Retinal detachment

Definition

Retinal detachment is a separation of the light-sensitive membrane (retina) in the back of the eye from its supporting layers.

Causes

The retina is the clear tissue in the back of the eye. It helps you see the images that are focused on it by the cornea and the lens.

The most common type of retinal detachments are often due to a tear or hole in the retina. Eye fluid may leak through this opening. This causes the retina to separate from the underlying tissues, much like a bubble under wallpaper. This is most often caused by a condition called posterior vitreous detachment. It can also be caused by trauma and very bad nearsightedness. A family history of retinal detachment also increases your risk.

Another type of retinal detachment is called tractional detachment. This type occurs in people who have uncontrolled diabetes, had retinal surgery before, or have chronic inflammation.

When the retina becomes detached, bleeding from nearby blood vessels can cloud the inside of the eye so that you may not see clearly or at all. Central vision becomes severely affected if the macula becomes detached. The macula is the part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision.

Treatment

Most people with a retinal detachment need surgery. Surgery may be done right away or after a short time.

Surgery may not be needed if you do not have symptoms or have had the detachment for a while.

Some types of surgery can be done in your doctor's office.

Lasers may be used to seal tears or holes in the retina before a retinal detachment occurs.

If you have a small detachment, the doctor may place a gas bubble in the eye. This is called pneumatic retinopexy. It helps the retina float back into place. The hole is sealed with a laser.

Severe detachments require surgery in a hospital. These procedures include:

Scleral buckle to gently push the eye wall up against the retina

Vitrectomy to remove gel or scar tissue pulling on the retina, used for the largest tears and detachments.

Tractional retinal detachments may be watched for a while before surgery. If surgery is needed, a vitrectomy is usually done.

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well you do after a retinal detachment depends on the location and extent of the detachment and early treatment. If the macula was not damaged, the outlook with treatment can be excellent.

Successful repair of the retina does not always fully restore vision.

Some detachments can not be repaired.

Possible Complications

A retinal detachment causes loss of vision. Surgery to repair it may help restore some or all of your vision.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

A retinal detachment is an urgent problem that requires medical attention within 24 hours of the first symptoms of new flashes of light and/or floaters.

Prevention

Use protective eye wear to prevent eye trauma. Control your blood sugar carefully if you have diabetes. See your eye care specialist once a year. You may need more frequent visits if you have risk factors for retinal detachment. Be alert to symptoms of new flashes of light and/or floaters.