Background*

Mr. Bruce W. Calvert served as Chief Executive Officer of Alliance Capital Management, Corp. since January 1999. Mr. Calvert served as Chief Executive Officer of Alliance Capital Management Holding LP since January 6, 1999. Mr. Calvert served as Chief Investment Officer of Alliance Capital Management Holding LP. from May 3, 1993 until January 6, 1999 and served as Vice Chairman from May 3, 1993 to April 30, 2001. From 1986 to 1993, he served as an Executive Vice President ... and from 1981 to 1986, he served as Senior Vice President of Alliance Capital Management Holding L.P. Prior to joining Alliance, Mr. Calvert served as Research Analyst and Portfolio Manager for The Northern Trust Company. In 1986, he became Director of Equity Research and in 1991 he assumed oversight responsibility for Alliance's fixed income investment activities. Mr. Calvert joined Alliance Capital Management Holding LP in 1973 as Equity Portfolio Manager and served as Chairman of the Board since May 1, 2001 and served until November 11, 2004. He served as the Chairman of Alliance Capital Management Corp. Mr. Calvert serves as Director of Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. He serves as a Director of Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States ( A. K.A. AXA Equitable Life Insurance Co.). He serves as a Trustee Emeritus of Colgate University in Hamilton, New York and Mike Wolk Heart Foundation in Manhattan. He served as a Director of Mony Life Insurance Co. of America. Mr. Calvert served as a Director of AXA Financial Inc. He also serves on the Investment Committee of the New York Community Trust. Mr. Calvert was a Member of the Executive Committee of AXA. Mr. Calvert served as a Director of Alliance Capital Management Holding LP, since 1992 until December 31, 2004. Mr. Calvert received his B.A. in 1968 from Colgate University and attended the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business.

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