Renewable energy, for example, is a crucial part of every national and international strategy for curbing emissions, including plans to promote biofuels. However, rising ethanol production has been linked to losses of grassland habitats, while booming demand for palm oil, some of which is turned into biodiesel, is fuelling the clearance of biodiverse-rich forests across south-east Asia.

'Although the notion that converting tropical forests and grasslands to biofuel crops will generally decrease net carbon emissions has been debunked, reducing GHG emissions remains an oft-invoked justification for expanding biofuel production into these habitats,' says the study.

It also highlights the damage caused by hydropower projects like China's Three Gorges Dam, which destroyed many biodiverse mountain habitats in central China as well as creating further pressure on biodiversity as new areas were cleared to support displaced agriculture.Mass migration

In other examples, the authors say historic responses to climatic changes have led to 'increased exploitation' of natural ecosystems.

Reconstruction following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 damaged ecosystems in Indonesia through un-corodinated sand and gravel extraction, increased logging, and siting of new housing in biodiverse habitats. And drought-fuelled migrations in Burkina Faso in the late 20th century led to huge areas of forest and savanna being converted to cropland and a 50 per cent loss of natural vegetation in some areas.

The report says one fifth of the world’s remaining tropical forests lie within 50km of human populations that could be inundated if sea levels rise by 1m. These forests would make attractive sources of fuel-wood, building materials, food and other key resources and would be likely to attract a population forced to migrate by rising sea levels.Biodiversity to lose out

The study authors say that policymakers - particularly in less industrialised countries where there is a lack of financial resources to adapt - will increasingly face difficult decisions between mitigation and adaptation efforts and biodiversity.

'Climate is already changing, and governments and people are already implementing measures to mitigate emissions and, to a minor extent, to adapt to a new and different world... we must, however, ensure that these responses do not compromise the biodiversity and ecosystem services upon which societies ultimately depend,' they conclude.

'We cannot continue living as we are living and maintaining consumption levels as we do while making changes for example switching to biofuels, which will have knock-on effects that we will only realise further down the line.