Cool burn

Mechanical engineering researcher looks to make energy more efficient by cooling its
burn

Posted on: April 17, 2018; Updated on: April 17, 2018By
USC Times

University of South Carolina faculty tend to dream big. From education to international
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coming up with a new approach to an old process or a novel solution to some vexing
problem. This spring, USC Times, the university’s quarterly magazine for faculty and
staff, launched the “Big Ideas” series to give faculty a platform to share their dreams
and visions, whether they hope to transform their field, improve higher education
or even change the world. These are their stories.

Engineering professor Tanvir Farouk studies combustion and plasma processes and has
conducted research aimed at making natural gas turbines burn more cleanly and efficiently.
He envisions a new type of combustion engine that uses different fuel types and burns
"cold" — in a relative sense.

Think about any kind of flame, like a gas stovetop flame or even a candle flame. It’s
hot. If you’re cooking on the stove, that heat is efficient but not completely — there
are losses to the atmosphere. In an internal combustion engine the appearance of a
flame represents energy loss. It’s the consequence of sharp temperature gradients.

But there is something called a "cool" flame, which burns at 600-700 degrees Kelvin
compared to the 1,500-2,000 degrees Kelvin in a typical combustion chamber. In an
internal combustion engine, an air/fuel mixture is ignited and the flame travels from
one end of the cylinder to the other. In a "cool flame" engine, the entire cylinder
volume would burn almost instantaneously — you’ll never see any flame. That’s significant
because with lower temperature you get much higher efficiency.

How much higher? Where your car engine gives you 38-40 percent efficiency — maybe
42 percent on a fancy one — our calculations and our experiments show that you could
get almost 65 percent efficiency with a "cool flame" engine. That’s unheard of for
an internal combustion engine.

We learned from some experiments we were doing on the International Space Station
that diesel-class fuels have the ability to burn in a "cool flame" mode. My pitch
is that with an onboard fuel reformer you could take one fuel and continuously synthesize
it into different forms, and as the pistons move up and down at different points you
inject these different fuel types to maintain a continual cool burn combustion.

I don’t see this yet for personal-scale transportation. We have filed a patent on
it and have had interest from the bigger engine guys like Caterpillar, General Electric
and a Rolls-Royce subsidiary that does heavy marine engines. Truck transportation
would be interested, too.

Engines now are basically computers, which makes it easier to implement this type
of combustion concept than would have been possible 20 years ago. We are publishing
papers on this and have most of the fundamentals worked out. We’re talking with the
University of West Virginia, which has a big transportation engine lab. If we can
get an industrial partner, it will be more convincing than just showing a prototype
of the engine.

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