Posts Tagged ‘Number’

We have lost the relationship between Number and Form or Number and Magnitude as the Ancient Greeks called their Forms.

A few years ago a Revolution in Mathematics and Physics has started. This revolution is caused by Geometric Algebra.

In Geometric Algebra the Ancient Theories of Euclid and Pythagoras are reevaluated.

Numbers are Scalar (Quantum) Movements of Geometric Patterns and not Static Symbols of Abstractions that have nothing to do with our Reality.

Movements and not Forces are the Essence of Physics.

The basic rule Movement = Space/Time (v=s/t) shows that Time and Space are two Reciprocal 3D-Spaces. Our Senses Experience Space and not Time.

The Simple Rule N/N=1/1=1 balances the Duals of Space and Time. One Unit Step in Space is always Compensated by One Unit Step in Time.

Geometric Algebra has a strange relationship with Pascals Triangle. This Triangle, also called the Binomial Expansion, contains all the Possible Combinations of two Independent Variables. Our Universe is a Combination of Combinations exploring Every Possibility.

The last and perhaps most important Discovery in Mathematics called Bott Periodicity shows itself in Pascals Triangle.

Bott Periodicity proves that we live in a Cyclic Fractal Universe, the Wheel of Fortune, that is Rotating around the Void, the Empty Set. The Empty Set contains Every Thing that is Impossible in our Universe.

This blog is not a Scientific Article. I have tried to connect the Old Sciences and the New Sciences in my own Way.

It contains many links to Scientific Articles and even Courses in Geometric Algebra.

So if you want to Dig Deeper Nothing will Stop You.

About the One and the Dirac Delta Function

Every Thing was created out of No Thing, the Empty Set, ɸ, the Void, the Tao. The Empty Set contains 0 objects.

The Empty Set is not Empty. It contains Infinite (∞) Possibilities that are Impossible.

Every impossibility has a probability of 0 but the sum of all possibilities (1/∞=0) is always 1. In the beginning ∞/∞ =1 or ∞x0=1.

This relationship is represented by the Dirac Delta Function. It is used to simulate a Point Source of Energy (a Spike, an Explosion) in Physics.

The Delta is reprented by the Symbol Δ, a Triangle. The Delta is called Dalet in the Phoenican and Hebrew Alphabet. Daleth is the number 4 and means Door.

The original symbol of the Delta/Daleth contains two lines with a 90 Degree Angle. Two orthogonal lines create a Square or Plane.

The Dirac Delta Function is defined as a Square with an Area of 1, a Width of 1/n and a Height of n where n->∞.

The Dirac Delta Function is a Line with an Area of 1.

In the Beginning a Huge Explosion took place that created the Universe.

When we move from 2D to 1D, the Number Line, the Delta Function becomes the Set of the Numbers N/N =1.

The Tetraktys of Pythagoras

The Monad (1) of the Tetraktys of Pythagoras, the Top of the Triangle, was created by Dividing the One (1) by Itself without Diminishing itself. The Monad (1/1=1) is part of the 1D Delta Function.

Creation is an Expansion of the 1/1 into the N/N, adding 1/1 all the time, until ∞/∞ is reached. At that moment every Impossibility has been realized.

The Dirac Delta Pulse

To move Back to the Void and restore the Eternal Balance of the One, Dividing (Compression) has to be compensated by Multiplication (Expansion).

At the End of Time N/M and M/N have to find Balance in the N/N, move Back to 1/1, Unite in the 0 and become The Void (ɸ) again.

About the Strange Behavior of Numbers

The big problem of the Numbers is that they sometimes behave very differently from what we Expect them to do.

This Strange Behavior happens when we try to Reverse what we are doing.

It looks like the Expansion of the Universe of Numbers is Easy but the Contraction creates many Obstacles.

It all starts with the Natural Numbers (1,2,3,).

When we Reverse an Addition (Subtract) and move over the Line of the Void Negative Numbers appear. Together with the Natural Numbers they are called the Integers.

The same happens when we Reverse a Division and the Fractions (the Rational Numbers) (1/3, 7/9) suddenly pop up.

An Integer N is a Rational Number divided by 1 (N/1).

The Integers are the Multiples of 1, the Fractions are its Parts.

Numbers behave even stranger when we want to Reverse a Repeating Repeating Addition (Irrational Numbers) and want to calculate a Rational Power (2**1/2).

The Complex Numbers (or Imaginary Numbers), based on the Square Root of -1 called i, are a combination of the Negative Numbers and the Irrational Numbers.

Irrational Numbers ( the Pythagorean Theorem), Fractions (a Piece of the Cake) and Negative Numbers (a Debt) are part of our Reality but the Strange Number i represents something we cannot Imagine.

About the Duality and the Expansion of Space

In the beginning the only One who was in existence was the 1.

When the One divide itself again the number -1, the Complement of 1, came into existence.

1 and -1 are voided in the No Thing, the Empty Set, 0: -1 + 1 = 0.

The Two, the Duality, both started to Expand in Two Opposite Directions (<– and +->) both meeting in the ∞/∞. This expansion is what we call Space.

Space is a Combination of the Strings S(1,1,1,1,1,…) and -S = (-1,-,1,-,1,-1,…) where S+S=(0,0,0,0,0,0,…).

The Expansion pattern of Space is a Recursive Function S: S(N)=S(N-1)+1 in which + means concatenate (or add) the String “,1″.

An Addition X + Y is a concatenation of S(X) and S(Y). A Substraction X-Y is a concatenation of S(X) and -S(Y). In the last case all the corresponding combinations of 1 and -1 are voided. (1,1,1,1)-(1,1,1)=(0,0,0,1)=(1).

Multiplication XxY is Adding String S(Y) every time a “1″ of S(X ) is encountered: 111 x 11 = 11 11 11. Dividing X/Y is Subtracting S(X) every time a “1″ of S(Y) is encountered:.111 111 1/111=11 1/111. In the last example a Fraction 1/111 appears.

According to Euclid “A Ratio is a sort of relation in respect of size between two magnitudes of the same kind“.

A Magnitude is a Size: a property by which it can be compared as Larger or Smaller than other objects of the Same Kind. A Line has a Length, a Plane has an Area (Length x Width), a Solid a Volume (Length xWitdth x Height).

For the Greeks, the Numbers (Arithmoi) were the Positive Integers. The objects of Geometry: Points, Lines, Planes , were referred to as “Magnitudes” (Forms). They were not numbers, and had no numbers attached.

Ratio, was a Relationship between Forms and a Proportion was a relationship between the Part and the Whole (the Monad) of a Form.

Newton turned the Greek conception of Number completely on its head: “By Number we understand, not so much a Multitude of Unities, as the abstracted Ratio of any Quantity, to another Quantity of the same Kind, which we take for Unity”.

We now think of a Ratio as a Number obtained from other numbers by Division. A Proportion, for us, is a statement of equality between two “Ratio‐Numbers”.

This was not the thought pattern of the ancient Greeks. When Euclid states that the ratio of A to B is the same as the ratio of C to D, the letters A, B, C and D do not refer to numbers at all, but to segments or polygonal regions or some such magnitudes.

The Ratio of two geometric structures was determinated by fitting the Unit Parts of the first geometric Stucture into the Other.

An Example: The Tetraktys is a Triangle (A Monad) and contains 9 Triangles (a Monad). The 1x1x1-Triangle Δ, a Part of the Tetraktys, is Proportional to the Whole of the Tetraktys (T) and has a Ratio T/Δ = 3= Δ -> T = Δ (3) x Δ (3) = 9.

The Mathematics of Euclid is not a Mathematics of Numbers, but a Mathematics of Forms.

