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In this June 8, 2017 photo, Madison Bonner-Bianchi, center, poses for photos with her parents Mark Shumway, from left, Kimberli Bonner and Victoria Bianchi in Oakland, Calif. American courts have for decades granted some rights to grandparents, stepparents and others in children's lives, but parents have uniquely broad rights and responsibilities. Advocates say acknowledging a third parent reflects the realities of some families. Among them: a man seeking to remain in a paternal role after DNA shows someone else fathered the child he's raising; a terminally ill single mom joining forces with a couple to provide surviving parents for her child.

Sixteen-year-old Madison's family clustered for a photo in a California courtroom, commemorating the day it finally became official that she has three parents.

The adults she calls Mom, Dad and Mama were all there for her birth, after the women decided to have a child together and approached a male friend. They shared time with Madison and input on raising her. Their Christmas Day traditions involve all of them.

But legally, Victoria Bianchi became her daughter's parent only this fall, joining a small but growing number of Americans who have persuaded courts and legislatures to give legal recognition to what's sometimes called "tri-parenting."

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Bianchi made use of a 2013 California law declaring that a child can have more than two parents. A similar law took effect in Maine last year. Courts in at least 10 other states, including New York just this winter, have designated third parents in recent years, even as some courts and experts have raised qualms that more parents means more potential conflict.

American courts have for decades granted some rights to grandparents, stepparents and others in children's lives, but parents have uniquely broad rights and responsibilities.

Advocates say acknowledging a third parent — whether on a birth certificate, by adoption, or in a custody or child support ruling — reflects the modern realities of some families: gay couples who set out to have a child with a friend of the opposite gender, men seeking to retain paternal roles after DNA shows someone else is a biological father, and other situations.

While there's little if any research directly on tri-parenting, experts are divided on how it may affect children.

Anita Jones Thomas, a University of Indianapolis professor who heads the American Psychological Association's child-and-family section , sees potential pluses. "That extra sense of social support has really been found to be beneficial for children," she says.

But W. Bradford Wilcox, a University of Virginia sociologist, points to research — not on tri-parenting specifically — showing that children in stable, two-parent families do better on average educationally, emotionally and otherwise than kids who aren't.

"This is going to be a family form where children are exposed to more complexity and more instability," he says.

When a quip about having a baby together turned into a serious discussion, Kitty Stillufsen, her longtime friend Darren Greenblatt and his now-husband, Sam Hunt, didn't foresee how complex tri-parenting would get.

The girl was born in 2009, with Greenblatt's and Stillufsen's genes and Hunt's last name. They spent part of the infant's early months together in Stillufsen's New Jersey home. Later, the Manhattan-based men rented a house in Stillufsen's seaside hometown in summers, her busy season managing her family's restaurant. She and the pre-schooler spent winters in Costa Rica.

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Hunt wasn't declared a legal parent, however. The judge said lawmakers needed to decide whether to give tri-parenting such recognition, a social policy choice likely to have "far-reaching implications."

Regardless, Hunt, a teacher, says the ruling gave him "a sense of security and peace" after "the pain of having to defend that relationship and prove that relationship."

But to Stillufsen, tri-parenting has turned into a two-against-one fight.

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The judge found she and Greenblatt were fit parents. "Why do we need a third?" she asks. And she wonders where will courts now draw the line on who's a parent in other families.

"At what point does it end?" says Stillufsen, now a teacher in training. "How many parents can a child possibly have?"

She now thinks tri-parenting is "logically dangerous territory" that risks creating turmoil around kids. Greenblatt and Hunt still believe it can work, with detailed planning.

"We were naive," says Greenblatt, a fashion entrepreneur and bakery co-founder. "Our example should be a cautionary tale."

"But then again, we have this beautiful, smart, funny, amazing kid," he says.

Tri-parenting hasn't been uncomplicated for Victoria Bianchi, former partner Kimberli Bonner and friend Mark Shumway. When Bonner gave birth to Madison in 2000, the law allowed for only two legal parents, so Bianchi couldn't adopt unless one of the others gave up parental status. Shumway knew it was important to Bianchi. But "I could not do that, sign away the rights to my daughter," he says.

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Bianchi was heartbroken and stung by the limitations of not being a legal mom. The insurance estimator cried after trying to register the girl for kindergarten and being told: "Oh, you're not a parent?"

Still, the three adults collaborated: "Madison was the most important thing to all of us, so we just wanted, whatever the differences, to work through it," says Bonner, a tech company claims adjuster. Shumway, a real estate agent, appreciates their three-parent family so much he hopes to form another with his husband and a woman.

Madison Bonner-Bianchi says her relationship with her parents resembles anyone else's — "I just happen to have three of them."