Saredon, Great and Little

SAREDON, GREAT and LITTLE, a township, in
the parish of Shareshill, union of Penkridge, E.
division of the hundred of Cuttlestone, S. division of
the county of Stafford, 7 miles (N. N. E.) from Wolverhampton; containing 289 inhabitants. The township
comprises about 1113 acres, of which two-thirds are
arable land, of a gravelly soil.

Sarisbury

SARISBURY, a district chapelry, in the parish of
Titchfield, union of Fareham, hundred of Titchfield, Fareham and S. divisions of the county of Southampton; containing 1063 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Vicar of Titchfield, with a net income of £120, and a good house: the
chapel was built in 1836, is dedicated to St. Paul, and
contains 440 sittings.

Sark, or Serk

SARK, or Serk, a small island about 6 miles eastward of Guernsey, within whose jurisdiction it is included; containing 785 inhabitants. This district, which
is supposed to be that mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus under the name Sarnica, was early noted for the
convent of St. Maglorius, a British Christian who, fleeing
with many others from the persecutions of the Pagan
Saxons into Armorica, was made Bishop of Dol, and first
planted Christianity in these parts, about the year 565.
Few other events of interest are recorded in connexion
with the island: in 1565, Queen Elizabeth granted it in
fee-farm, by letters-patent under the great seal, to Hilary
de Carteret, Esq., by the twentieth part of a knight's
fee. The surface of Sark is a high table-land, rising a
little towards the west, and no where having a declivity
to the sea, except a trifling descent at the northern extremity. At one part called the Coupée, it is nearly
divided into two portions, being connected only by a high
and narrow ridge not many yards wide. The cliffs,
which are from 200 to 300 feet in height, are so abrupt
on the western side, that the largest ship may approach
very near them without danger; but the eastern shore
is beset with rocks running far out into the sea. The
scenery is striking; that of the Port du Moulin, the
descent to which is through a narrow pass, is uncommonly romantic. Such is the natural strength of the
island, that although there are five landing-places, yet,
except at what is called the Creux, where a tunnel was
cut through the rock in 1588 by one of the De Carterets,
scarcely any entrance is to be found without the difficulty
of climbing. The high ridge, or isthmus, already mentioned, which joins the main island to the smaller portion of it called Petit Sark, is about 100 yards long, with
a precipice immediately overhanging the sea on the
eastern side; the passage on the western being in some
places only three or four feet wide, and over broken
rocks of terrific aspect. To the south of Petit Sark is
an isolated rock called Etat, much resembling in shape
the Mew-stone at Plymouth. On the coast is a funnel,
200 feet deep, and 100 feet in diameter at the surface,
named Creux Terrible, similar in appearance to the Buller
of Buchan, or Tol Pedn in Penwith, and near which is a
spring of water, whose specific gravity is one-eighth less
than that of any other water found in the island. There
are also numerous picturesque caverns in the cliffs along
the sea-shore.

The air is remarkably salubrious; and the soil, which
is extremely fertile, affords every necessary article of
produce for the inhabitants, particularly apples, from
which excellent cider is made; also turnips, parsnips,
potatoes, and other vegetables. Stockings, gloves, and
waistcoats called Guernsey jackets, are exported to
Bristol and some other western ports of England,
various articles of domestic consumption being brought
back in return. In 1835 a mine was opened containing
copper, lead, and silver ore, which has been wrought at
a cost of more than £30,000, but the returns are small,
and scarcely remunerate the trouble and expense of the
adventurers. A feudal court is held three times in the
year, for the purpose of enacting by-laws for the island,
which are in force when carried by a majority of the 40
tenants, and confirmed by the seignor. The chapel,
dedicated to St. Peter, was erected in 1820, and consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester in 1829. The monastery founded by St. Maglorius, was still existing in
the reign of Edward III. In 1719, an earthen pot,
bound with an iron hoop, was discovered, containing
eighteen Gallic coins of silver gilt.

Sarnesfield (All Saints)

SARNESFIELD (All Saints), a parish, in the union
of Weobley, hundred of Wolphy, county of Hereford, 2½ miles (W. by S.) from Weobley; containing
108 inhabitants. It comprises by computation 1186
acres. Stone is quarried for the roads. The living is a
discharged rectory, valued in the king's books at £5.
6. 8.; net income, £203; patron, Thomas Monnington,
Esq.: the glebe comprises 46 acres, with a house. The
church is a small ancient structure.

