Network Working Group J. Luciani
Request for Comments: 2334 Bay Networks
Category: Standards Track G. Armitage
Bellcore
J. Halpern
Newbridge
N. Doraswamy
Bay Networks
April 1998
Server Cache Synchronization Protocol (SCSP)
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes the Server Cache Synchronization Protocol
(SCSP) and is written in terms of SCSP's use within Non Broadcast
Multiple Access (NBMA) networks; although, a somewhat straight
forward usage is applicable to BMA networks. SCSP attempts to solve
the generalized cache synchronization/cache-replication problem for
distributed protocol entities. However, in this document, SCSP is
couched in terms of the client/server paradigm in which distributed
server entities, which are bound to a Server Group (SG) through some
means, wish to synchronize the contents (or a portion thereof) of
their caches which contain information about the state of clients
being served.
1. Introduction
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
document, are to be interpreted as described in [10].
It is perhaps an obvious goal for any protocol to not limit itself to
a single point of failure such as having a single server in a
client/server paradigm. Even when there are redundant servers, there
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still remains the problem of cache synchronization; i.e., when one
server becomes aware of a change in state of cache information then
that server must propagate the knowledge of the change in state to
all servers which are actively mirroring that state information.
Further, this must be done in a timely fashion without putting undue
resource strains on the servers. Assuming that the state information
kept in the server cache is the state of clients of the server, then
in order to minimize the burden placed upon the client it is also
highly desirable that clients need not have complete knowledge of all
servers which they may use. However, any mechanism for
synchronization should not preclude a client from having access to
several (or all) servers. Of course, any solution must be reasonably
scalable, capable of using some auto-configuration service, and lend
itself to a wide range of authentication methodologies.
This document describes the Server Cache Synchronization Protocol
(SCSP). SCSP solves the generalized server synchronization/cache-
replication problem while addressing the issues described above.
SCSP synchronizes caches (or a portion of the caches) of a set of
server entities of a particular protocol which are bound to a Server
Group (SG) through some means (e.g., all NHRP servers belonging to a
Logical IP Subnet (LIS)[1]). The client/server protocol which a
particular server uses is identified by a Protocol ID (PID). SGs are
identified by an ID which, not surprisingly, is called a SGID. Note,
therefore, that the combination PID/SGID identifies both the
client/server protocol for which the servers of the SG are being
synchronized as well as the instance of that protocol. This implies
that multiple instances of the same protocol may be in operation at
the same time and have their servers synchronized independently of
each other. An example of types of information that must be
synchronized can be seen in NHRP[2] using IP where the information
includes the registered clients' IP to NBMA mappings in the SG LIS.
The simplest way to understand SCSP is to understand that the
algorithm used here is quite similar to that used in OSPF[3]. In
fact, if the reader wishes to understand more details of the
tradeoffs and reliability aspects of SCSP, they should refer to the
Hello, Database Synchronization, and Flooding Procedures in OSPF [3].
As described later, the protocol goes through three phases. The
first, very brief phase is the hello phase where two devices
determine that they can talk to each other. Following that is
database synchronization. The operation of SCSP assumes that up to
the point when new information is received, two entities have the
same data available. The database synchronization phase ensures
this.
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In database synchronization, the two neighbors exchange summary
information about each entry in their database. Summaries are used
since the database itself is potentially quite large. Based on these
summaries, the neighbors can determine if there is information that
each needs from the other. If so, that is requested and provided.
Therefore, at the end of this phase of operation, the two neighbors
have the same data in their databases.
After that, the entities enter and remain in flooding state. In
flooding state, any new information that is learned is sent to all
neighbors, except the one (if any) that the information was learned
from. This causes all new information in the system to propagate to
all nodes, thus restoring the state that everyone knows the same
thing. Flooding is done reliably on each link, so no pattern of low
rate packet loss will cause a disruption. (Obviously, a sufficiently
high rate of packet loss will cause the entire neighbor relationship
to come down, but if the link does not work, then that is what one
wants.)
Because the database synchronization procedure is run whenever a link
comes up, the system robustly ensures that all participating nodes
have all available information. It properly recovers from
partitions, and copes with other failures.
The SCSP specification is not useful as a stand alone protocol. It
must be coupled with the use of an SCSP Protocol Specific
specification which defines how a given protocol would make use of
the synchronization primitives supplied by SCSP. Such specification
will be done in separate documents; e.g., [8] [9].
2. Overview
SCSP places no topological requirements upon the SG. Obviously,
however, the resultant graph must span the set of servers to be
synchronized. SCSP borrows its cache distribution mechanism from the
link state protocols [3,4]. However, unlike those technologies,
there is no mandatory Shortest Path First (SPF) calculation, and SCSP
imposes no additional memory requirements above and beyond that which
is required to save the cached information which would exist
regardless of the synchronization technology.
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In order to give a frame of reference for the following discussion,
the terms Local Server (LS), Directly Connected Server (DCS), and
Remote Server (RS) are introduced. The LS is the server under
scrutiny; i.e., all statements are made from the perspective of the
LS when discussing the SCSP protocol. The DCS is a server which is
directly connected to the LS; e.g., there exists a VC between the LS
and DCS. Thus, every server is a DCS from the point of view of every
other server which connects to it directly, and every server is an LS
which has zero or more DCSs directly connected to it. From the
perspective of an LS, an RS is a server, separate from the LS, which
is not directly connected to the LS (i.e., an RS is always two or
more hops away from an LS whereas a DCS is always one hop away from
an LS).
SCSP contains three sub protocols: the "Hello" protocol, the "Cache
Alignment" protocol, and the "Cache State Update" protocol. The
"Hello" protocol is used to ascertain whether a DCS is operational
and whether the connection between the LS and DCS is bidirectional,
unidirectional, or non-functional. The "Cache Alignment" (CA)
protocol allows an LS to synchronize its entire cache with that of
the cache of its DCSs. The "Cache State Update" (CSU) protocol is
used to update the state of cache entries in servers for a given SG.
Sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 contain a more in-depth explanation of the
Hello, CA, and CSU protocols and the messages they use.
SCSP based synchronization is performed on a per protocol instance
basis. That is, a separate instance of SCSP is run for each instance
of the given protocol running in a given box. The protocol is
identified in SCSP via a Protocol ID and the instance of the protocol
is identified by a Server Group ID (SGID). Thus the PID/SGID pair
uniquely identify an instance of SCSP. In general, this is not an
issue since it is seldom the case that many instances of a given
protocol (which is distributed and needs cache synchronization) are
running within the same physical box. However, when this is the
case, there is a mechanism called the Family ID (described briefly in
the Hello Protocol) which enables a substantial reduction in
maintenance traffic at little real cost in terms of control. The use
of the Family ID mechanism, when appropriate for a given protocol
which is using SCSP, will be fully defined in the given SCSP protocol
specific specification.
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+---------------+
| |
+------->| DOWN || UNIDIRECTIONAL|
| | | |
| CONNECTION |
RFC 2334 SCSP April 1998
The HFSM starts in the "Down" State and transitions to the "Waiting"
State after NBMA level connectivity has been established. Once in
the Waiting State, the LS starts sending Hello messages to the DCS.
The Hello message includes: a Sender ID which is set to the LS's ID
(LSID), zero or more Receiver IDs which identify the DCSs from which
the LS has recently heard a Hello message (as described below), and a
HelloInterval and DeadFactor which will be described below. At this
point, the DCS may or may not already be sending its own Hello
messages to the LS.
When the LS receives a Hello message from one of its DCSs, the LS
checks to see if its LSID is in one of the Receiver ID fields of that
message which it just received, and the LS saves the Sender ID from
that Hello message. If the LSID is in one of the Receiver ID fields
then the LS transitions the HFSM to the Bidirectional Connection
state otherwise it transitions the HFSM into the Unidirectional
Connection state. The Sender ID which was saved is the DCS's ID
(DCSID). At some point before the next time that the LS sends its
own Hello message to the DCS, the LS will check the saved DCSID
against a list of Receiver IDs which the LS uses when sending the
LS's own Hello messages. If the DCSID is not found in the list of
Receiver IDs then it is added to that list before the LS sends its
Hello message.
