B29C37/0028—In-mould coating, e.g. by introducing the coating material into the mould after forming the article

B29C37/0032—In-mould coating, e.g. by introducing the coating material into the mould after forming the article the coating being applied upon the mould surface before introducing the moulding compound, e.g. applying a gelcoat

B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE, IN GENERAL

B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING

B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped

B29K2105/24—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped crosslinked or vulcanised

B29K2105/243—Partially cured

Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

Abstract

System for making a plastic lens is provided. More particularly, a system for applying alternating periods of ultraviolet light to a lens forming composition is described. The lens forming composition is cured while controlling the rate of heat generation and/or dissipation via manipulation of the duration of the ultraviolet light or the cooling in the curing chamber. The ultraviolet light is preferably directed toward the lens forming composition which is disposed in a mold cavity formed by two mold members. The ultraviolet light may be directed in pulses or continuously.

Description

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/636,510 filed Apr. 19, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,498.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for making plastic lenses using ultraviolet light.

Curing of a lens by ultraviolet light tends to present certain problems that must be overcome to produce a viable lens. Such problems include yellowing of the lens, cracking of the lens or mold, optical distortions in the lens, and premature release of the lens from the mold. In addition, many of the useful UV-curable lens forming compositions exhibit certain characteristics which increase the difficulty of a lens curing process. For example, due to the relatively rapid nature of ultraviolet light initiated reactions, it is a challenge to provide a composition which is UV curable to form an eyeglass lens. Excessive exothermic heat tends to cause defects in the cured lens. To avoid such defects, the level of photoinitiator may be reduced to levels below what is customarily employed in the ultraviolet curing art.

While reducing the level of photoinitiator addresses some problems, it may also cause others. For instance, lowered levels of photoinitiator may cause the material in regions near an edge of the lens and proximate a gasket wall in a mold cavity to incompletely cure due to the presence of oxygen in these regions (oxygen is believed to inhibit curing of many lens forming compositions or materials). Uncured lens forming composition tends to result in lenses with “wet” edges covered by sticky uncured lens forming composition. Furthermore, uncured lens forming composition may migrate to and contaminate the optical surfaces of the lens upon demolding. The contaminated lens is then often unusable.

Uncured lens forming composition has been addressed by a variety of methods (see, e.g., the methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/931,946). Such methods may include removing the gasket and applying either an oxygen barrier or a photoinitiator enriched liquid to the exposed edge of the lens, and then re-irradiating the lens with a dosage of ultraviolet light sufficient to completely dry the edge of the lens prior to demolding. During such irradiation, however, higher than desirable levels of irradiation, or longer than desirable periods of irradiation, may be required. The additional ultraviolet irradiation may in some circumstances cause defects such as yellowing in the lens.

The low photoinitiator levels utilized in many ultraviolet curable lens forming compositions may produce a lens which, while fully-cured as measured by percentage of remaining double bonds, may not possess sufficient crosslink density on the lens surface to provide desirable dye absorption characteristics during the tinting process.

Various methods of increasing the surface density of such UV curable lenses are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/931,946. In one method, the lens is demolded and then the surfaces of the lens are exposed directly to ultraviolet light. The relatively short wavelengths (around 254 nm) provided by some UV sources (e.g., a mercury vapor lamp) tend to cause the material to crosslink quite rapidly. An undesirable effect of this method, however, is that the lens tends to yellow as a result of such exposure.

Another method involves exposing the lens to relatively short wavelengths while it is still within a mold cavity formed between glass molds. The glass molds tend to absorb the more effective short wavelengths, while transmitting wavelengths of about 365 nm. This method generally requires long exposure times and often the infrared radiation absorbed by the lens mold assembly will cause premature release of the lens from a mold member. The lens mold assembly may be heated prior to exposure to high intensity ultraviolet light, thereby reducing the amount of radiation necessary to attain a desired level of crosslink density. This method, however, is also associated with a higher rate of premature release.

It is well known in the art that a lens mold/gasket assembly may be heated to cure the lens forming composition from a liquid monomer to a solid polymer. It is also well known that such a lens may be thermally postcured by applying convective heat to the lens after the molds and gaskets have been removed from the lens.

In this application the terms “lens forming material” and “lens forming compositions” are used interchangeably.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to applying an oxygen barrier around the exposed edges of a lens to initiate the reaction of incompletely cured lens forming material proximate the lens edges. In an embodiment, a liquid polymerizable lens forming composition is placed in a mold cavity having at least two molds and/or a gasket. Ultraviolet rays may be directed toward at least one of the mold members to substantially cure the lens forming composition to a lens having material proximate the edges of the lens that is not fully cured. The gasket may be removed to expose the edges of the lens, and an oxygen barrier comprising a photoinitiator may be placed around the exposed edges of the lens such that at least a portion of the oxygen barrier photoinitiator is proximate lens forming composition that is not fully cured. A portion of the incompletely cured material may be removed manually prior to the application of the oxygen barrier. Subsequently another set of ultraviolet rays may be directed towards the lens such that at least a portion of the oxygen barrier photoinitiator initiates reaction of lens forming composition while the oxygen barrier substantially prevents oxygen from outside the oxygen barrier from contacting at least a portion of the lens forming composition. The lens may be allowed to cool and the oxygen barrier may be removed. The lens may be tinted after the cure is completed.

The oxygen barrier may include a flexible, stretchable, self-sealing film that is at least partially transparent to ultraviolet rays. The oxygen barrier may include polyethylene impregnated with a photoinitiator. The film may include a strip of high density polyethylene that is about 0.01-1.0 mm thick, and more preferably about 0.01-0.10 mm thick. Thicker films tend to be less conformable and stretchable. The oxygen barrier may include a plastic film that is less than about 0.025 mm thick. (e.g., about 0.0127 mm thick) and that was made by (a) immersing or running a plastic film in or through a solution comprising a photoinitiator and an etching agent (b) removing the plastic film from the solution, and (c) drying the plastic film. A surface on the plastic film may be chemically etched prior to or while immersing the plastic film in the solution.

Another aspect of the invention relates to applying conductive heat to the face of a lens. In an embodiment of the invention, a liquid polymerizable lens forming composition is placed in a mold cavity having a first mold member and a second mold member. First ultraviolet rays may be directed toward at least one of the mold members to cure the lens forming composition to a lens. A mold member may be applied to a substantially solid conductive heat source. Heat may be conductively applied to a face of the lens by (a) conductively transferring heat to a face of a mold member from the conductive heat source, and (b) conductively transferring heat through such mold member to the face of the lens.

In an embodiment, a flexible heat distributor may be placed between the heat source and the mold member to partially insulate the mold member and to slowly and uniformly transfer heat to the face of the mold member. The distributor may be shaped to conform to the face of a mold member. The heat source may include a concave element that may conform to the convex face of a mold member. The heat source may include a convex element that may conform to the concave face of a mold member. The temperature of the heat source may be thermostatically controlled. Heat may be conductively applied through a mold member to the back face of the lens, thereby enhancing the cross-linking and tintability of the lens forming material proximate to the surface of the back face of the lens (e.g., when an untintable scratch resistant coating is on the front face of the lens).

In an embodiment of the invention an eyeglass lens may be formed by (a) placing a liquid, polymerizable lens-forming composition in a mold cavity defined by at least a first mold member and a second mold member, (b) applying a plurality of preferably high intensity ultraviolet light pulses to the lens forming composition, at least one of the pulses having a duration of less than about one second (more preferably less than about 0.1 seconds, and more preferably between 0.1 and 0.001 seconds), and (c) curing the lens forming composition to form a substantially clear eyeglass lens in a time period of less than 30 minutes (more preferably less than 20 minutes, and more preferably still less than 15 minutes).

The pulses preferably have a sufficiently high intensity such that reaction is initiated in substantially all of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity. In one embodiment reaction is initiated in substantially all of any cross section of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity. Preferably the temperature begins to rise after such application of UV light.

The lens forming composition may be exposed to UV light from one, two, or multiple sources. Two sources may be applied on opposite sides of the mold cavity to apply light to the lens forming composition from two sides. In an alternate embodiment the lens forming composition is exposed to a relatively low intensity ultraviolet light while the pulses are applied. Such pulses are preferably relatively high in intensity, and are preferably applied to the other side of the mold cavity than the relatively low intensity light.

The lens forming composition is preferably exposed to a relatively low intensity ultraviolet light while the pulses are applied, the relatively low intensity light having an intensity of less than 0.01 watt/cm2 (and more preferably less than 0.001 watt/cm2, and more preferably still 2-30 milliwatts/cm2), as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity. The relatively low intensity light tends to provide a low amount of light to keep the reaction going in a more steady or even manner between pulses.

Preferably at least one or even all of the pulses has an intensity of at least 0.01 watt/cm2, as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity. Alternately at least one or even all of the pulses have an intensity of at least 0.1 or 1 watt/cm2.

Sufficient ultraviolet light can be applied such that the temperature of the lens forming composition begins to increase. Then preferably at least 5 minutes of waiting or darkness occurs before applying additional light (e.g., pulses). The waiting or darkness allows heat to dissipate, thus tending to prevent excessive heat buildup in the mold cavity. In one embodiment at least 5, 10, or 20 pulses are applied to the lens forming composition before waiting for about 5-8 minutes and then additional light is applied.

The eyeglass lens has an average thickness of at least about 1.5-2.0 mm. Thicker lenses tend to be more difficult to cure with continuous non-pulsed light.

The mold cavity is preferably cooled with air or cooled air. One significant advantage of light pulses is that ambient air may be used to cool the mold cavity, instead of cooled air. Thus significant lens curing costs may be avoided since air coolers tend to be costly to purchase and operate.

The pulses preferably emanate from a flash source of light (i.e., “a flash light”) such as a xenon light source. Preferably pulses are applied such that the lens forming composition is oversaturated with ultraviolet light during at least one pulse. Flash lights are advantageous in that they have a short “warm-up” time (as opposed to continuous lights that tend to require 5-60 minutes to stabilize).

Lenses may be formed with pulsed light that have more difficult to case prescriptions such as lenses with a power greater than positive 2 diopters, or lenses with a power less than minus 4 diopters.

One advantage of pulsed light application via flash lights is that even though higher intensities of light are applied, because the duration of the pulses is so short the total amount of light energy applied to cure the lens forming composition is lessened. Thus less radiant heat is applied to the mold cavity, thereby reducing cooling requirements. Moreover, energy is saved. In one embodiment less than 20, 10, 5, or 1 Joule/cm2 of energy is applied to cure the lens forming composition into a lens.

Preferably the ultraviolet light is applied as a function of the temperature of the lens forming composition, as measured directly or indirectly by measuring a temperature within the chamber (e.g., a temperature of at least a portion of the mold cavity) or by measuring a temperature of air in or exiting the chamber.

In another embodiment of the invention, an eyeglass lens may be cured by (a) placing a liquid, polymerizable lens forming composition in a mold cavity defined by at least a first mold member and a second mold member, the lens forming composition comprising a photoinitiator, (b) applying ultraviolet light at an intensity to the lens forming composition through at least one of the mold members for a selected period of time such that a temperature of the composition begins to increase, (c) decreasing the intensity of the ultraviolet light to inhibit the temperature of the lens forming composition from increasing to a selected first temperature, (d) allowing an exothermic reaction of the lens forming composition to increase the temperature of the lens forming composition to a second temperature, the second temperature being less than the selected first temperature, (e) curing the lens forming composition to form a substantially clear eyeglass lens by: (i) applying ultraviolet light at an intensity to the lens forming composition through at least one of the mold members, and (ii) decreasing the intensity of the ultraviolet light; and (f) wherein the eyeglass lens is formed from the lens forming composition in a time period of less than about 30 minutes.

In another embodiment of the invention an eyeglass lens may be made by (a) placing a liquid, polymerizable lens-forming composition in a mold cavity defined by at least a first mold member and a second mold member, the lens forming composition comprising a photoinitiator, b) applying first ultraviolet light to at least one of the mold members for a selected first period of time such that a temperature of the lens forming composition begins to increase, (c) removing the first ultraviolet light from at least one of the mold members, thereby inhibiting the temperature of the composition from increasing to a selected first temperature, (d) repeatedly and alternately performing the following steps to complete the formation of a lens: (i) applying second ultraviolet light to at least one of the mold members for a selected second period of time and (ii) removing the second ultraviolet light from at least one of the mold members for a selected third period of time.

In an alternate embodiment of the invention an eyeglass lens may be made by (a) placing a liquid, polymerizable lens forming composition in a mold cavity defined by at least a first mold member and a second mold member, the lens forming composition comprising a photoinitiator, (b) directing ultraviolet light at a first intensity toward at least one of the mold members for a selected first period of time such that a temperature of the composition begins to increase, (c) decreasing the first intensity of ultraviolet light from at least one of the mold members, (d) repeatedly directing a plurality of pulses of ultraviolet to the lens forming composition through at least one of the mold members to complete formation of a substantially clear eyeglass lens, at least one of the pulses lasting for a second period of time, and wherein a third period of time exists between application of at least two of the pulses.

An apparatus of the invention may include: (a) a first mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, (b) a second mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, the second mold member being spaced apart from the first mold member during use such that the casting faces of the first mold member and the second mold member at least partially define a mold cavity, (c) a first pulse light generator adapted to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward at least one of the first and second mold members during use, and (d) a controller adapted to control the first pulse light generator such that ultraviolet light is directed in a plurality of pulses toward at least one of the first and second mold members, at least one of the pulses having a duration of less than one second.

A system of the invention may include (a) a lens forming composition comprising a photoinitiator, (b) a first mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, (c) a second mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, the second mold member being spaced apart from the first mold member during use such that the casting faces of the first mold member and the second mold member at least partially define a mold cavity for the lens forming composition, (d) a first pulse light generator adapted to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward at least one of the first and second mold members during use, (e) a controller adapted to control the first pulse light generator such that ultraviolet light is directed in a plurality of pulses toward at least one of the first and second mold members, at least one of the pulses having a duration of less than one second, and (f) wherein the system is adapted to cure the lens forming composition to form a substantially clear eyeglass lens in less than 30 minutes.

A system of the invention may also include: (a) a lens forming composition comprising a photoiniator, (b) a mold cavity chamber comprising a first mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, a second mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, the second mold member being spaced apart from the first mold member during use such that the casting faces of the first mold member and the second mold member at least partially define a mold cavity for the lens forming composition, (c) a first light generator adapted to generate and direct a ultraviolet light in a first intensity toward at least one of the first and second mold members during use, (d) a temperature sensor adapted to sense a temperature in the chamber or a temperature of air exiting the chamber, (e) a controller coupled to the temperature sensor and adapted to control the first light generator such that the first intensity of ultraviolet light directed toward at least one of the first and second mold members is decreased when a temperature measured by the temperature sensor substantially increases, and (f) wherein the system is adapted to cure the lens forming composition to form a substantially clear eyeglass lens in less than 30 minutes.

An apparatus of the invention may include a light sensor adapted to measure the intensity of light directed by the ultraviolet light generator, and a filter adapted to inhibit light other than ultraviolet light from impinging upon the light sensor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above brief description as well as further objects, features and advantages of the methods and apparatus of the present invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus for producing a plastic lens.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus taken along line 2—2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus taken along line 3—3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a detail view of a component of the apparatus.

FIG. 5 is a detail view of a component of the apparatus.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a lens cell for use in an apparatus of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a view of an embodiment of a shutter system.

FIG. 8 is a top and side view of an embodiment of a heat distributor to be placed between a heat source and a mold surface.

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of an alternate process and system for making and postcuring a plastic lens.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus to apply UV light to a lens or mold assembly.

FIG. 11 is a view of an embodiment of a lens.

FIG. 12 is a view of an embodiment of an oxygen barrier with photoinitiator.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a lens curing apparatus with a light sensor and controller.

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the front of a lens curing apparatus.

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of the side of a lens curing apparatus.

FIG. 16 is a view of an embodiment of a heat source and a heat distributor.

FIG. 17 is a view of various embodiments of a heat source and heat distributors.

FIG. 18 is a view of an embodiment of a heat source and a heat distributor.

FIG. 19 is a view of an embodiment of two mold members and a gasket.

FIG. 20 is a graph illustrating a temperature profile of a continuous radiation cycle.

FIG. 21 is a graph illustrating temperature profiles for a continuous irradiation cycle and a pulse irradiation cycle employed with a mold/gasket set having a 3.00 D base curve, and while applying cooled air at 58° F. to the mold/gasket set.

FIG. 23 is a graph illustrating temperature profiles for one curing cycle for a mold/gasket set having a 6.00 D base curve and used with three different light levels.

FIG. 24 is a graph illustrating continuous and pulsed temperature profiles for a curing cycle employing a mold/gasket set with a 6.00 D base curve.

FIG. 25 is a graph illustrating continuous and pulsed temperature profiles for a curing cycle employing a mold/gasket set with a 4.50 D base curve.

FIG. 26 is a graph illustrating continuous and pulsed temperature profiles for a curing cycle employing a mold/gasket set with a 3.00 D base curve.

FIG. 27 is a view of an embodiment of a system simultaneously employing both a flash light source and a continuous UV (e.g., fluorescent) source.

FIG. 28 is an embodiment of a system simultaneously employing two flash light sources.

FIG. 29 is an embodiment of a system employing an ultraviolet light controller.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Apparatus, operating procedures, equipment, systems, methods, and compositions for lens curing using ultraviolet light are available from Rapid Cast, Inc., Q2100, Inc., and Fast Cast, Inc. in East Rockaway, N.Y. and Louisville, Ky. The Fast Cast, Inc. publication entitled “Operation Manual For The FastCast LenSystem” is hereby incorporated by reference.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a plastic lens curing chamber of the present invention is generally indicated by reference numeral 10. The lens curing chamber 10 preferably communicates through a plurality of pipes 12 with an air source (not shown), the purpose of which will be discussed below.

