Ready and Forward Again. . .

A Unit History of the 10th Cavalry Regiment

By Carl Ploense III

For a roster of the unit, please
click
hereFor information on Black Participation
in the Spanish American War, click here

General:

The 10th U.S. Cavalry, an African American
regiment served with honor at San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Unit History:

The Spanish American War was a watershed event in American
history; a conflict that more than any other placed America in the forefront
of the great powers in the world community. With the enforcement
of the Monroe doctrine, through a declaration of war against Spain, America
would no longer remain an isolated agricultural/industrial nation.
The basic outline of Americas road to world power as a result of the Spanish-American
war has received extensive treatment in many books and scholarly manuscripts.
Few have dealt with the role of the American Soldier, excluding the Rough
Riders, in the victory over Spain. Fewer still have examined
the role of America's black soldiers in the conflict. The African-American
soldiers of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment contributed to American success
on the battlefield and broke the ground for increased opportunities in
the military and raised the level of self confidence that would help them
to greater success in civilian life.

Remarkably, some of the most successful American soldiers
in the Spanish American War were also the nation's least enfranchised citizens.
For these men, despite the inherent hardships, the army afforded them status
and opportunity that could not be found in the civilian world. The
African-American, Tenth Cavalry Regiment, of the United States Army, fighting
in the Spanish American war had an opportunity to achieve a level of valor,
dignity, and a distinction that could not be demonstrated in civilian life.

American interest in Cuba goes back to 1848 when the United
States first tried to purchase it. Although not at the front of American
politics this island had become a growing business interest. Due
to the amount of money invested in Cuba powerful Americans became more
attentive to the events in Cuba. This concern turned to tension and
eventually to outrage with Cuba's colonial ruler, Spain, when an incident
arose over American citizens. The Virginius
was a ship under the American flag attempting to land troops and munitions
in Cuba. Enroute the ship was seized by the Spanish and taken to
Cuba. For the attempt to land a hostile force ashore fifty Americans
and the crew were executed without trial. The press in the
United States cried out in rage at this incident. William
Hearst and his New York Journal exacerbated tensions by
disclosing a letter written by the Spanish Minister
in Washington deLome in which he described President
McKinley as "weak and low".

With these incidents and insults Americans began to identify
Spain as an enemy. With a growing concern for American interests
in Spanish colonies and the sentiment that Spain needed to be shown who
was in control in the western hemisphere Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Theodore
Roosevelt, ordered the American battleship
Maine
to the harbor at Havana. The excuse was that American interests were
in jeopardy due to rioting in Havana.

On February 15, 1898, at 21.45hrs. the Maine
exploded, killing 268 on board. With no proof Hearst
and other purveyors of the "Yellow Press" blamed
the Spanish for the incident. "Remember the Maine"
became a call to arms for Americans. Americans demanded a response.
Congress, with no declaration of war, authorized the "50 Million Dollar
Bill" which authorized that amount of money for military spending, and
gave the president much latitude in how to spend it. On the 25th
of April, 1898, Congress voted for war against Spain.

There was a sense of identity with the black population in
Cuba in the African-American community of the day. Blacks understood
the need to support the struggle of former slaves. Some saw the war
as an opportunity for the black community to gain wider respect in the
country. Booker T. Washington stated "The Negro will be no less patriotic
at this time than in former periods of storm and stress."

African-Americans viewed the military, and the war, as means to advance
economically and socially. This is almost paradoxical in light of
Plessy vs. Ferguson, which preceded the war by only three years.
This ruling, that endorsed the"separate but equal" doctrine
as the law of the land, created a second class of citizenship for black
americans. Yet, this was the first war in which black soldiers were
called up as the first wave of personnel to be sent into battle.

At the outbreak of war the army utilized all four of
its all black regiments. Despite the prejudice of the time, these
units were among the very few experienced combat troops in the army.
All four of these regiments had fought in the Indian wars where they gained
the nickname "Buffalo soldiers". The army had always maintained
a rule of segregation by race throughout its organization. There
was one exception to this rule. Only white males were officers at
the time. The only African-American soldiers to hold an officers
equivalent in rank were chaplains.

The Army viewed its "Buffalo soldiers" as having an extra advantage
in fighting the war in Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and the Philippines. There
was an unfounded belief that African-Americans were immune to tropical
diseases. Based on this belief congress authorized the raising
of ten regiments of "persons possessing immunity to tropical diseases."
These regiments would later be called "Immune Regiments".

When war broke out, the regiment was recalled from its outlying
posts and assignments. Within a matter of days the Tenth Cavalry
Regiment was assembled at Fort Assinniboine in Montana. Moving
by rail, the regiment's first stop was in Wisconsin where they received
flags and flowers from well wishers. The reception was much cooler as they
approached the south where Jim Crow laws were strictly enforced.
The line of racist demarcation was noticed as the troops crossed the Kentucky
state border; it was here that the soldiers noticed that cheering
crowds were separated by race and that whites stayed on one side of the
tracks while blacks stayed on the other.

The Army had arranged for two mobilization centers;
Tampa, Florida, and Chickamauga Park. Through these two camps would pass
65,000 regular soldiers headed south. While the army was preparing
its invasion force the Tenth Cavalry regiment was expanded. The cavalry
regiments sent to Cuba
consisted of two squadrons of approximately 400 men. As the regiment
expanded, logistical difficulties were experienced. New recruits
to the unit took time to equip and then it was weeks before these new soldiers
had all of their personal and weapons gear.

The regular army was able to issue the more modern Krag-Joergenson
rifles to all of its regulars from the stockpiles of 35,000 rifles.

The men of the Tenth Cavalry regiment waited in Lakeland Florida
prior to their departure for Cuba. In
preparation for war training days where started at 0500hrs. and ended at
1845hrs. During the training period the average trooper accumulated
a kit consisting of: a blanket, shelter half, poncho, extra clothes, food
and utensils, cartridge belt and 125 rounds, canteen, weapon and haversack.
His uniform consisted of flannel shirts, canvas over blouse, high leather
boots with gaiters and a campaign hat. During what little free
time the troopers had there were problems with the local citizenry.
The troopers did not readily adjust to the extreme segregation of
the south. This tension came to a head when a barber in Lakeland
threatened troopers with pistols, an encounter that ended with the shooting
death of the barber.

The army had given V Corps, under
General
Shafter, the task of invading Cuba. Shafter
had gained a reputation as a fighter during the Indian wars. However,
Shafter
was obese and in no condition to engage in a serious military campaign.
Shafter
made the transition from the small army of the frontier to the large army
of the invasion badly. He was totally unprepared for the logistics
of moving an army overseas. Transport was so poorly organized that food
supplies were reduced to make room for 20 pieces of artillery. Trains
operated without clear cargo manifests making it impossible to determine
which supplies were on which trains. All of which had to wait for the single
line of track that went to the port at Tampa. It was a matter of
luck that the troopers of the Tenth Cavalry rode from Lakeland to the pier
at Tampa in fancy railroad coaches with ice water. However, later
in the day they were unable to eat in any of the Jim Crowed restaurants.
Food was eventually purchased locally, from peddlers.
As the Tenth Cavalry regiment embarked, approximately a third of
the troopers stayed behind to tend the horses and equipment. Most
of the horses would stay behind as there was insufficient room on the transports.
Personnel were placed on transport 21
Leona; artillery, baggage and rations were placed on transport
7, Comal. On June 14, 1898 the advance guard sailed for Cuba
in a convoy of 36 transports, the gunboat Helena,
and several others. The convoy was met off the Dry Tortugas, by other
escort vessels, on June the 15th at 2345hrs., and continued on toward Cuba.

What awaited the invading army at Cuba
was no novice force. The Spanish army made effective
use of cover and concealment. Their fortifications consisted of rifle
pits, entrenchments, earthworks, barbed wire fences, and block houses;
that included inter-dependent units known as Fortins. The Spanish army
under Generals Linares and Weyler was battle hardened
from fighting Cuban insurgents. The individual Spanish soldier was
better equipped than his American counter part. He wore a light weight
blouse and trousers, straw hat, and rope soled shoes. The Spanish
soldier used the Mauser, a smokeless powder,
rifle and short bayonet. This weapon was superior to the U.S. rifles
in service at the time.

