This photograph by Navy Department photographer Burnell Poole shows the USS Texas (BB–35) in drydock at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, ca. 1918. Commissioned in 1914, two years later she became the first U.S. battleship to mount anti-aircraft guns and and 1919, she was the first U.S. battleship to launch an aircraft. A veteran of both world wars, the 573-foot-long battleship became a memorial on the Houston Ship Channel in LaPorte, Texas. Credit: Photo by Burnell Poole, courtesy of the family of Burnell Poole.

The Shoals of Herring (1972)

A documentary film based on a 1950s Radio Ballad called `Singing the Fishing’ by Ewan McColl, Peggy Seeger and Charles Parker, about the rise and decline of the herring industry on the east coast of Scotland and East Anglia. Contemporary footage of the fishermen at work is intercut with interviews and archive photos, clips from John Greirson’s Drifters, Harry Watts’ North Sea, and Campbell Harper’s Calling Herring. Traditional folk songs sre used throughout. This documentary is available in five parts at http://www.youtube.com/user/RadioBalladsFilms/feed.

An address to the O’Gara Honor Society of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, N.Y., September 22, 2011.

Good afternoon. Many thanks for turning out for this honors class lecture. For me this week is something of a homecoming because my first boss was Frank Braynard, the founder and motive force behind this museum and its collection. I first worked for Frank as a volunteer for OpSail ’76, the tall ships parade held to celebrate the U.S. bicentennial and which thanks in large part to his generous and open spirit was watched live by six million people. I worked for him again on Harbor Festival ’79, a parade of working vessels from cruise ships and box ships to dredges and tugs.

In the course of researching a maritime history of the world, I became aware of a vastly greater body of maritime literature than the armchair sailor – or armchair historian – usually encounters. I wondered whether this lack of awareness was due to my own want of initiative in recognizing or seeking out foreign works, or whether the corpus of maritime literature upon which historians, teachers and compilers of anthologies draw was too narrowly circumscribed. In an effort to find an answer, I compared the syllabi of more than two dozen courses that focussed on the literature of the sea. As the findings suggest, it is apparent that in the United States and elsewhere what passes for “maritime literature” is almost exclusively the work of English and American authors of the past two centuries. Nor is this bias limited to the classroom. Of the more than 200 selections from the three best-known anthologies of maritime literature of the past two decades – The Oxford Book of the Sea, The Oxford Book of Sea Stories, and The Faber Book of Tales of the Sea – only three were of non-English origin.[2]

The following article was written in the spring of 2003, on the eve of the United States’ invasion of Iraq, and published in Clio’s Psyche 10:3 (Dec. 2003): 91-97. A central if unstated premise of the article is that the ability of the United States to project power worldwide proceeds from its overwhelming naval power. Thus the historical parallels, or preludes, are drawn from empires founded on naval and maritime power.

(“A pox upon you” is a sixteenth-century English curse meaning “May you get syphilis.” Pax is the Latin word for peace, not the clap.)

A Pax Upon You: Preludes and Perils of American Imperialism

The United States’ invasion of Iraq has given rise to a long overdue debate about whether the Republic has become an empire and, if so, of what kind. Those who view the United States as an imperial power usually point to the Roman or British empires as relevant or even appropriate models, but their comparisons raise a number of objections. In the first place, however we choose to reinterpret Roman or British forms of imperial governance and law in hindsight, the ethical and ideological foundations of their empires are antithetical to the privileges, responsibilities, and freedoms embodied in the United States Constitution. There are echoes of Roman and British rule in the United States today, but they are—or should be—as faint as cosmic echoes of the big bang. A second objection is that while neo-imperialists rummage through history for precedents that might look good in the light of 21st-century sensibilities, today’s architects of an imperial United States simultaneously flatter themselves with the novelty of their ideas. It takes a fatal arrogance to imagine that the Bush administration invented the pre-emptive use of brute force in defense of national interests, the so-called “Bush Doctrine.” Mix this with the questionable belief that Western democracy is the natural state of mankind and you have all the makings of a Pax Americana.

One of the main features of this site is the bibliographies drawn from the research for a forthcoming maritime history of the world. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, but recommendations are welcome.

Chapter 1: The Rivers and Seas of Ancient Egypt

Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. New York, Russell & Russell, 1962.

Lipke, Paul. The Royal Ship of Cheops: A Retrospective Account of the Discovery, Restoration and Reconstruction. Based on Interviews with Hag Ahmed Youssef Moustafa. Oxford: B.A.R., 1984.

Marfoe, Leon. “Cedar Forest to Silver Mountain: Social Change and the Development of Long-Distance Trade in Early Near Eastern Societies.” In Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, edited by Michael Rowlands, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Vosmer, Tom. “Building the Reed-boat Prototype: Problems, Solutions, and Implications for the Organization and Structure of Third-Millennium Shipbuilding.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 31 (2001): 235-39

Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt. 1954. New ed., New York: Penguin, 1996.

Holy Bible (especially Ezekiel, Isaiah)

Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin, 1990.

Homer. The Odyssey. Translated by Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin, 1996.

Isserlin, B.S.J. et al. “The Canal of Xerxes: Investigations in 1993-94.” Annual of the British School at Athens 91 (Dec. 1996): 329-40. The Canal of Xerxes in Northern Greece: Explorations 1991-2001. Available online.

McGregor, Malcolm F. The Athenians and Their Empire. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1987.

Millett, Paul. “Maritime Loans and the Structure of Credit in Fourth-Century Athens.” In Trade in the Ancient Economy, edited by Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins, and C.R. Whittaker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Morrison, J.S., and J.F. Coates. The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. “Greek Penetration of the Black Sea.” In The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation: Essays Dedicated to John Boardman, edited by Gocha R. Tsteskhladze and F. de Angelis, 111-35. Oxford: Oxford University Community for Archaeology, 1994.

Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. “Trade on the Black Sea in the Archaic and Classical Periods.” In Trade, Traders and the Ancient City, edited by H. Parkins & C. Smith, 52-74. New York: Routledge, 1998.

Werner, Walter. “The Largest Ship Trackway in Ancient Times: The Diolkos of the Isthmus of Corinth, Greece, and Early Attempts to build a Canal.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology26:2 (1997): 98-119.

Whitehead, Ian. “The Periplous.” Greece and Rome 34:2 (1987): 78-85.

Xenophon. A History of My Times. Translated by Rex Warner. New York: Penguin, 1979.

Coke, Edward, Sir. The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England: Concerning High Treason, and Other Pleas of the Crown. London: by the author, 1797. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group.

Tchernia, André. “Italian Wine in Gaul at the End of the Republic.” In Trade in the Ancient Economy, ed. by Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins and C.R. Whittaker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Thiel, Johannes Hendrik. A History of Roman Sea-power before the Second Punic War. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1954.

Deloche, Jean. “Iconographic Evidence on the Development of Boat and Ship Structures in India (2nd C. B.C.-15TH C. A.D.” In Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, edited by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-François Salles, 199-224. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999.

Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D.” In Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, edited by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-François Salles, 181-97. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999.

Salles, Jean-François. “Achaemenid and Hellenistic Trade in the Indian Ocean.” In The Indian Ocean in Antiquity, edited by Julian Reade, 251-67. London: Kegan Paul, 1996.sSalomon, Richard. “On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 115:2 (1995): 271-79.

Sedov, A.V. “Qana’ (Yemen) and the Indian Ocean: The Archaeological Evidence.” In Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-Francois Salles, eds. Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean: Proceedings of the International Seminar “Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean, 4th cent. B.C.-15th cent. A.D.”, 11-35. New Delhi, February 28-March 4, 1994. 1996.

Sharma, R.S. “Usury in Early Medieval Times.” In Trade in Early India, edited by Ranabir Chakravarti, 370-95. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Shattan, Merchant-Prince. Manimekhalaï (The Dancer with the Magic Bowl). Translated by Alain Danielou. New York: New Directions, 1989.

Sidebotham, Steven E. “Ports of the Red Sea and the Arabia-India Trade.” In Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma, eds. Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, 12-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

Winius, George D. “Shadow Empire in the Bay of Bengal.” In Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval Towards the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600, edited by George D. Winius, 247-68. Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

Wolters, O.W. Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967.

Bellwood, Peter. “Southeast Asia before History.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Vol. 1, pt. 1, From Early Times to c. 1500, edited by Nicholas Tarling, 55-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Bielenstein, Hans. Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World 589-1276. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

de Crespigny, Rafe. Generals of the South: The Foundation and Early History of the Three Kingdoms State of Wu. Canberra: Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies, 1990. Internet edition 2004. Available online.

Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D.” In Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, edited by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-François Salles, 181-97. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999.

Yu Huan. The Peoples of the West: From the Weilue, A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Quoted in Zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi. Published in 429 CE. Draft English translation by John E. Hill, September, 2004. Availble online.

Goitein, S.D. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 5 vols. 1967. Reprint Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Haldane, Douglas. “The Fire-Ship of Al-Salih Ayyub and Muslim Use of ‘Greek Fire.’” In The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History, edited by Donald J. Kagay and L.J. Andrew Villalon. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999.

Lund, Niels, ed.; Christine E. Fell, trans. Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan, together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius. York, England: William Sessions, 1984.

Magnússon, Sigurdur A. Northern Sphinx: Iceland and the Icelanders from the Settlement to the Present. Reykjavik: The English Bookshop, 1977.

