Saturday, 27 December 2014

I read, see or hear
about various aspects of life in, and the culture of, different countries
around the world, and it makes me remember the good and the bad of countries in
which I have lived.

Perhaps because we have
always lived on our farms in rural areas, sometimes a long way from a town, my
family and I have met some extremely nice people in all of them. Portugal is no
different – except that the townspeople are as friendly as the rural folk. During
the summer my wife and I were in a supermarket, the bananas were of poor
quality and I only picked up three, asking my wife if she would weigh them
whilst I went back to the wine section for a bottle I particularly wanted to
try and had forgotten. A Portuguese lady had obviously heard us talking,
assumed we were tourists and, by gestures, indicated to my wife (who speaks almost
no Portuguese) that she would weigh the bananas for her on the slightly
complicated electronic scales this particular supermarket uses. The lady said
nothing, just did the weighing, affixed the price ticket to the bag and smiled
whilst returning them to my wife.

On our next trip to
town we were in the same supermarket looking at several large jars of spices
(from which you shovel out what you require) because my wife wanted to memorise
the names of one or two she had forgotten – she reads Portuguese reasonably
well, especially recipes. A young lady nearby said if we told her the English
name for the spice we wanted she would identify it for us. My wife explained
why she was looking at the labels, and the lady quickly went through them all,
translating into English. In both cases typical Portuguese, always friendly,
always giving useful help.

Portuguese roads are
the best maintained of any I have ever seen. Little frost throughout most of the
country is a great help. I drive to Lisbon airport, 236kms, half a dozen times
a year to pick up and return family visitors. The A1 motorway ends about a quarter
mile from the terminal buildings and it is rare not to be travelling at the
permitted speed limit (it drops from 120 to 100 to 80kph in the final kilometre
or so) when I exit for the terminal. The underground car park adjoining the
terminal always has free spaces, and I have never been more than 100 metres
from the arrivals/departure areas.

As with many countries Portugal
has toll roads. I paid €25 for a little gadget that sticks to the windscreen
behind the rear view mirror, and tolls (plus parking fees at certain parks
including the airport) and any ferry journeys are taken direct from my bank
account on a monthly basis. I do not have to stop at barriers to take a ticket
that is then used to make payment further down the road, there is a lane without
barriers purely for those who have these little gadgets.

Speed limits within
towns and villages are readily controlled because there are traffic lights over
the road that measure the speed of an oncoming vehicle and any over the speed
limit are red-lighted and held up for about half a minute. I have never met
anyone who has not exceeded a speed limit at some time, but few will go through
a red light, so everyone observes the limits. The police use radar for spotting
speedsters, but they publicly announce on which roads the radar traps will be
for the following month. Again it means that people obey the limits along the
roads where they know there will be traps somewhere.

A few weeks back I read
that the UK is losing millions every year from foreign registered vehicles that
are used there and do not pay road taxes. They are also often uninsured because
of the problems of insuring non-registered vehicles. I know that some ex-pats,
particularly British ones, bring vehicles here and fail to register them in
Portugal within the 6 months grace period allowed. It is particularly prevalent
in the Algarve, and so the police stake out places like supermarket car parks,
record the date and number of foreign vehicles, and eventually take action if
necessary, including seizing the vehicle. I have no sympathy for those who
suffer from this attempt to cheat the Portuguese. I left my vehicle in the UK
and bought a Portuguese one immediately upon arrival.

There are some
drawbacks, of course, and we have had dealings with some businesses where the
proprietor or staff make promises that they have no intentions of keeping. We
have had four lawyers, two accountants, and four banks since we came here. I
still use a firm of solicitors in England that I have been associated with for
more than 50 years; use the same bank in Scotland that I joined more than 20
years ago when we returned from Australia, and the same solicitor there for the
same time too although hopefully that firm will not be needed again until we eventually
retire and go back. We have had dealings with a few other small businesses that
accept work and fail to do it, or do not follow instructions. This is not a
language problem. I am aware of a German couple who left the country because of
the number of times this had happened to them.

Despite these few
problems, many businesses and their staff have gone out of their way to help
us, and so far as possible we pass on the names of these businesses to new
immigrants. Many people from northern Europe move to Portugal to buy a plot of
land and they want to grow some of their own food. The Remax estate agency in
Castelo Branco often sends these people out to talk to us as we appear to be
the only “estrangeiros” with previous farming experience.

