Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message, please visit this page: About CDC.gov.

In April 2016, a female infant was born via Cesarean delivery at 29 estimated gestational weeks and had a birthweight of 3 pounds (1,405 grams). Her clinical course in the neonatal intensive care unit was unremarkable until she developed signs of sepsis at age 21 days. Cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid yielded Cronobacter sakazakii, a gram-negative pathogenic bacillus. Despite treatment with ampicillin and cefepime, she developed seizures; brain imaging revealed liquefaction necrosis of the entire left cerebral hemisphere and right frontal lobe. The infant developed spastic cerebral palsy and global developmental delay and required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and a gastrostomy feeding tube.

The infant had been fed pasteurized donor human milk and expressed maternal milk (EMM) during the first week after birth; thereafter, she received EMM mixed with a commercial liquid human milk fortifier. Maternal milk was expressed using a dedicated bedside hospital breast pump and the mother’s personal breast pump throughout the infant’s hospitalization. The infant did not receive powdered infant formula products.

Clinicians and microbiologists from the hospital, Allegheny County Health Department, the Food and Drug Administration, and CDC investigated the source of the infection. Items and materials tested included the personal and hospital breast pump kits; samples of frozen EMM from the personal breast pump; hand-expressed maternal milk; lanolin used to treat the mother’s breasts; human milk fortifier, caffeine citrate, vitamin D, and iron supplements from lots given to the infant; tap water, faucet and sink surfaces from the hospital bedside and home kitchen; two wash basins from the home kitchen; and maternal stool samples. C. sakazakii was cultured from the valves of the personal breast pump kit, 11 frozen EMM samples collected using that pump kit during 7 separate days before illness onset, and the drain of the kitchen sink at the mother’s home. Cultures of the personal breast pump kit and the 11 frozen EMM samples each yielded 2–5 additional gram-negative bacteria; other items did not yield pathogens. Except for the EMM isolate with the earliest collection date, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of all EMM and clinical C. sakazakii isolates were indistinguishable.

The mother reported typically soaking the collection kit from her personal breast pump in soapy water in a wash basin for ≤5 hours without scrubbing or sanitizing. She then rinsed, air-dried, and stored the kit in a plastic zip-top bag until the next use. The collection kit from the hospital breast pump was washed immediately and thoroughly air-dried at the bedside. The mother did not report symptoms or signs of mastitis.

C. sakazakii can cause sepsis and severe meningitis, particularly among infants (1). Cronobacter infections have been traced to contaminated powdered infant formula, and only once has a source unrelated to powdered infant formula been reported to be associated with an infant infection (1,2). However, Cronobacter can be found in other food products and the environment, and some infected infants did not consume powdered infant formula (1,3). This case of C. sakazakii infection caused by consumption of extrinsically contaminated expressed human milk led to meningitis, brain necrosis, and marked developmental delays. Human milk is the ideal food for nearly all infants and is associated with decreased risk for many illnesses; however, microorganisms can multiply rapidly in expressed human milk (4). Although many women report good hygiene while expressing milk (5), expressed human milk is frequently contaminated with pathogens (6,7), most likely because of suboptimal hygiene practices associated with milk expression. Although the source of contamination in this case is unknown, a breast pump kit became contaminated with C. sakazakii and was not adequately cleaned or sanitized, leading to contamination of the milk expressed with this kit on several days. Human milk contaminated during or after expression can put infants at risk for infection with various pathogens, including C. sakazakii (7). CDC has developed guidance to optimize breast pump hygiene.* Clinicians should provide detailed recommendations about hygienic expression and handling of human milk to parents who plan to feed EMM to their infants. Settings in which mothers might need to pump their milk, such as hospitals and workplaces, should facilitate hygienic expression and handling of human milk.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process.
This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version.
Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr)
and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to
mmwrq@cdc.gov.