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By strings of beads, the number of beads will determine the

By strings of beads, the number of beads will determine the length of the string. The fractal geometry of the locus may then be investigated by examining the spatial distribution of contiguous V and J segments and the adjacent intergenic space separating them. One way to accomplish this will be to examine the relationship between magnitude and scaling factor across varying levels of magnification (sets of V gene segments versus sets of J gene segments) to calculate the FD FD = log (magnitude of line segment) : log (scaling factor)To determine the FD of the TCR loci, the FD was calculated analogous to the calculation of the FD of a Koch snowflake curve [15]; the length of the gene GSK2256098 solubility segment in number of nucleotides or base pairs is considered the scaling factor and the length of the gene segment ?intergenic space, also in nucleotide number, the magnitude of the line segment. This calculation was performed individually for each V and J segment to fully account for variability observed.sequences per sample [22]. The assay used 52 forward primers for the Vb gene segment and 13 reverse primers for the Jb segment, to generate a 60-bp fragment capable of identifying the entire unique VDJ combination [23]. Amplicons were then sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform, and data were analysed using the ImmunoSEQ Analyzer set of tools. This approach enables direct sequencing of a sample of the circulating T-cell populations, representing a fraction of the TCR repertoire. The data output for this assay are the frequency of unique CDR3 sequences, defining the TRB V, D and J segments used and the N substitutions in each rearranged sequence [10]. This permits estimation of the relative frequency of each gene segment in the sample T-cell population. To estimate specific gene-segment usage, the copy number of CDR3 sequences containing unique V or J gene segments were summed and used in the subsequent calculations. Therefore, to determine the relative contribution of the ith TRB V segment ( fVi) to the repertoire, the proportion of the sequence copy number for that segment to the sum of all the sequence reads for all the TRB V segments Vi=Sn Vi was determined. This 1 clonal frequency estimate for each V segment was then compared with a calculated expected proportion if all the V segments contributed equally to the repertoire. This was determined by averaging the sum of all frequencies over all the possible TRB V gene segments to give a simulated clonal frequency– n Vi?n?Sn Vi?for each 1 1 TRB V segment, which calculates to 1.49 . Student’s t-test was used to determine the statistical Miransertib biological activity significance of expected versus measured clonal frequencies for each TRB V segment.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org J. R. Soc. Interface 13:3. Results3.1. Self-similarity of the T-cell receptor lociSelf-similarity across the TRA and TRB loci was first examined by deriving the FD of these loci. Given the relative uniformity of sizes (in nucleotides) for the V and J gene segments, these were used as scaling parameters for determining the FD of the TCR loci (FD-TCR). The gene segments and the intergenic spaces together were considered the magnitude of the TCR locus line segment for this calculation. The sizes of each segment and intergenic space were used in the FD-TCR calculations to account for variability across the locus. The following formula was used: FD ?TCR ?log (length nth TCR seg ?adjacent intergenic space) : log (length nth TCR seg) ?:1?Relatively consistent val.By strings of beads, the number of beads will determine the length of the string. The fractal geometry of the locus may then be investigated by examining the spatial distribution of contiguous V and J segments and the adjacent intergenic space separating them. One way to accomplish this will be to examine the relationship between magnitude and scaling factor across varying levels of magnification (sets of V gene segments versus sets of J gene segments) to calculate the FD FD = log (magnitude of line segment) : log (scaling factor)To determine the FD of the TCR loci, the FD was calculated analogous to the calculation of the FD of a Koch snowflake curve [15]; the length of the gene segment in number of nucleotides or base pairs is considered the scaling factor and the length of the gene segment ?intergenic space, also in nucleotide number, the magnitude of the line segment. This calculation was performed individually for each V and J segment to fully account for variability observed.sequences per sample [22]. The assay used 52 forward primers for the Vb gene segment and 13 reverse primers for the Jb segment, to generate a 60-bp fragment capable of identifying the entire unique VDJ combination [23]. Amplicons were then sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform, and data were analysed using the ImmunoSEQ Analyzer set of tools. This approach enables direct sequencing of a sample of the circulating T-cell populations, representing a fraction of the TCR repertoire. The data output for this assay are the frequency of unique CDR3 sequences, defining the TRB V, D and J segments used and the N substitutions in each rearranged sequence [10]. This permits estimation of the relative frequency of each gene segment in the sample T-cell population. To estimate specific gene-segment usage, the copy number of CDR3 sequences containing unique V or J gene segments were summed and used in the subsequent calculations. Therefore, to determine the relative contribution of the ith TRB V segment ( fVi) to the repertoire, the proportion of the sequence copy number for that segment to the sum of all the sequence reads for all the TRB V segments Vi=Sn Vi was determined. This 1 clonal frequency estimate for each V segment was then compared with a calculated expected proportion if all the V segments contributed equally to the repertoire. This was determined by averaging the sum of all frequencies over all the possible TRB V gene segments to give a simulated clonal frequency– n Vi?n?Sn Vi?for each 1 1 TRB V segment, which calculates to 1.49 . Student’s t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of expected versus measured clonal frequencies for each TRB V segment.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org J. R. Soc. Interface 13:3. Results3.1. Self-similarity of the T-cell receptor lociSelf-similarity across the TRA and TRB loci was first examined by deriving the FD of these loci. Given the relative uniformity of sizes (in nucleotides) for the V and J gene segments, these were used as scaling parameters for determining the FD of the TCR loci (FD-TCR). The gene segments and the intergenic spaces together were considered the magnitude of the TCR locus line segment for this calculation. The sizes of each segment and intergenic space were used in the FD-TCR calculations to account for variability across the locus. The following formula was used: FD ?TCR ?log (length nth TCR seg ?adjacent intergenic space) : log (length nth TCR seg) ?:1?Relatively consistent val.