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R3. Fault detection — It must be possible to detect exceptions both locally (in the processes where the exception occurred,) and remotely (we should be able to detect that an exception has occurred in a non-local process). R4. Fault identification — We should be able to identify why an exception occurred. R5. Code upgrade — there should exist mechanisms to change code as it is executing, and without stopping the system. 28 CHAPTER 2. THE ARCHITECTURAL MODEL R6. Stable storage — we need to store data in a manner which survives a system crash.

There should be no shared state between processes. Processes interact by sending messages. If you know the Pid of a process then you can send a message to the process. 5. Message passing is assumed to be unreliable with no guarantee of delivery. 6. It should be possible for one process to detect failure in another process. We should also know the reason for failure. Note that COPLs must provide true concurrency, thus objects represented as processes are truly concurrent, and messages between processes are true asynchronous messages, unlike the disguised remote procedure calls found in many object-oriented languages.

Lines 5 to 14 have two function definitions. 5. Line 6 is a call to the function sum in the module lists. 6. Lines 7 to 9 are a call to the function map/2 in the module lists. )). The dicerence is accounted for by the import declaration in line 3, which says that the function map/2 is to be found in the module lists. 7. Line 8 creates a fun which is the first argument to map. 8. Lines 11 to 14 contain the function area/1. This function has two clauses. The first clause is in lines 11 to 12, the second in lines 13 to 14, the clauses are separated by a semi-colon.