Topological spatial relation between spatial objects is a very important topic for spatial analysis, query and reasoning in
Geographic Information Science (GIS). In this paper, an algebraic method using constrained Delaunay triangulation (CDT) for topological spatial relation is presented. In the part of foundational theory, (i) prove CDT is simplicial complex in R2. (ii) import chain structure in CDT and prove including & approximating theorem and reduced including & approximating theorem, and are used for estimating left, middle and right side properties of triangle. (iii) define the region in CDT and establish region algebra (RA), which use the set of region as computational space and use the intersection operator as a binary operation. (iv) describe basic forms of node and chain which are contained in a set of triangles. In the part of spatial relation calculation, (i) describe spatial object as three entries, i.e. exterior, boundary and interior, with left, middle and right of triangle and their combination. (ii) establish the topological spatial relation calculation model-region nine intersection model (R9IM), which is used the intersection operation and the form operation as basic operations. (iii) calculate thirty-three spatial relations of simple objects with R9IM in the practice application of topological examination.

To improve the access efficiency of multidimensional spatial database, this study proposes a new index structure named Space Hypercube Grid Tree (SHG-Tree). By avoiding the problems of node split and recombination, SHG-Tree can efficiently support the common operations over spatial database containing objects with dynamic region. The main contributions of this paper include: (1) Proposes SHG-Tree of n-dimensional space with a hierarchical tree structure. It reflects the region overlapping relationship of hypercube grid units with different granularity. (2) Proposes the linearization methods to present the bounding rectangle of object as a union of variant granularity hypercube grids. (3) Gives operations of SHG-Tree. Experiments result shows the size of SHG-Tree is small enough to remain in main memory even to very large spatial database by applying proper linearization strategy and the queries on SHG-Tree are less than ten milliseconds to ensure the real-time of query.

Our city has owned the integrated pipeline network management system with ArcGIS Engine 9.1 as the bottom development platform and with Oracle9i as basic database for storaging data. In this system, ArcGIS SDE9.1 is applied as the spatial data engine, and the system was a synthetic management software developed with Visual Studio
visualization procedures development tools. As the pipeline update function of the system has the phenomenon of slower update and even sometimes the data lost, to ensure the underground pipeline data can real-time be updated conveniently and frequently, and the actuality and integrity of the underground pipeline data, we have increased a new update module in the system developed and researched by ourselves. The module has the powerful data update function,
and can realize the function of inputting and outputting and rapid update volume of data. The new developed module adopts Visual Studio visualization procedures development tools, and uses access as the basic database to storage data. We can edit the graphics in AutoCAD software, and realize the database update using link between the graphics and the system. Practice shows that the update module has good compatibility with the original system, reliable and high update
efficient of the database.

Simply speaking, updates propagation is to use updates from one newly-updated database (called Master Database, MDB) to revise, improve and correct the content of the other database (Called Client Database, CDB) for ensuring that CDB also has a current representation of the terrain. Currently, updates propagation between spatial databases is usually a complex and time-taking process because of the multi-level potential heterogeneities between them and the special requirement of keeping the updated CDB autonomous, complete, correct, and consistent as much as before. To simplify and improve the propagation of updates, a detailed classification of the possible heterogeneities between MDB and CDB is introduced and their influences on updates propagation are also analyzed. Based on these analyses, an appraoch based on schema matching is proposed to effectively implement updates propagation. The automated solutions to operations involved in this approach are discussed in detail, such as schema matching, entity identification, updates extraction, and updates integration.

The Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS), as an emerging field of science and technology, is combined by Geographic Information System (GIS) and decision support system (DSS). Nowadays, more and more attentions have been paid to the technology of SDSS, and the construction of geographic database in SDSS has been a hot-spot for many years. One of the commonly used methods in geographical data management is directly entry spatial and attributes information into the relational database (generally used the Oracle relational database). Metadata plays an important role in process of building and in spatial data management. A case study is introduced. The Beijing Rural Resource Management Geographical Information System (BJRMGIS) is designed for the Beijing Agricultural Research Center,
aiming for rural spatial decision support to facilitate its analysis operations. The paper mainly contains two parts from the viewpoint of database, that is, the design of database metadata table and the function of database maintenance. (1) The frame of metadata. According to report of needs analysis, the data in BJRMGIS are classified into four categories: fundamental data, remotely sensed image data, statistical data and multimedia data. Moreover, the map is a special form of data. (2) The database maintenance functions include three modules, that is, user management, database import and
database management. This paper put forward the metadata-based database management decision support system model, and process from the practical problems to solve the applications. Also, the construction provides a reference for designing of other similar SDSS systems.

Description and differentiation of topological relations are based on the changes of topological properties of spatial objects sets and their components before and after their intersection. There were many researches about special topological relations between two simple spatial objects, but the researches on topological relations of the spatial objects with a hole are relatively fewer. This paper uses the description frame of two spatial objects with holes, which is put forward by Egenhofer etc. Based on the 4ID, this paper put forward a new extended model which can describe special topological relations between the spatial objects with a hole. At the same time, the paper detrude 23 kinds of topological relations between a simple spatial object and a spatial object with a hole and 57 kinds of topological relations between two spatial objects which only with a hole.

Spatial relation between spatial objects is a very important topic for spatial reasoning, query and analysis in global GIS. However, the most popular models in current use, which are based on the 2D Euclidean space (such as raster), exist some fundamental deficiency in theory for spatial relation reasoning in the spherical digital space (SDS). In this paper, a reasoning method of spatial relations in the SDS based on manifold is approached, in which: (1) the topological definitions, properties, and descriptions of spatial objects in SDS are presented; (2) appropriate operators from set
operators (i.e. intersection, difference, difference by, symmetric difference, etc.) are utilized to distinguish the spatial
relations between neighboring spatial objects; and (3) the value of the Euler number of symmetric difference is used for the detailed computational results of set operations; In this method, the 8 types basic topological relations between spatial objects in SDS can be distinguished accurately and easily from simple to detailed level for different requirements.

Geospatial information contains not only spatial information and attribute information, but also the information related with spatial information evolvement. As the development of the instruments and technology to acquire geospatial information, more and more geographical information contains spatial-temporal information, as a result, temporal-GIS(Temporal-Geographic Information System, TGIS for short) comes into being. Temporal-GIS could analyze and solve the spatial evolvement characteristics in geographical phenomenon, and reproduce the spatial-temporal scene of real world. This project is focusing on the dynamic visualization of geospatial data based on temporal-GIS, designing the interpreter arithmetic for geospatial polygon dynamic display, building dynamic display model based on temporal-GIS, subsequently, the model is used to analysis and solve the dynamic evolution characteristics of geographic phenomenon, reproduce the real-world temporal -spatial scenes, predict the developing trend of geo-data with the visualization methods.

To solve the problems of massive, multi-source provincial image data management, storage, retrieval, and so on, ArcSDE spatial data engine architecture and data model are used to establish a provincial DOM database by combining Oracle 10g database management system. The establishment of the database of remote sensing images successfully solve some specific problems of the block image data processing, image pyramid building, data compression, etc. Meanwhile, the grid index structure and the method of retrieval based on contents are adopted. It has been proved by practice that the disposal of the images by level and block can store the images in a fast and efficient way. The combination of grid index accelerates the retrieval of the images, and the DOM data can be effectively organized, security storage and effectively used.

It has been acclaimed that the future vision for GIS data sharing might look like this: each of small counties or towns hosts its own online GIS; and each uses software and a data model selected to best meet its own needs. This paper gives a model based on Oracle Spatial, within a local government or enterprise the spatial data is in centralized storage, and with metadata interoperability, which enables the organizations to use the proper tool for the job while eliminating complicated data transfers and duplications throughout the enterprise or different departments. The MapInfo and ArcGIS software have been made to work together under the same oracle spatial database use trigger and storage process. On another hand, with the situation of between the departments or enterprises, a three-tier structure solution is given: spatial data server, application server and application client. The application server is a mediation system, this model uses oracle application server as the mediation system, and through the application server the application client sends WMS or WFS request and get the map server for background application. The three-tier structure model exposes a GIS portal which is an online GIS for external applications. Any client can request the server if it accords with WMS or WFS specification.

The world of today heavily relies on spatial data to manage the natural and built environments, also to construct virtual
geographic environments (VGEs). After analyzed the characteristics of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data in VGEs, a Data Representation Model oriented to VGEs (XGE-DRM) was designed in this paper. The XGE-DRM provides not only a clear description of the data, but also defines the relationships among the data, it is critical for users to interpret data correctly. XGE-DRM provides a common data model to define a data representation structure for traditional data and spatial data. Using it, users can customize their geographic data to correctly interpret other data. Then the processes and framework of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data integration were proposed, and the spatial data parsing was discussed. Lastly, the platform system of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data integration was designed and developed under the VS.NET2005 development environment combined with XML technology, and it can
solve the bottleneck problems arise in geographic information resources which under the heterogeneous environment.
Some experiments were designed and discussed, by those experiments; it had shown that the platform we developed can integrate multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data effectively and were works better than other similar platform systems.

This paper first defines the concept of GIS-based model(GBM) metadata and analyzes its hierarchy. The second section gives the contents of GBM declarative metadata and services metadata. Then this paper defines the primary mode of GBM metadata based on XML Schema. Finally, this paper discusses the flows of development and application for GBM metadata. This paper improves the GBM attributes information management, which can advance GBM management efficiency and integration ability.

On the basis of the equilateral octahedron in the sphere, the global is recursively subdivided. With level of subdivision increasing, subdivision speed will descend markedly. So for the deeper hierarchy of subdivision, local subdivision is chosen. After the sphere is divided, to display the proper area, the correct cells should be found. So when the specific region is showed, its central cell needs to be as initial search cell to find grid cells within a certain range, and then show. Grid cells after subdivided can not achieve the ideal that the cells have the equal area and the equal shape, which affects the effect of display and the accuracy of search. Through the analysis of cell distortion, it is known that the basic attributes of cells distribute according to a certain law. With level of subdivision increasing, the changes tend to be stable which ensures the reliability of the deeper levels subdivision.

