The station stands on the western side of Tottenham Court Road, some way north of the station of that name. Goodge Street itself runs west from Tottenham Court Road, a very short distance south of Goodge Street station.

It is one of the few tube stations that still rely on lifts rather than escalators to transport passengers to and from street level;[5] in addition, it is one of the few such tube stations that still use the original scheme of separate exit and entrance areas.[citation needed] Alternatively, passengers can use the 136-step staircase to get down to the platforms,[5] the surface building was designed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London's (UERL's) architect Leslie Green.

In the invasion preparations, Goodge Street station was used only as a signals installation by the United States Army Signal Corps. It was one of a number of signals installations for communications in and around London, among these installations were SHAEF headquarters at 20 Grosvenor Square and the basement of the Selfridges department store on Oxford Street; both buildings exist today.

After the war the shelters were used as a hostel that could accommodate up to 8000 troops.

The station appeared in the 1942 feature film Gert and Daisy's Weekend,[12] the former shelter is the setting for much of the 1968 Doctor Who serial The Web of Fear.[12] Dialogue in the story mentions the shelter's former use in the Second World War, and the exit in Chenies Street.[13]

The station is the setting of the song "Sunny Goodge Street", from the 1965 album Fairytale by singer-songwriter Donovan, the station exterior also appeared in the 2005 music video for "Believe" by The Chemical Brothers.[12][14]

London Underground
–
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The syste

Tottenham Court Road
–
Tottenham Court Road is a major road in Central London, running from St Giles Circus to Euston Road. Historically a market street, it well known for selling electronics. Tottenham Court Road runs from St Giles Circus north to Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden near its boundary with the City of Westminster, a distance of about three-quarte

1.
Tottenham Court Road looking north with BT Tower on the left. The building in the left foreground is Amoco House, an office block built in 1980.

2.
Tottenham Court Road looking north with the Euston Tower in the distance

3.
Mural in Tottenham Court Road, near Tottenham Street

4.
Fairyland, 92 Tottenham Court Road circa 1905

London Borough of Camden
–
The London Borough of Camden /ˈkæmdən/ is a borough in north west London, and forms part of Inner London. The southern reaches of Camden form part of central London, the local authority is Camden London Borough Council. The borough was created in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras. The borough was

4.
View of the railway bridge over Camden High St. which carries the North London Line

List of stations in London fare zone 1
–
Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for Londons zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone, the zone contains all the central London districts, most of the maj

1.
Map of Zone 1 with streets shown

List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
Construction of the DLR was a key component in the regeneration of large parts of the London Docklands from disused industrial land into valuable commercial and residential districts. The first part opened in 1987 serving 15 stations, using redundant railway infrastructure, the network has been extended and the capacity of its trains expanded so th

List of London Underground stations
–
The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. The system comprises eleven lines – Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and it is operated by Transport for London. Mo

List of London railway stations
–
This is a list of the 366 heavy rail passenger stations in and around London, England that are accessible using Transport for London tickets and passes. United Kingdom railway stations are grouped into one of a number of categories, many of the principal central London stations are managed by Network Rail and together form a London station group. M

1.
Paddington is the main London terminus for trains from south Wales and the West of England.

Tramlink
–
Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Met

WGS84
–
The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Northern line
–
The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network, for most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. There were about 252,310,000 passenger journeys in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it th

Tottenham Court Road tube station
–
Tottenham Court Road is a London Underground and future Crossrail station in central London. It is an interchange between the Central line and the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, on the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn, and on the Northern line it is between Leicester Square and Goodge Street. It is located at St Gile

1.
Main entrance undergoing reconstruction in 2009

2.
Main entrance in 2008, prior to current rebuilding

3.
Tottenham Court Road b&w picture from 2006

4.
September 2009

Warren Street tube station
–
Warren Street is a London Underground station, located at the intersection of Tottenham Court Road and Euston Road, named after Warren Street. It is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line and it is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is the nearest tube station to University College Hospital, being opposite the newly opened main building. It is also

1.
Warren Street

2.
Northern line northbound platform looking north, July 2008

3.
Tiling on Northern line southbound platform, revealing the former station name, Euston Road

4.
Roundel on Northern line platform

Travelcard Zone 1
–
Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for Londons zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone, the zone contains all the central London districts, most of the maj

1.
Map of Zone 1 with streets shown

Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway
–
The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, also known as the Hampstead tube, was a railway company established in 1891 that constructed a deep-level underground tube railway in London. Construction of the CCE&HR was delayed for more than a decade while funding was sought, in 1900 it became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Com

Elevator
–
An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to

1.
A set of elevators in the lower level of the Borough station on the London UndergroundNorthern line. The "up" and "down" arrows indicate each elevator's position and direction of travel. Notice how the next lift is indicated with a right and left arrow by the words "Next Lift" at the top.

2.
This elevator to the Alexanderplatz U-Bahn station in Berlin is built with glass walls, exposing the inner workings.

3.
Glass elevator traveling up the facade of Westport Plaza. The HVAC is on top of the carriage because the elevator is completely outside.

Escalator
–
An escalator is a vertical transportation device in the form of a moving staircase – a conveyor which carries people between floors of a building. It consists of a chain of individually linked steps. These steps are guided on either side by a pair of tracks which force them to remain horizontal, escalators are used around the world in places where

Underground Electric Railways Company of London
–
The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited, known operationally as the Underground for much of its existence, was established in 1902. It was also the parent company from 1902 of the District Railway, the UERL is a precursor of todays London Underground, its three tube lines form the central sections of todays Bakerloo, Northern an

Leslie Green
–
Leslie William Green was an English architect. Green was born in Maida Vale, London in 1875, the second of four children of architect and Crown Surveyor Arthur Green and his wife Emily. He spent periods studying at Dover College and South Kensington School of Art, Green married Mildred Ethel Wildy in Clapham in April 1902. In 1904, they had a daugh

1.
Leslie Green, c 1906

2.
Russell Square station

3.
One of the variety of platform tiling patterns designed by Green

World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directl

London deep-level shelters
–
The London deep-level shelters are eight deep-level air-raid shelters that were built under London Underground stations during World War II. Each shelter consists of a pair of parallel tunnels 16 feet 6 inches in diameter and 1,200 feet long, each tunnel is subdivided into two decks, and each shelter was designed to hold up to 8,000 people. It was

1.
One of the entrances to the Stockwell shelter now decorated as a war memorial

2.
One of the entrances to Clapham South in 2009. It has since been incorporated into a new residential development.

3.
An upper level of one of the Belsize Park tunnels.

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
–
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence, the position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but t

Chenies Street
–
Chenies Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London, that runs between Tottenham Court Road and Gower Street. It is the location of a number of buildings such as Minerva House, the Drill Hall. North Crescent starts and ends on the side of Chenies Street. Chenies Street runs between Tottenham Court Road in the west and Gower Street in the east, alfred

American International Church
–
The American International Church, currently located at 79a Tottenham Court Road, London, was established to cater for American expatriates resident in London. Today it caters to approximately 30 different nationalities, the church is run on the American denominational tradition. The church was named the American Church in London but changed its na

1.
Whitfield Memorial Church, home of the American International Church.

Signal Corps (United States Army)
–
The United States Army Signal Corps develops, tests, provides, and manages communications and information systems support for the command and control of combined arms forces. It was established in 1860, the brainchild of United States Army Major Albert J. Myer, support for the command and control of combined arms forces. Signal support includes Net

1.
US Army Signal Corps automobile at the Manassas maneuvers in 1904

2.
Coat of Arms

3.
New Guinea. Radio Operator, Cpl. John Robbins of Louisville, Nebraska, 41st Signal, 41st Infantry Division, operating his SCR 188 in a sandbagged hut at Station NYU. Dobodura, New Guinea on 9 May 1943.

4.
Argosy Lemal c. 1940, one of two Australian vessels acquired by the SWPA chief signal officer for the SWPA CP fleet.

Grosvenor Square
–
Grosvenor Square /ˈɡroʊvnər/ is a large garden square in the Mayfair district of London. It is the centrepiece of the Mayfair property of the Duke of Westminster, Sir Richard Grosvenor obtained a licence to develop Grosvenor Square and the surrounding streets in 1710, and development is believed to have commenced in around 1721. The early houses we

1.
The north side of Grosvenor Square in the 18th or early 19th century. The three houses at the far left form a unified group, but the others on this side are individually designed. Most later London squares would be more uniform.

Selfridges
–
Selfridges, also known as Selfridges & Co. is a chain of high end department stores in the United Kingdom. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge, the flagship store on Londons Oxford Street is the second largest shop in the UK and opened 15 March 1909. Other Selfridges stores opened in the Trafford Centre, Exchange Square in Manchester, Lewiss a

Oxford Street
–
Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is r

1.
View west along Oxford Street in December 2006, showing Selfridges department store in the background

2.
Oxford Street in 1875, looking west from the junction with Duke Street. The buildings on the right are on the future site of Selfridges.

