Course meetings

Lecture: T/R 12:00n-1:00pm (4-237)

Recitation: F 12:00n-1:00pm (4-231)

Lab: open scheduling, approximately 6 hours per week (16-352)

Lab hours and scheduling

The lab will be open approximately 40 hour per week. Students are responsible for scheduling sufficient time in the lab to complete assignments before the deadline. Generally, the opening hours will be:

Lab Opening Hours

Monday

10:00-7:00

Tuesday

1:00-11:00

Wednesday

10:00-9:00

Thursday

1:00-9:00

Friday

1:00-7:00

You must sign up at least 24 hours before coming to the lab. Use the LAB SIGNUP link above in the title bar.

The lab is located in room 16-352.

Lab attendance is mandatory and there will be no make-up labs.

Lab phone: 617-324-1634

Safety

The chief hazards present in the 20.309 Lab come from laser radiation, chemical and biological materials, and electric equipment. Some simple precautions will make your time in the lab much safer.

Overview of laboratory modules

Electronics

Resistive networks, filters, and op-amp circuits for measurement

The first part of the course focuses on electronics. Over a series of labs, we will build several types of commonly used electronic circuits and combine them implement a system for measuring DNA melting curves. This section will also provide an introduction to computer control and data acquisition, including LabVIEW and MATLAB software.

Ultimate limits for force and position detection

Microcantilevers, precision measurement, and thermomechanical noise

Force sensors such as the optical tweezers and atomic force microscope (AFM) provide a unique means for investigating single biomolecules. Examples include the real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity with the optical tweezers and the direct measurement of forces required to unfold individual protein domains with the AFM. At the heart of these force sensors is an ultrasensitive displacement detector that resolves the position of compliant structure (i.e. microcantilever or optically trapped mircobead) with nanometer, or in some cases, sub-nanometer resolution. The performance of the force sensor is determined by the mechanical properties of the structure (spring constant, resonant frequency, damping, etc) and the resolution of the displacement detector. In this lab, we will measure the thermomechanical motion of a microcantilever sensor, estimate its detection limit, and compare to theoretical calculations.

Optics

Fluorescent microscopy, image processing, and optical traps

Approximately half of the semester is devoted to optical microscopy and imaging. The lectures will cover geometric optics, Fourier optics, and optical instrumentation design, the fundamentals of image processing and 3D microscopy. In the labs, we will build microscopes for white light and fluorescent imaging and apply them to studying cellular mechano-transduction based on particle tracking and immunolabeling. We will also use optical traps for high sensitivity measurements of bacterial flagella torque generation, and get some hands-on experience with two-photon and confocal microscopes.

Lab facilities

Lab stations

There are 12 lab stations in room 16-352. Each station is equipped with:

anti-vibration optical table

analog oscilloscope

triple output power supply

function generator

instrumentation amplifier

toolbox

computer workstation with data acquisition card

Stations 10 and 11 are normally reserved for instructor use.

Computers

Lab stations are equipped with PCs running Windows XP. Each PC has a National Instruments USB-6212 data acquisition system. MatLab and LabVIEW software are installed on all lab PCs.

Lab PCs are members of the WIN.MIT.EDU domain. Press ctrl-alt-delete to log on. Make sure the Log On To: dropdown menu is set to ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Kerberos Realm). Use your Athena username and password.

The first time you log on, a Windows profile for storing all of your files and settings will be created in your home directory. From then on, your My Documents and Desktop folders will be available on whichever machine you log on to.

Store files in your My Documents folder. Do not keep large files on your desktop. (Use a shortcut to large items instead.) This will dramatically decrease the amount of time it takes to log in. (If you are curious why this is so, see: http://web.mit.edu/win/user_profiles.html.)

Your Windows home directory will be mounted on H:. In addition, your Athena home directory will be mounted on U: and /mit/afs will be mounted on Z:.

Course locker

The 20.309 course locker and wiki contain virtually every computer file you will need for the course. To access the locker on an Athena workstation, type attach 20.309 and then cd /mit/20.309. Use the Desktop or Start Menu shortcut to access the locker from any PC in the lab. You can also access the locker with SecureFX.

Grading

40%: Lab module assignments

You will work in pairs throughout the semester (and in some cases groups of three), but you will submit individual lab reports. Please see the section on lab reports below. Lab partners must be different for each module with the exception of the project lab.

10%: Class presentation

You will each give a 10 minute presentation on a selected lab module, relevant journal paper, or research experience.

20%: Homework assignments

These will include questions related to lecture material, lab modules, and selected journal articles.

15%: Quizzes

These are intended to help you prepare for the experiment you are performing and will cover key concepts from lectures and lab modules. To prepare, be familiar with the homework and the current lab module. The questions will be straightforward and will take the first 10 minutes of class. It is important to arrive to class on time since the quiz will begin at 12:05 pm.

15% Lab performance and overall participation

Your preparation for each lab module is essential as well as participation in lectures and your peer’s presentations.

Lectures

The lectures are intended to introduce the key concepts behind the labs. An underlying theme throughout all the lectures will be on signals analysis (e.g. Fourier transforms, power spectral density, convolution theorem, etc.) as applied to electrical, mechanical and optical systems.

In some cases, the lectures will be closely related to ongoing lab modules, and in other cases, the lectures will develop material that will be used in a future lab module.

Recitations

Many of the Friday recitations will be similar to lectures in that new material will be introduced. Occasionally there will be lab demonstrations. The remainder of the recitations will be used for student presentations. In order to make time for each student to give a 10 minute presentation, the class will be split into two groups so that sessions can run in parallel. For last names beginning with A-L, presentations will be in 4-231, and 4-153 will be used for M-Z.

Assignments

All assignments will be due by 5 pm on the days designated in the schedule. The homework drop-off box is located on the 4th floor of Bldg 16 located near the junction to Bldg 8. Late assignments will not be accepted.

You are encouraged to seek advice from the instructors, TAs and other students, however, the work that is turned in must be your own.

We will not accept late assignments for any reason (except ones that are excused by the Dean’s office). However, we will omit the one lowest homework grade for the calculation of the term homework grade (20%). Students are encouraged to use this to their benefit and to accommodate special situations such as interview travel.

Lab assignment

There are four laboratory modules that require a written report: DNA Melting, Ultimate limits of detection, Fluorescent microscopy, and the Project lab. The first three will be similar in form to problem sets (as opposed to formal lab reports) and will focus on presentation, analysis and interpretation of laboratory measurements. Guidelines for the fourth (Project lab) will be announced later in the semester.

Homework

We will have weekly problem sets until the project labs begin. The problem sets are designed to help you solidify concepts presented in lecture and also to prepare for upcoming labs.

Class Presentation

Presentations will be on a research paper (in some cases two related papers) from the list under ‘Student Presentations’. You should look through these papers and enter your name next to paper that interests you the most (edit the wiki page to do this). This should be done by Tuesday, September 23 to avoid being randomly assigned by the instructors. It is also an option to present on your own research experience (e.g. a fruitful UROP) or a paper that is not on the list (but related to the overall themes of 20.309). If you’re interested in this option, make sure to discus this with an instructor before Sept 23.

Your presentation time is 10 minutes and it's very important that you do not go over this time. We will have a few minutes for questions and discussion. It's also important that all non-presenters read the papers carefully before the session as this will make the discussion much more interesting.

Your presentation should provide background to motivate why the research was conducted, describe the key results of the paper (not necessarily all of the results) and the essence of the measurement method, and explain the significance of the results to the general field. Remember that 10 minutes will not be nearly enough time to discuss every aspect of the paper so you will need to identify the most important aspects to include in your presentation.

Make sure to upload a Powerpoint or PDF file of your presentation to the wiki site 12 hours in advance of your presentation so that all files can be launched from a single laptop. Individual laptops will not be allowed since there is no time allotted for connecting between talks.

Feel free to see 20.309 staff outside of class to discuss any questions or ideas that you might have about the paper.

Lab report guidelines

The purpose of your report is to convey as clearly as possible which physical phenomena you examined in the lab, the means you employed, and what you learned. The report should be brief. Consider each pixel you choose to darken on the page in the context of the information it conveys. Ideally (but not practically), erasing a single pixel would diminish the content. Focus on the essentials.

Imagine that you are writing the report for a classmate. The intended audience for your report has a deep understanding of the subject. As such, lengthy derivations and explanations are not necessary. The reader would very much like to understand what you did in the lab, what sort of problems you ran into, how you analyzed your data, and what you concluded.

Your report does not have to be written like a formal scientific paper. Feel free to use whatever organization works for you so long as it includes all of the information. Bullet points are often more effective than flowing text. Follow the content and style guidelines below.

Introduce the subject

Begin with a paragraph explaining why you went to the lab. What were the key questions you set out to answer? What techniques did you apply to the problem?

Explain the apparatus and procedure

Some lab exercises involve significant design and construction work. Others utilize complex systems that were built by others. In either case, the apparatus you used in the lab must be documented in your report. Block diagrams, schematics, photographs, and text descriptions, and citations of sources are all excellent ways to describe an apparatus.

Design documentation should be sufficiently detailed to enable another person to build a functionally similar piece of equipment. Include component values and reference designators (Rl, Cf, L1, etc…) on schematics. Explain why you chose the values you did. If you chose to implement a portion of your apparatus differently than the lab manual suggested, explain why. If you wrote a program, explain what it did in the body of your report and include the source code in an appendix.

Detailed documentation is available for the predesigned pieces of equipment in the lab (such as the AFM and the optical trap). In these cases, focus on the aspects of the machine that are essential to understanding your data analysis. A simple block diagram and a few bullet points will meet the requirements.

Once you have documented the apparatus, explain how you used it and what measurements you took.

Explain your analysis

Tell what steps you took to analyze your data. As in the other parts of your report, focus on what is important. It is not necessary to reproduce each step of every calculation. Make sure the reader understands what you did, though.

Say what would you do differently next time

The instruments and procedures you will use in the lab are not perfect. Explain what factors limited your measurements how you could improve the results.

Answer questions posed in the lab manual

Ensure that your report addresses all the questions posed in the lab manual and by instructors. If there is not a natural place to do this in the body your report, put the answers in a section of their own.

Present data properly

Figures must be numbered, descriptively captioned, and discussed in the text.

Plots must have a brief, informative title. Axes must be labeled with a description, including units.

Pictures must have a scale. (Pictures of your apparatus are an exception.)

Do not present every piece of raw data you gathered. Put in only things that are important, in a clear and concise format. If for some reason you have a large body of extremely interesting data to present, put it in an appendix and refer to it in your report. If you have a large body of uninteresting data, leave it out.

Write tight prose

Use bullet points.

Avoid the first person.

Use active verbs.

Eliminate unnecessary words.

It is common practice in scientific writing to avoid using the pronouns I and we. This is changing slowly; however, it is an excellent habit to minimize the first person in your scientific writing. The author of a first person sentence in a scientific paper has frequently misidentified the true subject of a sentence. Consider the following 4 versions of a sentence:

I ran the experiment three times and calculated an average power of 1.21 GW.

The experiment was run three times and an average power of 1.21 GW was calculated.

Three experimental runs yielded a calculated average power of 1.21 GW.

Three experimental runs yielded an average power of 1.21 GW.

In this example, substituting the subject “The experiment” for “I” eliminated the first person pronoun in sentence number 1, resulting in somewhat preferable sentence 2. The second sentence, though, is undesirable because it contains the passive verb forms "was run" and "was calculated." Passive voice is common in scientific writing; however, that does not mean you are required repeat the offense.

It is impossible to completely eliminate passive sentences from scientific writing. But that doesn’t mean you can’t try. See if you can limit your use of the passive voice to fewer than tweny percent of the verbs in your report.

Sentence 3 is preferable to number 2 because it uses an active verb. But it still could be tighter. Average values are necesarily calculated. Unless required to differentiate between several possible averages, remove the redundant verbiage.

Write your own report

In 20.309, you will work collaboratively in the lab. The report you submit must be entirely your own work. Any words, data, images, code, or other intellectual property you take from somebody else must be appropriately cited. Plagiarism is unacceptable.

Lab report grading

Lab reports will be graded on a 25 point scale. An outstanding report:

Demonstrates mastery of the theory and practical implementation of the key techniques used in the experiment.

Presents results for each of the required experimental procedures

Draws appropriate conclusions from the data

Contains a thorough, correct, and well explained analysis

Address shortcomings of the experimental procedure and problems that cropped up during experimentation

Acknowledges everything that is not original work with an appropriate citation

Is well communicated

Outstanding reports will receive a numerical grade of 23-25 points.

Reports with minor deficits in one or two areas will receive an excellent score in the range of 20-22 points.

Reports with important shortcomings in one area will be awarded 17-19 points.

Manuscripts not meeting the above criteria will be graded accordingly.