​The whole idea of the Creator of the universe writing a book plagued me after I discovered the human-made pagan roots of modern religions, including mine.

So I explored the origin of holy books, particularly the Bible.

No Early Consensus

Jesus, other Hebrews before him, Mohammed, and most founders of religions did not write holy books during their lives. They were not originally written in Middle-Age English or other modern languages, leather bound with gold embossed page edges, thumb notched, and then carefully guarded and passed down to this day.

There was no consensus among Jews, even into the Christian era, as to which books were to be included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Some of present-day Judaism's most sacred books did not even exist at the time Columbus visited America. Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox religions are also in disagreement about the Hebrew Bible.

The Christian Bible (New Testament) was also not set in stone. There is no uninterrupted Bible tradition beginning with the first printing for Adam and Eve, and then extending to Jesus, and from Jesus down to this day. Astonishingly, there are absolutely no original texts. I kept this in the forefront of my mind when considering any argument about what the Bible does or does not say.

The earliest writings used in the New Testament are generally thought to be letters by Paul (who never met Jesus), believed to have been written about 50 to 60 A.D. (twenty to thirty years after the death of Jesus). The earliest Gospel is believed to have been written in a range of 70-200 A.D. The earliest actual document found is the P52 papyrus fragment of the Gospel of John. It is a copy of a copy of a copy . . . dated between 125-300 A.D. There are thousands of other fragments of copies of copies of copies . . . most dating to the ninth century.

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​Early Copy Differences

There are hundreds of thousands of differences between the various copies of copies of copies of mistakes of mistakes. More differences than words in the New Testament. There are spelling errors, words, lines, and pages omitted, and the insertion of the personal views of the scribes. Most are inconsequential to meaning, and some alter the meaning entirely. The greatest differences are among the earliest copies. (Which, of course, suggests that the later versions were redacted to fit the ideas of people far removed from the actual events.) Remember, since there are no originals the true degree of variance from the originals is not known.

Some of the known more serious examples of omissions and contradictions include the famous story of Jesus telling those without sin to cast the first stones at an adulteress. (John 7:53-8:11) This is not found in the earliest manuscripts. The last 12 verses in Mark regarding speaking in tongues and snake handling are also not found in the oldest manuscripts. (Mark 16:9-20) How many people through the millennia have been injured and killed believing these were words of the Creator can only be guessed. Jesus' statement in Luke 23:34 asking the father to forgive his executioners for not knowing what they were doing is missing in the oldest texts. Jesus is said to be angry with a leper for wanting to be healed in one verse but is said to love him in another. Whether Jesus is god or not, or part of a trinity, depends upon which part of the Bible is being read.

Scholars around the world spend entire lives debating the comparisons between the copies of copies of copies of mistakes of mistakes. At stake is the inerrancy of the Bible but there is no original by which any copied document can be compared to determine accuracy! (Internet search: Dr. Bart Ehrman debates on YouTube)

There were many stories about Jesus other than the few that were finally included in today's New Testament. For example, the "apocryphal" writings not included in the modern Bible were accepted by many Christians in the first four centuries. Books referred to in the Old Testament, such as Nathan, Jasher, Ahijah, Iddo, Jehu, and the Sayings of the Seers are not included. Catholics include numerous Apocryphal (Deuterocanonical) books while other religions exclude them. Joseph Smith's translation of the Book of Mormon, created by putting a hat containing a seer stone over his face, is not included. The Song of Solomon and Esther are included but never mention a divinity or any religious duty.

Many Different Christianities From the Beginning

It was most certainly a surprise to learn that Christianity in its beginnings was heterogeneous as it is now. Although today it is commonly argued by Bible-believing sects, including the one I followed for a time, that they have "gotten back to the original true Christianity." But there is no evidence that there was ever one original true Jesus religion. All versions were vying Jewish reformist and messianic movements, not something separate from Judaism. Christianity did not become unified until the pagan government stepped in hundreds of years A.D.

The human element was everywhere. Over many hundreds of years, Christianity was codified based upon which group could gain the favor of worldly powers and suppress opponents. Decisions about what to believe were made through special interest, debate, and battle. (Which brings to mind current political affairs.) The history of Christianity comes to us through the eyes of the victors. The losers were called heretics, the winners were called orthodox. It became clear to me that the Christianity of today is a collection of human choices made by those in positions of power who want to keep their power.

The New Testament came to be a selection of writings from among many, such as the "heretical" Gnostic and Essene gospels. Only four gospels were chosen, and some scholars say it was for mythical reasons, such as comporting with the "four zones of the world" or the four corners of the zodiac cross.

