Friday, 10 February 2017

Tuberculosis: Historic Developments and Modern Misconceptions

In this week’s blog Project Cataloguing Archivist, Clair
looks at the latter 20th century progress in tackling tuberculosis but to what extent has this assigned TB to a disease of the past?

From the introduction of the BCG vaccination in the 1950s, Scotland
began to see a dramatic decline in TB infection and death rates. The Royal Victoria Hospital (RVH)
in Edinburgh began using the vaccination to protect children and young adults
in close contact with others suffering from TB - read more about the development
of the BCG vaccination and its introduction to Edinburgh in Rebecca’s blog. Furthermore
the decline in TB rates were also affected by the successful introduction of the Mass Miniature Radiography Campaign (MMR), a screening process which found undiagnosed cases of TB
among the at risk population. MMR, a routine vaccination program and antibiotic treatment all contributed to a positive outlook in the decline of TB throughout the latter
half of the twentieth century.

It is also important to highlight the work of Professor John
Crofton, who was appointed chair of the Department of Respiratory Diseases at
the University of Edinburgh in 1952.

﻿﻿

Prof. John Crofton, c.1950-1970. P/PL41/TB/049

Amid the TB epidemic, Crofton experimented
in strengthening earlier developments in TB medicine. To streptomycin (which
became resistant to some strains of pulmonary TB) and aminosalicylic acid he
added isoniazid, and this new combination of drugs became the most powerful
treatment of TB throughout the 1960s. Although this was considered a radical
approach it soon became known as the ‘Edinburgh Method’ (not to be confused
with the earlier ‘Edinburgh Scheme’) and this paved the way for momentum in international standards
for the treatment of TB. Early
distribution of the drug combination saw the notification rates of TB fall by
54 per cent in Edinburgh between 1954 -1957. It soon became the leading
treatment for TB, abandoning other methods, such as bed-rest and surgical
treatment.[1] Here
is a short film featuring
interviews with the late John Crofton, explain his TB trials and the turning
point in TB treatment and drug-trial methodology.

At LHSA we are nearing the end of cataloguing our TB case
notes and I was also interested to find out how the disease materialised
after the dates of which our TB collection covers. We hold some records that
can give us a picture of the TB situation in Scotland but only until the late 1980s. For
example RVH annual reports demonstrate that beyond this time there was a positive
outlook on what becomes thought of as a historical public health crisis. There was marked acceleration in the decline
of TB in Scotland and today low TB rates are reported at round 8-9 cases per
100 000 of the population. However, since 2005 TB rates have increased slightly
and this also reflects the overall situation thought the rest of the UK,
particularly in London. Key reasons for this increase seem to stem from factors
including:

An increase in travel and migration, as most
cases are found amongst those not born within the UK.

It is well documented that relatively high rates of TB still
exist throughout many other parts of the world, including India, south-east
Asia and Africa. Countries such as these are still struggling to control the
spread of the disease and TB continues to be one of the top 10 causes of death
worldwide. The most recent statistics that can be found on World Health Organisation
(WHO) website tell us that in 2015 10.4 million people fell ill with TB and 1.8
million died in that year. But in contrast to this gloomy picture, WHO also
states that 49 million lives have been saved in the last 15 years through TB
diagnosis and treatment, with a future health target to end the TB epidemic by
2030.

Despite the progression throughout the twentieth century in
tackling the spread of TB and future advancement suggesting an optimistic outlook in controlling TB, unfortunately it is
not a disease that we can yet consider eradicated.

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Lothian Health Services Archive holds the historically important local records of NHS hospitals and other health-related material.
We collect, preserve and catalogue these records and promote them to increase understanding of the history of health and for the benefit of all.

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