Readers have asked to see examples of different
hooves, with my comments, so they can learn more about hoof balance and
how to deal with various difficulties. I will add photos as I receive interesting
ones via email.

They are numbered so you can refer to them when
asking me questions, for example, "My horse's hind feet have a long toe
like the one in Photo Gallery #3."

#1

The right foot (left side of photo)
is long on the inside. I would trim about 1/16 inch (~2 mm) along
the inside, and then see whether the leg lines up better. Besides the slanted
outline of the hoof, another clue is that the tubules (lines in the hoof
wall) at the toe are not quite vertical.

On the left foot, we can see that the
toe (and probably the whole foot) is too long and is flared in the bottom
1/3.

#2a

A foundered horse, showing the "founder stance." The back is humped,
hind feet well underneath him to take more of his weight, fronts out in
front to reduce pressure on the painful toes. (He is wearing Sabre Sneakers.)

#2b

Same horse after removing flares. He is able to put the front feet
directly under his weight; the hind feet are closer to a normal position,
and the back is only slightly humped.

#3An extremely flared toe, with white line separation starting way
up near the coronet. (Put the edge of a sheet of paper alongside the toe
wall; the toe should be straight from coronet to the ground.)

Right, the same foot after most of the flare has been trimmed off,
and the entire hoof shortened. Finished with a mustang roll (rounded edge).

At the next trim, the outside of the hoof wall can be rasped to make
a completely straight line from the coronet to the toe. The mustang roll
can be taken all the way to the inside of the white line (to the edge of
the sole) to help the white line recover; when the white line tightens
up about 6 months from now, the mustang roll can be ended at its normal
position, the water line (white layer of hoof wall).

#4a

For draft-horse fans. Front foot of a friend's Belgian, several weeks
after a nice trim.

In these photos you can almost "see" the shape of the coffin bone,
which is just underneath the sole.

Draft feet have only a slight concavity. This is because the height
of the coffin bone doesn't increase in a wider foot, but stays about the
same as in the average foot. So the 1/4 to 1/2 inch (7 to 13 mm) of concavity
in the sole is spread over a wider surface, and appears flatter.

#4b

Hind foot of same horse, showing the slightly more pointed shape.
There is a quarter crack on the inside, you can see the notch in the wall.

#5

This hoof has a long and somewhat contracted heel, which is painful,
so that he walks more on the toe and wears it short while the heel tends
to grow longer.

The incorrect (upright) shape of the hoof capsule makes the side
walls flare. On the left side you can see both the flared wall and the
separated white line. (Flare and white line separation are the same thing
-- the hoof wall has pulled away from the coffin bone.)

To tighten up the white line, we would need to shorten the heel and
remove the existing flare. First, scrape off the chalky layer of sole,
down to hard ("live") sole; then trim the heels down to the edge of the
sole. Rasp off the flares on the outside, and mustang roll to the edge
of the sole wherever the white line is stretched.

This hoof has probably been trimmed for a long heel for many years,
and the coffin bone has tried to level itself by growing extra heel
underneath. In order not to thin the sole while shortening the heels, we
have to keep the heels consistently trimmed down to the sole, to encourage
the coffin bone to change back to a more level shape. This may take several
years; the heels will be longer than they should be during this time, and
the side walls will keep trying to flare.

The narrow crease between the bulbs speaks to me of possible fungus
infection (see More Topics page). Treating the fungus will allow the frog
to widen, which will spread the heels apart and will help the hoof balance
overall by reducing heel pain.

#6

I put this one in to show the pigmented and unpigmented bands of
hoof wall. This horse has pigmented hair just above where the coronet is
making pigmented wall. Unpigmented hoof is just as tough as pigmented.
White feet are not softer : )

#7

Here is a front foot that is long in the outside toe. It makes the
whole leg slant out (base-wide). We would expect to find some kind of compensating
imbalance in the wear of the diagonal hind foot.

#8a

Here is a horse that has been foundered for a long time. This foot
shows the typical "block of wood" look: long heels and flat sole, pushed
down by the rotated coffin bone.

The owner has leveled the heel on one side. There is a lot of chalky
sole that can be scraped out in the seat of corn; then the heels can be
shortened down to the edge of the hard sole, in a wedge cut that ends about
1/2 inch (12 mm) behind the point-of-frog (see diagram on Founder page).
This will rock the weight back onto the heel and reduce the painful pressure
of the coffin bone on the sole.

