In-Depth Reports

Allergic rhinitis

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common nasal allergies.

Highlights

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is the way some people respond to outdoor or indoor allergens:

Outdoor triggers of allergic rhinitis include ragweed, grass, tree pollen, and mold spores. Outdoor allergens cause seasonal allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever), which typically occurs during the spring to the early summer, and late summer to early fall.

Allergic rhinitis tends to run in families. If one or both parents have allergic rhinitis, there is a high likelihood that their children will also have allergic rhinitis. People with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of developing asthma and other allergies. They are also at risk for developing sinusitis, sleep disorders (including snoring), nasal polyps, and ear infections.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of allergic rhinitis include:

Runny nose or nasal congestion

Frequent sneezing

Itchy, watery eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)

Itching in nose, throat, or roof of mouth

Treatment

Home remedies for allergic rhinitis include nasal washes with saline solution. Many different over-the-counter and prescription drugs are used to treat allergic rhinitis. First-line medications include corticosteroid nasal sprays and oral antihistamines. Immunotherapy (allergy shots or under-the-tongue tablets) may also be an option for some people.

Prevention

In addition to avoiding exposure to allergy triggers, people with allergic rhinitis can take precautions to control their environment. These measures include bathing pets weekly, using vacuum cleaners and air conditioners with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, frequent washing of bedding and curtains, reducing humidity in the house, and removing sources of mold.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may be helpful for some people with allergic rhinitis, according to 2015 guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.

Introduction

Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages. It results in severe nasal congestion or other changes that irritate the nose.

Allergic rhinitis is caused by a substance (allergen) that triggers an allergic response. As part of the allergic response, the body's immune system releases histamine and other chemicals.

Allergic rhinitis is generally classified as either:

Seasonal (also called hay fever)

Perennial (year-round)

Allergens involved in allergic rhinitis come from either outdoor or indoor substances:

Outdoor allergens, such as pollen or mold spores are usually the cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Indoor allergens, such as animal dander or dust mites are common triggers of perennial allergic rhinitis.

Rhinitis can also be due to non-allergic causes, such as infections, temperature changes, hormonal changes, certain medications, cigarette smoke, stress, exercise, structural problems in the nose, or other factors. In non-allergic rhinitis, the immune system does not play a role in the body's response to these factors.

Causes

The allergic process, called atopy, occurs when the body overreacts to a substance that it senses as a foreign invader. The immune system works continuously to protect the body from potentially dangerous intruders such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, for reasons not completely understood, some people are hypersensitive to substances that are typically harmless.

When the immune system inaccurately identifies these substances (allergens) as harmful, an allergic reaction and inflammatory response occurs.

When an allergen enters the body, the immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These IgE antibodies then attach themselves to mast cells, which are found in the nose, eyes, lungs, and digestive tract.

The mast cells release inflammatory chemical mediators, such as histamine, that cause atopic symptoms (sneezing, coughing, and wheezing). The mast cells continue to produce more inflammatory chemicals that stimulate the production of more IgE antibodies, continuing the allergic process.

There are many types of IgE antibodies, and each is associated with a specific allergen. This is why some people are allergic to cat dander, while others are not bothered by cats yet are allergic to pollen. In allergic rhinitis, the allergic reaction begins when an allergen comes into contact with the mucous membranes in the lining of the nose.

Triggers of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs only during periods of intense airborne pollen or spores. It is commonly, although inaccurately, called hay fever. No fever accompanies this condition, and the allergic response is not dependent on hay. In general, triggers of seasonal allergy in the U.S. include:

Ragweed. Ragweed is the main cause of allergic rhinitis in the United States. Ragweed season generally lasts from mid-August through the first frost. One plant can release 1 billion pollen grains during the course of a season. Pollen counts are usually highest between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.

Grasses. Grass pollen, especially from ryegrass, is another common cause of allergic rhinitis. Grasses affect people from late spring to early summer. Grass allergies are experienced more in the late afternoon.

Tree Pollen. Small pollen grains from certain trees usually produce symptoms in the early spring.

Mold Spores. Mold grows on dead leaves and releases spores into the air. They peak in the spring in warmer climates and in the fall in cooler climates. In some warmer parts of the United States, they may be prevalent year-round.

