InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II superlattice infrared detectors based on mature III-V material and devices technology has lots of advantages such as tunable energy structure and wide response wavelength range, low dark current and high performance under high temperature, etc. It has been chosen as the Third-Generation infrared detector and developed rapidly in recent ten years. In this paper both theoretical and experimental study have been performed to indicate high temperature operation characterization for the InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II superlattice middle wavelength infrared detectors . Photo-generated carriers, the ratio of photo conductance and dark conductance were calculated by balance equation method. The dependence of I-V, optical response, device detectivity on temperature has been tested and studied to disclose temperature characteristic of the InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II superlattice infrared detectors. The results verify the middle wavelength InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II superlattice infrared detectors can operate at high temperature with high performance.

The short wavelength infrared (SWIR) band near 1.0-3.0μm plays an important role in many applications such as weather forecast, earth environmental or resource observation, low light level systems and astronomical observation. It is well known that InGaAs detectors can shift the cutoff wavelength from 1.7μm to 2.5μm with the higher fraction of indium in the ternary InXGa1-XAs material grown on InP, which results to material defects and poorer device characteristics due to the lattice mismatch. Dark current characteristics of extended wavelength InGaAs detectors were investigated in this paper. Dark current mechanisms for extended InGaAs detectors with different absorption layer parameters and device fabrication process were analyzed according to current-voltage curves at different temperatures and bias voltages. Activation energy of devices was extracted from current-voltage curves. Activation energy is related with absorption layer concentration and test temperature. Activation energy is the higher for the devices with the higher absorption layer concentration at lower bias voltage at the same temperature range, which shows that the narrower width of the depletion layer in the devices results to the lower generation-recombination current. The devices with the optimized etching and passivation parameters show higher thermal activation energy and the lower dark current. Dark current mechanisms of the ones are dominated by diffusion current at the higher temperature and lower bias voltage, whereas dominated by internal generation-recombination current and ohmic leakage current at the lower temperature.

This paper presents the progress in the cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) single crystal growth and high quality CdZnTe substrates fabrication at Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP). The 60 mm diameter ingots with almost 90% single-crystals were grown by the vertical Bridgman technique. The average single-crystal yield of all ingots grown in the last two years was about 60%. The large-size substrates (> 40 × 60 mm2) were obtained. The processing and assessment of CdZnTe substrates were introduced. Especially, the sliced wafers were etched by the bromine-methanol to remove slicing damage rather than by lapping and polishing. An Olympus BX51-IR transmission microscope with mapping function was employed to take images of the inclusions/precipitates in the full wafer and the surface of the wafers etched by the Evenson etchant. The inclusions with different shapes were investigated. The inclusions and precipitates were distinguished. The inclusions occurred at the crystal growth stage and the precipitates were separated from the nonstoichiometric crystals at the cooling stage. The both inclusions and precipitates mainly originated from the nonstoichiometric CdZnTe source materials. The mosaic structure of the etch pits profiles in the substrates has been eliminated. The etch pit density (EPD) of CdZnTe substrates was counted by the software and the average value of EPDs was less than 5 × 104 cm-2. After the defects of the substrates were measured, the substrates were polished. The surface flatness and roughness of the substrates were also improved by optimizing the technology.

Thermal infrared imaging from geostationary satellite can provide all time, real time and video observation, and it can achieve fast pointing and information acquisition of any object on the earth disk. It is more suitable for timely information acquisition of emergent event such as natural disaster. The paper introduces the development and related applications of GEO thermal infrared imaging technologies during the past several decades. It then introduces a concept of all time, real time and video observation from GEO using two thermal infrared staring imagers with different spatial resolution and field of view (FOV). The low spatial resolution and wide FOV thermal infrared staring imager is used to monitor objects within a large area concerned, while the high spatial resolution and narrow FOV thermal infrared staring imager is used to acquire detailed information of the interesting objects within a small area. The main characteristics and technical solutions about the proposed concept are described in the paper.

Detector MTF based micro-scanning image reconstruction (dMTF-MSIR) algorithm was presented to reduce image blur due to spatial integration degradation effect (SIDE) of focal plane detector. Firstly, a high-resolution oversampling image was generated from four successive frames in micro-scanning image sequence using inter-frame difference oversampling reconstruction (IFDOR) algorithm, in which case the required inherent inter-frame offsets were obtained by calibration. Secondly, a Wiener filter was built based on the SIDE model characterizing the image blur due to spatial integration of radiation intensity distribution at sensor cell surface. Finally, a high-resolution reconstructed image was generated by processing the oversampling image using the Wiener filter to reduce image blur due to SIDE. Simulation results showed that if spatial sampling frequency of focal plane detector was fixed and micro-scanning images were noise-free, the loss of reconstructed image detail increased with the increase of duty cycle of detector. However the influence of duty cycle of detector was gradually exceeded by that of image noise with the increase in image noise level, and in this case suppressing image noise should be given priority. Furthermore, the performance of the presented method was restricted by aliasing, so imaging light path should introduce an optical low-pass filter with the cutoff frequency that is less than or equal to twice as large as Nyquist sampling frequency of detector. The experiment based on infrared images of actual scene showed that reconstructed images generated by the presented method had a higher image contrast and sharpness than that of IFDOR algorithm.

During the runtime of the spacecraft in space, spacecraft uses optical navigation sensor to capture and measure its flight attitude information.Very high accuracy star sensor is a kind of navigation sensors.Star simulator serves as the calibration equipment for star sensor on the ground has received more and more attention.In order to complete the testing of very high star sensor, according to the working principlestatic of the star simulator,an collimating optical system has been designed which can achieve high precision simulation of the star point.Using ZEMAX software to complete the design of the optical system and calculating the star point emitting precision at -45 °C ~ +65 °C with multiple structural function.The design results show that,the designed wavelength of the system is 500~900nm,wherein the center wavelength is 680nm.At 20°C,the distortion is 0.01%, MTF is higher than 0.5 at the frequency of 60 lp/mm within the filed of view of 7.2°.The collimation errors are both less than 1″ at the two limit temperatures.Applying ANSYS software to analysis the deformation of machine structure at different temperatures, the result shows that the overall deformation has the same tendency as the lens group，and can meet temperature requirements. Then making the precision analysis of the optical system and providing a group of measured data. Depended on the measurement results, the error of position for single star ≤7″, the error of angular distance between stars≤10″. The data shows that this design and the product meet the requirement of technique index.

