On October 15, 1969, appellant Sterling McCoy was convicted by a jury on indictments charging aggravated robbery, aggravated assault and battery, and carrying a concealed deadly weapon. On October 24, 1969, motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were denied, and appellant was sentenced to 7 1/2 to 15 years on the robbery bill. Sentence was suspended on the other bills.

These charges arose from a hold-up in which a bartender was robbed of his wallet by two armed men. The police, arriving on the scene shortly thereafter, arrested appellant inside the bar. He was not armed, but a shotgun was found on the floor of the bar. His co-defendant, Oliver Johnson, was arrested outside the bar, armed with a loaded pistol. The two men were tried jointly.

On this appeal, appellant avers that the trial court's instructions to the jury on applying the standard for proof beyond a reasonable doubt, taken as a whole, constituted fundamental error. In addition, he argues that he was prejudiced by the unprompted use of a charge which urged the jury to attempt to agree on a verdict, to which specific exception was taken.

In Williams, the Court found fundamental error in the instruction: "If you feel that their testimony does not substantially do that [prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt], . . . then you are not required to bring in a conviction." (Emphasis in original.) The Court stated that "This portion of the charge gave the jury the right to find defendant guilty even when they had a reasonable doubt, and consequently constituted basic and fundamental error." In Butler, however, the Court found that taking the charge as a whole, the errors complained of were overcome by correct statements on the same points.

In the instant case, while the court in its lengthy charge gave some correct general explanations of the burden of proof, the instructions on weighing the evidence under each charge were prejudicially misleading. These specific instructions, which were far more likely to reach the understanding of jurors unlearned in the law, bring the case within the ambit of Williams rather than that of Butler.

On the charge of carrying a concealed deadly weapon, the court stated: "If, on the other hand, McCoy has persuaded you that he did not carry concealed on his person or in his possession the shotgun in question, or the one found on the premises did not belong to him . . . then you will find McCoy not guilty of this crime." This was repeated: "If, on the other hand, you find that Johnson did not carry concealed on his person a revolver

[ 219 Pa. Super. Page 301]

or gun, then you will find Johnson not guilty of that crime." (Emphasis supplied.)

Under the included charge of carrying a firearm without a license, it was stated: "If you are not so convinced, if you find McCoy was not in possession of a shotgun . . ., then you may find McCoy not guilty." (Emphasis supplied.) Substantially the same phrase was again repeated as to Johnson.

On aggravated and simple assault and battery, it was stated: "On the other hand, if you find that McCoy did not commit the aggravated assault and battery or assault and battery . . . as charged . . . then you will find McCoy not guilty of these charges . . ." . . . "On the other hand, if you find that neither defendant committed any of the offenses charged against him . . . you will find him not guilty . . . ." (Emphasis supplied.)

The instruction under assault with intent to rob, although preferable, did not clarify matters: "If you are not so convinced or if you feel that there has not been sufficient evidence to charge McCoy with the assault with the intent to rob, then you will say so by your verdict." The first similar instruction under robbery gave the correct rule, but this was immediately followed by the statement: "I will repeat if you find that there was no ill-using of [the victim] . . . or that there was no evidence of any striking or beating, you will find defendant Johnson not guilty as to that charge." (Emphasis supplied.)

After lengthy specific exceptions were taken by counsel, including one on another aspect of reasonable doubt, the court gave several general statements of the proper standard of proof, reiterating that every crime must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt and that the defendants were entitled to every inference in their favor. Immediately thereafter, however, the court stated: "Of course I told you if you don't believe that the wallet was taken, if you don't believe that the money was

[ 219 Pa. Super. Page 302]

taken, of course you should acquit the person who is charged with having taken the wallet and the money."

In sum, the jury was never given proper guidance on what it meant to find a man guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. On the contrary, the jury must have been left with the impression that the defendant had to establish his innocence by the preponderance of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Bonomo, 396 Pa. 222, 151 A.2d 441 (1959). They were given the right to find the defendant guilty even when they had a reasonable doubt.

Secondly, specific exception was taken to a charge which urged the jury to attempt to agree on a verdict,*fn1

[ 219 Pa. Super. Page 303]

and the court did not provide a supplemental statement on the issue. Although not identical in wording, this constituted an "Allen charge",*fn2 use of which our Supreme Court has now prospectively overruled. Commonwealth v. Spencer, 442 Pa. 328, 275 A.2d 299 (1971), upholding the decision of this Court at 216 Pa. Superior Ct. 169, 263 A.2d 923 (1970). See United States v. Fioravanti, 412 F. 2d 407 (3d Cir. 1969).

In Spencer, the Supreme Court held that for all trials prior to March 25, 1971, use of the "Allen charge" must be judged by whether the charge unduly influenced the jury. Applying that standard to Spencer itself, the Court upheld this Court's rationale: "[T]he jurors in the instant case were not coerced. The jury's verdict came seven hours after the Allen charge was given. In those seven hours, the jury deliberated for three separate intervals. . . . They were also sufficiently aware of their duty and their need of information to return to the courtroom to ask that certain testimony be read to them. This is not the mark of a coerced jury." Commonwealth v. Spencer, 442 Pa. at 337.

In the instant case, the jury retired to deliberate at 1:10 p.m., and returned to give their verdict at 3:15 p.m. In the interim they decided not only whether two men were each guilty of three separate crimes, but also whether there had been sufficient complicity to make out joint commission of the crimes. Whereas the jury in Spencer had actually reached a deadlock, the jury

[ 219 Pa. Super. Page 304]

here gave no evidence of disagreement. Thus, the basis for concluding that the Spencer jury was free of coercion did not exist here.

Taken together, the "Allen charge" and the instructions on applying the standard of proof in this case clearly deprived appellant of his right to be acquitted if a reasonable doubt existed. The Courts in Spencer*fn3 and in a similar Third Circuit case, United States v. Fioravanti,*fn4 supra, were agreed that one of the worst faults of the Allen charge was its implication that a minority juror having a reasonable doubt should bow to the certainty of the majority. As the Court in Fioravanti stated: "[T]he traditional measure of proof in criminal cases envisons a 'subjective standard' -- viz, each individual juror must be convinced of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." In Spencer and Fioravanti, the instructions were free of other errors on this issue. Here, on the other hand, the jurors were in effect told that the defendant must persuade them of his innocence, and that if he did persuade one juror, that juror should probably yield to the others. This unacceptable implication warrants a new trial.

" Verdicts are very important in this case. I mean that, unanimous verdicts, regardless of their nature -- whether they be guilty or not guilty -- it is highly desirable that you shall be of one mind." (Emphasis supplied.)

Our website includes the main text of the court's opinion but does not include the
docket number, case citation or footnotes. Upon purchase, docket numbers and/or
citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a legal proceeding.
Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision.

Buy This Entire Record For
$7.95

Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.