The purpose of this case study was to examine the contribution of the pre-service interventions within the Reading for Ethiopia’s Achievement Developed Technical Assistance (READ-TA) program, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from October 2012 through December 2017. Of particular interest were revisions of the mother tongue pre-service teacher education program and the related professional development for teacher educators and student teachers (we use... Show moreThe purpose of this case study was to examine the contribution of the pre-service interventions within the Reading for Ethiopia’s Achievement Developed Technical Assistance (READ-TA) program, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from October 2012 through December 2017. Of particular interest were revisions of the mother tongue pre-service teacher education program and the related professional development for teacher educators and student teachers (we use the term teacher educators to refer to the lecturers and instructors at the colleges of teacher education and the term student teachers to refer to the students at colleges of teacher education, also referred to in Ethiopia as “teacher-trainees” and “wouldbe- teachers”). The professional development activities included engagement of these educators in module development, adaptation of the modules and related materials into seven mother tongues,2 and training on the module contents. The objectives of this chapter are to describe the extent to which teacher educators’ involvement across multiple initiatives promoted changes in conceptions of literacy instruction; depth of understanding of literacy content; and student-centered, participatory teaching and learning pedagogy. (For this chapter, the term literacy encompasses reading, writing, speaking, and listening.) To document changes in conceptions, knowledge, and skills, we collected data throughout the life of the project to gather teacher educators’ reflections on learning processes, changes in teaching practices, and student teachers’ readiness to teach the new primary curriculum. Show less

This chapter reviews basic concepts about the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and its global climatic impacts. It also highlights progress in understanding, observing, and predicting ENSO timescale variations, focusing on the 2015–16 El Niño as a case study. This El Niño was one of the strongest on record; its evolution and many of its far-field impacts were remarkably well predicted at lead times of 6–9 months. Despite progress to date, however, there are many outstanding issues... Show moreThis chapter reviews basic concepts about the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and its global climatic impacts. It also highlights progress in understanding, observing, and predicting ENSO timescale variations, focusing on the 2015–16 El Niño as a case study. This El Niño was one of the strongest on record; its evolution and many of its far-field impacts were remarkably well predicted at lead times of 6–9 months. Despite progress to date, however, there are many outstanding issues that need to be addressed to improve our understanding and ability to predict ENSO. Show less

Wind-generated waves dominate sea surface motions for periods shorter than 300 seconds. Waves are of interest for many applications ranging from navigation safety to ocean and coastal engineering. Waves also define air-sea fluxes and have important interactions with surface currents, upper ocean turbulence, and sea ice. Given the general focus of this book, we emphasize here the successes of wave forecasting methods, starting with a review of basic principles and how wave energy and momentum... Show moreWind-generated waves dominate sea surface motions for periods shorter than 300 seconds. Waves are of interest for many applications ranging from navigation safety to ocean and coastal engineering. Waves also define air-sea fluxes and have important interactions with surface currents, upper ocean turbulence, and sea ice. Given the general focus of this book, we emphasize here the successes of wave forecasting methods, starting with a review of basic principles and how wave energy and momentum are modeled. In particular, we discuss the connection between wave modeling and remote sensing, and opportunities for joint measurements of currents and waves. A more detailed account of wave research and applications to geosciences can be found in Ardhuin (2018). Show less

In recent years, high-resolution (“eddying”) global three-dimensional ocean general circulation models have begun to include astronomical tidal forcing alongside atmospheric forcing. Such models can carry an internal tide field with a realistic amount of nonstationarity, and an internal gravity wave continuum spectrum that compares more closely with observations as model resolution increases. Global internal tide and gravity wave models are important for understanding the three-dimensional... Show moreIn recent years, high-resolution (“eddying”) global three-dimensional ocean general circulation models have begun to include astronomical tidal forcing alongside atmospheric forcing. Such models can carry an internal tide field with a realistic amount of nonstationarity, and an internal gravity wave continuum spectrum that compares more closely with observations as model resolution increases. Global internal tide and gravity wave models are important for understanding the three-dimensional geography of ocean mixing, for operational oceanography, and for simulating and interpreting satellite altimeter observations. Here we describe the most important technical details behind such models, including atmospheric forcing, bathymetry, astronomical tidal forcing, self-attraction and loading, quadratic bottom boundary layer drag, parameterized topographic internal wave drag, shallow-water tidal equations, and a brief summary of the theory of linear internal gravity waves. We focus on simulations run with two models, the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). We compare the modeled internal tides and internal gravity wave continuum to satellite altimeter observations, moored observational records, and the predictions of the Garrett-Munk (1975) internal gravity wave continuum spectrum. We briefly examine specific topics of interest, such as tidal energetics, internal tide nonstationarity, and the role of nonlinearities in generating the modeled internal gravity wave continuum. We also describe our first attempts at using a Kalman filter to improve the accuracy of tides embedded within a general circulation model. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of modeling stationary internal tides, non-stationary internal tides, and the internal gravity wave continuum spectrum for satellite altimetry and other applications. Show less

Sea ice is a fascinating media, of which modelling is in its infancy compared to the ocean and atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the new frontiers in sea ice modelling and forecasting, with particular attention on sea ice dynamics. It is divided in two sections: 1) New frontiers in sea ice modelling and 2) New frontiers in sea ice forecasting. In the first section, we describe ice pack dynamics and then concentrate on the representation of sea ice dynamics in continuous models. A sub... Show moreSea ice is a fascinating media, of which modelling is in its infancy compared to the ocean and atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the new frontiers in sea ice modelling and forecasting, with particular attention on sea ice dynamics. It is divided in two sections: 1) New frontiers in sea ice modelling and 2) New frontiers in sea ice forecasting. In the first section, we describe ice pack dynamics and then concentrate on the representation of sea ice dynamics in continuous models. A sub-section discusses the potential impacts on the ocean and atmosphere of explicitly resolving some features related to sea ice dynamics, in particular the opening and closing of leads, in coupled modelling systems. In the second section, we point out three important constraints on sea ice forecasting related to 1) potentially large biases in the near real-time data, 2) time-varying biases in the external forcing, and 3) far-from-equilibrium dynamical state. These points are explored by addressing the two following questions: “How can we beat ice charts persistency?” and “Can we predict sea ice fracturing and deformation days in advance?” Show less

Sea level rise is naturally a topic of concern to many Floridians. Our intention in this chapter is to give the reader enough information on this topic to inform decisions about future adaptation strategies. We begin by reviewing how we measure sea level and the reasons that sea level can change. At the global level, the problem is relatively simple in that globally averaged sea level can only increase if water is added to the ocean or the ocean warms. The situation is more complicated at the... Show moreSea level rise is naturally a topic of concern to many Floridians. Our intention in this chapter is to give the reader enough information on this topic to inform decisions about future adaptation strategies. We begin by reviewing how we measure sea level and the reasons that sea level can change. At the global level, the problem is relatively simple in that globally averaged sea level can only increase if water is added to the ocean or the ocean warms. The situation is more complicated at the local level, where variations can occur (e.g., due to changes in wind and ocean current patterns, and differences in vertical land motion rates). We present summaries of global sea level change over several time scales, ranging from the modern day to the geological records. Although we have confidence in estimates of the rate of global mean sea level change, determining from observations whether the rate is increasing, or accelerating, is more challenging. Over the next century, sea level change in Florida is expected to follow the global trend reasonably closely, but on shorter time scales and in different localities some variations are inevitable. We end with a discussion of the future sea level rise projections for Florida that should form the basis for efforts to plan adaptation strategies. Show less

Satellite SST and SSS Observations and Their Roles to Constrain Ocean Models.

Creator

Lee, Tong, Gentemann, Chelle

Abstract/Description

Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are important parameters of the ocean that influence ocean circulation, air-sea interactions, and biogeochemistry. In the past few decades, since SST measurements from space have become routine, they have been fundamental to ocean and climate research. In the past several years, satellite measurements of SSS have become available to strengthen research and applications for the oceans and the linkages with other elements of the Earth... Show moreSea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are important parameters of the ocean that influence ocean circulation, air-sea interactions, and biogeochemistry. In the past few decades, since SST measurements from space have become routine, they have been fundamental to ocean and climate research. In the past several years, satellite measurements of SSS have become available to strengthen research and applications for the oceans and the linkages with other elements of the Earth system. This chapter introduces the key principles and advantages of measuring SST and SSS from space, their complementarity use with other satellite and in situ observations, the past and current missions for these measurements, characteristics of uncertainties for the related data products, and the utility of these measurements in evaluating and constraining ocean model/assimilation systems and improving forecasts. Show less

The chapter starts with an overview of satellite oceanography, its role and use for operational oceanography. Main principles of satellite oceanography techniques are summarized. We then describe key techniques of radar altimetry, sea surface temperature, and ocean colour remote sensing. This includes measurement principles, data processing issues, and the use of data for operational oceanography. Synthetic aperture radar, scatterometry, sea ice and sea surface salinity measurements are also... Show moreThe chapter starts with an overview of satellite oceanography, its role and use for operational oceanography. Main principles of satellite oceanography techniques are summarized. We then describe key techniques of radar altimetry, sea surface temperature, and ocean colour remote sensing. This includes measurement principles, data processing issues, and the use of data for operational oceanography. Synthetic aperture radar, scatterometry, sea ice and sea surface salinity measurements are also briefly described. Techniques used to assess the impact of present and future satellite observations for ocean analysis and forecasting are reviewed. We also discuss future requirements for satellite observations. Main prospects are given in the conclusion. Show less

Shelf and Coastal Ocean Observing and Modeling Systems: A New Frontier in Operational Oceanography.

Creator

Roughan, Moninya, Kerry, Colette, McComb, Peter

Abstract/Description

One of the new frontiers in operational oceanography includes progress in observing and modeling the coastal ocean. In addition to this, it is becoming increasingly important to bring operational oceanographic data to industry in a usable format. We use the case study of Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and its application to the East Australian Current to introduce some of the latest ideas about shelf and coastal ocean observing and modeling, and its applications to... Show moreOne of the new frontiers in operational oceanography includes progress in observing and modeling the coastal ocean. In addition to this, it is becoming increasingly important to bring operational oceanographic data to industry in a usable format. We use the case study of Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and its application to the East Australian Current to introduce some of the latest ideas about shelf and coastal ocean observing and modeling, and its applications to operational oceanography. Show less

The concept of “coupled modelling” is a broad one with many different meanings and understandings within the operational oceanography community and beyond. Here we focus specifically on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and how these are developing for different timescale prediction systems. After a general introduction, we briefly describe the status of coupled modelling on climate timescales (the most mature area), followed by seasonal and decadal timescales. We then consider short- and... Show moreThe concept of “coupled modelling” is a broad one with many different meanings and understandings within the operational oceanography community and beyond. Here we focus specifically on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and how these are developing for different timescale prediction systems. After a general introduction, we briefly describe the status of coupled modelling on climate timescales (the most mature area), followed by seasonal and decadal timescales. We then consider short- and medium-range coupled timescales which are the least mature, but the area of most relevance to the future of operational oceanography (and numerical weather prediction). The third section describes new frontier applications of these systems on the different timescales. Finally, we provide some concluding remarks on coupled modelling in the fourth section. Show less

Jellyfish includes creatures that are mostly constituted by water and have a gelatinous consistency. In this chapter, after providing a biological description of these organisms, the scales of variability associated to their life cycle and framing their dynamics in the context of the climate change, I review the diverse initiatives and management of coastal jellyfish swarms. Jellyfish swarms have relevant social and economic implications; however, systematic and periodic data of jellyfish... Show moreJellyfish includes creatures that are mostly constituted by water and have a gelatinous consistency. In this chapter, after providing a biological description of these organisms, the scales of variability associated to their life cycle and framing their dynamics in the context of the climate change, I review the diverse initiatives and management of coastal jellyfish swarms. Jellyfish swarms have relevant social and economic implications; however, systematic and periodic data of jellyfish occurrences along beaches is sparse. This data would help us to understand the inter-annual variability of the episodes of high jellyfish abundances and its potential relation to variable environmental conditions. Joint strategies with tools available to scientist, administration, policymakers, and stakeholders can optimize the cost of gathering these in situ data and maximize the benefit obtained from its scientific analysis. Three case studies of jellyfish blooms are presented, from which we can infer the importance of co-creation with stakeholders emerges as a key issue to allow for a solid understanding of the episodes and the implementation of appropriate knowledge-based future mitigation actions. Show less

Characterizing and forecasting the state of the ocean is essential for various scientific, management, commercial, and recreational applications. This is, however, a challenging problem due to the large, multiscale and nonlinear nature of the ocean state dynamics and the limited amount of observations. Combining all available information from numerical models describing the ocean dynamics, observations, and prior information has proven to be the most viable approach to determine the best... Show moreCharacterizing and forecasting the state of the ocean is essential for various scientific, management, commercial, and recreational applications. This is, however, a challenging problem due to the large, multiscale and nonlinear nature of the ocean state dynamics and the limited amount of observations. Combining all available information from numerical models describing the ocean dynamics, observations, and prior information has proven to be the most viable approach to determine the best estimates of the ocean state, a process called data assimilation (DA). DA is becoming widespread in many ocean applications; stimulated by continuous advancement in modeling, observational, and computational capabilities. This chapter offers a comprehensive presentation of the theory and methods of ocean DA, outlining its current status and recent developments, and discussing new directions and open questions. Casting DA as a Bayesian state estimation problem, the chapter will gradually advance from the basic principles of DA to its most advanced methods. Three-dimensional DA methods, 3DVAR and Optimal Interpolation, are first derived, before incorporating time and present the most popular, Gaussian-based DA approaches: 4DVAR, Kalman filters and smoothers methods, which exploit past and/or future observations. Ensemble Kalman methods are next introduced in their stochastic and deterministic formulations as a stepping-stone toward the more advanced nonlinear/non-Gaussian DA methods, Particle and Gaussian Mixture filters. Other sophisticated hybrid extensions aimed at exploiting the advantages of both ensemble and variational methods are also presented. The chapter then concludes with a discussion on the importance of properly addressing the uncertainties in the models and the data, and available approaches to achieve this through parameters estimation, model errors quantification, and coupled DA. Show less