There has never been a consensus of what should or should not be in the Bible. People such as Origen and Eusebius in earliest Christian times, later Martin Luther, and modern-day scholars debated and debate about what is or is not the authentic "word of god" Bible. Such debate remains alive and well because, again, there are no original texts by which to judge the thousands of copies of copies of copies.

The Bible has been repeatedly edited, then rewritten again and again, translated and re-translated, then given to kings for them to purge and compose to their liking, then edited, rewritten, and translated over and over, then modified by popes, then rewritten and re-edited to remove the parts they didn't like and keep their favorite parts. Any consistency found today is not because the eclectic original writings (which, again, do not exist) agreed with one another, but because of the heroic postproduction redaction skills of the assemblers.

Constantine's Decisions

The official state-sanctioned assemblage of writings known as the Bible began when the Roman Emperor Constantine saw his empire increasingly divided by religious factions. In 325 A.D., while still embracing pagan Mithraism, he viewed the Christ god primarily as an effective war god. (See edfu-books.uk for one historian's conclusion that Jesus was a warrior king living into the 60s.) Constantine convened the Council of Nicaea to keep his kingdom united by establishing Christian orthodoxy. This was the first of several such councils to decide upon the makeup (canon) of the Bible.

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​At the time of Constantine, councils to mandate beliefs were necessary because varying ideas were popping up everywhere, just like they do today. For example, Docetism, based upon the Gospel of Peter, one of the early books rejected, was widely spread. It taught that Jesus was not physically real, but rather an allegory for the spiritual awakening possible within any person. Many scholars today argue that all of Paul's letters reflect that same belief. Others disagree. (YouTube contains many debates on these subjects by scholars such as Ehrman, Price, and Carrier which, in spite of all the erudite knowledge displayed, solve nothing.)

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At one counsel in ancient Chalcedon, it was decided that Christ was both human and divine. The opposition, called Monophysites, believed Christ was only divine. After the Council voted, the Monophysites were declared heretics.

In the 4th century, Pelagius refuted Augustine's original sin doctrine that man was predestined to be evil due to the fall of Adam and Eve. According to Pelagius, the mistakes of man do not come from inherent evil, but rather from failed conscience and the ability to choose. To him, guilt and sin were a matter of will, not moral genetics. Pelagianism was anathematized as heresy in the 6th century but continues to this day.

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​At the time of Constantine's Council of Nicaea, the prevalent view of Christian salvation, as evidenced in the Gnostic gospels (Nile River Gospels/Nag Hammadi Library) and as taught by early scholars such as Origen (third century), was that people reincarnated to learn and grow from a variety of Earth experiences. Christ could be "within" any person and any person could be a "son of God." People were their own redeemers on Earth.

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A more favorable and utilitarian view to Constantine, himself coming from a long line of emperor gods and sons of gods, beginning with Julius Caesar in 49 B.C., was that salvation could only take place in heaven. Not surprisingly, to get to heaven people had to demonstrate appropriate obedience to earthly state religion creeds, ordained clergy, and their god leader, Constantine.

Notice how the Creator of the universe has nothing to do with any of this. Human ego and power are at the helm.

Arius argued Jesus could not be the same as god, but Constantine's council at Nicaea made Jesus an incarnate son of god just like Constantine declared himself to be.

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​To make sure there were no heirs of Jesus lingering about to compete with him, Constantine applied the pagan doctrine of god celibacy to the Jesus and Mary story. To be saved, people needed baptism into and confession of the Nicene and other creeds. People were executed for not believing what such councils decided.

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​The early Christian reincarnation view was a threat to Constantine because it put people in charge of their own spirituality and posited salvation with no time limits. Constantine, of course, preferred the church-state in charge and putting people on notice that if they did not obey the church-state during their one shot on Earth (in his domain), hell awaited. It was a contest between individual spirituality on the one hand and the business of power religion and politics on the other.

A vote was taken and, not surprisingly, the church-state idea of heavenly salvation won. But there were still dissenters. Constantine immediately had rebels, such as Arius, branded as heretics and banished. All books contrary to the new orthodoxy were destroyed. Keeping one was punishable by death.

A second Nicaea vote was held. The dissenters weighed their options: vote with Constantine or be banished, or worse. Of course, Constantine's doctrine of heavenly salvation and the deity of Jesus won by a landslide. That became the Biblical word of god.

About a hundred years later, not wanting to contend with the persistent heretical Gnostics who challenged the Nicene Creed, and to make compliance doubly sure, Archbishop Cyril had as many of the Gnostic gospels and contrary books as he could find in Alexandria's libraries burned. (The only thing worse than book burning is not to read them.) Some early Christians hid their texts in earthen jars and placed them in caves to be preserved in the desert air. That's why some of the Gnostic Christian texts have survived to this day, such as the Nag Hammadi codices found in upper Egypt in 1945.

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​Pity those who disagreed with Constantine's new orthodoxy. The beautiful Alexandrian teacher, Hypatia, was dragged to the church, stripped by Cyril's holy monks, and flayed alive to the bone with oyster shells for her noncompliant reincarnation-flavored Christian philosophy. Imagine the degree of belief necessary to flay a living person! But these early church fathers felt they were just doing god's bidding. And besides, they thought that if their god could torture people eternally in hellfire, they should emulate such cruelty and ferocity as best they could. Oh, the horrific things ideology can justify!

In celebration of Cyril's great contribution to holiness, he was made a saint upon his death.

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​Constantine the Great, who claimed "foreknowledge granted by God himself," has been revered even though he was responsible for the death of his wife Faustus, and son Crispus (in 326, one year after the council where he decreed what god says), and other atrocities.

This early history of the Bible did not incline me to continue to labor over every Biblical word voted on by Constantine and the likes of Cyril. Why, 1600 years later, should I insist on eating the offal of an ancient world.

Why Not a Perfect Book in Everyone's Hands?

I also reasoned that if the Creator felt it important that humans have a perfect book to show a path to heaven and avoid divine wrath, then it would be reasonable to expect that billions of copies in each of the 10,000+ native languages should magically appear, one into each person's hands. Moreover, all people could be magically programmed to interpret them the same. After all, obedience and holiness should center on knowing truth, not the ability to decipher confusing and ambiguous ancient tongues.

As it is, religions vie with one another on what holy books say and mean, even venerating those claiming special apologetic and exegetical skills and knowledge of ancient languages. All for what? Certainly not to learn ethics. Not only can anyone derive morality from simply probing their own consciences, but holy book renderings have also led to witch trials, the Inquisition, and countless other heinous acts.

At the least, an original Bible could be found by which all Bibles could be judged. And everyone would have to be literate and interpret it in the same way.

Then there is the embarrassing fact that general access to the 700,000 printed putative words of the Creator had to wait for Gutenberg in the fifteenth century, the inventor of the printing press, and modern mail services. That would make Gutenberg and mailmen among the holiest of all people.

Up to then, to keep the mystique and the clergy in power, the Bible was kept out of the hands of the populace for centuries. The flock was just spoon fed official interpretations. In 1536 William Tyndale was garroted and burned at the stake. His sin was translating the Bible from Latin into English and thus making it more accessible to the common folk. Wycliffe was also burned alive by godly clergy for attempting translations.

But in spite of hundreds of years of printing, distribution, and evangelism no holy book (forgetting that none can be traced to an original) has yet been made available to all nations in all languages. One-third of the world has not even heard of it. That means, since religions claim their holy books are essential, huge sections of the world are condemned. To create humans in need of a holy book and then place them in a holy book illiterate darkness would serve no purpose other than to condemn the world to wickedness and doom billions of souls. Attributing such an act to the Creator would make that Creator fiendish, or at best, negligent.

Religion is presented as a moral beacon. If the only way to get at morality is through a book, people would be faced with the impossible task of sorting through thousands of books to find the one(s) written by the Creator and then attempting to prove and decipher it (them). Finding and deciphering books is not morality. Nevertheless, people held in highest esteem by religions are the holy book decipherers.

Those serious about their holy book religions will spend their entire lives memorizing scriptures, studying original languages, and arguing doctrine and prophesy. I was on that path and still have the Bible I used with worn pages and hundreds of tiny notes and cross-references I made in the margins. Thousands of hours in study, but primarily to prove other religions wrong, while ignoring the sorts of things in these chapters that would cut the legs out from under any Bible religion's most fundamental tenets, including mine.

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​Uncertain Language

I was led to believe by my religion's leaders that an understanding of the original languages solves all Bible problems. So, I started to delve into the original languages of Bible writers (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek), and language itself. But that only made it clear that language itself creates generous room for disagreement and latitude. For example, Bible words in the native tongues, and those used in translations—Greek, Aramaic, Hebrew, Latin, Middle English, modern English, etc.—can have multiple meanings and cultural nuances.

Vowels were not added to the Hebrew language used in the Old Testament until the seventh century AD. There were no punctuations, sentence breaks, paragraphs, chapters, or headings in the original Bible text. This made consistent copying and deciphering nearly impossible. I had to stop romanticizing about inspired Bible writers and face the reality of hundreds of ancients writing on skins and plant leaves without Word, Spellcheck, and the Internet.

Even meanings for words change over time. "Wife" now means a woman married to a man. In Middle English, it meant simply a woman. This meaning remains to this day in words like "midwife" and "fishwife." Think of the Dutch one could get into imposing today's meaning of "wife" on writings just a few hundred years old. Consider the possibilities with writings thousands of years old in foreign languages.

Even the placement of a comma, if there are any, can make a huge difference in meaning. For example: "Woman, without her man, is nothing," versus, "Woman, without her, man is nothing." Simple commas produce exact opposite meanings.

Or, consider the words of Jesus to the repentant thief hanging on the cross beside him: "Truly I say to you, today you will be with me in heaven." (Implying that at death they would both be in heaven) Or, "Truly I say to you today, you will be with me in heaven." (This implies that they may not get there until some undetermined time in the future.) Both versions are in today's official Bibles stamped as the Word of God.

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​Presently there are some 40 English versions and over 1,400 translations of just the Bible. There is no "one" Bible or one other holy book. Nor are any of them better-written literature (as would be expected of the Creator) than humans can write.

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​Even if the Creator were a monoglot and all people on Earth spoke that language, and the canon of a holy book was undisputed, the problems of interpretation are not solved. For example, a legal contract in a tongue common to both parties can be interpreted differently. A judge and jury can also have different interpretations of it. A final judgment can cause debate in the legal profession for decades. That makes writings in a foreign tongue, translated over and over, written thousands of years ago, recounting oral traditions passed down through thousands of years before being written, impossible to be understood in one way by all people throughout all time. The thousands of vying religions based on the same book testify to this.

Hubris

Today it's common in religions to romanticize the ancients by letting distance in geography or time lend enchantment to their words. I must admit to this as well. The sonorous words and mysterious writings of the ancients make it easy to mystify them. But the past and its languages are not sacred for being past. Truth is also not time sensitive. What was true in antiquity can be found in the living present.

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​I reflected on the complexity of life and a universe holding more stars than grains of sand on Earth, and more atoms in a grain of sand than stars in the universe. (One of those trillions of stars, VY-Canis Majoris is so large that it would take a thousand years for a plane traveling a thousand miles per hour to circumnavigate it.) Given the scope of such reality, it seemed the ultimate hubris to believe that man fills the mind of a Creator who then stoops to converse in printed, flawed, and puny human languages.

The "Word of God" Claim

It is embarrassing to admit that the Bible claim to being the word of god influenced me. Wanting to believe, I ignored other books, such as the Quran, making the same claim. Since all holy books making the claim contradict each other, the claim is worthless.

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If the mere claim of god authorship is not sufficient proof, and learned scholars can disagree after spending entire lives trying to figure out what true scripture is or what it means, a layman, such as myself, could justifiably feel hopeless.

But, for a time, I was able to deny doubt as most others do by reasoning that all things are possible with a Creator of infinite power. That would include guiding scriptural truths through the quagmire of human scribes and foibles over eons. Embarrassingly, in that convenient rescue attempt, I didn't stop to ask myself or others why a Creator interested in sending a savior and communicating unequivocal truth would choose to do it in the Bronze Age when the world was essentially illiterate. Why not in the modern era with the Internet, television, and countless technological means to confirm the authenticity of documents and personages?

That reasonable question aside, I came to realize the real problem was reconciling what the Bible actually said with what we can know of the Creator by just examining natural law. A document authored by the Creator must mirror those laws and be true, noncontradictory, and ethical. Moreover, at the least, there should be substantial and solid historical evidence for central figures such as Jesus.

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Introduction1. Rules for Finding Truth2. Truth Is Real and Accessible3. Origin Choices4. The Laws of Thermodynamics5. The Law of Information6. The Law of Impossibility7. The Law of Biogenesis8. The Laws of Chemistry9. The Law of Time10. Fossil Problems11. Have Humans Evolved?12. Are We Selected Mutants?13. Favorite Evolutionist Proofs14. Why Evolution Is Believed15. Free Will Proves Creation16. Design17. Biological Machines18. Nuts, Bolts, Gears, and Rotors Prove Intelligent Design19. Humans Defy Evolution20. The Anthropic Universe21. Evolution’s Impact22. Putting Religion on the Table23. How Religion Begins and Develops24. Religions Cross Pollinate25. Gods Writing Books26. Questionable Foundations of Christianity27. How Best to Measure Holy Books28. The Ultimate Holy Book Test29. Religion Unleashed30. End(s) of the World31. Defending Holy Books32. Faith33. The Source of Goodness34. Matter is an Illusion35. Weird Things Disprove Materialism36. Even Weirder Things37. Creature Testimony38. Personal Weirdness39. Proving Weird Things40. Skeptics and Debunkers41. Free Will Proves We Are Other42. Mind Outside Matter43. Death is a Return44. Life After Death45. Why There is Suffering46. The Creator47. Thinking’s Destination$1 Million Reward

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