9 Not Just Business 35 Million People Visit Canada Each Year In September 2014, 1,859,587 US Citizens entered Canada From 1/2014 to 9/ ,510,269 US Citizens entered Canada What s that mean for us? 1) Any client charged with a criminal offense may have immigration issues if they plan to travel outside of the US 2) Non-citizens may have issues related to naturalization, deportation, or exclusion from admission to the US

10 So you want to go to Canada, eh? a criminal conviction may result in being inadmissible to Canada Criminally inadmissible individuals are not allowed to enter Canada with out special authorization. That authorization comes from the Canadian Department of Immigration People with a criminal history must verify their entry eligibility before traveling to Canada for business or pleasure.

11 Legal Basis For Criminal Inadmissibility Any offense committed outside of Canada that would be considered indictable if committed in Canada results in criminal inadmissibility. There's also an important distinction between criminality and serious criminality. Serious criminality affects a person's ability to be deemed rehabilitated and affects the government processing fees required for criminal rehabilitation applications.

13 Legal Basis For Criminal Inadmissibility A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on grounds of serious criminality for: Having been convicted in Canada for an offense under an Act of Parliament punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years Having been convicted of an offense outside Canada that if committed in Canada would constitute an offense under an act of Parliament punishable by maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years; or Committing an act outside Canada that is an offense in the place where it was committed and that if committed in Canada would constitute an offense under an act of Parliament punishable my maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years

14 Legal Basis For Criminal Inadmissibility A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on grounds of criminality for: Having been convicted outside Canada of an offense that if committed in Canada would constitute an indictable offense under an act of Parliament or of two offenses not arising out of a single occurrence that if committed in Canada would constitute offenses under an act of Parliament Committing an act outside Canada that is an offense in the place where it was committed and that if committed in Canada would constitute an indictable offense under an Act of Parliament; or Committed on entering Canada an offense under an act of Parliament prescribed by regulations

15 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? It's a four step process: Step one: what is the individuals Canadian immigration status? Step two: what is the equivalent of the offense in Canada? Step three: is it a conviction? Step four: when did the individual complete their sentence?

16 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step one: what is the individuals Canadian immigration status? Are they a permanent resident Are they a foreign national

17 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step two: what is the equivalent of the offense in Canada? Summary v. Indictable s. 5 of the Interpretation Act: any offense where the crown can proceed by summary or indictable offense (hybrid), shall be presumed to be an indictable offense. Bottom line: almost every offense is considered to be an indictable offense since most offenses are hybrid

18 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step two: what is the equivalent of the offense in Canada? Summary Offense generally composed of a provincial court or justice of the peace defendant may appear personally or by counsel or agent punishment Sounds does not exceed six-months or a $2,000 fine a lot like an Ohio misdemeanor

19 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step two: what is the equivalent of the offense in Canada? Indictable offenses where the maximum sentence is less than 10 years vs. offenses where the maximum sentence is 10 years or more 10 years or more: Fraud, thefts over $5,000, anything involving injury or death, trafficking in narcotics

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22 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Important Points So Far Criminal Inadmissibility Convicted An of: offense outside of Canada That is an: Indictable Offense or Hybrid Offense - most offenses are one of those two Makes Two matters worse if it a serious crime (10 yrs or more) or more summary offenses

23 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step two: what is the equivalent of the offense in Canada? Indictable Offense Basically all of them, except taking a motor vehicle without consent or being with a hooker.

24 Is The Client Admissible to Canada? Step three: is it a conviction? Step four: when was the sentence completed? fines/probation/community service/etc.

25 Overcoming Inadmissibility There are three time frames: years since completion of sentence years but less than 10 years 10 years or more since completion of sentence

26 Overcoming Inadmissibility 0-5 years since completion of sentence If the client is convicted of a crime that leads to criminal inadmissibility, from the date the sentence was completed until five years have passed a Temporary Resident Permit is the only option for travel to Canada

27 Overcoming Inadmissibility 5 years since completion of sentence If 5 years have passed since the completion of the sentence, the client is eligible to apply for Criminal Rehabilitation. Criminal Rehabilitation is a way to permanently resolve criminal inadmissibility and wipe the slate clean, so to speak.

28 Overcoming Inadmissibility 10 years since completion of sentence If 10 years have passed, you may be deemed rehabilitated. This only applies if one single non-serious offense was committed. What is a non-serious offense? Maximum sentence is less than 10 years.

29 Overcoming Inadmissibility Let s get a TRP! Less than 5 years have passed since the completion of their sentence, or More than 5 years have passes since completion of their sentence but they haven t gone through criminal rehabilitation and, They have a significant reason to enter Canada. Work, family, emergencies can all be considered significant.

30 Overcoming Inadmissibility I feel much better now. Let s get rehabilitated! criminal rehabilitation - the process by which the government forgives you. Eligible Inside for crimes committed outside of Canada crimes are handled by the Parole Board of Canada and are called records of suspension - they used to be called pardons.

