…known as stream piracy, or stream capture. Piracy of a large river into another valley often creates a situation where the original expansive valley is later occupied by a river that is too small to have created such a large valley. The opposite case also may occur. The implication here…

…several varieties of placer deposits: stream, or alluvial, placers; eluvial placers; beach placers; and eolian placers. Stream placers, by far the most important, have yielded the most placer gold, cassiterite, platinum, and gemstones. Primitive mining probably began with such deposits, and their ease of mining and sometime great richness have…

…pertinent types of standards are stream standards and effluent standards. Stream standards, designed to prevent the deterioration of existing water quality, set limits on the amounts of specific pollutants allowed in streams, rivers, and lakes. The limits depend on a classification of the “maximum beneficial use” of the water. Water…

In contrast, the stream tadpoles have depressed bodies, long muscular tails, and shallow caudal fins. The mouth is relatively large and usually contains many rows of strong denticles. In highly modified stream tadpoles, the mouth is ventral and modified as an oral sucker, with which the tadpole anchors…

…of surface stream channels and stream valleys is still in evidence, though much of the drainage may be underground. Tributary surface streams may sink underground, and there may be streambeds that carry water only during seasons of high flow or during extreme floods. In addition, the floors of the valleys…

…smooth over by tilling, and streambank erosion, in which the saturated sides of running streams tumble into the moving water below. The same forces at work in streambank erosion are seen in soils on hillslopes that become thoroughly saturated with water. Gravity, able to overcome the cohesive forces that hold…

Streambed,, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally.

…known as a pendant, or pennant) was a long tapering flag, 60 to 18 feet (18 to 5.5 metres) long and about 24 feet (7 metres) broad at the hoist, ending in two points. Because of its great length, almost its only use was at sea. In the 15th century…

Streamers (1983), adapted by David Rabe from his Broadway play, focused on a group of army inductees waiting in their barracks for the call to Vietnam, and Secret Honor (1984), shot on 16-mm film at the University of Michigan, captured the one-man show in which…

Ability grouping, in the United States the separation of elementary and secondary students into classrooms or courses of instruction according to their actual or perceived ability levels. Opponents of ability grouping argue that such policies tend to segregate students along racial and

Streaming, Method of transmitting a media file in a continuous stream of data that can be processed by the receiving computer before the entire file has been completely sent. Streaming, which typically uses data compression, is especially effective for downloading large multimedia files from the

In December 2014 executives from various media companies met at the UBS Global Media and Communications Conference in New York City. One of the chief issues under discussion was the decline in traditional Television viewing and the increasing use by audiences of digital streaming services.

Streamline, In fluid mechanics, the path of imaginary particles suspended in the fluid and carried along with it. In steady flow, the fluid is in motion but the streamlines are fixed. Where streamlines crowd together, the fluid speed is relatively high; where they open out, the fluid is relatively

Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing. In laminar flow, sometimes called streamline flow, the velocity, pressure, and other flow

Streamlining, in aerodynamics, the contouring of an object, such as an aircraft body, to reduce its drag, or resistance to motion through a stream of air. A moving body causes the air to flow around it in definite patterns, the components of which are called streamlines. Smooth, regular airflow

…flow and known as “streamwise spin.” When air containing streamwise spin is drawn into an updraft, it too is tilted upward and rotates about a vertical axis. Although crosswise spin and streamwise spin are oriented at right angles to each other, both rotations exist in the horizontal plane, and…

Streator, city, La Salle county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Vermilion (locally Vermillion) River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Chicago. The first permanent settlement in the area, established in the mid-19th century, was called Hardscrabble, for the difficult climb up from

Stree-dhan, (Hindi: “woman’s wealth”) in Indian society, material assets given to a woman by her parents at the time of her marriage. It may include money, jewelry, land, and utensils. Stree-dhan is different from a dowry in that it remains a woman’s exclusive property; her husband and his family

Meryl Streep, American film actress known for her masterly technique, expertise with dialects, and subtly expressive face. Streep started voice training at age 12 and took up acting in high school. In 1971 she graduated from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, with a degree in drama and

Meryl Streep, American film actress known for her masterly technique, expertise with dialects, and subtly expressive face. Streep started voice training at age 12 and took up acting in high school. In 1971 she graduated from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, with a degree in drama and

Roads and highways, traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move. In modern usage the term road describes a rural, lesser traveled way, while the word street denotes an urban roadway. Highway refers to a major rural traveled way; more recently it has been used for a road, in

Broadside ballad,, a descriptive or narrative verse or song, commonly in a simple ballad form, on a popular theme, and sung or recited in public places or printed on broadsides for sale in the streets. Broadside ballads appeared shortly after the invention of printing in the 15th century and were

Streetcar, vehicle that runs on track laid in the streets, operated usually in single units and usually driven by electric motor. Early streetcars were either horse-drawn or depended for power on storage batteries that were expensive and inefficient. In 1834 Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from

An estimated 100 million children and youths between the ages of 5 and 18 spend the major part of their lives in the city streets of the less developed world. Most of these "street children," as they have come to be known, work "on" the street. They live at home but are forced into the streets to

Street Fighter, electronic fighting game series, originally released as an arcade game in 1987 by the Japanese game manufacturer Capcom Company. The popular arcade game gave rise to an entire genre of fighting games and spawned a multitude of sequels and spin-offs. The first Street Fighter was a

…of Capcom’s 16-bit arcade game Street Fighter II (1991), which had vastly improved hardware that supported better graphics and special button-pushing combinations to perform elaborate combat moves. Another popular 16-bit fighter was Midway Manufacturing Company’s Mortal Kombat (1995), which used digitized images of real people and large quantities of realistic…

Street film,, type of realistic motion picture, popular in Germany during the 1920s, that dealt with the lives of common people during a time of economic depression; the term refers to the importance in the films of urban street scenes (usually filmed on studio sets of great ingenuity). The street

Gang, a group of persons, usually youths, who share a common identity and who generally engage in criminal behaviour. In contrast to the criminal behaviour of other youths, the activities of gangs are characterized by some level of organization and continuity over time. There is no consensus on the

…Ruggles directed his first all-talkie, Street Girl, a musical with Jack Oakie and Betty Compson. It was one of RKO’s first releases and a profitable one at that. Honey (1930) was a musical that had been a hit on Broadway; its high point was the “Sing You Sinners” number performed…

Her first published collection, A Street in Bronzeville (1945), reveals her talent for making the ordinary life of her neighbours extraordinary. Annie Allen (1949), for which she won the Pulitzer Prize, is a loosely connected series of poems related to an African American girl’s growing up in Chicago. The…

A later effort, Street Life in London (1877), by Adolphe Smith and John Thomson, included facsimile reproductions of Thomson’s photographs and produced a much more persuasive picture of life among London’s working class. Thomson’s images were reproduced by Woodburytype, a process that resulted in exact, permanent prints but…

The Street Light—Study of Light (1909), for example, is a dynamic depiction of light. Despite his unique taste in subject matter, in works such as this Balla conveys a sense of speed and urgency that puts his paintings in line with Futurism’s fascination with the…

The sport of street luge began with the use of longboards, ridden in a prone position down a steep hill. The street luge vehicles are still essentially skateboards but are up to 8.5 feet (2.6 metres) long and have supports for the head and feet. They can reach…

Their Street of Crocodiles (1986), obliquely based on the stories of Bruno Schulz, is a parable of obscure import in which a puppet is freed of his strings but remains enslaved by bizarre sexual impulses.