With the broadening and deepening of GIS applications, the GIS system is beginning to process a much larger amount of spatial data. Further analysis and processing of spatial data depend on data quality to a great extent, i.e. the accuracy, integrity and coherence of the data. Different methods have been developed for the purpose of controlling data quality. In this paper, a novel solution is proposed, which is a workflow-based system design for the online inspection of spatial
data combined with the role-task based access control model and the versioning function of ArcSDE on a database. The design is charactered by precise workflow modeling of the online inspection of spatial data. There are two significant advantages about this design: a) A more secure access control mechanism in GIS workflow; b) A more effective solution to support long transactions of GIS workflow. This workflow-based system design has been successfully used in the
active fault seismic data which have been collected from more than twenty cities in China and include different disciplines. It is charactered by stronger security and easier maintenance. Moreover, it can also be used for other kinds of online inspection of spatial data with its universal applicability.

This paper reviews the progress of the research on spatial data interoperability and several methods currently used to achieving spatial data interoperability, puts the emphasis on analyzing the advantages, as well as the handicaps and existing conditions of interoperability based on shared database and the discrepancy of data models specific to different GIS, which is a main obstacle to spatial data interoperability, and brings forward two methods for achieving spatial data interoperability based on shared spatial database: one is realizing spatial data interoperability among different clients by
using the same set of data model in database, the other is interoperability among clients through objects translation in a
shared database. The paper also makes a comparison between these two methods in feasibility and difficulty of carrying out. Based on the analysis, this paper makes an experiment with Oracle Spatial in a local network using the second method, the emphasis of the experiment is put on the interoperability of oriented point objects and text, or annotation objects, as the two types of objects have no standard data model in Oracle Spatial and data models brought forward by
different GIS vendor used to describe these two types of objects are specific to their GIS software. Two GIS software, MapInfo and Geomedia, are used as client in the experiment. The experiment shows that this method to achieve spatial data interoperability is practical and could be used inside an organization by employees in different departments, who are familiar with different software in their work, to obtain data sharing and interoperability. This method can also lower data redundancy and improve work efficiency.

Temporality is the distinct attribute of cadastral information. It is very important to scientifically and efficiently manage three kinds of data that exist in the Cadastral Information System, such as spatial data, temporal data and attributive data.Based on the research of TGIS and the advantages of existing spatio-temporal database model. This paper proposes a design of a spatio-temporal cadastral database which is divided into historical database and alterative database. This design fulfills the requirements for management of cadastral data and reduces data redundance and enhances the efficiency of database.

With the enrichment of earth observing measures, the interesting field of photogrammetry and remote sensing monitoring has expanded gradually to the whole world, traditional planar data structure no longer satisfies the globaloriented application of geo-spatial data. Breaking through the constraints of planes, managing and utilizing remote sensing spatial data in the real earth mode have now become an inevitable trend. Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) provides new ideas for the constructing of new spatial data models. Based on the frame of DGGS, this paper designs a new hexagonal hierarchical structure of remote sensing data that has the attribute of geographical location. Compared with the traditional image rectangular quadtree structure, this structure is more applicable to the management and arrangement of global spatial data (especially the raster data) and can express and process multi-resolution global geospatial data seamlessly.

The importance of studying topological relations between spatial linear objects is expounded. The concepts endpoint, interior, exterior and boundary of spatial linear object are defined on the basis of basic theories of point-set topology, and a formal and perfect model describing topological relations between spatial linear objects is proposed based on that. Fifteen negative rules are putted forward to exclude the impossible topological relations which are described by the model according to the realistic physical meaning of spatial linear objects. The smallest set of topological relations
between spatial line objects is proposed, and the exclusivity and perfectibility of the smallest set are proved.

PostgreSQL is a widely used open source object-relational database system, on which the PostGIS spatial database is built. By defining geometry types in PostgreSQL according to the OGC WKB standard, geographic features are usually defined as a base type which is stored as general binary data blocks without internal structures. But the unstructured representation of the structured geometry data model brings the problem of inefficient data access. In this paper, we
propose a new approach that uses an array of structured composite types to replace the unstructured base types to store geometry types. Then PostgreSQL 8.3 is extended to support spatial data management in this proposed approach following the standard of OGC's Simple Feature Specification. A contrastive experiment proves the advantages and
efficiency of this method.

Metadata is important to facilitate data sharing among Geospatial Information Communities in distributed environment. For unanimous understanding and standard production of metadata annotations, metadata specifications are documented such as Geographic Information Metadata Standard (ISO19115-2003), the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), and so on. Though these specifications provide frameworks for description of geographic data, there are two problems which embarrass sufficiently data sharing. One problem is that specifications are lack of domainspecific semantics. Another problem is that specifications can not always solve semantic heterogeneities. To solve the former problem, an ontology-based geographic information metadata extension framework is proposed which can incorporate domain-specific semantics. Besides, for solving the later problem, metadata integration mechanism based on
the proposed extension is studied. In this paper, integration of metadata is realized through integration of ontologies. So
integration of ontologies is also discussed. By ontology-based geographic information semantic metadata integration,
sharing of geographic data is realized more efficiently.

Cardinal direction relation is an important spatial relation to determine directions and locations between spatial objects.
Since 1987, some corn-based and projection-based direction relation models have been proposed. However, these existing models use different terms and methods to describe and represent direction relation, so it is difficult to share information in application systems. In order to support cardinal direction relation representing and reasoning according to explicit different level of details and improve the information reusing and interoperability, it is necessary to have explicit formalizations of mental concepts that people have about it. In this paper, we use ontology to set up a higher
level of abstraction where the more valuable information about the meaning of the direction relation can be handled, and propose an extended qualitative description and reasoning cardinal direction model, which precisely describes cardinal direction relations between objects by separating the reference objects as point, line and area. This model has been implemented based on geo-ontology, and it can support common direction relation applications in spatial reasoning
domain.

