Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0

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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol with the lightness and
speed necessary for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is a generic,
stateless, object-oriented protocol which can be used for many tasks, such as name servers and
distributed object management systems, through extension of its request methods (commands).
A feature of HTTP is the typing of data representation, allowing systems to be built
independently of the data being transferred.

HTTP has been in use by the World-Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. This
specification reflects common usage of the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.0".

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol with the lightness and
speed necessary for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP has
been in use by the World-Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. This specification
reflects common usage of the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.0". This specification describes
the features that seem to be consistently implemented in most HTTP/1.0 clients and servers.
The specification is split into two sections. Those features of HTTP for which implementations
are usually consistent are described in the main body of this document. Those features which
have few or inconsistent implementations are listed in Appendix D.

Practical information systems require more functionality than simple retrieval, including
search, front-end update, and annotation. HTTP allows an open-ended set of methods to be
used to indicate the purpose of a request. It builds on the discipline of reference provided by
the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) [2], as a location (URL) [4] or name (URN) [16], for
indicating the resource on which a method is to be applied. Messages are passed in a format
similar to that used by Internet Mail [7] and the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) [5].

HTTP is also used as a generic protocol for communication between user agents and
proxies/gateways to other Internet protocols, such as SMTP [12], NNTP [11], FTP [14],
Gopher [1], and WAIS [8], allowing basic hypermedia access to resources available from
diverse applications and simplifying the implementation of user agents.

A network data object or service which can be identified by a URI (Section 3.2).

entity

A particular representation or rendition of a data resource, or reply from a service resource,
that may be enclosed within a request or response message. An entity consists of
metainformation in the form of entity headers and content in the form of an entity body.

client

An application program that establishes connections for the purpose of sending requests.

user agent

The client which initiates a request. These are often browsers, editors, spiders
(web-traversing robots), or other end user tools.

server

An application program that accepts connections in order to service requests by sending
back responses.

origin server

The server on which a given resource resides or is to be created.

proxy

An intermediary program which acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making
requests on behalf of other clients. Requests are serviced internally or by passing them, with
possible translation, on to other servers. A proxy must interpret and, if necessary, rewrite a
request message before forwarding it. Proxies are often used as client-side portals through
network firewalls and as helper applications for handling requests via protocols not
implemented by the user agent.

gateway

A server which acts as an intermediary for some other server. Unlike a proxy, a gateway
receives requests as if it were the origin server for the requested resource; the requesting
client may not be aware that it is communicating with a gateway. Gateways are often used
as server-side portals through network firewalls and as protocol translators for access to
resources stored on non-HTTP systems.

tunnel

A tunnel is an intermediary program which is acting as a blind relay between two
connections. Once active, a tunnel is not considered a party to the HTTP communication,
though the tunnel may have been initiated by an HTTP request. The tunnel ceases to exist
when both ends of the relayed connections are closed. Tunnels are used when a portal is
necessary and the intermediary cannot, or should not, interpret the relayed communication.

cache

A program's local store of response messages and the subsystem that controls its message
storage, retrieval, and deletion. A cache stores cachable responses in order to reduce the
response time and network bandwidth consumption on future, equivalent requests. Any
client or server may include a cache, though a cache cannot be used by a server while it is
acting as a tunnel.

Any given program may be capable of being both a client and a server; our use of these terms
refers only to the role being performed by the program for a particular connection, rather than
to the program's capabilities in general. Likewise, any server may act as an origin server, proxy,
gateway, or tunnel, switching behavior based on the nature of each request.

The HTTP protocol is based on a request/response paradigm. A client establishes a connection
with a server and sends a request to the server in the form of a request method, URI, and
protocol version, followed by a MIME-like message containing request modifiers, client
information, and possible body content. The server responds with a status line, including the
message's protocol version and a success or error code, followed by a MIME-like message
containing server information, entity metainformation, and possible body content.

Most HTTP communication is initiated by a user agent and consists of a request to be applied
to a resource on some origin server. In the simplest case, this may be accomplished via a single
connection (v) between the user agent (UA) and the origin server (O).

A more complicated situation occurs when one or more intermediaries are present in the
request/response chain. There are three common forms of intermediary: proxy, gateway, and
tunnel. A proxy is a forwarding agent, receiving requests for a URI in its absolute form,
rewriting all or parts of the message, and forwarding the reformatted request toward the server
identified by the URI. A gateway is a receiving agent, acting as a layer above some other
server(s) and, if necessary, translating the requests to the underlying server's protocol. A tunnel
acts as a relay point between two connections without changing the messages; tunnels are used
when the communication needs to pass through an intermediary (such as a firewall) even when
the intermediary cannot understand the contents of the messages.

The figure above shows three intermediaries (A, B, and C) between the user agent and origin
server. A request or response message that travels the whole chain must pass through four
separate connections. This distinction is important because some HTTP communication
options may apply only to the connection with the nearest, non-tunnel neighbor, only to the
end-points of the chain, or to all connections along the chain. Although the diagram is linear,
each participant may be engaged in multiple, simultaneous communications. For example, B
may be receiving requests from many clients other than A, and/or forwarding requests to
servers other than C, at the same time that it is handling A's request.

Any party to the communication which is not acting as a tunnel may employ an internal cache
for handling requests. The effect of a cache is that the request/response chain is shortened if
one of the participants along the chain has a cached response applicable to that request. The
following illustrates the resulting chain if B has a cached copy of an earlier response from O
(via C) for a request which has not been cached by UA or A.

Not all responses are cachable, and some requests may contain modifiers which place special
requirements on cache behavior. Some HTTP/1.0 applications use heuristics to describe what
is or is not a "cachable" response, but these rules are not standardized.

On the Internet, HTTP communication generally takes place over TCP/IP connections. The
default port is TCP 80 [15], but other ports can be used. This does not preclude HTTP from
being implemented on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks. HTTP
only presumes a reliable transport; any protocol that provides such guarantees can be used, and
the mapping of the HTTP/1.0 request and response structures onto the transport data units of
the protocol in question is outside the scope of this specification.

Except for experimental applications, current practice requires that the connection be
established by the client prior to each request and closed by the server after sending the
response. Both clients and servers should be aware that either party may close the connection
prematurely, due to user action, automated time-out, or program failure, and should handle
such closing in a predictable fashion. In any case, the closing of the connection by either or both
parties always terminates the current request, regardless of its status.

HTTP/1.0 uses many of the constructs defined for MIME, as defined in RFC 1521 [5].
Appendix C describes the ways in which the context of HTTP allows for different use of
Internet Media Types than is typically found in Internet mail, and gives the rationale for those
differences.

All of the mechanisms specified in this document are described in both prose and an augmented
Backus-Naur Form (BNF) similar to that used by RFC 822 [7]. Implementors will need to be
familiar with the notation in order to understand this specification. The augmented BNF
includes the following constructs:

name = definition

The name of a rule is simply the name itself (without any enclosing "<" and ">") and is
separated from its definition by the equal character "=". Whitespace is only significant in
that indentation of continuation lines is used to indicate a rule definition that spans more
than one line. Certain basic rules are in uppercase, such as SP, LWS, HT, CRLF, DIGIT,
ALPHA, etc. Angle brackets are used within definitions whenever their presence will
facilitate discerning the use of rule names.

The character "*" preceding an element indicates repetition. The full form is
"<n>*<m>element" indicating at least <n> and at most <m> occurrences of element. Default
values are 0 and infinity so that "*(element)" allows any number, including zero; "1*element"
requires at least one; and "1*2element" allows one or two.

Specific repetition: "<n>(element)" is equivalent to "<n>*<n>(element)"; that is, exactly <n>
occurrences of (element). Thus 2DIGIT is a 2-digit number, and 3ALPHA is a string of three
alphabetic characters.

#rule

A construct "#" is defined, similar to "*", for defining lists of elements. The full form is
"<n>#<m>element" indicating at least <n> and at most <m> elements, each separated by one
or more commas (",") and optional linear whitespace (LWS). This makes the usual form of
lists very easy; a rule such as "( *LWS element *( *LWS "," *LWS element ))" can be shown as
"1#element". Wherever this construct is used, null elements are allowed, but do not
contribute to the count of elements present. That is, "(element), , (element)" is permitted, but
counts as only two elements. Therefore, where at least one element is required, at least one
non-null element must be present. Default values are 0 and infinity so that "#(element)"
allows any number, including zero; "1#element" requires at least one; and "1#2element"
allows one or two.

