4 FOREWORD On the fifth anniversary of the establishment of the Hungarian EU Enlargement Business Council (HEBC) I would like to congratulate its Chairman and all its members for the outstanding contribution it has made to the Enlargement process in general and the successful conclusion of the EU/Hungary negotiations in particular. Over the years the HEBC has proven to be a very active and respected partner in the constructive dialogue with the Hungarian authorities. The way the HEBC has functioned and delivered has been, and continues to be a source of inspiration for other Business Enlargement Councils which have been set up by ERT Companies in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Region. We have all wholeheartedly welcomed the successful outcome of the Copenhagen Council but we are equally aware that this is not the end but rather the beginning of a process. Indeed the task now for all acceding countries is to implement effectively and rigorously the acquis communautaire to ensure a level playing field for all. I would therefore like to encourage the HEBC to continue to monitor, stimulate and facilitate the progress of the Hungarian market economy. This is all the more important as Hungary together with the current 15 Member states, and the other accession countries will have to play its full part in helping the EU reach the ambitious targets set in Lisbon in 2000 to make Europe the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by Here again the HEBC can play a very useful role. I wish it all success in doing so! Antony Burgmans Chairman of Unilever Chairman of the ERT Enlargement Group 2

6 INTRODUCTION EUROPEAN ROUND TABLE OF INDUSTRIALISTS (ERT) ERT is a forum of 46 European industrial leaders aiming to promote the competitiveness and growth of Europe s economy. ERT Members are Chairmen and Chief Executives of major European companies covering a wide range of industry sectors, with headquarters located in 18 different European countries. Their combined turnover is over 950 billion Euro. Membership is personal and by invitation only. Of the crucial issues that have dominated the ERT s agenda since its formation in 1983, eastward enlargement is on a par with the creation of the single market in the 1980s and of the single currency in the 1990s. There is a generally strong support for enlargement in business circles. As European citizens we see the huge importance of a united Europe in safeguarding both political stability and democracy in the formerly communist countries and peaceful development after the war-torn history of Europe. Most ERT members have substantial investments in the applicant countries and we have seen the positive impact of European integration on growth, trade and employment in both West and East. In this situation we find it important to stress the major economic advantages of enlargement, not only to the new Member States but also to the current ones. Quotation from the ERT Opening up the business opportunities of EU enlargement 2001 Position Paper and Analysis of the Economic Costs and Benefits of EU Enlargement HUNGARIAN EU ENLARGEMENT BUSINESS COUNCIL (HEBC) HEBC was the first of the Central Eastern European Business Enlargement Councils initiated by ERT. It has been in operation since October 1998 as a forum of Chairmen and CEOs from the Hungarian affiliates of the major European enterprises represented in ERT in 2002 it was joined by MOL Rt, the only Central European enterprise among the Members of ERT. At HEBC s inception, ERT set a specific goal, that HEBC should be a link between the Hungarian Government, the EU Commission in Brussels and ERT, in the interest of providing practical business input to the accession processes in order to support Hungary s smooth and rapid accession to the European Union. 4

8 INTRODUCTION HEBC members have welcome the fact that after the success of Copenhagen and the official signing of the Treaty of Accession in Athens, Hungary s accession to the EU is no longer in doubt and that negotiations have been successfully concluded with the ten candidate countries. In this sense HEBC has also accomplished its mission. By voicing its non-political opinion based on the wide business experience of the member companies, it helped the Hungarian Government give the EU Commission in Brussels an authentic picture of Hungary s preparedness. Since the HEBC has been encouraged by all negotiating parties the ERT, representatives of the Hungarian Government and representatives of the EU Commission to continue its activities, this year it has also drawn up an annual report. Both the previous and present Hungarian Governments expressed their thanks to HEBC for their activity throughout Hungary s preparation for membership of the EU and the accession negotiations. At the public launch of the last HEBC report, on 18th July 2002, H.E. Mr László Kovács, Minister for Foreign Affairs, stated that he regards the report as very useful and valuable assistance to the Government. On the one hand, because of the exceptional weight of the companies in the Hungarian economy and on the other because the analyses of the HEBC examine Hungary from an angle differing from that of the EU Commission in Brussels. The HEBC examines how business life, business opportunities and the Hungarian economy meet EU expectations. It is important that HEBC does not voice complaints about investment opportunities in Hungary but focuses on the tasks in hand. It sends a message to both Budapest and Brussels. This prestigious body stands between the two and is working in a very objective way to help Hungary s speedy accession. H.E. Mr Jürgen Köppen, Head of the EU Commission Delegation to Hungary says in a letter As far as future activities are concerned, I would welcome the continuation of HEBC s useful analyses of Hungary s EU preparations. HEBC could also, usefully, keep the enlargement stakeholders informed about the prospects. To fulfill its mission, HEBC regularly consults the ERT Enlargement Working Group, EU Commission officials in Budapest and in Brussels, representatives of the Hungarian Government and several Committees of the Hungarian Parliament. HEBC informed the President of the Hungarian Republic, Mr Ferenc Mádl. Consultation meetings are held regularly with the Ambassadors accredited in Hungary of EU member states, who regard these meetings as very important and useful. These meetings have advanced beyond the level of protocol and are marked by detailed discussions of benefit to both sides. HEBC met the Ambassadors of the new member countries, accredited in Hungary, and exchanged views on possible co-operation between candidate countries from the business point of view. 6

