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Research within regulatory fit framework has shown that athletes perform better when in a state of regulatory fit. This state occurs when there is a match between a player’s chronic regulatory focus and the framing of the given task. In a counterbalanced within-groups experimental design, bowling players (N = 34) performed various rounds of the same ecologically-valid pin-setting configuration under two different experimental conditions: in a promotion manner (aspiration to make the spare) and in a prevention manner (obligation not to miss the spare). Results showed no significant relationship between regulatory fit and bowling performance. Findings are discussed in terms of task difficulty and experimental manipulation in relation to regulatory fit theory.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how individuals with boundless work enable their recovery in relation to their work situation, and identify which factors enable the individual's recovery experience of an activity. Ten people, seven women and three men aged 31-58, participated in the study's semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed in a qualitative content analysis. The result showed that control, relaxation, mastery, pleasure and social support were the individuals' recovery experiences, both during and after working hours, and that they often, but not always, lead to psychological detachment from work. The result also showed four individual based factors, individual preference, energy level, degree of conscious presence and level of stress, and four situational factors, degree of socialization, degree of autonomy, job situation and degree of variation that enable the recovery experience of an activity. The conclusion is that recovery from work is important for the individual's well-being, just as theory and empirical evidence have shown, and for individuals with boundless work continuous recovery is necessary both during and after working hours, which often involves psychological detachment but not always. The individual needs to take control, set boundaries and make time for relaxation, mastery, pleasure and social support, and taking into account the individual and situational based factors when choosing recovery activity.

The purpose of this study was to get an idea of ​​how the leaders in the real estate industry perceive and manage boundless working conditions. Questions that were answered were how the leaders in the service influence and control the employees' working conditions. Also how the communication strategies are designed to facilitate the work towards common goals, when tasks are not limited to the workplace. The study examine if boundless working conditions is characterized by unspoken expectations. Based on the current view, seven interviews were conducted with leaders from six organizations in the real estate brokerage. The results showed that the industry is controlled by few limits and that leaders use different strategies to maximize performance and wellbeing. It is a commission-based industry in which all work is according to individual performance where results are measured before the time spent at work. By explicit strategies of working and labor leaders are trying to reduce inequalities, and so they try to also reduce the scope of the psychological contract in certain aspects.

The purpose of the study was to examine how high school students wish to receive feedback in physical education, if positive feedback from the P.E. teacher is perceived as beneficial to the students’ motivation and also to examine if the motivational climate is perceived as task oriented or ego oriented by the students. In total 8 high school students (4 boys, 4 girls) at the age of 16 participated. Semi structured interview guides were used during the interviews who took place in a private and neutral location. The informants wanted positive feedback and instructive feedback. Positive feedback was perceived as beneficial to the informants’ motivation. They also perceived encouragement as beneficial to their motivation. Both task oriented and ego oriented motivational climate were experienced. However the P.E. teacher was perceived as using a task oriented approach. The informants’ answers related to both Self determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and Achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989). According to the study, the P.E. teacher’s feedback approach should concentrate on positive, encouraging, instructing and constructive feedback and have a task oriented approach.

Objectives: To assess the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural consequences of sport career termination of national and international level athletes in three nations.

Design and methods: Athletes of Germany (n=88), Lithuania (n=65), and Russia (n=101) were asked to describe in retrospect their reactions to career termination. The Athletic Retirement Questionnaire developed by the first two authors and presented in three corresponding languages was used. Planning of retirement and national identity served as independent variables. Dependent variables were reasons and circumstances for career termination, participants’ emotional reactions, coping reactions, athletic identity during and after sport career, and adjustment to life after career termination.

Results: Analyses of variance revealed significant main effects of retirement planning and national identity on most dependent variables. Planning of retirement contributed to significantly better cognitive, emotional, and behavioural adaptation. In addition, high athletic identity contributed to less positive reactions to retirement and to more problems in the adaptation process. The emotional reactions of Russian and Lithuanian athletes were similar, but differed from the German athletes who, in general, showed more positive and lesser negative emotions after retirement. Though accepting the reality of retirement was the most often used coping strategy among all participants, Lithuanian athletes showed more denial and Russian athletes more distraction strategies after retirement than the other nations.

Compared to other disciplines of psychology, sport and exercise psychology is a very young field. Sport psychology associations were founded in a variety of countries (particularly in Europe and North America) in the 1960es and later, after the first World Congress of Sport Psychology had taken place in Rome in 1965. Despite the fact that even in those ages quite a few women were studying psychology and afterwards starting a scientific career, females in sport psychology were extremely underrepresented. One of the reasons could lie in the fact that sport, much more than psychology, was a stereotypically male field, with only a few opportunities available to women. Making a career in sport psychology was then a double contradiction for women. First, making a career in general contradicted the typical female role, and second, making a career in sport meant an untypical field for women.

The presentation will be structured as a dialogue between the two presenters – female sport psychologists working in the field for more than 30 years. Both were born and started their careers during the period of the Cold War: Dorothee Alfermann in the Federal Republic of Germany, and Natalia Stambulova in the Soviet Union. Both countries do not exist on the European map any more reflecting dramatic political, social and economic changes in Europe during the last two decades. All the changes in the European context put their impacts on the development of sport and exercise psychology in Europe including overall organizational development, as well as female careers and their contributions to European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC), other international sport psychology organizations (e.g., ISSP, AASP) and international sport psychology events (e.g., Congresses). The dialogue will be structured around the following three themes: (a) the presenters’ own careers analyzed from the point of gender issues (e.g., female professional role models and mentors), (b) history of European sport and exercise psychology, foundation of FEPSAC and contribution of its first President Ema Geron (1969-1973), and (c) female sport psychology professionals’ role in today’s European sport psychology and their contributions to FEPSAC, ISSP, AASP, national sport psychology associations, the editorial board of Psychology of Sport and Exercise, the European Forum of Applied Sport Psychologists, the European Master’s Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology (EMSSEP), and the recent European Master’s (Mundus) Program in Sport and Exercise Psychology (EMPSEP).

7. Causes and consequences of career termination

Alfermann, Dorothee

et al.

Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.

Stambulova, Natalia

Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI), Center for Sport and Health Science (CIHF).

The purpose of the study was to investigate motivationalfactors, passionfactors and level of confidence players among the youth Swedish nationalteam in soccer. Furthermore the relationship between passion and confidence was investigated and also how motiovation is related to passion and confidence. 288 male and female soocer players aged between 15-17 (M=16.02, Sd=1.06) took part of the study. Vealey Sportconfidence Scale (VSS), Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) andThe Passion Scale (PS) was used in the study. The results showed statistically significant relationships between passion, motivation and confidence. The results showed that internal motivational factors was most common in youth national team players and that harmonic passion showed a more significant relationship with confidence than obsessive passion did. Further the results were analyzed and discussed in relation theories and earilier findings. Like all fields of research, further research on a wider population and with larger sample is needed in order to establish any form of conclusions.

The purpose of this study was to examine former golf players’ experiences of their career

termination. The following questions were asked: (1) What barriers does golf players experience during the career termination? (2) What resources does golf players experience during the career termination? (3) What strategies does the golf players identify as useful during a career termination. Semi structured interviews were conducted with four female and one male golf players on international level. Through a qualitative content analysis (Hassmén & Hassmén, 2008) 18 high order themes emerged distrubuted on barriers (6), resources (7) and strategies (5). Prominent themes that emerged as both barriers and resources were identity, volontariness of retriment, preparations and social support. The strategies preparations, find new pursuits, social support, take advantage of the golf career and have an optimistic approach were identified as useful. The themes are discussed based on the theoretical framework and previous research. Suggestions for future research and implications are given.

Penalty-taking performance in handball within a self-regulatory focus framework was examined. In a two-independent group design, regulatory framings (either promotion or prevention) were given to participants (N = 25) prior to penalty-taking. More precisely, Swedish male (n = 15) and female (n = 10) players of the third male and second female Swedish Leagues were randomly allocated to shoot three penalties each under either a promotion-framed (n = 13; Mage = 20.77, SD = 3.77 years) or a prevention-framed (n = 12; Mage = 19.25, SD = 2.09 years) condition. Positive and negative affect were measured to assess pre-performance emotional states. Findings showed that promotion–focused individuals performed better in a promotion– framed penalty (i.e. fit) than in a prevention–framed (i.e. mismatch). Moreover, when in regulatory fit, pre-performance positive emotions were reported to be greater than when in mismatch. Findings are discussed in terms of role of fit and emotional states in pressureperformance critical situations.

The purpose of this study is to see if there is a relationship between health-promoting leadership and employee’s well-being. According to the hypothesis, and with knowledge in the field, individuals with high well-being should experience health-promoting leadership. The study was conducted with quantitative method using a questionnaire survey. Study participants consisted of 63 employees from health-care in southern Sweden. Results shows that there is a correlation between health-promoting leadership and employee’s well-being at the investigated workplace. The result in our study indicates that the correlation that earlier research concluded about health-promoting leadership and well-being is confirmed. However, future research should focus on making the link between health-promoting leadership and well-being clearer to gain further understanding of how the relationship works.

The purpose of this paper was to gain knowledge about the conversation about developmental opportunities in the organization, and how a company uses it. The focus was on four different themes, purpose of the conversation about developmental opportunities in the organization, planning, execution and content, feedback. The sample consisted of six people, three employees and three managers of the company. The interviews were conducted by an interview guide, one for the employees and one for the managers. The results of the interviews showed that the conversation about developmental opportunities in the organization was used by managers to make all employees to strive in the same direction, an opportunity for employees to reconcile how their work performance is perceived by their managers, the use of a preparation model differs between managers and feedback was important. In the discussion, the authors analysed the four themes and compared them to previous research.

Institutions are be/e/ing urged today to bring in sustainable development as part of the education, which is the foundation for this thesis purpose. University of Halmstad established in year 2013, the Sustainable Development Committee where one of the goals is to make students and staff aware of the work. We as students have never been in contact with the concept and from there have an interest in what social psychology can contribute to the expansion of sustainable development in an institution. The essay is based on a qualitative study based on empirical material collected from interviews with members of the Commission for Sustainable Development in an institution of higher learning. The purpose of the study is to seek an understanding of the barriers and opportunities that may arise in the implementation of guidelines for sustainable development at a higher education institution. The study gives an overview of some of the barriers and opportunities that arise in its implementation. The main focus lies in the basis of our social psychological knowledge to understand the ecological importance of communication, both through text and humans and between humans. We believe that it is the communication that is the basis for coordination of actions. The thesis theoretical emphasis is found in Niklas Luhmnnas system theory, Dorothy Smiths institutional ethnography and Johan Asplunds theory of ”social responsiveness”. The results show that coordination locally is partially affected by translocal coordination and interpretation, and understanding has a significant impact on the coordination of efforts to promote ecological awareness.

Exercise dependence is a maladaptive pattern of exercise with a craving for physical activity that results in extreme exercise that may generate mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Previous research suggests that individuals with certain personality traits are more prone to develop exercise dependence. However, research on personality traits and exercise dependence is still limited. In the current study, predictive abilities of anxiety, obsessive passion and appearance orientation on exercise dependence were investigated. A longitudinal design was adopted to investigate if personality related factors could predict exercise dependence. The sample consisted of 206 regular exercisers (100 males and 106 females) from various exercise groups, sport clubs and sport science classes in Sweden (Mage = 28,5 years; SD = 9,97). The LPA (Latent Profile Analysis) showed that a model with two profiles provided best fit to the data, and that profile belonging at T1 could predict measures of exercise dependence at T2. Profile 1: “high risk exercisers” reported significantly higher levels of exercise dependence, anxiety, obsessive passion and appearance orientation compared to Profile 2: “low risk exercisers”. This study highlights factors that may characterize people who develop exercise dependence. High-risk exercisers are obsessively passionate about their training and exercise may function as a tool to cope with anxiety. If the individual for some reason is prevented from training, feelings of anxiety and guilt are often experienced. Furthermore, these individuals tend to be self-conscious about how they look and appear to other people. To them, exercise may also work as a way to achieve body ideals. The results of the current study suggest plausible mechanisms of why exercise behaviours become unhealthy and uncontrollable for some exercisers whereas others manage to remain healthy.

The objectives of the study were: (a) to examine the Canadian National Hockey League (NHL) players’ internal and external barriers associated with the demands at each NHL career stage and status together with across-career barriers, and (b) to feature the Canadian NHL players’ barriers in the empirical career model. Five rookies, five veterans, and 13 retirees agreed to participate in conversational interviews before their transcripts underwent an interpretive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2012). Prospects face draft year pressure and team camp anxiety. Rookies and sophomores deal with insecurity with teammates and roster spot uncertainty. Prime veterans have to manage ruminating over missed chances while seasoned veterans struggled with social connections. Across career stages and statuses, NHL players deal with career threatening injuries and conflicts with head coach. After discussing how these results contribute to the empirical career model of Canadian NHL players and also extend the career transition and maladaptation literatures, delimitations and future directions are proposed for sport psychology researchers.

Elite athletes push themselves physically and psychologically to their limits in order to develop as athletes and to deliver top performances. To succeed, the athletes must manage their energy. This is particularly important in the periods of high demand on the athletes’ resources (Kellmann, Altenburg, Lormes, & Steinacker, 2001). These include training camps and competitions, because such events are generally intense and likely to induce increased stress, and their schedules often do not allow sufficient time for recovery (Elbe & Kellmann, 2007; Foster, Snyder, & Welsh, 1999). In 2015, the Danish national orienteering coach decided, as a new initiative, to include a three-week training camp in their preparation for the World Championship. The coach was aware that such a long period of intense focus on orienteering would require efficient energy management in the athletes. Therefore, the coach supported the research team in this study aimed at monitoring the athletes’ stress-recovery states during the preparatory camp and the World Championship, with further exploration of the athletes’ perceived sources of stress and recovery during the same period. From a research perspective, the present study is exclusive because of monitoring world-class athlete-participants during their preparation and participation in their most important event. From an applied perspective, searching for efficient processes for energy management during long-term training camps and competitions might become a frontier for improvement of athletes’ preparation and performance.

38. "Organizing for excellence"

Becker-Larsen, Astrid

et al.

University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

Stambulova, Natalia

Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI), Health and Sport.

Elite level athletes are under considerable pressure to perform, why energy management is a natural part of the life of elite athletes. Energy management is particularly important during periods of high demand on their resources, such as during training camps and competitions, which are often intense and do not allow sufficient time for recovery. Research on recovery has mainly focused on individual physical and physiological strategies. In the 2015 World Championship, the Danish national orienteering team was the best nation, winning four gold medals. In the present study we examined: (a) the stress-recovery states of the Danish orienteers during a three-week preparatory training camp and the following 2015 World Championship, and (b) their perceived sources of stress and recovery during the two events. The study was designed as mixed-method with the RESTQ-sport questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and a coach’s journal as the data sources used longitudinally during the camp and the championship. Results revealed: (a) well-balanced stress-recovery states among all athletes during the entire period; and (b) perceived sources of stress and recovery classified into organizational, social, personal, and athletic. The athletes themselves stated that their well-balanced stress-recovery states positively affected their learning, well-being, and performance. The organizational strategies played a key role in reducing athletes’ unnecessary stress and in facilitating individual recovery. We suggest that “organizing for excellence”, keeping in mind athletes' energy management, is a special task for coaches and managers when preparing for camps and competitions.

