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DOI: 10.18502/kls.v4i10.3814

Abstract

According to World Health Organization (WHO), the world most prevalent issues are illness and death caused by environmental factors such as water, land, and air. The causes contribute to premature death of millions of people, especially infants and children every year. This issue mostly experienced by developing country, including Indonesia, approximately four million infants and children die from diarrhea due to contaminated water and food. Unavailability of solid waste management and domestic wastewater service in the region causes poor sanitation, it results in the high incidence of contaminated water. This study would analyze the relationship between sanitation and diarrhea in Kabupaten Pidie, Aceh using validity inference. Validity refers to the approximate truth of an inference. Valid meant the extent to which relevant evidence supports that inference as bring true or correct. Usually, that evidence comes from both empirical findings and the consistency of these findings with other sources of knowledge, including past finding and theories. Assessing validity always entails fallible human judgments. Validity is not absolute; various degrees of validity can be invoked. In this study from table distribution F, we got F table 3.95 with probability α (5%), df-numerator [(k – 1) = 1] and df-denominator [k(N-1) = 90] and F arithmetic is 5.95269E-09. It means F arithmetic < F table so that, Hypothesis null (Ho) accepted and sanitation have significant effect on diarrhea.

1. Introduction

The Indonesia Ministry of Health uses the infant, child, and maternal mortality rate, also morbidity figures of some diseases to asses the health degree. The degree of health status is influenced by several factors, including health factors, availability of health infrastructure, economic, education, social environment, heredity, and sanitation that is always forgotten by the Indonesian goverment.

If a city or village does not have good sanitation system, the environment will be polluted and public health will be disturbed so that the disease will be coming. The poor sanitation condition will potentially lead to increasing cases ofdiarrhea, malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis. In this study, the author will discuss the relationship between sanitation and diarrhea, because diarrhea is the direct impact of poor sanitary condition while malaria, dengue fever and filariasis indirect cause of poor sanitation which are mediated by mosquitos as the vector disease.

Diarrhea is endemic. The potential disease outbreak of diarrhea is often accompanied by death.. The cause of diarrhea in the community is the poor health behavior, poor waste management, and contaminated drinking water. There were 201,671 of diarrhea patient's cases in Aceh and only 89,447 patients that were treated. There were only 44.25% of this incidence that could be treated by Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Aceh in 2015.

Kabupaten Pidie through sanitation working group began thinking to improve sanitation plan, develop, implementation, supervise and monitor the future development of sanitation. The government of Pidie realized that sanitation infrastructure was poor, indicated by the high incidence of diarrhea in Pidie by the third number after Northern Aceh and Bieuren based on Aceh health profile. The current domestic wastewater coverage in Pidie can be seen in Table 1 while the risked area and sanitation problems can be seen in Figure 1 (PPSP 2015).

Table 1

Domestic Wastewater Service Coverage Current In Pidie.

Village Area

Bad Sanitation

Sanitation with septic tank

Without Toilet* (family)

System Onsite

System Offsite

Cubluk***, without septic tank** (family)

Toilet with septic tank (family)

MCK

With Communal System

Scale

/Toilet communal

Area/

(family)

Offside

Toilet Communal**** (family)

Septic tank communal 1 > 10 KK (family)

Wastewater Treat-ment Plant Communal (family)

Offsite treatment (family)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Village Areas

Kec. Batee

4.887

471

331

72

45

- -

-

Kec. Delima

4.899

2.938

882

96

84

- -

-

Kec. Geumpang

1.821

463

45

17

12

- -

-

Kec. Glumpang Baro

2.426

1.355

520

43

42

- -

-

Kec. Glumpang Tiga

4.586

3.467

435

83

56

- -

-

Kec. Grong-Grong

1.626

1.155

62

200

21

- -

-

Kec. Indra Jaya

5.977

4.326

429

96

91

- -

-

Kec. Kembang Tanjong

5.060

3.009

960

89

90

- -

-

Kec. Keumala

2.342

1.141

312

41

41

- -

-

Without Toilet* (family)

System Onsite

System Offsite

Cubluk***, without septic tank** (family)

Toilet with septic tank (family)

MCK

With Communal System

Scale

/Toilet communal

Area/

(family)

Offside

Toilet Communal**** (family)

Septic tank communal 1 > 10 KK (family)

Wastewater Treat-ment Plant Communal (family)

Offsite treatment (family)

Kec. Mane

2.000

653

61

15

12

- -

-

Kec. Mila

2.423

1.619

232

44

42

- -

-

Kec. Muara Tiga

4.626

2.601

304

59

47

- -

-

Kec. Padang Tiji

5.176

2.770

858

126

130

- -

-

Kec. Peukan Baro

4.796

3.136

348

105

111

- -

-

Kec. Sakti

4.913

3.249

397

108

110

- -

-

Kec. Simpang Tiga

5.314

1.095

3,232

86

110

- -

-

Kec. Tangse

6.205

2.733

399

75

113

- -

-

Kec. Tiro/Truseb

1.866

1.492

104

38

24

- -

-

Kec. Titeu

1.796

1.445

93

19

25

- -

-

Urban Areas

Kec. Kota Sigli

4.987

3.310

816

42

44

- -

-

Kecamatan Mutiara

4.808

3.023

887

68

65

- -

-

Kecamatan Mutiara Timur

8.120

4.814

1,736

117

123

- -

-

Kecamatan Pidie

10.588

4.868

3,943

139

147

- -

-

2. Methods

Validity refers to the approximate truth of an inference. Valid is the extentto which relevant evidence supports that inference as bring true or correct. Usually, that evidence comes from both empirical findings and the consistency of these findings with other sources of knowledge, including past finding and theories. Assessing validity always entails fallible human judgments. Validity is not absolute; various degrees of validity can be invoked. As a result, when we use prefaced by approximant or tentatively (Shadish et al. 2002).

Figure 1

Risk areas and sanitation problems.

In this study, validity inference was assessed using Null Hypothesis (Ho) and the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) with F test. F test know as test model/Anova test, that test to see how of independent variables (x) the influence the dependent variables (y), or to test the regression model that we make good and significant or not good and not significant. In this study, we have to of the independent variable, there are Number of families who defecation (x1) and Number of families who have unsafe latrines (xj). And the dependent variable is diarrhea (y). F test can be done by comparing the F arithmetic with F table, where if F arithmetic > F table (Ho rejected and H1 accepted) and where if F arithmetic < F table (Ho accepted and H1 rejected).

3. Results and Discussion

This study will be used One – Way Anova Method, where Ho is sanitation have a significant effect on diarrhea; H1 is no significant effect of sanitation on diarrhea and analysis data with confidence level 95% and 5% error. The amount data is number of families who defecation (x1) and the number of families who have unsafe latrines (x2) on 23 sub-districts in Pidie (number of data 46) and the dependent variable (y) is diarrhea.

To solve the current problem, we must build the good sanitation management in the urban area. The government needs to build an integrated system with universal access for safe and hygienic water and sanitation in the urban area. If it can be realized, the public health status can be increased.

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