Considering the requirement of high reality and real-time quality dynamic infrared image of an infrared image simulation, a method to design real-time infrared image simulation application on the platform of VC++ is proposed. This is based on visual simulation software Creator and Vega. The functions of Creator are introduced simply, and the main features of Vega developing environment are analyzed. The methods of infrared modeling and background are offered, the designing flow chart of the developing process of IR image real-time generation software and the functions of TMM Tool and MAT Tool and sensor module are explained, at the same time, the real-time of software is designed.

Infrared diagnostic technique is a live detection technique characterized by convenience and fastness. It enables the detection in a live, non-contact, accurate, sensitive and safe manner. Infrared diagnostic technique is an important means of ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the power equipments. The precision infrared imaging of capacitor set by infrared technology can timely detect the equipment faults due to current or voltage-caused heating. It is of high significance for achieving the reactive power adequacy of the system.

This paper designs a compact apochromatic lens with long focal length, which operates over very-broad spectrum from 400nm to 900nm for high resolution image application. The focal length is 290mm, and F-number is 4.5.In order to match CCD sensor, lens resolution must be higher than 100lp/mm. It is a significant challenge to correct secondary spectrum over very-broad spectrum for this application. The paper firstly pays much attention on dispersion characteristic of optical materials over this very-broad spectrum, and dispersion characteristic of glasses is analyzed. After properly glasses combinations and optimal lens structure selected, this compact apochromatic lens is designed. The lens described in this paper comprises fewer lenses, most of them are ordinary optical materials, and only one special flint type TF3 with anomalous dispersion properties is used for secondary spectrum correction. Finally, the paper shows MTF and aberration curve for performance evaluation. It can be seen that MTF of the designed lens nearly reach diffraction limit at Nyquist frequency 100lp/mm, and residual secondary spectrum is greatly reduced to less than 0.03mm (in the lines 550nm and 787.5nm). The overall length of this compact apochromatic lens is just 0.76 times its focal length, and because of fewer lenses and ordinary optical materials widely used, production cost is also greatly reduced.

Accurate and fast detection of infrared (IR) dim target has very important meaning for infrared precise guidance, early warning, video surveillance, etc. In this paper, some basic principles and the implementing flow charts of a series of algorithms for target detection are described. These algorithms are traditional two-frame difference method, improved three-frame difference method, background estimate and frame difference fusion method, and building background with neighborhood mean method. On the foundation of above works, an infrared target detection software platform which is developed by OpenCV and MFC is introduced. Three kinds of tracking algorithms are integrated in this software. In order to explain the software clearly, the framework and the function are described in this paper. At last, the experiments are performed for some real-life IR images. The whole algorithm implementing processes and results are analyzed, and those algorithms for detection targets are evaluated from the two aspects of subjective and objective. The results prove that the proposed method has satisfying detection effectiveness and robustness. Meanwhile, it has high detection efficiency and can be used for real-time detection.

Segmenting greenbelts quickly and accurately in remote sensing images is an economic and effective method for the statistics of green coverage rate (GCR). Towards the problem of over-reliance on priori knowledge of the traditional level set segmentation model based on max-flow/min-cut Graph Cut principle and weighted Total Variation (GCTV), this paper proposes a level set segmentation method of combining regional texture features and priori knowledge of color and applies it to greenbelt segmentation in urban remote sensing images. For the color of greenbelts is not reliable for segmentation, Gabor wavelet transform is used to extract image texture features. Then we integrate the extracted features into the GCTV model which contains only priori knowledge of color, and use both the prior knowledge and the targets’ texture to constrain the evolving of the level set which can solve the problem of over-reliance on priori knowledge. Meanwhile, the convexity of the corresponding energy functional is ensured by using relaxation and threshold method, and primal-dual algorithm with global relabeling is used to accelerate the evolution of the level set. The experiments show that our method can effectively reduce the dependence on priori knowledge of GCTV, and yields more accurate greenbelt segmentation results.

Nowadays as low carbon economy is advocated worldwide, the electricity consumption caused by a huge number of embedded systems is gaining more and more attentions, and power consumption has become a critical issue in embedded system design. After past work of low power consumption technologies in embedded systems is explored, according to the software constituents of embedded systems, this paper divides low power consumption technologies into three levels, in which, the encountered problems, major solutions and applications are clarified. A full vision about low power consumption technologies in embedded systems is described. Finally, this paper discusses some trends of software low power consumption technologies in the future.

In this paper, a mathematical model of TDI CMOS image sensors was established in behavioral level through MATLAB based on the principle of a TDI CMOS image sensor using temporal oversampling rolling shutter in the along-track direction. The geometric perspective and light energy transmission relationships between the scene and the image on the sensor are included in the proposed model. A graphical user interface (GUI) of the model was also established. A high resolution satellitic picture was used to model the virtual scene being photographed. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified by computer simulations based on the satellitic picture. In order to guide the design of TDI CMOS image sensors, the impacts of some parameters of TDI CMOS image sensors including pixel pitch, pixel photosensitive size, and integration time on the performance of the sensors were researched through the proposed model. The impacts of the above parameters on the sensors were quantified by sensor’s modulation transfer function (MTF) of the along-track direction, which was calculated by slanted-edge method. The simulation results indicated that the TDI CMOS image sensor can get a better performance with smaller pixel photosensitive size and shorter integration time. The proposed model is useful in the process of researching and developing a TDI CMOS image sensor.

In four-transistor (4T) CMOS image sensors (CIS), incomplete charge transfer from the photodiode (PD) to the floating diffusion (FD) node can result in image lag, which is a serious problem affecting the imaging performance. In the paper a low image lag 4T pixel structure for CIS is proposed. Two techniques are adopted to promote complete charge transfer in a 4T pixel. Firstly, the threshold voltage of the reset transistor in the 4T pixel is adjusted to an appropriate negative value to realize a high potential in the FD, which is helpful for the charge (electron) to transfer into FD. Inevitably, a large negative threshold voltage make the source-drain leakage current of the reset transistor can not be ignored. In the design the threshold voltage is chosen to satisfy the requirements of a higher potential in FD and a lower source-drain leakage current of reset transistor simultaneously. Secondly, an additional p-type layer is adopted on the surface of the photodiode, with partially overlapped the channel of the transfer transistor. With an optimized overlap length, neither an apparent potential barrier nor a severe potential pocket can be formed on the route of charge transfer. So a potential distribution under transfer gate conducive to charge transfer is achieved. An identical photomask is used to manufacture the additional p-type layer and the p-type pinned layer of the photodiode, and the latter is formed in selfaligned way, which is economic in process and helpful to control the misalignment of the layer. The simulations are completed in Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) tools. A test chip with 32×10 pixel array has been designed and fabricated in 0.18μm 1P4M CIS process. The experimental results demonstrate that the image lag is below the measurement threshold (using 12-bit ADC) with an additional reset operation adopted. Without the additional reset, the largest measured image lag is 0.18%.

