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Abstract

Fluorescence-enhanced diffuse optical tomography is expected to be useful to the collection of functional information from small animal models. This technique is currently limited by the extent of tissue heterogeneity and management of the shape of the animals. We propose an approach based on the reconstruction of object heterogeneity, which provides an original solution to the two problems. Three evaluation campaigns are described: the first two were performed on phantoms designed to test the reconstructions in highly heterogeneous media and noncontact geometries; the third was conducted on mice with lung tumors to test fluorescence yield reconstruction feasibility in vivo.

References

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Table 1

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of a Homogeneous Phantom When Using the Heterogeneity Correction Methoda

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0082

1.17

0.24

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0073

1.18

0.21

Tube 3 (right)

0.0070

1.18

0.20

a Fluorescence yields, the recovered heights, and the widths of the reconstructed signal along z are stable from one tube to the
other.

Table 2

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Heterogeneity Phantom When Using the Normalized Born Approximationa

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0091

1.15

0.39

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0138

1.10

0.09

Tube 3 (right)

0.0090

1.16

0.43

a Fluorescence yield varies by 50% from the central tube to the side tube and the recovered height is accurate (<0.5 mm, expected value = 1.15 cm). Widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are very different from the central tube to the side tube since their standard deviation varies by a factor of 4.

Table 3

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Heterogeneity Phantom When Using the Heterogeneity Correction Methoda

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0106

1.13

0.21

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0104

1.11

0.16

Tube 3 (right)

0.0125

1.09

0.21

a Fluorescence varies by 20% from tube 3 to tubes 1 and 2 and the recovered height is accurate (<0.6 mm, expected value = 1.15 cm). Widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are homogeneous between the three capillaries (0.21 cm for tubes 1 and 3, and 0.16 for tube
2).

Table 4

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Noncontact Phantoma

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0106

1.32

0.17

Tube 2 (right)

0.0097

1.34

0.18

a Fluorescence yield varies by 10% from tube 1 to tube 2, the recovered height is 0.1 cm higher than the expected value (1.2), and the widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are comparable from tube 1 to tube 2.

Tables (4)

Table 1

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of a Homogeneous Phantom When Using the Heterogeneity Correction Methoda

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0082

1.17

0.24

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0073

1.18

0.21

Tube 3 (right)

0.0070

1.18

0.20

a Fluorescence yields, the recovered heights, and the widths of the reconstructed signal along z are stable from one tube to the
other.

Table 2

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Heterogeneity Phantom When Using the Normalized Born Approximationa

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0091

1.15

0.39

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0138

1.10

0.09

Tube 3 (right)

0.0090

1.16

0.43

a Fluorescence yield varies by 50% from the central tube to the side tube and the recovered height is accurate (<0.5 mm, expected value = 1.15 cm). Widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are very different from the central tube to the side tube since their standard deviation varies by a factor of 4.

Table 3

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Heterogeneity Phantom When Using the Heterogeneity Correction Methoda

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0106

1.13

0.21

Tube 2 (middle)

0.0104

1.11

0.16

Tube 3 (right)

0.0125

1.09

0.21

a Fluorescence varies by 20% from tube 3 to tubes 1 and 2 and the recovered height is accurate (<0.6 mm, expected value = 1.15 cm). Widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are homogeneous between the three capillaries (0.21 cm for tubes 1 and 3, and 0.16 for tube
2).

Table 4

Quantitative Results Obtained from the Fluorescence Yield Reconstruction of the Noncontact Phantoma

Fluorescence Sum (a.u.)

Mean of z (cm)

Standard Deviation on z (cm)

Tube 1 (left)

0.0106

1.32

0.17

Tube 2 (right)

0.0097

1.34

0.18

a Fluorescence yield varies by 10% from tube 1 to tube 2, the recovered height is 0.1 cm higher than the expected value (1.2), and the widths along z of the fluorescence yield distribution are comparable from tube 1 to tube 2.