Western Civilization Volume II: Since 1500

Why Rent from Knetbooks?

Because Knetbooks knows college students. Our rental program is designed to save you time and money. Whether you need a textbook for a semester, quarter or even a summer session, we have an option for you. Simply select a rental period, enter your information and your book will be on its way!

Best-selling text, WESTERN CIVILIZATION has helped over one million students learn about the present by exploring the past. Jack Spielvogel's engaging, chronological narrative weaves the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of history into a gripping story that is as memorable as it is instructive. Each chapter offers a substantial introduction and conclusion, providing students a context for these disparate themes. The clear narrative of a single gifted author makes it easy for students to follow the story of Western civilization. Spielvogel gives the book depth by including over 150 maps and excerpts of over 200 primary sources--including official documents, poems, and songs--that enliven the past while introducing students to source material that forms the basis of historical scholarship. Available in many split options: WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Comprehensive, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-29), ISBN: 0534646026; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume I, To 1715, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-16), ISBN:0534646034; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume II, Since 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 13-29), ISBN:0534646042; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume A: To 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-12), ISBN: 0534646050; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume B: 1300-1815, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-19), ISBN:0534646069; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume C: Since 1789, 6th Edition (Chapters 19-29), ISBN: 0534646077; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Since 1300, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-29), ISBN:0534646085.

Maps

xv

Chronologies

xvii

Documents

xix

Photo Credits

xxv

Preface

xxix

Introduction to Students of Western Civilization

xxxv

Western Civilization to 1500

xxxvii

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

346

(33)

Prelude to Reformation

347

(3)

Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism

347

(1)

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation

348

(2)

Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany

350

(7)

The Early Luther

350

(2)

The Rise of Lutheranism

352

(1)

Church and State

353

(1)

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics

354

(3)

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

357

(6)

Lutheranism in Scandinavia

357

(1)

The Zwinglian Reformation

357

(1)

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists

358

(2)

The Reformation in England

360

(2)

John Calvin and Calvinism

362

(1)

The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation

363

(3)

The Family

364

(1)

Education in the Reformation

365

(1)

Religious Practices and Popular Culture

365

(1)

The Catholic Reformation

366

(3)

Revival of the Old

366

(1)

The Society of Jesus

367

(1)

A Revived Papacy

368

(1)

The Council of Trent

369

(1)

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century

369

(10)

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

369

(2)

Philip II and Militant Catholicism

371

(1)

Revolt of the Netherlands

372

(1)

The England of Elizabeth

373

(3)

Conclusion

376

(1)

Notes

377

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

377

(2)

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500--1800

379

(31)

On the Brink of a New World

380

(2)

The Motives

380

(1)

The Means

381

(1)

New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires

382

(8)

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire

382

(2)

Voyages to the New World

384

(2)

The Spanish Empire in the New World

386

(4)

New Rivals on the World Stage

390

(11)

Africa: The Slave Trade

391

(3)

The West in Southeast Asia

394

(1)

The French and British in India

395

(2)

China

397

(1)

Japan

398

(1)

The Americas

398

(3)

Toward a World Economy

401

(2)

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century

401

(1)

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism

401

(1)

Mercantilism

402

(1)

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization?

402

(1)

The Impact of European Expansion

403

(7)

The Conquered

403

(2)

The Conquerors

405

(2)

Conclusion

407

(1)

Notes

408

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

408

(2)

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

410

(38)

Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

411

(6)

The Witchcraft Craze

411

(2)

The Thirty Years' War

413

(3)

A Military Revolution?

416

(1)

Rebellions

417

(1)

The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe

417

(8)

Absolute Monarchy in France

417

(1)

The Reign of Louis XIV (1643--1715)

418

(6)

The Decline of Spain

424

(1)

Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe

425

(7)

The German States

425

(2)

Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule

427

(1)

Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power

427

(3)

The Great Northern States

430

(1)

The Ottoman Empire

431

(1)

The Limits of Absolutism

432

(1)

Limited Monarchy and Republics

432

(8)

The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy

433

(1)

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

433

(1)

England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy

434

(6)

The Flourishing of European Culture

440

(8)

The Changing Faces of Art

440

(3)

A Wondrous Age of Theater

443

(2)

Conclusion

445

(1)

Notes

446

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

446

(2)

Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

448

(25)

Background to the Scientific Revolution

449

(2)

Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists

449

(1)

Technological Innovations and Mathematics

449

(1)

Renaissance Magic

450

(1)

Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy

451

(8)

Copernicus

451

(2)

Brahe

453

(1)

Kepler

453

(1)

Galileo

454

(3)

Newton

457

(2)

Advances in Medicine and Chemistry

459

(2)

Paracelsus

459

(1)

Vesalius

460

(1)

William Harvey

460

(1)

Chemistry

460

(1)

Women in the Origins of Modern Science

461

(2)

Margaret Cavendish

461

(1)

Maria Merian

461

(1)

Maria Winkelmann

461

(1)

Debates on the Nature of Women

462

(1)

Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind

463

(2)

The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge

465

(8)

The Scientific Method

465

(1)

The Spread of Scientific Knowledge

465

(2)

Science and Religion

467

(3)

Conclusion

470

(1)

Notes

471

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

471

(2)

The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

473

(29)

The Enlightenment

474

(11)

The Paths to Enlightenment

474

(2)

The Philosophes and Their Ideas

476

(8)

The Social Environment of the Philosophes

484

(1)

Culture and Society in the Enlightenment

485

(9)

Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature

485

(4)

The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century

489

(2)

Crime and Punishment

491

(1)

The World of Medicine

492

(1)

Popular Culture

493

(1)

Religion and the Churches

494

(8)

The Institutional Church

495

(2)

Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century

497

(2)

Conclusion

499

(1)

Notes

500

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

500

(2)

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

502

(30)

The European States

503

(11)

Enlightened Absolutism?

503

(1)

The Atlantic Seaboard States

503

(3)

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

506

(7)

The Mediterranean World

513

(1)

The Scandinavian States

513

(1)

Enlightened Absolutism Revisited

513

(1)

Wars and Diplomacy

514

(3)

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)

514

(1)

The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)

514

(3)

European Armies and Warfare

517

(1)

Economic Expansion and Social Change

517

(7)

Growth of the European Population

517

(1)

Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns

518

(3)

An Agricultural Revolution?

521

(1)

New Methods of Finance

521

(1)

European Industry

522

(2)

The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century

524

(8)

The Peasants

524

(1)

The Nobility

525

(2)

The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities

527

(2)

Conclusion

529

(2)

Notes

531

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

531

(1)

A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

532

(30)

The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution

533

(3)

The War for Independence

533

(1)

Forming a New Nation

534

(1)

Impact of the American Revolution on Europe

534

(2)

Background to the French Revolution

536

(2)

Social Structure of the Old Regime

536

(1)

Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy

537

(1)

The French Revolution

538

(14)

From Estates-General to a National Assembly

538

(2)

Destruction of the Old Regime

540

(4)

The Radical Revolution

544

(7)

Reaction and the Directory

551

(1)

The Age of Napoleon

552

(10)

The Rise of Napoleon

552

(2)

The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon

554

(2)

Napoleon's Empire and the European Response

556

(3)

Conclusion

559

(1)

Notes

560

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

561

(1)

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

562

(27)

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

563

(7)

Origins

563

(2)

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization

565

(4)

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851

569

(1)

The Spread of Industrialization

570

(6)

Limitations to Industrialization

570

(3)

Centers of Continental Industrialization

573

(1)

The Industrial Revolution in the United States

573

(2)

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World

575

(1)

The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

576

(13)

Population Growth

576

(1)

The Growth of Cities

576

(3)

New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class

579

(1)

New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age

580

(3)

Standards of Living

583

(1)

Efforts at Change: The Workers

584

(1)

Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government

585

(2)

Conclusion

587

(1)

Notes

587

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

588

(1)

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

589

(31)

The Conservative Order (1815--1830)

590

(8)

The Peace Settlement

590

(2)

The Ideology of Conservatism

592

(1)

Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe

593

(1)

Conservative Domination: The European States

594

(4)

The Ideologies of Change

598

(5)

Liberalism

598

(1)

Nationalism

599

(2)

Early Socialism

601

(2)

Revolution and Reform (1830--1850)

603

(7)

Another French Revolution

603

(1)

Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy

603

(1)

Reform in Great Britain

604

(1)

The Revolutions of 1848

605

(4)

The Maturing of the United States

609

(1)

The Emergence of an Ordered Society

610

(3)

New Police Forces

610

(2)

Prison Reform

612

(1)

Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism

613

(7)

The Characteristics of Romanticism

613

(1)

Romantic Poets

613

(2)

Romanticism in Art

615

(1)

Romanticism in Music

616

(1)

The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism

617

(1)

Conclusion

617

(1)

Notes

618

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

618

(2)

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

620

(31)

The France of Napoleon III

621

(4)

Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire

621

(1)

The Second Napoleonic Empire

621

(2)

Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure

623

(1)

Foreign Policy: The Crimean War

623

(2)

National Unification: Italy and Germany

625

(6)

The Unification of Italy

625

(2)

The Unification of Germany

627

(4)

Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century

631

(7)

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy

631

(2)

Imperial Russia

633

(2)

Great Britain: The Victorian Age

635

(1)

The United States: Slavery and War

636

(1)

The Emergence of a Canadian Nation

637

(1)

Industrialization and the Marxist Response

638

(3)

Industrialization on the Continent

638

(1)

Marx and Marxism

639

(2)

Science and Culture in an Age of Realism

641

(10)

A New Age of Science

641

(1)

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution

642

(1)

A Revolution in Health Care

642

(3)

Science and the Study of Society

645

(1)

Realism in Literature

646

(1)

Realism in Art

646

(1)

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism

647

(1)

Conclusion

648

(1)

Notes

649

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

650

(1)

The Mass Society in an ``Age of Progress,'' 1871--1894

651

(30)

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

652

(8)

New Products

652

(1)

New Markets

653

(1)

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy

654

(3)

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

657

(1)

Organizing the Working Classes

658

(2)

The Emergence of a Mass Society

660

(13)

Population Growth

661

(1)

Emigration

661

(1)

Transformation of the Urban Environment

661

(4)

Social Structure of the Mass Society

665

(1)

``The Woman Question'': The Role of Women

666

(3)

Education in the Mass Society

669

(2)

Mass Leisure

671

(2)

The National State

673

(8)

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy

673

(2)

Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order

675

(3)

Conclusion

678

(1)

Notes

679

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

679

(2)

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894--1914

681

(36)

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments

682

(10)

Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics

682

(1)

Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational

683

(1)

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

684

(1)

The Impact of Darwin

685

(1)

The Attack on Christianity

686

(1)

The Culture of Modernity: Literature

687

(1)

Modernism in the Arts

687

(4)

Modernism in Music

691

(1)

Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties

692

(9)

The Movement for Women's Rights

692

(3)

Jews in the European Nation-State

695

(2)

The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy

697

(1)

France: Travails of the Third Republic

697

(1)

Growing Tensions in Germany

698

(1)

Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities

698

(1)

Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia

699

(1)

The Rise of the United States

700

(1)

The Growth of Canada

701

(1)

The New Imperialism

701

(9)

Causes of the New Imperialism

701

(1)

The Scramble for Africa

702

(3)

Imperialism in Asia

705

(3)

Responses to Imperialism

708

(2)

Results of the New Imperialism

710

(1)

International Rivalry and the Coming of War

710

(7)

The Bismarckian System

710

(1)

New Directions and New Crises

711

(3)

Conclusion

714

(1)

Notes

715

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

715

(2)

