When Carbon County, MT initially implemented a new addressing system, it was met by confusion among first responders and the public. To implement E-911 services that would shorten emergency response times and save lives, the county needed an accurate, centralized database of new addresses easily accessible by public safety personnel and citizens.

Carbon County, MT has produced a TerraGo GeoPDF digital atlas to improve emergency response times for non-GIS trained public safety personnel and first responders in support of an E-911 services implementation

XTools Pro is one of the most popular and full-featured 3d party extensions for ArcGIS Desktop end users providing many various tools and functions for vector spatial analysis, shape conversion and table management.
The latest XTools Pro 6.x versions introduce new advanced tools and features aimed to increasing ArcGIS productivity, usability and efficiency.

The first decade of the twenty-first century has led or forced many in the surveying profession to adapt to and embrace the technological applications of geographic information systems (GIS). The progress that has been made in the areas of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Mobile Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has allowed surveyors to accurately collect more topographic shots than ever before. GIS, in this instance ArcMap, allows surveyors to visually see and compare their datasets as features change over time, either by natural causes such as erosion or by man-made causes like construction.

Need to use Arc2Earth on a small project? Try the Free Community Edition
Please fill in the following information to obtain your free serial number. A valid email address is required for verification and to receive your number. It can only be used on a single computer.
The Community Edition contains most of Arc2Earth’s functionality except it has lower limits
KML Export/Import – 250 features
All map tiles are watermarked
Can read and write any Arc2Earth Cloud Layer!
See all limits

With CarryMap you get the professional production tool for making spatially
enabled guides, exploration plans, field work maps, recreation and
attraction plans for navigation and information support purposes. All that
you can easily supply to any non GIS user having neither specific GIS
software nor professional GIS skills and experience.

Esri's Production Mapping provides a solution for organizations to standardize and optimize their data production; manage workflows; and produce high-quality, database-driven cartographic products based on authoritative data. An extension to ArcGIS desktop, the solution can be configured so that output products adhere to any particular industry- or organization-specific requirements. Production Mapping can benefit organizations around the world by providing 10 top capabilities.

Business decision makers are looking ahead to the next two to five years
to see what drivers will give them the best return on investment. The current
economic dilemma is certainly affecting the growth of the economy
as a whole in the United States. Despite the national trend, the complex
diversity of this dynamic country means there are regions experiencing
greater positive and negative growth.

A paper-based Map Book used by the San Diego Fire Dept was replaced with a digital-based Map Book developed using ArcGIS. Recreating hand drawn features using digital data presented numerous technical challenges that were solved using advanced map production techniques including the Map Book Developer's Sample, Advanced Symbology, VBA, Maplex, and Feature Linked Annotation.

As PDF printing continues to gain popularity, it is important for AEC professionals to understand how to best use the software and identify problems or issues before documents are printed and distributed. Oce has outlined top considerations to help take the mystery out of wide format PDF printing in the AEC industry and improve their business operations.

It has been suggested that there are 26 quantifiable variables associated with the installation of water meters in a residential setting in Tasmania catering for surface conditions, depth of meter, accessibility, whether the location of the stop tap is known, type of property usage.

ArRiyadh, the capital city of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, It has become a remarkable capital in the region, due to its geographical location, strong political, administrative and financial status. Being the hub of all political, cultural and commercial activities, the city has been facing a very rapid urbanization process. Timely, accurate and detailed information on urbanization phenomena is of great importance for urban planners and decision makers.

The lifeblood of any organization is data. Accuracy of that data is vitally important. Small improvements in the quality and relevance of data can often lead to substantial benefits. This presentation will discuss how San Antonio Water System (SAWS) improved data accuracy by using the ArcGIS Data Interoperability Extension to convert and integrate multiple databases and formats with varying schemas into a single Geodatabase.

Agriculture has always played an important
role in sustaining the health of rural
economies across Europe. North Rhine-
Westphalia, the westernmost and largest
Federal State of Germany, is no exception.

More than 50 years ago, the European
Commission of Agriculture and Rural
Development created the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) to help meet the
needs of local farmers. Initially, the program
was designed to encourage agricultural
productivity, ensure a stable supply of
affordable food, and bolster Europe’s
agricultural sector following World War II.

Today, CAP has evolved to promote a
healthy, competitive agricultural industry
across Europe. To receive subsidy payments,
farmers must meet certain standards
concerning public health, animal and
plant health, the environment, and
animal welfare, and they must keep
their land in good

About Geoscience Australia
• A prescribed agency within the Resources, Energy and Tourism
portfolio
• 750 staff across 3 business divisions and support areas
• Custodian of national geographic and geoscientific information
• Operational science and technical advice

Global Mapper v11.00 is now available for download. This release is our largest ever and includes GeoPDF import and export support, DWG export, a native 64-bit version, and much more! Download a trial today and see what everyone is talking about.

Since 1881, the American Red Cross has been
the United State's premier emergency response
organization. In addition to offering neutral
humanitarian care to the victims of war, the
American Red Cross also distinguishes itself by
aiding victims of devastating natural disasters,
from floods to earthquakes to hurricanes. Each
year, in communities large and small, victims
of some 70,000 disasters turn to neighbors
familiar and new—the more than half a million
volunteers and 35,000 employees of the Red
Cross. Through over 700 locally supported
chapters, more than 15 million people gain the
skills they need to prepare for and respond to
emergencies in their homes

Common Business Benefits
•High-value insight for both operational and strategic decision making
•Improved internal and external customer service
•Extensive power to leverage spatial data with your reporting analytical capabilities

The Eye4Software GPS Toolkit allows software developers to add GPS functionality to their programs or scripts. This GPS SDK (Software Developers Kit) offers the following functionality: Retrieve position information from a GPS receiver, perform coordinate conversions between different coordinate systems and more.

Mondi Ltd, an international vertically integrated forestry, pulp and paper company, needed to replace their 10 year old customised GIS platform. In doing this, they needed to maintain a centralised corporate database but edit spatial data locally, despite a very poor ICT network. The answer was found in applying an ArcGIS 10.0 replicated geodatabase solution, using a 2-way replication configuration. In addition, the solution had to be integrated with a third party Forest Management database such that the two systems remained synchronised.This was achieved using multi-versioned views. This presentation will highlight the database design issues, and system limitations that were encountered and the solutions found that resulted in a successful implementation of an Enterprise level Replicated Geodatabase in spite of very poor network connectivity.Critical elements were careful database design,rigid workflow procedures and thorough user training. These results will hopefully assist other users in similar circumstance achieve success in their environments.

SpecTIR is offering free VNIR/SWIR hyperspectral data samples for download from www.spectir.com. They were collected with the ProSpecTIR airborne sensor over the past two years and cover a variety of scenes including Cuprite, Reno, oil at the Deepwater Horizone well head, coastal wetlands just prior to the oil spill and coral reefs.

The project clock is running. Schedule, quality and prices are among the driving factors that are top of mind. You need accurate, cost-effective geospatial information for planning, design, development and operations, delivered on schedule and preferably, under budget.

The APDM / PODS ESRI Spatial Tools toolbox contains script tools for loading an APDM 5.0 or PODS ESRI Spatial 5.0 geodatabase using other available data sources, such a a simple polyline feature class of pipelines.
This toolbox is for use with ArcGIS 10 or higher.

Enables automated, high accuracy image corrections to be applied to satellite imagery directly in ArcGIS.
GeoImaging Tools for ArcGIS provides you with:
Support of virtually all popular commercial satellites and most aerial sensors
Automatic block bundle adjustment
Automatic Ground Control Point & Tie Point collection increases accuracy and saves time
Automatic orthorectification using either georeferenced imagery or vector data
ArcGIS 10 interface to minimizes learning curve
Easy to use software for the non photogrammetrist

Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) is a new tool to work with very unique and distinctive features for the purposes it serves. Among others:
-Brings together a multitude of cases that occur every day in pre-defined formats and streamlined immediately to the user;
-Integrates standardized and normalized information produced by third parties (Courts, Registries, Financial Services, Postcode, etc.).
-Focuses on the user's perspective;
-Allows corporate sector and uses integrated and multidisciplinary;
-Adds accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness of action;
-Ensures the traceability of changes;
-Exports to other information technology platforms, including SAP;
-Provides a platform for information and knowledge is a valuable asset in itself;
-Adds immediate value in a trend that grows exponentially over time, as the database is being enriched.
FBSIC is supported by a scalable architecture, standards-based information technology and communication, and interoperability, ensuring a high sustainability of long-term application.
Allows viewing and editing of geographic, alphanumeric and documental information.
Has a modular character (seven modules) comprising:
•Data Migration (geographic and alphanumeric), with some features for element validation;
•Field (supporting the activities of gathering information);
•Information Processing (import and validation of field data);
•Central (which provides tools that enable: load and edit information on a geographical, alphanumeric and document basis, monitor the quality of the project phases and their transitions (workflow); print maps and formal documents, among other features);
•Backoffice (to support the system administrator);
•Approval (enables to perform a cycle of approval of the design data before sending to DUP);
•Domain Management (enables to perform the management cycle of land parcels till their acquisition by the national authorities).

"Typical BI systems handle the who, what and when, but the where is vastly under exploited .... Tools like Map Intelligence from Integeo Pty Ltd foster this integration for BI applications, transforming data into human understanding and actionable insight"

XTools Pro is one of the most popular extensions for ArcGIS Desktop
Originally developed as a set of useful vector spatial analysis, shape conversion and table management tools for ArcView GIS 3.x. XTools extension was then converted by Data East to ESRI ArcGIS environment and now is re-designed, enhanced and extended as XTools Pro to get to the newer level of functionality and performance.

This free toolbar for ArcMap 9 eliminates any need to leave your project when you find you need data. With this installed, the data you need is only a few clicks away, without leaving ArcMap! Download the latest version of the MapMart Toolbar for ArcMap today!

Urban Renewal Design Template
The Urban Renewal Design Template provides a staged development plan in the renewal of a historic, platted community in need of assistance with the following: an expanded road network, Section 8 housing, employment, recreation, and education facilities, for a better connection to community businesses, county facilities, and housing improvements.
The Template addresses the problem of an urban area enclave; when a community lacks a connection to the outside world, both geographically, psychologically, an inability to offer a sustainable environment occurs. Transportation improvements will connect many dead end roads with the connector roads shown; housing, phased in with the proposed road construction and other improvements, will define the renewal project in stages.
In addition, an inventory of area businesses and facilities offers some opportunities for the development of a local labor source. Close proximity to employment and the required training for a stable force can occur within walking distance to employment facilities; a great feature for employment training and opportunities within the community, and in line with the Enterprise Zone program.

ArcGIS Explorer Desktop is a free GIS viewer that gives you an easy way to explore, visualize, and share GIS information. ArcGIS Explorer adds value to any GIS because it helps you deliver your authoritative data to a broad audience.

Abuja is one of the fastest growing cities in the sub-Sahara Africa. The city lacks the modern management techniques for an effective crime mapping, monitoring and management to meet the attainment of liveable environment despite its aesthetically pleasing outlook of a modern city. The cities of the developed world are managed with the intelligence provided by Geo-spatial technologies. The advances in space technologies have made the onerous task of managing crime possible. However, the availability of these technologies has not been exploited, utilised nor domesticated by various institutions charged with the responsibility of city planning and management to attain secure and safe environment in Nigerian urban and rural communities. Geographic information systems, remote sensing and allied technologies have manifested in various forms in the last four decades particularly since the launch of LANDSAT earth observatory satellites these has provided baseline information for intelligence gathering. The very high resolution images provided by the new generation of satellites have made the integration of GIS/RS for urban crime mapping not only possible but also effective for day-to-day running and management of many aspects of city life. The NigeriaSat-2 and Ortho-rectified Quick-Bird images, basemap, master plan and questionnaires were used to generate the crime dataset which was later aggregated to show the crime hotspots and Coldspots areas within the residential districts of Abuja Federal Capital City, Phase 1. A proximity analysis was later carried out to ascertain the relationship between crime hotspots and Coldspots and police divisional stations, slum settlement as well the various parks and gardens in the study area. The result showed significant correlation between parks and gardens and crime as well as positive correlation between slum settlement and crime in the study area.

ArcGIS, DVR (Digital Video Recorder) CCTV, Video Cameras, and DSL, Monitoring System
Rapidly advancing digital hard drive technology, falling camera prices with enhanced capabilities, and high-speed Internet saturation, have all combined to deliver an extremely efficient, highly affordable way to improve security, productivity, and public satisfaction. DVR CCTV technology is affordable and available for many collateral uses such as observation of coastal areas from an operations center for a comprehensive, risk-based, all-hazard Emergency Management program.
The Hernando County Office of Emergency Management Application
The decision to provide the Office of Emergency Management and Hernando County with real time video of the selected Coastal sites and facilities as shown in the original Hernando County UC 2004 Map Gallery entry required Hernando County resources and interest across the organization. The interoperability of ESRI GIS on the Windows platform with DVR CCTV technology inspired the Hernando County Government Offices and peaked the interest of Technology Services, Community Services, the Hernando County Government Broadcasting, and the Sheriff’s Office. This 24/7 surveillance system protects citizens and improves public safety and awareness at all County facilities. The selected Coastal Zone camera sites are a subset of the entire network to eventually include all County facilities. The system provides 'hot links' from desktop GIS to live video cameras via a DSL Internet connection. The surveillance system has added value during storms and events as a cost effective, interactive tool. With high-speed DSL Internet and ArcGIS ‘hot links’ the Office of Emergency Management has a real time advantage at any strategic locations in service for a better focus during emergency events, all in one system!
How It Works
Most DVRs (Digital Video Recorders) can be set-up to record on a schedule, when an alarm is tripped, or when there is motion in the camera's view, as detected by the DVR. The user can block out constant motion quadrants such as passing traffic. Most pre-existing surveillance cameras are already compatible. Users don't need to purchase new cameras; any existing cameras take a separate power cable and (BNC) video output connection. If the user purchased an observation system with din plugs or telephone jack cables, upgrade the cameras to normal professional grade surveillance cameras, perhaps with zoom and night-vision features.
Popular DVR units are equipped with upgradeable and portable hard drives. DVR units can store from two days to two weeks of camera footage, depending upon the adjustable recording frame rate, and the amount of activity in the view of the camera. Personally set every unit at maximum resolution, and at the fastest selectable recording frame rate. When the hard drive memory is full, the system will begin writing over the existing camera footage. The user has the ability to ‘go back in time’ to any event, zoom in for details, or burn high-resolution camera footage onto CDRWs or DVDs whenever a need for visual evidence as for a record occurs. In an event, transfer the digital information before the DVR has over-written. It's that easy. Otherwise, let the system re-write and forget about changing and replacing the media until necessary.
Kenneth Sutherland III, GIS Technician, Hernando County Planning Department, 20 N. Main St., Room 262, Brooksville, FL 34601
Phone: 352-754-4057 Fax: 352-754-4420 email: kens@HernandoCounty.us Visit us at http://www.HernandoCounty.us/plan/

Abstract Whether or not you believe in human-caused Climate Change it is clear by common consensus that the world's climate is changing and that burning carbon-based fuels cannot help and might even accelerate changes in the climate. Any mitigation efforts to stave off the worst effects of Climate Change (sea level flooding, droughtdriven starvation etc.) will involve substantial investments across the globe and without question will cause increased energy costs.

This whitepaper offers several tips on how to successfully spatially enable your application without it being a mission impossible. It also highlights common mapping pitfalls so you can strategically avoid them.

Since roads play an important role in many application areas, up-to-date road databases are critical. Automated road
extraction using many different types of remote sensing data has been explored. Recently, lidar data has proven
advantageous for road extraction and researchers have extracted roads from lidar data alone as well as fused with
passive imagery.

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

The availability of over 45,000 accurately surveyed ground points covering an area of 1,000 km2 in central Eritrea
has enabled comprehensive accuracy assessments of elevation mapping from IKONOS, GeoEye-1, WorldView-1
and WorldView-2 stereo satellite photos. The ground survey points were acquired for a base metal mining
exploration gravity survey. All of the ground points were surveyed with Real Time Kinematic GPS instruments and
are accurate to 2 cm. The IKONOS, GeoEye-1 and WorldView-1 stereo photos were each registered to a single
ground control point, and the WorldView-2 stereo photos were registered to two ground control points. Each of the
stereo pairs covers a slightly different ground area.

MAPINXL ADVANCED MAPPING TOOL EMPOWERS EXCEL USERS
With MapInXL a wide range of cartographic and thematic mapping functions allow users to convert Excel spreadsheet data into incredible maps,
adding a whole new dimension to SALES reports MARKETING plans, PLANNING and budget documents and so much more.
With endless uses, easy activation and affordable pricing this could be the best MAPPING TOOL on the market!
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This case study provides an application of Mobile GIS in the Brazilian city of Macaé, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Several points using the Leica CS25 GNSS equipment were collected, which will later be used to create a digital terrain model, as well as assist in creating a diagnostic of the physical environment and contribute to the organization of land management measures mappings. This has the objective of minimizing the occurrence of environmental impacts by analyzing how was the process of occupation and level of vulnerability of these areas.

Spatial information from remotely sensed data provides an effective solution to land use/land cover change
detection. The study was carried out to detect land use/land cover change from 1990 to 2007 in the Tarkwa
Municipality. Remote sensing technique was used for this change detection and to assess its implications for
the management of future urban development. The data used for the assessment included temporal Landsat
satellite images of a 20 km radius of Tarkwa for the years 1990, 2000 and 2007 as well as 162 ground
reference points.

NGA is building a Content Maturity Model (CMM) to rate geospatial-intelligence (GEOINT) products, services and data. The CMM concept enables consumers of content to understand its quality and suitability for their mission, and also to have a conduit by which to provide feedback to NGA. The consumer rating capability will improve the feedback mechanism between consumers and producers of content, enabling NGA to provide rapid quality improvements and, subsequently, consumer application corrections. This initiative supports the NGA Strategic Objective on Content by creating and proliferating GEOINT content which is imperative to consumer requirements. CMM data quality components will be searchable, discoverable and provide indicators for consumers which informs them whether or not they are in possession of the best data available. The CMM also supports the Agency’s transformation from a product-focused model to a data-focused provisioning solution. In this new data-centric environment, consumers will be serving or linking to many sources of GEOINT and a mechanism to receive and provide quality feedback will be critical. Consumers require indicators of data quality. The CMM is the means to benchmark geospatial data quality for consumer analysis as well as the data’s own evolution.

It supports quadrant bearings as well as azimuths, and gons (grads) as well as degrees. Its coordinate files may be copied to the Pocket PC's memory card or to a removeable memory card and used directly by the Windows desktop version of Copan.

Designed for land surveyors, geomatics engineers, professionals and students, CopanMobile for Pocket PC is available for download, free of charge.

Note: A valid email address is required for a password and for news of updates.
http://www.underhill.ca/Software/Copan/PocketPC/CopanPPCKey.php

Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) have attracted considerable attention from the viewpoint of application to road management and maintenance. MMSs can help evaluate the condition of asphalt pavements. In a road space, it is essential to keep the road surface in good condition, without surface damage such as cracks and patches. Human inspection is still widely used for road management to detect such damage. However, manual surveys are time-consuming and not very effective. Therefore, the successful automation of surface damage surveys will help reduce the cost of detecting damage and provide more objective and standardized results for road management. Our previous study attempted to visualize surface normals for point clouds of asphalt pavements in both good and poor conditions. However, our visualization was unable to help us clearly discriminate between good and bad surface pavement conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine and test a method that uses MMS to evaluate road conditions effectively. We try to evaluate surface conditions through colored point clouds assigned values of 8-bit RGB color components that map the values of the surface normal and the curvature in a point cloud. An experiment shows that our method generates point clouds that successfully enable us to distinguish between good and bad road surface conditions. Our result also indicates the importance of selecting optimal values for the radius of the point cloud in calculating curvature.

The importance of agriculture in Indian society can hardly be
over-emphasized, as it has a fundamental role in the country's economy,
employment, food security, national self-reliance, and general
well-being. One of the most important issues in agricultural
development economics is supply response, since the responsiveness of
farmers to economic incentives determines agriculture's contribution to
the economy.

In recent years the developments of small electronics prototyping platforms such as Arduinos and Raspberry Pi’s, created a new whole market from electronic equipment and Ideas for various sizes projects. It didn’t pass too much time for developers to combine all these sensors and platforms and to create complete and more sophisticated navigation systems and find their way inside small remote controlled airplanes. The next step, the installation of a small digital camera it was pretty much expected due to human curiosity. The results were significantly changed the geospatial community. It was very obvious since the beginning of this technology that we had definitely find a cheap and reliable solution for aerial imaging.
The necessary steps for designing and executing an aerial image acquisition mission are far from being well defined. If we isolate the involved products one by one, we would see impressive specifications: High resolution DSLR or compact cameras, navigation systems with fast CPUs, reliable GPS units and radio receivers. But when all these stuff we are combining into a UAV (Unmanned Aerial System) fuselage and you are exposing it to aerodynamic forces on an environment full of uncertain parameters like weather and atmospheric conditions then, the UAV as an imaging sensor, needs to be studied further.
The overall of our research is to establish the necessary steps for preparing and executing photogrammetric aerial image acquisition. The final products should be vertical or near vertical well defined images with known exterior orientation, high resolution with small GSD and with adequate sidelap and endlap for supporting stereo vision.

A significant technological advance has been achieved by applying concepts and software developed for oil and gas
exploration seismic data processing to produce detailed elevation maps from the new generation of high resolution
satellite photos. We call this a geophysical processing system since the system is developed by geophysicists, using
geophysical processing tools, including a 3D seismic workstation, and the processors never view the photos in
stereo. PhotoSat has recast the stereo satellite elevation mapping problem so that it closely resembles oil and gas
exploration seismic processing.

The objective of this work is to develop new methods for efficient automatic 3D modeling of existing industrial
installations from point cloud data. Traditionally, cylinder feature extraction algorithms utilize 5D Hough
transforms, resulting in impractically high computational complexity. A more efficient approach uses a 2D Hough
transform to estimate orientation followed by a 3D Hough transform to detect position, but still has extensive
runtimes and lacks robustness in dense point cloud data.

On April 20, 2010, an unexpected explosion occurred on the semi-submersible offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 rig workers and injuring 17 others. It will soon trigger one of the most massive ecological crises ever documented in this part of the world. In order to handle the situation, BP was required to start a rapid response operation. In the established cleanup operation, designated to estimate the proportions of the damage and plan the cleanup efforts, led the company to allocate and deploy instant monitoring tools, which would provide an actionable product containing useful information within 3 hours from acquisition. These tools were crucial in order to utilize the operating cleanup vessels in an effective and swift response.

SpecTIR has made available a number of airborne hyperspectral imagery data sets for research, training, and educational purposes.
They will be available from the SpecTIR website and cover a wide variety of subjects which include:
• Gulf of Mexico coastal National Wildlife Refuge wetlands prior to oil landing onshore
• A sample of oil on the
water at the Deep Water Horizon well head on June 6, 2010
• Agricultural crops and vegetation
• Geologic samples from Cuprite and Virginia City NV
• Coral Reefs from the Red Sea
• Wetland and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation from the Sacramento River Delta and
• Urban and urban vegetation imagery from Reno, NV.
The data was collected with the
ProSpecTIR VNIR/SWIR hyperspectral sensors, which are typically used to collect spectral and spatial information for applications such as long-term environmental monitoring. The samples include the radiance and reflectance files, which are calibrated and navigated, so that they can be used as a GIS layer.
These samples are significant because they demonstrate the practical uses of spectral imagery. The sensors are operated from small aircraft, and can be at any location in the world in a matter of hours or days. Once onsite they can capture information that makes it possible to detect and monitor minute changes to the environment, water, or vegetation. Over time, this becomes a very powerful mapping tool that can be used to manage responses to both man-made and natural disasters.
Mark Landers, SpecTIR’s president states “A clear cut example of the use of this technology is the images that we collected from the coastal wetlands of the Gulf of Mexico as the oil was heading for the shore in June of 2010. We were able to establish a baseline, prior to the oil, that can be used initially in the wetland vegetation damage assessment work, and in the long term will help to measure and guide the recovery efforts of the Gulf States.”
About SpecTIR LLC
SpecTIR LLC is a Small Business with offices in Virginia, Maryland, California, and Nevada. SpecTIR has its foundation in the specialized design and construction of advanced hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging systems. Over the past decade, SpecTIR has focused on the collection of hyperspectral data, the generation of imagery products from multiple data sources, and industrial solutions for manufacturing processes. Globally, SpecTIR offers a full line of remote sensing services which include imagery acquisition with analysis, geospatial data base design, and advanced GIS services. In addition, SpecTIR is a distributor of Specim AISA hyperspectral systems worldwide.
For More Information Contact Bill Bernard 410 820 5591 and visit http://www.spectir.com/download.html for free data samples

Citrix virtual desktop technology works by sending only the screen data from the central server to remote workstations. The server can host a number of “virtual machines”. In effect, the remote machine is a thin client
and and sees the screen of the virtual computer to be controlled sees the screen of the virtual computer to be controlled.

Nowadays, sharing and querying spatial data through Internet has been become ubiquitous and easier in term of visualization and analysis. Thus, GIS (Geographic Information System) is no more an isolated application used by a
limited number of users, but essentially a worldwide shared set of complex geo-applications. Any more, many
concepts combining both GIS and Internet have been occurred, i.e. WebGIS, Internet-Based GIS, GIS Web mapping, etc. Nowadays, the application of the 3rd dimension in Internet-based GIS, with rare exceptions, is restricted and limited to research work. Thus, this paper proposes a contribution in 3D GIS deployment over
Internet.

This paper presents the methods for estimating river depths to evaluate the potential for characterizing river depth
from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite observations. The SWOT mission is a swath
mapping radar altimeter that will measure inland water surface elevation (WSE). Since the SWOT satellite will be
launched during the 2013-2016 time frame, we generated synthetic SWOT WSE measurements for the entire Ohio
River Basin.

For airborne surveys, direct georeferencing has become the primary source for EOPs (Exterior Orientation
Parameters) determination since integrated GPS/INS (Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System)
systems were introduced. However, there is still need for alternative indirect georeferencing since there are remote,
inaccessible areas that lack a geodetic infrastructure and thus GPS/INS-based georeferencing is not feasible.

The present study was conducted from remotely sensed data and GIS technology for resources management of
Sume area in Semi-Arid region of Paraiba State. A variety of supervised classification methods has been
applied for resources management and land development in the study area. Under this study the SPOT data
of the year of 2003 were processed with ERDAS 7.5 & ERDAS imagine Software in the Laboratory of
Remote Sensing and GIS, operating on a high performance micro-computer.

Dense Matching is used to match a huge number of pixels automatically to generate a surface model from a set of
overlapping digital images. Once a DSM has been processed, it then can be used to generate a so called true-ortho
image. Such a true-ortho image has significant advantages over a standard ortho image.

BERKELEY, CA ― January 12, 2010 ― earthmine today announced three international distributors of Esri, the global-leader in GIS software, are partnering with earthmine to deliver 3D street level imagery in conjunction with Esri’s desktop, web and mobile solutions to customers in Greece, Korea and Singapore. These new earthmine partners join the growing ranks of customers and distributors who are utilizing the 3D street level imagery, software, and services offered by earthmine.

GeoGenesis® is an easy-to-use imagery processing and photogrammetric workstation giving you complete control over your data. Using GeoGenesis you can rapidly orthorectify UAV/aerial and satellite imagery and perform bundle adjustment on multiple images -- assisted by automated tie point selection. GeoGenesis also includes pan-sharpening , mosaicking capabilities to combine multiple images into a single orthomosaic, and radiometric balancing to eliminate any visible seams.
GeoGenesisLITE geospatial data viewer for display of imagery, elevation, and vector data - all with an easy to use graphical user interface.

Enterprise Architect provides full life cycle modeling for:
* Business and IT systems
* Software and Systems Engineering
* Real-time and embedded development
With built-in requirements management capabilities, Enterprise Architect helps you trace high-level specifications to analysis, design, implementation, test and maintenance models using UML, SysML, BPMN and other open standards for modeling.
Enterprise Architect is a multi-user, graphical tool designed to help your teams build robust and maintainable systems.
And using high quality, built-in reporting and documentation, you can deliver a truly shared vision easily and accurately!

This paper presents the MatchMe™ module by Icaros Inc. for the extraction of tie-points in a highly efficient, robust and precise manner under the most demanding scenarios. Experiments on various scenes, including very challenging configurations such as oblique imagery, will show the validity and high potential of the proposed approach

Does urban mapping allow city planners to structure cities based on social class? Many people believe that all communities offer the same types of business, such as grocery stores, specialty stores and restaurants no matter the income level in a city, the problem with this is, the statement is not true. In the city of Fayetteville, North Carolina, what is available in one part of the city is not offered in another, why is this? There are two different reasons that could determine why and how this happens, one the business’s are geared to make profits and require a certain type of consumer, and the other is what the needs of the community are. If you look at a particular area in the city of Fayetteville you will see upscale stores, restaurants , if you drive a mere twenty minutes you lose the stores and now are left with convenience marts, that sell a variety of items at a higher price to the people in the area. Is the structure of city and the business’s that are encompassed in it based on social class, profit or both? If you look in what is known as the impoverished part of the city, there are no grocery stores, the people have to rely on these convenience marts , that do not even sell healthy choices, these stores, often in high crime areas; offer cheap alcoholic beverages, processed foods and basic supplies. The restaurants in this area are fast food; there is no fine dining, no specialty stores, which means the choices for the people in the particular area limited. If you go back on the other side of town there is grocery stores, specialty stores, and nice sit down restaurants’, if you look at the people in that area, they have very affluent jobs, the income level and education tends to be higher. The question is , How can urban mapping restructure the city without putting social class limits and bring well rounded business’s to all the people in the city?

Routing in its most basic form is a question of getting from A to B as fast as possible. Sometimes you want to go from A to B via C or you have to adhere to various restrictions (one-way, max-weight, etc.). But basically it is still the same shortest path problem.

This paper discusses the deployment and results of a recent rail line survey for the purpose of conducting an asset
inventory of rail side hardware and engineering design work. The study area involved the use of the Lynx Mobile
Mapper to collect mobile terrestrial lidar data along a section of a commuter / freight rail in Austin, Texas. The
section of rail in question is known locally as the “Red Line”.

Analysis of land-cover using remote sensing is utilized in many fields. In this study, spectral information is extracted
using ASTER and IKONOS Images during the same period. And characteristics of the roads surface were grasped
through analysis of Spectral Information Library of Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)
and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA JPL). As a result, deterioration of road is grasped and it will be
expected to utilize as the basic data for road management connected with statistic data such as traffic information
and so on.

In 1995, Terry Gibson, an archaeologist and senior manager at Western Heritage in St. Albert was called out to Bodo, a small hamlet south of Provost where an oil company had stumbled across something unusual.

Com bin i ng science, art, and technol ogy, cartography offers effecti ve ways to represen t (or model) and com mu nicate geographic i n formation. Cartographic models such as poi nts, lines, and polygons are often used to represent the spatial features on the earth surface. With the advancement of mapping techniques such as GIS and geovisualization tools, it is possible to model the earth environment into a photorealistic, virtual reality in which a point feature to represent a building can be replaced by a vi rtual building. This paper discusses an approach to developing a photorealistic , virtual village located in Glen Carbon, Illi nois. Cartographic maps of the village are first generated , including features such as buildings , roads, cars, a power substation , overhead electrical power lines, a water tower, underground water mai ns, water sewer li nes, lawns, manholes , hydrants, and trees . Those cartographic features are then transformed into J D symbols to develop the virtual vi llage in which the user can explore and visual ize not only the JD scenes above the ground (e.g., buildings, hydrants, power li nes, trees) but also the JD scenes under the ground (e.g., water mains, sewer l ines). J n conjunction with the geometric network modeli ng, the user can experience the geometric networking among water tower, water mains, hydrants, and buildings (i.e., water flow). For example, the user can tum on the water supply from the water tower to see how the water flows in the water mains and into each building ; the user can also disable a T-val ve to turn off the water supply to a particular building . It is anticipated that such an innovative approach provides a new insight how spatial information about our environment can be effectively perceived through the use of photorealistic model i ng technique .

The studies of recent crustal movements are based on analyses of repeated geodetic measurements, and their
combination with results of geophysical and geological investigations. It is obvious that a single data producer
cannot produce useful datasets and information without integrating data from others because one scientist’s results
become another’s data. So, the problem to be solved naturally has an interdisciplinary character. However, earth
scientists traditionally work on one aspect of the problem and they have a tradition of sharing of data but they are
willing to share it if asked.

Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Geodesy Department

Mapping land cover in urban areas helps understanding the complexity of the urban landscape and environments.
High resolution image data effectively captures such urban complexities and offers great potential for mapping the
urban features in detail. The land cover information derived from remote sensing data has proven its usefulness for a
wide range of urban applications.

Most commercial LIDAR systems temporarily record the entire laser pulse echo signal, called full-waveform, as a
function of time to extract the return pulses at data acquisition level in real-time; typically up to 4-5 returns. The new
generation of airborne laser scanners, the full-waveform LiDAR systems, are not only able to digitize but can record
the entire backscattered signal of each emitted pulse, which provides the possibility of further analyzing the waveform
and, thus, obtaining additional information about the reflecting object and its geometric and physical characteristics.

SpecTIR has released a number of hyperspectral data samples for download from the website. They include Oil at the Deep Water Horizon site; Minerals form Cuprite and Virginia City; Urban Imagery from Reno, Coral Reefs from the Red Sea; Data from the Sacramento River Delta, CA, and Vegetaion and Crops from MD.
The data was collected with the ProSpecTIR VNIR SWIR and SEBASS MWIR LWIR instruments.

Experts from Racurs Company have conducted a test of data from the GeoEye-1 satellite with PHOTOMOD digital photogrammetric workstation version 4.4.699. A stereopair of space images (PAN and RGB) for the area of Hobart city (Tasmania, Australia) shot Feb 17, 2009 was processed.

Understanding user workflow requirements and system architecture / infrastructure performance limitations are fundamental in managing GIS operations. ESRI provides a new Capacity Planning Tool that can be used to document system requirements and model enterprise system performance and scalability. The Capacity Planning Tool provides a framework for collecting performance metrics and understanding workflow requirements.

The introduction of mobile location services not only paved the way for potential benefits for the users but it also resulted in a number of additional issues, out of which privacy protection is termed as the most critical one.

As Census Bureau workers wrap up their massive decennial data collection effort, businesses are eager to know the results. Unfortunately, the numbers won’t be released until next year. State total populations, used for reapportioning the House of Representatives, must be reported to President Obama by December 31st this year. But detailed results about the demographic characteristics of America’s population and households will take years to fully tabulate. How has the Great Recession affected regional growth? Which cities are most impacted by immigration? As Baby Boomers turn “sixty-something,” how are their living arrangements changing? Answers to these questions require not only fresh census results but time-consuming, in-depth analysis.

A new algorithm for predicting building rooftop displacements in individual aerial photos utilizing the lens location at
the time of photographing and the 3D coordinates of rooftops is proposed in this paper. Based on camera calibration
and mathematical relationships, the algorithm will be implemented through unprocessed 1 foot resolution aerial
photographs and an approximated rooftop model.

