Doctors, lawyers, academics, mill workers, maids, and mothers share their recollections of life and work in the interviews
collected here. Many of the women in these interviews were professional or political trailblazers, women who succeeded in
male-dominated workplaces or became leaders in civil rights movements. Many were both. And many were women who struggled to feed
their families, raise their children, and preserve their communities against the eroding forces of a changing world. This collection
highlights the role of women as grassroots activists and the networks they created.

Kathrine Robinson Everett, April 30, 1985. Interview C-0005.
The Life of a Southern Woman Pioneer: Practicing Law and Combining Work and Family:
A pioneer in women's education and women in law, Kathrine Robinson Everett describes what it was like to attend law school in the early twentieth century. In the 1920s, Everett practiced law in Cumberland County and worked to register women to vote after the passage of the 19th Amendment. Following her marriage in 1928, Everett worked alongside her husband, supporting his legal and political career; became involved in local politics in Durham; and worked with various women's organizations.Interviewee:Kathrine Robinson EverettInterviewer:Pamela DeanDuration: 01:05:13
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

10.

Miriam Slifkin, March 24, 1995. Interview G-0175.
The Role of the Rape Crisis Center and the National Organization for Women in Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
Founder of the Orange County Rape Crisis Center Miriam Slifkin discusses the issue of rape within the context of the local women's movement in Orange County, North Carolina. The founding of the OCRCC was illustrative of growing tensions between feminism and anti-feminism in Orange County. The issue of rape is also situated more broadly within the context of the women's liberation movement in the 1970s, especially in relationship to legal changes, the formation of women's studies curriculum, and the relationship between local and national aspects of the movement.Interviewee:Miriam SlifkinInterviewer:Lynne DegitzDuration: 01:50:20
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Bonnie E. Cone, January 7, 1986. Interview C-0048.
A Southern Woman Helps Establish a College in Charlotte, North Carolina:
Bonnie Cone describes her career as an educator in South Carolina and North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. After teaching at Duke University during World War II, she moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, and became one of the primary personages behind the successful establishment of a university in that city.Interviewee:Bonnie E. ConeInterviewer:Lynn HaesslyDuration: 01:51:40
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.

Lindy Boggs, January 31, 1974. Interview A-0082.
A Congresswoman from Louisiana Discusses the Evolution of Louisiana Politics since the 1930s:
Louisiana Congresswoman Lindy Boggs discusses changes in Louisiana politics dating back to the 1930s, when she participated in the People's League, and through the 1950s and 1960s, which saw the gradual elimination of the "race issue" in politics. Boggs offers her thoughts on the nature of the Louisiana congressional delegation, the role of the South in Congress, and the impact of the women's movement on Congress during the 1970s.Interviewee:Lindy BoggsInterviewer:Jack Bass, Walter DeVriesDuration: 00:42:27
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Eula McGill, February 3, 1976. Interview G-0040-1.
A Southern Woman Becomes a Leader in the Labor Movement: Part I:
Eula McGill grew up in Sugar Valley, Georgia, during the early twentieth century. Raised in a working class family, McGill had to leave school because of her family's economic hardships and began to work in a textile mill as a spinner at the age of 14. By the late 1920s, McGill had moved to Alabama, where she became a leader in the labor movement in Selma. Throughout the Great Depression, McGill primarily worked as a labor organizer, first for the Women's Trade Union League and later for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union.Interviewee:Eula McGillInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 03:49:44
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.

17.

Eula McGill, September 5, 1976. Interview G-0040-2.
A Southern Woman Becomes a Leader in the Labor Movement: Part II:
Southern labor organizer Eula McGill explains her views on leadership in the labor movement and the role of workers' education. After rising through the ranks of the labor movement during the Great Depression, McGill continued to work actively to organize workers from the 1940s to the 1970s. She describes in detail various labor campaigns and strikes in the South, as well as her work with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union and other labor organizations.Interviewee:Eula McGillInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 02:13:11
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.

18.

Carroll Lupton, April 2, 1980. Interview H-0028.
A North Carolina Doctor Describes Practicing Medicine in a Mill Town:
North Carolina doctor Carroll Lupton recalls his days practicing medicine in the mill town of Burlington, North Carolina. Focusing primarily on the 1930s, Lupton talks about providing medical care to poor mill workers. Lupton emphasizes medical treatment for pregnant women, treatment of venereal disease, and popular medical remedies of the day.Interviewee:Carroll LuptonInterviewer:Mary MurphyDuration: 01:08:25
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Viola Turner, April 15, 1979. Interview C-0015.
From Macon, Georgia, to Durham, North Carolina: An African American Woman Remembers Her Childhood and Early Adult Years in the South:
Viola Turner, who served as treasurer of North Carolina Mutual Insurance Company, describes her childhood in Macon, Georgia, and her experiences in Durham, North Carolina. In remembering her life experiences in the early twentieth century, she focuses particularly on education, race relations, the importance of skin color, and segregation in business and leisure activities in the South.Interviewee:Viola TurnerInterviewer:Walter WeareDuration: 03:52:00
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 13 excerpts.

21.