During telescope detection, there is atmosphere overflow and other stray light affecting the system which leads to background disturbance. Thus reduce the detection capability of the system. So it is very necessary to design mechanical structure to suppress the stray light for the telescope detection system. It can both improve the signal-to-noise and contrast of the object. This paper designs the optical and mechanical structure of the 400mm telescope. And then the main baffle, baffle vane, field stop and coating technology are used to eliminate the effect of stray light on the optical and mechanical system. Finally, software is used to analyze and simulate stray light on the whole optical and mechanical system. Using PST as the evaluating standard, separate and integrated analysis of the suppressing effect of main baffle, baffle vane and field aperture is completed. And also get the results of PST before and after eliminating the stray light. Meanwhile, the results of stray light analysis can be used to guide the design of the optical and mechanical structure. The analysis results demonstrate that reasonable optical and mechanical structure and stray light suppression measure can highly reduce the PST and also improve the detection capability of the telescope system, and the designed outside baffle, inside baffle, vanes and coating technique etc. can decrease the PST approximately 1 to 3 level.

In this paper, a robust and fast image registration algorithm suitable for super-resolution is proposed, it yields a solution that precisely registers images with subpixel accuracy. The proposed registration process is carried out in three stages. In first stage, the image edges are extracted and then the corner points which are on the image edges are extracted, where the improved Harris corner algorithm is used in order to reduce the calculation amount. In second stage, for the coarse registration, the NCC (Normalized cross correlation) similarity measure is used to get an initial set of corresponding point pairs, and then a statistical method is employed in order to remove mismatched points. In detail, we calculate the shift (Δx,Δy) of each point pairs, count the frequency of each shift, and then select the shift with most frequency as the image shift, which is expressed as(Δx0,Δy0). In third stage, for fine image registration, subpixel image registration is achieved by interpolation. The bicubic interpolation is done in the neighborhood of the inliers (the correspondences with shift (Δx0,Δy0) are called as inliers) and the NCC matching and statistical method is used once again to find the correct corresponding point pairs, from which the shifts between the reference and unregistered image are estimated. The experimental results illustrate the registration speed and accuracy of the proposed method improved significantly.

Using the laser absorption spectroscopy and algebraic iterative reconstruction methods, two-dimensional (2D) temperature distribution has been reconstructed with irregular beam distribution. The reconstruction accuracy strongly depends on the beam distribution. Therefore, an optimal design of the beam arrays can reduce the experimental cost and maximize the beam potentiality. This paper introduces the grid weight factor (GridWF) to evaluate the beam distribution relating to the discrete region. The error of the reconstruction is less than 15% using optimal beam distribution, which is lower than the results of non-optimization. As an increase in the number of emitters, the error can be obviously reduced. Two H2O absorption transitions (7205.25 cm −1 and 7416.05 cm−1) are adopted in the simulation. The 2D temperature reconstruction with optimal beam distribution and different number of emitters are demonstrated, showing the optimal design of the beam array having excellent reconstructed performance.

In this paper, the research meaning and application of polarization characteristic of laser backscattering of the rough surface has been introduced. By designing experimental optical, using incident light of 632.8nm wavelength red light, the experimental study of light scattering characteristics of the existing roughness blocks and other typical rough target surfaces have been done. Analysis results show that scattered light intensity with the measured roughness of the target, the incident angle has a relationship. If the roughness of the measured target is changed, the corresponding scattering intensity and the degree of polarization will change. And if the materials of the measured targets are not the same, the backscatter intensity trends are not identical. The research of light scattering properties of typical rough targets has a positive significance to further study of the target feature.

This paper describes an effective mosaic algorithm for UAV aerial images under the circumstances that the vehicle is executing a multiple-strips flying task. The proposed algorithm relies on two parts. One part is the basic image mosaic method which has three steps: firstly, an PCA-GSIFT is constructed to get the key points of the two images to be stitched, secondly, to get the matched pairs, an innovated matched pairs filter is presented, thirdly, to complete the registration and fusion, a weighted average method is implemented. And the other part of the new algorithm is the multiple-strips images mosaic strategy based on a global modulation strategy. Experimental results show that the approach has strong stabilization as well as high efficiency and performs excellent in multiple-stips flying UAV’s panorama generating .

In order to obtain sharp remote sensing images, the image stabilization technology of space camera and the remote sensing image restoration technology are usually used now. Vibration detection is the key to realize these technologies: an image stabilization system needs the displacement vector derived from vibration detection to drive the compensation mechanism; and the remote sensing image restoration technology needs the vibration displacement vector to construct the point spread function (PSF). Vibration detection not only can be used to improve image quality of panchromatic camera, infrared cameras and other optical camera, also is motion compensation basis of satellite radar equipment. In this paper we have constructed a vibration measuring method based on Fiber optic gyro (FOG). FOG is a device sensitive to angular velocity or angular displacement. High-precision FOG can be used to measure the jitter angle of the optic axis of a space camera fixed on satellite platform. According to the measured data, the vibration displacement vector of the imaging plane can be calculated. Consequently the vibration data provide a basis for image stabilization of space camera and restoration of remote sensing images. We simulated the vibration of a space camera by using a piezoelectric ceramic deflection platform, and calibrated vibration measurement by using laser beam and a high-speed linear array camera. We compared the feedback output of the deflection platform, the FOG measured data and the calibrated data of the linear array camera, and obtained a calibration accuracy better than 1.5 μrad.

The traditional Hausdorff measure, which uses Euclidean distance metric (L2 norm) to define the distance between coordinates of any two points, has poor performance in the presence of the rotation and scale change although it is robust to the noise and occlusion. To address the problem, we define a novel similarity function including two parts in this paper. The first part is Hausdorff distance between shapes which is calculated by exploiting shape context that is rotation and scale invariant as the distance metric. The second part is the cost of matching between centroids. Unlike the traditional method, we use the centroid as reference point to obtain its shape context that embodies global information of the shape. Experiment results demonstrate that the function value between shapes is rotation and scale invariant and the matching accuracy of our algorithm is higher than that of previously proposed algorithm on the MEPG-7 database.