The purpose of the study is to investigate any correlations between three personality traits; self-esteem, accuracy, belongingness and conformity. The study investigates the difference in degree of conformity in simpler and harder evaluation situations. The method requires a mix-up of real participants and confederates who attempts two face recognition tests, one hard and one easy to see if degree of conformity differs between simpler and harder tasks. The hypothesis is that individuals with high degrees of need for belongingness and accuracy are more likely to conform to the opinion of the group and people with high degrees of self-esteem conforms less. The hypothesis also states that more people tend to conform on the hard, rather than the simpler test. Altogether 94 persons participated in the study, 47 persons participated in the experimental group and 47 persons in the control group. Distributions in terms of sex were 53 men and 41 women. The result showed significant results in conformity and difficulty. The results also showed that conformity increased along with task difficulty i.e. the harder the test the more conformity. No significant values were presented between the personality traits and degree of conformity, the reason might be that the study itself didn’t investigate normative and informative conformity by themselves which is why no correlations were found between conformity and personal factors.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise dependence, basic psychological needs, perfectionism and anxiety. Specifically, the purpose was to examine if the relationship between psychological needs thwarting and exercise dependence as well as socially prescribed perfectionism and exercise dependence was mediated by anxiety. Participants were 59 team sport athletes with the mean age 20.36 years from twelve different team sport clubs in Sweden. Data were analysed using PROCESS tool in the program Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The PROCESS analysis indicated that anxiety did not mediate the relationship between psychological needs thwarting and exercise dependence or socially prescribed perfectionism and exercise dependence. Further, the results showed that needs thwarting and perfectionism had a direct effect on exercise dependence. This indicates that needs thwarting and socially prescribed perfectionism should be considered risk factors for exercise dependence in team sports. Anxiety did not predict exercise dependence. Based on the findings, exercise dependence is a complex process where different personal and social factors interact. Further research is recommended to increase the understanding about potential risk factors and mediating mechanisms that can explain how exercise dependence develop in team sports.

The aim of the study is to gain an understanding how preschool teachers motivates to their work. What factors increases or reduces the motivation in the workplace, and what is the significance of the work design for motivation and job satisfaction? The study was based on Herzberg (1993) two factor theory on motivation and Hackman and Oldmans The Job Characteristics Model (Robbins & Judge, 2007) explaining that the work arrangement can be seen as the basis of how motivated the personal is. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews. Six preschool teachers were interviewed about the experience whether job satisfaction and motivation arises. Results show that as a primary basis for job satisfaction is a good relationship with colleagues. Results also show that children's development is as a basis for the respondents motivation in their professional. The children developing and the social support motivate the respondents to continue their effort and also motivates them to remain in the workplace. Besides positive factors results show inhibitory factors of motivation. Things such as to little time for planning and for educational discussions. Furthermore, the interviews think that too much responsibility and high demands in relation to the resources they have to provide is also something that inhibition their motivation. The results have been processed with Herzberg (1993) two factors theory on motivation and job satisfaction. The design of work has been compared to Hackman and Oldman (Robbins & Judge, 2007) theory.

The self and the elusive necessity of the subject: outline of a social- psychological critique of Judith Butler In her widely cited and criticised Gender trouble, Judith Butler (1990) elaborated the thought that gender needs to be understood as performative – a certain kind of doing behind the bars of a hegemonic heterosexual imperative that governs intelligible bodily configurations. Drawing mainly on psychoanalytical and foucauldian arguments, Butler dwells upon numerous important questions concerning power and subjectivity while arguing that subjects need to conform to the heterosexual matrix in order to gain intelligibility. However, she does not manage to emphasize the importance of situating neither the subject nor the body in a social reality. Due to the problematic and sometimes unclear differentiation between the concepts of performance and performativity as well as the somewhat obscure idea of subjectivity, self and corporeality that are put forward in Butler’s theorizing, it is here argued that her theoretical framework needs to be re-conceptualized from the viewpoint of social psychology. Combining a theoretical framework that draws upon Butler (1990; 1993; 1997a and 1997b) with a symbolic interactionist perspective (Blumer 1969; Mead 1995), this paper aims at locating intersections, gaps and similarities between these rather disparate perspectives. Initiating such a venture, the argument pursued in this paper revolves around the concept of social self and the ways this concept possibly can elaborate Butler’s theory. It is argued that a social psychological take on butlerian thinking can enhance and further elaborate an understanding of the processes involved in the doing of gender.

