LEPTONS

(Theory Update on Neutrinos)

This part of the webpage is necessary as an update on the neutrino.
It occurred to me in early May, 2002, that the supposed nature of
the neutrino as published in the first edition of Book Six of
Behind Light's Illusion is both lacking and excessively
complicated as compared the alternative found here. Furthermore, there is
an aspect of advanced ether theory which can only be addressed as what
particle physicists call the neutrino. I apologize for taking so long to
realize such an obvious match between concepts.

According to particle physics, leptons are particles with a spin of 1/2
and which do not respond to the strong force. According to
advanced ether theory, leptons are entities which act like particles,
have a spin of 1/2, and do not respond to the strong force. But, frankly,
including the neutrinos in the same classification was a mistake
caused by ignorance of the their true nature.

In advanced ether theory, there are six kinds of leptons which are vortices,
the electron, the muon, the tau, and their antimatter counterparts. These
vortices are "simple" as opposed to those of other subatomic entities.
The only stable vortex leptons are the electrons and positrons, and the
positron never lasts long in our part of the universe. Consequently, only the
electron is a part of our usual variety of matter.

When a nucleus decays by emitting an electron or a positron it is said to be
undergoing "beta decay". In the equations for beta decay, charge and nucleon
number are conserved. However, angular momentum (spin) is not - unless
another entity is introduced called the "neutrino". The existence of
neutrinos was suggested by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930. It explains the energy
distribution of electrons or positrons and the missing angular momentum in
beta decay. It also explains the missing angular momentum in other decay
processes such that of the pion or muon.

The concept of the neutrino began as a means of explaining the lack of
angular momentum in one or the other side of an equation. This appears to
be no more than a way out of another unpleasant problem given to particle
physicists. But it is more than that.

In mainstream physics, neutrinos are classed as leptons. There are six known
kinds: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, the tau neutrino and their
antimatter counterparts. Neutrinos are very numerous and travel at the speed
of light. They all seem to have the same angular momentum (spin), and they
certainly carry it with them. They seem to be without mass or charge. They
have no means of showing themselves unless they collide with other
particles. They can penetrate the most dense matter. Consequently, they are
very difficult to detect.

In advanced ether theory, the photon is nothing more than a series
of waves moving outward from a vibrating electron. Planck's constant is the
a measure of the energy in the passage of one wave. However, Planck's
constant is not the most fundamental quantum. The actual fundamental
quantum is half of Planck's constant which is found in the half-wave of
light. Each complete vibration
of an electron creates one complete wave. However, the sudden movement
of a vortex (such as the electron) in one direction creates a half-wave.
If there is no return movement, and no immediate future movements in a
rhythmical manner, there is no photon and no way to easily detect the
half-wave. The sudden flipping of a vortex from right-side-up to
up-side-down also creates a half-wave. Whenever there is a change in two
vortices as exists when there is a sudden joining or separating, or whenever
there is fusion or fission of nuclei, half waves are emitted as either
increased or decreased rotational energy (spin).

The single half-wave is one of the most ubiquitous entities in our universe
of ether and vortices. It is a transverse acceleration of ether moving
outward like a ripple on a pond. It is the fundamental which forms the
waves of a photon. It is (1) formed initially as angular momentum (spin),
(2) used as a means of transporting angular momentum at the speed of light,
and (3) accepted as angular momentum when discharging its energy. It is
without charge, mass, or gravity. It is capable of penetrating the most
dense mass
and travels at the speed of light. We can detect it only when it collides
with another entity. Otherwise, we are unaware of it unless it directly
affects one of our equations.

In every way, the concepts of the neutrino and the half-wave are alike
except that the neutrino is supposed to be a particle and the half-wave
is simply a half-wave - neither a particle nor a vortex. So what I am
proposing is that any neutrino is, in reality, a half-wave in our ether
universe.

Some mathematical reasoning is next for those who have read Book Four
of Behind Light's Illusion.

Neutrino Morphing

There have been numerous articles about neutrinos changing identities
in space and in our atmosphere. This has been a problem with conventional
physics theories. However, if the neutrino is accepted as an electromagnetic
half-wave, this is not a problem at all. Half-waves can collide or merge
with other half-waves to become something with different energy. Bear in
mind that half-waves can come from transitory vorticles (what particle
physicists call particles) as well as the stable electron or positron.