LL.B.
The
Bachelor of LawsBachelor of Laws (Latin: Legum nrm Baccalaureus; LL.B. or B.L.) is
an undergraduate degree in law (or a first professional degree in law,
depending on jurisdiction) originating in
EnglandEngland and offered in Japan
and most common law jurisdictions—except the United States and
Canada—as the degree which allows a person to become a lawyer.[1] It
historically served this purpose in the U.S. as well, but was phased
out in the mid-1960s in favor of the
Juris DoctorJuris Doctor degree, and Canada
followed suit.
Historically, in Canada,
Bachelor of LawsBachelor of Laws was the name of the first
degree in common law, but is also the name of the first degree in
Quebec civil law awarded by a number of Quebec universities. Canadian
common-law LL.B. programmes were, in practice, second-entry
professional degrees, meaning that the vast majority of those admitted
to an LL.B
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Hanyu PinyinHanyu PinyinHanyu PinyinRomanizationRomanization (simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音;
traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音), often abbreviated to pinyin, is
the official romanization system for
Standard ChineseStandard Chinese in mainland
ChinaChina and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard
Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters.
The system includes four diacritics denoting tones.
PinyinPinyin without
tone marks is used to spell
Chinese names and words in languages
written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input
methods to enter Chinese characters.
The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists,
including Zhou Youguang,[1] based on earlier form romanizations of
Chinese
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Chinese Surname
Chinese surnames are used by
Han ChineseHan Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups
in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, Korea,
Singapore, Indonesia,
VietnamVietnam and among overseas Chinese communities.
In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing (Chinese:
姓; pinyin: xìng) or clan names, and shi (Chinese: 氏; pinyin:
shì) or lineage names.
Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children
(in adoption, the adoptee usually also takes the same surname). Women
do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places
with more Western influences such as Hong Kong. Traditionally Chinese
surnames have been exogamous.[1][2]
The colloquial expressions laobaixing (老百姓; lit. "old hundred
surnames") and bǎixìng (百姓, lit
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Alma MaterAlma materAlma mater (Latin: alma "nourishing/kind", mater "mother"; pl. [rarely
used] almae matres) is an allegorical
LatinLatin phrase for a university or
college. In English, this is largely a U.S. usage referring to a
school or university from which an individual has graduated or to a
song or hymn associated with a school.[1] The phrase is variously
translated as "nourishing mother", "nursing mother", or "fostering
mother", suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to
its students.[2] Fine arts will often depict educational institutions
using a robed woman as a visual metaphor.
Before its current usage,
Alma materAlma mater was an honorific title for
various
LatinLatin mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele,[3] and
later in Catholicism for the Virgin Mary
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Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin, Standard
Mandarin, or simply Mandarin, is a standard variety of Chinese that is
the sole official language of both
ChinaChina and
TaiwanTaiwan (de facto), and
also one of the four official languages of Singapore. Its
pronunciation is based on the
BeijingBeijing dialect, its vocabulary on the
Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular
Chinese.
Like other varieties of Chinese,
Standard ChineseStandard Chinese is a tonal language
with topic-prominent organization and subject–verb–object word
order. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final
consonants and tones than southern varieties
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Wade–Giles
Wade–Giles (/ˌweɪd ˈdʒaɪlz/), sometimes abbreviated
Wade,[citation needed] is a Romanization system for Mandarin Chinese.
It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade, during the
mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's
Chinese–English Dictionary of 1892.
Wade–Giles was the system of transcription in the English-speaking
world for most of the 20th century, used in standard reference books
and in English language books published before 1979. It replaced the
Nanking dialect-based romanization systems that had been common until
the late 19th century, such as the Postal Romanization (still used in
some place-names). In mainland China it has been entirely replaced by
the Hànyǔ Pīnyīn system approved in 1958. Outside mainland China,
it has mostly been replaced by Pīnyīn, even though Taiwan implements
a multitude of Romanization systems in daily life
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HokkienHokkienHokkien (/ˈhɒkiɛn, hɒˈkiɛn/;[a] from Chinese: 福建話; pinyin:
Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn-oē)[b] or Minnan
Proper[citation needed] (閩南語/閩南話), is a Southern Min
dialect group spoken in the
FujianFujian Province in Southeastern China,
Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the
PhilippinesPhilippines and other
parts of Southeast Asia, and by other overseas Chinese. Hokkien
originated in southern Fujian, the Min-speaking province. It is the
mainstream form of Southern Min.
It is closely related to Teochew, though it has limited mutual
intelligibility with it, whereas it is more distantly related to other
variants such as
HainaneseHainanese and Leizhou dialect
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PinyinHanyu PinyinHanyu PinyinRomanizationRomanization (simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音;
traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音), often abbreviated to pinyin, is
the official romanization system for
Standard ChineseStandard Chinese in mainland
ChinaChina and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard
Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters.
The system includes four diacritics denoting tones.
PinyinPinyin without
tone marks is used to spell
Chinese names and words in languages
written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input
methods to enter Chinese characters.
The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists,
including Zhou Youguang,[1] based on earlier form romanizations of
Chinese
[...More...]

Tenant Farmer
A tenant farmer is one who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant
farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners
contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and
management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at
times varying amounts of capital and management. Depending on the
contract, tenants can make payments to the owner either of a fixed
portion of the product, in cash or in a combination. The rights the
tenant has over the land, the form, and measure of the payment varies
across systems (geographically and chronologically). In some systems,
the tenant could be evicted at whim (tenancy at will); in others, the
landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years
(tenancy for years or indenture)
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