The radiographical and pathological findings suggest that RMC probably originates in the calyceal epithelium in or near the renal papillae, which could be the result of chronic ischemic damage in the renal papillae epithelium by sickled erythrocytes.

These foci of various sizes can also be due to mucosal sloughing and accumulation of proteinacious material adjacent to the tips of the renal papillae and calyceal cups which latter on undergo calcifications, as diabetes is known to cause calcifications at various locations.

2) If singular, this stone is often multifaceted and large--said to be staghorn in shape; but often it can be multiple stones that fragment to fill up and conform to the shape of the renal calyceal system.

Whole-cell dialysis of calyceal terminals with glutamate-free solution decreases the amplitude of EPsCs because of time-dependent glutamate leakage out of vesicles and a use-dependent increase in the number of empty vesicles after recycling (Fig.

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