Rural Access Index (RAI)

2020

Location:

International

Client:

Cardno Emerging Markets Ltd (Funded by UKAid)

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The Rural Access Index (RAI) was originally developed as a poverty indicator for rural access and has been adopted as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 9.1.1. The RAI measures ‘the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road’. It was originally developed and measured in 2006, using interpretation of existing household questionnaires, and some modelling techniques. This provided a baseline for more than 60 countries, but measurements were not continued. Given the significance of the RAI, the UKaid funded programme ReCAP has formulated and implemented various activities in its support.

In 2015 the World Bank with assistance from ReCAP introduced a geospatial methodology to measure RAI, using three levels of GIS information:

Where do people live?

Where do roads exist?

All season access?

During the first quarter of 2018, a Status Review was carried out to make recommendations that would support achieving more rapid international progress with the updated measurement of the RAI.

A follow-on project was formulated to consolidate, revise and apply the RAI in pilots. A TRL research team is working with the World Bank as custodian of SDG 9.1.1, other development banks and national authorities to enhance the process for measuring the RAI and promote its use as the key rural access indicator of the SDGs. The second phase has been completed and the third phase started in February 2020.

Project Objectives

The main objective of the Status Review was to assess international progress with the measurement of the RAI/SDG Indicator 9.1.1. and make recommendations to support more rapid and more extensive measurement of the RAI in the future.

The objective of the second phase was to develop a harmonised approach to data collection and measurement of the Rural Access Index that was relevant, consistent and sustainable. The third phase aims to consolidate and promote the work carried out in the second phase, and establish a roadmap towards achieving Tier I status on the IAEG-SDG scale. This would require that measurements are carried out by at least 50% of all of the 193 UN countries at regular intervals.

Challenges

There were some challenges in calculating accurate RAI values for the trial countries (Ghana, Malawi, Myanmar and Nepal). They included:

Finding a common definition of “urban” and “rural”

Acquiring complete and accurate mapping of the road network

Defining the all-season status of a road/network

All-season = “a road that is motorable all year round by the prevailing means of rural transport (often a pick-up or a truck which does not have four-wheel-drive), with some predictable interruptions of short duration during inclement weather (e.g., heavy rainfall) allowed.

Accessibility Factors

In the 2016 methodology road condition was used to determine the all-season status of roads. The team discovered that condition was not often available for rural road networks, so they devised a way to assess the all-season status without imposing a burden to collect road condition data on countries with limited resources. This involved using Accessibility Factors as a proxy for road condition.

RAI Supplemental Guidelines

TRL have developed RAI Supplemental Guidelines, which contain detailed, step-by-step procedures for calculation, documentation and publication of the RAI for a country, are the main deliverable for Phase 2 of the RAI research. They follow the key tenets of the 2016 World Bank methodology captured in the report “Measuring Rural Access: Using New Technologies”, emphasising the involvement of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and government agencies in the process, and providing transparency and consistency in how the RAI is calculated.

The Supplemental Guidelines, produced by the TRL team in partnership with the World Bank, can be found here.

RAI Measurement Tool

A proof of concept RAI Measurement Tool has been developed by Azavea, which displays the RAI for all countries globally on an interactive geospatial map, based on three open datasets: OpenStreetMap, WorldPop, and GRUMP. It also compares in-country data with the open datasets for three sample countries (Malawi, Nepal and Myanmar).

Findings and Recommendations so far

Open data resources are very useful for RAI measurement. WorldPop is an excellent source of population data and OpenStreetMap is improving as a source of road network data. There would be many benefits to reconciling open source data with country data in the long term, for SDG indicators and for general road asset management applications.

RAI should be embedded in the national Statistical System (NSS) of a country, in order to ensure that it is measured on a regular basis. International and in-country coordination is also essential.

RAI should be published as absolute numbers, as well as a percentage, as this is a more meaningful way to present the indicator, i.e. ‘53% of the rural population have access to all-season roads’, or ‘7.5 million people do not have access to an all-season road’.

Publication and promotion of the Supplemental Guideline will help to promote measurement of the RAI.

The RAI calculation tool developed by Azavea under ReCAP will be trialed on the UN Global Platform. It has the potential to motivate countries to measure RAI and should make it as easy as possible for countries to carry out RAI measurement independently.