This blog is for anything I'm thinking about that might be worth sharing. If you like something here, please let me know. You can email me on pb204@virginmedia.com, replacing "pb" with the full Latin word.

About Me

Friday, 6 December 2013

Nelson Mandela was the greatest statesman of my lifetime. I'm glad that he enjoyed such a long life.

Meanwhile, I learned in a bar tonight that the International Rugby Board retains the rights to BBC radio's commentary on Nelson Mandela awarding the 1995 rugby union world cup to Francois Pienaar, but will graciously allow the BBC to use it for the next 24 hours, or perhaps longer. Which is good, but why have we allowed such ludicrous extensions of intellectual property rights?

Thursday, 5 December 2013

Tim Worstall's UKIP-supporting blog is where I go to get a different angle on the news. He didn't disappoint me with his spin on a Guardian story from which he quotes "More than 2,000 people have died of dehydration or malnutrition while in a care home or hospital in the last decade". "Just shitty care" he concludes, "Wonder of the world." Which is his stock sarcasm about the NHS.

My immediate reaction was that it's foolish to blame the NHS for this. It's not the hospital's fault if a usually elderly patient is too weak to be saved when admitted with dehydration or malnutrition. Nor is it the hospital's fault if a patient refuses to eat or drink. And, while there have reports of patients becoming dehydrated or malnourished while in hospital, I doubt that accounts for more than a few of these two thousand cases, if only because the doctor completing the death certificate will usually rely on the medical problems detailed in the patient's hospital notes. Hence this statistic tells one little or nothing about the quality of NHS care.

So what did the original story have to say? The headline in the Guardian story is "Dehydration and malnutrition led to 2,162 deaths in care since 2003", wrongly suggesting that the deaths occurred in care homes, as most of them did not. Worstall must have read past this, since he's blaming the NHS. The body of the story is more careful about the statistic, but concerns itself entirely with care homes not hospitals. And it links prominently to a story in the Telegraph.

Now, Worstall's usual choice of newspaper to link to is the Telegraph, so why has he chosen to use the Guardian for a story it's lifted from his favourite paper (and not even had a go at its misleading headline)? Because, I suppose, the latter's story doesn't mention hospitals at all. And Worstall wants to bash hospitals, which are mostly in the NHS, not care homes, which are mostly privately run.

The source of the numbers in both newspapers' stories is this spreadsheet published by the Office for National Statistics, "following an ad hoc request by the Sunday Telegraph". (The spreadsheet notes that it does not distinguish between state and private provision of either care homes or hospitals.) Only 14% of deaths in the last year "where either malnutrition or dehydration were mentioned on the death certificate" took place in care homes, but the newspapers are quite right to concentrate on the role of care homes because they are unambiguously responsible in a way that hospitals are not.

We should be cautious in assuming that poor care is likely to be involved in all these deaths. There may be cases in which dehydration or malnutrition are unavoidable. And it may something be better to keep a dying patient in familiar surroundings rather than dispatch them to hospital. But assuming, to oblige Worstall, that the statistic is telling us that some care homes are providing "shitty care", then what?

Care homes in the UK are a mixture of private for-profit (72%), not-for-profit (14%), and local council or NHS provision (14%, numbers from here). A meta-analysis in the BMJ has reported that "the evidence suggests that, on average, not-for-profit nursing homes deliver higher quality care than do for-profit nursing homes". And an unscientific online survey suggests that most (but not all) cases of alleged neglect which reach the press occur intheprivatesector. So we can't just blame poor care on state provision.

Advocates of private provision of health care have achieved a massive shift from state to private provision of care homes in the last 30 years (page 13). Even those sceptical, like me, about how well markets can work in healthcare provision can see potential for their application to care homes. Relatives of a potential resident can visit several care homes, talk to the staff, see the residents, and smell the air - I've done it. They can ask themselves whether they'd be content to live in the home if need be. They can choose to pay more for better care too - while local authorities cover the basic cost for many residents, that's at a standard rate which one can choose to top up. And if a care home proves unsatisfactory, you can move to a different one. All this should allow market mechanisms to work better than they can in the choice of doctors or treatments, where the patient has no good way to compare competing providers. So if in fact the care home market is not working - if care homes are killing their residents through neglect - then that calls into question the whole notion of markets in healthcare.

Let's find out whether care homes are doing an adequate job, and if not why markets are failing to work their magic, before we spend any more money and goodwill on introducing competition to the NHS.

Tuesday, 19 November 2013

The actor Hugh Grant wants Britain to reintroduce National Service, which was phased out at about the time he was born: he says that his "father and grandfather both served and it shaped them". Grant comes from a military family of some distinction: his father was a Sandhurst-trained officer and his grandfather was awarded the DSO following the Second World War. So neither of them was subject to National Service. Whereas I come from an unmilitary family, my father spent two years on National Service, and he describes it as an utter waste of time.

Grant's proposal puts him in the unlikely company of Philip Hollobone, a Tory MP who has presented a Bill to implement the idea. But it's not going to happen - what would a modern army do with large numbers of unwilling, short-term recruits?

All the same, mightn't it be a good thing if politicians at least had some experience of soldiering and its dangers before they became empowered to send soldiers off to war? Or would politicians-to-be find a way to avoid it? The thought has led me to look up the Vietnam War records of all the main-party US presidential and vice-presidential candidates who were of an age to be drafted. I present them in order of date of birth:

John McCain, 29th August 1936: son and grandson of US Navy Admirals, naval aviator, shot down, badly wounded, tortured and held for over five years as a prisoner. Unaffected by the draft.

Dick Cheney, 30th Jan 1941: awarded deferments while taking six years to complete four years' worth of study, and then because his wife was pregnant.

Joe Lieberman, 24th February 1942: awarded deferments to attend college and law school and then because he had a child.

Joe Biden, 20th November 1942: awarded deferments while studying at college and law school, and then reclassified as unfit due to asthma.

John Kerry, 11th December 1943: pre-empted the draft by enlisting in the US Navy Reserve when his college deferments ended. Commanded a "swift boat" in Vietnam and was decorated for gallantry

George W Bush, 6th July 1946: avoided the draft by joining the Texas Air National Guard

Dan Quayle, 4th February 1947: avoided the draft by joining the Indiana National Guard

Al Gore, 31st March 1948: pre-empted the draft by enlisting when his college deferment ended. Spend only five months in Vietnam, where, as the son of a Congressman, he was kept well out of harm's way.

John Edwards: 10th June 1953: only just old enough to have been drafted, awarded deferment to attend college.

Of eight prominent politicians who might have been drafted (I'm leaving out McCain as too old and Edwards as too young), three avoided the draft by spending enough years in college, three avoided service in Vietnam by finding safer military options, one went to Vietnam but was kept out of danger, and one - John Kerry - actually fought. Following his experiences in Vietnam, Kerry became a strong opponent of the war. This made him enemies within the US Navy, who participated in a smear campaign against him when supporters of GW Bush wanted to muddy the comparison between Kerry and their man.

So the conclusion, albeit from an inadequate sample, is that most politicians will avoid meaningful service, and the few who don't will be the relatively honourable ones. And those are the ones who lose elections.

Tuesday, 23 July 2013

On a long drive home last night, I was annoyed to find the airwaves filled with the not very interesting news that a baby had been born in London - three or four hundred are born there every day, but this one gets particular hereditary privileges which I suppose make it worth a few seconds of one's attention.

So I turned the radio off, and wondered - I like to exercise my critical faculties - what the news was lying about. The suspicious part was the claim that the sex of the baby had been a surprise to its parents. That could be true, but it doesn't follow that no one knew. Ultrasound scans will certainly have been performed as part of the mother's care, and the ultrasonographer will certainly have observed the fetus's genitals.

The sex was of unusual importance (that is, fractionally more than none) in that the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 makes "succession to the Crown not depend on gender". So, had the baby been a girl, it would have been likely eventually to become queen, and, contrary to long-standing practice, that would remain the case if brothers were later to be born. Which would make the ratification of the Perth Agreement a matter of some urgency, at least in the minds of courtiers who care about such things. It follows that they would have strained to discover from the ultrasonographer the sex of the fetus, and, had it been female, to publicize the fact so as to concentrate the minds of the other Commonwealth Realms. Whereas had it been male, as it was, there would have been no hurry.

It could therefore be deduced from the secrecy about the child's sex that it was male. I recognize that this analysis would be more impressive if I'd written it without knowing the result.

Saturday, 6 July 2013

The women's final of a relatively important tennis tournament is being contested this afternoon in Wimbledon by Sabine Lisicki and Marion Bartoli. The English broadcast media have settled on pronouncing the former player's name as "Sabeena Lizikee". That sounds horribly wrong to me: Lisicki is a Polish name (meaning something like "foxy"), and 'c' in Polish is pronounced 'ts'.

