fflaterialien w
des alteren Englisehen Dramas
UNTER MITWIRKUNG DER HERREN
J. Q.Adams, Jr. -ITHACA, F. S. Boas-Loxoox, A. Brandl-BiCRLix, R. Brotanek-
PRAG, F. I. Carpenter-CiiiCAOO, Ch. Crawford-LoNDON, G. B. Churchill-
AMHERST, W. Creizejiach-KRAKAU, H. de Vocht-LouvAiN, E. Eckhardt-pREi-
BURG I. B., A. Feuillerat-RENNES, R. Fischer-IxxsBRUCK, W. W. Greg-LoNDON,
F. Holthausen-KiEL, J. Hoops-HniDELBERG, W. Keller-MuNSTER, R. B. Me
Kerrow-LoxDON, G. L. Kittredge-CAMBRiDGE, MASS., E. Koeppel-StRASSBURG,
J. Le Gay Brereton-SiDXEY, H. Logeman-GENT, J. M. Manly-CniCAGO,
G. Sarrazin-BRESLAU, t ^- Proescholdt-FRiEDRiciiSDORF, A. Schroer-CoLX,
G. C. Moore Smith-SHEFFIELD, G. Gregory Smith-BELFAST, A. E. H. Swaen-
AMSTERDAM, A. H. Thorndike-NEW-YoRK, t A. Wagner-HALLE A. S.
BEGRUENDET UND HERAUSGEGEBEN
W. BANG
o. o. Professor der Englisehen Philologie an dor Universitat Louvain
BAND XXVIII : Everyman, reprinted by W. W. Greg- from the frag
ments of two editions by Fynson, preserved in the Bodleian Library
and the British Museum together with critical apparatus.
LOUVAIN
A. UYSTPRUYST
LEIPZIG
O. HARRASSOWITZ
LONDON
DAVID NUTT
IQIO
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Materialien zur Kunde
des
alteren Englischen Dramas
7 flaterialien zur Kunde
des alteren Englisehen Dramas
UNTER MITWIRKUNG DER HERREN
F. S. Boas-LosDON, A. Brandl-BF.RUX, R. Brotanek-PRAG, F. I. Carpenter-
CIIICAGO. Ch. Crawford-LoxnoN. G. B. Churchill-AMHERST. W. Creizenach,
KRAK.VU, E. Eckhardt-FRniBURG I. B., A. Feuillerat-RtNNKS, R. Fischer-
Innsbruck, W.W. Greg-LoxDON, F. Holthausen-KiEL, J. Hoops-HfiDELBERG-
W. Keller-MiiNSTER, R. B. Me Kerrow- LONDON, G. L. Kittredge-CAMBRiDGE,
MASS., E. Koeppel-SlRASSBURG, J. Le Gay Brereton-SlDNEY, H. Logeman-
GENT, J. M. Manly-CniCAOO, G. Sarrazin-IiRESLAU, t L. Proescholdt-FRiED-
RICHSPORF, A. Schroer-CoLN, G. C. Moore Smith-SiiKFKiEi-D, G. Gregory
Smith-BELFAST, A. E. H. Swaen-GROMNGEN, A. H. Thorndike-NE\v-YoRK,
{A. Wagner-HALLE A. S.
BEGRUENDET UND HERAUSGEGEBEN
VON
i
W. BANQ
o. 6. Professor der Englischen Philologie an der Universitat Louvain
ACHT UND ZWANZIGSTER BAND
LOtJVAlK
A. UYSTPRUYST
0. HARRASSOWlTZj
DAVID NUTt
IQIO
EVERYMAN
W. W. Ureg
FROM THE. FRAGMENTS OF TWO EDITIONS BY PYNSON
PRESERVED
IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY AND THE BRITISH MUSEUM
TOGETHER WITH CRITICAL APPARATUS
A, UYSTPRUYST
tfelPZIG
O. HARRASSOWIT2
DAVID NUTt
1910
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The work on the text of Everyman undertaken in 1904
is now complete. Reprints of the two Skot editions form
volumes four and twenty four of the Materialien. The
present issue includes reprints of the two fragmentary
Pynson editions, together w r ith critical apparatus.
THE BODLEIAN FRAGMENT.
Among the Douce fragments at the Bodleian Library
are four leaves forming sheet C of an edition of Everyman
from the press of Richard Pynson. They have apparently
been rescued from a binding and are much stained and
torn, the top six lines of each page, moreover, have been
bodily cut away. The type is the same in respect to size
and character as that used in Skot's editions. There is one
signature (G 1) but no catchwords, nor does any signature-
title appear in the portion preserved. There are normally
31 lines to a full page, against 32 in Skot's editions, the
result being that the text, instead of ending on the recto
of the last leaf, fills most of the verso as well, only leaving
room for a three-line colophon at the foot. In the reprint
an attempt has been made to indicate as exactly as possible
the present state of the original. The mutilations are.shown
by brackets, and no letter has been printed outside the
brackets of which sufficient trace does not remain to
render its identity certain apart from the context. Of the
letters printed within the brackets, some trace is to be
VI
seen in the original, but not sufficient for identification
without reference to the sense or to another edition.
Where no trace remains a blank has been left in the
reprint. The original has been mended with rather yellow
tracing paper, with the result that the photographic fac
simile of the last page here given is in parts less legible
than the original.
THE BRITISH MUSEUM FRAGMENT.
An imperfect copy of an other edition from Pynson's
press is preserved among the Garrick plays at the British
Museum It evidently once had the collation A 6 B C G 4 , but
the last two gatherings are alone extant. It is printed in
the same type as the Bodleian fragment, with which it
agrees page for page, but it differs alike from that and all
other known editions in having the speakers' names in
smaller type than the text. In the presence of signatures
and signature-titles, and the absence of catch-words,
running-titles and pagination, it agrees with Skot's edi
tions. The type-page (including signatures and speakers'
names) measures 147 x 109 mm. The fragment has been
interleaved and collated with the copy now at Britwell.
In this edition the Latin phrases are printed in roman
type to distinguish them from the English text, which is,
of course, in black letter. In the reprint they have been
rendered in italic, but the original arrangement can be
seen in the facsimile.
THE
BODLEIAN
FRAGMENT
[3]
680 [
I desyre] no more to my besynes
C And I strength wyll by you stande in distres [st]ren[
GS5 Though Ihou wold in batayll fyght on [y] groude
] And though it were thorowe the world rounde v. wy[
111 not departe for swete ne for soure
] more wyll I vnto dethes houre Bea[
hat] so euer therof befall
G90 C Euery man aduyse you firste of all discr[
Go with a good aduysernent and lyberacion
We all gyue you vertuous monyssion
That all shall be well
C My frendes harke what I wyll tell euery[
695 I praye god rewarde you in this heuenly spere
Nowe herken all that be here
For I wyll make my testament
Here before you all present
In almes half my good I wyll gyue w* my hodes
700 In y way of charite w* gode intent (twayne
And the other halfe sty 11 shall remayne
I it be quethe to be returned there it ought to be
This I do in desspyte of the fende of hell
To go quyte oute of his perell
705 Eeuer after and this daye
C Euery man herken what I saye knowt
Go to preesthode I you aduyse
G.i.
[4]
710 [
[Th
That of god hath comyssyon
715 As hath the lest preest in the worlde heynge
For of [th ] hlessyd sacramentes pure and benygne
He bereth the keyes and therof hath cure
For manes redempcion it is euer sure
Whiche god for our soules medesyne
720 Gaue vs out of his herte with grete payne
Here in this transytorye lyfe for the and me
The blyssed sacramentes .vij. there be
Baptyrne confirmation with preesthode good
And y sacrament of godes precious flesshe & blood
725 Maryage the holy extreme vnccyon and penauce
These .vij. be good to haue in remembraunce
Gracious sacramentes of hye deuynyte
]y ma C Fayne wolde I receyue that holy body
And mekely to my gostely fader I wyll go
]yttes C Euery man that is the best that ye can do
God wyll you to saluacion brynge
For preesthode excedeth all other thynge
To vs holy scriptue they do teche
And conuerteth man fro synne heuen to reche
735 God hath to them more power g[y]uen
Than to ony aungell that is in heuen
With .v. wordes he may concecrate
Goddes body in flesshe and blode to take
[5]
[
740 [
745 No remedy may we fynde vnder god
Bat alone on preesth^de
Euery man god gaue preest that dygriy[
Jd letteth them in his stede amonge vs be
e] they aboue aungels in degree
750 prjeestes be good it is so suerly kno[
Jut wha Ihesu henge on y crosse w* grete smart[e
There gaue he vs out of his blessyd herte
The same sacrament in grete torment
He helde them not to that lorde omnypotent
755 Therfore saynt peter the apostyll do say
That Ihesus curse hath all they
Whiche god theyr sauyoure do bye or sell
Or they for ony money do take or tell
Synfull preestes geueth the synners example bad
760 Their children sitteth by othermens fyres I haue
And some haunteth womens company. (herde
With vnelene lyfe as lustes of lechery
These be with synne made blynde
C I truste to god no suche maye we fynde v. w[y
765 Therfore lette vs preesthode honoure
And folowe th[e]yr doctryne for ours soules socker
We be theyr she[e]pe and they shepherdes be
By whom we all be kepte in suerte
Passe for yonder I se euery man come
[61
770 [
775 [B
And nowe fredes let vs go without lenger respy[te
I thanke god that ye haue taryed so longe
Nowe [s jeche of you on this rodde his honde
And shortly folowe me
rt I go before there I wolde be
780 , u
God be our guyde
]gth. C Euery man we wyll not fro you go
Tyll ye haue gone this vyage longe
lecon C I discrecion wyll byde by you also
w]leg C And though this pilgrimage be neuer so stroge
785 I wyll neuer parte you fro
Euery man I wyll be as sure by the
As euer I dyde by ludas maohabee
]y ma C Alas I am so faynt I may not stonde
My lymmes vnder me do folde
790 Frerides let vs not turne agayne to this londe
Not for all the worldes golde
For in to this caue muste I crepe
Jutye And torne to the erthe and there to slepe
]y ma IE What in to this graue alas
]utye C ye there shall ye consume more and lesse
]y ma C And what sholde I smoder her
C ye by my fay and neuer more appere
In this worlde lyue no more we shall
But in heuen before the hyest lorde o
[7]
800 [
805 [ [euer|
Beaute gothe faste awaye and hye
She promysed with me to Jyue and dye
C] Euery man I wyll the also forsake an[ dlenye stren[
y] game lyketh me not at all
810 ]y than ye wyll forsake me all euery[
] strength tary a lytell space
C Nay syr by the rode of grace [stjre[n
I wyll hye me fro the faste
Though thou wepe tyll thy herte to braste
815 C ye wolde euer byde by me ye sayd euery[
C ye I haue you ferre ynough conueyd streng[
ye be olde ynough I vnderstonde
your pylgrymage to take on honde
I repente me that I hether came
820 C Strength you to displease I am to blame euery[
Wyll ye breke promyse that is dette
C In faythe I care not streng[
Thou arte but a foole to complayne
you sp[en]de your speche and waste your brayne
825 Go thirste the in to the grounde
C I had went surer I sholde you haue founde eu[ ]ry[
He that trustet[h] in his strength
She hym deceyueth at the length
Both strength and beaute forsaketh me
830 yet they promysed me fayre and louyngly
[8]
835 [
[I folowe a
] ma C yet I praye the for the loue of the trinyte
Loke in my graue ones petyously
Jecon C Nay [s ]nye I wyll not come
840 Forwell euerychone
]y ma CO all thynge fayleth saue god alone
Beaute strength and discrecion
For whan deth bloweth bis blaste
They all ronne fro me faste
jyttes C Euery man of the nowe my leue I take
I wyll folowe the other for here I the forsake
]y ma C Alas than may I wayle and wepe
For I take you for my beste frende
lyttes C I wyll no lenger the kepe
850 Nowe forwell and there an ende
r]y ma C Ihesu helpe all hath forsaken me
Jededf C Nay euery man I wyll byde with the
I wyll not forsake the in dede
Thou shalte fynde me a good frende at nede
]y ma C Gramercy good dedf now may I true [frejdes se
They haue forsake me euerychone
I loued them better than my good dedes alone
Knowlege wyll ye forsake me also
o]wleg C ye euery man whan you to deth do go
860 But not yet for no maner of daunger
]ry ma C Gramercy knowlege with all my herte
[9J
865 [
Howe they that I loued best do forsake me
Excepte my good dedes that bydeth truely
870 C All erthly thynges is but vanyte go[d
Beaute strength and discrecion do man forsake
Folysshe frendes and kynnes men that fayre spake
All fleeth saue good dedes and that am I
C Haue mercy on me god moste myghty [eue
875 And stande by me thou moder & mayde holy mary
C Fere not I wyll speke for the god[
C Here I crye god mercy eue[r
C Shorte oure ende and mynysshe our payne god[
Lete vs go and neuer come agayne
880 C In to thy handes lordes my soule I comende eue[r
Receyue it lorde that it be not loste
As thou me broughtest so me defende
And saue me fro the fendes boste
That I may appere with that blessyd hoste
885 That shall be saued at the dome
In m[a]nus tuas of myghtes moste
For euer comendo spiritum meum
C Nowe hath he suffered that we shall endure kno[
The good de[de]s shall make all sure
890 Nowe hath he made endynge
Me thynke that I here aungels synge
And maketh grete ioye and melodye
Where euery mannes soule shall receyued be
[10]
[
895 [
900 Vnto the whiche all ye shall come
That lyueth well after the daye of dome
Jure C This[ mjemoryall men maye haue in mynde
ye herers take it aworthe olde and yonge
And forsake pryde for he deceyues you in the ende
905 And remebre beaute .v. wyttf strength & discrecion
They all at last do euery man forsake
Saue his good dedes there do he take
But beware for and they be small
Before god he hathe no helpe at all
910 None excuse rmiy be there for euery man
Alas howe shall he do than
For after deth amendes may no man make
For than mercy and pyte dothe hym forsake
If his rekenynge be not clere whan he do come
915 God wyll say ite maledicti in ignem eternum.
And he that hath his accounte hole and sounde
Hye in heuen he shall be crounde
Vnto whiche please god brynge vs all thether
That we may lyue body and soule togyder
920 Therto helpe the trinyte
Amen saye ye for saynt charyte.
