** Currier and Ives publish second print of Occident, based on Muybridge photographs.

1877

** 'Upon his return to California in ... 1876, Muybridge edited the hundreds of photographs from his voyage and published a selection the following year in an album titled The Pacific Coast of Central America and Mexico; the Isthmus of Panama; Guatemala; and the Cultivation and Shipment of Coffee. Ten are known to have survived.' [Brochure to accompany exhibition Eadweard Muybridge: The Central American Journey, 2007, Smithsonian American Art Museum.
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:J2EsPmiH3MMJ:www.tfaoi.com/cm/4cm/4cm653.pdf+isthmus+panama+]

January photographs San Francisco Panorama from roof of Mark Hopkins residence. [Mozley 59]

before July 11 photographs panorama, 11 negatives [Harris 120, items 31 and 33] published as a 'boudoir set' (cards) and as an 'album set', Panorama of San Francisco from California Street Hill.

August 2 letter to publisher of Alta California Fred McCrellish (with photo of Occident) 'a photograph made from a negative, which I believe to have been more rapidly executed than any other [OR: any ever] made hitherto...' [Haas 94] [Mac 21]

August 17Decatur Daily Republican, from the San Franclsco Post. 'Mr, Maybridge, the artist, succeeded last July...' [Google News Archive search]

August 22San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 'Mosaics. - THAT MARVELOUS PANORAMA, which Muybridge has taken, is creating a great furore among visitors. It is the most comprehensive and beautiful picture of San Francisco ever taken. Morse has it, at 417 Montgomery street.'

September 21Photographic News, includes Muybridge content. [Hamilton bibliog] p.455, 456. '...Mr. Muybridge intends to take a series of pictures, showing the step of 'Occident' at all its stages, and in this manner, for the first time, the precise differences in the motions of different horses can be clearly represented - a matter of much interest to horsemen...'

** The Photographic News: A Weekly Record of the Progress of Photography, p.456
'The following letter from Mr. Muybridge will be read with interest: San
Francisco, August 2nd, 1877. EDITORS ALTA. When you did me the honour of ...'

February 13San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 'WAS IT A MORTGAGE OR ACTUAL BILL OF SALE. The case of Edward J. Muybridge vs. Bradley & Rulofson is on trial ... an action to recover $5,000 damages for the destruction of four photographic negatives of Yosemite scenery and injury to twenty-one negatives of the same scenery, by dampness...'

MarchScribner's Monthly article, "A TRIP TO CENTRAL AMERICA", by Ellsworth Westervelt. (Guatemala, etc). 'I cannot close without acknowledging my indebtedness to Mr. Muybridge, of San Francisco, for offering the use of his justly celebrated photographs to assist in illustrating this article.' Several engravings based on Muybridge photographs. [The Making of America collection at:
http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/]

Spring/Summer (circa, and before 8 July), likely date of final, 13-part, mammmoth-plate Panorama of San Francisco from California Street Hill,. ['spring or early summer' Mozley 62] Harris [122, item 34] says 'late June or early July.'[http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Archive/san_francisco_1of5.html#Panorama]

June 16 San Francisco Chronicle, 'Set at Rest: The True Action of a Horse in Trotting Determined'. [Ott]

June 16San Francisco Call 'A Wonder of the Century' [Ott]

June 22Pacific Life describes the event: 'The most important experiments ever made in connection with electrophotography were brought to a successful conclusion on Saturday last, in the presence of Governor Stanford and a few invited guests at his race track at Palo Alto. The experiment in question was to reproduce the action of a horse at every point in his stride when trotting at a 2:20 gait...' [Mac 23]

June 23New York Times 'Photographing a Race-horse'. 'A dozen photographs show the various positions of Occident's body, legs, and feet...' (reprinted from San Francisco Bulletin, 14 Jun). [New York Times archive online]

July 9San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin report: 'MUYBRIDGE'S EXHIBITIONS. -The stereopticon exhibition given by E.J. Muybridge last night at the rooms of the Art Association, to illustrate the action of a fast trotter in motion, was very successful. Another exhibition will be given tomorrow night, and again on Saturday evening. Views of Central and South America are also projected on the screen. The explanations are made by Mr. Muybridge in a very interesting manner.'

July 11 application for US patent: 'Improvements in the Method and Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion.' [Mannoni (Crangle) 308] no.212,864 [Mannoni]

July 11Daily Alta California, 'A Picture, Showing Movement'. [Ott]

July 11 and 13 San Francisco Bulletin, includes Muybridge content. [Hamilton bibliog]

July 13 San Francisco Bulletin 'MUYBRIDGE'S LECTURE AND EXHIBITION. - This evening E.J. Muybridge will give his illustrated lecture on the motion of the trotting horse for the last time at the rooms of the Art Association on Pine Street near Kearney.'

