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Category Archives: Influenza

One of the greatest concepts I have run across since I finished school is the Number Needed to Treat (abbreviated NNT). NNT was never taught back when I went to medical school (we had barely given up The Four Humors!). Instead, we were taught “the p-value.” Does anyone else remember the p-value? The p-value of a study, it turns out, is a relatively poor measure of study validity, partly because it implies an “all-or-nothing” kind of understanding of studies: either the study is “valid” (meaning a p-value of >95%) or it is not. Either the treatment being studied works or it does not. And if a treatment works, it must work for all people.

Of course, in real life, this is not the case. No drug is universally good or bad. All drugs help some people, harm some people (with adverse side effects) and make no difference one way or another in some people. These numbers can be derived from any study’s data. There is even a fabulous website devoted to this where you can look up the NNT and its corollary, the Number Needed to Harm (NNH) for all sorts of drugs and treatments (found here).

Since it is influenza season and time for us to get our flu shots (I got mine yesterday), I thought it would be a great time to see how beneficial the flu vaccine is. What is the NNT for the flu vaccine? And while we are at it, why don’t we also look at the data on oseltamivir (Tamiflu) while we’re at it?

Over the weekend, my family and I went to see the “Mummies” exhibition at the local museum. One display invited participants to feel squares of leather that were said to feel like mummy skin. As I watched the family of six ahead of me all caress the leather, I wondered how many hundreds of people had fondled this exhibit. I wondered if it ever was cleaned. I wondered how many viruses were lurking there. It reminded me that the world is a dirty place. I remembered that one of my professors in medical school had referred to the dirtiness of the world as “The Fecal Veneer.”

The theory of the Fecal Veneer states that the whole world is covered with a thin layer of, well, shit (Sorry! I will use that crude term only once). When I say ‘the whole world,” I mean every place and every surface, including floors, chairs, desk tops, clothes . . and even swimming pools, according to this report! In some places, the fecal veneer is thick—like the gas station public restroom I was in recently that must have last been cleaned when it was built. In other places, the fecal veneer is quite thin, like in a hospital surgical suite. But it is still there! Most places are someplace in between. How thick the fecal veneer is depends on how often it is cleaned.

The theory of the Fecal Veneer is scientifically demonstrable! All you have to do is to wipe down any surface and plate the residue onto agar. You will inevitably grow fecal bacteria, like E. coli. Even the wall of the surgical suite will grow an occasional E. coli. Since the Fecal Veneer does not just include feces, but any and all human secretions, you can also find viruses, MRSA and all sorts of other nasty things.

People interact with their environment and hence with the Fecal Veneer mainly with their hands. That is how we transfer the Fecal Veneer to our own persons. In other words, like every other surface, we people are covered with a fecal veneer–but it is thickest on our hands. Our hands are the vectors that transfer the fecal veneer from place to place.

Many diseases, of course, are transmitted from person to person via the Fecal Veneer. Sick people excrete the virus infecting them into one or another of their secretions. They deposit these secretions on their hands, which in turn deposit the infectious secretions on something they touch, like a doorknob. Someone else touches the doorknob, gets the infected goobers on their hands and then transfers the virus into their mouths, say, when they eat.

Yes, some diseases like TB are transmitted by aerosolized droplets . . . but this is uncommon. The flu and the common cold, for example, are mostly transmitted via the fecal veneer. I guess they can be transmitted via the air—but not in the same way as TB, where the micro-droplets can float in the air for a long time and for long distances. Instead, if influenza is transmitted through the air, it occurs like this: an infected person coughs or sneezes and launches a mucous goober through the air. This arcs across the room and lands directly in someone’s face or into their food. This can and does occur (which is why you should cough and sneeze into your elbow), but it is more likely that the mucous bomb will land on some surface, like a desk top. However, even more likely than this aerial bombardment would be that the ill person coughs or sneezes infected mucous onto his hands, which touch something (like a doorknob), which you then touch with your hand, and those dirty hands then transfer the virus to your mouth when you eat.

The bottom line here is that hands contaminated by the Fecal Veneer are the source of many common illnesses. Think back to the last time you got sick with a bad cold or the flu. That is likely how you got it—via dirty hands

The solution, of course, is to wash our hands a lot. We tend to underestimate how contaminated our hands get by contacting the items around us. By cleaning our hands, we accomplish two ends—we make it less likely that we ourselves will become infected by pathogens in the Fecal Veneer and we also will be less likely to transmit pathogens to others.

Of course, it is possible to go overboard and wash our hands too often. I was taught to wash my hands after each and every contact with a patient—up to 40-50 times a day sometimes. This much washing can cause skin breakdown in the form of rashes and cracked skin that I used to get especially on my knuckles. The problem is that bacteria counts on damaged skin actually go up. The solution is to use hand sanitizers in addition to washing.

What if you wear gloves? They keep your hands free of contamination, don’t they? Well, not entirely. Here is a study that showed that significant hand contamination occurred 13% of the time despite surgical gloves. Gloves help, but sometimes the Fecal Veneer can creep even through surgical gloves.

I suspect that most of us remember to clean our hands often when we are working around patients. However, often, we forget the presence and danger of the Fecal Veneer in the wide world. And we often mistake where the greatest danger of contamination lies. Remember that dirty public bathroom I spoke of earlier? As bad as it was, that bathroom was probably not the greatest threat I faced that day, partly because I recognized that it was dirty. In the news recently was a report that said that Women’s Handbags May Contain More Germs Than the Average Toilet Flush .

It is clear that the more insidious dangers to our cleanliness are those surfaces that we do not recognize as being really, really “fecal veneered.” So, along those lines, here is an extra-credit quiz for you:

What is the dirtiest surface that people touch all of the time without cleaning their hands afterward (including you, probably)?

Hint: this surface is handled by hundreds, maybe thousands, of people and usually is never cleaned. Answer: Continue reading →

Before we get to the cool skin lesion quiz, first a couple of updates!

Get your flu shot!

Robin, at the Ada County Jail in Boise, should get her flu shot!

Influenza shots are here. Be sure to get yours. I didn’t get my flu shot last year and subsequently came down with true influenza–NOT a fun experience. I wrote about that experience here: Should the Flu Vaccine Be Mandatory? Influenza is way worse than the shot. Continue reading →

So I caught the flu last week and I have been pretty miserably sick for going on 7 days; fever, achy, cough. Also cranky, peevish, and insufferable. My hair hurts! Is that even possible?

I usually get a flu shot, but I didn’t get one this year. Why not? I just didn’t get around to it. It would have been easy. All I had to do is ask one of the nurses to give me one back in the fall when we were doing them. Duh.

The CDC announced the official onset of influenza season a couple of weeks ago. Flu season is extraordinarily late, probably due to the mild winter most of us (me included) have experienced this year.

Coincidentally, around the same time as this announcement (and before I myself caught the dreaded bug), I ran across a couple of thought-provoking articles dealing with the flu that are relevant to our institutionalized patients. Continue reading →

About

Jeffrey E. Keller is a Board Certified Emergency Physician with 25 years of emergency medicine practice experience before moving full time into his “true calling” of Correctional Medicine. He is the Medical Director of Badger Medical, which provides medical services to several jails and juvenile facilities in Idaho. Dr. Keller is available for consultation on any aspect of Correctional Medicine, including legal cases, program development, and system analysis.

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