James Lynd, a clerk for trader Andrew Myrick, is killed
by the Sioux at the Lower Agency near Fort Ridgely. Some believe he was
killed because he fathered a number of children by different Sioux women.

Old Hubert Millier, a ferryman near Fort Ridgely, is killed,
but not before taking a number of loads of refugees to safety.

Philander Prescott, an interpreter among the Sioux since
the early 1820's and married to an Indian woman, is gunned down on his way
to Fort Ridgely.

It is noteworthy that this war reflects a complete loss
of Indian culture, as some Sioux killed women and children and resorted
to rape; a previously tabooed practice. In early Indian culture, women and
children were never molested under any circumstances. The could walk freely
through the war zones and often carried messages to encourage peace talks.
These Sioux had become Europeanized, yet these same Sioux, who had adopted
outward identifiable European customs, were called 'cut hairs' and were
killed along with the American settlers. It is believed that 490 to 644
Americans died in this war and that 3,000 settlers fled the region.

The first recorded preemptive land claim in the Dakota,
made by Thomas McLeese, is two miles west of Yankton. The first homesteader
was claimed to be Mahlon Gore.

However, before this, General Todd had laid claim to tracts
of land around Yankton and Vermilion on the Missouri River. These European
accounts totally ignore the Metis who settled in the Dakotas in the 1770's.
Good crops are produced this year in the Dakota Territory.

George Flett (b-1823) of Headingly, proposed that a Red
River party try for Rocky Mountain Gold. Flett argued that Red River Metis
would have an easier time than American Gold Hunters, for they could converse
with the Indians and knew how to survive on (off) the land. His plan was
to form a group of 25 to 30 tough men, half-gents; bread and butter heroes
who cannot toe the mark, and leave about May 20, 1862.

St. Paul, Minnesota: This Metis community is outfitting
the Gold Rush to the Saskatchewan & Rocky Mountains (British Columbia)
as well as Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana.

The Atlantic and Pacific Transit and Telegraph Company
proposed a telegraph line across Canada and a wagon trail road from Red
River to the Pacific Ocean. The Barons of the Hudson Bay Company exclaimed:
"What! Sequester our very taproots? Take away the fertile land of the
buffalo? Let all kinds of people to squat and settle?" They went on
to say that if these gentlemen (the Orangemen) are so patriotic, why don't
they buy us out? It is interesting that the Metis made many of the same
comments when the Hudson Bay Company forced the Scottish settlers on Red
River. At St. Paul, Minnesota, the Americans had organized a by-weekly mail
service to Pembina and Red River, and had completed the route to Fort Garry.
James Douglas, a part black who married a Metis and worked for the Hudson
Bay Company's west coast holdings, suggested the building of a Trans-Canada
Highway to unite the Nation.

Archibald Thompson of the McMicking Company reported that
it cost fifteen dollars and sixty five cents to go from from the suspension
bridge at Niagara to St. Paul,Minnesota and twenty
five dollars to go from from St. Paul to Fort Garry, Red River. Edward Watkin
proposed the best solution for the troubled Grand Trunk Railway was tobuild a Trans-Continental Railway. The first step requires
a 10 mile wide right-of-way through the North West Territories and Indian
country. A larger steamer, theInternational, was pressed
into service. It could carry two hundred passengers, and the trip from Georgetown
to Red River settlement took eight or nine days. Reverend JamesNisbet is posted to Little Britain Parish.

Ashcroft, B.C. is named after Ascroft Manor; the estate
of Clement Cornwell and Henry Cornwell of England. They built a stopping
house in 1863 on their property when theCariboo Road
was being built.

The bigot, Reverend Griffith Owen Corbett, is notorious
for his attack on the French Creed and is constantly agitating the differences
between Protestant and Catholics. InDecember Sheriff
McKenny arrests him for the seduction and repeated attempts to perform an
abortion on Maria Thomas who is near death. Corbett is an amateur medicalpractitioner, and Maria is from a poor settler's family in
St. Clement parish.

Samuel Bruce, Baptiste Morins; a Half Breed guide recommended
by William MacTavish, Saint Girinaux; a Half Breed, and Saviard; a three-quarter
breed, conducted a bearhunting party to Cypress Hills
and Turtle Mountain where they teamed up with Chief Cococh and his band
for a hunt.