Elizabeth Brooks, October 2, 1974. Interview E-0058.
An African American Woman Discusses Her Role in the UNC Food Workers Strike of 1969:
Elizabeth Brooks was one of the leaders of the UNC Food Workers Strike of 1969. As a new worker in the Lenoir Dining Hall, Brooks helped to organize the food workers with the help of Preston Dobbins and the Black Student Movement. This interview focuses on the first strike, which was sparked by the unexpected firing of one worker, low wages, and withheld back pay for overtime.Interviewee:Elizabeth BrooksInterviewer:Beverly JonesDuration: 01:04:33
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.

22.

Anne Barnes, January 30, 1989. Interview C-0049.
Overcoming the Barriers: One Woman's Fight against Racial and Gender Stereotypes in North Carolina's Political System:
From 1981 to 1996, Anne Barnes sat in the North Carolina House of Representatives for Orange County. While there, she focused on issues of social justice, especially poverty, education, prison reform, civil rights and women's rights. In this 1989 interview, she explains her motivations to become involved in the political arena and discusses some of the political campaigns she has been associated with, including her own.Interviewee:Anne BarnesInterviewer:Kathryn NasstromDuration: 01:28:33
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Flake and Nellie Meyers, August 11, 1979. Interview H-0133.
A Southern Husband and Wife Describe Life and Working Conditions:
Flake and Nellie Meyers describe what it was like to live and work in and around Conover, North Carolina, during the early to mid-twentieth century. As a worker in various furniture companies and as the foreman at the Southern Desk Company, Flake Meyers describes in vivid detail the various kinds of skills involved in furniture making, the role of machinery in the industry, and workplace relationships. Nellie Meyers similarly describes the kinds of family labor systems and social customs that shaped their lives.Interviewee:Flake Meyers, Nellie MeyersInterviewer:Patty DilleyDuration: 01:59:28
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.

Louise Cole, March 16, 1995. Interview G-0157.
A Mormon Woman Describes Her Involvement in the Orange County, North Carolina, School District:
Louise Cole, a devout Mormon, discusses her childhood in Baltimore, Maryland, and her education in microbiology and biochemistry at Brigham Young University in the mid-1960s. In 1977, Cole settled in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, with her family. In the late 1980s, she became actively involved in Putting Children First, a group concerned with issues in school curriculum such as multiculturalism and sex education and its impact on their children.Interviewee:Louise ColeInterviewer:Priscilla MurphyDuration: 01:26:05
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Isabella Cannon, Spring 1993. Interview G-0188.
First Woman Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina, Commemorates the City's Bicentennial:
Isabella Cannon was the first woman mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina. Elected in 1977, at the age of 73, the "old lady who wore tennis shoes" was a staunch advocate for community growth and revitalization. During her tenure, she worked to push through the Long Range Comprehensive Plan, to reconcile tensions between the city and the police and fire departments, strengthen the relationship between the city and the state, and to revitalize the downtown area.Interviewee:Isabella CannonInterviewer:Jim ClarkDuration: 01:22:54
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

30.

Frances Hogan, May 23, 1991, and June 3, 1991. Interview L-0044.
The First Director of Women's Athletics at UNC-Chapel Hill Discusses the Evolution of Women's Collegiate Sports:
Frances Hogan was in charge of finding facilities, equipment, and competitions for the women's athletics program at the University of North Carolina from 1946 to the 1970s. She discusses how students and coaches worked around the limitations to plan their own tournaments and occasionally succeeded on the national level. She describes the change from club sports to NCAA division sports and the introduction of Title IX in the 1970s. The interview ends with her summary of why the program is successful.Interviewee:Frances HoganInterviewer:Mary Jo FestleDuration: Array
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.

31.

Guion Griffis Johnson, August 19, 1974. Interview G-0029-1.
The Work of a Female Academic at the University of North Carolina, 1923 to 1934:
Guion Griffis Johnson was among the first generation of female professional historians and a pioneer of social history. In this interview, she discusses the work she did for Dr. Howard Odum of the University of North Carolina sociology department from 1923 until 1934. She also describes the research she did on St. Helena's Island and on antebellum North Carolina while working toward her Ph.D. She explains how she lost her job at the University of North Carolina in 1930 but continued to work until she and her husband transferred to Baylor College in 1934.Interviewee:Guion Griffis JohnsonInterviewer:Mary Frederickson, Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:00:11
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

32.

Miriam Bonner Camp, April 15, 1976. Interview G-0013.
A Southern Woman Describes Academia and Workers Education Programs in the Early Twentieth Century:
Miriam Bonner Camp describes growing up in Washington, North Carolina, in the early twentieth century, focusing specifically on her mother's strong influence, opportunities for women in the community, and race relations. She moved to California in 1909, and received degrees in English education from Berkeley. She describes coeducational life in college, her experiences teaching at North Carolina College for Women in the 1920s, and her involvement in the women worker education programs in the late 1920s and early 1930s.Interviewee:Miriam Bonner CampInterviewer:Mary FredericksonDuration: Unknown
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.

