10. Should read 4.7%, but the error has been taken over from Malthus himself. Cf. Malthus, Principles of Political Economy, pp. 269-70. Two other petty errors of arithmetic in these passages have been corrected as indicated by the MELI editors.

18. Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) American public figure of Swiss origin, academic, diplomat,and banker, author of many books on financial questions, Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States, Philadelphia, 1831, p. 68.

19. John Wade (1788-1875) was a journalist and historian, and parliamentary reformer, who worked for a long time with the Spectator, and whose History of the Middle and Working Classes was described by Marx as 'theoretically... original in some parts... historically... a shameless plagiarism from Sir F. M. Eden'.

20. Gaskell, Artisans and Machinery, pp. 111-14.

* Merchant capital also from the outset the concentration of many exchanges in one hand. It already represents a mass of exchangers both as M and as C.

21. Babbage, Traité sur l'économie, p. 485.

22. Pellegrino Rossi (1787-1848) Italian political economist, supporter of Napoleon I, in exile from 1815, first in Geneva then in France, professor of political economy at the Collège de France 1833-40, created a peer in 1844, returned to Italy as French ambassador, became prime minister of the Pope's government in 1848, finally assassinated in the course of a speech in favour of moderation), Cours d'économie politique, Brussels, 1843.

23. R. Torrens, An Essay on the Production of Wealth, London, 1821, pp. 70-71.

24. Labour in being, not in potency.

25. Cf. Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy, pp. 31-2, 'There can be no rise in the value of labour without a fall of profits... If cloth... be divided between the workman and his employer, the larger the proportion given to the former, the less remains for the latter.'

27. The Reverend Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister who taught moral philosophy and divinity, as well as political economy; 'one of the most fanatical Malthusians' (Marx).