C Finis.
C Imprynted at London in Fletestrete at the
Sygne of the George by Rycharde Pynson /
prynter vnto the Kyngf noble grace.
THE
BRITISH MU'SEUM
FRAGMENT
[13]
305 Lo felowshyp forsaketh me in my moost nede
For helpe in this worlde / whither shall I resorte
Felowshyp here before with me / wolde mery make
And nowe lytell sorowe for me doth he take
It is sayd / in prosperite men frendes may fynde
310 Whiche in aduersite be full vnkynde
Nowe whither for socour shall I flye
Syth that felowshyp hath forsake me
To my kynnes men I wyll trewely
Prayeng them to helpe in my necessite
315 I beleue that they will do so
For kynde wyll crepe where it may nat go
I will go say / for yonder I se them go
Where be you nowe my frendes & kynnes men.
C Here we be nowe / at your comaundement Kynrede.
320 Gosyn I pray you shewe vs your entent
In anywise and nat spare.
C ye Euery man and to vs declare Cosyn.
If ye be disposed to go any whether
For wete you well / we will lyue and dye togider.
325 C In welthe and wo / we will with you holde Kynrede.
For ouer his kyn a man may be to bolde.
C Gramercy my frendes & kinnes men kynde euery man.
Nowe shall I shewe you the grefe of my mynde
I was commaunded by a messangere
330 That is a hye kynges officere
He bad me go on pilgrymage to my payne
And I knowe well I shall neuer come agayne
Also I must gyue rekening stray te
For I haue a great enemy / that hath me in wayte
335 whiche entendeth me for to hynder.
Euery man. B
[14]
Kjnrede. C What a counte is that whiche ye must rendre
That wolde I knowe.
euerj man. E Of all my werkes I must shewe
Howe I haue lyued / and my dayes spent
340 Also of yll dedes that I haue vsed
In my tyme syth lyfe was me lent
And of all vertues that I haue refused
Therfore I pray you go thether with me
To helpe to make myne accoute for saynt charite
Cosyn. C What to go thether / is that the mater
Nay Euery man / 1 had leuer fast brede & water
All this fyue yere and more
euery man. C Alas that euer I was bore
For nowe shall I neuer be mery
350 If that you forsake me.
Kynrede. C Ah syr / what ye be a mery man
Take good hert to you / and make no mone
But one thynge I warne you by saynt Anne
As for me ye shall go alone
euery man. C My cosyn will nat with me go.
Cosyn. E No by our lady / 1 haue the crampe in my too
Trust nat to me / for so god me spede
I will disceyue you in your moost nede.
Kynrede. C It auayleth you nat vs to tyse
360 ye shall haue my mayde withall my herte
She loueth to go to feestes there to be nyse
For to daunce and abrode to sterte
I wyll gyue her leaue to helpe you in that iournay
If that you and she may agre.
euery man. C Nowe shewe me the very effecte of your mynde
Will you go with me / or byde behynde
I
[15]
C Byde behinde. ye that will I and I may Kjnrede.
Therfore farewell tyll another day.
C Howe shulde'I be mery or gladde euery man.
370 For feare promesse men to me make
But whan I haue moost nede / they me forsake
I am disceyued / that maketh me sadde.
E Gosyn Euery man / farewell as nowe Cosyn.
For verely I will nat go with you
375 Also of myne owne lyfe an vnredy rekeninge
I haue to counte / therfore I make taryeng
Nowe god kepe the for nowe I go.
C Ah lesu is all come hereto euery man.
Lo fayre wordes make foles fayne
380 They promes moche / & nothing will do certayne
My kynnes men promised me faythfully
For to abyde with me stedfastly
And nowe fast away do they flye
Euen so Felowshyp promised rne
385 What frende were best me of to prouide
I lese my tyme here lenger to byde
yet in my mynde a thinge there is
All my lyfe I haue loued richesse
If that my good nowe helpe me might
390 It wolde make my herte full lyght
I will speke to him in this distresse
Where arte thou my goodes and richesse.
C Who calleth me Euery ma / what hast thou haste goodes.
I lye here in corners trusshed and pyled nye
395 And in chestes I am locked full fast
Also sacked in bagges / thou maist se with thine iye
I can nat stere / in packes lowe where I lye
Euery man. B.ii.
[16]
What wolde ye haue / lyghtly me say.
euery man. C Come hyther good / in all the hast thou may
400 For of counsayle I must desyre the
good dedes. C Syr & ye in the wolrd haue sorowe or aduersite
That can I helpe you to remedy shortly,
euery man. C It is another disease that greueth me
In this worlde it is nat / I tell the so
405 I am sent for / another way to go
To gyue a strayte counte generall
Before the hyest lupyter of all
And all my lyfe I haue had my pleasure in the
Therfore I pray the nowe go with me
410 For parauenture thou mayst before god almighty
My rekenyng helpe / to clene and purifye
For it is sayd euer amonge
That money maketh all ryght that is wronge
good dedes. C Nay nay / Euery man I synge another song
415 I folowe no man in suche vyages
For and I went with the
Thou shuldest fare moche the worse for me
For bycause on me / thou dyddest set thy mynde
Thy rekenyng I haue made blotted and blynde
420 That thyne accounte / thou can nat make trewely
And that hast thou for my loue trewely.
euery man. C That wolde greue me full sore
Whan I shulde come to that ferefull answere
Vp and let vs go thyther togyther.
good dedes. C Nay nat so / 1 am to brotell I may nat endure
I wyll folowe no man / one fote be ye sure,
euery man. C Alas I haue the loued / and had great pleasure
All my lyue dayes / on my good and treason re
[17]
euery man.
Goodes.
euery man.
Goodes.
C That is to thy dampnation without leasing Goodes.
430 For my loue is contrary / to y loue of euerlasting
But if thou had me loued moderatly during
As to the poore gyue parte for the loue of me
Than shuldest thou nat in this dolour haue be
Nor in this great sorowe and care.
435 C Lowe nowe was I disceyued or I was ware
And all I may wete myspending of tyme
C What wenest thou that I am thyne.
C I had went so.
IE Nay Euery man I say no
440 As for a while I was lent the
A season thou hast had me in prosperite
My condicion is mannes soule to kyll
If I saue one. a thousande I do spyll
Wenest thou that I will folowe the
445 Nay nat fro this worlde verely.
C I had went otherwise
C Therfore to thy soule / good is a thefe
For whan thou art deed this is my gyse
Another to desceyue in the same wyse
450 As I haue do the / and all to his soules reprefe.
C false good / cursed may thou be euery man.
Thou traytour to god / that hast disceyued me
And caught me in thy snare
C Mary thou brought thy selfe in care goodes.
455 Wherof I am right gladde
I must nedes laughe I can nat be sadde
C Ah good / thou hast had long my hertely loue euerj man.
I gaue the that / whiche shulde be the lordes aboue
But wylt thou nat go with me in dede
Euery man. Bail.
euery man.
Goodes.
[18]
460 I pray the trouth to say.
Good. C No so god me spede
Therfore farewell / and haue good day.
euerj man. C / to whom shall I make my mone
For to go with me that heuy iournay
465 First Felowshyp said / he wolde with me gone
His wordes were very plesaunt and gay
But after warde he lelfe me alone
Than spake I to my kinnes men all in dispayre
And also they gaue me wordes fay re
470 They lacked no feare speking
But all forsoke me in the endinge
Than went I to my goodes that I loued best
In hope to haue foude cofort / but there had I lest
For goodes sharply dyd me tell
475 That he bringeth many into hell
Than of my selfe I was a shamed
And so I am worthy to be blamed
Thus may I well my selfe hate
Of whome shall I nowe counsayle take
480 I thinke that, I shall neuer spede
Tyll that I go to my good dede
But alas she is so weke
That she can nother go ne speke
yet will I venture on her nowe
485 My good dedes where be you.
good dedes. C Here I lye colde on the grounde
Thy sinnes hath me sore bounde
That I can nat stere.
euery man. C good dedes I stande in great feare
490 I must you pray of counsayle
[19]
For nowe helpe and well.
C Euery man / 1 haue vnderstanding good dedes.
That ye be somoned a count to make
Before Messyas of Jerusalem kyng
495 And you do by me y iournay with you will I take
C Therfore I come to you my mone to make euery man.
I pray you that ye will go with me.
C I wolde full fayne / but I can nat stande verely. good dedes.
C Why is there any thinge on you fall. euery man.
500 C ye syr I may thanke you of all good dedes,
If ye had parfitely chered me
your boke of a count nowe full redy had be
Loke the bokes of your workes and dedes eke
Ase howe they lye here vnder fete
505 To your soules heuinesse.
C Our lorde lesus helpe me euery man.
For one letter here I can nat se.
C Here is a blinde rekenyng in tyme of distresse. good dedes.
C Good dedes I pray you helpe me in this nede euery man.
510 Or els I am for ouer dampned in dede
Therfore. helpe me to make my rekening
Before the redemer of all thinge
That king is and was / and euer shall.
C Euery man I am sory of your fall good dedes.
515 And fayne wolde I helpe you and I were able.
C Good dedes your cousayle I pray you gyue me euery man.
C That shall I do verely. good dedes.
Though that on my fete I may nat go
I haue a syster that shall with you also
520 Galled knowlege / whiche shall with you abyde
To helpe you to make / that dredefull rekening
knowlege. C Euery man / 1 will go with the & be thy guyde
In thy moost nede to go by thy syde.
euery m.in. C In good condicion I am nowe in euery thinge
525 And am holy content with this good thinge
Thanked by god my creature.
good dedes. C And whan he hath brought you there
Where thou shalt heale the of thy smarte
Than go you with your rekening / & your good de
530 For to make you ioyfull at herte (des toguyder
Before the blessed Trinite
euerj man. C My good dedes gramercy
I am well content certaynly
With your wordes swete.
knowlege. C Nowe go we together louingly
To confession that clensing ryuere.
euery man. C For ioy I wepe / 1 wolde we there were
But I pray you gyue me cognisyon
539 Where dwelleth that holy man Confession.
knowlege. C In the howse of saluacion
We shall fynde him in that place
That shall vs comfort by goddes grace
Lo this is Confession / knele downe & aske mercy
For he is in good conceyte with god almighty.
euerj man. C glorious foutaine y all vnclenes doth clarify
Wasshe fro me the spottes and vices clene
That on me no synrie may be sene
I come with knowlege / for my redempcion
Repent with hert and full contricion
550 For I am comaunded a pilgrimage to take
And a great countes before god to make
Nowe I pray you shryfte mother of saluacion
Helpe hyder my good dedf / for my pitous exclama-
C I knowe your sorowe well euery man
555 Bycause with knowlege ye come to me
I wyll you comfort / aswell as I can
And a precious iewell I wyll gyue the
Galled penaunce / voyder of aduersyte
There with shall your body chastysed be
560 With abstinence & perseuerauce / in goddes seruice
Here shall ye receyue that scourge of me
Whiche is penaunce stronge / that ye must endure
Remembre thy sauyour was scourged for the
With sharpe scourges / and suffred it paciently
565 So must thou / or thou passe thy pilgrimage
Knowlege kepe hyrn in this vyage
And by that tyme / good dedes wyll be with the
But in any wyse be seker of mercy
For your tyme draweth fast / and ye wyll saued be
570 Aske god mercy / and he wyll graunt it the
Whan w y scourge of penauce / ma doth him bynde
The oyle of forgyuenesse / than shall he fynde.
C Thanked be god / for this gracious werke
For nowe I wyll my penaunce begynne
575 This hath me reioysed / and lyghted my herte
Though y knottes be paynfull / & harde within.
C Euery man / loke your penauce that ye fulfyll
What payne that euer it to you be
And I shall gyue you counsayle at wyll
580 Howe your account / ye shall make clerely
C eternall god / heuynly fygure
way of rightwysenesse / goodly visyon
Whiche discended downe in a virgyn pure
(cion. Cofession.
euery man.
knowlegfl.
euery man.
