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The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following reports describe results of testing done on a plug-in hybrid electric FordEscape Advanced Research Vehicle, an experimental model not currently for sale. The baseline performance testing provides a point of comparison for the other test results. Taken together, these reports give an overall view of how this vehicle functions under extensive testing. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

estimate the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles estimate the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the U.S., Argonne National Laboratory is analyzing typical travel behavior, new technology penetration patterns, and pathways for vehicle fuels. The analysis will lead to better understanding of: * Potential buyers of PHEVs, * Patterns of charging PHEV battery packs, * Potential for petroleum use reduction, and * Well-to-wheel energy and greenhouse gas emissions implications. Heart of the market concept Combining PHEV simulation results with evaluation of travel behavior from a national survey, Argonne researchers developed the "Heart of the Market" concept. This concept eliminates vehicles that travel less than a PHEV's electric range per day, since a PHEV is not

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Advanced Research Vehicle Advanced Research Vehicle Report Notes 1 "Overall AC electrical energy consumption (AC Wh/mi)" is based on AC electricity consumed during charging events which began during the reporting period and distance driven during all trips in the reporting period. 2 "Overall DC electrical energy consumption (DC Wh/mi)" is based on net DC electricity discharged from or charged to the plug-in battery pack and distance driven during all trips in the reporting period. DC Wh/mi may not be comparable to AC Wh/mi if AC electricity charged prior to the reporting period was discharged during driving within the reporting period, or if AC electricity charged during the reporting period was not discharged during driving within the reporting period.

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APRF Research Activities: Benchmarking of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Argonne engineer Mike Duoba Engineer Mike Duoba evaluates a vehicle in Argonne's APRF. Now that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are emerging, it is important to test, characterize and benchmark the wide variety of PHEV designs and control strategies. In the APRF, engineers benchmark PHEVs by combining testing and data analysis to characterize the vehicles' efficiency, performance, and emissions. The vehicles are evaluated over many cycles to find control strategies under a variety of operating conditions. Argonne researchers test PHEVs over cold-start and hot-start urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and highway cycles in both charge-depletion and charge-sustaining operation. Full-charge tests, as

This poster, submitted for the CU Energy Initiative/NREL Symposium on October 3, 2006 in Boulder, Colorado, looks at the impacts, emissions, and avoided gasoline due to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following reports describe results of testing done on a Toyota Prius PHEV 2013. Baseline and battery testing data collected at Argonne National Laboratory is available in summary and CSV form on the Argonne Downloadable Dynometer Database site (http://www.transportation.anl.gov/D3/2013_toyota_prius_phev.html). The reports for download here are based on research done at Idaho National Laboratory. Taken together, these reports give an overall view of how this vehicle functions under extensive testing.

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Greener Focus: 2012 Ford Focus Electric Greener Focus: 2012 Ford Focus Electric JOHN DAVIS: With its 2012 re-design, the Focus compact has become Ford's core global program. Focus is already generating offspring, including small vans, a high performance hatchback, and this car - the Ford Focus Electric. It's actually one of only several new plug-ins and hybrids due from the blue oval this year. So let's go for a drive in the EV Focus and see if this green approach means greener pastures for Ford. At first glance, the 2012 Ford Focus Electric doesn't look that much different than the compact, front-

PHEVs Need Further Research for Acceptable Payback PHEVs Need Further Research for Acceptable Payback Fuel Consumption as a Function of Distance PHEV graph In order to double the fuel displacement obtained with a 4kWh battery, the battery size had to be quadrupled to 16kWh. Aymeric Rousseau and his team at Argonne studied the impact of real-world drive cycles on the fuel efficiency and costs of different plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) configurations. They found that while different PHEV configurations all demonstrated great potential for replacing gasoline (with less gasoline consumed as more electricity was used), the benefit of adding a larger battery seemed to decrease with increasing battery pack size. "In general, the larger the battery, the more fuel saved," said Rousseau, principal investigator of the vehicle modeling and simulation

to jointly develop new plug-in to jointly develop new plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) technology and accelerate its consumer acceptance and commercialization, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Sweden signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in July for a one year, $1 million cost-sharing agreement to be equally funded by DOE and the Swedish Energy Agency. Through contacts developed over many years conducting international technology assessment for the Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory initiated the MOU, which was signed by DOE Assistant Secretary Alexander Karsner and Director General of the Swedish Energy Agency Tomas KÃ¥berger, on the Swedish island of Gotland. The ceremony included comments by Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Maud Olofsson and U.S. Ambassador to Sweden Michael

Control Strategy Assessment of PHEVs Control Strategy Assessment of PHEVs A generic global optimization algorithm for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powertrain flows has been developed based on the Bellman optimality principle. Optimization results are used to isolate control patterns, both dependent and independent of the cycle characteristics, in order to develop real-time control strategies in Simulink/Stateflow. These controllers are then implemented in PSAT to validate their performances. Heuristic optimization algorithms (such as DIRECT or genetic algorithms) are then used to tune the parameters of the real-time controller implemented in PSAT. The control strategy development process is described below. PHEV control strategy development process diagram Control Strategy Development Process

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an environmentally friendly technology that is expected to rapidly penetrate the transportation system. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have received considerable attention as clean power options for future generation expansion. However, these sources are intermittent and increase the uncertainty in the ability to generate power. The deployment of PHEVs in a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system provide a potential mechanism for reducing the variability of renewable energy sources. For example, PHEV supporting infrastructures like battery exchange stations that provide battery service to PHEV customers could be used as storage devices to stabilize the grid when renewable energy production is fluctuating. In this paper, we study how to best site these stations in terms of how they can support both the transportation system and the power grid. To model this problem we develop a two-stage stochastic program to optimally locate the stations prior to the realizat...

Through-the-Road (TTR) Parallel PHEV Through-the-Road (TTR) Parallel PHEV ttr on dyno Argonne engineers developed the TTR to be the Lab's own PHEV development platform. As the demand for affordable and efficient PHEVs grows, so does the need to develop cost-effective PHEV technologies and components that are optimized for efficiency and performance. Argonne researchers needed a test platform for evaluating PHEV components, so they created the Through-the-Road (TTR) parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Argonne engineers accomplished this by transforming a Saturn Vue into an in-house PHEV development platform. The TTR allows researchers to run performance tests on a wide variety of PHEV technologies. The TTR is used to test PHEV components and to develop test procedures for competitive evaluation of those technologies. The Argonne-developed control

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additional load to the power systems [5]. According to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), PHEVsImpact of PHEV Loads on the Dynamic Performance of Power System F. R. Islam, H. R. Pota, M. A into the existing grid. This paper analyses the impact of PHEV loads on the dynamic behaviour of a power system

U.S.-Sweden Joint PHEV Research U.S.-Sweden Joint PHEV Research How the Smart Charge System Works How the Smart Charge System Works Looking to jointly develop new plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) technology and accelerate its consumer acceptance and commercialization, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Sweden signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in July for a one year, $1 million cost-sharing agreement to be equally funded by DOE and the Swedish Energy Agency. Through contacts developed over many years conducting international technology assessment for the Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory initiated the MOU, which was signed by DOE Assistant Secretary Alexander Karsner and Director General of the Swedish Energy Agency Tomas KÃ¥berger, on the Swedish island of Gotland. The ceremony included comments

FORD MOTOR COMPANY (FORD) FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF FORD MOTOR COMPANY (FORD) FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN PATENT RIGHTS UNDER PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY (PNNL) SUBCONTRACT NO. 184884; W(A) 2012-022 FORD has requested a waiver of domestic and foreign patent rights of the United States of America in all subject inventions arising from its work under subcontract number 184884 to the prime contract DE-AC05-76RLO 1830, the contract between DOE and the Battelle Memorial Institute, as the contractor of PNN L. The subcontract is entitled "Synergistically Enhanced Materials and Design Parameters for Reducing the Cost of Hydrogen Storage Tanks." The subcontract is part of an award to PNNL under the Research and Development for Hydrogen Storage Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000421) sponsored by DOE'

Requirement Definition for PHEVs Requirement Definition for PHEVs One of the main objectives of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Plan (2.2Mb pdf) is to "determine component development requirements" through simulation analysis. PSAT has been used to design and evaluate a series of PHEVs to define the requirements of different components, focusing on the energy storage system's power and energy. Several vehicle classes (including midsize car, crossover SUV and midsize SUV) and All Electric Range (AER from 10 to 40 miles) were considered. The preliminary simulations were performed at Argonne using a pre-transmission parallel hybrid configuration with an energy storage system sized to run the Urban Dynanometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in electric mode. Additional powertrain configurations and sizing algorithm are currently being considered. Trade-off studies are being performed as ways to achieve some level of performance while easing requirements on one area or another. As shown in the figure below, the FreedomCAR Energy Storage Technical Team selected a short term and a long term All Electric Range (AER) goals based on several vehicle simulations.

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, providing much greater scheduling flexibilÂ­ ity. Modular, hierarchical control can be provided over systems control the sharing of the machine's CPU resources among threads using a fixed scheduling schemeCPU Inheritance Scheduling Bryan Ford Sai Susarla Department of Computer Science University of Utah

. Keywords - PHEV; charger; V2G; reactive power; battery I. INTRODUCTION Today, hybrid electric vehicles to power the vehicle for a daily commute. PHEVs provide electricity- only drive option up to a specified which is valuable to the electric power grid. The possibility of using battery-powered vehicles

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following reports describe results of testing done on a Chrysler Town and Country PHEV 2011, an experimental model not currently for sale. The baseline performance testing provides a point of comparison for the other test results. Taken together, these reports give an overall view of how this vehicle functions under extensive testing. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

Technologies Impact on Fuel Efficiency Technologies Impact on Fuel Efficiency One of the main objectives of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) R&D Plan (2.2Mb pdf) is to "determine component development requirements" through simulation analysis. Overall fuel efficiency is affected by component technologies from a component sizing and efficiency aspect. To properly define component requirements, several technologies for each of the main components (energy storage, engine and electric machines) are being compared at Argonne using PSAT. Per the R&D plan, several Li-ion battery materials are being modeled to evaluate their impacts on fuel efficiency and vehicle mass. Different Power to Energy ratios are being considered to understand the relative impact of power and energy.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could be used as an effective storage medium to absorb intermittent renewable energy when it is available. Charged vehicles can run on the stored energy when needed. A recent study by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory concluded that some 73 percent of U.S. light vehicles can be supplied with the existing utility infrastructure in place, provided the charging was restricted to off-peak periods. That would reduce U.S. oil imports by 6.2 million barrels per day, roughly 52 percent of U.S. oil imports. The limiting factors increasingly appear to be on the utility side, for example, making sure that the vehicles are charged during off-peak hours at discounted prices.

Because of their economical operation and low environmental pollution, PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) are rapidly substituting gasoline vehicles. However, there still exist obstacles to proliferating their use, such as their relatively short ...

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following reports describe results of testing done on a 2010 Ford Fusion hybrid-electric vehicle. Baseline data, which provides a point of comparison for the other test results, was collected at two different research laboratories. Baseline and other data collected at Idaho National Laboratory is in the attached documents. Baseline and battery testing data collected at Argonne National Laboratory is available in summary and CSV form on the Argonne Downloadable Dynometer Database site (http://www.transportation.anl.gov/D3/2010_fusion_hybrid.html). Taken together, these reports give an overall view of how this vehicle functions under extensive testing.

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, and to assess Eagle Ford shale oil and gas reserves, contingent resources, and prospective resources. I first developed a Bayesian methodology to generate probabilistic decline curves using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) that can quantify the reserves...