Hello messages also contain a HelloInterval and a DeadFactor. The
Hello interval advertises the time (in seconds) between sending of
consecutive Hello messages by the server which is sending the
"current" Hello message. That is, if the time between reception of
Hello messages from a DCS exceeds the HelloInterval advertised by
that DCS then the next Hello message is to be considered late by the
LS. If the LS does not receive a Hello message, which contains the
LS's LSID in one of the Receiver ID fields, within the interval
HelloInterval*DeadFactor seconds (where DeadFactor was advertised by
the DCS in a previous Hello message) then the LS MUST consider the
DCS to be stalled. At which point one of two things will happen: 1)
if any Hello messages have been received during the last
HelloInterval*DeadFactor seconds then the LS should transition the
HFSM for that DCS to the Unidirectional Connection State; otherwise,
the LS should transition the HFSM for that DCS to the Waiting State
and remove the DCSID from the Receiver ID list.
Note that the Hello Protocol is on a per PID/SGID basis. Thus, for
example, if there are two servers (one in SG A and the other in SG B)
associated with an NBMA address X and another two servers (also one
in SG A and the other in SG B) associated with NBMA address Y and
there is a suitable point-to-point VC between the NBMA addresses then
there are two HFSMs running on each side of the VC (one per
PID/SGID).
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Hello messages contain a list of Receiver IDs instead of a single
Receiver ID in order to make use of point to multipoint connections.
While there is an HFSM per DCS, an LS MUST send only a single Hello
message to its DCSs attached as leaves of a point to multipoint
connection. The LS does this by including DCSIDs in the list of
Receiver IDs when the LS's sends its next Hello message. Only the
DCSIDs from non-stalled DCSs from which the LS has heard a Hello
message are included.
Any abnormal event, such as receiving a malformed SCSP message,
causes the HFSM to transition to the Waiting State; however, a loss
of NBMA connectivity causes the HFSM to transition to the Down State.
Until the HFSM is in the Bidirectional Connection State, if any
properly formed SCSP messages other than Hello messages are received
then those messages MUST be ignored (this is for the case where, for
example, there is a point to multipoint connection involved).
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+------------+
| |
+--->| DOWN |
| | |
| +------------+
| |
^ |
| @
| +------------+
| |Master/Slave|
|--|
| | Summarize | |
| +------------+ |
| | |
^ | ^
| @ |
| +------------+ |
| | Update | |
|--|
| | Cache | |
| +------------+ |
| | |
^ | ^
| @ |
| +------------+ |
| | | |
+--+
| |
+------------+
Figure 2: Cache Alignment Finite State Machine
2.2 Cache Alignment Protocol
"Cache Alignment" (CA) messages are used by an LS to synchronize its
cache with that of the cache of each of its DCSs. That is, CA
messages allow a booting LS to synchronize with each of its DCSs. A
CA message contains a CA header followed by zero or more Cache State
Advertisement Summary records (CSAS records).
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An LS has a Cache Alignment Finite State Machine (CAFSM) associated
(see Figure 2) with each of its DCSs on a per PID/SGID basis, and the
CAFSM monitors the state of the cache alignment between the servers.
The CAFSM starts in the Down State. The CAFSM is associated with an
HFSM, and when that HFSM reaches the Bidirectional State, the CAFSM
transitions to the Master/Slave Negotiation State. The Master/Slave
Negotiation State causes either the LS or DCS to take on the role of
master over the cache alignment process. In a sense, the master
server sets the tempo for the cache alignment.
When the LS's CAFSM reaches the Master/Slave Negotiation State, the
LS will send a CA message to the DCS associated with the CAFSM. The
format of CA messages are described in Section B.2.1. The first CA
message which the LS sends includes no CSAS records and a CA header
which contains the LSID in the Sender ID field, the DCSID in the
Receiver ID field, a CA sequence number, and three bits. These three
bits are the M (Master/Slave) bit, the I (Initialization of master)
bit, and the O (More) bit. In the first CA message sent by the LS to
a particular DCS, the M, O, and I bits are set to one. If the LS
does not receive a CA message from the DCS in CAReXmtInterval seconds
then it resends the CA message it just sent. The LS continues to do
this until the CAFSM transitions to the Cache Summarize State or
until the HFSM transitions out of the Bidirectional State. Any time
the HFSM transitions out of the Bidirectional State, the CAFSM
transitions to the Down State.
2.2.1 Master Slave Negotiation State
When the LS receives a CA message from the DCS while in the
Master/Slave Negotiation State, the role the LS plays in the exchange
depends on packet processing as follows:
1) If the CA from the DCS has the M, I, and O bits set to one and
there are no CSAS records in the CA message and the Sender ID
as specified in the DCS's CA message is larger than the LSID then
a) The timer counting down the CAReXmtInterval is stopped.
b) The CAFSM corresponding to that DCS transitions to the
Cache Summarize State and the LS takes on the role of slave.
c) The LS adopts the CA sequence number it received in the CA
message as its own CA sequence number.
d) The LS sends a CA message to the DCS which is formated as
follows: the M and I bits are set to zero, the Sender ID field
is set to the LSID, the Receiver ID field is set to the DCSID,
and the CA sequence number is set to the CA sequence number that
appeared in the DCS's CA message. If there are CSAS records to
be sent (i.e., if the LS's cache is not empty), and if all of
them will not fit into this CA message then the O bit is set to
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one and the initial set of CSAS records are included in the CA
message; otherwise the O bit is set to zero and if any CSAS
Records need to be sent then those records are included in the
CA message.
2) If the CA message from the DCS has the M and I bits off and the
Sender ID as specified in the DCS's CA message is smaller than
the LSID then
a) The timer counting down the CAReXmtInterval is stopped.
b) The CAFSM corresponding to that DCS transitions to the
Cache Summarize State and the LS takes on the role of master.
c) The LS must process the received CA message.
An explanation of CA message processing is given below.
d) The LS sends a CA message to the DCS which is formated as
follows: the M bit is set to one, I bit is set to zero, the
Sender ID field is set to the LSID, the Receiver ID field is set
to the DCSID, and the LS's current CA sequence number is
incremented by one and placed in the CA message. If there are
any CSAS records to be sent from the LS to the DCS (i.e., if the
LS's cache is not empty) then the O bit is set to one and the
initial set of CSAS records are included in the CA message that
the LS is sending to the DCS.
3) Otherwise, the packet must be ignored.
2.2.2 The Cache Summarize State
At any given time, the master or slave have at most one outstanding
CA message. Once the LS's CAFSM has transitioned to the Cache
Summarize State the sequence of exchanges of CA messages occurs as
follows:
1) If the LS receives a CA message with the M bit set incorrectly
(e.g., the M bit is set in the CA of the DCS and the LS is master)
or if the I bit is set then the CAFSM transitions back to the
Master/Slave Negotiation State.
2) If the LS is master and the LS receives a CA message with a
CA sequence number which is one less than the LS's current
CA sequence number then the message is a duplicate and the message
MUST be discarded.
3) If the LS is master and the LS receives a CA message with a
CA sequence number which is equal to the LS's current CA sequence
number then the CA message MUST be processed. An explanation of
"CA message processing" is given below. As a result of having
received the CA message from the DCS the following will occur:
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a) The timer counting down the CAReXmtInterval is stopped.
b) The LS must process any CSAS records in the received CA message.
c) Increment the LS's CA sequence number by one.
d) The cache exchange continues as follows:
1) If the LS has no more CSAS records to send and the received CA
message has the O bit off then the CAFSM transitions to the
Update Cache State.
2) If the LS has no more CSAS records to send and the received CA
message has the O bit on then the LS sends back a CA message
(with new CA sequence number) which contains no CSAS records
and with the O bit off. Reset the timer counting down the
CAReXmtInterval.
3) If the LS has more CSAS records to send then the LS sends the
next CA message with the LS's next set of CSAS records. If LS
is sending its last set of CSAS records then the O bit is set
off otherwise the O bit is set on. Reset the timer counting
down the CAReXmtInterval.