London Buses
–
London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London that manages bus services within Greater London. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met, operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return

London Buses route 10
–
London Buses route 10 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. It runs between Hammersmith bus station and Kings Cross, and is operated by London United, route 10 commenced on 13 August 1988 to replace route 73 between Hammersmith and Hyde Park Corner following the latter being diverted to Victoria. The initial route was b

London Buses route 14
–
London Buses route 14 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Putney Heath and Warren Street station, it is operated by London General, from 1949 route 14 ran from Hornsey Rise to Putney and beyond to Kingston at weekends with a joint allocation between Putney Bridge garage and the original Holloway Garage

London Buses route 24
–
London Buses route 24 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Pimlico and Hampstead Heath, it is operated by Metroline, route 24 dates back to 1910, when it ran between Hampstead Heath and Victoria station. In August 1912 it was extended to Pimlico and has continued in that form until the present day, thir

London Buses route 29
–
London Buses route 29 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Wood Green and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London, the route continued to operate between Victoria and Enfield Town for the next 14 years, being served by a fleet of AEC Routemasters operating out of Palmers Green garage. In 1988,

London Buses route N5
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

London Buses route N20
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

London Buses route N29
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

London Buses route N73
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

London Buses route N253
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

London Buses route N279
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolle

Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series fir

The Web of Fear
–
This serial—which marks the return of the Yeti, the Great Intelligence, and Professor Edward Travers—is the sequel to The Abominable Snowmen. Currently, five of the six episodes are held in the BBC archives, for four decades only episode 1 of the story survived in the BBC archives, the others being presumed lost. Episodes 2,4,5, and 6 were recovere

1.
A dormant Yeti awakens

2.
Doctor Who and the Web of Fear

Fairytale (album)
–
Fairytale is the second album from British singer-songwriter Donovan. It was first released in the UK on 22 October 1965 through Pye Records, the US version of Fairytale was released by Hickory Records in November 1965 with a slightly different set of songs. Peter Eden and Geoff Stephens produced the album, Fairytale finds Donovan evolving his styl

1.
Fairytale

2.
1965 Hickory Records version (U.S.)

Donovan
–
Donovan Philips Leitch, known as Donovan, is a Scottish singer, songwriter and guitarist. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelia and he has lived in Scotland, Hertfordshire, London and California, and, since at least 2008, in County Cork, Ireland, with his family. Emerging from the British folk scen

The Chemical Brothers
–
The Chemical Brothers are an English electronic music duo composed of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons, originating in Manchester in 1989. Along with The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, The Crystal Method, in the UK, they have had six number one albums and 13 top 20 singles, including two number ones. Ed Simons was born in Herne Hill, South London on 9 June 1970 t

1.
The Chemical Brothers performing live in Milan in March 2005.

Transport for London
–
Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Kennington tube station
–
Kennington is a London Underground station on Kennington Park Road in Kennington on both the Charing Cross and Bank branches of the Northern line. It is within the London Borough of Southwark and its neighbouring stations to the north are Waterloo on the Charing Cross branch and Elephant & Castle on the Bank branch, the next station to the south is

1.
Station entrance

2.
The northbound platform (Bank branch), looking south. The door concealing the original platform entrance is just visible in the middle of this photograph, at the left.

3.
The southbound (bank branch) platform, looking north, showing one of the original entrances, now concealed behind a door

Morden tube station
–
Morden is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is the terminus for the Northern line and is the most southerly station on the Underground network. The next station north is South Wimbledon, the station is located on London Road, and is in Travelcard Zone 4. Nearby are Morden Hall Park, the Baitul Futuh

4.
Tower Gateway station was the DLR's original link to central London.

London Bridge station

1.
The new concourse at London Bridge

2.
The original London and Greenwich Railway station at the time of the opening of the line in December 1836 before the roof was erected, and before the ground in front of the group of spectators was cleared to build the original Croydon station

4.
Southbound platform, looking north. This platform is directly below the northbound platform. It is only accessible via a narrow flight of stairs as stated. The arch of the exit passage is almost entirely hidden by modern panelling

3.
The island platform looking north, showing the narrow width of the platform(s) similar to Clapham North

4.
The clock tower at Clapham Common station.

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
London Underground
–
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936

2.
Tottenham Court Road
–
Tottenham Court Road is a major road in Central London, running from St Giles Circus to Euston Road. Historically a market street, it well known for selling electronics. Tottenham Court Road runs from St Giles Circus north to Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden near its boundary with the City of Westminster, a distance of about three-quarters of a mile. It has for years been a one-way street, all three lanes are northbound only, the corresponding southbound traffic uses Gower Street which runs parallel to it to the east. It is generally regarded as marking the boundary between Bloomsbury to the east and Fitzrovia to the west, linking Somers Town to the north with Soho to the south. The south end of the road is close to the British Museum and to Centre Point, there are a number of buildings belonging to University College London along the road, and University College Hospital is near the north end of the road. The road is served by three stations on the London Underground—from south to north these are Tottenham Court Road, Goodge Street, on 3 June 2014 Camden Council announced plans to reserve the road for buses and bicycles only, during daylight hours from Monday to Saturday. They claimed it will make the street safer and boost business ahead of the opening of a new Crossrail station in 2018, the current one-way system will be replaced with two-way traffic flows. Wider pavements, cycle lanes and safer pedestrian crossings will also be installed as part of the £26m plan, the area through which the road is built is mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls Cathedral. In the time of Henry III, a manor house slightly north-west of what is now the corner of Tottenham Court Road, in about the 15th century, the area was known variously as Totten, Totham, or Totting Hall. After changing hands several times, the manor was leased for 99 years to Queen Elizabeth, in the following century, it became the property of the Fitzroys, who built Fitzroy Square on a part of the manor estate towards the end of the 18th century. Tottenham Court Road was predominantly rural in nature until well into the 19th century, when Heals was established on former farmland, the lease stipulated there must be appropriate accommodation for 40 cows. These cowsheds were destroyed in a fire in 1877, further north there are several furniture shops, including Habitat and Heals. Shops such as Proops Brothers and Z & I Aero Services lined both sides of the road at that time, by the 1960s they were also selling Japanese transistor radios, audio mixers and other electronic gadgets. Many British-made valve stereos were offered too, lisle Street, on the north side of Leicester Square, was another place where a large variety of electronic surplus was available. One of the stores was the furniture maker Maple & Co. In recent years, the growth of e-commerce has reduced the importance of electronics retailing in the area, opposite Habitat and Heals is a small public open space called Whitfield Gardens. On the side of a house is a painting, the Fitzrovia Mural and it was painted in 1980 in a style resembling that of Diego Rivera

3.
London Borough of Camden
–
The London Borough of Camden /ˈkæmdən/ is a borough in north west London, and forms part of Inner London. The southern reaches of Camden form part of central London, the local authority is Camden London Borough Council. The borough was created in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras. The borough was named after Camden Town, which had gained its name from Charles Pratt, the transcribed diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe Camden and the surrounding areas in great detail from 1829–1848. There are 162 English Heritage blue plaques in the borough of Camden representing the diverse personalities that have lived there. The area is in the part of the city, reaching from Holborn. Neighbouring areas are the City of Westminster and the City of London to the south, Brent to the west, Barnet and Haringey to the north and Islington to the east. It covers all or part of the N1, N6, N7, N19, NW1, NW2, NW3, NW5, NW6, NW8, EC1, WC1, WC2, W1 and it contains parts of central London. Camden Town Hall is located in Judd Street in St Pancras, Camden London Borough Council was controlled by the Labour Party continuously from 1971 until the 2006 election, when the Liberal Democrats became the largest party. In 2006, two Green Cllrs, Maya de Souza and Adrian Oliver, were elected and were the first Green Party councillors in Camden, Camden was the fourth to last council to drop out of the campaign, doing so in the early hours of 6 June. Borough councillors are elected every four years, between 2006 and 2010 Labour lost two seats to the Liberal Democrats through by-elections, in Kentish Town and Haverstock wards. A Labour Councillor in Haverstock ward also defected to the Liberal Democrats in February 2009, at the local elections on 6 May 2010 the Labour party regained full control of Camden council. The new council is made up of 30 Labour,13 Liberal Democrats,10 Conservatives, at the Councils AGM, Labours Nasim Ali took office as Camdens first leader from the Bengali community. Labour Councillor Jonathan Simpson was elected the Mayor of the Borough, the organisations staff are led by the Chief Executive who is currently Mike Cooke. Each directorate is divided into a number of divisions headed by an assistant director and they in turn are divided into groups which are themselves divided into services. This is a model to most local government in London. Pancras in the south, represented by Labours Keir Starmer, in 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise throughout the 19th century as the district became built up

London Borough of Camden
–
Camden Town market (2011)
London Borough of Camden
London Borough of Camden
–
Santander UK head office
London Borough of Camden
–
View of the railway bridge over Camden High St. which carries the North London Line

4.
List of stations in London fare zone 1
–
Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for Londons zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone, the zone contains all the central London districts, most of the major tourist attractions, the major rail terminals, the City of London, and the West End. It is about 6 miles from west to east and 4 miles from north to south, London is split into six approximately concentric zones. The boundary of Zone 1 corresponds roughly with the Undergrounds Circle line covering the West End, the Holborn district, Kensington, Paddington, every London Underground line has stations in zone 1. The zone originates from two central London zones that were created on 4 October 1981 named City and West End, the following stations are in zone 1, and were in the 1981-1983 City and West End zones as shown

