Medieval Sourcebook:
Documentary Sources on Catholic Teaching

by Paul Halsall

halsall@murray.fordham.edu

[Version 3. Revised 2/5/1996]

This document was created to list the documentary sources of Catholic teaching for members of the extremely contentious Internet maillist, the Free Catholic List. I hope it will be of use to others,
perhaps less contentious.

Most of the documents listed here are fairly easily obtainable. For a few, access to a good Divinity library may be required. The important thing is always to consult the full text rather than books of excerpts. This document is an attempt to provide a guide to the various documents, where the documents are located, and how to get them.

For American scholars an excellent source for books such as those listed below is:-

New Testament in Greek, 4th Ed., (New York: United Bible
Societies, 1993), various formats, e.g. standard with
dictionary $32.95
-this contains variant readings for fewer texts, but gives the
sources in much more detail for the varients it does give. It is
directed towards translators.

If you know some Greek (enough to understand the phrase "aorist
participle", for example), even if you cannot remember very much, there
is an excellent word by word grammatical analysis of the New Testament
available, which can help you avoid simple grammer mistakes:-

Bible Translations

As far as I am aware there is no current translation of the modern Vulgate [Latin] version. This is because since the publication of the encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu in 1942 Rome has encouraged Catholic translations to derive from the original languages. For those who want a translation of the older Vulgate versions [not the current Vulgate, which is based on modern critical texts in the same was as modern English translations], the only real option is:-

The Douay-Rheims Bible. (NT in Rheims 1582, OT 1609 - but largely
redone by the 18th-century English Roman Catholic leader,
Bishop Challoner, in 1738 and 1749-52] - this is often
available in second hand bookstores, but is also available
in reprint from the traditionalist Catholic publisher, TAN Books with
the following pub. information:-
The Holy Bible, translated from the Latin Vulgate; diligently
compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and other editions in divers
languages, (Rockford, Ill.: Tan Books and Publishers, 1989).
with the note that "This Bible has been photographically
reproduced from the 1899 edition of the John Murphy Company,
Baltimore, Maryland..."

But do not ignore:-

The King James Version. (1611) [known as the Authorised
Version in
British usage] - this is still widely available, primarily because of
the beauty of some of its translations, because of its central
importance as a work of English literature, and because
of the insistance of some English-speaking Evangelicals that
it is a uniquely authoratative translation. Although originally
printed with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books, such
editions are rare now. Unlike the Douay-Rheims, which is
a translation of the Latin, the King James Version
was from the original languages. Although modern
scholarship has led to vastly improved Greek, Hebrew and
Aramaic versions of these texts, the King James, more than
any other commonly read version, preserves the exact
wording and structure of the underlying text.

Modern Catholic Biblical scholarship is represented in two main
modern translations:

The New Jerusalem Bible. (1985)- an English language utilization
of the work of French scholars. This is widely used in Britain,
Ireland and the former British Empire [!]. Some prefer
the older Jerusalem Bible (1966) but the "New" version
incorporates more recent scholarship. Famous for its use
of "Yahweh" to refer to God.

The New American Bible (1970) [with revised New Testament 1989] - a
translation by American Catholic scholars to replace the
mixed origin Confraternity Bible of the 1950s. The second
edition of the New Testament attempts some "inclusivity" in
its language. In my opinion the NAB has raised banality to
a translation principle!

Trustworthy ecumenical versions [Catholics should always make
sure to buy versions with the "Apocrypha" or "Deutero-canonical
books"] include:-

The Revised English Bible. (1989) - a recent revision of the New
English Bible (NT 1961, Complete 1970). Basically a British
version in modern serious English. This sounds well when read
out loud.

The New Revised Standard Version. (1990) - the latest incarnation of
the King James tradition. It is a redoing of the Revised
Standard Version (NT 1946, OT 1952, Apoc. 1957) [probably
the most cited of all modern versions], which itself was a
revision of several earlier revisions. The NRSV adopts a
very moderate "inclusive" language approach - it translates
"masculine" words that unequivocally include males and
females [such as St. Paul's "Brothers" as more inclusive
English, for instance "Brothers and sisters"], but does not
go out of its way to avoid "patriarchal" words, such as
"kingdom" or "father", where these are used in the original.
This is the current standard Bible for scholarly citation. Like
most major modern translations, the NRSV is issued by a number of
publishers. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha: New
Revised Standard Version, edited by Bruce Metzger and Roland
E. Murphy, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) is especially
useful. It contains for instance those books included in
Greek and Russian Bibles but not in the standard Western
"Deuterocanonica/Apocrypha".

The New International Version. (NT 1973, Complete 1978) Basically a
Bible for Evangelical Christians who do not obsess on the
King James Version [i.e. the vast majority]. Trustworthy, but
willing to use Protestant theological buzz words.

The Tanakh (1985). This is a translation by the Jewish Publication
Society of the *T*orah (1962) [the Law], the *N*evi'm (1978)
[the Prophets], and the *K*ethuvim (1982)[The Writings]. Useful
as a Jewish translation of what are, after all, Jewish Holy
Books. This replaces the earlier 1917 JPS translation.

Serious students should avoid, in my opinion, the following
versions:-

The Good News Bible. (NT 1966, OT 1976, Apoc 1979) - this translation
is fun to read, but simplifies some underlying text, This is
fine for telling a story but not for dogmatic discussion.

The Living Bible. (1971) - an admitted "paraphrase", redolent of
middle class American sensibilities. Great for teenagers
but that is all. I suppose the high point is its translation of
I Samuel 24:3: the King James Version has Saul go into the
cave to "cover his feet" [as so often in the KJV, the exact
Hebrew words], the RSV has Saul go into the cave to "relieve
himself". The Living Bible has Saul go into the cave to
"use the bathroom". Avoid.

The New World Translation. (1961) - a Jehovah's Witness denominational
translation, subtly done to support JW ideas, such as polytheism.

Schofield Reference Bibles - there are a number of editions of various
translations with this title. They feature a "dispensationalist"
method of interpretation - i.e. that there are a series of
distinct "dispensations" in history. One effect is to marginalize
modern Jewish history. The whole approach is, however, favoured
by some American "fundamentalists" among whom "Schofield" versions
have had a huge impact.

Bible Commentaries

I make no attempt to list sets of commentaries. The following are
often referred to in Catholic discussions.

The Navarre Bible, (Dublin: Four Courts Press, various dates).
-This is a translation of a Spanish commentary done at the Opus
Dei University of Navarre. It contains, with each book of the
Bible in a separate volume, the New Vulgate Latin text, the
Revised Standard Version, Catholic edition, translation (which
had about 70 changes in the New Testament from the standard RSV),
and an extremely conservative commentary.

The Oxford Companion to The Bible, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and
Michael D. Coogan, (New York: Oxford university Press,
1993)
-not really a commentary, but contains lots of information, more
easily available than elsewhere.

Early Councils

[Accepted by Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians]

There are a number of sources for Church Council degrees. The standard
Latin references for Roman Catholics are:-

Denzinger, Heinrich, ed., Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionem
et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum. Editio 37.
(Friburgi Brisgoviae : Herder, 1991)
-often cited as just "Denzinger" this includes both conciliar and
papal pronouncements. The new edition is easier to use than older versions.

Some libraries may not have this yet, in which case the much older Schroeder edition may be used:-

Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils, Text, Translation,
and Commentary, by Rev. H. J. Schroeder, O.P., (St. Louis, Mo.:
London: B. Herder, 1937)
-this gives the Greek and Latin texts and should be available in any Catholic
university library, but may be a little hard to find elsewhere.

An easily available, and trustworthy, English translation of the various
canons and decrees of the first seven councils usually called
"ecumenical", along with the full texts of a number of other important
early councils is available in:-

Henry R. Percival, ed., The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the
Unidivided Church, their canons and dogmatic decrees, together
with the canons of all the local synods which have received
ecumenical acceptance, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
2nd Series, Vol. XIV, general editor Philip Schaff, (Edinburgh:
T&T Clark; Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, repr. 1988)
-despite its long title and citation this book is easily available
at a very reasonable $24.95, sometimes less.

-The following councils' documents are included:-

"ECUMENICAL" "LOCAL"
1. Nicea I 325AD
Ancyra 314AD
Neocaesarea c. 315AD
Gangra c.325-381AD
Antioch in Encaenis 341AD
Laodicea c.343-383AD
2. Constantinople I 381AD
3. Ephesus 431AD
-- these three only accepted by the "monophysite" churches
4. Chalcedon 451AD
-- these four accepted by Anglicans [?]
5. Constantinople II 553AD
6. Constantinople III 680-681AD
*Council in Trullo/Quinisext 692AD
-This supplies canons missing from the 5th and 6th councils.
Its decrees were accepted at the 7th, and form the basis of
Orthodox canon law. Not strictly an "ecumenical" or "local"
council.
Sardica 343 or 344AD
Code of African Church/
Carthage 419AD
Constantinople 394AD
Carthage 257AD
[Canons received by Quinsext
and Ratified by Nicea II]
Canon 2 of the Quinsext also
accepted disciplinary rulings
of a number of fathers - these
also are printed.
7. Nicea II 787AD

Later Councils

[Only accepted by Roman Catholics]

See the references for all councils above. Specific standard
sources are:-

For Lateran Councils I, II, III, IV, there is a very important
French source:-

The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, trans. H.J. Schroeder,
(Rockford IL: TAN, 1978) [the original 1941 edition, published
by B. Herder contained Latin and English texts sided by side.

