This double-blind study compared the clinical safety and parasitologic efficacy of single-dose regimens of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Five groups of 10 men each with mean levels of parasitemia ranging from 2,985 to 5,185 microfilariae (mf)/ml were given DEC (6 mg/kg/ of body weight one time or 1 mg/kg, then 6 mg/kg four days later) or ivermectin (220 µ/kg; 20 µg/kg, then 200 µg/kg four days later or 20 µg/kg, then 400 µg/kg four days later). No significant side effects (e.g., acute adenolymphangitis, fever lasting more than eight hours, hypotension) were observed in any of the five treatment groups. The magnitude of reduction in microfilaremia was greater (P < 0.01) for the three ivermectin groups versus the two DEC groups in the first 30 days after drug administration (mf levels < 1% of pretreatment values versus 22.6–41.5%, respectively). At 90 and 180 days, mf levels continued to decrease in the DEC groups whereas they increased in the ivermectin groups given a total dose of 220 µg/kg. Eighteen months after drug administration, individuals given DEC or 420 µg/kg of ivermectin had the greatest degree of reduction in microfilaremia (86–90% compared with the pretreatment values). Decreases in parasite antigenemia measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a secreted 200-kD adult worm antigen were greatest for the single-dose DEC group (39.7% decrease relative to the pretreatment level versus 7.8–15.7% for the ivermectin groups). These results indicate that single-dose DEC and ivermectin are well-tolerated by Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals with high levels of microfilaremia. Both drugs lead to sustained reductions in microfilaremia up to 18 months after administration.

The effects of artemether on the morphology of Plasmodium falciparum were studied in an owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) when parasitemia reached 33% and the animal became severely ill. The earliest and the most distinctive ultrastructural changes following the administration of artemether were marked swelling of the mitochondria in the parasites, followed by the appearance of electron-dense chromatin materials in the nucleic and clumping of ribosomes. The initial change was observed within 2 hr of administration of the drug. These findings correlate well with the rapid and effective action of artemether, which has been demonstrated in human clinical trials.