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The effects of therapist training techniques upon treatment outcomes in traumatic brain injury has not been widely studied. This study demonstrates that when therapists work on Functional Independence Measurement System (FIMS) related activities and use training methods identified in the applied behavioral literature to be effective, FIM scores are likely to increase. Seven therapists working with persons with traumatic brain injuries were subjects for this study. Six subjects were targeted... Show moreThe effects of therapist training techniques upon treatment outcomes in traumatic brain injury has not been widely studied. This study demonstrates that when therapists work on Functional Independence Measurement System (FIMS) related activities and use training methods identified in the applied behavioral literature to be effective, FIM scores are likely to increase. Seven therapists working with persons with traumatic brain injuries were subjects for this study. Six subjects were targeted because their clients were not making progress on the FIM. One subject was chosen because her clients consistently made progress on their FIM scores. Baseline data was collected from video tapes, targeting 14 training elements within the areas of the task, prompting, reinforcement and the clients behavior. Therapists were given feedback based upon the teaching diagnostic of the decision matrix. Feedback was delivered during the first week of intervention only. The results clearly show that diagnostic-based intervention with therapists can result in direct, immediate and obvious improvements in FIM scores across patients. Show less

Date Issued

1994, 1994

Identifier

AAI9424770, 3088363, FSDT3088363, fsu:77168

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Blame and stigmatization of victims of sexual and nonsexual harassment as a function of severity of harassment, of filing a grievance, and of consequences to the perpetrator.

Creator

Correa, Maria Judith., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Three experiments were conducted using written vignettes depicting a man harassing a woman co-worker. The vignettes in all the experiments were designed to represent three levels of severity of harassment (mild, moderate, and severe), to represent sexual and nonsexual situations, and to be not significantly different within each level of harassment. Subjects who participated in the experiments were female undergraduate students attending General Psychology courses at Florida State University.... Show moreThree experiments were conducted using written vignettes depicting a man harassing a woman co-worker. The vignettes in all the experiments were designed to represent three levels of severity of harassment (mild, moderate, and severe), to represent sexual and nonsexual situations, and to be not significantly different within each level of harassment. Subjects who participated in the experiments were female undergraduate students attending General Psychology courses at Florida State University. The purpose of the experiments was to assess whether blame and stigmatization of a victim of harassment differs as a function of severity of harassment, of type of harassment, of whether or not the harassment was reported, and of consequences to the harasser. The results of the experiments indicate that subjects ascribed less blame to the woman when she reported an incident of severe harassment than when she did not report severe harassment. They also perceived the woman who reported severe harassment to be more agreeable and conscientious. An interaction between severity of the harassment and consequences to the perpetrator was also obtained. Subjects in this experiment rated the woman's character less positive when the man was fired for an incident of mild harassment, but higher when he was fired for severe harassment. Show less

Date Issued

1994, 1994

Identifier

AAI9424754, 3088356, FSDT3088356, fsu:77161

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Sociotropic and autonomous personality characteristics of depressed and nondepressed college students.

Creator

Stader, Sandra Renee., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present study investigated the relationships between personality style characteristics, daily events and symptoms of dysphoria, and other psychosocial variables among current depressives, past depressives, and nondepressed control subjects. The study was unique in using a time-series design to examine the specific vulnerability hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that individuals with socially dependent (sociotropic) personality features are more likely to experience depressive symptoms... Show moreThe present study investigated the relationships between personality style characteristics, daily events and symptoms of dysphoria, and other psychosocial variables among current depressives, past depressives, and nondepressed control subjects. The study was unique in using a time-series design to examine the specific vulnerability hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that individuals with socially dependent (sociotropic) personality features are more likely to experience depressive symptoms when confronted with negative interpersonal events, whereas self-critical/independent (autonomous) individuals are likely to experience dysphoria following school or work stressors. The identification of personality characteristics and events associated with depression is important in elucidating variables that interact over time to precipitate and maintain depression. Subjects were administered the Personal Style Inventory-II to assess sociotropic and autonomous personality characteristics. Over a 45-day period, subjects provided daily reports on dysphoria and six psychosocial variables: dependency, interpersonal stress, social support, school/work stress, social withdrawal, and self-devaluation. Results indicated partial support for the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Compared to nondepressed controls, current depressives obtained higher scores on sociotropy, autonomy, dysphoria, and the psychosocial variables (excluding social support). Subjects with a past history of depression had higher autonomy scores than controls and reported greater school/work stress and self-devaluation. As expected, sociotropy and dysphoria predicted interpersonal stress and dependency; however, they did not predict social support concerns. Autonomy and dysphoria predicted social withdrawal, but did not predict school/work stress and self-devaluative beliefs. Concurrent and lagged, relationships between dysphoria and the psychosocial variables were examined and the use of a time-series design in studying depression is also discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1994, 1994

Identifier

AAI9432629, 3088394, FSDT3088394, fsu:77199

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The relationship between individual and family adaptability and extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Creator

Caskie, Polly Davis., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The goal of this study was to construct and evaluate a causal model of cardiovascular disease based on Bowen Family Systems Theory. The model included five predictor variables: (1) extended family stability, (2) extended family intactness, (3) individual adaptiveness, (4) degree of acute anxiety currently experienced, (5) number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and (6) number of associated medical conditions. It included two criterion variables: (1) left ventricular ejection... Show moreThe goal of this study was to construct and evaluate a causal model of cardiovascular disease based on Bowen Family Systems Theory. The model included five predictor variables: (1) extended family stability, (2) extended family intactness, (3) individual adaptiveness, (4) degree of acute anxiety currently experienced, (5) number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and (6) number of associated medical conditions. It included two criterion variables: (1) left ventricular ejection fraction and (2) extent of occlusion of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis., The model assumed that relationships with extended family functioned as a primary source of individual psychological and physiological adaptiveness rather than as buffers against the effects of stress on cardiac functioning., Volunteers were solicited from a criterion group of Caucasian individuals who had first time coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Complete data sets were obtained on 81 volunteers and were used for the statistical procedures. A path analysis to test the relationships between variables in the model produced mixed results. Hypothesized relationships were confirmed between two sets of variables, (a) individual adaptiveness and acute anxiety, and (b) number of associated medical conditions and cardiovascular functioning. A canonical correlation failed to yield a smaller number of underlying constructs associated with the criterion measures of cardiac functioning., The study did produce a psychometrically reliable instrument for measuring extended family stability. Scores on this measure were significantly associated with cardiac functioning, suggesting that inclusion of extended family stability as a fundamental cause of variability in cardiac functioning was plausible. The overall conclusion was that the causal model remained a viable base for further investigations. Show less

Date Issued

1994, 1994

Identifier

AAI9434101, 3088414, FSDT3088414, fsu:77219

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

A comparison between computer and clinician administered psychological assessment interviews: Effects on social desirability response bias.

Creator

Milo, Karen Marie., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Some proponents of computer assisted psychological assessment have argued that computer administration of tests may reduce social desirability response bias and, consequently, increase the validity of test results. Although computer administration has been shown to decrease this response bias in nonclinical subjects, this effect has not been found in clinical populations. This author hypothesized that clinical subjects may experience repercussions because of their test responses (e.g.,... Show moreSome proponents of computer assisted psychological assessment have argued that computer administration of tests may reduce social desirability response bias and, consequently, increase the validity of test results. Although computer administration has been shown to decrease this response bias in nonclinical subjects, this effect has not been found in clinical populations. This author hypothesized that clinical subjects may experience repercussions because of their test responses (e.g., changes in treatment) and this could have a greater effect in determining responses than social desirability. To test this hypothesis, 76 adult psychiatric outpatients were assessed either by computer or clinician on measures of social desirability and psychopathology. One-half were tested under typical clinical conditions in which their therapists received feedback on their results and one-half were tested under standard research conditions assuring confidentiality. ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between subjects tested under clinical (i.e., possible repercussions) and research (i.e., no repercussions) conditions on the measure of psychopathology and one of the two social desirability measures. Subjects presented themselves as having more traits which are considered psychologically healthy and fewer traits which are viewed as antisocial when their therapists would know their results. The type of assessor, either computer or clinician, had no significant effect on subjects' responses. Although both types of assessor were rated favorably, subjects rated the clinical interview as significantly more enjoyable than the computer administered version of the interview. Implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice were discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9321893, 3088091, FSDT3088091, fsu:76898

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

An ethnography of couple and therapist experiences in Reflecting Team practice.

Creator

Sells, Scott Perry., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Couple and therapist perspectives about the use and process of Reflecting Team practice were analyzed using ethnographic research. A domain analysis was performed on postsession interviews from both couples and therapists, and field notes from each therapist. Seven couples and five therapists were interviewed at least twice over a four month period concerning their perceptions of Reflecting Team practice. Six categories emerged from the analysis: (1) Benefits of a Reflecting Team, (2) Effects... Show moreCouple and therapist perspectives about the use and process of Reflecting Team practice were analyzed using ethnographic research. A domain analysis was performed on postsession interviews from both couples and therapists, and field notes from each therapist. Seven couples and five therapists were interviewed at least twice over a four month period concerning their perceptions of Reflecting Team practice. Six categories emerged from the analysis: (1) Benefits of a Reflecting Team, (2) Effects of gender, (3) Recommended use, (4) Contraindicated use, (5) Spatial separateness, and (6) Spatial/Process (i.e., sequences of communication between the couple and team members that elicits change). The first four categories described beneficial or contraindicated characteristics of Reflecting Team practice, and the latter two categories described the process of Reflecting Team practice (i.e., steps in how the team was used and implemented). The role of ethnography in Reflecting Team practice and family therapy research is discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9332317, 3088128, FSDT3088128, fsu:76935

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Social information processing and empathy deficits among aggressive adolescents.

Creator

Phelps, Suzann Claire., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

After a review of the literature on the social information processing and empathy deficits among aggressive children and adolescents, 148 students in a training school for severe, chronic delinquents were divided into four groups based on their level of empathy and aggression. Scores from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Student Behavior Rating Scale were utilized to assign the students to one of the four groups. To discriminate between the groups, social information processing... Show moreAfter a review of the literature on the social information processing and empathy deficits among aggressive children and adolescents, 148 students in a training school for severe, chronic delinquents were divided into four groups based on their level of empathy and aggression. Scores from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Student Behavior Rating Scale were utilized to assign the students to one of the four groups. To discriminate between the groups, social information processing deficits were measured by the Interpersonal Problem Solving Measure which examines the four information processing steps proposed by Dodge. This study found that significant differences existed between the groups only when the subjects were grouped on the basis of their empathy scores. Those subjects low in empathy exhibited deficits in Goal Selection (Step 2 - Interpretation) and Best Solution (Step 4 - Response Search) of Dodge's model. Both the cognitive (Perspective-Taking) and affective (Empathic Concern) components of empathy were found to be important in this relationship. Dodge's "hostile attributional bias" was not found. The results of the study underscore the importance of the construct of empathy in the treatment of aggressive youth. Show less

Date Issued

1994, 1994

Identifier

AAI9502825, 3088471, FSDT3088471, fsu:77276

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Psychometric and behavioral indices of personal adjustment, antisociality, and drug involvement as predictors of recidivism in juvenile delinquents.

