Crimea kicked off celebrations that will see fireworks and concerts on Monday to mark a year since a controversial vote to join Russia that the West blasted as an illegal takeover.

The annexation of Ukraine's Black Sea peninsula however won President Vladimir Putin huge acclaim at home and Moscow is pulling out all the stops to mark the first anniversary of the hastily-arranged referendum in which nearly 97 percent of Crimeans voted to leave Ukraine and become part of Russia.

The red, white and blue Russian flag fluttered throughout the peninsula, and in the port city of Sevastopol a column of cars roared its way through central squares and memorial sites as Crimeans celebrated last year's vote, which was followed two days later by Putin signing the official treaty incorporating Crimea into Russia.

The referendum took place after Putin sent thousands of Russian troops to the peninsula, prompting the West to call it an illegal occupation and slap Moscow with sanctions, plunging ties with Moscow to lows unseen since the Cold War.

The move also fuelled a separatist uprising in eastern Ukraine, which Russia is widely believed to have backed with troops and weapons during an 11-month-long battle with Ukrainian forces in which more than 6,000 people have died. The Kremlin denies any involvement.

"The choice was obvious: Ukraine, blood and war, or Russia, peace and stability," Crimea's leader Sergei Aksyonov said in a speech to officials in the regional capital of Simferopol, a rosette of tricolour ribbons pinned to his lapel.

"We are especially grateful to Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. Our president showed courage and firm political will and statesmanlike wisdom by supporting the results of the referendum," Aksyonov said.

A 'historic referendum'Putin's envoy to Crimea, Oleg Belaventsev, hailed what he called a "historic referendum" on a "day that has gone down in the history of the country" as Crimea's parliament held an extraordinary session that kicked off with the Russian anthem, aired live on Russian television.

In Sevastopol, the home of Russia's Black Sea fleet, celebrations were to culminate Monday evening in a four-hour-long concert on the central square followed by a firework display.

Across Crimea, the day began with a special lesson taught in all the peninsula's schools on "Russia and Crimea's shared fate."

To many Russians, Crimea's takeover by Russia renders historic justice after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev handed the strategically important peninsula to Ukraine in 1954 in what was then a largely symbolic move since Ukraine and Russia were both part of the USSR.

A couple stand close to pictures depicting Russia's President Vladimir Putin at an open-air political cartoons exhibition dedicated to the one-year anniversary of Crimea joining the Russian state in central Moscow. (AFP photo)

Later in the day, Simferopol residents were to watch a theatrical show on the reunification on the main square as well as performances by Russian pop singers, Cossacks and a naval choir.

Putin's annexation of Crimea struck a deep chord with Russians who are in an increasingly nationalistic mood and his popularity has soared to new heights over the takeover, accompanied by an aggressive television propaganda campaign celebrating the so-called "Russian Spring."

However while most Crimeans back their new rulers, the peninsula's indigenous Tatar minority who largely opposed joining Russia have complained about a climate of fear over a crackdown on their media and detentions of activists.

Putin revealed in a bombastic documentary broadcast on Sunday on state television how he gave the secret order to annex Crimea after deposed Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych fled a pro-Western street revolt in Kiev to rescue Russian speakers from "nationalists".

The strongman also said that he was ready to put nuclear forces on alert if Western forces intervened in Crimea.