Daytime, originally called BETA, was launched in March 1982 by Hearst-ABC Video Services.[4][5][6] The cable service operated four hours per day on weekdays, the service was focused on alternative women's programming.[5]

Cable Health Network was launched as a full-time channel in June 1982 with a range of health-related programming. In November 1983, Cable Health Network adopted a new name, Lifetime Medical Television.[5]

Lifetime was established on February 1, 1984 as the result of a merger of Hearst/ABC's Daytime and Viacom's Lifetime Medical Television.[4][5] A board for the new network was formed with equal representation from Hearst, ABC and Viacom, and the board elected Thomas Burchill as the new network's first CEO,[7] it was not an initial success, reportedly losing $36 million in its first two years of operation, and did not become profitable until 1986.[8] The channel suffered from low viewership, with a poll reportedly finding that some TV viewers erroneously believed it carried religious content.[8]

In 1985, Lifetime started branding itself as "Talk Television" with a nightly lineup of talk shows and call-in programs hosted by people including Regis Philbin and Dr. Ruth Westheimer. In the process, the creators dropped the apple from the logo.

In 1988, Lifetime hired Patricia Fili as its head of programming; in the first three years of her tenure, she changed 60 percent of Lifetime's programming, by her own estimate.[8] In addition to overhauling Lifetime's signature talk show, Attitudes, by hiring a new producer and refocusing it on current women's issues, Fili acquired the rights to syndicated network hits like Moonlighting and L.A. Law. She also oversaw the production of the first Lifetime movies ever made, along with carrying the final three seasons of the Blair Brown–starring dramedyThe Days and Nights of Molly Dodd from NBC after the network canceled it. The network also showed movies from the portfolios of its owners, Hearst, ABC, and Viacom;[7] in 1991, reporter Joshua Hammer stated, "Considered one of cable TV's backwaters, [...] Lifetime network was replete with annoying gabfests for housewives and recycled, long-forgotten network television series, such as Partners in Crime and MacGruder and Loud. [...] Under Fili's direction, Lifetime has gone a long way toward shedding its low-rent image."[8]

Lifetime began airing a limited amount of women's sports coverage, including the WNBA and the America's Cup, in which it sponsored the first women's crew team to compete. McCormick also strengthened the network's ties with women's organizations such as the National Organization for Women, and began airing public service announcements about women's issues, such as breast cancer awareness. Lifetime also adopted a new tagline. "Lifetime – Television for Women."[7]

Meanwhile, the channel's original programming was aimed not just at women aged 24–44, but these women's spouses, who research showed watched the network in the evenings with their wives, this was done by making the male characters in Lifetime's original programming – such as the film series Spencer for Hire – more appealing to men by making them more masculine. These roles were more stereotypical than previous Lifetime movies, which usually featured women protagonists on their own, this helped Lifetime take advantage of a known bias in the Nielsen ranking system that favored "upscale" couples who shared a television set. By January 1995, Lifetime was the sixth most-highly rated cable network by Nielsen.[7]

In 1996, TCI, one of the United States' largest cable providers, announced that it would no longer carry Lifetime in certain markets to make room for the soon-to-be-launched Fox News Channel, in which TCI held a financial stake.[9] According to Lifetime executives, the network stood to lose up to one million subscribers due to TCI's move.[9] However, Lifetime published advertisements in some of the markets that would be affected – including Eugene, Oregon and Newport, Rhode Island – informing customers that TCI was removing the only network that was made for women.[7] After TCI customers called the company to complain, TCI cut back the number of homes that would lose Lifetime to approximately 300,000. Still, women's groups and politicians rallied behind Lifetime.[9] Colorado representative Patricia Schroeder called TCI's decision a "power play" between TCI chief executive John Malone and Fox executive Rupert Murdoch, and said, "Women kind of feel like they're being rolled over so that the guys who run these companies can make more money."[9]

Massachusetts Congressman Barney Frank said that the decision showed that Fox "might have an agenda of its own that is anti-woman."[9] TCI executives were surprised and angry about the public's reaction. TCI's vice president of programming was quoted in The New York Times as saying, "I resent the implication that they are the women's network. Other networks come in to us and say Lifetime is not telling the truth. Lifetime is a women's channel only in name and advertising. [...] It programs for ratings." TCI senior vice president Robert Thomson stated that the reaction was "laughably out of scale," based on the fact that less than 10 percent of Lifetime's audience would be affected. TCI executives chalked the politicians' reactions up to lobbying by Lifetime and it being an election year, and suggested to the Times that in retaliation, Disney (one of Lifetime's parent companies), may have trouble launching a new network on TCI;[9] in 1997, it was reported that Lifetime had 67.7 million subscribers.[10]

On August 27, 2009, Lifetime was acquired by A&E Networks; the company was already owned by Lifetime's shareholders Hearst and Disney, but with additional shares owned by NBC Universal (owner of Lifetime competitor Oxygen).[11][12][1][2]

In May 2012, Lifetime unveiled a new logo and branding campaign,[13] the new slogan, "Your Life. Your Time.", "reflects how women value and experience time."[14] The logo was the 11th in twenty years;[15] in July 2012, NBC Universal, now owned by Comcast, exercised an option to sell its stake in A&E Networks, putting Lifetime back under the ownership of Disney and Hearst.[16]

On February 2, 2017, Lifetime unveiled another new logo, this being a red circle with the wordmark LIFETIME in white in the center.

Lifetime has also purchased the rights to programs that originally aired on broadcast networks and produced new episodes; in 1988, it bought the rights to the existing 26 episodes of The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd from its original broadcaster NBC, and produced 13 additional episodes of the series. Lifetime did not renew the show reportedly because of low ratings and the high cost to produce the program;[8] in late 2011, the network began to air new episodes of America's Most Wanted, a program canceled in series form by Fox at the end of the 2010–11 season,[18] although special feature episodes continued to air intermittently on Fox. Lifetime aired more than 40 new episodes of the program before cancelling it in 2013.[18]

Lifetime airs many movies targeted to women – made-for-television films produced for the channel as well as those previously broadcast on other networks, and some feature films, both on the main network (largely airing on weekends) and on LMN (a spin-off digital cable and satellite channel that was launched in 1998).

In February 2017, A&E Networks acquired an equity stake in the National Women's Soccer League, and announced that Lifetime would broadcast a weekly, Saturday-afternoon game beginning in the 2017 season.[22][23]

On May 30, 2012, Canadian television broadcaster Shaw Media announced that it would rebrand Showcase Diva, a Category B digital specialty channel as the Canadian version of Lifetime under a licensing agreement with A+E Networks; Showcase Diva relaunched as Lifetime on August 27, 2012.[24]

A+E Networks UK launched a version of Lifetime for the UK and Ireland in November 2013,[26] the shows announced to be airing on the channel are The Client List, Damages the Lifetime U.S. original movie, Liz & Dick, and an original series called The Proposers.[27]

AETN All Asia Networks plans to bring the Lifetime channel into Southeast Asia, the channel began broadcasting on 14 June 2013, with Astro and StarHub TV being two of the first providers to carry Lifetime in Asia. In July, available in Hong Kongnow TV channel 520. And since September 1, 2014, Lifetime Asia airs in the Philippines on Dream Satellite TV channel 18 and SkyCable.[29]

LRW (Lifetime Real Women) is an American digital cable channel which is intended as a complementary service to the main Lifetime network. It was launched in August 2001, mainly as a response to Lifetime's challenges from the then-launching WE tv and Oxygen networks for the women's cable network market.[31] LRW is available in over 10 million homes via digital cable, Verizon FiOS, and AT&T U-verse. The network has a mixture of comedies, dramas, how-to, game shows and reality programming that had once aired or is currently airing on the main Lifetime network, along with imported series with rights held by Lifetime but no carriage due to the main network's current format. LRW also features no original series or films, deferring from Lifetime and LMN, though it did burn off the 2011 Lifetime reality series Love Handles: Couples in Crisis, which only aired twice on the main network.

The network is unavailable via satellite; DirecTV carried the network until July 2007. Cable carriage has declined as providers choose instead to carry high definition networks rather than standard definition-only channels such as LRW without original programming.

On July 2, 2015 it was announced Lifetime had launched a streaming service titled Lifetime Movie Club, the service is $3.99 per month, the service features 30 films which rotate weekly. The service will also feature no commercials, and is available through Lifetime's website and through the App Store.[32]

Hearst Corporation
–
Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under Willia

The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also ope

2.
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926

3.
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).

4.
The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios.

1080i
–
1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 p

1.
An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma and LCD display technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal on inexpensive models.

Letterboxing (filming)
–
Letterboxing is the practice of transferring film shot in a widescreen aspect ratio to standard-width video formats while preserving the films original aspect ratio. The resulting videographic image has mattes above and below it, these mattes are part of the image, LBX or LTBX are the identifying abbreviations for films and images so formatted. The

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

Lifetime Movies
–
The channel features programming that is geared toward women or features women in lead roles. As of July 2015, approximately 95,020,000 American households receive Lifetime, Daytime, originally called BETA, was launched in March 1982 by Hearst-ABC Video Services. The cable service operated four hours per day on weekdays, the service was focused on

1.
Lifetime

Lifetime (TV network)
–
The channel features programming that is geared toward women or features women in lead roles. As of July 2015, approximately 95,020,000 American households receive Lifetime, Daytime, originally called BETA, was launched in March 1982 by Hearst-ABC Video Services. The cable service operated four hours per day on weekdays, the service was focused on

1.
Lifetime

DirecTV
–
DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV pr

Dish Network
–
Dish Network is an American direct-broadcast satellite service provider. The company provides satellite television, satellite Internet access, audio programming, as of November 2016, the company provided services to 13.7 million television and 580,000 broadband subscribers. The company has approximately 16,000 employees, the company is headquartere

IPTV
–
Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications are

1.
Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice

2.
A simplified network diagram for IPTV

Verizon FiOS
–
Verizon Fios is a bundled Internet access, telephone, and television service that operates over a fiber-optic communications network with over 5 million customers in nine US states. The name, Fios, is an acronym for Fiber Optic Service, Fios service began in 2005, and networked areas expanded through 2010, although some areas do not have service or

VMedia
–
VMedia Telecom Inc. is a Canadian telecommunications company and broadcast distribution provider. VMedia officially launched on March 26,2013, following the launch of its IPTV television service in Ontario, the company announced in 2016 that its intention is to expand service to Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia in the future. On May 31,2016, VM

1.
VMedia

Streaming media
–
Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the te

Sling TV
–
Sling TV is an American over-the-top internet television service that is owned by Dish Network. Sling TV is led by CEO Roger Lynch, who served as the executive vice president of advanced technologies for Dish Network. The services precursor, the television service DishWorld, was also brought under the auspices of Sling TV LLC and was rebranded as S

1.
Sling TV logo

TVPlayer
–
TVPlayer is a live TV streaming service for users to watch free-to-air channels through their smart devices desktops, smartphones and tablets. The TV service allows television licence holders in the United Kingdom to stream 78 free live television channels, including BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Heart TV, Capital TV and The Box. TVPlayer Plus al

1.
TVPlayer

Amazon Video
–
Amazon Video is an Internet video on demand service that is developed, owned and operated by Amazon. com. Like competitors, Amazon has pursued a number of exclusive content deals to differentiate its service, launched on 7 September 2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States, the service grew with its expanding library, and added the Prime Video mem

1.
Amazon Video

PlayStation Vue
–
PlayStation Vue is an over-the-top internet television service that is owned and operated by Sony. As of March 2017, the service had approximately 400,000 subscribers, PlayStation Vue is available only in the United States. The service was rolled out in 2015 to residents in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Philadelphia, PlayStati

1.
PlayStation Network

Cable television
–
This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was stand

1.
Coaxial cable used to carry cable television into subscribers' residences.

2.
A cable television distribution box (left) in the basement of a building in Germany, with a splitter (right) which supplies the signal to separate cables which go to different rooms

Satellite television
–
Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to customers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customers location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish, a satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programm

Viacom (original)
–
Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The origin

1.
This article is about the original Viacom (founded 1971). For the current state of the company since 2006, see CBS Corporation. For the new post-2005 Viacom, see Viacom.