[22]
Bycause he wolde eucry man redeme
585 Whiche Adam forfayted by his disobedience
blessed godheed electe / and hye deuyne
Forgyue me my greuous offence
Here I crye the mercy in this presence
goostly treasour / mercyfull redemer
590 Of all the worlde / hope and conduiter
Myrrour of ioy / foundacion of mercy
Whiche illumyneth heuen and erthe therby
Here my clamorous complaynt though it late be
Receyue my prayers vn worthy in this heuy lyfe
595 Though I be a synner / moost abhominable
yet let my name be written / in Moyses table
Mary / pray to the maker of all thinge
Me for to helpe / at my endinge
And saue me fro the power of my enemy
600 For deth assayleth me strongly
And lady / that I may by meane of thy prayer
Of your sonnes glorie / to be partinere
By the meane of his passion / 1 it craue
1 beseke you helpe me my soule to saue
G05 Knowlege / gyue me the scourge of penaunce
My flesshe theirwith shall haue acquaintaunce
I will nowe begynne / if god gyue me grace,
knowlege. C Euery man / god gyue you tyme and space
Thus I bequeth you / in y handes of our sauiour
G10 Nowe may you make your rekening sure,
man. C In the name of all the hole Trinite
My body punisshed sore shalbe
Take this body / for the synne of the flesshe
Also thou delyted to go gay and fresshe
[23]
G15 And in the way of dapnacion thou dyd me brynge
Therfore suffre nowe strokes of punisshing
No we of penaunce I wyll wade the water clere
To saue me fro purgatory that sharpe fyre
C I thanke god nowe / 1 can walke and go good dedes.
620 And am deliuered of my sickenesse and wo.
Therfore with Euery man will I go & nat spare
His good werkes I will helpe him to declare.
C Nowe Euery man be mery and glad knowlege.
your good dedes cometh nowe / ye may nat be sad
625 Nowe is your good dedes hole and sounde
Goyng vp right on the grounde.
C My hert is light / and shalbe euer more euery man.
Nowe will I smyte faster than I dyd before
C Euery man pilgrimage my speciall frende good dedes.
630 Blessed be thou without ende
For the is preparate the eternall glorye
ye haue me made hole and sounde
Therfore I will byde by the euery stounde.
C Welcome my good dedes now / 1 here thy voice euery man.
635 I wepe for very swetnesse of loue.
C Be no more sad but euer reioyce knowlege.
God seeth thy liuyng in his trone aboue
Put on thy garment to thy behoue
Whiche is wette with your teares
640 Or els before god ye may it misse
Whan ye to your iournayes ende come shall.
C Gentill Knowlege / what do you it call euery man.
C It is called the garment of sorowe knowlege.
Fro paine it will you borowe
645 Gontricion it is
[24]
That getteth forgyuenesse
He pleaseth god passyng well.
good dedes. C Euery man / will ye weare it for your heale.
euery man. C Nowe blessed be lesu Maryes sonne
050 For nowe haue I one trewe contricio'n
And let vs go nowe without taryeng
Good dedes / haue we clere our rekenyng.
good dedes. C ye in dede / 1 haue them here,
euery man. C Than I trust we nede nat to feare
655 Nowe fryndes / let vs nat departe atwayne.
Kynrede. C Nay euery man / that wyll we nat certayne
good ded*s. C yet must thou leade with the
Thre persones of great myght
euery man. C Who shulde they be.
good dedes. C Discrecion and strength they hyght
661 And thy beauty may nat byde behynde.
knowiege. C Also ye must call to mynde
your fyue wyttes / as for your counsaylours.
good dedes. C you must haue them redy / at all houres.
euery man. C Howe shall I geate them them hyder.
Kynrede. C you must call them all togyder
667 And they wyll here you in contynent.
euery man. C My frendes come hyder and be present
Discrecion / strength / my fyue wyttes and beautie
Beautye. C Here at your wyll we be redy
What wolde ye that we shulde do.
good dedes. C That ye wolde with Euery man go.
And helpe hym in his pilgrymage
674 Aduise you / will ye w him go or nat in 'his vyage.
Strength. C We wyll brynge hym all thyther
To helpe and comfort him / ye may beleue me.
[25]
C So will we go with him all together Discrecion
C Almighty god loued may thou be euery man.
I gyue the laude that I haue hyder brought
680 Strength / Discrecio / Beaute & .v. wettes lacke I
And my good dedes w knowlege clere (nought
All be in company at my will here
I desyre no more to my businesse.
C And I strength will by you stande in distresse strength.
685 Though y wolde in batayle fight on the grounde.
C And though it were thorowe y worlde rounde v. wjttes.
We will nat departe for swete ne for soure.
C No more will I vnto Dethes houre Beautye.
What so euer therof befall.
690 C Euery man aduise you first of all Discrecion
Go with a good aduisement and deliberacion
We all gyue you vertuous monycion.
That all shalbe well.
C My frendes harke what I will you tell euery man.
695 I pray god rewarde you in his heuenly spere
Nowe herken all that be here
For I will make my testament
Here b?fore you all present
In almesse halfe my good I gyue with my handes
700 In y way of charite with good intent (twayne
And the other halfe styll shall remayne
I it bequethe to be retourned there it ought to be
This I do in dispite of the fende of hell
To go quyte out of his perell
705 Euer after this day.
C Euery man barken what I wyll say knowlege.
Go to preesthode I you aduyse
Euery man. C
[26]
And receyue of him in any wyse
The holy sacrament and oyntement toguyder
710 Than shortly se ye tourne agayne hyder
We will all abyde you here
v. wyttes. C ye Euery man / hye you that ye redy were
There is no emperour / kyng / duke ne baron
That of god hath commissyon
715 As hath the leest preest in the worlde beynge
For of the blessed sacramentes pure and benigne
He bereth the kayes / and therof hath cure
For mannes redempcion it is euer sure
Whiche god for our soules medicyne
720 Gaue vs out of his herte with great payne
Here in this transitorye lyfe for the and me
The blessed sacramentes .vii. there be
Baptyme / confirmation / with preesthode good
And y sacramet of goddes precious flesshe & blode
725 Maryage / the holy extreme vnction / & penaunce
These .vii. be good to haue in remembraunce
Gracious sacramentes of hye deuinyte
euery man. C Fayne wolde I receyue that holy body
And mekely to my goostly father I will go
v. wyttes. C Euery man / that is the best that ye can do
God will you to saluacion brynge
For preesthode excedeth all other thynge
To vs holy scripture they do teche
And conuerteth man fro synne heuen to reche
735 God hath to them more power gyuen
Than to any aungell that is in heuen
With .v. wordes he may consecrate
Goddes body in flesshe and blode to take
[27]
And handeleth his maker bytwene his handes
740 The preest byndeth / and vnbyndeth all bandes
Bothe in erthe and in heuen
Thou minysters all the sacramentes seuen
Though we kyst thy fete thou were worthy
Thou arte the surgyan that cureth synne deedly
745 No remedy may we fynde vnder god
But alone on preesthode
Euery man god gaue preest that dignite
And letteth them in his stede amonge vs be
Thus be they aboue aungels in degre.
750 C If preestes be good it is so suerly knowlege.
But whan lesu henge on y crosse w great smarte
There gaue he vs out of his blessed herte
The same sacrament in great tourment
He helde them nat to that lorde omnipotent
755 Therfore saynt Peter the apostell do the saye
That lesus curse haue all they
Whiche god their sauyour do bye or sell
Or they for any money do take or tell
Sinfull preestes / gyueth the sinners example bad
760 Their children sytteth by other mens fyres I haue
And some haunteth womens company (harde
With vnclene lyfe / as lustes of Lechery
These be without synne made blynde.
C I trust to god no suche may we fynde v . wjttes.
765 Therfore let vs preesthode honoure
And folowe their doctrine for our soules socour
We be their shepe / and they shephardes be
By whom we all be kept in suerte
Peace / for yonder I se Euery man come
Euery man. G.ii.
DB]
770 Whiche hath made trcwe satisfaction.
good dedes. C Me thinke it is he in dede.
cuerj man. C Nowe lesu he our alder spede
I haue receyued the sacrament for my redempcion
And myne extreme vnccion
775 Blessed he all they that counsayled me to take it
And nowe frendes / let vs go without leger respite
I thanke god that ye haue taryed so longe
Nowe set eche of you on this rodde his hande
And shortly folowe me
1 1 go before there I wolde be
(God be our guyde.
strength. C Euery man / we will nat fro you go
Tyll ye haue gone this vyage longe.
Discrecion C I Discrecion will byde by you also
knowlege. C And though this pilgrimage be neuer so strong
785 I will neuer part you fro.
Strength. C Euery man I will be as sure by the
As euer I was by ludas Machabe.
euerj man. C Alas / 1 am faynt I may nat stande
My lymmes vnder me do folde
790 Frendes / let vs nat turne agayne to this lande
Nat for all the woiides golde
For in to this caue must I crepe
And torne to the erthe and there slepe.
Beautyp. C What in to this graue / alas
euery man. C ye / there shall we consume more and lesse
Beautye. C And what shulde I smoder here
euery man. C ye be my fay / and neuer more appere
In this worlde lyue no more we shall
799 But in heuen before the hyest lorde of all
[291
C I crosse out all this / adieu by saynt Ihori Beautye.
I take my tappe in my lappe and am gone
C What Beaute / whether will ye. euery man.
C Peas I am defe / 1 loke nat behinde me Beautye.
Nat & thou wolde gyue me all y golde in thy chest
C Alas / where to may I nowe trust euery man.
Beaute dothe fast away hye
He promised with me to lyue and dye.
C Euery man I will the also forsake and denye strength.
809 Thy game lyketh me nat at all.
C why than ye will forsake me all euery man.
Strength tary I pray you a lytell space
C Nay syr by the rode of grace Strength.
I will hye me fro the fast
Though thou wepe tyll thy hert brast.
C ye wolde euer haue bydde by me ye sayd euery man.
C ye / 1 haue you ferre ynough conueyed strength.
ye be olde ynoughe I vnderstande
your pilgrimage to take on hande
819 I repent me that I hether came.
C Strength / you to displease I am to blame euery man.
yet promise is dette / this ye well wot
C In faythe as for that I care not. Strength.
Thou arte but a foole to complayne
Thou spendeth thy speche and wastest thy brayne
825 Go trusse the into the grounde.
L I had went surer I shulde you haue founde euery man.
But I se well / he that trusteth in his strength
Is greatly disceyued at the length
For Strength and Beaute / hath forsaken me
830 yet they promised me stedfast to be.
Euery man. G.iii.
[30]
Discrecion C Euery man I will after Strength begone
As for me I will leaue you alone,
euery man. C Why Discretion / will ye forsake me.
Discrecion C ye in good fayth I will go fro the
835 For whan strength is gone before
Than I folowe after euer more,
euery man. C yet I pray the for loue of the Trinite
Loke in my graue and thou shalt se.
Discrecion C Nay so nye I will nat come
840 Nowe farewell felowes euerychone.
euery man. C all thinge fayleth saue god alone
Beaute / Strength / and Discrecion
For whan Deth bloweth his blaste
They all ronne away fro me fast,
v. wyttes. C Euery man / of the nowe my leue I take
I will folowe the other / for here I the forsake
euery man. C Alas than may I bothe wayle and wepe
For I toke you for my best frende.
v. wyttes. C I will no lenger the kepe
850 Nowe farewell and here an ende.
euery man. C Nowe lesu helpe / all hath forsaken me.
good dedes. C Nay Euery man I will a byde with the
I will nat forsake the in dede
Thou shalt fynde me a good frende at nede.
euery man. C Gramercy good dedf / now may I true fredes se
They haue forsake me euerychone
I loued them better than my good dedes alone
Knowlege will ye forsake me also,
knowlege. C ye Euery man / whan you to Deth shall go
8GO But nat yet for no maner of daungere.
euery man. E Gramercy knowlege with all my hert
[31]
C Nay yet I will nat fro hens departe knowlege.
Tyll I se where ye shall become.
C Me thinketh alas that I must begone euery man.
865 To make my rekening / and my dettes paye
For I se my tyme is nye spent away
Take ensample all ye that this do here or se
Howe they that I loued best / nowe forsake me
Except my good dedes that bydeth trewly.
C All erthely thinges is but vanite good dedes.
Beaute / Strength / & Discrecion / do man forsake
Folysshe frendes and kynnes men that fayre spake
All flyeth saue good dedes / and that am I
C Haue mercy on me god moost mighty euery man.
875 And stande by me thou moder & mayde Mary.
C Fere nat / 1 will speke for the. good dedes.
C Here I crye god mercy. euery man.
C Short our ende and minysshe our payne good dedes.
Let vs go and neuer come agayne.
C Into thy handes lordes my soule I comende euery man.
Receyue it lorde that it be nat loste
As thou me boughtest so me defende
And saue me fro the fendes boste
That I may appere with that blessed hoste
885 That shall be saued at the day of dome
In manus luas of mightes moost
For euer commendo spiritum meuum.
C Nowe hath he suffred ihat we shall endure knowlege.
Thy good dedes shall make all sure
890 Nowe hath he made ending
Me thinke that I here aungels synge
And inaketh great ioy and melody
Where euery mannes soule shall receyued be
[321
the augell. C Gome excellent electo spouse to lesu
895 Here aboue thou shalt go
Bycause of thy singuler vertue
Nowe thy soule is taken thy body fro
Thy rekening is christall clere
Nowe shalt thou into the heuynly spere
900 Vnto the whiche all ye shall come
That lyueth well / after the day of dome.
Doctour. C This memoryall / men may haue in mynde
ye herers / take it a worthe olde and yonge
And forsake pryde / for he disceyueth you in thende
905 And remebre beaute . v. wyttf / strength & discrecion
They all at last do Euery man forsake
Saue his good dedes there dothe take
But beware / for and they be small
Before god he hath no helpe at all
910 None excuse may be there for Euery man
Alas howe shall he do than
For after deth / amendes may no man make
For than mercy and pyte dothe him forsake
If his rekening be nat clere whan he do come
915 God will say. Ite maledicti in ignem eternum.
And he that hath his account hole and sounde
Hye in heuyn he shalbe crounde?
Vnto whiche place / god bringe vs all thether
That we may lyue body and soule toguyder
920 Therto helpe the Trinite
Amen say ye / for saynt charite.
C Finis.
C Imprynted at London in Fletestrete / by me
Rycharde Pynson / prynter to the kynges
moost noble grace.
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d5oD tDlll fap*Ite maledidi in ignemeternum .
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Knto tt>l)($e place / goD b^nge fc s all tfjet^et
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C^etto belpe tbe c t imte
aimen Cap pe/fo^rapnt cljactte,
THE BRITISH MUSEUM FRAGMENT
CRITICAL APPARATUS
After an interval for the length of which I can only apologize, I
offer to the subscribers of the Materialien the conclusion of my labours
upon the text of Everyman. My object in the pages that follow has not
so much been myself to determine the relation of the editions to one
another or to fix the readings where variants appear, as to supply
other critics with the materials for forming their own judgements upon
these points. My hearty thanks are due to Mr. Herbert Collmann,
librarian to Mr. Christie-Miller, for information regarding the Britwell
copy of the play, and to Dr. H. de Vocht for help with the Dutch text.
I.
Of Everyman four copies, whole or fragmentary, are known.
A. A perfect copy of an edition printed by John Skot, now in the
possession of Mr. S. R. Christie-Miller at Britwell Court. It once
belonged to the Library of Lincoln Cathedral, and while still there
was reprinted by Thomas Hawkins in his Origin of the English Drama
(1773, vol. i, p. 33). Thence it was purchased, along with other books,
by T. F. Dibdin, and advertised in the Lincoln Nosegay in 1814 x )
(Dodsley's Old English Plays, edited by W. C. Hazlitt, 1874, i. g5). It
was apparently purchased by Earl Spencer for his library at Althorp.
According to Mr. A. W. Pollard (Catalogue of the Huth Bequest, as below,
p. 54) it ' passed by exchange from Lord Spencer to Heber and at the
Heber Sale was purchased for the library at Britwell Court ', but this
is not an altogether complete account of its wanderings, for after the
Heber sale in 1834-7 it appeared in that of Thomas Jolley's collection
in 1844 and still contains his book-plate 2 ). This ' Britwell ' copy was
reprinted in vol. 4 of the Materialien (1904).
*) The copy still bears the inscription ' Lincoln Nosegay N 6 '.
2 ) Sale Catalogues, (i) Richard Heber. At Evans' sale-rooms. Part viii.
i836, Feb. 29 and following days. No. 2365. At the end of the description is
the note : ' There were at least two editions of this Moral Play, both printed
by Scott, the main difference is, that one is without a colophon, but has
six of the dram. pers. in a wood cut at the back of the title. A copy with
these distinctive marks was sold among Mr. Caldecott's books '. The copy
fetched 32, being bought by Thorpe.
(ii) Thomas Jolle-y. At Sotheby's sale-rooms. Part iii. 1844, March i5 and
following days. No. 466. Appended is a note : ' A ropy ot the second edi
tion in Mr. Caldecot's [sirj sale for 32.. 10.. o. Another copy of that edition
is in the Salisbury Cathedral Library ; but of this I know of no other '.
It again fell to Thorpe for 3a.
B. A perfect copy of another edition by John Skot, till recently in
the possession of Mr. A. H. Huth, now in the British Museum. Des
cribed by Mr. A. W. Pollard in the official Catalogue of the Fifty
Manuscripts and Printed Books bequeathed to the British Museum by Alfred
H. Huth, 1912, p. 53. Formerly in the possession of Thomas Caldecott
and subsequently of George Daniel, who acquired it in 1834, and after
whose death in 1864 it passed to Henry Huth ') This ' Huth' copy
was reprinted as vol. 24 of the Matet ialien (1909) at a time before it had
become the property of the nation 2 ).
*) Sale Catalogues, (i) Thomas Caldecott. At Sotheby's sale-rooms. i833,
Dec. 9 and following days. No. 1462- Appended is a note : ' This appears to
be a totally different edition to that mentioned in Dibdin's Typographical
Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 79, as being in the Library of Lincoln Cathedral. It
consists of the same member of leaves, but has no colophon; and the
signatures run thus : A6, B6, and D4 ; the other running A4, B8, and C4-
Dr. Dibdin does not mention the six figures engraved in wood, representing
the Dramatis Persons, which occur in this edition on the reverse of the
title '. The copy was bought by Thorpe for 32. 10.
(ii) George Daniel. At Sotheby's sale-rooms. 1864, July 20 and following
days. No. 798. Appended is a note : ' In addition to a large woodcut on the
title there are six curious cuts on wood of the Dramatis Personae not found
in the only other edition. This most precious volume is from the celebrated
collection of the late Mr. Caldecott '. It fell to Lilly for 74. n.
2 ) Great trouble has been caused by a statement to the effect that a second
copy of this edition exists in the library of Salisbury Cathedral. I have not
been able to trace this statement back further than the sale catalogue of
Thomas Jolloy's collection, as quoted in a previous note, and I do not know
who was responsible for the description there given. The assertion was
not based on any information in the book itself. The statement gained
currency through W. C. Hazlitt's Handbook (1867, p. 463) and has been often
repeated, among others by Dr. Logemann, who, though unable to find the
copy for his edition of the play (Ghent, 1892, p. viii), has k no doubt that it
will turn up again'. 1 hardly think that his confidence is justified. The
evidence for the existence of such a copy is too slight, being indeed
nothing but the unsupported assertion of the Jolley sale catalogue.
Dr. Logemann, indeed, implies that Hawkins knew the Salisbury copy.
He says that Hazlitt's ' references to Skot's other ed. are those to the Salis
bury copy as used by Hawkins '. But here he is in error. Hawkins makes
no mention, and shows no knowledge, of any but the Lincoln (Britwell)
copy. Moreover, Hazlitt (Dodsley, i. 97) explicitly states that ' Hawkins
was not aware that Skot printed the piece more than once '. Hazlitt usually
follows the Huth text. Where he notes that ' Skot's other edition, used by
Hawkins, reads ' so and so, he means : Skot's other edition, that used by
Hawkins.
In reply to inquiries I received the following letter :
The Close, Salisbury. 6 Jany. 1910.
My dear Sir,
There is no copy of ' Ever}'man ' in the Salisbury Cathedral Librafy. I
am very glad to have the opportunity of putting the fact upon record, as
35
C. A fragment, consisting of portions of the last four leaves (signa
ture C) only, of an edition printed by Richard Pynson, preserved
among the fragments bequeathed in 1884 by Francis Douce to the
Bodleian Library, Oxford. It was evidently recovered out of the bind
ing of a book, and is much torn and stained. This ' Douce ' copy is
reprinted in the present volume of the Materialicn (p. 3).
D. An imperfect copy, wanting the first six leaves (signature A), of
another edition printed by Richard Pynson, preserved in the British
Museum. This copy has been interleaved and collated with the Brit-
well copy at a time when this was still at Lincoln, that is, not later
than 1814. According to the British Museum catalogue of English
books to 1640, the notes are by William Herbert, but this does not
appear to be altogether certain. I have not been able to discover the
history of the copy. The absence of any date-stamp proves that it was
in the Museum before 1840. On the back is a monogram of the letters
D and G. But it does not form part of the collection of plays
bequeathed to the Museum by David Garrick '), while the date of
acquisition excludes the possibility of its having come from George
Daniel's sale. This ' Museum' copy is also reprinted in the present
volume, p. i3.
The fact that the four copies that survive belong to four different
editions raises a presumption that the number of editions printed was
considerable 2 ). No copy is dated nor is it possible to assign very close
people come to me wanting to see the book and are annoyed when they are
told it is not here ; how the statement originated I cannot make out.
Yours faithfully
A. R. Maiden
W. W. Greg Esq. Librarian.
This should, I think, settle the matter. How the story arose I do not know
either. It is natural to assume that there has somehow been confusion
between the two Skot editions and the two Cathedral Libraries of Salis
bury and Lincoln. Nevertheless, it is only right to remember that we know
nothing of the history oi the Huth copy previous to its appearance in the
Caldecott sale.
*) As is erroneously stated in the Introductory note to the present volume
(p. vi) which was printed several years ago.
2 ) I have to thank my friend Mr. J. E. Littlewood, mathematical lecturer
at Trinity College, Cambridge, for some interesting information ou this
point. It is obvious that, if no more than four editions were printed, it is
very unlikely that, of four surviving copies, each should belong to a dif
ferent edition (in point of fact the chance is only 3/32 or about i in n), and
that as the number of editions printed increases so does the probability of
such an occurrence. There must therefore be a point (a particular number
of editions) at which, the chance approximate most nearly to 1/2. This
number is 10, for which the actual chance is 1/2 -\- i/zSo. Ten, therefore, is
the smallest number of editions which makes the actually occurring arrange
ment as likely as not to occur.
36
limits for the printing of any of them. Skot was working from i52i to
iSSy. The device which appears in the Britwell copy is not known to
have been used before c. i53o, but this is merely negative evidence.
Again Skot is only known to have printed in Paul's Churchyard in
i528-g, but he may have done so any time after 1 522 and before i53j.
The Huth copy has no address : it bears a device, which, in the state in
which it there appears (with his monogram on the shield), Skot is not
known to have used earlier than c. i53o, though he may have done so
at any date after i522. Pynson was at work from c. 1491 to i528. Both
the Douce and Museum copies contain his colophon as king's printer
living in Fleetstreet. The address, however, only fixes the date as i5oo
or later, the title as after May i5o8. Thus Skot's editions can only be
limited to a period of i5, Pynson's only to one of 20, years. These
periods overlap by six years. If we can trust the negative evidence in
the case of Skot, then his editions must both be later than Pynson's ;
even if we cannot, Pynson's may still be the earlier. If we could prove
that both of Skot's editions were anterior to Pynson's we could assert
that all four appeared between the years i522 and i528. As it is we
only know that they appeared between i5o8 and i537- (See E. Gordon
Duff, A Century of the English Book Trade 1457-1557, igo5, pp. 126, 149 ;
R. B. Me Kerrovv, Printers and Publishers' Devices in England and Scot
land 1485-1640, igiS, pp. 20, 26 ; also Hand-Lists of English Printers,
Pt. i, i8g5, Skot, Pt. ii, 1896, Pynson, all issued by the Bibliographical
Society).
II.
I regret to have to say that, in spite of the care bestowed on them,
my reprints of the texts of Everyman in this series are not altogether
free from errors. I must therefore beg that students, before making
use of them for critical purposes, will enter the following corrections
in their copies. It will, of course, he understood that the object in each
case is not to amend the text but to bring it into exact agreement with
the edition from which it is reprinted.
CORRIGENDA.
Britwell text :
3o bloderede read blode rede 532 eurey read euery
36 damphable dampnable 58y Forgyve Forgyue
41 nothinge nothynge 647 pleasyth pleaseth
288 John lohn 746 Bute But
424 thyther thyder
37
Huth text :
288 John read lohn 784 de read be
824 you ye go5 (dicressio (discressio
335 (misnumbered) also on B. ii. catch-title sommen-
536 clensyng clensynge ynge read summenynge
565 y y and on D. ii. catch-title sommon
767 shepeherders shepeherdes ynge read summonynge
Douce text (Bodleian fragment) :
No errors have been discovered.
Museum text (B. M. fragment) :
3g2 arte read art 617 of read os (of)
5o3 workes werkes 744 arte art
526 by be 755 saye say
606 acquaintaunce read 823 arte art
aquaintaunce go5 wyttf wittf
III.
The object of the following lists is threefold. In the first place they
are intended to indicate those passages in which, owing to the
breaking of the type, imperfect locking, bad press-work, or any other
cause, the actual reading of the old print is open to question. In the
second place they are meant to correct certain obvious errors of the
compositors of the early editions, mostly of the sort sometimes called
' literals ', which are not worth recording among the textual variants.
In the third place they give an opportunity of indicating a number
of more or less irregular or unusual spellings which cannot be
regarded as actual misprints of the original, are not worth recording
as variants, but might be suspected of being errors of the reprints. The
second and third of these classes cannot be very sharply divided from
one another. In every case the presumably correct reading, or the
more usual spelling, is added in parentheses. Should it be necessary
in the course of the collations to quote incidentally readings which
are either certainly misprinted or appear in very misleading spellings,
they will be given in the corrected or more normal form, but will be
distinguished by parentheses.
Britwell text :
7 wonders (wonderous) 34 nomore (no more)
28 rood (rod) 35 for sake (forsake)
3o blode rede possibly bloderede 64 Dethe. (too high)
38
go sende (sentc)
100 lenger (longer)
101 layser
i3r lenger (longer)
1 35 a bydynge (abydynge)
142 preue (pi one)
1 56 acqucyncc (acqueyntaunce)
161 lyue (cj. 169)
168 made (mad)
i83 a vvaye (awaye)
189 begete (be gete)
208 a mysse (amysse)
227 tentymes (ten tymes)
25 1 make (maketh)
258 a syde (asyde)
263 who (Who)
286 remenbre (remembre)
297 a waye (awaye)
298 be take (betake)
3oo A dewe (Adewe)
more- (more.)
3o3 this (thus)
325 bolde (holde)
3a6 holde. (bolde)
336 a counte (accounte)
364 a gree. (agree.)
366 be hynde. (behynde.)
382 a byde (abyde)
383 a wayc (awaye)
453 caugh (caught)
469 An (And)
493 a counte (accounte)
525 hole (holy)
526 by (be)
545 O gloryous possibly Ogloryous
656, 666 Kynrede. (knowlege)
667 in contynent. (incontynent.)
6g5 heuen (heuenly)
727 deuyuyte. (deuynyte.)
739 hande (handes)
863 be come, (become.)
ox>5 dycrecyo (dyscrecyo)
3o3 A lacke (Alacke)
N . B. This edition is distinguished by the consistent use of the spelling
' counseyll ' and kindred forms, and also of the spellings ' hyder ' &c.
Huth text :
19 kenge (kynge)
22 Iperceyue (I perceyue)
29 dyed possibly dyeo
30 forgot (forget)
31 caunot/>0ss#/yeaunot (cannot)
34 nomore (no more)
49 be cume (becume)
54 I had possibly I had
64 (MO speaker's name]
Almyghtygod ( Almyghty god)
68 Apylgrymage (A pylgrymage)
74 be set (beset)
87 (no speaker's name)
QO, 92 sende (sente)
100 lenger (longer)
101 layser
n3 rekenyuge (rekenynge)
119 what (whan)
127 geftes (gyftes)
1 35 a bydynge (abydynge)
1 52 T rust (Trust)
1 53 gracious
1 56 Dethe (belongs to i5j)
161 thylyfe (thy lyfe)
162 wordely (worldely)
166 A nother (Another)
168 Euenyman (Eueryman)
177 noman (no man)
202 cartaynely (certaynely)
2o5 god (good)
223 nomore (no more)
243 herde (harde)
248 duyte (dutye)
261 nyuer (neuer)
279 iourney possibly idurney
282 wyll (first \ doubtful)
292 Fejawe' (Felawe.)
3i3 my kynnesmen possibly
mykynnesmen
817 yender (yonder)
827 Geamercy (Gramercy)
336 a counte (accounte)
365 Nw (Now)
368 a nother (another)
398 what (What)
mesaye (me saye)
401 Syr& (Syr &)
4o3 a nother (another)
406 gyne (gyue)
414 a nother (another)
482 for (of)
442 condycyons (condycyon)
449 A nother (Another)
464 Forto (For to)
476 a shamed (ashamed)
483 no ther (nother)
493 a count (account)
tomake (to make)
495 w possibly w
509 Ipraye (I praye)
538 yon (you)
549 Redempe
571 w possibly w
58o crelery (clerely)
622 god (good)
626 Go ynge (Goynge)
636 nomore (no more)
656, 666 Kynred. (Knowlege)
667 in contynent (incontynent)
671 shalde (sholde)
691 delyberycyon (delyberacyon)
692 vertues (vertuous)
704 parell (perell)
716 benynge (benygne)
782 excedeth (d doubtful]
75 1 w (t doubtful]
769 yender (yonder)
770 satysfaccoon (satysfaccyon)
774 thou (than)
798 nomore (no more)
822 Strenght (Strength)
823 co mplayne (complayne)
83 1 begone (be gone)
854 god (good)
870 ertly (erthly)
902 men / (/ men)
914 rekenyuge (rekenynge)
91 5 eternam. (eternum))
N. B. In this edition we consistently have ' councell ' &c. for the
' counseyll ' &c. of Britwell. There is also a tendency to substitute the
spellings ' hether ' &c. for ' hyder ' &c. The same tendency is also
observably in the Pynson fragments.
Douce text :
691 lyberacion (delyberacion)
702 be quethe (bequethe)
returued (returned)
7o5 Eeuer (Euer)
733 scriptue (scripture)
737 concecrate (consecrate)
755 do(dothe)
760 othermens (other mens)
766 ours (our)
769 Passe (Pease)
793 6 (speakers' names belong to 794-7)
840 Forwell (Farewell)
848 take (toke)
85o forwell (farewell) -
870, 876, 878 god (good)
873 fleeth (second e doubtful)
880 lordes (lorde)
N. B. There is no upper-case Y in this text.
882 broughtest (boughtest)
go3 aworthe
Museum text :
827 euery man. (point hidden under
mending Paper]
335 whiche (Whiche)
336 a counte (accounte)
355 cosyn possibly cosyu
367 behinde. (behinde /)
370 feare (faire)
394. trusshed (trussed)
3g6 iye (eye)
401 vvolrd (world)
401, 414, 425 good dedes (Goodes.)
436 myspending (my spending)
443 one. (one /)
461 Good. (Goodes.)
467 lelfe (lefte)
470 feare (faire)
476 a shamed (ashamed)
493 a count (account)
5o2 a count (account)
5io ouer (euer)
529 toguyder (togyder)
553 exclama- (hyphen doubtful)
556 aswell (as well)
573 euery man. possibly euery mau.
N. B. There is no upper-case Y
574 nowe possibly no we
617 os (of)
629 pilgrimage (pilgrim)
656, 666 Kynrede. (knowlege.)
665 geate (get)
them them (them)
667 in contynent. (incontynent.)
709 toguyder (togyder)
717 kayes (keyes)
755 do the (dothe)
810 why (Why)
euery man. possibly euery man.
820, 822 (in each case the speaker's
name is half a line too high in the
original)
824 spendeth (spendest)
83 1 begone (be gone)
852 a byde (abyde)
864 begone (be gone)
880 lordes (lorde)
887 meuum. (meutn.)
91 5 say. (say /)
917 crounde ? (crounde.)
919 toguyder (togyder)
in this text.
IV.
For convenience of printing the collations are divided into three
sections. The first of these contains the variants in that part of the
text where only two editions are available, the second where three
are available, and the third where, for the most part, all four are
available.
I have taken pains to make the collations as complete as possible,
and I have also aimed at making them fairly comprehensive. Thus it
has been my object to include such differences of form as ' from ' and
41
' fro ', ' you ' and ' ye ', and even merely inflectional variants such as
' has ' and ' hath '. It is true that these are as a rule quite useless for
the purpose of determining the relation of the editions, but it seemed
worth while to present the reader with as complete a survey of the
variants as was practicable. Complete consistency of method must
however not be sought, as it is an ideal difficult of attainment and but
doubtfully w^)rth pursuit. Mere differences of spelling, of course,
have not been recorded, nor has any notices been taken of the
fluctuating vowels in such words as ' longer' ' lenger ', ' hand ' ' hond ',
' harte ' ' herte ', &c. I have not included the variations of the words
' hyder ' ' thyder ' ' whyder ' ' togyder ', but most of the cases will be
found recorded in the lists of rimes given later on. The above are the
practically consistent spellings of the Britwell text ; the other three
all substitute, more or less widely but not consistently, the forms
' hether ' ' thether ' ' whether ' ' together '.
In every case of variation the reading of each edition is printed in
full. In order to make the bearing of the variant clearer the context
has also been added in italic from the Britwell text.
In the case of the second and third sections, in which more than
two texts are involved, I have added a final column showing by means
of a simple formula the nature of the variant. This will I hope be
found useful. Readers will of course understand that A = Britwell,
B = Huth, C = Douce, and D = Museum text.
(l) lines 1-304.
Britwell Huth
10 The story sayth This
14 causeth the soule to wepe thy
1 8 Wyll fade from the vade
21 what he doth saye. wyll
28 my ryghtwysnes the sharpe (rod] / that
30 They forgete dene / forgot
shedynge of my blode rede so redde
3 1 / hanged bytwene two twotheues/
41 they be nothynge sure not
43 The worse they be fro yere to yere are from
5i they do all dene forgete all do
55 7 se lyke traytours se that
73 And cruelly out serche truely
74 Euery man wyll I beset I wyll
77 and fro hetten from
Britwell
Huth
77 fro heuen to departe
78 Excepte that almes be his good frende
91 Fro god out of his mageste
96 thou shalte knowe.
loo Without ony lenger respyte.
107 before god thou shalte answere
109 thou hast spente thy lyfe
in Haue 1 do we were
1 16 and no man spareth
121 wyl I gyue y yf thou wyl
129 But my custome
141 were gone y I our nay e
143 OYfe thou KY//
i5i jTA0 mayst neuer
1 53 C O gracyous god
in the hye sete
168 j/ ark (wflfl*) thou hast
1 80 owf 0/thy syght
190 a full grete profyte
195 >Aaf for to rfo
2i3 to my lyues ende
21 5 That was well spoken
225 fottf * your mynde fro w/
226 whan ye Am w*
262 as well as we ca
268 that lothe iournaye
270 y promysed o/A^ teyw
271 / say so
273 women the /ws(y company
''278 F0r mynde wyll so;w a/^/v
280 Now *' good fay th
281 arf /AoM wyll murder
293 w^ a /ofe
294 / '0W not haue /<r/ite
297 wyll y forsake me.
300 A dewe/or w^r
for euer / shall se M* wo (more.)
301 felawship C Infayth
3o3 euery mS. C A lacke shall we
3<xf A /<wfy helpe
depart
almes dedes
From
shall
lenger
shalte thou
spede
a do that we
none
ye
All
y
you
must
C gracyous
hye
/y
syght
great
to .
/ vnto
is
from
you
we
lothesom
promysed me
sayd
/that
to folye wyll
Nay
wylte
one
a
/ wylt
Felawe. C Adewe
for... neuer se
euery man C
Alacke
O
(2) lines 3o5-68a.
Britwell
3i2 haih forsaken me
314 to helpe me in my neces-
syte
3i8 Where be ye now
3ig Here be we now
321 and not spare.
322 and to vs declare
324 o^fc you well
weteyou well wyll /y
826 a man may be (bolde).
330 TAa^ is a hye kynges
kynges chefe offycer
33 1 bad me go a pylgrymage
332 And / knowe well
333 yi/so / w5^ gy
a rekenynge strayte
348 / ei''fls bore [: ;o^.]
355 cosyn wyll you mtf
35g It auayleth-0
362 And to daunce
366 or abyde (behynde.)
36y Abyde behynde /
370 fayre promyses men
men to me make
373 euery man farewell now
375 of myne owne
of myne owne an vnredy
rekenynge
376 / haue to accoute
379 fayre wordes maketh
foolesfayne
380 They promyse and
nothynge wyll do
383 fast a waye do they flee
386 longer to abyde
388 / haue loued ryches
3go He wolde make
3q2 my gooddes and ryches.
394 pyled so hye
Huth
Museum
forsaken
forsake
AB
: D
helpe me
helpe
AB
: D
ye
you
AB
: D
be we
we be
AB
: D
do not
nat
AD
B
vs to
to vs
AD
B
ye
you
AD
: B
well / we wyll
well / we will
A:
BD
be
be to
AB
: D
an
a
AD
B
chefe offycere
officere
AB
: D
a
on
AB
: D
But
And
AD
B
rekenynge
rekening
A :
BD
borne
bore
AD
:B
/ wyll you
will
AB
: D
auayleth
auayleth you
AB
: D
And
For
AB
:D
abyde
byde
AB
: D
Abyde
Byde
AB
D
promyses /
promesse
AB
: D
do make
make
AD
B
now
as nowe
AB
: D
my
myne
AD
: B
owne /
owne lyfe
AB
: D
accounte /
counte /
AB
: D
maketh
make
AB
: D
promyse /
promes moche / AB : D
flee
flye
AB D
abyde
byde
AB: D
ryches
richesse
AB: D
It
It
A: BD
ryches.
richesse.
AB: D
so hye
nye
AB D
44
Britwell Huth Museum
3g5 / am locked so fast
397 in packes lowe / lye
401 Goodes.
sorowe or aduersyte
402 That can I helpe you to
remedy
404 / tell the so
406 a strayte counte
408 / haue had loye & plea
sure in the
409 / pray the go with me
414 Goodes.
Nay euery man
418 on me thou dyd set thy
mynde
*42i for the loue of me.
[: truly]
424 Vp fc/ V5 gO
425 Goodes.
7 fl/w fo brytell
426 7 wyllfolowe man
fo ye sttftf.
428 o good and treasure.
480 contrary to the loue *w
Itutyitge
482 to /fo />0or gyue parte
gyue parte of w
433 Than sholdest thou not...
be
435 now was I deceyued
445 Nay fro /Ai's worlde not
veryle.
449 ' this samewyse
45 1 cwrarf thou be
462 TA0M tray tour to god
that Aos/ deceyued me
455 7 aw gladde
467 thou hast had longe v
hertely loue
461 Goodes. Goodes. Good.
full
full
A: BD
low
lowe where
AB: D
Goodes.
good dedes.
AB D
trouble
sorowe
AD: B
Than
That
AD: B
tell
tell the
AD: B
accounte
counte
AD: B
ioye&
my
AB: D
go
nowe go
AB: D
Goodes.
good dedes.
AB: D
Nay
Nay nay /
AB: D
dyde
dyddest
AB: D
the loue of me
my loue trewely
AB D
Vp
Vpand
AB D
Goodes.
good dedes.
AB D
bryttell
brotell
AB D
no man
no man /
A BD
thou
ye
AD B
good
my good
AB D
loue
loue of
AB D
to gyue
gyue
AD B
for
for the loue of
AH I)
be
haue be
AB: D
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was I
AD: B
From... nay
Nay nat fro...
verely
verely.
A B D
the
the
A BD
thou
may thou
AB: D
/ thou
/that
AD : B
gladde
right gladde
AB: D
had
had long
AD: B
AB: D
Britwell
464 to go with me in that
heuy lournaye
465 felawshyp sayd he wolde
with me gone [: mone]
471 all forsake me
473 In hope to haue corn-
forte
474 For my goodes
475 he bryngeth many in to
hell
483 5^e can nother go nor
speke
486 (ye c0Me in ^ grottnde
487 TA_V synnes hath we
Afl/A we sore bounds
489 7 stand e in fere
*49i jFV helpe now sholde
come ryght well.
493 T^fltf ye be somoned
497 / praye you that ye
wyll go
5o2 Fcwr oe o/ counte
full redy had be
604 Loke the bokes. . . Ase how
they lye
they lye vnder the/<?&
507 one letter here
I can not se.
508 There is a blynde
rekenynge
5ii helpe me to make
rekenynge
525 And am hole content
527 brought you there Where
thou
529-3o you ... your ...
your... you
53o For to make you loyfull
at herte
Huth
Museum
me / in
me
AB: D
/ he sayd
said /
AD: B
go
gone
AD: B
forsake
forsoke
AB: D
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haue foude
AB.D
.
my goodes
goodes
AB: D
in
into
AD: B
nor
ne
AB: D
in
on
AB:D
haue
hath
AD: B
so sore
sore
AD: B
feare
great feare
AB : D
helpe now shulde
nowe helpe
cum ryght
and
AB: D
thou arte
ye be
AD: B
the to
you that ye
will
AD: B
accounte /
a count
A: BD
full redy now
nowe full redy
A: B : D
Beholde
Ase
AD: B
\
vnder the
here vnder
AB : D
herein
here
AD:B
can I
I can
AD:B
There
Here
AB: D
my rekenynge
my rekening
A: BD
holy
holy
A: BD
the
you
AD :B
thou... thy...
you... your...
thy... the
your... you
AD: B
at the harte
at herte
AD: B
Hritwell
*53a My good dedes gramercy
535 go ive togyder louyngly
537 / wolde we were there
*538 / pray you gyue me
cognycyon
53g that holy man confessyon.
546 Wasshe fro me the spotles
* spottes of vyce vnclene
of vyce vnclene
549 Redempte m'/A herte
and full contrycyon
55i ^4rf grete accountes
553 Helpe my good dedes
558 penaunce voyce voyder
of aduetsyte
56 1 HY sAa// you receyuc
563 To remembre /Av
*565 or thou scape that
paynful Pylgrymage
*566 Knowlegc kepe Ayw
568 be seker o/ mircy
570 he wyll graunte truely
573 for his gracyous werke
5j5 This hath reioysed and
lyghted my herte
577 loke your penaunce
thai yefulfyll
579 And knovvlege shall
g)'ue you
knowlege shall gyue
584 he wolde euery man
redeme
58^ For gyue my greuous
offence
58g O raunsomer and
redemer
*59O Of all the worlde hope
and conduyter
Uuth
Museum
I thanke the
gramercy
AD: B
hartfully
thether
together
AD: B
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there were
AB: D
to insti ucte me
gyue me
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cognisyon
AD: B
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man
AD: B
from
fro
AD: B
of... vnclene
and... clene
AB: D
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vices
A BD
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Repent
A :B: D
full of
full
AD: B
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a great countes
AB: D
Helpe
Helpe hyder
AB: D
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/ voyder
A BD
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ye
AB: D
To remembre
Remembre
AB: D
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passe thy
AB: D
paynful
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kepe
AD: B
sure
seker
AD: B
truely
it the
AB: D
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this
AB: D
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me reioysed /
AB: D
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/ loke your
loke
penauce
AD: B
knovvlege
I
AB: D
wyll
shall
AD B
to redeme
redeme
AD: B
me my
me my
A: BD
raunsomer & mercyfull
conductor
conduiter
AB: D
AD:B
47
Britwell Huth
5gi Myrrour of love
foundatour of mercy
*5g4 my prayers vn worthy
in this heuy lyfe
599 saue me fro the power
602 Of your sones glory
glory to be partynere
603 By the meanes of his
passyon
604 7 beseche you helpe
helpe my soule to saue
606 Myflesshe... shall gyue
acqueyntaunce
610 Now may you make
611 the name of the holy
trynyte
612 My body sore
punysshyd shall be
614 thou delytest to go gay delytest
615 in the way of damp- in
nacyon
616 strokes of punysshynge and
618 To saue me from purga- from
tory
* from purgatory that
sharpe fyre.
620 / can walke... And am
delyuered
621 with euery man I wyll go I wyll
624 good dedes cometh now do come
626 vpryght vpon the vpon
ground e.
63 1 For the is preparate
the eternall glory
633 / wyll byde by the in
euery stounde.
byde by the with
by the in euery the / in
636 Be no more sad but euer euer more
reioyce
Museum
and founder
of thy
benygnytye
from
thy
parte taker
meane
/ foundacion
vnworthy in
this heuy lyfe
fro
your
partinere
meane
A B: D
AD: B
AD: B
AD B
A: BD
beseche beseke AB : D
my me my AB : D
gyue haue AD : B
a quytaunce aquaintaunce A : B : D
Thus Nowe AD : B
of the holy of all the hole AB : D
sore punysshyd punisshed sore AB : D
delyted AB : D
in the AD : B
of AD : B
fro AB : D
hell and from purgatory that
the sharpe AD : B
I And AD : B
will I AB : D
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on AB : D
prepared
abyde
preparate
byde
AD: B
AD: B
by
the
euer
AD: B
AB: D
AD:B
4 8
Britwell
638 Put on this garment
*63g Whiche is wette with
your teres
*64o Or elles before god you
may it mysse
641 Whan ye... come
642 what do ye it call.
643 It is a garmente ofsoroive
a garmente
644 Fro payne it wyll you
borowe
647 He pleaseth god
648 wyll you MW it
653 7 haue for*.
655 let ts of parte in
twayne.
66 1 beaute may not abyde
behynde,
670 Here at your wyll we be
all redy
671 What\vy]\ye
674 wyll ye with him or not
in that vyage.
*6j6 To his helpe and
comforte /
678 loued myght thou be
682 All be in my company
Huth
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this
thy
with your teres is wette with
is now all wete your teares
Lest... /it be Orels...ye may
AB : D
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it misse
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you
ye
ADI;
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you
AMD
is
is called
AB D
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A: BD
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AD B
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AD: B
you
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AB: D
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A: B D
fere
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AB: D
parte in
deparle
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AB: D
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A: BD
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him go
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55
V.
In the first of the three sections of the text, that for which we
possess only two editions, the variants are necessarily all of the same
form, namely A : B, and statistical considerations consequently afford
us no help. It must suffice to observe that in the course of 304 lines
there appear 55 divergencies. In those portions for which three texts
are available, namely lines 3o5-682 and those subsequent passages in
which the Douce text is mutilated, the variants assume four possible
forms, namely AB : D, AD : B, A : BD, A : B : D. Since in the case
ot three texts no true grouping can occur, the readings of this portion
are not of very great importance for the elucidation of the relation
ship of the editions, but a statistical survey will nevertheless be use
ful. Where all four texts are preserved, namely, save for certain gaps,
in lines 683-g2i, the possible forms of variation are many, in point of
fact, I believe, fourteen, though not all of these actually occur.
Where a reference is placed in parentheses there is something
irregular about the reading, though the irregularily is not of a kind to
invalidate our statistical results.
THREE TEXTS.
AB : D. 3i2, 3i4, 3i8, 3ig, 326, 33o, 33i, 355, 35g, 362, 366, 367, 370,
373, 375, 376, 379, 38o, 383, 386, 388, 3ga, 3g4, 3g7, 401, 408, 4og, 414,
414, 418, *42i, 424, 425, 425, 428, 43o, 433, 45i, 455, 461, 464, 471, 473,
474, 483, 486, 48g, *4gi, 504, 5o8, 537, *54&, 55i, 553, 56i, 563, *565, 570,
573, 575, 57g, *58g, 604, 604, 611, 612, 614, 618, 621, 626, 633, 638, 642,
643, 648, 654, 655, 661, 674, 674, *676, 743, 744, 772, 8o5, 834, 835, 836,
862, 867 = total go.
AD : B. 32i, 322, 324, 33o, 332, 348, 370, 375, 401, 402, 404, 406, 426,
432, 435, 452, 457, 465, 465, 475, 487, 487, 4g3, 4g7, 504, 5o7, 5o7, 527,
5ag-3o, 53o, *532, 535, *538, 53g, 546, 54g, *566, 568, 577, 57g, 584, 5go,
*5g4, 5gg, 602, 602, 610, 6i5, 616, *6i8, 620, 624, 63i, 633, 633, 636, *63g,
*640, 641, 644, 647, 771, 772, 801, 834, &H, 8g5 = total 67.
A : BD. 324, 333, 3go, 3g5, 426, 44g, 5o2, 5n, 525, 546, 558, 5&7, 6o3,
643, 670, 671, 678, 682, 73g, 800, 804, 864, 8g7 = total 23.
A : B : D. 432, 445, 5o2, 54g, 5gi, 606, 653, 774 = total 8.
FOUR TEXTS.
ABC : D. 694, 6gg, 6gg, 7o5, 706, 756, 763, *786, 787, 788, 7g3, (7g5),
807, (811), *8n, 8i5, *8 2 i, *822, 824, *827, *828, 82g, 8 2 g, *83o, 837,
*840, 844, 847, 85o, 85i, 852, 868, 873, 8;5, 889, 904 = total 37.
56
ABD : C. 691, 6g5, 848, 88a, 904, 918 = total 6.
ACD : B. 684, 685, 687, 732, 764, 781, (821), 844, 870, 918, 9 2I, 921 =
total 12.
A : BCD. 695, 75i, 780, 782, 789, 793, 814, 83g, 845, 868, 893, 902, 908,
914 = total 14.
AB : CD. 686, 687, 694, 738, 745, 746, 748, 752, 764, 778, 797, 8i3,
844, 856, 85g, 880, 883, 888, 891, 892, 901, 903, 906 = total 23.
AC :BD. 814 = total i.
AD : BC. 85g, 885 = total 2.
AB : C : D. 755, 825, 907 = total 3.
A : B : CD. 702, 717 == total 2.
A : B : C : D. 806 = total I .
VI.
Readers may find it convenient to have a list of the imperfect rimes
in the play and of those in which there is disagreement between the
different editions, since the consistency of an edition in the matter of
rime clearly affords some criterion of its general trustworthiness. In
the first column are given the rimes of the Britwell text together with
the line-number of the first of the group, in the other columns the
rimes of the other texts. Commas in the later columns imply that the
form is exactly the same as that of the Britwell text.
An X indicates the absence of any rime word ; a mark of exclama
tion the total absence of rime in a pair. I have added a few foot
notes on cases where it seemed possible to emend the text.
Some of the lines marked with an X appear to be genuinely widowed
lines, others are most likely corrupt, and originally belonged to one of
the adjacent rime groups. Lines marked as unriming pairs are pro
bably in most instances real pairs in one of which a corruption has
distroyed the rime, but of course the appearance of such pairs might
also arise from the corruption of a line belonging to a rime group in
the neighbourhood of a widowed line, or from the corruption of two
lines belonging to neighbouring rime groups. It is only for con-
venince that such lines are here treated as pairs, nothing is implied
as to their origin. The irregular rime scheme of the great bulk of the
text makes any conjectures on the subject hazardous. See the notes
on 11. 3i7, 4i5, 422 and 526.
Britwell
4 it is : shewes
i3 swete : wepe
19 kyiige : rekenynge
26 god : rood
3o rede : deed : heed
5a every man : mansyon
60 ryches : lustyce
66 euery man : name
68 take : escape
70 rekenynge : taryenge
96 knowe : X
100 respyte : wytte
u3 gyue : thou (!)
127 grete : gete
i3i respyte : seke
1 53 celestyall : terestryall
167 done : come
175 aduysement : consent :
aduysement
189 begete : grete
212 mynde : ende
222 strawe : no more
241 it is : daungerous
260 come agayne : dome(!) 4 )
3oi ende : mournynge
3n flee : me : truely :
necessyte
3i7 them go : kynnesmen (!) z
323 whyder : to gyder
335 hynder : render
345 mater : water
347 more : bore
363 Tourney : a gree
375 rekenynge : taryenge
Huth
kenge :
: rod
redde : :
eueryman :
iustyce
eueryman :
Douce
57
Museum
great :
: secke
: terestyall
: cume
aduysemente : :
be gete : great
:
straw : nomore
:
cume agayne :
: mournyge
;;;
necessytye
i :
whether : to gyther
hyndre : rendre
matter :
: borne
iurnaye : agree
flye : : trewely :
necessite
: kynnes men
whether : togider
: rendre
iournay : agre
rekeninge : taryeng
*) Read ' agayne come' in 260.
2 ) Two consecutives lines, 3i6 and 3 17, end in ' go '. The second ' go ' is, no doubt, an
accidental repetition. The line should end with ' them ', making an imperfect rime
with ' kynnesmen '.
58
Britvvell
38i faythfully : stedfastly :
flee : me
387 there is : ryches
3gi dystresse : ryches
3g3 haste : fast
41 5 vyages : X ')
420 truly : me
422 sore : X 8 )
423 answere : to gyder
436 tyme : thyne
446 otherwyse : gyse : wyse
463 mone : gone : alone
472 best : leest
478 hate : take
490 counseyll : well
493 to make : take : make
5o3 eke : fete
5i5 able : X
52i rekenynge : thynge :
thynge
526 creature : X 3 )
527 there : togyder
528 smarte : herte
53i trynyte : gramercy :
certaynly
534 swete : X
56o seruyce : endure (!)
567 the : mercy : be : truely
573 werke : herte
582 vysyon : X
584 redeme : deuyne
58g redemer : conduyter
594lyfe:X<)
Huth
: to
truely :
gyther
: guyse :
: go :
councell :
to make : :
: to gyther
: harte
trynytye : hartfully
: conductor
(5g3 be) : benygnytye
Douce Museum
: :
flye :
: richesse
distresse : richesse
:
r
rewely : trewely
:
: togyther
;
otherwise : : >
: :
: lest
:
counsayle : >
rekening:thinge:
thinge
:
: toguyder
:
Trinite : :
seruice :
::: the
;
visyon :
:
: conduiter
lyfe :
*) To read ' vyages longe ', riming with the three preceding lines, would be possible
but hardly satisfactory.
*) I do not know whether it would be possible to regard ' sore ' as an imperfect rime to
' answere '.
*) There is no doubt that this should be ' Greater ', representing French ' createur ',
which would give a sort of rime to ' there ' ' togyder '.
4 ) B's emendation is to be rejected, but it cannot be said that the line as it stands in AD
looks very healthy. A rime could of course be provided by bringing ' vnworthy ' to the
end of the line.
Britwell
601 prayer : partynere
6o5 penaunce : acqueyntaunce
609 sauyour : sure
617 clere : fyre
63 i glory : X
63g teres : mysse l )
646 is : forgyuenes
647 well : hele
65i taryenge : rekenynge
663 counseylours : houres
665 hyder : togyder
675 thyder : togyder
691 delyberacyon :
monj'cyon
702 be : X 2 )
709 togyder : hyder
7i5 beynge : benygne
719 medycyne : payne
737 consecrate : make
739 hande : bandes
745 god : preesthode
75 1 smarte : herte
759 bad : harde
765 honour : socoure
769 come : satysfaccyon
775 take it : respyte
777 longe : honde
78o b gyde : X
788 stande : lande
794 alas : lesse
800 lohan : gone
804 chest : truste
806 me : dye : denye
809 all : all
817 vnderstande : hande
Huth
: parte taker
> : a quytaunce
sauyoure :
wete : vnswete
councellers :
hyther : to gyther
thether : to gyther
delyberycyon :
Douce
lyberacion :
monyssion
5g
Museum
: parti nere
: aquaintaunce
sauiour :
:
glorye :
teares : misse
: forgyuenesse
: heale
taryeng : rekenyng
counsaylours :
:
thy ther : together
: deliberacion :
monycion
I
J
toguyder :
: benigne
medicyne :
: take
handes :
togyther :
: benynge :
: pyne medesyne :
: concecrate : take
handes : [ ]
: pryesthode : :
: smart[e] : :
: herde : herde :
honoure : honoure :socker honoure : socour
cume : satysfaccoon : [ ] : satisfaction
: [ ] : respy[te] : respite
hande
guyde
lohn :
guyde :
stonde : londe
guyde
[ ] Ihori :
[ ]
: hye : : [djenye hye :
vnderstonde : honde
trust
1 ) B's emendation is unnecessary : ' teres ' or ' tearis ' is quite a good enough rime to
mysse '.
2 ) To alter ' be ' to ' dwell ' would be a possible but not a satisfactory emendation.
6o
Britwell
821 dette : not
829 me : louyngly
337 trynyte : pyteously
83g come : euerychone :
alone : dyscrecyon
860 daunger : X '
861 herte : departe
863 be come : be gone
881 lost : boost :
hoost : moost
885 dome : meum
900 come : dome
902 mynde : the ende
903 yonge : dycrecyo
914 come : eternum
918 thyder : togyder
Huth
Douce
Museum
: : wot :
: : ; be
trynytye : trinyte : petyously Trinite : se
cume : : : : : :
: descressyon : discrecion : Discrecion
daungere : : daungere :
: = [ ] hert :
become ; [ ] become : begone
: : loste : boste : loste : boste :
: hoste : moste hoste :
: : : meuum
cume : : :
: y ende : : thende
: discressio : discrecion : discrecion
cume : eternam : :
thether : to gyther thether : thether : toguyder
VII
Were it possible to suppose that the editions of Everyman formed
what I may call an ancestral series, one that is in which each edition
was printed from its immediate predecessor, there are certain consi
derations which would clearly establish the order of those four which
survive.
Printer
Collation
Text ends on page
Lines to a page
Line 780 printed as
Type of speakers' names
Type of Latin quotations
Line 453 begins C
The last is needed to establish the direction of the series.
In point of fact a very casual glance at the collations of those por
tions for which all four texts are preserved will suffice to show that
the editions do not form part of any such ancestral series. Each con
tains a number of readings peculiar to itself in which it is opposed by
a concensus of the other three texts. The numbers actually are
A 14, B 12, C 6, D 37. It will be noticed that C has by far the fewest
Britwell
Huth
Douce
Museum
Skot
Skot
Pynson
Pynson
AB 8 C 4
A 6 B 6 D 4
[ ]C<
[ ]B 6 C 4
3i
3i
32
32
32
32
3i
3i
one line
one line
two lines
two lines
large
large
large
small
(.*)
(>.*.)
M-
roman
gracyou
s C gracyous
[ ]
t ]
6i
of these peculiar readings, and it may be just worth while inquiring
whether, after all, it might not be the. parent of the strongly indivi
dual D. The first four variants of C are obvious misprints which the
compositor of D might very well have corrected. That in 1. 904
consists of a verbal form which it would not be very surprising to find
the compositor altering back of his own accord. With that in 1. 918
however the case is very different. It is, I believe, a mere misprint,
but it happens, in the absence of any punctuation, to make perfectly
good sense, and I can imagine no reason why a compositor should
not have retained it. I think that this one case is sufficiently strong
to make us hesitate to regard C as the parent or ancestor of D, and I
fancy that a glance at the rime list, in which it will be observed that
certain peculiarities of C do not persist in D, will confirm this view.
All, therefore, that the few peculiarities of C warraat us in concluding
is that C was very accurately printed. Unfortumatily )this only means
that it followed accurately its immediate source/nof that it accurately
represented the archetype of the extant texts.
Turning now to those readings in which we find real grouping, that
is, in which each reading is supported by more than one text, we find
23 cases of AB : CD, one case of AC : BD, and two of AD : BC. This is
a rather striking result and its force is but increased when we observe
that the case of AC : BD in 1. 814 arises through B and D omitting
the intensive ' to ' in the obsolescent ' to brast ', and that the case of
AD : BC in 1. S5g depends upon the use of a quite indifferent auxil-
liary. There remains the instance in 1. 885 only, and this it must be
allowed is a rather remarkable one. A reads :
That shall be saued at the day of dome.
With this D agrees, while B and C instead of ' the day of dome '
read simply 'the dome'. I suggest that the latter was the original
reading, but that, being uncommon, A and D independently altered it
to the more usual expression. It may be noticed that the phrase ' the
day of dome' occurs in two other passages in the play, 11. 261, 901.
It is safe, therefore, to conclude that the frequent agreement of A
and B and of C and D against one another indicates a significant and
constant factor in the genetic relations of the texts. We must, however,
beware of arguing for each pair of texts a common source independent
of the other pair ; it will be sufficient to explain the observed facts if
we postulate such a source for either pair. For suppose A and B to
have a common source, X, then in all cases in which X departs from
the archetype, A and B follow X correctly, and C and D follow the
arc hetype correctly, the resulting grouping will be AB : CD. Such an
arrangement may be expressed by the formula (A + B) + C -f- D,
62
meaning that A and B have a common source X and that X, C, and D
are independently derived from the archetype. It will be obvious that
an arrangement A + B -f (C -f- D) will equally yield groupings
AB : CD. The difference in two cases will be that in the first the
CD reading, and in the second the AB reading, will be the original.
To determine, therefore, which of the two arrangements is in fact
correct, we shall have to discover, among the readings grouped as
AB : CD, which are original and which not. If we find AB invariably
correct we shall know that C and D have a common original, say Y,
independent of A and B. If CD is invariably correct we shall know
that A and B have a common original, X, independent of C and D.
If sometimes one and sometimes the other is correct we shall be able
to infer the existence of both X and Y.
But it is no easy matter to determine which of two readings is ori
ginal, for it by no means follows that of two readings, one of which is
sense and one nonsense, the former appeared in the archetype. Very
often, indead, the reverse is pretty certainly true. Not even if the
sense appears to lie invariably with one text is it altogether safe to
draw a conclusion in its favour, for its apparent correctness may be
due to nothing but careful editing. There are, indeed, some errors
which appear certainly to be corruptions of other readings, and there
are certain plausible readings which can with some confidence be
regarded as emendations of other less readily intelligible ones, but
even these cases are liable to mislead, and different critics will pro
bably take different views as to their significance.
The solution of the problem would .therefore remain at best a diffi
cult and doubtful one were it not for a fortunate and peculiar circum
stance connected with the text we are examining. Everyman is a trans
lation, and the original Dutch play Elckerlijk is extant and accessible
in Dr. Logeman's useful edition (Ghent, 1892). Here is a criterion
which as a rule should decide with absolute certainly as to the origin
ality of variant readings, and in the light of this we must criticize all
the variants of the AB : CD type.
As a matter of fact the number of cases in which the Dutch text
affords us help is disappointingly small. A large proportion of the
variants are in themselves insignificant (equivalent grammatical
forms and the like) and do not affect the sense, while in several others,
where there is a significant difference of meaning, the whole passage
is found to be divergent from the Dutch. There remain, however,
sufficient cases to establish certain important results.
There is no difficulty whatever in establishing a common source
63
for C and'D independent of A and B.
A (B) 737-8 : With .v. wordes he may consecrate
Goddes body in flesshe and blode to make (CD : take).
Here ' take ' is anyhow difficult to make sense of, and Elckerlijk,
1. 706, settles matters :
Want elc priester kan maken claer... Gods lichaem.
A(B) 764 : He solde them not to vs that lorde omnypotent (CD : helde
them not to].
Elckerlijk, 1. 725 : Hi en vercoft ons niet die heere.
A(B) 888 : Now hath he suffred that we all shall endure (CD omit
all).
Elckerlijk, 1. 857 : Hi heeft leden dat wij alle moeten gelden.
In these cases the reading of C and D is certainly not the original,
neither can it have crept independently into the two texts : it follows
that they had a common source, Y, which was neither an ancestor nor
a descendent of either A or B.
Can it be shown that such a source existed for A and B likewise ? The
only other instances of variants of the form AB : CD (or of the derived
forms AB : C : D, A : B : CD, A : B : C : D) in which the Dutch
can with any relevancy be quoted, appear to be as follow.
A(B) 745-6 : No remedy we fynde vnder god
But all onely preesthode (CD : alone on).
Elckerlijk, 1. 717 : Dan aen den preisterliken staet.
Here the Dutch supports CD and the fact must be allowed some
weight though the passages do not correspond very closely.
A(B) 747-8 : Euery man god gaue preest that dygnyte
And setteth them in his stede amonge vs to be (CD : letteth... be}.
Elckerlijk, \. 719 : Ende zijn inzijn stede hier ghebleuen.
This does not seem to throw any light on the variant.
A(B) 75i-3 : But whan lesu hanged on y crosse w grete smarte
There he gaue out of his blessyd herte
The same sacrament (CD : gaue he vs).
Elckerlijk, 1. 728 : Aent cruce daer gaf hij ons wt zijnder herten.
Here CD certainly has the support of the Dutch for what it is worth.
A(B) 778 : Now set eche of you on this rodde your honde (CD: his).
Elckerlijk, 1. 749 : Slaet aen dit roeyken alien u hant.
This is a case in which the Dutch supports AB, but the difference
of construction lessens its significance.
A 806 : Beaute gothe fast awaye fro me (B : goeth... and from me
C : gothe... and hye D : dothe... hye).
Elckerlijk, 1. 777 : Schoonheyt vliet oftmense iaechde,
does not appear to help us. Lastly we have :
6 4
A 701-2 : And the other halfe styll shall remayne
In queth to be retourned there it ought to be
(B : In quyet CD : I it bequethe}.
Elckerlijk, 1. 671 : Ghenick daer si schuldich is te gaen.
Logeman considers that the Dutch supports CD. Now the readings of
A and B are evident!)' related, while at the same time ' In queth '
must be related to ' bequethe '. This disposes of the possibility of
1 In quyet ' being the original reading ; it is clearly an emendation for
the misunderstood ' In queth '. The latter I believe to be the original
reading. ' Ouethe-word ' is common for legacy, and the verb ' quethe '
was used indifferently with the compound ' bequethe '. ' Bequeath ' is
also used as a substantive in the sense of bequest or will, and it does
not seem impossible that ' quethe ' might have the same sense. I
take it, therefore, that the phrase ' In queth ' may mean as a legacy,
or in trust. But it would be easily misunderstood ; hence B's emend
ation ' In quyet ' and the paraphrase ' I it bequethe ' of C and D.
So far we have found no very strong evidence of unoriginal readings
common to A and B where these differ from C and D. But it may be
worth while examining the collations of those proportions for which
only three texts are preserved, for though the variants AB : D are no
doubt often of the common type AB[C] : D they must include a good
many of the type AB : [C]D as well. The AB : D variants amount
to the large number of 90, but of these the majority are trivial and of
no evidential value. Certain instances occur in which D is proved to
be unoriginal, but I can find no clear case in which an examination
of the Dutch points in the opposite direction. There are, however,
two readings in which AB might be suspected of being unoriginal
though the Dutch throws no light on the question. One is :
A(B) 421 : And that hast thou for the loue of me. (D : my lone trewely.}
Here D is manifestly wrong since the line rimes with 1. 420 which
also ends in ' truly '. But it is difficult to imagine why D should alter
a perfectly satisfactory reading in order to produce an impossible one,
and we might, therefore, be tempted to suspect that the reading of AB
is not original but an emendation. I feel very reluctant, however, to
condemn AB without stronger reason than this. We shall see later on
that D is capable of some fairly stupid emendations, and moreover
there is, I fancy, no clear case of such editorial interference to be
traced in either hypothetical source X or Y ; it seems always confined
to B or D. The other possible case of unoriginality in AB occurs in the
difficult passage :
A 548-9 : I come with knowlege for my redempcyon
Redempte with herte and full contrycyon (13 ; Redempe D : Repent}.
65
Elckerlijk, 1. 514 : B^edroeft van herten ende seer versaecht.
Here I feel sure that there is some deep-seated corruption. Loge-
man first accepted ' Repent ' and later ' Redempte '. It is quite true
that ' Redempte ' and even perhaps ' Redempe ' might have the
meaning of redeemed, but this gives no sense in the context. I sus
pect ' Redempe ' to have been the reading of the archetype (having
got there in place of the original word by repetition from the previous
line), and ' Redempte ' and ' Repent ' to be emendation of A and D
respectively.
We have not, I think, been very successful in our search for
evidence of a common original of A and B independent of Y. I shall
return to the matter in a moment.
First it will be necessary to consider whether any of the variant
readings found in one text only (apart from the variants of D in the
form AB : D already examined) suggest any knowledge of the Dutch
text. And in the first place it will be well to consider those more
extensive variants, starred in the previous lists, which appear to be
the outcome of deliberate editorial activity in B and D. In a good
many instances these occur in passages where the English is not
closely parallel to the Dutch, but certain cases remain in which the
latter can be cited very relevantly indeed.
A(D) 566 : Knowlege kce hym in this vyage (B : hym and kepi),
Elckerlijk, 1. 533 : Kennisse hout hem in desen ganghe.
Here B, in the absence of punctuation, has mistaken ' knowlege ' for
a verb (= acknowledge) and accordingly attempted an emendation.
A(D) 638-40 : Put on this garment to thy behoue
Whiche is wette with your teres
Or dies before god you may it mysse
(B : with your teres is now all wete Lest... / it be vnswete]
Elckerlijk, 11. 6i5-8 : doet aen dit elect tuwen loone
Het is met uwen tranen beuloeyt
dus draechtet vrij onghemoet
Oft anders soudijt voor gode gemissen.
Here B has failed to understand or to approve of the rime teres :
mysse and has consequently emended in a manner which, so far as 1
can see, makes nonsense.
A(B) 675-6 : We wyll brynge hym all thyder
To his helpe and comforte /ye may beleue me
(D : To helpe and comfort him /}
Elckerlijk, 1. 646 : Tsijnre hulpen ende tsijnen rade.
A(BC) 786-7 : These lines are given as part of the speech of Know
lege. D makes them a separate speech assigned to Strength.
66
Elckerlijk, 11. 759-60 : Cracht. Elckerlijc siet hoe wi v bi staen
Streck vroem en hebt gheen vacr.
This is the only really good conjecture offered by the editor of B
or D, and it is plesant to find it borne out by the Dutch.
A(BC) 827-8 : He that trusteth in his strength
She hym deceyueth at the length
(D : But I se well! he that... Is greatly discerned).
Elckerlijk, 11. 797-8 : Wie wil hem verlaten op zijn cracht
Si vliet alst mist doet \vter gracht.
A(BC) 83o : Yet they promysed mefayre and louyngly
(D : stedfast to be).
Elckerlijk, 1. 801 : Ghi seydet mi toe schoon ter kore.
Thus, in one case only does the Dutch support the divergent text
and this in a case in which any intelligent editor might be expected
to supply the correct emendation 1 ).
Once we have realized that B and D must have been printed from
copies which had undergone editorial revision we shall probably
be inclined to refer to the same source a number of minor alterations
which might otherwise pass as ordinary compositor's variants. I may
mention, for instance, those in 11. 473, 497, 53g, 5go, 602, 746, 748, 787,
795, 824, 829, 835.
So much for the starred variants. Are there any other cases in
which a single divergent text appears to be supported by the Dutch ?
We might cite the following instances :
A 432 : As to the poore gyue parte of me (B -.for D '.for the loueof).
Elckerlijk, 1. 401 : Ende van mi ghedeylt den armen.
Here A is supported by the Dutch and is certainly correct. Yet both
B and D have ' for '. I imagine that the meaningless reading of B
must have been in the archetype, that A made the obvious and
correct emendation, and that D blundered into the expansion ' for
the love of me '.
A 670 : Here at your wyll we be all redy (BD omit all).
Elckerlijk, 1. 640 : Hier sijn wi alle tot uwer minnen.
This may be a case of accidental omission in two texts.
A 782 : Tyll ye haue done this vyage longe. (BCD gone).
Elckerlijk, 1. 754 : Voer ghi ghedaen hebt dese vaert.
It is rather strange that in all three instances it is A that is supported
by the Dutch against the rest. Such cases, of course, suggest that
') Neither Hawkins nor Hazlitt did so, but neither Hawkins nor Hazlitt
could be called on intelligent editor. They even left 11. 656 and 666 to
Kindred.
6 7
B and Y may have had a common source independant of A, that in
fact the arrangement should be A -)- [B -f- (C + D)]. And it must be
observed that there is nothing to make such an assumption inad
missible. It is only if we suppose, as we have no business to do, that
the number of variants in every reprint is approximately constant, that
we need expect from such an arrangement a greater number of A :
BCD variants than of, say, ABC : D variants. All we can say is that
if the suggested arrangement is correct, the original of BCD, say Z,
was a very faithful reprint of the archetype, and that, after all, the
evidence for its existence is not strong.
We have found, in the course of the above investigation, abundant
evidence of the existence of an edition Y, the source of C and D. We
have also found some slight evidence for the existence of X, the
source of A and B, and of Z, the source of B and Y. But the existence
of X is not compatible with that of Z. Therefore, in at least one of these
cases the evidence is misleading ; and in neither is it strong. Unfor
tunately, however little evidence there may be for the existence of X
or Z, it is in the nature of the case impossible to prove that neither
existed. We cannot directly prove that A, B, and Y are independently
derived from the archetype.
It is to be regretted that no more certain conclusion can be reached,
for the matter is one of great importance in respect of the editing of
the text. Supposing A, B, and Y to be derived from the archetype
independently of one another, the agreement of any two of these
practically determines the reading of the archetype. If, however, A
and B have a common original X, then, though the agreement of AY
or BY still determines the reading of the archetype, the agreement of
AB only leads to a conflict of evidence between X and Y, which are
of equal extrinsic authority. On the other hand, if B and Y have a
common original Z, then, though the agreement of AB or AY deter
mines the reading of the archetype, that of BY only leads to a conflict
between A and Z, again of equal extrinsic authority. In the one case
it is the variants AB : (C)D that are ambiguous, in the other the
variants A : B(C)D.
I repeat, however, that the evidence in favour of the existence either
of X or of Z is slight, and when we consider that the two cases are
mutually destructive, we shall, I think, come to the conclusion that
an editor would not be unduly venturesome if he ignored them alto
gether and assumed for the texts the genetic relation expressed by the
formula A + B + (C + D), the only relation which will give un
ambiguous readings wherever three texts survive.
Of course where only two texts are available the readings are
68
ambiguous whatever the relation. In these cases comparison with the
Dutch should supply a much needed criterion. Unfortunately, owing
partly to the insignificant nature of the variants and partly to the
divergeance of the translation from the original, there do not appear
to be any passages in which help can be obtained from this source.
VIII.
I should like before closing to offer a few criticisms upon certain
miscellaneous variants appearing in the lists but which have not so
far been the subject of comment.
A 444-5 : Wenest thou that I wyll folowe the
Nay fro this worlde not veryle.
(B : From... nay verely D : Nay natfro... verely).
Elckerlijk, 11. 411-2 : Waendi dat ic v sal volghen elckerlijc
Van deser werelt neen ic sekerlijc.
In spite of the Dutch, which has the air supporting B, the reading
of A must be original. Of this B and D offer plausible but different
(and I think unnecessary) emendations.
A 646 : Wasshe fro me the spottes ofvyce vnclene
(B : of vyces vnclene D : and vices dene).
Elckerlijk, 1. 5io : Ende doncker smetten doet vergaen.
The original reading is probably that of B : it is difficult to see any
reason for D's alteration.
A(D) 568 : But in ony wyse be seker of mercy (B : sure).
Elckerlijk, 1. 535 : ende emmer hoept aen gode oetmoedlich.
Both internal and external considerations are, I think, against B, but
what is the reason for its alteration ? I coniecture that the compositor
mistook ' seker ' for ' seeker' , ' sicker ', and so, as he thought, modern
ized or anglicized it to ' sure '. If so, he was presumably a Scot, for
the misreading would hardly have occured to a southerner c. i53o.
A 6o5-6 : Knowlege gyue me the scourge of penaunce
My flesshe therwith shall gyue acqueyntaunce
(B : gyue a quytaunce D : haue aquaintaunce).
Elckerlijk, 11. 578-9 : Kennisse gheeft mi die gheselen bi vramen
Die penitencie hieten bi namen.
Here 'gyue acqueyntaunce 'appears to be the original reading, since
each word is supported by two texts; the others emendations. Which
of these, if either, is correct I can offer no opinion. Unfortunately the
Dutch affords us no help.
A(B) 880 : In to thy handes lorde my soule 1 commende (CD : lordes).
It is strange indeed that C and D should both retain such a very
obvious misprint.
69
A(B(") 889 : The good dedes shall make all sure (D : Thy).
Elckerlijk, 1. 858 : die duecht sal nv haer seluen melden.
Here D's reading is of course absurd, ' His ' would be the only
possible emendation. But the reading of ABC is awkward. It looks as
though the article had been carelessly retained from the Dutch.
A(B) 899-901 : Now shalte thou in to the heuenly spere
Vnto the whiche all ye shall come
That lyueth well before the daye of dome. (D : after).
Intrinsically, with suitable punctuation, there seems nothing to
choose between these readings. It is one of those cases which make
one regret the impossibility of deciding for certain between the
arrangements A + B + (C + D) and (A + B) + (C + D). If we assume
the former, or even A + [B + (C + D)], then the reading ' before ' must
be original, if the latter we are left with no obvious means of deciding
the question.
On the whole, however, the number of important readings which
remain open to doubt is not large, and we may fairly hope to see the
text of Everyman definitely established within reasonable limits. As a
basis the Britwell edition appears to offer somewhat the more satis
factory text. It is free from the editorial impertinences of the Huth
edition, and is, in some respects at least, the most consistent in its use
of grammatical and linguistic forms. In point of correctness it would
seem as though the balance varied in different portions as between the
two Skot editions. Thus it is a curious fact that, in the 426 lines for
which we have three texts, B is apparently unoriginal in 67 instances
and A in only 23, while in the 23g lines for which we have four texts A is
apparently unoriginal in 14 instances and B in only 12. Further
analysis might modify these figures somewhat, but not greatly. What
the state of affairs may be in the 804 lines for which A and B are the
only texts extant, we can but wonder.
ERRATA :
p, 46. The asterisk (*) should be prefixed to line 58g not to line 590.
p. 47. Line 602 (bis). Add AD : B
Line 606. Omit AD : B
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