Landscape in the arts

Thursday, June 30, 2016

I have been reading A Burglar's Guide to the City by BLDGBLOG's Geoff Manaugh which has interesting things to say about buildings, street patterns and the way urban space is used. With its focus on illegally entering enclosed structures there is little directly about 'landscape', although I did learn that a popular lock picking tool is a kind of landscape in miniature: the Bogotá rake, 'named because its waves and bends apparently resemble the mountains surrounding Bogotá, Columbia, where the tool was invented.' Also that there is a thorny plant, trifoliate orange, popular with security conscious landscape designers because it 'is so dense and fast-growing that it can stop speeding vehicles; it is used by the U.S. military to help secure the perimeters of missile silos and armories.' And that there was a burglar in Oregon

'who dressed up in a ghillie suit, a tangled mass of fake vegetation woven into nets, originally meant to camouflage military snipers by making them indistinguishable from plant life. Disguised as a plant, he then slipped into his target, which, of all things - because you couldn't make this up, it would be impossible to take seriously in a work of fiction - was a museum of rocks and minerals. He was after their gold and gemstones. Simulating one kind of landscape, he broke into a museum of another...'

Stories like this got me thinking about landscape art in a different way, as a target for burglary. A Cézanne painting, View of Auvers-sur-Oise (c. 1879-82) that I've always liked (the postcard I'm holding above was purchased just after I did my A-levels) can no longer be seen because it was stolen on millennium night. Here's how The Guardianreported the burglary on 3 January 2000.

'The theft of a £3m painting by Paul Cézanne in Oxford on millennium
night was carried out by a professional burglar who created a
smokescreen to foil security cameras, it was disclosed yesterday. With the noise of his break-in masked by celebratory fireworks, the
burglar cut a hole in the roof of the Ashmolean museum and descended to
its art gallery by rope ladder. He had a holdall containing a scalpel, tape, gloves, a smoke
canister and a small fan. He set off the canister, and used the fan to
spread the smoke and obscure the view of the gallery's closed circuit
cameras. In less than 10 minutes, he had seized the painting, View of
Auvers-sur-Oise, climbed up the ladder, and gone.'

There are apparently suspicions that this painting was stolen to order by a collector, obviously not a person to be satisfied with an Ashmolean Museum postcard. Fortunately art thefts are too rare to consider any prevailing aesthetic in the landscapes targetted. There's the painting that gave a name to an art movement - Monet's Impression, soleil levant - stolen in Paris by a yakuza gangster; Nebelschwaden by Caspar David Friedrich, taken along with two Turners by thieves who had hidden overnight in a Hamburg gallery; Govaert Flinck's Landscape with an Obelisk, lifted along with other Dutch masterpieces in Boston by a gang dressed up as policemen (one wearing a fake wax mustache); and Marine by Claude Monet, owned by a museum in Rio de Janeiro, which disappeared with its burglars into the carnival crowd, melting into the city like the thief who got away with his Cézanne while millennium fireworks created the perfect diversion.

Claude Monet, Charing Cross Bridge, 1901

Image: Wikimedia Commons, via Rotterdam Police

I will end here with a quote from A Burglar's Guide to the City concerning the role of architecture in a theft involving two more Monet paintings. The following paragraph is reprinted on the Fast Company website:

'One of the most spectacular art heists of the last decade is thought to
have succeeded precisely because of a flaw in a museum’s architectural
design, which inadvertently allowed the general public to study the
internal patterns of the security guards and visitors. The Kunsthal in
Rotterdam, designed by Rem Koolhaas’s firm OMA, was robbed in the middle
of the night back in October 2012; seven paintings were stolen,
including works by Matisse, Gauguin, Monet, and Picasso. Ton Cremers,
founder of the Museum Security Network, an online forum, put some of the
blame for this on the building itself: the museum’s expansive
floor-to-ceiling windows offered a clear and unobstructed view of many
of the paintings hanging inside. More important, they also allowed a
constant, real-time surveillance of the internal workings of the museum
for anyone passing by—the patterns of visitors and the comings and
goings of the guards were effectively on public display. Thus thieves
could have sat outside in a nearby park, watching until they found the
right moment to strike. The museum had its own internal rhythm of events
that the burglars interrupted with a perfectly timed counter-event: the
heist. This is the rhythmic spacetime of burglary.'

Friday, June 24, 2016

The Serpentine Gallery currently has two excellent exhibitions, not to mention the striking new Bjarke Ingels pavilion. I'll write about Etel Adnan separately; here I offer a few words about Alex Katz, and some images too because, unusually, you are allowed to take photographs. The show is called 'Quick Light', suggesting moments of illumination, sun glancing off objects or perhaps, in the large painting above, windows glimpsed at night from a passing car. Get up close to this painting and there are no further clues to the forms of the buildings or the identity of the city, all is black. Such scenes are non-specific but were painted in New York, where Katz was born back in 1927 and where he started painting among the Abstract Expressionists and
hanging out with the New York School poets. In another nocturnal image, Untitled Cityscape 4 (below), we see only a fragment of a dark building, a two-dimensional shadow against a cold grey sky streaked with ghostly cloud forms. It is like a cropped detail from an Edward Hopper painting. The fork of an aerial and corner of a dimly lit window have an air of menace. What we are shown of the roof resembles a fortification.

Alex Katz, Untitled Cityscape 4, 2014

Some of the daylit scenes in this exhibition have an unsettling quality too - an air of mystery that you find in younger artists Katz has influenced like Peter Doig. 4pm 2014 is painted in sickly shades of green and the view of what looks like a distant boathouse is obscured by a tree whose leaves are blowing into the cold sky. As with Doig's landscapes, you often find yourself picturing a scene from a film, just before or after some darkly significant event. That cloud of leaves in motion reminded me of the park in Antonioni's Blow Up where you hear nothing but the wind in the trees. The painting below could be the illustration of a fable or fairy story, or some dream-like narrative by a Robert Walser or Franz Kafka. It is painted in flat planes of colour, like a Matisse, except for the feathery strands of grass which seem to be animated by a breeze. I thought again of cinema - the wind in the buckwheat in Tarkovsky's Mirror, the wheat swaying in Herzog's Kaspar Hauser. Katz has said that he wanted his large-scale paintings to have the quality of the blown-up faces and landscapes you see on a movie screen.

Alex Katz, Red House 3, 2013

Leaving the Serpentine Gallery and walking back out into the bright sunshine of Hyde Park I found myself seeing the lake and trees and various tableaux of figures in terms of Katz's vision of landscape. A recent article in the Telegraph described the way Katz experienced something similar himself in the art of Cézanne. 'About a
decade ago, Katz visited an exhibition of work by the French
post-impressionist. “I was looking at his stuff and saying: ‘See, the
guy couldn’t paint, it’s terrible, this is overworked’ – stuff like
that,” he recalls. “Then, when I got on a train, all I could see were
Cézanne landscapes. His vision is so strong that it dominates your mind.
And that, for me, is the highest thing an artist can do.”'

Sunday, June 19, 2016

Last Sunday I managed to get to the last day of the Balham Literary Festival, A Way of Being in the World, which was entirely devoted to questions of landscape and place, nature and the city. The first session, 'Running Riot In The Urban Landscape', focused on the disappearance of public space and ways to reclaim the streets. It featured
academic/urban explorer Bradley Garrett, guerilla gardener Richard Reynolds and poet Inua Ellams who leads nocturnal cultural walks through cities. Their contributions raised fascinating questions about the effectiveness of such practices in exposing and challenging the power structures of the city. Guerilla gardening, for example, may have roots in the history of land struggles but today in Western cities it can, in a small way, help along gentrification and the withdrawal of local government from their responsibility to maintain the built environment. It was heartening though to hear that one London traffic roundabout persists as an island of lavender a decade after Richard first gave it a makeover.

In the Q&A afterwards Richard's mother, sitting in a kind of throne by the stage, recounted an anecdote about his rebellious streak at boarding school. It made me think of those precursors of the urban explorers that Brad had referred to earlier, the Night Climbers of Cambridge, students who scaled the city's buildings with a joie de vivre and confidence that seems connected to their position of social privilege. As Sam Jordison wrote in a Guardian article when the original 1937 book documenting their activities was reissued, 'just as it's possible to suggest that those currently seeking highs on
city rooftops are reacting against their cotton-wool upbringings, so
Whipplesnaith's stories of death-defying derring-do in Cambridge say a
lot about those whose parents had lost so much in the first world war
but who themselves were (for now) bereft of action and significance.'

There followed two sessions featuring Cambridge academic and climber Robert Macfarlane. In the first he was joined by China Miéville who had delivered a new lecture on the eerie and the picturesque the day before (it has just been reprinted in The Guardian). They were discussing one of many recent landscape-related books I've not yet read (for reasons partly explained in my previous post): Nina Lyon's Uprooted: On the Trail of the Green Man. The origins and meanings of the Green Man are impossible to trace - what is of interest is how this symbol has repeatedly surfaced in the culture. Is its current popularity an extension of the urge to identify with animals, China Miéville asked, and would we soon be seeing hipsters in vegetable masks? Is it a symptom of the urge to aggrandise and domesticate nature by those unable to afford to live in cities but unwilling to live too far away from them? Is there a connection, Robert Macfarlane wondered, with new ideas about the ecology of forests (the wood wide web) and speculations on the non-human by contemporary philosophers like Jane Bennett? Ideas in his session sprouted like foliage from the mouth of the Green Man, including China Miéville's notion that the leaves are actually disappearing into his mouth: nature inexorably being swallowed up.

The Loney, Andrew Michael Hurley's debut novel, was discussed with Robert Macfarlane in connection with the recent upsurge of interest in folk horror, uncanny sites and haunted landscapes. In the course of the talk we learnt that the book is potentially the first
of several novels to be set on the Lancashire coast, a
place that has not featured much previously in literature. A film is
now being put together by Andrew Macdonald, producer of Danny Boyle's
films and the recent version of Far from the Madding Crowd. Again I've not read this book myself; TheGuardian's review pointed out some flaws but said that 'Hurley’s lyrical grip on his landscape is flawlessly bleak'. The Telegraph review was extremely positive and again cited the treatment of landscape in descriptions like this:

'Day after day, the rain swept in off the sea in huge, vaporous
curtains that licked Coldbarrow from view and then moved inland to
drench the cattle fields. The beach turned to brown sludge and the dunes
ruptured and sometimes crumbled altogether, so that the sea and the marsh
water united in vast lakes, undulating with the carcasses of uprooted
trees and bright red carrageen ripped from the sea bed.'

Fortified with an excellent pint, courtesy of Richly Evocative's Matt, I was ready for the Festival's final session 'And where next?', which sought to cover globalism, the growth of cities and the anthropocene. Science journalists Gaia Vince and Fred Pearce were joined by Owen Hatherley, who I always find interesting - I had seen him only a week before at our local Stoke Newington Literary Festival, talking about London with Rowan Moore (they gave it to Heatherwick and the London Garden Bridge with both barrels). This session also had thematic links to another fascinating talk I had gone to in Stokey - Becky Hogge and Ken Worpole discussing utopias - and to a Radio 4 programme Ken alerted me to afterwards, highlighting the Silicon Valley dream of establishing communities floating entirely free of the state.

In the Balham discussion Owen Hatherley criticised the rise of favela chic: the way architects undervalue the boring virtues of planning and celebrate the vibrancy of ungoverned urbanisation in the global south. It took me back to a talk I attended at the ICA about fifteen years ago by Rem Koolhaas, enthusing about his recent work in Lagos. In an interview last year Koolhaas recalled the way Lagos, a city from which the state had withdrawn, 'mobilised an incredibly beautiful, almost utopian landscape of independence and agency'. Owen would rather have well-designed urban environments with relatively affordable housing like Vienna. He lamented the decline of Stockholm where the benefits of social democracy appear to have been jettisoned out of an almost Ballardian sense of boredom. I will get to see Stockholm myself shortly as we've booked a week there this summer, followed by a week on an island in the Baltic where I may actually have time to catch up on some of the books I've been hearing about recently...

