Raw municipal landfill leachate is extremely polluted wastewater and it regards as one of the drawbacks of the sanitary landfill treatment method. If the untreated landfill leachate is discharged to the natural environment, a great problem for the environment can be created, particularly for the water resources. To assess fresh leachate; collection, analyzing for various parameters, and comparing with the standards are essential. Thus, this study was purposed to examine the characteristics of different landfill leachate samples collected from three tropical landfill sites. The results of the formed leachate at the anaerobic Kulim Sanitary Landfill, semi-aerobic Pulau Burung Landfill Site, and anaerobic Kuala Sepetang landfill leachate in the northern region of Malaysia have been analyzed for 27 parameters and compared. The studied parameters in the present study were phenols, zeta potential, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), heavy metals, nitrogen compounds, salinity, electrical conductivity etc. For checking the risks of the leachate on the environment, the obtained results were compared with the Malaysia Standards. In addition, the leachate treatment opportunities upon the characterization are highlighted in this study. The effectiveness of various applications in treating leachate collected from municipal landfill was presented and discussed. It could be concluded that the knowledge of leachate quality is particularly significant in choosing an appropriate treatment techniques

Water quality of Edion and Omodo Rivers were assessed chemically from March to October, 2010. The abstracted water samples were also subjected to bacteriological examination. The Rivers were each sampled at upstream and downstream locations. Twenty (20) physico-chemical characteristics which included heavy metals were determined in the laboratory. Air temperature ranged from the mean 30.69 to 31.38 °C, water temperature 26.50 to 27.00 °C, pH 7.05 to 7.15, electrical conductivity 7.99 to 25.55mScm-1, turbidity 24.11 to 54.65FTU, total dissolved solids 6.14 to 7.78mgl-1, total hardness 25.10 to 30.38mgl-1, chlorine 22.06 to 25.02mgl-1, BOD5 0.88 to 2.42mgl-1, DO 3.81 to 6.50mgl-1 and the nutrient elements such as sulphate, phosphate and Nitrate ranged between 0.03 and 3.81mgl-1, sodium 1.87 to 3.81mgl-1 and potassium 1.08 to 1.27mgl-1. Heavy metals levels were low, ranging from 0.0025 to 5.6650mgl-1 (Copper 0.0350 to 0.0910mgl-1, Iron 0.2825 to 0.5112mgl-1, cadmium 0.0015 to 0.0104mgl-1, lead 0.0025 to 0.0230mgl-1, zinc 2.7013 to 5.6650mgl-1 and chromium 0.0025 to 0.0263mgl-1). Conductivity, sulphate, zinc and fecal coliform count showed significant difference (P<0.05) with low values indicating good water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that Stations 2 and 4 respectively had good water quality. All the characteristics had their values within FEPA Limit except for Zn (> 3.0mgl-1).

An electrical resistivity survey was carried out in the premises of Chennai Metrowater Sewage treatment plants and Anna University to assess the suitability of underlying aquifer for reclaimed water recharge and also to understand groundwater conditions. The geo-electrical methods used in the survey are Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger Configuration. The instrument used is ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000. The VES data from 5 locations were interpreted using IX1Dv2 software. The resistivity varies from 3.96 Ωm to 2796 Ωm while the thickness varies from 0.58 m to 43.05 m. The EC value for VES 1 and VES 3 are 26400 µS/cm and 1551 µS/cm, the TDS value for VES 1 and VES 3 are 16,896 mg/L and 993 mg/L respectively. From this investigation, the thickness of the first layer obtained by VES method along with clay and sand ratio is the deciding factor to assess the suitability of reclaimed water recharge. The study reveals that the Clay and Sand % should be between 30 - 40 and 60 - 70 respectively for reclaimed water recharge. Koyambedu and Anna University STP and surrounding area are found suitable for reclaimed water recharge using Soil Aquifer Treatment.

The idea of wastewater application on soils, returned to Western Hemisphere during 1950-60. Modern living requires an increased per capita use of water for coverage of individual needs. Nowadays, two main principles related to water management seem to gain the attention of both the scientific communities and the stakeholders: 1.water saving in irrigation of agricultural crops without the reduction of food production, and 2. water saving during human use and industrial activity can only be promoted through water recycling. The increasing water demands at the level of Mediterranean countries are continuously intensified, because of the influence of a number of factors such as agricultural use and industrial consumption. The reuse of municipal wastewater in Mediterranean countries is now considered a useful practice. Countries such as Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Spain, France, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Greece, reuse the treated wastewater to a greater or a lesser extent in agriculture. There are several advantages and disadvantages in the proposed practice. However, existing technologies can help overcome such problems as for example the degradation and thus, the removal of pharmaceutical and xenobiotic compounds.

Landfilling has been considered as the most common method for solid waste disposal in developing countries which is faced with several issues, such as gas emission. Methane as a greenhouse gas is the main landfill gas which could be applied as a fuel for electrical power plants. In this study, the gas emission of Shiraz landfill site was predicted by using USEPA model, for this purpose, after determination of the solid waste physical composition on Shiraz landfill site, the L0 and k constants were estimated by Monte Carlo method, as well as the rate of gas collection and the rate of electrical power generation capacity were estimated under existing and ideal scenarios. The results showed that gas production would reach its peak up to 5.7×107 m3 year-1 by 2039. The maximum electrical power generation was also similar to the pattern of gas production in the landfill and would be 2545GWh and 4019GWh for the existing and ideal conditions, respectively in 2039. Results showed that the recovery of biogas at Shiraz landfill could be a desirable alternative in different available waste management options for this city.

In this study, Kandira stone, extensively used as a cladding material for building stone has been examined for the removal of an antibiotic Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) from its aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics between the adsorbent surfaces and CIP. The sorption data follows Freundlich isotherm. A chemical adsorption was dominant. The adsorption behaviour of CIP onto Kandira stone followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption process can be expressed with the chemisorption mechanism. The intraparticle diffusion process is a rate-controlling step. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters of the free energy change (∆Go), the isosteric enthalpy change (∆Ho) and the entropy change (∆So) were calculated. The negative ∆Ho values indicated that sorption of CIP was the exothermic process. The positive value of ∆Go indicates non-spontaneous nature of CIP adsorption.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) was used in an Anammox process treating synthetic wastewater with the aim of evaluating its use as a growth nucleus to enhance granule formation. In an expanded granular-sludge-bed reactor, granules were formed demonstrating excellent retention characteristics with an average settling velocity of 200 m/h (5 cm/s) over a startup period of only 38 days. The time required for formation of Anammox granules under the experimental conditions in this study, was thus demonstrated to be much shorter than that of others. A genetic analysis of the organisms in the granular bed revealed an abundance of Paenisporosarcina uncultured bacterium similar to other known Anammox bacteria.

An engine industry from Caxias do Sul city (RS, Brazil) has developed tests with biofuels to adapt their products to new fuel trends. Thus, this study aims to examine the components of their engines with potential degradation in the biodiesel usage. The most important aspects that were studied include fuel hoses, sealing rings and painting degradation. This work evaluated polymeric materials in terms of the direct contact with biodiesel from soybean in different proposed compositions with diesel fuel and compared the currently used materials with other elastomers that were proposed by the manufacturers of these components to choose the best performance for this application. The paint performance was also verified to evaluate the resistance aspects to fuels and to compare them to the proposed improvements to these engines. The results indicate that it is possible to use the proposed fuel hoses and sealing rings for some applications in specific biodiesel ratios. Additionally, the blistering and adhesion tests appear to be satisfactory for some of the studied systems.

The Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model is widely used to develop management strategies for water resources and to evaluate the hydrologic effect of various management scenarios. The spatial resolution of the input data used to parameterize HSPF model may induce uncertainty in model outputs. In this study, the impact of spatial resolutions of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and land use map on the uncertainty of HSPF predicted flow and sediment were evaluated. DEM resolution can affect stream length, watershed area and average slope, whereas land use data resolution can lead to redistribution of land use information. Results showed that finer resolution DEM and land use maps can generate higher flow volumes and sediment loads compared to modelling scenarios using inputs of coarse resolution. The relative change in model performance between the baseline scenario (high-resolution) and scenarios of coarser resolution described uncertainties due to DEM and land use spatial information, and the probability density function of these uncertainties was used to estimate these uncertainties. Modelled flow and sediment uncertainty due to DEM resolution seems to follow a log-normal and a general extreme value distribution respectively, whereas modelled flow and sediment uncertainty due to land use resolution seems to both follow a general extreme value distribution. Overall, results highlight the need for a high-resolution DEM and land use maps in the application of the HSPF model while they provide useful information for reducing the model uncertainties.

Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were used for the removal of cadmium (II), lead (II) and chromium (VI) ions in single aqueous solutions and in solutions with mixtures of the three metals. The adsorption studies were carried out at pH 5 and 7 using a systematic factorial experimental design that considered the metal concentration from 1 mg l-1 to 10 mg l-1 and NP concentration from 0.064 g l-1 to 0.640 g l-1. The highest adsorption capacity was obtained in the removal of lead (II) (128.1 mg g-1), followed by cadmium (II) (93.4

mg g-1) and finally chromium (VI) (34.4 mg g-1). Data were fitted to a polynomial function obtaining the best reduced models. The type of system (single, multi-component) did not affect sorption capacity, whilst pH affected the sorption of Cd and Cr, but not that of lead. CeO2 nanoparticles proved to be effective adsorbents in removing all three heavy metals in multi-component systems, which opens a new window for their use as sorbent materials in complex waters contaminated with mixtures of heavy metals.