In this story, we explore the many uses of streamflow information, highlighted by testimonies of USGS stakeholders.

An eye on rising waters

The USGS provides practical, unbiased information about the Nation’s rivers and streams that is crucial in mitigating hazards associated with floods. Flooding costs the Nation billions each year.

Dr. Thomas Graziano, Chief of the Hydrologic Services Division, National Weather Service (NOAA-NWS), has said, “USGS streamgage observations serve as the foundation for National Weather Service river forecasts and warnings. We work closely with USGS on a daily basis and during all flood events. The USGS is usually the first to respond and go out in the midst of floods to acquire the observations necessary for the NWS to get the forecast right and provide timely and accurate warnings. The USGS’s high resolution and real-time and historical high quality data, collected over the full range of conditions, are necessary to run and improve our operational forecasting models. NOAA-NWS values our partnership and the USGS’ long history of responsiveness and professionalism.”

A USGS hydrologist measures flow on the Black River at Black Rock, AR during Spring 2011 flooding on the Mississippi River. Waters reached 16 feet above floodstage. When flooding happens, USGS field crews are among the first to respond.

Major General Michael Walsh of the Corps, former Commander of the Mississippi Valley Division, Vicksburg, Mississippi and currently serving as the Deputy Commanding General of Civil and Emergency Operations, reported on the value of USGS monitoring inside the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway during the historic Mississippi River Flood of 2011, stating, “The science we got from the USGS was exactly what I needed to make the decision I had to make [regarding breaching of the Madrid levee to alleviate upstream flooding in Cairo, Illinois and other areas along the Mississippi River].”

Emergency managers with localities and States and the general public use the real-time information and dynamic flood inundation maps to see the expected extent of a flood on a street-by-street basis, hours or even days before it occurs, reducing the possible devastating toll of floods on communities.

The USGS provides practical, unbiased information about the Nation’s rivers and streams that is crucial in mitigating hazards associated with floods.

A citizen from Pennsylvania commented on the USGS National Water Information System online service during a 2006 flood: “It is now 2:26am. We are a community with water around us. This [USGS real-time] service has been very beneficial in watching the water levels. I am a member of the local fire company and live along the Susquehanna River in Lycoming County, Pa. Thanks for the hard work and keeping the site updated.”

Helping Federal, regional, State, and Tribal partners manage water

States, regional commissions, Tribes, localities, and Federal water resource agencies — such as the National Park Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of Reclamation — operate water supply systems on a day-to-day and seasonal basis. These organizations are often charged with developing operating strategies to maintain the ecological function of rivers while also serving multiple water needs for recreation, cities, farms, energy production, navigation, and industries. With such diverse requirements, stream gage measurements are fundamental to (1) manage reservoir releases for water supply, irrigation, hydropower, environmental and navigation uses; (2) protect stream ecology and other instream uses; and (3) plan for a sustainable water future.

Gage house for the streamgage on the Souris River above Minot, North Dakota.

USGS collaborates with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) on an ongoing basis to assist their daily operational decisions. These data-assisted decisions can include managing daily and hourly flows through gates and hydropower penstocks, pumping water into diversion systems, or managing hydroelectric reservoirs. Thousands of streamgages operated by USGS are used by the Corps, BOR, and others to operate flood control, navigation, and water-supply reservoirs across the country.

USGS and the National Park Service jointly operate more than 600 streamgages within or near national parks. In some places, for example, at Happy Isles along the Merced River in Yosemite National Park, we have partnered for more than 95 years to measure streamflow.

Ed Harvey, Director of the National Park Service Water Resources Division, states, “USGS streamflow information is required to manage our National Parks and assure public safety and property protection, support threatened and endangered species, and accurately assess long-term changes in relatively pristine watersheds resulting from climate change.”

River Basin Commissions by their nature employ a whole basin planning, development, and management approach to identify “win-win” solutions that cut across functional and jurisdictional boundaries. Bob Tudor, with the Delaware River Basin Commission, has said, “USGS streamgage measurements are the single most important sound science tool in the State/Regional/Federal toolbox to leverage the talent and resources of multiple jurisdictions in common ground strategies to assure community flood resilience and long-term water supply needs.”

Peter Evans, Executive Director of the Interstate Council for Water Policy, the national organization of State and regional water resource management agencies, states, “Streamgages are like our stethoscope on America’s rivers and water supplies. Without reliable, long-term measurement of our water resources, we can’t possible understand, protect or assure sustainable supplies in our future.”

Streamflow monitoring is critical to many Tribes in the United States, not only for its importance in flood warning predictions and water supply management, but for tribal sustenance and sovereignty as well. Ms. Sharri Venno, Environmental Planner with the Houlton Band Maliseet Indians in Houlton Maine, says, “Our Tribe relies on USGS streamflow gaging activities to maintain aquatic habitat and the seasonal harvesting of a variety of native medicinal flora of importance to our tribal lifestyle and long-standing tribal ceremonies. In addition, USGS stream gages, such as on the Meduxnekeag River in Eastern Maine, provide us valuable real-time information on river flow and water-quality that is critical to native fish habitat, including for spawning Atlantic Salmon, a native species the Tribe hopes to restore back to its once healthy populations.”

