英国政府：在英国发展人工智能报告(78页)

GROWING THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INDUSTRY IN THE UK Professor Dame Wendy Hall and Jérôme Pesenti Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 1 FOREWORD We are grateful to the Business Secretary and Culture Secretary for asking us to conduct this Review of how to grow Artificial Intelligence in the UK, in terms of those developing it and deploying it. We believe that this is the right time for the UK to accelerate on AI, and ensure that our unique history of ground breaking research bears fruit in the social and economic benefits that the technology offers. We are at the threshold of an era when much of our productivity and prosperity will be derived from the systems and machines we create. We are accustomed now to technology developing fast, but that pace will increase and AI will drive much of that acceleration. The impacts on society and the economy will be profound, although the exact nature of those impacts is uncertain. We are convinced that because of the UK’s current and historical strengths in this area we are in a strong position to lead rather than follow in both the development of the technology and its deployment in all sectors of industry, education and government. We have a choice. The UK could stay among the world leaders in AI in the future, or allow other countries to dominate. We start from a good position in many respects but other leading countries are devoting significant resources to growing and deploying AI. The UK will need to act in key areas and to sustain action over a long period and across industry sectors, to retain its world leading status, and to grow our AI capability as well as deploying it much more widely. If we can judge by the contributions to this Review by academic and industry experts, the UK has the expertise and the appetite to grasp the opportunity if we act decisively now. We would like to thank everyone who helped us with this review. We consulted with a wide range of experts and organisations but because the time we had to undertake the review was relatively short, it was not possible to talk to everyone with valuable expertise and experience. We hope that many more people and organisations will take part in developing and delivering these recommendations to make the UK the best place in the world for AI companies to flourish and deploy AI across all sectors of society for the benefit of all. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can bring major social and economic benefits to the UK. With AI, computers can analyse and learn from information at higher accuracy and speed than humans can. AI offers massive gains in efficiency and performance to most or all industry sectors, from drug discovery to logistics. AI is software that can be integrated into existing processes, improving them, scaling them, and reducing their costs, by making or suggesting more accurate decisions through better use of information. It has been estimated that AI could add an additional USD $814 billion (£630bn) to the UK economy by 2035, increasing the annual growth rate of GVA from 2.5 to 3.9%. 1 Our vision is for the UK to become the best place in the world for businesses developing and deploying AI to start, grow and thrive, and to realise all the benefits the technology offers. The pioneering British computer scientist Alan Turing is widely regarded as launching and inspiring much of the development of AI. While other countries and international companies are investing heavily in AI development, the UK is still regarded as a centre of expertise, for the present at least. This report recommends that more is done to build on Turing’s legacy to ensure the UK remains among the leaders in AI. Key factors have combined to increase the capability of AI in recent years, in particular: - New and larger volumes of data - Supply of experts with the specific high level skills - Availability of increasingly powerful computing capacity. The barriers to achieving performance have fallen significantly, and continue to fall. To continue developing and applying AI, the UK will need to increase ease of access to data in a wider range of sectors. This Review recommends: - Development of data trusts, to improve trust and ease around sharing data - Making more research data machine readable - Supporting text and data mining as a standard and essential tool for research. Skilled experts are needed to develop AI, and they are in short supply. To develop more AI, the UK will need a larger workforce with deep AI expertise, and more development of lower level skills to work with AI. This review recommends: - An industry-funded Masters programme in AI - Market research to develop conversion courses in AI that meet employers’ needs - 200 more PhD places in AI at leading UK universities, attracting candidates from diverse backgrounds and from around the world. - Credit-bearing online AI courses and continuing professional development leading to MScs - Greater diversity in the AI workforce - An international AI Fellowship Programme for the UK. 1 https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/artificial-intelligence-poised-to-double-annual-economic-growth-rate-in-12-developed- Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 3 The UK has an exceptional record in key AI research. Growing the UK’s AI capability into the future will involve building on this with more research on AI in different application areas, and coordinating research capabilities. This Review recommends: - The Alan Turing Institute should become the national institute for artificial intelligence and data science - Universities should promote standardisation in transfer of IP - Computing capacity for AI research should be coordinated and negotiated. Increasing uptake of AI means increasing demand as well as supply through a better understanding of what AI can do and where it could be applied. This review recommends: - An AI Council to promote growth and coordination in the sector - Guidance on how to explain decisions and processes enabled by AI - Support for export and inward investment - Guidance on successfully applying AI to drive improvements in industry - A programme to support public sector use of AI - Funded challenges around data held by public organisations. Our work has indicated that action in these areas could deliver a step-change improvement in growth of UK AI. This report makes the 18 recommendations listed in full below, which describe how Government, industry and academia should work together to keep the UK among the world leaders in AI. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 4 RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO DATA 1. To facilitate the sharing of data between organisations holding data and organisations looking to use data to develop AI, Government and industry should deliver a programme to develop Data Trusts – proven and trusted frameworks and agreements – to ensure exchanges are secure and mutually beneficial. 2. To improve the availability of data for developing AI systems, Government should ensure that public funding for research explicitly ensures publication of underlying data in machine-readable formats with clear rights information, and open wherever possible. 3. To support text and data mining as a standard and essential tool for research, the UK should move towards establishing by default that for published research the right to read is also the right to mine data, where that does not result in products that substitute for the original works. Government should include potential uses of data for AI when assessing how to support for text and data mining. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE SUPPLY OF SKILLS 4. Government, industry and academia must embrace the value and importance of a diverse workforce for AI, and should work together to break down stereotypes and broaden participation. 5. Industry should sponsor a major programme of students to pursue Masters level courses in AI, with an initial cohort of 300 students. 6. Universities should explore with employers and students the potential demand for one-year conversion Masters degrees in AI for graduates in subjects other than computing and data science. 7. Government and universities should create, at a minimum, an additional 200 PhD places dedicated to AI at leading universities. As the UK trains and attracts additional academic talent, this number should grow continually year on year. 8. Universities should encourage the development of advanced credit-bearing AI MOOCs and online Continuing Professional Development courses leading to MScs for people with STEM qualifications to gain more specialist knowledge. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 5 9. An International fellowship programme for AI in the UK should be created in partnership with the Alan Turing Institute: the Turing AI Fellowships. This should be supported by a targeted fund for identifying and recruiting the best talent, and by ensuring that the UK is open to any and all of the eligible experts from around the world. RECOMMENDATIONS TO MAXIMISE UK AI RESEARCH 10. The Alan Turing Institute should become the national institute for artificial intelligence and data science, becoming truly national and expanded beyond the current five universities, with a key stated aim that centres its mission on artificial intelligence. 11. Universities should use clear, accessible and where possible common policies and practices for licensing IP and forming spin-out companies. 12. The Alan Turing Institute, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) should work together to coordinate demand for computing capacity for AI research, and negotiate for the UK research community. RECOMMENDATIONS TO SUPPORT UPTAKE OF AI 13. Government should work with industry and experts to establish a UK AI Council to help coordinate and grow AI in the UK. 14. The Information Commissioner’s Office and the Alan Turing Institute should develop a framework for explaining processes, services and decisions delivered by AI, to improve transparency and accountability. 15. The Department for International Trade should expand its current support programme for AI businesses. 16. TechUK should work with the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Digital Catapult, and key players in industry sectors, to develop practical guidance on the opportunities and challenges of successful adoption of AI across the UK economy. 17. Government, drawing on the expertise of the Government Digital Service, the Data Science Partnership and experts working with data in other Departments, should develop a programme of actions to prepare the public sector and spread best practice for applying AI to improve operations and services for citizens. 18. Government should ensure that challenges addressed by the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF) and Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI) are Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 6 designed to attract and support applications of AI across the full range of challenge areas and set funded challenges which use public sector data for AI. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 7 Contents FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 4 SECTION ONE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS REVIEW 8 SECTION TWO: OVERVIEW OF CURRENT USE OF AI, MARKETS AND SUPPORT FOR GROWTH 21 SECTION THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO DATA 43 SECTION FOUR: RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE SUPPLY OF SKILLS 52 SECTION FIVE: RECOMMENDATIONS TO MAXIMISE AI RESEARCH AND COMMERCIALISATION 65 SECTION SIX: RECOMMENDATIONS TO SUPPORT UPTAKE OF AI 68 CONCLUSION 78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79 Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 8 SECTION ONE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS REVIEW This section covers what AI is, why it matters now in the UK, and the objectives of this Review. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes a set of advanced general purpose digital technologies that enable machines to do highly complex tasks effectively. The Engineering and Physical Science Research Council uses this description: “Artificial Intelligence technologies aim to reproduce or surpass abilities (in computational systems) that would require intelligence if humans were to perform them. These include: learning and adaptation; sensory understanding and interaction; reasoning and planning; optimisation of procedures and parameters; autonomy; creativity; and extracting knowledge and predictions from large, diverse digital data.” Examples of AI already in use include: communicating with computers in natural language, deriving new insights from transport data, operating autonomous and adaptive robotic systems, managing supply chains, and designing more life-like video games. Applied AI is already changing business practices across financial services, law, medicine, accounting, tax, audit, architecture, consulting, customer service, manufacturing and transport. More examples are shown below, but no limited set of examples can be representative. AI could improve the functioning of most digital operations, products and services. Wherever a process uses digital data, AI may enable us to use that data more effectively and in new ways. This report uses “Artificial Intelligence” as an umbrella term to cover a set of complementary techniques that have developed from statistics, computer science and cognitive psychology. While recognising distinctions between specific technologies and terms (e.g., artificial intelligence vs. machine learning, machine learning vs. deep learning), it is useful to see these technologies as a group, when considering how to support development and use of them. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK 9 What can AI do? Artificial intelligence holds great potential for increasing productivity, most obviously by helping firms and people use resources more efficiently, and by streamlining the way we interact with large sets of data. For example, firms like Ocado and Amazon are making use of artificial intelligence to optimise their storage and distribution networks, planning the most efficient routes for delivery and making best use of their warehousing capacity. Artificial intelligence can help firms do familiar tasks in more efficient ways. Importantly, it can also enable entirely new business models and new approaches to old problems. For example, in healthcare, data from smartphones and fitness trackers that is analysed using new machine learning techniques can improve management of chronic conditions as well as predicting and preventing acute episodes of illness. Artificial intelligence can help both companies and individual employees to be more productive. Routine administrative and operational job