17th Construction Squadron was raised out of the Eastern Command Maintenance Squadron on 20 September 1949 as a Regular unit, under the command of Captain E. Phillips. Upon formation it consisted of three troops: 8, 9 and 10. Squadron headquarters was located at Kingsford, New South Wales, along with the 9 and 10 Troops, while 8 Troop was located in the Moore Park area. The year later, Plant Troop was raised and moved to Woomera, South Australia.[3] It had initially been planned that the squadron would form part of a regimental formation known as the 4th Construction Regiment, but the regiment was never raised and the squadron was formed as an independent unit.[4]

During the period between 1950 and 1965 the squadron carried out considerable construction and relief tasks both within Australia and overseas. It was involved in the construction of the Woomera Rocket Range from 1950 to 1954. In 1953 it was also involved in the site construction for project "Two Zero Zero", an atomic weapons test site.[3] Between January and October 1953, the squadron worked to prepare the site ahead of the detonation of the first atomic weapon exploded on the Australian mainland, which took place in October 1953 under the guise of Operation Totem.[5] In 1956, work was undertaken at Moorebank where the squadron constructed a pontoon harbour and also at Randwick where work on new soldiers' accommodation was completed.[3]

In 1960, an element from 8 Troop was deployed to New Hebrides to help restore Port Vila after it was struck by a cyclone.[6] The following year, 10 Troop was detached to the command of the 24th Construction Squadron and deployed to Vanimo and Passam, Papua New Guinea, where they completed road building tasks and constructed a 300-ton wharf.[3] In June 1963, the main body of the squadron deployed to Wewak, taking over from the 21st Construction Squadron, before returning to Australia in June 1964, having been replaced by the 22nd Construction Squadron.[7]

The most significant part of squadron history was its involvement in the Vietnam War. The squadron was in South Vietnam from 1966 to 1971 and was involved in a wide variety of engineering tasks. The first to deploy was 8 Troop, which was initially based around Vung Tau, although they were later deployed to the 1st Australian Task Force base at Nui Dat in August 1966.[8] At Nui Dat, elements of the squadron took part in the defence of the base during an attack the day before the Battle of Long Tan; amidst heavy indirect fire, three members of the squadron were wounded.[9] 10 Troop relieved 8 Troop at Nui Dat in October, and in February 1967 the squadron's third troop, 9 Troop, was deployed to Vietnam.[10] Early tasks undertaken by the squadron included clearing operations in support of the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment during Operation Leeton, and sustainment operations.[3][11] The construction of helipads and land marking operations were common tasks carried out by Plant Troop. In 1967 the squadron completed a 300,000 gallon dam. This provided the Australian contingent with an alternate water supply.[3][12] At Nui Dat the squadron set up a large quarrying operation in early 1968.[3]

The squadron was also involved in the construction of the 1st Australian Logistics Support Group (1 ALSG) base amid the sand dunes at Vung Tau following its occupation in May 1966.[13] Although a detachment of engineers from 1 RAR Group had commenced basic works to prepare the area prior to the lodgement, including a basic water supply and road construction, much work remained. Lacking basic facilities for logistic operations including unloading facilities, roads and hardstanding, 1 ALSG struggled to become operational and commence logistic support to 1 ATF forward at Nui Dat. Meanwhile, basic hygiene and stifling heat were also a significant problem.[14] Urgent work was required and the development plan included cutting and spreading the sand dunes, reclaiming large areas of swamp land, road construction, establishing accommodation, hardstanding, storage areas, workshops and vehicles parks, as well as extensive drainage works.[15] Other tasks included winning construction resources, water purification and supply, electricity generation, survey, bridging and rafting, and civil aid.[16] Helipads were also constructed to enable 1 ALSG to be resupplied by helicopter and for 2 Field Ambulance to receive casualties.[17] Later, in April 1968 a quarry was also constructed at Vung Tau to supply crushed rock, gravel and fine sand for the pavement of roads, airfields, helipads and development of hardstanding.[18]

Land clearing operations had been undertaken by 1st Field Squadron since the occupation of Nui Dat to improve base defences and observation. Later they were extended for tactical purposes to open up key routes within Phuoc Tuy by removing vegetation to deny cover and concealment to the Viet Cong, and also provided arable land for villagers as part of the Pacification program.[19][20] In March 1968, a dedicated Land Clearing Team was formed by 17th Construction Squadron elements at Nui Dat to supplement existing arrangements.[21] One particular operation, codenamed "Cooktown Orchid" conducted in April 1968, saw a large element of Plant Troop deploy under infantry and armoured protection to clear undergrowth and trees in the foothills of the Long Hai mountains.[3] Land clearance operations proved quite dangerous for the plant operators who were exposed to land mines and booby traps, as well as to attack by small arms and other direct fire weapons.[22] During this operation one D8 bulldozer was destroyed, and a sapper injured when an RPG round hit the dozer he was operating.[23] In 1969 the squadron continued with land clearing tasks within the 1 ATF area of operations. During the operation, numerous bunker systems were uncovered and the D8 dozers detonated many mines. In August 1969, 9 Troop assisted in replacing a sabotaged bridge with a 206-foot (63 m) floating pontoon bridge. The enemy had blown the bridge on National Route 51, 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Saigon. The troop, working with the US Engineers, took only 13 hours to re-open the road.[24]

1970 saw the squadron heavily committed to Project 393,[25] the civil aid program involving the construction of housing for Regional Force soldiers and their families throughout Phuoc Tuy province. The squadron built a total of 410 houses at sites such as Baria, An Nhuit, Dat Do, Ong Trinh and Duc Thanh.[3] On 20 September the unit celebrated its 21st birthday. Later that year, John Sanderson was appointed Officer Commanding.[26] It was at about this time that the unit adopted the "Little Bear" symbol and the motto, "A Little Bear will Fix It", which is well known on Norton's Bear Brand Tape.[3] The little bear was created in the mid-1950s by Sydney cartoonist Syd Miller and has been in extensively since that time.[27] Quarrying operations during 1970, with the squadron operating Hadfield and Aveling-Barford crushers at three sites.[28] Throughout 1971 a number of major road projects were completed, as was a 36-metre-long (118 ft) bridge over the Song Rai River.[29] The squadron subsequently returned to Australia,[30] where it moved to Enoggera, Queensland.[31] At the height of its involvement in Vietnam, the squadron consisted of 12 officers and 334 other ranks.[32]

The decade of the 1970s saw the demise of the squadron as the RAE was reorganised around a regimental structure. In February 1972, it was renamed the 17th Field Squadron,[30] as part of 2nd Field Engineer Regiment, based at Enoggera.[33] While part of the regiment, the squadron completed construction works in Tully as part of the regiment's involvement supporting the Medium Tank Trials Unit.[34] Public relations projects were also undertaken including work on Tully hospital, schools, golf and bowling clubs. In mid-1973, 17th Field Squadron merged with 7th Field Squadron, and the unit's designation fell off the Royal Australian Engineers Order of Battle. The unit remained disbanded until 1977.[30]

In August 1977, the 17th Construction Squadron was re-raised at Gallipoli Lines, Holsworthy Barracks,[30] as part of the 1st Construction Regiment. Upon establishment, the unit was placed under the command of Major John Koek. The squadron's first task saw it sent to Nowra, where it was tasked with constructing fuel storage tanks for the Royal Australian Navy. In addition to this, the squadron worked to restore the accommodation buildings that it had been assigned. Having established itself, during the first six months of 1978 the squadron completed a number of small construction tasks for surrounding units in the Holsworthy area, including new facilities for the 1st Field Engineer Regiment.[35] An annual camp was also held at Gosper, New South Wales.[36] In 1979, the 17th Construction Squadron was placed on stand-by for service in Namibia.[37]

During the early 1980s operational readiness planning took up a large slice of the squadron's effort. During this decade a large number of construction tasks were still completed, including the construction of the Holsworthy Range Road, the School of Military Engineering Museum upgrade and numerous Lysaght buildings. A detachment also supported 22nd Construction Squadron with the construction of facilities for the Special Air Service Regiment.

In 1982 8 Troop performed a small controlled demolition of the Woronora Weir at Engadine. When Severe Tropical Cyclone Isaac hit Tonga on 3 March 1982, killing 6 people and making 45,000 homeless, the entire squadron was deployed to Tonga for a two-week period to assist with urgent shelter and recovery efforts.[38]

In 1985 the Squadron rebuilt the airfield at the army's Shoalwater Bay Training Area.

Engineers from the 17th Construction Squadron on exercise with the 1st Construction Regiment at Singleton, New South Wales in 1988.

The squadron participated in a major exercise with the 1st Construction Regiment at Singleton, New South Wales in 1988. This was the first occasion that the Transfield heavy girder bridge had been constructed on exercise. Also in 1988 9 Troop constructed the Holsworthy Range Control facility and facilities at Penrith.

Other works were undertaken overseas by detachments as part of the Defence Co-operation Program. Established in the early 1960s to engage with Southeast Asian nations, in the early 1980s the program was refocused upon the nations in the Southwest Pacific, where a number of construction projects were implemented.[40] During this time, projects were completed in several countries including:

Vanuatu: To assist Vanuatu in maintaining and operating its Pacific class patrol boat, donated by Australia in 1987, the squadron deployed a composite troop of 30 personnel for four months in 1988 to construct a Patrol Boat Base and support facilities in Port Vila;[42] and

In early 1988, the squadron deployed an officer to Wilkes Station, Antarctica to develop an environmental clean-up plan to remove, make safe or dispose of a large accumulation of rubbish, fuel in drums, explosives, chemicals and gas cylinders deposited since the late 1950s. The plan was subsequently carried out over a period of years for the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions by a series of detachments from the squadron.[43]

Having been on stand-by since 1979, the squadron finally deployed to Namibia in April 1989 as part of the Military Component of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group UNTAG. An augmented squadron of 275 personnel was deployed which included a Field Engineer troop from 7th Field Squadron. There were two rotations during the deployment, each of six months duration. The second rotation included a troop from the Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers.[46][not in citation given]

During the first rotation, the squadron was involved in a wide variety of tasks. The first task was to lead "Operation Safe Passage". This required the squadron members (supported by British signallers) to work as infantry and man border and internal assembly points. At the time these were the only military units that could be re-deployed quickly to northern Namibia. The aim of the operation was to facilitate the withdrawal of the South-West Africa People's Organisation's (SWAPO) military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) combatants. A total of nine assembly points were established with 10 soldiers and five military observers at each. Agreement was subsequently reached in late April that the SADF personnel be restricted to their bases from 26 April; and in effect from this date hostilities largely ceased. Over this period of about three weeks it has been estimated that 251 PLAN combatants were killed for the loss of 21 members of the SADF and other Security Forces.[47][48] The fact that the Australian soldiers survived this operation without casualty was said to be a tribute to the 'training standards of the Australian Army and perhaps, a bit of good luck'.[49]

The Squadron was also occupied with route and mine clearance. The SADF laid recognised, marked and fenced, anti-personnel minefields typically as perimeter protection to bases and vital assets. The SADF reported laying 45,000 mines during the conflict of which 3,000 were unaccounted for when UNTAG arrived.[51] SWAPO employed mines as a means of ambushing or intimidation. Much of the work of the 75 Field Engineers deployed with each contingent was area search, clearance of exposed mines, marking minefields and route clearance.[51][52] Colonel John Crocker, the Commander of the 2nd Contingent wrote that "For the first time since the Vietnam War, Australian Sappers hand cleared their way into live minefields on seven separate occasions to destroy exposed mines. Similar mines killed several civilians and many animals during the mission. Field engineers of the contingent destroyed over 5,000 items of unexploded ordnance (UXO) ranging from artillery shells, through RPG rockets to grenades. UXO, a legacy of the 20-year Bush War, posed a major hazard to local inhabitants in the northern provinces and to UNTAG personnel in that area".[49]

The second rotation provided considerable support to the elections that were conducted in November 1989 and which was the primary task for the remainder of the deployment. Activities commenced with 1 ASC from May 1989 onward, but became the primary task for 2 ASC. Major tasks included:[52][53]

Service support: Support was provided to approximately 500 electoral centres and police stations through the siting and erection of either permanent or portable accommodation as well as the provision of essential services;

Construction engineering: including the construction, modification or upgrade of UNTAG working and living accommodation, the provision of essential services (power, water and air traffic control facilities) and the maintenance and upgrade of roads and Opuwo airfield.

