The association between inflammation and cancer has been established in certain forms of human malignancies; however, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. The present study investigates a possible association between chronic inflammation and the development of epithelial neoplasia in the prostate. Needle biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with serum prostate-specific antigen levels >4 ng/ml, evaluated for morphological findings, and immunostained for Bcl-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare 11 active surveillance (AS) protocols in contemporary European men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) at the Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Analyzed were 3498 RP patients, from 2005 to 2016, who underwent ≥ 10 core biopsies and fulfilled at least 1 of 11 examined AS entry definitions. We tested proportions of AS eligibility, ineligibility, presence of primary Gleason 4/5, upstage, and combinations thereof at RP, as well as 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival (BFS)...

PURPOSE: Serum testosterone suppression during androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has been reported to affect ADT efficacy. However, the factors impacting hormonal variations during ADT remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the significance of missense polymorphisms in the gene encoding gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) in men treated with primary ADT for metastatic prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 80 Japanese patients with metastatic prostate cancer whose serum testosterone levels during ADT were available...

Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana (VTT) is a wild grape native to Taiwan, belonging to the Vitaceae family and Vitis genus, and widely used as folk herbal medicine. It is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, neuroprotection, jaundice, and arthritis. We used the wild-collected VTT and sterilized them to establish the plant tissue culture, and then took the leaves for DNA sequencing to determine its original base. We use methanol to extract VTT in four different solvents: 1-butanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the uptake, safety and efficacy of docetaxel chemotherapy in hormone-naïve metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) in the first year of use outside of a clinical trial. SUBJECTS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients in the West of Scotland Cancer Network (WoSCAN) with newly diagnosed mPC were identified from the regional multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings and their treatment details were collected from electronic patient records. The rate of febrile neutropenia, hospitalisations, time to progression and overall survival were compared between those patients who received docetaxel and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), or ADT alone using survival analysis...

Nuclear mutations are well known to drive tumor incidence, aggression and response to therapy. By contrast, the frequency and roles of mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome are poorly understood. Here we sequence the mitochondrial genomes of 384 localized prostate cancer patients, and identify a median of one mitochondrial single-nucleotide variant (mtSNV) per patient. Some of these mtSNVs occur in recurrent mutational hotspots and associate with aggressive disease. Younger patients have fewer mtSNVs than those who diagnosed at an older age...

BACKGROUND: In the COU-AA-302 study (NCT00887198), abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) significantly improved outcomes in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) versus prednisone alone. Baseline clinical parameters predicting that treatment response could help inform clinical decisions were explored. OBJECTIVE: To identify patients who derive the greatest clinical benefit from AAP treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1088 mCRPC patients treated with either AAP or prednisone in the first-line setting in COU-AA-302 were included in this post hoc analysis...

This network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of several treatments for advanced/metastatic prostate cancer (PC). The PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of treatments for advanced/metastatic PC. Eighteen studies covering 6,340 patients were included in this analysis. The calculated were odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that overall survival rates achieved with radiotherapy or endocrine therapy were lower than obtained with radiotherapy + endocrine therapy...

Various novel androgen receptor (AR) targeting drugs have been developed recently and have shown beneficial effects on survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, no consensus has been reached regarding which of these agents provides the most favorable oncological outcomes. Here, we aimed to compare the efficacy of novel AR-targeted agents by performing a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We included eight RCTs for men with mCRPC treated with one of the AR targeting agents: abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, or orteronel...

Metastatic prostate cancer is presently incurable. The oncogenic protein PTOV1, first described in prostate cancer, was reported as overexpressed and significantly correlated with poor survival in numerous tumors. Here, we investigated the role of PTOV1 in prostate cancer survival to docetaxel and self-renewal ability. Transduction of PTOV1 in docetaxel-sensitive Du145 and PC3 cells significantly increased cell survival after docetaxel exposure and induced docetaxel-resistance genes expression (ABCB1, CCNG2 and TUBB2B)...

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective data collection study with application of metastatic spine scoring systems. OBJECTIVES: To apply the Tomita and revised Tokuhashi scoring systems to a surgical cohort at a single academic institution and analyze spine-related surgical morbidity and mortality rates. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical management of metastatic spine patients requires tools that can accurately predict patient survival, as well as knowledge of morbidity and mortality rates...

Free human kallikrein 2 (free-hK2) and hK2 pro-form (pro-hK2) have been found to be increased in tumor tissues and serum from patients with prostate cancer. We established semiautomatic assays for free-hK2 and pro-hK2 using a research version of the Beckman Coulter ACCESS2 system. Serum samples from a cohort of 189 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for known high-risk disease were assayed for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), free-PSA, free-hK2, and pro-hK2. Univariate Cox regression and multivariate models were used to predict both Gleason scores and progression-free survival (PFS)...

Soft tissue and bone sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous form of cancer. With standard of care treatment options including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the long-term survival is still low for high-risk soft tissue sarcoma patients. New treatment strategies are needed. Immunotherapy offers a new potential treatment paradigm with great promise. Immunotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas dates back to Dr. Coley's first use of toxins in the late 1800s. A variety of strategies of immunotherapy have been tried in soft tissue and bone sarcomas, including various vaccines and cytokines, with limited success...

A personalized treatment policy requires defining the optimal treatment for each patient based on their clinical and other characteristics. Here we consider a commonly encountered situation in practice, when analyzing data from observational cohorts, that there are auxiliary variables which affect both the treatment and the outcome, yet these variables are not of primary interest to be included in a generalizable treatment strategy. Furthermore, there is not enough prior knowledge of the effect of the treatments or of the importance of the covariates for us to explicitly specify the dependency between the outcome and different covariates, thus we choose a model that is flexible enough to accommodate the possibly complex association of the outcome on the covariates...

PURPOSE: Grenada is a small island nation of 105,000 in the Caribbean with one single general hospital and pathology laboratory. This study assesses cancer incidence on the island based on existing pathology reports, and compares the cancer mortality burden between Grenada and other Caribbean nations. METHODS: Age-adjusted overall and site-specific cancer "incidence" rates (based on pathology reports) and mortality rates were calculated and compared for 2000-2009...

Salvage lymph node dissection is a therapeutic option in patients with nodal-only recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Although this operation does not achieve a complete cure in the majority of cases, it can prolong survival and help postpone hormonal therapy in selected patients while being a relatively safe procedure. The authors describe a case study of a radical prostatectomy patient with radiologically proven recurrence of prostate cancer limited to an internal iliac node. He underwent salvage lymph node dissection with a complete biochemical response...

Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of death by cancer in men. Surgery or hormone deprivation usually contains the progression of the local forms of the disease. In metastatic situations, chemotherapy or second generation hormone therapies are used with an overall survival that never exceeds 36 months when tumors become resistant to castration. In the search for new alternatives, clinical trials with various classes of anticancer drugs have been performed, including chemotherapies, targeted therapies with kinase inhibitors, radium-223, or immunotherapies with somehow limited efficacy...

Purpose The purpose is to evaluate the patterns of care and comparative effectiveness for cause-specific and overall survival of definitive local treatments versus conservatively managed men with a primary or secondary Gleason pattern of 5. Methods and materials Patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2012 with a primary or secondary Gleason pattern of 5 N0M0 prostate cancer were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the survival...