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

717

(33)

The Road to World War I

718

(4)

Nationalism

718

(1)

Internal Dissent

718

(1)

Militarism

719

(1)

The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914

719

(3)

The War

722

(14)

1914--1915: Illusions and Stalemate

722

(1)

1916--1917: The Great Slaughter

723

(2)

The Widening of the War

725

(4)

A New Kind of Warfare

729

(1)

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War

730

(6)

War and Revolution

736

(8)

The Russian Revolution

736

(6)

The Last Year of the War

742

(1)

Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary

743

(1)

The Peace Settlement

744

(6)

Peace Aims

744

(1)

The Treaty of Versailles

745

(1)

The Other Peace Treaties

746

(1)

Conclusion

747

(1)

Notes

748

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

748

(2)

The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919--1939

750

(32)

An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security

751

(3)

The French Policy of Coercion (1919--1924)

751

(1)

The Hopeful Years (1924--1929)

752

(1)

The Great Depression

752

(2)

The Democratic States

754

(4)

Great Britain

755

(1)

France

756

(1)

The Scandinavian States

756

(1)

The United States

756

(1)

European States and the World: The Colonial Empires

757

(1)

Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States

758

(15)

Fascist Italy

759

(3)

Hitler and Nazi Germany

762

(7)

The Soviet Union

769

(2)

Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe

771

(2)

Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula

773

(1)

The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure

774

(2)

Radio and Movies

774

(1)

Mass Leisure

775

(1)

Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years

776

(6)

Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music

776

(2)

The Search for the Unconscious in Literature

778

(1)

The Unconscious in Psychology: Carl Jung

779

(1)

The ``Heroic Age of Physics''

779

(1)

Conclusion

780

(1)

Notes

780

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

781

(1)

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II

782

(32)

Prelude to War (1933--1939)

783

(7)

The Role of Hitler

783

(1)

The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' (1933--1936)

783

(2)

The Path to War in Europe (1937--1939)

785

(3)

The Path to War in Asia

788

(2)

The Course of World War II

790

(7)

Victory and Stalemate

790

(2)

The War in Asia

792

(1)

The Turning Point of the War (1942--1943)

792

(2)

The Last Years of the War

794

(3)

The New Order

797

(6)

The Nazi Empire

797

(1)

Resistance Movements

798

(1)

The Holocaust

799

(3)

The New Order in Asia

802

(1)

The Home Front

803

(5)

The Mobilization of Peoples

803

(3)

Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities

806

(2)

Aftermath of the War: Cold War

808

(6)

The Conference at Teheran

808

(1)

Intensifying Differences

809

(1)

Emergence of the Cold War

810

(1)

Conclusion

811

(1)

Notes

812

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

813

(1)

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945--1973

814

(36)

Development of the Cold War

815

(6)

Confrontation of the Superpowers

815

(2)

Globalization of the Cold War

817

(4)

Europe and the World: Decolonization

821

(7)

Africa: The Struggle for Independence

822

(2)

Conflict in the Middle East

824

(1)

Asia: Nationalism and Communism

825

(2)

Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries

827

(1)

Recovery and Renewal in Europe

828

(7)

The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev

828

(1)

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain

829

(2)

Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy

831

(4)

Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity

835

(1)

The United States and Canada: A New Era

835

(2)

American Politics and Society in the 1950s

835

(1)

Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s

836

(1)

The Development of Canada

837

(1)

Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World

837

(13)

The Structure of European Society

837

(1)

Creation of the Welfare State

838

(1)

Women in the Postwar Western World

839

(2)

The Permissive Society

841

(1)

Education and Student Revolt

842

(2)

Postwar Art and Literature

844

(1)

The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism

845

(1)

The Explosion of Popular Culture

846

(1)

Conclusion

847

(1)

Notes

848

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

849

(1)

The Contemporary Western World Since 1973

850

(37)

Toward a New Western Order

851

(16)

The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union

851

(4)

Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and Collapse of the Communist Order