Addressing the Science Surrounding Glyphosate

Addressing the Science Surrounding Glyphosate

UC ANR's charge is research and extension and we provide guidance about how to manage weeds using registered pesticides and by non-chemical methods. UC ANR includes information in its publications on how to effectively and safely use glyphosate where it is legal to do so as well as provide options for alternative chemical and non-chemical approaches for managing weeds.

UC ANR recognizes that the use of any pesticide carries risks, including in some cases the possibility of acute (immediate), chronic (long term) or carcinogenic effects, to those who may be exposed to them. This is true of any pesticide, which includes herbicides such as glyphosate.

UC ANR has not specifically addressed carcinogenicity or other health issues related to glyphosate; these are areas of active research, data interpretation, and debate over inferences, conclusions, and courses of action in the scientific community and regulatory bodies as well as in the public discourse. However, to date, regulatory agencies in the United States have not significantly changed the legal uses of glyphosate herbicides.

What is risk? The specific risk of a pesticide are a function of both hazard (toxicity) and exposure; the risks from more hazardous materials can often be reduced by minimizing exposure (e.g. strictly following the directions on the label, using proper personal protective equipment, and using appropriate application methods). Conversely, high exposure levels (e.g. large concentrations, frequent exposure, long-term exposure) to a relatively lower hazard material has the potential to increase health risks.

What is glyphosate? Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicides such as the Roundup branded products as well as many other herbicides marketed under a variety of trade names. Glyphosate has been available since 1974 and is widely used by farmers,ranchers, landscapers, wildland managers, and home gardeners in California and around the world. This herbicide is used in a variety of systems because it is effective at controlling a wide range of annual and perennial grassy and broadleaf plants Glyphosate herbicides typically are applied to the foliage of emerged plants as a diluted spray but there are other application techniques and formulations for specific uses (e.g. cut stump treatments, no-surfactant formulations for some aquatic uses). Most glyphosate herbicides used in agriculture and commercial applications are sold as concentrated products that are then diluted in water before use; homeowner products may be either concentrates or sold in pre-diluted “ready to spray” packages.

How toxic is glyphosate? Glyphosate has been placed in Toxicity Category III by the US EPA. Toxicity Category I indicates the highest degree of acute toxicity, and Category IV, the lowest. People may become exposed to glyphosate and other pesticides directly by getting it on their skin or in their eyes or indirectly through environmental contamination such as food and water contamination. Applicators must follow label instructions with regard to personal protective equipment (PPE). Whether or not specifically required by the product label, wearing long pants, closed toed shoes, chemical resistant gloves, and protective eye wear will reduce the risk of glyphosate exposure. Even if chemical-resistant gloves are worn, people should always wash their hands after applying pesticides, and before activities such as eating, smoking, or using the restroom. Most glyphosate products available for the homeowner indicate on the label that people and pets may enter the treated area after the spray has dried.

What about cancer? In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a non-regulatory organization, reviewed the published scientific literature on the carcinogenicity of glyphosate alone and in formulations. Based on their review, the IARC classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans” and put it in group 2A. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals.

Other groups such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) also examined the scientific literature on glyphosate. The joint FAO/WHO report concluded that glyphosate alone or in a formulation is unlikely to cause a carcinogenic risk to humans from exposure in the diet. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the regulatory agency that determines how pesticides may be used legally in the U.S. also concluded that it is not likely a cancer risk.

Glyphosate was added to California's Proposition 65 list (chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity) in 2017 because California regulations require chemicals listed in IARC hazard group 2A to be put on the Prop 65 list unless their report was deemed to have “less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals.”

Weeds can have negative impacts on agriculture, public health, natural resources, and our economy. Likewise, pest control practices also have a range of potential impacts and outcomes. UC ANR promotes the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including cultural and mechanical practices, and herbicides when needed. If glyphosate or any other herbicide is used to manage weeds, the pesticide label must be followed to ensure these products are used safely and legally for minimal exposure to applicators, non-target organisms, and our environment. For more information about weed management practices and the safe and effective use of pesticides, visit the UC IPM website.

For detailed information about glyphosate or any other pesticide, visit the National Pesticide Information Center website at or call 1-800-858-7378 Monday–Friday, between 8:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Pacific Time. The National Pesticide Information Center provides objective, science-based answers to questions about pesticides.