The symbols, relationships and manipulations have Physical or Geometric Objects as their referents.

You cannot work on this Mathematics without Knowing (and Seeing) the Objects that you are Working with.

About Hermann Grassman, David Hestenes and the Moving Line called Vector

In his time the most important mathematicians did not understand what he was talking about although many of them copied parts of his ideas and created their own restricted version. None of them saw the whole Grassmann was seeing.

When he was convinced nobody would believe him he became a linguist. He wrote books on German grammar, collected folk songs, and learned Sanskrit. His dictionary and his translation of the Rigveda were recognized among philologists.

Grassmann took over the heritage of Euclid and added, Motion, something Euclid was aware of but could not handle properly.

A Displacement or Bivector

Grassmann became aware of the fact your hand is moving when you draw a 2D Geometric Structure. He called the Moving Lines, that connect the Points, Displacements (“Strecke”).

The Trick of Grassmann was that he could transform every transformation on any geometrical structure into a very simple Algebra. Multi-Dimensional Geometric Structures could be Added, Multiplied and Divided.

The Greek Theory of Ratio and Proportion is now incorporated in the properties of Scalar and Vector multiplication.

Combining (Adding) Bivectors creates a Trivector

About a 100 years later David Hestenes improved the Theory of Grassmann by incorporating the Imaginary Numbers. In this way he united many until now highly disconnected fields of Mathematics that were created by the many mathematicians who copied parts of Grassmanns Heritage.

Grassmann did not pay much attention to the Complex Numbers until he heard of a young mathematician called William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879).

Complex numbers are ,just like the Rationals (a/b), 2D-Numbers. A Complex number Z = a + ib where i**2=-1. Complex Numbers can be represented in Polar Coordinates: Z = R (cos(x) + i sin(x)) where R = SQRT(a**2 + b**2). R is the Radius, the Distance to the Center (0,0).

When you have defined a 2D-complex Number it is easy to define a 4-D-Complex Number called a Quaternion: Z = a + ib + jc + kd or a 8-D Complex Number called an Octonion.

William Rowan Hamilton, the inventor of the Quaternions, had big problems to find an interpretation of all the combinations i, j and k until he realized that i**2 =j**2 = k**2 = ijk=-1.

What Hamilton did not realize at that time was that he just like Grassmann had invented Vector Algebra and Geometric Algebra.

Quaternions are rotations in 4D-space

This all changed when William Kingdon Clifford united everything in his new Algebra. Clifford’s algebra is composed of elements which are Combinations of Grassman’s Multivectors.

It turns out if you use combinations of these elements to describe your geometric objects you can do the same things you did before (you still have 3 vector components).

In addition, you can have additional data in those other components that let you find distances and intersections (and a lot of other useful information) using simple and (computationally) cheap numerical operations.

The most important Insight of William Kingdom Clifford was that the Complex Numbers are not Numbers all.

The Sum of every level N of the Triangle is 2**N. This Number expresses the Number of Directions of the Geometric Structure of a Space with Dimension N.

A Point has 0 Direction, while a Line has 2 Directions, relative to its Center point, a Plane has 4 Directions, relative to its Center Point, and a Cube has 8 directions, relative to its Center point.

Mount Meru (Pascal's Triangle in Vedic Mathematics)

Pascal’s Triangle is also called the Binomial Expansion. This Expansion shows all the Combinations of two letters A and B in the function (A+B)**N. Level 1 of the Triangle is (A+B)**0 = 1 and level 2 is A x A + 2 A x B + B x B -> 1,2,1.

The Diagonals of Pascal’s Triangle contain the Geometric Number Systems (Triangular Numbers, Pyramid Numbers, Pentatonal Numbers, ..) and the Golden Spiral of the Fibonacci Numbers.

Pascal’s Triangle is a Repository of all the Possible Magnitudes and their Components.

The Normal Distribution shows that the first level of the Triangle (the Tetraktys) is much more probable than the last levels.

The first four Levels of the Triangle of Pascal contain the Tetraktys of Pythagoras.

The Tetraktys is an Ancient Vedic Mathematical Structure called the Sri Yantra, Meru Prastara or Mount Meru.

About Numbers, Operations and the Klein Bottle

The Complex Numbers are not “Numbers” (Scalars) at all.

They are “Operations” (Movements) that can be applied to Magnitudes (Geometries) and Magnitudes are Combinations of the Simple Building Blocks of the Tetraktys, Points and Lines.

The Tao of Ancient China was not for nothing represented by a Flow of Water. According to the Ancient Chinese Mathematicians Every Thing Moves. In the Beginning there was only Movement.

In the Beginning only the One was Moved but when the Duality was created the Two moved around each other never getting into contact to Avoid the Void.

When we look at the Numbers we now can see that they are the result of the Movements of the first Diagonal of Pascals Triangle, the 1′s (Points) or better the Powers of the One: 1 **N (where N is a Dimension).

Even in the most simple Number System, the Unary Number System, Concatenation is an Operation, An Algorithm.

The Mathematician John Conway recently invented a new Number System called the Surreal Numbers that contains Every Number you can Imagine.

The Surreal Numbers are created out of the Void (ɸ) by a simple Algorithm (Conway calls an Algorithm a Game) that describes Movements (Choices of Direction: Up, Down, Left, Right, ..) that help you to Navigate in the N-Dimensional Number Space.

The Ancient Chinese Mathematicians played the same Game with the Numbers.

Algorithms were already known for a very long time by the Ancient Vedic Mathematicians. They called them Yantra’s.

Sri Yantra

Geometry is concerned with the Static Forms of Lines and Points but there are many other more “Curved” forms that are the result of Rotating Expansion and Compression. These forms are researched by the modern version of Geometry called Topology.

The most interesting 4D Topological Structure is the Klein Bottle. The Klein Bottle is a combination of two Moebius Rings. It represents a Structure that is Closed in Itself.

It can be constructed by gluing both pairs of opposite edges of a Rectangle together giving one pair a Half-Twist. The Klein Bottle is highly related to the Ancient Art of Alchemy.

The movement of the Duality around the Void can be represented by a Moebius Ring the Symbol of Infinity ∞.

Later in this Blog we will see why the Number 8 is a Rotation of ∞ and the symbol of Number 8 is a combination of the symbol of the number 3 and its mirror.

First we will have a look at the Reciprocal Relation between Space and Time.

The Klein Bottle, The Universe Closed in Itself, the Basic Structure behind Alchemy.

Larson believed that the failure to recognize that Motion is the most basic physical constituent of the universe has handicapped the progress of the traditional study of physics, which focuses on Forces.

The definition of Motion stems from the Equation of Velocity, v = ds/dt.

Instead of depending upon the change of the location of an object to define an arbitrary “quantum” of space per “quantum” of time, such as miles per hour, or meters per second, the RST assumes that the observed universal passage, or progression, of time is one aspect of a universal motion that necessarily must be accompanied by a universal “passage,” or progression, of space.

The Units of Time fill up the Units of Space. Space and Time are Duals.

Space is not-Time and Time is not-Space. Time is Non-Local, Cyclic and represented by the Rotating Imaginary Numbers. Space is Local, Linear and Represented by the Scalar Numbers. Space is the Vacuum and the Nothing and Time is the non-vacuum, the Every Thing, the Solids represented by the Cube of Space.

The Cube of Space is the structure behind the Tetraktys but also behind the Book of Genesis.

Our Reality contains two Reciprocal 3D-structures related to Space and Time. Space and Time are related by the Simple Formula N/N=1/1=1, the Formula of Diracs Delta Function.

We are able to perceive the Real 3D-Structure of Space. The 3D-Structure of Time is Imaginary. It is situated in the Imaginary Number Space of i.

Larson’s Cube, the Geometric Representation of the Octonion.

Larson, a Self Thought Genius like Grassmann, developed Geometric Algebra without knowing anything about Geometric Algebra but he also invented String Theory long before String Theory was invented. The Mathematics of Larson is also the Mathematics of the Tetraktys of Pythagoras without even knowing anything about it.

The Periodic System of Larson

Larson was able to Calculate all the important Physical Numbers without any problem and was also able to Calculate Chemical Structures and Reactions.

About the Bott Periodicity

The fourth line of Pascals Triangle and the Tetraktys contains 8 Directions in the Four Geometric Dimensions: 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Mathematicians are intrigued with this number 8, because they find it popping up unexpectedly in advanced mathematics.

In fact, expanding the Binomial Expansion to 8 dimensions just creates an inverse copy of these first Four Dimensions, and then the pattern just repeats itself with a half-twist and back from there, ad infinitum.

As you can see in the Picture above the Fractal Pattern of 8 contains two kinds of Trinities/Triangles, an Upside and a Downside (Rotated by 180 Degrees) Triangle. When you Rotate by 180 Degrees the 1 becomes -1 and 1 + -1 =0 is the Void.

The Star of David, the Symbol of Human Center, the Heart Chakra.

The Multi Dimensional Rotations of the Octonions always Come Back to Square 1/1=1, the One and keep Rotating around the Center, the Nothing, Until Infinity.

Later we will see that the last group contains 2 subgroups (1,4,7) and (2,5,8). Together with (3,6,9) we can map these 3 Triangels on the Modulus 9 Circle.

4 is the Middle of 1+7=8, 5 is the Middle of 2+8=10 =1 and 6 is the Middle of 3+9=12=3. 5 is also the Middle of the Middle.

The group (1,2,4,5,7,8 ) is called the Ring Z/9 in Mathematics. Z/9 is isomorphic with the Sequence 2**N mod 9 where N is positive and negative. The sequence 1,2,4,8,16(7),32(5),64(1),128 (2),256 (4),… repeats itself until infinity.

This Sequence is the Expansion and Compression Pattern of the Number 2.

The Ring Z/9 is part of the Tetraktys and forms a Hexagram. This Hexagram is a 2D-projection of the Cube of Space. When we combine the (3,6,9)-pattern with the Hexagon a (4×4) Triangle is created.

The number 2 is the Container, the Cube, inside the Tetraktys. That is the Reason why the Second letter in the Hebrew Alphabet Beth means Vessel or Container.

(3,6,9) is a Triangular Cycle that repeats itself until Infinity. The Number 3, the Trinity, is the Mover of the Container of 2. This Rotation moves With and Against the Clock.

This is the reason why the 3th Letter of the Hebrew Alphabet, Gimel, means Camel. The Camel of Gimel carries the Water into the 2 Containers of Beth.

(0,9) maps unto Itself and represents The Beginning and The End, The Now. (0,9) is a Point and a Line.

The Polar Pairs of the Z/9 create a Cyclic Pattern that contains two Squares, (1,2,4,0) and (5,7,8,0). Both of them Share the Zero, The Void.

The Sum of the Opposite Numbers of the Z/9, (4,8 = 12=3), (1,5 =6 ), (2,7=9) of the Tetraktys shows the 3,6,9-pattern again.

There are 8 Ternary Groups ((1,5,9), (1,6,8), (2,6,7), (2,5,8),(2,4,9),(3,4,8),(3,5,7),(4,5,6)) with a Sum of 15. This Ternary Group represents Triangels. All of them are part of the famous Lo Shu 3×3 Magic Square.

The 3 Triangles of (1,4,7), (2,5,8) and (3,6,9) copied from the linked Website.

When we use the number 3 as a generator 3 Triangles are created (1,4,7), (2,5,8) and (3,6,9).

The 3 Triangles move With and Against the Clock ((1,4,7) and (7,4,1)).

It takes 3 rotations to get every Triangle back to its original position. (1,4,7) becomes (7,1,4) and (4,7,1). This means that there are 6 permutations of every Triangle.

Every addition of two Triangels produces another Triangle. An Example: (1,4,7) + (2,5,8) = (3,9,6).

When we create a Matrix to find all the combinations a new group of 9 transformations ((1,1,1),(2,2,2),(3,3,3),(4,4,4),(5,5,5),(6,6,6),(7,7,7),(8,8,8),(9,9,9)) appears. They are the Triangels that are a Line and a Point. An Example: (1,4,7) + (1,1,1)=(2,5,8).

There are now (18 +9=27) x27 = 729=3**6 = 9**3 possibilities.

The same 27×27 Matrix appears when we Multiply the 3 Triangels. An Example: (5,8,2)x(5,8,2)= (25,64,4)= (7,1,4) and (3,6,9)x(5,8,2)=(15,48,18)= (6,3,9).

Another interesting patterns becomes visible when we look at the Opposite Numbers of 3 Triangels (1,5), (2,6), (3,7),(4,9) en (5,9) in the Picture above. They recreate the Triangels. An Example: (5+9=5, 2+6=8 ,8+3=11=2).

The Multiplication Table is a subset of the 27×27 Matrix of the 3 Triangels.

The Multiplication Table contains the Harmonics of the Numbers 1 to 9.The Vedic Square was used to build the Pyramids, create the Chinese I Ching, the Game of Chess, Dante Alighieri used it to structure his trilogy La Divina Commedia, the Sistine Chapel was build and the frescoes and symbols were arranged according to its concepts and the first chapter of Genesis was written and imbued with its numerous concepts graphic images.

La Divina Comedia of Dante with the Tower of Babel on the background. This Ziggurat is a Geometric Structure highly related to the Vedic Square.

Scholars and Artists discovered that the various lines of the Vedic Square could be used to direct a design. By selecting a line of numbers, and using a constant angle of rotation, various designs could be produced. These designs are visible in abstract Islamic Art.

The Vedic Square is a Symmetrical Structure because AxB=BxA. This is called the Associative Property of Multiplication. The Square is a combination of Two Triangels and contains 45 distinctive numbers.

The Vedic Square repeats itself until infinity when you extend the Square to a NxN Square.

The number pattern of the diagonal of the Vedic Square, 1,4,9,7,7,9,4,1,9, is the Digital Root Pattern of the Square Roots. This patterns repeats itself until Infinity.

The Vedic Square contains the 5 Polar Pairs, the 8 Lo Shu Ternary Groups and the 3 Trinity Patterns ((1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9). It also contains the Star of David, The Zodiac, the Tree of Life and many other Mystic Patterns.

It is possible to transform the Vedic Square to the Lo Shu Magic Square.

The patterns of the Vedic Square Rotate. The End of a Horizontal and a Vertical Pattern connects with the Beginning of the Pattern. This means that the Vedic Square is a Torus.

This Torus is called the Rodin Torus. The Rodin Torus is a Coil that produces a Uniform Electro-Magnetic Field.

The 3-6-9 and 6-3-9 Cycle in the Vedic Square can be thought of as Clockwise and Counter-Clockwise, or as Electricity and Magnetism. They are transport-channels.

The ((3,6,9),(6,3,9)-Matrix divides the Vedic Square in 9 2×2 Squares.

The 9 2×2 Squares have a Sum of 9,18 and 27 which is 1×9,2×9 and 3×9. If we leave out the (3,6,9)-Matrix and divide by 9, a 3×3 matrix results with 1,2,3 on the Outside and a Cross of 2′s in the middle. This 3×3 matrix shows the Expansion of the 2 into the (1,2,3).