10 INTRODUCTION HEBC launched its first report in March 1999, which was followed by four other annual reports. In their choice of titles, HEBC members wanted to highlight the progress made by Hungary in preparation for accession, always stressing that it regards Hungary s accession as a win-win situation. It is not HEBC s aim to lobby for the individual, everyday business interests of the member companies. Members consider their membership of HEBC as important and advantageous since, through the activity carried out by members in HEBC, the names of their companies become increasingly associated with the lobby-free themes of building society and supporting development. The annual reports provide means of conveying economic considerations, arguments and ideas, to express or emphasise those elements, which are in harmony with the individual interests of the companies. These, presented as a joint position of HEBC, contribute not only to the development of the Hungarian market but also to increasing the competitiveness of Europe. The previous reports followed the structure of the EU Regular Reports. This year HEBC members created a new structure, based on analyses of several issues and expressing in the form of precisely worded recommendations, the business experiences, which they consider could contribute to Hungary s successful EU integration. The report does not aim to give a macro-economic analysis. Its special value is the fact that it was written by members of HEBC. 8

12 THE REPORT THE REPORT From 1st May 2004 Hungary will become a fully entitled member of the European Union. This historical reunion is happening in a changing era. The present Union (EU 15) will change and the integration will bring in significant changes for all stakeholders. This report mainly concerns the present situation and the tasks which Hungary has in joining the European Union, based on the experiences and proposals of a group of European multinational companies. However, HEBC members believe it is useful to say a few words about the present situation and the competitiveness of the EU 15. It is the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT) that is one of the best qualified to analyse this.the ERT s clear-cut opinion is that: Faster progress will contribute to the evolution of the new European. With this in mind we have set out specific recommendations designed to carry the Union forward. We have our own ideas as to how these recommendations could be implemented, but recognise success depends crucially on the collaboration of Governments, business, educationalists and academia. The new European needs more than skills to make a success of the Knowledge Economy. He or she needs to be able to bring a spirit of enterprise to life as an employee and a citizen. Not necessarily in the sense of developing and pursuing business ideas, although Europe certainly needs more business entrepreneurs, but definitely in terms of developing a capacity for creativity, innovation, flexibility, team work and intellectual curiosity. Such an individual must be capable of taking charge of his or her employment destiny. Lifetime employment will not soon disappear, but it will be less relevant for many people. In pursuing other preferences and opportunities, they will need, among other things, to be able to identify emerging employment opportunities and to acquire the necessary training for them. The keys to European success in applying the new technologies lie in the rich diversity of talent, culture, knowledge and skills to be found in the Member States. In the enlarged European Union, we can create more and better jobs, through more and better growth. But, for the last ten years, Europe has been falling behind the US: the competitiveness gap is growing. While European companies continue to invest and innovate, increasingly they do so outside Europe. Quotation from Message from the European Round Table of Industrialists to the Stockholm European Council, March 2001: Action for Competitiveness Through the Knowledge Economy in Europe 10

13 THE REPORT 1. WHAT EU ACCESSION MEANS FOR HUNGARY The general view of HEBC companies since the establishment of HEBC in 1998 has been that Hungary s EU accession is a win-win situation for both economies. The previous HEBC reports dealt with the question What can the EU expect from Hungary? In this, the 5th report, HEBC would like to highlight among other things the opposite aspect as well, that is, what EU accession means for Hungary. General impact, internal and external market opportunities The examples of earlier EU enlargements have clearly shown that for member states accession represents a kind of pre-determined path, in a positive sense. This caused greater problems for some countries and less for others, depending largely on the country s level of preparedness and the extent to which it was prepared to adapt to community guidelines. Hungary will follow this positive pre-determined path until it reaches the average level of development of the present EU Members. However this is only one side of the question. The other is the future functioning of the European Union. If we want to realise the vision of the community of European countries in creating a third, and preferably the most competitive pole counter-balancing those of the United States and Japan, regions cannot be allowed to fall behind. The USA is economically homogeneous and, although there are internal differences, both economic policy-making and society are uniform. Europe must stand out by having a uniform policy and, as a part of that, a uniform foreign affairs policy in addition to a homogeneous system of economic regulators. The nations within the European Union will retain their differences and independence which can be a positive factor and an advantage, but both the economy and policies must be homogeneous in the interest of preserving competitiveness. There is every chance of achieving this if the political forces also see the need for it and partial interests are not allowed to take preference over the European interest. Raising the European ideal above the national ideal is not only a question of competitiveness but also a major communication and Public Relations task, which must be taken up by the European Parliament and the European administration. The 1st of May 2004, the expected accession date, will not be a big bang. People will not find that their world has changed. Enlargement will have long-term far-reaching effects. For most people the most visible evidence will be the lack of guards at the borders and the disappearance of tax-free goods. The European Union is developing and changing in itself. Already from 2004 Hungary will have to confront changes, which have not yet been introduced in the EU, but will be later. Hungary s economy, as that of a new member state, is expected to develop faster due to integration. This will result in an expanding market and better economic prospects for the existing member states, too. 11

14 THE REPORT Through its regional and structural policy the EU supports the reduction of economic and social differences among member countries, the fastest possible achievement of cohesion and the attainment of a uniform European standard of living. With its EU accession, Hungary will be part of this policy of support and development, which will give assistance to the more backward regions and development of human resources, environmental protection and the infrastructure. The efficient and well-timed use of the EU Structural and Cohesion funds is of key importance in the development of the Hungarian economy and in contributing to improving the competitiveness of the European economy. The impact of enlargement on consumption and sales is hard to predict. EU membership in itself is unlikely to make much difference to spending patterns, but two existing trends may have a major effect. Consumer purchasing power is expected to increase in CEE (see table), widening the market for top brands. On the other hand, there will also be heightened competition, the last chance to win a substantial market share. The table shows those relatively poor EU member countries beside several involved in accession which joined the EU at a later stage. It can also be clearly seen how EU membership positively influenced the lives of individuals. Disposable income per head ( ) Ireland 9,290 12,990 22,270 Spain 7,787 10,600 13,700 Greece 6,213 9,020 11,160 Portugal 5,920 7,570 10,000 Slovenia 5,297 5,176 7,071 Czech Republic 1,364 2,607 3,591 Poland 1,119 2,087 3,540 Hungary 1,650 2,262 3,199 Source: Eurostat: OECD: Economist Corporate Network 2002 December One of the impacts, which can be observed by the public in its day-to-day experience after accession is the elimination of internal frontiers. It will provide an opportunity for Hungary to further improve as a logistic centre and gain even more from its position in the EU as a gateway to the East. The new directions for Foreign Direct Investments may well be Bulgaria and Romania, so Hungary s position as a base requires more attention. Hungary has every potential to become a regional centre in competition with Austria. 12

15 THE REPORT Factors stimulating and hindering economic development Hungary s full EU membership will improve security for investors in Hungary by further strengthening the predictability and stability of the economic environment and considerably increasing the efficiency of European companies investing in Hungary. Hungary s legislative system is fully in harmony with the EU acquis and belonging to this system will substantially facilitate its operation. EU accession will create major challenges and changes with large additional opportunities for companies. To be prepared for membership from a company point of view means the adoption of the acquis, understanding the EU market and being ready for competition in the market. Several surveys (e.g. CAPE Survey ) show that only multinationals are fully ready for EU accession. A growing number of local companies, which are supplying the multinationals as sub-contractors, also meet EU standards. Companies have to be aware that the existing public subsidies to companies and preferential taxation systems will gradually be phased out and the few that remain will be subject to severe restrictions. A large number of industries which have their own specific regulations e.g. pharmaceuticals, transportation, the automotive and financial sectors will undergo radical changes as to which products are selected, how they are marketed and the new fiscal and legal framework with which they have to comply. Financial institutions in the new member states will have better access to the money markets in Europe but financial controls will be reinforced in order to meet European standards and certain fiscal professions will become subject to strict regulation. The elimination of frontiers and the free movement of goods will significantly facilitate and speeding up of transportation between and distribution among the member states and therefore make these operations less expensive. Consumers in these new member states will have the same rights as in the EU 15, particularly to complete and accurate information, and exporters will have to bring their warranties into line with those offered in the European Union. For individuals, accession to the EU will give them some driving force. However, it remains to be seen in several sectors and institutions how long it will be possible to maintain a situation where wages are relatively high and are not in harmony with productivity and efficiency. 13

16 THE REPORT What does Hungary know about the EU? If we ask what Hungary knows about the EU, in general we can say that people know that integration will bring benefits to most of them, and their acceptance level is high. The communication programs being implemented at the initiative of the Government and with its support, contribute well to giving everyone interested access to appropriate information on questions affecting them, as well as on the functioning of the EU. It will be especially important to provide information for those who will not benefit from enlargement. What does the EU know about Hungary? According to the experiences of HEBC companies, in many cases the general public of the EU does not have a realistic picture of Hungary. They are not sufficiently aware of its central location, the economic development achieved, or its competitiveness. The business communities of Members states know Hungary well but an image for the general public is missing. Spain or Portugal can be mentioned as good examples. They promote their countries as attractive places, especially for tourism. Few people know in the EU 15 that Hungary can be as attractive as these countries, for example, regarding its climate, although improvement is required, for example, in hotel facilities and in the infrastructure. Several Hungarian products reach the world standard, like Hungarian wines. Hungary is in the heart of Europe but it should be in the hearts of European people as well. Regional possibilities Regarding the regional possibilities, Hungary is part of Europe and its position will improve. A number of call-centres and accounting factories will move here. Hungary should not necessarily copy EU countries but should find those areas which have been basically neglected by them. Reserves are limited and development should take place where Hungary has its greatest potential, such as the software industry, IT, biotechnology, etc. EU Members in the Lisbon Economic Reform Agenda identified the strategic goal for Europe as follows: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic development with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion. It has not yet achieved concrete results. New member countries like Hungary should see how they can contribute to the development and growth of competitiveness and the economy of the EU as a whole. Hungary with its rapidly growing economy will improve the competitiveness of the European economy. There is no economic obstacle to Hungary s integration into the European Union, only administrative limits, but those are serious, involving further costs which could mean a competitive disadvantage. Although, among value-driven processes, innovation and the education system in Hungary have top priority, they should be promoted more effectively. Hungary has well-known businessmen who, after making their careers abroad, like to come back to Hungary. It would be interesting to promote the same ideas in the education system. Hungary has famous academics throughout the world who could contribute to the better image of Hungary. 14

17 THE REPORT RECOMMENDATIONS 1. HEBC member companies would like to draw the attention of the society the strength could draw from the feeling of belonging to the common Europe. European society will gain a great deal with the accession of the new member countries. However, the process of enlargement must be continued. We must achieve the point at the level of society where people, whilst preserving their national identity, feel they are European. 2. The success of the Copenhagen Summit, and closing the competition policy chapter is a typical example of the credibility of the democratic process. It showed clearly that integration does not mean giving up the interest of acceding countries. If new member countries can put forward serious arguments, the EU can accept them and try to find a compromise that benefits all parties. 3. Hungary will have to take into account all of the rules and regulations, and on this basis has to identify what really have to do, what is recommended and what needs to be handled locally. Hungary has achieved a very high level of adoption of the acquis. Hungary will participate in the Economic and Monetary Union upon accession but it will be longer before it participates in the Euro zone. 4. An effective, reasonable and more focused National Development Plan (NDP) has to ensure that the economy utilises EU resources as intensely as possible. Development programmes financed from non-eu resources have to be co-ordinated with the NDP. 5. An institutional system that supports tendering for EU resources has to be established. This performance-oriented process has to operate in line with the economic interests of the country and its regions. 6. It is advisable to introduce every economy developing measure prior to accession. 7. HEBC companies would like to take this opportunity to recommend to the Government that it make further investments in promoting Hungary and strengthening its image. 8. Commercial distribution (agencies, franchises, branches and subsidiaries) will have to take account of EU competition rules, in particular, exclusive distribution agreements will have to be carefully re-examined. 15

