3 landowner stories Throughout this publication, you 17 sterling Family Working with a land trust to find a creative solution will find real-life case studies about how some Massachusetts landowners and families used a variety of estate planning 20 Gordon Family Spending money to save money: expert help to avoid taxes professionals and tools to develop creative solutions to meet their needs and goals. 22 sylvia kelly Using a will to conserve land 7 Riley Family Communicating your conservation wishes to your family 25 bill ROSe Keeping it in the family: donation and sale of conservation restrictions 8 Smith Family Dividing assets and land among your children 26 thompson family Passing it on: using a trust and timber harvesting to maintain a family property 11 alma JONes Warning! What happens when you do nothing? 29 peter and ellie JOhnson Wrestling with taxes: handling estate, capital gains, and property tax issues 14 Brown family Keeping the peace: family meetings and the role of a family trust 30 hoag family One step at a time: phased conservation and a life estate

4 istockphoto/özgür Donmaz Estate Planning Is for Every Landowner I N T R O D U C T I O N Your land is a part of your legacy. You have been a good steward of your land, carefully making decisions about its use. Deciding what will happen to your land after you are gone is the next critical step of being a good steward. In fact, it may be the most important step you can take as a landowner not just for your own benefit, but for the benefit of your family, your community, and, of course, your land. Who will own your land and how will it be used? What will your legacy be? An estate is the total of all of your assets, which may include your land, house, bank accounts, stocks, and bonds. An estate plan ensures that your assets are distributed in a way that will meet the financial and personal needs of you and your family. Although the phrase estate plan may bring to mind an image of a single all-encompassing document, an estate plan is best thought of as a process that includes the development of documents (such as a will) and tools (such as a conservation restriction) that achieve your goals when they are implemented together. Estate planning is not just for the wealthy or 2 i n t r o d u c t i o n

5 for those who own estates if you own land, then estate planning is a necessary and valuable step to ensure that the legacy of your land is a positive one. Successful estate planning will help you meet your financial and personal goals and meet the needs of your family. Successful estate planning will often avoid some taxes, increase the assets given to your family, ensure financial security for you and your family, address your family s goals for owning the land, and maintain good family relationships. Failure to plan your land s future may result in negative financial consequences and can lead to tension or animosity among your family members that can last long beyond your passing. Your land is likely one of your most valuable assets, especially if you have owned it for a long time and it has greatly increased in value. However, land is not like other assets. Because land can be connected to memories, experiences, and feelings not normally associated with assets such as stocks and bonds, your land may also have significant personal value. Deciding what to do with your land brings with it the challenge of providing for both these financial and personal needs. Some of your family may be interested in receiving personal value from the land by keeping it in the family and in its current or natural state. Others may be interested in receiving financial value from the land or in obtaining a piece of land to build a home. And, of course, it is also possible that your family may want or need a little of both. The good news is that land is a flexible asset that lends itself to creative solutions for gaining financial and personal value. Whether your intention is to keep the land in your family or not, it is possible to develop a solution to meet your needs and goals as well as those of your family. The good news is that land is a flexible asset that lends itself to creative solutions for gaining financial and personal value. istockphoto/phillip Spears About this Publication Estate planning is a broad topic. This publication focuses on the elements of estate planning that deal directly with keeping land in its natural, undeveloped state. Most people already understand their option to subdivide and develop their land. However, many people are not aware of their land conservation options, the variety of helpful legal tools used for transferring land, and how using them separately or in combination may produce a result that better meets one s goals. Making decisions about the future of your land may seem overwhelming. It can be difficult to initiate conversations with your family, to sort out the different professionals involved in estate planning, and to know how to take the first step. Don t become overwhelmed the hardest step is often the first one. This publication can help you get started. Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 3

6 It is up to you to decide to what extent you want to involve your family in determining the future of your land. Every family s situation is different. These steps are intended to help you share your intentions and to gain a sense of your family s needs and desires for the land If you want to engage your family in some way (and most landowners who have involved their family in the planning process are glad they did), Section One of this publication includes information and recommendations for using family communication to help develop shared goals for the future of your land. These steps are intended to help you share your intentions and to gain a sense of your family s needs and desires for the land. If you have other, non-family beneficiaries (for example, friends and charities) who are a part of your estate plan, many of the family communication steps and information in this publication may be extended to them. Section Two contains specific information about the professionals, tools, and next steps you may need during the process of putting a plan together and into action. This information will be useful whether or not you decide to involve your family in the estate planning process. Section Three contains the Deciding the Future of Your Land Checklist to help you take the first step in making plans for the future of your land and to continue moving forward with that plan. There is a list of professionals who can help you in this planning process in this checklist as well. 4 i n t r o d u c t i o n

8 S E C T I O N O N E istockphoto/catherine Yeulet If you do want to include your family and ensure that your decisions about the land will meet their needs, good family communication is crucial. Though it may be tempting to move past this section and delve into the more concrete parts of estate planning, family communication can play a very influential role in a successful estate plan. If you do want to include your family and ensure that your decisions about the land will meet their needs, good family communication is crucial. An example of the importance of good family communication is illustrated by the Riley family story found on page 7. Having a family conversation about the future of family land can be very difficult. Talking about your eventual death can be uncomfortable, and it is often compounded by family dynamics that make it difficult for families to have these kinds of conversations. Unfortunately, there are countless examples of landowners who put off a decision about their land until it is too late, as in Alma Jones s story found on page 11. Beginning these conversations now is necessary to be able to agree on answers to questions regarding the future of your land (for example, What are the goals you will be trying to achieve? What are the methods you will use to meet these goals?). Involving your family from the beginning and getting their buy-in to the plan can make for a better solution for all those involved and help avoid conflict when you are gone. Holding a Family Meeting An excellent first step to engaging your family in deciding the future of your land is to convene a family meeting. The goal of this meeting, as with all future communications, is to create an open, honest, and respectful conversation in which family members can communicate their personal feelings about the land and their needs. By doing this, you can gain a better understanding of the needs of your family, allowing you to develop an estate plan to address them without having to guess or to let the kids fight it out after you are gone. Below are some tips for holding a comfortable and productive family meeting. These suggestions are meant as a guide. You know your family best. Use the tips in the way that will be most effective for your family and the level of involvement your family will play. When? It often takes years to complete the estate planning process. Waiting until your family is grieving or dealing with health issues is not the time to start planning. Grief and stress can derail and complicate the decision-making process. The time to start is now! Ideally, your family meeting will not coincide with a holiday or family celebration. Separating the traditions and pressures of a holiday or family celebration from the business of estate planning can ease some tension and create the right tone for these conversations. Of course, this may not be possible if holidays are the only time that family members get together. If this is the case, try to separate the family meeting from the events of the celebration. 6 d e t e r m I N I N G Yo u r FA m I LY S N E E D S

9 Riley Family Barre, Massachusetts Tools used: Sale of land to a conservation agency Donation of a conservation restriction (CR) Reserving house lots for family members Communicating your wishes for your land to your heirs is a critical first step in estate planning. Even more importantly, your wishes should be codified in your will. Luckily for Beatrice Riley, because she clearly and persistently communicated her wishes to her heirs, they worked hard to carry her wishes through, even in the absence of a legal imperative in her will. 6 Acres 2 Acres 188 Acres 80 Acres Beatrice owned a house with 280 acres of land in Barre, Massachusetts. She loved the land and tried to instill a strong land ethic in her grandchildren by bringing them blueberry picking, canoeing, fishing, and jeep riding on the trails. As the years passed, she would often talk to her family members about the land and ask them if they would care for it like she had. When she grew older, two of her three grandchildren moved back to the house to take care of her. She became very ill, and when her death was imminent, the grandchildren needed to make a decision about what to do with the property. There was no direction in the will. Fortunately for Beatrice, one of her grandchildren who had power of attorney wanted to follow her grandmother s wishes to protect the land. Still, the family was concerned that the estate, capital gains, and other taxes would be too great to bear, forcing them to sell the land for development. All three grandchildren had a number of conversations about the future of the land and agreed that they wanted to honor their grandmother s wishes and conserve the land, but also hoped to be able to afford to live there with their families by somehow reducing the taxes associated with the inheritance. The family attorney who had a long-time relationship with Beatrice wasn t sure how best to help the grandchildren conserve the land, so he recommended that they contact Mount Grace Land Conservation Trust. The land trust was able to help the family understand their options and advised the family attorney. Because the Riley land had Riley Family Land 280 Acres Original Family Homestead Home Sites for Grandchildren 4 Acres Donated Conservation Restriction Sold to State Conservation Agency Other Nearby State Conservation Land Roads important natural resource values, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation purchased 80 acres of land to protect the water quality of the Quabbin Reservoir. But no funding source was available for the remaining 200 acres. To protect the rest of the property, the family donated a conservation restriction (CR) on the remaining land to the land trust, except for an area around the original homestead and two additional areas where the grandchildren could build houses in the future. Placing a CR on the property was also in their financial interest: the CR significantly reduced the value of the land and the taxes associated with the inheritance, and the donation of the CR was taken as a charitable gift and reduced the taxes even further. As a result, the three grandchildren and their families were able to afford to keep and to live on the land. Even though the land surrounding the houses is permanently conserved, the CR allows them to continue to use the land for recreation, gardening, and forestry. Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 7

10 Smith Family Central Massachusetts Tools used: Donation of a conservation restriction (CR) Reserving building lots Finding out what your heirs need can be helpful in deciding what to do with your land. But being fair with your heirs does not always have to mean providing them with an inheritance that is financially equivalent, as demonstrated by Mrs. Smith s example. Jackie Cooper Mrs. Smith inherited a 5-bedroom house, a barn, and 350 acres that had been in her family for over 200 years. Her two daughters had spent summers with their grandparents and loved the land. In her 70s, Mrs. Smith wanted to see that her daughters could continue to enjoy the property after her passing and liked the thought that it would remain much the way it had always been fields and woods. 2 Acres 2 Acres Original Family Homestead Unrestricted Building Lots Roads 338 Acres 2 Acres 3 Acres 3 Acres Smith Family Land 350 Acres Donated Conservation Restriction Other Nearby Conservation Land After open conversations with her daughters about the land, Mrs. Smith learned that her younger daughter Jane was interested in retiring, living at the homestead, and running a bed and breakfast business. The older daughter Sue lived in Vermont and wanted to stay there. To decide on a fair split of her assets for her daughters, Mrs. Smith first had the property appraised. The appraised value of her house and land was so high that federal estate tax would be due, and there wasn t enough cash in the family to pay for it, so some of the land would need to be developed to cover the estate taxes. Thankfully, after Mrs. Smith discussed the situation with a tax attorney and her accountant, another option emerged to keep most of the land in its natural state, while also providing a fair inheritance for her two daughters. Mrs. Smith donated a conservation restriction (CR) on 338 acres to the local land trust, reserving 3 acres around the house as well as four additional house lots. The original homestead and 3 acres will pass to Jane so that she can pursue her business plans. Sue will inherit the remainder of the family land and receive money from the sale of the house lots. Sue and Jane will not be burdened with an excessive estate tax when their mother passes away because the CR reduced the value of the land. And Mrs. Smith received an immediate income tax deduction from the donation of the CR and the peace of mind that the land will largely remain as fields and woods. 8 d e t e r m I N I N G Yo u r FA m I LY S N E E D S

11 Who? It is best to err on the side of inclusiveness, especially in the beginning of the process. Extending invitations to all family members, including spouses, ensures that everyone hears the same information firsthand. Many families have one or two members who do not want to be involved in the meeting. In this case, it is important to at least try to include them in the meeting by letting them know that you value their opinion and would like to hear their thoughts. It can also be helpful to include reluctant family members in a way that will make them feel comfortable and welcomed. For example, if they like to cook, ask them to help with the food, or if they know the land really well, ask them to lead a walk on the land. Where? Have your initial family meeting in person. There is no substitute for having everyone in the same room and hearing the same information at the same time. Though it is common for family members to live far apart, a face-to-face meeting is best, especially for the first meeting, which sets the tone for how the family will move forward and communicate in the future. The meeting should be held in a place where everyone feels comfortable. Sometimes familiar places reinforce old habits and perpetuate unhealthy dynamics. If your home is not a neutral location, for whatever reason, then the meeting can be held in a restaurant, conference room, or other location where everyone is equally comfortable. If the meeting will be held near the land, visiting or walking it together before the meeting helps everyone prepare for the meeting; it is a good opportunity for each family member to see the land and to reflect on what the land means to each of them. How to prepare? Collecting information about your land before the meeting can help inform the conversations by answering questions that people may have. This information will also be very helpful in future meetings involving the professionals listed in Section Two. A list of suggested information to collect can be found in the Deciding the Future of Your Land Checklist on page 33. Grief and stress can derail and complicate the decision-making process. The time to start is now! istockphoto/chris Schmidt Communicating with Your Family It is helpful to keep in mind that every family has its own unique dynamics, based on things such as birth order and past events, which can affect family members ability to communicate openly and honestly with one another. Your goal is to create an atmosphere in which family members can put old family baggage aside and contribute their voice to a vision for the future of the land. Asking everyone to avoid making assumptions of any kind, especially early in the process, and to stay open to new ideas starts the meeting off in a positive way. You should encourage family members to be respectful of one another by giving everyone an equal Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 9

12 Does your family need help having a conversation about the land? Sometimes a family s history and dynamics prevent the family from having a healthy conversation about what to do with the land. However, avoiding these important conversations about the future of your land and letting your family figure it out after you are gone will likely lead to even more tension in the family. Sometimes a neutral person can help your family with these difficult conversations. A mediator is a certified professional who is trained to assist families in conducting these conversations and can help your family reach consensus. A mediator can organize meetings, make sure each family member is being heard, and move the process forward by setting deadlines and following up with family members. To find a mediator, visit the Find A Local Professional page on istockphoto/trista Weibell opportunity to share their thoughts. This may mean encouraging quiet family members to talk and asking more vocal ones to listen. Most important, ask family members to commit to helping you find a solution that works for everyone. Starting the Conversation The goal of the first family meeting is to give each family member the opportunity to express what the land means to him/her and what his/her financial or practical needs are. This can be accomplished by simply asking each person to talk about how he/she feels about the land. Is it a priceless family legacy to be protected at all costs? Is it a financial asset and nothing more? Or is it something in between? By listening to these comments, family members may learn that they share common feelings and needs. The differences are also important to know. Together, this is information that can guide your next steps and inform your work with estate planning professionals. This exercise is also an excellent opportunity for you to share with your family your feelings about the land. Communicating with your children about what the land means to you may help them make decisions about the land in the future by using your feelings as a guide. Getting a clear sense of the feelings and needs of family members can help define personal and financial goals for the land (e.g., keep the land undeveloped or keep most of the land undeveloped for one family member while providing income or a place to live for another). An estate planning professional can help match your goals with the tools necessary to achieve them. See the Smith family story on page 8 for an example of how one landowner was able to provide for the different needs of her children. As you discuss your family s goals, you may develop a list of questions and information needed to take the next step in deciding the future of your land. These questions will be very helpful in determining what type of professional to contact. For example, if one of your family s goals is to maintain all or some of the property as undeveloped, contacting a land protection specialist (see page 16) to find out your land conservation options is an excellent next step after the family meeting. Defining the Next Steps Maintaining momentum is very important. Take the list of questions and information needs developed at the meeting and assign people and timelines 10 d e t e r m I N I N G Yo u r FA m I LY S N E E D S

13 Alma Jones Central Massachusetts Tools used: None Sometimes the difficult decisions involved in creating a plan for your land can make it easy to delay the process. Unfortunately for Alma, she waited too long and her land and heirs suffered the consequences. Alma stayed on her family s farm after her siblings moved away to raise families. She shared with her friends and relatives her desire for her farm to remain the way it was. She talked to a land trust and to her lawyer about how to accomplish that goal, but she never reached a decision about just exactly what to do with the land, and as a result, she never did a will at all. After Alma died, the land passed to her three nieces. One niece knew perfectly well what her aunt had wanted and also felt the same way herself. She got in touch with a land trust and tried to convince her cousins that they should give or sell the land for conservation. But the other two either didn t know what Alma had wanted or didn t care. They wanted money, and as much as possible. They contacted a local developer who offered them cash, even for just their two-thirds interest. The conservation-minded niece eventually gave her one-third interest to a land trust, along with some money that she hoped the land trust would be able to use to buy out the cousins. But they sold their two-thirds share to the developer instead. So the land trust owned a one-third interest, and the developer owned a two-thirds interest, and that s how it has remained for a number of years. Either the developer or the land trust could bring a partition action to get a court to divide or sell the land, but so far neither one has done that. TTOR istockphoto/absolut_100 So the land has not been developed yet. But neither has it been protected as Alma wished. And the house, which was built in the 1700s and which the local historical society had hoped to turn into a museum, was recently torn down: the land trust and developer could not agree on what to do with it, so it slowly rotted into the ground until it became a danger to the neighborhood. Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 11

14 to specific next steps to help ensure that the effort is moving forward. If possible, to keep people engaged and included, everyone at the meeting should be responsible for at least one action item. Convening Future Meetings How long the estate planning process takes is really up to you and your family. If your goal is to have your family reach consensus about the future of your land, this may require more than one family meeting. istockphoto/jjrd You need to be prepared to take the input you have received, work with the necessary estate planning professionals, and do what you believe is right for yourself, your family, and the land. While everyone is together, the family should agree on how family members should meet and communicate in the future. Having the meeting in person with everyone included is the best option, though this is not always possible. The important thing is to keep everyone communicating and to keep the process moving forward, one step at a time. See the Brown family story on page 14 to see how a large family reached consensus on the future of their family land. As the meetings move forward and the family works to figure out a particular aspect of the estate plan (e.g., land conservation, tax implications), it may be helpful to have an estate planning professional present who can provide technical information and suggestions as well as answer questions. To find an estate planning professional, visit Moving Forward Despite Family Disagreement Your goal may be to keep your family in agreement about the future of the land throughout the entire estate planning process. However, despite your best intentions and efforts, there may be situations where families are not able to work together or agree on a plan. In these cases, you need to be prepared to take the input you have received, work with the necessary estate planning professionals, and do what you believe is right for yourself, your family, and the land. Do not be paralyzed by family disagreements. If you do not make decisions about your land s future, it is likely that the disagreements will only get worse when you are gone and the decisions are left to your family. 12 d e t e r m I N I N G Yo u r FA m I LY S N E E D S

16 Brown Family Western Massachusetts Tools used: Professional facilitator Family trust As is the case with many family summer homes and properties, ownership of the Browns 500-acre farmstead in a small town in the Berkshires was very complicated and only getting more so as the family grew. The farm s ownership was divided between three generations of family members and 29 individuals who all loved the rolling meadows, deep woodlands, and vacations in the historic farmhouse. Recognizing that their complicated fractional ownership structure was too cumbersome for the family to effectively manage into the future, one of the second generation family members initiated a series of family meetings at the farm to assess their options and find a more straightforward ownership solution. Since so many people were coming to the meeting from all over the country, this family member recognized the need to have a professional present to make the best use of their limited time together. With the assistance of a professional family therapist and facilitator, the family participated in a day-long family meeting once each summer over a three-year period. The facilitator kept the meeting on task, helped maintain civil communication and dialogue, and made sure each participant was able to speak his or her mind. With the assistance of one family member who is a lawyer, they created a trust open to all the descendents of the original family members, which kept their administration costs down since they did not need to update their documents every time a family member died or was born. A small family subcommittee oversaw the transition and drafted a mission statement for the trust that highlighted the property s role as a place to renew family ties and peacefully appreciate the beauty and quiet of the land. Bylaws were written that guide members use of the house and land, levy dues to pay taxes and upkeep, and establish procedures for nonpayment and election of officers. Bill Warren Mari Hall Though the family members continue to be concerned about managing the farm s rising costs in the future, they have a solid ownership structure in place and a history of effective, healthy communication to build on. 14 E s tat e P L A N N I N G P r o F E S S I o N A L S A N D To o l s

17 S E C T I O N T W O Achieving your goals will likely mean working with one or more estate planning professionals. Below are the descriptions of professionals who can assist you, some important estate planning considerations and tools, and information on how to find a professional who can meet your needs. When considering which professional to contact first, it is important to remember that there isn t a single right path to take. Every family s situation is different. Instead, let the questions, generated from your family meetings or developed by yourself, drive the next step that makes sense for you. As you move down your estate planning path, it will likely become clear which professionals you will need to contact next to meet your needs. In some cases, you may be able to find an individual who can serve multiple roles, for example an estate planning attorney who is also knowledgeable about estate and income taxes. The Deciding the Future of Your Land Checklist on page 33 provides a list of helpful information to gather and possible first steps you can refer to when deciding how to move forward. It is important to recognize that land is a unique type of asset that often requires specific knowledge on the part of estate planning professionals. For example, there are many estate attorneys, but many of those have not had experience dealing with land conservation. When selecting an estate planning professional, be sure to work with someone who has experience suited to your goals for your land. If you do not work with someone with the right know-how and experience, you may not be presented with all of your options or you may be paying a professional to learn on the job. For a good example of the positive role an experienced estate planning professional with conservation expertise can have, see the Gordon family story on page 20. It is important to recognize that land is a unique type of asset that often requires specific knowledge on the part of estate planning professionals. Work with someone you feel comfortable with personally and professionally. It is likely that you will be sharing a lot of personal and confidential information about you and your family. Your local land trust (see definition on page 18) can be a helpful source of information about estate planning professionals who specialize in land conservation. You can also talk to family and friends about their experience with estate planning professionals with whom they have worked. When speaking with professionals, it is helpful to ask how they charge for their services and get an estimate of the total cost. The cost depends on many individual factors, including the complexity of documentation and planning required to achieve your goals, the number of people involved, and how well everyone involved works together. Therefore, it may not be possible to get an exact estimate, but the professionals should be able to provide you with a reasonable range. The costs also vary within and between professionals some professionals charge a flat fee while others use an hourly rate or use a combination of both types of fees. Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 15

18 Spending Money to Save Money and Protect Your Family Why use professional services? Experienced professionals provide you and your family with options you may not have known about and sound advice to help you reach your goals. Investing in professional advice can also mean passing on more of the value of your assets to your family, by paying less in taxes for example. Remember that if you do not hire a professional to help you plan now, your estate or your family may have to hire one when you are gone. More importantly, successful estate planning can also help ensure that disagreements over your land are not the reason for family tensions or splits that may last a lifetime. Professionals are an investment in your family and your land. istockphoto/edward Bock Land Protection Specialist For many landowners and families, the natural beauty and legacy values of their land are at least equally important as its financial value. Their land may be where they raised a family, explored nature, worked in the woods, and took walks. To meet their family s personal needs or out of a desire to preserve nature, some landowners limit the types of activities that happen on the land in the future so that all or some of it will stay in its natural or undeveloped state through the use of land conservation tools. In addition, these land conservation tools often provide some positive financial values through income or tax savings. Understanding these options is an important step in deciding the future of your land. Land protection specialists (sometimes called conservation specialists or land agents) work for land trusts and government conservation agencies and assist landowners who want to achieve personal and financial goals for the land through land conservation. For an example of how their expertise can help, see the Sterling family story on page 17. To find a land protection specialist, contact a land trust or state conservation agency working in your town by visiting Finding a Conservation Organization to Work With Many land conservation organizations seem exactly alike at first glance, but their missions and land management philosophies can vary greatly. State conservation agencies (i.e., MA Division of Fish and Wildlife, MA Department of Conservation and Recreation, MA Department of Agricultural Resources) and private land conservation organizations or land trusts (see side bar on page 18) achieve their mission, in part, through land conservation. Your property s location, size, and natural resources all help determine which conservation organizations may be interested in working with you to conserve your land. If you do indeed decide to move forward with land conservation, it is important that the organization you work with shares your goals and personal philosophy about land and land management. Land Conservation Tools Below is a brief description of commonly used land conservation tools and options. A land protection specialist can answer your questions and help you determine which option is best for your family. Unlike the other professionals listed in this section, land protection specialists typically do not charge for their time to talk about your land conservation options. 16 E s tat e P L A N N I N G P r o F E S S I o N A L S A N D To o l s

19 Sterling Family Western Massachusetts Tools used: Chapter 61B Bargain sale of a conservation restriction (CR) Reserving future building lots When Mrs. Sterling and her three cousins inherited 64 acres of mostly wooded land in Western Massachusetts, she knew she wanted to see the land preserved in its natural state rather than sold for house lots. To make that wish a reality, she worked with her cousins to buy them out via a family mortgage, but with that added monthly cost, she was having trouble making ends meet. Her attorney recommended that she contact her local land trust, the Minnechaug Land Trust, which was very interested in seeing her land conserved. First, the land trust advised her to enroll her land in Chapter 61B to reduce her property tax burden. Second, the land trust inventoried the land and determined that 50 acres were valuable for habitat conservation. The land trust proposed purchasing a conservation restriction (CR) on the 50 acres, which Sterling Family Land 64 Acres would keep the land in Mrs. Sterling s ownership but eliminate the development potential of the land. The remaining 14 acres, containing most of the road frontage, remained untouched and available for future building lots. Mrs. Sterling hired an appraiser to conduct a conservation appraisal to document the market value of the land both for development and conservation purposes. The difference in the values, and thus the CR price, was appraised at $165,000. Norm Eggert 14 Acres 50 Acres Unrestricted Land Bargain Sale Conservation Restriction The land trust applied to a state grant program for land conservation to help the trust pay the cost of the purchase of a CR. The land trust managed to raise $120,000 to purchase the CR. Mrs. Sterling agreed to sell the CR through a bargain sale at the $120,000 price. The difference $45,000 was a charitable donation to the land trust, which helped offset Mrs. Sterling s capital gains tax from the sale of the CR. Mrs. Sterling will continue to own all the land and manage it as she sees fit, knowing that the majority of the land will remain in its natural condition forever. Chapter 61B Roads Yo u r L A N D, Yo u r L E G A c Y 17

20 Definition of a Land Trust A land trust is a nonprofit organization that actively works to conserve land for the public benefit (e.g., conserving wildlife habitat, protecting water quality). This is typically done through the purchase or acceptance of donations of land or conservation restrictions. Land trusts are usually organized as private charitable corporations or trusts. To find a land trust working in your town, visit Donating or Selling Conservation Restrictions. Your land includes several different types of rights, including the right to develop your land, farm, hunt, and manage your woods. A conservation restriction (known as a conservation easement in states other than Massachusetts) is a legal agreement that extinguishes some or all of the development rights of the land forever, but allows your other rights such as farming, forestry, and recreation to continue, all while maintaining your ownership of the land. A conservation restriction (CR) is a flexible tool that can be placed on all or only designated parts of your land, allowing you to reserve house lots to provide financial value or housing options for your family. Some CRs allow public access, others do not it usually depends on which organization you work with and whether you are receiving funds for your CR. A CR can be donated, which often provides the landowner with a tax deduction for a charitable gift. A CR can be sold for income if the land has exceptional natural resources. A CR can also be sold below market value for both income and tax benefits (see Bargain Sale below). See the Bill Rose story on page 25 for an example of how to use a combination of a CR donation and sale to achieve a family s goals while maximizing tax advantages. In addition, a CR can be donated by your family within nine months of your death for the potential tax benefits, as illustrated by the Sylvia Kelly story on page 22. Donating or Selling Land. Land can be permanently protected by donating it or selling it to a qualified conservation organization, such as a land trust or state conservation organization. Donations of land may provide significant tax advantages as a charitable gift. To find a land trust or state conservation organization working in your town, visit Bargain Sale. Landowners can sell their land or conservation restrictions at a price below its fair market value. The difference between the appraised market value and the sale price to a qualified conservation organization, such as a land trust or a state conservation organization, is considered a tax-deductible charitable contribution, providing some income and potentially some tax benefits, as demonstrated by the Sterling family story on page 17. Bequest. A donation of land or a conservation restriction through your will is another way to ensure your land s permanent protection and potentially to reduce your estate tax burden. You can change your will at any time, and a bequest does not become effective until your death. This is a good approach if you need to keep the financial value of your property in reserve in case of unexpected medical bills or other needs, but want to be sure the land will be conserved if you do not need to sell it during your lifetime. Reserved Life Estate. Landowners sometimes negotiate a gift or sale of the property while reserving the right to occupy and use the property for life. Upon the death of the landowner, control of the property automatically transfers to a conservation organization. The gift of a 18 E s tat e P L A N N I N G P r o F E S S I o N A L S A N D To o l s

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