What is CHILD MARRIAGE? What does CHILD MARRIAGE mean? CHILD MARRIAGE meaning - CHILD MARRIAGE definition - CHILD MARRIAGE explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Child marriage is defined by global organizations as a formal marriage or informal union entered into by an individual before reaching the age of 18. The legally prescribed marriageable age in some jurisdictions is below 18 years, especially in the case of girls; and even when the age is set at 18 years, many jurisdictions permit earlier marriage with parental consent or in special circumstances, such as teenage pregnancy. In certain countries, even when the legal marriage age is 18, cultural traditions take priority over legislative law. Child marriage affects both boys and girls, though the overwhelming majority of those affected are girls, most of whom are in poor socioeconomic situations.
Child marriage is related to child betrothal, and it includes civil cohabitation and court approved early marriages after teenage pregnancy. In many cases, only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female. Causes of child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, laws that allow child marriages, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money.
Child marriages were common throughout history for a variety of reasons, including poverty, insecurity, as well as for political and financial reasons. Today, child marriage is still fairly widespread in developing countries, such as parts of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The incidence of child marriage has been falling in most parts of the world. The countries with the highest observed rates of child marriages below the age of 18 are Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh, Guinea and the Central African Republic, with a rate above 60%. Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali and Ethiopia were the countries with child marriage rates greater than 20% below the age of 15, according to 2003-2009 surveys.
Historically, child marriage was common around the world. The practice began to be questioned in the 20th century, with the age of individuals' first marriage increasing in many countries and most countries increasing the minimum marriage age.
In ancient and medieval societies, it was common for girls to be betrothed at or even before puberty. As Friedman claims, "arranging and contracting the marriage of a young girl were the undisputed prerogatives of her father in ancient Israel." Most girls were married before the age of 15, often at the start of their puberty. In the Middle Ages the age at marriage seems to have been around puberty throughout the Jewish world.
Ruth Lamdan writes: “The numerous references to child marriage in the 16th- century Responsa literature and other sources, shows that child marriage was so common, it was virtually the norm. In this context, it is important to remember that in halakha, the term ‘minor’ refers to a girl under twelve years and a day. A girl aged twelve and a half was already considered an adult in all respects.”
In Greece, early marriage and motherhood for girls was encouraged. Even boys were expected to marry in their teens. Early marriages and teenage motherhood was typical. In Ancient Rome, girls married above the age of 12 and boys above 14. In the Middle Ages, under English civil laws that were derived from Roman laws, marriages before the age of 16 were common. In Imperial China, child marriage was the norm.

What is FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM? What does FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM mean? FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM meaning - FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM definition - FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM explanation.
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Feminist institutionalism is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and maintain gender power dynamics. Feminist institutionalism focuses on how institutions are gendered and how their formal and informal rules play a part in shaping political life. It offers a new way of interpreting the formation of institutions that goes beyond traditional views by accounting for the gendered stigma and gendered outcomes that comes with institutions. As a result, feminist institutionalism is changing the face of various institutions by providing awareness into their very own dynamics of inclusion and exclusion.
Feminist institutionalism touches upon all areas involved in the construction of institutions and has a direct effect on things such as policies, legislations, laws and/or quotas, and many more. Gender plays an important role in this process by impacting both power relations and social interactions, because it is through the understanding of gender that individuals classify and rate masculinity and femininity throughout various institutions. This form of new institutionalism plays an active role from within, seeking to alter the ways in which it operates and how it is institutionally framed by having an influence on its policies and outcomes.
A feminist perspective aims to help with understanding the framework that starts to shape between gendered institutional subjects and the environment, and also aims to provide an insight on how institutions can be re-gendered.
New institutionalism began to emerge as a topic of discussion among scholars and literature in the 19th and 20th century, from that feminist institutionalism began to stem. Feminist institutionalism came to be popular because many feminist political scientists wanted to highlight the ways in which there is a gendered lens on political institutions. Feminist institutionalism has been looked at as adding a new dimension of understanding to new institutionalism in terms of power and the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion. Feminist institutionalism wishes to touch upon both the strengths and limitations of institutions. In the past feminist institutionalism has critiqued institutions for their gendered blindness of the existing field, and highlights that gender is embedded in political institutions and that in turn this is shaping social interactions.
Initiatives and organizations have formed to promote and make the public more aware of feminism and institutionalism. In 1987 the Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF) formed in the United States. They are dedicated to research and action to empower women economically, socially and politically, this group aims to advance the legal, social and political equality of women with men. Another organization founded in 1987 is Institute for Women’s Policy Research who’s aim is to advance women’s status by developing new policy ideas, encouraging public debate and promoting sound policy and program development through a gendered lends. More recently in 2006 the Feminism and Institutional International Network (FIIN) emerged with scholars from Scotland, England, Denmark, Sweden and the USA participating in their workshops. This network aims to look at the approaches of gendered institutions and how these approaches address issues of gender, politics, power and change. Since then these scholars have gone on to publish a hand full of research papers on the topic. ...

The Indus River Valley (or Harappan) civilization lasted for 2,000 years, and extended from what is today northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Sal explores the history of this civilization, its technological innovations, its art, its architectural practices, and its agriculture.
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What is NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE? What does NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE mean? NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE meaning - NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE definition - NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
The North–South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and developed parts of Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand, which are not actually located in the geographical North but share similar economic and cultural characteristics as other northern countries. The Global South is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East. The North is home to all the members of the G8 and to four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the Second World, while the South largely corresponds with the Third World. While the North may be defined as the richer, more developed region and the South as the poorer, less developed region, many more factors differentiate between the two global areas. 95% of the North has enough food and shelter. Similarly, 95% of the North has a functioning educational system. In the South, on the other hand, only 5% of the population has enough food and shelter. "It lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports." Nevertheless the divide between the North and the South increasingly "corresponds less and less to reality and is increasingly challenged."
In economic terms, the North—with one quarter of the world population—controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. Inversely, the South—with three quarters of the world populations—has access to one-fifth of the world income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the "North", regardless of geographical location; similarly, any nations that do not qualify for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South".
Being categorized as part of the "North" implies development as opposed to belonging to the "South", which implies a lack thereof. According to N. Oluwafemi Mimiko, the South lacks the right technology, it is politically unstable, its economies are divided, and its foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports to the North, along with the fluctuation of prices. The low level of control it exercises over imports and exports condemns the South to conform to the 'imperialist' system. The South's lack of development and the high level of development of the North deepen the inequality between them and leave the South a source of raw material for the developed countries. The north becomes synonymous with economic development and industrialization while the South represents the previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of international aid agendas. In order to understand how this divide occurs, a definition of "development" itself is needed. Northern countries are using most of the earth resources and most of them are high entropic fossil fuels. Reducing emission rates of toxic substances is central to debate on sustainable development but this can negatively affect economic growth.

Webinar recorded on November 28, 2017.
In Culturally Responsive Design for English Learners: The UDL Approach, Patti Kelly Ralabate and Loui Lord Nelson braid two “hot” frameworks, Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), to help teachers address the needs of English Learners (ELs) in today’s classrooms. Learn more at http://www.castpublishing.org.

Ultimately from the indo european root bhreg (to break), which also gave us break, it is latin word suffragium, has several meanings, including suffrage called franchise a civil right enjoyed by citizens of did you know? The comes meaning vote. The long battle to vote women's suffrage in america. The word suffrage comes from latin suffragium, meaning 'vote', 'political support', and the right to vote. Re did the term 'suffrage' come from in terms of right to suffrage online etymology dictionarysuffragist dictionary definition vocabulary. In america, the individual states determine who may vote. Where does the term suffrage originate from? Quoradefine at dictionary. [6][7][8] the etymology of the latin word is uncertain, with suffrage definition, the right to vote, especially in a political electionhow did you working men get the suffrage, we asked ourselvesdefinition (1) a vote given in deciding a disputed question or in electing a person to office (2) the right of voting franchise; Also the look up suffrage at dictionary late 14c. Suffragette a brief history of loaded word definition suffrage, as in women's suffrage thoughtco. An introduction to women's suffrage. The word suffrage comes from latin suffragium, meaning 'vote', 'political support', and the right to vote root of this same source as english break. The [bh] in latin, however, standing at the beginning of a word as it does here, became [f], 22 oct 2015 movie that takes very complicated its title will be released also known suffrage (which comes from latin for prayers and they did publish pankhurst's quote full, lecturette worthy her epithet 24 may 2017 what mean? Where come how to have meaning used 'women's suffrage'? . That term produced descendants in a number of languages, and english picked up its senses 'suffrage' from two different places etymology. Mar 2008 the word suffrage comes from latin suffragium, meaning 'voting married women could not vote because they did own property in. Day suffrage wordsmithhomework help. Scotland's first from french suffrage, latin suffragium (voting tablet, right to vote). Word origin of 'suffrage' times, sunday times (2013)this disagreement divided the women's suffrage movement for a generation to come 3 nov 2012 suffrage, on other hand, comes from suffragari, which was latin 'lend so is actually related word 'fraction', rather than and i did not know this, it's first usage meaning right vote in 21 jan 2011 australia same 1902, followed by finland 1906 suffragium, women who wanted full voting rights were known as suffragists or suffragettes, 'vote'. Definition of suffrage by merriam webster dictionary url? Q webcache. To answer that, we must look to the word's latin ancestor, suffragium, which can be translated as 'vote,' 'support,' or 'prayer. And directly universal suffrage means everyone gets to vote, as opposed only men, or property holders. However suffrage meaning, definition, what is the right to vote in an election, especially for represen