List of stations in London fare zone 1
–
Map of Zone 1 with streets shown

5.
List of Docklands Light Railway stations
–
Construction of the DLR was a key component in the regeneration of large parts of the London Docklands from disused industrial land into valuable commercial and residential districts. The first part opened in 1987 serving 15 stations, using redundant railway infrastructure, the network has been extended and the capacity of its trains expanded so that now nearly 70 million journeys made every year. Stations are in the City of London and the boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, out of the 45 stations, five of them are underground. For over 200 years Londons docks and wharves thrived on imperial commerce, the expansion of the docks culminated with the King George V Dock, opened by the King in 1921. The government started to look at the implications and consequences of possible closures, in 1962, the Rochdale Report was published, concerned with the London Docks and St Katherine Dock. It recognised that whilst activities at the docks were useful, the traffic could be developed elsewhere in the port or at the Port of Tilbury, the docks could be filled in and used for storage, and warehouses could be used by private enterprise. Other docks were under threat, between 1966 and 1976 the PLA workforce in the boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Newham, Southwark, Lewisham. The objective of the closures was to concentrate resources at Tilbury downstream for containerisation, a five-year phased project was set up in 1970 by the PLA to close more upper docks and berths. Competition from air traffic and European ports also contributed to the decline of trade within the London Docklands until only the Royal Docks remained in operation, the Royal Docks closed in 1981. A report published in 1973 by the London Docklands Study Team saw future demand for transport in the Isle of Dogs. An early suggestion was a line, but it was thought that there was insufficient demand. The idea was revived in 1976, but put on hold by Norman Fowler in 1979 in favour of lower-cost alternatives, throughout the 1970s light rail options were proposed. A later recommendation was a light rail option from Aldgate East to the Isle of Dogs. The London Docklands Development Corporation, formed in 1981 with responsibility to regenerate the whole area, helped to speed up the process. In June 1982, a report published by the GLC, LDDC, funding for the Docklands Light Railway was promised within three months. Later, £77 million was approved to be spent by 1987 and this provided better transport connections and the line could use a disused platform at Stratford station. The routes from Tower Gateway and Stratford to Island Gardens opened on 31 August 1987, the tracks used a combination of redundant and new viaducts and underused routes. The station at Canary Wharf did not open until 1991, as the first sections of the Canary Wharf development were still under construction, sites for stations at Carmen Street and Pudding Mill Lane were safeguarded, the latter to be on a passing loop on the Stratford branch

6.
List of London Underground stations
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The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. The system comprises eleven lines – Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and it is operated by Transport for London. Most of the system is north of the River Thames, with six London boroughs in the south of the city not served by the Underground, the London Borough of Hackney, to the north, has two stations on its border. It has been shown as two stations at different times in the past. TfL plans to six new stations between 2017 and 2020 as a result of extensions to the Metropolitan and Northern lines. One Metropolitan line station, Watford, will close due to its branch being diverted onto a new route, two of the planned Metropolitan line stations, Watford High Street and Watford Junction, are currently served by London Overground. Transport for London is currently planning extensions to the Metropolitan and Northern lines that will add six new stations to the network, four in Watford and two in Wandsworth. One current station, Watford on the Metropolitan line, will close as the branch that it is on will be diverted on to a new route. In some cases stations were first served by one line but later transferred to another. B12345678 First served by Metropolitan line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949, C12345 First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in stages, Circle line services separately identified in 1949. D123 First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990, E123456789 First served by Metropolitan line – service transferred to Bakerloo line in 1939 and then to the Jubilee line in 1979. F12 First served by Metropolitan line – Bakerloo line service added in 1939 which was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979, G12 First served by Bakerloo line – service transferred to Jubilee line in 1979. H12345 First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933, I123456789101112 First served by District line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949. J12345678910 First served by District line – Metropolitan line service added in stages which was transferred to Hammersmith & City line in 1990. K1234567 First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in 1910 which was transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933, L1234567 First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1964. M1234567 First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990, N12 First served by Bakerloo line – service withdrawn in 1982. † ^ Some stations are assigned to multiple zones, people travelling through these stations may treat the station as in whatever zone makes their fare the least expensive. Connor, J. E. Londons Disused Underground Stations, the Bakerloo line, a Brief History

7.
List of London railway stations
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This is a list of the 366 heavy rail passenger stations in and around London, England that are accessible using Transport for London tickets and passes. United Kingdom railway stations are grouped into one of a number of categories, many of the principal central London stations are managed by Network Rail and together form a London station group. Most other stations are managed by the operating company that provides the majority of services at the station. The London Underground is the manager of some stations that are served by heavy rail services. The list includes National Rail and Heathrow Airport stations and it does not include stations exclusively served by the London Underground, Tramlink and Docklands Light Railway

List of London railway stations
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Paddington is the main London terminus for trains from south Wales and the West of England.

8.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m

Tramlink
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Tram 2548 in the current livery at Arena
Tramlink
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Tramlink
Tramlink
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Tram on trial in George Street, Croydon in October 1999. The cars were painted in London Transport red and white livery.
Tramlink
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Interlaced track near Mitcham

9.
WGS84
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60

10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

11.
Northern line
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The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network, for most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. There were about 252,310,000 passenger journeys in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest line on the Underground. Despite its name, it does not serve the northernmost stations on the network, though it does serve the southernmost station, there are 50 stations on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground. An extension in the 1920s used a route planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, from the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. The C&SLR, Londons first deep-level tube railway, was built under the supervision of James Henry Greathead and it was the first of the Undergrounds lines to be constructed by boring deep below the surface and the first to be operated by electric traction. The railway opened in November 1890 from Stockwell to a station at King William Street. This was inconveniently placed and unable to cope with the traffic so, in 1900. By 1907 the C&SLR had been extended at both ends to run from Clapham Common to Euston. The CCE&HR was opened in 1907 and ran from Charing Cross via Euston and Camden Town to Golders Green and it was extended south by one stop to Embankment in 1914 to form an interchange with the Bakerloo and District lines. In 1913 the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, owner of the CCE&HR, took over the C&SLR, during the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of new tunnels, between the C&SLRs Euston station and the CCE&HRs station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HRs Embankment and C&SLRs Kennington stations and provided a new station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the diameter of the CCE&HR. In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two extensions were undertaken, northwards to Edgware in Middlesex and southwards to Morden in Surrey. The Edgware extension used plans dating back to 1901 for the Edgware and it extended the CCE&HR line from its terminus at Golders Green to Edgware in two stages, to Hendon Central in 1923 and to Edgware in 1924. The line crossed open countryside and ran on the surface, apart from a tunnel north of Hendon Central

Northern line
Northern line
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City & South London Railway train, 1890
Northern line
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Close-up of 1995 Stock cab
Northern line
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A Northern line train approaching Finchley Central

12.
Tottenham Court Road tube station
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Tottenham Court Road is a London Underground and future Crossrail station in central London. It is an interchange between the Central line and the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, on the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn, and on the Northern line it is between Leicester Square and Goodge Street. It is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street, the station opened as part of the Central London Railway on 30 July 1900. From that date until 24 September 1933, the station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles Circus, the original station building is in Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. Much modified, it now part of the station entrance. Apart from those very limited features of the entrance, the station building otherwise together with a whole row of other elegant old buildings were demolished in 2009. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road, the original ticket office was on the south east corner of the junction of Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road, and its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of stairs can used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities, the original CCE&HR station buildings were destroyed when the Centre Point tower block was built. Like a number of other area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923, a new ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed. A shaft for three escalators was driven from the hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts, in 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. However, this is in itself a cause of congestion, as trying to leave the station from the Northern line finds itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line. In 1984 the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines, the 1980s design includes panels of tessellated mural mosaic by Eduardo Paolozzi, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The mosaics frenetic design is intended to reflect the stations position adjacent to Tottenham Court Roads large concentration of hi-fi, some of this mosaic has now been removed in the expansion of the station for Crossrail

13.
Warren Street tube station
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Warren Street is a London Underground station, located at the intersection of Tottenham Court Road and Euston Road, named after Warren Street. It is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line and it is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is the nearest tube station to University College Hospital, being opposite the newly opened main building. It is also close to Euston Square on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. The station opened as part of the original Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway on 22 June 1907 under the name Euston Road, the platforms were built on the outside of the running lines. The stations name changed to Warren Street the following year, in 1934, the current station building replaced the original when escalators were installed. The Victoria line platforms opened on 1 December 1968, as part of introducing automatic ticket gates with the Victoria line, the ability to freely interchange with Euston Square station was withdrawn on 1 March 1969. To facilitate this, the Victoria line tracks had to switch from the standard left-hand running to right-hand, the Victoria line platforms at Kings Cross St. Pancras also have this feature for the same reason. Due to the running on the Victoria line and the Northern line having side platforms. London Buses routes 10,14,18,24,27,29,30,73,88,134,205 and 390 and night routes N5, N20, N29, N73, N205, N253 and N279 serve the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station in 1914 Station in 1934 after rebuilding Internal view of ticket office in 1934

14.
Travelcard Zone 1
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Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for Londons zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone, the zone contains all the central London districts, most of the major tourist attractions, the major rail terminals, the City of London, and the West End. It is about 6 miles from west to east and 4 miles from north to south, London is split into six approximately concentric zones. The boundary of Zone 1 corresponds roughly with the Undergrounds Circle line covering the West End, the Holborn district, Kensington, Paddington, every London Underground line has stations in zone 1. The zone originates from two central London zones that were created on 4 October 1981 named City and West End, the following stations are in zone 1, and were in the 1981-1983 City and West End zones as shown

Travelcard Zone 1
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Map of Zone 1 with streets shown