According to the characteristics of infrared and visible images, a new image fusion method based on region growing and contourlet transform is proposed in this paper. To obtain more complementary information, the method is designed as a two-stage procedure. Firstly, the input infrared image is processed with region growing to segment the thermal target. Different fusion rules are adopted in target and background regions, respectively. For the target region, local energy is utilized as the fusion rule of the first fusion to fuse the thermal target and the visible image, while for the non-target region, we reserve the visible background information. Secondly, in order to fully add original information of the source images and avoid loss of information caused by segmentation, we make the second fusion between the visible image and the result image of the one-stage fusion. For good properties of localization, directionality and anisotropy, we adopt contourlet transform as the second fusion method. Experiments are carried out and the results show that our method is clearer in visual quality and effective in quantitative evaluations and the fused images are better than those resulting of using wavelet transform and contourlet transform.

The dual-band image fusion algorithm is presented based on infrared radiation characteristics. It is a more accuracy solution, in terms of the spectral, than the wavelet-based image fusion. The fusion algorithm and quality assessment is then applied to demonstrate its performance. Firstly, the gray value of thermal image is converted into corresponding radiation extiance. Secondly, the relationship between the radiation exitance and temperature in 8μm~12μm is fitted by applications of least square method. Combined with Planck blackbody radiation theory, the temperature value of different Pixel of the thermal image is obtained by calculating the radiation. Then the radiation of LWIR image scene in MWIR spectral range is derived through Planck's Formula. Thirdly, the deduced radiation, which reflects the details of the LWIR scene, is quantified and introduced into the MWIR image. Finally, the simulation of dual-band image fusion is obtained by Matlab. The results show that the objectives of image fusion not only retain the abundant spectral information of the original images, but also gain additional information by processing the dual-band data. Thus the dual-band image fusion can increase detection, recognition and identification ranges compared with the original MWIR and LWIR data.

Recently excellent infrared detectors have been demonstrated using InAs/GaSb superlattice materials sensitive at wavelength from 3um to greater than 32um. Using empirical tight binding method (ETBM), different structures as InAs(xML)/GaSb(8ML), (x=2, 4, 6, 8) and InAs(14ML)/GaSb(7ML) were designed for various cut-off wavelengths from short to long IR wavelength. These materials were grown by MBE with valved cracker cells for arsenic and antimony on p-type GaSb(001) substrates. The microstructure and the bandgap Eg were verified by high resolution X-ray diffraction and photoresponse spectra. The temperature dependence of Eg and photoresponse responsivity Rv were studied. The differential resistance under zero bias R0 in MWIR photodiode was measured up to 106 ohms. The ideality factor in the range of 1.5 to 2.1 indicates the generation-recombination current and surface leakage current are the dominant leakage in the depletion region. These results will promote InAs/GaSb superlattices infrared detectors research in multi-color from short to long wave IR application.

In order to effectively simulate infrared features of the scene and infrared high light phenomenon, Based on the visual light illumination model, according to the optical property of all material types in the scene, the infrared imaging illumination models are proposed to fulfill different materials: to the smooth material with specular characteristic, adopting the infrared imaging illumination model based on Blinn-Phone reflection model and introducing the self emission; to the ordinary material which is similar to black body without highlight feature, ignoring the computation of its high light reflection feature, calculating simply the material’s self emission and its reflection to the surrounding as its infrared imaging illumination model, the radiation energy under zero range of visibility can be obtained according to the above two models. The OpenGl rendering technology is used to construct infrared scene simulation system which can also simulate infrared electro-optical imaging system, then gets the synthetic infrared images from any angle of view of the 3D scenes. To validate the infrared imaging illumination model, two typical 3D scenes are made, and their infrared images are calculated to compare and contrast with the real collected infrared images obtained by a long wave infrared band imaging camera. There are two major points in the paper according to the experiment results: firstly, the infrared imaging illumination models are capable of producing infrared images which are very similar to those received by thermal infrared camera; secondly, the infrared imaging illumination models can simulate the infrared specular feature of relative materials and common infrared features of general materials, which shows the validation of the infrared imaging illumination models. Quantitative analysis shows that the simulation images are similar to the collected images in the aspects of main features, but their histogram distribution does not match very well, the reasons are analyzed and the further improvement direction is proposed. Theories and experiments show that the validation of the infrared illumination models in the paper.

The jamming effectiveness evaluation of infrared imaging system is an important part of electro-optical countermeasure. The infrared imaging devices in the military are widely used in the searching, tracking and guidance and so many other fields. At the same time, with the continuous development of laser technology, research of laser interference and damage effect developed continuously, laser has been used to disturbing the infrared imaging device. Therefore, the effect evaluation of the infrared imaging system by laser has become a meaningful problem to be solved. The information that the infrared imaging system ultimately present to the user is an image, so the evaluation on jamming effect can be made from the point of assessment of image quality. The image contains two aspects of the information, the light amplitude and light phase, so the image correlation can accurately perform the difference between the original image and disturbed image. In the paper, the evaluation method of digital image correlation, the assessment method of image quality based on Fourier transform, the estimate method of image quality based on error statistic and the evaluation method of based on peak signal noise ratio are analysed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analysed. Moreover, the infrared disturbing images of the experiment result, in which the thermal infrared imager was interfered by laser, were analysed by using these methods. The results show that the methods can better reflect the jamming effects of the infrared imaging system by laser. Furthermore, there is good consistence between evaluation results by using the methods and the results of subjective visual evaluation. And it also provides well repeatability and convenient quantitative analysis. The feasibility of the methods to evaluate the jamming effect was proved. It has some extent reference value for the studying and developing on electro-optical countermeasures equipments and effectiveness evaluation.

The calculation and theoretical analysis of water spray infrared attenuation have been partially solved, where multi-scattering, distribution of droplet diameter, droplet density and water optical character in the infrared atmosphere window, etc. are considered. However, under the premise that droplet density does not change, is there a stair phenomenon in water spray monochromatic infrared transmission? If yes, what are the reasons? These questions are still to be answered. In the calculation, with the unchanged general droplet density, through changing the droplet size of water spray, the corresponding water spray spectrum 3~12μm infrared transmission is calculated with MIE scatter theory and Single Diameter Monte Carlo Method. The results show that there are two conditions for the occurrence of infrared transmission stair phenomenon of water spray: 1) with the increase of droplet diameter, the droplet extinction index decreasing speed is consistent with the square speed of droplet diameter increase; 2) the corresponding infrared albedo change small. Meanwhile, results also show that when the infrared wave length is less than 3.3μm or more than 5.7μm, there is no stair-like phenomenon in water spray transmission curve. While between 3.3 and 5.7μm, the spectrum infrared transmission stair phenomenon will occur in certain droplet diameter range.

