"Sunday Bloody Sunday" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the opening track from their 1983 album War and was released as the album's third single on 11 March 1983 in Germany and the Netherlands.[3] "Sunday Bloody Sunday" is noted for its militaristic drumbeat, harsh guitar, and melodic harmonies.[4] One of U2's most overtly political songs, its lyrics describe the horror felt by an observer of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, mainly focusing on the Bloody Sunday incident in Derry where British troops shot and killed unarmed civil rights protesters and bystanders. At the same time, the lyrics reject hate and revenge as a response, as noted in the line "There's many lost, but tell me who has won." Along with "New Year's Day," the song helped U2 reach a wider listening audience. It was generally well received by critics on the album's release.[5][6]

The song has remained a staple of U2's live concerts,[7] during its earliest performances, the song created controversy. Lead singer Bono reasserted the song's anti-sectarian-violence message to his audience for many years. Today, it is considered one of U2's signature songs, and is one of the band's most performed tracks. Critics rate it among the best political protest songs,[8] and it has been covered by over a dozen artists.[9] It was named the 272nd-greatest song by Rolling Stone on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time."

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" grew from a guitar riff and lyric written by the Edge in 1982. While newlyweds Bono and Ali Hewson honeymooned in Jamaica, the Edge worked in Ireland on music for the band's upcoming album. Following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, the Edge—"feeling depressed... channelled [his] fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music."[10] This early draft did not yet have a title or chorus melody, but did contain a structural outline and theme, after Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin. During the sessions, producer Steve Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, but Mullen was firmly against the idea. A chance meeting with Andy Newmark (of Sly & the Family Stone) – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullen's mind.[10] The opening drum pattern soon developed into the song's hook. A local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop and asked if U2 had any need for a violin on their next album; in the studio for only half a day, Wickham's electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song.[10]

The direct impetus for the lyrics was an encounter with IRA supporters in New York City,[11] as a promotional gimmick, U2 manager Paul McGuinness had made arrangements for the band to appear in the 1982 St. Patrick's Day parade. However, he later found that there was a possibility that Bobby Sands, an IRA hunger striker who had starved to death the previous year, would be the parade's honorary marshal, as they felt that the IRA's tactics were prolonging the fighting in Northern Ireland, McGuinness and the band members mutually decided they should withdraw from the parade. McGuinness met with one of the parade's organizers in a New York bar to arrange the cancellation, and ended up in a heated debate about the IRA. McGuinness recalled, "He kept telling me to keep my voice down, the place was full of New York policemen - Irish cops - and he thought I was going to get us killed."[11]

Drummer Mullen said of the song in 1983:

"We're into the politics of people, we're not into politics. Like you talk about Northern Ireland, 'Sunday Bloody Sunday,' people sort of think, 'Oh, that time when 13 Catholics were shot by British soldiers'; that's not what the song is about. That's an incident, the most famous incident in Northern Ireland and it's the strongest way of saying, 'How long? How long do we have to put up with this?' I don't care who's who – Catholics, Protestants, whatever. You know people are dying every single day through bitterness and hate, and we're saying why? What's the point? And you can move that into places like El Salvador and other similar situations – people dying. Let's forget the politics, let's stop shooting each other and sit around the table and talk about it... There are a lot of bands taking sides saying politics is crap, etc. Well, so what! The real battle is people dying, that's the real battle."[12]

This two-bar guitar riff[13] is repeated often throughout "Sunday Bloody Sunday."

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" is played at a tempo of 103 beats per minute in a 4/4 time signature.[13] The song opens with a militaristic drumbeat and electric violin part; the aggressive snare drum rhythm closely resembles a beat used to keep a military band in step. The distinctive drum sound was achieved by recording Mullen's drumwork at the base of a staircase, producing a more natural reverb, it is followed by the Edge's repeating arpeggios (see notation at left). The riff, which follows a Bm–D–G6 chord progression, establishes the minor chord territory of the piece. As the song progresses, the lyrics and guitar become more furious, the guitar riff has been described as the "bone-crushing arena-rock riff of the decade" by Rolling Stone.[14] A bass drum kick on every beat provides the musical foundation until the first chorus, when Adam Clayton's bass guitar enters.

In contrast to the violent nature of the verses, the emergence of major chords creates a feeling of hope during Bono's "How long, how long must we sing this song?" refrain. During the chorus, the Edge's backing vocals further develop this tread, using a harmonic imitative echo, the snare drum is absent from this section, and the guitar parts are muted. This part of the song deviates musically from the raw aggression seen in the song's verses and gives the song a more uplifting structure.[13] Bono once commented that "love is...a central theme" of "Sunday Bloody Sunday"[15]

The band have said the lyrics refer to the events of both Bloody Sunday and Bloody Sunday (in 1972 and 1920, respectively), but are not specifically about either event,[16] the song takes the standpoint of someone horrified by the cycle of violence in the province. Bono rewrote the Edge's initial lyrics, attempting to contrast the two events with Easter Sunday, but he has said that the band were too inexperienced at the time to fully realise that goal, noting that "it was a song whose eloquence lay in its harmonic power rather than its verbal strength."[10]

Early versions opened with the line "Don't talk to me about the rights of the IRA, UDA."[10] U2's bassist, Adam Clayton, recalls that better judgment led to the removal of such a politically charged line, and that the song's "viewpoint became very humane and non-sectarian...which, is the only responsible position."[17] The chosen opening line, "I can't believe the news today" crystallises the prevailing response, especially among young people, to the violence in Northern Ireland during the 1970s and 1980s;[17] in successive stanzas, the lyrics paraphrase religious text from Matthew10:35 ("mother's children; brothers, sisters torn apart") and bring a twist to 1 Corinthians15:32 ("we eat and drink while tomorrow they die", instead of "let us eat and drink; for tomorrow we die"). The song finishes with a call for the Irish to stop fighting each other, and "claim the victory Jesus won...on [a] Sunday bloody Sunday."[13]

U2 were aware when they decided to record "Sunday Bloody Sunday" that its lyrics could be misinterpreted as sectarian, and possibly place them in danger, some of the Edge's original lyrics explicitly spoke out against violent rebels, but were omitted to protect the group.[10] Even without these lyrics, some listeners still considered it to be a rebel song—even one which glorifies the events of the two Bloody Sundays to which the lyrics refer.[18]

Commercially, the single had its biggest impact in the Netherlands, where it reached number 3 on the national charts;[19] in the US, the song gained significant album-oriented rock radio airplay, and together with the earlier "New Year's Day" helped expose U2 to a mainstream American rock audience.

Critical reception to the song was positive; in the Irish magazine Hot Press, Liam Mackey wrote that "Sunday Bloody Sunday" "takes the widescreen view...a powerful riff and machine-gun drumming [is] crisscrossed by skipping violin."[5]Denise Sullivan commented for Allmusic that Mullen's opening drumwork "helps set the tone for the unforgiving, take-no-prisoners feel of the song, as well as for the rest of the album."[6]

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" has been performed more than 600 times by U2.[7] It was first heard by a live audience in December 1982 in Glasgow, Scotland, on a twenty-one show "Pre-War Tour." The band were particularly nervous about playing the song in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Introducing the song there at the Maysfield Leisure Centre, Bono stated "It's not a rebel song.", attempted to further clarify this point by reciting the entire second verse ("Broken bottles under children's feet ..."), and added as a final note, "If you don't like it, you let us know."[11] The crowd overwhelmingly enjoyed the song; the Edge recalls that "the place went nuts, it drew a really positive reaction.", also saying that "We thought a lot about the song before we played it in Belfast and Bono told the audience that if they didn't like it then we'd never play it again. Out of the 3,000 people in the hall about three walked out. I think that says a lot about the audience's trust in us."[25] The band remained apprehensive, however. Even by the song's sixth performance, Bono was introducing the song with the statement "This song is not a rebel song."[26][27]

Throughout 1983's War Tour, Bono continued to reassure audiences that "This song is not a rebel song, this song is 'Sunday Bloody Sunday'"[28] highlighting the non-partisan intentions of the lyrics, the live performances on this tour featured a routine during which Bono would set a white flag in the front of the stage while the band vamped three chords—B minor, D major, and G major. (though the band traditionally tune their instruments down a half step so the chords are B flat minor, D flat and G Flat). As the band vamped, Bono would sing "no more!" with the audience.[29] These performances were highly effective with U2's audience (at the time, U2 were most popular as a college rock act). Live performances of the song subsequently appeared on their 1983 live album Under a Blood Red Sky and their concert film Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky. In the Unforgettable Fire Tour of 1984 and 1985, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" continued to be a prominent midpoint of each U2 concert—as did the "no more!" interlude. Along with a performance of "Bad," the song was performed at Live Aid in July 1985.

As U2 reached new levels of fame in 1987 with The Joshua Tree, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" continued to be a focal point of concerts, some performances featured slower, more contemplative versions of the song; other concerts saw the wilder, more violent version. This tour marked the first time "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was played in Northern Ireland since 1982, and it has not been performed there since.[7]

And let me tell you somethin'. I've had enough of Irish Americans who haven't been back to their country in twenty or thirty years come up to me and talk about the resistance, the revolution back home...and the glory of the revolution...and the glory of dying for the revolution. Fuck the revolution! They don't talk about the glory of killing for the revolution. What's the glory in taking a man from his bed and gunning him down in front of his wife and his children? Where's the glory in that? Where's the glory in bombing a Remembrance Day parade of old age pensioners, their medals taken out and polished up for the day. Where's the glory in that? To leave them dying or crippled for life or dead under the rubble of a revolution that the majority of the people in my country don't want. No more![31]

”

This concert in Mexico City in February 2006 depicts the elaborate stage effects used for "Sunday Bloody Sunday."

After the Joshua Tree Tour, Bono was heard saying the band might never play the song again, because the song was "made real" with the performance in Denver, and it could never be matched again.[31][32] Following their original intent, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was not played during any of the forty-seven shows on the Lovetown Tour in 1989, the song reappeared for a brief period during the Zoo TV Tour, and late during the second half of PopMart Tour (1997–1998), U2 played an emotional concert in war-ravaged Sarajevo that included a solo performance of the song by the Edge. "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was subsequently played live in this style until the end of the tour in March 1998.[7]

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" was used during the Vertigo Tour of 2005 and 2006, often alongside "Bullet the Blue Sky" and "Love and Peace or Else" as a trio of politically driven songs performed during the middle part of the band's set. Bono extended the "no more!" interlude to explain a headband he had donned in the previous song.[34] The headband depicted the word "coexist" (written to depict a crescent, a Star of David, and a Christian cross). The Coexist symbol is trademarked in the United States by an LLP in Indiana,[35] and the original artwork was created in 2001 by a Polish artist.[36] As with the 2001 shows, the Vertigo tour saw the song applied to subjects further afield than The Troubles in Northern Ireland, during 2006 Australian shows, in Brisbane, Bono asked for Australian Terrorism suspect David Hicks to be brought home and tried under Australian laws. In subsequent Australian concerts he dedicated the song to the victims of the 2002 Bali bombings – where 88 of the fatalities were Australians – saying 'This is your song now!'.[37] The song was also performed at every concert on the U2 360° Tour, paying tribute to the 2009 Iranian election protests on each occasion by projecting scenes from the protests and Persian writing in green on the video screen.[38]

This performance in June 1983 from the concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks was later released as the song's music video.

Although a promotional music video had not been produced for the original release, the band used footage from a 5 June 1983 live performance filmed for the concert filmU2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky to promote the song. Directed by Gavin Taylor, the video displays Bono's use of a white flag during performances of the song, the video highlights the intensity and emotion felt by many audience members during U2's concerts, while the rainy, torch-lit setting in Colorado's Red Rocks Amphitheatre further adds to the atmosphere. In 2004, Rolling Stone cited the performance as one "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll" and noted that "the sight of Bono singing the anti-violence anthem 'Sunday Bloody Sunday' while waving a white flag through crimson mist (created by a combination of wet weather, hot lights and the illumination of those crags) became the defining image of U2's warrior-rock spirit and—shown in heavy rotation on MTV—broke the band nationwide."[39]

The song appears in the closing credits of the 2002 biopic Bloody Sunday.

It is the subject of conversation in the I'm Alan Partridge episode "To Kill a Mocking Alan", where he feels it "really encapsulates the frustration of a Sunday." before being told by RTÉ executives (played by Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan) the real meaning of the song.

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" was commercially released throughout most of Europe in support of U2's album War. Its cover art is the same as that of "Two Hearts Beat as One," except on the Japan release, the B-side on the single, "Endless Deep," is one of the few U2 songs that features bassist Adam Clayton singing.

U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their

1.
U2 performing at Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton

3.
The tree pictured on The Joshua Tree album sleeve. Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."

4.
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.

Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Ty

War (U2 album)
–
War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 28 February 1983 on Island Records, U2 recorded the album from September–November 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing, the groups third consecutive album made at the studio with the producer. Musically, it is also harshe

1.
War

Recording studio
–
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically ha

Windmill Lane Studios
–
Windmill Lane Recording Studios is a 3-storey recording studio located at 20 Ringsend Road in Dublin, Ireland. Over the course of its history, it has been used by notable artists. The original site of the Windmill Lane Recording Studio remained a popular symbol for music fans due to the studio links with U2. It was originally used to record traditi

1.
Windmill Lane Studios is known for its graffiti (pictured above in 2008).

2.
Windmill Lane in Dublin in September 1994. The studios are on the left. On the near left, a fan has written out in blue on the pavement the lyrics to the U2 song " One ".

Dublin, Ireland
–
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman in

4.
Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian Street in Dublin.

Island Records
–
Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records includ

1.
Island Records

Songwriter
–
A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hit

Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select th

Steve Lillywhite
–
Stephen Alan Lillywhite, CBE is an English record producer. He has won six Grammy Awards, including the Producer of The Year in 2006, Lillywhite was born in Surrey, England. From 1984 to 1994 he was married to Kirsty MacColl, with whom he had two sons, Jamie and Louis and he has been married to Patricia Louise Galluzzi since 29 May 2004. He was mad

1.
Steve Lillywhite

2.
UK releases

3.
Studio albums

Two Hearts Beat as One
–
Two Hearts Beat as One is a song by rock band U2. It is the track on their 1983 album, War. Two Hearts Beat as One features a bassline by Adam Clayton and achieved moderate success as a single in the UK. Unlike the other videos from the album, it has never included on any of the bands video compilations. It was released as the second single in the

1.
7" vinyl

Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Under a Blood Red Sky is a live album by Irish rock band U2, produced by Jimmy Iovine and released in 1983. Along with its companion film, U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky. The album consists of recordings from three shows on the bands War Tour, from Colorado and Boston in the US and from Germany. An accompanying concert video entitled U

1.
Under a Blood Red Sky

A Celebration
–
A Celebration is a song by rock band U2. It was released as a single in March 1982, between the records October and War. U2 have re-released the track on two occasions, on the 2004 digital compilation album The Complete U2, and on the disc of the remastered October in 2008. Trash, Trampoline and the Party Girl, commonly shortened to Party Girl, was

1.
"A Celebration"

2.
Japan cover

The Electric Co.
–
The Electric Co. or Cry/The Electric Co. is the tenth song by Irish rock band U2 from their debut album Boy, released in 1980. Electric co. is an abbreviation for electric convulsion therapy, which is an electric shock suffered by patients in psychiatry as part of their treatment. The band wrote this as a protest song in reference to a friend who t

1.
The Edge plays "The Electric Co." in a Vertigo Tour show in October 2005; this song returned to be a regular in concert setlists.

Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usu

1.
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).

Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular

Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United K

The Troubles
–
The Troubles is the common name for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is described as a guerrilla war or low-level war. The most recent instalment of violence began in the late 1960s and is deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Belfast

Northern Ireland
–
Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population

Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Fourteen people died, thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland C

Derry
–
Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire meaning oak grove, in 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and gained the London prefix to reflect the funding of its construction by

Bono
–
Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future

Protest song
–
A protest song is a song that is associated with a movement for social change and hence part of the broader category of topical songs. It may be folk, classical, or commercial in genre, Protest songs are frequently situational, having been associated with a social movement through context. Goodnight Irene, for example, acquired the aura of a protes

Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television sh

The Edge
–
David Howell Evans, better known by his stage name The Edge, is an Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with the band as well as one solo record, as a guitarist, the Edge has crafted a minimali

Ali Hewson
–
Alison Ali Hewson is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982. She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989, the couple h

1.
Hewson in 2014

2.
Bono in 1983, a year after he married Ali Hewson

3.
View west of Sellafield, with the Irish Sea in the background

4.
Chernobyl power plant in 2003 with the sarcophagus containment structure

Jamaica
–
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island cam

1.
Henry Morgan was a famous Caribbean pirate and privateer; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists.

Larry Mullen, Jr.
–
Laurence Joseph Larry Mullen Jr. is an Irish musician and actor, best known as the drummer of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the band since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with U2, Mullen was born and raised in Dublin, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, where, in 1976, he co-founded U2 after posting a message on th

1.
Mullen in 2006

2.
Mullen (right) performing with U2 in 2009

3.
Mullen playing keyboards

Andy Newmark
–
Andrew Newmark was born on July 14,1950, in Port Chester, New York, and raised primarily in the nearby suburb of Mamaroneck. His mother was Bermudian, and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant who worked in the New York District Attorneys office, first taking up the drums at the age of nine, Newmark gradually honed his craft and was taking paid

1.
Andy Newmark at The Three Mariners, Faversham, UK in June of 2008

Steve Wickham
–
Steve Wickham is an Irish musician. He is a member of The Waterboys. Wickham plays both rock and roll and traditional Irish music, and has developed a rock music technique for violin he calls the fuzz fiddle, Wickham is also accomplished with the mandolin, tin whistle, concertina, saxophone, piano, guitar and bones. He identifies Lou Reed, Van Morr

1.
Steve Wickham, 2012.

2.
Cover of Wickham's first and only solo album. Wickham's preference for traditional fiddle (pictured) music is demonstrated by his compositions.

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Paul McGuinness
–
Paul McGuinness is the main shareholder and founder of Principle Management Limited, a popular music act management company based in Dublin, in the Republic of Ireland. He was the manager of the band U2 from 1978 to 2013, and is the current manager of PJ Harvey, and The Rapture. McGuinness was born in a British military hospital at Rinteln, Westpha

1.
McGuinness in 2010

Bobby Sands
–
Robert Gerard Sands, commonly known as Bobby Sands, was an Irish member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze. He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested against the removal of Special Category Status, during his strike he was elected to t

Bar (music)
–
Dividing music into bars provides regular reference points to pinpoint locations within a piece of music. It also makes written music easier to follow, since each bar of staff symbols can be read and played as a batch. Typically, a piece consists of bars of the same length. In simple time, the top figure indicates the number of beats per bar, the w

Riff
–
In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within th

Tempo
–
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, while the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing,

1.
Electronic metronome, Wittner model

2.
The first two measures of Mozart 's Sonata K. 331, which indicates the tempo as "Andante grazioso" (Italian for "at walking pace, graceful") and a modern editormarking: " ♪ = 120". Play (help · info)

Time signature
–
The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, Th

Electric violin
–
An electric violin is a violin equipped with an electronic output of its sound. The term most properly refers to an instrument intentionally made to be electrified with built-in pickups and it can also refer to a violin fitted with an electric pickup of some type, although amplified violin or electro-acoustic violin are more accurate in that case.

1.
Electric Violins

2.
A traditional acoustic violin and a modern electronic violin from Marc Capuano.

3.
Acoustic-electric violin bridge with piezoelectric element inlay

Snare drum
–
The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps. It is one of the pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drum

1.
A drum kit snare drum.

3.
Snares on a drum

4.
Snare Strainer

Military band
–
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments, the conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Bandmaster or Director of Music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of mar

Reverb
–
Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing in amplitude, until they reach zero amplitude. In comparison to an echo that is a minimum of 50 to 100 ms after the initial sound. As time passes, the am

1.
Folded line reverberation device.

2.
Sound level in a reverberant cavity excited by a pulse, as a function of time (very simplified diagram).

Arpeggio
–
A broken chord is a chord broken into a sequence of notes. A broken chord may repeat some of the notes from the chord, an arpeggio is a type of broken chord where the notes that compose a chord are played or sung in a rising or descending order. An arpeggio may also more than one octave. The word arpeggio comes from the Italian word arpeggiare, whi

B minor
–
B minor is a minor scale consisting of the pitches B, C♯, D, E, F♯, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps, the harmonic minor raises the note A to A♯. Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written with accidentals as necessary and its relative major is D major, and its parallel major is B major. By the e

1.
B minor

Minor chord
–
In music theory, a minor chord is a chord having a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth. When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a minor triad, some minor triads with additional notes, such as the minor seventh chord, may also be called minor chords. Hence it can be represented by the integer notation, a major chord differs from

Bass drum
–
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert b

1.
Bass drum

3.
Bass drums with "woofers" or additional resonating sections attached to enhance tone and depth. Drum set used by Alex van Halen

4.
Conventional single pedal

Adam Clayton
–
Adam Charles Clayton is an Irish musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band U2. He has resided in County Dublin since the time his family moved to Malahide when he was five years old in 1965. Clayton is well known for his bass playing on such as Gloria, New Years Day, Bullet the Blue Sky, With or Without You, Mysterious Ways, Get o

Major chord
–
In music theory, a major chord is a chord that has a root note, a major third above this root, and a perfect fifth above this root note. When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a major triad, in Western classical music from 1600 to 1820 and in Western pop, folk and rock music, a major chord is usually played as a triad. The major tri

1.
The just major triad is composed of three tones in simple, whole number ratios.

Bloody Sunday (1920)
–
Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. In total,32 people were killed, including thirteen British soldiers and police, sixteen Irish civilians and this includes people who were mortally wounded, but died later. The day began with an Irish Republican Army operation, organised by Micha

2.
A photo purportedly of the Cairo Gang, but more probably the Igoe Gang (sometimes called the 'Murder Gang' by the IRA). These were RIC officers who were brought to Dublin to identify and target IRA men who had moved to the capital from their respective counties. There is no known photograph of the Cairo Gang.

Easter Sunday
–
It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha an

1.
Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ, having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan, depicted as an old man, is bound and chained. (See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art.)

2.
Papyrus 4, fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the Gospel of Matthew, ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ᾽θαιον (euangelion kata Maththaion). Dated to late 2nd or early 3rd century, it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew

2.
Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.

3.
The performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday "—selected as one of Rolling Stone ‍ '​s "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.

1.
The red Vauxhall Cavalier containing the bomb. This photograph was taken shortly before the explosion; the camera was found afterwards in the rubble. The Spanish man and child seen in the photo both survived. The photographer, who was with the same group of Spanish tourists, was killed.

2.
Lower Market Street, site of the bombing, 2001. The courthouse is in the background

3.
The scene in Market Street minutes after the bomb went off. Survivors are shown helping the injured

2.
Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.

3.
The performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday "—selected as one of Rolling Stone ‍ '​s "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.

1.
U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype

U2
–
U2 performing at Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
–
Bono performs in Norway during the War Tour in 1983.
U2
–
The tree pictured on The Joshua Tree album sleeve. Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
–
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.

2.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

3.
War (U2 album)
–
War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 28 February 1983 on Island Records, U2 recorded the album from September–November 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing, the groups third consecutive album made at the studio with the producer. Musically, it is also harsher than the previous releases. The album has been described as the record where the band turned pacifism itself into a crusade, War was a commercial success for the band, knocking Michael Jacksons Thriller from the top of the charts to become the bands first number-one album in the UK. It reached number 12 in the US and became their first gold-certified album there, while poorly received by British critics at the time of release, War has since gained critical acclaim. In 2012, the album was ranked number 223 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the group supported the album with the War Tour through the end of 1983. In August 1982, Bono and Ali honeymooned in Jamaica and it has been noted that it was not a typical honeymoon, as Bono reportedly worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album. The lyrics to New Years Day had its origins in a love song Bono wrote for his wife, the band began recording the album in September 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin with producer Steve Lillywhite, their third consecutive record at the studio with the producer. The albums opener, Sunday Bloody Sunday, an ardent protest song, stems from a guitar riff, following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, the Edge – feeling depressed. Channeled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music, Early versions of the song opened with the line, Dont talk to me about the rights of the IRA, UDA. After Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song, the opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook. A local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop, in the studio for only half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. During the sessions for Sunday Bloody Sunday, Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. Mullen used the track to stay in time for other songs on the album. Mullen said of the album in a 1983 interview, I think the drumming has always been pretty simple, for War I use a click track, something I havent used before, its a way of keeping time in my headphones. When I listened to the music in time with the click track I knew I had to bring it down to the real basics, hopefully for the next LP it will be more complicated, Ill move on. I think of it as a progression for myself because I learned a lot recording this album, just about my own style. I think there is a style on War where there isnt on the previous albums

War (U2 album)
–
War

4.
Recording studio
–
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software

5.
Windmill Lane Studios
–
Windmill Lane Recording Studios is a 3-storey recording studio located at 20 Ringsend Road in Dublin, Ireland. Over the course of its history, it has been used by notable artists. The original site of the Windmill Lane Recording Studio remained a popular symbol for music fans due to the studio links with U2. It was originally used to record traditional Irish music, notably by Planxty, other bands, such as Thin Lizzy or The Boomtown Rats, went to London or further afield to record their albums. After U2 based themselves at the studios, Van Morrison, Sinéad OConnor, clannads hit Theme from Harrys Game was recorded at the studios, this song propelled the band and their singer Moya Brennan into international territories. Status Quo recorded two albums here in 1980, Just Supposin and Never Too Late, released in 1981, the studios were expanded in the 1980s under the supervision of Andy Munro of Munro Acoustics. Much of the work was specifically for U2s album The Joshua Tree. The original studio buildings were covered in graffiti from fans, who had paid pilgrimage from all over the world, the original location of the studios were recommended as a tourist attraction by publications such as The New York Times. However, this building has since been demolished. In the late 1980s, Windmill Lane Recording Studios relocated from its base on Windmill Lane road to its current location on Ringsend Road. The original Windmill Lane road site was bought by property companies Hibernia Reit in 2015 and it will be developed into offices, retail spaces and residential units, and is expected to be completed in 2017. International artists have made use of Windmill Lane Recording Studios, including the Rolling Stones, Status Quo, Kate Bush, Kylie Minogue. Elvis Costello, The Waterboys, The Spice Girls, Ed Sheeran, Ellie Goulding, Metallica, Norah Jones, Windmill Lane Recording Studios have become known as the U2 Studios due to the bands close connection with the studios. U2 albums to have fully or partially recorded at Windmill Lane Recording Studios include Boy, War, The Joshua Tree, Pop, All That You Cant Leave Behind. Orchestras regularly record their music at Windmill Lane Recording Studios, as it is the recording room in Ireland that can record an 80-piece orchestra apart from Radio Telefís Éireann. The scores to many movies have been recorded here, Mission Impossible, Syng Street, A Room with a View, The Remains of the Day, The Mask, the Grifters, My Left Foot, In America, and A River Runs Through It

Windmill Lane Studios
–
Windmill Lane Studios is known for its graffiti (pictured above in 2008).
Windmill Lane Studios
–
Windmill Lane in Dublin in September 1994. The studios are on the left. On the near left, a fan has written out in blue on the pavement the lyrics to the U2 song " One ".

6.
Dublin, Ireland
–
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle

7.
Island Records
–
Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time

Island Records
–
Island Records

8.
Songwriter
–
A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song

9.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

10.
Steve Lillywhite
–
Stephen Alan Lillywhite, CBE is an English record producer. He has won six Grammy Awards, including the Producer of The Year in 2006, Lillywhite was born in Surrey, England. From 1984 to 1994 he was married to Kirsty MacColl, with whom he had two sons, Jamie and Louis and he has been married to Patricia Louise Galluzzi since 29 May 2004. He was made a Commander of the Order of The British Empire in 2012 for his contributions to music, Lillywhite entered the music industry in 1972, when he worked as a tape operator for Polygram. He produced a recording for Ultravox, which led to them being offered a recording contract with Island Records. Lillywhite soon joined Island as a producer, where he worked with many of the leading new wave musicians, including the guitarist Johnny Thunders for whom he produced a solo album. His first commercial success was with Siouxsie and the Banshees in August 1978, after producing their debut single and he also produced Ku Klux Klan, the first single that Steel Pulse released under Island Records in 1978. In February 1980 the Psychedelic Furs self-titled debut album was released, produced by Lillywhite and he also produced Peter Gabriels critically acclaimed third solo album Peter Gabriel, which was released in May 1980 and topped the UK album chart. It established Gabriel as one of rocks most ambitious, innovative musicians, during the recording of the album he pioneered the gated reverb drum sound which became a hallmark of Phil Collins solo career. Later in the year, Boy, the album of U2, was released, produced by Lillywhite. Lillywhites collaboration with U2 continued with the albums October and War, Lillywhite was also hired by Rush to produce their 1984 album, Grace Under Pressure but, much to their frustration, withdrew from the project to work with Simple Minds. In 1987 Lillywhite worked with the Pogues, producing Fairytale of New York and his wife, Kirsty MacColl, provided the lead female vocal for the song, which became the bands biggest hit. The single narrowly missed being the UK Christmas number one single, the song Cotton Fields, from the Pogues 1989 album Peace and Love, includes a reference to Steve Lillywhites drunken mix. During the 1990s, Lillywhite produced the platinum albums Under the Table and Dreaming, Crash. In 1991, he continued to produce Morrissey and co-produced songs from U2s Achtung Baby, working alongside Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Flood. That same year he returned to Dublin to produce Engine Alleys debut album entitled A Sonic Holiday, and Kirsty MacColl again provided additional vocals and he also produced albums by Travis and the debut by The Las. In 1996, he produced Phishs Billy Breathes, and he returned to produce Joy in 2009, lilywhite was featured as the subject for a BBC Radio 1 documentary series on record producers. In 1999, he produced the US band Gusters Lost and Gone Forever, in 2000, Lillywhite was fired from his fourth album by the Dave Matthews Band after band members cited creative differences

11.
Two Hearts Beat as One
–
Two Hearts Beat as One is a song by rock band U2. It is the track on their 1983 album, War. Two Hearts Beat as One features a bassline by Adam Clayton and achieved moderate success as a single in the UK. Unlike the other videos from the album, it has never included on any of the bands video compilations. It was released as the second single in the US, UK and Australia, as opposed to Sunday Bloody Sunday. Both singles were released in Japan, the song was first played in concert on 26 February 1983, at the first show of the War Tour and was played at almost all concerts on that tour. On the second leg of the War Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One began to follow Surrender and this transition survived to the Unforgettable Fire Tour. However, on the leg of the Unforgettable Fire Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One was separated from Surrender. Its last tour appearance on 29 April 1985, in Atlanta and it made a further subsequent appearance when it was performed as part of the encore at a Lovetown Tour concert on 27 December 1989, in the Point Depot, Dublin. The song was not played again for 25 years until a New York concert during the Innocence + Experience Tour. A live performance of the song at Red Rocks Amphitheatre appears on the DVD release of the concert film Live at Red Rocks, list of covers of U2 songs – Two Hearts Beat as One Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

