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Police involvement is seen as necessary in cases of murder, child abuse and obvious injustice, but in terms of everyday activities, youth perceive that police do not take the time to properly assess the situation before jumping to a conclusion and that they should be walking the streets more rather than driving around in cars. The research suggests stories among young people regarding what good policing might be are rare while stories regarding what bad policing is are very common. Both recognize communication might be an answer to improving the relationship, but little opportunities are forthcoming.
Book 2 – Arlacchi, P. (1998) ‘Some Observations on illegal Markets’ in Ruggiero, V. South, N. and Taylor, L. The New European Criminology. Crime and Social Order in Europe (London/New York: Routledge), pp 203- 215
Laws defining illegal products and services began to be developed as a reaction to the slave and opium trades in the 18th century. With the introduction of these laws, there has been increased activity in illegal markets as profit rates for these items have jumped. Illegal markets share many of the same attributes with legal markets and consists of two main components: the competitive sector and the oligopolistic sector who has the ability to combine economic, political and military resources. Where illegal markets differ is in the frequent presence of multifaceted organizational entities, high transaction costs that foster invisible exchange networks and the absence of a formal apparatus that works to ensure transactions are handled smoothly. This activity depends on available capital, violence and inaction on the part of enforcing agencies. These criminal networks are hidden in commercial diasporas, communication links created by extensive migration and power networks.
Corruption becomes possible when an agent, a principal and a third party whose gains and losses depend upon the agent come together.
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For instance, the European Commission’s Regulation No. 1049/2001 which very specifically details rules and regulations governing the public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents. Article 8 of the regulation states that “personal data shall only be transferred to recipients … (b) if the recipient establishes the necessity of having the data transferred …” (Regulation 1049/2001). Although this law is not at all related to the data protection of banks and their customers, it does give us an impression of how serious the EC is in protecting the integrity of data.In saying that the laws that we have on data protection have adequately addressed the needs of banks and custom...

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This expression of willingness can assume several forms, such as a facsimile, letter, electronic mail or a telephonic message. The intention is an objective consideration and in the case of Smith v, Hughes 4 relevant consideration was deemed to be the manner in which a reasonable person would view intention. Furthermore, the law distinguishes between an offer and an invitation to treat. The latter is not an offer but merely an indication of willingness to negotiate a contract.

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When examining the decision of previous court comments that are made obiter dicta will not be part of the precedent since often obiter dicta comments are speculative remarks on how the judge might have acted if the facts had been different.

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Under the English criminal law, several past and current legislations were made in order to protect the children from corporal punishment or becoming a victim of physical abuse. Despite our effort to prevent parents from using physical force in disciplining their children, the British Government remains unconvinced that the law which protects the children from physical punishment is sufficient (Keating, 2008). Physical punishment such as ‘smacking’, ‘slapping’, ‘kicking’, or ‘spanking’ is referring to the act of causing a degree of pain or discomfort to the child. (Niland, 2009, p. 6) With regard to the legal issues behind child protection against physical abuse, this study aims to d...

Using children to fight wars is not only morally abhorrent but very bad very the physical and mental health of the children in question. That is in part why a series of international laws and treaties have come into effect to try to deal with this scourge. But the issue is more complicated than that. While child soldiers are victims of war crimes, they too can also perpetrate serious breaches of the law of armed conflict. Under normal circumstances, individuals who commit such acts, be they combatants or not,2 would be vulnerable to prosecution. However, because children in such situations are victims as well as perpetrators and because of the special protections afforded to children under international law, many have questioned w...

New and complex issues have arisen which demanded fresh understanding and handling of cases involved them. This has resulted in the enhanced development of specialized laws e.g. cyber laws and interpretation of those laws. The same is true with Media Laws. Media has developed much in the last half-century. As it evolved as a profession and more people started to join it, there arose the levels of money involved in it. With this grew the contractual obligations on the parts of parties and concerned laws e.g. patent laws, privacy laws, and copyrights laws, etc. also started to play their parts. With these issues, the role of law in the media industry also reached a new height.Mathew Fisher, the appellant, joined a band with Mr...

For instance, in Partridge v Crittenden, it was held that an advertisement is tantamount to an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden, 1968). However, there are exceptions, where an advertisement is considered to be an offer. An example is provided by the Carbolic Smoke Ball case. In this case, the defendant’s contention that its newspaper advertisement was not an offer was rejected by the court; as the plaintiff had complied with the terms of the offer (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 1892).

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For instance, Section 82(1) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 provides statutory protection to workers who are working under a contract personally to execute any work or labor. It also covers self-employed people2.

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