In his memoir, Known and Unknown (2011), Rumsfeld defended his handling of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Rumsfeld’s Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life (2013) comprised guidelines he had written out on note cards during his career, fleshed out with observations from historical figures and personal acquaintances...

The dialectical quality of his thinking was expressed by the next long Persian poem, Rumūz-e bīkhūdī (1918; The Mysteries of Selflessness). Written as a counterpoint to the individualism preached in the Asrār-e khūdī, this poem called for self-surrender.Lo, like a candle wrestling with the nightO...

Russian statesman and diplomat who was also a bibliophile and a patron of historiography and voyages of exploration. The Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg, founded to house his collection of books, rare manuscripts, and maps, became the heart of the present Russian State Library, one of the world’s largest such collections....

Russian army officer who distinguished himself in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) against Prussia and in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). As governor-general of Ukraine (from November 1764), he was responsible for integrating the region more closely into Russia....

...and Beauty, a memoir recounting her friendship with the writer Lucy Grealy, who died of a drug overdose in 2002. Patchett returned to fiction with her next book, Run (2007), which explores the relationship between an ambitious father and his two sons. Issues of medical ethics and mortality are the focus of State of Wonder......

...in Japan, with Robert Stack as an army investigator who goes undercover to hunt a gang of rogue American ex-soldiers (led by Robert Ryan) who are robbing army ammunition trains. Run of the Arrow (1957) exhibited the distinctive Fuller touch of black humour mixed with a deep streak of cynicism. A bitter Confederate soldier (Rod Steiger) joins a Sioux tribe after the......

Either batsman is out by a “run out” if, while the ball is in play, his wicket is broken while he is out of his ground (that is, he does not have at least his bat in the crease). If the batsmen have passed each other, the one running for the wicket that is broken is out; if they have not crossed, the one running from that wicket is out....

...off the game clock to preserve a small lead; this strategy was so successful that it later led to the adoption of a shot clock in collegiate basketball. Other tactics that Smith devised included the run-and-jump defense (a full-court pressure defense that involved players switching defensive assignments on the run) and the foul-line huddle (in which one player would relay instructions from Smit...

American rap group that brought hip-hop into the musical and cultural mainstream, introducing what became known as “new-school” rap. The members were Run (original name Joseph Simmons; b. November 14, 1964New York, New York, U.S.), D.M.C...

American rap group that brought hip-hop into the musical and cultural mainstream, introducing what became known as “new-school” rap. The members were Run (original name Joseph Simmons; b. November 14, 1964New York, New York, U.S.), D.M.C...

...alphabet. Arithmetic coding encodes strings of symbols as ranges of real numbers and achieves more nearly optimal codes. It is slower than Huffman coding but is suitable for adaptive models. Run-length encoding (RLE) is good for repetitive data, replacing it by a count and one copy of a repeated item. Adaptive dictionary methods build a table of strings and then replace occurrences of......

...alphabet. Arithmetic coding encodes strings of symbols as ranges of real numbers and achieves more nearly optimal codes. It is slower than Huffman coding but is suitable for adaptive models. Run-length encoding (RLE) is good for repetitive data, replacing it by a count and one copy of a repeated item. Adaptive dictionary methods build a table of strings and then replace occurrences of......

...during the process of mining, a portion of the roof and floor material may be taken along with the coal seam in order to create adequate working height for the equipment and miners. Therefore, run-of-mine (ROM) coal—the coal that comes directly from a mine—has impurities associated with it. The buyer, on the other hand, may demand certain specifications depending on the......

in prosody, the continuation of the sense of a phrase beyond the end of a line of verse. T.S. Eliot used enjambment in the opening lines of his poem The Waste Land:April is the cruelest month, breedingLilacs out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirringDull roots with spri...

South American Indians living in the Andean highlands from Ecuador to Bolivia. They speak many regional varieties of Quechua, which was the language of the Inca empire (though it predates the Inca) and which later became the lingua franca of the Spanish and Indians throughout the Andes....

Motorboats come in many types. The outboard runabout, or motor launch, is a fairly small open boat with seats running laterally across the width of the craft and occasionally with decking over the bow area. Inboard runabouts are usually a bit larger and are either open or have a removable shelter top. Cruisers, or cabin cruisers, are equipped with sleeping and cooking facilities in an enclosed......

a lightweight, one-horse, open carriage, having four wheels, almost invariably with pneumatic or solid rubber tires of the same type used on bicycles, and axles with ball bearings. It was designed in the 1890s, one of the last horse-drawn vehicles manufactured, and it included such innovations as tubular steel running gear....

...He became the first editor (May 1932) of the bilingual Kurdish–French review Ḥawār (“Summons”), which, together with his later illustrated publication Runahi (“Light”), promoted understanding among the diverse and often conflicting elements of the Kurdish nationalist movement and contributed to the growth of a Kurdish popular......

The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov’s science-fiction story Runaround (1942). Along with Asimov’s later robot stories, it set a new standard of plausibility about the likely difficulty of developing intelligent robots and the technical and social problems that might result. Runaround also contained Asimov...

After playing in bands as a teenager in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Shannon released his first single, “Runaway,” in 1961. Punctuated by his trademark falsetto cries, this ode to lost love (a common theme in Shannon’s songs) topped the charts. A series of hits quickly followed: “Hats Off to Larry,” “So Long Baby,” “Hey! Little Girl” (all 1...

...a Good Woman (1998). Her book Open Secrets (1994) contains stories that range in setting from the semicivilized hills of southern Ontario to the mountains of Albania. In Runaway (2004) Munro explores the depths of ordinary lives, and The View from Castle Rock (2007) combines history, family memoir, and fiction into narratives of......

...in 1965–70 as Hōjō no umi and widely regarded as his most lasting achievement. Each of the four parts—Haru no yuki (Spring Snow), Homma (Runaway Horses), Akatsuki no tera (The Temple of Dawn), and Tennin gosui (The Decay of the Angel)—is set in Japan, and together they cover the period from......

...superior staying power, meaning the animal survives despite the hindrance or handicap, and thus it is to be preferred over less-constrained competitors. The other theory, sometimes called the “runaway hypothesis,” is that perceptual preferences of the choosers, for certain characteristics unrelated to genetic quality in prospective mates, can drive the evolutionary exaggeration of...

...could be considered the sovereign of steel coasters. His work with Arrow Dynamics (founded as Arrow Development Company in 1946) brought to life such influential steel thrillers as the tubular track Runaway Mine Ride (1966), the inverted helix-shaped Corkscrew (1975), and the first suspended coasters of the 1980s....

in biology, an explanation first proposed by English statistician R.A. Fisher in the 1930s to account for the rapid evolution of specific physical traits in male animals of certain species. Some traits—such as prominent plumage, elaborate courtship behaviours, or extreme body ornamentation—are so strongly pre...

July 7, 1903Northumberland, Eng.Nov. 1, 2000Radway, Eng.British historian who , was a leading expert on the history of the Byzantine Empire and the Crusades. His three-volume work, A History of the Crusades, was published in 1951–54 to wide acclaim and was followed by The F...

...give Hitler a better chance to dislocate the republic without recourse to war. To invalidate critical comments from London and Paris, Beneš consented late in July 1938 to the mission of Lord Runciman, whose avowed purpose was to observe and report on conditions within the country....

Many psychologists view creativity as a process of steps taken toward solving problems or inventing new products creatively. The American psychologist Mark Runco holds that the creative process consists of six essential stages, or phases. In the first stage, “orientation” (a time of intense interest and curiosity), the creative individual gathers information. The second stage,......

...a bird and a hare, as on the Kültepe seals, and he stands on a stag, his sacred animal. From descriptions of the statues it appears that this is the deity denoted in the texts by the logogram KAL, to be read Kurunda or Tuwata, later Ruwata, Runda. The war god also appears, though his Hittite name is concealed behind the logogram ZABABA, the name of the Mesopotamian war god. His Hattian.....

...during the band’s tour of England in 1972 further fueled their reputation. The following year they signed with Mercury Records and released New York Dolls, produced by Todd Rundgren. Their 1974 follow-up, the aptly named Too Much Too Soon, gave title to the band’s dissolution as its members struggled with drug and alcohol...

the peoples of the Republic of Burundi, who speak Rundi, an Interlacustrine Bantu language. The Rundi are divided into two main ethnic groups: the Hutu, the majority of whom have traditionally been farmers; and the Tutsi, the majority of whom have traditionally been cattle-owning pastoralists. A small third group, the Twa ...

Regional variations of the Rundi language (also called Kirundi) include Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa, although all are mutually intelligible. Rwanda (also Kinyarwanda), which is spoken in Rwanda, is also understandable to speakers of Rundi. Hundreds of thousands of speakers of Rundi reside in Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda, mostly as refugee populations from Burundi. Some 6,000,000 people speak the......

German field marshal who was one of Adolf Hitler’s ablest leaders during World War II. He held commands on both the Eastern and Western fronts, played a major role in defeating France in 1940, and led much of the opposition to the Allied offensive in the West in 1944–45....

German field marshal who was one of Adolf Hitler’s ablest leaders during World War II. He held commands on both the Eastern and Western fronts, played a major role in defeating France in 1940, and led much of the opposition to the Allied offensive in the West in 1944–45....

town, extreme northeastern Namibia. It lies on the south bank of the Okavango River, which forms the border between Angola and Namibia. Rundu is the main settlement in the Kavango region, which comprises northeastern Namibia and is named for the local Kavango people. Rundu is a local service centre and has a hospital. Cattle are raised in the surrounding area. Pop. (2001) 44,413...

Any of the characters within an early Germanic writing system. The runic alphabet, also called futhark, is attested in northern Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, and Iceland from about the 3rd century to the 16th or 17th century ad. The Goths may have developed it from the Etruscan alphabet of northern Italy. More than 4,000 runic inscriptions and several runic manuscripts are extant. Ap...

Finno-Swedish poet who is generally considered to be the national poet of Finland. His works, which express the patriotic spirit of his countrymen, were written in Swedish and exercised great influence on Swedish literature as well....

Kayser’s early research work was on the properties of sound. In collaboration with the physicist and mathematician Carl D.T. Runge, Kayser carefully mapped the spectra of a large number of elements and discovered the existence of series, or closely grouped spectral lines, the spacing and intensity of which vary in a regular manner. In 1883 they developed a mathematical formula that showed t...

...The Nazarenes and Romantics in Rome and the Alpine region (Joseph Anton Koch, the brothers Friedrich and Ferdinand Olivier, and Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld) as well as those in north Germany (Philipp Otto Runge and Caspar David Friedrich) were more lyrical but equally rigorous in the use of the hardpoint; after a long time, they were the first northern artists to have made a significant......

...In the spring of 1773 his mother and a Pietistic pastor secured his removal from Copenhagen to the relative isolation of Rungsted. There he produced his first mature works: Rungsteds lyksaligheder (1775; “The Joys of Rungsted”), a lyric poem in the elevated new style of the ode; Balders død (1775; The......

a people who live mainly on the southwestern shores of Lake Tanganyika, on the high grassy plateaus of the Marungu massif in extreme southeastern Congo (Kinshasa). Some also live in northeasternmost Zambia and along the Luapula River. Tabwa speak a Bantu language closely related to those of neighbouring Bemba of Zambia and Luba of Congo....

arboreal species of monkeys that occur in two populations in the Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania: one in the Ndundulu forest in the Udzungwa Mountains, the other in the Rungwe-Livingstone forest of the Southern Highlands. It is light brown in colour with white on the midline of the underside and white toward the end of the tail. There is a long, broad crest of hair on the crown....

writing system of uncertain origin used by Germanic peoples of northern Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, and Iceland from about the 3rd century to the 16th or 17th century ad. Runic writing appeared rather late in the history of writing and is clearly derived from one of the alphabets of the Mediterranean area. Because of its angular letter forms, however, and because early runic inscri...

...as well; he was called Yngvi or Yngvi-Freyr, and this name suggests that he was the eponymous father of the north Germans whom Tacitus calls Ingvæones (Ingævones). The Old English Runic Poem indicates that the god Ing was seen first among the eastern Danes; he departed eastward over a wave and his chariot went after him. It is remarkable how the chariot persists in the......

...Gunno Eurelius (Gunno Dahlstierna) wrote an elaborate epic, Kungaskald (“Hymn to the King”), for King Charles XI’s funeral in 1697. Simpler in style was Johan Runius, who expressed a Christian stoicism of the kind found among Swedes during the disastrous early decades of the 18th century. Jacob Frese was a gentler and more intimate poet; his lyri...

...of water, is first converted into kinetic energy by discharging water through a carefully shaped nozzle. The jet, discharged into air, is directed onto curved buckets fixed on the periphery of the runner to extract the water energy and convert it to useful work....

The vegetative, or somatic, organs of plants may, in their entirety, be modified to serve as organs of reproduction. In this category belong such flowering-plant structures as stolons, rhizomes, tubers, corms, and bulbs, as well as the tubers of liverworts, ferns, and horsetails, the dormant buds of certain moss stages, and the leaves of many succulents. Stolons are elongated runners, or......

any of certain species of fishes in the family Carangidae (order Perciformes), which also includes the jacks, amberjacks, and pompanos. The blue runner (Caranx crysos) is a shiny, greenish or bluish fish of the Atlantic. Like others in the family, blue runners have deeply forked tails. They are popular game fish that reach lengths of 60 cm (2 feet)....

The scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus) is native to tropical America. Naturally a perennial, it is grown to a small extent in temperate climates as an annual. It is a vigorous climbing plant with showy racemes of scarlet flowers, large, coarse pods, and large, coloured seeds. The scarlet runner bean is grown in Great Britain and Europe for the attractive flowers and fleshy immature......

footracing over a variety of distances and courses and numbering among the most popular sports in nearly all times and places. Modern competitive running ranges from sprints (dashes), with their emphasis on continuous high speed, to grueling long-distance and marathon races, requiring great endurance. See also athletics; cross-country; ...

Dogs are running animals, with the exception of those bred specifically for different purposes. For instance, the bulldog, with its large head and short, “bowed” legs (see photograph), cannot be called a creature born to chase game. Most dogs, however, are well equipped to run or lope over long distances, provided that they are physically conditioned for......

(Mitchella repens), North American plant of the madder family (Rubiaceae), growing in dry woods from southwestern Newfoundland to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. It is evergreen, with nearly round, 18-millimetre (0.7-inch) leaves, often variegated with white lines; a slender, often whitish, trailing stem; and white flowers, often borne in pairs, which are replaced by scarlet,...

The RDC, or “running down” clause, provides coverage for legal liability of either the shipper or the common carrier for claims arising out of collisions. (Collision loss to the vessel itself is part of the hull coverage.) The RDC clause covers negligence of the carrier or shipper that results in damage to the property of others. A companion clause, the protection and indemnity......

To reduce the risk of collision and to allow other ships to follow, a ship under way at night displayed running lights by which sailors on nearby vessels could judge its course and speed. The traditional coloured lights, red to port (left) and green to starboard (right), were augmented on steamships with a white light at the head of the foremast. In foggy weather, gongs, bells, or explosives......

...Also Rises (1926). Starting on July 6, the eve of the saint’s festival, the fiesta lasts until the 14th, with daily bullfights preceded each morning by the famous encierro—“enclosing”—or, more commonly, “running” of the bulls, when they are driven through the streets behind crowds of skillfully...

...and the dance structures were usually very simple, involving either the repetition and accumulation of simple phrases or the working through of simple movement games or tasks. In Tom Johnson’s Running Out of Breath (1976) the dancer simply ran around the stage reciting a text until he ran out of breath....

...symbol by winning a Goya Award (Spain’s national film award) for best supporting actor for his performance as a drug addict in Días contados (1994; Running Out of Time). In Boca a boca (1995; Mouth to Mouth) he garnered laughs and another Goya Award as an aspiring actor who falls in...

Running pine, or stag’s horn moss (Lycopodium clavatum), has creeping stems to 3 metres (about 10 feet) long and has 10-centimetre- (about 4-inch-) high ascending branches. The scalelike green leaves are set closely together. Running pine is native to open, dry woods and rocky places in the Northern Hemisphere. The spore-producing leaves are arranged in pairs along a stalklike strobi...

sexually transmitted disease characterized principally by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital tract and urethra. It is caused by the gonococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae—a bacterium with a predilection for the type of mucous membranes found in the genitourinary tract a...

...The ropes by which the yards, on square riggers, the booms of fore-and-aft sails, and sails, such as jibs, are manipulated for trimming to the wind and for making or shortening sail are known as the running rigging. The running rigging is subdivided into the lifts, jeers, and halyards (haulyards), by which the sails are raised and lowered, and the tacks and sheets, which hold down the lower......

a semicursive Chinese script that developed out of the Han dynasty lishu script at the same time that the standard kaishu script was evolving (1st–3rd century ad). The characters of xingshu are not abbreviated or connected, but strokes within ...

...serviceberry (A. grandiflora), a natural hybrid of A. arborea and A. laevis, grows up to 9 m and has larger individual blossoms, pinkish on some trees. Running serviceberry (A. stolonifera) is a spreading shrub about 1 m tall, that is useful in semiwild plantings and for stabilizing soil, especially on embankments....

The running walk is a natural gait that may be improved but not acquired by a horse without the natural ability. The gait is faster than a flat-footed walk, with a speed of 10 to 13 km (6 to 8 miles) per hour. The front foot strikes the ground an instant before the diagonal hind foot. The horse has a low, gliding, reaching action, the hind foot overstepping the print of the forefoot by several......

in classical architecture, decorative motif consisting of a repeated stylized convoluted form, something like the profile of a breaking wave. This pattern, which may be raised above, incised into, or painted upon a surface, frequently appears on a frieze, the middle element of an entablature, between the architrave below and the cornice above....

borough (district) in the northwestern part of the administrative and historic county of Surrey, southeastern England. It lies to the west of London on the River Thames. The town of Addlestone is the administrative centre....

in hydrology, quantity of water discharged in surface streams. Runoff includes not only the waters that travel over the land surface and through channels to reach a stream but also interflow, the water that infiltrates the soil surface and travels by means of gravity toward a stream channel (always above the main groundwater level) and eventually empties into the channel. Runoff also includes gro...

Anhava was a perfectionist in his poetry, with a fanatical concern for le mot propre and a great theoretical interest in the aesthetics of modern poetry. His Runoja (1953; “Poems”) has as its central theme alienation and a search for a transcendence of everyday reality. These motifs are developed in the technically difficult poems of 36 runoja (1958; “36.....

June 8, 1921St. Paul, Minn.June 20, 2012New York, N.Y.American artist who achieved tremendous popularity and commercial success through his vividly coloured impressionistic paintings that documented public life. Neiman, who was best known as a sports artist, worked with pen and ink, felt-ti...

...ended the 2001 season with 2,141 walks. (The career walk record was broken again by Barry Bonds in 2004.) Henderson continued his record-breaking season on October 4, setting the all-time record for runs scored. His 2,246th run broke the career record for runs held by Ty Cobb, which had stood since Cobb’s retirement in 1928. On October 7, the last day of the 2001 regular season, Henderso...

The principal determinants of airport layout are the number of runways and their orientation, the shape of the available site, and constraints at the site both on the ground and in the air. The location and orientation of runways is governed in turn by the need to avoid obstacles, particularly during landing and takeoff procedures. For the largest airports, obstacles to air navigation must be......

July 12, 1908Hot Springs, Ark.March 17, 2002Palm Springs, Calif.American golfer who , was one of the most accomplished golfers ever at irons play and putting. Runyan won more than 50 tournaments, including the Professional Golfers’ Association of America (PGA) championship in 1934 an...

largest tributary of the Shire River of southern Malaŵi and Mozambique. Rising on the slopes of the Mulanje Mountains, it flows south to Mulanje town, where it veers southwest, forming 80 miles (130 km) of the Malaŵi-Mozambique border before entering the Shire River at Chiromo. The Ruo’s catchment area of about 1,900 square miles (4,900 square km) drains the southern portion o...

...in this period. The Waltharius epic is set in the years of the invasions of Attila the Hun. The sophistication of its narrative technique contrasts with its Germanic subject matter. The Ruodlieb, a romance written perhaps in about 1050 in a language heavily influenced by vernacular usage, reveals a comparable narrative subtlety. Even in its fragmentary state, the variety and......

large marsh lying mostly in northern Sichuan province, west-central China. It occupies about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) of the eastern part of the Plateau of Tibet at an elevation of 11,800 feet (3,600 metres) above sea level and extends westward across the border of Sichuan into southern Gansu and southeastern ...

...performances of dances in which both women and men participated. Active participation and choreographic role are determined by individual proficiency as dancer and singer and by social rank. The ruoia is a sequence of standing dances in which movements are slow and mainly those of the arms and hands. In introductory and main dances, up to six leading dancers, male or female, pose as......

...up the whole of an individual’s mental and physical existence. The self (or soul) cannot be identified with any one of the parts, nor is it the total of the parts. They are: (1) matter, or body (rūpa), the manifest form of the four elements—earth, air, fire, and water; (2) sensations, or feelings (vedanā); (3) perceptions of sense objects (Sanskrit:......

city, central Peru. The city lies at an elevation of 2,133 feet (650 metres) on the right bank of the Huallaga River. It is located at the head of navigation of the river’s middle course in an intermediate geographic zone known as a ceja de selva (“eyebrow of the jungle”), part of the Selva Alta (“High Forest...

island in the Strait of Malacca, Riau provinsi (province), Indonesia. It lies just off the eastern coast of Sumatra across a 3-mile- (5-kilometre-) wide channel, opposite Melaka, Malaysia. The island is very low and swampy and circular in shape, with a diameter of about 30 miles (48 km). The climate is hot and humid, and rainfall is heavy most of the year. Rupat Island is sparsely inhabited...

Art Rupe, a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, started out by recording local black artists for the jukebox market. He soon built a strong roster of small combos led by Roy Milton and brothers Jimmy and Joe Liggins as well as gospel groups such as the Soul Stirrers and the Pilgrim Travelers. Specialty scored three of the biggest rhythm-and-blues hits of the early 1950s with......

monetary unit of Muslim India from the 16th century and the modern monetary unit of India and Pakistan. The modern unit is divided into 100 paisa in India and Pakistan. The name derives from the Sanskrit rupya (“silver”). The rupee is also the name of the monetary unit used in Mauritius, Nepal, and Seychelles....

lowermost division of Oligocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Rupelian Age (33.9 million to 29.1 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago). It is named for exposures studied along the Rupel, a tributary of the Scheldt River in Belgium....