Creator

Duncan, Renae D., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The ability to predict recidivism was investigated with 130 male juvenile delinquents committed to a state training school. These youth had been arrested for felony offenses, and typically had long criminal careers. The current study was designed to improve the predictability of recidivism by determining those classes of variables that best delineate recidivists versus nonrecidivists. It was hypothesized that recidivists would exhibit more hostile and aggressive behavior, more antisocial... Show moreThe ability to predict recidivism was investigated with 130 male juvenile delinquents committed to a state training school. These youth had been arrested for felony offenses, and typically had long criminal careers. The current study was designed to improve the predictability of recidivism by determining those classes of variables that best delineate recidivists versus nonrecidivists. It was hypothesized that recidivists would exhibit more hostile and aggressive behavior, more antisocial characteristics and behavior, and have more involvement with illegal drugs. It was also hypothesized that nonrecidivists would show higher academic and intellectual functioning, more psychological distress, and better adjustment to the current placement., Two groups of analyses were conducted. First, two-way MANOVAs were conducted on each a priori categorization of variables to detect differences between recidivists and nonrecidivists. Second, a factor analysis was conducted to empirically classify the variables. A stepwise discriminant function analysis was then conducted using the factor scores for each student to determine the equation that best determined group membership., The results of the study indicate that it is possible to accurately predict recidivism in a population of chronic, severe, juvenile offenders using classes of behavior rather than individual variables. A past history of antisocial behavior was found to play the strongest role in the prediction of recidivism. The students' adjustment to the program, intellectual achievement, and psychological distress were found to play only minor roles in the prediction of recidivism, though their inclusion in the equation significantly improved the prediction rate. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9303345, 3087968, FSDT3087968, fsu:76775

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The differential effect of four therapeutic questioning styles on therapeutic alliance.

Creator

Dozier, Richard Moore, Jr., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study examined Karl Tomm's (1988) theory of interventive questioning styles. The four types of questioning Tomm (1988) presents are: "lineal" (cause-and-effect based assessment questions); "circular" (holistic based assessment questions); "reflexive" (holistic based change questions); and "strategic" (cause-and-effect based change questions). Tomm (1988) suggests that circular and reflexive questions tend to elicit feelings of freedom/acceptance whereas lineal and strategic questions... Show moreThis study examined Karl Tomm's (1988) theory of interventive questioning styles. The four types of questioning Tomm (1988) presents are: "lineal" (cause-and-effect based assessment questions); "circular" (holistic based assessment questions); "reflexive" (holistic based change questions); and "strategic" (cause-and-effect based change questions). Tomm (1988) suggests that circular and reflexive questions tend to elicit feelings of freedom/acceptance whereas lineal and strategic questions usually trigger feelings of judgement/constraint. Since it is the nature of the therapist's intentions and assumptions that determines the type of questioning style, an analog design was employed to control these two variables. Each of the four styles was portrayed in 5 minute videotaped scenarios. With a sample of 40 families (father, mother, and teenage son), 10 families were randomly assigned to view one of the four questioning style scenarios. After viewing a tape each family member filled out four dependent measures: the Family Therapy Alliance Scale (FTAS), the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), the Questionnaire of Therapeutic Environments (QTE), and a validity check instrument., Results of both the MANOVA (p Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9306232, 3087978, FSDT3087978, fsu:76785

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

A comparison of didactic and modeling instruction in grief intervention skills training.

Creator

Tait, Alison Norene., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of two short-term grief education curricula, didactic (lecture) and modeling, in teaching students about grief and how to effectively interact with someone who was grieving. A control group was included in which subject read articles on euthanasia. Subjects were 84 students (67 females, 17 males) enrolled at a southeastern university who volunteered to participate in exchange for extra credit, and who met the inclusion criteria that... Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of two short-term grief education curricula, didactic (lecture) and modeling, in teaching students about grief and how to effectively interact with someone who was grieving. A control group was included in which subject read articles on euthanasia. Subjects were 84 students (67 females, 17 males) enrolled at a southeastern university who volunteered to participate in exchange for extra credit, and who met the inclusion criteria that they not be acutely grieving. This study was unique in its incorporation of an analogue interaction that allowed for coding of subject responses to a grieving confederate. Subjects completed a demographic questionnaire, a grief knowledge test, and a death anxiety scale. They were ranked on the appropriateness of responses during the analogue interaction, and their responses in the analogue interaction were coded for degree of facilitativeness to the griever., MANOVAs were used to analyze the dependent measures by instructional format. No major findings for instruction emerged. MANOVAs were also conducted to examine subject gender and confederate gender. Significant results were obtained for subject gender in which females scored higher on a death anxiety scale than males. For confederate gender, subject who interacted with male confederates had significantly higher death anxiety scores, fewer total observation responses, fewer nonfacilitative responses, and a lower percentage of nonfacilitative responses., Potential limitations of the study were that the lecture and modeling instructional units may have been too brief, and the subject population may have been knowledgeable in therapeutic techniques and grief information, thereby deriving few benefits from instruction. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9309741, 3088015, FSDT3088015, fsu:76822

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The acquisition of occupational knowledge in deaf populations: A schema theory approach.

Creator

Clark, David Anthony., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The effects of a schematic cognitive intervention were examined along several lines of thought including occupational certainty, vocational identity, occupational representation systems of deaf clients. Theoretically, the development of a meaningful schemata will allow clients to organize new information in a way that will lead to clients being more prepared to benefit from the career guidance process in general, and from career learning events and Computer Assisted Career Guidance (CACG) in... Show moreThe effects of a schematic cognitive intervention were examined along several lines of thought including occupational certainty, vocational identity, occupational representation systems of deaf clients. Theoretically, the development of a meaningful schemata will allow clients to organize new information in a way that will lead to clients being more prepared to benefit from the career guidance process in general, and from career learning events and Computer Assisted Career Guidance (CACG) in particular. This study has, first, examined the effects of schematic cognitive intervention upon a subsequent interaction using CACG vs. a traditional human counselor intervention model with deaf subjects. Second, this study has examined the differential levels of deaf subjects' cognitive complexity regarding the world of work following intervention. CACG interventions have increased in use and popularity among career counseling and guidance professionals. This is reflected in the same manner with disabled clients. Researchers have not yet fully identified the methods by which CACG can be fully implemented for diverse populations to optimally facilitate career counseling. In regard to career counseling and CACG interventions, disabled individuals present special needs. Disabled individuals, especially those whose disabling condition presents barriers to employment through impinging on the ability to process information, i.e., deafness, learning disabilities, visual impairments, can be described: (1) as having potentially more to gain from career counseling interventions, and (2) as having potentially a greater need for a working model that allows for clarification and efficient use of the information involved in career choices. Show less

Historically, legal professionals as well as laypersons have maintained generally negative expectations of children's abilities as eyewitnesses. However, little research has been conducted directly investigating jurors' perceptions of child eyewitness credibility in realistic sexual abuse trial situations. Given the dramatic increase in the number of reported cases of sexual abuse over the past decade, investigation of the factors influencing jurors' perceptions of alleged victims may have... Show moreHistorically, legal professionals as well as laypersons have maintained generally negative expectations of children's abilities as eyewitnesses. However, little research has been conducted directly investigating jurors' perceptions of child eyewitness credibility in realistic sexual abuse trial situations. Given the dramatic increase in the number of reported cases of sexual abuse over the past decade, investigation of the factors influencing jurors' perceptions of alleged victims may have important implications on practices within the legal system. In extending the findings of previous social psychological research, the author suggested that young witnesses may be viewed by jurors as highly credible, if they present their testimony in a way that conflicts with preconceived negative expectations and are not unduly influenced by leading attorney questions. The effects of witness age (5, 10, and 15 years old) witness behavior (powerful vs. powerless), and prosecuting attorney questioning methods (leading vs. nonleading) were investigated. Each of the 480 college undergraduates, who participated as jurors, viewed a videotaped mock trial depicting allegations of sexual abuse committed by an adult male upon the young female alleged victim. All participants completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the child witness' capabilities and formed juries in order to deliberate. The results supported the hypothesis that young witnesses can appear more credible than their older counterparts if they behave in ways that contrast with juror-held preconceived negative expectations. Contrary to expectations, the introduction of leading attorney questions did not effect the perceived credibility of the witnesses. Additionally, the percentage of guilty verdicts was not effected by witness age, witness behavior, or attorney questioning methods. The implications of, this research on future study and general methodological issues related to this topic are also discussed. Show less

In residential treatment settings, it is essential for many clinical and research purposes to conduct high-quality assessments of the integrity of treatment, that is, the extent to which the intended therapy is occurring. When psychosocial treatment integrity has been measured in these settings, retrospective ratings by direct-care staff have often been utilized. The current study was designed to empirically evaluate the potential of both self-ratings by staff and ratings by their supervisors... Show moreIn residential treatment settings, it is essential for many clinical and research purposes to conduct high-quality assessments of the integrity of treatment, that is, the extent to which the intended therapy is occurring. When psychosocial treatment integrity has been measured in these settings, retrospective ratings by direct-care staff have often been utilized. The current study was designed to empirically evaluate the potential of both self-ratings by staff and ratings by their supervisors for accurately assessing treatment integrity. Forty staff members of an inpatient psychiatric unit rated their own behavior toward clients. In addition, 11 unit supervisors completed a similar rating-scale measure on 29 of the workers. When the data were examined at the level of the individual worker, self-ratings by staff and ratings by their supervisors were at best only moderately similar to data on the Staff-Resident Interaction Chronograph, a direct-observational-coding instrument. These results clearly do not warrant use of rating-scale data for clinical decision-making, which often has profound effects on peoples' lives. However, when administered under certain conditions and averaged across respondents, both self-ratings and supervisor ratings did fairly accurately reflect the actual interactional pattern exhibited by the staff group, suggesting some potential for uses requiring information that is accurate at this level (e.g., program evaluation). Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9309730, 3088020, FSDT3088020, fsu:76827

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Self-esteem lability and depression in college students: A search for sociotropic and autonomous patterns.

