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Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 8: State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India Megasthene, Seleucid Emperor
* Lived during late 4 and early 3 century bce.
* Indika, long lost book, quotations of the respect on Indian land, people, and society. * Ant story
* Monstrous human beings
* Fertile land
* 2 harvest/yr of grain
* Pataliputra, capital
* Near Ganges river with timber wall with 570 towers & 64 gates. * Large armies with war elephants
* Ascetic lifestyles & veg diets
* Wealthy land that supported a distinctive society with well-established cultural traditions Mauryan Dynasty
* Kingdom of Magadha
* In 520 bce, Cyrus, Persia’s emperor created the Gandhara kingdom. * Alexander of Macedon crushed the kingdom.
* Kingdom of Magadha took the spot of main leader of the region * Central Ganges plains
* Wealth = fields and trade
* 500 bcemost important State in NE India.
* Chandragupta Maurya
* First state to bring centralized and unified government * By 321 bce overthrew ruling emperors
* 4 century bce conquered all N. lands
* Kautalya – advisor of government
* Arthashastra- book created to show principles of government and their power * Created a bureaucratic admin system
* Son succeeded him in 297 bce.
* Ashoka-grandson of Chandragupta
* Reigned 268-232 bce
* Gained the last piece of land, Kalinga.
* Important to trade (from sea & land)
* Conqueror > governor
* Created the capital city of pataliputra
* Encourage agriculture by irrigation systems.
* Encouraged trade by building roads
* Died in 232 b.c.e. & empire declined immediately

* Ancient times – ritual sacrifices by Brahmins to Gods for large harvests and herds. * Exemption from taxes and honor.

* Jainism
* Popular in 6th century b.c.e. by Vardhamana Mavira (the great hero) who turned Jain. * Born in 540 bce.
* Prominent kshatriya family.
* Created the Jina (the conqueror), disciples of the religion. * Doctrine influence by Upanishads.
* Believed everything in the universe possessed a soul (even inanimate objects) * Purification was an only choice
* Purified by ahima, nonviolence to other living things or their souls. *...

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The Silk Road
● Origins and Operations
● The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via
Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia
● There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road:
● (1) 150 B.C.E.–907 C.E.
● (2) The thirteenth through seventeenth centuries C.E.
● The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central
Asian nomads
● Regular, large­scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products
(particularly horses).
● Trade was also increased by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the
markets in Mesopotamia.
● New Crops
● In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops as
well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones
● China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk,
pottery, and paper
●
Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia
● Sythians
● The Silk Road depended on pastoral nomads to provide animals, animal handlers, and
protection.
● Herodotus describes the Scythians who were superb riders, herdsmen, and hunters.
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● They moved around regularly and efficiently to prevent overgrazing.
● Their homes were felt fabric spread over a lightweight framework.
● The Nomadic Lifestyle
●...

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...﻿CHAPTER 7
India and Southeast Asia, 1500 b.c.e.–1025 c.e.
I0. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 b.c.e.–300 c.e.
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