The Engineerwill allow Type 3 structural backfill,
conforming to 703.11, to be used as
bedding below the pipe only when pumping operations do not control severe
ground water problems.Place at least 12
inches (300 mm) of Type 1 structural backfill on top of the Type 3 structural
backfill to prevent piping.

Furnish pipe of the size and kind specified in the
Proposaland conforming to applicable subsections of 706 and 707.The metric equivalent pipe size
may vary with material type for the same English size pipe.The difference in sizes shall not be
construed as an exclusion of a material type.The kinds of pipe allowed for each of the designated types of conduit
are as follows:

The Engineerwill allow any of the following alternate
material provisions:

A.The Contractormay use Type 1 or 2 structural backfill if
granular or soil embankment is required or allowed.

B.Supply
pipe of the required size or one size larger.

C.If 707.05 or 707.07
conduit is specifically itemized or specified in the Proposal,
the Contractormay provide conduit conforming to 707.04 and having a bituminous paved
invert.Provide the same corrugation
profile and sheet thickness listed in the Proposal.

D.The
Contractormay furnish higher strength concrete or
plastic pipe of the same type where lower strength pipe is specified.

E.The
Contractormay furnish a thicker metal pipe of the same
corrugation profile and type where a lesser thickness is permitted or
specified.

F.If 706.02 reinforced concrete pipe is
specifically shown on the plans as “special design”, the manufacturer shall
submit shop drawings and design calculations by a Registered Engineerfor review and written approval before
manufacture.Submit a minimum of seven
copies of the shop drawings and allow a minimum of 4 weeks for approval.Include the following in the shop drawings:

G.If a 706.05 structure is specifically itemized or
specified in the Contract, the Contractormay submit to the Department for approval a
request to supply a 706.051 structure
placed on precast slab bottom, or a 706.052
structure placed on precast slab bottom, that is hydraulically equivalent and
meets all cover requirements.These
structures and slab bottoms shall conform to the pre-approved design by a
Registered Engineerfrom approved manufacturers on file with the
Department.Manufacturers not approved
may submit structural design criteria, analysis method, and structure details
for approval.The manufacturer shall
submit shop drawings and hydraulic calculations by a Registered Engineer for
review and approval before manufacture.The bottom slab may be cast-in-place with approval from the Department
however there will be no increase in time permitted.

H.If 706.051 or 706.052 is specifically itemized or
specified in the Contract, the Contractormay substitute each one for the other upon
structure approval for hydraulics and cover.The manufacturer shall submit shop drawings and hydraulic calculations
by a Registered Engineerfor review and approval before manufacture.

603.05Excavation.Measure
trench width at the span of the conduit.Center the trench excavation about the centerline of the conduit.

Use Method A for a cut
situation, and use Method B for a fill situation.

A.Method
A.Excavate the trench for the
conduit.Provide vertical trench walls.

If long span culvert is used, provide a minimum
trench width of the span plus 2 feet (0.6 m) on each side.

If rigid pipe is used, provide a minimum trench
width of the span times 1.33.

If plastic or corrugated metal pipe is used, provide
a minimum trench width of the span times 1.25 plus 1 foot (0.3 m).

If plastic pipe is used and the ID is 8 inch (200
mm) or less furnish a minimum trench width of the OD.

Increase these minimums to a width that allows the
jointing of the conduit, and the placement and compaction of the backfill.

B.Method
B.Construct the embankment to a
height at least equal to half of the rise and to a width on each side of the
conduit two times the span of the conduit before excavating for the
conduit.Excavate the trench in the
constructed embankment to a width conforming to Method A above.

Furnish a firm foundation for the conduit bed for
its full length.The Engineerwill require the removal of unsuitable
material below the conduit bedding or below the bottom of the conduit if
bedding is not required for the width of the trench.Replace the unsuitable material with
structural backfill.Remove rock or
shale in the conduit foundation for at least 6 inches (150 mm) below the
bottom of the bedding.Replace the rock
or shale with structural backfill. Unless in the contract documents, the
Department will pay for this work according to 109.05.