Creator

Butler, Andrew Carleton., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study examined the hypothesis that an overreliance on external sources of self-esteem is associated with depression and depression-proneness. Self-esteem and daily events were assessed among 206 male and female college students for 30 consecutive days. Subjects were identified as Currently Depressed, Past Depressed (depression-prone), or Never Depressed from their scores on a self-report inventory for depression and classified on personal style as either Sociotropic or Autonomous from... Show moreThis study examined the hypothesis that an overreliance on external sources of self-esteem is associated with depression and depression-proneness. Self-esteem and daily events were assessed among 206 male and female college students for 30 consecutive days. Subjects were identified as Currently Depressed, Past Depressed (depression-prone), or Never Depressed from their scores on a self-report inventory for depression and classified on personal style as either Sociotropic or Autonomous from their scores on the Personal Style Inventory (Robins, Luten, and Ladd, 1987). Based on theories of self-esteem vulnerability in depression, Currently Depressed and Past Depressed subjects were predicted to show more self-esteem lability (day-to-day event-related variability in self-esteem) than Never Depressed subjects. A specific vulnerability hypothesis was also tested wherein Sociotropic and Autonomous depressives were predicted to show high lability to social and achievement events, respectively., Self-esteem lability was found to be elevated in Current and Past Depressives relative to Never Depressed subjects. Findings were unsupportive for the specific vulnerability hypothesis. The findings are discussed regarding their implications for theory, measurement, and future research. Show less

The present study examined African-American male college student's cultural/racial identity and commitment relating to their perceptions of a therapist's credibility and utility., The research design consisted of three independent variables: (1) Level of cultural/racial identity; (2) Therapist Race (Black and White); and (3) Treatment Approach., The dependent measure was the Counselor Effective Rating Scale, a 10 item, likert type instrument measuring perceived therapist's credibility and... Show moreThe present study examined African-American male college student's cultural/racial identity and commitment relating to their perceptions of a therapist's credibility and utility., The research design consisted of three independent variables: (1) Level of cultural/racial identity; (2) Therapist Race (Black and White); and (3) Treatment Approach., The dependent measure was the Counselor Effective Rating Scale, a 10 item, likert type instrument measuring perceived therapist's credibility and utility. After view a videotape of a "mock" therapy session, it was predicted that participants displaying a high level of cultural/racial identity and commitment would rate the Black and White non-traditional (culture-specific) therapists as more credible than the Black and White traditional (cognitive behavioral) therapists--a partially supported prediction. A non-supported prediction was that participants would be more willing to see a non-traditional versus a traditional therapist., Regarding credibility, the Black non-traditional therapist was rated the most credible--rather than the White, as predicted. The White traditional therapist was rated as the second most credible, Black traditional therapist third, and the White non-traditional the least., Regarding utility, the participants reported willingness to see the White traditional therapist, rather than Black, and the White non-traditional White therapist, rather than Black therapist--findings which were not in the predicted directions. Plausible explanations are: group differences in cultural/racial identity, background factors; and expectancy effects. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9303352, 3088018, FSDT3088018, fsu:76825

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Couple communication: A developmental perspective from dating to late marital phase.

Creator

Pennell, Robert Clark., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The purpose of this study was to determine how relational communication changes over the life-span of couples comprising the cohorts of exclusive dating (6 or more months of exclusive dating), engaged, early married (married less than 5 years), middle married (5 to 19.11 years), and late married (20 or more years) dyads. The present study is the first to measure relational communication with both premarital and marital dyads, and to include couples with and without children., A convenience... Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine how relational communication changes over the life-span of couples comprising the cohorts of exclusive dating (6 or more months of exclusive dating), engaged, early married (married less than 5 years), middle married (5 to 19.11 years), and late married (20 or more years) dyads. The present study is the first to measure relational communication with both premarital and marital dyads, and to include couples with and without children., A convenience sample of 130 couples, across the five cohorts, were administered a slightly modified version of The Marital Communication Inventory (MCI). The results revealed a significant difference in relational communication between the engaged and the middle married couples, and between the engaged and late married couples. The trend was high levels of communication in the engaged cohort, decreasing over the life-span, with the middle married group possessing the lowest level of communication. No differences between the genders were found within a cohort. However, the females in the engaged group evidenced both the highest and the lowest scores on the MCI., While couples differed along the life-span, correlational data indicated that the longer the couple had been together, the more agreement existed on how they communicated as a couple. Suggestions are made for the practitioner/researcher to focus more on correlational analysis. Methodological concerns for continued research in this area are also discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9320340, 3088068, FSDT3088068, fsu:76875

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MMPI-BASED CRIMINAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TO FORENSIC HOSPITAL PATIENTS.

Creator

DOREN, DENNIS MITCHELL., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study investigated the applicability of the MMPI-based criminal classification system to people hospitalized by the court after being tried on criminal charges (i.e., those adjudicated to be mentally disordered sex offenders or people who were not guilty by reason of insanity). There were two purposes for this research. One was to investigate the generalizability of a typology found useful with various penal populations. The second was to discover if that classification system could... Show moreThis study investigated the applicability of the MMPI-based criminal classification system to people hospitalized by the court after being tried on criminal charges (i.e., those adjudicated to be mentally disordered sex offenders or people who were not guilty by reason of insanity). There were two purposes for this research. One was to investigate the generalizability of a typology found useful with various penal populations. The second was to discover if that classification system could serve as a means of communication between penal institution mental health staff and forensic hospital personnel concerning viable differential treatment and prediction for offenders., Subjects for the research were drawn from the population at the Forensic Service at the Florida State Hospital in Chattahoochee, Florida. Their MMPI profiles were obtained along with a variety of data from the patients' hospital medical files. To test the applicability of the typology to that population, statistical analyses were performed comparing the hospital patients to the prison subjects studied by Megargee et al. (1979)., There were two hypotheses tested. The first stated that different proportions of people would be classified within each typological category when comparing samples from the two settings. That hypothesis was supported. The second stated that people classified within each category would not differ in their demographic and behavioral correlates, regardless of the institution from which they came. Results did not tend to support that hypothesis. Some procedural flaws were noted, though the investigator still concluded that there was a lack of support for the use of the MMPI-based classification system with forensic hospital populations with the same meaning it has acquired within penal settings. Future research directions are discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8407001, 3085771, FSDT3085771, fsu:75258

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

A LABORATORY VALIDATIONAL STUDY OF THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY.

Creator

POWELL, RUDOLPH FORREST., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present study investigated relationships between the MMPI and multiple validational referents within an experimental-laboratory situation, where Ss underwent provocative interpersonal stress., The subject sample comprised an N of 176 black and white, male, prison inmates, ages 18 to 26 years. Subjects with valid MMPI profiles were counterbalanced in assignment to black and white experimenters. The data were collected during a larger research project in 1970-1974., Experimental procedures... Show moreThe present study investigated relationships between the MMPI and multiple validational referents within an experimental-laboratory situation, where Ss underwent provocative interpersonal stress., The subject sample comprised an N of 176 black and white, male, prison inmates, ages 18 to 26 years. Subjects with valid MMPI profiles were counterbalanced in assignment to black and white experimenters. The data were collected during a larger research project in 1970-1974., Experimental procedures resulted in a 3 x 2 factoral design across three classes of dependent variables. Thus, the results were analyzed for MMPI high, medium and low categories, on each standard clinical scale for each of 26 dependent variables. These included reports of subjective feelings, social behaviors and autonomic responses., Findings were nonsignificant and discussed in light of homogeneity and chance factors as being salient features. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8404754, 3085745, FSDT3085745, fsu:75235

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

DISSIMULATION OF FRONTAL LOBE DAMAGE ON THE LURIA-NEBRASKA NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL BATTERY-FORM I (FAKING, MALINGERING).

Creator

BROWN, JAMES LLOYD., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This research posed several questions: Can normal subjects produce a frontal lobe profile on the Luria-Nebraska, Form I, and what effect might coaching have on this ability? In addition, can subjects maintain profile stability over one week's time, and what effect might coaching have on this ability?, Uncoached subjects had considerable difficulty in dissimulating a frontal lobe profile. Coached subjects, on the other hand, produced significantly more profiles that were classified as having... Show moreThis research posed several questions: Can normal subjects produce a frontal lobe profile on the Luria-Nebraska, Form I, and what effect might coaching have on this ability? In addition, can subjects maintain profile stability over one week's time, and what effect might coaching have on this ability?, Uncoached subjects had considerable difficulty in dissimulating a frontal lobe profile. Coached subjects, on the other hand, produced significantly more profiles that were classified as having frontal lobe damage when critical scale elevations were used to make the classification. In absolute terms, more coached subjects were also classified as "frontal" by judges, but this difference did not reach significance., In terms of profile stability, the results of this study indicate that a test-retest method for the detection of faking has some promise. Despite subjects being told to try to match their previous performances, the Motor and Expressive Speech scales demonstrated significant differences on retest for both groups., The question of whether coaching effects profile stability must remain unanswered for the moment. The failure to demonstrate significant differences means little in light of the small sample size. Show less

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by upper airway occlusion during sleep, resulting in sleep disturbance, hypoxemia, and daytime sleepiness. This study investigated the neuropsychological (NPSY) functioning, daytime sleepiness and vigilance of 17 male subjects (mean age = 45.2) with moderate to severe OSAS (mean Respiratory Disturbance Index = 65.1). Subjects were assessed before, three days, and two months after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway... Show moreThe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by upper airway occlusion during sleep, resulting in sleep disturbance, hypoxemia, and daytime sleepiness. This study investigated the neuropsychological (NPSY) functioning, daytime sleepiness and vigilance of 17 male subjects (mean age = 45.2) with moderate to severe OSAS (mean Respiratory Disturbance Index = 65.1). Subjects were assessed before, three days, and two months after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. Groups received three assessments consisting of a NPSY test battery, measurement of physiological/subjective sleepiness, and vigilance. After baseline assessment, ten subjects were treated with CPAP for three nights, while seven control subjects remained untreated. Control subjects' data for the second assessment was used to estimate practice and placebo effects. After the second assessment, all subjects were treated., Results revealed that subjects did not show significant NPSY impairment before treatment despite showing near pathological levels of sleepiness and impaired vigilance., After three nights of treatment, subjects evidenced significant improvement on only 1 of 18 NPSY measures (visual memory). Correlational analyses revealed an association between decreases in sleep fragmentation after acute treatment and improvement on tasks assessing visual memory, attention and concentration and verbal intellectual functioning. A relationship between improvement in nocturnal oxygen saturation and neuropsychological tests assessing attention and concentration and verbal intellectual functioning was also found. Vigilance and sleepiness were not improved., At follow-up, only modest improvements in visual and verbal memory were found. Vigilance had returned to normal levels and sleepiness was significantly reduced but had not returned to normal levels., The present study did not find evidence of significant NPSY dysfunction in OSAS patients before treatment. After correcting for practice effects, little improvement was seen in NPSY function after two months of CPAP treatment. These results highlight the importance of a control group in studies utilizing a repeated neuropsychological testing protocol. Further, it suggests that previous studies may have overestimated the improvement in cognitive functions of OSAS patients after treatment with CPAP. Show less

While reciprocity has often been cited as an important aspect of conversational and social skills training with chronic mental patients, it has never been exclusively examined in any investigation. The purpose of this study was to use a group multiple baseline-simultaneous replications treatment design across social network functions to evaluate the effectiveness of a reciprocal skills training package to enhance the reciprocal ability of eight chronically mentally ill patients. Videotaped... Show moreWhile reciprocity has often been cited as an important aspect of conversational and social skills training with chronic mental patients, it has never been exclusively examined in any investigation. The purpose of this study was to use a group multiple baseline-simultaneous replications treatment design across social network functions to evaluate the effectiveness of a reciprocal skills training package to enhance the reciprocal ability of eight chronically mentally ill patients. Videotaped role play situations with a standard confederate were evaluated for the quality of receiving, processing, sending, and molar abilities across three broad categories of social network functions. Generalization probe interactions, "parties", with novel partners were also obtained. Training effects were noted for the subjects across all three social network functions. Mixed results were obtained for generalization. Implications for further investigations and for the utility of reciprocal skills training with chronically institutionalized adults are discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9413278, 3088265, FSDT3088265, fsu:77069

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Self-complexity and the prediction of dysphoria: Toward the identification of a cognitive vulnerability to depression.

Creator

Fuhr, Susan Kay., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

It is proposed that the nature of the self or, more correctly, the "selves" predisposes some individuals to depression in the face of aversive life events. Theorists characterize the complexity of this multifaceted self according to two structural features, i.e., differentiation and integration. Differentiation, first discussed by James Bieri, was evaluated empirically by Linville (e.g., 1982) for its relationship to depressive symptomatology. Differentiation refers to the number of... Show moreIt is proposed that the nature of the self or, more correctly, the "selves" predisposes some individuals to depression in the face of aversive life events. Theorists characterize the complexity of this multifaceted self according to two structural features, i.e., differentiation and integration. Differentiation, first discussed by James Bieri, was evaluated empirically by Linville (e.g., 1982) for its relationship to depressive symptomatology. Differentiation refers to the number of relatively independent elements within the self-structure. Integration reflects the hierarchical interrelationships among those elements., A recently-developed statistical procedure, the Hierarchical Classes Model (HICLAS; De Boeck & Rosenberg, 1988), was employed to provide measures of the complexities of each subject's self-structure. Consonant with more sophisticated theoretical discourse on the "self", the HICLAS analysis provides more refined representation of the multidimensionality of the self than is available from other statistical methods., This two-month prospective investigation employed non-clinical female subjects to investigate the role of self-complexity, derived from the HICLAS paradigm, as a vulnerability factor in subsequent dysphoria. Partialling out initial dysphoria, individuals with a less differentiated self-structure reported significantly more depressive symptoms under conditions of increasingly unpleasant life events. Under conditions of greatest unpleasantness, differentiation was strongly negatively associated with depressive symptoms, supporting Linville's "buffering hypothesis". Results for integration measures were similar but less robust., Interestingly, under conditions of fewest unpleasant events, there was a reliable and positive relationship between differentiation and dysphoria. As Markus and colleagues have remarked, it is important to begin to evaluate the conditions under which a highly "complex" self-structure may serve as a vulnerability rather than an invulnerability to depression., Questions are also raised in regard to the role of affect within the self-structure, the importance of self-discrepancies (e.g., actual/ideal), conceptual refinement of "integration", the relative contributions of differentiation and integration to a complex system, and the utility of measuring the selves within their phenomenological context (i.e., self-with-other). Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9402506, 3088208, FSDT3088208, fsu:77012

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Treatment of test anxiety in the college population: Interference or deficits?.

Creator

Register, Angela Costanzo., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Test Anxiety affects many college students. It is viewed theoretically as a construct consisting of several components which impair academic performance and general health of students. One theory views the anxiety as being composed of worry, task-generated interference, and self-perceived autonomic arousal that interfere with information processing. Another views it as a result of deficits in study and test-taking skills. Results of treatment outcome studies are equivocal on areas to target... Show moreTest Anxiety affects many college students. It is viewed theoretically as a construct consisting of several components which impair academic performance and general health of students. One theory views the anxiety as being composed of worry, task-generated interference, and self-perceived autonomic arousal that interfere with information processing. Another views it as a result of deficits in study and test-taking skills. Results of treatment outcome studies are equivocal on areas to target for optimal treatment. This study addresses these inconclusive results., Students enrolled in introductory psychology classes at Florida State University were screened for test anxiety. Those meeting inclusion criteria were asked to volunteer for the study, resulting in 110 subjects who were randomly assigned to either a Stress Inoculation Training treatment (SIT), a study skills training treatment (SST), a combined treatment consisting of SIT and SST, and a delayed treatment control group. Anxiety and study skills measures, along with examination scores, were obtained after two classroom examinations, given at 4-week intervals. A 4-week follow-up after a third examination, assessing strength of treatment, was made. Also, pre- and post-semester noncumulative grade point averages were compared. After the first examination, treatment subjects were provided a 3-week self-directed treatment (appropriate to the experimental condition) that was explained by the experimenter to subjects in small groups., It was hypothesized that test anxiety is the result of both interference and skills deficits and treatment should target both. Thus, the combined treatment group was expected to demonstrate significant anxiety reduction increased performance following treatment. Results did not support the hypothesis. A significant reduction in anxiety was reported on several measures for both the combined and SIT treatment groups, as compared with the SST and Control groups; however, exam scores and GPA did not significantly improve for any group. Show less

Date Issued

1993, 1993

Identifier

AAI9413297, 3088274, FSDT3088274, fsu:77078

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The hopelessness theory of depression: An empirical evaluation of the causal mediation and diathesis-stress hypotheses in the interpersonal domain.

Creator

Hummer, John Thomas., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The causal mediation and diathesis-stress hypotheses of the Hopelessness Theory of Depression were examined in the context of social relations, using a short-term prospective longitudinal design and a sample of 299 university undergraduates., Partial empirical support was obtained for the causal mediation hypothesis. Inferential style dimensions were generally predictive of corresponding inferences made by participants for their single most upsetting future negative interpersonal event,... Show moreThe causal mediation and diathesis-stress hypotheses of the Hopelessness Theory of Depression were examined in the context of social relations, using a short-term prospective longitudinal design and a sample of 299 university undergraduates., Partial empirical support was obtained for the causal mediation hypothesis. Inferential style dimensions were generally predictive of corresponding inferences made by participants for their single most upsetting future negative interpersonal event, although the magnitude of effect sizes observed for inferential style dimensions tended to be rather unimpressive, on the whole. Weak support was derived for an accompanying proposal that situationally-based judgements of consensus, consistency and distinctiveness are predictive of event attributions when attributional style dimensions are controlled for statistically., In turn, equivocal support was obtained for the diathesis-stress hypothesis. Although some inferential style dimensions interacted with interpersonal stress in the hypothesized direction to predict increments in depression over time, other inferential style dimensions interacted with stress in a manner directly counter to theoretical expectations. Moreover, there was a lack of convincing evidence to support the notion that interactions of inferential style dimensions with interpersonal stress are specific in their effects to predicting an outcome of "Hopelessness Depression," as opposed to more general symptoms of depression. Implications of the findings for the Hopelessness Theory of Depression and future research are discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9303349, 3087925, FSDT3087925, fsu:76735

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Identification of self-mutilative behavior using selected measures from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2.

Creator

Acker, David William., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

A group of 30 self-mutilating patients in a large state mental hospital, was compared with a group of 30 nonmutilating patients at the same facility. The participants of the comparison group were matched on the basis of gender, race, and diagnosis, but who had not been identified as self-mutilators. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance and a two group chi-square analysis were employed to determine if a selected set of variables from the MMPI-2 (Anger, Anxiety, and Depression content scales,... Show moreA group of 30 self-mutilating patients in a large state mental hospital, was compared with a group of 30 nonmutilating patients at the same facility. The participants of the comparison group were matched on the basis of gender, race, and diagnosis, but who had not been identified as self-mutilators. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance and a two group chi-square analysis were employed to determine if a selected set of variables from the MMPI-2 (Anger, Anxiety, and Depression content scales, and Psychasthenia, Social Introversion, Psychopathic Deviance, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania) could effectively discriminate between the two groups. Neither procedure produced results of statistical significance. The results of the study are discussed in terms of individual differences and the difficulty of establishing a profile with the MMPI-2 predictive of self-mutilative behavior. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9234204, 3087889, FSDT3087889, fsu:76699

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

Prediction of patient outcome as a function of in-hospital and pre-hospital variables: A proposed causal model.

Creator

Daniel, Kimberly Marie., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present study was designed to develop a causal model of variables important in predicting various outcomes with chronic, psychiatric patients who were hospitalized. Four pre-hospital and nine in-hospital variables were included in the model predicting three different outcomes. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships among the variables., Although each model was statistically related to each outcome, the proportions of variance explained were smaller than... Show moreThe present study was designed to develop a causal model of variables important in predicting various outcomes with chronic, psychiatric patients who were hospitalized. Four pre-hospital and nine in-hospital variables were included in the model predicting three different outcomes. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships among the variables., Although each model was statistically related to each outcome, the proportions of variance explained were smaller than expected. Several variables related consistently to outcomes. Pre-hospital variables were found to be more related to outcome than in-hospital variables, contrary to predictions. All significant effects were direct rather than indirect effects, also contrary to predictions. The best-explained outcome was an index developed to reflect independence of the setting to which a patient was discharged. This finding suggested that historical variables (i.e., pre-hospital variables) and functioning at the time of discharge (i.e., in-hospital variables) were more related to discharge type than to the two other outcomes traditionally used to index success of discharge., The present study suggested that the proposed model was either not complete enough or not specified correctly. Suggestions were made regarding possible revisions to consider in future studies. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9233289, 3087883, FSDT3087883, fsu:76693

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The family therapist's use of self: A Delphi study.

Creator

Tester, Sarah A., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present study surveyed a panel of 29 family therapy experts and AAMFT-approved supervisors knowledgeable of the therapist system and the family therapist's use of self. The goal of the study was to derive a consensual definition of the term use of self, to a level consistent with theory building, for the purpose of contributing to therapeutic alliance theory. The preferred term for the concept, Therapeutic Use of Self, was selected by 65% of the panelists., The methodology utilized three... Show moreThe present study surveyed a panel of 29 family therapy experts and AAMFT-approved supervisors knowledgeable of the therapist system and the family therapist's use of self. The goal of the study was to derive a consensual definition of the term use of self, to a level consistent with theory building, for the purpose of contributing to therapeutic alliance theory. The preferred term for the concept, Therapeutic Use of Self, was selected by 65% of the panelists., The methodology utilized three qualitative approaches. First, the Delphi technique was chosen to explore group opinion and decision formation. Second, computer-aided content analysis provided methodological rigor. Last, interviews complemented the Delphi process., Panelists' assertions were rated on a 7 point scale. Medians were utilized as parameters to determine inclusion/exclusion in the final definition of use of self. Fifty-one percent of panelists' 328 assertions met the criteria for inclusion. Eighty-eight percent of the investigator's composite statements also met the criteria for inclusion. Further, the composites were broken into constituent elements and rated, with 69% of the elements meeting the criteria for inclusion in the final profile. Only 4% of panelists' assertions met the definition of greatest disagreement or division. None of the constituent elements met the criteria of greatest division or disagreement., With regard to theory building, the essential elements of a real definition of therapeutic use of self were delineated. Parameters were established for a sensitizing concept and groundwork was laid to operationalize the term. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9234254, 3087900, FSDT3087900, fsu:76710

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

A test of a biopsychosocial model of arousal in cardiovascular disorder patients and cross-sectional subjects.

Creator

Potocki, Eileen Regina., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Many behavioral medicine models of illness have been proposed but few, if any, have been tested. Meaningful relevant research has been limited due to restricted access to causal inferences based on correlational data which comprise much of behavioral medicine databases. Covariance structure modeling, a technique which provides for the approximation of causal inferences based upon correlational input data, now enables testing of such models., Everly and Sobelman's (1987) biopsychosocial model... Show moreMany behavioral medicine models of illness have been proposed but few, if any, have been tested. Meaningful relevant research has been limited due to restricted access to causal inferences based on correlational data which comprise much of behavioral medicine databases. Covariance structure modeling, a technique which provides for the approximation of causal inferences based upon correlational input data, now enables testing of such models., Everly and Sobelman's (1987) biopsychosocial model of arousal, which proceeds laterally to include environmental events, cognitive appraisal, affective integration, physiological mediation, coping and illness, was tested via covariance structure modeling. Questionnaires, which assessed these domains, were distributed to 200 subjects including 100 pre-angioplasty cardiology inpatients and 100 cross-sectional subjects varying along the continuum of health and illness. Cross-sectional subjects were recruited from various men's and women's groups and matched the inpatient sample along sex and age variables. The confirmatory test of the hypothesis was performed on the pooled sample of 200. An exploratory test of possible differences between groups was performed in a stacked analysis of the samples of 100., Results did not support the hypothesized model but suggested that an adjusted model, with two theoretically justifiable modifications, was valid for the pooled sample. An exploratory analysis supported the validity of the adjusted model in the cardiovascular disorder and the cross-sectional groups. The exploratory analysis provided cross-validation of the adjusted model and support for the generalizability of the adjusted model from a more healthy to a formal patient sample. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9234244, 3087899, FSDT3087899, fsu:76709

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

The theory and practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy: A Delphi study.

Creator

Jenkins, David Allen., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy allows therapy teams the opportunity to share their struggles and discussions directly with clients. However, due to different conceptualizations and unclear theoretical guidelines, a reflecting team approach to family therapy has lacked conceptual and practical clarity. The purpose of this study was to outline the parameters of theory and practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy., A Delphi technique was employed in... Show moreThe practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy allows therapy teams the opportunity to share their struggles and discussions directly with clients. However, due to different conceptualizations and unclear theoretical guidelines, a reflecting team approach to family therapy has lacked conceptual and practical clarity. The purpose of this study was to outline the parameters of theory and practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy., A Delphi technique was employed in the present study to strive for consensus about the theory and practice of a reflecting team approach to family therapy. The study collected the opinions of "experts" who have published, presented, or are familiar with a reflecting team orientation. The panelists considered the theoretical assumptions, techniques, change, goal, utilizations, and contraindications of a reflecting team approach to family therapy. Analysis of data after two rounds of information gathering revealed areas where consensus was reached. A profile of a reflecting team approach to family therapy was constructed from this consensus. Show less

Date Issued

1992, 1992

Identifier

AAI9306037, 3087937, FSDT3087937, fsu:76745

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

HYPERVENTILATION: ITS RELATION TO SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE AND TO ANXIETY IN A NON-CLINICAL POPULATION.

Creator

HUEY, STEPHEN RAUGUST., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The role of hyperventilation in producing symptoms in a non-clinical population as well as its relation to anxiety were investigated. A group of likely hyperventilators (n = 18) and unlikely hyperventilators (n = 16), balanced with regard to sex, were selected from a student population (N = 385) using a screening questionnaire of hyperventilation-related symptoms. Along with the screening questionnaire, all subjects were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Speilberger, Gorsuch,... Show moreThe role of hyperventilation in producing symptoms in a non-clinical population as well as its relation to anxiety were investigated. A group of likely hyperventilators (n = 18) and unlikely hyperventilators (n = 16), balanced with regard to sex, were selected from a student population (N = 385) using a screening questionnaire of hyperventilation-related symptoms. Along with the screening questionnaire, all subjects were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Speilberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene, 1970). The experimental groups were given an overbreathing test using room air and a control overbreathing test using carbon dioxide enriched air, which was expected to produce fewer symptoms. In addition, subjects' normal breathing rate and volume were measured and they were given two clinical questionnaires: the Symptom Checklist (Derogatis, 1977) and a subscale of face valid hyperventilation-related items from the MMPI., Likely hyperventilators were found to report more symptoms than unlikely hyperventilators after overbreathing room air but not after overbreathing carbon dioxide enriched air. In addition, the symptoms reported by the likely hyperventilators after overbreathing moderately matched those originally reported on the screening questionnaire. Further, the likely hyperventilators' normal breathing showed higher volume and rate than the unlikely hyperventilators. Likely hyperventilators also scored higher on all the scales of the Symptom Checklist as well as the face-valid scale of hyperventilation-related items from the MMPI. Finally, a correlation of .42 was found between the original screening questionnaire of hyperventilation symptoms and the trait half of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results supported a relation between chronic hyperventilation and symptom experience in a non-clinical population, and between hyperventilation and anxiety. Show less

Date Issued

1982, 1982

Identifier

AAI8229150, 3085404, FSDT3085404, fsu:74899

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

DEPRESSION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS.

Creator

HOWES, MARY JOSEPHINE., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Forty-four pairs of college roommates were studied across their first academic quarter. In 22 pairs, one person was depressed at the outset (Beck Depression Inventory (GREATERTHEQ) 10). They completed written measures of depression and their perceptions of themselves and their roommates three times (Interpersonal Checklist, Impact Message Inventory) and attended two laboratory sessions in which they engaged in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game procedure and were interviewed. In addition to major... Show moreForty-four pairs of college roommates were studied across their first academic quarter. In 22 pairs, one person was depressed at the outset (Beck Depression Inventory (GREATERTHEQ) 10). They completed written measures of depression and their perceptions of themselves and their roommates three times (Interpersonal Checklist, Impact Message Inventory) and attended two laboratory sessions in which they engaged in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game procedure and were interviewed. In addition to major analyses (primarily repeated measures anovas), subjects who remained depressed were compared with those who did not; and regression analyses addressed which factors predicted the depressive's view of the relationship and satisfaction with it., Depressed subjects described themselves as consistently more dependent and self-effacing and their relationships as ultimately involving fewer egalitarian solutions to conflicts. In terms of perceptions and communications, depressed pairs showed patterns over time that did not occur in the nondepressed pairs; Depressives were initially viewed as more nurturant; their roommates, in contrast, as increasingly sociable. Similarly, the depressives' roommates communicated a high depress of ingratiation initially but less so over time, whereas the depressives increasingly communicated ingratiation. These group-by-time interactions suggest a pattern wherein the roommates exchange roles, with the depressive initially adopting a more positive and dominant style than previously reported. Depressed pairs also interacted in a more ingratiating and less exploitive manner and remained unchanged whereas the other pairs became more cooperative and less exploitive. Subjects who stayed depressed differed from those whose depression remitted, both initially and in changes over time. Regressions indicated that the nature of the depressives' relationships could be predicted by initial elements of the relationship and the lifting of depression., Results are discussed as partially supporting the interactional sequences proposed by Coyne (1976a) and Hokanson (Note 1). The most notable finding, that depressives were initially more dominant and appear to exchange roles with their partners is discussed as a pattern that may only occur in relationships of ongoing importance to the depressive. Show less

Date Issued

1982, 1982

Identifier

AAI8304071, 3085440, FSDT3085440, fsu:74933

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZED, MULTICHANNEL EEG BIOFEEDBACK AND "OPEN FOCUS" TRAINING UPON THE PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED PSYCHOMOTOR TASKS.

Creator

GILLETTE, DONNA LYNN., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of Open Focus Training (a perceptual style training augmented with specialized EEG biofeedback) upon selected psychomotor task performances. Synchronized, high amplitude, multichannel brainwave activity at 10 cycles per second was monitored during extended baseline data collection for four subjects (three males and one female). Following baseline stabilization for each subject, feedback was provided for brainwave activity and... Show moreThe purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of Open Focus Training (a perceptual style training augmented with specialized EEG biofeedback) upon selected psychomotor task performances. Synchronized, high amplitude, multichannel brainwave activity at 10 cycles per second was monitored during extended baseline data collection for four subjects (three males and one female). Following baseline stabilization for each subject, feedback was provided for brainwave activity and subjects were given Open Focus Training for the following 20 days. Subjects were given training tapes and asked to practice Open Focus at home, twice daily, during the 20 days. Notes were kept both by the subjects and investigator regarding subjects' subjective experiences, particularly in regard to alleviation of stress syndromes. Prior to baseline data collection, all subjects were pretested on the following psychomotor tasks: Rod and Frame (7 trials), reaction time (100 trials), and pursuit rotor (108 practice trials followed by 4 "test trials"). Two subjects were again pretested for these measures at the conclusion of their baseline data collection period and results were not different from those of the pretest. All subjects were posttested at the conclusion of the 20 day training regimen. Results indicate that all subjects learned to control the criterion EEG activity as demonstrated by increasing and decreasing mean EEG activity across training sessions upon command. All but one subject showed improvement in Rod and Frame performance scores. Open Focus Training appears to have had no bearing upon reaction time: one subject's score improved, one worsened, and two subjects' scores showed no change. All subjects showed marked improvement on pursuit rotor ability. Each subject reported much reduction in stress symptoms. It was concluded that this specialized EEG, biofeedback combined with Open Focus Training improves selected psychomotor task performances. Further study of this treatment and its effect upon psychomotor performance is recommended. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8317366, 3085596, FSDT3085596, fsu:75088

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

HOSTILITY AND DEPRESSION: THE EFFECTS OF A NEGATIVE IMPRESSION ON DEPRESSIVES' SOCIAL BEHAVIORS.

Creator

NORVILLE, MILTON ARTHUR., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study is a test of the traditional psychoanalytic approach to explaining aggression management in depression. The experimental procedure included two means of measuring depressive behaviors: responses in a modified Prisoner's Dilemma procedure and verbal messages on a Communications Checklist. Half of the subjects received a negative description from an "aggressive" partner in a dyadic interaction. Depressed subjects were compared to normal subjects of both sexes as to their reactions to... Show moreThis study is a test of the traditional psychoanalytic approach to explaining aggression management in depression. The experimental procedure included two means of measuring depressive behaviors: responses in a modified Prisoner's Dilemma procedure and verbal messages on a Communications Checklist. Half of the subjects received a negative description from an "aggressive" partner in a dyadic interaction. Depressed subjects were compared to normal subjects of both sexes as to their reactions to the "aggressive" partner. The results indicated that depressed males seem to inhibit competitive and extrapunitive behaviors when interacting with the aggressive partner, and concurrently display an increase in ingratiating, self-detrimental responses. A similar pattern was not found with depressed female subjects. These results are discussed in terms of psychoanalytic theory and interpersonal conceptualizations of depression. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8325680, 3085669, FSDT3085669, fsu:75161

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

BEHAVIORAL COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY: A BEHAVIORAL-BASED PROGRAM FOR TEACHING EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEWING SKILLS TO VOCATIONALLY HANDICAPPED PERSONS.