February: The Nor'wester at Upper Fort Garry, on February
5, 1862, requested of the government: "Do something for us at once
or forever give up and let us shape our owndestinies'.
This very peculiar system of English Government- slow-going, do-nothing
English- are driving the Red River Metis, including the Scots, into annexation
with theUnited States. They went on to attack the
Hudson Bay Company and their boys. James Ross, who owned the Nor'wester,
distorted the Council of Assiniboine petition to hisown
ends and obtained one thousand signatures, forwarding it on to the Queen.
The Hudson Bay Company (Council of Elders) quickly stripped James Ross,
the bigot, of allauthority, and only Reverend Griffith
Owen Corbett, Reverend John Chapman and about twenty men supported the James
Ross position. James Ross was Sheriff, Postmasterand
Governor of the Gaol for Red River District. Henry McKenny is appointed
Sheriff and Governor of the Goal. A.G. B. Bennatyne is appointed Postmaster.

March 6: Bishop Henry B. Whipple, Episcopal of Faribault,
wrote President Abraham Lincoln, drawing attention to the evils and dangers
in the American Government IndianPolicies. He called
attention to the frauds in the treaty system. The situation is being aggravated
by the near-starvation conditions in Minnesota due to last seasons' drought.

Some believe President Abraham Lincoln and the American
Government wanted to create an Indian War to justify their Land Clearance
strategy.

March 15: Georgetown (H.B.C.), south of Red River, created
in 1859, is hosting 150 Cariboo Gold Miners on their way to the Rocky Mountains.
They describedGeorgetown as one of those sea port
towns of olden times with one store at which you can find nothing, one hotel
at which you could neither buy grog nor victuals, onebarracks,
some 3 or 4 wigwams and one dwelling house. It is noteworthy that these
men obtained their goods at St. Paul, Minnesota.

May 12: In Georgetown, Alexander Grant Dallas arrived while
on his way to Red River to assume his new position as Governor of the Hudson
Bay Company with his wifeand child.

May 20: The American Congress passed the Western Homestead
Act. This act granted 160 acres of land to settlers at $1.25 per acre.

August 3: Thomas J. Galbrath, Dakota Sioux agent, was aware
that the Dakota Sioux were being pushed to the verge of war. He organized
the Metis and agency employeesto form the Company
of Civil War Volunteers known as the Renville Rangers.

August 13: The Renville Rangers began to march to Fort
Snelling near St. Paul. Big Eagle was surprised that the whites were so
desperate for fighting men, that they had toask the
Metis for help.

August 17: Four Dakota Sioux Indians, Brown Wing, Breaking
Up, Killing Ghost and Runs Against Something When Crawling, all from the
Redwood reserve in Minnesota,touched off the Dakota-Minnesota
resistance movement by killing Webster, Baker, Robinson Jones, his wife
and Viranus Webster in Action Township, Meeker County,Minnesota.
They later killed Claire D. Wilson, aged 15 years. Their fellow warriors
in the Dakota Territories later killed two of the four. Council of war is
held and, althoughthe Chiefs are opposed, the majority
of the people wanted war. Some not only wanted war on the whites, but also
to kill the "cut-hairs" or "breeches Indians"; those
whoabandoned the Indian culture and who would not
join them in the fight.

August 18: The war started at the Redwood Agency with the
killing of James W. Lynd. Some say it is a vendetta killing. He had abandoned
his Dakota Sioux wife and twomixed blood (Metis) children
for another Dakota girl. Some suggest this killing was the first wife's
relatives seeking revenge. They killed Andrew Myrick, the trader who washated by the Dakota, next, especially for the infamous "let
them eat grass" when they were starving. Myrick had grass stuffed in
his mouth. George W. Divoll, and FrancoisLa Bathe,
a trader, also died. George H. Spencer is wounded but escaped death, being
helped by his Indian friends Chaska, His Thunder and Big Eagle. A.H. Wagner,Superintendent of Farms, is also killed. Dr. Philander P.
Humphrey, agency physician, his wife and two children, and Philander Prescott,
an elderly fur trader whose wife wasSkakopee, were
also killed. In all, twenty lie dead, ten more are captive and forty seven
escaped. The ferryman is attributed to helping many of those escape, but
lost his life inthe process. His name is not know
for sure but could be Hubert Millier, Charles Martel, Oliver or Peter Martell
or Jacob Mauley. Some suggest it was Charles Martel. Oneof
those who escaped was J.C. Dickinson, a boardinghouse operator, and his
family. John Other Day and his wife, a White Woman, with their Metis child,
took refuge atBirch Coulee and later fled to safer
regions as the war pressed into that direction. Hiram P. Grant at Birch
Coulee lost the most number of men in any single battle of the entirewar. The Dakota losses were minor.

