> RESEARCH QUESTION
How can designing for tourism planning drive heritage conservation and socio-economic
improvements in the developing regions?

> ABSTRACT:
Rapid urban expansion in the developing regions is creating new homogenous cities lacking
in character, while driving the destruction of unique environments and cultural heritage.
The economic benefits of tourism makes an attractive incentive for conservation, but often
at the expense of local communities living on or close to these sites. Designing Otherwise
is about investigating the potential for landscape architecture practice to negotiate multifaceted and conflicting concerns in these fragile environments for the benefit of local
communities.
Heritage conservation, community development and sustainable tourism are not new
concepts, but current design methods tend to favour one or the other. Using Petra, Jordan, as
main study site, the research aims to redefine current approaches to heritage conservation
and suggest a framework for designing with complex issues in landscape architecture
practice. The framework distills problems into key themes, and their spatial operations are
developed using strategies adapted from Cornerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape urbanism practice framework
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; community participation, processes over time, the staging of surfaces and the imaginary.
The designs from each study is then evaluated against an assessment tool to measure its
qualitative benefits on site.
There is no single solution for dealing with complexities associated with urbanisation, but
existing methods of compartmentalising multi-faceted problems have proved inadequate.
This research demonstrates the need for inter-disciplinary collaborations and an on-going
process of production and evaluation, to benefit local communities and processes most
vulnerable in these contested spaces.

In urban environments of increasing homogenity,
heritage, both physical and intangible, play a crucial
role in defining the character of a place and the cultural
identity of a community. While North America and
Europe are struggling against extreme sentimentality
and preservation of their existing built environment,
the opposite is true of developing regions. Urban and
economic growth continues to drive the transformation of
farmlands and wildlife habitats into new urban centres,
large-scale industries or mining towns. Traditional ways
of life – from housing types, livelihoods, activities to
languages – are viewed as obstructions to progress,
while paved highways, modern skyscrapers and new
lives in factories and cities are readily embraced. To local
authorities and communities, heritage conservation is
at odds with progress and development and remain “a
concern of elites who are insensitive to rural people and
their livelihood needs” (Berkes, 2004) .

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) actively encourages conservation
efforts, and the World Heritage Convention was adopted in
1972 to protect cultural and scenic sites of “outstanding
universal value” under threat from development (UNESCO
World Heritage Centre, 2011) . A study of existing policies
and programmes by UNESCO and its partner organisations,
however, reveals gaps in current approaches to heritage
conservation. The listing of heritage sites is currently
split among four inscription types – “cultural”, “natural”,
“mixed” and “cultural landscapes” – and site management
and preservation is centred largely on its inscription
type and the time period preserved. This has resulted in
distinct site management differences within the different
inscription types. “Cultural” sites tend to rely heavily on
tourism for site development and management, while
“natural” sites limit tourism and human intervention. The
overt focus on a site’s inscription criteria divorces the
preservation of physical monuments and environments

5

\\FOLLIE\

\\FOLLIE 01\ Contestation

6

The site of this follie - the dune - is a site of
contestation. Dunes serve a larger ecological
purpose and should not be breached, but its
proximity to the beach means it is a highly soughtafter site for residential development. Economics
and development often win in the contest for land,
but not without deliberating effects.

from any considerations of local processes, such as
intangible heritage and socio-economic conditions of
local communities.
The growth of tourism witnessed at World Heritage
Sites and its potential to propel local economies and
urbanisation make attractive incentives for authorities in
developing regions to encourage heritage conservation,
as observed in the case of Petra, Jordan. According to
information published on the United Nations World Travel
Organisationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (UNWTO) website, tourism is one of the
fastest growing economic sectors worldwide and a â&#x20AC;&#x153;key
driver for socio-economic progressâ&#x20AC;?. Through careful
planning and consideration of community requirements,
the development process of tourism destinations can be
used to provide basic infrastructure, utilities, services and
employment opportunities for local communities.

7

\\FOLLIE\

Object 1

Object 2

\\Follie 02\ Processes
When two physical objects are put together to
achieve new spatial forms, the shadows cast
enriches the overall experience of physical forms.
8

Heritage conservation, community development and
sustainable tourism are not new concepts, and there
is no lack of research and documentation, of individual
concepts as well as the symbiotic relationship between
all three. However, the complexities of individual concepts
become amplified when considered in tandem, thus
current planning and development proposals for heritage
sites tend to favour one or the other than the sum of
all parts. This is especially apparent in the developing
regions where the lack of clear development guidelines
and authority regulations mean design outcomes tend
to privilege the few elites who can afford the services of
design professionals and memberships at private clubs.
Because landscapes are products of interactions between
culture and its host environment, there is potential for
landscape architecture practice to “serve as means
to critically intervene in cultural habit and convention”
(Corner, 1999) .

Using Petra, Jordan, as the key study site, Designing
otherwise is about investigating the potential for
landscape architecture practice to negotiate complex and
sometimes conflicting concerns of development on fragile
environments such as heritage sites, while allowing local
communities to benefit from the process and outcomes.
The research also aims at providing a framework for
transforming landscapes into “agent of producing and
enriching culture.” (Corner, 1999) . Through various
design studies, the paper attempts to redefine heritage
conservation and to suggest ways of including local
communities in the overall design and development
process. The design outcomes from each study is
evaluated using a qualitative assessment tool, adapted
from existing evaluation tools used in the tourism sectors.
The on-going process of evaluation and production
becomes a way of informing and refining the practice of
design and refining the design methods for investigating
and negotiating through complexities in design.

9

10

DESIGNING OTHERWISE

DESIGNING OTHERWISE

Heritage Conservation + Development > Tourism

How can designing for tourism development
drive heritage conservation and socioeconomic improvements in the developing
regions?

Design, as defined by the International Society for
Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID), is “a creative
activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted
qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems
in whole life-cycles” (Manzini, 2005) . It is this flexbility and
openess in the design activities of landscape architecture
practice that offers possibilities of juggling multiple
complexities within the themes of heritage conservation,
community development and sustainable tourism. In his
seminal essay “Terra Fluxus”, James Corner presented
four provisional themes in his “schematic outline for
landscape urbanism practice: processes over time, the
staging of surfaces, the operational or working method,
and the imaginary” .
Through a continual and reflective process of applying
Corner’s original themes through various design studies,
this research begins to suggest a schematic operational
method or design methodology in designing for the

complexities of heritage sites and towards redefining
heritage conservation (Fig. 1).
The operational method includes application of four key
strategies:
the community,
processes over time,
the staging of surfaces and
the imaginary
across four themes:
HERITAGE,
CONSERVATION,
COMMUNITY and
TOURISM
to develop design outcomes that are then put through a
critical process of
EVALUATION of against a set of fixed criteria.
The qualitative assessment tool, adapted from current
ones used in the tourism sector, measures the impacts of
each design outcome against the following factors:
Ecology/Environment
Heritage
Cultural Intergrity
Socio-Economic
Tourism
Aesthetics
Current design practices, fuelled by global capitalism,
are based not on intrinsic physical, cultural and social
values of the land, but on greed and economic benefits
of the client or developer. The above framework outlines
a method of critical investigation and negotiation of
the complex processes through a constant design and
evaluation process, with the aims of balancing all other
requirements with economic gains.

15

16

THEME: DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT
We want progress!

Development is the process of growth and improvement
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; something that both authorities and common people
aspire, albeit taking different forms and for different
motivations. Decision-makers in developing regions see
industrialisation and urbanisation as the key to economic
development leading to consolidation of power; while
people living in these regions, especially those in the rural
areas, perceive gleaming cities as their key out of farming
and poverty. Because of this demand, developing regions
all over the world are racing to turn precious rural land
into new urban centres, large-scale industries or mining
towns.

Perception of development (or progress) in developing regions

Development (or lifestyle progression) as perceived in the developing regions

From farming...

farming...

working in regional factories...
to
industrial towns...

moving to the cities...
to
megapolis...

Perception of development (or progress) in developing regions

Lifestyle progression (or development) as perceived in the developed cities

19

From cities...

living in the cities or urban centres...

Figure 2. Diagram comparing differing perceptions of
development in the developed and developing regions

Using the empty plot sited between the newer
Bugis development and Kampong Glam
Conservation District, this collage was done
as an attempt at fusing the finer textural
qualities of the conservation areas with the
larger development plot sizes of current
mixed-used development in Singapore.
Using the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s former coastal history as
inspiration, modern port imagery was worked
into the design to evoke the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history as
key port of pre-modern Singapore.

Figure 4. Container city: Live, work & play!

ECOLOGY/
ENVIRONMENT
LEGEND:
Quality of outcomes:
¢

Undesirable

- Natural processes on site,
such as climate, river
systems, geology, etc.
- Diversity of native flora
and fauna

Figure 9. Sketch plan of Rotterdam
showing old parts of city still much
loved by residents. Old urban patterns
are important part of our intangible
heritage, and can be conserved while
allowing for changes in the built
environment

Figure 8. Urban textures, patterns
and scale as part of Intangible
built heritage.

27

Integrated conservation and
development strategy for developing
regions

The reliance on tourism economy also results in development that is
solely focused on tourism infrastructure, which may not always bring
lasting rewards to local communities.

communities in the process of preservation, but over-reliance on
tourism as the main economy means altering traditional livelihoods
and lifestyles among local communities permanently. While physical
evidences of cultural heritage are conserved (ie. architecture), the
monumentalising of entire towns like in the case of Lijiang results in
the loss of its original character and the site becomes no more than a
refurbished museum.

Cultural Heritage Sites
The mission of the Global Heritage Fund is to “protect, preserve,
and sustain the most significant and endangered cultural heritage
sites in the developing world”14. The agency actively engages local

Developing Strategies
Working with partners to develop suitable
strategies to combat conservation, taking into
account socio-political and economical factors

Setting Goals and Priorities
Long-term survival of all biodiversity on Earth

Global Habitat
Assessments

Although I have not done an in-depth analysis of TNC’s methodology,
one of the main issues of this method is over-reliance on external
funding for conservation initiatives. By focusing on the preservation
of “nature” and natural processes, the initiatives may not always
integrate community involvement in the larger strategy.

Ecoregional
Assessments

Natural Heritage Sites
The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to “preserve the plants,
animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life
on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive”15.

CONSERVATION
ACTION PLANNING

Reducing conflicts
and steering
development away
from conservation

29

Key initiatives

Urgent Issues

Regions
Worldwide

Natural Habitats

People and Conservation
Are we using sound science to protect
ecologically important lands and
waters? And are we improving the lives
of people?

Preservation of cultural heritage
and livelihoods?

Provision of basic needs?

Empowering indigenous communities

Investing in nature

Responsible development

Loss of land?

For initiatives to also fund conservation?

Conservation Lands
Balancing growing development needs
with those of conservation

Migratory Birds

Coral Reefs

Rainforests

Climate Change

Conservation Action

Deserts and Aridlands

Grasslands and Prairies

Forests

Oceans and Coasts

Rivers and lakes

Healthcare

Water
Food
Shelter
Sanitation
Education

30

THEME: CONSERVATION

CONSERVATION

Conservation versus Preservation

Ian McHarg preached the ecological method for planning
urban regions, arguing that cities need to work with
nature’s intrinsic cycles to achieve maximum benefits in
land development . While there is a need for ecological
considerations in planning and development, its overt
focus on ecological process over cities’ needs make it an
unpopular approach, especially in the developing regions.
Again, this consideration for the social and cultural
processes brings me back to the question of preservation
versus conservation. “Preservation” suggests an
insistence at maintaining status quo, focusing largely on
the subject to be preserved and protected. This tendency
to apply exclusionary definitions onto complex realities
reflects a general failure at integrating the different
processes which “conservation” seeks to acknowledge.

33

> STUDY 02

34

existing
agricultural land

existing village and
expanded town

golf holes

clubhouse and
associated functions

driving range

revegetation

Golf among heritage tea plantations

Figures 12 and 13. Golf courses on tea plantations or farmlands?

ECOLOGY/
ENVIRONMENT
LEGEND:
Quality of outcomes:
¢

Undesirable

- Natural processes on site,
such as climate, river
systems, geology, etc.
- Diversity of native flora
and fauna

+ Multiple-programming to
meet the demands of urban
development and desires

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

¤ Considered



Desirable
SITE: TEA PLANTATIONS, SRI LANKA



Study for proposed conservation site
Collage study for possible
conservation/ development
of tea plantations

Not applicable

Figures 14. Evaluation table.


Multiple-programming a
useful tool towards
meeting the demands of
different stakeholders.

existing
agricultural land

existing village and
expanded town

existing
agricultural land

golf holes

35

Golf is big business in Asia, and â&#x20AC;&#x153;few other western exports carry the
symbolic power of golfâ&#x20AC;? (Gould 2010)16. Golf courses are sprouting up
in the most obscure regions of China and even arid Middle East.
The suggested proposal is a way of testing the feasibility of urban
development such as golf courses with cultural landscapes such as
tea plantations that serve both production and scenic values.
By retaining the productive landscapes within new development,
problems such as displacement to existing villages, loss of valuable
agricultural land, disruption to local livelihoods, loss of precious
ecological land might be addressed.

36

THEME: COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY

Reducing poverty through design

39
waterways

water treatment facilities

water infrastructure

universities

theatres

sports + fitness facilities

shopping malls

sewage treatment facilities

schools

roads

recreational parks

railway stations

ports

nature reserves

museums

libraries

irrigation

housing

hotels + other accomodation

hospitals

health centres

government + administration

golf courses

farms

factories + industries

exhibition + convention centres

cultural centres

community centres

car parks

bus stations

bus shelters

banks + financial instituitions

airports

built + planned programmes

Poverty is hunger.
Poverty is lack of shelter.
Poverty is being sick and not being able to
see a doctor.
Poverty is not having access to school and
not knowing how to read.
Poverty is not having a job, is fear of the
future living one day at a time.
Poverty is losing a child to illnesses brought
about by unclean water.
Poverty is powerlessness, lack of
representation and freedom.
-The World Bank Poverty Net

markets

As economic concerns outweigh everything else, â&#x20AC;&#x153;urban
transformation and expansion are more often immediate
response to the urgent demands of functional necessity,
globality and profit maximisationâ&#x20AC;? (Lim 2005). This
attitude has prompted the commodification of many
good initiatives such as heritage conservation and
sustainability practices, short-circuiting the detailed
and considered approaches required to reap long-term
rewards. Landscape architects, however, are trained to
have an understanding of the wider environment at large,
and cannot claim responsibilty only towards those who
pay their fees. There has been much on-going research
by designers and geographers on the negative effects of
urbanisation, but their approaches and solutions have
been largely separate, with few attempting to address the
social and livelihood issues of marginalised communities
through interdisciplinary development and design.

Figure 16. Matrix showing
how land development can
be used to achieve social
goals

> STUDY 03

Kampong Istana Community Centre, Singapore

Figure 17. Former Istana
Kampong Glam or the Malay
Heritage Museum

The site of the current Malay Heritage Museum is the former Istana
Kampong, home to the former Sultan’s descendents. It was converted
into a museum as part of conservation efforts, and the family moved
out of the compound. The museum was subsequently re-furbished
with some of the original furniture used by the Sultan’s family.
Rather than conserving only the physical evidence of heritage and
turning it into a museum for exhibiting “culture”, this series of collages
was a test at re-injecting functions to re-create the Istana’s function as
social and cultural centre of the local community.
40
ECOLOGY/
ENVIRONMENT
LEGEND:
Quality of outcomes:
¢

Undesirable

- Natural processes on site,
such as climate, river
systems, geology, etc.
- Diversity of native flora
and fauna

+ Rekindling site's original
meaning to the community
through recontextualisation


+ Expanding site's usage
beyond a little-visited
musuem

Heritage building was
preserved typical of current
conservation practices,
resulting in the creation of
a museum rather than
maintaining the original
spirit of the site.


Conservation beyond
preservation of
monuments.

Figure 19. Museum +
community centre

41

Figure 20. Museum +
community centre

42

THEME: TOURISM

TOURISM

What is sustainable tourism?

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide,
a result of growing affluence. Developing regions often
see tourism as a quick way of developing local economies,
capitalising on local features that will attract foreign tourist
dollars. It is the quickest way of attracting â&#x20AC;&#x153;foreign incomeâ&#x20AC;?
without the hassle of time and bureaucracy changes.
The development of tourism infrastructure is also a way
(by authorities) of sharing the costs of bringing basic
infrastructure, utilities, services and job opportunities to
local communities.

+ Reforestation and
managed logging can
provide local firewood
supply and employment
+ Local employment in
tourism, apart from
agriculture, for young
people

+ Limited tourism
development can fund
conservation activities

AESTHETICS

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

- Innovation in planning
and management strategies
- Landscape form

¤ Considered



Desirable
SITE: THREE PARALLEL RIVERS OF YUNNAN, CHINA
Study for tourism development on natural heritage site
Collage series for possible
tourism activities on a
heritage forest without
damaging integrity

+ Reforestation of native
plant species; and zoning
to manage logging

Figure 24. Evaluation table.

+ Limited tourism
development can increase
awareness both locally and
internationally

- No considerations yet

- No considerations yet

Initial studies indicate the
advantages of tourism on
local communities in and
around natural heritage
areas. Cultural heritage is
often rich in these areas
and should be considered.

47

48

SETTING THE CONTEXT

Figure 25. Partial site model of Petra Archaelogical Park.

RECORDING PETRA, JORDAN
Sub-heading

Petra, the famed rose-red city carved out of sandstone
cliffs, is located in the mountainous basin which form
the eastern flank of Wadi Araba in Jordan. It has been
listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985, filed
under the cultural inscription. The city was founded by the
Nabataens in the 6th century, and is known for its stonecut architecture as well as water management strategies.
The site of Petra Archeological Park spreads across
approximately 264 square kilometres, and includes the
main Petra Museum, Little Petra and Sidd Al-Ahmar region,
where Wadi Musa Waste Water Treatment Works and a
new Ecological Demonstration Area is located, as well as
two Bedouin settlements Um Sayhoun and Al Beidha. The
nearest town to Petra is Wadi Musa, which has seen rapid
growth resulting from the rise of tourism.

51

Prior to its listing as a cultural heritage site, Petra
was home to as many as five different Bedouin tribes -

Figures 33. Analysis diagrams of current visitor
circulation in Petra.

from the nomadic who spend summers here because of
cooler mountainous climate to the semi-nomadic who live
in tents during summers and put up in the warmer caves
during winters the land. Grazing and herding of sheep,
goats and camels are the main source of agricultural
livelihood among these tribes, and determines the type
of nomadism practiced by communities. Since settling in
the region more than 150 years ago, some communities
started cultivation of cereals (namely barley and wheat)
and fruit trees (olives and grapes), and used them to trade
for other items with the settled communities at El-Gi.
When Petra was made a UNESCO heritage site,
the local communities living in the area were forcefully
re-settled into the towns of Um Sayhoun and Al Beidha.
The reason for their eviction was to reduce their grazing
activities on the fragile sandstone site and to minimise
local contact with the expected influx of tourists. Grazing
has been banned, but as part of the conservation and

Figures 34-38. Site photos along the Siq to the Treasury.

53

Figures 39-42. Photos of
local children and transport
facilities in Petra.

54

development proposals, local communities
were assured allocation of agricultural land
to ensure continuation of their existing
livelihood and traditions. More than twenty
years since the re-settlement, most of the
development proposals have yet been
materialised, apart from the establishment
of a small health centre and primary school.
Instead, most local communities are solely
dependent on tourist economy for their
livelihoods - running drinks stalls in the
museum, up selling souvenirs, running
transport services for tourists, with most
young children dropping out of school in
favour of working in the tourism industry.

Figure 43. Sketch analysis of Bedouin range
around Petra region.

As part of the Jordanian governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greater
economic development plans, Petra has been designated
as the key tourist destination, and there are on-going
plans to develop the tourism infrastructure required
to attract and support the growing number of visitors
and investment. At the same time, a fast-growing local
population and growing discontent about the lack of
facilities and development at the new settlements are
pushing the tribes to return to living in Petra.

STUDY 05 is an authority’s vision for Petra - maximising
tourist numbers and investment by developing tourist
infrastructure such as hotels, residential development,
roads, etc. There is little to no consideration of local
community benefits as tourism remains single economy.

ECOLOGY/
ENVIRONMENT
LEGEND:
Quality of outcomes:
¢

Undesirable

- Natural processes on site,
such as climate, river
systems, geology, etc.
- Diversity of native flora
and fauna

STUDY 01 is an authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision for Petra - maximising
tourist numbers and investment by developing tourist
infrastructure such as hotels, residential development,
roads, etc. There is little to no consideration of local
community benefits as tourism remains single economy.

67

ECOLOGY/
ENVIRONMENT
LEGEND:
Quality of outcomes:
¢

Undesirable

- Natural processes on site,
such as climate, river
systems, geology, etc.
- Diversity of native flora
and fauna

¢
+ Reorganisation of
facilities within site to
protect views and site
aesthetics
- Impact of tourist
facilities on site's
aesthetics?

¤
Proposal meets key
demands on the Client's
Brief (i.e. economic and
tourism development) but
falls behind on all other
criteria. Proposal exceeds
the carrying capacity of the
site, which affects longterm sustainability and
viability.

+ Development of site
boundaries, including core
conservation and buffer
zones
+ Integration of
neighbouring urban areas
with conservation site
+ Spreading out tourist
infrastructure and facilities
to reduce strain on site
+ Development of viewing
route outside core area to
limit tourist numbers

+ Landuse provision for
traditional activities (eg.
agriculture, herding,
picnics, etc.)
+ Reorganisation of
settlement areas to meet
community needs
+ Initial ideas for return to
living in non-critical areas
of heritage site

¤



+ Plans reflect possible
diversification of economy
and social improvements

+ Increase in tourism
infrastructure and tourist
facilities

- Limited provisions for
growth of urban areas

+ Viewing route (both for
pedestrians and vehicles)
along heritage site

¤
+ Reorganisation of
facilities within site to
protect views and site
aesthetics
+ Consideration of details
to deal with materials and
maintenance

\\Follie 03\Re-jigging
By making small organisational moves with onsite materials (the rocks in this case), I attempted
to draw attention to features that would
otherwise go unnoticed.

\\FOLLIE\

79

\\Follie 04\ Gestures
Expanding on the ideas in “Re-gigging”, this set of follies work
with the idea of using an alien object to mark features in
“natural” landscapes. While the original features are eventually
hidden by successive waves, the alien markers on both ends
continue to mark their existence.

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Suggestions%20to%20Jordanian%20Authorities_EN.pdf
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