Pain in the shaded areas may be caused by kidney stones. If you have a kidney
stone, you may already know how painful it can be. Most kidney stones pass out
of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not just go
away. It may even get larger. Your doctor can help.

You should call a doctor when you have

extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away

blood in your urine

fever and chills

vomiting

urine that smells bad or looks cloudy

a burning feeling when you urinate

These may be signs of a kidney stone that needs a doctor's care.

What do my kidneys do?

Your kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your
fist. They are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage.
The kidneys are sophisticated trash collectors. Every day, your kidneys process
about 200 quarts of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of waste products and extra
water. The waste and extra water become urine, which flows to your bladder
through tubes called ureters (YOOR-uh-turs). Your bladder (BLAD-ur) stores urine
until you go to the bathroom.

The wastes in your blood come from the normal breakdown of active muscle and
from the food you eat. Your body uses the food for energy and self-repair. After
your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste is sent to the blood. If
your kidneys did not remove these wastes, the wastes would build up in the blood
and damage your body.

In addition to removing wastes, your kidneys help control blood pressure. They
also help to make red blood cells and keep your bones strong.

What is a kidney stone?

A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the
kidney out of substances in the urine.

A stone may stay in the kidney or break loose and travel down the urinary tract.
A small stone may pass all the way out of the body without causing too much
pain.

A larger stone may get stuck in a ureter, the bladder, or the urethra. A problem
stone can block the flow of urine and cause great pain.

Are all kidney stones alike?

No. There are four major types of kidney stones.

The most common type of stone contains calcium (KAL-see-um). Calcium is a normal
part of a healthy diet.

Calcium that is not used by the bones and muscles goes to the kidneys. In most
people, the kidneys flush out the extra calcium with the rest of the urine.
People who have calcium stones keep the calcium in their kidneys.

The calcium that stays behind joins with other waste products to form a stone.

A struvite (STROO-vite) stone may form after an infection in the urinary system.
These stones contain the mineral magnesium (mag-NEE-zee-um) and the waste
product ammonia (uh-MOH-nyuh).

A uric (YOOR-ik) acid stone may form when there is too much acid in the urine.
If you tend to form uric acid stones, you may need to cut back on the amount of
meat you eat.

Cystine (SIS-teen) stones are rare. Cystine is one of the building blocks that
make up muscles, nerves, and other parts of the body. Cystine can build up in
the urine to form a stone. The disease that causes cystine stones runs in
families.

What do kidney stones look like?

Kidney stones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large
as a pearl. Some stones are even as big as golf balls. Stones may be smooth or
jagged. They are usually yellow or brown.

What can my doctor do about a problem stone?

If you have a stone that will not pass by itself, your doctor
may need to take steps to get rid of it. In the past, the only way to remove a
problem stone was through surgery.

Now, doctors have new ways to remove problem stones. The following sections
describe a few of these methods.

Shock Waves

Your doctor can use a machine to send shock waves directly to
the kidney stone. The shock waves break a large stone into small stones that
will pass through your urinary system with your urine.

Two types of shock wave machines exist. With one machine, you sit in a tub of
water. With the other type of machine, you lie on a table.

The full name for this method is extracorporeal (EKS-truh-kor-POR-ee-ul)
shockwave lithotripsy (LITH-oh-TRIP-see). Doctors often call it ESWL for short.
Lithotripsy is a Greek word that means stone crushing.

Tunnel Surgery

In this method, the doctor makes a small cut into the
patient's back and makes a narrow tunnel through the skin to the stone inside
the kidney. With a special instrument that goes through the tunnel, the doctor
can find the stone and remove it. The technical name for this method is
percutaneous (PER-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) nephrolithotomy (NEF-roh-lih-THAH-tuh-mee).

Ureteroscope

A ureteroscope (yoo-REE-ter-uh-scope) looks like a long wire.
The doctor inserts it into the patient's urethra, passes it up through the
bladder, and directs it to the ureter where the stone is located. The
ureteroscope has a camera that allows the doctor to see the stone. A cage is
used to catch the stone and pull it out, or the doctor may destroy it with a
device inserted through the ureteroscope.

Ask your doctor which method is right for you.

How will my doctor find out what kind of stone I have?

The best way for your doctor to find out what kind of stone you have is to test
the stone itself. If you know that you are passing a stone, try to catch it in a
strainer.

Your doctor may ask for a urine sample or take blood to find out what is causing
your stones. You may need to collect your urine for a 24-hour period. These
tests will help your doctor find ways for you to avoid stones in the future.

Why do I need to know the kind of stone?

The therapy your doctor gives you depends on the type of stone
you have. For example, a medicine that helps prevent calcium stones will not
work if you have a struvite stone. The diet changes that help prevent uric acid
stones may have no effect on calcium stones. Therefore, careful analysis of the
stone will help guide your treatment.

What can I do to avoid more stones?

Drink more water. Try to drink 12 full glasses of water a day.
Drinking lots of water helps to flush away the substances that form stones in
the kidneys.

You can also drink ginger ale, lemon-lime sodas, and fruit juices. But water is
best. Limit your coffee, tea, and cola to one or two cups a day because the
caffeine may cause you to lose fluid too quickly.

Your doctor may ask you to eat more of some foods and to cut back on other
foods. For example, if you have a uric acid stone, your doctor may ask you to
eat less meat, because meat breaks down to make uric acid.

The doctor may give you medicines to prevent calcium and uric acid stones.

Points to Remember

Most stones will pass out of the body without a doctor's
help.

See your doctor if you have severe pain in your back or
side that will not go away.

See your doctor if you have blood in your urine (urine will
appear pink).

Drink lots of water to prevent more kidney stones from
forming.

When you pass a stone, try to catch it in a strainer to
show to your doctor.

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