In a
recent article concerning Benediction, you mentioned parishes that had weekly
novenas. I thought novenas went out with Vatican II. Could you please explain
the origin of novenas and their role in the Church today?—A reader in
Springfield.

Succinctly, a novena ia a nine-day period of private or public prayer to
obtain special graces, to implore special favors, or make special petitions.
(Novena is derived from the Latin novem, meaning nine.) As the definition
suggests, the novena has always had more of a sense of urgency and neediness.

In our liturgical usage, the novena differs from an octave, which has a more
festive character, and either precedes or follows an important feast. For
example, in our Church calendar we celebrate Octave before Christmas, where the
recitation of the "O" Antiphons help us prepare for the birth of our
Savior. We also celebrate the Octaves of Christmas and Easter, which include the
feast days themselves and the seven days that follow, to highlight the joy of
these mysteries.

The origin of the novena in our Church's spiritual treasure is hard to
pinpoint. The Old Testament does not indicate any nine-days celebration among
Jewish people. On the other hand, in the New Testament at the Ascension scene,
our Lord gives the Apostles the Great Commission, and then tells them to return
to Jerusalem and to await the coming of the Holy Spirit. Acts of the Apostles
recounts, "After that they returned to Jerusalem from the mount called
Olivet near Jerusalem—a mere Sabbath's journey away. Together they devoted
themselves to constant prayer" (Acts 1:12,14). Nine days later, the Holy
Spirit descended upon the Apostles at Pentecost. Perhaps, this "nine-day
period of prayer" of the Apostles is the basis for the novena.

Long before Christianity, the ancient Romans also celebrated nine days of
prayers for various reasons. The author Livy recorded how nine days of prayer
were celebrated at Mount Alban to avert some evil or wrath of the gods as
predicted by soothsayers. Similarly, nine days of prayer were offered when some
"wonder" had been predicted. Families also held a nine-day mourning
period upon the death of a loved one with a special feast after the burial on
the ninth day. The Romans also celebrated the parentalia novendialia, a yearly
novena (February 13-22) remembering all departed family members. Since novenas
were already part of Roman culture, it is possible that Christianity
"baptized" this pagan practice.

Whatever the exact origins may be, the early Christians did have a nine-day
mourning period upon the death of a loved one. Eventually, a novena of Masses
for the repose of the soul was offered. To this day, there is the novendiala or
Pope's Novena, observed upon the death of the Holy Father.

In the Middle Ages, particularly in Spain and France, novenas of prayers were
offered nine days before Christmas, signifying the nine months our Lord spent in
the womb of our Blessed Mother. These special novenas helped the faithful
prepare for the festive, yet solemn, celebration of the birth of our Lord.
Eventually, various novenas were composed to help the faithful prepare for a
special feast or to invoke the aid of a saint for a particular reason. Some of
the popular novenas still widely used in our Church include those of Miraculous
Medal, Sacred Heart of Jesus, St. Joseph and St. Jude, to name a few.

It is difficult to say why we do not find novenas as much a part of public
worship now as before Vatican II. I remember asking this question to an elderly
priest, who basically said that he remembered people who would skip Mass yet
attend the weekly novena. As Catholics, the primary focus of our spirituality
and public worship should be the Holy Eucharist and the Mass. With the advent of
liturgical renewal and the increased participation of the congregation at Mass,
perhaps this is why novenas fell by the wayside.

Also, some people, I think, have hurt the cause of novenas because of
superstition. In every parish I have been assigned, I have found copies of a St.
Jude novena, which basically states that if a person goes to Church for nine
days and leaves a copy of the novena to St. Jude, then the prayer will be
granted—sort of like a spiritual chain letter. This is dispensing—machine
Catholicism; just as a person puts the coin in the vending machine and presses
the button to get the desired soda, here a person says the prayer, goes to
Church, and is supposedly guaranteed that the request will be granted. So much
for God's will. What is really sad these days is that the person simply Xeroxes
the letter; one would think they could at least hand-write it. Worse yet, I
usually have to pick up these letters, which are left all over the Church.

Nevertheless, novenas still hold a legitimate place in our Catholic
spirituality. The Enchiridion of Indulgences notes, "A partial indulgence
is granted to the faithful, who devoutly take part in the pious exercise of a
public novena before the feast of Christmas or Pentecost or the Immaculate
Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary." Here the Church is again
emphasizing that the novena is a pious, spiritual exercise to bolster the faith
of the individual, and that the individual should be truly devout, always
remembering the goodness of the Lord who answers all of our prayers according to
His divine will.

Fr. Saunders is president of the Notre Dame Institute and associate pastor of
Queen of Apostles Parish, both in Alexandria.

This article appeared in the August 25, 1994 issue of "The Arlington
Catholic Herald." Courtesy of the "Arlington Catholic Herald"
diocesan newspaper of the Arlington (VA) diocese. For subscription information,
call 1-800-377-0511 or write 200 North Glebe Road, Suite 607 Arlington, VA
22203.