Manuscripts holdings is one of the world's richest collections of written landmarks of national and world culture from ancient Egyptian papyri to autographs of our contemporaries. The manuscripts held by the National Library of Russia comprise of over 1400 private archives and collections that today number more than 450 000 valuable items for all periods and countries.

The library's stock of rare books contains more than 70 000 volumes. An appreciable portion of those are incunabula (books printed before 1501): about 7 000 works. The library has no rival for its stock of early Russian printed books and Slavonic incunabula, it also holds a large amount of West European publications from the 16th and 17th century. The most remarkable among collections are Aldine editions of the 15th - 16th centuries and Elseviers produced by the celebrated 17th/century Dutch family firm. The Rare Books Department can boast Voltaire's Library, the unique monument of 18th century culture, that is one of some well surviving private libraries of that time.

The National Library's collection of printed maps and atlases is the second largest in the country, comprising more than 180,000 items printed in Russia and abroad from the sixteenth century to the present. It incudes maps, atlases, reproductions of manuscripts, globes, electronic cartographic publications.

A unique photographic collection of the Prints Department is a true chronicle of the life of Russia since the second half of the 19th . It includes portraits from the 1850s, photographic views of cities and other places since the 1850s, photos on various subjects from the 1860s, photographic reproductions of works of art.

FIRST COLLECTIONS OF THE IMPERIAL PUBLIC LIBRARY:
THE ZALUSKI MANUSCRIPTS

Brief History of the Collection

O. Bleskina

History of the Imperial Public Library since its founding is inextricably linked to the famous Załuski Library.

The Załuski Brothers' book collection began to form from the personal library of Chancellor of the Crown and Bishop Andrzej Załuski Chrysostom at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. After his death, the library was inherited by his nephews Andrzej Stanislaw (1695-1758) and Jozef Andrzej (1702-1774). The Załuskis – known Polish scholars and church leaders. The younger brother Jozef Andrzej undertook the task to collect the universal collection of books for the Polish scientific community and dedicated his life to this aim. He bought books abroad, found them in the monasteries, ordered handwritten copies.

Since 1747 the library became public by the decision of the owners. Its grand opening was held on August 8, 1748 in the presence of King Augustus II at the Danilowicz Palace in Warsaw, specially acquired for the collection by Andrzej Stanislaw Załuski. After the death of the last owner Jozef Andrzej Załuski in 1774, the library became a state institution.

In the 18th century, the Załuski Brothers' book collection was considered to be one of the largest private libraries in Europe with over 400,000 publications, 40,000 prints and about 20,000 manuscripts. The collection of books was so valuable that, after the suppression of the Kościuszko Uprising in November 1794 and the third partition of Poland, Catherine II ordered to send it from Warsaw to St. Petersburg as a major trophy.

When, in June 1795, the Załuski Library was delivered from Warsaw to Saint Petersburg, no one could imagine what impact this rich collection of books would have on the development of culture and education of the Russians. This event prompted the government to speed up the construction of a special building for a public library, a plan for founding which was submitted by Count Stroganov to the Empress as far back as 1766. After the construction was completed in 1801, the Załuski Brothers' collection was transferred to a new building and laid the cornerstone of the Imperial Public Library..

According to the Register of Manuscripts, preserved in the National Library of Russia, the guardian of «Depot of Manuscripts» P. Dubrovsky accepted 11,010 manuscript volumes from the Załuski collection in 1806-1807. However, the Załuski Library has not survived as a single collection: the printed book were dispersed throughout various holdings, and the manuscripts came in the «Depot of Manuscripts». In the 40s of the 19th century, during the reorganization of the library, the Załuski Brothers' manuscripts were rearranged and included in the new inventories by their language, so they were interspersed with the items from other collections and were placed in different bookcases.

The manuscripts from the Załuski Brothers' collection had remained in Russia until the early 1920s and then were returned to the Republic of Poland under the terms of the Treaty of Riga dated to 18 March 1921.

Events of the Second World War was disastrous for the Załuski Library. It has suffered the fate of the richest collection of ancient times - the Library of Alexandria. In August-September 1944, it was almost entirely lost in the fire, deliberately destroyed by German troops. Only 12 percent of the famous collection of manuscripts has survived: 1851 items — in Warsaw and about 300 codices — at the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg.

For the first time, the National Library of Russia provides an opportunity to all interested persons to get acquainted with the most interesting handwritten books from the Załuski Brothers' collection, preserved in our holdings. 29 manuscripts of the 9th-18th centuries in European and Oriental languages reflect the richness and scope of the Załuski Library.

Because the Załuski Brothers belonged to higher clergy, Bibles, liturgical manuscripts and writings on theology were the most widely represented in their library. A significant part of the manuscript collection consists of the 16th-18th centuries books on the history of Poland and on jurisprudence, treatises on ecclesiastical and civil laws, medical and mathematical manuscripts, works of historical and literary genres. In the manuscripts collection of the Załuski brothers were about 20 codices in Oriental languages and almost no Russian manuscripts. Only 4 manuscript in Russian have been found among the surviving Załuski handwritten books so far.

Belonging of books to the Załuski Library can be identified from their owner's records, stamps and notes revealed that the book was from the Załuski Library. Due to inscriptions and notes, it was established that the owners of several manuscripts, prior to their acquisition by the Załuskis, were major public figures and representatives of the European ruling dynasties: the French Kings Henry II and Henry III, Queen Anne of Austria, Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good, the last King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Stanislaw August Poniatowski.

Andrzej Stanislaw Załuski, the Great Crown Chancellor and Bishop of Cracow (1695-1758). After a portrait by an unknown artist, dating from after 1750 (the Royal Castle in Warsaw)

Jozef Andrzej Załuski, Bishop of Kiev (1702-1774). After a portrait by an unknown artist, dating to the mid 18th century. (NLR, Manuscripts Department)

Zygmunt Vogel (1764-1826). View of the Danilowicz Palace in Warsaw. About 1790. Watercolour. National Museum, Warsaw