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VBDS' Function The Vector-Borne Disease Section (VBDS) protects the health and well- being of Californians from diseases transmitted to people from insects and other animals.

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VBDS Responsibilities and Activities Develop and implement statewide vector-borne disease surveillance, prevention, and control programs. Coordinate preparedness activities for detection and response to introduced vectors and vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Conduct emergency vector control when disease outbreaks occur, 2010 Plumas Eureka State Park.

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VBDS Responsibilities and Activities Oversee the Vector Control Technician Certification and Continuing Education programs. Provide information, training, and educational materials to governmental agencies and the public. Oversee Special Local Need permits on restricted use of public health pesticides.

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What is Climate Change? Climate change (a.k.a. global warming) is significant statistical, lasting change of weather over decades or longer spans of time. Local Global Not from seasonal or single events.

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Effects of Climate Change No So Simple to Predict… Global effect not uniform: Detriment to some areas, a benefit to others. Incomplete knowledge and few long-term studies. Concurrent ecological cycles that are complex and vary between regions. El Niño/La Niña, Solar output

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Dengue Virus Arbovirus. Most common vector-borne virus. Causes dengue fever (headache, fever, retro- orbital pain, rash, bleeding) and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Four virus serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3, 4) –Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that serotype –Confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three –Evidence suggest that sequential infection increases the risk of more serious disease resulting in DHF

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Dengue Virus DHF has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in several countries. No vaccine. Incidence of dengue increasing world wide –40% or 2.5 billion people globally are at risk for dengue –Estimated million infections annually worldwide Up to a quarter of those are hemorrhagic fever (DHF) 25,000 fatalities per year

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Ae. Albopictus: Public Health Concerns Vector: Dengue, chikungunya, and several other encephalitis viruses. Responsible for recent outbreaks of dengue virus in south Florida, Texas, and Hawaii. Vicious day-biting mosquito that prefers mammals. Establishment would increase risk of introduction of new mosquito-borne viruses and pose a severe public health nuisance.

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Native Distribution Ae. Albopictus

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Current Distribution Ae. albopictus *as of 2007

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Discovery in the USA Houston, TX: Harris County Mosquito Control District discovered 1 st breeding population in August : Discovered in Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Arkansas, and Florida. 1987: Delaware, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Maryland.

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C. Moore JAMCA 15: Distribution Aedes albopictus 1998

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Aedes albopictus Introductions into California Biology and behavior highly conducive to dispersal on cargo. At least 6 separate introductions into California in the past 66 years.

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Los Angeles 1946 Military cargo ship with 40 tons of salvaged tires from the Philippines. Several contained water. Larvae and adults were collected.

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Oakland 1971 Cargo ship with 460 tons of surplus earthmoving equipment tires from Vietnam. Several contained water. Larvae and pupae detected in one tire. Tires unloaded in Los Angeles by U.S. Public Health Service quarantine officers. Two additional tires with immatures detected.

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Alameda County 1987 Alameda County MAD found one larva in large equipment tires shipped from Hawaii to a used tire dealer in Oakland. No additional specimens were collected in subsequent years suggesting that the species failed to become established.

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Los Angeles County 2001

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Imported from southern China and Taiwan. Shipped in 2-3 inches of water. Containers held about 500 cases with 300 plants in each case. “Lucky Bamboo” (Dracaena spp)

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Orange County 2004 Orange County VCD received complaints of day-biting mosquitoes in late summer Source: 20' boat shipped from Hawaii in July

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Local Response Comprehensive surveillance in and around infested areas. Intensive mosquito control operations. Door-to-door neighborhood inspections. Public education.

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El Monte. L.A. Co., 2011

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September 2, 2011

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Through October 4 th, 2011

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Through October 27 th, 2011

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What We Know or Don’t… Mosquito DNA linked to China and not the Texas form. How did it get there? Resident said she had been bitten for “several years”. What is the extent of the infestation? Will winter have any effect on the population? Diapause. Can we eradicate the infestation?

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Introduced Vector Survival Nature abhors a vacuum: As territory opens to them, vectors will move. As temperature warms, vectors previously held in check by temperature will move north or will survive introduction. Immunologically naïve populations will be exposed to novel disease agents.

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Responding to Possible Climate Change Identify potentially vulnerable populations. Maintain awareness of other changes that could interact with climate changes to result in emerging disease risks. Measures to reduce the spread of disease or disease vectors and hosts. Review, evaluate and prepare countermeasures (vaccines, therapeutic agents, insecticides, etc.).

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Summary Vector-Borne Disease Section: Who we are and what we do. Climate change and its potential effects. Dengue virus. Aedes albopictus introduction and consequences. How climate change, disease and insects intersect.