Preface
This Expository Glossary of Terms used in Messianic Teaching is under continual development for a study group that has been meeting in the Helderberg area of South Africa since mid-1995. We plan to publish several studies on the Messiah, entitled: ú " ú # ú $ King Messiah The Coming of King Messiah Footsteps of the Messiah in the Appointed Times of YHWH.

The Expository Glossary of Terms used in Messianic Teaching explains unfamiliar terms that talmidim (students; taught ones; apprentices under discipline) of Rabbi Yahushua from Natzeret will encounter in their studies. Students are requested to notify us (in writing) of all difficult terms used in the monographs listed above, which have been left out, or are not adequately explained, in the Glossary. This Glossary shares the Bibliography of The Coming of King Messiah. Unfortunately, this Glossary has not been neither subjected to careful peer-review not to proofreading. I apologise for the many errors and frequent “rough patches.” I have freely used many contributions sent to an Internet newsgroup on Hebraic Roots. Regrettably, I can not list all the individuals whose valuable contributions I have edited into the Glossary. Yet I want to mention the names of Dr James Scott Trimm, Luana Fabry as well as Eddie Chumney — the manager and overseer of the Newsgroup. Someone has aptly remarked that Dictionaries and Glossaries are “plagiarism arranged in alphabetical order.” This is — alas! — true of this Glossary.

Key
Entries followed by the symbol [G] are Greek terms. Entries followed by the symbol [L] are Latin terms. Entries followed by the symbol [A] are Aramaic terms. Almost all other foreign-language entries are transliterated Hebrew.

A
Abomination of Desolation Hebrew: shiqutz shomem. Desolating sacrilege. Wordplay on “Ba'al samem” — “Ba'al of heaven,” indicating that this idol is not ba'al (master) and not ruler of heaven, but in fact an abomination that lays waste and brings desolation. Hebrew term for an idolatrous image, specifically one set up in the haQodesh of the Beit haMiqdash (Temple) in Yerushalayim, proclaimed to be “master of heaven” and worshiped. Historically, the desolating sacrilege mentioned in the book of Dani'el, was a statue of the pagan Greek idol, Zeus, bearing the facial image of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes.” This image was set up on the golden altar of incense by the insane GreekSeleucid king, who attempted to outlaw the worship of Almighty YHWH and replace it by the worship of the Greek pantheon and the worship of himself as “god manifest.” Scripture is clear that an eschatological shiqutz shomem will be set up in the time immediately preceding the second coming of the Son of Man. Allusions and intimations lead the student of Scripture to expect the shiqutz shomem of the acharit-yamim to be a Roman Catholic crucifix bearing the image of the False messiah, who will demand worship as “god.” The eschatological shiqutz shomem is described in Yeshayahu 40-46. The False Prophet will erect it in the haQodesh (Set-Apart Place) of the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple). In its eschatological intent, the book of Yirmeyahu intimates that an image of a Madonna (“Holy Virgin”) will also be set up in the Temple compound. Abaddon Destruction. Angel of the bottomless pit — Revelation 9:11. Iyov 26:6
She'ol is naked before Elohim; Abaddon lies uncovered.

Iyov 28:22
Abaddon and She'ol say, `Only a rumour of it has reached our ears.'

Iyov 31:12
It is a fire that burns to Abaddon; it would have uprooted my harvest.

Proverbs 15:11
She'ol and Abaddon lie open before YHWH— how much more the hearts of men!

Abba “Daddy.” We are related to Almighty YHWH not only as subjects are related to a King, but also as children to a loving Father, having been adopted on the basis of the broken body, the shed sacrificial blood and the resurrection of Messiah Yahushua. Acharith-yamim The latter days; the last days. A Hebrew term for eschatology. The days are pictured as

an army marching past. The reshith is the part that has already passed, while the acharit is the part that is still approaching. Events said to happen ba'ha-acharit ha-yamim (in the latter days) often had one or even more partial fulfillments in history, which serves as a tavnit or pattern that foreshadows events that will happen in Yom YHWH. The other Hebrew term for eschatology is Iqvot haMashiach (Footsteps of the Messiah). Scriptural history is a carefully woven prophetic tavnit (pattern) that teaches — to those who have ears to hear — the Footsteps of the Messiah. Acharonim The latter rabbinic authorities; in contradistinction to the rishonim (“early ones”). Adon Master, ruler. Expresses a relationship of rulership, headship, royalty and authority, and not necessarily one of ownership. The antonym of Adon is eved — servant. The itinerant, aggadic proto-rabbi, Yahushua ben-Yosef mi Natzeret, was addressed by the title Adon, as was other sages. Adonai An intensive form of Adon or Adoni; “great master” or “my great master.” A title used to address kings and royalty. The name Adonai is most often used of the Almighty in the writings of the prophets — they were the messengers of the King, and therefore used the terminology of a messenger of a king. The term Adonai is a plural of majesty. It is not the unique name of the Almighty; in Scripture it is also used of mighty men, e.g. Yosef as vice-regent of Mitzrayim under Pharaoh, and of King David. In Jewish worship, the name Adonai is used as an evasive synonym or circumlocution for YHWH, the set-apart name of HaQadosh, baruch Hu (“the Holy One, blessed be He”). Adoni “My Adon,” i.e. “my master.” A term for the Messiah in Tehillim 110:1. Af Nose. See: api (“my nose”). Afikoman (Afikoman) [G] This word comes from Greek and means “that which comes after” or “after-dish.” The last morsel of matzah eaten at the Pesach Seder meal. During the Passover Seder meal, three pieces of matzah are placed inside a matzah-tash. During an early stage of the Seder meal, the children are sent out of the room. Then half of the central piece of matzah is broken off, wrapped in linen and hidden away. This is evidently symbolical of burial. The broken, wrapped and hidden piece of matzah is called the Afikoman. Toward the end of the Seder meal, the children are given the opportunity to search for the Afikoman. The children search for it with fervour and great expectation; shouts of joy are heard when it is found. The child who finds the Afikoman can bargain with the father for a gift. The father promises to buy a gift, but must make an immediate downpayment,

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His body was broken and He was buried. at the final redemption. Chronology starts with the impartation of the nishmat chayim (breath of life. and in the fulness of the image of Elohim. We now receive the firstfruits of the Promise of the Father — the firstfruits of the impartation of the Ruach HaQodesh. Presence.which serves as a proof and pledge of the gift that is to come — the “Promise of the Father. and then on earth from Yerushalayim for the balance of the Millennium. When King Messiah comes in esteem. which endured for 2000 years. to be in the resurrection of the righteous. Person-inaction. Africa It is a fact that Africa has played an important role in YHWH's programme throughout history.” The Messiah came. and to contain all the secrets and ages of the universe. When Yahushua was just an infant and his parents had to flee to protect him from the wrath of Herod. This was followed by the Age of Torah (instruction) and the Yemot HaMashiach (Days of the Messiah).” These 6 days will be followed by Yom YHWH. When Yirmeyahu was thrown into the well and condemned for preaching the word of YHWH. shouts with joy. Ages of salvation-history The sages understood that salvation-history would unfold as a cosmic week with “days” of 1000 years each. a seal. refuge and place of preparation for his ministry was provided by Yitro the Midyanite (an African) — Exodus 18:1-2. demonstrate that the Qahal in Africa has a specific responsibility in YHWH's programme. The Promise of the Father is His Ruach — His life-giving Breath. The leadership of the first Qahal in Antioch included two black African believers. Africa.
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. the sabbatical millennium. These. a pledge of the great gift that will be given to us in the fulness of time. Our Father in Heaven gives us the promise of a share in the abundant life of the World to Come. they took refuge in Egypt. he was rescued by an Ethiopian eunuch — an African. The Messianic Kingdom is also called the Atid Lavo — the age to come. we expect Yahushua to rule from heaven for 7 years. and other examples. each lasting 2000 years. It is followed by the Great White Throne Judgement. The preceding 6 days of creation are seen as being separate from chronology. They transgressed and were diminished to the shell of the image of Elohim. The fall of man precipitated the Age of Tohu (desolation). these three periods constitute the Olam hazeh — the present age or “this world. and the Olam ha-bah — the World to Come. In Scripture we see that Africans have taken responsibility during some of the most difficult and dark times when the Qahal needed leadership and protection. Adam and Chawwah were in the Malkut Shamayim. we who have found the living Afikoman will receive the fullness of the Promise of the Father. hidden away. Just as king David first ruled over Yahudah from Chevron for 7 years. the 1000 year reign of King Messiah. Power. most times relating to crises when leadership and directive is most needed. Together. When Mosheh fled from Pharaoh. The first disciple who were added to the Messianic Qahal outside of Yerushalayim after the outpouring of the Ruach HaQodesh was an African — an Ethiopian eunuch. neshamah) to Adam. That is a downpayment. He who finds the Messiah. and then over all Israel from Yerushalayim.

Aggadah A story that serves as an object-lesson. whereas hundreds upon hundreds of pages deal with the next 2000 year period — the Age of Torah. Logion 2 states:
[Yahushua said] “Unless you fast to the world. 'n Suinige mens. because they are blind in their heart…”
Aiyin Ra'ah Literally: bad eye. from the fall of Adam until the calling of Avraham. Abraham's binding of Yitzchaq for sacrifice to the Almighty (this sacrifice was. The nonlegal part of rabbinic literature.”
Logion 3 states:
[Yahushua said] “I stood in the midst of the world. The Age of Torah began with the calling of Avraham and ended at the first coming of the Messiah. and in the flesh was I seen by them. and my being griefs over the sons of men.
2 Afrikaans:
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. in contrast to their halakhic (legal) statements. and I found all men drunken. 3 Afrikaans: 'n Vrygewige persoon.
1 For
saving truth. The Age of Torah was preceded by the Age of Desolation.e. i. The first 2000 years of the Olam Ha-zeh (present age). An important agrapha is the “Logia” or “Sayings” discovered 200 km south of Cairo in #1996.2 Aiyin Tovah Literally: good eye. of course never consummated. you shall in no way find the Kingdom of Elohim. A Hebrew metaphor for a generous person3. To have an “evil” or “bad” eye is simply a Hebrew metaphor for a stingy person. when the Yemot HaMashiach (Days of the Messiah) arrived. Less than 10 chapters in all of Scripture deals with this 2000 year period. Age of Torah The age of instruction. Agrapha A term applied to sayings of Rabbi Yahushua from Natsaret not recorded in the Gospels. this term is inaccurately translated as. A parable. and unless you keep the Sabbath you shall not see the Father.Age of Tohu The age of desolation. In the King James Version (KJV). and none found I thirsty1 among them. “If your eye be single…” Akeida Binding an animal for sacrifice. The middle 2000 years of the Olam Ha-zeh (the present age).) A sacrifice had to be bound in order to be valid. specifically. and followed by the Yemot ha-Mashiach — the Days of the Messiah. The ethical sayings and scriptural expositions of the sages.

a 17th century scholar. and the conviction that He will one day “remove detestable idolatry from the earth. the two witnesses will prophesy in the spirit and power of Eliyahu — Revelation 11. spread the slander that this passage was meant to slur Christianity. Yochanan ha-Matbil (John the Baptist) prophesied in the spirit and power of Eliyahu. repeated persecutions and the insistence of the Roman Catholic Church. pointing to the true Anointed One and proclaiming “Bohold: the Lamb of Elohim who takes away the sins of the world. Its first paragraph proclaims the difference between Istael's monotheism and the polytheism of other nations. “For they bow to vanity and emptiness and pray to a god which helps not” is quoted from Yeshayahu 45:20. caused this line to be censored from most Siddurim (prayer books). Aleinu Leshabe'ach According to many early sources. they will accept Him as the only Elohim and obey the universal Noachide laws that are incumbent upon all nations (Rabbi Hirsch). They will see the shiqutz shomem being set up in the ha-Qodesh of the Beit HaMiqdash.
The inclusion of the sentence. listing sins for which we beg forgiveness.” In doing so. The Artscroll Siddur (Sherman. The Aleinu is recited at the conclusion of every service. particularly by Manasheh ben Israel. the Oneness of His Kingship. however. page 159) continues
It should be clear. In Messiah's first coming.Akkum Non-Israelites who do not observe the Noachide commandments. They will prophesy in the streets of Yerushalayim for 1260 days. In conclusion: The Aleinu is an ancient prayer of thanksgiving for being separated from the heathendom. no doubt seeking to prove his loyalty to the Church. During the Talmudic era it formed part of the Rosh HaShanah Mussaf service. Around the year 1400 a Roman Catholic Jew. and at some point during medieval times it began to find its way into the daily service. Al Chet Literally: “for the sin. Rather. The Aleinu was probably added to the daily prayers to implant faith in YHWH's Oneness.” thus preventing the Yehudim from being tempted to follow the beliefs and lifestyles of the nations among whom they dwelt in the galut. They will prophesy the songs of the Eved of YHWH. In the second coming of the Messiah.” an important Yom Kippur prayer. However. The second paragraph expresses confidence that all humanity will eventually recognise YHWH's sovereignty and declare their obedience to His commandments. This prayer quotes a passage from Yeshayahu 45. the Aleinu prayer — a declaration of faith and dedication — was composed by Yehoshua after he led Yisra'el through the river Yarden. This charge was refuted time and again. Malachi 3 states that the role of Eliyahu is to prepare the way before YHWH. that this does not imply a belief or even a hpoe that they will convert to Judaism. They will proclaim that Yahushua is the unique Messiah of Almighty YHWH. he prepared the way for YHWH. Yeshayahu 40-53 are prophecies spoken in the spirit and power of Eliyahu ha-Navi — the prophet Eliyah. All their
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.

Al Miqra Megillah The blessing before the reading of the megillah (scroll). i.” Al ha-Nissim Thanksgiving to YHWH for the miracles of. A country bumpkin.future prophesies are embryonically contained in Yeshayahu 40-53 — this second section of the book Yeshayahu begins with the statement that the time of redemption has come and rthat a path will be prepared for YHWH in the wilderness. it describes an asherah-type idol. while standing up. the face of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes. Am ha'aretz Peasantry.” To “have an aliyah” refers to the honour of being called up to the bimah to recite or chant the blessings over the Torah. especially. HaRachamam. thrice daily as part of each daily service. Indirectly. Almighty The personal name of the Almighty is YHWH. To “make aliyah” or “go on aliyah” means to immigrate to Eretz Yisra'el.” i. added to prayer and grace after the meal on the festivals of Chanukah and Purim. Adoshem. Ribono shel Olam. Hebraic names by which He is addressed. Historically. Also called the Tefillah or the Shemoneh Esreh (Eighteen Benedictions). this confirms the intimations of Scripture that the eschatological shiqutz shomem will be a Roman Catholic crucifix bearing the face of the Antichrist. the popularly accepted face of “Jesus. “bekvelder.e. a group of prayers. Aliyah Plural: Aliyot Literally: “going up. Greek: Pantokrator. include HaQadosh Baruch Hu (the Set-apart One.
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. quietly murmured. (Afrikaans: “plaasjapie”. An idol is described in Yeshayahu 40-46. Adon Olam (Master of All) and Avinu Sheba-Shamayim (our Father who is in Heaven). This identifies the passage as an Eliyahu-prophecy.”) Amidah Standing prayer. Escatologically. the beautiful Aleinu prayer was censored by the Roman Catholic Church because it was identified as an attack on the crucifix. the idolatrous image of the False messiah that will be set up in the HaQodesh of the rebuilt Beit HaMiqdash in Yerushalayim by the False prophet. i. Used in the Talmud and thereafter as a derogatory reference to ignorant people of the land. it is a description of the shiqutz shomem (abomination of desolation). Al Netilat Yadayim The blessing over the washing of hands before the meal. saving Israel from overwhelmingly strong enemies.e.e. blessed be He). During the time of the Spanish Inquisition.

Anshei K'neset Hagdolah Sages of the Great Assembly during the first part of the Second Temple Period. and observance of. less than a week before His execution. Ana Adonai hoshi'ah na.Amora Plural: Amora'im. Ani ma'amin Literally: “I believe.g. except in special circumstances. O Adonai. save us! Please. marriage to a Yehudi. Literally: Speaker. Rabbis who contributed to the Gemarah — the lengthier sections of the Talmud that expounds the Mishnah. A term for Israel. Messianic Yehudim should be Torah-observent.” a song that is often sung at the Pesach Seder and at Yom Hashoah observances in memory of Holocaust victims who sang this song of faith on their way to their deaths at the hand of the Fascists during WW2. Antinomianism The belief that faith frees a believer from all obligations to observe the Law of the Almighty. Their discussions and teachings span the period 220 YM – 550 YM. the Torah becomes our new nature. interpreter. without converting to Judaism. specifically the faithful remnant of Israel in the eschaton. Also see: Tanna'im. This salvation was understood to come through the Messiah. This prayer was chanted at the triumphant entry of Messiah Yahushua on Aviv 10. Ana Adonai hatzlichah na “Please. make us succeed!” A prayer from Psalm 118:25. recited on Hoshana Rabbah. by the indwelling of and regeneration through the Ruach HaQodesh. O Adonai. They are commissioned to be qadosh — wholly different. set-apart to Almighty YHWH and His purposes. In Israel they were called Rabbi. Also an attitude of hostility towards the Torah of YHWH.
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. e. Am Qadosh Set-apart covenant people. Called the Before-Time in the book of Chanoch (Enoch). In Babylon the Amora'im were given the title Mar or Rav. We are not saved by keeping the Torah. the last great day of Chag Sukkot. faithful Gentiles should keep the Noachide mitzvot as entrance requirements. Ancient of Days A title for YHWH in Dani'el 7:9. and form the Gemara — the lengthier sections of the Talmud that follow each Mishnah. and should then begin to grow in knowledge of the Torah. Scriptural Torah-observance is the lifestyle of the redeemed. A careful reading of Yirmeyahu 31 shows that the Renewed Covenant changes people so that knowledge of. Term used for an expounder of Talmudic (Mishnaic) law from the time of the completion of the Mishnah to the redaction of entire Talmud.

I have also summoned my mighty ones to my nose (l'api) To be exuberant over my grandeur. a pre-tribulation natzal is not an unscriptural position to hold.” Old Testament Apocrypha.e. in most prophecies of the fall of Bavel. Examples are Dani'el 7-12. The sages saw that Scripture intimates that the False messiah will initially rule the revived Roman Empire. The name was apparently derived from the name Romulus. of the resurrection of the dead (Yeshayahu 18:3) and of the coronation of the Messiah (Yeshayahu 21:5 Þ Tehillim 84:9). A willow branch taken as one of the four species on Sukkot. possibly (initially) from Rome. Armilus In rabbinic literature. Zekharyah 1-6 and the book of Revelation. unveiling) of the last days and the end of the present age. etrog. yearweek. specifically the fourteen books written after the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures was closed and which. Aravah Plural: Aravot. the legendary founder of the city of Rome. 1 day before the False messiah comes to power and 2 days before he makes a strong covenant (military treaty) with many fore one “seven” i. For this and remez other reasons. there are promises of saving the faithful and bringing them into the very presence of YHWH (Yeshayahu 13:3). Aram Syria. i.Api “My nose. i. before the destruction of eschatological Babylon. Apocalyptic Ideas and teachings pertaining to the revelation (apocalypse uncovering. laid strongest claim to canonicity…The body of Jewish literature written between the second century BM and the second century YM.
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. hadas and lulav — the willow. not included in the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. united Europe.e. The four species are the aravah.” The literal translation of Yeshayahu 13:3 is Yeshayahu 13:3
I have commanded my dedicated ones. myrtle and palm branch.
The first verses of Yeshayahu 13 may therefore be read as a promise that YHWH will. citron. A deep study of the fall of Bavel in Yom YHWH further shows that it will happen on Tishri 8. the name of the Antichrist or False messiah of the latter days. 7-year period.e. gather those dedicated to Him. Apocrypha [G] A Greek adjective that means “things concealed. being the least remote from the canonical books. to His very presence. 7 days after Yom Teruah. We also note that.

Referring to Jews coming from Central and Eastern Europe. The “High Holy Days. Asherah An upright idolatrous image. Today called Hekhal in Sephardic synagogues.e.Aron Qodesh The Ark of the Covenant. A crucifix may be classified as an idol of class asherah. Ashshur Historical Assyria. Yom Teruah to Yom Kippur. Crept into Christianity before and during the Middle Ages. Ashkenazi Plural: Ashkenazim.
Arvit Evening prayer. mundane). Seven days of awe are framed inbetween the 2 days of Yom Teruah and the day of Yom Kippur. Asaph To gather. Ashrei Psalm 145 recited thrice daily. Tishrei 1 – Tishrei 10. Asham A trespass or guilt offering made by one who has trespassed against his fellow man. Ascetic ideal A wholly unscriptural. Arva'ah minim The four species used during Chag Sukkot: ì ì ì ì a palm branch (lulav) myrtle twig (hadas) willow twig (aravah) citron (etrog). Also used as a term for the large wooden cabinet in which the Torah scrolls are kept in the synagogue. Ashshur under king Sancheriv is a foreshadowing picture of eschatological Gog of the land of Magog who will invade Eretz Yisra'el in Yom YHWH. Qorban asham. pagan tradition of renouncing social life and comfort for solitude and self-mortification. i. Atah Chonantanu A passage added to the evening prayer after the Shabbat to note the difference between the qadosh and the chol (ordinary.
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. Aseret Yemei Teshuvah The ten days of penitence and return.” The Days of Awe.

Also the eleventh month of the scriptural year. Avi Prefix or suffix meaning “my father. Pesach and Chag ha-Matzah fall in Aviv. our King. Concluding observance of an appointed time or festival.” Aviga'il “My father rejoices. Specifically prayed during the Ten Days of Awe (Days of Penitence. because that festival concludes the spring festival season as well as the counting of the Omer. Aviv marks the beginning of the barley harvest.” Atzeret A festive gathering for the conclusion of a festival or a festival season. The word atzeret is derived from “gathering.” Mother of king Chizkiyahu.” The beautiful and intelligent wife of the fool Naval who was later married by Dawid after Naval's death — see 1 Samuel 25. Literally: “the future to come.” Shemini Atzeret is the concluding day of Sukkot.” The Chief Justice of Israel.
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. Av Beit Din “Father of the house of judgement. Days of Return (t'shuvah)) and fast days. Avinu Malkenu “Our Father. A term for the Messianic era. The Day of YHWH. Avinu ShebaShamayim Our Father Who is in Heaven. the first year after death. Atzeret is a Talmudic term for Chag Shavuot. Aviyah “My Father is YHWH. with Chag Shavuot. the wheat harvest begins about 50 days later. Av HaRachamim A prayer to “Father of compassion Î mercies” for the persecuted communities. The Millennium or Messianic Kingdom. Av Father.” a prayer of supplication. instituted in Exodus 12.” Son of Pinchas and fourth High Priest of Yisra'el (1 Chronicles 6).Atid Lavo The age to come. Avishua “Father of salvation. Aviv First month of the religious calender of scripture. Avelut Third period of mourning.

songs. a man without any sense of time or season.”
Rabbi Kaplan (1982: 17-18. Azarah Plural: Azarot. In the Me'am Lo'es Torah Anthology: Yom Kippur Service (Kaplan. jagged cliff to be torn to shreds and fall to his death. The priest to whom the goat is given over. strong rock or cliff. Then with his hands he pushes the goat down so that it tumbles down the cliff. Generic term for a courtyard in the Beit HaMiqdash compound. modified versions of the services have been moved to the synagogues and homes. Since the destruction of the Beit HaMiqdash. Half of the hank of scarlet cloth he would tie to the rock. l'YHWH (“to YHWH”) and the other lot l'Azazel (“to Azazel”).” which means “the goat who goes. to accompany the person leading the goat. 54) describes the manner in which goat l'Azazel was killed:
The High Priest would then come to the goat upon which there was the lot “to Azazel. totally dismembered. It would not reach halfway down before it was broken into pieces. The word Azazel refers to a powerful. Those in the last hut would stand at the edge of the area where one can go…to see from a distance what the person in charge of the goat does. The word Azazel could also be broken up into “az azel. 1982: 17). sinned and rebelled before you…” He would then call the priest who had been designated from the day before Yom Kippur. He would then say. “This is the way the sins of the House of Israel should be destroyed. “O YHWH. Your people have erred. rain. Chasidic concept of life dedicated to Almighty YHWH. snow or inconvenience) and taken to Har Azal (Mount Azal) where it was pushed off backwards from a high.” i. etc. the teachings of the sages about the meaning of the word Azazel is summarised:
The etymology of the word Azazel is as follows: it is derived from the word az or azuz. steep. these consist of Scripture readings. which denotes strong. Azazel In the Yom Kippur service. and would give him the goat to bring to the desert. and half he would tie between the goat's horns. teachings.” He would place both his hands on it and make confession for all Israel. He would say.Avodah The Temple service. people would go to huts that had been put up previously.e. On the day before Yom Kippur. Often a specific reference to the Yom Kippur service. The one lot read. The cliff over which the goat was thrown consisted of sharp. The goat l'Azazel was led from the Miqdash (Temple) by a chosen priest who is called an ish iti (a “timeless man. brings it to the cliff that we have mentioned and leads it to the top of the cliff. The word el means strong… Some say the word Azazel refers to the cliff over which the goat was pushed. specifically that performed by the High Priest. liturgical poems.” Page 11
. jagged rocks that would tear the goat into shreds. lots were drawn over two goats.

The sages taught that the command to slay the goat l'Azazel in this particular manner is a chukah — a decree. that skein of scarlet wool would become white. It is believed that the earthquake that will coincide with Messiah's coming to the Mount of Olives (Zekharyahu 14) will enlarge the Dead Sea (“Lake of Fire”) to reach the bottom of Mount Azazel. carry the sins of others upon him? How can an
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. The reasons are known to YHWH.
Scripture intimates that the glorious second coming of King Messiah will climax on a Yom Kippur. A question is posed: “For whom are these imprisonment chains prepared for?” to which the answer is given. The sages grappled with the meaning of the chukah concerning goat l'Azazel. 1982: 20-21) relates one explanation:
When Yom Kippur comes. We know that the False messiah will be captured and slain on this very day. but not the Devar of YHWH. The Torah Anthology: Yom Kippur Service (Kaplan. giving it. According to Leviticus 16:20-22. be a prophetic rehearsal for this joyous future event.” The pronouncements of extra-scriptural sources about Azazel does. This is sent by the Israelites to the desert. which cannot be fully comprehended with the intellect. This teaches that this act atoned for the sins of the Israelites and whitened them: “If your sins are like scarlet they shall become white as snow” (Yeshayahu 1:18). these sources give us the commonly held ideas of people. especially at night-time. The earthquake will also cause huge amounts of petroleum gas and kerosene to surface through fissures in the earth's crust. since this is the abode of these denouncing forces. the man of lawlessness. goat l'Azazel carries the sins of the people of Israel upon him. a great judgement scene is described. Scripture teaches that the False messiah will be cast into the “lake of fire. he also goes to the desert…and he no longer speaks evil against Israel.” This is a term for the Dead Sea — until roughly 1850. In Chapter 54 of 1 Chanoch. of course. This is where Satan Sama'el has power…When Sama'el sees the goat sent to the desert. It is therefore a distinct possibility that the chukah to slay goat l'Azazel in this most unusual manner could. Therefore a hank of scarlet wool was tied between the horns of the scapegoat…When the goat was pushed off the cliff. They are destroyed with him in the desert. the appearance of a lake of fire. “They are prepared for the armies of Azazel. On that day we will understand the full significance of the chukah to cast goat l'Azazel off the steep cliff on Mount Azal on Yom Kippur. The theological problem is: how can the Anti-messiah. There is a difficult theological problem with asserting that goat l'Azazel is a prophetic tavnit of the coming Anti-messiah. petroleum gas and combustible oil trapped beneath this lake often leaked out to catch fire. not carry much weight. when He will enter Yerushalayim and destroy all the armed forces that has come up to fight against Him. all the unclean spirits and denouncing forces that were created out of the sins are placed on the goat's head. Azazel is a prominent character in the pseudepigraphic book of Chanoch (Enoch). HaShem sends Satan Sama'el his portion in the form of the goat sent to Azazel. Through this repentance and confession. besides other possible symbolical meanings. and Israel should obey it although they do not understand it fully. which is a place of demons (shedim). and to ignite.

The young man or woman is considered old enough to be responsible for performing the commandments of the Torah. author of Kingdom of the Cults. in many congregations. traditionally thirteen for boys and twelve for girls.evil monster be a sin-bearer? Seventh Day Adventists (SDAs) have been exposed to very harsh criticism for following Mrs Ellen White. Bar Mitzvah Literally: son of the commandment. who taught that goat l'Azazel represents Satan. so that sending goat l'Azazel into the wilderness could not have an atoning efficacy. thirteen for girls as well. Bar Mitzvah is a ritual of acceptance by the community. At that point. Yehudim who were followers of Messiah Yahushua deserted the Jewish army. Barchu A call upon the congregation to bless the Almighty. Rabbi Akiva made the grave error of proclaiming Bar Kochba to be the Messiah. SDAs reply that there is no forgiveness of sin without the shedding of blood.
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. The Bar Kochba Revolt also fed the de-Judiaizing of Christianity — powerful Gentile Christian leaders began doing everything possible to distance themselves and their faith from the “troublesome Jews” in order to escape persecution by the Roman Empire. ceremony marking a youngster's reaching the age of religious majority. Bar-Anash [A] See: Son of Man. To this. Bar Kochba Leader of a Jewish revolt (132-135 YM) against the Roman Empire.” The part of the Pesach Seder when the blessing after the meal is recited. has defended the SDA Church against its harsher critics on the issue of the eschatological significance of goat l'Azazel in the Yom Kippur avodah (service). Baptism See: Immersion. Barech “Blessing. Dr Walter Martin. This led to a souring of the relations between Messianic and rabbinical Judaism. See Lappidoth. Barak Lightning.
B
Badeken Traditional formal veiling of the bride by the groom before the wedding ceremony. This revolt was cruelly put down by emperor Hadrian.

Baruch Dayan Ha'emet A blessing of acceptance of the Almighty's judgments. Baruch Hu u-varuch Shemo “Bless Him and Bless His Name.” A phrase of blessing of the Almighty's Name upon hearing it uttered. Basar To be fresh, cheerful; to announce glad news. To preach, publish, show forth, bear, bring, carry, tell glad tidings, good news. (The word “gospel” is a contracted form of the old English term “good spell” which means “good news.”) Batey Midrashot See: Beit Midrash. Plural of Beit Midrash. Houses of Study. Bat Kol Literally: “daughter of a voice.” An “echo” of the voice of Elohim. The sages taught that during the 400 silent years YHWH did not speak through the prophets, but only occasionally through a bat-kol. Batlanim Scholarly Jewish teachers who, in ancient days, were either independently wealthy or on some type of financial support to enable him to provide the congregation with accurate and scholarly teachings and answers to difficult questions. The Pharisee and member of the Beit Din, Nicodemus, whose Hebrew name was Nakdimon ben-Gurion, was a Batlan. Bat Mitzvah Literally: Daughter of the commandment; ceremony marking a girl's reaching the age of being responsible for her own sins, traditionally 12 or 13 years. Bat-Sheva The woman whom King David seduced and later married. She became the mother of King Sh'lomo. Literal meaning: “Daughter of the Oath.” Bavel Hebrew word usually rendered Babylon. Bavlites Babylonians. Ba'Yamim ha-hu “In those days…” A phrase understood by the sages to signify that something will come to pass at the time that the Messiah will come and accomplish the final redemption. BaYom ha-hu “In thát day.” A phrase that signifies that something will happen in the Day of YHWH.

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The sages identified several phrases which tells us that a passage will have its final fulfilment in the time when King Messiah would come. Some of these phrases are summarised in Table G.1 below: Table G.1 Table of some phrases which signify that the events in a passage will have its final consummation at the time when King Messiah will come.

Hebrew
baYom ha-hu ba'Yamim ha-hu

English
In thát day (i.e. Yom YHWH) In those days In those days and at that time The days are coming Sing to YHWH a new song

Bechor Birthright. Ephrayim is the tribe of bechor (birthright), whereas Yahudah is the tribe of the shevet (ruling staff). 1Chronicles 5:1-2
1

The sons of Reuven the firstborn of Israel (he was the firstborn, but when he defiled his father's marriage bed, his rights as firstborn were given to the sons of Yosef son of Israel; so he could not be listed in the genealogical record in accordance with his birthright, 2 and though Judah was the strongest of his brothers and a ruler came from him, the rights of the firstborn belonged to Yosef)…

Yirmeyahu 31:9
They will come with weeping; they will pray as I bring them back. I will lead them beside streams of water on a level path where they will not stumble, because I am Israel's father, and Ephraim is my firstborn son.

Devarim 33:13-17
13

About Yoseph he said: “May YHWH bless his land with the precious dew from heaven above and with the deep waters that lie below; 14 with the best the sun brings forth and the finest the moon can yield; 15 with the choicest gifts of the ancient mountains and the fruitfulness of the everlasting hills; 16 with the best gifts of the earth and its fulness and the favour of him who dwelt in the burning bush. Let all these rest on the head of Yoseph, on the brow of the prince among his brothers.
17

In majesty he is like a firstborn bull; his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even those at the ends of the earth. Such are the ten thousands of Ephraim; such are the thousands of Manasseh.”

