En. text: The TR-1700 ("Santa Cruz") is a class of diesel-electric patrol submarines built by Thyssen Nordseewerke for the Argentine Navy in the 1980s. These ships are amongst the largest submarines built in Germany since World War II and are among the fastest diesel-electric submarines in the world.Development: The original 1977 plan called for six boats, two TR-1700s built in Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke, two in Argentina by Astillero Domecq Garcia, and two smaller TR-1400s also built in Argentina. The final agreement in 1982 was modified to six TR 1700s.[citation needed] The TR-1700s to be built in Argentina were considered for an upgrade to a nuclear submarine using INVAP's CAREM reactor, which began development at that time. The nuclear submarine project never came to fruition, despite later attempts to revive it.Design: The submarine was designed by Thyssen and its features include high underwater speed, endurance (for a diesel submarine), and survivability. The boat's four MTU diesel engines, four generators, and Siemens electric motor can propel it at speeds up to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Eight 120-cell batteries are installed on each boat. They have a diving depth of 300 m (980 ft). Normal endurance of these boats is 30 days with an extended range up to 70 days. These boats are equipped to accept a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV). Armaments include six bow 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes and 22 SST (Special Surface Target) or Mark 37 torpedo. The automatic torpedo reload system can reload the tubes in 50 seconds.

Thyssen proposed the TR1700A for the Australian Collins-class submarine program. The proposed design had a reworked pressure hull, was six meters longer, and half a meter wider than the TR1700s built for Argentina. It lost to the Type 471 from Kockums, an enlarged Västergötland-class submarine.Service: The first two submarines were delivered on schedule in 1984-85. The remaining four built in Argentina were suspended due to the Argentinean economic crisis of the 1980s. In 1996 work completely ceased on ARA Santa Fe at 70 % (or 52 %) completion while ARA Santiago del Estero was only 30 percent complete. After attempts to complete and sell the boats to Taiwan failed they were cannibalized, along with the parts for the fifth and sixth units, to support the continued operations of the first two submarines.

Santa Cruz received its mid-life modernization at Arsenal de Marinha, Rio de Janeiro Brazil between September 1999 and 2001. The work involved the replacement of the engines, batteries, and sonar. Her sister boat San Juan entered the Astillero Domecq Garcia shipyard to receive her refit in 2007; she completed refit in 2013.In September 2010 it was revealed that the Ministry of Defense was conducting feasibility studies to decide if ARA Santa Fe (S-43) should be completed. The decision should be made sometime after completing the mid-life modernization of ARA San Juan (S-42). The estimated cost of completing Santa Fe was $60 million.On 17 November 2017, the ARA San Juan was reported missing; reports of a fire are unsubstantiated and have been denied by the Argentine Navy. ...

News: November 20, 2017 6:15 pm Post Views: 76,181 Nov 20 CNN latest: News! (CNN)Argentina’s navy on Nov 20 picked up what could be noises from the country’s missing submarine and said the sub’s captain reported a “failure” in the vessel’s battery system before it disappeared. The sonar systems of two ships detected noises sounding like tools being banged against the hull of a submarine, according to a senior US Navy official familiar with the Navy’s assistance in the search for the vessel. The official said that crews of submarines in distress bang on the vessel’s hull to alert passing ships to their location. The missing submarine — the ARA San Juan — has a crew of 44. The Argentinian navy was able to fix the rough location of the sounds and is now concentrating its search in an area of 35 square nautical miles approximately 330 miles off the coast of Argentina, the official said. Hopefully, this is it, and submarine is to be located soon. After it’s found, crew life-support may be provided with connections providing air, power, some supplies and warmth – crew should be freezing down there, it’s one of the main risks in case of a major accident. Much will depend on the depth, the more is the depth, the more difficult is the task of getting sailors out.

Nov 20 Update: No news on any traces found, signals detected on Nov 18 probably originated from other source. News are mostly related to search operation, describing extra resources which were deployed recently, and new areas designated for search. Argentinian Navy Command didn’t yet reveal most vital information – underwater survivability deadline, based on all known to Headquarters data (batteries charge level, time she was underwater prior to missing date/time, her max present underwater survivability, etc.); and most probable depths she’s on (below or above crush depth). Argentinian Navy Shipyard engineer said “reserves of oxygen allow submarine to stay underwater for several days”. It may be up to 10 days, then?

Nov 19: Seven indistinct satellite signals were detected by Argentinian Navy on Nov 18, rekindling hopes of SAR success. No details were given with regards to these signals, except that signals may indicate, that the crew is trying to re-establish contact, so Navy is working to locate the source of the emissions. Could those signals be sent from submarine itself, or could they be signals sent by damaged emergency buoy on the surface, with malfunctioning communication equipment? Was the buoy – if it was a buoy – already surfaced, or did crew manage to release the buoy, is it attached to submarine, or is it drifting? There are just too many options to build up more or less plausible version, so all we can do is again, hope and pray. If all communication equipment is inoperable or malfunctioning, there’s only one way for the crew of disabled submarine resting on bottom to alert rescuers and indicate its’ position. The one which was used since the first known submarine disasters in early 20-th century, and rescued many lives. It’s sound – making noise just by banging something metal against submarine’s steel hull.

Nov 18 evening: According to latest news evening Nov 18, no trace of ARA SAN JUAN found yet. Argentinian Navy Command said some 80% of the area of submarine’s possible position were already searched. Most important questions now are the underwater endurance of ARA SAN JUAN, and the depth she’s in. Here’s more detailed description of TR-1700-class submarine: The submarine was designed by Thyssen and its features include high underwater speed, endurance (for a diesel submarine), and survivability. The boat’s four MTU diesel engines, four generators, and Siemens electric motor can propel it at speeds up to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Eight 120-cell batteries are installed on each boat. They have a diving depth of 300 m (980 ft). Normal endurance of these boats is 30 days with an extended range up to 70 days. I’ve been trained as a reserve officer (all Soviet Merchant Marine officers were), Commander of Battle Station 1, diesel submarines, and served several months on board of Soviet Foxtrot-class submarine, with maximum underwater endurance of 3-4 days, without snorkel use. After that, you have either to surface, or to die. 30 days endurance for a conventional diesel submarine, not AIP, sounds fantastic for me, but who knows. Of course we have to forget about snorkel, ARA SAN JUAN can’t use it. If ARA SAN JUAN is capable of staying underwater for about a week or more, and if the disaster which befell her doesn’t sink her, killing most or all crew, then there’s still a good chance of survival and rescue, I believe.

Nov 18 Latest: The International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office (ISMERLO), organization dedicated to the search and rescue of sunk submarines around the world, claimed it detected ARA SAN JUAN about 300 kilometers east of Puerto Madryn at some 70 meters depth. No confirmation yet, official news say submarine search continues. If submarine is really found at 70-meter depth, there’s a good chance of rescuing the crew.

Nov 18: Full-scale SAR is under way in waters near the last known position of missing submarine, including all available Navy ships and planes, and merchant marine and fishing vessels in the area. There are 44 crew on board, initial reports mentioning storage battery fire weren’t not confirmed by latest updates, but weren’t renounced, either. Emergency beacon didn’t surface (which is very upsetting by itself – it happens, like in some cases with USSR Navy submarines, but quite rarely), and that seems to be the main problem – rescuers don’t know exact position of the submarine, and therefore, can’t locate her. All those who offered help in rescuing submarine, including Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Peru, the United States, Great Britain and South Africa, can’t do much until submarine is found, unless they are capable of a quick delivery of search and detection equipment and specialists. Argentinian Navy Command kept it secret maybe for too long, for two days, and in all probability, could continue hiding the accident, if not crew families worries, which inevitably, would leak the news. It’s a curse of all or nearly all Navies, they’re too secretive, risking the lives of the sailors or sacrificing them, in the name of honor and reputation. More often, than not, it’s not honor, it’s fear of Navy Brass of possible repercussions.

Nov 17 news: Argentina Navy submarine ARA SAN JUAN disappeared in waters of Puerto Madryn, northern Patagonia, Argentina, contact with submarine manned with 40 crew lost since Nov 15. It was said that submarine was already located and taken on tow, being disabled after fire, but according to most recent news, citing Navy officials, submarine wasn’t found, her fate, and fate of the crew, unknown. On a photo Eliana Maria Krawczyk, one of the crew of the missing submarine in officer’s rank. Submarine ARA SAN JUAN, TR-1700-class diesel-electric submarine in active service with the Argentine Navy, built 1983, displacement: 2140 tonnes (surfaced) 2336 tonnes (submerged), armament torpedoes. ... http://maritimebulletin.net/2017/11/17/argentinian-navy-submarine-with-40-crew-lost-contradicting-news/

26 November 2017:No sign of the vessel has been reported since November 15, shortly after the captain reported an electrical fault.The missing Argentine submarine San Juan was carrying beyond its allowed capacity, declared the brother of a crew member to local media on Sunday. ...

NOV 20 2017, 8:21 PM ET: A U.S. Navy rescue crew from San Diego has joined the international search effort for a Argentine submarine and its 44 crew members missing for several days beneath the stormy southern Atlantic Ocean.Navy sailors with Undersea Rescue Command (URC) departed Miramar Saturday with a Submarine Rescue Chamber (SRC) and four aircraft, en route to where the ARA San Juan lost contact with the Argentine Navy Wednesday.As waves of up to 20 feet complicated the search, authorities spent Sunday analyzing data from possible satellite calls that were thought to have been made from the vessel. ...

Nov 28 Latest: Argentina's corvette that has to deliver a Russian bathyscaphe to the area where the search operation of the missing San Juan submarine is ongoing, has set off from the port of Comodoro Rivadavia.

COMODORO RIVADAVIA (Sputnik) — Argentina's Robinson corvette with Russian experts on board has left for the area where the search operation of the missing Argentina's San Juan submarine is ongoing, a Sputnik correspondent reported on Tuesday.

The corvette with Russian and Argentine experts has departed from the port of Comodoro Rivadavia.

The corvette moored in the port on Monday at 4:40 p.m. local time (19:40 GMT) and is expected to deliver the Russian Panther Plus submersible to the search operation zone. ...

Nov 28.: Water entered Argentinian submarine's snorkel hours before it vanished - Navy reveals 12 DAYS after it went missing. A spokesman said today that the intake of water had caused the battery of the ARA San Juan to short-circuit before it vanished on November 15. The snorkel is a device which allows a submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from the surface. Hope is dwindling among some families of the 44-member crew - who were only believed to have had enough air to survive for a week if submerged. It was revealed last week that the San Juan had only a seven-day oxygen supply when it lost contact. A sudden noise that was widely reported having been detected the Navy now says could in fact have been the implosion of the vessel. ... http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/water-entered-argentinian-submarines-snorkel-11598004

November 30.: Uki Goñi in Buenos Aires:? Argentina has called off the rescue operation for its missing submarine 15 days after a reported explosion apparently sent it to the bottom of the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Patagonia.

“No one will be rescued,” said navy captain Enrique Balbi, who has been acting as official spokesperson for the rescue effort. Nonetheless, the search operation for the ARA San Juan would continue in waters of up to 500 metres deep, he added.

“Despite the magnitude of the effort made it has not been possible to locate the submarine,” said Balbi, referring to the multinational response that has included US, British and Russian aircraft, ships and personnel ...

above: MedRes! Passage & Turkey crew: 'Savuna Ve Havacilik'

above: NEW+! NoHigher! #Sigourney Weaver in Scifis "#Alien" 1979.

En. text: Susan Alexandra "Sigourney" Weaver (/sɪˈɡɔːrni/; born October 8, 1949), is an American actress. Following her film debut with a non speaking role in Annie Hall (1977), she quickly came to prominence with her first lead role as Ellen Ripley in Alien (1979). She reprised the role in three sequels: Aliens (1986), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress; Alien 3 (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997). She is also known for her starring roles in the box-office hits Ghostbusters (1984), Ghostbusters II (1989), and Avatar (2009). ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver

En. text:Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Dan O'Bannon. Based on a story by O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett, it follows the crew of the commercial space tug Nostromo who encounter the eponymous Alien, a deadly and aggressive extraterrestrial set loose on the ship. The film stars Tom Skerritt, Sigourney Weaver, Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm, and Yaphet Kotto. It was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions, and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script; Shusett was executive producer. The Alien and its accompanying artifacts were designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human settings. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)

Cameron Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American actress and model. She has frequently appeared in comedies throughout her career, while also earning critical recognition in dramatic films. Her accolades include four Golden Globe Award nominations, three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a New York Film Critics Award. In 2013, she was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood. As of 2018, the U.S. domestic box office grosses of Diaz's films total over $3 billion USD, with worldwide grosses surpassing $7 billion, making her the fifth highest-grossing U.S. domestic box office actress. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz

Mounir Moufarrige is a brand developer and creator. Best known for shifting Alfred Dunhill from a smokers to a life style brand, reviving Montblanc 'making the pen a cult object of desire', hiring Stella McCartney at Chloé, and helping to turn the historic Goyard brand into a global commercial success. He is also noted for spotting the future trend of larger sized watches in Panerai. He started his career in luxury fashion and lifestyle in 1988, after 3 years of training as a sales promotion rep at Rothmans International,

2002- 2005: France Luxury Group, Goyard, U-Boat: In 2002 he became CEO of the newly formed France Luxury Group, which owned the labels Jean Louis Scherrer, Jacques Fath, Emmanuelle Khanh and Harel, before moving on to relaunching the label of Charles Frederick Worth, the historically recognised father of haute couture and Fashion, using lingerie, Couture and fragrance as signature categories for the brand.Having previously spotted the potential larger size watches in Officine Panerai while at Richemont, in 2005 Moufarrige joined forces with Italo Fontana, the creator of the U-Boat and Welder watches, to turn them into well-recognized international timepiece brands.In 2003, he joined Goyard, helping to turn the label that was founded in 1853 as a maker of trunks, but shuns modern advertising and employs no well-known designers, into a global commercial success. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounir_Moufarrige

A marine chronometer is a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the 18th century, it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage is necessary for navigation, lacking electronic or communications aids. The first true chronometer was the life work of one man, John Harrison, spanning 31 years of persistent experimentation and testing that revolutionized naval (and later aerial) navigation and enabling the Age of Discovery and Colonialism to accelerate.The term chronometer was coined from the Greek words chronos (meaning time) and meter(meaning counter) in 1714 by Jeremy Thacker, an early competitor for the prize set by the Longitude Act in the same year. It has recently become more commonly used to describe watches tested and certified to meet certain precision standards. Timepieces made in Switzerlandmay display the word "chronometer" only if certified by the COSC (Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Institute). ...

En. text:Ushuaia (/uːˈʃwaɪ.ə/; Spanish pronunciation: [uˈswaʝa]) is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina. It is commonly regarded as the southernmost city in the world. Ushuaia is located in a wide bay on the southern coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, bounded on the north by the Martial mountain range, and on the south by the Beagle Channel. It is the only municipality in the Department of Ushuaia, which has an area of 9,390 km2 (3,625 sq mi). It was founded October 12 of 1884 by Augusto Lasserre and is located on the shores of the Beagle Channel surrounded by the mountain range of the Martial Glacier, in the Bay of Ushuaia. Besides being an administrative center, it is a light industrial port and tourist hub. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia

Sperry Corporation (1910−1986) was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the 20th century. Through a series of mergers it exists today as a part of Unisys, while some other of its former divisions became part of Honeywell. ...

Sperry Corporation (1910−1986) was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the 20th century. Through a series of mergers it exists today as a part of Unisys, while some other of its former divisions became part of Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, United Technologies, and Northrop Grumman.

The company is best known as the developer of the artificial horizon and a wide variety of other gyroscope-based aviation instruments like autopilots, bombsights, analog ballistics computers and gyro gunsights. In the post-WWII era they branched out into electronics, both aviation related, and later, computers. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Corporation

En. text: A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to find geographical direction automatically. Although one important component of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigationon ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:- they find true north as determined by the axis of the Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and- they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as in a ship's steel hull, which distort the magnetic field.Aircraft commonly use gyroscopic instruments (but not a gyrocompass) for navigation and altitude monitoring; for details, see Flight instruments and Gyroscopic autopilot.

NoHigher! above: Diagram of the continental shelf and slope of the southeastern United States leading down to the ocean floor. below: Cross-section of continental margin depicting the particular elements source:Wikipedia

En. Text: The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods.The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf.The continental margin, between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain, comprises a steep continental slope followed by the flatter continental rise. Sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. The continental rise's gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5–1°.Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs. ..

En. text:Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) group, owned by ThyssenKrupp. The Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1968. The company's shipyard was formerly used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche_Werft

.above: NEW! NoHigher! A Nasa research plane has joined the search for the vessel. Pic/AFP

An Argentine submarine with 44 crew on board was missing in the South Atlantic two days after its last communication, prompting the navy to step up its search efforts late on Friday in difficult, stormy conditions. The ARA San Juan was in the southern Argentine sea 432 km from the Patagonian coast when it sent its last signal on Wednesday, naval spokesman Enrique Balbi said ...

HDW: The future lies aheadMore than 2,400 employees in Kiel ensure that HDW continues to stand for state-of-the-art technologies and production methods to meet the highest demands in shipbuilding. The shipyard is the competence centre for construction of the world's most modern non-nuclear submarines and leader in the installation of fully matured fuel cell propulsion systems. In the field of high class non-military shipbuilding, HDW also exceled with experienced construction work and attention to detail.Since January 2005 HDW has formed part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) shipyard alliance. https://www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/hdw.html

Submarines: Each a class of its own – the successful submarinesVirtually no shipyard the world over has more experience in the design and construction of non-nuclear submarines than ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems with its Operating Unit Submarines (Kiel). The Operating Unit is a partner of the German Navy and has also delivered submarines for coastal and blue water deployment to the navies of 19 other countries.Decades of experience as well as continuously introduced innovative ideas and concepts are the basis for the success of the submarine shipyard based in Kiel. Like the HDW Class 209, which can be found in every ocean in the world. No other class of submarine has been built more often since World War II. Now the HDW Class 212A and 214 submarines have entered new dimensions.Ever since there have been submarines, the goal has been to extend their diving time. With air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems, this has become possible for non-nuclear boats. These propulsion systems increase the underwater range significantly and thus reduce the risk of discovery. In Kiel an air-independent propulsion system has been simultaneously developed and deployed - the HDW fuel cell plant. Besides new submarines, serving boats can also be retrofitted with this system.HDW Class 212A and 214 submarines were the first in the world to undertake extra long dives independent of external air sources, equipped with a high-performance fuel cell propulsion system.

Both boat classes have set new standards in the areas of:signatures,range,automation,weapons control,external communication,crew comfort,convenience.

The company unites submarine competence from basic research and development to design, manufacture, outfitting, testing and "in-service-support". Everything from ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems comes at first hand. ... www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/submarines.html

above: NoHigher! HDW - Howaldatswerke-Deutsche-Werft.AG's boats

The HDW Class 209/1400mod submarine is the most recent version of the HDW Class 209 "family" in a line of 63 boats contracted with 14 customer navies.Thanks to the large number of orders, every contract profited from the latest results of Research & Development. Improvements were tested during sea trials and then incorporated without delay into the next project.Like all its predecessors, HDW Class 209/1400mod is a compact and reliable submarine featuring most recent technology, high combat strength, extraordinary battery payload and low signatures. Its comprehensive mission profiles include not only maritime defence and conflict prevention, but also surveillance and intelligence gathering tasks. It is also ideally suited for Special Forces operation missions. In order to increase their indiscretion rate, HDW Class 209 boats may be equipped with a HDW fuel cell plug-in section for air-independent submarine propulsion. Such integration can be carried out during a regular midlife modernisation and leads to a considerable increase in submerged endurance.Technical Data:LOA ~ 62 mPressure hull ø ~ 6.2 mSurface displ. ~ 1,450 tHeight incl. sail ~ 12.5 mWeapon tubes 8Crew 30

En. text: Fifth Generation subs: As part of a major fleet renovation plan which included the MEKO frigates classes, a contract was signed in 1977 with West Germany's Nordseewerke for six TR-1700-class submarines, the last four of them to be built in Argentina. The Argentine Navy sponsored the development of the CAREM nuclear reactor to be installed on these submarines, but for political reasons the whole program was cancelled and only the two German units were delivered. These ships are the largest submarines built in Germany since World War II and are among the fastest diesel-electric submarines in the world.ARA Santa Cruz (S-41) ARA San Juan (S-42) (Missing, presumed lost on Wednesday 14, November 2017)

En. text:The Argentine Submarine Force (Spanish: Comando de la Fuerza de Submarinos, COFS) is the submarine service branch of the Argentine Navy. Argentine submarines have traditionally been named after the provinces of the Republic whose name begins with the letter 'S'; they are home based at Mar del Plata naval base. COFS members have the same rank insignia and titles as the rest of the Navy. As of 2010, the elite group Agrupación de Buzos Tácticos is under the direct command of the submarine force; two TR-1700 and one Type 209 submarines are in service. Two small surface vessels, ARA Punta Mogotes (P-65) and ARA Luisito (Q-51), are also part of the COFS and used in the training role. Like the rest of the Argentine armed services the force is struggling to maintain its readiness in the absence of funds for maintenance and training. All three boats have maintenance difficulties and between them spent just 19 hours submerged in 2012.It is currently composed of three submarines: ARA Salta (S-31), ARA Santa Cruz (S-41) and ARA San Juan (S-42). ...

The Type 205 was a class of diesel-electric German hunter-killer U-boat submarines. They were single-hull vessels optimized for the use in the shallow Baltic Sea. The Type 205 is a direct evolution of the Type 201 class with lengthened hull, new machinery and sensors. The biggest difference though is that ST-52 steel is used for the pressure hull since the Type 201's non-magnetic steel proved to be problematic. Type 206, the follow-on class, finally succeeded with non-magnetic steel hulls.

U-1 and U-2 were originally built as Type 201 submarines with pressure hulls made of non-magnetic steel, but were rebuilt as Type 205 with new pressure hulls out of normal steel after corrosion problems and small cracks were detected. U-1 was given back to Nordseewerke and was used to test an experimental closed-cycle diesel air-independent propulsion system before being scrapped. U-11 was transformed to a Type 205A double-hulled boat (the outer hull filled with polystyrene foam to make it unsinkable) and used as torpedo target. U-12 was used for sonar trials as Type 205B.All units were built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW), Kiel, Germany.Specifications:Displacement: 450 tons (surfaced) / 500 tons (submerged)Length: 43,9 metersBeam: 4,6 metersDraft: 4,3 metersSpeed: 10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced / 17 knots (31 km/h) submergedPropulsion: DIESEL-ELECTRIC2 x Mercedes-Benz 4-stroke V12 diesel engines (2 x 600 hp) each coupled with a BBC generator1 x electric motor (1300 hp)1 shaft / 1 propellerRange: 4200 NM (7800 km) at 5 knots (9 km/h) surfaced / 228 NM (422 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h) submergedCrew: 22Armament: 8 x 533mm torpedo tubes for torpedoes or naval mines

En. text: The Kobben class (also known as Type 207) is a customized version of the German Type 205 submarine. Fifteen vessels of this class were built for use by the Royal Norwegian Navy in the 1960s. The class later saw service with Denmark and Poland. The boats have since been withdrawn from service in the Norwegian and Danish Navy. The Polish Navy still operates four Kobben-class submarines, as of 2016.

History: Along with the rest of the Royal Norwegian Navy, the submarine fleet was to be modernized according to the Fleet plan of 1960. After the war, Norway needed a navy more suited for coastal operations rather than large, seagoing vessels. This made the choice of a new type of submarines rather slim, not many NATO submarines being suited for this type of operations. A German Type 201 submarine was lent to the Royal Norwegian Navy for evaluation and adaptation. The result was the Type 207, of which 15 vessels were delivered to Norway in the period 1964 – 67. All Kobben-class submarines were built by Rheinstahl Nordseewerke GmbH in Emden. Between 1985 – 93, six boats were lengthened by 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and modernized, most notably with new sonar equipment.

During that period, four others were sold to the Royal Danish Navy (known there as the Tumleren class), three operational (modernized) and one for spare parts. HDMS Sælen served in the 2003 invasion of Iraq from May 2002 until June 2003.

In 2001, the Kobben class was completely phased out in Norwegian service, replaced by the newer Ula class. Five modernized vessels were given to the Polish Navy, four as operational units and one for spare parts. Before they were transferred, the Polish crews were trained and the boats were overhauled.

During 2004, all of the operational Danish boats (Tumleren, Sælen and Springeren) were decommissioned. They were mothballed as of 2005, waiting to be scrapped or handed over to another nation.

Vessels:

Kobben class — significant dates Pennant Name Commissioned Notes

S-315 Kaura 1965 Transferred to Denmark in 1991 for spare parts

S-316 Kinn 8 April 1964 Scuttled in Bjørnafjord in 1990

S-317 Kya 15 June 1964 Transferred to Denmark in 1991 as the HDMS Springeren

S-318 Kobben 15 August 1964 Transferred to Poland in 2002 for spare parts and as of 17 December 2011 moved to Maritime Academy in Gdynia (Akademia Marynarki Wojennej) for crew training.

S-319 Kunna 29 October 1964 Transferred to Poland in 2003 as ORP Kondor

S-300 Ula 1965 Renamed Kinn (S-316) in 1987, scrapped in 1998

S-301 Utsira 1965 Scrapped in 1998

S-302 Utstein 1965 Transferred to the naval museum in Horten in 1998 as a museum ship

A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turretsand in armoured vehicles.More complex periscopes, using prisms and/or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.

Left: Principle of the periscope. The periscope on the left uses mirrors whereas the right uses prisms.a Mirrorsb Prismsc Observer's eye

Right: Principle of the lens periscope. The two periscopes differ in the way they erect the image. The left one uses an erecting prism whereas the right uses an erecting lens and a second image plane.a Objective lensb Field lensc Image erecting lensd Ocular lense Lens of the observer's eyef Right-angled prismg Image-erecting prism

below: NEW! NoHigher! 'Structure of a submarine periscope ' from publication 'On-Line Intelligent Control of Submarine Periscopes' on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. source: researchgate.net

Naval use:

Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar), giving away the sub's position.Frenchman Marie Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the US Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War of 1861–65.Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.)The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited [by w to Simon Lake in 1902. Lake called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope. There is also a report that an Italian, Triulzi, demonstrated such a device in 1901, calling it a cleptoscope.

As of 2009 modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as telescopes. They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna.

Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an electronic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided.

21st-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia-class submarines and the Royal Navy's Astute class submarines instead use photonics masts, pioneered by the Royal Navy's HMS Trenchant, which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water. Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment. ... by wikpedia

So, basically, you are saying that Kya was never received her sail? But this contraddicts Eberhard Rossler: "Using the reshaped bridge style of the Walter U-boats, instead of the usual VIIC bridge (minus "wintergarden", the AA platform behind the bridge, and armament), only an insignificant increase in speed (38 revolutions per knot as opposed to 40 revolutions per knot) resulted, but the depth keeping properties were greatly improved".The U-Boat, page 160And that means the boat was modified and tested.

I only know that the picture of the boat U 926 at the surrender was a standard Term-1 tower with the 2cm flak 38 and winter garden. The pictures taken of the Kya in 1960 had the original Term without the gun mount. Somewhere, I have seen a photo of the tower with the platform and dish removed. and the gyros compas housing off. This tower had two port holes forward in the center like the 1959 drawing and it had a closed in after section and an overhead. It had the obs scope in the cowling front, and attack scope aft in the original type VII positions. If the attack scope was where it is in the 59 drawing, it would go down thru the outside of the main controll room's wtc. If not then too close to the bulkhead for a man to get between to look aft. The scope's well for it, would go into the fuel bunker below the radio room deck, also. Old Photographs from the Royal Norwegan Navy would be wonderful. You would think if it was successful they wouldnt have converted it back and put in.