Spatial database is an essential component of Geographic Information System (GIS). With the development of modern remote sensors and data acquiring instruments, the amount of spatial data increases with geometric series. Retrieval required data in such massive database is a challenging issue to database engineers. Therefore, building efficient index is significant to spatial database. In this paper, bitmap index technology, which is rarely used in spatial database, is taken into consideration. In this paper, TM/ETM+ images covered main land of China are selected to establish a spatial database. In order to rapidly inquire and retrieval required data from the spatial database, an effective spatial index is very important. A bitmap index solution for original TM/ETM+ image is advanced in this paper. The bitmap index schema, which indexes field by building "0" and "1" binary bit vectors, is designed based on analyzing its principle and
applicable conditions. In the image database, the strategy is programmed to implementation and applied for data retrieval.
So that complex querying operations can be transformed to bitwise logical operations. A users' interface is developed based on building such bitmap index for original TM/ETM+ images database. Then the paper probes into the bitmap index update mechanism to address problems resulted from inserting and deleting images operation. In order to address the problem of high cardinality, an encoded bitmap index technology is proposed as well. At last, a simple comparison
and efficiency analysis is carried out to illuminate its applicability.

The revision of geographical data is still one of the major open challenges for the successful implementation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Nowadays, Geographic Information Systems are considered to be truly analysis and decision-making tools. For that reason, a growing number of organizations invest in such systems and add specific information necessary to the tasks for which they have the responsibility. Spatial data are the backbone of GIS analysis, but only current and accurate spatial data can provide the appropriate framework for successful use of GIS technology.
Out-of-date or inaccurate spatial data could contaminate GIS results in direct correlation to the obsolescence and inaccuracy of the spatial data. There is a great need for cost-efficient spatial data revision and quality control methods in order to update the master and user spatial databases, fulfilling the request of the most faithful image of the geographic space reality. This paper tries to provide a review of latest achievements on Spatio-temporal Data Revision (SDR). A comparison of three popular revision models is given in detail.

The integration of heterogeneous geospatial data offers possibilities to manually and automatically derive new information, which are not available when using only a single data source. This paper presents a three-level schema integration architecture which consists of local schemas, mapped schemas, and a global schema, for global
heterogeneous geospatial systems. we describe a machine-learning based approach for GIS schema matching. Our approach extends existing machine-learning approaches for (traditional) data mapping but departs from them due to the nature of geographic data. Our solution reduces the complex mappings by identifying different values of a determining property.

Side-scan sonar is a remote sensing technology for submarine geological and geomorphological information detection, which provides acoustic imaging of the bottom at rates of up to several thousand square kilometers a day. How to manage so abundant and tremendous data has become a new problem, urgently needs to be resolved. As side-scan sonar image, also known as sonograph has an inherent geometric distortion which is so-called slant-range effect. Otherwise, the original side-scan sonar image is characterized as an order of scanning lines, without geographical position integrity and scalability. All this requirements and factors are considered and the correction of slant range distortions is outlined. This approach provides a management mechanism of raster catalog for series of sonar images of a surveying zone. Against the efficiency problem of massive image data storage, a spatial database engine is improved from such aspects as tile size setting, image resampling also called pyramid creation and spatial index establishment and so on, so as to
enhance performance and improve access rate. The fact is that it archived an ideal response time and is proved to be more effective.

The XML-enabled Spatial Visualizing Database can be widely used because of its high security and convenience of management. It is often implemented by relational databases. But, these databases can't index points, curves and surfaces separately based on their characteristics. In addition, the indexing systems of these databases are not capable of creating the function of indexing on a wide range of relational databases. These limitations were solved by the following two steps in the paper. Firstly, referring to the SVG spatial expressional model, bring up a solution to index points, curves, and surfaces separately with different algorithms. Secondly, elaborately design a spatial indexing system with high cohesion and low coupling by using three design patterns: Template Method, Bridge and Adapter. Eventually, our system has three achievements: 1) separately index points, curves and surfaces with different algorithms catering for the users; 2) index SVG visualizing data on heterogeneous relational databases; 3) many of the open-source spatial indexing projects can be used in this system after modifying some codes. Experiments have been carried out to prove the
conclusions mentioned above.

The historical information could be managed by TGIS which has not been applied in the forest resource management. The Spatio-temporal data model is the core of TGIS. By referencing from several existing Spatio-temporal Data Models and analyzing the characteristics of the forest resources data, this paper proposes a new Spatio-temporal Data Model of forest resource named "multi base states model based on feature and event". It is proven efficient in managing and retrieving the forest historical information.

Rapid land use change has taken place in many coastal regions of China such as the Pearl River Estuary over the past tow decades due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization. In this paper, four temporal Landsat TM images were used at a spatial resolution of 30m to mapping wetlands and monitoring their changes in the Pearl River Estuary for the time period of 1988-2004. Hierarchical classification method based on spectral data, prior knowledge about the study area and GIS ancillary data were used to acquire four temporal wetland distribution maps, and three evaluation indicators
(change ratio, change speed, and bidirectional dynamic degree model) were used to analysis the change characteristic of wetlands in the study area. The result indicated that there has been a rapid decrease of wetlands in the study area during 1988-2004. The total area of wetlands has lost about 122.66 km2 in the Pearl River Estuary.

In this paper, we took into account both the spectral information and the spatial information and estimated how well the needed information contained within the multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) images was represented by the pan-sharpened image. Based on that, we proposed a new quality index which could be seen as an expanded index of the global quality measurement Q4. In our method, we first measured the spectral information preserving quality between the MS image and the fusion result. Then, we constructed a virtual spatial detail image considering the spatial resolution ratio between the source MS image and the PAN image, and also extracted the detail image contained in the merged image using the same technology, followed by a spatial information preserving quality index calculated from these two detail images. At last, we integrated the two indices by means of weighted addition determined by fusion model. To
illustrate the superiority of this new index, we took experiments on two pairs of ZY-2 PAN and ASTER MS (1 2 3 bands) remote sensing imageries, and adopted the tradeoff FIHS fusion method in which the tradeoff parameter was set to different values standing for different fusion models. After using the proposed index to assess the quality of fusion, we think that the new index is compliant with subjective evaluations and could therefore be used to compare different image
fusion or to find the best parameters for a given fusion model. Finally, we gave an experiential weight parameter of the
quality index while assessing the tradeoff FIHS fusion with images from these two sensors by the author's experiments.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is indispensable for much analysis such as topographic feature extraction, runoff analysis, slope stability analysis, landscape analysis and so on. Such analysis requires a high accurate DEM. The accuracy of DEM is usually represented by spatial resolution and height accuracy. Slope is one of the crucial terrain
variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the mountain region which is suffering from serious soil
erosion. However slope accuracy derived from DEM usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. The objective of this study was to analyze the slope uncertainty of Yizi following GIS based on different DEM resolution. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. There is a linear correlativity between
mean slope, slope change rate and different DEM resolution within the study area, and the analysis and simulation result shows that different DEM resolution has great influence on slope uncertainty. This methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.

The theoretical models of positional uncertainty of vertexes have been derived from overlay of the error ellipse models that are considered as the positional uncertainty models of line endpoints. Using probability theory and simulation tests, we mainly study the positional uncertainty characteristics of manual digitization vertex. The research results are as follows: first, using the method, that is sequentially digitizing a series of vertexes with different turning angles, repeating about six hundred times, we can get the stable distribution of frequency of digitizing points; second, in the direction of the angular bisector of turning angle, with the value of turning angle increased, the digitizing points from digitizing
vertexes have a trend for gather, and the frequency distribution whose peak is less than three shows skewness, while in the direction of the perpendicular angular bisector of turning angle, digitizing points of vertexes with the acute turning angles are more concentrated than the ones with obtuse angles, and the distribution performs a state of symmetric but not the standard normal distribution; third, two dimensional uncertainty model of digitizing vertexes whose plane projection is a type of irregular geometric shape is a joint distribution model combined by skew distribution and approximate normal distribution.

The small satellite constellation for environment protection and disaster monitoring (HJ satellite constellation) is facilitated to satisfy the country and surrounding countries or regions' need of dynamic monitoring and forecasting environment and disaster through the use of remote sensing. HJ-1A and HJ-1B will be launched in 2008 and the ground system of which is being developed in accordance with the technical demands of their owners. The quality of data
acquired by onboard sensors is essential to effective application of the data, which is also a measure of the success of the engineering and science efforts of operational satellite program. To systematically monitor and measure the sensors' in flight performance and data quality, we designed an integrated Data Quality Analysis and Assessment System (DQAAS) for HJ satellite constellation's ground system, and are developing a demonstrating DQAAS system, which is
also a part work of Sky-To-Earth System of Systems (STESS). This paper first analyzes the necessities to include a Data Quality Analysis and Assessment System in the ground system of HJ satellite constellation. Upon the analysis of the function requirements of DQAAS, the framework and structure of DQAAS is presented. The operation flow and interfaces definition is very important for an integrated system, which is also included in the paper. At last, the functions and algorithms of Data Quality Assessment Subsystem are introduced in detail. We expect to promote the quality and
analysis and assessment technology in China through the development of DQAAS for HJ satellite constellation.

As one of key factors which control the spatial soil variation in soil-landscape model, terrain information includes not only topographic attributes (such as slope gradient, curvature, etc.) but also information of slope positions. But the spatial gradation of slope positions is still not quantitatively considered in current predictive soil mapping and other related application areas. The issue of this paper is to make a primary discussion on the potential role of spatial gradation of slope positions in soil-landscape model. Taking a study area in Northeast China and a detailed taxonomy of slope position, this paper firstly utilized a fuzzy inference approach based on similarity to the typical locations to quantify the
spatial gradation between slope positions. Secondly, we took use of the soil-subgroup map in study area to analyze whether there is an evident relationship between soil distribution and spatial gradation of slope positions or not, by means of the statistics on the percentage of slope positions on where each soil subgroup in study area is distributed. The results show that the distributions between slope positions and soil subgroups are clearly correlative in the areas where fuzziness as one certain slope position is little. And the soil distribution shows obvious intergradation and uncertainty in
areas where the slope position is identified with much ambiguity. The evident relationship between soil distribution and spatial gradation of slope positions indicates that the quantitative information of spatial gradation of slope positions should be included into both soil-landscape model and its applications (e.g., digital soil mapping, etc.), for a better depiction on the co-variation between slope positions and soil type.

In satellite mapping application area, geometric quality assessment for remote sensing image compression is of great importance for onboard compression index determination. The paper proposed an integral geometric quality assessment plan for remote sensing image compression, which includes image matching accuracy assessment, effects of compression on automated DSM/DEM extraction, and photogrammetic point determination accuracy assessment. Image
matching accuracy analysis shows how degradation in image quality associated with lossy compression can affect matching accuracy. In analyzing effects of compression on automated DSM/DEM extraction, a DSM is extracted from the original stereopair and held as the reference against which the terrain heights obtained from compressed imagery are compared. Similar to DSM extraction accuracy analysis, photogrammetric point determination accuracy analysis is
proposed to compare the accuracy of two sets of 3D coordinates of the feature points which are from original images and reconstructed images. The relationship between compression ratio and terrain types was examined. As to SPIHT algorithm adopted in Resources Satellite-3, the experiment results showed that the compression ratio should be no more than 4:1 for mapping application.

In order to develop a quality assurance system for maps thus obtained from the National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area, a spatial data quality check method based on entity and evaluation method by implementing the cloud theory and rough set is going to be put forward in the paper. First, spatial data quality problems are to be analyzed and possible quality problems will be described. Secondly, a digital linear graphic spatial data quality model is built and the quality elements and sub-elements are elaborately summarized. Next, spatial computing operators that the check process demands are given. The weight of each index is calculated according to importance of attribute in rough set. Cloud decision generator transforms indexes value into qualitative evaluation. Finally, the homologous software of the spatial data quality check and evaluation is developed to control spatial data quality. Therefore a spatial data quality control and evaluation technique system is founded. It shows that the check and
evaluation methods are feasible and software has higher automation from the experiment.

Spatial relation theory is one of the hottest research topics in the GIS circle both at home and abroad. This research intends to analyze relevant research findings over the past more than a decade and latest academic development to point out major problems and inadequacy in existing researches, focusing on the topological relations and uncertainty in GIS to engage in a systematic investigation. This research discusses the present situation of the overall GIS field, the development of GIS, and features of the present development of GIS technology. It also investigates and
analyzes relevant issues, such as the uncertainty in topological relations which is caused by the inaccuracy of, and uncertainty in, GIS spatial data, spatial reasoning, spatial searching, spatial-searching language, image segmentation, the theoretical development of topological relations, the trend of GIS development, and the problems in the development of GIS in the 21st century. The "egg-yolk model" is formulated. The "egg" is the maximum range of the fuzzy target while the "yolk" is the minimum range of the fuzzy target and the "white" is the scope of the uncertainty.

Research on positional uncertainty of point is the basis of modeling uncertainty of line segment and polygon. The positional uncertainty indices of point have been widely studied in topography and metrology. In this paper, the exist entropy uncertainty interval of one-dimensional random variable is extended to the circumstances of two-dimensional, three-dimensional and N-dimensional by introducing the theory of information entropy. The indices of entropy uncertainty ellipse, entropy uncertainty ellipsoid and entropy uncertainty super ellipsoid are presented, which can be considered as the indices of uncertainty degree of the random point in two-dimensional, three-dimensional and multidimensional. The entropy indices presented in this paper are unaffected by the objective selection of the confidence
level. And they are especially suitable for uncertainty measurement of the random points with unknown distribution in GIS.

The realization of map functions is usually paid much more attention to than the visualization quality of map in the development of electronic map. As a result, the visualization effect of electronic map is unsatisfactory. The visualization quality of electronic map is directly related to user's understanding of geographical information and influences the application of electronic map. Along with extensive expansion and application of electronic map, visualization effect of electronic map has already become an important aspect to evaluate electronic map products. To examine the evaluation
and the control techniques of electronic map visualization quality and to establish evaluation standards of electronic map visualization quality are of great significance at present. Based on the experiences in electronic map design, development of electronic map platform and professional application, the authors summarize several factors affecting visualization quality of electronic map: user interface, display capacity, visual effect, display speed, dynamic labeling, real-time display, legend and symbol design, and other aspects including temporal effect, mark effect, dynamic generalization, and dynamic projection. Combining with the practice in developing an electronic atlas system called eMapSee, the authors
analyze related control techniques of visualization quality of electronic map from these aspects: friendly user interface,
legibility and beauty of display effect, fast map display, real-time map display, and introduce how these techniques are used in practice.

Land based mobile mapping technology (MMT) can collect spatial and attribute data in high efficiency and the data can meet the requirement of 1:2000 scale or even higher accuracy topographic mapping without ground control point. In mobile mapping, direct georeferencing by the integration of GPS and INS/DR provides the mobile platform's continuous position and pose to mapping sensor in field survey, then image stereo of the certain target is used to calculate its 3d global coordinates. But in general, current MMT image stereo is defined as the solid baseline between the different CCD cameras' relative position deviation which is rigid connected to each other and calibrated by high precise control field, and baseline length is quite short (less than 2 meters). This brings some troubles on the far distance target or big size building observation from different viewpoints, and also limits the use of huge amount of MMT measurable images. This paper presented the image stereo pair construction in soft-baseline condition, which is organized through the different imaging time and platform field place but overlapped to the certain target, thus the baseline's accuracy would be some
obvious lower than the solid one. We made a brief introduction about Tongji Geo-Informatics MMT firstly, analyzed the image stereo pair from the solid-baseline, and then constructed MMT measurable image into soft-baseline stereo and due mathematical model is expressed. In the paper's experiment part, we analyzed the concrete target 3d solution with the total station, MMT image's solid-baseline stereo and the soft-baseline surveying. The calculation shows that the target 3d coordinates solution in soft-baseline has the same precision as the solid one, also meets the topographic mapping
requirement of scale 1:2000. Last, the paper discussed some important influence from the change of angle of two observing bundles in photogrammetric forward intersection and the change sub-deviations of survey error vector in image space coordinate system. As conclusion, MMT soft-baseline brings more choice with target survey in the larger
observing distance and good coordinate solution with the measurable MMT images.