Triggers of Perennial (Year-Round) Allergic Rhinitis

Allergens in the home are the most common triggers of perennial (year-round) allergic rhinitis. Household allergens include:

House dust and mites; dust mites, specifically mite feces, are coated with enzymes that contain a powerful allergen

Cockroaches

Pet dander

Molds growing on wallpaper, house plants, carpeting, and upholstery

Risk Factors

Age

Allergic rhinitis usually first appears in childhood or early adulthood but it can affect people of all ages.

Family History

Allergic rhinitis appears to have a genetic component. People with a parent who has allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of developing allergic rhinitis themselves. The risk increases significantly if both parents have allergic rhinitis.

Environmental Exposure

Prognosis

Seasonal allergic rhinitis tends to diminish as a person ages. The earlier the symptoms start, the greater the chances for improvement. People who develop seasonal allergic rhinitis in early childhood tend not to have the allergy in adulthood. In some cases, allergies go into remission for years and then return later in life. People who develop allergies after age 20, however, tend to continue to have allergic rhinitis at least into middle age.

Complications

Asthma and Other Allergies

Asthma and allergies often coexist. People with allergic rhinitis often have asthma or are at increased risk of developing it. Allergic rhinitis is also associated with eczema (atopic dermatitis), an allergic skin reaction characterized by itching, scaling, and red swollen skin. Chronic uncontrolled allergic rhinitis can worsen asthma attacks and eczema.

Asthma

An in-depth report on how asthma is diagnosed, treated, and managed in adults.

Other Medical Conditions

People who have allergic rhinitis appear also to have an increased risk for other associated medical conditions. These conditions include:

Conjunctivitis

Sinusitis

Nasal polyps

Middle ear infections (otitis media)

Dental overbite

Palate malformations caused by mouth breathing

Obstructive sleep apnea

People with allergic rhinitis, particularly those with perennial allergic rhinitis, may experience sleep-disordered breathing and daytime fatigue. Often they attribute this to allergy medication, but congestion may be the cause of these symptoms. People who have severe allergic rhinitis tend to have worse sleep problems, including snoring, than those with mild allergic rhinitis.

Chronic Swelling in the Nasal Passages (Turbinate Hypertrophy)

Any chronic rhinitis, whether allergic or non-allergic, can cause swelling in the turbinates, which may become persistent (turbinate hypertrophy). The turbinates are tiny, shelf-like bony structures that project into the nasal passageways. They help warm, humidify, and clean the air that passes over them. If turbinate hypertrophy develops, it causes persistent nasal congestion and, sometimes, pressure and headache in the middle of the face and forehead. This condition may require surgery.

Quality of Life

Although allergic rhinitis is not considered a serious condition, it can interfere with many important aspects of life. Nasal allergy sufferers often feel tired, miserable, or irritable. Allergic rhinitis can interfere with work or school performance.

Symptoms

Symptom Phases

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis often occur in two phases, early and late.

Early Phase Symptoms. The early phase occurs within minutes of exposure to the allergen and includes:

Runny nose (discharge is usually clear)

Frequent or repetitive sneezing

Red and watery eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)

Itching in the eyes, nose, throat, or roof of the mouth

Late-Phase Symptoms. Symptoms that may develop several hours or later after exposure include:

Nasal congestion

Postnasal drip

Frequent throat clearing

Plugged ears

Physical discomfort and fatigue (common in children)

Symptom Classification

An alternative classification system groups allergic rhinitis by how long symptoms last and how severe they are:

Intermittent rhinitis occurs less than 4 days a week and for less than 4 weeks per year

Persistent rhinitis occurs at least 4 days a week and for at least 4 weeks a year

Mild rhinitis causes minimal symptoms that do not impact sleep and daily life

Moderate-to-severe rhinitis has symptoms that cause enough discomfort to affect day-to-day, work, or school activities as well as to disrupt sleep

Diagnosis

In most cases, a health care provider can diagnose allergic rhinitis based on the symptoms and medical history. Your provider will take your medical history and will ask about:

When your rhinitis occurs. Rhinitis that appears seasonally is typically due to pollens and outdoor allergens. If symptoms occur throughout the year, perennial allergic or non-allergic rhinitis may be the cause.