However, Sabine is a German name: she's a German with Polish parents, so perhaps the name is pronounced differently in Germany. I checked on Forvo, which helpfully offers both German and Polish pronunciations: "Luzitskee" and "Leeshitska" respectively (I'm not sure about the first vowel in the German version). (The Poles are in fact pronouncing "Lisicka" which would be a feminine form of the surname: I suppose the family has chosen not to use this variant.)

Would the player herself prefer us to use a German or a Polish rendering? Here she is pronouncing her own name: she calls herself "Sabeen Lizikee". Evidently she is content to follow the local (US) pronunciation - this seems to be common practice among Eastern-European tennis players, cf. Navratilova and Sharapova.

So what should the BBC do? If it wanted to please me, it would adopt the German pronunciation. I can understand its not caring about that, but I can't see why it should have chosen to pronounce her forename in German and her surname in American.
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Thursday, 20 June 2013

Charlie has been watching Prime Minister's Questions (h/t Rebecca), which yesterday included a revealing reply to a question from Caroline Lucas, the UK's one Green Party MP.

Caroline Lucas (Brighton, Pavilion) (Green): The Government’s own research shows that there is a link between the portrayal of women as sex objects in the media and greater acceptance of sexual harassment and violence against women. That being the case, will the Prime Minister join me in trying to get our own House in order and calling on the parliamentary authorities to stop The Sun being available on the parliamentary estate until page 3 is scrapped, and will he have a word with his friend Rupert Murdoch about it while he is at it?

The Prime Minister: I am glad the hon. Lady got her question asked after the dazzling T-shirt that she was wearing last week failed to catch Mr Speaker’s eye. I am afraid I do not agree with her. It is important that we can read all newspapers on the parliamentary estate, including The Sun

(Text from Hansard.)
The contrast with Cameron's approach to other questions is striking. The political point-scoring from Labour members he answered with point-scoring of his own, but other questions he dealt with courteously. Here for example is his reply to a question for Labour MP Hazel Blears about unpaid internships:

The Prime Minister: The right hon. Lady is doing some important work in this area. It is a difficult area to get right, because we all know from our own experiences that some short-term unpaid internships—work experience—can be very valuable for the people taking part. On the other hand, unpaid interns should not be employed instead of workers to avoid the national minimum wage. That is the balance that we have to get right, and I commend the right hon. Lady for the important work that she is doing.

It's as if he thinks that stopping exploitation of interns is important, but violence against women is an issue best addressed by making jokes about what one's questioner was wearing a week ago.

Rather than read the text, one can watch PMQs on video. That takes much longer than is merited by what is said, but one can enjoy the demeanour of the front benches. In this broadcast, Theresa Villiers, sitting four to the left of Cameron, is the one to watch when she comes into shot. She seems reasonably enough to think she's got better things to do than listen to boys calling each other names, but she does her best to listen politely. At 4:17 she smiles at Cameron's cutting remarks about Ed Balls. At 10:19 she smiles in support of his congratulations to Edward Leigh on his knighthood. At 16:49 she looks bored with Cameron's reply to a question about child poverty (he blames Labour and the Speaker cuts him off), and at 20:21 she's no more interested in an exchange about William Cash's Gender Equality (International Development) Bill (Cash invites Cameron to support the Bill, and Cameron does so, but not to the extent of encouraging anyone to vote for it). At 26:02 she's interested enough in a question about the Health Service to exchange a few words with Jeremy Hunt, the Health Secretary.

Lucas asks her question at 26:10. At 26:56 Cameron steps back, having finished his reply, revealing Hunt and Kenneth Clarke smiling at his jest, and Villiers between them glowering stonily.

I'd like to think that she had a quiet word with him after, pointing out that he could have expressed his abhorrence at violence against women while still supporting freedom of the press and the right of MPs to inform themselves by looking at the pictures in The Sun.

Wednesday, 5 June 2013

At the end of last year there was a hoo-hah about the Starbucks coffee chain, which doesn't pay corporation tax in the UK because its accounts say it makes no profits here. Kris Engskov, Starbucks' UK Managing Director, quieted the row by promising that in future the UK company would reform its accounting practises such that profits made here would no longer be transferred to Starbucks' operations overseas by means of brand royalty payments, mark-ups on coffee beans and high rates of interest on intra-company loans.

