Reforming Jim Crow

Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown

Kimberley Johnson

Groundbreaking work that will reshape how we think about the origins of the Civil Rights Era

Paints one of the most complex portraits to date of racial politics in the South in the first half of the twentieth century

Shows how the weaknesses in Jim Crow system allowed reformers to lay some of the groundwork that would lead to the system>'s eventual collapse

Reforming Jim Crow

Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown

Kimberley Johnson

Description

Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education, sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches--as a revolutionary social upheaval that upended a rigid caste system. While the 1950s was a watershed era in Southern and civil rights history, the tendency has been to paint the preceding Jim Crow era as a brutal system that featured none of the progressive reform impulses so apparent at the federal level and in the North. As Kimberley Johnson shows in this pathbreaking reappraisal of the Jim Crow era, this argument is too simplistic, and is true to neither the 1950s nor the long era of Jim Crow that finally solidified in 1910. Focusing on the political development of the South between 1910 and 1954, Johnson considers the
genuine efforts by white and black progressives to reform the system without destroying it. These reformers assumed that the system was there to stay, and therefore felt that they had to work within it in order to modernize the South. Consequently, white progressives tried to install a better--meaning more equitable--separate-but-equal system, and elite black reformers focused on ameliorative (rather than confrontational) solutions that would improve the lives of African Americans. Johnson concentrates on local and state reform efforts throughout the South in areas like schooling, housing, and labor. Many of the reforms made a difference, but they had the ironic impact of generating more demand for social change among blacks. She is able to show how demands slowly rose over time, and how
the system laid the seeds of its own destruction. The reformers' commitment to a system that was less unequal--albeit not truly equal--and more like the North led to significant policy changes over time. As Johnson powerfully demonstrates, our lack of knowledge about the cumulative policy transformations resulting from the Jim Crow reform impulse impoverishes our understanding of the Civil Rights revolution. Reforming Jim Crow rectifies that.

Reforming Jim Crow

Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown

Kimberley Johnson

Table of Contents

AcknowledgementsIntroduction 1. The Problem of the South and the Beginning of Reform2. Lynching, Legitimacy and Order3. The Southern Reform and the New Deal4. Democratization for the White South5. The Natural Way: Education in the Jim Crow Order6. Higher Education for Blacks in the South: Pragmatism and Principle? 7. Building the Jim Crow University System 8. Jim Crow Reform and the Rebirth of Black Political Citizenship9. The End of Jim Crow Reform CodaBibliographyNotes Index

Reforming Jim Crow

Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown

Kimberley Johnson

Author Information

Kimberly Johnson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Barnard College.