The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes

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1 Occupational Employment This article, originally posted to the BLS Web site December 10, 2009, was revised and reposted December 22, The revisions were for clarification and primarily affected the concluding text on p. 98. Employment outlook: Occupational employment projections to 2018 Professional and related occupations and service occupations are expected to create more new jobs than all other occupational groups from 2008 to 2018; in addition, will be faster among occupations for which postsecondary education is the most significant form of education or, and, across all occupations, replacement needs will create many more job than will job T. Alan Lacey and Benjamin Wright Alan Lacey and Benjamin Wright are economists in the Division of Occupational Outlook, Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics. or The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes long-term occupational employment projections every 2 years. Various factors affect occupational employment levels over time, including population and industry, technological advances, and changes in consumer demand. Total employment, a measure of all jobs in the U.S. economy, is projected to increase by 15.3 million over the period, representing a rate of 10.1 percent. 1 Among occupational groups, strong employment is expected in healthcare occupations and in computer-related occupations, whereas employment in production occupations as well as farming, fishing, and forestry occupations is expected to decline. The first section of this article provides a brief overview of the BLS projections, including expectations for in the population, in the labor force, and in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These factors, among others, influence occupational employment and provide context for the occupational projections. The second section of the article details employment projections for occupational groups and gives an overview of broad trends across these groups. The third section discusses education and and how they relate to the projections, and includes statistics on employment change, job, and wages by education or category. The fourth section details the projections for noteworthy individual occupations, including the occupations with the fastest projected rates of, those with the largest projected in numerical terms, and those with the greatest projected declines in numerical terms. The last section of this article provides information on job and on projected replacement needs, which refers to the demand that results when workers permanently leave an occupation. Overview of BLS projections BLS publishes projections for a range of economic factors, including, but not limited to, the size and makeup of the labor force, the size of the economy, industry employment and output, and occupational employment. The occupational employment projections, the focus of this article, are partially dependent on expectations for the other aforementioned economic factors. Over the projection period, the U.S. population will continue to experience significant demographic changes. 2 Whereas the number of people aged is expected to increase more slowly than during the previous decade, the 55-and-older population is 82 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

2 expected to match its previous rate of, increasing by almost 21 million. As a result, the 55-and-older group will account for a larger share of the total population. Because the 55-and-older age group has a substantially lower labor force participation rate than the younger group, the labor force is expected to increase by only 12.6 million individuals from 2008 to This average annual rate of of 0.8 percent will be considerably slower than the 1.1-percent annual rate seen over the previous decade. Changes in the population and labor force, along with other factors, affect the size of the economy, as well as the demand for goods and services. Real GDP is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent from 2008 to 2018, only slightly slower than the 2.5-percent annual rate seen over the previous 10 years. 3 BLS projects that several factors, such as slower in the labor force, a slower rate of in personal consumption expenditures, a higher savings rate, and a continued trade deficit will put downward pressure on GDP. However, relatively strong productivity, a rebound in the housing market, and continued demand for medical services will help to keep GDP at a rate similar to that of the previous decade. On the basis of the expectations concerning population, labor force, and GDP, total employment is projected to be relatively slow. The projected 10.1-percent rate of employment can be attributed, in large part, to the anticipated slow of the labor force. Projected employment is higher than would otherwise be expected, however, as a result of the recession that began in December The analysis underlying BLS employment projections uses currently available information to focus on long-term structural changes in the economy. The projections assume a full-employment economy in The impact of the most recent recession on the long-term structure of the economy will not be fully known until some point during or after the recovery. Because the 2008 starting point is a recession year, the projected to an assumed full-employment economy in 2018 will generally be stronger than if the starting point were not a recession year. This effect can have an impact on total employment, as well as on employment levels of individual occupational groups such as production occupations and construction and extraction occupations, both of which are largely in industries that were heavily affected by the recession. Changes in U.S. demographics, as well as a dynamic business environment, will have implications for the demand for certain types of workers. As the 55-and-older age group accounts for a larger portion of the population, the demand for medical care will increase rapidly, leading to strong employment in healthcare and related occupations. In addition, as the U.S. business environment becomes increasingly competitive and organizations strive to increase efficiency and reduce costs through the use of information technology, computer and mathematical science occupations will see strong employment. Total employment can be divided into two main segments: wage and salary workers, who work for other individuals or establishments, and the self-employed, who work for themselves. In 2008, approximately 9 of every 10 jobs were held by wage and salary workers, the remainder being held by the self-employed. Whereas wage and salary employment is expected to grow by 10.5 percent, increasing from million to million jobs, selfemployment is projected to increase 5.5 percent over the decade, from 11.7 million to 12.4 million jobs. Occupational groups Employment change in occupational groups can point to broad trends in the economy. For example, as a result of changing demographics, demand for healthcare services is expected to increase rapidly, leading to strong employment in the occupational groups that provide such services. BLS publishes projections for 750 detailed occupations that are classified into 10 occupational groups. 5 (See table 1.) Among these groups, employment will vary considerably over the projection period. It is expected that the most rapid, estimated at 16.8 percent, will occur among professional and related occupations, while production occupations will see the fastest rate of decline, decreasing by 3.5 percent. Professional and related occupations are projected to add the largest number of new jobs more than 5.2 million whereas production occupations are expected to lose approximately 349,200. Management, business, and financial occupations. The employment of management, business, and financial occupations is expected to increase by 10.6 percent, resulting in 1.7 million new jobs over the projection period. The workers in these occupations will be needed to help organizations navigate the increasingly complex and competitive business environment. Much of the projected will be in the fast-growing management, scientific, and technical consulting industry group. A substantial number of net jobs gains are expected in several large or rapidly growing sectors as well, including government, health care and social assistance, finance and insurance, and construction. Monthly Labor Review November

