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Ethics can be defined as a discipline that deals with what is good and bad, as well as with the moral duty and obligation; it can also be regarded as a set of moral principles or values Morality is a doctrine or system of moral conduct Moral conduct refers to principles of right and wrong in behavior In a sense, then, we can think of ethics and morality as being so similar to one another that we may use them interchangeably to refer to the study of right and wrong behavior in business Concepts of right and wrong are not simple; today, they increasingly include the more difficult and subtle questions of fairness, justice, and equity Licensed engineers in North America are required to adhere to certain ethical principles in conducting their day-to-day activities The author of this book is a firm believer that not only must the ethical aspects of engineering be applied by the licensed engineers, they also should be taught in schools and colleges as a part of any profession and curriculum One might ask, What is a code of ethics For example, a code of engineering ethics for Canadian licensed engineers7 (a basic guide to professional conduct) states that

it is the duty of a practitioner to the public, to the practitioner s employer, to the practitioner s clients, to other licensed engineers of the practitioner s profession, and to the practitioner to act at all times with:

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Devotion to high ideals of personal honor and professional integrity Knowledge of developments in the area of professional engineering relevant to any services that are undertaken Competence in the performance of any professional engineering services that are undertaken

Engineering societies in other countries have similar codes of ethics, while Canada is one of the few countries that actually have an exam in engineering ethics Through the code of ethics, licensed engineers have a clearly defined duty to society, which is to regard their duty to public welfare as paramount, above their duties to clients or employers Their duty to employers involves acting as faithful agents or trustees, regarding client information as confidential and avoiding or disclosing conflicts of interest Their duty to clients means that professional engineers have to disclose immediately any direct or indirect interests that might prejudice (or appear to prejudice) their professional judgment Licensed engineers are obligated to give proper credit for engineering work, uphold the principle of adequate compensation for engineering work, and extend the effectiveness of the profession through the interchange of engineering information and experience As co-workers and supervisors, licensed engineers are required to cooperate on project work and must not review the work of other licensed engineers who are employed by the same company without the other s knowledge They also must not maliciously injure the reputation or business of other practitioners

We mentioned some of the basic definitions of a code of ethics, but the question is, What does that really mean in everyday life and work In these electronic times, it is very easy to copy someone else s work and use it without giving credit (on purpose or by mistake) to the author of the original document In addition, one person taking credit for the work of a team of people, and never acknowledging others contribution to the work and common goal, is very common in today s workplaces There are a number of examples from engineering practice that illustrate that a particular practice, although legal, may not necessarily be ethical Sometimes it is hard to distinguish what falls in what category For example, what if an engineering company plans to hire consultants for a certain job to be done on their behalf, and they decide that the best person to perform work is the wife of one of the executive directors