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Abstract:

In Brief:

The effects of chronic kidney disease on pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination) and pharmacodynamics (a drug’s mechanism of action and effects at the target site) increase the potential for adverse reactions and drug toxicity.

In Brief:

People with chronic kidney disease—about one in 10 people in this country—are far more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than to progress to kidney failure. Because cardiovascular disease typically begins in the early stages of chronic kidney disease, prompt recognition is essential.