3 Occupational Employment Table 1. Employment by occupational group, Code 2008 National Employment and title Employment Change, Numeric Total, all occupations , , , Management, business, and financial occupations , , , Professional and related occupations , , , Service occupations , , , Sales and related occupations... 15, , Office and administrative support occupation... 24, , , Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations... 1, , Construction and extraction occupations... 7, , , Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations... 5, , Production occupations... 10, , Transportation and material moving occupations... 9, , Major occupational groups through in the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). 2 Major occupational groups through in the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). 3 Major Occupational groups through in the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Employment in business and financial operations occupations, an occupational group within the management, business, and financial group, is projected to grow by 17.7 percent, resulting in 1.2 million new jobs. Increasing financial regulations and the need for greater accountability will drive demand for accountants and auditors, an occupation that is expected to add roughly 279,400 jobs from 2008 to In addition, an increasingly competitive business environment will result in greater demand for management analysts, an occupation that is anticipated to add 178,300 jobs. It estimated that, together, these two occupations will account for almost 4 in 10 new business and financial operations jobs. Employment in management occupations, by contrast, is projected to grow more slowly, increasing by 5.1 percent, or 454,300 new jobs. This slow is, in part, the result of projected declines in two occupations: general and operations managers, the largest management occupation, is expected to decrease by about 0.1 percent, and farmers and ranchers, the second largest, is projected to decline by 8.0 percent. Aside from these two occupations, employment in all other management occupations combined is expected to increase by 8.2 percent from 2008 to Professional and related occupations. The employment of professional and related occupations is expected to increase by 16.8 percent, resulting in 5.2 million new jobs over the projection period. It is estimated that more than 1.4 million new professional and related jobs will arise in the healthcare industry. In addition, more than 1.3 million are expected to be created in educational services, and more than 1.2 million are expected to be added in the rapidly growing professional, scientific, and technical services industry sector. Employment among healthcare practitioner and technical occupations, an occupational group within the professional and related category, is expected to increase by 21.4 percent. (See table 2.) This, which, according to projections, will result in almost 1.6 million new jobs, will be driven by an increasing demand for healthcare services. As the number of older people continues to grow and as new developments allow for the treatment of more medical conditions, more healthcare professionals will be needed. With roughly 581,500 new jobs anticipated for the projection period, the most of any single occupation in the economy, registered nurses will account for more than one-third of the in this occupational group. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, as well as pharmacy technicians, also are expected to increase by a substantial number of jobs: roughly 155,600 and 99,800, respectively. It is estimated that education,, and library occupations will add more than 1.3 million jobs, representing a rate of more than 14.4 percent. As the U.S. population grows, large numerical increases will be seen for primary, secondary, and special education teachers, occupations which, together, are projected to contribute 647,300 jobs. In addition, as a larger share of adults seeks educational services, a substantial number of jobs for postsecondary teachers also will arise. 84 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

4 Computer and mathematical occupations are expected to add 785,700 new jobs from 2008 to 2018, and, as a group, they will grow more than twice as fast as the average for all occupations in the economy, according to projections. It is anticipated that computer specialists will account for the vast majority of this, increasing by 762,700 jobs. Demand for computer specialists will be driven by the continuing need for businesses, government agencies, and other organizations to adopt the latest technologies. It is projected that computer software applications engineers will increase by 175,100 jobs more than the projected increase for any other type of computer specialists. Network systems and data communications analysts are projected to see an increase of 155,800 jobs. New computer specialist jobs will arise in almost every industry, but roughly half will be located in the computer systems design industry, which is expected to employ more than one in four computer specialists in Employment in community and social services occupations is projected to increase by 16.5 percent, growing by roughly 448,400 jobs. As health insurance providers increasingly cover mental and behavioral health treatment, and as a growing number of elderly individuals seek social services, demand for workers in these occupations will increase. It is estimated that counselors, social workers, and other community and social services specialists will account for roughly 349,700 of the new jobs and that religious workers will account for about 98,800. It is projected that arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations will see employment of roughly 12.1 percent from 2008 to 2018, resulting in 332,600 new jobs. This will be spread broadly across the occupations within this group. Media and communications-related occupations will add a substantial number of jobs, led by rapid among public relations specialists. These workers will be needed in greater numbers as firms place greater emphasis on managing their public image. Employment in the occupational group of entertainers and performers, sports and related occupations, also will increase, partly as a result of increasing demand for coaches and scouts. Furthermore, art and design occupations will see substantial as demand increases for graphic and interior designers. As more advertising is conducted over the Internet, a medium that generally includes many graphics, and as businesses and households increasingly seek professional design services, a greater number of these workers will be needed. Employment in life, physical, and social science occupations is expected to increase by 277,200 jobs over the projection period. This increase represents a rate of 19.0 percent, almost twice the average for all occupations across the economy. It is anticipated that about 116,700 of the new jobs created will be in social science and related occupations and that there will be especially strong among market and survey researchers. As businesses increase their marketing efforts in order to remain competitive and as public policy firms and government agencies conduct more public opinion research, the employment of market and survey researchers will grow at a projected rate of 28.3 percent. Employment in life sci- Table 2. Employment by occupational group within the professional and related occupations and service occupations groups, 2008 National Employment title Employment Change, Numeric Professional and related occupations... 31, , , Computer and mathematical occupations... 3, , Architecture and engineering occupations... 2, , Life, physical, and social science occupations... 1, , Community and social services occupations... 2, , Legal occupations... 1, , Education,, and library occupations... 9, , , Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations... 2, , Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations... 7, , , Service occupations... 29, , , Healthcare support occupations... 3, , , Protective service occupations... 3, , Food preparation and serving and related occupations... 11, , , Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations... 5, , Personal care and service occupations... 5, , , Monthly Labor Review November

5 Occupational Employment ence occupations also will increase rapidly. Medical scientists, except epidemiologists, will account for much of the in these occupations and, at an estimated rate of 40.4 percent, will be among the fastest growing occupations across the economy. Architecture and engineering occupations are expected to add roughly 270,600 jobs, representing a rate of 10.3 percent over the period. About 178,300 of these jobs, more than 6 out of 10, are expected to be for engineers, and the of civil engineers is anticipated to be especially robust. As a greater emphasis is placed on improving the Nation s infrastructure, civil engineers will be needed to design, implement, and upgrade transportation, water supply, and pollution control systems. In addition, it is estimated that the occupation of drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians will increase by roughly 52,200 jobs and that architects, surveyors, and cartographers will increase by 40,100. Legal occupations are expected to add the fewest new jobs among all the professional and related occupations, increasing by roughly 188,400. However, with a projected rate of almost 15.1 percent, legal occupations will grow faster than the average for all occupations in the economy. It is anticipated that lawyers will account for 98,500 of these jobs and that paralegals and legal assistants will account for 74,100. In part because legal establishments are expected to continue to expand the role of paralegals and legal assistants and assign them more of the tasks once performed by lawyers, it is estimated that the employment of paralegals and legal assistants will increase at a rate of 28.1 percent. Service occupations. Employment in service occupations is projected to increase by 13.8 percent from 2008 to 2018, resulting in roughly 4.1 million new jobs. It is estimated that about 1.2 million of these jobs will appear in the health care industry sector and that more than 736,000 will arise in the food services and drinking places industry subsector. Among service occupations, the largest number of new jobs is expected to arise in healthcare support occupations. (See table 2.) With more than 1.1 million new jobs expected, employment in healthcare support occupations is projected to increase by 28.8 percent. Much of this will be the result of high demand for home health aides. Compared with all occupations across the economy, home health aides are expected to see the second-largest number of new jobs 460,900 and experience the third-fastest rate of, 50.0 percent. Because home care can be a lower cost alternative to institutional care, and because many individuals prefer home care to longterm stays in healthcare facilities, hiring a home health aide will become an increasingly popular option. Many individuals, however, will require treatment in healthcare facilities. As a result, demand for nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants will increase rapidly, leading to roughly 276,000 new jobs. Employment in personal care and service occupations is projected to grow by 20.4 percent over the projection period, adding 1.0 million jobs. This group contains a wide variety of occupations, but two of them, personal and home care aides and child care workers, will account for a large proportion of the new jobs. It is estimated that personal and home care aides will increase by 375,800 jobs as a growing number of elderly individuals require assistance with daily tasks. Child care workers are expected to see 142,100 new jobs, mainly because formal preschool programs, which employ child care workers alongside preschool teachers, are expected to become more prevalent. Food preparation and serving related occupations are expected to add roughly 1.0 million jobs from 2008 to 2018, representing a rate of 8.7 percent. It is anticipated that almost 6 in 10 new jobs in this occupational group will appear among two occupations: fast food and counter workers, with a projected increase of 443,300 jobs, and waiters and waitresses, with a projected increase of 151,600 jobs. As consumers continue to prefer the convenience of prepared foods, demand for these occupations will grow. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations are expected to see 483,900 new jobs over the projection period, representing a rate of 8.5 percent. Grounds maintenance workers are expected to increase by 236,800, and building cleaning workers are projected to increase by 191,500. As businesses place a larger emphasis on grounds aesthetics and as households increasingly rely on contract workers to maintain their yards, grounds maintenance workers will see rapid. In addition, more building cleaning workers will be needed to maintain an increasing number of residential and commercial structures. Almost 6 in 10 new jobs in the occupational group are expected to appear in the services to buildings and dwellings industry group, as the job functions relevant to this occupational group are increasingly outsourced to this industry group. Protective service occupations are expected to see the fewest new jobs among all service occupations, with an increase of about 400,100 jobs, or 12.2 percent. Almost 152,500 new security guards, the occupation in this group 86 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

6 with the largest projected job, are expected as an increasing number of businesses and other organizations emphasize crime and vandalism reduction. In addition, it is estimated that about 121,500 new law enforcement jobs will arise, largely as a result of population. Sales and related occupations. Employment in this occupational group is projected to increase by 980,400 jobs from 2008 to 2018, representing a rate of 6.2 percent. More than half of the new jobs in this group, about 513,800, are expected to be for retail sales workers. As organizations offer a wider array of products and devote an increasing share of resources to customer service, many new retail sales workers will be needed. Job in this group will be spread across a wide variety of industries, but almost half is expected to occur in retail trade establishments. Office and administrative support occupations. With a projected rate of 7.6 percent, this occupational group is expected to add more than 1.8 million jobs over the projection period. This group contains a wide variety of occupations with very different employment outlooks. Secretaries and administrative assistants are expected to see a large number of new jobs, 471,600. It is anticipated that customer service representatives will increase by about 399,500 as businesses place a growing emphasis on relationships with customers. The occupation of Postal Service workers, by contrast, is projected to lose more than 72,100 jobs, declining by 12.0 percent. Because the use of electronic mail and bill-pay services is increasing and many Postal Service tasks are becoming automated, fewer of these workers will be needed by The new office and administrative support jobs will be distributed across a variety of industries, but about 516,900 are expected to appear in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry sector and roughly 501,500 are expected to arise in the health care and social assistance industry sector. In addition, the employment of office and administrative support workers will grow relatively fast at a rate of 15.2 percent, according to projections in the administrative and support services industry subsector, as more office and administrative support work is outsourced to this industry subsector. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. Employment in this small occupational group is projected to remain largely unchanged from its 2008 level. Productivity increases in agriculture will lead to declining employment among agricultural workers, which will offset small gains among forest, conservation, and logging workers. It is anticipated that the majority of the jobs in this group, about 7 in 10, will continue to be found in the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting industry sector. Construction and extraction occupations. Employment in construction and extraction occupations is projected to increase by 13.0 percent from 2008 to 2018, expanding by more than 1.0 million new jobs. Demand for workers in these occupations will grow as, over the projection period, construction on homes, office buildings, and infrastructure projects increases. Growth will also be influenced by the recession that began in The construction industry was hit particularly hard by this recession as average annual employment for wage and salary workers fell by 415,100 jobs from 2007 to 2008, a decline of 5.4 percent. 6 Because of this low starting point, over the period will be stronger than it would have been had 2008 not been a recession year. It is estimated that more than half of the new jobs in this occupational group, about 543,100, will arise in the specialty trade contracting industry subsector and that about 227,400 will appear in the building construction industry subsector. In addition, about 98,800 new jobs are expected to arise among self-employed workers. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. This group is expected to add about 440,200 jobs over the projection period, representing a 7.6-percent rate of. It is projected that more than one in three new jobs in this group will arise in the construction industry sector; workers in this sector are integral to the development of buildings, communication structures, transportation systems, and other types of infrastructure. As construction on these types of projects increases over the projection period, these workers will be needed in greater numbers. Production occupations. Employment in production occupations is expected to decline by more than 349,200 jobs, roughly 3.5 percent, from 2008 to Like many other occupational groups, this group was heavily affected by the recession that began in 2007; from 2007 to 2008, the manufacturing industry sector lost an annual average of 448,000 wage and salary jobs, a decline of 3.3 percent. 7 Because of the low starting point, declines over the period will be smaller than they would have been had 2008 not been a recession year. Productions occupations represent a wide array of jobs, but it is projected that almost half of all job losses in the group will occur among metal workers and plastic workers. In addition, textile, ap- Monthly Labor Review November