... Of the many systems and sensors on board, one of the highlights is the novel Photonics mast system. Electro-optics engineers at Kollmorgen Electro-Optical and its Italian subsidiary, Calzoni have developed the AN/BVS-1 photonics mast system, which is a non-hull penetrating electronic imaging subsystem with visible light camera, infrared camera, and electronic support measures sensors, as well as stealth features that will provide new capabilities for attack submarines. This Universal Modular Mast (UMM) has been integrated and tested with the Optronic, Communications, Satcom High Data Rate and Electronic Warfare underwater sensors. Kollmorgen Electro-Optical will provide the U.S. Navy 8 AN/BVS-1 photonics mast systems for Virginia-class fast-attack submarines under terms of a $41.2 million contract. ...

In 1888, Professor Archibald Barr and Dr William Stroud, in response to a tender issued by the War Office, submitted an application for an optical range-finder patent to the Patents Office. This patent would both cement the collaboration between Barr and Stroud and, from 1917, form the core of the next 100 years of Thales’s periscope development. ... thalesgroup.com/barr-and-stroud

above: NEW! NoHigher! Twin CM10 Optronic Masts used on the English 'Astute' Class

THALES CENTENARY OF SUBMARINE PERISCOPE SUPPLY

One hundred years of unbroken supply to any customer is an incredible achievement. In this era of intense competition, it is all the more impressive when the record is also one as a sole supplier.

The Oberon class was a ship class of 27 British-designed submarines operated by five different nations. They were designed as a direct follow-on from the Porpoise-class: physical dimensions were the same, but stronger materials were used in hull construction, and updated equipment was fitted.The submarines were built between 1957 and 1978 by four shipyards: Cammel Laird, Chatham Dockyard, Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company and Vickers-Armstrongs . Thirteen of the submarines were operated by the Royal Navy, six by the Royal Australian Navy, three by the Brazilian Navy, three by the Royal Canadian Navy/Canadian Forces Maritime Command (plus two ex-Royal Navy boats later acquired for non-commissioned roles), and two by the Chilean Navy.The Oberons operated during the height of the Cold War, with duties including surveillance, tracking of other ships and submarines, delivery and retrieval of special forces personnel, and serving as targets for anti-submarine training. Submarines of the class were in service until 2000. As of 2015, eight of the submarines are preserved intact as museum vessels, another three are partially preserved (with some exterior portions of the submarine on display), and one is in private ownership and awaiting conversion for display. The rest have been sold for scrap, including one former museum vessel. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-class_submarine

Barr & Stroud Limited was a pioneering Glasgow optical engineering firm. They played a leading role in the development of modern optics, including rangefinders, for the Royal Navy and for other branches of British Armed Forces during the 20th century. There was a non-military arm of the company which made medical equipment, like photocoagulators and electronic filters, some of which were used by the BBC. The company and its intellectual property passed through Pilkington group to Thales Optronics. The Barr and Stroud name was sold on to an importer of optical equipment who use the trademarked name for a line of binoculars and similar instruments. ... wiki/Barr&Stroud

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales

En. text: SAGEM (Société d’Applications Générales de l’Électricité et de la Mécanique, translated to Company of General Applications of Electricity and Mechanics) was a major French company involved in defense electronics, consumer electronics and communication systems.In 2005, SAGEM and SNECMA merged to form Safran. Together the companies focus mainly on aeronautics, defense and Security. The communications and mobile telephony businesses spun off as two independent entities : SAGEMCOM and MobiWire. ... en.wikipedia.org/SAGEM

The following pages deal mainly with submarine periscope optical design. While the sub periscope possesses unique characteristics overall, its optical design is very repreentative of a much broader class of periscope-like instruments such as armored vehicle sights. These are addressed elsewhere on this site. ... http://taylortechassoc.com/?page_id=41

Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Catherine Elizabeth "Kate"; née Middleton; born 9 January 1982) is a member of the British royal family. Her husband, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, is expected to become king of the United Kingdom and of 15 other Commonwealth realms, making Catherine a likely future queen consort.

Catherine grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews, where she met William in 2001. Their engagement was announced in November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The Duke and Duchess's children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, are third and fourth in the line of succession respectively, and the couple are expecting their third child.