As shown in FIG. 2, the plastic lens curing chamber 10 may include an upper lamp chamber 14, an irradiation chamber 16, and a lower lamp chamber 18. The upper lamp chamber 14 may be separated from the irradiation chamber 16 by a plate 20. The lower lamp chamber may be separated from the irradiation chamber 16 by a plate 22. The upper lamp chamber 14, the irradiation chamber 16, and the lower lamp chamber 18 may be isolated from ambient air by upper lamp chamber doors 24, irradiation chamber doors 26, and lower lamp chamber doors 28, respectively. While the upper lamp chamber doors 24, the irradiation chamber doors 26 and the lower lamp chamber doors 28 are shown in FIG. 1 as including two corresponding door members, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the doors 24, 26 and 28 may include single or multiple door members. The upper lamp chamber doors 24, the irradiation chamber doors 26 and the lower lamp chamber doors 28 may be slidingly mounted in guides 30. As shown in FIG. 2, vents 32 may communicate with upper lamp chamber 14 and lower lamp chamber 18 by way of corresponding vent chambers 34 and openings 36 disposed in plate 20 and plate 22. Each vent 32 may be shielded by a vent cover 38.

As shown in FIG. 3, vents 33 may be disposed in the irradiation chamber doors 26 and communicate with irradiation chamber 16. Each vent 33 may be shielded by a vent cover 35.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a plurality of light generating devices or lamps 40 may be disposed within each of upper lamp chamber 14 and lower lamp chamber 18. Preferably, upper lamp chamber 14 and lower lamp chamber 18 each include three lamps 40 that are arranged in a triangular fashion in which the lamps 40 in the upper lamp chamber 14 are disposed with the point of the triangle pointing upwards whereas the lamps 40 in the lower lamp chamber 18 are disposed with the point of the triangle pointing downward. The lamps 40, preferably, generate ultraviolet light having a wavelength in the range of at least approximately 300 nm to 400 nm since the effective wavelength spectrum for curing the lens forming material lies in the 300 nm to 400 nm region. The lamps 40 may be supported by and electrically connected to suitable fixtures 42.

An exhaust fan 44 may communicate with upper lamp chamber 14 while an exhaust fan 46 may communicate with lower lamp chamber 18.

As noted above, the upper lamp chamber 14 may be separated from the irradiation chamber 16 by plate 20. Similarly, lower lamp chamber 18 may be separated from the irradiation chamber 16 by plate 22. The plates 20 and 22 may include apertures 48 and 50, respectively, through which the light generated by lamps 40 may be directed so as to impinge upon a lens cell 52 (shown in phantom in FIG. 2). The diameter of the lens cell 52 is preferably approximately 74 mm. The apertures 48 and 50 preferably range from about 70 mm to about 140 mm.

In one embodiment an upper light filter 54 rests upon plate 20 while a lower light filter 56 rests upon plate 22 or is supported by brackets 57. The upper light filter 54 and lower light filter 56 are shown in FIG. 2 as being made of a single filter member, however, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that each of the upper light filter 54 and lower light filter 56 may include two or more filter members. The components of upper light filter 54 and lower light filter 56 preferably are modified depending upon the characteristics of the lens to be molded. For instance, in a preferred embodiment for making negative lenses, the upper light filter 54 includes a plate of Pyrex glass that is frosted on both sides resting upon a plate of clear Pyrex glass. The lower light filter 56 includes a plate of Pyrex glass frosted on one side resting upon a plate of clear Pyrex glass with a device for reducing the intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the center portion in relation to the edge portion of the lens being disposed between the plate of frosted Pyrex and the plate of clear Pyrex glass.

Conversely, in a preferred arrangement for producing positive lenses, the upper light filter 54 includes a plate of Pyrex glass frosted on one or both sides and a plate of clear Pyrex glass resting upon the plate of frosted Pyrex glass with a device for reducing the intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the edge portion in relation to the center portion of the lens being disposed between the plate of clear Pyrex glass and the plate of frosted Pyrex glass. The lower light filter 56 includes a plate of clear Pyrex glass frosted on one side resting upon a plate of clear Pyrex glass with a device for reducing the intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the edge portion in relation to the center portion of the lens being disposed between the plates of clear Pyrex glass. In this arrangement, in place of a device for reducing the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the edge portion of the lens, the diameter of the aperture 50 can be reduced to achieve the same result, i.e. to reduce the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the edge portion of the lens.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that each filter 54 or 56 could be composed of a plurality of filter members or include any other means or device effective to reduce the light to its desired intensity, to diffuse the light and/or to create a light intensity gradient across the lens cell 52. Alternately, in certain embodiments no filter elements may be used.

Preferably, the upper light filter 54 or the lower light filter 56 each include at least one plate of Pyrex glass having at least one frosted surface. Also, either or both of the upper light filter 54 and the lower light filter 56 may include more than one plate of Pyrex glass each frosted on one or both surfaces, and/or one or more sheets of tracing paper. After passing through frosted Pyrex glass, the ultraviolet light is believed to have no sharp intensity discontinuities which is believed to lead to a reduction in optical distortions in the finished lens in some instances. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other means may be used to diffuse the ultraviolet light so that it has no sharp intensity discontinuities.

Preferably disposed within the irradiation chamber 16 are a left stage 58, a center stage 60, and a right stage 62, each of which preferably includes a plurality of steps 64. The left stage 58 and center stage 60 define a left irradiation chamber 66 while the right stage 62 and center stage 60 define a right irradiation chamber 68. A cell holder 70, shown in phantom in FIG. 2 and in detail in FIG. 4, may be disposed within each of left irradiation chamber 66 and right irradiation chamber 68. The cell holder 70 may include a peripheral step 72 that is designed to allow a cell holder 70 to be supported upon complementary steps 64 of left stage 58 and center stage 60, and center stage 60 and right stage 62, respectively. As shown in FIG. 4, each cell holder 70 also may include a central bore 74 to allow the passage therethrough of ultraviolet light from the lamps 40 and an annular step 76 which is designed to support a lens cell 52 in a manner described below.

As shown in FIG. 6, each lens cell 52 may include opposed mold members 78, separated by an annular gasket 80 to define a lens molding cavity 82. The opposed mold members 78 and the annular gasket 80 may be shaped and selected in a manner to produce a lens having a desired diopter.

The mold members 78 are preferably formed of any suitable material that will permit rays of ultraviolet light to pass therethrough. The mold members 78 are preferably formed of glass. Each mold member 78 has an outer peripheral surface 84 and a pair of opposed surfaces 86 and 88 with the surfaces 86 and 88 being precision ground. Preferably the mold members 78 have desirable ultraviolet light transmission characteristics and both the casting surface 86 and non-casting surface 88 preferably have no surface aberrations, waves, scratches or other defects as these may be reproduced in the finished lens.

As noted above, the mold members 78 are adapted to be held in spaced apart relation to define a lens molding cavity 82 between the facing surfaces 86 thereof. The mold members 78 are preferably held in a spaced apart relation by a T-shaped flexible annular gasket 80 that seals the lens molding cavity 82 from the exterior of the mold members 78. In use, the gasket 80 may be supported on the annular step 76 of the cell holder 70.

In this manner, the upper or back mold member 90 has a convex inner surface 86 while the lower or front mold member 92 has a concave inner surface 86 so that the resulting lens molding cavity 82 is shaped to form a lens with a desired configuration. Thus, by selecting the mold members 78 with a desired surface 86, lenses with different characteristics, such as focal lengths, may be made by the apparatus 10.

Rays of ultraviolet light emanating from lamps 40 pass through the mold members 78 and act on a lens forming material disposed in the mold cavity 82 in a manner discussed below so as to form a lens. As noted above, the rays of ultraviolet light may pass through a suitable filter 54 or 56 to impinge upon the lens cell 52.

The mold members 78, preferably, are formed from a material that will not allow ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength below approximately 300 nm to pass therethrough. Suitable materials are Schott Crown, S-1 or S-3 glass manufactured and sold by Schott Optical Glass Inc., of Duryea, Pa. or Corning 8092 glass sold by Corning Glass of Corning, N.Y. A source of molds may be Opticas Devlyn S.A. (Mexico City, Mexico) and/or Titmus Inc. (Fredricksburg, Va.).

The annular gasket 80 may be formed of vinyl material that exhibits good lip finish and maintains sufficient flexibility at conditions throughout the lens curing process. In a preferred embodiment, the annular gasket 80 is formed of silicone rubber material such as GE SE6035 which is commercially available from General Electric. In another preferred embodiment, the annular gasket 80 is formed of copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate which are commercially available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. under the trade name ELVAX7. Preferred ELVAX7 resins are ELVAX7 350 having a melt index of 17.3-20.9 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 24.3-25.7 wt. % ELVAX7 250 having a melt index of 22.0-28.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 27.2-28.8 wt. %, ELVAX7 240 having a melt index of 38.0-48.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 27.2-28.8 wt. %, and ELVAX7 150 having a melt index of 38.0-48.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 32.0-34.0 wt. %. Regardless of the particular material, the gaskets 80 may be prepared by conventional injection molding or compression molding techniques which are well-known by those of ordinary skill in the art.

As shown in phantom in FIG. 2, in section in FIG. 3, and in detail in FIG. 5, an upper and lower air distribution device 94 is disposed in each of left irradiation chamber 66 and right irradiation chamber 68. Each air distribution device 94 is connected to a pipe 12. As shown in FIG. 5, each air distribution device 94 includes a plenum portion 95 and a substantially cylindrical opening 96 having orifices 98 disposed therein to allow for the expulsion of air from the air distribution device 94. The diameter of the orifices 98 may be constant, or may vary around the circumference of cylindrical opening 96 preferably reaching a maximum when directly opposite the plenum portion 95 of air distribution device 94 and preferably reaching a minimum immediately adjacent the plenum portion 95. In addition, the orifices 98 are designed to blow air toward a lens cell 52 that may be disposed in a lens cell holder 70 and installed in left irradiation chamber 66 or right irradiation chamber 68.

In operation, the apparatus of the present invention may be appropriately configured for the production of positive lenses which are relatively thick at the center or negative lenses which are relatively thick at the edge. To reduce the likelihood of premature release, the relatively thick portions of a lens preferably are polymerized at a faster rate than the relatively thin portions of a lens.

The rate of polymerization taking place at various portions of a lens may be controlled by varying the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon particular portions of a lens. The rate of polymerization taking place at various portions of a lens may also be controlled by directing air across the mold members 78 to cool the lens cell 52.

For positive lenses the intensity of incident ultraviolet light is preferably reduced at the edge portion of the lens so that the thicker center portion of the lens polymerizes faster than the thinner edge portion of the lens. Conversely, for a negative lens, the intensity of incident ultraviolet light is preferably reduced at the center portion of the lens so that the thicker edge portion of the lens polymerizes faster than the thinner center portion of the lens. For either a positive lens or a negative lens, air may be directed across the faces of the mold members 78 to cool the lens cell 52. As the overall intensity of incident ultraviolet light is increased, more cooling is needed which can be accomplished by either or both of increasing the velocity of the air and reducing the temperature of the air.

It is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art that lens forming materials having utility in the present invention tend to shrink as they cure. If the relatively thin portion of a lens is allowed to polymerize before the relatively thick portion, the relatively thin portion will tend to be rigid at the time the relatively thick portion cures and shrinks and the lens will either release prematurely from or crack the mold members 78. Accordingly, when the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the edge portion of a positive lens is reduced relative to the center portion, the center portion polymerizes faster and shrinks before the edge portion is rigid so that the shrinkage is more uniform. Conversely, when the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon the center portion of a negative lens is reduced relative to the edge portion, the edge portion polymerizes faster and shrinks before the center becomes rigid so that the shrinkage is more uniform.

The variation of the relative intensity of ultraviolet light incident upon a lens may be accomplished in a variety of ways. According to one method, in the case of a positive lens, a ring of opaque material may be placed between the lamps 40 and the lens cell 52 so that the incident ultraviolet light falls mainly on the thicker center portion of the lens. Conversely, for a negative lens, a disk of opaque material may be placed between the lamps 40 and the lens cell 52 so that the incident ultraviolet light falls mainly on the edge portion of the lens.

According to another method, in the case of a negative lens, a sheet material having a variable degree of opacity ranging from opaque at a central portion to transparent at a radial outer portion is disposed between the lamps 40 and the lens cell 52. Conversely, for a positive lens, a sheet material having a variable degree of opacity ranging from transparent at a central portion to opaque at a radial outer portion is disposed between the lamps 40 and the lens cell 52.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there are a wide variety of techniques other than those enumerated above for varying the intensity of the ultraviolet light incident upon the opposed mold members 78.

In some embodiments, the intensity of the incident light has been measured and determined to be approximately 3.0 to 5.0 milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm2) prior to passing through either the upper light filter 54 or the lower light filter 56 and the total intensity at the thickest part of the lens ranges from 0.6 to 2.0 mW/cm2 while the intensity at the thinnest portion of the lens ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 mW/cm2. In some embodiments the overall light intensity incident on the lens cell 52 has less of an impact on the final product than the relative light intensity incident upon the thick or thin portions of the lens so long as the lens cell 52 is sufficiently cooled to reduce the polymerization rate to an acceptable level.

It has been determined that in some embodiments the finished power of an ultraviolet light polymerized lens may be controlled by manipulating the distribution of the incident ultraviolet light striking the opposed mold members 78. For instance, for an identical combination of mold members 78 and gasket 80, the focusing power of the produced lens may be increased or decreased by changing the pattern of intensity of ultraviolet light across the lens mold cavity 82 or the faces of the opposed mold members 78.

As the lens forming material begins to cure, it passes through a gel state, the pattern of which within the lens cell 52 leads to the proper distribution of internal stresses generated later in the cure when the lens forming material begins to shrink.

As the lens forming material shrinks during the cure, the opposed mold members 78 will preferably flex as a result of the different amounts of shrinkage between the relatively thick and the relatively thin portions of the lens. When a negative lens, for example, is cured, the upper or back mold member 90 will preferably flatten and the lower or front mold member 92 will preferably steepen with most of the flexing occurring in the lower or front mold member 92. Conversely, with a positive lens, the upper or back mold member 90 will preferably steepen and the lower or front mold member 92 will preferably flatten with most of the flexing occurring in the upper or back mold member 90.

By varying the intensity of the ultraviolet light between the relatively thin and the relatively thick portions of the lens in the lens forming cavity 82, it is possible to create more or less total flexing. Those light conditions which result in less flexing will tend to minimize the possibility of premature release.

The initial curvature of the opposed mold members 78 and the center thickness of the lens produced can be used to compute the theoretical or predicted power of the lens. The ultraviolet light conditions can be manipulated to alter the power of the lens to be more or less than predicted. The greater the diameter of the disk of opaque material, the more negative (−) power the resultant lens will tend to exhibit.

When the lenses cured by the ultraviolet light are removed from the opposed mold members 78, they are typically under a stressed condition. It has been determined that the power of the lens can be brought to a final resting power, by subjecting the lenses to a post-curing heat treatment to relieve the internal stresses developed during the cure and cause the curvature of the front and the back of the lens to shift. Typically, the lenses are cured by the ultraviolet light in about 10-30 minutes (preferably about 15 minutes). The post-curing heat treatment is conducted at approximately 85-120° C. for approximately 5-15 minutes. Preferably, the post-curing heat treatment is conducted at 100-110° C. for approximately 10 minutes. Prior to the post-cure, the lenses generally have a lower power than the final resting power. The post-curing heat treatment reduces yellowing of the lens and reduces stress in the lens to alter the power thereof to a final power. The post-curing heat treatment can be conducted in a conventional convection oven or any other suitable device.

In addition, as described below, in certain embodiments heat may be conductively applied to the molds and/or lens, thereby enhancing the quality of the cured lenses.

The ultraviolet lamps 40 preferably are maintained at a temperature at which the lamps 40 deliver maximum output. The lamps 40, preferably, are cooled because the intensity of the light produced by the lamps 40 fluctuates when the lamps 40 are allowed to overheat. In the apparatus depicted in FIG. 2, the cooling of the lamps 40 is accomplished by sucking ambient air into the upper lamp chamber 14 and lower lamp chamber 18 through vent 32, vent chambers 34 and openings 36 by means of exhaust fans 44 and 46, respectively. Excessive cooling of the lamps 40 should be avoided, however, as the intensity of the light produced by the lamps 40 is reduced when the lamps 40 are cooled to an excessive degree.

As noted above, the lens cell 52 is preferably cooled during curing of the lens forming material as the overall intensity of the incident ultraviolet light is increased. Cooling of the lens cell 52 generally reduces the likelihood of premature release by slowing the reaction and improving adhesion. There are also improvements in the optical quality, stress characteristics and impact resistance of the lens. Cooling of the lens cell 52 is preferably accomplished by blowing air across the lens cell 52. The air preferably has a temperature ranging between 15 and 85° F. (about −9.4° C. to 29.4° C.) to allow for a curing time of between 30 and 10 minutes. The air distribution devices 94 depicted in FIG. 5 have been found to be particularly advantageous as they are specifically designed to direct air directly across the surface of the opposed mold members 78. After passing across the surface of the opposed mold members 78, the air emanating from the air distribution devices 94 is vented through vents 33. Alternately the air emanating from the air distribution devices 94 may be recycled back to an air cooler.

The lens cell 52 may also be cooled by disposing the lens cell in a liquid cooling bath.

