IntroductionThe much praised twelve volumes of the history of terminal years of British India edited by Nicholas Mansergh are titled The Transfer of Power, 1942-1947. Hugh Tinker while editing a parallel work on the same time period in Burmese history named it Burma: The struggle for Independence. Tinker does not see Burma obtaining its freedom through management from above. According to him, the British surrendered to the pressure from below.1 While in case of India, what these twelve volumes assure us is that there was no such surrender of power in India, but her conveyance, a planned and calculated conveyance, with all that this implies in prior purpose, studied, management and mutual consent.2 These volumes announce that an armed struggle was quite unnecessary, and even if it was attempted, when England was fighting darkness everywhere in the world, it was unconscionable, it was almost a criminal act. What this implies is complete ignorance of a very prominent part of the Indian Freedom struggle which was fought not by the Gandhian peaceful and deliberative means, but by taking up arms against the British. What they completely overlook...

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...of Subhas Chandra Bose in the political scenario of India and his contributions to the freedom struggle of the country forms a sensational story. Though he was elected twice as the President of IndianNational Congress, his difference with Gandhi prompted him to quit the Congress Party in 1939 and form the Forward Bloc.
His radical outlook and activities alarmed the British Government and Bose was imprisoned in 1940 A.D. His fragile health led the Government to release him from the jail and Bose remained under house arrest. Bose left home in 1941 and went outside India in disguise. Travelling through Afghanistan and reaching Germany, Bose started anti-British propaganda abroad. In Berlin, he organized IndianNationalArmy with the help of Indian prisoners in Germany. Later on, he shifted his venue to Singapore.
His arrival at Singapore galvanized the process of IndianNationalArmy (I.N.A. or Azad Hind Faun) formed by Raps Bihar Bose under the command of Mohan Singh. However, the high-handedness of Mohan Singh made him a prisoner at the hands of Raps Bihar Bose. With his arrival, he was given the charge of the organisation of the I.N.A.
From Tokyo in 1943 Subhas Chandra delivered his first speech for Indians who were fighting against the British. He was also welcomed by the members of the Indian...

...The IndianNationalArmy in World War II
Usually when people reminisce about World War II in the Pacific theater they talk about the struggles between the Allied forces and Japanese powers in battles like the Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, but they never talk about struggles in places like India. India, literally a ticking time bomb, was under the control of the British and was known to occasionally fight back against the British Raj. As one can imagine, the Indian Nationalists of that period would have saw World War II has a perfect time to try to gain independence from British rule. What happened in World War Two to drastically contribute to the push for Indianindependence in 1947? Moreover, what were the affects of such an event?
Events in history tend not to happen very fast, but crawl toward a very slow climax and this was indeed the case in India when ideas of independence came on the horizon. In the early twentieth century Indian exiles/revolutionaries, having been prevented from agitation in India, found a safe haven for activity among the immigrants of the West Coast of the United States. There on the West Coast the Indian exiles created a newspaper called “The Ghadr” (Revolution) which was distributed to most Indian communities in America and regularly smuggled into India. In...

...INDIAN POLITICAL THINKERS DURING THE INDEPENDENCESTRUGGLE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..6
CHAPTER II:
POLITICAL THOUGHT OF
RABINDRANATH TAGORE………………………………….11
CHAPTER III:
POLITICAL THOUGHT OF
SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE…………………………………..15
CHAPTER IV:
POLITICAL THOUGHT OF
GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE……………………………….25
CHAPTER V:
CONCLUSION............................................................................32
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................33
Chapter: I
Introduction
1.1. Political Thought
Political thought is covers the spectrum of ideals and principles regarding the state, its structure, nature and purpose. It is the moral phenomenon of human behaviour in the complex web of the society. A close relation exists between the political thought of a given period and the complementing political environment. Most of the political concepts and theories have arisen either to justify the authority that man obeyed or to criticise it in the hope of accomplishing change.
1.2. Ancient Indian Political Thought
Ancient Indian political thought has been significantly represented by the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Bhagwadgita. The political thought found in the great Epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, is more complex and comprehensive. The Manusmriti, along with other...

...INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Arrival of East India Co in India
Shift from traders to Lords
Revolt of 1857
Transfer of power from EIC to British Rule
Rise of Organized Movement
Rise of Indian Nationalism
Divide and Rule (Partition of Bengal)
Formation of IndianNational Congress
Jallianwala Baug Massacre
Non Co-operation Movement
Simon Commission
Civil Disobedience Movement
Quit India Movement (Second World War and consequences)
The East India Company had the unusual distinction of ruling an entire country. Its origins were much humbler. On 31 December 1600, a group of merchants who had incorporated themselves into the East India Company were given monopoly privileges on all trade with the East Indies. The Company's ships first arrived in India, at the port of Surat, in 1608. Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, as the emissary of King James I in 1615, and gained for the British the right to establish a factory at Surat.
Gradually the British eclipsed the Portuguese and over the years they saw a massive expansion of their trading operations in India. Numerous trading posts were established along the east and west coasts of India, and considerable English communities developed around the three presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. In 1717, the Company achieved its hitherto most notable success when it received a firman or royal dictat from the Mughal...

...At the time of the first war of independence, any number of papers were in
operation in the country. Many of these like Bangadoot of Ram Mohan
Roy, Rastiguftar of Dadabhai Naoroji and Gyaneneshun advocated social reforms
and thus helped arouse national awakening.
It was in 1857 itself that Payam-e-Azadi started publication in Hindi and Urdu,
calling upon the people to fight against the British. The paper was soon
confiscated and anyone found with a copy of the paper was prosecuted for
sedition. Again, the first Hindi daily, Samachar Sudhavarashan, and two
newspapers in Urdu and Persian respectively, Doorbeen andSultan-ul-Akbar,
faced trial in 1857 for having published a 'Firman' by Bahadur Shah Zafar, urging
the people to drive the British out of India. This was followed by the
notroiusGagging Act of Lord Canning, under which restrictions were imposed on
the newspapers and periodicals.
Notable Role
In the struggle against the British, some newspapers played a very notable role.
This included the Hindi Patriot! Established in 1853, by the author and playwright,
Grish Chandra Ghosh, it became popular under the editorship of Harish Chandra
Mukherjee. In 1861, the paper published a play, "Neel Darpan" and launched a
movement against the British, urging the people to stop cultivating the Indigo
crop for the white traders. This resulted in the formation of a Neel Commission.
Later, the...

...India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century. He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indianindependence movement under the tutelage ofMahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964. Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. A committed nationalist since his teenage years, Nehru became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the prominent leader of the left-wing factions of the IndianNational Congress during the 1920s, and eventually of the entire Congress, with the tacit approval of his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru called for complete independence from the British Raj and instigated the Congress's decisive shift towards the left.
. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now bête noire, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had come to dominate Muslim...

...Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle for Independence
By Andrew Montgomery
When one thinks of the Indianindependence movement in the 1930s and early 1940s, two figures most readily come to mind: Mahatma Gandhi, the immensely popular and "saintly" frail pacifist, and his highly respected, Fabian Socialist acolyte, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Less familiar to Westerners is Subhas Chandra Bose, a man of com parable stature who admired Gandhi but despaired at his aims and methods, and who became a bitter rival of Nehru. Bose played a very active and prominent role in India's political life during most of the 1930s. For example, he was twice (1938 and 1939) elected Pres ident of the IndianNational Congress, the country's most important political force for freedom from the Raj, or British rule.
While his memory is still held in high esteem in India, in the West Bose is much less revered, largely because of his wartime collaboration with the Axis powers. Both before and during the Second World War, Bose worked tirelessly to secure German and Japanese support in freeing his beloved homeland of foreign rule. During the final two years of the war, Bose -- with considerable Japanese backing -- led the forces of the IndianNationalArmy into battle against the British.
Ideology of Fusion
As early as 1930 -- in his inaugural speech as...

...The term Indianindependence movement encompasses a wide range of areas like political organizations, philosophies and movements which had the common aim to ending the company rule (East India Company), and then British imperial authority, in parts of South Asia. The independence movement saw various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts, some nonviolent and others not so.
During the first quarter of the 19th century, Rammohan Roy introduced modern education into India. Swami Vivekananda was the chief architect who profoundly projected the rich culture of India to the west at the end of 19th century. Many of the country's political leaders of the 19th and 20th century, including Mohandas K. Gandhi and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, were influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda. According to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who was a major proponent of armed struggle for Indianindependence, Swami Vivekananda was "the maker of modern India"; for Mohandas Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda's influence increased his "love for his country a thousandfold." His writings inspired a whole generation of freedom fighters. Many years after Swami Vivekananda's death, Rabindranath Tagore told French Nobel Laureate Romain Rolland, "If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative."
The first organised militant movements were in...

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