Chamber of Commerce and other business groups, argued that while Section 1981 offered no remedy, employees claiming retaliation could seek redress through another law, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII is more restrictive than Section 1981, as it imposes tighter deadlines, excludes some employers and doesn't apply to nonemployment contracts.

The socialist society does not have available to it those coercive means; among the foremost was nonemployment, hunger, and the terrible consequences for the worker who did not fulfill the obligations imposed on him by the capitalists.

Even a meager knowledge of English may mean an opportunity to work in a factory versus nonemployment, or it may mean a question of life or death when a sharp command must be understood in order to avoid the danger of a descending crane.