For the Second Vatican Council, there are two main versions,
each with different virtues:

The Documents of Vatican II, with Notes and Comments by
Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Authorities, edited by
Walter M. Abbott and Joseph Gallagher, (New York: Guild Press,
1966)
-The introductions are very informative about the background of
each of the documents, including voting manoevres.

Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents,
edited by Austin Flannery, (Dublin: Dominican Publications, 1975)
[A second edition has come out recently]
-This contains not only the documents but the various documents
issued in later years which attempted to put the decress into
effect. There is no real commentary though. Some concerns have been
raised about the translation of Gaudium et Spes in the area of
marriage teaching.

All the Vatican II main documents are available on the Internet at
the ftp/gopher
site LISTSERV.AMERICAN.EDU

The Vatican II documents, with English title, (Latin title)
and date of issue [and main discussion points for Free Catholic
members - the documents marked with a * are MOST commonly read],
are:-

*Constitution
on Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium) 12/4/1963
[Did or did not the Council mandate the liturgical reforms
that have transformed Roman Catholic worship since 1965]

*Dogmatic
Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) 12/4/1963
[position of bishops with respect to the pope. Nature of
Church authority, and religious obedience. Final chapter
addresses place of Mary in the Church]

Papal Documents

The official Latin record of papal and curial documents is the
Acta Apostolicae Sedis, issued each year as a periodical. Note that
note all Vatican documents are contained here, only those of a
public nature:-

Current papal documents are issued in various forms. In Britain they are
usually issued in pamphlets by the Catholic Truth Society, in the United
States they are published in Origins, a regular publication of the US
bishops. They are also available in pamphlet form, usually from
St. Paul's Books & Media. Another useful collection is the second
volume [not second edition] of Austin Flannery's Vatican II. Many, but
not all, modern documents are available by gopher and ftp from the
internet site
LISTSERV.AMERICAN.EDU.

As a point of style, I recommend always citing a printed version
of a text in scholarly writing - computer and internet based texts are
still too vulnerable to alteration.

The most discussed papal and/or Vatican documents, with papal issuer,
Latin title, and date of issue [and main discussion points for
Free Catholic members - the documents marked with a * are MOST
commonly discussed], are:-

Boniface VIII, *Unam
Sanctam [Papal Bull], November 1302
[Explicates dogma that there is no salvation outside
communion with the Bishop of Rome]

Benedict XIV, Vix Pervenit, 11/1/1745
[First pope to issue "encyclicals. This one states that
usury is forbidden - all usury!]

Canon Law

The first ever Code of Canon Law was issued in 1917 as
Acta Apostolicae Sedis vol9:pars 2, with the title Codex Iuris
Canonici. A useful text for locating information about what
was contained there is:-

In 1983 a new Code of Canon Law [Codex Juris Canonici] was issued.
There are several versions in English. Note that the more recent one
was commented on at the University of Navarre. This is the Opus Dei
powerhouse in northern Spain - a notable center of extreme conservative
thought and activity.

The Code of Canon Law : a text and commentary edited by James
A. Coriden, Thomas J. Green and Donald E., (New York :
Paulist Press, 1985)
-Commissioned by the Canon Law Society of America. This contains a
commentary, without which the Code is more or less opaque to the
non-specialist.

Codex Juris Canonici (1983). English & Latin. Code of Canon
Law annotated : Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon
Law and English-language translation of the 5th
Spanish-language edition of the commentary, prepared under
the responsibility of the Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta;
edited by E. Caparros, M. Thériault, J. Thorn, (Montréal:
Wilson & Lafleur, 1993)

Sometimes people want to make comparisons with Eastern Orthodox
canon law. For Eastern churches in communion with Rome there is
a recent and new compilation called:-

The Eastern Catholic churches : constitution and governance:
according to the Code of canons of the Eastern churches,
by John D. Faris, (New York : Saint Maron Publications, 1992)
This is a commentary on Codex canonum ecclesiarum Orientalium, Canons
1-322. with English translation and (in an appendix) Latin text of
the canons,

Eastern Catholic church law : according to the Code of canons of
the Eastern churches, ed. Victor J. Pospishil, (Brooklyn, N.Y.:
Saint Maron Publications, 1993)

For other Orthodox churches the situation is confused and
complicated. Supposedly all ancient canons are still in
force, but in practice this is not the case. Canon law in the
"eastern" churches derives from canons of the Ecumenical councils,
from decrees of the Synod Endemousa ["Standing synod"] during the
Byzantine period, local councils, Roman Law [expressed in various
compilations such as Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis and the
late Byzantine Basilics, as well as certain Imperial edicts called
Novels], and the later rulings made by canon lawyers and the governing
authorities of various national Orthodox Churches. It is, frankly, a
mess. Some of the above documents are available in English, such
as Justinian's Code, others are available but rare, having been
translated in various dissertations, and others are simply not
available except in Greek, Russian, Arabic, Armenian, and so forth.
There is available in English a translation of a compilation of
Orthodox canon law known as the Pedalion [The "Rudder"]. This
compilation, made in the late 18th century, is usually regarded with
maximum distrust. This is, as yet, nothing to equal it in English.

