It was sad to read Ms. Allen’s description of my daughter Jana and me as “Mr. And Mrs. Novak.” Of course, we could already see from her blog that she had not even taken into her hands our recent dispassionate study, Washington’s God. Meanwhile, other evidence in her blog showed that she had not bothered to look, either, at my own earlier book On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense at the American Founding. That left poor Ms. Allen arguing against a thesis of her own imagining, rather than against the actual argument of those two books.

For my part, I very much appreciate Ms. Allen’s own book, Moral Minority: Our Skeptical Founding Fathers, which takes up a perfectly sensible subject and handles it in a perfectly sensible way. Her thesis is that the major founders were not Christians but skeptics. Her method is to pick only six of them for closer study (Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Adams, Washington and Hamilton), all of whom, she judges, fit her thesis.

But the first two of these six are identified by nearly everybody, including me, as outliers who stand at the leftmost extreme of the founders – outliers, skeptics indeed, barely if at all Christian. The next two, Madison and Adams, at least by their public actions during their terms in office (whatever their post-presidential, private lives), show clear signals of Christian conviction and/or accommodation. Their case is more complex than Ms Allen faces. Consider simply Article III of the new Massachusetts Constitution drafted and defended by John Adams, mandating state support for religious schools throughout the commonwealth.

Concerning the last two, Hamilton and Washington, there is a preponderance of evidence on the side of the influence of Christian faith upon their practice as public servants. As Washington’s speechwriter, for instance, Hamilton wrote some of the most vividly biblical addresses and public proclamations that General and (later) President Washington ever delivered. Similarly, no one who actually analyzes the public speeches and proclamations of the latter can plausibly make the case that Washington was merely a deist. The evidence of his emphasis upon a biblical God who forgives sins, who guides events and who as a matter of undeniable experience intervened often on the American side (the side of liberty) during the War of Independence, a Creator who is owed not only private worship, but also a whole nation’s worship and gratitude — and several other such biblical motifs – is simply far too strong.

In other words, Ms. Allen makes matters too easy for herself by cherry-picking her founders – and even then, in four out of six cases, she fails to convince.

Another major problem with her thesis: “We the People of the United States,” not solely Ms. Allen’s skeptical six, ratified the Constitution, and thus were in an important but unconventional sense founders of this nation. A goodly portion of these founding people, admittedly, were unchurched and skeptical, but the public speech of nearly all of them was far more biblical, even Christian, than one is likely to hear today in newsrooms or on college campuses. The title of her book shows that Ms. Allen does not really believe that most of the American people at the time of the founding were “not Christians” but “men of the Enlightenment,” in the way that she portrays Jefferson and Franklin.

A further problem is that, if Ms Allen had expanded her researches to all the main official “founders,” say, the eighty-eight men who signed either the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, her portrait would have been hugely different. If she had examined the public religious speech of the eighty-two of these that she simply ignored, she would have been led far beyond Jefferson and Franklin. Had she studied Benjamin Rush, who some thought the smartest and most learned man in the colonies, or John Witherspoon, leading congressman, the President of Princeton and easily the most influential academic in the history of the United States, or Charles Carroll, one of the two largest funders of the war of independence, or James Wilson, or John Dickinson, or Samuel Huntington, or Sam Adams, or many another, she would have drawn a portrait almost the reverse of the one she actually produced.

To be sure, if one imagines an extreme spectrum, with the totally skeptical, anti-Christian, or even unmistakably non-Christian few at the one end, and the devoutly and publicly Christian cohort at the other end, it is not clear that anyone qualifies for the pure extreme positions at either end. That is one reason why I call my own tentative and exploratory study of the religious beliefs of the top 100 founders On Two Wings. (To reach 100, I suggest adding to those 88 mentioned above some further outstanding public figures of the era such as Abigail Adams, Tom Paine, George Mason and others).

What accounts for the originality and unique success of the new experiment in religious liberty in the United States is the powerful working of both wings – the wing of “common sense” (the favorite form of “Reason” preferred by the Anglo-American Enlightenment), and the wing of biblical faith. A mere token of the latter is the invocation in the Declaration of Independence, “with a firm Reliance on the Protection of divine Providence,” along with three other intellectually important invocations of God in the Declaration.

In the light of common sense alone, was it practical for a small population, with no standing army and virtually no navy, to make war on the greatest sea power and land force in the world? Faith that God had made the world for freedom, and favored those struggling for freedom, made the Founders believe they had a real chance to win – and save themselves from hanging — with the help of Providence. Again and again after the war, Washington expressed gratitude to this kindly Providence for its timely help – for many, he said, a matter they had actually experienced.

What Ms. Allen and many learned historians fail to note is that reason and faith are not opposing habits, but in many biblical people complementary. Again, to be “Stoic” and “Christian” are not opposites. A great many heroes of our civilization have been both at once. During many centuries before the secular Renaissance, many Christians loved their Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, and other Greek and Roman heroes.

There remain two deeper points to make. As the German philosopher (and atheist) Jurgen Habermas has recently had the honesty to emphasize, many of the deepest ideals of the Enlightenment – equality, fraternity, and individual liberty of conscience – themselves have Christian roots. Such concepts were not to be found in the Greeks or Romans, but entered into history through Christianity, which drew upon even older biblical experience. It is not so easy as Ms Allen imagines to cherish the Enlightenment and its particular form of reasoned Skepticism (quite different from nihilism) without noting their Christian provenance.

Second, it is not possible to explain the argument for religious liberty given by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty, and in the Remonstrance, without recognizing the crucial role they assign to a God who is at once the Creator (to whom inalienable obligations are due, in which no one dares to interfere) and the God of liberty of conscience (who could have bound our minds but preferred to create us free). Their whole argument makes no sense without this highly particular concept of God. It does not work, for example, with the Islamic concept of God, who is primarily blind Will and expects of humans blind submission.

The argument into which Ms. Allen has wandered, therefore, is much more complicated than she allows. My daughter and I in Washington’s God and I alone in On Two Wings have done our best to tease out all these and other strands in the underlying argument. It is entirely possible that we are wrong. But arguments on that point would be more convincing if those who see things differently actually met our challenges to conventional wisdom, one by one, as they really are, not as reflexive secularists imagine that they must be.

Please understand. We agree that the reason for the unparalleled strength of religion in America is “the separation of church and state,” as every Catholic priest and other clergymen he met, without exception, told Alexis de Tocqueville. Further, the American version of separation is quite different from the French version, which is poisonously anti-religious. (The French Jacobins, for example, placed a prostitute upon the altar of the cathedral of Notre Dame of Paris, as a symbol – of all things — for the goddess Reason).

Jana and I do not think the American form of separation – it is accommodation, really — ought to be abridged, for it springs from Christian roots, and has a firm biblical basis. It is undergirded by this text among others: “Give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” No doubt about it, it took Christians, Catholics especially, too long to see this; but it is undeniably part of their inheritance, which is constantly being plumbed for fresh resources.

Further, Jana and I favor the combination of arguments from faith and reason with both working together (like two wings) in the defense of human liberty. We tend to admire Christian stoics as well as just plain stoics, and skeptical, questioning Christians as well as just plain skeptics. After all, God sends his sun to shine and his rain to fall on all alike.

In actual human beings, we find, there is more overlap, more inter-penetration, of intellectual traditions than conventional wisdom usually portrays. In fact, we note, nearly all Americans draw intellectual nourishment from roots sunk down in traditions of reason and of faith alike. We do. And so – we believe – do women and men of the Enlightenment, such as Ms. Allen and Professor Ellis. In this country, persons of the Enlightenment owe much to particular biblical conceptions and traditions; and Jews and Christians owe much inspiration to the Enlightenment.