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Teacher Notes: To avoid being burned, and to avoid having the lamp go out, it had to balanced carefully to hold the burning oil inside the rounded part of the spoon-like oil lamp.

Teacher Notes: Caves with paintings in them have been found in many parts of the world. There are probably more caves to be discovered.

Answers: Someone who gathers food growing wild, and hunts for food. A time in history when tools were made from stone Fire helped people survive. Fire was a source of heat, to stay warm in the Ice Age. Fire let them cook their food, which reduced the incident of disease. The ability to make fire allowed them to live and move about freely, in search of food and shelter, knowing they could relight a fire when needed. It was the Ice Age. They walked. Stick figures of people, well drawn animals, and stencil drawings of human hand prints No one knows. It’s a history mystery. Archaeologists have put many pieces of the past together. But there are many pieces yet to be discovered.

Early humans

1.
The First HumansHominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives. Written by Lin Donn Illustrated by Phillip Martin

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65 Million Years AgoNo matter what you may haveseen in the movies, early mandid not live during the sameperiod in history as dinosaurs!Dinosaurs died out about 65million years ago. The first humanlike hominids did not appear untilaround 3 million years ago.Not that early man had it easy, but he did not have tofight dinosaurs!

4.
Very Early HumansIt was during this time that the higherprimates, including apes and early man,first appeared.There was a difference between apesand man. Early human-like hominidscould stand upright. Apes could not.Their hands were different, too.Ape hands were made for climbingand clinging. Man’s hands werejointed differently, which allowedthem to make and use tools.

5.
Very Early Humans How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago? Lucy told them!

6.
LucyIn 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones werethose of a female, about 20 years old or so when shedied. Scientists named her Lucy. About 3 million yearsago, when Lucy was alive, she was about4 feet tall and weighed about 50 pounds.Scientists suspect that she fell into a lakeor river and drowned.Scientists are like detectives.They can tell a great deal from askeleton, whether its one year oldor 3 million years old!

7.
Fossils & ArtifactsScientists use many clues to help them put pieces of thepast together. One thing they must know is the differencebetween a fossil and an artifact.Fossils are remains of livingthings (plants, animals, people),not things that were made.Artifacts are remains ofthings that were made, notremains of living things.

8.
Handy Man The Stone Age refers to the materials used to make man-made tools. In the Stone Age, man made tools out of stone. “Handy Man” was one of the first hominids to use stone tools. Hunters & Gatherers: The Old Stone Age people were hunters/gatherers. We know this because scientists have found fossils and artifacts, which reveal traces of their life. These people did not plant crops. They gathered wild fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables.

9.
Handy ManThese early human-like hominidswere taller and smarter than Lucy’speople, but they did not know howto make fire.When they broke camp, theyprobably tried to bring fire withthem by carrying lit branches touse to start a new campfire.If their branches went out, theydid without fire until they foundsomething burning.

10.
Upright ManMany years passed. Another group of man was born.Scientists nicknamed this group “Upright Man”. UprightMan did know how to make fire.That changed everything!People began to cook their food,which helped to reduce disease.People collected around the fireeach night, to share stories of thedays hunt and activities, whichhelped to develop a spirit ofcommunity.

11.
Upright ManThese Stone Age people were about thesame size as modern humans. Theirtool-making skills were considerablyimproved. Their weapons included stoneaxes and knives.Because Upright Man could make fire,he was free to move about in searchof food. He did not have to worryabout freezing. He made warm clothesfrom animal skins. At night, he built acampfire to cook his food and to staywarm.

12.
Man Leaves Home About one million years ago, Upright Man began to slowly leave Africa. These early people began to populate the world. They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! They traveled across giant walkways of frozen ice, over what later would become vast rivers and seas. Scientists have found artifacts of their tools and weapons, which help us to understand how they lived, where they went, and how they got there.

13.
NeanderthalsOne day, scientists found a new skeleton. This skeletonwas from another group of early men. Scientists namedthis man Neanderthal man, after the valley in which theskeleton had been found.Scientists announced thatthese early men were dim-witted brutes, who walkedwith bent knees, with theirheads slung forward ontheir big necks. Couldthese early people reallybe our ancestors?

14.
NeanderthalsBut scientists had made a mistake!The bones were bentbecause they were partof the skeleton of an oldman suffering fromarthritis! Arthritis is adisease that bends andcripples bones.

15.
Neanderthals Still, Neanderthals were different from other species of early humans. They were tall and smart, and used caves as their homes. They were great hunters. Considering how smart they were, and how advanced for their time, scientists are puzzled that the Neanderthals were one of the early species of man to die out. Many species of man died out in these early days. But why the Neanderthals? It is a history mystery.

16.
Cro-Magnon ManAnother group of early men stood out duringthis period. Scientists nicknamed this group“Cro-Magnon man”.Cro-Magnon man lived in Europe.This group did not live a life ofconstant struggle for survival becausethey worked together to provide foodfor their tribe.

17.
Cro-Magnon ManThese Stone Age people learned to cure and store foodfor the long winter. They used traps, which allowed themto catch food while they were busy doing something else.Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks.Some groups built rafts and canoesto catch bigger fish in deeper waters.They made clothing andjewelry. They invented the bowand arrow.

18.
Cave PaintingsCro-Magnon man did something rather unusual. Forsome reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves,on cave walls.His paintings were added to thepaintings already on the cave walls,left by other Cro-Magnon men.Over time, a cavemight accumulatehundreds of paintings.Colors used most oftenwere brown, yellow/tan,dark red, and coal black.

19.
Cave PaintingsAnimals were well drawn and filled in with natural colorsto give them even more shape and substance. They drewstick figures for hunters. They drew stencils of hands.

20.
Cave PaintingsTo reach the deepest part of the cave, where otherpaintings could be found, Cro-Magnon man had to crawlthrough the maze like tunnels of the cave, holding aspoon-like oil lamp to light his way, while carrying hiscarefully prepared paints.

21.
A MysteryIt was quite dangerous. Cro-Magnon man had no idea if hemight run into a cave lion. He might fall into a hole and die.Why did he do it? Perhaps it was a coming of ageceremony, or perhaps it served a religious purpose.Maybe it was a sort of, “I was here.” There are many history mysteries. This is one of them.

22.
Lascaux FranceThe existence of cave paintings was discovered byaccident. Around 1940, during World War II, some kids were playing in a field in Lascaux, France. They stumbled across a cave entrance. It had been hidden by the tree roots. The walls were covered with cave paintings! Once people knew the paintings existed, they looked for more such caves, and found them.

23.
RecapWe know about early Stone Age people becausescientists have found fossils and artifacts that revealtraces of their life.Man went through many stagesto evolve into the humans oftoday! Since this evolutioncovers roughly 3 million years,you might say it took man along time to grow up!

24.
Early Humans Questions1. What is a hunter-gatherer?2. What is a Stone Age?3. Why was the ability to make fire so important?4. How could early humans travel from Africa to Australia without a boat?5. What did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls?6. Why did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls?

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