Introduction to AutoCAD 2009 2D and 3D Design- P7

Introduction to AutoCAD 2009 2D and 3D Design- P7: The purpose of writing this book is to produce a text suitable for
students in Further and/or Higher Education who are required to learn
how to use the CAD software package AutoCAD 2009. Students
taking examinations based on computer-aided design will fi nd the
contents of the book of great assistance.

290 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
6. Place another Distant Light (Distantlight2) in the same position TO
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and FROM the front and below the model at Z of 300.
7. When the model has been rendered if a light requires to be changed in
intensity, shadow, position or colour, click the Light List icon in the
Visualize/Lights panel (Fig. 15.31) and the Lights in Model palette
appears. Double-click a light name and the Properties palette for
the light appears in which modiﬁcations can be made (Fig. 15.32).
Amendments can be made as thought necessary.
Fig. 15.31 Selecting the Lights icon from the Visualize/Lights panel
Fig. 15.32 The Lights in Model and Properties palettes
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Note
In this example the Intensity factor has been set at 1 for lights. This is
possible because the lights are close to the model. In larger size models
the Intensity factor may have to be set to a higher ﬁgure.
Adding a material to the model
1. In the Metals – Materials Sample palette select Metals, Structural
and Metal Framing Steel (Fig. 15.33) to apply to the 3D model.
2. Click The Materials icon. The Materials palette appears showing
an icon of the applied material (Fig. 15.34). In the palettes click the
Fig. 15.33 The Metals, Structural Framing, Steel icon
Fig. 15.34 The Materials pallete showing the applied material
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292 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Diffuse color button and from the Select Color dialog which appears
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select a suitable colour for the model.
3. Click Apply Material to Objects icon (Fig. 15.34).
4. Click any part of the 3D model to apply the material to the model.
5. Right-click in the Type ﬁeld of the Material Editor section of the
palette and select Realistic in the right-click menu (Fig. 15.35).
Fig. 15.35 Select Realistic in the Type drop-down menu
6. Click the Advanced Render Settings tool in the Output/Render
toolbar and in the palette which appears select Presentation from the
list at the top of the palette (Fig. 15.36).
7. Render the 3D model again and if now satisﬁed save to a suitable ﬁle
name.
Figure 15.37 shows four renderings in the four Type settings.
Fig. 15.36 Setting the form of rendering to Presentation
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Fig. 15.37 First example – Rendering a 3D model
Note
The limited descriptions of rendering given in these pages does not
show the full value of different types of lights, materials and rendering
methods. The reader is advised to experiment with the facilities
available for rendering.
Second example – Rendering a 3D model (Fig. 15.39)
1. Construct 3D models of the two parts of the stand and support given in the
projections shown in Fig. 15.38 with the two parts assembled together.
Fig. 15.38 Second example – Rendering – orthographic projection
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294 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
2. Place the scene in the ViewCube/Top view, Zoom to 1 and add
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lighting.
3. Add different materials to the parts of the assembly and render the
result.
Figure 15.39 shows the resulting rendering.
Third example – Rendering a 3D model (Fig. 15.40)
Figure 15.40 shows an exploded, rendered 3D model of a pumping device
from a machine and Fig. 15.41 a third-angle orthographic projection of the
device from a machine.
Fig. 15.39 Second
example – Rendering
Fig. 15.40 Third example – Rendering
The 3dorbit tool
At the command line enter 3dorbit. The command line shows:
Command: 3dorbit
Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display the shortcut menu.
Right-click anywhere on screen and the 3dorbit right-click menu appears
(Fig. 15.42). Click Free Orbit. A circle and movement icon appears on
screen. The position and angle of the model can be adjusted by either
clicking in one of the four outer small circles or by clicking outside the
main circle and moving the mouse.
Example – 3dorbit (Fig. 15.42)
This is another tool for the manipulation of 3D models into different
positions within 3D space.
1. Open the ﬁle of the second example of rendering (Fig. 15.38).
2. Shade the model using Visual Styles/Realistic.
3. Enter 3dorbit at the command line.
4. With the cursor outside the circle move the mouse. The 3D model
rotates within the circle.
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Fig. 15.41 Third example – Rendering a 3D model – exploded orthographic views
5. With the cursor inside the circle move the mouse. The 3D model rotates
around the screen.
6. With the cursor inside any one of the small quadrant circles the 3D
model can be moved vertically or horizontally as the mouse is moved
(Fig. 15.41).
7. Fit the 3D model into a Four: Equal viewports setting. Note the
Realistic visual style still shows in each of the four viewports and that
the 3dorbit tool can still be used as shown in the bottom-right-hand
viewport (Fig. 15.43).
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296
CHAPTER 15 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Fig. 15.42 The right-click menus of the 3dorbit tool
Fig. 15.43 Example – 3dorbit in a Four: Equal viewport layout
Producing hard copy
Printing or plotting a drawing on screen using AutoCAD 2009 can be
carried out either from Model Space or from Paper Space. In versions of
AutoCAD before AutoCAD 2004, it was necessary to print or plot from
Pspace.
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Fig. 15.44 Calling the Plot tool from the Standard toolbar
First example – printing a single copy (Fig. 15.45)
Note
The drawing being printed in this example is in a Visual Styles/
Conceptual shading mode.
1. With a drawing to be printed or plotted on screen click the Plot tool
icon in the Standard toolbar (Fig. 15.44).
2. The Plot dialog appears. Set the Printer/Plotter to a printer or
plotter currently attached to the computer and the Paper Size to a
paper size to which the printer/plotter is set.
3. Click the Preview button of the dialog and if the preview is OK, right-
click and in the right-click menu which appears, click Plot.
The drawing plots producing the necessary hard copy
(Fig. 15.45).
Fig. 15.45 First example – printing a single copy
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298 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Second example – multiple view copy (Fig. 15.46)
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A 3D model to be printed is a Realistic view of a 3D model which has
been constructed on three layers – Red, Blue and Green in colour. To print
a multiple view copy proceed as follows:
1. Place the drawing in a Four: Equal viewport setting.
2. Make a new layer vports of colour cyan and make it the current
layer.
3. Click the Layout button in the status bar. The drawing appears in
Pspace. A view of the 3D model appears within a cyan coloured
viewport (Fig. 15.46).
4. Click the Plot tool icon in the Output/Plot toolbar. Make sure the
correct Printer/Plotter and Paper Size settings are selected and click
the Preview button of the dialog.
5. A preview of the 3D model appears.
6. If the preview is satisfactory (Fig. 15.46), right-click and from the
right-click menu click Plot. The drawing plots to produce the required
four-viewport hard copy.
Fig. 15.46 Second example – multiple view copy
Other forms of hard copy
When working in AutoCAD 2009, several different forms of hard copy
in Home/View visual styles are possible. As an example a single view
plot review of the same 3D model is shown in the Hidden shading form
(Fig.15.47).
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Fig. 15.47 An example of a Hidden Style plot Preview
Saving and opening 3D model drawings
3D model drawings are saved and/or opened in the same way as are 2D
drawings. To save a drawing click Save As… in the File drop-down menu
and save the drawing in the Save Drawing As dialog and enter a ﬁle name
in the File Name ﬁeld of the dialog before clicking the Save button. To
open a drawing which has been saved click Open… in the File drop-down
menu, and in the Select File dialog which appears select a ﬁle name from
the ﬁle list.
There are differences between saving a 2D and a 3D drawing, in that when
3D model drawing is shaded by using a visual style from the Home/View
panel, the shading is saved with the drawing.
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300 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Exercises
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Methods of constructing answers to the following exercises can be found in the free website:
http://books.elsevier.com/companions/9780750689830
1. A rendering of an assembled lathe tool holder is shown in Fig. 15.48. The rendering includes different
materials for each part of the assembly. Working to the dimensions given in the parts orthographic
drawing of Fig. 15.49, construct a 3D model drawing of the assembled lathe tool holder on several layers
of different colours, add lighting and materials and render the model in an isometric view. Shade with 3D
Visual Styles/Hidden and print or plot a ViewCube/Isometric view of the model drawing.
Fig. 15.48 Exercise 1
Fig. 15.49 Exercise 1 – parts drawings
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Rendering 301
2. Figure 15.50 is a rendering of a drip tray. 3. A three-view drawing of a hanging spindle
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Working to the sizes given in Fig. 15.51, bearing in third angle orthographic projection
construct a 3D model drawing of the tray. is shown in Fig. 15.52. Working to the
Add lighting and a suitable material, place the dimensions in the drawing construct a 3D
model in an isometric view and render. model drawing of the bearing. Add lighting
and a material and render the model.
Fig. 15.50 Exercise 2
Fig. 15.52 Exercise 3
Fig. 15.51 Exercise 2 – two-view projection
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Chapter 16
Building drawings
AIMS OF THIS CHAPTER
The aims of this chapter are:
1. to show that AutoCAD 2009 is a suitable computer-aided design software package for the
construction of building drawings;
2. to show that AutoCAD 2009 is a suitable CAD program for the construction of 3D models of
buildings.
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304 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Building drawings
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There are a number of different types of drawings related to the
construction of any form of building. In this chapter a fairly typical
example of a set of building drawings is shown. These are seven drawings
related to the construction of an extension to an existing two-storey house
(44 Ridgeway Road). These show:
1. a site plan of the original two-storey house, drawn to a scale of 1:200
(Fig. 16.1);
2. a site layout plan of the original house, drawn to a scale of 1:100
(Fig. 16.2);
3. ﬂoor layouts of the original house, drawn to a scale of 1:50 (Fig. 16.3);
4. views of all four sides of the original house drawn to a scale of 1:50
(Fig. 16.4);
5. ﬂoor layouts including the proposed extension, drawn to a scale of 1:50
(Fig. 16.5);
6. views of all four sides of the house including the proposed extension,
drawn to a scale of 1:50 (Fig. 16.6);
7. a sectional view through the proposed extension, drawn to a scale of
1:50 (Fig. 16.7).
Fig. 16.1 A site plan
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Building drawings 305
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Fig. 16.2 A site layout plan
Fig. 16.3 Floor layouts drawing of the original house
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CHAPTER 16 Introduction to AutoCad 2009
Fig. 16.4 Views of the original house
Fig. 16.5 Floor layouts drawing of the proposed extension
Note
1. Other types of drawing will be constructed such as drawings
showing the details of parts such as doors, windows, and ﬂoor
structures. These are often shown in sectional views.
2. Although the seven drawings related to the proposed extension of
the house at 44 Ridgeway Road are shown here as having been
constructed on either A3 or A4 layouts, it is common practice to
include several types of building drawing on larger sheets such as A1
sheets of a size 820 mm by 594 mm.
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Building drawings 307
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Fig. 16.6 Views including the proposed extension
Fig. 16.7 A section through the proposed extension
Floor layouts
When constructing ﬂoor layout drawings it is advisable to build up
a library of block drawings of symbols representing features such as
doors and windows. These can then be inserted into layouts from the
DesignCenter. A suggested small library of such block symbols is shown
in Fig. 16.8.
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