Bedikat Chametz The search for, and cleansing & casting out of the leaven, which was performed just before Pesach. Yahushua cleaned out his Father's House from leaven (greedy dealers)

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before He became our Pesach Lamb. (The cleansing of His Father's house is also based on the last verse of Zekharyah 14.) Behemah Plural: Behemot. Beast. General term for animals. As a simple plural, behemot means beasts; as a plural of intensity, it signifies a large beast, similar to the liv'yatan. Beinoni Plural: Beinonim. People of median (intermediate) piety; the sinners; the average people. In Hebrew thought, mankind consists of 3 classes on the day of Judgement: the Tzadeqim (righteous), the Beinoni (sinners, intermediates, average people) and the Resha'im (the perversely wrong; the wicked). Beit House. The Temple in Yerushalayim. Beit Din plural: batei din. “House of Judgement;” “House of Law.” The beit din court system was established by Mosheh in Parashat Yitro (Bereshith 18), which operated under the aegis of the Beit Din HaGadol. Beside the well known Beit Din HaGadol, the Beit Din system comprised, under the aegis of the Beit Din HaGadol, district Batei Din and, under the aegis of the district Batei Din, local Batei Din representing the various communities recognised as legitimate by the higher Batei Din. A “must read” article is Bet Din and Judges in the Encyclopedia Judaica. It is only with the Judaic phrase beit din that the uninterrupted chain is obvious between the Batei Din established by Mosheh, the Beit Din HaGadol, which operated in the Beit HaMiqdash with the many Batei Din under its supervision, and the Batei Din which continue to operate today. Beit HaMiqdash House that is set-apart…The Beit HaMiqdash (Temple) in Yerushalayim. Beit HaShoevah House of the Waterpouring. A joyous ceremony of water libation held during Sukkot. The sages taught that those who have never observed the joy of the House of the Waterpouring, have never seen joy in all their life. During Chag Sukkot, the Beit HaShoevah ceremony was held during the day, while the Simchat Beit HaShoevah (“Rejoicing in the house of the waterpouring”) ceremony was celebrated in the Temple compound during nighttime. Four gigantic torches lit up the Beit HaMiqdash compound at Sukkot during the nights; these were called “the light of the world.” Beit Hillel The School of Hillel. Pharisees who stressed YHWH's chesed (loyal love) towards all people who turn to Him.

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Beit Midrash House of Study that was a part of or adjacent to ancient synagogues. The sages taught “if you meet the Evil Inclination along the road, drag him off to the Beit Midrash; there you will conquer him.” Beit Shammai The School of Shammai. Pharisees who stressed a particularly strict adherence to the Torah, and tended to hate Gentiles. They gained control over Judean society at the time of the birth of Yahushua, but lost their grip on the religious life of the nation with the destruction of the second Beit HaMiqdash in 70 YM. Ben-Adam Aramaic: Bar-Anash. See: Son of Man. Ben-Noach Literally: a son of Noach. Plural: Bnei Noach. A non-Israelite who worships YHWH, observing the Noachide commandments. All people descend from Noach, so that we are all sons and daughters of Noach. In Acts 15, the Noachide mitzvot are stipulated as entrance requirements for Gentiles into the empowered eschatological qahal — the Messianic Assembly of the Yemot HaMashiach. Berachah A blessing. Betzah Roasted egg, a symbol for the second sacrifice of Pesach. Bibliotheca Sacra [L] A specific American Theological journal. First published in 1843, Bibliotheca Sacra is the oldest theological journal in the Western hemisphere. It has been in continuous publication for 142 years. Dallas Theological Seminary in Texas, USA, acquired the journal in 1934. Dr Rollin Thomas Chafer, Lewis Chafer's brother, edited the journal from 1934 through 1939; Lewis Sperry Chafer edited the journal from 1940 to 1952, and Professor John F. Walvoord was the editor from 1952 to 1985, when Professor Roy B. Zuck became editor. Bigdey ha-lavan White vestments of the High Priest. Bigdey ha-zahav Golden vestments of the High Priest. Bikkur Examining or investigating. Bikkur Cholim Visiting the sick — a pious duty, carried out in the past by Chevra Kadisha.
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Bikkurim The offering of the firstfruits of the harvest. Bimah The raised platform in the beit knesset (synagogue; shul) from which the Torah is read and from which worship services are usually conducted; the platform is called tevah in Sephardic synagogues. The reader's stand in a synagogue. Binding and loosing The terms “bind” and “loose” are two Semitic idioms used in Rabbinic literature as technical terms referring to halakhic authority. To “bind” means to forbid an activity and to “loose” means to permit an activity (as in Yerushalayim Talmud Berachot 5b and 6c; Sanhedrin 28a; Babylonian Talmud Avodah Zarah 37a; Nedarim 62a; Yevamot 106a; Betsah 2b and 22a; Berachot 35a; Chagigah 3b). Clear examples in th Apostolic Writings are Mattityahu 16:19 and 18:18: Mattityahu 16:19
And I will give you the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.

Mattityahu 18:18
Truely I say to you, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.

In Yochanan 7:22-23, Yahushua refers to a halakhic decision handed down by the Beit Din and recorded in the Mishnah (Shabbat 18:3 – 19:2 œ Talmud Bavli Shabbat 128a). Here the Greek text reads: Yochanan 7:23a
If a man on the Sabbath day recieve circumcision, that the law of Moses should not be broken…

However the Aramaic reads
…that the Torah of Moses should not be loosed.

In Yochanan 5:18 we read in the Greek: Yochanan 5:18
“Therefore the Judeans sought the more to kill him, because…he had broken the Sabbath…

However the Aramaic text reads
“…he had loosed the Sabbath…”

This is important because the Aramaic text does not have Yahushua breaking the Sabbath, but instead has him permitting certain activities on the Sabbath (loosing it). A final example is in

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But if he will not listen. seeds. just between the two of you. therefore.2 summarises a number of notable occurrences of these terms: Table G. women. our shalom who made the two of them one and loosed the hedge which stood between us. Sh'ra was used to mean “loose” or “permit” (as in Mattityahu 18:18 and in various places in Rabbinic literature) The term s'yaga appears in Mishna Avot 1:1 “make a hedge about the Torah. the terms “bind” and “loose” are Hebrew/Aramaic idiomatic expressions meaning to “permit” or “prohibit” in a court of religious law. appointed times. 22a Berakhot 35a Chagigah 3b
“If your brother sins against you. Table G. treat him as you would a pagan or a tax collector.'
17
If he refuses to listen to them. These technical halakhic terms are employed many times in the Talmud. tell it to the qahal (“church”). If he listens to you.Ephesians 2:14:
He is. 6 That is. Both passages discuss an assembly which has the power to “bind” or “loose.
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. so that `every matter may be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses. so as to truly love thy neighbor.
The phrase “and loosed the hedge” in the Aramaic reads sh'ra s'yaga and was used as a technical halakhic term in Judaism.2: Table of some passages in the Talmud where the halakhic terms “bind” and “loose” are used in the sense of forbidding and permitting in a religious court of law.
Version
Yerushalayim Yerushalayim Babylonian Babylonian Babylonian Babylonian Babylonian Babylonian Mattityahu 18:15-18
15
Order
Zera'im4 Nashim5 Nashim Nashim Nashim Mo'ed6 Zera'im Mo'ed
Tractate
Berakhot 5b.” As we have seen. Yahushua states “…I will build my assembly…I will give you the keys of the Kingdom…” It is easier to understand this passage if we first understand its sister passage in Mattityahu 18:15-18.
4 That 5 That
is. go and show him his fault. take one or two others along. you have won your brother over. and if he refuses to listen even to the qahal (“church”).” To “loose the hedge” would mean to permit activities that these hedge rules had effectually discouraged. is. In Mattityahu 16:18-19. 6c Sanhedrin 28a Avodah Zarah 37a Nedarim 62a Yevamot 106a Beitsah 2b.

they developed their theology from English translations of Scripture.” (The founders of dispensationalism overlooked this and therefore portrays “the church” as being an exclusively New Covenant phenomenon. and what he shuts no-one can open. Acts 15.
22
I will place on his shoulder the key to the house of David. Now if the “qahal” which “binds” and “looses” in Mattityahu 18:15-18 is a “court” or judicial council (a Beit Din such as in Acts 7:38) then it is this same “church” that is mentioned in Mattityahu 16:1819. This oversight fuelled their conceptual fragmentation of salvation history. and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. as well as antinomian tendencies. He will be a father to those who live in Yerushalayim and to the house of Yehudah. sometimes the “assembly” of Israel (Acts 7:38) and sometimes it can refer to a court (as in Acts 19:39). What he opens no-one can shut.” All of these words simply mean “assembly. it follows that the ekklesia spoken of in Mattityahu 18:17 must be “…the judges who serve in those days…” which are mentioned in Devarim 19:17. “ekklesia” is the word used for “assembly” throughout the Septuagint. what he opens noone can shut.18
“I tell you the truth. the Septuagint talks repeatedly of the “Ekklesia of Israel. The word “church” here in the Greek is “ekklesia.” In fact. who holds the key of David. as enacted in e.
which quotes Yeshayahu 22:21-22
21
I will clothe him with your robe and fasten your sash around him and hand your authority over to him. then. Such judicial rulings should be solidly based on Scripture. sometimes it refers to a mob (Acts 19:41). These courts permitted or prohibited. Let us now look at Revelation 3:7
To the messenger of the qahal in Philadelphia write: These are the words of him who is set-apart and true. Since Mattityahu 18:16 quotes Devarim 19:15.
This “church” which has the keys of the Kingdom.
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.
This text bears an implicit reference to Devarim 19:15
One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offence he may have committed.
regarding witnesses before the court (Devarim 19:15-21). whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven. where the term “Church” suddenly appears in the Apostolic Writings. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses. Ya'akov presided as the Nasi (President) of the Ruling Council of the Messianic Assemblies. is the ruling council of the Messianic Assemblies which is seen meeting in Acts 15.g.” in Hebrew it is “qahol” or “qahal. and what he shuts no-one can open. The “keys of the Kingdom” refers to this authority to make mishpat (right-rulings) and halakhah. Mattityahu 18 relates to the authority to administer mishpat (right-ruling) in courts.) The word ekklesia does not always refer to the Body of Messiah.

Let us wait for King Messiah to come and restore right-ruling to the earth. Local congregations may make locally applicable halakhic rulings on many issues. it will be done for you by my Father in heaven.” In time this became too much for Mosheh alone and he appointed assistants.The Roman Catholic Church claims to have inherited this authority through apostolic succession. fifties and tens. and therefore carries no weight whatsoever — halakhah may never contradict Scripture.) Sadly. That will make your load lighter. It was both a simple and complex relationship.
The Torah which YHWH gave on Mount Sinay formed the constitution of the nation Israel.
In time. it is brought to me.g. and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. Rabbinical expansion of the principles of the Torah took place in all areas of community life. this group of assistants in the Torah became an institution in their own right. However. gave this advice: Exodus 18:21-22
But select capable men from all the people — men who fear Elohim. and decide issues. Authority soon rested among the sages to interpret the meaning of the Torah. Have them serve as judges for the people at all times.
Matthew 18:18-20
I tell you the truth. (A Bible-school may. we quote an article (pirated from the World Wide Web). Next. Again. and addition to. their “halakhah” is a messy and often pagan perversion of. trustworthy men who hate dishonest gain — and appoint them as officials over thousands. His father-in-law. For where two or three come together in my name. Mosheh said.g. Yet in daily life it often became complex. at general synods). forbid students to smoke or consume alcohol. The Body of Messiah still has the authority of courts. and not on a greater scale. there am I with them. as it is done in heaven. hundreds. Fuiten: Matthew 16:19
I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Yithro. “Whenever they have a dispute. whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven. They would consider the principles of the Torah. the simple cases they can decide themselves. Over the centuries. we have become so ignorant and divided that any large-scale application of this authority of courts may lead to incessant quarrels and possibly even a cruel inquisition. to magnify the Torah. because they will share it with you. Mosheh himself both instructed the people in the Torah and decided complicated matters of law for them. so that the will of YHWH be done on earth. e. Therefore it is the best to apply this authority only within local assemblies and within denominations (e. Scriptural truth. whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven. “Binding and Loosing” in Hebraic Thought by Dr Joseph B. and I decide between the parties and inform them of YHWH's decrees and laws. The decisions which they made carried great weight. In the earliest days. but have them bring every difficult case to you. I tell you that if two of you on earth agree about anything you ask for. and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. On the one hand the Torah was simple.
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.

but the authority of his teaching. It is easy to see why they used that term. Here is Yahushua. that Yahushua spoke the words which Matthew records:
“I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven. So you must obey them and do everything they tell you. Yahushua himself acknowledged the authority that resided in the teachers of the Torah and among the Pharisees: Mattityahu 23:1-2
Then Yahushua said to the crowds and to his disciples: “The teachers of the Torah and the Pharisees sit in Mosheh's seat. This is decisive for it represents the imposition of authority. forbids working on the Shabbat.
“The Scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. there is a seat where once such decisions were made. whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven. the sages were called upon to declare what an individual was and was not permitted to do on the Sabbath. for they do not practice what they preach…”
The early Church recognised this authority and what it meant. There. sent ones. but it does not define “work. binding and Loosing is the interpretation of the Torah by a ruling council that makes mishpat and halakhah. Cyril of Yerushalayim said.”
This is an important moment in the history of Judaism and the Church. In the Hebrew way of thinking. they were sitting in his seat. who now become His sh'liachim — asostles. for it signifies not his wooden seat.
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. the Anointed One of Yisra'el.The Rabbis were constantly called upon by their community to interpret scriptural commands. Since Mosheh had acted in this way when he was alive. and since they were carrying on that tradition. Was such-and-such an action permitted? Was such-and such a thing or person ritually clean? The Bible. Yet it existed down to the local town and synagogue level. for example.” Proverbs 31:23 gives us a sense for this:
“Her husband is respected at the city gate. Outside the gates of the excavated ruins of ancient Dan. based on the written Torah and the oral Torah. the city elders gathered to “sit in Mosheh's seat. and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. They now become the ones responsible for interpreting the Torah. They “bound” (prohibited) certain activities. But do not do what they do. and with this meaning.” As a result. interpreting the Torah. and “loosened” (allowed) other activities. investing the power of Mosheh into the hands of his disciples. Anyone who acted in this capacity was sitting in the seat of Mosheh.”
It is in this context. It places the authority held by those who sit in the seat of Mosheh within the context of the Messianic Assembly. where he takes his seat among the elders of the land. Writing in the mid-fourth century.”
This authority found its highest expression in the Beit Din.

we find the Apostles and elders acting in the authority of Mosheh. To them.
YHWH gave the Levites as a gift to the Tabernacle. Anyone else who comes near the sanctuary must be put to death. Has this authority ceased in the Messianic Qahal? We say that the Qahal today has the right to apply the Scripture to issues that are not mentioned directly in Scripture. the Apostles and elders were sitting in the seat of Mosheh. with Messiah Yahushua himself as the chief cornerstone. But only you and your sons may serve as priests in connection with everything at the altar and inside the curtain. Again and again. it was the Apostles themselves who sat in the Seat of Mosheh. the New Testament is the Apostolic application of the principles found in the Torah. James said. The question was. for when they sent the letter out it was under the authority of what “seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us…” They were laying claim to divine authority as well as their own.”
What gave James the right to have a “judgement” in the first place? He was exercising the authority of the seat of Mosheh. that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to YHWH. We have seen what happens when this authority is assumed by ever narrower aspects of the Church. He described these workers in the Qahal as gifts. In the beginning. you are no longer foreigners and aliens. That this power can be abused is evident in twenty centuries of Church history. On that occasion. The Apostles stepped into their role and took leadership of the Qahal.Within the Messianic Assembly established by Yahushua. Numbers 18:6-7
I myself have selected your fellow Levites from among the Israelites as a gift to you. For through him we both have access to the Father by one Spirit. he drew upon this concept for the various roles in the Messianic Qahal. and sitting in the seat of Mosheh. we find that this authority continued on. Consequently. dedicated to YHWH to do the work at the Tent of Meeting. Ephesians 2:17-21
He came and preached peace to you who were far away and peace to those who were near. a primary role was assigned. this was clearly more than just their opinions.
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. We see Apostolic authority being exercised at the Yerushalayim Council — Acts 15. In effect. built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets. Indeed. following the practices of “binding and loosing”. In making the Acts 15 decision. In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a set-apart temple in the Master. they met to discuss the entrance requirements for Gentiles. I am giving you the service of the priesthood as a gift. therefore.
When Sha'ul wrote Ephesians. but fellow citizens with YHWH's people and members of YHWH's household. What was necessary for their entry into the assemblies? After hearing various sides of the question. using the power of binding and loosing.
“It is my judgement. how was the Torah to be applied to them.

What many today do not understand is that the Gospel of Matthew was written in Hebrew. wrote it in the Hebrew tongue. However. In modern evangelical understanding. it is subject to certain weaknesses. What is an idiom. As such. But that is not particularly clear in the Greek. For they laid particular stress upon the fact that Messiah (should be) of the seed of David.
Irenaeus said Matthew was written to the Jews:
The Gospel according to Matthew was written to the Jews. rather they tended to follow the actual or literal words. We know when someone says “his eyes fell to the floor. What is interesting is the absence of these two ideas in the spiritual warfare that is mentioned in the Bible. This is a Hebrew idiom for a generous person. binding and loosing has nothing to do with the authority of the Church except as it might relate to spiritual warfare. What about “binding and loosing” as spiritual warfare? The idea of “binding” and “loosing” has risen to the forefront in some current teaching on spiritual warfare. Their views carry weight. who wrote the gospel. Why do some believe that “binding and loosing” are aspects of spiritual warfare? This is a new concept that has almost no history in the Church. Papias said.” Using this expression is an attempt by Roman Catholics to claim that the Church is infallible when it speaks “ex cathedra” because it is speaking from the “Seat of Mosheh.The term “ex cathedra” means “from the chair. If it were to be such an important part of warfare. but formed the mainstream of the early Christian assemblies. Far more emphasis is given to this idea than is warranted from the Scripture. At present. That Matthew was originally written in Hebrew is the unanimous view of the Church Fathers. In particular. one would expect to find it more prominently mentioned in the Scriptures.” But the “Seat of Mosheh” was not for purposes of adding to the Scripture. More likely. But consider the problem of a translator.
Cyril of Jerusalem also noted:
Matthew. and what should be taken literally? We see this weakness reflected in the translation of the term “good eye” in Matthew. if these early fathers are correct. but to give an official interpretation on areas that were not clearly spelled out. it is most noticeable for its absence.” not to take that literally. In fact. Hebrew idioms did not always make the transition intact.
These men are not obscure figures. no original copy of Matthew has ever been found in the Hebrew.
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. it doesn't even exist as a weapon of spiritual warfare. This error in thinking springs from a fundamental error in understanding about the Gospel of Matthew. Translations of this period often did not translate the sense of a passage. what exists in Greek is a translation of the Hebrew.
Matthew put together the oral teachings oracles of the Master in the Hebrew language.

however. the “binding” and “loosing” passages have been interpreted along the lines of the authority of the Apostles to “sit in the seat of Mosheh.” As the logic goes. Unfortunately. being a new doctrine or understanding does not necessarily mean the new doctrine in untrue. according to Eusebius and the others we have cited. as contained in the Torah. has always been that binding and loosing were part of the authority granted to the Church. were recognised by the apostles from the rabbinical terms for “binding. Although Yahushua criticised the Pharisees for their
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. allowing some things but denying other based on their interpretation of the meaning of the Torah.” that is. of granting or forbidding.
“These powers. the meaning was clouded in such a literal translation. new doctrines need to be examined very carefully to see how they fit with the whole counsel of Scripture. Yahushua is showing that only a superior power can drive out demons. robbing him of his goods. only Matthew records this idea.) The “bind-loose theology” is heavily based upon a special interpretation of the “strong man” passages in Matthew 12:29. He cites Jewish texts to show that “binding” and “loosing” were the terms applied to the work of the rabbis in interpreting Scripture. and Luke 11. Unfortunately. So if the rabbi said you were not allowed to walk more than a few hundred yards on the Sabbath. Mark 3:27. Of course. In these passages. These passages are interpreted to apply to spirit beings because of the phrases “bound in heaven” or “loosed in heaven. The Catholic Encyclopedia expresses this idea when it says.The Belief that demons can be “bound” or that angels can be “loosed” is based upon a novel interpretation of Matthew 16:10 and Matthew 18:18. all powers necessary to the well-being of the kingdom. (It is not clear how the passage could apply to demons. He then uses the example of a well armed strong man who defends his house until someone stronger “attacks and overpowers” him. However. that is. over the centuries.” No group or denomination in Christianity has ever interpreted these passages in this way before the last part of the 20th century. probably because he was the only one. This is the emphasis which Tertullian gave to it. which are not generally associated with heaven. he was “binding” certain behaviour. consisting of a “binding” and a “loosing” in the spiritual order on earth. A better understanding is found in the historic interpretation of “binding. but for a different reason. and are expressed in the idea of the “power of the keys. to write his original text of the Gospel in Hebrew. which is shared by the other branches of the historic Christian Church. “binding the strongman” has become dogma in some circles.” but about the effect of superior power.” Third. is not about “binding. even though the words of the idiom were translated correctly. The point of the passage.”
The Catholic view. since spirit beings exist in heaven. this passage must apply to them. and with the interpretation of that same Scripture over the centuries.” This means interpreting Scripture and conducting the affairs of the Assembly. Dr Roy Blizzard takes the historic view held by Catholics and Orthodox. Second. One book builds it's whole spiritual warfare concept around an improper interpretation of this passage. The passage regarding “binding” and “loosing” is a Jewish idiom translated word for word from the Hebrew into the Greek.

is because the whole notion is without Biblical foundation. It is better to get back to scriptural warfare than to continue eating soup with a fork. of the many passages dealing with spiritual warfare. And he laid hold on the dragon.” When a Jewish household had a meal.”
This future tense is the only proper application of this concept to spiritual warfare. In light of these many passages. will be done in the future (Revelation 20). If the “bind the devil” people are indeed “binding” the devil” somebody needs to figure out how long their “binding” of the devil lasts. why does Sha'ul omit “binding and loosing” in his passage on spiritual warfare in Ephesians 6? Why does James only talk about resisting the devil.hypocrisy. not Satan himself. Binyamin Benjamin. We need effective warfare with live ammunition. Yahushua had many contacts with the devil and demons. “Son of my Right Hand. No New Testament writer ever describes anyone ever “binding” the devil. We have already shown Yahushua saying.” the more questions are raised. The reason all this becomes so imprecise when the details are exposed. Is it possible. till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. Then.” Fourth. their “binding” certainly does not last very long. the youngest son would always sit at the right hand
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. stopping far short of the idea of “binding”? Why only resist. Scripture does say that Satan will be “bound” and “loosed. there is a noticeable absence of any teaching regarding “binding and loosing. Firing blanks doesn't kill the enemy. If Satan is being “bound” as often as people are saying the words. that we might eventually come to a point where all the demons are bound in chains of darkness and none are free to roam the earth? Would this leave only Satan alone to do all the evil work? The further one probes this new idea of “binding. however.” There is a great deal in the Bible about spiritual warfare. and set a seal upon him. which is the Devil. If there is no authority in the Scripture for this “binding. so he never gets loose again.” it is better to stop now than to continue building on sand. No one is binding him today. when you could “bind”? Indeed. then. that he should deceive the nations no more. Some might suggest that only demons are being bound.” This. and shut him up. he did require his disciples to obey their interpretations. and bound him a thousand years. they could line up people all over the world on a “24-hour Bind Chain” to keep “binding” Satan. So you must obey them and do everything they tell you. that old serpent. why is there no plain statement linking “binding” and “loosing” with any part of spiritual warfare? The answer is that “binding and loosing.” the way it is being taught in some quarters of the Church.
“And I saw an angel come down from heaven. And cast him into the bottomless pit. “The teachers of the Torah and the Pharisees sit in Mosheh's seat. having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. is not adequately rooted in Biblical teachings on spiritual warfare. and Satan. but He is never described as “binding” the demons.

Lavan entered into a covenant with Ya'akov (Genesis 31:43-55). The origin of the blood covenant custom looms somewhere beyond the horizon of history. Birkat HaChodesh The blessing of the New Moon. Blood Covenant To the ancient Hebrews. Emunah (faith) allows us to rest in bittahon. At the Pesach Seder meal. Rachel. For this reason David was the legal
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. whereas Yahudah the betrayer was the oldest. and also the last son of his beloved wife. disciples) enjoyed a meal. Binyamin was Ya'akov's youngest son. 2. When two men were in a covenant relationship everything they owned and their very lives were offered to each other. everyone would recline to the left. with the oldest talmid sitting at the left hand of the rabbi and the youngest at his right hand. Exchanging garments and swords (1 Sh'muel 18:4) A blood sacrifice (Genesis 15:9-17. so that the head of the youngest talmid would be the closest to the chest of the rabbi. Bittahon brings a confidence that YHWH will never “drop” us. 31:43-54. blessing after meals. When a rabbi and his talmidim (taught ones. The custom of making blood covenants can be found among American Indians as well as in the deepest most remote parts of Africa. Moreover a person with a covenant relationship held heirship rights with the one he is in covenant with. It is the security of sensing and knowing that He has not left us nor will he ever forsake us…no matter what the present predicament may be. Based on information in the Gospels. 3. Yirmeyahu 34:18-19) A memorial covenant meal (Genesis 31:54)
There are several examples of covenants in Scriprture. Bitul Torah The neglect of the study of the Torah. And David made a covenant with Jonathan (1 Samuel 18:1-4). the talmidim would also be arranged around the table in order of their age. that He knows the end from the beginning and does all for the ultimate benefit of those who are His. Bittahon An attitude of trust in and reliance on YHWH. a blood covenant was the most binding greement one could enter into. The customs surrounding the making of a blood covenant among the Hebrews involved: 1.of the father. Birkat haMazon A Blessing to YHWH said over food. The making of blood covenants seems to be a universal concept found among all peoples in even the most remote parts of the world. we infer that Yochanan was Yahushua's youngest talmid.

the riches of his glorious inheritance in the saints… Hebrews 9:15-17
15
For this reason Messiah is the mediator of a new covenant. The author shows that the Messiah was “made heir of all things” (1:2. if indeed we share in his sufferings in order that we may also share in his esteem. 2. “Abba. it is necessary to prove the death of the one who made it. Father. 4 and into an inheritance that can never perish. it never takes effect while the one who made it is living. 12:23) (an
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. 18
11
In him we were also chosen.kept in heaven for you…
This inheritance is a major topic of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Jonathan pleaded with his father the king on David's behalf (1 Samuel 19:4-7). but you received the Spirit of sonship.
18
I pray also that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened in order that you may know the hope to which he has called you. Because of their covenant.”
16 17
The Spirit himself testifies with our spirit that we are YHWH's children. 3.
Now if we are children.
3
Praise be to the Elohim and Father of Adonu Yahushua the Messiah! In his great mercy he has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Messiah Yahushua from the dead. 14.
1 Peter 1:3-4. then we are heirs — heirs of Elohim and co-heirs with Messiah. And because of the covenant David sought out Jonathan's son Mefiboshet so as to show kindness to him and make him as one of his own sons (2 Samuel 9). And by him we cry. having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will. spoil or fade. Now our covenants with YHWH are patterned after the Hebrew blood covenant customs.heir to the throne when Jonathan and Saul were killed. that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance — now that he has died as a ransom to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant.
14
who is a deposit guaranteeing our inheritance until the redemption of those who are God's possession — to the praise of his glory. One of the best pictures we have of the power of the blood covenant is given in 1 Samuel 18-20. because a will is in force only when somebody has died. Exchanging garments and swords (Ephesians 6:11-17) Have a blood sacrifice (Hebrews 9:12-22) Have a memorial covenant meal (Mattityahu 26:26-29) Romans 8:15-17
15
We also have an inheritance
For you did not receive a spirit that makes you a slave again to fear.
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In the case of a will.
Ephesians 1:11. In the same way we: 1. 4) and the “firstborn” (1:6.

Boethuseans A religious party of the first century composed of wealthy and influential members of the priesthood. Nakdimon promised the General to repay him either twelve wells or twelve talents of silver (a large sum of money) before the expiration of one year. According to the story. They deliberately distance themselves from anything “Christian. divisive way. Since we are blood covenantors with the Messiah who is heir of all things (i. Born again Some thoughts on Yochanan 3:1-12: Yochanan 3:1
There was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus. the Talmud also recounts that “Nakdimon” was only his nickname and that his real name
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. they often do so in an unbalanced. One rather lengthy Talmudic story tells us that once. 2:5-9) we inherit with him (1:14. According to the Talmud he was wealthy enough to feed the entire city for ten years (b. demanded the silver. during a drought. Messianic Judaism should not be confused with Bnai Noach and the Netzarim Judaism movement. 8:6-13). The author argues that because of this covenant relationship we have an inheritance (9:11-22). “Bnai Noach” and the “Netzarim Movement” Generally speaking these groups are anti-Trinitarian. this time the clouds removed and the sun shined through. Boneh Yerushalayim The blessing over the rebuilding of Yerushalayim. 12:23). believe in keeping both the Oral and Written Torah. so Nakdimon went to the Beit HaMiqdash to pray.e. 2:10-18. to expire prematurely. a ruler of the Jews…
This was probably Nakdimon ben Gurion. In Ta'anit 19b-20a. had it not rained. do not believe that the New Testament is authoritative scripture. Nakdimon made a deal with a Roman General so as to procure twelve wells of water for the Jewish people. similar in doctrine with the Tzadokim (Sadducees). The Bnai Noah and Netzarim Judaism movements consist mostly of nonJews. saying that the cloud-cover had caused the day. Nakdimon returned to the Beit HaMiqdash and prayed again. do not believe that the Messiah was born of a virgin and do not believe in that religious Jews need to accept Yahushua as the Messiah. thus the General was satisfied. are vehemently anti-Christian in their writings. the Kingdom (1:13. On the last day of the year it still had not rained. one of the three leading batlanim (counsellors) in Yerushalayim. While they embrace the true roots of the faith. and that the oath which makes the Messiah a priest after the order of Malkitzedek (7:20-22) is the New Covenant (Hebrews 7:22. and thus the year. His prayer was answered and it began to rain and refill the wells. He shows that the oath which made Abraham's seed the chosen people was a covenant (6:13-14). however. reactive. He also shows that this is a blood covenant sealed with the Messiah's blood (Hebrews 8 & 9).inheritance term). 9:11-22. Gittin 56a). The Roman General.” Many would view them as cults because they reject some of the historically orthodox doctrines of Christianity.

Yeshayahu 44:3
For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty. and you will keep My mishpatim (right-rulings) and do them. 19:39. I will put My spirit within you and cause you to walk in My statutes.” There would be no reason for Buni to have this Greek name as a nickname. I will take the heart of stone out of your flesh and give you a heart of flesh. I will cleanse you from all your filthiness and from all your idols. I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you. Another possible etymology for his name is naki dam — “innocent of the blood” based upon his actions recorded in Yochanan 7:45-52. Yochanan 3:3
…born again…
The idea behind such an expression can be found in the Talmud (Yevamot 48b and 62a):
“…a proselyte is like a new-born infant…”
Yochanan 3:5-6
born of water and the spirit…born of the flesh…born of the spirit
Yahushua ties this in as an elaboration of the previous phrase “born again. Then you shall dwell in the land that I gave to you fathers. and you shall be clean.” He is apparently referring to two Tanakh passages: Yechezk'el 36:24-28
For I will take you from among the nations. as the Talmud does record that he had dealings with the Roman General stationed at Yerushalayim (Ta'anit 19b-20a). The Talmud suggests that the nickname Nakdimon was taken from nakad which means “to shine” “because the sun shined out for him” (Ta'anit 20a). but the sound-alike Greek name may have been used by the Roman occupiers in their dealings with this very wealthy man. you shall be my people. gather you out of all countries and bring you into your own Land Then I will sprinkle clean water on you. and floods upon the dry ground. and I will be your Elohim. The Greek equivalent name Nicodemus has a meaning all of its own: Nikos Demos means “victorious people.
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.was Buni. The Talmud also relates that a certain Buni was a talmid (student) of Yahushua of Nazareth and was himself martyred some time after Yahushua's death (b. Sanhedrin 43a).

