Study Suggest Warming May Contribute To Bee Population Decline

Climate Change affecting Bees

Climate change may be preventing bees from carrying out the vital job of pollination by upsetting their life cycles, a study has shown.

Flowering times of mountain lilies in the US appear to be out of synch with their bumble bee pollinators, evidence suggests.

As a result, fewer of the plants are being pollinated and bearing fruit.

The findings point to a phenomenon that may only be local, or could be globally widespread.

Reports of declining populations of bees and other flower-visiting creatures have raised concerns about pollination levels.

There are major implications for farming and food supplies: a third of the world's fruits and vegetables would not exist without the help of bees and other pollinators.

The new research provides early evidence that climate change may be playing a role in driving down pollination.

"Bee numbers may have declined at our research site, but we suspect that a climate-driven mismatch between the times when flowers open and when bees emerge from hibernation is a more important factor," said biologist James Thomson, from the University of Toronto in Canada.

Professor Thomson conducted a 17-year pollination study of the glacier lily, Erythronium grandiflorum, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado - one of the longest investigations of its kind ever conducted.

He found a progressive decline in pollination over the years which was most pronounced early in the flowering season.

Three times a year Prof Thomson compared the fruiting rate of flowers that were left to be pollinated naturally, or given extra doses of pollen by hand.

"Early in the year, when bumble bee queens are still hibernating, the fruiting rates are especially low," he said.

"This is sobering because it suggests that pollination is vulnerable even in a relatively pristine environment that is free of pesticides and human disturbance but still subject to climate change."

Prof Thomson began his research in the late 1980s after buying a remote plot of land and building a log cabin in a meadow full of glacier lilies.

His findings were published today in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

The glacier lily's blooming period lasts about four weeks, typically from May to June.Its principal pollinators are queens of the early-emerging bumble bee species Bombus bifarius and Bombus occidentalis.

Surveys have shown no clear evidence of a decline in bumble bee numbers in the region.

Prof Thomson said the pollination deficits he had observed were probably due to a "growing phenological mismatch between the blooming of E. grandiflorum and the emergence of its best pollinators".

He added that the activity levels of queen bumble bees and the lifespan of flowers may be highly sensitive to air temperatures, sunshine, precipitation and wind.

"If these factors are changing, subtle dislocations of bees and flowers seem plausible," said Prof Thomson.

"Further research is needed to see whether the trend continues, and what might be driving it."

Bee decline already having dramatic effect on pollination of plants

A decline in bees and global warming are having a damaging effect on the pollination of plants, new research claims.

The Telegraph (U.K.), Sept 6, 2010

Researchers have found that pollination levels of some plants have dropped by up to 50 per cent in the last two decades.

The "pollination deficit" could see a dramatic reduction in the yield from crops.

The research, carried out in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, is the first to show that the effect is real and serves as a "warning" to Britain which if anything has seen an even greater decline in bees and pollinators.

"This serves as a warning to other countries," said Professor James Thomson at the University of Toronto, who carried out the research.

"For quite some time people have been suggesting that pollinators are in decline and that this could have an effect on pollination.

"I believe that this is the first real demonstration that pollination levels are getting worse. I believe it is a significant decline. I believe the pollination levels have dropped by as much as 50 per cent.

"Bee numbers may have declined at our research site, but we suspect that a climate-driven mismatch between the times when flowers open and when bees emerge from hibernation is a more important factor."

According to a previous study, England's bees are vanishing faster than anywhere else in Europe, with more than half of hives dying out over the last 20 years.

Butterflies and other insects are also in decline due to habitat loss and climate change.

The situation is so serious that the government has launched a £10 million project to find out what is causing bees and other insects to disappear.

It is estimated bees are responsible for one in three mouthfuls of our food, and that insect pollinators contribute £440 million to the British economy through their role in fertilising crops.

For the latest study, Prof Thomson carried out a 17-year examination of the wild lily in the Rocky Mountains.

It is one of the longest-term studies of pollination ever done.

It reveals a progressive decline in pollination over the years, with particularly noteworthy pollination deficits early in the season.

The study will be published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Three times each year, Prof Thomson compared the fruiting rate of unmanipulated flowers to that of flowers that are supplementally pollinated by hand.

"Early in the year, when bumble bee queens are still hibernating, the fruiting rates are especially low," he says.

"This is sobering because it suggests that pollination is vulnerable even in a relatively pristine environment that is free of pesticides and human disturbance but still subject to climate change."

Prof Thomson began his long-term studies in the late 1980s after purchasing a remote plot of land and building a log cabin in the middle of a meadow full of glacier lilies.