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33 World energy sources Fossil Solar Wind Nuclear Geothermal Biomass Hydropower “Future water use and the challenge of hydropower development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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4 4 Regional hydro-power potential “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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55 No arid country has become rich without extensive investment in water-retaining dams. and No mountainous country has become rich without tapping most of its hydroelectric potential. Utilization of hydro-power potential “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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66 The first fact is that dams have been the foundation for economic development in most rich countries, which have developed huge inventories of dams. For example, arid countries like the US and Australia have around 5000 m 3 of storage capacity for every citizen, and countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have developed over 70% of their economically viable hydroelectric potential. The second fact is that poor countries have orders of magnitude of less water infrastructure. Instead of the 5000 m 3 of storage in rich arid countries, India and Pakistan have 150 m 3 and Ethiopia and Kenya 50 m 3 of storage capacity per capita! Instead of developing 70% of their hydropower potential, poor countries with large hydropower resources like Nepal have developed less than 1% of their hydro potential, and Africa as a whole less than 5%. Utilization of hydro-power potential “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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7 The capacity (P) of a hydro-power plant can easily be calculated from the h head, Q discharge and η efficiency, which later one incorporates losses in head caused by power canal, turbine, generator, transformer, etc. P [kW] = Q [m 3 /s] * h [m] * a [kN/m 3 ] The coefficient a is practically constant in all cases: a = g * ρ * η = 7500 [N/m 3 ] where g is gravitational acceleration (9,81 m/sec²), ρ is water density (1000 kg/m³) and η is the net efficiency of the hydro-power plant, (assumed to be 76,5%) Generator Turbine “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Hydro-power calculations

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8 Hydropower is very efficient –Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the “busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water) Typical losses are due to –Frictional drag and turbulence of flow –Friction and magnetic losses in turbine & generator Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95% Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Efficiency of hydro-power plants

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14 Fuel is not burned, so there is minimal pollution Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature  It's renewable - rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always there  No waste products  High efficiency (80%)  Low cost electricity  Long life span  Provides flood control below dam  Provides year-round water for irrigation and crop land  Useful for fishing and recreation due to reservoir Advantages “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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15 High construction costs High environmental impacts High CO 2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow reservoirs Floods natural areas Converts land habitat to lake habitat Danger of collapse Uproots people Decreases fish harvest below dam Decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam Large water loss due to evaporation “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Disadvantages / Environmental problems

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16 Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines –Creation of new wetland habitat –Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ecological impacts

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18 Energy demands in the future? If hydro-power is to be used than - Discharge? Conflicting demands for constrained water resources? “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Dilemmas of vision makeing Water EnergyAgricultureFinanceIndustryTourismEnvironmentFisheries

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19 Conflicting demands for constrained water resources - implement IWRM. “IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Dilemmas of vision makeing

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20 How the three pillars of IWRM would develop in the future? “Future water use and the challenge of hydro-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Feb 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Economic Efficiency Equity Environmental Sustainability Management Instruments  Assessment  Information  Allocation Instruments Enabling Environment  Policies  Legislation Institutional Framework  Central - Local  River Basin  Public - Private Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource” Dilemmas of vision makeing

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21 “Future water use and the challenge of hydo-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Febr 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó), also known as Kisköre Reservoir (Kiskörei-víztározó), is the largest artificial lake in Hungary.

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22 Special Areas (SAC) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in Hungary

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23 “Future water use and the challenge of hydo-power development in Western Balkan” Workshop, Febr 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia