3
Effect of globalisation Tied to impact on state Demise of nation state Transformation of nation-state Nature of transformation State/societal relationship Rights in nation-state or international law Human Rights? Formal equality of citizenship

5
De-territorialization of citizenship De-nationalizing citizenship Citizenship practices and identities Loyalty and allegiance Citizenship and nationality? Saskia Sassen Not formal nationality but effective nationality Formal nationality only in one state – allegiance to one state Multilateral codification of law to rule out dual nationality

6
Changes in 1980s and 1990s alter institutions of citizenship and its relation to nationality, Dual and multiple nationalities increasing Benefits (movement of capital, people – tied to changes in global economy) Withdrawal of citizenship entitlements (welfare) – de-nationalizing citizenship

7
Welfare – marker of social right, shared belonging in political community, Allegiance and loyalty to state De-nationalizing citizenship weaken loyalty and sense of reciprocity between individuals and citizens Citizenship once source of social protection (welfare) under threat

10
Post-National citizenship Citizenship as enabling social practices Political agency separate from or not tied to formal national citizenship (e.g. – cases of formal citizenship exclude political subjectivity – women) Claim of post-national citizenship that citizenship is located outside national EU?

11
Saskia Sassens notion of de-nationalized citizenship – implies transformation of national Strengthen of civil rights, Granting rights to foreign actors foreign firms, foreign investors, international markets, business – the boundaries of national and non-national blur