An Unpublished Letter of M.A. Bakunin to R. Solger

[presented by] Robert M. Cutler

[Originally published in International Review of Social History 33, no. 2 (1988):
212–217. See colophon at bottom of page for copyright and reprint information.]

[Introductory Remarks]

After Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin escaped from Siberian exile in 1861, he circumnavigated the
globe en route to London, where he joined his friends A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev. En route Bakunin
travelled by boat from Yokohama to San Francisco, traversed the isthmus of Panama, and sojourned in New York and
Boston before reembarking for England. Four decades ago Hecht wrote that there “is little record of
Bakunin’s stay in America,”[1] but Avrich has since established the
general contours and many details of that
record.[2]

An unpublished letter of Bakunin to Reinhold Solger, which lies among Solger’s papers in the
Library of Congress, sheds further light on Bakunin’s activities in the United States in late 1861.[3] Bakunin met Solger in Zürich in 1843,

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and a letter from Bakunin to Solger dated 14 October 1844 has already been published.[4] After a short stay in Philadelphia upon arrival in the United States, Solger
moved to Boston for several years before settling finally in New York. He was therefore able to put Bakunin in touch
with progressive circles in Boston, which is the city of the letter’s origin.

We learn from the present letter that in Boston Bakunin met the elder Josiah Quincy, a former
president of Harvard whose grandson Josiah P. Quincy was one of the Boston literati who sponsored
Solger’s lecture series on contemporary European affairs. Also we learn that in Boston Bakunin saw Karol
Forster, another old acquaintance from the early 1840s in Paris. Although Forster’s name does not appear in
Bakunin’s correspondence from that time, Forster’s published writings show that he moved in the same
émigré community centered on the neighborhood of the Palais-Royal.[5] It is

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not clear whether Solger and Forster met in Paris at this time, but they did encounter one another
during the revolutions of 1848–49, when the latter was in the camp of General Mieroslawski, for whom Solger
served as translator and interpreter.[6] We do not know why Forster should have
been travelling through Boston at this time, but the remarkable coincidence of Bakunin’s meeting with him (no
doubt through Snelling, whom Avrich describes as "an avid partisan of Polish emancipation"[7]) must be accounted a simple matter of course in his remarkable life: in Yokohama, after having
left Siberia, Bakunin ran into his old comrade Wilhelm Heine from the Dresden insurrection;[8] and in Boston, an Austrian officer who had conveyed Bakunin to prison from the Prague court
house after he had been condemned to death, encountered him on the premises of his friend Kennard’s business.[9]

This letter is dated 29 November 1861, a Friday. From New York upon his arrival the following
Tuesday, 3 December, Bakunin wrote to London a letter addressed to Herzen and Ogarev that was signed also by Solger,
who had known Herzen in Paris the 1840s, and by Friedrich Kapp, Solger’s longtime friend and associate then in
New York, who had been tutor to Herzen’s son and was also himself a German ’forty-eighter.[10]

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Reproduced from the Collections of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress

Translation

My dear [friend] – I am coming only on Monday evening, but for
sure, and on Tuesday I will have the pleasure of greeting you – I am quite pleased to have been in Boston, it
is a good city – Today I have been to see your old, very old friend Forster[d] – Half blind, totally deaf, altogether fragile, he still projects a dynamic spirit
– Quincy[e] likewise – My dearest [friend], if it is possible,
arrange for me to see Bötcher[f] somewhere in New York – I am very
interested in the man, and I hear that he is your friend – The butterfly Snelling[g] is kindness personified, and Kennard[h] is a dynamic and
noble soul.

[Note 2]. Paul Avrich, “Bakunin and the United
States,” International Review of Social History, XXIV (1979), pp. 320–40, adds new material
to Max Nettlau’s account of Bakunin’s passage through the United States, in The Life of Michael
Bakounine. Michael Bakunin: Eine Biographie, 3 vols in 2 (London, 1896–99), 1, pp. 139–40.
Avrich also expands upon Hecht’s treatment (which is from the standpoint of intellectual history) of the
sojourn’s influence upon the subsequent development of Bakunin’s political thought, and he provides
a detailed discussion of the influence of Bakunin’s writings upon the development of collectivist
socialist movements in the United States towards the end of the nineteenth century. The fullest reminiscence of
Bakunin’s sojourn in Boston by a contemporary is the memoir of Martin P. Kennard, “A Russian
Anarchist Visits Boston in 1861: Text of an Account Written Some Twenty Years After, Edited by O.
Handlin,” New England Quarterly, XV (1942), pp. 104–9. Kennard gave Bakunin, as a parting
gift, an autograph of George Washington. Later in the decade Bakunin in turn presented this to a sister who
visited him in Italy, and it lies now in a Soviet archive: see B.P. Koz′min (ed.), Gertsen, Ogarev i
ikh okruzhenie: Rukopisi, perepiska i dokumenty, compiled by L.E. Barsukova et al., Biulleten′
Gosudarstvennogo literaturnogo muzeia 5 (Moscow, 1940), p. 24.

[Note 3]. M. Bakunin to R. Solger, 29 November 1861,
Reinhold Solger Papers, Box 1, Folder “Correspondence 1854-1867,” Library of Congress, Manuscript
Division, Washington, D.C. Reinhold Solger (1817–1866) was born in Stettin, Prussia, and prepared for an
academic career through study in Halle and Greifswald. He fled to Switzerland following the defeat of the
revolutionary army in Baden in 1848 which he had joined, and went to the United States in 1853. In the United
States, Solger won prizes for a poem in honor of Schiller at the 1859 centenary and for a novel on
German-American life; he delivered the Lowell Lectures at Harvard in both 1857 and 1859. Much of his income was
derived from public lecture series and international-affairs journalism. Thus a journalist, novelist, poet, and
gifted public speaker, Solger devoted his considerable talents to the cause of the Union against the Confederacy
and on behalf of Abraham Lincoln’s party. In recognition of this, the latter appointed him Assistant
Registrar of the U.S. Treasury.

[Note 4].
The 1844 letter first appeared in Russian
translation, in M.A. Bakunin, Sobranie sochinenii i pisem, edited by Iu. M. Steklov, 4 vols (Moscow,
1934–36), 3, pp. 236–38. (Steklov planned to publish a complete twelve-volume edition of
Bakunin’s Sobranie sochinenii i pisem but was prevented from this by enthusiasts of the Stalin
school of historiography, who exiled him to the West Siberian labor camp where he died. Volumes 5 and 6, which
had been prepared for the printer in Moscow in the mid-1930s, were suppressed before publication, and work in
progress on subsequent volumes halted. According to an archivist formerly employed at a major Moscow library,
all these materials should lie in the currently closed archive of the Izdatel′stvo vsesoiuznogo
obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl′no-poselentsev, which is conserved in the Tsentral′nyi
gosudarstvennyi arkhiv oktiabr′skoi revoliutsii and for which an index exists in the form of an
unpublished diplomnaia rabota defended by a certain Aleksandr Iakushkin at the Moskovskii
gosudarstvennyi istorik-arkhivnyi institut in or about 1966.) The original German text of Bakunin’s 1844
letter to Solger has been published, with a useful commentary, by Edmund Silberner, “Über einige
unveröffentlichte Briefe Bakunins,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, VIII
(1960), pp. 79–82.

[Note 5]. However, he had little sympathy for its more
radical circles. In Charles de Forster, Du Royaume à l’Empire (1848–1852): Études
politiques et philosophiques (Paris, 1854), pp. 108, 176–78, 264, 285, he criticized
Feuerbach’s adepts, equated socialism with anarchism, and attacked Proudhon’s espousal of atheism.
Forster preferred the existence of any authority to its absence, and monarchy to any other form of authority.
Acknowledging that "Russia represents the monarchical principle in all its integrity," he counted upon
it for the possibility of reconstituting a Polish state consonant with his own political preferences, including
first and foremost the guarantee of aristocratic privileges. See France et Europe: Six lettres tirées
du portefeuille d’un homme politique (Berlin, 1849), pp. 18, 36, 46–48, 55–56,
71–72, and esp. p. 64; quotation at p. 62. This anonymously published brochure is attributed to Forster
in Karol Estreicher (ed.), Bibliografia polska XIX stulecia, 2d ed., 12 vols by 1979, (Kraków,
1959– ), 7, pp. 173–74; and also at p. iv of “Wydawnictwo polskie w Berline,”
an advertising postface to Sprawa polska ze stanowiska europejskiego, compiled with a preface by Karol
Forster, Teka Narodowa, Pisma historyczno-politiczne 2 (Berlin, 1872). In this 1872 publication Forster also
reprinted, in Polish translation, Bakunin’s long 1862 article "Russkim, Pol′skim i vsiem
slavianskim druz′iam," originally published as a Supplement to Kolokol, nos. 122–23
(15 February 1862), pp. 1021–28, apparently using the French translation of the brochure as the basis for
the Polish translation. Compare M.A. Bakounine, À mes amis russes et polonais (Leipzig, 1862);
and M.A. Bakunin, "Do moich przyjaciól Rosyan i Polaków," in Sprawa polska ze
stanowiska europejskiego, pp. 138–51. For Forster’s criticism of that program, see his
“Do czytelnika,” in ibid., pp. ix–x.