Regis Philbin
–
Regis Francis Xavier Philbin is an American media personality, actor, and singer, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called the hardest working man in business, Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. His trademarks include his excited manner, his Bronx accent, h

Dr. Ruth Westheimer
–
Ruth Westheimer, better known as Dr. Ruth, is a German-born, Jewish immigrant to the United States who became famous as a sex therapist, media personality, and author. Her media career began in 1980 with the show, Sexually Speaking. She also hosted at least five shows on the Lifetime. She is also the author of approximately 40 books on a variety of

1.
Westheimer in May 2008

Moonlighting (TV series)
–
Moonlighting is an American comedy-drama mystery television series that aired on ABC from March 3,1985, to May 14,1989. The network aired a total of 66 episodes, the shows theme song was performed by jazz singer Al Jarreau and became a hit. The show is credited with making Willis a star, while re-launching the career of Shepherd after a string of l

3.
Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis in character as Maddie Hayes and David Addison directly addressing the audience.

4.
Bruce Willis as Petruchio in the episode Atomic Shakespeare.

L.A. Law
–
L. A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC, from September 15,1986, to May 19,1994. The series often also reflected social tensions between the senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff. In addition to its main cast, L. A. Sanders, James Avery, Gates McFadden, Bryan Cranston, poun

1.
L.A. Law

Blair Brown
–
Bonnie Blair Brown is an American theater, film and television actress. Her recent roles include Nina Sharp on the Fox television series Fringe, Brown was born in Washington, D. C. the daughter of Elizabeth Ann, a teacher, and Milton Henry Brown, a U. S. intelligence agent. She graduated from The Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, before going on

1.
Brown at Wondercon on March 2012.

NBC
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the

WNBA
–
The Womens National Basketball Association is a professional womens basketball league in the United States. It is currently composed of twelve teams, the league was founded on April 24,1996 as the womens counterpart to the National Basketball Association, and league play started in 1997. The regular season is played from June to September with the

National Organization for Women
–
The National Organization for Women is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U. S. states, both conferences were held in Washington, D. C. They thus gathered in Betty Friedan’s hotel room to form a new organization, on a paper napkin Friedan scribbled the acronym NOW. Salmond, Morag S

1.
National Organization for Women

Public service announcement
–
In the UK, they are generally called public information films, in Hong Kong, they are known as announcements in the public interest. The earliest public service announcements were made before and during the Second World War years in both the UK and the US, in the UK, amateur actor Richard Massingham set up Public Relationship Films Ltd in 1938 as a

Spencer for Hire
–
Spenser, For Hire is a mystery television series based on Robert B. The series, developed for TV by John Wilder and starring Robert Urich, was broadcast on the ABC network between September 20,1985, and May 7,1988, like many TV detective series and the Spenser novels themselves, the show uses first person voice-over. The series ran on ABC from Sept

Tele-Communications Inc.
–
Tele-Communications, Inc. was a cable television provider in the United States, for much of its history controlled by Bob Magness and John Malone. The company came into being in 1968, following the merger of Western Microwave, Inc. and Community Television and it was the largest cable operator in the United States at one time. After going public in

1.
Tele-Communications, Inc.

Fox News Channel
–
Fox News, officially known as the Fox News Channel, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households receive the Fox News Channel, the channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue

Eugene, Oregon
–
Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 1

Newport, Rhode Island
–
Newport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The City of Newport is located approximately 37 miles southeast of Providence,21 miles south of Fall River and it is known as a New England summer resort and famous for its mansions. It was a major 18th-century port city and also contains a number of survi

Patricia Schroeder
–
Patricia Nell Scott Pat Schroeder is an American former politician who represented Colorado in the United States House of Representatives from 1973–1997. A member of the Democratic Party, Schroeder was the first woman elected to Congress from Colorado, Schroeder was born in Portland, Oregon, the daughter of Bernice a first grade teacher, and Lee Co

1.
Patricia Schroeder

Rupert Murdoch
–
Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into t

Barney Frank
–
Barnett Frank is a former American politician and board member of the New York-based Signature Bank. He previously served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1981 to 2013, Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States. Born and raised in Bayonne

3.
Congressmen Ellison & Frank at Financial Services Field Hearing on Home Foreclosures in Minneapolis.

4.
Frank in his congressional office in 2002

The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the lar

NBC Universal
–
NBCUniversal is an American multinational media conglomerate. It has a significant presence in broadcasting through a portfolio of domestic and international properties, including terrestrial, via the Universal Parks & Resorts division, the company is also the third-largest operator of amusement parks in the world. NBC Universal was formed on May 1

Oxygen (TV channel)
–
Oxygen is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Oxygen Media, LLC, a subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. Similar to Lifetime and WE tv, the channel features programming targeted at women, including reality television series, acquired scripted series. As of Februa

1.
Oxygen's former logo. The Oh! element was used from 2002 to June 8, 2008, with the word Oxygen displayed in Times New Roman type since the channel's launch; until 2004, the entire word was in smaller case letters.

Comcast
–
Comcast Corporation is an American global telecommunications conglomerate that is the largest broadcasting and cable television company in the world by revenue. Comcast services U. S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states, the companys headquarters are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first Universal theme park outside of the

Dance Moms
–
Dance Moms is an American reality television series that debuted on Lifetime on July 13,2011. They compete against each other through their children, set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Los Angeles, California, the show is primarily filmed at the Abby Lee Dance Company studios. Dance Moms season 7 premiered in November,2016, and concluded in Februa

Devious Maids
–
It originally aired on Lifetime for four seasons from June 23,2013 to August 8,2016. Set in Beverly Hills, California, Devious Maids followed the lives of four Latina maids working for the areas wealthiest and most powerful families. The series featured an ensemble cast led by Ana Ortiz as Marisol Suarez, Dania Ramirez as Rosie Falta, Roselyn Sánch

Witches of East End (TV series)
–
Witches of East End is an American television series based on the book of the same name by Melissa de la Cruz. The series premiered on Lifetime on October 6,2013, on November 22,2013, Lifetime renewed Witches of East End for a second season to consist of 13 episodes, which premiered on July 6,2014. On November 4,2014, Lifetime cancelled Witches of

1.
Witches of East End

How I Met Your Mother
–
How I Met Your Mother is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19,2005 to March 31,2014. The series follows the character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in Manhattan. As a framing device, Ted, in the year 2030, recounts to his son, the series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, who also served as the shows ex

1.
How I Met Your Mother

2.
Main cast

Daytime television
–
Daytime television is a television genre which features television programming traditionally produced and scheduled to air between the hours of 9 a. m. and 5 p. m. It can also be defined as television programs that are broadcast before the watershed period, the term “daytime television” typically is used to describe the programming that airs during

Supermarket Sweep
–
Supermarket Sweep is an American television game show. The format combined an ordinary team-based quiz show with the concept of a live. In the timed race, cameras followed the teams with shopping carts through a large vacated supermarket with several aisles, the original show was broadcast on ABC from December 20,1965 to July 14,1967. Revivals aire

1.
The Supermarket Sweep logo from February 5, 1990 to May 28, 1993

2.
A look at the transformation of the logo

The Newlywed Game
–
The program, originally created by Robert Nick Nicholson and E. Roger Muir and produced by Chuck Barris, has appeared in many different versions since its 1966 debut. The show became famous for some of the arguments that couples had over incorrect answers in the form of mistaken predictions, many of The Newlywed Games questions dealt with making wh

1.
The Newlywed Game

Fox Broadcasting Company
–
The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated c

1.
Presencia de América Latina (Presence of Latin America, 1964–65) is a 300 square meters (3,200 sq ft) mural at the hall of the Arts House of the University of Concepción, Chile. It is also known as Latin America's Integration.

2.
Latin America

3.
The Parc de l'Amérique-Latine in Quebec City, the capital of the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, celebrates the cultural ties between Quebec and the other people who speak a Romance language in the Americas.

1.
Hearst Corporation
–
Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928

2.
The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
The Walt Disney Company
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The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
The Walt Disney Company
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Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
The Walt Disney Company
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The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios.

3.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors

1080i
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An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma and LCD display technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal on inexpensive models.

4.
Letterboxing (filming)
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Letterboxing is the practice of transferring film shot in a widescreen aspect ratio to standard-width video formats while preserving the films original aspect ratio. The resulting videographic image has mattes above and below it, these mattes are part of the image, LBX or LTBX are the identifying abbreviations for films and images so formatted. The term refers to the shape of a box, a slot in a wall or door through which mail is delivered, being rectangular. Letterboxing is used as an alternative to a full-screen, pan-and-scan transfer of a film image to videotape or videodisc. This was often done for letterbox widescreen anime on VHS, though the practice of hiding subtitles within the lower matte also is done with symmetrical mattes, albeit with less space available. The placing of soft subtitles within the picture or matte varies according to the DVD player being used, the first use of letterbox in consumer video appeared with the RCA Capacitance Electronic Disc videodisc format. Initially, letterboxing was limited to several key sequences of a such as opening and closing credits. The first fully letterboxed CED release was Amarcord in 1984, and several others followed including The Long Goodbye, Monty Python, each disc contains a label noting the use of RCAs innovative wide-screen mastering technique. In some continents such as North America, almost all VHS titles were released in pan-and-scan versions. However, most later Laserdiscs and some VHS releases were released in their original widescreen versions, some DVD releases of films are in full screen only, due to whatever existing master is available or basing on what format demographics prefer to see on a certain title. In other territories, such as Europe and Asia, widescreen versions of films on VHS and Laserdisc were much more common in those territories and this is more apparent in pan-and-scanned movies that remain entirely on the center area of the film image. The term SmileBox is a trademark used to describe a type of letterboxing for Cinerama films. The image is produced with 3D mapping technology to approximate a curved screen, some titles that were previously released in full screen only on VHS and DVD are now being issued in their original widescreen ratio on recent DVDs and Blu-rays. Digital broadcasting allows 1.78,1 widescreen format transmissions without losing resolution, most television programming in the United States, Britain and France is in standard-definition 16,9 and is transmitted in anamorphic format on digital platforms. When using a 4,3 television, it is possible to display such programming in either a letterbox format or in a 4,3 centre-cut format. A letterboxed 14,9 compromise ratio was often broadcast in analogue transmissions in European countries making the transition from 4,3 to 16,9. Current high-definition television systems use video displays with an aspect ratio than older television sets. In addition to films produced for the cinema, some programming is produced in high definition

5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

7.
Lifetime Movies
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The channel features programming that is geared toward women or features women in lead roles. As of July 2015, approximately 95,020,000 American households receive Lifetime, Daytime, originally called BETA, was launched in March 1982 by Hearst-ABC Video Services. The cable service operated four hours per day on weekdays, the service was focused on alternative womens programming. Cable Health Network was launched as a channel in June 1982 with a range of health-related programming. In November 1983, Cable Health Network adopted a new name, Lifetime Medical Television, Lifetime was established on February 1,1984 as the result of a merger of Hearst/ABCs Daytime and Viacoms Lifetime Medical Television. A board for the new network was formed with representation from Hearst, ABC and Viacom. It was not a success, reportedly losing $36 million in its first two years of operation, and did not become profitable until 1986. The channel suffered from low viewership, with a poll finding that some TV viewers erroneously believed it carried religious content. In 1985, Lifetime started branding itself as Talk Television with a lineup of talk shows and call-in programs hosted by people like Regis Philbin. In the process, the dropped the apple from their logo. In 1988, Lifetime hired Patricia Fili as its head of programming, in the first three years of her tenure, she changed 60 percent of Lifetimes programming, by her own estimate. A. The network also showed movies from the portfolios of its owners, Hearst, ABC, under Filis direction, Lifetime has gone a long way toward shedding its low-rent image. Lifetime began airing a limited amount of sports coverage, including the WNBA. Lifetime also adopted a new tagline, meanwhile, the channels original programming was aimed not just at women aged 24–44, but these womens spouses, who research showed watched the network in the evenings with their wives. This was done by making the characters in Lifetimes original programming – such as the film series Spencer for Hire – more appealing to men by making them more masculine. These roles were more stereotypical than previous Lifetime movies, which featured women protagonists on their own. This helped Lifetime take advantage of a bias in the Nielsen ranking system that favored upscale couples who shared a television set. By January 1995, Lifetime was the sixth most-highly rated cable network by Nielsen, according to Lifetime executives, the network stood to lose up to one million subscribers due to TCIs move

