1.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government

2.
Christian VII of Denmark
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Christian VII was a monarch of the House of Oldenburg who was King of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death. For his motto he chose, Gloria ex amore patriae, Christian VIIs reign was marked by mental illness and for most of his reign Christian was only nominally king. His half-brother Frederick was designated as regent of Denmark in 1772, from 1784 until Christian VIIs death in 1808, Christians son, later Frederick VI, acted as unofficial regent. Christian was the son of King Frederick V and his first wife Louise of Great Britain and he was born in the Queens Bedchamber at Christiansborg Palace, the Royal residence in Copenhagen. He was baptized a few hours later the same day and his godparents were King Frederick V, Queen Dowager Sophie Magdalene, Princess Louise and Princess Charlotte Amalie. A former heir to the throne, also named Christian, had died in infancy in 1747, therefore and his mother Queen Louise died in 1751, two years after his birth. The following year his father married to Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, after a long period of infirmity, Frederick V died 14 January 1766, just 42 years old. Later the same day, Christian was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace, Christians reign was marked by mental illness which affected government decisions, and for most of his reign Christian was only nominally king. His court physicians were especially worried by his frequent masturbation and his royal advisers changed depending on who won power struggles around the throne. In the late 1760s, he came under the influence of his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee, from 1770 to 1772, Struensee was de facto regent of the country, and introduced progressive reforms signed into law by Christian VII. The dynastic marriage took place at Christiansborg Palace on 8 November 1766, after his marriage, he abandoned himself to the worst excesses, especially sexual promiscuity. In 1767, he entered into a relationship with the courtesan Støvlet-Cathrine and he publicly declared that he could not love Caroline Matilda, because it was unfashionable to love ones wife. He ultimately sank into a condition of mental stupor, symptoms during this time included paranoia, self-mutilation and hallucinations. Struensee was a protégé of an Enlightenment circle of aristocrats that had been rejected by the court in Copenhagen and he was a skilled doctor, and having somewhat restored the kings health while visiting the Schleswig-Holstein area, he gained the kings affection. He was retained as travelling physician on 5 April 1768, and accompanied the entourage on the King’s foreign tour to Paris and he was given the title of State Councilor on 12 May 1768, barely a week after leaving Altona. The neglected and lonely Caroline Matilda entered into an affair with Struensee, in 1772, the kings marriage with Caroline Matilda was dissolved by divorce. Christians marriage with Caroline Matilda produced two children, the future King Frederick VI and Princess Louise Auguste, however, it is widely believed that Louise was the daughter of Struensee—portrait comparisons tend to support this hypothesis. Struensee, following a deluge of modernising and emancipating reforms, was arrested and executed the same year, Christian signed Struensees arrest and execution warrant under pressure from his stepmother, Queen Juliane Marie, who had led the movement to have the marriage ended

3.
Christian Albrecht Jensen
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Christian Albrecht Jensen was a Danish portrait painter who was active during the Golden Age of Danish Painting in the first half of the 19th century. Although Jensen experienced considerable commercial success, he received little official appreciation from the establishment of his day. In particular, the art historian and critic Niels Lauritz Høyen criticized his style, Jensen was born at Bredstedt in Nordfriesland. From 1810 to 1816, he attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen where he studied under Christian August Lorentzen, from 1817 to 1818, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden. In 1818, he traveled to Rome by way of Vienna, Venice, Bologna, when he arrived, he joined the large colony of Danish-German artists who lived in the city at the time and also met the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. After leaving Rome, he made an attempt to establish himself as a portrait painter in Hamburg. After 1830, commissions dwindled and he experienced financial difficulties, in response, he started collaborating with the historical collections at Frederiksborg Castle, painting both copies of older pictures and originals. This led to a controversy with Niels Lauritz Høyen, an art historian and critic who, from the beginning, had been critical of his style. From 1837, he looked to other countries for customers. By the Pulkovo Observatory, which opened near Saint Petersburg, he was commissioned to paint 11 portraits of leading international scientists and his painting of Carl Friedrich Gauss from that series remains the most famous portrait of the mathematician. Other portrayed scientists included the astronomer Wilhelm von Struve, the 1840s brought a further decline in orders, prompted by his political views which were not in line with the nationalist tendencies at the time as well as by continued criticism from Høyen. Eventually, after completing more than 400 portraits, he stopped painting and his last two works, portraits of Andreas Christian Krog and the theologian Andreas Gottlob Rudelbach, are considered to be among his best. For the remainder of his life, he worked as an assistant at the Royal Print Collection and as a conservator, art of Denmark List of Danish painters

