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Two of these males were uninfected with Wolbachia, and one was infected. In male heterogametic species, selection favors X chromosome variants that become overrepresented in sperm through drive against developing sperm that bear the Y chromosome. Whereas selection on autosomes favors individuals that produce the Fisher Hamilton optimum, selection on sex chromosomes and cytoplasmic genes does not 2 — 4. If so, this would represent an intriguing compensatory change that may have ameliorated the effect of lack of males at the population level. Breeding of female butterflies taken from the natural population revealed that the cause of the population sex-ratio bias on Independent Samoa was the production of all-female broods Table 1. Pertinently, Hopkins 15 recorded the presence of extremely female-biased population sex ratios, of the order of females per male, in Independent then Western Samoa in The survival of this population despite the extreme sex-ratio bias also warrants discussion. Significantly, only females that were mated, as determined post hoc by dissection for the presence of a spermatophore, produced viable eggs, making parthenogenesis an inadequate explanation for the data. The matedness and fertility of field-collected females from Independent Samoa compared with Fiji and American Samoa, and size of spermatophores transferred to the female, along with similar data for laboratory crosses The low fertility of mated female butterflies on Independent Samoa correlates with the production of smaller spermatophores by Independent Samoan males.

Of 64 females successfully bred, only one gave rise to a normal 1: Larvae were reared through to adulthood on Sida rhombifolia leaves, and the F1 sex ratio was recorded. Results The population sex ratio, as measured by walking census in Independent Samoa was 1. The sequence was then compared with the known wsp and ftsZ sequences of the Wolbachia male-killer bacteria from Fiji. Records indicate that the driving X chromosome in this species has been at a stable equilibrium frequency for many generations, with no evidence for host repression of the trait in natural populations 19 , This disparity produces a power imbalance in the speed and variety of response to selection that results in suppression of the selfish element when their frequency is high, and prevents extreme bias levels Rather, this may represent adaptation to the continuing sex-ratio bias in the form of ejaculate partitioning. Sex ratios produced by females collected on Independent Samoa, with embryonic survival of eggs laid and infection status with B-group Wolbachia The cause of the female bias produced by individual females in Independent Samoa was identical to that observed in a previous study examining female-biased sex ratios produced by certain H. One view of selfish genetic elements is that they arise relatively frequently, but selection on autosomes to return the sex ratio to unity quickly prevails, such that the phenotypes of these elements are not commonly seen, and they do not attain high frequency in the population. Whereas it is clear that sex-ratio distorters are often repressed in natural populations, it is not clear that rapid repression is inevitable. Individual females were caught from a fallow garden in Apia, Upolu Island, during July and July , presented with cuttings of Sida rhombifolia, and allowed to oviposit. The effect of the parasite on the evolution of the host certainly bears more investigation. Indeed, molecular evidence suggests an origin of this element 25, years in the past The role of male-killing Wolbachia infection in the sex-ratio bias was in the first place assessed by PCR assay. AJ and AJ in the four individuals sequenced. The survival of this population despite the extreme sex-ratio bias also warrants discussion. The sex ratio is a key parameter in the population and evolutionary biology of a species, dictating patterns of mate competition and mate choice, and affecting population growth rates 1. The PCR products were cleansed of nucleotides and unincorporated primers by using Amicon PCR purification microcolumns and then directly sequenced through both strands by using the original PCR primers. This score was then related to their ability to produce fertile eggs. Our results indicated that the extreme bias had persisted, despite generations of selection for resistance, and that the bias was not associated with parthenogenesis but with a high prevalence of male-killing Wolbachia infection. This study contrasts with previous laboratory selection experiments on Drosophila. The level of fertility loss in our system would not, therefore, translate into a reduction below that required for population persistence. PDF Abstract The sex ratio is a key parameter in the evolution and ecology of a species. Therefore, it is important to ask whether the data on H. Most pertinently, there is the case of sex-ratio meiotic drive in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Laboratory crosses in which Independent Samoan females showed full fertility when mated to males from outside the country indicate the role of the male in the reduction in fertilization rate within the wild Independent Samoan population Table 2 difference between laboratory-mated Independent Samoan females and naturally mated Fijian and American Samoan females: The one Independent Samoan female that produced a normal sex ratio had no embryonic mortality and was uninfected with Wolbachia Table 1.

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The one Independent Samoan female that produced a normal sex ratio had no embryonic mortality and was uninfected with Wolbachia Table 1. Whereas selection on autosomes favors individuals that produce the Fisher Hamilton optimum, selection on sex chromosomes and cytoplasmic genes does not 2 — 4.

This score was then related to their ability to produce fertile eggs. Egg hatch rates were also obtained for wild-collected females from American Samoa to allow fertility as well matedness to be compared between islands.