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7-5 Petersen: Unit 1 before word is TCI 2013-14

a group of satellites traveling around the earth that recieve signals that determine the exact latitude and longitude of a certain thing or area

Unit 1 geographic information system (GIS)

special computer software that helps geographers gathe many different kinds of information about the same place that can be combined and put on maps

artifact

any object made by man, such as tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, etc.

fossils

remains of animal or plant life from the past

solar system

earth, eight other planets and thousands of smaller bodies that all revolve around the sun

Unit 1 orbit

PATH/HIGHWAY that a body/planet,metor,etc. in the solar system travels around the sun

atmosphere

the layer of air surrounding the Earth

axis

the imaginary line that runs through the Earth's center between the North and South poles

Unit 1 revolution

one complete orbit around the sun

leap year

a year that has an extra day; it occurs every 4th year

summer solstice

on or about June 21st, the day with the most hours of sunlight and the fewest hours of darkness in the Northern Hemishpere

winter solstice

on or about December 22nd, the day with the fewest hours of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere

equinox

when the day and night are of equal length in both hemispheres

core

the center of the earth

mantle

a layer of rock and magma that surrounds the core - (chocolate in a peanut M & M)

magma

melted rock

crust

the outer layer of the earth; on which we stand-shell of the M&M)

continent

massive land area located on the crust

plate tectonics theory

the crust is like the broken egg shell of a hard boiled egg-each broken section is call a plate or huge slabs of rock -the plates sit on top of the mantle and can 'wiggle around'

earthquake

a violent and sudden movement of the earth's crust

tsunamis

a huge under water wave created by undersea earthquakes

faults

cracks in the earth's crust

weathering

the process of BREAKING surface rock into boulders, gravel, sand and soil due to water and frost, chemicals and even plants

erosion

the process of wind and water CARRYING AWAY the weathered material on the earth's surface

Unit 1 glaciers

giant, slow moving sheets of ice--bottom of it melts because of the weight of it--then it slides to a lower elevation

Unit 1 elevation

height above sea level

Unit 1 plains

large stretches of land that is flat or rolling(small hills) at a LOW elevation

Unit 1 plateaus

flat land, but it is at a HIGHer elevation than the surrounding land

Unit 1 isthmus

a narrow piece of LAND that CONNECTS two larger pieces of LAND--'land connects land'-like in Panama

Unit 1 peninsula

a piece of land with water on THREE sides- Florida

Unit 1 island

a body of land completely surrounded by water-like Hawaii

continental shelf

land underwater all along the coast/edge of the continents and extends out in the ocean for several miles -

trenches

valleys on the floor of the ocean

Unit 1 strait

a narrow body of water between two pieces of land--'water connects water'--like between Spain and Africa

Unit 1 channel

the same as a strait but wider

Unit 1 delta

soil/silt washes down rivers and deposits (dumps out) into an ocean, sea, or gulf -the silt starts building up and creates little island-like areas at the mouth of the river (where the river flows into the gulf, etc)

water vapor

water that turns into gas-evaporated water coming from the water on the surface of the earth-the gas cools and condenses forming clouds

water cycle

when the water goes from the oceans to the air to the ground and finally back to the oceans

evaporation

the process of when the sun's heat turns liquid water into water vapor

condensation

when water vapor CHANGES BACK into a liquid- the dropplets get cold (high altitude)& huddle together or _____________

Unit 1 precipitation

water falling back to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail, depending on the air temperature (cold=snow & heat=rain)

collection

the process in the water cycle during which streams and rivers carry water back to the oceans--the oceans, seas, lakes, catch/hold the water

groundwater

water that soaks through the soil and runs down into tiny cracks and holes in the rock layers below the surface of the earth--then runs to the lowest area

aquifers

it is the underground ROCK LAYERS stacked so that the groundwater water gets trapped and fills up like a giant bowl of water underground

weather

the unpredictable changes in the air that take place over a SHORT period of time

climate

the usual, predictable pattern of weather (average amount PRECIPITATION AND average TEMPERATURE in a region over a LONG period of time--what's the climate like there (what's the weather like today)

Unit 1 Tropics

low latitude region near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (some regions are very hot & rainy and some regions are hot and dry)--very warm/hot, EXCEPT in the HIGHLANDS

drought

a long period of extreme dryness

El Nino

combination of temperature, wind and water in the Pacific Ocean that causes heavy rains in some areas and drought in others-cause when east cold winds are weak allowing the Pacific to warm

La Nina

pattern of unusual weather in the Pacific Ocean; winds from the east become very strong, cooling more of the Pacific

currents

moving streams of water under water

local winds

the patterns of wind caused by landforms in a particular area-'when the winds come whipping down the plains' (or whipping through canyons, and down mountains, etc) ex. Santa Ana Winds-southern California, sirroco winds from north Africa to Italy

greenhouse effect

the buildup of certain gases in the atmosphere that, like a greenhouse, hold more of the sun's warmth

rain shadow

a dry region on the 'LeeWard'(Less Water)side of the mountains-(the other side is on the coast. The wind blows over the water (windward side)-it rains on that side, leaving no H2O for the Leeward side.

Unit 1 rain forest

dense (thick) forest that recieves high amounts of rain each year in tropics-list it's latitude belt____

climate with long(or fairly long depending on the latitude), COLD and snowy winters and short (3 months or so), HOT summers-more inland- (hint: inner area of an ice cube / inner area of a piece of hot coal)

Unit 1 subartic climate (what does SUB mean?)

climate with SEVERLY COLD and BITTER winters and SHORT (3 mo. or so), COOL summers

Unit 1 tundra

vast (large amount), treeLESS PLAINS, FROZEN soil in winter

Unit 1 steppe

partly/FAIRLY dry grassland PLAINS often found on the EDGES of a DESERTS

acid rain

when chemicals in air pollution combine with precipitation

deforestation

cutting down of forests without replanting them

crop rotation

changing what is planted in a field to avoid using up all the same minerals in the soil

conservation

the careful use of resources so they are not wasted

irrigate

to pump water from a source (aquifer) through pipes to a giant sprinkler system to water farms

places where plants and animals are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival-if pesticides or other chemicals polute the water, what happens?

Unit 1 culture

the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs- ethnic group is the GROUP of people who share a culture

Unit 1 ethnic group

a GROUP of people who share a common history, language, religion (there are 8 characteristics of culture--learn them all)-sometimes physical characteristics/traits can indicate an ethnic group--NOT ALWAYS.

Unit 1 dialect

the local form of a language that differs from the same language in other areas-people in different parts of the same country and speak the same language have different words or slang expressions

democracy

a form of limited government (the government has only a certain amount of power-limited) where all the people have equal power in the country- PEOPLE HAVE THE POWER

monarchy

a king or queen inherits the right to rule and has unlimited power - KING/QUEEN HAS THE POWER

dictatorship

an unlimited government (NO limits-THIS LEADER HAS ALL THE POWER)in which a dictator makes all laws and stops any opposition by FORCE

cultural diffusion

the process of spreading new knowledge and skills to other cultures- U.S. students are learning Chinese and Spanish--Mexican food in the U.S., etc.

civilization

highly developed cultures (know the 8 characteristics/traits of culture)- not a tribe of people roaming around

cultural region

area of the world (may be more than one country together) that have TRAITS IN COMMON

death-rate

the number of people out of every 1000 who die in a year

birthrate

the number of children born each year for every 1000 people

famine

lack of food -drought or insects may have ruined the crops in that region

population density

the average number of people living in a square mile or square kilmeter

urbanization

the movement of people from farms and villages to cities

emigrate

when people leave the country where they were born and move to another country (they EXIT)

refugee

a person who flees to another country to escape persecution(punishment) or disaster (hurricane)

natural resources

proucts of the earth that people use to meet their needs- trees, oil, water

renewable resources

resources that cannot be used up or they can be replced naturally or grown again- vegetation

nonrenewable resource

minerals found in the earth's crust that cannot be renewed-(can't make more of it)- oil, gold, coal, iron, copper, etc.

economic system

different types of governments have different SYSTEMs of how their people can to earn money & run businesses, what goods to produce & services are needed & how they are exchanged(bought & sold)

export

a business company in China sells goods to a company (Dollars Store) in the U.S(goods exit the country)

import

businesses in the U.S. buy & bring in the goods(items/stuff/products)from a business in a foreign country to sell to the people here -a company in China buys textiles from India & makes shirts-then a business in the U.S. may buy and bring the shirts here

tariff

tax on imported goods(items/stuff/products)

quota

number limit- Ex. a company in Germany is only allowed to sell 5 million cars to car companies in the U.S.

free trade

removing trade barriers(keeps you from doing something) so that goods can trade easily amoung countries-(not a lot of taxes, tariffs, quotas) on goods/products being traded--which drives up the price/cost

developed countries

countries that have strong governments and a lot of manufactuting/businesses with FEWER farmers and A LOT BIG businesses--like grown adults who work & can pay the bills

developing countries

countries that are working toward industrialization (these countries have MORE farmers THAN businesses people & factory workers)-they are poorer countries-like a teenager still developing-not old enough work & pay all the bills

rights

benefits and protections guarenteed to you by law

responsibilities

duties that you owe to other citizens and your government

interdependence

when countries help each other by trading goods- NO country has everything it needs- Ex.- a U.S. company sells metal to Japan, Japan makes a product/good(car)& sells to a car company in France & the car company sells to their people

globalization

the development of a world culture & an interdependent economy (linking/connecting the world's nations by buying and selling goods)-needing each other for our resources (human & natural)and markets to sell the goods (countries with rich people to buy)