Frances Pauley, July 18, 1974. Interview G-0046.
A White Southern Woman Describes Her Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement:
Frances Pauley was born and raised in Decatur, Georgia, during the early twentieth century. An advocate for the poor and of racial integration, Pauley served as president of the Georgia League of Women Voters in the 1940s and 1950s, where she focused specifically on integration of public schools. In 1960, she became director of the Georgia Council on Human Relations and worked within the civil rights movement to promote African American leadership and interracial organizations.Interviewee:Frances PauleyInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:56:44
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Ellen Black Winston, December 2, 1974. Interview G-0064.
Southern Woman Describes her Views on Social Welfare as the Commissioner of Welfare:
Ellen Black Winston was born and raised in North Carolina. She received her doctorate in sociology in 1930. Actively involved in issues of social welfare in North Carolina, Winston was appointed as the North Carolina Commissioner of Public Welfare in 1944 and went on to become the first United States Commissioner of Welfare in 1963. In this interview, she describes problems and opportunities for professional women, her goals to improve standards of social welfare in North Carolina, and her work with various branches of government.Interviewee:Ellen Black WinstonInterviewer:Annette SmithDuration: 01:54:23
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.

Virginia Foster Durr, October 16, 1975. Interview G-0023-3.
Virginia Foster Durr on the Southern Response to the New Deal:
This is the final interview in a series of three with Virginia Foster Durr. Since the previous session, Clifford Durr had died, making the interview feel very different from the two in which he had taken part. The interview begins with Durr's growing awareness of racial matters and her activism during their life among the New Dealers in Washington, D.C. Among the topics she touches on are the anti-communism of the 1950s, sexual discrimination on Capitol Hill, and the southern reaction to Roosevelt's New Deal policies.Interviewee:Virginia Foster DurrInterviewer:Sue ThrasherDuration: 11:40:12
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 41 excerpts.

Geraldine Ray, September 13, 1977. Interview R-0128.
Growing Up as an Unofficial Nurse and Farm Girl in Rural North Carolina:
Geraldine Ray has lived in Barnardsville, North Carolina, nearly her entire life. In this interview, she describes growing up on her family's farm, attending all-black schools, and caring for sick relatives and friends. She describes racial segregation as a problem that seemed less difficult to avoid than segregation and prejudice between local black residents. Geraldine learned several essential skills of farm life from her grandmother and then used them to support the family through illness. The interview concludes with a description of her husband—a childhood friend—and how they chose to raise their children.Interviewee:Geraldine RayInterviewer:Kelly NaviesDuration: 01:21:53
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.

Marguerite Tolbert, June 14, 1974. Interview G-0062.
South Carolina Educator Recalls Life Experiences:
Marguerite Tolbert worked throughout her life as an educator in South Carolina public schools and universities for adult education. She describes her education and high school graduation through stories from her book, South Carolina's Distinguished Women from Laurens County. She recounts how she earned a scholarship to Winthrop College and met her teaching colleagues Wil Lou Gray and Dr. D. B. Johnson; describes local activism for women's suffrage between 1914 and 1920; and recalls encounters with leaders, including President Hoover and Jane Addams. She concludes by discussing the controversy at Winthrop College over a discrepancy in female teachers' salaries.Interviewee:Marguerite TolbertInterviewer:Constance MyersDuration: 01:21:06
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.

45.

Nancy Palm, December 16, 1974. Interview A-0194.
Republican County Chairperson Describes the Evolution of the Republican Party in Texas:
Nancy Palm was the chairperson of the Republican Party in Harris County, Texas, during the 1960s and 1970s. She describes her own transition from liberal to conservative in the 1950s, the importance of political organization to the evolution of the Republican Party in Texas, her perception of women's liberation, and the role of such politicians as John G. Tower, John Connally, George Bush, and Richard Nixon in the rise of southern conservatism.Interviewee:Nancy PalmInterviewer:Jack Bass, Walter DeVriesDuration: 00:58:08
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Josephine Wilkins, 1972. Interview G-0063.
Southern Woman Describes Her Involvement in Various Organizations for Social Justice:
Josephine Wilkins was born in Athens, Georgia, in 1893. In the 1920s, she became increasingly interested in issues of social justice. In the 1930s, she became the president of the Georgia chapter of the League of Women Voters and helped to found the Citizens' Fact Finding Movement. In addition she describes her involvement and perception of such organizations as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, the Commission of Interracial Cooperation, and the Southern Regional Council.Interviewee:Josephine WilkinsInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 02:59:17
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 4 excerpts.

48.

Mabel Pollitzer, September 19, 1973. Interview G-0047-1.
Southern Suffragist Discusses Civic Action in Charleston, South Carolina:
Mabel Pollitzer was born Charleston, South Carolina, in 1885. After graduating from Columbia University in 1906, she returned to Charleston to teach biology at Memminger, an all-girls school. Pollitzer describes her involvement in the women's suffrage movement, her perception of politicians and women's rights leaders, and her civic work within the community of Charleston.Interviewee:Mabel PollitzerInterviewer:Constance MyersDuration: 01:46:40
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

49.

Mabel Pollitzer, June 16, 1974. Interview G-0047-2.
Southern Woman Describes the Suffrage Movement in Charleston, South Carolina:
Mabel Pollitzer describes her involvement in the women's suffrage movement in Charleston, South Carolina. In particular, Pollitzer describes the leadership role of Susan Pringle Frost within the movement, the split between the National American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman's Party in the 1910s, and her perception of various leaders within the movement in South Carolina.Interviewee:Mabel PollitzerInterviewer:Constance MyersDuration: 01:47:22
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 3 excerpts.

50.

Grace Jemison Rohrer, March 16, 1989. Interview C-0069.
An Interview with North Carolina's First Woman in a State Cabinet-Level Position:
The first woman to serve in a cabinet-level position in North Carolina, Grace Jemison Rohrer first became involved in politics in the 1960s, organizing the Republican Party in Forsyth County, North Carolina. Rohrer later joined forces with Democratic women in order to establish the North Carolina Women's Political Caucus (NCWPC) in 1971. In 1973, Governor James Holshouser appointed her to serve as the Secretary of Cultural Resources. Throughout the 1970s, Rohrer advocated for women to have a more active role in politics, and she actively supported the Equal Rights Amendment.Interviewee:Grace Jemison RohrerInterviewer:Kathryn NasstromDuration: 01:30:36
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Martha C. McKay, June 13, 1989. Interview C-0076.
Women's Rights Activist Describes Her Involvement in the Democratic Party and the North Carolina Women's Political Caucus During the 1960s and 1970s:
Martha McKay was actively involved in student politics at the University of North Carolina before her graduation with a degree in economics in 1941. Here, McKay describes her active involvement in Terry Sanford's gubernatorial campaign, the Democratic Party, and the women's rights movement during the 1960s and 1970s. She discusses her role as a founding member of the North Carolina Women's Political Caucus, the need for effective leadership and organization for women's rights, and the progress women have made in politics.Interviewee:Martha C. McKayInterviewer:Kathryn Nasstrom, Kathryn NasstromDuration: 01:54:07
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.

53.

Martha C. McKay, March 29, 1974. Interview A-0324.
North Carolina Women's Rights Activist Describes the 1973 Defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment in the General Assembly:
Martha McKay, women's rights activist and Democratic Party member, describes the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment in the North Carolina General Assembly in 1973. Focusing on the role of the North Carolina Women's Political Caucus (NCWPC) in lobbying for ratification of the amendment, McKay describes how the opposition successfully organized to defeat the amendment and how that defeat affected the NCWPC.Interviewee:Martha C. McKayInterviewer:Belinda RiggsbeeDuration: 00:47:05
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Louise Young, February 14, 1972. Interview G-0066.
A White Teacher Describes Her Work at Historically Black Colleges:
Louise Young was an educated woman from Tennessee who spent most of her adult life working to promote better race relations in the South. Young describes her years teaching at African American institutions of higher education—Paine College and the Hampton Institute—during the 1910s and 1920s; her job as the director of the Department of Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, where she trained students at Scarritt College in race relations; her support of women's organizations, particularly the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching; and labor activism, as exemplified by the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee.Interviewee:Louise YoungInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 03:09:02
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 13 excerpts.

Guion Griffis Johnson, July 1, 1974. Interview G-0029-4.
Southern Sociologist Discusses Her Roles in Issues of Social Justice:
Southern sociologist Guion Griffis Johnson describes her work with the Georgia Conference on Social Welfare during the 1940s and her involvement with the women's movement and civil rights activism during the 1960s and 1970s in North Carolina. She discusses strategies for effecting change, the achievements of the Georgia Conference in promoting awareness of social welfare and race-related issues, and the progress of women and African Americans in their struggle for equality.Interviewee:Guion Griffis JohnsonInterviewer:Mary FredericksonDuration: 02:38:58
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.

67.

Josephine Glenn, June 27, 1977. Interview H-0022.
Around Burlington: Josephine Glenn's Experiences in the Mills of Alamance County, North Carolina:
During the course of her career, Josephine Glenn worked in several mills around Burlington, North Carolina, allowing her to compare the textile factories in Burlington and their various working environments. She covers many topics, including wartime production, the end of segregation, and the changing roles of women in the factories.Interviewee:Josephine GlennInterviewer:Cliff Kuhn, Cliff KuhnDuration: 01:02:08
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.

Phyllis Tyler, October 10, 1988. Interview C-0080.
Southern White Woman Describes Her Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement and Race Relations in Raleigh, North Carolina:
Phyllis Tyler first moved to North Carolina during the 1940s in order to join the Blessed Community of Quakers in Celo. In the 1950s, she moved with her family to Raleigh, where she became increasingly involved in the civil rights movement. Throughout the interview, she emphasizes the changing nature of race relations from the 1950s into the 1980s.Interviewee:Phyllis TylerInterviewer:Terri MyersDuration: 00:47:03
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 4 excerpts.

70.

Isabella Cannon, June 27, 1989. Interview C-0062.
First Female Mayor of Raleigh Remembers Her Community Activism and Her Accomplishments in Office:
Elected in 1977 at the age of 73, Isabella Cannon was the first female mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina. In this interview, Cannon describes her involvement in the United Church of Christ, her support of the civil rights movement, and her advocacy for community revitalization and development. In addition, she recalls her major accomplishments as mayor and the challenges she faced in implementing her long-range comprehensive plan for the city.Interviewee:Isabella CannonInterviewer:Kathryn NasstromDuration: 01:32:30
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Ellen W. Gerber, February 18 and March 24, 1992. Interview C-0092.
Physical Educator Turned Lawyer Describes Women's Issues and Legal Service for the Poor in North Carolina:
Originally from Brooklyn, New York, Ellen Gerber received her doctorate in physical education and taught in northern colleges before attending the School of Law at the University of North Carolina during the mid-1970s. After her graduation, she accepted a job with Legal Aid. She describes her careers in physical education and law and discusses in detail her advocacy of women's issues.Interviewee:Ellen W. GerberInterviewer:Kristen L. GislasonDuration: 02:18:49
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

Patricia Long, November 14, 1996. Interview G-0215.
Lesbian Activist Describes Her Role in the Gay Liberation Movement and the Religious Community:
Patricia Long became an active member of Pullen Baptist Church, known for its progressive social activism, during the late 1980s. She describes how her involvement with Pullen allowed her to come to terms with her own lesbian sexuality and details the process by which Pullen decided to sanction holy unions between gay and lesbian couples.Interviewee:Patricia LongInterviewer:Sherry HoneycuttDuration: 01:01:58
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 4 excerpts.

Jean Fairfax, October 15, 1983. Interview F-0013.
African American Civil Rights Activist Describes Her Work with the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen During the 1940s:
Jean Fairfax first moved to the South in 1942, where she became involved with the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen for several years. Fairfax describes the goals and activities of the Fellowship, discusses the role of leadership in the Fellowship, and draws connections between her work with the Fellowship in the 1940s and her later involvement with the civil rights movement from the late 1950s on.Interviewee:Jean Fairfax, Jean FairfaxInterviewer:Dallas A. BlanchardDuration: 00:52:09
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 4 excerpts.

80.

Grace Towns Hamilton, July 19, 1974. Interview G-0026.
African American Civil Rights Activist Describes Her Work with the YWCA and the Urban League:
Grace Towns Hamilton was raised in Atlanta, where both of her parents were involved in community service and issues of social justice. Following family tradition, Hamilton was an active participant in the YWCA during the 1920s, and during the 1940s and 1950s she was the director for Atlanta's Urban League. She describes her work with these organizations, focusing on issues of segregation, education, voter registration, and housing.Interviewee:Grace Towns HamiltonInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:34:37
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.

Emily S. MacLachlan, July 16, 1974. Interview G-0038.
Southern Sociologist Discusses Education, Career, and Her Mother's Life:
Emily S. MacLachlan grew up in the early twentieth century in Jackson, Mississippi, in a family that advocated relatively progressive ideas about race. MacLachlan describes her mother's efforts to balance family life with social activism (specifically with the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching), her own academic endeavors, and her advocacy of civil rights and radical politics during the 1930s.Interviewee:Emily S. MacLachlanInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:34:59
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.

85.

Olive Stone, August 13, 1975. Interview G-0059-4.
Academic Woman Describes Personal and Professional Life and Her Work for Social Justice:
Sociologist Olive Stone describes her work as the dean of Huntingdon College from 1929 to 1934, her doctoral work at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1934 to 1936, and her work in radical politics and for social justice during the 1930s. In addition, Stone speaks at length about her life as a single woman, both professionally and socially.Interviewee:Olive StoneInterviewer:Sherna GluckDuration: 02:08:06
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Anne Queen, April 30, 1976. Interview G-0049-1.
From Factory Floor to Yale: A Life Dedicated to Social Justice:
Anne Queen spent ten years working for the Champion Paper and Fibre Company in North Carolina before continuing her education at Berea College and Yale Divinity School during the 1940s. In this interview, she describes her life as a worker, her advocacy of social justice causes, her experiences in higher education, and her work at University of Georgia, with the Friends Service Committee, and the YWCA-YMCA at University of North Carolina.Interviewee:Anne QueenInterviewer:Joseph A. HerzenbergDuration: 02:37:40
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.

88.

Anne Queen, November 22, 1976. Interview G-0049-2.
Radicalism and the Changing Landscape of Student Politics:
Anne Queen, director of the YWCA-YMCA at University of North Carolina, discusses leftist student political groups at Chapel Hill during the 1950s and 1960s and the evolution of student activism into the 1970s. Additionally, she speaks more broadly about the role of radical politics in the South and offers her thoughts on the state of national politics at the time of the interview.Interviewee:Anne QueenInterviewer:Joseph A. HerzenbergDuration: 01:01:20
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin, August 4, 1974. Interview G-0034.
Southern Writer, Academic, and Social Activist Discusses the YWCA, Race Relations, and Growing Up in the South:
Southern writer, academic, and social activist Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin describes growing up in a family where the "Lost Cause" was heralded and her subsequent work towards promoting causes of social justice. In so doing, Lumpkin describes her work with the YWCA, her education, her career in academe, and her books The Making of a Southerner and South in Progress.Interviewee:Katharine Du Pre LumpkinInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 04:14:01
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 10 excerpts.