Lifetime Movies
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Lifetime

8.
Lifetime (TV network)
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The channel features programming that is geared toward women or features women in lead roles. As of July 2015, approximately 95,020,000 American households receive Lifetime, Daytime, originally called BETA, was launched in March 1982 by Hearst-ABC Video Services. The cable service operated four hours per day on weekdays, the service was focused on alternative womens programming. Cable Health Network was launched as a channel in June 1982 with a range of health-related programming. In November 1983, Cable Health Network adopted a new name, Lifetime Medical Television, Lifetime was established on February 1,1984 as the result of a merger of Hearst/ABCs Daytime and Viacoms Lifetime Medical Television. A board for the new network was formed with representation from Hearst, ABC and Viacom. It was not a success, reportedly losing $36 million in its first two years of operation, and did not become profitable until 1986. The channel suffered from low viewership, with a poll finding that some TV viewers erroneously believed it carried religious content. In 1985, Lifetime started branding itself as Talk Television with a lineup of talk shows and call-in programs hosted by people like Regis Philbin. In the process, the dropped the apple from their logo. In 1988, Lifetime hired Patricia Fili as its head of programming, in the first three years of her tenure, she changed 60 percent of Lifetimes programming, by her own estimate. A. The network also showed movies from the portfolios of its owners, Hearst, ABC, under Filis direction, Lifetime has gone a long way toward shedding its low-rent image. Lifetime began airing a limited amount of sports coverage, including the WNBA. Lifetime also adopted a new tagline, meanwhile, the channels original programming was aimed not just at women aged 24–44, but these womens spouses, who research showed watched the network in the evenings with their wives. This was done by making the characters in Lifetimes original programming – such as the film series Spencer for Hire – more appealing to men by making them more masculine. These roles were more stereotypical than previous Lifetime movies, which featured women protagonists on their own. This helped Lifetime take advantage of a bias in the Nielsen ranking system that favored upscale couples who shared a television set. By January 1995, Lifetime was the sixth most-highly rated cable network by Nielsen, according to Lifetime executives, the network stood to lose up to one million subscribers due to TCIs move

Lifetime (TV network)
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Lifetime

9.
DirecTV
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DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service, most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a reduction in antenna size across all industries. Receiving equipment includes a dish, an integrated receiver/decoder and a DirecTV access card. Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee, additional monthly fees may include a protection plan, DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view and video on demand events, all programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception, DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit. As of the quarter ended September 30,2012, DirecTV U. S. had 19.981 million subscribers, for the same period, DirecTV Latin America ended with 9.666 million subscribers and revenues of US$1.577 billion. In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, the company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs as well as aircraft in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30,2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched, in 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, in 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20,1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation, the new subsidiary was initially composed of four units, Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems. Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting in 1981 and was a proponent for the development of direct-broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location, Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101-degree location

10.
Dish Network
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Dish Network is an American direct-broadcast satellite service provider. The company provides satellite television, satellite Internet access, audio programming, as of November 2016, the company provided services to 13.7 million television and 580,000 broadband subscribers. The company has approximately 16,000 employees, the company is headquartered in Meridian, Colorado, though the postal designation of nearby Englewood, Colorado is used in the corporate mailing address. In January 2008, Dish Network was spun off from its parent company EchoStar. The company began using Dish Network as its brand in March 1997, after the successful launch of its first satellite, EchoStar I. That launch marked the beginning of its television services, and EchoStar has since launched numerous satellites. EchoStar continues to be the technology partner to Dish Network. Joseph Clayton became president and chief officer of the company in June 2011. Clayton remained in the position until March 31,2015 when he retired leaving Ergen to resume the post, Dishs main service is satellite television. Its offerings are similar to satellite and cable companies. Viewers can choose from a series of bundles, paying more money for more channels. A la carte programming is available, however limited other than Premium channels, the company is currently working on diversifying its offerings. With its purchase of Blockbuster LLC, it now owns the Blockbuster trademarks and has used its intellectual property agreement to offer streaming, Dish Anywhere is Dishs subscriber-only streaming video service, which includes HBO and Cinemax programming. In May 2012, the American Customer Satisfaction Index ranked Dish second among American television providers and it weighs ten pounds, is protected from weather, and automatically searches for a signal. The only satellites that are compatible with the Tailgater are at Dishs 119,110. In March 2012, Dish began offering a video recorder called Dish Hopper that can automatically record all prime time programming on the four major television networks. The other half is for video on demand, a Hopper feature, called AutoHop, enables customers to view these programs without commercials, subject to time restrictions. AutoHop has attracted enthusiasts, critics, boycotts and legal action, at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show Dish won an award for their AutoHop feature on the Hopper

11.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region

12.
Verizon FiOS
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Verizon Fios is a bundled Internet access, telephone, and television service that operates over a fiber-optic communications network with over 5 million customers in nine US states. The name, Fios, is an acronym for Fiber Optic Service, Fios service began in 2005, and networked areas expanded through 2010, although some areas do not have service or cannot receive TV and phone service because of franchise agreements. Verizon was one of the first major U. S. carriers to offer fiber to the home, other service providers use fiber optics in the network backbone and existing copper or coax infrastructure for residential users. Where available, select Verizon Wireless stores also sell Fios services, similar to AT&T offering DirecTV, the early stages of Fios began when Bell Atlantic was testing its video service Stargazer in 1995. This was the worlds first commercial VOD service, which was tested to 1,000 homes in northern VA, during this time there were talks of developing a fiber optic based service. This service was developed at a headquarters located in Reston, Virginia and this will be folded into our deployment of fiber to the curb, Mr. Townsend said, referring to Bell Atlantics plans to deploy a high-tech fiber-optic system. In September 2005, Verizon Communications, announced the launch of its Fios television service, Verizon aimed to replace copper wires with optical fibers, which would allow greater speed and quality of communication. In 2006, Verizon and Motorola partnered to bring its customers home DVR access, in 2006, The Wall Street Journal speculated, Verizon Communications Inc. is fielding offers for. Verizon also has been shopping a package dubbed GTE North that comprises about 3.4 million access lines in former GTE Corp. territories in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, in addition to expanding its customer base, Verizon expanded its services in the first few years. Home Media DVR, a video recorder, was released in 2006. Fios updated its user interface in 2007, allowing customers to access widgets for localized content, such as weather, Verizon announced in January 2008 that one million people subscribed to the service. By the end of 2008, Fios offered more than 150 HD channels, price increases were announced in April 2008, when Fios was available to 6.5 million households. In January 2009, Fios was available to 12.7 million homes, as of June 2009, Fios Internet had 3.1 million customers. Estimates on December 31,2009, were 3.4 million Internet customers and 2.86 million for Fios TV, doug Michelson, an analyst at Deutsche Bank, concluded that Verizon has been overspending to acquire Fios customers. Some viewed the halt in expansion as a violation of Verizons agreements with municipalities and states. In New Jersey, Verizon collected an additional $15 billion in fees from customers, the New Jersey government altered the deal in 2014 to allow Verizon to substitute wireless internet access to fulfill its promise instead. Verizon defended itself, claiming that they had spent $13 billion building fiber optics in New Jersey, critics pointed out that wireless internet was slower and less reliable. In April 2010, Verizon announced that three people were subscribed to Verizon Fios

13.
VMedia
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VMedia Telecom Inc. is a Canadian telecommunications company and broadcast distribution provider. VMedia officially launched on March 26,2013, following the launch of its IPTV television service in Ontario, the company announced in 2016 that its intention is to expand service to Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia in the future. On May 31,2016, VMedia formally launched IPTV service in parts of Quebec, vMedias IPTV service is a traditional subscription television service bundled with over-the-top content delivered through a proprietary Android-based set-top box branded as VBox. On September 16,2016, VMedia launched an over-the-top skinny basic television service available via an app for Roku digital media players, the service offers 20 channels, including major Canadian and U. S. broadcast networks and channels, and all in high definition. Unlike the main service, this version does not require VMedia internet. VMedia offers VoIP telephone service in two tiers, unlimited Canadian long distance or unlimited World long distance, in September 2016, Bell Media issued a cease and desist order to Vmedia over its Roku-based IPTV service, demanding the removal of all of its networks. Vmedia argued that its permission to redistribute these stations fell under its CRTC licensing as a television provider. However, he warned that VMedia may not be able to afford litigation on the matter. Were trying to find our way to profitability, pending the result of the lawsuit, VMedia removed CTV and CTV Two from the service

VMedia
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VMedia

14.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves

Streaming media
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A live stream from a camera pointed at a fish tank, Schou FishCam
Streaming media
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A typical webcast, streaming in an embedded media player

15.
Sling TV
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Sling TV is an American over-the-top internet television service that is owned by Dish Network. Sling TV is led by CEO Roger Lynch, who served as the executive vice president of advanced technologies for Dish Network. The services precursor, the television service DishWorld, was also brought under the auspices of Sling TV LLC and was rebranded as Sling International. Sling TV officially launched on February 9,2015, after offering the service on a basis in January of that year. As of March 2017, the service has approximately 1.18 million subscribers. In November 2014, Dish Network chairman Charlie Ergen explained that the company planned to launch its OTT service by the end of the year and he explained, the regular linear MVPD business is a mature business. You cant just go back every day and say Im going to raise my rates to make my budget and you have to figure out other revenue streams and get other people to pay for your product and watch more minutes of your product. Dish did not provide any details on when the service would be launched. Sling TV CEO Roger Lynch explained that the service was designed to target the viewing habits of the 18–35 demographic and we would have ended up with $60 or $70 bundles. We dont think that is the way to reach that demographic and we spent a lot of time working with programmers to make sure we had smaller bundles, lower costs and more flexibility. He also noted the importance of reaching a deal to include ESPN in the service, after an invitation-only beta, Sling TV officially launched on February 9,2015. That same day, Sling announced a deal with AMC Networks, allowing networks such as AMC, IFC, BBC America. On February 16,2015, Sling TV announced an agreement to all four channels of Epix as a premium channel option to its customers. The premium channel was added to its service on April 9,2015, Sling TV debuted Sling Latino on June 4,2015. The service features two Spanish-language packages, Paquete Total and Paquete Esencial, customers can purchase two additional add-on packs, Colombia and España. This service does not require the purchase of the Best of Live TV package, in November 2015, the Blockbuster On Demand service by Blockbuster LLC was shut down and all customers were redirected to Sling. Sling TV began offering a Multi-Stream package on April 13,2016 that includes the FOX family of networks and this was attained by dropping ESPN, ESPN2, Disney Channel, and Freeform. Sling TV added FS2, FXX, Nat Geo Wild and Viacom Media Networks channels to the Multi-Stream package, Sling restructured their channel offerings on June 30,2016, creating the Sling Orange single-stream and Sling Blue multi-stream packages

Sling TV
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Sling TV logo

16.
TVPlayer
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TVPlayer is a live TV streaming service for users to watch free-to-air channels through their smart devices desktops, smartphones and tablets. The TV service allows television licence holders in the United Kingdom to stream 78 free live television channels, including BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Heart TV, Capital TV and The Box. TVPlayer Plus also allows users to catch up on programmes with their 7 day catch up service when using a Plus subscription, brazilian Channel Globo is available with an extra subscription. TVPlayer was launched as an iOS and Android app in December 2013, TVPlayer launched its tablet version in January 2014. Company representatives reported that TVPlayer had received 250,000 app downloads within 28 days of launching, on 30 January 2017, TVPlayer announced it had launched compatibility for all Windows 10 devices. As of January 2017, the TVPlayer app has been downloaded 2.5 million times since inception and boasts over one million active users. As of January 2017, a TVPlayer Plus subscription amounts to £5.99 per month or £59.99 for the plan with the first month being free to new customers as a free trial. A Globo subscription amounts to £14.99 per month after a one month free trial, all TVPlayer apps can be used via 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi connections. Some channels are available while using a home Wi-Fi internet connection due to licensing rights. TVPlayer is a United Kingdom-only service so therefore can only be watched in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, the service can be accessed in the following ways, Within an Adobe Flash Player enabled web browser. Via an app on devices running Android 4.2 or later, via an app on devices running iOS8.0 or later. Via apps on Apple TV 4th Generation the Amazon Fire TV, all TVPlayer Plus channels are available on EE TV. Via an app on the Humax H3 Smart Video Streaming Box, via an app on all Windows 10 devices. On February 16,2016, television channel BBC Three was removed due to the BBC relaunching it as an Internet television service only accessible through BBC iPlayer. TVPlayer is privately owned and operated by Simplestream Ltd, a provider of live streaming and catch-up TV services to broadcast. Adam Smith, who is the founder and CEO of Simplestream Ltd and TVPlayer, was also a co-founder of the similar, TVPlayer streams Freeview channels on your phone and tablet. TVPlayer tablet version comes to iOS, Android,40 of the best Android apps and games from January 2014

TVPlayer
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TVPlayer

17.
Amazon Video
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Amazon Video is an Internet video on demand service that is developed, owned and operated by Amazon. com. Like competitors, Amazon has pursued a number of exclusive content deals to differentiate its service, launched on 7 September 2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States, the service grew with its expanding library, and added the Prime Video membership with the development of Prime. It was then renamed as Amazon Instant Video on Demand, in the UK, Germany and Austria, Prime Video has been available on a monthly subscription of £5.99 or €7.99 per month, continuing the plan of LoveFilm Instant. The service was available in Norway, Denmark and Sweden in 2012. In 18 April 2016, Amazon split Prime Video from Amazon Prime in the US for $8. 99/m The service also hosts Amazon Original content alongside titles on Video as well. On 14 December 2016, Amazon Video launched worldwide expanding its reach beyond US, UK, Germany, Austria and Japan.99 per month for the first six months, the service debuted on September 7,2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States. On September 4,2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand, as of August 2014 the service is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22,2011, the service rebranded as Amazon Instant Video and added access to 5,000 movies and TV shows for Amazon Prime members. On September 4,2012, Amazon signed a deal with pay-TV channel Epix to feature movies on their streaming service, additionally, in November 2013, Amazon premiered the comedies Alpha House and Betas, which are original series available exclusively online via the Prime Instant Video service. Amazon offered the first three episodes of series at once for free, with each subsequent episode released weekly thereafter for Prime members. In February 2014, Amazon announced that the service of its UK subsidiary LoveFilm would be folded into the Instant Video service on 26 February 2014. Also in July, Amazon announced plans to expand the service into India, in September 2015 the word Instant was dropped from its title in the US, and it was renamed simply Amazon Video. In November 2016, the Wall Street Journal reported that Amazon was pursuing streaming rights to U. S. professional sports leagues to further differentiate the service, on December 14,2016, Amazon Video expanded into 200 additional countries. In January 2017, Amazon announced the first branded on-demand subscription service for Amazon Channels, the channel, Anime Strike, will feature more than 1,000 series episodes and movies for a $4.99 per month subscription fee. Depending on the device, Amazon supports up to 4K and High Dynamic Range streaming, uHD/HDR rolled out with its original content. Other titles support 1080p streaming with 5.1 Dolby Digital or Dolby Digital Plus audio, for titles available for purchase, the HD option is often offered at an additional price. Customers of Amazon Video can stream on the web using an HTML5 player, in Firefox and Safari, only Microsoft Silverlight is supported. Amazon video is available on Amazons Fire devices, smart phones, tablets, PCs, TVs supporting the service include LG, Panasonic, Samsung, and Sony

Amazon Video
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Amazon Video

18.
PlayStation Vue
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PlayStation Vue is an over-the-top internet television service that is owned and operated by Sony. As of March 2017, the service had approximately 400,000 subscribers, PlayStation Vue is available only in the United States. The service was rolled out in 2015 to residents in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Philadelphia, PlayStation Vue was launched across the United States on March 14,2016. Sony introduced Vue into 203 new markets, on October 27,2016, Sony announced that Playstation Vue would be available on Android TV. PC and Mac support was announced as coming soon. PC and Mac support became available in early November 2016, on November 17,2016, the service was launched on Apple TV. Initial activation Initial activation of PlayStation Vue and required profile creation can only be performed with a supported, TV-connected device with Internet access, activation and required profile creation with mobile or Chromecast is not supported. Roku activation As of October 2016, some users were complaining of Roku activation problems, mobile restrictions Some PlayStation Vue live content and Cloud DVR recordings of My Shows are mobile restricted. Program guide For those not satisfied with the PlayStation Vue user interface, particularly on Roku devices, Replay Replay and playback positioning work poorly in Roku devices as of November 2016. Amazon Fire TV devices may be an alternative to Roku. Sony has announced agreements with major content producers, including ABC, CBS, Disney, ESPN, Fox, NBC Universal, AMC Networks, Turner Broadcasting System, Home Box Office/Cinemax. On September 30,2016, a package was created. PlayStation Vue features four packages, In addition, users can also access programming from more than 60 networks TV Everywhere apps or websites, PlayStation Vue restrictions limit simultaneous streams to five devices. A single PlayStation Vue account can simultaneously stream PlayStation Vue on up to one PS4 console, additionally, Fire TV, Roku, Chromecast, iOS, and Android devices can be used for additional streams, with up to five total devices supported at once. Packages are billed on a basis and are allowed to be canceled at any time. No contract is required and a free trial is offered to any who would normally be able to access the service who have not previously redeemed a trial. The monthly rate is charged to the credit card if the service is not canceled before the end of the trial period. Currently, Univision has its own Over-the-Top service known as Univision Now, on November 8,2016, PlayStation Vue announced that it was dropping all Viacom networks from the service effective November 11,2016

PlayStation Vue
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PlayStation Network

19.
Cable television
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This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels

Cable television
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Coaxial cable used to carry cable television into subscribers' residences.
Cable television
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A cable television distribution box (left) in the basement of a building in Germany, with a splitter (right) which supplies the signal to separate cables which go to different rooms

20.
Satellite television
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Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to customers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customers location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish, a satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxes, or a television tuner. Satellite television provides a range of channels and services. It is the only available in many remote geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television service. Modern systems are all direct-broadcast satellite television, also known as direct to home, in DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the Ku band frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter. The first satellite TV systems were a type now known as television receive-only. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C-band from FSS type satellites. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed big dish systems, and were more expensive, Early direct-broadcast satellite television systems used analog signals, but modern ones use digital signals which allow transmission of the modern television standard, high-definition television. Different receivers are required for the two types, Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical or geostationary orbit 37,000 km above the earths equator. Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with an antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters in diameter, the increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency, typically in the C-band, Ku-band, the leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink. A typical satellite has up to 32 Ku-band or 24 C-band transponders, typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary C-band satellite needs to be spaced 2° longitude from the satellite to avoid interference. This means that there is a limit of 360/2 =180 geostationary C-band satellites or 360/1 =360 geostationary Ku-band satellites. C-band transmission is susceptible to interference while Ku-band transmission is affected by rain. The latter is even more affected by ice crystals in thunder clouds

Satellite television
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Satellite television dishes in Malaysia.
Satellite television
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Back view of a linear polarised LNB.
Satellite television
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Corrugated feedhorn and LNB on a HughesDirecWay satellite dish.
Satellite television
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DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.

21.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers

Viacom (original)
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This article is about the original Viacom (founded 1971). For the current state of the company since 2006, see CBS Corporation. For the new post-2005 Viacom, see Viacom.

22.
Regis Philbin
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Regis Francis Xavier Philbin is an American media personality, actor, and singer, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called the hardest working man in business, Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. His trademarks include his excited manner, his Bronx accent, his wit, Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, hosted Million Dollar Password, and the first season of Americas Got Talent. Philbin was born on August 25,1931 in the Bronx and his father, Francis Frank Philbin, a U. S. Marine who served in the Pacific, was of Irish heritage. His mother, Filomena Florence, was from an Italian immigrant family of Arbëreshë descent from Greci and they lived in the Van Nest section of the Bronx. He was supposedly named Regis because his father wanted him to attend the prestigious Regis High School, Philbin said his brother,20 years younger than he, had asked not to be mentioned on television or in the press. He later served in the United States Navy as an officer, then went through a few behind-the-scenes jobs in television. In his earliest show business work, Philbin was a page at The Tonight Show in the 1950s, later he wrote for Los Angeles talk show host Tom Duggan and nervously filled in one night when the hard-drinking Duggan didnt show up. He also was an announcer on The Tonight Show in 1962, in 1957, Regis left his job as assistant news editor to Baxter Ward at KCOP, Los Angeles to make his fortune in New York. His replacement at KCOP was George Van Valkenburg and his first talk show was The Regis Philbin Show on KOGO-TV in San Diego. Philbin gained his first national exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishops sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show on television, in a Johnny Carson-Ed McMahon vein, Bishop would playfully tease Philbin and Philbin would take the barbs in stride. A few nights later, assured by Bishop that all was well, as revealed in his book, How I Got This Way, this was actually all a ruse planned by Bishop and Regis to steal the spotlight and attract some of Johnny Carsons viewers. When The Joey Bishop Show was canceled, Bishop returned the favor and walked off the show on the air unannounced, in 1964, Philbin took over the show that replaced The Steve Allen Show when Steve Allen left the show. The audience did not accept Philbin as a replacement for Allens zany antics, Johnny Carson was too strong in the ratings for the same time slot. According to Philbin, Carson was his inspiration, from 1975 to 1981, he co-hosted A. M. Los Angeles, a morning talk show on KABC-TV, first with Sarah Purcell. Philbins presence brought the show from the bottom of the ratings to No.1. During the early 1970s, Philbin also commuted each weekend to St. Louis, a 1978 book called The Great 1960s Quiz, authored by Dan Carlinksy, asked, Who was Regis Philbin

23.
Dr. Ruth Westheimer
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Ruth Westheimer, better known as Dr. Ruth, is a German-born, Jewish immigrant to the United States who became famous as a sex therapist, media personality, and author. Her media career began in 1980 with the show, Sexually Speaking. She also hosted at least five shows on the Lifetime. She is also the author of approximately 40 books on a variety of topics about sex, by her father, she was given an early grounding in Judaism, taking her regularly to the synagogue in Frankfurt, where they lived. In January 1939, she was sent to Switzerland by her mother and grandmother as part of the Kindertransport after her father had taken by the Nazis. Her safe haven, along with that of some 100 other German-Jewish children, was possible by Swiss activist Franzisca Goldschmidt. In Switzerland, young Karola came of age in an orphanage, in 1945, Westheimer learned that her parents had been killed in the Holocaust, possibly at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Westheimer decided to emigrate to British-controlled Mandatory Palestine, there, at 17, she first had sexual intercourse on a starry night, in a haystack without contraception. She later told The New York Times that I am not happy about that, Westheimer joined the Haganah in Jerusalem. Because of her height of 4 ft 7 in, she was trained as a scout. Of this experience, she said, I never killed anybody, Westheimer was seriously wounded in action by an exploding shell during the Israeli War of Independence in 1948, and it was several months before she was able to walk again. In 1950, Westheimer moved to France, where she studied, in 1956, she immigrated to the United States, settling in Washington Heights, Manhattan. Westheimer earned an M. A. degree in sociology from The New School in 1959, Westheimer became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1965. After receiving her Ed. D. she briefly worked for Planned Parenthood and she went on to work as a postdoctoral researcher for Helen Singer Kaplan at New York-Presbyterian Hospital. She continued to work there as an Adjunct Associate Professor for five years and she also taught at Lehman College, Brooklyn College, Adelphi University, Columbia University and West Point. Dr. Ruths media career began in 1980 when her show, Sexually Speaking. She was offered this opportunity after she gave a lecture to New York broadcasters about the need for sex education programming to help deal with issues of contraception and unwanted pregnancies. By 1983, her show was the radio show in the area

Dr. Ruth Westheimer
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Westheimer in May 2008

