Quite famous in his day,
the American scientist Elmer R. Gates (1859-1923) was a virtuoso inventor.
His better known inventions include the foam fire extinguisher, an improved
electric iron, a climate-controlling air conditioner, and the educational toy
“Box and Blocks.” He was productive in the fields of X-ray, alloy casting,
electrically operated looms, and magnetic separation devices for mining. He
devised instruments for developing muscular skill; he created indoor replications
of weather systems; in the late 1800s he invented an electronic music synthesizer.
A 1904 Synopsis of his work listed thirty-five lines of inventive research in
which results had been obtained. At the beginning of the 20th century,
the Elmer Gates Laboratory in Chevy Chase, MD, was the largest private non-commercial
laboratory in the United States.

Despite his extraordinary
output as an inventor, Gates saw himself as a psychologist. He pursued invention
primarily to study the processes of the mind while it engaged in its best work.
Through years of recorded observations, he discovered psychotaxis, the
integrated hierarchy of sensory discriminations required to create a valid and
complete mental representation of a given part of the physical world.

Gates used psychotaxis to
invent. First, he would experience through each of his senses every piece of
sensory data that the subject at hand could impart, letting his mind classify
each datum naturally according to its perceived likeness to or difference from
the other data. Having thus acquired and categorized all the subject’s sensations,
he would then, in psycho-taxonomic order, recreate each sensation in his mind—moving
through the series over and over until he could execute it at great speed.
This might take several weeks. Finally, he would work his way through thepsycho-taxonomic hierarchy of sensory associations—which associations gave
rise to images, concepts, ideas, and thoughts. Repeated recollection of the
psycho-taxonomic hierarchy increased the blood flow to the areas of the brain
where its data were enregistered and processed. This “refunctioning” brought
into dominance those neurological structures through which subconscious connections
were made. The result was new insights into the subject.

He discovered and used other
aids to invention, all experimentally validated—quiescence, periodicity, climate
control (he invented an air-regulated isolation chamber), anabolic emotional
states (he researched their chemistry and physiological effects), and linguistic
mentation.

Gates hypothesized that
unusual mental activity produced unusual structural or chemical differences
in the brain. To test his hypothesis, he conducted many experiments on guinea
pigs, rabbits, and dogs—sometimes using electric shock as a negative reinforcer
(reportedly the first person to do so).

His experiments
required test animals to make extraordinarily refined discriminations with some
one sense in order to carry out successful adaptive responses to their environment.
Upon completion of the experimental training (which often lasted for months),
the test animals and one or more control groups of like animals were chloroformed.
The groups were compared by a histological examination of the brain areas where
the sensory data were enregistered. (To facilitate the examination, Gates invented
a staining technique wherein electric current passed the stain through neurons
in two different directions. He also made major improvements in the microscope’s
magnification.) As he suspected, the neuronal structure was always more highly
developed in the test group. His conclusion was that rigorous training of the
senses gives more brain structure, and therefore, more mind with which to create.

Believing that “scientific
method is mental method,” Gates devoted his life to the study of the Art of
Mind-Using— “psychurgy,” as he named it. He had no sympathy for theory and
speculation, and would state no more than he could “prove true if given the
opportunity.” Unfortunately, because of the unusual nature of some of his researches,
they attracted a fringe element. Studies were often misinterpreted in the popular
press, and quotes were fabricated. He was said to have seen the shadow of the
departing soul of a dying rat, to have found that the color of sin is pink,
to have gotten ideas for his inventions by telepathy from the minds of long-dead
inventors. His efforts to stamp out these false reports were unsuccessful;
some live on in the “self-help” and “new age” sections of today’s bookstores.
The record is set
straight at www.ElmerGates.com,
a repository site containing his patents, lectures, papers, and books.