Exposure to household or occupational allergens, including pets.

Personal history of asthma or other allergies.

Family history of allergies.

Current medications.

Physical Examination

The provider may examine the inside of the nose with an instrument called a speculum. This is a painless procedure that allows the doctor to check for redness and other signs of inflammation. The provider will also check the eyes, ears, and chest.

Allergy Skin Prick Tests

Allergy testing may be used to confirm an allergic trigger identified by symptoms. A skin prick test is a simple method for detecting common allergens. People are usually tested for a panel of common allergens. Skin tests are rarely needed to diagnose milder seasonal allergic symptoms before treatment is tried. Skin tests are not completely accurate and are not appropriate for children younger than age 3.

The procedure is as follows:

Do not take antihistamines for at least 48 to 72 hours before the test, otherwise an allergic reaction may not show up.

Small amounts of suspected allergens are applied to the skin with a needle prick or scratch or are injected a few cells deep into the skin. The injection test may be more sensitive than the standard prick test.

If an allergy is present, a hive (a swollen reddened area) forms within about 15 minutes.

Blood Tests

Blood tests for IgE immunoglobulin production may be performed. Like skin tests, IgE blood tests detect increased levels of allergen-specific IgE in response to particular allergens. However, blood tests for IgE are considered less sensitive than skin prick tests.

Nasal Tests

The health care provider may take a nasal smear. The nasal secretion is examined under a microscope for increased white blood cell counts (indicating infection), or high eosinophil counts (indicating an allergic condition, but low counts do not rule out allergic rhinitis).

In some cases of chronic or unresponsive seasonal rhinitis, a provider may use endoscopy to look for irregularities in the nose structure. Endoscopy inserts a tube containing a miniature camera through the nose to view the passageways.

Ruling Out Other Conditions

Rhinitis always precedes and accompanies sinusitis, which is inflammation or infection of the mucous lining of the sinuses. Acute sinusitis usually clears up on its own. Chronic sinusitis can be more difficult to treat.

Sinusitis

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sinusitis.

Immunotherapy (allergy shots or under-the-tongue tablets) is an option for people with severe allergies.

Acupuncture may be helpful for some people.

Surgery is rarely needed for allergic rhinitis. A procedure called inferior turbinate reduction may be recommended for people who have nasal obstruction and enlarged turbinates (structures within the nose). Surgery is used to treat non-allergic rhinitis.

Treatment depends on various factors, including:

Whether you have seasonal, perennial (year-round), or episodic allergic rhinitis

The severity of the rhinitis

Symptoms, age, and accompanying medical conditions

For both adults and children who have allergic rhinitis and asthma, treatment of rhinitis may help control asthma symptoms.

Mild allergic rhinitis: may require only reducing exposure to allergens and using a nasal saline wash. You can buy a saline solution at a drug store or make one at home using 1 cup of warm water, half a teaspoon of salt, and pinch of baking soda. A nonprescription anthistamine drug can also help. Moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis: may require a prescription drug in addition to environmental control measures. Intranasal steroids or oral antihistamines are generally the first choices and are available over the counter. If your allergic rhinitis does not improve, other types of drugs may be tried or added. Immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual tablets) are another option.

Antihistamine and steroid drugs treat nasal symptoms but they can also help itchy, watery, and red eyes. OTC eye drops can also provide relief, but should not be used for prolonged periods of time. If your eye allergy symptoms continue to bother you, discuss with your provider other types of prescription eye drops.

Medications

Nasal Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids (steroids) help reduce the inflammatory response associated with allergic reactions. They can help improve both nasal and eye symptoms. Nasal-spray corticosteroids are considered the most effective drugs for controlling the symptoms of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis. Nasal spray steroids may be used alone or in combination with a nasal antihistamine or nasal decongestant. (A nasal spray decongestant should be used only for 3 days or less.)

Corticosteroids available in nasal spray form include:

Triamcinolone (Nasacort) and fluticasone (Flonase, generic) are available without a prescription

Mometasone furoate (Nasonex)

Fluticasone and azelastine (Dymista)

Beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase, generic)

Flunisolide (Nasarel, generic)

Budesonide (Rhinocort, generic)

Ciclesonide (Alvesco, Omnaris)

These nasal sprays are approved for children. Ages vary depending on brand.

Side effects of nasal steroids may include:

Dryness, burning, stinging in the nasal passage

Headache

Blood-tinged nasal secretions

Nosebleed (inform your health care provider)

Oral steroids can have many systemic side effects, including stunting growth in children and increasing risk for glaucoma. Nasal spray steroids do not appear to carry these risks. Still, discuss with your health care provider any possible risks and whether these drugs are appropriate for you.

Antihistamines

Histamine is one of the chemicals released when antibodies overreact to allergens. It is the cause of many symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Antihistamine drugs block the effects of histamine. These drugs can help prevent and relieve nasal, eye, and itching symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.

Antihistamine drugs are available in oral tablet and nasal spray forms, and also as a eyedrops and a liquid preparation. Some antihistamines need a prescription while others are available over the counter. Some oral antihistamines come in combination with a decongestant.

Antihistamines are generally categorized as first- or second-generation.

First-generation antihistamines, which include diphenhydramine (Benadryl, generic) and clemastine (Tavist, generic) cause more side effects (such as drowsiness) than most newer second-generation antihistamines. For this reason, second-generation antihistamines are generally preferred and recommended, especially for people whose main symptoms are sneezing and itching. Second-generation antihistamines are sometimes referred to collectively as nonsedating antihistamines. However, cetirizine (Zyrtec, generic) and the nasal spray antihistamines (Astelin, Patanase) may cause drowsiness when taken at recommended doses. Loratadine (Claritin, generic) and desloratadine (Clarinex) can cause drowsiness when taken at doses exceeding the recommended dose.Brand Names. Second-generation antihistamines in pill form include:

Loratadine (Claritin, generic). Loratadine is available over the counter and is approved for children age 2 and older. Loratadine-D (Claritin-D) combines the antihistamine with the decongestant pseudoephedrine. Desloratadine (Clarinex) is similar to Claritin, but is stronger and longer-lasting. It is available only by prescription.

Cetirizine (Zyrtec, generic). Cetirizine is approved for both indoor and outdoor allergies. It is the only antihistamine to date approved for infants as young as 6 months. It is available over the counter. Cetirizine-D (Zyrtec-D) is a pill that combines the antihistamine with the decongestant pseudoephedrine.

Fexofenadine (Allegra, generic) is also available over the counter.

Levocetirizine (Xyzal) is a prescription medication approved to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients age 2 and older. It is available in both pill and liquid form.

Acrivastine and pseudoephedrine (Semprex-D) is a pill that combines an antihistamine and decongestant.

Carbinoxamine maleate (Karbinal ER) is available as a liquid for people age 2 and older.

Second-generation antihistamines in nasal form are as good as, or better than the oral forms for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. However, they can cause drowsiness, and they are not as effective for allergic rhinitis as nasal corticosteroids. Nasal spray antihistamines are available by prescription and include:

Azelastine (Astelin, Astepro, Dymista)

Olopatadine (Patanase)

Side effects of antihistamines may include:

Headache, dry mouth, and dry nose. These are often only temporary and go away during treatment.

Drowsiness. The nasal spray forms may cause more drowsiness than the pill forms.

Extended-release forms of loratadine and cetirizine have additional ingredients that can cause other symptoms, including nervousness, restlessness, and insomnia.

Antihistamines may thicken mucus secretions and can worsen bacterial rhinitis or sinusitis.

Antihistamines can lose their effectiveness over time and you may need to try a different one.

Decongestants

Decongestants work by shrinking blood vessels in the nose. Many over-the-counter decongestants are available, which can be either taken by mouth or applied to the nose.

Nasal Decongestants. Nasal-delivery decongestants are applied directly into the nasal passages with a spray, gel, drops, or vapors. Nasal decongestants come in long-acting or short-acting forms. The effects of short-acting decongestants last about 4 hours. Long-acting decongestants last 6 to 12 hours. The active ingredients in nasal decongestants include oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, and phenylephrine.

Nasal forms work faster than oral decongestants and may not cause as much drowsiness. However, they can cause dependency and rebound congestion. The decongestant loses effectiveness and can cause increased congestion. The 12-hour brands pose a particular risk for this effect.