The Remax people helped
us with the language problem in the buying, registration and insuring of our
vehicle in January 2003. It was 10 years old then. It failed to start one
morning early in September. Having
little mechanical knowledge, I only knew it was a serious problem. When it
happened I had to go along to the village a few kilometres away, and so took
the tractor instead, thinking of what I could do to fix my problem with the
car. In the village was a vehicle belonging to the place I bought the car from
in 2003. I explained my problem and they took care of everything, including seeking
us from home and taking us to the railway station a couple of days later so
that we could travel to Lisbon for a flight back to the UK for our
grand-daughter’s Christening. The car was ready when we came back, and I was
very pleased with the bill. I had had no dealings with the business since
buying the car and I consider that what they did went a long way beyond
after-sales service.

Apart from the
extremely pleasant and helpful population I also thoroughly enjoy excellent
food and wine at almost giveaway prices. Just a few of the reasons why I like
Portugal.

Monday, 3 November 2014

As promised in my previous post a few days ago I have set up a new blog called Old McDonald's Comfrey - www.oldmcdonaldscomfrey.blogspot.com purely for the purpose of giving some suggestions on the use of dried comfrey.

Monday, 27 October 2014

Comfrey is never far
from me – either physically or mentally. It is one of those neglected crops
that every now and again have a very limited number of enthusiasts to promote their
virtues, and yet they never become popular with many mainstream farmers. It is
not a difficult crop to grow on a large scale, but it does need different
management to most other farm crops grown for animal feed, and either needs to
be fed fresh or mixed with some other crop for silage.

A few stalwarts carry
on in a small way, but many growers neglect it after a while. Over the years I
have seen sellers of root-sets and offsets, dried leaves and roots either cease
business or show “out of stock” as a permanent notice and very few who
continue. I am continually thinking of suitable mechanical methods of cutting
and carting on a farm scale as livestock feed, but have not devised anything
better than using a forage harvester that chops and loads directly into a
wagon. This is suitable only for immediate feeding or ensiling. An alternative,
when used as a mulch and fertiliser is to cut then pick up after wilting,
although applying fresh cut leaves around trees in dry situations such as I
have in the summer is my preferred use.

The best way to dry comfrey
is to keep the leaves whole in a very shallow layer and turned frequently with
great care to prevent shattering. Ideally they should be individually separated,
but this is impossible except with only a few leaves. Bunched and hung up in a
tobacco barn is feasible, but extremely labour intensive, and only suitable if
you have a tobacco barn or something similar. I wilt in the field then use my
numerous small olive harvesting boxes that have perforated bases and sides.
Again, very labour intensive but the boxes are only used for olives in November
and December when the comfrey is going into its dormant phase and not
harvested.

The great problem for users
of comfrey has often been that sellers and advisers do not know much about it, writing
the most utter rubbish (often simply copied from other writings) about comfrey
in general; Henry Doubleday and Lawrence Hills. I see the same misinformation
time and time again, some even repeating articles that purport to be the
writer’s own experiences of the crop. Sometimes sellers offer a specific cultivar,
usually one of the Bocking series. I am always extremely suspicious of this in
countries other than Britain, where Bocking 14 has been readily available for
many years. Where did the plants originate? Who identified them?

I know comfrey is a
wonderful plant, but I am sure it is not capable of making people into time
travellers. I found one site referring to Doubleday in WWII - 40 years after he
died, and here is an example from a site claiming to be a Herbal Encyclopaedia:

During the Irish potato famine of the 1840s, an Englishman named Henry
Doubleday became convinced that the world could be saved from hunger and
suffering by using comfrey. He established a charitable organization to
research the cultivation and use of the plant that exists to this day and
continues to publish pamphlets and books on its usage.

Henry Doubleday’s interest in comfrey was as a source of glue that could
be used on postage stamps. He did not import what a century later became
classified as Symphytum x uplandicum from Russia until about 1870.
His earlier connection with potatoes was that he set up a factory in England to
make starch from them. It was some years after his glue idea that he apparently
saw the possibility of it as a source of human food, but it seems it remained
only an idea. Unfortunately all his notes were destroyed after his death and it
is not possible to know what his thoughts were. Lawrence Hills, in the 1950s,
founded the research association to which he gave Doubleday’s name because of his
work with comfrey. For accurate historical
information use Lawrence Hills’ works as your source, although it appears the
botanic nomenclature was not settled when Hills wrote his books.

Many sites show photographs of a comfrey plant in its red or blue flowering
phase and refer to it as S.officinale (Common
Comfrey) when it is most obvious that it is not. They then claim that it does
not set seed. Common Comfrey, as can be guessed from its name,sets seed profusely and will rapidly
spread in a garden or field. Its flowers are white/cream/yellow. It is unlikely,
but not impossible, that you will come across the red/purple flowered variant.
Most other comfreys also set large amounts of viable seed. If you are growing
comfrey to use either for animals or plants it should never be allowed to
flower anyway. Flowering seriously reduces the productivity of the plant.

Further misinformation arises when the writer has no idea about fertilisers.
They confuse ratios of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium with percentages,
comparing them as if they were the same thing and then spout forth about this
being better than that, and how to make use of them. This is especially true of
those promoting the use of comfrey. Part of the reason for this, although
inexcusable by anyone who claims to advise on fertiliser use, is the habit of some fertiliser sellers
showing analyses of their products as, for example 5:10:10. The sign : between
two numbers means that they are in this ratio to each other. Agricultural and horticultural convention is
5-10-10 and also to show the constituents as N-P-K in that order, with other
nutrients also shown as their elemental symbol, e.g S and Ca for Sulphur and
Calcium.

For those who do not know, 5-10-10 means that the package contains 5% Total
Nitrogen 10% Phosphate and 10% Potash. Nitrogen is the total of Nitrical and Ammoniacal;
Phosphate is Phosphorus Pentoxide and Potash is Potassium Oxide. I suggest you
read professionally written technical fertiliser articles if you require more
detail about mineral or organic fertilisers and their availability to plants. A
good starting point is the online available UK DEFRA manual RB209 “Fertiliser
Recommendations for Agricultural and Horticultural Crops”. It is highly
recommended to commercial growers, but only to those dedicated home growers
with a thirst for knowledge.

The ratio of N:P:K in a 5-10-10 fertiliser is 1:2:2 but a ratio is
meaningless if you want to know how much of that particular fertiliser to apply.
You need the figures 5-10-10 or whatever the analysis is. Knowledgeable people
can make use of the information and then make their own calculations based on
the N-P-K percentages. Occasionally it will be found that some writers put Potassium
in the middle. I have even seen this in agricultural books when the author
discusses various fertilisers in the order Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus. This
is also inexcusable, and has given rise to some articles where I have seen the
symbol for Potassium given as P and Phosphorus as K. Organic fertilisers (such
as comfrey, meat and bone meal or seaweed) are described in the same way as mineral
fertilisers so that users know their analysis and can make use of the
information.

I use fresh and dried comfrey. I have made liquid from comfrey but found
it did not suit my management systems. Liquid is obtained from the pressed
leaves and stems. A favourite instruction is to dilute the liquid obtained from
comfrey until it is “the colour of weak tea”. I have lost count of the number
of times I have seen this quote. It is sometimes accompanied by “that is about
10:1” or 20:1 or 40:1. There is a big difference between 10:1 and 40:1. Even
well-known gardening personalities come out with this nonsense. It is equally
as bad as advising the use of a manufactured fertiliser by saying put “some” on
your land. You have no idea what you are feeding your plants. The nutrients in
a concentrated comfrey liquid are variable to begin with. The amounts in any
given sample of fresh material will be different to another sample (more so if
grown on a different site) and the moisture content, up to 90%, will also
differ. Wilting the leaves is generally advised before pressing, but again how
much water is left?

The agricultural college in Castelo Branco analyses comfrey leaves for
me in the same way as they analyse olive and almond leaves to assist in
assessing fertiliser requirements for the grove or orchard. It is unable to
analyse the liquid and that is another reason I do not use it. It is possible
to have a liquid analysed, but not locally. I would need
to do some calculations based on the dried material of a wilted sample used for
pressing in order to have an idea of the liquid analysis. Highly inaccurate,
but the best I could do, and given the variability in starting water content of
“wilted” leaves it is not good enough for me.

At the same time, if
you grow comfrey on a garden or allotment scale, then making liquid concentrate
may suit you rather than using the leaves fresh or drying them and a few years
experience of using your own materials and methods should be enough that you
know how to use it for your own crops. Analyses of leaves and liquid are very
expensive (several times more than soil analyses) and possibly not justified
for home use. I am on a bigger scale and using it for commercial crops. I am about
to offer dried leaves for sale too, so I need to be able to calculate my own
applications to plants, and to guide customers. Consequently I need the
analyses.

I took samples from
August and September cuts of the 2014 crop, did a thorough mixing, and had some
analysed. These are the dried leaves I will be selling over the 2014-15 winter
and spring. There will be a little variation in the analysis of a plant between
the several cuts in a season and I will analyse more in 2015. It will take me a
little while from posting this blog before the website is updated to include
the comfrey. I will make an announcement here and also set up a dedicated blog
that will give some suggestions on using the dried leaves – based on the latest
analyses I have. I do not expect them to change to the extent that general
advice needs to be changed, but it will be of interest to some amateur growers
of comfrey to see if the analyses change.

What the present analyses
have shown me is that I can provide all the P and K I need for my trees, and I
expect (but do not know for certain) all the trace elements too, solely from
comfrey. But not sufficient N. A large quantity of comfrey is required, and my
original thoughts were to grow comfrey in the tree lines to make use of the
fertilisers applied to the land and not utilised by the trees and also to
eliminate carting of the cut comfrey used as mulch for the trees. Unfortunately
despite my best endeavours to keep the tree lines clean, I am finding that
birds are bringing in seeds and dropping them as they roost in the tree
branches. I like to see the wide range of birds that inhabit my olive groves
but blackberries and some of the bigger perennial and annual weeds are
particularly troublesome.

I have reluctantly
decided I would be unable to keep the olives, almonds and comfrey sufficiently
weed free, and need to grow the comfrey on a dedicated area. If you have a few fruit
trees, then you probably have the space for comfrey too. Think about growing a
few comfrey plants close to each tree, specifically for the purpose of mulching
the trees. 50kgs of fresh leaves is the minimum amount you will need for each
medium sized productive tree.

Saturday, 26 July 2014

Those of you who have
my book will know that the simple recipes at the end have been modified by my
wife from more complicated ones. They are quicker, cheaper and easier to make
than the originals. They taste better too, because they have been adjusted to
suit us. You will also know that whenever possible she makes the recipes
flexible so that you are not tied to specific weights or ingredients and you
can change them to suit you.

It does mean you need a
little cooking experience, or are prepared to experiment. You will soon learn how
to modify them, and there are always opportunities to change things as you go. Building
in the safeguard of being able to make changes part way through means that tips
on how and when to do it need to be included in the instructions.

One important point to
note is that unlike almost all recipes for piccalilli this one does not have
the vegetables coated in salt overnight. In fact there is no added salt. It is
not necessary because of the other flavours. It is also a lot healthier than
the salt laden versions. The amount of sugar in many recipes is also excessive.
This is the typical “bad” manufactured food scenario - lots of both salt and
sugar.

If you are in the
northern hemisphere, now or in the next few weeks is the time of year when you
(or a friendly neighbour) can supply most of the ingredients from vegetables in
the garden – or buy them at their cheapest if you have no garden.

The two things you need
to make vegetables into piccalilli are vinegar and spice. We use white wine
vinegar because that is what is available in Portugal, but use whatever you
have. The British brown malt vinegar is what my mother always used and the only
difference is that it makes the sauce darker. The one essential spice is
turmeric powder. Everything else is optional. I prefer some mustard seeds too,
or you could use powdered mustard. Coriander seeds, powdered ginger and other
spices are frequently used in more complicated recipes. The choice is up to you.
Use what you like.

Marrows or courgettes
tend to overwhelm anybody who grows them, and many gardeners have a few plants.
They soon grow bigger than is suitable for a single meal and piccalilli is
often the only thing that these fruits are used for in a household. They are
also very cheap in shops that stock them. Onions, cucumbers (or gherkins) and
cauliflower are traditionally used in addition to the marrows or courgettes. I
think it would not be the same without onions and cauliflower. Further options
are green tomatoes, French beans, runner beans, peppers (either sweet or hot
depending upon your taste) capers and garlic. Omitting the overnight salting
means you can have the piccalilli ready in under an hour after you have
prepared the vegetables. We do feel that a small amount of sugar enhances the
flavours.

Before making the first
batch this year we did an internet search and looked at numerous recipes. Most
had far too much salt, and only one confirmed our opinion that salt should be omitted.
That was on the website of the supermarket chain Waitrose. We saw recipes that
use nasturtium pods instead of capers. Carrots occasionally appear in recipes
too. Some used weights, others referred to large, medium or small vegetables.

You might want some
guidance on quantities to use. The ratio of vegetables to vinegar varied a lot in
the recipes we saw, from less vinegar than vegetables to twice as much. Have
available a bit more than half the weight of vinegar to vegetables for your
first attempt, although it is unlikely you will need it all. Vinegar weighs 1kg
per litre, 20ozs (one and one quarter pounds) per British pint, and one pound
per US pint. We also suggest no more than 1oz of sugar per pound of vegetables or
55g per kilo – and use a lot less ourselves. We are not being diet
goody-goodies, we just think that sweet piccalilli is not right. If you want
sweet pickles then make chutney and not piccalilli.

Make sure you have
sufficient sterilised jars with non-corrosive lids for the batch being made.
Know the capacity of the jars and allow one spare over the combined weight of
vegetables and vinegar. You might not need it. They must be kept hot because
the newly made piccalilli will be close to boiling point when it is transferred
to them.

Our main purpose for a
recent batch was to use up an overgrown courgette and excess cucumbers. So, we
used 1 large cauliflower, 250g/half a pound of French beans and 2 big Onions in
a total weight of 6.5kgs/14lbs of vegetables in their fresh natural state. The
single courgette we used was close to 6lbs (2.5kgs)
so comprised about 40% of the total weight. Cucumbers brought the total to
6.5kgs. We had not previously used French beans and are not impressed. They add
nothing to the flavour and we will not use them again.

We
had added 5 large garlic cloves to an earlier batch of about half the quantity plus
about half a jar of leftover capers, and I like that. We decided on 2litres of
vinegar which is a lot less than any recipe we have seen, and is about one
third of the weight of the prepared vegetables. We made the decision because
the courgette and cucumbers were harvested from the garden immediately before
being prepared and we knew they would contain a lot of liquid. With other
vegetables you might need more. The starting amount is not critical to success.

You
will see how to use the dry ingredients during the instructions below and we
used 1 heaped tablespoon of Mustard seed, the same of turmeric powder, about
3ozs/90g of flour, and 150g/5ozs of white sugar. All these are less quantities
than other recipes will state, but it was enough. Keep the flour handy in case you decide to
thicken the sauce some more, when a tiny further amount of turmeric can also be
added. More vinegar should be available
to increase the quantity of sauce if you think it necessary at a later stage.
Some prefer the sauce runny, and others for it not to drip off the bottom of a
spoon dipped into a jar, and the quantity of liquid in your chosen vegetables
will have some effect on the consistency, and quantity, of the sauce.

Take some notes on what
you use and how long various stages take. That way you can decide whether you
want to change anything for the next batch. You will make more.

If you intend to weigh
the vegetables do it before preparing them – it is easier. Cucumbers and large
gherkins are best skinned, as the skins tend to be bitter and the bitterness
can persist in the piccalilli. Small courgettes need not be skinned, but if
large like the one we used they have tough skins. We peeled most of it but left
the skin on a few pieces for additional colour. We also removed the central
pith and seeds. Break the cauliflower into small florets and prepare and cut
all the other vegetables into the size of pieces you want in the finished
product. Keep each vegetable separate from the others. About half an inch or
1cm cubes suits most people, except for garlic if used, which many will like
sliced small, or even crushed.

Heat the vinegar and
sugar in a pan big enough to take all the vinegar and vegetables. Whilst the
vinegar is heating mix the mustard, turmeric and flour into a smooth paste with
some cold vinegar. Other seeds or spices that you want to include should also
be mixed in this paste. Extra dry spices, or including peppers, will change the
flavour. Bulk up the paste with hot vinegar from the pan. This ensures you have
a smooth paste that will not go lumpy. It also thins the paste and makes it
easier to pour.

Pour the paste into the
pan of hot vinegar before it comes to the boil. The mixture, now a sauce, needs
to be stirred continuously and heated to boiling point. It should be adjusted
to the consistency you prefer. I am happy with it quite thin. You do not want
it too watery, nor do you want too much of it. You want jars full of vegetables
in sauce, not sauce with some vegetables, so be careful about adding extra
vinegar, and remember the liquid that will come out of the vegetables,
especially the cucurbits (marrow, courgette, cucumber). You can always add more
flour and a touch of turmeric later if you want to thicken it more. The sauce
should not quite cover the vegetables when all have been added to the pan, and
you can increase the quantity of sauce at later stages. You always have room to
manoeuvre.

Do not tip everything
into the sauce willy-nilly. The reason for keeping them separate is so that you
can add them in order to achieve equal crunchiness in the piccalilli. Onions
are always first, and the sauce will drop in temperature and stop boiling. Stir
each vegetable into the sauce as you go. When one is thoroughly coated, add the
next, but there is no need to rush. Cauliflower follows the onions, then any
other hard vegetables such as carrots. These are followed by (if used) beans
and peppers. Next comes the bulk - the cucurbits and finally garlic and capers.
If the sauce is too thin for you, add more flour and turmeric paste, but
remember you have to keep stirring it, so not too thick.

Continue heating and
stirring until the sauce returns to the boil. Liquid from the cucurbits will
increase the amount of sauce, and the vegetables should have enough sauce to
just cover them when boiling point is reached. If not, merely add some vinegar
- and more flour paste if you want. Make sure it reaches boiling point again if
you have added more vinegar or paste. You now have piccalilli. It can be
removed from the heat now, which is what we do, or left to boil some more, but
you must remove it from the heat before the vegetables become soft. A small
number of minutes should be sufficient for anybody. Put the piccalilli in the
hot sterilised jars immediately. Fill them right to the top and close the lids
firmly. It will keep a long time. Some folks like to let the flavours mingle
for a couple of weeks or more before using. As soon as it cools is long enough
for me.

Wednesday, 25 June 2014

That is the name of my website. Even if you are not interested in what I have to offer - mainly dried leaves from trees and other plants traditionally used in cooking, herbal teas and for small pets, you might be interested in some views of where I live and the neighbouring land. Use the Google map "streetview" icon for this purpose when you link from the website.

Those of you who either have, or are thinking about having their own website, should take a look too. See what an exceptional site has been created for me by my friend Patrick (mentioned elsewhere in the blog from time to time) through his site www.launchwindow.net and consider using him to upgrade or create your own site. Patrick also did the technical work to enable my ebook to be published. He could do one for you too.

Obviously the launch of my site is for my new venture for 2014 and that is offering a range of products from things growing on the quinta. I have previously remarked that I like to do something new each year. The almonds are now the favoured venture for 2015 as it is unlikely I will have the land and infrastructure ready to consider planting later this year.

Friday, 23 May 2014

Having recently read
yet another article praising the Mediterranean Diet (MD) I decided to write
this blog. Over the best part of 20 years I have read a great deal about the
origins of the term and what it means. Having known a few people from rural
areas of countries around the Mediterranean (Med) when I lived in Australia in
the 1980s and knowing what they considered traditional foods from “back home” I
always doubted that the MD was truly representative of what country people in
that area ate in the middle to latter 20th century. Having lived in
rural Portugal for the last 11 years my doubts are now beliefs.

The MD is generally
recognised as being one promoted by Harvard University’s School of Public
Health in the mid 1990s and constantly repeated by all and sundry ever since.
It is supposedly based on the typical diet of people in Crete, the remainder of
Greece and Southern Italy during the 1960s. There is quite a good Wikipedia
article on how it all came about, including some earlier research and some
subsequent studies. UNESCO has recognised the diet pattern as an integral
cultural heritage of several countries bordering and close to the Med,
including Portugal which strictly has the Atlantic as its shores, Gibraltar
being the westerly point of the Med.

The MD indicates that a large proportion of daily food intake
should be, and I quote, "abundant plant foods, fresh fruit as the typical
daily dessert, olive oil as the principal source of fat, dairy products
(principally cheese and yogurt), and fish and poultry consumed in low to
moderate amounts, zero to four eggs consumed weekly, red meat consumed in low
amounts, andwineconsumed in low to moderate
amounts". What that all means is, of course, interpreted differently by
different people.

Harvard also made the MD idea into a graphic known as “The
Healthy Eating Food Pyramid” and another called “The Healthy Eating Plate”.
These are revised from time to time to take into account recent research but
follow the same ideas as the quote above – with some notable exceptions. Dietary
vitamin supplements are now recommended by Harvard. If a diet is adequate then
supplements are not necessary. If it is inadequate then it cannot be a healthy
diet. Vegetable oils (the olive is a fruit not a vegetable) are also now recommended
as “healthy”. There have been too many adverse research reports about the
unhealthiness of vegetable oils for me to accept this. All vegetable oils are a
modern invention, say about 100 years ago onwards, and an industrial processed
one at that – nothing natural about it, and no long-standing use of vegetables
as a fat source in any of the countries near the Med. In fact I am not aware of
any country that historically relied on vegetable oil as a source of fat. I do
not have any vegetable oils by choice, nor would I (nor have ever in my life)
eaten margarine and similar spreads – always butter. Why does Harvard espouse
chemical supplements and industrially processed fats?