If the Engineerchanges the flow line by more than one foot
(0.3m), the Department will pay according to 109.05.

The Contractormay jack or tunnel the pipe with the written
permission of the Director.

603.06Bedding.Type
1 bedding consists of structural backfill extending at least 6 inches (150 mm)
below the bottom of the conduit for the full width of the trench.Compact the bedding according to 603.11.

Type 2 bedding consists of structural backfill
extending at least 3 inches (75 mm) for all 706 rigid pipe conduits and 6
inches (150 mm) for all other conduits below the bottom of the conduit for the
full width of the trench.Extend the
bedding up around the pipe for a depth of not less than 30 percent of the rise
of the conduit. Shape the bedding to fit the conduit with recesses shaped to
receive the bell of bell-and-spigot pipe. Leave the bedding below the middle
one-third of the pipe span uncompacted. Compact the remaining bedding according
to 603.11.

Use Type 2 bedding for Types A, B, C, and D
conduits except for long span structures and for conduits that require Type 3
bedding.

Type 3 bedding consists of a natural foundation
with recesses shaped to receive the bell of bell-and-spigot pipe.Scarify and loosen the middle one-third of
the pipe span.

Use Type 3 bedding for
Type C and Type D conduits of the following materials:706.01,
706.02, or 706.03.

Type 4 bedding consists of a natural foundation
shaped to fit the conduit with recesses shaped to receive the bell of
bell-and-spigot pipe.

Use Type 4 bedding for Types E and F conduits.

603.07Laying Conduit.Lay the conduit in the center
of the trench starting at the outlet end with the bell or groove-end laid
upgrade.. Ensure that the conduit is in contact with the bedding throughout its
full length such that line and grade is maintained.Lay metal conduits according to one of the
following methods:

A.If the
seam is longitudinally either riveted or welded, place the seam or weld at the
spring line.

B.If the
metal pipe is fabricated helically (having a continuous seam running around the
outside of the pipe), arrange the corrugations so the helix angle or twist is
rotating downstream in the direction of the flow to increase hydraulic
performance.

Maintain flows at all times until the new
facilities are completed and in service.Maintain the flows through existing facilities to be replaced unless a
temporary bypass conduit is used.

Construct the inlet and outlet
ends of all conduit runs with pipe ends as normally fabricated by the
manufacturer.If field cutting is
necessary, locate the cut end at an interior joint within the run and provide a
cradle, collar, or band to ensure a stable joint.

Construct a concrete collar on the last joint if
field cutting is necessary to meet a structure or headwall.

Erect 707.03,
707.15, 707.23,
and 707.25 conduits according to 522.03.Where two plate thicknesses are specified, locate the thicker plates at
the bottom and corner plates in pipe-arch structures, and the bottom row, if
centered, or bottom two rows, if not centered, in round structures.

Set the 706.051
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/ts on the concrete footing shown on the plans.Unless otherwise shown on the plans, provide
a 3-inch (75 mm) deep by 14-inch (350 mm) wide keyway in the center of the
footing.Place the http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/ts in a 1/2-inch
(13 mm) bed of mortar.If proper line
and grade of the structure cannot be maintained on the bed of mortar, set the
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/ts on 5 ´
5-inch (125 ´
125 mm) masonite or steel shims.Fill
the entire keyway joint with mortar.

Set the 706.052
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/ts on the concrete footing shown on the plans.Unless otherwise shown on the plans, provide
a 3-inch (75 mm) deep by 14-inch (350 mm) wide keyway in the center of the
footing.Place the http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/ts on 5 ´ 5-inch
(125 ´
125 mm) masonite or steel shims to provide a minimum 1/2-inch (13 mm) gap
between the footing and bottom of the http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/t’s bottom leg.Fill the entire keyway joint with mortar.