; comment

A semi-colon, set off some distance to the right of rule text, starts a comment that continues
to the end of line. This is a simple way of including useful notes in parallel with the
specifications.

implied *LWS

The grammar described by this specification is word-based. Except where noted otherwise,
linear whitespace (LWS) can be included between any two adjacent words (token or
quoted-string), and between adjacent tokens and delimiters (tspecials), without changing the
interpretation of a field. At least one delimiter (tspecials) must exist between any two
tokens, since they would otherwise be interpreted as a single token. However, applications
should attempt to follow "common form" when generating HTTP constructs, since there
exist some implementations that fail to accept anything beyond the common forms.

HTTP/1.0 defines the octet sequence CR LF as the end-of-line marker for all protocol elements
except the Entity-Body (see Appendix B for tolerant applications). The end-of-line marker
within an Entity-Body is defined by its associated media type, as described in Section 3.6.

CRLF = CR LF

HTTP/1.0 headers may be folded onto multiple lines if each continuation line begins with a
space or horizontal tab. All linear whitespace, including folding, has the same semantics as SP.

LWS = [CRLF] 1*( SP | HT )

However, folding of header lines is not expected by some applications, and should not be
generated by HTTP/1.0 applications.

The TEXT rule is only used for descriptive field contents and values that are not intended to be
interpreted by the message parser. Words of *TEXT may contain octets from character sets other
than US-ASCII.

TEXT = <any OCTET except CTLs,
but including LWS>

Recipients of header field TEXT containing octets outside the US-ASCII character set may
assume that they represent ISO-8859-1 characters.

Comments may be included in some HTTP header fields by surrounding the comment text with
parentheses. Comments are only allowed in fields containing "comment" as part of their field
value definition. In all other fields, parentheses are considered part of the field value.

HTTP uses a "<major>.<minor>" numbering scheme to indicate versions of the protocol. The
protocol versioning policy is intended to allow the sender to indicate the format of a message
and its capacity for understanding further HTTP communication, rather than the features
obtained via that communication. No change is made to the version number for the addition of
message components which do not affect communication behavior or which only add to
extensible field values. The <minor> number is incremented when the changes made to the
protocol add features which do not change the general message parsing algorithm, but which
may add to the message semantics and imply additional capabilities of the sender. The <major>
number is incremented when the format of a message within the protocol is changed.

The version of an HTTP message is indicated by an HTTP-Version field in the first line of the
message. If the protocol version is not specified, the recipient must assume that the message is
in the simple HTTP/0.9 format.

HTTP-Version = "HTTP" "/" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT

Note that the major and minor numbers should be treated as separate integers and that each may
be incremented higher than a single digit. Thus, HTTP/2.4 is a lower version than HTTP/2.13,
which in turn is lower than HTTP/12.3. Leading zeros should be ignored by recipients and
never generated by senders.

This document defines both the 0.9 and 1.0 versions of the HTTP protocol. Applications
sending Full-Request or Full-Response messages, as defined by this specification, must include
an HTTP-Version of "HTTP/1.0".

HTTP/1.0 servers must:

recognize the format of the Request-Line for HTTP/0.9 and HTTP/1.0 requests;

understand any valid request in the format of HTTP/0.9 or HTTP/1.0;

respond appropriately with a message in the same protocol version used by the client.

HTTP/1.0 clients must:

recognize the format of the Status-Line for HTTP/1.0 responses;

understand any valid response in the format of HTTP/0.9 or HTTP/1.0.

Proxy and gateway applications must be careful in forwarding requests that are received in a
format different than that of the application's native HTTP version. Since the protocol version
indicates the protocol capability of the sender, a proxy/gateway must never send a message
with a version indicator which is greater than its native version; if a higher version request is
received, the proxy/gateway must either downgrade the request version or respond with an
error. Requests with a version lower than that of the application's native format may be
upgraded before being forwarded; the proxy/gateway's response to that request must follow the
server requirements listed above.

URIs have been known by many names: WWW addresses, Universal Document Identifiers,
Universal Resource Identifiers [2], and finally the combination of Uniform Resource Locators
(URL) [4] and Names (URN) [16]. As far as HTTP is concerned, Uniform Resource Identifiers
are simply formatted strings which identify--via name, location, or any other characteristic--a
network resource.

URIs in HTTP can be represented in absolute form or relative to some known base URI [9],
depending upon the context of their use. The two forms are differentiated by the fact that
absolute URIs always begin with a scheme name followed by a colon.

For definitive information on URL syntax and semantics, see RFC 1738 [4] and RFC 1808 [9].
The BNF above includes national characters not allowed in valid URLs as specified by
RFC 1738, since HTTP servers are not restricted in the set of unreserved characters allowed to
represent the rel_path part of addresses, and HTTP proxies may receive requests for URIs not
defined by RFC 1738.

If the port is empty or not given, port 80 is assumed. The semantics are that the identified
resource is located at the server listening for TCP connections on that port of that host, and the
Request-URI for the resource is abs_path. If the abs_path is not present in the URL, it must be
given as "/" when used as a Request-URI (Section 5.1.2).

Note: Although the HTTP protocol is independent of the transport layer protocol, the
http URL only identifies resources by their TCP location, and thus non-TCP resources
must be identified by some other URI scheme.

The canonical form for "http" URLs is obtained by converting any UPALPHA characters in host
to their LOALPHA equivalent (hostnames are case-insensitive), eliding the [ ":" port ] if the port
is 80, and replacing an empty abs_path with "/".

The first format is preferred as an Internet standard and represents a fixed-length subset of that
defined by RFC 1123 [6] (an update to RFC 822 [7]). The second format is in common use, but
is based on the obsolete RFC 850 [10] date format and lacks a four-digit year. HTTP/1.0 clients
and servers that parse the date value should accept all three formats, though they must never
generate the third (asctime) format.

Note: Recipients of date values are encouraged to be robust in accepting date values
that may have been generated by non-HTTP applications, as is sometimes the case
when retrieving or posting messages via proxies/gateways to SMTP or NNTP.

All HTTP/1.0 date/time stamps must be represented in Universal Time (UT), also known as
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), without exception. This is indicated in the first two formats by
the inclusion of "GMT" as the three-letter abbreviation for time zone, and should be assumed
when reading the asctime format.

Note: HTTP requirements for the date/time stamp format apply only to their usage
within the protocol stream. Clients and servers are not required to use these formats
for user presentation, request logging, etc.

HTTP uses the same definition of the term "character set" as that described for MIME:

The term "character set" is used in this document to refer to a method used with
one or more tables to convert a sequence of octets into a sequence of characters.
Note that unconditional conversion in the other direction is not required, in that
not all characters may be available in a given character set and a character set may
provide more than one sequence of octets to represent a particular character. This
definition is intended to allow various kinds of character encodings, from simple
single-table mappings such as US-ASCII to complex table switching methods
such as those that use ISO 2022's techniques. However, the definition associated
with a MIME character set name must fully specify the mapping to be performed
from octets to characters. In particular, use of external profiling information to
determine the exact mapping is not permitted.

Note: This use of the term "character set" is more commonly referred to as a
"character encoding." However, since HTTP and MIME share the same registry, it is
important that the terminology also be shared.

HTTP character sets are identified by case-insensitive tokens. The complete set of tokens are
defined by the IANA Character Set registry [15]. However, because that registry does not
define a single, consistent token for each character set, we define here the preferred names for
those character sets most likely to be used with HTTP entities. These character sets include
those registered by RFC 1521 [5] -- the US-ASCII [17]
and ISO-8859 [18] character sets --
and other names specifically recommended for use within MIME charset parameters.

Although HTTP allows an arbitrary token to be used as a charset value, any token that has a
predefined value within the IANA Character Set registry [15] must represent the character set
defined by that registry. Applications should limit their use of character sets to those defined by
the IANA registry.

The character set of an entity body should be labelled as the lowest common denominator of
the character codes used within that body, with the exception that no label is preferred over the
labels US-ASCII or ISO-8859-1.

