Special characters

I prefer to use HTML coding to get special characters, such as
accents on letters, by using certain codes on the
citation page.
The following table lists some of the special characters
that can be made with HTML and/or (La)TeX.

There are characters needed in some languages, such as Polish or
Yoguslavian, that cannot be generated with standard HTML coding, which uses
higher ASCII coding (above #126) and the standard Western ISOlatin
fonts. These "foreign" characters can show up on a Web page when setting
the browser at the correct font coding. But as I wish to keep the
page with citations readable at standard font
settings, I decided to use TeX to create the characters where
possible and use inlined images.
Some I encountered and know the (La)TeX coding for are also given
below.
And the (La)TeX format can also be used for
Greek characters
and
Cyrillic characters.

If using (La)TeX is not possible, then the inlined images must be
created in another way.

character

description

HTML

(La)TeX

à

small a, grave

&agrave;

\`a

á

small a, acute

&aacute;

\'a

â

small a, circumflex

&acirc;

\^a

ã

small a, tilde

&atilde;

\~a

ä

small a, umlaut

&auml;

\"a

å

small a, ring

&aring;

\aa

æ

small ae ligature

&aelig;

\ae

ç

small c, cedilla

&ccedil;

\c c

è

small e, grave

&egrave;

\`e

é

small e, acute

&eacute;

\'e

ê

small e, circumflex

&ecirc;

\^e

ë

small e, umlaut

&euml;

\"e

ì

small i, grave

&igrave;

\`\i

í

small i, acute

&iacute;

\'\i

î

small i, circumflex

&icirc;

\^\i

ï

small i, umlaut

&iuml;

\"\i

ð

small eth (Icelandic)

&eth;

ñ

small n, tilde

&ntilde;

\~n

ò

small o, grave

&ograve;

\`o

ó

small o, acute

&oacute;

\'o

ô

small o, circumflex

&ocirc;

\^o

õ

small o, tilde

&otilde;

\~o

ö

small o, umlaut

&ouml;

\"o

ø

small o, slash

&oslash;

\o

ß

small sz ligature

&szlig;

\ss

ù

small u, grave

&ugrave;

\`u

ú

small u, acute

&uacute;

\'u

û

small u, circumflex

&ucirc;

\^u

ü

small u, umlaut

&uuml;

\"u

ý

small y, acute

&yacute;

\'y

ÿ

small y, umlaut

&yuml;

\"y

þ

small thorn (Icelandic)

&thorn;

small oe ligature

\oe

small v atop a letter, e.g. an 's'
(called há{\v c}ek or "check" mark, or caron)

\v s

crossed-out (or: suppressed) Polish 'l'

\l

macron or "bar" above a letter,
e.g. an 'e'

\=e

Capital letters with an accent can be made in HTML by writing the first
character behind the ampersand as a capital letter, e.g.&Egrave; leads to È
and &Iuml; leads to Ï
-- note that not all exist as capital.