Patterns in the Vedic Square

The Rows and Colums of Ring Z/9 add up to 45. The Rows and Colums of the Number 3-Pattern add up to 54 which is a Mirror of 45. The (4,5)-pattern generates the Star of David and the Zodiac.

About Indian Vastu Science

The Game of Chess originated in India. It was passed on to the medieval West through the intermediary of the Persians and the Arabs.

The form of the Chess-Board corresponds to the Vastu-Mandala, the 9×9 diagram which also constitutes the basic lay-out of a temple or a city.

Hindu mythology has it that Vaastu Purusha was born of Lord Shiva’s sweat when he fought the deadly demon Andhakasura.

Vaastu Purusha himself became uncontrollable and destructive and the heavenly gods finally subjugated him and brought him down on earth with face down, with his face in the Northeast and his feet in the Southwest.

45 deities stayed there, 32 of them in the outer enclosure and 13 of them in the inner enclosure holding him in place at various points or locations on his body.

32 =64/2 and the Number of the 32 Paths of Wisdom of the oldest book of Hebrew Mysticms the Sepher Yesirah (the Book of Formation or Book of Creation, ספר יצירה).

64 is the Number of the I Tjing. 45 (5×9) is the Sum of the Lo Shu Magic Square and the Number of the Vedic Square.

The Vastu Mandala is an expansion of a Point (the Bindu) into the Line(2), The Trinity (3) and the Rotating (With the Clock and Against the Clock) and Expanding Square (4), represented by the Symbol of the Swastika. The Swastika is a Fractal Generating Pattern.

Every Point is a generator from which the Swastika-pattern generates a new Swastika. The 2×2 Square is transformed by the Swastika Pattern into the 4×4 and the 8×8 Square.

As you can see the Vastu Jain Symbol is an Indian Version of the Tetraktys of Pythagoras.

The Swastika contains the Four Points of the last line of the Tetraktys that are related to the Tethahedron.

About the Game of Chess

The Chess-Board symbolizes the Unfolding of Space by the Number-2-pattern and it synthesizes the Complementary Cycles of Sun and Moon.

The number 64, the sum of the Black & White (Yin/Yang) Squares on the Chess-board, is a divisor of the number 25920 (25920/64=405, 25920/9= 2880/9=320/5=72), which measures the Precession of the Equinoxes.

The Polar Pairs in the Modulo 9 Pattern are expressions of the Planets.

(1,8), the Castles, relates to the Planet Mars.

(2,7), the Bishops, relates to the Planet Venus. Venus is the Ruler of the Heart and the (2,7) is situated in the Middle of the Vedic Square.

When viewed from the Earth, the Planet Venus inscribes a near perfect five-pointed star (pentagram) around the sun every eight years. The points of a five-pointed star (pentagram) touch the circle of a pentacle every 72 degrees. Likewise, many in Islam expect 72 virgins in heaven.

A full 360 degrees of procession takes 25,920 years, which is also seventy-two (72) 360-year cycles.

(3,6), the Knights relates to the Planet of the Messenger, Mercury. Mercury is Hermes, the Messenger God, with winged sandals. The moves of the Knights create a pattern that looks like the Swastika.

The (3,6)-number-lines are Transport-Channels (Gimel) as you can see in the Vedic Square and the Rodin Torus. The planet Mercury traces a Hexagram during its movement around the Zodiac.

(0,9) is the Planet Jupiter, the Ruler of Modulus 9 who determinates the Rules of the Game. (0,9) is the Beginning and the End of the Game and is the cause of the Rotation of the Swastika related to the (3,6.9)-pattern.

The numbers 4 and 5 are the Moon (Queen) and the Sun (King). The Moon moves the quickest of all the planets, so does the Queen on the chessboard.

The Number 5 of the King is the Center of the 3×3 Lo Shu Magic Square and the Center of the Tetraktys.

The 8 Pawns represent the number 2 and are connected to the Planet Saturn, the 2nd Son of the Central Sun and the Trinity (1+ 2 = 3). The Pawns start to move with 2 steps and later move 1 step. The 2 is the Center (The Son of the Sun) of the Trinity.

The 2 is also the Generator of the Expansion Pattern and the Polar Companion of the 7, the Center of the 3D-version of the Square, the Cube of Space.

The Pawn (2, Saturn) promotes into a Queen (Moon, 2×2) when he has reached the Other Side.

The first part of this Blog is about the Triangular numbers, related to the Number 3, the Holy Trinity.

The second part shows that Pascal’s Triangle (called Meru’s Mountain in Mystics), the Binomial Expansion, contains every Possible Mystical Number Pattern (including the Triangular Numbers) you can Imagine.

Pascal Triangle also shows that our Universe is a combinatorial miracle. It explores every possibility, is always in balance, expands and moves back to the beginning which is and was the Void, the Empty Set, the merge of Every Paradox, that is Possible.

About Mystical Number-Patterns

The Sēpher Yəṣîrâh (Book of Formation or Book of Creation, ספר יצירה) is the oldest book on Jewish Mysticism. The Sefer Yetzirah describes how the universe was created by the “God of Israel” through 32 Wondrous Ways of Wisdom.

The Number 32 is the Sum of the 10 Sephirot and the 22 Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet.

The Sephirot is related to the Tetraktys of Pythagoras. The Tetraktys embodies the Four main Greek Cyclical (Platonic) Musical Harmonies: the Fourth (4:3), the Ffth (3:2), the Octave (2:1) and the Double Octave (1:4).

1+2+3+4 = 10. 10 is the 4th Triangular Number. The Nth triangular number is the Sum of the numbers 1 -> N. This Sum is equal to 1/2N(N+1).

Between the 10 Sephirot run 22 Channels or Paths which connect them.

The Sephirot are the Points of the Tetraktys. The Hebrew Letters are the Lines between the Points. The Lines of the Sephirot and the Tetraktys create a Cube (6) at the Top and a Tetrahedron (4) at the Bottom.

The Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet are divided in the 3 Mother Letters (אמש, the Trinity), the Seven Doubles (The Planets) and the Twelve Simples (the Zodiac).

The 22 letters of the Hebrew Alphabet are a combination of the Trinity, the 7 Planets and 12 Signs of the Zodiac.

When you analyse the Sepher Yeshirah the Cube of Space (the Kaaba) appears out of the Hebrew Alphabet. The Kaaba is related to the Seventh Planet, Saturn.

The 3 Axis of the Cube of Space are the Trinity, the 6 (2×3) Faces of the Cube stand for the Planets with the 7th Saturn, the Son of the Central Sun (3+1 (Center)+3) in the Center and the 12 (4×3) Boundary Lines of the Cube represent the 12 Signs of the Zodiac.

As you can see the Number Three, the Triangle, plays an important role. It is the First Structure that is Closed in Itself and is therefore Topological related to the Circle. The Circle (and the Triangle) is able to rotate With and Against the Clock. This property is called Spin in Physics.

It is very important to realize that Everything Rotates in our Universe around a Central Object that rotates around another Central Object. The Central Object Gives Time, determinates the Rythm or Harmonics, of the Rotation Structure.

The Planets rotate around the Sun and the Sun rotates around the Central Black Hole. The arrow of Sagitarius points to this Black Hole.

On a Six Sided Dice the Sum of all the Numbers is Seven (1+6,2+5,3+4). The Sum of the Six Numbers is 3 X 7 = 21. If we add the Center (Saturn) the Number 22 appears.

22/7 is a good approximation of the number π. π relates the Square (and the Cube) to the Circle.

The Cube of Space symbolizes the Playing Board of the Game of Life. On the Playing Board we have a Free Choice to move into the many Paths that are available. Every Path has its own Probability and this Probability can be calculated. If we don’t know what to do we could throw a Dice.