Content coding values are used to indicate an encoding transformation that has been applied to
a resource. Content codings are primarily used to allow a document to be compressed or
encrypted without losing the identity of its underlying media type. Typically, the resource is
stored in this encoding and only decoded before rendering or analogous usage.

content-coding = "x-gzip" | "x-compress" | token

Note: For future compatibility, HTTP/1.0 applications should consider "gzip" and
"compress" to be equivalent to "x-gzip" and "x-compress", respectively.

All content-coding values are case-insensitive. HTTP/1.0 uses content-coding values in the
Content-Encoding (Section 10.3) header field. Although the value describes the content-coding,
what is more important is that it indicates what decoding mechanism will be required to remove
the encoding. Note that a single program may be capable of decoding multiple content-coding
formats. Two values are defined by this specification:

x-gzip

An encoding format produced by the file compression program "gzip" (GNU zip)
developed by Jean-loup Gailly. This format is typically a Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77) with
a 32 bit CRC.

x-compress

The encoding format produced by the file compression program "compress". This format
is an adaptive Lempel-Ziv-Welch coding (LZW).

Note: Use of program names for the identification of encoding formats is not
desirable and should be discouraged for future encodings. Their use here is
representative of historical practice, not good design.

The type, subtype, and parameter attribute names are case-insensitive. Parameter values may
or may not be case-sensitive, depending on the semantics of the parameter name. LWS must not
be generated between the type and subtype, nor between an attribute and its value. Upon receipt
of a media type with an unrecognized parameter, a user agent should treat the media type as if
the unrecognized parameter and its value were not present.

Some older HTTP applications do not recognize media type parameters. HTTP/1.0
applications should only use media type parameters when they are necessary to define the
content of a message.

Media-type values are registered with the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA [15]).
The media type registration process is outlined in RFC 1590 [13]. Use of non-registered media
types is discouraged.

Internet media types are registered with a canonical form. In general, an Entity-Body transferred
via HTTP must be represented in the appropriate canonical form prior to its transmission. If the
body has been encoded with a Content-Encoding, the underlying data should be in canonical
form prior to being encoded.

Media subtypes of the "text" type use CRLF as the text line break when in canonical form.
However, HTTP allows the transport of text media with plain CR or LF alone representing a line
break when used consistently within the Entity-Body. HTTP applications must accept CRLF, bare
CR, and bare LF as being representative of a line break in text media received via HTTP.

In addition, if the text media is represented in a character set that does not use octets 13 and 10
for CR and LF respectively, as is the case for some multi-byte character sets, HTTP allows the
use of whatever octet sequences are defined by that character set to represent the equivalent of
CR and LF for line breaks. This flexibility regarding line breaks applies only to text media in
the Entity-Body; a bare CR or LF should not be substituted for CRLF within any of the HTTP
control structures (such as header fields and multipart boundaries).

The "charset" parameter is used with some media types to define the character set (Section 3.4)
of the data. When no explicit charset parameter is provided by the sender, media subtypes of
the "text" type are defined to have a default charset value of "ISO-8859-1" when received via
HTTP. Data in character sets other than "ISO-8859-1" or its subsets must be labelled with an
appropriate charset value in order to be consistently interpreted by the recipient.

Note: Many current HTTP servers provide data using charsets other than
"ISO-8859-1" without proper labelling. This situation reduces interoperability and is
not recommended. To compensate for this, some HTTP user agents provide a
configuration option to allow the user to change the default interpretation of the
media type character set when no charset parameter is given.

MIME provides for a number of "multipart" types -- encapsulations of several entities within
a single message's Entity-Body. The multipart types registered by IANA [15] do not have any
special meaning for HTTP/1.0, though user agents may need to understand each type in order
to correctly interpret the purpose of each body-part. An HTTP user agent should follow the
same or similar behavior as a MIME user agent does upon receipt of a multipart type. HTTP
servers should not assume that all HTTP clients are prepared to handle multipart types.

All multipart types share a common syntax and must include a boundary parameter as part of
the media type value. The message body is itself a protocol element and must therefore use only
CRLF to represent line breaks between body-parts. Multipart body-parts may contain HTTP
header fields which are significant to the meaning of that part.

Product tokens are used to allow communicating applications to identify themselves via a
simple product token, with an optional slash and version designator. Most fields using product
tokens also allow subproducts which form a significant part of the application to be listed,
separated by whitespace. By convention, the products are listed in order of their significance
for identifying the application.

product = token ["/" product-version]
product-version = token

Examples:

User-Agent: CERN-LineMode/2.15 libwww/2.17b3
Server: Apache/0.8.4

Product tokens should be short and to the point -- use of them for advertizing or other
non-essential information is explicitly forbidden. Although any token character may appear in
a product-version, this token should only be used for a version identifier (i.e., successive versions
of the same product should only differ in the product-version portion of the product value).

Full-Request and Full-Response use the generic message format of RFC 822 [7] for transferring
entities. Both messages may include optional header fields (also known as "headers") and an
entity body. The entity body is separated from the headers by a null line (i.e., a line with nothing
preceding the CRLF).

HTTP header fields, which include General-Header (Section 4.3), Request-Header (Section 5.2),
Response-Header (Section 6.2), and Entity-Header (Section 7.1) fields, follow the same generic
format as that given in Section 3.1 of RFC 822 [7]. Each header field consists of a name
followed immediately by a colon (":"), a single space (SP) character, and the field value. Field
names are case-insensitive. Header fields can be extended over multiple lines by preceding
each extra line with at least one SP or HT, though this is not recommended.

HTTP-header = field-name ":" [ field-value ] CRLF

field-name = token
field-value = *( field-content | LWS )

field-content = <the OCTETs making up the field-value
and consisting of either *TEXT or combinations
of token, tspecials, and quoted-string>

The order in which header fields are received is not significant. However, it is "good practice"
to send General-Header fields first, followed by Request-Header or Response-Header fields prior
to the Entity-Header fields.

Multiple HTTP-header fields with the same field-name may be present in a message if and only
if the entire field-value for that header field is defined as a comma-separated list [i.e., #(values)].
It must be possible to combine the multiple header fields into one "field-name: field-value" pair,
without changing the semantics of the message, by appending each subsequent field-value to
the first, each separated by a comma.

There are a few header fields which have general applicability for both request and response
messages, but which do not apply to the entity being transferred. These headers apply only to
the message being transmitted.

General header field names can be extended reliably only in combination with a change in the
protocol version. However, new or experimental header fields may be given the semantics of
general header fields if all parties in the communication recognize them to be general header
fields. Unrecognized header fields are treated as Entity-Header fields.

A request message from a client to a server includes, within the first line of that message, the
method to be applied to the resource, the identifier of the resource, and the protocol version in
use. For backwards compatibility with the more limited HTTP/0.9 protocol, there are two valid
formats for an HTTP request:

The Request-Line begins with a method token, followed by the Request-URI and the protocol
version, and ending with CRLF. The elements are separated by SP characters.
No CR or LF are allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.

Request-Line = Method SP Request-URI SP HTTP-Version CRLF

Note that the difference between a Simple-Request and the Request-Line of a Full-Request is the
presence of the HTTP-Version field and the availability of methods other than GET.

The list of methods acceptable by a specific resource can change dynamically; the client is
notified through the return code of the response if a method is not allowed on a resource.
Servers should return the status code 501 (not implemented) if the method is unrecognized or
not implemented.

The methods commonly used by HTTP/1.0 applications are fully defined in Section 8.

The Request-URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier (Section 3.2) and identifies the resource upon
which to apply the request.

Request-URI = absoluteURI | abs_path

The two options for Request-URI are dependent on the nature of the request.

The absoluteURI form is only allowed when the request is being made to a proxy. The proxy is
requested to forward the request and return the response. If the request is GET or HEAD and a
prior response is cached, the proxy may use the cached message if it passes any restrictions in
the Expires header field. Note that the proxy may forward the request on to another proxy or
directly to the server specified by the absoluteURI. In order to avoid request loops, a proxy must
be able to recognize all of its server names, including any aliases, local variations, and the
numeric IP address. An example Request-Line would be:

GET /TheProject.html HTTP/1.0

The most common form of Request-URI is that used to identify a resource on an origin server
or gateway. In this case, only the absolute path of the URI is transmitted (see Section 3.2.1,
abs_path). For example, a client wishing to retrieve the resource above directly from the origin
server would create a TCP connection to port 80 of the host "www.w3.org" and send the line:

GET /pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.0

followed by the remainder of the Full-Request. Note that the absolute path cannot be empty; if
none is present in the original URI, it must be given as "/" (the server root).

