The Naval Games at the Colosseum

The naval games which in a few occasions were also held at the Colosseum were
called Naumachiae. The first Naumachiae shows date back to the first Punic war
against Carthage during the days of the Roman Republic. This was the time when
Rome first developed its naval skills for military use. In a sense we can
imagine them as an early form of naval exercise although it is likely that at
times no actual battle was engaged in what we might consider more of a rowing
contest.

The later naval battles involved filling an arena with several feet of water.
The "Gladiators" would be placed in flat bottomed boats mimicking
proper ancient roman ships and the different vessels would then attack each other. As with
Gladiatorial combat it was frequent to stage an actual historical event in which
the Romans themselves had participated at some point in their history.

One
of the earliest naval battle shows was organised by Julius
Caesar in 46BC in a specially dug lake in the Campo Marzio area whilst his
successor Augustus dug out a basin on the side of the Tiber. The antique map,
left, seems to place it closer to the Pons Sublicius.

A particularly well remembered event was organised by emperor
Claudius.
Claudius had decided to undertake an enormous civil engineering project to drain
the Fucine lake. The project required 30,000 workmen 11 years to dig the
drainage channels required. Before finally letting the water out in 52AD of the
lake he organised an
enormous celebratory open-air naval battle involving 100 ships and almost 20,000
men. Soldiers
around the rim of the lake ensured no-one escaped the battle whilst the public
was seated on the surrounding shores watching and enjoying the show.

In a similar vein, a couple of Roman ships dating back to the time of
Caligula (just before Claudius) have been found buried in the mud at the bottom
of a lake in the Alban hills near Rome. It is thought that these ships, found in
an exceptional state of preservation, were actually intended for this kind of
exhibition. Although the two ships were destroyed by bombing during the Second
World War a perfect reconstruction allows them to be visited today.

The most celebrated Naumachiae were those organised under the reign of
Emperor Domitian - who amongst other things completed the Colosseum. Suetonius
tells us that in 80AD Domitian employed enough vessels for these games to form two
complete armadas. On that particular occasion it seems Domition also offered a
show of women dancing swimmers.

The most extravagant of these events is probably only a myth written by
Lampridius. It relates that the young emperor Heliogabalus or Elagabalus
(218-222AD) organised a naval battle in a channel filled with wine rather than
water. My personal guess is that it was probably the colour of blood…