19. According to the reading by William Chambliss on the “Saints” (a group of middle class boys) and the
“Roughnecks” (a group of lower class boys), the ___ committed more illegal acts. This evidence and the
descriptions presented in the reading of the overall situation and the consequences of these acts support the
___ theory of deviance.
1. Saints / anomie
2. Roughnecks / cultural transmission
3. Roughnecks / control
4. Saints / labeling

4. Saints / labeling

20 If a parent correctly used a theory of deviance as a guide in deciding to move to a new neighborhood to
remove his/her children from the influence of gangs, he or she would apply:
1. structural strain (or anomie) theory.
2. differential association theory.
3. labeling theory.
4. control theory.

2. differential association theory.

21 According to the text, the control theory of deviance:
1. tries to explain why people commit deviant acts.
2. tries to explain why people commit property crimes.
3. tries to explain why people commit victimless crimes.
4. asks why people do not deviate.

4. asks why people do not deviate.

22 TRUE OR FALSE: According to the text, in the United States both the crime rate and the size of the
prison population have been decreasing over recent past decades.
1. TRUE
2. FALSE

25. According to the text, __ is defined as the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods
and services, fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives.
1. opportunity chances
2. achievement chances
3. life chances
4. ascribed chances

27. According to the discussion in the textbook, an element in the ___ thesis is the idea that the poor in classstratified
capitalist societies lack effective participation and integration within the larger society.
1. interactionist poverty
2. functional poverty
3. culture of poverty
4. objective poverty

3. culture of poverty

28. TRUE or FALSE: Institutional racism depends on two ideas that have been discredited in contemporary
scholarship: 1) that people may be reliably classified into biologically meaningful racial groups, and 2) that
these groups are inherently different in regard to ability and intelligence.
1. TRUE
2. FALSE

2. FALSE

29 According to the text, if ethnic stratification persists, then ethnicity will ___, and if ethnic stratification
diminishes significantly, ___.
1. diminish / then symbolic ethnicity will diminish as well
2. persist as well, / then symbolic ethnicity will diminish as well
3. diminish / it is possible that ethnicity for all groups will become increasingly symbolic
4. persist as well / it is possible that ethnicity for all groups will become increasingly symbolic

4. persist as well / it is possible that ethnicity for all groups will become increasingly symbolic

According to the textbook, the difference in earnings between white women and black women is:
1. small and shows that white women receive, in general, slightly higher earnings
2. large
3. very large
4. small and shows that black women receive, in general, slightly higher earnings.

1. small and shows that white women receive, in general, slightly higher earnings