Academics say that black Cubans are failing to earn university degrees in proportion to their numbers--a situation to which Castro has alluded publicly. The upper echelons of the government remain disproportionately white, despite the emergence of several rising black stars. And while perceptions are difficult to quantify, much less prove true or false, many black Cubans are convinced that they are much less likely than whites to land good jobs--and much more likely to be hassled by police on the street, like Cano's husband, in a Cuban version of "racial profiling."

But how about some Cubans discussing the subject?

In primary [Cuban] education, skin color is not mentioned," ... If we are still living in a society where white people have the power, and we don't mention color in education, we are in practice educating [Cuban] children to be white. Cuban history as we teach it is a disgrace, because it is predominantly white history, and explaining the role of black people and mulattoes in building this society and its culture is not given its due importance.Esteban MoralesUniversity of HavanaCentre for the Study of the Hemisphere and the United States

A lot of hopes have been pinned by many people (who know little about Cuba and the repressive nature of its government) on President Obama's recent monumental decision to re-establish diplomatic relations with the unfortunate Caribbean island prison of Cuba; but first another Cuban quote:

...to carry on "hiding" the issue [of racism in Cuba] would lead black people to think that "they belong to another country, and that there are two Cuba’s as there were in the 19th century, a black Cuba and a white one."Roberto ZurbanoDirectorCasa de las Américas publishing houseHavana

And thus, it is curious to me that in re-establishing diplomatic ties, our socially conscious President (and his cadre of advisors) appear to know little or nothing about the way that Afro-Cuban citizens are treated in their own country.

In reference to the President's visit, Odette Casamayor-Cisneros, an
associate professor of Latin American and Caribbean literatures and
cultures at the University of Connecticut and a scholar at Harvard
University notes that “The images of the meetings, the agreements, they’re all shameful for
many black Cubans — I’m including myself in this — because it’s
difficult to feel represented.”Will the expected flow of American tourists help? Zurbano writes in his 2013 New York Times article that:

Most remittances from abroad — mainly the Miami area, the nerve center of the mostly white exile community — go to white Cubans. They tend to live in more upscale houses, which can easily be converted into restaurants or bed-and-breakfasts — the most common kind of private business in Cuba. Black Cubans have less property and money, and also have to contend with pervasive racism. Not long ago it was common for hotel managers, for example, to hire only white staff members, so as not to offend the supposed sensibilities of their European clientele.

That "not long ago" is still the case, as anyone who has been to Cuba recently can testify to - it is very rare to see a black face in any of Havana's "tourist only" hotels and nearby beaches. Discussing those lucrative jobs, Yusimí Rodríguez López, an Afro-Cuban independent journalist, said in a 2016 New York Times article that there
were job listings on Revolico — sometimes called Cuba’s underground Craigslist — “where they say they only want whites.”

“They
talk a lot here about discrimination against blacks in the United
States. What about here?” said Manuel Valier Figueroa, 50, an actor, who
was in the park on Monday. “If there’s a dance competition, they’re
going to choose the woman who is fair-skinned with light, good hair. If
there’s a tourism job, the same.”

He
added: “Why are there no blacks managing hotels? You don’t see any
blacks working as chefs in hotels, but you see them as janitors and
porters. They get the inferior jobs.”

One would hope that our President's dealings with a nation with one of the world's worst human rights records, where Amnesty International has been denied access to (except to that bit of Cuba where the Guantanamo Naval Base is located); a nation where gay people were once given lobotomies to "cure" them; and where HIV+ Cubans were detained and segregated in guarded colonies away from the general public, could at least receive a little attention on the status of blacks in their nation.Fact: Twice as many African slaves were brought to Cuba than to the United States... twice!And what really bugs me, in my own pedantic hell, is how a bunch of historically and socially clueless American negotiators orchestrate deals with the leaders and the government of one of the world's most racist dictatorships (a government which talks a talk of equality while walking a walk of institutionalized racism against its own black population) without even mentioning the issue of racism.Cuba has a long and agonizing history of racial issues, starting with its long bloody history of slavery, which didn't end on the island until 1886, and continuing through its freedom from Spain, birth of the Republic, and the triumph of the Castro Revolution in 1959. It continues to this day. Cuba even had its own race war.

General Antonio Maceo, known as "the Bronze Titan." He was the true warrior leader of the Cuban Wars of Liberation. His father was white of French ancestry; his mother was black, of Dominican ancestry. After the first Cuban Liberation War ended in a truce with Spain, some say that Maceo was so disillusioned with the realities of life in Cuba as a black man, that he left Cuba and lived in Panama, until he was called back to lead the Cuban rebels in a new rebellion in 1895. He returned to Cuba and was killed in battle against the Spanish Army in 1896.

"I think silence is worse. The longer nothing is said, the more the racism fermenting underground is rotting the entire nation..."Gerardo Alfonsosinger/songwriterHavana

While the Cuban constitution of the 1940s (since then abolished by the Communist government) outlawed segregation and racism, and the current Cuban Constitution guarantees black Cubans the right to stay in any hotel and be served at any public establishment, as it has been documented by many foreign journalists, black Cubans will tell you in private that those rights exist only on paper. The harsh Cuban reality today, they claim, is that "black Cubans won't be served" and that Cubans, regardless of race are in general barred from places frequented by tourists.

Unfortunately, these things [disparities in the treatment of blacks and whites] are very common in Cuba.Ricardo Alarcón QuesadaPresident of the National Assembly of People's PowerCuban Parliament

Do these Cuban voices from within Cuba itself sound like the subjects of a government whose murdering tyrants' atrocities should be dealt in silence?, especially in view of our nation's own racial history? Would we be silent in dealing today with the criminal government leaders of the apartheid South Africa of the 20th century?

We have practically apartheid in this country sometimes... racism is deeply rooted in Cuba's history and will not disappear overnight.Rogelio Polanco FuentesDirectorCuban Communist Party-owned Juventud Rebelde newspaper.

Human rights and racism should be at the top of the agenda (if there's one) in our diplomatic discussions with the Havana tyrants. What will this "change" bring to the "permanentand shamefulpoliceharassment ofyoung Cubans of African descent inour streets..." - Leonardo Calvo Cardenas, Cuban National Vice-Coordinador of the Citizens' Committee for Racial Integration (Comité Ciudadanos por la Integración Racial (CIR))?

Oh wait, did you hear - the drug war was created just so they could pin stuff on black Americans!

What kind of imbecile thinks the Castros, even if they were "Supreme Leader Dictators" sit around making up laws to make life on blacks hard?

Paler shades have an easier time everywhere in the world - and white people made that world. Cept Zimbabwe, or Palestine. Israelis slaughter blonde blue-eyed people to get their land gas and water, no problem.

To the last commenter: focus... we are talking about racism in Cuba... focus on that Island and its brutalized black people... see if you can focus on this specific case only... without insulting Prof. Gates, Mr Robinson, and all the Cubans quoted here.... focus...

focus... we are talking about racism in Cuba... focus on that Island and its brutalized black people... see if you can focus on this specific case only... without insulting Prof. Gates, Mr Robinson, and all the Cubans quoted here.... focus...