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A type of solid matter in which atoms or molecules do not have long-range order (e.g., glass and plastic).

atom

The smallest identifiable unit of an element.

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calorie (cal)

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C.

Calorie (Cal)

An energy unit equivalent to 1000 little-c calories.

chemical change

A change in which matter changes its composition.

chemical energy

The energy associated with chemical changes.

chemical properties

Properties that a substance can display only through changing its composition.

chemical reaction

The process by which one or more substances transform into different substances via a chemical change. Chemical reactions often emit or absorb energy.

compound

A substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions.

compressible

Able to occupy a smaller volume when subjected to increased pressure. Gases are compressible because, in the gas phase, atoms or molecules are widely separated.

crystalline

A type of solid matter with atoms or molecules arranged in a well-ordered, three-dimensional array with long-range, repeating order (e.g., salt and diamond).

decanting

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distillation

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electrical energy

Energy associated with the flow of electric charge.

element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

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endothermic

Describes a process that absorbs heat energy.

Fahrenheit (°F) scale

The temperature scale that is most familiar in the United States; water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F.

filtration

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gas

A state of matter in which atoms or molecules are widely separated and free to move relative to one another.

heat capacity

The quantity of heat energy required to change the temperature of a given amount of a substance by 1 °C.

heterogeneous mixture

A mixture, such as oil and water, that has two or more regions with different compositions.

homogeneous mixture

A mixture, such as salt water, that has the same composition throughout.

Kelvin (K) scale

The temperature scale that assigns 0 K to the coldest temperature possible, absolute zero (-273°C or -459°F), the temperature at which molecular motion stops. The size of the kelvin is identical to that of the Celsius degree.

kinetic energy

Energy associated with the motion of an object.

law of conservation of energy

A law stating that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. The total amount of energy is constant and cannot change; it can only be transferred from one object to another or converted from one form to another.

liquid

A state of matter in which atoms or molecules are packed close to each other (about as closely as in a solid) but are free to move around and by each other.

matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter exists in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas.

mixture

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions.

molecule

Two or more atoms joined in a specific arrangement by chemical bonds. A molecule is the smallest identifiable unit of a molecular compound.

physical change

A change in which matter does not change its composition even though its appearance might change.

physical properties

Those properties that a substance displays without changing its composition.

potential energy

The energy of a body that is associated with its position or the arrangement of its parts.

products

The final substances produced in a chemical reaction; represented on the right side of a chemical equation.

properties

The characteristics we use to distinguish one substance from another.

pure substance

A substance composed of only one type of atom or molecule.

reactants

The initial substances in a chemical reaction, represented on the left side of a chemical equation.

solid

A state of matter in which atoms or molecules are packed close to each other in fixed locations.

specific heat capacity (or specific heat)

The heat capacity of a substance in joules per gram degree celsius (J/g °C).

volatile

Tending to vaporize easily.

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