The Cube of Space contains the same six lines that exist in the I Ching. Four of the lines are of equal length, the other two, the diagonals, are longer. For this reason symmetry cannot be statically produced and the Dance (of Shiva) results.

The Circle represents the Cycles of Time of the Matrix of the Demiurg. Behind all the Probabilities of all the Possible Paths lies a Hidden Order.

A Hexagram, represented by the Star of David, is a Two-Dimensional (Orthographic) projection of a Cube. A Symmetric Projection of the Cube creates a Cross.

A Hexagram is a Two Dimensional Cube

One of the many meanings of the first word in the Bible “Bereshit“, is “They (Elohim) created Six” which means that in Six Stages of the Time Cycle the Cube of Space (or the Hexagram) was populated. On the Seventh Day the Center was filled.

The book of Genesis does not describe the creation of the Trinity (They, Elohim, 1+2+3, 1x2x3) itself. This stage was later covered in the Zohar.

In my blog “About the Sum of Things” it is shown that Six Stages are part of an Expansion Pattern governed by the Powers of Two. After 2**6 (64) Expansions (or Compressions) the Same Fractal Pattern repeats itself on a higher level.

The I Tjing is a contraction of the oldest Divination System in the Word called FA. FA is still used all over the world by the followers of the oldest wisdom-system created by the YOrubA in Africa. The Yoruba lived at the place where the ancient Paradise was situated.

The Fourth Day (Sun (4), Moon (5))

About the Triangular Numbers

The Tetraktys contains the Numbers 1, 3, 6 and 10. These numbers are called Triangular Numbers.

The number 21 is also a Triangular Number because it is the Sum of the Sixth Level of the Tetraktys, the Numbers 1 to 6.

The Fifth Level of the Tetractys is related to the Number 15 (1+2+3+4+5). This number connects the Tetractys and the Sephirot to the 3×3 Lo Shu Magic Square also called the Seal of Saturn.

The nth Triangle number T(n) is the number of dots in a triangle with n dots on a side; it is the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n. T(n)=n(n+1)/2.

The Triangular Numbers contain the Perfect Numbers. A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of its positive divisors excluding the number itself. Six (1+2+3=1x2x3) is the first Perfect Number and 28 (1+2+4+7+14) is the next.

The Sum of two Triangular Numbers is a Square

The Sum of two adjacent Triangular Numbers T(n) + T(n+1) is a Square Number because Two Triangels can be combined in a Square. 1+3=2**2 and 3+6=3**2.

There are many relationships between the Triangular Numbers. These relationships were the focus of the research of the Mystical Group of the Mathematikoi of Pythagoras.

6 (Bereshit, the Cube, the Hexagram) + the 22 Letters of the Hebrew Alphabet = 28, the Next Perfect Number (1+2+3+4+5+6+7).

The first sentence in Genesis (“In the beginning Elohim created Heaven and Eearth“) contains 7 words and 28 letters. This indicates that the Creation Process was already in the 7th stage of the Tetraktys and in its 2nd Fractal Expansion, the Birth of the Material Universe.

The sum of the entire verse is the 73rd Triangular Number. The prime Numbers 37 and 73 are geometrically related. They form the third and the fourth term in the sequence of Star Numbers (1, 13, 37, 73, 121).

Hexagon/Star pairs are closely related to Triangular numbers. Their product is always a Triangle, and they can be symmetrically generated from a Pair of Triangles.

The Triangle of Pascal was known long before Pascal (re)discovered it.

It was known in Ancient India as the Meru Prastara and in China as the Yang Hui. Meru Prastara relates the triangel to a Mystical Mountain called Mount Meru. Mount Meru is also implemented in the Sri Yantra.

The Triangle shows the Coefficients of the Function F(X,Y))= (X+Y)**n. If n=0 F(X,Y)=1 and if n=1 F(X,Y)=X+Y so the Coeffcients are (1,1).

Pascals Triangle is a 2-Dimensional System based on the Polynomal (X+Y)**N. It is always possible to generalize this structure to Higher Dimensional Levels. 3 Variables ((X+Y+X)**N) generate The Pascal Pyramid and n variables (X+Y+Z+….)**N generate The Pascal Simplex.

The rows of the Pascal’s Triangle add up to the power of 2 of the row. So the sum of row 0 is 2**0 and the sum of row 1 is 2**1 =2.

The Sum of the rows of the higher n-dimensional versions of the Triangle is n**N where n is the Amount of Variables and N the level of expansion. So the Sum of Pascal’s Pyramid (3 variables X,Y,Z) is 3**N.

Triangle of Pascal

The most interesting property of the Triangle is visible in the Diagonals.

The First Diagonal contains only 1′s. The Ones represent Unique Objects. They are the Points in the Tetraktys.

The Second Diagonal contains the natural numbers. These Numbers are used to Count Objects that are The Same. The Natural Numbers are the Lines that connect the Points. The Natural Numbers are the Sum of the previous Ones.

The Third Diagonal contains the triangular numbers. The Triangular Numbers are the Sum of the previous Natural Numbers.

This pattern repeats itself all the time.

The Yang Hui is an ancient Chinese version of the Triangle of Pascal. This Triangle contains Nine (3x3) Levels.

The rows of the Triangle of Pascal also shows the Bell Shaped Pattern of the Normal Distribution.

The Probability Distribution of the Triangle of Pascal converges to the Normal Distribution because of the Central Limit Theorem. Every Row has a Mean of N/2 and a Variance of (N**1/2)/2 which means that with every new row the Mean and the Variance become Bigger and Bigger.

The Triangle of Pascal and therefore the Figurative Numbers describe Everything that is Possiblebut every Expansion of the Triangle is less Likely to Occur.

The Triangle of Pascal Mod 3 represents the Tetraktys in the Tetraktys in the .....

Because of the Fractal Expansion/Contraction Pattern The Cube of Space, related to the Element Earth, explains Everything there is to Know on Our Level of Existence, Mother Earth.

The interesting part of the Figurative Numbers is that they representent Visual Patterns with which we can Reason.

We don’t need complex formulas because we can See what is Possible.

The interesting part of the Triangle of Pascal is that we can See that the Complex Figurative Structures are created out of a very Simple Structure, the Triangle.

If we want to understand our Reality we have to begin with looking at the Beginning and not start somewhere in the Middle.

If we look at the Fractal Expansion Pattern of the Triangle we See that Every new Stage is an Expansion Out of the Middle.

The Expansion of the Human, the Next Step in our Evolution, is therefore an Expansion Out of the Heart, the Balance of Father Sky and Mother Earth.

Life is not only about Me and the Other.

Life is also about the Relationship between Me and the Other.

If we don’t Collaborate the Next stage in our Evolution will never happen.

The Magic Square was carried by a Turtle. The Turtle is the symbol of the Constellation Orion. Many Ancient Cultures claim that our Ancestors came from this constellation. The Square of Lo Shu is also referred to as the Magic Square of Saturn or Chronos (Time).

The Duality of Fu Xi and his Sister, The Snake of the Kundalini contains 3.5 (7/2) Twists. 2x3.5 = 7. 7 = (-1,-2,-3,0,1,2,3).

According to Chinese Creation Myth the world started with 無極(wuji: nothingness), the Tao. Out of the Tao, the Egg of the Zero (0) and the Supreme Pure One (1) emerged. In the next step the Trinity (3), the Three Pure Ones, was created.

The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things (Lao Tsu,Tao Te Ching, 42).

The Sri Yantra contains 43 Triangels and is generated by the Bronze Mean.

