CBSE NCERT Class IX (9th) | Social Studies | Economics

CHAPTER: 2. PEOPLE AS RESOURCE

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

Q.1. Why is domestic services of
house women not treated as economic activities?

Ans. Domestic Services by Women.
In India, most women generally look after domestic affairs like cooking of food,
washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, looking after children, etc. They are
not treated as economic / productive activities. This is mainly because of two reasons
:

(i)Such activities are performed out of love and
affection and hence their valuation is not possible.

(ii)They do not add to the flow of goods and services
in the economy.

Q.2. Are the following activities
economic or non-economic activities? Give reasons.

(a) Vilas sells fish in the village
market. (b) Vilas cooks food for his family.

(c) Sakal works in a private firm. (d) Sakal looks after his younger brother and sister.

Ans. (a) It is an economic activity,
as it involves remuneration.

(b)It is a non-economic activity, as it is a domestic
service.

(c)It is an economic activity, as it is done in expectation
of monetary reward.

(d)It is a non-economic activity, as it is done out
of love and affection.

Economic activities can be classified
into market activities and non-market activities.

1.Market activities involve remuneration to anyone
who performs the activity. These include production of goods and services for sale
in the market.

2.On the other hand, non-market activities are the
production activities performed for self-consumption. These include consumption
and processing of primary products and own account production of fixed assets.

Q.4. Differentiate between
voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Give an example.

Ans. a) A person is said to
be unemployed when he is able and willing to work at the prevailing wage rate but
does not find work. This is involuntary unemployment.

b) If some persons are voluntarily
unemployed (i.e., they prefer to remain out of work at prevailing wage rates) they
will not be treated as unemployed. This is voluntary unemployment.

Q.5.Discuss the factors responsible for the
distribution of population in India.

Ans. Physical factors like shape
and height of land, resources, climate etc. that affect distribution of population
in India like;

Shape and height of land : Low
land which is flat, e.g., Ganges valley in India.

Climate : Areas with moderate
temperature climates tend to be densely populated as there is enough rain and heat
to grow crops like U.K.

Human factors : Political, social
and economic factors also affect distribution of population in India like good job
opportunities encourage high population densities, particularly in large cities
like Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad having dense population. Countries with stable
governments tend to have high population density.

Q.6.Why is human resource the most important resource?
What steps can be taken to improve the quality of human resource? How does an improved
quality of human resource help in establishing a virtuous cycle?

Ans. Existing 'human resource'
is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, which adds to the productive
power of the country just like 'physical capital formation'. So human resource is
the most important resource.

Steps to be taken to improve
quality of human resource: Quality of human resource can be improved through
better education, food and health facilities. The quality of population depends
upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill
formation acquired by the people of the country.

Role of improved quality of
human resource in establishing a virtuous cycle:

Better contribution to productive
power of country: Existing human resource with good educational background can
acquire specific skills in a better way and can contribute to national productivity
more efficiently.

Higher earnings and greater contributions
to society: Improved quality of human resources can give higher rates of return
in future in the form of higher earnings and greater contributions to society.

Q.7.How does unemployment have a detrimental impact
on the overall growth of an economy?

Ans. Wastage of manpower resource
: In case of unemployment, manpower who is an asset for an economy turns
into liability because utilisation of manpower becomes nil.

Economic overload : Unemployment
tends to increase economic overload because dependence of unemployed on the working
population increases. So the quality of life is adversely affected.

Unemployment leads to social waste
: Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment
implies a great social waste. Increase in employment in an indicator of a depressed
economy.

Q.8.What is unemployment? Explain two types of
rural unemployment?

Ans. Unemployment is said to
exist when people who are willing to work at the prevailing wages rates cannot find
jobs. Unemployment in rural areas :

(i)Disguised unemployment : When more persons
are working in a job than actually required, the situation is termed as disguised
unemployment. For example, if in an agricultural activity eight people are engaged
but this work activity actually requires the services of five people, then three
persons are extra. It these three people out of eight are withdrawn, total production
will remain unaffected.

(ii)Seasonal Unemployment : Seasonal unemployment
occurs when people are able to find jobs only during some months of the year.
This kind of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector.

Ans. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
is the total number of children dying under one year of age in a particular period
of time. Infant Mortality Rate is decreasing due to following reasons :

(i)Increase in life expectancy due to improved medical
facilities.

(ii)Better protection of children from infection, ensuring
nutrition along with mother and child care.

Q.10. Explain in detail the disadvantages
of unemployment. Ans. Disadvantages of unemployment are :

(i)It leads to wastage of man power resources. It turns
the population into liability for economy instead of asset. It even fills the country's
youth with the feeling of hopelessness and despair.

(ii)It increases the economic load. The dependence of
unemployed on the working population increases. Due to unemployment which adversely
affects the quality of life of an individual as well as society.

(iii)It affects the overall growth of an economy. It indicates
a depressed economy and wastage of resources which could have been gainfully employed.

Q.11. Give three measures taken
by government to improve literacy condition in India.

Ans. (i) Opening of Navodaya
Vidyalayas : Government has started to estabish Navodaya Vidyalayas in each
district vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school
students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

(ii)Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan : It is a significant
step towards providing elementary education to all the children of age group 6-14
years. It is an initiative of the central government in partnership with states,
local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of
elementary education.

(iii)Mid-day Meal Scheme : It is a programme aimed
to encourage attendance and retention of children in schools and improve their nutritional
status.

Q.12. Suggest any three ways to
transform population load into an asset. Ans. The three ways to transform population
load into an asset are :

(i)To improve literacy rate : Education
provides new aspirations and developed values of life. Education helps in enhancing
the national income, cultural richness nad increases the efficiency of governance.

(ii)Health : The health of a person helps him
to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. Increase in longevity
of life in an indicator of good quality of life marked by self-confidence. It involves
protection of children from infection, ensuring nutrition and along with mother
and child care.

(iii)Formation of skills : Providing vocational
and skilled based education helps the people to get employment and therefore they
contribute to the national income later on.

D. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5
MARKS)

Q.1. How the investment in Human
Capital can be of immense importance for a society as a whole? State any four advantages.

Ans. Human Capital can be defined
as the knowledge, ability, skill and physical capactity of the people which help
them to produce more. Human beings can be turned into resources only if their qualitative
aspects are developed. Education and health are the major human resource inputs
of a country. Human capital is beneficial both individually as well as socially.

(i)Human capital contributes to the social development
of the country.

(ii)Human capital contributes to the economic development
of the country.

(iii)Human capital helps in proper utilisation of resources
available or imported in the country.

(iv)Human capital also contributes in the race of development
from an underdeveloped to a developed nation.

Q.2. Is it necessary to check population
growth?

Ans. India has vast manpower.
But she could not utilise this manpower for country’s economic development. Rather,
population growth has posed a big threat for the country. It needs to be controlled
without further delay. It has become a big hurdle in the way of country’s economic
development in the following ways :

(i) Despite considerable growth in
national income, per capita income could not increase much due to fast population
growth.

(ii)Fast population growth is considered as one of the
major causes of unemployment in India.

(iii)Heavy pressure of population has led to the
problem of overcrowding in cities, unplanned urbanisation, emergence of slums etc.

All these factors lead us to believe
that rapidly growing population has become a big challenge before the Indian economy.
It is the biggest roadblock in the path of its economic development. Indian poverty
is deeply rooted in population growth. It, therefore, becomes highly necessary to
check population growth in India.

Q.3. Explain steps taken by the
Government to solve the problem of unemployment in India.

Ans. (i) Opening schools
in villages : Opening vocational and elementary schools in villages create employment
opportunities for people living these. Earlier people were involved in primary sector
only but now they have better employment opportunities in other sectors also.

(ii)Small scale manufacturing: Opening opportunities
of self-employment in the form of small scale manufacturing units like basket weaving
etc ads to the employment opportunities in removes disguised and seasonal unemployment
away people.

(iii)Introduction to modern farming methods: Use
of modern farming methods gave the surplus members of family to get involved in
other employment opportunities.

(iv)Proper health facilities: Improvement in health
facilities in urban and rural areas improved in quality of human resource which
in turn work more efficiently and contributed to national income.

(v)NREGA 2005: According to this Act the NREGA
was launched in February 2006. The scheme guaranteed 100 days of wage employment
in a year to every household in 200 districts.

Q.4. What are the strategies that
the government has undertaken to reduce unemployment? Ans. Strategies undertaken
by the government to reduce unemployment.

(i)Rural Self-Employment Scheme : Our government
has introduced various schemes for creating self- employment opportunities in rural
areas. In April 1999, Swarna Jayanti Gram-Sewa Rozgar Yojana (SGSY) was introduced
whose main aim was to improve opportunities of self-development in rural areas.

(ii)Wage-employment Schemes : Main objective of
this scheme was to provide opportunities for wage earning to rural people. Since
June 23, 1999, all these schemes were merged with Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).

(iii)Various schemes for providing employment to educated
in urban areas : Various schemes (like Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana PMRY), Swarn
Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) has been started by the government for providing
employment to the educated youth in urban area.

Q.5. Describe in brief the role
of human resources in economic development.

Ans. Role of Human Resource.

(i)Higher Productivity. Investment in human capital
yields a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly
in form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the more educated
or the better trained persons as well as the higher productivity of healthier
people. India’s Green Revolution and IT Revolution are good examples of human
resources development.

(ii)Better Utilisation of Resources. Countries
like Japan have invested in human resource. They did not have any natural resource.
They could become rich/developed because of investments in people specially in the
fields of education and health. These people have made efficient use of other resources
like land and capital. Efficient technologies developed by people have made these
countries developed.

(iii)Source of Demand. Human beings make demand
for the output of goods and services produced in the country.

Expansion of market for various
types of foods and services further leads to increase in production.

Q.6. What factors compel the
rural people to migrate to cities?

Ans. People have started moving
from rural to urban areas because of the following factors :

(i)Education facilities : Urban areas have more
organised and better quality education facilities opportunities vocational education
and education in specialised areas has increased in urban areas. In urban areas
focus is on increasing access, quality, vocationalisation and networking on the
use of information technology.

(ii)Health facilities : Availability of better
hospitals and medical facilities make people move from rural to urban areas. States
like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh has poor health indices. Therefore, in search of proper
medical assistance people often move from rural to urban sectors.

(iii)Employment facilities : Disguised unemployment
in primary sector and rise of employment opportunities in secondary and tertiary
sector has given rise to migration of people from rural areas to urban areas. In
order to increase the income of family, people move from one occupation to another
and one area to another.

(iv) Other facilities: Like
availability of electricity, Transport facilities etc

Q.7. What is an economic activity?
What are various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and
tertiary sector?

Ans. Economic activities : All
such activities which give us some income are called economic activities. Pulling

(i)Primary Sector : Activities concerned with
collecting or making available material provided by nature are included in
primary sector like agriculture, poultry farming, mining, fishing etc.

(ii)Secondary Sector : The activities which are
associated with transforming raw material or primary products into commodities useful
to man such as manufacturing etc.

(iii)Tertiary Sector : The activities which are
essential for running modern factories in a big way are termed as tertiary sector.
Activities like trading, banking, health, education, insurance etc. are included
in tertiary sector.

HOTS

Q.1.What is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan? What are
its objectives?

Ans. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan'
is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all the children
of the age group 6-14 years by the year 2010. It is a time bound initiative of central
government, in partnership with the states, the local government and the community
for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education. They also took
an initiative to increase the enrollment of students in elementary education by
introducing the schemes like mid-day meal.

Q.2.Define human resource. When does a human resource
become human capital?

Ans. The population of a country
available for the production activities is called human resource. Human resource
becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training
and medical care. When the existing 'human resource' is further developed by becoming
more educated and healthy, we call it 'human capital formation'. Human capital adds
to the productive power of the country. It is the stock of skills and
productive knowledge embodied in them.

Q.3.Distinguish between labour force and work
force.

Ans. Labour force of a country
includes all those persons in the age group of 15-60, who are actually working or
willing to work. Workforce, on the other hand, consists of persons who are actually
engaged in some kind of work and excludes those who are willing to work but do not
find work. Thus, the difference between the two (i.e. labour force and
workforce) is the number of persons unemployed.

Q.4.What is the nature of unemployment as found
in India?

Ans. Nature of unemployment in India.
In India, unemployment is widespread. Unemployment is found both in its rural
and urban areas. There is seasonal and disguised unemployment in its rural areas.
People here are dependent on agriculture. Certain months do not provide much work
to the people depending upon agriculture. In urban areas, educated unemployment
has become a serious problem. Many educated youths are not able to find jobs. Unemployment
among graduates and post-graduates has increased faster than among the matriculates.

Q.5.‘Unemployment is an economic as well as a
social evil.’ Explain the statement.

Ans. Unemployment — A Serious Problem

Today, unemployment is considered one
of the most threatening problems before the country. The society is deprived of
the goods and services that the unemployed people could have produced. Unemployment
among the educated persons is more serious. This is due to investments made in them.
Unemployment is not only an economic evil, it is a social problem too. Unemployment
spreads social unrest and tension as unemployed people are a frustrated class
of the society.

Q.6.What are the two types of economic activity?
State two characteristics of each.

Ans. Economic activities are
those activities which add value to the national income. Economic activities have
two parts :

(i) Market activities. (ii) Non-market activities.

Market activities : (i) These
are the activities performed for payment or profit. (ii) They include production
of goods and services.

Non-market activities : (i)
These involve production for self-consumption. (ii) It includes consumption of primary
production and production of fixed assets.

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