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Ergoline alkaloids occur in taxonomically unrelated taxa, such as Ascomycetes fungi and higher plants of the family Convolvulaceae. The plant-associated epibiotic clavicipitalean fungi capable of synthesizing ergoline alkaloids colonize the adaxial leaf surface of certain Convolvulaceae plant species. The fungi are seed transmitted by a transport system apparently translocating the alkaloids from the epibiotic fungus into the plant. The association between the fungus and the plant very likely is a symbiotum in which ergoline alkaloids play an essential role.