#8b

In this foot the coffin bone has rotated so far that it makes the
sole bulge outwards; the coffin bone is penetrating the sole just in front
of the frog. There is a large abscess that has erupted at the coronet,
and the horse had bedsores on many joints from lying down most of the time.

The heel is a lot longer on this foot. Again the chalky sole can
be scraped out in the seat of corn, and a big wedge of heel removed to
get weight off the toe.

All the toe wall that is now way out in front of the penetrating
coffin bone should be rasped off so that it is not pulling painfully on
the white line (see diagram on Founder page). When that is done, the horse
will be able to stand and begin walking, and this long-term situation will
begin to heal.

#9a

This is an extremely overgrown hoof. The shoe has pulled the heels
inwards so that they are underslung and very painful. The base of the hoof
is so far forward that I expect the foot was landing toe-first and there
would be "navicular" pain also (see More Topics page).

#9b

The owner has shortened entire wall and the heel a lot, possibly
cutting into the hard sole, which will make the horse sore.

The frog is narrow and flaky, with a crease between the bulbs, so
I would look for a fungus infection. Treatment will allow the frog to expand
and push the heels apart within several months.

#9c

Here we can see that the toe is still long-out-in-front, and needs
to be backed. We might remove some excess toe on the outside of the wall.
Then, looking carefully at the bottom of the foot, we would mustang roll
to the water line along the quarters where the white line is tight, and
to the edge of the sole around the toe, where the white line is stretched.

#10

A nice foot, showing the mustang roll. It has been rolled past the
water line because the white line shows some stretching almost all the
way around the hoof (there is dirt in it).

The heel on the left side may be a little longer than the right.

#11

This foot shows the imbalance with too much toe in front of the widest
part, that lands toe-first and develops "navicular" pain (inflammation
in the impar ligament). See More Topics page.

There is a lot of flare and white line stretching, especially in
front of the line. This should be backed heavily and mustang rolled to
the edge of the sole, until the white line tightens up in 6 to 12 months.
It looks like the heel has already been shortened to a good length.

#12

Here are two feet that are probably worn just about right across
the toe, but there are "corners" in the outline of the hoof base which
are making it hard for the horse to stand squared-up. The corners
will tend to flare and stretch out the white line. The outline should be
rounded to a nice even curve, matching the curve of the coronet when you
look from directly above (your head by the horse's shoulder).

On the closer foot, I would also look for the inside to be slightly
long; the tubules (lines in the wall) don't look exactly vertical. You
can see it better if you get your eye down at ground level -- looking at
horse feet is not a standing-up activity : )

#13a

This foot is a little long all over,and has flared out at the heel
to make a quarter crack (different from the usual underslung quarter crack).

#13b

Side view, showing the crack better.

#13c

Here we see what is going on. The entire wall is too long and needs
to be trimmed back to the level of the sole.

The quarters are starting to crack out. This is how a horse self-trims
in the wild. Eventually the entire wall will trim itself back to sole level,
given a 20-miles-a-day (30 km) lifestyle.

#14

This foot looks like the heels are too long, and they may be; we
could try scraping chalk off the sole in the seat of corn.

On the other hand, the frog looks fungus-y (flaky layers and a deep
crease between the heels-- see More Topics page). Treating the fungus would
allow the frog to grow up to the level of the heels.

#15a

These front feet are a little long overall, and there is some toe
flare.

#15b

The hind feet. The length looks about right. You could make the wall
a little straighter, probably around the entire toe. I would like to see
more mustang roll around the toes.

#15a

This one looks long overall, the heels look contracted, and there
is a little flare at the toe where it's trying to self-trim. The deep crease
partway down tells that it may have slightly foundered about 3 months ago;
or it may indicate when the shoes were removed.

#15b

Underneath, we can see the too-long wall on either side of the toe.
The frog looks fungus-y; it's narrow and has a very tight crease between
the bulbs. Treating the fungus will allow the frog to grow wide, pushing
the heels apart, and the entire hoof will be wider and better-balanced.

In most of the hoof capsule (see 15a), the white line is tight, so
we see plenty of concavity.

#15c

The owner's first trim. In shortening the wall, I would have stopped
at the edge of the sole; here the sole has been thinned all the way around,
and the horse was probably sore for a while. The toe looks much better
and there is a good mustang roll. Hard to see in this photo, but I'd make
sure the wall is not touching the ground along the quarters where the white
line is stretched (looks dirty).

#17

A hoof with a wall crack due to an old injury. Since the injury is
in the coronet, the crack will always be there. We do the best we can with
injured hooves, knowing that they also do the best they can to grow into
a useful hoof-shape.

The quarters look too long, I would like to see a straight line for
the hoof base, rather than a convex curve. The owner has rasped off the
edge of the crack so it won't catch on things. Overall, it looks like a
good hoof.

#18a

Nice hooves. The heels look long. This is a good example of "backing
the toe," the vertical cut around the toe. You could also do a more rounded
"mustang roll."

#18b

Underneath, we see that the heels are trimmed almost to the level
of the sole. They could be shortened another 1/8 inch (3mm).

This looks like a hoof that has had long heels for many years, like
#5, so that the heels of the coffin bone have tried to grow lower to make
the bottom level. Therefore, the heels will have to be shortened gradually
over several years; otherwise you will thin the sole in the seat-of-corn,
and the horse will be sore in the heels..

In the meantime, the frog is wide and healthy, and the sole is nicely
concave, so I would expect this horse to go sound just as it is.

#19a

About 3 months after a founder. You can see the new growth at the
top. Just above the founder line across the front, there are several creases
that formed as the wall was growing, from the pressure of the slippered
toe upwards against the coronet. Below the "founder line," the white line
is stretched, and the old hoof wall is not well connected to the coffin
bone.

The toe has been backed well into the stretched white line. The thick,
"punky" white line is clearly visible as a gray area across the bottom.

#19b

Bottom of another foot on the same horse, showing where the toe of
the coffin bone is penetrating the sole (reddish area).

This foot can be made more comfortable by shortening the heels (see
diagram on Founder page) to take the weight off the toe; and by removing
toe flare around the entire toe.

#19c

Hind feet of the same horse. Again you can see the new, healthy growth
in the top part of the hoof wall; the founder line; and the "old foot"
at the bottom. It's OK to leave the bulge for protection, though you could
also rasp it off to make a straight surface all the way from the coronet
to the ground.

The heel height looks about right. I would probably back the toe
a little more, or carry the mustang roll a little farther underneath the
hoof.

Before trim: at the heels and quarters, the wall is longer than the
sole, especially on the left side of the picture.

#20b

After trim; the heels are still longer than the frog, which can be
used as a guideline because it is full and healthy. It looks like the heels
could be shortened a little more without cutting into the sole.

#20c

Shows the cone shape of a healthy hoof wall -- wider at the bottom
than at the coronet.

#20d

Looking from above, shows the slightly pointed shape of the hind
foot; this gives more traction than the rounder shape of a front foot.

#21a

Here is a draft horse's foot about 2 months after a founder. Upper
arrow marks the founder line. Above the arrow, the new wall growth is attached
to the coffin bone; below, the old wall has pulled away from the bone and
is dramatically flared.

Lower arrow: this horse has massive frogs. The owner trimmed the
wall to the edge of the sole and left the frog slightly longer; she had
trimmed the frog before and it grew back quickly. I told her this is OK,
it will give the horse something to walk on comfortably while the foot
heals.

#21b

We can see the "old foot," as well as the "new foot" that will grow
around the present position of the coffin bone. If we follow the angle
of new wall growth (line), this shows how much flare can be removed.

We might remove the flare gradually, using a vertical cut, leaving
some of the upper wall to protect the bone from bumping into things. However,
the mustang roll should reach as far as the line and a little farther.
See sole view, below.

#21c

Looking from the front, the side walls have also lost their white
line connection with the coffin bone. Arrows point to the founder line;
the wall below the arrows is flared and needs to be removed.

#21d

Lines show how much flare should be removed. Again, we could use
a vertical cut, leaving some of the upper wall for protection. The mustang
roll should round in a little, inside the lines.

>#21e

Arrow points to a dark area where the toe of the coffin bone has
almost penetrated the sole.

This sole is dark; you can see its edge inside the wall. The white
line (reddish brown) is very stretched and is "punky" like rotten wood.

The owner has trimmed the heels as far as the sole in the seat of
corn. Although the side view shows the heels are still longer than we would
like, rasping into the sole at this time will cause the horse unnecessary
pain. Instead we can shorten the heels gradually as the foot re-shapes
itself.