This study put forward an integrated evaluation model. Bases on a framework of fuzzy set theory and entropy theory, we firstly complete the classification using fuzzy surveillance approach, taking it as a formalized description of classification uncertainty. Then introduce hybrid entropy model for classification uncertainty evaluation, which can meet the requirement of comprehensive reflection of both random and fuzzy uncertainty, meanwhile construct evaluation index from pixel scale with the full consideration of different contribution to error rate of each pixel. Finally, we use such method to evaluate land-use classification result of remote sensing image, which is in Huangshi city, Hubei province of China, by using hybrid entropy evaluation model, the classification quality can be fully reflected, and pixelscale evaluation indexes were easier constructed.

The real world is an infinite complex and very huge systems, the phenomenon and processes in this world have many complex relations among them. It is consecutive and cannot be treated as a determined one as the traditional geographic information system does; What's more, the uncertainty and fuzziness exist in every stage of data processing of GIS, from data collection, data storage to data analysis etc, so it is very meaningful to apply fuzzy theory in GIS for its ability to handle fuzziness and uncertainty of spatial data. The paper talks about the current situation of fuzzy theory applied in
GIS, including the classification of application fields, its main methods, principles etc. The detailed fields we concerned include spatial object modeling, spatial reasoning, spatial analysis, spatial data mining, and reliability analysis of GIS data and so on. Furthermore, we put forward some development foregrounds and research orientations of fuzzy theory applied in GIS.

Remote Sensing is the acquisition of information about an object without touching it. Remote sensing data and image analysis are used as major tools in investigating natural formations and man-made structures. Remote sensing techniques have proven to be very useful in the search for archaeological sites. Techniques such as aerial photography, colorinfrared photography, thermal infrared multi-spectral scanning, and radar imaging have successfully been used to locate potential archaeological sites and add questions to known sites. Image fusion, defined by Franklin and Blodgett (1933) as
the computation of three new values for a pixel based on the known relationship between the input data for the location in the image, has been advocated in a large number of papers as a suitable technique to improve the spatial appraisal of an image produced by merging low spatial resolution data with high spatial resolution data. The different images to be fused can come from different sensors of the same basic type or they may come from different types of sensors. The composite image should contain a more useful description of the scene than provided by any of the individual source
images. In our work, the simultaneously acquired SPOT5 multi-spectral images and SPOT5 panchromatic images are collected. First of all, the geometric correction is conducted to all the images with the error less than 0.5 pixels to make sure the high quality of image fusion. Then image fusion in pixel lever is performed and the image fusion quality is assessed by different criteria.

While in land spatial data processing or application, spatial relationship of land data features should be carefully checked
to guarantee the data quality. For land use data or cadastral data, lots of spatial relation rules need GIS query functions to find the overlay or disjoint feature errors, for example, all the land use patches must conform to combine a non-overlay, non-repetition and continuous area. Currently, there are many types of spatial relationship like equality, contain, intersect, disjoint, overlay, contact etc, which can be utilized in GIS systems. Though each of them can find different data errors, they require in turn examining every pair of features separately and will be very time-consuming, especially when land use data contains large number of features or lots of the feature shapes are complicated, so for land spatial
data management system, a fast algorithm is needed to systematically check variant data errors in a short time. In this paper, a new land data checking algorithm of overlay, repetition and disjoint errors is proposed. The main concept and detail steps of this algorithm are introduced and illustrated. Then an experiment on comparing this algorithm and a common algorithm which uses spatial query functions of GIS software in checking overlap, repetition, and disjoint errors
for land use data is carried out. Results show that this algorithm has high efficiency than the other one.

Models are often thought as the abstraction of object, phenomenon, system and process. But the present model base system is good at the abstraction of process which starts from the input data to the results. And it falls short of the model composition. Based on the object-oriented methods, this paper aims to discuss a new application-oriented model base system. The structure of model interface parameter is abstracted into descriptive model (DM) which can be regarded a bridge between different models. Using object-oriented method, a series researches has been made focused on DM, and
establish the application-oriented model-base system. The model working flow and user-oriented model inheritance mechanism were designed for applying and maintaining the model resource easily. A prototype system was designed and developed, and an application demonstration is shown to verify its feasibility.

Back-propagation neural network model (BPNN) is an intelligent computational model based on stylebook learning. This model is different from traditional adaptability symbolic logic reasoning method based on knowledge and rules. At the same time, BPNN model has shortcoming such as: slowly convergence speed and partial minimum. During the process of adaptability evaluation, the factors were diverse, complicated and uncertain, so an effectual model should
adopt the technique of data mining method and fuzzy logical technology. In this paper, the author ameliorated the backpropagation
of BPNN and applied fuzzy logical theory for dynamic inference of fuzzy rules. Authors also give detail description on training and experiment process of the novel model.

