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Quantum Coherent Water and Life

Water is quantum coherent under ordinary conditions, according to a quantum electrodynamics field theory that may explain many of its most paradoxical properties including life itself. Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

Water, the
simplest, commonest compound on earth, also has the most complex properties and
baffling ‘anomalies’ that make it essential for life. Generations of brilliant
scientists have pitched their wits and sophisticated instrumentations in the hope
of unravelling the secrets of water but in vain.

Perhaps the most significant discovery within the past 30 years is
that water has quantum properties under ambient conditions, and may even be
quantum coherent, as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements (see
[1] Cooperative and
Coherent Water and other articles in the series, SiS
48).

However,
neither classical nor standard quantum theory predicts quantum coherence for
water, largely because they ignore quantum fluctuations and the interaction
between matter and electromagnetic field, which are taken into account in a
quantum electrodynamics (QED) field theory.

Quantum fluctuations and coupling between matter and electromagnetic
field in QED indeed predicts quantum coherence for liquid water even under
ordinary temperatures and pressures, according to Emilio Del Giudice and his
colleagues at Milan University, who have been researching this problem since
the 1990s. Their theory suggests that interaction between the vacuum
electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of large, stable
coherent domains (CDs) of about 100 nm in diameter at ambient conditions, and
these CDs may be responsible for all the special properties of water including
life itself [2-5].

Quantum
electrodynamics of condensed matter and water

Quantum field
theory explicitly recognizes an extended vacuum field – ‘zero point field’ –
interacting with matter, as well as quantum fluctuations whereby energy in the
vacuum field in the form of photons could be captured by matter. Quantum field
theory combines Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics with
the energy-matter equivalence of Einstein’s special relativity [6]; in other
words, DE ~ 1/Dt is combined with E = mc2.

Quantum field theory began in the 1920s and 1930s with the work of
Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac and others, and later, Richard Feynman
and Freeman Dyson. But standard quantum field theory still does not explain
water adequately.

In standard quantum field theory, the energy levels of material
systems are shifted by their interaction with the fluctuations of the
electromagnetic (EM) fields in the vacuum. The first clear example was the
“Lamb shift”, the energy of an electron surrounding the proton in a hydrogen
atom is slightly lower than the value calculated from the atomic theory based
on purely static forces. Although this shift is very small, it provided
evidence of the quantum vacuum fluctuation that has to be understood within the
framework of quantum electrodynamics. In the case of the hydrogen atom, the
effect is due to the interactions between the electric current of the electron
orbiting the nucleus and the fluctuating electromagnetic field of the surrounding
space (vacuum).

For a collection of particles, the usual approach is to apply the
Lamb shift to each particle separately. While this is correct for very low
density systems like gases, where the distance between any two particles is
larger than the wavelength of the relevant fluctuating fields coupled to the
systems, dense systems – condensed matter or liquids and solids - show entirely
different behaviour.

When energy is absorbed from the vacuum field, the particles will begin
to oscillate between two configurations. In particular, all particles coupled
to the same wave-length of the fluctuations will oscillate in phase with the EM
field, that is, they will be coherent with the EM field. The total energy of
the system, Etot, is a combination of the energy of the
fluctuating EM field, Efl, and the energy of excitation of
the particles shifted from their ground state to the excited configuration, Eexc,
plus the Eint of the Lamb-like shift,

Etot = Efl + Eexc
+ Eint (1)

While Efl and Eexc are positive,
Eint is negative. As shown by Preparata in 1995 [7], Efl
and Eexc are proportional to the number N of particles
in a coherence domain (CD), but Eint is proportional to N√N.
Consequently, there is a critical number of particles Ncrit
enclosed in a CD for which Etot = 0. At that point, a phase
transition occurs. The coherent oscillations of the particles in the CD no
longer require any external supply of energy, and the oscillation is
stabilized. Moreover, the CDs will begin to attract more molecules, and attract
each other, thereby turning gas into liquid in a change of phase. With further
increase in density, the system becomes a net exporter of energy because the
stabilized coherent state has a lower energy than the incoherent ground
state (see later).