18 THE REPORT 2. ECONOMY The European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT) declared: Three years on, many of the Lisbon targets have not been met on time, putting in peril the overall goal for Last year, in Barcelona, the European Council added a further target: that European investment in R&D should be increased from the current level of 1,9% of GDP to approaching 3% in The ERT, whose Members possess a wealth of experience in R&D, has examined the Barcelona target thoroughly. Our conclusion is simple: while it is a good target, coherent with the Lisbon process, it is unrealistic in the timeframe unless there is a dramatic reappraisal of Europe s approach to innovation and its framework conditions for business. We urge the Spring 2003 European Council to support these proposals and to call for rapid implementation at all levels of decision making in the European institutions (with special responsibility for the Commission, for the newly established Competitiveness Council and Ecofin) and in the Member States. Quotation from the Message from the European Round Table of Industrialists to the Spring European Council, March 2003: The European Challenge There are two fundamental points of view we have to take into consideration when examining the development of economies in the 21st century: a) industry (both service and manufacturing industries) can only be developed in line with market demands, b) knowledge content is rapidly growing in products and services. The strategy leading the development of the Hungarian economy has to be harmonised with those European intentions about which the ERT states the following: Competitive advantage economy no longer relates purely to a product or service. It is much more dependent on the continuous acquisition of a new skills by people and companies and being ahead of the competition in exploiting critical knowledge. EU vs. US per capita GDP US GDP per capita EU GDP per capita Source: The European Challenge ERT March In current Euro. 16

19 THE REPORT It is not enough to launch economy developing programmes similar to the previous ones, but a change of mindset is necessary. It is of vital importance for Hungary to preserve and increase its competitiveness, not only in the economic sphere, but that of the country itself, in the public service sphere and the social service systems. Neither the economy as a whole, nor any of the branches of industry nor individual firms can be competitive if the country s soft and hard infrastructure is not competitive. All solutions must be directed at promoting Hungary s further integration into the European and global processes, must serve the competitiveness of the country and the economy and exploit its competitive advantages. One of the greatest benefits of accession for society could be the raising of the standard of living and quality of life gradually, to approach that of the EU member countries. Without this, accession cannot be successful. To achieve it requires a prosperous economy, which must be based on raising competitiveness to the desired level. Hungary s economic background predestines it to a role in the innovative branches of industry and in creating a knowledge-based economy. At the same time there are special areas where Hungary s regional and geographical location could represent a competitive advantage. They will never become a global advantage, but they could be advantages in competition on a regional level. Hungary could move in the direction of developing logistics services and by exporting its know-how. The knowledge of the process of transformation from a planned economy to a market economy, which began earlier in Hungary than in the surrounding countries, such as Czech Republic, Slovakia or Slovenia, in certain sectors e.g. the energy sector, is a competitive advantage. Hungary is no longer only a country receiving capital investment but is one which also invests capital. Structured, focused assistance by economic policy instruments or the political sphere in general for these few Hungarian companies could help to give Hungary substantial economic weight out of all proportion to its size at regional level in the united Europe. As regards the development of economy, both international processes and internal opportunities have to be taken into consideration. A new opportunity is the increased importance of economic co-operation within the region. (see later) The ERT called the attention of the European Union to two aspects as early as 2001: Success in the Knowledge Economy will not be guaranteed just by teaching people technological skills. There is a broader cultural requirement for entrepreneurship and risk-taking, and without it the EU s competitiveness could be seriously damaged within a matter of ten years. The looming crisis for EU business posed by the growing shortage of professionals in information, communication and other technologies. This shortage is handicapping growth, innovation and productivity. 17

20 THE REPORT GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS BY ERT ADDRESSED TO EUROPE: 1. Recasting of nations educational systems is required so that they enable everyone to acquire the new skills they need through a process of lifelong learning. 2. Encouraging employers to upgrade the skills of the existing workforce, 3. creating a friendly environment for innovation and entrepreneurship, 4. and reinventing Government for the online era is recommended. Quotation from the Message from the European Round Table of Industrialists to the Stockholm European Council, March 2001: Action for Competitiveness through the Knowledge Economy in Europe THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF HEBC: 1. During making decisions on central measures as well as taking these measures, the guiding principle has to be the increase in the competitiveness of economy and that of Hungary. 2. Differentiated and segmented economic and industrial policies are needed. These measures must not include general terms only. There are industries where, due to various reasons, the chance for a rapid catching up and for achieving success is more significant in the European environment. 3. The opportunity for investing Hungarian capital abroad, most of all in the region, as well as the support and organising activities of these investments, have to be represented in Hungary s economic policy in a more emphasised way. 2.1 INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES Increasing competitiveness by any means available is a fundamental aim and daily task for companies. Globalisation of competition requires successful and forward-looking company management systems based on strategy and focused on business. In addition to this the management has to achieve aims which are, in essence, contradictory such as to improve both quality and efficiency, to achieve increased sales at a reduced price level and decreased costs at the same time. To fulfill these requirements to increase efficiency in the usual way is no longer enough, therefore the reorganisation of the structure of industries began. The boundaries of company activities are changing. Relationships with suppliers are changing too. The technological level of suppliers activity is generally increasing. In the sphere of manufacturing the proportion of hardware to software is significantly changing in the favour of the latter. 18

Skills Development at the National University of Public Service Presented by Ágnes Jenei National University of Public Service Faculty of Public Administration Public Ethics and Communication 13. 12. 2013

A KKV-k Informatikai Infrastruktúrájának vizsgálata a Visegrádi országokban The Analysis Of The IT Infrastructure Among SMEs In The Visegrád Group Of Countries Dr. Sasvári Péter Egyetemi docens MultiScience

Smart City strategy in Hungary Dr. Kálmán Kovács Director, Federated Innovation and Knowledge Centre of Budapest University of Technology, Hungary 9th IT STAR, Warsawa, 8-9 October 2015 Topic I - National

General information for the participants of the GTG Budapest, 2017 meeting Currency is Hungarian Forint (HUF). 1 EUR 310 HUF, 1000 HUF 3.20 EUR. Climate is continental, which means cold and dry in February

Factor Analysis Factor analysis is a multiple statistical method, which analyzes the correlation relation between data, and it is for data reduction, dimension reduction and to explore the structure. Aim

This document has been provided by the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). ICNL is the leading source for information on the legal environment for civil society and public participation.

Hypothesis Testing Petra Petrovics PhD Student Inference from the Sample to the Population Estimation Hypothesis Testing Estimation: how can we determine the value of an unknown parameter of a population

Mangalica: The VM-MOE Treaty The agreement 2013 the Goverment of Hungary decided to launch a strategic cooperation with the MOE. The deal is based in the Hungarian Pig Development Strategy (3 to 6 millon

a zott az 1960 e z r ben e r es i a a i r meghaladja t The Republic of Korea is one of the newly industrializing economies of Asia (ANIES) which showed spectacular economic development during the recent

Petra Petrovics Statistical Inference 1 st lecture Descriptive Statistics Inferential - it is concerned only with collecting and describing data Population - it is used when tentative conclusions about

Közgazdász Fórum Forum on Economics and Business 16 (1), 21 35. 2013/1 7 The activity of chambers of commerce an international perspective ERIKA SZILÁGYINÉ DR. FÜLÖP One of the economical and political

HUNGARY - Bevándoroltak részére kiadott személyazonosító igazolvány (Blue booklet form or card format issued for permanent residents - from 1 January 2000 a new card format has been introduced and issued)

2004 FOR A COMPETITIVE HUNGARY IN A COMPETITIVE EUROPE The Report of the Hungarian European Business Council VERSENYKÉPES MAGYARORSZÁGÉRT A VERSENYKÉPES EURÓPÁBAN A Magyar Európai Üzleti Tanács jelentése

1. Species Information 1.1 Member State Hungary 1.2.2 Natura 2000 code A129 1.3 Species name Otis tarda 1.3.1 Sub-specific population 1.4 Alternative species name 1.5 Common name túzok 1.6 Season Breeding

COOPERATION IN THE CEREAL SECTOR OF THE SOUTH PLAINS REGIONS STRÉN, BERTALAN Keywords: cooperation, competitiveness, cereal sector, region, market. Using a questionnaire, we determined the nature and strength

To ensure the functioning of the site, we use cookies. We share information about your activities on the site with our partners and Google partners: social networks and companies engaged in advertising and web analytics. For more information, see the Privacy Policy and Google Privacy &amp Terms.
Your consent to our cookies if you continue to use this website.