As infrared zoom systems change the focal length continuously, remain images stability and keep good image quality during the process of zoom, it is widely applied to infrared navigation, infrared detection, infrared-guided etc vehicular and airborne area. In order to satisfy the growing demand of infrared continuous zoom system, a zoom ratio of ten times long-wave infrared continuous zoom optical system that based on an uncooled detector was designed. System guided by the zoom theory of positive groups of compensation, calculated the initial structure of the system and according to the system of optical parameters with using ZEMAX software for optical design did an aberration balance and optimized, then the optical system image quality was systematically analyzed and evaluated. The result showed that the modulation transfer function (MTF) was above 0.4 within the whole focal range at spatial frequency 16 lp/mm, the root mean square radius of maximum dispersion spot was smaller than a pixel dimension and it met the requirements of the system imaging quality when F/# was 2, continuous zoom range was from 40 mm to 400 mm and the image size was 12 mm. The design of the system realized the requirements of compact structure, large zoom ratio, easily assembled and excellent image quality to optical system for infrared imaging.

This paper presents a method for multi-exposure images fusion based on wavelet packet transform, combining the local energy distributions of multi-exposure images with the edge detection. After decomposing two images involved in fusion into sub images in low-frequency and high-frequency with wavelet packet transform, we use different methods for low-frequency and high-frequency to obtain fusion coefficients. In low frequency processing, the method that threshold value is set for local energy is used while the edge detection method is used in high frequency, where the edge detection operator help compute the information quantity of different high frequency images. Then the coefficients for fusion are selected according to different strategies adopted for low- and high-frequency. Finally, the fusion image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet packet transform. The result shows that the fusion method is effective and the fusion image can preserve the details of the each input image successfully.

Image fusion takes a significant part in the technology of information enhancement. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of previous methods , this paper proposes an improved wavelet-transform-algorithm, which both considers the fusion methods of low-frequency and high-frequency components: On the low-frequency sub-band aspect, introducing a border detector operator in order to collect the border information of images that can be the basis of selective fusion method; On the high-frequency sub-band aspect, applying the local-standard-deviation to being the basis of selective and weighted-averaging fusion method. The experiments reveal that the proposed algorithm contributes to enhancing the definition and contract ratio of the fused images, thereby it’s a valid method.

Geosynchronous satellite has obvious limitations for the weight and the scale of payloads, and large aperture optical system is not permitted. The optical diffraction limit of small aperture optical system has an adverse impact on the resolution of the acquired images. Therefore, how to get high resolution images using super-resolution technique with the acquired low resolution images becomes a popular problem investigated by researchers. Here, we present a novel scheme to acquire low resolution images and process them to achieve a high resolution image. Firstly, to acquire low resolution images, we adopt a special arrangement pattern of four CCD staggered arrays on the focal plane in the remote sensing satellite framework .These four CCD linear arrays are parallelized with a 0.25√2 pixel shift along the CCD direction and a 1.25 pixel shift along the scanning direction. The rotation angle between the two directions is 45 degree. The tilting sampling mode and the special arrangement pattern allow the sensor to acquire images with a smaller sampling interval which can give the resolution a greater enhancement. Secondly, to reconstruct a high resolution image of pretty good quality with a magnification factor 4, we propose a novel algorithm based on the iterative-interpolation super resolution algorithm (IISR) and the new edge-directed interpolation algorithm (NEDI). The new algorithm makes a critical improvement to NEDI and introduces it into the multi-frame interpolation in IISR. The algorithm can preserve the edges well and requires a relatively small number of low-resolution images to achieve better reconstruction accuracy .In the last part of the paper, we carry out a simulation experiment, and use MSE as the quality measure. The results demonstrate that our new scheme substantially improves the image resolution with both better quantitative quality and visual quality compared with some previous normal methods.

In the process of medical imaging (MI) reconstruction, filtering of original projection data is a key step to overcome artifact of the reconstructed image. Although some classical filters can be used into FBP algorithm, some drawbacks limit its application in practice, especially for the data polluted by non-stationary random noises. To overcome the shortcomings of these traditional filtering, an improved FBP combined with a shift-invariant wavelet threshold denoising algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the experiments, the reconstructed effects were compared between the improved algorithm, classical soft and hard threshold denoising methods. Experimental results illustrated that the reconstruction effect of improved FBP algorithm is better than that of others. In addition, two evaluation standards, i.e. mean-square error (MSE), peak-to-peak signal-noise ratio (PSNR) were used to compare the results of different algorithms. It was found that the reconstructed effects of the improved FBP combined with shift-invariant wavelet hard threshold function based on RL filter is better than others. Therefore, this improved FBP algorithm has potential value in the medical imaging.

Nowadays, infrared imaging systems play important roles in the field of civil and military. Especially small infrared target detecting and recognizing is one of the most widely use. The capability of target-detection algorithm is an important index of the system. This paper presents a novel algorithm for detecting a small moving target in infrared (IR) image sequences and finding its mass center, and recording the target moving track. In the target searching and recognizing algorithm of infrared image sequences, infrared image sequence is broken into frames, filtered by spatial filter algorithm, which helped to reduce granular noise. We use the Canny algorithm factor to find the edge of the target, and the result of detecting target edge is process by ecological open-loop filter method, including erosion and dilation algorithm with a same scale. Then, the candidate targets are recognized and saved temporarily. In order to get the mass centers of the candidate targets, the valid area of the candidate targets is defined by different weight valves, and then the mass centers are calculated by weighted average algorithm, and record per frame. After got several frames mass centers of the candidate targets, we get rid of the non-target mass centers by frame difference algorithm, and get the real mass center of the small moving infrared target. If the background is observed for enough time, the effect of frame difference algorithm is more efficiency. Finally, the moving track of the target is found out. The infrared (IR) image sequences used here are obtained through an IR camera in the laboratory, which uses a 288*384 silicon infrared image sensor produced by ULIS company. The methods referred above are realized and simulated on compute with Matlab. Theory analysis and experiments prove the method is reasonable and efficient.