Creator

BRISCOE, RICHARD VON., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Ten handicapped subjects participated in a short-term behavioral training program to increase their verbal employment interview behaviors. Treatment consisted of a two hour training session using instruction, modeling, role-playing, behavioral rehearsal with performance feedback and social reinforcement. Verbal employment interview skills were behaviorally defined as: specific work statements, general work statements, personal statements, questioning statements and incomplete statements.... Show moreTen handicapped subjects participated in a short-term behavioral training program to increase their verbal employment interview behaviors. Treatment consisted of a two hour training session using instruction, modeling, role-playing, behavioral rehearsal with performance feedback and social reinforcement. Verbal employment interview skills were behaviorally defined as: specific work statements, general work statements, personal statements, questioning statements and incomplete statements. Treatment was assessed by behavioral measurement of each subject's pre-, post- and follow-up performance during simulated unstructured interviews. Subjects' performance was compared with a reference group of college students. Also, assessment involved social validation ratings of subjects' performance by employers., The results indicated increased appropriate and work-related statements during post-training and follow-up interviews. The rate of statements increased to a level comparable with the higher level of reference group subjects. Employers' ratings indicated the effectiveness of treatment by showing increased ratings of subjects during post-training interviews., Subjects rated their level of anxiety after each interview and this data revealed no change in their anxiety levels during pre-, post-, and follow-up interviews. Satisfaction measures showed subjects' positive ratings of the training program helping them learn interview skills., This study revealed that a short term behavioral training program enabled handicapped persons to improve their verbal interview behaviors to a level consistent with non-handicapped persons. Further, the study indicated verbal behaviors can be quantified by using direct observation procedures. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8324914, 3085662, FSDT3085662, fsu:75154

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

EFFECTS OF THERAPIST FEAR OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION IN SUPERVISION AND SUPERVISORY FOCUS ON THERAPIST AND CLIENT ANXIETY AND ON A MEASURE OF THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS.

Creator

BRALA, PAUL MICHAEL., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study explored the effects of therapist fear of negative evaluation in supervision (FNE-S) and supervisory focus on therapist and client anxiety states and client satisfaction. Thirty clinical psychology graduate student therapists were divided into high and low FNE-S groups, and half of each group was randomly assigned to one of two Ph.D. clinical psychologist supervisors. The procedure encompassed three therapy sessions and two intervening 30 minute individual supervision sessions,... Show moreThis study explored the effects of therapist fear of negative evaluation in supervision (FNE-S) and supervisory focus on therapist and client anxiety states and client satisfaction. Thirty clinical psychology graduate student therapists were divided into high and low FNE-S groups, and half of each group was randomly assigned to one of two Ph.D. clinical psychologist supervisors. The procedure encompassed three therapy sessions and two intervening 30 minute individual supervision sessions, during which supervisors maintained the focus on either the therapist or their client. Dependent measures for therapists were the A-state anxiety scale, developed by Spielberger and his colleagues, and Walk's Fear Thermometer (FT). Client dependent measures included the FT, the Counseling Evaluation Inventory of Linden, Stone and Shertzer and the author developed Retrospective Outcome Measure (ROM), completed for a given session just before the subsequent session, thereby allowing more time to process the session. Anxiety measures were completed post and, using a method described by Howard, retrospective-pre. Supervisors also completed a therapist Evaluation Form and a Receptivity to Supervisory Input (RSI) scale, and therapists completed a Supervision Evaluation Questionnaire., The results showed that compared to low FNE-S therapists, high FNE-S therapists were more anxious before supervision, were more receptive to therapist-focused supervision, and had clients who were more anxious before therapy and less satisfied with therapy. While main effects for focus were not found, several interactions, involving FNE-S and supervisors and affecting client anxiety, therapist receptivity and supervisors' evaluations of trainees, were seen. Other results provided validation for the RSI scale and showed that more receptive trainees were less anxious after supervision than less receptive trainees., Overall, results suggest that identifying high FNE-S therapists and low RSI therapists may be useful in research and training settings. They also clearly point out that supervisor-therapist interactions are highly complex and dependent on numerous factors. Hence generalization is risky and group studies on supervision may not always be appropriate. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8325671, 3085667, FSDT3085667, fsu:75159

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE DETECTION OF INTERVIEWEES' VERBAL DECEPTIONS FROM THEIR ACCOMPANYING OVERT NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR.

Creator

MURRAY, JOHN JOSEPH., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study hypothesized that observer-judges may require familiarity with a communicator's nonverbal behavior while truthful in order to accurately recognize when this person is lying. Such an assumption is consistent with polygraph research and field applications where measures of physiological arousal during suspected deceit are compared to a baseline for that person. Untrained, inexperienced observers saw videotaped samples (without sound) of interviewees' truthful behavior ("familiarity... Show moreThis study hypothesized that observer-judges may require familiarity with a communicator's nonverbal behavior while truthful in order to accurately recognize when this person is lying. Such an assumption is consistent with polygraph research and field applications where measures of physiological arousal during suspected deceit are compared to a baseline for that person. Untrained, inexperienced observers saw videotaped samples (without sound) of interviewees' truthful behavior ("familiarity sample") before deciding whether a subsequent sample (judgment sample") of these same communicators showed truthful or deceptive messages. These videotaped interviewees had been pre-instructed to be totally truthful or to lie to a portion of the interviewer's questions., Three judgment conditions were arranged, each differing from the other according in the degree of accuracy or completeness of the baseline information which the judges received accompanying the familiarity samples. Group 1 was instructed that the familiarity might be truthful or deceptive and to view it simply to become familiar with the interviewee's repertoire of behaviors. Group 2 was accurately told the sample depicted truthful responding. Group 3 was deceptively told that the (truthful) familiarity sample showed the speaker lying. The study's major hypothesis predicted that group 2 would outperform group 1, whereas an exploratory hypothesis predicted that group 1 would be more accurate than group 3., Although the performance of each judgement group was in the expected direction, the differences were not statistically significant. However, additional analysis indicated that group 2 were the only judges whose accuracy level exceeded the dictates of chance, and they outperformed the misinformed judges (group 3) at a statistically significant level. It was speculated that inexperienced judges may hold invalid assumptions about what constitutes relevant nonverbal clues and, together with their unhoned observational skills, may be unable to employ available baseline information in an advantageous way. It was proposed that there are still compelling reasons to believe that appropriate baseline information has the potential to enhance judgment accuracy although it may not be a necessary and sufficient condition for accurate detection. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8324926, 3085664, FSDT3085664, fsu:75156

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

A SURVEY OF MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS' ATTITUDES TOWARD THE SEXUAL SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN BY THEIR PARENTS.

Creator

SINK, MARY FRANCES., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

A survey measure of 100 items was developed to study the attitudes of a sample of mental health professionals about the sexual socialization of children by their parents. Sexual socialization was defined as the process by which children are exposed to information and attitudes about sexuality through nonverbal and verbal communication expressed or sanctioned by their parents., Eight rationally derived categories of behavior were examined: Sex Education, Openness of Household, Societal... Show moreA survey measure of 100 items was developed to study the attitudes of a sample of mental health professionals about the sexual socialization of children by their parents. Sexual socialization was defined as the process by which children are exposed to information and attitudes about sexuality through nonverbal and verbal communication expressed or sanctioned by their parents., Eight rationally derived categories of behavior were examined: Sex Education, Openness of Household, Societal Exposure to Adult Sexuality, Family Exposure to Adult Sexuality, Physical Contact with the Child, Response to the Child's Sexual Activity, Child as a Sexual Object, Sexual Prohibitions. Respondents were asked to apply to each item a label of Appropriate, Inappropriate, or Conditionally Appropriate depending upon the age of the child and/or the sex-pair of the child and parent involved., Seventy-two psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers in an urban pediatric center and an affiliated child guidance center completed the survey and a demographic checklist. Statistical analyses were completed to describe the respondents' attitudes. Respondents were able to make statistically significant selections among the response choices for 99 of the 100 items. Across the eight behavior categories different distributions of response choice use were observed and described. Hierarchical grouping analyses were used to examine the variability across the items and respondents. Four item clusters and three respondent groupings were described. The adequacy of the survey methodology and directions for future research were discussed. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8317385, 3085599, FSDT3085599, fsu:75091

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN A PSYCHIATRIC POPULATION.

Creator

LEA, BARBARA WEST., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Literature suggests a connection between brain dysfunction, particularly in the area of the limbic system, and violent behavior. This study investigates such an association by means of neuropsychological measurement, using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). Forty-three male forensic psychiatric patients at St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C., pre-screened to eliminate individuals with gross intellectual deficits, were assigned to violent or non-violent groups on the... Show moreLiterature suggests a connection between brain dysfunction, particularly in the area of the limbic system, and violent behavior. This study investigates such an association by means of neuropsychological measurement, using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). Forty-three male forensic psychiatric patients at St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C., pre-screened to eliminate individuals with gross intellectual deficits, were assigned to violent or non-violent groups on the basis of their arrest and conviction history. Individuals in the violent group had at least three arrests or one conviction (including having been found not guilty by reason of insanity) for a violent crime, and those in the non-violent group had no convictions for violent crimes and no more than two arrests for violent offenses. Crimes represented by the violent sample included assault, murder, sexual assault, and armed robbery., The LNNB was adminstered to subjects by examiners who remained blind to their group membership. Demographic comparisons revealed no significant differences between the groups with respect to age, intelligence, education, race, socioeconomic status, handedness, psychiatric diagnosis, medication intake, or chronicity of psychiatric problems., The violent subjects had significantly more LNNB scales exceeding the critical level than did the non-violent subjects. Although the usual criterion of impairment did not differentiate the groups, a higher and more stringent cutoff showed more violent individuals with serious impairment. Findings in terms of localization of dysfunction did not reflect the expected limbic system pattern. Exploratory analyses suggested that primary dysfunction of the impaired violent group centered around the parietal-occipital area of the left hemisphere, and was consistent with the profile of an adult who had been learning disabled as a child. Limitations on generalizeability existed due to the select nature of the population studied. Caution must be exercised when interpreting these data since they were obtained from a largely black sample, whereas the LNNB was validated among whites. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8317376, 3085598, FSDT3085598, fsu:75090

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM-SOLVING TRAINING PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN OF SEVERELY DISTURBED PARENTS.

Creator

SUMNER, GAYLA S., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

A cognitive behavioral problem-solving training program for children of severely disturbed parents was conducted in order to answer the following questions: (1) Does cognitive behavioral problem-solving training improve the problem-solving ability of "at risk" children? (2) Does problem-solving training enhance the psychological or behavioral adjustment of these children? (3) Does problem-solving training affect the verbal-perceptual intelligence of at risk children? (4) Are gains in problem... Show moreA cognitive behavioral problem-solving training program for children of severely disturbed parents was conducted in order to answer the following questions: (1) Does cognitive behavioral problem-solving training improve the problem-solving ability of "at risk" children? (2) Does problem-solving training enhance the psychological or behavioral adjustment of these children? (3) Does problem-solving training affect the verbal-perceptual intelligence of at risk children? (4) Are gains in problem-solving ability related to improvements in adjustment?, Subjects consisted of forty-one children between the ages of five and twelve whose mothers demonstrated a high degree of mental distress. The children were randomly assigned to a treatment or no-treatment comparison group. The problem-solving training program consisted of twelve, sixty-minute sessions conducted each week during a three-month period. The following problem-solving abilities were emphasized: (1) impersonal problem solving via self-instructional training, (2) prerequisite skills for social problem solving, (3) interpersonal problem solving, and (4) intrapersonal problem solving., The results of the study indicate that experimental groups significantly improved problem-solving ability as compared to no-treatment comparison groups. The psychological adjustment of the experimental groups also showed significant improvement as compared to no-treatment comparison groups., The behavioral adjustment of the experimental group aged eight to twelve showed significant improvement in external reliance as measured by teacher ratings. The no-treatment comparison group demonstrated no significant improvement in behavioral adjustment and were rated significantly worse in disrespect-defiance on teacher ratings. The behavioral adjustment of young children showed no significant improvement. The verbal-perceptual intelligence of both experimental and comparison groups improved on posttests but not at a level which would exceed chance., The findings of the study indicate that problem-solving gains and gains in psychological adjustment were not correlated at a significant level. Problem-solving gains and behavioral adjustment gains were correlated significantly with a reduction of anxiety and irrelevant responsiveness among experimental children aged eight to twelve. Problem-solving gains of younger experimental children were correlated with behavioral adjustment gains in the area, need closeness to teacher, as measured by teacher ratings. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8324932, 3085689, FSDT3085689, fsu:75179

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSIVE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS: EARLY STAGES IN THE ACQUAINTANCESHIP PROCESS.

