“I’m A Dole Man”1996

One of the campaign buttons used in the 1996 Presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Bob Dole (R-KS).

In the 1996 presidential race, U.S. Senator Bob Dole, Republican from Kansas, ran against incumbent President Bill Clinton. The Demo- crats and President Clinton had enjoyed a solid first term in the White House following the 1992 election, as the U.S. economy had prospered amid a generally peaceful global context. On Capitol Hill, however, the Republicans had come to power as a result of gains made in the mid-term 1994 congressional elections, led by Rep. Newt Gingrich. The Republicans captured majorities in both the House and the Senate and were hoping they might win the White House in 1996 as well.

Bob Dole, a popular World War II veteran and much respected member of Congress, was first elected to national office in 1960. He became involved in Presidential politics in 1976 when he served as Gerald Ford’s running mate in a losing contest to the Democrat’s slate of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale. Again in 1980 and 1988, Dole sought the Republican presidential nomination, losing out both times in the primaries, respectively, to Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Sr.

Bob Dole on Senate floor, June 11, 1996, announcing his farewell to colleagues to focus on his Presidential bid.

In 1996, however, he became the front runner and won the Republican nomination, besting a field that included Senator Phil Gramm of Texas, Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, populist Pat Buchanan, Tennessee governor Lamar Alexander, publisher Steve Forbes and others. Dole chose former Cabinet Secretary Jack Kemp of New York as his running mate. In addition to facing the Democrats’ Bill Clinton-Al Gore, Dole and Clinton also faced third-party candidate, Ross Perot. In the election, the Clinton-Gore ticket prevailed, winning by a substantial margin in both the popular vote and the electoral college. But during that election year there were some interesting twists and turns, not the least of which was some campaign music that cropped up in Bob Dole’s campaign.

Sam & Dave on album cover of their 1967 hit song, "Soul Man."

“Soul Man”

In the summer of 1996, Sam Moore, who 30 years earlier was a member of the rock n’ roll duo “Sam & Dave,” re-recorded a 1967 hit song that he and partner Dave Prater had made popular, entitled “Soul Man.” Moore adapted the song for use in Bob Dole’s campaign, keeping the same underlying sound and melody but adding a few new lyrics. In the process, the song’s namesake and chief refrain of “I’m a soul man” became “I’m a Dole man.” Dole then started using the song at his campaign rallies. The lyrics and origins of this song, however — coming out of Detroit’s inner city and forming the beginnings of 1960s African American soul music — were somewhat far afield from the conservative heritage of Kansan Bob Dole.

“Soul Man”Sam & Dave

Coming to you on a dusty road
Good loving, I got a truck load
And when you get it,
you got something
Don’t worry, ’cause I’m coming

“Soul Man” was written in 1967 by Isaac Hayes and David Porter who then worked in Detroit for the Stax record label of Atlantic Records. At least part of the inspiration for “Soul Man” reportedly came to Hayes in July 1967, in the aftermath of the 12th Street riot in Detroit, Michigan. During those troubled days, black Detroit residents had selectively marked certain buildings with the word “soul” to protect them from damage. The buildings so marked where mostly stores or other structures owned and/or operated by African-Americans. In the midst of those times, Hayes and songwriting partner David Porter were moved to write something that captured “a story about one’s struggle to rise above his present conditions,” as well as a song that conveyed a measure of pride — almost a kind boasting — as in, “I’m a soul man, and proud of it.”

Music Player“I’m A Soul Man”-1967

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In any case, Hayes and Porter crafted the song and lyrics that summer. Singers Sam Moore and Dave Prater recorded it on the Stax record label, with the musical backing of the house band at the time, Booker T. & the M.G.’s, a band that had their own hit songs, such as the 1962 instrumental, “Green Onions.” But Sam and Dave’s “Soul Man” was issued in the summer of 1967. It became the most successful Stax single to date upon its release.

During October-November 1967, the single peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart for about seven weeks, and at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for about three weeks. It stayed in the Top 40 for nearly three months.