The size of the
CD is just the wavelength l of the trapped EMF. The collective coherent oscillation of the
molecules in the CD occurs between the coherent ground state and an excited
state, whose volume, according to atomic physics, is wider than the ground
state volume. The wavelength l of the trapped EMF, and hence the size of the CD is about 100 nm,
as it depends on the excitation energy E according to the equation:

l = hc/Eexc(2)

The CD is a self-produced
cavity for the EMF; the photon of the trapped EMF acquires an imaginary mass,
and is therefore unable to leave the CD. Because of this self-trapping of the
EMF, the frequency of the CD EMF becomes much smaller than the frequency of the
free field having the same wavelength. This result applies to all gas-liquid
transitions.

Coherent water is a source of almost
free electrons

The special thing about water is that the
coherent oscillation occurs between the ground state and an excited state at
12.06 eV (electron volt), which is just below the ionizing threshold at 12.60
eV, when H2O → 2H+ + O2-. A liquid water
CD of 100 nm diameter contains millions of water molecules, and includes an
ensemble (or plasma) of millions of almost free electrons that can be donated
readily to electron acceptors dissolved in the water.

Some 60 years
ago, the father of biochemistry, Hungarian born US scientist Albert
Szent-Gyorgyi had already highlighted the importance of water for life [8, 9],
and proposed that organized water existing close to surfaces such as cell
membranes, is able to induce a very long lasting electronic excitation of the
different molecular species present, thereby activating them and enabling their
mutual attraction for reactions to take place (see later).

According to
calculations performed by Preparata, Del Giudice and colleagues, the water CD
is a quantum superposition of ground coherent state and excited state in the
proportion of 0.87 and 0.13, giving an average energy of excitation per
molecule of 1.56 eV. This is combined with the energy of the fluctuation
electromagnetic field of 3.52eV and the interaction energy of -5.34 eV,
according to equation (1), thus resulting in a negative energy of -26 eV
per molecule. The renormalized (physically observable) frequency of the trapped
EMF in the CD corresponding to 0.26 eV is 6.24 x 1013 Hz in the
infrared region [3, 4].

Liquid water is therefore a two-fluid system [5] (in analogy with superfluid
helium) consisting of a coherent phase (about 40 percent of total volume at
room temperature) and an incoherent phase. In the coherent phase, the water
molecules oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a
resonating EMF. The common frequency of the EMF and the electronic oscillation
of the coherent phase being 0.26 eV; whereas the energy difference of the two
electronic configuration of the coherent phase is 12.06 eV, which gives the
wavelength of 1 000 A (100 nm) of the coherence domain. The remaining 60
percent incoherent phase is extracted by thermal fluctuations from the coherent
phase. The two phases have widely different dielectric constants: that of the
coherent phase is 160, due to the high polarizability of the coherently aligned
water molecules that are oscillating in concert; while the dielectric constant
of the incoherent state is about 15. The externally applied electric fields are
therefore only felt in the non-coherent phase.

This picture of liquid water,
according to Del Giudice and colleagues, is reflected in the many observations
supporting a two-state model of water (see [1, 10] Two-States Water Explains All?SiS 32), in which a substantial fraction of the molecules exist in
hydrogen bonded state resembling that of ordinary ice. In fact, the
hydrogen-bonds - short range interactions – are the consequence of the induced
coherence in the coherence domains. But there is a rapid interchange of
molecules between the CDs and the incoherent phase, hence it is impossible to
detect CDs when the detection time is longer than the period of the
oscillations, which is less than 10-13 s.

Quantum coherent water and life

Oxidation and reduction or redox reactions
are the stuff of energy transduction in living organisms. It involves transfer
of electrons from one substance (donor) to another (acceptor) to power all
living activities. But where does the electron come from? It comes ultimately
from splitting water in photosynthesis by green plants and cyanobacteria.
However, it takes 12.60 eV to split water, an energy corresponding to soft X-rays,
which is not what the green plants and cyanobacteria use.

More than 50
years ago, Szent-Gyorgyi [9] suggested that water at interfaces was the key. He
proposed that water in living organisms existed in two states: the ground state
and the excited state, and that water at interfaces such as membranes existed
in the excited state, which requires considerably lower energy to split. A sign
of the excited water is that a voltage should appear at the boundary between
interfacial water and bulk water, which was indeed observed. This property of
water enables energy transfer to take place in living organisms ensuring
long-lasting electronic excitations. Szent-Gyorgyi’s ideas were largely ignored
by the scientific mainstream that became obsessed instead with molecular
genetics.

