Neural Sensors are a rare component that can be found primarily on Jupiter and the Kuva Fortress. It is usually found in quantities of 1-4.

Alad V has a higher chance of dropping Neural Sensors compared to enemies, containers, and lockers. As of Update 16.4 The Raptors also have a chance of dropping Neural Sensors, but this does not apply to the rest of Europa.

Gathering Tips

These are based on opinions and may not be true. These should be viewed as advice unless proven undoubtedly true. Check comments for confirmation. Results may vary.

Elara and Sinai, Jupiter are effective locations to gather Neural Sensors. Another place that is effective to farm is Themisto, Jupiter (assassination of Alad V).

Taveuni in the Kuva Fortress is also an effective place to farm them. Plus, if you need Kuva you can farm for Neural Sensors and Kuva at the same time.

Distilling Extractors are also a good way to farm these with little effort, though it should be noted that Neural Sensors are not guaranteed.

Trivia

The Descriptions of Neural Sensors and Neurodes were swapped several times, with the second time completely reversing what the components clearly were. This was finally reverted in Hotfix 15.16.2 to properly fit their obvious designs.

Despite being of Grineer origin, Neural Sensors ironically did not drop from any Grineer-controlled planet (barring those taken over via Invasions) until the introduction of the Kuva Fortress in Update 19.0.