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which would avoid the need for modifying LLVM to work with VLIW architecture but allow the general optimizations to still be done. That would also instantly work for all hardware, instead of requiring new LLVM code for every new card.

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Won't r300g utilize this for the parts of OpenGL 3 that require unimplemented functionality?

r300g won't support OpenGL 3. We try as much as possible not to use any kind of software fallback. A dumb app may suddenly decide to use more features and then the driver would pretty much become a software rasterizer. Nobody wants that. Moreover this article is only about vertex processing using LLVM which cannot be used for GL3 fragment processing. Anyway it appears to be a lot slower than old r500 hw but still faster than swrast.

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The idea with gallium is all or nothing. As previously noted, fallbacks are usually slower than just rendering the whole pipeline with the CPU directly so if the GPU can't handle something, just do the whole thing on the CPU.

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I haven't found much information about geometry shaders on the web except for dry technical specs. If you got any good links, please share.

Well the little technical GL_ARB_geometry_shader4 specification is as good as it gets. The most widespread misconception of geometry shaders is that it's a good match for tessellation - it really isn't and has never been, there are specialized shader stages for that in GL4.

The geometry shader simply consumes one primitive of some type (points, lines, triangles) and emits one or more primitives of another type. It allows for converting point sprites and wide lines to triangles (pretty useless in GL), or generating lines for celshading. Now the very important feature is that for each emitted primitive, you can choose a render target where it should go. This allows for rendering a scene to several textures each time from a different position and orientation in space using *one* draw call, making it possible to render to the whole cubemap or 3D texture in one pass. You have also a read-only access to a couple of surrounding primitives but it doesn't seem to be very useful (you cannot even compute smooth normals with it). There are many applications but most of them are rather non-obvious and generally geometry shaders aren't as useful as they have been claimed to be. Certainly it's the most useless shader stage and I think it's useless in general, ask any professional game engine developer, he will tell you....

So a Gallium3D driver like r300g can straight-up disallow any software fallback?

Currently it's impossible for a gallium driver to fallback to software entirely so there is nothing to disallow. The GL state tracker does have some fallbacks but it's unlikely you would hit either of them really. The meta-driver called failover was originally designed for switching between a hw and sw driver on the fly but it's unmaintained and rotting for a couple of years now.