24.
Moonlighting (TV series)
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Moonlighting is an American comedy-drama mystery television series that aired on ABC from March 3,1985, to May 14,1989. The network aired a total of 66 episodes, the shows theme song was performed by jazz singer Al Jarreau and became a hit. The show is credited with making Willis a star, while re-launching the career of Shepherd after a string of lackluster projects. In 1997, the episode The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice was ranked #34 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, in 2007, the series was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-Time. The relationship between David and Maddie was included in TV Guides list of the best TV couples of all time, the series revolved around cases investigated by the Blue Moon Detective Agency and its two partners, Madelyn Maddie Hayes and David Addison Jr. The characters were introduced in a pilot episode that preceded the series proper. The shows storyline begins with the reversal of fortune of Maddie Hayes and she is left saddled with several failing businesses formerly maintained as tax write-offs, one of which is the City of Angels Detective Agency, helmed by the carefree David Addison. Between the pilot and the first one-hour episode, David persuades Maddie to keep the business, the agency is renamed Blue Moon Investigations because Maddie was most famous for being the spokesmodel for the Blue Moon Shampoo Company. In many episodes, she was recognized as the Blue Moon shampoo girl, the show would parody this Shakespeare play in the Season 3 episode Atomic Shakespeare. Cybill Shepherd as Maddie Hayes, Maddie Hayes is a chic, Left bankrupt when her accountant embezzles all of her money, she is forced to make a living by running the detective agency she had previously owned as a tax write-off. Using her celebrity as a model, she brings in clients. By the time he had written 50 pages for the pilot to the show, a week before shooting of the pilot began, Caron, Shepherd, and Willis watched Bringing Up Baby and His Girl Friday. Bruce Willis as David Addison, David Addison is a cheeky, chappy, Glenn Gordon Caron had to fight with ABC to put Willis in the lead role having already signed Shepherd for both the pilot and series. ABC, according to Caron, did not feel that anyone viewing would think there could possibly be any sexual tension between Shepherd and Willis. Allyce Beasley as Agnes DiPesto, Agnes DiPesto is the extremely loyal, in season two, it is revealed that she lives at 6338 Hope Street. As problems arose with getting Willis and Shepherd on screen due to personal issues, as Herbert begins to shine in his duties, he gets promoted to working real cases as a junior detective. Debuting in season three, he appeared in 36 of the series 66 episodes, jack Blessing as MacGillicudy, MacGillicudy is a Blue Moon employee and became a foil for Herbert Viola and a rival for Agnes’s affections. Debuting in season three, he appeared in 17 of the series’66 episodes, in addition to the primary cast, several notable actors appeared either as guest stars or made cameos on the series

25.
L.A. Law
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L. A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC, from September 15,1986, to May 19,1994. The series often also reflected social tensions between the senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff. In addition to its main cast, L. A. Sanders, James Avery, Gates McFadden, Bryan Cranston, pounder, Kevin Spacey, Richard Schiff, Carrie-Anne Moss, William H. Macy, Stephen Root, Christian Slater, and Lucy Liu. Several episodes of the show included celebrities such as Vanna White, Buddy Hackett. The show was popular with audiences and critics, and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run, four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series. The series was set in and around the fictitious Los Angeles-based law firm McKenzie, Brackman, Chaney and Kuzak, the exteriors for the law firm were shot at the Citigroup Center in downtown Los Angeles, which was known as the 444 Flower Building at the time. The show often combined humor and drama in the same episode. In the pilot episode of the series, only the back and hand of law partner Chaney, one of Chaneys final acts was to hire a new secretary, who began work on the morning Chaneys body is discovered. Later in that episode, in front of his partners, friends and his wife, the secretary at Chaneys eulogy reveals that she is transsexual, Chaney had been financially supporting her gender transition, and hired her as part of her real life test. She is then fired from her job by Douglas Brackman. This once caused problems when a client used him to set up her husband to be murdered, a running gag during Harry Hamlins tenure was to have his character, Michael Kuzak, always shown picking, scrutinizing, and eating pastries or fruit at the morning staff meetings. He was the one who ate from the mountains of food provided. To some extent, the sexual peccadilloes of almost the entire cast would become fodder for episodes of the series. After Grace van Owen makes a comment that Michael Kuzak would have to be a monkey before shed be interested in him, Douglas Brackman becomes involved with a sex therapist. Benny Stulwicz, an intellectually disabled clerk at the office, has sex with the disabled daughter of a client of the firm. Leland McKenzie and Rosalind Shays, antagonists, secretly become lovers, Douglas Brackman, their boss, is also arrested in the mayhem of the riots as he is on his way to get remarried. In one scene later in the series, the writers enacted an inside joke, in her final scene, the character of Rosalind Shays steps into the empty shaft and falls to her death. The name Chaney remains in the name of the law firm, despite changes in personnel

L.A. Law
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L.A. Law

26.
Blair Brown
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Bonnie Blair Brown is an American theater, film and television actress. Her recent roles include Nina Sharp on the Fox television series Fringe, Brown was born in Washington, D. C. the daughter of Elizabeth Ann, a teacher, and Milton Henry Brown, a U. S. intelligence agent. She graduated from The Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, before going on to acting at the National Theatre School of Canada. She gained notice as an actor at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival. Browns first feature role was in the Oscar-winning 1973 film The Paper Chase. Among her other credits were Altered States, One Trick Pony. Other film roles include, And I Alone Survived, Strapless, The Astronauts Wife, Clint Eastwoods Space Cowboys, Lars von Triers Dogville, Brown appeared in several television movies and miniseries, primarily during the 1980s. Brown is perhaps best known for her run on the Emmy Award-nominated comedy-drama series The Days. Brown played the role, and she, and the show, earned a small. Brown received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations for season, in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. The show spent two years on NBC, then moved to the Lifetime cable channel for the remainder of its run, Brown also appeared in other prime-time series including The Rockford Files, Kojak, Frasier, Smallville, Touched by an Angel, ER, and Ed. Beginning in 2008, Brown starred as Nina Sharp in the Fox television series Fringe, since 2015, Brown appears on the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange is the New Black as fictional television personality Judy King, an inmate loosely based on Martha Stewart. Brown has been involved with theater since the beginning of her career and she appeared in the 1975 New York Shakespeare Festival production of The Comedy of Errors. Among her earlier roles was a run as Lucy Brown in the 1976 production of The Threepenny Opera, produced by Joe Papp and directed by Richard Foreman. She left the production for film work, but after being away from the production for eight months, Ellen Greene, Brown astounded the stage manager of the production by coming in and, with one hour of rehearsal, put on a brilliant performance as Jenny. Her first major appearance on Broadway came in 1989, in the play Secret Rapture, written by David Hare. She played Margrethe, the wife of physicist Niels Bohr, in the play Copenhagen, Brown played the lead role in Sarah Ruhls 2006 play The Clean House at Lincoln Center. In the 1990s, Brown expanded her career into voiceover work and her voiceovers are heard on a number of documentaries, including PBSs American Experience series and the 2007 PBS series The Mysterious Human Heart

Blair Brown
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Brown at Wondercon on March 2012.

27.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

28.
WNBA
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The Womens National Basketball Association is a professional womens basketball league in the United States. It is currently composed of twelve teams, the league was founded on April 24,1996 as the womens counterpart to the National Basketball Association, and league play started in 1997. The regular season is played from June to September with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July, many WNBA teams have direct NBA counterparts and play in the same arena. The four aforementioned franchises, along with the Atlanta Dream and the Los Angeles Sparks, are all independently owned. The creation of the WNBA was officially approved by the NBA Board of Governors on April 24,1996, and announced at a conference with Rebecca Lobo, Lisa Leslie. The new WNBA had to compete with the recently-formed American Basketball League, while not the first major womens professional basketball league in the United States, the WNBA is the only league to receive full backing of the NBA. The WNBA logo, Logo Woman, paralleled the NBA logo and was selected out of 50 different designs. On the heels of a gold medal run by the 1996 USA Basketball Womens National Team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. The first WNBA game featured the New York Liberty facing the Los Angeles Sparks in Los Angeles, the game was televised nationally in the United States on the NBC television network. Penny Toler scored the leagues first point, the WNBA centered its marketing campaign, dubbed We Got Next, around stars Rebecca Lobo, Lisa Leslie and Sheryl Swoopes. In the leagues first season, Leslies Los Angeles Sparks underperformed, the WNBAs true star in 1997 was WNBA MVP Cynthia Cooper, Swoopes teammate on the Houston Comets. The Comets defeated Lobos New York Liberty in the first WNBA Championship game, the initial We Got Next advertisement ran before each WNBA season until it was replaced with the We Got Game campaign. Two teams were added in 1998 and two more in 1999, bringing the number of teams in the league up to twelve and we expect to keep growing the league. In 1999, the chief competition, the American Basketball League. When a lockout resulted in an abbreviated NBA season, the WNBA saw faltering TV viewership, on May 23,2000, the Houston Comets became the first WNBA team to be invited to the White House Rose Garden. Before this invitation, only mens sports teams had traveled to the White House, at the end of the 2000 season, the Houston Comets won their fourth championship, capturing every title since the leagues inception. Led by the Big Three of Sheryl Swoopes, Tina Thompson, and four-time Finals MVP Cynthia Cooper, under head coach Van Chancellor, the team posted a 98–24 record through their first four seasons. After 2000, Cooper retired from the league and the Comets dynasty came to an end, the top contender in the 2001 season was the Los Angeles Sparks

WNBA
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Sheryl Swoopes, the first player signed (shown in 2008)
WNBA
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The WNBA logo as redesigned in 2013
WNBA
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Lisa Leslie of the Sparks
WNBA
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Bill Laimbeer

29.
National Organization for Women
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The National Organization for Women is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U. S. states, both conferences were held in Washington, D. C. They thus gathered in Betty Friedan’s hotel room to form a new organization, on a paper napkin Friedan scribbled the acronym NOW. Salmond, Morag Simchak and Clara Wells, the founders were frustrated with the way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. NOW was created in order to mobilize women, give women’s rights advocates the power to put pressure on employers and the government, and to promote full equality of the sexes. It hoped to increase the number of women attending colleges and graduate schools, employed in professional jobs instead of domestic or secretarial work, NOWs Statement of Purpose, which was adopted at its organizing conference in Washington, D. C. NOW was also one of the first women’s organizations to include the concerns of women in their efforts. Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote NOWs Statement of Purpose in 1966, also in 1966, Marguerite Rawalt became a member of NOW, and acted as their first legal counsel. There were many influences contributing to the rise of NOW, such influences included the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women, Betty Friedans book The Feminine Mystique, and passage and lack of enforcement of the Civil Right Act of 1964. The Presidents Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1961 by John F. Kennedy, in hopes of providing a solution to female discrimination in education, work force, Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as the head of the organization. The goal of action was to compromise those wanting to advance womens rights in the workforce, the commission was in a way to settle the tension between opposing sides. Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique in response to her own experiences and she was a feminist long before her book, by educating herself and deviating from the domestic female paradigm. The books purpose was to fuel movement to a role outside of domestic environment. Acknowledging some satisfaction from raising children, cooking, rearranging house decor was not enough to suffice the deeper desire for women to achieve an education, in an interview, Friedan specifically notes, There was no activism in that cause when I wrote Feminine Mystique. But I realized that it was not enough just to write a book, There had to be social change. And I remember somewhere in that period coming off an airplane some guy was carrying a sign and it said, The first step in revolution is consciousness. Well, I did the consciousness with The Feminine Mystique, but then there had to be organization and there had to be a movement. And I helped organize NOW, the National Organization for Women and the National Womens Political Caucus and NARAL, the NOW bill of rights was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful, An Anthology of Writings From The Womens Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan

National Organization for Women
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National Organization for Women

30.
Public service announcement
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In the UK, they are generally called public information films, in Hong Kong, they are known as announcements in the public interest. The earliest public service announcements were made before and during the Second World War years in both the UK and the US, in the UK, amateur actor Richard Massingham set up Public Relationship Films Ltd in 1938 as a specialist agency for producing short educational films for the public. In the films, he played a bumbling character who was slightly more stupid than average. Films topics included how to cross the road, how to prevent the spread of diseases, how to swim, during the war, he was commissioned by the Ministry of Information to produce films for the war effort. Massingham began to produce films, for both private companies and the Government, after the War. In the US, the Ad Council was set up in 1941 and it began implementing on a massive scale the idea of using advertising to influence American society on a range of fronts. Their first campaigns focused on the countrys needs during World War II, after the War, PSAs were used to educate the public on a broader range of important issues. In the UK, they were produced for the Central Office of Information, and again by private contractors and they were supplied to broadcasters free of charge for them to use whenever they wished. In the US, the Ad Council expanded its focus to issues such as forest fires, blood donations. The most common topics of PSAs are health and safety, such as the multimedia Emergency Preparedness & Safety Tips On Air, a typical PSA is part of a public awareness campaign to inform or educate the public about an issue such as obesity or compulsive gambling. The range of topics has expanded over time. Some PSAs tell people to adopt instead of buying them. Protecting our Earth, also known as being green, is another example of a current PSA topic, some television shows featuring very special episodes made PSAs after the episodes. For example, Law & Order, Special Victims Unit talked about child abduction in one episode, another example is when the original Law & Order did an episode about drunk driving, which had a PSA about drunk driving. One of the earliest television public service came in the form of Smokey Bear. During the 1980s, a number of American cartoon shows contained PSAs at the end of their shows. These may or may not have been relevant to the episode itself, three of the most widely known are the closing moral segments at the end of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, the Knowing is Half the Battle epilogues in G. I. Joe, A Real American Hero and the Sonic Sez segments from Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, some television PSAs have topics such as on not watching so much television, or not taking fictional shows literally, or about television, movie, or video game ratings

Public service announcement

31.
Spencer for Hire
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Spenser, For Hire is a mystery television series based on Robert B. The series, developed for TV by John Wilder and starring Robert Urich, was broadcast on the ABC network between September 20,1985, and May 7,1988, like many TV detective series and the Spenser novels themselves, the show uses first person voice-over. The series ran on ABC from September 20,1985, to May 7,1988, despite frequent time slot changes and occasional pre-emptions, the show garnered decent ratings. Location shooting ultimately led to the demise, with costs being cited as one of the main reasons why ABC cancelled it. Filmed largely shot in Boston, which was considered one of the strong points, it featured shots from many locations. The shows music was produced by Steve Dorff and Larry Herbstritt, Spenser is the only name used for this character throughout the show. While it is clear in the novel that Spenser is the characters last name, according to a popular rumor, Parker was going to name the character David, after one of his sons, but changed his mind out of consideration for his other son, Daniel. In An Eye For An Eye, Spenser quotes 16th-century poet Edmund Spenser, when introducing himself, he often says Spenser with an S, like the poet. Spenser is surprisingly sophisticated for an eye and former boxer. In The Choice, it is revealed that Spenser fared poorly in a professional fight 12 years ago, however, he still boxes and exercises at Henry Cimolis Gym. He is well-read, often quoting poetry in everyday conversation and he is also an excellent cook, often making recipes he picks up from watching Julia Child on his kitchen counter television. Spenser lives in Boston and, like many detectives on TV and his first is a mildly-worn out, ivy green 66 Ford Mustang which is destroyed in the beginning of the second season. It is succeeded by a new 1987 Mustang 5.0 GT which, in the show Spenser carries a Beretta 9mm pistol, whereas in the books his weapon of choice is a Browning Hi-Power 9mm pistol along with a 38 cal. snubnosed revolver for casual carry. In the novels, Spenser had served as an infantryman in the 1st Infantry Division during the Korean War, however, the television version of the character was younger than his literary counterpart, and acknowledged being a veteran of the Vietnam War in the series pilot episode. Spenser was also a member of the Boston police force. In Children of the Tempest Storm, Ms. Silverman reveals that she is pregnant with Spensers child, the word abortion comes up when talking with her doctor, and is discussed throughout the episode, though often not using the word. Susan and Spenser discuss the issue and are at odds over the moral dilemma before them, Spenser, a Catholic, does not know if he can stay with Susan, though he loves her deeply, if she aborts. He believes it is only for her convenience that she would choose abortion, in the end, she has the abortion, and he brings her flowers

32.
Tele-Communications Inc.
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Tele-Communications, Inc. was a cable television provider in the United States, for much of its history controlled by Bob Magness and John Malone. The company came into being in 1968, following the merger of Western Microwave, Inc. and Community Television and it was the largest cable operator in the United States at one time. After going public in 1970, the company rapidly. After a failed attempt with Bell Atlantic in 1994, it was purchased in 1999 by AT&T, whose cable television assets were later acquired by Charter Communications. After graduating from Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Bob Magness was a seed salesman. In 1956, he met two men who were stranded and needed a ride, learning that they wanted to build a community antenna system in Paducah, Texas, he decided to raise the money for a similar system in Memphis, Texas. He sold his cattle, took out a mortgage on his home and his wife did the office work while Bob put up the wires himself. Two years later Magness sold the system and was looking for a way to invest the sales proceeds, another cable pioneer, Bill Daniels, told him about a community antenna system in Bozeman, Montana. The Kearns-Tribune Corp. publisher of The Salt Lake Tribune, which owned a cable system in Reno, Nevada and it became a partner with Magness in establishing a partnership for cable TV in Montana. George C. Hatch and Brian Glasmann were also partners in the known as Community Television Inc. The Magness family moved to Bozeman, six systems were built, serving a total of 12,000 homes. In 1962, Magness purchased Collier Electric Company, which had subscribers in Wyoming, Colorado, Magness later moved to Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Over time, Magness acquired more systems but remained in Bozeman, by 1965, Daniels told him the companies needed to be located in a larger city. Salt Lake City and Denver, Colorado, were both considered, in 1968, the companies moved to Denver and became Tele-Communications Inc. Tele-Communications Inc. went public in 1970, at the time, it was the 10th largest cable company in the United States. By 1972, with 100,000 subscribers, Magness needed someone with more knowledge to run the operation. He decided on John Malone, president of Jerrold Electronics, a division of General Instrument, Malone took on the bankers who wanted to call in their loans, and effectively saved the company from bankruptcy. Magness made Malone CEO but remained as chairman, by 1981, Malone had made TCI the largest cable company in the United States

Tele-Communications Inc.
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Tele-Communications, Inc.

33.
Fox News Channel
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Fox News, officially known as the Fox News Channel, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households receive the Fox News Channel, the channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and it launched on October 7,1996, to 17 million cable subscribers. It grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States, Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News. Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party, critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall. Fox News Channel employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming, in July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. A year later, 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its third period ended May 31,1986. Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporations BSkyB subsidiary began Europes first 24-hour news channel in the United Kingdom in 1989, in February 1996, after former U. S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel Americas Talking, Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7,1996. At its debut 17 million households were able to watch FNC, however, it was absent from the markets of New York City. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneiders fast-paced delivery of the news, during the evening, Fox featured opinion shows, The OReilly Report, The Crier Report and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting, this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, Fox News also created the Fox News Alert, which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel and this contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement, citing its agreement to keep its U. S. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warners cable franchises in the city, during the September 11,2001 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day

34.
Eugene, Oregon
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Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 160,561 by the US Census. Eugene is home to the University of Oregon and Lane Community College, the city is also noted for its natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and focus on the arts. Eugenes official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors and it is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town, USA. The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene, in 2021, the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships. The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans and they made seasonal rounds, moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village, when crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading. They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived Chifin, other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and they were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans were related to the Pee-you and it is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene. According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years, French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, by 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, in July,1830, intermittent fever struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U. S. ship, Owyhee, intermittent fever is thought by researchers now to be malaria. In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841 and this catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations, though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856. Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society

35.
Newport, Rhode Island
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Newport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The City of Newport is located approximately 37 miles southeast of Providence,21 miles south of Fall River and it is known as a New England summer resort and famous for its mansions. It was a major 18th-century port city and also contains a number of surviving buildings from the colonial era of the United States. The city is the county seat of Newport County and it was known for being the city of some of the Summer White Houses during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. The population was 24,027 as of 2013 and its eight founders and first officers were Nicholas Easton, William Coddington, John Clarke, John Coggeshall, William Brenton, Jeremy Clark, Thomas Hazard, and Henry Bull. They left Portsmouth, Rhode Island after a fallout with Anne Hutchinson. As part of the agreement, Coddington and his followers took control of the side of the island. They were soon joined by Nicholas Easton, who had recently expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for holding heretical beliefs. The settlement grew to be the largest of the four settlements of Rhode Island. Many of the first colonists in Newport became Baptists, and the second Baptist congregation in Rhode Island was formed in 1640 under the leadership of John Clarke, peace did not last long in Newport, as many did not like Coddingtons autocratic style. As a result, a counter-faction was formed by 1650, led by Nicholas Easton, Newport became the most important port in colonial Rhode Island, and a public school was established in 1640. In 1658, a group of Jews were allowed to settle in Newport who were fleeing the Inquisition in Spain, the Newport congregation is now referred to as Congregation Jeshuat Israel and is the second-oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. It meets in Touro Synagogue, the oldest standing synagogue in the United States, in 1663, the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received its Royal Charter, and Benedict Arnold was elected its first Governor at Newport. The commercial activity which raised Newport to its fame as a port was begun by a second wave of Portuguese Jews who settled there about the middle of the 18th century. They brought with them experience and connections, capital. Most prominent among those were Jacob Rodrigues Rivera who arrived in 1745, Rivera introduced into America the manufacture of sperm oil, which became one of the leading industries and made Newport rich. Newports inhabitants who were engaged in whaling developed 17 manufactories of oil and candles, Aaron Lopez fled to Newport from Lisbon in 1752 and is credited with making Newport an important center of trade. To him in a degree than to any one else was due the rapid commercial development which made Newport for a quarter of a century afterward the most formidable rival of New York

36.
Patricia Schroeder
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Patricia Nell Scott Pat Schroeder is an American former politician who represented Colorado in the United States House of Representatives from 1973–1997. A member of the Democratic Party, Schroeder was the first woman elected to Congress from Colorado, Schroeder was born in Portland, Oregon, the daughter of Bernice a first grade teacher, and Lee Combs Scott, a pilot who owned an aviation insurance company. She moved to Des Moines, Iowa, with her family as a child, after graduating from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1958, she left Des Moines and attended the University of Minnesota, where she majored in history. She graduated with a B. A. in 1961 and later earned a law degree from Harvard Law School in 1964, moving to Denver, Colorado, she worked for the National Labor Relations Board from 1964 to 1966. She later worked for Planned Parenthood and taught in Denvers public schools, patricia Schroeder is a member of Chi Omega sorority. In 1972, Schroeder won election for Congress in Colorados first district, at age 32, Schroeder is the third-youngest woman ever elected to that body. McKevitt, previously the Denver district attorney, had been the first Republican to represent the district, regarded as the most Democratic in the Rockies, Schroeder won by just over 8,000 votes amid Richard Nixons massive landslide that year. However, the district reverted to form, and she would never face another contest nearly that close and she was reelected 11 more times against only nominal Republican opposition. Years later, Schroeder submitted a Freedom of Information Act request for her FBI file, while in Congress, she became the first woman to serve on the House Armed Services Committee. She was also a Congress member of the original Select Committee on Children, Youth, twenty years later, she said, she was still receiving hate mail—mostly from women—because of her tears. Guys have been tearing up all along and people think its marvelous, she said, citing episodes dating back to Ronald Reagan and she did not seek a thirteenth term in 1996, and was succeeded by state house minority whip Diana DeGette, a fellow Democrat. In her farewell press conference, she joked about spending 24 years in an institution, and titled her 1998 memoir,24 years of House Work. Schroeder was named president and CEO of the Association of American Publishers in 1997 and she has also sat on the panel of judges for the PEN/Newmans Own Award, a $25,000 award designed to recognize the protection of free speech as it applies to the written word. In July 2012, Schroeder stepped out of retirement to narrate a childrens book app, The House that Went on Strike, Schroeder was chosen to narrate because of her stature as a celebrated House mom, and the metaphorical title of her memoir. Schroeder wrote about her experience narrating the story, and offered her perspective about kids book apps in a July 24,2012 column on The Huffington Post, additionally, Schroeder and the book were featured in a profile on Wired. Schroeders work on the app was praised in a review on Smart Apps for Kids. Following her tenure at AAP, Schroeder and her husband relocated to Celebration, Florida and she subsequently endorsed him again ahead of the 2012 congressional elections, during which he was returned to Congress. She currently sits on the board of The League of Women Voters of Florida, in 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Schroeders name and picture

Patricia Schroeder
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Patricia Schroeder

37.
Rupert Murdoch
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Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U. S. market, however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, in 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdochs News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal, Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdochs News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U. S. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International, on 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. Murdoch and his own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne to Sir Keith Murdoch and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, Murdochs parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town. Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather. Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928. In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters, Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury, Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the schools official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his schools cricket team to the National Junior Finals and he worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. After her husbands death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as governor of the Royal Womens Hospital in Melbourne. At the age of 102, she had 74 descendants, Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years. Following his fathers death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success

38.
Barney Frank
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Barnett Frank is a former American politician and board member of the New York-based Signature Bank. He previously served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1981 to 2013, Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States. Born and raised in Bayonne, New Jersey, Frank graduated from Harvard College and he worked as a political aide before winning election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1972. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1980 with 52 percent of the vote and he was re-elected every term thereafter by wide margins. In 1987, he came out as gay, after coming out to family, friends and close associates a few years prior. From 2003 until his retirement, Frank was the leading Democrat on the House Financial Services Committee, in July 2012, he married his long-time partner, James Ready, becoming the first member of Congress to marry someone of the same sex while in office. Frank did not seek re-election in 2012, and retired from Congress at the end of his term in January 2013. Frank had expressed interest in serving temporarily in the United States Senate after John Kerry had been confirmed as Secretary of State but was passed over for Mo Cowan. A biography of Frank was published in 2015, Frank was born Barnett Frank in Bayonne, New Jersey, one of four children of Elsie and Samuel Frank. His family was Jewish, and his grandparents had immigrated from Poland, Frank was educated at Harvard College, where he resided in Matthews Hall his first year and then in Kirkland House and Winthrop House. One of his roommates was Hastings Wyman of Aiken, South Carolina, when Wyman invited Frank to visit Aiken in the early 1960s, Frank made a point of drinking from the since-abolished colored-only water fountain then available to African Americans. Frank’s undergraduate studies were interrupted by the death of his father, in 1964, he was a volunteer in Mississippi during Freedom Summer. He then served for a year as Administrative Assistant to Congressman Michael J. Harrington, in 1977, Frank graduated from Harvard Law School, where he was once a student of Henry Kissinger, while serving as a Massachusetts state representative. In 1972, Frank was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives where he served for eight years and he made a name for himself in the mid-1970s as a political defender of the Combat Zone, Boston’s notorious red light district. Neighborhoods in Frank’s district bordered the Combat Zone, the bill, which had the support of Boston’s Police Commissioner, never came up for a vote. Later, when Frank was running for Congress, opponents erroneously portrayed him as having attempted to permit red-light districts in all Bay State communities, in 1979, Frank was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. While in state and local government, he taught, part-time, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, and at Boston University. He published numerous articles on politics and public affairs, in 1992, he published Speaking Frankly, in 1980, Frank ran for the U. S

39.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ‍ '​ publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942

40.
NBC Universal
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NBCUniversal is an American multinational media conglomerate. It has a significant presence in broadcasting through a portfolio of domestic and international properties, including terrestrial, via the Universal Parks & Resorts division, the company is also the third-largest operator of amusement parks in the world. NBC Universal was formed on May 12,2004 by the merger of General Electrics National Broadcasting Company with Vivendis Vivendi Universal Entertainment, as of March 19,2013, it is wholly owned by Comcast who bought GEs ownership stake. NBC and Universal Television had a long-standing partnership dating back to 1950 and this partnership continued throughout a number of name changes and changes of ownership. NBC Universal Television has its roots in a series of expansions undertaken by NBC. In the late 1980s, NBC began pursuing a strategy of diversification, NBC also had partial ownership of several regional sports channels and other cable channels such as American Movie Classics and Court TV. In 1995, NBC began operating NBC Desktop Video, a news service that delivered live video to personal computers. The following year, NBC announced an agreement with Microsoft to create an all-news cable television channel, a separate joint venture with Microsoft included establishing a news website, MSNBC. com. In 1998, NBC partnered with Dow Jones & Co, the two companies combined their financial news channels outside the US. The new networks included NBC Europe, CNBC Europe, NBC Asia, CNBC Asia, NBC Africa, in 1999, NBC took a 32% stake in the Paxson group, operator of PAX TV. Five years later, NBC decided to sell its interest in PAX TV and end its relationship with PAX owner, in 2001, NBC acquired the US Spanish-language broadcaster Telemundo, which included the bilingual Mun2 Television. That same year NBC acquired the cable channel Bravo, the sale and resulting merger formed NBC Universal. The new company was 80% owned by GE, and 20% owned by Vivendi, Universal Music Group was not included in the deal and is not part of NBC Universal. On August 2,2004, the divisions of NBC. NBC Studios series bought into the company include the NBC dramas Las Vegas, Crossing Jordan, Universal Network Television bought the Law & Order franchise and The District—in fact, Universal Network Television had co-produced American Dreams with NBC before the merger. Entertainment shows produced by the new group include The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Last Call with Carson Daly, and Saturday Night Live. The formation of NBC Universal saw the establishment of NBC Universal Cable, which oversees the distribution, marketing, NBC Universal Cable also manages the companys investments in The Weather Channel and TiVo. The cable division also used to operate NBC Weather Plus until 2008 and it also owned a 50% stake in Canal+ and also owned a 15% stake in A+E Networks until 2012

41.
Oxygen (TV channel)
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Oxygen is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Oxygen Media, LLC, a subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. Similar to Lifetime and WE tv, the channel features programming targeted at women, including reality television series, acquired scripted series. As of February 2015, approximately 77.5 million American households receive Oxygen, in early 2014, it was announced that Oxygen would rebrand on October 7,2014 alongside a new logo in an effort to target young female viewers. Geraldine Laybourne was the founder, chairwoman, and CEO. The companys cable network Oxygen launched on February 2,2000, the channel was initially headquartered at Battery Park City in New York City, near the World Trade Center. The networks operations were consolidated in the Chelsea Market, a former Nabisco factory at 15th Street. Oxygens operations are now based at 30 Rockefeller Plaza as part of Comcasts consolidation of its newly owned NBCUniversal properties, prior to 2005, the channel carried a limited schedule of regular season WNBA games produced by NBA TV. The channel later began to focus chiefly on reality shows, reruns, for a time during the talk shows syndication run, Oxygen aired week-delayed repeats of The Tyra Banks Show. The yoga/meditation/exercise program Inhale was the last inaugural Oxygen program on air into the channels NBC Universal era, albeit in repeats, Oxygen has been available on DirecTV for many years, and arrived on Dish Network in early 2006 during that providers carriage conflict with Lifetime. On October 9,2007, NBC Universal announced it would be purchasing Oxygen for $925 million, the sale was completed on November 20,2007. Heading was dropped from the channels visual branding, the logo premiered one week early on June 8,2008. For the 2008 Summer Olympics, Oxygen aired events and programming relating to gymnastics, equestrian. On April 5,2010, Oxygen launched its second night of programming with the fifth-season premiere of Tori & Dean. As part of the re-focusing, the network introduced a new slogan. It was reported that NBC had been in talks with Dick Wolf—producer of the Law and Order and Chicago franchises, to take an equity stake in a re-branded channel that could be anchored by the programs. In February 2017, NBCUniversal confirmed that it planned to re-format Oxygen with a focus on true crime programming aimed towards women, the change will be accompanied by a larger re-branding later in the year, which may or may not keep the Oxygen name. Oxygens new lineup will be built largely around its library of unscripted crime-oriented programming. It is available through most providers

Oxygen (TV channel)
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Oxygen's former logo. The Oh! element was used from 2002 to June 8, 2008, with the word Oxygen displayed in Times New Roman type since the channel's launch; until 2004, the entire word was in smaller case letters.

42.
Comcast
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Comcast Corporation is an American global telecommunications conglomerate that is the largest broadcasting and cable television company in the world by revenue. Comcast services U. S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states, the companys headquarters are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first Universal theme park outside of the U. S, Universal Studios Japan, opened in 2001, followed by Universal Studios Singapore in 2011. Few new locations are being planned or developed for future operation, Comcast also has significant holdings in digital distribution. In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion, under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24,2015, Comcast terminated the agreement, Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons, the companys customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcasts service area, furthermore, given Comcasts negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. And its ownership of content production and content distribution has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed The Worst Company in America by The Consumerist in 2010 and 2014. Despite being publicly-traded, Comcast is a business, with the Ralph J Roberts family owning 33% controlling stake. Comcast is sometimes described as a family business, Brian L. Roberts, Chairman, President, and CEO of Comcast, is the son of co-founder Ralph Roberts. Roberts owns or controls just over 1% of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares, legal expert Susan P. Crawford has said this gives him effective control over every step. In 2010, he was one of the highest paid executives in the United States, Comcast is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and also has corporate offices in Atlanta, Detroit, Denver, and Manchester, New Hampshire. On January 3,2005, Comcast announced that it would become the tenant in the new Comcast Center in downtown Philadelphia. The 975 ft skyscraper is the tallest building in Pennsylvania, Comcast has begun construction on a second 1,121 ft skyscraper directly adjacent to the original Comcast headquarters in the summer of 2014. The company is criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcasts employees and it sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff

43.
Dance Moms
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Dance Moms is an American reality television series that debuted on Lifetime on July 13,2011. They compete against each other through their children, set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Los Angeles, California, the show is primarily filmed at the Abby Lee Dance Company studios. Dance Moms season 7 premiered in November,2016, and concluded in February 2017, the series depicts the doting mothers as rivals of each other on behalf of their own daughters, often arguing with Miller and each other, and sometimes closing ranks against rival teams. Various rival dance teams spur the teams competitiveness, Miller had never used a pyramid in her studio prior to Dance Moms, and when once asked about the it, Miller stated, Ive never done that in my life. That has nothing to do with me, thats the show, they came up with that whole process. Abby Lee Miller is the director of Reign Dance Productions, which houses the Abby Lee Dance Company, of which she is owner, gianna Martello is an instructor for RDP covering all genres of dance, and is also the assistant choreographer for the ALDC Junior Elite Competition team. Martello studied dance under Millers tutelage through Reign Dance Productions, melissa Gisoni is the mother of Maddie Ziegler, a lyrical/tap dancer and Mackenzie Ziegler, acro/jazz dancer and singer. Maddie and Mackenzie studied dance at Millers studio through Reign Dance Productions from the ages of four. They were original cast members of Dance Moms, continuing as ALDC team members through season 6, Christi Lukasiak is the mother of Chloe Lukasiak, a contemporary and lyrical dancer. Chloe began dancing at Millers studio at age two and they were original cast members of the show, but left the show after the Season 4 finale but later on make a guest appearance in season 7. Kelly Hyland is the mother of Brooke Hyland, a dancer and Paige Hyland. Kelly was a dancer at Abbys mothers studio and was an ALDC dancer, Brooke and Paige were original cast members, but a physical altercation between Kelly and Abby occurred in the middle of Season 4, resulting in the Hylands leaving the show. Holly Hatcher-Frazier, is the mother of Nia Frazier, a contemporary, Nia had earlier studied dance at Millers studio through Reign Dance Productions. She was an original cast member of Dance Moms, continuing on the ALDC team/cast through season 6 and she is the only original cast member to still be on the show. Jill Vertes is the mother of Kendall, a contemporary and jazz/lyrical dancer, before joining the ALDC in season 2, Kendall studied dance at Rogers Dance in Pittsburgh and Studio 19 in Cranberry Township, PA. During season 2, Kendall was portrayed as having switched teams for several episodes, besides Nia, she is one of the longest standing team members. Kira Girard is the mother of Kalani Hilliker, a lyrical/ballet dancer, before joining the ALDC in season 4, Kira and Kalani appeared on season 2 of Abbys Ultimate Dance Competition. After several weeks with the ALDC team in season 4, she was made a permanent team member of the ALDC in season 5, Jessalynn Siwa is the mother of JoJo, a jazz/hip-hop and contemporary dancer

