Atlas of World History

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Synthesizing exceptional cartography and impeccable scholarship, the Atlas of World History traces 12,000 years of history with 450 full color maps and over 200,000 words of text. In addition, more than 200 illustrations and tables complement the fascinating chronological narrative written bydozens premiere scholars and edited by Patrick O'Brien, former Director of the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London. Longer essays outline worldwide trends, political developments and military conflicts, highlighting the most significant socio-economic, cultural and religiousthemes for five pivotal historical periods. What truly distinguishes the Concise Atlas of World History from competitive Eurocentric volumes, is its devotion the rich past of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Cross references and an 8,000 entry index with alternative name forms also permit movementthrough regions and time periods with the utmost of ease.

Foreword

10

(2)

THE ANCIENT WORLD

12

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Colonization of the world 1.8 million years ago to 10,000 BC

The spread of farming c. 10,000--3000 BC

Civilizations c. 3000--1700 BC

Civilizations c. 500--200 BC

The world AD 200--500

The Human Revolution:

16

(2)

5 Million Years Ago to 10,000 BC:

Early hominids

The spread of hominids

Colonization of the globe

From Hunting to Farming: Asia 12,000 BC--AD 500

18

(2)

Hunter-gatherers in Asia

The birth of farming in the Fertile Crescent

Farmers of West and South Asia

The spread of farming in East Asia

From Hunting To Farming: Europe 8000--200 BC

20

(2)

The spread of farming in Europe 7000--3500 BC

The age of copper 3500--2000 BC

Bronze Age Europe 2500--800 BC

Celtic Europe 800--200 BC

From Hunting to Farming: Africa 10,000 BC--AD 500

22

(2)

Postglacial hunter-gathers in the 10th--6th millennia BC

Farming in the 7th-1st millennia BC

Trade and industry in the 1st millennium BC

The spread of Bantu speakers

From Hunting to Farming: The Americas 12,000--1000 BC

24

(2)

Colonization of the Americas

Hunter-gathers and early farmers in North America from 8000 BC

Farming in Mesoamerica 7000--1200 BC

Farming in South America from 6500 BC

From Hunting to Farming: Australia and the Pacific 10,000 BC--AD 1000

26

(2)

Colonization of the Pacific

Adapting to Australia

Easter Island

New Zealand

The First Civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus Region 4000--1800 BC

28

(2)

Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic Period c. 2900 BC

The city of Warka

The city of Mohenjo-Daro

International trade in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC

The Indus civilization

The First Civilizations: Egypt 3500--2180 BC and China 1700--1050 BC

30

(2)

Old Kingdom Egypt

Bronze-working in China

Shang China c. 1700--1050 BC

Civilizations in Mesoamerica 1200 BC--AD 700

32

(2)

The Olmec c. 1200--300 BC

Classic highland civilizations c. AD 1--700

Patterns of urbanization

Early Classic Maya c. AD 200--550

Cultures in South America 1400 BC--AD 1000

34

(2)

Pre-Chavin and Chavin 1400--200 BC

Nazca and Moche 375 BC--AD 650

Tiwanaku and Huari AD 400--1000

Irrigation systems in the Andean region

The Mediterranean and the Gulf Region 2000--1000 BC

36

(2)

Empires and trade in the 2nd millennium BC

Middle and New Kingdom Egypt 2055--1069

Invasions and migrations in the Mediterranean c. 1200 BC

Empires and Traders 1200--600 BC

38

(2)

The Assyrian Empire 911--824 BC

Phoenicia, Philistia, Israel and Judah

The Phoenicians c. 800 BC

Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Median Empires 750--550 BC

Classical Greece 750--400 BC

40

(2)

Vegetation and agriculture

Colonization and trade 750--550 BC

The Persian Wars 492--479 BC

The Peloponnesian War 431--404 BC

The Achaemend and Hellenistic World 600--30 BC

42

(2)

The expansion of the Achaemenid Empire

The growth of Macedonia

The Hellenistic world

The successor kingdoms

The Birth of World Religions 1500 BC--AD 600

44

(2)