Early Soul Artists

Sam Moore and Dave Prater seen here in a 1960s’ photo used for a later album cover

“Soul Man” was the first successful pop hit single for Sam and Dave. An earlier song, “Hold On, I’m Comin”, had been a No. 1 hit on the R& B charts in the summer of 1966. “Soul Man” was later followed by other hits through 1968, including: “I Thank You”, “When Something is Wrong with My Baby”, “Wrap It Up”, and others. In the 1965-168 period, Sam & Dave were especially successful on the R&B chart, scoring ten consecutive Top 20 singles and three consecutive Top 10 albums. Their crossover appeal to white pop audiences helped pave the way for a major break out of what came to be known as soul music. “Soul Man,” in fact, was one of the first songs by a black group to top the pop charts using the word “soul”, helping define that genre. “Soul Man” was a No. 2 pop hit in November 1967. “Soul Man” was awarded the 1968 Grammy Award for Best Rhythm & Blues Group Performance, Vocal or Instrumental. Over the years, the song has also been recognized for its influence by the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Rolling Stone magazine,and RIAA Songs of the Century. The song, re-recorded by Sam Moore and Lou Reed, was also featured as the soundtrack and title for a 1986 film Soul Man, a movie about a white guy who pretends to be black so he can get a scholarship to Harvard. In 1988, Sam Moore’s original partner, Dave Prater, was killed in an automobile accident. In 1992, Moore and his former partner were inducted into the Rock ‘n Roll Hall of Fame. Moore thereafter continued his own career, recording and performing through the 1990s. In 1994, his visibility increased somewhat after he did a duet with Conway Twitty on “Rainy Night In Georgia.” Then in 1996 Moore became involved with Bob Dole’s campaign.

Politicians for years have sought slogans, catchy jingles, and popular music to use in their campaigns. For Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s it was “Happy Days are Here Again,” also a perennial favorite of Democrats and practically any candidate who wins. One of FDR’s later Democrat rivals, Al Smith, used “East Side, West Side” in one of his campaigns. Jack Kennedy in 1960 had Frank Sinatra sing a little ditty for his campaign. And in recent years, some politicians have sought to associate themselves with one or another genre of music or particular musicians, all to curry favor with certain voter blocs.

In the 1992 campaign, candidate and then Arkansas Governor, Bill Clinton, had made good use of a baby boomer- favored Fleetwood Mac tune, “Don’t Stop” (a use which initially brought some objection from songwriter and band member Christine McVie, who in early 1992 asked Governor Bill Clinton to stop using it). By 1996, Dole, who was then 73 years old, wanted music that helped him reach younger audiences. “Soul Man” was a good jumpy tune, and could get folks in a good mood, part of the role of any campaign music. Sam Moore had re-written the lyrics for the campaign, with some lines that — at least in one version — purposely spoofed Dole’s age, which was something of an issue in the campaign. But the song also included a few digs that were aimed at the opposition, such as: “And he [Dole] ain’t from Hope, and he don’t have no girl friends, no!” The Dole team liked what they heard and began using the song pretty regularly at rallies and campaign stops.

'Soul Man' record sleeve.

In 1996, of course, Bob Dole wasn’t the only candidate using popular music during the campaign season. In fact, as the two political conventions rolled out that August, a whole range of music was used as part each party’s respective “show,” ever mindful of the TV and listening audiences — as well as the need to fire up convention delegates.

The Republicans were up first in San Diego. As Time magazine reported on August 15th: “Inside the Convention Center, bright placards, balloons and deliriously happy rally troops find every TV camera as speaker after speaker repeats the mantra of Hope, Growth and Victory. Everywhere are the strains of “I’m a Dole Man!” and “You’ve Got To Be A Football Hero” and everyone is on message…” The Republicans also made use of the “Macarena” at their convention, a Los del Rio’s hit that was then also a popular dance. The Democrats did as well, with Vice President Al Gore gaining some fame for his robotic interpretation of the dance at one point. Gore had used Paul Simon’s “You Can Call Me Al” as a theme song in some of his previous campaigning. But in San Diego, the Republicans used a range of music throughout their program, as New York Times reporterJon Parles later recounted:

“…So the band in San Diego had a role like Paul Shaffer’s group on The Late Show With David Letterman. Each top speaker was ushered in like a talk-show guest, with a theme [song] that had a more or less obvious allusion: state songs for elected officials, ‘Stars and Stripes Forever’ for Gen. Colin L. Powell, ‘My Girl’ for the nominee’s wife, Elizabeth Dole.

Bob Dole made his entrance to the theme from ‘Rocky,’ seeking the mantle of the good-hearted, hard-punching, working-class underdog. After Mr. Dole’s acceptance speech, in which he invoked the honorable values of past eras, the country singer Travis Tritt sang a stern postscript, declaring, ‘I wish I could turn the clock back to the way my daddy said it was before.’…

When the Republican band wanted to ratchet up enthusiasm, it turned to soul standards. Mr. Dole’s theme on the road has been ‘Dole Man’… ‘Shout,’ the Isley Brothers song, provided the beat for the convention’s biggest floor demonstration. Mr. Dole has been denouncing the indulgences of the generation represented by Bill Clinton, but he has latched on to baby-boomer favorites for the campaign…..”