SeptemberAnthony's Bulletin: 'we have received ... pictures made ... of the action of a horse running ... the animal is seen in a series of grotesque positions.' [Mac 23] Also, letter of 17 August from Muybridge published, re: Dallmeyer lenses. [reproduced in Mozley 114]

October 19Scientific American publishes article on his motion studies, with drawings based on photos of horse Abe Edgington. Suggests pasting pictures on strips for zoetrope viewing. [Taft intro]

December 6Janesville Gazette, The, 'Excellent Photographs of A trotter walking and moving at .... minute. ... and movements of a cantering horse Have Been Published ...' 'Muybridge's latest is a photograph of the stride of Mr. Stanlord's running mare Sallie Gardner ... as shown in eleven positions, and a twelfth mare standing added to the serles. Mr. Stanford has become so deeply interested in the work, that he has instructed Mr. MUYBRIDGE to purchase 12 more cameras ... With the double set of apparatus he intends having the movements of all domestic animals photographed. The results of these experiments ...' [Google News Archive search]

December 24 New York Times 'The actual movements of horses; some interesting discoveries made from the instantaneous photographs.' Page 3, 1202 words. 'Eastern horsemen are taking more interest in the instanteous photographs of Muybridge than is the case with the people here. Many inquiries and orders are received, and when the present are supplemented by those which it is intended to take, the question of action will be definitely settled.' (Reprinted from San Francisco Call Dec 15). [NYT archive online].

JanuaryPhiladelphia Photographer announces that a descriptive circular of horse photographs could be secured from Muybridge 'or $1.50 each will bring you copies of the groups of positions.' [Taft intro]

February 15'THE CONVERSAZIONE OF THE IPSWICH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY'
review of local event, Ipswich, England, includes details of photographer Mr. Vick displaying 'instantaneous photographs of a trotting horse, taken by electricity' and animated in a zoetrope. Vick later (c.1890) photographed Muybridge, and was also instrumental in arranging Muybridge's 1895 talk in Ipswich.

February 17 letter to Tissandier: 'Marey's work first inspired Stanford.' [Hecht 298A]

March applies for two patents. [Sol 267] (Should be 'two patents granted'?)

March 21Watsonville Transcript reports Muybridge, 'probably head of his profession in the world, was in town this week'. Photographed James M. Rogers' residence, views of town from water company's tank, and other buildings. [Solnit 67]

MarchPhotographische Mittheilungen, Berlin, reports on Muybridge's 11 series photographs of a galloping horse.
- further: published series images in July
- images also appeared in "Daheim". [Deac Rossell, email to SH]

April 3Nature, includes Muybridge content. [Hamilton bibliog]

April 12 Scientific Miscellany, Manchester Times (England), description of horse photography, from Nature.

June 19 Soiree, University College, Gower Street, London. Praxinoscope wih 'electro-magnetic engine' is demonstrated, and (later?) used with Muybridge horse silhouette sequences. (Details in July 18 English Mechanic article).

June 28 'The Paces of a Horse'. W. B. Tegetmeier, editor of The Field, states that he had mounted Muybridge photographs in a zoetrope: 'The action of the horse was immediately reproduced...' Sequence of galloping horse reproduced. [Mac 27] Note: surviving strips are actually for Reynaud praxinoscope. [Mannoni (Crangle) 309]

June 29 window of The Field attracts crowds to see Muybridge horse sequence in motion in zoetrope.

July 4British Journal of Photography records The Field public zoetrope demo. [Hecht 299E]

July 18English Mechanic, 'INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS OF HORSES' article, includes 12 silhouettes of galloping horse and rider for use in praxinoscope. '...by mean of the telegraph and instantaneous photography and our humble instrument, the famous Derby winner could, without absenting himself from England, give lessons in the noble art of riding to his less experienced brother jockey across the Atlantic? T. Weisendanger.' [Scrap]

July artist Fairman Rogers mentions that he had constructed a zoetrope to animate drawings based on Muybridge photographic sequences.

August 10Call 'Photographing Athletes in Motion'. Muybridge photographs athletes from Olympic Cub. 'The various views will be made up in cabinet size, which Governor Stanford will take with him to Europe to show as an evidence of American progress in the art of photography, and while there he will also have two oil paintings made of each, one set of which he will present to the Olympic Club.' [Scrap]

August Horne and Thornthwaite give demo of praxinoscope with Muybridge horse pictures, to British Association, at Sheffield. [Hecht 299E]

September 18Scientific American report of human locomotion studies.

[Ott 291]

** at about this time constructs a stereoscopic zoetrope, based on the Wheatstone mirror principle.

Autumn adopts motion sequence photographs into painted images for Zoogyroscope (later known as the Zoopraxiscope), and projects them privately.