7 Occupational Employment parel, and furnishing occupations will lose a large number of jobs. Roughly 7 in 10 production jobs are located in the manufacturing industry sector. As productivity increases in manufacturing reduce the need for workers and as a growing number of production jobs are outsourced offshore, demand for production workers will decline. Transportation and material moving occupations. Employment in this occupational group is projected to increase by 4.0 percent from 2008 to 2018, resulting in roughly 391,100 new jobs. Job gains will be spread across many industries, but a sizeable portion will arise in the transportation and warehousing industry sector. It is estimated that more than 6 in 10 new jobs in this group will be for truck drivers. As the economy grows over the projection period and the demand for goods increases, truck drivers will be needed to transport these goods to businesses, consumers, and other entities. In addition, a substantial number of jobs will arise for taxi drivers and chauffeurs as people seek alternative transportation options. Growth by education or category BLS assigns each occupation to an education or category that represents the most significant source of postsecondary education or among workers in the occupation. 8 The categories range from short-term on-the-job to first professional degree. (See the box on page 89 for descriptions.) In 2008, about 3 in 10 jobs were in occupations that were classified in a category involving some form of postsecondary award or degree. It is projected that occupations in such categories will account for almost half of all new jobs created from 2008 to (See table 3.) Employment in occupations in the associate degree category, with a projected rate of 19.1 percent, is expected to increase more rapidly than employment in any other education or category over the period. Several fast-growing healthcare occupations, such as dental hygienists and physical therapist assistants, will drive a substantial proportion of this change. Despite this rapid, however, jobs in this category are expected to account for only about 2.4 million total, about half of which will come from replacement needs. ( Job and replacement needs are discussed in the next section.) With a projected rate of 7.5 percent, occupations in the long-term on-the-job category will see the slowest rates of. Many occupations in this category are in the construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; or production occupational group. Generally, occupations in lower education or categories have lower pay than those in higher categories. Although the median annual wage for all occupations Table 3. Employment and total job, by education and category, Most significant source of education or Employment Change, Numeric Numeric Total job and replacement needs, Median annual wages, May Total, all occupations , , , , $32,390 First professional degree... 2, , $122,550 Doctoral degree... 2, , $61,200 Master s degree... 2, , , $55,170 Bachelor s or higher degree, plus work experience... 6, , , $89,720 Bachelor s degree... 18, , , , $57,770 Associate degree... 6, , , , $54,320 Postsecondary vocational award... 8, , , , $32,380 Work experience in a related occupation... 14, , , , $45,650 Long-term on-the-job... 10, , , $39,630 Moderate-term on-the-job... 24, , , , $30,640 Short-term on-the-job... 54, , , , $21,320 1 Total job opening represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job are zero and total job equal net replacements. 2 For wage and salary workers, from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey. 88 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

8 Classification of occupations by most significant source of education or Occupations are classified into 1 of 11 categories according to the following principles: An occupation is placed into the category that best describes the education or needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation. If generally needed for entry into an occupation, postsecondary awards take precedence over work-related, even though additional skills or experience may be needed for a worker to become fully qualified in the occupation. The length of time an average worker generally needs to become fully qualified in an occupation through a combination of on-the-job and experience is used to categorize occupations in which a postsecondary award generally is not needed for entry into the occupation. Postsecondary awards First professional degree. Completion of such a degree usually requires at least 3 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor s degree. Examples of occupations in this category are lawyers, and physicians and surgeons. Doctoral degree. Completion of a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree usually requires at least 3 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor s degree. Examples of occupations in this category are postsecondary teachers, and medical scientists, except epidemiologists. Master s degree. Completion of the degree usually requires 1 or 2 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor s degree. Examples of occupations in this category are educational, vocational, and school counselors, and clergy. Bachelor s or higher degree, plus work experience Most occupations in this category are management occupations. All occupations in this category require experience in a related nonmanagement position for which a bachelor s or higher degree is usually required. Examples of occupations in this category are general and operations managers; and judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates. Bachelor s degree. Completion of the degree generally requires about 4 years of full-time academic study. Examples of occupations in this category are accountants and auditors, and elementary school teachers, except special education. Associate degree. Completion of the degree usually requires at least 2 years of full-time academic study. Examples of occupations in this category are paralegals and legal assistants, and was $32,390 in May 2008, occupations in the categories involving a postsecondary award or degree or extensive work experience in a related occupation had much higher medical records and health information technicians. Postsecondary vocational award. Some of these programs last only a few weeks, whereas others last more than a year. Programs lead to a certificate or other award, but not a degree. Examples of occupations in this category are nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants, and hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. Work-related Work experience in a related occupation. Most of the occupations in this category are first-line supervisors or managers of service, sales and related, production, or other occupations, or are management occupations. Long-term on-the-job. Generally, occupations in this category require more than 12 months of on-the-job or require combined work experience and formal classroom instruction for workers to develop the skills necessary to be fully qualified in the occupation. Occupations in this category include formal and informal apprenticeships that may last up to 5 years. Long-term on-the-job also includes intensive occupation-specific, employer-sponsored programs that workers must complete. Among such programs are those conducted by fire and police academies and by schools for air traffic controllers and flight attendants. In other occupations insurance sales and securities sales, for example trainees take formal courses, often provided at the jobsite, to prepare for the required licensing exams. Individuals undergoing generally are considered to be employed in the occupation. Also included in this category are occupations that generally involve the development of a natural ability such as that possessed by musicians, athletes, actors, or other entertainers that must be cultivated over several years, frequently in a nonwork setting. Moderate-term on-the-job. In this category of occupations, the skills needed to be fully qualified in the occupation can be acquired during 1 to 12 months of combined on-the-job experience and informal. Examples of occupations in this category are truckdrivers, heavy and tractor-trailer; and secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive. Short-term on-the-job. In occupations in this category, the skills needed to be fully qualified in the occupation can be acquired during a short demonstration of job duties or during 1 month or less of on-the-job experience or instruction. Examples of these occupations are retail salespersons, and waiters and waitresses. median wages. Occupations in the short-term on-the-job category, for example, had median annual wages of $21,320, while occupations that generally require Monthly Labor Review November

9 Occupational Employment a first professional degree had median annual wages of $122,550. Detailed occupations Occupational employment projections can be analyzed in a number of ways. In this article, projections are typically presented and discussed in terms of percent changes and numeric changes. Both perspectives are important, as focusing on only one can be misleading. In many cases, occupations with low levels of employment, such as financial examiners, may grow very rapidly (projected of 41.2 percent) but generate relatively few new jobs (11,100). Alternatively, an occupation with a large number of jobs, like retail salespersons, may grow more slowly (projected of 8.3 percent) but generate a much larger number of new jobs over the 10-year projection period (374,700). As is the case with occupational groups, will vary among individual occupations. It is estimated that the employment of biomedical engineers, the occupation with the fastest projected rate of, will increase by 72.0 percent from 2008 to (See table 4.) Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders, conversely, are expected to decrease in number by 44.8 percent, more rapidly than any other occupation. Registered nurses are expected to increase by more than 581,500 new jobs, the largest numerical increase, while farmers and ranchers, at the other extreme, will lose roughly 79,200. In total, 577 occupations are expected to show increasing employment, resulting in more than 16.6 million new jobs from 2008 to The remaining 173 occupations are expected to decline in employment, losing almost 1.4 million jobs. This will result in an increase of more than 15.3 million jobs for all occupations combined, according to projections. It is estimated that the 30 occupations with the most robust in numerical terms will account for roughly 7.3 million new jobs, which represent almost half of the total among occupations with increasing employment. This projected increase in employment is far greater than that of the 30 fastest growing occupations, which will account for about 2.3 million new jobs. Because rapidly growing occupations tend to have lower levels of employment, they generally contribute less to total job than many occupations that are growing less quickly. The 30 occupations with the largest projected declines are expected to decrease by a total of about 910,300 jobs, roughly two-thirds of the total among occupations with declining employment. Four occupations will be among both the occupations with the largest numbers of new jobs and those with the fastest rates of, each of the four projected to increase by at least 34.0 percent and expand by at least 155,800 new jobs: network systems and data communications analysts, computer applications software engineers, home health aides, and personal and home care aides. Fastest growing occupations. According to projections, the 30 occupations with the fastest rates of will each increase by more than 29 percent from 2008 to (See table 4.) Seventeen of these are professional and related occupations, seven of which are in the healthcare practitioners and technical occupations occupational group. Ten of the thirty fastest growing occupations are service occupations, including seven occupations from the healthcare support occupations occupational group. Three of the fastest growing are management occupations or business and financial operations occupations. For 14 of the 30 fastest growing occupations, a bachelor s or higher degree is the most significant source of education or. Seven are in the postsecondary vocational award or associate degree category, one is categorized under work experience in a related occupation, and the remaining eight are in an on-the-job category. A substantial portion of the 30 fastest growing occupations are directly related to healthcare. As elderly individuals account for an increasing share of the U.S. population and as new developments allow for the treatment of a broader range of medical conditions, demand for healthcare services will grow rapidly. Several of the fastest growing occupations, such as home health aides and personal and home care aides, are generally employed outside of traditional inpatient establishments. It is anticipated that, as cost pressures mount and as individuals seek alternatives to long-term institutional care, employment in these occupations will grow by 50.0 percent and 46.0 percent, respectively. Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors, in addition, will increase rapidly in number as a growing number of individuals participate in programs promoting health and wellness. Cost pressures will, to some extent, influence demand for a number of other healthcare occupations as well. Physician assistants and occupational therapist assistants, for example, will be used to treat individuals with fairly basic medical needs, allowing physicians and surgeons and occupational therapists, who command higher salaries, to focus on patients with more complex treatment needs. Pharmacy technicians also will assume a broader range of duties, as pharmacists devote more effort to patient care. 90 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

