the behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation on to the next by non bilogical means.

Cultural Subdiscipline

(social) study of the global patterns of belief and behavior in human cultures both past and present

Ethnology

cross cultural studies (comparing two societies)

Ethnography

detailed descriptive studies of human societies. In cultural anthropology, an ethnography is traditionally the study of western society

Medical Anthropology

explains the relationship between health, culture, and disease

Urban Anthropology

deals with issues of inner cities

Linguistic Subdiscipline

study of origin of language and speech. ex)words in a language, sland, dialect, and regional variation

Archeology subdiscipline

study and interpretation of material remains recovered from earlier cultures. reconstruct the past from materials found in excavations.

Aimed at describing and explaining biological differences between various human population.

Molecular Anthropology

investigate evolutionary relationships between human populations as well as between human and non-human primates

Forensic Anthropology

Anthrological approach dealing with legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners and others in identifying and analyzing human remains.

Scientific Method

An approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated and is tested by collecting and analyzing data.

Theory

A broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of the hypotheses

What are the significant periods of anthropological thought?

Pre-Scientific View, Early Perspective, Age of Exploration

Archbishop James Usher

In 1650 determined Earth was created in 4004 B.C. by using Biblical reference.

John Ray

brought order to science. Biological species concept: recognized that group of plants & animals could be differentiated from other groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce offspring. Introduced genus and species

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Modern taxonomy. Developed a method of classifying plants and animals. Created binomial nomenclature

George-Louis...Comte de Buffon

recognized the dynamic relationship between the external environment and living forms. first to say that the earth was older than 6.000 years old: 76,0000. Adaptation: when groups of organisms migrate to new areas, they gradually become altered as a resuly of adapting to new environment.

Erasmus Darwin

“Zoonomia- The Laws of Organic Life”

Wrote life began in the ocean and all species descended from a common ancestor.

Time Competition Environment-

It takes thousands of years and you environmental influences and there’s competitionamong species in order for food and mates.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

first to explain evolutionary process. Suggested dynamic relationship between species and the environment such that if the external environment changed an animals activity patterns would also change. Would result in increase or decrease of certain body parts, those body parts would be modified. Offspring would acquire these characteristics. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Georges Cuvier

introduced the concept of extinction to explain the disappearance of animals represented by fossils. Father of paleontology: studied fossils. Proposed catastrophism to explain fossil record.

Thomas Malthus

wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population

Argued for limits to human population growth because in nature the tendency for populations to increase is constantly being held in check by the availability of resources. Population size increase exponentially while food remains relatively stable.

Charles Lyell

Founder of modern geology. First to believe earth was millions of years old. Principles of Geology (1830) argued that the geological processes we see today are the same as those that occured in the past. Called geological unformitarianism

Physical changes would occur in response to "needs" so that if particular parts of the body felt a certain need, "fluids and forces" would be directed to that point and be modified. The new trait would be passed on to the offspring.

Uniformitarianism

The theory that the earth's feature are the result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.

H.M.S. Beagle.

The voyage that Darwin took from 1831-1836 to the Galapagos

Theory of Natural Selection

1. All species capable of producing offspring at faster rate than food supply increases

2. Biological variation within all species

3. There is competition among individuals

4. Individuals who posses favorable variations have an advantage

5. Environmental context determines if a trait if beneficial

6. traits are ineherited and passed down to next generation.

7. Over long periods of time successful variations accumulate in population

A measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals. Can be measured by an individuals genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals

"survival of the fittest"

Darwin's theory that evolution occurs in accordance to the fitness of organisms

What are some main differences between Darwin and Lamarck?

Lamarck thought that changes were acquired during the life of a parent organism and then transmitted to their offspring while Darwin deducted that changes were already present in the parent organisms, and that it was differential survival which made those changes become common in the following generations

What does VISTA stand for

Variation

Inheritance

Selection

Time

Adaptation

Microevolution

Small changes occuring within species, such as a change in allele frequencies.

Macroevolution

Changes produced only after many generations, such as the appearance of a new species.

Types of cells (2)

Somatic cells and gametes

Cell membrane

thesemipermeablemembraneenclosingthecytoplasmofacell

Mitochondria

Structures contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, to form that can be used by the cell.

Ribosome

Structures composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Ribsomes are found in a cell's cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteins.

Nucleus

A structure (organelle) found in all eukaryotic cells. The nucleus contains chromosomes (nuclear DNA)

deoxyribonucleic acid: The double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. DNA is main component of chromosomes.

How/ for what purposes do anthropologists utilize DNA?

Because physical anthropologists are concerned with human evolution, adaptation, and variation, they need to understand the factors that lie at root of the phenomenon.

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule while DNA is double-stranded.Thymine is in DNA, Uracil is in RNA

What are the molecular parts (components) of DNA (i.e. DNA structure)?

A sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate unit, and one of four nitrogenous bases.

Which nucelotides bind?

A-T, C-G, A-U

Genes

Sequences of DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or any functional product. a gene may be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA bases organized into coding and noncoding segments.

Chromosomes

Discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cells. Chromosomes are visible under magnification only during certain phases of cell division.

What is the purpose and end result of Mitosis?

Simples cell division; the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells.

What is the purpose and end result of Meiosis?

Cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and tests. Meiosis involved two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes. These cells can develop into gametes.

Protein synthesis

The assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules. The process is directed by DNA.

Ribosomes are:

A. the sex chromosomes

B. gametes

C. only present when the cell divides

D. important to protein synthesis

D. Important to protein synthesis

Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

A. Uracil

B. Guanine

C. Thymine

D. Adenine

E. Cytosine

A. Uracil

How many chromosomes occur in a normal human somatic cell?

A. 23

B. 48

C. 46

D. 53

C.46

Somatic cells

Basically, all the cells in the body those involved with reproduction

Gametes

Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes

Chromosome

Discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cells. Chromosomes are visible under magnification only during certain phases of cell division.

Karyotype

The chromosomal complement of an individual, or what is typical for a species. Usually displayed in a photo micrograph, the chromosomes are arranged in pairs and according to size and position of the centromere.

Phylogeny- Phylogenic trees

A chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics. It contains a time component and implies ancestordescendant relationships.

Mutation

A change in DNA. The term can refer to changes in DNA bases (specifically called point mutations) as well as to changes in chromosome number and/ or structure.

Protein Synthesis- basic process

The assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules. The process is directed by DNA

Proteing Synthesis- Amino Acid

Small molecules that are the components of proteins.

Polygenic Inheritance

Referring to traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci. (skin color, eye color and hair color)

Polygenic inheritance- Continuous Variation

Most polygenic traits can be measured on a scale composed of equal increments.

What affect does that environment play in polygenic traits?

nutrition can affect height, altitude can affect lung capacity. etc.

Alleles

Alternate forms of a gene. Alleles occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. But because they're different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait. The term allele is sometimes used synonymously with gene

Alleles- What do allele frequencies indicate?

the percentage of all the alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele

(the genetic makeup of a population)

Alleles- What factors can change allele frequencies?

A population evolving.

Simple/discrete/Mendelian traits

they are governed by only one genetic locu. their pheotypic expressions don't overlap. (tall or short, no medium height)

Law of Independent Assortment

This principle states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed. These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization.

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

are governed by dominant alleles located on autosomes (that is,

any chromosome except X or Y)

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

are also influenced by loci on autosomes, but show a different pattern of inheritance

Pedigree Chart

A diagram showing family relationships. It's used to trace the hereditary pattern of particular genetic (usually Mendelian) traits.

Evolution (defn)

A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

Gene flow

Exchange of genes between populations

Genetic drift

Evolutionary changes- that is, changes in allele frequencies- prodcued by random factors. Genetic drift is a result of small population size.

Natural Selection

Refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals.

Phenotype vs Genotype

Phenotypes are observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism while genotypes refers to the genetic make of an individual and can refer to an organisms entire genetic makeup or to the alleles at a particular locus.

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Homozygous- having the same allele at the same locus on both memebers of a pair of chromosomes

Heterozygous-having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes

R: for a recessive allele to be expressed, an individual must have two copies of it (i.e. the individual must be homozygous)

C: the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes

Autosomal traits vs sex-linked traits

Autosomal traits are passed on from parents to offspring independent of gender, whereas, because sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome and NOT the Y chromosome, males (XY (hemizygous)) have a 50% chance of being either recessesive or dominant for the trait

Polygenic traits

A. are discrete

B. have a common range of expression

C. Are controlled by only one genetic locus

D. Are also called Mendelian traits

B. have a common range of expression

Gregor Mendel

A Developed theories of evolutionary change

B Discovered the structure of the Dna molecule

C. studied characteristics that are influenced by several genetic loci