At the Democratic convention, too, a range of pop tunes and live performances were prominent parts of the program, from the cast of the Broadway play Rent performing “Seasons of Love” and Emmylou Harris singing “Abraham, Martin and John,” to Aretha Franklin doing the national anthem. There was also a hint of Chicago’s “Beginnings” following Clinton’s acceptance speech, with its Latin percussion, big-band horns, and lyrics that promised “only the beginning, only just the start.”

In September 1996, Bob Dole was joined by his ally Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., at the American Legion's convention in Salt Lake City.

“Dole Man” Continues

Following the conventions, and into September, Dole’s campaign continued using Sam Moore’s “Dole Man” adaptation at its rallies. However, it turned out that Sam Moore was not really in a position to grant Dole the legal right to use this song, even in its variant and parody forms with adjusted lyrics. For Sam Moore neither owned the song nor its music publishing rights. The song was written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter as described above, and publishing company Rondor Music International Inc.,also had some control over the song’s rights and use. Rondor was owned by Jerry Moss and Herb Alpert, who were politically liberal. The holders of music publishing rights can object to the use of the composition if it is used in ways that can be seen as “commercial,” or if the song is at risk of losing its integrity, as in this case, by changing words, such as from “soul” to “Dole.”

Rondor Music sent a letter to the Dole campaign threatening to sue if the campaign continued to use the song. Rondor did not agree with the claim by the Dole camp that their use of the song was “fair use”as parody. “…[P]eople may get the impression that David [Porter] and I endorse Bob Dole, which we don’t.” – Isaac Hayes, Sept 1996 In the September 10th, 1996 letter to Dole, Rondor threatened to sue Dole for up to $100,000 each time the song was played at an event. Rondor said that the campaign’s altering the lyrics resulted in an “unauthorized derivative work” that required permission to use. There were also other issues involved, not the least of which was an aura of endorsement the song gave to Dole by association, suggesting the song’s creators were Dole backers. “Soul Man’s” co-writer, Isaac Hayes, spoke out about the song’s use in an interview with the New York Daily News. “Nobody gave any permission here,” Hayes said referring to Dole’s use of the song without permission. “As a U.S. Senator, he ought to know that you can’t do that. It also bothers me because people may get the impression that David [Porter] and I endorse Bob Dole, which we don’t.” In the end, however, no legal action transpired, as the Dole campaign quit using “I’m a Dole Man.”

Bob Dole on the stump, 1996.

Press Critique

In addition to the legal threats, a few press accounts ran that were critical of Dole for using the tune. Charles Memminger of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, for example, offered some of his views in a September 13, 1996 column, having a little fun at Dole’s expense:

“…Playing a hip song like ‘Soul Man’ is supposed make people forget that Dole is older than time. The usual routine is for Dole to bound onto the stage like a mummified rock star while the crowd sings ‘I’m a Dole Man! I’m a Dole Man!’ Republicans can be so cool when they have to be.
Actually, I thought the choice of song was kind of stupid. Half the time, I thought the crowd was bellowing ‘I’m a Dull Man.’ Or ‘I’m a Sold Man.’ It left just too much room for misinterpretation.…Connecting Bob Dole to ‘Soul Man’ is like con- necting Jeffrey Dahmer [mass murderer] to ‘Feel- ings.’ -Charles MemmingerHonolulu Star-BulletinIt may not matter, since Rondor Music International, which owns the song, says it’ll sue if Dole doesn’t give up their ‘Soul.’
I think Dole has a legal leg to stand on, since song parodies are considered free speech. And anyone who doesn’t consider “Dole Man” a parody doesn’t understand irony. Connecting Bob Dole to ‘Soul Man’ is like connecting Jeffrey Dahmer [mass murderer] to ‘Feelings.’
Anyway, this is a battle Dole doesn’t have to fight. There are a lot of other songs out there he could rip off that would give him the same chance — which is to say very little — of overcoming his 20 point poll deficit to Bill Clinton…”

Mark Steyn, writing in Slate.com in October 1996 observed that “Soul Man” was “so un-Dole.” He also called it a parody, adding: “Dole obviously has never heard of it, any more than he’s heard of Tupac Shakur or those other gangsta rappers his advisers periodically call on him to denounce…” More ironic, continued Steyn, “is that the song is an exquisite musicalization of the candidate’s most frequently cited defect: his campaign’s lack of any central theme. ‘Dole Man’ isn’t about anything at all….”

Springsteen & Rabbitt

Springsteen's 'Born in the USA.'