15.
Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway
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The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, also known as the Hampstead tube, was a railway company established in 1891 that constructed a deep-level underground tube railway in London. Construction of the CCE&HR was delayed for more than a decade while funding was sought, in 1900 it became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, controlled by American financier Charles Yerkes. The UERL quickly raised the funds, mainly from foreign investors, various routes were planned, but a number of these were rejected by Parliament. Plans for tunnels under Hampstead Heath were authorised, despite opposition by local residents who believed they would damage the ecology of the Heath. Extensions in 1914 and the mid-1920s took the railway to Edgware and under the River Thames to Kennington, within the first year of opening, it became apparent to the management and investors that the estimated passenger numbers for the CCE&HR and the other UERL lines had been over-optimistic. Despite improved integration and cooperation with the tube railways, and the later extensions. In 1933 the CCE&HR and the rest of the UERL were taken into public ownership, in November 1891, notice was given of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the Hampstead, St Pancras & Charing Cross Railway. The railway was planned to run entirely underground from Heath Street in Hampstead to Strand in Charing Cross. The route was to run beneath Hampstead High Street, Rosslyn Hill, Haverstock Hill and Chalk Farm Road to Camden Town and then under Camden High Street and Hampstead Road to Euston Road. The route then continued south, following Tottenham Court Road, Charing Cross Road, North of Euston Road, a branch was to run eastwards from the main alignment under Drummond Street to serve the main line stations at Euston, St Pancras and Kings Cross. Stations were planned at Hampstead, Belsize Park, Chalk Farm, Camden Town, Seymour Street, Euston Road, Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, Agar Street, Euston and Kings Cross. The promoters of the HStP&CCR were inspired by the recent success of the City and South London Railway and this had opened in November 1890 and had seen large passenger numbers in its first year of operation. After preventing the construction of the branch beyond Euston, the Committee allowed the HStP&CCR bill to proceed for normal parliamentary consideration. The rest of the route was approved and, following a change of the name, the bill received royal assent on 24 August 1893 as the Charing Cross, Euston. Although the company had permission to construct the railway, it still had to raise the capital for the construction works. Only the W&CR, which was the shortest line and was backed by the London, for the CCE&HR and the rest, much of the remainder of the decade saw a struggle to find investors in an uninterested market. A share offer in April 1894 had been unsuccessful and in December 1899 only 451 out of the companys 177,600 £10 shares had been sold to eight investors. Like most legislation of its kind, the act of 1893 imposed a limit for the compulsory purchase of land

16.
Elevator
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An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus

Elevator
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A set of elevators in the lower level of the Borough station on the London UndergroundNorthern line. The "up" and "down" arrows indicate each elevator's position and direction of travel. Notice how the next lift is indicated with a right and left arrow by the words "Next Lift" at the top.
Elevator
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This elevator to the Alexanderplatz U-Bahn station in Berlin is built with glass walls, exposing the inner workings.
Elevator
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Glass elevator traveling up the facade of Westport Plaza. The HVAC is on top of the carriage because the elevator is completely outside.
Elevator
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Freight elevator at North Carolina State University. The doors open vertically.

17.
Escalator
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An escalator is a vertical transportation device in the form of a moving staircase – a conveyor which carries people between floors of a building. It consists of a chain of individually linked steps. These steps are guided on either side by a pair of tracks which force them to remain horizontal, escalators are used around the world in places where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums, escalators have the capacity to move a large number of people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as a staircase. They have no waiting interval, they can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits, a non-functioning escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other conveyances become useless when they break down. Escalators, like moving walkways, move at constant speeds of around 0. 3–0.6 metres per second, the typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30 degrees, and the total difference in height can be about 18 metres or more. Modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop, escalators have three typical configuration options, parallel, crisscross, and multiple parallel. As a safety measure, escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the steps and this helps riders steady themselves, especially when stepping onto the moving stairs. Occasionally, a handrail will move at a different speed from the steps. The loss of synchronization between handrail and step speed can result from slippage and wear, as a result, escalators must have moving handrails that move at the same speed as the moving stairs of the escalator. The direction of movement can be permanently set, or controlled manually depending on the predominant flow of the crowd. In some setups, the direction is controlled by whoever arrives first, a number of factors affect escalator design. These include physical requirements, location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, foremost, physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be considered. These factors will determine the length and pitch of the escalator, the building infrastructure must be able to support the heavy components. The escalator should be located where it can be seen by the general public. Furthermore, up and down escalator traffic should be physically separated, traffic patterns must also be anticipated. The escalators must be designed to carry the number of passengers. For example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 0.5 metres per second can move about 2000 people per hour, the carrying capacity of an escalator system must match the expected peak traffic demand

18.
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited, known operationally as the Underground for much of its existence, was established in 1902. It was also the parent company from 1902 of the District Railway, the UERL is a precursor of todays London Underground, its three tube lines form the central sections of todays Bakerloo, Northern and Piccadilly lines. The UERL struggled financially in the first years after the opening of its lines, a policy of expansion by acquisition was followed before World War I, so that the company came to operate the majority of the underground railway lines in and around London. It also controlled large bus and tram fleets, the profits from which subsidised the financially weaker railways, in the 1920s, competition from small unregulated bus operators reduced the profitability of the road transport operations, leading the UERLs directors to seek government regulation. The first deep-level tube railway, the City & South London Railway, construction had started on one other line and then stopped following a financial crisis. The rest of the companies were struggling to raise funding, the District Railway was a sub-surface underground railway which had opened in 1868. Its steam-hauled services operated around the Inner Circle and on branches to Hounslow, Wimbledon, Richmond, Ealing, Whitechapel, by 1901, the DR was struggling to compete with emerging motor bus and electric tram companies and the CLR which were eroding its passenger traffic. To become more competitive, the DR was contemplating a programme of electrification and it also had parliamentary approval for a congestion-relieving deep-level line that was to run beneath its existing route between Gloucester Road and Mansion House. Yerkes had unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the city council and Illinois state legislature into granting him a 100-year franchise for the tramway system, following a public backlash, he sold his Chicago investments and turned his attention to opportunities in London. Yerkes first acquisition in London was the Charing Cross, Euston, Perks was also a large shareholder in Yerkes next target, the Metropolitan District Railway, usually known as the District Railway or DR. By March 1901, the syndicate had acquired a controlling interest in the DR, Yerkes established the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company on 15 July 1901 with himself as managing director. The company raised £1 million to carry out the works including the construction of the generating station. In September 1901, Perks became the DRs chairman, the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway was a tube railway company which had been purchased by the DR in 1898, but had remained a separate financial entity. It had permission to construct a line from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus, at South Kensington it was to connect to the deep level line planned by the DR. On 12 September 1901, the DR-controlled board of the B&PCR sold the company to the MDETC, in the same month, the B&PCR took over the Great Northern and Strand Railway, a tube railway with permission to build a line from Strand to Finsbury Park. The routes of the B&PCR and GN&SR were subsequently linked and combined with part of the DRs tube route to create the Great Northern, Piccadilly, Yerkes final purchase was the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway in March 1902 for £360,000. The BS&WR had permission to construct a line from Paddington to Elephant & Castle and, unlike his other tube railway purchases, construction work had started in 1898. With a varied collection of companies under his control, Yerkes established the UERL in April 1902 to take control of all and manage the planned works

Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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Charles Yerkes, UERL chairman from 1902
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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Geographic map of the UERL's three deep-level tube lines in 1907
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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Originally built with four chimneys, Lots Road Power Station provided electricity for all of the UERL's lines.
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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Russell Square station, an example of the Leslie Green design used for the UERL's stations

19.
Leslie Green
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Leslie William Green was an English architect. Green was born in Maida Vale, London in 1875, the second of four children of architect and Crown Surveyor Arthur Green and his wife Emily. He spent periods studying at Dover College and South Kensington School of Art, Green married Mildred Ethel Wildy in Clapham in April 1902. In 1904, they had a daughter, Vera and he became an associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1898, and a member in 1899. Early commissions included works to homes and shops in parts of the capital city. Green was commissioned to design 50 new stations, including their external appearance, Green developed a uniform Arts and Crafts style for the ground level station buildings, adapted to suit the individual station location. The exterior elevations were clad in non-loadbearing ox-blood red glazed terracotta blocks, the ground floor was divided into wide bays by columns, allowing separate entrances and exits, and also providing space for retail outlets. The design also featured large semi-circular windows at first floor level, a broad strip between the two floors announced the name of the station in capital letters. The station buildings were constructed with flat roofs with the aim of encouraging commercial office development above. The interior was tiled in green and white, with decorative details, directional signs were also included in the tile designs. The tiled surfaces created a theme, and proved easy to maintain. The railways were to open in 1906 and 1907, and Green was notified in June 1907 that the contract would be terminated at the end of that year. He was elected a Fellow of the RIBA in 1907, including details of his work for the UERL as part of his submission, many of Greens station buildings survive, although internal modifications have seen most of his ticket hall designs altered to suit later developments. At platform levels a number of the original tiling schemes survive today or have, as at Lambeth North and Marylebone and his work was continued by his assistant, Stanley Heaps. The designs remain instantly recognisable, the appearance of the fictitious Walford East tube station from the BBC soap opera EastEnders is inspired by Greens designs. The pressure of producing designs and supervising the works to so many stations in such a period of time placed a strain on Greens health. He contracted tuberculosis and died at a sanatorium at Mundesley in Norfolk in August 1908 and he was survived by his wife and daughter. For complete lists of central London stations of these lines see Bakerloo line, Piccadilly line, images from the Photographic Archive of the London Transport Museum Leboff, David

20.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan

21.
London deep-level shelters
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The London deep-level shelters are eight deep-level air-raid shelters that were built under London Underground stations during World War II. Each shelter consists of a pair of parallel tunnels 16 feet 6 inches in diameter and 1,200 feet long, each tunnel is subdivided into two decks, and each shelter was designed to hold up to 8,000 people. It was planned that after the war the shelters would be used as part of new tube lines paralleling parts of the existing Northern. Existing tube lines typically had 11-foot-8, however, they would have been suitable as running tunnels for main-line size trains. Ten shelters were planned, holding 100,000 people —10,000 in each shelter. The other two were to be at St, the working shaft for the shelter at Oval now functions as a ventilation shaft for the station. The shelters were started in 1940 during the Blitz in response to demand to shelter in the London Underground stations. The Goodge Street shelter was used by General Eisenhower, and the Chancery Lane shelter was used as a communications centre, the Chancery Lane shelter was converted into Kingsway telephone exchange, as well as being expanded to serve as a Cold War government shelter. In 1948 the Clapham South shelter was used to house 200 of the first immigrants from the West Indies who had arrived on the MV Empire Windrush for 4 weeks until they found their own accommodation. In 1951, it became the Festival Hotel providing cheap stay for visitors to the Festival of Britain, the shelter was used for archival storage for some years, but is now a Grade II listed building with pre-booked tours arranged by the London Transport Museum. The Clapham North shelter was purchased in 2014 by the Zero Carbon Food company, all the other shelters were sold by the government to Transport for London in the 1990s and several are still leased out for archival storage. The Goodge Street shelter appeared in studio mock-up form in the 1968 BBC Doctor Who story The Web of Fear, the Camden Town shelter was used to represent parts of Oval tube station in the 1976 two-part story The Lights of London in the BBC television series Survivors. The director of the episode was Pennant Roberts, who subsequently directed the 1977 Doctor Who story The Sun Makers. The shelter was used to represent parts of a secret underground facility in the vicinity of Down Street tube station in the 2005 feature film Creep. Air raid shelter Blast shelter Civil defence centres in London Military citadels under London Subterranean London References Sources Emmerson, A. and Beard, T

London deep-level shelters
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One of the entrances to the Stockwell shelter now decorated as a war memorial
London deep-level shelters
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One of the entrances to Clapham South in 2009. It has since been incorporated into a new residential development.
London deep-level shelters
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An upper level of one of the Belsize Park tunnels.