93.

Mareda Sigmon Cobb and Carrie Sigmon Yelton, June 16 and 18, 1979. Interview H-0115.
Workers and Witnesses: How Mareda Sigmon Cobb and Carrie Sigmon Yelton Saw the Southern Cotton Mills:
Mareda Sigmon Cobb and her sister Carrie Sigmon Yelton both worked long careers in North Carolina textile mills, completing the family journey from farm to factory in the early decades of the twentieth century. Here they describe their family lives both as children and parents, the many implications of the Depression, working conditions in the mills, religion, and other themes central to social and labor history. The economic and material realities of textile employment are explored in detail; each suffered a major injury on the job, neither favored unionization (though their husbands did), and neither received a pension.Interviewee:Mareda Sigmon Cobb, Carrie Sigmon YeltonInterviewer:Jacquelyn Hall, Patty DilleyDuration: 03:50:12
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 36 excerpts.

94.

Modjeska Simkins, November 15, 1974. Interview G-0056-1.
Social Justice Activist from South Carolina Describes Her Childhood, Her Work with the Interracial Commission, and Race Relations:
Modjeska Simkins describes growing up in a prosperous African American family, going to school, and her thoughts on "color consciousness" during her childhood in Columbia, South Carolina. In addition, she discusses her involvement in the South Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation and other race organizations beginning in the 1920s, her thoughts on women's unique capabilities as leaders of social justice movements, and the nature of racial tension in the South.Interviewee:Modjeska SimkinsInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:34:55
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

95.

Modjeska Simkins, July 28, 1976. Interview G-0056-2.
African American Activist Describes Her Work with the NAACP and the Richland County Citizens Committee in South Carolina:
African American civil rights activist Modjeska Simkins describes her upbringing in a prosperous family during the early twentieth century. She charts her work with the Tuberculosis Association, the NAACP, and the Richland County Citizens' Committee. Throughout the interview, Simkins offers telling anecdotes about racial tensions in South Carolina, the inner workings of civil rights organizations, and relationships between leaders of the movement.Interviewee:Modjeska SimkinsInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 05:45:13
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 17 excerpts.

Edith Mitchell Dabbs, October 4, 1975. Interview G-0022.
A Southern Woman Advocates Social and Racial Justice in South Carolina in the Mid-Twentieth Century:
South Carolinian Edith Mitchell Dabbs discusses her family history as well that of her husband's family, which owned the Rip Raps Plantation. In addition, she describes the work she and her husband, James McBride Dabbs, did in advocating for racial justice during the 1940s and 1950s, their evolving views about race and race relations, and her involvement with the United Church Women.Interviewee:Edith Mitchell DabbsInterviewer:Elizabeth Jacoway BurnsDuration: 04:12:26
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 14 excerpts.

Nelle Morton, June 29, 1983. Interview F-0034.
A Woman Leads the Churchmen: An Interview with the Former General Secretary of the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen:
Nelle Morton served as the general secretary of the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen from 1944 to 1950. In this interview, she describes her perception of the leaders of the Fellowship and the organization's aims and strategies in advocating for various social justice causes, including racial integration and labor rights. In addition, she describes her leadership of a male-dominated organization and how her work with the Fellowship raised her awareness of the need for women's liberation as well.Interviewee:Nelle MortonInterviewer:Dallas A. BlanchardDuration: 03:41:16
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.

Ruth Dial Woods, June 12, 1992. Interview L-0078.
Lumbee Woman Describes Her Work in the Civil Rights and Women's Liberation Movements and Her Role on the University of North Carolina Board of Governors:
Ruth Dial Woods describes growing up as a Lumbee Indian in Robeson County, North Carolina, in the 1930s and 1940s. During the 1960s, Woods participated in the civil rights and women's liberation movements. In 1985, she was appointed to the University of North Carolina Board of Governors, where she worked to promote equality for minority students.Interviewee:Ruth Dial WoodsInterviewer:Anne Mitchell Coe, Laura MooreDuration: 01:44:23
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 9 excerpts.

105.

Grace Aycock, March 28, 1990. Interview L-0037.
Wife of Former University of North Carolina Chancellor Describes Her Duties:
Grace Aycock briefly describes her childhood and her education in North Carolina during the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the interview is dedicated to a discussion of Aycock's life with her husband, William Aycock, chancellor of the University of North Carolina (1957-1964). She also discusses her husband's decision to return to teaching, her pursuit of a master's degree in social work, and her battle with multiple sclerosis.Interviewee:Grace AycockInterviewer:Frances A. WeaverDuration: 01:29:53
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

106.

Terry Sanford, December 18, 1990. Interview L-0050.
Terry Sanford Discusses Civil Rights, Higher Education, and the Leadership of Anne Queen at the University of North Carolina:
Former governor of North Carolina Terry Sanford lauds the leadership of Anne Queen, director of the YMCA/YWCA at the University of North Carolina. In addition, Sanford discusses his advocacy of the civil rights movement and argues that UNC was a particularly powerful force for social change during the mid-twentieth century.Interviewee:Terry SanfordInterviewer:Cindy CheathamDuration: 00:30:41
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 3 excerpts.

