July 29, 2014

The Dog Days of Summer started on July 23. This time of heat has nothing to do with dogs except for the greater visibility of Sirius, the dog star. It’s a great leftover from Roman religious belief that thought the brightest star in our vision added more heat to the summer sun. Ancients even sacrificed a brown dog to appease the rage of Sirius. During the sixteenth century, people believed that dogs went made during the Dog Days. The myth, however, is a good time to discuss new studies with our “best friends.”

Your dog is probably very sympathetic to your needs, according to a recent study from Hungary. The following comes from a NPR blog on health.

Dogs always seem to know when you’re upset and need extra love, even though they hardly understand a word of what you say. How can that be? Our four-legged friends have a little patch of their brain devoted to deciphering emotions in human and dog voices, scientists reported in the journal Current Biology.

And the neural circuitry acts surprisingly like the voice-detection device found in people’s brains. The happier the barks or giggles, the more that brain region lights up. The sadder the growls or whines, the less it responds. “It’s the first step to understanding how dogs can be so attuned to their owner’s feelings,” says Attila Andics, a neurobiologist at the MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group in Budapest, who led the study.

To find the brain region, Andics and his team first had to accomplish the seemingly impossible: Get 11 pooches to lie motionless inside an MRI brain scanning machine for nearly 10 minutes at a time, all while listening to nearly 200 people and dog noises. “They are happy volunteers in the scanner — you should just see it! They really are!” Andics tells Shots.

The voice detector in the dog brain (left) is in a location close to the detector region in the human brain

Other researchers have gotten a few dogs to sit still long enough in an MRI machine to analyze their brain activity. But the feat has never been accomplished with so many dogs and for such long periods of time.

“We really have no clue about what’s going on in the dog’s brain,” Andics says. “Now we can start to look at how our best friend looks at us and figure out what makes our alliance and communication with them so strong.”

Back in the late 1990s, Canadian scientists identified a part of the human brain devoted to recognizing people’s voices. The so-called voice area doesn’t process words or sentences. Rather, it figures out all the other information packed into sounds. For instance, who’s the person speaking? How is he feeling? Is she being snarky or serious? Silly or sardonic?

Andics and his team wanted to see if dogs had an analogous region in their brains. But how do you get an energetic border collie to sit still long enough to perform the experiment? “If they move more than a few millimeters, we have to start the scans again,” Andics says. He and his team started off with standard training methods: heaps of treats, praise and love.

But what really did the trick, Andics says, was brewing up a little bit of jealousy among the dogs. “We’d put an experienced dog up in the scanner, and he’d be up there sitting still,” Andics says. “Then we’d bring into the room a less experienced dog. And he’d get so jealous! He just wanted to be on the scanner bed like the other dog. It became the place of happiness.”

After about 20 training sessions apiece, Andics and his team had a pack of border collies and Labrador and golden retrievers all ready for their experiments. They put headphones on each dog and let them listen to three types of sounds: human voices, doggy voices and environmental noises, such as a phone ringing or a hammer hitting a nail. The team then looked to see which parts of the brain responded.

Lo and behold, just as with humans, the dogs have a little patch of neurons that light up most strongly when they hear voices of their own species — other dogs barking, growling or whining. There also was a region that was sensitive to emotional tones in both human and dog voices. And that area was in the same location as the one found in people — right in the back of the brain near the ears. “When you looked at how dogs respond to emotional cues in sounds, it’s very similar to how humans respond,” Andics says. “It’s in the same brain region … and is stronger with positive vocalizations than negative ones.”

So how do our furry companions tell a happy giggle from a sad sigh? “Like people, dogs use simple acoustic parameters to extract out the feelings from a sound,” Andics says. “For instance, when you laugh, ‘Ha ha ha,’ it has short, quick pieces. But if you make the pieces longer, ‘Haaaa, haaaa, haaaa,’ it starts to sound like crying or whining. This is what people — and dogs — pay attention to.”

They can be jealous. In a study, dogs got jealous over a stuffed dog but not with a book or plastic pumpkin. Their jealousy may come from an innate sense of fair play.

They need their teeth brushed, either with regular oral care of other dentrifices.

They don’t eat grass because they are sick. If dogs vomit after eating grass, it’s because they ate too fast. Eating grass is a common behavior.

They have far fewer taste buds than humans, about 1,700 for an average dog as compared to 9,000, but more than cats who have about 470 taste buds. The major difference is that dogs lack the salt cravings that humans do because, as carnivores, they get their sodium content from meat. Any fussiness comes from the dogs’ strong sense of smell.

My favorite dog breed: the standard poodle.

Dr. Greg Burns at Emory University is following up on the Hungarian research. If you live in the neighborhood and want to participate, look him up.