There is a passing from guilt to righteousness. But one more powerful than I will come. from imminent death and punishment to chaiyah l'olam va'ed (everlasting life). is born again. and he saw the Spirit of YHWH descending like a dove and lighting on him. The following Scriptures should also be examined when studying the concept of rebirth: Mattityahu 3:11
I baptise you with water for repentance. I have neither reared sons nor brought up daughters. but the reason I came baptising with water was that he might be revealed to Israel. you are a living corpse. we writhed in pain. which centres in the atoning and redeeming work of Messiah Yahushua.
Mattityahu 3:16
As soon as Yahushua was baptised. for the sea has spoken: “I have neither been in labour nor given birth. whose sandals I am not fit to carry. and my blessing upon your offspring…
It is easy to understand why the metaphor of a birthing process is used of receiving the righteousness (tzadekah) of YHWH. But after me will come one who is more powerful than I. empowered and indwelt by the Ruach that was upon the Mashiach. We have not brought salvation to the earth.
Yochanan 1:31-33
31
I myself did not know him. “I baptise you with water. he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened.”
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Then Yochanan gave this testimony: “I saw the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on him. one is born as a citizen of the World to Come. He will baptise you with the Holy Spirit and with fire.
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.
18
We were with child. under the penalty of death. so were we in your presence. As far as the life in the World to Come is concerned.”
Yeshayahu 26:17-18
17
As a woman with child and about to give birth writhes and cries out in her pain. O YHWH. but we gave birth to wind. it is as though you are dead. passing from death to life.e.
This is why one who turns away from idolatry and self-righteousness and worships YHWH ba'ruach v'ba'emet (in spirit and in truth).I will pour my Spirit upon your seed. O Sidon. Also consider Yeshayahu 23:4
Be ashamed.
Luke 3:16
Yochanan answered them all. unborn. we have not given birth to people of the world. and you. in accordance with the covenantal promises of YHWH. He will baptise you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. the thongs of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. When one is unredeemed. i. O fortress of the sea. When one received redemption.

as the Scripture has said. water and the number 40. namely. This gives the double meaning “The Spirit blows…” Yochanan 3:10
…are you a Teacher of Israel. the numerical value of the letter mem is forty. Mem: The letter of transition The miqvah (immersion bath) entails two basic concepts. The letter mem derives its name from mayim. The closed mem sophit (final mem) represents the womb closed during pregnancy. In order to understand the meaning of this letter on a deeper level and see how it relates to the miqvah. This points away from the idea that Nakdimon merely misunderstood an idiomatic expression. Furthermore.”
39
By this he meant the Spirit.'
Yochanan 7:38-39
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Whoever believes in me. Another concept that we find associated wit the letter mem is the womb. whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Therefore it is not surprising to learn that the letter mem is also said to represent the miqvah. Yochanan 3:8
…the wind blows…
In the Aramaic this is a word play. since Yahushua had not yet been glorified. as the word for spirit — rucha — can also mean “wind” and is the word used for wind here. except that the one who sent me to baptise with water told me.
We now return to the book of Yochanan. being a Jewish teacher. the Jewish people would have to be born of water (made clean). 2 Chronicles 13:8). The numerical value 40. The prophet says
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. associated with the mem then also represents the 40 days during which the embryo is formed. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given. namely. `The man on whom you see the Spirit come down and remain is he who will baptise with the Holy Spirit. Thus in order to enter the Kingdom and be re-gathered to the Land. Both of these concepts are contained in a single letter. born of flesh (receive a heart of flesh rather than stone) and receive the Spirit of YHWH so as to walk in the statutes. the Hebrew word for water. the Hebrew letter Mem.33
I would not have known him. Yochanan 3:7
…enter the kingdom of Elohim…
As we have shown earlier. and do not know these things?
These are things Nakdimon should have known. streams of living water will flow from within him. we must delve into a most interesting midrash. while the open mem is the womb giving birth. the “Kingdom of Elohim” is a euphemism for the Kingdom of Israel (as in 1 Chronicles 28:5.

striding forward in the greatness of his strength? “It is I. the mem also represents the present — the transition between past and future — which is the arena of all change. “Because it is spelled aleph mem taw. “The seal of Elohim is truth. the last letter. the essence of change as well as the number forty. aleph mem spell out em. he re-enters the stream of time as if he were a new being. the first letter of the alphabet. mem represents the concept of transition and change.(Yirmeyahu 10:10): YHWH Elohim is emet (truth). Taw. Even the 40 days of formation are no longer an expanse of time. it represents the instant that we call the present. avenging Messiah will come to Yerushalayim: Yeshayahu 63:1
1
Who is this coming from Edom. Past and future cease to exist for him. from Botzrah. The last two letters. What he was in the past no longer counts. mem taw.'” From this.”
2
Why are your garments red. Therefore the arena of action. when he emerges from the miqvah. mighty to save. Aleph is the past. Indeed. robed in splendour. Most important here. speaking in righteousness. The past is history and can not be changed. with his garments stained crimson? Who is this. This is the letter mem. mem is the middle letter and taw is the last letter of the Alphabet. This is the beginning of man. and taw the future. following explanation:
The midrash then gives the
What is the seal of Elohim? Our rabbi said in the name of rabbi Reuven. the essence of birth. the transition from past to future also represents an aspect of birth. Then. represents the end. Thus. The first two letters. “that which is being born. Aleph. we see that the letter mem has a most interesting property. like those of one treading the winepress?
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. As such. On a deeper level. represents the beginning. is the present. the Hebrew word for mother.” The womb in which the future is born is the present. Symbolic of water. HaShem thus says (Yeshayahu 44:6). so mem represents the transition from past to future. 'I am first and I am last. where all change takes place. Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. spell out met — the Hebrew word for death — the end of man. but a volume of water — 40 sa'ah. which literally means. Mem is the letter that represents transition. one word for “future” in Hebrew is HaNolad. We see this most clearly in the word emet itself. he is actually entering the concept of the ultimate present. “Why is emet the Hebrew word for truth?” He replied. We have no way of even touching the future.” Resh Lakish asked. Botzrah Mountain in Edom (Saudi Arabia) from which direction the victorious. when a person enters the miqvah.

who himself served for eleven years in contrast to the normal 3 year terms of service. B'rit Chadashah New Covenant. Caiaphas had probably worked out a good relationship with Valerius Gratus. rarely serving more than 3 years.
C
Caiaphas Joseph Caiaphas had been appointed High Priest under the procuratorship of Valerius Gratus in 18 CE. Before the kohanim (priests) could begin the Beit HaMiqdash services. B'rit Covenant. There were somewhere between 300 000 to 400 000
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. Brit-Am See: Lost tribes of Israel. This water was drawn from the Byor or laver — a large copper basin in the courtyard of the Beit HaMiqdash. B'shem “In the name of. High Priests came and went like the husbands of some movie stars.” Byor Laver. Pilatus and Caiaphas coincide with the career of Lucius Aelias Sejanus. coinciding with the downfall and trial of Sejanus. Judea may not have been considered a “plum” appointment because of the harsh surroundings but the opportunity for accumulating fortunes from graft and corruption was high. benediction.B'rachah Plural: Berachot. B'rit Milah Covenantal circumcision of male Israelites. It is significant that he served in this capacity for 18 years until 36 CE. It is obvious that Caiaphas was “their man” in the Temple with access to the treasury as head of the party of the Sadducees and to all of the ancillary trade and commercial enterprises that surrounded the Temple. B'rachot haShachar The blessings of awakening recited each morning. Pilate’s predecessor. when Pilate himself was recalled. Renewed Covenant. they had to take set-apart water and pour it over their hands and feet. It is probably no coincidence that the unprecedented long terms of Gratus. Blessing.

and teaches us that we are not redeemed unto lawlessness. Chai Literally: life. binah and da'at — “wisdom. so that we would not miss the real redemptive events when they came to pass. Shavuot. we should sojourn with the same dependence on the provision and guidance of YHWH that Israel had in the 40 years in the wilderness. had a great thing going for himself and his Roman cronies. Chaggay Haggai Chag-haAsif Festival of ingathering — a term for Sukkot. made qadosh. When Yehudim drink.
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. prophetic patterns which teach us about the Footsteps of the Messiah in a concrete way. greeting used on the festivals. Chag haGeulah Festival of redemption. It teaches us that we are redeemed by grace. the money coming to the treasury from Jews all over the Roman world and hundreds of enterprises associated with the Temple were all being siphoned to enrich Sejanus. Festival. that had to be celebrated in a specific way at a specific place. The Torah forms the marriage contract between Almighty YHWH and Yisra'el. Money changing. Every chag is an island in time set apart. overturning money changers’ tables. understanding and knowledge. Why? To communicate with us in foreshadowing. Chag Same'ach Literally: “joyous festival”. the sign of the contract is the keeping of the Shabbat.pilgrims in Yerushalayim and surrounding areas for the temple services of Passover. it sealed his death warrant. Chag Sukkot teaches us that. Gratus and Sejanus in Rome and later Pilatus and Sejanus. the Prefect as well as to the High Priest and his Sadducean cronies. another name for Shavuot. they wish each other l'Chayim (“to life”). Joseph Caiaphas. CHABAD The initials of chokhmah. in the present age. Chag haBikkurim Literally: Festival of the First Fruits. the selling of sacrificial animals. Pesach & Chag HaMatzah.” Also the name taken by a Chassidic movement founded in Russia. Literally: circle. who controlled these commercial enterprises. but unto obedience. Chag haKatzir Festival of reaping. each carrying a purse. Each chag also teaches about our walk before Elohim. When Yahushua entered the Temple early in the year 30 and condemned these practices. Pesach signifies redemption from slavery. Shavuot signifies the giving of the Torah. as High Priest and head of the collaborating Sadducees. Chag Plural: Chaggim.

” The fact that Chanukah falls exactly 75 days after Yom Kippur. barley. Literally: pierced one — a term for the Messiah.
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. leads the procession. and the subsequent rededication of the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple). Chanokh Enoch. At a specific point in the Sukkot celebrations. goes up to the Temple and proclaim himself to be “Christ and God. beginning on Kislev 25. Bread baked with egg in dough. rye. Leavened bread and anything made with wheat. It looks back at the rededication of the House of YHWH after the Maccabees had driven the forces of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes” from Yerushalayim. The 1260 days of the Great Tribulation will begin on an Aviv 10. and "#'! € (& œ "$$&.Chalil Flute. the pierced One leads us. eaten on Shabbat and festivals. distinguishing it from the Shabbat challah that is braided. Chanukah falls 75 days later. At that stage. slay the 2 witnesses. were now able to gather within its walls for joyful assembly. oats. name of the 8-day festival commemorating the Maccabean victory over the Syrians under Antiochus IV “Epiphanes” in the year 165 BM.” The Jews. which has not been supervised to ensure that it does not contain leaven. As Sukkot was observed for eight days. and the man who plays it. everything becomes quiet. symbolising a sweet year. the feast of dedication was equally observed for eight days. it was not yet called Chanukah but rather “The Sukkot Feast of the Month of Kislev. Challah Plural: Challot. yeast.” The Tribulation will end on a Yom Kippur. Prophetically. who will be of the spirit of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes. gives the only viable explanation for the 1335 days of Dani'el 12. when the False messiah will enter Yerushalayim. the Festival of Dedication. by extension referring to all foods and utensils forbidden during Pesach and Chag HaMatzah. often containing raisins. and will be the leader of Yisra'el in the Millennium. Chanukah Literally: dedication. Chanukah looks forward towards the rededication of the Temple after the second coming of the Messiah — the Temple that will be desecrated by the False Messiah. Likewise. when the False messiah is cast into the lake of fire. 2:2-65 and Nechemyah 8:13-18. Chametz Leaven. Then a chalil begins to play. who had not been able to observe Sukkot while the Beit HaMiqdash was still in the hands of the pagan Syrian Greeks. Chanukah. The Institution of Chanukah: The consecration of the Beit HaMiqdash and dedication of the new altar were celebrated for eight days. And there was an additional reason for regarding the feast as a second Sukkot: both the First and the Second Temples had been dedicated on Chag Sukkot — see 1 Kings 8. Food prepared with leaven. 1260 days later. the challah used on Yom Teruah is round. begins on Kislev 25. or spelt.

like the Sukkot festival since they had missed it during the time of war…and declared that the whole Jewish nation should observe these days every year as a remembrance of their victory…
Although this festival of Chanukah is not officially instituted in canonised Scripture. in joy and happy renewal.” The prophecies of Chaggai also allude to Chanukah. œ œ œ œ œ œ œ The following article and information is taken from a newsletter written by Messianic Jewish believer Dr Randy Weiss.org/ THE HISTORY OF HANUKKAH Alexander the Great was a famous Greek King who conquered most of the known world in his day. to Zeus instead of the animals that YHWH required and instituted through the Levitical priesthood in the Beit HaMiqdash. In the text of the Torah. Mattathias was to be the first person
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. was enraged by this event. The CrossTalk Web Site is located at http://www. the book of Daniel contains prophecies about the rededication of the Beit HaMiqdash after the reign of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes.crosstalk. the purification of the Miqdash took place.” “This was the dedication of the altar. the founder of a Jewish Roots ministry called CrossTalk. The land of Israel was under the dynasty of the Seleucid dynasty that dominated the area of Syria. his kingdom was divided into four parts. Jewish practices such as the keeping of the Sabbath and circumcision were forbidden. and they celebrated it for eight days with gladness. a pig. He dominated all of the Near East which included the land of Israel during the 4th Century BM After his death. In 167 BM Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to force the Hellenisation (accept the ways and practices of the Greek Empire) of all his subjects. an ordinance was issued and accepted by the people: Maccabees 4:36-61
Then Yahudah [Maccabeus] and his brothers and the whole congregation of Israel established that the days of the consecration of the altar be celebrated for eight days at this period. they set up an altar and commanded the Jews to come and sacrifice a pig. there are coded messages about the Maccabees and the festival of Chanukah. When the Seleucids arrived in Modi'in. links it to the consecration of the mizbe'ach (altar) in the Tent of Meeting in the desert: Numbers 7:60
“zot chanukat ha-mizbe'ach. Mattathias. Some Jews desired to assimilate and accept the Greek ways but other Jews refused and some were brutally killed. namely beginning with the twenty-fifth of the month of Kislev.
Maccabees 10:5-9
It came about that on the very same day (3 years later) on which the Miqdash had been profaned by aliens. an old priest. As priest.The name Chanukah which this Feast eventually received.”
After the original celebration. a town about 27 km from Yerushalayim. They even commanded that the Jews sacrifice the most unclean of animals.

they were so very glad at the revival of their customs. and change all the ordinances. even wheresoever they could flee for succour. commanding the cities of Yahudah to sacrifice. cleansed and rededicated to Almighty YHWH. Mattathias and his 5 sons engaged the Greeks in guerrilla warfare to win Israel's independence. was recaptured by the Maccabees. that all should be one people. And pollute the sanctuary and holy people. And forbid burnt offerings. to wit every one that forsook the Torah. Mattathias killed the weak-spirited Jewish infidel and attacked the Seleucid soldiers. Yea. that they made it a law for their posterity. Set up altars. and chapels of idols. At that very moment. they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship. he should die. 12:7:7
Now Yehudah [Maccabeus] celebrated the festivals of the restoration of the sacrifices of the Beit HaMiqdash for eight days: and omitted no sort of pleasure thereon: but he feasted them upon every rich and splendid sacrifices. and drink offerings. and call it lights. Nay. And from that time to this we celebrate this festival. The Antiquities of the Jews. To the end they might forget the Torah. and groves. because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us. Mattathias boldly refused to offer a sacrifice to Zeus and made a rousing speech against pagan worship and called the Jews to solidarity and faith. For the king had sent letters by messengers unto Yerushalayim and the cities of Yahudah that they should follow the strange laws of the land. and unclean beasts. for eight days. And drove the Israelites into secret places. in the temple. and that thence was the name given to that festival. Concerning the story of Chanukah.
The story of Chanukah in the book of Maccabees 1st Maccabees 1:41-64
Moreover king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom. Now the fifteenth
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. I suppose the reason was. and he honoured Elohim and delighted them. and sacrifice swine's flesh. he said. And every one should leave his laws. The Beit HaMiqdash which was desecrated when Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacrificed a pig on the altar. So all the heathen agreed according to the commandment of the king. on account of the restoration of their temple worship. by hymns and psalms. And whosoever would not do according to the commandment of the king. the ancient Jewish historian Josephus born in 37 YM wrote in his book. when after a long time of intermission. The Yehudim miraculously won the war against the Syrian Seleucids and regained their freedom to worship the one true Elohim of Israel. and sacrificed unto idols and profaned the sabbath. and sacrifice. city by city. and so they committed evils in the land. When a renegade Jew went forward to sacrifice the pig in compliance with the demand of the pagan invaders. In the selfsame manner wrote he to his whole kingdom and appointed overseers over all the people. Chanukah is a well documented festival. the revolt began. The many of the people were gathered unto them. and that they should profane the sabbaths and festival days. many also of the Israelites consented to his religion. It is recorded in the Apocrypha — in 1st and 2nd Maccabees. That they should also leave their children uncircumcised and make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation.required to do this sacrifice. that they should keep a festival.

And there was very great wrath upon Israel. The Talmudic rabbis and Chanukah The ancient Rabbis taught about the holiday but even they don't discuss the miracle of the oil until the later Talmudic writings of the Gemara. and burnt incense at the doors of their houses. many in Israel were fully resolved and confirmed in themselves not to eat any unclean thing. that they would put him to death. However. Can a toy tell a religious story? A sevivon (Hebrew for Dreidel) tells a marvellous story. Ultimately. This was probably due to the Mishnah Rabbis living under Roman domination and their fear of the Roman authorities. to as many as were found in the cities. and in the streets. Later. However. Is Chanukah a Scriptural Festival? Hanukkah is included in the list of set-apart times ordained in Leviticus 23. the Jewish warriors continued to drive the pagan invaders out of Israel. At which time according to the commandment they put to death certain women. the Yehudim were victorious. and built idol altars throughout the cities of Yahudah on every side. in the hundred forty and fifth year. The letters are a Hebrew acronym saying:
A Great Miracle Happened Here!
What was this great miracle that the Dreidel and the holiday commemorate? It is proclaimed that after the Maccabees won their stunning military victory over the Greek invaders of Israel they cleansed the Beit HaMiqdash In so doing. This was the beginning of the Hasmonean dynasty. the king's commandment was.
The Hasmonean dynasty Before Mattathias died. they needed to light the
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. they burnt them with fire. and that they might not profane the holy covenant: so then they died.” Under his respected leadership. the Hasmonean dynasty became quite Hellenised. Thus did they by their authority unto the Israelites every month. They persecuted and opposed the rabbis. Now the five and twentieth day of the month they did sacrifice upon the idol altar.day of the month Kislev. which means “the hammer. A dreidel is a 4 sided top-like spinning toy that has a letter painted on each side. Wherefore the rather to die. he passed the leadership onto his son Yahudah ha-Makkabi. And they hanged their infants about their necks. they liberated Yerushalayim and rededicated the Beit HaMiqdash back to YHWH. Dreidels Dreidels are the toys with Jewish children play to call to remembrance the story of the rededication of the Beit HaMiqdash in ancient Israel. and destroyed their houses and slew them that had circumcised them. Against all odds. And when they had rent in pieces the books of the Torah which they found. John 10:22 teaches us that Messiah Yahushua kept and celebrated this festival. which was upon the altar of Elohim. that they might not be defiled with meats. The Hasmonean dynasty ruled into the 1st century. And whosoever was found with any committed to the Torah. that had caused their children to be circumcised. they set up the abomination of desolation upon the altar. The Mishnah is silent about the miracle of oil burning for 8 days after having only a one day supply of oil to burn in the Beit HaMiqdash upon recapturing the Beit HaMiqdash back from the Greeks.

“Baruch atah Adonai Eloheynu Melekh ha-olam.
3) With the Shamash candle burning. invite a different person to read the Scriptures designated for each night of the 8 days. The miracle that is remembered is the story of how the lights burned for 8 days giving them sufficient time to complete their celebration and produce more oil for the Beit HaMiqdash Chanukiah Candle Lighting Guide 1) First. one additional candle to each of the eight days. The first new candle is ALWAYS kindled first by the LIT shamash candle. Who has set us apart with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the light of the Chanukah (and to let our light shine before others)” “Baruch atah Adonai Eloheynu Melekh ha-olam sheheyanu v'ke'manu v'heegeeanu lazman ha-zeh” “Blessed are you. YHWH our Elohim. Who has kept us alive and sustained us and enabled us to reach this season”. celebrating the coming of the Light of the World. The first candle is placed at our right. 2) Light the Shamash (servant) candle. The Maccabees only had enough proper olive oil to burn for 1 day.
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. and to give his life as a ransom for many. “He is the Light of the World” and reading Mark 10:44-45
Whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. recite the Berachah (blessing) saying. but to serve. O YHWH our Elohim.” “Blessed are you.
4) Then. 6) Sing Ma'oz Tzur (“Rock of Ages”) and other Chanukah songs you might come across. light the other candles with the Shamash candle. she-hasah nisim la-atotainu bayamim ha-ham bazman ha-zeh” “Blessed are you. King of the Universe. While holding the Shamash candle. as we face the Chanukiah (9 candlestick menorah) subsequent candles are placed to the left of it. King of the Universe. 5) Each night of lighting. King of the Universe. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served. take it in your hand and recite the following blessing in Hebrew and English:
“Baruch atah Adonai Eloheynu Melekh ha-olam kidshanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Chanukiah. set the number of candles ready to be lit to correspond with which of the 8 days are being celebrated. which represents the Messiah Yahushua (He is YHWH's Servant sent to the earth to redeem us from our sins). YHWH our Elohim. Who has performed miracles for our forefathers in those days at this time”.Menorah (a candelabra in the Temple).

The Hellenistic world glorified the human mind and body. there was no attempt to drive the Jews from Israel. her arts and comforts. Phenomena and concepts to which logic could be applied were exhausted. ancient Greece was the most beautiful and cultured of all civilisations. To the Greek philosopher. during the era. the glamour of Greece.” Ironically. We still hear the echoes of this cultural clash today. Consequently.
The command “Let there be light” banished the darkness.
In the beginning…the earth was empty…and darkness was upon the face of the deep. our homeland. enticed many Jews toward complete assimilation into secular Greek culture. Each of them from angles so different have left us with the inheritance of its genius and wisdom…the main guiding light in modern faith and culture.
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. the world was run by natural laws. This first “light” must be understood not as light in a conventional sense. and those which lay beyond the confines of pure reason were shunned as folly.Candle 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
Scripture(s) Exodus 3:21-22 Psalm 18:28. entirely accessible to the human intellect. but as a reference to raw spiritual energy.
Jewish historians label the period during which the Hellenists had influence over Israel as the “Greek Exile. who or what did they view as having been exiled? Jewish sages provide an explanation by comparing our existence within the Greek nation to the darkness at the very beginning of creation. This begs the question. the luminous bodies including the sun and stars did not come into existence until much later. Psalm 27:1 Yeshayahu 60:1-3 John 8:12 Luke 2:30-32 Tehillim 119:105 & 130 Mattityahu 5:14-16 Revelation 21:22-27
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ During Chanukah. The Greek exile is therefore seen through the eyes of the sages as comparable to a physical universe wholly lacking any spiritual content. the Jewish people relive their military and ideological victory over ancient Greece. The first two lines of Genesis read. However. they simultaneously confirm that externally. While traditional Jewish sources compare Greek culture to primordial Darkness. as Winston Churchill wrote in his History of the Second World War:
No other two races (but the Jews and Greeks) have set such a mark upon the world. Many Jews during the historical period in which the Chanukah miracle too place found in Hellenism the world's first intellectually stimulating alternative to Judaism. according to the sequence of events presented in the Torah.

Its colour and consistency are reminders of the bricks and mortar used by the Israelite slaves. the commonly accepted notion of “relative morality” which denies the existence any absolute right or wrong prevails. a core of Jews maintained that the mechanical laws of nature are subordinate to a higher reality. the widespread modern-day assumption that there exists nothing beyond the physical world. and balk at the claim that there is nothing wrong with cold-blooded murder other than personal preference. the philosophy of life's absurd futility and inherent meaninglessness is also a natural outgrowth of Hellenistic thought. Such a view relegates the notions of love and the soul to the realm of merely base biochemical phenomena. especially designed for use during the Festival of Chanukah. The second century before the Common Era. Yet many thinking people consider ridiculous the view that life is utterly meaningless. This is the “darkness” of Greece. Additionally. this century's most eloquent atheistic philosopher conceded.” Those who posses the humility and courage to concede that the human mind's reasoning faculty has its limits are forced to re-examine such a constricted view of reality. We see as an illustration of this point. These disheartening conclusions. Even Bertrand Russell. at the time when Athens and Yerushalayim intellectual locked horns. the ceremony of affixing the mezuzah to the doorpost. only because the material aspects of the universe are more readily grasped by simplistic logic and reasoning. Just because our minds can't easily package what our soul “knows” need not mean that our souls' are wrong. Chanukiah Eight-branched Chanukah menorah. They saw the glory that was Greece. held by so many today. emerge from the perspective of this world being just a circus of atomic nuts and bolts lacking any overall purpose or intentional design. Charoset A mixture of fruits. Existentialism. The brilliant spiritual intensity of humankind was left overshadowed by the superficiality of externals. with a place for a ninth candle (shamash — “servant”) used to light the other candles. nuts. This too explains what the sages saw Greek culture had exiled: the spark of the human soul and spirit. but I find myself incapable of believing all that is wrong with wanton cruelty is that I don't like it. Chasidim A group of pious 1st Century YM Jewish sages who shared the Pharisees' ethical and
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. “I cannot see how to refute the arguments for the subjectivity of ethical values. Jews on the other hand recognised the intellect as the soul's most powerful and reliable tool. but as a bleak shackling of the human spirit by a disinterested and lifeless world. Chanukat Habayit Literally: dedication of the home. but nothing more.The foundation of our modern Western world-view developed directly from this perspective. one of the symbolic Pesach foods. This very same struggle rages today between secular thought and living by the Devar (Word) of YHWH. certainly not as a dimness of intellect. and wine.

Chayah A living creature.
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.religious values. Chavurah A group of “subscribers” convened for the purpose of offering the Pesach sacrifice and eating of its meat.”) In Israel. Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer. i. Chata'aat Sin-offering in Beit HaMiqdash A sin offering made by one who has sinned against the Almighty. Chasidism ú Religious revivalist movement of popular mysticism among German Jews in the " Middle Ages. A group of like-minded people meeting together to worship by studying Scripture with reverence and joy. putting your proclamation into practice. Chatan Bereshith Literally: “Bridegroom of Genesis.” the man called to recite or chant the blessings over the first section of the Torah on Simchat Torah. but were also characterised by a close walk with the Almighty and their emphasis on doing what you preach. the Ba'al Shem Tov (“Master # of a Good Name”) in the first half of the 18th century. Since the 18th century. this title also designates a group within Judaism. which means the ones who tre. Chatan Bridegroom. transgressed against Torah. Singular of chayot. Chavaqquq Habakkuk.” the man called to recite or chant the blessings over the final section of the Torah on Simchat Torah. Chayei chadash New life. Chatan Torah Literally: “Bridegroom of the Torah. Chawwah Eve. ú Religious movement founded by Israel ben Eliezer. consisting of Ultra-Orthodox followers of the eighteenth-century leader. the ultra-orthodox are referred to as the Charridim. who is called the Ba'al Shem Tov (literally: “the master with a good name. Choni the Circle-Drawer was a famous 1st century chasid.e.

A centre of enmity and conspiracy against the Children of Yisra'el. A type of angel mentioned in Yechezk'el 1-3 and Revelation 4-5. who intones the liturgy and leads the prayers in a synagogue. profuse shedding of blood. At the time of the exodus from Mitzrayim and the entry into the promised land. and subsequent joy of childbirth is a picture of the agony and the joy that the believing remnant of Israel as well as gentile believers will experience when they are born into the Messiah and His kingdom. It is highly likely that Cheshbon in Jordan will also feature in an eschatological conspiracy to first put Israel at ease and then destroy them as a nation.Chayei olam Everlasting life. The Israelites defeated them and destroyed Cheshbon. Chesed Grace. loyal love. The tribe of Reuven later rebuilt the city. The excruciating pain.
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. Cheshbon Heshbon. This may be inferred by doing remez between Yirmeyahu 48. He refused to let the Israelites pass through. Hebrew term for the seven year tribulation period that will precede the glorious second coming of King Messiah. Related to avon (crookedness) and pesha (rebellion). mercy. the Hebrew term translated as “sin. Chevlai Shel Mashiach Birthpains of the Messiah. Chayot Living creatures. Tehillim 83 and Ovadyah 1:7. Chazan The cantor. making a mistake. Chazan Ha-keneset Synagogue employee. Sihon.” Transgression of Torah. A town in ancient Moav (today: Jordan). Numbers 24:17. Chet Missing the mark. The metaphor of passing through labour pains to be born into the yeshuat Elohim is found throughout the Tanakh. king of the Amorites dwelt there.

As a woman with child and about to give birth writhes and cries out in her pain. 37:3. they came to you in their distress. 21:3. Who has ever heard of such a thing? Who has ever seen such things? Can a country be born in a day or a nation be brought forth in a moment? Yet no sooner is Tziyon in labour than she gives birth to her children. We were with child. but he will be saved out of it.
Book
Genesis 2 Kings Psalms Yeshayahu Yirmeyahu Hoshea Micah Mattityahu Mark Yochanan 1 Thessalonians Revelation
Verses
3:16. 5:3 24:8 13:8 16:21-24 5:3 12:2
Let us look at a few of these passages where the cataclysmic events that will come upon the earth in the Day of YHWH are described as birthpains: Yeshayahu 26:16-18
YHWH. they could barely whisper a prayer.3: Prophecies about the Chevlai Shel Mashiach — the Birthpains that will come upon the earth at the threshold of the Messianic Age.Table G. 66:7-9 4:31.
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. 22:23. 50:43 9:11-12. It will be a time of trouble for Ya'akov. but we gave birth to wind. we writhed in pain. 6:24. 26:17.
Yirmeyahu 30:6-7
Ask and see: Can a man bear children? Then why do I see every strong man with his hands on his stomach like a woman in labour. 13:13 4:9-10. “Do I close up the womb when I bring to delivery?” says your Elohim. 54:1. 30:6. 35:16-20. 49:22-24. 42: 14. 31:8. 38:27-28. when you disciplined them. so were we in your presence. O YHWH. she delivers a son. every face turned deathly pale? How awful that day will be! None will be like it. 48:41. before the pains come upon her. 23:4. she gives birth. 13:21.
Yeshayahu 66:7-10
“Before she goes into labour. 48:3 19:3 48:3-6 13:8. Do I bring to the moment of birth and not give delivery?” says YHWH. We have not brought salvation [Hebrew: yeshu'ah] to the earth. we have not given birth to people of the world.

Chevrah Kadisha A group of people entrusted with the mitzvah of preparing a body for burial. Yechezk'el 37. rejoice greatly with her. about 30 km from each. by the Ruach HaQodesh (cf. the World to Come. that he needs to be born again. That person who heeds the call of the Spirit of the Almighty. To proceed from the summit of pre-Messianic Judaism to Messianic Judaism.
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. we should ask ourselves: What was the conceptual life-world of the participants in the discussion in Yochanan 3 — the discussion about being “born again from above. Chevlo Shel Mashiach The pains suffered by the Messiah. Yochanan 3). By saying to the prominent Pharisee. to be born anew. Nakdimon.” They lived in a time when the expression “born anew” was used for the prozelyte coming up from the waters of the miqvah. The frequency and vividness of the metaphor of birthpangs in the Tanakh could be the reason Yahushua found it distressing that the batlan. did not comprehend that one cannot enter the Malkut Shamayim without being born again from above. Rabbi Yahushua the Mashiach is telling him that to join His movement and to become His talmid. all you who love her. between Beer-sheva7 and Yerushalayim. the nation of Yisra'el. By # " immersion in the miqvah the prozelyte indelibly cast his past as a pagan behind him. Yahushua may have been challenging Nakdimon with prozelyte baptism. Nakdimon must undergo a transformation and change of direction that is as radical as is prozelyte immersion. lay ahead of him. ú he immersed # " himself in a miqvah. a prominent teacher of Israel. Three things were done when a man became a prozelyte to Judaism: He was ú circumcised. Nakdimon. They saw the miqvah as ú a tomb of grave. In $ Talmud Yevamot 48b and 62a. Chevron Hebron. The patriarchs Avraham. and was like a child of one day when he came up from the waters. and ú he and brought an offering in the Beit HaMiqdash. and those in it were about to be empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh. and as ú a womb.“Rejoice with Yerushalayim and be glad for her. and does teshuvah. all you who mourn over her. In telling Nakdimon that one needs to be born again from above to enter the Kingdom of YHWH. it is said that
“…a proselyte is like a new-born infant…”
According to the communication principle of hermeneutics. would be as radical a change as it is for a pagan who becomes a prozelyte to Judaism. finds shelter under the wings of the Shekhinah and is born as a citizen of the Olam Ha-ba. The Malkut Shamayim was breaking forth into the world. while the righteous are considered alive even when dead. His new life as a member of the covenantal partner of Almighty YHWH. Yitzchaq and Ya'aqov and the
7 Afrikaans:
Sewefontein. A town in the mountains of Yehudah.
To receive the yeshuat Elohim is to pass from death to life. THe wicked are considered dead even when they are alive. to receive the breath of new life — cf.

In bringing Him presents. Rivkah and Leah are buried in the cave of Machpelah in Chevron. Chokhmah Wisdom. and shows us King Messiah. They knew that the Scriptures teach that the Light of the World. had to come into the world in the fourth day. as the marker of a new monthly cycle. Yosef and Sh'lomo foreshadows the Messiah. and will happen again in His second coming. In the messianuc understanding of Numbers 24:17. but a renewed moon. We find this messianic understanding in. This Psalm says that gifts will be brought to the king from far countries. Note that the moon is not a new moon. See Devar of Chokhmah. It is a prayer of thanksgiving to YHWH for a king who would be a saviour. Genesis 43:11. i. Likewise. The “magi” who came to bring presents to Yahushua at his birth were most probably chokhhamim who came from the land of Babylon. Chevron is considered the second most holy city in Judaism. The splendour of the reign of Sh'lomo is a foreshadowing prophetic picture of His reign. This happened in His first coming.
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. Tehillim 68:29. In these scriptures. and was called “the bosom of Avraham. Chokhamim Wise men. At the level of the p'shat. just as the sun was created on the fourth day to bring light to the dark world (Genesis 1). e. specifically as a manifestation of the Ruach HaQodesh.” Chiastic Style of Hebrew poetry and logical construction of an argument: A/B/C/Bw /Aw . the majority of Yahudim remained in Babylon (“the land of the east”) and formed centres for study of the Scriptures.. Chol Not set-apart. In later Jewish thought. The chokhamim knew that He would be born in Beit Lechem (about 5 km from Yerushalayim) and also understood Numbers 24:17 messianically. after Yerushalayim. our Saviour. Targum Onkelos.g. An antithetical parallelism constructed symmetrically about a central idea. 72:10-15. it is the Messiah who is called a star that will come out of Ya'akov and a staff (sceptre of right-ruling) that will come forth from Yisra'el. (They were not kings. sages.matriarchs Sarah. learned Pharisees. Chodesh Renewed. and there was not three of them!) After the Babylonian captivity. 76:11. the Shemesh Tzadekah (Sun of Righteousness —Malachi 4:2). For this reason. and not an entirely new covenant that is discontinuous from the past. King David ruled from Chevron for 7 years and from Yerushalayim for 33 years — a total of 40 years. Specifically the new moon. But this Tehillah looks beyond the immediate historical setting. before the year 4000. Chevron is a synonym for the abode of the dead. Psalm 72 speaks about Sh'lomo. the son of David. Usually referring to respected. the “New Covenant” is a renewed covenant. they fulfilled prophecy — cf.e.