4.
Danish Golden Age
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The Danish Golden Age covers a period of exceptional creative production in Denmark, especially during the first half of the 19th century. Although Copenhagen had suffered fires, bombardment and national bankruptcy. It also saw the development of Danish architecture in the Neoclassical style, Copenhagen, in particular, acquired a new look, with buildings designed by Christian Frederik Hansen and by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll. In relation to music, the Golden Age covers figures inspired by Danish romantic nationalism including J. P. E. Hartmann, Hans Christian Lumbye, Niels W. Gade, literature centred on Romantic thinking, introduced in 1802 by the Norwegian-German philosopher Henrik Steffens. Key contributors were Adam Oehlenschläger, Bernhard Severin Ingemann, N. F. S. Grundtvig and, last but not least, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard furthered philosophy while Hans Christian Ørsted achieved fundamental progress in science. The Golden Age thus had an effect not only on life in Denmark but, with time. The origins of the Golden Age can be traced back to around the beginning of the 19th century, surprisingly, this was a very rough period for Denmark. Copenhagen, the centre of the intellectual life, first experienced huge fires in 1794 and 1795 which destroyed both Christiansborg Palace and large areas of the inner city. In 1801, as a result of the involvement in the League of Armed Neutrality. Then in 1813, as a result of the inability to support the costs of war. To make matters worse, Norway ceased to be part of the Danish realm when it was ceded to Sweden the following year, Copenhagens devastation nevertheless provided new opportunities. Architects and planners widened the streets, constructing beautifully designed Neoclassical buildings offering a brighter yet intimate look, at the time, with a population of only 100,000, the city was still quite small, built within the confines of the old ramparts. As a result, the figures of the day met frequently, sharing their ideas, bringing the arts. Henrik Steffens was perhaps the most effective proponent of the Romantic idea, in a series of lectures in Copenhagen, he successfully conveyed the ideas behind German romanticism to the Danes. Influential thinkers, such as Oehlenschläger and Grundtvig were quick to take up his views and it was not long before Danes from all branches of the arts and sciences were involved in a new era of Romantic nationalism, later known as the Danish Golden Age. Especially in the field of painting, change became apparent, grand historical art gave way to more widely appealing but less pretentious genre paintings and landscapes. The Golden Age is generally believed to have lasted until about 1850, around that time, Danish culture suffered from the outbreak of the First Schleswig War. In addition, political reforms involving the end of the monarchy in 1848

