Flavonoids have been shown to be effective in protecting against age-related

Flavonoids have been shown to be effective in protecting against age-related cognitive and motor decline in both and models. p46 and p54 users CC-401 of JNK family. CC-401 Moreover Aβ1?42 raises AP-1 DNA binding activity in THP-1-treated cells. Interestingly all these effects were reduced in the presence of BJe. Our data show that BJe may effectively counteract the pro-inflammatory activation of monocytes/microglial cells exposed to amyloid fibrils suggesting a promising role as a natural drug against neuroinflammatory processes. In recent years much attention has been paid to the neuroprotective effects of flavonoids which have been shown to be effective in protecting against both age-related cognitive and motor decline Risso & Poiteau (bergamot) is an endemic herb of the Calabria region (Italy) cultivated along the southern coast. It has long been utilized for the extraction of its essential oil from the fruit peel mainly used in both perfume industry and aromatherapy4 and lately investigated for its anticancer5 6 and neuroprotective effects7. Bergamot juice (BJ) Mouse monoclonal antibody to DsbA. Disulphide oxidoreductase (DsbA) is the major oxidase responsible for generation of disulfidebonds in proteins of E. coli envelope. It is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily. DsbAintroduces disulfide bonds directly into substrate proteins by donating the disulfide bond in itsactive site Cys30-Pro31-His32-Cys33 to a pair of cysteines in substrate proteins. DsbA isreoxidized by dsbB. It is required for pilus biogenesis. obtained by squeezing the endocarp of the fruits has been considered for long time just a byproduct until different studies revealed its beneficial effect on human health. In this regard we recently exhibited that BJ reduced signaling pathways related to proliferation adhesion and migration of malignancy cells both model14 suggesting a possible role in treating inflammatory processes because its favorable balance between security and efficacy15. Finally very recently BJe has shown its potential as antioxidant16 and antimicrobial agent17. Clear evidence demonstrates that this mechanisms responsible for the transduction and amplification of inflammatory responses contribute to the development of neurotoxicity. Hallmarks of chronic inflamed tissues are the presence of an increased quantity of monocytes as well as monocyte-derived tissue macrophages that can be referred to microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)18. Chronic immune activation brought on by different stimuli can be considered a common feature of chronic neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). AD is characterized by the presence of reactive microglia around senile plaques abundant intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and progressive loss of neurons in the brains of affected patients19. The plaques are primarily composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide fibrils put together by non-covalent polymerization of Aβ monomers that derive from the enzymatic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP)20. Noteworthy Aβ peptides drive cerebral neuroinflammation by activating microglia and astrocytes which in turn promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines the activation of the match cascade and the induction of inflammatory enzyme systems21. The accumulation of Aβ is usually thought to be an early and perhaps necessary feature of AD19. The predominant forms of Aβ are the (1-40) and (1-42) fragments. These latter are the major constituent of senile plaques and are present in minor amounts in the blood circulation22. In AD the presence of monocytes/macrophages in the blood vessel walls and activated microglial cells in the brain parenchyma has been associated with increased deposition of Aβ within the brain23. However there is evidence that Aβ deposition initiates a microglia-mediated inflammatory response that culminates in neuronal loss and cognitive decline in AD24. Given that flavonoids were shown to display protective effects against both pro-oxidant and inflammatory stimuli in this study we evaluated the ability of BJe to modulate Aβ1-42-mediated pro-inflammatory activation of THP-1 monocytes. Results In order to assess time-dependent effects of fibrillar Aβ1?42 around the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines THP-1 cells were incubated over a 24?h period in the presence or absence of 0.5?μM Aβ1?42. In Aβ-treated cells there was a rapid increase of TNF-α mRNA transcript level that peaked at 2?h and rapidly declined by 6?h reaching the basal levels after 16?h of incubation. The mRNA transcript levels of both IL-1β and IL-6 increased in parallel in the presence of Aβ1?42 and peaked at 6?h remaining high until 24?h of incubation (Fig. 1a). Physique 1 Cytokine gene expression in THP-1 monocytes exposed to different amyloid peptides. Cytokine CC-401 up-regulation was a specific effect of fibrillar Aβ1?42 as CC-401 demonstrated by the parallel treatment with.

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