This study expands established theories. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand and RNA virus TLR3 ligand are known to be key stimulants that cause or worsen asthma and respiratory diseases, but now TLR5 ligand is shown to be a new key player in asthma. Recently, household levels of Gram-negative bacteria have been demonstrated to be involved in asthma exacerbation {1} and bacterial proteins have been...

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