Oskar and Jack Yufe, born in 1934 in Trinidad and parted at six months old, were raised in different countries and cultures by their separated parents. Their father was Jewish, their mother German Catholic. Jack, a white Jew, was brought up by his father among blacks in Trinidad and later became an officer in the Israeli Navy. Oskar was raised Catholic by his mother and grandmother in Switzerland, heavily influenced by the Nazi regime. Meeting for the first time at twenty-one, they found each other’s political and religious views intolerable. Brought back together again in 1970s by Professor Bouchard of the University of Minnesota, the two are still struggling with the ideological and ethnic circumstances that have defined their personalities. In another study on two monozygotic twins of Korean origin separated at birth co-authored by Nancy Segal of California State University and University of Minnesota, in which one of the twins was raised in South Korea by her own parents and the other in U.S. by an adoptive family, the twins scored similarly on general IQ, psychoticism and lie scales, but differently on extraversion and neuroticism scales. According to Dr. Segal, while hardwired physical and physiological characteristics such as height, weight and eye color are influenced about 90 percent by genes, personality traits, social attitudes and political tendencies are shaped fairly equally by genes and environment. As children, we usually accept our family environment and our neighborhood sub-culture as the norm. Thus, a product of both heredity and environment, an individual’s personality also depends upon circumstances in which it developed. Each culture has its own distinctive way of conduct and largely affects the shaping of personality. For instance, Americans are found high in independence and individualism while Indians are found to be more interdependent and collectivist. From this perspective, Geert Hofstede’s Theory of Cultural Dimensions (whose five...

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...Hofstede’sdimensions of nationalculture
Hofstede distinguished five dimensions of nationalculture: Power Distance (PDI), Individualism/Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity/Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI), and Long-Term versus Short-Term Orientation (LTO). For those readers who are unfamiliar with his dimensional model, a short description follows. The dimensions are measured on index scales from 0 to 100, although some countries may have scores above 100 on certain dimensions because they were measured after the original scale was developed. Hofstede’s original data were derived from matched populations of employees from national subsidiaries of one multinational firm, IBM. More than 116,000 questionnaires were administered in 72 countries and in 20 languages between 1967 and 1973. The results were originally validated against some 40 cross-cultural studies from a variety of disciplines and have been extended by Hofstede (2001).
Power distance
Power Distance is the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. In cultures with large power distance, everybody has his/her rightful place in society, there is respect for old age, and status is important to show power. In cultures with small power distance,...

...Module 2 Discussion
1. Looking back at Hofstede’sdimensions of cultural differences (chapter 2, pg 39-41), describe a significant difference between cultures that you have witnessed. Use the Geert Hofstede website links below to compare the two cultures in your example and describe the relative merits of the different approaches in an organizational situation.
Main Hofstede Web site: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/
(page down for descriptions of the culturaldimensions)
Compare two cultures: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php
(If the Hofstede website is not working this week, then please do your best with the summary information in the book, or other sources you may find)
Working in the professional soccer business, it is important for me to understand various cultures when doing business in other countries. Hofstede’sdimension of cultural difference provides exceptional insight on various cultures and the dimensions that make them different. Given the FIFA World Cup in 2010 is in South Africa, I will compare the culture of this country to that of the United States. Over the past eight years, I have done business with South African’s.
PDI Power Distance Index
The PDI examines unequal...

...﻿Understanding Hofstede’s 5 CulturalDimensions
Geert Hofstede devoted over a decade to researching cultural differences and developed an internationally recognized model of culturaldimensions. There are five main dimensions of culture that serve as a guide to understanding intercultural communications, business, and effective social exchange. The fivedimensions are Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-Term Orientation and were developed to provide a method to strategizing cultural interactions.
Power Distance PD-
Power Distance is the first of Geert Hofstede’s Five CulturalDimensions. Power Distance refers to the extent in which the less powerful people of a society accept the unequal distribution of power. Societies with a high degree of Power Distance accept whatever inequalities there might be as the norm, while ones with a lower degree consider themselves equals. Societies with the lowest degrees of Power Distance will not tolerate an unequal distribution of power. The Power Distance Dimension is primarily based upon the question, “How frequently are employees afraid to express disagreement with their managers?”(Orr p.5)
Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)-
Individualism and Collectivism define the opposite...

