Subjective - the [superlative adjective] and the [genre parameter]. These are means of appraising the qualitative content of the book's content. These are defined or interpreted by the judges (juried awards) and voters (popular awards).

Objective - [physical format] and [geographic and chronological bounded]. These are not related to the book's text or content and are defined by the award's rules and administration.

But what do these criteria actually mean?

And, more importantly, how do they impact discussion around an award and the books that it recognises?

Let's parse us some variables!

[superlative adjective]

A brief survey of genre awards reveals that nearly all of the time the adjective used is "best". (See: Hugos, Clarke, BSFA, SFX, Goodreads...) My issue with this word is pretty well-noted, but they probably bear repeating: I hate it.

"Best" sits on a sliding scale - the larger the judging pool, the less meaning it has. If, for example, "best" is chosen by a single person, there's a certain amount of consistency in the definition used. If "best" is chosen by a panel of judges, there's the opportunity to agree a common definition. If "best" is chosen by a popular vote... chaos reigns.

One variant is "favorite", which, especially with popular awards, is simple honesty. Still, it is rarely adopted - and generally only by individual bloggers (or aggregations of reviewers, such as the AV Club). Powell's Books uses "favorite" as the criteria for its annual Puddly Awards - possibly as a way of emphasising that these are "arm's length" selections made by customers, not staff.

Perhaps (and I have some sympathy for this position), awards believe that admitting subjectivity is a confession of weakness. "Best" can be mistaken for an objective measure of quality, "favorite" is 'mere' popularity. But, as Powell's approach shows, booksellers believe that "favorite" is just as (if not more so) conducive to sales. Rather than trying to conceal the human element of popular awards, maybe it should be embraced - these are genuine picks from real readers. After all, the current consumer trend is to trust our peers rather than top-down recommendations.

There are a few exceptions:

One award with an extremely specific superlative adjective is the James Tiptree Award Jr. Award, which looks for books which "expand or explore our understanding of gender". Despite the specificity of the remit, or perhaps because of it, the Tiptree selections are invariably broadly great - the winners and honorees could easily be taken as a list of the year's "best". Perhaps this is because the number of books published each year is so vast that, for any major award, the potential reading pool is essentially infinite (at least, more than what one person or team of people could read). As a side-effect of this, strict criteria may serve more as a focus than a limitation.

The Kitschies eschew "best" as well, looking for "most progressive, intelligent and entertaining" instead. This vocabulary isn't without its challenges, but even these are meant to further the award's mission statement ("elevate the tone of the discussion of genre literature"). Annually, it prompts conversation around"what is progressive?", which, even if the answer is inconclusive, that conversation itself is the goal.

[genre parameter]

Be it "science fiction", "fantasy", "horror"...

This too has its challenges. The Clarke Award, for example, is for "science fiction" - which is guaranteed to generates an annual discussion of what "science fiction" actually is. In the case of the Clarke, this is especially interesting - the award carries so much weight that it can 'proactively' define SF. That is, something is SF because the Clarke says so, not the other way around. (See: China Miéville, Zoo City, books with talking horses...)

Because the judging panel changes every year, what is and isn't Clarkian SF is therefore constantly in flux - which gives us a bellweather on what "SF" is at any given time. Last year, for example, we saw a 'diminished' definition of SF: a return to the core. But previous years, that definition had been steadily expanding - a creeping inclusivity that also prompted discussion.

What strikes me about both types of subjective criteria is that the discussion of it is inherently useful to readers - and arguably the genre(s) as a whole. The conversation is externally-facing: readers (whether or not they have a say in the award's decision) are faced with some sort of declared "good"-ness and invited to compare it to their own.

The process is reflective and critical, and, ultimately, about the books. Even the wibbly "best" helps in this regard. Whether or not the reader agrees with (or even understands) an award's definition of "best", the discussion still forces the reader to consider and apply their own.

As a result, conversations about subjective criteria are "conversations about books". Most awards understand this and have this as their stated or unstated objective. (It also makes for an excellent defensive position - whether or not a reader agrees with their award's decision, they're at least "talking about books".)

One recent case study would be the Clarke Award. Two years ago, Christopher Priest critiqued the shortlist on the grounds that the judges' definition of "best" was, to put it succinctly, "an outrage". Whether or not one agreed with Mr. Priest, he generated conversation about the books - not just the finalists (why or why not they were the "best" of the year), but also books that may have been passed over (and why or why not they were the "best" of the year). Discussion was spurred: what makes a book good?

The following year, the Clarke Award again prompted discussion when it revealed an all-male shortlist that focused on "core" SF (see above). As well as a discussion over gender inequity within science fiction, this prompted debate over what science fiction even is. The judges decided what was or wasn't "science fiction". And, in arguing over their selections, readers were prompted to do the same. We were encouraged to think - and talk - about what defines a genre. Again, whether or not one agreed with the Clarke judges, the discussion the award prompted was inclusive, and about books.

Subjective criteria are the natural lightning rod for criticism. As noted above, awards try to mitigate this in two ways: a) to broaden the subjectivity as to make it meaningless or b) to feign objectivity. But, as the Clarke shows (and others), even when an award's subjective decision-making has been come under fire, the discussion itself is worthwhile. Positioning an award's decision as objectively right is to stifle discussion, whereas embracing the subjective criteria (broad or narrow) allows for a focused and productive conversation around books.

Awards exist to prompt discussion about books, not the other way around. An award can be "wrong", but still achieve that core purpose. And it can be "right" and fail. The beauty of the subjective criteria is that rightness is impossible, discussion of these criteria can continue indefinitely (and often does). Arguably, the benefit to more specific subjective criteria is that the discussion can be more focused and productive.

But isn't that true of any criteria? Aren't all discussions about awards ultimately about books? Well... let's pick that up again with the objective criteria.

Subjective - the [superlative adjective] and the [genre parameter]. These are means of appraising the qualitative content of the book's content. These are defined or interpreted by the judges (juried awards) and voters (popular awards).

Objective - [physical format] and [geographic and chronological bounded]. These are not related to the book's text or content and are defined by the award's rules and administration.

But what do these criteria actually mean?

And, more importantly, how do they impact discussion around an award and the books that it recognises?