Build by Mr. Forintos Gyula, SS86H was extensively demonstrated to the Hungarian militaryfor river use in the early 1990s, (particularly for mine clearance.) (The HungarianDefense Forces did not purchase the sub.) The later SR93H is a highly stylized designintended for a scientific polar expedition which sadly has yet to materialise. The ship alsohad its own power plant, a Mitsubishi power generator, which is able to provideenough power for a small town. Inner surface Webasto hot air blower is also equipped which saw 110 ° C of heating and fresh pre-warmed air flowing out of the boat,as well as several pieces of 220-volt line heat radiators.

above: NoHigher! Civ. Euronaut Schematic (Rescue Sub.): So there is this privately owned U-boat in Germany built as part of the Euronaut project and honestly its kinda bad-ass. Its 53-feet long, 32-tons in displacement, capable of diving to 250m (500m c… https://laststandonzombieisland.com/2015/01/29/baltic-midget-submarines-ahoy/

above: NoHigher! Stock-photo: historical Speedometer on the old ship isolated over white

above: HiRes! British 'Oberon' class H.M.S. "Ocelot" 1962. Propeller motor control panel: The panel telegraph (top and left) showed instructions issued from the motor telegraph position beside the helm station in the control room which were to be carried out. source:Wikipedia

De. text: Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. ...

The Mark 14 torpedo was the standard weapon on the more modern U.S. submarines by 1941. It had a sophisticated magnetic detonator, the Mark 6, that was supposed to set the weapon off directly under the keel of a ship, where it would break the ship's back. Design work began in 1931 for a replacement for the Mark 10 with greater range and a larger warhead, and continued for seven years. However, frugal budgets and an obsession with secrecy meant that it was live-tested exactly twice before being issued to the fleet in 1938. One of the tests failed, which ought to have raised a red flag, but the Navy was reluctant to fund further live-firing tests. It was not until war broke out that the flaws of the torpedo became apparent, with one submarine commander (Jacobs of Sargo) correctly reporting within the first month of hostilities that there were problems with depth keeping and with the magnetic exploder. ... http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/U/s/US_Mark_14_torpedo.htm

En. text: The modern torpedo is a self-propelled weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact with its target or in proximity to it.Historically, it was called an automotive, automobile, locomotive or fish torpedo; colloquially called a fish. The term torpedo was originally employed for a variety of devices, most of which would today be called mines. From about 1900, torpedo has been used strictly to designate an underwater self-propelled weapon.While the battleship had evolved primarily around engagements between armoured ships with large-caliber guns, the torpedo allowed torpedo boats and other lighter surface ships, submersibles, even ordinary fishing boats or frogmen, and later, aircraft, to destroy large armoured ships without the need of large guns, though sometimes at the risk of being hit by longer-range shellfire.Today's torpedoes can be divided into lightweight and heavyweight classes; and into straight-running, autonomous homers, and wire-guided. They can be launched from a variety of platforms. ...

The Oberons were originally armed with eight 21-inch (533.4 mm) torpedo tubes: six tubes in the bow, and two short tubes for antisubmarine defence in the stern. The submarine normally carried a payload of 20 torpedoes for the forward tubes; a mix of Mark 24 Tigerfish and Mark 8 torpedoes, while only the two preloaded torpedoes were carried for the stern tubes. Naval mines could be carried instead of torpedoes: the torpedo payload would be replaced with up to 50 Mark 5 Stonefish or Mark 6 Sea Urchin mines.

The forward torpedo tubes are constructed in two sections bolted together across the bulkhead at the fore end of the torpedo compartment. The 116-in long inner section is constructed of 0.5-in rolled steel fitted with welded flanges and support brackets. The outer section is constructed of a similar tube 175 in long but with a reinforced 1.125 inch thick section behind the main bulkhead. The internal door hinges at one side with two locking mechanisms, a swing bolt opposite the hinge and a rotating locking ring attached to the tube which presses down on the ten projecting lugs around the door. The outer end of the tube is sealed with a domed bow cap. Bow shutters close across the bow caps so as to preserve the streamlined shape of the bow when the cap is closed.

The bow caps and shutters are mechanically linked to a hydraulically operated drive rod from within the torpedo compartment. The bow cap opens first behind the shutter, which then folds back against it forming a smooth exit tube. Interlocks prevent the doors at both ends being opened at the same time but the inner door is also provided with a test cock to check whether the tube is full of water before opening and remains held nearly closed by the swing bolt after the locking ring is released. The tube internal diameter is 22.5 in, wider than the torpedo, which is designed as a loose fit inside the tube. Torpedoes could be fired either electrically or with compressed air.

The aft torpedo tubes passed through the ballast tank at the rear of the submarine. A 31-in section projected into the boat through the bulkhead, forming overall a relatively short tube of 12 ft, but of 25 in diameter. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-class_submarine

Barr & Stroud Search and Attack Periscopes

The Name Barr & Stroud is synonymous with Periscopes and the Royal Navy. A Glasgow company, started in 1888, it was, and still is, the sole supplier of Periscopes to the Royal Navy. These examples are on HMS Ocelot at the Historic Dockyard at Chatham in Kent. Today Barr & Stroud is part of the Thales group but still builds all the RN's Periscopes at its Glasgow factory.