Street photography, a genre that records everyday life in a public place. The very publicness of the setting enables the photographer to take candid pictures of strangers, often without their knowledge. Street photographers do not necessarily have a social purpose in mind, but they prefer to

Barrel piano, stringed musical instrument (chordophone) in which a simple pianoforte action is worked by a pinned barrel turned with a crank, rather than by a keyboard mechanism. It is associated primarily with street musicians and is believed to have been developed in London early in the 19th

Street Scene, play in three acts by Elmer Rice, produced and published in 1929. The play is set in a New York City slum and offers a realistic portrayal of life in a tenement building. The story focuses particularly on the tragedy of one family, the Maurrants, which is destroyed when the husband

…a related mapping service, called Street View, that showed street-level photographs first from around the United States and later from other countries that were searchable by street address. Some photographs provided a view through house windows or showed persons sunbathing. Google defended the service by saying that the images showed…

…starring Shirley Temple, Keighley directed The Street with No Name (1948), a noir featuring Richard Widmark as a menacing gangster who is being hunted by the FBI. In 1950 he made Rocky Mountain, one of Flynn’s least memorable efforts, but Close to My Heart (1951) is an effective melodrama with…

In Street, Berlin (1907), the curvilinear rhythms of fashionable women on promenade accentuate the primitive sensuousness hidden beneath the panoply of fashion and propriety—a sensuousness rendered ominous by the savage, dark outlines of their figures and their masklike faces. His second version of Street, Berlin (1913)…

George Edmund Street, English architect of the High Victorian period, noted for his many English churches in the Gothic Revival style. Street worked as an assistant to George Gilbert Scott in London for five years. He opened his own practice in 1849 and designed about 260 buildings during his

…of the Fortune, Henslowe employed Peter Street, the same contractor who had built the Globe. What is known about the features of the Globe, therefore, is largely derived from Henslowe’s contract for the Fortune. These documents reveal that the Fortune had a circular, open yard, approximately 55 feet (17 metres)…

Picabo Street, American Alpine skier who was one of the most successful downhill skiers of the 1990s. Street earned two World Cup downhill titles (1994–95 and 1995–96), and, noted for her natural talent and easygoing charm, she became one of the most popular figures of the sport, both in the United

In works such as The Street (1933), he presented ordinary moments of contemporary life on a grand scale and utilized traditional, Old Master painting techniques. Although his works were formally somewhat conservative, some raised controversy for their subject matter: the scenes often have an erotic, disturbing atmosphere and are…

The Street, naturalistic novel by Ann Petry, published in 1946, that was one of the first novels by an African American woman to receive widespread critical acclaim. Set in Long Island, New York, in suburban Connecticut, and in Harlem, The Street is the story of intelligent, ambitious Lutie

Street style features tricks performed in a real or simulated urban environment with stairs, rails, ledges, and other obstacles. Skateboarding has developed as a youth subculture that emphasizes creativity and individuality. It is an alternative to mainstream team sports, which are more formally organized and…

Streetcar, vehicle that runs on track laid in the streets, operated usually in single units and usually driven by electric motor. Early streetcars were either horse-drawn or depended for power on storage batteries that were expensive and inefficient. In 1834 Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from

A Streetcar Named Desire, American film drama, released in 1951, that made Marlon Brando a movie star and helped revolutionize acting in the mid-20th century. Adapted by Tennessee Williams from his Broadway play, the sexually charged saga centres on the marriage of Stella Kowalski (played by Kim

A Streetcar Named Desire, play in three acts by Tennessee Williams, first produced and published in 1947 and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for drama for that year. One of the most admired plays of its time, it concerns the mental and moral disintegration and ultimate ruin of Blanche DuBois, a former

Bess Genevra Streeter Aldrich, American author whose prolific output of novels and short stories evoked the American Plains and the people who settled them. Bess Streeter graduated from Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa) in 1901 and then taught school for five years.

Burnett Hillman Streeter, English theologian and biblical scholar, noted for his original contributions to knowledge of Gospel origins. Educated at Queen’s College, University of Oxford, Streeter spent most of his life there, becoming chaplain in 1928 and provost in 1933. He was ordained in 1899

…own identity when Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, and others in the so-called Heidelberg school (named for the town outside Melbourne where they often painted) began to depict uniquely Australian subject matter, usually the landscape, in their plein-air canvases. This focus on the Australian landscape continued into the early…

…with their proper work: “The Streets of Laredo,” for example, is known in lumberjack and soldier versions as well as the usual cowboy lament version, and the pirate ballad “The Flying Cloud” was much more popular in lumbermen’s shanties than in forecastles.