Bob Dole’s troubles with campaign music, however, didn’t end with “Soul Man.” Looking for other music to use in place of “Soul Man,” Dole’s campaign came up with Bruce Springsteen’s “Born in the U.S.A.” which was used in early October 1996 as a Bob Dole caravan rolled into Red Bank, New Jersey for a campaign rally. That prompted Springsteen himself to write an open letter to his local newspaper, The Press of Asbury Park, New Jersey: “I read in The Press this morning that my music was appropriated for the Republican rally for Bob Dole in Red Bank yesterday. Just for the record, I’d like to make clear that it was used without my permission and I am not a supporter of the Republican ticket.”

Dole’s campaign then went the country music route, asking for permission to use the song “American Boy” by Eddie Rabbitt, a song released in 1990 from Rabbitt’s Jersey Boy album, shown below. The song was quite popular then, reaching No. 11 on country charts, Rabbitt’s first in the Top 40. The song was also especially popular among U.S. servicemen and their families during the 1991 Gulf War. The song, for many Dole supporters, was seen as a much more appropriate “Bob Dole” tune.

Bob Dole’s campaign found some compatible campaign music in Eddie Rabbitt’e ‘American Boy’.

In the song, Rabbitt’s character says he wants to “live in a place where they name their kids Billy,” cheer at football games on Friday night, and go wherever he pleases. In this kind of place, he explains, he’s a free man. In the song, he also explains:

I’m an American boy.
Drive me a Chevy, aint got no Peugeot.
My older brother was a G.I.-Joe.
Red, white and blue from my head to my toes.
I’m an American boy.

The song also includes, at certain points, words and speech excerpts from Martin Luther King Jr., Neil Armstrong and John F. Kennedy. In October 1996, Dole’s campaign asked Rabbitt for permission to use the song at their political rallies, with Dole reportedly saying in the request: “I’m really a big fan and I really enjoy your music and I really like your song.” Rabbitt gave Dole’s campaign permission to use the song, personally responding, “with my pleasure, you can use my song.” For a time, the Dole campaign was also using the theme from Rocky, the 1976 Sylvester Stallone film.

Sam & Dole

Bob Dole photo, 1990s.

In any case, following the November 1996 election, the campaign music ended for Bob Dole, as the Clinton-Gore ticket swept to a second term. Dole then began a new phase of his career, becoming a senior advisor at a Washington, D.C. law firm, and settling into what appeared to be a fairly comfortable and prosperous political afterlife of lobbying, public speaking, celebrity advertising, board appointments, and occasional diplomatic missions. In January, 1997 at a White House ceremony, Dole was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, an award made to persons deemed to have made especially meritorious contributions to the nation. Dole also served as the National Chairman of the World War II Memorial Campaign for the monument that was constructed in Washington, D.C. Back in his home state of Kansas, meanwhile, The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics was opened at the University of Kansas in July 2003. The $11 million, 28,000-square-foot facility houses Dole’s papers and hosts frequent political events and seminars. Dole’s 1996 opponent, Bill Clinton, gave one of the first “Bob Dole Lectures” there in 2004.

Sam Moore on 'The Tavis Smiley Show,' Sept 2007.

Sam Moore, meanwhile, continued recording and touring with his own musical career through the 1990s and 2000s. In 2002 Moore’s solo album, Plenty Good Lovin‘, originally recorded in 1971 but never released, finally came to record stores. “Soul Man” and the Sam & Dave act of the 1960s continued to collect kudos as well. In 1999, “Soul Man” was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone magazine named “Soul Man” one of the 500 greatest songs of all time in December 2004. Sam & Dave were also honored at the Stax Museum Memphis, Tennessee, opened in 2003, which features them prominently in a museum film and a permanent wall display. In December 2008, Sam & Dave, the Original Soul Men DVD was released, featuring video performances of Sam & Dave from 1966-1980.

However, in one interesting turn of events in the 2008 presidential election, Sam Moore once again became involved with political campaign music. In 2008, Moore sent a cease and desist letter to Barack Obama’s campaign to stop the using the Sam & Dave song “Hold On I’m Coming” at political rallies. Yet, apparently there were no hard feelings here, as in January 2009, Moore performed with Sting and Elvis Costello at one of Barack Obama’s inaugural balls.

Additional stories at this website on music and politics, include, for example: “I Won’t Back Down,1989-2008″ (on the use of Tom Petty’s song by Republicans and Democrats and other venues); “Baracuda Politics, 2008″ (on Sarah Palin and RNC’s use of the song “Baracuda” by rock group, Heart; includes RNC video); and, “Reagan & Springsteen, 1984” (about President Ronald Reagan’s campaign trail remarks mentioning Bruce Springsteen and some of his music; also includes a related George Will Washington Post column). Thanks for visiting — and if you like what you find here, please make a donation to help support this website. Thank you. – Jack Doyle

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