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==Description== Chief Justice of the United States Charles Evans Hughes. Image circa 1908. ==Source/credit== Taken from the Library of Congress. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ils:73:./temp/~pp_L9U2::@@@mdb=fsaall,app,

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1.
Charles Evans Hughes
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Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican politician from New York. He was the Republican nominee in the 1916 U. S, Presidential election, losing narrowly to incumbent President Woodrow Wilson. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative, Charles Evans Hughes was born in Glens Falls, New York, the son of a Welsh immigrant minister Rev. David C. Hughes and Mary C. Hughes, a sister of State Senator Henry C and he was active in the Northern Baptist church, a Mainline Protestant denomination. Hughes early education included attending Lafayette School in Newark, NJ, at the age of 14, he enrolled at Madison University, where he became a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. He then transferred to Brown University, continuing as a member of Delta Upsilon and he graduated third in his class at the age of 19, having been elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He read law and entered Columbia Law School in 1882, where he graduated in 1884 with highest honors, in 1885, Hughes met Antoinette Carter, the daughter of a senior partner of the law firm where he worked, and they were married in 1888. They had one son, Charles Evans Hughes Jr. and three daughters and their youngest child, Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, was one of the first humans injected with insulin, and later served as president of the Supreme Court Historical Society. Hughes was the grandfather of Charles Evans Hughes III and H. Stuart Hughes, after graduating Hughes began working for Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower where he met his future wife. In 1888, shortly after he was married, he became a partner in the firm, later the name was changed to Hughes, Hubbard & Reed. In 1891, Hughes left the practice of law to become a professor at Cornell Law School, in 1893, he returned to his old law firm in New York City to continue practicing until he ran for governor in 1906. He continued his association with Cornell as a lecturer at the Law School from 1893 to 1895. He was also a lecturer for New York University Law School. At that time, in addition to practicing law, Hughes taught at New York Law School with Woodrow Wilson, in 1905, he was appointed as counsel to the New York state legislative Stevens Gas Commission, a committee investigating utility rates. His uncovering of corruption led to lower gas rates in New York City, in 1905, he was appointed to the Armstrong Insurance Commission to investigate the insurance industry in New York as a special assistant to U. S. Attorney General. Hughes served as the Governor of New York from 1907 to 1910 and he defeated William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 election, and was the only Republican statewide candidate to win office. As a supporter of progressive policies, Hughes was able to play on the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, in 1908, he was offered the vice-presidential nomination by William Howard Taft, but he declined it to run again for Governor. Theodore Roosevelt became an important supporter of Hughes and he pushed the passage of the Moreland Act, which enabled the governor to oversee city and county officials as well as officials in semi-autonomous state bureaucracies

2.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular

3.
Scottsboro Boys
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The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931. The landmark set of cases from this incident dealt with racism. The cases included a mob before the suspects had been indicted, all-white juries, rushed trials. It is commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the United States legal system. On March 25,1931, two people were hoboing on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis, Tennessee, the hoboes being a equal mix of African-Americans and Caucasians. A group of teenage boys saw 18 year-old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off the train. A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the men from the train by force. Patterson and the black passengers were able to ward off the group. The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train, the sheriff deputized a posse comitatus, stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock, Alabama and arrested the black Americans. Two young white women also got off the train and accused the black teenagers of rape, the case was first heard in Scottsboro, Alabama, in three rushed trials, in which the defendants received poor legal representation. With help from the Communist Party USA and the NAACP, the case was appealed, the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions, and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the defendants had been denied a jury, fair trial, fair sentencing. While waiting for their trials, eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison, the cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials. In Powell v. Alabama, it ordered new trials, the case was first returned to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue, moving the retrials to Decatur, Alabama. During the retrials, one of the victims admitted fabricating the rape story. The jury found the guilty, but the judge set aside the verdict. The judge was replaced and the case tried under a judge whose rulings went against the defense, for the third time a jury—now with one black American member—returned a guilty verdict. The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on appeal and it ruled that African Americans had to be included on juries, and ordered retrials