USGS streamgaging on the Meduxnekeag River in eastern Maine helps the Houlton Band Maliseet Indians manage and restore native fish habitats, such as for spawning Atlantic Salmon.

Recreation

American Whitewater is a membership organization with over 5000 individual members and more than 100 local paddling club affiliates collectively representing a broad diversity of individual whitewater enthusiasts and river conservationists. The organization connects the interests of human-powered recreational river users with ecological and science-based data to conserve and restore America’s whitewater resources and to enhance opportunities to enjoy them safely.

Canoeists enjoying the Shenandoah River in western Virginia.

Thomas O’Keefe, American Whitewater’s Pacific Northwest Stewardship Director, reports, “Whitewater boaters use USGS streamflow data on a daily basis to assess the safety of river conditions and plan boating trips across the country. In addition, USGS long-term data records represent an important resource for those who manage our Nation’s rivers. We are active participants in management forums with river managers, irrigators, and hydropower operators and we all depend on the reliable and accurate long-term records collected and archived by USGS for the critical scientific guidance they provide to quantitatively evaluate various river management scenarios.”

Specialized uses

Learn more about these and other more specialized uses of USGS water resources research and data — such as designing highways and bridges; protecting water quality; managing water rights and transboundary issues; fulfilling legal obligations related to treaties, compacts, and decrees; advancing education and research — in a 2006 report by the National Hydrologic Warning Council and USGS Circular 1123

Streamflow information for the Nation

The USGS remains dedicated to providing its stakeholders and the public with continuous, consistent, unbiased, well- documented, and well-archived streamflow data to meet a wide spectrum of current and future needs.

Whether you are simply a citizen of a watershed — and we all are — or a local, State, Tribal, or Federal practitioner and manager responsible for water decisions, USGS will continue to prioritize its resources to provide the valuable streamflow information you need, today and into the future.

The proposed USGS budget reflects research priorities to respond to nationally relevant issues, including water quantity and quality, ecosystem restoration, hydraulic fracturing, natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, and support for the National Ocean Policy, and has a large R&D component.

After years of planning, the Department of the Interior has begun removing two dams on the Elwha River in Washington. But how will the removal of these dams impact the river’s sediments, waters, and fish?

As a nation, we use more than 75 billion gallons of groundwater each day. September 13 is the National Groundwater Association’s “Protect Your Groundwater Day.” What we can do to ensure we continue to have enough of it?

Water Security is the protection of adequate water supplies for food, fiber, industrial, and residential needs for expanding populations, which requires maximizing water-use efficiency, developing new supplies, and protecting water reserves in event of scarcity due to natural, manmade, or technological hazards.

The USGS and the National Weather Service have developed a new flood inundation map tool that enables management officials and residents to see where the potential threat of flooding is the highest along the Flint River near Albany, Georgia.

Looking for information on natural resources, natural hazards, geospatial data, and more? The USGS Education site provides great resources, including lessons, data, maps, and more, to support teaching, learning, K-12 education, and university-level inquiry and research.

The Chesapeake Bay has long been an R&R destination for DC residents. However, the watershed’s overpopulation contributes to its decline. Join us when USGS’s Scott Phillips and Peter Claggett discuss new science efforts applied to restoring the Nation's largest estuary on October 6th.

Population growth in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan, due in part to returning refugees, is estimated to lead to a six-fold increase in drinking water needs by 2057. The USGS has worked in partnership with the Afghanistan Geological Survey to address questions of future water availability.

Flash flooding is one of the major causes of natural hazard-related deaths in the United States and is hard to predict, but data collected by the USGS is crucial to formulating better predictive models.

Did you know that contaminant-ridden dust from Africa may be harming coral reefs in the Caribbean? Scientists at the USGS are examining the air in Africa and in the Caribbean to determine what kinds of nutrients, microbes, and contaminants are traveling across the ocean.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities can be a significant source of pharmaceuticals in surface water. The USGS is working with water utilities to try to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants to the environment.

Over the next 10 years, the USGS plans to conduct a new assessment of water availability and use. This national Water Census will address critical aspects of recent Federal legislation, including the need to establish a national water assessment program.

USGS scientists will join thousands of scientists, managers, and decision makers in Boston this week to present new findings on toxics at the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) conference in the Hynes Convention Center, Nov. 13-17.

On Nov. 3, USGS scientists Patrick Barnard and William Ellsworth will present a public lecture in Menlo Park, CA, providing Bay Area residents information about USGS research in the San Francisco Bay Area, including recent discoveries beneath San Francisco Bay and ongoing studies to better understand earthquake probabilities and the potential hazards associated with strong ground shaking.