To gain a deeper understanding of why women, diagnosed with mental distress, reported good physical and mental health. What could the reason be and how did they feel four to five years later?

Method:

In-depth interviews were conducted with seven women; age 33 to 52, who worked in a Swedish male-dominated industry. The methodological approach relied on grounded theory.

Results:

A conceptual model was generated in the analysis, describing a temporal process of change in the women's self-image. Three core concepts illuminated this process:(1) maintaining an ideal self-image, (2) waking up/reappraising health and (3) struggling for a realistic self. The women were moving away from facades of meeting social expectations and pleasing others toward trusting and setting boundaries for themselves. Moving away from symptoms such asasthma, migraine and infections, as well as family problems, they felt and hoped that they had more control over their lives.

Conclusions:

A conceptual model was proposed to illustrate a temporal change in women's self-image related to their changing perception of health. Women's newway of life challenges the support system within organizations and society.

The purpose of the study at Swedish football academies was (1) to investigate the relationship between perceived talent development environment, self-determination and general well-being and (2) to study how perceived talent development environment and self-determination predicted general well-being. 117 male football players aged between 14-19

(M=16,61, Sd=1,05) took part of the study. The participants were all members of one out of five elite football academies, and they played either in "pojkallsvenskan" (N=60) or in "juniorallsven-skan" (N=57). Self-Determination Scale (SDS) was used to measure experience of self-determination, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) measured perceived general psy-chological health and Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDQE) measured how the player’s perceived the talent development environment. The results showed positive statistically significant relationships between the variables perceived talent development envi-ronment, self-determination and general well-being. The results also showed that perceived talent development environment and self-determination could explain 27,5% of the variation in players general well-being. The results were analyzed and discussed in relation to The Model of Effective Talent Development Environments and Self-Determination Theory in ad-dition to previous research.

Dental fear is a common and widespread problem, which can cause severe stress. Even so, most patients with dental fear undergo regular dental treatment in spite of their fear and many enjoy good oral health. The aim of this study was to obtain a deeper understanding of how patients with dental fear manage to undergo dental treatment. Fourteen patients with dental fear, who undergo regular dental care, were interviewed. Qualitative analysis of the transcribed interviews was performed according to the principles of grounded theory. A conceptual framework was generated, and the main concern was identified as 'making dental care possible - a mutual affair'. Four additional categories explained how patients handled their dental fear and how dental care became possible. The strategies were labelled 'taking part in a mental wrestling match', 'trust-filled interaction with dental staff', 'striving for control' and 'seeking and/or receiving social support'. The results showed that making dental care possible for patients with dental fear is a mutual challenge that requires interplay between dental staff and patients, involving verbal and non-verbal communication reflecting respect, attention, and empathy. Moreover, a balance between nearness and distance and between professional and personal treatment is required.

The aim of the study was to investigate the existence of overconfidence and how it varies between different types of judgments and individuals. The instruments that were used were both a questionnaire about inhabitants in Swedish municipalities including self-judgmental questions of performance and the Swedish questionnaire of General Self-Efficacy. A total of 65 male respondents were examined. The result showed that overconfidence did not occur; the respondents were realistic in judgments of their own performances. The difference between judgment and performance did not vary between different types of judgments. Furthermore the result showed no correlation between general self-efficacy and difference between judgment and performance. Although a negative correlation was shown between the underconfidents’ general self-efficacy and underconfidence. Suggestions on future studies are to further investigate the realism in different confidence measurements, and to investigate correlation between self-efficacy and overconfidence with questionnaires that are designed to generate overconfidence.