44.
Devious Maids
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It originally aired on Lifetime for four seasons from June 23,2013 to August 8,2016. Set in Beverly Hills, California, Devious Maids followed the lives of four Latina maids working for the areas wealthiest and most powerful families. The series featured an ensemble cast led by Ana Ortiz as Marisol Suarez, Dania Ramirez as Rosie Falta, Roselyn Sánchez as Carmen Luna, Judy Reyes as Zoila Diaz. Edy Ganem, Susan Lucci, Rebecca Wisocky, Tom Irwin, Brianna Brown, Brett Cullen, Mariana Klaveno, the series was originally in development to air on ABC, but was ultimately picked up by Lifetime. The first season was the subject of reviews from television critics. In September 2016, Lifetime announced that they were cancelling Devious Maids after four seasons, the series centers on a close-knit group of maids who are working for some of the most powerful families of Beverly Hills, California. The first season premiered on June 23,2013, the pilot drew 1.99 million viewers, and in episode six, shot up 45 percent from the series premiere, to 2.90 million viewers. The first season finale would become its highest-rated episode, with 3 million viewers and this season also introduces the four other central maids of the show, Rosie Falta from Mexico, Puerto Rican singer Carmen Luna, and senior maid Zoila Diaz, with her teen daughter Valentina. The first season also featured newlywed couple Taylor and Michael Stappord, the season mystery Who killed Flora. was revealed in episode 13 and the season ended with a cliffhanger. The second season premiered on April 20,2014, the season centers on the mystery story of Opal, the new, 40-something maid, played by Joanna P. Adler. The character is described as reminiscent of Mrs. Danvers from Hitchcocks Rebecca and is seen as a threat to Marisols new relationship with Nicholas, the third season premiered on June 1,2015. Rosie wakes up in the four months after Ty staged a drive-by shooting outside her wedding, having been shot along with the likes of Pablo who, unlike her. His kidney, however, did make it to Genevieve, who in the meantime helps Zoila deal with the fact that shes unaware who the father of her child is, after finding out that its Pablo and not her fiancé Javier, she fears he may leave her. And he ultimately does, following the departure of Valentina and Remi for New York, at the wedding that never happens, Rosies first husband Ernesto returns and, to Spences dismay, she ends up reuniting with him. This is after the Stappords are revealed as having returned to Beverly Hills with a new daughter in town, Katy, until shes kidnapped after her discovery of a bloody scene on Taylors couch. She is hanged and framed by an assailant, and the Stappords next maid, Rosie. She does this by snooping around Taylors home and discovering Katys origins, aside from foregoing a doomed romance with Jesse Morgan, Marisol too does some snooping and learns that Olivia Rice set Taylor up to have an affair with the murderer. Carmens affair gets out of hand when Sebastiens wife Jacklyn offers to sign her, eventually finding out, in September 2015, Devious Maids was renewed for a fourth season to air the following year

45.
Witches of East End (TV series)
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Witches of East End is an American television series based on the book of the same name by Melissa de la Cruz. The series premiered on Lifetime on October 6,2013, on November 22,2013, Lifetime renewed Witches of East End for a second season to consist of 13 episodes, which premiered on July 6,2014. On November 4,2014, Lifetime cancelled Witches of East End after a decline in ratings during the second season, the series finale aired on October 5,2014. The series stars Julia Ormond as lead character Joanna Beauchamp, a witch and mother of Freya Beauchamp and Ingrid Beauchamp, mädchen Amick co-stars as Joannas mischievous witch sister Wendy Beauchamp. The series is based on the books plot, with one change being that Freya. On January 31,2013, it was revealed that Lifetime had picked up Witches of East End with ten episodes and this is one of the most exciting ensemble casts weve seen and the whole show is fresh, original and just right for Lifetime. On August 30,2012, it was announced that Julia Ormond had landed a role on the show. On September 17,2012, the male role of Dash Gardiner was assigned to Patrick Heusinger. And on September 19,2012, Rachel Boston and model Daniel Di Tomasso were announced to have earned the two remaining main roles, respectively Ingrid Beauchamp and Killian Gardiner, finally, as announced on September 25,2012, Nicholas Gonzalez would portray detective Matt Torcoletti. Tom Lenk was later given the role of Hudson Rafferty, Ingrids best friend, casting however underwent a few changes. On June 26, TVLine revealed that Eric Winter would replace Patrick Heusinger as Dash Gardiner, on July 9, the recurring role of the detective Adam was assigned to Jason George. On July 12, Virginia Madsen replaced Glenne Headly for an arc as Penelope, Dash. On August 12, Freddie Prinze, Jr. booked a guest role on the show, as Leo Wingate, on August 14, Anthony Lemke was cast as recurring Harrison Welles. Filming the pilot began on October 16,2012 in the port town of Wilmington, North Carolina. On October 29,2012, the moved for a week to Macon, Georgia. On November 5,2012, the returned to filming in North Carolina for a final day of shooting. Later on, the period was announced as going from July 16 to October 21. Maggie Friedman announced on Twitter on June 10 that she was scouting locations for the series, lori Rackl of Chicago Sun-Times described the show as a Soapy, silly adaptation of Melissa de la Cruzs best-seller

Witches of East End (TV series)
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Witches of East End

46.
How I Met Your Mother
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How I Met Your Mother is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19,2005 to March 31,2014. The series follows the character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in Manhattan. As a framing device, Ted, in the year 2030, recounts to his son, the series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, who also served as the shows executive producers and were frequent writers. The series was inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City. Among the 208 episodes, there were four directors, Pamela Fryman, Rob Greenberg, Michael Shea. Known for its structure and eccentric humor, How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years. The show initially received positive reviews, while the later seasons received more mixed reviews, the show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards, winning nine. In 2010, Alyson Hannigan won the Peoples Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress, in 2012, seven years after its premiere, the series won the Peoples Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy, and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor. The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children, the lives of all characters are entwined in each others. The shows frame story depicts Ted verbally retelling the story to his son Luke, the show instead focuses on Teds prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women, thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy. The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters, Ted is based loosely on Bays, and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife. Thomas wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her, Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work, and was available. The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a John Belushi-type character before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the casting director Megan Branman. Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the narrator, Future Ted, explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years. Saget either went to the studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode, or did so separately. He normally did not attend table readings, but did so for the last episode, in various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that a pretty famous actress turned down the role of Robin, whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt. They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who, at the time, was fairly unknown, Bays and Thomas later said, Thank God we did for a million reasons. When Teds seeing her for the first time, Americas seeing her for the first time — the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward, according to an Entertainment Weekly article, the writers adopted facets of each main actors personality and incorporated them into their characters

How I Met Your Mother
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How I Met Your Mother
How I Met Your Mother
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Main cast
How I Met Your Mother
How I Met Your Mother

47.
Daytime television
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Daytime television is a television genre which features television programming traditionally produced and scheduled to air between the hours of 9 a. m. and 5 p. m. It can also be defined as television programs that are broadcast before the watershed period, the term “daytime television” typically is used to describe the programming that airs during weekdays, weekend programming is often much different and more varied in nature. There are also programs that are designed for children, such as preschoolers. PBS, Nick Jr. Disney Junior and the Hub Network air that programming in the timeslot in the United States, with CBBC and CBeebies, CITV, the major providers of daytime pre-school programming in the United Kingdom. Another popular audience in this frame is the college student. Match Game, Family Feud, Card Sharks, Press Your Luck, soap operas such as General Hospital and The Young and the Restless continue to be popular in the U. S. UK and Canada. ESPN follows a similar format by running its flagship newscast, SportsCenter, childrens television networks usually use the 9 a. m –3 p. m. Sports television networks in the Americas can take advantage of the differences with Europe to fill their daytime slots with European sports such as soccer, cricket. The same pattern happens in Europe with Asia-Pacific sports, on weekends, daytime television is often devoted to domestic competitions. In the United States, American football, in particular, is a staple of Saturday and Sunday afternoons during the autumn months, in Latin America, soccer typically airs on weekend afternoons, therefore European sports air in the morning and noon. Local television stations news departments typically air a half-hour newscast, simplified with short pre-recorded stories, no live remotes or sports. Daytime television in the United States

48.
Supermarket Sweep
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Supermarket Sweep is an American television game show. The format combined an ordinary team-based quiz show with the concept of a live. In the timed race, cameras followed the teams with shopping carts through a large vacated supermarket with several aisles, the original show was broadcast on ABC from December 20,1965 to July 14,1967. Revivals aired on Lifetime from February 5,1990, to June 16,1995, aBCs Supermarket Sweep was broadcast from Food Fair supermarkets, mostly around New York City. For the Lifetime version, a supermarket was created at Hollywood Center Studios. It was modeled after a Hughes Family Market until April 2000, the first season of the PAX version was filmed at Santa Clarita Stuidos in Santa Clarita, California. Beginning in August 2001, the moved to NBC Studios. The host for the ABC version was Bill Malone, the announcers were Wally King from 1965 to 1966 and Richard Hayes from 1966 to 1967, with Johnny Olson and Gene Wood as frequent substitutes during those years. The host for the Lifetime and PAX versions was David Ruprecht, the announcer was Johnny Gilbert from 1990 to 1995 and again from April to June 2000, with Randy West taking over for Gilbert in 2000 and continuing for the rest of the series. Each team began with a time of 1,30. In the first part of the game, one contestant from each team was shown an item and were asked to guess its retail price. The team who came the closest won the item and an additional 15 seconds to their time, in the second part of the game, one contestant from each team went on a shopping spree through the market, using the time accumulated in the first half of the game. Bonus items worth $10–$100 were also spread throughout the store, all teams kept every item they picked up, with the team with the highest total in groceries, bonus prizes and other items winning the right to return to the show and play in the next game. The gameplay of the Lifetime/PAX version of Supermarket Sweep consisted of three segments, the round, the Big Sweep and the Bonus Sweep. The game was played three teams of two related individuals, such as a parent and child, spouses, siblings or best friends. In the last two rounds, the members wore sweatshirts of the same color, Team 1, Light Blue or Red, Team 2, Red or Light Blue, Team 3. The show gave the appearance that pairs were chosen to be based on who in the audience held pre-distributed grocery items that the announcer called for at the beginning of the show. Like the ABC version, all three teams started with a time of 1,30

Supermarket Sweep
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The Supermarket Sweep logo from February 5, 1990 to May 28, 1993
Supermarket Sweep
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A look at the transformation of the logo

49.
The Newlywed Game
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The program, originally created by Robert Nick Nicholson and E. Roger Muir and produced by Chuck Barris, has appeared in many different versions since its 1966 debut. The show became famous for some of the arguments that couples had over incorrect answers in the form of mistaken predictions, many of The Newlywed Games questions dealt with making whoopee, the euphemism that producers used for sexual intercourse to circumvent network censorship. Game Show Networks version of The Newlywed Game airs reruns throughout the week, network Bounce TV has acquired the reruns from GSN. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No.10 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, the Newlywed Game debuted on the ABC television network on July 11,1966. On the day it debuted, CBS pre-empted Password to cover a news conference held by Robert McNamara, which was delayed a half-hour, with the network vamping until he spoke. ABC opted to wait until just as the conference began. On December 20,1974, The Newlywed Game concluded its run after nearly eight and it was the longest running game show in ABC daytime history until 1985, when Family Feud surpassed it. A syndicated version of the show airing in 1977. Mostly successful, it nonetheless was canceled in 1980, not directly because of the show itself, in fall 1979, creator Chuck Barris had debuted a spin-off show, 3s a Crowd, in which a man, his wife and his secretary would compete. A special week-long series for Valentines Day aired on ABC in February 1984 and was the last time the show aired on a broadcast network, the set for the week of specials would later be used for Bob Eubanks return to The New Newlywed Game in syndication a year later. Up until the GSN series 2009 premiere, all subsequent editions of The Newlywed Game were seen in syndication, a revival that aired from 1985 until 1989 was referred to as The New Newlywed Game for the first three and a half years of its run. Founding host Bob Eubanks was the master of ceremonies, or emcee, just 28 years old at the time the show debuted in 1966, he was the youngest emcee to host a game show. Eubanks hosted the ABC and first syndicated series, then returned to host The New Newlywed Game in September 1985, Jim Lange hosted the aforementioned week of specials in 1984. In December 1988, Eubanks stepped down as the host of the series, the title of the series became The Newlywed Game Starring Paul Rodriguez and remained so for the remainder of the 1988-89 season, after which the series was cancelled after four seasons. Gary Kroeger hosted the first season of the revival of The Newlywed Game in 1996, after a year of struggling ratings, Eubanks returned to host and the format was reinstated to the classic Newlywed Game format. He has also hosted several episodes of the current Newlywed Game. The GSN edition was hosted by Carnie Wilson and narrated by Randy West from its debut on April 6,2009 until the end of its season on July 16,2010. On August 18,2010, it was announced that The View co-host Sherri Shepherd would take over as host for the season of the show which premiered November 1,2010

The Newlywed Game
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The Newlywed Game

50.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf