The book reminds us that technology has long been transforming business.Electricity and standardized processes ushered the first wave of business transformations about 100 years ago.Manufacturing was decomposed into a set of processes and reassembled into the assembly line, leading to the age of mass production.

Several decades later, IT and process automation brought us the second wave of business transformation.Mainframes and data processing software enabled the automation of back-office processes in the 1960s and 1970s.Front-office automation followed in the 1980s with the advent of PCs and client-server systems.A decade later, advances in networking and ERP software led to business process reengineering and management.

“Now, the third wave involves adaptive processes,” write Daugherty and Wilson. “This third era, which builds on the previous two, will be more dramatic than the earlier revolutions enabled by assembly lines and digital computers, and will usher in entirely new, innovative ways of doing business… This adaptive capability is being driven by real-time data rather than by an a priori sequence of steps. The paradox is that although these processes are not standardized or routine, they can repeatedly deliver better outcomes.”

Like electricity, IT and the Internet, AI is becoming one of, if not themost important technology of the next few decades.But, we’re in the early stages of the Age of AI, still learning how to best deploy it throughout the economy and society. A recent McKinsey study found that AI adoption outside the technology sector is still at an experimental stage, with few firms having deployed it in production at scale.History shows that even after crossing over into mainstream markets, it takes considerable time for transformative technologies like AI to be widely embraced across companies and industries.

To many, AI feels different from previous technologies, as it forces us to explore the very boundaries between machines and human. Will AI turn out like other major innovations, - highly disruptive in the near term as it replaces workers and transforms industries, - but ultimately leading to whole new jobs and industries and a higher standard of living?Or, are we facing a dystopian future, as smart machines increasingly encroach on activities requiring intelligence and cognitive capabilities that not long ago were viewed as the exclusive domain of humans?

Human + Machine has a definite point of view on these important questions.“The simple truth is that machines are not taking over the world, nor are they obviating the need for humans in the workplace.In this current era of business process transformation, AI systems are not wholesale replacing us; rather, they are amplifying our skills and collaborating with us to achieve productivity gains that have previously not been possible.”

As part of their research, the authors surveyed more that 1,500 practitioners, and found that the leading companies in various industries, - around 10% of their surveyed sample, - are already riding this third wave and “reimagining their processes to be more flexible, faster, and adaptable to the behaviors, preferences, and needs of their workers at a given moment… they are now enabling people and machines to work collaboratively in novel ways.In doing so, they are changing the very nature of work, requiring us to manage our operations and employees in dramatically different ways.”

Key to the third wave is what the authors call the missing middle, a space where humans and machines collaborate to attain major increases in business performance.In this hybrid space of human-machine activities, humans work closely with their smart machines, each doing what they do best.But, the authors call it missing because only a fraction of companies are seriously pursuing this approach.

“Humans, for example, are needed to develop, train, and manage various AI applications.In doing so, they are enabling those systems to function as true collaborative partners. For their part, machines in the missing middle are helping people to punch above their weight, providing them with superhuman capabilities, such as the ability to process and analyze copious amounts of data from myriad sources in real time.Machines are augmenting human capabilities.”

The book studied what leading firms are doing to benefit from human-machine collaborations and found that they’ve succeeded by adopting five key principles: mindset, experimentation, leadership, data, and skills.

Mindset: Work must be reimagined, with people helping to improve the AI-based applications and tools while the smart machines help augment human capabilities.This is quite different from using technology to automate specific tasks in a job or workflow.The focus instead is on reinventing traditional business processes, making them much more flexible and responsive to real-time conditions.

Experimentation: Looking for ways where AI can improve an existing process and the overall human-machine collaboration.Standard business processes, even best-in-class practices are no longer enough.Rather, companies must continually conduct trial-and-error experiments to learn what works best for their unique set of conditions.

Leadership. AI involves a complex set of new, powerful technologies which must be carefully applied.It’s important to always keep in mind that ultimately it’s the humans working with the AI technologies that are in charge and accountable for the overall decisions and actions.One must always consider the ethical, moral, and legal implications of relying on these advanced technologies.AI systems must be able to explain their behavior and recommendations to the satisfaction of their human partners.This will require people with the proper skills and training.

Data.AI requires extensive volumes and variety of data.Accumulating and preparing the needed information is one of the biggest challenges faced by companies using AI.The needed data may be siloed within different departments in a firm, or only available from a potential data supply chain partner.One must also watch out that the data does not introduce serious, unintended biases.

Skills.“The growing power of AI is fundamentally transforming the human-machine relationship.In the second wave, machines were generally being used to replace humans - think of how automation has decimated the ranks of factory workers, administrative assistants, bookkeepers, bank tellers, travel agents, and so on.But humans are needed now more than ever in the third wave. Humans are taking center stage in this current era of business process improvement.Specifically, the era of adaptive processes requires humans in the loop, not only to design, develop, and train AI systems, but also to collaborate with them to ll the missing middle and achieve step-level increases in performance.”

Specifically, to succeed in this third wave of human-machine collaboration, companies need to hire and develop a new set of skills, including “knowing how best to ask an AI agent questions, across levels of abstraction, to get the insights you need”; “teaching AI agents new skills while also undergoing on-the-job training to work well within AI-enhanced processes”; “choosing a course of action amid machine uncertainty”; and “thinking of novel ways to overhaul work, processes, and business models to obtain exponential increases in improvement.”

“For years, the dream of many researchers was to create an artificial intelligence that could rival that of people,” wrote the authors in the books’s concluding chapter.“However, we’re seeing that AI is instead becoming a tool to extend our own human capabilities. In turn, we’re guiding AI systems to evolve into better tools that further extend our capabilities… AI is enabling business leaders to understand better than ever what their customers and employees need. Through AI and processes built around hybrid human-machine capabilities, organizations can take these needs into account, realizing solutions that benefit both business and people… Never before in history have our tools been so responsive to us, and we to our tools.”

Comments

Outstanding overview of how AI is bring people and machines closer together. We have been working hard with clients to leverage AI to create a conversational user interface between people and cars, hotels, appliances, etc. This is opening up new use cases and all kinds of ways for manufacturers and service providers to engage with and to help consumers to get more value. IBM's new Watson Assistant was just announced this month specifically to deliver this to clients.