5.
Johan Frederik Classen
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Johan Frederik Classen, frequently also J. F. Classen, was a Danish-Norwegian industrialist, major general, landowner and founder of Det Classenske Fideicommis. Classen was born in Oslo, where his father, was an organist, the father, who had the same name as his son, was born 1697 and died 1775, his mother, Maria, born Walter, was from a Norwegian farmer family. After having gone through grammar school in his hometown, he became a candidate at University of Copenhagen in 1741. Despite his studies, it was not Classens intention to make a theological career, when only 24, Classen became a supplier of munitions to the State, in particular as commissioner for the Moss foundry, a post he held until c. As such, he conducted negotiations with army headquarters and he seems to have had influential friends in the kings immediate circle. In 1751, he received the title of Chancellry Counsellor and in 1753, was appointed Secretary of Kommercekollegiet, immediately after the 1750 death of the Danish merchant, Andreas Bjørn, Classen became involved in the annual delivery of munitions to the Berbers in Algiers. He began by delivering 8,000 cannonballs, followed by gunpowder, rope and timber and his international trading ties developed through his connection with the former Spanish ambassador in Copenhagen, Marqués de Puente Fuerte. The work brought him contact with a variety of industrialists. In 1754, Classen unsuccessfully sought to establish a glassworks, the following year, in 1756, a dispute arose between Classen and the directors of the Moss foundry, and by 1759, Classen ceased to be an agent there. De Peyrembert, a Frenchman, had attempted to produce cannons there. Responding to the wishes, Classen and Fabritius embarked not only on the production of cannons and gunpowder. As the land had been allocated by Frederik V, Classen named the foundry Frederiksværk, the business did well, benefitting from supplies for the Seven Years War from 1756. Although he was interested in the side of the enterprise, it was above all Classens abilities as an administrator. Within a few years, Frederiksværk became Denmarks one and only industrial town, thanks to the quality of both its gunpowder and cannons, the factory quickly became competitive. By 1765, the number of workers had increased to some 400, Classens enterprise also received support from the State. One of Classens patrons was Saint-Germain who was striving to improve Danish artillery, shortly afterwards, however, Saint-Germain was dismissed and in April 1768, a investigative committee was set up with Classens opponent, Ditlev Reventlow as chairman. The contract, which specified an annual subsidy for operating the factory in addition to payments for the supplies, was renewed every year until Classen died. Furthermore, Frederiksværk concluded contracts for supplying weapons and munitions to large trading companies, in 1769, the business was extended to produce stoves and cooking pots although not all Classens attempts to bring other industries to the town were successful

6.
Adam Gottlob Moltke
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Count Adam Gottlob Moltke was a Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat, and Favourite of Frederick V of Denmark. Moltke was born at Riesenhof in Mecklenburg and his son, Joachim Godske Moltke, and his grandson, Adam Wilhelm Moltke, later served as Prime Minister of Denmark. Adam Gottlob Greve Moltke was born 10/11 November 1710 to Joachim von Moltke, in 1722, through one of his uncles, young Moltke became a page at the Danish court, in which capacity he formed a lifelong friendship with the crown prince Frederick, later King Frederick V. As the companion of the king, Moltkes influence grew to the point that foreign diplomatists declared he could make and unmake ministers at will. Especially notable is Moltkes attitude towards the two distinguished statesmen who played the parts during the reign of Frederick, Johan Sigismund Schulin. Schulin he revered, but Bernstorff irritated him with his affected airs of superiority, one of his main tasks was to take care that his dissolute Majesty didnt damage the Royal households reputation with his constant orgies. Moltke was less liberal in his views than many of his contemporaries and his greatest merit, however, was the guardianship he exercised over the king. On the death of Queen Louisa, the king would have married one of Moltkes daughters had he not peremptorily declined the dangerous honor, on the death of Frederick, who died in his arms on 14 January 1766, Moltkes influence came to an end. The new king, Fredericks son, Christian VII, could not endure him, at that time Moltke was also unpopular, because he was, wrongly, suspected of enriching himself from the public purse. Therefore, in July 1766, Moltke was dismissed all his positions. On 8 February 1768, through the interest of Russia, to whom he had always been sympathetic, he regained his seat in the council, as Christian VIIs reign was marked by mental illness, he was heavily influenced by his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee. Streunesee had risen steadily in power and from 1770 to 1772, was de facto regent of the country, on 10 December 1770, Moltke was again dismissed without a pension for refusing to have anything to do with the liberal Struensee. He was married to Christiane Frederikke von Brüggemann, after her death, he married Sophie Hedevig von Raben, the daughter of Christian Frederik von Raben, the Gouverneur of the Diocese of Lolland–Falster from 1737 to 1763. Between his two wives, Moltke was said to have had 22 sons, five of whom became cabinet ministers, four who became ambassadors, Christian Frederik Moltke Catharine Sophie Wilhelmine Caroline Moltke, who married Count Hannibal Wedell in June 1752 married at Hirschholm Palace. From 1748 to 1749, the district of Frederiksstaden was built by King Frederick V to commemorate the tercentenary of the Oldenburg familys ascent to the throne of Denmark. The project consisted of four identical mansions, built to house four distinguished families of nobility from the royal circles, moltke’s mansion, which was erected in 1750–54, was the most expensive of the four palaces at the time it was built, and had the most extravagant interiors. The mansion formally opened on 30 March 1754, the King’s thirtieth birthday, on 26 February 1794, the Royal Family found itself homeless after the Christiansborg Palace fire. The family occupied the new residence December 1794 and these mansions form the modern palace of Amalienborg