The Rudder of the Orthodox Catholic Church: The Compilation of
the Holy Canons by Saints Nicodemus and Agapius, first
published in 1800, the fifth edition, published in Athens
in 1908 by John Nicoledies, translated by D. Cummings,
(Chicago IL: Orthodox Christian Educational Society,
1957, repr. 1983)

Catechisms

The Roman Catholic Church has, as body issued very few official
Catechisms. For discussion in modern times, four are of overwhelming
importance.

Catechism of the Council of Trent: for parish priests, issued
by order of Pope Pius V; translated into English, (New York:
Joseph F. Wagner; London, B. Herder, 1923)

The Baltimore Catechism:
There were multiple editions of this text. One of the latest, before
Vatican II mandated a changed approach was:-

A New Catechism: Catholic Faith for Adults issued with Supplement,
[New York: Herder and Herder, 1970]
- this was issued after Vatican II by the Dutch bishops,
and was widely read. Some Roman officials had questions and
comments, so a Supplment was issued in later editions, dealing
with such issues.

All previous official Catechism have been superceded by the new
Cathechism of the Catholic Church, written in French, and made
available recently in English.

Catechism of the Catholic Church. (Vatican City: Libreria
Editrice Vaticana; Boston, Mass. ; Bronx, N.Y. :
distributed by Alba House) [and a number of other publishers]
$29.95 (hardback), $19.95 (pb)
A mass market edition will soon be published by Doubleday.

Ecclesiastical Encyclopedias

Here is an annotated list of the main eccleisiastical encyclopeadias
in English, Italian, and French. These texts are major works of scholarship.
The French ones in particular are more like collections of academic
articles arranged alphabetically than the expanded dictionaries
we often call encyclopeadias in the English speaking world. It
is often worth looking up the same subject in all the
reference works, since different scholars address the same issue
from different points of view. Although the English works are
pretty good, the French ones are superb.

Bibliotheca Sanctorum, 12 vols., (Rome: Istituto Giovanni
XXIII della Pontificia University Lateranense, 1961-69)
Written in Italian, this is the largest reference work on
saints, with almost all known saints having a distinct
entry and bibliography. There are also some illustrations.

Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph Strayer, (New York:
Scribner, 1982- )
Not exactly a "Catholic" work, nevertheless many major
medievalists collaborated on this work, which includes
up to date bibliographies on many major topics of interest
to research in Church history.

Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographie ecclesiastiques, ed. Alfred
Baudrillart et al, (Paris: Letouzey et Ane, 1912- )
This is not yet finished, but is an exhaustive work on
Christian buildings, art, relics and sites, as well as
many historical topics.

Dictionnaire de droit canonique, 7 Vols.. ed. R. Naz
(Paris:Letouzey et Ane, 1935-65)
Immense discussion on the history of all aspects of
canon law. But also see the DTC below.

New Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. William McDonald et al.,
(New York McGraw-Hill, 1967)
The most extensive English language work of its kind
(although the older Catholic Encyclopeadia can still
be consulted with much profit). Articles were written
by leading Catholic historians, theologians, moralists,
and scholars. There are a series of updated year books

See also:-

The Catholic Encyclopedia; an international work of reference on
the constitution..., 15 vols. (New York, Robert Appleton
company, 1907-12)

Other

An important source for Catholic dogmatics, neatly, if somewhat
misleadingly, dividing Church teachings as "de fide" and other
wise, is the work of Ludwig Ott.

Catholic Resources Network

It is also useful to know about Catholic Resources Network. CRNET
has a huge collection of texts available on a BBS. It can
be searched for free [and you can capture document texts with your
software], but regular downloads are only possible with a
subscription. The BBS can handle 14,400bps modems, so even
with screen capture, you can get useful ammounts of information.
CRNET is usually quicker to have new texts available than any
printed mediu,. Here is the info :-

The Catholic Resource Network is a Catholic online information and
service system. To browse CRNET or join, set your modem to 8 data
bits, 1 stop bit and no parity, and call 1-703-791-4336.

Conclusion

I hope this list of reference is useful to people. I may
expand it a little in the future, and so please send any
corrections or suggestions to me at

Paul Halsall

halsall@murray.fordham.edu

This version of the text is part of the Internet Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.

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