Problems with mapping product availability in Third World contingency scenarios has
typified American military operations in recent years. American troops arrived to discovered that
their maps provided little useful detail, and were largely outdated by recent construction that even
major facilities and highways were not marked.

The success of Coalition ground operations during Desert Storm was highly dependent on
maps produced from imagery derived from commercial remote sensing satellite systems. These
civilian satellites were not under operational military control, but were rather directed by their
commercial operators. The Defense Mapping Agency worked to produce new maps of the region
using SPOT and LANDSAT imagery. One of the reasons that this imagery proved particularly
important is its applicability to terrain classification. Normally maps will show valleys, mountains
and rivers, but do not classify the terrain in terms of hard sand, soft sand, or marshy areas that
are currently dry.

The Defense Mapping Agency supplied more than 4,500 different maps of the theater, all
of which were updated following the 2 August invasion.(1) A total of 35 million maps were
distributed to forces in the Gulf by the end of 1990, an effort that was estimated to be ten times
the amount of work done during the entire Korean War. These had been produced by cartographers
at centers in St. Louis (which makes aeronautical maps) and Brookmont, in suburban Maryland
(which makes sea and land maps), relying on satellite imagery.(2) In some cases, the staff at these
facilities had been placed on a three-shifts-per-day, seven-days-per-week schedule.(3)

Digital maps for Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles (TLAM-C) with conventional warheads
were prepared using satellite imagery by the Defense Mapping Agency. However, delays experienced
in producing

these maps for Tomahawk cruise missiles will be alleviated with the introduction of Navstar-based
guidance systems in the Block III version of the missile.

The Defense Mapping Agency apparently has tried to get approval for a Map-Sat which
would be dedicated military mapping satellite, but this has not been approved. Instead, the newer
KH-12 satellites have been given an improved mapping capability.

Following these experiences, and given the disappointing commercial experience of EOSAT,
the Defense Department decided to sponsor construction of a new Landsat 7, which will provide 5
meter resolution imagery for military mapping applications. DoD is paying for building the satellite,
and NASA is supporting ground processing.

This project funds the technology to enhance the tactical commander's ability to visualize
the battlefield in an easily understandable, 3-D (three dimensional) perspective and exploit his
knowledge of combat relevant intelligence as a force multiplier to conduct and win AirLand Battle
Operations across the operational continuum. Using tactical/strategic/space sensor data, together
with terrain data bases as input, the technology program emphasizes automating the processes of
detecting changes on the battlefield, identifying battle significant features (e.g., tank ditches), and
integrating the impacts of the battlefield environment (e.g., rain, snow, dust, etc) to significantly
improve combat planning and operations. Development efforts will enable the commander to locate
and position enemy and friendly forces in day/night all-weather conditions, provide crucial terrain
data for command and control systems (C 2), and enhance the speed and accuracy of maneuver and
weapon systems. The technology being developed will help those who move, shoot, and communicate
on the battlefield to "fight smarter" through superior knowledge of the total battlefield terrain and
environment. Information required on weather and atmospheric effects is provided by the
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory under Project AH7 1.

The research conducted in this Program Element provides technology in direct support of
the critical Army combat engineer missions of mobility, counter-mobility survivability, sustainment
engineering and topography needed to win on the modern battlefield. Research is also conducted
that supports the special requirements for tactical decision aids, weather intelligence products and
capabilities to exploit space assets. Key operational technologies developed are demonstrated to
Army units under Program Element #0603734A, Military Engineering Advanced Technology. Results
are tailored to support the materiel development, test and acquisition community in evaluating the
impacts of weather, terrain and atmospheric obscurants. In addition, a portion of the program is
directed towards developing technology for Echelons-Above-Corps and Army-in-garrison activities
to vastly improve the efficiency of facility acquisition and operations (design, construction, operation
and maintenance) thereby providing significant cost savings and improving military personnel
productivity through better quality of life. The work in this program element is consistent with DoD
Science and Technology Thrust Area for Precision Strike, the resource constrained Army Technology
Base Master Plan and the Science and Technology Objectives (STOs) therein.

This project provides a satellite-borne altimeter to obtain ocean topography measurements
from which tactically significant features such as fronts, eddies, and ice edge are derived.
Topography provides a unique and important data source in support of a number of Naval warfare
areas, such as anti-submarine and undersea warfare. The data was previously provided by GEOSAT
from 1985 until its failure in January 1990. The GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) satellite currently
under development is intended to provide interim altimetry data until DMSP Block 6 becomes
operational in FY 2005. The sensors developed for GFO satellite will provide a baseline for the new
operational radar altimeter sensors to be incorporated in the DMSP development efforts.

Work is directed by NRL, Washington, DC. Contractors include the Johns Hopkins Applied
Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, and Ball Aerospace, Denver, CO, which was selected for
construction the prototype

and both follow-on satellites by competitive procurement.

63371N Trident II

Project R1452 GEOSAT

This project provided a satellite-borne altimeter to obtain ocean gravimetric data to support
guidance and navigation accuracy improvements for the Trident II submarine launched ballistic
missile. This data was provided by GEOSAT from 1985 until its failure in January 1990.

This Project provides fundamental research in geodesy, gravity, and seismology. Precise
understanding of the size and shape of the changing Earth's surface is required to assure the
accuracy of existing and planned navigational systems. Basic research in geodesy and gravity seeks
to improve inertial navigation systems (INS) for guidance of aircraft, weapons, and spacecraft.
Research in the subarea includes gravity field modeling, inertial instrumentation, and Global
Positioning System (GPS) geodesy to determine the maximum utility of GPS for precise satellite
navigation and attitude control.

Work is performed by Phillips Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM, which conducts research
under this project. The top contractors include California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Columbia University, New York, NY, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS),
Washington, DC.

This project supports work on new superconductors and superfluids, which combined with
improved models of the Earth's gravity promise significant breakthroughs in reaching the goal of
a fully autonomous inertial system for precise navigation. This project develops technology in the
areas of the Earth's geometry, motion, gravity and seismology for the Air Force strategic and
tactical systems.

Recent work has included completion of a GPS Inertial Measurement Unit integrated
algorithm for the GPS-Aided Inertial System Experiment, as well as continued development of new-generation GPS spaceborne receiver technology and performance of a GPS/IMU gravity extraction
feasibility study.

The project is managed by and is the technical activity of the Geophysics Directorate of
Phillips Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA. Contractors include the University of Maryland, College
Park, MD, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, Mayflower Communications Corp, Reading, MA, and
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

D - Office of the Secretary of Defense

35157I LANDSAT

This program funds DoD participation in the joint NASA/DoD Landsat 7 program. DoD is
funding spacecraft development, while NASA is funding the ground segment to support the space
system.

64703D LANDSAT

The Defense Mapping Agency is one of the leading customers of the Landsat civil remote
sensing satellite system.

E - Defense Mapping Agency

Civil Personnel (w/ SCI clearance)

A substantial fraction of the civil personnel of DMA hold Sensitive Compartmented
Information clearances, reflecting the extensive use of classified imaging intelligence products in the
work of the agency.

LANDSAT data purchases

The Defense Mapping Agency is one of the leading customers of the Landsat civil remote
sensing satellite system.

Includes costs specifically identified and measurable to special classified projects for which
information on resources assigned will be provided only on a "need to know" basis to authorized
personnel identified on a special access list.

[ The Defense Reconnaissance Support Program apparently funds processing and
dissemination systems designed to enhance the ability of strategic forces to exploit the capabilities
of national intelligence gathering systems, and to improve national systems support for combat
operations. It is related to but distinct from the Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities
(TENCAP) program. ]

63701B Mapping, Charting, Geodesy Investigations,

and Prototype Development

Project A - Geodesy & Geophysics

This project includes RDT&E funds for advanced development activities directed toward new
and improved techniques, products, prototype equipment and prototyping systems to support the
fulfillment of strategic and tactical weapons and command and control systems for geodetic data,
products and services. Objectives include the development of concepts and designs of prototype
equipment capable of providing new and more usable products, or which decrease response time and
costs involved in data acquisition, storage and retrieval, data reduction, data transmission, and
map/chart reproduction techniques.

F - Defense Support Program

35359I Major Equipment DSPO LANDSAT 7

This program funds DoD participation in the joint NASA/DoD Landsat 7 program. DoD is
funding spacecraft development, while NASA is funding the ground segment to support the space
system.