7.
Frederick V of Denmark
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Frederick V was king of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1746 until his death. He was the son of Christian VI of Denmark and Sophia Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Frederick was born on 31 March 1723 at Copenhagen Castle. He was the grandson of King Frederick IV of Denmark and the son of Crown Prince Christian, on 12 October 1730, King Frederick IV died and Fredericks father ascended the throne as King Christian VI. Christian VI and Sophia Magdalene were deeply devoted to Pietism, although not unfamiliar with religious sentiments, Frederick grew into a hedonist who enjoyed the pleasures of life such as wine and women. His mother ironically referred to him as Der Dänische Prinz because he occasionally spoke Danish, Fredericks propensity for debauchery accelerated his marriage negotiations. He was married at Altona, Holstein, on 11 December 1743 to Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II and they were the parents of six children, but one was stillborn. Meanwhile, Frederick continued to enjoy liaisons with others. During the years 1746-51, the king had a favorite named Madam Hansen who bore him five children, the Norwegian Masonic historian Karl Ludvig Tørrisen Bugge claims that Frederik V as crown prince was included in the Copenhagen Masonic Lodge St. Martin. This was probably third June 1744, and inspired by the Prussian king Frederick the Great who was included in a masonic lodge in his youth. They both had fathers who were opposed to the Masons, but unlike the Prussian king. As an active Freemason, he set up on 24 June 1749 the first Masonic lodge in Norway, on 6 August 1746 – the day before his parentss silver marriage festivities– his father died at Hirschholm Palace, the royal familys summer retreat. Christian VI was interred in Roskilde Cathedral, Frederick and Louise immediately ascended Denmark-Norways throne, being anointed in Frederiksborg Palaces Chapel the following year. The personal influence of Frederick was limited, making him one of absolute rulers who least made for the states strength and these men marked his reign by the progress of commerce and the emerging industry of gunpowder plant and cannon foundry in Frederiksværk, built by Johan Frederik Classen. They also avoided involving Denmark in the European wars of his time, in the same period the Royal Frederiks Hospital and the Royal Orphanage was created, a school intended for poor boys that still exists today, opened in Christianshavn on 1 October 1753. On 29 June 1753 Frederick V created Denmarks first lottery, called the Royal Copenhagen Lottery - a lottery that exists to this day as Klasselotteriet, one of his main tasks was to take care that his dissolute Majesty didnt damage the Royal households reputation with his constant orgies. Frederick purchased what would become known as the Danish West Indies from the Danish West India Company in 1754. Louise died suddenly on 19 December 1751 at Christiansborg Palace, predeceasing her husband by fourteen years and causing great impact on the family and the courts life. She was buried with great pomp at Roskilde Cathedral, at the time of her death, she was pregnant with her sixth child, who also died