...Geert Hofstede’sCulturalDimensionsNationalcultures can be described according to the analysis of Geert Hofstede. These ideas were first based on a large research project into nationalculture differences across subsidiaries of a multinational corporation (IBM) in 64 countries. Subsequent studies by others covered students in 23 countries, elites in 19 countries, commercial airline pilots in 23 countries, up-market consumers in 15 countries, and civil service managers in 14 countries. Together these studies identified and validated four independent dimensions of nationalculture differences, with a fifth dimension added later.
If you follow the links below you will find a map of the world for each culturaldimension, which enables you to quickly see how similar or different countries or regions are.
• Power Distance
• Individualism
• Masculinity
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Long-Term Orientation
The drawbacks of applying the Hofstede Model
The Hofstede Model of CulturalDimensions can be of great use when it comes to analyzing a country’s culture. There are however a few things one has to keep in mind.
Firstly, the averages of a country do not relate to individuals of that country. Even though this model has proven to be quite often correct...

...Hofstede’sDimensions of Culture – Canada vs Kuwait
1. Power Distance (PDI)
• Kuwait has a high power distance index of 90, which suggests that citizens in this country adopt the hierarchical system and the division between the five groups is determined by wealth. At the very top of the hierarchy is the royal family, followed by businessmen and merchandisers. After that, it’s nomads that have settled in the country for decades. Next are the Arabs that live in the neighboring peninsula. Lastly, it’s travelers from foreign countries. People obey this system and there is no way to alter their social status since they are born into it.
• On the other hand, Canada has a relatively lower power distance index of 39, which indicates that equality plays a significant role within the society. Besides, the fact that Canada is a democratic country also contributes to the low index because a democratic country means the majority of citizens have a mutual social status and the government cares about how the general public feels. In other words, there is no social class distinction between Canadians and they all live equally.
2. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
• Kuwait has an uncertainty avoidance level of 80, meaning the Arabs tend not to take risks on uncertainties. In other words, they prefer to stick with the traditional way no matter what issues they are dealing with. One tradition in Kuwait that won’t change in the foreseeable future...

...Australian culture has become the product of a distinct blend of established traditions and new influences. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, the country’s original inhabitants, created the foundation for the land’s cultural traditions over 40,000 years ago. In addition, the rest of Australia’s people are migrants or descendants of migrants from various other countries who transported their own customs, beliefs, and value systems to the land. As a result, Australia’s culture has significantly broadened its social and cultural profile over the years, and still continues to evolve today.
A key component of Australian culture today is not only their diversity, but more importantly, the extent to which the people are united by an overriding and unifying commitment to their country. “Each citizen is expected to uphold the principles and shared values that support Australia’s way of life. These include: respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual, freedom of speech and association, freedom of religion and a secular government, support for parliamentary democracy and the rule of law, equality under the law, equality of men and women, equality of opportunity, peacefulness, and a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces tolerance, mutual respect, and compassion for those in need. ” These value systems of Australian culture are directly parallel...

...Hofstede’sCulturalDimensions
Introduction
Some of the most influential research on cultural values has been done by Geert Hofstede. His empirical studies of work-related values have been extended to 74 countries. He has identified five major dimensions along which cultural values vary: high vs. low power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance vs. uncertainty acceptance, and short-term vs. long-term orientation.
The aim is not to use these cultural generalisations to stereotype and to suggest that cultural groups are all the same or will not be altered at all by experience. These five dimensions provide us with a framework for developing our understanding of particular situations, anticipating cultural conflicts and addressing them through personal dialogue.
In a teaching situation these dimensions help us to understand why some students behave differently in classroom routines, have difficulty meeting our criteria for good academic work. We need to bear in mind that culturally determined behaviours cannot just be changed through talking about them. Values are deep-seated and have developed over time. They cannot be changed just by picking up another set, like a new item of clothing. This has implications for migrant, refugee...

...﻿Final Paper
I have come to learn, over the course of this summer, that personality is a very interesting yet complex topic in the field of psychology. What is most interesting about the topic is that there are numerous theories that attempt to explain how personality is developed or influenced over time. There are many factors that are said to have an influence on personality, but the one that is most interesting is the idea that personality is shaped by culture. The reason why culture is interesting is because just like personality, culture is also a very complex term that encompasses a lot of factors when we discuss what makes up culture. In using culture as a basis for this paper, I have gathered information on how cultureinfluencespersonality in different age groups and across genders. By looking at three different articles, I will discuss the content of the articles and their contribution to the said topic.
In the article done by David Schmidt, et al. the authors aim to figure out if sex differences exists across cultures when it comes to personality traits, mainly those of the Big Five; openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The researchers use empirical data and quantitative data gathered...

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