a) Compare and contrast WID and GAD approaches to the involvement of women in development The W.I.D approach mainly focuses on women and their lack of participation as the main problem. Women subordination is seen in terms of their exclusion from the market sphere and limited access to and control over resources hence the main goal of the approach is a more and effective development that includes women .Similarly the G.A.D approach talks about woman participation in development though taking note of the social relations between woman and men be it in the work place or in other settings. Moser (1993) argued that G.A.D focuses on the interconnection of gender, class, colonial history, culture and position in the international economic order. Therefore despite varying in their nature they both seek to address the issue of effective, efficient, equitable and sustainable development by women and also men. Tichagwa (1998) argued that the Women in Development theory are an approach giving special attention to women’s needs. Its main aim is to empower women so as to emancipate the condition of women in the society which has been perceived with docetism by the patriarchal society. The W.I.D approach has been established by governments and Non Governmental of separate structures bearing the mandate for women with the result that ‘mainstreaming’ structures have not incorporate women issues and interests. However Since 1980’s, there has been been growing recognition that an analysis of gender relations which deals only with women is not complete and the focus has shifted towards the equal division of labour, power and resources between men and women in societies which claim to offer equal benefits to everyone in a community. Thus women have been empowered through formation of social groups such as Women of Zimbabwe Arise (W.O.Z.A),through these organization women have been empowered to be economic regenerative and improve the countries capital through the informal sector whereby small scale profit making projects like soap making and peanut butter making were introduced for women. The main focus of these income generating projects for women was to empower them as it had been realized that the process of marginalization from the factors of production makes women subordinates in the few firms they were employed or at most made them absent from the business world. Whilst the Gender And Development approach seeks no special privileges for women and simply demands that everyone should receive consideration without desermination based on their sex’s and they seek to remove barriers that prevent equal excess for women to the so called jobs for men for example engineering. As propounded by Chiriga (1998) the approach challenges ideas institutions practices that women are second class citizens who are below men. Women in development approach is a diverse approach competing or often opposing collection of moral philosophers largely motivated by experience of women especially in terms of their economic inequality as postulated by Prasad (2006).

Furthermore, the W.I.D approach calls for greater attention to women in development policy and also emphasizes the need to integrate them into the development process. The WID approach aimed at providing material goods for under privileged women for example in the rural areas of Zimbabwe where by there is women cooperatives that are given loans and machinery to set up small scale projects. Though this approach has failed to realize the need for gender equality since there is no integration on national and economic development. According to Rostow (1960) he proclaimed that the approach also focuses on woman as an analytic and operational category emphasizing the needs of women only thus did not consider men. Interventions take the form of women specific policies, programes and projects which try to make woman invisible in the development. Moreover, according to Frerks (2005) the W.I.D approach...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) APPROACH AND THE GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) [12]
Gender by definition refers to the characteristics, trades, attributes or even roles that are expected for males and females by a given culture or society. Some can say the general social meaning of being male or female. The WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) this approach was developed in the early 1970’s this came to use during the United Nation Decade of women (1972-1985). This approach viewed women as passive beneficiaries of the development according to Miller, C and Razavi, S 1995 , in actual fact there was a growing realization that women were being left out of the economic development or that they were not benefiting significantly from it. The WID therefore views women’s lack o participation as the main problem. While on the other hand the GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) approach emerged in the early 1980’s , it emerged from the limitations of both the WID and WAD ( WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT) its main objective was to remove disparities in social, economic and political equality between men and women.
Back to the WID it mainly focused on women, the approach seeks to integrate women into economic development...

...﻿
Similarities and Differences in Adolescent Development
Beatrice McDaniels
PSYCH/600
September 1, 2014
Shawn Davis
Similarities and Differences in Adolescent Development
Starting from birth an individual will go through various phases of development that will continues throughout his or her lifespan. The first step of development starts during infancy in which the development cycle will continue through his or her childhood, adolescence, adulthood along into his or her elderly stage of life. Within this assignment, the similarities and differences in adolescent development will be discussed on both genders. The stage of adolescent is when a human reaches the age of 12 to 19 years of age. Both genders will go through different stages of life that will stay with each gender throughout his or her lifespan.
Is the experience of being an adolescent the same for males and females?
Boys and girls adolescent develops and grows at different rates from each other. Each gender is unique such as different personalities as well as life experience. An adolescent maybe influenced by many of various factors such as physical development, cognitive development, emotional development and social development. Each gender will go through all four stages of development in his or her...

...﻿
Similarities and Differences in Adolescent Development
Monika G. Bellman
PSYCH600
May 12, 2014
Shaun-Katherine Robles
Similarities and Differences in Adolescent Development
The transition between childhood and adolescence can be quite difficult for a young person. It seems like not too long ago they were playing with dolls and building blocks and now their interests are more so geared toward social and romantic relationships, the way they perceive themselves and how others perceive them. Their emotions are becoming much more complex and although schools make an attempt to prepare youth for the changes associated with puberty the fact remains that until an individual doesn’t experience it on their own they are still going to be faced with many challenges. Puberty or the transition between childhoods to adolescence is affected by a number of factors, such as gender, culture or sub-culture, and history. The focus of this assignment will be the similarities and differences in adolescent development between females and males.
Although each person has their own personality and a way of coping with situations these characteristics are also determined by their gender. The fact that you are women or men does affect the way you behave. Whether it is the reaction to stress or the way one addresses an emotional situation there are some components that are specifically associated with one...

...Question
a)Compare and contrast WID and Gad approaches to involvement of women in development.{12}
b)Which of the two approaches have contributed more to the involvement of women in development activities?{8}
a)According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,Women in development (WID) is an approach to development projects that emerged in the 1970s ,calling for treatment of women’s issues in development projects. Later ,the Gender and Development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women’s issues in isolation.
Reeves,H. and Baden,S.(2000:33) stated that the WID approach calls for greater attention to women in development policy and practice ,and the need to integrate them into the development process. The approach was a reaction to women being seen as passive beneficiaries of development. It marked an important corrective, highlighting the fact that women need to be integrated into the development process as active agents if efficient and effective development is to be achieved. Women‘s significant productive contribution was made visible, although their reproductive role was downplayed. Women‘s subordination was seen in terms of their exclusion from the market sphere, and...

...This paper provides an introduction to “women and development” by tracing the main trends in the way women’s issues have been conceptualized in the development context. Part I of the paper explains the emergence of women in development (WID) in the early 1970s, highlighting in particular a dominant strand of thinking within WID that sought to make women’s issues relevant to development by showing the positive synergies between investing in women and reaping benefits in terms of economic growth. Even though making efficiency-based arguments proved to be effective as a political strategy for having women’s issues taken up by donor agencies, it also entailed a number of controversial outcomes. An undue emphasis was placed on what women could contribute to development (at times based on exaggerated claims), while their demands from development for gender equity became secondary and conditional upon showing positive growth synergies.
Part II of the paper looks at the analytical and intellectual underpinnings of the shift from WID to GAD (gender and development). Gender is being used by researchers and practitioners in a number of different ways. The theoretical underpinnings and policy implications of two prominent frameworks for gender analysis (and training) — the “gender roles framework” and “social relations analysis” — are discussed...

...in southern italy and sicily.
Content
(Greek) : Plans - display simplicity, beauty, and perfection of proportions which give dignity and grandeur in spite of smallness of scale. Unity and symmetry resulted from the self-contained character of the temples, while varied and unsymmetrical grouping occurs only- in certain buildings like the Erechtheion .The Greek ideal of life did not tend towards the erection of utilitarian buildings.The post and beam or trabeated form of construction made for simplicity and did not lend itself to such variety and boldness of plan as did the arcuated Roman style. There is no mingling of constructive principles in Greek buildings, and the structural limitations of the trabeated style prevented the novel developments to which the arcuated style gave rise.The Doric order of ancient Greek architecture was the most basically formed column as well as the most commonly used on the temples. The wide columns were used to support the beams that formed the ceiling. The columns of the Ionic order were slender and held sculpted figures.
The Corinthian order was fancy. It had a lot of detail carved into the column and therefore was rarely used.Ancient Greek architecture commonly featured a front and back porch, which is where the columns were displayed. It was also the first in its time to feature a gabled roof.The ancient Greek architectural style is significant because it promotes harmony and proportion in its design. Building designs...

...people who inhabit this world live in poverty. However, women are more likely than men to be impoverished. This is called the feminization of poverty.[1] In the 1970s, feminists and agents of development came up with an approach to address this problem called the Women in Development [WID] approach. As the years went by, this approach was criticized. A new approach emerged out of this critique called Gender and Development [GAD] approach. This paper makes two arguments: that GAD is the best approach to address the inequalities women experience in developing countries, and that the WID approach must also play a supportive role in addressing these inequalities.
A crucial difference between the GAD approach and the WID approach is that GAD focuses on gender whereas WID focuses on women[2]. Although many people may think this is the same thing, they are mistaken. Gender is a cultural construct. It is the set of dispositions, behaviours, and roles that a given culture considers appropriate for each sex. Sex, on the other hand, is different from gender. Sex is the physical and biological attributes that differentiate between males and females. The category of women, as focused on by the WID approach, is clearly a category of sex and not gender. This is a major flaw in the WID analysis, for it assumes that women will have common,...