Charging Ahead: Taking PHEVs Farther on a Single Battery Charge Charging Ahead: Taking PHEVs Farther on a Single Battery Charge Ultracapacitors Ultracapacitors will dramatically boost the power of lithium-ion batteries, enabling plug-in vehicles to travel much further on a single charge. Every six months, we're reminded to change the batteries in our household appliances: smoke alarms, flashlights and radios. But what if you had to change the battery in your plugin hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) just as often? Fortunately, researchers at Argonne may have found a way to exponentially increase the calendar and cycle lifetimes of lithium-ion batteries. Electric double-layer capacitors- typically referred to as ultracapacitors-have an energy density thousands of times greater than conventional capacitors and a power density hundreds of times greater than

Recent researches towards the use of green technologies to reduce pollution and increase penetration of renewable energy sources in the transportation sector are gaining popularity. The development of the smart grid environment focusing on PHEVs may also heal some of the prevailing grid problems by enabling the implementation of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept. Intelligent energy management is an important issue which has already drawn much attention to researchers. Most of these works require formulation of mathematical models which extensively use computational intelligence-based optimization techniques to solve many technical problems. Higher penetration of PHEVs require adequate charging infrastructure as well as smart charging strategies. We used Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) to intelligently allocate energy to the PHEVs considering constraints such as energy price remaining battery capacity and remaining charging time.

...article-commentary In the Spotlight Escaping Out of the Brain Joan Seoane 1 2 3 * Leticia De Mattos-Arruda...inability of tumor cells to escape from the brain. CTCs have been studied in other malignancies...from fresh GBM surgical specimens into the brains of immunocompromised mice (3). Patient-derived...

This study focuses on a universal power electronic interface that can be utilized in any type of the electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Basically, the proposed converter interfaces the energy storage device of the vehicle with the motor drive and the external charger, in case of PHEVs. The proposed converter is capable of operating in all directions in buck or boost modes with a noninverted output voltage (positive output voltage with respect to the input) and bidirectional power flow.

While the Vela pulsar and its associated nebula are often considered as the archetype of a system powered by a {approx} 10{sup 4} year old isolated neutron star, many features of the spectral energy distribution of this pulsar wind nebula are both puzzling and unusual. Here we develop a model that for the first time relates the main structures in the system, the extended radio nebula (ERN) and the X-ray cocoon through continuous injection of particles with a fixed spectral shape. We argue that diffusive escape of particles from the ERN can explain the steep Fermi-LAT spectrum. In this scenario Vela X should produce a distinct feature in the locally-measured cosmic ray electron spectrum at very high energies. This prediction can be tested in the future using the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). If particles are indeed released early in the evolution of PWNe and can avoid severe adiabatic losses, PWN provide a natural explanation for the rising positron fraction in the local CR spectrum.

as the primary power source Â­ The energy use, impacts and range are similar to a hybrid vehicle in this mode it might change with CD range and charging infrastructure Jamie Davies, Mike Nicholas, Ken S. Kurani Company logo hereCompany logo here PHEVs use gasoline and grid electricity Charge Depleting (CD) mode Grid

Abstract This paper focuses on the daily electricity management problem for organizations with a large number of employees working within a relatively small geographic location. The organization manages its electric grid including limited on-site energy generation facilities, energy storage facilities, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging stations installed in the parking lots. A mixed integer linear program (MILP) is modeled and implemented to assist the organization in determining the temporal allocation of available resources that will minimize energy costs. We consider two cost compensation strategies for PHEV owners: (1) cost equivalent battery replacement reimbursement for utilizing vehicle to grid (V2G) services from PHEVs; (2) gasoline equivalent cost for undercharging of PHEV batteries. Our case study, based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) campus, produced encouraging results and substantiates the importance of controlled PHEV fleet charging as opposed to uncontrolled charging methods. We further established the importance of realizing V2G capabilities provided by PHEVs in terms of significantly reducing energy costs for the organization.

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will play a vital role in future sustainable transportation systems due to their potential in terms of energy security, decreased environmental impact, improved fuel economy, and better performance. Moreover, new regulations have been established to improve the collective gas mileage, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce dependence on foreign oil. This paper primarily focuses on two major thrust areas of PHEVs. First, it introduces a grid-friendly bidirectional alternating current/direct current ac/dc dc/ac rectifier/inverter for facilitating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration of PHEVs. Second, it presents an integrated bidirectional noninverted buck boost converter that interfaces the energy storage device of the PHEV to the dc link in both grid-connected and driving modes. The proposed bidirectional converter has minimal grid-level disruptions in terms of power factor and total harmonic distortion, with less switching noise. The integrated bidirectional dc/dc converter assists the grid interface converter to track the charge/discharge power of the PHEV battery. In addition, while driving, the dc/dc converter provides a regulated dc link voltage to the motor drive and captures the braking energy during regenerative braking.

Photochemical escape is an important process for oxygen escape from present Mars. In this work, a 1-D Monte-Carlo Model is developed to calculate escape rates of energetic oxygen atoms produced from O2+ dissociative recombination reactions (DR) under 1, 3, 10, and 20 times present solar XUV fluxes. We found that although the overall DR rates increase with solar XUV flux almost linearly, oxygen escape rate increases from 1 to 10 times present solar XUV conditions but decreases when increasing solar XUV flux further. Analysis shows that atomic species in the upper thermosphere of early Mars increases more rapidly than O2+ when increasing XUV fluxes. While the latter is the source of energetic O atoms, the former increases the collision probability and thus decreases the escape probability of energetic O. Our results suggest that photochemical escape be a less important escape mechanism than previously thought for the loss of water and/or CO2 from early Mars.

PHEV's Park as a Virtual Active Filter for HVDC Networks F. R. Islam, H. R. Pota and A. B. M.Nasiruzzaman@student.adfa.edu.au Abstract--The HVDC converters used for rectifying or in- verting operations absorb reactive power from produces harmonics in both sides of HVDC links. Passive and active filters are used to filter the harmonics

inaccessible shale reserves to produce abundant amounts of oil and gas. The oil and gas proliferation in the Eagle Ford has seen exponential growth, and production is not anticipated to decline until 2025. In addition, a typical HF well in the Eagle Ford... Figures Figure 1: Map of the Eagle Ford Shale Oil, Gas and Condensate Play .......................................................... 4 Figure 2: Production Growth within the Eagle Ford Shale...

Engineerln,g Engineerln,g Laboratory for an Advance Waiver of Domestic and Foreign Invention Rights under DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-EE0000020; W(A)-2010-023, CHÂ·1553 The Petitioner, Ford Motor Company Research and Advanced Engineering Laboratory (Ford), was awarded this cooperative agreement for the performance of work entitled "Ford Thermoelectric HVAC Project". The goal of the 'cooperative agreement is to investigate the technical and business feasibility of zonal thermoelectric HVAC hardware and design methodologies that can support advanced climate control activities. Ford and its partners (Visteon) will provide an assessment of the technical and commercial feasibility of using a zonal thermoelectric HVAC for light-duty vehicle applications. This waiver is for inventions of Ford

5730 5730 May 2009 Improving Petroleum Displacement Potential of PHEVs Using Enhanced Charging Scenarios Preprint T. Markel, K. Smith, and A.A. Pesaran Presented at EVS-24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium Stavanger, Norway May 13-16, 2009 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (ASE), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and ASE retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.

Six Myths about Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Six Myths about Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Forrest Jehlik Forrest Jehlik Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) hold great promise as the key to weaning America from its dependence on imported oil, which represents nearly two-thirds of all the petroleum burned in the United States today. The U.S. Department of EnergyÂs Argonne National Laboratory has taken a lead role in developing and testing plug-in hybrid technologies. At the LabÂs Center for Transportation Research (CTR), principal mechanical engineer Forrest Jehlik and his colleagues work to bring these cars to market quickly and cheaply. Here, Jehlik dispels some commonly held myths about plug-in hybrids. Myth #1: A significant number of plug-in hybrids are currently for sale. Although several major auto manufacturersÂincluding General Motors,

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supported a number of projects that together made up the largest ever deployment of plug-in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in the U.S. The following map describes the distribution of vehicles for a project with the 2011 Chrysler RAM PHEV, a demonstration vehicle not currently available for sale. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supported a number of projects that together made up the largest ever deployment of plug-in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in the U.S. The following reports describe results of testing done on a 2011 Chrysler RAM PHEV, a demonstration vehicle not currently available for sale. The baseline performance testing provides a point of comparison for the other test results. Taken together, these reports give an overall view of how this vehicle functions under extensive testing. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

In this thesis we present Bolt, a novel system for escaping infinite loops. If a user suspects that an executing program is stuck in an infinite loop, the user can use the Bolt user interface, which attaches to the running ...

Chaotic orbits of mushroom billiards display intermittent behaviors. We investigate statistical properties of this system by constructing an infinite partition on the chaotic part of a Poincar\\'e surface which illustrates details of chaotic dynamics. Each piece of the infinite partition has an unique escape time from the half disk region, and from this result it is shown that, for fixed values of the system parameters, the escape time distribution obeys power law $1/t_{\\rm esc}^3$.

Finalized $5.9 Billion Loan for Finalized $5.9 Billion Loan for Ford Motor Company US Energy Secretary Chu Announces Finalized $5.9 Billion Loan for Ford Motor Company September 17, 2009 - 12:00am Addthis Washington, DC - Today, Secretary Steven Chu announced that the Department of Energy has closed on its loan offer of $5.9 billion to Ford Motor Company to transform factories across Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio to produce more fuel efficient models. The loan is part of the Department's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing program, which supports the development of innovative, advanced vehicle technologies to create thousands of clean energy jobs while helping reduce the nation's dangerous dependence on foreign oil. The loan for Ford Motor Company is the first to be finalized since the program was appropriated in the fall of

to develop implications based on industry, government and institutional data, and draw conclusions relative to impacts on the environment, realized amount of water, and value of water used for a typical well in the Eagle-Ford development, a water...

Ford purchased property in 1923 in Sudbury, Massachusetts in order to preserve an historic inn associated with the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Over the next twenty years, his mission expanded to create an idealized ...

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he introduction in 1992 of an he introduction in 1992 of an American-made truck with a fully factory-installed/war- ranted liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engine represents another "Ford first" in the alternative fuel arena. Now the company has introduced an LPG- powered F-700, a medium/heavy- duty truck. According to Tom Steckel, Ford's medium-duty marketing man- ager, Ford's latest sales figures already prove the alternative fuel F-700's popularity. With a little more than 10 months of the model year finished, Ford has produced 1600 units and ordered 600 more, for a total of 2200 units. That's triple the number of LPG units produced and ordered at the same time last year. In addition, the possibility of applying federal and state tax credits is being investigated. Cummins B 5.9G Natural Gas

Escape to ATP for Mizar Piotr Rudnicki University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada piotr ATP service is a new feature in the Mizar proof assistant. The functionality of the service is in many respects analogous to the Sledgehammer subsystem of Isabelle/HOL. The ATP service requires minimal user

1 10:12 FR IP o E CH 630 252 2779 TO 025862805 P.02O03 1 10:12 FR IP o E CH 630 252 2779 TO 025862805 P.02O03 STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS REQUEST BY FORD MOTOR COMPANY RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN INVENTION RIGHTS UNDER DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-FC26-01NT41103; W(A)-01-016, CH-1064 The Petitioner, Ford Motor Company Research Laboratory, was awarded this cooperative agreement for the performance of work entitled Development of Innovative Emission Control Systems for Advanced Compression-Ignition (CIDI) Transportation Engines. Ford was awarded this cooperative agreement in response to a solicitation received as part of the Department of Energy's Ultra Clean Transportation Fuels Program. The purpose of the cooperative agreement is to demonstrate an exhaust emission control system that provides high efficiency particulate matter (PM) and NOx reduction. The high

No No . DE-FC26-07NT 43276; W(A)-08-002 , CH-1429 The Petitioner, Ford Motor Company Research and Advanced Engineering Laboratory (Ford), was awarded this cooperative agreement for the performance of work entitled "E85 Optim ized Engine Application ." The goal of the cooperative agreement is to develop practical technology which improves vehicle fuel efficiency using E85 and which is feasible for production implementation in the short term . Ford will : 1) utilize the favorable knock suppression properties of ethanol to build upon and enhance the recent techn ica l development of spark ignition turbocharged direct injection gasoline engines; and 2) increase the "fun-to-drive" attribute normally associated with diesel vehicles in Europe

11) Ford Motor Company - 11) Ford Motor Company - High Precision Tester for Automotive and Stationary Batteries Program or Field Office:Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy LocationCs) CCity/County/State): Dearborn, MI; Albuquerque, NM; College Station, TX Proposed Action Description: Funding will support efforts to develop a high precision battery tester to measure key battery characteristics during charge/discharge cycles to improve the accuracy and precision of Columbic Efficiency and predicted life expectancy estimates. Proposed work will consist of: (1) development and validation of a low current battery tester that meets established performance objectives and (2) development and validation a high current battery tester that meets established performance objectives.

FORD MOTOR COMPANY FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER FORD MOTOR COMPANY FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RIGHTS IN SUBJECT INVENTIONS MADE IN THE COURSE OF OR UNDER A SUBCONTRACT UNDER DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT NO. DE-FC05-970R22605 WITH CATERPILLAR INC.; DOE WAIVER DOCKET W(A)-97-038 [ORO-672] Ford Motor Company (Ford) has made a timely request for an advance waiver to worldwide rights in Subject Inventions made in the course of or under a subcontract under Department of Energy (DOE) Contract No. DE-FC05-970R22605. This prime contract is with Caterpillar Inc. and Ford is a subcontractor under this agreement. The main program goal is to support the cooperative development of technologies for high efficiency, very low emission diesel engines for light duty trucks (including pickups and sport utility vehicles). The work is sponsored by the Office of Transportation

We apply the escape-rate formalism to compute the shear viscosity in terms of the chaotic properties of the underlying microscopic dynamics. A first-passage problem is set up for the escape of the Helfand moment associated with viscosity out of an interval delimited by absorbing boundaries. At the microscopic level of description, the absorbing boundaries generate a fractal repeller. The fractal dimensions of this repeller are directly related to the shear viscosity and the Lyapunov exponent, which allows us to compute its values. We apply this method to the Bunimovich-Spohn minimal model of viscosity which is composed of two hard disks in elastic collision on a torus. These values are in excellent agreement with the values obtained by other methods such as the Green-Kubo and Einstein-Helfand formulas.

, inverter, efficiency, hybrid electric vehicle, HEV, PHEV. I. INTRODUCTION Development of power electronics system in an under-the-hood high temperature environment. Development of new power devices is a critical aspect for future power electronic applications along with new topologies and control techniques

In todays world of volatile fuel prices and climate concerns, there is little study on the relationship between vehicle ownership patterns and attitudes toward vehicle cost (including fuel prices and feebates) and vehicle technologies. This work provides new data on ownership decisions and owner preferences under various scenarios, coupled with calibrated models to microsimulate Austins personal-fleet evolution. Opinion survey results suggest that most Austinites (63%, population-corrected share) support a feebate policy to favor more fuel efficient vehicles. Top purchase criteria are price, type/class, and fuel economy. Most (56%) respondents also indicated that they would consider purchasing a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) if it were to cost $6000 more than its conventional, gasoline-powered counterpart. And many respond strongly to signals on the external (health and climate) costs of a vehicles emissions, more strongly than they respond to information on fuel cost savings. Twenty five-year simulations of Austins household vehicle fleet suggest that, under all scenarios modeled, Austins vehicle usage levels (measured in total vehicle miles traveled or VMT) are predicted to increase overall, along with average vehicle ownership levels (both per household and per capita). Under a feebate, HEVs, \\{PHEVs\\} and Smart Cars are estimated to represent 25% of the fleets VMT by simulation year 25; this scenario is predicted to raise total regional VMT slightly (just 2.32%, by simulation year 25), relative to the trend scenario, while reducing CO2 emissions only slightly (by 5.62%, relative to trend). Doubling the trend-case gas price to $5/gallon is simulated to reduce the year-25 vehicle use levels by 24% and CO2 emissions by 30% (relative to trend). Two- and three-vehicle households are simulated to be the highest adopters of \\{HEVs\\} and \\{PHEVs\\} across all scenarios. The combined share of vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and cross-over utility vehicles (CUVs) is lowest under the feebate scenario, at 35% (versus 47% in Austins current household fleet). Feebate-policy receipts are forecasted to exceed rebates in each simulation year. In the longer term, gas price dynamics, tax incentives, feebates and purchase prices along with new technologies, government-industry partnerships, and more accurate information on range and recharging times (which increase customer confidence in EV technologies) should have added effects on energy dependence and greenhouse gas emissions.

Shale gas and oil are playing a significant role in US energy independence by reversing declining production trends. Successful exploration and development of the Eagle Ford Shale Play requires reservoir characterization, recognition of fluid...

NO.O 15 '93 9:13 FRC DOE-IPLD-CHICAGO TO GCP-HQ PAGE.003 NO.O 15 '93 9:13 FRC DOE-IPLD-CHICAGO TO GCP-HQ PAGE.003 w 9 STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS REQUEST BY FORD MOTOR COMPANY FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RIGHTS UNDER AN NREL SUB- CONTRACT NO: ZCB-3-13032-02, W(A)-93-032, CH-0790 AND FOR LARGE BUSINESS LOWER TIER SUB-CONTRACTS THEREUNDER Ford, a large business has petitioned for an Advance Waiver of Patent Rights under the above-identified National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) subcontract and under lower tier subcontracts entered into thereunder with parties who do not qualify for treatment under Public Law 96-517. NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) under the prime contract number DE-AC02-83CH10093. As set out in the attached waiver petition and addendum letter, Ford has

Statement of Considerations Statement of Considerations REQUEST BY FORD MOTOR COMPANY, FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RIGHTS IN SUBJECT INVENTIONS MADE IN THE COURSE OF OR UNDER DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT NO. DE- AC05-960R22464; SOLICITATION NO. 6500001187; DOE WAIVER DOCKET W(A)-99-015 [ORO-746] Ford Motor Company (Ford) has made a timely request for an advance waiver to worldwide rights in Subject Inventions made in the course of or under Department of Energy (DOE) Contract No. DE-AC05-960R22464, Solicitation No. 6500001187 (proposed subcontract with Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation). The overall scope of work calls for a paper study focusing on determining the feasibility of obtaining an affordable 40% mass reduction compared to the current steel Explorer SUV frame using

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For a fixed initial reference measure, we study the dependence of the escape rate on the hole for a smooth or piecewise smooth hyperbolic map. First, we prove the existence and Holder continuity of the escape rate for systems with small holes admitting Young towers. Then we consider general holes for Anosov diffeomorphisms, without size or Markovian restrictions. We prove bounds on the upper and lower escape rates using the notion of pressure on the survivor set and show that a variational principle holds under generic conditions. However, we also show that the escape rate function forms a devil's staircase with jumps along sequences of regular holes and present examples to elucidate some of the difficulties involved in formulating a general theory.

principle holds under generic conditions. However, we also show that the escape rate function forms a devil's staircase with jumps along sequences of regular holes and present examples to elucidate some

A Ford Ranger electric vehicle was performance tested in the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Laboratory. The vehicle was converted by TDM, Inc. The test vehicle was delivered to the INEEL and tested for the California Air Resources Board (CARB) under a CRADA with the Department of Energy (DOE). Coastdown tests were performed to determine the vehicle road load versus speed characteristics and the results used to calibrate the chassis dynamometer. Tests included driving the vehicle on the chassis dynamometer using standard driving regimes to determine driving range, acceleration tests to determine full power acceleration times and gradeability at speed, and constant speed driving to determine the vehicle energy consumption at various speeds. Data during battery recharges was also acquired. This report presents the results of these tests. 12 figs., 12 tabs.

FTP Emissions Test Results from Flexible-Fuel FTP Emissions Test Results from Flexible-Fuel Methanol Dodge Spirits and Ford Econoline Vans Kenneth J. Kelly, Brent K. Bailey, and Timothy C. Coburn National Renewable Energy Laboratory Wendy Clark Automotive Testing Laboratories, Inc. Leslie Eudy ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. Peter Lissiuk Environmental Research and Development Corp. Presented at Society for Automotive Engineers International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting Dearborn, MI May 6-8, 1996 The work described here was wholly funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, a U.S. government agency. As such, this information is in the public domain, may be copied and otherwise accessed freely, and is not subject to copyright laws. These papers were previously published in hard copy form by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

FMC Lithium Division has successfully completed the project Establishing Sustainable US PHEV/EV Manufacturing Base: Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder, Enabling Material and Revolutionary Technology for High Energy Li-ion Batteries. The project included design, acquisition and process development for the production scale units to 1) produce stabilized lithium dispersions in oil medium, 2) to produce dry stabilized lithium metal powders, 3) to evaluate, design and acquire pilot-scale unit for alternative production technology to further decrease the cost, and 4) to demonstrate concepts for integrating SLMP technology into the Li- ion batteries to increase energy density. It is very difficult to satisfy safety, cost and performance requirements for the PHEV and EV applications. As the initial step in SLMP Technology introduction, industry can use commercially available LiMn2O4 or LiFePO4, for example, that are the only proven safer and cheaper lithium providing cathodes available on the market. Unfortunately, these cathodes alone are inferior to the energy density of the conventional LiCoO2 cathode and, even when paired with the advanced anode materials, such as silicon composite material, the resulting cell will still not meet the energy density requirements. We have demonstrated, however, if SLMP Technology is used to compensate for the irreversible capacity in the anode, the efficiency of the cathode utilization will be improved and the cost of the cell, based on the materials, will decrease.

Obligations: Safeguards in International Trade Organizations (Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1975), first as "safeguard" measures, some for unforeseeable difficulties, others for foreseeable ones. But one point often widely, is called "the safeguard clause" or "the safeguard provision"). Escape clauses also include

As Ford Motor Company celebrates its 100th anniversary; it finds itself in a crisis due to its lack of technical proficiency. The lack of technical depth within the workforce is the result of a deeply ingrained culture ...

and entrapment of hydrocarbons. Delaware Mountain Group sediments are currently generating oil. Decementation enhances the reservoir by the formation of secondary porosity. The reservoir sandstones have an aver age porosity of 26$ and an aver age permeability... of 24 md. Oil accumulates in stratigraphic traps located along the updip meander loops of tur bidite channels. A tilted oil/water contact in West Ford and West Ger aldine fields indicates that hydrodynamic flow is pr esent. Heads calculated...

Materials and Processes for High Materials and Processes for High Temperature Packaging of Power Electronic Devices G. Muralidharan, A. Kercher, M. L. Santella, R. Battiste Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN L. Seiber, and Burak Ozpineci Engineering Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Sept. 30, 2008 Energy Storage and Power Electronics Peer Review 2 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Power Electronics research needs are necessary at many levels System Reliability Next Generation Equipment Power Electronic Module Development Applied Materials Research This project addresses these two levels 3 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Purpose of Work ï· Realization of the future electric grid depends on the availability of

In this Chapter we investigate with the methods of signal detection the response of a Josephson junction to a perturbation to decide if the perturbation contains a coherent oscillation embedded in the background noise. When a Josephson Junction is irradiated by an external noisy source, it eventually leaves the static state and reaches a steady voltage state. The appearance of a voltage step allows to measure the time spent in the metastable state before the transition to the running state, thus defining an escape time. The distribution of the escape times depends upon the characteristics of the noise and the Josephson junction. Moreover, the properties of the distribution depends on the features of the signal (amplitude, frequency and phase), which can be therefore inferred through the appropriate signal processing methods. Signal detection with JJ is interesting for practical purposes, inasmuch as the superconductive elements can be (in principle) cooled to the absolute zero and therefore can add (in practi...

The aim of this work is to explore the escape process of three-dimensional orbits in a star cluster rotating around its parent galaxy in a circular orbit. The gravitational field of the cluster is represented by a smooth, spherically symmetric Plummer potential, while the tidal approximation was used to model the steady tidal field of the galaxy. We conduct a thorough numerical analysis distinguishing between regular and chaotic orbits as well as between trapped and escaping orbits, considering only unbounded motion for several energy levels. It is of particular interest to locate the escape basins towards the two exit channels and relate them with the corresponding escape times of the orbits. For this purpose, we split our investigation into three cases depending on the initial value of the $z$ coordinate which was used for launching the stars. The most noticeable finding is that the majority of stars initiated very close to the primary $(x,y)$ plane move in chaotic orbits and they remain trapped for vast time intervals, while orbits with relatively high values of $z_0$ on the other hand, form well-defined basins of escape. It was also observed, that for energy levels close to the critical escape energy the escape rates of orbits are large, while for much higher values of energy most of the orbits have low escape periods or they escape immediately to infinity. We hope our outcomes to be useful for a further understanding of the dissolution process and the escape mechanism in open star clusters.

Escaping from a complex maze, by exploring different paths with several decision-making branches in order to reach the exit, has always been a very challenging and fascinating task. Wave field and quantum objects may explore a complex structure in parallel by interference effects, but without necessarily leading to more efficient transport. Here, inspired by recent observations in biological energy transport phenomena, we demonstrate how a quantum walker can efficiently reach the output of a maze by partially suppressing the presence of interference. In particular, we show theoretically an unprecedented improvement in transport efficiency for increasing maze size with respect to purely quantum and classical approaches. In addition, we investigate experimentally these hybrid transport phenomena, by mapping the maze problem in an integrated waveguide array, probed by coherent light, hence successfully testing our theoretical results. These achievements may lead towards future bio-inspired photonics technologies...

Pacific (ESCAP) Pacific (ESCAP) Jump to: navigation, search Logo: UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Name UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Address Rajadamnern Nok Avenue Place Bangkok, Thailand References http://www.unescap.org/ No information has been entered for this organization. Add Organization Overview "The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region. Made up of 62 member States, with a geographical scope that stretches from Turkey in the west to the Pacific island nation of Kiribati in the east, and from the Russian Federation in the north to New Zealand in the south, the region is home to 4.1 billion people, or two

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markedly inhibited escape. Negative effect of a line of floats across an opening at the surface and Kellogg, 1955; Handley, in Hester, Hunter, and Whitney, 196:3; Nishiwakil 19(i7; Pilson and Waller, 1970

We analyze solar escape as a special case of the restricted three-body problem. We systematically vary the parameters of our model solar system to show how the optimal launch angle and minimum escape speed depend on the mass and size of the earth. In some cases it is best to launch near the direction of the earths motion but slightly outward; in other cases it is best to launch near the perpendicular to the earths motion but inward toward the sun (so as to obtain a solar gravity assist). Between direct escapes for high launch speeds and trapped trajectories for low launch speeds is an irregular band of chaotic orbits that reveals some of the complexity of solar escape and the three-body problem.

The threshold behavior of two-electron escape and the complementary characterization of doubly-excited resonances have been the subject of investigation for forty years. The conventional view of the physics of...

The escape from a metastable state over an oscillating barrier of an underdamped Josephson tunnel junction has been experimentally investigated with oscillation frequency well separated from the plasma frequency of the ...

NOV. -21' 94(MON) 14:27 DOE-IP IICAGO TEL1 708 2 779 P, 002 NOV. -21' 94(MON) 14:27 DOE-IP IICAGO TEL1 708 2 779 P, 002 STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS REQUEST BY FORD MOTOR COMPANY FOR AN ADVANCE WAIVER OF IOMES'I'I AND FORKIGN PAT'INT KIGHITS UNDER DOE CONTRACT NO: DE-AC02-94CE50389; W(A)-94-027; CH-842 AND FOR LARGE BUSINESS LOWER TIER SUBCONTRACTS THEREUNDER The Ford Motor Company has petitioned ihe DOE for an advance waiver of paltent lights, both domestic and foreign, for all subject inventions arising under the above identified contract and under all lower tier subcontracts entered into thereunder with parties other than domestic small businesses, nonprofit organizations and universities, and National Laboratories. The purpose of the agreement is to conduct research and development to advance proton-cxchange-

Proto-galaxies forming in low-mass dark matter haloes are thought to provide the majority of ionising photons needed to reionise the Universe, due to their high escape fractions of ionising photons. We study how the escape fraction in high-redshift galaxies relates to the physical properties of the halo in which the galaxies form by computing escape fractions for 75801 haloes between redshifts 27 and 6 that were extracted from the FiBY project, high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamics simulations of galaxy formation. We find that the main constraint on the escape fraction is the presence of dense gas within 10 pc of the young sources that emit the majority of the ionising photons produced over the lifetime of the stellar population. This results in a strong mass dependence of the escape fraction. The lower potential well in haloes with virial mass below 10^8 solar mass results in lower column densities close to the sources that can be penetrated by the radiation from young, massive stars. In general only a ...

By solving the time-dependent radiation transfer problem of stellar radiation through evolving superbubbles within a smoothly varying H I distribution, we have estimated the fraction of ionizing photons emitted by OB associations that escapes the H I disk of our Galaxy. We considered a coeval star-formation history and a Gaussian star-formation history with a time spread sigma_t = 2 Myr. We find that the shells of the expanding superbubbles quickly trap or attenuate the ionizing flux, such that most of the escaping radiation escapes shortly after the formation of the superbubble. Superbubbles of large associations can blowout of the H I disk and form dynamic chimneys, which allow the ionizing radiation directly to escape the H I disk. However, blowout occurs when the ionizing photon luminosity has dropped well below the association's maximum luminosity. For the coeval star-formation history, the fraction of photons that escape each side of the disk in the solar vicinity is f_esc approx 6% (the total fraction ...

Composting with My Wiggly Friends - or, The Great Escape That Never Composting with My Wiggly Friends - or, The Great Escape That Never Happened Composting with My Wiggly Friends - or, The Great Escape That Never Happened April 6, 2010 - 7:30am Addthis John Lippert It's hard for many of us of the "me" generation to think about being careful and conserving energy, even when it directly affects our pocketbooks. We leave the lights and television on when there's no one in the room, despite the fact that this specific action-or lack of action-increases our electricity consumption, raising our next electric bill. How much harder is it for us to take steps that may benefit our community, or society, but that are harder to discern how they affect us economically? My wife, Jane, and I have been composting for more than a dozen years.

Viewpoint Making the clean available: Escaping India's Chulha Trap Kirk R. Smith a,n,1 , Ambuj-7360, USA b Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi in number exposed for decades. Efforts to make the biomass fuel clean through advanced stoves have made

We present a model of gamma-ray emission from core-collapse supernovae (SNe) originating from the explosions of massive young stars. The fast forward shock of the supernova remnant (SNR) can accelerate particles by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in a cavern blown by a strong, pre-SN stellar wind. As a fundamental part of nonlinear DSA, some fraction of the accelerated particles escape the shock and interact with a surrounding massive dense shell producing hard photon emission. To calculate this emission, we have developed a new Monte Carlo technique for propagating the cosmic rays (CRs) produced by the forward shock of the SNR, into the dense, external material. This technique is incorporated in a hydrodynamic model of an evolving SNR which includes the nonlinear feedback of CRs on the SNR evolution, the production of escaping CRs along with those that remain trapped within the remnant, and the broadband emission of radiation from trapped and escaping CRs. While our combined CR-hydro-escape model is quite general and applies to both core collapse and thermonuclear SNe, the parameters we choose for our discussion here are more typical of SNRs from very massive stars whose emission spectra differ somewhat from those produced by lower mass progenitors directly interacting with a molecular cloud.

with the solar wind at the New Horizon encounter. For the parameter space covered, we also find an inverse exploration of the planets and moons in our solar system and the rapid increase in the discovery of exoplanetsHybrid fluid/kinetic modeling of Pluto's escaping atmosphere Justin Erwin a, , O.J. Tucker b

"SEPARATIONS: DUST TO DUST" OR "YOU CAN'T ESCAPE EM" Robert G. Massey Office of Industrial Programs U.S. Dept. of Energy ABSTRACT Separations are recognized by industry as one of the larger, if not the largest, energy using processes... are used to separate mixtures into their components. Three projects of the Office of Industrial Programs, Department of Energy illustrate these categories. Moltox is an air separation process based on the oxidation/reduction equilibrium of molten alkali...

The properties of phase escape in a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) at 25 mK, which is well below quantum-to-classical crossover temperature T{sub cr}, in the presence of strong resonant ac driving have been investigated. The SQUID contains two Nb/Al-AlO{sub x}/Nb tunnel junctions with Josephson inductance much larger than the loop inductance so it can be viewed as a single junction having adjustable critical current. We find that with increasing microwave power W and at certain frequencies nu and nu/2, the single primary peak in the switching current distribution, which is the result of macroscopic quantum tunneling of the phase across the junction, first shifts toward lower bias current I and then a resonant peak develops. These results are explained by quantum resonant phase escape involving single and two photons with microwave-suppressed potential barrier. As W further increases, the primary peak gradually disappears and the resonant peak grows into a single one while shifting further to lower I. At certain W, a second resonant peak appears, which can locate at very low I depending on the value of nu. Analysis based on the classical equation of motion shows that such resonant peak can arise from the resonant escape of the phase particle with extremely large oscillation amplitude resulting from bifurcation of the nonlinear system. Our experimental result and theoretical analysis demonstrate that at T<escape of the phase particle could be dominated by classical process, such as dynamical bifurcation of nonlinear systems under strong ac driving.

the funding provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Saltonstall-Kenedy grant program (#NA77FD0072), this project would not have been possible. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Barbara Gregg and all of the Coastal Fisheries Division... over the escape of this species into Texas waters. The presence of this species and the way it is used present at least three potential problems for the native shrimp fishery in Texas. These are; 1) encroachment on native shrimp stocks through...

Recent experimental studies of the spin dependence in electron-impact ionization of atomic hydrogen revealed the presence of deviations from the predictions of the conventional Wannier threshold theory of two-electron escape. We provide some insight into the possible origin of these deviations and reexamine the results of previous work that had claimed consistency with the Wannier theory but, with added statistical analysis, also seem to show deviations.

Friedman, J.R.; Guo, X.Q.; Lubell, M.S. (Department of Physics, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031 (United States)); Frankel, M.R. (Department of Statistics, Baruch College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10010 (United States))

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We construct new estimates on the Galactic escape speed at various Galactocentric radii using the latest data release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE DR4). Compared to previous studies we have a database larger by a factor of 10 as well as reliable distance estimates for almost all stars. Our analysis is based on the statistical analysis of a rigorously selected sample of 90 high-velocity halo stars from RAVE and a previously published data set. We calibrate and extensively test our method using a suite of cosmological simulations of the formation of Milky Way-sized galaxies. Our best estimate of the local Galactic escape speed, which we define as the minimum speed required to reach three virial radii R340, is 537 +59 -43 km/s (90% confidence) with an additional 5% systematic uncertainty, where R340 is the Galactocentric radius encompassing a mean overdensity of 340 times the critical density for closure in the Universe. From the escape speed we further derive estimates of the mass of the Galaxy using...

Recently, some hot DA-type white dwarfs have been proposed to plausibly be escaping members of the Hyades. We used hydrogen Balmer lines to measure the radial velocities of seven such stars and confirm that three, and perhaps two others, are/were indeed cluster members and one is not. The other candidate Hyad is strongly magnetic and its membership status remains uncertain. The photospheres of at least one quarter of field white dwarf stars are ''polluted'' by elements heavier than helium that have been accreted. These stars are orbited by extended planetary systems that contain both debris belts and major planets. We surveyed the seven classical single Hyades white dwarfs and the newly identified (escaping) Hyades white dwarfs and found calcium in the photosphere of LP 475-242 of type DBA (now DBAZ), thus implying the presence of an orbiting planetary system. The spectrum of white dwarf GD 31, which may be, but probably is not, an escaping member of the Hyades, displays calcium absorption lines; these originate either from the interstellar medium or, less likely, from a gaseous circumstellar disk. If GD 31 was once a Hyades member, then it would be the first identified white dwarf Hyad with a cooling age >340 Myr.

We report on high resolution CO(1-0), CS(2-1) and 3mm continuum Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) observations of the molecular outflow host and nearest quasar Markarian 231. We use the CS(2-1) measurements to derive a dense gas mass within Mrk 231 of $1.8\\pm0.3\\times10^{10}$ $M_\\odot$, quite consistent with previous measurements. The CS(2-1) data also seem to indicate that the molecular disk of Mrk 231 is forming stars at normal efficiency. The high resolution CARMA observations were able to resolve the CO(1-0) outflow into two distinct lobes, allowing for a size estimate to be made and further constraining the molecular outflow dynamical time, further constraining the molecular gas escape rate. We find that 15% of the molecular gas within the Mrk 231 outflow actually exceeds the escape velocity in the central kiloparsec. Assuming that molecular gas is not constantly being accelerated, we find the depletion timescale of molecular gas in Mrk 231 to be 49 Myr, rather than 32 Myr, more...

We show that the cosmic ray (CR) knee can be entirely explained by energy-dependent CR leakage from the Milky Way, with an excellent fit to all existing data. We test this hypothesis calculating the trajectories of individual CRs in the Galactic magnetic field. We find that the CR escape time $\\tau_{\\rm esc}(E)$ exhibits a knee-like structure around $E/Z={\\rm few}\\times 10^{15}$ eV for small coherence lengths and strengths of the turbulent magnetic field. The resulting intensities for different groups of nuclei are consistent with the ones determined by KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande, using simple power-laws as injection spectra. The transition from Galactic to extragalactic CRs is terminated at $\\approx 2\\times 10^{18}$ eV, while extragalactic CRs contribute sizeable to the subdominant proton flux already for $\\gtrsim 2\\times 10^{16}$ eV. The natural source of extragalactic CRs in the intermediate energy region up to the ankle are in this model normal and starburst galaxies. The escape model provides a good fit ...

We have obtained deep Hubble Space Telescope far-UV images of 15 starburst galaxies at z~1.3 in the GOODS fields to search for escaping Lyman continuum photons. These are the deepest far-UV images m_{AB}=28.7, 3\\sigma, 1" diameter) over this large an area (4.83 arcmin^2) and provide the best escape fraction constraints for any galaxy at any redshift. We do not detect any individual galaxies, with 3\\sigma limits to the Lyman Continuum (~700 \\AA) flux 50--149 times fainter (in f_nu) than the rest-frame UV (1500 \\AA) continuum fluxes. Correcting for the mean IGM attenuation (factor ~2), as well as an intrinsic stellar Lyman Break (~3), these limits translate to relative escape fraction limits of f_{esc,rel}4 and reionization of the intergalactic medium at z>6. [Abridged

Federal regulation requires energy companies and government entities to utilize alternative fuels in their vehicle fleets. To meet this need, several automobile manufacturers are producing compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled vehicles. In addition, several converters are modifying gasoline-fueled vehicles to operate on both gasoline and CNG (Bifuel). Because of the availability of CNG vehicles, many energy company and government fleets have adopted CNG as their principle alternative fuel for transportation. Meanwhile, recent research has shown that blending hydrogen with CNG (HCNG) can reduce emissions from CNG vehicles. However, blending hydrogen with CNG (and performing no other vehicle modifications) reduces engine power output, due to the lower volumetric energy density of hydrogen in relation to CNG. Arizona Public Service (APS) and the U.S. Department of Energys Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (DOE AVTA) identified the need to determine the magnitude of these effects and their impact on the viability of using HCNG in existing CNG vehicles. To quantify the effects of using various blended fuels, a work plan was designed to test the acceleration, range, and exhaust emissions of a Ford F-150 pickup truck operating on 100% CNG and blends of 15 and 30% HCNG. This report presents the results of this testing conducted during May and June 2003 by Electric Transportation Applications (Task 4.10, DOE AVTA Cooperative Agreement DEFC36- 00ID-13859).

We apply hydrodynamic evaporation models to different synthetic planet populations that were obtained from a planet formation code based on a core-accretion paradigm. We investigated the evolution of the planet populations using several evaporation models, which are distinguished by the driving force of the escape flow (X-ray or EUV), the heating efficiency in energy-limited evaporation regimes, or both. Although the mass distribution of the planet populations is barely affected by evaporation, the radius distribution clearly shows a break at approximately 2 $R_{\\oplus}$. We find that evaporation can lead to a bimodal distribution of planetary sizes (Owen & Wu 2013) and to an "evaporation valley" running diagonally downwards in the orbital distance - planetary radius plane, separating bare cores from low-mass planet that have kept some primordial H/He. Furthermore, this bimodal distribution is related to the initial characteristics of the planetary populations because low-mass planetary cores can only acc...

Motivated by recent experiments, we consider the hydrodynamic capture of a microswimmer near a stationary spherical obstacle. Simulations of model equations show that a swimmer approaching a small spherical colloid is simply scattered. In contrast, when the colloid is larger than a critical size it acts as a passive trap: the swimmer is hydrodynamically captured along closed trajectories and endlessly orbits around the colloidal sphere. In order to gain physical insight into this hydrodynamic scattering problem, we address it analytically. We provide expressions for the critical trapping radius, the depth of the "basin of attraction," and the scattering angle, which show excellent agreement with our numerical findings. We also demonstrate and rationalize the strong impact of swimming-flow symmetries on the trapping efficiency. Finally, we give the swimmer an opportunity to escape the colloidal traps by considering the effects of Brownian, or active, diffusion. We show that in some cases the trapping time is g...

We explore nonlinear effects of wave-particle interactions on the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) process in Type Ia-like supernova remnant (SNR) blast waves by implementing phenomenological models for magnetic field amplification (MFA), Alfvénic drift, and particle escape in time-dependent numerical simulations of nonlinear DSA. For typical SNR parameters, the cosmic-ray (CR) protons can be accelerated to PeV energies only if the region of amplified field ahead of the shock is extensive enough to contain the diffusion lengths of the particles of interest. Even with the help of Alfvénic drift, it remains somewhat challenging to construct a nonlinear DSA model for SNRs in which of the order of 10% of the supernova explosion energy is converted into CR energy and the magnetic field is amplified by a factor of 10 or so in the shock precursor, while, at the same time, the energy spectrum of PeV protons is steeper than E {sup 2}. To explore the influence of these physical effects on observed SNR emission, we also compute the resulting radio-to-gamma-ray spectra. Nonthermal emission spectra, especially in X-ray and gamma-ray bands, depend on the time-dependent evolution of the CR injection process, MFA, and particle escape, as well as the shock dynamic evolution. This result comes from the fact that the high-energy end of the CR spectrum is composed of particles that are injected in the very early stages of the blast wave evolution. Thus, it is crucial to better understand the plasma wave-particle interactions associated with collisionless shocks in detailed modeling of nonthermal radiation from SNRs.

We address the problem of how particles are accelerated by solar flares can escape into the heliosphere on timescales of an hour or less. Impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) bursts are generally observed in association with so-called eruptive flares consisting of a coronal mass ejection (CME) and a flare. These fast SEPs are believed to be accelerated directly by the flare, rather than by the CME shock. However, the precise mechanism by which the particles are accelerated remains controversial. Regardless of the origin of the acceleration, the particles should remain trapped in the closed magnetic fields of the coronal flare loops and the ejected flux rope, given the magnetic geometry of the standard eruptive-flare model. In this case, the particles would reach the Earth only after a delay of many hours to a few days (coincident with the bulk ejecta arriving at Earth). We propose that the external magnetic reconnection intrinsic to the breakout model for CME initiation can naturally account for the prompt escape of flare-accelerated energetic particles onto open interplanetary magnetic flux tubes. We present detailed 2.5-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a breakout CME/flare event with a background isothermal solar wind. Our calculations demonstrate that if the event occurs sufficiently near a coronal-hole boundary, interchange reconnection between open and closed fields can occur. This process allows particles from deep inside the ejected flux rope to access solar wind field lines soon after eruption. We compare these results to standard observations of impulsive SEPs and discuss the implications of the model on further observations and calculations.

- mately the same bulk flow energy. We did not find any clear correlation between the solar EUV flux the effective obstacle to the solar wind flow, forming a mag- netic pile up region between the outer magneticIon escape from Mars as a function of solar wind conditions: A statistical study Hans Nilsson a

...response and the control of disease progression...their plasma viral loads, using the latter...suggesting a fitness cost of immune escape...inversely with viral load in plasma. J...determinants for host control of HIV-1. Science...dramatic fitness cost. J. Virol...immunodeficiency virus load. J. Virol...

Fluid-escape features as a precursor of a large sublacustrine sediment slide in Lake Le Bourget, NW Introduction Glacial lakes are prone to large-scale sediment slides and slumps owing to their high sediment slides are often associ- ated with catastrophic waves (seiche effect), especially when they occur

The John Day River basin supports one of the healthiest naturally-produced populations of spring chinook in the mid-Columbia River basin. The study of life history and natural escapement conducted from 1978 to 1985 (Lindsay et al. 1986) provided valuable information on production and productivity of the John Day River spring chinook. With the exception of two years since completion of the study in 1985 (1989 and 1995), spring chinook spawning surveys were conducted in index areas only and have not provided adequate information to assess age composition, progeny-to-parent production values, and estimate natural spawning escapement. The PATH project (Marmorek and Peters 1996) has identified the John Day basin spring chinook as an index population for assessing the effects of alternative future management actions on salmon stocks in the Columbia Basin. To meet the data needs as an index stock, sufficient annual estimates of spawner escapement, age composition, and smolt-to-adult survival are essential. There is need to determine the annual spawner escapement and age composition for the John Day basin spring chinook to provide us the ability to estimate progeny-to-parent production for each brood year. This need can be met by expanding the annual chinook spawning surveys, estimating the annual escapement, and determining age composition by scale pattern analyses. This project provides information as directed under two measures of the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (NPPC 1994). Measure 4.3C specifies that the key indicator populations should be monitored to provide detailed stock status information. In addition, measure 7.1C identifies the need for collection of population status, life history, and other data on wild and naturally spawning populations. This project was developed in direct response to recommendations and needs of the PATH project, the Fish and Wildlife Program, and the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Multi-Year Implementation Plan.

The paradigm that gamma-ray burst fireballs are the sources of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is being probed by neutrino observations. Very stringent bounds can be obtained from the cosmic-ray (proton)-neutrino connection, assuming that the UHECRs escape as neutrons. In this study, we identify three different regimes as a function of the fireball parameters: the standard ''one neutrino per cosmic ray'' case, the optically thick (to neutron escape) case, and the case where leakage of protons from the boundaries of the shells (direct escape) dominates. In the optically thick regime, the photomeson production is very efficient, and more neutrinos will be emitted per cosmic ray than in the standard case, whereas in the direct escape-dominated regime, more cosmic rays than neutrinos will be emitted. We demonstrate that, for efficient proton acceleration, which is required to describe the observed UHECR spectrum, the standard case only applies to a very narrow region of the fireball parameter space. We illustrate with several observed examples that conclusions on the cosmic-ray-neutrino connection will depend on the actual burst parameters. We also show that the definition of the pion production efficiency currently used by the IceCube collaboration underestimates the neutrino production in the optically thick case. Finally, we point out that the direct escape component leads to a spectral break in the cosmic-ray spectrum emitted from a single source. The resulting ''two-component model'' can be used to even more strongly pronounce the spectral features of the observed UHECR spectrum than the dip model.

One of the leading models for electron acceleration in solar flares is stochastic acceleration by weakly turbulent fast magnetosonic waves ({sup f}ast waves{sup )}. In this model, large-scale flows triggered by magnetic reconnection excite large-wavelength fast waves, and fast-wave energy then cascades from large wavelengths to small wavelengths. Electron acceleration by large-wavelength fast waves is weak, and so the model relies on the small-wavelength waves produced by the turbulent cascade. In order for the model to work, the energy cascade time for large-wavelength fast waves must be shorter than the time required for the waves to propagate out of the solar-flare acceleration region. To investigate the effects of wave escape, we solve the wave kinetic equation for fast waves in weak turbulence theory, supplemented with a homogeneous wave-loss term. We find that the amplitude of large-wavelength fast waves must exceed a minimum threshold in order for a significant fraction of the wave energy to cascade to small wavelengths before the waves leave the acceleration region. We evaluate this threshold as a function of the dominant wavelength of the fast waves that are initially excited by reconnection outflows.

We design and test an octopus-inspired flexible hull robot that demonstrates outstanding fast-starting performance. The robot is hyper-inflated with water, and then rapidly deflates to expel the fluid so as to power the escape maneuver. Using this robot we verify for the first time in laboratory testing that rapid size-change can be used to induce separation elimination in bluff bodies travelling several body lengths, and recover fluid energy which can be employed to improve the propulsive performance. The robot is found to experience extraordinary speeds, over ten body lengths per second, exceeding that of a similarly propelled optimally streamlined rigid rocket. The net thrust force on the robot is over 30\\% \\textit{larger} than the theoretical value for a rocket in vacuo, resulting in the rapid acceleration. Finally, over 53\\% of the initial energy is converted into payload kinetic energy, a performance that exceeds the estimated energy conversion efficiency of fast-starting fish. The Reynolds number based...

The challenge for the next few years is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vehicles for global warming curtailment. GHG emissions are mainly due to internal combustion engines (ICE) used in transpor...

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The relationship between light and perceived safety at night is intuitively strong, yet theoretically and empirically its workings are largely unknown. Intelligent dynamic road lighting, which continuously adapts to the presence and behavior of users, can light the street only when and where it is needed. As such, it offers a solution to the energy waste and luminous pollution associated with conventional road lighting. With this innovation, however, new questions emerge about the effect of lighting on perceived safety. We need to consider not only how much lighting pedestrians need to feel safe, but also which parts of the street should be lit. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of different light distributions on perceived safety, and explored mediation by people's appraisal of three safety-related cues suggested in the literature: prospect (having an overview), escape (perceived escape possibilities), and refuge/concealment (perceived hiding places for offenders). Both experiments, one with stationary and one with walking participants, demonstrated that people prefer having light in their own immediate surroundings rather than on the road that lies ahead. This could be explained, partially, by changes in prospect, escape, and concealment. Against expectations, prospect was higher with lighting distributions in which participants' immediate surroundings, but not the more distant parts of the road, were most strongly lit.

The recent failure of a vaccine that primes T cell responses to control primary HIV-1 infection has raised doubts about the role of CD8+ T cells in early HIV-1 infection. We studied four patients who were identified shortly after HIV-1 infection and before seroconversion. In each patient there was very rapid selection of multiple HIV-1 escape mutants in the transmitted virus by CD8 T cells, including examples of complete fixation of non-synonymous substitutions within 2 weeks. Sequencing by single genome amplification suggested that the high rate of virus replication in acute infection gave a selective advantage to virus molecules that contained simultaneous and gained sequential T cell escape mutations. These observations show that whilst early HIV-1 specific CD8 T cells can act against virus, rapid escape means that these T cell responses are unlikely to benefit the patient and may in part explain why current HIV-1 T cell vaccines may not be protective.

safety computer system installation and for a building expansion project for police headquarters; also provided a police training academy, a criminal information system (computer system), a forensic laboratory Administration (LEAA) grant while attending graduate school. Worked in street units in core areas of the City

Early fuel removal from the active core of a liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor undergoing a core-disruptive accident may reduce the potential for large energetics resulting from recriticalities. This paper presents a review of analyses with the SIMMER-II computer program of the effectiveness of possible fuel escape paths. Where possible, how SIMMER-II compares with or is validated against experiments that simulated the escape paths also is discussed.

The four objectives of this report are: (1) Estimate annual spawner escapement and number of spring chinook salmon redds in the John Day River basin; (2) Determine sex ratio, age composition, length-at-age of spawners, and proportion of natural spawners that are hatchery origin strays; (3) Determine adequacy of historic index surveys for indexing spawner abundance and for detecting changes in spawner distribution through time; and (4) Estimate smolt-to-adult survival for spring chinook salmon emigrating from the John Day River basin.

The conventional description of the behavior of two-electron escape near threshold is usually summarized by the Wannier power law, {sigma}=aE{sup {eta}}+bE{sup 2{eta}}, for the ionization cross section, {sigma}, as a function of the total escape energy, E, where a and b are constants and {eta}=1.127 for a residual ionic core of unit charge. It is known that departures from this simple formalism occur as a result of dynamical influences on the inside part of the two-electron wave function and that these departures can be observed through spin-dependent ionization measurements. Comparative studies of impact ionization asymmetries for H, He, Li, Na, K, and Cs now reveal the striking influence of the ionic core on the double-escape process.

Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1992 (NMFS 1992). The Secesh River represents the only stream in the Snake River basin where natural origin (wild) salmon escapement monitoring occurs at the population level, absent a supplementation program. As such the Secesh River has been identified as a long term salmon escapement and productivity monitoring site by the Nez Perce Tribe Department of Fisheries Resources Management. Salmon managers will use this data for effective population management and evaluation of the effect of conservation actions on a natural origin salmon population. The Secesh River also acts as a reference stream for supplementation program comparison. Dual frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) was used to determine adult spring and summer Chinook salmon escapement in the Secesh River in 2008. DIDSON technology was selected because it provided a non-invasive method for escapement monitoring that avoided listed species trapping and handling incidental mortality, and fish impedance related concerns. The DIDSON monitoring site was operated continuously from June 13 to September 14. The first salmon passage was observed on July 3. DIDSON site total estimated salmon escapement, natural and hatchery fish, was 888 fish {+-} 65 fish (95% confidence interval). Coefficient of variation associated with the escapement estimate was 3.7%. The DIDSON unit was operational 98.1% of the salmon migration period. Adult salmon migration timing in the Secesh River occurred over 74 days from July 3 to September 14, with 5,262 total fish passages observed. The spawning migration had 10%, median, and 90% passage dates of July 8, July 16, and August 12, respectively. The maximum number of net upstream migrating salmon was above the DIDSON monitoring site on August 27. Validation monitoring of DIDSON target counts with underwater optical cameras occurred for species identification. A total of 860 optical camera identified salmon passage observations were identical to DIDSON target counts. However, optical cameras identified eight jack salmon (3 upstream, 5 downstream) less than 55 cm in length that DIDSON did not count as salmon because of the length criteria employed ({ge} 55 cm). Precision of the DIDSON technology was evaluated by comparing estimated net upstream salmon escapement and associated 95% confidence intervals between two DIDSON sonar units operated over a five day period. The DIDSON 1 salmon escapement was 145.7 fish ({+-} 2.3), and the DIDSON 2 escapement estimate was 150.5 fish ({+-} 5). The overlap in the 95% confidence intervals suggested that the two escapement estimates were not significantly different from each other. Known length salmon carcass trials were conducted in 2008 to examine the accuracy of manually measured lengths, obtained using DIDSON software, on high frequency files at a 5 m window length. Linear regression demonstrated a highly significant relationship between known lengths and manually measured salmon carcass lengths (p < 0.0001). A positive bias in manual length measurement of 6.8% to 8% existed among the two observers in the analysis. Total Secesh River salmon escapement (natural origin and hatchery) in 2008 was 912 fish. Natural origin salmon escapement in the entire Secesh River drainage was 847 fish. The estimated natural origin spawner abundance was 836 fish. Salmon spawner abundance in 2008 increased by three fold compared to 2007 abundance levels. The 10 year geometric mean natural origin spawner abundance was 538 salmon and was below the recommended viable population threshold level established by the ICTRT (2007). One additional Snake River basin salmon population was assessed for comparison of natural origin salmon spawner abundance. The Johnson Creek/EFSF Salmon River population had a 10 year geometric mean natural origin spawner abundance of 254 salmon. Salmon spawner abundance levels in both streams were below viable population thresholds. DIDSON technology has been used in the Secesh River to determine salmo

Intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) are third-generation photovoltaic (PV) devices that can harvest sub-bandgap photons normally not absorbed in a single-junction solar cell. Despite the large increase in total solar energy conversion efficiency predicted for IBSC devices substantial challenges remain to realizing these efficiency gains in practical devices. We evaluate carrier escape mechanisms in an InAs/GaAs quantum dot intermediate band p-i-n junction PV device using photocurrent measurements under sub-bandgap illumination. We show that sub-bandgap photons generate photocurrent through a two-photon absorption process but that carrier trapping and retrapping limit the overall photocurrent. The results identify a key obstacle that must be overcome in order to realize intermediate band devices that outperform single junction photovoltaic cells.

