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Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise for
sale, without the prior permission of ESM Publications.

Osteology is the study of bones and has been one of the
earliest studies in Human anatomy since renaissance
times. The understanding of bone anatomy led to the
treatment of fractures and other bone diseases. Like
other computerized manuals, this workbook is designed in
such a way that the actual materials such as bones may
not be needed for study. The manual encourages practical
and tutorial osteology with the use of real bones which
can be quite easily obtained from cadavers and bleached
for study. As in previous electronic texts, stupendous
illustrations are provided and many modalities of image
display are used in this electronic book. They include
animations, scan, simulations, morphing, rollover
alternate displays etc, to include audios and videos
(including Video CDs), to enable the learner to study in
a modified environment which is learning friendly with
well written learning objectives. It is also written in
an integrative fashion so that acess to all aspects of
Medicine can be obtained at every page to include
electronic dissector, search and links to all subjects
in medicine. It is supported by the resource base at the
world wide web- Electronic School of Medicine,
www.oluwoleogunranti.com
and also at
www.hamj.org

This book is another of the
TIEB
(totally or truly interactive electronic books) series
under the Electronic School of Medicine Publications
on the World Wide Web in which the hard book is the
literature and the actual book is electronic. It is
mainly designed for self instructional learning but can
also be used in a class room setting, e.g. a digital
classroom, or practical laboratory with computer.
When used as an electronic workbook for practical
learning it is completely computer enabled so that the
student can choose to submit his/her assignments
electronically by email or by hand.
He/she can generate the image he/she needs
electronically and then either color and/or label
electronically before submitting by email or simply
print and then label manually before submission. This
particular featueis not enabled in osteology and gross
anatomy manuals. The user is therefore
advised to use the electronic book very often since it
contains lots of interactive materials which cannot be
displayed on a hard book with access to materials that
fill a whole Library of Medicine, and to use the
literature as companion/revision and secondary to it.
The electronic book contains mainly internet TIEB links.
It also contains a teacher’s page.

I am grateful to Imperial College London for giving me
an opportunity for Sabbatical in the Human Anatomy Unit
and for giving me the time to write this book and
others. It is hoped that this little electronic book
with its stupendous library access will find use in the
area of modern learning and assimilation.

John Oluwole Ogunranti

London

12 March 2011

OUTLINE

SECTION A

SECTION A- INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

Osteological Terms

1

SECTION B

SECTION B- UPPER EXTREMITY

Chapter 2

Clavicle

10

Chapter 3

Scapula

19

Chapter 4

Humerus

34

Chapter 5

Radius

47

Chapter 6

Ulna

58

Chapter 7

Carpus

69

Chapter 8

Metacarpus

82

Chapter 9

Phalanges of Hand

93

SECTION C

SECTION C- LOWER EXTREMITY

Chapter 10

Femur

104

Chapter 11

Patella

115

Chapter 12

Tibia

121

Chapter 13

Fibula

131

Chapter 14

Tarsus

140

Chapter 15

Metatarsus

149

Chapter 16

Phalanges of Foot

158

SECTION D

SECTION D- THORAX

Chapter 17

Sternum

169

Chapter 18

Ribs

175

SECTION E

SECTION E- ABDOMEN

Chapter 19

Hip bone

191

Chapter 20

Pelvis

204

SECTION F

SECTION D- HEAD, NECK & VERTEBRAE

Chapter 21

Skull

217

Chapter 22

Hyoid bone

254

Chapter 23

Vertebrae

256

Teacher’s page

Teacher’s page

283

Index

Index

285

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

You have just acquired a unique book which is also the
first of its kind. It is a dream of a moving library in
which information can be check out on a larger resource
base as quickly as it is possible, which in this case is
the World Wide Web. Do not USE THIS BOOK LIKE ANY OTHER
OR READ IT THE WAY OTHER BOOKS ARE READ. It is an
Electronic Book which means it is a book to be read
or used on the computer. Open your CD/DVD and copy all
the items into your computer in case the CD is lost.
Then use the links on the computer and store your CD/DVD
in a safe place. It is also provided with a DVD/VCD
video.

Prelab

Your teacher may use the link on the Teacher’s page to
introduce the Practical for the day by digital
projection in the laboratory. It is usually animated
power point presentation.

Lab

The actual literature or hard book is meant for revision
or, using the language of the Electronic School of
Medicine, for postlab. For laboratory activity the
actual Electronic Book should be used. In the classroom
or laboratory the electronic book must be hooked unto
internet via a modem on a laptop or any other internet
link. Then use the computer to perform instructions
and answer all questions on the workbook. Each chapter
is a single laboratory schedule. Take time to check the
links with other colleagues in a practical group of 2 or
more students. It is preferable to have the practical
item on the tray or trolley during the use of the book.
But if not available, use the illustrations on the book
and then label or color the diagrams (just like for the
actual practical material) which may be generated
automatically using the computer or manually. You then
have the option of either submitting manually after the
practical session or digitally through email to your
learning instructor/teacher.

During the period of your practical class try to open
links that would make you as a group understand the
laboratory schedule you are performing, which will
include links to images, videos, or audios, which are
played to the hearing of everyone in your group.

Postlab

In the comfort of your own home you can perform postlab
or revision. Again it is wise to begin with the
Electronic Book itself. Check it out on internet and
make sure it assists you in understanding the subject
matter of the practical. After then you can safely use
only the literature for revision which will include
studying your own labelled diagrams and/or comments
together with the comments found in the book. You can
perform quizzes after every chapter and these are
themselves interactive, or do revision here.

More

Check the link
TIEB
on internet to obtain more information on what your Truly (or totally) Interactive Electronic Book
you have just purchased can do for you.

INSTRUCTIONS

General instructions

Draw and label all bones; some may be optional depending
on your teacher/instructor.

This is the end of long bones which presents
with secondary ossification centers. It is
separated from the primary ossification center,
which forms the diaphysis (shaft), by a growing
end of bone. When the growth ends this becomes
ossified as metaphysis.