The opposed mold members 78 are preferably thoroughly cleaned between each curing run as any dirt or other impurity on the mold members 78 may cause premature release. The mold members 78 are cleaned by any conventional means well known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as with a domestic cleaning product, i.e., Mr. Clean™ available from Proctor and Gamble. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, that many other techniques may also be used for cleaning the mold members 78.

Yellowing of the finished lens may be related to the monomer composition, the identity of the photoinitiator, and the concentration of the photoinitiator.

When casting a lens, particularly a positive lens that is thick in the center, cracking may be a problem. Addition polymerization reactions, including photochemical addition polymerization reactions, are exothermic. During the process, a large temperature gradient may build up and the resulting stress may cause the lens to crack.

The formation of optical distortions usually occurs during the early stages of the polymerization reaction during the transformation of the lens forming composition from the liquid to the gel state. Once patterns leading to optical distortions form they are difficult to eliminate. When gelation occurs there typically is a rapid temperature rise. The exothermic polymerization step causes a temperature increase, which in turn causes an increase in the rate of polymerization, which causes a further increase in temperature. If the heat exchange with the surroundings is not sufficient enough there will be a runaway situation that leads to premature release, the appearance of thermally caused striations and even breakage.

Accordingly, when continuous UV light is applied, it is preferred that the reaction process be smooth and not too fast but not too slow. Heat is preferably not generated by the process so fast that it cannot be exchanged with the surroundings. The incident ultraviolet light intensity preferably is adjusted to allow the reaction to proceed at a desired rate. It is also preferred that the seal between the annular gasket 80 and the opposed mold members 78 be as complete as possible.

Factors that have been found to lead to the production of lenses that are free from optical distortions are (1) achieving a good seal between the annular gasket 80 and the opposed mold members 78; (2) using mold members 78 having surfaces that are free from defects; (3) using a formulation having an appropriate type and concentration of photoinitiator that will produce a reasonable rate of temperature rise; and (4) using a homogeneous formulation. Preferably, these conditions are optimized.

Premature release of the lens from the mold will result in an incompletely cured lens and the production of lens defects. Factors that contribute to premature release are (1) a poorly assembled lens cell 52; (2) the presence of air bubbles around the sample edges; (3) imperfection in gasket lip or mold edge; (4) inappropriate formulation; (5) uncontrolled temperature rise; and (6) high or nonuniform shrinkage. Preferably, these conditions are minimized.

Premature release may also occur when the opposed mold members 78 are held too rigidly by the annular gasket 80. Preferably, there is sufficient flexibility in the annular gasket 80 to permit the opposed mold members 78 to follow the lens as it shrinks. Indeed, the lens must be allowed to shrink in diameter slightly as well as in thickness. The use of an annular gasket 80 that has a reduced degree of stickiness with the lens during and after curing is therefore desirable.

In a preferred technique for filling the lens molding cavity 82, the annular gasket 80 is placed on a concave or front mold member 92 and a convex or back mold member 90 is moved into place. The annular gasket 80 is then pulled away from the edge of the back mold member 90 at the uppermost point and a lens forming composition is injected into the lens molding cavity 82 until a small amount of the lens forming composition is forced out around the edge. The excess is then removed, preferably, by vacuum. Excess liquid that is not removed could spill over the face of the back mold member 90 and cause optical distortion in the finished lens.

Despite the above problems, the advantages offered by the radiation cured lens molding system clearly outweigh the disadvantages. The advantages of a radiation cured system include a significant reduction in energy requirements, curing time and other problems normally associated with conventional thermal systems.

The lens forming material may include any suitable liquid monomer or monomer mixture and any suitable photosensitive initiator. The lens forming material, preferably, does not include any component, other than a photoinitiator, that absorbs ultraviolet light having a wavelength in the range of 300 to 400 nm. The liquid lens forming material is preferably filtered for quality control and placed in the lens molding cavity 82 by pulling the annular gasket 80 away from one of the opposed mold members 78 and injecting the liquid lens forming material into the lens molding cavity 82. Once the lens molding cavity 82 is filled with such material, the annular gasket 80 is replaced into its sealing relation with the opposed mold members 78.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that once the cured lens is removed from the lens molding cavity 82 by disassembling the opposed mold members 78, the lens can be further processed in a conventional manner, such as by grinding its peripheral edge.

According to the present invention a polymerizable lens forming composition includes an aromatic-containing bis(allyl carbonate)-functional monomer and at least one polyethylenic-functional monomer containing two ethylenically unsaturated groups selected from acrylyl and methacrylyl. In a preferred embodiment, the composition further includes a suitable photoinitiator. In other preferred embodiments, the composition may include one or more polyethylenic-functional monomers containing three ethylenically unsaturated groups selected from acrylyl and methacrylyl, and a dye.

Aromatic-containing bis(allyl carbonate)-functional monomers which can be utilized in the practice of the present invention are bis(allyl carbonates) of dihydroxy aromatic-containing material. The dihydroxy aromatic-containing material from which the monomer is derived may be one or more dihydroxy aromatic-containing compounds. Preferably the hydroxyl groups are attached directly to nuclear aromatic carbon atoms of the dihydroxy aromatic-containing compounds. The monomers are themselves known and can be prepared by procedures well known in the art.

The aromatic-containing bis(allyl carbonate)-functional monomers can be represented by the formula:

in which A1 is the divalent radical derived from the dihydroxy aromatic-containing material and each R0 is independently hydrogen, halo, or a C1-C4 alkyl group. The alkyl group is usually methyl or ethyl. Examples of R0 include hydrogen, chloro, bromo, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and n-butyl. Most commonly R0 is hydrogen or methyl; hydrogen is preferred. A subclass of the divalent radical A1 which is of particular usefulness is represented by the formula:

in which each R1 is independently alkyl containing from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, phenyl, or halo; the average value of each a is independently in the range of from 0 to 4; each Q is independently oxy, sulfonyl, alkanediyl having from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, or alkylidene having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and the average value of n is in the range of from 0 to about 3. Preferably Q is methylethylidene, viz., isopropylidene.

Preferably the value of n is zero, in which case A1 is represented by the formula:

in which each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed in respect of Formula II. Preferably the two free bonds are both in the ortho or para positions. The para positions are especially preferred.

The dihydroxy aromatic-containing compounds from which A1 is derived may also be polyol-functional chain extended compounds. Examples of such compounds include alkaline oxide extended bisphenols. Typically the alkaline oxide employed is ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof. By way of exemplification, when para, para-bisphenols are chain extended with ethylene oxide, the bivalent radical A1 may often be represented by the formula:

where each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed in respect of Formula II, and the average values of j and k are each independently in the range of from about 1 to about 4.

The preferred aromatic-containing bis(allyl carbonate)-functional monomer is represented by the formula:

and is commonly known as bisphenol A bis(allyl carbonate).

A wide variety of compounds may be used as the polyethylenic functional monomer containing two or three ethylenically unsaturated groups. The preferred polyethylenic functional compounds containing two or three ethylenically unsaturated groups may be generally described as the acrylic acid esters and the methacrylic acid esters of aliphatic polyhydric alcohols, such as, for example, the di- and triacrylates and the di- and trimethacrylates of ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, glycidyl, diethyleneglycol, butyleneglycol, propyleneglycol, pentanediol, hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, and tripropyleneglycol. Examples of specific suitable polyethylenic—functional monomers containing two or three ethylenically unsaturated groups include trimethylolpropanetriacrylate (TMPTA), tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TTEGDA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), 1,6 hexanedioldimethacrylate (HDDMA), and hexanedioldiacrylate (HDDA).

In general, a photoinitiator for initiating the polymerization of the lens forming composition of the present invention, preferably, exhibits an ultraviolet absorption spectrum over the 300-400 nm range. High absorptivity of a photoinitiator in this range, however, is not desirable, especially when casting a thick lens. The following are examples of illustrative photoinitiator compounds within the scope of the invention: methyl benzoylformate, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-di-sec-butoxyacetophenone, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, 2,2-diethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, benzoin, benzil, benzyl disulfide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, benzylideneacetophenone, benzophenone and acetophenone. Preferred photoinitiator compounds are 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (which is commercially available from Ciba-Geigy as Irgacure 184), methyl benzoylformate (which is commercially available from Polysciences, Inc.), or mixtures thereof.

Methyl benzoylformate is a generally preferred photoinitiator because it tends to provide a slower rate of polymerization. The slower rate of polymerization tends to prevent excessive heat buildup (and resultant cracking of the lens) during polymerization. In addition, it is relatively easy to mix liquid methyl benzoylformate (which is liquid at ambient temperatures) with many acrylates, diacrylates, and allyl carbonate compounds to form a lens forming composition. The lenses produced with the methyl benzoylformate photoinitiator tend to exhibit more favorable stress patterns and uniformity.

A strongly absorbing photoinitiator will absorb most of the incident light in the first millimeter of lens thickness, causing rapid polymerization in that region. The remaining light will produce a much lower rate of polymerization below this depth and will result in a lens that has visible distortions. An ideal photoinitiator will exhibit high activity, but will have a lower extinction coefficient in the useful range. A lower extinction coefficient of photoinitiators at longer wavelengths tends to allow the ultraviolet radiation to penetrate deeper into the reaction system. This deeper penetration of the ultraviolet radiation allows photoinitiator radicals to form uniformly throughout the sample and provide excellent overall cure. Since the sample can be irradiated from both top and bottom, a system in which appreciable light reaches the center of the thickest portion of the lens is preferred. The photoinitiator solubility and compatibility with the monomer system is also an important requirement.

An additional consideration is the effect of the photoinitiator fragments in the finished polymer. Some photoinitiators generate fragments that impart a yellow color to the finished lens. Although such lenses actually absorb very little visible light, they are cosmetically undesirable.

Photoinitiators are often very system specific so that photoinitiators that are efficient in one system may function poorly in another. In addition, the initiator concentration to a large extent is dependent on the incident light intensity and the monomer composition. The identity of the initiator and its concentration are important for any particular formulation. A concentration of initiator that is too high tends to lead to cracking and yellowing of the lens. Concentrations of initiator that are too low tend to lead to incomplete polymerization and a soft material.

Dyes and/or pigments are optional materials that may be present when high transmission of light is not necessary.

The listing of optional ingredients discussed above is by no means exhaustive. These and other ingredients may be employed in their customary amounts for their customary purposes so long as they do not seriously interfere with good polymer formulating practice.

In one embodiment, the lamps 40 generate an intensity at the lamp surface of approximately 4.0 to 7.0 mW/cm2 of ultraviolet light having wavelengths between 300 and 400 nm, which light is very uniformly distributed without any sharp discontinuities throughout the reaction process. Such bulbs are commercially available from Sylvania under the trade designation Sylvania Fluorescent (F15T8/2052) or Sylvania Fluorescent (F15T8/350BL/18″) GTE.

As noted above, ultraviolet light having wavelengths between 300 and 400 nm is preferred because the photoinitiators according to the present invention, preferably, absorb most efficiently at this wavelength and the mold members 78, preferably, allow maximum transmission at this wavelength.

It is preferred that there be no sharp intensity gradients of ultraviolet radiation either horizontally or vertically through the lens composition during the curing process. Sharp intensity gradients through the lens may lead to defects in the finished lens.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the liquid lens forming composition includes bisphenol A bis(allyl carbonate) in place of DEG-BAC. The bisphenol A bis(allyl-carbonate) monomer has a higher refractive index than DEG-BAC which allows the production of thinner lenses which is important with relatively thick positive or negative lenses. The bisphenol A bis(allyl-carbonate) monomer is commercially available from PPG Industries under the trade name HIRI I or CR-73. Lenses made from this product sometimes have a very slight, barely detectable, degree of yellowing. A small amount of a blue dye consisting of 9,10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl)amino] available as Thermoplast Blue 684 from BASF Wyandotte Corp. is preferably added to the composition to counteract the yellowing. In addition, the yellowing tends to disappear if the lens is subjected to the above-described post-cure heat treatment. Moreover, if not post-cured the yellowing tends to disappear at ambient temperature after approximately 2 months.

TTEGDA, available from Sartomer and Radcure, is a diacrylate monomer that, preferably, is included in the composition because it is a fast polymerizing monomer that reduces yellowing and yields a very clear product. If too much TTEGDA is included in the most preferred composition, i.e. greater than about 25% by weight, however, the finished lens may be prone to cracking and may be too flexible as this material softens at temperatures above 40NC. If TTEGDA is excluded altogether, the finished lens may to be brittle.

HDDMA, available from Sartomer, is a dimethacrylate monomer that has a very stiff backbone between the two methacrylate groups. HDDMA, preferably, is included in the composition because it yields a stiffer polymer and increases the hardness and strength of the finished lens. This material is quite compatible with the bisphenol A bis(allyl carbonate) monomer. HDDMA contributes to high temperature stiffness, polymer clarity and speed of polymerization.

TRPGDA, available from Sartomer and Radcure, is a diacrylate monomer that, preferably, is included in the composition because it provides good strength and hardness without adding brittleness to the finished lens. This material is also stiffer than TTEGDA.

TMPTA, available from Sartomer and Radcure, is a triacrylate monomer that, preferably, is included in the composition because it provides more crosslinking in the finished lens than the difunctional monomers. TMPTA has a shorter backbone than TTEGDA and increases the high temperature stiffness and hardness of the finished lens. Moreover, this material contributes to the prevention of optical distortions in the finished lens. TMPTA also contributes to high shrinkage during polymerization. The inclusion of too much of this material in the most preferred composition may make the finished lens too brittle.

Certain of the monomers that are preferably utilized in the composition of the present invention, such as TTEGDA, TRPGDA and TMPTA, include impurities and have a yellow color in certain of their commercially available forms. The yellow color of these monomers is preferably reduced or removed by passing them through a column of alumina (basic) which includes aluminum oxide powder—basic. After passage through the alumina column, the monomers absorb almost no ultraviolet light. Also after passage through the alumina column differences between monomers obtained from different sources are substantially eliminated. It is preferred, however, that the monomers be obtained from a source which provides the monomers with the least amount of impurities contained therein. The composition preferably is filtered prior to polymerization thereof to remove suspended particles.

The composition of the present invention, preferably, may be prepared according to the following protocol. Appropriate amounts of HDDMA, TTEGDA, TMPTA and TRPGDA are mixed and stirred thoroughly, preferably with a glass rod. The acrylate/methacrylate mixture may then be passed through a purification column.

A suitable purification column may be disposed within a glass column having a fitted glass disk above a teflon stopcock and having a top reservoir with a capacity of approximately 500 ml and a body with a diameter of 22 mm and a length of about 47 cm. The column may be prepared by placing on the fitted glass disk approximately 35 g. of activated alumina (basic), available from ALFA Products, Johnson Matthey, Danvers, Mass. in a 60 mesh form or from Aldrich in a 150 mesh form. Approximately 10 g. of an inhibitor remover (hydroquinone/methylester remover) available as HR-4 from Scientific Polymer Products, Inc., Ontario, N.Y. then may be placed on top of the alumina and, finally, approximately 35 g. of activated alumina (basic) may be placed on top of the inhibitor remover.

Approximately 600 g. of the acrylate/methacrylate mixture may then be added above the column packing. An overpressure of 2-3 psi may then be applied to the top of the column resulting in a flow rate of approximately 30 to 38 grams per hour. Parafilm may be used to cover the junction of the column tip and the receiving bottle to prevent the infiltration of dust and water vapor. The acrylate/methacrylate mixture, preferably, may be received in a container that is opaque to ultraviolet radiation.

An appropriate amount of bisphenol A bis(allyl carbonate) may then be added to the acrylate/methacrylate mixture to prepare the final monomer mixture.

An appropriate amount of a photoinitiator may then be added to the final monomer mixture. The final monomer mixture, with or without photoinitiator, may then be stored in a container that is opaque to ultraviolet radiation.

An appropriate amount of a dye may also be added to the final monomer mixture, with or without photoinitiator.

For best results, both the casting surfaces 86 and non-casting surfaces 88 of the mold members 78 are finished to optical quality. For instance, a wave on the non-casting surface 88 may be reproduced in the finished lens as a result of the distortion of the incident light.

Mold markings cause differential light intensity conditions under the marking, even when the mark is on the non-casting surface 88 of the mold members 78. The fully exposed region of the lens will tend to be harder, and the lens may have stresses because of this. The portion of the lens under the mark will also tend to be weaker at the end of the curing period. This effect has been observed and may cause premature release or induce cracking.

Mold defects at the edges interfere with the sealing conditions and frequently induce premature release.

It is believed that as the reaction proceeds, the heat generated tends to reduce the adhesion between the shrinking lens and the mold face. This reduction in adhesion tends to cause the lens to pull away from the mold. In high curvature (i.e. high power) lenses this problem tends to be even more pronounced because of two factors: (1) these lenses have more thickness and thus more material that is generating heat (which thus speeds up the reaction and generates more heat), and (2) these lenses have a greater thickness differential between the thick and thin portions of the lens, which tends to cause stress on the molds due to differential shrinkage. It is also possible that the temperatures generated relatively deep inside a thick lens may cause some vaporization of the monomer. The vaporized monomer may then migrate to the lens/mold interface, breaking the vacuum between the two.

Because of the problem of premature release, preferably high power lenses are cured to maintain adhesion to the molds. Preferably the molds flex and accommodate stress.

Preferably the cooling fluid used is air at a temperature of less than 50° C. The fluid may be below 0° C., however in a preferred embodiment the fluid was at a temperature of between 0° C. and less than 20° C., preferably about 0-15° C., more preferably about 0-10° C., more preferably still about 3-8° C. In one preferred embodiment the fluid temperature was about 5° C. As shown in FIG. 9, a lens forming apparatus 300 for making a plastic lens may include a cooler 312 for supplying cool fluid to the apparatus 300 via conduit 314. The fluid may be supplied to the apparatus 300 and then discharged via conduit 320. The fluid discharged via conduit 320 may be vented via conduit 318 or it may alternately be recirculated via conduit 316 to the cooler 312. The cooler 312 preferably includes a Neslab CFT-50 water/antifreeze chiller (Newington, N.H., U.S.A.). A Neslab-built blower box designed for a minimum temperature of 3° C. and 8 cubic feet (about 0.224 cubic meters) per minute of air per air distributor 94 was used with the chiller. The blower box included a heat exchanger coil through which chilled water was circulated, a blower, and a plenum-type arrangement for supplying air to the conduit 314.

If lenses are produced with continuous UV light without any mold cooling, the temperature of the mold-lens assembly may rise to above 50° C. Low diopter lenses may be prepared in this fashion, but higher plus or minus diopter lenses may fail. Certain lenses may be made by controlling (e.g., cooling) the temperature of the lens material during cure with circulating uncooled fluid (i.e., fluid at ambient temperatures). The ambient fluid in these systems is directed towards the mold members in the same manner as described above. Circulating ambient temperature fluid permits manufacture of a wider range of prescriptions than manufacture of the lenses without any mold cooling at all.

Most polymerization factors are interrelated. The ideal temperature of polymerization is related to the diopter and thickness of the lens being cast. Thermal mass is a factor. Lower temperatures (below about 10° C.) are preferred to cast higher + or − diopter lenses when using continuous UV light. These lower temperatures tend to permit an increase in photoinitiator concentration, which in turn may speed up the reaction and lower curing time.

Preventing premature release when using continuous UV light is also somewhat dependent upon the flowrates of cooling fluid, as well as its temperature. For instance, if the temperature of the cooling fluid is decreased it may also be possible to decrease the flowrate of cooling fluid. Similarly, the disadvantages of a higher temperature cooling fluid may be somewhat offset by higher flowrates of cooling fluid.

In one embodiment the air flow rates for a dual distributor system (i.e., an air distributor above and below the lens composition) are about 1-30 standard cubic feet (“scf”) (about 0.028-0.850 standard cubic meters) per minute per distributor, more preferably about 4-20 cubic feet (about 0.113-0.566 standard cubic meters) per minute per distributor, and more preferably still about 9-15 (about 0.255-0.423 standard cubic meters) cubic feet per minute per distributor. “Standard conditions,” as used herein, means 60° F. (about 15.556° C.) and one atmosphere pressure (about 101.325 kilopascals).

The thickness of the glass molds used to cast polymerized lenses may affect the lenses produced. A thinner mold tends to allow more efficient heat transfer between the polymerizing material and the cooling air, thus reducing the rate of premature release. In addition, a thinner mold tends to exhibit a greater propensity to flex. A thinner mold tends to flex during the relatively rapid differential shrinkage between the thick and thin portions of a polymerized lens, again reducing the incidence of premature release. In one embodiment the first or second mold members have a thickness less than about 5.0 mm, preferably about 1.0-5.0 mm, more preferably about 2.0-4.0 mm, and more still about 2.5-3.5 mm.

“Front” mold or face means the mold or face whose surface ultimately forms the surface of an eyeglass lens that is furthest from the eye of an eyeglass lens wearer. “Back” mold or face means the mold or face whose surface ultimately forms the surface of an eyeglass lens that is closest to the eye of a eyeglass lens wearer.

In one embodiment the lens forming material is preferably cured to form a solid lens at relatively low temperatures, relatively low continuous ultraviolet light intensity, and relatively low photoinitiator concentrations. Lenses produced as such generally have a Shore D hardness of about 60-78 (for the preferred compositions) when cured for about 15 minutes as described above. The hardness may be improved to about 80-81 Shore D by postcure heating the lens in a conventional oven for about 10 minutes, as described above.

In an alternate method for making a lens, the desired curvature (i.e., power) of the lens may be varied using the same molds, but with different light distributions. In this manner one mold may be used to prepare different lenses with different curvatures. The method includes the steps of: (1) placing a polymerizable lens forming material in a mold cavity defined in part between a first mold member and a second mold member, and wherein the cavity defines a theoretical curvature that is different from the desired curvature, (2) directing ultraviolet rays towards at least one of the first and second mold members, and wherein the ultraviolet rays are directed towards the first or second mold member such that the material cures to form a lens with the desired curvature, and (3) contacting fluid against the first or second mold member to cool the first or second mold member. The resulting lens curvature may vary depending on the way the ultraviolet light is directed towards the first or second mold members. That is, by varying the relative intensity of the light across the lens material radii, it is possible to vary the curvature of the resulting lens.

EXAMPLE 1

Formulation:

17%

Bisphenol A BisAllyl Carbonate

10%

1,6 Hexanediol dimethacrylate

20%

Trimethylolpropane triacrylate

21%

Tetraethyleneglycol diacrlate

32%

Tripropyleneglycol diacrlyate

0.012%

1 Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone

0.048

Methylbenzoylformate

<10 PPM

Hydroquinone & Methylethylhydroquinone

Hydroquinone and Methylethylhydroquinone were stabilizers present in some of the diacrylate and/or triacrylate compounds obtained from Sartomer. Preferably the amount of stabilizers is minimized since the stabilizers affect the rate and amount of curing. If larger amounts of stabilizers are added, then generally larger amounts of photoinitiators must also be added.

Filling: The molds were cleaned and assembled into the gasket. The mold/gasket assembly was then temporarily positioned on a fixture which held the two molds pressed against the gasket lip with about 1 kg. of pressure. The upper edge of the gasket was peeled back to allow about 27.4 grams of the monomer blend to be charged into the cavity. The upper edge of the gasket was then eased back into place and the excess monomer was vacuumed out with a small aspirating device. It is preferable to avoid having monomer drip onto the noncasting surface of the mold because a drop tends to cause the ultraviolet light to become locally focused and may cause an optical distortion in the final product.

Curing: The sample was irradiated for fifteen minutes under the above conditions and removed from the “FC-104” curing chamber (i.e., the chamber shown in FIGS. 14 and 15). The molds were separated from the cured lens by applying a sharp impact to the junction of the lens and the convex mold. The sample was then postcured at 110° C. in a conventional gravity type thermal oven for an additional ten minutes, removed and allowed to cool to room temperature.

Results: The resulting lens measured 72 mm in diameter, with a central thickness of 2.0 mm, and an edge thickness of 9.2 mm. The focusing power measured ˜5.05 diopter. The lens was water clear (“water-white”), showed negligible haze, exhibited total visible light transmission of about 94%, and gave good overall optics. The Shore D hardness was about 80. The sample withstood the impact of a 1 inch steel ball dropped from fifty inches in accordance with ANSI 280.1-1987, 4.6.4 test procedures.

Additional ImprovementsPostcure with an Oxygen Barrier Enriched with Photoinitiator

In certain applications, all of the lens forming composition may fail to completely cure by exposure to ultraviolet rays when forming the lens. In particular, a portion of the lens forming composition proximate the gasket often remains in a liquid state following formation of the lens. It is believed that the gaskets are often somewhat permeable to air, and, as a result, oxygen permeates them and contacts the portions of the lens forming material that are proximate the gasket. Since oxygen tends to inhibit the photocuring process, portions of the lens forming composition proximate the gasket tend to remain uncured as the lens is formed.

Uncured lens forming composition proximate the gasket is a problem for several reasons. First, the liquid lens forming composition leaves the edges of the cured lens in a somewhat sticky state, which makes the lenses more difficult to handle. Second, the liquid lens forming composition is somewhat difficult to completely remove from the surface of the lens. Third, liquid lens forming composition may flow and at least partially coat the surface of lenses when such lenses are removed from the molds. This coating is difficult to remove and makes application of scratch resistant coatings or tinting dyes more difficult. This coating tends to interfere with the interaction of scratch resistant coatings and tinting dyes with the cured lens surface. Fourth, if droplets of liquid lens forming material form, these droplets may later cure and form a ridge or bump on the surface of the lens, especially if the lens undergoes later postcure or scratch resistant coating processes. As a result of the above problems, often lenses must be tediously cleaned or recast when liquid lens forming composition remains after the lens is formed in an initial cure process.

The problems outlined above can be mitigated if less liquid lens forming composition remains proximate the gasket after the lens is formed. One method of lessening this “wet edge” problem relates to increasing the amount of photoinitiator present in the lens forming composition (i.e., increasing the amount of photoiniator in the lens forming composition above about 0.15 percent). Doing so, however, tends to create other problems. Specifically, increased photoinitiator levels tend to cause exothermic heat to be released at a relatively high rate during the reaction of the composition. Premature release and/or lens cracking tends to result. Thus it is believed that lower amounts of photoinitiator are preferred.

The wet edge problem has been addressed by a variety of methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/931,946. Such methods relate to removing the gasket and applying either an oxygen barrier or a photoinitiator enriched liquid to the exposed edge of the lens. The lens is then re-irradiated with sufficient ultraviolet light to completely dry the edge of the lens prior to demolding.

An embodiment of the invention relates to improving the methods described in the Ser. No. 07/931,946 application. This embodiment relates to combining an oxygen barrier with a photoinitiator. Specifically, in one embodiment an oxygen barrier 970 (e.g., a thin strip of polyethylene film or the like as shown in FIG. 12) is embedded or impregnated with a photoinitiator 972. The oxygen barrier is then wrapped around the edge of a cured lens which is still encased between two molds (but with the gasket removed). While still “in the mold,” the lens is then exposed to ultraviolet light, thereby drying its edge. An improvement of this method over those previously disclosed is that there is a significant reduction in the UV dosage necessary to bring the lens edge to dryness.

A plastic oxygen barrier film which includes a photoinitiator may be made by: (a) immersing a plastic film in a solution comprising a photoinitiator, (b) removing the plastic film from the solution, and (c) drying the plastic film. The solution may include an etching agent. Preferably a surface of the plastic film is etched prior to or while immersing the plastic film in the solution.

In one example, thin strips (e.g., about 10 mm wide) of high density polyethylene film (approximately 0.013 mm thick) may be soaked in a solution of 97% acetone and 3% Irgacure 184 (a photoinitiator commercially available from Ciba Geigy located in Farmingdale, N.J.) for about five minutes. The polyethylene film may be obtained from Tape Solutions, Inc. (Nashville, Tenn.). In a more preferred embodiment, 0.5% Byk 300 (a flow agent commercially available from Byk Chemie located in Wallingford, Conn.) may be included in the soaking solution. It is believed that xylene in the Byk 300 tends to etch the surface of the film and make the film more receptive to absorption of the Irgacure 184. In a still more preferred embodiment, the treated polyethylene strips may be dipped in acetone for about ten seconds to remove excess Irgacure 184. Excess photoinitiator may be seen as a white powder which coats the strips after drying. In either case, the strips are then allowed to air dry before applying them to the edge of the lens as described above.

In one alternate embodiment of the invention, a plastic eyeglass lens may be made by the following steps: (1) placing a liquid polymerizable lens forming composition in a mold cavity defined by a gasket, a first mold member, and a second mold member; (2) directing first ultraviolet rays toward at least one of the mold members to cure the lens forming composition so that it forms a lens with a back face, edges, and a front face, and wherein a portion of the lens forming composition proximate the edges of the lens is not fully cured; (3) removing the gasket to expose the edges of the lens; (4) applying an oxygen barrier which includes a photoinitiator around the exposed edges of the lens such that at least a portion of the oxygen barrier photoinitiator is proximate lens forming composition that is not fully cured; and (5) directing second ultraviolet rays towards the lens such that at least a portion of the oxygen barrier photoinitiator initiates reaction of lens forming composition while the oxygen barrier substantially prevents oxygen from outside the oxygen barrier from contacting at least a portion of the lens forming composition. The first and second ultraviolet rays may (a) be at the same or different wavelengths and/or intensities , (b) be continuous or pulsed, and (c) be from the same or different light source.

A purpose of the steps 4-5 is to reduce the amount of uncured liquid lens forming composition that is present when the lens is separated from the molds and/or gasket. It has been found that reducing the amount of liquid lens forming composition is especially advantageous if such reduction occurs before the molds are separated from the cured lens. Separating the molds from the cured lens may cause uncured liquids to at least partially coat the lens faces. This coating occurs because uncured liquid lens forming composition tends to get swept over the faces when the molds are separated from the lens. It is believed that curing of the lens tends to create a vacuum between the lens and the mold. Air may sweep over the mold faces to fill this vacuum when the molds are separated from the lens. This air tends to take liquid lens forming composition into the vacuum with it.

In step 4 above, an oxygen barrier which includes a photoinitiator is applied to the edges or sides of the lens after the gasket is removed. Preferably this oxygen barrier is applied while the lens are still attached to the molds. In an alternate embodiment this oxygen barrier is also applied to the edges or sides of the molds at the same time it is applied to the sides of the lens. In a preferred embodiment, the sides of the lenses are first cleaned or wiped to remove at least a portion of the uncured liquid lens forming composition before the oxygen barrier is applied.

After the oxygen barrier is applied, second ultraviolet rays are directed towards the lens. After the second ultraviolet rays are directed toward the lens, at least a portion of the liquid lens forming composition which was not cured in the initial cure steps is cured. It is believed that the photoinitiator embedded in the oxygen barrier facilitates faster and more complete curing of the uncured lens forming composition. As such, less second ultraviolet rays are employed, thereby lessening the time and energy required in this step. Furthermore, lens quality tends to be enhanced since a lower application of the second ultraviolet rays tends to reduce the potential for lens yellowing.

In a preferred embodiment, substantially all of the remaining liquid lens forming composition is cured after the second ultraviolet rays are directed toward the lens. More preferably, the lens is substantially dry after the second ultraviolet rays are directed towards the lens.

After the second ultraviolet rays are directed toward the lens, the lens may then be demolded. The lens may then be tinted. After the lens is demolded, a scratch resistant coating may be applied to the lens. In one embodiment, a scratch resistant coating is applied to the demolded lens by applying a liquid scratch resistant coating composition to a face of the lens and then applying ultraviolet rays to this face to cure the liquid scratch resistant coating to a solid.

In an embodiment, the intensity of the ultraviolet rays applied to the face of the lens to cure the liquid scratch resistant coating composition to a solid is about 150-300 mW/cm2 at a wave length range of about 360-370 nm, and about 50-150 mW/cm2 at a wave length range of about 250-260 nm. The lens may be heated after removal from the molds, or after application of a scratch resistant coating to the lens.

In a preferred embodiment, the total intensity of the first ultraviolet rays directed toward the mold members is less than about 10 mW/cm2.

In an embodiment, the intensity of the second ultraviolet rays directed toward the lens is about 150-300 mW/cm2 at a wave length range of about 360-370 nm, and about 50-150 mW/cm2 at a wave length range of about 250-260 nm. Preferably the second ultraviolet rays are directed towards the lens for less than about 1 minute.

In a preferred embodiment, the above method may further include the additional step of directing third ultraviolet rays towards the lens before the oxygen barrier is applied. These third ultraviolet rays are preferably applied before the gasket is removed. Preferably, the second and third ultraviolet rays are directed toward the back face of the lens (as stated above, the second and third ultraviolet rays are preferably applied while this lens is in the mold cavity). The third ultraviolet rays are preferably about the same range of intensity as the second ultraviolet rays. The same apparatus may be used for both the second and third ultraviolet rays.

In a preferred embodiment, the method described above also includes the step of removing the oxygen barrier from the edges of the lens.

The second and third ultraviolet rays may be repeatedly directed towards the lens. For instance, these ultraviolet rays may be applied via a light assembly whereby the lens passes under a light source on a movable stand. The lens may be repeatedly passed under the lights. Repeated exposure of the lens to the ultraviolet rays may be more beneficial than one prolonged exposure.

Preferably the oxygen barrier includes a film, and more preferably a plastic, flexible, and/or elastic film. In addition, the oxygen barrier is preferably at least partially transparent to ultraviolet rays so that ultraviolet rays may penetrate the oxygen barrier to cure any remaining liquid lens forming composition. Preferably the oxygen barrier is stretchable and self-sealing. These features make the film easier to apply. Preferably the oxygen barrier is resistant to penetration by liquids, thus keeping any liquid lens forming composition in the mold assembly. Preferably, the oxygen barrier includes a thermoplastic composition. It is anticipated that many different oxygen barriers may be used (e.g., saran wrap, polyethylene, etc.). In one preferred embodiment, the film is “Parafilm M Laboratory Film” which is available from American National Can (Greenwich, Conn., U.S.A.). The oxygen barrier may also include aluminum foil.

Preferably the oxygen barrier is less than about 1.0 mm thick. More preferably the oxygen barrier is 0.01 to 0.10 mm thick, and more preferably still the oxygen barrier is less than 0.025 mm thick. If the oxygen barrier is too thick, then it may not be readily stretchable and/or conformable, and it may not allow a sufficient amount of light to pass through it. If the oxygen barrier is too thin, then it may tend to tear.

An apparatus for applying a scratch resistant coating composition to a lens and then curing the scratch resistant coating composition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,102 to Kachel et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,494,326 to Upton (both of which are incorporated herein by reference). In addition, the apparatus schematically shown in FIG. 10 may also be used to apply the scratch resistant coating.

FIG. 10 depicts an apparatus 600 with a first chamber 602 and a second chamber 604. This apparatus can be used to apply scratch resistant coating to a lens, to postcure a lens, or to apply ultraviolet light to a lens mold assembly. The first chamber 602 includes an opening 606 through which an operator can apply lenses and lens mold assemblies to the lens holder 608. Lens holder 608 is partially surrounded by barrier 614. First chamber 602 may include an inspection light 610, and an opening 618 in the floor of the chamber.

