Thursday, December 25, 2008

I fiddled around with this idea a year ago, but I can't remember how well it worked. The idea is to have a filament that is slightly larger than the hole in the heater barrel. In the picture I greatly exaggerated the overlap between the filament and the hole. This idea causes the filament to compress and create pressure on the bore wall preventing any plastic from leaking past the filament. This also will increase the amount of force needed to extrude the plastic. Here is the picture:A better option is to only have a short section that is the small diameter, and then the boar opens back up to relieve the pressure. Here is a picture of that:I'll try to get around to actually doing this soon. I'll let you all know how it works.

Wednesday, December 24, 2008

Well it looks like Demented Chihuahua and I had similar ideas about the same time with the extruder. He posted on the builders blog on Wednesday on the extruder topic. I don't have a ton of time to explain this current revision, but I hope it will spur some discussion.As you can see the basic design is very similar to the one Demented Chihuahua made. However, there are a few main differences. First, the filament guide must extend almost to the heater to prevent buckling in the filament. Also, the heater is insulated with drywall, or fire cement or some other insulating board. I choose drywall because it is dirt cheap and easy to work. Also in my machine I'm going to be using cartridge heater driven at mains voltage, switched by a SSR (time proportioning control).

There has been some question as to whether or not the filament can be pushed directly into the heater body without the molten plastic squirting back up the filament entrance in the heater. I did some experiments back a year ago, but never got around to documenting any of it. I repeated the experiment last night and had no troubles. I used a 0.095" filament pushed through a 0.103" hole. If a generous chamfer is added to the heater entrance, then filaments slightly larger than the hole in the heater could be used. This would prevent ANY mushrooming of plastic and the heater entrance. However, this still needs to be tested. I really am confident that this is how the Dimension FDM machines work.

Let me know what you all think :) Please let me see the holes in my logic and ideas.

Tuesday, December 23, 2008

So I have been thinking about the thermoplastic extruder lots since I read nophead's blog http://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2008/12/sticking-point.html. My goal in this post is to decribe the problems and the abstract solution to the problem.

The big problem that nophead describes is the transition between molten plastic and solid plastic in the various extruder designs. The problem is that in some of these extruder designs there is a temperature gradient from the hot end to the cool end. Because these design have a gradual, nearly linear tempurature change from the "hot" end to the "cool" end of the extruder. This tempurature distribution leads to a semi-solid section of thermoplastic that gets stuck in the exturder. The first picture shows what the tempurature gradiant in the modified desoldering tool is problably like. Because the way the desoldering tool is made the transtion zone (that includes the glass transition tempuratuer for the thermoplastic) is large. This long transition zone results in a long portion of the filiment that will remain stuck in the exturder when you try to reheat it.

I propose that there is a very simple solution to the problem. Simply make the transtion zone shorter. This is shown in the second picure:Reducing the length, or nearly eliminating this transtion zone (at least in the filiment) will prevent the filiment from becoming stuck in the extruder on reheat cycles. There are many ways that this can physicly happen. The current teflon sleve acomlishes this goal to some degree. If you look at the system as a set of lumped thermal masses, where each lump has as thermal resistance, then we can use an analogy of a voltage divider. The following figure shows this:The higher the thermal resistance of the transition zone, the closer to ambient tempurature the junction between the transition section and the cool section will be. Lets look at the equation that gives this thermal resistance: R=L/(k*A), where L is the length of the section, A is the cross sectional area of the section and k is the thermal conductivity of the material the section is composed of. So we want to increase the thermal resistance of the transition zone, right? Well to do this we can do three things, increase the length, reduce the cross sectional area, or choose a material will low thermal conductivity.

There are some tradeoffs in each of these ways to increase the thermal resistance of the transition zone. Increasing the length of the transition zone does indead increase the resistance but at the cost of a larger transition zone making the sticking problem worse.

We can reduce the cross sectional area of material in the transition zone, and this will increase the resistance of the transition zone. However we can only make the material so thin because it is in tension, and be need to make sure the stress in the transition material is reasonable.

Selection of material is at the heart of the mater. If we choose to use a metal, stainless steel would be one of the better choices, however it is expensive. Only a hand full of plastics and composite materials can handle the heat, hence the reason for the current teflon transition zone. However there are several other ceramic, and ceramic composites at are very cheap and meet the bill. An example of one of these materials is gypsum, conviently contained in drywall. More on this later.

Now keep in mind that what we really care about is tempurature of the filiment in the transtion zone. The very best thing we could do is eliminate any conection between the cool section and the hot section of the extruder except for the filiment it's self. Now as this isn't really possible, we move to the idea of removing the local connection between the transition zone and the filiment. I'm not saying this very well so I'll include a picture to describe what I'm saying:

I did a quick thermal analysis of this concept using an thermal FEA model. I assumed the whole thing was made of stainless steel with average convection cooling and heat flow. Here is the result:

I didn't model the filiment in the extruder, but will the low thermal conductivity the polymers there would be very little difference. As you can see the filiment goes from low tempurature to the feed tempurature in a very short difference. However this is only one way this can be done. Once again I just want to explain the concepts that will allow us to design a great extruder.

I'm all out of time for now, but i'll continue will this topic in the next couple of days.