11 Occupational Employment Although most athletic trainers will remain employed in schools and universities, more athletic trainers will be needed in hospitals, outpatient treatment facilities, and other settings as overall health and wellness is emphasized more by healthcare establishments. Several occupations involved in medical research also will grow rapidly. Growth among biomedical engineers, biochemists and biophysicists, and medical scientists, except epidemiologists, will be driven by continued emphasis on researching new diseases, alleviating more ailments, and further improving patients quality of life. Three of the fastest growing occupations are computer specialist occupations. Network systems and data communications analysts, the occupation with the secondfastest rate of, will see gains across a wide range of industries. Because businesses will continue to adopt newer networking technologies and individuals and organizations will develop a growing reliance on the Internet, employment in this occupation is expected to increase by 53.4 percent. Furthermore, as new software products are needed to facilitate this reliance on technology, computer software applications engineers and systems software engineers also will grow rapidly in number. Several business and financial operations occupations also will grow much faster than the average for all occupations. As a large segment of the workforce reaches retirement age, a greater number of personal financial advisors will be needed to help these individuals prepare for their financial futures. In addition, because many businesses are replacing traditional pension plans with personal savings options, a growing number of younger individuals will seek financial advice long before they retire. Furthermore, as the financial regulatory environment becomes more complex, the employment of financial examiners, as well as that of the occupation of compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation, will increase at rapid rates. Increased interest in and awareness of environmental issues should spur rapid among environmental engineers and environmental engineering technicians. As organizations devise ways to reduce their impact on the environment and as more emphasis is placed on preventing damage before it occurs, employment in each of these specialties is expected to increase by 30.6 percent and 30.1 percent, respectively, from 2008 to The increasing popularity of household pets will lead to employment among veterinarians, as well as veterinary technologists and technicians. As the pet population grows, as households increasingly seek medical services for their pets, and as new developments lead to treatments for a wider variety of conditions, these occupations are expected to expand rapidly. Over the course of the projection decade, as the number of cosmetic and health spas increases, the employment of skin care specialists will grow by a projected rate of 37.9 percent. Skin care treatments should remain popular as consumers continue to see them as an affordable luxury. Self-enrichment teachers offer instruction in a wide range of areas, such as foreign languages, computer literacy, and public speaking. These workers are expected to see an increase in demand as individuals look to expand their skill sets. Survey researchers will show rapid as businesses, government agencies, and other organizations attempt to measure a variety of phenomena, such as the popularity of mass transit and the need for social assistance programs. Occupations with the largest numerical. It is estimated that each of the 30 occupations with the largest projected job in numerical terms will add at least 134,900 new jobs over the projection period. (See table 5.) The occupations on this list are very diverse, coming from a wide range of occupational groups. Nine are service occupations, including three from the healthcare support group and two from the personal care and service group. Six are from the office and administrative support occupational group, and eight are professional and related occupations. Two are business and financial operations occupations, and two are construction and extraction occupations. In addition, the sales and related; installation, maintenance, and repair; and transportation and material moving occupational groups each contain 1 of the 30 occupations with the most new jobs. Of the 30 occupations on this list, most are projected to grow faster in percent terms than the average for all occupations across the economy. Two, however, will grow more slowly. Because these occupations had a large number of jobs in 2008, however, their projected modest rates are still expected to lead to substantial job creation. The employment of waiters and waitresses, for example, is expected to grow by 6.4 percent over the projection period, slower than the projected average of 10.1 percent for all occupations. However, because there were 2.4 million waiters and waitresses in 2008, this slower rate of still is expected to lead to 151,600 new jobs, placing it in the 26th spot on this list. Seven of the thirty occupations on the list are classified under a bachelor s or higher degree education or category. For three, an associate degree or postsecondary vocational award is the most significant form of education 92 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

13 Occupational Employment Table 5. Continued Occupations with the strongest projected job, National Employment title Occupational group Employment Change, Quartile rank by Numeric median wage Most significant source of post secondary education or Security guards... Service L Short-term on-the-job Waiters and waitresses... Service VL Short-term on-the-job Maintenance and repair workers, general... Installation, maintenance, and repair H Moderate-term on-thejob Physicians and surgeons... Professional and related VH First professional degree Child care workers... Service VL Short-term on-the-job Teacher assistants... Professional and related L Short-term on-the-job 1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics survey annual wage data are presented in the following categories: VH = very high ($51,540 or more), H = high ($32,390 to $51,530), L = low ($21,590 to $32,380), and VL = very low (under $21,590). Wages are for wage and salary workers. 2 An occupation is placed into 1 of 11 categories that best describes the postsecondary education on needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation. For more information about the categories, see Occupational Projections and Training Data, edition, bulletin 2702 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), on the Internet at emp/optd (visited Dec. 8, 2009); and the technical documentation accompanying the employment projections, available on the Internet at (visited Dec. 8, 2009). or. The remaining 20 all fall under an on-the-job category or under the category of work experience in a related occupation. Several occupations with substantial projected job are associated with healthcare. Registered nurses are expected to expand by more than 581,500 new jobs over the course of the projection period, more than any other occupation. In addition, it is estimated that the employment of these workers will increase by 22.2 percent, more than twice as fast as the average. As elderly individuals constitute a larger portion of the population and the demand for healthcare services grows, a large number of new nurses will be needed. Home health aides, as well as personal and home care aides, also will benefit from this trend and will see increasing demand for their services as more individuals seek care outside of traditional institutional settings. Likewise, physicians and surgeons, medical assistants, licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, and nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants all will experience strong job as a result of high demand for healthcare. Accountants and auditors, as well as bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks, will benefit from an increasingly complex regulatory environment. As financial scrutiny intensifies and as additional transparency requirements are established, both of these occupations are expected to exhibit large numerical increases. Growth among bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks will be tempered, somewhat, by improvements in technology that will lead to greater productivity and more automation of tasks. However, as one of the occupations with the highest levels of employment in 2008, its projected percent rate still is expected to lead to more than 212,400 new jobs. Accountants and auditors are expected to grow by a rapid 21.7 percent, creating an even greater 279,400 jobs. In addition, as businesses strive to stay competitive and increase efficiency, more management analyst jobs will be created. Two computer specialist occupations also will see large increases in employment. As businesses and other organizations continue to invest in information technology in order to increase efficiency and reduce costs, computer software applications engineers, as well as network systems and data communications analysts, will increase by roughly 175,100 and 155,800 jobs, respectively. In addition, as a result of high demand, these two occupations will be among those with the fastest rates of. Customer service representatives and retail salespersons also are expected to add large number of jobs, increasing by 399,500 and 374,700, respectively. As businesses place a growing emphasis on customer service and client relationships and as retail establishments offer a wider range of products, these workers will be needed in greater numbers. In addition, as trade at the retail level expands and 94 Monthly Labor Review November 2009

