Abstract

Background

Lycii Cortex (LyC), composed of Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum cortex and having the Chinese name Digupi, is used to treat chronic diseases like cough, hypertension, and diabetes in Eastern Asia. However, chromatographic methods, such as TLC and HPLC, to determine the phytochemical composition of LyC have not been included in any official compendiums. This study aims to establish a validated HPLC method for quality control of LyC.

Methods

Kukoamines A and B (KA and KB, respectively) were selected as markers for the HPLC method. An acetic acid solution was adopted for sample extraction because it facilitated the release of kukoamines and effectively prevented their degradation. Optimal separation of the kukoamine isomers was achieved on hydrophilic ligand-coated C18 columns with a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid. The average contents and proposed contents for LyC were calculated with a t test and an uncertainty test based on 16 batches of authentic samples.

Results

The method was validated with linearity (r2 = 0.9999 for both KA and KB), precision (RSD = 1.29% for KA and 0.57% for KB), repeatability (RSD = 1.81% for KA and 0.92% for KB), and accuracy (recovery of 90.03–102.30% for KA, and 98.49–101.67% for KB), indicating that the method could offer reliable results for quality control analysis of LyC. At the 95% confidence level, the calculated content limits were 1.45 mg/g for KA and 4.72 mg/g for KB.

Conclusion

Background

Lycii Cortex (LyC) is used to treat chronic diseases like cough, hypertension, and diabetes in Eastern Asia [1–3]. Although pharmacopeias from China, Japan, and Korea have officially stipulated the source of LyC as the root bark of Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum [4–6], the herb is often misused or adulterated with other cortexes having similar appearances. Contemporary authentication of LyC relies on morphological identification [4–6]. In contrast, inspections based on characteristic constituents are practical and objective, because monitoring of phytochemical markers is normally not only genus-specific, but also herbal function-related [7–9].

Chromatographic techniques are commonly used for both qualitative and quantitative purposes with reliable results [10]. However, a genuine chromatographic method for LyC involving unique markers is still missing in official compendiums. Although some phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids have been recommended as markers for quality assessment for LyC [11–13], they are neither unique nor abundant in this herb. Hence, they should not be adopted.

Recently, kukoamines A and B (KA and KB, respectively) were recommended by us as unique markers for LyC [14], because they are truly bioactivity-related, genus-specific, and content-abundant in this herb. Although the LC–MS/MS method is considered to provide simultaneous and precise determination of numerous phytochemical constituents [14, 15], the high cost of the equipment and its operation has made this method less practical for daily quality control inspections.

This study aims to provide a validated method for quality control of LyC with reference to KA and KB. Based on the developed method, multiple batches of LyC were investigated and the content limits were statistically calculated.

Methods

Reagents

Methanol and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Labscan Asia (Thailand). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetic acid (both HPLC grade) were purchased from Fluka (Switzerland). All other chemicals were of analytical grade. Water was prepared using a Millipore MilliQ-Plus system (Millipore, USA). KA and KB (Fig. 1) were extracted and purified by our group (purity: higher than 98%) [16].

Fig. 1

Structures of kukoamines A and B

Plant materials

Dried root bark samples of L. chinense and L. barbarum were collected from different regions in China and a local market in Hong Kong (Table 1). At least 2 kg of each bark was collected. The species of the plants were identified by Dr. Zhi-Feng Zhang (Ethnic Pharmaceutical Institute, Southwest University for Nationalities). The voucher specimens (DGP-JXXS-001, DGP-HBQL-001, and DGP-JXJJ-001) were stored in the Department of Health, Hong Kong Government SAR.

Table 1

Production areas and species of Lycii Cortex samples and the contents of kukoamines A and B

Batch no.

Species

Origin

Collection year

Content of KAa (mg/g)

Content of KBa (mg/g)

LC 1

L. chinense

Jiangxi

2011

9.65 ± 0.26

5.03 ± 0.13

LC 2

L. chinense

Jiangxi

2011

4.38 ± 0.27

13.27 ± 0.04

LC 3

L. chinense

Jiangxi

2011

3.33 ± 0.18

13.50 ± 0.18

LC 4

L. chinense

Jiangxi

2011

1.82 ± 0.13

3.39 ± 0.22

LC 5

L. chinense

Gansu

2011

3.83 ± 0.03

13.29 ± 0.14

LC 6

L. chinense

Shangxi

2011

6.34 ± 0.11

22.08 ± 0.11

LC 7

L. chinense

Neimenggu

2011

1.13 ± 0.02

3.49 ± 0.02

LC 8

L. chinense

Neimenggu

2011

4.87 ± 0.04

14.27 ± 0.27

LC 9

L. barbarum

Ningxia

2011

1.86 ± 0.09

6.80 ± 0.18

LC 10

L. barbarum

Ningxia

2011

1.93 ± 0.02

6.65 ± 0.01

LC 11

L. barbarum

Ningxia

2011

4.06 ± 0.23

16.88 ± 0.38

LC 12

L. barbarum

Ningxia

2011

1.47 ± 0.01

4.76 ± 0.23

LC 13

L. barbarum

Ningxia

2011

3.96 ± 0.29

19.02 ± 0.11

LC 14

L. chinense

Hong Kong

2011

1.29 ± 0.03

3.47 ± 0.15

LC 15

L. chinense

Hong Kong

2012

4.25 ± 0.04

18.45 ± 0.60

LC 16

L. chinense

Hong Kong

2012

1.75 ± 0.02

7.60 ± 0.02

aThe content was converted to the dry basis. The experiments for each sample were performed in triplicate (n = 3), and the results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation

LyC sliced samples, with the commercial names Hong Digupi (RLyC) and Bai Digupi (WLyC), were provided by herb stores from the Hehuachi herbal market in Chengdu (Sichuan Province, China). These samples had unclear sources, and were classified based on traditional experience. LyC extracts (Nos. 01–03) were bought from herbal extract companies in Sichuan, Shanxi, and Hubei. These extracts were claimed to be extracted from LyC.

Chromatographic conditions

The HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent 1260 system (Agilent, USA) equipped with an on-line degasser (G1322A; Agilent, USA), a binary bump (G1312C; Agilent, USA), an autosampler (G1329B; Agilent, USA), a column oven (G1316A; Agilent, USA), and a diode array detector (G1315D; Agilent, USA). A Zorbax C18 SB-AQ column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm; Agilent, USA) was used for the separation. A mobile phase consisting of 0.1% TFA (A) and acetonitrile (B) was applied for the separation with the following gradient program: 0–15 min, 12–16% B; 15–35 min, 16–22% B. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the column oven was set at 40 °C. The detection wavelength was 280 nm.

Sample preparation

Each LyC sample was cut into small pieces and pulverized into a powder (passed through a 200-mesh sieve). The herbal powder (0.5 g) was accurately weighed. The extraction solvent was a 50% methanol aqueous solution containing 0.5% acetic acid (v/v). After addition of 20 mL of the extraction solvent, the mixture was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath (100 W, AC-120H; MRC, Germany) for 30 min and then centrifuged at 2880×g for 10 min (Allegra X-15R; Beckman Coulter, USA). The supernatant was transferred into a 50-mL volumetric flask and the pellet was re-extracted with another 20 mL of extraction solvent for 30 min. After centrifugation, the extracted solution was transferred to the same volumetric flask. Next, 10 mL of extraction solvent was used to wash the tube, and the washing solution was also added to the volumetric flask and filled to the mark. The prepared sample solution was filtered through a 0.22-μm pore-size filter before injection.

Method validation

Calibration curves for KA and KB were constructed by plotting the peak area versus the standard concentration. The calibration curves ranged from 3.91–250.00 mg/L for KA and 4.12–263.50 mg/L for KB. The method precision was measured by the relative standard deviation (RSD; %) of the peak areas determined for six successive injections of the standard solution. The repeatability test was measured by injection of five replicate samples for the proposed sample preparation and determination methods. The repeatability was calculated by the RSD of the contents obtained from the five replicate samples [17]. The sample recovery was assessed by adding known amounts of individual standards into an accurately weighted sample. Three concentrations were investigated and triplicate measurements were performed for each concentration. Recovery was calculated with the following equation [16]:

The method detection limit (MDL) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were determined according to the guidelines in Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology (Q2B) [18].

Statistical analysis

The contents of samples were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The proposed content limit for each analyte was calculated according to the contents from multiple batches with consideration of the standard uncertainty of the precision, bias, purity of reference substance, and water content (the calculation equation is shown in Additional file 1). The calculation was based on the ISO “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” [19], EURACHEM/CITAC document “Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement” [20], and LGC document “Development and Harmonization of Measurement Uncertainty Principles” [21]. The mean differences for KA and KB in the two species of L. chinense and L. barbarum were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the P value was less than 0.05, a follow-up post hoc test was conducted.

Results and discussion

Establishment of HPLC conditions for determination of kukoamines

Selection of column, mobile phase, and detection wavelength

KA and KB are water-soluble spermine alkaloids with multiple amino and amide groups [22, 23] that cause peak tailing on the C18 packing material. Three kinds of C18 columns with special coatings on the packing surface, i.e., Zorbax C18 BDS, Zorbax C18 Extended, and Zorbax C18 SB-AQ (all from Agilent, USA), were compared for the analyte retention behaviors. The kukoamines showed better retention on the Zorbax C18 SB-AQ column, owing to the better affinity of the extremely water-soluble analytes for the hydrophilic packing surface.

The influence of acids on the separation was investigated (Table 2). Within the pH range of 2.0–2.5, TFA was superior to phosphoric acid and formic acid in obtaining satisfactory peak resolution and symmetry. Furthermore, the peak sequence of KA and KB observed with TFA was the opposite to that observed with the other two acids. This difference was caused by the formation of ion pairs [24], which greatly altered the interaction between the analytes and the packing surface. Owing to the better separation performance, TFA was chosen as the acid for the mobile phase. The detection wavelength chosen for the kukoamines was 280 nm, based on the characteristic UV absorption of the o-dihydrocaffeoyl groups in the analytes.

bThe number of theoretical plates was calculated as N = 5.54 (tR/Wh/2)2, where tR is the retention time and Wh/2 is the peak width at half height

cThe resolution R refers to the resolution between KA and KB. It was calculated as R = 2 (tA − tB)/(WA + WB), where tA and tB are the retention times and WA and WB are the peak widths

dThe tailing factor T was calculated as T = W0.05h/2f, where W0.05h is the peak width at 5% peak height and f is the width start point at 5% peak height to the time of the maximum point

Influence of pH on the stability of the kukoamines

A stability test for the analytes was performed, and the results are shown in Fig. 2. KA and KB were not stable in neutral solution (pH = 7), as they were found to decrease by about 30% after exposure in air for 21 h. This change might arise through oxidation of the o-dihydrocaffeoyl moieties into quinones [25]. In contrast, it was found that when the pH was adjusted to 2.5–3 by acetic acid, KA and KB remained constant within the investigated period. This protective effect can be explained by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the phenolic hydroxyl groups and the solvent molecules in the acidic solution, which greatly protected the phenolic hydroxyl groups from oxidization [26]. Therefore, an acidic solution (0.5% acetic acid aqueous solution, v/v) was preferred for both the standard and sample solutions.

Fig. 2

Kukoamines A (a) and B (b) are stable in sample solution at pH 2.5 (open square), but not at pH 7.0 (triangle)

Optimization of kukoamine extraction procedures

Key factors influencing the extraction efficiency, specifically the extraction solvent and number of extraction rounds, were optimized to completely extract the analytes for analysis. The 50 and 80% methanol solutions (v/v) showed similar performances, which were much higher than those for the other concentrations (Fig. 3a). The optimal concentration of methanol for extraction was found to be 50% (v/v) from the aspect of eco-friendliness. Figure 3b shows the effects of acids on the extraction efficiency. The acidic solution was about onefold more potent than the neutral solution for kukoamine extraction. Therefore, 0.5% acetic acid (v/v) was adopted, because it facilitated the release of alkaloids from the powder to the solvent. The influence of the number of extraction rounds was also examined (Fig. 3c). When samples were sonicated twice, almost all of the kukoamines were completely extracted. Therefore, two extractions were chosen for our extraction procedure.

Fig. 3

Influence of methanol concentration (a), acetic acid concentration (b), and number of extraction rounds (c) on the extraction efficiency of kukoamines in LyC. The experiments for each condition were performed in triplicate (n = 3) and the results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation

Method validation

The established method was validated for its detection limit (MDL), quantification limit (LOQ), linearity, precision, reproducibility, and recovery. As shown in Table 3, the high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9999; P < 0.05) indicated good linearity between the concentrations of kukoamines and their peak areas. The MDL and LOQ were derived from the responses of the analytes to UV, and were found to be 1.76 and 8.78 μg/mL for kukoamine A, and 1.86 and 9.29 μg/mL for kukoamine B, respectively. The RSD (%) in the recovery, precision, and reproducibility tests were all less than 2%. The good recovery obtained further suggested that the method was accurate and reliable.