Creator

MEYER, BARBARA BIANUCCI., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present study was designed to bridge the gap in the existing research literature on the early stages in the development of depressive interpersonal relationships. Forty-eight same-sex pairs of subjects were studied as they formed acquaintances with their partners during three 1-hour laboratory sessions within a 2-week period. In one-third of the pairs, one partner was depressed; in another third, one partner was not depressed but had other psychological problems (NDO); and in the final... Show moreThe present study was designed to bridge the gap in the existing research literature on the early stages in the development of depressive interpersonal relationships. Forty-eight same-sex pairs of subjects were studied as they formed acquaintances with their partners during three 1-hour laboratory sessions within a 2-week period. In one-third of the pairs, one partner was depressed; in another third, one partner was not depressed but had other psychological problems (NDO); and in the final third of the pairs both subjects were considered normal. Depressed and NDO subjects were paired with normal partners. Within each group equal numbers of same-sex male and female pairs were used. In each pair one subject was considered a target subject (depressed, NDO, or randomly selected normal) and the other subject was a normal partner. Subject partners participated in three laboratory acquaintanceship sessions which involved engaging in free conversation, interspersed with the completion of questionnaires assessing various aspects of the interpersonal situation. Written measures included pre- and postsession measures of affect, communications to partner, perceptions of partner's personality, and liking of partner. Two 8-minute segments of free conversation per session were tape recorded and later content analyzed. Subjects were contacted several weeks after the end of the experiment to see if they maintained contact with their partner. Data from this study were analyzed using a repeated measures, multivariate analysis of variance model: 3 Groups x 2 Sexes x 3 Sessions. Though many of the terms of interest involving groups did not reach statistical significance, an interesting pattern of mutual perceptions was found in the depressive-normal pairs. Depressives tended to view their partners as abasive, inhibited, and deferent. The perceptions by the normal partner, revealed sex-specific patterns. Female depressives were viewed by their normal partners as agreeable, nurturant, and abasive, while male depressives were viewed as detached. On follow-up the male depressive group was different from the other groups in that they reported no further contact with their partners. These results were discussed as lending some support to findings in other studies of an idiosyncratic pattern of perceptions that characterize depressive-other relationships. Results were also discussed in terms of the situational factors on interpersonal behavior and some consistency across personality characteristics in the getting-acquainted process. Show less

A pretest/post-test experimental design was employed to test whether or not participation in postseparation/postdivorce counseling groups resulted in improved self esteem and/or adjustment and whether a format in which extra-group socializing was encouraged or was discouraged is more effective in facilitating these changes., The sample consisted of volunteers who were pretested during the intake procedure. Using gender as the stratification variable, 15 persons each were randomly assigned to... Show moreA pretest/post-test experimental design was employed to test whether or not participation in postseparation/postdivorce counseling groups resulted in improved self esteem and/or adjustment and whether a format in which extra-group socializing was encouraged or was discouraged is more effective in facilitating these changes., The sample consisted of volunteers who were pretested during the intake procedure. Using gender as the stratification variable, 15 persons each were randomly assigned to a group in which extra-group socializing was encouraged, a group in which extra-group socializing was discouraged, and a minimal contact group. The groups met one evening per week for eight weeks. A total of 42 persons, including 14 from each group, completed post-testing. The Raschke Postdivorce Problems and Stress Scale was utilized to measure divorce adjustment and the Tennessee Self Concept Scale to measure self esteem., Analysis of covariance and the Least Significant Difference procedure revealed that both treatment groups produced significantly better divorce adjustment scores than the minimal contact group. Analysis of covariance indicated no significant differences among the three experimental groups in self esteem improvement. T-tests of pretest/post-test scores revealed improvement of individual members. The greatest mean improvement in divorce adjustment and in self esteem and the greatest number of extra-group socializing activities occurred in the group in which extra-group socializing was encouraged., Discussion of personal concerns was the most frequent and conversations about the group the least frequent activity. Show less

Date Issued

1983, 1983

Identifier

AAI8402511, 3085703, FSDT3085703, fsu:75193

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

EVALUATION OF A BRIEF TRAINING PROGRAM IN EMPATHIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR NURSING STUDENTS.

Creator

PERRIN, PATRICIA MARY., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

A training program in empathic communication skills for nursing students was designed and evaluated. Data from 13 nursing students in the trained group and nine control group students were compared. The subjects had completed videotaped roleplays with programmed roleplayers pre- and post-training. The roleplayers presented situations involving various instances of loss. Three types of dependent measures were obtained. The first was an instrument developed for the present study called the... Show moreA training program in empathic communication skills for nursing students was designed and evaluated. Data from 13 nursing students in the trained group and nine control group students were compared. The subjects had completed videotaped roleplays with programmed roleplayers pre- and post-training. The roleplayers presented situations involving various instances of loss. Three types of dependent measures were obtained. The first was an instrument developed for the present study called the Interpersonal Behavior Rating Scale (IBRS), a checklist of 29 items conceptualized in six subscales. The scale was designed to measure perceived empathic communication, perceived nurse comfort, and projected patient satisfaction. Second, frequencies of three nonverbal behaviors were obtained: eye contact, forward trunk lean, and open position body orientation. The third measure was a post-training questionnaire administered to the trained nursing students which asked them to (1) rate their own improvement in various skill areas in the training program, (2) rank the various course components, and (3) rate the value of this sort of training for nursing students in general. Results obtained indicated that following training, the trained group improved in its level of empathic communication as measured by the IBRS and was superior to the control group. No group differences were found in the nonverbal behaviors following training. Expected improvements in relationships between the frequencies of the nonverbal behaviors and empathy, comfort, and satisfaction, as measured by the IBRS, were not obtained. The nursing students' questionnaire responses indicated that they perceived themselves as having improved in their communication skills and in their ability to talk about patients' experience of loss. They also rated the value of the program very highly. Explanations for rejected, hypotheses are discussed. The overall effectiveness of the training program in improving empathic communication skills is supported. Show less

Date Issued

1984, 1984

Identifier

AAI8505314, 3086024, FSDT3086024, fsu:75510

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE EFFECTS OF SUBJECT AND EXPERIMENTER GENDER ON SUBJECTS' ABILITY TO INCREASE SKIN TEMPERATURE WITH THERMAL BIOFEEDBACK.

Creator

FLEET, MARTIN L., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

The present investigation was an effort toward understanding the large individual differences that people have consistently shown in their ability to increase their skin temperature. While most previous studies in this area have narrowed their focus to include only subject variables that might affect performance, the present study was designed to examine an experimenter variable also. It was hypothesized that subject gender and experimenter gender would interact so that subjects paired with... Show moreThe present investigation was an effort toward understanding the large individual differences that people have consistently shown in their ability to increase their skin temperature. While most previous studies in this area have narrowed their focus to include only subject variables that might affect performance, the present study was designed to examine an experimenter variable also. It was hypothesized that subject gender and experimenter gender would interact so that subjects paired with same-sex experimenters would show better ability to increase skin temperature than would subjects paired with opposite-sex experimenters., Six male experimenters and six female experimenters were utilized in the study. Each experimenter ran four male subjects and four female subjects through 12 trials (six baseline and six experimental) in which their task was to increase their finger temperature. The trials were equally distributed across three experimental sessions spaced approximately a week apart. During experimental trials, subjects listened to autogenic phrases and were given thermal biofeedback to enhance performance. Subjects' performance differed significantly according to which experimenter they were paired with, regardless of subject and/or experimenter gender. Further, with these differences taken into account, male subjects performed significantly better than did female subjects, regardless of experimenter gender., Utilizing a background information questionnaire, data were collected regarding various demographic characteristics of the subject sample. It was observed that subjects' geographical background and age were significantly related to their performance on the temperature increase task. A correlational analysis revealed no significant association between subjects' scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and subjects' performance. Also subjects' scores on a locus of control scale were not significantly related to subjects' performance. Show less

Date Issued

1986, 1986

Identifier

AAI8616884, 3086342, FSDT3086342, fsu:75825

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIENT RELIGIOUSNESS AND THE CLINICAL PERCEPTIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPISTS (DIAGNOSTIC BIAS, COUNSELING).

Creator

SWEIGART, NANCY L., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

To investigate whether psychotherapists perceive religious clients as more pathological than nonreligious clients, and whether the client's presenting problem or level of pathology affect this bias, 80 practicing licensed psychologists were each presented with a case study in which a female client was described as involved in either religious or nonreligious activities. The client was also described as either depressed or oppositional. An MMPI profile which was presented to the therapists... Show moreTo investigate whether psychotherapists perceive religious clients as more pathological than nonreligious clients, and whether the client's presenting problem or level of pathology affect this bias, 80 practicing licensed psychologists were each presented with a case study in which a female client was described as involved in either religious or nonreligious activities. The client was also described as either depressed or oppositional. An MMPI profile which was presented to the therapists depicted the client as either moderately or severely pathological. A 2 (religious versus nonreligious client) x 2 (depressed versus oppositional client) x 2 (severe versus moderate pathology MMPI elevation) ANOVA was performed on therapists' ratings of the client's severity of pathology. Although no main effects were found, a significant three-way interaction was found. Therapists perceived the client as most pathological when the client was described as religious, oppositional, and with the severe pathology MMPI profile. Therapists perceived the client as least pathological when the client was described as nonreligious, depressed, and with the moderate pathology MMPI profile. No distinctions were made on the dimension of client pathology for the other six conditions., As a manipulation check, the therapists were asked to rate the religiousness of the client. The client described as religious in the case descriptions was rated as significantly more religious than the client who was not described as religious; however, an inspection of the cell means indicated this difference did not hold for all experimental conditions. It is difficult to determine to what degree the manipulation was weak and to what degree the manipulation check was weak. Nonetheless, even with a weak manipulation, significant differences were found on the pathology ratings related to client religiousness., The results of the present study provide evidence that, under certain circumstances, psychotherapists exhibit some degree of bias against clients who are religious. Speculations were made regarding how this bias might be manifested within the context of actual psychotherapy. The results of this study demonstrate that the issue of therapist bias is complex and requires complex designs. Show less

Date Issued

1986, 1986

Identifier

AAI8619154, 3086372, FSDT3086372, fsu:75852

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

STAFF BURNOUT IN RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT SETTINGS: EFFECTS ON STAFF-PATIENT INTERACTIONS, AND EFFECTS OF SOCIAL FACTORS.