#21f

The flare should be removed to the edge of the sole, about where
I have drawn a (wobbly) line.

When the flare is backed up to this line, the horse will immediately
be more comfortable and will walk around without being forced. Increased
circulation will help the hoof wall to grow faster.

#22a

A left front foot with upright wall on the inside quarter, and a
sloped wall on the outside quarter. The front tubules (lines of hoof wall
material) are vertical.

#22b

Sighting across the bottom of the foot. Although the base is nice
and flat, the hoof leans to the outside (right side of photo).

Question: is the slanted wall longer than the upright wall, or is
it a flare? Should we shorten the leaned-out side, or remove flare?

#22c

The sole view gives an answer. There is white line separation along
the more sloped side of the foot. We will try rasping away the outside
surface of the wall along the outside quarter, well into the white line
so the wall is not in contact with the ground. Renew as the wall grows
down, until there is no remaining white line separation.

#23

The owner sent four photos of this horse. In every photo, the front
feet were squared-up, showing that they are balanced in their trim and
not painful.

In all four photos, the right hind was back and the left hind forward.
This is a strong clue that there is some imbalance in one or both hind
feet. It looks like the right hind is too short in the toe, so that he
has to put it behind to have his joints comfortable. We would work on growing
some toe. I would also look carefully at the left hind to see why he is
not bearing weight on it fully.

#24a

The shoes were recently pulled off this horse, about 8 weeks after
the last shoeing. He has already broken out the quarters -- this is how
a hoof starts to self-trim when it is too long. We will shorten the heel
a bit and the toe more (underneath), and back the toe into the white line
because there is some flaring in the toe.

#24b

Showing how the wall has grown much longer than the sole. It is also
starting to break out at the quarters. On the bottom, we will shorten the
wall down to the level of the sole -- like cutting a glass down to the
level of the water. Then mustang roll all the way to the inside of the
white line (e.g. the edge of the sole) until the white line is no longer
separated; I would guess 6 to 8 months on these feet.

#24c

The same foot after two trims. The owner used a vertical cut to back
the toe because she is figuring out where the white line is; next time
she can round in the mustang roll.

#24d

About 4 months later, the hoof is shaping up well. There is still
some toe flare; the owner has rasped most of it off.

Good example of a mustang roll.

#25a

The hind feet of a horse just out of shoes. Both soles have a lot
of chalky, crackly, exfoliating sole; when it is removed we will be able
to see the surface of the sole and can use it as a guide to, probably,
shorten the heels somewhat.

On this foot, it's obvious the crackled sole should be scraped away.

#25b

Here, it is not so obvious that the sole has a chalky layer over
it. Look at the "cliff" of excess sole around the front half of the frog.

The owner said this foot was sore. I see two possible reasons for
discomfort: the long heels, and the excess sole which probably bruises
the sole corium.

#26a

There is evidence of trauma at the arrow, such as a brief founder
episode or a major change in feed. Or it could show that the shoes were
pulled, and the white line is better connected in the new growth as it
comes out of the coronet.

Underneath, the wall is already trimmed down to the sole, so the
way we work on the long-toe-in-front is to be back it to the line.

#26b

Sole of #26a. In fact there is white line stretching, which agrees
with the possible brief founder episode. The toe needs to be backed to
the junction of white line and sole (curved line), and looking at the large
amount of toe in front of the widest part, probably more in the next few
trims as the hoof gradually re-shapes itself.

#26c

Heel view of the other front foot, showing one wall "inside the vertical"
(arrow). The other side is much longer, causing the hoof to lean
over. When we trim the long heel and that whole side to a new level position,
the pushed-under wall will be able to widen if the horse gets enough daily
movement on a firm surface. This foot also needs the toe backed, similar
to #26a & b, which will help the heel to expand and the walls to slope
out wider.

#26d

Both front feet are toed-out. We can shorten the outside toe underneath
(at the arrows) until the horse stands with the toes pointed directly forward.
When it's right, suddenly the front legs look like "small trees planted
in the ground;" that is, the weight of the legs comes straight down through
the center of the hoof.

It looks like the hind feet are also long at the outside toe. I've
seen several horses with all four feet toed-out; my hunch is that the hinds
wear like this as a compensation for the toed-out fronts.