5 Social Constructivism (Vygotsky)Development is: Increasingly sophisticated co-creation of a discourse culture via mastery of (and shaping by) its cultural tools.No distinction between cognitive and social developmentHigher-order learning functions first arise “inter-psychologically” then are internalized by the individual (fire sticks)Negotiated intersubjectivity the “zone of proximal development” (ZPD)Think about Vygotsky as coming from an anthropological perspective.“Cultural methods of reasoning”The presence or absence or variations in the kinds of institutions, schools, tools, will shape how the learner comes to reason. Compare countries that do or do not separate church and state. When the church is the state, what counts as a truth claim is very different from when they are separate. We learn to reason within a culture, and to use different tools for reasoning.