Only a few years after the creation of the Florentine Maestŕ, Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi placed the commission for a large altarpiece with Giotto. Stefaneschi, who came from a very respected Roman family, may have heard of the magnificence of the Ognissanti Madonna and so have become aware of the Florentine artist. He may also have been informed of Giotto's abilities by his distant relative Enrico Scrovegni; besides which, he was most likely familiar with the frescoes at Assisi, for the election of a pope, at which Stefaneschi was present, had taken place in Perugia, which is very close to Assisi. At the time at which Giotto was given the commission, probably in 1313, the papal seat, and therefore the residence of the cardinals, was no longer in Italy, but in Avignon in France. This remained the case until 1376, although the Roman cardinals in particular were fighting for a return from "exile" to their traditional seat in Rome. Because of this situation, the donation of an altarpiece which was to be installed in the most important papal church of St. Peter's in Rome, the building that preceded the current St. Peter's, takes on a political significance. His donation underlines the determination of Stefaneschi and of the other Roman cardinals to return, and expresses his concern about the memorial church of St. Peter.

The triptych, painted on both sides, is currently housed in the Pinacoteca at the Vatican. According to the findings of the latest research, it probably originally stood in the old cathedral of St. Peter's on the canon's altar in front of the southern triumphal arch wall.