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The square root of 42 is the number that can be multiplied by itself to equal 42. Most calculators have a function that calculates the square root of any positive number. One can estimate the square root of 42 by noting that 6 squared is 36 and 7 squared is 49. These results imply that the principal square root of 42 lies somewhere between 6 and 7. One can then narrow down the square root through a trial and error process.