Table 3

Linearity, precision, repeatability, recovery, MDL, and LOQ of the established method

bPrecision was tested based on six injections of a standard solution with 62.50 µg/mL kukoamine A and 131.75 µg/mL kukoamine B. RSD (%) = 100 × SD/mean

cRepeatability was tested on five replicate samples

dRecovery (%) = 100 × (amount found − original amount)/amount spiked. The results were presented as the mean recovery and recovery range. The amounts of spiked components for the recovery test were 10.4, 20.8, and 41.6 mg for KB, and 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg for KA

Quantification results and proposed contents

The validated method was applied to investigation of the LyC samples from different locations, which covered most of the production regions in China. The post-harvest treatment of the herb strictly followed the procedures described in the professional compendiums to ensure quality consistency [4, 27]. A typical chromatogram of LyC and the overlay chromatograms for multiple batches are shown in Fig. 4a, b. The chromatographic patterns of all samples, regardless of whether they were L. barbarum or L. chinense, were highly consistent, although the abundance of some peaks varied remarkably. With the proposed chromatographic methods, the common peaks (1–6) in Fig. 4b could be used as the fingerprinting features for LyC authentication. The contents of KA and KB in the investigated LyC samples were in the ranges of 1.13–9.65 and 3.39–22.08 mg/g, respectively (Table 1). In general, KB was more abundant than KA in the LyC samples.

Fig. 4

HPLC chromatogram of mixed standards (a) and fingerprint profiles of LyC (b) from multiple batches. The numbers 1–6 in b indicate the common fingerprinting peaks for identification

The LyC samples from L. chinense and L. barbarum did not differ significantly from each other in their kukoamine contents when compared by one-way ANOVA (Additional file 1). These findings demonstrated that both plants can produce LyC with equivalent quality.

Geography, soil, and climate can cause fluctuations in herbal constituents [28–30]. Nevertheless, the secondary metabolites in LyC, KA and KB, typically fitted a normal distribution model [19–21]. Therefore, we estimated the content ranges of KA and KB for the LyC population using data from the collected representative samples by statistical inference [19–21] (Additional file 2). At the 95% confidence level, the calculated content limits were 1.45 mg/g for KA and 4.72 mg/g for KB (Table 4). These content limits could be used as reference values to judge the quality of LyC samples (Table 4).

Table 4

Mean contents and proposed content limits for kukoamines A and B in Lycii Cortex

Parameters

KA

KB

Caa

3.49

10.75

SDb

2.51

6.31

RSDc

71.91

58.73

nd

16

tcriticale

2.131

uc (C)f

0.46

2.67

Calculated limitg

1.45

4.72

Outlierh

0

0

Failing rate (%)i

12.50

18.75

aCa, average content of klkukoamines in samples (mg/g)

bSD, standard deviation of the contents in all samples

cRSD (%) = 100 × SD/mean

dn, sample size

etcritical, critical value for a 95% confidence interval when the sample size was 16

fuc (C), combined standard uncertainty of the kukoamine B content in the sample (mg/g). The calculation is shown in the supplementary data section

gCalculated limit for kukoamines in the sample. The calculation is shown in the supplementary data section

iPercentage of samples with kukoamine contents outside the calculated limits

Application of the HPLC method for quality control of LyC

Five batches of unauthenticated samples, which were claimed to be LyC sliced pieces and extracts, were tested by the established method and then judged by the calculated quality criteria. As shown in Fig. 5, only the crude material called “Hong Digupi” and the extract powder from Sichuan presented the proper amounts of kukoamines, while other samples did not contain any kukoamines. The “Bai Digupi” on the market was actually not from the root bark of either L. chinense or L. barbarum. The lack of kukoamines in the investigated LyC extract powder might be caused by an inappropriate extraction method that damaged the major bioactive compounds, or extraction from the wrong source plants.

Compared with the conventional morphological identification, the proposed HPLC method for monitoring the characteristic constituents KA and KB provides a simple and universal way to measure the quality of LyC samples. The method and calculated content limits presented in this article could support amendments to the quality standards for LyC in official compendiums.

Conclusion

The developed method could be applied for quality inspection of LyC in the food and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries.

Notes

Yuan-Yuan Li and Rui Di contributed equally to this work

Abbreviations

LyC:

Lycii Cortex

KA:

kukoamine A

KB:

kukoamine B

HPLC:

high performance liquid chromatography

LOQ:

limit of quantification

MDL:

method detection limit

RSD:

relative standard deviation

TFA:

trifluoroacetic acid

Declarations

Authors’ contributions

LYY and DR conceived and designed the study. CHY secured financial support and oversaw the whole study. DR, LYY, and HWL performed the experiments. HYQ performed the statistical analysis. LYY and DR drafted the manuscript and CHY revised it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors also extend their gratitude to Mr. William T. Mahan for language editing.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Additional files

13020_2016_121_MOESM1_ESM.docxAdditional file 1: Table S1. Comparison of LyCs from L. chinensis and L. barbarum in terms of kukoamines A and B using ANOVA test.