The Request-URI is transmitted as an encoded string, where some characters may be escaped
using the "% HEX HEX" encoding defined by RFC 1738 [4]. The origin server must decode
the Request-URI in order to properly interpret the request.

The request header fields allow the client to pass additional information about the request, and
about the client itself, to the server. These fields act as request modifiers, with semantics
equivalent to the parameters on a programming language method (procedure) invocation.

Request-Header field names can be extended reliably only in combination with a change in the
protocol version. However, new or experimental header fields may be given the semantics of
request header fields if all parties in the communication recognize them to be request header
fields. Unrecognized header fields are treated as Entity-Header fields.

A Simple-Response should only be sent in response to an HTTP/0.9 Simple-Request or if the
server only supports the more limited HTTP/0.9 protocol. If a client sends an HTTP/1.0
Full-Request and receives a response that does not begin with a Status-Line, it should assume that
the response is a Simple-Response and parse it accordingly. Note that the Simple-Response
consists only of the entity body and is terminated by the server closing the connection.

The first line of a Full-Response message is the Status-Line, consisting of the protocol version
followed by a numeric status code and its associated textual phrase, with each element
separated by SP characters. No CR or LF is allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.

Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF

Since a status line always begins with the protocol version and status code

"HTTP/" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT SP 3DIGIT SP

(e.g., "HTTP/1.0 200 "), the presence of that expression is sufficient to differentiate a
Full-Response from a Simple-Response. Although the Simple-Response format may allow such
an expression to occur at the beginning of an entity body, and thus cause a misinterpretation of
the message if it was given in response to a Full-Request, most HTTP/0.9 servers are limited to
responses of type "text/html" and therefore would never generate such a response.

The Status-Code element is a 3-digit integer result code of the attempt to understand and satisfy
the request. The Reason-Phrase is intended to give a short textual description of the Status-Code.
The Status-Code is intended for use by automata and the Reason-Phrase is intended for the
human user. The client is not required to examine or display the Reason-Phrase.

The first digit of the Status-Code defines the class of response. The last two digits do not have
any categorization role. There are 5 values for the first digit:

The individual values of the numeric status codes defined for HTTP/1.0, and an example set of
corresponding Reason-Phrase's, are presented below. The reason phrases listed here are only
recommended -- they may be replaced by local equivalents without affecting the protocol.
These codes are fully defined in Section 9.

HTTP status codes are extensible, but the above codes are the only ones generally recognized
in current practice. HTTP applications are not required to understand the meaning of all
registered status codes, though such understanding is obviously desirable. However,
applications must understand the class of any status code, as indicated by the first digit, and
treat any unrecognized response as being equivalent to the x00 status code of that class, with
the exception that an unrecognized response must not be cached. For example, if an
unrecognized status code of 431 is received by the client, it can safely assume that there was
something wrong with its request and treat the response as if it had received a 400 status code.
In such cases, user agents should present to the user the entity returned with the response, since
that entity is likely to include human-readable information which will explain the unusual
status.

The response header fields allow the server to pass additional information about the response
which cannot be placed in the Status-Line. These header fields give information about the server
and about further access to the resource identified by the Request-URI.

Response-Header field names can be extended reliably only in combination with a change in the
protocol version. However, new or experimental header fields may be given the semantics of
response header fields if all parties in the communication recognize them to be response header
fields. Unrecognized header fields are treated as Entity-Header fields.

Full-Request and Full-Response messages may transfer an entity within some requests and
responses. An entity consists of Entity-Header fields and (usually) an Entity-Body. In this section,
both sender and recipient refer to either the client or the server, depending on who sends and
who receives the entity.

The extension-header mechanism allows additional Entity-Header fields to be defined without
changing the protocol, but these fields cannot be assumed to be recognizable by the recipient.
Unrecognized header fields should be ignored by the recipient and forwarded by proxies.

The entity body (if any) sent with an HTTP request or response is in a format and encoding
defined by the Entity-Header fields.

Entity-Body = *OCTET

An entity body is included with a request message only when the request method calls for one.
The presence of an entity body in a request is signaled by the inclusion of a Content-Length
header field in the request message headers. HTTP/1.0 requests containing an entity body must
include a valid Content-Length header field.

For response messages, whether or not an entity body is included with a message is dependent
on both the request method and the response code. All responses to the HEAD request method
must not include a body, even though the presence of entity header fields may lead one to
believe they do. All 1xx (informational), 204 (no content), and 304 (not modified) responses
must not include a body. All other responses must include an entity body or a Content-Length
header field defined with a value of zero (0).

When an Entity-Body is included with a message, the data type of that body is determined via
the header fields Content-Type and Content-Encoding. These define a two-layer, ordered
encoding model:

entity-body := Content-Encoding( Content-Type( data ) )

A Content-Type specifies the media type of the underlying data. A Content-Encoding may be used
to indicate any additional content coding applied to the type, usually for the purpose of data
compression, that is a property of the resource requested. The default for the content encoding
is none (i.e., the identity function).

Any HTTP/1.0 message containing an entity body should include a Content-Type header field
defining the media type of that body. If and only if the media type is not given by a Content-Type
header, as is the case for Simple-Response messages, the recipient may attempt to guess the
media type via inspection of its content and/or the name extension(s) of the URL used to
identify the resource. If the media type remains unknown, the recipient should treat it as type
"application/octet-stream".

When an Entity-Body is included with a message, the length of that body may be determined in
one of two ways. If a Content-Length header field is present, its value in bytes represents the
length of the Entity-Body. Otherwise, the body length is determined by the closing of the
connection by the server.

Closing the connection cannot be used to indicate the end of a request body, since it leaves no
possibility for the server to send back a response. Therefore, HTTP/1.0 requests containing an
entity body must include a valid Content-Length header field. If a request contains an entity body
and Content-Length is not specified, and the server does not recognize or cannot calculate the
length from other fields, then the server should send a 400 (bad request) response.

Note: Some older servers supply an invalid Content-Length when sending a
document that contains server-side includes dynamically inserted into the data
stream. It must be emphasized that this will not be tolerated by future versions of
HTTP. Unless the client knows that it is receiving a response from a compliant server,
it should not depend on the Content-Length value being correct.

The set of common methods for HTTP/1.0 is defined below. Although this set can be expanded,
additional methods cannot be assumed to share the same semantics for separately extended
clients and servers.

The GET method means retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by
the Request-URI. If the Request-URI refers to a data-producing process, it is the produced data
which shall be returned as the entity in the response and not the source text of the process,
unless that text happens to be the output of the process.

The semantics of the GET method changes to a "conditional GET" if the request message
includes an If-Modified-Since header field. A conditional GET method requests that the identified
resource be transferred only if it has been modified since the date given by the If-Modified-Since
header, as described in Section 10.9. The conditional GET method is intended to reduce
network usage by allowing cached entities to be refreshed without requiring multiple requests
or transferring unnecessary data.

The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server must not return any Entity-Body in
the response. The metainformation contained in the HTTP headers in response to a HEAD
request should be identical to the information sent in response to a GET request. This method
can be used for obtaining metainformation about the resource identified by the Request-URI
without transferring the Entity-Body itself. This method is often used for testing hypertext links
for validity, accessibility, and recent modification.

There is no "conditional HEAD" request analogous to the conditional GET. If an If-Modified-Since
header field is included with a HEAD request, it should be ignored.

The POST method is used to request that the destination server accept the entity enclosed in the
request as a new subordinate of the resource identified by the Request-URI in the Request-Line.
POST is designed to allow a uniform method to cover the following functions:

Annotation of existing resources;

Posting a message to a bulletin board, newsgroup, mailing list, or similar group of
articles;

Providing a block of data, such as the result of submitting a form [3], to a data-handling
process;

Extending a database through an append operation.

