Card Range To Study

48 Cards in this Set

consists of bone structures and is divided into sections called the axial and appendicular skeletons

Skeletal System

skull, pelvis, vertebral column

Axial

all other bones in the extremities

Appendicular

gives framework to body, provides area of attachment for muscles, produces movement using muscle torques, provides protection for vital organs in body, production units of red blood cells which transport oxygen throughout the body

Purpose of the Skeleton

most common type of bone is the long bone and has weight bearing, and short bones are in hands and feet

Bones

raised section of a bone that provides an ideal location for tendon to attach

Tuberosity

shallow part of bone

Fossa

any opening in anatomy
ex. an opening in a bone where nerves go through

Foramen

A large, rounded articular process

Condyle

the junction between two bones

the type of this junction dictates type of joint that exists in an anatomical unit

these are on the outside of the joint capsule bones, are there to hold them together

Ligament

attach muscle to bone

Tendon

Amount of movement that can occur before being restricted by surrounding tissue is known as joints mobility and degree of mobility is determined by range of motion

Flexibility

extends from top of head to feet splitting body in right and left sides
(flexion, extension, hypertension moves)

Sagittal

body into front and back side

Frontal Plane

divides body into top and bottom parts

Transverse Plane

is a series of bony segments linked together at a pivot point called a joint

Human skeleton

Composed of brain and spinal cord,

Central Nervous System (CNS)

accounts for 80% of brain’s weight, involved in abstract reasoning and voluntary movement, has right and left cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum is nerve cable that crosses this gap to connect the hemispheres so they communicate

Cerebral Cortex

hypothalamus contains nerve centers that control body temperature and rate if burning fat. Above this is the thalamus which integrates sensory info from all parts of the body

Forebrain

contains medulla, pons, cerebellum, and midbrain

Brainsteam

has white matter and grey matter. White area contains myelinated fibers
Which are surrounded by a myelin sheath. Carries info to and from the brain. Grey area contraines myelinated nerve fibers

Spinal Cord

Spinal cord can respond without waiting for brain like jerking away from thorn.
This is called spinal reflex. This takes advantage of the fact that muscles work in pairs and one muscle an agonist moves a joint in one direction when it is contracted. Contracting the antagonist muscle opposed the action of the agonist

Spinal Reflexes

-made up of sensory nerves that relay messages from senses throughout body and back to CNS
-neurons are cells that receive and send messages throughout the nervous system
Sensory neurons go to brain or spinal cord, Efferent neurons carry signals from brain or spinal cord, and interneurons start and end in the brain or spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

responding for sending and returning messages throughout our nervous system. Language of neural messages is a simple binary off-on code

When an action potential reaches the end of the axon it meets a synapse which is a junction between two neurons, movement of neural impulse across this junction is synaptic transmission. Action potential will not fire unless synaptic transmission is strong enough

Neural Impulses

sensory receptors that receive stimuli that provide a description of environment

Exteroceptors

sensory receptors that receive stimuli that provide information about current state of our body

-perception of individual body parts or the whole body
-sense organs in vestibular system located in inner ear determine ability to perceive orientation and rotary acceleration, allows us to maintain balance

Proprioception

contain the proteins for contraction in muscle cells

Myofibrils

the cell membrane that surrounds each muscle cell

Sarcolemma

Muscle bundles grouped together to form entire muscle and surrounded by connective tissue, connective tissue is tapered at ends of muscle to form tendons

Muscle Groupings

Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments

Sliding Filament Theory

fibers that have limited capacity for aerobic metabolism and are easily fatigued

fast twitch fibers

have capacity for relatively high aerobic capacity and a high resistance to fatigue, and better equipped to shuttle nutrients and elements from the blood to the muscle cells

slow twitch fibers

motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Motor-unit

depends on number of active motor units and rate at which motor units discharge action potentials

Muscle force

is when shortening of muscle tissue causes a joint angle to decrease

Flexion

is when activation of muscle results in increased joint angle

Extension

happen when active muscle shortens

ex. upward positive motion of a bicep curl

Concentric contractions

occur when active muscle lengthens

ex. downward negative motion of a bicep curl

eccentric contractions

the study of cell biology and structure

Cytology

is the study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice, using a microscope. It can be described as microscopic anatomy