PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU - Ross, Wilma
AU - Gourse, Richard L.
TI - Sequence-independent upstream DNA–αCTD interactions strongly stimulate <em>Escherichia coli</em> RNA polymerase-<em>lacUV5</em> promoter association
AID - 10.1073/pnas.0405814102
DP - 2005 Jan 11
TA - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
PG - 291--296
VI - 102
IP - 2
4099 - http://www.pnas.org/content/102/2/291.short
4100 - http://www.pnas.org/content/102/2/291.full
SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2005 Jan 11; 102
AB - The C-terminal domains of the two α-subunits (αCTD) in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) recognize specific sequences called UP elements in some promoters. These interactions can increase transcription dramatically. Previously, effects of upstream DNA–αCTD interactions on transcription were quantified relative to control promoters with nonspecific DNA sequences substituted for UP elements. However, contributions of nonspecific upstream DNA–αCTD interactions to promoter activity have not been evaluated extensively. Here, we examine effects of removal of αCTD, upstream promoter DNA, or both on the rate of open-complex formation with promoters that lack UP elements. Deletion of αCTD decreased the composite second-order association rate constant, k a, of RNAP for the lacUV5 promoter by ≈10-fold. Much of this effect was attributable to a decrease in the isomerization rate constant, k 2. Removal of promoter DNA upstream of the -35 element also decreased both k a and k 2 ≈10-fold. Upstream DNA extending approximately to base pair -100 was sufficient for maximal association rates of wild-type RNAP with lacUV5 promoter fragments. The αCTD and upstream DNA did not affect dissociation rates from the open complex. We suggest that sequence-independent upstream DNA interactions with αCTD are major contributors to initiation at many (or all) promoters (not merely promoters containing UP elements) and that these interactions facilitate isomerization events occurring well downstream of the α-binding sites. In addition to highlighting the functional importance of nonspecific protein–DNA interactions, these results suggest also that UP element–αCTD interactions play an even larger role in transcription initiation than appreciated previously.