Location, location, location. For many years, and across many industries, these three words have defined the critical foundation upon which businesses were built. Both companies and consumers understand the importance of location and its impact on business success. In fact, even best-in-class businesses considering merchandising, marketing or efficient operations find it difficult to succeed in a poor location.

This paper proposes a new tool for close range photogrammetry survey. It has been designed to assist non-expert
users when conducting 3D survey of infrastructures. Close range photogrammetry requires specific acquisition setup
in order to build precise and accurate 3D model. While an expert user will know where to locate his camera stations
and how to overcome terrain hindrance in order to still comply with his precision requirement, a non-expert user
may be clueless. The proposed guide aims at informing the user about his current acquisition choices and their
impacts on the resulting 3D model. The paper presents the solution we designed and the various components it
includes. Some results are also provided.

The popular term “image fusion” often refers to combing two images to form a single image containing elements from both and hoped to somehow be of more value. While combining two images into one may have merit in certain applications, this paper will focus the
combining of the information in two images of a common location taken from different sensors and/or different platforms and demonstrate the utility of correlation by simply overlaying one image on the other.

The Government of the Republic of Maldives has received financing from the International Development
Association (IDA) toward the cost of the Maldives Environmental Management Project, part of which was to
develop a National Geographic Information System (NGIS) Strategic Framework and Implementation Plan. The
development objective of the project is to strengthen the capacity for environmental management in the Maldives,
by addressing some of the human resource constraints and informational impediments to improved environmental
management.

The Australian Great Artesian Basin mound springs are unique wetland ecosystems of great ecological, scientific,
economic importance and culturally significant for indigenous Australians. In recent decades the ecological
sustainability of the springs has become uncertain as demands for this precious water resource increase. Research
methods are being developed using hyperspectral remote sensing for mapping and monitoring the sensitivity of
spring vegetation to mining and pastoral water allocations and land use.

It is a trivial task for a five-year-old child to recognize and name an object such as a car, house, or building.
However, it is a challenging process to identify and label these same objects automatically in a digital image. In the
last three decades, researchers have used radiometric properties to identify objects in digital imagery. The supervised
image classification algorithm groups similar image pixels based on their values. This approach has proven to be
successful, yet it is reaching its theoretical limitation. For example, it is impossible to identify a car based only on
color. A five-year-old child uses color, 3-D geometric shape, and other properties such as doors and wheels to
identify a car.

Using GIS to help public sector agencies share information and resources, is a strategy very much on the current political agenda. This strategy has been taken up by a new initiative involving public service providers in Northamptonshire.

Over two days in May 2010, the
City of Nashville and much of
Western Tennessee was pounded
by 17 inches of rain, more than
twice the rainfall ever recorded for
a similar period in that area. The
raging flood waters eventually left
11 residents dead and inflicted $2
billion in property damage.

The availability of 3D surface data is crucial for several industrial, public, and military applications. Light Detection
And Ranging (LiDAR) is an active sensor system capable of collecting 3D information from an object surface using
laser pulses. Accurate and dense LiDAR data can be utilized for georeferencing of photogrammetric data and segmentation of 3D buildings. LiDAR data contaminated by systematic errors cannot guarantee the achievement of the expected accuracy and discrepancies might occur between overlapping strips. This paper presents an alternative method for LiDAR system calibration.

Digital large forma aerial cameras typically use several cones and several sensors (CCDs) to achieve the large
format. The sub images collected by the individual sensors are then stitched together to one large format image. The
geometric accuracy of the final stitched image depends significantly on the quality of the stitching algorithm. This
has been improved over the years and residuals of 20% of the CCD pixel size or better can be achieved under project
conditions.

Depending on relations and transient properties, real world events or physical settings can be represented with
different types of network structures. To realize this purpose, a social network topology becomes a complex and a
scale free network. In this paper, we propose to use this topology to represent road networks. Generally speaking,
road networks and their spatial relations reside on a plane, which generates a specific network structure termed as a
planar network.

PCI Geomatics, in response to needs in the airphoto production market, have developed a high-performance image
processing system called the GeoImaging Accelerator (GXL), based on multi-core and Graphical Processing Unit
(GPU) microchip advances. This system was used as a template for an ortho-mosaic extension to the UltraMap
processing chain for UltraCam imagery.

A storm surge that accompanies a hurricane creates a major threat to humans and the near-shore built environment.
Improving the analysis and identification of risk to vulnerable communities from storm-surge damage is crucial for
risk-reduction policy making in coastal cities and towns. Storm surges can damage buildings’ structures and their
contents; however, content-damage assessment methodologies are not well studied. This study developed and
implemented a conceptual framework to estimate flood-damage vulnerability to building contents.

Read this white paper to learn how to think about and construct a complete business case for using neighborhood-level data to improve the relevance and usability of your web site and mobile application. Get concrete ROI metrics, use cases, requirements, and implementation guidance.

If you don’t make [lower-resolution mapping data] publicly available, there will be people with their cars and GPS devices, driving around with their laptops .. They will be cataloguing every lane, and enjoying it, driving 4×4s behind your farm at the
dead of night. There will, if necessary, be a grass-roots remapping.

Use your .Net code in ArcMap just as easy as you were used to work with VBA scripts. With the ARIS .Net Scripting Tool you can create, edit and run DotNet code within an ArcMap session. A perfect solution to test parts of your code during application development or to switch from VBA to VB.Net.

VBA macro support is deprecated in ArcGIS 10 and will not be supported in releases after ArcGIS 10.2. Migration was only possible to Visual Studio or to Python, but now you can stick to scripting inside ArcGIS with the DotNet Scripting Tool (no Visual Studio license required).

Getting startedOnce you have installed the ARIS .Net Scripting Tool and enabled the extension in ArcMap, just select .Net Scripting in the customize menu to start making your custom code. In the example below the VB.Net script adds an extra Map Frame to the Layout View in ArcMap.

Use .Net scriptingReplace VBA scripts with VB.Net scripts so you are prepared when VBA is not available anymore in ArcGIS.
Test small parts of your .Net applications in ArcMap without making any major changes in your source code. Use .Net scripts to be able to use objects or methods (from ArcObjects) not available in Python.

SpecificationsSome specifications of the .Net Scripting Tool:

Edit source code

Syntax highlighting

No need for binding ArcGIS license

Build the code to check for potential errors

Run the code in ArcMap

Output, Debug and Error window

Import or export source code from/to file

Save source code in the ArcMap Document (MXD)

Support for Visual Basic (VB.Net)

Future release: Support for C# (C#.Net)

See the User´s Manual for a detailed description.

Requirements Required is one of the following ArcGIS 10.0, ArcGIS 10.1, ArcGIS 10.2 or ArcGIS 10.2.1 / 10.2.2 licenses:

ArcView / ArcGIS for Desktop Basic

ArcEditor / ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced

ArcInfo / ArcGIS for Desktop Enterprise

ArcObjects SDK for the Microsoft .Net Framework needs to be installed for necessary references. Visual Studio is not required for the ARIS .Net Scripting Tool.

Images provided by several imaging spectrometers are often contaminated with stripes. This artifact compromises
the visual quality and radiometric integrity of measured data. Although a large number of destriping algorithms
have been recently suggested, most of them provide results that display residual stripes if not strong distortion from
the original signal. To overcome this issue, we introduce a robust methodology using a gradient-based iterative
destriping algorithm (GBIDA). Statistical assumptions used in previous methods such as histogram matching are
replaced with a more realistic geometrical consideration on the images spatial gradient. An iterative scheme is then
used in order to isolate the striping effect from the original image prior to processing.

Airborne sensors provide a valuable source of imagery by virtue of the location of the deployed platform. However, obtaining precise and rapid information from such imagery has been difficult due to the enormous amount of post processing required by existing software and hardware to extract the geo-location for targets of interest. Commercially available software packages running on high-level computer systems generally take several minutes and typically hours of human intervention to provide credible target location.

Although disaster prevention measures are very important, accurate investigation of damages and effective
restoration are also crucial for understanding and dealing with forest fires. Collection of accurate information
about forest fire damage is a difficult task because it usually occurs in far field mountainous regions and involves wide areas making field survey a very challenging task. Remote sensing by satellite image is used to get consecutive information about the range and ecological change of the damaged area.

Airborne Digital Frame Camera Systems have been used in the last few years in various mapping projects around
the world. Although they have proved to be a viable replacement to the traditional film cameras, their theoretical
accuracy estimates have not been published, except occasionally by camera vendors who have demonstrated system
accuracy and practical capabilities under certain flying conditions.

Video metadata are often of lower absolute accuracy than desired for exploitation and tracking, and are often
recorded at a lower rate than the video frame rate. In these circumstances it is beneficial to perform georegistration
of the video to reference data in order to improve geopositioning accuracy or to assess the geopositioning accuracy.
Manual georegistration is much slower than real-time, and previously existing automated techniques require
specialized hardware.

In rural areas, hydro break lines are necessary to create LiDAR derivative products such as TINs, contours, DEMs etc. Water body detection and delineation are necessary to generate hydro break lines. Hydro flattening follows the detection and delineation of water bodies (lakes, rivers, ponds, reservoirs, streams etc.). Manual hydro break line generation is time consuming and expensive, especially when there are large number of lakes, rivers and their tributaries. Accuracy and processing time depend on the number of vertices marked for delineation of break lines. Automation with minimal human intervention is desired for this operation. In this paper, we proposed an advanced algorithm to detect water bodies automatically using both LiDAR elevation and intensity data. We used two distinguishing characteristics to detect water bodies. The first one is that the surface of water body is a flat area and the elevation of it is lower than that of the surrounding area. The second one is that spectral reflectance of water is very small in the near infra-red range compared with vegetation and other topographic features. Beyond these two broad strategies, we used additional techniques to fine tune the algorithm. After detecting water bodies, we generated 3D break lines. Finally, we performed a comparison of automatically generated break lines with their semi-automated/manual counterparts and we discussed the results.

Mapinfo® spatialware® software enhances the value of your spatial data by enabling it to be stored, managed and quickly retrieved from leading commercial database management systems. Spatialware enhances the value of your data by extending the storage and analysis capabilities of your database environment. Spatialware enables location-based, or spatial data, to be easily integrated with non-spatial data both on the desktop and across the enterprise ensuring data accessibility, scalability, integrity, reliability and security. Simply stated, spatialware allows you to enhance key business processes by connecting data and location.

EVOLUTION, SOME MIGHT SAY REVOLUTION, IS COMING TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC DATA INDUSTRY. NEW SOURCES OF DATA ARE ARRIVING
ON STREAM, AND SOME TRADITIONAL SOURCES ARE FADING RAPIDLY. WHAT ARE DEMOGRAPHIC DATA USERS— THE BUSINESS AND
ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION MAKERS AND THEIR ANALYSTS—SUPPOSED TO DO? THIS PITNEY BOWES BUSINESS INSIGHT WHITE
PAPER, THE FIRST IN A TWO-PART SERIES, PROVIDES NECESSARY BACKGROUND AND GUIDANCE IN SUPPORT OF THE MANY
STAKEHOLDERS IN THE DATA COMMUNITY. MUCH INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ABOUT THE CHANGES ON THE HORIZON, BUT IT IS
FRAGMENTED AND INCOMPLETE. PITNEY BOWES BUSINESS INSIGHT IS COMMITTED TO HELPING DATA USERS UNDERSTAND THESE
CHANGES BY PROVIDING AUTHORITATIVE GUIDANCE AS THE FUTURE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA UNFOLDS. THIS WHITE PAPER FOCUSES
ON BASIC POPULATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES AND THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY (ACS), THE INSTRUMENT THAT WILL
REPLACE THE LONG-FORM IN CENSUS 2010. THE SECOND WHITE PAPER IN THIS SERIES WILL FOCUS ON STRATEGIES TO DEAL
WITH THE NEW DATA ENVIRONMENT.

Airborne hyperspectral ground mapping is being used in an ever-increasing extent for numerous applications in the
military, geology and environmental fields. The different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum help produce
information of differing nature. The visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared radiation (400 nm to 2.5 μm) has
been mostly used to analyze reflected solar light, while the mid-wave (3 to 5 μm) and long-wave (8 to 12 μm or
thermal) infrared senses the self-emission of molecules directly, enabling the acquisition of data during night time.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed the first of a series of geometric test ranges over Sioux Falls,
South Dakota. The purposes of these test ranges are for evaluating, validating and characterizing high resolution
satellite and aerial images. The Sioux Falls test range uses accurate and standardized high resolution aerial
orthophotos as a reference dataset to compare and characterize the geometric accuracy of satellite and aerial images.
This paper first provides a report on the characteristics of the test range and the accuracy of the reference data. The
paper goes on to show the use of automated image assessment methodology and results for the geometric assessment
of GeoEye image using the reference imagery over the test range.

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is an invasive weed throughout the southern half of the United States with the densest
stands growing along the coastal rivers of southern California and the Rio Grande in Texas. The objective of this
study was to use aerial photography to map giant reed infestations and estimate infested areas along the Texas-
Mexico portion of the Rio Grande. Aerial color-infrared (CIR) photographs (each covering approximately a 2.4 km
by 2.4 km area with 20-30% overlaps) were taken along the Rio Grande between Brownsville and El Paso, Texas in
June and July 2002.

The Turkish personal accident and health insurance market grew at a significant rate during the review period between 2007 and 2011. This growth was supported by the country’s robust economic growth, increased penetration of health insurance products, rising disposable income and growing awareness of the benefits of health insurance.

Point cloud data from laser scanner has a complementary property to imagery data such as surface information vs. texture information. Advance in technology has reached to the point where a camera mounted on top of a laser scanner can assign color directly from image pixels to 3D point clouds. Current terrestrial laser scanning system with camera on board uses digital image pixel (color) retrieval and Orthophoto generation, but the scanner camera is not fully utilized in terms of 3-dimensional measurement. For example, a target that is more than 100 meters from the system tends to experience a degraded image, spatial resolution-wise, while generating a sufficient number of points. It simply means image resolution is fixed while laser-scanning parameters are adjustable through scan rate, scan angle etc. The objective of this study is to incorporate a high-resolution imaging system to the laser scanning system so that color information is updated from high-resolution image.

Detection of urban objects in very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery is challenging due to the similarities in the spectral and textural characteristics of urban land cover classes. Therefore, additional information such as elevation data is required for a proper classification. In this study, instead of LiDAR data, elevation information generated from satellite stereo images is used to assist the urban land cover classification in VHR imagery. RPCs are used to generate the elevation information. The classification process is performed using a fuzzy inference rule based system. This method is tested on GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2 satellite imagery. Preliminary results suggest that urban land cover classification is substantially improved by adopting elevation information from the stereo imagery, after it is transferred to the image domain.

When looking at law enforcement and how they are able to be one step ahead of the criminals. What processes are being used? How are they able to understand spatial data and use GIS as a tool to stop or even prevent crime is a very important. Looking at the City of Fayetteville police department, the crime analysis department is using GIS to help the officers look for criminals, track crime statics and even prevent future crimes all with GIS. The officers understand that it is more than a map and the capabilities for them in their daily routines give them an advantage over the modern day criminal. Crime is just not about breaking and entering, murder and assault it is much more complex and being able to look at the different areas in the community to see the different crimes that are taking place is very important. By using GIS the officers are able to locate the criminals by the towers of the cell phone usage, also study the spatial patterns that might take place in a particular area and even map out a crime ring all by using GIS. This spatial tool is at the focus of meetings and how they are taking a spatial look at crime. When using maps in this type of process, the police are able to understand the nature of the crimes being committed and have evidence on what took place. GIS is the capturing, managing, analyzing and displaying information, this very system allows for criminals to be apprehend quicker, crime to be lowered and communities that have high levels or crime to have different programs in place to make the changes to stop these types of crimes from happen.

This description is based on "Instruction for photogrammetric processing for creating a digital topographic maps and planes" (Moscow, CNIIGAIK, 2002) approved by THE FEDERAL AGENCY OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY of Russia.
PHOTOMOD system allows to control execution of operations at all stages of project processing.
Below is a list of recommendations of accuracy control at various stages of the project processing.

This paper proposes a method to find gold deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Different methods including
various classification methods, principle component transform (PCT), band ratios, and a constrained energy
minimization technique are evaluated for their performance for hydrothermal alteration zone mapping. First, these
techniques are carried out to highlight known gold deposits over the Sukari Gold Mine. Then, the techniques are
applied to different areas to search for sites that have similar spectral and other signatures in the processed images,
with the idea that they may have conditions similar to those of the known gold deposits.

Displaying and analyzing changes and trends in agriculture over time is becoming a more important topic of
conversation from the aspects of agricultural production, increasing urban footprints, changes in farming practices,
and general planning activities. Detecting change in agriculture over time requires historical data, such as imagery,
or potentially vector based historical information. The USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA) Aerial Photography
Field Office (APFO) has a massive archive of historical imagery reaching back to the 1950s.

Building models are conventionally reconstructed by measuring their vertices point-by-point in a digital
photogrammetric workstation (DPW), which is time and labor consuming process. Although aerial photos implicitly
provide 3D information of buildings, LiDAR systems directly provide high density and accurate point cloud
coordinates. However, LiDAR data cannot accurately represent the building boundaries. To take advantage of both
systems, we propose Floating Model and a tailored least-squares model-data fitting (LSMDF) algorithm in this
paper.

In Kentucky’s Eastern Coal Fields physiographic region, mining and reclamation activities often result in stream
modification, potentially leading to the creation of new ponds and reservoirs. Incorporation of these changes as part
of updates to the National Hydrography Dataset is proceeding slowly. The 2001-2005 Kentucky Landscape Census
modernization of the NLCD01 demonstrated the extremely dynamic characteristic of the landscape in that region of
the state where major land cover changes are due to resource extraction.

Within urban areas, variations within the built environment create unique microclimates because of diversity in thermal properties of surface materials and alterations of the hydrologic cycle. Resolving intra-urban microclimate variability presents an opportunity to evaluate spatial dimensions of urban heat island effects, including daily air temperature fluctuations and local variations in start and end of growing seasons. Observations from National Weather Service (NWS) stations are often used to characterize regional conditions, yet such data are widely spaced and can only indicate conditions specific to that site. To effectively represent the fabric of temperature variations within an urban area, a finer network of data collection points is required. We report on a weather data collection campaign within Roanoke, Virginia using mobile weather units and weather stations newly installed at local public schools. We describe these data collection programs, outline methods developed for our collection pattern, and our preliminary analyses. We discuss our results and how they relate to the variation in Roanoke’s built environment. This research forms the first phase of dissertation research evaluating urban social and environmental patterns to facilitate optimal placement of urban agriculture. It provides the basis for understanding the spatial context for urban agriculture, and for ameliorating social and environmental difficulties inherent to modern urban systems. It fills a gap in current strategies, which largely have lacked spatial perspectives, and uses the power of geospatial technologies to identify relationships between the environmental and social dimensions of urban systems, and the spatial nature of their synergies.

Digital elevation models (DEM) are baseline geospatial products widely used in mapping and other applications. Generally obtained from airborne sensor data, DEMs can be made available at various spatial resolutions and accuracy levels. As DEM production costs vary significantly depending on the detail level of these two parameters, plans for data acquisition must be carefully balanced so as to satisfy spacing and accuracy requirements at the lowest possible cost. While most standard mapping techniques provide methods for determining the required resolution, they are usually based on qualitative surface definitions such as open, built-up and/or urban terrain, or by land cover such as weeds, crops, scrub, wooded, etc. These categories, however, are not necessarily correlated to the complexity of the surface, which ultimately defines the spatial sampling distance for any given surface representation requirements. This paper investigates a method for surface characterization that uses the spatial spectrum. Mathematically, DEMs can be modeled as real, single-valued functions of two variables. Using a 2D Fourier transform, surfaces can be represented in the spatial frequency domain, where each frequency can be interpreted as a different sampling rate of the measurements (i.e., spacing). In a simple interpretation: low-frequency components characterize slow changes of the surface, such as average slope, while high-frequency components describe the microstructure, or local, details. Evaluating representative DEMs, the most typical spatial spectra can be determined which, subsequently, can help practitioners define the optimal sampling distances and/or error requirements to determine DEM resolution and data acquisition for major surface categories.

Petach Tikva, Israel, - April 16th, 2010 – Tiltan Systems Engineering is pleased to announce the release of TLiD-R3 – a third generation of TLiD - an Automatic LiDAR data processing product. TLiD R3 features a major improvement in classification and vectoring of point cloud data, decreasing overall data processing time (including QA) by more than 50%. TLiD automatically generates classified point clouds, DEM, DSM, building vectors (all roof faces and perimeters) power line vectors, power pole list, tree list and more. Product and service options are available.
“TLiD R3 is a result of a major effort Tiltan undertook to greatly increase precision and cut total project time from when going from a geo-referenced point cloud to a final product delivered to the end user” says Oodi Menaker, TLiD's Product Manager. "TLiD R3 is faster, more accurate and with more robust automatic algorithms, reducing the cost of processing and QA thus granting our customers both a commercial and a technical edge.”
Tiltan also supplies TLiD based LiDAR processing services in competitive prices. Internal product use has been the drive for numerous developments and enhancements.
TLiD is currently deployed in Europe, the US, Canada, South Africa and Australia with many satisfied customers.
A 14 days trial version of TLiD is available by sending a mail to marketing@tilatn-se.co.il
About Tiltan
Tiltan specializes in developing and supplying advanced mapping and visualization solutions, such as TLiD, TView and ILX. Tiltan employs a staff of 80, including software developers, algorithm researchers and visual database experts. For more information, please visit www.tiltan-se.co.il

3D city models have a wide range of applications such as mobile navigation, urban planning, telecommunication,
and tourism. The generation of high resolution Digital Surface Models (DSMs), in particular from airborne LIDAR
data have found a major attraction of researchers in this field due to their high accuracy and high density of points.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for the generation of 3D models of buildings that are extracted from a
high resolution DSM. Particularly the complex buildings containing several smaller building parts are discussed.
The building parts are individually modeled by a projection-based method and merged to form the final 3D model.
The following building parts are considered to be modeled in the proposed approach: (1) flat roof, (2) gable roof,
(3) hipped roof, and (4) mansard-shaped roof buildings. The complex buildings are decomposed into several parts
according to the number of existing ridge lines.

Anadarko was incorporated in 1959 and is currently one of the largest independent oil and gas exploration and production companies in the world. Anadarko has assets over $20 billion, produced 158 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and has 2.45 billion BOE of proven reserves as of 2005. In 2000 Anadarko merged with Fort Worth-based Union Pacific Resources (UPR).

A primary goal of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is to expand markets for U.S. agricultural products
and support global economic development. The USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board (WAOB) supports this
goal by developing monthly World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) for the U.S. and major
foreign producing countries. Because weather has a significant impact on crop progress, conditions, and production,
WAOB prepares frequent agricultural weather assessments, in the GIS-based, Global Agricultural Decision Support
Environment (GLADSE).

The Rio Grande of west Texas contains by far the largest infestation of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in Texas. The
objective of this study was to evaluate airborne hyperspectral imagery and different classification techniques for
mapping saltcedar infestations. Hyperspectral imagery with 102 usable bands covering a spectral range of 475-845
nm was acquired from two sites along the Rio Grande in west Texas in December 2003 and 2004 when saltcedar
was undergoing color change.

Digital aerial frame cameras are widely used in mapping applications. As one most effective and frequently used constraint in digital photogrammetry research and practices, however, epipolar geometry relation of digital frame camera is not investigated deeply. In this paper, analytical transforming relation between center projective image (CPI) obtained by digital frame camera and epipolar image (EPI) is derived, based on which some fruitful result are revealed. The contributions of this paper are as follows. First the monotone mapping relation from CPI to EPI is obtained, which lays the foundation of two calibration algorithms in epipolar image generation. One is the fast indirect rectification per block algorithm; the other is direct rectification algorithm for any sub-region in CPI. Then a critical epipolar line is proved to be existed in CPI. The coordinates of epipolar point that all epipolar lines intersect at in CPI, are deduced thirdly. From that epipolar point, it is very easy to get slant epipolar line that goes through any image point in CPI.

The rise of handheld smart phones and tablets brings sufficient storage capacity and processing capabilities to perform significant terrain analysis on the local device. This work can be done as either native apps, or using the capabilities of HTML5. Digital elevation models (DEMs) come in a wide variety of formats, and it does not make sense for handheld device have translators for all of them. The handhelds need a simple format that compresses well, but retains accurate geospatial registration information. We created a JSON format with bzip2 compression, both of which have widespread support with JavaScript libraries. This format allows data only on the WGS84/NAD83 datum, in either geographic or UTM coordinates. A command line converter, based on MICRODEM supplemented with the GDAL libraries, performs DEM reprojection if necessary, converts to JSON format, and compresses for download to the handheld device. Lidar point clouds are now supplied almost exclusively in the LAS format. While the LAS format has a number of options, all include far too many fields for use on a handheld—for instance the 8 bytes for GPS time will not help someone in the field seeking to visualize terrain. We chose a similar JSON/bzip2 solution for MICRODEM to prepare point clouds, and achieve lossy compression roughly comparable to lossless LAZ compression. A GeoJSON format specification exists, but only applies to vector data. We propose GeoJSON-G for grids and GeoJSON-P for point clouds, which will retain full geospatial registration information while intelligently limiting the volume of data for the handheld devices to download and process. The handhelds will not edit modify the data, making elimination of unnecessary fields acceptable. We have adapted HTML5 and Javascript open source projects to display both DEMs and lidar point clouds.

A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system with hybrid-polarity architecture constitutes a significant advancement in the field of radar remote sensing. This new architecture system is a Compact Polarimetric (CP) SAR system which transmits a circular polarization and receives two mutually coherent orthogonal linear polarizations. This SAR system reduces some of the design constraints of the spaceborne satellite, allowing for a low-cost and low-mass SAR system. The main advantage of this SAR system is that it has a greater amount of information than the standard dual-pol mode, while covering the swath width of ScanSAR imagery. Therefore, a growing interest has been raised for CP SAR systems as a possible tradeoff in full quad-pol SAR systems. A CP SAR mode will be included in future SAR missions, such as the Canadian RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) and the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2). This paper is a first attempt towards the selection of the optimum CP parameters for sea ice classification. A set of twenty three CP parameters are assessed. A late-winter case study image is used, encompassing two sea ice types and one open water state.

Urbanization alters the natural water cycle. One of urbanization’s most significant effects is increasing impervious surface cover which reduces infiltration, increases runoff volume and rate, and decreases evapotranspiration. Effective management of urban stormwater runoff and water quality issues can only be accomplished once drainage area and flow networks are accurately identified. Typically, geospatial evaluation of hydrologic impacts begins with identification of water flow and watershed boundaries, applying assessment techniques based on those designed for natural landscapes. However, urban hydrology differs from that of natural environments and thus urban watersheds require innovative evaluation techniques. This study identifies information gaps that originate from applications of standard geospatial techniques in urban hydrology. Delineation of a highly urbanized watershed in Fairfax County, Virginia was first accomplished using standard techniques. Next, using lidar data, the watershed was again delineated and both results compared. By overlaying both delineations on aerial photos and adding impervious surface and storm network layers, we identified regions redirecting the natural flow of water from the stream channel, then removed these regions from the watershed area. The results revealed a decrease in the watershed area by almost 17%, the natural watershed boundary was significantly altered, creating a much longer perimeter, and sink areas revealed. These results support the hypothesis that delineations of urban watersheds differ from those in natural settings. Anthropocentric alterations to land cover and landscape create a complex hydrology. The greatest complications are impervious surfaces and storm networks which redirect water flow.

In central regions of the U. S. Corn Belt, agricultural production since 2001 has changed in response to federal policies implemented to encourage production of biofuels. As a result, increasing demand for sustainable bioenergy resources has accelerated biofuel production, and led to changes in agricultural land use. This study examines: (1) increases and decreases in cultivated area, and (2) pixel-by-pixel crop rotation sequences within a region of southeastern Iowa. The practice of agriculture brings lands in and out of production in response to variations in local landscapes, markets, and technologies. Further, crops are rotated in response to environmental and market concerns. Knowledge of how such lands are used, and of their topographic and pedological properties, forms a prerequisite for understanding the context for developing sustainable management practices and policies. This study examines temporal and spatial patterns of agricultural land use from 2001 to 2012 in a region of southeastern Iowa within a single Landsat scene (Path 25/Row 31). After 2007, intensity of cultivated land use increased and crop rotation changed from standard corn-soybean or soybean-corn cycle to more intensive rotations. These changes may be correlated with market forces. Intensity of cultivated land use depended on topographic and pedological properties, although motivations and constraints perceived by farmers and managers as they plan their use of landscapes are important.

INTERGEO report serves as a high-quality magazine containing wide-ranging editorial content covering all aspects of INTERGEO 2016 that will inform you, entertain you and excite your interest in this lively, innovative sector. INTERGEO report brings together the trends of the year by including conference speakers and exhibitors in its research work from an early stage.

Topical and informative − INTERGEO report is the international conference and trade fair magazine.

You can obtain your own free copy of the trade fair magazine at the entrance of INTERGEO. You can also leaf through even before INTERGEO has started.

The IAU 2000A precession-nutation theory relates the International Celestial
Reference Frame to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame and has been
effective since January 2003. In 2006, the IAU moved to adopt a more dynamically
consistent precession model to complement the IAU 2000A nutation theory. This update – described as IAU 2006 precession in the 2009 Astronomical Almanac – is effective January 2009.

Feature-based matching is commonly employed for object surface reconstruction in topographic and stereo close-range
photogrammetry, but rarely in conjunction with convergent photogrammetric networks. This paper describes a new
feature-based matching approach to automated 3D object reconstruction from highly convergent, multi-image
networks. Geometric diversity and redundancy in the network design are a distinct advantage with the approach, which
commences with automatic exterior orientation. The FAST interest operator is then applied to Wallis-filtered images to
extract interest points, and matching of interest points is carried out to yield a dense 3D point cloud. The surface point
data is subsequently converted to a triangulated mesh via a Poisson Surface Reconstruction technique, and textured.

Nowadays, sharing and querying spatial data through Internet has been become ubiquitous and easier in term of
visualization and analysis. Thus, GIS (Geographic Information System) is no more an isolated application used by a
limited number of users, but essentially a worldwide shared set of complex geo-applications. Any more, many
concepts combining both GIS and Internet have been occurred, i.e. WebGIS, Internet-Based GIS, GIS Web
mapping, etc.

The acquisition of spatial data is a critical operation in situations where conditions are unfavourable for manoperated
mapping systems. Such situations include monitoring constrained environments, emergency response, and
firefighting. Low-cost unpiloted vehicle platforms offer a great opportunity for developing mobile mapping
systems, enabling the automated collection of spatial data in critical environments.

Literature from the past two decades documents how airborne LIDAR can be used to predict forest inventory
variables, such as basal area, volume, and biomass, at the plot and stand level. However, a key question that has yet
to be fully addressed, and that the forest industry continues to ask as it considers operationalizing the use of LIDAR
in forest resource inventories, is: What is the optimal point density for predicting forest inventory variables?

Given the recent no-cost availability of Landsat imagery through the United States Geological Survey (USGS), a
more detailed examination of the changes in habitat and reflectance from this imagery is now possible. The Coastal
Watershed in New Hampshire is an area covering 990 square miles of varied habitat, from areas that are well
developed, to large tidal bays and managed forests. The watershed is also home to around 155 species of rare plants,
18 rare species of animals, and 35 different rare natural communities and ecosystems. However, due to pressure
from rapid development, fragmentation, invasive species, water quality degradation, and climate change, many of
these habitats are disappearing faster than ever.

Land use/cover changes (LUCC) are significant to a range of issues central to the study of global environmental
change. Over the last decades, a variety of models of LUCC have been developed to predict the location and patterns
of land use/cover dynamics. The simulation procedures of most computational LUCC models can be sub-divided
into three basic steps, 1) a non-spatial procedure which calculates the quantity of each transition, 2) a spatial
procedure which allocates changes to the more likely locations and eventually replicates the patterns of the
landscape and, 3) an evaluation procedure which compares a simulated land use/cover map with the true map of the
same date.

A cartographic line feature is a succession of segments with various geometric and visual properties. Thus, it is useful to
segment and enrich the line data in order to apply the best algorithm and the appropriate parameters to each section. In
this study, a hybrid method of line simplification that combines two different line simplification methods is proposed and
applied to a topographic map.

This case study tells the story of how HelloMetro, a network of more than 1,600 city guide web sites and mobile apps, used Maponics Neighborhood Boundaries and ZIP Code Boundaries to organize their vast array of local content, make it more searchable and relevant to users and increased traffic and revenue as a result. HelloMetro needed a way to segment geocoded content, including everything from points of interest to news stories at a local level within large metro areas. They used Maponics geographic datasets across cities in the US and Canada to organize and present content in a way that resonates with web site users, and as a result, increased web traffic my 10% and is growing at 30% per year—half of which they attribute to presenting content at the hyperlocal level.

Any owner of a smartphone who has ever found an important landmark using GPS
coordinates probably figures that positioning technologies are just beginning to evolve.
An example of the seemingly endless possibilities is an application currently being
developed within a narrower niche than the mass consumer market: automotive racing.

A team of Seattle-area aerospace and auto-racing enthusiasts is using Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) data captured from a recent race at the Bonneville Salt Flats in
northwestern Utah in an effort to develop a potential new timing method. The motivation

Geotechnical engineering is a relatively new discipline that has developed rapidly over the past 30 years. It deals with a wide spectrum of natural geological materials ranging from low strength soils to high strength rocks. Earth movements are common in many parts of the world and, as a result, present serious safety and mortality risk to humans in addition to affecting construction activities. Earth movement can be classified into different categories with landslides as being one of those categories. In order to assess the stability of landslides, different geo-technical parameters are required such as the strike and dip of the discontinuity planes in the potential area. Areas affected by landslides are often inaccessible which makes manual compass and inclinometer measurements challenging because of the danger involved in this operation. Preventing large natural landslides is difficult; however some mitigation is possible and can help to minimize the hazards.
Nowadays, 3D modeling of objects can be achieved through either passive or active remote sensing systems. Active sensors, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning systems (TLS) have been used extensively for quick acquisition of highly accurate three-dimensional point cloud data with high resolution. However, the TLS in some cases has limitations during the data collection due to occlusions, orientation bias and truncation. This research addresses those issues by investigating the possibility of augmenting TLS in the occluded regions through close-range photogrammetry to generate high resolution and dense point cloud using the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm. By augmenting the two data acquisition methods and registering to a common coordinate system to provide a complete point cloud for the area of interest, any limitations and exposed gaps in the data are filled. Planar segmentation is then carried out to extract the required geotechnical parameters automatically. Four sets of geotechnical parameters have been compared in this research: 1) a set of manual measurements, 2) a set extracted from the TLS data only, 3) a set extracted from the SGM algorithm only, 4) and finally a set extracted from the fused TLS and SGM data. The results showed that the data fusion method provided more accurate results when compared to the results coming from the TLS data and those coming from SGM only. This reveals that the impact of the occluded regions on the calculations of the geotechnical parameters must be considered to achieve the required quality of the estimation process. The proposed method of this research provided high quality measurements for the geotechnical parameters required to assess the landslide hazard, ensured safety, and saved cost and time.

Despite the plethora of data-acquisition programs collecting remotely sensed high-resolution imagery in the United States, few corresponding high-resolution statewide land-cover datasets have been developed. This is understandable given the challenges inherent in extracting information from massive, highly-variable datasets encompassing heterogeneous landscapes. To overcome these challenges during development of a statewide, high-resolution tree-canopy dataset for Maryland, USA, we designed and deployed a rule-based expert system for mapping land-cover features from multispectral imagery and LiDAR. This object-based approach facilitated integration of imagery and LiDAR into a single classification workflow, exploiting the spectral, height, spatial information contained in the datasets. Rule-based expert systems provided an intelligent approach to feature extraction, ensuring consistency in the output despite variability in collection parameters, data quality, and data completeness, among others. Finally, by distributing the processing load to multiple computing cores, we efficiently extracted land cover from remotely-sensed datasets constituting terrabytes of digital data, covering the entirety of Maryland’s 25,640 km2 (9,900 mi2) land area. We conclude that an object-based approach that incorporates expert systems and enterprise processing is a cost-effective method for statewide land-cover mapping.

To help maintain our roads and plan future improvements to the network, it is vital that the Highways Agency and local authorities have the most accurate and up-to-date information on existing road infrastructure and assets. Geomatics Group, a leading provider of high quality geospatial survey solutions in the UK, has recently been undertaking road infrastructure surveys, utilising the very latest mobile terrestrial LIDAR system from Optech.

Given their location in the intertidal zone, coastal salt marshes will be one of the ecosystems first affected by sea
level rise. As sea level rise increases, marshes will begin to migrate inland if surrounding topography and land use
provide suitable habitat. The question remains whether or not this migration inland will provide enough new habitat
to sustain current marsh area as the seaward edge of the marsh begins to become permanently inundated. This
project created an ArcGIS tool using Python computer language that projects future salt marsh habitat under a
variety of sea level rise and land use scenarios.

Understanding that various tree species have characteristics similar to each other, it follows that some type of
hierarchical classification scheme could be used to identify species using LIDAR data. Cluster analysis, one of the
unsupervised classification methods, was conducted for all individual trees using the k-medoid algorithm. Instead of using one-step cluster analysis, a stepwise cluster analysis was developed based on the statistical criteria to test hierarchical relationships between species. Two seasonal LIDAR datasets collected at the Washington Park Arboretum in Seattle, Washington were used for this study.

Current tree species classification algorithms often use high-resolution satellite data and are in many cases based on
forest stands. The spectral bands of the sensors used for data acquisition are given and cannot be chosen regarding the
needs of tree species classification. Furthermore distinction is often limited to deciduous trees, coniferous trees and
other land use classes.

Many people use a commercial image database such as Google Earth Image map from the internet. We propose a
method by volumetric shadow analysis for generation of 3D building models from the commercial image database.
The proposed method can extract building heights and building footprints using volumetric shadows analysis from a
single image. No external control points are required. Instead, the proposed method needs the directions of the sun and
the camera is needed.

An optimal linear translation and attitude estimation (OLTAE) algorithm is proposed to register 3dimensional point
clouds based on the image features associated with the individual data sets. In LIDAR applications, such images are
created by projecting the point cloud data on to an image plane. Physically, this image is the return light intensity
observed by the LIDAR imager that is usually available to the analyst for post processing. Associated image features
are extracted from the corresponding images by utilizing the recent advances in computational vision and image
processing. Features thus obtained have unique descriptors that automate the matching process and ease the solution
of the so-called correspondence problem.

Human activities have transformed at least one-third of the Earth’s surface in the past century, and land-cover and
land-use analyses play a critical role in human-environment interaction analysis. Land-use analysis, especially for
residential land uses, is comparably more challenging than land cover as land use categories relate less directly to
the physical reflectance obtained by remote sensors; however, land-use classification recently attracts a growing
attention because of the advancement in high-resolution imagery and the demand to improve intra-urban structure
mapping.

A method for abstracting a 3D model by shrinking a triangular mesh, defined upon a best fitting ellipsoid
surrounding the model, onto the model's surface has been previously described. This "shrinkwrap" process enables
a semi-regular mesh to be defined upon an object's surface. This creates a useful data structure for conducting
remote sensing simulations and image processing. However, using a best fitting ellipsoid having a graticule-based
tessellation to seed the shrinkwrap process suffers from a mesh which is too dense at the poles.

Individuals possess unique knowledge about their community and surrounding environment. To incorporate this
information into our research on rural entrepreneurship, we employed public participation GIS. Public participation
GIS (PPGIS) involves a union of academic practice with local knowledge production. PPGIS gives voice to
marginalized groups by allowing them to share their knowledge (e.g. thoughts, expertise and observations) and
visualize data in a sociospatial context.

The paper reports about investigations into the utilization of the SIFT algorithm to support image matching between
different image domains. The Scale-Invariant Feature Transformation, proposed by Lowe in 1999, is a highly robust
technique that has been widely used in the computer vision community. Though, SIFT is known in mapping circles,
so far its use is rather limited. The objective of our study is to assess the performance of SIFT when it is applied to
imagery acquired by different sensors and on different platforms. For testing, four image datasets from different
sensors were considered, including airborne and satellite imagery, and LiDAR intensity and elevation.

Index-based agricultural insurance is a promising alternative for individual farmers who cannot afford traditional insurance based on field inspections for assessing losses. Weather-indexed agricultural insurance, with payouts tied to pre-determined triggers of local indices, requires no field visits, thus significantly reducing costs. To be effective, weather indices need a sufficiently dense network of quality-controlled weather stations. However, in some regions of the world, the number of stations is often limited and located in the main cities and not near farms that are to be insured.
Our study focused on estimating rainfall for areas without rain gauges. For the first phase, we assumed there were no available data from the particular farm to be insured. To obtain daily rainfall estimations for that farm, we applied the neural networks method to interpolate/discover rainfall data, using information from neighboring stations. For the second phase, we assumed there were some limited data available from the farm. To test our method, we used 10 years of rainfall data collected from 21 land-based stations in Iowa, U.S. We started with a small number of stations and systematically increased that number and, thus, the information content of the entire system.
Overall, this study showed an improvement in rainfall estimation, when information content from station data increased. While promising for application to weather-indexed agricultural insurance in some areas, the method used in this study could not help extend insurance coverage to areas too far away from existing stations. Thus, the next step would be to incorporate satellite data to increase the density of rainfall and other measurements. The upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions (2014 launches) will extend the current data records for both measurements into the future, as well as provide improved quality and resolution.

This paper describes a semi-automated process developed to extract and merge raw, geospatial feature data from multiple sites on the Internet. This process was tested on varied set of feature classes (specifically airfields, golf courses, maritime lights, police stations, and post offices of South Africa) to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedures. As an illustration, the results for airfield processing are presented. During processing of raw disparate data captured on the Web, attributes were aligned, duplicate records were eliminated, record-level metadata was preserved, and unit of measure conversions were performed. The processed raw data is then merged into a single dataset and attributes are integrated and duplicates are again eliminated. The final quality control review includes a final record-by-record imagery review of all candidate features to insure they actually exist on the ground, their geo-coordinates are accurate and that all duplicate instances have been eliminated. It has been found that this process is faster than the traditional wide-area search technique used to populate and maintain feature databases. The process also provides significant increase in location accuracy and increased feature counts relative to heritage data sources used in the study.

Detection of buildings in urban and suburban areas using very high resolution satellite (VHR) images is a challenging task due to different illuminations on different sides of the same building roof. This causes different brightness values on a single roof. Therefore, in the segmentation step of an object-based classification, different sides of a roof will be assigned to different segments due to their intensity variation. To solve this problem, the majority of the studies merge the building roof segments together based on elevation information. However, because of the uncertainty of the borders in elevation layers as well as misregistration between the spectral and elevation layers, building boundaries usually cannot be detected precisely. In this study a novel method which utilizes IHS color transform is used to overcome the problem of intensity variation to segment each building roof as one segment. Then, the elevation information from LiDAR data is used to differentiate roof segments from other segments.
The proposed method is tested on the QuickBird satellite imagery of Fredericton, Canada. The achieved results are quite promising with an overall accuracy of more than 90% for building detection. Considering the off-nadir situation of imagery and consequently miss-registration between the elevation data and the image, the produced unified color segments are of great benefit for precise building boundary detection.

NASA’s earth observation missions commenced with the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) series in the 1960s and continued with the Nimbus and Landsat satellite missions beginning in the 1960s. The Nimbus satellites inaugurated multi-sensor missions for environmental remote sensing. In the ensuing four decades, NASA’s Earth science activities have led to increasingly sophisticated satellite instruments, much larger data volumes, more complex data analyses, and a diverse suite of data products generated with sophisticated data algorithms. NASA now has at its disposal a huge amount of information about the state of our planet obtained from the vantage point of polar and low earth orbit satellites. For scientists seeking to study Earth’s changing climate, having long-term time series of data on key climate variables is crucial. The data from these missions constitute a vital archive for Earth science research.

Near-real-time flood flood mapping is one of the most important parts of emergency response efforts. This paper aims to estimate extreme flood inundation area over the entire Bangladesh, where monsoon river floods are dominant and frequent, affecting over 80% of the total population. The authors improved a water-extent extraction method for a better discrimination capacity to discern flood areas from cloud and mixed areas by using a modified land surface water index (MLSWI) based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) 8-day composites (approx. 500m resolution) data. Flood areas in the Brahmaputra River were verified by comparing them with ALOS AVNIR2 (approx. 10m resolution) data. The results showed the superiority of the developed method in providing instant and accurate nationwide mapping of floodwater extent in the three main rivers for the 2007 extreme event in the Bangladesh.

Cloud GIS based services, large scale DEM GIS datasets, and onboard mobile device graphic and sensor resources allow creation of a functional terrain viewshed least observed path (LOP) geovisualization mobile application. The LOP application enables a mobile device user to visualize the best path to travel, from their current location to a point visible through their device’s camera, minimizing the possibility of being seen from one or more application identified observer points. The application consumes cloud generated terrain viewsheds, for the identified observer points, combines the viewsheds locally and constructs an augmented reality color scaled geolayer. The application’s dashboard viewer overlays the generated geolayer on the devices live camera feed to provide the LOP view. The LOP view updates as the mobile user’s location changes and traverses observer point viewsheds. The LOP Android application implemented several critical technical decisions. Sensor orchestration algorithms manage GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope and device orientation input to synchronize the LOP geolayer with the live camera feed. Key system elements supporting the application include services and data hosted by a cloud GIS. Utilizing cloud based services significantly reduces computational times to perform viewshed terrain analysis for identified observer points. The cloud also provides large scale storage of DEM datasets providing a geospatially wide operational domain. Field tests of the LOP application utilized SRTM 3 arc-second, ASTER GDEM 1 arc-second, NED 1/3 and 1/9 arc-second, and 1 meter lidar first return. Initial performance results indicate DEM data source resolution has negligible impact on computational processing times on the cloud and mobile platforms but LOP results vary based on DEM data sources in urban landscape The LOP results and user experience can be improved by considering nearest neighbor results when calculating the LOP geolayer.

Image Processing Software, Inc. has developed a new easy-to-use automated aerotriangulation product called IPS-Match™. The product will automatically find conjugate points in overlapping areas of images and uses a very fast bundle adjustment to determine the exterior orientation of the images. Poor matches are automatically eliminated resulting in RMS residuals from the bundle adjustment ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 pixels. The results of the bundle adjustment can be graphically displayed so the user can assess the strength of the solution. Project setup is made easy, using a setup Wizard that guides the user through the setup process. Existing orthophotos can be used to allow easier project setup and also as a substitute for ground control for historical film applications. IPS-Match™ currently also creates orthophotos and orthophoto mosaics of the project imagery. The program works with or without GPS/INS as well as with film or digital cameras. Fiducial marks are automatically measured for file imagery. IPS-Match™ works well with any number of images, only limited by storage and/or computer memory. The program can generate vertical oriented images which are ideal for stereo interpretation. The next version of IPS-Match™ will include the generation of Digital Elevation Maps. This product is specifically designed for the small to medium sized digital camera photogrammetric projects, but will work equally well with traditional film based camera projects. The unique features of IPS-Match™ allow it to be a cost effective tool for use in historical film applications, emerging UAV applications, and traditional photogrammetric applications.

Radar and Landsat data were used to classify land cover in north central Ethiopia. Both images were registered and resampled to 12.5 m spatial resolution. Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and C4.5 algorithm were applied. The original radar data produced low overall classification accuracy (66%). To improve this classification accuracy, de-speckling and texture measures were used for image enhancements. The de-speckling methods used in this study are Median, Lee-Sigma and Gamma-MAP. Lee-sigma, Gamma-MAP and Median de-speckling improved the overall accuracy by 15, 18 and 20% respectively. The maximum overall accuracy achieved in this study by de-speckling method is 86.4% using Median at 27*27. Urban producer accuracy improved by 58% by using Median de-speckling. All de-speckling techniques improved urban user accuracy to more than 90%. In most de-speckling cases, MLC outperformed C4.5 classifier in the overall classification accuracy.
The highest overall accuracies achieved by texture are 88.8 and 90.5% when MLC and C4.5 algorithms at window size 51*51 were used respectively. This shows 22% improvement compared to the original radar data. Urban and forest producer accuracy improved by 58 and 26% respectively at window size 43*43. The overall classification accuracy of Landsat data is 93.7%. Combining Landsat and derived radar data measures improved land cover accuracy by about 5%. This study showed the importance of texture and de-speckling techniques to improve a land cover classification in radar data. Therefore, radar data can be used as an alternative to optical data in the tropics and Ethiopia for land cover classification.

Field service teams in the energy sector are facing increasing pressure to maintain uptime, respond quickly to issues, and document work for customers and stakeholders while also seeking higher efficiency in their work forces and processes.

Paper describes a methodology to improve classification of urban features by using object oriented classification
techniques. Mapping urban features from satellite data is challenging due to several reasons. Urban objects are
spectrally similar and they have different shapes, sizes, patterns, all of which contribute to their low accuracy. For
example, features such as roofs, roads, and other spectrally similar objects like open space (concrete) appear
spectrally similar leading to their low accuracy in classification. Very high resolution satellite data (Ikonos) was
classified using both supervised and object oriented classification techniques. A combination of spectral, spatial
attributes and membership functions were employed for mapping urban features.

Department of Environmental, Geographic and Geological Sciences Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY)

The areas covered by a river play an important role in analyzing the causes of debris flows. The damage caused by debris
flows costs over a thousand million dollars in Taiwan. Usually, after natural disasters like typhoons and earthquakes have
occurred, the topographic conditions are changed. How to locate these topographic changes is an important research issue
for protecting people from natural disaster-related damages. Remote sensing is an efficient way to study topographic
conditions occurring before and after in areas affected by natural disasters.

Forests are one of the largest stores of terrestrial carbon and can be a significant source of carbon during wildfire
events. To mitigate the severity of fires and corresponding carbon flux, forest managers can utilize a variety of fuel
treatments including tree harvesting and prescribed burning. The relative effect of fuel treatments on carbon flux
from a 70,000-ha fire, the Tripod Complex fire, in north central Washington State was evaluated. Ground-based
measurements to determine forest biomass were done in ten treatment units inside the Tripod Complex fire
perimeter.

For the past few decades, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace. The relationship between urban density and
energy consumption, which are accompanied by emissions of greenhouse gases, is still not conclusive. This study
examined the relationship between urban form and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from urban areas in 50 cities in
Japan. We employed satellite imagery to delineate urban areas. The maps of administrative boundary were used to clip
urban regions from each scene of satellite image. The clipped images were classified into a binary class: urban
built-up and others.

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the most frequently used non-adaptive and adaptive Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) filtering techniques called; Mean, Median, Lee, Lee-sigma, Local Region, Frost and Gamma-
MAP. Envisat ASAR Precision Image (PI) mode data acquired on August 2008 is used to examine the filtering
techniques. Three test sites (~ 4 km2), located in Karacabey of Bursa in northwest of Turkey are selected. Two of
them consist of homogenous agricultural fields and the third one is selected from lake.

This paper focuses on the use of control linear features extraction from a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surface to
produce a good datum definition for a close range photogrammetric model. The difficulty of identifying conjugate
points between both datasets is overcome by the derivation of automatic features extraction. Hence, the extracted
features from the terrestrial measurements represent a good candidate for co-registration. Field work is performed to validate the proposed methods.

WyomingView, a university-led consortium in Wyoming, is part of the AmericaView (www.americaview.org)
program funded by the USGS. One of the goals of WyomingView is to identify and provide learning opportunities
in remote sensing for undergraduate students. Remote sensing research projects provide a way for students to
apply the concepts and methods introduced in the classroom for addressing issues pertaining to land cover mapping,
change assessment, and wildlife habitat monitoring.

Automatic camera calibration is now a well-established procedure. The process generally involves photographing a target array to form a network of images in a geometric configuration suited to self-calibration. Full automation can be implemented if coded targets are employed, as these provide initial image point correspondences necessary for network exterior orientation. While the use of coded and indeed any artificial targeting facilitates high accuracy recovery of camera calibration parameters, it is also fair to say that the employment of targets can be inconvenient in some practical circumstances, for example when attempting calibration from low-level aerial imagery, as with UAVs, or when calibrating long-focal length lenses where small image scales call for inconveniently large coded targets. Fortunately, accompanying the adoption of so-called structure-from-motion (SfM) approaches in photogrammetric network orientation, there is the prospect of fully automated camera calibration without the need for artificial targets. Instead of the image-point correspondence problem being overcome through the use of coded targets, feature-based matching is employed to provide the necessary point matches to support exterior orientation. Whereas it is not uncommon to achieve an accuracy of camera calibration of 0.1 pixel or better through the use of coded targets, the resolution from the feature-based matching process is generally closer to 0.3 pixel. This difference is offset, however, by the fact that whereas 100 or so targets might be employed, the SfM approach can easily involve 10,000 or more feature points on a feature-rich object, thus leading to a very comprehensive calibration result. This paper reports on the application of the SfM approach to automated target-free camera self-calibration and discusses the process via practical examples.

Initially, remote sensing methodologies, along with other geo-spatial techniques, were employed for monitoring restoration progress in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) watershed by the Saint Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD). These methods were also used in identifying critical habitats in the Guana-Tolomato-Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (GTMNERR). Using no-cost, publicly available digital airborne Color Infrared (CIR) imagery, progress was measured for the restored wetlands in Mosquito River Lagoon of the IRL system. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was the technique employed. Next, an experiment was conducted to map and isolate the Northern most extent of mangroves (dominated by black mangrove – Avicennia germinans) among the emergent intertidal vegetation within the GTMNERR. DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-2 (WV-2) imagery was used along with ground-truthed and LiDAR data. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that high resolution multiband (~8-bands) satellite imagery collected at phenologically correct time at low-tide has the potential to quantify the spatial dynamics of this habitat to study the effects of long-term climate change over a period of time.

Landsat data are invaluable for numerous remote sensing applications. Presently, NASA and USGS are soliciting input from user communities about future Landsat missions on topics such as data needs and their applications. Americaview (www.americaview.org) has organized a panel discussion during the 2014 ASPRS Annual Conference that will focus on remotely sensed data needs at local, state and possibly regional levels. This panel will include AmericaView and USGS scientists. Following brief presentations from the panelists, we will solicit input from those present about future Landsat data needs. Our goal is to collect input from diverse sources and present them to NASA and USGS.

Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation, is one of the largest investor-owned energy utilities in the United States, providing natural gas and electric services to approximately 14 million people throughout a 70,000-square-mile service area in northern and central California.

Michael Hoose, a fire captain for the Santa Barbara Fire Department, is on the front
line of wild fire response throughout the state of California, the county of Santa
Barbara and even their own eighborhoods, as was the case during the late season
fires of 2008. With such a large geographic area to cover—with a range of environments and terrains throughout the state—fire fighters have honed their skills and processes for gathering and disseminating time critical information that is used for managing resources and keeping fire fighters safe on the job.

Sales territory design and management is one of the most critical, but least automated aspects of the corporate sales organization. While companies have readily adopted computer-based systems for sales call reporting and lead tracking, they've been slow to apply the latest technology to sales force deployment

Terrestrial laser scanning broadens its application areas in civil engineering, and claims even more attention in
engineering survey. The paper shows the results of a laboratory test of a laser scanner. The laboratory test involved
complex 3D accuracy analysis, reflectivity investigation of different colors and materials used at construction sites
and observation of reflection angles. Instead of focusing on a particular laser scanner, the accuracy analysis put the
emphasis on the evaluation procedure that enables the calibration and validation of different laser scanners.

In this paper we introduce an approach for quality inspection based on map matching and data integration. Two
datasets are the input for the process. At first, the edges of the datasets are matched manually. Then, the form of
each matching pair is determined and corresponding nodes are matched. In the final step, quality measurements on
different levels of granularity are calculated. On the dataset level, a global geometric quality measure based on the
evaluation of adjacency matrices is proposed. Furthermore, completeness and topologic similarity are measured. On
the matching pair level, geometric modeling, geometric similarity and attribute similarity are analyzed.

While ground sampling distance has been misleadingly used as the most popular measure of image quality among
image providers, satellite manufacturers and general public, user community may be keen to the interpretability of
remotely sensed imagery. As one measure of image interpretability, the NIIRS (National Imagery Interpretability
Rating Scale) has been used. Currently, this measure is included in the metadata of some high resolution satellite
images. Traditionally, the NIIRS is estimated by deploying specially made tarps of uniform reflectance. Due to this,
estimating NIIRS is costly and not carried out often.

Up to now the satellite imagery with very-high resolution of less than or equal to 1m resolution can be obtained
from panchromatic sensors, while multispectral data are available only with mid-high or moderate spatial resolution.
Image fusion techniques can effectively integrate the spatial detail of panchromatic data and the spectral
characteristics of multispectral images. It is important for human’s visual interpretation or computer’s autonomous
recognition to improve the accuracy in analyzing land-cover types.

Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) invasion can negatively impact grazing capacity, spatial livestock
distribution, and forage production in Chihuahuan Desert rangelands. High spatial resolution remote sensing data
can be used to develop maps of shrub encroachment for arid rangelands. The objective of this study was to use high
resolution satellite imagery to map changes in honey mesquite abundance and to evaluate honey mesquite impacts at
the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) in south-central New Mexico, USA. QuickBird
Ortho-ready satellite image with spatial resolution of 2.4 m in multispectral bands and 0.6 m in panchromatic band
was acquired for the study area on May 19, 2009.

The next generation of Landsat sensors will incorporate many changes from the existing whiskbroom designs. In
particular, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) incorporates a multispectral pushbroom design which has different
bands imaging the same spot on the Earth at slightly different angles and times. This requires more involved
knowledge of the sensor and the scene, as input to more complex processing algorithms, to form spectrally
registered images.

The increasing commercial use of Mobile Mapping LiDAR Technology, especially for transportation applications, is revolutionizing the way that pavement elevations are captured. However, existing technologies such as low altitude mapping photography (LAMP) or helicopter based photogrammetry are still used largely because of their proven accuracies and known cost factors over many years of use.
Mobile LiDAR has the potential to increase accuracy, improve speed in project delivery and reduce costs for data collection. To test the feasibility of replacing LAMP based photogrammetry, PennDOT’s Photogrammetry and Surveys Section, along with engineering District 4-0, are working (at the time of this abstract submission) to compare mapping data collected by traditional LAMP methods and data compiled from mobile LiDAR. The area chosen was a six mile section of Interstate 84 in Pike County, Pennsylvania. Mobile LiDAR data was captured with an Optech Lynx M1 Mobile Mapping System (MMS) owned and operated by Photo Science, a Quantum Spatial Company, LAMP photography was flown at a negative scale of 1:600 (300 feet AMT) by Richard Crouse, Inc both companies were under contract with PennDOT. Ground truthing will be done by survey grade GPS combined with field differential leveling to provide a minimum of 40 test points that will be used to access and compare the horizontal and vertical accuracies of both data sets. Time and cost comparisons will also be documented.
The oral presentation will provide information on the investigation’s general approach, project design parameters, testing procedures and results, as well as, final conclusions.

Over the past seven years Jamaica has lost two hundred and forty-eight chidren due to traffic crashes. This represents a large category of vulnerable road users whose lives, in many circumstances, could have been saved if the necessary road safety mechanisms were in place to prevent these crashes.

The City of Boise is Idaho’s largest city with 225,000 residents and 25,000 annual
emergency incidents. The city relies on a network of 15 dispersed fire stations and 25 companies to serve a broad geographic area. Map books are critical tools, providing the most recently available information about routes, conditions, and infrastructure to support rapid decision making.

Sigma-Trees associated with residual vector quantization (RVQ) has been used for image-driven data mining to
detect features and objects in a digital image with a degree of success. RVQ methods based on σ-tree structures have
been designed to implement successive refinement of information for image segmentation. In such implementations,
RVQ based novel methods are devised for pixel-block mining, pattern similarity scoring, class label assignments
and attribute mining (Barnes, 2007a). Direct sum σ-tree structures are used for near-neighbor similarity scoring.
The variable bit-plane data representations produced by σ-tree structures not only provides an approach for image
content segmentation and a structure for formulation of Bayesian classification, but also offers a solution to the
challenge of high computational costs involved in pixel-block similarity searching.

Large format Digital aerial cameras were introduced 10 years ago in Amsterdam at the ISPRS Conference in July
2000. Only about 5 years later the digital large format aerial cameras had overtaken the majority of photogrammetric
image production. The new technology did change the photogrammetric workflow, replaced well known
components and made the end-to-end all digital production chain available to the photogrammetric community.
Helpful if not essential was the development of computers, storage media, software products and other IT
components which are the basis of any digital processing scenario.

This work deals with the management of landscape at water territories and water areas. The work is focused on a
case study in the prefecture of Corinthia, Greece. Algorithms and remote sensing / GIS technology are used to
develop a model of comparative temporal approach to the landscapes of principal urban area which is located at
coastal zone to provide information for flood protection. Algorithms using remote sensing / GIS technology of best
practices are also developed for the coordination of public policies in the field of integrated interventions at modern
urban water landscapes compatible to the methods for flood protection.

Blackland Research and Extension Center (BREC), Texas AgriLIFE Research, Texas A&M University System
maintains a system, the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, which allows users to input
agricultural and environmental data for a particular field or area, store and output that data in a predetermined
format. Initial development of this system required text input from users, including spatial data and attribute data.
Over the years, improvements were made to create a graphic user interface (GUI) to allow interactive input from
users.

Orthophoto map, ortho-rectified image, constitutes a central component of the mapping and GIS activities in general
and of photogrammetric mapping products in particular. Technological developments of recent decades lead to the ability to produce color digital orthophotos from aerial and satellite imagery. As the source imagery acquired by the sensors are of high quality and density, radio metrical quality of the orthophoto products is dependent on the ability to perform a high quality sampling of the colors from the original image into the target ortho-rectified image.

Current advances in digital and electronic products have led to the availability of inexpensive and reliable Medium Format Digital Cameras (MFDCs) that can be used in many photogrammetric applications. In this research, the impact of camera and system mounting parameters calibration on object space reconstruction is investigated under different georeferencing scenarios (i.e., indirect georeferencing and integrated sensor orientation).

During the last decades, bundle triangulation has not been discussed as much as in the earlier years. Algorithms are
known and developed, and software packages are available. This paper reflects all requirements and developments
in this field during the last 30 years.

Interest points on the building façade are the basic element for 3-D building modeling and texturing. Grouping these
points to the same or separate buildings is a fundamental process for establishing building models and detecting
building boundaries. The grouping process is generally achieved by analyzing the geometric relation and the
distances between the points in the object space, which requires precise interior and exterior orientation camera
parameters.

Forest inventory and analysis data are used to monitor the presence and extent of certain non-native invasive
species. Effective control of its spread requires quality spatial distribution information. There is no clear consensus
why some ecosystems are more favorable to non-native species. The objective of this study is to evaluate the
relative contribution of geo-spatial predictor variables, individually and groups, to the overall classification accuracy
of the model.

Geopositioning from optical sensors onboard airborne platforms, e.g. UAVs, requires a sensor model and
subsequently a means to perform rigorous covariance propagation of position and attitude parameters to the ground
space. Builders of such imaging systems often do not know precisely what elements to report, and how to report
them, in the data stream along with the image pixel data. As such, it is mutually beneficial – to both builders of an
imaging system and to exploiters of the imagery – to define a minimum set of metadata elements, including
associated covariance information, which shall be populated with values.

Sirex noctilio is an invasive insect native to Europe and north Africa that has the potential to devastate North
American softwoods. The current extent of Sirex infestations in the United States has been approximated using
expensive, and marginally effective, ground-based surveys. This study is part of a project aimed at using remote
sensing to perform individual tree-based assessment of Sirex infestation.

Over the last decade, terrestrial laser scanner systems have been proven to be an effective tool for the acquisition of 3D spatial information over physical surfaces. Many factors such as the low cost and the ability of rapidly collecting dense and accurate spatial data led to the utilization of laser scanners in different applications such as industrial sites modeling, 3D documentation of buildings, and many civilian and military needs. Usually, a complete 3D model for a given site cannot be derived from a single scan. Therefore, several scans with significant overlap are needed to cover the entire site and also to attain better information about the site than what could be obtained from a single scan. However, the collected scans will be referenced to different local frames that are associated with the individual scanner locations. Hence, a registration process, which aims at estimating the 3D-Helmert transformation parameters, should be established to realign the different scans to a common reference frame.
This paper introduces a new methodology for the automatic registration of terrestrial laser scans using linear features. Linear, cylindrical, and pole-like features are directly extracted from the scans through a region-growing procedure. Hypothesized conjugates of linear features are identified using invariant separation characteristics such as spatial separation and angular deviation between two linear features. All the hypothesized conjugate pairs – taken one at a time – are used to estimate the 3D-Helmert transformation parameters that are required to realign one scan to the reference coordinate system of another scan. Logically, only the right conjugate pairs among the hypothesized matches will lead to similar solutions of the transformation parameters. Therefore, we developed a strategy to detect the most frequent set of estimated parameters. A linear mathematical model that utilizes quaternions to represent rotation angles is used to simplify the estimation of the transformation parameters. Experiments will assess the performance of the proposed methodology over multiple scans of a power plant.

Urban mapping is a type of visual graphic presentation of concepts, conditions or processes. In the cities one may use urban mapping when it comes to how and where businesses are located. People think that businesses are just in a particular location, without understanding the whole planning process. The question is who decides where and what types of businesses go where, or does income and status play a role in urban planning. If you were to look at the city of Fayetteville, North Carolina, you would see a vast difference in the neighborhood businesses, they can range from high end stores, and to the low end convenience stores that sells grocery store items at a higher price to the community. How can urban mapping restructure the different communities and make all of the same business available to everyone? As the city planner, understanding the needs of the community and the needs of the business’s owners to make a profit would have to be taken into consideration. One view point would be to have the city planners make the decision on what type of business should go in certain areas, this way it would create uniformity across the city and allow people to shop at the same types of business regardless of where they live. On the other hand, the businesses would still have to make a profit and carting to all types of people in the city might not have their best interest in mind. How can urban mapping are used to create a uniform city and look at the different demographics, which would allow for a variety of business to be in the city, without looking a wealth and status as a factor.

Small-size and low-cost imaging sensors, which are widely used in a multitude of consumer devices, provide medium-quality, typically redundant data that has the potential to be used for mapping and navigation purposes. For example, the Microsoft Kinect™ contains both passive and active imaging sensors, significantly extending the range of possibilities in its application. This study is focused on the indoor mobile use of the Kinect™ sensor for mapping and navigation. Mobile mapping of the indoor environment in 3D using Kinect™ may be realized by stitching the point cloud series acquired during movement and then reconstructing the navigation trajectory. In this study, a combined point cloud registration method is proposed that is based on 3D transformation of consecutive point clouds with transformation parameters estimated on the basis of matching 3D points. Since the modest geometrical quality of Kinect™ point clouds causes difficulties for finding corresponding 3D points, the matching was primarily performed on RGB images (2D) by applying the SIFT method. Knowing the relative orientation between Kinect™ passive and active sensors, each SIFT key-point can be associated with points in the 3D depth image and, consequently, with a 3D position. Results of several tests in a typical indoor corridor environment showed that the proposed approach for stitching point clouds allows for robust reconstruction of the trajectory and, in general, easy combination of numbers of Kinect™ image frames. Similar to other navigation systems based on image sensors alone, the Kinect™ image data also has some limitations, which are discussed in this paper.

Current IT architectural trends actively promote the benefits of integrated, normalized and service oriented Enterprise designs. As a natural consequence, the Enterprise GIS systems design practice has embraced this approach, introducing a new set of variables, layers and flows, into traditionally isolated, controlled and rather stable systems.

In this study, we explore methods for creating a dynamic planning document with mapping capabilities and tools for better integration between text and spatial elements. Urban planning is spatial in nature, and therefore maps are an integral part of the most planning documents. However, the maps contained in the document are static images of actual maps.

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., a Fortune 500 company with a rich legacy that spans over 60 years, is a global provider of atmospheric gases, process and specialty gases, performance materials and chemical intermediates. Their unique portfolio of products, services and solutions serve the healthcare, technology, energy, and industrial industries.

The U.S. Postal Service® continues to identify ways to increase the efficiency and value of mail. In 2010 you can expect a series of new rules, programs and guidelines – many that will require changes to the way you process mail. As an industry leader, Pitney Bowes will keep you up-to -date with these proposed changes. We will also provide recommendations on ways you can apply these new compliance regulations to achieve greater savings and increase efficiency within your organization.

MACTEC is an industry leader in engineering, environmental, and construction services consistently earning a top spot on the Engineering News- Record list of top design firms. Engineers at MACTEC collect and work with large amounts of data related to services for design, design/build, construction, and construction oversight of mission-critical facilities, as well as, facilities operations, asset management and repair for government entities.

Virtually all electric, gas and water utilities utilize GIS technology to help manage their distribution and transmission networks. The assets that make-up these networks have specific data associated with them that is critical for operators, engineers, asset managers, technicians and craftsmen to perform their job functions.

High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) created from small-footprint airborne Light Detection and Ranging
(LIDAR) scanning system data contain information that can reveal micro-terrain features and their spatial patterns,
especially in the absence of dense forest overstory. We applied numerical techniques to a bare-earth gridded LIDAR
DEM of a region containing both coniferous canopy and open rugged terrain to calculate directed second derivatives
for each matrix location by fitting cubic splines to the data. Thresholding the results allowed the creation of spatially
correlated layers of (1) micro-terrain features identified by rapid slope change and (2) associated azimuthal
directions of maximum slope change. Canopy layers were created from first and last return LIDAR grids using a
thresholded differencing algorithm.

Automatic derivation of land cover information from optical satellite data is one of the main research topics in
remote sensing. Accurate land cover products are needed for biogeochemical modelling and biodiversity analysis.
Land transformation processes are analyzed in the framework of global change studies. While many global land
cover products fulfil the needs for driving global models, their accuracy is insufficient for regional to continental
applications. The North American Land Change Monitoring System is a tri-national initiative to provide accurate,
automatically generated annual land cover and land change products. Its first product, the land cover map of North
America for 2005, has recently been completed and is published by the intergovernmental Commission for
Environmental Cooperation.

National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of the Biodiversity (CONABIO)

WorldView-1 is a high precision, commercial, satellite imaging sensor. This paper presents a recent assessment of
its 3D extraction accuracy based on 50 overlapping and contiguous stereo pairs of WorldView-1 imagery covering
approximately 50,000 square kilometers of the earth’s surface. Absolute horizontal and vertical accuracy are
assessed for both ground point extractions based on single stereo pairs of imagery, and for ground point extractions
based on the fusion or combination of information across all stereo pairs of imagery. Absolute accuracy is both
predicted using error propagation and measured using ground truth (check) points.

Aquatic plant infestations affect water quality and city water supply and impede commercial and recreational traffic
through navigable waterways. It affects activities such as boating, swimming and fishing. Traditional field based
mapping and monitoring of extend invasive aquatic plant present several challenges including inaccessibility of
areas for ground truth data collection and identifying rapid changes in aquatic plant location.

Airborne oblique images are increasingly acquired because of the availability of low cost sensor platforms, being
equipped with multiple camera systems. These images are mainly used for visualization such as the Bird’s eye in
Microsoft’s Bing Maps. Because of their characteristics, such as a varying scale and the need for combining several
images for complete information of all sides of a 3D object, oblique images are up to now only seldomly used for
automatic topographic data acquisition and update. However, side views allow better identification of imaged objects
and may be useful for verification of building datasets.

The common loon (Gavia immer) is a water bird that lives throughout northern North America. In New Hampshire,
the Loon Preservation Committee (LPC) has monitored loons for over thirty years. This long-term monitoring
program has allowed for the analysis of patterns in the loons’ distribution. A GIS model to evaluate loon habitat was
created in 2002 using all the loon data collected up until that time. This model was used to predict where loon
occupancy occurs based on parameters that were determined to be statistically significant.

Airborne lidar technology has redefined the realm of topographic surveying and mapping. With data collection rates
increasing to hundreds of kilohertz, advanced lidar systems deliver unprecedented data collection rates and point
density measurements, turning airborne surveying into a quick, efficient and highly productive technology. Along with
industry efforts to continuously improve data collection efficiency, resolution and accuracy, there has also been a
growing demand for a more compact, robust and light-weight system for low- and mid-altitude airborne surveys in
order to maximize the efficiency of data collection missions.

SeaZone, the market leader for marine geographic information, is launching its new line of TruDepth survey bathymetry products.
TruDepth is an unparalleled solution. Seazone has merged thousands of depth surveys together to give one seamless layer of best available bathymetry around the UK.
Knowledge of water depth (bathymetry) is essential to many marine activities, such as coastal and offshore engineering, environment protection, conservation and civil security.
For more information and contact details please read the attached press release.

In this paper, we present an automatic algorithm to estimate the orientation of multiple images with respect to terrestrial laser data. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of both conventional single-view and multi-view registration approaches. The algorithm consists of three steps. In the first step, intensity images are generated from the terrestrial laser data with intensity information, and the initial exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) of each camera image are then estimated from feature correspondences with the intensity images. In the second step, the initial EOPs obtained from previous step are refined through a bundle adjustment process. In the third step, the point cloud reconstructed from the bundle adjustment process is registered to the terrestrial laser point cloud to determine the final orientation of each image. The proposed algorithm is tested on experimental datasets, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can efficiently handle the orientation estimation of multiple images with respect to the terrestrial laser data.

Urban forests are a central element of the urban environment. Improved observations of historic tree cover dynamics are required to better understand how the urban environment changes though time. In this study, satellite remote sensing techniques were applied to observe past variability in tree cover area within the District of Columbia using highly calibrated Landsat data. Validation was performed with data from field surveys and public geospatial data on standing tree cover. Testing of alternate methodologies demonstrated that an approach utilizing support vector regression produced results with greater accuracy across the city when compared to linear spectral mixture analysis. Per-pixel uncertainty remained high using both techniques. Spectral mixture analysis overestimated tree cover in low population density areas and underestimated tree cover in the urban core, while support vector regression provided consistent accuracy across land use types. The consistent reliability allowed results from support vector regression to be used for observing tree cover changes between different land use zones. This will make it possible to identify past tree cover changes in low density residential zones within the District of Columbia. These results provide useful background information for maintenance and resource management as part of efforts to monitor and expand urban tree cover. Further development of these methods may enable their application with archival moderate resolution satellite remote sensing data for other study areas.

In mobile telecommunication systems (GSM/2G, EDGE/2.5G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G ...), the planning of the location of the base station is key for uninterrupted communication. The major problem in achieving ideal signaling between mobile phones and base stations is inaccurate site selection due to the altitude of the region. In addition to altitude, there are many important parameters such as height of buildings and population density. If site selection is inaccurate and determined without reference to any previous parameters, the connection between mobile phones and base stations can be often interrupted and calls can drop. If old or new communication technologies have lots of problems such as inaccurate site selection, these should be fixed and regularly checked by optimization engineers. When a new technology is developed, firstly it should be applied to a trial area. After a period of study, results will indicate its suitability. After the region is determined, the next stage is determination of base station location depending on legal and expert opinion and carried out with site selection tools. When calculations are made to determine site locations, radio wave propagation (Okumura-Hata, Erceg-Greenstein, SUI, etc…) should be simulated using by RF tools to make a coverage map. In this study we created a site selection tool to select sites before calculating the LTE coverage map in built up area for the Beykoz district of Istanbul.

A probabilistic approach is proposed to aid landslide susceptibility mapping. The objective of the proposed approach is to identify and predict areas that may develop into landslides and quantify the growth of existing landslides with high probability. Change detection was applied to repeat airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys acquired in December of 2008 and April of 2012. The study area was along the transportation corridor of Muskingum State Route 666 in Zanesville, Ohio, an area characterized by high vegetation densities, stream and river channeling, and some residential development. In the investigation, changes between LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEM) were computed by analyzing, cell-by-cell, the vertical differences and, consequently, generating a DEM of Difference (DoD) map. Then, a parametric z-test was used to evaluate probabilistically if single-cell differences were real as compared to noise. Next, a non-parametric signed rank test was used to assess local neighborhoods and compute the probability that the median of the samples surpassed a desired threshold. Finally, high-probability neighborhoods (clusters) comprised of a minimum area and desired probabilities were mapped as “landslide susceptible”. The initial results, obtained by comparison to a reference landslide map, were as expected, indicating that segments of the mapped landslides experienced changes, while others did not. It was also observed that some unmapped areas also experienced changes, indicating that they may be developing landslides. This study demonstrates that the monitoring of existing and identification of newly developing landslides is feasible from multi-temporal airborne LiDAR data.

The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive beetle species that has been reported from several central and mid-western states in the U.S. EAB impacts all species of North American ash trees, and has caused several million dollars (U.S.) in damage to trees across the affected region. This project is assessing the potential risk of EAB introduction in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., where the species has not yet been as widely reported.

In 2006, a Department of Homeland Security report concluded, based on the inadequate response to Hurricane Katrina, that “substantial improvement is necessary to integrate people with disabilities in emergency planning and readiness.” In August 2008, the Federal Emergency Management Agency released more stringent guidance on emergency planning for persons with special needs.

Facilities managers are facing more pressure than ever to cut costs while also optimizing
the use and maintenance of their facilities. Making good decisions about how to use and service facilities requires good data and analysis. As managers of large facilities know, inspecting facilities, collecting data, and updating databases are time consuming – especially during times of staff reductions.

This paper summarizes the cost, schedule and risk advantages of using Analytical
Graphics, Inc. (AGI) software for relevant development activities as compared to custom
development and “freeware” options. The results are based on metrics generated using
established cost and risk models and benchmark development projects that used AGI software.

Leica XPro 4.0 for processing ADS imagery has introduced new radiometric correction models to reduce image bias
created by atmospheric and ground reflections. Most notable is the availability of atmospheric corrections based on the
equation of radiative transfer and a correction that deals with bidirectional reflectance effects on the ground (BRDF)
based on a modified Walthall model. To obtain best results, it has been proven that land body masks determined by
classification of the near infrared and red bands are required for the BRDF correction. The creation of such land masks
is automated in the Leica XPro processing chain. The masks are embedded in the image statistics that are utilized by
the image viewer and orthorectification process to apply the BRDF model.

The absence of explicit point correspondences among overlapping terrestrial laser scanning data limits the
performance of automatic registration schemes. The popular Iterative Closest Point (ICP) and its variants, solve the
correspondence problem implicitly while minimizing some distance metric. Other approaches perform low-level
processing to obtain surface properties from which correspondences are established, and then they conduct the
registration, which, in general is not as accurate as the ICP methods. This paper presents an approach that addresses
the registration issue by dealing directly with the correspondence problem, without the use of derivative surface
properties, except for local surface tangents

Many common digital elevation models (DEMs) use geographic coordinates, including NED, DTED, SRTM,
GDEM, and NEXTMAP, with horizontal spacings in the range of 1/9" to 3". Many GIS operations, such as
slope/aspect, reflectance or hillshade mapping, and viewsheds, require geometric knowledge of the relationship
between horizontal and vertical spacing. Published discussions implicitly assume a rectangular UTM or UTM-like
grid because they refer to a single value for data spacing, and some commercial software either requires reinterpolation
to UTM before algorithms will work or allows only a single factor to relate degrees to meters, ignoring
the significant changes that occur with latitude.

NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites measure time variations of the Earth's
gravity field enabling reliable detection of spatio-temporal variations in total terrestrial water storage (TWS),
including groundwater. The U.S. and North American Drought Monitors are two of the premier drought monitoring
products available to decision-makers for assessing and minimizing drought impacts, but they rely heavily on
precipitation indices and do not currently incorporate systematic observations of deep soil moisture and groundwater
storage conditions.

In this paper we present two neural network models to estimate tropical cyclone (TC) intensity using data obtained
from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
satellites. A set of 322 SSM/I images (512 km x 512 km), centered on a TC with known best-track intensity, has
been used to compare the two neural network based approaches. We extract a set of features that include TC eye
characteristics, rain band features, relative date, and location among others.

A method for shoreline extraction has been developed that is based on mean-shift segmentation and the integration
of LiDAR data, satellite imagery and aerial orthophotos. This method first classifies LiDAR points as belonging
either to a water surface or to land. The classification criterion is the homogenous nature of the Near-Infrared (N-IR)
reflection of the water surface, the elevation, and color distribution. Subsequently a shoreline can be extracted by
tracing the boundary between these two categories, water and land.

This paper describes a research which attempts to combine the advantages of human analysts and computer
automated processing for efficient human computer symbiosis in geospatial data fusion. Specifically, experiments
performed were related to the analysis of the potential use of inhomogeneous (composed of different sources) stereo
pairs for mapping dataset actualization.

The building façade model is the most prominent streetscape feature for rendering virtual street models. This paper
aims to develop a method to identify street obstacles which hinder photo-realistic texturing of building façade. In
order to achieve this, the presented method focuses on two research components. Firstly, we develop an effective
grid-based line analysis method to differentiate image elements including building façade from the ones containing
street obstacles.

The effects of continuous human exposure to power frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) have been brought to attention due to its possible health hazards. An important source of the EMF is the power frequency high voltage transmission lines when passing near or among residential areas.

The U.S. Postal Service® continues to identify ways to increase the efficiency and value of mail. In 2010 you can expect a series of new rules, programs and guidelines – many that will require changes to the way you process mail. As an industry leader, Pitney Bowes will keep you up-to -date with these proposed changes. We will also provide recommendations on ways you can apply these new compliance regulations to achieve greater savings and increase efficiency within your organization.

With the introduction of Microsoft® Windows VistaTM, Autodesk® customers have another choice of operating systems. Whether a company opts to adopt Windows Vista, Windows® XP, or another supported operating system (OS), Autodesk applications
deliver exceptional performance across the board.

We present a method for the 3D reconstruction of objects from images captured in a surveillance setting using uncalibrated
hand-held cameras. The images considered are of distant objects occupying a small portion of the field-ofview
(FOV); have been captured in a non-systematic manner from varying aspects, distances, and angles; and have
no a priori target information for 3D coordinates or scale. The current algorithms used to estimate camera
orientations and perform 3D reconstruction rely to some degree on initial approximations of camera orientation
and/or 3D coordinates of the target object or control points. Parameter initialization in most surveillance applications
is problematic due to the non-regular camera arrangements and lack of target information. Using some of the
strengths of the orthogonal model, this paper presents a robust initial approximation method suited to the demands
of surveillance imagery.

Digital close-range photogrammetry became one of the most important measurements tools for the moving
objects. To take measurements of moving objects, at least two images must be taken from different positions at
the same instance. To take images at the same instant, two cameras must be connected together using special
equipment to give the order to the camera once a button has been pressed. To avoid complication and to save
money, two video cameras can be used from different positions. Once the movies are transferred to the
computer, two images (one frame from each movie) can be selected as right and left images. Miss-selection of
any of the frames or both will affect the 3D measurements accuracy.

Connecticut’s Changing Landscape (CCL) is an ongoing project of the Center for Landuse Education and Research
(CLEAR) at The University of Connecticut that currently consists of five dates of land cover (1985, 1990, 1995,
2002, and 2006) based on Landsat satellite imagery that spans a 21 year period for the state of Connecticut. This
data has become a major resource for researchers, state agencies, regional and local planners, and the public to
examine and assess land cover trends in the state.

This video features Digital Map Products' Jim Skurzynski, Geoffrey Wade, and Annie Schwab discussing the future of spatial technology, how it is going mainstream, and new methods of developing spatial applications.

Accurate and realistic 3-dimensional models of urban environments are increasingly important for applications like
virtual tourism, city planning, internet search and many emerging opportunities in the context of “ambient
intelligence”. Applications like Bing-Maps or Google Earth are offering virtual models of many major urban areas
worldwide. While initially, these data sets support visualization they are inherently capable of addressing a broader
purpose. On the horizon are urban models that consist of semantically interpreted objects; an urban 3D visualization
will be computer generated, with a fundamental advantage: the urban models can be searched based on object
classes.

Soil erosion in the form of badlands is a common phenomenon throughout southern Guam. Badlands compared to
any other land cover have the highest erosion rate. Consequently, they contribute the highest amount of sediments to
the marine environment. Both human and natural factors may be responsible for badland development. To manage
soil erosion, specifically on badlands, in an effective way, a better understanding of the processes associated with
badland dynamics is essential.

Any trucking company that has been involved in personal injury litigation understands that lawsuits are no laughing matter. Not only is litigation usually expensive and time consuming, but it is often unpredictable. What dollar amount will the jury ultimately award the Plaintiff? How much, if anything, should my company offer the Plaintiff to broker a settlement? Worries like these illustrate some of the frustrations associated with defending trucking companies against personal injury lawsuits.

Written by Vice President of Business Development, Tom Chicoine, this paper examines why food transportation companies need telematics technology and why the majority of transportation companies are unaware of what’s happening to their products inside their reefers and refrigerated trailers. The paper also discusses new, stricter regulations on food safety and increased regulatory enforcement as well as what to look for when searching for a telematics solution.

This study examined the effects of land use and land cover changes due to urbanization on the annual direct runoff of the Qinhuai River Watershed in Jiangsu Province, China. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images from 1988, 1994, 2006, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from 2001 and 2003, and China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) image from 2009 were used to obtain historical land use and land cover maps. These maps revealed that the watershed experienced conversion of approximately 16% non-urban area to urban area between 1988 and 2009. The Long-Term Hydrological Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model was used to calculate direct runoff generation. The model was calibrated and validated using observed daily stream flow data collected at the outlets of the watershed, and then repeatedly run with different urbanization scenarios to investigate the hydrological response to land use changes. The simulation results of L-THIA model for the various urbanization scenarios indicate that when the impervious surface area changed from 3.4% of 1988 scenario to 20.5% of 2009 scenario, the average annual direct runoff depth would increase from 355 mm to 496 mm. The results also indicate that the annual direct runoff depth is highly correlated with the percentage of impervious surface area. When impervious surface area is less than 9.0%, the annual direct runoff depth will increase linearly with impervious surface area (R2=0.97); however, when impervious surface area is greater than 9.0%, the annual direct runoff depth will also increase linearly with impervious surface area (R2 = 1.00) but at much lower rate.

“We were looking for...Visual Fusion to become the backbone of what was going to be a very complex Web-based application. We met or exceeded all our performance goals.” Stan Marriott, GIS/Parcel Mapping manager for Rapattoni Corp.

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the US and Canada is characterized by thousands of shallow, water-filled depressions with sizes ranging from a fraction of a hectare to several square kilometers. The purpose of this work is to apply GIS hydrologic modeling techniques to further understanding of surface-flow characteristics of the PPR. High resolution digital elevation models are required to resolve subtle depressions of the low-lying landscape

Smart Growth is a top priority for Marin County, one of the oldest counties in California. The Building and Safety Division oversees the building permitting process,
which requires building plan reviews by Building and Safety, Environmental Health,
Land Development, and the Fire Department to ensure plans are up to code. Each year, more than 1,200 building plans are submitted in triplicate for review.

With more than 135 years of experience, Holland America Line is a recognized leader
in the cruise industry’s premium segment. Its 14 ships sail to more than 320 ports of call on each of the world’s continents. Holland America Line is part of the Carnival Cruise Lines family, which is “The World’s Most Popular Cruise Line®,” serving over seven million guests annually.

This paper reports on the progress of the design and implementation of a Web-based Sensor Planning Service (SPS) that discovers sensors, formulates sensor collection tasks, and determines feasibility of collection tasks for optical and radar Earth imaging spacecraft. 1 2 The design is founded on Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) mission modeling capabilities from Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI).

This paper examines diverse approaches to representing gasdynamic drag effects on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Although the total drag force on a satellite can be measured, the physics of gasdynamic resistance, dynamics of the orbiting body, and characteristics of the atmosphere are
inextricably combined.

A small NASA spacecraft is on a two-year mission to give scientists their first map of the edge of our solar system, and AGI business partners are designing this satellite’s unique trajectory. Applied Defense Solutions (ADS) of Fulton, MD, along with Mike Loucks of Space Exploration Engineering, are responsible for flight dynamics for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) satellite.

