搜尋:predecessor

53. “Experience may possibly be the bestteacher, but it is not a particularlygoodteacher.” You mightthinkthatWinstonChurchill or perhapsMarkTwainspokethosewords, but theyactuallycomefromJamesMarch, a predecessor at StanfordUniversity and a pioneer in the field of organizationdecisionmaking. 53For yearsMarch (possibly be wisestphilosopher of management) has studied how humansthink and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we havebeensticking to the idea of experientiallearning: “Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.” The problem is thatlearningfromexperienceinvolves （涉及）seriouscomplications（复杂化），onesthat are part of the nature of experienceitself and whichMarchdiscusses in the body of thisbook.
In one interestingpart of book，for example，he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the mosteffective way of experientiallearning. 55In our efforts to makestoriesinteresting, he argues, we losepart of the complicatedtruth of things. He says “The moreaccurately （精确的）reality is presented，the lessunderstandable the story，and the moreunderstandable the story, the lessrealistic it is.”
Besidesbeing a broadlyknowledgeableresearcher，March is also a poet, and his giftshinesthough in the depth of views he offers and the simplelanguage he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding：54Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easylessons. Rather, be ready to thinkdeeplyaboutlearningfromexperience in work and life.
According to the text, JamesMarch is .
(A) a poet who usesexperience in his writing(B) a teacher who teachersstorywriting in university(C) a researcher who studies the way humansthink and act
(D) a professor who helpsorganizationsmakeimportantdecisions

Whendoes the simpledigitaltracking of yourlocation and movementsstart to be trulyrevealing? When do the datapoints and inferencesthat can be drawnfrom it stronglysuggest, say, trips to a psychiatrist, a mosque, an abortionclinic, a stripclub or an AIDStreatmentcenter?
The answer, according to a new researchpaper, is about a week, when the dataportrait of a personbecomessufficientlydetailed to (37)
as an “unreasonablesearch” and a potentialviolation of an individual’s FourthAmendmentrights.
The researchpaper, a collaboration of computerscientists and lawyers, wadesinto the debateover the legal and policingimplications of
moderndatacollection and analysistechnology. It explores (38) in legalcircles is called the “mosaictheory” of the FourthAmendment,
whichessentiallystatesthatwhenlinked and analyzed by software, a muchricherpictureemergesfromcombinedinformationthanfromdiscretedatapoints.
The maintechnology for makingtheseinferences is machinelearning, a branch of artificialintelligence. In the paper, the authorswritethattheirgoal was “to identify the (39) at whichenough is enough—the point at whichlong-termgovernmentsurveillancebecomesobjectivelyunreasonable.”
The issue of whenlocationdata and analysismight (40) a violation of the FourthAmendmentcame up mostprominently in a
SupremeCourtcase, UnitedStates v. Jones, in 2012. In the case, AntoineJones, a nightclubowner in Washington, D.C., was suspected by the
police of dealingdrugs. The localpolice, workingwithfederalagents, put a GPS trackingdevice on his car, without a warrant, and gathered his
locationdata for fourweeks.
Mr. Jones was (41) convicted of drugtraffickingconspiracy, based in part on thousands of pages of locationinformationsentfrom the
GPS trackerover 28 days. But then the SupremeCourtruled for Mr. Jones, saying his FourthAmendmentrights had beenviolatedbecauseplacing the GPS device on his car, without a warrant and without his knowledge, was “an unauthorizedphysicalintrusion,” as if someone had
comeinto his home.
【題組】39. (A)predecessor(B)sanction(C)threshold(D)validity

Questions 30-39
The lack of printingregulations and the unenforceabiliy of Britishcopyright law
in the Americancoloniesmade it possible for colonialprintersoccasionally to act as
publishers. Althoughtheyrarelyundertookmajorpublishingprojectbecause it was
difficult to sellbooks as cheaply as theycould be importedfromEurope, printers in
(5) Philadelphia did publishworkthatrequiredonlysmallamounts of capital, paper, and
type. Broadsidescould be publishedwithminimalfinancialrisk. Consisting of only one
sheet of paper and requiringsmallamounts of type, broadsidesinvolvedlowerinvestments
of capitalthanlongerworks. Furthermore, the broadsideformatlentitselt to subjects of
high, if temporary, interest, enablingthem to meetwithreadysale. If the broadsideprinter
(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheetthat did not sell, it was not likely to be a
majorloss, and the printerwouldknowthisimmediately, Therewould be no agonizingwaitwithlargeamounts of capitaltied up, booksgatheringdust on the shelves, and creditorsimpatient for payment
In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consistingmainly of politicaltracts,
(15) catechisms, primers, and chapbookswererelativelyinexpensive to print and to buy.
Chapbookwerepamphlet-sizedbooks, usuallycontainingpopulartales, ballads, poems,
shortplays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, theyweregenerallyboundsimply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merelystitched in paperwrappers (a
sewnantecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require
(20) finepaper or a greatdeal of type to producetheycouldthus be printed in large, costeffectiveeditions and soldcheaply.
By far, the mostappealingpublishinginvestmentswere to be found in smallbooksthat
had proven to be steadysellers, providing a reasonablyreliablesource of income for the
publisher. Theywould not, by nature, be highlytopical or political, as suchpublications
(25) wouldprove of fleetinginterest. Almanacs, annualpublicationsthatcontainedinformation
on astronomy and weatherpatternsarrangedaccording to the days, week, and months of
a givenyear, provided the perfectsteadysellerbecausetheirinformationpertained to the
locale in whichtheywould be used【題組】34.The word "antecedent" in line 19 is closest in
meaning to
(A) predecessor(B)format(C) imitation(D) compontent