AMAPÁ CREOLE(LANC-PATÚA)
[AMD]
25,000 (1995 SIL). Throughout State of Amapá, concentrated around the
capital, Macapá. Creole, French
based. Has English and French influences. Some Indian groups in Amapá
speak other creoles, like the Karipuna and Galibi. Survey needed.

ANAMBÉ
[AAN]
7 active speakers (1991 SIL) out of an ethnic group of 77 (1993 SIL).
Pará. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Oyampi
(VIII). Some monolinguals. Most are bilingual in, and switching to, Portuguese.
Some Brazilians who have intermarried with Anambé have learned
Anambé. Close to Asuriní. Nearly extinct.

ARIKAPÚ(MAXUBÍ, ARICAPÚ)
[ARK]
15 (1968 SIL). Rondônia, headwaters of the Rio Branco, tributary of the
right bank of the Guaporé. Macro-Ge, Yabuti. Integrated into
Brazilian culture and language. Nearly extinct.

ARUA(ARAWÁ)
[ARA]
Arawakan, Arauan. Became extinct in
1877. Known from an 1869 word list. Different from Tupi Arua and Ge Arua.

ARUÁ
[ARX]
Rio Branco post, Rondônia. Tupi,
Monde. Dialect: ARUÁSHI (ARUACHI). Said to be many in Mato Grosso.
Voegelin and Voegelin treat as distinct from Arawak Arua (Aruan, Araua) and Ge
Arua. A few still remember the language. Nearly extinct.

ARUTANI(AUAQUÉ, AUAKE, AWAKE, AOAQUI, OEWAKU, URUAK, URUTANI)
[ATX]
17 in Brazil (1986 SIL); 5 in Venezuela (1977); 22 total. Roraima. Arutani-Sape. The remaining speakers
are bilingual in Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the
Pemon (Arecuna) and a few with the Sapé and do not speak Arutani
fluently. Nearly extinct.

ASURINÍ, XINGÚ(AWATÉ)
[ASN]
63 (1994 ALEM). At least one sizeable village, on Rio Piçava off
Xingú River near Altamira, Pará. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Kayabi-Arawete (V). A
separate language, different from Asuriní of the Tocantins (Akwaya), and
Arawete. Bilingualism is limited. Work in progress.

ATRUAHÍ(ATROAÍ, ATROARÍ, ATROWARI, ATROAHY, KI'NYA)
[ATR]
350 (1995 SIL). On the Alalau and Camanau rivers on the border between the
state of Amazonas and the territory of Roraima. Also on the Jatapu and Jauaperi
rivers. Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana,
Waimiri. Dialects: ATRUAHI, WAIMIRÍ (UAIMIRÍ, WAHMIRÍ),
JAWAPERI (YAUAPERI). Contacted by Waiwai people in 1968. Dialects or related
languages: Sapara, Pauxiana. Piriutite and Tiquiriá are subgroups.
Traditional religion.

BANAWÁ(KITIYA, BANAVÁ, BANAUÁ, JAFÍ)
[BNH]
70 (1994 SIL). Amazonas, upriver quite a distance from the Jamamadí.
Half live on the Banawá River, others on small creeks and in scattered
locations; 1 village and 2 extended family settlements. Arawakan, Arauan. Isolated. Not as close
to Jamamadí linguistically as previously thought. Some bilingualism in
Jamamadí, and a little in Portuguese. They prefer their own language.
'They call themselves Kitiya'. 1% to 5% literate or lower. Tropical forest.
Work in progress.

BRAZILIAN SIGN LANGUAGE(LSB, SÃO PAULO SIGN LANGUAGE)
[BZS]
São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, and elsewhere.
Deaf sign language. Some
relationship to North American and European sign languages. The fingerspelling
used for proper names is similar to a European system. The first deaf school
was begun in 1857 in Rio de Janeiro, then one in Porto Alegre. The deaf in
São Paulo generally receive an oralist education. The dialects appear to
be inherently intelligible, although northern dialects above the Amazon are
probably more distinct. The news is reported to be signed on TV each evening.