So that’s a £33m loss less £26m of royalties less £2m of interest, which gets one to a figure of £5m… which is still a loss. Some of the mark-up from the Swiss bought coffee would have to go too to get the company near profitable in the UK.

Which makes the punchline — that Starbucks has agreed to pay £10m of ‘tax’ voluntarily over the next two years — even weirder.

This analysis was seized on by commentators hostile to corporation tax in general. But Pollack, in an otherwise informative series, has made a mistake. The profit and loss for reporting purposes is not the same as the profit and loss for corporation tax purposes. (I started on a post about this at the time: real life supervened. But Tim Worstall has today repeated the claim, so I'm going to try to put things straight.)

The £33m is Starbucks' reported UK loss for 2010-11. Pollack's point is that even if it reported results £28m better it would still be making a loss, and so (she implied) not paying corporation tax. But as the Financial Statement makes clear on page 19, some of the items contributing to the stated loss - depreciation and impairment in excess of capital allowances, and non-deductible expenses - are not allowable for corporation tax purposes. They come to about £16m apiece. Adding these back in, Starbucks' UK loss is reduced to £1m. So with the £28m in royalties and interest payments the company would have a taxable profit of about £27m.
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Two additional points for clarity:
- the numbers on p19 are the affect of each item on corporation tax payable, which was 27% of the gross
- Starbucks has got past losses available to set against future profits. So it may still not need to pay corporation tax.

Thursday, 2 May 2013

Nigel Farage, the leader of UKIP, is not lavish in his praise of his party's election candidates, but he does have one thing to say in their defence: "Have you met the cretins we have in Westminster? Do you think we can be worse than that?".

That's intended to be rhetorical, but it's a question I'm going to consider. UKIP has had only one MP, a defector from the Conservatives who apparently never paid his party subs and changed his mind after six months, so we can't say anything about the quality of its representatives in the Commons. But it has been much more successful in European elections. In June 1999 it had three candidates elected to the European Parliament, in 2004 twelve, and in 2009 thirteen. Altogether, there have been 22 different UKIP MEPs. How have they got on?

Two of them have been sent to prison. Ashley Mote, elected in 2004, was immediately suspended from UKIP when it found out he was to be tried for benefit fraud. In 2007 he was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. Tom Wise, also elected in 2004, had the UKIP whip withdrawn in March 2007 over an expenses scandal, and was convicted in November 2009 of False Accounting and sentenced to two years in prison.

So of the 28 occasions when European electors have chosen a UKIP candidate, there are seven - a quarter - on which their choice was frustrated by criminality or animosity between the candidate and the party.

To put the criminality in context, I've attempted to count all the MPs and MEPs elected in the last three elections in England, Scotland and Wales who have been imprisoned. Excluding the UKIP MEPs, there are no MEPs and five MPs - David Chaytor, Eric Illsley, Jim Devine, and Elliott Morley. all Labour members convicted in 2011 of false accounting over the expenses scandal (Margaret Moran was unfit to stand trial), and Chris Huhne, convicted this year of perverting the course of justice. That's out of 188 non-UKIP MEPs elected (I'm counting per election rather than per distinct MEP), and 1902 MPs elected (ignoring by-elections). So 0.24% of non UKIP MPs and MEPs are jailbirds, compared with 7.1% of UKIP MEPs.

(The Conservatives are not immune: three Tory peers have been to jail - Jeffrey Archer for perjury and Paul White and John Taylor for fiddling their parliamentary expenses.)

It's harder to keep track of defections and other fallings out, but the immediate comparison is that there has been one defection to UKIP - Roger Helmer from the Conservatives. So UKIP now has eleven MEPs (who they describe as "the UKIP team of 12").

To answer Farage's question - "do you think we can be worse?". Yes I do.

Coppola starts by explaining that "For sovereign debt, [a credit rating] is supposed to give investors an indication of the risk of loss due to default". Yes, but it's hard to imagine a single investor's mind being changed on Fitch's say-so. The real purpose of these ratings is to get featured in the news.

The principal damage inflicted by the downgrade is on George Osborne and his colleagues, who undertook to "safeguard Britain's credit rating". And the only people helped by it are the ratings agencies, who have attracted a lot of respectful publicity. To sum up, a politician has failed to keep his promise, and a publicity seeker has successfully sought publicity.

Monday, 4 February 2013

Astonishing as it may seem, the evidence suggests that Jim Harbaugh, coach of the San Francisco 49ers (an American Football team), does not read this blog. But he should.