The Trinity is represented by a Triangle. A combination of Two Triangels is a Square. The combination of Two (2) Triangels is also the Symbol of the Heart Chakra, the merge of Heaven, the Upper Triangel and Earth, the Lower Triangel.

The most complex Yantra (“machine”), the Sri Yantra, contains 43 Triangels. The Sri Yantra is determinated by the Bronze Mean. The Bronze Mean is a generalization of the Sequence of Fibonacci based on the Trinity. The Bronze Mean generates Quasi-Crystals and Penrose Tilings.

The Square is a combination of two Triangels. It is represented by the Star of David, the Symbol of the Heart Chakra.

The Lo Shu Magic Square not only shows the Connection between the Four Forces that came out of the Two Forces, Expansion and Compression, it also shows the connection between Heaven and Earth.

In the Magic Square of Lu Shu the Even Numbers (2,4,6,8 = 2 x (1,2,3,4 = 2×2)) are Black(Yang, Male). The Odd Numbers (1,3,5,7,9 = 3×3) are White (Yin, Female). The Sum of all the Numbers is 15 (3×5).

The Even Numbers are situated at the Corners of the Square.

When the numbers of each row are multiplied (8x1x6; 3x5x7; 4x9x2) they together total to 225 ((3×5)x(3×5)) — as do those of the columns (8x3x4; 1x5x9; 6x7x2).

The Magic Square is dominated by two numbers (2**1, 2**2, 2**3) and (3, 2×3, 3**2), It contains four Prime Numbers (1,3,5,7). It also contains the first Perfect Number 6 (1+2+3 =1x2x3). 6 is also a Harmonic Divisor Number and has a Harmonic Divisor 2. The Sixth Day in the week is the day of Saturn, the God of Time.

The sequence 1,2,4,8, 1, 3,6,9, 27 is called theTetrad of the Pythagorians and was, according to Plato, used by the Demiurg, the Creator of our Universe, to create the Soul. The Soul is a mixture of the Same (1), the Different (2), and Existence (3). The Tetrad was used to define the Harmony of the Spheres.

When you connect the numbers of the Lo Shu a pattern appears that is called the Seal of Saturn or the Dance of Yu.

The Seal of Saturn or the Dance of Yu

The Sum of Magic Squares is a Magic Square and the product of a Magic Square M with a number a is again a Magic Square aM. Both Rules can be used to construct a Magic Square out of simple Binary Squares called Magic Carpets. One of these Magic Carpets is the Identity Matrix with One on the Diagonal.

Every Magic Square is related by Rotation and Mirroring to Eight other Magic Squares. This means that the central Lo Shu Magic Square with the Five in the Middle is related to Eight other Magic Squares with the other Numbers in the Middle. One of them contains the Nine and is called the Well.

The Lo Shu and the Well

The Sum of numbers of the Well is 18 (2×9) and the sum of all opposites across the 8 Spoke Wheel = 9 (9+0, 8+1, 7+2, 6+3, 5+4). 2×9 means that there are Two Complementary Magic Squares. One Magic Square is Rotating with the Clock and the other Against the Clock.

The Well is an Expansion and Contraction Cycle based on Powers of 2.

The Nine is the most important Number in the Magic Square. The Nine comes back in many ancient mythologies like the Egyptian Pesedjet and the Greek Ennead.

When you add the separate numbers of a number (54 = 5+ 4 = 9) the result is the Remainder when you divide the number by 9. This number is called the Modulo 9 number.

The Expansion and Compression Pattern shows that the same pattern repeats itself when the Magic Square is expanded or compressed Six (6) Times. The 7th Step is the Same as the First Step.

After 2**6=64 (8×8) divisons of the cell a Specialized Cell is created, the stem cell. The same happens in Music. The Game of Chess (Chiu King in China) with its 8×8 = 64 = 2**6 Playing Board contains every possible situation of the Game of Life.

The Two-Pattern does not contain the numbers 3,6 and 9. The number 9 is repeated every time when the pattern is expanded and compressed which means that Nine is the same as the Identity, the One (1+9 = 1). 3 and 6 Oscillate (1x2x3=6 and 1+2+3 =6) and therefore represent the Duality (3+6 = 9, = the One).

If we combine the Expansion and Compression patterns a Torus (a Rotating Circle, The Wheel of Time) appears. The Zero (the Void) is in the Center and Contains the Vortex. The Vortex represents another Cycle (Black/White Hole, 3,6,9, the Wheel of Order) in which every structure/pattern is destroyed to start All Over Again.

Lo Shu Torus

If we subtract the numbers in the Square by the number of the Center, 5, a highly Symmetric Pattern emerges. This pattern shows that there are Two Mirror Universes both containing four Forces.

When we transform this pattern from Modulus 9 to Modulus 3 (the Trinity) we see that the number 4 equals 1 and represents a new beginning of the Cycle.

4

9

2

-5

-1

4

-3

3

5

7

-5

-2

0

2

8

1

6

-5

3

-4

1

The Magic Square with the Zero in the Middle is surrounded by two Sequences of 123(4) with different Signs. The Signs are arranged in a Cyclic Pattern (- -, + -, + +, – +) that contains the Four Permutations of – and +. The Sum of the ++ and the — is -3 and +3, the Trinity. The Sum of +- en -+ is the One.

The Cyclic Pattern of + and – represents the Prisoners Dilemma that is solved by the Strategy of Tit for Tat. This strategy is applied by the Trickster, the God of Paradox, a concept of God in which God creates games that create games.

When you use the basic Addition and Multiplcation Rules of the Magic Square many important numbers and patterns appear that are related to Ancient Calenders, Symbols and Cycles.

About the Sum of Things

The Lo Shu Magic Square appeared a few years ago when I wanted to know more about Acupuncture. Acupuncture is related to the Sheng Cycle and the Sheng Cycle is related to the Lo Shu. A Magic Square is the perfect way to visualize the Constraints that control the Four Forces in our Universe.

Soon after this discovery I found out the Lo Shu is related to the Trinity and the Bronze Mean which is an abstraction of the Fibonacci Sequence. The Bronze Mean generates the Sri Yantra and so called Quasi Crystals. Quasi Crystals explain Acupuncture.

Ancient Alphabets are related to Numbers and Tones so Ancient Texts also represent Numerical Patterns and Music. You want be surprised to read that the Lo Shu showed itself in every Text Kim Veltman has analysed.

His document started a new inquiry into the pattern of the Lo Shu. During this research I detected the book “the Sum of Things” by Paul Martyn-Smith. Paul Martin-Smith worked together with Lee Burton.

This blog contains just a litte bit of the tremendous amount of information Paul Martin-Smith & Lee Burton have found about the essence of the I Tjing which is contained in just one simple 3×3 Magic Square.

If you want to know more the only thing you can do is to buy this book and start reading.

Infinity is a very strange concept. It is a concept we, the Humans, are unable to imagine because our Reality is Finite. Infinity is created by a division by Zero. Multiplying Zero by Infinity could be Any Number (A/∞=0, 0*∞=A). Infinity-times-Zero is an unlimited resource, the Holy Grail.

The concept 0 is not (¬) “nothing”, the empty set (Ø). The number 0 is the result of subtracting a number by Itself (A-A=0). The number 0 is the symbol of, the Middle, Balance and the Absolute Truth (A=A, I AM what I AM).

Strangely enough the name “zero” given to the symbol of the concept “0″ comes from the Arabic صفر, şafira, “it was empty” and the Sanskrit śūnya “void” or “empty”. The 0 was empty, Ø, before it was created.

The symbol of the number Zero looks like an Egg. According to many creation myths the beginning of this world non-being, one point, Ø, expanded into an egg, 0 , that was splitted until infinity (-1, 0, +1).

