The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanwı Turks, Turkish: Osmanwı Türkweri) were de Turkish-speaking popuwation of de Ottoman Empire who formed de base of de state's miwitary and ruwing cwasses. Rewiabwe information about de earwy history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but dey take deir Turkish name, Osmanwı ("Osman" being corrupted in some European wanguages as "Ottoman"), from de house of Osman I (reigned ca. 1299–1326), de founder of de dynasty dat ruwed de Ottoman Empire for its entire 624 years. After de expansion from its home in Bidynia, de Ottoman principawity began incorporating oder Turkish-speaking Muswims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming de Ottoman Turks and uwtimatewy de Turks of de present. The Ottoman Turks bwocked aww wand routes to Europe by conqwering de city of Constantinopwe, de capitaw city of de Byzantine–East Roman Empire, and Europeans had to find oder ways to trade wif Eastern countries.[1]

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The "Ottomans" became first known to de West in de 14f century when dey migrated westward into de Sewjuk Empire, in Anatowia. The Ottoman Turks created a state in Western Anatowia under Ertugruw, de capitaw of which was Sögüt in western Anatowia. Ertugruw estabwished a principawity as part of de decaying Sewjuk empire. His son Osman expanded de principawity; de empire and de peopwe were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded de growing Ottoman Empire, taking Nicaea (present-day İznik) and crossed de Dardanewwes in 1362. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured de Byzantine Empire's capitaw, Constantinopwe (present-day Istanbuw), in 1453.[2]

Not aww Ottomans were Muswims and not aww Ottoman Muswims were Turks, but by 1923, de majority of peopwe wiving widin de borders of de new Turkish repubwic identified as Turks. (Notabwe exceptions were de Kurds and de few remaining Armenians, Georgians and Greeks.)

The conqwest of Constantinopwe began to make de Ottomans de ruwers of one of de most profitabwe empires, connected to de fwourishing Iswamic cuwtures of de time, and at de crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major devewopments in cawwigraphy, writing, waw, architecture, and miwitary science, and became de standard of opuwence.

The earwy Yâkût period was suppwanted in de wate 15f century by a new stywe pioneered by Şeyh Hamduwwah (1429–1520), which became de basis for Ottoman cawwigraphy, focusing on de Nesih version of de script, which became de standard for copying de Quran (see Iswamic cawwigraphy).

The next great change in Ottoman cawwigraphy came from de stywe of Hâfiz Osman (1642–1698), whose rigorous and simpwified stywe found favor wif an empire at its peak of territoriaw extent and governmentaw burdens.

The wate cawwigraphic stywe of de Ottomans was created by Mustafa Râkim (1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's stywe, pwacing greater emphasis on technicaw perfection, which broadened de cawwigraphic art to encompass de süwüs script as weww as de Nesih script.

Ottoman poetry incwuded epic wengf verse, but is better Known for shorter forms such as de gazew. For exampwe de epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his Awexander de Great. His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on wove and romance. Yaziji-Ogwu produced a rewigious epic on Mohammed's wife, drawing from de stywistic advances of de previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.

By de 14f century, de Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works avaiwabwe to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a fwowering of miniatures dat depicted pageantry, daiwy wife, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicwed events.

By de wate 18f century, European infwuences in painting were cwear, wif de introduction of oiws, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition, uh-hah-hah-hah.