Kotnick, et al., designed a study to examine the numbers and location of COX-1 and COX-2 and PGES in three areas of the kidney: the inner medulla (IM), the outer medulla (OM) and the kidney cortex. They induced NDI in a group of mice by giving them large amounts of lithium. The researchers took half of the NDI group of mice and limited their water intake to produce a state of dehydration in them. (The research team also worked with a group of mice with central diabetes insipidus, but we will not cover this because our focus is NDI.)

In the NDI mice, the researchers determined that the number of COX-1, COX-2, and PGES in the IM were markedly decreased. In the OM and cortex the numbers of COX-1 were marginally reduced and the number of PGES remained the same. There were no detectable COX-2 in the OM, and COX-2 numbers increased slightly in the cortex.

The dehydrated NDI mice showed a significant increase in COX-2 in the IM and no significant change in COX-1 or PGES in any of the three kidney areas examined.

These results verify that the number of COX-1, COX-2 and PGES markedly decrease in the IM of lithium induced NDI mice. Thus, all three enzymes critical to PGE2 synthesis in the IM were reduced. This is likely due to compromised osmotic conditions in the inner tissues of the kidney. These findings indicate that COX-, COX- and PGES play a major role in the kidney’s ability to properly function.

renal

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the kidney.

water reabsorption

DEFINITION:

1. The act or process of absorbing water again.

2. Resorption.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

prostaglandin

DEFINITION:

Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway; they are potent mediators of numerous different physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding a letter to indicate the type of ring structure and a numerical subscript to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton (e.g., PGE2, etc.). Most naturally occurring prostaglandins have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway starting with fatty acids that have one fewer or one more double bond than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the three-dimensional configuration of alcoholic groups attached to the ring structures (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's all have the a configuration. Prostaglandins act in the cells in which they are synthesized and surrounding cells, and their actions and effects vary with concentration, hormonal environment, and cell type.

kidney inner medulla

DEFINITION:

The inner part of the substance of the kidney, composed chiefly of collecting tubule elements, loops of Henle, and vasa recta, organized grossly into pyramids.

synthesis

DEFINITION:

The artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.

nephrogenic

DEFINITION:

Forming kidney tissue.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

CDI

DEFINITION:

Central diabetes insipidus.

diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A disorder of the pituitary gland characterized by intense thirst and by the excretion of large amounts of urine.

diabetes insipidus, central - A metabolic disorder due to injury of the neurohypophyseal system, which results in a deficient quantity of antidiuretic hormone being released or produced, and thus in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in the kidney. As a result, a large amount of urine of low specific gravity is excreted, followed by dehydration and great thirst; it is often attended by voracious appetite, loss of strength, and emaciation. It may be inherited, acquired, or idiopathic.

diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic - A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

altered

DEFINITION:

hypothesize

DEFINITION:

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

synthesis

DEFINITION:

The artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.

enzymes

DEFINITION:

Any of numerous proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

membrane

DEFINITION:

A thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

apical membrane - Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane - Pertaining to the base and sides.

plasma membrane - The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

postsynaptic membrane - The area of plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, either a muscle fiber or a neuron, that is within the synapse and has areas especially adapted for receiving neurotransmitters.

presynaptic membrane - Area of the plasma membrane of a presynaptic axon that is within the synapse and has sites (active zones) especially adapted for the release of neurotransmitters.

semipermeable membrane - A membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, such as water, but prevents the passage of the dissolved substance, or solute.

synthase

DEFINITION:

A term used in the trivial or recommended names of some enzymes, particularly those of the lyase class [EC 4], when the synthetic aspect of the reaction is dominant or emphasized.

altered

DEFINITION:

1. Having been made or become different.

2. Castrated; spayed.

3. Abbreviation for "alteration."

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

CDI

DEFINITION:

Central diabetes insipidus.

Wistar rats

DEFINITION:

A strain of albino rats developed at the Wistar Institute but which has spread so widely to other institutions that there is probably marked dilution of the strain.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

endogenous

DEFINITION:

1. Growing from within.

2. Developing or originating within the organism, or arising from causes within the organism.

antidiuretic hormone

DEFINITION:

See vasopressin.

CDI

DEFINITION:

Central diabetes insipidus.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

localization

DEFINITION:

1. The determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. Restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. Prelocalization.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

outer medulla

DEFINITION:

See outer medulla of kidney.

ISOM

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for inner stripe of the outer medulla (See JAB-650).

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

immunoblotting

DEFINITION:

See immunoblots .

immunohistochemistry

DEFINITION:

See immunohistochemical .

lithium-induced NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acquired as a result of lithium drug therapy.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

ISOM

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for inner stripe of the outer medulla (See JAB-650).

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

ISOM

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for inner stripe of the outer medulla (See JAB-650).

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

density

DEFINITION:

1. The quality of being compact or dense.

2. The quantity of matter in a given space based on the ratio of mass to volume. Symbol d.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

expressing

DEFINITION:

1. Indicating the flow of genetic information from gene to protein.

2. Regulating the process by which the effects of a gene are manifested.

3. Manifesting a heritable trait in an individual carrying the gene or genes that determine it.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

differential

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to a difference or differences.

regulation

DEFINITION:

1. The act of adjusting or state or being adjusted to a certain standard. 2. In biology, the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions. 3. The power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

interstitial cells

DEFINITION:

1. Leydig's cells.

2. Masses of large epithelioid, lipid-containing cells in the ovarian stroma, believed to have a secretory function, derived from the theca interna of atretic ovarian follicles, and thus, in humans, more numerous during the first year of life when atresia proceeds rapidly. In women, they are either absent or poorly represented, but in some other mammals, especially rabbits, they are more prominent.

3. Cells with elongated nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes, found in the perivascular areas and between the cords of pinealocytes in the pineal body, and regarded by some to be glial elements.

4. Fat-storing cells of liver.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

zone

DEFINITION:

A region or area, especially one with specific characteristics or boundary; called also zona.

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

BB rats

DEFINITION:

Brattleboro rats, a strain that serves as a model of diabetes insipidus (L. Brown). Brattleboro rats have a mutation in the gene that codes for vasopressin and its sister protein neurophysin. Thus, they produce no vasopressin and can be said to have Â“central diabetes insipidusÂ” (M. Knepper).

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

lithium-induced NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acquired as a result of lithium drug therapy.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

CDI

DEFINITION:

Central diabetes insipidus.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

enzymes

DEFINITION:

Any of numerous proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

synthesize

DEFINITION:

To produce by means of synthesis.

cyclooxygenase

DEFINITION:

An activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase.

cyclooxygenase

DEFINITION:

An activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

synthase

DEFINITION:

A term used in the trivial or recommended names of some enzymes, particularly those of the lyase class [EC 4], when the synthetic aspect of the reaction is dominant or emphasized.

constitutively

DEFINITION:

Being produced constantly or in fixed amounts, regardless of environmental conditions or demand.

expressed

DEFINITION:

1. Showing a detectable effect of a gene.

2. Made known; shown.

3. Squeezed out; extracted by pressing.

physiological

DEFINITION:

1. Of or pertaining to physiology. 2. Characteristic of or appropriate to an organism's healthy or normal functioning. 3. Differing in, involving, or affecting physiological factors.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

expressed

DEFINITION:

1. Showing a detectable effect of a gene.

2. Made known; shown.

3. Squeezed out; extracted by pressing.

physiological

DEFINITION:

1. Of or pertaining to physiology. 2. Characteristic of or appropriate to an organism's healthy or normal functioning. 3. Differing in, involving, or affecting physiological factors.

stress

DEFINITION:

1. Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. 2. Force per unit area, which may cause strain on an object. 3. The sum of the biological reactions to any adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external, that tends to disturb the organism's homeostasis; should these compensating reactions be inadequate or inappropriate, they may lead to disorders. 4. The stimuli that elicit stress reactions.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

osmotic water permeability

DEFINITION:

The ability to channel water across a membrane in response to a concentration gradient.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

collecting duct

DEFINITION:

CD

DEFINITION:

antidiuretic

DEFINITION:

1. Suppressing the rate of urine formation.

2. An agent that suppresses urine formation.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

osmosis

DEFINITION:

Movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane.

solvent

DEFINITION:

1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.

permeable

DEFINITION:

Pervious; permitting passage of a substance.

membrane

DEFINITION:

A thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

apical membrane - Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane - Pertaining to the base and sides.

plasma membrane - The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

postsynaptic membrane - The area of plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, either a muscle fiber or a neuron, that is within the synapse and has areas especially adapted for receiving neurotransmitters.

presynaptic membrane - Area of the plasma membrane of a presynaptic axon that is within the synapse and has sites (active zones) especially adapted for the release of neurotransmitters.

semipermeable membrane - A membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, such as water, but prevents the passage of the dissolved substance, or solute.

concentrated

DEFINITION:

1. Brought to a common center; gathered together at one point.

2. Having increased the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; condensed.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

solution

DEFINITION:

1. A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). The solute may be gas, liquid, or solid; the solvent is usually liquid, but may be solid, as in a solid solution of copper in silver (sterling silver). In pharmacology, a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water and not, for various reasons, falling into another category. 2. The process of dissolving. 3. A loosening or separation.

concentrated

DEFINITION:

1. Brought to a common center; gathered together at one point.

2. Having increased the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; condensed.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

solution

DEFINITION:

1. A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). The solute may be gas, liquid, or solid; the solvent is usually liquid, but may be solid, as in a solid solution of copper in silver (sterling silver). In pharmacology, a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water and not, for various reasons, falling into another category. 2. The process of dissolving. 3. A loosening or separation.

absorption

DEFINITION:

1. The uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin, intestine, and kidney tubules.

2. In radiology, the taking up of energy by matter with which the radiation interacts.

aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

void

DEFINITION:

To cast out as waste matter.

dilute urine

DEFINITION:

A less concentrated form of urine.

dilute urine

DEFINITION:

A less concentrated form of urine.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

concentrating

DEFINITION:

1. Bringing to a common center; gathering together at one point.

2. Increasing the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; condensing.

3. The strengthening of a drug or other preparation by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

inhibitors

DEFINITION:

1. Any substance that interferes with a chemical reaction, growth, or other biological activity.

2. Chemical substances that inhibit enzyme reactions.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

urine volume

DEFINITION:

The measure of the quantity of urine, e.g., excreted from the kidneys.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

inner medulla

DEFINITION:

Inner medulla of kidney: inner zone of renal medulla.

outer medulla

DEFINITION:

See outer medulla of kidney.

kidney cortex

DEFINITION:

Renal cortex (cortex renalis). The outer part of the substance of the kidney, composed mainly of glomeruli and convoluted tubules.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

central diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

See under diabetes insipidus.

focus

DEFINITION:

1. The point of convergence of light rays or of the waves of sound.

2. The chief center of a morbid process.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

COX-2

DEFINITION:

Cyclooxygenase-2. (See JTRAN-620.)

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

enzymes

DEFINITION:

Any of numerous proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

synthesis

DEFINITION:

The artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.

osmotic

DEFINITION:

Of, relating to, or having the properties of osmosis.

tissues

DEFINITION:

See definitions under "tissue."

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.