The Origins of Freemasonry

Where Freemasonry Started

Freemasonry, in the form we would recognise today, started at the building
of Rosslyn Chapel near Edinburgh.

Rosslyn Chapel, before the present external roof was
put in place

How do I know this?

There are three important pieces of evidence which support this statement.

Rosslyn links the Jewish Temple through the Knights Templar to Freemasonry.

The ground plan of Rosslyn is a copy of Herods Temple and above ground
it replicates the Herodian Architecture of Jerusalem.

Rosslyn contains the oldest document showing a modern First Degree Ceremony
being conducted by a Knight Templar.

The Ground Plan

The layout of Rosslyn, which was started in 1440, is an exact replica of
the ground plan of the Third Temple, built in Jerusalem by Herod and destroyed
in the First Century by the Romans.

(See The Hiram Key, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, Arrow, London,
1997 for full details)

The layout of Herod's Temple was not known to Archeologists
until the mid nineteenth century, nearly four hundred years after the
construction
of Rosslyn

A Stone Document showing the First Degree of Freemasonry

All the carvings in Rosslyn were first cut in wood and produced to the Master
of Works for inspection before being cut in stone. This is one of the earliest
examples of Quality Control in Britain.

On the lower frame of the window in the South West corner of the Chapel there
is a carving which seems to be of a Freemasonic First Degree.

(See The Second Messiah, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, Arrow, London,
1998 for full details)

This carving shows seven distinct points of similarity
to the modern First Degree of Freemasonry, and it was carved between 1440-50.
It was inspected and passed before being cut in stone so the features within
it are intended to be there.

Is it Just Chance?

John Hamill, the Librarian of the United Grand Lodge of England, has suggested
that it may be just co-incidence that this little figure seems to show a
link between Templarism and Freemasonry.

The figure shows a man kneeling between two pillars. He is blindfolded and
has a running noose about his neck. His feet are in a strange and unnatural
posture and in his left hand he holds a bible. The end of the rope about
his neck is held by another man who is wearing the mantle of a Knight Templar.

Now for those of you are not familiar with our strange ways of within the
craft, when somebody is admitted they are called the Candidate. Men are admitted
to men's lodges and women to separate women's lodges. The candidate is dressed
in a very odd manner but will only be admitted when properly dressed for
the ceremony. The way of dressing is to wear a rough white clothing folded
back to reveal particular parts of the body. The candidate is blindfolded
and has a running noose about his neck. Here is a picture of a Masonic candidate
who is correctly dressed for the ceremony standing before the two pillars
that appear in every Masonic Lodge.

A Candidate properly prepared to be made a Mason

The statue at Rosslyn shows a number of features which are now considered
to be Masonic. Here is a drawing of the main features of the Statue.

Drawing of the main features of the carving

The problem for John Hamill is that the statue was carved five hundred and
fifty years ago and this is two hundred and seventy years before the claimed
founding of the Craft in England. When Chris Knight and I published this
information it caused a tremendous fuss in English Freemasonry. Many articles
were written by various Masonic writers supporting the Hamill's view that
these similarities were simply co-incidence.

How, the gentleman from England must have asked themselves, could Freemasonry
have come from such an outlandish place as Scotland? :-)

(This lecture was delivered in Stirling surrounded by many Scots,
as well as a considerable number of overseas delegates. This statement caused
considerable amusement)

However, their counter claim of co-incidence, can be tested using standard
techniques of Hypothesis Testing and here is the detailed calculation.

There are seven points of congruence (agreement) between the carving and
the modern Masonic ceremony. These are

1. The man is blindfolded. This is unusual in medieval statues and the only
other example it the figure of blind justice. There is no other blindfold
figure carved in Rosslyn.

2. The man is kneeling. This is fairly common in medieval carvings and there
are other kneeling figures in Rosslyn.

3. The man is holding a bible in his left hand. There are a number of other
carvings showing figures holding books or scrolls within Rosslyn.

4. The man has a noose about his neck. There are few known figures of the
period showing nooses about their necks. The best known is the statue called
'The dying Gaul'. There is one other figure in Rosslyn which has a noose
in it and that is the figure of the hanged man which represents the angel
Shemhazai whose sins caused God to send the Flood and who was so afraid to
face God that he hung himself between heaven and earth with his face away
from God. Shemhazai is carved with a noose about his feet but there is no
other noose carved in Rosslyn.

5. The man has his feet in the posture that is still used today by Masonic
candidates. This is a very unusual position and does not occur in any other
carvings in Rosslyn.

6. The ceremony is being carried out between two pillars as it is in a Masonic
Lodge. Pillars figure in a lot of the carvings at Rosslyn.

7. The noose is being held by a man clearly dressed as a Templar. There are
many Templar symbols and images of Templars carved in Rosslyn.

So what is the chance of all these factors coming together by chance? I set
up a null hypothesis that it was pure co-incidence that all these elements
linking Templarism and Freemasonry occurred in the same carving and then
set out to test the probability of the idea.

1. The probability that the figure is blindfolded by chance is 0.5 as it
can only be blindfolded or not blindfolded. This is a worst case probability
that gives the null hypothesis the best chance of succeeding as there is
no other blindfolded figure in Rosslyn.

