What is an example of coupling a thermodynamically unfavorable rxn to a favorable one?

Increasing [ATP]:[ADP] when ATP is in abundance (unfavorable) by using a proton gradient (favorable)

What is the free energy of the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?

∆G = -7.3 kcal/mol

Why is it that the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to ADP of as much as 12.7 Kcal/mol?

Because of the overwhelming concentration difference,where [ATP]10X >[ADP], thus a lot of energy is needed to force the formation of ATP, so when it hydrolyzed it all free a lot of energy.

Name 3 molecules, besides ATP, which have a high phosphoryl transfer potential (actually higher than ATP).

Phosphoenolpyruvate
Creatine phosphate,
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Why is the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP in the rxn of intracellular glucose (in the presence of ATP and Hexokinase) --> glucose-6-phosphate only -4 kcal/mol?

Because it's couple to a disfavorable rxn (phosphorylating glucose is disfavorable).

What effect does raising temperature have on a rxn?

It raises the temperature of the reactants and the products with respect to the transition state, thus the heat changes the energy associated with the reactant and product and now the transition state is now relatively lower.

How does nature lower the associated activation energy of a rxn?

enzymes

How do heat and enzymes differ in speeding up a rxn?

heat changes the energy associated with reactants and products, while enzymes lowers the energy associated with the transitions state.

What does a niacin deficiency cause? and why?

Pelegra, which characterized by the 3Ds: dementia, dermatitis and diarrhea.

Why? Niacin is a precursor of NADH and NADPH.
.

How do NAD+ and FAD get their 2 electrons? (reduced)

The get them from the oxidation of molecules

1) What is reduction potential a measure of?

2) In reduction potential, E, which is favorable positive or negative?

1) Reduction potential is a measure of how much energy is released when a compound accepts an electron.

2) a positive reduction potential (+E) is favorable

If a substance gives up electrons to H+, would the reduction potential be negative or positive?

It would be negative

If a substance has a lower affinity for electrons than H+, what would sign of the reduction potential be?

negative

For reduction potentials, which is favored positive or negative?

Positive

when summing up the reduction potentials, which do we reverse?

The substance more likely to be oxidized... or the one with the lower electron affinity = more negative reduction potential.
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What is the relationship between free energy (∆G°') and reduction potential (∆E' sub zero)

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