KIN 169

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Def and characteristics of ACUTE STRESS

short term

immediate and intermediate

starts with cerebral arousal

hypothalamus stimulates SNS

Def and characteristics of CHRONIC STRESS

*PROLONGED and UNABATED (w/o intervention)

ACTH axis - lowers immune system

Thyroxin axis - anxiety symptoms

Vasopressin axis - raises blood pressure / increase h20 retention

What are T-cells?

T cells are like soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders.

T cell are also known as T lymphocytes. The "T" stands for "thymus" -- the organ in which these cells mature

What are B-cells?

The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activiation by antigent interaction

play a large role in the humoral immune response

What are Lymphocytes?

Type of white blood cell in vertebrate immune system

larger = granular lymphocytes (i.e. "natural killer cells")

major role in defending the host from both tumors and virus infections

small = T cells and B cells

Immediate stress
Example
Physiological Axis
Physio Effects

Ex: slamming on breaks for a dog in the street

primarily nerves

begins with cerebral arousal →

activates hypothalamus →

stimulates SNS (process called direct organ intervention) →

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (aka adrenaline)

Causes central dialation and Peripheral constriction

Intermediate Stress
Example
Physiological Axis
Physio Effects

Ex: rushing to get to a very important meeting on time

nerves AND hormones/endocrine

Cerebral arousal →

activates hypothalamus →

stimulates SNS →

releases acetycholine →

stimulates adrenal medula →

releases epinepherine and norepephrine

(lasts 10x longer)

central dialation and peripherial vasoconstriction

ACTH axis

cerebral arousal→

stimulates the hypothalamus→

releases CRF→

activates the pituitary glands

(chemophobes make and store ACTH)→

releases ACTH→

stimulates the adrenal cortex→

releases mineralo corticoids AND glucocorticoids

Where do glucocorticoids come from?
What do they do?
What is the main one?

From the adrenal cortex (ACTH axis)

Main gluco = CORTISOL

used to make fuel through the process of GLUCONEOGENESIS during chronic stress by breaking down fat and proteins

*amino acids

*vitamins/minerals

*lipolytic enzymes

*WBCs

antibodies

WEAKENS IMMUNE SYSTEM

POLYCYTHEMIA

↑ RBCs which ↑ BP

( in blood VISCOCITY.. not volume)

Where do mineralo corticoids come from?
What do they do?
What is the main one?

From the adrenal cortex (ACTH axis)

Main mineralo = ALDOSTERONE

↑ Na retention =

h20 retention =

↑ plasma volume =

↑ BP

Thyroxine Axis

Cerebral arousal →

activates the hypothalamus →

releases TRF→

stimulates the pituitary gland

(basophils)→

releases thyrotrophic hormone→

stimulates the thyroid→

releases thyroxine

What does thyroxine do?

↑ metabolic rate

↑resperation

↑cardiac acceleration

↓micocardiac strength

↑chance of cardiac failure

↑anxiety symptoms

↑core body temp

↑muscle tremors

Vasopressin axis (ADH)

hypothalamus→

releases vasopressin →

stimulates pituitary gland →

pituicytes store and release vasopressin/ADH

What does vasopressin do?

causes vasocontriction

↑ renal permeability to h20

↑ in blood pressure

which two hormones result in similar physiology responses from the body?

vasopressin and aldosterone because they both result in ↑BP

How does "in vivo" relate to systematic desensitization?

"in vivo" in encountering a stressor in REAL LIFE

How does "in vitro" relate to systematic desensitization?

In vitro is imagining a stressor and using imagery to explore how the stressor can be approached.

What does POLYPHASIC mean/refer to?

- to multitask

-type A personalities tend to be polyphasic

What are catecholamines?

"fight-or-flight" hormones released by

the adrenal glands in response to stress

epinephrine and norepinepherine released by the adrenal medulla

characteristics of autogenic training

-relaxation techniquew

-warm sensations from peripheral vasodilation

- daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening.

-practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation

EX: "my right arm is heavy""my arms and legs are heavy and warm"

Alfred Schultz famous for AT

Parasympathetic Response is...

the relaxation response

responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest

What is Existential Freedom?

emphasis on the individual and how one relates to the world

Human beings are free to choose what to make of themselves

responsible in choosing their own course of action; they are limited in their finite world, yet, they can live their own meaning and interpretation

What is Existential Angst?

subtle, background anxiety experienced as human beings when we explore questions such as "what is my purpose?" "how can i make a difference?" "is there life after death?"

What is Existential Courage?

Willingnessto face agony and betrayal with courage and still say “yes to life”

Holding on to hurt, anger, pain is detrimental to health (physiologically, emotionally)

What is Existential Dysfunction?

is putting so much time achieving goals and

“things” that we fail to take time for self-reflection; there is no mobility on the self-world continuum – humans need movement related to this scale

PRODUCT OVER PROCESS!

What is cognitive restructuring?

procedure for modifying erroneous, self-imposed roles

What is Progressive Neuromuscular Relaxation (PR)?
What is it used for?
Who is famous for applying?

technique for reducing anxiety

Tension intentionally applied to region, then relax muscles

Sometimes there are tiny amounts of stress/contraction of muscles and creating more

tension followed by releasing the tension promotes relaxation

*Edmund Jacobs

Type A

“hurry sickness”

Time urgency

Very competitive

Perfectionist

Egocentric (due to goal oriented trait)

“Embraces existencial dysfunction”

Put emphasison “product” over “process”

Experience more anger/hostility

Impatient

Polyphasic/Multitasking

Quantitative

Type B

ambitious and competitive BUT NOT OBESSIVE

equal opportunity on BOTH THE process

and product

more time on a daily or weekly basis to focus on progressive relaxation

typically a slower/more moderate pace of life

QUALITATIVE

What is a mantra?

A word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation.

What are traits of a hardy personality?
Who is famous for researching the topic?

Control

Controlling life events and the

outcomes

Internal locust of control

Commitment

Committed to life goals that are MEANINGFUL

Challenge

Challenged by change

Connectiveness

Social support system intact

Choices

Choices that consistently promote healthy lifestyles

SUZANNE KOBASA

What is Atherogenesis?

process of forming atheromas, plaques in the inner lining of arteries

What is Atherogenesis?

thickening of the walls of medium-sized and large arteries as a result of fat deposits on their inner lining.

responsible for CAD

What is Arteriosclerosis?

calcification of the wall of the arteries, or hardening of the muscular wall of the arteries from chronically elevated blood pressure

What are phagocytes?
Who discovered them?

engulf “bad” cells

1908 nobel prize: Mechnikov

Who is Albert Bandura?

studied children: if they witness parents being aggressive towards each other they are likely to

mimic it

If children exhibit this type of behavior it must be stopped very quickly.. if not the chances of the child behaving aggressively in their life greatly increase

If one parent demeans the other parent the children INTERNALLY process that information and it affects the children as if they are demeaning the child.

What is learned helplessness?
who is credited with popularizing the theory?

pessimists' view that failure is 100% their fault/responsibility and that they, as a human being, are "not enough"

disposition we bring to new obstacles

*Seligman

OPTIMIST says "if goals are relavent it's worth continuing to try"

What is hegemony?

that a culturally diverse society can be dominated (ruled) by one social class, by manipulating the societal culture

What is "one drop rule"?

meaning that a single drop of "black blood" makes a person a black

What is epoche?

theoretical moment where all judgments about the existence of the external world, and consequently all action in the world, is suspended.

What is a Phenotype?

observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism – as determined by both genetic makeup and the environment

what does WASHM stand for?
what is it related to?

RELATED TO BURNOUT

WORK- live to work or work to live

ACTIVITIES - enjoy doing; how recent

SUPPORT SYSTEM - meaningful communication

HUMOR- good for immunity, endorphins

METAPHYSICAL- diet, exercise and meditation

what is mitology?

study of FUNGI

imp because some organisms are anaerobic

what is ethnocentricity?

belief/idea that one race or more is superior to others

belief that there are more distinct differences between races than there are similarities

Where is same sex marriage legal?

Mass.

Connet.

Iowa

New Hamp

New York

Vermont

Coquille- Oregon reservation

Squamish - Wash. reservation

Wash. D.C.

What is enthicity, according to Smedley and Smedley?

Clusters of people who have common cultural

traits that they distinguish from those of other people

What is race according to Smedley and Smedley?

means of creating and enforcing social order, a lens through which differential opportunity and inequality are structured

What is Critical pedagogy?

3 stages of consciousness (magical, naïve, and critical) as they challenged inequities

WAYS OF THINKING; relates to CRT

CANCER; single cell initiation

Abnormal cells are present only in the layer of cells in which they developed.

CANCER; localized

Cancer is limited to the organ in which it began, without evidence of spread.

CANCER; regionlized

Cancer has spread beyond the primary site to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues.

CANCER; advanced

Cancer has spread from the primary site to distant organs or distant lymph nodes.