This guide trains a neural network model to classify images of clothing, like sneakers and shirts. It's okay if you don't understand all the details, this is a fast-paced overview of a complete TensorFlow program with the details explained as we go.

This guide uses tf.keras, a high-level API to build and train models in TensorFlow.

Fashion MNIST is intended as a drop-in replacement for the classic MNIST dataset—often used as the "Hello, World" of machine learning programs for computer vision. The MNIST dataset contains images of handwritten digits (0, 1, 2, etc) in an identical format to the articles of clothing we'll use here.

This guide uses Fashion MNIST for variety, and because it's a slightly more challenging problem than regular MNIST. Both datasets are relatively small and are used to verify that an algorithm works as expected. They're good starting points to test and debug code.

We will use 60,000 images to train the network and 10,000 images to evaluate how accurately the network learned to classify images. You can access the Fashion MNIST directly from TensorFlow, just import and load the data:

The train_images and train_labels arrays are the training set—the data the model uses to learn.

The model is tested against the test set, the test_images, and test_labels arrays.

The images are 28x28 NumPy arrays, with pixel values ranging between 0 and 255. The labels are an array of integers, ranging from 0 to 9. These correspond to the class of clothing the image represents:

Label

Class

0

T-shirt/top

1

Trouser

2

Pullover

3

Dress

4

Coat

5

Sandal

6

Shirt

7

Sneaker

8

Bag

9

Ankle boot

Each image is mapped to a single label. Since the class names are not included with the dataset, store them here to use later when plotting the images:

We scale these values to a range of 0 to 1 before feeding to the neural network model. For this, cast the datatype of the image components from an integer to a float, and divide by 255. Here's the function to preprocess the images:

It's important that the training set and the testing set are preprocessed in the same way:

Giro Shadow R Blue Shoes Cycling Dark Carbide II Men's

train_images = train_images /255.0

test_images = test_images /255.0

Display the first 25 images from the training set and display the class name below each image. Verify that the data is in the correct format and we're ready to build and train the network.

Build the model

Building the neural network requires configuring the layers of the model, then compiling the model.

Setup the layers

The basic building block of a neural network is the layer. Layers extract representations from the data fed into them. And, hopefully, these representations are more meaningful for the problem at hand.

Most of deep learning consists of chaining together simple layers. Most layers, like tf.keras.layers.Dense, have parameters that are learned during training.

The first layer in this network, tf.keras.layers.Flatten, transforms the format of the images from a 2d-array (of 28 by 28 pixels), to a 1d-array of 28 * 28 = 784 pixels. Think of this layer as unstacking rows of pixels in the image and lining them up. This layer has no parameters to learn; it only reformats the data.

After the pixels are flattened, the network consists of a sequence of two tf.keras.layers.Dense layers. These are densely-connected, or fully-connected, neural layers. The first Dense layer has 128 nodes (or neurons). The second (and last) layer is a 10-node softmax layer—this returns an array of 10 probability scores that sum to 1. Each node contains a score that indicates the probability that the current image belongs to one of the 10 classes.

Compile the model

Before the model is ready for training, it needs a few more settings. These are added during the model's compile step:

Loss function —This measures how accurate the model is during training. We want to minimize this function to "steer" the model in the right direction.

Optimizer —This is how the model is updated based on the data it sees and its loss function.

Metrics —Used to monitor the training and testing steps. The following example uses accuracy, the fraction of the images that are correctly classified.

It turns out, the accuracy on the test dataset is a little less than the accuracy on the training dataset. This gap between training accuracy and test accuracy is an example of overfitting. Overfitting is when a machine learning model performs worse on new data than on their training data.

Make predictions

With the model trained, we can use it to make predictions about some images.

A prediction is an array of 10 numbers. These describe the "confidence" of the model that the image corresponds to each of the 10 different articles of clothing. We can see which label has the highest confidence value:

Let's plot several images with their predictions. Correct prediction labels are blue and incorrect prediction labels are red. The number gives the percent (out of 100) for the predicted label. Note that it can be wrong even when very confident.

Finally, use the trained model to make a prediction about a single image.

# Grab an image from the test datasetimg = test_images[0]

print(img.shape)

(28, 28)

II Shadow Carbide Cycling Blue Men's R Giro Dark Shoes tf.keras models are optimized to make predictions on a batch, or collection, of examples at once. So even though we're using a single image, we need to add it to a list:

model.predict returns a list of lists, one for each image in the batch of data. Grab the predictions for our (only) image in the batch:

np.argmax(predictions_single[0])

9

And, as before, the model predicts a label of 9.

#@title MIT License## Copyright (c) 2017 François Chollet## Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:## The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.## THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER# DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.