Significant Rock Features

Australia has some of the oldest geological features in the world with the oldest known rocks dating from more than 3000 million years ago and rare zircon crystals dating back 4400 million years located in much younger rocks. The zircons evolved very soon after the planet was formed. These ancient features compare with the oldest known rock on Earth in northwestern Canada. Scientists say that rock was formed 4031 million years ago.

Some areas of Victoria and Queensland are geologically much younger as a result of volcanic activity which last erupted a few thousand years ago. Australia's youngest mainland volcano is Mount Gambier in South Australia which last erupted only about 6000 years ago.

In recent years, the advent of improved technology and more extensive geological exploration has resulted in a greater knowledge of the age of rocks in Australia. It has resulted also in an increased ability to better understand the continent's past. This has been achieved by combining exploration methods such as deep seismic surveys with geochronology methods, including use of equipment such as the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe, or SHRIMP. This equipment uses uranium and lead isotopes from tiny portions of zircon crystals which have been extracted from rock samples to calculate the age of the crystal based on the natural decay rate of uranium to lead. The SHRIMP is central to Geoscience Australia's geochronology program.

Uluru - Northern Territory

Formerly named Ayers Rock, this massive sandstone rock covers an area of 3.3 square kilometres, and is 9.4 kilometres around its base. It rises 345 metres above the plains, and is the surface expression of a much larger volume of rock. An eroded remnant, Uluru was laid down in an inland sea during the Cambrian Period about 500 million years ago.

Uluru in Central Australia'soutback

Earth uplifting and folding about 300 - 400 million years ago tipped the rock to create the present vertical orientation from the original horizontal sedimentary strata.

Erosion of the surrounding area then left Uluru and nearby Kata Tjuta exposed. Both are within the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park.

Kata Tjuta - Northern Territory

Kata Tjuta-Olgas

Formally known as the Olgas, Kata Tjuta is made up of 28 rounded domes with the tallest, Mt. Olga at 545.4 m above the surrounding plain, making it almost 200 metres higher than nearby Uluru. The domes are made of the sedimentary rock conglomerate with iron oxide impurities.

The conglomerate resulted from erosion of mountains pushed up during Cambrian earth movements, and consists of sandstone, granite and ironstone bound together by muddy and sandy sediments. Both features are within the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park.

Karlwe Karlwe - Northern Territory

Karlwe Karlwe or the Devils Marbles

Karlwe Karlwe, or the Devil's Marbles, near Wauchope in the Northern Territory are a collection of large rounded granite boulders, many of which are precariously balanced on top of another. The granite here formed from molten rock which solidified beneath a layer of sandstone and developed vertical and horizontal fractures. Over time, the sandstone eroded away exposing the granite, which then weathered into soft sand and clay surrounding hard bits of granite called corestones. Gradual removal of the soft sand and clay has exposed the rounded boulders, allowing them to be perched on top of one other. According to Aboriginal dreaming, the rocks are sacred and are the fossilised eggs of the Rainbow Serpent.

Mount Augustus - Western Australia

The visible portion of the sandstone and conglomerate structure which makes up Mount Augustus, is twice the size of Uluru. Sitting on a bedrock of granite, the mountain is eight kilometres long and stands 858 metres above the surrounding plain and 1105 metres above sea level. Sometimes described as the world's largest monocline, it is estimated that the rock of the mountain is around 1000 million years old and was formed from an uplift which raised an ancient seabed of sedimentary proterozoic sandstone and conglomerate. The granite rock which lies beneath Mount Augustus is said to be 1650 million years old. The Indigenous name for Mount Augustus is Burringurah.

Wave Rock - Western Australia

Wave Rock near Hyden Western Australia

Formed more than 2700 million years ago, Wave Rock is 14 metres high, and 110 metres long. The granite cliff resembling a wave about to break is on the northern face of a large erosional remnant called Hyden Rock. This curved cliff face is 15 metres high and 110 metres long which has been rounded by weathering and water erosion, undercutting its base and leaving a rounded overhang. It was formed by water dissolving and re-depositing chemicals in the granite as it runs down the cliff face.

Gulaga (Mt Dromedary) - New South Wales

The mountain is an isolated volcanic core rising 797 metres above sea level near the historical villages of Tilba Tilba and Central Tilba. Viewed from the sea the mountain resembles a dromedary camel. It was formed during volcanic activity which took place about 100 million years ago.

Bald Rock - New South Wales/Queensland border

Bald Rock near Stanthorpe onthe New South Wales/Queensland border

An inselberg, or isolated rock hill, Bald Rock is said to be Australia's largest exposed granite surface. It towers about 200 metres above the surrounding bushland, is 750 metres long, 500 metres wide and rises to 1277 metres above sea level. The granite which forms Bald Rock was emplaced into the surrounding metamorphic and sedimentary rock about 247 million years ago. Subsequent uplift and erosion has removed the majority of the surrounding sediments and metamorphic rocks, with Bald Rock remaining as a result of its resistance to weathering.

Note: This list contains the oldest known rocks from each State and Territory at October 2009. In some cases the ages are yet to be determined accurately and is limited by the nature of the rock and analytical techniques. There is always the chance that older rocks will be found.

Geoscience Australia acknowledges the traditional owners of the country throughout Australia and their continuing connection to land, sea and community. We pay our respect to them and their cultures and to the elders past and present.