Single electron is key to prolonged power in electronic devices

Researchers have created technology that could be the first step toward more efficient batteries for wearable computers and smartphones.

The technology, led by researchers from The University of Texas at Dallas and published online in Nature Communications, taps into the power of a single electron to control energy consumption inside transistors.

Researchers from the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science found that by adding a specific atomic thin film layer to a transistor, the layer acted as a filter for the energy that passed through it at room temperature. The signal that resulted from the device was said to be six to seven times steeper than that of traditional devices. Steep devices use less voltage but still have a strong signal.

‘The whole semiconductor industry is looking for steep devices because they are key to having small, powerful, mobile devices with many functions that operate quickly without spending a lot of battery power,’ said Dr. Jiyoung Kim, professor of materials science and engineering in the Jonsson School and an author of the paper. ‘Our device is one solution to make this happen.’

According to the university, tapping into the unique and subtle behaviour of a single electron is the most energy-efficient way to transmit signals in electronic devices. Since the signal is so small, it can be easily diluted by thermal noises at room temperature. To see this quantum signal, engineers and scientists who build electronic devices typically use external cooling techniques to compensate for the thermal energy in the electron environment. The filter created by the UT Dallas researchers is one route to effectively filter out the thermal noise.

Dr. Kyeongjae ‘K.J.’ Cho, professor of materials science and engineering and physics and an author of the paper, agreed in a statement that transistors made from this filtering technique could ‘revolutionise’ the semiconductor industry.

‘Having to cool the thermal spread in modern transistors limits how small consumer electronics can be made,’ said Cho, who used advanced modelling techniques to explain the lab phenomena. ‘We devised a technique to cool the electrons internally – allowing reduction in operating voltage – so that we can create even smaller, more power efficient devices.’

To create this technology, researchers added a chromium oxide thin film onto the device. That layer, at room temperature of about 80 degrees Fahrenheit, filtered the cooler, stable electrons and provided stability to the device. Normally, that stability is achieved by cooling the entire electronic semiconductor device to about minus 321 degrees Fahrenheit.

Another innovation used to create this technology was a vertical layering system, which would be more practical as devices get smaller.

‘One way to shrink the size of the device is by making it vertical, so the current flows from top to bottom instead of the traditional left to right,’ said Kim, who added the thin layer to the device.

Lab test results showed that the device at room temperature had a signal strength of electrons similar to conventional devices at minus 378 degrees Fahrenheit. The signal maintained all other properties. Researchers will also try this technique on electrons that are manipulated through optoelectronic and spintronic means.

The next step is to extend this filtering system to semiconductors manufactured in Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Researchers from the Lam Research Corporation in California, Nankai University in China, the University of Michigan and the University of Texas at Arlington contributed to this work, which was funded by the US Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.