Quick Facts

The mild climate of the lower Mississippi required little clothing. Acolapissa men limited themselves pretty much to a breechcloth, women a short skirt, and children ran nude until puberty. With

so little clothing with which to adorn themselves, the Acolapissa were fond of decorating their entire bodies with tattoos. In cold weather a buffalo robe or feathered cloak was added for warmth.

Today's Mailbag

QUESTION:Is it possible to find native american genealogy information online without paying for it? Where do I start?

~Submitted by Craig G.

ANSWER:

Hi Craig,

Yes, it definitely is. Here is my short list of my ten favorite genealogy sources in general and my ten favorite native american genealogy resources in particular. These sources will give you starting points for just about any ancestry search, not just for native american ancestry specifically, but they hold a wealth of free genealogy information about native american ancestry, too.
Read more...

WELLSTON, Mich. (AP) - As the setting sun cast long shadows over Pine Lake, its surface rippled by a gentle breeze, Jimmie Mitchell dropped a pinch of tobacco into the water - a gesture of gratitude for nature's bounty.

Mitchell, chairman of the natural resources commission with the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, and tribal biologist Marty Holtgren have netted 11 yellow perch and two bluegill from the small lake in southern Manistee County.

Their mission is partly scientific - evaluating fish population dynamics in area lakes. But the perch and bluegill will be frozen and eventually served during a ceremony, perhaps a funeral or festival. To the Anishnaabe tribes of northern Michigan, fish is more than just food. It's a link with past generations, a symbol of cultural identity.

And that makes mercury contamination a particularly touchy matter.

Tribal leaders walk a fine line between encouraging their citizens to retain ancient traditions and cautioning them against the modern threat of tainted fish, the leading cause of human mercury poisoning.

''Our people have always gained subsistence from rivers and lakes,'' Mitchell said. ''Eating fish is part of our DNA; it's part of who we are.''

For American Indians, he added, ''the connection to fish and meat and natural things is so strong, no matter what the danger of contamination is, they're still going to eat it.''

At least 40 states and the federal government issue fish consumption advisories because of mercury, PCBs and other toxins.

The latest Michigan advisory warns against eating more than one meal a week of species such as walleye, northern pike and muskie caught in inland lakes, as well as rock bass, yellow perch and crappie over nine inches long. These species prey on smaller fish, passing mercury up the food chain in ever-larger concentrations.

Women of childbearing age and children under age 15 should eat such fish no more than once a month, the advisory says. Fetuses and young children are particularly vulnerable to impaired neurological development from exposure to methylmercury, the form of mercury that accumulates in fish.

But while the warnings are for everyone, the significance of fish for many Native tribes puts them especially at risk. Urban blacks and Hispanics also are considered ''sensitive populations,'' said Amy Roe of the University of Delaware's Center for the Energy and Environmental Policy.

''They're going to be fishing local rivers more often than others and eating what they catch more often than others,'' said Roe, who included Chippewa tribes of Minnesota and Wisconsin in a study of mercury contamination among Native peoples.

Some Native subpopulations eat four to five times the amount of fish the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assumed when developing models for federal consumption advisories, she said. The average Chippewa eats about 62 fish meals a year, compared to 42 for the typical sport angler and 36 for Americans in general, her report said.

Studies have detected elevated mercury levels in the blood of some Chippewas, Roe said in her 2003 paper, published in the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society.

"Indigenous groups who fish in contaminated waters are paying for their culture with their health,'' it said.

The Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority, which oversees fishery management for five northern Michigan tribes, is developing a fish consumption brochure after a series of meetings on the reservations. It should be completed this fall, said Mike Ripley, environmental coordinator for the authority's Intertribal Fisheries and Assessment Program.

Also in the works is a video that will explain the importance of fishing to Native communities, the health benefits of eating fish and how to limit risk of toxic exposure.

''We don't want to tell people don't eat fish,'' Ripley said. ''People want to practice their tradition and culture, but there's some confusion and we're hoping to help clear it up.''

The amount of mercury in an individual fish depends partly on where it's caught, he said. Great Lakes fish, except those found in wetland areas, tend to have lower mercury content than those in inland lakes.

The Little River Band, based in Manistee, surveyed its 3,200 citizens a couple of years ago and found that some regularly eat more than 200 pounds of fish per year - well above amounts recommended by state and federal agencies.

Aside from the cultural tug, there's economic reality: ''It's an available food source and it certainly does help some people meet the budget,'' Holtgren said.

Springtime spearfishing is a long-standing tradition, but members also use hooks and lines and limited netting in keeping with tribal regulations, he said. It's common for families to stock freezers with fish for winter meals and ceremonies where other Native dishes are served, such as wild rice, strawberries and corn soup.

Mitchell, a father of four, said his family reluctantly heeds the recommended limits on eating fish.

''It is very troubling to have to restrict ourselves like that,'' he said.

The Little River Band helped lead the fight against a proposed coal-fired electricity plant near the Manistee River, a prized fishery. Coal-burning plants are the biggest source of mercury emissions in Michigan. City officials denied an application to build the plant in 2004. The tribe also has joined a multistate lawsuit demanding tougher federal mercury standards.

While fighting on the political and legal fronts, the tribe has programs that encourage members to avoid overfishing and keep local stocks healthy, Holtgren said.

During their expedition on Pine Lake, he and Mitchell retrieved fish from nets, threw some back and placed the keepers in an ice chest. They measured the fish to track growth rates, and recorded how many of each species they take. The nets are a type that keep fish alive, so unwanted ones can be released.

''It's the tribe's charge to make sure the next seven generations of our people are protected, so they will have the same ability we have to exercise our cultural identity,'' Mitchell said.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: John Flesher is the AP correspondent in Traverse City and has reported on environmental issues since 1992.