World religions to AD 600

The spread of Buddhism to AD 600

The Holy Land

The origins and spread of Christianity to AD 600

First Empires in India 600 BC--AD 500

46

(2)

Kingdoms and empires 400 BC--AD 500

Invaders and settlers

Town and country

Trade and religion

First Empires in China 1100 BC--AD 220

48

(2)

The emergence of unified China 350--221 BC

The Han Empire 206 BC--AD 220

The city of Chang'an

Agriculture and commerce 1st century BC

Peoples of Central Asia 6000 BC--AD 500

50

(2)

Southwestern Central Asia c. 6000--2000 BC

Central Asia c. 2000--1000 BC

Spread of Indo-European languages

Nomad confederacies 800 BC--AD 100

Nomads in the 4th and 5th centuries AD

Eurasian Trade 150 BC--AD 500

52

(2)

Trading networks 150 BC--AD 500

Southeast Asia 150 BC--AD 500

The Roman Empire 500 BC--AD 400

54

(2)

The Roman Empire AD 106

The defence of the empire AD 100--300

Trade in the Roman Empire

Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire 100--500

56

(2)

Germanic tribes in the 1st century AD

Barbarians beyond the frontier 100--350

Invasions and migrations 375--450

Successor kingdoms c. 500

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

58

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Food production in the 15th century

States, empires and cultural regions c. 1200

Religions of the Medieval World 600--1500

62

(2)

World religions 750--1450

The Christian world c. 700--1050

Religions in Asia c. 1500

Kingdoms of Southeast Asia 500--1500

64

(2)

Kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia 500--800

Kingdoms and empires 800--1200

Kingdoms, sultanates and trade 1200--1450

The Byzantine Empire 527--1025

66

(2)

Boundaries and campaigns of conquest 527--1025

The themes c. 1025

Religion and trade

Constantinople c. 1025

The Spread of Islam 630--1000

68

(2)

The Islamic conquests to 750

Territories controlled by Abbasid caliph in the 9th century

The early Abbasid city of Baghdad

Central Islamic lands in the 10th century

The First Slavic States 400--1000

70

(2)

The spread of Slavic culture 300--660

State formation c. 800--1000

Trade c. 700--1000

Slavic states c. 1000

East Asia in the Tang Period 618--907

72

(2)

East and Central Asia 618--907

Tang China 618--907

Korea c. 600

Korea and Japan 750--900

Frankish Kingdoms 200--900

74

(2)

The growth of Frankish kingdoms

The empire of Charlemagne and his successors

The Carolingian Renaissance

The 9th-century Frankish economy

Peoples of the European Steppe 350--1000

76

(2)

Hunnic campaigns in the 5th century

The Avars in the 6th century

The western steppe c. 895

The Magyars 896--955

The Vikings 800--1100

78

(2)

Voyages of exploration

Viking trade and raids

Conquest and settlement 865--92

Conquest and settlement 892--911

The kingdom of Denmark in the 11th century

States and Trade in West Africa 500--1500

80

(2)

States in West Africa 500--1500

Vegetation zones in West Africa

Principal trade commodities and trade routes 800--1500

States and Trade in East Africa 500--1500

82

(2)

States and trading communities

Trade routes and commodities

Great Zimbabwe

Civilizations in MesoAmerica and South America 500--1500

84

(2)

Sican and Chimu cultures 850--1475

Late Classic Maya 550--900

Post-Classic Yucatan and highland Mexico c. 900--1500

Western Mesoamerica 500--1475

East Asia 907--1600

86

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China under the Northern Song c. 1000

East Asia in 1150

Korea under the Koryo dynasty 936--1392

Korea and Japan 1400--1600

The Muslim World 1000--1400

88

(2)

The Muslim world 1022

The Seljuk Empire 1092

The Muslim world 1200

India under the Sultanate of Delhi 1211--1398

The Muslim world 1308

The Holy Roman Empire 962--1356

90

(2)

The Holy Roman Empire c. 950--1360

Switzerland 1291--1529

German expansion to c. 1360

France, Spain and England 900--1300

92

(2)

The kingdoms of France and Burgundy c. 1050

Spain 1157

Spain and the western Mediterranean 1300

English lands 1295

The kingdoms of France and Arles 1265

The World of the Crusaders 1095--1291

94

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The First Crusade 1095--99

The Crusader States 1140

The Crusader States 1186

The Third Crusade 1189--92

The Fifth Crusade 1217--21

The Decline of the Byzantine and Rise of the Ottoman Empires 1025--1500

96

(2)

The Byzantine Empire 1025--1096

The Balkans and Anatolia after the fall of Constantinople 1204

The Byzantine Empire: restoration and decline 1340--60

The growth of the Ottoman Empire 1307--1481

The Mongol Empire 1206--1405

98

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The Mongol conquests 1207--79

Mongol campaigns in eastern Europe

The successor khanates

Area subjugated by Timur-leng 1360--1405

The Economy of Europe 950--1300

100

(2)

The rise of specialist production in western Europe from 950

Rural growth: the Chartres region of France

Urban growth across Europe

Mediterranean trade in the 12th and 13th centuries

Urban Communities in Western Europe 1000--1500

102

(2)

The urban population of Europe c. 1300

Northern and central Italy c. 1500

The Low Countries c. 1500

Crisis in Europe and Asia 1330--52

104

(2)

Eurasian trade routes in the 14th century

The spread of the Black Death in Europe

Europe 1350--1500

106

(2)

Europe c. 1400

The Hundred Years War 1337--1453

The Church during the Great Schism 1378--1417

The economy after the Black Death

Cultures in North America 500--1500

108

(2)

The Pueblo Peoples

Chaco Canyon

Moundbuilders of the Mississippi

Native American peoples c. 1500

Movements of Native American peoples 14th to 18th centuries

The Inca and Aztec Empires 1400--1540

110

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The Inca Empire

Plan of Inca Cuzco

The provinces of the Aztec Empire c. 1520

THE EARLY MODERN WORLD

112

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Eurasian land empires c. 1700

European world trade 1500

World trading empires 1770

The European Discovery of the World 1450--1600

116

(2)

Voyages of exploration 1485--1600

Routes across the Pacific

Europeans in Asia 1500--1790

118

(2)

The Portuguese in Asia c. 1580

European activity in Asia c. 1650

Principal commodities in Asian trade 1600--1750

Spain and the Americas 1492--1550

120

(2)

The Caribbean 1492--1550

Central and southern North America 1519--1550

Cortes expedition to Tenochtitlan

South America 1526--50

The Colonization of Central and South America 1500--1780

122

(2)

Mexico, Central America and eastern Caribbean 1520--1750

Spanish and Portuguese South America 1525--1750

Administrative divisions of Spanish and Portuguese America 1780

The Colonization of North America and the Caribbean 1600--1763

124

(2)

Colonization of the North American mainland to 1750

Colonization of the Caribbean 1625--1763

The Seven Years War 1756--63

Slave Economies of the Western Hemisphere 1500--1880

126

(2)

The transatlantic slave trade

Slave economies of the western hemisphere

The Growth of the Atlantic Economies 1620--1775

128

(2)

The distribution of population in Europe c. 1650

The Atlantic economies 1650--1750

The Rise of European Commercial Empires 1600--1800

130

(2)

European empires and trade

World silver flows 1650--1750

European Urbanization 1500--1800

132

(2)

European urbanization 1500

European urbanization 1600

European urbanization 1700

European urbanization 1800

The growth of London 1600--1700

The Development of Science and Technology in Europe 1500--1770

134

(2)

Centres of learning c. 1770

Scientific and technological innovations 1650--1735

Africa 1500--1800

136

(2)

Peoples, kingdoms and economic activity 1500--1800

Towns and trade centres of the Gold and Slave Coasts 1500--1800

Ming and Manchu Qing China 1368--1800

138

(2)

Trade and production centres in the Ming period

Voyages of Zheng He 1405--33

Ming and Manchu Qing imperial borders

Tokugawa Japan 1603--1867

140

(2)

Major domains and regions in the late Tokugawa period

Major transport routes in the late Tokugawa period

Urbanization in the late Tokugawa period

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires 1500--1683

142

(2)

The growth of the Ottoman Empire to 1683

The making of the Ottoman-Safavid frontier 1514--1639

Trade routes in the 16th and 17th centuries

India Under the Mughals 1526--1765

144

(2)

Mughal conquests 1506--1605

Trade and manufacturing

Expansion and encroachments 1605--1707

An empire in decline

European States 1500--1600

146

(2)

Europe c. 1560

France in the 16th century

Italy 1500--59

The Expansion of Russia 1462--1795

148

(2)

The expansion of Muscovy

The growth of the Russian Empire

Russian development in the west 1598--1795

Sweden, Poland and the Baltic 1500--1795

150

(2)

Swedish expansion in the 16th and 17th centuries

Swedish military activity c. 1620--1710

Sweden in 1721

The Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania 1462--1672

Partitions of Poland 1772--95

The Habsburg Empire 1490--1700

152

(2)

The Habsburg Empire 1556--1618

The Burgundian inheritance

The Habsburgs in central Europe 1618--1700

The Reformation and Counter Reformation in Europe 1517--1648

154

(2)

The Protestant and Catholic Reformation

The Reformation in Switzerland

The Reformation and religious conflict in France

Revolution and Stability in Europe 1600--1785

156

(2)

Wars and revolts in Europe 1618--1680

The acquisitions of Louis XIV 1643--1715

The expansion of Prussia 1618--1795

The Development of Warfare in Europe 1450--1750

158

(2)

Major fortifications and battles 1450--1750

The Thirty Years War 1618--48

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

160

(52)

Political systems 1914

Major European conflicts 1770--1913

Major military conflicts outside Europe 1770--1913

The American Revolution 1775--83

164

(2)

The colonial economy c. 1770

British North America 1763--75

The American War of Independence 1775--83

Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe 1789--1815

166

(2)

Revolutionary France 1789--94

Napoleonic Europe 1796--1815

European coalitions 1793--1815

The Industrial Revolution in Britain 1750--1850

168

(2)

Resources and development in England 1750

The cotton textile industry in Lancashire 1850

Industry in Britain 1850

The Industrialization of Europe 1830--1914

170

(2)

The growth of industry and railways

The level of industrialization 1860

The level of industrialization 1913

Revolution and Reaction in Europe 1815--49

172

(2)

Treaty settlements in Europe 1814--15

Civil unrest in Europe 1819--1831

Centres of revolution 1848--49

The Habsburg Empire: Expansion and Decline 1700--1918

174

(2)

Territorial expansion and contraction 1700--1814

Habsburg territories 1814--1914

Nationalities in Austria-Hungary 1900

Revolution in the Austrian Empire 1848--49

The Unification of Italy and of Germany 1815--71

176

(2)

Italy after the Congress of Vienna 1815

The unification of Italy

The German Confederation, Austrian Empire, Prussia and Denmark 1815

Germany from confederation to empire

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1683--1923

178

(2)

The decline of the Ottoman Empire 1683--1923

Retreat in the Balkans 1699--1739

Retreat in the Caucasus 1826--78

The birth of the Republic of Turkey 1920--23

Russian Territorial and Economic Expansion 1795--1914

180

(2)

The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire 1795--1914

The economic development of European Russia 1800--1914

The years of revolution 1905--7

The Westward Expansion of the United States 1783--1910

182

(2)

Territorial expansion from 1783

Stages of settlement

Routes of exploration and settlement

Treatment of the Native Americans

The American Civil War 1861--65

184

(2)

The slave population and cotton production

The legal position of slavery 1861

The Civil War

The Industrial Growth of the United States 1790--1900

186

(2)

Railroads and canals 1860

Industrial development 1890

Population and urbanization 1900

The Development of Canda 1763--1914

188

(2)

Settlement in eastern Canada before 1825

Westward expansion to 1911

Political development since 1867

Independence in Latin America and the Caribbean 1780--1830

190

(2)

Latin America and the Caribbean 1800

Liberation campaigns of Bolivar and San Martin

Latin America and the Caribbean 1830

Latin America and the Caribbean Post-Independence 1830--1914

192

(2)

South America 1830--1914

Mexico 1824--67

Central America and the Caribbean 1830--1910

The British in India 1608--1920

194

(2)

The growth of British dominion 1756--1805

Expansion of the empire 1805--58

The empire 1858--1914

Agriculture and railways 1850--1925

Southeast Asia in the Age of Imperalism 1790--1914

196

(2)

Autonomous states and colonies 1792--1860

The High Colonial Age 1870--1914

Late Manchu Qing China 1800--1911

198

(2)

Wars against China 1840--95

Foreign spheres of influence and treaty ports

The Taiping Rebellion

The 1911 Revolution

The Modernization of Japan 1867--1937

200

(2)

Urbanization, industrialization and modern prefectures

Growth of the railway network

Acquisitions overseas 1870--1933

The Development of Australia and New Zealand Since 1790

202

(2)

Exploration of Australia and New Zealand 1606--1874

Economic development of Australia

Economic development of New Zealand

Africa 1800--80

204

(2)

Principal African and European trading routes c. 1840

The spread of Islam and Christianity 1860--1900

European exploration

The Partition of Africa 1880--1939

206

(2)

Africa on the eve of the First World War

The South African (Boer) War 1899--1902

Colonial economic development

World Trade and Empires 1870--1914

208

(2)

Empires and patterns of world trade

International investment 1914

World Population Growth and Urbanization 1800--1914

210

(2)

World population growth and urbanization 1700--1900

Major population movements 1500--1914

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

212

(96)

Wars 1914--45

Wars since 1945

Major trading blocs 1998

The Build-Up to the First World War 1871--1914

216

(2)

European Alliances 1882

European Alliances 1914

The Balkan Wars 1912--13

The First World War 1914--18

218

(2)

The First World War in Europe and the Middle East

The Western Front

Trench warfare: Battle of the Somme

Outcomes of the First World War 1918--29

220

(2)

Europe in 1914

Treaty settlements in Europe 1919--23

The division of the Ottoman Empire

Post-war alliances

The Russian Revolution 1917--39

222

(2)

Revolution and civil war in Russia

Revolutionary activity in Europe 1919--23

The Soviet Union 1928--39

The Republic of China 1911--49

224

(2)

Communist retrenchment 1934--36

Civil war 1945--49

Industrial development 1895--1949

Latin America 1914--45

226

(2)

Increasing urban population 1920--50

US influence in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean

Latin America in the First World War

Latin America in the Second World War

The Great Depression 1929--33

228

(2)

The effect of the Depression in North America

The effect of the Depression in Europe

Decline in exports from countries trading mainly in primary products 1928--29 to 1932--33

Countries on the gold standard 1929--34

The Rise of Fascism 1921--39

230

(2)

Expansion of the Italian Empire 1922--39

Expansion of Nazi Germany 1933--39

The Spanish Civil War 1936--39

Right-wing dictatorships 1919--39

The Second World War in Europe 1939--45

232

(2)

Military campaigns in Europe 1939--45

Germany's ``New Order'' in Europe November 1942

Central Europe 1945

The War in Asia 1931--45

234

(2)

The Japanese in China 1931--45

The Japanese offensive 1941--42

The Allied offensive 1942--45

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1945--89

236

(2)

Communist Eastern Europe 1945--89

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the 1970s

The economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1948--89

Western Europe Since 1945

238

(2)

The economic effect of the Second World War

The economic integration of Western Europe

Employment in industry and services 1950 and 1991

The United States Since 1900

240

(2)

Population changes 1900--96

Distribution of non-white population 1900

Distribution of non-white population and civil rights demonstrations from 1955