Filed 9/20/96

Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
A grand jury indicted defendant Desmond Birch on twelve counts of
violating the securities laws pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78ff; 18 U.S.C. § 2;
and 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. The defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal at
the close of the government’s case, at the close of the evidence, and at the
sentencing hearing. The district court denied each request. The jury convicted
the defendant on all twelve counts. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, the court
sentenced the defendant to concurrent sentences of thirty months for each count

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders
and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions
of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
*

and to a term of supervised release of two years. The court determined that the
appropriate base offense level under § 2F1.1(a) was six. The court then departed
upward by two levels for more than minimal planning under § 2F1.1(b)(2) and by
eleven levels based on an estimated loss of more than $800,000 pursuant to
§ 2F1.1(b)(1)(L).
The defendant now appeals on two grounds. First, the defendant asserts
that the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. Second,
he contends that his sentence should be recalculated downward to reflect the net
loss to the victims and to reflect a disjunctive jury instruction. We reject the
defendant’s arguments and affirm.
I.

BACKGROUND
On September 15, 1983, James Gilmore and Birch entered into a

“distributorship agreement” in which Birch agreed to raise money Gilmore needed
to develop an innovative fuel system. In exchange for raising the needed money,
Birch obtained limited “marketing rights” to market the system once it was
developed. Birch raised money by creating three limited partnerships and selling
interests in his marketing rights to other investors. The sale of these marketing
rights to twelve individuals was the subject of his securities fraud conviction.
From the outset of his talks with investors, Birch promoted the system as
though its marketability was imminent. For example, he advised the investors
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that major auto companies were interested in the pump. He told them that their
money was urgently needed for research and development of the product. In fact,
Birch had learned from technicians, mechanics, and engineers that no marketable
project would be forthcoming.
Birch prepared a derivative purchase interest agreement for his investors.
Paragraph 9.H of the agreement stated that Birch “may or may not” use the
proceeds for his “personal expenses.” Paragraph 5.A provided that Birch could
keep up to 20% of proceeds for his own personal needs. That paragraph also
provided that Birch would not convert any investor money for his personal use
unless he had the prior approval of “a two-thirds majority in interest of all the
Holders of Interest in the Granted Rights, including his own interest.” Birch,
however, failed to disclose that under his interpretation of the contract, he already
had all of the approval he needed to use investor money for his personal expenses.
When asked about these contract provisions, Birch gave a number of
responses to his investors. For example, he told one investor not to be concerned
about paragraph 5.A because her money could only be used on the project since
Birch had already used 20% of the proceeds. He told another investor that
paragraph 9.H related only to traveling expenses to promote the project.
Contrary to his oral and written representations, Birch kept most of the
investors’ money to support himself. For example, from January 15, 1989 to
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September 15, 1990, Birch raised $995,000 by selling his marketing rights in the
project. Roughly one-third of these funds went to project expenses while the rest
went to Birch’s personal expenses.
II.

DISCUSSION
A.

Judgment of Acquittal

We review the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal using the same
standard as the trial court. United States v. Fleming, 19 F.3d 1325, 1328 (10th
Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 93 (1994). In order to conclude that the evidence
was insufficient, the court must find that no reasonable juror could have reached
the disputed verdict. United States v. Ivy, 83 F.3d 1266, 1284 (10th Cir. 1996).
We must view all the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. United States v. Madrigal, 43 F.3d 1367, 1369
(10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1808 (1995).
After reviewing the record, we find that the evidence permitted a
reasonable jury to find that the defendant defrauded a number of investors
through the use of an ambiguous contract. Contrary to the defendant’s arguments,
this is not a simple contract dispute case. This is a case of fraud. Birch solicited
over a million dollars from investors by telling them that their money would buy
marketing rights in a viable and imminently marketable product. At the time
Birch made these representations to investors, he knew the rights he sold them
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were worthless. Instead of using the investors’ money for the final research and
development as he promised, he deposited their money in his own personal bank
account. Based on all of the evidence, we find that a reasonable jury could have
concluded that the defendant defrauded the investors who purchased securities.
B.

Sentencing

The defendant challenges the trial court’s loss calculation used to determine
his sentence on two grounds. First, he argues that the loss figure should have
been offset by the “value” of the marketing shares that the victims received.
Second, he argues that the district court erred in considering other relevant
conduct in the loss computation. We review the trial court's factual findings
supporting calculation of loss under the clearly erroneous standard. United States
v. Lyons, 992 F.2d 1029, 1032 (10th Cir. 1993). We review the court’s
interpretation of the sentencing guidelines de novo. Id.
1.

Offset

The defendant contends that the district court should have offset the loss
figure by the value of the marketing shares that the victims retained. The record,
however, reveals a significant amount of evidence both at trial and at sentencing
establishing that the “pump” was not a marketable product. Thus, we conclude
that the trial court was not clearly erroneous in concluding that the shares had no
fair market value. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court’s determination of the
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estimated loss to the victims of $828,000 was not clear error.
2.

Other Relevant Conduct

The court instructed the jury that the defendant could be found guilty of
securities fraud if he committed a general scheme to defraud (with a loss
calculation of $828,000) or twelve individual acts of fraud against each of the
victims named in the indictment (with a loss calculation of $128,000). The
defendant argues that because the instruction was in the disjunctive, the district
court could not have determined upon which ground the jury found him guilty.
Thus, the defendant argues that he should receive the benefit of the lesser loss
calculation.
The defendant’s reliance on a disjunctive jury instruction is misplaced.
Under the Sentencing Guidelines, a court may look to "relevant conduct" when
sentencing a defendant. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. Section 1B1.3(a)(3) includes in its
purview "all harm that resulted from the acts and omissions specified in [the
Guideline], and all harm that was the object of such acts and omissions.”
Relevant conduct may include conduct for which defendant was not convicted.
See United States v. Underwood, 982 F.2d 426, 429 (10th Cir. 1992), cert. denied,
113 S. Ct. 3043 (1993).
When the government seeks to increase a defendant's base offense level, it
must show that the relevant conduct justifying the increase occurred by a
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preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Hagedorn, 38 F.3d 520, 522 (10th
Cir. 1994). In addition to the trial evidence, the government introduced evidence
indicating that the several individuals, other than the twelve named in the
indictment, were defrauded by the defendant. In determining the amount of loss,
the court reviewed bank accounts, answers to questionnaires, personal interviews
with the victims, and evidence demonstrating the amounts the defendant diverted
to his personal use. We conclude that the district court’s consideration of all the
conduct encompassed by the securities fraud in making its loss calculation was
not clear error. The defendant’s conviction and sentence are therefore
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Deanell Reece Tacha
Circuit Judge