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Chapter 10 - Planning and Cabling Networks

CCNA Exploration 4.0

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Overview
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Identify the basic network media required to make a LAN connection. Identify the types of connections for intermediate and end device connections in a LAN. – Identify the pin out configurations for straight-through and crossover cables. Identify the different cabling types, standards and ports used for WAN connections. Define the role of device management connections when using Cisco equipment. Design an addressing scheme for an inter-network and assign ranges for hosts, network devices and the router interface. Compare and contrast the importance of network designs

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LANs – Making the Physical Connections

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Basic Network Media Required to Make a LAN Connection

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Select the appropriate hardware, including the cabling, to install several computers together in a LAN

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Basic Network Media Required to Make a LAN Connection
Router: • interconnect two LAN • interconnect a LAN
and a WAN

Speed and Types of Ports/Interfaces • The speed : 10/100/1000 Mbps. Can increased speeds without replacing the devices. • The number and type of ports: – Just enough ports for today's needs? – A mixture of UTP speeds? – Both UTP and fiber ports? • The number of UTP ports and fiber ports will be needed. The number of 1 Gbps ports and 10/100 Mbps ports.
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Basic Network Media Required to Make a LAN Connection
Factors to Consider in Choosing a Router • Similar to the switch, cost and interface types and speeds must be considered as well. Additional factors: – Expandability – Media – Operating System Features Expandability • Fixed configurations • Modular devices • Most modular devices come with a basic number of fixed ports as well as expansion slots. • Select the appropriate modules and interfaces for the specific media.

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Basic Network Media Required to Make a LAN Connection
Operating System Features • features and services such as: – Security – Quality of Service (QoS) – Voice over IP (VoIP) – Routing multiple Layer 3 protocols – Special services such as NAT and DHCP • The budget is an important consideration. The media used to connect to the router should be supported without needing to purchase additional modules.

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Device interconnections

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Types of Connections in a LAN

Four physical areas to consider: • Work area • Telecommunications room, also known as the distribution facility • Backbone cabling, also known as vertical cabling • Distribution cabling, also known as horizontal cabling

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Types of Connections in a LAN
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Total Cable Length – Attenuation phenomenon. – For UTP: spans four areas, maximum distance is 100 meters per channel. Up to 5 meters of patch cable for interconnecting patch panels as well as cable from the cable termination point on the wall to the telephone or computer. Work Areas – EIA/TIA standard: From end devices to the wall jacks have a maximum length of 10 meters. – Straight-through cable and crossover cable is typically used.

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Types of Connections in a LAN
Telecommunications Room • Is where connections to intermediary devices take place. Contains the intermediary devices - hubs, switches, routers, and data service units (DSUs) - that tie the network together. These devices provide the transitions between the backbone cabling and the horizontal cabling. • Patch cords connects between the patch panels and the intermediary devices. Patch cables also interconnect these intermediary devices. • Also contains the servers used by the network. Horizontal Cabling • To connect the telecommunication rooms with the work areas, 90 meters max. Backbone Cabling, or vertical cabling • To connect the telecommunication rooms to the equipment rooms, where the servers are often located. Also interconnects multiple telecommunications rooms. Sometimes routed outside the building to the WAN connection or ISP. • Are used for aggregated traffic. Backbones typically require high bandwidth media such as fiber-optic cabling.

Types of Connections in a LAN
Cable Length • The total length: from the end devices to the intermediary device (includes from devices to wall plug, from wall plug to cross-connecting point, or patch panel, and from patch panel to the switch). • The longer the media, the more attenuation will affect the signal. Cost • Vary from media type to media type, and the staff might not realize the impact on the budget. Bandwidth • Carefully consider the bandwidth requirements depends on devices (server or single user). • Currently, the technology used in fiber-optic media offers the greatest bandwidth available among the choices for LAN media. Wireless is also supporting huge increases in bandwidth, but it has limitations in distance and power consumption.

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Types of Connections in a LAN
Ease of Installation • Varies according to cable types and building architecture. • UTP cable: lightweight, flexible, small diameter, which allows it to fit into small spaces. The connectors, RJ-45 plugs: easy to install. • Fiber-optic cables: contain a thin glass fiber. Crimps or sharp bends can break the fiber. Connectors (ST, SC, MT-RJ): difficult to install and require special equipment. • Wireless networks: easier to install than UTP or fiber cable. Be effected by radio frequency devices and building construction. Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference • Must be considered when choosing a media type. • Interference can be produced by electrical machines, lighting, and other communications devices, including computers and radio equipment. • Wireless is the medium most susceptible to RFI. Before using wireless technology, potential sources of interference must be identified and, if possible, minimized.
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Types of Connections in a LAN

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Types of Connections in a LAN
Straight-through UTP Cables • A straight-through cable has connectors on each end that are terminated the same in accordance with either the T568A or T568B standards. • Use straight-through cables for the following connections: • Switch to a router Ethernet port • Computer to switch • Computer to hub

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Types of Connections in a LAN
Crossover UTP Cables • One end is T568A pinout, and the other end is T568B pinout. • Uses crossover cables for: • Switch to switch • Switch to hub • Hub to hub • Router to router Ethernet port connection • Computer to computer • Computer to a router Ethernet port

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Types of Connections in a LAN

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Types of Connections in a LAN
MDI/MDIX Selection • Many devices allow the UTP Ethernet port to be set to MDI or MDIX. This can be done in one of three ways, depending on the features of the device: 1. On some devices, ports may have a mechanism that electrically swaps the transmit and receive pairs. The port can be changed from MDI to MDIX by engaging the mechanism. 2. Some devices allow for selecting whether a port functions as MDI or as MDIX. 3. Many newer devices have an automatic crossover feature. On some devices, this auto-detection is performed by default. Other devices require an interface configuration command for enabling MIDX auto-detection.

Number of subnets <= 2n - 2 with n is number of bits that are borrowed(Subnet zero now be supported). Number of hosts <= 2h - 2 with h is number of bits that are remained.
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To assist troubleshooting and expedite adding new hosts to the network, use addresses that fit a common pattern across all subnets. Each of these different device types should be allocated to a logical block of addresses within the address range of the network. Some of the different categories for hosts are: – General users – Special users – Network resources – Router LAN interfaces – Router WAN links – Management access In addition, remember to document your IP addressing scheme on paper. This will be an important aid in troubleshooting and evolving the network.
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Step 1: • Connect a computer to the console port using the console cable. The console cable has a DB-9 connector on one end and an RJ-45 connector on the other end. • Plug the DB-9 connector into an available EIA/TIA 232 serial port on the computer. • If your computer has only a USB interface, use a USB-to-serial conversion cable to access the console port. Step 2: • Open HyperTerminal (All Programs > Accessories > Communications), confirm the chosen serial port number, and then configure the port with these settings: Bits per second: 9600 bps; Data bits: 8; Parity: None; Stop bits: 1; Flow control: None Step 3: • Press Enter key to log in