2. The probability that the figure is kneeling by chance is 0.5 as it again
can only be kneeling or not kneeling.

3. The probability that the figure is holding a bible by chance is 0.5 as
there are again only two possibilities. Holding a bible or not holding a
bible.

4. The probability that the figure has noose about its neck by chance is
0.5 even though it is the only figure in Rosslyn with a noose about its neck.
Again I am giving the Null Hypothesis the best possible chance of succeeding.

5. The probability that the figure has his feet in a Masonic posture (which
the ritual says is the only way a Candidate will be admitted to Freemasonry)
by chance is 0.5 because he can have them that way or not. No other figure
in Rosslyn holds in feet in this strange symbolic way so again the Null
Hypothesis is being given the full benefit of any doubt.

6. The probability that the ceremony is taking place between two pillars
by chance is 0.5 because the alternative would be not to place the two pillars
there.

7. The probability that a Templar is holding the noose by chance is 0.5 and
this is generous towards the Null Hypothesis because the rope could be loose
or held by somebody who is not a Templar. In the modern Masonic ceremony
the rope is held by the senior deacon whilst the candidate takes his oath
hold the bible.

I now needed to consider the possibility of all these seven probabilities
occurring at the same time. To find the composite probability I must multiply
the separate probabilities together.

So the highest possible probability of the null hypothesis being true is

(0.5)*(0.5)*(0.5)*(0.5)*(0.5)*(0.5)*(0.5) which works out as 0.0078

So there are only eight chances in a thousand that all these elements linking
Freemasonry to Templarism and Sir William St Clair are there by co-incidence.
This probability is less than the 95% confidence level one in 20 and less
than the 99% confidence level of one in 100. There is only one chance in
128 of the links being co-incidence. On this evidence I reject the null
hypothesis, that leaves me with a strong claim that Sir William was linked
to Freemasonry in 1440 and that this link involved Templars.

So to sum up, if each point of similarity is given a 50% chance of being
there by accident. (Which is giving the opposite view the best odds possible)
There are only 8 chances in 1000 that it is pure chance.

Who Built Rosslyn?

Rosslyn was built by Sir William St Clair Last St Clair Jarl of Orkney. He
was a direct descent of William de St Clair Last Temple Grand Master of Scotland,
who died taking the heart of the dead king, Robert de Bruce on a last crusade
to Jerusalem.

The Tombstone of the Templar Sir William St Clair,
preserved in Rosslyn

Sir William, the chapel builder, is also the direct ancestor of First Grand
Master Mason of Scotland, also named William St Clair (Sinclair)

Why did William Build Rosslyn?

To house artifacts brought by the Knights Templar to Scotland in 1126. Between
1118 and 1128 the Templars excavated the ruins of Herods Temple in
Jerusalem. Hugue de Payen, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar, served
on the First Crusade with Henri St Clair, First Earl of Roslin and Hugue
visited Roslin in 1126 where he was given land to build the first Templar
Preceptory outside the Holy Land.

How do I know about the Templar Excavations?

In 1860 the British Army Engineers mounted an expedition to Jersualem and
two Lieutenants ,Wilson and Warren, mapped out the city to Ordnance Survey
standards. They excavated beneath Temple Mount and found many deep tunnels
in which they also found and recorded Templar artifacts.

(See The Second Messiah, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, Arrow, London,
1998 for full details)

Here is an illustration of the shaft and tunnels dug by the Templars beneath
Temple Mount, taken from the Army report of 1870

Drawing of the tunnels found by the British Army Expedition
which excavated below Temple Mount in Jerusalem showing the tunnels left
by Templars The shaft is 80 feet deep.

Why Build a Copy of Herods Temple?

In 1440 William St Clair was the most powerful man in Scotland.

He decided to build Rosslyn to house the treasures he had inherited from
the Templars and establish a seat of spiritual authority to rival James II
who was dabbling in English politics and finally got himself killed during
the War of the Roses.

William brought in Masons to build Rosslyn and built the town of Roslin to
house them.

When James II died (1460) his son, James III, thought William was posing
to great a threat to the Crown of Scotland so he stripped William of Orkney
and broke up his estates

So now we have visited briefly some of the key events involved in the creation
of Freemasonry. There is much more to the story, for example the St Clairs
had lands at Kilwinning and were involved with famous Mother Kilwinning Lodge
there, but there is not enough time today to tell the full story. So let
me finish with a Timeline of the Key events which led to the Formation of
the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736.

The Timeline of Freemasonry

1440 Masons given the Mason word by William to preserve
the secrets of the Templars he was building Rosslyn to house.

1483 The burgh of Aberdeen is recorded as being involved
in settlement of a dispute between six masownys of the lurge.
Masonry is starting to spread out as lodges initiate Candidates and give
the the 'Mason Word'

1599 Earliest surviving Lodge Minutes from Edinburgh

1601 James VI made a Mason at Lodge of Scoon and
Perth.

1602 William Schaw sets up the modern lodge system
in Scotland following the instructions of James VI

1602 The Lodges of Scotland affirm William St Clair
of Roslin as hereditary Grand Master Mason of Scotland from TI

1603 James VI takes Freemasonry to England when he
becomes James I of Britain

1641 Sir Robert Moray becomes the first Mason recorded
to be made on English Soil.