4) If the LS is slave and the LS receives a CA message with a
CA sequence number which is equal to the LS's current
CA sequence number then the CA message is a duplicate and the
LS MUST resend the CA message which it had just sent to the DCS.
5) If the LS is slave and the LS receives a CA message with a
CA sequence number which is one more than the LS's current
CA sequence number then the message is valid and MUST be
processed. An explanation of "CA message processing" is given
below. As a result of having received the CA message from the
DCS the following will occur:
a) The LS must process any CSAS records in the received CA message.
b) Set the LS's CA sequence number to the CA sequence number in the
CA message.
c) The cache exchange continues as follows:
1) If the LS had just sent a CA message with the O bit off and
the received CA message has the O bit off then the CAFSM
transitions to the Update Cache State and the LS sends a CA
message with no CSAS records and with the O bit off.
2) If the LS still has CSAS records to send then the LS MUST send
a CA message with CSAS records in it.
a) If the message being sent from the LS to the DCS does not
contain the last CSAS records that the LS needs to send
then the CA message is sent with the O bit on.
b) If the message being sent from the LS to the DCS does
contain the last CSAS records that the LS needs to
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send and the CA message just received from the DCS had the
O bit off then the CA message is sent with the O bit off,
and the LS transitions the CAFSM to the Update Cache State.
c) If the message being sent from the LS to the DCS does
contain the last CSAS records that the LS needs to send
and the CA message just received from the DCS had the O bit
on then the CA message is sent with the O bit off and the
alignment process continues.
6) If the LS is slave and the LS receives a CA message with a
CA sequence number that is neither equal to nor one more than
the current LS's CA sequence number then an error has occurred
and the CAFSM transitions to the Master/Slave Negotiation State.
Note that if the LS was slave during the CA process then the LS upon
transitioning the CAFSM to the Update Cache state MUST keep a copy of
the last CA message it sent and the LS SHOULD set a timer equal to
CAReXmtInterval. If either the timer expires or the LS receives a CSU
Solicit (CSUS) message (CSUS messages are described in Section 2.2.3)
from the DCS then the LS releases the copy of the CA message. The
reason for this is that if the DCS (which is master) loses the last
CA message sent by the LS then the DCS will resend its previous CA
message with the last CA Sequence number used. If that were to occur
the LS would need to resend its last sent CA message as well.
2.2.2.1 "CA message processing":
The LS makes a list of those cache entries which are more "up to
date" in the DCS than the LS's own cache. This list is called the
CSA Request List (CRL). See Section 2.4 for a description of what it
means for a CSA (Client State Advertisement) record or CSAS record to
be more "up to date" than an LS's cache entry.
2.2.3 The Update Cache State
If the CRL of the associated CAFSM of the LS is empty upon transition
into the Update Cache State then the CAFSM immediately transitions
into the Aligned State.
If the CRL is not empty upon transition into the Update Cache State
then the LS solicits the DCS to send the CSA records corresponding to
the summaries (i.e., CSAS records) which the LS holds in its CRL. The
solicited CSA records will contain the entirety of the cached
information held in the DCS's cache for the given cache entry. The
LS solicits the relevant CSA records by forming CSU Solicit (CSUS)
messages from the CRL. See Section B.2.4 for the description of the
CSUS message format. The LS then sends the CSUS messages to the DCS.
The DCS responds to the CSUS message by sending to the LS one or more
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CSU Request messages containing the entirety of newer cached
information identified in the CSUS message. Upon receiving the CSU
Request the LS will send one or more CSU Replies as described in
Section 2.3. Note that the LS may have at most one CSUS message
outstanding at any given time.
Just before the first CSUS message is sent from an LS to the DCS
associated with the CAFSM, a timer is set to CSUSReXmtInterval
seconds. If all the CSA records corresponding to the CSAS records in
the CSUS message have not been received by the time that the timer
expires then a new CSUS message will be created which contains all
the CSAS records for which no appropriate CSA record has been
received plus additional CSAS records not covered in the previous
CSUS message. The new CSUS message is then sent to the DCS. If, at
some point before the timer expires, all CSA record updates have been
received for all the CSAS records included in the previously sent
CSUS message then the timer is stopped. Once the timer is stopped,
if there are additional CSAS records that were not covered in the
previous CSUS message but were in the CRL then the timer is reset and
a new CSUS message is created which contains only those CSAS records
from the CRL which have not yet been sent to the DCS. This process
continues until all the CSA records corresponding CSAS records that
were in the CRL have been received by the LS. When the LS has a
completely updated cache then the LS transitions CAFSM associated
with the DCS to the Aligned State.
If an LS receives a CSUS message or a CA message with a Receiver ID
which is not the LS's LSID then the message must be discarded and
ignored. This is necessary since an LS may be a leaf of a point to
multipoint connection with other servers in the SG.
2.2.4 The Aligned State
While in the Aligned state, an LS will perform the Cache State Update
Protocol as described in Section 2.3.
Note that an LS may receive a CSUS message while in the Aligned State
and, the LS MUST respond to the CSUS message with the appropriate CSU
Request message in a similar fashion to the method previously
described in Section 2.2.3.
2.3 Cache State Update Protocol
"Cache State Update" (CSU) messages are used to dynamically update
the state of cache entries in servers on a given PID/SGID basis. CSU
messages contain zero or more "Cache State Advertisement" (CSA)
records each of which contains its own snapshot of the state of a
particular cache entry. An LS may send/receive a CSU to/from a DCS
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only when the corresponding CAFSM is in either the Aligned State or
the Update Cache State.
There are two types of CSU messages: CSU Requests and CSU Replies.
See Sections B.2.2 and B.2.3 respectively for message formats. A CSU
Request message is sent from an LS to one or more DCSs for one of two
reasons: either the LS has received a CSUS message and MUST respond
only to the DCS which originated the CSUS message, or the LS has
become aware of a change of state of a cache entry. An LS becomes
aware of a change of state of a cache entry either through receiving
a CSU Request from one of its DCSs or as a result of a change of
state being observed in a cached entry originated by the LS. In the
former case, the LS will send a CSU Request to each of its DCSs
except the DCS from which the LS became aware of the change in state.
In the latter case, the LS will send a CSU Request to each of its
DCSs. The change in state of a particular cache entry is noted in a
CSA record which is then appended to the end of the CSU Request
message mandatory part. In this way, state changes are propagated
throughout the SG.
Examples of such changes in state are as follows:
1) a server receives a request from a client to add an entry to
its cache,
2) a server receives a request from a client to remove an entry
from its cache,
3) a cache entry has timed out in the server's cache, has been
refreshed in the server's cache, or has been administratively
modified.
When an LS receives a CSU Request from one of its DCSs, the LS
acknowledges one or more CSA Records which were contained in the CSU
Request by sending a CSU Reply. The CSU Reply contains one or more
CSAS records which correspond to those CSA records which are being
acknowledged. Thus, for example, if a CSA record is dropped (or
delayed in processing) by the LS because there are insufficient
resources to process it then a corresponding CSAS record is not
included in the CSU Reply to the DCS.
Note that an LS may send multiple CSU Request messages before
receiving a CSU Reply acknowledging any of the CSA Records contained
in the CSU Requests. Note also that a CSU Reply may contain
acknowledgments for CSA Records from multiple CSU Requests. Thus,
the terms "request" and "reply" may be a bit confusing.
Note that a CSA Record contains a CSAS Record followed by
client/server protocol specific information contained in a cache
entry (see Section B.2.0.2 for CSAS record format information and
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Section B.2.2.1 for CSA record format information). When a CSA
record is considered by the LS to represent cached information which
is more "up to date" (see Section 2.4) than the cached information
contained within the cache of the LS then two things happen: 1) the
LS's cache is updated with the more up to date information, and 2)
the LS sends a CSU Request containing the CSA Record to each of its
DCSs except the one from which the CSA Record arrived. In this way,
state changes are propagated within the PID/SGID. Of course, at some
point, the LS will also acknowledge the reception of the CSA Record
by sending the appropriate DCS a CSU Reply message containing the
corresponding CSAS Record.