When we use Topology we see that Infinity is “a state we will never reach” in a linear perspective. When we create a continuous mapping of the Circle to a Line extending from “negative infinity” to “positive infinity” the line of Infinity is the line that lies parallel to the original line. Negative and positive infinity close in one “impossible” point that can easily be reached by moving through the cycle but cannot be reached by a Line.

The tragic of the Circle is that we always come back at the same point:

We shall not cease from exploration

And the end of all our exploring

Will be to arrive where we started

And know it for the first time.

(T.S. Eliot).

To learn or to get new experiences we have to jump out of the cycle. In this case the circle becomes a spiral and we move from one level of circulating to a new level of circulating.

The big problem of the spiral is that we never will reach the end. We will never find what we are looking for. We keep on moving.

But somewhere on the circle and the spiral lies the “magical zero”, the connection to the void, the gate, the primal source, our final destiny.

The great path has no gates,

Yet thousands of roads enter it.

When one passes through this gateless gate,

He walks freely between heaven and hell

(Mumonkan)

The empty set, Ø, is created by paradox, I AM AND I AM NOT.

To Jump out of the Cycle and the Spiral we have to find the gateless gate.

Pythagoras, the inventor of the Music of the Spheres, thought that the principles governing Number are the principles of all things.There are many principles behind the Numbers. The most intriguing is called the Riemann Hypothesis. It defines a spiraling relationship between the Prime numbers.

What is a Number?

A Number is a Symbol that represents an Object we use to Count and to Measure. The Number-Object 1 is often represented by the symbol “1″ and the sound “One”.

When we Count we are able to Tell How Many Objects are available in a certain Set. In mathematical terms the Amount of Objects in a Set is called the Cardinality.

To define a Set we have to define “What the Objects Are”. If we don’t do this we are not able to See, to Observe, the Objects. To Count we have Define “What we are Counting“.

To define what we are counting we have to Classify and to Describe. To Classify we have to Name. The name “Sheep” is connected to a Mental Picture of something that “looks like a” Sheep.

There are Names who are not represented by a Mental Picture. An example is the name “number”. This Class of Objects contains Abstractions of Real, Visible, Objects or of Actions that are Performed on Visible Objects. Abstract Objects/Actions are related to, Mapped, to Visible Objects/Actions by Metaphors. One Apple “is representing” the Number One.

There is no fundamental law that Tells us How to Classify. Classifications are highly Culture and Time Dependent. The effect is that different people will count different amounts of objects when they don’t agree about “What they are Counting“.

When we have Counted a Set of Sheep we are able to Add when we have counted another Set of Sheep at another Place. We are only able to Add when the Sheep at both places are “the Same“.

It is impossible to add Sheeps and Cows unless we define a more abstract Set called Animals. Again the problem of classification arises.

When we want to Count Every Thing we have to find the Cardinality of The Set of All Sets. The Cardinality of this Set is “not knowable“. Most scientists would say that the cardinality of this set is infinite (“not bounded“). Mathematicians would say that this Set maps to the Set of Numbers or to a Sub-set of the Set of Numbers. The paradox of Russell shows that the Set of all Sets “does not exist“.

It does not matter in what order we Add Numbers. A+B = B+A. This is called the Commutative Quality of the Numbers. Remember that this Quality only applies when we are counting the Same Objects

Another Quality of Addition is called Associativity. It does not matter in what order we add a sequence of numbers. 1+(2+5)+3 = (1+2) + (5+3). Remember that this Quality only applies when we are counting the Same Objects.

When we are Counting Sets of Sheep that contain the Same Amount of Sheep we are able to create a new operator “*” called Multiplication. Multiplication is a Repetition of the Same Amounts (another word for Cardinality) of Counting.

When we Multiply the same Qualities of Addition are applicable. Multiplication is Commutative and Associative. 6*7=7*6 and 6*(7*8)=(6*7)*8.

What is a Prime?

We have finally reached the Primes. A Prime is a Number that can only be divided by 1 and Itself OR Every Number can be written as a Multiplication of One or more Primes.

Mathematicians Think that the Set of Prime Numbers is the Foundation of the Set of Numbers.

Nobody thought that this Foundation contains another Foundation until Riemann formulated his famous hypothesis. Riemann observed that the frequency of prime numbers is very closely related to the behavior of the so called Riemann Zeta function, ζ(s) = 1 + ½**s + 1/3**s + ¼**s + . The hypothesis is still not proven but is verified by computer programs that generate very big numbers (1,500,000,000) and until now it still holds.

The operator “**” is called Power or Exponent. It represents a Repetition (s) of the multiplication of the same number. 2**2 = 2*2=4. The operator “/” represents the operator Division. Division is the “opposite” of Multiplication.

A Foundation is something that is used to build on. It is the “lowest” layer of all the layers. If a Foundation contains a Foundation many theories that were formulated using the old foundation are at stake. One of the most important theories is the theory about the Numbers themselves. If the Numbers are not what they are thought of new mappings, new metaphors, are possible. In this blog I will try to explain that Numbers are not Distinct Isolated Objects. Numbers are not Parts.

We are always Counting Cows and Sheeps because every Object is Unique. If we make a Picture of one Sheep we see a Lot of Detail. We ignore these details because we are not interested in them when we are Counting Sheep. The Sheep are treated as Objects.

When we want to Articulate the Details of One Sheep we Run Out of Words to describe all the details. We are unable to define all the attributes to classify all the details.

When we are Counting, Every Thing has to be treated as an Object because Counting implies the Perspective of the Object.

The Quality of Commutativity in Multiplication and Addition does not Apply.

If we want to treat Every Thing As It Is, the Commutative Law is not applicable: A+B is not equal to B+A. When we want to treat Every Thing As It Is, Every Thing is One. If we Map every Unique Object on the Number Line every Number is representing a Unique Object. A Number is a Unique Key, An Identifier.

If we are not able to Add we are not able to Multiply. If we are not able to Multiply the Primes are non-existent. If we accept that Every Thing is Unique we are not able to Talk about Anything. We have be Silent and Observe. We could also accept that Language is a Funny Game We Play (Wittgenstein) or Accept that a Picture Paints a Thousand Words.

When we want to Quantify or Qualify we are always Equalizing.

When we want to Count we have to accept that we have to make Some Things the Same when they are really not the Same. If we want to Quantify we have to accept that we are making Mistakes all the Time.

If we want to Qualify we have to accept that Numbers are not usable. If we want to Qualify we have to accept that Classifications are not usable. If we want to Qualify we have to Accept that somewhere we are using the Numbers and are Quantifying.

When we use Language to Qualify somewhere we introduce concepts like High and Low and are forcing an Order on Reality. The only thing that is left is to use the Emotions to do this. We could Say that Every Thing is Beautifull and produce a Sound (“Ahhhhhhhhhhh” or “Wauw“).

When we want to Quantify or Qualify we have make sure we are not equalizing something that is really unique. We have to Make a Choice and think about the Consequences. If we define a Selection Criterium or Define an Attribute of a Unique Object or Define a Filter, we have to be aware that the Attribute simply defines a new Object. This Object is always an Abstraction. When we define the Attribute or Quality of Race we Divide Reality in Races.

Language always Divides The Whole in Parts.

Multiplication is Repetitive Counting.

When we Multiply we make use of two Types of Numbers. We are using a “repetition factor” and we use a “counting factor“. These types of Numbers are not the same. When they are not the same the Commutative Law is not applicable. 7*6 is different from 6*7. The first statement is about 7 times a Set of Sheep with Cardinality 6. The other is about 6 times a Set of Sheep with a Cardinality of 7.

Primes are Frequencies.

A Repetition Factor could be defined as a Frequency. If we move from the domain of the Rectangular frame, Cubes, to the Circular frame of Mathematics, Waves, the Riemann Hypothesis changes into a statement about the Musical or Harmonic Behavior of the Primes. The primes have Music in them. You can even Listen to this Music. Pythagoras was Right.

If Primes are Frequencies What are Numbers?

If every Number is a combination of one or more Prime Numbers, every Number contains one or more repetition factors. If we move to the Circular Domain, Multiplication changes into Addition. A Number is the Sum of Waves. A Mapping from the Rectangular to the Circular Domain is called a Fourier Transformation.

If Numbers are Waves what are Objects?

Objects are also Waves.

If Objects are Waves is there a Boundary between Objects?

No. They are All One. In a Circular World there is no Beginning and there is no End. In a Spiraling Spiral World Everything is Closed in Itself. We are an Enfolding of the One that is Closed in Itself. The One is Aware. It is Consciouss. Every Thing Contains a Conscioussness, A Spark of the One.

What is Behind Every Thing?

0. It all starts with the Primal Void, 0.

1. Out of the Primal Void the One is Created. The One is The Mover that Moves Itself, The Center. It Enfolds in Itself.

2. The One is Observing Itself so there are Two. The One becomes Conscious.

3. The Two Expand and Compress so there are Three, the Trinity. The Two are named Control and Desire. The One, Conscioussness, stays in the Center. The One Voids the Two (-1 + 1 = 0).

4. The Two are split in Two so there are Four Forces or World Views. Control and Desire are “compensated” by Spirit and Soul.

5. The One, Consciousness, is always in the Middle. Now there are Five, the Pentagle. The Five are called the Hu-Man. It contains Control, Desire, Spirit (Creativity), Soul (Love, Emotion) and Conscioussness. The last part connects the Human to the One. A Human is a Dynamic Instability where the Four Forces are constantly trying to find Harmony. The Conscioussness Observes and Reflects. It helps the Forces to find Balance.

6. The Four Forces combine. There are Six or Twelve combinations. This depends on the way the combinations are made. Four independent Forces generate 1*2*3 combinations when the Combinations, the Relationships or the Mappings, are considered Unique. When a Relationship is a Two-Way Connection (A Dialoque), the amount of combinations is 2* (1*2*3) =12. Six is the first Perfect Number. The Sum and the Product of its Divisors is Equal. 1+2+3 = 1*2*3.

7. The One is always in the Middle so there are 6 + 1 = 7 Relationships. There are Seven Chakra’s. The Chakra in the Middle, The Heart, is related to the Centre, The One (-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3).

9. This is a Pattern where the Four Forces are connected in a Circular Pattern. One Pattern moves with the clock and the other counter the clock. The complete pattern looks like a Moebius Ring.

10. This is the Lowest Level in the Sephirot, The Tree of Life. It is called Malchut, the Kingdom of God. It exists outside the Pattern of the Nine.

12. See 6. The four Forces are now in their Dialogic State. 12 is a Highly Composite Number (HCN). A HCN is a Social Number. It contains Many Divisors. HCN’s are used in situations where many divisions are needed like Clocks and Calenders. HCN are used to avoid conflicts. Other HCN’s are 24 (hours), 60 (seconds) and 360 (degrees).

There are twelve signs of the Zodiac, twelve Tribes of Israel, twelve Apostles of Jesus and twelve Houses in Astrology. Every number is a Relationship between Two Powers of the Four Powers and can be interpreted as such. The Four Powers are the cornerstones. Examples are the Apostles John (Spirit, Eagle), Marc (Control, Laws. Lion), Luc (Desire, Bull, Ox) and Matthew (Soul, Human/Angel).

13-24. With the Thirteen a new Cycle on Another Level Starts. The 13th Card of the Major Arcana of the Tarot is called Death, a New Beginning. The Soul has travelled in the UpperWorld (Earth, 1-12, Our Material Reality) and moves to the Under World (Heaven, The World of Souls, 13-24) to Clean itself and to start a new Cycle as the Fool (0).

The Tarot spelled as TARO-T is a Cyclic Structure that operates on Three Levels. In every level the four Forces (T, A, R and O) are combined in different ways. The Highest Level is called the Major Arcana and contains 24 (1*2*3*4) Cards. The last card indicates the End of the Cycle of the TARO. Every card in the Higher Arcana is named with a Permuation (without Repetition) of the letters T,A,R and O.

25-36. The Second Level contains 12 Cards (3*4). The King, Queen, Knight and Page represent the four Forces.

37-76. The Third Level (40 Cards) contains the Ace (1) and the numbers 2-10. The four Forces are called Sword (Mind, Control), Cups (Soul, Emotions), Wands (Spirit, Creativity) and Pentacles (Senses, Desire).

The One Enfolds into a Spiraling Spiral.

New Numbers and New Levels are Created.

We are One AND we are Many. We are The Same AND we are not The Same. We are Music AND we are Producing Music. We are Repetitons AND we are Creating Repetitons. We are Primes AND we are not Primes.

The beauty of our Universe is highly related to what mathematicians call symmetry. A structure is symmetric when it is possible to find a function that maps the structure unto itself.

A simple example is mirror-symmetry. In this case the structure looks the same when it is reflected in a mirror. Another example is rotational symmetry. The structure returns when it is rotated.

The symmetries can be combined to create more complex symmetries. For more than a century mathematicians are trying to create a periodic table of elements of all the possible symmetries called symmetry groups.

The “classification theorem” of such groups, also known as the “enormous theorem” (requiring over 15,000 pages to “prove”), states that the periodic table can be classified completely into 5 groups.

In two dimensions the symmetry-group contains 17 types of symmetrical transformations. All of them are visible around the walls of the Alhambra.

One of the five groups is made up of exceptions to the regularity of the others. These exceptional sub-groups are known as sporadic groups.

Attention has long been focused on these 26 exceptional sporadic groups. The largest of these, incorporating 20 of the others, has been named the Monster — the most exceptional finite symmetry group in mathematics.

Packing spheres

It is a giant (hyper)Diamond in 196,884 dimensions composed of more elements than there are supposedly to be elementary particles in the universe (approx. 8 x 10**53).

The Monster is something special but what makes the Monster spectacular is that it showed a strange connection (called Moonshine) with a very different part of Mathematics called Number Theory.

Mathematics and especially Number- and Group theory are very hard to understand even for mathematicians. It is a very special specialization.

Number Theory was one of the most important issues in the Mystical Schools of the Old Scientists.

Pythagorus and of course the mystics in the East were very interested in the patterns behind the Beauty of the Universe. Number was the unifying concept necessary for understanding everything from planetary motion to musical harmony.

They believed the Universe was based on integer numbers (1,2,3,..) and the Monster shows that this could be the case.

One of the magic numbers that would have exited Pythagoras is 24. It is a magic number because the sum of the square-roots of all the numbers 1 to 24 is equal to the square of 70.

The sequence of 1 to 24 is part of a 26-dimensional Lorenz-space that is highly connected to the monster and moonshine. A Lorenz-space is an extension of the space Einstein used called Minskowski space. This space connects space with time. The Monster suggests that we could live in a space of 24 dimensions instead of 3.

The kissing number in 4 dimensions is 24. The cells can be connected to the 24d hyperdiamond.

The interpretation of all this in normal language can be found by the relationship of the Monster to a special surface called the Leech Lattice. The Leech Lattice is created when we package spheres.

The Monster connected by Moonshine to Physics (String Theory) shows that our Universe consists of an enormous amount of Bubbles called Quantum Foam. We live in the Universe where the bubbles are touching with the highest kissing number possible.