High-resolution regional models of the ocean circulation are now operated on a routine basis using realistic setups in many regions of the world, with the aim to be used for both scientific purposes and practical applications involving decision-making processes. While the evaluation of these simulations is essential for the provision of reliable information to users and allows the identification of areas of model improvement, it also highlights several challenges. Observations are limited and... Show moreHigh-resolution regional models of the ocean circulation are now operated on a routine basis using realistic setups in many regions of the world, with the aim to be used for both scientific purposes and practical applications involving decision-making processes. While the evaluation of these simulations is essential for the provision of reliable information to users and allows the identification of areas of model improvement, it also highlights several challenges. Observations are limited and the real state of the ocean is, to a large extent, unknown at the short spatiotemporal scales resolved in these models. The skill of the model also generally varies with the region, variable, depth and the spatiotemporal scale under consideration. Moreover, the increased spatial resolution might require ad hoc metrics to properly reflect the model performance and reduce the impact of so-called “double-penalty” effects occurring when using point-topoint comparisons with features present in the model but misplaced with respect to the observations. Multiplatform observations currently collected through regional and coastal ocean observatories constitute very valuable databases to evaluate the simulations. Gliders, high frequency radars, moorings, Lagrangian surface drifters, and profiling floats all provide, with their own specific sampling capability, partial but accurate information about the ocean and its variability at different scales. This is complementary to the global measurements collected from satellites. Using a case study in the Western Mediterranean Sea, this chapter illustrates the opportunities offered by multi-platform measurements to assess the realism of highresolution regional model simulations. Show less

The exchange of heat and momentum through the air-sea surface are critical aspects of ocean forcing and ocean modeling. Over most of the global oceans, there are few in situ observations that can be used to estimate these fluxes. This chapter provides background on the calculation and application of air-sea fluxes, as well as the use of remote sensing to calculate these fluxes. Wind variability makes a large contribution to variability in surface fluxes, and the remote sensing of winds is... Show moreThe exchange of heat and momentum through the air-sea surface are critical aspects of ocean forcing and ocean modeling. Over most of the global oceans, there are few in situ observations that can be used to estimate these fluxes. This chapter provides background on the calculation and application of air-sea fluxes, as well as the use of remote sensing to calculate these fluxes. Wind variability makes a large contribution to variability in surface fluxes, and the remote sensing of winds is relatively mature compared to the air sea differences in temperature and humidity, which are the other key variables. Therefore, the remote sensing of wind is presented in greater detail. These details enable the reader to understand how the improper use of satellite winds can result in regional and seasonal biases in fluxes, and how to calculate fluxes in a manner that removes these biases. Examples are given of high-resolution applications of fluxes, which are used to indicate the strengths and weakness of satellite-based calculations of ocean surface fluxes. Show less

The Florida peninsula, with its close proximity to the equator surrounded by robust surface and deep water ocean currents, has a unique climate. Generally, its climate is mild with variations on numerous time scales, punctuated by periodic extreme weather events. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms by which some well-known natural variations impact the regional climate and modulate the occurrence of extreme weather over Florida and its neighboring oceans. In addition, we explore the... Show moreThe Florida peninsula, with its close proximity to the equator surrounded by robust surface and deep water ocean currents, has a unique climate. Generally, its climate is mild with variations on numerous time scales, punctuated by periodic extreme weather events. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms by which some well-known natural variations impact the regional climate and modulate the occurrence of extreme weather over Florida and its neighboring oceans. In addition, we explore the role of land cover and land use changes on the regional climate over the same area. It is made apparent from the review that remote variations of climate have an equally important impact on the regional climate of Florida as the local changes to land cover and land use. Show less

This chapter looks at how the impacts of climate change affect different parts of Florida. With more than 1500 miles of coastline that contains numerus differences in character between the state’s southern-most point in the Florida Keys to the northwest Florida Panhandle and northeast Florida in Jacksonville, it is easy to see why areas across the state are not all the same; temperature, rainfall rates, and even the potential for sea level rise can vary significantly depending on what part of... Show moreThis chapter looks at how the impacts of climate change affect different parts of Florida. With more than 1500 miles of coastline that contains numerus differences in character between the state’s southern-most point in the Florida Keys to the northwest Florida Panhandle and northeast Florida in Jacksonville, it is easy to see why areas across the state are not all the same; temperature, rainfall rates, and even the potential for sea level rise can vary significantly depending on what part of the state one is in. For example, southeast Florida and the Tampa Bay area are already dealing with sea level rise issues, but there is much work to be done in order to assess the risks and help identify potential solutions. Efforts to adapt to rising seas will need to draw upon prior research and current work to develop tool box strategies that involve the hard and soft components. A background of impacts to water resources (less rainfall has been detected) will be discussed. Show less

This chapter will examine the ethical role of librarians and academics in using, teaching, and promoting digital tools and emerging technologies in light of our professional values and offer guidance in moving forward without foregoing opportunities for innovation. Deeply reflecting on these technologies should become part of our philosophy and the philosophy that we impart upon our communities. Information professionals’ core value of social responsibility will be the focus of this... Show moreThis chapter will examine the ethical role of librarians and academics in using, teaching, and promoting digital tools and emerging technologies in light of our professional values and offer guidance in moving forward without foregoing opportunities for innovation. Deeply reflecting on these technologies should become part of our philosophy and the philosophy that we impart upon our communities. Information professionals’ core value of social responsibility will be the focus of this examination. Initially, a number of emerging trends will be examined to demonstrate the changing landscape in academic libraries. An analysis of online technologies’ effect on the social realm with emphasis on social responsibility will follow. I will then discuss personal information management concerns when using digital tools in the context of social responsibility with a focus on privacy in educational technology and academic libraries as well as the privacy paradox. I will recommend new roles for academic librarians to challenge these ethical dilemmas and uphold the core values of our profession. Case studies will be reviewed and practical applications will be suggested. The advancement of digital literacy and the integration of reflection in our professional practices emerge as key roles of information professionals as a result of this cultural shift. Show less

Date Issued

2018-02-22

Identifier

FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1519756116_d2d8d648

Format

Citation

Title

The Global Ocean Observing System.

Creator

Sloyan, Bernadette M., Roughan, Moninya, Hill, Katherine

Abstract/Description

In the last 20-30 years, much progress has been made in the deployment of sustained, nationally and internationally coordinated ocean observing programs. These include the Argo array of profiling floats, ocean glider missions, the global drifter array, Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) eXpendable Bathythermograph (XBT) lines, deep water moorings, Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigation Program (GOSHIP), and new pilot studies extending to boundary currents, the deep ocean, and the... Show moreIn the last 20-30 years, much progress has been made in the deployment of sustained, nationally and internationally coordinated ocean observing programs. These include the Argo array of profiling floats, ocean glider missions, the global drifter array, Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) eXpendable Bathythermograph (XBT) lines, deep water moorings, Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigation Program (GOSHIP), and new pilot studies extending to boundary currents, the deep ocean, and the marginal ice zones. In general, many of the observing systems were originally designed to resolve ocean variability at timescales from sub-seasonal to longer; however, the data are now also essential for ocean forecasting and prediction projects. Improved satellite technologies and telecommunications has enabled much of the ocean observations data to be recovered in real-time. The advent of rapid and timely access to data has led to the increasing use of ocean data in operational oceanography systems for the purpose of providing increasing accurate and reliable global and regional ocean (eddy resolving) forecasts. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the global in situ ocean observing systems for measuring physical Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), including all the major platforms, and the efforts of the international coordinating programs. Show less

