Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, the average tuition increased from $11,500 to $14,800 and the average net tuition (tuition minus grants) grew from $7,600 to $8,800 between 198990 and 19992000 (table A-3.1). The percentage of all full-time undergraduates receiving financial aid increased from 74 percent to 85 percent and the average amount of total aid received grew from $9,200 to $13,800 between 198990 and 19992000 (figure E). Changes in financial aid were related to dependency status, as dependent students had a higher average tuition than independent students in both 198990 and 19992000. The percentage of dependent students who received any type of financial aid increased from 71 percent to 85 percent, but 85 percent of independent students were already receiving aid in 198990 and no measurable change from this percentage was detected in 19992000 (table A-3.5). Borrowing increased among dependent students during this period (45 percent to 63 percent) (table A-3.6). Dependent students were also more likely to receive subsidized Stafford loans (50 percent vs. 37 percent) and their parents were more likely to take out PLUS loans (12 percent vs. 6 percent) in 19992000 than in 198990 (table A-3.7). Although no change was detected in the overall rate of borrowing among independent students (58 percent in both years), both independent and dependent students were more likely to take out unsubsidized loans (24 percent vs. 2 percent), and non-federal loans (14 percent vs. 3 percent) in 19992000 than in 198990 (table A-3.7). Low-income dependent students were more likely to receive federal Pell Grants, and both dependent and independent low-income students were more likely to receive federal SEOGs in 19992000 than in 198990. Dependent students were more likely to receive institutional grant aid in 19992000 than in 198990, while no significant difference was found among independent students (table A-3.11). The percentage of full-time dependent students who received work-study aid grew from 21 percent to 29 percent between 198990 and 19992000 (table A-3.14).