If reinforced concrete pipe has elliptical
reinforcing, the top and bottom of the pipe are clearly marked on the
pipe.Handle and place reinforced
concrete pipe with elliptical reinforcement and reinforced concrete horizontal
elliptical pipe with single cage reinforcement with the reinforcement markings
along a vertical plane as marked on the pipe.Handle and place reinforced concrete pipe with auxiliary supports
(S-stirrups) with the centerline of the auxiliary support system (S-stirrups)
in a vertical plane as marked on the pipe.

For 706.05, 706.051, or 706.052 structures fill the lifting devices
with mortar.Cover the exterior of the
lifting devices with joint-wrap material if outside the limits of the membrane
waterproofing.Use joint-wrap with a
minimum width of 9 inches (225 mm).Use
only lifting devices that do not require a hole through the structure.

For all 707 conduit,
use only lifting devices that do not require a hole through the structure.

Immediately after placing conduit, construct the
end treatments at both the outlet and inlet ends.These end treatments include headwalls,
concrete riprap, rock channel protection, sod or other erosion control items.

603.08Joining Conduit.Join the conduit sections so
that the ends are fully entered and the inner surfaces are flush and even.Furnish sealed, banded, or bolted joints for
Types A, B, C, D, and F conduits.Provide open joints for Type E conduits wrapped with 4-inch (100 mm)
wide tarred paper or tarred burlap with pack soil placed around this material
to hold it in place during backfilling.

The Engineermay allow joint materials other than those
listed below, provided the Contractordemonstrates the proposed material makes
durable sealed joints.

Furnish joints that do not allow infiltration of
backfill material into the conduit or use a fabric wrap on the outside of the
conduit.

A.Joints.

1.Metal Pipe.

If using
corrugated metal pipe, provide coupling bands conforming to 707.01 or 707.02.These bands will have the same coating as the
pipe being joined and use gasketed coupling bands or fabric wrap the coupling
bands when using structural backfill Type 2 for the bedding or backfill.A maximum difference between adjacent pipe
sections of 1/2 inch (15 mm) will be allowed before coupling bands are
placed.Securely strut the end of each
pipe section for pipe diameters 54 inches (1350 mm) or greater that have a wall
thickness of less than 0.109 inch (2.77 mm). Install the ties or strapping
in the first or second valley of the annular corrugations on each end of each
piece of pipe.Install two struts per
end such that they are perpendicular to one another and cross at their
midpoints. Strut by using wire ties or other approved methods.Remove the strutting after securing the
coupling bands.

Bell
and spigot joints conforming to 707.12
may be used for corrugated steel spiral rib conduits.Ensure the spigot and bell ends are clean and
free from dirt or debris prior to assembly.Place a gasket in the first corrugation of the spigot end and thoroughly
lubricate the gasket and the bell end of the receiving conduit prior to
assembly.Ensure the spigot is securely
driven home into the bell upon final assembly.

i.Apply
706.10 to the pipe in sufficient quantity
to completely fill the joint once the pipe is placed in its final position at a
gap of 1 inch (25.4 mm) or less.After
placing the pipe in its final position, point and trowel the 706.10 to form a smooth transition on the
inside and a complete seal on the outside.

ii.Apply
706.14 to the pipe in sufficient quantity
to seal the joint but not necessarily fill the joint once the pipe is placed in
its final position at a gap of 1 inch (25.4 mm) or less. Immediately before
installing 706.14, clean the joint free
of all debris then prime both sides of the joint with an asphalt based primer
according to the 706.14 manufacturer’s
recommendations.

c.If resilient and flexible gasket joints conforming to 706.11 or 706.12
are specified on sanitary sewer conduits, test the joints for infiltration or
exfiltration according to ASTM C 969.If
any section of conduit fails to meet the test requirements, make corrections
until the test requirements for the section are met.

B.Filling
Joints. After placing 706.05, 706.051, or 706.052 in their final position with a
maximum joint gap of 1 inch (25.4 mm), clean the joint gap or joint of all
debris and perform the following:

1.For 706.05
joints, fill the top exterior joint gap and the bottom and side interior joint
gap with mortar.Next, for any exterior
joint not covered by membrane waterproofing, cover the exterior joint with a
9-inch (225 mm) wide strip of joint wrap.Center the joint wrap on the joint.Use a continuous length of joint wrap sufficient to extend from the
bottom of the vertical face on one side to the bottom vertical face on the
other side.

2.For 706.051,
fill the top keyway joint with 705.22.The side or leg joints shall also be filled
with 705.22 for the key way type joint or
filled per 706.05 for a tongue and grove
type joint.Clean the joint of all
debris immediately before installing the joint filling material.Prepare, place, and cure the 705.22 according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations.Wet all surfaces of the
keyway joint, but do not allow excess water in the joint.Next, for any exterior joint not covered by
membrane waterproofing, cover the exterior joint with a 12-inch (300 mm) wide
strip of joint wrap.Center the joint
wrap on the joint.Use a continuous
length of joint wrap sufficient to extend from the bottom of the vertical face
on one side to the bottom vertical face on the other side.

3.For 706.052,
install a 7/8 ´
1 3/8-inch (24 ´
34 mm) 706.14 joint filler along the outside joint chamfer.Use a continuous length of joint filler
sufficient to extend from the bottom of the vertical face on one side to the
bottom vertical face on the other side.Before installing the joint filler, prime the joint chamfer with a
primer according to manufacturer’s recommendations.Next, cover the exterior joint with a 9-inch
(225 mm) wide strip of Type 3 membrane waterproofing centered on the joint, and
then apply all waterproofing as shown on the plans.For any exterior joint not covered by
membrane waterproofing, cover the exterior joint with a 12-inch (300 mm) wide
strip of joint wrap.Use a continuous
length of joint wrap sufficient to extend from the bottom of the vertical face
on one side of the structure to the bottom vertical face on the other side.

C.Sealing
ConcreteSurfaces.For 706.05, 706.051, or 706.052, apply an approved epoxy sealer per
the plans to all top surfaces not covered by membrane waterproofing.Extend the sealer 1 foot (0.3 m) below the
backfill on all sides of the culvert sections including the joint.

The Engineerand Contractorwill visually inspect all conduit and joints
before any backfill is placed.Rejoin,
re-lay, or replace all conduit out of joint tolerance, alignment, settled, or damaged.

603.09Exterior Coatings and Membrane Waterproofing.If shown on the plans,
externally apply membrane waterproofing to 706.05,
706.051, or 706.052.Apply the membrane waterproofing to the top surface and extend it
vertically down both sides of the structure.Clean the concrete surfaces when the membrane waterproofing does not
adhere to the structure.Apply the membrane
waterproofing to all surfaces that will be in contact with the backfill. Apply the waterproofing according the
appropriate requirements of Item 512.

For 707.03, 707.15,
707.23, and 707.25 conduits, coat the exterior of the conduit above the limits
of the bedding and within the limits of backfill.Ensure that all plate seams and bolts are
thoroughly sealed.The coating material
and application shall conform to AASHTO M 243.Allow asphalt mastic material to dry 48 hours
and tar base material to dry 28 hours before placing the conduit backfill.Rib stiffeners do not need to be coated.

603.10Backfilling.Place backfill to the limits
described and according to the compaction requirements.Place the backfill in the trench and
embankment outside the trench http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/formly on both sides of the conduit for all
conduit installations.

A.General. The Contractormay operate small compaction equipment with
less than a total weight of 1 ton (0.9 metric ton) over the conduit to compact
the backfill. Do not use hoe packs on top of the conduit until 2 feet (0.6 m)
of backfill is compacted on top of the conduit.The Contractor may operate compaction equipment with less than a total
weight of 8 tons (7 metric tons), but more than 1 ton (0.9 metric ton), over
the conduit after placing and compacting 2 feet (0.6 m) of backfill.Do not operate equipment with a total weight
of 8 tons (7 metric tons) or more, until placing and compacting a cover of
4 feet (1.2 m) over the top of the conduit.The above restrictions apply when working
within one span on each side of the conduit, or 6 feet (1.8 m), whichever
is less.As shown on the plans, encase conduits
with the specified thickness of Class C concrete.

B.Long Span.

