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John Wesley Powell, proposal to foster settlement and conserve water in the arid west

Who founded the Sierra Club (1892)?

John Muir, to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment

Who was Gifford Pinochet?

First director of the U.S. Forest Service (1905), leader of conservation movement, advocating for both preservation and scientific management of natural resources

Who wrote The Last Landscape (1959)?

William H. Whyte, coined the term greenway

Who wrote Silent Spring (1962)?

Rachel Carson, about the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life

When was the USGS formed, and why?

1897, to survey and classify all public domain lands

What is the largest concrete structure in the US?

Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River in central Washington State, buildt for irrigation, electric power generation, and flood control

When was the first Earth Day?

April 22, 1970

What is a conservation easement?

separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land

Just vs. Marinette County (1972)

Established that environmental protection regulations are a reasonable exercise of the police power of the state and do not amount to a taking of private property without just compensation; The natural state of the shore land is a public interest that sup

Agins v. Tiburon (1980)

U.S. Supreme Court ruled that open space requirements established by the City of Tiburon did not result in a taking of property; Established the principle that a governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate gov

Babbit v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon (1996)

U.S. Supreme Court decided that the government can restrict land development to protect endangered species and their habitats, and it does not constitute a taking; Harm includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures wildlif

Palazzolo v. State of Rhode Island

U.S. Supreme Court decided that environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped salt marsh (wetlands) did not remove all economically viable use of the land and therefore this regulation was not a taking

What is NPDES (1972)?

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System: Authorized by the Clean Water Act, to control water pollution by regulation point sources that discharge pollutants into U.S. water bodies; Industrial and municipal polluters must obtain a NPDES discharge p

Superfund, Gave EPA power to seek out those parties responsible for any hazardous releases and assure their cooperation in the cleanup

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA, 1991)

Required coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality standards; created program to earmark funds for scenic byways and historic preservation to address community-wide impacts of transportation

How has average size of single family detached homes changed over last 50 years?

~1,100SF → 2,340 SF

Aveage annual per capita consumption of gasoline in 2000?

430 gallons

What is R-factor?

The ability of insulation above ceilings and in walls to keep heat inside during the winter and keep heat our during the summer; The higher the R-factor, the better the insulation and the less energy required to keep building hot or cold

What is effluent?

The treated wastewater discharged by sewage treatment plants

Moraine

Glacial deposit of rock and soil

Limnology

The study of the chemical, hydrological and biological aspects of lakes and ponds

Lacustrine

Refers to a lake or lake-type environment, such as a wetland

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water; for nitrates: 10ppm; for flouride, 4ppm

What leads to algae bloom?

Phosphorous

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, and solvents that readily evaporate

What land use maps are included in a comprehensive plan?

Current land use map and future land use map (basis for zoning map); Future trends forecast to i.e. 20 years out

How many sf in 1 acre?

1 Acre = 43,560 SF

What is a Hectare?

1 hectare = 10,000 square meters

How many feet in a mile?

5,280 feet = 1 mile

First zoning ordinance - when/where?

NYC 1916, Edward Bassett; cumulative approach to zoning

First national park?

Yellowstone, 1872

First National wildlife refuge?

Florida, 1903

First Historic Preservation Commission?

New Orleans, 1921 (French Quarter)

First off-street parking regulations?

Columbus, OH 1923

First limited access highway?

Bronx River Parkway

When was the first national conference on City planning?

1909, Washington DC

Who founded the American City Planning Institute, and when?

Olmsted, Jr

When was APA/AICP founded (merging of AIP and ASPO)?

1978

Rational Planning Model (synoptic), associated w who?

Myerson and Banfield

Incremental Planning (humanistic movement), associated w who?

Charles Lindblom; Ther Science of Muddling Through; response to rational planning model; acknowleges that changes are made in increments

Columbian World Exposition (1893), Chicago Plan (1909); City beautiful; “Make no small plans”

Garden Cities

Ebenezer Howard, 1989, Garden Cities of to-morrow

Radiant City

LeCorbusier, 1920s, Large scale grid of arterial streets, superblocks composed of high-rise towers and individual zones for each use type

Concentric Ring Theory

Ernest Burgess, 1925; Urban areas grow outward as a series of concentric rings

Frank Lloyd Wright

Wrote “Disappearing City” (1932) with utopian vision of Broadacre City (sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development; each house on one acre and with a car)

Sector Theory

Homer Hoyt, 1939, Proposed that urban areas develop by sectors, formed along communication and transportation routes

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Harris and Ulman, 1945, Proposed that urban areas grow by the progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei, which become specialized and differenciated

Bid Rent Theory

William Alonso, 1960, Proposed that the cost of land, the intensity of development of land, the concentration of the population, and the number of places of employment each decline as distance from the CBD increases

New Urbanism

Andres Duany, 1982 (also known as neotraditional design)

Growth Machine Theory

John Logan and Harvey Molotch, 1987, Proposed that urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community who control the resources and have business and political interests that benefit from development

Edge City

Joel Garreau, 1991, Suburban cities gaining on older core cities

Berman v Parker (1954)

Eminent domain, Department store, Established aesthetics and redevelopment as a valid purpose for exercising eminent domain; Public ownership of land not the sole way to promote public purpose;

Nollan v California Coastal Commission (1987)

Takings clause was violated when public agency would grant the Nollans a permit to build a house only if they provided a public easement on their beachfront property; Land-use regulation amounted to a taking

Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)

Takings; Coastal zone protection prohibited building a house on shorefront; U.S. Supreme Court found that regulations that deny all economic use of property constitute a taking (unless existing state prop and nuisance law prohibit such use

City of Ladue v Gilleo (1994)

Freedom of speech; City could not ban posting a non-commercial window sign in own residence (anti-gulf war sign)

Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972)

Growth management; Local govts can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are nec. and should preced addtl subdiv dev

Southern Burlington NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (1975, 1983)

Housing, Fair Share

Kelo v City of New London (2005)

Eminent domain; Economic development is a public use for which the power of eminent domain may be exercised when part of an integrated development plan

Stein and Wright, 1928; inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept; Forerunner of New Deal’s Greenbelt towns

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1926)

Hoover, Dept of Commerce

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)

Hoover, Dept of Commerce

Saul Alinsky

Rules for Radicals, Community Organizing, “Organization of organizations”

Norman Krumholtz

Chief of Planning in Cleveland 1969-1979 (AICP code of ethics?); Strong proponent of equity planning (working to serve those with few, if any, choices including poor and minority residents; President of APA 1986-7

Crime Prevention thorough Environmental Design (CPTED)

proper design of built environment can reduce fear and incidence of crime (and can increase business activity)

What % of all homes in US are manufactured homes?

>10%

Citizen participation

“the process through which citizens who live and/or work in an area are actively involved in the dev of plans and recommendations”

1) Serve public interest, 2) Seek social justice, work to expand choice and opportunity, 3) responsibility to clients and employers, 4) responsibility to the profession

Ethics: Rules of conduct:

1) Provide adequate, timely, clear and accurate info, 2) must not advocate opposing positions, 3) must not take unfair advantage of a sitaution, 4) Avoid conflict of interest of appearance thereof

Ethics: Procedure:

Transparency, Disclosure, Documentation

Ethics: Who makes the final determination in a charge of ethics misconduct?

The AICP Ethics Committee

How should communications regarding specific ethics situation be handled?

Phone or mail, not unreliable email

When did current AICP Ethics Code take effect?

June 2005

To whom is the planner’s primary obligation?

To service the public interest

Planner’s responsibility to the public?

Consider: how public interest is defined through continuous and open debate (opps for participation); Rights of others, long-range consequences, interrelatedness of decisions, preservation of natural/built environment; Accurate info; Expand choice and be

Planner’s responsibility to Clients and Employers?

Use professional judgment; Accept decision of client/employer (unless illegal or contrary to public interest); Avoid actual or perceived conflicts of interest

Planner’s responsibility to the Profession and Colleagues?

Education others about the profession; Show respect for colleagues; Contribute to the development of the profession

Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)

Louis Wirth, promoted urbanism as the prevailing way of life in contemporary society, and that density has an effect on people’s behavior

Endangered Species Act year?

1973

Property Administration 41 Act of 1949

Used for the disposal of Federal Property by the US government

What year was American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established?

1934

Morrill Act (1862)

Gave public land to each state to be sold for the establishment of “engineering, agriculture and military science colleges (land grant colleges)

Pennsylvania Coal v Mahon (1922)

U.S. Supreme Court, Established that land use regulation might be a taking

Cumulative zoning

Older approach to regulating land use; A hierarchical approach in which less intensive uses such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use, such as commercial districts

US Supreme county ruled that restricting certain nuisances land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power; Upheld ordinance in LA prohibiting operation of brickyard

Construction Indust. Assn. of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma (1971)

Limit on the number of building permits for single-fam homes issued each year; upheld by court of appeals on ground that it sought to preserve small town character and open space and promote growth at an “orderly” rate”

Young v. American Mini Theaters (1976)

US Supreme Court upheld Detroit “adult zoning” ordinance that prohibited location of adult movie theaters in proximity to each other and residential area; Court argued that it did not restrain speech but only maintain neighborhood character

Penn Central Transportation Co. v City of New Yok (1978)

US Supreme Court found historic preservation to be a valid public purpose; Upheld LPC’s denial of request to develop over Grand Central (a designated historic landmark); Penn Central could have TDR’d

Exercise of police power, which means government’s right to impose regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare

Euclidean zoning

Specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity; Does not allow for mix of uses

Alfred Bettman

1925, developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati, the first American city to adopt a comprehensive plan; Defending zoning in Amber v Eucid

Form-based zoning

Regulates size, form, appearance and placement of buildings ad parking rather than the use of the land and the density of development

Transect zoning

continuum of 6 zones from rural to urban

Performance zoning

focuses on the intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact on the environment; does not deal with use but with how development impacts the surrounding area

Exactions

Costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop in a community (i.e. contribution of land, facilities or funding); Extractions reflect the costs that a dev is projected to impose on a community

Easement

used to secure a portion of rights associated with a parcel

Right of way

Right granted by owner to other to building, maintain and use a road, pathway or utility line across the owner’s property

5th Amendment

Prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without paying just compensation to the property owner (14th Amendment deals with due process in taking)

Ripeness doctrine

A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures

Variance is permissible when

Hardship inherent in the physical characteristics of the land (although often misconstrued as alleviation of financial hardship)

Euclid v Ambler (1926)

US Supreme Court upheld validity of zoning as a legitimate exercise of policy power, and emphasized the need to separate land uses, in order to protect public health, safety and welfare; established zoning as a legitimate exercise of police power by local

Spur Industries v Del E Webb Dev Co (1972)

Preexisting feedlot became a nuisance for a newer residential area; state court of appeals ruled that feedlot should move to accommodate addtl urban dev; dev’rs required to pay expenses and damages

City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)

US Supreme Court ruled that LA violated free speech by banning noncommercial signage on public property

City of Renton v Playtime Theaters (1986)

US Supreme Court upheld zoning ordinance that prohibited adult theaters with 1K ft of residence etc bc it did not violate free speech bc it didn’t altogether prohibit use in city

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v County of Los Angeles (1987)

Flood damaged campgrounds, and LA prohibited construction in flood area; U.S. Supreme Court found that just compensation required for “temporary damages” for time btwn law adoption and determination of unconstitutional taking

US Supreme Court upheld the use of development moratoria and said that a moratorium is not necessarily a taking of property requiring compensation

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the NW Territory

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1924, 1926)

Confirmed the states’ authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances; Drafted under Secretary of Commerce Hoover

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)

Outlined powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies; Provided for establishment of regional planning commissions and regional plans; Published by Dept of Commerce under Hoover

Housing Act of 1949

Established the basis for Urban Renewal

Housing Act of 1954

Established Section 701 planning grants to local govts

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (1966)

Created Model Cities, focusing on community participation; emphasized social and economic rebuilding of communities rather than physical development

Detention systems Temporarily hold the water for gradual release to a stream or storm sewer; Retention maintains a permanent pool of water

CERCLA (1980)

Superfund

What % of trips in US are done by bicycle or foot?

<10%

Transportation Improvement Programs (TIP)

Multimodal listing of highway, public transit, bicycle and pedestrian improvements and transportation emission reduction measures for which fed funds have been earmarked in particular region (in effict 3-5yrs)

May protect green space by allowing higher density development on some sections of a parcel of land and non on other sections of the parcel

Location quotient

Measures the concentration of industry in an geographic area relative to a larger area (% of workers employed by the industry in the sample area divided by the % of workers employed in the same industry in the larger area); LQ>1 means product exported, LQ

Shift-share analysis

Use to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors; Used to distinguish btwn the effices of national and local economic trends

Image of the City (1960); Showed which elements of the built environment are important to how people understand the layout of a place; Network of paths, edges, dstricts, nodes and landmarks contribute to the image of a city

William H. Whyte

Also wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)--what factors contribute to succesful urban spaces; Emphasized importance of env psychology and sociology in urban design

Allan Jacobs

Great Streets (1995) - analyzed quality and quantity of features that characterize great streets around the world

Edge Cities (1991)

Joel Garreau, defined as a distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago, that has at least 5M SF of leasable office space, 600K SF of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms

Edgeless Citiesi (2002)

Dominant urban form with large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or transit

When/how/who Philadelphia planned?

William Penn, late 1600s, as rectangular grid with 4 public squares (now parks) and a town square

51% single men; 17% are single women; 39% are families with children; 13-25% are employed

NYC Tenement House Law (1897)

Required buildings to provide only narrow airshaft btwn adjacent structures and only two toilets on each floor (called dumbbell tenements bc of their shape)

NYC Tenement House Law (1901)

Outlawed the dumbbell design and allowd for only 70% lot coverage; Required toilets and running water in each unit, and improved lighting and ventilation

What % of US mortgages do Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac together hold?

80-90%

Gautreaux

1976 housing voucher program for public housing residents to move to suburbs for better economic and educational opportunities

National Housing Act (1934)

Established federal insurance of savings deposits; Created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to underwrite mortgage insurance (with strict requirements for type and location home, and owner)

Wagner-Steagall Housing Act (1937)

Created public housing administration, and empowered and funded local housing authorities to construct and operate public housing as well as engage in slum clearance; Tied slum clearance to public housing

Expanded Urban Renewal; Instituted comprehensive housing and community redevelopment planning; Section 701 grants for planning in small communities--contributed to the establishment of local planning depts

Housing and Urban Development Act (1965)

Created HUD; Robert Weaver first HUD secretary

Housing and Community Development Act (1974)

Instituted CDBG program

Steward B. McKinney Act (1987)

First major legislative response to homelessness; Emphasis on elderly, disabled and families with children

Impact fee / linkage fee

Sometimes assess on new commercial or industrial development to address new need for affordable housing triggered by additional workers

First department store

Salt Lake Cit, 1868; founded by Brigham Young as way to decrease dependence on outside goods

When does neighborhood planning occur?

Often prepared in response to a specific problem, in communities where neighborhoods are well defined

Usually for an entire municipality or county; Addresses short-term and long-term planning concerns, current and future trends; Documents what ideas the community is seeking through a series of goals and implementation strategies

Capital Facilities Plan

Plan for infrastructure; Estimates future needs and sources of funding; Usually includes detailed 5-6 year schedule

Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)

Based on availability of resources and needs based on forecasts and population projections; May detail potential financing through i.e. bongs, special districts, TIFs

Goal vs. Objective vs. Policy

Goal is value-based statement about a desired future state of affairs. Objective offers more specific, measurable statements of how to achieve the desired ends. A Policy is a general rule that outlines how the goals and objectives of a plan should be real

Appointed by governing body or chief elected official. Does short- and long-term planning, plan review, budgeting. Makes recommendations to city governing body; however, often has direct or final authority in the adoption of master plans and review of sub

Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA)

Considers request for variances; Hears appeals; Approves special use permits; Makes recommendations to city governing body.

Confidence Interval

A range of values around a sample statistic; the population parameter is expected to be within that interval

What is a good measure of central tendency (statistics Q)

Median is better measure of central tendency because it is less influence by outliers than the mean

Variance (statistics Q)

A measure of how spread out a distribution is

Standard deviation

The square root of the variance; Use to describe the degree to which a distribution is spread out (how far from the mean data points tend to be); About 68 percent of measurements in a normal distribution are within 1 std deviation of the mean; about 95% a

Chi-squared test

Statistic used to suggest whether there might be a relationship between two nominal or categorical variables

Ratio or Step-down method

Starts with an estimate for a larger area, such as the city, and uses that growth rate to estimate population in a neighborhood

Symptomatic method (statistics Q)

Uses readily available data, such as building permits, school enrollment, or voter registration, to estimate the current population

Census Tract

Designed to be a relatively homogeneous unit with respect to population characteristics, economic status and living conditions; Averages ~4,000 people

Census Block

Part of a census tract; Smalled geographic unit for which the Census tabulates 100% data; designations covering entire nation for first time in 1990

Census Block Group

Subset of the blocks within a Census Tract; The smallest geographic unit for which the Census tabulates sample data

Census Designated Place (CDP)

A densely settled concentration of population that is not within an incorporated place, but is locally identified by a name; No size limits (since 2000)

Place

A concentration of population either legally bounded as an incorporated place, or identified as a Census Designated Place

Incorporated Place

Incorporated under state law as, i.e., a city, town, borough or village, and having legally prescribed geographic limits

Densely settled territories that have at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000

Urbanized Areas

An area consisting of at least one central place and adjacent territory, with a general population density of at least 1,000 people/square mile of land area and a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Core area (city of >50,000 or Urbanized Area with at >100,000 people) with large population nucleus and adjacent communities with a high degree of economic and social integration with that core; May include 1 or more counties

Median age of US population according to 2000 Census?

35.3 years

Average household size according to 2000 Census?

2.59 persons (owner-occupied = 2.69, renter-occupied - 2.4)

Biggest/smallest states in population in 2000 Census?

Biggest: California; Smallest: Wyoming

PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique)

Shows how different tasks are related, depicts tasks and duration of tasks using forked lines; Use to reallocate available resources among tasks i order to keep the project on time and within budget (similar to critical path method)

Traditional municipal budget; Divides expenditures into categories such as equipment and personnel; Are not easily utilized as management tool

Performance budgets

Organizes expenditures by the services they fund and a set of evaluation standards for each services; Readily used as a management tool; Examples: Planned Programming Budgetary System (PPBS), Zero-Base Budgeting, Dayton System

Planning Programming Budgetary System (PPBS)

Divides govt expenditures into program components rather than objects of expenditure; Focuses on fundamental objectives of a program, future implications of current budgeting decision, all costs, and alternatives; Robert McNamara (USDOD) in 60s-70s

Zero-Base Budgeting

Not based on previous year’s budget; Each year’s budget starts at a base of zero, and each program and expenditure in the budget must be justified annually; Define “decision packages” tied to long-range plan objectives; Developed by Texas Instruments

Management by Objective (MBO)

Drucker; Establishes overarching objectives using a collaborative process; 1) Determination and communication of organizational goals; 2) interpretation and definition of those goals into performance objectives for individuals; and 3) the measurement of p

Subdivision design covers

street layouts, lots, and blocks

3 basic elements of subdivision requirements

1) Plat (shows the location and boundaries of streets, lots/parcels, and other site info); 2) Design/construction stds to establish specifics of how improvements will be built; 3) Exactions specify subdividers responsibility for financing public improveme

“A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached”

Aaron Wildansky

General obligation bonds

Taxing power of the jurisdiction is pledged to pay interest upon, and retire the debt; Can be sold to finance permanent types of improvement such as schools, municipal buildings, parks, and rec facilities; Voter approval may be required

Revenue bonds

Sold for projects that produce revenues; Are not backed by the full faith and credit of the local jurisdiction, but are financed in the long-term through service charges or fees

Lease-Purchase Agreements

Facility is constructed by a private company or authority, and then leased by the municipality. Rental over the years of the lease will have paid the total original cost plus interest, and at end of lease period title conveyed to the municipality without

Airport planning

Ground access as new “hot” issue in airport planning. Regional planning concern due to ISTEA and CAA. Funding from sources such as passenger facility charge, federal ticket tax, and revenue bonds.