I cringe at Dispensationalism's misuse of this term. Christ Greek: Christos œ Anointed with oil. The sages saw the decrees concerning goat l'Azazel and the parah adumah (red heifer) as chukot. Church Fathers The (Gentile) Christian scholars and leaders who preached and wrote between approximately 135 to 450 YM. The canopy represents the honeymoon chamber of the couple and symbolises the home that is about to be established. Church See Qahal. we can say
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.e. The slaying of goat l'Azazel on Yom Kippur is probable related to both the atoning death of Messiah Yahushua and the casting of the False messiah into the Lake of Fire (i. it is good practice to add the explanation. The modern usage of this term is often incorrect and even irritating. Chumash The five books of Mosheh. ChuqÎchuqah Plural: Chuqim. With the wisdom of hindsight. A commandment of the Torah that does not have a readily understood. commissioned One. Besides the good things they did. The term “Church” is one of the most misused and misunderstood words in existence today! Because our concepts are tied to our use of language. The word is derived from the Hebrew word for “five.” It is also incorrect to speak about Yahushua as “our Messiah” — He is the anointed One of YHWH. they were also responsible for the de-Judaising of Christianity. The weekdays of the Festival. statute. the misuse of language breeds a conglomeration of quasi-concepts. Commonly called the Torah.Chol haMo'ed Ordinary part of the festival-days in the middle of Chag HaMatzah or Sukkot when work is allowed. Decree. the Dead Sea. “Jesus the anointed.” Chuppah A spread canopy under which the bride and groom stand during the wedding ceremony. rational explanation. A rough Greek equivalent of Mashiach (Messiah). the Almighty does have a purpose with these decrees. logical.” To remind ourselves what the term “Christ” really means. empowered. Although baffling to the rational mind. having erupted in flames) at the triumphant return of King Messiah. on exegesis. and so Israel should faithfully observe them. We can thank our Father in Heaven for sending His Messiah to be our Go'el (kinsman-redeemer and blood-avenger). because it is used as though it is a surname — “Jesus Christ. and the imposition of alien philosophical schemes such as Neo-Platonism. sent forth by the Father” after having said “Jesus Christ.

this is probably the constant perspective of Judaism in whatever period.
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. In fact. Confirmation Ceremony marking the completion of the religious school course of study. Perhaps no one has succeeded in conveying the centrality of this perspective in traditional Judaism more eloquently than Solomon Schechter in Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. the Qumran documents. The pattern or structure of covenantal nomism is this: (1) YHWH has chosen Israel and (2) given the Torah. and atonement results in (7) maintenance or re-establishment of the covenantal relationship. is completely wrong. Covenantal Nomism The Judaism of the time of Yahushua's ministry in Israel is characterised by a unitary “pattern of religion” namely covenantal nomism. The Torah implies both (3) YHWH's promise to maintain the election and (4) the requirement to obey. apocalyptic. and intertestamental literature may be cited to prove conclusively that the perception of late Second Temple Period Judaism (or some branch thereof) as a religion of legalistic worksrighteousness. which tells us that we should understand historical communication in the historical-conceptual framework in which the communication took place originally. wherein YHWH's approbation must be earned by good works in a system of strict justice. whether it be Old Testament. (6) The Torah provides for means of atonement. Counting the Days This is a period of time specified in Leviticus 23. An important interpretation of the first and last points is that election and ultimately salvation are considered to be by YHWH's mercy rather than human achievement. Consecration Ceremony marking the beginning of a child's formal education in Torah. Talmud. Jewish religion in the time period under discussion views the whole question of obedience and disobedience on the basis of YHWH's unfathomable mercy in choosing Israel and of his merciful provision of means of restoration for sinners. Passage after passage from Tannaitic literature. falling between Pesach and Shavuot. often held on Simchat Torah. (5) YHWH rewards obedience and punishes transgression. or modern Judaism. often held on Shavuot. atonement and YHWH's mercy belong to the group which will be saved. (8) All those who are maintained in the covenant by obedience. wisdom literature. should be adequate to warn against thinking of Judaism as a religion of strict justice in which YHWH's lovingkindness and mercy is obscured by the severity of the Law. A careful and unbiased reading of Jewish literature from any stratum.that they were tragically ignorant of the communication principle of Hermeneutics.

search. Defilement See: Tamei. inquire. Dammeseq Damascus.D
Da'at Knowledge. masters. Days of Awe See: Yamim Nora'im. require. seek. Dayenu “Literally: It would have been enough for us. Darash To tread or frequent. sentimental.” Those who stand for nothing often fall for anything. Day of the LORD See Yom YHWH. Literally: mighty ones. Demons Hebrew words used in Scripture for demons: ì ì ì ì ì Seirim (Leviticus 17:7).” name of a popular Pesach Seder song. Ritual impurity.
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. and the unscholarly “spirit of the age” have caused the level of da'at of emet (knowledge of the truth) among large sections of believers to become dangerously low. question. usually to follow (for pursuit or search). Consistently translated as demons in the Septuagint. an excess of moralistic. Shedim (Deuteronomy 32:17). Lilith Tsiim Iim The sages taught that the Devar should be thought of as
Devar Î Davar The Word of YHWH. Dareyawesh King Darius. by implication to seek or ask. “My people perish because of a lack of da'at. shallow preaching. Inherited semi-pagan traditions.

Diaspora Jewish communities outside of Israel. guidance. Devar Torah Literally: a word of Torah. life-giving person-in-action. The teachings of the antinomian. He greatly popularised the Pre-Tribulation rapture of the Church. the Torah. Darby developed a new systematic theology called “Dispensationalism. congregation. Darby was disturbed by
8 This
use of the term dispensation is a misuse of language. Devar of Da'at Word of Knowledge. which dwelt where the gaze of the two keruvim met in the expanse above the kapporet (seat of atonement) of the Ark of the Testimony in the Qodesh haQodeshim. The Messiah is the Devar. story. classical dispensationalism stands in urgent need of being brought into line with the results of a rigorous exegesis of Scripture and a much more careful use of terminology. taking the form of a sermon. A manifestation of the Ruach HaQodesh. Speaking forth a truth that is supernaturally revealed to you by the Ruach HaQodesh. A manifestation of the Ruach HaQodesh. Devar of Chokhmah Word of Wisdom. Torah and Ruach are closely related concepts — speaking of instruction. Din Judgement. movement. An unquestionably true answer to a seemingly impossibly difficult ethical question. or program. However. Bee. explication. This interpretation follows from a midrashic linking of Numbers 7:89 and Yechezk'el 10:1. John Nelson Darby was the founder of the Plymouth Brethren and creator of Dispensationalism.proceeding from the Sh'khinah.
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. John Darby was an antinomian — he believed that the “Law of Moses” had passed away at the Cross. talk. See Lappidoth.” Dispensationalist theology has since become very popular in many branches of Christendom. who became flesh to make His dwelling amongst us. discussion. Dispensationalism An approach to understanding Scripture that divides the Almighty's dealings with mankind into 8 distinct “dispensations8. To strive in judgement. which was made of lapis lazuli. Like most 19th century theologians. follows the Torah reading in a worship service.” Dispensationalism has served a purpose in showing people the truth of the eschatological restoration of Israel and teaching us to understand prophecy literally. no-law branch of Dispensationalism is particularly deplorable. During the 1820s to 1840s. However. The Ark of the Testimony had the shape of Yechezk'el's vision of the throne of YHWH. Devorah Deborah. All of the Devar teaches about the Messiah. Devar.

totally discontinuous from Israel. contained people who are not Jews or gentiles any more. He noticed that during the seven years of Daniel's final week (Dani'el 9:24-27). then what about so-called “Jewish Christians?” Do they get raptured with the Church. he taught. This theory taught that a Jew who becomes a believer in Messiah becomes part of the Church and is no longer part of Israel. which was created when Israel rejected the Messiah. Darby concluded that the Law comes back into effect at the beginning of the tribulation. Thus the three pillars of Dispensationalism are: 1) 2) 3) The Law is not for today. This leads us to the important question: Is the pre-tribulation rapture an invention of Dispensationalism. which he called dispensations. Since the Law of Moses will clearly be kept during this seven year tribulation. it terminated at the Cross. neither can they accept the Church/Israel dichotomy — see page 147. He theorised an “Age of Law” that ended at the Cross and an “Age of Grace” or “Church Age” that began at the Cross. according to this theory. which. He (correctly) saw the tribulation as a return to YHWH's dealing with Israel as a nation. So what happens to the Church? Surely the Church will not exit from under the wings of Grace and come under the Law of Moses. the Church will leave the earth right before the beginning of the 7-year tribulation. As a result no one can be both a part of the Church and Israel. Darby had yet another solution: the Church/Israel dichotomy. leaving Israel behind to enter the tribulation and the return of the Age of the Law.specific problems created by this point of view. How can the Age of Law return if the Church is still here? Darby saw the Age of Law as an age in which YHWH dealt with Israel. Divorce Yahushua's halakhah on Divorce is reported in Mattityahu 5:31-32. Darby now had another problem: If the Church is raptured leaving Israel behind. with the beginning of the seven-year tribulation. the sacrifices and offerings are being made at the Temple. The Church was seen as a new entity. This created a problem for Darby's theory. This train of thought led Darby to segregate Scriptural and prophetic history into compartmentalised ages. As a result. stop being Jews and become part of the Church. or does it have a Scriptural basis? See the Glossary entry.
See the Glossary entry Qahal on page 147 for an analysis of Dispensationalism's misuse and misunderstanding of the term Church. 19:3-9. Darby theorised. Then.” The Church/Israel dichotomy. According to this view. The PreTrib rapture of “the Church. Two of the three pillars which must be present to support Dispensationalism are pillars of clay which are rejected by Messianic Judaism. Messianic Jews do not accept that Torah is not for today. Mark 10:2-9 and Luke 16:18 and is based on the following commandment in the Torah:
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. or stay behind with Israel. he adopted the idea of a PreTrib rapture of the Church. Rapture on page 152 for a discussion. the “Age of the Law” kicks back in and the Church Age or Dispensation of Grace ends. Jewish believers.

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.” The Midrash takes the following format: Question/dialogue:
3
The Pharisees also came to him.”
Further question/second text:
7
They said to him. and it happens that she finds no favour in his eyes because he has found some unclean matter in her. puts it in her hand.Devarim 24:1
When a man takes a wife and marries her. because of the hardness of your hearts. they are no longer two but one flesh.
5
And said. (Devarim 24:1). and saying to him: “Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any reason?”
Initial passages:
4
And he answered and said to them: “Have you not read that he who made them at the beginning. and the two shall become one flesh' (Genesis 2:24)
Exposition:
6
So then. Here Yahushua shows how these precepts are drawn from a Yalemmedenu Homiletic Midrash on Genesis 2:24 and Deuteronomy 24:1. and whoever marries a woman who is divorced commits adultery
The Hebrew and Aramaic text of this passage is ambiguous and is mis-rendered into Greek as “causes her to commit adultery” The Semitic text is better translated “does to her adultery” That it is the man not the wife who commits the adultery is clear from the parallel passages in Mattityahu 19:9. “Moses. 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife. The keywords for the midrash are: “man”. Therefore what Elohim has joined together let no man separate. We begin by quoting the material as it appears in the Greek NT text. Then we shall suggest modifications based on the Semitic versions of the Apostolic Writings. To begin with. let him give her a bill of divorcement. But I say to you: that whoever divorces his wife for any reason except sexual immorality causes her to commit adultery. Mark 10:11 and Luke 16:18. which parallels Mark 10:2-9 and Luke 16:18. and to put her away?”
Exposition:
8
He said to them. “put away” and “wife. and sends her out of his house. 'made them male and female' (Genesis 1:27). Whoever divorces his wife. Yahushua presents his case for these precepts in more detail in Mattityahu 19:3-9. we examine Mattityahu 5:31-32:
Furthermore it has been said. permitted you to divorce your wives. and he writes her a bill of divorce.…
Sha'ul's halakhah on the matter of divorce is reported in Romans 7:2-3 and 1 Corinthians 7:10-17. testing him. “Why then did Moses command to give a certificate of divorce. but from the beginning it was not so.

or can be taken as an idiomatic expression for fornication. Let us examine Yahushua's position closer. Tractate Gittin 9:10
The School of Shammai say. Yahushua makes an important observation: Deuteronomy 24:1 is not presented in the Torah as being in the perfect will of YHWH. Document Column 4. The debate is recorded in the Mishnah as follows: Mishnah. since it is said.” This phrase in Hebrew can be taken literally. line 20 through Column 5. which he finds in Genesis 1:27 & 2:24. and marries another. whoever divorces his wife.
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. All of this he uses to argue for the strictest interpretation of “unclean matter” in Deuteronomy 24:1. since it is said. In the first century a major debate was ongoing as to the meaning of the words for “unclean matter” in this text. “Because he has found in her an unclean matter in anything” (Devarim 24:1). Whoever marries her who is divorced commits adultery. commits adultery. 'And it shall be if she find no favour in his eyes' (Devarim 24:1)”
The controversy surrounded the ambiguity of the phrase “matter of uncleanness. However 24:1 says:
When a man takes a wife…and it happens that she find no favour in his eyes…
Deuteronomy 24:1 simply says.9
And I say to you. except for sexual immorality. line 1):
…they are caught in two traps: fornication. commits adultery. by taking two wives in their lifetimes although the principle of creation is: “male and female He created them. In Mattityahu 19:8. Now Yahushua draws two halakhot (rules on how to walk) from his midrash reported in Mattityahu 19:9: ì ì Whoever divorces his wife. “Even if she spoiled his dish.”
Even more significant is Yahushua's interpretation of Deuteronomy 24:1. Yahushua. and whoever marries her who is divorced commits adultery
Yahushua's midrash is very relevant to first century Jewish halakhic debate on this issue. And the School of Hillel say. Yahushua's use of Genesis 1:27 to prove his halakhic position is paralleled in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Dam. A careful reading of Deuteronomy 24:1-4 shows that 24:1 is an incidental statement in a larger Law which deals with remarriage of the divorced. except for sexual immorality. who is usually a Hillelian teacher. Yahushua points out that this is YHWH's recognition of man's will on the subject and not the Almighty's will itself. “A man should divorce his wife only because he has found grounds for it in unchastity. “Even if he found someone else prettier than she. 'Because he has found in her an unclean matter in anything'” (Devarim 24:1). here agrees with the strict interpretation of the school of Shammai. Rabbi Akiva says. “when [divorce] happens” and then discusses the issue of the Torah on remarriage. and marries another. since it is said. Order Nashim. The looser interpretation of Hillel prevailed in Rabbinic Judaism. Yahushua uses Genesis 1:27 & 2:24 to argue for the stricter interpretation of “unclean matter” in Deuteronomy 24:1.

In the course of time. Historical Egypt is a picture of the revived Roman Empire of the endtimes.The second of these is mistranslated in the Greek of Mark 10:12 to say “and if a woman divorces her husband…” The Aramaic should read “and if a woman is divorced by her husband.
Divre HaYamim “The events of the days. so that the best rendering is not “I will be who I
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. the faction of Jewish believers in Yahushua who came from the School of Shammai. It is noteworthy that the Shem Tov text of Mattityahu 5:32 reads very differently:
And I say to you that everyone who leaves his wife is to give her a bill of divorcement. “Eh-yeh asher Eh-yeh. present and future existence. Divri Literally: “my word.” Under the halakhah of the first century.” while Divri means “my word. Antiquities 15:7:10 as well as Romans 7:2. The repetition indicates intensity. blasphemous words (cf. the white horse of Revelation 6). Note that the blasphemer is the son of an Egyptian father and an Israelite woman from the tribe of Dan.” Leviticus 24:10-23 paints a vivid Torah-picture which prophetically foreshadows the blaspheming False messiah of the endtimes. Ancient Jewish sages taught that the evil world leader of the last days would be European and would initially rule from Rome.” Hebrew name of the book Chronicles (Annals).” We know that the False messiah will present himself as a herald of world peace (cf. The term by which the two loved ones addresses each other in Shir HaShirim. they were increasingly rejected by the increasingly gentilised Christianity.” Indicates past.
E
Ebionites By the second century. But concerning adultery. was called the Ebionites. and will rule the revived Roman Empire. The names Shelomit and Divri are very significant: Shelomit means “peaceful. 39). and that he will speak many great. Dani'el 9:24-27 teaches that the Antichrist will be European. the daughter of Divri the Danite. He answered. Genesis 49:17. Dani'el 7). and he who takes her commits adultery. a woman could not divorce her husband for any reason (see Josephus. He was expected to come from the tribe of Dan — cf. he is the one who commits adultery. His mother's name was Shelomit. Eh-yeh When Mosheh asks the Almighty His Name. 1 Corinthians 7:10. with the emphasis very strongly on the future. Dodi My beloved. pompous.

2 Chronicles 23:11 and Revelation 5.” Often inaccurately translated as “I am” in Exodus 3:14.
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. Dani'el 11:21-12:13 intimates that the False messiah of the latter days will be of the same spirit as Antiochus IV “Epiphanes. In The Coming of King Messiah. In Tehillim 45:7. a prayer of remembrance. Eidut Testimony. Eikhah 'Alas!'. a sealed scroll handed to the kings of Yahudah and Israel at the coronation ceremony. Expressive of the majesty and attribute of strict justice of the Creator.” (which conveys) but rather “I will be. Used of YHWH the Father. we have linked this name with the religious system which developed from the apostasy in ancient Babylon. full of compassion.will be. a gathering of any type. We saw that there is a chilling link between the nature of that ancient pagan religious system. with the full backing of the leader — the False prophet of Revelation 13— of that idolatrous religious system. El Erech Apa'im A prayer mentioning the thirteen Attributes of the Almighty. Elohim is not the personal name of the Almighty. Putting it all together. with Dani'el 11:35 serving as the transition verse between historical time and the eschaton. a few generations after the Flood during the days of Noach. El Elyon El Most High. Used of idols and judges as a normal plural noun. Revelation 4-5 may be interpreted as a vision of the coronation of King Messiah in heaven. an apostate and traitor of his people.” The events are reported with an almost direct transition between the reign of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes” the endtime reign of the Antichrist. written by Yirmeyahu. Eloah Mahozim The mighty one of fortified strongholds. a body of people gathered around a common purpose. and the apostate Rome-based paganised Christianity of today. See: qahal. Elohim Mighty one before whom one trembles in awe. known today as the book of Lamentations. but a relational term. Dani'el 11:38 states that this evil figure will not honour the Elohim of his avot — the Mighty One whom his fathers worshipped — but will honour Eloah Mahozim. El Malei Rachamim Literally: El. and also of the Son. who will arise from within paganised Christianity. See 2 Kings 11:12. as a plural of intensity and majesty. Eidah Congregation. one comes to the conclusion that the Antichrist will be a European Jewish man from the tribe of Dan. Based on this.

Also study 2 Samuel 6-7. to communicate the fulness of the Devar to them in their own language. We are saved by the loyal love of the Father and the faithfulness of Yahushua the Messiah.” El Shaddai The All-Sufficient. steadfastness. Psalm 132 and 1 Kings 8. yet in His service. to which we should be faithful with our entire being. Scripture teaches covenantal nomism — YHWH draws us into the covenant by unmerited grace.the relationship between the prophetic poet and the Messiah is that the Messiah is the Elohim of the human poet. but by the grace of the Father and the faithfulness of the Son — truths which are sowed in our heart by the Ruach HaQodesh. and which contained concepts which hindered the correct communication of the Devar. there was a problem with communicating Scriptural truth to them in their language — languages which were not the original vehicle for the Devar. in His presence. YHWH Elohim manifest. Until the time of Mosheh. the Messiah is. the reinforcing triangular interaction between (1) knowledge (da'at) of the truth (emet). Ephrayim Literally: “fruitfulness. and (3) obedience. (2) trust in this revealed truth. He is the servant of YHWH His Elohim. The major enthronement psalms in Scripture are Psalms 47. So the Almighty chose and sent chokhamim —Messianic Jewish sages — to the Gentiles. uprightness and faithfulness. not taught.
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. the Almighty made Himself known to the patriarchs in the character expressed by the name El Shaddai. Ever since Mosheh. we have covenantal obligations. 93 and 96-99. The term emunah is very rich and also contains the concepts of love toward the Almighty. Throughout Scripture. escalating. manifest existence expressed in loyal covenantal love. it is caught. not by external ritual alone. Once saved. Enthronement festival Scholar Sigmund Mowinckel identified Rosh HaShanah as the enthronement festival major and Sukkot is the enthronement festival minor — refer to the articles Day of the Lord and Sukkot in Encyclopedia Judaica. We have the essence of the inspired teachings of these chokhamim in the epistles of the Sh'liachim.” A tribe of Israel. All-bountiful One. The Greek word pistes is somewhat poorer than the Hebraic concept of emunah. not an intellectual confession of doctrine. We accept this grace when we heed the call of the Ruach of the Almighty and put our trust in the fundamental truth of Scripture: vicarious atonement through the Messiah. we walk in emunah. Note that we are not saved by our faith. it is a work of the Ruach HaQodesh. while YHWH the Father is the Elohim of His anointed Son. Emunah Faith. He has also revealed Himself in the character expressed by the name YHWH — everlasting. Subsequently. Emunah is a glowing fire in the heart. When many Gentiles accepted the Messiah. calling the Father “my Elohim” and “the only true Elohim. to fill out the pleroma (fulness) of the Hebraic concepts in the Greek language. The tribe of birthright.

prophecies about Ephrayim. the eve of. just before Shabbat begins. Erev Shabbat Late Friday afternoon. and the bread that we eat during the meal dedicated to YHWH. bishop. By His vicarious death. without the Messiah our righteousness is as filthy rags and we remain under the penalty of death. Eruv Technical term for rabbinical provision permitting the alleviation of certain restrictions. i. overseer. the Messiah is announced to be the Talmid (student) of YHWH. Yahushua the Messiah laid down his own life for us to buy us as His bride. This is the gate through which the righteous shall enter. Eschatologically. the formal betrothal ceremony.e. Erusha A betrothed virgin. the rejected and tortured One who will be resurrected from the dead. is a symbol. remembrance (zekher) and seal of our covenant status as a betrothed bride who awaits the coming of our Bridegroom to take us to His Father's house. Eretz Yisrael The Land Israel. Erev Dusk. there is no other gate (cf. Whereas the nation Yisra'el failed as the
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. healing and salvation came to us. the currency was his own blood. The cup of wine that we drink. He is Yisra'el personified. The bride accepted the bridegroom's betrothal offer by drinking a cup of wine. In the four prophetic songs about the Eved of YHWH in Yeshayahu 42-53. constituting the first phase of marriage. a meeting (for worship).Episkopos [G] A superintendent.
Yirmeyahu 31 as well as Hoshea contain rich
Episunagoge A complete collection. Eretz Land or world. Eved Servant. The bridegroom paid a price — the mohar — for the bride. Erusin The betrothal ceremony. In ancient times. his broken body. because our sinfulness is incompatible with the qadosh-ness of the Almighty. The day before. Assembling (gathering) together. at the end of the Olam Hazeh and at the very threshold of Yom YHWH. His mohar (bride-price) was his own life. Tehillim 118). we are living in Erev Shabbat. Esheth ish A married woman.

will become the representative Head of the redeemed. Rabbi ibn Ezra opens the Yesod Mora with an evaluation of the various branches of knowledge. the sages taught that Adam and Chawwah trespassed in Gan Eden by eating an etrog. emerged as a philosopher through his major work. He then analyses the role of traditional learning in the development of the soul. Ibn Ezra addresses the importance of the knowledge of grammar. Sefer Yesod Mora is also one of the first philosophical treatises to be written in Hebrew. Eusebes [G] Well-revered. stating that one cannot fully understand the text of the Torah without it. Because He knew that the nature of mankind would be evil after eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. He maintains that an individual is obligated to observe all the commandments. i. and Bible commentator. Sefer Yesod Mora VeSod HaTorah (Treatise on the Foundation of Awe and the Secret of the Torah).e. He also explains that the mitzvot are divided into positive and negative commandments. mathematician. noting that man's rational soul separates human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom. with the lulav. in which he explains the commandments found in the Bible. the Eved of YHWH is the empowered One who will not fail. Based on a coded message in a specific Psalm. but only to those who will do teshuvah (return to Him). Rabbi Ibn Ezra believed that there is a reason for all the commandments of the Torah and that all mitzvot possess a coherent structure.
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. Ezra. and action. in whom the represented many receive salvation. it is the symbol of Sukkot. even if he does not understand their purpose or function. astronomer. arguing that one cannot properly comprehend the Talmud if one does not know the sciences. Citron fruit taken as one of the four species on the Feast of Tabernacles. Eating of that tree would have locked us up in a state of sinfulness. YHWH prevented us from eating of Eytz Chayim (the tree of life) by driving us out of Gan Eden. YHWH wants to restore Chayim Olam to mankind. Eytz Chayim Tree of life. pious and devout.elect covenant partner of YHWH. Etrog Citron fruit. noting that the commandments are observed through belief. He also discusses the study of the Bible and the Talmud. speech. Even Shetiyah The Foundation Stone in the Miqdash. grammarian. poet. for there are many passages in the Torah and the Talmud that are either incomprehensible or given to misinterpretation by one who has no prior knowledge of the sciences. ibn Abraham ibn Ezra (1092-1164).

Ezrath Yisra'el The Hall of Israel in the Temple compound. blessed be He. Denying yourself food. abstaining from food. when Tefillin or Torah books are dropped. Scriptural fasting is almost always communal. It is about us. usually not for more than 25 hours for various events like the anniversary of the death of someone.Sefer Yesod Mora greatly influenced Maimonides and many of the concepts found in his Guide for the Perplexed. This has been interpreted to mean. Scriptural fasting never has as its goal (as in paganism) to reach the heavenly powers and please them by denying the physical needs of the body. Ezrat Nashim The Hall of the Women in the Beit HaMiqdash compound. is a mechanism of remembrance which reminds us that YHWH alone is sovereign over all. as our pride would tend to dictate. nor is this concept found in Torah.
F
Fasting Why do Israelites fast on Yom Kippur? Va'Yikrah (Leviticus) 23 and Ba'Midbar (Numbers) 29 both make it clear that Israelites are to “afflict” or “deny” their beings (nefesh) on Yom HaKippurim.
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.
9 Afrikaans:
Sy arm draai. from a Jewish point of view. and permitted by the Rabbis for short periods only. whether we fast or not. in the Tanakh — believers fast as a body. not individual. is not for YHWH or even about YHWH. the outer Courtyard. But how does fasting in particular accomplish afflicting your being? Fasting in the Torah is done on certain occasions only. Tisha b'Av and two or three others. or to get Him to listen to us. and on feast days like Yom Kippur and minor fast days like Purim Katan. He hears us anyway. It is not a mechanism of guiltremoval to cleanse the conscience. Those who practice fasting to achieve these things are really practising a form of shamanism. bathing. and only He is to be served and worshipped. Fasting was never meant to be a method through which we coerce9 the Almighty into doing what we want. sexual contact and other kinds of pleasurable activity — Yom Kippur is a day of solemn assembly. or invoke His presence. a communal catastrophe. in fact. Except for personal grief or sorrow. It also instructs us that all things come from the Set-Apart One of Israel. instead of our own needs. amongst other things. and our relationship to YHWH. and not from our own efforts (see Devarim 8). and traces of the Yesod Mora can even be found in Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi's Tanya. Fasting in the Tanakh. Fasting can be thought of as sending a message to YHWH that we recognise His Kingship and provision.

and then to repent and become doers of the word. heaven. Opposite: Lion. O Elohim.Thus we afflict our beings. Paradise. v'ruach nachon chadesh ba-kirbi. Yeshayahu 58 teaches us to look at ourselves and measure us against the moral standards of the Word. The condition of Israel in the Dispersion. of inferior pedigree. exile or dispersion of Israel. the Haftarah Scripture reading for Yom Kippur. One of low moral and intellectual stature. it deals with communal fasting on Yom Kippur and is. Galut The Diaspora. Excellency. specifically in being generous and kind to poor brothers and sisters. Galil The Galilee. Fox An inferior person. the Gaonic period.
Yeshayahu 58 deals with fasting. and renew a correct spirit within me. The Garden of Eden. which flourished between the sixth and eleventh centuries. Gaonate The office of Gaon. in fact. Names like Galil and Gilgal contain this grammatical root. The head of a Torah learning centre in Babylonia in the post-Talmudic era. Gaon Plural: Ge'onim. when Talmudic academies flourished in Babylonia. by going against the grain of our natural thoughts and perceptions. Fasting is in essence a reality check to help us get back on track. that the prayer of Psalmist might come to pass… Tehillim 51:10
Lev tahor barah li Elohim. Create in me a pure heart. Gan Eden Literally: Garden of delight.
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. unfortunately this passage is almost universally misunderstood and misapplied within contemporary Christianity.
G
Gal Circle. wheel. Reverential title of heads of Talmudic academies of Sura and Pumbedita in Babylonia. and were led by the Ge'onim. Gaonic period Period between the sixth and eleventh centuries.

e.Gemarah A collection of legal and ethical discussions of the rabbis of the third to the fifth centuries. a foreigner. the oral Torah.
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. In Acts 15. sojourner. point ú was widely " misunderstood. Messianic Gentiles do not have to convert to Judaism. both within Christianity and # non-Messianic Judaism. Likewise. The Mishnah is the shorter. An alien. the Writings as well as halakhah (Jewish religious law). A Gentile who stays in Israel. but does not receive circumcision and does not observe the entire Torah. the Prophets. it forms the Talmud. the Beit HaMiqdash service. Genizah A depository for sacred books. to be unfaithful to his or her covenantal obligations.” It is the second and longer of the two pieces of literature which comprise the Talmud. It is quite cryptic and needed explanation and elaboration. The word “talmud” means “studies”. edited about 500 YM. This halakhic loosing still applies today. ú no-one # may tell a Jewish believer in Messiah to break away from Torah. point ú is sadly misunderstood. it also contains very valuable material. Gematria Finding meanings in the numerical value of Hebrew letters and words. i. The Talmud is essentially edited minutes of meetings between sages who discussed the written Torah. guest. stranger. A Gentile who accepts the One Elohim of Israel and who keeps the Noachide commandments. The Hebrew word Gemarah means “completion. Ger A guest. ú no-one may force a " Gentile believer in Messiah to become Jewish in order to be saved. the Gemara was required to complement the Mishnah. The best-known was discovered in the synagogue of Fostat in old Cairo. A temporary resident in A Gentile living in Eretz Yisra'el who worships the One Elohim of Yisra'el and obeys the Noachide laws as his covenant obligation.e. Although many things in the Talmud are untrue. i. The Torah teaches that such a person had to be treated well by the Israelites. Today. The Gemarah completed the Mishnah by functioning as its commentary. earlier part of the Talmud. Ger Sheker Proselyte who declares full conversion for ulterior motives. In the first century. without fully converting to Judaism. Accordingly. Ger Toshav Literally: sojourner or stranger who dwells at the gate (Afrikaans: “die vreemdeling in jou poorte”). Together with the Mishnah. the ruling council met in Yerushalayim and ruled that a non-Jew may enter the Body of Messiah as a Ger Toshav. Such a person received courtesies and privileges. In other words.

The Torah given through Mosheh deals with Israel's unique covenantal obligations. Get A Jewish bill of divorce. not by converting to Judaism. After having entered into the covenant by grace. Israel had and has a unique commissioning: they are the chosen people — chosen to perform a task. i. the Gentile believer keeps the Noachide mitzvot (commandments) as the entrance requirement for fellowship. Note: the yoke of the Torah is considerably lighter for a female than for a male Ger Tzadek. Should the husband become “missing in action” the Get would spare the wife the agony of having to remain an unmarried widow for the rest of her life. all non-Israelites dwelling outside the borders of Eretz Yisra'el. Gerut The process of conversion to Judaism.
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. given by a man to an unwanted wife.e. but by the emunah (faithfulness) of Yahushua the Messiah. This fact does not distract from the magnitude of King David's sin. as long as Torah never replaces the Living Torah. A Gentile who accepts the entire yoke of the Torah as his covenant obligation and is circumcised. in all respects to be treated like an ethnic Israelite. Gematria The calculation of the numerical values of Hebrew letters and words to find deep meanings. and is free to practise Torah. Why not? Is it an oversight? Certainly not! The covenant with Noach applies to such Gentiles. Gevurot Geshamim “The power of rain. Gezerah Laws or traditions added by the Pharisees as fences around the written mitzvot of the Torah in an attempt to prevent it from being broken. A full convert of true conviction. It does not state how Gentiles staying outside Eretz Yisra'el should behave. the Word incarnate — King Messiah. only a Ger Tzadiq received the fulness of the benefits of the covenants with Israel. of a Gentile believer are considerably less that that of a Messianic Jewish believer. for which he was punished but forgiven. and contains mitzvot (commandments) on how to treat Gentiles travelling through and residing in Eretz Yisra'el.” a praise to YHWH for the revelation of His powers in nature. so that — technically — Bat-Sheva was a divorced woman when King David seduced her. The rabbis teach that Uriyah gave Bat-Sheva a get before he went to war. Since Messiah. it was customary for soldiers to provide their wives with a Get before they went to battle. the Mediator of the B'rit Chadashah. Before Messiah. In the days of King David. Gentile believers enter into the fulness of the benefits of the B'rit Chadashah (New Covenant).Ger Tzadek Literally: a righteous sojourner or stranger. The covenantal obligations then.

the Torah of Mosheh being recited every Shabbat in the synagogues. these postulants to Judaism were granted the status of geir Toshav (feminine: geirah toshevet). connective plural: geirei-.Ger Also: Geir. under the first Paqid." However. 45). What some rabbis today are calling "B'nai Noah" was first formally defined and stated by the Netzarim Beit Din in Yerushalayim. stated explicitly in the same Beit Din decision that these were a threshhold minimum requirement for non-Jewish geirim. The quickest and easiest way to understand geir is to relate the geir to the modern definition of "Bnai Noah. p. Louis H. feminine: geirah." the Biblical definition was slightly different. These remain — unchanged — the two requirements for being recognised by the Netzarim Beit Din as a geir Toshav Netzarim. Non-Jews never came to Judaism already Torah-observant and satisfying all of the requirements for being converted. plural: geirim. While the modern understanding of geir is "a convert to Judaism.09-10. There were also many
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. Feldman's article on "G-o-d-fearers" (loc. when the geir converts. 58-69) is a MUST read. most geirim converted. Both Torah and Talmud refer unambiguously to Benei Noach as all non-Jews. were permitted to attend synagogue. The Jew(ess) — whom Orthodox halakhah prohibits from even being reminded of their non-Jewish past — is then no longer a geir(ah).." The geir differs in two ways: Semantic: the name. Becoming a geir Toshav enables a non-Jew to be counted within Israel. Ya'aqov 'ha-Tzadiq' Ben-David. these non-Jews were unconverted proselytes to Judaism. In Ancient Israel. cit.. Acts 15 contains one of the earliest extant references to laws applying to non-Jews: "This latter list ["Acts" 15:20] is the only one that bears any systematic relationship to the set of religious laws which the Pentateuch makes obligatory upon resident aliens" — geirim. because. not an acceptable permanent goal for B'nai Noah. Feldman. and being recognised by. Orthodox halakhah then recognises him or her as a Jew(ess). What some rabbis hail as the end goal for "B'nai Noah" was considered the minimum threshhold or entrance requirement for interrelating with the Jewish community in the 1st centuries BCE and CE — for geirim. The earliest formal statement of the Noachide Laws. in every city. cit. As the widely acknowledged world's foremost expert in Hellenism. the Beit Din as 1) keeping the Noachide laws and 2) committed to learning and practising the rest of Torah-observance. pp. makes clear in his article in the Biblical Archaeology Review (86. Feldman. where they could learn the rest of Torah from those who recite the Torah of Mosheh every Shabbat. As noted in the Encyclopedia Judaica. BAR states: "There is simply no one in the world who has a better grasp of Hellenistic Jewish literature than Louis Feldman" (loc. 58ff). from ancient generations. called geirim. not just those who observe the Noachide Laws. Threshold condition versus end-goal. p. in both Biblical and Talmudic times. otherwise not permitted to mingle with Jews during that period. then these non-Jews. When non-Jews became interested in learning about Judaism they required a special status to distinguish them above the Benei Noach Upon coming before. See the 1986-09-10 Biblical Archaeology Review magazine (BAR) article by Louis H. Resident-alien. it is not the same as converting. which is why geir eventually blurred with "convert.

Such a large number of manuscripts provide a sufficient enough amount of data to compare each. but not nearly as accurate as the Jewish copyists of the Hebrew Scriptures. a male or a warrior. right through to whole copies of the New Testament dating as early as the middle 300's YM. Simplistically translated as “hell. i. and so everything of antiquity available to us are copies (of copies etc. it is inaccurate to confuse the geir with the (converted) Jew. sewerage. worms and smoke from ever-present fires. The copyists of the New Testament text were generally reasonably accurate in their work. Gey Hinnom Valley of (the son(s) of) Hinnom. the geir Toshav who didn't convert was then instead recognised as a geir tzeddeq (who was still not a Jew). No one claims to have any portion of the original documents themselves. Literally: to gush.000 manuscripts or parts of.).e. Gey Valley. Southwest and West of Yerushalayim where the social outcasts and those with unclean diseases dwelt amidst rubbish. Most people do not bother to count copies of the New Testament that are younger than 1000 YM as significant in determination of the most accurate text. Gever A strong one. GNT (Greek New Testament Text) It is a fact of life that there are many manuscripts of the New Testament. never converted. dated as early as 45 to 55 YM. A place of punishment in the age to come.” A valley to the South. that are considered as old enough to have any bearing on what would determine an accurate representation of the original Greek text.geirim who. but not usually significant. and many more that are later than that. Thus. Upon becoming conversant and responsible to the entirety of Torah like a Jew. This all took place before the printing press. Torah and halakhah. There were mistakes made. with probationary status in the Jewish community. right up to around 1000 YM. On such a basis there are around 28. Although it does seem to some extent logical that the older the manuscript it is less likely to be influenced by scribal error. cut off from the life of Yisra'el. committed to learning. and in doing so generally iron out any mistakes made by copyists. Gihon A river.
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. and keeping as they learn. either because they feared circumcision or were married to a non-Jew who didn't want to convert. ranging from minute portions. A geir Toshav is a non-Jew who has come before a Beit Din and been recognised as a non-Jew.

Thus the general description of the resultant text has become to be known as the “Received Text” (sometimes known by its Latin title — Textus Receptus). a very ancient manuscript that could confirm or validate the work of the Erasmus. is largely based upon the Codex Sinaiaticus. and is still held by many today. was simply because. it was believed. and many others of the time. such a conclusion is challenged by some of the most eminent of commentators on this matter. By the time of the translation of the 1611 King James Version of the Bible. Its significance in the discussion as to the accuracy of the 15th and 16th Century editions of the Greek New Testament. However. made by Jerome. can be seen in that it is the oldest complete copy of the New Testament and dates to around 340 YM. and its theologians. That was used by the translation committee of that version. the theory that antiquity carries authenticity has some serious flaws.Although. Names like Stephen (1550 YM) and Elzevir (1624 YM) represent serious attempts to present working editions of the Greek text. as an accurate representation of the original text. called the Vulgate. and forms the basis of the principles of Westcott and Hort. and include what looked like a general consensus of accuracy into their text. The text that we refer to as the Westcott and Hort text. and highlights some significant differences with that presented in the Received Text. Yet this is simply not true. This more modern idea. They were guided to some extent by what had been considered traditionally by the church. it was assumed that people do not take things out of a text. there arose a very strong desire to present an accurate edition of the Greek text of the New Testament. they more likely add things to it. although it is known by some other descriptions. and currently resides in the British Museum in London. the edition known as the Received Text was generally accepted as the most accurate representation of the Greek New Testament. This had not been the opinion of the 15th and 16th Century editors. That is. began to be widely adopted by editors. At last. the first of which took place around the end of the 1300's YM were made from a very early Latin translation. Stephens and Elzevir. The older the manuscript the less likely to be the errors. However. that the oldest manuscripts were the most accurate. The reason why it was adopted. who had followed rather a loose majority text opinion. This forms the basis of the work of the above editors. The methods they used were simply to sift through whatever was available and make a decision about what each manuscript available to them said. Largely speaking that position has prevailed in the region of textural criticism since the latter half of the 19th Century. Most early translations into English. You can just as easily remove things in error as well as you may add things in error. In the late 1800's a significant ancient Greek manuscript became available: this became to be known as Codex Sinaiaticus. There arose a consensus of opinion in this area of discussion that the most ancient manuscripts were the most accurate.
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. what which had been received by the church through the ages.

which of course is simply incorrect. following the majority text. that as such they are clearly do not come from the original text. more accurately points out that John was baptising at Bethabara. Even the most recent editions of the NIV have been forced to acknowledge this. which admirably fits the context. if it is not to give the reader the general impression that errors reside in the New Testament text? Do they not realise that the original writers and their readers were so highly unlikely to have settled for such obvious errors. which carries and inherent suggestion of unacceptability. which follows a Majority Text position gets it right and translates the text to read that he continued preaching in the synagogues of Galilee. which is on the eastern side of the river Jordan. To find a very ancient complete manuscript of the Apostolic Writings actually implies that it had not been used. Another example is found in John 1:28. the New King James Version (NKJV). Another difficulty with the school of thought that surrounded the editions following the principles of Westcott and Hort. for Bethany is just a mile or two to the south east of Yerushalayim and nowhere near the Jordan. when the passage immediately previous to it makes it very clear that he was nowhere near Judea. Evangelicals have looked for a less subjective approach to the matter. For example. However. that were originally found only in footnotes. where the NIV reflecting its Westcott and Hort background claims that John was baptising at Bethany which is the other side (meaning the eastern side) of the Jordan. A number of evangelical scholars have pointed out the glaring problems of too closely following the Westcott and Hort type text. That is where it is theorised that the burden of accuracy rests with the rendering that has the
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. Recently. significant numbers of scholars have abandoned that principles outlined in the work of Westcott and Hort and have simply turned to a majority text position. This and many other observations have caused evangelical scholars from all schools of thought to contend that the principles of Westcott and Hort are so seriously flawed that the editions of Greek that are espoused by them are just not trustworthy. being continually located in Galilee at the time. Why we ask do the advocates of the Westcott and Hort principles stick to such obvious errors of presentation. and is so obviously wrong that it is surprising that the translators could stick to the text. quite slavishly. This is echoed by the NIV and NASB translations which both. was simply that it was all too eclectic.One reason why there are not so many really old documents is that they get damaged and deteriorate in use. in Luke 4:44: the Westcott and Hort text says that Yahushua continued to preach in the synagogues of Judea. and subject to the opinions of the editors. follow the Westcott and Hort type text. yet they do acknowledge this in their footnotes. The NKJV version. missing in the Westcott and Hort text. and while not completely eradicating the slavish attitudes of the early translation committee. they have been forced to reinstate into the text some passages. let alone the other side of it. for there are occasions where a variant text is chosen which just does not accord with context.

as seems likely. Shem Tob — A Hebrew version of Matthew which Shem Tob transcribed in its entirety into his polemic work Evan Bohan in 1380. Each of the gospel writers — Mattityahu. The following Semitic manuscripts of New Testament books are not simply translations. and we are beginning to understand that the GNT manuscript compilers of the 15th and 16th Century were not so far from the truth. Luke and Yochanan have drawn on these Hebrew and Aramaic documents in preparing their gospels. Old Syriac — A Syriac (Aramaic) version of the four Gospels which exists in two manuscripts which date to the fourth century. This was the Aramaic version which came to be used by the Messianic Assemblies of the East (Nestorians/Assyrians) as well as the Syrian Jacobites and the Chaldean Roman Catholics. Peshitta NT — A Syriac (Aramaic) version of most of the Apostolic Writings (only 2 Peter. A sage's teaching was considered Oral Torah and as such its transmission writing was strongly prohibited. Mark. œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Some claim that the New Testament was first written in Hebrew and that we only have Greek translations of the Hebrew original. but are descendants of the original Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts of the Apostolic Writings of which the Greek is a translation: ì ì ì DuTillet — A Hebrew manuscript of Matthew which was confiscated from Jews in 1553 and placed at the Bibliotque Naztionale in Paris as Hebrew MS 132.support of the largest number of manuscripts. Also some Greek manuscripts of Matthew have notes referring to variant readings from the Judaikon (Jewish version). Jude and Revelation are missing) which exists in about 350 ancient manuscripts which date as early as the fourth century. Crawford Manuscript — An Aramaic Manuscript of Revelation.
ì ì
ì ì
Professor Shmuel Safrai has remarked that just as one should not expect to find firstcentury copies of Pharisaic writings. This of course recognises the values of many manuscripts that were not available to the editors of the Greek Text at the time of the editors of the so called “Received Text.” Surprisingly enough. Safrai's assumption that no Hebrew Life of Yahushua will turn up results from his knowledge that in this period the disciples of a Pharisaic sage was not permitted to transmit in writing the words of his master. one should not expect to find fragments of a Hebrew biography of Yahushua. Hebrew documents that recorded events in the life of Yahushua existed very early. 2 & 3rd John. If. Prof. the product of the modern Majority Text position is very much like the Received Text. Yahushua's first disciples viewed his words as part of that growing corpus
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. Munster — A Hebrew version of Matthew closely related to DuTillet and Shem Tob which Munster published in printed form in the 16th century from a manuscript (now lost) which he obtained from Jews.

Pursuing this line of reasoning. too would not have dared preserve his teaching in writing. from which they had fallen into poverty and slavery.of scriptural interpretation know as Oral Torah. could be and should be resumed by the next of kin. This would seem to be an extension of the principle of levirate marriage. Dr David Bivin of the Jerusalem School of Synoptic Studies suggests that early listeners to the Apostle's preaching may have made notes and that these formed some of the collections of writing that were used by the gospel writers themselves. From the leading case of Yirmeyahu's purchase of his cousin Hananeel's property in Anathoth (Yirmeyahu 32:8-12) it would appear that in later Israel at any rate this injunction was taken to mean that a kinsman had the right of pre-emption. where the original conversations took place largely in Hebrew. writing about events that are very Jewish. redeemer. This applied especially to parcels of land which any Israelite found it necessary to sell. then they. the Second Adam. hence. Similarly. but would have transmitted it orally. “Perhaps the listeners took notes in Hebrew and later translated them to Greek. one can suggest that the first written collection of Yahushua's words and deeds was a Greek work. just as if he had been her brother-in-law. in the Book of Ruth the next of kin was called up to purchase a parcel of land formerly belonging to Elimelech (Ruth 4:3). after whom comes the uncle or uncle's son (Leviticus 25:49). had to redeem (Leviticus 25:25). which would automatically release either the land or the person of the kinsman from subjection to another. is our Go'el. It would appear from the same example that another duty of the go'el was to raise offspring for his kinsman if he happened to die without any (Ruth 4:5). The article GO'EL from the 1903 edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia states:
Next of kin. This his go'el. Go'el Kinsman-redeemer. Yahushua. Any rights possessed by a man which lapsed through his inability to perform the duties attached to such rights. or simply translated what he heard directly into Greek. Another duty of the go'el was to redeem his kinsman from slavery if sold to a stranger or sojourner (Leviticus 25:47-55). But note carefully that this is not equivalent to saying that the B'rit Chadashah was originally written in Hebrew and then translated into Greek. any duty which a man could not perform by himself had to be taken up by his next of kin. He had to come as a Man to accomplish the work of redemption. and the Greek text of the B'rit Chadashah shows much evidence of these Hebraic origins. The brother appears to be the nearest of all. and. to their original state of landownership and freedom. hence the procedure of halizah was gone through in the case of Na'omi's go'el. A close relative who pays the price required to restore a person or persons who have lost their property and/or freedom.
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. Owing to the solidarity of the family and the clan in ancient Israel. to restore the believing remnant of mankind to the fulness of the Malkut Shamayim (Kingdom of Heaven) and the earth to its former state. These were Hebrews. Dr Bivin says. In both cases much depended upon the nearness or remoteness of the year of jubilee. The relative nearness of kin is not very definitely determined in the Old Testament. or kinsman. were conducted in Hebrew.” What we can say is that the conversations recorded in the gospel accounts.

misleadingly. and the death of one member of a family would generally result in a vendetta. Here again to the family of the murderer. Such a method [of paying a fine] was distinctly prohibited in the Israelite code (Numbers 35:31). It would appear that the custom of the blood-avenger still existed in the time of David. Indeed. In a case where the elders of the city of refuge were satisfied that the homicide was intentional. and as having redeemed him for the bondage of Egypt (Exodus 6:6. by distinguishing between homicide and murder (Exodus 21: 13-14). See.
27:1 21
In that day10. hide yourselves for a little while until his wrath has passed by. Numbers 35).
10 Some
modern translations render this. It would appear that this custom was usual in early Israel.” Yom YHWH is a 1000 year day. as the go'el could kill the one who committed the homicide with impunity. so he had his privileges and compensation. including that of Hammurabi. enter your rooms and shut the doors behind you. his fierce. The earth will disclose the blood shed upon her. II Kings 9:26). for the crimes of a man were visited upon his family (Yehoshua 7:24. the chief of the go'el duties toward his kinsman was that of avenging him if he should happen to be slain by someone outside the clan or tribe. it is the only expedient method by which any check could be put upon the tendency to do injury to strangers. The whole conception of the go'el was based on the solidarity of the interests of the tribe and the nation with those of the national Elohim. In the legislations [of other nations] the principle of commuting the penalty by paying an amount of money as a fine. and accordingly the notion of the go'el became spiritualised as applied to the relations between Elohim and Israel. we see Yahushua the Messiah coming as the Go'el ha-dam. It was in order to determine whether a case of manslaughter was accidental or deliberate that the cities of refuge were instituted (Deuteronomy 19. Elohim was regarded as the go'el of Israel. This conception is especially emphasised in Yeshayahu 40-66. Liv'yatan the coiling serpent. He will slay the tannin of the sea. if he found him trespassing beyond the bounds (Numbers 35:26-27). If an injured man had claim to damages and died before they were paid to him. but at a very early stage the Jewish code made an advance upon most Semitic codes.As the go'el had his duties. grew… [the amount of money that had to be paid] varied according to the rank of the person. great and powerful sword. Liv'yatan the gliding serpent. YHWH will punish with his sword. the man who committed the deed had to keep within the bounds of the city of refuge till the death of the high priest. the blood-avenger. as the woman of Tekoah refers to it in her appeal to the king (II Samuel 14:11)…
In His second coming. YHWH is coming out of his dwelling to punish the people of the earth for their sins.
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. she will conceal her slain no longer. the murderer was handed over to the bloodavenger (“go'el ha-dam”) to take vengeance on him. and not a single 24-hour day. coming to save the faithful remnant and take vengeance on His enemies: Yeshayahu 26:20-27:1:
20
Go. his go'el would have the right to them (Leviticus 6:1-7). 15:13). Even if it was decided that it was a case of unintentional homicide. as “on that day. However. my people.

so my own arm11 worked salvation for me. I trampled them in my anger and trod them down in my wrath. “Magog” occurs as the name of a country (with the definite article). I was appalled that no-one gave support. (Singer. Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews. their blood spattered my garments. in Ezekiel 39:6 as that of a northern people. north of the Caspian Sea. speaking in righteousness. from Bozrah. and the year of my redemption has come. It is very likely that the name is of Caucasian origin…In Ezekiel 38:2.
6 5
I trampled the nations in my anger. Golden Calf Worship Christmas and Easter forms part of a “golden calf” system of worship.Yeshayahu 63:1-6:
1
Who is this coming from Edom. II. robed in splendour.6 § 1) identifies them with the “Scythians.”
2 3
Why are your garments red. What is the “golden calf” system of worship? It is mixing paganism with the worship of the Elohim of Israel and calling this mixed worship the true worship of YHWH. with his garments stained crimson? Who is this. 1912.
4
For the day of vengeance was in my heart. It is very important to note that the concept of go'el not only implies kindness and restoration. According to Jerome. mighty to save. Volume VI: 19) states:
…the term [Magog] connotes the complex of barbarian peoples dwelling at the extreme north and Northeast of the geographical survey covered by [Genesis 10]. and who will avenge the blood of the covenant people in the Day of the fierce anger of YHWH. from the nations no-one was with me. but also vengeance in the eschatological time of wrath. I looked.
The Gematria of the Hebrew letters of the expression Gog-uMagog (“Gog and Magog”) is 70.” a name which among classical writers stands for a number of unknown. and my own wrath sustained me. The One who pays the price to enable us to regain what we have lost. striding forward in the greatness of his strength? “It is I. ferocious tribes. The sages interpreted this as the 70 nations of the world rising up against Yisra'el and the Mashiach. the leader of whom is Gog. in my wrath I made them drunk and poured their blood on the ground. and I stained all my clothing.
11 A
term for the Messiah. like those of one treading the winepress?
“I have trodden the winepress alone. One of the eighteen benedictions of the Amidah prayer. but there was no-one to help.”
Go'el Yisra'el The Redeemer of Israel.
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. Gog and Magog The Jewish Encyclopaedia. Magog was situated beyond the Caucasus. the blood-avenger. as the Go'el ha-dam.

Exodus 32:4-6:
And he received them at their hand.” they rejected these messengers because they viewed that they were worshipping YHWH and had a covenant with Him and so their reaction was the following: “Who are you to judge my faith in YHWH?” Goy Plural: Goyim. And when Aaron saw it. Ye shall not do this thing. that did not believe in YHWH their Elohim. Ultimately. as did the heathen whom YHWH carried away before them: and wrought wicked things to provoke YHWH to anger. and fashioned it with a graving tool and after he had made it a molten calf: and they said. Notwithstanding they would not hear. The people called it “The house of Elohim.
The places where the images were set up.
The worship system of the people was in their minds the worship of the Almighty of Israel. din which means judgement. backslidden Israel expressed that worship in an idolatrous fashion — with a golden calf. is prophetic: Bethel means “house of El” and Dan comes from Hebrew word. these be thy Elohim O Israel. It is too much for you to go to Yerushalayim [as YHWH commanded in Deuteronomy 16:16]: behold thy elohim. Turn ye from your evil ways and keep my commandments and my statues according to all the Torah which I commanded your fathers and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets. from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city. which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. o Israel. And they set up images and asherim in every high hill and under every green tree. but hardened their necks. Nation. the leader of the Northern Kingdom of Israel did the same thing in 1 Kings 12. he built an altar before it and Aaron made proclamation and said: 'Tomorrow is a FEAST TO YHWH. they reaped what they sowed — assimilation or mixing. Gentile.28-32:
Whereupon the king took counsel and made two calves of gold and said unto them. which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. And there they burnt incense in all the high places. Yet YHWH testified against Israel and against Yahudah by all the prophets and by all the seers saying. When YHWH sent His messengers to the people and told them “you don't have it quite right. Elohim judged the northern kingdom and dispersed them into the nations. Jeroboam. For they served idols whereof YHWH had said unto them. And they rose up early on the morning and offered BURNT OFFERINGS and brought PEACE OFFERINGS and the people sat down to eat and to drink and rose up to play
YHWH commanded Israel to serve Him with offerings and feasts. like the neck of their fathers. And he set the one in Bethel and the other put he in Dan.
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. however. The reason for Elohim's judgement upon this system is given in… 2 Kings 17:9-14:
And the children of Israel did secretly those things that were not right against YHWH their Elohim and they built them high places in all their cities.” but Elohim called it “Dan/Din” or judgement.

Based on this understanding. we must place it back in its original setting. Yahushua commissions sh'liachim — sent ones. who will be burned up when judgement falls. students. Great Commission In Mattityahu 28:18-20. commissioned ones: Mattityahu 28:18-20:
…Therefore go and make talmidim of all the Goyim…teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you…”
his
talmidim
to
become
To understand this commandment. where the green tree is a metaphor for the righteous while the dry tree symbolises the wicked. to him. attract people to voluntarily (and often temporarily) attach themselves to you as students.Goyah A Gentile woman. not by forcing them or running after them. Live like Messiah instructed us. as it applies specifically to us. In summary: Alluding to Yechezk'el 20:45-21:17. what will be done in the dry?
The Aramaic literally reads:
That if in a green tree they do these things.
Green Tree One of the more difficult sayings of Yahushua is: Luke 23:31
For if they do these things in the green wood. i. Yahushua uses a kol v'khomer statement to say:
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. Teach them that YHWH seeks us in the Son — Yahushua the Messiah. understanding and his walk with YHWH. They would voluntarily attach themselves to him to study the Scriptures with him and learn from him how to apply the Scriptures in their daily walk. a Rabbi or teacher would attract a group of talmidim.e. bringing us by the Spirit to the Son and in Him to the Father. obeying the Word in love. Goyim Gentiles. By your moral example and knowledge of the truth. that He reaches us in the Spirit. what will happen with the dry?
In the Semitic the passage is a clear allusion to Yechezk'el 20:45-21:17. worshipping the Father walking in the Footsteps of the Messiah. The Rabbi attracted his talmidim by his knowledge. Learn the Scriptures. what will happen in the dry?
Not in Hebrew and Aramaic the “b-” preposition can mean “in” but idiomatically it can also mean “with” meaning “to” In this case the passage is best rendered:
That if with a green tree they do these things. In ancient Israel. Then go to all the nations. nations. as follows:
Become talmidim of the Messiah. we can paraphrase the commission. wisdom.

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. the Song of Mosheh. the Hebrew Scriptures. Ha-azinu was prayed every morning on the Beit HaMiqdash.
H
Ha-azinu Deuteronomy 32.If they do this with a righteous one. which point to the 6 eschatological periods of the Olam ha-zeh (present age). HaElyon The Most High. Hadas A myrtle branch. and the density of His references to the Word. It was prayed by the kohanim. i. Almost every sentence that He spoke contains multiple references to the Tanakh.e. The sages taught that ha-azinu has 6 parts. We presently have the firstfruits of redemption. He did not speak His own words. Grogger Noisemaker used to drown out Haman's name during the reading of the Megillah on Purim. but await the final or full redemption that will happen with the return of King Messiah. Specifically: the redemption of YHWH through the Messiah. The sacrifices offered in the wilderness and in the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple) set Yisra'el apart unto YHWH and temporarily covered their transgressions. leading up to the final eschatological period — the time when King Messiah will reign. What will happen to the wicked?
or:
If they do this with me. What will happen to them?
Luke 23:26-31 and Yechezk'el 20:45-21:17 are parallel passages. Performing the ha-azinu prayer every morning must have given the kohanim the means to make it through the day — we can maintain our stability in the present because of the promise of the future. The blood of bulls and goats can never restore Chayim Olam (resurrection and immortality) to our nefesh (being). which was performed in the Chamber of Hewn Stone — the meeting place of the highest court in Eretz Yisra'el. but the words of His Father in Heaven. Yahushua the Messiah is the Word become flesh. who would run to do this prayer. but ultimately pointed toward the G'ulah (redemption) through the Go'el (KinsmanRedeemer) who would be sent forth by the Father. G'ulah Redemption. is astounding.

Haggadah A general Hebrew term for utterance. book in which the Pesach story is retold and the Seder ritual is outlined. Hagah To murmur (in pleasure or anger). To ponder. Look at the following witness of the Tanakh and the B'rit Chadashah concerning the hairstyle of a priest: Yechezk'el 44:20:
The priests must not shave their heads or let their hair grow long. Hairstyle (men) It is very sad. roar. is in fact a representation of Antiochus IV “Epiphanes” and the coming False messiah. Haggay Haggai. it is a disgrace to him…
In Me'am Lo'az — The Torah Anthology: Yom Kippur Service (Kaplan. imagine.
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. applied specifically to the nonlegal portion of rabbinic literature. it is forbidden to…leave the hair on the back [of the head] falling on one's shoulders.
We have shown that the popular “takhaar” conception of how “Jesus” looks. the halakhic prohibitions of the sages concerning male hairstyle are set out:
…a prohibition against letting one's hair grow and not cutting it…so as to resemble [pagan priests]…Likewise. Hagbalah Days of Abstinence. speak. he is in violation of this commandment and can incur the penalty of flogging. haGadol The great. but they are to keep the hair of their heads trimmed. 1982: 60). Literally: telling. even disgusting. talk. If one does any of these.Haftarah Selection from the Prophets read or chanted after the weekly Torah portion during the synagogue service on the Sabbath and set-apart days. mutter. utter. study. Yahushua was and is our High Priest. that the popular Christian representation of “Jesus” is a long-haired man — Scripture clearly prescribes that a priest should have neatly trimmed hair and beard.
1 Corinthians 11:14:
Does not the very nature of things teach you that if a man has long hair. since all these are pagan customs and forbidden by Elohim. The tale of the Exodus from Egypt as read at the Seder Night. It is also the title of the text recited at the festive meal (Seder) on the first two nights of Pesach.

the “walk. legal ruling on a particular issue. and define the legitimate limits in interpreting Torah. mishpatim. your covenantal obligations. A halakhah is also a specific legal decision in a given area of life which a person is to follow. HaMelekh The king. Hallel Psalms 113-118 in liturgical use.” Halakhah means the way one walks or how you keep the commandments of YHWH.” halakhah lays down the way one should walk or live one's life. but not written explicitly in the Torah. YHWH gives many commandments for us to follow. and (b) legislated khuqim. i.” The legal and regulatory portions of the Talmud. based on the teachings of both written and oral Torah. Halakhah comes from the Hebrew word Halak (Strong's 1980) which means “to walk. a road trodden.HaQadosh BaruchHu “The Set-Apart One. Both forms are issued by a Beit Din.” Halakhah is intended to show you the derek (way) that you are to live to keep the commandments of the Almighty. Law. The Hebrew term describing the rules of how to walk is halakhah. it denotes “a course of life or mode of action. The Hebrew equivalent of “way” is derek. Oral Torah. In Scripture. Derived from a Hebrew word meaning “walk. regulation. The Qumran-Essene Tzedoqim called their orally transmitted interpretations ma'aseh (the practice). Halakhah comprises the orally transmitted authoritative interpretations of Scripture handed down by the Beit Din over the millennia. Hamavdil The Havdalah blessing.” Halakhah L'Mosheh Mi'Sinay A Law claimed to have been given to Mosheh on Mount Sinay. Hamantashen Filled three-cornered pastries supposed to represent Haman's hat. Blessed be He.
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.” Halakhah The way one goes. Yahushua said that He was the WAY.e. traditionally eaten on Chag Purim. Halakhah comprises two forms: (a) case law. and of all Jewish lore…Jewish law. In Yochanan 14:6. res judicata. The legal part of rabbinic literature. The question then becomes how do I follow and keep these commandments. The Roman-vassal Pseudo-Tzedoqim of the Beit Miqdash in Yerushalayim called their interpretations — which they codified in an attempt to end oral transmission — their “Book of Decrees.

They teach that the Almighty created the universe by pronouncing the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The Nevel had 3 to 22 strings. The Hallim were sung while Messiah died on the cross. Hallel haGadol Talmud Peshachim 118a calls Psalm 136 the Hallel haGadol — the Great Song of Praise. pull. The blessing over wine to mark the difference between the Sabbath and the weekdays. i. The Hallim are Psalms 113 – 118. The first harp. from the alef (}) to the tav (Z). Torah (the Instruction of the Almighty) and the Messiah. one letter at a time. take (by force). Now consider Genesis 1:1 1 Be'reshith In the beginning of 2 bara created 3 Elohim Elohim 4 [et] Å 5 haShamayim the heavens 6 [v'et] Å 7 haEretz the earth
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. the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. ceremony that marks the end of the Sabbath and the beginning of the week. Harp See: New Song. known as the Nevel. HaSatan The Adversary (same as Satan). The Hebrew alphabet contains exactly 22 letters. to touch. Besides creation. Harpazo [G] Catch (away. The sages taught that YHWH sang the creation. pluck. The sages claim that the Nevel makes the most beautiful music in the world.e. Havdalah Literally: separation. dates from the patriarchal period. “the Right Hand of YHWH” is a prophetic term for the Messiah. Hebrew: Naga. Read Psalm 118 — the Lot of the Messiah — in this light. which are special psalms of praise sung on specific festivals. up). HaMelekh The King. speak of the Devar (Word). Note that the expression. The number 22 is very significant to the sages. as well as the 22 strings of the Nevel. Hallel Plural: Hallim. Two types of harp were used in ancient Yisra'el. accompanied by a heavenly harp. Major part of the Rosh HaShanah Mussaf (additional) service. a Nevel.Hanukah See: Chanukah Haptomai [G] To attach oneself to.

and would then come to haEretz — the earth. the Hebrew Scriptures). He would be in haShamayim (Heaven. During the Second Temple era. Z}Y (v'et). the Devar is often portrayed as a person who comes to the prophet. which begins with } and ends with Z. that He is the Sent One. At the interpretative level of the sod. Person-in-action) of the Almighty. holding both offices in perfect harmony. and who is sent to Yisra'el. the term Z} refers to the Devar. with YHWH) for approximately 2000 years. and the Devar consists of devarim (words) composed of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
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. The wav prefixed to the Z} (or other words) is simply the Hebrew way of saying “and. These levers provide the player the ability to alter each string exactly one half-tone. and had a half-tone lever system. we are presently less than a decade from the end of the year 6000. Breath. Be'reshith (in the beginning) was the Devar and the Devar was with Elohim and the Devar was Elohim. Be'reshith (in the beginning) was the Ruach HaQodesh and the Ruach HaQodesh was with Elohim and the Ruach HaQodesh was Elohim. is wav-alef-tov. Therefore we may say:
Be'reshith (in the beginning) was the Torah and the Torah was with Elohim and the Torah was Elohim.e. Genesis 1:1 intimates that the Mashiach — the Anointed. and the spelling of the sixth word. Between the two comings. Be'reshith (in the beginning) was the Sh'khinah and the Sh'khinah was with Elohim and the Sh'khinah was Elohim.e. the Torah and the Ruach (Spirit.” At the interpretative level of the sod. Empowered One— who personifies the Devar. He created the heavens and the earth by the Devar. Genesis 1:1 contains the 7000-year plan of YHWH in a nutshell. Its only function is to point to the subject/object of a sentence. even in the middle of a song. This device enables the musician to change into different scales while
12 Note
that roughly 240 years were not counted in the presently used Jewish calender. would come two times: the first time would be 4000 years after the impartation of the nishmat chayim. In the Hebrew language. and the second time would be at the end of the year 600012. the Devar is termed the Memra. In Aramaic writings. the Z} (et) is a purely grammatical word.
Statements analogous to the above are found in the writings of ancient sages of Yisra'el. the neshamah to Adam. i.The Hebrew spelling of Z} (et). Also at the interpretative level of the sod. that His name is DVY UW and He will rule as High Priest and King of Yisra'el. Therefore the word Z} (et) is not translated. Zekharyahu 6 intimates that the Messiah personifies the Devar of YHWH. the Nevel was used in the Beit HaMiqdash music. the Torah. who bears and bestows the Ruach of Elohim to Yisra'el. the fourth word in Genesis 1:1 is alef-tov. In the Tanakh (i. Be'reshith (in the beginning) was the Z} and the Z} was with Elohim and the Z} was Elohim. They can also be repositioned very quickly.

The Hebrew name for the Sea of Galilee is Lake Kinneret.
Figure: A 22-stringed Nevel. Below is a picture of a 10-stringed Kinnor.playing. without stopping to re-tune the harp. Below is a picture of a Nevel. The lyre of David is a Kinnor. is the Kinnor.
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. The second type of harp referred to in the Scriptures. reconstructed by Micah and Shoshanna Harrari of Yerushalayim. It is known that the Levitical choir performed these changes frequently in the awesome music of the Beit HaMiqdash. reconstructed by Micah and Shoshanna Harrari of Yerushalayim. because it this lake has the shape of a Kinnor.

the Hebrew term customarily
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. The first is to play a known tune. The third way of playing the harp is as awesome as the second. the word for wind is ruach.Figure: A 10-stringed Kinnor. and for the simple act of praising and worshipping the Creator of the Universe. The second method is where the musician begins to play the harp. At midnight the north wind would blow and the harp would begin to play. and as the strings vibrated. The Nevel was only used for joyful occasions: weddings. awakening David to worship YHWH by studying Torah. A famous midrash tells of King David hanging his Kinnor in a tree at night as he lay down. can be played in three different ways. The harp. The harp is the only musical instrument that can be played by the wind. he reached up to the throne of Heaven. and the song was the prophecy. but that the key of translation has been lost over time. King David composed the psalms using the accompaniment of both the Nevel and the Kinnor (lyre). homecomings. The ancient prophets played like this — the prophet began to play his harp freely and then would feel a hand (yad) on his shoulder At this time the tune and words was coming from the Almighty. Temple Services. In Hebrew. and the Ruach HaQodesh entered into his being and gave him the inspiration to write the Psalms. sensitive to the direction of the Almighty. whether the Nevel or the Kinnor. his heart would fill with joy. In solitude. The sages teach that the musical notes played in the Beit HaMiqdash are actually coded in the Hebrew Scriptures.