How to remove the noise in infrared image effectively with detail preserving is a significant but difficult problem in infrared image processing. Various methods have been proposed to obtain good results. However, these algorithms usually cannot distinguish noise and detail efficiently, which leads to smoothing some details in infrared images. Recently a novel local measure called relative total variation (RTV) is proposed to accomplish effective texture removal. RTV measure is combined with a general windowed total variation measure and a novel inherent variation measure to smooth the image texture effectively while preserving the main structure. In this paper, using detail preserving smoothing method via RTV, a multi scale denoising algorithm for infrared image is proposed. Firstly, the infrared image is decomposed into several scales by non-subsampled Contourlet transform (NSCT). NSCT decomposition does not do any down sampling or up sampling, thus the results are not band limited. Secondly，the algorithm applies RTV based detail preserving denoising method for each decomposed layers. Different smoothing parameters are respectively used to adjust the denoising levels in different scales. Finally, various synthetic weights are utilized to different layers to reconstruct the final infrared denosing results. Compared with other infrared denoising approaches, the quantitative comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method could well suppress the noise of infrared image while preserving the edge details effectively. Both visual quality and objective measure results show that this method is efficient and has a good application in infrared image denoising.

Modern infrared focal plane arrays (IR FPA) with high dynamic range, and multiband versions are being deployed in fielded systems. It needs to develop advanced scene projection technology to operate both in laboratory testing for hardware-in-the-loop simulation and validation of fielded units immediately prior to mission use. One of the fiber array visible to infrared imaging transducer is introduced. Different from the fiber bundle, the fiber array is etched on the substrate material. The property of transducer is determined by the substrate material. Polyimide (PI) film has the property of high dynamic range for temperature resistant, electric insulating, radiation resistant, good thermosetting and thermomechanical effect. The heat diffusion property of PI film is analyzed by experimental study. For experimental study, samples of with sputtered graphite on surface and different thickness of PI film were made. Using the visible light irradiate on the film and a high speed infrared camera capture the temperature information. The time of raising temperature process and the max temperature were recorded. The different energy of visible light was tried for the max temperature for samples. The result show the PI film can be achieved to 600K and has high thermal efficiency. And the surface film with good absorptivity is also important for heat transforming. PI film can be used as one of the material in the Infrared imaging transducer for high dynamic range and multiband radiation.

In high speed flight, the aero-optical effect greatly affects infrared imaging system. An experiment investigating heating window radiance was conducted based the fluid computational simulation results. The paper gave the facilities needed and the procedures for experiment performance. The experiment data was analyzed by means of target signature evaluation principle, target contrast, SNR, gray level correlation index and gradient correlation index was computed from 4-bars infrared image. The results showed that the image region of interest was greatly affected by the heating window radiation. And some pre-processing skills should be introduced before implementing the target recognition and tracking algorithms. It is meaningful for validating performance of infrared imaging system with non-cooling window and to development methods of suppressing the hot dome radiation to reduce the image degradation.

In modern image processing, due to the development of digital image processing, the focus of the sensor can be automatically set by the digital processing system through computation. In the other hand, the auto-focusing synchronously and consistently is one of the most important factors for image mosaic and fusion processing, especially for the system with multi-sensor which are put on one line in order to gain the wide angle video information. Different images sampled by the sensors with different focal length values will always increase the complexity of the affine matrix of the image mosaic and fusion in next, which potentially reducing the efficiency of the system and consuming more power. Here, a new fast evaluation method based on the gray value variance of the image pixel is proposed to find the common focal length value for all sensors to achieve the better image sharpness. For the multi-frame pictures that are sampled from different sensors that have been adjusted and been regarded as time synchronization, the gray value variances of the adjacent pixels are determined to generate one curve. This curve is the focus measure function which describes the relationship between the image sharpness and the focal length value of the sensor. On the basis of all focus measure functions of all sensors in the image processing system, this paper uses least square method to carry out the data fitting to imitate the disperse curves and give one objective function for the multi-sensor system, and then find the optimal solution corresponding to the extreme value of the image sharpness according to the evaluation of the objective function. This optimal focal length value is the common parameter for all sensors in this system. By setting the common focal length value, in the premise of ensuring the image sharpness, the computing of the affine matrix which is the core processing of the image mosaic and fusion which stitching all those pictures into one wide angle image will be greatly simplified and the efficiency of the image processing system is significantly improved.

We propose an improved Lucas-Kanade template tracking method with drift correction, which can be applied in rigid extended object. Due to error accumulation, primary template tracking method leads to template drift and loses object gradually. In order to alleviate template drift, SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) feature is used to correct the template drift. SIFT feature is invariant to scale, rotation even affine transformation, so, according to matching SIFT key-points between frames, the affine parameters of object transformation can be computed, then the current template position can be obtained by affine parameters and primary template position. The experiment results prove that the improved template tracking method based on SIFT drift correction can more accurately track the rigid extended object and can alleviate the tracking position drifting effectively.

During the course of reflecting light-wave, the surface of snow will cause polarimetric properties which are related to the nature of itself. Thus, detection of the polarimetric information for snow has become a new remote sensing monitoring method. In this paper, starting from the perspective of multi-angle polarimetric reflectance, the multi-angle spectral-polarimetric instrument was used to obtain the multi-angle visible and near infrared spectral-polarimetric characteristic data of snow in different melting states. And then, the change rule between polarimetric properties with different affecting factors, such as viewing zenith angle, incidence zenith angle of the light source, relative azimuth angle, waveband of the detector as well as different types of snowmelt were discussed. The visible and near infrared spectral-polarimetric properties of snow has not only important theoretical significance for the quantitative analysis of snowmelt properties, but also wide application prospect, and provides new ideas and methods for the quantitative research on snow using the remote sensing technology.

In recent years many optical reconnaissance systems have characteristic called “cat-eye effect”, it means that the incident light in such system can be reflected back along the same path of incidence. And these optical systems can also be called “cat-eye target”. The scanning-style target’s reflective surface appears in the focal plane at a certain period—Only when the reflective surface is in the focal plane that the target can reflect the incident light. Therefore, when active laser detection systems launch laser impulse to detect these targets, the detection result is uncertain. Current research has little analysis for uncertain detection result of scanning-style target. In order to describe such uncertain detection result, in this paper, we first analyzed the time factors and put forward detection probability formulas; Second, we use MATLAB to simulate the detection result of scanning-style cat-eye target, and we received the quantitative relationship curve between the frequency and the value of detection probability; Furthermore, we found that the value of detection probability is related to the detection time and the frequency of laser impulse. The result of the simulated experiment indicated that we could modulate the frequency of laser impulse launched by active laser system to increase the value of detection probability, it will help improve the detection quality of the active laser detection systems.

Due to the extra wide field of view, fisheye optical systems are appropriately applied in space camera for scouting large-scale objects with near-distance. At the same time, because of the violent sunlight linger within the field of view more than other optical system and more stray light occur during the period, to design proper lens-hood can effectively reduce the sunshine time. Another distinct characteristic of fisheye optical system is the first protrude lens, which is contrived with negative focus to trace the ray with angle about even above 90 degree of incidence. Consequently, the first lens is in danger of damaging by scratching when operating the camera during the ground experiments without lens-hood. Whereas on account of the huge distortion which is the third mainly characteristic of fisheye optical system, to design appropriate lens-hood is a tough work comparing with other low-distortion optical system, especially for those whose half diagonal field is more than 90°. In this paper, an research carried out on the design lens-hood for fisheye is proposed. In the way of reverse ray-tracing, the location on the first lens and point-vector for each incident ray can be accurately calculated. Thus the incident ray intersecting the first lens corresponds to the boundary of the image sensor form the effective object space. According to the figure of the lens and the incident rays, the lens-hood can be confirmed. In the proposed method, a space fisheye lens is presented as a typical lens, whose horizontal field and vertical field are 134°, diagonal field is up to 192°, respectively. The results of design for the lens-hood show that the lingering time of sunshine is shorten because of obstructing some redundant sunlight, and the first outstanding lens are protected in the most degree.

This paper presents a real-time processing system designed for infrared FPA. The real-time processing is a key technology in the infrared image processing system[1]. In this paper, the pre-processing and segmentation approaches are combined in order to achieve a good result from infrared images which have large noise, complex background and ambiguous target[2]. This design is a real-time IR image processing system based on Xilinx's VIRTEX-5, fully using of VIRTEX-5 FPGA’s high performing, the FPGA embedded Xilinx's MicroBlaze processor core, and high-performance pre-processing function modules. Data signals processed by FPA can be collected to carry out filtering calculation, and the LCD displays the image, user can control the system by touching screen real-time.

In order to evaluate and test the image quality of large aperture telescope, the most directly method is adopting the collimator and test the telescope system with full aperture. Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP) commenced developing the large aperture collimator for interferometric and image quality testing of meter scale optical systems under cryogenic, vacuum conditions. The aperture of the collimator which has been on the conceptual design phase is 1.5m diameter, and the optical configuration is Cassegrain, the focus is 50m. The material of reaction bonded Silicon Carbide (RB-SiC) produced by CIOMP will be used as the primary mirror substrate. And the figure accuracy of the primary mirror will be polished better than 15nm (RMS). The collimator will be working in a vacuum chamber and face down vertically to the unit under test. The application requirements, specification requirements, and some key technology are demonstrated and analysed with finite element analysis (FEA) in the paper. The feasibility, error budget, and hazards evaluation of the collimator are fulfilled by the FEA results. It demonstrated that the conceptual design meet the requirements of the 1.5m aperture vertical collimator, and could achieve the high accuracy requirements of the wavefront for the beam of light in the vacuum chamber, which the wavefront error should less than 32nm(RMS). Mechanical alignment errors induced by thermal and structural perturbations are monitored with an auto-focusing system to enable focus compensation. The ambient temperature of the collimator in chamber are controlled allowing testing while the chamber shrouds and test unit are brought to cryogenic temperatures. With the high accuracy of the wavefront, the collimator could test the image resolution, modulation transfer functions (MTFs), point spread functions (PSFs), encircled energy, wavefront error, best focus, etc. for optical systems. And the conceptual design could be consulted to other large aperture collimators.

Some thermal imaging experiments have been done about a building with a door made of iron, copperplate and aluminum flake, several trees, marbles, a glass window and a concrete wall under different conditions in a winter day while the environmental temperature and relative humidity are simultaneously measured by an electronic sensor. The experimental results show that the thermal imaging temperatures of the targets are related to the category of materials, and presenting some laws with the environment temperature changing. All of the thermal imaging temperature of the targets obviously varies with the atmospheric environment temperature by the large temperature difference. The changes of the surface temperature of metals are more obviously than nonmetals. The thermal imaging temperature of the door made of iron is more easily affected by the atmospheric environment temperature than copperplate while aluminum flake is more difficultly affected than copperplate under the same condition. The temperature of an ordinary concrete wall is obviously higher than the one painted by oil paint. Under the same condition, the changes of glasses are the most in all of the nonmetal targets.

In an infrared optical system, the thermal radiation of high temperature components is the major noise as stray radiation that degrades the system performance. Backward Monte Carlo method based on radiation distribution factor is proposed to perform the stray radiation calculation. Theoretical deduction and some techniques are presented, considering the semitransparent element like IR window as radiation emitter. The radiation distribution factors are calculated with ray tracing from the detector to radiation sources. Propagation of stray radiation and its distribution on the detector are obtained simultaneously. It is unnecessary to implement ray tracing again to study the effect of different temperatures for a given system, expect that the geometry or radiative property is changed. An infrared system is simulated using this method. Two different situations are discussed and the analysis shows that stray radiation is mainly created by IR window and lens tube.

The format of infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) is continuously increasing, and the spatial non-uniformity in the irradiance affects the result of large-format IRFPAs’ responsivity measurement. When placed in the test system, different pixels on the IRFPA receive different radiation flux due to the specific geometric setup of the dewar, resulting signal response uniformity. This is not the inherent characteristics of the IRFPA and thus should be corrected. The existing methods of correcting irradiance spatial non-uniformity simply consider the solid angle subtended by the aperture of the cold shield viewing from the center of a pixel. However, these methods are only applicable for the case of an infinite blackbody behind the cold shield. This paper presents a more comprehensive and appropriate correction, taking account of the specific geometric setup of the dewar, especially a dewar window of finite size. The relative irradiance received by different pixels on an IRFPA, as a correction factor, is simulated directly through matrix calculations. We apply the FOV correction profile to a 640 x 512 HgCdTe IRFPA with a pitch of 25μm, finding that responsivity ratio of the peripheral pixels to the central pixels on the IRFPA has changed from an original value of 88.0% to 96.4% after correction. This method has been proven to be useful and effective in obtaining more accurate description of the IRFPA performance for further analysis.

The fusion of infrared and visible light images can effectively improve the ability of detail description and hot taget representation. For this purpose, a novel image fusion algorithm based on nonsubsampled shearlet transform (NSST) was presented in this paper. Firstly, the NSST was adopted to decompose the two source images at different scales and directions, and the low-frequency and high-frequency sub-band coefficients of the images were obtained. Secondly, we used a modified fusion rules. For the low-frequency coefficients of the fused image, we summed up the low-frequency coefficients of two source images, and then subtracted the average of the mean values of the two low-frequency coefficients. Meanwhile, considering that adjacent pixels had strong correlation, an improved selection principle based on the local energy matching was developed for the high-frequency coefficients of the fused image, which was also consistent with the characteristics of the human vision system. Finally, the fused image was reconstructed by performing the inverse NSST on the combined coefficients. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively integrate important information from infrared and visible light images. And comparing with some other image fusion algorithms, the proposed algorithm can further enhance the contrast of fused images and protect more detail information of source images. Both visual quality and objective evaluation criteria show that the method has a higher performance.

The GCPs are widely used in remote sense image registration and geometric correction. Normally, the DRG and DOM are the major data source from which GCPs are extracted. But the high accuracy products of DRG and DOM are usually costly to obtain. Some of the production are free, yet without any guarantee. In order to balance the cost and the accuracy, the paper proposes a method of extracting the GCPs from SRTM data. The method consist of artificial assistance, binarization, data resample and reshape. With artificial assistance to find out which part of SRTM data could be used as GCPs, such as the islands or sharp coast line. By utilizing binarization algorithm , the shape information of the region is obtained while other information is excluded. Then the binary data is resampled to a suitable resolution required by specific application. At last, the data would be reshaped according to satellite imaging type to obtain the GCPs which could be used. There are three advantages of the method proposed in the paper. Firstly, the method is easy for implementation. Unlike the DRG data or DOM data that charges a lot, the SRTM data is totally free to access without any constricts. Secondly, the SRTM has a high accuracy about 90m that is promised by its producer, so the GCPs got from it can also obtain a high quality. Finally, given the SRTM data covers nearly all the land surface of earth between latitude -60° and latitude +60°, the GCPs which are produced by the method can cover most important regions of the world. The method which obtain GCPs from SRTM data can be used in meteorological satellite image or some situation alike, which have a relative low requirement about the accuracy. Through plenty of simulation test, the method is proved convenient and effective.

Due to the low contrast ,lack of details and difficulties to distinguish target from background in traditional infrared(IR) imaging systems, the detection and recognition probability of camouflage infrared target is relatively low. Compared with the traditional IR imaging systems, the method of polarimetric imaging uses polarization information, which can help detect and isolate manmade objects from the natural environment in complex. The method of infrared polarimetric imaging is proposed in this paper. The experiment builds the IR polarimetric imaging system. An IR polarizer made of BaF2 is assembled before the IR camera. By rotating the IR polarizer, twelve polarization images are obtained at every thirty degree. The gray levels of the images are calculated by program. Stokes polarization vector representation is introduced to calculate I of stokes vector and degree of linear polarization (DoLP) with polarization images. According to the character of parameter I of stokes vector and DoLP, we propose an IR polarization fusion method based on Shearlets using regional saliency analysis. This method can highlight the target area and have good performance in the fusion of IR radiation information and IR polarization characteristics. To test the effectiveness of this method, we use mid-wave infrared (MWIR) camera and long-wave infrared(LWIR) camera to get real images. Compared with original image, both the subjective and objective evaluation results indicate that the enhanced images obtained by our method have much more image details and polarization information, which is useful for target detection and recognition.

A new face recognition system was proposed, which used active near infrared imaging system (ANIRIS) as face images acquisition equipment, used kernel discriminative common vector (KDCV) as the feature extraction algorithm and used neural network as the recognition method. The ANIRIS was established by 40 NIR LEDs which used as active light source and a HWB800-IR-80 near infrared filter which used together with CCD camera to serve as the imaging detector. Its function of reducing the influence of varying illuminations to recognition rate was discussed. The KDCV feature extraction and neural network recognition parts were realized by Matlab programming. The experiments on HITSZ Lab2 face database and self-built face database show that the average recognition rate reached more than 95%, proving the effectiveness of proposed system.

In recent years, with the development of space technology, the infrared earth simulator that can only provide an earth angle could not meet the requirements of the calibration tests for earth sensor on the ground, then the research on infrared earth simulator which can provide a variety of earth angles has become an inevitable trend. Based on the collimated infrared earth simulator’s working principle and design requirements, aimed at these three orbit height 18000Km, 35786 Km and 42000 Km, a high altitude orbits collimating infrared earth simulator is developed by adopting the collimation and the earth diaphragm alterable project. Applied ZEMAX software to design a meniscus of germanium collimating lens, the simulation results show that the lens has a effective aperture of 240mm, provide the optimum position and diameter of the earth diaphragms correspond following three earth angles of 30.42°, 17.46° and 15.19°. Used ANSYS software to do finite element analysis for the key components of the mechanical structure. Finally, validate the deviation accuracy of flare angles and beam parallelism via theoretical analysis and practical calculation. The results indicate that the errors of three flare angles of the earth are all less than ±0.05, can meet the accuracy requirements of infrared earth simulator for infrared earth sensor’s calibration testing on the ground. Key words: Infrared earth sensor, Earth simulator, Variable angular, Germanium collimating lens

An improved CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for N-on-P very long wavelength (VLWIR) detectors is designed, which has the ability to operate with a simple background suppression. It increases the integration time and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of image data. A buffered gate modulation input (BGMI) cell as input circuit provides a low input resistance, high injection efficiency, and precise biasing voltage to the photodiode. By theoretically analyzing the characteristic parameters of MOS device at low temperature, a high gain’s feedback amplifier is devised which using a differential stage to provide the inverting gain to improve linearity and to provide tight control of the detector bias. The final chip is fabricated with HHNEC 0.35um 1P4M process technology. The measurement results of the fabricated readout chip under 50K have successfully verified both readout function and performance improvement. With the 5.0V power supply, ROIC provides the output dynamic range over 2.5V. At the same time, the total power dissipation is less than 200mW, and the maximum readout speed is more than 2.5MHz.

A rapid method to generate infrared images based on image synthesis is proposed in this paper. At first, a three-dimension geometric model of the airplane is created by 3DMax software. Infrared radiance model of the airplane in accordance with infrared radiation theory is established, and the impact of atmospheric attenuation is considered, then the infrared images of airplane are generated. Finally, the synthesis of the generated images and actual shooting background images is achieved. To improve simulation reliability and fidelity, several aspects are thought in this paper for the synthesis, they are the atmospheric effect, the optical of imaging system effect, the random noise of detector, the synthesis revision of generated image and actual shooting background image. Experiment show that the simulation credibility is improved obviously, and the synthesis speed is advanced to 100 frames per second. The running environment is: PC, 512MB of RAM, 1.60GHz of CPU frequency. This method will be reference for testing and evaluating infrared search and track system.