Consider systemic and socio-cultural issues in a counselling case study Family context and wider socio-cultural influences are widely recognised in counselling and psychology as major contributory factors that help to shape the way people think, perceive and feel about themselves, their relationships and the way things are in their society (Barker, 2010; Vossler, 2010). Importantly, Barker (2010) points out the dichotomous socio-cultural divisions that are prevalent within most modern societies. These divisions can be seen to reflect the dominant ideals that are considered the ‘norm’ or ‘normal’ within a society and what is considered anomalous with the norm; for example, man/woman, cisgender/transgender, straight/gay etc. Furthermore, Barker (2010) suggests that those existing within the norm are generally considered as more privileged which leads to the formation of hierarchies and major inequalities of power. Therefore, those existing outside the cultural norm are often stigmatised and marginalised by society and resultantly, this can often lead to emotional difficulties such as the onset of fear and sadness (Barker, 2010). However, as Barker (2010) points out it is also important to note that many people, such as those of ‘mixed race’ etc, exist between the divisions and thus tend to experience discrimination from ‘both sides’ of the dichotomy. This essay will explore the potential affects of these socio-cultural issues, upon a fictional case study of a bi-sexual transsexual female. In addition, it will do so from a systemic standpoint and outline some possible counselling approaches and methods that may help to moderate any ingrained patterns of negative/problematic behaviour.

Firstly, the details of the fictional case study to be examined for this essay are as follows: Tina is a 43 year old bisexual transsexual female. She was brought up as an only child in rural Lincolnshire. Tina’s father died of cancer when she was very young, leaving her mother to bring her up as a ‘single’ parent. Tina moved to London when she was 18 to ‘escape’ what she calls ‘the narrow-mindedness of village gossips’. At the age of 30 Tina finally underwent surgery to become a ‘real man’. Although this lifted her mood initially she now feels insecure about her identity status. Tina is currently unemployed and living alone on state benefits in an inner city housing estate. She has been referred to counselling by her doctor to whom she presented with symptoms of depression and anxiety. In her first session of counselling Tina explained how she is increasingly frightened to leave her flat for fear of verbal abuse from the people on her estate and also complete strangers. She stated that when she is out, particularly when she sees groups of teenagers, often the anxiety becomes so extreme that she freezes and suffers from panic attacks. Tina also said that her fear of leaving the flat has led her to stay indoors for days at a time making her feeling lonely and distressed.

Tina is also sad because she feels that her bisexuality has been off putting to many potential long-term partners and as such has only ever experienced brief sexual encounters with members of both sexes. Tina really feels as though she has never really ‘fitted in’ and that she has always experienced difficulty in establishing any secure relationships with others. Both men and women are often unsure of her femininity, as despite surgery and hormone therapy, to her distaste she still retains many masculine features. She further described how even as a child her femininity led to her being bullied at school; she also liked to play with dolls and dress up in girls clothes, although her mother was always horrified to find her doing so. Her mother has little to do with her now as she says she feels deeply ashamed of Tina. Her mother also refuses to accept Tina’s new female identity and still continues to call her by her birth name, John.

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...Student notes
For the third assignment you need to provide a fictional case study of a counselling client with issues relating to fear and sadness, and then consider how their individual problems might be located in their family system relationships and the social context in which they are embedded. Your case study should focus on the family and relationships of the client, and sociocultural issues such as culture, race, gender and sexuality. In the guidance here we have given an example fictional client (Tom). However you must not use the same fictional client in your own assignment. This example just gives you an idea of the kind of thing we are looking for in TMA 03.
The relevant material for this assignment is in Weeks 13 and 14 of the Module Guide and Chapters 9 and 10 of the textbook. You will find the introduction of Chapter 9 particularly useful in helping you to recognise how important the family is. Section 9.2, ‘Development and fundamentals of systemic counselling and psychotherapy’ and Section 9.4, ‘Getting 'stuck': a systemic understanding of fear and sadness' of Chapter 9 are also helpful in explaining the role of families and other systems in fear and sadness. When thinking about how you would work with the client as counsellor you might want to draw on Section 9.3, ‘Systemic counselling and psychotherapy today’, and Section 9.5, ‘Working systemically with fear and sadness’, both in Chapter 9. From Chapter 10 you may draw on the sections on race and...

...﻿Ideas of social justice are both changeable and contestable. These ideas differ between individuals and societies. The term social justice is ambiguous but can briefly be summed up as - social justice involves having the capabilities to voice feelings and opinions but also for these to be heard. To do so, there has to be an active participation within society in order to shape it. In short, social justice focuses on the individual and their values and beliefs. Social harm refers to the harm or social injury caused by nation states, corporations and society. It focuses on particular actions within society that may cause unrest such racism, discrimination, inequality or poverty because these actions produce social exclusion for certain groups. To assess the connection between social harm and social justice it is important to look at many of the key concepts surrounding both. This will be done through case studies surrounding occupational harm specifically the migrant workers working at Morecambe Bay, the effects of hurricane Katrina and the rise of tent cities in California. Each of these examples will show how the notion of social harm is in many ways, entwined with ideas of social justice.
Occupational injuries and deaths are becoming a major social problem globally. This type of harm is a significant source of personal suffering (Widdowson, p81). Many multinational companies have taken their manufacturing work to third world countries to exploit the...

...Milgrams’ study of obedience and its relevance to the conduct of soldiers at war
Summary
The armed forces rely on orders being given through the chain of command and being obeyed unquestioningly. Some of the actions you, as a soldier, may be told to do could go against what you feel is the right thing to do. Would you be able to refuse? Stanley Milgram conducted research to ascertain to what extent people would follow instructions and under what circumstance.
Background
Stanley Milgram pioneered research into obedience, his motivation being the question, does our level of obedience account for the atrocities which mankind exhibits, especially during times of war? Milgram sought to understand this and devised an experiment to find out what levels of obedience occurs in an average man given the right conditions, how much harm will one person inflict on another when told to?
To establish this, an experiment was conducted at Yale University in 1961. A volunteer, one of 40, was instructed by man in authority, wearing a laboratory coat, to administer an electric shock to another presumed volunteer for every incorrect answer to a memory task. The maximum voltage that could be inflicted was a potentially fatal 450 volts. No one predicted that anyone would go that far. Of the 40 volunteers 65% did administer the maximum voltage with the average level being 368 volts. He varied the test to establish if
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...﻿TMA03- PART 1. ASSIGNMENT PLAN
Go through each heading and explain what the table is telling me.
Why would the figure be what it is – for what reason?
TMA03- PART 2. ASSIGNMENT PLAN
INTRODUCTION:
▪ Explain the text given
▪ What is assignment about
▪ What is identification – categories
▪ Phoenix and Pattynama - ref
MAIN PART
▪ Who is Narendra and what does he do
▪ What identities does he have
▪ What are the discourses of visitor to national park and chairmen
▪ Racial & ethnic identities
▪ Unmarked identity – Othering (RACIAL)
CONCLUSION
▪ Where does Narendra’s heart lay – ethnic or both?
TMA03
PART 1: What does this table tell us about the identities of people visiting England’s national parks?
PART 2: What does the following article tell us about the relationship between place and identity?
LAURA DORLING
PI: A9699756
PART ONE
Based on the table provided, it is possible to tell the identities of the people visiting England’s national parks.
Over half of the adults surveyed are over 45 years of age. Older people seem to appreciate places like national parks and if they are retired, they have a lot more time on their hands than people working. This means that younger people are more interested in visiting towns/cities and seaside resorts. Younger people are not educated in the same way and are very driven by what is...

...Essay Plan
1) Read the question - make sure I understand it.
2) Re-read and listen again to appropriate material - make sure to note references and if/where they will be used. Obtain material from external sources
3) Do rough copy of assignment. Make sure it has a beginning, middle and end. Consider what kinds of things affect the throw away society - could this way of thinking be altered?
4) See what could be improved
5) Check word length
6) Re-do if necessary
7) Spell check and word count
8) If satisfied, submit TMA.
Are we a Throw Away Consumer Society?
What are consumers? We are, we all are. We are the final users of both goods and services provided to us. Everything we buy is a form of consumption. How did this affect the throw away society? Once you would have been defined by your job, not by what you could afford to buy. Now, what you can buy and how often you can update the products you use is how we are defined. This is where the start of the throw away society is.
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...OUTLINE THE ARGUMENT THAT RUBBISH IS NOT WORTHLESS
When we discuss rubbish we often think of it as something without value and therefore
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in a consumer society. The global mass consuming generates vast amounts of rubbish that shape
environmentally and economically our society.
Contemporary society it is now describe as a consumer society in so far as identity and status
are acquired and social inclusion. Social integration achieved through participation in consumer
activity.There was a shift from production to consumption, in Buamans terms refers to
increasing consumer activity and consumer choice that is less bound up with career and jobs
but more with lifestyle,consumption and shopping.(online activity 8)Furthermore, later one the
socialist Thorstain Velben argues that people buy things to display their prosperity to others and
make a statements about themselves ­ conspicuous consumption is seen as more important than
occupation, with the services, experience and goods we consume sending all contain signs and
messages to be read by other consumers. ( learning companion 2, 2012, p. 10 ) Inevitably
,from economical point of view, trade­offs bring differences some and inequalities for
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...﻿
TMA 03
B120
08/01/2014
Word count
Part1:916
Part2:174
Total:1143
Customs
Part1 Questions 1A and1B……………………………………………………………………….3
Part1 Questions 2A and 2B………………………………………………………………………4
Part1 Questions 3A and 3B………………………………………………………………………5
Part1 Question 4……………………………………………………………………………………..6
References………………………………………………………………………………………………7
Part2……………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
PART 1
Question 1A
A profit and loss account is supposed to show a businesses’ income and expenditures and calculate the company’s net profit or loss based on the difference between those numbers. It is really useful in determining past performance and to try to predict future results. It allows a business to see what kind of changes can make an improvement on its profit. It also gives enough information to help a business to set targets and form a strategy.
We can learn more from the statement. As it shows the expenses so we can see where the largest expenses are, this can be used to find out the immediate areas to concentrate on when trying to control an expenses.
Question 1B
From looking at the statement I have found a few reasons for concern, the first I would like to point out is that even if the business is making a profit the margin from 2012 to 2013 in far less and has decreased nearly for 32%. This could mean less money to buy materials and pay out the debts. If the same decrease was to happen in...

...TMA 03
TMA 3
1a. Profit and Loss account
A profit and loss account is intended to show a business its income and expenditures and calculate the company’s net profit or loss based upon the difference between those figures. It is extremely useful in determining past performance and to try and predict future results. It enables a business to see what changes could make to improve on its profit. It also give enough information to help a business to set targets.
We can learn more from the statement. As it shows the expenses so we can see clearly see where the largest expenses are, this could then be used to identify the immediate areas to focus on when trying to save on expenses.
Word count 120
1B) The Purpose of a Profit and Loss account
From looking at the statement I have found a few reasons for concern, The first I would like to point out is that even if the business is making a profit the margin from 2011 to 2012 in far less and has decreased dramatically. This could mean less money to reinvest into the business. If the same decrease was to happen in 2013 the business will make no profit and will lose money. Another cause for concern is the amount of money being spent on staff wages. The cost has risen but there is no greater outcome in terms of profit. Lastly from looking at the Cost of goods, there was a combined total of 896,000 for opening stock and purchased, this was far greater in the previous year, this could be that the business...