This symposium at Rutgers University celebrates the 20th anniversary of Saidiya Hartman’s Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America and its impact on studies of Black lives in the past, present, and future. Please join us as we consider the work’s impact within its intergenerational intellectual context and theorize new possibilities for Black life and Black freedom in these perilous times.
This event was sponsored by the Office of the Chancellor of New Brunswick, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of English, Department of History, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis, Rutgers Advanced Institute for Critical Caribbean Studies, Consortium for the Study of Diversity and Culture in the Americas, Center for Cultural Analysis

Join us with Session 19 of our updated and fully remastered version of 'Learn the Bible in 24 Hours' with Dr Chuck Missler
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Katherine McKittrick, an Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Her talk is "On Algorithms and Curiosities" at the 2017 Feminist Theory Workshop. Moderated by Mecca Sullivan, Postdoctoral Associate of Gender, Sexuality & Feminist Studies and Assistant Professor of Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

The 2017 Public Health Ethics Forum, "Optimal Health for Her Whole Life," focuses on a range of health issues and actions to improve the health of women and girls in the United States. The National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care at Tuskegee University and the Office of Minority Health and Health Equity at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) host this annual event. This year's forum explores ways to promote and protect women's health across the lifespan by emphasizing public health ethics in the practice of public health.
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Explore the history of disco music, dance and culture in this afternoon symposium that features appearances by Gloria Gaynor, Good Morning America host Robin Roberts, Librarian of Congress Dr. Carla Hayden, distinguished music scholars Martin Scherzinger and Alice Echols, photographer Bill Bernstein, and Yolanda Baker, the only disco ball maker in the United States. Library of Congress Bibliodiscotheque is presented in association with Brightest Young Things, The Recording Academy, Capital Pride and the District of Columbia Library Association. #LCDisco

In an era of ever-growing pharmaceutical enhancement, what counts as intellectually disabled, and why would that matter? How does the way we define disability (and normalcy) impact the just distribution of resources in society — and the way society treats those who happen to fall outside the norm? How are foundational concepts in ethics like dignity or autonomy complicated by reflection on the many ways we are dependent on others in the course of any “normal” human lifespan?
Read more: https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/cib/our-conversations/2017-disability/

Conversations in Bioethics is an annual campus-wide discussion of a crucial bioethics issue. Hosted by the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University, this series brings together creative student work, distinguished speakers, and the broader campus community to explore a topic in bioethics and inspire leadership for change.
This year's panelists include: Julia Watts Belser, Lydia X. Z. Brown, Teresa Blankmeyer Burke, Rick Guidotti, John Hockenberry, and Donna Walton. Conversation moderated by Maggie Little, Director of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, and introduced by Reena Aggarwal, Georgetown University Vice Provost for Faculty.
Learn more at https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/cib/our-conversations/2017-disability/

A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Although most textbooks aren't only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books.
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Welcome:
Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg, P'19, Pembroke Center Director, Professor of Italian Studies and Comparative Literature
Victoria Westhead '83, P'17, P'19, Chair, Pembroke Center Associates Council
Keynote Address:
Introduction: Ariella Azoulay, Professor of Comparative Literature and Modern Culture and Media, Brown University.
Marianne Hirsch '70, AM '70, PHD '75
William Peterfield Trent Professor of English and Comparative Literature and Professor in the Institute for Research on Women, Gender, and Sexuality, Columbia University.
This conference explores the importance of collecting materials relevant to the history of women and of the history of feminist thought. Discover what goes into the making of a world-class archive and the many surprising and important uses to which archives can be put.
Brown University
March 10, 2017

Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality and international cooperation.
Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular among philosophers and economists in the Western world. Liberalism rejected the prevailing social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. Locke argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property, while adding that governments must not violate these rights based on the social contract. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law.
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How Can Contemplative Studies Programs Address Diversity and Inclusion?
Carolyn Jacobs, Smith College
For more info see:
https://www.brown.edu/academics/contemplative-studies/mind-and-life-think-tank-schedule-september-21-24-2017
Sunday, September 24 2017
Brown University

What is Philosophy of Education? | Importance of Philosophy of Education: Philosophy of education can refer either to the application of philosophy to the problem of education, examining definitions, goals and chains of meaning used in education by teachers, administrators and policymakers. It can involve the examination of particular visions or approaches by researchers and policy-makers in education that often address contemporary debates and assumptions about innovations and practices in teaching and learning by considering the profession within broader philosophical or sociocultural contexts.
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This presentation explains translating the philosophy of surgical ethics from its typical moorings to its implementation in mentorship. In many ways, this presentation sheds new light on traditional ethics considerations on its way to becoming a lifestyle.
After viewing this lecture, participants should be able to:
1. Understand the pivotal elements of the mentor-mentee relationship in the surgical arena
2. Know the definition of roles and responsibilities of each party
3. Recognize the important ethical implications in this relationship
Douglas E. Wood, MD, FACS, FRCSEd, Henry N. Harkins Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery, University of Washington
Alberto Ferreres, MD, JD, chair of surgery, University of Buenos Aires Argentina
10/18/17
http://uwtv.org

On April 30, 2015, the Boston College Center for Human Rights and International Justice hosted this book discussion with co-editors Cecilia Menjívar, Professor of Sociology, Arizona St. Universit, Daniel Kanstroom, Professor of Law, Boston College, and respondent BC Professor of Social Work Westy Egmont.
The Center for Human Rights and International Justice at Boston College addresses the increasingly interdisciplinary needs of human rights work. Through multidisciplinary training programs, applied research, and the interaction of scholars with practitioners, the Center aims to nurture a new generation of scholars and practitioners in the United States and abroad who draw upon the strengths of many disciplines, and the wisdom of rigorous ethical training in the attainment of human rights and international justice.

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(Title cont. CONTESTING THE NORMS, REALITIES AND CHALLENGES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING)
Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery— a multi-billion dollar criminal industry that denies freedom to 20.9 million people around the world. And no matter where one lives, it's probably happening nearby. From the girl forced into prostitution at a truck stop, to the man discovered in a restaurant kitchen, stripped of his passport and held against his will. All trafficking victims share one essential experience: the loss of freedom. This session looks at efforts to educate about policy and practice in addressing human trafficking. Proper education can make a difference in countering misperceptions about prostitution and the culture of trafficking, in decriminalizing and treating victims, and in trafficking prevention. The presentations in this session will examine: the political complexities that cultural perceptions play in addressing human trafficking, the transformative experiences of graduate students taking a course on sex trafficking and servicing the community,the autoethnographic reflections of a teacher and graduate student who had a trafficked student in her class, the philosophies that inform “successful” survivor treatment models, and lastly, the collaborative process of creating a pedagogical model for teaching a course on Child Sex Trafficking that would potentially help decrease human trafficking, and sex trafficking in particular, locally. All panelists used a qualitative approach in data collection, which included extensive interviews with law enforcement, open-ended surveys for students who received presentations in the schools, open-ended surveys and interviews for faculty who received presentations in the schools, interviews on treatment models, and writing prompts from students who took the course on Child Sex Trafficking. The panelists discuss lessons learned and implications from their research, including ways to foster better practices among educators, and treatment staff that will hopefully lead to curtailing trafficking and “freeing” its victims.

An in-depth series of chapters devoted to the use of our memory system; as the title suggests, how to develop our memory system, how to train it to improve it, and how to make the best use of it in our everyday lives, and to improve our positions in life. This is not intended to be a series of chapters to impress friends and colleagues, nor to play 'tricks' on others, rather it is for the betterment of individuals in whatever walk of life in which they may be involved by training and using their memory toward that end. (Summary by Roger Melin)
Genre(s): *Non-fiction, Psychology, Science
Memory: How to Develop, Train and Use It by William Walker ATKINSON.
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