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A FEW INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED EVERYDAY LIFE Jones was the first person to invent a practical, mechanical refrigeration system for trucks and railroad cars, which eliminated the risk of food spoilage during long- distance shipping trips. The system was, in turn, adapted to a variety of other common carriers, including ships. Elijah McCoy was the first to make a cup that would oil moving parts so that a worker wouldn't have to stop the steam engine and oil the moving parts. The saying THE REAL MCCOY, meaning the real thing has been accredited to Elijah McCoy's invention. ( The theory is that railroad engineers looking to avoid inferior copies would inquire if a locomotive was fitted with "the real McCoy system“)

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A FEW INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED EVERYDAY LIFE Alfred L. Cralle (September 4, 1866–1920) was an African-American from Virginia who became an inventor and businessman in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is best remembered for inventing the ice cream scoop in 1897, a practical design still widely in use over 100 years later. William Purvis of Philadelphia invented and patented improvements to the fountain pen in William Purvis made several improvements to the fountain pen in order to make a "more durable, inexpensive, and better pen to carry in the pocket."

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AFRICAN AMERICAN PIONEERS

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George Washington Carver ( ) American scientist, educator, humanitarian, and former slave. Carver developed hundreds of products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, pecans, and soybeans; his discoveries greatly improved the agricultural output and the health of Southern farmers.

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Russell Conwell Center Office of Senior Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies Are you smarter than the RCC Staff? Come test your knowledge against the BEST! February 28, N. Broad St, Rm :00 - 2:00 pm THE FIRST BLOOD BANK Charles R. Drew’s research in the field of blood transfusions, developed improved techniques for blood storage. His expert knowledge was instrumental in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II

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First successful open heart surgery operation Dr. Daniel Hale Williams born in 1856 in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, the fifth of eight children made history by performing the first successful open heart surgery operation.

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► Armstrong, Louis “Satchmo” (Daniel Louis Armstrong), 1901–1971, American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer, and band leader. ► Berry, Chuck (Charles Edward Anderson Berry), 1926-, American rock music, guitarist, singer and songwriter. ► Berry Gordy, In 1959 he founded the Motown Record Corporation. The early hit-makers included: the Supremes, the Four Tops, the Temptations, and Martha and the Vandellas and the Jackson 5. ► Holiday, Billie, , American singer. Her birth name was Eleanora Fagan. She sang with many famous jazz musicians. She died at a an early age and the movie “Lady Sings the Blues” is based on her life. Black Musicians

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IMPORTANT DATES IN TIME

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DATES TO REMEMBER JANUARY 1, 1863 JANUARY 1, 1863 ◦ The Emancipation Proclamation issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln was signed during the American Civil War under his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced. DECEMBER 6, 1865 DECEMBER 6, 1865 ◦ The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, APRIL 3, 1944 APRIL 3, 1944 ◦ The Supreme Court rules in Smith v. Allwright that “White primaries” could not exclude Black voters. MAY 17, 1954 MAY 17, 1954 ◦ In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court outlaws segregation in the public school system. Landmark Brown v. Board of Education Topeka decision sounded death knell for legal segregation in the United States.

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Russell Conwell Center Office of Senior Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies Are you smarter than the RCC Staff? Come test your knowledge against the BEST! February 28, N. Broad St, Rm :00 - 2:00 pm Russell Conwell Center Office of Senior Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies Are you smarter than the RCC Staff? Come test your knowledge against the BEST! February 28, N. Broad St, Rm :00 - 2:00 pm Russell Conwell Center Office of Senior Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies Are you smarter than the RCC Staff? Come test your knowledge against the BEST! February 28, N. Broad St, Rm :00 - 2:00 pm MORE DATES TO REMEMBER DECEMBER 5, 1955 DECEMBER 5, 1955 ◦ Historic bus boycott begins in Montgomery, Alabama. Rosa Parks sparked the boycott when she refused to give her bus seat to a White man. The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was elected president of the boycott organization. SEPTEMBER 25, 1957 SEPTEMBER 25, 1957 ◦ Nine Little Rock, Arkansas, schoolchildren are escorted to Central High School by federal troops, ending efforts to thwart court Ordered integration. AUGUST 28, 1963 AUGUST 28, 1963 ◦ 25,000 people participate in the March on Washington, the biggest civil rights demonstration ever. This is where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous speech “I Have a Dream.” MARCH 21, 1965 MARCH 21, 1965 ◦ Thousands of marchers, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and protected by federal troops, complete the first leg of the Selma-to Montgomery march.

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MORE DATES TO REMEMBER FEBRUARY 21, 1965 FEBRUARY 21, 1965 ◦ Malcolm X {Malcolm Little} charismatic Black nationalist leader, is assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem. Three Blacks were later convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. APRIL 4, 1968 APRIL 4, 1968 ◦ Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated by a James Earl Ray in Memphis. The assassination triggered a national crisis with rioting in more than 100 cities and calls for racial renewal and repentance. President Johnson declared a day of mourning. Note: James Earl Ray died April 23, NOVEMBER 2, 1983 NOVEMBER 2, 1983 ◦ President Ronald Reagan signs a bill designating the third Monday in January of each year as a federal holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Millions celebrated the first holiday on January 20, 1986.