Ready Reaction Force: On two separate occasions during the November 1989 election, the ASC's Ready Reaction Force was used to disperse rioters who were offering violence to UN election motors, including Australians.

The squadron also conducted other works tasks which included an upgrade of the Rundu air base (construction of a movement facility and helipads), construction of a school building for one of the local schools, and the upgrade and maintenance of roads and hard-stands in the area. The second rotation returned to Australia in February 1990. The squadron for their efforts in Namibia received many letters of commendation and appreciation including in 2012 the award of the first Honour Distinction. This is a new (2012) award that provides recognition for outstanding service in operations in other than declared theatres of war.[1][2]

During the 1990s, the squadron was moved outside of the regimental structure, becoming independent once again. In March 1993, it became involved in the construction of RAAF Base Scherger, near Weipa in Far North Queensland. The biggest project undertaken by the Royal Australian Engineers at the time, the task drew very heavily on the squadron's personnel and resources, with three rotations each year.[54] The squadron's involvement with the project was complete by the end of 1996, although ongoing refurbishment continued throughout 1997.[55] The base was officially opened on 5 August 1998 by the Prime Minister, John Howard.[54]

In 1996, Prime Minister John Howard committed Australian Army resources to improve health related infrastructure in remote Aboriginal communities. Assisting units provide logistic, transport, communication and health support to the soldiers. The Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program (AACAP) was initiated in 1997 by the 17th Construction Squadron in the Bulla community, in the vicinity of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. The squadron has been responsible for AACAPs at a number of locations.[56][57][58][59]

At the completion of AACAP Jumbun in 1999 the squadron was deployed at short notice to participate in Operation Warden as part of the International Force for East Timor (INTEFET). Some of the key Squadron activities in East Timor included the construction of the Dili sewage ponds, the extension and resurfacing of the Suai airstrip, drainage works in Dili, the Dili heliport, force water points and support to other units. The squadron was on operations for approximately five months.[60]

In April 2012 The Chief of Army Lieutenant General David Morrison, AO approved a recommendation for the award of the first Honour Distinction to 17th Construction Squadron. This is a new (2012) award that provides recognition for outstanding service in operations in other than declared theatres of war. The Citation for the award reads:

17 Construction Squadron is awarded the Honour Distinction, Namibia 1989–1990, in recognition of its creditable performance in support of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group operation to manage the transition of Namibia to independence in 1990. Despite being deployed to provide engineering support,
when the ceasefire broke down at the start of the mission, members of the squadron helped establish Assembly Points, which enabled the mission to continue. This activity was conducted in the face of hostility from elements of the former colonial power and personal danger arising from the breakdown of the cease fire. Later, 17 Construction Squadron became involved in the election process itself, providing security, transport and logistic support to election officials, monitors, other UN personnel, voters and polling stations. Members of 17 Construction Squadron ensured that, as much as possible, the election was able to proceed without interruption or interference and ensured that all parties were free from intimidation or duress. With the selfless support of individuals from other units of the Australian Defence Force, 17 Construction Squadron played a key role in the smooth and effective transition of Namibia from colonial rule to independence. The Squadron performed a role well beyond what was expected and brought great credit on itself, the Australian Army and Australia.

^Amor, Rick (16 November 1999). "P03184.313". East Timor: Suai: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 17 August 2012. A sheeps foot roller of the 17th Construction Squadron, part of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET), extending the airfield at Suai. There is a Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) Iroquois helicopter coming in to land in the background.

^"Malcolm van Gelder – In Memoriam". Canberra. 16 August 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2012. He served in Vietnam from February 1968 to February 1969 as the Officer Commanding of the 17th Construction Squadron RAE.

Crocker, J.A.; Warren, R.D (1985). "Technology in Developing Countries – A Military Perspective". National Engineering Conference: The Community and Technology Growing Together Through Engineering. Barton, Australian Capital Territory: Institution of Engineers, Australia: 449–452. ISBN0858252740.

McNeill, Ian (1993). To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN1863732829.

1.
Australian Army
–
The Australian Army is Australias military land force. It is part of the Australian Defence Force along with the Royal Australian Navy, while the Chief of the Defence Force commands the ADF, the Army is commanded by the Chief of Army. The CA is therefore subordinate to the CDF, but is directly responsible to the Minister for Defence. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout its history, Australias largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 in East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping on Bougainville, in the Sinai, and in the Solomon Islands. Humanitarian relief after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia, Operation Sumatra Assist, the 1st Division comprises a deployable headquarters, while 2nd Division under the command of Forces Command is the main home-defence formation, containing Army Reserve units. 2nd Divisions headquarters only performs administrative functions, the Australian Army has not deployed a divisional-sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to do so in the future. 1st Division carries out training activities and deploys to command large-scale ground operations. It does not have any combat units permanently assigned, Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-special-forces assets of the Australian Army. It is neither an operational nor a deployable command,1 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Darwin and Adelaide. 3 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Townsville,6 Brigade – Mixed brigade based in Sydney. 7 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Brisbane,16 Aviation Brigade – Army Aviation brigade based in Enoggera, Brisbane. 17 Combat Service Support Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney, 2nd Division administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney. 4 Brigade – based in Victoria,5 Brigade – based in New South Wales. 8 Brigade – based in New South Wales,9 Brigade – based in South Australia and Tasmania. 11 Brigade – based in Queensland,13 Brigade – based in Western Australia. Special Operations Command comprises a command formation of equal status to the commands in the ADF. It includes all of Armys special forces assets, the force will be known as the Amphibious Ready Element and will be embarked on the Navys new Canberra-class amphibious assault ships. Infantry, and some combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the Queens Colour

2.
Squadron (army)
–
A squadron was historically a cavalry subunit, a company sized military formation. The term is used to refer to modern cavalry units but can also be used as a designation for other arms. In some countries, like Italy, the cavalry unit is called Squadron Group. Prior to the revisions in the US Army structure in the 1880s, US Cavalry regiments were divided into companies, the reorganizations converted companies to troops and battalions to squadrons, and made squadrons tactical formations as well as administrative ones. In the British Army and many other Commonwealth armies, a squadron is the Royal Armoured Corps counterpart of a company or artillery battery. A squadron is a sub-unit of a formation, and is usually made up of two or more troops. Squadrons are commonly designated using letters or numbers, in some British Army units it is a tradition for squadrons to also be named after an important historical battle in which the regiment has taken part. For example, the Royal Armoured Corps Training Regiment assigns trainees to Waterloo Squadron, in some special cases, squadrons can also be named after a unique honour which has been bestowed on the unit. The modern French Army is composed of troupes à pied and troupes à cheval, nowadays, the term escadron is used to describe a company of mounted soldiers but, for a long time, a cavalry escadron corresponded to an infantry battalion, both units grouping several companies. The term compagnie has been discontinued and replaced by escadron in cavalry units since 1815, in the mounted arms a captain in charge of an escadron is thus called a chef descadron. However, his superior in the hierarchy has the rank of chef descadrons. After 1815, the army began to write chef descadrons with an s in cavalry units to reflect the fact that this officer who used to be in charge of one squadron was now in charge of several squadrons. In other mounted branches, chef descadron is still spelled without s, the Norwegian army operates with units called eskadroner, typically a company-equivalent unit, generally in armoured cavalry units although not always. The 2nd Battalion, Brigade Nord, has a company-equivalent unit called kavalerieskadronen and it serves as the main reconnaissance unit in the battalion. Like the mechanized units, it wears the distinct khaki-coloured beret of the battalion instead of the normal black for cavalry units. The Armoured Battalion has the majority of its constituents labeled eskadroner, including the Cavalry Squadron, the Armoured Squadron and the Assault Squadrons. It also includes the battalions Support element, the Combat Support Squadron and its members are also referred to as dragoons, reflecting the nature of the unit. The Telemark Battalion also has a number of units labelled eskadroner and this includes the Armoured Squadron, the Cavalry Squadron and the Combat Support Squadron

3.
1st Australian Task Force
–
The 1st Australian Task Force was a brigade-sized formation which commanded Australian and New Zealand Army units deployed to South Vietnam between 1966 and 1972. At the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966, units of 1 ATF defeated a Viet Cong force of at least regimental strength, other significant actions included Hat Dich in late-December 1968 and early 1969, Binh Ba in June 1969, and Long Khanh in June 1971. 1 ATF was withdrawn in late 1971, additional Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy elements would also be deployed and with all three services total Australian strength in Vietnam was planned to rise to 6,300. Meanwhile,1 RARs attachment to US forces had highlighted the differences between Australian and American operational methods, however, with the new force given less than two months to deploy, hasty preparations began in Australia to ready it. The headquarters of the 1st Brigade was subsequently used to raise 1 ATF, as with 1 RAR, the New Zealand battery had served under US command since June 1965 and was New Zealands only military contribution to operations in Vietnam at that time. The decision was made to integrate the New Zealand battery into 1 ATF in June 1966. 1 ATF was tasked with dominating its TAOR and conducting operations throughout Phuoc Tuy as required, as well as deploying anywhere in III CTZ and neighbouring Bihn Tuy in II CTZ on order. Its principal objective was to secure Route 15 for military movement to ensure allied control of the port at Vung Tau, while politically it sought to extend government authority in Phuoc Tuy. The task force would be based in a plantation at Nui Dat,8 kilometres north of Ba Ria. Australian doctrine emphasised establishing a base and spreading influence outwards to separate the guerrillas from the population, by lodging at Nui Dat they aimed to form a permanent presence between the Viet Cong and the inhabitants. 1 ATF would then focus on destroying Viet Cong forces in the province, while security of the towns, initially,1 ATF consisted of two infantry battalions—the 5th and 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. Six 155 mm M109 self-propelled howitzers from A Battery, US 2/35th Artillery Battalion were also attached at Nui Dat. Despite these shortfalls 1 ATF had been required to rapidly deploy, the task force began arriving at Vung Tau between April and June 1966. The plan to operate independently resulted in significant self-protection requirements and 1 ATFs initial priorities were to establish a base, indeed, the security requirements of an understrength brigade in an area of strong Viet Cong activity utilised up to half the force, limiting its freedom of action. As part of the occupation all inhabitants within a 4, 000-metre radius had been removed and resettled nearby, a protective security zone was then established, the limit of which was designated Line Alpha, and a free-fire zone declared. At the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966, D Company 6 RAR with considerable artillery support held off,18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded, while 245 communist dead were later recovered from the battlefield. A decisive Australian victory, Long Tan proved a major setback for the Viet Cong. Although there were other large-scale encounters in later years,1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again, the battle established the task forces dominance over the province, and allowed it to pursue operations to restore government authority