When an LS sends a new CSU Request, the LS keeps track of the
outstanding CSA records in that CSU Request and to which DCSs the LS
sent the CSU Request. For each DCS to which the CSU Request was
sent, a timer set to CSUReXmtInterval seconds is started just prior
to sending the CSU Request. This timer is associated with the CSA
Records contained in that CSU Request such that if that timer expires
prior to having all CSA Records acknowledged from that DCS then (and
only then) a CSU Request is re-sent by the LS to that DCS. However,
the re-sent CSU Request only contains those CSA Records which have
not yet been acknowledged. If all CSA Records associated with a
timer becomes acknowledged then the timer is stopped. Note that the
re-sent CSA Records follow the same time-out and retransmit rules as
if they were new. Retransmission will occur a configured number of
times for a given CSA Record and if acknowledgment fails to occur
then an "abnormal event" has occurred at which point the then the
HFSM associated with the DCS is transitioned to the Waiting State.
A CSA Record instance is said to be on a "DCS retransmit queue" when
it is associated with the previously mentioned timer. Only the most
up-to-date CSA Record is permitted to be queued to a given DCS
retransmit queue. Thus, if a less up-to-date CSA Record is queued to
the DCS retransmit queue when a newer CSA Record instance is about to
be queued to that DCS retransmit queue then the older CSA Record
instance is dequeued and disassociated with its timer immediately
prior to enqueuing the newer instance of the CSA Record.
When an LS receives a CSU Reply from one of its DCSs then the LS
checks each CSAS record in the CSU Reply against the CSAS Record
portion of the CSA Records which are queued to the DCS retransmit
queue.
1) If there exists an exact match between the CSAS record portion
of the CSA record and a CSAS Record in the CSU Reply then
that CSA Record is considered to be acknowledged and is thus
dequeued from the DCS retransmit queue and is
disassociated with its timer.
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2) If there exists a match between the CSAS record portion
of the CSA record and a CSAS Record in the CSU Reply except
for the CSA Sequence number then
a) If the CSA Record queued to the DCS retransmit queue has a
CSA Sequence Number which is greater than the
CSA Sequence Number in the CSAS Record of the the CSU Reply
then the CSAS Record in the CSU Reply is ignored.
b) If the CSA Record queued to the DCS retransmit queue has a
CSA Sequence Number which is less than the
CSA Sequence Number in the CSAS Record of the the CSU Reply
then CSA Record which is queued to the DCS retransmit queue is
dequeued and the CSA Record is disassociated with its timer.
Further, a CSUS Message is sent to that DCS which sent the
more up-to-date CSAS Record. All normal CSUS processing
occurs as if the CSUS were sent as part of the CA protocol.
When an LS receives a CSU Request message which contains a CSA Record
which contains a CSA Sequence Number which is smaller than the CSA
Sequence number of the cached CSA then the LS MUST acknowledge the
CSA record in the CSU Request but it MUST do so by sending a CSU
Reply message containing the CSAS Record portion of the CSA Record
stored in the cache and not the CSAS Record portion of the CSA Record
contained in the CSU Request.
An LS responds to CSUS messages from its DCSs by sending CSU Request
messages containing the appropriate CSA records to the DCS. If an LS
receives a CSUS message containing a CSAS record for an entry which
is no longer in its database (e.g., the entry timed out and was
discarded after the Cache Alignment exchange completed but before the
entry was requested through a CSUS message), then the LS will respond
by copying the CSAS Record from the CSUS message into a CSU Request
message and the LS will set the N bit signifying that this record is
a NULL record since the cache entry no longer exists in the LS's
cache. Note that in this case, the "CSA Record" included in the CSU
Request to signify the NULL cache entry is literally only a CSAS
Record since no client/server protocol specific information exists
for the cache entry.
If an LS receives a CSA Record in a CSU Request from a DCS for which
the LS has an identical CSA record posted to the corresponding DCS's
DCS retransmit queue then the CSA Record on the DCS retransmit queue
is considered to be implicitly acknowledged. Thus, the CSA Record is
dequeued from the DCS retransmit queue and is disassociated with its
timer. The CSA Record sent by the DCS MUST still be acknowledged by
the LS in a CSU Reply, however. This is useful in the case of point
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to multipoint connections where the rule that "when an LS receives a
CSA record from a DCS, that LS floods the CSA Record to every DCS
except the DCS from which it was received" might be broken.
If an LS receives a CSU with a Receiver ID which is not equal to the
LSID and is not set to all 0xFFs then the CSU must be discarded and
ignored. This is necessary since the LS may be a leaf of a point to
multipoint connection with other servers in the LS's SG.
An LS MAY send a CSU Request to the all 0xFFs Receiver ID when the LS
is a root of a point to multipoint connection with a set of its DCSs.
If an LS receives a CSU Request with the all 0xFFs Receiver ID then
it MUST use the Sender ID in the CSU Request as the Receiver ID of
the CSU Reply (i.e., it MUST unicast its response to the sender of
the request) when responding. If the LS wishes to send a CSU Request
to the all 0xFFs Receiver ID then it MUST create a time-out and
retransmit timer for each of the DCSs which are leaves of the point
to multipoint connection prior to sending the CSU Request. If in
this case, the time-out and retransmit timer expires for a given DCS
prior to acknowledgment of a given CSA Record then the LS MUST use
the specific DCSID as the Receiver ID rather than the all 0xFFs
Receiver ID. Similarly, if it is necessary to re-send a CSA Record
then the LS MUST specify the specific DCSID as the Receiver ID rather
than the all 0xFFs Receiver ID.
Note that if a set of servers are in a full mesh of point to
multipoint connections, and one server of that mesh sends a CSU
Request into that full mesh, and the sending server sends the CSA
Records in the CSU Request to the all 0xFFs Receiver ID then it would
not be necessary for every other server in the mesh to source their
own CSU Request containing those CSA Records into the mesh in order
to properly flood the CSA Records. This is because every server in
the mesh would have heard the CSU Request and would have processed
the included CSA Records as appropriate. Thus, a server in a full
mesh could consider the mesh to be a single logical port and so the
rule that "when an LS receives a CSA record from a DCS, that LS
floods the CSA Record to every DCS except the DCS from which it was
received" is not broken. A receiving server in the full mesh would
still need to acknowledge the CSA records with CSU Reply messages
which contain the LSID of the replying server as the Sender ID and
the ID of the server which sent the CSU Request as the Receiver ID
field. In the time out and retransmit case, the Receiver ID of the
CSU Request would be set to the specific DCSID which did not
acknowledge the CSA Record (as opposed to the all 0xFFs Receiver ID).
Since a full mesh emulates a broadcast media for the servers attached
to the full mesh, use of SCSP on a broadcast medium might use this
technique as well. Further discussion of this use of a full mesh or
use of a broadcast media is left to the client/server protocol
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specific documents.
2.4 The meaning of "More Up To Date"/"Newness"
During the cache alignment process and during normal CSU processing,
a CSAS Record is compared against the contents of an LS's cache entry
to decide whether the information contained in the record is more "up
to date" than the corresponding cache entry of the LS.
There are three pieces of information which are used in determining
whether a record contains information which is more "up to date" than
the information contained in the cache entry of an LS which is
processing the record: 1) the Cache Key, 2) the Originator which is
described by an Originator ID (OID), and 3) the CSA Sequence number.
See Section B.2.0.2 for more information on these fields.
Given these three pieces of information, a CSAS record (be it part of
a CSA Record or be it stand-alone) is considered to be more "up to
date" than the information contained in the cache of an LS if all of
the following are true:
1) The Cache Key in the CSAS Record matches the stored Cache Key
in the LS's cache entry,
2) The OID in the CSAS Record matches the stored OID
in the LS's cache entry,
3) The CSA Sequence Number in the CSAS Record is greater than
CSA Sequence Number in the LS's cache entry.
Discussion and Conclusions
While the above text is couched in terms of synchronizing the
knowledge of the state of a client within the cache of servers
contained in a SG, this solution generalizes easily to any number of
database synchronization problems (e.g., LECS synchronization).
SCSP defines a generic flooding protocol. There are a number of
related issues relative to cache maintenance and topology maintenance
which are more appropriately defined in the client/server protocol
specific documents; for example, it might be desirable to define a
generic cache entry time-out mechanism for a given protocol or to
advertise adjacency information between servers so that one could
obtain a topo-map of the servers in a SG. When mechanisms like these
are desirable, they will be defined in the client/server protocol
specific documents.
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Appendix A: Terminology and Definitions
CA Message - Cache Alignment Message
These messages allow an LS to synchronize its entire cache with
that of the cache of one of its DCSs.
CAFSM - Cache Alignment Finite State Machine
The CAFSM monitors the state of the cache alignment between an LS
and a particular DCS. There exists one CAFSM per DCS as seen from
an LS.
CSA Record - Cache State Advertisement Record
A CSA is a record within a CSU message which identifies an update
to the status of a "particular" cache entry.
CSAS Record - Cache State Advertisement Summary Record
A CSAS contains a summary of the information in a CSA. A server
will send CSAS records describing its cache entries to another
server during the cache alignment process. CSAS records are also
included in a CSUS messages when an LS wants to request the entire
CSA from the DCS. The LS is requesting the CSA from the DCS
because the LS believes that the DCS has a more recent view of the
state of the cache entry in question.
CSU Message - Cache State Update message
This is a message sent from an LS to its DCSs when the LS becomes
aware of a change in state of a cache entry.
CSUS Message - Cache State Update Solicit Message
This message is sent by an LS to its DCS after the LS and DCS have
exchanged CA messages. The CSUS message contains one or more CSAS
records which represent solicitations for entire CSA records (as
opposed to just the summary information held in the CSAS).
DCS - Directly Connected Server
The DCS is a server which is directly connected to the LS; e.g.,
there exists a VC between the LS and DCS. This term, along with the
terms LS and RS, is used to give a frame of reference when talking
about servers and their synchronization. Unless explicitly stated
to the contrary, there is no implied difference in functionality
between a DCS, LS, and RS.
HFSM - Hello Finite State Machine
An LS has a HFSM associated with each of its DCSs. The HFSM
monitors the state of the connectivity between the LS and a
particular DCS.
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LS - Local Server
The LS is the server under scrutiny; i.e., all statements are made
from the perspective of the LS. This term, along with the terms
DCS and RS, is used to give a frame of reference when talking about
servers and their synchronization. Unless explicitly stated to the
contrary, there is no implied difference in functionality between a
DCS, LS, and RS.
LSID - Local Server ID
The LSID is a unique token that identifies an LS. This value might
be taken from the protocol address of the LS.
PID - Protocol ID
This field contains an identifier which identifies the
client/server protocol which is making use of SCSP for the given
message. The assignment of Protocol IDs for this field is given
over to IANA as described in Section C.
RS - Remote Server (RS)
From the perspective of an LS, an RS is a server, separate from the
LS, which is not directly connected to the LS (i.e., an RS is
always two or more hops away from an LS whereas a DCS is always one
hop away from an LS). Unless otherwise stated an RS refers to a
server in the SG. This term, along with the terms LS and DCS, is
used to give a frame of reference when talking about servers and
their synchronization. Unless explicitly stated to the contrary,
there is no implied difference in functionality between a DCS, LS,
and RS.
SG - Server Group
The SCSP synchronizes caches (or a portion of the caches) of a set
of server entities which are bound to a SG through some means
(e.g., all servers belonging to a Logical IP Subnet (LIS)[1]).
Thus an SG is just a grouping of servers around some commonality.
SGID - Server Group ID
This ID is a 16 bit identification field that uniquely identifies
the instance client/server protocol for which the servers of the SG
are being synchronized. This implies that multiple instances of
the same protocol may be in operation at the same time and have
their servers synchronized independently of each other.
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Appendix B: SCSP Message Formats
This section of the appendix includes the message formats for SCSP.
SCSP protocols are LLC/SNAP encapsulated with an LLC=0xAA-AA-03 and
OUI=0x00-00-5e and PID=0x00-05.
SCSP has 3 parts to every packet: the fixed part, the mandatory part,
and the extensions part. The fixed part of the message exists in
every packet and is shown below. The mandatory part is specific to
the particular message type (i.e., CA, CSU Request/Reply, Hello,
CSUS) and, it includes (among other packet elements) a Mandatory
Common Part and zero or more records each of which contains
information pertinent to the state of a particular cache entry
(except in the case of a Hello message) whose information is being
synchronized within a SG. The extensions part contains the set of
extensions for the SCSP message.
In the following message formats, the fields marked as "unused" MUST
be set to zero upon transmission of such a message and ignored upon
receipt of such a message.
B.1 Fixed Part
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Version | Type Code | Packet Size |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Start Of Extensions |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Version
This is the version of the SCSP protocol being used. The current
version is 1.
Type Code
This is the code for the message type (e.g., Hello (5), CSU
Request(2), CSU Reply(3), CSUS (4), CA (1)).
Packet Size
The total length of the SCSP packet, in octets (excluding link
layer and/or other protocol encapsulation).
Checksum
The standard IP checksum over the entire SCSP packet starting at
the fixed header. If the packet is an odd number of bytes in
length then this calculation is performed as if a byte set to 0x00
is appended to the end of the packet.
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Start Of Extensions
This field is coded as zero when no extensions are present in the
message. If extensions are present then this field will be coded
with the offset from the top of the fixed header to the beginning
of the first extension.
B.2.0 Mandatory Part
The mandatory part of the SCSP packet contains the operation specific
information for a given message type (e.g., SCSP Cache State Update
Request/Reply, etc.), and it includes (among other packet elements) a
Mandatory Common Part (described in Section B.2.0.1) and zero or more
records each of which contains information pertinent to the state of
a particular cache entry (except in the case of a Hello message)
whose information is being synchronized within a SG. These records
may, depending on the message type, be either Cache State
Advertisement Summary (CSAS) Records (described in Section B.2.0.2)
or Cache State Advertisement (CSA) Records (described in Section
B.2.2.1). CSA Records contain a summary of a cache entry's
information (i.e., a CSAS Record) plus some additional client/server
protocol specific information. The mandatory common part format and
CSAS Record format is shown immediately below, prior to showing their
use in SCSP messages, in order to prevent replication within the
message descriptions.
B.2.0.1 Mandatory Common Part
Sections B.2.1 through B.2.5 have a substantial overlap in format.
This overlapping format is called the mandatory common part and its
format is shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Protocol ID | Server Group ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| unused | Flags |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sender ID Len | Recvr ID Len | Number of Records |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sender ID (variable length) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receiver ID (variable length) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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Protocol ID
This field contains an identifier which identifies the
client/server protocol which is making use of SCSP for the given
message. The assignment of Protocol IDs for this field is given
over to IANA as described in Section C. Protocols with current
documents have the following defined values:
1 - ATMARP
2 - NHRP
3 - MARS
4 - DHCP
5 - LNNI
Server Group ID
This ID is uniquely identifies the instance of a given
client/server protocol for which servers are being synchronized.
Flags
The Flags field is message specific, and its use will be described
in the specific message format sections below.
Sender ID Len
This field holds the length in octets of the Sender ID.
Recvr ID Len
This field holds the length in octets of the Receiver ID.
Number of Records
This field contains the number of additional records associated
with the given message. The exact format of these records is
specific to the message and will be described for each message type
in the sections below.
Sender ID
This is an identifier assigned to the server which is sending the
given message. One possible assignment might be the protocol
address of the sending server.
Receiver ID
This is an identifier assigned to the server which is to receive
the given message. One possible assignment might be the protocol
address of the server which is to receive the given message.
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B.2.0.2 Cache State Advertisement Summary Record (CSAS record)
CSAS records contain a summary of information contained in a cache
entry of a given client/server database which is being synchronized
through the use of SCSP. The summary includes enough information for
SCSP to look into the client/server database for the appropriate
database cache entry and then compare the "newness" of the summary
against the "newness" of the cached entry.
Note that CSAS records do not contain a Server Group ID (SGID) nor do
they contain a Protocol ID. These IDs are necessary to identify
which protocol and which instance of that protocol for which the
summary is applicable. These IDs are present in the mandatory common
part of each message.
Note also that the values of the Hop Count and Record Length fields
of a CSAS Record are dependent on whether the CSAS record exists as a
"stand-alone" record or whether the CSAS record is "embedded" in CSA
Record. This is further described below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop Count | Record Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cache Key Len | Orig ID Len |N| unused |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSA Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cache Key ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Originator ID ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Hop Count
This field represents the number of hops that the record may take
before being dropped. Thus, at each server that the record
traverses, the Hop Count is decremented. This field is set to 1
when the CSAS record is a "stand-alone" record (i.e., it is not
embedded within a CSA record) since summaries do not go beyond one
hop during the cache alignment process. If a CSAS record is
"embedded" within a CSA record then the Hop Count is set to an
administratively defined value which is almost certainly greater
than or equal to the the cardinality of the SG minus one. Note
that an exception to the previous rule occurs when the CSA Record
is carried within a CSU Request which was sent in response to a
solicitation (i.e., in response to a CSAS Record which was sent in
a CSUS message); in which case, the Hop Count SHOULD be set to 1.
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Record Length
If the CSAS record is a "stand-alone" record then this value is
12+"Cache Key Leng"+"Orig ID Len" in bytes; otherwise, this value
is set to 12+"Cache Key Leng"+"Orig ID Len"+ sizeof("Client/Server
Protocol Specific Part for cache entry"). The size of the
Client/Server Protocol Specific Part may be obtained from the
client/server protocol specific document for the given Protocol ID.
Cache Key Len
Length of the Cache Key field in bytes.
Orig ID Len.
Length of the Originator ID field in bytes.
N
The "N" bit signifies that this CSAS Record is actually a Null
record. This bit is only used in a CSAS Record contained in a CSU
Request/Reply which is sent in response to a CSUS message. It is
possible that an LS may receive a solicitation for a CSA record
when the cache entry represented by the solicited CSA Record no
longer exists in the LS's cache (see Section 2.3 for details). In
this case, the LS copies the CSAS Record directly from the CSUS
message into the CSU Request, and the LS sets the N bit signifying
that the cache entry does not exist any longer. The DCS which
solicited the CSA record which no longer exists will still respond
with a CSU Reply. This bit is usually set to zero.
CSA Sequence Number
This field contains a sequence number that identifies the "newness"
of a CSA record instance being summarized. A "larger" sequence
number means a more recent advertisement. Thus, if the state of
part (or all) of a cache entry needs to be updated then the CSA
record advertising the new state MUST contain a CSA Sequence Number
which is larger than the one corresponding to the previous
advertisement. This number is assigned by the originator of the
CSA record. The CSA Sequence Number may be assigned by the
originating server or by the client which caused its server to
advertise its existence.
The CSA Sequence Number is a signed 32 bit number. Within the CSA
Sequence Number space, the number -2^31 (0x80000000) is reserved.
Thus, the usable portion of the CSA Sequence Number space for a
given Cache Key is between the numbers -2^31+1 (0x80000001) and
2^31-1 (0x7fffffff). An LS uses -2^31+1 the first time it
originates a CSA Record for a cache entry that it created. Each
time the cache entry is modified in some manner and when that
modification needs to be synchronized with the other servers in the
SG, the LS increments the CSA Sequence number associated with the
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given Cache Key and uses that new CSA Sequence Number when
advertising the update. If it is ever the case that a given CSA
Sequence Number has reached 2^31-2 and the associated cache entry
has been modified such that an update must be sent to the rest of
the servers in the SG then the given cache entry MUST first be
purged from the SG by the LS by sending a CSA Record which causes
the cache entry to be removed from other servers and this CSA
Record carries a CSA Sequence Number of 2^31-1. The exact packet
format and mechanism by which a cache entry is purged is defined in
the appropriate protocol specific document. After the purging CSA
Record has been acknowledged by each DCS, an LS will then send a
new CSA Record carrying the updated information, and this new CSA
Record will carry a CSA Sequence Number of -2^31+1.
After a restart occurs and after the restarting LS's CAFSM has
achieved the Aligned state, if an update to an existing cache entry
needs to be synchronized or a new cache entry needs to be
synchronized then the ensuing CSA Record MUST contain a CSA
Sequence Number which is unique within the SG for the given OID and
Cache Key. The RECOMMENDED method of obtaining this number (unless
explicitly stated to the contrary in the protocol specific
document) is to set the CSA Sequence Number in the CSA Record to
the CSA Sequence Number associated with the existing cache entry
(if an out of date cache entry already exists and zero if not) plus
a configured constant. Note that the protocol specific document
may require that all cache entries containing the OID of the
restarting LS be purged prior to updating the cache entries; in
this case, the updating CSA Record will still contain a CSA
Sequence Number set to the CSA Sequence Number associated with the
previously existing cache entry plus a configured constant.
Cache Key
This is a database lookup key that uniquely identifies a piece of
data which the originator of a CSA Record wishes to synchronize
with its peers for a given "Protocol ID/Server Group ID" pair.
This key will generally be a small opaque byte string which SCSP
will associate with a given piece of data in a cache. Thus, for
example, an originator might assign a particular 4 byte string to
the binding of an IP address with that of an ATM address.
Generally speaking, the originating server of a CSA record is
responsible for generating a Cache Key for every element of data
that the the given server originates and which the server wishes to
synchronize with its peers in the SG.
Originator ID
This field contains an ID administratively assigned to the server
which is the originator of CSA Records.
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B.2.1 Cache Alignment (CA)
The Cache Alignment (CA) message allows an LS to synchronize its
entire cache with that of the cache of its DCSs within a server
group. The CA message type code is 1. The CA message mandatory part
format is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CA Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mandatory Common Part |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSAS Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.......
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSAS Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
CA Sequence Number
A value which provides a unique identifier to aid in the sequencing
of the cache alignment process. A "larger" sequence number means a
more recent CA message. The slave server always copies the
sequence number from the master server's previous CA message into
its current CA message which it is sending and the the slave
acknowledges the master's CA message. Since the initial CA process
is lock-step, if the slave does not receive the same sequence
number which it previously received then the information in the
slave's previous CA message is implicitly acknowledged. Note that
there is a separate CA Sequence Number space associated with each
CAFSM.
Whenever it is necessary to (re)start cache alignment and the CAFSM
enters the Master/Slave Negotiation state, the CA Sequence Number
should be set to a value not previously seen by the DCS. One
possible scheme is to use the machine's time of day counter.
Mandatory Common Part
The mandatory common part is described in detail in Section
B.2.0.1. There are two fields in the mandatory common part whose
codings are specific to a given message type. These fields are the
"Number of Records" field and the "Flags" field.
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Number of Records
The Number of Records field of the mandatory common part for the
CA message gives the number of CSAS Records appended to the CA
message mandatory part.
Flags
The Flags field of the mandatory common part for the CA message
has the following format:
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|I|O| unused |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
M
This bit is part of the negotiation process for the cache
alignment. When this bit is set then the sender of the CA
message is indicating that it wishes to lead the alignment
process. This bit is the "Master/Slave bit".
I
When set, this bit indicates that the sender of the CA message
believes that it is in a state where it is negotiating for the
status of master or slave. This bit is the "Initialization
bit".
O
This bit indicates that the sender of the CA message has more
CSAS records to send. This implies that the cache alignment
process must continue. This bit is the "mOre bit" despite its
dubious name.
All other fields of the mandatory common part are coded as
described in Section B.2.0.1.
CSAS record
The CA message appends CSAS records to the end of its mandatory
part. These CSAS records are NOT embedded in CSA records. See
Section B.2.0.2 for details on CSAS records.
B.2.2 Cache State Update Request (CSU Request)
The Cache State Update Request (CSU Request) message is used to
update the state of cache entries in servers which are directly
connected to the server sending the message. A CSU Request message
is sent from one server (the LS) to directly connected server (the
DCS) when the LS observes changes in the state of one or more cache
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entries. An LS observes such a change in state by either receiving a
CSU request which causes an update to the LS's database or by
observing a change of state of a cached entry originated by the LS.
The change in state of a cache entry is noted in a CSU message by
appending a "Cache State Advertisement" (CSA) record to the end of
the mandatory part of the CSU Request as shown below.
The CSU Request message type code is 2. The CSU Request message
mandatory part format is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mandatory Common Part |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSA Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.......
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSA Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mandatory Common Part
The mandatory common part is described in detail in Section
B.2.0.1. There are two fields in the mandatory common part whose
codings are specific to a given message type. These fields are the
"Number of Records" field and the "Flags" field.
Number of Records
The Number of Records field of the mandatory common part for the
CSU Request message gives the number of CSA Records appended to
the CSU Request message mandatory part.
Flags
Currently, there are no flags defined for the Flags field of the
mandatory common part for the CSU Request message.
All other fields of the mandatory common part are coded as
described in Section B.2.0.1.
CSA Record
See Section B.2.2.1.
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B.2.2.1 Cache State Advertisement Record (CSA record)
CSA records contain the information necessary to relate the current
state of a cache entry in an SG to the servers being synchronized.
CSA records contain a CSAS Record header and a client/server protocol
specific part. The CSAS Record includes enough information for SCSP
to look into the client/server database for the appropriate database
cache entry and then compare the "newness" of the summary against the
"newness" of the cached entry. If the information contained in the
CSA is more new than the cached entry of the receiving server then
the cached entry is updated accordingly with the contents of the CSA
Record. The client/server protocol specific part of the CSA Record
is documented separately for each such protocol. Examples of the
protocol specific parts for NHRP and ATMARP are shown in [8] and [9]
respectively.
The amount of information carried by a specific CSA record may exceed
the size of a link layer PDU. Hence, such CSA records MUST be
fragmented across a number of CSU Request messages. The method by
which this is done, is client/server protocol specific and is
documented in the appropriate protocol specific document.
The content of a CSA record is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSAS Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Client/Server Protocol Specific Part for cache entry ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
CSAS Record
See Section B.2.0.2 for rules and format for filling out a CSAS
Record when it is "embedded" in a CSA Record.
Client/Server Protocol Specific Part for cache entry
This field contains the fields which are specific to the protocol
specific portion of SCSP processing. The particular set of fields
are defined in separate documents for each protocol user of SCSP.
The Protocol ID, which identifies which protocol is using SCSP in
the given packet, is located in the mandatory part of the message.
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B.2.3 Cache State Update Reply (CSU Reply)
The Cache State Update Reply (CSU Reply) message is sent from a DCS
to an LS to acknowledge one or more CSA records which were received
in a CSU Request. Reception of a CSA record in a CSU Request is
acknowledged by including a CSAS record in the CSU Reply which
corresponds to the CSA record being acknowledged. The CSU Reply
message is the same in format as the CSU Request message except for
the following: the type code is 3, only CSAS Records (rather than CSA
records) are returned, and only those CSAS Records for which CSA
Records are being acknowledged are returned. This implies that a
given LS sending a CSU Request may not receive an acknowledgment in a
single CSU Reply for all the CSA Records included in the CSU Request.
B.2.4 Cache State Update Solicit Message (CSUS message)
This message allows one server (LS) to solicit the entirety of CSA
record data stored in the cache of a directly connected server (DCS).
The DCS responds with CSU Request messages containing the appropriate
CSA records. The CSUS message type code is 4. The CSUS message
format is the same as that of the CSU Reply message. CSUS messages
solicit CSU Requests from only one server (the one identified by the
Receiver ID in the Mandatory Part of the message).
B.2.5 Hello:
The Hello message is used to check connectivity between the sending
server (the LS) and one of its directly connected neighbor servers
(the DCSs). The Hello message type code is 5. The Hello message
mandatory part format is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HelloInterval | DeadFactor |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| unused | Family ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mandatory Common Part |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Additional Receiver ID Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.........
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Additional Receiver ID Record |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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HelloInterval
The hello interval advertises the time between sending of
consecutive Hello Messages. If the LS does not receive a Hello
message from the DCS (which contains the LSID as a Receiver ID)
within the HelloInterval advertised by the DCS then the DCS's Hello
is considered to be late. Also, the LS MUST send its own Hello
message to a DCS within the HelloInterval which it advertised to
the DCS in the LS's previous Hello message to that DCS (otherwise
the DCS would consider the LS's Hello to be late).
DeadFactor
This is a multiplier to the HelloInterval. If an LS does not
receive a Hello message which contains the LS's LSID as a Receiver
ID within the interval HelloInterval*DeadFactor from a given DCS,
which advertised the HelloInterval and DeadFactor in a previous
Hello message, then the LS MUST consider the DCS to be stalled; at
this point, one of two things MUST happen: 1) if the LS has
received any Hello messages from the DCS during this time then the
LS transitions the corresponding HFSM to the Unidirectional State;
otherwise, 2) the LS transitions the corresponding HFSM to the
Waiting State.
Family ID
This is an opaque bit string which is used to refer to an aggregate
of Protocol ID/SGID pairs. Only a single HFSM is run for all
Protocol ID/SGID pairs assigned to a Family ID. Thus, there is a
one to many mapping between the single HFSM and the CAFSMs
corresponding to each of the Protocol ID/SGID pairs. This might
have the net effect of substantially reducing HFSM maintenance
traffic. See the protocol specific SCSP documents for further
details.
Mandatory Common Part
The mandatory common part is described in detail in Section
B.2.0.1. There are two fields in the mandatory common part whose
codings are specific to a given message type. These fields are the
"Number of Records" field and the "Flags" field.
Number of Records
The Number of Records field of the mandatory common part for the
Hello message contains the number of "Additional Receiver ID"
records which are included in the Hello. Additional Receiver ID
records contain a length field and a Receiver ID field. Note
that the count in "Number of Records" does NOT include the
Receiver ID which is included in the Mandatory Common Part.
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Flags
Currently, there are no flags defined for the Flags field of the
mandatory common part for the Hello message.
All other fields of the mandatory common part are coded as
described in Section B.2.0.1.
Additional Receiver ID Record
This record contains a length field followed by a Receiver ID.
Since it is conceivable that the length of a given Receiver ID may
vary even within an SG, each additional Receiver ID heard (beyond
the first one) will have both its length in bytes and value encoded
in an "Additional Receiver ID Record". Receiver IDs are IDs of a
DCS from which the LS has heard a recent Hello (i.e., within
DeadFactor*HelloInterval as advertised by the DCS in a previous
Hello message).
The format for this record is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rec ID Len | Receiver ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
If the LS has not heard from any DCS then the LS sets the Hello
message fields as follows: Recvr ID Len is set to zero and no
storage is allocated for the Receiver ID in the Common Mandatory
Part, "Number of Records" is set to zero, and no storage is
allocated for "Additional Receiver ID Records".
If the LS has heard from exactly one DCS then the LS sets the Hello
message fields as follows: the Receiver ID of the DCS which was
heard and the length of that Receiver ID are encoded in the Common
Mandatory Part, "Number of Records" is set to zero, and no storage is
allocated for "Additional Receiver ID Records".
If the LS has heard from two or more DCSs then the LS sets the Hello
message fields as follows: the Receiver ID of the first DCS which
was heard and the length of that Receiver ID are encoded in the
Common Mandatory Part, "Number of Records" is set to the number of
"Additional" DCSs heard, and for each additional DCS an "Additional
Receiver ID Record" is formed and appended to the end of the Hello
message.
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B.3 Extensions Part
The Extensions Part, if present, carries one or more extensions in
{Type, Length, Value} triplets.
Extensions have the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Value... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
The extension type code (see below).
Length
The length in octets of the value (not including the Type and
Length fields; a null extension will have only an extension header
and a length of zero).
When extensions exist, the extensions part is terminated by the End
of Extensions extension, having Type = 0 and Length = 0.
Extensions may occur in any order but any particular extension type
may occur only once in an SCSP packet. An LS MUST NOT change the
order of extensions.
B.3.0 The End Of Extensions
Type = 0
Length = 0
When extensions exist, the extensions part is terminated by the End
Of Extensions extension.
B.3.1 SCSP Authentication Extension
Type = 1 Length = variable
The SCSP Authentication Extension is carried in SCSP packets to
convey the authentication information between an LS and a DCS in the
same SG.
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Authentication is done pairwise on an LS to DCS basis; i.e., the
authentication extension is generated at each LS. If a received
packet fails the authentication test then an "abnormal event" has
occurred. The packet is discarded and this event is logged.
The presence or absence of authentication is a local matter.
B.3.1.1 Header Format
The authentication header has the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Security Parameter Index (SPI) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Authentication Data... -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Security Parameter Index (SPI) can be thought of as an index into a
table that maintains the keys and other information such as hash
algorithm. LS and DCS communicate either off-line using manual keying
or online using a key management protocol to populate this table. The
receiving SCSP entity always allocates the SPI and the parameters
associated with it.
The authentication data field contains the MAC (Message
Authentication Code) calculated over the entire SCSP payload. The
length of this field is dependent on the hash algorithm used to
calculate the MAC.
B.3.1.2 Supported Hash Algorithms
The default hash algorithm to be supported is HMAC-MD5-128 [11]. HMAC
is safer than normal keyed hashes. Other hash algorithms MAY be
supported by def.
IANA will assign the numbers to identify the algorithm being used as
described in Section C.
B.3.1.3 SPI and Security Parameters Negotiation
SPI's can be negotiated either manually or using an Internet Key
Management protocol. Manual keying MUST be supported. The following
parameters are associated with the tuple - lifetime,
Algorithm, Key. Lifetime indicates the duration in seconds for which
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the key is valid. In case of manual keying, this duration can be
infinite. Also, in order to better support manual keying, there may
be multiple tuples active at the same time (DCS ID being the same).
Any Internet standard key management protocol MAY be used to
negotiate the SPI and parameters.
B.3.1.4 Message Processing
At the time of adding the authentication extension header, LS looks
up in a table to fetch the SPI and the security parameters based on
the DCS ID. If there are no entries in the table and if there is
support for key management, the LS initiates the key management
protocol to fetch the necessary parameters. The LS then calculates
the hash by zeroing authentication data field before calculating the
MAC on the sending end. The result replaces in the zeroed
authentication data field. If key management is not supported and
authentication is mandatory, the packet is dropped and this
information is logged.
When receiving traffic, an LS fetches the parameters based on the SPI
and its ID. The authentication data field is extracted before zeroing
out to calculate the hash. It computes the hash on the entire payload
and if the hash does not match, then an "abnormal event" has
occurred.
B.3.1.5 Security Considerations
It is important that the keys chosen are strong as the security of
the entire system depends on the keys being chosen properly and the
correct implementation of the algorithms.
SCSP has a peer to peer trust model. It is recommended to use an
Internet standard key management protocol to negotiate the keys
between the neighbors. Transmitting the keys in clear text, if other
methods of negotiation is used, compromises the security completely.
Data integrity covers the entire SCSP payload. This guarantees that
the message was not modified and the source is authenticated as well.
If authentication extension is not used or if the security is
compromised, then SCSP servers are liable to both spoofing attacks,
active attacks and passive attacks.
There is no mechanism to encrypt the messages. It is assumed that a
standard layer 3 confidentiality mechanism will be used to encrypt
and decrypt messages. As integrity is calculated on an SCSP message
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and not on each record, there is an implied trust between all the
servers in a domain. It is recommend to use the security extension
between all the servers in a domain and not just a subset servers.
Any SCSP server is susceptible to Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. A
rouge host can inundate its neighboring SCSP server with SCSP
packets. However, if the authentication option is used, SCSP
databases will not become corrupted, as the bogus packets will be
discarded when the authentication check fails.
Due to the pairwise authentication model of SCSP, the information
received from any properly authenticated server is trusted and
propagated throughout the server group. Consequently, if security of
any SCSP server is compromised, the entire database becomes
vulnerable to curruption originating from the compromised server.
B.3.2 SCSP Vendor-Private Extension
Type = 2
Length = variable
The SCSP Vendor-Private Extension is carried in SCSP packets to
convey vendor-private information between an LS and a DCS in the same
SG and is thus of limited use. If a finer granularity (e.g., CSA
record level) is desired then then given client/server protocol
specific SCSP document MUST define such a mechanism. Obviously,
however, such a protocol specific mechanism might look exactly like
this extension. The Vendor Private Extension MAY NOT appear more
than once in an SCSP packet for a given Vendor ID value.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Vendor ID | Data.... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Vendor ID
802 Vendor ID as assigned by the IEEE [7].
Data
The remaining octets after the Vendor ID in the payload are
vendor-dependent data.
If the receiver does not handle this extension, or does not match the
Vendor ID in the extension then the extension may be completely
ignored by the receiver.
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RFC 2334 SCSP April 1998
C. IANA Considerations
Any and all requests for value assignment from the various number
spaces described in this document require proper documentation.
Possible forms of documentation include, but are not limited to, RFCs
or the product of another cooperative standards body (e.g., the MPOA
and LANE subworking group of the ATM Forum). Other requests may also
be accepted, under the advice of a "designated expert". (Contact the
IANA for the contact information of the current expert.)
References
[1] Laubach, M., and J. Halpern, "Classical IP and ARP over ATM",
Laubach, RFC 2225, April 1998.
[2] Luciani, J., Katz, D., Piscitello, D., Cole, B., and N.
Doraswamy, "NMBA Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP)", RFC 2332,
April 1998.
[3] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[4] "P-NNI V1", Dykeman, Goguen, 1996.
[5] Armitage, G., "Support for Multicast over UNI 3.0/3.1 based ATM
Networks", RFC 2022, November 1996.
[6] Keene, "LAN Emulation over ATM Version 2 - LNNI specification",
btd-lane-lnni-02.08
[7] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700,
October 1994.
[8] Luciani, J., "A Distributed NHRP Service Using SCSP", RFC 2335,
April 1998.
[9] Luciani, J., "A Distributed ATMARP Service Using SCSP", Work In
Progress.
[10] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[11] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed Hashing
for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
Luciani, et. al. Standards Track [Page 38]
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Acknowledgments
This memo is a distillation of issues raised during private
discussions, on the IP-ATM mailing list, and during the Dallas IETF
(12/95). Thanks to all who have contributed but particular thanks to
following people (in no particular order): Barbara Fox of Harris and
Jeffries; Colin Verrilli of IBM; Raj Nair, and Matthew Doar of Ascom
Nexion; Andy Malis of Cascade; Andre Fredette of Bay Networks; James
Watt of Newbridge; and Carl Marcinik of Fore.
Authors' Addresses
James V. Luciani
Bay Networks, Inc.
3 Federal Street, BL3-03
Billerica, MA 01821
Phone: +1-978-916-4734
EMail: luciani@baynetworks.com
Grenville Armitage
Bell Labs Lucent Technologies
101 Crawfords Corner Road
Holmdel, NJ 07733
Phone: +1 201 829 2635
EMail: gja@lucent.com
Joel M. Halpern
Newbridge Networks Corp.
593 Herndon Parkway
Herndon, VA 22070-5241
Phone: +1-703-708-5954
EMail: jhalpern@Newbridge.COM
Naganand Doraswamy
Bay Networks, Inc.
3 Federal St, BL3-03
Billerice, MA 01821
Phone: +1-978-916-1323
EMail: naganand@baynetworks.com
Luciani, et. al. Standards Track [Page 39]
RFC 2334 SCSP April 1998
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Luciani, et. al. Standards Track [Page 40]