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Summary

This authoritative guide provides a basis for understanding the emerging technology of ground source heat pumps. It equips engineers, architects, planners, regulators and geologists with the fundamental skills needed to manipulate the ground's huge capacity to store, supply and receive heat, and to implement technologies (such as heat pumps) to exploit that capacity for space heating and cooling. The author has geared the book towards understanding ground source heating and cooling from the ground side (the geological aspects), rather than solely the building aspects. He explains the science behind thermogeology and offers practical guidance on different design options. The book is aimed primarily at professionals whose skills areas impinge on the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. They are aware of the importance of the technology and wish to rapidly acquire fundamental theoretical understanding and design skills.

Author Biography

David Banks is one of the Britain's leading hydrogeologists and has been instrumental in promoting ground source heating and cooling within the UK. He has over 26 years international experience from consultancy, the public sector, academia and commercial training. He runs his own business, Holymoor Consultancy Ltd, and has taught at the Universities of Sheffield, Leeds and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Most recently, he has been a trainer on the EU's Geotrainet programme.

Table of Contents

About the Author

p. xi

Preface to the First Edition

p. xiii

Preface to the Second Edition

p. xv

Acknowledgements

p. xvii

An Introduction

p. 1

Who should read this book?

p. 2

What will this book do and not do?

p. 2

Why should you read this book?

p. 3

Thermogeology and hydrogeology

p. 6

Geothermal Energy

p. 11

Geothermal energy and ground source heat

p. 11

Lord Kelvin's conducting, cooling earth

p. 12

Geothermal gradient, heat flux and the structure of the earth

p. 14

Internal heat generation in the crust

p. 16

The converting earth?

p. 17

Geothermal anomalies

p. 19

Types of geothermal system

p. 27

Use of geothermal energy to produce electricity by steam turbines

p. 28

Binary systems

p. 28

Direct use

p. 30

Cascading use

p. 30

Hot dry rock systems [a.k.a. 'enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)']

p. 32

The 'sustainability' of geothermal energy and its environmental impact

p. 35

And if we do not live in Iceland?

p. 38

The Subsurface as a Heat Storage Reservoir

p. 40

Specific heat capacity: the ability to store heat

p. 41

Movement of heat

p. 45

The temperature of the ground

p. 51

Insolation and atmospheric radiation

p. 55

Cyclical temperature signals in the ground

p. 59

Geothermal gradient

p. 61

Human sources of heat in the ground

p. 65

Geochemical energy

p. 69

The heat energy budget of our subsurface reservoir

p. 70

Cyclical storage of heat

p. 72

Manipulating the ground heat reservoir

p. 74

What Is a Heat Pump?

p. 79

Engines

p. 81

Pumps

p. 84

Heat pumps

p. 85

The rude mechanics of the heat pump

p. 88

Absorption heat pumps

p. 91

Heat pumps for space heating

p. 91

The efficiency of heat pumps

p. 93

Air-sourced heat pumps

p. 96

Ground source heat pumps

p. 98

Seasonal performance factor (SPF)

p. 99

GSHPs for cooling

p. 100

Other environmental sources of heat

p. 100

The benefits of GSHPs

p. 101

Capital cost

p. 104

Other practical considerations

p. 107

The challenge of delivering efficient GSHP systems

p. 108

Challenges: the future

p. 109

Summary

p. 112

Heat Pumps and Thermogeology: A Brief History and International Perspective

p. 114

Refrigeration before the heat pump

p. 115

The overseas ice trade

p. 117

Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump?

p. 119

The history of the GSHP

p. 121

The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs?

p. 129

Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets?

p. 132

Ground Source Cooling

p. 133

Our cooling needs in space

p. 133

Scale effects and our cooling needs in time

p. 134

Traditional cooling

p. 135

Dry coolers

p. 136

Evaporation

p. 138

Chillers/heat pumps

p. 141

Absorption heat pumps

p. 143

Delivery of cooling in large buildings

p. 144

Dehumidification

p. 145

Passive cooling using the ground

p. 145

Active ground source cooling

p. 147

An example of open-loop groundwater cooling

p. 148

Options and Applications for Ground Source Heat Pumps

p. 150

How much heat do I need?

p. 150

Sizing a GSHP

p. 156

Open-loop ground source heat systems

p. 161

Closed-loop systems

p. 173

Domestic hot water by ground source heat pumps?

p. 191

Heating and cooling delivery in complex systems

p. 195

Heat from ice

p. 201

The Design of Groundwater-Based Open-Loop Systems

p. 202

Common design flaws of open-loop groundwater systems

p. 203

Aquifers, aquitards and fractures

p. 203

Transmissivity

p. 205

Confined and unconfined aquifers

p. 206

Abstraction well design in confined and unconfined aquifers

p. 208

Design yield, depth and drawdown

p. 210

Real wells and real aquifers

p. 215

Sources of information

p. 217

Multiple wells in a wellfield

p. 222

Hydraulic feedback in a well doublet

p. 227

Heat migration in the groundwater environment

p. 234

The importance of three-dimensionality

p. 240

Mathematical reversibility

p. 242

Sustainability: thermally balanced systems and seasonal reversal

p. 243

Groundwater modelling

p. 244

Examples of open-loop heating/cooling schemes

p. 245

Further reading

p. 246

Pipes, Pumps and the Hydraulics of Closed-Loop Systems

p. 248

Our overall objective

p. 251

Hydraulic resistance of the heat exchanger

p. 252

The hydraulic resistance of pipes

p. 253

Acceptable hydraulic losses

p. 255

Hydraulic resistances in series and parallel

p. 255

An example

p. 256

Selecting pumps

p. 262

Carrier fluids

p. 265

Manifolds

p. 271

Hydraulic testing of closed loops

p. 275

Equipping a ground loop

p. 277

Subsurface Heat Conduction and the Design of Borehole-Based Closed-Loop Systems