Strega Prize, Italian literary award established in 1947 by writers Goffredo and Maria Bellonci and the manufacturer of Strega liquor, Guido Alberti. It is presented to the author of the outstanding Italian narrative (fiction or nonfiction) published the preceding year. Writers such as Cesare

Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet known for melancholy lyrical verse that mirrors the pessimism of his time as well as his personal despair. Severe depression and dissatisfaction characterized Lenau’s life. He began, but never completed, studies in law, medicine, and philosophy. A legacy in 1830

Giorgio Strehler, Italian theatre director and actor who was a preeminent figure in post-World War II European theatre as cofounder and artistic director (1947-68, 1972-97) of the Piccolo Teatro di Milano, Italy’s first important modern regional theatre; founding director (1968-72) of the Gruppo

Bow, in music, curved stick with tightly held fibres that produces sound by friction when drawn across the strings of a chordophone, such as a rebab, violin, or erhu. The most common material is rosined horsehair; some African bows used strips cut from rubber inner tubes, and the Korean ajaeng, a

Julius Streicher, Nazi demagogue and politician who gained infamy as one of the most virulent advocates of the persecution of Jews during the 1930s. Streicher served in the German army during World War I and afterward taught elementary school in Nürnberg. He joined the Nazi Party in 1921, becoming

Barbra Streisand, American singer, composer, actress, director, and producer who was considered by many to be the greatest popular singer of her generation. The first major female star to command roles as a Jewish actress, Streisand redefined female stardom in the 1960s and ’70s with her sensitive

Barbra Streisand, American singer, composer, actress, director, and producer who was considered by many to be the greatest popular singer of her generation. The first major female star to command roles as a Jewish actress, Streisand redefined female stardom in the 1960s and ’70s with her sensitive

Wilhelm Streitberg, German historical linguist who, with Karl Brugmann, founded (1891) and edited Indogermanische Forschungen (“Indo-European Researches”), an influential journal in the field of Indo-European linguistic studies. Much of Streitberg’s scholarly work concerns comparative and

…which he replied in his Streitschriften (1837–38; “Controversial Writings”), proposing the image of a Hegelian school split, like the French Parliament, into a right (Göschel, and several others), a centre (Rosenkranz), and a left (Strauss himself). There were responses from the right and centre and from Bruno Bauer, a philosopher,…

Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut who flew five times in space over a period of 15 years and who participated in the first joint Russian-American flight to the Mir space station. From 1957 Strekalov was a mechanic at the OKB-1 design organization (now known as RKK

Streltsy, , (Russian: “musketeer”), Russian military corps established in the middle of the 16th century that formed the bulk of the Russian army for about 100 years, provided the tsar’s bodyguard, and, at the end of the 17th century, exercised considerable political influence. Originally composed

…of the southern African genus Strelitzia look like palm trees. Others are herbs bearing exotic flowers (e.g., bird-of-paradise flower, S. reginae). S. augusta, which grows to more than 5 m (16 feet) in height, has banana-like fruit and resembles the traveller’s tree. In this family large flowers are enclosed in…

Bird-of-paradise flower, ornamental plant of the family Strelitziaceae. There are five species of the genus Strelitzia, all native to southern Africa. They grow from rhizomes (underground stems) to a height of 1 to 1.5 metres (about 3 to 5 feet) and have stiff, erect, leathery, concave, and oblong

Strelitziaceae,, family of flowering plants in the ginger order (Zingiberales) that range in size from perennial herbs to trees. The family includes three genera (Ravenala, Phenakospermum, and Strelitzia) and seven species. R. madagascariensis, the traveler’s tree (q.v.), native to Madagascar, has

In Gli strelizzi (1809) and subsequent ballets, he further developed Noverre’s dance-drama approach by combining conventional dance patterns with pantomime, whereas Noverre had stopped at the alternation of such sequences. Among Viganò’s more than 40 ballets were Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus (1801; The Creatures of Prometheus),…

…architectural complex known as the Strelka (“Pointer”), facing the bifurcation of the Neva. Behind the two great Rostral Columns, decorated by carved ships’ prows, and across Pushkin Square, the point rises majestically to the former Exchange building (Thomas de Thomon, 1805–10), the city’s finest example of early 19th-century style and…