Haver A Hebrew word meaning companion.” a movement for spreading modern European secular culture among Jews. not a purpose. It strives after the purely spiritual and abhors the physical as evil. An adherent was called a maskil. It is awesome to hear the Kinnor being played by the ruach.translated as “Holy Spirit.” Hebrew thought Hebrew thought is very different from Greco-Roman thought. Greek thought is abstract. Only the ruach can make the harp resound beautifully. it denoted a scholar or pious person among those who loved and kept the Torah faithfully. An evasive synonym for the explicit Hebrew name of the
HaShem Yisborach Evasive synonym for the Name YHWH. Scriptural revelation is seen as the final authority. The prime question is: “What should I do?” Hebrew thought deals with correct action in the here and now. YHWH. Everybody brings it to their noses to delight in the pleasant smell. a spice-box is passed around the table. the Yad (Hand) of YHWH. Yeshayahu 13:1-2 draws its imagery from the Havdalah ceremony. without human hands. In contrast. It sees the physical. Haskalah “Enlightenment. punishment will follow.” Almighty. This movement originated and was most influential in the very countries in which Nazism later arose. How many mitzvot in the Torah deal with the hereafter? None. “I am a companion of them who fear YHWH. It is concrete and simple. The Hebrew studies affectively. e. During Havdalah. from a fan. In ancient times. This movement was influential from circa 1750 to 1880. The Haskalah led to a gross departure from Torah.” National anthem of the modern state of Israel. Havdalah Literally: separation. HaShem Literally: “the Name. Devarim 28 teaches that if Israel departs from Torah. to revere. The rabbis teach that simulated wind. This concept was taken from the text of Psalm 119:63. A ceremony that marks the end of the Shabbat and other days setapart to YHWH. Hatikva “The hope. to worship. material world as something to be escaped. Hebrew thought is correct and Greek thought is wrong. and the coming secular days. but is usually poorly translated.” is Ruach HaQodesh. can not induce the harp to play. disregards this life and has an otherworldly orientation.g. This is a picture of the Almighty's delight in those who delight in His exaltation. There is more to life than dying! Life in the world to come is a reward.
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. The perfect virtue is seen as obedience.

Hierarchy in commandments The sages inferred from Scripture that there are three acts a Jew should never commit. When the Hebrew Scriptures were translated into Latin. but rather die al Kiddush HaShem — sanctifying the Name of the Almighty: Sanhedrin 74a
Rabbi Yochanan said in the name of rabbi Shim'on ben-Yehotzadak: “By a majority vote it was decided in the upper chambers of the house of Nitza in Lud that in every law of the Torah. At the same time. became popular. this term was translated as lucifer. As a result. because an exegesis of Yo'el 2 shows that an overwhelmingly strong army will attack and almost completely destroy Israel in the Day of
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. the shulchan lechem ha-panim (Table of the Bread of the Faces) and the mizbe'ach zahav (golden Altar of Incense). fornication and murder.' he may transgress in order to save his life — with these exceptions: idolatry. A term for the king of Babylon in Yeshayahu 14:12. Helel The shining one. and (2) an interpretation.HeChag Literally: “the festival. if a man is commanded. the awakener of light. Hester Panim Hiding the face. sent forth from YHWH as the anointed. Heter Permission. permit. Hevel Abel.e. empowered Redeemer of the World who interposed His shed sacrificial blood between us and the righteous demand of the Torah that the wages of sin is death. Hekhal The set-apart place that housed the menorah (7-branched lampstand). the exegesis that Yeshayahu 14:12 deals with the fall and judgement of Satan.”
To these we may add: denying that Yahushua is the unique and son of Almighty YHWH. the withdrawal of the favour of YHWH. It should be noted that the common and popular identification Lucifer œ Satan is based on (1) a translation. High Holy Days The ten day period that starts on Rosh HaShanah (Tishri 1) and ends on Yom Kippur (Tishri 10). or you will be put to death. 'Transgress. the name “Lucifer” became a popular term for the adversary. Called the Days of Awe (Yamim Nora'im) and days of teshuvah (turning back in repentance) by the sages. Hell Misleading traditional mistranslation of Gey Hinnom.” One of the names for Sukkot. i.

prophetic intent. are Devarim 31:27. then how can you contend with horses?
Other Tanakh examples to look at. The kol v'khomer thought-form is used to make an argument from lesser weight based on one of greater weight. YHWH will use this attack to turn the remnant of Israel to accept their Messiah — cf. Kal v'khomer satum — in which the Kal v'khomer argument is merely implied. Yechezk'el 38-39 describes this same attack. but not always. Yechezk'el 39:22. Proverbs 11:31
Behold the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth. Yirmeyahu 12:5b. Chapter 1 of Yeshayahu starts on the very eve of that Yom Kippur. 1 Samuel 23:3. Yechezk'el 15:5 and Esther 9:12. The terminology used in Yo'el 2 indicated to the sages that this attack will start on a Yom Teruah (Tishri 1) and end on a Yom Kippur (Tishri 10). In its eschatological. is a prophetic shadow of this great eschatological attack. It may be expressed as: If X is true of Y then how much more X must be true of Z. humility. Kol v'khomer is the first of Hillel's seven hermeneutical rules.
There are several examples of Kal v'khomer in the Tanakh.YHWH. her cities ruined… Hillel A famous rabbi who taught from 10 BM to 30 YM Hillel was known for his thirst after knowledge.
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. signalled by a phrase like “how much more…” The Rabbinical writers recognise two forms of kol v'khomer: ì ì Kal v'khomer meforash — In this form the kal v'khomer argument appears explicitly. where Z is of greater weight than Y. Hillel did not invent these rules. Hillel's seven rules Dr James Trimm submitted the following contribution on rabbinic hermeneutics to an Internet Newsgroup: Rule 1: Kal v'khomer (light and heavy). when Israel lies waste. great knowledge and kindness towards Gentiles who wanted to learn the ways of the Most High. A kol v'khomer argument is often. much more the wicked and the sinner. The historical attack on Yahudah during the reign of king Chizkiyahu by king Sancheiriv of Ashshur. these rules are used in the Tanakh. patience. For example:
and Yirmeyahu 12:5a
If you have run with footmen and they have wearied you.

10. 12:24. 11:13 Mattityahu 10:25 & Jn. There are several examples of Kal v'khomer in the Apostolic Writings. 7:23 Sha'ul uses Kal v'khomer in: Romans 5:8-9. 15:18-20 Mattityahu 12:12 & Jn. word or root. will not lay hold of it and lift it out? Of how much more value then is a man than a sheep? Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath. 17. Tanakh example: Judges 13:5 & 1Sam. This is that the conclusion of an argument is satisfied when it is like the major premise. Yahushua often uses this form of argument. 11:12. Rabbi Tarfun rejected the dayo principle in certain cases (b. 24 1 Corinthians 9:11-12. In other words. 15. Moses…” all the time. For example: Yochanan 7:23
If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath. 12:22 2 Corinthians 3:7-9. This is the dayo (enough) principle.BK 25a). 30 = Lk. 9:20 to Yirmeyahu 31:31-34
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. Hebrews 9:11-22 applies “blood” from Exodus 24:8=Heb.There is also an important limitation to the Kal v'khomer thought-form. 28 Mattityahu 7:11 = Lk. are you angry with me because I made a man completely well on the sabbath?
and: Mattityahu 12:11-12
What man is there among you who has one sheep. Exodus 3:4 YHWH addressed Moses “Moses.
Other examples of Yahushua's usage of Kal v'khomer are: Mattityahu 6:26. and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath. so that the Law of Moses should not be broken. 11 Philippians 2:12 Philemon 1:16 Rule 2: G'zerah Shavah (Equivalence of expressions) An analogy is made between two separate texts on the basis of a similar phrase. the conclusion is equalised to the premise and neither a stricter nor a more lenient view is to be taken (m.BK 2:5). 1:10 Rule 3: Binyan ab mikathub echad (Building of the father from one text) One explicit passage serves as a foundation or starting point so as to constitute a rule (father) for all similar passages or cases.

110:1 = Heb. 62:12. not one… (Rom. 104:4 = Heb. (Rom.
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. Kelal uferat (the general and the particular) Genesis 1:27 > Genesis 2:7. 21 A general statement is first made and is followed by a single remark which particularises the general principle. 102:25-27 = Heb. and whose sins are covered. 7:89 2Sam. 1:5 2Sam. 1:5 Deut. 21:5 > 1Chr. 9:6) = Heb. 53:1-3.Sifra 1:7) Sha'ul shows that the following Tanakh. 2:6 = Ps. 24:9 & 1Chr. 1:13 to build a rule that the Messiah is of a higher order than angels. Lev 1:1 & Exodus 25:22 > Num. 1:17 = Hab. Blessed is the man whom YHWH shall not impute sin. 7:20 and: [Elohim] will render to each one according to his deeds. 1:6 Ps. 7:14 = Heb. no. 2:4) with There is none righteous. 1:5-14 the author sites: Ps. 6. 32:1-2) Sha'ul resolves the apparent conflict by citing Genesis 15:6 (in Rom. Kayotze bo mimekom akhar (analogy made from another passage) Two passages may seem to conflict until a third resolves the conflict.4. 32:43/Ps. 1:8-9 Ps. 22): Abraham believed Elohim. 45:6-7 = Heb. 27:1 Exodus 19:20 & Devarim 4:36 > Exodus 20:19 (m. 4:7-8 = Ps. 1:10-12 Ps. In Heb. 5. 14:1-3 = Ps. 97:7/(Neh. and it was accounted to him for righteousness. Proverbs 24:12) with Blessed are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven. passages SEEM to conflict: The just shall live by faith (Rom. Binyab ab mishene kethubim (Building of the father from two or more texts) Exodus 21:26-27 Two texts or provisions in a text serve as a foundation for a general conclusion. 3:10 = Ps. 2:7 = Heb. 4:3. (Rom. 1:7 Ps. Eccl.

writes:
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. 7. Holocaust The murder of 6 million Jews by the Fascists during World War 2. Holy of Holies See: Qodesh haQodeshim. not just the isolated statement must be considered for an accurate exegesis. composed of the initial letters of Hierosolyma Est Perdita (“Jerusalem is destroyed”). for them. Orthodox Rabbi Mordecai Kornfeld of Har Nof. Hillelites The group of Pharisees who held to Hillel's view of the Torah. in Notes and Queries. Homiletics The art of preaching or public persuasion. belief/faith/trust (same word in Hebrew) can act as a substitute for righteousness/being just (same word in Hebrew). Hilula A celebration of a memorial. Horse In a study published on the Internet. Henri van Laun says. Hodu Î Hoddu India. as taught in Beit Hillel — the school of Hillel. and we are on the road to Paradise. Davar hilmad me'anino (Explanation obtained from context) The total context. Their view stressed the chesed — the kindness and mercy — of the One who gave the Torah. Torah was given for the benefit of Israel.Thus Sha'ul resolves the apparent conflict by showing that under certain circumstances.” These etymons may be taken for what they are worth.” Timbs derives Hurrah from the Slavonic hu-raj (“to Paradise”). The word “hurrah!” is an exclamation in the Germanic languages. Yerushalayim. Hineh ha-Seh ha-Elohim chanoseh chata'aat ha-olam Behold the Lamb of Elohim. Hip! Hip! Hurrah! Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable states that Hip is said to be a notarica. that whenever the German knights headed a Jew-hunt in the Middle Ages. Who takes away the sins of the world. they ran shouting “Hip! Hip!” as much as to say “Jerusalem is destroyed. so that Hip! hip! hurrah! would mean “Jerusalem is lost to the infidel.

The fact that horses represent war and conquest answers a number of riddles. Along with this. however. indeed. cows and donkeys. Aggadic literature also point to Be'reshith 42:9). and Targum Onkelos). I was once asked. Va'Yikrah 18:3. one who rides a donkey is but a freeman. A poor man on a donkey is a description of how the Messiah will appear if the Jews are *not* found deserving of a spectacular salvation.16 Ya'akov sends a generous gift to his brother. we will eventually be redeemed. why didn't Ya'akov send Esav any horses? The answer obviously is that he did not want to send the angry Esav weapons for war. I'll be glad to provide him with one of my best!”
Why. nor did he wish to hand him a sign of conquest. (Tehillim 87:7). In fact. in order to appease his anger.
“One who rides a horse is a king. and it is a proud creature…
It is appropriate that we find the Egyptians being described as the best horse-breeders in the civilised world (Devarim 17:16). this Messiah will provide but a humble Exodus. if we are not deserving the Messiah will only arrive riding on a donkey. lust and pride in the Torah's description of horses. the arrogant of nations perfecting the breeding of the arrogant of creatures. As the Gemara says in Shabbat 152a. it seems that horses were primarily put to use in war.” The Gemara (Sanhedrin 98a) describes how King Shevor of Persia scoffed. it loves war.
“Why doesn't your Messiah come riding on a horse? If he lacks one. Rashi Ba'Midbar 13:22). sheep.”
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. meaning “Arrogant” (as in Tehillim 40:5). should the Messiah come on a donkey? Isn't a horse a more appropriate sign of military victory? The answer may be learned from the words of the Gemara earlier on that same page (ibid. The prophet (Zekharyahu 9:9) describes the Messiah as “a poor man. Esav. Pesachim 113b
Six things were said of a horse: It is promiscuous. With regard to horses. the Egyptians were known throughout the world for their promiscuity (Rashi: Be'reshith 13:10.“We find a connection between war. Ya'akov's gift includes all sorts of animals — goats. Mishlei 21:31
A horse is prepared for times of war. In Be'reshith 32:15. Due to the exceptional beauty of their land (Be'reshith 13:10. A horse is a sign of proud conquest. camels.). the Egyptian nation was especially arrogant (Shemot 15:1.
As the Gemara describes.
Tehillim 33:17
The horse is not able to provide a person salvation [when YHWH is not with him]. the Torah refers to Egypt as Rahav. riding upon a donkey. In biblical times. Whether we deserve it or not.

On a deeper level of meaning. glory) has departed. where it remains for a while. it hovered over the court. especially in songs of praise. too. [The] House A term for the Beit HaMiqdash in Yerushalayim. which was full of the brightness of the kavod of YHWH. This word is widely misunderstood and misapplied in present-day Christianity.Similarly. touching account of the departure of the kavod from the first Beit HaMiqdash. who embedded their desirable traits deep in the hearts of their descendants. First he sees the Shekhinah in the usual place between the keruvim in the Qodesh ha-Qodeshim. Hoshana Rabbah The last and greatest day of Sukkot. Out of His love for our virtuous ancestors. but to the Beit HaMiqdash. but rather out of YHWH's mercy. YHWH promised to always come to our rescue and to eventually redeem us from exile. In chapters 9-11 of the great prophetic work.” lest King Ptolemy ask them. rode upon a donkey because the Jews were not being redeemed from Egypt on their own merit. let him redeem them proudly. If they are worthy. when the 72 Elders translated the Torah for King Ptolemy (Megillah 9a). Instead of “donkey. “If the Jews are not worthy of being redeemed. the Redeemer. on his way to Egypt to free the Jews. they changed the meaning of a number of words in order that he should not misunderstand them and scoff at them. under our domain. Passing out by the east gate.
I
I-khavod The kivod (esteem. with flourish and fanfare!” What these kings did not know was that the Jewish People are YHWH's chosen nation. Whether he comes on a horse or on a donkey. When we read in Acts 2 that the talmidim were gathered together with one accord in “the house. the Messiah is on his way — may he arrive speedily in our days!” Hoshanah A chant which means “please save us!” A heartfelt and almost desperate prayer to the Almighty to send the Messiah. “Did Moshe not have a horse to ride upon?” Moshe.
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. One of the words they change involved the donkey that Moshe rode his family upon. let YHWH leave them as they are. in the above-mentioned Gemaras the gentile kings were not able to grasp the concept that YHWH will redeem the Jews even if they are not worthy of it. “How can that be?” they thought.” they used the broad term “beast of transportation.” it does not refer to the upper room. Then the kavod moves away from the Beit HaMiqdash. the prophet Yechezk'el gives an awesome. Then the Shekhinah arises and moves to the threshold of the House. He was not the proud conqueror.

Most denominations. the kivod of YHWH went up from the midst of the city. ceremonially unclean) to tahor (ready. deliberate departure. witnessed by at least one witness. The immersionwashing of the proselyte was a graphic reminder. At least one witness had to be present to witness the selfimmersion.” In Tractate Yevamot 62a. No part of the body was allowed to be above the surface during immersion. sign (ot) and seal of this fact. thinking perhaps Israel might repent. witnessing the self-immersion and lending the Messiah a hand to help Him out of the river. So the only way out is to break out. ceremonially clean). Shim'on Ben-Lakish says that “a proselyte is like a new-born infant. also called Har Mashiach — Mountain of the Messiah.” The earliest artistic depiction of the immersion of Messiah Yahushua shows Him immersing Himself into the river Yarden. newly immersed proselytes are called “born again. fully naked.” Rabbi Yosi makes a similar statement in Tractate Yevamot 48b. Eventually. cherish their inherited traditions more than the truth. Coming out of the mikveh.” practice it correctly! Any major library contains all the information that is necessary to establish how Scriptural immersion should be performed. The first week was the “seven red days” which were followed by the “seven white days. It is very important to note that Scriptural immersion is always full immersion and selfimmersion. the woman would.g. The candidate.. It is ironic that virtually none of the denominations who vehemently denounce each other for practising an incorrect form of “baptism. In the Talmud. The fathers built a fence. The laws of the menstrual cycle specifies that an Israelite husband and wife should not come together for 2 weeks per month. the fingers and toes had to be moved to ensure that the water of the mikveh would touch the entire surface of the body. Immersion Proselytes to Judaism were immersed as a sign and a seal of their life-redirecting.e.” and was called “born again. the One Elohim of Yisra'el. immerse herself into a mikveh to symbolise her passing from a state of being tamei (not ready. full of pathos and tragic judgement. Messiah Yahushua ascended to heaven from this same mountain where Yechezk'el the prophet saw the Shekhinah depart. Genesis Rabbah 39:11 also alludes to this concept of rebirth. The proselyte had utterly broken with idolatry (i.This was a very slow. however. “For the space of three years and a half. with Yochanan haMatbil standing right at the edge of the water. His past behind him. Rabbi Yochanan said in a commentary. finally ascending out of sight. the children installed a gate in the fence and the grandchildren threw away the gate's key. the proselyte emerged to take his stand with Am Yisra'el (the covenant-people of Israel). the Shekhinah was sitting upon the Mount of Olives. and stood upon the mountain which is on the east side of Yerushalayim — the Mount of Olives. immersed himself in the waters.” Following the separation. and was born as a citizen of the `Olam ha-ba (the World to Come). regenerating experience. demonworship) to the worship of YHWH. and never immersion by a second party.
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. she would dress herself like bride for the married couple's “monthly honeymoon. fully naked. symbolically cleansing himself from antecedent defilement.” Many scholars hold the view that Yahushua's public ministry spanned three and a half years. He passed from death to life. e. fully naked.

Albert Einstein
As a child I received instruction both in the Bible and in the Talmud. He was a Jew among Jews. The term Iqvot HaMashiach is derived from Tehillim 89:50-51
Remember. how your servant has been mocked.Iqvot HaMashiach “Footsteps of the Messiah. may be found in The Messiahship of Jesus: Are Jews Changing Their Attitudes Towards Jesus? by Dr Arthur Kac (Baker Book House. Ishtar Pagan fertility idol on whose pagan. his bearing and feeling. how I bear in my heart the taunts of all the nations. his speech and silence. 1986).1983). Ivrit The Hebrew language. Dr Lapides' book is The Resurrection of Jesus (Augsburg Publishing House.
J
Jewish attitudes to Yahushua All quotations below. I am a Jew. of the best that was and is in Judaism. the mark of Jewish idealism.” A Hebrew term for eschatology. Israel Vision See: Lost tribes of Israel. with which they have mocked the footsteps of your Mashiach. Iyov Î Iyyov Job. except that of Dr Pinchas Lapide. idolatrous rites the rituals of the “Christian” festival of Easter is based. Page 90
. the taunts with which your enemies have mocked.
Rabbi Leo Baeck (for many years the religious leader of German Jewry)
Jesus is a genuine Jewish personality. Izevel Jezebel. Adonai. In Hebraic understanding. O YHWH. but I am enthralled by the luminous figure of the Nazarene. all his struggles and works. eschatology encompasses everything dealing with the coming of the Messiah. bear the stamp of a Jewish style.
Ir David City of David.

His one idea was to implant within his nation the idea of the coming of the Messiah and. 'a light to the Gentiles. past President of the Central Conference of American Rabbis:
Jesus has become the most popular. I was seeking that something for which so many of us search-that surety. he is. a Jew. Since I first met Him. the hope and joy he has kindled-all that is unequalled in human history…The Jew cannot help glorying in what Jesus has meant to the world. I found it in the Nazarene…Everything He ever said or did has value for us today. indeed.Prof. though oft denied by his followers. and that is something you can say of no other man. the people of Israel will be
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. that meaningful offshoot of our spiritual history. that spiritual content in my living which would bring me peace and through which I might help bring people to others.
Rabbi Stephen Wise. Yerushalayim
Jesus was a Jew and a Jew he remained till his last breath. Philosopher and Professor at Hebrew University. once his teaching is better known and the bane of misunderstanding at last is removed from his words and his ideal. that faith. the Jew of the Jews…In that day when history shall be written in the light of truth. Hebrew University. nor can he help hoping that Jesus may yet serve as a bond between Jew and Christian. be proud of it?
Rabbi Hyman Enelow. the deletion of New Testament Messianism. that Jesus should not be so much appropriated by us as assigned to the place in Jewish life and Jewish history which is rightfully his own. Jesus is the most Jewish of Jews…more Jewish than Hillel…From the standpoint of general humanity. It was in a Jewish land that this spiritual revolution was kindled. Yiddish writer:
I couldn't help writing on Jesus.
Prof Joseph Klausner. namely.'
Sholem Asch. Martin Buber. at first. and even aided in. Zionist leader and founder of the Jewish Institute of Religion:
Neither Christian protest nor Jewish lamentation can annul the fact that Jesus was a Jew. the most studied. Yerushalayim
It is a peculiar manifestation of our exile-psychology that we permitted. alive or dead…He became the Light of the world. the most influential figure in the religious history of mankind…No sensible Jew can be indifferent to the fact that a Jew should have had such a tremendous part in the religious education and direction of the human race…Who can compute all that Jesus has meant to humanity? The love he has inspired. and we must place the movement where it belongs. Why shouldn't I. Surely it is not wholly unfit that Jesus be reclaimed by those who have never unitedly nor organizedly denied him. hasten the 'end'…In all of this. Jesus was not only a Jew but he was the Jew. he has held my mind and heart…I floundered a bit. by repentance and good works. the solace he has given. and Jews were those who had spread it all over the land…we must overcome the superstitious fear which we harbour about the Messianic movement of Jesus. in the spiritual history of Judaism. a Hebrew of the Hebrews. the good he has engendered.

Galatians. I even suspect that Jesus was even more true to the Torah than I. Jubilee Yovel. Jubilees.
K
Kabbalah See: Qabbalah. Also called the “circumcision faction/party. but as a historical event…I believe that the Christ event leads to a way of salvation which [Elohim] has opened up in order to bring the gentile world into the community of [Elohim's] Israel. Some wise men taught that whoever studies Kabbalah before the age of 40 may go insane. Book of A pseudepigraphic work sometimes called the Lesser Genesis. Jewish Mysticism.
Dr Pinchas Lapide. Kalat Be'reshith Literally: bride of Genesis. Colossians and. Everything is viewed from an esoteric position. Kabbalists strive to understand the Creator and the universe from a mystical viewpoint. Kallah Bride. an Orthodox Jew. Orthodox Jewish scholar:
Jesus was utterly true to the Torah. but as Christ-bearers. consisting of a history of mankind as related to Mosheh by an angel.
Judaisers A term applied to a group of first-century Messianic Jews (probably from Beit Shammai) who required non-Jews to perform Ma'asei haTorah — “works of the Law” before they were accepted into the Body of Messiah. I accept the resurrection of Easter Sunday not as an invention of the community of disciples. but as God-bringers to the world. as I myself hope to be. The message of the Judaisers conflicted with the halakhic decree of the ruling council reported in Acts 15.known not as Christ-killers. Conclave or retreat.
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. The dates mentioned by the angel centres around the years of Yovel. not as God-slayers. We strongly advise students against becoming involved with Kabbalah at all.” Sha'ul reacts strongly to their unauthorised countermissions in epistles such as Romans. the woman called to recite or chant the blessings over the first section of the Torah on Simchat Torah. especially.

the delineation is made between kosher and nonkosher animals. In the realm of thought. Meal time is termed in Jewish literature as “the hour of war. Eating is supposed to be an act of elevating oneself through the medium of thought. The split Commonly called kosher under the
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. Jewish tradition found the entire enterprise of eating to be filled with obstacles and opportunities. permitted by the Torah. In the realm of speech. Jewish tradition sees this as an allusion for the need to review and re-examine one's actions. a procedure that is at the very heart of righteousness. The Torah states that for an animal to be kosher it must chew its cud and have split hooves. one of the symbolic foods used on the Pesach Seder plate. And in the realm of action. make an alliance by cutting flesh and passing between the pieces). Karah A Pesach dish. Karmel Mount Carmel. Shmini. Karath To cut (off. To cut a covenant (i. Kaporet The covering of the Ark of the Testimony. we say a blessing over the food.Kaparah Expiation…The ceremony of transferring sinfulness to the goat l'Azazel during the Yom Kippur service. Karpas A green herb like parsley or a green vegetable such as celery or watercress. “Being cut off” from the people is punishment which might become capital or consist of early natural death. symbolising spring. Indeed. we should view eating as an act of fulfilling the Almighty's will. we eat the food with care and appreciation of the Almighty's beneficence. Kasda'in Chaldeans. influence of Yiddish. Seat of atonement. speech and action. To destroy or consume. Chewing the cud (“rumination”) involves the regurgitation and then redigestion of food. Kasday Chaldean.e. down or asunder). In this week's Torah portion.” the Hebrew word for war — milchama — has the same root as lechem — bread. Orthodox Rabbi Yehuda Appel writes: Many people find dieting to be quite a challenge. Kasher Ritually clean food.

” i. While the land animals had been involved in bestiality before the deluge. pig. a species which has no eyelid. the shafan — idolatry. a fish has to possess both fins and scales. The sources explain that these elements can be likened to crowns atop the fish. The prophecy makes it clear that He would be “cut off” before the destruction of Yerushalayim and the Second Temple. the pig — hypocrisy. to excommunicate. by implication: to destroy or consume.e. The camel represents pride. to cut a covenant by cutting flesh and passing between the pieces. Unlike other species who. Moreover. fish are seen as the most holy of species. coming as it does at the foot. referring to the spiritual attitude with which we approach worship. In qabalistic understanding. Which covenant would be cut by the death of Mashiach HaNagid? The
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. In contradistinction to the wholeness of a kosher animal. the fish needs none. Kashrut The dietary laws of the Torah. The Torah also makes distinctions between kosher and non-kosher fish. to execute by death or to die an early death. It is clear that Jewish tradition sees the act of eating as an opportunity to elevate one's behaviour to a higher level. there are four animals — the camel. Karath Î Kareth To cut off. emphasises the need for a person to be complete from head to toe. however guards his behaviour. and actually needs no such safeguard. He is thus symbolised by a fish. intuitively avoiding such situations. Fish do not need to be ritually slaughtered or have its blood removed as its land cousins did. the anatomical feature of the eyelid is an allusion to this need to at times shut our eyes and avoid seeing improper things. Many people are guilty of misusing their gift of sight and viewing scenes they would be better off avoiding. such fish tend to swim in the upper expanses of the ocean where the water is more pure. the fish maintained their purity and were thus saved. that He would be killed and a covenant be cut through His death. the righteous person. The spiritual concentration accompanying prayer and the performance of a positive commandment. To be kosher. This symbol of the fish as representing purity can also be found in the qabalistic literature where it is used to symbolise the Tzaddik. Dani'el 9:24-27 teaches that Mashiach HaNagid — the Anointed Ruler — will be “cut off. Furthermore. The Tzaddik. even in their kosher manifestations need some tikkun (rectification). the fish were unaffected by Noach's flood. attesting to the kosher fish's higher spiritual status. and the arnevet — narrowness. On the other hand.hoof. Kavanah Literally: intentionality. shafan and arnevet (the last two animals' identities are not known today) — who are singled out in this week's parsha because they possessed only one of two kosher signs.

Often translated as “at hand. Kehunah Priesthood in the Beit HaMiqdash. the congregation rises for this antiphonal chant of a doxology from Scripture verses proclaiming the oneness and set-apartness of YHWH.
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. Kefar Village. The first part of many settlements in Eretz Yisra'el. who would both suffer a vicarious covenantal death and (subsequently) be the ruling Messiah (Nagid). Congregation. The Messiah frequented Kefar Nachum (Capernaum) — the “Village of Nachum.Tanakh answers: The B'rit Chadashah (Renewed Covenant) promised to the Houses of Israel and Yahudah in Yirmeyahu 31:31-34. the “Town of the Comforter. Karav To come up and be present. Kashrut The dietary laws prescribed in the Torah. shows that Dani'el 9:24-27 was well understood by the Talmudists. Kedushat Hayom The benediction concerning the “set-apartness of the day” included in the Amidah prayers on Sabbaths and Festivals.” it usually does not mean that something is near.” i. especially Tractate Sanhedrin. This prophecy about Mashiach HaNagid also teaches that there will not be two Messiahs — a suffering Servant and a conquering King — but only one Messiah. Kayin Cain. but that something has come up and is now a present reality.e. Kehunah Gedolah High Priesthood. Colossians 2:16-17 teaches us that the dietary laws were given to teach about Messiah. Kasday Chaldean. Kehilat See Qahal Î Qahol. Kasda'im Chaldeans. Kedushah When the reader or cantor repeats the Amidah (standing prayer).” This town was named after the prophet Nachum. A close scrutiny of the Talmud.

(Brooklyn. Ketz End of Days.. detailing the duties of the husband and the wife and stipulating the amount of money that the husband should pay as a penalty should he divorce his wife. A Jewish reference for Rosh HaShanah being called The Hidden Day can be found in the book.” the third section of the Tanakh. Kheder Chamber. 1Kings 11:7. New York: Mekkos L'inyonei Chinuch Inc. The Kaddish is recited over wine and bread on the eve of the Shabbat and the Festivals. the Day of Concealment or the Hidden Day. cover. A prayer of setting apart. room. Kiddush HaChodesh The setting-apart of the New Moon. 13. Keseh See: Yom Teruah Another name for Rosh HaShanah or Yom Teruah is Yom haKeseh. Ketubah A traditional Jewish marriage contract. Kesed The loyal covenantal love of YHWH. 2Kings 23:13. Kiddush Blessing recited or chanted over wine on Shabbat or festivals emphasising their setapartness. The Complete Story of Tishrei by Nisan Mindel. the Day of the Hiding. Ketuvim Literally: “the Writings. Keruv Plural: Keruvim. Judges 11:24. 33. Mentioned in Numbers 21:29. 46. 1956). Kena'an Canaan. or hide. Yirmeyahu 48:7. The term keseh or is derived from the Hebrew root kachah which means to conceal. of dedicating something or a set-apart time to Almighty YHWH.
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. Kena'anim Canaanites.Kemosh An idol. A type of heavenly messenger (“angel”). of separation.

English has changed a lot during the past 400 years. Those who claim the KJV is the “pure Word” are living in fantasy. Beginning in the 3rd century. he put him in prison. also have far less respect for the Word than the more ancient translators. you could not read and understand it because it is written in Old English. While many love to make the King James Bible out to be a perfect translation. Modern translators. Kiddushin Literally: set-apart. These people are as deluded as the “sacred name” fanatics who claim that if you don't use the correct Hebrew name for the Almighty and His Messiah. “I have desired to eat this EASTER with you before I suffer”? Horrid paganism! The original KJV was printed in 1611. This same bias is still preached today in many denominations.Kiddush Levanah The blessing of setting-apart over the monthly renewal of the moon. influenced by liberalism. But perfect? — no! Only the original Hebrew manuscripts are perfect. In addition. this anti-Torah bias began to gain a strong foothold within Christianity. Peter S. there simply is no perfect translation of the Scriptures. Ruckmanism is popularised by the popular Crusaders comic. modernism and occultism. Many of these groups follow the views of Dr. Refers to the full wedding ceremony and the state of being married. If you owned an original KJV. Acts 12:4 reads:
And when he had apprehended him. Some of the viewpoints of the heretic Marcion.
“I have desired to eat this PESACH (3957) with you before I suffer”
Can you imagine Yahushua saying. Furthermore. you will “burn in hell. because translation is the work of fallible human beings.” The KJV is inaccurate in many areas. and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him: intending after EASTER to bring him forth to the people…
This is the same Greek word translated as Pesach in over 25 passages in the Apostolic Writings. which is published by Chick Publications in the USA. Jews were kicked out of England during the era of the printing and influence of the King James Bible because the “Christian church” was still steeped in many Catholic doctrines from the 4th century through the Middle Ages. Sabotage. In Luke 22:15 it is written. the KJV is the least tainted with liberalism. in reality it is not. However. Welcome to the real world! Though the KJV is the least tainted by theological modernism. In one quick example. who detested the Torah. are still prevalent and taught in many churches today and are accepted as some of the true doctrines found in the Epistles of Sha'ul. Because practically all of the Apostolic
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. King James Only The erroneous belief that the King James (KJV) translation is inerrant. For that reason. Ruckman. it is the most accurate English translation and based upon less questionable transcripts. an outspoken advocate of this view. The present KJV has been retranslated over 10 times. the King James Bible displays an anti-Torah bias in the translation because of the theology that prevailed when it was translated.

Laver. Christianity's tradition that men's heads should be uncovered in a House of Prayer. When correlated with the creation account of Genesis 1. is possibly based on a misunderstanding and mistranslation of Sha'ul's instruction in 1 Corinthians 11:4. but anciently understood to denote Rome in some passages. where Targum Onkelos renders it as Rome. Kinah Plural: Kinot. Kiyor Washstand. In the book of Ruth.12. this intimates to us that the Messiah would come to earth as the Light of the World around the year 4000. male homosexual prostitutes wore their hair like this.
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. Kittel White garment that is part of traditional Jewish burial clothes. It is a symbol of respect for and submission to the Almighty. Usually overlaps with the months November and December on the pagan calender. Kittim Commonly translated as Cyprus. (In the ancient Roman Empire. Kippa Small round head covering worn by Torah-observant men in a set-apart place or when reading Scripture. hanging down. because the Sh'khinah is all around us. Yeshayahu 23:1. wing. corners).Writings was conceived in Hebrew. Elegy in poetic (piyyut) structure recited on Jewish days of mourning. Some sages would not walk two steps without their heads being covered. Malachi 4:2 teaches that the Messiah will come as the Shemesh Tzadekah (Sun of Righteousness) with healing in his k'naf (wings. the translator and exegete should reconstruct the hidden Semitic undertext that underlies the Greek New Testament. Numbers 24:24. and he had to have his head covered. the principle that 1 day represents 1000 years. and the fact that the tzitzit symbolises the Torah. and often mechanically rendered into Greek. Numbers 24:24. Also worn by some grooms at their wedding. and by some officiants at Rosh HaShanah services and at the Pesach Seder.) In other words. K'naf Corner. Kislev Month in which Chanukah falls. e. Yirmeyahu 2:10. corner of garment where the tzitzit are fastened.g. Lamentation. and that He will be the Living Torah. worn by some worshipers on Yom Kippur as a reminder of mortality and a symbol of purity. Yechezk'el 27:6 and Dani'el 11:30. Correctly understood. The word Kittim is used in 8 verses in the Tanakh — Genesis 10:4. a man's hair and beard had to be neatly shaven. this verse means that men should not enter a Beit Tefillah (house of worship) with their hair tangled up. 1 Chronicles 1:7.

” a prayer that begins the Yom Kippur evening service. Kohelet The scroll of “Ecclesiastes. Korban Olah Burnt offering. trespass offering. or ú attaining the age of moral # " insight and responsibility. the progeny of Aaron. Kol ha-kavod All honour. Knowledge of good and evil ú The possession of the full spectrum of knowledge. Korban Hata'aat Sin offering. This room housed the Ark of the Covenant. This is a beautiful intimation about the Messiah and His bride. Qodesh haQodeshim The Most Set-Apart Place. Afrikaans: “gans anders. Only the High Priest could enter this room. A priest. Descendant of the priestly class.” Kohen Plural: Kohanim. containing Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and 11:13-21.” Qodesh haQodeshim The room behind the HaQodesh. Boaz. Kol All. the “Holy of Holies” in the Beit HaMiqdash in Yerushalayim. to spread the k'naf of his garment over her. Kol Nidrei Literally: “al vows. Kohen haGadol The High Priest. the entire service is often called the Kol Nidrei service…a prayer and announcement of repeal of all
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.we read how Ruth asked the go'el (kinsman redeemer). and that only on Yom Kippur.” Misleadingly translated as “holy. Korban Asham Guilt-offering. Qodesh Set-apart. Klaf Hand-written scroll placed in a mezuzah.

The Geonim were extremely divided about this practice. The name Devorah means bee. When a text reads. will
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. A term for the Messiah. The sages understood Ramah as the “seat of idolatry. because he was anointed with the royal power to conquer Babylon. Barak. the Congregation who is married to the Torch. one of the 3 regions anciently called Kush. i. the King of the Medes and Persians and conquerer of Babylon.e. According to Rashi. and with the wisdom to allow the rebuilding of the Temple in Yerushalayim. “beyond/between the rivers of Kush” it refers to the Mesopotamian Kush and not to Ethiopia. K'tiv The traditional spelling of words in the Torah. but is closely related to “Word” and “Congregation. and (3) Mesopotamia. e. It has no bearing on an oath imposed by law. Korech Matzah and bitter herb sandwich.vows that is recited upon the advent of the Day of Atonement.” She is married to Lappidoth. recited on weekdays to mark sorrow and supplication. circa 600-1100). Kosher Yiddish for Kasher. one who brings forth light. Ya'el and Sisera in Shovetim (Judges) 4 contains much teaching on the Messiah. (2) a region in Yemen. he is calles an anointed one. Kushim Kushites. Ritually fit for use…permitted. the Light of the World.g. King Messiah. Kol Nidrei was instituted by some Geonim (Babylonian Jewish sages. She overcomes the enemy. Koresh Cyrus.” while Ephrayim means fruitfulness. heads of the Talmudic academies in the Middle ages. the ancient commentary of Rabbi Ibn Ezra in Isaiah. In Yeshayahu 45. See. 3 regions were known as Kush — (1) Sudan/Ethiopia. She sits and judges between Ramah and the mountains of Ephrayim. Kri The traditional pronunciation of words in the Torah. The account of Devorah. Kush Anciently. Lappidoth A torch. Likewise.
L
Lamnatze'ach Ya'ancha HaShem Psalm 20. Kol Nidrei only applies to personal religious vows which do not affect any other person. Inhabitants of Kush. eaten during the Pesach Seder meal.

one instead gossips to a third party. however. Two in particular will be considered here. with a yo'ted — a term for the Messiah. or cause a person emotional pain or distress.” or one who commits lashon ha-ra. If one has a grievance against another. any malignant gossip. Gossip has always been a serious problem. These mitzvot specifically address inappropriate speech or gossiping about another: Leviticus 19:16
You shall not go up and down as a talebearer among your people.
There are 31 commandments that relate to lashon ha-ra in the Torah. Genesis 3:15).
has traditionally been interpreted as wronging a person with speech.
To violate these Torah instructions is to become one who is known as having an “evil tongue. The Chofetz Chayim. essentially.” Evil speech. but in modern times it has become so prevalent that witty innuendo is a mark of distinction. Barak means lightning. Israel Meyer Kagan. gossip and slander. This wicked tongue can be worse than the original offence. a picture of Satan and the False messiah (cf. It includes any statement that will embarrass. Mattityahu 24:27. Lashon ha-ra Literally: “Tongue that is evil. Lashon ha-qodesh Literally: The set-apart tongue. You are not to imply derogatory things about anyone. Yahushua's coming will be like lightning that flashes from the east to the west — Chavaqquk 3:3-4. Ya'el crushed the head of Sisera. you should not believe it. wrote several books about lashon ha-ra which all go into great detail. Tale bearing is. who would crush the head of nachash (the serpent) and the eschatological seed of nachash — the False messiah. and character assassination is a constitutionally protected right that is regarded as an essential safeguard in a free society. Leviticus 25:17
You shall not wrong one another. If.
The text.overcome and will choose Ephrayim (fruitfulness) above Ramah (idolatry). and is expressly forbidden in the Torah. and if you do. You are not to listen to derogatory things about anyone. it should be settled personally and privately. The basics of the laws are these: ì ì ì You are not to say derogatory things about anyone whether true or not. The Hebrew language. Proverbs 15:2
Death and life are in the power of the tongue. lashon ha-ra has occurred. insult or deceive a person. which is related
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. The Hebrew word for talebearer is rakheel (resh-kaf-yod-lamed).

” The worst offence is “motzi shem ra” — purposely spreading a bad name or lie about another. should be done with many documented facts and few adjectives. though.” but that belief-system is not necessarily expressed in everyday living. because they have not learned to think in terms of the Hebrew lifeworld of the first century. To teach that the Torah has been “cancelled in Christ” is teaching lawlessness. The Man Yahushua the Messiah is the only mediator between mankind and Elohim. and learn to walk circumspectly before YHWH and people. Note that wrong definitions of “lawlessness” abound in contemporary Christian teaching. Many pastors do not understand the term at all. strikes and marches. Last Day Yom YHWH. change our habits.to a word meaning trader or merchant. Sometimes a violation of Torah can be committed in lashon ha-ra. The False messiah will say that he is “Christ” and “God” and will demand worship. not to assemble head-knowledge. with the intention of bringing injury.” Lawlessness To act as though there was no Torah. Some other terms that bring more understanding to the solemnity of this subject are avak rechilut or the dust of gossip and avak lashon ha-ra — the dust of an evil tongue. The goal of Torah is to instruct man in the righteousness that is through Yahushua the Messiah. but with the Torah of YHWH. does not constitute lashon ha-ra — to contend for the truth and warn the sheep about wolves is a Scriptural principle. Literal translation: “Whitey. Western Christianity has evolved into a system that strongly preaches what one “believes. father of Rachel and Leah. The idea is that a talebearer is like a merchant whose merchandise is gossip or tale bearing. so-and-so said something about you. Note that the resurrection of the dead takes place in Yom YHWH. the Last Day. The early Messianic Assemblies had a different perspective: one studies in order to revere and obey. Such warning. The term lawlessness does not deal with crime statistics. but I won't tell you because that would be wrong. without even saying anything specific about another.
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. The “dust” of lashon ha-ra could be a statement that you may make such as “well. This will make him the man of lawlessness — the man who seeks to annul both the goal and the essence of Torah. It is especially the liberal “no Law” branch of dispensationalism that is guilty of this incorrect teaching. specifically a teacher of heresy. The essence of the Torah is to love YHWH your Elohim alone. the sabbatical millennium. Lavan Uncle of Ya'akov. Le'ah Leah. to act in radical opposition to Torah. who has interposed his shed sacrificial blood between us and the righteous demand of the Torah that the wages of sin is death. with your entire being. Please note that warning people about a dangerous person. We must correct our speech.

2 I will send foreigners to Babylon to winnow her and to devastate her land. The release of this obligation is effected through chalitzah. One's heart is manifested in one's thoughts. Rosh haShanah greeting. In Ugaritic literature this monster is called Lotan. words and deeds.” A prophetic term for Bavel (Babylon) in Yirmeyahu 51:1.
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. The heart has two entrances windows: the eyes and the ears. YHWH uses this well-known symbol to give graphic prophecies about Satan. gigantic. See: Meratayim. Liv'yatan was a well-known character in ancient Middle-eastern literature.
1
In the acharit-yamim.” the Hebrew verb translated as “pray. Levirate marriage Hebrew: Yibbum. Liv'yatan Leviathan. will rise up against YHWH by turning against those in Israel who are jealous for the Torah and will therefore come under judgement. “The white one. Lehitpalel Literally: “to judge oneself. they will oppose her on every side in the day of her disaster. in accordance with Devarim 25:5. the apple of His eye.” Levir A husband's brother. the will.” i. twisted serpent that dwells in the sea. Metaphor for the mind. See: nefesh. sometimes shortened to Shanah Tovah. A seven-headed.Lechem Mishneh Two loaves required for the blessing on Sabbath and Festival meals. the “hammer of the whole earth. The marriage of a childless widow (yavamah) by the brother (yavam) of the deceased husband. because she destroys the inheritance of YHWH. Bavel.” Leshanah Tovah Tikatevu Literally: May you be inscribed [in the Book of Life] for a good year. I will stir up the spirit of a destroyer against Babylon and the people of Lev-Kamay. Yirmeyahu 51:1-2:
This is what YHWH says: “See. Lev Heart. Levana The moon. the cognitive. morally responsible centre of a person. The institution of the brother-in-law marrying his brothers widow.e. the policeman of the world. the False messiah (Antichrist) and his evil empire. Lev-qamay “That rise up against me.

” Aramaic namosa œ Hebrew Torah and Aramaic puqada œ Hebrew mitzvah. morally and intellectually superior person. that from the two of them He might create in Himself one new man. and He made shalom. L'olam va'ed For ever. In Aramaic. rahav. and also Aramaic puqdana œ Hebrew mitzvot (Mk. so that by His crucifixion the enmity has been slain. Vol. Referring to Job 41:6. therefore. Greek has “the law (nomos) of the decree (dogma) in the commandments (entole). King Messiah is the Lion from the Tribe of Yahudah. [leviathan] is used interchangeably with several other seamonsters — tanin (“dragon”). 11. puqada also equals Hebrew choq which means statute. Dr James Trimm writes: Understanding Ephesians 2:14-15 from the Aramaic text Ephesians 2:14-16:
He is.10:19). Mitzvot means commandments or ordinances. 16 reconciling you two into one body with Eloah. “and the law (namosa) of the statutes (puqada) within the commandments (puqdana). undetermined.
14
footnotes to 2:14-16: Lit. 1912. Aram. “and the pious ones shall make a banquet of it.” The Jewish Encyclopedia. and yam (“sea”) — all of whom are represented as supernatural enemies of Elohim. indefinite end. our shalom who made the two of them one and loosed the hedge which stood between us 15 and therefore the enmity (by His flesh and the Torah because of the statutes within the commandments) is abrogated. a distinguished scholar of the Scriptures. Loose the hedge In a 1998 submission to an Internet newsgroup. VIII. See: Fox. 37-39 states:
The leviathan is prominent in haggadic literature in connection with the advent of the Messiah.” Rabbi Yohanan says that in the time of the resurrection a banquet will be given by Elohim to the righteous. at which the flesh of the leviathan will be served…Elohim will divide the monster with his sword… These haggadot concerning the leviathan are interpreted as allegories by [practically all Jewish] commentators… In the…literature the “piercing leviathan” and the “crooked leviathan” are interpreted as referring to Satan Sama'el [the celestial prince over Rome]….
The Encyclopaedia Judaica. who introduced allusions to the banquet of leviathan into the liturgy. p. 90 states:
In the Scriptures.
Lion A great. p.The word liv'yatan is derived from a root meaning “to coil” and “to twist.” Here the Greek dogma œ decree or statute which is equivalent
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. for a period of time that has a hidden. while…others consider the expressions to be allusions to the destruction of the powers which are hostile to the Jews…The haggadic sayings obtained a hold on the imaginations of the poets. Vol.

Avraham tithed a tenth part of all to Malki-tzedek: Bereshith 14:18-20
Then Malki-tzedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. such as the laws of separation from Gentiles given in the Mishna (e. Tithing one's possessions was a very ancient custom. Service after dark. to (truly) love thy neighbour. Sha'ul is pointing out that the flesh of the Messiah was given as a sacrifice for the whole world and that even the Torah itself demanded the abrogation of enmity. As a result only “enmity” is abolished. 21-22). with myrtle and willow sprigs attached. Creator of heaven and earth.
M
Ma'ariv Night-time prayer service…evening prayers after sunset. saying. with the etrog.” The next phrase is a dalet clause and begins with “because” as in Dani'el 3:29. who Page 105
. Sh'ra was used to mean “loose” or “permit” (as in Mattatiyahu 18:18 and in various places in Rabbinic literature) The term s'yaga appears in Mishna Avot 1:1 “make a hedge about the torah. The passive verb “is abolished” is singular and can not have two subjects. Lulav Plural: Lulavim Palm branch. it is the symbol of Sukkot…a palm branch taken as one of the four species on the Feast of Booths. Ma'asar Plural: Ma'asrot. 6:3. 23. for even the Torah itself teaches to love your neighbour. It is emphasised that Messiah died for the whole world and now has become the unifying factor above all else. Kol v'chomer (light and heavy) is applied as the reasoning — the work of the Messiah is of higher consequence than the differences between Jew and Gentile that the statutes produced. 19 and he blessed Avram.g. The particular customs that Sha'ul here refers to are hedges about the Law that separated. “Blessed be Avram by El Most High. existing at least from the time of the patriarchs. Avodah Zarah) which were in effect in the New Testament period (see John 4:9. The reference here in 2:15 concerns the enmity between Yahudim and Gentiles due to the unique “customs of Israel” (v. 20 And blessed be El Most High. The phrase “and loosed the hedge” in the Aramaic reads sh'ra s'yaga and was used as a technical halakhic term in Judaism.” To “loose the hedge” would mean to permit activities that these hedge rules had effectually discouraged such as. in whose redeeming work all enmity between people can and should be set aside. and 7:11. He was priest of El Most High.to the Hebrew mitzvah or choq. The words “by His flesh” is conjuncted to “and the torah. Tithes. 12) that necessarily produced estrangement between them.4:9.

”
Later. and they piled them in heaps. he must add a fifth of the value to it. The tithe. They brought a great amount. 2 Chronicles 31:5-12
5
As soon as the order went out. In ancient Israel. a tithe of everything. and of all that you give me I will give you a tenth. however. “If Elohim will be with me and will watch over me on this journey I am taking and will give me food to eat and clothes to wear 21 so that I return safely to my father's house. then YHWH will be my Elohim 22 and this stone that I have set up as a pillar will be the house of Elohim.
31 32
If a man redeems any of his tithe. belonged to YHWH and was. Wayyiqra 27:30-33
30
A tithe of everything from the land. every tenth animal passing under the rod became the tithe-animal. if he should return to his father's house in safety. qadosh — set-apart. Whereas
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. belongs to YHWH.
12
Then they faithfully brought in the contributions.' ''
Tithing dealt with agriculture and with animals. both the animal and its substitute become set-apart and cannot be redeemed. The tithe of the cattle and other kosher animals was. Refraining from this was seen as sinful conduct. both animals became set-apart unto YHWH. and not with money — except when crops were redeemed. the poor and disabled of the community were obliged to request alms.
Then Avram gave him a tenth of
Ya'akov made a vow that. new wine. it is set-apart to YHWH. It was redeemable by adding 20% to its value. If he does make a substitution. The tithe-animals were determined by passing the animals under the rod in single file. If one animal earmarked for the tithe was exchanged for another.delivered your enemies into your hand. in consequence.
33
He must not pick out the good from the bad or make any substitution. the Torah given through Mosheh made the tithe obligatory on the Israelites. because it kept almsgivers from receiving blessings from YHWH. whether of the seed of the land or the fruit of the tree. he would acknowledge YHWH as Elohim and give Him a tenth of everything he possessed: Bereshith 28:20-22
20
Then Ya'akov made a vow.
The entire tithe of the herd and flock— every tenth animal that passes under the shepherd's rod — will be set-apart to YHWH.
6
The men of Israel and Yehudah who lived in the towns of Yehudah also brought a tithe of their herds and flocks and a tithe of the holy things dedicated to YHWH their Elohim. whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees. tithes and dedicated gifts…
Almsgiving is a different subject altogether. not redeemable. oil and honey and all that the fields produced.” everything. the Israelites generously gave the firstfruits of their grain. saying.

“You will have no inheritance in their land. or they will bear the consequences of their sin and will die.
The Levi'im were the treasurers of the tithe. Bemidbar 18:20-31
20
YHWH said to Aaron. and the firstborn of your herds and flocks. From these tithes you must give YHWH's portion to Aaron the priest…
31
…You and your households may eat the rest of it anywhere. To that place you must go. Devarim 12:5-19
5
But you are to seek the place YHWH your Elohim will choose from among all your tribes to put his Name there for his dwelling.
7
There. because YHWH your Elohim has blessed you. 6 there bring your burnt offerings and sacrifices.
24
Instead. They also used the tithe for their own food.
11
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. Then to the place YHWH your Elohim will choose as a dwelling for his Name — there you are to bring everything I command you: your burnt offerings and sacrifices. in the presence of YHWH your Elohim. They also used it for their own sustenance. what you have vowed to give and your freewill offerings. they tithed to the priests. for it is your wages for your work at the Tent of Meeting. almsgiving and scriptural giving could be done with money. and all the choice possessions you have vowed to YHWH. The tribe of the Levi'im had no agricultural land.
22
From now on the Israelites must not go near the Tent of Meeting.' ''
25
YHWH said to Moses. nor will you have any share among them. your tithes and special gifts.
21
“I give to the Levites all the tithes in Israel as their inheritance in return for the work they do while serving at the Tent of Meeting. They will receive no inheritance among the Israelites. your tithes and special gifts. This is a lasting ordinance for the generations to come.
23
It is the Levites who are to do the work at the Tent of Meeting and bear the responsibility for offences against it. That is why I said concerning them: `They will have no inheritance among the Israelites.tithing dealt with the produce of the land. I am your share and your inheritance among the Israelites. their function was to minister to the people. 26 “Speak to the Levites and say to them: `When you receive from the Israelites the tithe I give you as your inheritance. you and your families shall eat and shall rejoice in everything you have put your hand to. The tithe was brought to the Levites. In turn. I give to the Levites as their inheritance the tithes that the Israelites present as an offering to YHWH. you must present a tenth of that tithe as YHWH's offering…
28
…In this way you also will present an offering to YHWH from all the tithes you receive from the Israelites.

wine or other fermented drink.
Eat the tithe of your grain. no right. or anything you wish. The kohanim had no responsibility to distribute this to the poor. Of the total amount that came in. The Levi'im administered this distribution system. or whatever you have vowed to give. The “pastors” of “congregations” had no authority. There were levitical cities in each district. it was their “salary. new wine and oil. for they have no allotment or inheritance of their own.
17
You must not eat in your own towns the tithe of your grain and new wine and oil. the Levi'im gave 10% to the kohanim. and the Levites from your towns. the food was used for two purposes: (1) To provide for the Levi'im. Others. or your freewill offerings or special gifts.
19
Be careful not to neglect the Levites as long as you live in your land. they had to consume the animals and agricultural produce given to them by the Levi'im. cattle-pens and sheep-pens. and the Levites from your towns — and you are to rejoice before YHWH your Elohim in everything you put your hand to. and (2) to provide for the poor people of that district. The elders of a synagogue did not receive or collect tithes. and take the silver with you and go to the place YHWH your Elohim will choose.
28
At the end of every three years. so that you may learn to revere YHWH your Elohim always. and the firstborn of your herds and flocks in the presence of YHWH your Elohim at the place he will choose as a dwelling for his Name. scribes. you. Ancient Israel was divided into 24 districts.g. Devarim 14:22-29
22 23
Be sure to set aside a tenth of all that your fields produce each year.
During the reign of King Shlomo. but not tithes — the tithing system was purely agricultural.
26 24
Use the silver to buy whatever you like: cattle. your sons and daughters. your menservants and maidservants. 25 then exchange your tithe for silver. There were storehouses in these cities. tradesmen and artisans. the kohanim and their families. e.
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. sheep.” Only farmers tithed.
18
Instead. you are to eat them in the presence of YHWH your Elohim at the place YHWH your Elohim will choose — you. your sons and daughters. gave alms and taxes.” Tithing was structured in a 7-year cycle. or the firstborn of your herds and flocks. Then you and your household shall eat there in the presence of YHWH your Elohim and rejoice.
27
And do not neglect the Levites living in your towns. The people brought the food to the storehouses. These storehouses were granaries. to ask the congregants to “tithe. bring all the tithes of that year's produce and store it in your towns. But if that place is too distant and you have been blessed by YHWH your Elohim and cannot carry your tithe (because the place where the LORD will choose to put his Name is so far away). who have no allotment or inheritance of their own.12
And there rejoice before YHWH your Elohim. your menservants and maidservants.

We can summarise the 7-year cycle of tithing as follows:
Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Shavuot
Tithe to local storehouse Tithe to local storehouse Tithe to local storehouse Tithe to local storehouse Tithe to local storehouse Tithe to local storehouse Sh'mitah: Year of release. we will bring to the storerooms of the house of our Elohim. I have done everything you commanded me. for Yehudah was pleased with the ministering priests and Levites. and so that YHWH your Elohim may bless you in all the work of your hands. of the fruit of all our trees and of our new wine and oil. to the storerooms of the treasury. And we will bring a tithe of our crops to the Levites. the fatherless and the widow. From the fields around the towns they were to bring into the storerooms the portions required by the Law for the priests and the Levites.29
so that the Levites (who have no allotment or inheritance of their own) and the aliens.
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. you shall give it to the Levite. I have not turned aside from your commands nor have I forgotten any of them. and bless your people Israel and the land you have given us as you promised on oath to our forefathers. to the priests. the alien. the alien.
38
A priest descended from Aaron is to accompany the Levites when they receive the tithes. the first of our ground meal. of our [grain] offerings. the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns may come and eat and be satisfied.
Sukkot
Bring tithe to Beit HaMiqdash & feast there Bring tithe to Beit HaMiqdash & feast there Bring tithe to local storehouse Bring tithe to Beit HaMiqdash & feast there Bring tithe to Beit HaMiqdash & feast there Bring tithe to local storehouse No planting or tithing
Devarim 26:12-15
12
When you have finished setting aside a tenth of all your produce in the third year.”
Nechemyah 10:37
37
“Moreover. firstfruits and tithes. I have obeyed YHWH my Elohim. and the Levites are to bring a tenth of the tithes up to the house of our Elohim.
14
I have not eaten any of the set-apart portion while I was in mourning. your holy dwelling-place. the fatherless and the widow.
13
Then say to YHWH your Elohim: “I have removed from my house the set-apart portion and have given it to the Levite.
15
Look down from heaven. nor have I removed any of it while I was unclean. nor have I offered any of it to the dead. the year of the tithe.
Nechemyah 12:44
At that time men were appointed to be in charge of the storerooms for the contributions. a land flowing with milk and honey. according to all you commanded. for it is the Levites who collect the tithes in all the towns where we work. so that they may eat in your towns and be satisfied.

sharing freely with the less privileged and the Levites. In conclusion: Tithing was purely agricultural.” says YHWH Tzva'ot. when the Roman Catholic Church needed money to build cathedrals.
12
“Then all the nations will call you blessed. strangers) who had no income.
The tithe of the spring harvest (called the firstfruits) was brought to the levitical storehouses during Shavuot (Pentecost). “and see if I will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that you will not have room enough for it. but were taken to the local levitical storehouse.
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. new wine and oil into the storerooms. and also the tithes of grain. new wine and oil prescribed for the Levites. there has to be a Beit HaMiqdash (Temple) as well as levitical storehouses. 4 and 5 the landowner took the tithe to the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple) and ate it there with his family. Tithing has nothing to do with giving money to the Church. the disabled.” says YHWH Tzva'ot. was brought at Chag Sukkot. Only farmers refrained from work during the Sh'mitah. all other people worked as usual.
12
All Yehudah brought the tithes of grain. for yours will be a delightful land. Return to me.
Amos 4:4
“…Bring your sacrifices every morning. `How do we rob you?' “In tithes and offerings. that there may be food in my house. “But you ask.
9
You are under a curse — the whole nation of you — because you are robbing me.” says YHWH Tzva'ot. as well as the contributions for the priests. singers and gatekeepers. and pertains to the land of Israel. for use by the Levi'im.
10
Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse.Nechemyah 13:5.
Malakhi 3:7-12
7
“Ever since the time of your forefathers you have turned away from my decrees and have not kept them. who presented a tithe of the tithe to the kohanim.” says YHWH Tzva'ot.12
5
…and he had provided him with a large room formerly used to store the grain offerings and incense and temple articles. orphans and gerim (resident aliens. Everyone could help themselves to what was available in the fields. Test me in this. the tithes were not brought to Yerushalayim. and therefore no tithing. 2. Every third year. In the year of Sh'mitah (Release). and the tithe of the late-summer harvest or main harvest. your tithes every three years. But you ask. there was no planting of crops or harvesting of fields. For the tithing system to be operational. The Faith Movement within the Charismatic movement is notorious for misapplying the concept of tithing to their advantage. and I will return to you. and the vines in your fields will not cast their fruit. 'How are we to return?'
8
“Will a man rob Elohim? Yet you rob me. and distributed the food to widows. In years 1.
11
I will prevent pests from devouring your crops. that misapplication dates from around the year 1200.

At the moment as the Hasmoneans declared themselves to be kings dynasty in Israel they destroy the royal framework for the Messiah to arise. First is the “internal evidence” as the author of the book confess and never said the inspired formula: “This said YHWH. teachers of the law and Pharisees. teaches that it is wrong to tithe religiously while neglecting the weightier matters of the Torah: Luke 11:42
“Woe to you Pharisees. the Hasmoneans or Maccabees (Mikamojah B'elim Adonai) was considered by many as good shepherds.
Ma'asei haTorah Works of the Law. to have an evil eye. the Council would have declared them a legitimate royal dynasty that replaced the Davidic Lineage and so destroy the Torah. Maccabees There are two mayor reason because the Council of Yavneh (90 BM) did not include the books of Maccabees in the Tanakh as Scriptures. introduced an illegal monarchy in Israel. Except for this error. In Yohanan 10 we have the story of Yahushua in Yerushalayim rejoicing in the Chanukah Festival (verses 20-23). only the Davidic descendent trough Salomon has the right to seat in the Throne of David as king of Yisrael. You should have practised the latter.e. without neglecting the former. ú the dietary laws (Kashrut) # " and ú the keeping of Shabbat. You should have practised the latter without leaving the former undone. because you give Elohim a tenth of your mint. As we know. once in the political control of Yisrael after they defeated the Syrian army. mercy and faithfulness. The Messiah has to come from this royal line. But you have neglected the more important matters of the Torah — justice. There is another reason because we don't accepted it as inspired books: Messiah Yahushua. So if that fact had was confirmed through inclusion the books in the Tanakh. referring to the aspects of the Torah that set Israel apart from all the other nations — ú circumcision. A technical term is 1st century Judaism. i. should not prevent us from practicing scriptural giving. The following saying of the Messiah. dill and cummin. but you neglect justice and the love of Elohim. as recorded in Mattityahu and Luke. be stingy. specifically the deluge in the days of Noach. the School of Shammai considered a man who gave 40% or less to the poor. $ Mabul Flood. you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices — mint. The Talmud records that Beit Shammai stipulated that a generous person gives 60% of his income to the poor.The fact that at least 90% of the teaching on tithing heard within Christianity is a misapplication of Scripture. On that occasion he present himself to Yisrael as a Good Shepherd and said: “He who does not enter through the door into the sheepfold but
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.
Mattityahu 23:23
Woe to you.” Second is the external evidence: the Hasmoneans' family. rue and all other kinds of garden herbs.

blot out. also to smooth (as if with oil). also to touch. in different words. i. full of marrow. destroy.enter through the derech hasha'ar (climbs in some other way). Maday Medes. our Magen (Shield). and look upon the face of your Mashiach. he is a ganav (thief) and a shoded (robber). Machzor Literal meaning: repetition. out). That specific action invalidated them so that the books written by and about them do not merit inclusion in the Tanakh.”
This verse is in the style of Hebrew parallelism — saying the same thing twice. reach to abolish.
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. wipe (away. O Elohim. catapulting the False messiah into office at an emergency summit meeting held in Europe (Revelation 17). believers. A special prayer book used during Regalim (Pilgrimage festivals) and Mo'edim (appointed times).
Arise you princes. utterly. Yom Kippur and Sukkot. put out. anoint the magen…
at the interpretative level of the sod (deeper meaning). If we do remez with Yeshayahu 21:5b.
“Behold. the presence of Yahushua in Yerushalayim for Chanukah endorse the festival as valid for His talmidim (disciples). Psalm 84:9 says. A term for the Messiah. Maftir Last part of Torah reading on a given Shabbat or festival…the man who is “called up” in the synagogue to perform the reading of the concluding passage. grease or make fat. Also: the public reader of the Haftarah. There are machzorim for (inter alia) Rosh HaShanah. reach unto. by implication to erase. This annihilation will precipitate the Chevlai Shel Mashiach (Yirmeyahu 51:7). Note that the parallelism links the Magen with the Mashiach. Machah To stroke or rub. reading it in its context. i. At the same time.e. we identify the latter text as a prophecy that the princes (i.” So Yahushua declared that the action of the Maccabees to proclaim themselves as a royal family in Israel is similar to the false shepherd (thief). who have all been made royalty by the covenantal love of the Father and the faithfulness of the Son) will be resurrected (“arise”) and caught up to heaven to attend the coronation of King Messiah (“anoint the magen”) shortly before the annihilation of eschatological Babylon in Yom YHWH.e.e. Magen Shield.

Fortified stronghold. Maggid Preacher. He is HaMakoum (The Place). Mahoz Plural: Mahozim. We have the firstfruits now. the exact representation of His Being. Malakhi Malachi.e. in the Apostolic Writings. is gained and restored in Messiah Yahushua. the universe is in Him. Malakh Messenger. the Kingdom of YHWH Elohim. i.” The sages taught that a malakh takes the legal identity of the one who sent him in all his dealings with those he is sent to. In this phrase. the personal name of the Almighty. the term “heaven” is used as an evasive synonym or circumlocution for YHWH. Mah Nishtanah Four questions asked by a child during the Pesach Seder service. The truth is that the Malkut Shamayim is coming to the redeemed remnant of mankind and to the earth. with His dwelling presence (the Sh'khinah) and His comfort (the Menachem). is widely misunderstood in Christianity — hence the deplorably otherworldly and pagan “we are going to heaven for eternity” myth. Malki-tzedek Melchesedik. He has all the attributes of the Father. Malkot The penalty of lashing. recited on Erev Shabbat (Sabbath Eve) after the silent prayer. The fact that. asking Him to fill the void.” i. the term “heaven” is a circumlocution or evasive expression for the personal names of YHWH. “angel.
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.” The sages applied this term to the Almighty.” The Messiah is the Messenger of the very Face of YHWH. generally itinerant. the corporate representative of the Yisra'el of Elohim — redeemed Yisra'el and Gentiles grafted into the commonwealth of Yisra'el. “my messenger. Malkut Shamayim The Kingdom of Heaven. and popular because of his clever parables…narration. When we suffer bereavement. we can pray to the Almighty as HaMakoum. He is not in the universe. The name YHWH is in Him. “My makakh. Makoum “Place. but the fulness comes later — when Messiah returns.e. Fortification. the empty place within our hearts.Magen Avot A short summary of the Sabbath Amidah prayer. as in many other expressions dating from the last half of the Second Temple period. What has been lost in Adam.