8.
Chamberlain (office)
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A chamberlain is an officer in charge of managing a household. In many countries there are ceremonial posts associated with the household of the sovereign, historically, many institutions and governments – monasteries, cathedrals and cities – also had the post of chamberlain, who usually had charge of finances. The Finance Director of the City of London is still called the Chamberlain, while New York City had such a chamberlain, the chamberlains are not employed by the court, but serve during ceremonial occasions such as state visits, audiences and official dinners. In Thailand the head of the Bureau of the Royal Household is titled the Lord Chamberlain and he has several Grand Chamberlains as his deputy, usually in charge of a specific portfolio. Lord Great Chamberlain Lord Chamberlain Chamberlain of the City of London Lord Chamberlain of Scotland Chamberlain of the City of New York Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church Papal Gentlemen

9.
1863 in Denmark
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Events from the year 1863 in Denmark. Monarch – Frederick VII, Christian IX Prime minister – Carl Christian Hall, the Horse-drawn tram cars run along a single track between Sankt Annæ Plads and Frederiksberg Runddel. November 15 – With Christian IXs accent to the Danuish throne, Christian IX signs the so-called November Constitution establishing a shared law of succession and a common parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark. This is seen by the German Confederation as a violation of the 1852 London Protocol, december 24 – Saxon and Hanoverian troops marched into Holstein on behalf of the Confederation. Supported by the German soldiers and by loyal Holsteiners, Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein took control of the government of Holstein

10.
Andreas Peter Bernstorff
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Andreas Peter Bernstorff, also known as Andreas Peter Graf von Bernstorff, was a Danish statesman and politician. He was a Danish minister, father of Christian Günther von Bernstorff, Bernstorff was born in Hanover as a nephew of the statesman Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, whose position probably introduced him to Danish politics. After a grand European tour, he joined the Danish state service, first as a courtier and then from 1760 as a state official and his career was slow but steady. During the 1760s, he placed himself as an able but not outstanding official closely connected to his uncle, in the Struensee years from 1770-71, he was dismissed, but soon he was recalled by the new regime of Ove Høegh-Guldberg. In 1773, Bernstorff was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and his real Danish career began and he carried through the final solution of the Gottorp question through an exchange of territory with the Russian imperial family and a Russian alliance. In general he supported a pro-Russian line trying to hold Sweden in check and he created an outstanding position for himself but also made many enemies within the government. This was partly due to his alleged willfulness and partly due to political rivalry, the difficult years during the American War of Independence strengthened his wishes of an “active neutrality”. In 1780 he concluded a League of Neutrality with Russia and Sweden, at the same time he concluded a special agreement with England that secured Danish trade. A deep but temporary Russian dissatisfaction with the treaty, however, was exploited by his Danish rivals, very early, he was connected to Crown Prince Frederick and became a part of the conspiracy against Guldberg. He supported the coup détat of 1784, which made Frederick the Prince Regent, Bernstorff was for second time made Minister of Foreign Affairs in May 1784, and that opened his real golden age. Until his death, he was in reality “prime minister” of Denmark and he was also temporarily the President of Danish Chancellery in 1788-89. In Scandinavian matters, Bernstorff carried on a cautious pro-Russian policy without clashing with Sweden, the Russo-Swedish War in 1787-90 led to an abortive Danish involvement in 1788, and he managed to escape without any open breaks. During the next years he gradually phased out the Russian alliance, bernstorffs most important problem in this period was the French Revolution and the wars in its wake. He firmly maintained a line and showed his special virtuosity in balancing the great powers in order to protect Danish trade. He strongly kept to the International Law but avoided provocation and his diplomacy was both strong and yet not rigid, and he maintained the economic position of the Danish merchants and in spite of problems with both France and England. All the while, made his course respected, among other things, he firmly avoided a politics of convoy while he clearly refused to take any part in the intervention in France. This was probably due to his principally neutral line but also partly to his growing respect of national integrity, Bernstorff was of course a foreign politician, but because of his leading role he clearly influenced domestic politics. Very early on he was known as a supporter of independent farmers and of the agrarian reforms