Most studies performed to date that assessed the respiratory effects of short term exposure to air pollutants have been performed in urban environments. Air pollutant mixtures in urban environments may differ than those originating from industrial settings. The first objective of this thesis was a literature revue of all studies published to date on the respiratory effects of exposure to industrial emissions in children. Studies published to date usually report, that exposure to industrial emissions of air pollutants are associated with respiratory effects. In these studies, effects of short-term exposure have rarely been studied. The second objective of this thesis was to estimate the association between daily exposure to emissions of atmospheric pollution coming from an industrial complex (with two smelters and an alumina refining plant) in Saguenay, Quebec, and hospitalizations for respiratory problems in children aged 0 to 4 years living near nearby (<7.5 km) with an epidemiologic case-crossover design. The percentage of hours when the residence of the children was downwind from the industrial complex and the daily average and peak concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5), measured from January 1st 2001 to December 31th 2010, were used to estimate the exposure of children. Conditional logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations with odds ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals. Hospitalizations for asthma and bronchiolitis in young children living near the aluminum/industrial complex increased with the daily exposure, estimated by the percentage of hours downwind. Results from this thesis suggest that exposure to industrial emissions of air pollutants is associated with respiratory effects in children.