31 Overcoming Inadmissibility I feel much better now. Let s get rehabilitated! Three criteria for criminal rehabilitation Committed an act outside of Canada that would constitute an offense under a Federal statute Been convicted of, or admitted to committing the act Five years have passed since all sentences have been completed - this includes jail, fines being paid, and parole/ probation.

32 Overcoming Inadmissibility I feel much better now. Let s get rehabilitated! Applicant has to demonstrate They re in a stable position where there is no risk of them committing another crime Factors considered by VISA OFFICER

33 Overcoming Inadmissibility Nature of the Offense Time Number Risk of Offenses of Reoffending Preventing Reoffending

34 Overcoming Inadmissibility Nature Was of the Offense the offense that was committed a serious or non-serious offense?

35 Overcoming Inadmissibility Time How long ago was the last offense committed by the applicant?

36 Overcoming Inadmissibility Number of Offenses How many offenses are on the applicant s criminal record? Was the applicant a first-time offender?

37 Overcoming Inadmissibility Risk of Reoffending What is the likelihood that the applicant will reoffend?

38 Overcoming Inadmissibility Preventing Reoffending How has the applicant changed their life to ensure that they will not reoffend? Can the applicant demonstrate evidence of a stable lifestyle?

39 Applying for TRP or Criminal Rehab. TRP Port of Entry/Border: on the spot decision, but shorter validity Visa Office/Consulate: month processing time, but longer validity

40 Applying for TRP or Criminal Rehab. TRP/Criminal Rehabilitation Applied for at a Canadian Consulate located in the USA. There are 14 consulate offices Only LA and New York process TRPs and Criminal Rehabilitation applications Can ONLY apply for rehabilitation at the consulate

41 Applying for TRP or Criminal Rehab. Deemed One Rehabilitated conviction More than 10 years since sentence completed EXCEPT: it only applies if the single offense was not the equivalent of a serious offense. What s a serious offense? 10 years or more.

42 Applying for TRP or Criminal Rehab. Deemed Rehabilitated Does apply if client has 2 offenses on their record that are considered to be very minor offenses. What does that mean? I don t really know.

43 Applying for TRP or Criminal Rehab. Deemed Rehabilitated Recommended to obtain a legal opinion letter to explain why the individual in not inadmissible to Canada.

44 Legal Opinion Letter Explains why under Canadian Immigration Law the individual is not inadmissible supported can by relevant statutes also be used in US in attempt to negotiate amended charges to something that would not result in Canadian inadmissibility.

45 DUI Canadian Spelling Section 253 of Canada s Criminal Code Operation While Impaired reads: 253.(1) Everyone commits an offence who operates a motor vehicle or vessel or operates or assists in the operation of an aircraft or of railway equipment or has the care or control of motor vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment, whether in motion or not, (a) while the person s ability to operate the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment is impaired by alcohol or a drug; or (b) having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the concentration in the person s blood exceeds eighty milligrams of alcohol in one hundred milliliters of blood

47 That s OK - just make it a reckless op Dangerous operation of motor vehicles, s. 249 of the Canadian Criminal Code: 249.(1) Everyone commits an offense who operates a motor vehicle in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated in the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place;

48 That s OK - just make it a reckless op (A) No person shall operate a vehicle, trackless trolley, or streetcar on any street or highway in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property.

49 That s OK - just make it a reckless op (A) No person shall operate a vehicle, trackless trolley, or streetcar on any street or highway in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property. 249.(1) Everyone commits an offense who operates a motor vehicle in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated in the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place;

50 What Makes You Inadmissible? DUI: Driving or Care or Control while Impaired or Over 80 mgs. Falls under Section 253 of the Canadian Criminal Code Hybrid Offense Minimum penalty: $1,000 fine for first offence; 30 days for second; 120 days for third Maximum Penalty: 18 mos./$5,000 fine if summary offense; 5 yrs. if indicted

52 What Do You Do? Try and get the shortest probation time possible Pay off the fines as quickly as possible Expungement Have My (in KY) a certified copy of the client s file experience - reckless op is better but not guaranteed.

54 Non-US Citizen GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY UNDER INA 212(a), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a) CLASSES OF PERSONS INELIGIBLE FOR VISAS AND ADMISSION Department of Homeland Security (DHS) policy guidance instructs that a significant record of alcohol-related driving incidents could result in a finding of health-related inadmissibility.

55 Aggravated Felony An aggravated felony under INA 101(a)(43) includes any crimes of violence (COV) as defined in 18 U.S.C. 16 (not including a purely political offense) for which the term of imprisonment imposed (regardless of any suspension) is at least one year.

56 Aggravated Felony Section 16 defines a COV as: 16(a) any offense that has as an element the use or attempted use or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or 16(b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.

57 Aggravated Felony An offense will not be a COV if conviction does not require a mens rea or if a person may be convicted simply on a showing of negligence or less than intentional conduct. Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004)

58 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude Generally, violations of regulatory laws are not crimes involving moral turpitude (CIMTs). Simple DUI is not a CIMT, but aggravated DUI is a CIMT.

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