How ‘Mil’ arrived in military aviation

Sept 03 2015

Alexander Vershinin

specially for RIR

A Mi-24 helicopter on a mission in the vicinity of the Kabul-Herat road.

RIA Novosti/A.Solomonov

The Mil helicopter plant, located outside Moscow, has become a world leader in the manufacture of attack helicopters over the past six decades. Originally founded as a small design bureau, the Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute in Zhukovsky, under Mikhail Mil was, in 1947 Russia’s largest aviation research centre.

It was actually a Russian who conceptualised and first devised the modern helicopter, (notwithstanding Leonardo da Vinci’s 15th-century sketches). Igor Sikorsky, an engineer, developed the first prototype of the helicopter in Kiev, between 1908 and 1911.

Tempestuous events of the early 20th century (World War I and the 1917 Revolution) soon overtook his path-breaking invention and determined a different course for his creation. Soon after the revolution, the gifted inventor emigrated to relocate in the United States where, in 1923, he founded an aircraft manufacturing company bearing his name. His legacy, however, remained in the minds and workshops of Russian engineers.

In the United States, Sikorsky’s company built planes for over 10 years before it made a mark in this new niche area of aviation in 1939. On both sides of the Atlantic, the multiple benefits of small aircraft like helicopters were quickly understood. They could be used more widely than large aircraft and gain access to more remote areas, because they required no specified airfields. Of immense value also, was the ability of the helicopter to hover in the air and manoevre at low altitudes, opening a vast field of applications in both civilian and military spheres.

In Russia, however, everything had to begin from scratch. Until the 1940s the helicopter was in its infancy in the Soviet Union, but the production of gyros – small rotary-wing aircraft and a prototype of the classic helicopter design – was gradually mastered. Some of the new aircraft even saw service in World War II.

The dawn of the helicopter industry

A year before the conflict broke out, the first helicopter design bureau was created under the leadership of Nikolai Kamov. However, the true dawn of the industry came in the post-war years, and is inextricably linked with the name of the Soviet aircraft engineer Mikhail Mil.

In 1947 at Russia’s largest aviation research center, the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Zhukovsky (the Moscow Region), the helicopter laboratory emerged under Mil’s command. At the time no one suspected that the small unit formed that year into a design bureau would soon be one of the most important helicopter development centers in the world. One year later a bureau employee rose into the air in the first light helicopter designed by Mil, the Mi-1.

A Soviet Mi-1 multirole helicopter, developed by the Mil Design Bureau in the late 1940s. Source: RIA Novosti/L.Nosov

This was to be the first Soviet mass-produced, multi-purpose helicopter suitable for both civil use (exploration, transportation of people and cargo in remote places, agricultural operations) and military application. The project secured the future of the Mil design bureau, which began to form a new industrial production line with the code number 329, a classification that soon garnered an impressive reputation across the Soviet Union.

The Soviet engineers did not stop there. The capacities of the Mi-1 were limited by the piston engine, and work soon began to create a new helicopter gas turbine engine. In 1962, after numerous tests, the new Mi-2 successfully flew, and production began in Poland as well as the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the bureau was also working simultaneously on the Mi-4 transport helicopter, in direct competition with a similar model built by Sikorsky in the U.S. However, the Mi-4 significantly surpassed its rival’s capacity, being able to convey more than a dozen assault troops in full equipment.

New horizons and global successes

The Mi-4 opened up new horizons for the development of air transport, and in 1954 Mil received an order to use it as the basis for developing a heavy transport helicopter, the Mi-6, which went on to set a number of world records. In particular, it could lift a 15-ton load to a height of 8,850 feet (2,700 meters), a record that was long unchallenged.

The MI-6 was followed by a series of new aircraft, including the amphibious Mi-14 helicopter, the Mi-10K crane, and the Mi-26 troop transporter, which has the maximum lifting capacity of any helicopter in the world. However, two other aircraft stood altogether in a class of their own.

In the early 1960s, the Mil design bureau developed a new model that was classed the Mi-8. It went on to reap 40 years of glory as the workhorse of armies and civilian aviation around the world, with more than 12,000 units built for both military and civil application.

The Mi-24 is another unique development in helicopter aviation, and was the first Soviet helicopter built for combat missions. Since 1971, the Mi-24 has seen active service in dozens of conflict zones, from Afghanistan to Angola, the Middle East and the Caucasus. To date, the Mi-24 is the most actively used helicopter gunship in the world, in service with 50 countries.

Still innovating

Today, the Mil helicopter plant not only produces and maintains the older models but also creates new ones, including the Mi-28N combat "Night Hunter,” adopted by the Russian Air Force in 2013 and specifically designed to engage targets in darkness.