Lemuel Delany, July 15, 2005. Interview R-0346.
Upward Mobility: From Raleigh to New York:
Lemuel Delany grew up in segregated Raleigh, North Carolina, during the 1920s and 1930s before moving to Harlem in New York City. In this interview, Delany discusses race relations in the South and in the North, offers his reaction to his aunts' book Having Our Say, outlines his family's accomplishments, and explains his disapproval of some of the actions of the NAACP and his disappointment in the impact of desegregation on African American institutions.Interviewee:Lemuel DelanyInterviewer:Kimberly HillDuration: 01:33:44
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

111.

Arthur Raper, January 30, 1974. Interview B-0009-2.
Director of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation Describes His Perception of Jessie Daniel Ames and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching:
Southern sociologist and civil rights activist Arthur Raper discusses his interactions with Jessie Daniel Ames and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching during his tenure as the research director of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation from 1926 to 1939. Raper describes Ames as an effective but contentious leader.Interviewee:Arthur RaperInterviewer:Jacquelyn HallDuration: 01:04:21
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Margaret Kennedy Goodwin, September 26, 1997. Interview R-0113.
African American Woman Describes Life as a Single Working Mother in Mid-Twentieth-Century Durham, North Carolina:
Margaret Kennedy Goodwin grew up in Durham, North Carolina, during the 1920s and 1930s. In this interview, she describes a thriving African American community in Durham, one that she views as having suffered at the hands of urban renewal during the 1970s and 1980s. In addition, she describes her educational aspirations and her career as a technician in the radiology laboratory at Durham's Lincoln Hospital.Interviewee:Margaret Kennedy GoodwinInterviewer:Angela HornsbyDuration: 01:28:56
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

Louise Pointer Morton, December 12, 1994. Interview Q-0067.
Growing Up in Rural Granville County, North Carolina, in the Early Twentieth Century:
Louise Pointer Morton describes life in rural Granville County, North Carolina, during the early twentieth century. In addition to describing social gatherings and living conditions, Morton speaks at length about her formerly enslaved grandmother's role in the founding of the Jonathon (Johnson) Creek Church, alluding to the centrality of religion as a preeminent social institution within southern African American communities.Interviewee:Louise Pointer MortonInterviewer:Eddie McCoyDuration: 00:47:42
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

Barbara Greenlief, April 27, 1996. Interview R-0020.
Daughter of Singer Lily May Ledford Recalls Her Mother's Life, Career, and Struggles with Southern Gender Ideals:
The daughter of southern singer Lily May Ledford, Barbara Greenlief, recalls the life and career of her mother. Focusing primarily on her mother's years spent performing with the Coon Creek Girls, Greenlief describes her mother's working relationship with her manager, John Lair, and the ways in which she struggled to reconcile her desire for independence with her adherence to gender ideals of the day.Interviewee:Barbara GreenliefInterviewer:Lisa YargerDuration: 02:03:20
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

122.

Margaret Edwards, January 20, 2002. Interview R-0157.
African American Woman From North Carolina Discusses Her Life as a Mormon:
Margaret Edwards grew up in a large African American sharecropping family in Ayden, North Carolina, during the 1950s and 1960s. She eventually settled in the Raleigh area. Following her experiences with the Baptist and Pentecostal Holiness churches, she converted to Mormonism in 1998. In this interview, she discusses her role within the Mormon Church as an African American woman; the intersections between race, gender, and religion; and the attitude of other denominations toward Mormonism.Interviewee:Margaret EdwardsInterviewer:Barbara CopelandDuration: 01:26:53
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

Guion Griffis Johnson, May 28, 1974. Interview G-0029-3.
A Southern Sociologist Describes Her Education and Her Work in Race Relations:
Renowned southern sociologist Guion Griffis Johnson discusses her education, her work with the Institute for Research in Social Sciences, her participation in the Carnegie-Myrdal Study of the Negro in America, and the challenges of being a woman academic during the 1920s and 1930s. Throughout the interview, she emphasizes the challenges and experiences of academics with progressive views of race and gender during that era.Interviewee:Guion Griffis JohnsonInterviewer:Mary FredericksonDuration: 02:04:40
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 8 excerpts.

Ella Baker, September 4, 1974. Interview G-0007.
Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee:
Ella Baker was an instrumental figure in the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In this interview, she offers a candid analysis of the formation of those organizations and an insider's perspective on the role of and interactions between various civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr.Interviewee:Ella BakerInterviewer:Eugene WalkerDuration: 03:34:21
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.

Ella Baker, April 19, 1977. Interview G-0008.
Leading Others into Light: Ella Baker and the Growth of the Civil Rights Movement:
Civil rights activist and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) mentor Ella Josephine Baker outlines her family history, traces her growing radical tendencies, and explains the catalysts that pushed her into public activism. In this interview she discusses her work not only with SNCC, but also with the Workers' Education Project, the Cooperative League, and the NAACP.Interviewee:Ella BakerInterviewer:Sue ThrasherDuration: 03:09:41
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 21 excerpts.

137.

Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976. Interview G-0044.
A Legal Activist Discusses Her Work in the Civil Rights and Women's Liberation Movements:
Pauli Murray was a prominent legal activist within the civil rights and women's liberation movements. In this interview, she discusses her childhood and her education, the events leading up to her decision to pursue a career in law, the evolution of her career, her decision to enter the seminary, and her thoughts on civil rights and women's liberation.Interviewee:Pauli MurrayInterviewer:Genna Rae McNeilDuration: 05:18:41
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.

138.

Gladys Harris, August 8, 1979. Interview H-0124.
Hosiery Mill Worker Describes Life and Work in Gastonia, North Carolina:
Gladys Harris grew up in a farming family during the 1910s and 1920s. In 1940, she went to work as an inspector and as a sewer in Gastonia, North Carolina, hosiery mills. Because her husband was unable to work, Harris was the chief earner for her family. She describes her experiences at work over the course of several decades.Interviewee:Gladys HarrisInterviewer:Patty DilleyDuration: 01:10:01
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 4 excerpts.

Sharon Rose Powell, June 20, 1989. Interview L-0041.
Challenges to In Loco Parentis Rules for Women at UNC in the Mid-1960s:
Sharon Rose Powell attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the mid-1960s, when the university began to admit women students in greater numbers. In this interview, she vividly recalls her experiences at UNC, focusing primarily on the in loco parentis rules that gave the university permission to act as surrogate parents and her own role in challenging and removing many of those rules.Interviewee:Sharon Rose PowellInterviewer:Pamela DeanDuration: 02:11:51
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 5 excerpts.

141.

Suzanne Post, June 23, 2006. Interview U-0178.
Suzanne Post and the Fight for Civil Rights in Louisville, Kentucky:
Civil rights activist Suzanne Post speaks about what motivated her commitment to social justice. Though she is best known for her work to overcome race-based segregated education in Louisville and to launch Louisville's Metropolitan Housing Coalition, Post insists that her most important work centered on women's rights.Interviewee:Suzanne PostInterviewer:Sarah ThuesenDuration: 01:47:27
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 16 excerpts.

142.

Angela Brightfeather, January 24, 2002. Interview K-0841.
A Discussion of Transgender Identity and its Relationship to the GLBT Community in North Carolina:
Before moving to North Carolina in 1999, Angela Brightfeather spent most of her life in Syracuse, New York, where she was actively involved in the transgender community. In this interview, Brightfeather describes her own transgender experience, variations in transgenderism, the history of transgender people, the relationship of transgender people to the GLBT community, and her activist work for transgender rights in North Carolina.Interviewee:Angela BrightfeatherInterviewer:Chris McGinnisDuration: 02:30:40
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

143.

Gemma Ziegler, June 22, 2006. Interview U-0181.
A Louisville Nurse Discusses Her Role in Efforts to Organize Nurses:
During the mid-1970s, Gemma Ziegler became a nurse in Louisville, Kentucky, and joined the campaign to organize nurses. In this interview, she discusses her experiences as a nurse; her work as an organizer for We're Involved in Nursing (WIN); her role in the founding of the Nurses Professional Organization (NPO); and the NPO's various activities from the late 1980s into the early twenty-first century.Interviewee:Gemma ZieglerInterviewer:Sarah ThuesenDuration: 01:58:53
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 7 excerpts.

144.

Kay Tillow, June 23, 2006. Interview U-0180.
Labor Activist Discusses Her Work with Local 1199, the Machinists, and the NPO:
Kay Tillow discusses her career as a labor activist, describing her early work in social justice movements of the 1960s and with Local 1199 in Pennsylvania during the 1970s and 1980s. In the late 1980s, Tillow returned to her home state of Kentucky, where she worked closely with the Nurses Professional Organization (NPO) as a representative of the Association of Machinists, who sponsored the NPO in their initial effort to organize Louisville nurses. She continued her work with the NPO towards achieving bargaining power into the early twenty-first century.Interviewee:Kay TillowInterviewer:Sarah ThuesenDuration: 02:03:33
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 6 excerpts.

145.

Viola Turner, April 17, 1979. Interview C-0016.
Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender at North Carolina Mutual:
In this second part of an extensive two-part interview series, Viola Turner discusses race relations in Durham and her experiences working for North Carolina Mutual. Turner offers vivid and detailed anecdotes that reveal the intricate social and professional network of Durham, primarily in the 1920s and 1930s.Interviewee:Viola TurnerInterviewer:Walter WeareDuration: 06:28:10
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 15 excerpts.

146.

Thelma Stevens, February 13, 1972. Interview G-0058.
Building Bridges: A White Southerner's Devotion to Improving Race Relations:
Thelma Stevens was the director of the Bethlehem Center in Augusta, Georgia, and the Superintendent of Christian Social Relations of the Women's Missionary Council for the Methodist Episcopal Church. In this interview, she describes her childhood in rural Mississippi, her education, and her work with the Methodist Church, all in relationship to her lifelong devotion to improving race relations in the South.Interviewee:Thelma StevensInterviewer:Jacquelyn Hall, Bob HallDuration: Unknown
Annotated Excerpts:Listen to and read all 11 excerpts.