Florida’s peninsula extending ~700 km north-to-south, extensive shoreline (2,100 km), and broad carbonate platform create a diversity of marine habitats (estuaries, lagoons, bays, beach, reef, shelf, pelagic) along the coast, shelf, and deep ocean that are influenced by continental, oceanographic, and atmospheric processes all predicted to shift with a rapidly changing climate. Future changes of the global ocean circulation could result in a 25% reduction in the Atlantic Meridional... Show moreFlorida’s peninsula extending ~700 km north-to-south, extensive shoreline (2,100 km), and broad carbonate platform create a diversity of marine habitats (estuaries, lagoons, bays, beach, reef, shelf, pelagic) along the coast, shelf, and deep ocean that are influenced by continental, oceanographic, and atmospheric processes all predicted to shift with a rapidly changing climate. Future changes of the global ocean circulation could result in a 25% reduction in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), leading to a subsequent slowing of Florida’s regional/local current systems (Yucatan, Loop, Florida and Gulf Stream) and eddies. While downscaled climate models suggest that slowing of the Loop Current by 20-25% during the 21st century will moderate the increase in surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico to 1.4oC - 2.8oC, this warming is predicted to have wide-ranging consequences for Florida’s marine habitats (e.g., enhanced coral bleaching, lower O2 in surface waters, increased harmful algal blooms, reduced phytoplankton and fisheries production, and lower sea turtle reproduction). The reduction in the AMOC is also predicted to reduce hurricane frequency, albeit with increased intensity (2-11%) due to ocean warming. Climate projections affecting Florida’s oceans include rises in sea level, changes in coastal circulation impacting larval and nutrient transport, changes in marine biogeochemistry including ocean acidification, and loss of coastal wetlands that protect Florida’s coastline. Understanding the consequences of these projected climate impacts and gaining a more complete understanding of complex changes in atmospheric processes (e.g., ENSO, AMO, convection, wind shear), air-sea interaction, currents, and stratification under a changing climate is critical over the next few decades to prepare and protect the state of Florida. Show less

Tourism is one of the largest economic industries in Florida. In 2015, a record 106.3 million tourists visited Florida (about five visitors per resident), with an economic impact of about $90 billion. Tourism also provides additional benefits for federal, state, and local governments in the form of taxes (e.g., excise, sales, income, and property taxes). In Florida, tourism accounts for over one million direct jobs and an additional 1.5 million indirect and supply chain jobs. The three... Show moreTourism is one of the largest economic industries in Florida. In 2015, a record 106.3 million tourists visited Florida (about five visitors per resident), with an economic impact of about $90 billion. Tourism also provides additional benefits for federal, state, and local governments in the form of taxes (e.g., excise, sales, income, and property taxes). In Florida, tourism accounts for over one million direct jobs and an additional 1.5 million indirect and supply chain jobs. The three industries or business sectors most impacted by tourism and currently experiencing substantial growth in the state, include: leisure and hospitality (e.g., hotels, restaurants, museums, amusement parks, entertainment), transportation (e.g., cruise ships, taxis, airports), and retail trade (e.g., gas stations, retail stores). The 106.3 million tourists comprise approximately 91.2 million out-of-state visitors, 3.9 million Canadian visitors, and 11.2 million overseas visitors. The domestic visitors are anticipated to grow by 20% in 2018. Tourism and the associated industries in Florida are highly vulnerable to climate change over time. The state population and real estate markets continue to grow in the coastal areas, with corresponding increases in property values at risk. In addition, there are losses associated with the properties used to mitigate the effects of climate change. In summary, indicators of climate change, such as higher sea levels and more frequent and powerful hurricanes and other extreme weather events, have the potential to severely impact the tourism industry in Florida. Show less

This chapter provides an overview of land use and land cover change in Florida over the past 100 years and a summary of how it may change in the future. We begin by providing a baseline description of Florida’s pre-1900 land cover, natural resource distribution, and biodiversity. This is followed by a description of major land use changes and trends related to transportation, agriculture, mining, urbanization, tourism, disruption of natural processes, and conservation from 1900 to the present... Show moreThis chapter provides an overview of land use and land cover change in Florida over the past 100 years and a summary of how it may change in the future. We begin by providing a baseline description of Florida’s pre-1900 land cover, natural resource distribution, and biodiversity. This is followed by a description of major land use changes and trends related to transportation, agriculture, mining, urbanization, tourism, disruption of natural processes, and conservation from 1900 to the present. We also describe changes in land use and land cover caused by climate change. The chapter concludes with a discussion of current land use and land cover patterns, and the potential impacts of climate change and continued human population growth on the remaining natural and rural landscapes in Florida. Much has changed in Florida over the last century due to a combination of wetland draining, agriculture conversion, urban development, and establishment of several dominant exotic plant species, as well as accelerating sea level rise and shifting climate zones due to climate change. Show less

This chapter describes recent advances in improving altimetry observations over the ocean for the detection of fine-scale ocean dynamics. The first section gives an overview of the different satellite radar altimetry techniques being used today at high-resolution over the open and coastal oceans: from conventional alongtrack nadir altimetry to along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) at nadir. We present the advantages of the measurement techniques in conventional Ku-band (Jason) and Ka... Show moreThis chapter describes recent advances in improving altimetry observations over the ocean for the detection of fine-scale ocean dynamics. The first section gives an overview of the different satellite radar altimetry techniques being used today at high-resolution over the open and coastal oceans: from conventional alongtrack nadir altimetry to along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) at nadir. We present the advantages of the measurement techniques in conventional Ku-band (Jason) and Ka-band (Saral), and in global SAR mode (Sentinel-3). We show how the along-track errors are estimated, how they vary geographically and seasonally, and how they limit the sea surface height (SSH) scales resolved. We also address various mapping techniques being used to derive gridded SSH data and the issues for observing fine-scale ocean dynamics from altimeter data in the coastal zone. The second section addresses the future global SARinterferometry mission, Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT), which aims to measure terrestrial surface waters and ocean SSH over a wide swath. We concentrate on the ocean component of this mission, which will provide the first two-dimensional (2D) observations of SSH on a 1-2 km grid. The low noise level of the SWOT observations should allow us to observe physical processes in the open and coastal oceans with wavelength scales down to 15-20 km. We present the SWOT SAR-interferometry technique, as well as the mission’s sampling characteristics and error budget. Of particular interest is the range of ocean dynamics that have a SSH signature in the wavelength scale of 15-200 km, including small mesoscale structures, larger submesoscale fronts and filaments, internal tides, and internal gravity waves. These are difficult to observe with the present altimeter constellation due to the along-track altimetric sampling and higher noise levels. The chapter addresses how these fine-scale dynamics will be observed with the future SWOT SARinterferometric altimetry technology, the challenges in mapping the SWOT swath SSH observations, and the preparation to assimilate SWOT 2D SSH images into operational ocean models. Show less

