SVC obstruction

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SVC obstruction is a narrowing or blockage of the superior vena cava (SVC), which is the second largest vein in the human body. The superior vena cava moves blood from the upper half of the body to the heart.

Causes

SVC obstruction is a rare condition.

It is most often caused by cancer or a tumor in the mediastinum (the area of the chest under the breastbone and between the lungs).

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to relieve the blockage.

Diuretics (water pills) or steroids (anti-inflammtory drugs) may be used to temporarily relieve swelling.

Other treatment options may include radiation or chemotherapy to shrink the tumor, or surgery to remove the tumors. Surgery to bypass the obstruction is rarely performed. Placement of a stent (tube placed inside a blood vessel) to open up the SVC may be performed.

Outlook (Prognosis)

The outcome varies, depending on the cause and the amount of blockage.

SVC obstruction caused by a tumor is a sign that the tumor has spread, and it indicates a poorer long-term outlook.

Possible Complications

The throat could become blocked, which can block the airways.

Increased pressure may develop in the brain, leading to changed levels of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, or vision changes.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if you develop symptoms of SVC obstruction. Complications are serious and can sometimes be fatal.

Prevention

Prompt treatment of other medical disorders may reduce the risk of developing SVC obstruction.

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