14 as producers continue to transport a growing amount of goods, more heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers will be needed to transport these items to various locations across the country. Two food preparation and serving occupations also will be among the occupations with the largest numerical increases. Waiters and waitresses, as well as combined food preparation and service workers, including fast food, will experience substantial gains as consumers continue to take advantage of the convenience of prepared foods. As both fast-food and full-service restaurants increase in popularity and as more individuals purchase prepared foods from grocery stores, many new jobs will be created within these occupations. Elementary school teachers, except special education, as well as teacher assistants, also will add large numbers of jobs. Growth will be driven by an increase in school enrollment and the demand for teacher assistants who can provide individual attention to children with special needs. In addition, as a greater emphasis is placed on early childhood education, a substantial number of new jobs will be created for child care workers, who often work alongside preschool teachers. Furthermore, as enrollment in colleges and universities increases, a large number of new postsecondary teachers will be needed. The number of executive secretaries and administrative assistants, workers who perform fewer clerical duties than workers in many other office and administrative support occupations, will not be heavily affected by technological advances. As a result, employment in this large occupation will increase about as fast as the average, leading to a large number of new jobs. Receptionists and information clerks, as well as general office clerks, will see employment gains as a result of work restructuring. As the duties of workers in other administrative occupations are automated, reducing the need for specialized clerical workers, a larger number of employees will be given more general tasks and will be classified under these two occupations. In addition, as many new jobs are created in these office and administrative support occupations, a large number also will arise for the first-line supervisors of these workers. Two occupations in particular, construction laborers and carpenters, will benefit from relatively strong in the construction industry. As new homes, office buildings, and other structures are built and as many existing buildings are remodeled, many new jobs will be created in these occupations. In addition, as the number of buildings expands, a substantial number of new jobs will be created for general maintenance and repair workers, who are already great in number. Because businesses are expected to place a higher premium on grounds aesthetics and more individuals likely will choose to have their yards professionally maintained, demand will be high for landscaping and groundskeeping workers. Security guards will be needed in greater numbers as more businesses, multifamily housing units, and other organizations place greater emphasis on the prevention of crime and vandalism. Occupations in decline. This section focuses on the occupations with the largest projected job declines in numerical terms. Decreases in employment occur for many reasons, including productivity gains and reduced demand for a particular good or service. The 30 occupations with the largest projected numerical declines each will lose at least 12,500 jobs over the projection period. (See table 6.) These occupations are highly concentrated in two occupational groups: 12 are production occupations and 11 are office and administrative support occupations. As for the rest, three are transportation and material moving occupations, two are sales and related occupations, and one is a management occupation. None of these 30 occupations is classified in an education or category that involves postsecondary education. For 29, the most significant form of education or involves some on-the-job. For the other occupation, the most significant form of education or is work experience in a related occupation. Production occupations make up a substantial proportion of this list, largely as a result of a high concentration in the declining manufacturing industry sector. Because productivity in manufacturing operations is expected to increase rapidly and competition from foreign producers will intensify, fewer production workers will be needed. Together, the production occupations on this list are expected to account for a decline of 299,200 jobs. Office and administrative support occupations also are heavily represented on this list. Whereas some occupations in this occupational group will see as a result of technology, as exemplified by the occupations from this group on the list of occupations with the greatest projected job in numerical terms, other occupations, including those on the list of declining occupations, will bear losses that also will result from improved technology. For example, Postal Service clerks and Postal Service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators will see declines as electronic communication continues to reduce demand for correspondence by post. File clerks, computer operators, data entry keyers, and switchboard operators also will see a reduction in jobs; as a result of Monthly Labor Review November

16 Table 6. Continued Occupations with the largest projected job declines in numerical terms, National Employment title Occupational group Employment Change, Quartile rank by wage, Numeric median wages 1 Most significant source of postsecondary education or Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders... Office and administrative support Postal service clerks... Office and administrative support Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Photographic processing machine operators L Short-term on-thejob Production H Moderate-term onthe-job Production L Moderate-term onthe-job Production L Moderate-term onthe-job H Short-term on-thejob Production L Moderate-term onthe-job Production VL Short-term on-thejob 1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics survey annual wage data are presented in the following categories: VH = very high ($51,540 or more), H = high ($32,390 to $51,530), L = low ($21,590 to $32,380), and VL = very low (under $21,590). Wages are for wage and salary workers. 2 An occupation is placed into 1 of 11 categories that best describes the postsecondary education on needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation. For more information about the categories, see Occupational Projections and Training Data, edition, bulletin 2702 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), on the Internet at emp/optd (visited Dec. 8, 2009); and the technical documentation accompanying the employment projections, available on the Internet at (visited Dec. 8, 2009). electronic document storage, sophisticated software packages, and efficient telecommunications equipment, demand for the services of these workers will decline. The occupation of farmers and ranchers also will lose a substantial number of jobs. With a projected decrease of 79,200 jobs, farmers and ranchers will see greater losses than any other occupation. Because productivity in agriculture will increase, and because continuing consolidation in the farming industry will eliminate many small farms, fewer farmers and ranchers will be employed in In addition, because of these advances in productivity, miscellaneous agricultural workers, an occupation with a wide range of duties, will decline by 18,200 jobs. Two sales and related occupations also are included among the occupations with the largest numerical declines. It is projected that telemarketers will decrease by 37,800 jobs, or 11.1 percent, as more consumers use the do not call list and as telemarketer jobs are increasingly sent offshore. It is anticipated that door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers will decrease by 26,900 jobs, or 14.8 percent, as these workers are less able to compete with large vendors and as newspaper circulation rates decline. Several transportation and material moving occupations, additionally, will see large declines in employment. Advancements in technology and supply management processes, such as automated storage, retrieval, and data collection systems, will improve productivity among these occupations, reducing the need for workers. Job from replacement needs Projected job are a measure of the total number of workers who will be needed to meet demand for a particular occupation. Job arise when new jobs are created from economic and also when workers who have permanently left an occupation need to be replaced. Although economic will create a substantial number of job over the projection period, the majority are expected to come from replacement needs. Except in occupations that employ large numbers of young workers, such as the occupations of cashiers and retail salespersons, many of the job replacement needs are expected to arise in occupations that will lose workers to retirement. Replacement needs are anticipated to generate 34.3 million job open- Monthly Labor Review November

17 Occupational Employment ings, compared with an expected net increase of 15.3 million jobs expected to be generated by economic. 9 The projections of replacement needs, however, are based on past trends. Should retirement trends in an occupation change, actual needs may be greater or less than projected. For the majority of occupations, job replacement needs exceed job. Most of the exceptions are occupations that are among the fastest growing occupations and occupations that require high levels of education or. Because postsecondary education can be expensive and time consuming, individuals working in occupations with high educational and requirements, such as financial analysts and civil engineers, often stay in their professions until retirement; thus, replacement needs in such occupations tend to be lower. Conversely, occupations that have lower education or requirements, such as cashiers and customer service representatives, tend to have high numbers of job replacements. For example, it is estimated that there will be nearly 1.3 million for retail salespersons that will stem from replacement needs, but only around 374,700. Similarly, although it is projected that the occupation of waiters and waitresses will generate only around 151,600, the occupation is expected to provide close to 1.3 million from replacement needs. Several occupations that are projected to decline over the period, ranging from managerial to material moving occupations, will actually account for substantial numbers of replacement needs. For example, the occupation of general and operations managers, though expected to decline by 2,300 jobs over the next decade, will provide 502,200 replacement needs. In addition, the occupation of laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand, is expected to generate 745,800, while declining by 18,700 jobs. For declining occupations, all projected job come from replacement needs. From the perspective of total job (jobs generated by economic combined with generated by replacement needs), the number of in occupations falling into the bachelor s degree or higher category is expected to be 11.7 million. It is estimated that roughly 5.3 million will occur among occupations in the associate degree category and postsecondary vocational award category combined, and that 4.2 million will arise in occupations in the work experience in a related occupation category. It is projected that occupations in the short-term and moderateterm on-the-job- categories will see 26.7 million, or about half, of total job and that occupations in the long-term on-the-job category will account for a much smaller 3.1 million. IN PROJECTING OCCUPATIONAL and decline, BLS makes assumptions about the size and makeup of the labor force, the size of the economy, demand for goods and services, and other factors that affect levels of employment. Changes in laws, business and consumer preferences, and technology may alter the BLS projections over time. However, given the set of assumptions found in the articles in this issue of the Review, BLS attempts to provide the reader with the best estimates of occupational employment change. BLS projects that total employment will increase by 10.1 percent from 2008 to 2018, resulting in 15.3 million new jobs. Rapid is expected among healthcare occupations, as a larger elderly population requires more medical services, and among computer and mathematical science occupations, as organizations continue to use information technology to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Over the decade, occupations classified into education or categories that involve a postsecondary award or degree will see faster employment than occupations in categories that involve on-the-job. Most job, however, will occur among occupations in the on-the-job categories. Of the 50.9 million total job that are expected to arise over the period, it is estimated that 34.3 million will result from replacement needs. By comparison, it is estimated that a net increase of 15.3 million jobs will result from economic. 10 Notes 1 BLS makes assumptions about the factors that affect occupational. Detailed information on these projections can be found at the Employment Projections Program section of the BLS Web site at (visited Oct. 29, 2009), and in the BLS Handbook of Methods, on the Internet at (visited Oct. 29, 2009). The projections will also be presented in the forthcoming Occupational Outlook Handbook. The Internet version of this edition of the Handbook, which will be accessible at (visited Oct. 29, 2009), is expected to be available in late December 2009; the print version of the Handbook, BLS Bulletin 2800, is expected to be available by the spring of See Mitra Toossi, Labor force projections to 2018: older workers staying more active, this issue, pp See Ian D. Wyatt and Kathryn J. Byun, The U.S. economy to 2018: from recession to recovery, this issue, pp Monthly Labor Review November 2009

18 4 See Wyatt and Byun, The U.S. economy to The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system broadly classifies occupations into 23 major occupational groups. This article uses an aggregation of the 23 major groups, referred to as the SOC intermediate aggregation, which comprises 11 groups. The groupings of man agement, business, and financial occupations; professional and related occupations; and service occupations are part of the intermediate aggregation, and they are made up of some of the 23 major occupational groups. Military specific occupations are excluded; they stand alone as 1 of the the 23 major groups and are also their own group in the the intermediate aggregation. For more information on the SOC, see Standard Occupation Classification Manual 2000 (Lanham, MD, Bernan Associates, 2000). 6 See Rose A. Woods, Industry output and employment projections to 2018, this issue, pp The employment figures for the period that are referenced here describe industry sector 23 construction in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). A substantial portion of the jobs in the construction and extraction occupational group are within the construction industry sector. 7 These data come from the BLS Current Employment Statistics program. The data referenced describe the NAICS manufacturing industry sector, which is composed of NAICS industries Because of the variability of job functions within a given occupation, and because different employers may have different requirements for education or, workers in the same occupation can have substantially different education and backgrounds. For more information on education and categories and the educational attainment of workers in various occupations, see Occupational Projections and Training Data, edition, Bulletin 2702 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), on the Internet at (visited Dec. 8, 2009); and the technical documentation accompanying the employment projections, available on the Internet at www. bls.gov/emp/ep_education_tech.htm (visited Dec. 8, 2009). 9 For a detailed discussion of the methods used to determine replacement needs, as well as data on replacement needs for all occupations, see Occupational Projections and Training Data, edition; and the technical documentation accompanying the employment projections, available on the Internet at emp/ep_replacements.htm (visited Dec. 8, 2009). 10 Total job may not equal the sum of replacement needs and employment change. If employment change for a detailed occupation is negative, job are zero and total job equals replacement needs. For summary occupations, including the total of all occupations, job are summed from detailed occupations. If some detailed occupations are declining and others are growing, job will not equal the employment change. Monthly Labor Review November

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