4.
Battle honour
–
In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or operations of a military campaign. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date, theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours. Since battle honours are emblazoned on colours, artillery units. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, similar honours in the same tenor include unit citations. Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other. For the British Army, the need to adopt a system to recognise military units battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as an army in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, before then, a regiments colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the units past distinctions. The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the 15th Hussars for the Battle of Emsdorf in 1760, thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements. The battle honour is held by the successor regiment, the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment. During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour, thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today. A battle honour may be granted to infantry/cavalry regiments or battalions, as well as ships and squadrons, they are granted to sub-units such as companies. Battle honours are presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the units distinguished act took place. Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour, conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. Similarly, while in Korea, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned both Kapyong and Korea 1951–1953, supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However and uniquely the Royal Logistic Corps has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were in 1832 granted by King William IV the right to use the Latin Ubique, meaning everywhere and this is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The practice was extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces

5.
John Sanderson
–
Born in Geraldton, Western Australia on 4 November 1940, John Sanderson completed his secondary education at Bunbury High School in 1957 before entering the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1958. He graduated in 1961 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Engineers in December 1961, after completing a Fellowship Diploma in Civil Engineering at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Sanderson had a series of regimental postings. These included second in command of 10 Field Squadron and Troop Commander and Construction Officer of 21 Construction Squadron on operational service in Sabah and he was promoted to captain in 1965. He returned to Australia to command 23 Construction Squadron at Holsworthy prior to taking up command of 17 Construction Squadron in South Vietnam at the end of 1970. Sanderson was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1975 after serving for a period as a Staff Officer at the Headquarters of Field Force Command. His initial appointment as Staff Officer Grade 1 at the Directorate of Engineers was followed by two years as the Exchange Instructor at the British Army Staff College, Camberley. He commanded the 1st Field Engineer Regiment from 1979 to 1980, Sanderson was appointed as the Military Assistant to the Chief of the General Staff in late 1981, serving in that capacity until being promoted to colonel as Director of Army Plans in 1983. From June 1985 to the middle of 1986 he attended the U. S. Army War College, after a six-month period as Chairman of the Army Reserve Review Committee, he assumed command of the 1st Brigade at Holsworthy. Sanderson served as Chief of Staff Land Command for a period in 1989 and was then promoted to major general. In this role he was tasked to develop and carry out reforms to the Higher ADF Staff. This position was renamed to Chief of Army in 1997, on 18 August 2000, Sanderson was sworn in as 29th Governor of Western Australia. Sanderson retired as Governor of Western Australia in June 2005 after his term of office expired and his successor, Dr Ken Michael, was sworn in on 18 January 2006. 2009 The reconciliation journey Swearing In Ceremony – Address in Reply, Governor of Western Australia Portrait, 1989-04-18, Major General John Sanderson, timeline, Lieutenant General John Murray Sanderson, AC.2005 portrait by Heide Smith

6.
Royal Australian Engineers
–
The Royal Australian Engineers is a corps of the Australian Army. The RAE is ranked fourth in seniority of the corps of the Australian Army, behind the Staff Cadets, Armoured, the corps has also served on numerous peacekeeping operations and was heavily involved in the Australian contribution to the war in Afghanistan. The origins of the Royal Australian Engineers date back to 15 November 1860, by 1876, five of the six colonies—New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia—had raised their own engineer units. These were amalgamated on 1 July 1902 as the Corps of Engineers, at this time, the corps consisted of field, fortress, telegraph, electric and submarine mining companies. After Federation the small regular engineer component was granted the prefix Royal, however, in 1911, the Australian Corps of Signallers was absorbed into the Engineers as the RAE Signal Service. Four years later, in July 1915, all members of the Survey Section RAE, during this period the School of Military Engineering was established at Moore Park in Sydney. During World War I there were approximately 40 engineering units raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force and these units included field engineering units, tunneling companies, railway units and signalling squadrons which served at Gallipoli, the Sinai, Palestine, France and Belgium. Following the end of the war the School of Military Engineering was disbanded, on 1 January 1925 the RAE Signal Service was separated to form the Australian Corps of Signals. This was followed in 1932 by the Survey Section separating to form the Australian Survey Corps, the regular Permanent Force and reserve Citizen Military Forces engineer units were brought together in January 1936 as the Corps of Royal Australian Engineers. In 1939 the School of Military Engineering was re-established at Steele Barracks in Liverpool, New South Wales, during the inter-war years the RAE maintained a force of 233 regular troops and a militia force of 1,750. With the outbreak of World War II, however, the corps was expanded greatly, eventually reaching a peak of 32,984 men in 1945, RAE units of the Second Australian Imperial Force and militia served in North Africa, Malaya, New Guinea and Borneo campaigns. Following the end of the war the size of the corps was again reduced. Nevertheless, the units and sub-units of the RAE have been deployed on many overseas operations since 1945. During the Korean War there were no formed engineer units deployed by the Australian Army, later, RAE units deployed as part of the Australian commitment to the Malayan Emergency, Confrontation and the Vietnam War. They have also deployed overseas to carry out construction work in New Guinea. During the Vietnam War the RAE maintained a force of about 1,000 personnel in South Vietnam where they served as part of the 1st Australian Task Force. One of the most significant changes came in 1972 and was the decision to establish full regimental sized engineer units and these units were initially known as Field Regiments, but have subsequently become known as Combat Engineer Regiments. As a part of restructuring the RAE was reorganised to raise one regiment for each brigade

7.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades

8.
Australian contribution to UNTAG
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The Australian Services Contingent was the Australian Army contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group peacekeeping mission to Namibia in 1989 and 1990. The Australian mission was reported as successful. Overall, the UNTAG mission assisted Namibia in transitioning to a government after the racial segregation of the apartheid system. Southwest Africa has a rich history encompassing colonisation, war and genocide, the first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão in 1485. Over the next 500 years, the country was colonised by the Dutch, English, Namibia was a German colony from 1884 until its annexation by South Africa during World War I. After the war, it was mandated to South Africa by the League of Nations, after World War II the United Nations asked South Africa to place Namibia under UN trusteeship, but South Africa refused. Legal arguments continued until 1966 when the UN General Assembly resolved to end the mandate, at the height of the Cold War in 1965, conflict escalated across the border with the Cuban intervention in Angola. Cuba formed an alliance with the Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola, the first attack was the battle at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August, and the war was a classic insurgent-counterinsurgent operation. PLAN initially established bases in northern Namibia, they were forced out of the country by the South African Defence Force, subsequently operating from bases in southern Angola. The intensity of cross-border conflict escalated, becoming known as the South African Border War, the principal protagonists were the SADF and the PLAN. From a Namibian perspective, the nature of the closely intertwined Angolan War of Independence, Namibian War of Independence and this was overshadowed by two large-scale Cuban military interventions in the Angolan War of Independence. The first was in November 1975, which further intensified with the escalation of the Angolan Civil War in 1985, in that conflict, South Africa provided support across the northern border to UNITA. In September 1987, Cuban forces came to the defence of the besieged Angolan Army, General Magnus Malan wrote in his memoirs that this campaign marked a great victory for the SADF. Nelson Mandela disagreed, Cuito Cuanavale, he asserted, was the point for the liberation of our continent—and of my people—from the scourge of apartheid. This battle led to UN Security Council Resolution 602 of 25 November 1987, when the UN force deployed to Namibia in April 1989, there were 50,000 Cuban troops in Angola. During the 20-year war the SADF mounted many cross-border operations against PLAN bases, SADF units frequently remained in southern Angola to intercept PLAN combatants on their way south, forcing PLAN to move to bases far from the Namibian border. Most PLAN insurgency operations took the form of raids on political activists, armed propaganda activity, recruitment, raids on white settlements. The process leading to Namibias independence began with UN General Assembly Resolution 2145 of 27 October 1966 and this was followed by the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 264, adopted on 20 March 1969

9.
International Force East Timor
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INTERFET was commanded by an Australian, Major General Peter Cosgrove. Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 and annexed the former Portuguese colony, the annexation was recognised by few nations and was resisted by many East Timorese. Cold War security concerns were emphasised, while foreign powers also placed high importance on good relations with Indonesia and were reluctant to assist a push for independence as a result. However, following the fall of long-serving Indonesian President Suharto the new president, the explicit comparison was with the Matignon Accords involving France and New Caledonia. The letter upset Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a colonial power, news of the proposal provoked a violent reaction from pro-Indonesian militia in East Timor. The Indonesian army did not intervene to restore order, at a summit in Bali, Howard told Habibie that a United Nations peacekeeping force should oversee the process. Habibie rejected the proposal, believing it would have insulted the Indonesian military, the United Nations Mission in East Timor was established to organise and conduct a referendum on the question of independence. It was composed of police and observers rather than military personnel, the UN-sponsored referendum held on 30 August 1999 showed overwhelming approval for East Timorese independence from Indonesia. Many East Timorese were killed, with as many as 500,000 displaced, the Catholic Church in Australia urged the Australian Government to send an armed peacekeeping force to East Timor to end the violence. Protests occurred outside the Indonesia Consulate in Darwin and the Indonesian Embassy in Canberra, the United States offered crucial logistical and intelligence resources and an over-horizon deterrent presence, but did not commit forces to the operation. Finally, on 11 September, Clinton announced, Indonesia, in dire economic straits, under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so. The resolution also welcomed Australias letter to accept the leadership of a multinational force in East Timor. The lead-up to the operation remained politically and militarily tense, p-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft were also deployed. Ultimately no serious incidents occurred and the intervention was successful, however, of the 22 nations involved in INTERFET,10 provided naval assets. The United States contributed seven ships, the cruiser Mobile Bay, the assault ships Belleau Wood, Peleliu, and Juneau, and the replenishment ships Kilauea, San Jose. France supplied four vessels, the frigates Vendémiaire and Prairial plus the landing ships Siroco, singapore contributed the amphibious landing ships Excellence, Intrepid, and Perseverance. New Zealand deployed the frigates Te Kaha and Canterbury and the replenishment ship Endeavour, the International Forces East Timor coalition began deploying to East Timor on 20 September 1999, as a non-UN force operating in accordance with UN Resolutions. The Australian Deployable Joint Force Headquarters provided overall command and control, the main Australian combat element included infantry and cavalry provided by the 3rd Brigade

10.
Troop
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A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron. In many armies a troop is the equivalent element to the section or platoon. Exceptions are the Royal Horse Artillery and the US Cavalry, where troops are subunits that compare to a company or artillery battery. A cavalry soldier of private rank is called a trooper in many Commonwealth armies, a related sense of the term troops refers to members of the military collectively, as in the troops, see Troop. In some countries, like Italy, the cavalry unit is called Squadron. Today, a troop is defined differently in different armed forces, SASR troops are also unusual as they are commanded by a captain—most troop/platoon sized elements are commanded by a lieutenant. In all cases, units which refer to platoon sized elements as troops refer to company-sized elements as squadrons, privates in the RAAC and SASR hold the rank trooper, however this is not the case for any other Corps/units which use the term troops. In the British Army the definition of a troop varies by corps, household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps, Three or four armoured fighting vehicles commanded by a subaltern, i. e. effectively the same level element as an infantry platoon. A unit of two to four guns or launchers, or an equivalent headquarters unit, in the Royal Horse Artillery, a troop used to be the equivalent to a battery in other artillery units. The Royal Engineers and Royal Corps of Signals used platoons instead until after World War II, other army corps do not use the term. In the Royal Marines, a troop is the equivalent to an army platoon, in the Canadian Army, a troop is the equivalent of a platoon within the armoured, artillery, engineer, and signals branches. Two to four troops comprise the elements of a squadron. Companies were renamed troops in 1883, in the United States, state police forces are often regionally divided into troops. This usage came about from these organizations modelling themselves on the US Army, for this same reason the state police and highway patrol personnel of most states are known as trooper rather than officer. In Scouting, a troop is a made up of scouts or guides from the same locality under a leader. In the case of Guides, the company is used more often

11.
Kingsford, New South Wales
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Kingsford is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Kingsford is located 7 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, Kingsford is part of the Eastern Suburbs region. Kingsford is a residential area, situated directly south of the University of New South Wales. Many of the residents are living in medium and high density housing. A large Australian Army depot lies in the east of Kingsford, at the centre of Kingsford, on Anzac Parade and Gardeners Road, there is a large roundabout connecting a public transport system to nine possible destinations via a large number of bus services. For this reason, this part of Kingsford is sometimes referred to as nine-ways, Kingsford is less than 5 km from Coogee Beach. The area was known as South Kensington. It was named Kingsford to honour Australian aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, Kingsford was undeveloped until a land boom in the 1920s. In the 1940s, many Greeks settled in the area, particularly migrants from the island of Castellorizo, many opened businesses in the area, and, in 1973, they built the Castellorizian Club on Anzac Parade. Kingsford was originally intended to be the terminus of the Eastern Suburbs railway line, but, as a cost-cutting measure, in 2010, a tribute was created to Charles Kingsford Smith in Gardeners Lane, off Anzac Parade. The tribute consisted of a mosaic of Smith, a mosaic of his plane, the Southern Cross, the tribute was unveiled on 11 August 2010 by Mayor John Procopiadis. It was designed by Masoud Nodous, the artist was Tim Cole, in 2014, the mural depicting the Southern Cross was added. At the 2011 census, the largest number of residents came from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Greece. The highest reported ancestries are Chinese, Australian, English, Greek, at the federal government level of politics, Kingsford is part of the Division of Kingsford Smith in the Australian House of Representatives. Kingsford Smith has always been a Labor stronghold, st Spyridon is a Greek Orthodox Church on Gardeners Road. St Spyridon College is a school, adjacent to the church. The Indonesian Presbyterian Church and Kingsway Church are located at 94 Houston Road, holy Trinity Anglican Church, Sturt Street, Kingsford Gereja Focus Indonesia is an Indonesian students church located on UNSW campus Kingsford Church of Christ is located on Anzac Parade

12.
Moore Park, New South Wales
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Moore Park is a small suburb in its own right, as is Centennial Park. Moore Park is also an area of parkland that is part of Centennial Parklands. Centennial Parklands is administered by the Centennial Park & Moore Park Trust, the only exception is the land on which the Sydney Cricket Ground and Sydney Football Stadium are sited, these stadiums are managed by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust. Moore Park is the location of the Royal Agricultural Societys Sydney Showground. The old showgrounds have since been redeveloped as Fox Studios, a venture designed at supporting Australias film industry. The Entertainment Quarter is a retail, dining and entertainment precinct beside the studios and it contains cinemas, live venues, restaurants, cafes, pubs, and retailers of fashion and homewares. The Farmers Market operates every Wednesday and Saturday in the old showground showing, the south-western corner of the suburb boasts a large shopping centre called the Moore Park Supa Centre, on South Dowling Street. It specialises in showrooms for home furnishings and home renovations and this was the site of the former Dowling Street Depot for trams. The Eastern Distributor and Anzac Parade are major roads on the western border of the suburb. Sydney Buses operate frequent services to Moore Park from the Sydney CBD, South of Moore Park the line will spit into two branches - one continuing down Anzac Parade to the nine ways at Kensington, and the second heading to Randwick via Alison Road. Moore Park is the location of two of Sydneys largest sporting venues, the Sydney Cricket Ground and Sydney Football Stadium, the Moore Park Magpies are a local junior rugby league team. The Hordern Pavilion is an entertainment venue, while next door the Royal Hall of Industries hosts a range of exhibitions, social and commercial events. Moore Park also houses Kippax Lake, the E. S, marks Athletics Field, the Moore Park Golf, the Parklands Sports Centre and a number of sports fields. Moore Park, served by the Department of Education, is the location of Sydney Boys High School, Sydney Girls High School, and St Marys Cathedral College

13.
Woomera, South Australia
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The simple name, Woomera, refers to a town located in South Australias Far North region, approximately 446 kilometres north of Adelaide, the capital of the State of South Australia. In common usage, Woomera also refers to the wider Woomera Range Complex, Woomera township is part of an Australian Defence Force base which, along with the Woomera Test Range, forms the larger entity known as the Woomera Range Complex. The WRC is the latest name for this historic aerospace testing range and was promulgated by Chief of Air Force in June 2014. RAAF Base Woomera came into existence on 12 January 2015, Woomera Range Headquarters is the primary organisation which operates the facility on behalf of Chief of Air Force. Woomera Village is a Defence owned and operated facility, RAAF Base Woomera, when it was established in January 2015, also included the RAAF Woomera Aerodrome, which is approximately 6 km north of Woomera Village. The aerodrome lies within the Red Zone of the Woomera Prohibited Area, visitors may also stay in the Defence operated Eldo Hotel, and there is a privately operated public caravan park at the entrance to Woomera Village. Woomera Village initially operated as a town between 1947 and 1982, when the facility supported the operations of the Woomera Rocket Range during the Anglo-Australia Project. Since 1982, the public has been able to visit. However, only Australian Government personnel and contractors to the Commonwealth are able to live at Woomera on a permanent basis, the current permanent population of the town is 136. The Woomera Range was first established in 1947 as a Department of Defence rocket testing range, since its construction over 1947–53, Woomera Village has essentially operated under a specialised Commonwealth/Defence township management model rather than a local government model. At the height of its operations, over 7000 people lived in Woomera Village, Woomera Village as it has been unofficially known since its establishment in 1947 has always been and continues to be the domestic support facility for the Woomera Test Range. The WPA covers an area of approximately 122,000 km2 forms the ground area of the whole Range Complex. The Nurrungar Test Area is 18 km south of Woomera, and although not within the WPA, the Range was first established in support of the Anglo-Australian Joint Project. This cold-war project focussed on the development of weapons systems. The cold-war heyday of the Range was 1947 to about 1972, since that time, the RAAF has gradually assumed full control of the entire facility. The Range today is smaller than it was in 1947. Although there are now several major mines established within the WPA, officially, the village area is referred to as Base Sector South of RAAF Base Woomera, and like the RAAF Base at Point Cook in Victoria, this part of the complex is open to public access. This is principally so that tourists can access the significant historical displays and museums which cover the ranges air, at the Woomera Heritage Centre, there are also displays covering the Indigenous and Pioneer heritage of the region

14.
RAAF Woomera Range Complex
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The RAAF Woomera Test Range is a weapons testing range operated by the Royal Australian Air Force Air Warfare Centre. The day-to-day operation and administration of the WTR is the responsibility of Headquarters, RAAF Woomera Test Range, the range facility is located in South Australia, in that States north-west pastoral region. The gateway to the Range is the Defence support base Woomera long referred to as Woomera Village, Woomera is located approximately 500 kilometres north-west of Adelaide. The Range, however, covers an area, and is the largest land-based weapons test facility in the western world. The range complex is made up of the Woomera Prohibited Area, the Woomera Restricted Airspace, the village of Woomera, RAAF Woomera Airfield, and Camp Rapier. The nearby Nurrungar Test Area Woomera, which was the site of the USAF/ADF Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar, is now also part of the wider Woomera Test Range complex. Woomera village has a population of 150 to 200 people. Although the range is closed to the public, Woomera village is open to the public, the groundspace of the range is known as the Woomera Prohibited Area and measures 122,188 km2. It was first declared an area in 1947. Access is managed by the Department of Defence Woomera Prohibited Area Coordination Office using a permit system, modern mines within the area include the Challenger gold mine, Peculiar Knob iron ore mine, Prominent Hill copper mine and the Cairn Hill iron ore mine. As of 2016, only Challenger is operational, Peculiar Knob is in care and maintenance owing to a weak iron ore price, while ore bodies at Prominent Hill and Cairn Hill have been exhausted. As of 2016, WPA Advisory Board membership includes, Minutes of the Board from 2012–2016 were partially released following a Freedom of Information request in 2016, approximately 65,000 tourists a year visit Woomera, with about half of that number going on to visit Roxby Downs. Germanys use of V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets during World War II prompted the British to establish their own rocket testing programme. However, the density of population in the United Kingdom made testing risky, so the British turned to Australia, the two nations joined in the Anglo-Australian Joint Project, a Commonwealth weapons design and test programme established in 1946. One of the Survey Corps members who commenced work there in 1947 was Len Beadell, the name of the facility, and the village of Woomera, came from the Aboriginal spear-throwing device. At its peak, the range had an area of 270,000 square kilometres, most of which was in South Australia and this was later scaled back to a total area of 127,000 square kilometres, still the largest land-based weapons test range in the western world. Facilities at Salisbury, South Australia supported the design and testing of many weapons, the Joint Project ran until 1980. Woomera then focused on supporting the nearby joint Australia-United States Joint Defence Space Communications Station, as of the end of 2009, there were up to ten different tests occurring on the range daily, and bookings for access had been made as far in advance as 2023

15.
Operation Totem
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Operation Totem was a pair of British atmospheric nuclear tests which took place at Emu Field, South Australia on 15 October 1953. They followed the Operation Hurricane test of the first British atomic bomb, the main purpose of the Totem trial was to determine the acceptable limit on the amount of plutonium-240 which could be present in a bomb. The plutonium used in the original Hurricane device was produced in a reactor at Windscale. This plant did not have anything like the capacity to provide sufficient material for the British governments planned weapons programme and these were intended to produce both electricity and plutonium, and the design was known as Pippa. Construction of the first one started at Calder Hall in March 1953 and this was potentially a problem since plutonium-240 is prone to spontaneous fission, which would both present a criticality accident risk and reduce the likely yield of any weapon containing it. Sir William Penney urgently obtained ministerial permission in December 1952, two months after the Hurricane shot, for the Totem tests to take place in October 1953, the Totem tests tried two designs with different proportions of plutonium-240 in the pit. Since the Royal Navy were unable to provide the level of support which they had in the Hurricane test, instead a new site, originally given the codename X200 but later renamed Emu Field, was selected following surveys by Len Beadell and the British Army Survey Corps. An isolated dry, flat clay and sandstone expanse in the Great Victoria Desert, it was 480 km north west of Woomera, South Australia. The isolated location and poor roads meant that only 500 tons of the 3000 tons of equipment needed for the test arrived by road, the bulk arriving via the airstrip quickly constructed on the site. The main scientific party arrived on 17 August and the device for the first test arrived on 26 September to be followed three days later by Penney. The two nuclear explosions were preceded by five smaller tests which formed part of a series codenamed Kittens, and these did not produce nuclear explosions, but used conventional explosive and polonium-210, beryllium and natural uranium to investigate the performance of neutron initiators. The United Kingdom test series summary table is here, United Kingdoms nuclear testing series, the chief scientist at the Australian Department of Supply, W. A. S. Butement asserted that I am given to understand that the area is no longer used by Aborigines. The 1985 Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia determined that the area was still being occasionally used, before the tests, the height of the radioactive cloud resulting from the explosions was estimated at 12,000 feet. However the cloud from the Totem 1 shot rose to 15,000 feet, drifting east, there is controversy surrounding injuries received by Aboriginal People from fallout, and in particular from this mist. Approximately 45 Yankunytjatjara people were reported to have caught in the mist at Wallatina and fallen ill. The 1985 Royal Commission concluded that Aboriginal people experienced radioactive fallout from Totem 1 in the form of a black mist or cloud at or near Wallatina and this may have made some people temporarily ill. The Royal Commission does not have sufficient evidence to say whether or not it caused other illnesses or injuries, however high winds dispersed the cloud so that it had dissipated to the point where it could not be tracked beyond around 500 km east of the test site. However the next trial was back at the Montebello Islands in May 1956, Operation Mosaic was a pair of tests as part of the development of thermonuclear weapons

16.
Moorebank, New South Wales
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Moorebank is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Moorebank is located 27 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Liverpool. Moorebank features a mix of residential and industrial areas, Moorebank Shopping Village is a small shopping centre. The suburb takes it name from early settler Thomas Moore, Moorebank was originally home to vineyards and other rural activities. Nuwarra Public School opened in 1973 and is located directly opposite Moorebank shopping centre, Moorebank is built atop a plateau and was cut off from surrounding areas in the floods of 1986. The M5 Motorway links Moorebank east to the Sydney central business district, Moorebank is close to Liverpool railway station on the Airport, Inner West & South Line, Bankstown Line and Cumberland Line of the Sydney Trains network. Moorebank is the site of the proposed Moorebank Intermodal Terminal, nuwarra Public School Note, Moorebank High School, Newbridge Heights Public School and St Josephs Primary are now in the adjacent suburb of Chipping Norton, due to a suburb border change. Most prominent is the Moorebank Magpies Australian Football team which plays in the division of the Sydney AFL competition. Moorebank is also home to a purpose built remote control car race track, the John Grant International Raceway is located in Helles Reserve which is just off Helles Avenue, near the Moorebank Road and M5 intersection. Moorebank has a lake called Clinches Pond. It is surrounded by a park called Chinches Pond Reserve, according to the 2006 census undertaken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Moorebank was home to 7599 people who tended to be young families on slightly better incomes than the national average. The average age was 34 compared to 37 for the country as a whole, much of this, however, was gobbled up by housing loan repayments where the median figure for Moorebank was well above the national figure of $1300. Moorebank was also diverse with a number of languages other than English spoken including Arabic, Greek, Vietnamese, Italian. Robert Kaleski, bushman and dog expert, harley Matthews, vigneron, soldier and author of four books about his experiences at Gallipoli. Thomas Moore, explorer and first British settler of Moorebank, robert Braiden, film writer and director

17.
Randwick, New South Wales
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Randwick is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Randwick is located 6 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district and is the centre for the local government area of the City of Randwick. Randwick is part of the Eastern Suburbs region, Randwick was named after the village of Randwick, Gloucestershire, England, birthplace of Simeon Henry Pearce, who became Mayor of Randwick no less than six times. Simeon and his brother James, who migrated to Australia in 1842, were responsible for the development of Randwick as well as suburb Coogee. Simeon lived in a house called Blenheim, which can still be seen in Blenheim Street and it was neglected for some time but was eventually acquired by Randwick Council and then restored. Proclaimed as a Municipality in February 1859, as a City in 1990 Randwick has a history and great natural beauty including a number of fine. Another Mayor of Randwick, George Kiss, built the house known as Ventnor in the 1870s, a two-storey sandstone house, Ventnor is situated on Avoca Street, overlooking Coogee. It is now owned by the nearby Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, other buildings of note include the St Judes Church group, also on Avoca Street. Originally designed by Edmund Blacket, the church was completed in 1865 and it was modified by H. M. Robinson in 1889. The rectory next door was built in 1870, the Vergers Residence, designed by Thomas Rowe and completed in 1862, was the original Randwick Burough Chambers. This distinctive building, with its Gothic touches, was followed by the present Randwick Town Hall, the church group and Ventnor are listed on the Register of the National Estate. Further down Avoca Street is the building originally known as the Star and Garter Inn. It was the home of Captain J. Watson, who was responsible for the memorial to Captain James Cook, one of the dominant features of the area is the Prince of Wales Hospital, which started life as a home for destitute children. It was financed by the legacy of Dr. Cuthill, who now has Cuthill Street named after him, in 1915 the home became a military hospital and continued to grow as a medical facility. Other noteworthy buildings include private homes like Ilfracombe, Clovelly and Torquay, in Avoca Street, the latter was built 1884-84 on part of St Marks Glebe. The land had been leased in 1880 for 99 years to S. Holmes, the house features Tudor and Gothic elements and has stained glass windows. It has been described as a rare and distinctive example of late Victorian Gothic architecture retaining most of its detailing intact. It has a New South Wales heritage listing, another notable home was Sandgate, located in Belmore Road

18.
New Hebrides
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New Hebrides, named for the Hebrides Scottish archipelago, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that now is the nation of Vanuatu. Native people had inhabited the islands for three years before the first Europeans arrived in 1606 from a Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós. The islands were colonized by both the British and French in the 18th century, shortly after Captain James Cook visited the islands. The two countries signed an agreement making the islands an Anglo-French condominium, which divided the New Hebrides into two separate communities, one Anglophone and one Francophone. This divide continues even after independence, with teaching in either one language or the other. The condominium lasted from 1906 until 1980, when the New Hebrides gained their independence as Vanuatu, the New Hebrides was a rare form of colonial territory in which sovereignty was shared by two powers, Britain and France, instead of just one. Under the Condominium there were three separate governments – one French, one British, and one joint administration that was elected after 1975. The French and British governments were called residencies, each headed by a resident appointed by the metropolitan government, the residency structure greatly emphasized dualism, with both consisting of an equal number of French and British representatives, bureaucrats and administrators. Every member of one residency always had a mirror opposite number on the other side who they could consult. The symmetry between the two residencies was almost exact, the joint government consisted of both local and European officials. It had jurisdiction over the service, public radio station, public works, infrastructure. The two main cities of Santo and Port Vila also had city councils, but these did not have a deal of authority. While initial settlers were predominantly British living in Australia, the late 19th century saw an influx of French. Within a few decades, there were twice as many French on the islands as there were British, despite this, the two nations came together to form a condominium, a specialized form government where both nations would have all of their own administrations and jointly rule the islands. The only place they came together was in the Joint Court and this meant convictions in court were chosen based on either British or French law, depending on the circumstances. Other than the Joint Court, everything existed in pairs, “Cynics called the Condominium ‘the Pandemonium, as the dual administration produced amazing duplication. There were two forces with their own laws, including road laws, two health services, two education systems, two currencies, and two prison systems. For instance, if you were convicted, you could choose whether to be convicted under British or French law

19.
Port Vila
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Port Vila /ˌpɔərt ˈviːlə/ is the capital and largest city of Vanuatu and is located on the island of Efate. Its population in the last census was 44,040, an increase of 50% on the census result. In 2009, the population of Port Vila formed 18. 8% of the countrys population, situated on the south coast of the island of Efate, in Shefa Province, Port Vila is the economic and commercial centre of Vanuatu. The current mayor is Ulrich Sumptoh, of the Union of Moderate Parties, elected in January 2014, his deputy is Leimara Malachi, on March 13,2015, Port Vila bore extensive damage from Cyclone Pam. Locally the town is most commonly referred to simply as Vila, the name of the area is Efil in the native South Efate language and Ifira in neighbouring Mele-Fila language. Vila is a variant of these names, today, Ifira refers to the small island in Vila harbour where many of the areas traditional landowners reside. The area occupied by Port Vila has been inhabited by Melanesian people for thousands of years, in Autumn of 2004, an archaeological expedition known as Teouma discovered a burial site of 25 tombs containing three dozen skeletons of members of the Lapita culture. Pieces of ceramics found at the site were dated to the 13th century BC, in May 1606, the first Europeans arrived at the island, led by the Portuguese explorers Pedro Fernandes de Queirós and Luis Vaz de Torres. French citizen Ferdinand Chevillard began buying and clearing land around Port Vila to be converted into the largest French plantation on the island. Instead, it was converted into the municipality of Franceville, which declared independence on August 9,1889 and it was the first self-governing nation to practice universal suffrage without distinction of sex or race. Although the population at the time consisted of about 500 native islanders and fewer than fifty whites, one of the elected presidents was a US citizen by birth, R. D. Polk, a relative of American president James K. Polk. After 1887, the territory was administered by the French. This was formalized in 1906 as an Anglo-French Condominium, during World War II, Port Vila was an American and Australian airbase. In 1987, Cyclone Uma severely damaged the city, a powerful earthquake in January 2002 caused minor damage in the capital and surrounding areas. The city suffered damage from a category 5 cyclone named Cyclone Pam in March 2015. Port Vila is Vanuatus most important harbour and the center of the countrys trade, the international airport, Bauerfield International is also located in the city. Air Vanuatu has its office in Vanuatu House in Port Vila. Major industries in the city remain agriculture and fishing, tourism is also becoming important, especially from Australia and New Zealand

20.
Vanimo
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Vanimo is the capital of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea. It is located on a close to the border with Indonesia. Vanimo is a township with an economy based around the timber industry. Logging company Vanimo Forest Products, which is owned by Malaysian company Rimbunan Hijau, is the chief employer, Vanimo is known as a surfing destination. It has a reputation of having the most consistent waves in Papua New Guinea, surfing season is mid October through to late April. Vanimo also is a destination for foreign workers in Papua/Indonesia who need to leave the country in order to renew their visas. In this case they come over for a day to visit the Indonesian consulate, the boardriders club at Lido Village were the subject of a report on Australias Dateline current affairs program

21.
Battle of Long Tan
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The Battle of Long Tan took place in a rubber plantation near Long Tan, in Phuoc Tuy Province, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. After two months it had moved beyond the requirements of establishing itself and securing its immediate approaches. By 16 August the communist force was prepositioned east of the Long Tan rubber plantation, the Viet Cong positions were then engaged by counter-battery fire and the mortaring ceased. The following morning B Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment departed Nui Dat to locate the firing points, a number of weapon pits were subsequently found, as were the positions of the mortars and RCLs. D Company took over the pursuit around midday on 18 August, after clashing with a Viet Cong squad in the afternoon and forcing them to withdraw, the Australians were engaged by small-arms and rocket-propelled grenade fire from a flank. Numbering only 108 men, D Company was facing a larger force. Pinned down, they called for artillery as a rain began. Heavy fighting ensued as the battalions of the Viet Cong 275th Regiment attempted to encircle. After several hours D Company was nearly out of ammunition, when two UH-1B Iroquois from No.9 Squadron RAAF arrived overhead to resupply them, withdrawing to establish a landing zone to evacuate their casualties, the Australians formed a defensive position overnight. Returning in strength the next day, the Australians swept the area, although initially believing they had suffered a major defeat, as the scale of the Viet Congs losses were revealed the Australians realised they had actually won a significant victory. Over the next two days continued to clear the battlefield, uncovering more dead as they did so. Yet with 1 ATF lacking the resources to pursue the withdrawing force, eighteen Australians were killed and 24 wounded, while the Viet Cong lost at least 245 dead. A decisive Australian victory, Long Tan proved a major setback for the Viet Cong. Although there were other large-scale encounters in later years,1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again, the battle established the task forces dominance over the province, and allowed it to pursue operations to restore government authority. The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment was dispatched with engineers, cavalry, artillery and aviation elements in support,1 RAR would be attached to the US 173rd Airborne Brigade based in Bien Hoa, a formation which operated throughout III Corps Tactical Zone. Unlike later Australian units that served in Vietnam which included conscripts, Operation Marauder was launched on the Plain of Reeds in the Mekong Delta on New Years Day 1966 and continued until 7 January. 1 RAR then took part in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods, further fighting followed, with the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang on the night of 23/24 February 1966. At the strategic level, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, additional Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy elements would also be deployed, with total Australian strength in Vietnam planned to rise to 6,300

22.
5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
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The 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment is a regular infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally established in 1965 it would serve two tours of South Vietnam before it was linked with the 7th Battalion to form the 5th/7th Battalion, in late 2006 the two units were de-linked, and 5 RAR again joined the Australian Armys order of battle in its own right. It has since served in Iraq, East Timor and Afghanistan, the 5th Battalion was formed at Holsworthy Barracks, New South Wales on 1 March 1965. To meet the challenges of these commitments, the Army needed to expand from four to nine battalions. In 1965, the 1st Battalion, organised on the Pentropic establishment was split to provide a cadre of regulars to the new 5th Battalion, whilst conscripts were used to bring the unit up to strength. When the Battalion held its parade on 5 November 1965. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions were drawn on in a fashion to raise the 6th and 7th Battalions. Lieutenant Colonel P. H. Oxley was the first Commanding Officer and this was a challenging time for the new unit. The First Battalion was in the stages of its preparations for departure to Vietnam. In order to foster high spirit in the new battalion, the idea of becoming known as the Tiger Battalion was introduced and this spread rapidly and spontaneously amongst its members. From that time on Fifth Battalion were the Tiger Battalion, from the gold of their lanyards to the tiger tails tied onto the kitbags leaving for Vietnam in April 1966. Early in 1966 the battalion learnt that it was to serve in Vietnam as one of two battalions in the 1st Australian Task Force. As it was only three months notice for its deployment, the training schedule prior to embarkation was hectic. Range practices began in the hours and often went until 2200 hours. Nights and weekends were spent training in night movement and conducting lectures on Vietnamese customs, history, culture, each company trained at Gospers, in the Wiangaree State Forest in New South Wales, as well as at Canungra, Queensland. In March 1966 the battalion emplaned at Aero Paddock at Holsworthy and moved to Gospers for its exercise, which included advances to contact, night movement. After this C Company would deploy to Vietnam on HMAS Sydney, upon arrival in South Vietnam the battalion, under Warrs command, commenced operations on 24 May 1966 by participating in the clearance of the 1 ATF base at Nui Dat – Operation Hardihood. It was on this operation that the battalions first soldier, Private Errol Noack, Noack was critically wounded during a water resupply and died of his wounds at 36th Evacuation Hospital on 24 May 1966, sixteen days after he said farewell to his family

23.
Helipad
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A helipad is a landing area or platform for helicopters and powered lift aircraft. Larger helipads, intended for use by helicopters and other vertical take-off and landing aircraft, an example is Vertiport Chicago, which opened in 2015. Helipads may be located at a heliport or airport where fuel, air traffic control, some basic helipads are built on highrise buildings for evacuation in case of a major fire outbreak. Major police departments may use a dedicated helipad at heliports as a base for police helicopters, large ships and oil platforms usually have a helipad on board for emergency use. In such a case, the term helideck or helodeck has been used in the meaning of a helipad on board. In urban environments, these heliports are typically located on the roof of the hospital, rooftop helipads sometimes display a large two-digit number, representing the weight limit of the pad. In addition, a number may be present, representing the maximum rotor diameter in feet. Location identifiers are often, but not always, issued for helipads and they may be issued by the appropriate aviation authority. Some helipads may have location identifiers from multiple sources, and these identifiers may be of different format, helipads are usually constructed out of concrete and are marked with a circle and/or a letter H, so as to be visible from the air. However, they are not always constructed out of concrete, sometimes wildfire fighters will construct a temporary helipad out of timbers to receive supplies in remote areas, rig mats may be used to build helipads. Landing pads may also be constructed in extreme conditions such as on ice, the worlds highest helipad, built by India, is located on the Siachen Glacier at a height of 21,000 feet above sea level. The worlds largest heliport is in Morgan City, Louisiana, and has a total of 46 helipads, used mostly to support offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. A portable helipad is a structure with a rugged frame that can be used to land helicopters in any areas with slopes of up to 30 degrees, such as hillsides, riverbeds. Portable helipads can be transported by helicopter or powered-lift to place them where a VTOL needs to land, helicopter deck Heliport de Voogt, A. J

24.
Caterpillar D8
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The Caterpillar D8 is a large track-type tractor designed and manufactured by Caterpillar. Though it comes in configurations, it is usually sold as a bulldozer equipped with a detachable large blade. 1937, The R prefix dropped, D8 debuts, 1940s, 2U Series D8 introduced, engine power of 132 hp improved to 148 hp. 1950, D8 new front-rounded grill that would last until D8K was replaced by D8L in 1982,1955, 1H Series D8 ends production,191 hp D8E and D8D introduced with new 1,246 cubic inch displacement D342 diesel engine. D8D had a torque converter and D8E had a direct drive transmission,1965, Power increased to 270 hp 1970, D8 46a 48a power increased 280 hp 1974,300 hp D8K replaced the D8H. 1982,335 hp D8L replaced D8K, the D8L was the first D8 with the elevated drive sprocket undercarriage. 1984, D8L SA for farming applications premiers, available with a Three point hitch, for mounted implements. 1987, D8N at 285 hp which was unveiled at CONEXPO87 in Las Vegas and it also had a differential steer transmission — the first track-type Caterpillar tractor to have one. 1996,305 hp D8R replaced D8N,2000, D8R Series 2 replaced the D8R. 2004,310 hp D8T ACERT replaced D8R Series 2, several types of bulldozer blade can be used on the front of the tractor, straight blade, A short blade with no lateral curve and no side wings. It can be used for fine grading angle blade, held by an U shape frame that has three holes on each side, to set the blade to 3 positions, right, center, and left. Heavy equipment G-numbers U. S. Army Cats Caterpillar D9 Caterpillar D7 List of Caterpillar Inc

25.
Sapper
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They are also trained to serve as infantry personnel in defensive and offensive operations. A sappers duties are devoted to tasks involving facilitating movement, defence and survival of allied forces, the term sapper is used in the British Army and Commonwealth nations, Polish Army and the U. S. military. The phrase sapper comes from the French saper, saps were excavated by brigades of trained sappers or instructed troops. When an army was defending a fortress with cannon, they had an obvious height, the attacking armys artillery had to be brought forward, under fire, so as to facilitate effective counter-battery fire. This was achieved by digging what the French termed a sappe, using techniques developed and perfected by Vauban, the sappers began the trench at such an angle so as to avoid enemy fire enfilading the sappe. As they pressed forward, a position was prepared from which cannon could suppress the defenders on the bastions, the sappers would then change the course of their trench, zig-zagging toward the fortress wall. Each leg brought the attackers artillery closer until the cannon would be sufficiently suppressed for the attackers to breach the walls. Broadly speaking, sappers were experts at demolishing or otherwise overcoming or bypassing fortification systems. An additional term applied to sappers of the British Indian Army was miner, the native engineer corps were referred to as sappers and miners, as for example, the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners. The term arose from a task done by sappers to further the battle after saps were dug, the saps permitted cannon to be brought into firing range of the besieged fort and its cannon, but often the cannon themselves were unable to breach the fort walls. This was dangerous work, often lethal to the sappers, and was resisted by the besieged enemy. Since the two tasks went hand in hand and were done by the troops, native Indian engineer corps came to be called sappers and miners. Sapper is the Royal Engineers equivalent of private, the term sapper was introduced in 1856 when the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners was amalgamated with the officer corps of the Royal Engineers to form the Corps of Royal Engineers. During the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I Australian sappers repaired a bridge at the crossing of the Jordan River at Jisr Benat Yakub. Here the retreating Ottoman and German rearguard had blown up the central arch which was repaired in five hours by sappers attached to the Australian Mounted Division. Australian Sappers in the Vietnam War were also honoured in the Cold Chisel song Khe Sanh with the line I left my heart to the Sappers round Khe Sanh, in the Canadian Forces, sappers exist both in the regular force and reserve force. The rank of sapper is used instead of private trained to signify completion of the Engineer DP1 course, Canadian sappers have been deployed in many major conflicts in recent history including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the War in Afghanistan. Ultimately, the objective of the sappers is to facilitate the living, moving, and fighting for friendly troops on the battlefield, the motto of the Canadian Military Engineers is Ubique a motto shared with the Royal Canadian Artillery

26.
Dat Do
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Đất Đỏ is a rural district of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 62,683, the district covers an area of 190 km². The district capital lies at Phước Hải and this district is the home area of the prominent communist Võ Thị Sáu. The district is divided administratively into 2 townships, Đất Đỏ the capital, Đất Đỏ contains the following wards, Phước Long Thọ, Long Tân, Láng Dài, Lộc An, Phước Hội, Long Mỹ

27.
Enoggera, Queensland
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Enoggera is a suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia 6 kilometres north-west of the Brisbane CBD. The west of the suburb is dominated by Enoggera Hill, at the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 5,034. The word Enoggera is a wrongly spelled by an error made at the Government Lands Office and it was intended that the name should be recorded as Euogerra, a contraction of the Turrbal phrase youara-ngarea meaning literally sing-play or song and dance. It refers to a site used for dancing. It is said to have first applied to a site near the mouth of Breakfast Creek and it is possible, however, that the name was independently applied to a site at the place at presently known as Enoggera. They named the crossing in Enoggera Bu-yu-ba, which means. In 1845, John Brennan purchased six hectares of land in Enoggera, six years later, Thomas Hayes moved to the area and bought thirty-three acres of land. Enoggera initially developed as a community with orchards and vineyards. In the 1860s, the track to the Gympie goldfields passed through Enoggera, as the population increased, the first school opened in 1871, and the railway line to Enoggera Station opened in 1899. In 1887, the local government Division of Enoggera was proclaimed, bound to north and south by Kedron Brook and Enoggera Creek, Enoggera became a shire in 1903 before being amalgamated into the City of Brisbane in 1925. In 1949, the line from Newmarket was extended along Samford Road to Enoggera. The tram line closed on 2 December 1968, in the 2011 census, Enoggera recorded a population of 5,034 people, 45% female and 55% male. The median age of the Enoggera population was 29 years of age,8 years below the Australian median. 89. 3% of people spoke only English at home, the next most popular languages were 0. 8% Cantonese,0. 8% Mandarin,0. 5% Italian,0. 5% Spanish,0. 4% Arabic. The land for the Enoggera Army Barracks was acquired in 1910, the Army Barracks is still located in Enoggera today. The Brisbane Irish Rugby Football Club The McBrats play at Memorial Park, university of Queensland, Queensland Places, Enoggera Enoggera/E. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008, archived from the original on 16 January 2008

28.
2nd Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia)
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The 2nd Combat Engineer Regiment is an Australian Army modular sapper/combat engineer regiment. The Regiment is located at Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland and is part of 7th Brigade,2 CERs lineage is formally traced to 4th Field Company Royal Australian Engineers, which was raised in the early stages of World War I. Renamed 7th Field Company in 1915, the unit was renowned for its service in France and Belgium at the Battle of the Somme, Menin Road, during World War II,7 Fd Coy fought the Japanese at Kokoda and on Bougainville. The Defence Act precluded the deployment of Militia units outside Australian territory, to support British forces during World War I, the Australian government was required to raise an all-volunteer force for overseas service, known as the Australian Imperial Force. The 4th Field Company was raised in New South Wales and renamed the 7th Field Company on 20 September 1915. 7 Fd Coy served in Egypt and France during World War I, where it saw action in the Battle of the Somme, Menin Road and the Hindenburg Line It returned to Australia and disbanded on 23 May 1919. In 1921, the Australian government decided to restructure the part-time Citizens Forces units to replicate the numerical designations, as a result, on 1 May 1921,7 Fd Coy was re-raised as part of the 1st Division, based in Ipswich. During World War II, the Defence Act continued to bar the Militia from overseas service, Militia units also undertook brief periods of continuous service, for training and home defence duties. If AIF volunteers constituted more than 65% of a units personnel, with Japans entry into the war in December 1941, the Malayan Campaign and Fall of Singapore, the strategic situation worsened significantly. 7 Fld Coy was called out for service within Australia in May 1942. Later,7 Fld Coy was re-gazetted as an AIF unit, the unit served in Papua New Guinea and fought against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and on Bougainville until the end of the war. Another Militia sapper unit from Queensland, the 11th Field Company, also saw service in New Guinea. 7 Fd Coy returned to Australia on 3 January 1946 and disbanded on 4 February 1946, on 19 June 1947, a Special Survey Troop was activated for employment on the proposed Rocket Range at Woomera and then later expanded. The unit was involved in the construction of facilities for the tests conducted at Emu Claypan during the 1950s. On 11 March 1949, this became the Special Construction Squadron. During the 1949 NSW coalminers strike,7 Fd Sqn was part of the controversial Operation Excavate, the unit was reassigned to 1 Field Engineer Regiment in June 1951, before being redesignated 7 Independent Field Squadron and grouped with the 1st Infantry Brigade at Casula and Holsworthy. In 1955, elements of the squadron –4 Troop – deployed to South-East Asia, on 28 December 1958, the unit deployed to Vanuatu to provide humanitarian support after a tropical cyclone. In June 1960, the Australian Military Forces were reorganised along a divisional basis with the adoption of the Pentropic organisation, and 7 Independent Field Squadron moved to Wacol, Queensland

29.
Tully, Queensland
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Tully is a town and locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is adjacent to the Bruce Highway approximately 140 kilometres south of Cairns by road and 210 kilometres north of Townsville, in the 2011 census, Tully had a population of 2,436 people. The Tully River was named after Surveyor-General William Alcock Tully in the 1870s, the town of Tully was named after the river when it was surveyed off when the sugar mill was erected in 1924. Previously a settlement known as Banyan had grown up on the side of Banyan Creek during the previous decade. Tully is one of the towns of the Cassowary Coast Region. The economic base of the region is agriculture, sugar cane, the sugar cane grown at the many farms in the district is processed locally at the Tully Sugar Mill to give raw sugar which is shipped elsewhere for refinement. The Tully River area was settled once Cardwell, to the south, was established. The river was renamed in 1872 in honour of William Alcock Tully, then under-secretary for public lands, the first settlers were the nephews of James Tyson who raised beef cattle. It was not until the government constructed a mill in 1925 that the town began to develop. Tully was originally within the Cardwell Division, which became the Shire of Cardwell in 1903, the original headquarters for the division/shire were in older town of Cardwell. In 1929, the decision was taken to relocate the shire councils headquarters to the newer, the first council meeting held in Tully was on 27 June 1929. A new shire chambers was built in 1930 on the south-east corner of Bryant, at the 2011 census, Tully had a population of 2,436. Tully remained the centre for the Shire of Cardwell, until the shire was amalgamated into the Cassowary Coast Region in 2008. The regional council has its headquarters in Innisfail, in March 2015, a farm at Tully tested positive for the soil-borne Panama disease. One of the strains of the disease affects all types of bananas and has only been detected in the Northern Territory. Harvesting continued on the property with strict protocols allowing the farm to continue to operate and distribute product without posing a threat, Tully has a tropical rainforest climate. Buildings in Tully were badly damaged by Cyclone Yasi on 3 February 2011, according to residents, Tully was. a scene of mass devastation. An unknown number of homes were destroyed as intense winds, estimated at 300 km/h

30.
Medium Tank Trials Unit (Australia)
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The Medium Tank Trials Unit was a temporary Australian Army unit formed to test M60 Patton and Leopard 1 tanks to determine the most suitable replacement for the Armys Centurion tanks. The MTTU was formed in early 1972 by converting B Squadron, the MTTUs personnel were trained in the United States and Germany in early 1972 and received two M60A1 Pattons, two Leopard 1A2s and a Leopard 1 armoured recovery vehicle in the middle of the year. The tank trials commenced in late 1972 and were conducted at Puckapunyal, the trials were completed in March 1973 and the MTTU reverted to B Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment on 1 June 1973. The Leopard 1 tank was selected on the basis of the results of the trials and entered service with the Australian Army in 1976

31.
Woronora River
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Much of the course of the river is through the Dharawal State Conservation Area, Heathcote National Park and the Royal National Park as it descends 354 metres from source to mouth. The river is impounded by the Woronora Dam, opened in 1941, the 71, 790-megalitre impoundment is Lake Woronora, formed to augment water supply for southern Sydney and the northern Illawarra region. The Woronora River is traversed by high level and low level road bridges, a road bridge on Heathcote Road, linking Heathcote and Holsworthy also provides a crossing over the river. At the area known as The Needles, near Woronora Road in Engadine, comment from an ex resident, The Needles were considered the head of navigation where there was relatively deep water with pointed vertical rocks, mostly just below the surface, hence the name. There was a causeway there which was part of The Old Illawarra Rd and this area is below the Heathcote Rd bridge by about 3/4 km. Just above this road bridge was Woronora Wier which was demolished in the mid 1900s for safety reasons, I learned to swim there as a 5 year old in around 1948. In the Australian Aboriginal Dharug language the river draws its name, Woronora is an Aboriginal place name. Records show the spelling of the name has varied since it first appeared in the 19th century, the earliest being Wooloonora (Dixon,1827, quoted in Walker 1974,66, followed by Wolonora. The name was first applied to the Woronora River, a tributary of the Georges River, before being given to a district, a local road east of the river. List of rivers of New South Wales Rivers of New South Wales Guide to Sydney Rivers site Carswell, a landscape appraisal of the Woronora River valley. Woronora River Stormwater Management Plan, commissioned by Sutherland Shire Council, Woronora River Floodplain Management Study, commissioned by Sutherland Shire Council, September 1995. The Woronora River at The Great Kaimia Way Map of Woronora River, greg Jackson, Pam Forbes and Brad Duncan. Woronora Mill - Working the Tides

32.
Engadine, New South Wales
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Engadine is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Engadine is located 33 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, the area was reserved for a national park in 1879, but in 1890 Charles McAlister was able to purchase land here which became known as McAlister’s Estate. After an overseas trip, the family renamed their estate ‘Engadine’ after the Engadin Valley in Switzerland, the wildflowers in the valley here and surrounding national parks were reminiscent of the valley and hills in Engadin. Charles McAlister subdivided his land sometime after 1900 and he continued to live in Engadine but later moved to Cronulla, where he died in 1915. Originally settled for grazing land, Engadine soon became a destination for camping and it remained isolated until 1920 when the railway station was built. Many ex-soldiers settled here after World War I and several streets here recall this war and others as well, such as Anzac, Tobruk, Amiens, Bullecourt, Villers Brett, Boys Town, in the western part of the suburb was modelled on an American Boys Town institution. The institution helps boys who have not been able to conform to the rules of society and it was founded in 1939 by Father Thomas Dunlea who was principal from 1939 to 1951. The post office was opened on 1 January 1927 and the school opened in September 1932, in the 1960s, the district became more established as a residential area and Crown Land was released for private purchase. The remaining land-parcels were developed in the 1990s, in North Engadine, Engadine is bounded by The Royal National Park to the east, and Heathcote National Park to the west. Visitors to the suburb can view across the Sydney Basin from its southern edge across to the Sydney CBD, the area also features rolling sandstone slopes and cliffs in places, with an abundance of native trees throughout. Natural landmarks include the Needles and the Blue Lagoon along the Woronora River, Engadine is mostly residential with some commercial and light industrial areas. The commercial area is located close to Engadine railway station and the Princes Highway, a shopping centre called Engadine Central includes supermarkets, grocery and specialty shops. Engadine railway station is on the Illawarra line of the Sydney Trains network and it is located close to the Princes Highway. Bus Routes 991,992,993 and 996 are served by Transdev NSW, at the heart of the township is the Engadine Community Centre which is a public meeting space and houses Essential Community Solutions. ECS is a not for profit, non-government community-based organization, most of the local churches also run community playtime groups for parents with pre-schoolers and also run community youth groups. Public facilities include parks, a skate park and gardens. C. Engadine Lawn Bowls Club Engadine Returned Services Club Old Bush Road is used for rugby union by the Engadine Lions established in 1994, now featuring teams in the Illawarra, Old Bush Rd is also used for touch footy in the Summer off-Season. Cooper Street Reserve Engadine Rural Fire Brigade protects the bush interface, Engadine Police Station Engadine Ambulance Station At the 2011 census, there were 16,867 residents in Engadine

33.
Holsworthy Barracks
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Holsworthy Barracks is located in the outer south-western Sydney suburb of Holsworthy. It is part of the Holsworthy military reserve, which has been a training area, following World War II it became a major base for the permanent component of the Australian Army in New South Wales. The base is home to 142 Signal Squadron, 2nd Commando Regiment, 6th Aviation Regiment. A number of training units and the Defence Force Correctional Establishment are also located at Holsworthy, the men were connected with the Somali-based terrorist group al-Shabaab. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd later announced that the government had ordered a review of security at all military bases. On 6 August 2009, a Daily Telegraph reporter and photographer were charged with taking a photograph of a defence installation after being granted entry to the military base, in December 2011 three of the terror plotters were sentenced to 18 years in prison. List of airports in Greater Sydney List of airports in New South Wales Holsworthy Barracks – A National Service History of Gallipoli and Kokoda Lines 1951–1972

34.
Nowra, New South Wales
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Nowra /ˈnaʊərə/ is a town in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 160 kilometres south-southwest of the capital of Sydney With its twin-town of Bomaderry. It is also the seat and commercial centre of the City of Shoalhaven, geologically, the city is situated in the southern reaches of the Sydney basin. The region around Nowra is a community, sustaining a thriving dairy industry and a number of State forests. The naval air station HMAS Albatross is located about 10 kilometres south-west of Nowra, the name Nowra, originally written by Europeans as nou-woo-ro, is an Aboriginal word for black cockatoo. Around 1824, ex-convict Mary Reibey applied for a grant in the Burrier area. The Nowra township was officially recognised in 1852, less than ten years later, in 1861, a postal service was established. Also in that year, the racehorse Archer, trained in Nowra by Etienne de Mestre, by 1885, Nowra was declared a town. A major landmark in the area is the house Bundanon, which began as a weatherboard structure built about 1840. In 1866, a sandstone house, made of locally quarried stone, was built immediately in front of the weatherboard house. The sandstone house features timber verandahs and is now listed on the Register of the National Estate, Nowra is on the Shoalhaven River, which formerly hosted the Australian National wakeboarding championships, it is also a popular fishing location. The river divides Nowra from Bomaderry and North Nowra, and is bridged by the historic Nowra Bridge, the Shoalhaven river is a salt water river, although the river itself does not flow into the sea. The Shoalhaven River meets the sea through the canal joins the Shoalhaven and Crookhaven Rivers. It is also located near Berry, Jervis Bay, Kangaroo Valley, Culburra Beach, Greenwell Point, Huskisson, Shoalhaven Heads, the population of Nowra - Bomaderry was 35,920 at 30 June 2015 having grown consistently since 2005 when the estimated population was 31,716. According to the 2006 census,87. 9% of the population of Nowra was born in Australia,6. 1% of the total population are Indigenous Australians. There are 11,386 households in Nowra, the town has a modern primary school, a town hall, a large retirement village and a tourist industry. There are two vineyards producing award-winning wines, one with cellar-door sales, Nowra has three public high schools, Nowra High School, Shoalhaven High School and Bomaderry High School. The Catholic high school is linked to St Michaels Catholic Primary School located in Nowra, the University of Wollongong also has a campus in Nowra, and there is a campus of TAFE NSW Illawarra Institute located in Bomaderry

35.
Royal Australian Navy
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The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the colonial navies were integrated into a national force. Originally intended for defence, the navy was granted the title of Royal Australian Navy in 1911. Britains Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the years of World War II. Then, rapid expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels. In the decade following the war, the RAN acquired a number of aircraft carriers. Today, the RAN consists of 47 commissioned vessels,3 non-commissioned vessels, the current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Tim Barrett. The Commonwealth Naval Forces were established on 1 March 1901, two months after the federation of Australia, when the forces of the separate Australian colonies were amalgamated. As a result, the force structure was set at one battlecruiser. On 10 July 1911, King George V granted the service the title of Royal Australian Navy. The first of the RANs new vessels, the destroyer Yarra, was completed in September 1910, in this time the focus of Australias naval policy shifted from defence against invasion to trade protection, and several fleet units were sunk as targets or scrapped. By 1923, the size of the navy had fallen to eight vessels, following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the virtual destruction of British naval forces in south-east Asia, the RAN operated more independently, or as part of United States Navy formations. As the navy took on a greater role, it was expanded significantly and at its height the RAN was the fourth-largest navy in the world. A total of 34 vessels were lost during the war, including three cruisers and four destroyers, after the Second World War, the size of the RAN was again reduced, but it gained new capabilities with the acquisition of two aircraft carriers, Sydney and Melbourne. The RAN saw action in many Cold War–era conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and operated alongside the Royal Navy and United States Navy off Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Cold War, the RAN has been part of Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, operating in support of Operation Slipper and it was also deployed in support of Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The strategic command structure of the RAN was overhauled during the New Generation Navy changes, the RAN is commanded through Naval Headquarters in Canberra. The professional head is the Chief of Navy, who holds the rank of Vice Admiral, NHQ is responsible for implementing policy decisions handed down from the Department of Defence and for overseeing tactical and operational issues that are the purview of the subordinate commands

36.
Namibia
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Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south, although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by the San, Damara, since about the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion. Since then the Bantu groups in total, known as the Ovambo people, have dominated the population of the country, in the late 19th century during European colonization, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory as a protectorate in 1884. It began to develop infrastructure and farming, and maintained this German colony until 1915, after the end of World War I, in 1920 the League of Nations mandated the country to the United Kingdom, under administration by South Africa. It imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules, from 1948, with the National Party elected to power, South Africa applied apartheid also to what was known as South West Africa. In 1878 the Cape of Good Hope had annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands, following continued guerrilla warfare, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, but Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994. Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy, Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the basis of its economy. The large, arid Namib Desert has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world, Namibia enjoys high political, economic and social stability. The name of the country is derived from the Namib Desert, before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as German South-West Africa, then as South-West Africa, reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and the South Africans. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, from about the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived during the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Oorlam people from Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Oorlam were well received by them, the right to use waterholes, on their way further northwards, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the Herero at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja, who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the German Empire deployed troops to the places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, like most of interior Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century

37.
Lysaght (Australian company)
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John Lysaght Pty Ltd was founded in 1918. The company pioneered modern steel coating technologies and its coated steel building products were sold under the ‘ORB’ brand and contributed to Australian architectural style. John Lysaght established his iron working business at St Vincents Works, Bristol, the firm exported to many countries including Australia and South America. By 1880 Lysaghts was exporting so much corrugated iron to Australia that it established a central selling agency in Melbourne, in 1897 the company publication, the Lysaght Referee, detailed the products Lysaghts sold. The original Lysaght brand of corrugated iron was Orb, followed in 1897 by a version of Redcliffe. Both brands were exported in quantities to Australia. Globe was a produced for American and African markets but some quantities ended up in Australia. Lysaghts manufactured galvanised sheet and plate between 1880 and 1912 at the Eskbank steelworks at Lithgow, New South Wales, the brand was Crown and it appears these sheets were not corrugated for roofing. In 1936 a further plant was opened at Port Kembla, New South Wales, in 1972, Lysaght commenced production at a new steel plant in Hastings, Victoria. A hot strip mill was added in 1978, in 1979, the company was fully acquired by BHP Steel (subsequently spun off into BlueScope Steel Limited. In 2003 the business changed its name to BlueScope Lysaght and it remains a division of Australias BlueScope Steel. Corrugated Iron – Options for Repair from a seminar on conserving historic buildings Bluescope Lysaght name change announcement of 2003

38.
Special Air Service Regiment
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The Special Air Service Regiment, officially abbreviated SASR though commonly known as the SAS, is a special forces unit of the Australian Army. Formed in 1957, it was modelled on the British SAS sharing the motto. The regiment is based at Campbell Barracks, in Swanbourne, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia and it has taken part in operations in Borneo, Vietnam, Somalia, East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as many other peacekeeping missions. The SASR also provides a counter-terrorist capability, and has involved in a number of domestic security operations. In addition to warfighting during conventional conflicts, the regiment is tasked with maintaining a specialist counter-terrorist capability. Other capabilities include training local or indigenous forces, recovery of Australian citizens, the SASR is also trained in counter-insurgency operations. During such tasks the SASR seeks to evade rather than confront the enemy, SASR soldiers also direct fire support including air strikes to destroy enemy installations and disrupt or kill enemy forces whenever possible. SASR reconnaissance patrols can be inserted by air, land or water and have proven capable of covering large distances and staying concealed in jungle, desert, SASR patrols may also conduct sabotage and short-duration raids on high-value targets, including headquarters, airfields and communications nodes. TAG maintains a capability to conduct military operations beyond the scope of state/territory. Offensive counter-terrorist operations may include action and hostage recovery. A capability to board ships at anchor, ships underway and off-shore gas, TAG is kept at high readiness for a period of 12 months, before being replaced by another squadron in this role. The 2nd Commando Regiment provides Tactical Assault Group to respond to incidents on the east coast of Australia. The 1st Special Air Service Company was established on 25 July 1957 at Swanbourne, in 1960, the company became part of the Royal Australian Regiment and was given the responsibility for commando and special forces operations. As part of the organisation adopted by the Australian Army at the time. On 20 August 1964, the SAS gained regimental status and was expanded to two squadrons and a headquarters, severing the link with the RAR. The raising of a squadron was approved on 30 April 1965 as part of an overall expansion of the Australian Army. The SASR first saw action in 1965 as part of the British Commonwealth force stationed in north Borneo during the Indonesian Confrontation, the SASR troopers operated alongside their British and New Zealand counterparts in operations aimed at stopping Indonesian infiltration into Malaysia, taking part in Operation Claret. 1 Squadron conducted reconnaissance patrols in Sarawak from February to July 1965 and they suffered their first fatality on 2 June when a soldier was gored by an elephant

39.
Tonga
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Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising 169 islands of which 36 are inhabited. The total surface area is about 750 square kilometres scattered over 700,000 square kilometres of the southern Pacific Ocean and it has a population of 103,000 people of whom 70% reside on the main island of Tongatapu. Tonga stretches across approximately 800 kilometres in a north-south line and it is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, Niue to the east, Kermadec to the southwest, and New Caledonia and Vanuatu to the farther west. Tonga became known in the West as the Friendly Islands because of the reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit in 1773. He arrived at the time of the festival, the yearly donation of the First Fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga. According to the writer William Mariner, the wanted to kill Cook during the gathering. From 1900 to 1970, Tonga had British protected state status, the country never relinquished its sovereignty to any foreign power. In many Polynesian languages including Tongan, the word tonga means south, the name of Tonga is cognate to the Hawaiian region of Kona. In Malay, the name of Tonga is also cognate to the word Tenggara, an Austronesian-speaking group linked to the archaeological construct known as the Lapita cultural complex reached and inhabited Tonga around 1500–1000 BCE. Scholars have much debated the exact dates of the settlement of Tonga. Not much is known before European contact because of the lack of a writing system, in the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. The Tongan people first encountered Europeans in 1616 when the Dutch vessel Eendracht, captained by Willem Schouten, later came other Dutch explorers, including Jacob Le Maire, and in 1643 Abel Tasman. In 1845, the young warrior, strategist, and orator Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but had been baptised by Methodist missionaries with the name Siaosi in 1831. Tonga became a state under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain on 18 May 1900. The treaty posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul, under the protection of Britain, Tonga maintained its sovereignty, and remained the only Pacific nation to retain its monarchical government. The Tongan monarchy follows a succession of hereditary rulers from one family. The 1918 flu pandemic, brought to Tonga by a ship from New Zealand, killed 1,800 Tongans, the Treaty of Friendship and Tongas protection status ended in 1970 under arrangements established by Queen Salote Tupou III prior to her death in 1965

Slaked lime holder, late 19th or early 20th century. The holder is decorated with wood carving of crocodile and bird. Details are emphasised with a white paint. The central portion, hollow to hold the slaked lime, is made of bamboo. The joints are covered with basketry work. The device is used in conjunction with chewing betel nut.

Members of the first Australian contingent Headquarters Chief Engineer UNTAG being awarded their UN medal by Lieutenant-General Dewan Prem Chand at a parade at the UNTAG Headquarters in Suiderhof, Windhoek, Namibia in 1989. Left to right: Major John Hutchings, Lieutenant-Colonel Kevin Pippard, Warrant Officer Class 2 Peter Bruce, Lieutenant-General Dewan Prem Chand, Colonel Richard Warren and Sergeant Steven Lavery

Australian engineers of the advance party board the United States C-5 Galaxy aircraft which will transport them to Namibia in March 1989.

Front entrance to the Australian base at Ondangwa occupied by 9th Construction Troop on 24 June 1989