Na+ ligated channels need _______ to open the door, but it can't go through

Acetylcholine

**Cystic Fibrosis is an F- channel.....

mess up

GPCR use..

a ligand, then use intercellular

What are the 3 subunits of G-protein complexes?

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

A G-protein complex will only associate with a receptor that has a _____ signal bound to it. In its _______ state, the alpha subunit of the G-protein complex has __________ diphosphate (GDP) attached to it.

Chemical

Unassociated

Guanosine

In a G-protein complex, the activated alpha subunit can stimulate a cell response in at least 3 ways:

by means of intracellular chemical signals

by the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane

by the activation of enzymes associated with the plasma membrane

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

the outer boundary of cells; controls the entry & exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another

Studying structural changes from conception to adulthood is called

developmental anatomy

Embryology is the study of

conception to the 8th week

The study of cellular structure is referred to as

cytology

a histologist studies the anatomical structure of

tissues

Gross anatomy refers to

study of structures that can be seen without a microscope

Studying one body system at a time is

systematic anatomy

Studying all structures contained in the arm (for example) is

regional anatomy

Surface anatomy refers to

the study of the external form of the body in relation to deeper structures

Creating pictures of internal body structures is called

anatomical imaging

A cell physiologist would study

the processes occurring in cells

Studying how the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines function together to digest food would be an example of

systemic physiology

Basic components are

atoms

Basic components are joined together to form

molecules

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

Metabolism is the

organisms ability to break down molecules

Responsiveness is

sensing changes in the environment and adjusting to those changes

If you lay down on your back you are

supine

If you lay down on your stomach you are

Prone

The proper anatomical term for up is

superior

The proper anatomical term for down is

inferior

The proper anatomical term for front is

anterior

The proper anatomical term for back is

posterior

The term cephalic is synonymous with

superior

The term caudal is synonymous with

inferior

In humans, the term ventral surface refers to

the belly

In humans, the term dorsal surface refers to

the back

The end of a structure nearer the point of origin is

proximal

The end of a structure farther from the point of origin is

distal

A structure closer to the midline of the body is said to be

medial

A structure farther from the midline of the body is said to be

lateral

Structures near the body surface are referred to as

superficial

Structures that are in the interior of the body are said to be

deep

Name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

1 _|_ 2
3 | 4

1. Right upper quad.

2. Left upper quad.

3. Right lower quad.

4. Left lower quad.

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen

1_|_2_|_3
4_|_5_|_6
7_|_8_|_9

1. Right hypochondriac

2. Epigastric

3. Left hypochondriac

4. Right lumbar

5. Umbillical

6. Left lumbar

7. Right iliac

8. Hypogastric

9. Left iliac

What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Transverse

What vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Frontal

Cutting through the long axis of an organ creates

a longitudinal section

Cutting at right angles to the long axis of an organ creates a

transverse section

An oblique section is created by a cut made

across the long axis at other than a right angle

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

surrounded by the rib cage

What is the median portion of the thoracic cavity?

Mediastinum

On either side of the median portion in the thoracic cavity are found the

lungs

The abdominal cavity is enclosed by the

abdominal muscles

The abdominal cavity contains the

stomach

liver

intestines

kidneys

spleen

pancreas

The pelvic cavity is enclosed by

the pelvic bones

The pelvic cavity contains the

urinary bladder

internal reproductive organs

Serous membranes are found in...

trunk cavities and within organs

Visceral serous membranes will be found

covering the organ

Parietal serous membranes will be found

on the wall/ outer part of the organ

Between serous membranes is serous fluid which

reduces friction

The pericardial cavity is found

surrounding the heart

The pleural cavity is found

surrounding the lungs

The peritoneal cavity is found

surrounding the abdominal cavity

Mesenteries are composed of 2 layers of

peritoneums fused together

Mesenteries connect to the

visceral peritoneums

Functionally, mesenteries anchor organs to the body wall and provide....

a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach organs

Organs that are directly attached to the body wall and covered only with a parietal peritoneum are referred to as being...

retroperitoneal

Mass represents

the amount of matter

Weight is

caused by the gravitational force acting on mass

How many pounds in a kilogram?

2.2lbs

How many grams in a kilogram?

1g

Isotopes are

2 or more of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of nuetrons

An atom that lost or gained an electron is called

an ion

A positively charged ion is referred to as

a cation

A negatively charged ion is referred to as

an anion

Hydrogen bonds result when a positive charged

hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged O,N, or F

Hydrogen bonds play the important role of determining

the shape of complex molecules

Mechanical energy results from

the position or movement of objects

Heat energy is energy that

flows between objects that are at a different temperature

The activation energy is the minimum

amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

Water acts as a lubricant by preventing

friction

Water acts as a cushion by preventing

trauma

Water is produced in a

dehydration synthesis reaction

Water is required in a

hydrolysis decomposition reaction

A mixture of materials that separate from each other when the mixing stops are a part of a

suspension

What is a colloid?

A mix in which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout a dispersing substance

Osmoles express the number

of particles in a solution

Osmolality represents the number, not

type, of particles in a solution

An oxygen molecule consists of 2 Oxygen atoms bonded together by a

double covalent bond

Carbohydrates are composed of

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

For every 1 atom in a carbohydrate there are 2

hydrogen atoms

Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide

energy

What are 5-carbon monosaccharides?

Pentoses

Hexoses are

6-carbon monosaccharides

Isomers are molecules with

the same number and type of atom, but different 3D arrangements

Dissacharides are formed by

2 simple sugars bound together through s dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides consist of

many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains that are either straight or bent