The actual function performed by the POST method is determined by the server and is usually
dependent on the Request-URI. The posted entity is subordinate to that URI in the same way
that a file is subordinate to a directory containing it, a news article is subordinate to a
newsgroup to which it is posted, or a record is subordinate to a database.

A successful POST does not require that the entity be created as a resource on the origin server
or made accessible for future reference. That is, the action performed by the POST method
might not result in a resource that can be identified by a URI. In this case, either 200 (ok) or
204 (no content) is the appropriate response status, depending on whether or not the response
includes an entity that describes the result.

If a resource has been created on the origin server, the response should be 201 (created) and
contain an entity (preferably of type "text/html") which describes the status of the request and
refers to the new resource.

A valid Content-Length is required on all HTTP/1.0 POST requests. An HTTP/1.0 server should
respond with a 400 (bad request) message if it cannot determine the length of the request
message's content.

Applications must not cache responses to a POST request because the application has no way
of knowing that the server would return an equivalent response on some future request.

This class of status code indicates a provisional response, consisting only of the Status-Line and
optional headers, and is terminated by an empty line. HTTP/1.0 does not define any 1xx status
codes and they are not a valid response to a HTTP/1.0 request. However, they may be useful
for experimental applications which are outside the scope of this specification.

The request has been fulfilled and resulted in a new resource being created. The newly created
resource can be referenced by the URI(s) returned in the entity of the response. The origin
server should create the resource before using this Status-Code. If the action cannot be carried
out immediately, the server must include in the response body a description of when the
resource will be available; otherwise, the server should respond with 202 (accepted).

Of the methods defined by this specification, only POST can create a resource.

The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The
request may or may not eventually be acted upon, as it may be disallowed when processing
actually takes place. There is no facility for re-sending a status code from an asynchronous
operation such as this.

The 202 response is intentionally non-committal. Its purpose is to allow a server to accept a
request for some other process (perhaps a batch-oriented process that is only run once per day)
without requiring that the user agent's connection to the server persist until the process is
completed. The entity returned with this response should include an indication of the request's
current status and either a pointer to a status monitor or some estimate of when the user can
expect the request to be fulfilled.

The server has fulfilled the request but there is no new information to send back. If the client is
a user agent, it should not change its document view from that which caused the request to be
generated. This response is primarily intended to allow input for scripts or other actions to take
place without causing a change to the user agent's active document view. The response may
include new metainformation in the form of entity headers, which should apply to the
document currently in the user agent's active view.

This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order
to fulfill the request. The action required may be carried out by the user agent without
interaction with the user if and only if the method used in the subsequent request is GET or
HEAD. A user agent should never automatically redirect a request more than 5 times, since such
redirections usually indicate an infinite loop.

This response code is not directly used by HTTP/1.0 applications, but serves as the default for
interpreting the 3xx class of responses.

The requested resource is available at one or more locations. Unless it was a HEAD request, the
response should include an entity containing a list of resource characteristics and locations
from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. If the server has a
preferred choice, it should include the URL in a Location field; user agents may use this field
value for automatic redirection.

The requested resource has been assigned a new permanent URL and any future references to
this resource should be done using that URL. Clients with link editing capabilities should
automatically relink references to the Request-URI to the new reference returned by the server,
where possible.

The new URL must be given by the Location field in the response. Unless it was a HEAD request,
the Entity-Body of the response should contain a short note with a hyperlink to the new URL.

If the 301 status code is received in response to a request using the POST method, the user agent
must not automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this
might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

Note: When automatically redirecting a POST request after receiving a 301 status
code, some existing user agents will erroneously change it into a GET request.

The requested resource resides temporarily under a different URL. Since the redirection may
be altered on occasion, the client should continue to use the Request-URI for future requests.

The URL must be given by the Location field in the response. Unless it was a HEAD request, the
Entity-Body of the response should contain a short note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

If the 302 status code is received in response to a request using the POST method, the user agent
must not automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this
might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

Note: When automatically redirecting a POST request after receiving a 302 status
code, some existing user agents will erroneously change it into a GET request.

If the client has performed a conditional GET request and access is allowed, but the document
has not been modified since the date and time specified in the If-Modified-Since field, the server
must respond with this status code and not send an Entity-Body to the client. Header fields
contained in the response should only include information which is relevant to cache managers
or which may have changed independently of the entity's Last-Modified date. Examples of
relevant header fields include: Date, Server, and Expires. A cache should update its cached entity
to reflect any new field values given in the 304 response.

The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred. If the
client has not completed the request when a 4xx code is received, it should immediately cease
sending data to the server. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should
include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary
or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method.

Note: If the client is sending data, server implementations on TCP should be careful
to ensure that the client acknowledges receipt of the packet(s) containing the response
prior to closing the input connection. If the client continues sending data to the server
after the close, the server's controller will send a reset packet to the client, which may
erase the client's unacknowledged input buffers before they can be read and
interpreted by the HTTP application.

The request requires user authentication. The response must include a WWW-Authenticate
header field (Section 10.16) containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. The
client may repeat the request with a suitable Authorization header field (Section 10.2). If the
request already included Authorization credentials, then the 401 response indicates that
authorization has been refused for those credentials. If the 401 response contains the same
challenge as the prior response, and the user agent has already attempted authentication at least
once, then the user should be presented the entity that was given in the response, since that
entity may include relevant diagnostic information. HTTP access authentication is explained
in Section 11.

The server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfill it. Authorization will not help and
the request should not be repeated. If the request method was not HEAD and the server wishes
to make public why the request has not been fulfilled, it should describe the reason for the
refusal in the entity body. This status code is commonly used when the server does not wish to
reveal exactly why the request has been refused, or when no other response is applicable.

The server has not found anything matching the Request-URI. No indication is given of whether
the condition is temporary or permanent. If the server does not wish to make this information
available to the client, the status code 403 (forbidden) can be used instead.

Response status codes beginning with the digit "5" indicate cases in which the server is aware
that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request. If the client has not completed the
request when a 5xx code is received, it should immediately cease sending data to the server.
Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should include an entity containing an
explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These
response codes are applicable to any request method and there are no required header fields.

The server does not support the functionality required to fulfill the request. This is the
appropriate response when the server does not recognize the request method and is not capable
of supporting it for any resource.

The server is currently unable to handle the request due to a temporary overloading or
maintenance of the server. The implication is that this is a temporary condition which will be
alleviated after some delay.

Note: The existence of the 503 status code does not imply that a server must use it
when becoming overloaded. Some servers may wish to simply refuse the connection.

This section defines the syntax and semantics of all commonly used HTTP/1.0 header fields.
For general and entity header fields, both sender and recipient refer to either the client or the
server, depending on who sends and who receives the message.

The Allow entity-header field lists the set of methods supported by the resource identified by the
Request-URI. The purpose of this field is strictly to inform the recipient of valid methods
associated with the resource. The Allow header field is not permitted in a request using the POST
method, and thus should be ignored if it is received as part of a POST entity.

Allow = "Allow" ":" 1#method

Example of use:

Allow: GET, HEAD

This field cannot prevent a client from trying other methods. However, the indications given by
the Allow header field value should be followed. The actual set of allowed methods is defined
by the origin server at the time of each request.

A proxy must not modify the Allow header field even if it does not understand all the methods
specified, since the user agent may have other means of communicating with the origin server.

The Allow header field does not indicate what methods are implemented by the server.

A user agent that wishes to authenticate itself with a server--usually, but not necessarily, after
receiving a 401 response--may do so by including an Authorization request-header field with
the request. The Authorization field value consists of credentials containing the authentication
information of the user agent for the realm of the resource being requested.

Authorization = "Authorization" ":" credentials

HTTP access authentication is described in Section 11. If a request is authenticated and a realm
specified, the same credentials should be valid for all other requests within this realm.

Responses to requests containing an Authorization field are not cachable.

The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the media-type. When present,
its value indicates what additional content coding has been applied to the resource, and thus
what decoding mechanism must be applied in order to obtain the media-type referenced by the
Content-Type header field. The Content-Encoding is primarily used to allow a document to be
compressed without losing the identity of its underlying media type.

The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the Entity-Body, in decimal number
of octets, sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method, the size of the Entity-Body that
would have been sent had the request been a GET.