Creator

TEMPLIN, RAYMOND J., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

This study proposed and tested a three stage paradigm of burnout: (a) etiology stage, in which stress builds up on the human service worker (HSW), (b) negative internal experience stage (NIE), marked by exhaustion and depersonalization of clients, and (c) consequence stage, which is defined by negative overt consequences for the client and organization. A total of 469 HSWs who worked at a variety of inpatient units in Illinois were utilized. All HSWs had completed a Staff Biographical Data... Show moreThis study proposed and tested a three stage paradigm of burnout: (a) etiology stage, in which stress builds up on the human service worker (HSW), (b) negative internal experience stage (NIE), marked by exhaustion and depersonalization of clients, and (c) consequence stage, which is defined by negative overt consequences for the client and organization. A total of 469 HSWs who worked at a variety of inpatient units in Illinois were utilized. All HSWs had completed a Staff Biographical Data Sheet, the Pittsburgh Scale of Extraversion-Introversion and Emotionality, and Opinions About Mental Illness. Questions from the last two scales were used to create measure of the NIE stage. All HSWs were observed interacting with clients and their behaviors were recorded on the Staff Resident Interaction Chronograph (SRIC), an observational assessment system. Linear regression analysis between the three stages showed few significant and no meaningful relationships. Perhaps the most surprising result is the lack of a theoretically expected relationship between the NIE stage and client care., Social factors (i.e., group and leadership factors) were hypothesized as important etiological variables in the burnout process. Design limitations prevented adequate testing of these assumptions, but exploratory data suggest that social factors, especially leadership, are important in the etiology of burnout. Show less

An increase in the provision of psychotherapy by mental health professionals was the basis of this study. It was presumed that a comparison of therapists' expectancies would provide a reflection of their approaches to psychotherapy. The current study investigated the effects of profession, education/training and experience on therapists' expectancies regarding the client's needs, the therapists' directiveness, the therapists' level of interpretation and the client's outcome., There were 64... Show moreAn increase in the provision of psychotherapy by mental health professionals was the basis of this study. It was presumed that a comparison of therapists' expectancies would provide a reflection of their approaches to psychotherapy. The current study investigated the effects of profession, education/training and experience on therapists' expectancies regarding the client's needs, the therapists' directiveness, the therapists' level of interpretation and the client's outcome., There were 64 randomly selected subjects participating in the experiment. The subjects were identified in terms of being either a counselor or clinical psychologist, having a doctorate or a master's degree, and having (LESSTHEQ) or > 7 years of experience. Each subject viewed video interviews of two clients with different problems. The subjects completed the Therapist Expectancy Inventory (TEI) after viewing each interview., A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with repeated measures was employed for the study, with a separate ANOVA performed for each of the 4 dependent variables. An alpha level of .05 was designated in all of the analyses. Additional descriptive statistics were obtained to enhance the primary analyses., The results of the investigation suggest there are similarities as well as differences among the various groups of therapists regarding their expectancies. Results of the analyses indicated that the greatest amount of variation (with a p < .05) among the expectancies of the therapists occurred first regarding a diagnostic factor (expectancy of client's needs), followed by a prognostic factor (expectancy of client's outcome), which was followed in turn by a process factor (expectancy of therapist's directiveness). A second process factor (expectancy of therapist's level of interpretation) did not yield any significant variation., Some of the results could be explained readily while other findings were less explicable and could only be afforded speculation. An inconclusive body of literature regarding the factors which were studied would not permit a definitive explanation of some of the findings. It would seem that further research is necessary to support or refute the current data., The overall contribution of the study may have been limited by the confounding effects of intervening variables, and a possible inherent bias in the make-up of the instrument that was used to measure therapists' expectancies., Further research should include other mental health professions--e.g., psychiatry and social work. It is also recommended that another means of analyzing the clinical judgments of therapists be used along with the TEI in the future. Show less

Reinforcers were selected according to one of two procedures with six developmentally disabled students who displayed a variety of stereotypic behaviors. One selection procedure involved presenting a wide variety of stimuli to students and quantitatively measuring the impact of stimulus presentation upon behavior. The other procedure involved selecting reinforcers according to the best judgement of professionals familiar with individual students. It was hypothesized that reinforcers which... Show moreReinforcers were selected according to one of two procedures with six developmentally disabled students who displayed a variety of stereotypic behaviors. One selection procedure involved presenting a wide variety of stimuli to students and quantitatively measuring the impact of stimulus presentation upon behavior. The other procedure involved selecting reinforcers according to the best judgement of professionals familiar with individual students. It was hypothesized that reinforcers which were empirically-derived would result in more significant behavior changes than nonsystematically selected reinforcers. These hypotheses were subsequently tested in two experiments by using each group of reinforcers in a reinforcement-based paradigm, measuring subsequent behavior changes, and analyzing the degree to which differing amounts of behavior change occurred. An additional probe condition was included where novel stimuli were presented to students. Within-subject experimental designs were used to compare differences in observed amounts of targeted appropriate and inappropriate behaviors when different groups of reinforcers were used during class time. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that the use of empirically-derived reinforcers resulted in higher observed rates of appropriate behavior and correspondingly lower rates of inappropriate behavior than those selected according to professionals' best judgement or those which were novel to students. These findings are discussed in terms of the advantages of using objects as opposed to food as reinforcers. Experiment 2 was an attempt to replicate the findings in Experiment 1 using only objects which were selected according to one of the two procedures described in Experiment 1. Results indicated that more stable and lower overall rates of self-stimulation were observed when empirically-derived reinforcers were used., These findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between the use of different types of object reinforcers and their effect upon the self-stimulatory behaviors. The advantages of empirically-based reinforcer assessment procedures are discussed and guidelines for their development are suggested. Show less

Date Issued

1985, 1985

Identifier

AAI8605761, 3086272, FSDT3086272, fsu:75755

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT FUNCTION OF A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL (PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTION, DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION, YOUNG CHRONIC PATIENT, FLORIDA).

Creator

BLOOMER, JUDITH SPECIAL., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

A two phase study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the deinstitutionalization movement on the admission and discharge practices of a large state psychiatric hospital in Florida. Phase I involved a follow-up study of 370 patients who were subject to discharge in 1973, the year after new deinstitutionalization legislation went into effect. Over one-third died at the hospital during 1973-1984. Eighty-seven percent of those who did not die were discharged, most returning to live with... Show moreA two phase study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the deinstitutionalization movement on the admission and discharge practices of a large state psychiatric hospital in Florida. Phase I involved a follow-up study of 370 patients who were subject to discharge in 1973, the year after new deinstitutionalization legislation went into effect. Over one-third died at the hospital during 1973-1984. Eighty-seven percent of those who did not die were discharged, most returning to live with relatives. Forty-two percent of those initially discharged were subsequently readmitted. Barriers to community placement were examined for the remaining 45 patients. Barriers to discharge included both clinical and nonclinical factors. Behavioral problems accounted for most of the clinical barriers while nonclinical factors included legal or financial constraints and the lack of appropriate support systems or residential facilities in the community., Phase II of the study examined the characteristics of 227 patients admitted to the hospital during 1983-84, ten years after deinstitutionalization policies were implemented at the state level. The average patient in this admissions population was male, younger than 40, had three prior admissions and a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Sixty-seven percent had not been employed within the three years preceding admission, and 85% were indigent. Over one-fourth had a history of contact with the criminal justice system. Most stayed at the hospital less than six months. The utilization of the state hospital varied among counties as some communities referred patients to the hospital rather than keep them in a community-based facility as cost saving measure and as a means of social control for deviant behavior not tolerated within the community. In addition to providing treatment which was primarily stabilization via psychotropic medication, it was determined that the state hospital also continues to provide custodial care and asylum, particularly for more elderly patients. Utilization of all three of these functions is expected to continue into the future, as perpetuated by the hospital itself and the community it serves. Show less

Date Issued

1985, 1985

Identifier

AAI8605751, 3086271, FSDT3086271, fsu:75754

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

FACTORS MEDIATING RESPONSES TO DEPRESSED INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR.

Creator

STEPHENS, ROBERT S., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Undergraduate female subjects interacted in a dyadic setting with male and female confederates displaying combinations of behaviors hypothesized to mediate others' responses to depressed individuals. Confederates revealed personal problems while enacting either depressed, anxious or normal roles. Self-blaming, non-blaming, and other-blaming statements regarding the confederates' problems were added to the portrayals of psychologically disturbed and normal behavior. Advice was requested by the... Show moreUndergraduate female subjects interacted in a dyadic setting with male and female confederates displaying combinations of behaviors hypothesized to mediate others' responses to depressed individuals. Confederates revealed personal problems while enacting either depressed, anxious or normal roles. Self-blaming, non-blaming, and other-blaming statements regarding the confederates' problems were added to the portrayals of psychologically disturbed and normal behavior. Advice was requested by the confederates in one-half of the conditions. Results indicated that depressed confederates had more aversive interpersonal impact and were rejected more on measures of subject preference for further interaction but received more advice and support than the equally disturbed anxious confederates. There was no evidence of a negative mood induction in subjects. The sex of the confederate or the addition of blaming and advice-seeking behavior did not appear to have important interpersonal consequences. These findings are discussed in terms of current interpersonal theories of depression. Show less

Date Issued

1985, 1985

Identifier

AAI8528710, 3086206, FSDT3086206, fsu:75689

Format

Document (PDF)

Title

INCREASING COMPLIANCE WITH A DENTAL FEAR REDUCTION BIBLIOTHERAPY.

Creator

GODDING, PHILLIP RAY., Florida State University

Abstract/Description

Literally hundreds of behavioral self-help manuals have been marketed to the public aimed at resolving a wide array of problems. The potential savings of therapist time and client dollars is formidable. Noncompliance is, however, a continuing problem. Noncompliance rates from 30 - 50% are typically reported. Application of Marlatt's relapse prevention strategies (described to our patients as the Goal Violation Effect--GVE) presents one possible way of conceptualizing and potentially... Show moreLiterally hundreds of behavioral self-help manuals have been marketed to the public aimed at resolving a wide array of problems. The potential savings of therapist time and client dollars is formidable. Noncompliance is, however, a continuing problem. Noncompliance rates from 30 - 50% are typically reported. Application of Marlatt's relapse prevention strategies (described to our patients as the Goal Violation Effect--GVE) presents one possible way of conceptualizing and potentially decreasing noncompliance., Thirty-nine dental patients were given a self-administered desensitization treatment designed to be completed in 15 half-hour sessions. Half of the patients received treatment manuals which contained an explanation of the GVE model and instructions on how to counter behaviors and thoughts often associated with noncompliance. A verbal presentation of the GVE material was also given. The remainder of the patients received manuals which contained only the fear reduction treatment text and an admonition to completely read the manual. After 15 days the dental patients were recontacted and assessments of compliance (by self-report and unobtrusive measures) and self-efficacy were undertaken., There were no group differences in overall compliance. Those patients receiving the GVE manipulation completed the text in less time and required fewer days to collect post-treatment data. There was strong agreement between self-report of compliance and an unobtrusive compliance measure. Females were more compliant with the therapy text requiring written responses and had significantly higher self-efficacy ratings at pre-treatment. There were no post-treatment group differences in self-efficacy. The discussion focuses on the cost-effectiveness of the GVE compliance enhancement technique and the fear reduction treatment. Show less