Streltsy, , (Russian: “musketeer”), Russian military corps established in the middle of the 16th century that formed the bulk of the Russian army for about 100 years, provided the tsar’s bodyguard, and, at the end of the 17th century, exercised considerable political influence. Originally composed

…leads to an increase in strength. Before adolescence, boys and girls are similar in strength for a given body size and shape; after, boys have much greater strength, probably due to development of more force per gram of muscle as well as to absolutely larger muscles. They also develop larger…

Tensile and yield strength of a type of carbon-silicon steel increase with exposure to neutron radiation, although elongation, reduction in area, and probably fracture toughness apparently decrease with exposure. Certain wood/polymeric composite materials are even prepared by a process that employs radiation. The wood is first impregnated…

Strength of materials, Engineering discipline concerned with the ability of a material to resist mechanical forces when in use. A material’s strength in a given application depends on many factors, including its resistance to deformation and cracking, and it often depends on the shape of the member

Powerlifting, an offshoot of Olympic weightlifting and weight training that emphasizes sheer strength more than technique, flexibility, and speed. Powerlifting (formerly called odd lifts or strength sets) was developed primarily in the United States and England by weightlifters who felt that

…to streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly called strep throat, and is frequently referred to as “strep throat with a rash.” The major difference between the two illnesses is that the scarlet fever bacterium gives rise to an antigen called the erythrogenic (“redness-producing”) toxin, which is responsible for the characteristic rash.

Currawong, any of several songbirds of the Australian family Cracticidae (order Passeriformes). They are large, up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) long, with black, gray, or black-and-white plumage and yellow eyes. All have resounding, metallic voices. Found in woodlands and occasionally flocking

…who created Abigaille in Nabucco, Giuseppina Strepponi, who also had helped Verdi as early as 1839 with Oberto, ultimately became his second wife. Her love, support, and practical assistance on behalf of Verdi, over half a century, was boundless, though he was not an easy husband.

Strepsipteran, (order Strepsiptera), any of about 600 species of small insects that are notable for their bizarre form of parasitism. Strepsipterans are parasitic in planthoppers, leafhoppers, treehoppers, froghoppers, bees, and other insects. Mature females are usually wingless and saclike,

Strepsipteran, (order Strepsiptera), any of about 600 species of small insects that are notable for their bizarre form of parasitism. Strepsipterans are parasitic in planthoppers, leafhoppers, treehoppers, froghoppers, bees, and other insects. Mature females are usually wingless and saclike,

Lemur, (suborder Strepsirrhini), generally, any primitive primate except the tarsier; more specifically, any of the indigenous primates of Madagascar. In the broad sense, the term lemur applies not only to the typical lemurs (family Lemuridae) but also to the avahis, sifakas, indri, and aye-aye of

Streptelasma,, extinct genus of corals, existing as single animals rather than colonial forms and found as fossils in marine rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age (488 million to 359 million years old). Each horn-shaped specimen represents a single individual. The hard, and thus preserved, parts of

Streptobacillary fever, acute infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of contaminated foods and characterized by the sudden onset of chills, fever, and vomiting followed by the development of a skin rash and

…infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of contaminated foods and characterized by the sudden onset of chills, fever, and vomiting followed by the development of a skin rash and inflammation of the joints. An ulcerative lesion may be observed…

…to streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly called strep throat, and is frequently referred to as “strep throat with a rash.” The major difference between the two illnesses is that the scarlet fever bacterium gives rise to an antigen called the erythrogenic (“redness-producing”) toxin, which is responsible for the characteristic rash.

Streptococcal pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the single most common form of pneumonia, especially in hospitalized patients. The bacteria may live in the bodies of healthy persons and cause disease only after resistance has been lowered by other illness or infection. Viral infections such…

Streptococcus, (genus Streptococcus), group of spheroidal bacteria belonging to the family Streptococcaceae. The term streptococcus (“twisted berry”) refers to the bacteria’s characteristic grouping in chains that resemble a string of beads. Streptococci are microbiologically characterized as