Voting to reopen. The other "duplicates" don't really address this exact question with the possible exception of the first part of Do we believe in Heaven and Hell?. In any event, in none of those questions is this really answered.
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HodofHodSep 19 '11 at 21:01

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Note that while your question seems to draw a distinction between "unbelievers" on one hand and "those who are Jews" on the other, the status of being a Jew is not defined by belief. Someone whose mother is Jewish is Jewish regardless of belief. It's also possible to convert to being Jewish, and that presumably requires belief, but once a person has changed status through such conversion, that's also permanent regardless of belief.
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Isaac MosesSep 20 '11 at 13:55

3 Answers
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If by "unbelievers" you mean those who are not Jewish, then the answer is "no". The Talmud at Sanhedrin 105a says that the righteous of all nations shall have a place in the world to come. The question is "who is righteous?" As noted, a gentile who keeps the seven Noachide laws in all of their details is said to have attained the level of righteousness of the High Priest in Temple times. Baba Kamma 38a. Maimonides (the "Rambam") at Hilchot Melakim 8:11 confirmed that a gentile fully-observant of the Noachide laws has a place in the world to come.

If by "unbelievers" you are referring to apostate, atheistic, or agnostic Jews, then the answer is "it depends." If the person is an atheist or agnostic because he's never had an introduction to Judaism or knows what the commandments are, much less how to observe them, he could not be judged guilty for violating laws he did not know. On the other hand, someone who is especially sinful, and more so, one who causes others to sin, e.g. an adulterer or one who embarrasses others, according to some views, are doomed in Gehinnom forever. Baba Metzia 58b.

Another view, that of Hillel, is that (as Shalom noted) that the worst of sinners will suffer in Gehinnom for 12 months and then their souls will be destroyed into dust that will blanket Heaven and be walked upon by the righteous. Rosh Hashana 17a. Less aggregious sinners, however, will spend no more than 12 months in Gehinnom and then be raised up to Heaven. Ibid.

In addition, there is a view that eternal punishment exists for those who attack and defame Rabbinic Law. It is said that they will be boiled in feces for eternity. Gittin 57a. Which of these views is correct, no one is sure. The purpose of such speculation appears to be to motivate Jews towards certain behaviors rather than giving you a precise picture of what to expect.

Isn't it also true that Judaism does not even require belief from non-Jews, just abstention from idol worship or cursing God?
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Isaac MosesSep 20 '11 at 14:07

It seems that you mean "chasidei" vs. "chachmei" (Hilchot Melachim 8:14), and that, at least according to the Rambam, basic belief is indeed required for a gentile to "have a share in the World to Come" (whatever that means). I'm not sure what the implication is of saying that a gentile who keeps the 7 Mitzvot without belief is a member of "chachmeihem," but it's presumably at least neutral.
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Isaac MosesSep 20 '11 at 14:58

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"except for a few special cases" does include certain important beliefs (The Mishnah lists a couple, the Rambam a few more).
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Ariel KSep 20 '11 at 15:07

This is true, except for guys named Squidjibob... Halacha doesn't like him very much. (sorry, couldn't resist)
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aviSep 20 '11 at 20:58

There are many different views on these matters. The Rambam in Moreh Nevuchim seems to take an original view that there is no such thing as hell. The righteous and wise will reach a level where their soul continues after death, but the wicked will cease to exist. The Rambam seems to hold that those who do not have the right beliefs will not be able to be continue to exist for eternity. On the other hand, if someone sinned but overall was righteous, then he should be able to acquire olam haba.

What are those "right beliefs?" Notice that God seems to speak favorably about Cyrus, a worshiper of Marduk. answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100308225829AA6TX8v Cyrus is a nice king that allow jews to return from babylonian exile. It's just that his God is simply not YHWH for obvious reason that his parent is not jewish. What about chinese that worship Shang Ti? Christians now "market" to chinese that Shang Ti is the same God with YHWH.
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Jim ThioNov 15 '11 at 4:27