So what do country folks really consume? It is necessary to
generalise, there are exceptions – I have met a Portuguese vegetarian and a
couple of teetotallers. Without question
a lot of olive oil is consumed, people have told me of up to a litre a week for
their household, but it is likely to be Virgin Olive Oil, not Extra Virgin, and
from the olive mill where their, or their neighbours’ olives were pressed. It
is poured on most dishes, cooked or uncooked. Often used as a dip for bread to
accompany food. They also consume a lot of vegetables, fruit and some nuts – my
wife and I eat about a kilo of nuts a week between us. I doubt many other
people do. But these people also eat a lot of meat, cheese and eggs. In fact
they consume a lot of everything, because they eat a lot. They also drink a
lot. Almost every person I know here has wine with their lunch. I recall 4 or 5
years ago coming across two old couples (and I am 70, so when I say old, I mean
old) about to begin their middle of the day break from picking olives. On the
back of the donkey cart were two enormous loaves of bread, a huge chunk of
presunto (dried ham) a heap of fruit and 4 bottles of wine. I did not see any
olive oil but my experience is that presunto is eaten with dry bread, no oil.

Therein lies, I believe, the real reason these people live so
long without much by way of illness – they cannot spare the time to be ill
because they have too much work to do. To be fair, Harvard has always stressed
the need for what they term “regular physical activity”. Most modern people do
not have work that needs that regular physical activity, even housewives with
their modern gadgets do not get the exercise of doing such things as laundry by
hand. Although I know one old lady who in addition to working her small quinta
and tending goats, still does, and in the river at that, and all year round –
it is an exceptionally clean river. As a consequence people in modern sedentary
jobs are not burning up the calories they would consume if they lived the
peasant life, and so end up fat and often with associated health problems.

To go back to the original source of the MD, Crete, it is
estimated that there were over one million goats and sheep on the island in
1990 just before the MD was widely publicised. And people were supposed to eat very
little red meat? There were also “large” numbers of pigs whatever “large” means,
and “some” cattle. These animals, plus hens, were and are owned in small numbers
by virtually every country dweller around the Med. The number seems to vary
according to family needs, but I would say from observations, usually between
two and twenty. Some people raise more than they need in order to create some
income. There are extremely few cattle owned by small scale farmers. Lack of adequate
grazing is a prime reason.

On the other hand it seems just about everybody kills a pig
on a regular basis. Add to this kids, lambs, and bountiful numbers of eggs for
almost all the year. Further away from the equator hens need supplementary
lighting to keep producing at a reasonable rate through the winter. In all my
life, and that of millions of other rural people, nobody has ever asked how
much home reared meat is eaten. Official figures of meat and egg consumption
simply ignore this aspect of diet, because nobody knows. All animals are by law
required to be ear tagged for food safety and disease control reasons (and in
recent times an internal identification bolus in addition to the ear tags) but huge
numbers are not so identified. It is wrong, and I do not condone it. Officially
they do not exist, but their offspring are killed and eaten, as well as lots of
cheese made from surplus milk.

Add too the fact that every little block of land owned by
these people includes (apart from the necessary olive trees) wine grape vines.
Nobody knows how much home produced wine and brandy is drunk either, because
nobody knows how much is produced. Have a meal with, or just visit, any of
these people and you will soon find out that it takes a persistent drinker to
get through what they do.

I follow what I believe is really the MD, including using
Virgin not Extra Virgin Olive Oil. I take oil in exchange for olives I take to
the mill at Sobral do Campo. EVOO is for those with money who use it sparingly
– a bit like drinking good Claret and Vintage Port every day instead of equally
as satisfying less expensive wines. I also eat a lot more butter than anyone I
have ever met, but then I still do a lot of physical work 7 days a week, and
unless you do too, or exercise intensely several times a week, I think you
would be better sticking to Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate, but without the
supplements and definitely without vegetable oils.

Sunday, 2 March 2014

Forget whether you believe the world is
warming, and if you do, what is causing it. Think instead about what you have
seen and read about in the last three months. I have been confined indoors for
a lot of that time due to continuing wet and windy weather. My winter outside
work schedule has not been met, but being restricted has let me see what is
happening to others less fortunate than me – when I have an Internet signal.

The usual Australian heat and
bushfires have been reported as well as blizzards in America. Floods and gales
have made the news in Britain and some European mainland countries, and
Portugal’s Atlantic islands have also suffered. The difference this winter/summer appears to be
the severity of these events and the geographic and time extension over past
years.

Some parts of Australia that normally receive
summer rainfall are in drought conditions – and unless you have seen first hand
what an Australian (or similar country) drought looks like, then you cannot
imagine it. People in places like Britain talk about having a drought. No they
do not, they have a short spell without rain. Where I now live it does not rain
between May and at least the end of September. Every year. That is just a dry
spell. Drought means absolutely no grass whatsoever, and water supplies drying
out completely. No food, no water and the inevitable outcome is that enormous
numbers of farm livestock and wild animals die.

Drought is particularly bad in the SW of the
U.S.“Natural disaster” status was
declared for counties in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Kansas, Utah,
Arkansas, Idaho, Oklahoma and California. California has been dry for 3
years and is running out of drinking water. Hawaii is included in the natural
disaster status too and other countries worldwide are similarly suffering. The
Eastern part of the U.S. suffered from winter storms with unprecedented snow in
some southern states. As I
post I am aware of temperatures in at least one area of Kansas being close to
zero Fahrenheit. One thing I came across that many will have missed is the
flooding in Bolivia. More than 40 people killed and about 50,000 homes totally
destroyed in January, plus an estimated 100,000 cattle lost. I saw one aerial
photo of an isolated higher bit of ground tightly packed with a large number of
cattle that would obviously starve to death.

It seems a lot of vegetables have been lost
around the world, including those in large numbers of glasshouses and plastic
tunnels for out of season supplies. We can feel as sorry as we may for all the
farmers worse off than ourselves, and indeed those non-farmers who have lost
their lives or homes and possessions, but there is little we can do. I am sure
that more than one reader has suffered losses themselves in recent weeks due to
the weather. It is not so long ago either that many in Scotland had
sheds collapse due to excessive snow. Recent wet seasons have caused havoc too
to farmers’ cash flows. For a couple of years I have been half-heartedly
planning future action in the event that extreme weather and declining supplies
of petrochemicals make what we now consider normal life to become unobtainable
and/or unaffordable.

I have made a couple of posts already
about “what if” scenarios, and these were on the basis that I did not really
expect to need to resort to putting the ideas into practice, just a sort of
insurance policy. If these extreme conditions continue for another couple of
years there will be severe shortages of several food commodities for those in
“developed” countries. Millions are already starving and an inability for other
countries to supply food aid does not bear thinking about, but we should.

Along with some farmers in other countries
I had noticed that weather patterns were staying around longer, meaning that
when it is wet it stays wet for longer, and when it is cold (always relative of
course) it stays cold for longer. The only difference is that in this part of
the world it definitely is warmer than even 10 years ago. We have not had what
I would call a "hard" frost (that is below minus 5ºC here) for about
6 winters. I have the old records but it takes some time to search them all. We
have not been below freezing point since 10th Dec and that was only minus one.
Soil temperatures have been in double figures at 9.30 a.m. and the mean
temperatures for January and February 2014 were well above anything we have
experienced in the past.

I have also noticed in my trawling of news
and general agricultural sites around the world that more and more large scale
farmers are switching from traditional livestock and crops into so-called niche
markets. I think it has always been this way, but probably on a smaller scale.
I wonder if this shift means that grazing livestock numbers will fall rather
quickly and that staple cereals acreages will also fall around the world.

This would give opportunites to some - but
who? Similar opportunities will arise for those not into broadacre farming,
hence my interest in the lack of water in California, which produces more than
80% of the world’s almonds. Growers there are struggling with the lack of rain
and snowmelt. Little snowmelt will be available this spring. California also
supplies virtually all of several different vegetables consumed in the US.

We all have try to survive and feed ourselves and
families, and this led me to wonder how I might change my farming system. I
intend to plant almonds. I will fit this change into my intentions for 2014
after the ground dries sufficiently for me to begin thinking how I will catch
up on the backlog of work around the farm and what I will be able to achieve
through the summer.