Socially organized inequalitypattern of unequal distribution of social rewards/resourcesit comes from wealth, prestige, leisure time, and titlesStratification is necessary-no society is classless-a society without stratification will fall apart

Term

Functionalism

Definition

functionalist theory of social order-The point of society is sustaining the status quo over time, but if you need all jobs you don’t NEED inequality-Institutions of society are coordinated with each other so that you know what you’re supposed to do, are motivated to do it and that everyone is so distributed that all positions are filled (creating the division of labor)

Term

Inequality

Definition

Davis and Moore: inequality is good and necessary because it perpetuates society-it sets order for the society

Term

Division of labor

Definition

how people are sorted into these occupations -Some jobs more important than others, some play bigger functional role and are more specialized, but ALL jobs are necessary (tautological) and all roles have to be filled by qualified people but workers are easily replaceable-People need to be motivated for those jobs by pay, leisure, and other rewards-Talents are undiscovered partially because of inheritance, ex. Tradition of family doctors -Companies end up overpromising rewards in order to get people interested and discover their talents, but also takes people’s perseverance-Entrinsic benefits: get benefits by doing the job just because you like to do it, no need to pay well so benefits the company as well

Term

Social closure

Definition

those who acquire a good advantage/get a good position in the division of labor try to control who else can reach that positionrestrict the flow of newcomers to protect their power/rewardsTURNS CLASS → STATUS

Term

Ascription

Definition

no mobility in a society-Ascribed by birth and thus not responsible for where you are in society-Inherited job or socially important qualities (ex. Race) from parents

Term

Achievement

Definition

you can do things to achieve a social position

Term

Ascription vs. Achievement

Definition

-Every society is a MIX of the two-Less mobility now than there used to be in the US

Term

Sponsored mobility

Definition

upward mobility where the elites pick/sponsor candidates for advancement (ex. Schooling system for Great Britain, tests determine which public school you go to)

Term

Contest mobility

Definition

upward mobility as an open contest among candidates, the elites don’t pick who win and don’t play favorites – an unbiased systemsystem of social mobility in which all individuals are seen as participants in a race where elite status is the end goal and the contest is an open one

Term

Tumin

Definition

Tumin's point is a direct critique of Davis and Moore's article -a weberian critique1. functionalism is tautological -stratification exists just because it does -made an unjustified leap from the fact that it has always existed to that it is necessary -perpetuate the status quo for the status quo to be presented, everything needs to be preserved -functionalism is a theory -if the goal is to preserve what already exists then nothing can change2. dysfunctional over time -ignores fact about how societies work -societies aren't very good at finding talents -unequal access to resources -differentials are inherited over time -inheritance prevents discovery of talents

Term

how does inequality work?

Definition

a. gives people motiation for jobs, money, leisure and prestigeb. some jobs are more specialized/important for the division of labor- have to motivate people to fill the more important jobsc. talents are unequally distributed society provides education to give people the training to do the job and then you have the inner talents that need to be brought out-THIS SYSTEM OPERATES THROUGH SOME EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURE OF WHETHER YOU HAVE TALENT OR NOT. ASSUMING THAT EVERYONE COMES FROM THE SAME PLACE ECONOMICALLY. -education is a weeding out process-lower paying jobs are easier to fill than specialized jobs

Term

Tumin cont.(response to Davis and Moore)

Definition

2b. **Social Closure** and Power -social groups- doctors, lawyers etc. -any group with advantageous power will try to limit access and keep it for themselves -control who can be admitted -endogamy- marry within group so the resources don't get diluted

3. self-serving account -rhetoric of "sacrifice" -"i worked hard so i deserve to be here" -sacrifice in jobs is nothing more than ideology-attempt by the powerful to justify where they are

4. other motivators -patriotism, altruism

Term

Mobility

Definition

Less mobility now than there used to beLess mobility in the USA than in socialist countriesAs you move towards a more ascriptive society then the children will be where their parents are: poor or rich*Cycle of poverty-if your parents are poor than you are likely to be poor alsoInheritance is a tool that families use to help create ascriptive trendsIn the U.S. we believe education is the equalizer

Term

The Great Transformation

Definition

transition from feudalism to capitalism

Term

Carl Marx

Definition

ECONOMY**-class system with 2 extreme classes, CAPITALISM-Feudalism (everyone owned their own tools) → capitalism (factories, now people must take orders so are of a lower class)-Capitalism simplifies the class system to just the B. and the P.-Oppressor (*bourgeoisie:owners) vs. oppressed (*proletariat: laborers who live only so long as they can find work), bourgeoisie became dominant through industrialization-Predicts the middle class will disappear but this hasn’t happened-*Exploitation: brutal result of free trade, workers don’t get paid the value of what they make

Term

Feudalism/Capitalism

Definition

-modes of production-macro-scale economic structurescapitalism may differ in each countryfeudalism lasted a couple thousand years during Marx's timeTransitions from one mode to another wasn't prettyConflict between economic groups are what makes this country go

Term

Class-Marx

Definition

Relatioship to the means of production:tools,machines, factoriesEach class has a different relationship to property

Term

Class conflict-Marx

Definition

Means of production is distributed unequally Classes conflict over property *proletariat-labor, workers *bourgeoise-factories, tools, machine workers *exploitation- workers don't get paid the full value of the work they do

Term

Class Conflict-Marx *In-Itself

Definition

Share objective opinion but unconscious about it

Marx wants a workers revolution

Do not think they are a group

Term

Class Conflict-Marx *For-Itself

Definition

Individuals within the class unite to pursue their shared interests**Class consciousnessTake action collectively Trade AssociationIf they are not conscious they cannot work as a classDo things for the group's interest collectively

Term

Lumpen Proletariat

Definition

alcoholics, criminals etc

Term

Bourgeoise

Definition

Owners

Term

Proletariat

Definition

Workers

Term

Peasants

Definition

Independent farmers

Term

Petty Bourgeoise

Definition

Owners who don't have many workersMarx believes that these people are disappearing

Term

Rentiers

Definition

Landlords and bond holdersOwn stuff but don't engage in labor**royalty**

Term

Weber

Definition

protestant ethic – legal orders and how hard you work determine distribution of powerNot just the economy **Class,Status and Party -all independent from each other -all distribute power unequally -all about groups not individuals

Term

Power-Weber

Definition

ability to get others to do what you want even if they don't want to

Term

Class-weber

Definition

resources you bring into a market-your market position (class isn't your income)Any group that shares a market positioncan be in more than one classex:slaves aren't a classNo markets=no classes

Term

Multiple Markets-weber

Definition

labor, property, capitalclass position is what you have to offer in those markets

They set the tone: things we should want/set themselves up as the protectors

They also set terms of debate

Convinces us that the higher people are smarter and more powerful

System of inequality but the people at the bottom deserve to be there

This is accepted by everyone, even the poor

Term

Mills

(power elite)

Definition

People who run most important institutions

Ex: politics, military, corporations

(weber's theory of party)

It is achieved

Have csns

People who run these institutions circulate and don't stay still

Mills wants to transform the elite theory from an achieved status to an ascribed status by making new status groups

Term

Cultural Capital

Definition

Taste, judgement, lifestyle, choice

The idea of classy vs. trashy

Your choices about how you want to spend your time

Not innocent; no one just likes anything

Works by transforming necessity into virtue

Turns what you need into what you want

Tool the privileged people use to get further in their class

matter of choice not constraint

Term

Habitus

Definition

Un-reflective exercise in taste

habits, dispositions, attitudes, slang, body language

All becomes 2nd nature to you

Automatic

How you internalize cultural capital

How life becomes stylized

Taste*

Term

Bordieu

Definition

Marxist

Class Matters

Status can be explained by your class

"Chicken comes before the egg"

Writing about France

Hierarchical

Educational system is different because school system is hierarchical in France

Reductionist

Term

Reductionism

Definition

Simplification:

explaining one variable away by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental one

Bordieu reduces class to status

Analytical argumentative strategy to simplify the data that you’re dealing withExplains one variable by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental oneEx. CLASS reductionist theories of RACE: race invented by employers to divide workersF&M students all enjoy these different issues → these students enjoy these issues because of the amount of money they have (reductionist – no longer about the interests)

Strategy not a theory

Term

Race

Definition

Aligns social structure or social conflicts with definitions of the body

Social capital

aligns inequality with definitions of the body

Term

Ethnicity

Definition

Aligns culture with descent but usually not with "essential" biological features

connects culture with a descent group

Term

Caste

Definition

Ascriptive, herditary system of stratification

most extreme ascriptive socieity

ex: caste system in india

classes that are hereditary and ASCRIPTIVE

system of STRATIFICATION

Term

Oliver Cox

Definition

Orthodox/vulgar marxist

employers invented race to divide workers

race is a tool of the employers

bourgoise-promoting racial inequality

Term

Split Labor Market

(Myrdal/Bonacich)

Definition

Privileged workers invented race in order to protect their priviledges

Forced employers to accept it

Aparthied-separateness

-Illegal for black person to supervise a white person in the work place

Term

Racial Formation

Definition

Big, long lasting social structure of race relations

Connects beliefs about race with racial practices

*beliefs justify practices

take formations and see if they can compare to other times and other places