18296683
One Background of Background the Background most Background useful Background tools Background for Background investigating Background the Background aetiopathology Background of Background cancer Background is Background the Background mutation Background spectrum, Background which Background comprises Background the Background type Background and Background distribution Background of Background mutations Background within Background a Background gene Background sequence. Background Many Background studies Background have Background generated Background mutagen-induced Background spectra Background using Background in Background vitro Background or Background in Background vivo Background model Background systems Background in Background an Background attempt Background to Background find Background correlations Background with Background those Background observed Background in Background cancer-associated Background genes Background such Background as Background the Background TP53 Background tumour Background suppressor Background gene. Background Consequently, Background meaningful Background similarities Background in Background the Background types Background of Background mutation Background found Background in Background induced Background and Background human Background spectra Background have Background been Background demonstrated. Background However, Background it Background is Background more Background difficult Background to Background draw Background such Background conclusions Background about Background the Background distribution Background or Background sequence Background context Background of Background mutations Background when Background they Background arise Background in Background different Background target Background sequences. Background We Objective have Objective developed Objective an Objective analytical Objective approach Objective for Objective base Objective substitution Objective spectra Objective that Objective capture Objective information Objective for Objective both Objective sequence Objective context Objective and Objective mutation Objective type Objective simultaneously. Objective The Method resulting Method mutation Method signature Method is Method a Method fixed Method set Method of Method data Method points Method that Method allows Method comparison Method of Method multiple Method mutation Method spectra Method regardless Method of Method sequence. Method We Method have Method applied Method this Method method Method to Method a Method mixed Method set Method of Method mutation Method spectra Method observed Method in Method exons Method 5, Method 7 Method and Method 8 Method of Method TP53 Method from Method cancers Method of Method brain, Method breast, Method skin, Method colon, Method oesophagus, Method liver, Method head Method and Method neck, Method stomach Method and Method lung Method (smokers Method and Method non-smokers) Method and Method spectra Method induced Method by Method benzo[a]pyrene Method diol Method epoxide, Method ultraviolet Method (UV) Method B, Method UVC, Method simulated Method sunlight Method and Method hydroxyl Method radicals Method in Method the Method cII, Method supF Method and Method yeast Method p53 Method model Method systems. Method We Conclusion demonstrate Conclusion that Conclusion this Conclusion approach Conclusion allows Conclusion human Conclusion cancer Conclusion and Conclusion mutagen-induced Conclusion signatures Conclusion to Conclusion be Conclusion grouped Conclusion together Conclusion according Conclusion to Conclusion similarity. Conclusion Specifically, Conclusion the Conclusion analysis Conclusion reveals Conclusion key Conclusion differences Conclusion between Conclusion smoking- Conclusion and Conclusion non-smoking-related Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer Conclusion for Conclusion TP53 Conclusion mutations Conclusion and Conclusion the Conclusion mutability Conclusion of Conclusion CpG Conclusion sites Conclusion between Conclusion exons Conclusion in Conclusion skin Conclusion cancer. Conclusion
18295302
In Background urban Background areas, Background road Background traffic Background is Background a Background major Background source Background of Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAH), Background thus Background any Background changes Background in Background traffic Background patterns Background are Background expected Background to Background affect Background PAH Background concentrations Background in Background ambient Background air. Background Exposure Background to Background PAH Background and Background other Background traffic-related Background air Background pollutants Background has Background often Background been Background quantified Background in Background a Background deterministic Background manner Background that Background disregards Background the Background various Background sources Background of Background uncertainty Background in Background the Background modelling Background systems Background used. Background In Objective this Objective study, Objective we Objective developed Objective a Objective generic Objective method Objective for Objective handling Objective uncertainty Objective in Objective population Objective exposure Objective models. Objective The Method method Method was Method applied Method to Method quantify Method the Method uncertainty Method in Method population Method exposure Method to Method benzo[a]pyrene Method (BaP) Method before Method and Method after Method the Method implementation Method of Method a Method traffic Method management Method intervention. Method This Method intervention Method would Method affect Method the Method movement Method of Method vehicles Method in Method the Method studied Method area Method and Method consequently Method alter Method traffic Method emissions, Method pollutant Method concentrations Method and Method population Method exposure. Method Several Method models, Method including Method an Method emission Method calculator, Method a Method dispersion Method model Method and Method a Method Geographic Method Information Method System Method were Method used Method to Method quantify Method the Method impact Method of Method the Method traffic Method management Method intervention. Method We Method established Method four Method exposure Method zones Method defined Method by Method distance Method of Method residence Method postcode Method centroids Method from Method major Method road Method or Method intersection. Method A Method stochastic Method method Method was Method used Method to Method quantify Method the Method uncertainty Method in Method the Method population Method exposure Method model. Method The Method method Method characterises Method uncertainty Method using Method probability Method measures Method and Method propagates Method it Method applying Method Monte Method Carlo Method analysis. Method The Result overall Result model Result predicted Result that Result the Result traffic Result management Result scheme Result would Result lead Result to Result a Result minor Result reduction Result in Result mean Result population Result exposure Result to Result BaP Result in Result the Result studied Result area. Result However, Result the Result uncertainty Result associated Result with Result the Result exposure Result estimates Result was Result much Result larger Result than Result this Result reduction. Result The Conclusion proposed Conclusion method Conclusion is Conclusion generic Conclusion and Conclusion provides Conclusion realistic Conclusion estimates Conclusion of Conclusion population Conclusion exposure Conclusion to Conclusion traffic-related Conclusion pollutants, Conclusion as Conclusion well Conclusion as Conclusion characterises Conclusion the Conclusion uncertainty Conclusion in Conclusion these Conclusion estimates. Conclusion This Conclusion method Conclusion can Conclusion be Conclusion used Conclusion within Conclusion a Conclusion decision Conclusion support Conclusion tool Conclusion to Conclusion evaluate Conclusion the Conclusion impact Conclusion of Conclusion alternative Conclusion traffic Conclusion management Conclusion policies. Conclusion
18289803
Benzo(a)pyrene Background (BP) Background is Background an Background environmental Background contaminant Background known Background to Background favor Background airway Background inflammation Background likely Background through Background up-regulation Background of Background pro-inflammatory Background cytokines. Background The Objective present Objective study Objective was Objective designed Objective to Objective characterize Objective its Objective effects Objective toward Objective interleukin-8 Objective (IL-8), Objective a Objective well-established Objective pulmonary Objective inflammatory Objective cytokine. Objective In Result primary Result human Result macrophages, Result BP Result was Result shown Result to Result induce Result IL-8 Result expression Result at Result both Result mRNA Result and Result secretion Result levels Result in Result a Result dose-dependent Result manner. Result Such Result an Result up-regulation Result was Result likely Result linked Result to Result aryl Result hydrocarbon Result receptor Result (AhR)-activation Result since Result BP-mediated Result IL-8 Result induction Result was Result reduced Result after Result AhR Result expression Result knock-down Result through Result RNA Result interference. Result Moreover, Result electrophoretic Result mobility Result shift Result assays Result (EMSAs) Result and Result chromatin Result immunoprecipitation Result experiments Result showed Result BP-triggered Result binding Result of Result AhR Result to Result a Result consensus Result xenobiotic Result responsive Result element Result (XRE) Result found Result in Result the Result human Result IL-8 Result promoter. Result Finally, Result BP Result administration Result to Result mice Result led Result to Result over-expression Result of Result keratinocyte Result chemoattractant Result (KC), Result the Result murine Result functional Result homologue Result of Result IL-8, Result in Result lung. Result It Result also Result triggered Result the Result recruitment Result of Result neutrophils Result in Result bronchoalveolar Result lavage Result (BAL) Result fluids, Result which Result was Result however Result fully Result abolished Result in Result the Result presence Result of Result a Result chemical Result antagonist Result of Result the Result KC/IL-8 Result receptors Result CXCR1/CXCR2, Result thus Conclusion supporting Conclusion the Conclusion functional Conclusion and Conclusion crucial Conclusion involvement Conclusion of Conclusion KC Conclusion in Conclusion BP-induced Conclusion lung Conclusion inflammation. Conclusion Overall, Conclusion these Conclusion data Conclusion highlight Conclusion an Conclusion AhR-dependent Conclusion regulation Conclusion of Conclusion IL-8 Conclusion in Conclusion response Conclusion to Conclusion BP Conclusion that Conclusion likely Conclusion contributes Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion airway Conclusion inflammatory Conclusion effects Conclusion of Conclusion this Conclusion environmental Conclusion chemical. Conclusion
18281257
Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs) Background such Background as Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BaP) Background are Background immunotoxic Background to Background fish. Background Metabolism Background of Background PAHs Background in Background immune Background cells Background has Background been Background implicated Background in Background PAH Background immunotoxicity Background in Background mammals, Background but Background for Background fish Background the Background presence Background of Background metabolic Background enzymes Background in Background immune Background cells Background is Background less Background clear. Background The Objective objective Objective of Objective this Objective study Objective was Objective to Objective examine Objective localization Objective and Objective induction Objective of Objective the Objective BaP-metabolizing Objective biotransformation Objective enzyme, Objective cytochrome Objective P4501A Objective (CYP1A), Objective in Objective head Objective kidney Objective immune Objective cells Objective of Objective rainbow Objective trout Objective (Oncorhynchus Objective mykiss). Objective In Method the Method first Method step, Method we Method measured Method induction Method of Method CYP1A-dependent Method 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Method (EROD) Method activity Method and Method CYP1A Method protein Method in Method head Method kidney Method of Method rainbow Method trout Method treated Method with Method a Method single Method intraperitoneal Method (ip) Method injection Method of Method 25 Method mg Method BaP/kg Method body Method weight. Method From Result days Result 3 Result to Result 10 Result postinjection, Result the Result BaP Result treatment Result led Result to Result a Result significant Result elevation Result of Result EROD Result and Result CYP1A Result protein Result in Result head Result kidney Result and Result liver, Result with Result CYP1A Result expression Result levels Result in Result the Result head Result kidney Result being Result much Result lower Result than Result in Result the Result liver. Result Next, Method we Method examined Method the Method cellular Method localization Method of Method CYP1A Method protein Method in Method the Method head Method kidney Method cell Method types: Method vascular Method endothelial, Method endocrine Method and Method lymphoid Method cells. Method CYP1A Result immunoreactivity Result was Result detectable Result only Result in Result BaP-treated Result trout, Result where Result it Result was Result localized Result in Result endothelial Result and Result lymphoid Result cells. Result Finally, Method we Method aimed Method to Method clarify Method which Method of Method the Method hematopoietic Method cell Method types Method possess Method CYP1A Method protein. Method Using Result double Result immunostaining Result for Result CYP1A Result and Result surface Result markers Result of Result rainbow Result trout Result immune Result cells, Result we Result identified Result B Result lymphocytes Result and Result granulocytes Result expressing Result inducible Result CYP1A Result protein Result and Result being Result the Result likely Result sites Result of Result BaP Result metabolism Result in Result the Result head Result kidney. Result
18255115
While Background lysosomal Background disruption Background seems Background to Background be Background a Background late Background step Background of Background necrosis, Background a Background moderate Background lysosomal Background destabilization Background has Background been Background suggested Background to Background participate Background early Background in Background the Background apoptotic Background cascade. Background The Background origin Background of Background lysosomal Background dysfunction Background and Background its Background precise Background role Background in Background apoptosis Background or Background apoptosis-like Background process Background still Background needs Background to Background be Background clarified, Background especially Background upon Background carcinogen Background exposure. Background In Objective this Objective study, Objective we Objective focused Objective on Objective the Objective implication Objective of Objective lysosomes Objective in Objective cell Objective death Objective induced Objective by Objective the Objective prototype Objective carcinogen Objective benzo[a]pyrene Objective (B[a]P; Objective 50 Objective nM) Objective in Objective rat Objective hepatic Objective epithelial Objective F258 Objective cells. Objective We Result first Result demonstrated Result that Result B[a]P Result affected Result lysosomal Result morphology Result (increase Result in Result size) Result and Result pH Result (alkalinization), Result and Result that Result these Result changes Result were Result involved Result in Result caspase-3 Result activation Result and Result cell Result death. Result Subsequently, Result we Result showed Result that Result lysosomal Result modifications Result were Result partly Result dependent Result on Result mitochondrial Result dysfunction, Result and Result that Result lysosomes Result together Result with Result mitochondria Result participate Result in Result B[a]P-induced Result oxidative Result stress. Result Using Result two Result iron Result chelators Result (desferrioxamine Result and Result deferiprone) Result and Result siRNA Result targeting Result the Result lysosomal Result iron-binding Result protease Result lactoferrin, Result we Result further Result demonstrated Result that Result both Result lysosomal Result iron Result content Result and Result lactoferrin Result were Result required Result for Result caspase-3 Result activation Result and Result apoptosis-like Result cell Result death. Result
18251511
This Conclusion study Conclusion demonstrates Conclusion that Conclusion benzo[g]chrysene-11,12-dihydrodiol Conclusion (B[g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol) Conclusion derived Conclusion from Conclusion the Conclusion fjord-region Conclusion parent Conclusion hydrocarbon Conclusion B[g]C Conclusion is Conclusion oxidized Conclusion by Conclusion rat Conclusion AKR1C9 Conclusion with Conclusion a Conclusion k Conclusion c Conclusion a Conclusion t/ Conclusion K Conclusion m Conclusion 100 Conclusion times Conclusion greater Conclusion than Conclusion that Conclusion observed Conclusion with Conclusion the Conclusion commonly Conclusion studied Conclusion bay-region Conclusion benzo[ Conclusion a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol Conclusion (B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol). Conclusion Conversely, Conclusion despite Conclusion its Conclusion strikingly Conclusion similar Conclusion structure Conclusion to Conclusion B[ Conclusion g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol, Conclusion benzo[ Conclusion c]phenanthrene-3,4-dihydrodiol Conclusion (B[ Conclusion c]Ph-3,4-dihydrodiol) Conclusion is Conclusion consumed Conclusion by Conclusion AKR1C9 Conclusion at Conclusion sluggish Conclusion rates Conclusion comparable Conclusion to Conclusion those Conclusion observed Conclusion with Conclusion B[ Conclusion a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol. Conclusion CD Result spectroscopy Result revealed Result that Result only Result the Result (+)-B[ Result g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol Result stereoisomer Result was Result oxidized, Result while Result AKR1C9 Result oxidized Result both Result stereoisomers Result of Result B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol Result and Result B[ Result c]Ph-3,4-dihydrodiol. Result The Result (+)- Result S, Result S- Result and Result (-)- Result R, Result R-stereoisomers Result of Result B[g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol Result were Result purified Result by Result chiral Result RP-HPLC. Result The Result 11 Result S,12 Result S-stereoisomer Result was Result oxidized Result at Result the Result same Result rate Result as Result the Result racemate. Result The Result 11 Result R,12 Result R-stereoisomer Result did Result not Result act Result as Result an Result inhibitor Result to Result AKR1C9, Result indicating Result that Result the Result (-)- Result R, Result R-stereoisomer Result was Result excluded Result from Result the Result active Result site. Result To Method understand Method the Method basis Method of Method stereochemical Method preference, Method we Method screened Method alanine-scanning Method mutants Method of Method active Method site Method residues Method of Method AKR1C9. Method These Result studies Result revealed Result that Result in Result comparison Result to Result the Result wild Result type, Result F129A, Result W227A, Result and Result Y310A Result enabled Result the Result oxidation Result of Result both Result the Result B[g]C-11 Result S,12 Result S-dihydrodiol Result and Result the Result B[g]C-11 Result R,12 Result R-dihydrodiol. Result Molecular Result modeling Result revealed Result that Result unlike Result B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol Result and Result B[ Result c]Ph-3,4-dihydrodiol, Result B[g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol Result enantiomers Result are Result significantly Result bent Result out Result of Result plane. Result As Result a Result consequence, Result the Result (-)- Result R, Result R-stereoisomer Result was Result prevented Result from Result binding Result to Result the Result active Result site Result because Result of Result unfavorable Result interactions Result with Result F129, Result W227, Result or Result Y310. Result Additionally, Result LC/MS Result validated Result that Result the Result product Result of Result the Result reaction Result of Result B[g]C-11,12-dihydrodiol Result oxidation Result catalyzed Result by Result AKR1C9 Result was Result B[g]C-11,12-dione, Result which Result was Result trapped Result in Result vitro Result with Result the Result nucleophile Result 2-mercaptoethanol. Result The Conclusion similarity Conclusion between Conclusion rates Conclusion of Conclusion trans-dihydrodiol Conclusion oxidation Conclusion by Conclusion the Conclusion rat Conclusion and Conclusion human Conclusion liver Conclusion specific Conclusion AKRs Conclusion (AKR1C9 Conclusion and Conclusion AKR1C4) Conclusion implicate Conclusion these Conclusion enzymes Conclusion in Conclusion hepatocarcinogenesis Conclusion in Conclusion rats Conclusion observed Conclusion with Conclusion the Conclusion fjord-region Conclusion PAH. Conclusion
18240161
Consideration Review of Review mechanistic Review data Review has Review the Review potential Review to Review improve Review the Review analysis Review of Review both Review epidemiologic Review studies Review and Review cancer Review bioassays. Review IARC Review has Review a Review classification Review system Review in Review which Review mechanistic Review data Review can Review play Review a Review pivotal Review role. Review Since Review 1991, Review IARC Review has Review allowed Review an Review agent Review to Review be Review classified Review as Review carcinogenic Review to Review humans Review (Group Review 1) Review when Review there Review is Review less Review than Review sufficient Review evidence Review in Review humans Review but Review there Review is Review sufficient Review evidence Review in Review experimental Review animals Review and Review "strong Review evidence Review in Review exposed Review humans Review that Review the Review agent Review acts Review through Review a Review relevant Review mechanism Review of Review carcinogenicity." Review Mechanistic Review evidence Review can Review also Review substitute Review for Review conventional Review cancer Review bioassays Review when Review there Review is Review less Review than Review sufficient Review evidence Review in Review experimental Review animals, Review just Review as Review mechanistic Review evidence Review can Review substitute Review for Review conventional Review epidemiologic Review studies Review when Review there Review is Review less Review than Review sufficient Review evidence Review in Review humans. Review The Review IARC Review Monographs Review have Review used Review mechanistic Review data Review to Review raise Review or Review lower Review a Review classification Review that Review would Review be Review otherwise Review based Review on Review epidemiologic Review studies Review and Review cancer Review bioassays Review only. Review Recently, Review the Review IARC Review Monographs Review have Review evaluated Review several Review agents Review where Review mechanistic Review data Review were Review pivotal Review to Review the Review overall Review evaluation: Review benzo[a]pyrene, Review carbon Review black Review and Review other Review poorly Review soluble Review particles, Review ingested Review nitrates Review and Review nitrites, Review and Review microcystin-LR. Review In Review evaluating Review mechanistic Review data, Review it Review is Review important Review to Review consider Review alternative Review mechanistic Review hypotheses, Review because Review an Review agent Review may Review induce Review tumors Review through Review multiple Review mechanisms. Review
18204078
Many Background studies Background using Background mammalian Background cellular Background and Background subcellular Background systems Background have Background demonstrated Background that Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons, Background including Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BaP), Background are Background metabolically Background activated Background by Background cytochrome Background P450s Background (CYPs). Background In Objective order Objective to Objective evaluate Objective the Objective role Objective of Objective hepatic Objective versus Objective extra-hepatic Objective metabolism Objective of Objective BaP Objective and Objective its Objective pharmacokinetics, Objective we Method used Method the Method hepatic Method cytochrome Method P450 Method reductase Method null Method (HRN) Method mouse Method model, Method in which Method cytochrome Method P450 Method oxidoreductase, Method the Method unique Method electron Method donor Method to Method CYPs, Method is Method deleted Method specifically Method in Method hepatocytes, Method resulting Method in Method the Method loss Method of Method essentially Method all Method hepatic Method CYP Method function. Method HRN Method and Method wild-type Method (WT) Method mice Method were Method treated Method intraperitoneally Method (i.p.) Method with Method 125 Method mg/kg Method body Method wt Method BaP Method daily Method for Method up Method to Method 5 Method days. Method Clearance Method of Method BaP Method from Method blood Method was Method analysed Method by Method high-performance Method liquid Method chromatography Method with Method fluorescence Method detection. Method DNA Method adduct Method levels Method were Method measured Method by Method (32)P-post-labelling Method analysis Method with Method structural Method confirmation Method of Method the Method formation Method of Method 10-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene Method by Method liquid Method chromatography-tandem Method mass Method spectrometry Method analysis. Method Hepatic Method microsomes Method isolated Method from Method BaP-treated Method and Method untreated Method mice Method were Method also Method incubated Method with Method BaP Method and Method DNA Method in Method vitro. Method BaP-DNA Result adduct Result formation Result was Result up Result to Result 7-fold Result lower Result with Result the Result microsomes Result from Result HRN Result mice Result than Result with Result that Result from Result WT Result mice. Result Most Result of Result the Result hepatic Result microsomal Result activation Result of Result BaP Result in Result vitro Result was Result attributable Result to Result CYP1A. Result Pharmacokinetic Result analysis Result of Result BaP Result in Result blood Result revealed Result no Result significant Result differences Result between Result HRN Result and Result WT Result mice. Result BaP-DNA Result adduct Result levels Result were Result higher Result in Result the Result livers Result (up Result to Result 13-fold) Result and Result elevated Result in Result several Result extra-hepatic Result tissues Result of Result HRN Result mice Result (by Result 1.7- Result to Result 2.6-fold) Result relative Result to Result WT Result mice. Result These Conclusion data Conclusion reveal Conclusion an Conclusion apparent Conclusion paradox, Conclusion whereby Conclusion hepatic Conclusion CYP Conclusion enzymes Conclusion appear Conclusion to Conclusion be Conclusion more Conclusion important Conclusion for Conclusion detoxification Conclusion of Conclusion BaP Conclusion in Conclusion vivo, Conclusion despite Conclusion being Conclusion involved Conclusion in Conclusion its Conclusion metabolic Conclusion activation Conclusion in Conclusion vitro. Conclusion
18192687
We Objective used Objective isobaric Objective tag Objective labeling Objective coupled Objective with Objective mass Objective spectrometry Objective to Objective compare Objective the Objective relative Objective abundance Objective of Objective proteins Objective in Objective lung Objective tumors Objective from Objective A/J Objective mice Objective treated Objective with Objective a Objective mixture Objective of Objective 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Objective and Objective benzo[a]pyrene Objective versus Objective normal Objective mouse Objective lung Objective tissues. Objective Levels Result of Result 59 Result proteins Result changed-30 Result increased Result and Result 29 Result decreased-in Result tumor Result tissues Result versus Result normal Result tissues. Result Among Result proteins Result that Result showed Result increased Result levels Result in Result tumor Result tissues Result versus Result normal Result tissues Result were Result glycolytic Result enzymes, Result ribosomal Result proteins, Result fatty Result acid Result synthase, Result cathepsins Result D Result and Result H Result and Result carbonic Result anhydrase Result 2. Result On Result the Result other Result hand, Result the Result levels Result of Result cytochrome Result P450 Result enzymes Result 2B10 Result and Result 2F2, Result glutathione Result S-transferases Result mu-1, Result procollagen Result VI, Result Clara Result cell Result 10 Result kDA Result (CC10) Result protein, Result histones, Result receptor Result advanced Result glycation Result end Result product, Result and Result lung Result carbonyl Result reductase Result were Result lower Result in Result tumor Result tissues Result versus Result normal Result lung Result tissues. Result Upon Result dietary Result administration Result of Result a Result combination Result of Result N-acetyl-S-(N-2-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-L-cysteine Result plus Result myo-inositol Result or Result indole-3-carbinol Result to Result carcinogen-treated Result mice, Result the Result relative Result abundance Result of Result 60S Result ribosomal Result protein Result L4 Result and Result carbonic Result anhydrase Result in Result tumor Result tissues Result decreased Result whereas Result that Result of Result histones, Result glutathione Result S-transferases Result mu, Result receptor Result advanced Result glycation Result end Result product, Result transglutaminase, Result and Result procollagen Result VI Result increased. Result Western Result assays Result with Result lung Result tissue Result homogenates Result not Result only Result verified Result the Result proteomics Result results Result for Result selected Result proteins Result but Result also Result showed Result differential Result expression Result of Result hypoxia Result inducible Result factor-1alpha, Result a Result transcription Result factor Result for Result most Result of Result the Result proteins Result that Result showed Result changes Result in Result relative Result abundance. Result This Conclusion is Conclusion the Conclusion first Conclusion report Conclusion on Conclusion the Conclusion application Conclusion of Conclusion quantitative Conclusion proteomics Conclusion to Conclusion study Conclusion the Conclusion relative Conclusion abundance Conclusion of Conclusion proteins Conclusion in Conclusion a Conclusion mouse Conclusion model Conclusion of Conclusion lung Conclusion carcinogenesis. Conclusion These Conclusion proteins Conclusion may Conclusion have Conclusion utility Conclusion for Conclusion development Conclusion of Conclusion candidate Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer Conclusion biomarkers Conclusion and Conclusion as Conclusion targets Conclusion of Conclusion chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic Conclusion agents. Conclusion
18179178
The Background aryl Background hydrocarbon Background receptor Background (AhR) Background is Background a Background ligand-activated Background transcription Background factor Background that Background mediates Background most Background of Background the Background toxic Background effects Background of Background numerous Background chlorinated Background (e.g., Background TCDD) Background and Background nonchlorinated Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background compounds Background (e.g., Background benzo[ Background a]pyrene). Background Studies Background in Background AhR Background null Background mice Background suggested Background that Background this Background receptor Background may Background also Background play Background a Background role Background in Background the Background modulation Background of Background immune Background responses. Background Recently, Background two Background drugs, Background namely, Background M50354 Background and Background M50367 Background (ethyl Background ester Background derivative Background of Background M50354), Background were Background described Background as Background AhR Background ligands Background with Background high Background efficacy Background toward Background reducing Background atopic Background allergic Background symptoms Background in Background an Background AhR-dependent Background manner Background by Background skewing Background T Background helper Background cell Background differentiation Background toward Background a Background T Background H1 Background phenotype Background [Negishi Background et Background al. Background (2005) Background J. Background Immunol. Background 175 Background (11), Background 7348-7356]. Background Surprisingly, Background these Background drugs Background were Background shown Background to Background have Background minimal Background activity Background toward Background inducing Background classical Background dioxin Background responsive Background element-driven Background AhR-mediated Background CYP1A1 Background transcription. Background We Objective synthesized Objective and Objective reevaluated Objective the Objective ability Objective of Objective these Objective drugs Objective to Objective regulate Objective AhR Objective activity. Objective In Related-work contrast Related-work to Related-work previously Related-work published Related-work data, Related-work both Result M50354 Result and Result M50367 Result were Result found Result to Result be Result potent Result inducers Result of Result several Result AhR Result target Result genes, Result namely, Result CYP1A1, Result CYP1B1, Result and Result UGT1A2. Result M50367 Result was Result a Result more Result effective Result agonist Result than Result M50354, Result perhaps Result accounting Result for Result its Result higher Result bioavailability Result in Result vivo. Result However, Result M50354 Result was Result capable Result of Result displacing Result an Result AhR-specific Result radioligand Result more Result effectively Result than Result M50367. Result This Result is Result consistent Result with Result M50354 Result being Result the Result active Result metabolite Result of Result M50367. Result In Conclusion conclusion, Conclusion two Conclusion selective Conclusion inhibitors Conclusion of Conclusion TH2 Conclusion differentiation Conclusion are Conclusion full Conclusion AhR Conclusion agonists. Conclusion
18174961
BACKGROUND: Background Within Background mixtures, Background interactions Background between Background different Background xenobiotics Background may Background occur Background to Background give Background rise Background to Background additive, Background synergistic, Background inhibitory Background and/or Background stimulatory Background effects Background in Background target Background cells. Background The Background role Background that Background xenobiotics Background individually Background or Background in Background mixtures, Background and Background at Background environmental Background concentrations, Background play Background in Background the Background etiology Background of Background common Background human Background diseases Background often Background remains Background obscure. Background METHODS: Method In Method the Method presence Method or Method absence Method of Method lindane, Method chromosomal Method aberrations Method were Method detected Method in Method MCF-7 Method cells Method after Method 24-hr Method treatment Method with Method benzo[a]pyrene Method (B[a]P) Method or Method 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine Method (PhIP) Method using Method the Method cytokinesis-block Method micronucleus Method assay. Method Micronuclei Method were Method scored Method in Method 1,000 Method binucleate Method cells/treatment. Method We Method investigated Method intracellular Method responses Method using Method quantitative Method gene Method expression Method analyses Method of Method cyclin-dependent Method kinase Method inhibitor Method 1A Method [CDKN1A Method (P21(WAF1/CIP1))], Method B-cell Method leukemia/lymphoma Method 2 Method (BCL-2), Method BCL-2-associated Method X Method (BAX), Method and Method isoforms Method of Method cytochrome Method P450 Method (CYP), Method CYP1A1, Method CYP1A2, Method and Method CYP1B1. Method Immunocytochemical Method analyses Method of Method p53, Method p21(Waf1/Cip1), Method Bcl-2 Method and Method Bax Method protein Method expression Method in Method MCF-7 Method cells Method were Method also Method carried Method out. Method RESULTS: Result After Result exposure Result to Result binary Result mixtures Result of Result B[a]P Result plus Result lindane Result or Result PhIP Result plus Result lindane, Result a Result 10-fold Result increase Result in Result micronucleus Result formation Result resulted; Result these Result test Result agents Result individually Result induced Result 2- Result to Result 5-fold Result increases. Result Lindane Result increased Result the Result ratio Result of Result Bcl-2:Bax, Result as Result did Result 17beta-estradiol Result (E(2)). Result Although Result treatment Result with Result B[a]P Result alone Result was Result found Result to Result elevate Result expression Result of Result P21(WAF1/CIP1)and Result CYP Result isoenzymes, Result it Result reduced Result the Result ratio Result of Result BCL-2:BAX Result mRNA Result transcripts. Result Treatment Result with Result a Result binary Result mixture Result of Result 10(-8) Result M Result B[a]P Result plus Result 10(-12) Result M Result lindane Result or Result 10(-10) Result M Result E(2) Result reversed Result B[a]P-induced Result reductions Result in Result the Result ratio Result of Result Bcl-2- Result to Result Bax-positive Result cells. Result In Result contrast, Result treatments Result with Result PhIP Result (known Result to Result possess Result hormonelike Result properties) Result plus Result lindane Result or Result E(2) Result resulted Result in Result profound Result reductions Result in Result Bcl-2:Bax Result ratio. Result CONCLUSIONS: Conclusion Our Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion low-dose Conclusion treatments Conclusion (i.e., Conclusion close Conclusion to Conclusion environmental Conclusion levels) Conclusion may Conclusion increase Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage Conclusion while Conclusion influencing Conclusion survival Conclusion in Conclusion exposed Conclusion cells Conclusion and Conclusion that Conclusion these Conclusion effects Conclusion may Conclusion depend Conclusion on Conclusion the Conclusion endocrine Conclusion activity Conclusion of Conclusion test Conclusion agents. Conclusion
18172875
Mutations Background at Background expanded Background simple Background tandem Background repeat Background (ESTR) Background DNA Background sequences Background provide Background a Background useful Background tool Background for Background screening Background germline Background mutation. Background However, Background the Background mechanisms Background resulting Background in Background induced Background mutations Background are Background unknown Background and Background provide Background an Background impediment Background to Background the Background utility Background of Background the Background method. Background Induced Background ESTR Background mutations Background arise Background through Background a Background nontargeted Background mechanism Background resulting Background in Background destabilization Background of Background the Background repeat Background locus. Background We Objective hypothesized Objective that Objective alterations Objective in Objective DNA Objective methylation, Objective or Objective in Objective DNA Objective methyltransferase Objective expression, Objective may Objective be Objective associated Objective with Objective this Objective indirect Objective mechanism Objective of Objective mutation. Objective DNA Method mutation Method frequency Method was Method measured Method in Method C3H/10T1/2 Method mouse Method embryonic Method fibroblast Method cells Method following Method chronic Method exposure Method to Method six Method chemicals Method exhibiting Method different Method modes Method of Method genotoxic Method action: Method N-nitroso-N-ethylurea Method (ENU); Method benzo(a)pyrene Method (BaP); Method etoposide Method (ETOP); Method okadaic Method acid Method (OA); Method cisplatin Method (CisPt); Method and Method 5-azacytidine Method (5azadC). Method Induced Result mutation Result ranged Result from Result 2-fold Result (ENU, Result BaP, Result ETOP), Result to Result 1.3-1.4 Result fold Result (OA, Result 5azadC), Result to Result nonresponsive Result (CisPt). Result Global Result DNA Result methylation, Result measured Result using Result the Result cytosine Result extension Result assay, Result revealed Result hypomethylation Result following Result exposure Result to Result ENU Result and Result 5azadC, Result hypermethylation Result following Result BaP Result and Result OA Result exposure, Result and Result no Result change Result following Result treatment Result with Result ETOP Result or Result CisPt. Result DNA Result methyltransferase Result transcription Result (Dnmt1, Result Dnmt3a, Result Dnmt3b) Result was Result significantly Result affected Result by Result all Result treatments Result except Result ETOP, Result with Result the Result vast Result majority Result of Result changes Result being Result downregulation. Result There Result was Result no Result direct Result correlation Result between Result ESTR Result mutation, Result global Result methylation, Result or Result DNA Result methyltransferase Result transcription. Result However, Result 4/5 Result ESTR Result mutagens Result caused Result changes Result in Result global Result methylation, Result while Result the Result noninducer Result (CisPt) Result did Result not Result cause Result changes Result in Result methylation. Result We Related-work hypothesize Related-work that Related-work chemicals Related-work that Related-work modify Related-work chromatin Related-work conformation Related-work through Related-work changes Related-work in Related-work methylation Related-work may Related-work compromise Related-work the Related-work ability Related-work of Related-work mismatch Related-work repair Related-work enzymes Related-work (or Related-work other Related-work enzymes) Related-work to Related-work access Related-work and Related-work repair Related-work secondary Related-work structures Related-work that Related-work may Related-work form Related-work across Related-work ESTR Related-work loci Related-work resulting Related-work in Related-work mutation. Related-work
18160334
The Objective genotoxicity Objective of Objective 15 Objective polycyclic Objective aromatic Objective hydrocarbons Objective was Objective determined Objective with Objective the Objective alkaline Objective version Objective of Objective the Objective comet Objective assay Objective employing Objective V79 Objective lung Objective fibroblasts Objective of Objective the Objective Chinese Objective hamster Objective as Objective target Objective cells. Objective These Background cells Background lack Background the Background enzymes Background necessary Background to Background convert Background PAHs Background to Background DNA-binding Background metabolites. Background Surprisingly, Result 11 Result PAHs, Result i.e., Result benzo[a]pyrene Result (BaP), Result benz[a]anthracene, Result 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, Result 3-methylcholanthrene, Result fluoranthene, Result anthanthrene, Result 11H-benzo[b]fluorene, Result dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Result pyrene, Result benzo[ghi]perylene Result and Result benzo[e]pyrene Result caused Result DNA Result strand Result breaks Result even Result without Result external Result metabolic Result activation, Result while Result naphthalene, Result anthracene, Result phenanthrene Result and Result naphthacene Result were Result inactive. Result When Result the Result comet Result assay Result was Result performed Result in Result the Result dark Result or Result when Result yellow Result fluorescent Result lamps Result were Result used Result for Result illumination Result the Result DNA-damaging Result effect Result of Result the Result 11 Result PAHs Result disappeared. Result White Result fluorescent Result lamps Result exhibit Result emission Result maxima Result at Result 334.1, Result 365.0, Result 404.7, Result and Result 435.8 Result nm Result representing Result spectral Result lines Result of Result mercury. Result In Result the Result case Result of Result yellow Result fluorescent Result lamps Result these Result emissions Result were Result absent. Result Obviously, Conclusion under Conclusion standard Conclusion laboratory Conclusion illumination Conclusion many Conclusion PAHs Conclusion are Conclusion photo-activated, Conclusion resulting Conclusion in Conclusion DNA-damaging Conclusion species. Conclusion This Conclusion feature Conclusion of Conclusion PAHs Conclusion should Conclusion be Conclusion taken Conclusion into Conclusion account Conclusion when Conclusion these Conclusion compounds Conclusion are Conclusion employed Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion initiation Conclusion of Conclusion skin Conclusion cancer. Conclusion The Result genotoxicity Result of Result BaP Result that Result is Result metabolically Result activated Result in Result V79 Result cells Result stably Result expressing Result human Result cytochrome Result P450-dependent Result monooxygenase Result (CYP1A1) Result as Result well Result as Result human Result epoxide Result hydrolase Result (V79-hCYP1A1-mEH) Result could Result not Result be Result detected Result with Result the Result comet Result assay Result performed Result under Result yellow Result light. Result Likewise Result the Result DNA-damaging Result effect Result of Result r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene Result (anti-BaPDE) Result observed Result with Result the Result comet Result assay Result was Result only Result weak. Result However, Result upon Result inhibition Result of Result nucleotide Result excision Result repair Result (NER), Result which Result is Result responsible Result for Result the Result removal Result of Result stable Result DNA Result adducts Result caused Result by Result anti-BaPDE, Result the Result tail Result moment Result rose Result 3.4-fold Result in Result the Result case Result of Result BaP Result and Result 12.9-fold Result in Result the Result case Result of Result anti-BaPDE. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion indicate Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion genotoxicity Conclusion of Conclusion BaP Conclusion and Conclusion probably Conclusion of Conclusion other Conclusion compounds Conclusion producing Conclusion stable Conclusion DNA Conclusion adducts Conclusion are Conclusion reliably Conclusion detected Conclusion with Conclusion the Conclusion comet Conclusion assay Conclusion only Conclusion when Conclusion NER Conclusion is Conclusion inhibited. Conclusion
18160332
Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs), Background wide-spread Background mutagenic Background and Background carcinogenic Background environmental Background pollutants, Background are Background consistently Background exposed Background to Background sunlight Background in Background the Background environment. Background The Background exposure Background causes Background structural Background change, Background resulting Background in Background the Background generation Background of Background a Background variety Background of Background photomodified Background products Background having Background different Background bioactivities Background compared Background with Background the Background parent Background compounds. Background In this Result study, Result we Result found Result that Result benzo[a]pyrene Result (BaP) Result exposed Result to Result solar-simulated Result light Result (SSL)-induced Result phosphorylation Result of Result histone Result H2AX Result (gamma-H2AX), Result which Related-work was Related-work recently Related-work identified Related-work as Related-work an Related-work early Related-work event Related-work after Related-work the Related-work induction Related-work of Related-work DNA Related-work double Related-work strand Related-work breaks Related-work (DSBs). Related-work Although Result BaP Result itself Result did Result not Result produce Result gamma-H2AX, Result SSL-exposed Result BaP Result significantly Result generated Result gamma-H2AX Result depending Result on Result the Result period Result of Result exposure. Result Furthermore, Result we Result revealed Result that Result reactive Result oxygen Result species Result produced Result by Result the Result SSL-exposed Result BaP Result mainly Result contributed Result to Result the Result generation Result of Result gamma-H2AX. Result The Conclusion appearance Conclusion of Conclusion gamma-H2AX Conclusion means Conclusion the Conclusion induction Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion most Conclusion serious Conclusion form Conclusion of Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage, Conclusion DSBs, Conclusion suggesting Conclusion the Conclusion potential Conclusion risk Conclusion of Conclusion carcinogenesis. Conclusion
18156145
Polycyclic Review aromatic Review hydrocarbons Review (PAHs) Review are Review ubiquitous Review environmental Review contaminants. Review Traditionally, Review much Review of Review the Review research Review has Review focused Review on Review the Review carcinogenic Review potential Review of Review specific Review PAHs, Review such Review as Review benzo(a)pyrene, Review but Review recent Review studies Review using Review sensitive Review fish Review models Review have Review shown Review that Review exposure Review to Review PAHs Review alters Review normal Review fish Review development. Review Some Review PAHs Review can Review induce Review a Review teratogenic Review phenotype Review similar Review to Review that Review caused Review by Review planar Review halogenated Review aromatic Review hydrocarbons, Review such Review as Review dioxin. Review Consequently, Review mechanism Review of Review action Review is Review often Review equated Review between Review the Review two Review classes Review of Review compounds. Review Unlike Review dioxins, Review however, Review the Review developmental Review toxicity Review of Review PAH Review mixtures Review is Review not Review necessarily Review additive. Review This Review is Review likely Review related Review to Review their Review multiple Review mechanisms Review of Review toxicity Review and Review their Review rapid Review biotransformation Review by Review CYP1 Review enzymes Review to Review metabolites Review with Review a Review wide Review array Review of Review structures Review and Review potential Review toxicities. Review This Review has Review important Review implications Review for Review risk Review assessment Review and Review management Review as Review the Review current Review approach Review for Review complex Review mixtures Review of Review PAHs Review usually Review assumes Review concentration Review addition. Review In Review this Review review Review we Review discuss Review our Review current Review knowledge Review of Review teratogenicity Review caused Review by Review single Review PAH Review compounds Review and Review by Review mixtures Review and Review the Review importance Review of Review these Review latest Review findings Review for Review adequately Review assessing Review risk Review of Review PAHs Review to Review humans Review and Review wildlife. Review Throughout, Review we Review place Review particular Review emphasis Review on Review research Review on Review the Review early Review life Review stages Review of Review fish, Review which Review has Review proven Review to Review be Review a Review sensitive Review and Review rapid Review developmental Review model Review to Review elucidate Review effects Review of Review hydrocarbon Review mixtures. Review
18096572
ARNT Background and Background ARNT2 Background proteins Background are Background expressed Background in Background mammalian Background and Background aquatic Background species Background and Background exhibit Background a Background high Background level Background of Background amino Background acid Background identity Background in Background the Background basic-helix Background loop-helix Background PER/ARNT/SIM Background domains Background involved Background in Background protein Background interactions Background and Background DNA Background binding. Background Since Background the Background analysis Background of Background ARNT2 Background function Background at Background the Background protein Background level Background has Background been Background limited, Background ARNT2 Objective function Objective in Objective aryl Objective hydrocarbon Objective receptor Objective (AHR)-mediated Objective signaling Objective was Objective evaluated Objective and Objective compared Objective to Objective ARNT. Objective In Result vitro, Result ARNT Result and Result ARNT2 Result dimerized Result equally Result with Result the Result AHR Result in Result the Result presence Result of Result 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin Result (TCDD) Result and Result ARNT2 Result outcompeted Result ARNT Result for Result binding Result to Result the Result AHR Result when Result expressed Result in Result excess. Result In Result contrast, Result activation Result of Result the Result AHR Result with Result 3-methylcholanthrene Result or Result benzo[a]pyrene Result resulted Result in Result predominant Result formation Result of Result AHR*ARNT Result complexes. Result ARNT2 Result expressed Result in Result Hepa-1 Result cell Result culture Result lines Result with Result reduced Result ARNT Result protein Result resulted Result in Result minimal Result induction Result of Result endogenous Result CYP1A1 Result protein Result compared Result to Result cells Result expressing Result ARNT, Result and Result mutation Result of Result the Result putative Result proline Result residue Result at Result amino Result acid Result 352 Result to Result histidine Result failed Result to Result produce Result an Result ARNT2 Result that Result could Result function Result in Result AHR-mediated Result signaling. Result However, Result the Result expression Result of Result ARNT2 Result in Result wild-type Result Hepa-1 Result cells Result reduced Result TCDD-mediated Result induction Result of Result endogenous Result CYP1A1 Result protein Result by Result 30%, Result even Result though Result AHR*ARNT2 Result complexes Result could Result not Result be Result detected Result in Result nuclear Result extracts. Result Western Result blot Result analysis Result of Result numerous Result mouse Result tissues Result and Result various Result cell Result culture Result lines Result showed Result that Result both Result endogenous Result ARNT Result and Result ARNT2 Result could Result be Result detected Result in Result cells Result derived Result from Result kidney, Result central Result nervous Result system, Result and Result retinal Result epithelium. Result Thus, Conclusion ARNT2 Conclusion has Conclusion the Conclusion ability Conclusion to Conclusion dimerize Conclusion with Conclusion the Conclusion liganded Conclusion AHR Conclusion in Conclusion vitro Conclusion and Conclusion is Conclusion influenced Conclusion by Conclusion the Conclusion activating Conclusion ligand Conclusion yet Conclusion appears Conclusion to Conclusion be Conclusion limited Conclusion in Conclusion its Conclusion ability Conclusion to Conclusion influence Conclusion AHR-mediated Conclusion signaling Conclusion in Conclusion cell Conclusion culture. Conclusion
18096571
Mdm2 Background is Background an Background oncoprotein Background interacting Background with Background p53 Background and Background maintaining Background low Background p53 Background levels Background in Background unstressed Background cells. Background Here Objective we Objective investigated Objective the Objective effect Objective of Objective genotoxic Objective compounds Objective on Objective Mdm2 Objective phosphorylation Objective levels. Objective Employing Result the Result Mdm2 Result 2A10 Result antibody Result and Result phosphatase Result treatment Result we Result found Result that Result Mdm2 Result accumulated Result in Result HepG2 Result cells Result when Result exposed Result to Result low Result concentrations Result of Result genotoxic Result compounds Result such Result as Result mitomycin Result C, Result etoposide, Result 5-fluorouracil, Result and Result benzo[a]pyrene Result (BP). Result The Result low-dose Result responses Result were Result not Result accompanied Result by Result p53 Result accumulation Result and Result the Result effect Result of Result low Result concentrations Result of Result BP Result on Result Mdm2 Result was Result not Result affected Result by Result small Result interfering Result RNA Result for Result p53. Result In Result human Result lymphoblasts Result 10nM Result BP Result induced Result an Result Mdm2 Result response. Result Low Result concentrations Result of Result BP Result also Result induced Result binding Result of Result Mdm2 Result to Result chromatin Result in Result HepG2 Result cells, Result but Result no Result p53 Result binding Result or Result H2AX Result phosphorylation. Result The Result more Result mutagenic Result dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Result as Result well Result as Result higher Result BP Result concentrations Result instead Result induced Result gammaH2AX Result and Result p53 Result Ser15 Result association Result with Result chromatin. Result Acrolein Result potentiated Result the Result effect Result of Result BP Result on Result p53 Result stabilization Result and Result chromatin Result binding. Result Taken Conclusion together, Conclusion these Conclusion data Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion (1) Conclusion Mdm2 Conclusion is Conclusion a Conclusion sensitive Conclusion biomarker Conclusion for Conclusion certain Conclusion types Conclusion of Conclusion genotoxicity, Conclusion and Conclusion (2) Conclusion that Conclusion polycyclic Conclusion aromatic Conclusion hydrocarbons-induced Conclusion Mdm2 Conclusion binding Conclusion to Conclusion chromatin Conclusion reflects Conclusion repairable Conclusion damage, Conclusion whereas Conclusion chromatin Conclusion binding Conclusion of Conclusion p53 Conclusion Ser15 Conclusion and Conclusion gammaH2AX Conclusion indicates Conclusion more Conclusion persistent Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage. Conclusion The Conclusion analysis Conclusion of Conclusion Mdm2 Conclusion and Conclusion related Conclusion endpoints Conclusion might Conclusion be Conclusion useful Conclusion for Conclusion evaluating Conclusion mutagenic Conclusion potentials Conclusion of Conclusion DNA Conclusion damages. Conclusion It Conclusion is Conclusion suggested Conclusion that Conclusion patterns Conclusion documented Conclusion here Conclusion can Conclusion be Conclusion used Conclusion for Conclusion separating Conclusion BP Conclusion doses Conclusion that Conclusion induce Conclusion readily Conclusion repaired Conclusion DNA Conclusion adducts Conclusion from Conclusion doses Conclusion that Conclusion overwhelm Conclusion this Conclusion capacity. Conclusion
18093576
Cadmium, Background a Background major Background metal Background constituent Background of Background tobacco Background smoke, Background elicits Background synergistic Background enhancement Background of Background cell Background transformation Background when Background combined Background with Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BP) Background or Background other Background PAHs. Background The Background mechanism Background underlying Background this Background synergism Background is Background not Background clearly Background understood. Background We Result observed Result that Result (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide Result (BPDE), Result an Result ultimate Result carcinogen Result of Result BP, Result induces Result apoptosis Result in Result promotion Result sensitive Result mouse Result epidermal Result JB6 Result Cl41 Result cells Result at Result non-cytotoxic Result concentrations. Result BPDE Result also Result activates Result AP-1 Result several Result folds Result in Result AP-1 Result reporter Result JB6 Result cells. Result Cadmium Result at Result non-cytotoxic Result concentrations Result inhibits Result both Result AP-1 Result activation Result and Result apoptosis Result in Result response Result to Result BPDE. Result Since Method AP-1 Method is Method known Method to Method be Method involved Method in Method stress-induced Method apoptosis Method we Method investigated Method whether Method inhibition Method of Method AP-1 Method by Method cadmium Method has Method any Method role Method in Method the Method inhibition Method of Method BPDE-induced Method apoptosis. Method MAP Background kinases Background (particularly Background ERKs, Background p38 Background and Background JNKs) Background are Background known Background to Background have Background important Background role Background in Background DNA Background damage-induced Background AP-1 Background activation. Background We Result observed Result that Result ERK Result and Result JNK, Result but Result not Result p38 Result MAP Result kinase, Result are Result involved Result in Result BPDE-induced Result AP-1 Result activation. Result Effect Conclusion of Conclusion cadmium Conclusion on Conclusion MAP Conclusion kinases Conclusion and Conclusion the Conclusion effect Conclusion of Conclusion inhibition Conclusion of Conclusion above Conclusion three Conclusion MAP Conclusion kinases Conclusion on Conclusion BPDE-induced Conclusion AP-1 Conclusion activation Conclusion and Conclusion apoptosis Conclusion indicate Conclusion that Conclusion AP-1 Conclusion is Conclusion probably Conclusion not Conclusion involved Conclusion in Conclusion BPDE-induced Conclusion apoptosis. Conclusion Cadmium Result up-regulates Result BPDE-activated Result ERKs Result and Result ERK Result inhibition Result by Result U0126 Result relieves Result cadmium-mediated Result inhibition Result of Result BPDE-induced Result apoptosis. Result We Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion cadmium Conclusion inhibits Conclusion BPDE-induced Conclusion apoptosis Conclusion not Conclusion involving Conclusion AP-1 Conclusion but Conclusion probably Conclusion through Conclusion a Conclusion different Conclusion mechanism Conclusion by Conclusion up-regulating Conclusion ERK Conclusion which Conclusion is Conclusion known Conclusion to Conclusion promote Conclusion cell Conclusion survival. Conclusion
18065724
Several Background compounds Background originating Background from Background cruciferous Background vegetables Background and Background citrus Background fruits Background bind Background to Background and Background activate Background the Background aryl Background hydrocarbon Background receptor Background (AhR). Background This Background receptor Background plays Background an Background important Background role Background in Background the Background toxicity Background of Background the Background known Background tumour Background promoter Background and Background potent Background AhR-agonist Background 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Background (TCDD). Background However, Background vegetables Background and Background fruits Background are Background generally Background considered Background as Background healthy. Background Therefore, Background besides Background the Background AhR Background activation, Background the Background natural Background AhR Background agonists Background (NAhRAs) Background are Background assumed Background to Background show Background other Background health-concerning Background effects. Background AhR Background activation Background induces Background several Background cytochrome Background P450 Background phase Background I Background enzymes Background involved, Background e.g. Background in Background the Background bioactivation Background of Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons, Background like Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BaP), Background and Background may Background as Background such Background stimulate Background DNA Background adduct Background formation Background of Background those Background compounds. Background Therefore, Objective the Objective influence Objective of Objective TCDD, Objective indolo[3,2-b]carbazole Objective (ICZ, Objective an Objective NAhRA Objective originating Objective from Objective cruciferous Objective vegetables) Objective and Objective an Objective NAhRA-containing Objective extract Objective of Objective grapefruit Objective juice Objective (GJE) Objective on Objective BaP-DNA Objective adduct Objective formation Objective in Objective the Objective human Objective Caco-2 Objective cell Objective line Objective was Objective studied. Objective Also, Objective we Objective investigated Objective if Objective different Objective effects Objective of Objective TCDD, Objective ICZ Objective and Objective GJE Objective on Objective adduct Objective formation Objective could Objective be Objective related Objective to Objective the Objective modulation Objective of Objective transcription Objective of Objective biotransformation- Objective and Objective DNA-repair Objective enzymes. Objective Co-exposure Result to Result high Result AhR-activating Result concentrations Result of Result both Result TCDD Result and Result ICZ Result significantly Result reduced Result the Result amount Result of Result BaP-DNA Result adducts Result at Result 0.1 Result microM Result BaP, Result while Result at Result higher Result concentrations Result of Result BaP Result no Result influence Result was Result observed. Result In Result contrast, Result exposure Result to Result 0.1 Result microM Result BaP Result combined Result with Result GJE Result showed Result a Result significant Result increase Result in Result BaP-DNA Result adducts, Result and Result a Result significant Result decrease Result at Result 0.3 Result and Result 1 Result microM Result BaP. Result These Result differences Result could Result not Result be Result related Result to Result transcription Result of Result the Result phase Result I Result and Result II Result enzymes Result CYP1A1, Result CYP1B1, Result NQO1, Result GSTP1 Result and Result UGT1A6 Result or Result to Result transcription Result of Result the Result nucleotide Result excision Result repair Result enzymes Result ERCC1, Result XPA, Result XPC, Result XPF Result and Result XPG. Result We Conclusion conclude Conclusion that Conclusion ICZ Conclusion showed Conclusion a Conclusion similar Conclusion effect Conclusion on Conclusion BaP-DNA Conclusion adduct Conclusion formation Conclusion than Conclusion TCDD, Conclusion while Conclusion GJE Conclusion influenced Conclusion the Conclusion adduct Conclusion formation Conclusion in Conclusion a Conclusion different Conclusion way. Conclusion The Conclusion difference Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion influence Conclusion on Conclusion adduct Conclusion formation Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion due Conclusion to Conclusion effects Conclusion at Conclusion the Conclusion level Conclusion of Conclusion enzyme Conclusion activity, Conclusion rather Conclusion than Conclusion gene Conclusion expression. Conclusion
18035379
The Objective influence Objective of Objective low-activity Objective NER Objective genotypes Objective (XPC Objective PAT-/+, Objective XPA-A23G, Objective XPD Objective Asp312Asn, Objective XPD Objective Lys751Gln) Objective and Objective GSTM1 Objective (active Objective or Objective null) Objective was Objective evaluated Objective on Objective anti-benzo[a]pyrene Objective diol Objective epoxide-(B[a]PDE)-DNA Objective adduct Objective formed Objective in Objective the Objective lymphocyte Objective plus Objective monocyte Objective fraction Objective (LMF). Objective The Method sample Method population Method consisted Method of Method 291 Method healthy Method subjects Method with Method low Method exposure Method to Method polycyclic Method aromatic Method hydrocarbons Method (PAHs) Method (B[a]P) Method through Method their Method smoking Method (n=126 Method smokers) Method or Method dietary Method habits Method (n=165 Method non-smokers Method with Method high Method (>or=52 Method times/year) Method consumption Method of Method charcoaled Method meat Method or Method pizza). Method The Method bulky Method anti-B[a]PDE-DNA Method adduct Method levels Method were Method detected Method by Method HPLC/fluorescence Method analysis Method and Method genotypes Method by Method PCR. Method Anti-B[a]PDE-DNA Result was Result present Result (>or=0.5 Result adducts/10(8) Result nucleotides) Result in Result 163 Result (56%) Result subjects Result (median Result (range) Result 0.77 Result (0.125-32.0) Result adducts/10(8) Result nucleotides), Result with Result smokers Result showing Result a Result significantly Result higher Result adduct Result level Result than Result non-smokers Result with Result high Result consumption Result of Result PAH-rich Result meals Result (P<0.01). Result Our Result exposed-sample Result population Result with Result unfavourable Result XPC Result PAT+/- Result or Result +/+ Result and Result GSTM1 Result null Result genotypes Result has Result the Result significantly Result highest Result adduct Result level Result (P<0.01). Result Taking Result into Result account Result tobacco Result smoke Result and Result diet Result as Result sources Result of Result exposure Result to Result B[a]P, Result low-activity Result XPC Result PAT+ Result shows Result a Result major Result role Result in Result smokers Result (P<0.05) Result and Result GSTM1 Result null Result in Result non-smokers Result with Result frequent Result consumption Result of Result PAH-rich Result meals Result (P<0.01). Result The Conclusion modulation Conclusion of Conclusion anti-B[a]PDE-DNA Conclusion adduct Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion LMF Conclusion by Conclusion GSTM1 Conclusion null Conclusion and Conclusion low-activity Conclusion XPC Conclusion PAT+ Conclusion polymorphisms Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion considered Conclusion as Conclusion potential Conclusion genetic Conclusion susceptibility Conclusion factors Conclusion that Conclusion can Conclusion modify Conclusion individual Conclusion responses Conclusion to Conclusion low Conclusion PAH Conclusion (B[a]P) Conclusion genotoxic Conclusion exposure, Conclusion with Conclusion the Conclusion consequent Conclusion risk Conclusion of Conclusion cancer Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion general Conclusion population. Conclusion
18003626
The Background p53 Background tumour Background suppressor Background protein Background plays Background a Background pivotal Background role Background in Background the Background response Background of Background mammalian Background cells Background to Background DNA Background damage. Background In Background addition Background to Background its Background regulatory Background role Background in Background cell Background cycle Background progression, Background p53 Background regulates Background apoptosis Background and Background can Background therefore Background influence Background cellular Background survival Background in Background response Background to Background DNA Background damage. Background More Background recent Background work Background has Background revealed Background that Background p53 Background is Background also Background involved Background in Background the Background nucleotide Background excision Background repair Background (NER) Background of Background structurally Background diverse Background types Background of Background DNA Background damage. Background The Objective relative Objective influence Objective of Objective p53 Objective on Objective NER Objective and Objective cellular Objective sensitivity Objective to Objective DNA Objective damage Objective was Objective investigated Objective in Objective this Objective study Objective using Objective cells Objective that Objective differ Objective in Objective p53 Objective status. Objective Two Method cell Method models Method were Method selected: Method 041 Method TR Method fibroblasts Method in Method which Method the Method expression Method of Method p53 Method is Method regulated Method by Method a Method tetracycline-inducible Method promoter, Method and Method WI38 Method primary Method lung Method fibroblasts Method together Method with Method their Method isogenic Method derivative Method VA13, Method in Method which Method p53 Method is Method abrogated Method post-translationally Method by Method SV40 Method transformation. Method Cells Method were Method exposed Method to Method the Method clinically Method and Method environmentally Method relevant Method DNA-damaging Method agents Method cisplatin Method (0-5 Method microM, Method 2 Method h), Method (+/-)-anti-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide Method (0-0.5 Method microM, Method 30 Method min) Method and Method UV-C Method (0-5 Method J/m2), Method each Method of Method which Method induce Method structurally Method distinct Method types Method of Method DNA Method damage Method known Method to Method be Method subject Method to Method p53-dependent Method NER. Method Sensitivity Method of Method the Method p53-proficient Method and Method p53-deficient Method cells Method to Method this Method DNA Method damage Method was Method then Method compared Method at Method each Method dose Method of Method DNA-damaging Method agent Method using Method the Method clonogenic Method survival Method assay Method and Method the Method colorimetric Method MTT Method assay. Method p53-proficient Result cells Result were Result more Result sensitive Result than Result p53-deficient Result cells Result to Result cisplatin, Result (+/-)-anti-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide Result and Result UV-C; Result these Result differences Result in Result cellular Result sensitivity Result were Result more Result apparent Result in Result the Result 041 Result TR Result cells Result (up Result to Result 3.6-, Result 5.8- Result and Result 1.9-fold, Result respectively) Result than Result the Result WI38/VA13 Result cells Result (up Result to Result 2.3-, Result 1.4- Result and Result 1.4-fold, Result respectively). Result Thus, Conclusion despite Conclusion the Conclusion well-documented Conclusion persistence Conclusion of Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage Conclusion in Conclusion p53-deficient Conclusion fibroblasts Conclusion due Conclusion to Conclusion impaired Conclusion NER, Conclusion loss Conclusion of Conclusion p53 Conclusion results Conclusion in Conclusion reduced Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage-mediated Conclusion cytotoxicity. Conclusion
17997130
The Objective single-cell Objective gel Objective electrophoresis Objective (SCGE) Objective assay Objective and Objective the Objective micronucleus Objective (MN) Objective test Objective were Objective carried Objective out Objective with Objective haemocytes Objective of Objective Zebra Objective mussel Objective (Dreissena Objective polymorpha) Objective specimens Objective to Objective evaluate Objective the Objective potential Objective genotoxicity Objective of Objective benzo(a)pyrene Objective (BaP) Objective and Objective pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene Objective (pp'-DDE, Objective a Objective metabolite Objective of Objective pp'-DDT). Objective Mussels Method were Method exposed Method to Method three Method different Method concentrations Method (0.1 Method microg/L, Method 2 Method microg/L, Method 10 Method microg/L) Method of Method each Method chemical Method in Method water Method during Method 168 Method h Method (SCGE Method assay) Method and Method 96 Method h Method (MN Method test) Method of Method exposure Method under Method laboratory Method conditions. Method These Method levels Method correspond Method to Method nominal Method molar Method concentrations Method of Method 0.4 Method nM, Method 7.9 Method nM Method and Method 40 Method nM Method for Method BaP Method and Method 0.3 Method nM, Method 6.2 Method nM Method and Method 31 Method nM Method for Method pp'-DDE, Method respectively. Method Concurrently, Method the Method levels Method of Method toxicants Method were Method measured Method in Method soft Method tissues Method of Method the Method mussels Method by Method gas-chromatographic Method analyses, Method to Method evaluate Method their Method temporal Method trends Method and Method the Method dose/response Method relationships. Method Significant Result increases Result of Result the Result ratio Result between Result the Result comet Result length Result and Result the Result diameter Result of Result the Result comet Result head Result (LDR) Result and Result of Result micronucleus Result frequencies Result in Result comparison Result with Result baseline Result levels Result were Result observed Result not Result only Result for Result all Result concentrations Result of Result BaP, Result but Result also Result for Result pp'-DDE Result (except Result 0.3 Result nM). Result The Result concentration Result above Result which Result DNA Result damage Result starts Result to Result be Result significantly Result increased Result was Result 0.8 Result nmol/g Result lipids Result for Result BaP Result and Result 1.6 Result nmol/g Result lipids Result for Result pp'-DDE, Result respectively. Result The Conclusion results Conclusion of Conclusion these Conclusion experiments Conclusion show Conclusion a Conclusion clear Conclusion genotoxic Conclusion effect Conclusion on Conclusion this Conclusion non-target Conclusion organism Conclusion not Conclusion only Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion well-known Conclusion genotoxicant Conclusion BaP, Conclusion but Conclusion also Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion final Conclusion metabolite Conclusion of Conclusion pp'-DDT Conclusion at Conclusion soft-tissue Conclusion concentrations Conclusion that Conclusion have Conclusion been Conclusion found Conclusion in Conclusion several Conclusion aquatic Conclusion ecosystems Conclusion worldwide. Conclusion
17964847
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17961608
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17944540
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17942461
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17942131
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17938742
BACKGROUND: Background Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs), Background including Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BaP), Background are Background air Background pollutants Background released Background by Background the Background World Background Trade Background Center Background (WTC) Background fires Background and Background urban Background combustion Background sources. Background BaP-DNA Background adducts Background provide Background a Background measure Background of Background PAH-specific Background genetic Background damage, Background which Background has Background been Background associated Background with Background increased Background risk Background of Background adverse Background birth Background outcomes Background and Background cancer. Background We Background previously Background reported Background that Background levels Background of Background BaP-DNA Background adducts Background in Background maternal Background and Background umbilical Background cord Background blood Background obtained Background at Background delivery Background were Background elevated Background among Background subjects Background who Background had Background resided Background within Background 1 Background mile Background of Background the Background WTC Background site Background during Background the Background month Background after Background 9/11; Background and Background that Background elevated Background blood Background adducts Background in Background combination Background with Background in Background utero Background exposure Background to Background environmental Background tobacco Background smoke Background (ETS) Background were Background significantly Background associated Background with Background decreased Background fetal Background growth. Background OBJECTIVE: Objective Our Objective aim Objective was Objective to Objective assess Objective possible Objective effects Objective of Objective prenatal Objective exposure Objective to Objective WTC Objective pollutants Objective on Objective child Objective development. Objective METHODS: Method After Method 11 Method September Method 2001, Method we Method enrolled Method a Method cohort Method of Method nonsmoking Method pregnant Method women Method who Method delivered Method at Method three Method lower Method Manhattan Method hospitals. Method We Method have Method followed Method a Method subset Method of Method children Method through Method their Method third Method birthdays Method and Method measured Method cognitive Method and Method motor Method development Method using Method the Method Bayley-II Method Scales Method of Method Child Method Development Method (BSID-II). Method RESULTS: Result In Result multivariate Result analyses, Result we Result found Result a Result significant Result interaction Result between Result cord Result blood Result adducts Result and Result in Result utero Result exposure Result to Result ETS Result on Result mental Result development Result index Result score Result at Result 3 Result years Result of Result age Result (p Result = Result 0.02, Result n Result = Result 98) Result whereas Result neither Result adducts Result nor Result ETS Result alone Result was Result a Result significant Result predictor Result of Result (BSID-II) Result cognitive Result development. Result CONCLUSION: Conclusion Although Conclusion limited Conclusion by Conclusion small Conclusion numbers, Conclusion these Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion exposure Conclusion to Conclusion elevated Conclusion levels Conclusion of Conclusion PAHs Conclusion in Conclusion conjunction Conclusion with Conclusion prenatal Conclusion ETS Conclusion exposure Conclusion may Conclusion have Conclusion contributed Conclusion to Conclusion a Conclusion modest Conclusion reduction Conclusion in Conclusion cognitive Conclusion development Conclusion among Conclusion cohort Conclusion children. Conclusion
