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Article

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A perfect Cadence made up of a dominant chord followed by tonic chord (V–I), both normally in root position; the term is contrasted with ‘plagal cadence’, whose penultimate chord is a subdominant. The term is used mainly in American writings, which sometimes state that the uppermost note in the final chord should be the tonic....

Article

Murray Campbell

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(b Portland, OR, April 29, 1911; d Los Angeles, Oct 28, 1988). American acoustician. After studying at Reed College, Portland (BA 1932), he undertook postgraduate study at the University of California in Berkeley (MA 1936, PhD 1940). His early research work was in nuclear physics, working under the supervision of Ernest Lawrence in the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. In ...

Article

Murray Campbell

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(b Chicago, Jan 2, 1925; d Cleveland, Aug 4, 1987). American acoustician. His parents being missionaries, he spent much of his childhood in Lahore. After returning to the USA to study at Washington University, St Louis (AB 1948, PhD 1952), Benade was appointed in ...

Article

Gerhard Kubik

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A concept used by jazz critics and musicians from the early decades of the 20th century onwards in black American music, notably in Blues and Jazz, to characterize pitch values perceived as deviating from the western diatonic scale.

It was already observed in the 1920s that blues and jazz singers, as well as instrumentalists tend to present the 3rd and 7th, sometimes also the 5th degree in a diatonic framework by pitch values a semitone lower, often with microtonal fluctuations. From this observation musicologists have tried to construct ‘blues scales’. The earliest proposition was that blues singers were using minor-3rd intonations or ‘blue 7ths’ such as E♭ and B♭ respectively over a C major triad. Although its origin is unknown, by ...

Article

Pauline Norton

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(1) A black American folk and spectacular dance characterized by rhythmic patterns created by the feet hitting the floor. It became a theatrical dance in the middle of the 19th century principally through the influence of William Henry Lane, who performed under the name ‘Juba’. The dance often concluded the song-and-dance numbers in late 19th-century minstrel shows, and seems to be related to the ‘break’ sections in these numbers, which consisted of short, two- or four-bar interludes of danced rhythmic patterns between the solo verse and the chorus. Both the dance itself and the idea of performing dance between the sections of a song influenced tap dance in the 20th century....

Article

Murray Campbell

Publication History:

Published in print:

26 November 2013

Published online:

22 September 2015

(b Cleveland, OH, July 19, 1915; d Pittsburgh, PA, Feb 10, 2010). American scientist and acoustician. After studying physics at Case Institute of Technology (BS 1937), he carried out research in nuclear physics at the University of Illinois (PhD 1941). He then joined the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, remaining with the firm for the rest of his professional life; he retired in ...

Article

Clive Greated

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(b Cleveland, July 19, 1915). American physicist and acoustician. After studying physics at the Case School of Applied Science (BS 1937) he obtained the PhD from the University of Illinois. From 1941 to 1980 he held various research and management positions at the Westinghouse Corp. His research into the acoustics of the flute, carried out in a small laboratory at his home, has contributed significantly to what is known today about the behaviour of flutes and organ pipes. Several of his papers are recognised as standard reference material. His theory of feedback and how this relates to the means by which the flautist produces the desired frequencies and loudness is particularly relevant to performance. He also studied the significance of mouth resonance and the effect of mode stretching on harmonic generation. His work on the intonation of both antique and modern flutes and his critical assessment of Theobald Boehm's methods have helped in shaping current views on the historical development of the instrument....

Publication History:

Article

Charles Garrett

Publication History:

Published in print:

26 November 2013

Published online:

31 January 2014

Music associated with the Creole people, of mixed European and African descent, in the gulf region of the United States, particularly Louisiana. For further discussion see articles on Jazz
, New orleans
, New orleans music
, Swamp pop
, and Zydeco
. louis moreau Gottschalk
integrated Creole folk music into his compositions. Well-known Creole musicians include ...

Article

William Gradante

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A verse form, commonly sung, comprising ten lines (rhyme scheme abbaaccddc), which develops a theme introduced by a quatrain (rhymed abab). Textual material may be set or improvised, religious or secular. In Venezuela décimas are sung in parallel 3rds and accompanied by the ...

Article

Murray Campbell

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(b Provo, UT, Sept 11, 1884; d Provo, July 23, 1981). American acoustician. He studied at Brigham Young University in Provo (BS 1907), then at the University of Chicago, where he gained his doctorate in 1911 for research into the charge of the electron. In ...

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A term used in harmonic theory, especially by Riemann, to denote the relationship of a chord to tonal centre. The relationship is defined in his Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder die Lehre von der tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde (London and New York, 1893, 2/1903; Eng. trans., ...

Article

Alex U. Case

Publication History:

Published in print:

26 November 2013

Published online:

03 September 2014

Form factors for loudspeakers designed for proximity to the ear. Ear buds and in-ear headphones are inserted into the ear canal, circum-aural headphones fit over the entire outer ear, and supra-aural headphones are placed against the outer ear. The addition of a microphone near the mouth produces a headset useful for two-way communication....

Article

D. Quincy Whitney

Publication History:

Published in print:

26 November 2013

Published online:

28 May 2015

(b Springfield, MA, May 24, 1911; d Wolfeboro, NH, Aug 7, 2009). American violinmaker, acoustician, and writer. A trumpeter and biology graduate of Cornell University (AB 1933) and New York University (MA 1942), she left both disciplines to embrace string instruments and acoustical physics. While teaching science and woodworking at the Brearley School, chamber music colleagues convinced her to take up viola. A woodcarver since childhood, Hutchins, at age 35, decided to make a viola. Hutchins then studied luthiery with Karl A. Berger (...

Article

Clive Greated

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

(b Springfield, MA, May 24, 1911; d Wolfeboro, NH, Aug 7, 2009). American violin maker and acoustician. After studying biology at Cornell University (AB 1933) and taking an MA in education, she went on to study violin making with Karl A. Berger (...

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A Cadence which comes to rest on the dominant; in some American writings, a cadence ending on the tonic in which the penultimate chord is in inversion, or in which the uppermost voice does not sound the tonic in the final chord.

Article

Brooke Bryant

Publication History:

Published in print:

26 November 2013

Published online:

22 September 2015

Record company. Based in Portland, Oregon, and Olympia, Washington, Kill Rock Stars (KRS) was started by Slim Moon in 1991. Moon ran the label until 2006, when his wife, Portia Sabin, took over as president. KRS primarily promotes music by local artists and has remained unaffiliated with a major label. The label describes itself as “queer-positive, feminist and artist friendly.” KRS and many of its artists have been closely associated with ...

Article

Alex U. Case

Publication History:

A transducer that converts a signal from the electrical domain into the acoustical, transforming a pattern of changing electrical voltages into a similar pattern of changing air pressures.

Whenever electricity flows, it is accompanied by a magnetic field. Play an audio signal through a wire, and a changing magnetic field forms around it, a magnetic analogy for the electrical variations within. Let that wire’s changing magnetism interact with a fixed magnetic field and it will be pushed and pulled back and forth, a mechanical realization of the electrical signal. When that conductor has a flat ribbon shape, it can energize the air directly and is the basis for a ribbon loudspeaker. Make the conductor a coil of wire and attach it to a piston light enough to vibrate quickly, yet rigid enough to move the air around it, and a moving coil loudspeaker is born....

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:

20 January 2001

Published online:

2001

A
Cadence
whose penultimate chord is in inversion, as opposed to a ‘radical cadence’, whose chords are in root position. In some American writings the medial cadence is regarded as a type of imperfect cadence. The term is also sometimes applied to endings in plainchant and modal polyphony that are not on the final of the mode....