When used in the context of reproduction of living cells the phrase "cell growth" is shorthand for the idea of "growth in cell numbers by means of cell reproduction." During cell reproduction one cell (the "parental" cell) divides to produce daughtercells.

Large cells that are primarily for nutrient storage can have a smooth surface membrane, but metabolically active large cells often have some sort of folding of the cell surface membrane in order to increase the surface area available for transport functions.

Increases in the size of plant cells is complicated by the fact that almost all plant cells are inside of a solid cell wall.

Cell division is controlled by DNA, but exact copies of the DNA must be given to the daughtercells (note use of mother and daughter).

For example, a cell with one set of chromosomes is called haploid, a cell with two sets of chromosomes is diploid, and a cell with four sets of chromosomes (not usually a “normal” condition, but sometimes possible) is tetraploid.

In tissue culture, the cells to be studied are removed from the organisms body and grown on a sterile, artificial medium.

biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio104/mitosis.htm (1541 words)

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Since new cells are only produced by existing cells, cell division is essential for the continuation of life.

The typical cell cycle is divided into two phases: a brief mitotic phase in which the cell divides its nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, and a longer period between divisions called interphase.

In eukaryotic (plant, animal & fungus) cells, the division of chromosomes and cytoplasm into two cells is known as the mitotic phase.

www.iknow.net /CDROMs/cell_cdrom/cell3.html (595 words)

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The progenitor cells are specified from this layer.

While at late prophase and metaphase, Pros protein is found at the basal side of the cortex and after cell division it is segregated predominantly into the basal GMC daughtercell, where it is released from the cell cortex and translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression (Lu et al, 2000).

In a vertical cleavage, the cleavage plane is perpendicular to the ventricular surface and the two daughters remain associated with the ventricular surface and are morphologically similar to progenitor cells.

While at late prophase and metaphase, Pros protein is found at the basal side of the cortex and after cell division it is segregated predominantly into the basal GMC daughtercell, where it is released from the cell cortex and translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

At early stages of the cell cycle, Numb is distributed uniformly on the cell cortex.

Progenitor cells in vertebrates are derived from apical-basally polarized neuroepithelial cells, as in invertebrates, it is likely that they use some of the apical-basal polarity cues to direct their asymmetric divisions.

When a stem cell divides, each "daughter"cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

This means that embryonic stem cells may be pluripotent—that is, able to give rise to cells found in all tissues of the embryo except for germ cells rather than being merely multipotent—restricted to specific subpopulations of cell types, as adult stem cells are thought to be.

Many of the cell lines have been characterized as embryonic stem cells by detecting expression of surface antigen markers specific to embryonic stem cells, determining if the cells are pluripotent, and demonstrating that the cells are undifferentiated.

This orientation of the spindles permits one of the two daughtercells formed during cell division to remain attached to a growth-promoting structure called the basement membrane, while the other daughter is deposited above, closer to the skin surface.

The researchers found that the daughtercell remaining attached to the basement membrane retains the characteristics of a proliferative epidermal cell while the other daughtercell differentiates and matures into the cells that form the skin's protective outer epidermal cells.

Before the new discovery, the prevailing theory, based on studies of adult skin cells in culture, was that all the cells in the innermost layer divided laterally to produce two identical daughtercells.

The stem cells, called neuroblasts, produce their "daughter"cells in a specific order, and cells that are born at a particular time are destined to become a specific type of cell.

In this week's issue of Cell, Chris Doe and colleagues show that in Drosophila, the underlying basis for the specification is a "memory" in the daughtercells of the genes being expressed by the neuroblast at the time the daughter is born.

The daughtercell remembers the regulatory factor that was present at the time of its birth, and this determines which layer of the brain it goes to and what type of cell it becomes.

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One daughtercell retains the mitotic capacity of the parent stem cell.

The other daughtercell either differentiates to become a non-dividing, short-lived tissue constituent or divides to produce descendants that undergo a limited number of divisions before becoming post-mitotic non-dividing cells.

Because the disruption of stem cell division kinetics is a general feature of diseases that are due to increased cell proliferative (e.g.

Asymmetric cell divisions are characteristic of any occasion when the two daughters differ in fate, whether or not "stem cell" is one of the fates.

In the case of the stem cell, the cell's first step must be to divide and to produce one daughter like itself, able to continue as a stem cell, and one daughter unlike itself, able to go down a path of differentiation.

And even the oxidative damage accumulated during the life cycle of a cell can be distributed asymmetrically during cell division to spare the daughtercell, with carbonylated proteins remaining in the mother cell.

Note that the ninein staining on the daughter centriole is very weak, whereas it is conspicuous and organized in several blobs, most often three, on the mother centriole.

Cells were enucleated in the presence of ND in order to obtain cytoplasts with either no centriole, one centriole (daughter centriole or mother centriole), or two centrioles (see Materials and Methods).

The RAM network is comprised of at least six proteins that regulate: 1) polarized growth by maintaining the polarity of the actin cytoskeleton; 2) the localization and activity of Ace2 transcription factor, which regulates transcription of a subset of genes in the daughtercell; and 3) maintenance of cell wall integrity.

Investigate the role of MEN and RAM in regulating cytokinesis, cell polarity, genomic stability and gene expression.