I've often been told by people that I shouldn't refreeze meat (particularly hamburger meat) once it has been thawed. However, this seems a little silly to me. I can't imagine how meat that hasn't been bought fresh and local could find its way to my kitchen with out thawing and being refrozen a couple of times. How much damage can one more thawing and refreezing really do? Can it really be that dangerous disease wise? Or is this just one of those urban myths?

I know this is an old question, but I just wanted to let you know that it helped me. We were affected by Sandy -- our power was out for two days. We had frozen bottles of water in our stand-alone freezer to keep it cold, and didn't open it. When our power came back, the freezer's temperature display said it was only 34 degrees inside. So I know that my meat is safe, but could lose some texture. One of the reasons I love this site!
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Martha F.Nov 3 '12 at 15:29

Foods left in the danger zone for a period longer than four hours are considered adulterated. Additionally, one should be fully aware that the four-hour period is cumulative, meaning that the meter starts running again every time the food enters the danger zone. Therefore, once the four-hour period has been exceeded, heating, cooling, or any other cooking method cannot recover foods.

Except then meats are adulterated from the moment you buy them in the grocery store. They spend a full eight hour day - sometimes much longer - sitting in the cooler. They aren't frozen then, they're in the danger zone! According to that, meat from the grocery store is already spoiled from the moment you buy it.
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Daniel BinghamJul 21 '10 at 6:35

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The cooler at the grocery store should be around 30°F. If its above 40, you should call your local health department.
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derobertJul 21 '10 at 8:05

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It isn't an enclosed cooler. At every grocery store I've ever been in has been the same. Open topped cooler for the meat and the contained meat is clearly nowhere near being frozen. The cooler may be set to 30 degrees F, but I doubt the meat is below 40 degrees F.
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Daniel BinghamJul 22 '10 at 0:02

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@DanielBingham The meat is the temperature of the cooler, which, as derobert said, should be well below 40F. And if it's not then call the health department who will promptly shut them down. The fact that the cooler is open is irrelevant. (Cold air sinks, remember?)
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Carey GregoryJun 28 '13 at 15:57

As the water in the muscle fibers freezes it expands and creates a mushy texture. The reason that commercially frozen meat has less degradation of texture is due to the speed at which they can freeze things. The quicker that freezing takes place the smaller the ice crystals will be. Home freezers are best at keeping frozen foods frozen but take much longer than commercial freezers to do the actual freezing.

If the food was properly thawed, re-freezing once will probably have a minimal impact on texture but it's going to depend on the item. Ground meats such as ground beef probably won't be noticeable vs. a steak or other cut that normally has a fairly tight muscle structure.

The answer depends on how the meat was thawed. If you read any of the health and safety documentation it tends to stipulate that meat thawed in a refrigerator can be safety refrozen. Meat thawed by other methods, particularly if the temperature reaches 40°F–140°F (4°C–60°C) should be cooked before refreezing.

In addition to freezing altering taste and textures by damaging cells and co, there are safety reasons to avoid refreezing. In France at least, all commercial frozen food have to display the "never refreeze unfrozen products" warning on the package.

The official explanation (I didn't look for scientific studies) is that when you defreeze on the first time, frost-proof bacterias will have few competitors because the initial freezing has killed most of other bacterias, they will have easy-to-digest food because the initial freezing has dismantled cells, and they will have further ideal development conditions because of the slow increase of temperature. So at first, it's likely to find more bacterias of a single kind in unfrozen food than in never frozen food with the same unfrozen lifetime (of course you may have more bacterias in the never frozen food, but of many species, I guess), though not at a dangerous level. Then, unless you have industrial equipment or your dish is packaged in very thin layers, the refrozing is slow, so bacterias have even more time to develop in such good conditions. So after being fully refrozen the product will have much more bacterias (of each surviving frost-proof species) than the original, possibly at a non-safe level. Of course it will be even worse next time, since bacterias follow an exponential growth (I guess once they're not in the exponential phase anymore, it's way too late already…).

So it seems not only the danger zone issue is hidden (one wrongly assumes that once in the freezer, the food is not in the danger zone anymore, but it takes some time to freeze, depending on the size), but there are specific issues because of conditions generated by the freezing.

On a side note, it's surprising how safety advices depend on the country (I guess). People on cooking.SE usually strongly advise to follow the US agencies "2 hours in danger zone" recommendation (interesting to note that the quote on JYelton's answer mentions 4 hours instead of 2). French (European ?) agencies recommend the same, but insist much more (it's my feeling at least) on the refreezing issue, and I'd bet much more French people are aware of the latter than of the former (probably because of the mandatory mention on packages).

The reason why you will see both 2 and 4 hours as reference for the "danger zone": It is 4 hours total, e.g. when a restaurant gets it straight from the butcher. When a consumer buys meat from a supermarket, it is conservatively assumed that on its way from the butcher to the supermarket, and from the supermarket to the home, it spends 2 out of the 4 hours in the danger zone, so it only has 2 hours "left".
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rumtscho♦Oct 24 '13 at 18:17

Frozen food should be consumed quickly after it is defrosted. Do this within 1 week after the first defrost and 24 hours after the second. Red meat is the fastest decaying food and it's already been frozen before getting into your freezer.

A study indicates that refreezing food adds risks for contamination because freezing the meat ruptures the muscles in such a way that bacteria can travel from the surface to the interior. Each additional thaw allows the bacteria to expand in areas normally not affected by the bacteria.

This is a popular news article describing (despite their misuse of the words) a hypothesis for further research, not a well developed explanation or observed phenomenon. There are no checkable references. I would not rate this high on the credibility scale. Even if it is a factor, the standard methods for ensuring food safety are sufficiently conservative that I would not worry about this as a factor. Basically, his hypothesis, if proven (and I doubt that it will be) would say that any frozen meat is the same as ground (minced) meat in terms of risk. This is still very managable.
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SAJ14SAJOct 13 '13 at 16:55

Leaving for a trip, I bought frozen foods - vegetables and sausages - and kept them in a freezer bag on the train journey, imaging they would not unfreeze ...

Wrong - they did.

On arrival, I immediately refroze the defrosted foods, then cooked them properly (and very thoroughly) the next day, straight from the freezer (the meat correctly thawed in a microwave) and ate them straight away ...

I am lucky to be alive to tell the tale.

I had very bad food poisoning, tingling at the extremiites, trembling, and other syptoms, but, unfortunately, was unable to retch and get rid of the food that way. I had to wait for it to pass.

I spent a grisly few hours, and am convinced I survive because of an iron constitution : I am rarely ill, never suffer from food- poisoning, and eat all sorts of things which would flatten a mere mortal.

Take it from me - whilst it may be possible to safely refreeze under certain conditions, don't risk it ... ever !

You don't indicate what temperature the food got up to; there's a huge difference between thawing something in the refrigerator and letting it come up to room temperature for a few hours. Also, it's not clear from your story, but most people tend to associate food poisoning with the last thing they ate, which is completely natural and almost always wrong since most foodborne illnesses have an onset of at least 1-3 days. I'm the last person on this site to suggest cavalierness about food safety, but the accepted answer here is correct, and this one is anecdotal, not scientific or authoritative.
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Aaronut♦Jan 29 '13 at 1:01