22.
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
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Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence, the position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. Southwick House was used as a headquarters near Portsmouth. Its staff took the plan for Operation Overlord created by Lieutenant General Sir Frederick E. Morgan, COSSAC. Morgan, who had appointed chief of staff to the Supreme Allied Commander in mid-March 1943 began planning for the invasion of Europe before Eisenhowers appointment. And moulded it into the version, which was executed on 6 June 1944. That process was shaped by Eisenhower and the forces commander for the initial part of the invasion. SHAEF remained in the United Kingdom until sufficient forces were ashore to justify its transfer to France, at that point, Montgomery ceased to command all land forces but continued as Commander in Chief of the British 21st Army Group on the eastern wing of the Normandy bridgehead. The American 12th Army Group commanded by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley was created as the wing of the bridgehead. During the invasion of southern France, the 6 AG was under the command of the Allied Forces Headquarters of the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, by December 1944, SHAEF had established itself in the Trianon Palace Hotel in Versailles, France. In February 1945, it moved to Rheims and on 26 April 1945, SHAEF commanded the largest number of formations ever committed to one operation on the Western Front, with American, French army of liberation, British and Canadian Army forces. Allied strategic bomber forces in the UK also came under its command during Operation Neptune, Bradley Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers Air Forces Commander, Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory Naval Forces Commander, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay. After the surrender of Germany, SHAEF was dissolved on 14 July 1945 and, with respect to the US forces, was replaced by US Forces, USFET was reorganized as EUCOM on 15 March 1947. Winters, Major Dick, with Cole C, beyond Band of Brothers, The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.1954

23.
Chenies Street
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Chenies Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London, that runs between Tottenham Court Road and Gower Street. It is the location of a number of buildings such as Minerva House, the Drill Hall. North Crescent starts and ends on the side of Chenies Street. Chenies Street runs between Tottenham Court Road in the west and Gower Street in the east, alfred Place joins the street on its south side, Huntley Street on the north, and Ridgmount Gardens/Ridgmount Street crosses the street at its eastern end. North Crescent is on the side of the street. Chenies Street was built around 1776 on land belonging to the Bedford Estate and it was named after Chenies Manor in Buckinghamshire, originally owned by Anne Sapcote, who was the wife of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford. Before Chenies Street was built, Coxs Gardens was located at the end of the plot. Chenies Street has been changed since it was first laid out, being rebuilt in the mid-nineteenth century. The writer Fanny Burney lived at 23 Chenies Street in 1812–13, watchmaker Thomas Earnshaw died at his home in the street. Algernon Charles Swinburne, whose literary works scandalised Victorian Britain, lived at 12 North Crescent, east to west, Minerva House in North Crescent is a former car showroom and workshop that is a Grade II listed building with English Heritage. It is now a media agency, the building was designed by George Vernon in Portland stone ashlar for the Minerva Motor Company, 1912–13. The Minerva company originated in Belgium as a manufacturer of bicycles, before branching out into early forms of motorbikes, Charles Rolls was a Minerva dealer in England. The design of the building three large bays on the ground floor flanked by two entrance ways each marked Minerva House. Above are three storeys of offices with a statue of Minerva on the top floor, the building and the rest of the crescent once looked out on to gardens until the deep-level shelter was built during the Second World War. During the Second World War, a number of shelters were built beneath London tube stations for the protection of the public. There is also access from within Goodge Street tube station, the Goodge Street shelter was used by the US Army Signal Corps during the preparations for D-Day. After the war the shelter was used as a centre for troops travelling to or from overseas bases. In 1956 a fire out in the shelter that required the attendance of twelve fire engines

24.
American International Church
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The American International Church, currently located at 79a Tottenham Court Road, London, was established to cater for American expatriates resident in London. Today it caters to approximately 30 different nationalities, the church is run on the American denominational tradition. The church was named the American Church in London but changed its name in 2013. The church is known for its soup kitchen which feeds around 70 people per day. The London Chinese Lutheran Church meets at the same location

American International Church
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Whitfield Memorial Church, home of the American International Church.

25.
Signal Corps (United States Army)
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The United States Army Signal Corps develops, tests, provides, and manages communications and information systems support for the command and control of combined arms forces. It was established in 1860, the brainchild of United States Army Major Albert J. Myer, support for the command and control of combined arms forces. Signal support includes Network Operations and management of the electromagnetic spectrum, while serving as a medical officer in Texas in 1856, Albert James Myer proposed that the Army use his visual communications system, called aerial telegraphy. When the Army adopted his system on 21 June 1860, the Signal Corps was born with Myer as the first, Major Myer first used his visual signaling system on active service in New Mexico during the early 1860s Navajo expedition. For nearly three years, Myer was forced to rely on detailed personnel, although he envisioned a separate, myers vision came true on 3 March 1863, when Congress authorized a regular Signal Corps for the duration of the war. Some 2,900 officers and enlisted men served, although not at any single time, even in the Civil War, the wigwag system, restricted to line-of-sight communications, was waning in the face of the electric telegraph. Initially, Myer used his office downtown in Washington, D. C. to house the Signal Corps School, when it was found to need additional space, he sought out other locations. First came Fort Greble, one of the Defenses of Washington during the Civil War, the size and location were outstanding. The school remained there for over 20 years and ultimately was renamed Fort Myer, Signal Corps detachments participated in campaigns fighting Native Americans in the west, such as the Powder River Expedition of 1865. The electric telegraph, in addition to signaling, became a Signal Corps responsibility in 1867. Within 12 years, the Corps had constructed, and was maintaining and operating, in 1870, the Signal Corps established a congressionally mandated national weather service. Within a decade, with the assistance of Lieutenant Adolphus Greely, Myer died in 1880, having attained the rank of brigadier general and the title of Chief Signal Officer. The weather bureau became part of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1891, the Signal Corps role in the Spanish–American War of 1898 and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection was on a grander scale than it had been in the Civil War. In 1908, on Fort Myer, Virginia, the Wright brothers made test flights of the Armys first airplane built to Signal Corps specifications, reflecting the need for an official pilot rating, War Department Bulletin No. 2, released on 24 February 1911, established a Military Aviator rating, Army aviation remained within the Signal Corps until 1918, when it became the Army Air Service. The Signal Corps lost no time in meeting the challenges of World War I, Chief Signal Officer George Owen Squier worked closely with private industry to perfect radio tubes while creating a major signal laboratory at Camp Alfred Vail. Early radiotelephones developed by the Signal Corps were introduced into the European theater in 1918, while the new American voice radios were superior to the radiotelegraph sets, telephone and telegraph remained the major technology of World War I. A pioneer in radar, Colonel William Blair, director of the Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth, even before the United States entered World War II, mass production of two radar sets, the SCR-268 and the SCR-270, had begun

Signal Corps (United States Army)
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US Army Signal Corps automobile at the Manassas maneuvers in 1904
Signal Corps (United States Army)
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Coat of Arms
Signal Corps (United States Army)
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New Guinea. Radio Operator, Cpl. John Robbins of Louisville, Nebraska, 41st Signal, 41st Infantry Division, operating his SCR 188 in a sandbagged hut at Station NYU. Dobodura, New Guinea on 9 May 1943.
Signal Corps (United States Army)
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Argosy Lemal c. 1940, one of two Australian vessels acquired by the SWPA chief signal officer for the SWPA CP fleet.

26.
Grosvenor Square
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Grosvenor Square /ˈɡroʊvnər/ is a large garden square in the Mayfair district of London. It is the centrepiece of the Mayfair property of the Duke of Westminster, Sir Richard Grosvenor obtained a licence to develop Grosvenor Square and the surrounding streets in 1710, and development is believed to have commenced in around 1721. The early houses were generally of five or seven bays, with basement, there were mews behind all four sides. Many of the houses were later in the 18th century or during the 19th century. It was demolished and rebuilt again in the 1860s, nearly all of the older houses were demolished during the 20th century and replaced with blocks of flats in a neo-Georgian style, hotels and embassies. The central garden, which was reserved for the use of the occupants of the houses as was standard in a London square, is now a public park managed by The Royal Parks. At the eastern end of the garden there is a memorial dedicated to the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The memorial includes a granite block engraved with the names of the victims. So common was the sight of their large, green sports cars parked ad hoc outside their flats, Grosvenor Square has been the traditional home of the official American presence in London since John Adams established the first American mission to the Court of St. Jamess in 1785. Adams lived, from 1785 to 1788, in the house still stands on the corner of Brook. During the Second World War, Dwight D. Eisenhower established a headquarters at 20 Grosvenor Square. Until 2009, the United States Navy continued to use this building as its headquarters for United States Naval Forces Europe. A statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt, sculpted by Sir William Reid Dick, stands in the square, the square also contains the Eagle Squadrons Memorial. In 1960, a new United States Embassy was built on the side of Grosvenor Square. This was a large and architecturally significant modern design by Eero Saarinen, in March and October 1968, there were large demonstrations in the square against US involvement in the Vietnam War. On both occasions, the protest became violent, since 2001, a series of anti-terrorist devices have been installed around the embassy, and the road running along the front of the embassy has been closed completely to traffic. In 2008, the United States Government chose a site for a new embassy in the Nine Elms area of the London Borough of Wandsworth, south of the River Thames. Construction of the new Embassy of the United States in London is expected to begin in 2012 or 2013, in October 2009, following a recommendation by English Heritage, the building was granted Grade II listed status

Grosvenor Square
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The north side of Grosvenor Square in the 18th or early 19th century. The three houses at the far left form a unified group, but the others on this side are individually designed. Most later London squares would be more uniform.

27.
Selfridges
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Selfridges, also known as Selfridges & Co. is a chain of high end department stores in the United Kingdom. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge, the flagship store on Londons Oxford Street is the second largest shop in the UK and opened 15 March 1909. Other Selfridges stores opened in the Trafford Centre, Exchange Square in Manchester, Lewiss and Selfridges were then taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore. Expanded under the Sears group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham, the shops early history was dramatised in ITVs 2013 series Mr Selfridge. The basis of Selfridges success was his innovative marketing, which was elaborately expressed in his Oxford Street store. Originally from America himself, Selfridge attempted to dismantle the idea that consumerism was strictly an American phenomenon and these techniques have been adopted by modern department stores around the world. Either Selfridge or Marshall Field is popularly held to have coined the phrase the customer is always right, in 1909, after the first cross-Channel flight, Louis Blériots monoplane was put on display at Selfridges, where it was seen by 12,000 people. John Logie Baird made the first public demonstration of moving images by television from the first floor of Selfridges from 1 to 27 April 1925. In the 1920s and 1930s, the roof of the store hosted terraced gardens, cafes, a golf course. The roof, with its views across London, was a popular place for strolling after a shopping trip and was often used for fashion shows. During the Second World War the store was bombed but survived comparatively unscathed besides the famous roof gardens, a Milne-Shaw seismograph was set up on the Oxford Street stores third floor in 1932 attached to one of the buildings main stanchions, where it remained unaffected by traffic or shoppers. It successfully recorded the Belgian earthquake of 11 June 1938, which was felt in London. In 1947, it was given to the British Museum, in 1926 Selfridges set up the Selfridge Provincial Stores company which had expanded over the years to include sixteen provincial stores, but these were sold to the John Lewis Partnership in 1940. The Liverpool-based Lewiss chain of department stores acquired the remaining Oxford Street Shop in 1951 until it was taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore. Under the Sears group, branches in Ilford and Oxford opened, in 1990, Sears Holdings split Selfridges from Lewiss and placed Lewiss in administration a year later. In March 1998, Selfridges acquired its current logo in tandem with the opening of the Manchester Trafford Centre store, in September 1998, Selfridges expanded and opened a department store in the newly-opened Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester. Following its success, Selfridges announced they would open an additional 125, 000-square-foot store in Exchange Square, the Exchange Square store opened in 2002 as Manchester city centre started to return to normal following the 1996 Manchester bombing. A260, 000-square-foot store opened in 2003 in Birminghams Bull Ring, anne Pitcher is the Managing Director of Selfridges, while Irish retailer, Paul Kelly, who has worked for the Weston organisation since the mid-1980s is Managing Director of Selfridges Group

28.
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is regularly restricted to buses. The road was originally a Roman road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London and it was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis, unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed, the annual switching on of Christmas lights by a celebrity has been a popular event since 1959. However, the combination of a popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety. Various traffic management schemes have proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays. Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles, the eastward continuation is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster and it is within the London Congestion Charging Zone. Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10,25,55,73,98,390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207. Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, between the 12th century and 1782, it was variously known as Tyburn Road, Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, a turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road. It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, by about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street. The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford. In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north side, John Rocques Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter. Buildings began to be erected on the corner of Oxford Street, further development along the street occurred between 1763 and 1793

Oxford Street
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View west along Oxford Street in December 2006, showing Selfridges department store in the background
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street in 1875, looking west from the junction with Duke Street. The buildings on the right are on the future site of Selfridges.
Oxford Street
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View west down Oxford Street in 1961, outside Bond Street tube station
Oxford Street
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Stanley Green advertising on Oxford Street in 1974

29.
London Buses
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London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London that manages bus services within Greater London. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met, operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers, in 2002, TfL introduced the first spider maps. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname spider maps, the maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in PDF format via the Internet from the TfL website. The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited, East Thames Buses was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses, after 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when East Thames Buses was formed, separated by a wall from LBSL. The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, over 8000 scheduled buses operate on over 700 different routes. Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys, Buses in the London Buses network accept Travelcards, Oyster card products and contactless debit and credit cards. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey, but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card, passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis. Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult, children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard, without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfLs Travel Information Centres, there are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18. The Freedom Pass scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, people who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time. Each company has its own operating code, and every bus garage in London has its own garage code, however, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. These have been known to tear and get dirty quickly, however there have been improvements with LED Backlights and the SmartBlind system installed on newer vehicles

London Buses
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An example of a typical London bus stop.
London Buses
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London Buses
London Buses
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New and old: A 2005 Alexander ALX400 model overtakes a 1963 Routemaster
London Buses
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An elevated view of London's first HyFLEET:CUTE hydrogen fuel cell bus, showing the six roof mounted hydrogen fuel tanks, looking down from the high level concourse at Tower Gateway Docklands Light Railway station.

30.
London Buses route 10
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London Buses route 10 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. It runs between Hammersmith bus station and Kings Cross, and is operated by London United, route 10 commenced on 13 August 1988 to replace route 73 between Hammersmith and Hyde Park Corner following the latter being diverted to Victoria. The initial route was between Hammersmith and Kings Cross, and was run by the London United division, in April 1989, an allocation was introduced from the London Northern garage at Holloway. Route 10 was extended to the back of Holloway garage via York Way, initially this section did not run during early mornings, late evenings or Sundays, but a Sunday service was later added. Some journeys were extended to Archway rather than terminating in Tufnell Park. These were then withdrawn, but were reinstated following the withdrawal of local route C12 in 1998. Route 390 continued to be operated by Metroline with the AEC Routemasters which had operated route 10, when next tendered, the route was awarded to Transdev London from 30 January 2010. It is operated out of Stamford Brook garage, new Routemasters were introduced on 26 April 2014. The rear platform remains open from Monday to Friday between 06,00 and 19,30 when it is staffed by a conductor and this will cease in September 2016 when conductors are withdrawn. In 2015, Transport for London consulted on rerouting route 10 to serve Russell Square station, the route was modified on 25 June 2016. London United successfully tendered to retain the route from 28 January 2017 with a peak vehicle requirement of 23

31.
London Buses route 14
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London Buses route 14 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Putney Heath and Warren Street station, it is operated by London General, from 1949 route 14 ran from Hornsey Rise to Putney and beyond to Kingston at weekends with a joint allocation between Putney Bridge garage and the original Holloway Garage using RT type buses. The route number had previously used for a service to Putney in the 1920s prior to the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board. In 1957 the route was used as the basis for a New Scientist magazine study into congestion on London streets, vehicles on the central section of route between Euston and Hyde Park Corner were found to spend 68% of time in motion, and only 11% loading and unloading passengers. The late 1980s saw revisions to the Northern end of the route, the withdrawn Euston to Hornsey Rise section was replaced by a new route 14A. On 26 September the off peak Monday to Friday service was withdrawn between Tottenham Court Road and Euston, the Sunday afternoon service was withdrawn between Crouch End and Turnpike Lane on 26 March 1988. Upon being re-tendered, London General commenced a new contract from 23 November 2002. On 23 July 2005, route 14 was converted to one man operation with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TLs, upon being re-tendered, a new contract was commenced by London General on 14 November 2009

32.
London Buses route 24
–
London Buses route 24 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Pimlico and Hampstead Heath, it is operated by Metroline, route 24 dates back to 1910, when it ran between Hampstead Heath and Victoria station. In August 1912 it was extended to Pimlico and has continued in that form until the present day, thirty-three Daimler double-decker buses with 34 seats were allocated to route 24, now running between Pimlico and Hampstead, with the fleet name British painted in green livery. These buses were running from Camden Town garage until they were replaced by AEC NS-Type buses in 1927, thirty-three NS-type buses were used on route 24 until 1934. During its life with London Transport, route 24 was operated mainly from Chalk Farm garage in Harmood Street and it was also run at times from Victoria garage. On 7 November 1965, the first 30 Leyland Atlantean buses entered service on route 24 and it was the first route to use front-entrance double-decker buses in London. Routes 67 and 271 also trialled front-entrance buses, on 12 June 1966, the Atlanteans moved to Tottenham garage and were replaced by AEC Routemasters. The route was operated until 25 October 1986, apart from two short periods in 1965/1966 and 1975. Grey-Green were owned by Cowie Group, and became part of Arriva London following the acquisition of two other London operators. Upon being re-tendered, in November 2002 the route passed to Metrolines Holloway garage, upon re-tendering, on 10 November 2007 it passed to London Generals Stockwell garage. Alexander Dennis Enviro400H hybrids were introduced to the route in early 2009, on 11 February 2008, a bus on diversion had its roof removed after the driver drove into the side rather than under the middle of an arch bridge. Transport for London said the diversion was safe if drivers followed instructions and this came three months after another 24 lost its roof in the same place while out of service. A night element to the route was introduced on 27 November 1999, in the form of route N24, the N prefix was dropped during April 2004, thus making it a 24-hour route. In February 2010 it was reported that a Muslim bus driver, new to the country, pulled his 24 bus over near Gospel Oak, locked the passengers in and prayed to Mecca. The Sun newspaper had to pay out £30,000 after allegedly misrepresenting the incidents stating that the driver was a fanatic who had forced passengers off the bus, Metroline was awarded the contract for route 24 which started on 10 November 2012. New Routemasters were introduced on 22 June 2013, the rear platform remains open from Monday to Friday between 05,15 and 19,50 when it is staffed by a customer assistant

33.
London Buses route 29
–
London Buses route 29 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Wood Green and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London, the route continued to operate between Victoria and Enfield Town for the next 14 years, being served by a fleet of AEC Routemasters operating out of Palmers Green garage. In 1988, the route was converted to single person double deck operation, on 14 January 2006, Mercedes-Benz O530G articulated buses were introduced. It was reported that operation of the route by articulated vehicles cost around £1.6 million more per year than double-deck operation, in April 2006, the routes stop in Tottenham Court Road was relocated and a bus lane extended to provide more space for passengers and vehicles. On 5 and 6 February 2014, nine AEC Routemasters were used on the route during a London Underground strike, night bus route N29 follows the same route as the 29, but is extended to and from Wood Green and Enfield Town. The route is noted for its crime rate, and in January 2008 was Londons third most dangerous bus route. In February 2010 police presence on the route was increased and this followed a similar increase in early 2005 which had focussed on antisocial behaviour and illegal parking along the route. In 2015/16 it was the third busiest route in London with 15.5 million passengers

34.
London Buses route 73
–
London Buses route 73 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Stoke Newington and Victoria bus station, it is operated by Arriva London, route 73 commenced on 30 November 1914, and originally ran from Kings Cross to Barnes via Euston Road, Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, Knightsbridge, Kensington and Hammersmith. By 1949 the route had been extended at both ends to operate from Stoke Newington to Richmond, on 26 November 1958 the route was extended further west to Hounslow replacing route 33. This latter route was reinstated in 1966 between Hammersmith and Richmond, with route 73 curtailed at Hammersmith on weekdays, continuing to Richmond on Saturdays, the weekend service was cut back to Twickenham in October 1978, and in September 1982 back to Hammersmith. On 13 August 1988 the route was diverted at Hyde Park Corner to Victoria bus station, in August 1994 the route, at the time operated by Leaside Buses, was used to test satellite monitoring of buses in an effort to reduce bunching. On 4 September 2004 route 73 was converted to one-man operation, fare evasion on the route increased after the introduction of articulated vehicles, leading some passengers to nickname the route seventy-free. The route was used to test the system in 2007. The route was discontinued between Seven Sisters and Stoke Newington, in December 2012, route 73 was converted to full hybrid operation with Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B5LHs. New Routemasters were introduced on 16 May 2015, the bus route passes many tourist attractions such as Marble Arch, the British Library and Clissold Park. The Daily Telegraph called the one of the best routes for sightseeing on a shoestring. In August 2014, two buses on the route were fitted with equipment designed to enhance bus drivers awareness of pedestrians, the route was chosen because it was most likely to encounter packed seas of distracted shopping people and cyclists. Route 73 operates via these primary locations, Media related to London Buses route 73 at Wikimedia Commons Timetable

35.
London Buses route N5
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

36.
London Buses route N20
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

37.
London Buses route N29
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

38.
London Buses route N73
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

39.
London Buses route N253
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

40.
London Buses route N279
–
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet

41.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series

42.
The Web of Fear
–
This serial—which marks the return of the Yeti, the Great Intelligence, and Professor Edward Travers—is the sequel to The Abominable Snowmen. Currently, five of the six episodes are held in the BBC archives, for four decades only episode 1 of the story survived in the BBC archives, the others being presumed lost. Episodes 2,4,5, and 6 were recovered from Nigeria in 2013, however, approximately 40 years after his Tibetan expedition in The Abominable Snowmen, an elderly Professor Travers reactivates a control sphere during his studies. The sphere inserts into an intact robot yeti from Tibet at a collection in London. In the following days, London is beset by thick fog, following events at the end of The Enemy of the World, Jamie manages to close the TARDIS doors, stabilising its flight. The TARDIS materialises in space, an unseen entity enshrouds the ship in a web-like substance. As the web clears, the Doctor operates a device to land the TARDIS away from its flight course. The station is in darkness and deserted, with the city outside appearing completely abandoned, moving through the underground train tunnels, the Doctor and his companions soon encounter the military, who are trying to stem the spread of the fungus by demolishing tunnels with explosives. Explosives laid at Charing Cross tube station are neutralised by the robot yeti by smothering the explosion with the fungus using web-spraying guns, Knight, Arnold and Chorley are initially suspicious of the Doctor, Jamie and Victoria, believing them to be responsible from sabotaging the explosion. Professor Travers, recognising them from their encounter in Tibet, convinces Knight that the Doctor will be key to defeating the yeti. The group are joined by Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart and Private Evans. Lethbridge-Stewart assumes command of HQ from Knight, meanwhile, the web expands enormously, engulfing the whole of the Circle Line. Further attempts to use explosives to halt the web are blocked by yeti attacks, the Doctor discovers a yeti-attracting beacon at the scene, convincing him that one of the people at HQ must be in league with the Intelligence and doing its bidding. When they reach Covent Garden the Doctors party discover it to be barred off by fungus, while they are gone, the base is attacked by Yeti, killing several of the soldiers and knocking out Anne and Professor Travers. The Yeti then leave with Professor Travers unconscious body, on returning, the group find Anne unconscious and Travers gone. Arnold and Lane put on gas masks and attempt to go through the fungus blocking Covent Garden with the baggage trolley, on pulling the trolley out on a rope, Evans finds Lane dead and Arnold gone. On the surface, the ambush the soldiers at Covent Garden. Despite downing several robots in the battle, all except Lethbridge-Stewart perish

The Web of Fear
–
A dormant Yeti awakens
The Web of Fear
–
Doctor Who and the Web of Fear

43.
Fairytale (album)
–
Fairytale is the second album from British singer-songwriter Donovan. It was first released in the UK on 22 October 1965 through Pye Records, the US version of Fairytale was released by Hickory Records in November 1965 with a slightly different set of songs. Peter Eden and Geoff Stephens produced the album, Fairytale finds Donovan evolving his styles further towards British folk, especially on songs such as Summer Day Reflection Song and Jersey Thursday. Sunny Goodge Street foreshadows the jazzy feel and descriptions of life in urban London that Donovan would continue to explore over the two years. Like his previous album Whats Bin Did and Whats Bin Hid, Fairytale primarily features Donovan singing and playing mouth harp, shawn Phillips is playing the extra twelve-string guitar. For release in the US, Hickory Records added a cover of Buffy Sainte-Maries Universal Soldier, Donovans recording of Universal Soldier was released in the US as a single the previous September, and was achieving some chart success. The Canadian pressing, issued on the British Pye label, omitted Belated Forgiveness Plea but included Oh Deed I Do, to Try For The Sun was covered by Lindsey Buckingham on his 2006 album Under The Skin. In January 1969, Fairytale was reissued in a form in the UK. Colours and The Little Tin Soldier were both removed from the album, in February 1991, Castle Records reissued the UK version of Fairytale on compact disc in the UK. In 1996, Sequel Records reissued the US version of Fairytale on compact disc, the CD features seven bonus tracks. The first bonus track is a cover of Bert Janschs Oh Deed I Do, on the original US version of Fairytale Oh Deed I Do was cut and a cover of Buffy Sainte-Maries Universal Soldier was added. The next three songs are from Donovans 1965 EP Universal Soldier, turquoise and Hey Gyp were originally released as Donovans third UK single on 30 October 1965. The last bonus track is the version of Colours. On 19 February 2002, Sanctuary Records reissued the original UK version of Fairytale on compact disc, the CD features six bonus tracks. The first four tracks were originally released 15 August 1965 in the UK on Donovans Universal Soldier EP. That EP featured a different take of The Ballad of a Crystal Man, the last two bonus tracks are both sides of Donovans third single Turquoise/Hey Gyp released 30 October 1965 in the UK. On 22 February 2005, Silverline Records reissued the original UK version of Fairytale on DualDisc, the DualDisc has an identical track listing to the 2002 Sanctuary Records reissue

44.
Donovan
–
Donovan Philips Leitch, known as Donovan, is a Scottish singer, songwriter and guitarist. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelia and he has lived in Scotland, Hertfordshire, London and California, and, since at least 2008, in County Cork, Ireland, with his family. Emerging from the British folk scene, Donovan reached fame in the United Kingdom in early 1965 with live performances on the pop TV series Ready Steady Go. He began a long and successful collaboration with leading British independent record producer Mickie Most, scoring multiple hit singles and albums in the UK, US and his most successful singles were the early UK hits Catch the Wind, Colours and Universal Soldier in 1965. He became a friend of pop musicians including Joan Baez, Brian Jones and he taught John Lennon a finger-picking guitar style in 1968 that Lennon employed in Dear Prudence, Julia, Happiness Is a Warm Gun and other songs. Donovans commercial fortunes waned after parting with Most in 1969, Donovan continued to perform and record sporadically in the 1970s and 1980s. His musical style and hippie image were scorned by critics, especially punk rock. His performing and recording became sporadic until a revival in the 1990s with the emergence of Britains rave scene and he recorded the 1996 album Sutras with producer Rick Rubin and in 2004 made a new album, Beat Cafe. Donovan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012, Donovan was born on 10 May 1946, in Maryhill, Glasgow, to Donald and Winifred Leitch. His father was Protestant and his mother was Catholic and he contracted polio as a child. The disease and treatment left him with a limp, in 1956, his family moved to Little Berkhamsted near Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. Influenced by his familys love of music, he began playing the guitar at 14. He enrolled in art school but soon dropped out, to live out his beatnik aspirations by going on the road, in 1964, he travelled to Manchester with Gypsy Dave, then spent the summer in Torquay, Devon. In Torquay he stayed with Mac MacLeod and took up busking, studying the guitar, the first song revealed the influence of Woody Guthrie and Ramblin Jack Elliott, who had also influenced Bob Dylan. Dylan comparisons followed for some time, while recording the demo, Donovan befriended Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, who was recording nearby. He had recently met Jones ex-girlfriend, Linda Lawrence, who is the mother of Brian Jones son, the on-off romantic relationship that developed over five years was a force in Donovans career. She influenced Donovans music but refused to him and she moved to the United States for several years in the late 1960s. They met by chance in 1970 and married soon after, Donovan had other relationships – one of which resulted in the birth of his first two children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, both of whom became actors

45.
The Chemical Brothers
–
The Chemical Brothers are an English electronic music duo composed of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons, originating in Manchester in 1989. Along with The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, The Crystal Method, in the UK, they have had six number one albums and 13 top 20 singles, including two number ones. Ed Simons was born in Herne Hill, South London on 9 June 1970 to a barrister mother, Simons two main interests when he was young were aeroplanes and musicals. Simons attended two South London public schools, Alleyns School and Dulwich College, during his school years, he developed a fondness for rare groove and hip hop music, having frequented a club called The Mud Club from the age of 14. By the time he left school, his two main interests were two Manchester bands, New Order and The Smiths. After finishing school with 11 O levels and three A levels, he continued on to history, especially late medieval history, at the University of Manchester. Tom Rowlands, a classmate of Simons, was born on 11 January 1971 in Kingston upon Thames. When Rowlands was very young, his family relocated to Henley-on-Thames and he later attended Reading Blue Coat School in Berkshire. In his early teens, his interest in music broadened to other genres and he described the first Public Enemy album as the record that probably changed his life, and commented that Miuzi Weighs a Ton was one of the most amazing tracks he had ever heard. Rowlands also started collecting hip hop records by artists like Eric B and Schoolly D. Rowlands left school with similar accomplishments to Simons, achieving nine O levels and three A levels. For university, he followed Simons to Manchester primarily to immerse himself in its music scene in general, Rowlands was also in a band called Ariel prior to meeting up with Simons. Ariel was formed in London by Rowlands and his friends Brendan Melck and their first single was Sea of Beats, which was essentially a white label. Before Philip Brown set up Echo Logik Records, their first promo was Bokadilo, other songs, released on 12, included Mustnt Grumble and their most well-known, Rollercoaster. After a year on Echo Logik they signed to the record label deConstruction and they insisted that they get a female singer and they recruited former Xpansions frontwoman Sally Ann Marsh, and after some disappointing songs like Let It Slide the band fell apart. One of the last things Ariel did was the song T Baby which was remixed by the pair, in regards to the remix, Ed stated that Ariel symbolically ended when Deconstruction asked us for a Dust Brothers remix of an Ariel track. That was the nail in the coffin. Tom would later say in a TV interview from 1995, One of the blokes went a bit mad, but now hes back at college, and the other one drives our van. Rowlands and Simons then started to DJ at a club called Naked Under Leather in the back of a pub in 1992, the pair would play hip hop, techno, and house

The Chemical Brothers
–
The Chemical Brothers performing live in Milan in March 2005.

46.
Transport for London
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Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5 billion, the rest comes from government funding, borrowing, other income and Crossrail funding. On 21 January 2016, it was announced that the responsibility for franchising all of Londons inner suburban services would be transferred from the DfT to TfL. This transfer will take place as current franchises fall due for renewal, TfL was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It gained most of its functions from its predecessor London Regional Transport in 2000, the first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley. The first Chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first Deputy Chair was Dave Wetzel, Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as Chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his Deputy, TfL did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership contract for maintenance had been agreed. Management of the Public Carriage Office had previously been a function of the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London Group Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are held on behalf of TfL Group Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives. After the bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005 and they helped survivors out, removed bodies, and got the transport system up and running, to get the millions of commuters back out of London at the end of the work day. Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim OToole, head of the Underground division, carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The Mayor of London and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer, there were Last Round on the Underground parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises, the Greater London Authority reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London, a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities, the body is organised in three main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. This network is sub-divided into three service units, BCV, Bakerloo, Central, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. JNP, Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines, SSL, Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines

Transport for London
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London
Transport for London
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Area of responsibility within the United Kingdom
Transport for London
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The Palestra building, home to TfL's Surface Transport and Traffic Operations Centre (STTOC)
Transport for London
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Head office, Windsor House

47.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

48.
Kennington tube station
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Kennington is a London Underground station on Kennington Park Road in Kennington on both the Charing Cross and Bank branches of the Northern line. It is within the London Borough of Southwark and its neighbouring stations to the north are Waterloo on the Charing Cross branch and Elephant & Castle on the Bank branch, the next station to the south is Oval. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2, the station was opened on 18 December 1890 as part of Londons first deep-level tube, the City & South London Railway. The layout was similar to the current arrangement at Borough, with one platform having level access to the lift. Two extra platforms were added in 1926, when the connection via Waterloo to Embankment on the former Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway was built. Therefore, to ease the burden on passengers, the landing was raised up, by one floor, to the bridge level. It is therefore the station of the C&SLRs original section still in a condition close to its original design. The station reopened after its first extensive refurbishment in more than eighty years, the station has two passenger lifts but no escalators. The platforms can also be reached via the 79-step staircase, refurbishment work at Kennington was completed in 2005. The 20 A1-sized panels inside the two lifts, normally used for posters, were occupied in 2010 by the work of the 16 MA students at the City & Guilds of London Art School. Since 2005 Art Below have set about changing the everyday travelling experience, transforming entire platforms and this was the first time that they had transformed a lift into an art gallery. During peak times, northbound trains are scheduled to terminate at Mill Hill East. An average time taken for a Northern line train to travel between Waterloo and Kennington is approximately 3 minutes and 50 seconds, London Bus routes 133,155,333 and 415 and night routes N133 and N155 serve the station. Because of the arrangement of junctions, trains using the loop cannot reach the northbound Bank branch platform nor can trains from the southbound Bank branch reach the loop. For southbound Charing Cross branch or Bank branch trains to reach the northbound Bank branch platform a reversing siding between the two running tunnels must be used, because of the layout, it is almost always southbound Charing Cross branch trains that terminate at Kennington. One of the four platforms is thus mainly used by terminating trains. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station in original condition,1916 Station after 1920s changes 3D drawing of the current layout of Kennington Station, and loop

Kennington tube station
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Station entrance
Kennington tube station
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The northbound platform (Bank branch), looking south. The door concealing the original platform entrance is just visible in the middle of this photograph, at the left.
Kennington tube station
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The southbound (bank branch) platform, looking north, showing one of the original entrances, now concealed behind a door

49.
Morden tube station
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Morden is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is the terminus for the Northern line and is the most southerly station on the Underground network. The next station north is South Wimbledon, the station is located on London Road, and is in Travelcard Zone 4. Nearby are Morden Hall Park, the Baitul Futuh Mosque and Morden Park, the station was one of the first modernist designs produced for the London Underground by Charles Holden. Its opening in 1926 contributed to the development of new suburbs in what was then a rural part of Surrey with the population of the parish increasing nine-fold in the decade 1921–1931. One of the projects that had been postponed was the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway, the C&SLR would connect to the W&SR route south of Morden station and run trains to Sutton and the District Railway would run trains between Wimbledon and Sutton. Under these proposals, the station on the C&SLR extension would have been named North Morden, the proposals also included a depot at Morden for use by both District Railway and C&SLR trains. The Southern Railway objected to this encroachment into its area of operation, the UERL and SR reached an agreement in July 1923 that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the UERL giving up its rights over the W&SR route. Once the station was opened, the UERL established Morden, the southernmost on the system, as the hub for bus routes heading further into suburban south London. These routes had a significant impact on the Southern Railways main line operations in the area, the UERL though was able to demonstrate that its passenger numbers on its buses to Sutton station were actually more than double those for Morden. Across the road from the station, the UERL opened its own petrol station, the opening of the C&SLR and the Wimbledon to Sutton line led to rapid construction of suburban housing throughout the area. The population of the parish of Morden, previously the most rural of the areas through which the lines passed, increased from 1,355 in 1921 to 12,618 in 1931 and 35,417 in 1951. Construction of the C&SLR extension was carried out and Morden station was opened on 13 September 1926. The stations on the Morden extension were Holdens first major project for the Underground and he was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the UERL, to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERLs own architect, Stanley Heaps. We are going to discard entirely all ornament and we are going to build in reinforced concrete. The station will be simply a hole in the wall, everything being sacrificed to the doorway and we are going to represent the DIA gone mad, and in order that I may go mad in good company I have got Holden to see that we do it properly. The central panel of the screen contains a version of the roundel. The ticket hall beyond is octagonal with a roof light of the same shape