CAFUNDO CREOLE
[CCD]
40 (1978 M. Gnerre, U. Estadual de Campinas). Cafundo, 150 miles from
São Paulo. Creole, Portuguese
based. Bantu lexicon in Portuguese morphological and syntactic framework. The
people are all fluent in Portuguese. The creole is considered a secret
language. A similar creole has been recently discovered in Minas Gerais.

CHIRIPÁ(NHANDEVA, ÑANDEVA, TSIRIPÁ, TXIRIPÁ, APYTARE, GUARANÍ)
[NHD]
4,900 in Brazil (1995 AMTB); 7,000 in Paraguay (1991); 11,900 in all countries,
or more. Mato Grosso do Sul State, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do
Sul, São Paulo. Also in Argentina. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Guarani (I). Dialect:
APAPOCUVA. In Brazil it has been influenced by Paraguayan Guaraní, Mbya,
and Kaiwá. Most speakers are from the Apapocuva group, which has been
described by ethnographers. In Brazil, speakers are over 40, and the group is
shifting to Portuguese. Called 'Chiripá' in Paraguay, 'Nhandeva' in
Brazil. The name 'Ñandeva' is used in the Paraguayan Chaco for Tapiete,
a different but related language. Bible portions 1991. Work in progress.

GAVIÃO, PARÁ(PARAKATÊJÊ, PYKOBJÊ)
[GAY]
180 in the main village and others scattered (1995 SIL). State of Pará,
in a new village called 'Kaikoturé', near Marabá. Some live
scattered in or near their original locations in Maranhão and
Pará. Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge,
Northwest, Timbira. They call themselves 'Parakatêjê Indian
Community'. 'Gavião', meaning 'hawk', is used by outsiders. Related to
Krikati-Timbira, Canela, and Krahô. They prefer their language, but there
is increasing use of regional Portuguese. Schools are in Portuguese. Not to be
confused wih the Gavião of Rondônia.

GUAREQUENA(UREQUEMA, WAREKÉNA, WEREKENA, UEREQUEMA, WERIKENA, AREQUENA)
[GAE]
338 in Brazil (1983 NTM); 367 in Venezuela; 705 total. Amazonas, Rio
Chié (Xié) and Içana near Venezuelan border. Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran,
Inland. Many speak Nhengatu in Brazil, but most use Guarequena by preference.
Spoken in remote areas; those in centers are more bilingual. In Venezuela all
are bilingual in Spanish. Survey needed.

GUATÓ
[GTA]
40 scattered speakers out of 382 in the ethnic group (1993 SIL). Mato Grosso do
Sul and Bolivian border, banks of the Paraguai and going up the São
Lourenço rivers. Macro-Ge,
Guato. Survey needed.

HUPDÉ("HUPDÁ MAKÚ", "JUPDÁ MACÚ", "MAKÚ-HUPDÁ", "MACÚ DE TUCANO", UBDÉ)
[JUP]
1,208 in Brazil (1995 SIL); 150 in Colombia (1991 SIL); 1,350 in both
countries. Rio Auari, northwestern Amazonas. Maku. Dialects: HUPDË, TUHUP, NËHUP.
Possibly 50% are bilingual in Tucano or some other Tucanoan language. They are
subservient to the Tucano and other Tucanoan Indians. The name "Macu" is
offensive. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup,
Tuhup, and Nëhup needs investigation. Some are nomadic between Brazil and
Colombia. Tropical forest. Work in progress.

KABIXÍ(CABICHÍ, CABISHI)
[KBD]
100 (1986 SIL). Slopes of Planalto dos Parecís, right bank of upper
Guaporé, near Vila Bela, Mato Grosso. Chapacura-Wanham, Guapore.
Isolated. Related to Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Wanham, Urunumacan. The term is
also used for Parecís or Nambikuara. Both people and language may be
extinct. Survey needed.

KALIHNA(CARIB, CARIBE, KALINYA, CARIÑA, GALIBÍ, MARAWORNO, MARWORNO)
[CRB]
100 or more in Brazil (1995 SIL); 2,500 in Surinam; 475 or more in Guyana;
1,200 in French Guiana; 4,000 to 5,000 in Venezuela (1978 J.C. Mosonyi); 10,000
in all countries (1991). State of Amapá. Carib, Northern, Galibi. Dialect: TYREWUJU
(EASTERN CARIB). Called 'Galibi' in Brazil. Portuguese-Carib creole people
(Galibí do Uaçá) also speak Crioulo (French Creole). Work
in progress.

KAMÃ(KAMÃ MAKÚ, DÂW)
[KWA]
83 (1994 ALEM). Amazonas, across the river from São Gabriel de
Cochoeira, a county seat just below the confluence of the Vaupés and
Negro rivers. Maku. They call themselves
'Dâw'. Work in progress.

KARIPÚNA(KARIPÚNA DO UAÇÁ, KARIPÚNA DO AMAPÁ)
[KGM]
Territory of Amapá, on French Guiana border. Unclassified. It has been
suggested, but not demonstrated, that this was a Tupi-Guarani language. The
descendants now speak Karipúna Creole French. Extinct.

KARIPUNÁ(KARIPUNÁ DO GUAPORÉ, CARIPUNA, JAU-NAVO, JUANAUO, KARIPUNÁ DE RONDÔNIA)
[KUQ]
12 or more (1995 SIL). Rondônia, sides of Jaru, Jamery, Urupa,
Cabecciras, Candeias rivers. Panoan,
Southern. Dialects: JACARIA, PAMA (PAMANA). Isolated. There may be more in the
jungle. They may be bilingual in Tenharim. Survey needed.

KARIPÚNA CREOLE FRENCH(CRIOULO)
[KMV]
672 (1995 SIL). Amapá, on French Guiana border. Creole, French based. Speakers formerly
spoke Karipúna, an unclassified language, possibly formerly from
Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon. There are conflicting reports
about how different it is from French Guianese. It is distinct from Haitian
Creole. Limited bilingualism. Grammar. Typology: SVO. Tropical forest. Islands,
swamp. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. Traditional religion,
Christian. Selections 1984.

KAXUIÂNA(KASHUYANA, KASHUJANA, KACHUANA, WARIKYANA, WARIKIANA, KAXÚYANA)
[KBB]
434 including 300 Warikyana, 134 Kaxuiana (1986 SIL). Imabu River near
perimetral norte, on Trombetes River near junction with Mapuwera, northwestern
Pará. A few are living with the Hixkaryána; most with the
Trió. Carib, Southern, Southern
Guiana. Dialect: PAWIYANA (PAWIXI). There is a fair amount of bilingualism
between some speakers of Trió and Kaxuiâna. Survey needed.

KIRIRÍ-XOKÓ(XUKURÚ, SHOCU, SHOCO, KIRIRÍ)
[XOO]
(1,800 in the ethnic group; 1995 SIL). Pernambuco, Serra de Urubá
(Arobá) near the city of Cimbres, Bahia. Unclassified. The people are
monolingual in Portuguese. Apparently distinct from Karirí-Xocó.
Extinct.

KORUBO
[QKF]
500 (1995 AMTB). Amazonas. Unclassified. Possibly Panoan. May be the same as Marubo, or
related to Yanomami. No permanent contact. They do not welcome outsiders.
Survey needed.

KRAHÔ
[XRA]
1,200 (1988 SIL). Maranhão, southeastern Pará, Tocantins, 5
villages. Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge,
Northwest, Timbira. The Krahô do not accept the name 'Canela'. Different
from Canela, but may be able to use literature adapted from Canela. Limited
bilingualism. Typology: SOV.

MARÚBO(MARUBA, MAROVA)
[MZR]
594 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, along the headwaters of the tributaries of the
Curuçá, Ipixuna, and Javarí, near the Peru border. Panoan, North-Central. Speakers say they
cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan
Katukína. Korubo may be the same. Work in progress.

MATÍS
[MPQ]
120 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, Javari Valley, Municipality of Atalaia do Norte, on
the border with Peru. Panoan, Northern.
Seems to be different from Matsés, although similar. Isolated. Survey
needed.

MOREREBI
[XMO]
Amazonas, Rio Preto and Marmelos. Tupi,
Tupi-Guarani, Kawahib (VI). May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has
not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with
outside culture. Existence not able to be confirmed in 1993. Survey needed.

MÚRA-PIRAHÃ(PIRAHÃ)
[MYP]
150 (1986 SIL) out of an ethnic group of 1,500 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, along the
Maici and Autaces rivers. Mura. Nomadic.
The Pirahã are small and quite monolingual. The Mura are larger, mostly
integrated. Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. Grammar. Typology:
SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Hunter-gatherers. Altitude: 40 to 120 feet.
Bible portions 1987. Work in progress.

NADËB(NADEB MACU, MAKÚ NADËB, MAKUNADÖBÖ, NADÖBÖ, ANODÖUB, KABORI, KABARI, XIRIWAI, XURIWAI)
[MBJ]
300 (1986 SIL). Amazonas, three locations on the Uneiuxi River, a tributary of
the Negro River, on the Japura and Negro rivers, and in other scattered places.
Maku. Ruhlen and others classify it as
Puinave in Macro-Tucanoan. The people
are semi-nomadic. Typology: OSV. Hunter-gatherers. Work in progress.

NUKUINI(NUQUINI)
[NUC]
Acre, northwestern, from the upper Mõa to the Rio Sungarú in
Juruá. Panoan, South-Central,
Unclassified. Dialect: CUYANAWA. They have used mainly Portuguese for 3
generations. Some older people remember a little of the language. Extinct.

ORO WIN
[ORW]
5 speakers, all over 40 years old (199 D. Everett SIL). Headwaters of the
Pacaas-Novos River, a tributary of the Mamoré River, along the
Brazil-Bolivia border. Chapacura-Wanham, Madeira. Related
to Tora, Itene (More), and Wari (Pakaasnovos), but not inherently intelligible
with them. Speakers use Wari as second language. Typology: VOS. Nearly extinct.

RIKBAKTSA(ARIPAKTSA, ERIKBATSA, ERIKPATSA, CANOEIRO)
[ART]
800 or more (1994 SIL). Mato Grosso, confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers,
Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between the Arinos and Sangue rivers,
and Posto Escondido on the west bank of the Juruena 700 kilometers north. 9
villages and 14 settlements. Macro-Ge,
Rikbaktsa. Distinct from Ava-Canoeiro and Kanoe (Canoe). 15% to 25% literate.
Typology: SOV. Tropical forest. Bible portions 1977-1993. Work in progress.

SHARANAHUA
[MCD]
350 in Brazil; 500 to 600 in Peru (1989 SIL); 850 to 950 total. Marináwa
in Acre, along the upper Envira, tributary of the Tarauacá. Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua.
Dialects: MARINAHUA (MARINÁWA), CHANDINAHUA. The Marináwa are
integrated into Brazilian society. There may be no speakers left. Bible
portions 1973-1981. Work in progress.

SIRIANO(SURYANA, SURIRÁ, SARIRÁ)
[SRI]
10 in Brazil (1995 AMTB); 250 to 300 in Colombia (1992 SIL); 260 to 310 in both
countries. São Gabriel, Amazonas. Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central,
Desano. The people may all speak Tucano but they are ethnically distinct. They
also speak Nhengatu. Bible portions 1981-1991. Work in progress.

TARIANO(TARIÂNA, TALIÁSERI)
[TAE]
Only a few elderly speakers out of an ethnic group of 1,500 in Brazil (1995
SIL). Middle Vaupés River, Amazonas. Also in Colombia. Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran,
Inland. No one has been located who speaks Tariano in Colombia, but the tribal
identity is still maintained. The first language is Tucano or Nhengatu. Nearly
extinct.

TEMBÉ
[TEM]
100 speakers out of 853 ethnic Tembé (1995 SIL). Maranhão, Gurupi
River and Guama. None in Guama speak Tembe, only Portuguese. In Gurupi about
100 of 170 speak Tembe. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani,
Tenetehara (IV). Well integrated. The speech of most or all groups of this name
is intelligible with Guajajára. Work in progress.

TENHARIM(TENHAREM, TENHARIN)
[PAH]
345, including 13 Diahói (1994 SIL). Amazonas. The Diahói are on
the Rio Marmelos, Karipuna on Jaci Paraná River Post in Rondônia,
Morerebi on Rio Preto and Marmelos. 2 villages. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Kawahib (VI). Dialects:
PARINTINTÍN, KAGWAHIV (KAWAIB), KARIPUNA JACI PARANÁ,
MIALÁT, DIAHÓI (JAHUI, GIAHOI). Speakers are fairly bilingual.
15% literate. Boca Negra is a related ethnic group. Tenharim and Kagwahiv are
nearly identical. Eru-eu-wau-wau (Uru-eu-wau-wau) and Morerebi may be dialects.
The Tenharim consider the Diahói to be relatives; slight dialect
difference. The Morerebi are a family group who have not lived with the
Tenharim for many years, and do not want contact with outside culture. The
Kayabí, Parintintín, Tenharim, Júma, Karipuna, and
Diahói all call themselves 'Kagwahiva' (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip,
Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). Grammar. Typology: SVO. Fishermen, gatherers,
agriculturalists. NT in press (1996). Bible portions 1971-1976.

TUKUMANFÉD
[TKF]
50 or fewer (1959 D. Ribeiro). Rondônia, mouth of the Cacoal tributary of
the Jiparaná. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani,
Kawahib (VI). Permanent contact reported in late 1950's. May now be
linguistically extinct or known by a different name. Nearly extinct.

UMOTÍNA(UMUTINA, BARBADOS)
[UMO]
In the ethnic group: 160 (1993). Mato Grosso, along the Paraguay River. Macro-Ge, Bororo, Bororo Proper. The last
speaker died in 1988. The people now speak Portuguese. Extinct.

XOKLENG(AWEIKOMA, BUGRE, BOTOCUDOS)
[XOK]
250 speakers (1975) out of ethnic group of 634 (1986 SIL). Santa Catarina,
along tributary of the Itajaí River. Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Kaingang, Northern.
A separate language. People are fairly bilingual. The name 'Bugre' is also used
for Kaingang and Brazilian Guarani. The name 'Kaingang' is sometimes used for
Xokleng. Typology: SOV.

YABAÂNA(JABAANA, YABARANA)
[YBN]
(90 in ethnic group; 1986 SIL). Amazonas, headwaters of the Marauiá and
Cauaboris, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro. Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran,
Unclassified. Distinct from Yabarana of Venezuela. People are monolingual in
Portuguese. Extinct.

YAMINAHUA(YAMINÁWA, JAMINAWÁ, YAMANAWA)
[YAA]
357 in Brazil (1986 SIL); 150 in Bolivia; 700 to 1,100 in Peru; 1,200 to 1,600
in all countries. Acre. Panoan,
South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua. Same dialect as Bolivia, and the same as,
or close to, that of Peru. Bible portions 1987. Work in progress.

YAWALAPITÍ(JAULAPITI, YAULAPITI)
[YAW]
140 (1995 AMTB). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran.
Related to but not intelligible with Waurá and Mehinaku. Many understand
another language of the Xingú because they have lived in other villages.
Fishermen, hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists: manioc, maize. Survey
needed.

YAWANAWA(IAUANAUÁ, JAWANAUA, YAHUANAHUA)
[YWN]
310 (1994 SIL). Acre. 1 village of 100 people, with the remainder living along
a river. Panoan, South-Central,
Yaminahua-Sharanahua. Language use is vigorous. Portuguese is used only with
outsiders.

YUHUP(MAKÚ-YAHUP, YËHUP, YAHUP, YAHUP MAKÚ, "MAKU")
[YAB]
360 in Brazil (1995 MTB); 600 in both countries (1986 SIL). Amazonas, on a
tributary of the Vaupés River. Also possibly in Colombia. Maku. Limited intelligibility with Hupdë
South of the Hupdë. Isolated. Ruhlen and others classify it as related to
Puinave. The name "Maku" is offensive. Typology: OSV. Work in progress.