arendt!

I must come see you this evening and speak to your heart.

Everything should be simple and clear and pure between us. Only then will we be worthy of having been allowed to meet. You are my pupil and I your teacher, but that is only the occasion for what has happened to us.

I will never be able to call you mine, but from now on you will belong in my life, and it shall grow with you.

We never know what we can become for others through our Being.

From the start, Heidegger sets out to reconcile the intensity of his feelings with what he knows to be in Arendtâ€™s best rational interest:

The path your young life will take is hidden. We must be reconciled to that. And my loyalty to you shall only help you remain true to yourself.

[â€¦]

â€œBe happy!â€ â€” that is now my wish for you.

Only when you are happy will you become a woman who can give happiness, and around whom all is happiness, security, repose, reverence, and gratitude to life.

And only in that way will you be properly prepared for what the university can and should give you.

[â€¦]

We have been allowed to meet: we must hold that as a gift in our innermost being and avoid deforming it through self-deception about the purity of living. We must not think of ourselves as soul mates, something no one ever experiencesâ€¦ That makes the gift of our friendship a commitment we must grow withâ€¦ But just once I would like to be able to thank you and, with a kiss on your pure brow, take the honor of your being into my work.

Eleven days later, Heideggerâ€™s infatuation swells to uncontainable magnitude and explodes into the philosophical. He writes:

Dear Hannah!

Why is love rich beyond all other possible human experiences and a sweet burden to those seized in its grasp? Because we become what we love and yet remain ourselves. Then we want to thank the beloved, but find nothing that suffices.

We can only thank with our selves. Love transforms gratitude into loyalty to our selves and unconditional faith in the other. That is how love steadily intensifies its innermost secret.

Here, being close is a matter of being at the greatest distance from the other â€” distance that lets nothing blur â€” but instead puts the â€œthouâ€ into the mere presence â€” transparent but incomprehensible â€” of a revelation. The otherâ€™s presence suddenly breaks into our life â€” no soul can come to terms with that. A human fate gives itself over to another human fate, and the duty of pure love is to keep this giving as alive as it was on the first day.

But just before the one-year anniversary of their romance, Arendt ended things abruptly, in large part because she wanted to focus on her academic pursuit of philosophy. In a reply to her from January of 1926, Heidegger makes an admirable effort to syncretize the two conflicting forces ripping him asunder â€” his own heartbreak and the sincerity with which he wishes the best for Arendt. He writes:

My dear Hannah!

â€¦ I understand, but that doesnâ€™t make it any easier to bear. Still less as I know what my love exacts from you.

Although Arendtâ€™s breakup letter doesnâ€™t survive, it appears that in it she cited her need to withdraw from the romance in order to focus on her work â€” a perennial paradox of human satisfactions, which Heidegger addresses in his response:

This â€œwithdrawalâ€ from everything human and breaking off all connections is, with regard to creative work, the most magnificent human experience I know â€” with regard to concrete situations, it is the most repugnant thing one can encounter. Oneâ€™s heart is ripped from oneâ€™s body.

And the hardest thing is â€” such isolation cannot be defended by appeal to what it achieves, because there are no measures for that and because one cannot just make allowance for abandoning human relationshipsâ€¦ With the burden of this necessary isolation, I always hope for complete isolation form the outside â€” for a merely apparent return to other people â€” and for the strength to keep an ultimate and constant distance. For only then can all sacrifice be spared them, along with the necessary rejection.

But this tormented desire is not just unattainable, it is even forgotten â€” so much so that the most vital human relationships become a spring again and provide the forces that drive one into isolation once moreâ€¦. Such a life then becomes wholly a matter of exigencies that have no justification. Coming to terms with this in a positive way â€” not taking a position exclusively as a kind of escape â€” is what it means to be a philosopher.

And yet however tragic the sacrifices of being a philosopher may be, Heidegger encourages young Arendt to make them anyway. His words radiate a testament to the notion put forth generations later by philosopher Martha Nussbaum â€” in many ways an intellectual heir of Arendtâ€™s â€” that embracing our neediness is essential for healthy relationships. Even as Heidegger emboldens Arendt to go her own way, he articulates his longing for her and his need for their love to persevere:

It is clear â€” independently of you and me in this final point â€” that, in your youth and receptive stage of learning, you should not commit yourself here. It is always bad for young people to not summon the strength to go away. It is a sign that the freedom of instincts has died out, and as a result, when they stay they no longer grow in a positive wayâ€¦

[â€¦]

And perhaps your decision will become an exampleâ€¦ If it has good effect, it can only be because it calls for sacrifice from both of us.