Thursday, June 16, 2016

A few years ago I wrote here about filial conflict and garden design in the wonderful eighteenth century Chinese novel known in English as Dream of the Red Chamber. I recently finished reading another vast novel charting the rise and fall of a Chinese family, Chin P’ing Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase), written at the end of the sixteenth century. Two essays on it have appeared in The New York Review coinciding with the publication of the first and final volumes of David Toy Roy’s translation, one back in 1994 ‘when Roy reported that he had already been working on the project for a quarter century’, and the other last year, when the eighty-year old translator finally made it to the end. It took me six months to read the five volumes my son is only just about managing to hold up for this photograph.

The ambitious, corrupt and sexually voracious merchant at the centre of the book, Hsi-men Ch’ing, extends his private estate as he becomes more affluent. But unlike the characters in Dream of the Red Chamber, he has no real interest in landscape design. The arbours and grottoes of his garden are a stage set for parties and trysts. Nature poetry is not written in response to the beauty of the seasons - it is a tool of seduction, the means of pursuing a drinking game, or an element in the songs performed for Hsi-men Ch’ing by troupes of actors and prostitutes from the licensed quarter. Occasionally there are expeditions to monasteries but the monks there are more interested in money, alcohol and sex than they are in contemplating the surrounding mountains:

'For what purpose are Taoist sanctuaries and
Buddhist temples established?
The Taoists worship their Heavenly Worthies,
the Buddhists worship Buddha.
They are beautifully landscaped in order to
give a false sense of purity;
Providing for visitors and welcoming guests
they engage in perverse doings.
Accoutering their disciples with attractive
clothes and handsome outfits;
They make use of wanton wine and leisured tea
in ravishing female beauties...'

Zhang Zeduan, Games in the Jinming Pool, early 12th centurySource: Wikimedia Commons

The Plum in the Golden Vase can be read as an extended critique of Ming society (Roy draws parallels with Dickens’ Bleak House), even though it is set nearly five hundred years in the past, during the reign of Emperor Hui-tsung (pinyin: Huizong). There were clearly parallels to be drawn between Hui-tsung and the Ming emperors, who were ‘among the most irresponsible rulers in the history of imperial irresponsibility’ according to Roy. Hui-tsung was very interested in landscape design - so interested that his ambitious projects may have contributed to the fall of the northern Song dynasty, as Robin Lane-Fox explained in a piece for the FT entitled 'How gardening led to the downfall of one Chinese Emperor.' Not content with one garden, The Basin of the Clarity of Gold (shown in the painting above) he decided to build a second one:

'At
Kaifeng, just south of the Yellow river, the emperor lived inside a palace
complex that was not, by Chinese standards, outrageously large. What became
notorious was his man-made rock garden, which was up to 220ft high. To build
it, Huizong sent orders for every sort of plant from all over his empire:
lychees, gardenias, palms and plum trees. He also ordered the rarest and
biggest stones. Chinese rulers had often been lithomaniacs but Huizong’s orders
for waterworn rock outdid them all. At
the foot of this immovable mount, known as the Genyue [Mountain of Stability], Huizong arranged
big stones, some with markings like human faces. He had them honoured
with plaques and poems, using gold letters if they were particularly
distinguished.'

The emperor only had five years to enjoy all this splendour before
Kaifeng was captured by tribesmen from the north. Huizong was taken off to Manchuria and his garden smashed up. Resentment has built up during its construction, as the process of shipping 'so many huge rocks and plants had
cluttered up the canals and transport system. There had also been endless
corruption and compulsion during the entire high-speed plan'. Unsurprisingly Hsi-men Ch’ing got involved in this. At one point in the novel he discusses with an official the way the 'flower and rock convoys' had impoverished ordinary people, before inviting him to partake of a typically lavish lunch. Just as the collapse of the Song state can be ascribed to the way the country's resources were depleted by the emperor, Hsi-men Ch’ing's own graphically described demise is directly attributable to his excessive appetites.

Wednesday, June 01, 2016

A recent piece for Atlas Obscura described some of the stories narrated by non-humans discussed in The Secret Life of Things: Animals, Objects and It-Narratives in 18th Century England, edited by Mark Blackwell. Such stories became so successful that 'by 1781, a bored reviewer in The Critical Review could complain that
“this mode of making up a book, and styling it the Adventures of a Cat,
a Dog, a Monkey, a Hackney-coach, a Louse, a Shilling, a Rupee, or —
any thing else, is grown so fashionable now, that few months pass which
do not bring one of them under our inspection.”' This made me wonder whether there are examples of it-narratives recounted by paintings - imagine The Picture of Dorian Gray as an eponymous novel, with its central character only able to wonder at the changes it found itself undergoing. I suppose though that paintings of things - a Monkey, a Hackney-coach - would be less appealing to write about than the things themselves. Landscape paintings would seem still less promising (unless they were used to tell the story of a particular place), though I can imagine an interesting narrative of the life of, say, a Van Gogh painting, from its birth in a windy field outside Arles to its incarceration in an airtight Tokyo bank vault.

You sometimes come across versions of it-narratives in contemporary literature. There are a sequence of them - a dog, a horse, a gold coin - in Orhan Pamuk's novel My Name is Red. This book is set in Istanbul among Sultan Murat III's miniaturists, whose work was starting to come under the influence of Venetian painting, the art of 'the Franks'. One chapter is told from the point of view of a picture of a tree and it is the nearest thing I can think of at the moment to an it-narrative by a landscape drawing. The tree begins by apologising that 'at this moment, there are no other slender trees
beside me, no seven–leaf steppe plants, no dark billowing rock
formations which at times resemble Satan or a man and no coiling Chinese
clouds. Just the ground, the sky, myself and the horizon.' So to be precise, this chapter is narrated not by an entire landscape (a recent development in sixteenth century Western art) but by one of the four elements in a simplified version of a landscape.

There isn't really a story-telling tree though. As we read, we realise there is a storyteller in a coffee house, improvising his tale on the basis of a sketch of a tree. Or, to be more precise, what we read is the story of this storyteller, recollected later by a character called Orhan who was a young boy at the time of the events of the novel. And even this is a simplification of a book that gets more complex the closer you look into it... But to return to that tree: I want to share here the last words of its story (and doing so in English I must quote another narrator, translator Erdağ Göknar, rather than Orhan Pamuk). These two short paragraphs on art and trees convey an important idea that underlies the plot of the novel and drives one of the court miniaturists in it to murder.

'A great European master miniaturist and another great master artist are
walking through a Frank meadow discussing virtuosity and art. As they
stroll, a forest comes into view before them. The more expert of the two
says to the other: "Painting in the new style demands such talent that
if you depicted one of the trees in this forest, a man who looked upon
that painting could come here, and if he so desired, correctly select
that tree from among the others."

'I thank Allah that I, the humble tree before you, have not been drawn
with such intent. And not because I fear that if I'd been thus depicted
all the dogs in Istanbul would assume I was a real tree and piss on me: I
don't want to be a tree, I want to be its meaning.'

My book

About this site

This blog explores landscape through the arts: painting, installation, photography, literature, music, film... I've also on occasion covered the creation or alteration of landscapes by architects, artists and garden designers. For the first year I did several short entries each week; since then I have reduced the frequency and some posts are a bit longer. In naming this site 'Some Landscapes' initially I just saw it as a few modest notes and didn't know if I'd keep it up. Of course it will always only cover 'some' landscapes, even though I occasionally like to think of it as an expanding cultural gazetteer. There is a pretty long index (see above) listing the artists of all kinds that have been mentioned here. There are also maps and a chronology of posts. I started writing this blog using the name 'Plinius' (a little tribute to the younger and older Plinys) and am now rather attached to it as a 'nom de blog'. Comments are very welcome but are moderated to prevent spam. Plinus / Andrew Ray.