17931959
Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAH) Background form Background stable Background and Background depurinating Background DNA Background adducts Background in Background mouse Background skin Background to Background induce Background preneoplastic Background mutations. Background Some Background mutations Background transform Background cells, Background which Background then Background clonally Background expand Background to Background establish Background tumors. Background Strong Background clues Background about Background the Background mutagenic Background mechanism Background can Background be Background obtained Background if Background the Background PAH-DNA Background adducts Background can Background be Background correlated Background with Background both Background preneoplastic Background and Background tumor Background mutations. Background To Objective this Objective end, Objective we Objective studied Objective mutagenesis Objective in Objective PAH-treated Objective early Objective preneoplastic Objective skin Objective (1 Objective day Objective after Objective exposure) Objective and Objective in Objective the Objective induced Objective papillomas Objective in Objective SENCAR Objective mice. Objective Papillomas Method were Method studied Method by Method PCR Method amplification Method of Method the Method H-ras Method gene Method and Method sequencing. Method For Result benzo[a]pyrene Result (BP), Result BP-7,8-dihydrodiol Result (BPDHD), Result 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Result (DMBA) Result and Result dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Result (DB[a,l]P), Result the Result codon Result 13 Result (GGC Result to Result GTC) Result and Result codon Result 61 Result (CAA Result to Result CTA) Result mutations Result in Result papillomas Result corresponded Result to Result the Result relative Result levels Result of Result Gua Result and Result Ade-depurinating Result adducts, Result despite Result BP Result and Result BPDHD Result forming Result significant Result amounts Result of Result stable Result DNA Result adducts. Result Such Result a Result relationship Result was Result expected Result for Result DMBA Result and Result DB[a,l]P, Result as Result they Result formed Result primarily Result depurinating Result adducts. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion depurinating Conclusion adducts Conclusion play Conclusion a Conclusion major Conclusion role Conclusion in Conclusion forming Conclusion the Conclusion tumorigenic Conclusion mutations. Conclusion To Method validate Method this Method correlation, Method preneoplastic Method skin Method mutations Method were Method studied Method by Method cloning Method H-ras Method PCR Method products Method and Method sequencing Method individual Method clones. Method DMBA- Result and Result DB[a,l]P-treated Result skin Result showed Result primarily Result A.T Result to Result G.C Result mutations, Result which Result correlated Result with Result the Result high Result ratio Result of Result the Result Ade/Gua-depurinating Result adducts. Result Incubation Result of Result skin Result DNA Result with Result T.G-DNA Result glycosylase Result eliminated Result most Result of Result these Result A.T Result to Result G.C Result mutations, Result indicating Result that Result they Result existed Result as Result G.T Result heteroduplexes, Result as Result would Result be Result expected Result if Result they Result were Result formed Result by Result errors Result in Result the Result repair Result of Result abasic Result sites Result generated Result by Result the Result depurinating Result adducts. Result BP Result and Result its Result metabolites Result induced Result mainly Result G.C Result to Result T.A Result mutations Result in Result preneoplastic Result skin. Result However, Conclusion PCR Conclusion over Conclusion unrepaired Conclusion anti-BPDE-N(2)dG Conclusion adducts Conclusion can Conclusion generate Conclusion similar Conclusion mutations Conclusion as Conclusion artifacts Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion study Conclusion protocol, Conclusion making Conclusion it Conclusion difficult Conclusion to Conclusion establish Conclusion an Conclusion adduct-mutation Conclusion correlation Conclusion for Conclusion determining Conclusion which Conclusion BP-DNA Conclusion adducts Conclusion induce Conclusion the Conclusion early Conclusion preneoplastic Conclusion mutations. Conclusion In Conclusion conclusion, Conclusion this Conclusion study Conclusion suggests Conclusion that Conclusion depurinating Conclusion adducts Conclusion play Conclusion a Conclusion major Conclusion role Conclusion in Conclusion PAH Conclusion mutagenesis. Conclusion
17919675
The Background interactions Background of Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAH) Background and Background cytochromes Background P450 Background (CYP) Background are Background complex; Background PAHs Background are Background enzyme Background inducers, Background substrates, Background and Background inhibitors. Background In Result T-47D Result breast Result cancer Result cells, Result exposure Result to Result 0.1 Result to Result 1 Result microM Result benzo(k)fluoranthene Result (BKF) Result induced Result CYP1A1/1B1-catalyzed Result 17beta-estradiol Result (E(2)) Result metabolism, Result whereas Result BKF Result levels Result greater Result than Result 1 Result muM Result inhibited Result E(2) Result metabolism. Result Time Result course Result studies Result showed Result that Result induction Result of Result CYP1-catalyzed Result E(2) Result metabolism Result persisted Result after Result the Result disappearance Result of Result BKF Result or Result co-exposed Result benzo(a)pyrene, Result suggesting Result that Result BKF Result metabolites Result retaining Result Ah Result receptor Result agonist Result activity Result were Result responsible Result for Result prolonged Result CYP1 Result induction. Result BKF Method metabolites Method were Method shown, Method through Method the Method use Method of Method ethoxyresorufin Method O-deethylase Method and Method CYP1A1-promoter-luciferase Method reporter Method assays Method to Method induce Method CYP1A1/1B1 Method in Method T-47D Method cells. Method Metabolites Result formed Result by Result oxidation Result at Result the Result C-2/C-3 Result region Result of Result BKF Result had Result potencies Result for Result CYP1 Result induction Result exceeding Result those Result of Result BKF, Result whereas Result C-8/C-9 Result oxidative Result metabolites Result were Result somewhat Result less Result potent Result than Result BKF. Result The Method activities Method of Method expressed Method human Method CYP1A1 Method and Method 1B1 Method with Method BKF Method as Method substrate Method were Method investigated Method by Method use Method of Method HPLC Method with Method fluorescence Method detection, Method and Method by Method GC/MS. Method The Result results Result showed Result that Result both Result enzymes Result efficiently Result catalyzed Result the Result formation Result of Result 3-, Result 8-, Result and Result 9-OHBKF Result from Result BKF. Result These Conclusion studies Conclusion indicate Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion inductive Conclusion effects Conclusion of Conclusion PAH Conclusion metabolites Conclusion as Conclusion potent Conclusion CYP1 Conclusion inducers Conclusion are Conclusion likely Conclusion to Conclusion be Conclusion additional Conclusion important Conclusion factors Conclusion in Conclusion PAH-CYP Conclusion interactions Conclusion that Conclusion affect Conclusion metabolism Conclusion and Conclusion bioactivation Conclusion of Conclusion other Conclusion PAHs, Conclusion ultimately Conclusion modulating Conclusion PAH Conclusion toxicity Conclusion and Conclusion carcinogenicity. Conclusion
17909032
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17909020
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17900831
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17896788
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17616712
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17614339
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The Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbon Background (PAHs) Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (B[a]P) Background and Background dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Background (DB[a,l]P) Background are Background widespread Background environmental Background pollutants, Background however Background their Background toxicological Background effects Background within Background a Background mixture Background is Background not Background established. Background We Objective investigated Objective the Objective influence Objective of Objective diesel Objective exhaust Objective (DE) Objective on Objective B[a]P Objective and Objective DB[a,l]P-induced Objective PAH-DNA Objective adduct Objective formation, Objective metabolic Objective activation, Objective gene Objective expression Objective and Objective 8-oxo-dG Objective adduct Objective levels Objective in Objective human Objective breast Objective epithelial Objective cells Objective (MCF-10A) Objective in Objective culture. Objective Following Result 24 Result and Result 48h, Result cells Result co-exposed Result to Result DE Result plus Result B[a]P Result exhibited Result a Result significant Result decrease Result in Result PAH-DNA Result adduct Result levels, Result compared Result with Result B[a]P Result alone, Result as Method determined Method by Method (33)P-postlabeling Method combined Method with Method reversed-phase Method high Method performance Method liquid Method chromatography Method (HPLC). Method Cytochrome Result P450 Result (CYP) Result enzyme Result activity, Result as Method measured Method by Method the Method ethoxyresorufin Method O-deethylase Method (EROD) Method assay Method and Method CYP1B1 Method expression, Method significantly Result increased Result with Result co-exposure Result of Result DE Result plus Result DB[a,l]P, Result compared Result with Result DB[a,l]P Result alone. Result Aldo Result keto-reductase Result (AKR)1C1, Result AKR1C2, Result and Result AKR1C3 Result expression Result also Result significantly Result increased Result in Result cells Result exposed Result to Result DE Result plus Result PAH, Result compared Result with Result PAH Result exposure Result alone. Result Cell Result populations Result exhibiting Result 8-oxo-dG Result adducts Result significantly Result increased Result in Result response Result to Result exposure Result to Result B[a]P Result or Result DE Result plus Result B[a]P Result for Result 24h, Result compared Result with Result vehicle Result control, Result as Result quantified Result by Result flow Result cytometry. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion complex Conclusion mixtures Conclusion may Conclusion modify Conclusion the Conclusion carcinogenic Conclusion potency Conclusion of Conclusion PAH Conclusion by Conclusion shifting Conclusion the Conclusion metabolic Conclusion activation Conclusion pathway Conclusion from Conclusion the Conclusion production Conclusion of Conclusion PAH Conclusion diol-epoxides Conclusion to Conclusion AKR Conclusion pathway-derived Conclusion metabolites. Conclusion
17602170
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17596640
17590382
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17584883
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17583755
Among Background women Background infected Background with Background carcinogenic Background human Background papillomavirus Background (HPV), Background there Background is Background a Background two- Background to Background five-fold Background increased Background risk Background of Background cervical Background precancer Background and Background cancer Background in Background women Background who Background smoke Background compared Background to Background those Background who Background do Background not Background smoke. Background Because Background tobacco Background smoke Background contains Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs), Background it Background was Background of Background interest Background to Background examine Background human Background cervical Background tissue Background for Background PAH-DNA Background adduct Background formation. Background Here, Objective we Objective measured Objective PAH-DNA Objective adduct Objective formation Objective in Objective cervical Objective biopsies Objective collected Objective in Objective follow-up Objective among Objective women Objective who Objective tested Objective positive Objective for Objective carcinogenic Objective HPV Objective at Objective baseline. Objective A Method semi-quantitative Method immunohistochemistry Method (IHC) Method method Method using Method antiserum Method elicited Method against Method DNA Method modified Method with Method r7,t8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene Method (BPDE) Method was Method used Method to Method measure Method nuclear Method PAH-DNA Method adduct Method formation. Method Cultured Result human Result cervical Result keratinocytes Result exposed Result to Result 0, Result 0.153, Result or Result 0.331microM Result BPDE Result showed Result dose-dependent Result increases Result in Result r7,t8,t9-trihydroxy-c-10-(N(2)deoxyguanosyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo[a]pyrene Result (BPdG) Result adducts. Result For Method BPdG Method adduct Method analysis, Method paraffin-embedded Method keratinocytes Method were Method stained Method by Method IHC Method with Method analysis Method of Method nuclear Method color Method intensity Method by Method Automated Method Cellular Method Imaging Method System Method (ACIS) Method and, Method in Method parallel Method cultures, Method extracted Method DNA Method was Method assayed Method by Method quantitative Method BPDE-DNA Method chemiluminescence Method immunoassay Method (CIA). Method For Result paraffin-embedded Result samples Result from Result carcinogenic Result HPV-infected Result women, Result normal-appearing Result cervical Result squamous Result epithelium Result suitable Result for Result scoring Result was Result found Result in Result samples Result from Result 75 Result of Result the Result 114 Result individuals, Result including Result 29 Result cases Result of Result cervical Result precancer Result or Result cancer Result and Result 46 Result controls. Result With Result a Result lower Result limit Result of Result detection Result of Result 20 Result adducts/10(8) Result nucleotides, Result detectable Result PAH-DNA Result adduct Result values Result ranged Result from Result 25 Result to Result 191/10(8) Result nucleotides, Result with Result a Result median Result of Result 75/10(8) Result nucleotides. Result PAH-DNA Result adduct Result values Result above Result 150/10(8) Result nucleotides Result were Result found Result in Result eight Result samples, Result and Result in Result three Result samples Result adducts Result were Result non-detectable. Result There Result was Result no Result correlation Result between Result PAH-DNA Result adduct Result formation Result and Result either Result smoking Result or Result case Result status. Result Therefore, Conclusion PAH-DNA Conclusion adduct Conclusion formation Conclusion as Conclusion measured Conclusion by Conclusion this Conclusion methodology Conclusion did Conclusion not Conclusion appear Conclusion related Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion increased Conclusion risk Conclusion of Conclusion cervical Conclusion precancer Conclusion and Conclusion cancer Conclusion among Conclusion carcinogenic Conclusion HPV-infected Conclusion smokers. Conclusion
17583686
Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAH) Background such Background as Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (BaP) Background mainly Background induce Background lung Background cancer Background in Background humans, Background but Background induce Background liver Background cancer Background in Background fishes. Background The Background chemoprevention Background of Background cancers Background through Background inhibition Background of Background molecular Background events Background via Background phytochemicals Background is Background a Background potentially Background beneficial Background area Background of Background research, Background and Background has Background been Background carried Background out Background in Background human Background cell Background cultures Background in Background the Background past. Background Carcinogenesis Background initiation Background events Background are Background thought Background to Background occur Background in Background similar Background ways Background in Background fish Background and Background humans. Background Our Objective study Objective investigated Objective the Objective feasibility Objective of Objective using Objective cultured Objective rainbow Objective trout Objective CRL-2301 Objective liver Objective cells Objective as Objective a Objective model Objective for Objective BaP-induced Objective carcinogenesis Objective and Objective its Objective prevention Objective by Objective dietary Objective phytochemicals. Objective Treatment Result with Result 1 Result microM Result BaP Result resulted Result in Result extensive Result time-dependent Result covalent Result binding Result to Result cellular Result DNA Result and Result marked Result cytochrome Result P450 Result (CYP) Result 1A Result induction, Result for Result both Result about Result a Result 20-fold Result increase, Result which Related-work is Related-work similar Related-work to Related-work what Related-work has Related-work been Related-work observed Related-work in Related-work cultured Related-work human Related-work cells. Related-work A Result surprisingly Result high Result expression Result of Result epoxide Result hydrolase Result (EH) Result activity Result in Result these Result cells Result likely Result contributed Result substantially Result to Result the Result bioactivation Result of Result BaP. Result Two Result methoxylated Result flavones Result and Result the Result stilbene Result resveratrol Result were Result effective Result inhibitors Result of Result both Result the Result BaP-DNA Result binding Result and Result CYP Result 1A Result induction, Result in Result particular Result 5,7-dimethoxyflavone Result (5,7-DMF), Result supporting Conclusion a Conclusion role Conclusion for Conclusion these Conclusion dietary Conclusion compounds Conclusion as Conclusion cancer Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion agents. Conclusion Unlike Related-work in Related-work human Related-work liver Related-work or Related-work bronchial Related-work cells, Related-work the Result main Result mechanism Result of Result inhibition Result of Result BaP-induced Result CYP Result 1A Result activity Result in Result trout Result liver Result cells Result appears Result to Result be Result direct Result competition Result at Result the Result protein Result level. Result Different Conclusion cellular Conclusion responses Conclusion in Conclusion any Conclusion particular Conclusion model Conclusion used Conclusion can Conclusion be Conclusion expected Conclusion and Conclusion the Conclusion effect Conclusion of Conclusion cell Conclusion context Conclusion on Conclusion the Conclusion biological Conclusion responses Conclusion to Conclusion xenobiotics, Conclusion including Conclusion carcinogens Conclusion as Conclusion well Conclusion as Conclusion polyphenols, Conclusion must Conclusion be Conclusion considered. Conclusion The Conclusion trout Conclusion CRL-2301 Conclusion cells' Conclusion sensitivity Conclusion to Conclusion BaP Conclusion treatment Conclusion is Conclusion a Conclusion clear Conclusion advantage Conclusion when Conclusion contemplating Conclusion a Conclusion model Conclusion system Conclusion for Conclusion studies Conclusion of Conclusion PAH-induced Conclusion carcinogenesis Conclusion and Conclusion cancer Conclusion chemoprevention. Conclusion However, Conclusion extrapolation Conclusion to Conclusion human Conclusion organs Conclusion should Conclusion be Conclusion done Conclusion cautiously. Conclusion
17582467
This Objective study Objective concerns Objective the Objective use Objective of Objective personal Objective samplers Objective to Objective evaluate Objective the Objective exposure Objective of Objective traffic Objective police Objective to Objective polycyclic Objective aromatic Objective hydrocarbons Objective (PAHs) Objective during Objective the Objective winter Objective of Objective 2005 Objective in Objective Beijing. Objective We Method measured Method the Method samples Method collected Method for Method gas Method and Method particulate Method phases Method PAHs Method with Method the Method same Method technique Method used Method for Method an Method earlier Method study Method during Method the Method summer Method of Method 2004, Method and Method evaluated Method exposure Method risk Method based Method on Method the Method calculated Method benzo(a)pyrene Method equivalent Method concentrations Method (BaP(eq)) Method of Method both Method summer Method and Method winter. Method The Result mean Result exposure Result concentrations Result of Result gaseous Result and Result particulate Result phase Result PAHs Result in Result the Result winter Result are Result 4300+/-2900 Result ng/m(3) Result and Result 750+/-1000 Result ng/m(3), Result respectively, Result significantly Result higher Result than Result those Result measured Result simultaneously Result at Result control Result sites Result and Result also Result considerably Result higher Result than Result the Result values Result measured Result during Result the Result summer. Result The Result exposure Result PAH Result profiles Result for Result police Result and Result the Result control Result subjects Result are Result similar Result with Result predominant Result naphthalene Result in Result gaseous Result phase Result and Result dominant Result fluoranthene, Result pyrene, Result anthracene Result and Result naphthalene Result in Result particulate Result phase. Result Large Result daily Result variations Result occur Result both Result in Result summer Result and Result winter, Result because Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion changes Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion weather Conclusion conditions Conclusion especially Conclusion wind Conclusion speed Conclusion and Conclusion relative Conclusion humidity Conclusion which Conclusion tend Conclusion to Conclusion disperse Conclusion and Conclusion scavenge Conclusion PAHs Conclusion in Conclusion air. Conclusion In Result the Result winter, Result the Result average Result BaP(eq) Result value Result for Result traffic Result police Result is Result 82.1 Result ng/m(3), Result which Result is Result significantly Result higher Result than Result those Result for Result the Result control Result subjects Result and Result the Result national Result standard Result of Result 10 Result ng/m(3) Result for Result ambient Result air. Result Particulate Result phase Result PAHs Result contribute Result more Result than Result 90% Result of Result the Result total Result exposure Result risk Result in Result the Result winter. Result Annually, Result weighted-average Result probabilities Result of Result exceeding Result the Result national Result standard Result (10 Result ng/m(3)) Result are Result 69.3% Result and Result 20.6% Result for Result the Result police Result and Result the Result controls, Result respectively. Result
17575130
The Background lung Background is Background an Background organ Background that Background is Background sensitive Background to Background mutations Background induced Background by Background chemicals Background in Background ambient Background air, Background and Background transgenic Background mice Background harboring Background guanine Background phosphoribosyltransferase Background (gpt) Background gene Background as Background a Background target Background gene Background are Background a Background well-established Background model Background system Background for Background assessing Background genotoxicity Background in Background vivo. Background Transcription Background factor Background Nrf2 Background mediates Background inducible Background and Background constitutive Background expression Background of Background cytoprotective Background enzymes Background against Background xenobiotics Background and Background mutagens. Background To Objective address Objective whether Objective Nrf2 Objective is Objective also Objective involved Objective in Objective DNA Objective protection, Objective we Method generated Method nrf2+/-::gpt Method and Method nrf2-/-::gpt Method mice. Method The Result spontaneous Result mutation Result frequency Result of Result the Result gpt Result gene Result in Result the Result lung Result was Result approximately Result three Result times Result higher Result in Result nrf2-null Result (nrf2-/-) Result mice Result than Result nrf2 Result heterozygous Result (nrf2+/-) Result and Result wild-type Result (nrf2+/+) Result mice, Result whereas Result in Result the Result liver, Result the Result mutation Result frequency Result was Result higher Result in Result nrf2-/- Result and Result nrf2+/- Result mice Result than Result in Result nrf2+/+ Result wild-type Result mice. Result By Result contrast, Result no Result difference Result in Result mutation Result frequency Result was Result observed Result in Result testis Result among Result the Result three Result genotypes. Result A Result single Result intratracheal Result instillation Result of Result benzo(a)pyrene Result (BaP) Result increased Result the Result lung Result mutation Result frequency Result 3.1- Result and Result 6.1-fold Result in Result nrf2+/- Result and Result nrf2-/- Result mice, Result respectively, Result compared Result with Result BaP-untreated Result nrf2+/- Result mice, Result showing Conclusion that Conclusion nrf2-/- Conclusion mice Conclusion are Conclusion more Conclusion susceptible Conclusion to Conclusion genotoxic Conclusion carcinogens. Conclusion Surprisingly, Result mutation Result profiles Result of Result the Result gpt Result gene Result in Result BaP-treated Result nrf2+/- Result mice Result was Result substantially Result different Result from Result that Result in Result BaP-untreated Result nrf2-/- Result mice. Result In Result nrf2-/- Result mice, Result spontaneous Result and Result BaP-induced Result mutation Result hotspots Result were Result observed Result at Result nucleotides Result 64 Result and Result 140 Result of Result gpt, Result respectively. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion thus Conclusion show Conclusion that Conclusion Nrf2 Conclusion aids Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion prevention Conclusion of Conclusion mutations Conclusion in Conclusion vivo Conclusion and Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion Nrf2 Conclusion protects Conclusion genomic Conclusion DNA Conclusion against Conclusion certain Conclusion types Conclusion of Conclusion mutations. Conclusion
17575128
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17572476
The Background chemical Background characteristics Background of Background stormwater Background are Background dependent Background on Background the Background nature Background of Background surfaces Background (roads, Background roofs Background etc.) Background with Background which Background it Background comes Background into Background contact Background during Background the Background runoff Background process Background as Background well Background as Background natural Background processes Background and Background anthropogenic Background activities Background in Background the Background catchments. Background The Background different Background types Background of Background pollutants Background may Background cause Background problems Background during Background utilisation, Background detention Background or Background discharge Background of Background stormwater Background to Background the Background environment Background and Background may Background pose Background specific Background demands Background to Background decentralised Background treatment. Background This Objective paper Objective proposes Objective a Objective scientifically Objective justifiable Objective list Objective of Objective selected Objective stormwater Objective priority Objective pollutants Objective (SSPP) Objective to Objective be Objective used, Objective e.g., Objective for Objective evaluation Objective of Objective the Objective chemical Objective risks Objective occurring Objective in Objective different Objective handling Objective strategies. Objective The Conclusion SSPP-list Conclusion consists Conclusion of Conclusion 25 Conclusion pollutant Conclusion parameters Conclusion including Conclusion eight Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion priority Conclusion pollutants Conclusion currently Conclusion identified Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion European Conclusion Water Conclusion Framework Conclusion Directive. Conclusion It Conclusion contains Conclusion general Conclusion water Conclusion quality Conclusion parameters Conclusion (organic Conclusion and Conclusion suspended Conclusion matter, Conclusion nutrients Conclusion and Conclusion pH); Conclusion metals Conclusion (Cd, Conclusion Cr, Conclusion Cu, Conclusion Ni, Conclusion Pb, Conclusion Pt Conclusion and Conclusion Zn); Conclusion PAH Conclusion (naphthalene, Conclusion pyrene Conclusion and Conclusion benzo[a]pyrene); Conclusion herbicides Conclusion (pendimethalin, Conclusion phenmedipham, Conclusion glyphosate Conclusion and Conclusion terbutylazine); Conclusion and Conclusion other Conclusion representative Conclusion industrially Conclusion derived Conclusion compounds Conclusion (nonylphenol Conclusion ethoxylates, Conclusion pentachlorophenol, Conclusion di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Conclusion PCB-28 Conclusion and Conclusion methyl Conclusion tert-butyl Conclusion ether). Conclusion Tools Conclusion for Conclusion flux Conclusion modelling, Conclusion enabling Conclusion calculation Conclusion of Conclusion predicted Conclusion environmental Conclusion concentrations Conclusion (PECs), Conclusion and Conclusion for Conclusion ranking Conclusion the Conclusion susceptibility Conclusion of Conclusion a Conclusion pollutant Conclusion to Conclusion removal Conclusion within Conclusion a Conclusion range Conclusion of Conclusion structural Conclusion stormwater Conclusion treatment Conclusion systems Conclusion or Conclusion best Conclusion management Conclusion practices Conclusion (BMPs) Conclusion have Conclusion been Conclusion developed, Conclusion but Future-work further Future-work work Future-work is Future-work required Future-work to Future-work allow Future-work all Future-work SSPPs Future-work to Future-work be Future-work addressed Future-work in Future-work the Future-work development Future-work of Future-work future Future-work stormwater Future-work pollution Future-work control Future-work measures. Future-work In Future-work addition, Future-work the Future-work identified Future-work SSPPs Future-work should Future-work be Future-work considered Future-work for Future-work inclusion Future-work in Future-work stormwater Future-work related Future-work monitoring Future-work campaigns. Future-work
17567845
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17561435
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17522069
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17522065
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17493640
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17468514
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17466351
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17442348
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17408702
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17403528
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17403526
The Background EXPAH Background project Background is Background a Background multicentre Background European Background study Background in Background which Background biomarkers Background of Background exposure, Background biomarkers Background of Background effect, Background genetic Background susceptibility Background and Background environmental Background factors Background were Background studied Background in Background populations Background exposed Background to Background differing Background levels Background of Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (c-PAHs). Background We Objective describe Objective here Objective the Objective relationships Objective between Objective the Objective levels Objective of Objective DNA Objective adducts Objective (as Objective biomarkers Objective of Objective exposure), Objective the Objective exposure Objective to Objective air Objective pollution Objective and Objective smoking Objective status. Objective Lymphocyte Result bulky Result DNA Result adducts Result were Result significantly Result correlated Result with Result exposure Result when Result subjects Result were Result classified Result either Result by Result job Result description Result or Result by Result personal Result monitor Result measurements, Result and Result both Result bulky Result and Result benzo(a)pyrene Result (B[a]P) Result DNA Result adducts Result were Result also Result correlated Result with Result smoking Result status. Result These Result associations Result varied Result across Result the Result countries Result studied Result (Czech Result Republic, Result Slovakia, Result Bulgaria). Result Results Result from Result a Result multivariate Result analysis Result show Result that Result factors Result mainly Result contributing Result to Result bulky Result and Result B[a]P Result DNA Result adducts Result are Result age, Result smoking Result habit, Result country Result of Result origin Result and Result environmental Result exposure Result to Result c-PAHs. Result The Result B[a]P Result DNA Result adducts Result were Result more Result strongly Result associated Result with Result smoking Result status Result than Result with Result the Result environmental Result exposure Result to Result c-PAHs. Result
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To Objective develop Objective novel Objective mechanism-based Objective preventive Objective approaches Objective for Objective lung Objective cancer, Objective we Objective examined Objective the Objective effect Objective of Objective oral Objective consumption Objective of Objective a Objective human Objective achievable Objective dose Objective of Objective pomegranate Objective fruit Objective extract Objective (PFE) Objective on Objective growth, Objective progression, Objective angiogenesis, Objective and Objective signaling Objective pathways Objective in Objective two Objective mouse Objective lung Objective tumor Objective protocols. Objective Benzo(a)pyrene Method [B(a)P] Method and Method N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea Method (NTCU) Method were Method used Method to Method induce Method lung Method tumors, Method and Method PFE Method was Method given Method in Method drinking Method water Method to Method A/J Method mice. Method Lung Method tumor Method yield Method was Method examined Method on Method the Method 84th Method day Method and Method 140 Method days Method after Method B(a)P Method dosing Method and Method 240 Method days Method after Method NTCU Method treatment. Method Mice Result treated Result with Result PFE Result and Result exposed Result to Result B(a)P Result and Result NTCU Result had Result statistically Result significant Result lower Result lung Result tumor Result multiplicities Result than Result mice Result treated Result with Result carcinogens Result only. Result Tumor Result reduction Result was Result 53.9% Result and Result 61.6% Result in Result the Result B(a)P Result + Result PFE Result group Result at Result 84 Result and Result 140 Result days, Result respectively, Result compared Result with Result the Result B(a)P Result group. Result The Result NTCU Result + Result PFE Result group Result had Result 65.9% Result tumor Result reduction Result compared Result with Result the Result NTCU Result group Result at Result 240 Result days. Result Immunoblot Method analysis Method and Method immunohistochemistry Method were Method used Method to Method determine Method effect Method on Method cell Method survival Method pathways Method and Method markers Method of Method cellular Method proliferation Method and Method angiogenesis. Method PFE Result treatment Result caused Result inhibition Result of Result (a) Result activation Result of Result nuclear Result factor-kappaB Result and Result IkappaBalpha Result kinase, Result (b) Result degradation Result and Result phosphorylation Result of Result IkappaBalpha, Result (c) Result phosphorylation Result of Result mitogen-activated Result protein Result kinases Result (extracellular Result signal-regulated Result kinase Result 1/2, Result c-Jun Result NH(2)-terminal Result kinase Result 1/2, Result and Result p38), Result (d) Result phosphatidylinositol Result 3-kinase Result (p85 Result and Result p110), Result (e) Result phosphorylation Result of Result Akt Result at Result Thr(308), Result (f) Result activation Result of Result mammalian Result target Result of Result rapamycin Result signaling, Result (g) Result phosphorylation Result of Result c-met, Result and Result (h) Result markers Result of Result cell Result proliferation Result (Ki-67 Result and Result proliferating Result cell Result nuclear Result antigen) Result and Result angiogenesis Result (inducible Result nitric Result oxide Result synthase, Result CD31, Result and Result vascular Result endothelial Result growth Result factor) Result in Result lungs Result of Result B(a)P- Result and Result NTCU-treated Result mice. Result Thus, Conclusion our Conclusion data Conclusion show Conclusion that Conclusion PFE Conclusion significantly Conclusion inhibits Conclusion lung Conclusion tumorigenesis Conclusion in Conclusion A/J Conclusion mice Conclusion and Conclusion merits Conclusion investigation Conclusion as Conclusion a Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion agent Conclusion for Conclusion human Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer. Conclusion
17383120
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17376491
Exposure Background to Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs) Background has Background been Background implicated Background in Background the Background aetiology Background of Background atherosclerosis. Background Previously Background we Background showed Background that Background chronic Background exposure Background of Background ApoE-/- Background mice Background to Background the Background prototype Background PAH Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (B[a]P) Background causes Background enhanced Background progression Background of Background atherosclerosis, Background which Background was Background characterised Background by Background an Background increased Background inflammatory Background cell Background content Background in Background the Background atherosclerotic Background plaques. Background The Objective aim Objective of Objective the Objective present Objective study Objective was Objective to Objective evaluate Objective the Objective effect Objective of Objective B[a]P Objective on Objective vascular Objective expression Objective of Objective monocyte-chemoattractant Objective protein Objective 1 Objective (MCP-1), Objective which Objective is Objective a Objective crucial Objective molecule Objective promoting Objective the Objective recruitment Objective of Objective monocytes Objective into Objective atherosclerotic Objective lesions. Objective We Objective hypothesised Objective that Objective B[a]P-induced Objective expression Objective of Objective MCP-1 Objective is Objective mediated Objective through Objective aryl Objective hydrocarbon Objective receptor Objective (AhR) Objective activation. Objective Initially Result we Result performed Result in Result vivo Result studies Result showing Result that Result acute Result treatment Result with Result B[a]P Result induces Result MCP-1 Result gene Result expression Result in Result aortic Result tissue Result of Result ApoE-/- Result mice. Result These Result observations Result could Result be Result confirmed Result by Result in Result vitro Result studies Result with Result human Result endothelial Result cells Result (RF24 Result cell Result line Result and Result primary Result HUVEC), Result showing Result a Result dose- Result and Result time-dependent Result increase Result in Result MCP-1 Result expression Result upon Result exposure Result to Result B[a]P. Result This Result was Result paralleled Result by Result an Result induction Result of Result cytochrome Result P450 Result 1A1 Result and Result 1B1, Result indicating Conclusion Ah Conclusion receptor Conclusion activation. Conclusion No Result increased Result gene Result expression Result (MCP-1, Result CYP1A1 Result and Result 1B1) Result was Result found Result upon Result incubation Result with Result the Result structural Result isomer Result benzo[e]pyrene, Result which Result is Result a Result weak Result AhR Result agonist. Result Moreover, Result B[a]P-induced Result MCP-1 Result gene Result and Result protein Result expression Result was Result inhibited Result by Result co-treatment Result with Result the Result AhR Result antagonist Result alpha-naphthoflavone. Result In Result addition Result to Result its Result effect Result on Result basal Result gene Result expression, Result we Result showed Result that Result B[a]P Result significantly Result enhanced Result TNFalpha-induced Result expression Result of Result MCP-1. Result We Result were Result unable Result to Result block Result B[a]P-induced Result MCP-1 Result expression Result by Result antioxidant Result treatment. Result In Result contrast, Result we Result found Result that Result addition Result of Result N-acetylcysteine Result or Result vitamin Result C Result enhanced Result transcription Result of Result MCP-1 Result by Result B[a]P. Result In Conclusion conclusion, Conclusion our Conclusion studies Conclusion revealed Conclusion potent Conclusion vascular Conclusion pro-inflammatory Conclusion effects Conclusion of Conclusion B[a]P, Conclusion as Conclusion evidenced Conclusion by Conclusion AhR-mediated Conclusion induction Conclusion of Conclusion MCP-1. Conclusion These Conclusion observations Conclusion further Conclusion contribute Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion concept Conclusion that Conclusion induction Conclusion of Conclusion inflammation Conclusion is Conclusion a Conclusion crucial Conclusion process Conclusion in Conclusion PAH-enhanced Conclusion atherogenesis. Conclusion
17350329
The Objective aim Objective of Objective this Objective study Objective was Objective to Objective explore Objective the Objective potential Objective pro- Objective and Objective anti-mutagenic Objective effects Objective of Objective endogenous Objective bile Objective pigments Objective unconjugated Objective bilirubin Objective (BR), Objective biliverdin Objective (BV) Objective and Objective a Objective synthetic, Objective water Objective soluble Objective conjugate, Objective bilirubin Objective ditaurate Objective (BRT) Objective in Objective the Objective Ames Objective Salmonella Objective test. Objective The Method bile Method pigments Method were Method tested Method over Method a Method wide Method concentration Method range Method (0.01-2 Method micromol/plate) Method in Method the Method presence Method of Method three Method bacterial Method strains Method (TA98, Method TA100, Method TA102). Method A Method variety Method of Method mutagens Method including Method benzo[alpha]pyrene Method (B[alpha]P), Method 2,4,7 Method trinitrofluorenone Method (TNFone), Method 2-aminofluorene Method (2-AF), Method sodium Method azide Method (NaN(3)) Method and Method tertiary-butyl Method hydroperoxide Method (t-BuOOH), Method were Method used Method to Method promote Method the Method formation Method of Method mutant Method revertants. Method Tests Method were Method conducted Method with Method (B[alpha]P, Method 2-AF, Method t-BuOOH) Method and Method without Method (TNFone, Method NaN(3), Method t-BuOOH) Method metabolic Method activation Method incorporating Method the Method addition Method of Method the Method microsomal Method liver Method preparation, Method S9. Method The Result bile Result pigments Result alone Result did Result not Result induce Result mutagenicity Result in Result any Result of Result the Result strains Result tested Result (p>0.05). Result Anti-mutagenic Result effects Result of Result the Result bile Result pigments Result were Result observed Result in Result the Result presence Result of Result all Result mutagens Result except Result for Result NaN(3) Result and Result the Result anti-mutagenic Result effects Result appeared Result independent Result of Result the Result strain Result tested. Result For Result TNFone Result induced Result genotoxicity, Result the Result order Result of Result effectiveness Result was Result BR> Result or Result =BRT>BV. Result However, Result the Result order Result was Result BV> Result or Result =BRT> Result or Result =BR Result for Result 2-AF. Result Antioxidant Result testing Result in Result the Result TA102 Result strain Result revealed Result bile Result pigments Result could Result effectively Result inhibit Result the Result genotoxic Result effect Result of Result t-BuOOH Result induced Result oxidative Result stress. Result The Conclusion apparent Conclusion antioxidant Conclusion and Conclusion anti-mutagenic Conclusion behaviour Conclusion of Conclusion bile Conclusion pigments Conclusion further Conclusion suggests Conclusion their Conclusion presence Conclusion in Conclusion biological Conclusion systems Conclusion is Conclusion of Conclusion possible Conclusion physiological Conclusion importance. Conclusion
17341660
The Background nicotine-derived Background nitrosamine Background 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Background (NNK) Background induces Background lung Background adenocarcinoma Background through Background formation Background of Background DNA Background adducts. Background Our Background previous Background research Background on Background susceptibility Background to Background tobacco-induced Background carcinogenesis Background focused Background on Background benzo[a]pyrene Background diol Background epoxide Background (BPDE) Background as Background the Background in Background vitro Background mutagen Background for Background phenotype Background measurements Background of Background DNA Background repair Background capacity Background (DRC) Background in Background mammalian Background cells. Background Here, Objective we Objective present Objective a Objective modified Objective host-cell Objective reactivation Objective (HCR) Objective assay Objective to Objective measure Objective lymphocytic Objective DRC Objective for Objective alkylating Objective DNA Objective damage Objective as Objective is Objective induced Objective by Objective the Objective tobacco-specific Objective nitrosamine, Objective NNK. Objective We Method substituted Method dimethyl Method sulfate Method (DMS) Method to Method create Method alkylating Method damage Method in Method pCMVluc Method plasmid Method DNA Method and Method established Method the Method damage-repair Method dose-response Method curves Method in Method both Method normal Method and Method nucleotide Method excision Method repair-deficient Method lymphoblastoid Method cell Method lines Method and Method in Method phytohemagglutinin Method (PHA)-stimulated Method primary Method lymphocytes. Method We Method then Method successfully Method measured Method the Method DRC Method in Method PHA-stimulated Method lymphocytes Method from Method 48 Method patients Method with Method lung Method adenocarcinoma Method and Method 45 Method cancer-free Method controls Method and Method tested Method our Method hypothesis Method that Method lower Method DRC Method for Method alkylating Method damage Method is Method associated Method with Method an Method increased Method risk Method of Method lung Method adenocarcinoma. Method The Result cases Result exhibited Result a Result lower Result mean Result DRC Result than Result did Result the Result controls. Result A Result >3-fold Result increased Result risk Result (odds Result ratio Result = Result 3.21; Result 95% Result confidence Result interval Result = Result 1.25-8.21) Result was Result found Result for Result those Result with Result DRC Result levels Result below Result the Result control Result median. Result There Result was Result no Result correlation Result between Result the Result DRC Result measured Result with Result this Result DMS-HCR Result assay Result and Result that Result from Result the Result parallel Result BPDE-HCR Result assay. Result Interestingly, Result risk Result increased Result to Result >10-fold Result for Result those Result with Result sub-optimal Result DRC Result measured Result by Result both Result DMS- Result and Result BPDE-HCR Result assays. Result We Conclusion conclude Conclusion that Conclusion variability Conclusion in Conclusion DRC Conclusion is Conclusion a Conclusion risk Conclusion factor Conclusion for Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer Conclusion and Conclusion our Conclusion results Conclusion provide Conclusion proof Conclusion of Conclusion principle Conclusion for Conclusion a Conclusion new Conclusion assay Conclusion that Conclusion can Conclusion assess Conclusion DRC Conclusion for Conclusion NNK-induced Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage. Conclusion
17308111
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17305411
A Objective synthetic Objective route Objective to Objective oligonucleotides Objective containing Objective N(2)-deoxyguanosine Objective adducts Objective at Objective C-10 Objective of Objective the Objective enantiomeric Objective 7,8-diol Objective 9,10-epoxides Objective of Objective 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene Objective in Objective which Objective the Objective epoxide Objective oxygen Objective and Objective the Objective 7-hydroxyl Objective group Objective are Objective trans Objective is Objective described. Objective The Method present Method adducts Method result Method from Method the Method trans Method addition Method of Method N(2) Method of Method deoxyguanosine Method to Method the Method epoxide Method at Method C-10. Method Our Method synthesis Method proceeds Method via Method preparation Method of Method the Method 3'-H-phosphonate Method of Method a Method suitably Method protected Method deoxyguanosine Method N(2)-adduct. Method The Method blocking Method groups Method consisted Method of Method O(6)-allyl Method on Method the Method deoxyguanosine, Method acetates Method on Method the Method 7-, Method 8-, Method and Method 9-hydroxyl Method groups Method of Method the Method hydrocarbon Method moiety, Method and Method dimethoxytrityl Method on Method the Method 5'-hydroxyl Method group Method of Method the Method sugar. Method These Method blocking Method groups Method are Method well Method suited Method to Method oligonucleotide Method synthesis Method on Method solid Method supports. Method The Method free Method 3'-hydroxyl Method group Method of Method this Method nucleoside Method adduct Method was Method readily Method converted Method to Method its Method 3'-H-phosphonate Method with Method diphenyl Method phosphite Method in Method pyridine Method in Method high Method yield Method for Method both Method the Method 10R Method and Method 10S Method isomers. Method For Method synthesis Method of Method oligonucleotides, Method the Method first Method several Method nucleotides Method were Method incorporated Method onto Method the Method solid Method support Method with Method an Method automated Method synthesizer Method using Method standard Method phosphoramidite Method chemistry. Method The Method adducted Method deoxyguanilic Method acid Method residue Method was Method introduced Method as Method the Method H-phosphonate Method in Method a Method manual Method step Method (80% Method yield), Method followed Method by Method completion Method of Method the Method sequence Method on Method the Method synthesizer. Method Although Result a Result 10-fold Result excess Result of Result the Result 3'-H-phosphonate Result was Result used Result in Result the Result manual Result coupling Result step, Result as Result much Result as Result 70% Result of Result the Result reactant Result could Result be Result recovered. Result The Result 3'-H-phosphonate Result of Result the Result protected Result 10S Result nucleoside Result adduct Result was Result converted Result to Result the Result unblocked Result nucleotide Result adduct, Result various Result salts Result of Result which Result failed Result to Result form Result crystals Result suitable Result for Result X-ray Result analysis. Result Although Conclusion submilligram Conclusion quantities Conclusion of Conclusion this Conclusion compound Conclusion have Conclusion been Conclusion formed Conclusion as Conclusion mixed Conclusion diastereomers Conclusion by Conclusion direct Conclusion reaction Conclusion of Conclusion deoxyguanylic Conclusion acid Conclusion with Conclusion racemic Conclusion diol Conclusion epoxide, Conclusion the Conclusion present Conclusion study Conclusion represents Conclusion the Conclusion first Conclusion actual Conclusion synthesis Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion major Conclusion DNA Conclusion adduct Conclusion formed Conclusion from Conclusion benzo[a]pyrene Conclusion in Conclusion mammals Conclusion as Conclusion its Conclusion 3'-phosphate. Conclusion
17295519
There Background is Background substantial Background evidence Background to Background suggest Background that Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs) Background such Background as Background benzo[a]pyrene Background (B[a]P) Background induce Background lung Background cancer Background through Background metabolic Background activation. Background As Objective part Objective of Objective a Objective program Objective to Objective delineate Objective the Objective routes Objective of Objective PAH Objective activation, Objective we Objective have Objective examined Objective DNA Objective adducts Objective that Objective are Objective formed Objective in Objective human Objective lung Objective cells. Objective A Method stable Method isotope Method dilution Method liquid Method chromatography/multiple Method reaction Method monitoring Method mass Method spectrometry Method method Method was Method used Method to Method quantify Method eight Method anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-B[a]P Method (B[a]PDE)-derived Method DNA Method adducts Method in Method four Method H358 Method human Method bronchoalveolar Method cell Method lines Method with Method different Method phenotypes. Method In Result P450 Result 1A1/P450 Result 1B1-induced Result H358 Result cells Result exposed Result to Result (+/-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydro-7,8-diol Result (B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol), Result (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-2'-deoxyguanosine Result [(+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-dGuo] Result was Result the Result major Result DNA Result adduct, Result and Result it Result formed Result with Result no Result lag Result phase. Result In Result AKR1A1-transfected Result H358 Result cells, Result (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-dGuo Result was Result also Result the Result major Result adduct Result with Result a Result 3 Result h Result lag Result phase Result before Result significant Result adduct Result formation Result was Result detected. Result In Result AKR1A1-transfected Result H358 Result cells Result with Result induced Result P450 Result 1A1/P450 Result 1B1, Result (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-dGuo Result was Result formed Result with Result no Result lag Result phase Result in Result amounts Result similar Result to Result those Result in Result the Result H358 Result cells Result with Result up-regulated Result P450 Result 1A1/P450 Result 1B1. Result Surprisingly, Result the Result greatest Result amount Result of Result (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-dGuo Result was Result formed Result in Result the Result control Result H358 Result cells. Result Furthermore, Result (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N2-dGuo Result formation Result was Result 2-fold Result higher Result in Result (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-exposed Result H358 Result cells Result when Result compared Result with Result (+/-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-exposed Result cells. Result The Result P450 Result 1A1/1B1 Result inhibitor Result 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene Result did Result not Result attenuate Result DNA Result adduct Result formation Result in Result the Result control Result H358 Result cells, Result suggesting Conclusion that Conclusion another Conclusion P450 Conclusion was Conclusion responsible. Conclusion These Conclusion data Conclusion raise Conclusion the Conclusion intriguing Conclusion possibility Conclusion that Conclusion P450 Conclusion 1A1/P450 Conclusion 1B1 Conclusion and Conclusion AKR1A1 Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion protective Conclusion against Conclusion (+)-B[a]PDE-mediated Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage. Conclusion
17292933
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17291012
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17275222
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17272310
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17270221
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17253728
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17253627
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17237483
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17234648
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17229588
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17218071
The Objective aim Objective of Objective this Objective study Objective was Objective to Objective clarify Objective whether Objective pharmaceutical Objective drugs Objective capable Objective of Objective inhibiting Objective ABC-transporters Objective affect Objective the Objective toxicity Objective of Objective benzo(a)pyrene Objective (BP). Objective MCF-7 Method breast Method adenocarcinoma Method cells Method were Method cultured Method for Method 24 Method and Method 48 Method h Method with Method benzo(a)pyrene Method (1 Method microM) Method and Method the Method transporter Method inhibitors Method verapamil Method (0.125-100 Method microM), Method PSC833 Method (0.05-5 Method microM) Method or Method probenecid Method (0.05-2 Method mM). Method DNA Method binding Method of Method benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide Method (BPDE) Method was Method analyzed Method by Method synchronous Method fluorescence Method spectrophotometry Method and Method p53 Method protein Method by Method immunoblotting. Method BP Method metabolism Method was Method studied Method using Method thin Method layer Method chromatography Method (TLC). Method MTT Method assay Method and Method ATP Method quantitation Method were Method used Method for Method the Method analysis Method of Method cell Method viability. Method At Result 24 Result h Result there Result was Result no Result statistically Result significant Result increase Result in Result the Result DNA-adduct Result formation Result by Result any Result of Result the Result used Result inhibitors. Result However, Result at Result 48 Result h Result all Result of Result the Result inhibitors, Result in Result concentrations Result known Result to Result effectively Result block Result ABC Result transporters, Result increased Result the Result BPDE-DNA Result adduct Result formation Result 1.5 Result to Result 2-fold Result compared Result to Result adduct Result formation Result with Result BP Result only. Result PSC833 Result and Result verapamil Result also Result increased Result p53 Result protein Result expression Result at Result 48 Result h Result (p<0.05). Result Probenecid Result decreased Result glucuronidation Result of Result (3)H-BP Result metabolites. Result Other Result inhibitors Result did Result not Result decrease Result statistically Result significantly Result the Result overall Result formation Result of Result water-soluble Result metabolites. Result BP Result alone Result slightly Result decreased Result viability Result of Result cells Result at Result 48 Result h Result according Result to Result ATP Result quantitation Result as Result compared Result to Result vehicle Result treated Result controls Result (86.4+/-16.4%). Result Even Result though Result the Result used Result inhibitors Result showed Result some Result cytotoxicity, Result the Result combination Result of Result BP Result and Result inhibitors Result did Result not Result decrease Result cell Result viability Result in Result synergistic Result manner. Result According Conclusion to Conclusion these Conclusion results Conclusion certain Conclusion pharmaceutical Conclusion drugs Conclusion may Conclusion increase Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage Conclusion caused Conclusion by Conclusion benzo(a)pyrene Conclusion in Conclusion MCF-7 Conclusion cells Conclusion at Conclusion least Conclusion partly Conclusion through Conclusion the Conclusion inhibition Conclusion of Conclusion transporters. Conclusion Taking Conclusion into Conclusion account Conclusion the Conclusion complex Conclusion metabolism Conclusion of Conclusion BP Conclusion and Conclusion lack Conclusion of Conclusion specificity Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion inhibitors Conclusion used, Conclusion it Conclusion is Conclusion likely Conclusion that Conclusion increased Conclusion DNA Conclusion damage Conclusion seen Conclusion in Conclusion this Conclusion study Conclusion was Conclusion the Conclusion result Conclusion of Conclusion multiple Conclusion interactions Conclusion between Conclusion the Conclusion inhibitors, Conclusion BP Conclusion metabolism Conclusion and Conclusion the Conclusion efflux Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion compounds. Conclusion
17207589
Nucleotide Background excision Background repair Background (NER) Background mainly Background repairs Background bulky Background DNA Background adducts Background and Background helix Background distorting Background lesions, Background but Background is Background additionally Background considered Background to Background be Background a Background back-up Background system Background for Background base Background excision Background repair Background to Background remove Background oxidative Background stress Background induced Background DNA Background damage. Background Therefore, Background it Background can Background be Background speculated Background that Background NER Background is Background up-regulated Background or Background primed Background by Background oxidative Background stress. Background Exposure Background of Background human Background pulmonary Background epithelial Background cells Background (A549) Background to Background non-toxic Background doses Background of Background 100muM Background H(2)O(2) Background indeed Background showed Background a Background 2 Background to Background 4.5-fold Background increase Background in Background expression Background of Background XPA, Background XPC, Background ERCC4, Background and Background ERCC5, Background whereas Background the Background expression Background of Background ERCC1 Background was Background 5-fold Background decreased. Background Phenotypical Background assessment Background of Background NER Background capacity Background (i.e. Background recognition Background and Background incision Background of Background benzo[a]pyrene-DNA Background adducts) Background showed Background a Background significant Background decrease Background to Background less Background than Background 50% Background after Background H(2)O(2) Background exposure, Background which Background paralleled Background the Background effects Background of Background H(2)O(2) Background on Background ERCC1 Background expression. Background To Objective study Objective the Objective possible Objective involvement Objective of Objective glutathione Objective (GSH) Objective in Objective the Objective regulation Objective of Objective NER, Objective cells Method were Method pre-incubated Method with Method 0.5mM Method BSO, Method resulting Method in Method total Method GSH Method depletion Method and Method increased Method intracellular Method oxidative Method stress. Method In Result GSH-depleted Result cells, Result the Result down-regulation Result of Result ERCC1 Result expression Result by Result H(2)O(2) Result was Result completely Result abolished Result and Result the Result up-regulation Result of Result ERCC4 Result expression Result was Result potentiated Result from Result 2.5-fold Result to Result >10-fold. Result Similarly, Result the Result H(2)O(2)-induced Result decrease Result in Result NER Result capacity Result was Result absent Result in Result GSH-depleted Result cells. Result Overall, Result our Result data Result suggest Result that Result NER Result capacity Result as Result well Result as Result the Result expression Result of Result NER Result related Result genes Result can Result be Result modulated Result by Result oxidative Result stress. Result ERCC1 Result expression Result and Result NER Result capacity Result correlated Result strongly Result (R(2)=0.85, Result P<0.01) Result after Result oxidant Result exposure, Result indicating Conclusion ERCC1 Conclusion as Conclusion a Conclusion specific Conclusion target Conclusion for Conclusion oxidative Conclusion stress Conclusion induced Conclusion modification Conclusion of Conclusion NER. Conclusion
17185271
BACKGROUND: Arsenite Background (iAsIII) Background can Background promote Background mutagenicity Background and Background carcinogenicity Background of Background other Background carcinogens. Background Considerable Background attention Background has Background focused Background on Background interference Background with Background DNA Background repair Background by Background inorganic Background arsenic, Background especially Background the Background nucleotide Background excision Background repair Background (NER) Background pathway, Background whereas Background less Background is Background known Background about Background the Background effect Background of Background arsenic Background on Background the Background induction Background of Background DNA Background damage Background by Background other Background agents. Background OBJECTIVES: We Objective examined Objective how Objective arsenic Objective modulates Objective DNA Objective damage Objective by Objective other Objective chemicals. Objective METHODS: We used Method an Method NER-deficient Method cell Method line Method to Method dissect Method DNA Method damage Method induction Method from Method DNA Method repair Method and Method to Method examine Method the Method effects Method of Method iAsIII Method on Method the Method formation Method of Method benzo[a]pyrene Method diol Method epoxide Method (BPDE)-DNA Method adducts. Method RESULTS: We Result found Result that Result pretreatment Result with Result iAsIII Result at Result subtoxic Result concentrations Result (10 Result microM) Result led Result to Result enhanced Result formation Result of Result BPDE-DNA Result adducts. Result Reduced Result glutathione Result levels, Result glutathione Result S-transferase Result activity Result and Result chromatin Result accessibility Result were Result also Result measured Result after Result iAsIII Result treatment, Result but Result none Result of Result these Result factors Result appeared Result to Result account Result for Result the Result enhanced Result formation Result of Result DNA Result adducts. Result However, Result we Result found Result that Result pretreatment Result with Result iAsIII Result increased Result the Result cellular Result uptake Result of Result BPDE Result in Result a Result dose-dependent Result manner. Result CONCLUSIONS: Our Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion iAsIII Conclusion enhanced Conclusion the Conclusion formation Conclusion of Conclusion BPDE-DNA Conclusion adducts Conclusion by Conclusion increasing Conclusion the Conclusion cellular Conclusion uptake Conclusion of Conclusion BPDE. Conclusion Therefore, Conclusion the Conclusion ability Conclusion of Conclusion arsenic Conclusion to Conclusion increase Conclusion the Conclusion bioavailability Conclusion of Conclusion other Conclusion carcinogens Conclusion may Conclusion contribute Conclusion to Conclusion arsenic Conclusion co-carcinogenicity. Conclusion
17178892
We Background found Background previously Background that Background the Background human Background lung Background benzo(a)pyrene Background (BP)-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-N(2)-deoxyguanosine Background (BPDE-dG) Background adduct Background concentrate Background in Background the Background target Background bronchial Background cells. Background This Background adduct Background is Background now Background considered Background to Background be Background critical Background event Background in Background tumorigenesis Background by Background BP. Background In Objective this Objective study, Objective we Objective investigate Objective the Objective contribution Objective of Objective cigarette Objective smoke Objective on Objective the Objective BPDE-dG Objective formation. Objective In Result a Result cell-free Result system, Result the Result amount Result of Result (-)-anti-BPDE-dG Result adduct Result increased Result linearly Result with Result concentration Result of Result cigarette Result smoke Result in Result the Result presence Result of Result (+)-BP-7,8-diol. Result Catalase Result and Result superoxide Result dismutase Result inhibited Result its Result formation Result by Result >80%. Result When Result MCF-7 Result cells Result were Result treated Result for Result 2 Result hours Result with Result the Result (+)-BP-7,8-diol, Result cigarette Result smoke Result increased Result dose Result dependently Result the Result formation Result of Result (-)-anti-BPDE-dG Result and Result decreased Result the Result cytochrome Result P450 Result (CYP)-dependent Result formation Result of Result (+)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP Result the Result adduct. Result Then, Method cells Method were Method treated Method for Method up Method to Method 1 Method day Method with Method BP Method and Method then Method exposed Method for Method 2 Method hours Method with Method cigarette Method smoke. Method During Result these Result 2 Result hours, Result there Result are Result twice Result the Result increase Result in Result the Result adduct Result formation Result in Result cells Result treated Result with Result cigarette Result smoke Result compared Result with Result levels Result in Result nontreated Result cells Result due Result to Result CYP Result activity. Result Thus, Conclusion cigarette Conclusion smoke Conclusion containing Conclusion reactive Conclusion oxygen Conclusion species Conclusion may Conclusion activate Conclusion the Conclusion second Conclusion step Conclusion of Conclusion BP Conclusion metabolic Conclusion way, Conclusion leading Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion formation Conclusion of Conclusion BPDE-dG Conclusion adduct. Conclusion Cigarette Conclusion smoke Conclusion thus Conclusion seems Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion in Conclusion part Conclusion responsible Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion formation Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion critical Conclusion lung Conclusion tumorigenic Conclusion adduct. Conclusion Finally, Result modified Result cigarette Result filter Result containing Result rosemary Result extract Result decreases Result by Result >70% Result of Result the Result BPDE-dG Result adducts Result level Result due Result to Result the Result cigarette Result smoke Result in Result MCF-7 Result cells. Result This Conclusion approach Conclusion may Conclusion lead Conclusion to Conclusion decreasing Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer Conclusion risk Conclusion in Conclusion addicted Conclusion smokers. Conclusion
17177209
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17166761
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17163506
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17151004
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17141280
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17126381
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17114645
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17112231
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17095286
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17094953
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17077187
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17071945
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17065433
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17065199
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17060372
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17049425
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17029827
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17011594
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16978913
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16970932
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16962263
Benzo(a)pyrene Background (BaP), Background a Background ubiquitous Background environmental Background pollutant Background known Background to Background cause Background many Background diseases Background including Background atherosclerosis, Background induces Background a Background dose-dependent Background reduction Background in Background the Background levels Background of Background the Background inducible Background Hsp70. Background To Objective explore Objective the Objective mechanism Objective underlying Objective the Objective reduction Objective of Objective Hsp70, Objective we Method measured Method the Method levels Method of Method Hsp70, Method cytoplasmic Method and Method nuclear Method heat Method shock Method factor Method 1 Method (HSF1) Method in Method porcine Method aortic Method endothelial Method cells Method using Method Western Method blot, Method and Method then Method further Method characterized Method the Method binding Method ability Method of Method HSF1 Method and Method heat Method shock Method element Method (HSE) Method by Method electrophoretic Method mobility Method shift Method assay. Method We Result found Result that Result when Result porcine Result aortic Result endothelial Result cells Result were Result treated Result by Result 0.1-10 Result microM Result of Result BaP Result for Result 24 Result h, Result there Result was Result a Result significant Result reduction Result of Result Hsp70, Result cytoplasmic Result and Result nuclear Result HSF1 Result and Result the Result binding Result rate Result of Result HSF1 Result and Result HSE Result at Result 5, Result 10 Result microM Result of Result BaP Result but Result less Result effective Result at Result lower Result concentrations. Result The Result effect Result of Result BaP Result on Result the Result Hsp70 Result expression Result level Result was Result markedly Result attenuated Result by Result co-treatment Result with Result phorbol Result 12-myristate Result 13-acetate Result (PMA), Result an Result activator Result of Result protein Result kinase Result C Result (PKC). Result Staurosporine Result (STP), Result an Result inhibitor Result of Result PKC, Result blocked Result the Result effect Result of Result PMA Result treatment Result in Result combination Result with Result BaP. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion BaP Conclusion might Conclusion inhibit Conclusion Hsp70 Conclusion levels Conclusion by Conclusion reducing Conclusion the Conclusion expression Conclusion of Conclusion HSF1 Conclusion and Conclusion decreasing Conclusion binding Conclusion of Conclusion HSF1 Conclusion and Conclusion HSE Conclusion via Conclusion PKC-dependent Conclusion signaling Conclusion pathways Conclusion that Conclusion might Conclusion be Conclusion involved Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion regulation Conclusion of Conclusion Hsp70 Conclusion gene Conclusion expression Conclusion under Conclusion BaP. Conclusion
16953391
Polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs) Background are Background environmental Background pollutants. Background Some Background compounds Background belonging Background to Background this Background group Background are Background considered Background carcinogenic Background to Background people. Background In Background order Background to Background yield Background carcinogenic Background properties, Background these Background compounds Background must Background be Background metabolically Background transformed Background by Background enzymes Background of Background cytochrome Background P450 Background family Background to Background oxy-derivatives. Background In Objective this Objective study, Objective the Objective ability Objective of Objective the Objective following Objective six Objective PAHs: Objective anthracene Objective (Ant), Objective benz(a)anthracene Objective (BA), Objective naphthacene Objective (Nap), Objective benzo(a)pyrene Objective (BaP), Objective dibenz(a,c)anthracene Objective (DB(a,c)A) Objective and Objective dibenz(a,h)anthracene Objective (DB(a,h)A) Objective to Objective induce Objective enzymes Objective of Objective cytochrome Objective P450 Objective (CYP450), Objective in Objective particular Objective CYP1A1 Objective and Objective CYP1A2 Objective in Objective Mcf7 Objective and Objective HepG2 Objective cells Objective was Objective studied. Objective The Method induction Method of Method CYP1A Method enzymes Method was Method assessed Method at Method the Method level Method of Method enzymatic Method protein Method and Method enzymatic Method activity. Method The Method change Method in Method CYP1A1 Method and Method CYP1A2 Method protein Method level Method was Method assessed Method by Method means Method of Method confocal Method microscopy. Method The Method ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Method (EROD) Method and Method methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Method (MROD) Method assays Method were Method applied Method to Method determine Method the Method CYP1A1 Method and Method CYP1A2 Method activity. Method The Method Induction Method Equivalency Method Factors Method (IEFs) Method were Method also Method determined. Method According Result to Result EROD Result and Result MROD Result assay Result and Result calculated Result IEFs Result the Result following Result order Result of Result the Result inducing Result potency Result was Result determined Result in Result HepG2 Result cells: Result DB(a,h)A Result > Result BaP Result > Result DB(a,c)A Result approximately Result BA Result > Result Nap Result > Result Ant, Result and Result in Result Mcf7 Result cells: Result DB(a,h)A Result > Result DB(a,c)A Result > Result BaP Result > Result Nap Result > Result BA Result > Result Ant. Result The Result assessment Result of Result the Result protein Result levels Result revealed Result that Result DB(a,h)A Result was Result also Result the Result strongest Result inducer Result of Result protein Result level, Result however Result the Result correlation Result between Result enzymatic Result activity Result and Result protein Result level Result induction Result by Result other Result PAHs Result was Result not Result always Result evident. Result The Result EROD Result and Result MROD Result activities Result were Result higher Result in Result Mcf7 Result than Result in Result HepG2 Result cells, Result however Result the Result CYP1A2 Result protein Result level Result was Result shown Result to Result be Result higher Result in Result HepG2 Result cells. Result The Conclusion results Conclusion obtained Conclusion indicate Conclusion possible Conclusion catalytic Conclusion enzymatic Conclusion activity Conclusion alterations Conclusion induced Conclusion by Conclusion PAHs. Conclusion
16929009
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16926039
Exposures Background to Background environmental Background carcinogens Background and Background unhealthy Background lifestyle Background choices Background increase Background the Background incidence Background of Background breast Background cancer. Background One Background such Background compound, Background benzo(a)pyrene Background (BaP), Background leads Background to Background covalent Background DNA Background modifications Background and Background the Background deregulation Background of Background gene Background expression. Background To Background date, Background these Background mechanisms Background of Background BaP-induced Background carcinogenesis Background are Background poorly Background understood, Background particularly Background in Background the Background case Background of Background breast Background cancer. Background We Objective tested Objective the Objective effects Objective of Objective BaP Objective exposure Objective on Objective cellular Objective growth Objective dynamics Objective and Objective DNA Objective methylation Objective in Objective four Objective breast Objective cancer Objective cell Objective lines Objective since Objective disruptions Objective in Objective DNA Objective methylation Objective lead Objective to Objective deregulated Objective gene Objective expression Objective and Objective the Objective loss Objective of Objective genomic Objective integrity. Objective We Result observed Result robust Result time- Result and Result concentration-dependent Result loss Result of Result proliferation, Result S Result phase Result and Result G2M Result accumulation Result and Result apoptosis Result in Result p53 Result positive Result MCF-7 Result and Result T47-D Result cells. Result We Result observed Result minimal Result responses Result in Result p53 Result negative Result HCC-1086 Result and Result MDA Result MB Result 231 Result cells. Result Furthermore, Result BaP Result increased Result p53 Result levels Result in Result both Result p53 Result positive Result cell Result lines, Result as Result well Result as Result p21 Result levels Result in Result MCF-7 Result cells, Result an Result effect Result that Result was Result prevented Result by Result the Result p53-specific Result inhibitor Result pifithrin-alpha. Result No Result changes Result in Result global Result levels Result of Result DNA Result methylation Result levels Result induced Result by Result BaP Result were Result detected Result by Result the Result methyl Result acceptor Result assay Result (MAA) Result in Result any Result cell Result line, Result however, Result methylation Result profiling Result by Result AIMS Result (amplification Result of Result intermethylated Result sites) Result analysis Result showed Result dynamic, Result sequence-specific Result hypo- Result and Result hypermethylation Result events Result in Result all Result cell Result lines. Result We Result also Result identified Result BaP-induced Result hypomethylation Result events Result at Result a Result number Result of Result genomic Result repeats. Result Our Conclusion data Conclusion confirm Conclusion the Conclusion p53-specific Conclusion disruption Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion cell Conclusion cycle Conclusion as Conclusion well Conclusion as Conclusion the Conclusion disruption Conclusion of Conclusion DNA Conclusion methylation Conclusion as Conclusion a Conclusion consequence Conclusion of Conclusion BaP Conclusion treatment, Conclusion thus Conclusion reinforcing Conclusion the Conclusion link Conclusion between Conclusion environmental Conclusion exposures, Conclusion DNA Conclusion methylation Conclusion and Conclusion breast Conclusion cancer. Conclusion
16906435
In Objective order Objective to Objective survey Objective changes Objective and Objective activities Objective in Objective the Objective polycyclic Objective aromatic Objective hydrocarbon Objective (PAH)-metabolizing Objective enzymes Objective implicated Objective in Objective lung Objective cancer Objective susceptibility Objective studies, Objective we Objective investigated Objective enzyme Objective induction Objective by Objective 2-5-ring-sized Objective 'biomarker' Objective PAHs Objective in Objective rat Objective liver Objective and Objective lung, Objective and Objective the Objective activities Objective in Objective five Objective human Objective lung Objective specimens. 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16885195
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16884943
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16882543
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16873418
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16872641
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16835058
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16814461
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16780367
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16778168
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16774943
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16766020
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16764053
16721748
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16696575
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16678472
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16649189
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16632869
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16616405
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16567066
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16556641
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16545412
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16544943
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16530937
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16522666
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16516933
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16516931
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16510580
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16501250
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16489025
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16485906
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16485900
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16485905
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16484233
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16460892
Information Background is Background lacking Background regarding Background the Background biological Background response Background to Background environmental Background chemicals Background in Background the Background context Background of Background pre-existing Background disease. Background Benzo(alpha)pyrene Background (BaP), Background a Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbon, Background is Background a Background byproduct Background of Background combustion Background that Background causes Background renal Background injury Background and Background elicits Background a Background nephropathic Background response. Background This Objective study Objective evaluated Objective the Objective nephrotoxicity Objective of Objective BaP Objective in Objective normoglycemic Objective and Objective diabetic Objective rats. Objective Female Method Sprague Method Dawley Method rats Method were Method divided Method into Method four Method groups: Method normoglycemic-vehicle Method (NV), Method normoglycemic-BaP Method (N-BaP), Method diabetic-vehicle Method (DV) Method and Method diabetic-BaP Method (D-BaP). Method Diabetes Method was Method induced Method by Method intraperitoneal Method (ip) Method injection Method of Method streptozotocin Method (60 Method mg/kg, Method 1 Method ml/kg). Method Rats Method were Method injected Method (ip) Method with Method vehicle Method or Method 10 Method mg/kg Method BaP Method (1 Method ml/kg) Method once Method per Method week Method for Method 5 Method weeks. Method Urinary Method protein Method and Method albumin, Method plasma Method creatinine Method and Method light Method microscopy Method were Method performed Method to Method assess Method the Method effects Method of Method BaP Method on Method kidney Method function. Method Diabetes Method was Method confirmed Method by Method plasma Method glucose Method levels Method >400 Method mg/dl Method in Method the Method DV Method and Method D-BaP Method groups. Method BaP Result increased Result kidney Result weight Result and Result blood Result urea Result nitrogen Result (BUN) Result levels Result in Result the Result D-BaP Result relative Result to Result the Result DV Result group. Result No Result change Result in Result BUN Result was Result observed Result following Result 5 Result weeks Result of Result BaP Result treatment Result in Result the Result normoglycemic Result animals, Result however, Result kidney Result weight Result was Result increased Result (p=0.013) Result in Result the Result N-BaP Result relative Result to Result the Result NV Result animals. Result STZ Result diabetes Result increased Result susceptibility Result to Result BaP Result mediated Result renal Result damage Result following Result repeated Result treatment Result for Result 5 Result weeks Result when Result compared Result to Result age Result matched Result normoglycemic Result rats. Result
16431845
The Background molecular Background mechanisms Background potentially Background related Background to Background tumorigenesis Background induced Background by Background anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide Background (anti-BPDE) Background were Background investigated Background by Background suppression Background subtractive Background hybridization Background of Background the Background human Background bronchial Background epithelial Background cells Background (16HBE) Background carcinoma Background induced Background by Background BPDE-transformed Background 16HBE Background cells Background (16HBE-C). Background The Background 67 Background kD Background laminin Background receptor Background gene Background (67LR1) Background is Background one Background of Background the Background screened Background overexpressed Background genes Background in Background 16HBE-C Background cells Background when Background compared Background with Background 16HBE. Background In Objective order Objective to Objective understand Objective the Objective main Objective functions Objective of Objective 67LR1 Objective gene, Objective we Method amplified Method the Method full Method length Method of Method 67LR1 Method gene Method using Method reverse Method transcription-polymerase Method chain Method reaction Method (RT-PCR) Method method. Method The Method amplified Method gene Method products Method were Method inserted Method into Method pcDNA Method 3.1 Method Directional Method TOPO Method expression Method vector. Method We Method then Method transfected Method 16HBE Method cells Method with Method this Method vector Method and Method derived Method stable Method transfected Method 16HBE Method cell Method lines Method containing Method the Method 67LR1 Method gene Method by Method using Method lipofectin Method and Method G418 Method selection Method protocols. Method The Method expression Method products Method of Method transfected Method genes Method were Method analyzed Method by Method semiquantitative Method RT-PCR. Method Soft Method agar Method growth Method assay Method was Method carried Method out Method to Method identify Method the Method malignant Method features Method of Method 67LR1 Method gene. Method The Result stable Result transfected Result cell Result lines Result can Result form Result colonies Result in Result soft Result agar. Result Further, Result the Result transfected Result cells Result showed Result morphological Result changes Result compared Result to Result the Result control Result cells, Result such Result as Result the Result obvious Result pseudopods. Result These Conclusion data Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion 67LR1 Conclusion gene Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion related Conclusion to Conclusion malignant Conclusion transformation Conclusion induced Conclusion by Conclusion the Conclusion anti-BPDE. Conclusion The Conclusion 67LR1 Conclusion protein Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion related Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion directionality Conclusion of Conclusion cell Conclusion movement. Conclusion
16423555
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16415328
The Background carcinogenic Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons Background (PAHs) Background are Background active Background primarily Background at Background the Background site Background of Background entry Background to Background the Background body. Background Lung Background cancer Background following Background inhalation Background of Background PAH-containing Background aerosols Background such Background as Background tobacco Background smoke Background is Background one Background likely Background example. Background A Background suggested Background mechanism Background for Background this Background site Background preference Background is Background a Background slow Background passage Background of Background the Background highly Background lipophilic Background PAHs Background through Background the Background thicker Background epithelia Background of Background the Background conducting Background airways, Background accompanied Background by Background substantial Background local Background metabolism Background in Background airway Background epithelium. Background However, Background it Background is Background likely Background that Background the Background airway Background epithelium Background will Background become Background saturated Background with Background PAHs Background at Background surprisingly Background low Background exposure Background levels. Background The Objective purpose Objective of Objective this Objective research Objective was Objective to Objective quantify Objective the Objective level Objective of Objective saturation Objective for Objective inhaled Objective benzo(a)pyrene Objective (BaP) Objective in Objective the Objective isolated, Objective perfused Objective lung Objective (IPL) Objective of Objective the Objective rat. Objective BaP Method was Method coated Method onto Method carrier Method particles Method of Method silica Method 3.5 Method microm Method diameter Method at Method three Method different Method levels. Method The Method DustGun Method aerosol Method generator Method was Method then Method used Method to Method deliver Method respectively Method 2.2, Method 36, Method and Method 8400 Method ng Method of Method BaP Method to Method the Method IPL Method with Method the Method carrier Method particles Method in Method less Method than Method 1 Method min. Method For Method 77 Method min Method after Method the Method exposure, Method single-pass Method perfusate Method was Method collected Method from Method the Method lungs. Method Lungs Method were Method then Method removed Method and, Method with Method the Method perfusate, Method analyzed Method for Method BaP Method and Method metabolites. Method Results Result show Result that Result the Result absorption Result and Result metabolism Result of Result inhaled Result BaP Result in Result the Result lungs Result was Result highly Result dose Result dependent. Result At Result low Result exposure Result levels Result absorption Result of Result BaP Result in Result the Result mucosa Result was Result proportional Result to Result the Result concentration Result in Result the Result air/blood Result barrier Result and Result proceeded Result with Result substantial Result local Result metabolism. Result At Result higher Result exposure Result levels Result the Result capacity Result of Result the Result epithelium Result to Result dissolve Result and Result metabolize Result BaP Result became Result saturated, Result and Result the Result absorption Result rate Result remained Result constant Result until Result crystalline Result BaP Result had Result dissolved, Result and Result the Result process Result proceeded Result with Result much Result smaller Result fractions Result of Result BaP Result metabolites Result produced Result in Result the Result mucosa. Result This phenomenon Conclusion may Conclusion explain Conclusion the Conclusion well-known Conclusion difficulties Conclusion of Conclusion inducing Conclusion lung Conclusion cancer Conclusion in Conclusion laboratory Conclusion animals Conclusion with Conclusion inhalants Conclusion containing Conclusion carcinogenic Conclusion PAHs, Conclusion where Conclusion similar Conclusion lifespan Conclusion exposures Conclusion are Conclusion used Conclusion as Conclusion humans Conclusion may Conclusion experience Conclusion but Conclusion with Conclusion much Conclusion higher Conclusion dose Conclusion rates. Conclusion
16411658
Benzo[a]pyrene Background (BP) Background requires Background metabolic Background activation Background to Background electrophiles Background to Background exert Background its Background deleterious Background effects. Background We Objective compared Objective the Objective respective Objective roles Objective of Objective aldo-keto Objective reductase Objective 1A1 Objective (AKR1A1, Objective aldehyde Objective reductase) Objective and Objective P4501B1 Objective in Objective the Objective formation Objective of Objective BP-7,8-dione Objective and Objective BP-tetrols, Objective respectively, Objective in Objective intact Objective bronchoalveolar Objective cells Objective manipulated Objective to Objective express Objective either Objective enzyme. Objective Metabolite Method formation Method was Method confirmed Method by Method HPLC/MS Method and Method quantitatively Method measured Method by Method HPLC/UV/beta-RAM. Method In Result TCDD-treated Result H358 Result cells Result (P4501B1 Result expression), Result the Result anti-BPDE Result hydrolysis Result product Result BP-tetrol-1 Result increased Result over Result 3-12 Result h Result to Result a Result constant Result level. Result In Result H358 Result AKR1A1 Result transfectants, Result formation Result of Result BP-7,8-dione Result was Result elevated Result for Result 3-12 Result h Result but Result significantly Result decreased Result after Result 24 Result h. Result Interestingly, Result BP-tetrols Result were Result also Result detected Result in Result AKR1A1 Result transfectants Result even Result though Result they Result do Result not Result constitutively Result express Result P4501A1/P4501B1 Result enzymes. Result Northern Result and Result Western Result blotting Result confirmed Result the Result induction Result of Result P4501B1 Result by Result BP-7,8-dione Result in Result parental Result cells Result and Result the Result induction Result of Result P4501B1 Result by Result BP-7,8-diol Result in Result AKR1A1-transfected Result cells. Result P4501B1 Result induction Result was Result blocked Result in Result AKR1A1 Result transfectants Result by Result the Result AKR1A1 Result inhibitor Result (sulfonylnitromethane), Result the Result o-quinone Result scavenger Result (N-acetyl-l-cysteine), Result or Result the Result cytosolic Result AhR Result antagonist Result (diflubenzuron). Result Attenuation Result of Result P4501B1 Result induction Result in Result these Result cells Result was Result verified Result by Result measuring Result a Result decrease Result in Result BP-tetrol Result formation. Result Our Conclusion studies Conclusion show Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion formation Conclusion of Conclusion BP-7,8-dione Conclusion by Conclusion AKR1A1 Conclusion in Conclusion human Conclusion bronchoalveolar Conclusion cells Conclusion leads Conclusion to Conclusion an Conclusion induction Conclusion of Conclusion P4501B1 Conclusion and Conclusion that Conclusion a Conclusion functional Conclusion consequence Conclusion of Conclusion this Conclusion induction Conclusion is Conclusion elevated Conclusion anti-BPDE Conclusion production Conclusion as Conclusion detected Conclusion by Conclusion increased Conclusion BP-tetrol Conclusion formation. Conclusion Therefore, Conclusion the Conclusion role Conclusion of Conclusion AKR1A1 Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion activation Conclusion of Conclusion BP-7,8-diol Conclusion is Conclusion bifunctional; Conclusion that Conclusion is, Conclusion it Conclusion directly Conclusion activates Conclusion BP-7,8-diol Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion reactive Conclusion and Conclusion redox-active Conclusion PAH Conclusion o-quinone Conclusion (BP-7,8-dione) Conclusion and Conclusion it Conclusion indirectly Conclusion trans-activates Conclusion the Conclusion P4501B1 Conclusion gene Conclusion by Conclusion generating Conclusion the Conclusion aryl Conclusion hydrocarbon Conclusion receptor Conclusion (AhR) Conclusion ligand Conclusion BP-7,8-dione. Conclusion
16399846
The Objective chemopreventive Objective and Objective antimutagenic Objective effects Objective of Objective an Objective aqueous Objective extract Objective of Objective Mentha Objective piperita Objective leaves Objective were Objective evaluated Objective by Objective using Objective 9 Objective week Objective medium Objective term Objective model Objective of Objective benzo[a]pyrene Objective (BP)-induced Objective lung Objective tumors. Objective Lung Result tumors Result were Result induced Result by Result a Result single Result subcutaneous Result injection Result in Result the Result scapular Result region Result with Result BP Result in Result newborn Result Swiss Result albino Result mice Result (<24 Result h Result old). Result The Result oral Result administration Result of Result Mentha Result extract Result (ME) Result showed Result a Result significant Result reduction Result in Result the Result number Result of Result lung Result tumors Result from Result an Result incidence Result of Result 67.92% Result in Result animals Result given Result only Result BP Result to Result 26.31%. Result The Result inhibition Result rate Result was Result 61.26% Result in Result ME Result treated Result group Result with Result respect Result to Result reference Result group Result (BP-alone). Result However, Result tumor Result multiplicity Result was Result reduced Result from Result 0.83 Result in Result the Result BP-alone Result group Result to Result 0.31 Result in Result the Result BP+ME Result group. Result Also, Result ME Result treatment Result reduced Result the Result frequency Result of Result BP-induced Result chromosomal Result aberrations Result and Result micronuclei Result in Result bone Result marrow Result cells Result and Result decreased Result the Result levels Result of Result lipoperoxides Result and Result increased Result sulfhydryl Result groups Result in Result liver Result as Result well Result as Result lung. Result In Result cell-free Result assays, Result ME Result showed Result strong Result scavenging Result activity Result for Result both Result the Result DPPH* Result and Result ABTS*+ Result radicals. Result ME Result had Result an Result IC50 Result value Result of Result 272 Result microg/ml Result in Result the Result DPPH* Result assay. Result The Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion action Conclusion and Conclusion antimutagenic Conclusion effects Conclusion observed Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion present Conclusion study Conclusion is Conclusion attributed Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion antioxidative Conclusion and Conclusion radical Conclusion scavenging Conclusion properties Conclusion of Conclusion ME. Conclusion
16399233
A Objective 9-week Objective in Objective vivo Objective rasH2/butylhydroxytoluene Objective (BHT) Objective model Objective for Objective the Objective detection Objective of Objective genotoxic Objective lung Objective carcinogens Objective was Objective validated, Objective using Method six Method potent Method positive Method test Method compounds, Method dimethylnitrosamine Method (DMN; Method 15 Method mg/kg, Method i.p.), Method diethylnitrosamine Method (DEN; Method 100 Method mg/kg, Method i.p.), Method ethylnitrosourea Method (ENU; Method 120 Method mg/kg, Method i.p.), Method 3-methylcholanthrene Method (MC; Method 100 Method mg/kg, Method i.p.), Method 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Method (DMBA; Method 5 Method mg/kg, Method i.g.) Method and Method benzo(a)pyrene Method (B(a)P; Method 80 Method mg/kg, Method i.p.), Method each Method given Method to Method rasH2 Method mice Method of Method both Method genders Method by Method single Method administration Method for Method initiation Method followed Method by Method promoter Method BHT Method treatment. Method Statistically Result significant Result increase Result in Result the Result incidence Result and Result multiplicity Result of Result lung Result tumors Result was Result observed Result in Result rasH2 Result mice Result treated Result with Result BHT Result following Result exposure Result to Result all Result of Result the Result carcinogens Result tested. Result The Conclusion data Conclusion overall Conclusion suggest Conclusion the Conclusion rasH2/BHT Conclusion model Conclusion to Conclusion be Conclusion a Conclusion powerful Conclusion screening Conclusion tool Conclusion for Conclusion genotoxic Conclusion lung Conclusion carcinogens. Conclusion
16397275
Previous Background studies Background have Background shown Background that Background freeze-dried Background black Background raspberry Background extract Background fractions Background inhibit Background benzo(a)pyrene Background [B(a)P]-induced Background transformation Background of Background Syrian Background hamster Background embryo Background cells Background and Background benzo(a)pyrene Background diol-epoxide Background [B(a)PDE]-induced Background activator Background protein-1 Background (AP-1) Background activity Background in Background mouse Background epidermal Background Cl Background 41 Background cells. Background The Background phosphotidylinositol Background 3-kinase Background (PI-3K)/Akt Background pathway Background is Background critical Background for Background B(a)PDE-induced Background AP-1 Background activation Background in Background mouse Background epidermal Background Cl Background 41 Background cells. Background In Objective the Objective present Objective study, Objective we Objective determined Objective the Objective potential Objective involvement Objective of Objective PI-3K Objective and Objective its Objective downstream Objective kinases Objective on Objective the Objective inhibition Objective of Objective AP-1 Objective activation Objective by Objective black Objective raspberry Objective fractions, Objective RO-FOO3, Objective RO-FOO4, Objective RO-ME, Objective and Objective RO-DM. Objective In Objective addition, Objective we Objective investigated Objective the Objective effects Objective of Objective these Objective fractions Objective on Objective the Objective expression Objective of Objective the Objective AP-1 Objective target Objective genes, Objective vascular Objective endothelial Objective growth Objective factor Objective (VEGF) Objective and Objective inducible Objective nitric Objective oxide Objective synthase Objective (iNOS). Objective Pretreatment Result of Result Cl Result 41 Result cells Result with Result fractions Result RO-F003 Result and Result RO-ME Result reduced Result activation Result of Result AP-1 Result and Result the Result expression Result of Result VEGF, Result but Result not Result iNOS. Result In Result contrast, Result fractions Result RO-F004 Result and Result RO-DM Result had Result no Result effect Result on Result AP-1 Result activation Result or Result the Result expression Result of Result either Result VEGF Result or Result iNOS. Result Consistent Result with Result inhibition Result of Result AP-1 Result activation, Result the Result RO-ME Result fraction Result markedly Result inhibited Result activation Result of Result PI-3K, Result Akt, Result and Result p70 Result S6 Result kinase Result (p70(S6k)). Result In Result addition, Result overexpression Result of Result the Result dominant Result negative Result PI-3K Result mutant Result delta Result p85 Result reduced Result the Result induction Result of Result VEGF Result by Result B(a)PDE. Result It Conclusion is Conclusion likely Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion inhibitory Conclusion effects Conclusion of Conclusion fractions Conclusion RO-FOO3 Conclusion and Conclusion RO-ME Conclusion on Conclusion B(a)PDE-induced Conclusion AP-1 Conclusion activation Conclusion and Conclusion VEGF Conclusion expression Conclusion are Conclusion mediated Conclusion by Conclusion inhibition Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion PI-3K/Akt Conclusion pathway. Conclusion In Conclusion view Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion important Conclusion roles Conclusion of Conclusion AP-1 Conclusion and Conclusion VEGF Conclusion in Conclusion tumor Conclusion development, Conclusion one Conclusion mechanism Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion activity Conclusion of Conclusion black Conclusion raspberries Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion inhibition Conclusion of Conclusion the Conclusion PI-3K/Akt/AP-1/VEGF Conclusion pathway. Conclusion
16393662
Populations Background of Background organisms Background that Background are Background chronically Background exposed Background to Background high Background levels Background of Background chemical Background contaminants Background may Background not Background suffer Background the Background same Background sublethal Background or Background lethal Background effects Background as Background naive Background populations, Background a Background phenomenon Background called Background resistance. 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16384668
Various Objective compounds Objective known Objective to Objective cause Objective DNA Objective damage Objective (hydrogen Objective peroxide, Objective visible Objective light-excited Objective methylene Objective blue, Objective N-nitrosomorpholine Objective and Objective benzo[a]pyrene) Objective were Objective tested Objective with Objective different Objective primary Objective rat Objective cells Objective (lymphocytes, Objective testicular Objective cells, Objective type Objective II Objective pneumocytes Objective and Objective hepatocytes) Objective to Objective determine Objective the Objective range Objective of Objective induced Objective DNA Objective damage Objective applying Objective the Objective comet Objective assay. Objective A Result dose-dependent Result increase Result of Result DNA Result breaks Result was Result observed Result after Result treatment Result with Result hydrogen Result peroxide Result in Result all Result cell Result types Result studied. Result The Result most Result prominent Result effect Result was Result observed Result in Result lymphocytes, Result whereas Result only Result a Result slight Result increase Result of Result DNA Result breaks Result was Result observed Result in Result hepatocytes. Result Visible Result light-excited Result methylene Result blue Result caused Result significant Result oxidative Result DNA Result damage, Result which Result did Result not Result significantly Result differ Result between Result the Result cell Result types Result used Result with Result the Result exception Result of Result hepatocytes, Result for Result which Result a Result lower Result level Result of Result DNA Result damage Result was Result observed. Result N-Nitrosomorpholine Result and Result benzo[a]pyrene Result induced Result a Result moderate Result but Result significant Result increase Result of Result DNA Result strand Result breaks Result in Result pneumocytes Result and Result hepatocytes Result while Result in Result lymphocytes Result no Result effect Result was Result observed. Result Our Conclusion results Conclusion clearly Conclusion demonstrate Conclusion that Conclusion due Conclusion to Conclusion their Conclusion differential Conclusion function Conclusion which Conclusion is Conclusion also Conclusion expressed Conclusion by Conclusion the Conclusion level Conclusion of Conclusion drug Conclusion metabolizing Conclusion and/or Conclusion antioxidant Conclusion enzymes, Conclusion freshly Conclusion isolated Conclusion rat Conclusion cells Conclusion (lymphocytes, Conclusion testicular Conclusion cells, Conclusion type Conclusion II Conclusion pneumocytes Conclusion and Conclusion hepatocytes) Conclusion respond Conclusion differently Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion exposure Conclusion to Conclusion genotoxic Conclusion agents Conclusion as Conclusion detected Conclusion by Conclusion comet Conclusion assay. Conclusion
16375931
In Objective an Objective attempt Objective to Objective examine Objective the Objective interaction Objective of Objective man-made Objective mineral Objective fibres Objective with Objective benzo[a]pyrene Objective (B[a]P), Objective homozygous Method X-lacI Method transgenic Method F344 Method rats Method were Method intratracheally Method treated Method with Method rock Method (stone) Method wool Method RWI Method and Method glass Method wool Method MMVF Method 10 Method fibres Method together Method with Method B[a]P. Method To Method analyze Method the Method induction Method of Method gene Method mutations Method by Method fibres Method and Method B[a]P Method in Method lung, Method single Method doses Method of Method 1 Method and Method 2 Method mg Method fibres/animal Method or Method multiple Method doses Method of Method 2 Method mg Method fibres/animal Method were Method administered Method weekly Method on Method 4 Method consecutive Method weeks Method (total Method dose Method 8 Method mg/animal). Method B[a]P Method (10 Method mg/animal) Method was Method administered Method either Method simultaneously Method with Method fibres Method (for Method single Method dose Method treatment Method with Method fibres) Method or Method together Method with Method the Method last Method fiber Method treatment Method (for Method multiple Method dose Method treatment Method with Method fibres). Method Animals Method were Method scarified Method 4 Method weeks Method after Method the Method last Method treatment. Method Benzo[a]pyrene Result administered Result simultaneously Result with Result RW1 Result fibres Result exhibited Result a Result strong Result synergistic Result effect Result on Result mutagenicity, Result the Result observed Result mutant Result frequency Result (MF) Result being Result more Result than Result three-fold Result higher Result than Result the Result net Result sum Result of Result the Result MF Result induced Result after Result separate Result administration Result of Result both Result agents. Result Our Conclusion data Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion DNA Conclusion adducts Conclusion induced Conclusion by Conclusion simultaneous Conclusion B[a]P Conclusion and Conclusion fiber Conclusion treatment Conclusion lead Conclusion to Conclusion a Conclusion strong Conclusion increase Conclusion in Conclusion mutatant Conclusion frequencies. Conclusion
16375880
The Objective current Objective experimental Objective work Objective deals Objective with Objective the Objective immunomodulatory Objective studies Objective on Objective the Objective extract Objective of Objective Withania Objective somnifera Objective (L.) Objective Dunal Objective root Objective powder Objective against Objective benzo(a)pyrene Objective induced Objective lung Objective cancer Objective in Objective male Objective Swiss Objective albino Objective mice. Objective In Background our Background previous Background study, Background we Background reported Background the Background antioxidant Background and Background anticarcinogenic Background effect Background of Background W. Background somnifera Background (L.) Background Dunal Background along Background with Background paclitaxel. Background Immune Background dysfunction Background has Background been Background found Background to Background be Background associated Background with Background cancer Background and Background chemotherapy. Background Benzo(a)pyrene Result induced Result cancer Result animals Result were Result treated Result with Result 400mg/kg Result bodyweight Result of Result W. Result somnifera Result (L.) Result Dunal Result extract Result for Result 30 Result days Result significantly Result alters Result the Result levels Result of Result immunocompetent Result cells, Result immune Result complexes Result and Result immunoglobulins. Result Based Conclusion on Conclusion the Conclusion data, Conclusion the Conclusion carcinogen Conclusion as Conclusion well Conclusion as Conclusion the Conclusion paclitaxel Conclusion affects Conclusion the Conclusion immune Conclusion system, Conclusion the Conclusion toxic Conclusion side Conclusion effects Conclusion on Conclusion the Conclusion immune Conclusion system Conclusion is Conclusion more Conclusion reversible Conclusion and Conclusion more Conclusion controllable Conclusion by Conclusion W. Conclusion somnifera Conclusion (L.) Conclusion Dunal. Conclusion These Conclusion results Conclusion concluded Conclusion the Conclusion immunomodulatory Conclusion activity Conclusion of Conclusion W. Conclusion somnifera Conclusion (L.) Conclusion Dunal Conclusion extract, Conclusion which Conclusion is Conclusion a Conclusion known Conclusion immunomodulator Conclusion in Conclusion indigenous Conclusion medicine. Conclusion
16357191
High-temperature Background cooked Background meat Background contains Background heterocyclic Background amines, Background including Background 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine Background (PhIP), Background and Background polycyclic Background aromatic Background hydrocarbons, Background such Background as Background benzo(a)pyrene Background (BaP). Background In Background rodents, Background a Background high Background intake Background of Background PhIP Background induces Background prostate Background tumors. Background We Objective prospectively Objective investigated Objective the Objective association Objective between Objective meat Objective and Objective meat Objective mutagens, Objective specifically Objective PhIP, Objective and Objective prostate Objective cancer Objective risk Objective in Objective the Objective Prostate, Objective Lung, Objective Colorectal, Objective and Objective Ovarian Objective Cancer Objective Screening Objective Trial. Objective Diet Method was Method assessed Method using Method a Method 137-item Method food Method frequency Method questionnaire Method and Method a Method detailed Method meat-cooking Method questionnaire Method linked Method to Method a Method database Method for Method BaP Method and Method the Method heterocyclic Method amines Method 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline Method (MeIQx), Method 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline Method (DiMeIQx), Method and Method PhIP. Method During Result follow-up, Result we Result ascertained Result a Result total Result of Result 1,338 Result prostate Result cancer Result cases Result among Result 29,361 Result men; Result of Result these, Result 868 Result were Result incident Result cases Result (diagnosed Result after Result the Result first Result year Result of Result follow-up) Result and Result 520 Result were Result advanced Result cases Result (stage Result III Result or Result IV Result or Result a Result Gleason Result score Result of Result > Result or Result =7). Result Total, Result red, Result or Result white Result meat Result intake Result was Result not Result associated Result with Result prostate Result cancer Result risk. Result More Result than Result 10 Result g/d Result of Result very Result well Result done Result meat, Result compared Result with Result no Result consumption, Result was Result associated Result with Result a Result 1.4-fold Result increased Result risk Result of Result prostate Result cancer Result [95% Result confidence Result interval Result (95% Result CI), Result 1.05-1.92] Result and Result a Result 1.7-fold Result increased Result risk Result (95% Result CI, Result 1.19-2.40) Result of Result incident Result disease. Result Although Result there Result was Result no Result association Result with Result MeIQx Result and Result DiMeIQx, Result the Result highest Result quintile Result of Result PhIP Result was Result associated Result with Result a Result 1.2-fold Result increased Result risk Result of Result prostate Result cancer Result (95% Result CI, Result 1.01-1.48) Result and Result a Result 1.3-fold Result increased Result risk Result of Result incident Result disease Result (95% Result CI, Result 1.01-1.61). Result In Conclusion conclusion, Conclusion very Conclusion well Conclusion done Conclusion meat Conclusion was Conclusion positively Conclusion associated Conclusion with Conclusion prostate Conclusion cancer Conclusion risk. Conclusion In Conclusion addition, Conclusion this Conclusion study Conclusion lends Conclusion epidemiologic Conclusion support Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion animal Conclusion studies, Conclusion which Conclusion have Conclusion implicated Conclusion PhIP Conclusion as Conclusion a Conclusion prostate Conclusion carcinogen. Conclusion
16355390
Mentha Background piperita Background or Background peppermint Background is Background currently Background used Background for Background alleviating Background nausea, Background flatulence, Background and Background vomiting. Background In Objective the Objective present Objective investigation, Objective we Objective evaluated Objective the Objective chemopreventive, Objective antigenotoxic, Objective and Objective antioxidative Objective effects Objective of Objective an Objective aqueous Objective extract Objective of Objective Mentha Objective piperita Objective leaves. Objective One-day-old Method Swiss Method albino Method mice Method were Method treated Method with Method a Method single Method subcutaneous Method injection Method of Method 0.5 Method mg Method benzo[a]pyrene Method (BP) Method and Method then Method given Method either Method water Method or Method a Method Mentha Method extract Method (ME; Method 1 Method g/kg Method body Method weight) Method by Method gavage Method starting Method at Method 3 Method weeks Method of Method age Method (weaning). Method The Method mice Method were Method killed Method at Method 9 Method weeks Method of Method age Method and Method tested Method for Method lung Method tumor Method incidence Method (chemoprevention); Method bone Method marrow Method micronucleus Method and Method chromosome Method aberration Method frequency Method (antigenotoxicity); Method and Method levels Method of Method liver Method and Method lung Method sulfhydral Method groups, Method superoxide Method dismutase Method (SOD) Method and Method catalase Method (CAT) Method activity, Method and Method lipid Method peroxidation Method (LPO) Method (antioxidative Method properties). Method The Result ME Result treatment Result resulted Result in Result a Result significant Result reduction Result in Result the Result number Result of Result lung Result adenomas Result from Result an Result incidence Result of Result 67.92% Result in Result animals Result given Result only Result BP Result to Result 26.31%, Result an Result inhibition Result of Result 61.26%. Result Tumor Result multiplicity Result was Result 1.22 Result in Result the Result BP-alone Result group Result and Result 1.15 Result in Result the Result BP Result + Result ME Result group. Result In Result addition, Result compared Result with Result the Result animals Result in Result the Result BP-alone Result group, Result ME Result reduced Result the Result frequency Result of Result chromosomal Result aberrations Result and Result micronuclei Result in Result bone Result marrow Result cells Result and Result decreased Result the Result levels Result of Result LPO Result and Result increased Result reduced Result glutathione Result content, Result and Result SOD Result and Result CAT Result activities Result in Result liver Result as Result well Result as Result lung. Result The results Conclusion of Conclusion this Conclusion study Conclusion indicate Conclusion that Conclusion ME Conclusion is Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion and Conclusion antigenotoxic Conclusion when Conclusion given Conclusion subsequent Conclusion to Conclusion an Conclusion initiating Conclusion dose Conclusion of Conclusion BP Conclusion in Conclusion newborn Conclusion Swiss Conclusion albino Conclusion mice. Conclusion The Conclusion chemopreventive Conclusion action Conclusion and Conclusion antigenotoxic Conclusion effects Conclusion observed Conclusion in Conclusion the Conclusion present Conclusion study Conclusion may Conclusion be Conclusion due Conclusion to Conclusion the Conclusion antioxidative Conclusion properties Conclusion of Conclusion ME. Conclusion
16329104
The Objective modulating Objective effect Objective of Objective acute Objective exposure Objective to Objective NiCl2 Objective on Objective the Objective induction Objective of Objective chromosome Objective aberrations Objective by Objective a Objective model Objective carcinogen, Objective benzo[a]pyrene Objective (B[a]P), Objective was Objective examined Objective in Objective Chinese Objective hamster Objective V79 Objective lung Objective cells. Objective At Result concentrations Result up Result to Result 20 Result microg/ml Result (84.2 Result microM), Result NiCl2 Result did Result not Result significantly Result increase Result the Result frequency Result of Result chromosome Result aberrations Result in Result V79 Result cells Result when Result the Result cells Result were Result exposed Result concomitantly Result to Result 0.5 Result microg/ml Result B[a]P. Result Addition Result of Result the Result S15 Result liver Result microsomal Result fraction Result together Result with Result the Result B[a]P Result did Result not Result alter Result the Result results. Result Addition Result of Result NiCl2 Result 2 Result hr Result before Result treatment Result of Result cells Result with Result 0.5 Result microg/ml Result B[a]P Result also Result did Result not Result result Result in Result a Result significant Result elevation Result of Result the Result frequency Result of Result chromosome Result aberrations, Result even Result at Result NiCl2 Result concentrations Result as Result high Result as Result 20 Result microg/ml. Result Contrasting Result sharply Result with Result these Result findings, Result when Result V79 Result cells Result were Result treated Result with Result NiCl2 Result immediately Result after Result B[a]P Result exposure, Result a Result significant Result increase Result in Result the Result frequency Result of Result chromosome Result damage Result was Result observed Result at Result NiCl2 Result concentrations Result as Result low Result as Result 5 Result microg/ml Result (21.1 Result microM). Result NiCl2-mediated Result enhancement Result of Result chromosome Result damage Result was Result also Result observed Result when Result V79 Result cells Result were Result exposed Result to Result the Result reactive Result B[a]P Result intermediate, Result benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide Result (BPDE). Result In Result the Result BPDE-treated Result cells, Result the Result level Result of Result NiCl2-mediated Result enhancement Result was Result similar Result to Result that Result observed Result with Result the Result tumor Result promoter Result 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Result (TPA, Result 100 Result ng/ml). Result These Related-work results Related-work are Related-work consistent Related-work with Related-work the Related-work view Related-work that Related-work the Related-work effect Related-work of Related-work nickel Related-work (II) Related-work on Related-work B[a]P-induced Related-work genetic Related-work damage Related-work is Related-work dependent Related-work on Related-work the Related-work relative Related-work times Related-work of Related-work exposure Related-work to Related-work Ni2+ Related-work and Related-work B[a]P. Related-work NiCl2 Result did Result not Result enhance Result the Result frequency Result of Result chromosome Result aberrations Result induced Result by Result Chromium Result (VI), Result regardless Result of Result the Result order Result of Result addition Result of Result the Result chemicals Result to Result the Result V79 Result cells. Result These Conclusion results Conclusion suggest Conclusion that Conclusion nickel Conclusion may Conclusion act Conclusion as Conclusion a Conclusion promoter Conclusion of Conclusion chemically-induced Conclusion genetic Conclusion damage Conclusion through Conclusion induction Conclusion of Conclusion error-prone Conclusion repair. Conclusion
16311255
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16307791
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16307768
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16288829
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16260176
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16258175
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16256281
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16244358
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16242994
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16205913
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16198678
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16166335
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16162842
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16162325
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16140978
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16113054
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16099480
A Background number Background of Background animal Background studies Background indicate Background that Background coffee Background protects Background against Background chemical Background induction Background of Background cancer; Background also Background human Background studies Background suggest Background that Background coffee Background consumption Background is Background inversely Background related Background with Background the Background incidence Background of Background different Background forms Background of Background cancer. Background The Objective protective Objective effects Objective were Objective attributed Objective to Objective induction Objective of Objective glutathione-S-transferases Objective (GSTs) Objective and Objective aim Objective of Objective the Objective present Objective human Objective study Objective was Objective to Objective find Objective out Objective if Objective coffee Objective causes Objective induction Objective of Objective GSTs Objective and Objective protects Objective against Objective DNA-damage Objective caused Objective by Objective (+/-)-anti-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide Objective (BPDE), Objective the Objective DNA-reactive Objective metabolite Objective of Objective benzo(a)pyrene. Objective Ten Method participants Method consumed Method 1L Method unfiltered Method coffee/d Method over Method 5 Method days. Method Before Method and Method after Method the Method intervention, Method saliva Method and Method blood Method were Method collected Method and Method the Method overall Method GST Method activity Method was Method measured Method with Method 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Method (CDNB). Method Additionally, Method GSTP Method and Method GSTA Method were Method determined Method in Method plasma Method with Method immunoassays. Method In Result blood, Result only Result weak Result (p=0.042) Result induction Result of Result GST Result (CDNB) Result was Result found. Result Furthermore, Result pronounced Result (three-fold) Result induction Result of Result GSTP Result was Result observed Result in Result blood, Result whereas Result GSTA Result was Result not Result altered. Result No Result correlations Result were Result seen Result between Result induction Result of Result GST Result (CDNB) Result and Result GSTP Result activities Result and Result the Result GSTP1 Result genotypes Result of Result the Result participants. Result Also Method clinical Method parameters Method (creatinine, Method alanine, Method aminotransferase, Method aspartate Method aminotransferase, Method alkaline Method phosphatase), Method which Method are Method markers Method for Method organ Method damage, Method were Method monitored. Method None Result of Result them Result was Result altered Result by Result coffee, Result but Result serum Result cholesterol Result levels Result were Result slightly Result (not Result significantly) Result enhanced. Result In Method a Method second Method trial Method (n=7), Method GSTP Method induction Method by Method unfiltered Method and Method paper Method filtered Method coffees, Method differing Method in Method cafestol Method and Method kahweol Method contents, Method were Method compared. Method The Method participants Method consumed Method 1L Method coffee/d Method over Method 3 Method days. Method Again Result significant Result (three-fold) Result induction Result of Result GSTP Result was Result observed. Result The Result effects Result seen Result with Result the Result two Result coffees Result were Result identical, Result indicating Conclusion that Conclusion the Conclusion diterpenoid Conclusion concentrations Conclusion are Conclusion not Conclusion responsible Conclusion for Conclusion the Conclusion effects. Conclusion In Method a Method further Method trial Method (n=7), Method the Method effect Method of Method coffee Method (unfiltered, Method 1L/d, Method 5 Method days) Method on Method BPDE Method induced Method DNA-migration Method was Method studied Method in Method comet Method assays. Method A Result 45% Result reduction Result effect Result was Result observed. Result Our Result findings Conclusion show Conclusion that Conclusion coffee Conclusion induces Conclusion GSTP Conclusion in Conclusion humans Conclusion and Conclusion indicate Conclusion that Conclusion consumption Conclusion may Conclusion lead Conclusion to Conclusion protection Conclusion towards Conclusion polycyclic Conclusion aromatic Conclusion hydrocarbons. Conclusion
16097804
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16094661
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16094660
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16081118
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