The evening and your letters have renewed my certainty that everything stays close to what is good, and becomes goodâ€¦ You, even in your situation, must be happy as only those with a young heart and strong expectations and faith can be at the prospect of a new world â€” new learning, fresh air, and growth. May each of us be a match for the otherâ€™s existence, that is, for the freedom of faith and for the inner necessity of an unalloyed trust â€” that will preserve our love.

My life continues â€” without my involvement or merit â€” with such uncanny certainty that I want to believe the new emptiness that will come with your departure is necessary.

And yet despite Arendtâ€™s departure, the emotional intensity between the two magnetized them into continued correspondence and occasional meetings over the months that followed. By July of 1927, more than two years after their romance began, they were still very much in love. Responding to another letter of Arendtâ€™s that doesnâ€™t survive and that appears to have been particularly emotionally charged, Heidegger writes:

My dear Hannah!

[â€¦]

Although you have remained as present to me as you were on the first day, your letter brought you particularly close. I hold your loving hands in mine and pray with you for your happiness.

[â€¦]

Child, my dear, do you only â€œhopeâ€ I might trust in you? Ask the innermost part of your heart, which has shone on me so often from your wonderfully deep eyes; it will tell you: deep down I am completely and purely sure of this trust.

Your letter has shaken me as much as first being close to you did. Those days have returned with such elemental power, thanks to this word of your love.

Dear Hannah, for me it was as if I had been favored to give away something ultimate and great, so as to receive it, the gift and the giving, as a new possession. I still havenâ€™t come to grips with it, much less comprehended the unsuspected things I saw in our existence in those hours.

In April of 1928, Arendt echoes Freudâ€™s famed assertion that love and work are the two cornerstones of the human spirit, and ultimately chooses the work of philosophy over her romance with Heidegger. She writes to him, beseeching him to understand her choice â€” trusting, even, that as a philosopher himself, one wholly consumed by his work, he would have no choice but to understand:

I love you as I did on the first day â€” you know that, and I have always known it, even before this reunion. The path you showed me is longer and more difficult than I thought. It requires a long life in its entirety. The solitude of this path is self-chosen and is the only way of living given me. But the desolation that fate has kept in store not only would have taken from me the strength to live in the world, that is, not in isolation; it also would have blocked my path, which, as it is wide and not a leap, runs through the world. Only you have a right to know this, because you have always known it. And I think that even where I finally remain silent, I will never be untruthful. I always give as much as anyone wants from me, and the path itself is nothing but the commitment our love makes me responsible for. I would lose my right to live if I lost my love for you, but I would also lose this love and its reality if I shirked the responsibility it forces on me.

The following year, Arendt met a young German journalist and philosopher in Heideggerâ€™s seminar. That fall, she married him. Writing on her wedding day, she sends Heidegger one final romantic reverberation, at once plaintive and proud:

Do not forget me, and do not forget how much and how deeply I know that our love has become the blessing of my life. This knowledge cannot be shaken, not even today, when, as a way out of my restlessness, I have found a home and a sense of belonging with someone about whom you might understand it least of all.

[â€¦]

I kiss your brow and your eyes,

Your Hannah

Like Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West, who were onetime lovers and lifelong friends, Arendt and Heidegger remained in each otherâ€™s lives for half a century, until Arendtâ€™s sudden death. Heidegger outlived her by six months. Letters: 1925â€“1975 survives as the extraordinary record of this enduring relationship, brimming with timeless wisdom on nearly every aspect of life and culture.

About Me

New Trier High School, Winnetka Illinois.... cancer survivor...NYU Grad School of Film and TV...Film Editor....Training Audio/Visual Writer for US Coast Guard...audio visual producer and public relations writer..had some pretty awful bumps along the way (haven't we all) --glad to still be around and in touch with so many friends from the past