In my thesis I would like to present the main theories and perspectives on postcolonialism in literature. There were already a lot of theories written on this subject. Therefore, I do not want to only present these theories but also find their main ideas in practice. It means applying them on literary works that are said to be part of the postcolonial literature. For this practical part I have chosen two authors – Salman Rushdie and Zadie Smith. I have deliberately chosen these two because they differ in many aspects. To begin with, their country of origin is different. Rushdie comes from India (Pakistan) where he was born and then moved to Britain. Zadie Smith was already born in Britain and “only” one of her parents is Jamaican. Even though Rushdie was born in India, it was only in 1947 – the same year India gained its independence; we cannot say that he had a first-hand experience of colonialism. Concerning this aspect we can assign both of them to the second generation of postcolonial authors – those who have not lived in the former colonies for part (or most) of their lives. However, there is an age difference of twenty six years between them. It means that they have lived through different political, cultural and social events in Britain; thus the question is if the issues and topics they dwell on differ as well. Also their rendering or approach to the problems varies. When talking about Zadie Smith’s White Teeth, it was said that she has written not only a postcolonial novel with an influence of Rushdie but also a typical English novel dealing with social classes and politics of the 1980s in Britain. On the other hand, Rushdie’s novels...

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...Post-Structuralism
Post-structuralism is a continuation and simultaneous rejection of structuralism – not only literary structuralism but even more so the anthropological structuralism of Levi-Strauss (Bertens, 2008: 93).
* Post-structuralist thought has discovered the essentially unstable nature of signification. The sign is not so much a unit with two sides as a momentary ‘fix’ between two moving layers. Saussure had recognized that signifier and signified are two separate systems, but he did not see how unstable units of meaning can be when the systems come together (Selden &amp; Widdowson, 1997: 151).
* In view of post-structuralism, each of the signifieds becomes yet another signifier which can be traced in the dictionary with its own array of signifieds (1997: 151).
Assumptions of Post-Structuralism
* Derrida assumes that language is inherently unreliable. Language operates on the basis of differentiation. What enables words to refer to whatever they refer to is their difference from other words, not a direct link to their so-called referents (Bertens, 2008: 96).
* Every single word contains traces of other words – theoretically of all the other words in the language system. For example: the word ‘red’ may have a completely different meaning in the words ‘red rose’, which means ‘love’ while in traffic lights, red means ‘stop’. The red of traffic lights, then carries the...

...differences between Portuguese rule and local authority in Colonial Brazil
The discovery of Brazil came about in the first half of 1500, when a Portuguese commander named Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on a beach in what is now the state of Bahia. King Manuel of Portugal had commissioned an ocean fleet larger than any of its predecessors, able to carry over a thousand people, and had then offered Cabral the caravels so he could set off with an experienced crew and head to the East Indies. The king expected great riches, since just a year before Vasco da Gama, another Portuguese explorer, had travelled to India and back and brought with him many exotic goods that had marvelled the court.
Almost as soon as Cabral’s fleet set out to sea, however, the lead ship, commanded by Cabral himself, swung off course and into the Atlantic, sailing westwards. Cabral and his crew eventually reached the Brazilian coast. The fleet’s scribe, Pero Vaz de Caminha, wrote to King Manuel depicting a realm in which endless resources were available for the taking, and described the native people they encountered. The Portuguese crew preferred to solidify trade rather than impose formal political authority over the Indians they came across, and soon were trading simple objects such as hair combs and mirrors for precious metals such as gold.
For the first thirty years after its discovery, Brazil was treated as merely another set of trading posts. Portugal had the...

...African tribes, who were captured and traded by African coastal tribes. These slaves were branded and bound and tightly packed into large ships (Doc D) which made the "middle passage" journey. Death rates on these gargantuan ships were as high as 20 percent, and horrified survivors were put almost immediately into auction, upon arrival in the colonies. In the decade after 1700, nearly ten thousand Africans were brought to America, and many more in the next half-century. By 1750, slaves had accounted for nearly half the population of colonial Virginia. Slaves in the Virginia colony had a relatively easy job. Tobacco wasn't a very physically demanding crop and they were permitted close contact with their family and friends. In Virginia these slaves, although sometimes harshly treated, helped benefit the economic needs of the large Chesapeake plantation region.
It is apparent that the tobacco industry and its labor force helped jump-start the colonial Virginia economy. The colonists developed both a social and economical dependence on the tobacco industry. The Virginians became prosperous due to indentured servant and slave labor, and gradually developed into an established colony. With the success of the tobacco industry and its subsequent workers, Virginia was able to transform from an agonized colony, to a powerful, prosperous one....

...Post is a governmental owned postal service operation. It is responsible for all Australia’s world wide delivery as part of its community service obligation. Post Master General Department was established in 1901 on the federation of Australia as part of Australia’s government. In the later years, Post Master General Department (PMG) was separated into two different sectors which consist of the Australian Telecommunications Commission which is to handle the telecommunication sectors and also Australian Postal Commission which handles all the postal services under the trading name of Australia Post in 1975. In addition to that later in 1989 the Australian Government later introduced a new legislation to corporatize all its commercial enterprise. And so with this has made Australia Post into becoming a government business enterprise (GBE). By becoming a governmental business enterprise Australia Post has its own Board of Directors still but then is required to act commercially and also has to report everything concern to a Minister responsible.
After that in 1992, Post then started to introduce Retailed Post to developed post offices into more retail based stores concept. Then in 1995, Giro Post was introduced by Post as part of a range of financial transaction utility which allows customers to do all their utility bill...

...A post box (British English and others, also written postbox, known in the United States and Canada as collection box, mailbox, post box, or drop box) is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a country's postal service. The term post box can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail.
Contents [hide]
1 History of post boxes
1.1 Europe
1.2 Asia
1.3 North America
2 Types of post boxes
3 Clearance
4 Terrorism and political vandalism
5 Colours
6 Symbols
7 Gallery of post boxes from around the world
8 See also
9 References and sources
9.1 Notes
9.2 Sources
10 External links
History of post boxes[edit]
Lamp box mounted next to a sewer gas destructor lamp in Crookes, Sheffield, England.
Europe[edit]
In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in and around Paris.[1] By 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France.[2] The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842.[3]
A post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain.[4] It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum.[citation needed]
In the British Isles the first red pillar post boxes were erected in...

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The Huffington Post
Abstract
This paper discusses the growing success of The Huffington Post. The online publisher has become a prominent online news source over the years and this paper examines the success, while relating The Huffington Post’s strategy to common marketing analysis tools such as the Porter Five Force Analysis, as well as discussing four different revenue models for online publishers.
The Huffington Post
In May 2005, the Huffington Post was founded by political activist Arianna Huffington, former AOL executive Kenneth Lerer and Jonah Peretti. The site focuses on political and cultural events and is supported by a large number of bloggers. The website is free to users and generates revenue through advertisements. Many different celebrities and politicians contribute to The Huffington Post, such as John Cusack, Bill Richardson, and John Kerry. Arianna Huffington is the editor in chief of The Huffington Post and is also a frequent blogger on the website.
While the site has thousands of posts with original content, it also borrows and reposts articles from other outlets in order to drive traffic. In fact, The Huffington Post was one of the first news sites to act as a aggregator for its readers...

...The Evolution of the Post and Lintel Structural System
The post and lintel structural system, more commonly known today as post and beam, is a construction method used to hold the weight of a building through the use of two or more upright posts that support the horizontal beam/lintel that spans between them. This technique has been used for centuries and is still seen today. When this system was first put into place it was solely for structural support, but as time moved forward, we see a shift in its purpose as stylistic features are often added by different cultures that borrowed this technique. While reading through the chapters, I realized the changes made to the structural system began as a basis of construction and ended with the Romans who turned this support into art.
Catal Huyuk, located in present day Turkey, was one of the first known urban communities that started around 6500 BCE and served as a trading town. This community was packed tight with dwelling houses, workshops, and shrines. There was no usage of streets to access the buildings and instead pedestrians traveled along the rooftops and entered through openings in the walls. In order to define one space from another, the residents used a timber post and lintel system and mud-brick walls to define ones rectangular spaced home. By doing this they have created one large perimeter wall that encompasses their entire community.
In...

...Running Head: IMPRESSIONIST AND POST IMPRESSIONIST ART 1
Impressionist and Post Impressionist Art
Roger Waters
Florida State University
IMPRESSIONIST AND POST IMPRESSIONIST ART 2
Abstract
The art movement known as Impressionism began in the 19th century with a group of artists in Paris repelling from the traditional art of the period and its severe rules. (Impressionism.info, 2005). Through the 1870s and 1880s, they exhibited their art independently receiving bitter criticism from the prevailing art community of the time in France. The name “Impressionism” was coined by art critic Louis Leroy in a scathing review of Claude Monet’s Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise) in the newspaper Le Charivari. (Wikipedia, 2012). Impressionist artists were seen as radical. They strayed from the conventional art of the time by painting landscapes, still life, portraits and scenes of modern life, with colors loosely brushed and unstructured contours and lines. They also painted outside, allowing a different perspective of light. The interaction of light was given priority. Details were inconsequential, small brief brush strokes of mixed and unmingled pure color were used to give the overall impression of vibrant, impassioned hues. (Wikipedia, 2012).
The Academie des...