1.For long span structures in cut, place and compact
structural backfill over the top of the section to a minimum depth 4 feet (1.2
m) or to the subgrade elevation whichever is less and for a width of
2 feet (0.6 m) on each side of the section.Use soil, granular embankment, or structural
backfill to construct the adjacent embankment and for the remaining depth to
the subgrade.Construct the adjacent
material according to Item 203.

2.For long span structures in fill, place and compact
structural backfill over the top of the section to a minimum depth of 2 feet
(0.6 m) or to the subgrade elevation whichever is less and for a width of
2 feet (0.6 m) on each side of the section.Use soil, granular embankment, or structural
backfill to construct the adjacent embankment and for the remaining depth to
the subgrade.Construct the adjacent material
according to Item 203.

C.Type A and B. BackfillTypes A and B conduits except for long span
structures as follows

1.In a cut
situation, place and compact structural backfill above the bedding for the full
depth of the trench.Within the trench
and more than 4 feet (1.2 m) above the top of the conduit, if the trench can
accommodate compaction equipment, the Contractormay construct Item
203 Embankment.For plastic pipe with an ID 8 inch (200 mm)
or less, place and compact structural backfill above the bedding for the full
depth of the trench.

2.In a fill situation, place and compact structural
backfill above the bedding for the full depth of the trench specified in 603.05.B.Above
these limits, http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/formly place the lesser of one pipe span or 4 feet (1.2 m) of
structural backfill on each side of the conduit and to a depth of 2 feet (0.6
m) above the top of the conduit.Construct the embankment outside the limits of the backfill.For plastic pipe with an ID 8 inch (200 mm)
or less, place and compact structural backfill above the bedding for the full
depth of the trench.

D.Type C and D. BackfillType C and D conduits as follows:

1.In a cut situation, for plastic pipe, place and compact
structural backfill above the bedding and to 12 inches (300 mm) over the
top of the pipe.All other conduit
material types place and compact backfill. For plastic pipe with an ID 8 inch
(200 mm) or less, place and compact structural backfill above the bedding for
the full depth of the trench.

2.In a fill
situation, for plastic pipe, place and compact structural backfill above the
bedding for the full depth of the trench specified in 603.05.B.Above these limits, http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/formly place the
lesser of one pipe span or 4 feet (1.2 m) of structural backfill on each side
of the conduit and vertically to the top of the conduit.Then place for a depth of 12 inches (300 mm)
structural backfill over the top of the pipe equal to the trench width centered
on the pipe center line.Construct the
embankment outside the limits of the backfill.All other conduit material types place and compact backfill. For plastic
pipe with an ID 8 inch (200 mm) or less, place and compact structural backfill
above the bedding for the full depth of the trench.

E.Type E.Place
and compact backfill above the bedding to a height equal to two-thirds of the
conduit rise then place and lightly compact backfill for a depth of 12 inches
(0.3 m) above the pipe.Place no stones
larger than 4 inches (100 mm) that will be part of the embankment in contact
with the pipe.

F.Type F. Place
and compact backfill above the bedding.BackfillType F conduits for underdrain outlets according
to 605.03.C.

603.11Placement and CompactionRequirements.Place soil, granular embankment, or StructuralBackfillType 1 or 2 in lifts not to exceed 8 inches
(200 mm).The Department will perform
all compaction testing according to Supplement
1015.The compaction requirements
per material type are as follows:

B.For
granular embankment and StructuralBackfill,
Type 1 or 2, compact each lift of material according to 603.11.E using
mechanical devices, hoe packs, jumping jacks, hand devices, vibrating plates,
or other equipment that meets the restrictions in 603.10.Provide compaction equipment that
compacts the material under the haunch of the pipe.If the compaction equipment cannot fully
compact the material under the haunch, supplement the compaction equipment by using
shovel slicing, spud bars, or mechanical spud bars to compact the material
under the haunch of the pipe.Use shovel
slicing and spud bars in conjunction with the compaction operations to compact
the material and to manipulate the material under the haunch of the pipe.

C.Compact
each 8-inch (200 mm) loose lift of Type 2 StructuralBackfillby either or both of the following methods.

1.If
compaction is elected, compact the material according to 603.11.E.

2.If
flooding is elected use the following:

a.Construct
a 6-inch (150 mm) high wall surrounding the lift to be flooded.The wall may be the pipe, backfill material,
or the trench walls.The walls are to
hold the water before the water dissipates through each loose lift.

b.Pond 4
inches (100 mm) of water on each 8-inch (200 mm) loose lift.

c.Allow
the water to dissipate and for the lift to stabilize before placing the next
lift.If the water does not readily
dissipate or the material remains unstable, change to method 1 the compaction
method.

d.Provide
drainage through the use of drainage ditches, pumps, or other equipment.

D.Place
StructuralBackfillType 3 in layers not to exceed 12 inches
(300 mm) loose depth.Vibrate, tamp, or
compact to approximately 85 percent of the original layer thickness.

E.At the
beginning of the work, construct a test section in the conduit trench.The Engineerwill use at least 96 percent of the test
section maximum dry density for acceptance of the production areas.Use at least the same number of passes or
compactive effort used to construct the test section to compact the production
areas.Use compaction equipment with a
total weight or centrifugal force of at least 1/2 ton (0.5 metric tons).Supply the manufacture’s specification for
the compaction equipment.Except when
using a hoe pack, use at least six passes with the compaction equipment in the
production areas.

The
Engineermay reduce the minimum passes if the passes
are detrimental to compaction.

F.If
using trench boxes with either Type A or B conduits, configure the trench box
so that the bedding and backfill material is compacted directly against the
trench walls.

G.The
Engineermay adjust the lift thickness to obtain the
required compaction, fill all the voids, achieve the proper seating of the
backfill material, and achieve the stability of the backfill material and the
pipe.Do not use equipment or methods
that compromise the structural integrity of the pipe.

For new pipe installations, do not pave until at
least 4 feet (1.2 m) of fill is placed on top of the conduit, or the top of
subgrade is reached.If the paving is
placed before completion of the entire fill, clean any gaps between the conduit
and concrete paving, then fill with heated bituminous material conforming to
705.04.

Reinforce the paving with 4 ´
4-W1.4 ´
W1.4 galvanized welded wire fabric (or comparable).Provide a mesh with a width 4 inches (100 mm)
less than the finished paving.Securely
fasten the mesh to the conduit near each edge and at the center of the mesh at
points not more than 4 feet (1.2 m) apart along the flow line of the culvert.Repair any damage to the galvanizing or other
coating material caused by placement or by tack welding.Use wire brushing and paint with zinc rich
paint to make the repairs.

Provide a paving that is 3 inches (75 mm) thick
measured from the top of the corrugations of the conduit.Provide galvanized reinforcing steel support
chairs beneath the mesh where necessary.Give special care to the mesh during concrete placement. After placing the concrete, strike it off with
a template to produce the proper radius, and finish with a float to produce a
smooth finish.Cure the concrete
according to 451.10.

603.14Method of Measurement.The Department will measure
conduit by the number of feet (meters), measured from center-to-center of
appurtenant small structures or between open ends inclusive of lengths of pipe
bends and branches.The Department will
not deduct for catch basins, inlets, or manholes that are 6 feet (2 m) or less
across, measured in the direction of flow.Where the location of an appurtenance or an open end is changed with the
approval of the Engineerto accommodate full conduit sections, the
Department will measure the length placed.Conduits placed on slopes steeper than 3:1 or with beveled or skewed
ends will be measured along the invert.

When the pay item calls for concrete encasement,
payment for furnishing and placing the concrete encasement, and for any
additional excavation required shall be included in the http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/t bid price for the
pertinent conduit.When the pay item
calls for a new conduit to be field paved, payment for the field paving, including
all work and materials necessary for the item, shall be included in the http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Specs%20and%20Notes%20for%202005/t
bid price for the pertinent conduit.

The Department will measure field paving of
existing pipe by the number of feet (meters).