This chapter describes the sources and mechanisms for climate variability in Florida across timescales (i.e., seasonal-to-decadal) and how they are used to make predictions. Current capabilities in terms of prediction quality, with an emphasis on precipitation and land surface temperature on seasonal timescales, are introduced as well as challenges and opportunities for the future. The longer decadal time scales are discussed in the next chapter in conjunction with climate change associated... Show moreThis chapter describes the sources and mechanisms for climate variability in Florida across timescales (i.e., seasonal-to-decadal) and how they are used to make predictions. Current capabilities in terms of prediction quality, with an emphasis on precipitation and land surface temperature on seasonal timescales, are introduced as well as challenges and opportunities for the future. The longer decadal time scales are discussed in the next chapter in conjunction with climate change associated with anthropogenic forcing Show less

This chapter describes both the nature of and anthropogenic mechanisms for climate change, as well as how scenarios and projections of future climate change are made. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the changes over the near-term (i.e., adaption timescale) where the emission scenario has little impact vs. changes beyond the mid-century where the projections are conditional on the emission scenario. The various tools and models used to assess climate change are also summarized,... Show moreThis chapter describes both the nature of and anthropogenic mechanisms for climate change, as well as how scenarios and projections of future climate change are made. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the changes over the near-term (i.e., adaption timescale) where the emission scenario has little impact vs. changes beyond the mid-century where the projections are conditional on the emission scenario. The various tools and models used to assess climate change are also summarized, and projections from global and regional models are presented. Finally, the new science of decadal prediction is presented as it has the potential to improve climate information in the near-term. Show less

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS; http://marine.copernicus.eu) is one of the six services of the European Copernicus Programme for Earth Observation (http://www.copernicus.eu). CMEMS was implemented by Mercator Ocean beginning in 2014, under a delegation agreement from the European Commission. The operational services of CMEMS were set up gradually as part of a series of European projects, starting with MERSEA (2004-2008), and followed by MyOcean (2009-2012) under... Show moreThe Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS; http://marine.copernicus.eu) is one of the six services of the European Copernicus Programme for Earth Observation (http://www.copernicus.eu). CMEMS was implemented by Mercator Ocean beginning in 2014, under a delegation agreement from the European Commission. The operational services of CMEMS were set up gradually as part of a series of European projects, starting with MERSEA (2004-2008), and followed by MyOcean (2009-2012) under FP7, and MyOcean2 (and its follow-on) from 2012 through 2015. Show less

Production forestry provides substantial benefits to the state of Florida, including the provision of ecosystem services, such as regulation of water quantity and quality, provision of wildlife habitat and carbon sequestration, and supporting 80,000 jobs and $16.34 billion/year in economic activity. Climate through the end of the century in the production forestry regions of northern Florida and southern Georgia is predicted to result in substantial increases in potential loblolly pine and... Show moreProduction forestry provides substantial benefits to the state of Florida, including the provision of ecosystem services, such as regulation of water quantity and quality, provision of wildlife habitat and carbon sequestration, and supporting 80,000 jobs and $16.34 billion/year in economic activity. Climate through the end of the century in the production forestry regions of northern Florida and southern Georgia is predicted to result in substantial increases in potential loblolly pine and slash pine plantation productivity, ranging from 5–35% depending on emissions scenario, species, and location. Climate change is likely to affect the timing and frequency of abiotic disturbances, such as wildfire and windstorms, and will also change the dynamics of forest pests, pathosystems, and forest water resources. But predictions about the nature of these impacts remains uncertain. Regardless, the fact is that plantation forests have been a vital part of protecting regional water quantity and quality, and they will continue to be essential features of healthy productive landscapes, as climate changes and the potential for adverse climate impacts on water resources increases. The key to adapting forest management to changing climate will be the considered application of silvicultural tools, such as competition control, density and fertility management, and proper choice of species for each site. Keeping abreast of research advances related to these tools will be increasingly important for forest managers as climate conditions change. In addition, the development of viable policy options focused primarily on privately owned forests can help protect Florida’s existing forests and the benefits they provide, and encourage investment in reforestation of existing forestland and planting new forests on previously unforested land Show less

Predictions of marine biogeochemistry are of importance for a range of applications, from operational forecasting of harmful algal blooms, to seasonal prediction of primary production, to understanding the influence of the marine carbon cycle on future climate change. Reanalyses, which include data assimilation in model hindcasts, are also required for the assessment of long-term environmental change. The inclusion of marine biogeochemistry in ocean forecasting and reanalysis systems is still... Show morePredictions of marine biogeochemistry are of importance for a range of applications, from operational forecasting of harmful algal blooms, to seasonal prediction of primary production, to understanding the influence of the marine carbon cycle on future climate change. Reanalyses, which include data assimilation in model hindcasts, are also required for the assessment of long-term environmental change. The inclusion of marine biogeochemistry in ocean forecasting and reanalysis systems is still in its early stages, but is already providing valuable insights. This chapter begins by giving an overview of biogeochemical modelling and data assimilation, and discussing challenges around physical-biogeochemical coupling and the use of observations. A summary of current applications to operational forecasting, reanalysis and climate studies is then given, before a vision is presented for a fully integrated prediction framework, linking five-day regional forecasting to global climate research. Show less

Florida’s climate system, which is nested within regional and global climate systems, cannot be fully understood without including human dimensions that interact with the climate systems in two principal ways: 1) where social systems facilitate or dominate causes of climate change, and 2) where climate change affects social systems. These aspects include complex social interactions and feedbacks, but can be broken down into the impacts, risks, and causes of climate change specific to Florida.... Show moreFlorida’s climate system, which is nested within regional and global climate systems, cannot be fully understood without including human dimensions that interact with the climate systems in two principal ways: 1) where social systems facilitate or dominate causes of climate change, and 2) where climate change affects social systems. These aspects include complex social interactions and feedbacks, but can be broken down into the impacts, risks, and causes of climate change specific to Florida. Further, communication of these elements can interact with social in/action and facilitate or obstruct adaptive responses. It is important to view the organization of these interactions through social structure, where essential drivers of social forces include the political-economy, demographic, and attitudinal architecture of Florida social systems. In this chapter, we review key social drivers of specific impacts, risks, and causes of climate change within Florida. Show less

Water resources systems in Florida are unique and exhibit significant diversity in hydrogeologic characteristics and in rainfall and temperature patterns. In many parts of the state, both surface and groundwater systems are complex, highly interconnected, and any change in hydrologic drivers such as rainfall or temperature has the potential to impact the water resources of the urban, agricultural, and ecological systems. Because of this diversity, it is not possible to present a single... Show moreWater resources systems in Florida are unique and exhibit significant diversity in hydrogeologic characteristics and in rainfall and temperature patterns. In many parts of the state, both surface and groundwater systems are complex, highly interconnected, and any change in hydrologic drivers such as rainfall or temperature has the potential to impact the water resources of the urban, agricultural, and ecological systems. Because of this diversity, it is not possible to present a single overall outlook regarding the implications of climate change on the water resources of the state. This chapter presents brief summaries of individual studies that are available for major water resources systems in the state, which include the Everglades, the Tampa Bay region, the St. Johns River watershed, and the Suwannee River and Apalachicola River basins. Available climate models and their downscaled versions have varying degrees of bias and lack of skill that need to be considered in impact analyses. In all regions, projected changes in rainfall, temperature, and sea level may have significant impacts on water supply, water levels in environmentally sensitive areas, flood protection, and water quality. Show less

Operational oceanography is now established in many countries, focusing on global, regional, or coastal areas, and targeting different aspects of the « blue », « white » or « green » ocean processes in order to provide reliable information to users. There are nowadays a large variety of interests and users, with different disciplines and levels of expertise. Validation and verification of operational products and systems are evolving in order to anticipate user’s needs, and better quantify... Show moreOperational oceanography is now established in many countries, focusing on global, regional, or coastal areas, and targeting different aspects of the « blue », « white » or « green » ocean processes in order to provide reliable information to users. There are nowadays a large variety of interests and users, with different disciplines and levels of expertise. Validation and verification of operational products and systems are evolving in order to anticipate user’s needs, and better quantify the level of confidence on all these variety of ocean products. Operational oceanography evaluation development is in front of key issues: Ocean models are reaching the submesoscale description, which is currently not adequately observed; many products are available now for a given ocean variable, and often discrepancies are larger than similarities; real time forecasting systems are also challenged by reanalyses or reprocessed time series; operational systems are getting more complex, with coupled modelling, where errors from the different compartment need to be carefully addressed in order to measure their performance and provide further improvements. In parallel, the global ocean observing system is continuously completed with additional satellites in the constellation, with innovative sensors on new satellite missions, with efforts to better integrate the global, regional and coastal in-situ observing capabilities, and the design of new instrument, like the BGC-Argo that should bring an enhanced description of the ocean biogeochemical variability. This book chapter provides an overview of the existing, mature, validation and verification science in operational oceanography; discusses the ongoing efforts and new strategies; presents some of the structured groups and outcomes; and lists a series of challenges on the field. Show less

Mercator Ocean monitoring and forecasting systems are routinely operated in real time since early 2001. They have been regularly upgraded through several systems of increasing complexity, expanding the geographical coverage from regional to global, improving models and assimilation schemes. In this chapter we give a description of the current Mercator Ocean real-time, global high-resolution system. The ocean model, the observations, and the data assimilation scheme are detailed with a... Show moreMercator Ocean monitoring and forecasting systems are routinely operated in real time since early 2001. They have been regularly upgraded through several systems of increasing complexity, expanding the geographical coverage from regional to global, improving models and assimilation schemes. In this chapter we give a description of the current Mercator Ocean real-time, global high-resolution system. The ocean model, the observations, and the data assimilation scheme are detailed with a particular focus to the specifics of the Mercator Ocean system. Technical details about the real-time operation of the system are given. The system is then examined through a scientific evaluation, highlighting the level of performance and the reliability of the system. User needs and evolutions of the system are finally drawn. Show less

In this chapter we provide a description of an intense ocean front and an anomalous anticyclonic eddy in the Western Mediterranean. We use observations from two multi-platform experiments carried out in the eastern Alboran Sea and in the northern Balearic Islands. We diagnose mesoscale vertical motion ( 1-10m/day) associated with these ocean structures using quasi-geostrophic dynamics. A unique characteristic of both field experiments is the combination of conventional in situ measurements... Show moreIn this chapter we provide a description of an intense ocean front and an anomalous anticyclonic eddy in the Western Mediterranean. We use observations from two multi-platform experiments carried out in the eastern Alboran Sea and in the northern Balearic Islands. We diagnose mesoscale vertical motion ( 1-10m/day) associated with these ocean structures using quasi-geostrophic dynamics. A unique characteristic of both field experiments is the combination of conventional in situ measurements from ships with high-resolution observations using autonomous underwater vehicles (gliders). For the eastern Alboran Sea, we also use a high-resolution numerical model that is initialized with hydrographic data (0.5-1 km resolution) from gliders. Numerical simulations show that lateral buoyancy gradients are large enough to trigger submesoscale mixed layer instabilities. Results from the model illustrate that a mixed layer tracer subducts to form vertical intrusions extending to depths of 80-90 m, which is in agreement with remarkable subduction events of chlorophyll and oxygen captured by ocean gliders. Show less

Coastal ocean models that downscale global operational models are widely used to study regional circulation at enhanced resolutions. When operated as nowcast/forecast systems, these models offer predictions that can provide actionable guidance for maritime applications. A nowcast/forecast system for the northeast U.S. coastal ocean is described in this chapter to illustrate, by example, the many practical issues to be considered when configuring such a model for operational oceanography... Show moreCoastal ocean models that downscale global operational models are widely used to study regional circulation at enhanced resolutions. When operated as nowcast/forecast systems, these models offer predictions that can provide actionable guidance for maritime applications. A nowcast/forecast system for the northeast U.S. coastal ocean is described in this chapter to illustrate, by example, the many practical issues to be considered when configuring such a model for operational oceanography applications. The system uses the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and four-dimensional variational data assimilation of observations from a comprehensive network of in situ platforms, coastal radars, and satellites. The emergence of open access web data services that adhere to community conventions for metadata descriptions for coordinate systems and geo-scientific data types, and support geospatial search and sub-setting, are shown to foster inter-operability of data and model usage, accelerate the test, validate and acceptance cycle for modeling system enhancements, streamline the addition of new data streams, facilitate operational monitoring of the system, and enable novice users to view and download model outputs to underpin the generation of higher level ocean information products. Show less

Community Code: Supporting the Mission of Open Access and Preservation with the Use of Open Source Library Technologies.

Creator

Zayas-Ruiz, Keila, Baggett, Mark

Date Issued

2018

Identifier

FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1523455350_6a1bddd9

Format

Citation

Title

Biogeochemical In Situ Observations – Motivation, Status, and New Frontiers.

Creator

Telszewski, Maciej, Palacz, Artur, Fischer, Albert

Abstract/Description

We begin this chapter on in situ biogeochemical observations by presenting the three major areas of societal benefit related to ocean observations: climate, operational ocean services, and ocean health. Biogeochemistry constitutes a varying proportion of each of these areas, while climate and ocean health benefit more from sustained flow of accurate information than operational ocean services. Once the societal drivers are presented, we focus on identifying the relevant phenomena that need... Show moreWe begin this chapter on in situ biogeochemical observations by presenting the three major areas of societal benefit related to ocean observations: climate, operational ocean services, and ocean health. Biogeochemistry constitutes a varying proportion of each of these areas, while climate and ocean health benefit more from sustained flow of accurate information than operational ocean services. Once the societal drivers are presented, we focus on identifying the relevant phenomena that need quantifying. These phenomena are closely related to the scientific dimension, which helps to establish specific observing targets and observing system design. Scales, seasonality, and geographic limitations are briefly discussed. Consideration is also given to the fact that often a given biogeochemical phenomenon is primarily driven by physical processes (e.g., ventilation, air-sea fluxes) or biological and ecosystem mechanisms (e.g., organic matter cycling, eutrophication) and, therefore, parameters across all three disciplines ought to be measured. Next, we provide an overview of the current capabilities of the global ocean observing system (GOOS) for biogeochemistry. The capacity is considered as an ability (or lack thereof – a gap in capacity) to address the requirements stated in the earlier part of the chapter. A holistic approach to thinking about platforms and sensors is presented. In the following section, the data quality requirements and efforts, as well as data management practices are briefly explained. There has been a strong, long-standing effort among the carbon and biogeochemical observationalists to make biogeochemistry data not only freely available, but also quality-controlled and inter-comparable. These grassroots efforts eventually led to the successful creation of two information products: SOCAT and GLODAP, which are predominantly carbon-focused and represent almost exclusively ship-based, benchtop instrument-based observations. We also discuss an urgent need to expand biogeochemical data availability, quality control, and inter-comparability beyond carbon parameters and onto a wider suite of available platforms and observing techniques (sensors). Finally, to the extent possible, a perspective on existing and planned prototype technology is provided. Show less