Content-Length = "Content-Length" ":" 1*DIGIT

An example is

Content-Length: 3495

Applications should use this field to indicate the size of the Entity-Body to be transferred,
regardless of the media type of the entity. A valid Content-Length field value is required on all
HTTP/1.0 request messages containing an entity body.

Any Content-Length greater than or equal to zero is a valid value. Section 7.2.2 describes how
to determine the length of a response entity body if a Content-Length is not given.

Note: The meaning of this field is significantly different from the corresponding
definition in MIME, where it is an optional field used within the
"message/external-body" content-type. In HTTP, it should be used whenever the
entity's length can be determined prior to being transferred.

The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of the Entity-Body sent to the
recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method, the media type that would have been sent had the
request been a GET.

The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which the message was originated,
having the same semantics as orig-date in RFC 822. The field value is an HTTP-date, as
described in Section 3.3.

Date = "Date" ":" HTTP-date

An example is

Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT

If a message is received via direct connection with the user agent (in the case of requests) or
the origin server (in the case of responses), then the date can be assumed to be the current date
at the receiving end. However, since the date--as it is believed by the origin--is important for
evaluating cached responses, origin servers should always include a Date header. Clients should
only send a Date header field in messages that include an entity body, as in the case of the POST
request, and even then it is optional. A received message which does not have a Date header
field should be assigned one by the recipient if the message will be cached by that recipient or
gatewayed via a protocol which requires a Date.

In theory, the date should represent the moment just before the entity is generated. In practice,
the date can be generated at any time during the message origination without affecting its
semantic value.

Note: An earlier version of this document incorrectly specified that this field should
contain the creation date of the enclosed Entity-Body. This has been changed to reflect
actual (and proper) usage.

The Expires entity-header field gives the date/time after which the entity should be considered
stale. This allows information providers to suggest the volatility of the resource, or a date after
which the information may no longer be valid. Applications must not cache this entity beyond
the date given. The presence of an Expires field does not imply that the original resource will
change or cease to exist at, before, or after that time. However, information providers that know
or even suspect that a resource will change by a certain date should include an Expires header
with that date. The format is an absolute date and time as defined by HTTP-date in Section 3.3.

Expires = "Expires" ":" HTTP-date

An example of its use is

Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT

If the date given is equal to or earlier than the value of the Date header, the recipient must not
cache the enclosed entity. If a resource is dynamic by nature, as is the case with many
data-producing processes, entities from that resource should be given an appropriate Expires
value which reflects that dynamism.

The Expires field cannot be used to force a user agent to refresh its display or reload a resource;
its semantics apply only to caching mechanisms, and such mechanisms need only check a
resource's expiration status when a new request for that resource is initiated.

User agents often have history mechanisms, such as "Back" buttons and history lists, which can
be used to redisplay an entity retrieved earlier in a session. By default, the Expires field does not
apply to history mechanisms. If the entity is still in storage, a history mechanism should display
it even if the entity has expired, unless the user has specifically configured the agent to refresh
expired history documents.

Note: Applications are encouraged to be tolerant of bad or misinformed
implementations of the Expires header. A value of zero (0) or an invalid date format
should be considered equivalent to an "expires immediately." Although these values
are not legitimate for HTTP/1.0, a robust implementation is always desirable.

The From request-header field, if given, should contain an Internet e-mail address for the human
user who controls the requesting user agent. The address should be machine-usable, as defined
by mailbox in RFC 822 [7] (as updated by RFC 1123 [6]):

From = "From" ":" mailbox

An example is:

From: webmaster@w3.org

This header field may be used for logging purposes and as a means for identifying the source
of invalid or unwanted requests. It should not be used as an insecure form of access protection.
The interpretation of this field is that the request is being performed on behalf of the person
given, who accepts responsibility for the method performed. In particular, robot agents should
include this header so that the person responsible for running the robot can be contacted if
problems occur on the receiving end.

The Internet e-mail address in this field may be separate from the Internet host which issued
the request. For example, when a request is passed through a proxy, the original issuer's address
should be used.

Note: The client should not send the From header field without the user's approval, as
it may conflict with the user's privacy interests or their site's security policy. It is
strongly recommended that the user be able to disable, enable, and modify the value
of this field at any time prior to a request.

The If-Modified-Since request-header field is used with the GET method to make it conditional:
if the requested resource has not been modified since the time specified in this field, a copy of
the resource will not be returned from the server; instead, a 304 (not modified) response will
be returned without any Entity-Body.

If-Modified-Since = "If-Modified-Since" ":" HTTP-date

An example of the field is:

If-Modified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT

A conditional GET method requests that the identified resource be transferred only if it has been
modified since the date given by the If-Modified-Since header. The algorithm for determining this
includes the following cases:

a)

If the request would normally result in anything other than a 200 (ok) status, or if
the passed If-Modified-Since date is invalid, the response is exactly the same as for a
normal GET. A date which is later than the server's current time is invalid.

b)

If the resource has been modified since the If-Modified-Since date, the response is
exactly the same as for a normal GET.

c)

If the resource has not been modified since a valid If-Modified-Since date, the server
shall return a 304 (not modified) response.

The purpose of this feature is to allow efficient updates of cached information with a minimum
amount of transaction overhead.

The Last-Modified entity-header field indicates the date and time at which the sender believes
the resource was last modified. The exact semantics of this field are defined in terms of how the
recipient should interpret it: if the recipient has a copy of this resource which is older than the
date given by the Last-Modified field, that copy should be considered stale.

Last-Modified = "Last-Modified" ":" HTTP-date

An example of its use is

Last-Modified: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 12:45:26 GMT

The exact meaning of this header field depends on the implementation of the sender and the
nature of the original resource. For files, it may be just the file system last-modified time. For
entities with dynamically included parts, it may be the most recent of the set of last-modify
times for its component parts. For database gateways, it may be the last-update timestamp of
the record. For virtual objects, it may be the last time the internal state changed.

An origin server must not send a Last-Modified date which is later than the server's time of
message origination. In such cases, where the resource's last modification would indicate some
time in the future, the server must replace that date with the message origination date.

The Location response-header field defines the exact location of the resource that was identified
by the Request-URI. For 3xx responses, the location must indicate the server's preferred URL
for automatic redirection to the resource. Only one absolute URL is allowed.

The Pragma general-header field is used to include implementation-specific directives that may
apply to any recipient along the request/response chain. All pragma directives specify optional
behavior from the viewpoint of the protocol; however, some systems may require that behavior
be consistent with the directives.

When the "no-cache" directive is present in a request message, an application should forward
the request toward the origin server even if it has a cached copy of what is being requested. This
allows a client to insist upon receiving an authoritative response to its request. It also allows a
client to refresh a cached copy which is known to be corrupted or stale.

Pragma directives must be passed through by a proxy or gateway application, regardless of
their significance to that application, since the directives may be applicable to all recipients
along the request/response chain. It is not possible to specify a pragma for a specific recipient;
however, any pragma directive not relevant to a recipient should be ignored by that recipient.

The Referer request-header field allows the client to specify, for the server's benefit, the address
(URI) of the resource from which the Request-URI was obtained. This allows a server to
generate lists of back-links to resources for interest, logging, optimized caching, etc. It also
allows obsolete or mistyped links to be traced for maintenance. The Referer field must not be
sent if the Request-URI was obtained from a source that does not have its own URI, such as input
from the user keyboard.

Referer = "Referer" ":" ( absoluteURI | relativeURI )

Example:

Referer: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/Overview.html

If a partial URI is given, it should be interpreted relative to the Request-URI. The URI must not
include a fragment.

Note: Because the source of a link may be private information or may reveal an
otherwise private information source, it is strongly recommended that the user be
able to select whether or not the Referer field is sent. For example, a browser client
could have a toggle switch for browsing openly/anonymously, which would
respectively enable/disable the sending of Referer and From information.

The Server response-header field contains information about the software used by the origin
server to handle the request. The field can contain multiple product tokens (Section 3.7) and
comments identifying the server and any significant subproducts. By convention, the product
tokens are listed in order of their significance for identifying the application.

Server = "Server" ":" 1*( product | comment )

Example:

Server: CERN/3.0 libwww/2.17

If the response is being forwarded through a proxy, the proxy application must not add its data
to the product list.

Note: Revealing the specific software version of the server may allow the server
machine to become more vulnerable to attacks against software that is known to
contain security holes. Server implementors are encouraged to make this field a
configurable option.

Note: Some existing servers fail to restrict themselves to the product token syntax
within the Server field.

The User-Agent request-header field contains information about the user agent originating the
request. This is for statistical purposes, the tracing of protocol violations, and automated
recognition of user agents for the sake of tailoring responses to avoid particular user agent
limitations. Although it is not required, user agents should include this field with requests. The
field can contain multiple product tokens (Section 3.7) and comments identifying the agent and
any subproducts which form a significant part of the user agent. By convention, the product
tokens are listed in order of their significance for identifying the application.

User-Agent = "User-Agent" ":" 1*( product | comment )

Example:

User-Agent: CERN-LineMode/2.15 libwww/2.17b3

Note: Some current proxy applications append their product information to the list in
the User-Agent field. This is not recommended, since it makes machine interpretation
of these fields ambiguous.

Note: Some existing clients fail to restrict themselves to the product token syntax
within the User-Agent field.

The WWW-Authenticate response-header field must be included in 401 (unauthorized) response
messages. The field value consists of at least one challenge that indicates the authentication
scheme(s) and parameters applicable to the Request-URI.

WWW-Authenticate = "WWW-Authenticate" ":" 1#challenge

The HTTP access authentication process is described in Section 11. User agents must take
special care in parsing the WWW-Authenticate field value if it contains more than one challenge,
or if more than one WWW-Authenticate header field is provided, since the contents of a challenge
may itself contain a comma-separated list of authentication parameters.

HTTP provides a simple challenge-response authentication mechanism which may be used by
a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information. It
uses an extensible, case-insensitive token to identify the authentication scheme, followed by a
comma-separated list of attribute-value pairs which carry the parameters necessary for
achieving authentication via that scheme.

auth-scheme = token

auth-param = token "=" quoted-string

The 401 (unauthorized) response message is used by an origin server to challenge the
authorization of a user agent. This response must include a WWW-Authenticate header field
containing at least one challenge applicable to the requested resource.

challenge = auth-scheme 1*SP realm *( "," auth-param )

realm = "realm" "=" realm-value
realm-value = quoted-string

The realm attribute (case-insensitive) is required for all authentication schemes which issue a
challenge. The realm value (case-sensitive), in combination with the canonical root URL of the
server being accessed, defines the protection space. These realms allow the protected resources
on a server to be partitioned into a set of protection spaces, each with its own authentication
scheme and/or authorization database. The realm value is a string, generally assigned by the
origin server, which may have additional semantics specific to the authentication scheme.

A user agent that wishes to authenticate itself with a server--usually, but not necessarily, after
receiving a 401 response--may do so by including an Authorization header field with the
request. The Authorization field value consists of credentials containing the authentication
information of the user agent for the realm of the resource being requested.

credentials = basic-credentials
| ( auth-scheme #auth-param )

The domain over which credentials can be automatically applied by a user agent is determined
by the protection space. If a prior request has been authorized, the same credentials may be
reused for all other requests within that protection space for a period of time determined by the
authentication scheme, parameters, and/or user preference. Unless otherwise defined by the
authentication scheme, a single protection space cannot extend outside the scope of its server.

If the server does not wish to accept the credentials sent with a request, it should return a 403
(forbidden) response.

The HTTP protocol does not restrict applications to this simple challenge-response mechanism
for access authentication. Additional mechanisms may be used, such as encryption at the
transport level or via message encapsulation, and with additional header fields specifying
authentication information. However, these additional mechanisms are not defined by this
specification.

Proxies must be completely transparent regarding user agent authentication. That is, they must
forward the WWW-Authenticate and Authorization headers untouched, and must not cache the
response to a request containing Authorization. HTTP/1.0 does not provide a means for a client
to be authenticated with a proxy.

The "basic" authentication scheme is based on the model that the user agent must authenticate
itself with a user-ID and a password for each realm. The realm value should be considered an
opaque string which can only be compared for equality with other realms on that server. The
server will authorize the request only if it can validate the user-ID and password for the
protection space of the Request-URI. There are no optional authentication parameters.

Upon receipt of an unauthorized request for a URI within the protection space, the server
should respond with a challenge like the following:

WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="WallyWorld"

where "WallyWorld" is the string assigned by the server to identify the protection space of the
Request-URI.

To receive authorization, the client sends the user-ID and password, separated by a single colon
(":") character, within a base64 [5] encoded string in the credentials.

If the user agent wishes to send the user-ID "Aladdin" and password "open sesame", it would
use the following header field:

Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==

The basic authentication scheme is a non-secure method of filtering unauthorized access to
resources on an HTTP server. It is based on the assumption that the connection between the
client and the server can be regarded as a trusted carrier. As this is not generally true on an open
network, the basic authentication scheme should be used accordingly. In spite of this, clients
should implement the scheme in order to communicate with servers that use it.

This section is meant to inform application developers, information providers, and users of the
security limitations in HTTP/1.0 as described by this document. The discussion does not
include definitive solutions to the problems revealed, though it does make some suggestions for
reducing security risks.

As mentioned in Section 11.1, the Basic authentication scheme is not a secure method of user
authentication, nor does it prevent the Entity-Body from being transmitted in clear text across the
physical network used as the carrier. HTTP/1.0 does not prevent additional authentication
schemes and encryption mechanisms from being employed to increase security.

The writers of client software should be aware that the software represents the user in their
interactions over the Internet, and should be careful to allow the user to be aware of any actions
they may take which may have an unexpected significance to themselves or others.

In particular, the convention has been established that the GET and HEAD methods should never
have the significance of taking an action other than retrieval. These methods should be
considered "safe." This allows user agents to represent other methods, such as POST, in a
special way, so that the user is made aware of the fact that a possibly unsafe action is being
requested.

Naturally, it is not possible to ensure that the server does not generate side-effects as a result of
performing a GET request; in fact, some dynamic resources consider that a feature. The
important distinction here is that the user did not request the side-effects, so therefore cannot
be held accountable for them.

A server is in the position to save personal data about a user's requests which may identify their
reading patterns or subjects of interest. This information is clearly confidential in nature and its
handling may be constrained by law in certain countries. People using the HTTP protocol to
provide data are responsible for ensuring that such material is not distributed without the
permission of any individuals that are identifiable by the published results.

Like any generic data transfer protocol, HTTP cannot regulate the content of the data that is
transferred, nor is there any a priori method of determining the sensitivity of any particular
piece of information within the context of any given request. Therefore, applications should
supply as much control over this information as possible to the provider of that information.
Three header fields are worth special mention in this context: Server, Referer and From.

Revealing the specific software version of the server may allow the server machine to become
more vulnerable to attacks against software that is known to contain security holes.
Implementors should make the Server header field a configurable option.

The Referer field allows reading patterns to be studied and reverse links drawn. Although it can
be very useful, its power can be abused if user details are not separated from the information
contained in the Referer. Even when the personal information has been removed, the Referer
field may indicate a private document's URI whose publication would be inappropriate.

The information sent in the From field might conflict with the user's privacy interests or their
site's security policy, and hence it should not be transmitted without the user being able to
disable, enable, and modify the contents of the field. The user must be able to set the contents
of this field within a user preference or application defaults configuration.

We suggest, though do not require, that a convenient toggle interface be provided for the user
to enable or disable the sending of From and Referer information.

Implementations of HTTP origin servers should be careful to restrict the documents returned
by HTTP requests to be only those that were intended by the server administrators. If an HTTP
server translates HTTP URIs directly into file system calls, the server must take special care
not to serve files that were not intended to be delivered to HTTP clients. For example, Unix,
Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems use ".." as a path component to indicate a
directory level above the current one. On such a system, an HTTP server must disallow any
such construct in the Request-URI if it would otherwise allow access to a resource outside those
intended to be accessible via the HTTP server. Similarly, files intended for reference only
internally to the server (such as access control files, configuration files, and script code) must
be protected from inappropriate retrieval, since they might contain sensitive information.
Experience has shown that minor bugs in such HTTP server implementations have turned into
security risks.

This specification makes heavy use of the augmented BNF and generic constructs defined by
David H. Crocker for RFC 822 [7]. Similarly, it reuses many of the definitions provided by
Nathaniel Borenstein and Ned Freed for MIME [5]. We hope that their inclusion in this
specification will help reduce past confusion over the relationship between HTTP/1.0 and
Internet mail message formats.

The HTTP protocol has evolved considerably over the past four years. It has benefited from a
large and active developer community--the many people who have participated on the
www-talk mailing list--and it is that community which has been most responsible for the
success of HTTP and of the World-Wide Web in general. Marc Andreessen, Robert Cailliau,
Daniel W. Connolly, Bob Denny, Jean-Francois Groff, Phillip M. Hallam-Baker, Håkon W. Lie,
Ari Luotonen, Rob McCool, Lou Montulli, Dave Raggett, Tony Sanders, and
Marc VanHeyningen deserve special recognition for their efforts in defining aspects of the
protocol for early versions of this specification.

Paul Hoffman contributed sections regarding the informational status of this document and
Appendices C and D.

This document has benefited greatly from the comments of all those participating in the
HTTP-WG. In addition to those already mentioned, the following individuals have contributed
to this specification:

In addition to defining the HTTP/1.0 protocol, this document serves as the specification for the
Internet media type "message/http". The following is to be registered with IANA [13].

Media Type name: message
Media subtype name: http
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: version, msgtype
version: The HTTP-Version number of the enclosed message
(e.g., "1.0"). If not present, the version can be
determined from the first line of the body.
msgtype: The message type -- "request" or "response". If not
present, the type can be determined from the first
line of the body.
Encoding considerations: only "7bit", "8bit", or "binary" are
permitted
Security considerations: none

Although this document specifies the requirements for the generation of HTTP/1.0 messages,
not all applications will be correct in their implementation. We therefore recommend that
operational applications be tolerant of deviations whenever those deviations can be interpreted
unambiguously.

Clients should be tolerant in parsing the Status-Line and servers tolerant when parsing the
Request-Line. In particular, they should accept any amount of SP or HT characters between
fields, even though only a single SP is required.

The line terminator for HTTP-header fields is the sequence CRLF. However, we recommend that
applications, when parsing such headers, recognize a single LF as a line terminator and ignore
the leading CR.

HTTP/1.0 uses many of the constructs defined for Internet Mail (RFC 822 [7]) and the
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME [5]) to allow entities to be transmitted in an
open variety of representations and with extensible mechanisms. However, RFC 1521
discusses mail, and HTTP has a few features that are different than those described in
RFC 1521. These differences were carefully chosen to optimize performance over binary
connections, to allow greater freedom in the use of new media types, to make date comparisons
easier, and to acknowledge the practice of some early HTTP servers and clients.

At the time of this writing, it is expected that RFC 1521 will be revised. The revisions may
include some of the practices found in HTTP/1.0 but not in RFC 1521.

This appendix describes specific areas where HTTP differs from RFC 1521. Proxies and
gateways to strict MIME environments should be aware of these differences and provide the
appropriate conversions where necessary. Proxies and gateways from MIME environments to
HTTP also need to be aware of the differences because some conversions may be required.

RFC 1521 requires that an Internet mail entity be converted to canonical form prior to being
transferred, as described in Appendix G of RFC 1521 [5].
Section 3.6.1 of this document
describes the forms allowed for subtypes of the "text" media type when transmitted over HTTP.

RFC 1521 requires that content with a Content-Type of "text" represent line breaks as CRLF
and forbids the use of CR or LF outside of line break sequences. HTTP allows CRLF, bare CR,
and bare LF to indicate a line break within text content when a message is transmitted over
HTTP.

Where it is possible, a proxy or gateway from HTTP to a strict RFC 1521 environment should
translate all line breaks within the text media types described in Section 3.6.1 of this document
to the RFC 1521 canonical form of CRLF. Note, however, that this may be complicated by the
presence of a Content-Encoding and by the fact that HTTP allows the use of some character sets
which do not use octets 13 and 10 to represent CR and LF, as is the case for some multi-byte
character sets.

HTTP/1.0 uses a restricted set of date formats (Section 3.3) to simplify the process of date
comparison. Proxies and gateways from other protocols should ensure that any Date header
field present in a message conforms to one of the HTTP/1.0 formats and rewrite the date if
necessary.

RFC 1521 does not include any concept equivalent to HTTP/1.0's Content-Encoding header
field. Since this acts as a modifier on the media type, proxies and gateways from HTTP to
MIME-compliant protocols must either change the value of the Content-Type header field or
decode the Entity-Body before forwarding the message. (Some experimental applications of
Content-Type for Internet mail have used a media-type parameter of
";conversions=<content-coding>" to perform an equivalent function as
Content-Encoding. However, this parameter is not part of RFC 1521.)

HTTP does not use the Content-Transfer-Encoding (CTE) field of RFC 1521. Proxies and
gateways from MIME-compliant protocols to HTTP must remove any non-identity CTE
("quoted-printable" or "base64") encoding prior to delivering the response message to an
HTTP client.

Proxies and gateways from HTTP to MIME-compliant protocols are responsible for ensuring
that the message is in the correct format and encoding for safe transport on that protocol, where
"safe transport" is defined by the limitations of the protocol being used. Such a proxy or
gateway should label the data with an appropriate Content-Transfer-Encoding if doing so will
improve the likelihood of safe transport over the destination protocol.

In RFC 1521, most header fields in multipart body-parts are generally ignored unless the field
name begins with "Content-". In HTTP/1.0, multipart body-parts may contain any HTTP
header fields which are significant to the meaning of that part.

This appendix documents protocol elements used by some existing HTTP implementations,
but not consistently and correctly across most HTTP/1.0 applications. Implementors should be
aware of these features, but cannot rely upon their presence in, or interoperability with, other
HTTP/1.0 applications.

The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied Request-URI. If
the Request-URI refers to an already existing resource, the enclosed entity should be considered
as a modified version of the one residing on the origin server. If the Request-URI does not point
to an existing resource, and that URI is capable of being defined as a new resource by the
requesting user agent, the origin server can create the resource with that URI.

The fundamental difference between the POST and PUT requests is reflected in the different
meaning of the Request-URI. The URI in a POST request identifies the resource that will handle
the enclosed entity as data to be processed. That resource may be a data-accepting process, a
gateway to some other protocol, or a separate entity that accepts annotations. In contrast, the
URI in a PUT request identifies the entity enclosed with the request -- the user agent knows
what URI is intended and the server should not apply the request to some other resource.

The Accept request-header field can be used to indicate a list of media ranges which are
acceptable as a response to the request. The asterisk "*" character is used to group media types
into ranges, with "*/*" indicating all media types and "type/*" indicating all subtypes of that
type. The set of ranges given by the client should represent what types are acceptable given the
context of the request.

The Accept-Charset request-header field can be used to indicate a list of preferred character sets
other than the default US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1. This field allows clients capable of
understanding more comprehensive or special-purpose character sets to signal that capability
to a server which is capable of representing documents in those character sets.

The Content-Language entity-header field describes the natural language(s) of the intended
audience for the enclosed entity. Note that this may not be equivalent to all the languages used
within the entity.

The Link entity-header field provides a means for describing a relationship between the entity
and some other resource. An entity may include multiple Link values. Links at the
metainformation level typically indicate relationships like hierarchical structure and navigation
paths.

HTTP messages may include a single MIME-Version general-header field to indicate what
version of the MIME protocol was used to construct the message. Use of the MIME-Version
header field, as defined by RFC 1521 [5], should indicate that the message is
MIME-conformant. Unfortunately, some older HTTP/1.0 servers send it indiscriminately, and
thus this field should be ignored.

The Retry-After response-header field can be used with a 503 (service unavailable) response to
indicate how long the service is expected to be unavailable to the requesting client. The value
of this field can be either an HTTP-date or an integer number of seconds (in decimal) after the
time of the response.

The URI entity-header field may contain some or all of the Uniform Resource Identifiers
(Section 3.2) by which the Request-URI resource can be identified. There is no guarantee that
the resource can be accessed using the URI(s) specified.