Burned area products derived from satellite images are used as input to determine biomass burning emissions.
Appropriate assessment of the accuracy of burned area products is required to assess reliable emissions. This
document provides validation results for four burned area products: GlobCarbon, MCD45, L3JRC and AQS. The
study area is at the northern South American savannas along the Orinoco River since there is a rapid conversion of
Amazonian forest to cattle pasture. A validation method was applied from 2001 to 2007 based on the comparison of
commission and omission errors from 20 confusion matrixes with their respective efficient solution. Efficient
solutions were determined using the “Pareto Boundary”. This method allows estimating the potential for improving
burned area algorithms as well as evaluating the effect of pixel size on accuracy. A landscape metric was used to
analyze the weight of the fragments’ distribution on global accuracy.

With the decreasing price of electronics, more and more consumer grade or off-the-shelf digital cameras are
flooding the market. This makes their use in close-range photogrammetric applications an inexpensive and
convenient task. However, in order to be trusted for high quality object space reconstruction, these cameras must go
through a calibration procedure. The purpose of this research project is to present a simple and practical way of
performing camera calibration, so that the cost of the calibration will be proportional to the cost of the camera.

The Alamance County, NC Fire Marshal and Emergency Management Office (FMEMO) assists the citizens of Alamance County in awareness of, preparation for, survival of, and recovery from disasters. FMEMO is the steward of the hazardous materials database for the county. Administrators manually receive all Tier 2 reports submitted by businesses storing extremely hazardous chemicals by paper and manually enter each form into their system known as EM 2000.

Tesoro Corporation, a FORTUNE 200 company headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, has refinery, terminal and pipeline facilities all across the United States. Tesoro is a leading independent refiner and marketer of petroleum products, with a combined rated crude oil capacity of nearly 560,000 barrels per day. Tesoro's retail-marketing system includes over 500 branded retail stations, of which more than 200 are company-operated under the Tesoro® and Mirastar® brands.

Insular environment is characterized by a series of particularities which have been given a special attention in the
past years at international level. This work investigates and describes the most important elements of these
particularities in an effort to develop models of sustainable management.

To build HiRISE image network with the best possible precision and accuracy, technical issues involving sensor
geometry and absolute positioning need to be resolved. High-frequency random patterns, or “jitter”, in the rotation
angles cause disagreements between HiRISE CCDs. To generate seamless topographic products, it is important to
achieve coherence in the exterior orientation parameters between multiple CCDs. Also, new images should be
registered to the existing global geodetic control network to achieve absolute positioning in global scale.

Bundle Adjustment (BA) is an important step in deriving high quality terrain products from stereo pairs of satellite
imagery. Most satellites use pushbroom cameras for image acquisition due to improved signal to noise ratio. The BA
process is not as well constrained for pushbroom imagery as it is for frame cameras. Due to the loss of perspective
along track additional degrees of freedom are present in BA.

This paper presents an approach to LiDAR point clouds segmentation for building roofs. Normal vectors determined from the original LiDAR point clouds are used as a homogeneous criterion representing planar roof planes. Segmentation is then performed iteratively by minimizing an energy function formulated as a multiphase level set framework. With multiphase level set formulation, up to n disjoint sub-regions can be segmented at a time by log2n level set functions.

Mathematical photogrammetry and geodesy pioneered some early applications of matrix and tensor calculus in the
general theory of estimation and statistics. This theory together with fast transforms of signal processing was
expanded since 1968 in author’s inventions of array algebra and loop inverses in Finland and Sweden, leading to
1975 employment with Duane Brown and other US pioneers of this field. Some 1975-83 R&D projects developed
the fast finite element network adjustment for automated terrain edit, compression and progressive sampling of
digital correlation and Least Squares Matching (LSM).

The Landsat series is the longest body of continuously acquired, moderate resolution satellite imagery. The spatial and temporal resolution and coverage of Landsat make it an intriguing instrument for a land surface temperature product, which is an important earth system data record for a number of fields including climate, weather, and agriculture. Because current archived Landsat imagery has only a single thermal band, generation of a land surface temperature product requires an emissivity estimation and atmospheric compensation. This work, assuming imagery from a characterized and calibrated sensor and integration with ASTER derived emissivity data, focuses on the atmospheric compensation component by using reanalysis data and radiative transfer code to generate estimates of radiative transfer parameters. Along with an estimation of land surface temperature, the goal is to provide a confidence estimation for every pixel in a scene. Using water temperatures from buoy data, actual temperatures have been compared to predicted temperatures as validation of performance. These comparisons have shown acceptable performance when the atmosphere is well characterized, but larger errors when the atmosphere is not as well understood. The reanalysis data, radiative transfer code, bulk to skin temperature conversion, and lack of knowledge of atmospheric variation all complicate traditional error analysis. Various methods have been attempted, including error propagation based on perturbed atmospheres, regressions between metrics and error values, and thresholds based on atmospheric variables. Because of complications not faced by other large-scale products, a novel approach to error analysis will be developed by combining multiple approaches and data sources.

Egypt faces a great challenge. Fixed water resources and increasing water demands. Rice is the main water–consuming crop planted in Egypt Delta. Thus mapping of where and when rice is planted is important. The planting occurs over a wide spatial and temporal span. Thus, rice mapping with traditional methods is doubtful. Elshorbagy (2013) developed a model for rice mapping utilizing MODIS (MOD09A1, MOD09Q1) products where the dynamics of Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) throughout the rice-planting season were combined with an arable mapping module for rice area mapping. In the present study, ten years of historical multi-temporal MODIS imagery (2002-2011) were analyzed applying the developed model. For each main irrigation directorate an inventory of where and when rice was planted in the target period was mapped. The date intervals of maximum rice transplanting were identified. The most critical imagery dates for the model to well function were pinpointed. South-North rice transplanting lag trend was correctly mapped. The algorithm results were compared against the rice areas annual reports. There was good agreement between the estimated areas from the algorithm and the reports. Inter annual variation in rice areas was successfully mapped. In addition, the rice area and probable transplanting dates conforms to local planting practices. The findings of this study indicate that the algorithm can be used for rice areas and transplanting dates trends mapping on a timely and frequent manner.

Documentation related to restricted right - use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to
restrictions set forth in subparagraphs (a) through (d) of the Commercial Computer - Restricted Rights
clause at FAR 52.227-19 when applicable, or in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data
and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, and in similar clauses in the NASA FAR
Supplement.

Deploying automated workflows and electronic records management helps ensure compliance and information security when you're working for the Department of Energy (DOE). That was the case for Fluor Hanford, an operating unit of the Fluor Corporation, one of the world's largest engineering, procurement, construction and maintenance services companies employing more than 35,000 people across 25 countries.

The Northland District Health Board (DHB) of New Zealand provides health and disability services for the Te Tai Tokerau communities of New Zealand’s North Island. As with other leading healthcare providers, Northland DHB focuses on advancing the health and wellbeing of their patients. To ensure quality control and find areas for continual improvement, the hospitals plan audits to track a range of quality measures including medication chart audits.

The Corpus Christi Street Services department ranks preventive maintenance (PM) as its highest priority for preservation of the structural integrity of street pavements
across the city. Pavement preservation is accomplished by applying relatively inexpensive PM at regular intervals to avoid much more expensive repairs later.

Dedicated to “Make Phoenix the Safest Major City” in the United States. Phoenix is one of the fastest growing US cities, home to 1.2 million residents across 469 square miles. To keep those residents safe, the City of phoenix employs a large force of approximately 2,600 Terrorism Liaison Officers, Police Officers, and Detectives, and
more than 700 civilian support staff personnel.

Sensitivity of environmental models to changes in variable parameters can be measured in a variety of ways. One
simple, yet effect way to judge model sensitivity is to calculate a sensitivity index (Hamby, 1994). Standard
sensitivity indices compare the standardized percent change in a parameter threshold of interest and the model's state
variable from the default model to an altered model run, resulting in a normalized dimensionless index value
(Lenhart et al., 2002; Millington et al., 2009).

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a high-impact pathogen with approximately 12,000 diagnoses annually in
Eurasia. The virus causes a variety of clinical manifestations, with neurological symptoms in up to 30% of the
patients. Lethality in Europe is <2% but post-encephalitis syndrome is seen in over 40% of the infected patients and
results in substantial impairment in quality of life. Over the last decade a drastic increase in TBEV incidence has
been reported throughout Western Europe

Nowadays, the impacts of climate change on crop production become evidently adverse and location-specific. In our study, real-time weather and flux observation systems were developed and operated in a large rainfed rice field in
Trakan Phutphon and Det Udom Districts in Ubon Ratchathani Province to monitor and understand the climate
fluctuation in the area. Various observation systems have supplied the data necessary for impact analysis using agrohydrological
crop models.

Air quality in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) has failed to meet federal and state particulate matter (PM) regulation
standards for the past several years. While previous studies show strong correlations between the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and surface PM
measurements on the East Coast of the United States, weak correlations have been found on the West Coast.
Specific causes for this discrepancy have not been identified, nor has a solution been found.

In future lunar exploration, spatial disorientation may become an increasingly critical issue for astronauts as the area
of exploration increases from several kilometers in the Apollo missions to over one hundred kilometers from the
main base station in future landed missions.

This paper is concerned with stereo imaging for three-dimensional range estimation. The usual assumption for a
two-camera system is that both cameras are stationary with respect to one another. In some imaging environments,
however, physical vibrations are unavoidable. If these vibrations induce small movements of the cameras relative to
each other, then the accuracy of any range estimates based on binocular disparity will suffer.

Exprodat has scheduled its first Petroleum ArcGIS training event in Houston, Texas, in response to customer demand. The courses are open to everyone working in exploration and production (E&P) who would like to understand how Esri’s ArcGIS for Desktop can improve their efficiency and effectiveness.
The industry focused courses, scheduled for August 2012, are delivered using a combination of presentations, demonstrations, industry case studies and hands-on exercises using petroleum datasets and workflows. Exprodat’s training courses are the fastest and most effective route to learning how Esri's ArcGIS for Desktop (including ArcMap, Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst extensions) can be used within oil and gas companies. Join the 1200 E&P professionals, coming from over 90 different oil companies worldwide, who already benefited from our programme.
Exprodat will be working on course delivery with their Houston-based partner company; Resolution Energy Services (R.E.S.) who provide on-site petrotechnical support services to oil companies, including geoscience application support and data management. Tim Shepherd, V.P. Operations for Resolution said, “We are delighted to welcome Exprodat to the region by providing local facilities and easy access to their ArcGIS training programme. We look forward to building a successful working relationship”.
Danny Spillmann, Director of Energy Sales for Esri Inc. said; “It was clear from our customer presentations at the recent Petroleum User Conference in Houston, that Exprodat’s ArcGIS training programme is helping organizations build their ArcGIS competency. We’re delighted that Exprodat and Resolution have strengthened the training support network for the Houston market and we look forward to the positive impact this will have on skills development in the petroleum user community.”
Exprodat’s Sales and Marketing Director, Jules Cullen has seen a huge number of E&P professionals gain experience and knowledge by attending her company’s courses. Talking about this new expansion into Houston she commented “In recent months, we have received a groundswell of interest in our training courses from oil companies based in the US. Partnering with Resolution has made scheduling a summer training programme possible and we are excited to be adding another region to our ArcGIS training network”.
To learn more about the public course schedule visit:
http://www.exprodat.com/Training/Booking/Class-Schedule/
To reserve a place either visit http://www.exprodat.com/Training/Booking/Registration/ or email questions to training@exprodat.com
-end-
About Exprodat
With a unique blend of geoscience and GIS expertise, Exprodat specialises in improving upstream petroleum E&P processes for oil and gas companies by creatively applying spatial technology. Our petroleum focused ArcGIS support services, software and training courses enable our customers to make better decisions, increase efficiency, save costs and improve communication.
For more information, please visit our website www.exprodat.com

London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) successfully managed the flow of traffic throughout this summer’s big event with the help of PIE Mapping.
LOCOG, which is responsible for preparing and staging the London 2012 Games, enlisted the company’s help to form an effective strategy for managing the journey routing of around 20,000 ‘Games Family’ members which include; athletes, VIPs’, technical & team officials and over 21,000 media and broadcasters.
Mark Bland, Head of Traffic Management and Parking at LOCOG says: “With a huge influx in visitors to the capital this summer, keeping London moving while ensuring that athletes, umpires, technical staff, broadcasters and other people associated with the games are able to get to their destinations expediently is a monumental task and an absolute priority for us. As a consequence, we have a mandate to provide those people with a system which would allow them to plan journeys throughout the duration of the games.”
Using the official Olympic and Paralympic Route Networks (ORN/PRN) – a network of roads linking all key competition venues and sites – PIE came up with a solution to ensure the Games Family would be able to plan accurate and reliable routes across the host city throughout the Olympics.
The solution
The Games Family Journey Planner is a solution developed by PIE that is used throughout the duration of the games for all Games Family journeys that ensure correct route by specific days and accurate journey time calculation based on leave time or arrive time. Routes would change subject to time of day due to different Road Events effecting certain turn restrictions.
The new journey planner provides users with an easy way to generate routes to and from Olympic destinations and postcodes such as stadiums and hotels while providing accurate arrival times.
The service is fed by a regular stream of information provided to PIE by TfL meaning routes are provided based on current road and traffic conditions within the designated road networks.
“All road data is processed into a special routing algorithm which means if there are delays on the roads, the Games Family Journey Planner may recommend an alternative route,” says Freddie Talberg, CEO, PIE. “While the technology which sits at the backend of this bespoke solution for LOCOG is complex, it’s incredibly simple to use. All the user needs to do is enter their login information and then provide a start and their destination locations within the Olympic or Paralympic network – the system does the rest, providing an appropriate route which can also saved as a pdf for quick reference.”

Coal fire results in significant environmental impacts and coal losses in many countries, including the United States, India, and China. Multiple fire detection methods have been proposed. Many of these rely on thermal infrared (TIR) imagery. This study results from previous research on TIR, including our development of a self-adaptive gradient based thresholding method for coal fire delineation. We used field measurements and images acquired by the ASTER sensor onboard NASA’s Terra satellite and the TIRS onboard Landsat 8 to derive calibration parameters for a threshold estimation algorithm considering different solar radiation intensities, which impact radiance estimations from coal fire. We designed a simultaneous ASTER-field measurement plan in the Wuda coal field (China) and scheduled image collection for four periods, including the winter and the summer solstices (least and most intense solar radiation periods). Collection also included the vernal/autumnal equinoxes. Land surface temperature (LST) was collected before and after each satellite overpass in planned intense sampling block areas. LST field samples were integrated into 90-100 m TIR pixels. Data were combined with coal fire boundaries collected in the field and were used to validate the coal fires retrieved from four calibrated image by our temperature retrieving method, and the gradient-based threshold method. Results are a series of adjustment parameters for the fire detection method for four typical seasons. Correction parameters estimated by our method at the Wuda coal field can be extended to other fire areas lacking detailed studies, thus supporting surface temperature retrieval and underground coal fire delineation.

The freeware Spatial Aspect Explorer targeted for exploring comprehensive amount of spatial data in form of interactive maps. The data for such representation includes both raster data and vector data for Earth, Moon, Mars, Venus and Mercury.
See more details about the program and for list of free available collections for using with it on site of author: http://www.runspect.com

The staff of the US Courts manages the complex operations which keep the wheels of justice moving. Those duties include maintaining court records, providing case information, explaining and publicizing court procedures, providing courtroom and case management support, and administratively supporting the Court. Those duties also involve a great deal of data collected on paper, which the team has traditionally had to re-enter into case management systems. Since deploying Capturx, they’ve dramatically streamlined the case processing.

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is a technology and innovation leader in both aeronautics and space research, and in space utilization. In addition to looking upwards into the vastness of space, NASA LaRC also manages a great deal of space at its Langley campus. The GIS team at NASA LaRC was an early adopter of ArcGIS and has created an optimization program to help manage and ensure that they get the most out of their facilities.

Traumatic Brain Injury or “TBI” has been a serious consequence for Soldiers in
combat zones, resulting from severe blows to the head from explosions and other
combat related events. A Rand orporation study reported that over 900 American
Soldiers have sustained traumatic brain injuries and over 300,000 Soldiers may have suffered mild TBI, even when wearing approved ballistic headgear in combat operations. Effective screening for TBI is the critical first step for proper treatment and an important component of the Soldier Readiness Program.

Orthoimage mosaics presume radiometric adaptation of the individual images, which is referred to as relative radiometric
normalization (RRN). This paper presents an in-house developed RRN approach that aims for optimal adaptation
of large blocks of Leica ADS line-scanner imagery for subsequent mosaicking. It assumes orthorectified and
radiometrically preprocessed input image data – with camera calibration, atmospheric and BRDF corrections applied
as described in a companion paper – but still allows for the adaptation of bigger radiometric differences. The RRN
model incorporates the adaptation of brightness and contrast, both varying throughout each image according to
location-dependent polynomials.

LIDAR is an active remote sensing technology which performs range measurements from the sensor and converts them into
3D coordinates of the Earth's surface. Recent advances in LIDAR hardware make it possible to digitize full waveforms of
the returned energy. LIDAR waveform decomposition involves separating the return waveform into a mixture of Gaussians
which is then used to characterize the original data. It plays an important role in LIDAR data processing because the
resulting components are expected to represent reflection surfaces within waveform footprints and ultimately affect the
interpretation of the data.

Bark beetle-induced tree mortality has increased over the last few decades, exacerbated by below-average
precipitation and a loss of soil nutrients, forcing park managers to improve bark beetle monitoring techniques. Bark
beetle dynamics were investigated during summer 2009 at 32 sites within Sequoia National Park, California with the
aim of correlating field data with satellite imagery to provide forest managers with a more efficient methodology for
tracking, monitoring, and forecasting bark beetle outbreaks.