-- | Guide to instrument-making---- * Prev : "CsoundExpr.Tutorial.Composition"---- * Next : "CsoundExpr.Tutorial.Limits"moduleCsoundExpr.Tutorial.Orchestra(-- * Instruments{-|
Instruments are functions from some signal representation to signal.
'Score' is a 'Functor', so to play on instrument means to apply instrument
to 'Score' of its notes. Instrument can be made with opcodes.
Translator derives p-fields from instrument structure. There are only
two explicit p-fields 'itime' and 'idur' (@p2@ and @p3@ in csound).
-}exmpInstr,-- * Signals / Types{-|
Signals are represented with trees. Tree contains information about how
signal was build.
There are four types for signals ("CsoundExpr.Base.Types").
'Arate' is audio rate signal
'Krate' is control rate signal
'Irate' is init value
'SignalOut' is no output at all (it's produced by opcodes like out, outs, xtratim)
There are two classes to allow csound's polymorphism : 'X' and 'K'
'X' = 'Arate' | 'Krate' | 'Irate'
'K' = 'Krate' | 'Irate'
Csound's S - signal is represented with 'String'.
Ftable is represented with 'Irate'.
There are two special types 'MultiOut'
(for opcodes that may produce several outputs, see "CsoundExpr.Base.MultiOut")
and 'SideEffect'
(for opcodes that rely on number of appearances in csound code,
like @unirand@, see "CsoundExpr.Base.SideEffect")
-}-- * Opcodes {-|
Naming conventions : Opcodes are named after csound's counterparts usually.
Some opcodes in csound can produce signals of different rates by request (oscil, linseg).
Those opcodes are labelled with suffix. Suffix defines output rate of signal (oscilA, oscilK).
Some opcodes in csound have unfixed number of inputs due to setup parameters, almost all of them.
Those opcodes have first argument that is list of setup parameters.
example
>oscilA :: (X a, X b) => [Irate] -> a -> b -> Irate -> Arate
>oscilK :: (K a, K b) => [Irate] -> a -> b -> Irate -> Krate
-}-- * Imperative style csound code{-|
Most of csound opcodes can be used in functional way. You can plug them in one another,
and make expressions, but some of them behave like procedures and rely on order
of execution in instrument. Module "CsoundExpr.Base.Imperative" provides functions
to write imperative csound code.
'outList' - to sequence procedures
'(/<=/>)' - Assignment
'ar', 'kr', 'ir', 'gar', 'gkr', 'gir' - named values, to produce signal with specified name and rate.
Functional style :
>exmpInstr :: Irate -> SignalOut
>exmpInstr pch = out $ oscilA [] (num 1000) (cpspch pch) $ gen10 4096 [1]
Imperative style :
>exmpImper :: Irate -> SignalOut
>exmpImper pch = outList [
> ir "amp" <=> num 1000,
> ir "cps" <=> cpspch pch,
> ir "ft" <=> gen10 4096 [1],
> ar "sig" <=> oscilA [] (ir "amp") (ir "cps") (ir "ft"),
> out (ar "sig")]
-}exmpImper,-- * Arithmetic{-|
You can use polymorphic operations to do some arihmetic on signals
from "CsoundExpr.Base.Arithmetic". And Signal is 'Num'. 'Eq' is undefined though.
-}exmpArith,-- * Preview{-|
To see what will come out of an expression you can print it. Signal is 'Show'.
-}exmpPreview,-- * User Defined opcodes{-|
You can add your own opcodes to library, see "CsoundExpr.Base.UserDefined"
-}-- * MIDI {-|
There are two ways to tell 'csd' to include instrument in csound file.
Instrument can be a part of 'Score' or it can be midi instrument, then it should
be mentioned in 'massign' or 'pgmassign' function. If you want to play midi-instr
for some time @t@, you can tell it to 'csd' function by invoking 'csd' with @'rest' t@
in place of 'EventList' value.
>flags = "-odac -iadc -+rtmidi=virtual -M0"
>
>header = [massign [] 1 instrMidi]
>
>instrMidi :: SignalOut
>instrMidi = out $ oscilA [] (num 1000) cpsmidi $ gen10 4096 [1]
>
>-- play instrMidi for 2 minutes
>exmpMidi = print $ csd flags header (rest 120)
-}exmpMidi,-- * Example -- | Song, see srcmain)whereimportCsoundExpr.BaseimportCsoundExpr.Base.PitchimportCsoundExpr.Opcodeshiding(delay)------------------------------------exmpInstr::Irate->SignalOutexmpInstrpch=out$oscilA[](num1000)(cpspchpch)$gen104096[1]exmpImper::Irate->SignalOutexmpImperpch=outList[ir"amp"<=>num1000,ir"cps"<=>cpspchpch,ir"ft"<=>gen104096[1],ar"sig"<=>oscilA[](ir"amp")(ir"cps")(ir"ft"),out(ar"sig")]exmpArithpch=out$(env<*>)$oscilA[](num1000)(cpspchpch)$gen104096[1]whereenv=lineK1idur0exmpPreview=mapM_print$map($(a1))[exmpInstr,exmpImper,exmpArith]flagsMidi="-odac -iadc -+rtmidi=virtual -M0"header=[massign[]1instrMidi]instrMidi::SignalOutinstrMidi=out$oscilA[](num1000)cpsmidi$gen104096[1]-- play instrMidi for 2 minutesexmpMidi=print$csdflagsMidiheader(rest120)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example---- Song--mapSndf(a,b)=(a,fb)flags="-d"dot=stretch1.5wn=note1hn=note0.5qn=note0.25en=note0.125sinWave=gen104096[1]expWave=gen054096[0.01,4070,1,26,0.01]-- volume levels--v1=1.3*v0v0=10000-- instruments---- pluckedpluckInstr::(Irate,Irate)->SignalOutpluckInstr(amp,pch)=outList[out$env<*>wgpluck20.75amp(cpspchpch)(num0.75)(num0.5),xtratim1]whereenv=linsegrK[0,idur*0.05,1,idur*0.9,1]10guitar=pluckInstr.mapSnd(+(-1))bass=pluckInstr.mapSnd(+(-2))-- drumsqCabasa=out$cabasa[]90000.01qBamboo=out$bamboo[](num2500)0.01shh=out$(env<*>)$fst$se1$unirandA(num1000)whereenv=exponK1idur0.001-- aahs aahs::Dur->(Irate,Irate)->SignalOutaahst(amp,pch)|t<tShort=out$env1<*>oscpch|otherwise=outList[out$env2<*>oscpch,xtratim1]whereoscx=oscilA[]amp(cpspchx)tabenv1=linsegK$norm(ps++[0.025,0])env2=linsegrK(norm$ps++[0.025,1])10norm=zipWith(<*>)(cycle[1,idur])tab=gen104096[1,0.7,0.2,0.7]tShort=0.6/2ps=[0,0.5,0.2,0.25,0.3,0.125,0.5,0.1,1::Irate]-- piece---- chordsbassChord,guitarChord::(Irate,Irate,Irate,Irate)->Score(Irate,Irate)bassChord(n1,_,_,_)=loop4$line$mapen[(v1,n1),(v0,n1),(v0,n1),(v0,n1)]guitarChord(n1,n2,n3,n4)=line$[qn(v1,n1)]++map(dot.qn)[(v0,n3),(v0,n2),(v1,n4),(v0,n3)]++[qn(v0,n4)]ch1=(b(-1),d0,a0,cs1)ch2=(d0,fs0,cs1,d1)ch3=(g(-1),a(-1),fs0,g0)chordSeq=line$mapwn[ch1,ch2,ch1,ch3]-- solosoloNotes::[Irate]->Score(Irate,Irate)soloNotesnotes=stretch2$(line$mapreturnnotes)>>=pulsepulse::Irate->Score(Irate,Irate)pulse=line.zipWithnotedurs.zipvols.repeatwherevols=map((0.3*v0)*)[0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,0.6,0.4]durs=norm[1,1.2,1,1,1,1.5]normxs=map(/sumxs)xs-- scoresscoBamboo=stretch0.5$loop15$delay1$line$map(note1)$replicate3qBambooscoCabasa=loop(4*16)$line[rest0.25,qnqCabasa]scoShh=delay2$loop8$line[wnshh,rest3]scoDrums=chord[scoBamboo,delay12scoCabasa,delay12scoShh]scoGuitar=fmapguitar$chordSeq>>=guitarChordscoBass=fmapbass$chordSeq>>=bassChordaccomp=chord[delay4$loop5scoGuitar,delay12$loop4scoBass,scoDrums]scoAahs1=loop2$tmapaahs$soloNotes[d1,cs1,e0,fs0]scoAahs2=loop2$tmapaahs$soloNotes[d1,cs1,a0,d0]scoAahs3=loop2$tmapaahs$soloNotes[a0,cs1,g0,fs0]solo=delay20$chord[scoAahs1,delay5$stretch1.3scoAahs2,delay7$stretch1.5scoAahs3]sco=stretch2.0$chord[solo,accomp]main=print$csdflagsheaderMono$toListsco