The relationship between religious proselytism and development is sharply contested. International covenants recognize that religious freedom includes rights to personal religious conversion and public religious witness, but critics claim that proselytism can violate the rights of affected communities to maintain their traditions and can sow division in fragile societies.

There is wide agreement that development aid should never be conditioned on religious conversion. Disagreement centers on whether, when, and how a vigorous religious marketplace -- including the freedom to proselytize -- fosters social dynamism and development or, on the contrary, social division that undercuts development goals.