Lens holder 608 is attached to device 612. It is envisioned that device 612 may be a spinning device which would permit the apparatus 600 to be used to apply scratch resistant coatings to lenses. In such case device 612 would connect directly to lens holder 608 through a hole in the bottom of barrier 614. In a preferred embodiment, however, device 612 just connects the lens holder 608 or barrier 614 to moving device 616. It has been found that a separate spinner (not shown) may provide better results for application of scratch resistant coatings to lenses.

Preferably barrier 614 has an interior surface that is made or lined with an absorbant material such as foam rubber. Preferably this absorbant material is disposable and removable. The absorbant material absorbs any liquids that fall off the lens holder 608, keeping in the interior surface of the barrier 614 clean.

In an embodiment, shutter 621 is used to inhibit the ultraviolet light from light assembly 622 from contacting barrier 614. It is preferred that lens holder 608 be exposed to the ultraviolet light from light assembly 622 while shutter 621 blocks at least a portion of the light from contacting barrier 614. Shutter 621 may also inhibit any liquid lens forming material that falls from lens holder 606 from curing on barrier 614. Shutter 621 thus tends to inhibit the formation of flakes on the surface of barrier 614. Shutter 621 operates after barrier 614 drops, thus shielding barrier 614 while allowing UV light to contact the sample.

In an embodiment, apparatus 600 may be used to apply a precoat to lens before the hardcoat is applied. The precoat may serve to increase the “wettability” of the surface to which the hardcoat is to be applied. A surfactant has been conventionally employed for this purpose, however surfactants tend to affect the volatility and flow characteristics of lens coatings in an unfavorable manner. The precoat may include acetone and/or Byk 300. Upon even distribution of the hardcoat onto a lens in lens holder 608, the coating may be wiped near the edges of the lens to prevent the formation of excessive flakes during curing.

In another embodiment, the precoat and hardcoat are distributed onto lens holder 608. Ultraviolet light is directed toward the coatings at least until a gel is formed. A lens forming material may be placed on top of the gel and cured.

Second chamber 604 includes an opening 620 in its floor. It also includes an ultraviolet light assembly 622, which may include multiple lights and a light reflector.

The apparatus 600 includes an air filtering and distribution system. Air is pulled into a chamber 628 by fans 626 through a filter 624 (the quantity and locations of the fans and filters may vary). The filtered air is distributed by the fans 626 throughout chambers 602, 604, and 617. Air flows from point 613 to point 615 via air ducts (not shown) to reach chamber 617. The temperature of the lights and/or the second chamber may be controlled by turning various fans 629 on and off as needed to suck air out of chamber 604. Air is distributed from chamber 617 through holes 636 that are proximate the lower part of the opening 606 in the first chamber 602. Air is also sucked by fans 627 from the first chamber 602 to chamber 630 through holes 634 that are proximate the top part of the opening 606 in the first chamber 602. This arrangement tends to prevent contaminants from entering first chamber 606. Air is discharged from chamber 630 to the surroundings via fans 627.

During use a lens or lens mold assembly may be placed on the lens holder 608. A button can be pressed, causing the moving device 616 to move device 612, lens holder 604, and the barrier 614 so that they are under the opening 620 in the second chamber 604. Light is thus applied to the lens or lens mold assembly from light assembly 622. After a set period of time, the moving device 616 moves everything back to a location underneath the opening 618 in the first chamber 602.

The lens holder 608 may include a suction cup connected to a metal bar. The concave surface of the suction cup may be attachable to a face of a mold or lens, and the convex surface of the suction cup may be attached to a metal bar. The metal bar may be attachable to a lens spinner.

The lens holder may also alternately include movable arms and a spring assembly which are together operable to hold a lens against the lens holder with spring tension during use.

In an alternate method of the invention, a lens may be cured between two mold members. The gasket may be removed and any remaining liquid lens composition may be removed. At this point a mold member may be applied to a substantially solid conductive heat source. Heat may then be conductively applied to a face of the lens by (a) conductively transferring heat to a face of a mold member from the conductive heat source, and (b) conductively transferring heat through such mold member to the face of the lens. The oxygen barrier enriched with photoinitiator may then be applied, and second ultraviolet rays may be directed towards the lens to cure the remaining lens forming composition.

Oxygen Barrier Example #1

A liquid lens forming composition was initially cured as in a process and apparatus similar to that specified in Example 1. The composition was substantially the same as specified in Example 1, with the exception that hydroquinone was absent, the concentration of methylethylhydroquinone was about 25-45 ppm, the concentration of 1 hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone was 0.017 percent, and the concentration of methylbenzoylformate was 0.068 percent. The composition underwent the initial 15 minute cure under the “1st UV.” The apparatus was substantially the same as described for the above Example 1, with the following exceptions:

1. The air flowrate on each side of the lens mold assembly was estimated to be about 18-20 cubic feet per minute.

2. The apparatus was modified in that air flowed to and from the openings 96 and orifices 98 (which were themselves substantially unchanged) through a duct behind the lens forming chamber, instead of through pipes (e.g. pipe 12 in FIG. 5). Essentially plenum portion 95 was expanded so that the walls of the chamber are the walls of the plenum portion 95. FIG. 14 depicts a front view of this lens curing apparatus 800. Air in apparatus 800 flows from the orifices 98, over the lens mold assembly 802, through ducts 804, through fan 806, through heat exchanger 808, and then through ducts 810 and back to orifices 98 via air return conduits 824 (shown on FIG. 15). FIG. 14 also shows a water chiller 812 which cools water and then sends it through conduits 814 and through heat exchanger 808. FIG. 14 also shows lights 816 and frosted glass 818. The chamber 820 surrounding lights 816 is not connected to the chamber 822 around the mold assembly 802. In this manner chilled air from orifices 98 does not contact and cool the lights 816 (such cooling tends to cause excessive changes in light output). The chamber 820 is cooled by fans (not shown) which turn on and off depending on the temperature of the surface of the lights 816. FIG. 15 shows a side view of apparatus 800.

3. The air flowrate in and out of the chamber surrounding the lights was varied in accordance with the surface temperature of lights. The air flowrate was varied in an effort to keep the temperature on the surface of one of the lights between 104.5° F. and 105° F.

4. The ultraviolet light output was controlled to a set point by varying the power sent to the lights as the output of the lights varied.

5. Frosted glass was placed between the lights and the filters used to vary the intensity of the ultraviolet light across the face of the molds. Preferably the glass was frosted on both sides. The frosted glass acts as a diffuser between the lights and these filters. This frosted glass tended to yield better results if it was placed at least about 2 mm from the filter, more preferably about 10-15 mm, more preferably still about 12 mm, from the filter. Frosted glass was found to dampen the effect of the filters. For instance, the presence of the frosted glass reduced the systems' ability to produce different lens powers by varying the light (see Example 1 and FIG. 1).

6. In FIG. 3 the center lights 40 are shown in a triangular arrangement when viewed from the side. These lights were rearranged to provide an in-line arrangement.

After initial cure, the lens mold assembly was removed from the curing chamber. The lens mold assembly included a lens surrounded by a front mold, a back mold, and a gasket between the front and back molds (see, e.g., the assembly in FIG. 6).

At this point the protocol in Example 1 stated that the lens was demolded (see above). While demolding at this point is possible, as stated above generally some liquid lens forming composition remained, especially in areas of the lens proximate the gasket. Therefore the lens was not demolded as stated in Example 1. Instead, the gasket was removed, liquid lens forming composition was wiped off the edges of the lens, and a layer of oxygen barrier (Parafilm M) with photoinitiator was wrapped around the edges of the lens while the lens was still between the molds. The Parafilm M was wrapped tightly around the edges of the lens and then stretched so that it would adhere to the lens and molds (i.e. in a manner similar to that of Saran wrap). The lens mold assembly was then placed in apparatus 600 so that the back face of the lens (while between the molds) could then be exposed to second ultraviolet light.

This second ultraviolet light was at a substantially higher intensity than the initial cure light, which was directed at an intensity of less than 10 mW/cm2. The mold assembly was passed in and out of second chamber 604 in FIG. 10 (i.e., a UVEXS Model 912) when the light was set at the high setting. Passing in and out of the chamber took about 22 seconds. The total light energy applied during these 22 seconds was about 4500 millijoules per square centimeter (“mJ/cm2”).

Preferably the total light energy applied per pass under the second and third ultraviolet ray lights was in the range of about 500-10,000 mJ/cm2, more preferably about 3000-6000 mJ/cm2, and more preferably still 4000-5000 mJ/cm2. Light energy may be varied by varying the time of exposure, or the intensity of the light. Light energy was measured with a Model IL390B Light Bug from International Light, Inc. (Newburyport, Mass., U.S.A.). The total light energy represents the total amount of ultraviolet light over the range of 250 to 400 nm.

It has been found that applying ultraviolet light at this point helped to cure some or all of the remaining liquid lens forming composition. The second ultraviolet light step may be repeated. In this example the second ultraviolet light step was repeated once. It is also possible to expose the front or both sides of the lens to the second ultraviolet light.

After the second ultraviolet light was applied, the mold assembly was allowed to cool. The reactions caused by exposure to ultraviolet light are exothermic. The ultraviolet lights also tend to emit infra-red light which in turn heats the mold assembly. The lens was then demolded. The demolded lens was substantially drier and harder than lenses that are directly removed from mold assemblies after the initial cure step.

Oxygen Barrier Example #2

The protocol of Oxygen Barrier Example #1 was repeated except that prior to removal of the gasket the lens mold assembly was positioned so that the back face of the lens was exposed to third ultraviolet light. In this case the third ultraviolet light was at the same intensity and for the same time period as one pass of the second ultraviolet light. It has been found that applying third ultraviolet light at this point helped to cure some or all of the remaining liquid lens forming composition so that when the gasket was removed less liquid lens forming composition was present. All of the remaining steps in Oxygen Barrier Example #1 were applied, and the resultant lens was substantially dry when removed from the molds.

Conductive Heating

An embodiment of the invention relates to postcuring a polymerized lens contained in a mold cavity by applying conductive heat to at least one of the molds that form the mold cavity, prior to demolding the lens.

More particularly, one embodiment of the invention includes the following: (1) placing a liquid lens forming composition in a mold cavity defined by at least a first mold member and a second mold member, (2) directing ultraviolet rays toward at least one of the mold members to cure the lens forming composition so that it forms a lens with a back face, edges, and a front face, (3) applying a mold member of the mold cavity to a substantially solid conductive heat source; and (4) conductively applying heat to a face of the lens by (a) conductively transferring heat to a face of a mold member from the conductive heat source, and (b) conductively transferring heat through such mold member to the face of the lens.

In an embodiment described as follows, a lens cured by exposure to ultraviolet light is further processed by conductive heating. Such conductive heating tends to enhance the degree of cross-linking in the lens and to increase the tintability of the lens. A lens forming material is placed in mold cavity 900 (illustrated in FIG. 19), which is defined by at least first mold member 902 and second mold member 904. Ultraviolet rays are directed toward at least one of the mold members, thereby curing the lens forming material to a lens. Heat distributor 910 (shown in FIG. 16) may be adapted to distribute conductive heat from conductive heat source 912 to at least one mold member. Heat distributor 910 is preferably flexible such that at least a portion of it may be shaped to substantially conform to the shape of face 906 or face 907 of first mold member 902 or second mold member 904, respectively. Heat distributor 910 is preferably placed in contact with conductive heat source 912, and mold member 902 is placed on heat distributor 910 such that face 906 of the mold member rests on top of the heat distributor 910. Heat distributor 910 may be coupled to heat source 912. Heat is conductively applied to the heat distributor 910 by the heat source 912. Heat is conducted from the heat distributor 910 through the mold member to a face of the lens. The heat distributor may be shaped to accommodate face 906 of first mold member 902 or face 907 of second mold member 904 such that the heat is applied to front face 916 or back face 915 of the lens (shown in FIG. 11). The temperature of heat source 912 may be thermostatically controlled.

In an embodiment, hot plate 918 (shown in FIG. 17) is used as a heat source to provide conductive heat to the lens. A number of other heat sources may be used. In an embodiment, heat distributor 910 may include countershape 920. Countershape 920 may be placed on top of the hot plate to distribute conductive heat from the hot plate. The countershape is preferably flexible such that at least a portion of it may substantially conform to the shape of an outside face of a mold member. The countershape may be hemispherical and either convex or concave depending upon whether the surface of the mold assembly to be placed upon it is convex or concave. For example, when the concave surface of the back mold is utilized to conduct heat into the lens assembly, a convex countershape is provided to rest the assembly on.

Countershape 920 may include a glass mold, a metal optical lap, a pile of hot salt and/or sand, or any of a number of other devices adapted to conduct heat from heat source 912. It should be understood that FIG. 17 includes combinations of a number of embodiments for illustrative purposes. Any number of identical or distinct countershapes may be used in combination on top of a heat source. In an embodiment, a countershape includes a container 922 filled with particles 924. The particles preferably include metal or ceramic material. Countershape 920 may include heat distributor 910. A layer 914 of material may be placed over the countershape 920 or heat distributor 910 to provide slow, smooth, uniform heat conduction into the lens mold assembly. This layer preferably has a relatively low heat conductivity and may be made of rubber, cloth, Nomex™ fabric or any other suitable material that provides slow, smooth, uniform conduction.

In an embodiment, countershape 920 includes layer 914 (e.g., a bag or container) filled with particles 924 such that the countershape may be conveniently shaped to conform to the shape of face 906 or face 907. In an embodiment, the countershape is essentially a “beanbag” that contains particles 924 and is conformable to the shape of a mold face placed on top of it. Particles 924 may include ceramic material, metal material, glass beads, sand and/or salt. The particles preferably facilitate conductive heat to be applied to face 906 or face 907 substantially evenly.

In an embodiment, the countershape 920 is placed on top of heat source 912 for a sufficient time for a portion of the countershape to attain a temperature substantially near or equal to the temperature on the surface of the heat source. The countershape may then be “flipped over” such that the heated portion of the countershape that has a temperature substantially near or equal to that of the surface of the heat source is exposed. A mold may be placed on top of the heated portion of the countershape, and the countershape is preferably conformed to the shape of the face of the mold. In this manner, the rate of conductive heat transfer to the lens may begin at a maximum. Heat is preferably conductively transferred through the countershape and the mold face to a face of the lens. The temperature of the heated portion of the countershape may tend to decrease after the mold is placed onto the countershape.

In an embodiment, heat distributor 910 may partially insulate a mold member from conductive heat source 912. The heat distributor preferably allows a gradual, uniform transfer of heat to the mold member. The heat distributor is preferably made of rubber and/or another suitable material. The heat distributor may include countershapes of various shapes (e.g., hemispherically concave or convex) and sizes that are adapted to contact and receive mold members.

In an embodiment, hot plate cover 930 (shown in FIG. 8) is used to distribute conductive heat to face 906 of mold member 902. Cover 930 is adapted to rest directly upon hot plate 918 (or any other heat source). Cover 930 preferably includes portion 932, which is substantially conformed to the shape of face 906. Portion 932 preferably includes a convex surface or a concave surface (not shown) adapted to receive face 906. Portion 932 is preferably made of rubber and causes slow, uniform transfer of conductive heat to face 906. In an embodiment, a hot plate cover having concave indentations substantially conformed to the shape of face 907 is used to distribute heat through a mold member to a lens.

In an embodiment, heat is conductively applied by the heat source to only one outside face of one mold member. This outside face may be face 906 or face 907. Heat may be applied to back face 915 of the lens to enhance crosslinking and/or tintability of the lens material proximate to the surface of the back face of the lens.

In a preferred embodiment, thermostatically controlled hot plate 918 is used as a heat source. Glass optical mold 928 is preferably placed convex side up on hot plate 918 to serve as a countershape. The glass optical mold preferably has about an 80 mm diameter and a radius of curvature of about 93 mm. Rubber disc 929 may be placed over this mold 928 to provide uniform conductive heat to the lens mold assembly. The rubber disc is preferably made of silicone and preferably has a diameter of approximately 74 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm. The lens mold assembly preferably is placed on mold 928 so that outside face 906 of a mold member of the assembly rests on top of mold 928. It is preferred that the edge of the lens mold assembly not directly contact the hot plate. The lens mold assembly preferably receives heat through the rubber disc and not through its mold edges.

To achieve good yield rates and reduce the incidence of premature release while using the conductive heat method, it may be necessary for the edge of the lens be completely cured and dry before conductive heat is applied. If the lens edge is incompletely cured (i.e., liquid or gel is still present) while conductive heat is applied, there may be a high incidence of premature release of the lens from the heating unit.

In an embodiment, the edges of a lens are treated to cure or remove incompletely cured lens forming material (see above description) before conductive heat is applied. The mold cavity may be defined by at least gasket 908, first mold member 902, and second mold member 904. Ultraviolet rays are directed toward at least one of the mold members, thereby curing the lens forming material to a lens preferably having front face 916, a back face 915, and edges. Upon the formation of the lens, the gasket may be removed from the mold assembly. An oxygen barrier may be used to cure any remaining liquid or gel on the lens edge according to any of the methods of the above-detailed embodiments. An oxygen barrier treated with photoinitiator is preferably employed. Alternatively, any remaining liquid or gel may be removed manually. Once the edge of the lens is dry, a face of the lens may be conductively heated using any of the methods described herein.

In an embodiment, a lens is tinted after receiving conductive heat postcure treatment in a mold cavity. During tinting of the lens, the lens is preferably immersed in a dye solution.

Conductive Heating Example

A liquid lens forming composition was initially cured in a process and apparatus similar to that specified in Example 1 except for post-cure treatment which was conducted as follows:

After the sample was irradiated for 15 minutes, the lens was removed from the FC-104 chamber and then passed through the above-mentioned UVEXS Model 912 curing chamber (see FIG. 10) to receive a dose of about 1500 mJ/cm2 (+/−100 mJ) of ultraviolet light per pass. The gasket was then removed from the mold assembly and the edges of the mold were wiped with an absorbent tissue to remove incompletely cured lens forming material proximate the mold edges. A strip of plastic material impregnated with photoinitiator was wrapped around the edges of the molds that were exposed when the gasket was removed. Next, the mold assembly was passed through the UVEXS curing chamber once to expose the front surface of the mold to a dose of about 1500 mJ/cm2. The mold assembly was then passed through the UVEXS four more times, with the back surface of the mold receiving a dose of about 1500 mJ/cm2 per pass. A hot plate was operated such that the surface of the hot plate reached a temperature of 340 degrees F. (+/−50 degrees F.). A conformable “beanbag” container having a covering made of Nomex™ fabric was placed on the hot plate. The container contained glass beads and was turned over such that the portion of the container that had directly contacted the hot plate (i.e., the hottest portion of the container) faced upward and away from the hot plate. The mold assembly was then placed onto the heated, exposed portion of the container that had been in direct contact with the hot plate. The concave, non-casting face of the mold was placed onto the exposed surface of the container which substantially conformed to the shape of the face. Heat was conducted through the container and the mold member to the lens for 13 minutes. A lens having a Shore D hardness of 84 was formed.

Pulsed Ultraviolet Light Application

A polymerizable lens forming composition may be placed in a mold/gasket assembly and continuously exposed to appropriate levels of ultraviolet light to cure the composition to an optical lens. The progress of the curing reaction may be determined by monitoring the internal temperature of the composition. The lens forming composition may be considered to pass through three stages as it is cured: (1) Induction, (2) Gel Formation & Exotherm, and (3) Extinction. These stages are illustrated in FIG. 20 for a −0.75-1.00 power lens cured by continuous application of UV light. FIG. 20 shows temperature within the mold cavity as a function of time throughout a continuous radiation curing cycle.

The induction stage occurs at the beginning of the curing cycle and is typically characterized by a substantially steady temperature (or falling temperature when the curing chamber temperature is below that of the composition) of the lens forming composition as it is irradiated with ultraviolet light. During the induction period, the lens forming composition remains in a liquid state as the photoinitiator breaks down and consumes inhibitor and dissolved oxygen present in the composition. As the inhibitor content and oxygen content of the composition fall, decomposing photoinitiator and the composition begin to form chains to produce a pourable, “syrup-like” material.

As irradiation continues, the “syrup” proceeds to develop into a soft, non-pourable, viscous, gel. A noticeable quantity of heat will begin to be generated during this soft gel stage. The optical quality of the lens may be affected at this point. Should there be any sharp discontinuities in the intensity of the activating ultraviolet light (for example, a drop of composition on the exterior of a mold which focuses light into a portion of the lens forming composition proximate the drop), a local distortion will tend to be created in the gel structure, likely causing an aberration in the final product. The lens forming composition will pass through this very soft gel state and through a firm gel state to become a crystalline structure. When using OMB-91 lens forming composition, a haze tends to form momentarily during the transition between the gel and crystalline stages. As the reaction continues and more double bonds are consumed, the rate of reaction and the rate of heat generated by the reaction will slow, which may cause the internal temperature of the lens forming composition to pass through a maximum at the point where the rate of heat generation exactly matches the heat removal capacity of the system.

By the time the maximum temperature has been reached and the lens forming composition begins to cool, the lens will typically have achieved a crystalline form and will tend to crack rather than crumble if it is broken. The rate of conversion will slow dramatically and the lens may begin to cool even though some reaction still may be occurring. Irradiation may still be applied through this extinction phase. Generally, the curing cycle is assumed to be complete when the temperature of the lens forming composition falls to a temperature near its temperature at the beginning of exotherm (i.e., the point where the temperature of the composition increased due to the heat released by the reaction).

The continuous irradiation method tends to work well for relatively low mass lenses (up to about 20-25 grams) under the FC-104 curing chamber conditions (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,364,256 and 5,415,816). As the amount of material being cured increases, problems may be encountered. The total amount of heat generated during the exothermic phase is substantially proportional to the mass of the lens forming material. During curing of relatively high mass lenses, a greater amount of heat is generated per a given time than during curing of lower mass lenses. The total mold/gasket surface area available for heat transfer (e.g., heat removal from the lens forming composition), however, remains substantially constant. Thus the internal temperature of a relatively high mass of lens forming material may rise to a higher temperature more rapidly than typically occurs with a lower mass of lens forming material. For example, the internal temperature of a low minus cast-to-finish lens typically will not exceed about 100° F., whereas certain thicker semi-finished lens “blanks” may attain temperatures greater than about 350° F. when continually exposed to radiation. The lens forming material tends to shrink as curing proceeds and the release of excessive heat during curing tends to reduce the adhesion between the mold and the lens forming material. These factors may lead to persistent problems of premature release and/or cracking during the curing of lens forming material having a relatively high mass.

A significant advantage of the present invention is the production of relatively high-mass, semi-finished lens blanks and high power cast-to-finish lenses without the above-mentioned problems of premature release and cracking. Methods of the present invention as described below allow even more control over the process of curing ophthalmic lenses with ultraviolet light-initiated polymerization than previous methods. By interrupting or decreasing the activating light at the proper time during the cycle, the rate of heat generation and release can be controlled and the incidence of premature release can be reduced. An embodiment of the invention relates to a method of controlling the rate of reaction (and therefore the rate of heat generation) of a UV light-curable, lens forming material by applying selected intermittent doses (e.g., pulses) of radiation followed by selected periods of decreased UV light or “darkness”. It is to be understood that in the description that follows, “darkness” refers to the absence of activating radiation, and not necessarily the absence of visible light.

More particularly, an embodiment of the invention relates to: (a) an initial exposure period of the lens forming material to radiation (e.g., continuous or pulsed radiation) extending through the induction period, (b) interrupting or decreasing the irradiation before the material reaches a first temperature (e.g., the maximum temperature the composition could reach if irradiation were continued) and allowing the reaction to proceed to a second temperature lower than the first temperature, and (c) applying a sufficient number of alternating periods of exposure and decreased UV light or darkness to the lens forming material to complete the cure while controlling the rate of heat generation and/or dissipation via manipulation of the timing and duration of the radiation, or the cooling in the curing chamber. FIG. 21 shows the temperature within the mold cavity as a function of time for both (a) continuous ultraviolet light exposure and (b) pulsed ultraviolet light exposure.

In the context of this application, a “gel” occurs when the liquid lens forming composition is cured to the extent that it becomes substantially non-pourable, yet is still substantially deformable and substantially not crystallized.

In the following description, it is to be understood that the term “first period” refers to the length of time of the initial exposure period where radiation (e.g., in pulses) is applied to the lens forming composition, preferably to form at least a portion of the composition into a gel. “First ultraviolet” rays or light refers to the radiation applied to the lens forming composition during the initial exposure period. “Second ultraviolet” rays or light refers to the radiation that is applied to the lens forming composition (e.g., in pulses) after the composition has been allowed to cool to the “third temperature” mentioned above. “Second period” refers to the duration of time that second ultraviolet rays are directed to the lens forming composition. “Third period” refers to the duration of decreased UV light or darkness than ensues after UV light has been delivered in the second period.

In an embodiment of the invention, the lens forming material is placed in a mold cavity defined in part between a first mold member and a second mold member. The first mold member and/or second mold member may or may not be continuously cooled as the formation of the lens is completed during the second period and/or third period. One method of removing heat from the lens forming material is to continuously direct air at a non-casting face of at least one of the mold members. It is preferred that air be directed at both the first and second mold members. A cooler may be used to cool the temperature of the air to a temperature below ambient temperature, more preferably between about 0° C. and about 20° C., and more preferably still between about 3° C. and about 15° C. Air may also be used to cool at least one of the mold members (in any of the manners described previously) during the first period.

In an embodiment of the invention, the first period ends when at least a portion of the lens forming composition begins to increase in temperature or form a gel, and the first ultraviolet rays are decreased or removed (e.g., blocked) such that they cease to contact the first or second mold members. It is preferred that the first period be sufficient to allow the lens forming material to gel in the mold cavity such that there is substantially no liquid present (except small amounts proximate the edge of the material). The interruption of irradiation prior to complete gelation may in some circumstances produce optical distortions. It is preferred that the length of the first period be selected to inhibit the lens forming composition from reaching a first temperature. The first temperature is preferably the maximum temperature that the lens forming composition could reach if it was irradiated under the system conditions (e.g., flow rate and temperature of any cooling air, wavelength and intensity of radiation) until the “exothermic potential” (i.e., ability to evolve heat through reaction) of the composition was exhausted.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the reactions within the composition are allowed to proceed after the first ultraviolet rays are removed until the composition reaches a second temperature. The second temperature is preferably less than the first temperature. The first temperature is preferably never reached by the composition. Thus, preferably the composition is prevented from achieving the first temperature and then cooling to the second temperature. The composition preferably is allowed to cool from the second temperature to the third temperature. This cooling may occur “inactively” by allowing heat to transfer to the ambient surroundings, or at least one of the mold members may be cooled by any of the methods described above.

In an embodiment of the invention, the curing of the lens forming material is completed by directing second ultraviolet rays (e.g., in pulses) toward at least one of the mold members. The second UV rays may be directed toward the mold member(s) for a second period that may be determined according to the rate of reaction of the lens forming composition. The change in temperature of the composition or a portion of the mold cavity, or the air in or exiting the chamber is an indicator of the rate of reaction, and the second period may be determined accordingly. The second period may be varied such that subsequent pulses have a longer or shorter duration than previous pulses. The time between pulses (i.e., the third period) may also be varied as a function of the temperature and/or reaction rate of the composition. To achieve a light pulse, (a) the power to a light source may be turned on and then off, (b) a device may be used to alternately transmit and then block the passage of light to the lens forming composition, or (c) the light source and/or mold assembly may be moved to inhibit ultraviolet light from contacting the lens forming material. The second and/or third periods are preferably controlled to allow rapid formation of a lens while reducing the incidence of (a) premature release of the lens from the first and/or second mold member and/or (b) cracking of the lens.

In an embodiment, the second period is preferably controlled to inhibit the temperature of the composition from exceeding the second temperature. The temperature of the lens forming composition may continue to increase after radiation is removed from the first and/or second mold members due to the exothermic nature of reactions occurring within the composition. The second period may be sufficiently brief such that the pulse of second ultraviolet rays is removed while the temperature of the composition is below the second temperature, and the temperature of the composition increases during the third period to become substantially equal to the second temperature at the point that the temperature of the composition begins to decrease.

In an embodiment, the third period extends until the temperature of the composition becomes substantially equal to the third temperature. Once the temperature of the composition decreases to the third temperature, a pulse of second ultraviolet rays may be delivered to the composition. In an embodiment, the second period remains constant, and the third period is controlled to maintain the temperature of the composition below the second temperature. The third period may be used to lower the temperature of the composition to a temperature that is expected to cause the composition to reach but not exceed the second temperature after a pulse is delivered to the composition.

In an embodiment, shutter system 950 (shown in FIG. 7) is used to control the application of first and/or second ultraviolet rays to the lens forming material. Shutter system 950 preferably includes air-actuated shutter plates 954 that may be inserted into the curing chamber to prevent ultraviolet light from reaching the lens forming material. Shutter system 950 may include programmable logic controller 952, which may actuate air cylinder 956 to cause shutter plates 954 to be inserted or extracted from the curing chamber. Programmable logic controller 952 preferably allows the insertion and extraction of shutter plates 954 at specified time intervals. Programmable logic controller 952 may receive signals from thermocouple(s) located inside chamber, proximate at least a portion the mold cavity, or located to sense the temperature of air in or exiting the chamber, allowing the time intervals in which the shutters are inserted and/or extracted to be adjusted as a function of a temperature within the curing chamber. The thermocouple may be located at numerous positions proximate the mold cavity and/or casting chamber.

The wavelength and intensity of the second ultraviolet rays are preferably substantially equal to those of the first ultraviolet rays. It may be desirable to vary the intensity and/or wavelength of the radiation (e.g, first or second ultraviolet rays). The particular wavelength and intensity of the radiation employed may vary among embodiments according to such factors as the identity of the composition and curing cycle variables.

Numerous curing cycles may be designed and employed. The design of an optimal cycle should include consideration of a number of interacting variables. Significant independent variables include: 1) the mass of the sample of lens forming material, 2) the intensity of the light applied to the material, 3) the physical characteristics of the lens forming material, and 4) the cooling efficiency of the system. Significant curing cycle (dependent) variables include: 1) the optimum initial exposure time for induction and gelling, 2) the total cycle time, 3) the time period between pulses, 4) the duration of the pulses, and 5) the total exposure time.

Most of the experiments involving methods of the present invention were conducted using below described OMB-91 monomer and the above-mentioned FC-104 curing chamber set at an operating temperature of 55 degrees F., although tests have been performed using other lens forming materials and curing chamber temperatures. The OMB-91 formulation and properties are listed below.

OMB-91 FORMULATION:

INGREDIENT

WEIGHT PERCENT

Sartomer SR 351 (Trimethylolpropane Tri-

20.0 +/−

1.0

acrylate)

Sartomer SR 268 (Tetraethylene Glycol

21.0 +/−

1.0

Diacrylate)

Sartomer SR 306 (Tripropylene Glycol

32.0 +/−

1.0

Diacrylate)

Sartomer SR 239 (1,6 Hexanediol

10.0 +/−

1.0

Dimethacrylate)

(Bisphenol A Bis(Allyl Carbonate))

17.0 +/−

1.0

Irgacure 184 (1-Hydroxycyclohexyl Phenyl

0.017 +/−

0.0002

Keytone)

Methyl Benzoyl Formate

0.068 +/−

0.0007

Methyl Ester of Hydroquinone (“MeHQ”)

35 ppm +/−

10 ppm

Thermoplast Blue P (9,10-Anthracenedione,

0.35 ppm +/−

0.1 ppm

1-hydroxy-4-((4-methyl phenyl)Amino)

MEASUREMENTS/PROPERTIES:

PROPERTY

PROPOSED SPECIFICATION

Appearance

Clear Liquid

Color

(APHA)

50 maximum

(Test Tube Test)

Match Standard

Acidity (ppm as Acrylic Acid)

100 maximum

Refractive Index

1.4725 +/− 0.002

Density

1.08 +/− 0.005 gm/cc. at 23 degrees C.

Viscosity @ 22.5 Degrees C.

27.0 +/− 2 centipoise

Solvent Weight (wt %)

0.1 Maximum

Water (wt %)

0.1 Maximum

MeHQ (from HPLC)

35 ppm +/− 10 ppm

It is recognized that methods and systems of the present invention could be applied to a large variety of radiation-curable, lens forming materials in addition to those mentioned herein. It should be understood that adjustments to curing cycle variables (particularly the initial exposure time) may be required even among lens forming compositions of the same type due to variations in inhibitor levels among batches of the lens forming compositions. In addition, changes in the heat removal capacity of the system may require adjustments to the curing cycle variables (e.g. duration of the cooling periods between radiation pulses). Changes in the cooling capacity of the system and/or changes in compositions of the lens forming material may require adjustments to curing cycle variables as well.

Significant variables impacting the design of a pulsed curing cycle include (a) the mass of the material to be cured and (b) the intensity of the light applied to the material. A significant aspect of methods of the present invention is the initial exposure period. If a sample is initially overdosed with radiation, the reaction may progress too far and increase the likelihood of premature release and/or cracking. If a sample is underdosed initially in a fixed (i.e., preset) curing cycle, subsequent exposures may cause too great a temperature rise later in the cycle, tending to cause premature release and/or cracking. Additionally, if the light intensity varies more than about +/−10% in a cycle that has been designed for a fixed light intensity level and/or fixed mass of lens forming material, premature release and/or cracking may result.

An embodiment of the present invention involves a curing cycle having two processes. A first process relates to forming a dry gel by continuously irradiating a lens forming composition for a relatively long period. The material is then cooled down to a lower temperature under darkness. A second process relates to controllably discharging the remaining exothermic potential of the material by alternately exposing the material to relatively short periods of irradiation and longer periods of decreased irradiation (e.g., dark cooling).

The behavior of the lens forming material during the second process will depend upon the degree of reaction of the lens forming material that has occurred during the first process. For a fixed curing cycle, it is preferable that the extent of reaction occurring in the first process consistently fall within a specified range. If the progress of reaction is not controlled well, the incidence of cracking and/or premature release may rise. For a curing cycle involving a composition having a constant level of inhibitor and initiator, the intensity of the radiation employed is the most likely source of variability in the level of cure attained in the first process. Generally, a fluctuation of +/−5% in the intensity tends to cause observable differences in the cure level achieved in the first process. Light intensity variations of +/−10% may significantly reduce yield rates.

The effect of various light intensities on the material being cured depends upon whether the intensity is higher or lower than a preferred intensity for which the curing cycle was designed. FIG. 23 shows temperature profiles for three embodiments in which different light levels were employed. If the light intensity to which the material is exposed is higher than the preferred intensity, the overdosage may cause the reaction to proceed too far. In such a case, excessive heat may be generated, increasing the possibility of cracking and/or premature release during the first process of the curing cycle. If premature release or cracking of the overdosed material does not occur in the first process, then subsequent pulses administered during the second process may create very little additional reaction.

If the light intensity is lower than the preferred intensity and the lens forming material is underdosed, other problems may arise. The material may not be driven to a sufficient level of cure in the first process. Pulses applied during the second process may then cause relatively high amounts of reaction to occur, and the heat generated by reaction may be much greater than the heat removal capacity of the system. Thus the temperature of the lens forming material may tend to excessively increase. Premature release may result. Otherwise, undercured lenses that continue generating heat after the end of the cycle may be produced.

The optimal initial radiation dose to apply to the lens forming material may depend primarily upon its mass. The initial dose is also a function of the light intensity and exposure time. A method for designing a curing cycle for a given mold/gasket/monomer combination may involve selecting a fixed light intensity.

Methods of the present invention may involve a wide range of light intensities. Using a relatively low intensity may allow for the length of each cooling step to be decreased such that shorter and more controllable pulses are applied. Where a fluorescent lamp is employed, the use of a lower intensity may allow the use of lower power settings, thereby reducing the load on the lamp cooling system and extending the life of the lamp. A disadvantage of using a relatively low light intensity is that the initial exposure period tends to be somewhat longer. Relatively high intensity levels tend to provide shorter initial exposure times while placing more demand upon the lamp drivers and/or lamp cooling system, either of which tends to reduce the life of the lamp.

In an embodiment, General Electric F15T8BL lamps powered by Mercron HR0696-4 drivers may be used in conjunction with an FC 104 curing chamber having one piece of double-frosted diffusing glass and one piece of clear PO-4 acrylic plate. The light intensity settings may be 760 microwatts/cm2 for the top lamps and 950 microwatts/cm2 for the bottom lamps.

Once a light intensity is selected, the initial exposure time may be determined. A convenient method of monitoring the reaction during the cycle involves fashioning a fine gage thermocouple, positioning it inside the mold cavity, and connecting it to an appropriate data acquisition system. The preferred thermocouple is Type J, 0.005 inch diameter, Teflon-insulated wire available from Omega Engineering. The insulation is stripped back about 30 to 50 mm and each wire is passed through the gasket wall via a fine bore hypodermic needle. The needle is then removed and the two wires are twisted together to form a thermocouple junction inside the inner circumference of the gasket. The other ends of the leads are attached to a miniature connector which can be plugged into a permanent thermocouple extension cord leading to the data acquisition unit after the mold set is filled.

The data acquisition unit may be a Hydra 2625A Data Logger made by John Fluke Mfg. Company. It is connected to an IBM compatible personal computer running Hydra Data Logger software. The computer is configured to display a trend plot as well as numeric temperature readings on a monitor. The scan interval may be set to any convenient time period and a period of five or ten seconds usually provides good resolution.

The position of the thermocouple junction in the mold cavity may affect its reading and behavior through the cycle. When the junction is located between the front and back molds, relatively high temperatures may be observed compared to the temperatures at or near the mold face. The distance from the edge of the cavity to the junction may affect both absolute temperature readings as well as the shape of the curing cycles' temperature plot. The edges of the lens forming material may begin to increase in temperature slightly later than other portions of the material. Later in the cycle, the lens forming material at the center may be somewhat ahead of the material at the edge and will tend to respond little to the radiation pulses, whereas the material near the edge may tend to exhibit significant activity. When performing experiments to develop curing cycles, it is preferred to insert two probes into the mold cavity, one near the center and one near the edge. The center probe should be relied upon early in the cycle and the edge probe should guide the later stages of the cycle.

Differing rates of reaction among various regions of the lens forming material may be achieved by applying a differential light distribution across the mold face(s). Tests have been performed where “minus type” light distributions have caused the edge of the lens forming material to begin reacting before the center of the material. The potential advantages of using light distributing filters to cure high mass semi-finished lenses may be offset by nonuniformity of total light transmission that tends to occur across large numbers of filters. The UV light transmission of the PO-4 acrylic plates (Cyro Industries; Plano, Tex.) used over the apertures in the FC-104 curing chamber tends to be considerably more consistent than that of silk-screened filter plates.

After the selection and/or configuration of (a) the radiation intensity, (b) the radiation-curable, lens forming material, (c) the mold/gasket set, and (d) the data acquisition system, the optimum initial exposure period may be determined. It is useful to expose a sample of lens forming material to continuous radiation to obtain a temperature profile. This will provide an identifiable range of elapsed time within which the optimal initial exposure time will fall. Two points of interest are the time where the temperature rise in the sample is first detected (“T initial” or “Ti”), and the time where the maximum temperature of the sample is reached (“Tmax”). Also of interest is the actual maximum temperature, an indication of the “heat potential” of the sample under the system conditions (e.g., in the presence of cooling).

As a general rule, the temperature of high mass lenses (i.e., lenses greater than about 70 grams) should remain under about 200° F. and preferably between about 150° F. and about 180° F. Higher temperatures are typically associated with reduced lens yield rates due to cracking and/or premature release. Generally, the lower mass lenses (i.e., lenses no greater than about 45 grams) should be kept under about 150° F. and preferably between about 110° F. and about 140° F.

The first period may be selected according to the mass of the lens forming material. In an embodiment, the lens forming material has a mass of between about 45 grams and about 70 grams and the selected second temperature is a temperature between about 150° F. and about 200° F. According to another embodiment, the lens forming material has a mass no greater than about 45 grams and a second temperature less than about 150° F. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the lens forming material has a mass of at least about 70 grams, and a second temperature between about 170° F. and about 190° F.

An experiment may be performed in which the radiation is removed from the mold members slightly before one-half of the time between T initial and Tmax. The initial exposure time may be interatively reduced or increased according to the results of the above experiment in subsequent experiments to provide a Tmax in the preferred range. This procedure may allow the determination of the optimal initial exposure time for any given mold/gasket set and light intensity.

A qualitative summary of relationships among system variables related to the above-described methods is shown in FIG. 22.

After the initial exposure period, a series of irradiation pulse/cooling steps may be performed to controllably discharge the remaining exothermic potential of the material and thus complete the cure. There are at least two approaches to accomplish this second process. The first involves applying a large number of very short pulses and short cooling periods. The second approach involves applying a fewer number of longer pluses with correspondingly longer cooling periods. Either of these two methods may produce a good product and many acceptable cycles may exist between these extremes.

A significant aspect of the invention relates to using pulsed application of light to produce a large range (e.g., from −6 to +4 diopter) of lenses without requiring refrigerated cooling fluid (e.g., cooled air). With proper light application, air at ambient may be used as a cooling fluid, thus significantly reducing system costs.

Some established cycles are detailed in the table below for three semifinished mold gasket sets: a 6.00 D base curve, a 4.50 D base curve, and a 3.00 D base curve. These cycles have been performed using an FC-104 curing chamber in which cooling air at a temperature of about 56 degrees F. was directed at the front and back surfaces of a mold assembly. Frosted diffusing window glass was positioned between the samples and the lamps, with a layer of PO-4 acrylic material approximately 1 inch below the glass. A top light intensity was adjusted to 760 microwatts/cm2 and a bottom light intensity was adjusted to 950 microwatts/cm2, as measured at about the plane of the sample. A Spectroline meter DM365N and standard detector stage were used. An in-mold coating as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/931,946 was used to coat both the front and back molds.

BASE CURVE

Mold Sets

6.00

4.50

3.00

Front Mold

5.95

4.45

2.93

Back Mold

6.05

6.80

7.80

Gasket

−5.00

13 mm

16 mm

Resulting Semifinished Blank

Diameter

74 mm

76 mm

76 mm

Center Thickness

9.0 mm

7.8 mm

7.3 mm

Edge Thickness

9.0 mm

11.0 mm

15.0 mm

Mass

46 grams

48 grams

57 grams

Curing Cycle Variables

Total Cycle Time

25:00

25:00

35:00

Initial Exposure

4:40

4:40

4:35

Number of Pulses

4

4

4

Timing (in seconds) and Duration of

Pulses @ Elapsed Time From

Onset of Initial Exposure

Pulse 1

15@10:00

15@10:00

15@13:00

Pulse 2

15@15:00

15@15:00

15@21:00

Pulse 3

30@19:00

30@19:00

20@27:00

Pulse 4

30@22:00

30@22:00

30@32:00

FIGS. 24, 25, and 26 each show temperature profiles of the above-detailed cycles for a case where the ultraviolet light exposure is continuous and a case where the ultraviolet light delivery is pulsed. In FIGS. 23-26, “Io” denotes the initial intensity of the ultraviolet rays used in a curing cycle. The phrase “Io=760/950” means that the light intensity was adjusted to initial settings of 760 microwatts/cm2 for the top lamps and 950 microwatts/cm2 for the bottom lamps. The “interior temperature” of FIGS. 23-26 refers to a temperature of the lens forming material as measured by a thermocouple located within the mold cavity.

The following general rules for the design of pulse/cooling cycles may be employed to allow rapid curing of a lens while inhibiting premature release and/or cracking of the lens. The duration of the pulses preferably does not result in a temperature that exceeds the maximum temperature attained in the initial exposure period. The length of the cooling period may be determined by the length of time necessary for the internal temperature of the lens forming material to return to near the temperature it had immediately before it received a pulse. Following these general rules during routine experimentation may permit proper curing cycles to be established for a broad range of lens forming materials, light intensity levels, and cooling conditions.

Preferably light output is measured and controlled by varying the amount of power applied to the lights in response to changes in light output. Specifically, a preferred embodiment of the invention includes a light sensor mounted near the lights. This light sensor measures the amount of light, and then a controller increases the power supplied to maintain the first ultraviolet rays as the intensity of the first ultraviolet rays decreases during use, and vice versa. Specifically, the power is varied by varying the electric frequency supplied to the lights.

A filter is preferably applied to the light sensor so that light waves other than ultraviolet light impinge less, or not at all, on the light sensor. In one embodiment, a piece of 365N Glass made by Hoya Optics (Fremont, Calif.) was applied to a light sensor to filter out visible rays.

One “lamp driver” or light controller was a Mercron Model FX0696-4 and Model FX06120-6 (Mercron, Inc., Dallas, Tex., U.S.A.). These light controllers may be described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,717,863 and 4,937,470.

FIG. 13 schematically depicts the light control system described above. The lights 40 in apparatus 10 apply light towards the lens holder 70. A light sensor 700 is located adjacent the lights 40. Preferably the light sensor 700 is a photoresistor light sensor (photodiodes or other light sensors may also be usable in this application). The light sensor 700 with a filter 750 is connected to lamp driver 702 via wires 704. Lamp driver 702 sends a current through the light sensor 700 and receives a return signal from the light sensor 700. The return signal is compared against an adjustable set point, and then the electrical frequency sent to the ultraviolet lights 40 via wires 706 is varied depending on the differences between the set point and the signal received from the light sensor 700. Preferably the light output is maintained within about +/−1.0 percent.

In an embodiment of the invention, a medium pressure mercury vapor lamp is used to cure the lens forming material and the lens coating. This lamp and many conventional light sources used for ultraviolet light curing may not be repeatedly turned on and off since a several minute warm-up period is generally required prior to operation. Mercury vapor light sources may be idled at a lower power setting between exposure periods (i.e., second periods), however, the light source will still generate significant heat and consume electricity while at the lower power setting.

In an embodiment, a flash lamp emits ultraviolet light pulses to cure the lens forming material. It is believed that a flash lamp would provide a smaller, cooler, less expensive, and more reliable light source than other sources. The power supply for a flash lamp tends to draw relatively minimal current while charging its capacitor bank. The flash lamp discharges the stored energy on a microsecond scale to produce very high peak intensities from the flash tube itself. Thus flash lamps tend to require less power for operation and generate less heat than other light sources used for ultraviolet light curing. A flash lamp may also be used to cure a lens coating.

In an embodiment, the flash lamp used to direct ultraviolet rays toward at least one of the mold members is a xenon light source. The lens coating may also be cured using a xenon light source. Referring to FIG. 29, xenon light source 980 preferably contains photostrobe 992 having a tube 996 and electrodes to allow the transmission of ultraviolet rays. The tube may include borosilicate glass or quartz. A quartz tube will generally withstand about 3 to 10 times more power than a hard glass tube. The tube may be in the shape of a ring, U, helix, or it may be linear. The tube may include capacitive trigger electrode 995. The capacitive trigger electrode may include a wire, silver strip, or conductive coating located on the exterior of tube 996. The xenon light source is preferably adapted to deliver pulses of light for a duration of less than about 1 second, more preferably between about {fraction (1/10)} of a second and about {fraction (1/1000)} of a second, and more preferably still between about {fraction (1/400)} of a second and {fraction (1/600)} of a second. The xenon source may be adapted to deliver light pulses about every 4 seconds or less. The relatively high intensity of the xenon lamp and short pulse duration may allow rapid curing of the lens forming composition without imparting significant radiative heat to the composition.

In an embodiment, controller 990 (shown in FIG. 29) controls the intensity and duration of ultraviolet light pulses delivered from ultraviolet light source 980 and the time interval between pulses. Ultraviolet light source 980 may include capacitor 994, which stores the energy required to deliver the pulses of ultraviolet light. Capacitor 994 may be adapted to allow pulses of ultraviolet light to be delivered as frequently as desired. Temperature monitor 997 may be located at a number of positions within mold chamber 984. The temperature monitor may measure the temperature within the chamber and/or the temperature of air exiting the chamber. The system may be adapted to send a signal to cooler 988 and/or distributor 986 (shown in FIG. 27) to vary the amount and/or temperature of the cooling air. The temperature monitor may also determine the temperature at any of a number of locations proximate the mold cavity and send a signal to controller 990 to vary the pulse duration, pulse intensity, or time between pulses as a function of a temperature within mold chamber 984.

In an embodiment, light sensor 999 is used to determine the intensity of ultraviolet light emanating from source 980. The light sensor is preferably adapted to send a signal to controller 990, which is preferably adapted to maintain the intensity of the ultraviolet light at a selected level. Filter 998 may be positioned between ultraviolet light source 980 and light sensor 999 and is preferably adapted to inhibit visible rays from contacting light sensor 999, while allowing ultraviolet rays to contact the sensor. The filter may include 365 N glass or any other material adapted to filter visible rays and transmit ultraviolet rays.

In an embodiment, a cooling distributor is used to direct air toward the non-casting face of at least one of the mold members to cool the lens forming composition. The air may be cooled to a temperature of below ambient temperature prior to being directed toward at least one of the mold members to cool the composition.

In an embodiment, air at ambient temperature may be used to cool the lens forming composition. Since the xenon flash generally has a duration of much less than about one second, considerably less radiative heat tends to be transferred to the lens forming composition compared to curing methods employing other ultraviolet sources. Thus, the reduced heat imparted to the lens forming composition may allow for air at ambient temperature to remove sufficient heat of exotherm to substantially inhibit premature release and/or cracking of the lens.

In an embodiment, the xenon source is used to direct first ultraviolet rays toward the first and second mold members to the point that a temperature increase is measured and/or the lens forming composition begins to or forms a gel. It is preferred that the gel is formed with less than 15 pulses of radiation, and more preferably with less than about 5 pulses. It is preferred that the gel is formed before the total time to which the composition has been exposed to the pulses exceeds about {fraction (1/10)} or {fraction (1/100)} of a second.

In an embodiment, a reflecting device is employed in conjunction with the xenon light source. The reflecting device is positioned behind the flash source and preferably allows an even distribution of ultraviolet rays from the center of the composition to the edge of the composition.

In an embodiment, a xenon light flash lamp is used to apply a plurality of ultraviolet light pulses to the lens forming composition to cure it to an eyeglass lens in a time period of less than 30 minutes, or more preferably, less than 20 or 15 minutes.

The use of a xenon light source also may allow the formation lenses over a wider range of diopters. Higher power lenses exhibit greatest thinnest to thickest region ratios, meaning that more shrinkage-induced stress is created, causing greater mold flexure and thus increased tendency for premature release. Higher power lenses also possess thicker regions. Portions of lens forming material within these thicker regions may receive less light than regions closer to the mold surfaces. Continuous irradiation lens forming techniques typically require the use of relatively low light intensities to control the heat generated during curing. The relatively low light intensities used tends to result in a long, slow gelation period. Optical distortions tend to be created when one portion of the lens is cured at a different rate than another portion. Methods characterized by non-uniform curing are typically poorly suited for the production of relatively high power lenses, since the deeper regions (e.g., regions within a thick portion of a lens) tend to gel at a slower rate than regions closer to the mold surfaces.

The relatively high intensity attainable with the xenon source may allow deeper penetration into, and/or saturation of, the lens forming material, thereby allowing uniform curing of thicker lenses than in conventional radiation-initiated curing. More uniform gelation tends to occur where the lens forming material is dosed with a high intensity pulse of ultraviolet light and then subjected to decreased UV light or darkness as the reaction proceeds without activating radiation. Lenses having a diopter of between about +5.0 and about −6.0 and greater may be cured. It is believed that light distribution across the sample is less critical when curing and especially when gelation is induced with relatively high intensity light. The lens forming material may be capable of absorbing an amount of energy per time that is below that delivered during a relatively high intensity pulse. The lens forming material may be “oversaturated” with respect to the light delivered via a high intensity flash source. In an embodiment, the xenon source is used to cure a lens having a diopter between about −4.0 and about −6.0. In an embodiment, the xenon source is used to cure a lens having a diopter between about +2.0 and about +4.0.

In an embodiment, more than one xenon light source is used simultaneously to apply ultraviolet pulses to the lens forming composition. Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 28. Xenon light sources 980a and 980b may be positioned around mold chamber 985 so that pulses may be directed toward the front face of a lens and the back face of a lens substantially simultaneously. Mold chamber 985 is preferably adapted to hold a mold in a vertical position such that pulses from xenon source 980a may be applied to the face of a first mold member, while pulses from source 980b may be applied to the face of a second mold member. In an embodiment, xenon source 980b applies ultraviolet light pulses to a back surface of a lens more frequently than xenon source 980a applies ultraviolet light pulses to a front surface of a lens. Xenon sources 980a and 980b may be configured such that one source applies light to mold chamber 984 from a position above the chamber while the other xenon source applies light to the mold chamber from a position below the chamber.

In an embodiment, a xenon light source and a relatively low intensity (e.g., fluorescent) light source are used to simultaneously apply ultraviolet light to a mold chamber. As illustrated in FIG. 27, xenon source 980 may apply ultraviolet light to one side of mold chamber 984 while low intensity fluorescent source 982 applies ultraviolet light to another side of the mold chamber. Fluorescent source 982 may include a compact fluorescent “light bucket” or a diffused fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent light source may deliver continuous or substantially pulsed ultraviolet rays as the xenon source delivers ultraviolet pulses. The fluorescent source may deliver continuous ultraviolet rays having a relatively low intensity of less than about 0.1 wattscm2.

Methods of the present invention allow curing of high-mass semi-finished lens blanks from the same material used to cure cast-to-finish lenses. Both are considered to be “eyeglass lenses” for the purposes of this patent. These methods may also be used to cure a variety of other lens forming materials. Methods of the present invention have been successfully used to make cast-to-finish lenses in addition to semi-finished lenses.

Pulse Method Example 1: Use of a Medium Pressure Vapor Lamp

An eyeglass lens was successfully cured with ultraviolet light utilizing a medium pressure mercury vapor lamp as a source of activating radiation (i.e., the UVEXS Model 912 previously described herein). The curing chamber included a six inch medium pressure vapor lamp operating at a power level of approximately 250 watts per inch and a defocused dichroic reflector that is highly UV reflective. A high percentage of infrared radiation was passed through the body of the reflector so that it would not be directed toward the material to be cured. The curing chamber further included a conveyer mechanism for transporting the sample underneath the lamp. With this curing chamber, the transport mechanism was set up so that a carriage would move the sample from the front of the chamber to the rear such that the sample would move completely through an irradiation zone under the lamp. The sample would then be transported through the zone again to the front of the chamber. In this manner the sample was provided with two distinct exposures per cycle. One pass, as defined hereinafter, consists of two of these distinct exposures. One pass provided a dosage of approximately 275 millijoules measured at the plane of the sample using an International Light IL 1400 radiometer equipped with a XRL 340 B detector.

A lens cavity was created using the same molds lens forming composition, and gasket of Pulsed Method Example 2 below. The reaction cell containing the lens forming material was placed on a supporting stage such that the plane of the edges of the convex mold were at a distance of approximately 75 mm from the plane of the lamp. The lens cavity was then exposed to a series of UV doses consisting of two passes directed to the back surface of the mold followed immediately by one pass directed to the front surface of the mold. Subsequent to these first exposures, the reaction cell was allowed to cool for 5 minutes in the absence of any activating radiation in an FC-104 chamber as described in Pulsed Method Example 1 at an air temperature of 74.6 degrees F. and at an air flow rate of approximately 15 to 25 scf per minute to the back surface and 15 to 25 scf to the front surface of the cell. The lens cavity was then dosed with one pass to the front mold surface and returned to the cooling chamber for 6 minutes. Then the back surface was exposed in one pass and then was cooled for 2 minutes. Next, the front surface was exposed in two passes and then cooled for 3.5 minutes. The front surface and the back surface were then each exposed to two passes, and the gasket was removed to expose the edges of the lens. A strip of polyethylene film impregnated with photoinitiator was then wrapped around the edge of the lens and the front and back surfaces were exposed to another 3 passes each. The back surface of the cell was then placed on the conductive thermal in-mold postcure device using “bean-bag” container filled with glass beads on a hot plate at about 340° F. described previously (see conductive heating example 1) for a time period of 13 minutes, after which the glass molds were removed from the finished lens. The finished lens exhibited a distance focusing power of −6.09 diopters, had excellent optics, was aberration-free, was 74 mm in diameter, and had a center thickness of 1.6 mm. During the cooling steps, a small surface probe thermistor was positioned against the outside of the gasket wall to monitor the reaction. The results are summarized below.

Approx. Elapsed

Time After

Gasket Wall

UV Dose

UV Dose (min)

Temperature (° F.)

2 passes to back surface and

0

Not recorded

1 pass to front surface

1

80.5

2

79.7

3

79.0

4

77.1

5

76.2

1 pass to front surface

0

Not recorded

1

83.4

2

86.5

3

84.6

4

Not recorded

5

81.4

6

79.5

1 pass to back surface

0

Not recorded

1

79.3

2

79.0

2 passes to front surface

0

Not recorded

1

78.4

2

77.8

3

77.0

3.5

76.7

Pulse Method Example 2: Use of a Single Xenon Flash Lamp

An eyeglass lens was successfully cured with ultraviolet light utilizing a xenon flash lamp as a source of activating radiation. The flash lamp used was an Ultra 1800 White Lightning photographic strobe, commercially available from Paul C. Buff Incorporated of Nashville, Tenn. This lamp was modified by replacing the standard borosilicate flash tubes with quartz flash tubes. A quartz tube is preferred because some of the ultraviolet light generated by the arc inside the tube tends to be absorbed by borosilicate glass. The strobe possessed two semicircular flash tubes that trigger simultaneously and are positioned to form a ring approximately 73 millimeters in diameter. The hole in the reflector behind the lamps, which normally contains a modeling lamp for photographic purposes, was covered with a flat piece of highly-polished ultraviolet reflective material, which is commercially available under the trade name of Alzac from Ultra Violet Process Supply of Chicago, Ill. The power selector switch was set to full power. The ultraviolet energy generated from one flash was measured using an International Light IL 1700 Research Radiometer available from International Light, Incorporated of Newburyport, Mass. The detector head was an International Light XRL 340 B, which is sensitive to radiation in the 326 nm to 401 nm region. The window of the detector head was positioned approximately 35 mm from the plane of the flash tubes and was approximately centered within the ring formed by the tubes. The results showed the power of one flash to be about 940 microwatts.

A mold cavity was created by placing two round 80 mm diameter crown glass molds into a silicone rubber ring or gasket, which possessed a raised lip around its inner circumference. The edges of the glass molds rested upon the raised lip to form a sealed cavity in the shape of the lens to be created. The inner circumference of the raised lip corresponded to the edge of the finished lens. The concave surface of the first mold corresponded to the front surface of the finished lens and the convex surface of the second mold corresponded to the back surface of the finished lens. The height of the raised lip of the rubber ring into which the two glass molds are inserted controls the spacing between the two glass molds, thereby controlling the thickness of the finished lens. By selecting proper gaskets and first and second molds that possess various radii of curvature, lens cavities can be created to produce lenses of various powers.

A lens cavity was created by placing a concave glass mold with a radius of curvature of 407.20 mm and a convex glass mold with a radius of curvature of 65.26 mm into a gasket which provided spacing between the molds of 1.8 mm measured at the center of the cavity. Approximately 32 grams of a lens forming monomer was charged into the cavity. The lens forming material used for this test was OMB-91 lens monomer. The reaction cell containing the lens forming material was placed horizontally on a supporting stage such that the plane of the edges of the convex mold were at a distance of approximately 30 mm from the plane of the flash tubes and the cell was approximately centered under the light source.

The back surface of the lens cavity was then exposed to a first series of 5 flashes, with an interval of approximately 4 seconds in between each flash. The cell was then turned over and the front surface was exposed to another 4 flashes with intervals of about 4 seconds in between each flash. It is preferable to apply the first set of flashes to the back surface to start to cure the material so that any air bubbles in the liquid monomer will not migrate from the edge of the cavity to the center of the optical zone of the lens. Subsequent to these first nine flashes, the reaction cell was allowed to cool for five minutes in the absence of any activating radiation in the above-described FC-104 chamber. To cool the reaction cell, air at a temperature of 71.4 degrees F. and at a flow rate of approximately 15 to 25 scf per minute was applied to the back surface and air at a temperature of 71.4 degrees F. and at a flow rate of approximately 15 to 25 scf per minute was applied to the front surface of the cell. The back surface of the lens cavity was then dosed with one more flash and returned to the cooling chamber for four minutes.

Next, the cell was exposed to one flash on the front surface and cooled in the cooling chamber for seven minutes. Then the cell was exposed to one flash on the front surface and one flash on the back surface and cooled for three minutes. Next, the cell was exposed to two flashes on the front surface and two flashes on the back surface and cooled for four and a half minutes. The cell was then exposed to five flashes each to the back surface and front surface, and the gasket was removed to expose the edges of the lens. A strip of polyethylene film impregnated with photoinitiator (Irgacure 184) was then wrapped around the edge of the lens, and the cell was exposed to another five flashes to the front surface and fifteen flashes to the back surface. The back surface of the cell was then placed on the conductive thermal in-mold postcure device (i.e., “bean bags” filled with glass beads sitting on a hot plate at approx. 340° F.) as described previously (see conductive heating example above) for a time period of 13 minutes, after which the glass molds were removed from the finished lens. The finished lens exhibited a distance focusing power of −6.16 diopters and a +2.55 bifocal add power, had excellent optics, was aberration-free, was 74 mm in diameter, and had a center of thickness of 1.7 mm. During the cooling steps, a small surface probe thermistor was positioned against the outside of the gasket wall to monitor the reaction. The results are summarized below.

Elapsed Time

From Dose

Gasket Wall

Dose

(min)

Temperature (° F.)

5 flashes to back surface and 4

0

Not recorded

flashes to front surface

1

Not recorded

2

78.4

3

77.9

4

76.9

5

75.9

1 flash to back surface

0

Not recorded

1

76.8

2

77.8

3

78

4

77.8

1 flash to front surface

0

Not recorded

1

79.4

2

81.2

3

81.1

4

79.7

5

78.7

6

77.5

7

77.4

1 flash to front surface and 1

0

Not recorded

flash to back surface

1

78.8

2

78.8

3

78.0

2 flashes to front surface and 2

0

Not recorded

flashes to back surface

1

80.2

2

79.8

3

78.3

4

76.7

4.5

76.3

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements and compositions described herein or in the features or in the sequence of features of the methods described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.

Claims (53)

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus for making a plastic lens, comprising:

a first mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face;

a second mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, the second mold member being spaced apart from the first mold member during use such that the casting faces of the first mold member and the second mold member at least partially define a mold cavity;

an ultraviolet light generator configured to direct ultraviolet light rays toward at least one of the first and second mold members during use;

an ultraviolet light generator configured to maintain an intensity of light directed by the ultraviolet light generator; and

a light sensor to measure the intensity of light directed by the ultraviolet generator; and

a filter configured to inhibit light other than ultraviolet light from impinging upon the light sensor.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the light sensor comprises a photoresistor.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the light sensor comprises a photodiode.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet light controller receives a signal from the light sensor and varies the intensity of the ultraviolet light directed toward at least one of the mold members as a function of the signal.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet light controller receives a signal from the light sensor and sends a selected voltage to the ultraviolet light generator to vary the intensity of the ultraviolet light directed toward at least one of the mold members, the selected voltage varied as a function of the signal.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first ultraviolet light generator is configured to emanate to the lens forming composition an amount of ultraviolet light per time that is greater than a maximum amount of ultraviolet light that can be absorbed by the lens forming composition per such unit of time.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a low intensity ultraviolet light generator which directs low intensity ultraviolet light toward a mold member which does not receive ultraviolet light directly from the ultraviolet light generator.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said low intensity ultraviolet light has an intensity of less than 0.1 watt per square centimeter as measured on an outside surface of the mold member receiving the low intensity ultraviolet light.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller controls the light generator so that the light generator applies ultraviolet light to the lens forming composition for a selected period of time such that the lens forming composition begins to gel.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet light controller is additionally configured to vary the intensity of the light directed by the ultraviolet light generator.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet light controller maintains the intensity of ultraviolet light directed from the ultraviolet light generator by varying frequency of electricity supplied to the light generator.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to direct light toward the first mold member, and further comprising a second ultraviolet light generator configured to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward the second mold member.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to direct light toward the first mold member, and further comprising a second ultraviolet light generator configured to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward the second mold member, and wherein the controller is configured to control the ultraviolet light generator and the second ultraviolet light generator such that ultraviolet light is directed in a plurality of pulses toward the first and second mold members, at least one of the pulses having a duration of less than one second.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to direct at least one of the pulses for less than 0.1 seconds.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to direct at least one of the pulses for less than 0.01 seconds.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to generate and direct pulses with a sufficiently high intensity such that reaction is initiated in substantially all of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity.

18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to generate and direct pulses with a sufficiently high intensity such that the temperature begins to rise in substantially all of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity.

20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to generate and direct ultraviolet light such that at least one of the pulses has an intensity of at least 0.01 watt/cm2, as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity.

21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to generate and direct ultraviolet light such that at least one of the pulses has an intensity of at least 0.1 watt/cm2, as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light generator is configured to generate and direct discontinuous pulses.

23. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cooler configured to cool the mold cavity.

24. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a distributor configured to apply air to the mold cavity to remove heat from the mold cavity.

25. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cooler configured to cool air to between 0° C. and 20° C., and then to apply the cooled air to the mold cavity.

27. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light controller is configured to control the ultraviolet light generator such that less than 20 Joule/cm2 of energy is applied to cure the lens forming composition into a lens.

28. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet light controller is configured to control the ultraviolet light generator such that less than 10 Joule/cm2 as measured at 365 nm of energy is applied to cure the lens forming composition into a lens.

29. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising a capacitor coupled to the controller and the ultraviolet light generator, the capacitor configured to supply energy to the ultraviolet light generator to provide the pulses.

30. An apparatus for making an eyeglass lens, comprising:

a first mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face;

a second mold member having a casting face and a non-casting face, the second mold member being spaced apart from the first mold member during use such that the casting faces of the first mold member and the second mold member at least partially define a mold cavity;

a first pulse light generator for generating and directing pulses of ultraviolet light toward at least one of the first and second mold members;

a light sensor in working relation to the pulse light generator to measure the intensity of light directed by the first pulse light generator to at least one of the first and second mold members; and

an ultraviolet light controller coupled to the first pulse light generator and to the light sensor to control the pulses of ultraviolet directed toward at least one of the first and second mold members, wherein the controller is configured to maintain an intensity of the pulses of light.

31. The apparatus of claim 30 further comprising a filter in working relation to the light sensor to inhibit light other than ultraviolet light from impinging on the light sensor.

32. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the first pulse light generator directs light toward the first mold member, and further comprising a second pulse light generator for generating and directing pulses of ultraviolet light toward the second mold member, the second pulse light generator coupled to the controller.

33. The apparatus of claim 30 further comprising a low intensity ultraviolet light generator which directs low intensity ultraviolet light toward a mold member which does not receive ultraviolet light directly from the first pulsed light generator.

34. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the controller varies duration of pulses directed from the first pulse light generator.

35. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the ultraviolet light controller receives a signal from the light sensor and varies the intensity of the ultraviolet light directed from the first pulse light generator toward at least one of the mold members as a function of the signal.

36. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the ultraviolet light controller receives a signal from the light sensor and sends a selected voltage to the first pulsed light generator to vary the intensity of the ultraviolet light directed toward at least one of the mold members, the selected voltage varied as a function of the signal.

37. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the first pulsed light generator comprises a flash lamp.

38. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the ultraviolet light controller maintains the intensity of ultraviolet light directed from the first pulsed light generator by varying frequency of electricity supplied to the first pulse light generator.

39. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to direct light toward the first mold member, and further comprising a second pulsed light generator configured to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward the second mold member.

40. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to direct light toward the first mold member, and further comprising a second pulsed light generator configured to generate and direct a pulse of ultraviolet light toward the second mold member, and wherein the ultraviolet light controller is configured to control the first and second pulsed light generators such that ultraviolet light is directed in a plurality of pulses toward the first and second mold members, at least one of the pulses having a duration of less than one second.

41. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to direct at least one of the pulses for less than 0.1 seconds.

42. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to direct at least one of the pulses for less than 0.01 seconds.

43. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to generate and direct pulses with a sufficiently high intensity such that reaction is initiated in substantially all of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity.

44. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to generate and direct pulses with a sufficiently high intensity such that the temperature begins to rise in substantially all of the lens forming composition that is exposed to pulses in the mold cavity.

45. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to generate and direct ultraviolet light such that at least one of the pulses has an intensity of at least 0.01 watt/cm2, as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity.

46. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to generate and direct ultraviolet light such that at least one of the pulses has an intensity of at least 0.1 watt/cm2, as measured on an outside surface of a mold member of the mold cavity.

47. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first pulsed light generator is configured to generate and direct discontinuous pulses.

48. The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising a cooler configured to cool the mold cavity.

49. The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising a distributor configured to apply air to the mold cavity to remove heat from the mold cavity.

50. The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising a cooler configured to cool air to between about 0° C. and 20° C., and then to apply the cooled air to the mold cavity.

52. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the ultraviolet light controller is configured to control the first pulsed light generator such that less than 20 Joule/cm2 of energy is applied to cure the lens forming composition into a lens.

53. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the ultraviolet light controller is configured to control the first pulsed light generator such that less than 10 Joule/cm2 as measured at 365 nm of energy is applied to cure the lens forming composition into a lens.

Composition of aromatic poly(allylcarbonate), styrene materials, and crosslinker containing three or more ethylenically unsaturated groups for producing polymer of high refractive index and low yellowness

Composition of aromatic poly(allylcarbonate), styrene materials, and crosslinker containing three or more ethylenically unsaturated groups for producing polymer of high refractive index and low yellowness

UV Photoinitiated Polymerization of Styrene and Diethylene Glycol BIS (Allyl Carbonate) By Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds, Omar M. Buazza, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Dec. 1987, pp. i-xv, pp. 1-173.