Neurodegenerative disorders are among the most devastating human illnesses. They present a significant source of morbidity and mortality, and given an aging population, an impending public health crisis. Disease-modifying treatments remain sparse, with most current therapies focused on reducing symptom burden. The cellular stress response is intimately linked to energy management and has frequently been posited as playing a central role in neurodegeneration. Using two distinct neurodegenerative diseases as ‘case studies’, aberrant cellular stress and energy management are demonstrated as potential pathways contributing to neurodegeneration. First, the Huntington’s disease protein, huntingtin, is observed to rapidly localize to early endosomes, where it is associated with arrest in early-to-late and early-to-recycling endocytic trafficking. Given the energy-dependent nature of vesicular trafficking, this arrest is postulated to free substantial energy within the cell, which may subsequently be diverted to pathways that are critical for the initiation of longer-duration stress responses, such as the unfolded protein response. In the context of Huntington’s disease, impaired recovery from this stress response is observed, suggesting deficits in intracellular vesicular trafficking and energy regulation exist in disease states. In the second ‘case study’, a novel spinocerebellar ataxia variant is characterized, occurring as a result of point mutations within two genes: ATXN7 and TOP1MT, which encode ataxin-7 and the type I mitochondrial topoisomerase (top1mt), respectively. Ataxin-7 has previously been implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7, which occurs as a result of a polyglutamine expansion in the first exon of the protein. Patient cells are noted to have substantially lower mitochondrial respiratory function in comparison to healthy controls and decreased levels of mitochondrial DNA, and ataxin-7 subcellular localization is observed to be abnormal. This suggests that there is important interplay between the mitochondria and proteins implicated in neurodegeneration and provides further support for aberrant cellular bioenergetics as a unifying pathway to neurodegeneration. In the concluding chapters, the nuclear localization signal of ataxin-7 is characterized, and there is analysis comparing conical ‘atraumatic’ lumbar puncture needles with bevel-tipped ‘conventional’ needles. Atraumatic needles are noted to be associated with significantly less patient complications and require fewer return visits to hospital. Moreover, atraumatic needles are demonstrated to have similar rates of success and failure when controlling for important variables like clinician specialty, dispelling common misconceptions surrounding their ease-of-use. As lumbar puncture is ubiquitous within the clinical neurosciences and is important for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of disease, as well as clinical trials, this work has far-reaching implications for patient care and future research.