1. What are the main dimensions of a rotating machine?
2. Define gap contraction factor for slots.
3. Define total gap contraction factor.
4. What is Carter’s Co-efficient? What is its usefulness in the design of dc machine?
5. What is the effect of salient poles on the air gap mmf?
6. Define Field form factor.
7. List the methods used for estimating the mmf for tapered teeth.
8. What is real and apparent flux density?
9. In which way the air gap length influence the design of machines?
10. What is magnetic leakage and leakage co-efficient?
11. What is fringing flux?
12. What are the differences between leakage flux and fringing flux?
13. What is magnetic circuit and what are it’s constituents.
14. Define gap contraction factor for ducts.
15. What is tooth top leakage flux?
16. What is Zig – Zag leakage flux?
17. What is skew leakage flux?
18. How will you minimize the leakage flux?
19. Define slot space factor.
20. Discuss the parameters governing the selection of conductor dimensions.

Part – B (16 MARKS)

1. a) Discuss in detail about the cooling methods adopted in transformers. (10)
b) What are the advantages of hydrogen as a better cooling medium for turbo alternators?
(6)
2. a) Discuss about the various types of thermal ratings of the electrical machines (10)
b) Discuss about the various Insulating materials and their grades. (6)

3. a) Explain in detail about the MMF calculation for tapered Teeth. (10)
b) Discuss in detail about the real and apparent flux densities. (6)
4. a) Write about specific magnetic loading and specific electric loading. (8)
b) Explain about the cooling of Turbo alternators. (8)
5. a) What are the direct and indirect cooling methods used in electrical machines (8)
b) Derive an equation for the slot leakage reactance (8)
6. a) Discuss in detail about the unbalance magnetic pull. (8)
b) Explain about the air gap reluctances in different types of armature slots (8)

UNIT II

Part – A (2 MARKS)

1. Define specific magnetic loading.
2. Define specific electric loading.
3. What is output equation?
4. Write the expressions for output coefficients
5. List the factors that influence the separation of D and L of a dc machine.
6. What is square pole criterion?
7. List the various L/_ ratios used for separation of D and L in induction motor.
8. In a dc machine what are the limiting values of armature diameter?
9. What is un-balanced magnetic pull and how its ill-effects can be overcome?
10. What are the factors that affect the size of rotating machines?
11. What are the factors that decide the choice of specific magnetic loading?
12. .What are the factors that decide the choice of specific electric loading?
13. What is magnetization curve?
14. What are the factors that modify the reluctance of air gap
15. What are the problems encountered in estimating the mmf for teeth?
16. What factor decides the number of turns in a winding?
17. How the area of cross-section of a conductor is estimated?
18. What are the ranges of specific magnetic loading and specific electric loading in dc
machine?
19. What are the factors to be considered for the selection of number of poles in a dc
machine?
20. What are the parameters that are affected by the number of poles?
21. List the advantages and disadvantages of large number of poles.
22. Why square pole is preferred?
23. State the difference between the armature winding of dc machine and the stator
winding of ac machine.
24. Define winding pitch.
25. What is back pitch?
26. What is front pitch?
27. Define commutator pitch.
28. What is equalizer connection?
29. What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air gap in dc machines?

30. What are the effects of armature reaction?
31. How the polarities of inter pole are decided.
32. What is the effect of interpole on main pole?
33. What is the fundamental requirement of a good insulating material?
34. What is the importance of temperature as a factor in the life of insulating materials?
35. Why mineral insulating oils are the most widely used liquid insulation.
36. Why large size machines have large rating time constant?
37. Why ac armature winding is always made short-pitched.
38. Why equalizer connections are necessary for the armature winding of a dc machine with
lap winding.
39. Why the voltage wave form of an ac armature winding contains harmonics. ?
40. Why the conductor eddy current loss increases if embedded deeper in the slot.

Part – B (16 MARKS)

1. a) A 4 pole, 25 HP, 500 V, 600 rpm series motor has an efficiency of 82%.
The pole faces are square and the ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67. Take Bav = 0.58
Wb/m2 and ac = 17000 amp.cond/m. Obtain the main dimensions of the core. (12)
b) Enumerate the procedure for shunt field design (4)
2. a) A 4 pole, 400 V, 960 rpm, shunt motor has an armature of 0.3 m in diameter and 0.2 m
in length. The commutator diameter is 0.22 m. Give full details of a suitable winding
including the number of slots, number of commutator segments and number of
conductors in each slot for an average flux density of approximately 0.55wb/m2Wb / m2
in the air gap. (12)
b) Find the main dimension and number of poles of a 37 kW, 230V, 1400 rpm, shunt motor so
that a square pole face is obtained. The average gap density is 0.5 wb/m2 and the ampere
conductors / meter are 22000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7 and the full load
efficiency is 90% (4)
3. i) Derive the out put equation of a DC machine. (10)
ii) Distinguish between lap winding and wave winding. (6)
4. i) Determine the total commutator losses for a 1000kw, 500V, 800rpm, 10 poles generator.
Given that commutator diameter is 1.0m, current density at brush contact =75x10-3
A/mm2 brush pressure = 14.7kv/ m2, co efficiency of friction = 0.28, brush contact drop=
2.2V. (10)
ii) Discuss the significance of specific loadings in the design of DC machines. (6)
5. i) Design a suitable commutator for a 350kw, 600rpm, 440V, 6poles DC generator having
an armature diameter of 0.75m. The number of slots is 288. Assume suitable values
where it’s necessary? (10)
ii) Discuss the choice of poles and speed in DC machine. (6)
6. i) List out the procedure involved in design of shunt field winding and series field winding?
(10)
ii) Find the main dimension and number of poles of a 37 kW, 230V, 1400 rpm, shunt
generator so that a square pole face is obtained. The average gap density is 0.7 wb/m2
and the ampere conductors / meter are 25000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7
and the full load efficiency is 90 % (6)
7. Determine the shunt field winding of a 6-pole, 440V, dc generator allowing a drop of 15 %
in the regulator. The following design date are available, mmf per pole = 7200 AT; mean
length of turn = 1.2 m; winding depth = 3.5 cm; watts per sq.cm. of cooling surface = 650.

Calculate the inner, outer and end surfaces of the cylindrical field coil for cooling. Take
diameter of the insulated wire to be 0.4 mm greater than the bare wire. Assume 2 micro –
ohm / cm as the resistivity of copper at the working temperature. (16)
8. Determine the diameter and length of armature core for a 55kW, 110V, 1000 rpm, 4 pole
shunt generator, assuming specific electric and magnetic loadings of 26000 amp.cond. / m
and 0.5 Wb / m2 respectively. The pole arc should be about 70% of pole pitch and length of
core about 1.1 times the pole arc. Allow 10 ampere for the field current and assume a
voltage drop of 4 volts for the armature circuit. Specify the winding to be used and also
determine suitable values for the number of armature conductors and slots. (16)

UNIT III

Part – A (2 MARKS)

1. What is the cause of noise in transformer?
2. Why the area of yoke in a transformer is kept 15-20% more than that of core?
3. What are the salient features of a distribution transformer?
4. In transformers, why the low voltage winding is placed near the core?
5. Why circular coils are preferred in transformers?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of stepped cores?
7. What do you mean by stacking factor? What is its usual value?
8. What is tertiary winding?
9. List the different methods of cooling of transformers.
10. How the heat dissipation is improved by the provision of cooling tubes?
11. In mines applications transformer with oil cooling should not be used why?
12. What are the important properties of steel used in transformer core?
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using higher flux density in the core?
14. Why the cross section of yoke is taken greater than core section.
15. What are the types of windings, commonly used for LV winding.
16. What are the draw backs of sandwich winding?
17. Name a few insulating materials that are used in transformers.
18. How iron losses occurring in transformers can be minimized.
19. Mention clearly the condition for maximum efficiency for a transformer
20. Why the efficiency of a transformer is so high?
21. Mention the main function of cooling medium used in transformers.

Part – B (16 MARKS)

1. i) Estimate the main dimensions including winding conductor area of a 3 phase delta-star
core type transformer rated at 300KVA, 6600/400 V, 50 Hz. A suitable core with 3 steps
having a circumscribing circle of 0.25m diameter and leg spacing of 0.4 m is available.
EMF / turn = 8.5 V, _ = 2.5 A /mm2, kw= 0.28 and Sf = 0.9 (stacking factor) (10)
ii) Derive the output equation of a single phase transformer. (6)
2. i) Determine the main dimensions of the core, the number of turns, the cross sectional area
of conductors in primary and secondary windings of a 100 kVA, 2200/480 V, 1-phase,
core type transformer, to operate at a frequency of 50 Hz, by assuming the following data.