Two Hearts Beat as One
–
7" vinyl

12.
Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Under a Blood Red Sky is a live album by Irish rock band U2, produced by Jimmy Iovine and released in 1983. Along with its companion film, U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky. The album consists of recordings from three shows on the bands War Tour, from Colorado and Boston in the US and from Germany. An accompanying concert video entitled U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky was released the following year, unlike the album, the film was recorded entirely at the outdoor Red Rocks Amphitheatre on 5 June 1983. The bands performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday from the film has been cited as one of Rolling Stones 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock, the title is taken from the lyrics of the song New Years Day, originally released on U2s War album. The album was re-released on 29 September 2008 as a remastered CD with a DVD of the Red Rocks concert, all tracks written by U2, with lyrics by Bono. Notes During the performance of The Electric Co, Bono included a 27-second snippet of Stephen Sondheims Send in the Clowns. When Under a Blood Red Sky was released, U2 failed to get permission and pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to include that piece of Sondheims tune on the album. When Sondheim objected, U2 agreed to pay a $50,000 penalty for the unauthorized use and to press all future releases with a new version that did not include the snippet. Essentially, there are now two versions of the album, the original with the full The Electric Co. running 5,18. However, the various CDs pressed around the world all vary in the versions of the song that are included, the trifold digipack CD pressed in the U. S. correctly lists The Electric Co. at 4,51 and contains the edited version of the song. Later U. S. CD pressings in the jewel box format incorrectly list The Electric Co. at 5,18. Some, and perhaps all, European pressings of the CD correctly list The Electric Co. at 5,18 and have the version of the song. An Australian pressing of the CD lists the track at 4,57, the remastered editions all contain the edited version of the song

Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Under a Blood Red Sky

13.
A Celebration
–
A Celebration is a song by rock band U2. It was released as a single in March 1982, between the records October and War. U2 have re-released the track on two occasions, on the 2004 digital compilation album The Complete U2, and on the disc of the remastered October in 2008. Trash, Trampoline and the Party Girl, commonly shortened to Party Girl, was released as the B-side. According to Universal Music Publishing Groups sheet music published at Musicnotes. com, the vocals extend from a low note of A4 to a high of B5. The singer explained that all I was saying was that the realities of the bomb must be faced, a Celebration made its live debut in late February 1982 and sporadically appeared at concerts throughout that year until it became a regular of the Pre-War Tour during the month of December. It then appeared at some dates of the War Tour in February. Its last live appearance was on November 30,1983 in Tokyo, the track was absent from any of the groups compilations until The Complete U2 in 2004. Nevertheless, the band did film and release a video for the song, most of which was shot in and this video has not been included in any video compilation released by the band. The video was directed by Meiert Avis, a Celebration was available as part of The Complete U2, and the remastered release of October in 2008. Its appearance on the latter was its first appearance on a U2 Compact Disc, Trash, Trampoline and the Party Girl, commonly known as Party Girl, was the B-side to A Celebration. According to Universal Music Publishing Groups sheet music published at Musicnotes. com, the vocals extend from a low note of A4 to a high of E6. In contrast to the A-side, after its debut on February 26,1983 at the first War Tour concert. This happened despite the fact that after the performance, Bono stated that is the first. It continued to be a regular for the couple of tours and has appeared sporadically at U2 concerts since then. Only one non-album song has played more times, the 1980 single 11 OClock Tick Tock. On numerous occasions in the live history, U2 have invited fans on-stage to perform the song by playing the acoustic guitar part. Despite the bands apparent dislike of the song, a video for it was filmed at Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin, drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. said of the music video in 1983, We did a video of it

A Celebration
–
"A Celebration"
A Celebration
–
Japan cover

14.
The Electric Co.
–
The Electric Co. or Cry/The Electric Co. is the tenth song by Irish rock band U2 from their debut album Boy, released in 1980. Electric co. is an abbreviation for electric convulsion therapy, which is an electric shock suffered by patients in psychiatry as part of their treatment. The band wrote this as a protest song in reference to a friend who tried to kill himself, for live performances, a short song called The Cry or Cry has been linked to the beginning The Electric Co. The riff from The Cry was later used in the song Is That All, from the groups 1981 album October. The Electric Co. was sometimes titled Cry/The Electric Co. because it was preceded by The Cry, in the studio version of The Electric Co. found on Boy, The Cry is not incorporated in the song. The Cry preceded The Electric Co. at every concert since 1980 in Edinburgh until the end of The Unforgettable Fire Tour, during this period, Bono sang a snippet of Send in the Clowns by Stephen Sondheim at the end of the song. During The Joshua Tree Tour, it was played without The Cry, and it was last performed on August 3,1987. On March 28,2005, in San Diego, California, on the night of the Vertigo Tour. It became a favorite on the Vertigo Tour, during the first leg of the tour it was preceded by The Cry, but they stopped using it during the second leg, except in Montreal in the third set. The song was played in most of the concerts in the first leg, and all but one of the shows in the second leg and it had only appeared in one of the 21 concerts in 2006. In Under a Blood Red Sky, Bono sings a snippet of Send in the Clowns by Stephen Sondheim lasting 27 seconds, U2 didnt get permission to sing this song, causing them to pay US $50,000. The original release contains the snippet, but others contained a version of the song. In U2 Live at Red Rocks, Cry/The Electric Co. was not in the release of the film because Bono repeats singing the snippet of Send in the Clowns without permission. Bono also climbs a lighting rig while holding a flag, during a part in the song. The 2008 remastered edition contains a version of the song. List of covers of U2 songs - The Electric Co, the Electric Co lyrics at u2. com

The Electric Co.
–
The Edge plays "The Electric Co." in a Vertigo Tour show in October 2005; this song returned to be a regular in concert setlists.

15.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

16.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

17.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously

18.
The Troubles
–
The Troubles is the common name for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is described as a guerrilla war or low-level war. The most recent instalment of violence began in the late 1960s and is deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Belfast Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mainly took place in Northern Ireland, violence spilled over at times parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe. The conflict was political and nationalistic, fuelled by historical events. It also had an ethnic or sectarian dimension, although it was not a religious conflict, a key issue was the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists, who are mostly Protestants and consider themselves British, want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, Irish nationalists/republicans, who are predominantly Catholics, want Northern Ireland to be reunited with the 26 counties which make up the Republic of Ireland in an independent united Ireland. This campaign was met with violence by loyalists who viewed the campaign as a stalking horse. This eventually led to the deployment of British troops, initially to protect Catholic civilians, the security forces of the Republic played a smaller role. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the British security forces, there has been sporadic violence since the Good Friday Agreement was signed, including a campaign by anti-ceasefire republicans. The Troubles refers to the recent three-decade conflict between nationalists and unionists, the term the Troubles was previously used to refer to the Irish revolutionary period, it was adopted to refer to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland after 1969. The violence was characterised by the campaigns of Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups. It thus became the focus for the longest major campaign in the history of the British Army, nationalists regard the state forces as forces of occupation or partisan combatants in the conflict. One part of the Agreement is that Northern Ireland will remain within the United Kingdom unless a majority of the Northern Irish electorate vote otherwise and it also established the Northern Ireland Executive, a devolved power-sharing government, which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties. In 1609, Scottish and English settlers, known as planters, were given land escheated from the native Irish in the Plantation of Ulster. As the Penal Laws started to be phased out in the part of the 18th century, there was more competition for land. With Roman Catholics allowed to buy land and enter trades from which they had formerly been banned, tensions arose resulting in the Protestant Peep ODay Boys and Catholic Defenders. This created polarisation between the communities and a reduction in reformers among Protestants, many of whom had been growing more receptive to democratic reform

19.
Northern Ireland
–
Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament, Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17. 2% in 1986, dropping to 6. 1% for June–August 2014,58. 2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough, some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish while others prefer to identify as British. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, in many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century, the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Victories by English forces in war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry and their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws, the new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. By the close of the century, autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom, in 1912, after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords, Home Rule became a near-certainty. A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911, which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned. The House of Lords veto had been the unionists main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted, in 1914, they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers, a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule

20.
Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Fourteen people died, thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, the soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as 1 Para. Two investigations have been held by the British government, the Widgery Tribunal, held in the immediate aftermath of the incident, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. It described the shooting as bordering on the reckless, but accepted their claims that they shot at gunmen. The report was criticised as a whitewash. The Saville Inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the incident, following a 12-year inquiry, Savilles report was made public in 2010 and concluded that the killings were both unjustified and unjustifiable. It found that all of those shot were unarmed, that none were posing a threat, that no bombs were thrown. On the publication of the report, British prime minister David Cameron made an apology on behalf of the United Kingdom. Following this, police began an investigation into the killings. Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events of the Troubles because a number of civilian citizens were killed, by forces of the state, in full view of the public. It was the highest number of killed in a single shooting incident during the conflict. Bloody Sunday increased Catholic and Irish nationalist hostility towards the British Army, Support for the Provisional Irish Republican Army rose and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally. While many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a force, in contrast to what was regarded as a sectarian police force. In response to escalating levels of violence across Northern Ireland, internment without trial was introduced on 9 August 1971, there was disorder across Northern Ireland following the introduction of internment, with 21 people being killed in three days of rioting. In Belfast, soldiers of the Parachute Regiment shot dead 11 Catholic civilians in what known as the Ballymurphy Massacre. On 10 August, Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, a further six soldiers had been killed in Derry by mid-December 1971. At least 1,332 rounds were fired at the British Army, who also faced 211 explosions and 180 nail bombs, both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established no-go areas for the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry through the use of barricades

Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Father Edward Daly waving a blood-stained white handkerchief while trying to escort the mortally wounded Jackie Duddy to safety.
Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Westland Street in the Bogside viewed from the city wall, 2007
Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Belt worn by Patrick Doherty. The notch was made by the bullet that killed him.
Bloody Sunday (1972)
–
Mural by Bogside Artists depicting all who were killed by the British Army on the day

21.
Derry
–
Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire meaning oak grove, in 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and gained the London prefix to reflect the funding of its construction by the London guilds. While the city is usually known colloquially as Derry, Londonderry is also commonly used. The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle, the city now covers both banks. The population of the city was 83,652 at the 2001 Census, the district administered by Derry City and Strabane District Council contains both Londonderry Port and City of Derry Airport. Derry is close to the border with County Donegal, with which it has had a link for many centuries. In 2013, Derry was the inaugural UK City of Culture, according to the citys Royal Charter of 10 April 1662, the official name is Londonderry. This was reaffirmed in a High Court decision in 2007 when Derry City Council sought guidance on the procedure for effecting a name change. The council had changed its name from Londonderry City Council to Derry City Council in 1984, the decision of the court was that it had not but it was clarified that the correct procedure to do so was via a petition to the Privy Council. Derry City Council since started this process and were involved in conducting an equality impact assessment report, then the EQIA held two consultative forums, and solicited comments from the general public on whether or not the city should have its name changed to Derry. A total of 12,136 comments were received, of which 3,108 were broadly in favour of the proposal, and 9,028 opposed to it. Despite the official name, the city is usually known as Derry, which is an anglicisation of the Irish Daire or Doire. The name derives from the settlements earliest references, Daire Calgaich, the name was changed from Derry in 1613 during the Plantation of Ulster to reflect the establishment of the city by the London guilds. In McCaffertys survey of language use in the city, only very few interviewees—all Protestants—use the official form, apart from the name of Derry City Council, the city is usually known as Londonderry in official use within the UK. In the Republic of Ireland, the city and county are almost always referred to as Derry, on maps, in the media and in conversation. Whereas official road signs in the Republic use the name Derry, usage varies among local organisations, with both names being used. Most companies within the city choose local area such as Pennyburn. Londonderry railway station is referred to as Waterside railway station within the city but is called Derry/Londonderry at other stations

22.
Bono
–
Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma

Bono
–
Bono in 2014
Bono
–
The hearing aid shop, Bonavox, that provided Hewson with the nickname "Bono Vox".
Bono
–
Bono on stage in 1983
Bono
–
Bono (right) with Sting during A Conspiracy of Hope in 1986

23.
Protest song
–
A protest song is a song that is associated with a movement for social change and hence part of the broader category of topical songs. It may be folk, classical, or commercial in genre, Protest songs are frequently situational, having been associated with a social movement through context. Goodnight Irene, for example, acquired the aura of a protest song because it was written by Lead Belly, a black convict and social outcast, although on its face it is a love song. Or they may be abstract, expressing, in general terms, opposition to injustice and support for peace, or free thought. Beethovens Ode to Joy, a song in support of universal brotherhood, is a song of this kind and it is a setting of a poem by Schiller celebrating the continuum of living beings, to which Beethoven himself added the lines that all men are brothers. Songs which support the status quo do not qualify as protest songs, Protest song texts may have significant cognitive content. The labor movement musical Pins and Needles summed up the definition of a protest song in a number called Sing Me a Song of Social Significance, Phil Ochs once explained, A protest song is a song thats so specific that you cannot mistake it for BS. There is no evidence that it was sung as a movement song. A more recent song advocating sexual liberation is Sexo by Los Prisioneros, reggae* music, originating in Jamaica, has become a major global form of protest song on a wide variety of themes. The sociologist R. Serge Denisoff saw protest songs rather narrowly in terms of their function, Denisoff saw the protest song tradition as originating in the psalms or songs of grass-roots Protestant religious revival movements, terming these hymns protest-propaganda, as well. Denisoff subdivided protest songs as either magnetic or rhetorical, magnetic protest songs were aimed at attracting people to the movement and promoting group solidarity and commitment – for example, Eyes on the Prize and We Shall Overcome. Rhetorical protest songs, on the hand, are often characterized by individual indignation. Denisoff argued that although rhetorical songs often are not overtly connected to building a larger movement, examples include Bob Dylans Masters of War and Whats Going On by Marvin Gaye. They point out that Denisoff had paid attention to the song tunes of protest music, considered them strictly subordinate to the texts. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the songs this way. Raï has been music in Algeria, to the point of one popular singer being assassinated. According to Memi, It is a song against racism, so I wanted to sing it with a North African who was born in France Because of that and because of his talent, in the song, we say, In your eyes, I feel like foreigner. Its like the kids who were born in France but they have Arab faces and they are French, and they should be considered French

24.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors

25.
The Edge
–
David Howell Evans, better known by his stage name The Edge, is an Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with the band as well as one solo record, as a guitarist, the Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a delay effect yields a distinctive ambient. The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, and was raised in Ireland after the Evans family moved there, in 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School he formed a band with his fellow students and elder brother Dik that would evolve into U2. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements and they eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular music, with albums such as 1987s The Joshua Tree and 1991s Achtung Baby. With U2, the Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, the Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band. As a member of U2 and as an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and he co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. Several music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest guitarists of all time, david Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in the County of Essex in England, on 8 August 1961. He is the child of Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans, who originated in Llanelli. Garvin was an engineer who worked for the electricity board. The Edge has an elder brother Richard and a sister called Gillian. He received his formal education at St Andrews National School, Malahide. As a child he received piano and guitar lessons. Among the several other pupils who also responded to the note were Bono and this band went through a number of versions before becoming known as U2 in March 1978. U2 began its public life in small venues in Dublin in 1977. In December 1979 they performed their first concerts outside Ireland, in London and their debut album Boy was released in 1980. In 1981, leading up to the October Tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, during this period he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved. Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music later became Sunday Bloody Sunday

26.
Ali Hewson
–
Alison Ali Hewson is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982. She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989, the couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland, France, and the United States. She has inspired several U2 songs, most famously Sweetest Thing, Hewson became involved in anti-nuclear activism in the 1990s. She narrated Black Wind, White Land, a 1993 Irish documentary about the effects of the Chernobyl disaster. She has been a patron of Chernobyl Childrens Project International since 1994 and has participated in a number of aid missions to the exclusion zones of Belarus. She has also campaigned against Sellafield, the northern English nuclear facility, in 2002 she helped lead an effort which sent more than a million postcards, urging the site be closed, to Prime Minister Tony Blair and others. Hewson has repeatedly been discussed by tabloid newspapers as a candidate for political offices. None of these suggestions have come to fruition, Hewson is the co-founder of two ethical businesses, the EDUN fashion line in 2005 and Nude Skincare products in 2007. The former, intended to promote trade with Africa, has struggled to become a viable business. French conglomerate LVMH has made investments into both companies. Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961, the daughter of Terry and she has an older brother, Ian, and nephew, aspiring model Ross Stewart, who both live in Australia. The Stewart family, who resided in the suburb of Raheny on Dublins Northside and her father was a self-educated electrical worker who, according to Hewson, was constantly questioning things. Her mother, who was a housewife, had a career in mind for her daughter. Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, at the age of twelve, she met Paul Hewson, who was in the year above at the school. He pursued her immediately, but she kept her distance. In September 1974, Pauls mother Iris died suddenly, leaving him emotionally adrift, soon after, Alison began taking care of Paul, cleaning his clothes, walking to school with him, and cooking for him. In September 1976, Paul met the members of what would become U2, the band members adopted nicknames

Ali Hewson
–
Hewson in 2014
Ali Hewson
–
Bono in 1983, a year after he married Ali Hewson
Ali Hewson
–
View west of Sellafield, with the Irish Sea in the background
Ali Hewson
–
Chernobyl power plant in 2003 with the sarcophagus containment structure

27.
Jamaica
–
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers

28.
Larry Mullen, Jr.
–
Laurence Joseph Larry Mullen Jr. is an Irish musician and actor, best known as the drummer of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the band since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with U2, Mullen was born and raised in Dublin, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, where, in 1976, he co-founded U2 after posting a message on the schools notice board. His drumming style developed from his playing martial beats in a marching band. Some of his most famous contributions to the U2 catalogue include Sunday Bloody Sunday, Pride, Where the Streets Have No Name, Zoo Station, Mysterious Ways, through his work with U2, Mullen has received 22 Grammy Awards. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, as a member of the band, he has been involved in philanthropic causes throughout his career, including Amnesty International. He has sporadically acted in films, most notably in Man on the Train and his father was a civil servant and his mother a homemaker. He has a sister, Cecilia, and had a younger sister. He attended the School of Music in Chatham Row to learn piano at the age of eight and, then, began drumming in 1971, at the age of 9, after Joes death, Bonnies daughter, Monica, took over from him. But Mullen gave up the lessons and started playing by himself and his mother died in a car accident in 1976. Mullen lost interest again and left the band after they asked him to cut his shoulder-length hair and he saved money and his father helped him out to buy a drum kit made by a Japanese toy company, which was for sale by a friend of his sister Cecilia. He set up the kit in his bedroom and his parents gave him certain times to practice, then his father got him into the Post Office Workers Band, which played orchestral melodies with percussion, along with marching band standards. He attended Scoil Colmcille, Marlborough Street, Dublin and he took the exams for Chanel College and St. Pauls, two Catholic schools his father wanted his son to attend. Mullens father suggested that he place a notice on the Mount Temple bulletin board, U2 was founded on 25 September 1976 in Mullens kitchen in Artane. McCormick and Martin soon left, and the name was changed to The Hype. Just before they won a talent contest in Limerick, Ireland, they changed their name again, for the time, to U2 at a farewell concert for Dik Evans. Mullen left school in 1978, having taken his Intermediate Certificate exams, the school offered him the chance to complete his Leaving Certificate exams. He and his sister Cecelia worked for an American company in Dublin, Mullen worked there for a year in the purchasing department, with the prospect of becoming a computer programmer in their geology section. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, when the band was first being signed to CBS Records, they refused to sign the band unless Mullen was fired

29.
Andy Newmark
–
Andrew Newmark was born on July 14,1950, in Port Chester, New York, and raised primarily in the nearby suburb of Mamaroneck. His mother was Bermudian, and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant who worked in the New York District Attorneys office, first taking up the drums at the age of nine, Newmark gradually honed his craft and was taking paid gigs at age 15. Visiting his mothers native Bermuda frequently throughout his youth, Newmark made the decision to move there on a permanent basis at the age of 16. Newmark played in the Bermuda Jam, a Bermuda band that included former Savages guitarist Paul Muggleton, one of his first prolific gigs was recording with a young Carly Simon, and he is featured on Simons 1971 album Anticipation as well as her follow-up album, No Secrets. These, and other early sessions segued into a permanent role as a member of the funk band Sly. Hired to replace Gerry Gibson, who in turn had replaced founding Family Stone member Greg Errico, Newmark went on to record one album as the Family Stones drummer, Fresh and also performed with the band for two years in live concert. And had played Beautifully Sweet Beat time on a Bread Recording LA Session to Artist Giants, after leaving Family Stone in 1974, Newmark returned to session work, soon landing another prominent role playing drums on Gary Wrights 1975 album Dream Weaver. In addition, Newmark has performed and recorded with John Lennon, Cat Stevens, Joe Walsh, in 1980, Newmark was the sole drummer on John Lennons last album, Double Fantasy, as well as Milk and Honey released in 1984. He was also the drummer on Yoko Onos Season of Glass in 1981. According to a 2006 Sound on Sound magazine interview with engineer Andy Jackson, since 2011, Newmark has been a member of Kent based band Rocky and the Natives. Newmark uses Yamaha drums, Remo drum heads, Zildjian cymbals and his drum setup and cymbals vary slightly with who he plays with, but generally favors a setup consisting of a bass drum, rack tom, snare drum, and then one or two floor toms

Andy Newmark
–
Andy Newmark at The Three Mariners, Faversham, UK in June of 2008

30.
Steve Wickham
–
Steve Wickham is an Irish musician. He is a member of The Waterboys. Wickham plays both rock and roll and traditional Irish music, and has developed a rock music technique for violin he calls the fuzz fiddle, Wickham is also accomplished with the mandolin, tin whistle, concertina, saxophone, piano, guitar and bones. He identifies Lou Reed, Van Morrison, Toni Marcus, and Mozart as musical influences, amongst others and he is described by Mike Scott as the worlds greatest rock fiddle player and by New Musical Express as a fiddling legend. Scott invited Wickham to participate in The Waterboys after hearing his work on an OConnor demo tape at Wallingers studio, Wickham contributed his fiddle to the song The Pan Within on The Waterboys This Is the Sea. After the album was released, Wallinger left The Waterboys and Wickham joined the group officially, Wickham invited Scott to move The Waterboys to Dublin, Ireland in 1986. Wickhams influence and the new environment resulted in the traditional Irish music, in 1990, Wickham, preferring an acoustic sound over rock, disagreed with Scott and Anthony Thistlethwaite over the direction of The Waterboys, and the group disbanded. Scott reformed the band seven years later, Wickham appeared as a guest at some Waterboys concerts in Dublin in 2000, and, according to Scott it felt so good he re-joined the band. The Waterboys now continue to record music and tour, with Wickham as a prominent member, Wickham also regularly performs with the Sligo Early Music Ensemble. Wickham has experimented with a technique he calls fuzz fiddle, partially inspired by rock fiddler Warren Ellis, Wickhams first attempt at a distorted rock fiddle sound was with a band named Juggler, which existed between 1978 and 1981. Wickham fed his fiddle through a distortion pedal, but disliked the amount of feedback. While attending a Nick Cave concert with Scott, Wickham observed Ellis use a fiddle with a fuzz pedal successfully, Wickham, after experimenting with some combinations, settled upon an amplifier, fiddle and pedal combination he was pleased with, and the fuzz-fiddle was reborn. Wickham has used the technique for The Waterboys song Is She Conscious, a cover of Bruce Springsteens Independence Day and, in a nod to Jimi Hendrixs version of The Star Spangled Banner, has also used it in a performance of Amhrán na bhFiann. Wickham has performed on albums as a guest or band member. His first solo album, Geronimo was released in 2004, the album is named after Wickhams name for his beloved violin

Steve Wickham
–
Steve Wickham, 2012.
Steve Wickham
–
Cover of Wickham's first and only solo album. Wickham's preference for traditional fiddle (pictured) music is demonstrated by his compositions.

31.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

32.
Paul McGuinness
–
Paul McGuinness is the main shareholder and founder of Principle Management Limited, a popular music act management company based in Dublin, in the Republic of Ireland. He was the manager of the band U2 from 1978 to 2013, and is the current manager of PJ Harvey, and The Rapture. McGuinness was born in a British military hospital at Rinteln, Westphalia in Germany, his father and his mother Sheila McGuinness née Lyne, was a schoolteacher from Lauragh, County Kerry, Ireland. There were three children in the family, Paul, Niall and Katy, McGuinness received his early formal education in Ireland at the private Jesuit boarding school Clongowes Wood College. From there he went on to Trinity College, Dublin University, before becoming involved with U2, he worked as a film technician on productions such as John Boormans Zardoz. For a time, he also managed folk-rock group Spud and he was nicknamed by The Prunes as The Goose, according to Bono in the book U2 by U2. Bono said, The Prunes came up with a name for Paul and he founded Principle Management Limited on 29 Mar 1984, the name being chosen because he wanted to be more principled than other managers. In 1985, McGuinness commissioned Eamon Dunphy to write the story of U2s early years, the book Unforgettable Fire – The Story of U2 was published in 1987. McGuinness and Bill Whelan set up a publishing company called McGuinness/Whelan Publishing in the late 1980s. In 2002 McGuinness was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Meteor Music Awards at Point Theatre Dublin and U2 won the best Irish Band Award. As a result of the cap on tax exemption in Ireland, in June 2006 McGuinness advised U2 to move its song publishing assets to Promogroup in The Netherlands. Noted for his business acumen, he has been responsible for U2 3D concert films, U2-branded iPods, sponsorship from BlackBerry and the first ever concert streamed live on YouTube. He is regarded as the member of U2, although in an interview with the Irish Press in 1985. He is also regarded as one of the most successful managers in the music business, McGuinness stepped down as manager of U2 after 34 years on 13 November 2013, with Madonnas manager Guy Oseary succeeding him in 2014. He was a partner of TV3 and is a director of Ardmore Studios. He became a member of the Arts Council of Ireland on 1 January 1988, having been nominated by Charles Haughey and he is an advocate on behalf of artists, record labels and music publishers. Oracle, and Facebook of building multi billion dollar industries on the back of our content without paying for it, McGuinness, alongside Eamon Dunphy and others, was involved in a consortium proposing and backing the relocation of Wimbledon F. C. to Dublin in the 1990s. The move to Dublin did not happen, with Wimbledon F. C. eventually moving to Milton Keynes, McGuinness married Kathy Gilfillan in 1977

Paul McGuinness
–
McGuinness in 2010

33.
Bobby Sands
–
Robert Gerard Sands, commonly known as Bobby Sands, was an Irish member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze. He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested against the removal of Special Category Status, during his strike he was elected to the British Parliament as an Anti H-Block candidate. His death and those of nine other hunger strikers were followed by a new surge of Provisional IRA recruitment, International media coverage brought attention to the hunger strikers, and the Republican movement in general, attracting both praise and criticism. Sands was born in 1954 to Roman Catholic parents, John and Rosaleen, after marrying, they relocated to the new development of Abbots Cross, Newtownabbey, County Antrim outside North Belfast. Sands was the eldest of four children and his younger sisters, Marcella and Bernadette, were born in 1955 and 1958, respectively. He also had a brother, John. Despite always having had Protestant friends, Sands suddenly found that none of them would even speak to him and he left school in 1969 at age 15, and enrolled in Newtownabbey Technical College, beginning an apprenticeship as a coach builder at Alexanders Coach Works in 1970. He was eventually confronted after leaving his shift in January 1971 by a number of his colleagues wearing the armbands of the local Ulster loyalist tartan gang. He was held at gunpoint and told that Alexanders was off-limits to Fenian scum and this event, by Sandss admission, proved to be the point at which he decided that militancy was the only solution. He attended his first Provisional IRA meeting in Twinbrook that month, by 1973, almost every Catholic family had been driven out of Rathcoole by violence and intimidation. In 1972, Sands joined the Provisional IRA and he was arrested and charged in October 1972 with possession of four handguns found in the house where he was staying. Sands was convicted in April 1973, sentenced to five years imprisonment, upon his release, he returned to his family home in West Belfast, and resumed his active role in the Provisional IRA. Sands and Joe McDonnell planned the October 1976 bombing of the Balmoral Furniture Company in Dunmurry, the showroom was destroyed but as the IRA men left the scene there was a gun battle with the Royal Ulster Constabulary. Leaving behind two wounded, Seamus Martin and Gabriel Corbett, the four tried to escape by car. One of the used in the attack was found in the car. In 1977 the four were sentenced to 14 years for possession of the revolver and they were not charged with explosive offences. Immediately after his sentence, Sands was implicated in a ruckus and spent the first 22 days on boards in Crumlin Road Prison,15 days naked, and a No.1 starvation diet every three days. In late 1980 Sands was chosen as Officer Commanding of the Provisional IRA prisoners in Long Kesh, Republican prisoners organised a series of protests seeking to regain their previous Special Category Status which would free them from some ordinary prison regulations

34.
Bar (music)
–
Dividing music into bars provides regular reference points to pinpoint locations within a piece of music. It also makes written music easier to follow, since each bar of staff symbols can be read and played as a batch. Typically, a piece consists of bars of the same length. In simple time, the top figure indicates the number of beats per bar, the word bar is more common in British English, and the word measure is more common in American English, although musicians generally understand both usages. In international usage, it is correct to speak of bar numbers and measure numbers. Along the same lines, it is wise to reserve the abbreviated form ‘bb, 3–4’ etc. for beats only, bars should be referred to by name in full. The first metrically complete measure within a piece of music is called ‘bar 1’ or ‘m. 1’, when the piece begins with an anacrusis, ‘bar 1’ or ‘m. 1’ is the following measure. Originally, the bar came from the vertical lines drawn through the staff to mark off metrical units. In British English, these lines are called bar, too. Note that double bar refers not to a type of bar, another term for the bar line denoting the end of a piece of music is music end. A repeat sign looks like the end, but it has two dots, one above the other, indicating that the section of music that is before is to be repeated. The beginning of the passage can be marked by a begin-repeat sign. This begin-repeat sign, if appearing at the beginning of a staff, does not act as a bar line because no bar is before it, in music with a regular meter, bars function to indicate a periodic accent in the music, regardless of its duration. Igor Stravinsky said of bar lines, The bar line is much, much more than a mere accent, bars and bar lines also indicate grouping, rhythmically of beats within and between bars, within and between phrases, and on higher levels such as meter. The earliest barlines, used in keyboard and vihuela music in the 15th and 16th centuries, didnt reflect a regular meter at all but were only section divisions, or in some cases marked off every beat. Barlines began to be introduced into music in the late 16th century. Not until the mid-17th century were used in the modern style with every measure being the same length. Modern editions of music that was originally notated without barlines sometimes use a mensurstrich as a compromise

35.
Riff
–
In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm

36.
Tempo
–
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, while the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing, an electronic or mechanical device, a metronome, may indicate the tempo, in other words, it is the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played. A piece of musics tempo is written at the start of the score. This means that a note value is specified as the beat. The greater the number of beats per minute, the smaller the amount of time between successive beats, and thus faster a piece must be played. For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying one beat every 0.5 seconds. Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome, with the advent of modern electronics, bpm became an extremely precise measure. Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo, instead of beats per minute, some 20th-century composers specify the total playing time for a piece, from which the performer can derive tempo. Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical, in electronic dance music, accurate knowledge of a tunes bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching. Some musical pieces do not have a mathematical time indication, in classical music it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words. Before the metronome, it was difficult to specify the tempo of a composition, yet, after the metronomes invention, musicians continued to use these words, often additionally indicating the mood of the piece. This blurred the distinction between tempo and mood indicators. For example, presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution, but allegro also connotes joy, presto, on the other hand, simply indicates speed. Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood, for example, the agitato in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwins piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication and a mood indication. In some cases, the conventions that governed musical composition were so strong that composers didnt need to indicate tempo, for example, the first movement of Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. To provide movement names, publishers of recordings resort to ad hoc measures, for marking the Brandenburg movement Allegro. In Renaissance music, performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus, the mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus

37.
Time signature
–
The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar

Time signature

38.
Electric violin
–
An electric violin is a violin equipped with an electronic output of its sound. The term most properly refers to an instrument intentionally made to be electrified with built-in pickups and it can also refer to a violin fitted with an electric pickup of some type, although amplified violin or electro-acoustic violin are more accurate in that case. The Electro Stringed Instrument Corporation, National and Vega sold electric violins in the 1930s and 1940s, there has been a great deal more commercial success of well known manufacturers of electric violins since the 1990 for both well known, established companies and new makers too. Acoustic violins may be used with an add-on piezoelectric bridge or body pickup, to avoid feedback from the resonances of the hollow body under high amplification on stage, many instruments have a solid body instead. This raw sound is preferred in rock, pop. Several semi-hollow designs exist, containing a sealed but hollow resonating chamber that provides some approximation of acoustic violin sound while reducing susceptibility to feedback, solid-body electric violins typically have a non-traditional, minimalistic design to keep weight down. Lately, materials such as kevlar, glass and carbon fibres, are used in the build process and they are often seen as experimental instruments, being less established than electric guitar or bass. Hence, there are variations on the standard design, such as frets, extra strings, machine heads, baritone strings that sound an octave lower than normal. Luthier Yuri Landman built a 12 string electric violin for the Belgian band DAAU, the strings on this instrument are clustered in four groups of three strings tuned unison creating a chorus. Also the instrument features an extra pickup in the piece for extra amplification of string resonances. Acoustic 5-string violins are becoming common, and it is not unusual for an electric violin to have 5,6,7 or more strings. The typical solid body also accommodates the extra tension caused by more strings without stressing the instrument too much, the extra strings are usually a low C string for 5-strings, a low C and low F for 6, and a low C, F and B♭ for 7. Electric violin signals usually pass through electronic processing, in the way as an electric guitar. This could include delay, reverb, chorus, distortion, or other effects, today electric violins are even being used to reinvigorate music education. Today stated The perfect blend of instruments and rock and roll is giving kids across the country a whole new appreciation for music. Electric violins may use magnetic, piezoelectric, or electrodynamic pickups, guitar /coil type magnetic pickups require the use of violin strings that have ferrous metal wraps or cores. A few single-coil guitar-style magnetic systems are available, The small body size, one unusual acoustic/electric violin system uses the string itself as a linear active pickup element. Made to fit standard acoustic violins, the only requisite is that the string is electrically conducting, generally, piezoelectric pickups are inexpensive and more common

39.
Snare drum
–
The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps. It is one of the pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer. Snare drums are played with drum sticks, but the use of other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve very different sounds. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due its sensitivity, the snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a music concert is usually used in a backbeat style to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat, in comparison with the marching snare, the kit snare is generally smaller in length between the two heads, while the piccolo is the smallest of the three. The snare drum is easily recognizable by its loud cracking sound when struck firmly with a stick or mallet. The depth of the sound varies from snare to snare because of the different techniques, some of these qualities are head material and tension, dimensions, and rim and drum shell materials and construction. The snare drum is constructed of two heads—both usually made of plastic—along with a rattle of metal wires on the head called the snares. The wires can also be placed on the top, as in the tarol snare, the top head is typically called the batter head because that is where the drummer strikes it, while the bottom head is called the snare head because that is where the snares are located. The tension of each head is constant by tension rods. Tension rod adjustment allows the pitch and tonal character of the drum to be customized by the player, the strainer is a lever that engages or disengages contact between the snares and the head, and allows snare tension adjustment. If the strainer is disengaged, the sound of the drum resembles a tom because the snares are inactive. The rim is the ring around the batter head, which can be used for a variety of things. The drum can be played by striking it with a stick or any other form of beater, including brushes, rute and hands. When using a stick, the drummer may strike the head of the drum, when the top head is struck, the bottom head vibrates in tandem, which in turn stimulates the snares and produces a cracking sound

40.
Military band
–
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments, the conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Bandmaster or Director of Music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of marching band in the world. Military bands also play a part in funeral ceremonies. There are two types of traditions in military bands. The first is military field music and this type of music includes bugles, bagpipes, or fifes and almost always drums. This type of music was used to control troops on the battlefield as well as for entertainment, following the development of instruments such as the keyed trumpet or the saxhorn family of brass instruments, a second tradition of the brass and woodwind military band was formed. 11th century book Divânu Lügatit-Türk mentions prototype of Mehtaran, as a nevbet, 17th century traveler Evliya Çelebi noted that the Ottoman Empire had 40 guilds of musicians in 1670s Istanbul. Ottoman military bands influenced European equivalents, each regiment in the British Army maintained its own military band. Until 1749 bandsmen were civilians hired at the expense of the colonel commanding a regiment, instruments during the 18th century included fifes, drums, the oboe, French horn, clarinet and bassoon. Drummers summoned men from their farms and ranches to muster for duty, in the chaotic environment of the battlefield, musical instruments were the only means of commanding the men to advance, stand or retire. In the mid 19th century each smaller unit had their own fifer and drummer, when units massed for battle a band of musicians was formed for the whole. The American military band traditions date from the British era, from the American Revolutionary War onward military bands marched in the same manner as their French counterparts. During the American Civil War most Union regiments had both types of groups within the unit and these performed in a concert setting for entertainment, as well as continued to perform drill and martial events. Field music is popular with many organizations such as police, fire. Indeed, Russia has a tradition of military bands and so many military marches have been composed by various composers through the years. The military bands also provide musical support in civil and military events, in a wide range of groups. Some can even continue the old Russian military band traditions by donning the old imperial military uniforms of the Russian Empire, todays French Armed Forces bands are also of the headquarters element from the regimental or brigade level onward and can also provide musical elements for civil and military events

Military band
–
A military band (French Foreign Legion).
Military band
–
A miniature of Ottoman Military Band, 1720
Military band
–
Russian military band playing in Quebec City
Military band
–
Massed bands at Trooping the Colour, London, 2007.

41.
Reverb
–
Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing in amplitude, until they reach zero amplitude. In comparison to an echo that is a minimum of 50 to 100 ms after the initial sound. As time passes, the amplitude of the reflections is reduced until it is reduced to zero, Reverberation is not limited to indoor spaces as it exists in forests and other outdoor environments where reflection exists. Reverberation occurs naturally when a person sings, talks or plays an instrument acoustically in a hall or performance space with sound-reflective surfaces. The sound of reverberation is often added to the vocals of singers in live sound systems. The time it takes for a signal to drop by 60 dB is the reverberation time, RT60 is the time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay 60 dB. Reverberation time is stated as a single value, if measured as a wide band signal, however, being frequency dependent. Being frequency dependent, the time measured in narrow bands will differ depending on the frequency band being measured. For precision, it is important to know what ranges of frequencies are being described by a time measurement. In the late 19th century, Wallace Clement Sabine started experiments at Harvard University to investigate the impact of absorption on the reverberation time. Using a portable wind chest and organ pipes as a sound source and he found that the reverberation time is proportional to room dimensions and inversely proportional to the amount of absorption present. The optimum reverberation time for a space in which music is played depends on the type of music that is to be played in the space, rooms used for speech typically need a shorter reverberation time so that speech can be understood more clearly. If the reflected sound from one syllable is still heard when the syllable is spoken. Cat, Cab, and Cap may all sound very similar, if on the other hand the reverberation time is too short, tonal balance and loudness may suffer. Reverberation effects are used in studios to add depth to sounds. Reverberation changes the perceived spectral structure of a sound, but does not alter the pitch, basic factors that affect a rooms reverberation time include the size and shape of the enclosure as well as the materials used in the construction of the room. Every object placed within the enclosure can also affect this time, including people

Reverb
–
Folded line reverberation device.
Reverb
–
Sound level in a reverberant cavity excited by a pulse, as a function of time (very simplified diagram).

42.
Arpeggio
–
A broken chord is a chord broken into a sequence of notes. A broken chord may repeat some of the notes from the chord, an arpeggio is a type of broken chord where the notes that compose a chord are played or sung in a rising or descending order. An arpeggio may also more than one octave. The word arpeggio comes from the Italian word arpeggiare, which means to play on a harp, even though the notes of an arpeggio are not played or sung all together at the same time, listeners hear the sequence of notes as forming a chord. When an arpeggio also contains passing tones that are not part of the chord, Arpeggios enable composers writing for monophonic instruments that play one note at a time, to voice chords and chord progressions in musical pieces. Arpeggios and broken chords are used to help create rhythmic interest. A notable example of which is the Alberti bass figuration which was used in piano music from the Classical music period. With an Alberti bass, rather play the notes of a chord all at once. An arpeggio is a group of notes which are played one after the other, executing an arpeggio requires the player to play the sounds of a chord individually to differentiate the notes. The notes all belong to one chord, the chord may, for example, be a simple chord with the 1st, 3rd, and 5th notes of the scale in it. An arpeggio for the chord of C major going up two octaves would be the notes, an arpeggio is a type of broken chord. Other types of broken chords play chord notes out of sequence or more than one note, Arpeggios can rise or fall for more than one octave. Students of musical instruments and singers learn how to play and sing scales and they are often a requirement for music examinations. An arpeggiated chord means a chord which is spread, i. e. the notes are not played at the same time, arpeggiated chords are often used in harp and piano music. An arpeggiated chord may be written with a vertical line in front of the chord. It is spread from the lowest to the highest note, occasionally, composers such as Béla Bartók have asked for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down, some ostinato figures consist of arpeggios. Any instrument may employ arpeggiation, but the instruments use arpeggios most often

44.
Minor chord
–
In music theory, a minor chord is a chord having a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth. When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a minor triad, some minor triads with additional notes, such as the minor seventh chord, may also be called minor chords. Hence it can be represented by the integer notation, a major chord differs from a minor chord in having a major third above the root instead of a minor third. It can also be described as a third with a minor third on top, in contrast to a minor chord. They both contain fifths, because a major third plus a minor third equals a fifth, a diminished chord is a minor chord with a lowered fifth. Play An example of a chord is the C minor chord. The minor chord, along with the chord, is one of the basic building blocks of tonal music. In Western music, a chord, in comparison, sounds darker than a major chord but is still considered highly consonant, stable. A unique particularity of the chord is that this is the only chord of three notes in which the three notes have one harmonic – hearable and with a not too high row – in common. This harmonic, common to the three notes, is situated 2 octaves above the note of the chord. This is the harmonic of the root of the chord, the fifth of the middle note, and the fourth of the high note, In the example C, E♭, G. This is the first occurrence of a triad in the harmonic series. This may be found on iii, vi, ♭vi, ♭iii, in 12-TET, or twelve-tone equal temperament, a minor chord has 3 semitones between the root and third,4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth. It is represented by the integer notation 0,3,7, the 12-TET fifth is only two cents narrower than the just perfect fifth, but the 12-TET minor third is noticeably narrower than the just minor third. The 12-TET minor third more closely approximates the 19-limit minor third 16,19 Play with only 2 cents error. In the 16th through 18th centuries, prior to 12-TET, the third in meantone temperament was 310 cents Play. Other just minor chord tunings include the supertonic triad in just intonation the false minor triad, Play,16,19,24 Play,12,14,18 Play, more tunings of the minor chord are also available in various equal temperaments other than 12-TET. Rather than directly from the series, Sorge derived the minor chord from joining two major triads, for example the A minor triad being the confluence of the F and C major triads

45.
Bass drum
–
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul

46.
Adam Clayton
–
Adam Charles Clayton is an Irish musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band U2. He has resided in County Dublin since the time his family moved to Malahide when he was five years old in 1965. Clayton is well known for his bass playing on such as Gloria, New Years Day, Bullet the Blue Sky, With or Without You, Mysterious Ways, Get on Your Boots. He has worked on solo projects throughout his career, such as his work with fellow band member Larry Mullen, Jr. on the 1996 version of the Theme from Mission. Clayton, as a part of U2, has won 22 Grammy Awards, Adam Charles Clayton is the oldest child of Brian and Jo Clayton, born on 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England. His father was a pilot with the Royal Air Force, who moved into civil aviation, when he was 4 years old, Claytons father worked in Kenya as a pilot with East African Airways, the family being resident in Nairobi. In 1965 the family moved to Malahide, County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland, the Clayton family became friends with the Evans family. When he was eight years old, Clayton was sent to the junior boarding Castle Park School in Dalkey. He did not enjoy or respond well to its ethos not being particularly sports orientated and he was interested in pop music, which students were not allowed to listen to. He joined the Schools Gramphone Society, which met to listen to classical music and he also took piano lessons for a short time. At age 13, Clayton entered the private St. Columbas College secondary school in Rathfarnham, here he made friends with other pupils who were enthusiastic about the pop/rock music acts of the period, including The Who, The Beatles, The Grateful Dead, and Carole King. In response he bought a £5 acoustic guitar from a junk-shop near the Dublin quays, john Leslie, who shared a bunk bed with Clayton at St. Columbas, persuaded him to join in with a school band where Clayton would play the bass guitar for the first time. His mother purchased a bass for him when he was 14 years old on the basis of a promise that he would commit himself to learn to play the instrument. McCormick and Martin left the band soon after its inception, while the band was a five-piece it was known as Feedback. The name was changed to The Hype, but changed to U2 soon after Dik Evans left. Clayton stood in as the nearest thing that the band had to a manager in its early life, handing over the duties to Paul McGuinness in May 1978. In 1981, around the time of U2s second, spiritually charged album, October, Bono, The Edge, and Mullen had joined a Christian group, and were questioning the compatibility of rock music with their spirituality. However, Clayton, with his more ambiguous religious views, was less concerned, Clayton made international headlines in August 1989 when he was arrested in Dublin for carrying a small amount of marijuana

47.
Major chord
–
In music theory, a major chord is a chord that has a root note, a major third above this root, and a perfect fifth above this root note. When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a major triad, in Western classical music from 1600 to 1820 and in Western pop, folk and rock music, a major chord is usually played as a triad. The major triad, along with the triad, is one of the basic building blocks of tonal music. It is considered consonant, stable, or not requiring resolution, in Western music, a minor chord, in comparison, sounds darker than a major chord. Major triads with notes, such as major seventh chord, are also called major chords. Major seventh chords are used in jazz and occasionally in rock music, in jazz, major chords may also have other chord tones added, such as the ninth and the thirteenth scale degrees. A minor chord differs from a chord in having a minor third above the root instead of a major third. A minor chord can also be described as a third with a major third on top, in contrast to a major chord. They both contain fifths, because a major third plus a minor third equals a perfect fifth, an augmented chord is like a major chord, but with a raised fifth. An C augmented chord consists of the notes C, E and G♯. Augmented chords are used in jazz, play An example of a major chord is the C major chord, which consists of the notes C, E and G. In harmonic analysis or on a sheet, a C major chord is usually notated C. A root position C major chord contains C, E and G, a first inversion C Major chord contains E as its lowest note, followed by a G and C above the E. A second inversion C major chord contains G as its lowest note, the additional notes above the bass note can be in any order and the chord still retains its inversion identity. For example, a C major chord which went from lowest to highest note E, followed by C and G above the E, in this table, the chord names are in the leftmost column. The chords are given in root position, for a given chord name, the following three columns indicate the individual notes that make up this chord. Thus in the first row, the chord is C major, most pianos and electric pianos and synthesizer keyboards are tuned to equal temperament. In equal temperament, each semitone is the distance apart. Another tuning system that is used is just intonation, in just intonation, a major chord is tuned to the frequency ratio 4,5,6

Major chord
–
The just major triad is composed of three tones in simple, whole number ratios.

48.
Bloody Sunday (1920)
–
Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. In total,32 people were killed, including thirteen British soldiers and police, sixteen Irish civilians and this includes people who were mortally wounded, but died later. The day began with an Irish Republican Army operation, organised by Michael Collins and that evening, three IRA suspects being held in Dublin Castle were beaten and killed by their captors, who claimed they were trying to escape. Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events to place during the Irish War of Independence. Some members of the Gaelic Athletic Association which owned Croke Park were nationalists, in response to IRA actions, the British Government formed paramilitary forces to augment the RIC, the Black and Tans, and the Auxiliary Division. In Dublin, the war took the form of assassinations. The events on the morning of 21 November were an effort by the IRA in Dublin, under Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy, by late 1920, British Intelligence in Dublin had established an extensive network of spies and informers around the city. Mulcahy, the IRA Chief of Staff, described it as, in November 1920, Collins ordered the assassination of British agents around the city, judging that if they did not do this, the IRAs organisation in the capital would be in grave danger. The IRA also believed that a policy of assassination of leading republicans was being implemented by British forces. Dick McKee was put in charge of planning the operation, on 20 November, the assassination teams, which included the Squad and members of the IRAs Dublin Brigade, were briefed on their targets, who included 20 agents at eight different locations in Dublin. Early on the morning of 21 November, the IRA teams mounted the operation, most of the killings occurred within a small middle-class area of south inner-city Dublin, with the exception of two shootings at the Gresham Hotel on Sackville Street. The most successful attack took place at 28 Upper Pembroke Street, another successful attack took place at 38 Upper Mount Street, where another two Intelligence officers were killed. One IRA volunteer, Frank Teeling, was wounded and captured, one of the IRA volunteers who took part in these attacks, Seán Lemass, would later become a prominent Irish politician, and serve as Taoiseach from 1959 to 1966. On the morning of Bloody Sunday, he took part in the killing of an officer, Captain G. T. Baggallay. There has been confusion and disagreement about the status of the IRAs victims on the morning of Bloody Sunday, at the time, the British government claimed that the men killed that morning were either court-martial officers or innocent civilians. Irish revolutionaries, by contrast, were convinced that the IRAs targets had been British intelligence agents, in a 1972 article, historian Tom Bowden concluded that the officers shot by the IRA were, in the main, involved in some aspect of British intelligence. One of the two men shot at the Gresham Hotel was probably on secret service, but the other was an innocent civilian, in all,14 men were killed, and a fifteenth was mortally wounded, while five were wounded but survived. Only one squad member was captured, Frank Teeling, and he managed to escape from gaol

Bloody Sunday (1920)
–
Bloody Sunday remembrance plaque at Croke Park
Bloody Sunday (1920)
–
A photo purportedly of the Cairo Gang, but more probably the Igoe Gang (sometimes called the 'Murder Gang' by the IRA). These were RIC officers who were brought to Dublin to identify and target IRA men who had moved to the capital from their respective counties. There is no known photograph of the Cairo Gang.
Bloody Sunday (1920)
–
Plaque in memory of the three volunteers at Dublin Castle

49.
Easter Sunday
–
It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed

Easter Sunday
–
Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ, having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan, depicted as an old man, is bound and chained. (See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art.)
Easter Sunday
–
One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus (Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript, 6th century)
Easter Sunday
–
The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians too would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection.
Easter Sunday
–
A stained glass window depicting the Passover Lamb, a concept integral to the foundation of Easter