One
of the largest groups of effigies still remaining at Effigy Mounds
National Monument is the Marching Bear Mounds Group, which contains
ten "bears," three "birds," and two linear moundsNPS
Photo, courtesy of Kenneth A. Block

Prehistoric mounds are common from the plains of the Midwest to the Atlantic
seaboard, but only in the upper Mississippi River valley was there a culture
that specialized in ceremonial mouncalled effigies--representations of
living creatures such as eagles, falcons, bison, deer, turtles, lizards,
and, in particular, bears. Located in the northeastern part of Iowa, Effigy
Mounds National Monument was established October 25, 1949. In May 27,
1961, further land was added to the monument by a law that mandated preservation
of the mounds, wildlife, and other natural values. At the present time,
191 mounds are preserved within the monument, 29 of which are animal-shaped
mounds. Fewer than ten percent of the estimated 10,000 mounds originally
found in northeast Iowa still exist. Effigy Mounds National Monument gives
visitors an opportunity to learn about an interesting prehistoric culture
that lived in harmony with the natural world and built earthen mounds.

Little Bear MoundNPS
Photo

Eastern Woodland Indians built mounds from about 500 BC until the early
European contact period. The landscape of the monument reveals evidence
of a continuum of mound-building cultures and their relationships to the
environment over a span of at least 1,800 years. Animal-shaped mounds
were built only between 600 AD and 1300 AD. These mounds are effigies
or images of the animals believed to be important to the people living
here during that time.Circular fireplaces often found in the "heart" or
"head" of the effigies were probably altars used during funeral rites--ceremonies
of death through which the people may have sought to express their concern
for the dead as well as for the survival of the still-living groups. The
animal and bird shapes of the mounds probably had a mystical meaning somewhat
associated with the self-identity of the groups that built them.

Upclose view of the Marching Bear Mounds GroupNPS Photo

The prehistoric Mound Builders and their environment were inextricably
linked. The culture of the effigy Mound Builders was sustained by a
unique association of climate, geology, topography, flora, and fauna
that shaped the lifestyles and belief systems of these people. The mound-building
cultures are associated with the eastern hardwood forest that extends
across the eastern third of the continent. Natural features in the monument
include forests, tallgrass prairies, wetlands and rivers. The monument’s
varied landforms and habitats, characteristic of the non-glaciated “Driftless
Area,” provide exceptional diversity of plant and animal species. These
natural resources are important both for understanding past lifeways,
which depended on them, and monitoring the health of present ecosystems.