Approximate volt per turn = 7.5 volt. Maximum flux density = 1.2 Wb / m2. ratio of effective
cross – sectional area of core to square of diameter of circumscribing circle is 0.6. Ratio of
height to width of window is 2. Window space factor = 0.28. Current density = 2.5 A/mm2.
(10)
ii) Explain how to estimate the no-load current of a three phase transformer. (6)
3. i) A 250 kVA, 6600 / 400 V, 3-phase core type transformer has a total loss of 4800 watts on
full load. The transformer tank is 1.25 m in height and 1 m x 0.5 m in plan. Design a
suitable scheme for cooling tubes if the average temperature rise is to be limited to 35°C.
The diameter of the tube is 50 mm and are spaced 75 mm from each other. The average
height of the tube is 1.05 m. (10)
ii) Describe about the effect of frequency on Iron losses. (6)
4. i) Derive the voltage per turn equation of a transformer. (8)
ii) Discuss about the various methods of cooling of power transformer. (8)
5. i) Determine the core and yoke dimensions for a 250 kVA, 50Hz, single phase, core type
transformer, Emf per turn = 12 V, the window space factor = 0.33, current density = 3A /
mm2 and Bmax = 1.1 T. The distance between the centers of the square section core is
twice the width of the core. (6)
ii) Calculate the dimensions of the core, the number of turns and cross sectional area of
conductors in the primary and secondary windings of a 250 kVA, 6600 / 400 V, 50 Hz,
single phase shell type transformer. Ratio of magnetic to electric loadings = 560 x 10-8,
Bm = 1.1 T, _ = 2.5 A / mm2, Kw = 0.32, Depth of stacked core / width of central limb =
2.6; height of window / width of window = 2.0. (10)
6. i) A 375 kVA, single phase core type transformer operating on 6.6 kV / 415V is to be
designed with approximately 7.5V per turn and a flux density of 1.1 T. Design a
suitable core section and yoke section using two sizes of stampings. The width of
smaller stampings may be approximately 0.62 times the larger stampings. State the
assumptions made. (6)
ii) The tank of a 500 kVA, 50Hz, 1-phase, core type transformer is 1.05 x 0.62 x 1.6
m high. The mean temperature rise is limited to 35°C. The loss dissipating surface
of tank is 5.34 m2. Total loss is 5325 W. Find the area of tubes and number of tubes
needed. (10)
7. The tank of 1250 kVA, natural oil cooled transformer has the dimensions length, width and
height as 0.65 x 1.55 x 1.85 m respectively. The full load loss = 13.1 kW, loss dissipation
due to radiations = 6 W / m2-°C, loss dissipation due to convection = 6.5 W / m2°C,
improvement in convection due to provision of tubes = 40%, temperature rise = 40°C,
length of each tube = 1m, diameter of tube = 50mm. Find the number of tubes for this
transformer. Neglect the top and bottom surface of the tank as regards the cooling. (16)

UNIT IV

Part-A (2 marks)

1. Why does induction motor designed with high specific electric loadings have smaller
over load capacity?
2. Why the harmonic leakage flux in squirrel cage induction rotor is not present?
3. Why the length of air gap in induction motor is kept minimum possible?

4. Why do die-cast rotors is extensively used in making 3 phase cage induction motor?
5. Why do 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor finds wide application in industry?
6. What is hot spot temperature?
7. What is the advantage of having wound rotor construction?
8. What is rotating transformer?
9. What is integral slot winding and fractional slot winding?
10. What types of slots are preferred in induction motor?
11. List the undesirable effects produced by certain combination of rotor and stator slots.
12. What are the advantage and disadvantage of large air gap length in induction motor?
13. What are the factors which influence the power factor of an induction motor?
14. What are the criteria used for the choice for number of slots of an induction machine?
15. What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air gap in induction
motor?
16. List out the methods to improve the power factor of an induction motor?
17. Why the air gap of an induction motor is made as small as possible?
18. What happens if the air-gap of an induction motor is doubled?
19. What is the condition for obtaining the maximum torque in case of 3 phase induction
motor?
20. What are the special features of the cage rotor on induction machine?

1. State three important features of turbo alternator rotors.
2. Why salient pole construction is rejected for high speed alternators.
3. What material user for the construction of turbo alternator rotor.
4. What is run-away speed?
5. What is approximately the run away speed of Kaplan turbine.
6. Write the expression for the output coefficient of synchronous machine.
7. What are the advantages of designing the alternators with higher flux density?.
8. What are the disadvantages of designing the alternators with higher gap flux density?
9. Why semi- closed slots are generally preferred for the stator of induction motors.
10. What is the effect of specific magnetic loading on the size of the machine?
11. What is the effect of specific electric loading on t he copper losses?
12. Write down the main consideration in the selection of specific loadings for the design of
induction motor.
13. What is critical speed of alternator?
14. What are the functions of damper winding?
15. What is Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)?
16 What is the effect of SCR on synchronous machine performance?
17. Why it is necessary to cool an electrical machine?
18. What is limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine?
19. Discuss how ventilation and cooling of a large high speed alternator is carried out.
20. Mention the factors to be considered for the design of field system in alternator.