August: Fort Ridgely, some thirteen miles away, dispatched
forty six men to Redwood who were commanded by Corporal James C. McLean.
Peter Quinn is the interpreter.

The Reverend Samuel D. Hinman of the Episcopal missionary,
warned the army detachment that they were outnumbered and not to continue.
Other fleeing settlers alsowarned McLean that he would
be outnumbered, but McLean refused to heed their warnings. The resulting
battle saw Quinn and twenty four soldiers dead, along with oneIndian. Corporal James C. McLean drown trying to swim the river
to escape. Sergeant John F. Bishop took command and led the 15 survivors,
of which 5 were wounded, in aretreat back to Fort
Ridgely. Eight more soldiers later returned safely. Only one Dakota was
reported killed in battle. The Dakota discovered they could kill the white
menlike sheep. Death and terror spread quickly throughout
the Minnesota Valley.

August: George H. Gleason, escorting Dr. J. L. Wakefield's
wife and two children to Fort Ridgely, is killed by the Dakota. Chaska,
a Dakota, prevented the killing of the wifeand children
and took them into protective custody at his Shakopee camp where they are
held for five weeks.

August: John Other Day, who had a white wife and a Metis
child, argued for peace as did Akepa, Simon Anawangmani and Paul Mazakutemani
(Little Paul). These menwarned their white and Metis
friends of the pending, all out war of resistance.

August 19: John Other Day herded most of the people into
a brick warehouse at the Upper Agency on the Minnesota River, and stood
guard. Day led the 62 refugees acrossMinnesota to
safety. Included in this party are Stewart B. Garvie (who died from his
wounds on the trip), Dr. Wakefield, John Other Day's family, Adrian J. Ebell
and NelsonGivens. The Dakota burned his home and destroyed
his cultivated fields for his actions. Others, being warned by Little Paul,
also fled to Fort Ridgely, including Dr. and Mrs.Williamson,
Reverend Stephen R. Riggs and wife, Mary, Antoine Renville, Jonas Pettijohn
and family, Andrew Hunter, Mr. & Mrs. D. Wilson Moore; making a total
of morethan 30 people. Amos W. Huggins, a teacher
who had lived among the Wahpeton since childhood, is killed.

August 19: The Company of Civil War volunteers known as
the Renville Rangers, composed mostly of Metis, rushed to Fort Ridgely from
St. Peter. This increased thedefending contingent
from 22 untrained men to about 180 well trained frontier men. Fifty men
each, of company B & C, 50 Rangers and 25 citizens.

August 19: The town of Ulm came under its first assault.
Six are killed and five wounded. Eleven others were killed trying to reach
Ulm. It is noteworthy that Ulm had anormal population
of 900 people and was swelled by settlers from surrounding areas, but only
had some forty guns. Later, 125 armed Frontier Guards arrived from St. Peterand Le Sueur. During the week, hundreds more arrived to defend
Ulm.

August 20: Fourteen Scandinavian settlers are killed at
West Lake, Minnesota. Anders P. and Daniel P. Broberg's families are among
the dead, as is Andreas L. Lundborg.

August 20: The Dakota attack on Fort Ridgely is repelled.

August: The reports of war were inconsistent as, in some
encounters, the women and children are spared although others are killed.
Some settlements are all burned; othersare left standing.
A Federal commission investigating property damage in 1863 reported to Congress
that not all the devastation could be attributed to the Dakota Sioux.

Freebooting whites later completed what the savages had
spared. The areas of greatest death were the Renville and Brown communities
which consisted largely of Germans.

August 21: Barkerville, B.C. is created when William (Billy)
Barker, a Cornish sailor, made a large gold strike.

August 22: The Dakota launched their second attack on Fort
Ridgely, but were again repelled. The defenders counted 3 dead and 13 wounded.
The Dakota dead numberedover 100, but this is likely
over estimated. Years later, Indians could only remember two dead warriors
in this battle. Chief Big Eagle later said that the defenders of FortRidgely were very brave.

August 23: The Dakota lit a large fire to give the impression
that Fort Ridgely was on fire, and Ulm sent 75 men to their defense. They
were ambushed and had to retreataway from Ulm. This
only left 225 guns to defend Ulm. About 650 braves attacked Ulm. The settlers
finally routed the Dakota Sioux by burning 190 buildings, giving theattacking Dakota no shelter to launch attacks. Ulm lost 34
and 60 were wounded.

August 24: The Dakota launched a minor attack on Ulm. The
people of Ulm, due to a critical shortage of ammunition and food, decide
to abandon the City. Louis Lewisonis killed by the
Dakota in Jackson County.

August 25: About 2,000 people with 153 wagons, loaded with
women, children, sick and wounded, departed Ulm. They had a newly arrived
contingent of 150 well armed mento escort them to
Mankato; thirty miles to the east.

August 26: Jack Frazer, a Metis, from Fort Ridgely informed
Colonel Henry H. Sibley of the state of the Fort. Sibley, with an army of
1,400 white volunteers, started out forthe Fort. Sibley
was called a snail, a coward and the State undertaker because of his cautious
inaction. It is noteworthy that Henry Sibley had a Dakota wife and, later,
becamea rich man and stood accused of stealing monies
owed to the Dakota. Colonel Samuel McPhail, with a vanguard of mounted men,
also departed for Fort Ridgely. CaptainAnson Northup,
with 175 men from Minneapolis, is credited with being the first to arrive
at the Fort on August 27.

August 27: President Lincoln wrote that Governor Ramsey
attend to the Indians. Necessity knows no law.

August 29: The refugees of Fort Ridgely are removed to
St. Paul.

August 30: About 200 Ojibwa and Metis are waiting at Pembina
for the steamer, obviously unaware of the Dakota Sioux war. Burchunaw and
14 Mounted Metis, concernedabout the delay, discovered
and assisted the Samuel Bruce, W. Kittson party to organize their wagons
into a Metis Corral (circle) for defense against the Dakota Sioux. W.Kittson, their leader, is reputed to be a well traveled prairie
man but had no understanding of the basic defenses of wagon trains.

August: Dr. Daniels, while on a burial detail, stated:
I saw every one that was buried and not one was scalped or mutilated as
a result of the War.

August: Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (1795-1883) of Red River
and a companion were captured by the Dakota at the mouth of Redwood River
on the Minnesota River. Whenreleased, they returned
to Saint Boniface, Red River.

August: Vermillion is abandoned as people fled to Sioux
City. Yankton is filled with refugees from Sioux Falls and squatters further
up the Missouri. The Sioux CityRegister called for
a 'Wiping Out Policy', against the Santee. The St. Paul Press alleged that
succession agents from Missouri may have caused the outbreak. The Citizenproclaimed that Indians have no right or title to the soil,
and Government is now strong enough to enforce this policy. The Dakotans
further claim they have no sovereigntyover their fate
and must peacefully yield to the inevitable fate of their Race.

August: Plans to negotiate a land-cession treaty with the
Pembina and Red Lake Chippewa bands at the forks of the Red and Red Lake
river, near what is now Grand Forks,North Dakota,
fell through because of the Dakota Sioux uprising. Some 2,500 Ojibwa and
Metis had assembled at the Grand Forks for treaty.

August 18: Chippewa Agent, Lucius C. Walker, reported that
the Chippewa warriors were gathering at Gull Lake to the north west of present
day Brainerd, Minnesota. FrankB. Fobes, out of Fort
Ripley, attacked the Chippewa village at the mouth of the Crow Wing and
Mississippi, convinced that Hole-in-the-Day was a main troublemaker. TheCrow Wing Chippewa escaped under a hail of bullets to Gull
Lake. Big Boy, a leader of the Pillager band of Chippewa at Leech Lake,
Minnesota, arrived at Fort Ripley with awarning of
possible attack on the Agency and Fort. He reported the looting of Government
buildings at Leech Lake, stolen horses, the killing of cattle and the possibility
ofLeech Lake joining the Gull Lake bands in a general
uprising. Only two of the eight Chippewa bands in this region had taken
part in any of the episodes, and it is doubtful thata
general uprising is in the making. It would appear the incident is a posturing
move to improve their treaty negotiations and settle long standing claims.
A meeting held atCrow Wing resulted in the return
of some of the stolen goods.

Early September: Fort Abercrombie, on the west bank of
the Red River in Dakota Territory, near present day McCauleyville, is attacked.
A small band of Dakota Sioux droveoff the Fort's grazing
stock. A scouting party recovered forty to fifty head the following day.
One hundred Dakota attacked the Fort to secure more horses, and the casualtiesare light. A third attack is repelled on September 6, after
three hours of fighting. The month long siege of the Fort ended on September
29 and only resulted in five dead andfive wounded.

September: Little Crow had a growing number of whites and
Mixed-Blood (Metis) prisoners of war camped at the mouth of the Chippewa
River near present dayMontevideo, Minnesota. Little
Paul, the Wahpeton orator, and many others spoke out for the release of
the prisoners. The Dakota Sioux broke into two opposing camps, and,when Little Crow is fighting the Long Knives, the opposing
faction took possession of the prisoners of war for safe keeping. They dug
rifle pits to defend the prisoners,expecting a fight
from Little Crow if he was victorious in battle. The Dakota Sioux Chiefs:
Shakopee, Red Middle Voive, Medicine Bottle and others, gathered their bands
andheaded for the open prairies. The prisoners, having
been held for about five weeks, are turned over to the Americans. They totaled
107 whites, mostly women and children,including only
four men and 162 Mixed-Blood (Metis).

September 2: Captain Joseph Anderson, at Birch Coulee,
is attacked by 200 Dakota Sioux. Fort Ridgely sent out 240 men to assist
Anderson and company, then realized thiswas not sufficient
and six companies were immediately dispatched into the war zone. Thirteen
men lay dead, 47 were severely wounded, many more were less seriously hurt.Later, four more died of their wounds. There were only two
dead Indians.

September 6: Governor Ramsey of Minnesota replied to President
Lincoln that those Indian outrages continue. This is not our war, it is
a National War. More than 500whites have been murdered
by the Indians. The infamous President Lincoln cannot plead ignorance when
he issues orders to murder prisoners of war and condonesgenocidal
policies.

September 9: Governor Ramsey of Minnesota declared that
"the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever
beyond the borders of the State." Healso called
for the abrogating of all Sioux treaties and the using of annuity money
that was due the Indians to reimburse white victims of the Dakota War of
Resistance. Thiswould effectively penalize the innocent
along with the participants. The Congress accepted this genocidal suggestion,
passing an Act on February 16, 1863.

September 12: Colonel Henry H. Sibley is in negotiations
to have the Dakota's white and Metis prisoners of war released. The Dakota
are concerned and have no confidencethat the whites
will stand by any agreement they make if they gave them up. Ever since we
started traded with them, their agents and traders have robbed and cheated
us. Someof our people have been shot, some hung; others
placed upon floating ice and drowned; and many have been starved in their
prisons. It was not the intent of the Dakota Nationto
kill any of the whites.

September 17: Sibley is ordered to exterminate the Indians
engaged in the outbreak.

September 19: Sibley's army of 1,619 trained and well provisioned
men, departed Fort Ridgely. Others suggest that most of his army is untrained
and composed of whitevolunteers. The next day an attack
is botched by the ineptness of Sibley's army, and the attack is called off.
The first scalping of the war is performed by Sibley's white armyof civilized and Christian men. Seven soldiers are killed
and 33 wounded.

September 26: Gabriel Renville, Metis, went to inform the
American army that the prisoners of war were safe and that they could come
and get them. The friendly Dakotaheld 91 whites and
about 150 Metis which they immediately released to the American army. Over
the next two days a total of 107 whites and 162 Metis prisoners of war arereleased. Of the whites, only 4 are men (George Spencer being
one). The rest are women and children. Some of the women freed are: Mrs.
Harriet Adams who isexceedingly pretty and says she
was not molested; Mrs. Brown and family; Mrs. Wakefield; Mary Schwandt who
was annoyed with the contentment of Mrs. Adams; MattieWilliams;
Mrs. Amos Huggins; and Nancy M Faribault and her Metis husband, David. Mrs.
Joseph W. De Camp and her three children were delivered from the protection
ofLorenzo Lawrence, a Metis. Mrs. Justina Boelter
and three year old daughter Ottilie were discovered near starvation, but
she had survived on her own skills and had avoidedcapture.
She later married her brother-in-law, Michael Boelter, who had lost his
wife and three daughters on August 18.

September: It is known that Lawrence Garneau (1840-1921),
the Metis, and trading associates from Sault Ste Marie are in the vicinity,
but it is not known if they are amongthe prisoners
of war, if they are free, or among the resistance fighters who escaped.

September 28: The infamous General Pope said: It is my
purpose, utterly, to exterminate the (Dakota) Sioux. This expressed the
genocidal view of the majority of the whiteWisconsin
population. The infamous General Henry H. Sibley, to his credit, asked to
be relieved of his command so that a strictly military commander could be
appointed toexterminate those Indians who had escaped.
His request was denied, and he was recommended a promotion to Brigadier
General. About 2,000 prisoners were taken, 1,200from
the friendly camp and 800 from the enemy camps.

October 4: General Henry H. Sibley sent 1,250 Dakota Sioux,
under guard, to gather corn and potatoes from the fields of the ruined Upper
Indian Agency.

October: Little Crow wintered near Devils Lake in North
Dakota. The Dakota Sioux had sent word with some of their leader, that they
wanted to visit Fort Garry in the springon a peace
full mission. The people are concerned because most of the Metis would be
off on the buffalo hunt, freighting to St. Paul, Minnesota, or along the
SaskatchewanRiver, York Factory or Portage la Prairie.
Some reports suggest that the Dakota Sioux resistance war closed most trade
between St. Paul, Minnesota and Red River. Most,however,
contend it is business as usual. Others claim that only in Sioux Falls,
South Dakota were homes and crops damaged by the Dakota Sioux in the Dakotas.

October 16: The Earl of Dunmore, Colonel and Captain Cooper
and Captain Thynne arrived Red River from St. Paul, Minnesota. They had
followed the Wood Road throughChippewa territory as
distinguished from the Plains road running through Dakota Sioux Territory,
and recorded no problems.

October 25: A military commission was established as Colonel
William Crooks, Lieutenant Colonel Marshall (soon replaced by Major George
Bradley), Captain Hiram P.Grant, Hiram S. Baily and
Lieutenant Rollin C. Olin. Isaac Heard acted as recorder. Antoine D. Freniere,
Metis, and Reverend Riggs acted as interpreters. It is noteworthythat the infamous General Henry H. Sibley did not have the
authority to conduct military trials, and the rules of war required a civilian
court be convened for prisoners of war.

Many prisoners were convicted by the condemned murderer,
Joseph Godfrey (Otakle), d-1909, a mulatto. He was spared a hanging for
turning in States Evidence. They had449 cases to review
and settled as many as 40 cases a day. General Henry H. Sibley and General
Pope quickly approved the execution of 307 men, excluding John OtherDay's brother who was spared hanging by a prison sentence.
The public pressure is to do away with all Indians; guilty and innocent
alike. The matter, however, was sent to thePresident
of the United States, as they believed they had exceeded their own authority.

November 7: The list of 307 war prisoners that were condemned
to death was cut to 303, and the list was sent to President Lincoln. Lincoln
wanted to make the distinctionbetween rapists and
wanton murders and Indians who merely participated in battles. General Henry
H. Sibley marched 1,700 men, women and children to Fort Snelling, but asthey passed through Henderson, the white citizens attacked
the Dakota with knives, guns, clubs and stones.

November 9: The 303 condemned soldiers were marched to
Camp Lincolin at South Bend, and they again passed through New Ulm where
the angry white mob of men,women and children showered
the shackled men with stones, causing severe injury to 15 Dakota. These
acts suggest that the soldiers were ordered to allow the citizens to venttheir anger.

November 28: The Hudson Bay Company Council of the Assiniboia
dismissed James Ross as Sheriff, Postmaster and Governor of the Goal because
of his opposition to theGovernment of the Red River
Colony. He had been attacking the Council in the columns of The Nor'Wester
and stirring up opposition to the Councils self proclaimedauthority. Francois Bruneau suggested that Henry McKenny be Sheriff
and Governor of the Goal. He recommended A.G.B. Bannatyne for Postmaster.
Francois Bruneauand Bishop Tache dominated the Council.

November: Jacob Nix, commandant of New Ulm, said: No one
can imagine dirtier dogs than the Redskins in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota,
Idaho, Montana and othernorthwestern sections. Treacherous
of character, proud and cold of bearing in response to the honest friendliness
of the white man. The Redskins hate the Paleface and weshould
not have provoked the Indians with injustices.

November: George Crook (Wakanajaja's), Metis, on his journey
to the prison camp at Mankato, passed through New Ulm. The village was wild
for the thrust of blood. Thetowns people began to
beat the prisoners to a pulp. Crook's younger brother was beaten to death
by the angry mob.

December 4: An army of white settlers from Mankato marched
on camp Lincoln, intent on killing all the Dakota prisoners. The army prevented
a massacre.

December: Senator Wilkinson, in a letter to President Lincoln
wrote: These (Dakota Sioux) Indians are called, by some, prisoners of war.
There was no war about it. It waswholesale robbery,
rape and murder. These Indians were not at war with their murdered victims.
The Supreme Court, in 1831, referred to Indian Tribes as DomesticDependent Nations. Various treaties between the United States
of America and the Dakota Sioux recognized the sovereign status of the Dakota
Sioux. All leaders urged theimmediate execution of
all of the 303 prisoners of war. Bishop Henry B. Whipple wrote on December
17: History will strip off every flimsy pretext and lay bare the folly ofevery shallow expedient. Riggs and Dr. Williamson also wrote
unpopular letters to the press calling for a fair trial for the Indians.

December: The Dakota Sioux Nation clearly thought of itself
as sovereign. The Dakota were de facto legitimate belligerents and had declared
war on the United States ofAmerica.

December 6: President Lincoln disappointed most Minnesotans
by approving death sentences for only 39 of the 303 condemned prisoners
of war. He wrote out the namesof those to be hung
for rape and murder.

As a result of President Lincoln's stand, Senator Wilkinson,
General Pope and Colonel Henry H. Sibley are murders under the conventions
of war. They are also guilty ofgenocide policy and
practice against the sovereign Dakota Sioux, the Metis or Mixed Blood, and
the Mulatto.

December 24: Tazoo, a Dakota Sioux, just before his murder
as a prisoner of war, said: I expect to go direct to the abode of the Great
Spirit. Hdainyanka, a Dakota Sioux,also a Prisoner
of War to be murdered, said: You have deceived me. I have not killed, I
have not wounded or injured a white man, or any white person. I have not
plundered.

December 26: At Mankato, Minnesota, 38 Dakota Sioux and
Metis Freedom Fighters, out of 303 convicted of murder, were hanged by order
of the infamous PresidentLincoln. This has been called
America's greatest mass military execution (murder). Four hundred are charged
with murder, 303 convicted and 18 imprisoned for their part inthe War of Resistance. Many concluded this was the result of a
witch hunt that ended in a travesty of justice. Many defendants only had
a 5 minute trials before beingsentenced to death.
Included was Joseph Godfrey, Metis; Jean Baptiste Campbell, Metis; Taopi
(Wounded Man), Metis; Otakle a.k.a. Godfrey, Metis, a colored man(Negro); Tehehdonecha, also charged with the rape of Margaret
Cardinal; Tazoo alias Pyandoota, also charged with rape of Mattie Williams;
Napayshne; Tatemima (RoundWind); Tahohpewakan; Paypaysin;
Amaytoahakshedo; and Cut Nose. David Faribault senior, a Metis defendant
who was educated among whites and fluent in English,wrote
that even he did not even understand that he was on trial for his life.
One commission member, William Marshall, frankly admitted he could not give
the men accused afair trial. The sixth amendment,
which guarantees the right to assistance of council, was specifically denied.

December: Some of those rounded up were considered friendly
to the whites and provided protection such as Wabasha, Red Iron, Taopi,
Gabriel Renville, Metis, JosephCampbell ,Metis. A
death sentences was handed down if the defendant fired in battle, brought
ammunition, carried supplies to combatants or committed murder. Mitigatingevidence such as preventing rape or murder was generally ignored.
A reasonable doubt standard of proof was not employed. After the execution
and burial, the white doctors,under cover of darkness,
dug up and stole a number of the bodies for study.