The following precautions are important for people taking nasal decongestants:

When using a nasal spray, spray each nostril once. Wait a minute to allow absorption into the mucosal tissues, and then spray again.

Do not share droppers and inhalers with other people.

Discard sprayers, inhalers, or other decongestant delivery devices when the medication is no longer needed. Over time, these devices can become reservoirs for bacteria.

Discard the medicine if it becomes cloudy or unclear.

DO NOT USE NASAL DECONGESTANTS FOR LONGER THAN 3 DAYS.

Oral Decongestants. Oral decongestants also come in many brands, which have similar ingredients. The most common active ingredients are pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, other brands, generic) and phenylephrine, sometimes in combination with an antihistamine. Oral decongestants can cause side effects such as insomnia, irritability, nervousness, and heart palpitations. Taking pseudoephedrine in the morning, as opposed to later in the day or before bedtime, can help people avoid these side effects.

Decongestants should not be used in children or infants under the age of 4 years. Some health care providers recommend not giving decongestants to children under the age of 14. Children are at particular risk for central nervous system side effects including convulsions, rapid heart rates, loss of consciousness, and death.

Standard oral decongestants pose serious risks for people with high blood pressure. Your provider may recommend you take an alternative type of decongestant or avoid them all together.

If you are pregnant or have any type of medical condition that affects your blood or circulation, discuss with your provider whether decongestants are safe for you.

Oral decongestants can cause dangerous interactions when combined with certain types of medications, such as the antidepressant MAO inhibitors. They can also cause serious problems when combined with methamphetamines or diet pills. Be sure to tell your provider about any drug or herbal remedy you are taking. Caffeine can also increase the stimulant side effects of pseudoephedrine.

Leukotriene Antagonists

Leukotriene antagonists are oral drugs that block leukotrienes, powerful immune system factors that cause airway constriction and mucus production in allergy-related asthma. They are not a first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis, but are sometimes used in combination with a nasal spray steroid or oral antihistamine.

Leukotriene antagonists include zafirlukast (Accolate, generic) and montelukast (Singulair, generic). These drugs are mainly used to treat asthma. Montelukast is also approved to treat seasonal allergies and indoor allergies.

The FDA warns that these drugs have been associated with behavior and mood changes, including agitation, aggression, anxiousness, dream abnormalities, hallucinations, depression, insomnia, irritability, restlessness, tremor, and suicidal thinking and behavior. People who take a leukotriene antagonist drug such as montelukast should be monitored for signs of behavioral and mood changes. If you exhibit any symptoms, your health care provider should consider discontinuing the drug.

Other Drugs

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent, generic) is a prescription nasal spray that can help relieve runny nose. It works best when given in combination with a nasal corticosteroid. Side effects include nasal dryness, nosebleeds, and sore throat. It should not be used by people who have glaucoma or men who have an enlarged prostate gland.

Cromolyn is both an anti-inflammatory drug and a specific blocker for allergens. The standard prescription cromolyn nasal spray (NasalCrom, generic) is not as effective as steroid nasal sprays, and does not work in all people with allergic rhinitis. It may take several weeks to experience symptom relief.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is based on the premise that people who receive injections of a specific allergen will lose sensitivity to that allergen. Immunotherapy is given either as subcutaneous (under the skin) injections or as sublingual (under the tongue) tablets.

The most common allergens for which allergy shots are given are house dust, cat dander, grass pollen, and mold. Sublingual tablets are approved for grass pollen and ragweed. (Tablets for house dust mite allergens are being studied in clinical trials.)

Immunotherapy benefits include:

Targeting the specific allergen

Reducing sensitivity in airways in the lungs, as well as in the upper airways

Preventing the development of new allergies in children

Reducing asthma symptoms and the use of asthma medications in people with known allergies. Research suggests it may also help prevent the development of asthma in children with allergies.

Candidates

Immunotherapy may be given to anyone with allergies who does not get better with medication and who has had a positive allergy test to specific allergens.

The latest guidelines indicate that immunotherapy injections are safe for young children. Some, but not all, sublingual tablets are approved for children. Immunotherapy is safe for pregnant women who are already receiving it, although doses are not increased. Immunotherapy should not be started during pregnancy.

People who should probably avoid immunotherapy include those who have:

An extreme response to skin tests (this may predict an allergic reaction)

Wheezing before an allergy shot

Uncontrolled severe asthma or lung disease

Been taking certain medications (such as beta-blockers)

Everyone's health status should be determined before starting treatment.

Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots)

Injections of diluted extracts of the allergen are given on a regular schedule, usually twice to once a week at first, and then in increasing doses until a maintenance dose has been reached. It usually takes several months, and it may take up to 3 years to reach a maintenance dose.

At that time, intervals between shots can be 2 to 4 weeks, and the treatment is continued for another 3 to 5 years.

People usually experience some relief within 3 to 6 months. If there is no benefit within 12 to 18 months, they should discontinue the shots.

Injections are administered subcutaneously into the skin of the arm.

The use of an injection series is effective, but people often have difficulty complying with the regimens. For some people, rush immunotherapy may be an alternative option. Rush immunotherapy uses several shots a day over a period of 3 to 5 days to achieve the full dose. Studies suggest that it is effective and safe, but anaphylaxis and severe reactions can occur. It is only appropriate for some people and they must be monitored closely during this period for severe reactions.

Sublingual Immunotherapy (Oral Tablets)

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an oral form of immunotherapy that uses a fast-dissolving under-the-tongue tablet. It has been prescribed for many years in Europe and South America, but until recently was not available in the United States.

In 2014, the FDA approved the first three sublingual immunotherapy products for treating allergic rhinitis:

Grastek (Timothy grass pollen extract) for treatment of this common grass pollen allergy, is approved for people ages 5 to 65.

Ragwitek (Ragweed pollen extract) for the treatment of ragweed allergies, is approved for people ages 18 to 65.

A sublingual tablet is taken once daily. Treatment starts 3 to 4 months before pollen season begins and continues until the season ends.

Side Effects and Complications of Immunotherapy

If complications or allergic reactions develop, they usually occur within 20 minutes, although some can develop up to 2 hours after the shot is given. Side effects may include swelling and soreness at the injection site.

Sublingual tablets may cause throat irritation and itching in the mouth or ears. The first dose is given at a health care provider's office to make sure an allergic reaction does not occur. Subsequent doses are taken at home. People with severe or uncontrolled asthma should not use this treatment. These pills are very expensive, but may be covered by insurance.

Lifestyle Changes

Environmental Control

People with existing allergies should avoid irritants or allergens. These triggers include:

Pollen. This is the primary cause of allergic rhinitis.

Dust mites, specifically mite feces, which are coated with enzymes that contain a powerful allergen. These are the primary allergens inside the home.

Animal dander (flakes of skin) and hair from cats, house mice, and dogs. House mice are a significant source of allergens, particularly in urban children.

Molds. Indoor dampness and mold odor are major triggers.

Fungi.

Cockroaches are major asthma triggers and may reduce lung function even in people without a history of asthma.

Some studies suggest that early exposure to some of these allergens, including dust mites and pets, may actually prevent allergies from developing in children.

Indoor Protection against Allergens

Controlling Pets. People who already have pets and are not allergic to them are probably at low risk for developing such allergies later on. When children are exposed to more than one dog or cat during their first year, they have a much lower risk for not only pet allergies, but also seasonal allergies and asthma. (Pet exposure does not protect them from other allergens, notably dust mites and cockroaches).

For children who have an existing allergy to pets:

If possible, pets should be given away or kept outside.

If this is not possible, they should at least be confined to carpet-free areas outside the bedroom. Cats harbor significant allergens, which can even be carried on clothing. Dogs usually present fewer problems.

Washing animals once a week can reduce allergens. Dry shampoos that remove allergens from skin and fur and are available for both cats and dogs and are easier to use than wet shampoos.

Preventing Exposure to Cigarette and Cooking Smoke. Although cigarette smoke is not a trigger for allergic rhinitis, parents who smoke should quit. Cigarette smoking can worsen non-allergic rhinitis and increases the risk of developing sinusitis.Studies show that exposure to secondhand smoke in the home increases the risk for asthma and asthma-related emergency room visits in children. Controlling Dust. Spray furniture polish is very effective for reducing both dust and allergens. Air purifiers and vacuum cleaners with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters can help remove particles and small allergens found indoors. Neither vacuuming nor the use of anti-mite carpet shampoo is effective in removing mites in house dust. Vacuuming actually stirs up both mites and cat allergens. People with these types of allergies should avoid having carpets or rugs in their bedrooms. For children with allergies, vacuuming should be performed when the child is not around.Bedding and Curtains:

Replace curtains with shades or blinds, and wash bedding using the highest temperature setting.

Encase mattresses and pillows in special dust-mite-proof covers (however, washing is still very important, because impermeable covers alone do not prevent allergies and studies have not proven a benefit with these covers).

Wash pillows in water hotter than 130°F (54.4°C), or in warm water with detergent and bleach.

Wash sheets and blankets weekly in hot water.

Avoid sleeping or lying on cushions or furniture that are cloth covered.

Keep stuffed toys away from the bed and wash them weekly as described above. Placing toys in a dryer or freezer may help, but is not considered enough protection against dust mites.

Have children sleep as high off the floor as possible (avoid the bottom bunk of a bunk bed).

Reducing Humidity in the House. Living in a damp environment can lead to allergy problems:

Keep humidity levels at no more than 30 to 50%.

Fix all leaky faucets and pipes, and eliminate collections of water around the outside of the house.

Dehumidify basements. Empty and clean the dehumidifier daily with a vinegar solution.

Regularly clean any moldy surfaces in the basement or other areas of the home.

Exterminating Pests (Cockroaches and Mice):

Use professional exterminators to eliminate cockroaches. (Cleaning the house using standard housecleaning techniques may not eliminate the cockroach allergens.)

Exterminate mice and attempt to remove all dust, which might contain mouse urine and dander.

Keep food and garbage in closed containers.

Keep food out of bedrooms.

Outdoor Protection

Avoiding Outdoor Allergens. The following are recommendations for avoiding allergens outside:

Start taking allergy medications (intranasal steroids) 1 to 2 weeks before pollen season begins. Take allergy medications before going outside. If regular medications do not work, ask your provider about immunotherapy, such as allergy shots or under-the-tongue pills. These therapies may need to be started several months before pollen season begins.

Do not schedule camping and hiking trips during times when the pollen count is high (May and June for grass pollen and September to October for ragweed).

After being outdoors, clean off pollen residue by bathing, washing hair and clothes, and using a nasal salt water rinse.

Keep doors and windows closed during pollen season.

Nasal Washes

For mild allergic rhinitis, a nasal wash can help remove mucus from the nose. You can purchase a saline solution at a drug store or make one at home (2 cups of warm water, a teaspoon salt, and a pinch of baking soda).

Here is a simple method for administering a nasal wash:

Lean over the sink head down.

Pour some solution into the palm of the hand and inhale it through the nose, one nostril at a time.

Spit out the remaining solution.

Gently blow the nose.

Neti pots have also become popular in recent years for prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis. To do nasal irrigation with a saline solution through a Neti pot:

Lean over the sink with your head tilted to one side.

Insert the spout of the Neti pot in the upper nostril.

Slowly pour the salt water into your nose while continuing to breathe through your mouth.

The water will flow through the upper nostril and out through the lower nostril.

When the water finishes dripping out, blow your nose.

Reverse the tilt of your head and repeat the process with the other nostril.

Dietary Factors

Some evidence suggests that people with allergic rhinitis and asthma may benefit from a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish, almonds, walnuts, pumpkin, and flax seeds) and fruits and vegetables (at least 5 servings a day). Researchers are also studying probiotics, good bacteria such as lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which can be obtained in supplements. Some studies have found that probiotics may help reduce allergic rhinitis symptom severity and medication use.

Alternative and Complementary Medicine

Some people with allergies report symptom relief through modalities such as acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine. Recent guidelines suggest that acupuncture may indeed be helpful for people with perennial allergic rhinitis, and possibly seasonal rhinitis too. The evidence is inconclusive as to the benefits of Chinese herbal medicine.

Resources

www.aaaai.org -- American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

www.acaai.org -- American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

www.niaid.nih.gov -- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases