Abbot Kinney Pier

Revised April 6, 1998

Since a pleasure or fishing pier was an important attraction for
every seaside resort built at the turn of the century, Abbot Kinney gave it
a high priority in his design specifications. It was one of the first of two
construction contracts awarded once the Boston landscape architect's designs
arrived in Southern California.

Venice of America's initial plans in 1904 called for a 900 foot long,
30 foot wide pleasure pier at the foot of Windward Avenue. The pier would
feature a Casino and Bandstand Tower at the inland end of the pier, a Ship's
Hotel that would resemble an ocean liner permanently docked beside the
pier and an 3500 seat Auditorium to be used for the Venice Assembly.

Construction began on the pier in September 1904 and the contractor
completed the main deck in November. He then began driving the pilings for
the Casino and Auditorium. The buildings were nearly completed when two
fierce winter storms in February and March 1905 destroyed the pier and its
buildings. The beach was one vast pile of driftwood. Damage was $50,000.

Kinney gave the task of completing the pier and its buildings in
time for the July 4th opening his highest priority. He purchased all 600
available piles in San Pedro, brought in four pile drivers, and put his men
to work on day and night shifts. He also decided to lengthen the pier
several hundred feet to the site of his $100,000 stone breakwater that he
hoped would protect his pier from further storm damage.

Construction of the Abbot Kinney Pier at the foot of Windward Avenue. - June 1905

Pier construction reached the site of his breakwater the first week
of May. By the time they began framing the pier's Auditorium on May 30th,
they had only a month to complete the structure. Carpenters worked quickly
and had the framework to the height of a three story building in only three
days. It was important that the building, which contained 500,000 board
feet of lumber, would be finished on time for the sixty day Venice
Assembly. In fact, it was completed on time and worker's used it on
Saturday July 1st to celebrate their feat of building the resort on time.

View of Auditorium & Ship Cafe - 1906

After the end of summer, when the Venice Assembly ended with a loss
of $16,000, Kinney decided instead to concentrate on the tastes of day-trip
and summer holiday guests who preferred less intellectual pursuits. His
plan was to expand the Frolic Pier which he began building on the north
side of his pier and use it to house the shows and amusements from the
Portland's Lewis and Clark Exposition. But in October 1905 he abandoned the
idea for a much more roomy site at the Venice lagoon. Kinney found an
alternative use for his pier auditorium during the off-season and converted
it into the Venetian Gardens. It served refreshments to patrons seated at
tables while Ellery's 52 member Royal Italian Band entertained from the
stage.

Since ballroom dancing was an important social activity at all
seaside resorts at the turn of the century, Kinney decided to built at a
cost of $40,000, the finest and largest dance hall on the coast. He choose
a site on the pier between the auditorium and the pavilion. Building
material arrived on June 17, 1906 and an army of 125 carpenters and
electricians attempted the herculean task of building it in just 17 days, in
time for its July 4th dedication. While they didn't actually finish the
building 190 x 210 foot building until the end of July, they managed to put
up its walls, roof and complete its hardwood dance floor (14,560 square feet)
in time for the celebration.

The Dance Hall's spacious floor could accommodate 800 couples. - 1906

Kinney's decision to turn the pier into a full scale amusement zone
was made in 1909 when Kinney abandoned the lagoon midway concept entirely.
Unfortunately there was no place to put the amusements on the beach since
they were deeded to the city with the provision that they could never be
commercialized. With all the ocean front lots sold or built upon, Kinney
had no choice but to expand on the Atlantic City pier concept in a much
bigger way.

The Aquarium, when it opened in January 1909, was the first of
Kinney's new amusement pier attractions. It exhibited the finest collection
of marine specimens on the Pacific Coast in 48 glass tanks surrounding a
sunken seal tank. Sea Lion shows were performed near the entrance.

In January 1910 the L.A. Thompson Company announced that they would
construct a one and one half mile scenic railroad behind the dance hall and
pavilion on the north side of the pier. Kinney added several small
concessions on the pier's south side. These included a Dentzel Carousel, a
Hades attraction, a Japanese Tea House and the Ocean Inn restaurant. These
attractions supplemented the bowling alleys located in the Pavilion. The
pier was also widened to eliminate congestion.

The scenic railroad had two lift hills and a brakeman to slow down the cars on turns. - 1911

The following year a Ferris Wheel arrived from Seattle's
Yukon-Pacific Exposition and was placed seaward of the Ship Cafe. A ride
called the Automobile Races opened next to it. The Rapids, an old mill
style ride with 14 foot long boats, opened in March adjacent to Ocean Front
Walk on the pier's south side.

Later that year work was begun on the Johnson Captive Airplane
ride. Plans were for a ten passenger airplane to travel along a cable
track from a 114 foot high tower on the inland end to three other smaller
towers further out on the pier. The problem was that the ride was poorly
engineered. The heavy cars riding slack cables sometimes dipped down into
the water. The builders solved the problem and the ride opened the
following summer. However, when another aerial ride called the Dippy Dips
opened shortly afterward on the opposite side of the pier, the Captive
Airplanes couldn't compete and closed after only one year.

The Kinney Company procured a Virginia Reel ride in 1913 and placed
directly across from the Ship Cafe. Passengers rode in tub shaped cars that
freely rotated as it followed a serpentine track downhill. Near the end of
the ride, the tubs would spiral inward then plunge down a steep drop at
high speed into a darkened tunnel.

The Virginia Reel's cars spun riders around as they serpentined down to the bottom. - 1913

In 1914 the Kinney Company spent $100,000 in improvements to the
Abbot Kinney Pier. They added a free parking lot for 700 automobiles on
the south side of the pier. Concessionaires, spending freely that year,
added an Ostrich Farm across from the Dance Hall, a Zoological Garden at
the end of the pier, an Underground Chinatown exhibit in the bandstand
tower, and a skating rink on the site of the circular Automobile Races.
They kept the hole in the center so that visiting sailors could watch the
surf while they skated around the oval rink. The docks at the end of the
pier serviced a 350 passenger boat that took passengers on a five mile
excursion around Santa Monica Bay.

Improvements took a break during World War I, but the summer before
it ended in 1918, Tom Prior moved his Great American Racing Derby horse
race carousel from Ocean Park to Venice's pier. Actually it wasn't the same
ride, but a slightly larger one operated under a canvas tent. The Whip also
opened that season just above the Virginia Reel.

Once the Armistice was signed in November 1918, the Kinney Company
enlarged the outer tee on their pier. They added an indoor tunnel of love
ride called Over the Falls neat to the Oriental Gardens. There was a new
fun house next to it called Hellarity Hall and a new Cafeteria situated between
the Dance Hall and bowling alleys.

What turned out to be the last improvements on the Venice Pier were
made in 1920. Crandall razed his Venice Scenic Railroad and Prior and
Church razed the Rapids to make room for a new thrilling roller coaster.
The innovative Big Dipper featured dips on curves as well as
straight-aways. It opened on May 8, 1920. They also opened a Mill Chutes
next to it that combined the old mill style tunnel of love with a water
toboggan slide at the end.

The 1500 seat California Theater was built on the site of the old
coaster next to the pier. Others added a Noah's Ark fun house near the
pier's entrance, and a Bug House and Pig Slide at the seaward end of the
pier.

The night of December 20th was a cool night on the pier, where
at 9:30 P.M. people were huddled around a gas heater in one of the upstairs
loges of the Dance Pavilion. Suddenly the heater burst open and flames leaped
to the nearby curtains, then to the roof timbers. There was no panic and
the dancers downstairs left quickly. Ten minutes later the roof collapsed.
Arthur Ranse, a volunteer fire fighter, was on the roof when it caved in.
He was hurled into the seething furnace, but was rescued by some of the
dancers and lay dying in a nearby hospital.

Flames spread quickly to the adjoining Virginia Reel, then to the
Racing Derby and Auditorium. Fire fighters dipped their hoses into the
nearby Plunge and Venice Lagoon. By 10 P.M. with the wind blowing towards
shore, fire fighters conceded that the fire was out of control. Warnings
were sent to all the merchants across Ocean Front Walk and the hotels along
Windward Avenue to evacuate.

The Abbot Kinney Pier burned in just a few hours on the night of December 20, 1920.

Firemen used dynamite in a futile attempt to stop the fire at the
pier's outer boundary. When this failed, Venice firemen, reinforced by fire
companies from Santa Monica and Los Angeles, set up a mighty barrage of
water to save the Ocean Front buildings. All seemed lost when suddenly the
wind shifted and blew offshore at 11:30 P.M.

The next morning the pier was a smoldering ruin. All the pier's
structures except the newly built roller coaster and the bandstand tower
adjacent to Ocean Front Walk survived. Damages ran to a million dollars, with
little of it insured. It was a bleak Christmas.