Last night the Superbowl was played between the 49ers and the Baltimore Ravens, coached by Jim's elder brother John (I can't say whether he's among my readers). And the 49ers fell behind 28-6, before scoring a touchdown with seven or so minutes remaining in the third quarter.

As my readers know, the best strategy in this situation is to attempt a two-point conversion. But the 49ers chose to kick for a single point - the possibility of a two-point attempt was briefly raised and dismissed by analysts on the channel I was watching. The 49ers went on to score two more touchdowns without reply: after the third they went for two points to tie the game, but failed. The Ravens then scored a field goal to go five points ahead. The 49ers drove close to the Raven's goal line in the last three minutes, but were obliged by the points difference to go for a touchdown on fourth down rather than kick a field goal, and failed.

Suppose instead that the 49ers had gone for two at 28-12, and failed. After their next touchdown they would attempt two points again. If they succeeded, they would try for another two after their third touchdown, leaving themselves either level or two points behind, and if they failed they would kick a point after their third touchdown. So in the last two minutes they would have been either three, five, or six points behind. Five or six would have been no different from in the game, but three would have allowed them to kick a tying field goal, with a good chance to win in overtime.

Reportedly Jim Harbaugh is paid $5m a year for his coaching skills, and may be worth more...

Monday, 21 January 2013

There's been an internet spat between Anthony Watts, operator of "The world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change", and Greg Laden, operator of the world's most viewed site written by Greg Laden.

Deviating from his usual subject of disbelief in anthropogenic global warming, Watts posted an item about a paper reporting signs of extraterrestrial life in a meteorite. Unfortunately for Watts, the paper appears to be completelywrong, so when Laden read the post he wrote one of his own, mocking Watts, for not being "equipped to recognize this bogus science as bogus". Watts, fired back a post accusing Laden of being a liar, on the grounds that Laden's screenshot of Watts' post cut off the second line, which qualified Watts' enthusiasm. Laden was unimpressed. Watts posted again, asking his readers whether he should launch a "false light" legal claim against Laden. Laden laughed.

I've got nothing to add about the identification of alleged extraterrestrial diatoms, but I'm interested in the notion that the law in some US states allows bloggers to sue each other over what they've written, especially in view of the way US law has been influenced by the First Amendment. I Am Not a Lawyer, but I can follow hyperlinks, so I followed the link Watts helpfully provides to a site discussing the "false light" law in Washington DC, where Watts proposes to sue.

The first, unsurprising point is that a false light claim requires "a false statement, representation, or imputation about the plaintiff". There doesn't seem to be any false statement in Laden's article. Laden has a screen shot of Watts starting his post with "This looks to be a huge story, the first evidence of extraterrestrial life, if it holds up", which of course is exactly what Watts did write. It was a bit rude of Laden to cut off his screenshot before Watts' further qualification that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", but that qualification is irrelevant to Laden's point, which is that the paper Watts cited doesn't constitute so much as ordinary evidence. The screenshot is not a false representation of what Watts wrote. Laden goes on to say that Watts "was not equipped to recognize this bogus science as bogus", but Watts in his follow up does not disagree, writing "I've never claimed to be an expert in meteors or diatoms".

The second point is that "false light" is a privacy tort. It's not intended to protect a person in the act of publicizing his views. I don't see that one can claim to operate a "most viewed site" and claim privacy protection for what one writes on it.

The third point is that, in so far as the plaintiff is a public figure, he has to prove "actual malice", which words carry a special legal meaning that the statement complained of was published knowing it was false or reckless about its truth. Whereas Laden seems to believe strongly in what he wrote. Is Watts claiming not to be a public figure when blogging?

So, to this lay reader, any legal action by Watts would seem to be beyond hopeless.

Introducing his threat of legal action, Watts wrote "I spent yesterday conferring with lawyers about the smear that Greg Laden made against me", but he doesn't actually say what advice the lawyers gave him, resorting instead to the formula "it seems that Laden’s actions in his original and follow up story meet the legal tests for "false light".

Wednesday, 2 January 2013

In my previous post, I looked at a recent estimate by Lewis of climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling, pointing out that Lewis, while not explicitly disagreeing with SOD's data, used his own substantially lower estimate for heat uptake.