December 23 San Francisco Call, 'CANINE PHOTOGRAPHY.' 'A Discovery Similar to that Made in Photographing Horses.' '...action of the celebrated dog Bulldoser, belonging to Nat Brooks, of this city...'. [Scrap]

** Thomas Eakins paints A May Morning in the Park, showing the four-in-hand of his friend and patron Fairman Rogers; the attitudes of the horses' legs, he calculated from Muybridge photographs. (Eakins owned a set of the published prints, from which he made lantern slides for teaching purposes at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Arts).

December 31New York Times , 'A DOG'S MOVEMENTS PHOTOGRAPHED.'. (from the San Francisco Call, Dec 23) '...recorded by the "unerring finger of light...."' [New York Times archive online]

January 11 photographs the eclipse of the sun sequence from Palo Alto, later published as cabinet photo.

January 13 Professor Manly Miles lectures in New York using Palo Alto series photographs. (Muybridge is not mentioned in news report). Note: 'Manly Miles ... was the first, and at the time only, professor of "scientific agriculture" in the nation. In conjunction with the college's idea of learning by doing, his courses were primarily hands-on. He is famous for his brown overalls and his undying insistence on experimentation. He is lesser known for saving the [Michigan State University] campus. On October 8, 1871, the same fall that Chicago burned, Miles led an expedition of students to the woods where fires were threatening to interrupt Sunday services and the campus buildings. By applying scientific theory into matters of the utmost necessity, Miles saved the State Agricultural College.' [http://anthropology.msu.edu/saints_rest_gallery/explore/fp_manlymiles.html ]

January 14New York Times reports on Manly Miles lecture. 'PHOTOGRAPHED IN MOTION. INSTANTANEOUS PICTURES OF HORSES WHILE RUNNING AND TROTTING.' 'Prof. Manly Miles lectured before the New York Academy of Comparative Anatomy, in East-Thirty-fourth-street, last evening, on "The Horse in Motion"... profusely illustrated with views of celebrated trotting and running horses taken instantaneously...by the new automatic electro-photographic process....A large gathering was present, including many veterinary surgeons and several distinguished horse fanciers. ... [they] frequently interrupted the Professor with loud applause. Artists and painters, Prof. Miles said, had always been wrong...' [New York Times archive online]

January 16 'new show - ballroom of Stanford's San Francisco house' with Zoogyroscope/Zoopraxiscope. [Hendricks 115]

January 20 another showing of Zoogyroscope/Zoopraxiscope at Stanford Residence. [Mozley 4 n.21] (?) (Date may relate to report in the Call dated 20 January; item in Scrapbook 'The Stanford Entertainment.' '...last Friday evening.' which was the 16th. [Scrap]

January 24Daily Nevada State Journal (Reno), 'Muybridge, of San Francisco, surprised and de- lighted the scientific world by ... of a series of twelve instantaneous photographs of a galloping horse, ... ' [Google News Archive search]

May 5 Daily Alta Califoria 'Muybridge's Magic Lantern Zoetrope': 'nothing was wanting but the clatter of hoofs upon the turf and an occasional breath of steam from the nostrils, to make the spectator believe that he had before him genuine flesh-and-blood steeds.' [Hend 234-242] [Musser 502 n.55, 56]

May 5 San Francisco Chronicle, 'Moving Shadows': report of May 4 presentation. '... a very interesting exhibition at the rooms of the San Francisco Art Association last evening.' '...the effect was precisely that of an animal running across the screen.' [Musser 50]

May 5 repeat lecture at San Francisco Art Association. 'The exhibition will be repeated for the benefit of the public this evening.' ['Moving Shadows', San Francisco Chronicle May 5].

May 8 San Francisco Call 'The Zoogyroscope.' [Scrap?]

May 8California Spirit of the Times 'Depreciation. Effects of Instantaneous Photography'. '...all of the former representations of horses in motion are reduced to worthless frauds...' [Newhall: Photography, Essays & Images]

May 15 delivers album of animals in motion (Attitudes?) to Stanford. [Sol 268] Should be 1881?

May 19 New York Times (From the San Francisco Call, May 5.) 'The Zoogyroscope; interesting exhibition of photographs of animals in motion.' 'A private exhibition of the zoogyroscope was given by E.J. Muybridge, the photographer, at the gallery of the San Francisco Art Association, last evening. Mr. Muybridge has been engaged during the past two years in making photographic representations of animals in motion, under the patronage of Gov. Leland Stanford, at the residence of...' [New York Times archive online]

August files patent for method of and apparatus for photographing changing or moving object. [Solnit 268]

August 28Manitoba Daily Free Press (Winnipeg) , 'Stonehenge and other writers on the horse have asserted that that quadruped, in trotting, ... Muybridge shows that it is in all cases the heel. ... ' [Google News Archive search]