This paper discusses the importance of sampling in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and briefly summarizes the classical sampling theories of simple random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the architecture of spatial sampling software named as Sandwich Spatial Sampling Package. In this software, the steps of sampling include calculating sampling size, distributing samples, calculating and displaying sampling results. The first step can be divided into four parts: setting configuration files, selecting sampling fields and
relative parameters, inputting parameters to calculate sampling sizes and displaying calculated results to help users choose the best function to calculate sampling size.

Chinese address geocoding is a difficult problem to deal with due to intrinsic complexities in Chinese address systems and a lack of standards in address assignments and usages. In order to improve existing address geocoding algorithm, a spatial knowledge-based agent prototype aimed at validating address geocoding results is built to determine the spatial accuracies as well as matching confidence. A portion of human's knowledge of judging the spatial closeness of two
addresses is represented via first order logic and the corresponding algorithms are implemented with the Prolog language. Preliminary tests conducted using addresses matching result in Beijing area showed that the prototype can successfully assess the spatial closeness between the matching address and the query address with 97% accuracy.

The paper intends to employ Geographic Information System (GIS) and Bayesian Network to discover the spatial causality between enterprises and environmental factors in Beijing Metropolis. The census data of Beijing was spatialized by means of GIS in the beginning, and then the training data was made using density mapping technique. Base on the training data, the structure of a Bayesian Network was learnt with the help of Maximum Weight Spanning
Tree. Eight direct relations were discussed in the end, of which, the most exciting discovery, "Enterprise-Run Society", as the symbol of the former planned economy, was emphasized in the spatial relations between heavy industry and schools. Though the final result is not so creative in economic perspective, it is of significance in technique view due to all discoveries were drawn from data, therefore leading to the realization of the importance of GIS and data mining to
economic geography research.

This paper first discusses the necessity of the automatic annotation placement. According to the Chinese custom of reading map, based on the present principle of map annotation placement, a new principle is proposed. Then some present algorithms of automatic map annotation placement are introduced and, at the same time, their shortcomings are
pointed out. In order to improve the automatic annotation placement, the authors bring forward an automatic annotation placement algorithm of point feature based on template. The template is explained and described by figures. Then the automatic placement process using the template algorithm is detailed. At last, this paper shows the experimental result based on the new algorithm and makes some useful conclusions.

With quick development of economy, spatial distribution and specialization level of China large scale commodity exchange markets whose turnover are more than 100 million Yuan, have changed greatly. And influencing factors which distribute in the research region have attribute information and spatial information and do not satisfy statistical independence. Commodity exchange market specialization index is brought forward to measure specialization degree, based on the former research and constrained co-local spatial association rule is used to analyze symbiotic pattern between specialization level and influencing factors. Constrained predicate templates and association rule templates can improve mining efficiency greatly. As the result shown, large scale commodity exchange market specialization level on
country-region spatial scale went down from 2000 to 2005 and rose at 2006. The interesting association rules extracted based on defined minimum support and confident can provide officers of region governments with rational advices on large scale commodity exchange markets planning and construction.

In this paper, a new indirect georeferencing method for linear array imagery is presented. The new method fully utilizes the original orientation elements directly measured by geopositioning system carried on the satellite. First the systematic errors contained among linear and angular elements were modeled by second order polynomial functions depending on time. The constant terms compensate the shifts and angular drifts between the image system and the GPS and star sensor system. The linear and quadratic terms model the additional systematic errors. There are 18 parameters which should be
estimated for image georeferencing. Considering the strong correlation among those orientation parameters, they were
treated as virtual observations and the weights were assigned according to prior-knowledge such as the precision of sensor position and attitude observations. By this step, the value change of orientation parameters in adjustment process can be constrained reasonably. The new method has been tested on two scenes of CBERS-2-3 satellite images. In the tests, the location accuracies of 15~25m for planimetry have been obtained using the adjusted orientation elements,
greatly improved compared to the direct georeferencing results. Actually, the results should be even better if the measuring errors of image point can be further reduced.

The distributions of irradiance on the image plane decrease away from the center of the image even if the scene is a uniform white field. This crucial problem is posed in digital image processing, such as edge detection and stereo matching. This paper presents an edge detection method of non-uniform illumination image which uses fitting calibration algorithm to correct the non-uniformity and wavelet transform to extract edges from the images corrected. The
experimental results demonstrated the validity of our theoretical model and the effectiveness of wavelet transforms based edge detection of non-uniform illumination image.

An algorithm for automatically matching corresponding points on vector map features is put forward in this paper. Firstly, a feature simplification approach resembles Douglas-Peucker algorithm is designed to simplify geometrical entities, but here the offset threshold of Douglas-Peucker algorithm is substituted by similarity coefficient threshold defined in this paper. This approach can ensure that simplification result of map feature is invariable to similarity
transformation if only the value of similarity coefficient does not change. Secondly, this algorithm extracts convex hulls of boundaries of map features which have already been simplified. Lastly, the corresponding points on the convex hulls can be recognized and matched automatically according to pre-defined matching rules. The matched corresponding points are critical points which distribute uniformly along the boundary of map feature. The experiments indicate that this algorithm is efficient and can be applied in the field of map conflation.