1. This Form 4 is filed jointly by Raging Capital Master Fund, Ltd. ("Raging Master"), Raging Capital Management, LLC ("Raging Capital") and William C. Martin (collectively, the "Reporting Persons"). Each of the Reporting Persons may be deemed to be a member of a Section 13(d) group that collectively owns more than 10% of the Issuer's outstanding shares of Common Stock. Each of the Reporting Persons disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock reported herein except to the extent of his or its pecuniary interest therein.

2. Represents shares of Common Stock owned directly by Raging Master. As the Investment Manager of RagingMaster, Raging Capital may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Common Stock owned directly by Raging Master. As the Managing Member of Raging Capital, Mr. Martin may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Common Stock owned directly by Raging Master.