Marcus, G.J. The Conquest of the North Atlantic. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1980.

McGrail, Sean. “Boats and Boatmanship in the Southern North Sea and Channel.” In Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, edited by Seán McGrail, 32-48. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1990.

Milne, Gustav. “Maritime Traffic between the Rhine and Roman Britain: A Preliminary Note.” In Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, edited by Seán McGrail, 82-85. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1990.

Snorri Sturluson. The Story of Olaf Tryggvison. In The Stories of the Kings of Norway, called the Round World (Heimskringla), translated by William Morris and Eiríkr Magnússon, vol. 1, pp. 223-378. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1893.

Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. “Changing Patterns of Navigation in the Indian Ocean and their Impact on Pre-colonial Sri Lanka.” In The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, edited by Satish Chandra, 54-89. New Delhi: Sage, 1987.

Hasan, Hadi. A History of Persian Navigation. London: Methuen, 1928.

Hitti, Philip K. History of the Arabs. 10th ed. New York: St. Martin’s, 1970.

Hopkirk, Peter. Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Treasures of Central Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Hourani, George F. Revised and expanded by John Carswell. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Ibn al-Balkhi. Description of the Province of Fars in Persia at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century A.D. Translated by G. Le Strange. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1912. http://Persian.Packhum.Org/Persian/. Accessed February 24, 2006.

Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. 3 vols. Bollingen Series 43. New York: Pantheon Books, 1958.

Lord, Henry. A Display of Two Forraigne Sects in the East Indies: Viz: The Sect of the Banians the Ancient Natiues of India and the Sect of the Persees the Ancient Inhabitants Of Persia. London: Francis Constable, 1630.

Mott, Lawrence. The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1997.*

Naji, Abdel Jabbar. “Trade Relations between Bahrain and Iraq in the Middle Ages: A Commercial and Political Outline.” In Bahrain through the Ages: The History. Edited by Abdullah bin Khalid al-Khalifa and Michael Rice, 423-44. London: Kegan Paul, 1991.

Rougeulle, Axelle. “Medieval Trade Networks in the Western Indian Ocean (8th-14th centuries): Some Reflections from the Distribution Patterns of Chinese Imports in the Islamic World.” In Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, edited by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-François Salles, 159-80. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999.

Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400. Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai’i Press, 2003.

al-Sirafi, Abu Zayd Hasan ibn Yazid. Concerning the Voyage to the Indies and China. In Ancient Accounts of India and China by two Mohammedan Travellers, who went to those parts in the 9th century. Translated by Eusebius Renaudot. 1733. Amended reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 1995.

Spencer, George W. The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya. Madras: New Era, 1983.

Sulayman al-Tajir. Account of India and China. In Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China, translated by S. Maqbul Ahmad. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Rddhi-India, Calcutta, 1989.

al-Tabari. The History of al-Tabari. Vol. 36: The Revolt of the Zanj A.D. 869-879/A.H. 255-265. Translated by David Waines. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.

Tibbetts, G.R. Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese: Being a Translation of Kitab al-Farawa’id fi usul al-bahr wa’l-qawa’id of Ahmad b. Majid al-Najdi. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1971.

Tripati, Sila. “Ships on Hero Stones from the West Coast of India.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 35:1 (2006): 88-96.

Wang, Gungwu. The Nanhai Trade: The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1998.

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Wilkinson, J.C. “Suhar (Sohar) in the Early Islamic Period: The Written Evidence.” In South Asian Archaeology 1977 (Papers from the Fourth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe), edited by Maurizio Taddei, 888-907 (1-21). Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1979.

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Hall, K.R. “Local and International Trade and Traders in the Straits of Melaka Region: 600-1500.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47:2 (2004): 213-60.

Hall, Kenneth R. Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985.

Hall, Kenneth R. Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Colas. New Delhi: Abhinav, 1980.

Jitsuzo Kuwabara. “P’u Shou-keng, a Man of the Western Regions, who was Superintendent of the Trading Ships Office in Ch’uan-chou towards the end of the Sung Dynasty.” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (The Oriental Library) 2 (1928): 1-79 and 7 (1935): 1-104.

Lee, Kenneth B. Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Westport: Praeger, 1997.

Lee, Ki-baek. A New History of Korea. Translated by Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge: Harvard-Yenching Institute by Harvard University Press, 1984.

Lien-sheng Yang. Money and Credit in China: A Short History. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph 12. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952.

Paine, Lincoln. Down East: A Maritime History of Maine. Gardiner: Tilbury House, 2000.

Peterson, C.A. “Court and Province in mid- and late T’ang.” In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, Sui and T’ang China, 589-906, Part I, edited by Denis Twitchett, 464-560. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.

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Twitchett, Denis, and John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, Sui and T’ang China, 589-906, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

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