Those troopers of the Tenth cavalry who stayed in Florida did
not necessarily stay out of combat. A detachment composed of 50 members
of A, H,
and M troops were sent to resupply insurgents
in Cuba island. The mission involved landing Americans, as well as
375 Cuban soldiers, 65 mules and packs, rations, clothing, and ammunition.
Similar missions would be executed throughout the war. On June the
21st a small convoy sailed with the transports Florida,
Fanita and gunboat Peoria, under the command of Lt. Johnson. On June
29 a landing at Cienfuegos was attempted but repulsed by the Spanish.
The next day the convoy moved down the coast to Tayabacoa. The Cuban
commander General Nunez sent 300 Cubans and 28 Americans ashore, under
cover fire from the Peoria. The Spanish responded quickly and engaged
this force heavily. The Cuban/American force was cut off by the Spanish
who were only kept at bay by the Peoria's off shore artillery. Neither
side was willing to let go of what it had. The Spanish kept the original
force pinned down and repulsed four rescue attempts by the Cubans from
the ships.

The situation of the landing party looked hopeless. There
was however, one last hope. Lt. Ahern, Sergeant Thompkins, Corporal
Wanton and Troopers Bell and Lee of the Tenth Cavalry regiment volunteered
to attempt a rescue. Prior to this action none of these soldiers
were considered exceptional. Lt. Ahern decided to move under cover
of darkness. His long boat was slowly lowered into the water and
the oars were carefully pulled through the water so as to reduce noise.

"The party of five regulars", made it to shore and located the survivors
in the landing party. Shortly thereafter the Spanish detected the
rescue party. The rescue party worked quickly and was able to retrieve
all survivors and wounded amidst a hail of Spanish fire.

Upon return to the ship, Corporal Wanton volunteered to go
back and retrieve the bodies of their dead comrades. This was deemed
too risky. Eventually a successful landing was made at Tunas.
For their conspicuous gallantry at Tayabacoa, Sgt. Thompkins, Cpl. Wanton,
and Troopers Bell and Lee all received their nation's highest distinction,
the Medal of Honor.

On June 22, 1898, V Corps landed
at Daiquiri 15 miles east of Santiago harbor. As a diversion to the
landing Cuban General Garcia had insurgents
attack a village some three miles west of Santiago. Daiquiri was
defended by some 300 troops of the 1st Talavera Peninsular Battalion.
These troops fled upon the opening volley of naval cover fire, despite
their advantages of defense and terrain.

The debarkation process was slow. Troops had to use portholes
in order to get to the landing boats. This was made even more difficult
by the fact that every soldier was carrying his entire kit on his back.
Most of the troops landed in long boats. The sea was rough and caused
two men of the Tenth Cavalry to fall into harbor waters. Despite a rescue
attempt by Captain William "Bucky" O'Neill (First
Volunteer Cavalry), Corporal Cobb and Trooper English drowned
becoming the first causalities of the campaign. Those horses which made
the trip suffered badly during debarkation. Most were thrown overboard,
many of which tried to swim out to sea. A few of the horses were
saved when a quick thinking bugler sounded "Right Wheel", which made several
of the horses turn toward shore. Owing to a lack of horses
the Tenth Cavalry regiment was dismounted, acting in a similar capacity
as infantry. Once ashore many of the troopers threw away equipment
they thought was unnecessary like blankets and ponchos.

On June 23rd 1898, V Corps, which was
the Tenth Cavalry's higher command, established its headquarters at Siboney.
The corps cavalry brigade was commanded by General
"Fightin' Joe" Wheeler. Wheeler, a
former Confederate cavalry officer. moved his brigade towards
the ridge at Las Guasimas in order to conduct a reconnaissance. Through
Cuban intelligence, Wheeler found that the ridge was defended by both artillery
and infantry. The Tenth cavalry, First Squadron, along with First
Squadron, First cavalry regiment, followed a northern route to the ridge.
While the First Volunteer cavalry followed a southern route.

For the troopers of the Tenth cavalry a silent reveille was held
at 0300hrs. on June the 24th. The troopers had a quick breakfast
of hard tack, bacon, and coffee and, marched at 0600hrs. Meanwhile,
Brigadier General Rubin with 1,500 men were to fight a delaying action.
The path taken by Wheeler's units was through dense jungle, and all three
units emerged from the treeline at about the same time facing the main
blockhouse at Las Guasimas. General Rubin had already placed scouts
forward of his position. These scouts had allowed U.S. forces to
pass them, signaling that the enemy was approaching by using bird calls.
At 0730hrs. contact with the enemy was made. In the battle
of Las Guasimas Troop A, commanded
by Captain Beck was deployed left of the First
Cavalry regiment and parallel to the hill. While moving forward
the troop received fire, and linked up with the Rough
Riders. Sergeant Buck, of the Tenth cavalry, was later to be
commended for pushing his troops forward, calmly and calling them by name
in order to motivate them.

Troop B, commanded by Captain Willard,
started the advance to Las Guasimas which involved crawling through the
jungle to reach the objective. At 0745hrs. the order to lock and
load weapons was given. B Troop's
Hotchkiss gun drew a lot of fire because of its smoke, which gave away
its position. While subject to fire the troop had to search for a
way around a wire fence and through thick brush. The troop lost seven
men but eventually came into line with the First Cavalry regiment and the
Rough Riders. A charge was made and the
Spanish were overrun. The battle was over at approximately 1100hrs.
Captain Ayers, E Troop's commander, somewhat brief
in his after action report stated that the troop was in plain sight at
the opening of the battle and on orders held fire for a half an hour.
He mentioned little else except some compliments toward his troops.
The commander of I Troop, Captain Watson,
remained out of the action, until the end as the troop was third in line.
Movement was slow going because of heavy foliage. The charge reached
the crest of the hill under heavy fire, and Wagoner Boland was killed by
a sniper in a tree. The smokey Hotckiss battery that followed
B Troop was engaged at 950 yards but
had to change position due to the enemy having calculated the its position.
Corporal Love and Trooper Gaines were wounded. The twenty rounds fired
by the Hotchkiss battery had little effect.

The events at Las Guasimas had an amusing effect on the brigade leader
General Wheeler. Upon hearing of enemy
contact and the ensuing battle Wheeler commented
"Come on! We've got the damn Yankees on the Run!", or so the popular tale
had it. Between Wheeler's bravery
and Linare's hesitancy the Americans emerged victorious. Lt. Col.
Baldwin, the Tenth Cavalry Regimental commander, reported to
his superiors that after taking the Sevilla road he engaged the enemy with
only one death and ten wounded. It was also the belief of several officers
in the Tenth Cavalry that they had saved the Rough
Riders by engaging the Spanish with enfilading fire, which allowed
the First Volunteer Cavalry to move toward the
enemy.

The men of the Tenth Cavalry regiment would have less than a week
before they would be in the thick of the battle that would determine the
outcome of the campaign. The battle of Santiago was planned so that
the village of El Caney would be taken and those forces already positioned
outside San Juan would link up on the Spanish left flank. With that
objective completed the American army would take the San Juan heights,
the hills surrounding Santiago. Prior to the battle the troops were
given three days rations consisting of 18 hard tacks, nine slices of raw
bacon and water. For the assault on San Juan Hill, the Tenth Cavalry
would be part of the Second Brigade which was composed of the First
Cavalry Regiment, Tenth Cavalry Regiment, First
Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, and a detachment with four Hotchkiss guns.
Different elements of the American army began moving toward Santiago as
early as June the 30th. On the march the artillery had to stop
143 times in three miles, due to poor road conditions.

Each individual troop that participated in the battle for San Juan
Hill had its own perspective of the events, but some elements of the battle
were common to all units in the Tenth Cavalry Regiment. The regiment
as a whole was deployed near the road leading to Santiago. Each unit had
to make its way through wire and thickets on the outer perimeter of the
Spanish defenses. Most of the regiment used the tall grass in the
area to conceal movement. On the morning of 1, July, 1898 at
0830hrs., the infantry elements of the cavalry moved toward Santiago, across
the San Juan river. As units moved into position, an army observation
balloon was moved down the road toward Santiago. This was towards
the middle of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment's position in the line.
This balloon drew the fire of many Spaniards. To say the least, all
of this "unwanted attention" was unnerving to men on the ground, but the
balloon proved of little tactical use as it was soon shot down.

Within an hour and a half all of the attacking infantry units were
in position for the assault. As the cavalry units took positions
on the far right of the line, Tenth Cavalry Regimental Sergeant Major attended
to details between the front line and the position of his commanding officer
Lt. Colonel Baldwin in the rear. Meanwhile Spanish fire was rained
down on the American positions along the line. Sgt. Major Baker was
taking cover during one of the volleys of artillery fire when he discovered
one of his men, Trooper Marshall of C Troop,
struggling in the San Juan river. With total disregard of the enemy
fire, and the pleas of his fellow soldiers, Baker ran forward and dragged
the trooper to safety. Baker received two wounds on the left arm
and side during this action. Baker managed to get the regimental
surgeon and insisted the doctor attend to Trooper Marshall first.
For his selfless concern for his trooper in the face of enemy fire Baker
became the fifth member of the regiment to receive the Medal of Honor.
Baker would later take a commission in the 49th Volunteer Infantry and
was one of the few volunteer officers to retain his commission after the
war. He eventually retired from the army as a Captain.

The Tenth Cavalry Regiment actively engaged the enemy at a range
of 600 yards with its detachment of Hotchkiss guns which were placed 100
yards past the San Juan river, aimed against the blockhouse and entrenchments.
The detachment was forced to move due to counter fire. They then
took up a position in the vicinity of the First
Cavalry's artillery and machine guns. The stories of the individual
troops can be seen in the after action reports that were filed by the respective
commanding officers. In A Troop,
under Captain Beck, the troop had received the order into the line at the
left of the First Cavalry Regiment. The
troop became dispersed in the chaparral. A Troop then advanced
in heavy fire, and became part of the general movement toward the crest
in spite of fire from 150 Spaniards. With assistance from the Hotchkiss
guns and a detachment of the 24th Infantry Regiment
the troop silenced the Spaniards.

B Troop, under the command of Captain
Watson, was more focused on the frontal assault. Having moved forward
in two rushes the troop broke into double time. By the time the commanding
officer reached the top of the hill only seven troopers had kept up with
him. Later the rest of the troop reached the crest and took its place
in the line. Lt. Anderson's C Troop bivouacked on June 30, at 1630hrs.
and left the next morning at 0920hrs. At 1030hrs. the troop received
enemy fire and dropped their packs while seeking cover. Colonel Wood
ordered the troop to move toward the blockhouse. During the advance
the troop lost all cohesion and only 18 members of the troop reached the
top of San Juan hill together, having passed two sets of Spanish entrenchments.

D Troop was somewhat more active
than its counter parts in the regiment. June the 30th, Under Captain Bigelow
the troop was placed on pickets on near El Pozo. Withdrawn,
it marched toward the regimental position in the line. The troop
occupied the extreme left and was halted by two wire fences. D
Troop suffered under the infamous observation balloon. D
Troop's presence also checked the retreat of the 71st New York Regiment
which was ahead of it in the column. In an episode that had
to appear comical Captain Bigelow, tried with bare hands to remove or push
over a fence post that was part of the wire fence system the Spanish were
using for defence. The captain tried to no avail, when Corporal Walker
came over with his rifle and bayonet attached and slashed through the wire
affording the troop an opening thorough which to advance. The troop was
withdrawn from the road and faced toward the enemy fire, without waiting
for higher orders. The troop charged along with the other forces.
Lt. Jules Ord of the 6th Infantry Regiment was advancing and reached the
top of the hill first when he was shot through the chin. Corporal Walker
of D Troop saw Ord's killer and dispatched
him in return, thus avenging the death of the first American to reach the
top of the hill. Also during the assault on the heights,
Captain Bigelow was wounded in action and the leadership of his troop was
taken over by Lt. Pershing. After securing the hill the troop was
used by General Sumner as a reserve.

Troop E commanded by Captain
Ayers was marching in a column of files on July the 1st. At 900
yards the column began bearing on the center of San Juan hill, around a
pond, and assaulted the hill at a "quick tripping step. " As the
troop approached the Spanish abandoned their positions, allowing the troopers
to fire on the fleeing enemy. After the hill was secured the troop
remained in place during the entire siege of Santiago.

F Troop commanded by Captain Jones
was forced to wait in the waist deep water of the San Juan river.
The order "Forward Skirmishers, Guide left March!" was received.
The troop then advanced in rushes. At a range of 100 yards the Gatling
gun detachment opened fire, causing some Spaniards to flee their positions.
At this point the troopers let loose a war cry and the charge began.
The troop ended on the heights, forming new skirmishers.

Lt. Roberts commanding, G Troop,
moved toward the Spanish at 0900hrs., passed by the observation balloon,
and halted at the river. G Troop
then moved through the river and became delayed by the wire. As the
troop deployed Lt. Roberts was wounded. I
Troop movement began at 1530hrs. on June,30,1898. It ended operations
in bivouac that night. The troop remained encamped through the initial
artillery fire. Packs were left under guard and the troop crossed
the San Juan river. They were able to hold cover on the far
bank of the river. After this they became part of the line and joined
in the assault on the heights. They exchanged volleys with the Spanish
on the run and overpowered the trenches between the two blockhouses. Although
confusion reigned, it has been said that Corporal Smith of this troop was
the first american on the hill who lived to tell about it.
The troop held the extreme western crest of the heights until ordered to
join C Troop.

It was during the general charge, when all units lost cohesion and
became one large, unorganized force, that then moved to the heights of
San Juan. Tenth Cavalry gained an unusual distinction during this
charge. The Regimental Color Sgt. Berry being part of the melee'
was able to see the color bearer of Third Cavalry go down. Sgt. Berry
ran forward and retrieved the Third Cavalry Regiment's colors, and continued
his advance. Upon reaching the summit he planted the flags and cried"
Rally on the flags boys!" In army history he is the only man to carry
two standards through a battle to victory. Immediately after
securing the hill, all persons were put to the task of building trenches
and shelters. During the following days two counter attacks of note
both of which were repulsed. The Tenth Cavalry Regiment had lost
seven men and had 69 wounded as a result of the battle.

It is at this point on the 3rd of July that the Spanish fleet attempted
to break out of Santiago harbor but was destroyed by the American fleet
in a running gun battle [Battle of Santiago].
Here the siege of Santiago began. The siege itself was characterized
by a series of deadly circumstances. Foremost was the fact that snipers
were always on the prowl and no man could afford to move about in the open
lest he become a casualty. This forced the troopers to stay in trenches
all day. The trench system was unsanitary to say the least.
Filled knee deep in mud and water from the almost daily rain showers, these
areas became a breeding ground for mosquitoes. It was in such conditions
that malaria, dysentery, and yellow fever began spreading through the ranks.
Adding to the trooper's problems was the fact that much of the army's food
was spoiling in the tropical sun, this was especially true of the canned
beef, an army staple. At night the men in the trenches only slept
for short periods before awakening shivering. The only reprieve the
soldiers had was the almost daily truces which continued until the Spanish
agreed to lay down their arms on the 17th of July.

By the end of hostilities almost 80% of the troops had some form
of fever. This precipitated the evacuation of some 20,000 troops
to Camp Wikoff on Long Island, where they
were placed under quarantine.

White officers outside the regiment praised the Tenth Cavalry troopers
as "doing as well as any soldiers could possibly do...They were among the
deadliest fighters of the war." By war's end the Tenth Cavalry
regiment had in its ranks five Medal of Honor recipients, and 26 members
of the unit received Certificates of Merit. Theodore
Roosevelt said of the Tenth Cavalry "...brave men worthy of respect,
I don't think any Rough Rider will ever forget
the tie that binds us to the Tenth cavalry. The men of the Tenth soon returned
to duty in Cuba as part of the occupying forces under General Wood.

The impact of Sergeant Major Baker's achievement's could not be seen
in the aftermath of the Spanish-American war. It would take decades
before African-American officers would become an integral part of the American
military scene. It was because of Baker's bravery and later his tenacity
that future generations of African-Americans would be able to enjoy the
benefits of the best the military life has to offer. As every person
knows even the longest journey begins with a first step. Baker may
not have been that first step, but he definitely was among the first few.
His place in the journey of African-Americans in the military made it possible
for others to follow, and eventually rise to the pinnacle of power that
only the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff holds. If it was not
for men like Captain Baker, then it is unlikely that a person like General
Colin Powell could have gone as far as he did.

The men of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment had again proven themselves
worthy of better treatment than American society was giving to men of color
at the time. What they had achieved on the Island of Cuba was a permanent
place of honor in the annals of Army history. With that the civilian
world would slowly learn to accept its African-American citizenry in uniform

Clerk of Joint Committee on Printing, ed., The Abridgement. Message
from the President of the United States to the two Houses of Congress at
the beginning of the Third session, of the 55th Congress, with
the Reports of the Heads of Departments and Selections from accompanying
documents, Vol. III, (Washington: GPO, 1899).

Edward L.N., Glass, ed. History of the Tenth Cavalry, 1866 - 1921.,(Ft.
Collins: The Old Army Press, 1972.)

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