We have obtained deep Hubble Space Telescope far-UV images of 15 starburst galaxies at z {approx} 1.3 in the GOODS fields to search for escaping Lyman continuum (LyC) photons. These are the deepest far-UV images (m{sub AB} = 28.7, 3{sigma}, 1'' diameter) over this large an area (4.83 arcmin{sup 2}) and provide some of the best escape fraction constraints for any galaxies at any redshift. We do not detect any individual galaxies, with 3{sigma} limits to the LyC ({approx}700 A) flux 50-149 times fainter (in f{sub {nu}}) than the rest-frame UV (1500 A) continuum fluxes. Correcting for the mean intergalactic medium (IGM) attenuation (factor {approx}2), as well as an intrinsic stellar Lyman break (factor {approx}3), these limits translate to relative escape fraction limits of f{sub esc,rel} < [0.03, 0.21]. The stacked limit is f{sub esc,rel}(3{sigma}) < 0.02. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to properly account for the expected distribution of line-of-sight IGM opacities. When including constraints from previous surveys at z {approx} 1.3 we find that, at the 95% confidence level, no more than 8% of star-forming galaxies at z {approx} 1.3 can have relative escape fractions greater than 0.50. Alternatively, if the majority of galaxies have low, but non-zero, escaping LyC, the escape fraction cannot be more than 0.04. In light of some evidence for strong LyC emission from UV-faint regions of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z {approx} 3, we also stack sub-regions of our galaxies with different surface brightnesses and detect no significant LyC flux at the f{sub esc,rel} < 0.03 level. Both the stacked limits and the limits from the Monte Carlo simulation suggest that the average ionizing emissivity (relative to non-ionizing UV emissivity) at z {approx} 1.3 is significantly lower than has been observed in LBGs at z {approx} 3. If the ionizing emissivity of star-forming galaxies is in fact increasing with redshift, it would help to explain the high photoionization rates seen in the IGM at z>4 and reionization of the IGM at z>6.

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The John Day River basin supports one of the healthiest populations of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the entire Columbia River basin. Spring chinook salmon in this basin are therefore, used as an important index stock to measure the effects of future management actions on other salmon stocks in the Columbia basin. To meet the data requirements as an index stock, we estimated annual spawner escapement, age-structure, and smolt-to-adult survival. This information will allow us to estimate progeny-to-parent production for each brood year. To estimate smolt-to-adult survival rates, 1,852 chinook smolts were tagged with PIT tags from 3 March to 5 May, 2000. Length of captured smolts varied, ranging from 80 to 147 mm fork length (mean = 113 mm). These fish will be monitored for PIT tags as returning adults at dams and during future spawning ground surveys. During spawning ground surveys, a total of 351.3 km of stream were surveyed resulting in the observation of 478 redds. When expanded, we estimated total number of redds at 481 and total number of spawners at 1,583 fish in the John Day River basin. We estimated that 13% of the redds were in the mainstem John Day, 27% in the Middle Fork, 34% in the North Fork, and 26% were in the Granite Creek basin. Sampled carcasses had a sex ratio comprised of 53% females and 47% males with an age structure comprised of 0.5% age-2, 6.3% age-3, 88.7% age-4, and 4.5% age-5 fish. Five of the 405 carcasses examined had fin clips suggesting they were of hatchery origin. The 1999 index redd count total for the North Fork, Mainstem, and Granite Creek was lower than the 1999 average (535) but well within the range of annual redd counts during this period. The index redd count for the Middle Fork was higher than the 1990's average (92) but considerably lower than the average from 1978-1985 (401). Although quite variable over the past 40 years, the number of redds in the John Day River basin during 1999 was well within the range of redd counts since they were initiated in 1959.

conductivity is influenced by several variables including fracture surface roughness, fracture closure stress, proppant size, and proppant concentration. The proppant concentration within a fracture can significantly affect the magnitude of fracture...

......computer and describes the circumstances that led a major automobile manufacturer to acquire a computer built by a catering company...companies including Ferranti, Elliott Automation English Electric and Standard Telephone and Cables. Their computers were primarily......

We use ultra-deep ultraviolet VLT/VIMOS intermediate-band and VLT/FORS1 narrow-band imaging in the GOODS Southern field to derive limits on the distribution of the escape fraction (f_esc) of ionizing radiation for L >~ L*(z=3) Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at redshift 3.4--4.5. Only one LBG, at redshift z=3.795, is detected in its Lyman continuum (LyC; S/N~5.5), the highest redshift galaxy currently known with a direct detection. Its ultraviolet morphology is quite compact (R_eff=0.8, kpc physical). Three out of seven AGN are also detected in their LyC, including one at redshift z=3.951 and z850 = 26.1. From stacked data (LBGs) we set an upper limit to the average f_esc in the range 5%--20%, depending on the how the data are selected (e.g., by magnitude and/or redshift). We undertake extensive Monte Carlo simulations that take into account intergalactic attenuation, stellar population synthesis models, dust extinction and photometric noise in order to explore the moments of the distribution of the escaping radi...

Impact of Powertrain Configuration on Fuel Efficiency To evaluate the fuel efficiency potential of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it is necessary to compare the advantages and drawbacks of several powertrain configurations, ranging from power split to parallel and series. PSAT offers the unique ability to simulate and compare hundreds of powertrain configurations. The goal of the effort is to define the most promising configurations depending on the particular usage. Component sizes, fuel efficiency and cost will be used to make appropriate decisions. The configurations currently being considered include, but are not limited to: Pre-transmission parallel HEV Post-transmission parallel HEV Power split HEV (including THS II and GM 2 Mode) Series The figure below shows an example comparison of three powertrain configurations (parallel, series and power split).

The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following report describes results from a demonstration with Tacoma Power on plug-in hybrid electric vehicle demand and energy cost, as informed by the AVTA's testing on plug-in electric vehicle charging equipment. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

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The Magellanic System includes some of the nearest examples of galaxies disturbed by galaxy interactions. These interactions have redistributed much of their gas into the halos of the Milky Way (MW) and the Magellanic Clouds. We present Wisconsin H{alpha} Mapper kinematically resolved observations of the warm ionized gas in the Magellanic Bridge over the velocity range of +100 to +300 km s{sup -1} in the local standard of rest reference frame. These observations include the first full H{alpha} intensity map and the corresponding intensity-weighted mean velocity map of the Magellanic Bridge across (l, b) = (281 Degree-Sign .5, -30 Degree-Sign .0) to (302. Degree-Sign 5, -46. Degree-Sign 7). Using the H{alpha} emission from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)-Tail and the Bridge, we estimate that the mass of the ionized material is between (0.7-1.7) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 8} M{sub Sun }, compared to 3.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 8} M{sub Sun} for the neutral mass over the same region. The diffuse Bridge is significantly more ionized than the SMC-Tail, with an ionization fraction of 36%-52% compared to 5%-24% for the Tail. The H{alpha} emission has a complex multiple-component structure with a velocity distribution that could trace the sources of ionization or distinct ionized structures. We find that incident radiation from the extragalactic background and the MW alone are insufficient to produced the observed ionization in the Magellanic Bridge and present a model for the escape fraction of the ionizing photons from both the SMC and Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). With this model, we place an upper limit of 4.0% for the average escape fraction of ionizing photons from the LMC and an upper limit of 5.5% for the SMC. These results, combined with the findings of a half a dozen other studies for dwarf galaxies in different environments, provide compelling evidence that only a small percentage of the ionizing photons escape from dwarf galaxies in the present epoch to influence their surroundings.

The objectives are: (1) Estimate number and distribution of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha redds and spawners in the John Day River subbasin; and (2) Estimate smolt-to-adult survival rates (SAR) and out-migrant abundance for spring Chinook and summer steelhead O. mykiss and life history characteristics of summer steelhead. The John Day River subbasin supports one of the last remaining intact wild populations of spring Chinook salmon and summer steelhead in the Columbia River Basin. These populations, however, remain depressed relative to historic levels. Between the completion of the life history and natural escapement study in 1984 and the start of this project in 1998, spring Chinook spawning surveys did not provide adequate information to assess age structure, progeny-to-parent production values, smolt-to-adult survival (SAR), or natural spawning escapement. Further, only very limited information is available for steelhead life history, escapement, and productivity measures in the John Day subbasin. Numerous habitat protection and rehabilitation projects to improve salmonid freshwater production and survival have also been implemented in the basin and are in need of effectiveness monitoring. While our monitoring efforts outlined here will not specifically measure the effectiveness of any particular project, they will provide much needed background information for developing context for project-specific effectiveness monitoring efforts. To meet the data needs as index stocks, to assess the long-term effectiveness of habitat projects, and to differentiate freshwater and ocean survival, sufficient annual estimates of spawner escapement, age structure, SAR, egg-to-smolt survival, smolt-per-redd ratio, and freshwater habitat use are essential. We have begun to meet this need through spawning ground surveys initiated for spring Chinook salmon in 1998 and smolt PIT-tagging efforts initiated in 1999. Additional sampling and analyses to meet these goals include an estimate of smolt abundance and SAR rates, and an updated measure of the freshwater distribution of critical life stages. Because Columbia Basin managers have identified the John Day subbasin spring Chinook population as an index population for assessing the effects of alternative future management actions on salmon stocks in the Columbia Basin (Schaller et al. 1999) we continue our ongoing studies. This project is high priority based on the high level of emphasis the NWPPC Fish and Wildlife Program, Subbasin Summaries, NMFS, and the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds have placed on monitoring and evaluation to provide the real-time data to guide restoration and adaptive management in the region. By implementing the proposed program we have been able to address many of the goals for population status monitoring, such as defining areas currently used by spring Chinook for holding and spawning habitats and determining range expansion or contraction of summer rearing and spawning populations. The BiOp describes these goals as defining population growth rates (adult monitoring), detecting changes in those growth rates or relative abundance in a reasonable time (adult/juvenile monitoring), estimating juvenile abundance and survival rates (juvenile/smolt monitoring), and identifying stage-specific survival (adult-to-smolt, smolt-to-adult).

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Efforts leading to medium-duty truck aftertreatment system development, issues addressed, including catalyst layout to maximize NOx conversion and balance of precious metals for oxidation function during cold-start and filter regeneration

as the most important fuel for new power generation. Today's interest in gas-fired power generation is quite surprising since power companies were prohibited from investing in gas fired generation three decades ago for clean vehicles. Natural gas was also the most popular fuel for new power generation during

to explain the cyclical pattern of the human and pig populations. Each model will build from the previous model, allowing you to develop a model of the sustainability of the Tsembaga system. Their key physical to study the sustainability of the Tsembaga population with and without warfare. They concluded

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Presentation given by LG Chem at 2013 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program and Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting about a high-performance battery pack the company is researching for plug-in electric vehicles.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) combine the power from an electric motor with that from an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle. The HEV electric motor is typically powered by a battery pack through power electronics. The HEV battery is recharged ...

Building practical plug-in electric vehicles is under way at many car companies around the world, though it is expected that they will not be widely available in the USA for quite some time. The ultimate vehicle cost is controlled substantially by the battery storage capacity required and this, in turn, is governed by the vehicle size and performance expected by consumers. The present paper examines the specific situation where existing hybrid vehicles might be converted to plug-in functionality by adding a supplementary battery pack to extend the driving range while keeping the electric/gasoline hybrid drive-train intact. We examine fuel efficiency from the standpoint of vehicle weight to extract system parameters that quantify the extra fuel consumption associated with driving a slightly heavier vehicle after plug-in conversion has been effected. We show that only modest additional battery capacity is required to meet most commuter needs in a cost-effective manner.

The economic benefits of our method are presented in Table 3.... It is shown that our algorithm can benefit the power system and provide a support to healthier operation of the power system. The larger scale of ...

While there are many test items to secure a vehicles reliability, this study reviews the test method for Thermal-shock Test, one of climatic tests to evaluate the damage caused by thermal expansion coefficient d...

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more significant effects on energy dependence and greenhouse gas emissions. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION to the trend scenario) while reducing CO2 emissions only slightly (by 5.13 percent, relative to trend but produces 25% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (BBC, 2002), with 28% of these emanating from

... to Monsanto's Roundup herbicide (glyphosate), and one resistant to Bayer Crop Science's Liberty herbicide (gluphosinate). They also found some plants that were resistant to both herbicides, ... least one herbicide-resistant transgene (41% were resistant to Roundup and 40% resistant to Liberty). They also found two plants that contained both transgenes. ...

Infinite loops can make applications unresponsive. Potential problems include lost work or output, denied access to application functionality, and a lack of responses to urgent events. We present Jolt, a novel system for ...

... they have found that the core at 43 GHz is located only 14 to 23 Schwarzschild radii from the black hole. (The ... radii from the black hole. (The Schwarzschild radius is the distance between the black hole's centre and its event horizon if ...

??Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) program (also known as IntelliDrive) has proven the potential to improve transportation conditions by enabling the communication between vehicles and infrastructure, (more)

Note that this paper does not make decisions about when/how to use renewable generation. The scope of this study is to consider the power generated by renewable resources as a source of power with distinct cost o...

This battery test procedure manual was prepared for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office. It is based on technical targets for commercial viability established for energy storage development projects aimed at meeting system level DOE goals for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). The specific procedures defined in this manual support the performance and life characterization of advanced battery devices under development for PHEVs. However, it does share some methods described in the previously published battery test manual for power-assist hybrid electric vehicles. Due to the complexity of some of the procedures and supporting analysis, future revisions including some modifications and clarifications of these procedures are expected. As in previous battery and capacitor test manuals, this version of the manual defines testing methods for full-size battery systems, along with provisions for scaling these tests for modules, cells or other subscale level devices. The DOE-United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) supported the development of the manual. Technical Team points of contact responsible for its development and revision are Renata M. Arsenault of Ford Motor Company and Jon P. Christophersen of the Idaho National Laboratory. The development of this manual was funded by the Unites States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. Technical direction from DOE was provided by David Howell, Energy Storage R&D Manager and Hybrid Electric Systems Team Leader. Comments and questions regarding the manual should be directed to Jon P. Christophersen at the Idaho National Laboratory (jon.christophersen@inl.gov).

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The Lake Waco Formation in central Texas crops out west of a major urban growth corridor along Interstate Highway 35. The development associated with this corridor increases the need for landfills and the possibility of leaks and spills. The Lake Waco Formation is predominantly shale and presently used for a regional landfill in the study area. It is not considered an aquifer and subsequently limited hydrogeological information exists. However, a numerous shallow wells occur in the weathered bedrock veneer and the shallow groundwater is directly connected to surface streams. Investigations revealed flow along bedding plane separations and fractures. The effective porosity is estimated to be less than .5 percent. Lab permeameter tests, slug tests, and constant-rate pumping tests were used to evaluate hydrogeologic parameters. Storage coefficient values range from .0017 to .0063 with a mean value of .0032. Hydraulic conductivity values decreased with depth and averaged 1.7 [times] 10 [sup [minus]4] cm/s for weathered shale and 1.4 [times] 10[sup [minus]7] cm/s for unweathered shale. Groundwater flow studies using piezometers exhibit topographic control of flow with horizontal to vertical anisotropy due to increased fracturing near the surface, but no noticeable horizontal anisotropic influence from fractures. Multiple-well pumping tests reveal horizontal anisotropic flow under pumping stress that is not present under static conditions and is complicated by heterogeneity.

-rich zone. Accurate estimation of the resource size and future production, as well as the uncertainties associated with them, is critical for the decision-making process of developing shale oil and gas resources. The complexity of the shale reservoirs...

The growth and decline of manufacturing industries in the past century and the industrial landscape that this activity has produced has had profound physical, environmental, social and economic impact on the communities ...

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service 1999, p. 7)." To be this critical component, the Food Stamp Program Paper Series #04-14 November 2004 Narrowing the Food Insecurity Gap Between Food Stamp Participants Service Laura Tiehen U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service This paper is available

and major expansions of tax credits, child care subsidies and health care programs in the 1990s increased]. Work and family support services such as child care, transportation, health care and training are less Paper Series #03-7 September 2003 Single Mother Work And Poverty Under Welfare Reform: Are Policy

to the child--the mother's labor supply. The time commitment involved in caring for a child in poor health may Paper Series #04-6 May 2004 Mothers' Labor Supply in Fragile Families: The Role of Child Health Hope in Fragile Families: The Role of Child Health Hope Corman Rider University National Bureau of Economic

at the Conference "From Welfare to Child Care: What Happens to Infants and Toddlers When Single Mothers Exchange, and the National Institute of Mental Health (R24-MH51363). The authors wish to thank Sheldon Danziger, Deborah costs but not parenting stress or problems with care. It predicts earnings and work duration net

Paper Series #04-7 May 2004 New Fathers' Labor Supply: Does Child Health Matter? Kelly Noonan, Rider. #12;New Fathers' Labor Supply: Does Child Health Matter? Kelly Noonan Rider University National Bureau and Grants #R01-HD-45630 and #R01-HD-35301 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

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sheet of luminescent plastic or glass, the photovoltaic cell area--and hence the cost--is reduced used to collect and concentrate sunlight for conversion into electricity by photovoltaic cells attached to the photovolta

...IN THE SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT, FISHERY BULLETIN 79 : 131...may be elsewhere in the Great Basin. For instance, during the...catastrophic mortality in Great Basin horses. For instance, the...to mountain dwell-ing Great Basin horses than once be-lieved...

Active particles may happen to be confined in channels so narrow that they cannot overtake each other (Single File conditions). This interesting situation reveals nontrivial physical features as a consequence of the strong inter-particle correlations developed in collective rearrangements. We consider a minimal model for active Brownian particles with the aim of studying the modifications introduced by activity with respect to the classical (passive) Single File picture. Depending on whether their motion is dominated by translational or rotational diffusion, we find that active Brownian particles in Single File may arrange into clusters which are continuously merging and splitting ({\\it active clusters}) or merely reproduce passive-motion paradigms, respectively. We show that activity convey to self-propelled particles a strategic advantage for trespassing narrow channels against external biases (e.g., the gravitational field).

In the last several decades the image of the leaky pipeline has become commonplace as a metaphor for the loss of women and minorities to the physics enterprise at every stage from high school to the most advanced positions in academia. At the 2007 Winter AAPT meeting in Seattle however the AAPT Committee on Women in Physics sponsored a session highlighting women whose careers in physics are not faithfully represented by the pipelinemodel pointing to a flaw in this way of representing women's career trajectories.

This article argues that it is time to rethink the jurisprudence of economic rights. For nearly twenty years, the United States Supreme Court has revisited economic rights doctrines that had lain dormant since the end ...

...Smithsonian, except some of our international locations...a center near Washington Dulles International Airport,] is a perfect example...should be. Some of the big international collaborative science initiatives...

This study was conducted as part of the evaluation process of a federally funded physical activity initiative undertaken by a large urban school district. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to provide evidence of effectiveness of Project...

...by the United States Atomic Energy Commission under contract...by the United States Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Car bide Corporation. 2Presented...Table 1 outlines several alternative proposals that have been made...

Since the LOGO Turtle took his first step he has been mathematically confined to running around on flat surfaces. Fortunately the physically intuitive, procedurally oriented nature of the Turtle which makes him a ...

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HEVs / PHEVs to someone by E-mail HEVs / PHEVs to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs on AddThis.com... More in this section... Federal State Advanced Search All Laws & Incentives Sorted by Type New York Laws and Incentives for HEVs / PHEVs

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) was measured in all samples by Weatherford Laboratories. Well 10 log signatures that best correlated with identified facies distributions were compare with reservoir attributes related to TOC and fracability (e.g., Porosity, resistivity...

Prototypes Prototypes A PHEV prototype being prepared for testing. A plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) prototype is prepared for testing at Argonne National Laboratory. What is a PHEV? A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, or PHEV, is similar to today's hybrid electric vehicles on the market today, but with a larger battery that is charged both by the vehicle's gasoline engine and from plugging into a standard 110 V electrical outlet for a few hours each day. PHEVs and HEVs both use battery-powered motors and gasoline-powered engines for high fuel efficiency, but PHEVs can further reduce fuel usage by employing electrical energy captured through daily charging. Prototype as Rolling Test Bed As part of Argonne's multifaceted PHEV research program, Argonne researchers have constructed a PHEV prototype that serves as a rolling test

The batteries used in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) need to overcome significant technical challenges in order for PHEVs to become economically viable and have a large market penetration. The internship at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL...

Vehicle 6 Gasoline Engine Electric Motor Recharge by Plug-in Example electric vehicles (PHEV) In the Sixth Power Plan, staff included a sensitivity analysis on the potential of PHEVs. In addition, information on the actual electricity consumption of PHEV vehicles is becoming more

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by general revenues from the State of Texas. 16. Abstract Automobile ownership plays an important role consider purchasing a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) if it were to cost $6,000 more than its Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and PHEVs under adoption of a feebate policy (along with PHEV availability in Year

...performance of juvenile reef fish in a high-CO2 world Bridie J. M. Allan 1 Gabrielle M...Torregrande, Oristano, Italy Rising CO2 levels in the oceans are predicted to have...parental effects may reduce the impact of high CO2 on the growth, survival and routine metabolic...

data to enable us to assess the risk of UV-B radiation on marine zooplankton species (WHO 1994 energy (9.8 Â· 10Â­6 J) received by a naupliar eye during downward migration in the natural water col- umn is within the same order of magnitude as the total energy (7.5 Â· 10Â­6 J) sufficient to cause damages

......less probable at higher energies because most of the phase...giant planets of the Solar system they may be appreciable...suggests the ranges of energy and orbital inclination...evolution with increasing energy, can be easily identified...integrations and are more economical than constructing the......

...different systems for steady propulsion (feeding appendages) and...number is in the range of peak propulsion efficiency, again suggesting...dominating mesozooplankton group in marine plankton and are maybe the...theory rather predicts that propulsion velocity should scale with...

to uniformize these fluxes through the cre- ation of chaotic magnetic field lines near the tokamak wall, which to the particle anomalous diffusion in presence of chaotic magnetic field lines. Approaches based in classical,11 The investigation of anomalous transport in the presence of chaotic magnetic field lines often needs the analysis

of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) that crashes of sawtooth oscillations may result in very inhomogeneous detector. To explain this phenomenon, both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation have been carried, as well as for reliable modeling of the effect of sawtooth oscillations on the energy deposition of alpha

-tritium shots of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor TFTR that crashes of sawtooth oscillations may result in very this phenomenon, both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation have been carried out. It is concluded, as well as for reliable modeling of the e ect of sawtooth oscillations on the energy deposition of alpha

Environmental regulation in middle-income and developing countries is often viewed with high degrees of pessimism. Although many countries have adopted protective laws, violations are widespread and institutions are weak. ...

We consider an economy under a fixed exchange rate system, but with bounds (a minimum level or a band) on the real exchange rate. The international price of the tradable good is characterized by the continuous arrival of shocks that change its level...

, agressive man with a boominS voice who was happiest 'play- ing poker with men and drinkinS. t"5 The short one-act play, The Last of ~? Sol 1d Sold Watches ( 1946 ), reflects Williams' early memor1es of his father a. s a tr, velinS salesman. When... to lean on and litt]e 1n the present. A society oictured as grand, proud, and honorable stands ausinst a new world of lessened values 1n Tennessee Williams ' play called The Last of ~Y Sol1d Gold Watches (i946), . HA=I IE: Huh I Deb eri o. -t ion...

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(HNO3) process streams plays an important role in high-level radioactive waste reduction and long-term storage of radioactive material. Container materials for HNO3 process streams, such as pipes and holding