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South Africa

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Background: Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of modern day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between the Netherlands and the Far East, founding the city of Cape Town. After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902); however, the British and the Afrikaners, as the Boers became known, ruled together beginning in 1910 under the Union of South Africa, which became a republic in 1961 after a whites-only referendum. In 1948, the National Party was voted into power and instituted a policy of apartheid - the separate development of the races - which favored the white minority at the expense of the black majority. The African National Congress (ANC) led the opposition to apartheid and many top ANC leaders, such as Nelson MANDELA, spent decades in South Africa's prisons. Internal protests and insurgency, as well as boycotts by some Western nations and institutions, led to the regime's eventual willingness to negotiate a peaceful transition to majority rule. The first multi-racial elections in 1994 brought an end to apartheid and ushered in majority rule under an ANC-led government. South Africa since then has struggled to address apartheid-era imbalances in decent housing, education, and health care. ANC infighting, which has grown in recent years, came to a head in September 2008 when President Thabo MBEKI resigned, and Kgalema MOTLANTHE, the party's General-Secretary, succeeded him as interim president. Jacob ZUMA became president after the ANC won general elections in April 2009. In January 2011, South Africa assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2011-12 term.Location: Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of AfricaArea land: 1,214,470 sq kmArea water: 4,620 sq kmCoastline: 2,798 kmCountry name conventional long form: Republic of South AfricaCountry name conventional short form: South AfricaCountry name former: Union of South AfricaPopulation: 49,004,031Age structure: 0-14 years: 28.5% (male 6,998,726/female 6,959,542); 15-64 years: 65.8% (male 16,287,314/female 15,972,046); 65 years and over: 5.7% (male 1,125,709/female 1,660,694) (2011 est.);Population growth rate: -0.38% (2011 est.)Birth rate: 19.48 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)Death rate: 17.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)Net migration rate: -6.19 migrant(s)/1,000 populationSex ratio: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female; total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.);Infant mortality rate: total: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 47.19 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 39.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.);Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.33 years; male: 50.24 years; female: 48.39 years (2011 est.);Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (2011 est.);HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 17.8% (2009 est.);HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 5.6 million (2009 est.);HIV/AIDS - deaths: 310,000 (2009 est.);Nationality: noun: South African(s); adjective: South African;Ethnic groups: black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census);Religions: Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, Muslim 1.5%, other Christian 36%, other 2.3%, unspecified 1.4%, none 15.1% (2001 census);Languages: IsiZulu (official) 23.8%, IsiXhosa (official) 17.6%, Afrikaans (official) 13.3%, Sepedi (offcial) 9.4%, English (official) 8.2%, Setswana (official) 8.2%, Sesotho (official) 7.9%, Xitsonga (official) 4.4%, other 7.2%, isiNdebele (official), Tshivenda (official), siSwati (official) (2001 census);Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write; total population: 86.4%; male: 87%; female: 85.7% (2003 est.);GDP (purchasing power parity): $527.5 billion (2010 est.); $512.2 billion (2009 est.); $521.6 billion (2008 est.);

Nine years after the Kimberley Process was formed to stop the trade in conflict diamonds and ensure that diamond purchases were not funding violence, the KP has refused to evolve and address the clear links between diamonds, violence and tyranny.