3D printing is a revolutionary technology for the consumer and industrial markets. As the technology for 3D printing has expanded, the need for multi-materials that support fused deposition modeling and other forms of additive manufacturing is increasing. 3D printing filaments infused with carbon nanotubes and graphene are now commercially available, with the promise of producing conductive composites. This chapter explores some of the research, products, and challenges involved in bringing... Show more3D printing is a revolutionary technology for the consumer and industrial markets. As the technology for 3D printing has expanded, the need for multi-materials that support fused deposition modeling and other forms of additive manufacturing is increasing. 3D printing filaments infused with carbon nanotubes and graphene are now commercially available, with the promise of producing conductive composites. This chapter explores some of the research, products, and challenges involved in bringing the next generation of functional printing materials to the consumer market. Show less

Climate change poses major challenges to human society and to Earth systems, influencing the functioning of many ecosystems and thereby affecting human health. Many climate change/variability- and extreme weather-associated events, such as sea level rise, hurricanes, and storm surge, as well as other weather extremes, including excessive precipitation and heatwaves, have direct and/or indirect impacts on human health. These impacts include death/injury, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases... Show moreClimate change poses major challenges to human society and to Earth systems, influencing the functioning of many ecosystems and thereby affecting human health. Many climate change/variability- and extreme weather-associated events, such as sea level rise, hurricanes, and storm surge, as well as other weather extremes, including excessive precipitation and heatwaves, have direct and/or indirect impacts on human health. These impacts include death/injury, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, environmentally-mediated infectious diseases, and mental health, among others. Due to its unique geography, Florida is particularly vulnerable to these environmental impacts, which have important health implications for the state’s more than 20 million residents. In this chapter, we review the health impacts of climate change and associated weather events, with an emphasis on those relevant to Florida, and environmental hazards, including hurricanes and storms, lightning, sea level rise, excessive precipitation, extreme heat, and drought. There is clear evidence for significant climate-sensitive hazards and human health impacts in the state, despite uncertainties associated with the assessment of some effects. To address health impacts and challenges, policies focused on mitigation and adaptation strategies, health surveillance, and research that could close knowledge gaps on human exposures to the climate-sensitive hazards and health impacts are needed. Show less

Florida’s rich biodiversity is the product of climatic conditions, geographic position, and underlying geology. Interactions of these factors over time have led to the state’s unique biota, with Florida ranking fourth in the nation for total number of endemic species. The ability of Florida’s ecosystems to support plants and animals is intimately tied to its geographic location, climatic and hydrologic variables, including timing and amount of precipitation, the frequency and intensity of... Show moreFlorida’s rich biodiversity is the product of climatic conditions, geographic position, and underlying geology. Interactions of these factors over time have led to the state’s unique biota, with Florida ranking fourth in the nation for total number of endemic species. The ability of Florida’s ecosystems to support plants and animals is intimately tied to its geographic location, climatic and hydrologic variables, including timing and amount of precipitation, the frequency and intensity of storms, the range and duration of temperature extremes, and water chemistry. The ecosystems and species of Florida have adapted to past periods of climatic change. However, these ecosystems are now under stress and less resilient due to past and existing human-caused alterations and impacts, affecting their ability to withstand and adapt to additional stressors such as climate change. The overall vulnerability of some systems and species is primarily driven by the severity and extent of these non-climate stressors. Florida’s biodiversity may be very different in the future, with some species and ecosystems affected to a greater extent than others. Community-level changes will occur as plant and animal species move and adapt at different rates. There are tools available to assist in determining relative vulnerability (vulnerability assessments) and potential impacts (scenario planning) that can aid in developing adaptation strategies. Awareness that change is likely to happen is critical to planning for the future and allowing for adaptation in management practices that will maximize Florida’s biodiversity for future generations. Show less

Florida’s unique location in the contiguous United States ensures that the effects of climate change will be significant and persistent across the state. Florida’s current economy and its population have developed energy use patterns based on fully developed fossil fuel industries. These industries and Florida’s consumption patterns are presented and analyzed. Location of Florida’s electricity generating facilities are shown and a significant proportion of these facilities are literally at... Show moreFlorida’s unique location in the contiguous United States ensures that the effects of climate change will be significant and persistent across the state. Florida’s current economy and its population have developed energy use patterns based on fully developed fossil fuel industries. These industries and Florida’s consumption patterns are presented and analyzed. Location of Florida’s electricity generating facilities are shown and a significant proportion of these facilities are literally at the water’s edge. Future actions to protect the state’s energy supply may need to include costly moving of significant fossil fueled facilities and/or outright replacement by newer, cheaper renewable energy power plants. The current status of energy consumption in Florida is presented in this chapter, along with disruptive technologies in energy efficiency, renewable energy, and the electrical grid. World photovoltaic (PV) and wind power adoption rates are used to explore the possible time frames for renewable energy transformation. Show less

Florida supports diverse marine and freshwater fisheries and a significant aquaculture industry with a combined economic impact of approximately 15 billion US$. We begin by describing the characteristics of the different fisheries and aquaculture sectors. This is followed by a description of the relevant climate change and confounding drivers. We then present an integrated social-ecological systems framework for analyzing climate change impacts and apply this framework to the different... Show moreFlorida supports diverse marine and freshwater fisheries and a significant aquaculture industry with a combined economic impact of approximately 15 billion US$. We begin by describing the characteristics of the different fisheries and aquaculture sectors. This is followed by a description of the relevant climate change and confounding drivers. We then present an integrated social-ecological systems framework for analyzing climate change impacts and apply this framework to the different fisheries and aquaculture sectors. We highlight how the characteristics of each sector gives rise to distinct expected climate change impacts and potential adaptation measures. We conclude with general considerations for monitoring and adaptation. Show less

In this chapter, we describe Florida’s agriculture, the vulnerability of its crops and livestock to climate change and possible adaptation strategies. Much of Florida’s agricultural success is linked to its moderate climate, which allows vegetable and fruit crop production during the winter/spring season as well as the production of perennial crops such as citrus and sugarcane. In addition, there is a substantial livestock industry that uses the extensive perennial grasslands. While rising... Show moreIn this chapter, we describe Florida’s agriculture, the vulnerability of its crops and livestock to climate change and possible adaptation strategies. Much of Florida’s agricultural success is linked to its moderate climate, which allows vegetable and fruit crop production during the winter/spring season as well as the production of perennial crops such as citrus and sugarcane. In addition, there is a substantial livestock industry that uses the extensive perennial grasslands. While rising CO2 is generally beneficial to crop production but detrimental to nutritional quality, increase in temperature will cause mostly negative effects on yield. Florida’s agriculture faces additional challenges from climate change characterized by sea level rise and intensified extreme climate events, affecting land and irrigation water availability, livestock productivity and pest and disease pressure. New technologies and adaptation strategies are needed for sustainable agricultural production in Florida, including increased water and nutrient use efficiency in crops, crop and livestock breeding for heat stress, pest and disease resistance and reduced exposure of livestock to high temperature. Irrigation is a favored adaptation, but places an even greater burden or potential conflict between agriculture and community use of water resources. Show less

Climate change presents added risks as well as related opportunities for the insurance industry and financial sector. Implications must be evaluated for property, casualty and life insurance industry segments as well as for the financial sector more broadly. While climate change exacerbates the existing volatility of these markets, it also inherently creates opportunities for product development. Florida is a unique contributor to both the risk and opportunity since the state is the world’s... Show moreClimate change presents added risks as well as related opportunities for the insurance industry and financial sector. Implications must be evaluated for property, casualty and life insurance industry segments as well as for the financial sector more broadly. While climate change exacerbates the existing volatility of these markets, it also inherently creates opportunities for product development. Florida is a unique contributor to both the risk and opportunity since the state is the world’s largest insured catastrophe region. The state of Florida itself is heavily leveraged as insurer for much of the cost of extreme weather in the form of hurricanes and other tropical storms. Unlike other insurance risk bearers, however, this state cost of risk cannot be offset by commensurate market opportunity. Increased volatility in insurance, reinsurance, and capital markets are all challenges for Florida, with potentially adverse collateral effects on residual insurance market pressures, policyholder assessments, state debt, and tax strategies. Insurance industry initiatives, to the extent they are successful, can have a balancing effect on these challenges. Show less

Climate change and sea level rise have made obsolete the notion that law and policy develop in the context of a relatively stable natural environment. The need of communities to adapt to climate change and sea level rise reflects the need for laws and policies governing those communities to facilitate rather than undermine such adaptation. This chapter provides an overview of law and policy issues at three levels of government—state, local, and federal. It highlights changes in state law and... Show moreClimate change and sea level rise have made obsolete the notion that law and policy develop in the context of a relatively stable natural environment. The need of communities to adapt to climate change and sea level rise reflects the need for laws and policies governing those communities to facilitate rather than undermine such adaptation. This chapter provides an overview of law and policy issues at three levels of government—state, local, and federal. It highlights changes in state law and policy in Florida that relate to climate change and sea level rise. The chapter also focuses on local governments, and includes sections about regional collaborations of local governments, financial issues and climate change/sea level rise at the local level, examinations of impacts on infrastructure, and impacts on the public’s use of beaches in Florida. The chapter concludes with discussion of a policy change related to climate change and sea level rise at the federal level that impacts local governments. Show less

Operational oceanography is like weather forecasting for the ocean, it provides estimates of ocean variables (temperature, currents, surface height, etc.) for the past, present, and future. There is a systematic focus on sustained operational ocean observing systems, estimates of the current state, short-range predictions and ocean reanalyses. Operational oceanography systems provide routine and fully supported production and delivery of oceanographic information at pre-determined and agreed... Show moreOperational oceanography is like weather forecasting for the ocean, it provides estimates of ocean variables (temperature, currents, surface height, etc.) for the past, present, and future. There is a systematic focus on sustained operational ocean observing systems, estimates of the current state, short-range predictions and ocean reanalyses. Operational oceanography systems provide routine and fully supported production and delivery of oceanographic information at pre-determined and agreed upon service levels. Nowadays, many operational oceanography systems cover global-to-coastal marine environments, and physical and biogeochemical properties, with active research underway to eventually include ecosystems. Operational oceanography involves and benefits marine industries, service providers, government agencies, and research and development (R&D) providers. Show less

The Spanish ports demand operational oceanography products for their operation. In recent years, this demand has been fulfilled by SAMOA project. SAMOA (Sistema de Apoyo Meteorológico y Oceanográfico a las Autoridades portuarias - System of Meteorological and Oceanographic Support for Port Authorities) is revolutionary in the way solutions are provided to the operational oceanography needs of port authorities. An integrated system, ultimately based on Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring... Show moreThe Spanish ports demand operational oceanography products for their operation. In recent years, this demand has been fulfilled by SAMOA project. SAMOA (Sistema de Apoyo Meteorológico y Oceanográfico a las Autoridades portuarias - System of Meteorological and Oceanographic Support for Port Authorities) is revolutionary in the way solutions are provided to the operational oceanography needs of port authorities. An integrated system, ultimately based on Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) data, has been developed. A total of 10 new high-resolution atmospheric models (1 km resolution, based on Harmonie), 10 wave models (5 m, mild slope), and nine circulation models (70 m, ROMS) have been developed and operationally implemented. In terms of instrumentation, SAMOA has improved the preexisting large network of Puertos del Estado by means of 13 new meteorological stations and three global navigation satellite systems associated with the tide gauges. Twenty-five ports from 18 port authorities will benefit from these new modeling and monitoring advances. Show less

A novel technique to interpolate satellite ocean colour data has been developed and calibrated in the framework of the European MyOcean2 project and successively implemented within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) specifically for the Mediterranean Sea products. The methodology is based on the Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions technique, which interpolates data voids from Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes iteratively estimated as... Show moreA novel technique to interpolate satellite ocean colour data has been developed and calibrated in the framework of the European MyOcean2 project and successively implemented within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) specifically for the Mediterranean Sea products. The methodology is based on the Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions technique, which interpolates data voids from Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes iteratively estimated as characteristic spatial patterns. Here, this method is extended to take into account the temporal correlation between the observations. A higher-dimensional approach is followed by using a temporal sequence of daily images to build the state vector and thus the observation matrix used to compute the EOFs. An ad-hoc smoothing procedure is also applied to resulting 2-dimensional fields to filter out spurious signals and provide consistent spatial reconstructions. Several tests are performed on a dataset at 4 km resolution to calibrate the technique and to assess, among other issues, the most convenient number of images to be included in the state vector. The final CMEMS product at 1 km resolution is then validated with the independent chlorophyll data collected during dedicated oceanographic surveys between 1997 and 2015 across the entire Mediterranean basin. Show less

This chapter provides examples demonstrating the relevance of integrating operational oceanography data from ocean observing systems and ecological and fisheries assessment models to improve the management of marine living resources. Commercial fisheries exploit coastal, demersal, and pelagic marine resources. Many marine organisms merge in the water column and most of them occupy the pelagic habitat as planktonic organisms (egg and larval stages), during which time they are subjected to the... Show moreThis chapter provides examples demonstrating the relevance of integrating operational oceanography data from ocean observing systems and ecological and fisheries assessment models to improve the management of marine living resources. Commercial fisheries exploit coastal, demersal, and pelagic marine resources. Many marine organisms merge in the water column and most of them occupy the pelagic habitat as planktonic organisms (egg and larval stages), during which time they are subjected to the highest mortalities of their life cycle as they are transported by oceanic currents. Hence, it is important to determine how environmental processes control survival rates and dispersal patterns of the early life stages of the species. We offer a general view of a multidisciplinary research field that aims at the protection and exploitation/management of marine living resources by documenting some current strategies and recent advances in the Mediterranean Sea. We include a short introduction of the current strategies for the protection and exploitation of living resources and the recent advances of the field and present four practical examples, which show how the integration of operational oceanography into the management of living resources has improved our knowledge of: 1) the spatial distribution of adult fish, 2) the connection among management areas, 3) the redefinition of management areas, and 4) the use of marine protected areas for the conservation of coastal ecosystems. Show less