The presence of a terminal bud is partly responsible for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds in a phenomenon called

apical dominance

What is the advantage to apical dominance?

Allows the plant to grow tall fast.

Pruning

removal of terminal buds

What is the main photosynthetic organ of most plants?

the leaves

What is the difference between monocot and dicot leaves?

Most monocots have parallel major veins that run the length of the blade (grass), while dicot leaves have a multibranched network of major veins (maple leaves.)

Dermal tissue

a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant.

cuticle

waxy coating of leaves that helps the arial parts of the plant retain water.

Vascular tissue

continuous throughout the plant and is invlolved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots.

Xylem

vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots

Phloem

transports food mafe in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system.

Tracheids

tapered elongated, dead cells within the xylem that moves water from cell to cell and has secondary walls with lignin.

sieve-tube members

structures within the phloem tha tform chains of cells to move sucrose, organic compounds, and some mineral ions. They are alive at functional maturity, although they lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and a vacuole.

Ground tissue

tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor vascular tissue.

pith

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue in dicots

cortex

ground tissue external to vascular tissue in dicots

What are the funtions of ground tissue?

photosynthesis, storage, and support.

meristems

perpetually embryonic tissues (stem cells of plants)

Apical meristems represent (primary, secondary) growth.

primary

Lateral meristems represent (primary, secondary) growth.

secondary

Growth in length is concentrated near the root's tip where three zones of cells are located:

-Zone of elongation

-Zone of cell division

-Zone of maturation

Vascuar cambium

acts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Wood is the accumulation of:

layer upon layer of secondary xylem

wood consists mainly of

tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers

Cork cambium

acts as a meristem for a tough thick covering for stems and roots that replaces the epidermis

periderm

a protective layer that replaces the epidermis

Bark

all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.

The most important active transporter in the plasma membrane of plant cells is

proton pump

Transport in plants occurs on tree levels:

1. the uptake and loss of water and solutes by individual cells

2. short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell

3. long-distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant.