McCain, Johnin full John Sidney McCain III ( born Aug. 29, 1936 , Panama Canal ZoneAmerican politician who has served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–87) and the U.S. Senate (1987– ) and is known as an advocate of campaign finance reform and an opponent of “pork-barrel” government spending. A member of the Republican Party, he nonetheless has taken independent stances on many issues.

The son and grandson of U.S. Navy admirals, McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958 and then served in the navy as a pilot. In 1967, during the Vietnam War, his plane was shot down over Hanoi, and he was captured by the North Vietnamese. McCain endured torture and years of solitary confinement until his release in 1973. Having earned a number of service awards, including the Silver Star and the Legion of Merit, he retired from the Navy in 1981.

He entered politics in Arizona and was elected in 1982 to the U.S. House of Representatives. After serving two terms, he successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1986; he was reelected in 1992, 1998, and 2004. Despite his years in captivity in Vietnam, McCain was an outspoken advocate of restoring diplomatic relations with that country, arguing that normal ties would facilitate a full accounting of the fate of American servicemen declared missing in action during the war. In 1995 McCain applauded Democratic President Bill Clinton for establishing a U.S. embassy in Hanoi, though many other Republicans opposed the move.

A number of Republicans also resisted McCain’s efforts on behalf of campaign finance reform. Nevertheless, his work in that area culminated in 2002 with the passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. Sponsored by McCain and Democratic Senator Russell Feingold, the measure banned national political parties from raising “soft money” (contributions that are not limited by federal election laws because they are not intended for individual candidates). McCain continued his reform efforts by sponsoring legislation that would restrict pork-barrel government spending—i.e., appropriations for projects in the home districts of sponsoring members, usually designed to curry favour with constituents, that may be inserted (as “earmarks”) into pending legislation and passed without examination. He also publicized examples of pork-barrel spending on his Senate Web site.

In 2000, promising “straight talk” and extensive government reform, McCain ran for the Republican presidential nomination. Despite winning the country’s first primary election, in New Hampshire, as well as a number of other primaries, he ultimately lost the nomination to George W. Bush. Although McCain differed from prominent Republicans on such issues as campaign finance reform, a patients’ bill of rights, and regulation of the tobacco industry, he remained an influential representative of mainstream party positions in many other areas, as reflected in his strong support for the war in Iraq. He was frequently mentioned by Republican leaders as a possible presidential candidate for In 2007 McCain announced that he would seek the Republican presidential nomination in 2008.

McCain has coauthored several books on his experiences and values. They include Faith of My Fathers (1999), Worth the Fighting For: A Memoir (2002), and Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life (2004).