The anomalous water at
interfaces has been the subject of numerous research papers and reviews [11],
and was already known in the late 1940s, as Del Giudice and colleagues point
out [4]. Most if not all water in living organisms is interfacial water, as it is
almost never further away from surfaces such as membranes or macromolecules
than a fraction of a micron.

A vivid
demonstration of interfacial water was achieved by Gerald Pollack’s research
team at University of Washington, USA (see [12] Water Forms Massive Exclusion Zones,
SiS 23). Using a hydrophilic gel and a suspension of microspheres just
visible to the eye, they showed that interfacial water apparently tens of
microns or even hundreds of microns thick forms on the surface of the gel, which
excludes the microspheres as well as other solutes such as proteins and dyes,
and hence referred to as an ‘exclusion zone’ (EZ). Formation of EZ depends on
fixed charges on the gel. When negatively charged gels were used, a potential
difference of -150 mV was measured, in line with Szent-Gyorgyi’s prediction,
and protons were also excluded, becoming concentrated just outside the
exclusion zone, giving a low pH there. Many other unusual characteristics were
found [13]. EZ water is about 10 times as viscous as bulk water, it has a peak
of light absorption at 270 nm, and emits fluorescence when excited by light at
this wavelength. Illumination of EZ water especially by infrared increases the
depth of the layer.

Del Giudice and
colleagues [4] suggest that EZ water is in fact a giant coherence domain
stabilized on the surface of the attractive gel. Inside the cell, the EZ would
form on surfaces of membranes and macromolecules, as envisaged by Szent-Gyorgi.
Because coherent water is excited water with a plasma of almost free electrons,
it can easily transfer electrons to molecules on its surface. The interface
between fully coherent interfacial water and normal bulk water becomes a “redox
pile”. In line with this proposal, EZ water does indeed act as a battery, as
Pollack’s research team demonstrated (see Liquid Crystalline
Water at the Interface, SiS 39).

Del Giudice and
colleagues also argue that water CDs can be easily excited, and are able to
collect small external excitations to produce single coherent vortices whose
energy is the sum of all the small excitation energies, turning the originally
high entropy energy into low entropy coherent energy, which is trapped stably
in the water CDs. This coherent energy in turn enables selective coherent
energy transfer to take place as follows. All molecules have their own spectrum
of vibrational frequencies. If the molecule’s spectrum contain a frequency
matching that of the water CD, it would get attracted to the CD, and become a
guest participant in the CD’s coherent oscillation, and settle on the CD’s
surface. Furthermore, the CD’s excitation energy would become available to the
guest molecules as activation energy for chemical reactions to take place. This
selectivity may be the reason why out of a hundred different amino acids only
20 have been selected for making proteins in living organisms.

There is indeed
independent evidence that molecules taking part in a biochemical reaction do
share a common frequency, which is how they attract each other, essentially by
resonating to the same frequency (see [15] The Real
Bioinformatics Revolution, SiS 33). So it is likely that the
reactants are attracted to the surface of the same water CDs, where the
reaction will takes place, greatly facilitated by the excitation energy of the
water CD. After the reaction, the energy released can also be absorbed by the
water CD, shifting the CD’s oscillation frequency, and hence changing the
molecular species that become attracted to it, thereby in principle,
facilitating the next reaction to take place in a chemical pathway.

Quantum
coherence of water is really what makes life possible. It could also account
for other strange phenomena such as the formation of a ‘stiff’ water bridge
floating in the space just above two beakers of water placed next to each other
and subjected to a strong electric field, as explained by Del Giudice and
colleagues elsewhere [16], as well as low energy nuclear reactions (or cold
fusion) [17], non-thermal electromagnetic field effects on biological system
and possibly homeopathy (see [18] Quantum
Coherent Water, Non-Thermal Effects, & Homeopathy, SiS 51).

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Leopoldo Silvestroni Comment left 5th April 2013 07:07:57Once formed onto a hydrophilic surface, how long water CDs live? Also, are water CDs onto a hydrophilic surface trailed by fluid streams along that surface?

Antonino Drago Comment left 4th February 2014 07:07:58The best thing we did together was in 1964 a fast of 28 hours for housing the 10 thousand people living in the bidonville of Naples. By defying the prohibition of police we started the manifestation by seating in front of the municipal palace in the main place of Naples, Place Municipio. After half a hour we have been followed by a dozen other persons, whereas other fifteen persons gave 30 thousand leaflets to people in the neighborough streets. In the next thirty years in Italy this manifestation was the most important one according to non-violence.