On the other hand, Lewis does explain at some length why he prefers a lower number to the IPCC's median estimate of -0.9 W m-2 for (non-volcanic, mainly sulphate) aerosol forcing - what the IPCC calls Adjusted Forcing from Combined Aerosol-Radiation and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, or AFari+aci for short. He points out that that estimate is "not what the observations indicate: it is a composite of observational, GCM-simulation/aerosol model derived, and inverse estimates." He wants to use observational data only, so he takes the figure of -0.73 W m-2 from section 7.5.3 of SOD, and corrects SOD's estimate of total forcing for the difference. Paul S, commenting here, says that that value wrongly treats estimates in some source papers of the indirect effect only as the whole forcing - the principal aerosol forcing mechanisms are the direct interaction with radiation, and the first indirect effect, which is caused by a change in cloud albedo resulting from droplet nucleation.

I've looked up the five papers listed on page 7-109 as sources for the estimate. I present a crude summary of their results:

To get more confidence in the numbers, I've had a look at the difference between Adjusted Forcing and Radiative Forcing. SOD estimates a centre value for RFari of -0.4 W m-2, and explains (page 7-45)

AFari adds the radiative effects from rapid adjustments onto RFari...Rapid adjustments are principally caused by cloud changes...Overall a best estimate for the rapid adjustment is taken to be –0.1 W m-2...[giving] an assessment for AFari of –0.5 W m-2

So its estimate of the direct effect is consistent with the numbers in my table.

SOD's preferred method for evaluating AFaci is to back it out from AFari+aci:

We produce a best estimate ... for AFari+aci in the following way. The global CMIP5 models and inverse estimates are grouped together and a bootstrapping method is used to estimate a mean ... of –0.98 W m-2. Processing the satellite-based estimates in the same way leads to a mean ... of –0.73 W m-2... We combine these two estimates into a best estimate ... for RFari+aci of –0.9 W m-2...

The AFaci is estimated as the residual between AFari+aci and AFari. We further assume that AFari and AFaci are additive ..., which yields to our assessment of AFaci of –0.4 W m-2. Models indicate that RFaci is less than AFaci, which implies an estimate of –0.3 W m-2...

[I think the "RFari+aci" there is a typo for "AFari+aci"]

Comparing the numbers in my table with the scatter plot in SOD Figure 7.10 on page 7-130, which shows seven points with the largest at about -1.0, it's apparent that the SAT points plotted are for indirect forcing only. The two values in Quaas 2006 seem to have been plotted separately. I can't see where the seventh point comes from. Averaging the six points I've got gives -0.6, and adding a direct effect of -0.5 onto that gives a total adjusted forcing of -1.1 W m-2. Whence the big difference from SOD's combined estimate of –0.73 W m-2? It's hard to be sure, but it looks very much as if SOD has used the satellite estimates for indirect forcing only as if they're the whole forcing effect. Three of the papers explicitly disagree with that, because they talk about additionally about the direct effect and a total effect. The other two papers are clear that they're discussing indirect effects only. If the combined effect is really –0.73 W m-2 and the estimate quoted above of -0.5 W m-2 for the direct effect is good, that implies an indirect effect of only -0.23 W m-2, lower than the estimates in any of the studies referenced. This seems obviously wrong.

I've also looked up the seven papers listed as sources for the estimate of RFari+aci (two of them the same as above)

Here simply summing the average direct (-0.58) and indirect (-0.46) forcings gives a total forcing of -1.04 W m-2. (I think the Dufresne result should be corrected for this purpose by adding in the 1860 forcing, but I've not done that.)

So the sources SOD references suggest an RFari+aci of about -1.0 W m-2 and an AFari+aci of about -1.1 W m-2.

In conclusion, SOD mentions the value of -0.73 W m-2 only in passing, and does not offer it as an estimate. And the source papers it refers to seem not to justify using it. Lewis might reasonably have take SOD's explicit estimate for AFari+aci of -0.9 W m-2, or he could have gone to the sources using his preferred method and come up with a consensus value of -1.1 W m-2. I think he is not justified in using -0.73 W m-2.

Using a value of -0.9 together with my previous heat uptake estimate increases the median sensitivity to 1.95. Using -1.1 increases median sensitivity to 2.29 .

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It's very possible that this post could be improved by expert interpretation of the source materials. I welcome suggestions and corrections, and may undertake extensive revision in their light.

[I've omitted throughout estimates and discussion of uncertainties. Which is not to say that they're unimportant, but I'm concentrating here on the headline numbers.]