Sarr

SARR, a ville, in the union of the Isle of Thanet,
cinque-port liberty of Sandwich, locally in the hundred
of Ringslow, or Isle of Thanet, lathe of St. Augustine, E. division of Kent, 8¾ miles (N. E.) from Canterbury; containing 215 inhabitants. This place derives
its name from an ancient ford at low water, leading
from the Isle of Thanet to the main land, and, previously
to the arrival of the Saxons, forming a communication
with Chislet on the opposite bank. It was anciently
a separate parish, in old documents designated St. Giles
at Serre, but is now united with St. Nicholas', Sandwich.
The road from Canterbury to Ramsgate and Margate
passes through it, and the place once carried on a considerable trade; but on the failure of the river Wantsune,
the business declined, and the inhabitants removing to
other places, the church fell into decay. In Archbishop
Parker's visitation, in 1561, the living is returned as
"Vicaria Sarre Dissoluta." The ville comprises 653
acres, of which 138 are marsh land.

Sarratt (Holy Cross)

SARRATT (Holy Cross), a parish, in the union of
Watford, hundred of Cashio, or liberty of St. Alban's,
county of Hertford, 3½ miles (N. W. by N.) from
Rickmansworth; containing 542 inhabitants. The parish comprises 1250 acres, of which 50 are common or
waste land; the surface is hilly, and the soil chiefly
gravelly. The village is situated on a ridge of land
forming the western boundary of a vale watered by
a small river, commonly called the Sarratt stream. The
living is a vicarage, endowed with the rectorial tithes,
valued in the king's books at £9, and in the gift of
J. A. Gordon, Esq.: the tithes have been commuted for
£300, and the glebe comprises 50 acres. The church is
a cruciform structure having a square tower, and is
built with a mixture of brick, stone, and flints; it contains a piscina.

Sarsden

SARSDEN, a parish, in the union of ChippingNorton, hundred of Chadlington, county of Oxford,
3¾ miles (S. W. by S.) from Chipping-Norton; containing 179 inhabitants. It is said to have been the scene
of a battle in 1016, in which Canute was defeated by
Edmund Ironside. The living is a rectory, valued in
the king's books at £8. 18. 1½.; net income, £262;
patron, J. H. Langston, Esq. The tithes were commuted
for land and corn-rents in 1787. Ann Walker, in 1705,
gave the sum of £600, now producing an income of
£52. 10., for which twenty-four girls are educated.

Sarson

SARSON, a tything, in the parish of Amport, union
and hundred of Andover, Andover and N. divisions of
the county of Southampton; with 118 inhabitants.

Sarum, Old

SARUM, OLD, formerly a representative borough,
in the parish of Stratford-under-the-Castle, union
of Alderbury, hundred of Underditch, S. division of
Wilts, 1½ mile (N.) from Salisbury; containing 7 inhabitants. This place was a British settlement of some
importance prior to the time of the Romans, who, on
their establishment in the island, fixed here their station
Sorbiodunum, situated on the Via Iceniana, or Ikeneldstreet. By the Saxons, who under their leader Kenric,
son of Cerdic, second king of Wessex, took the town
from the Britons in 552, it was called Searesbyrig, from
the dryness of its situation. It was a residence of the
West Saxon kings till the union of the heptarchal
provinces under Egbert, after which time it still continued
to be a royal castle. Alfred issued an order to the
sheriff of Wiltshire to strengthen the place with a trench
and palisades; and the present remains of the fortifications are evidently of Saxon character. In 960, Edgar
convoked here a wittenagemot, or great council of the
state, the especial object of which was to deliberate upon
the best mode of defending the northern counties against
the incursions of the Danes, by whom that part of the
kingdom was particularly infested. In 1003, Sweyn,
King of Denmark, having landed on the western coast,
to retaliate for the massacre of his countrymen in the
reign of Ethelred, pillaged the town and burnt the castle.
Soon after the Norman Conquest, pursuant to a decree of
a synod held in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1076, for removing
sees from obscure villages into fortified cities, the seat of
the bishopric of Wiltshire was transferred by Bishop
Herman to this place, where he laid the foundation of a
cathedral, which was finished by his successor, Bishop
Osmund, in 1092.

On the completion of the Norman survey, in 1086,
William summoned all the bishops, abbots, barons, and
knights of the kingdom, to attend him at Sarum, and
do homage for the lands which they held by feudal
tenure. In 1095, or 1096, William Rufus assembled a
great council here, in which William, Count of Eu, was
impeached of high treason against the king, in conspiring
to raise Stephen, Earl of Albemarle, to the throne.
Henry I. held his court at Sarum for several months
during the year 1100, and here received Archbishop
Anselm on his arrival in England, requiring that prelate
to do homage and swear fealty to him, and to accept
from his hands the investiture of his see. This demand
gave rise to a dispute between the king and the pope,
which was at length compromised, the pope allowing
the prelates to do homage to the king, and reserving to
himself the right of investiture, which was the first
attempt to establish papal supremacy in the island.
Henry I. again fixed his residence here in 1106, and in
1116 assembled the prelates and barons of the realm, to
swear allegiance to his son as his successor on the
English throne, previously to the prince's embarkation
for Normandy, on his return from which country he
was unfortunately drowned. In the reign of Stephen,
Bishop Roger held the castle for the king; and soon
after the instalment of that prelate's successor, Joceline,
in 1142, the partisans of the Empress Matilda took possession of the town, which in the course of the contest
was alternately occupied by both parties. On the accession of Henry II., in 1154, the castle was found to be in
a dismantled state, and a considerable sum was expended
in putting it into repair.

From the time of Stephen, disputes had arisen between
the castellans and the clergy, which became so violent
that, in the reign of Richard I., Bishop Herbert, induced
by these annoyances, and other inconveniences attending
the situation of his church, among which was the dependence on the governor for a supply of water, procured
licence from the king to remove the see, and to erect a
new church in the valley, at the distance of nearly two
miles from the castle. This design was carried into
execution by his successor, who, having received a special indulgence from the pope, laid the foundation of the
present cathedral of Salisbury. From that period the
town of Old Sarum began to decay, and was gradually
deserted by its inhabitants, who established themselves
in the vicinity of the new church. A few fragments of
the foundation walls of some of the houses occupy the
declivity of an eminence rising from the western side of
a valley, and forming the extremity of a ridge which extends towards the east: the vast ditches and ramparts
of the city, and the site of the castle, may still be traced,
and form interesting objects of antiquarian research.
There were houses remaining in the time of Henry VIII.,
and service was performed in the old chapel of the cathedral until nearly the same period; but the place is now
deemed extra-parochial, and contains only one house.
It was a borough by prescription, and first exercised the
elective franchise in the 23rd of Edward I., but made no
other return till the 34th of Edward III., from which
time it continued to send two members to parliament
until the 2nd of William IV., when it was disfranchised.
John of Salisbury, one of the most eminent scholars of
his time, and celebrated as an historian and biographer,
was born at Old Sarum, in the early part of the twelfth
century.

Satchell, with Hound.—See Hound.

SATCHELL, with Hound.—See Hound.

Satley

SATLEY, a township and chapelry, in the parish and
union of Lanchester, W. division of Chester ward,
N. division of the county of Durham, 5 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Wolsingham; the township containing 132
inhabitants. In 1221, Philip de St. Helena, rector of
Lanchester, granted to this place, as a separate chapelry,
a general release from all tithes and oblations, on the
condition of its supporting a curate, in lieu of which the
proprietors of land have paid from time immemorial
£1. 10. per annum. The chapel afterwards fell from its
slender endowment, into a mere chapel of ease to the
parochial church; but it was again severed about 1731,
on receiving an augmentation from Queen Anne's Bounty,
which was expended in the purchase of Hunter's field,
in the parish of Wolsingham; and a further augmentation was made from the same fund in 1768. In 1834
the Bishop of Durham annexed to it the townships of
Butsfield, Cornsay, and Hedley Hope, together with
some out-allotments lying within the district and belonging to other places. The township is situated on the
road from Wolsingham to Lanchester, and comprises
902 acres of land: the village, which is small and straggling, stretches along a narrow vale. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Bishop, with an income of £210, and a commodious glebe-house, built in
1834 by the Rev. Joseph Thompson, incumbent. The
chapel, seated on a hill to the north of the village, was
rebuilt about 50 years since, and a square tower and a
gallery were added in 1829.

Satterleigh (St. Peter)

SATTERLEIGH (St. Peter), a parish, in the union
and hundred of South Molton, South Molton and
N. divisions of Devon, 3¾ miles (S. W. by W.) from
South Molton; containing 61 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, valued in the king's books at
£4. 0. 7½., and in the gift of James Gould, Esq.: the
tithes have been commuted for £67, and the glebe comprises 28 acres.

Satterthwaite

SATTERTHWAITE, a chapelry, in the parish of
Hawkshead, union of Ulverston, hundred of Lonsdale north of the Sands, N. division of the county of
Lancaster, 4 miles (S. by W.) from Hawkshead; containing 420 inhabitants. It is overspread with coppicewood, from the abundance of which the smelting of
iron-ore was formerly carried on to a considerable extent:
at present, the manufacture of bobbin is carried on at a
large mill at Cunsey. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the gift of the Incumbent of Hawkshead, with a net
income of £100. The chapel was repaired and enlarged
in 1837.

Saughall, Great

SAUGHALL, GREAT, a township, in the parish of
Shotwick, union of Great Boughton, Higher division
of the hundred of Wirrall, S. division of the county
of Chester, 4 miles (N. W. by W.) from Chester; containing 480 inhabitants, and 1122 acres of land, of a clay
soil. A rent-charge of £130 is paid in lieu of the tithes.

Saughall, Little

SAUGHALL, LITTLE, a township, in the parish of
Shotwick, union of Great Boughton, Higher division
of the hundred of Wirrall, S. division of the county
of Chester, 3¼ miles (N. W. by W.) from Chester;
containing 47 inhabitants, and comprising an area of
442 acres, of which the soil is clay. A rent-charge of
£55 is paid in lieu of the tithes of the township.

Saughall-Massey

SAUGHALL-MASSEY, a township, in the parish
of Bidstone, union, and Lower division of the hundred,
of Wirrall, S. division of the county of Chester, 9
miles (N. N. W.) from Great Neston; containing 152
inhabitants, and 860 acres of land, partly a clay soil.

Saul (St. James)

SAUL (St. James), a parish, in the union of Wheatenhurst, Upper division of the hundred of Whitstone,
E. division of the county of Gloucester, 8 miles (N.)
from Dursley; containing 477 inhabitants. It comprises
500 acres, including 25 common or waste; and is
bounded by the river Severn, into which the Frome
here discharges itself. The Gloucester and Berkeley
canal, and the Severn and Thames canal, both pass
through the parish. An inclosure act was obtained in
1839. On the banks of the Frome were formerly some
tin-plate works. The living is a perpetual curacy; net
income, £125; patron, the Vicar of Standish; appropriator, the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol: the great
tithes have been commuted for £115, and the incumbent's for £42; the glebe comprises 3 acres. The church
has been enlarged. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyans; and a parochial school is supported by
subscription. An ancient house here, still surrounded
by a moat, belonged to the Earl of Leicester.

Saundby (St. Martin)

SAUNDBY (St. Martin), a parish, in the union of
Gainsborough, North-Clay division of the wapentake
of Bassetlaw, N. division of the county of Nottingham, 2½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Gainsborough; containing 107 inhabitants. It comprises 1345a. 3r. 2p.,
and forms elevated ground, overlooking the river Trent;
the soil is rich, and in good cultivation. The living is
a rectory, valued in the king's books at £14. 8. 6½., and
in the gift of Viscount Middleton: the tithes have been
commuted for £325. 15., and the glebe comprises two
acres, with an excellent house. The church is in the
later English style, with portions of an earlier date, and
a very handsome tower built, according to an inscription
on one of the stones, in 1500.

Saunderton (St. Mary)

SAUNDERTON (St. Mary), a parish, in the union
of Wycombe, hundred of Desborough, county of
Buckingham, 1½ mile (S. W.) from Prince's-Risborough;
containing 232 inhabitants. It comprises 1820a. 26p.
of land, the greater portion of which is arable; the soil
is a rich loam, alternated with clay, and the surface is
partly hilly and partly level. The living is a rectory,
valued in the king's books at £13. 19. 7.; net income,
£377; patrons, the President and Fellows of Magdalen
College, Oxford. The tithes were commuted for land
in 1806; the glebe altogether comprises 406 acres.
Saunderton formerly constituted two parishes, but
coming into the possession of one individual, they were
united in the year 1457, and a church dedicated to St.
Nicholas was suffered to go to ruin.

Sausthorpe (St. Andrew)

SAUSTHORPE (St. Andrew), a parish, in the union
of Spilsby, hundred of Hill, parts of Lindsey, county
of Lincoln, 3 miles (N. N. W.) from Spilsby; containing 259 inhabitants. It comprises about 750 acres
of land, and is chiefly the property of the Rev. F. Swan,
lord of the manor, and patron and incumbent of the
benefice. New Hall, the residence of that gentleman, is
a handsome mansion with an embattled parapet. The
living is a discharged rectory, valued in the king's books
at £6. 3. 6½.: the tithes have been commuted for
£212. 14. 6., and the glebe consists of 9½ acres. The
church is a neat edifice.

Savernake-Forest, or South Side

SAVERNAKE-FOREST, or South Side, an extraparochial district, in the hundred of Kinwardstone,
Marlborough and Ramsbury, and N. divisions of the
county of Wilts, 2 miles (S.) from Marlborough; containing, with Brimslade and Cadley, 187 inhabitants.

Savernake-Park, or North Side

SAVERNAKE-PARK, or North Side, an extraparochial district, in the hundred of Selkley, Marlborough and Ramsbury, and N. divisions of the county
of Wilts, 1½ mile (S. E. by S.) from Marlborough; containing 112 inhabitants.