The supernatural manifestations of the Spirit of YHWH. Thy will be done. Imparting His life. The king is a saviour — see Psalm 72. His kingship. only those who do the will of His Father in Heaven — Mattityahu 7:21.” The manifestation of His kingdom. All authority has been given to the Son — Yeshayahu 40:10. turn around. The Kingdom owns us. King Messiah is not only our Saviour but also our Master. The redeemed people whom YHWH rules over. but it is still a yoke. He placed all under His Son. If I stand next to a table. The Almighty is in charge. Those who “name and claim” but do not obey are not in the Kingdom. Be cleansed. The movement started by Messiah Yahushua is the Kingdom of Heaven. I would say. prayer and Scripture. YHWH ruling and reigning actively.” The Malkut Shamayim is: ì The supreme rulership and absolute sovereignty of YHWH Elohim. Do the will of our Father in Heaven. The Kingdom is for free. but it costs everything. We should bend the neck. In the fulness of time. How? Prayer and Scripture. The Malkut Shamayim is a present reality. “the table is near. but an evasive synonym for the personal name of Almighty YHWH. It is “here now but not yet in its fulness. spatial presence. Lead a life characterised by humility.
ì
ì
ì
Some applications of how to operate in the authority and power of the Kingship of YHWH and His Messiah: ì ì Repent. in the Apostolic Writings. The Malkut Shamayim is a present. Now go. Confess your sins. His Ruach. dynamic reality. the expression “the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand or near” refers to its actual. Likewise. the term Heaven is often not a place. through the Son. expands on earth as more and more people know Him and do His will. The Kingdom of Heaven is the Kingship of YHWH. Those who submit to His mastership are in the Kingdom. Live a kingdom-centred life? How? Do the will of YHWH — “Thy kingdom come. We must take the yoke of the Kingship of YHWH on our shoulders. Be clothed. Be faithful and obedient. and do the work of the Kingdom. we are the subjects of the Kingdom. put on the yoke. The yoke is easy to bear. it will become a physical reality on earth. prayer and Scripture… Hear and obey. Submit to His authority. The Almighty redeems to rule. Be commissioned. Remember that. His redemption to man. All who call the Messiah Adon (Master) are not part of His movement. forever and ever.The teaching of some dispensationalists that there is a difference between the “Kingdom of Heaven” and the “Kingdom of God” is an incorrect teaching dating from a time when there was little appreciation of the communication principle of hermeneutics. Be not puffed up. How? By obeying Torah in the measure it has been laid on us: Yahudim should keep all of the Torah while Gentiles should obey the Noachide mitzvot as entrance-requirements.
ì
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. Be equipped.” This refers to spatial nearness.

do it with joy and beauty. but a reality that is manifest in firstfruits-form. Marcion travelled to Rome. we share in the power of the Ruach that is upon Him. Realise that the kingdom is a present reality. Scripturally.” Realise you are in continual spiritual conflict. When he arrived in Rome he made a generous contribution to the church. By the power and authority of YHWH in our lives. An English version of the song is entitled “Rock of Ages. We do not know if he originated this or if he simply taught the Christianity of his home area.” Marcion Also see: neo-Marcionism. Marcion grew up in a Christian home.
ì
ì
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Maoz Tsur Best-known Chanukah song. When observing a commandment. His father was a leader in the church of Sinope. we should bear abundant fruit and have abundant life. We should bear this fruit in the here and now. You are part of a community engaged in conflict. Proclaim the mastership of Messiah Yahushua. As the Body of Messiah. The Roman church leadership was so disturbed by his doctrine that they not only actively rejected it. The Malkut Shamayim frees the captives who are in Satan's hold. salvation. So put on the full armour of Elohim — truth. The adversary takes offence at this and attacks. Many think that he shared his thoughts with leading churchmen of that region. #Marcion was born around 100 YM at Sinope. The kingdom is in our midst individually and as a community of believers. Heal the sick.” a Rambo. Become connected to the community of the faithful. Do not fight battles alone. Think “we” and “us” and not “I” and “me. but it was most probably not the same type of Christianity known today. There is not a single Hebrew word for “prosperity” in the sense of the accumulation of wealth. the manifestations of the Ruach HaQodesh. during the time of Antoninus Pius. Be an active part of Yahushua's living movement. don't try to be a “lone ranger.
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. It appears that Marcion remained in fellowship with the church as long as he lived in Asia Minor. the imperial city. drive out demons. a seaport located on the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor. Lead a life characterised by productivity and abundance in fruit. Sometime after 138 CE. He is the Bearer and Bestower of the Ruach. such as Polycarp of Smyrna and Papias of Hierapolis. set the captives free — by the power of Almighty YHWH and the authority given to us by the Son. active witnessing. in our daily walk. He bestows that power and authority to those inside His movement. righteousness. Satan is upset when people leave his territory and get into the Kingdom of YHWH. He became very active in the church and began to develop and teach his own theology. let the rest of the army support you in prayer.ì ì
Beautify the commandments. Tradition says that he was a ship owner and very wealthy. prosperity refers to being equipped for what YHWH has sent us to do. the authority of the names of YHWH and Yahushua.

In fact. Marcion distinguished the “God of the Old Testament” from the “God of the New Testament and the Gospels. Marcion rejected the Hebrew Bible completely.but even refunded his contribution. According to Marcion. and discontinuous with. Marcion withdrew from the Roman church and established a movement of his own. First. Celibacy was obligatory for every member. After being rejected by the church leadership in Rome. This is replacement theology at its worst. and developed unorthodox views that brought him into conflict with the Roman church. Cerdo.140) and attached himself to the church there. Marcion was excommunicated (c. being influenced by Persian dualism (two forces in the universe. Marcion's Anti-Semitism: Marcion's new “scriptures” included no part of the Old Testament and were written in Greek. who was in Rome. His “church” survived for several generations. The superior deity or the supreme God was pure spirit. each within its own independent existence.” Such a statement clashes head-on with the Messiah's own words in Mattityahu 5:17ff where he states that the Torah will never pass away until heaven and earth pass away. Marcion made his way to Rome (c. new holy days were to replace the Set-apart Days of YHWH as found in Leviticus 23. They taught that the God who made the material world was an inferior deity. the Old Testament had passed away and was replaced by his edited version of the “New Testament. which was a totally different God from the Father spoken of in the Gospel of Christ. This idea is reflected in doctrines which teach that flesh is evil and spirit is good. He was inferior in both status and morality alike. spiritual Israel was to replace physical Israel. the church was to replace the synagogue. This was the God of Israel. Marcion taught that the original gospel of Jesus had been corrupted by Judaising tendencies among the earliest disciples and that the Old Testament had no validity for Christians. influence. the Torah. who are constantly fighting it out for supremacy) believed that these were two individual deities. The Father God was the good and merciful God and the God of Israel and the Old Testament was the bad God.” Have you heard this same heresy preached in Christian Churches? For Marcion. he maintained that the original apostles corrupted Jesus' teachings by mixing it with legalism. only Sha'ul had correctly understood the original teaching of Jesus. Marcion's understanding followed the same line as that of the Gnostic schools. grace was to replace the Torah. but his beliefs continued to gain wider and wider acceptance. He associated with the Syrian Gnostic. For Marcion. one good and one bad. This is the same message often preached in the churches today when we hear “Replacement Theology” or that we are “no longer under the Law but under grace alone.
However. The main thesis of Marcion's system was that the gospel of Jesus is entirely a gospel of love that is radically different from. their reaction didn't end Marcion's
As a devoted Christian.144).
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. A unique aspect of his church was that it maintained its membership solely through conversion. Marcion regarded Sha'ul as the only faithful apostle. The Church was Israel's replacement and was now to receive all that had been promised to Israel.” Marcion. there was the Creator-God who created the material universe.

The high priest served YHWH in the services of the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple).” After having been excommunicated by the congregation at Rome. who received direct instruction from Yochanan the Apostle. violently antagonistic toward Judaism.” who was totally unknown up to the Incarnation. creating a theology that was sharply dualistic.” Jesus came to reveal the “true God. Mashiach Messiah. (Greek: Christos. Mashach Verb meaning to anoint with oil. between Israel and the Church.” Marcion was so consumed with the belief that Sha'ul's message of the grace of YHWH opposed the “Law. prophet and high priest of Israel was called a messiah. completely rejected the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) and wanted it excluded from the canon of Scripture. and even between the “God of the OT” and the “Father of Jesus. and wielded a wide and destructive influence within Christianity. The king was anointed as the one chosen by YHWH to represent His rulership in Israel and to bear witness to His glory before the nations. served as his instrument to work nissim (miracles) and interceded on behalf of the people. he taught a demiurgic theology — he claimed that the “God of the Old Testament” was cruel and a totally different being from the “loving God revealed in the New Testament.#Marcion. In Messiah's first coming. The corresponding noun is mashiach — an anointed one. These three offices were pictures of the Messiah. Marcion founded his own sect which merged selected “New Testament doctrines” with Gnosticism. empowered One. Having been greatly influenced by the Gnostics. Every king. The king had to rule with justice. who lived in the second century YM. e. representing the people before YHWH in services that taught that without the shedding of blood. Revelation. the emphasis in the work of the Messiah is on
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. At present. there is no remission of sins. Polycarpos. Marranoes Forcibly converted Jews in Spain. Marcion stressed the radical nature of Christianity vis-a-vis Judaism. as good shepherds who applied the principles of YHWH's kingship on earth.” that he only used an edited portion of Sha'ul's writings that agreed with his theology. He also detested New Testament books with a strong Hebraic setting. symbolising the bitter plight of the enslaved Israelites. who is the Prophet. The anointed prophets spoke the Devar (Word) of YHWH to his people. the High Priest and the King. a prominent Gentile believer and sage. the emphasis was on the prophet who spoke the Devar and the high priest who actively interposed his own shed sacrificial blood between YHWH and the sinner as a kapparah (atoning covering) for our sin. In his theology there existed a total discontinuity between the OT and the New Testament. one of the symbolic foods used on the Pesach Seder plate. Maror A bitter herb such as horseradish. ascetic and celibate.g.) The anointed. called Marcion the “first-born of Satan. He detested the Hebrew Scriptures and desired to root out the Jewish foundation of the faith altogether. The Messiah was sent forth by the Father to accomplish the redemption of man.

In His second coming. which is a transliteration of the Greek messias. The term messiah is an Anglicisation of the Latin word messias. which is in turn a translation and shortening of the Hebrew HaMelekh HaMashiach — “the King Messiah. a translation of the Aramaic meshiha. the emphasis will be on His role as King.” Some prophetic terms for the Messiah are summarised in Table 4. Yet He will always stand in all three these offices.the role of the interceding High Priest. We leave it to the reader to extend the list and fill in additional references.
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.

Midrash Mishle. Luke 23:31 Son of Man Son of David Son of Joseph Son of Elohim The Prophet The Teacher
Masorah The body of traditions regarding the correct spelling.In Table 5 we have listed some of the names that ancient Jewish sages ascribed to the Messiah. Targum to 1 Chronicles. Buber's note to Midrash Mishle. advisor The Anointed One Mighty One before whom we tremble Mighty Hero Everlasting Father of Peace Our Justice/Righteousness Comforter (cf. Masoretic In accordance with the Masorah. Masorete A scholar of the Masoretic tradition.
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. Quoted in Patai (1979: 21-23. 81-83)). Table 5: Some names ascribed to King Messiah in ancient rabbinic sources. (Lamentations Rabba. Branch Miracle Counsellor.
Name of Messiah
YHWH Yinnon Tzemach Pele Yo'etz Mashiach El Givvor Avi'Ad Shalom Tzidkenu Menachem [My Servant] David Shiloh Hanina Nehira Bar-Nifle Anani The Green Tree ben-Adam ben-David ben-Yosef ben-Elohim haNavi HaMoreh
Meaning of the name
Personal Name of the Almighty To continue forever Shoot. writing and reading of the Hebrew Scriptures. S. Yechezk'el 34:23 & 37:24) Him to whom the right belongs Favour Light Son of the Clouds He of the clouds Yechezk'el 20:45-49.

However there is in reality no conflict. the principle is used in Mattityahu 12:11-12 & Yochanan 7:2223). The halakhic issue Sha'ul questions. 21:25. Meat offered to Idols I has been suggested that Sha'ul's statements in 1 Corinthians 8:1-13. Mayim Chaiyim Living Waters. 20). 10:7. There was never any question as to whether Gentiles could forsake justice. Matzah Unleavened bread. but rather the “greater burden” or outer limits of the Noachide or Gentile Law (Acts 15:28). 10:7. 14-28 conflict the ruling against eating meat offered up to idols (Acts 15:10. Mayim Chayim Living waters. is whether or not one must ask when purchasing meat whether or not it has been offered to idols. Now in 1 Corinthians 8:1-13. so there was no need to list these with the greatest burden of Gentile Law. 29. 14-28 Sha'ul agrees that one may not knowingly eat meat offered up to idols. The Noachide Law against idolatry is given very strict borders. instruction). Idolatry is to include eating meat offered to idols. Matzah Plural: Matzot. Mattanot Le-Evyonim Giving to the poor. the eating of matzah is obligatory only at the Pesach Seder. Revelation 2:14. specifically on Mount Sinay. Unleavened bread…The unleavened bread eaten in recollection of the hurried departure from Egypt. Matzor Besieged places. This is based on a Jewish exegetical principle of Kal v'khomer (light and heavy) which recognises that certain commandments are of greater weight than others (see Mattityahu 23:23. Mattan Torah The giving of the Torah (teaching.Masoretic Text The accepted Hebrew text of scriptures. Acts chapter 15 does not give an exhaustive enumeration of all of the laws which apply to gentiles. Matan Torah The giving of the Torah. Sha'ul argues
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. murder or steal. blaspheme.

knowing that this would appear to endorse idolatry. believers are not required to ask. the authorities offered to allow him to sneak kasher meat into the feast and eat it instead. This story demonstrates that eating meat offered to idols is wrong. Thus Sha'ul's interpretation does not conflict with Acts 15 but actually implies a very strict interpretation. albeit superficially. As a result Eleazar was executed. A day came when all of the Jews were to show their loyalty by eating meat offered to idols at a public feast. by which eating kasher meat would also be forbidden. but because of his prominence. since this would appear to endorse the idol.
…and in His Torah he meditates day and night…
the Artscroll Tehillim Series. since the idol has no real power over the meat. and teach it to all who have ears to listen.” Then the student is urged to go back and painstakingly analyse each topic with deep deliberation. but because of the implied endorsement of the idolatry. However. not because of the meat itself. A basis for Sha'ul's argument can be found by comparing Sha'ul's summation of his argument in 1 Corinthians 10:28 to the story of the martyr Eleazar in 2Maccabees 6:1-29. The Talmud (Avodah Zarah 19a) urges a study program in which the talmid (student) first whets his appetite by acquainting himself with the entirety of the Torah text swiftly. since this would imply that the believer believed that the idol had power over the meat. thus only appearing to eat meat offered up to idols. if the meat were falsely advertised as having been offered to an idol. Melekh King. Eleazar was not willing to do so. despite the fact that the meat would be kasher. Eleazar refused. as taught by the sages of Israel. Volume I. 28) that meat is not actually altered by the idol but that eating such meat appears to others to endorse the idol to which it was offered. pp.(based on Tehillim 24:1=1 Corinthians 10:26.”
In a culture where mass-media propagate dangerous. 60-61 teaches as follows on the Scriptural notion of meditation:
[yeh'geh] …means speech…[that] articulates deeply held personal thoughts weighing heavily on a person's mind…the word refers to a developed thought ready for expression.
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. then believers may not eat it. thus ascribing power to the idol and endorsing idolatry by acknowledging the idols alleged power. very well. “And in his Torah he meditates day and night. Eleazar was a prominent Jew under the Hellenistic rule. Meditate Hebrew: yeh'geh. If meat is advertised as having been offered to idols. Commenting on Tehillim 2:2b. thereby making “YHWH's Torah his desire. the talmid of Messiah Yahushua should know the Scriptural concept of meditation. futile and occultic “meditation” techniques.

The Spirit of ha-Yirat YHWH (the Fear of YHWH). In Yeshayahu 11 we see a sevenfold of attributes of the Ruach of YHWH. which is upon the Anointed One of Yisra'el in their full measure: 1. The Spirit of Da'at (Knowledge). to a Menorah. 5. 4. 7. we may relate the “Seven Spirits” or “sevenfold Spirit” of YHWH. each branch bringing light and revelation to mankind. Today. 3. 2. the “alef and the tav” is explicitly rendered as “the Alpha and the Omega” in the Book of Revelation.” Note that Yahushua stands in the middle of the menorah of Revelation — the position of the Shamash or servant — just as the Z} of Genesis 1:1 stands in the middle of the seven Hebrew words of Genesis 1:1. 6. The seven-branched lampstand of solid gold that stood in the HaQodesh of the Mishkan (Tabernacle) and the Beit HaMiqdash (Temple). The Spirit of Binah (Understanding). people commonly refer to a Chanukiah as a menorah. The Spirit of Gibor (Might). Menorah Plural: Menorot. The Anointing to do mishpat (right-ruling). Merkavah Chariot.
The usual translation “seven candlesticks” in Revelation 1-3 should actually read “sevenbranched menorah. The name of a modern Israeli armoured tank. which is mentioned in Revelation. The Spirit of Chokhmah (Wisdom). At a midrashic level of interpretation.
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.Meni A pagan moon goddess. Because the Z} can not be directly rendered into Greek. The Spirit of Counsel.

A prophetic term for Bavel (Babylon). Song of Songs.
Occasion
Pesach Shavuot Tishah Be'Av Sukkot Purim Melekh King.Mesorah The traditional essential requirements in the writing of a Torah scroll. Meratayim Intense bitterness. The Ruach HaQodesh manifesting as comforter. Lamentations and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes). double rebellion.
Megillah
Song of Songs Rut Lamentations Kohelet Esther
Memra [A] Aramaic equivalent of Devar (Word. Menachem Comforter. Megillah Plural: Megillot. Mezuzah Plural: Mezuzot. Me'olam From an indefinite time in the past. Cylindrical container with letter shin (V) and text from the Sh'ma that is put on the doorpost(s) of the house. of the individual and the covenant people. The rest that the believers will enter in when King Messiah comes. the policeman of the world.
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. the Comforter of Yisra'el. Each is read on a particular mo'ed. Greek: Parakletos. A scroll of one of the following five books of Scripture: Esther. the queen of the kingdoms. Also a title for the Messiah. Literally: scroll. as summarised in Table 6. of which we now have the firstfruits in our hearts. thus there are five megillot in the Scriptures. Ruth. in Yirmeyahu 50:21-25. Divine expression). Menuchah Rest. Table 6 Megillot read at specific Occasions. (Literally: doorpost). as interceding advocate.

The Zohar (a mystical cabalistic work) states that Metatron is the “Son of Man” who is only slightly lower than YHWH (after Psalm 8:6). As early as 1913. Professor HA Ironside of the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. Metatron Jewish tradition teaches that Metatron is the name of the malakh (messenger. where the Malakh YHWH is called the Malakh ha-Panim — the Messenger of the Face Î Presence — say that the title “malakh ha-panim” means “Prince of the Countenance” (Sar ha-Panim). Pursue.e. Metatron is called the “most excellent of the heavenly host” and “the guide to all the treasures of my Elohim.Yirmeyahu 50:21-25
21“Attack the land of Meratayim and those who live in Pekod. Metatron is the unique malakh (messenger) of the Presence. and He is Adonai-b'rit (Adonai of the covenant).” In rabbinic tradition then. Even though he bears the ineffable Name. Hebrew commentaries on Yeshayahu 63:9. Radaq (Rabbi Dawid Qimchi) says of Malakhi 3:1.” In some rabbinic works. he is called “Metatron Messiah” i. the “Anointed Metatron. a teacher of the Torah and a power in heaven.” declares YHWH. who bears the Tetragrammaton.”
22 23
The noise of battle is in the land. The term “metatron” means “guide.” so that Metatron bears the Tetragrammaton. for Adonai YHWH Tzva'ot has work to do in the land of the Kasda'im (Chaldeans). where YHWH states: “My name is in him. Linked by some commentators to the name Moscow. “angel”) spoken of in Exodus 23:21.” spoken of in Yeshayahu 63:9. “Do everything I have commanded you. Some rabbis also identified Metatron as the Malakh ha-Panim or “Messenger of the Presence. Tractate Sanhedrin 38b) that Metatron may not be worshiped — they taught that YHWH commanded. In the pseudepigraphic book of Enoch. YHWH. 1912. and guided the Children of Yisra'el through the wilderness to the promised land. 519). kill and completely destroy them. p. the noise of great destruction!
How broken and shattered is the hammer of the whole earth! How desolate is Bavel among the nations!
24
I set a trap for you. “He who will suddenly come to His Miqdash” is the King Messiah. “YHWH” (Jewish Encyclopedia. 8.
25
YHWH has opened his arsenal and brought out the weapons of his wrath. “ad-iad Yeshu Metatron” — through Yeshua Metatron. Some Talmudic rabbis saw that historical Ashshur under Sancheiriv is a prophetic picture of eschatological Gog from the land of Magog. stated that historical Assyria equals eschatological Russia. 39:1.” The sages taught that Metatron is the prince of the world.
Meshek Mesech. the rabbis stated (Babylonian Talmud.
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. O Bavel. and you were caught before you knew it. you were found and captured because you opposed YHWH. Vol.” A specific ancient prayer said on Yom Kippur by ancient Messianic Jewish believers is directed to the Almighty. “Exchange Me not for him. Yechezk'el 38:2-3.

but I am also your Elohim. and is subservient to the full revelation of Scripture. stressing the allegorical method of interpretation. Drawing on a mathematical understanding of Exodus 20:5-6. saying that Ya'akov “saw the face of El in the Shekhinah.” It is important to remind ourselves that aggadic rabbinic teachings about Metatron are of a characteristic playful. “I am trusted to give good reward to those who follow my ways. A collection of works compiled between the third and twelfth centuries that seeks out underlying truths and meanings of the Scriptures. specifically as it manifests in the way we treat others. The Almighty is saying. squeezing it to get more and more meaning out of it. speculative nature. the sages taught that the attribute of mercy is at least #!!! œ &!! times stronger than the attribute of retributive % justice.The Jewish prayer book (Siddur haShalem) contains a remarkable prayer which speaks of the Prince of the Countenance. An inquiry. an investigation. The name YHWH is expressive of the Creator's mercy and loyal covenantal love. A rabbinic exposition of the text of Scripture. “I am YHWH your Elohim. and may your favour be our part. 1) A method of interpreting the Tanakh. as opposed to an exegetical approach. the result of the process of delving into the ramifications of a verse of Scripture and of the
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. the teachings of the sages concerning the attributes designated by the names YHWH and Elohim. Midrash Plural: Midrashim. while the term Elohim expresses Him as the righteous Judge. Ya'akov wrestled with a certain “man” from whom he asked a blessing. are set out as follows:
The Almighty directs Israel with two attributes: the Attribute of Justice (midath haDin) and the Attribute of Mercy (midath HaRachamim)… The Almighty therefore said.
In Bereshith 32:29-30. I can also direct the Attribute of Justice against you and punish those who violate my commandments. Be thou blessed.” The name YHWH denotes the Attribute of Mercy. meaning “face of El. It is also a homiletic way of looking at a text. 2) The name of certain specific collections of commentaries which have employed the midrashic method of interpretation. Adonai of favour. 1982: 59). This prayer is said on Yom Teruah when the shofar is sounded:
May it be thy will that the blast from this shofar should carry to the tabernacle of Elohim…through Yeshua the Prince of the Countenance and the Prince Metatron. In Me'am Lo'az — The Torah Anthology: Yom Kippur Service (Kaplan. Midat haDin The attribute of justice of YHWH.” The Midrash Rabbah comments on this. Ya'akov named the place Peni'el.”
Middot Our character essence and heart-attitude.

Yahushua's birth. The Levitical shepherds would recognise the Messiah wrapped in swaddling cloths — the priestly undergarments. Midyanite Midianite. Miqdash Me'at Literally: a small set-apart place. Immersion in a mikveh is also obligatory for proselytes to Judaism. probably occurred in a sukkah adjacent to Migdal Eder. Midrash Rabbah includes some material from Yahushua's time and even before. but Levites who erected towers (migdal) from which they watched over the sacrificial flocks.” The shepherds who watched over the flocks raised for sacrifices in the Beit HaMiqdash were not ignorant country bumpkins. The home is seen as such.
The phrase “tower of the flock. even the first dominion. and the father of the household is as a priest serving the Almighty in his own house. Migdal Eder Stronghold or tower of the sheep-flock.ancient rabbis' reading between the lines of Scripture. is a particular location called Migdal Eder. as part of the ceremony of conversion. i. When one stands at Migdal Eder. just outside of Beit-Lechem (Bethlehem). A mikveh contains at least 40 measures of water. O tower of the flock.
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. The word migdal can also be understood to be a stronghold. Shortened form of Mikhayahu — “Who is like unto Yahu…” Mikha'el Michael.” according to Strong's. Literally: “Who is like El…” Mikvah A pool of water for immersing the body to purify it from ritual uncleanliness. Beit-Lechem can be seen in the distance. which is a commentary on the entire Torah plus the five megilot. Midyan Midian. unto thee shall it come. Those “suburbs” of Yerushalayim that fell within that radius were called Bat-Zion. The Mishnah tells that Levitical shepherds were require to raise the animals for Temple sacrifices within a prescribed radius from Yerushalayim. the Levitical watchtower just outside Beit Lechem. Mikhah 4: 8
And thou. Mikhah Micah. the strong hold of the daughter of Zion. the “Daughter of Tzion. Although compiled sometime between the fourth and fifth centuries YM. The best known collection of midrashim is called the Midrash Rabbah.e. the kingdom shall come to the daughter of Yerushalayim.

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. or Millennium. An important aspect of proper interpretation of prophecy is the role of timing. The sermons of Postmillennialists are characterised by optimistic and almost militant references to the “Triumphant endtime Church.” To teach this triumphalism from the Tanakh. Their views are far more sound than that of Charismatic Postmillennialists. Second Coming. Premillennialism may be further subdivided according to their views on the timing of the catching up of believers to meet the Messiah in the air. Postmillennialism states that the Church will triumph before the return of the Messiah and that the triumphant Church will enter into this Millennium. Personally.Mikveh Something that is waited and hoped for in confidence. future. Thus. I regard Premillennialism as the correct eschatological view. the rise of Reconstructionism and Kingdom Now Theology within the Charismatic Movement has swelled the ranks of the Postmillennialist movement. pre-trib believers are dispensationalists. establishing the Kingdom. idealists think that prophetic passages mainly teach great ideas or truths about YHWH to be applied regardless of timing. spiritually. When will a prophecy be fulfilled in history? There are four possibilities. is employed. mid-trib and post-trib views. The four views are simple in the sense that they reflect the only four possibilities in relation to time-past. The preterist (past) believes that most. which “swaps” the term Church for Israel. Postmillennialists refer to their optimistic views as the “Biblical eschatology of victory” and think of premillennialists and amillennialists as painful “gloom & doom” pessimists. After the horrors of WW2. Many. but will take place in the future tribulation. and that the prophecies about His reign are fulfilled. However. Futurists (future) believe that virtually all prophetic events will not occur in the current church age. and timeless. prophecy has been and will be fulfilled during the current church age. but not all. if not all prophecy has already been fulfilled. usually in relation to the destruction of Yerushalayim in YM 70. Non-Charismatic postmillennialists are usually Theonomians and hold the Law in high regard. Amillennialism states that there will be no literal 1000 year Messianic reign. Several approaches to the Millennium mentioned in Revelation 20 are found in theology: Premillennialism states that the Messiah returns prior to the Millennium. in His present heavenly reign over His Church on earth. Yet Al Dager easily pulls many their views apart in Vengeance is Ours: The Church in Dominion (1990). replacement theology. The historicist (present) sees much of the current church age as equal to the tribulation period. present. Millennium The 1000 year rule of the Messiah during Yom YHWH. The idealist (timeless) does not believe either that Scripture indicates the timing of events or that we can determine their timing in advance. We find the pretribulation rapture (“PreTrib”). classical postmillennialism seemed in danger of losing all adherents because serious doubts were cast on the perfectibility of the Church. many postmillennialists quietly turned into amillennialists. Therefore.

authoritative and just interpretation of Torah applied to real-life situations. i. sacrifice. or the place). Mishpat pl. circle of relatives. an offering made of flour and oil. Mishpat Plural: Mishpatim. Mishnah The collection of the Oral Torah committed to writing around 200 YM under Rabbi Yahudah haNasi. the persons. All other interpretations are “following one's own heart and one's own eyes” (Shemot 15:39. Ethical commandments of the Torah. rehearsal. habitation. Mishpat is concerns the definitive. mishpatei-… The lawful decision of the Beit Din. Gift. Devarim 17:9-13). rehearsal. i. Minchah Plural: Menachot. dwelling. Miqra Something that is called out. Miryam “Mary. Minyan Quorum of ten adult Jews necessary for public prayer. In Temple times: A gift offering in the Beit HaMiqdash. Mishpat has been handed down by the Beit Din in a chain uninterrupted since Mosheh at Har Sinay. Mishpachah Family. tribute. right-ruling. was known (outside of Hellenist circles) in the Jewish community as the Beit Din Ha-Gadol (the Great Court of Law). offering. a donation. 2000 years ago. The corpus of accumulated case law (mishpatim) and legislated
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.” Miryam was the most common name given to Hebrew women. Miqra Qodesh A set-apart meeting. connective pl. To apportion. i. convocation.Some branches of the Charismatic movement currently teaches a somewhat bizarre mixture of premillennialism and postmillennialism — they are doctrinal premillennialists but operational postmillennialists. convocation.e. Mishkan A residence. present. usually bloodless and voluntary. mishpatim.” a Greek word. specifically the Tabernacle. bestow. a public meeting (the act.e. Afternoon prayer. “Sanhedrin. assembly.e. De-Judaized to "judgement" and various other renderings to avoid recognition of the Beit Din system. Judgement.

technically the congregation. The Qumran-Essene Tzedoqim called their interpretations ma'aseh (“the practice”). (set. solemn. An assembly convened for a definite purpose. specifically a festival and/or assembly of the qahal of Yisra'el. congregation. In contrast to a chuq. Mohar A bride-price. Luke 17:35-37 and Revelation 19:17-21. Mitzvat Aseh A commandment-to-do. by extension. From the verb tzabach. a positive command. “to slaughter. Also compare Yechezk'el 29:1-7 and 32:1-6 with Mattatiyahu 24:28. Mitzrayim Egypt. (place of. a religious precept or obligation. Mohel The official who perform covenantal circumcision. Mitzvah Plural: Mitzvot. a mishpat makes sense to the rational mind. See Leviticus 23 for a listing of the mo'edim and their dates. the place of meeting. (appointed. with the 10 plagues over Mitzrayim described in Exodus. mitzvah refers to one of the 613 commandments in the Torah…a good deed. a prohibition. and the mizbeach zahav or golden altar. also a signal as appointed beforehand — appointed (sign. (set) time (appointed).statutes (chuqim) of the Beit Din over the millennia is called halakhah (the walk). i.
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. Mizbeach Altar. in front of the parochet in the Qodesh ha-Qodeshim. Mof Memphis. a fixed time or season. sacrifice. Mitzvat Lo Ta'aseh A commandment-not-to-do. solemn) feast. which describes the plagues over the kingdom of the Beast.e. Historical Mitzrayim may well be a picture of the eschatological empire of the False messiah. Compare Revelation 16. time). Mo'ed An appointment. synagogue. solemn) assembly. kill. due) season. Literally: Commandment.” There were two altars in the Beit HaMiqdash — the huge bronzen altar in the courtyard of the kohanim.

nor was any offering brought upon the altar after the
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. Mussaf “Added” prayer service for Sabbaths and festivals. Festivals and New Moons. Moreh Tzadekah Teacher of Righteousness. The additional sacrifices brought on specific festivals. Referred to in Mattityahu 26:18. Mosheh Rabbenu Moses our teacher. Therefore additional prayers are added on the above days.Molekh An idol worshipped by bringing child sacrifices. Literally: “Yah is my teacher. Based on Yo'el 2:23. Because there is no Temple today. Mordekhay Mordechai. Motzi Literally: Who brings forth bread. one sheep is offered in the morning (the "tamid shel shachar") and one in the late afternoon (the "tamid shel bein ha'arbayim").” MoriYah. Molekh Demonic idol. Motza'ei Shabbat The night following the Sabbath.g. Mori'el Literally: “El is my teacher. Mark 14:14 and Yochanan 11:28. The term Mussaf means addition — that which has been added to the normal state of affairs. The Mussaf sacrifice is entitled such as it comes in addition to the standard. blessing over bread. Moshe'im Saviours (in Ovadiyah 21). daily sacrifices. standard blessing before meals at which bread is served…one of the fifteen phases of the Seder ceremony. served by casting children into fire burning inside the metal shell of the idolatrous image. the seventy bulls that were sacrifices during Sukkot. The Mussaf service follows the regular daily service.” Moriyah Name of Mountain in Yerushalayim. e. Molad haLevanah The appearance of the new Moon. No sacrifices were offered prior to the morning tamid. immediately following morning prayer…the additional whole offering in the Beit HaMiqdash prescribed by the Torah for Sabbaths. no additional sacrifices can be brought. Each day. A term for the Messiah.

the two tamid offerings opened and closed the daily service in the Temple. Although Shabbat assumes its place among the sacred days of the calendar. two rams. 13-7 bulls (in descending order from the first day). which may point to a corresponding variety of types of festivals. (For this reason. Sukkot: fourteen sheep. Rosh Hashanah: seven sheep. In other words. Chag HaMatzot. Thus. the obvious exception. Chag HaMatzot: seven sheep. Yom Kippur: seven sheep. Shavuot: seven sheep. special korbanot are offered on Shabbat and festivals in addition to the daily tamid offerings. This association suggests that the this korban constitutes part of the basic definition of the altar. which commemorates the morning tamid. Shemini Atzeret: seven sheep. then. one ram. one ram. or at least of the service conducted on the altar. it remains separate from the other holidays. Yom
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. which commemorates the Mussaf sacrifice. three distinct types of festivals emerge. In Parashat Teruma. grouped by the numbers of animals: Shabbat: two sheep Rosh Chodesh: seven sheep. the Mussaf prayer that we recite on Shabbat and Yom Tov. Shemini Atzeret: one bull Hashanah. one bull. (This duality with regard to the nature of Shabbat is manifest in the presentation of the Shabbat and festivals in Parashat Emor — Vayikra 23 — as well. is with regard to the number of bulls.) A closer look at the various Mussaf sacrifices shows a variety of systems of the Mussaf sacrifice.) The other festivals may thus be classified into two distinct groups.) The point of difference. which consists of one sheep. In other words. the festivals may be grouped as follows: I) Rosh Chodesh. two bulls. is merely doubled. Shavuot : two bulls II) Rosh Kippur. and they must be brought only AFTER the morning tamid. two bulls. one bull. (Later. according to the number of bulls sacrificed thereupon. one bull. we will examine the Mussaf of Sukkot. one ram. one ram.afternoon tamid (with the exception of the korban pesach). two bulls. Thus. one ram. one ram. only two sheep are offered. is always recited after the shacharit service. the basic daily sacrifice (the "tamid"). No rams or bulls are offered as is the case on the festivals. The common denominator uniting all the festivals regards the number of sheep — seven — and the number of rams — one. the Mussaf sacrifices may enhance our understanding of the Jewish calendar with its various holidays. The following chart lists the sacrifices to be offered at their respective times. in effect. the Torah introduces the commandment regarding the tamid as part of its discussion of the altar (Shemot 29). As stated earlier. On Shabbat. Thus.

. as we all know. After this conclusion. the Torah once again commands the observance of Sukkot: "Mark. Correspondingly." Here. Yom Kippur and Shemini Atzeret. though. This distinction is expressed by the different sacrifices offered on the holidays of each respective group. Concurrently. which was never given a calendar date and is observed always fifty days after Chag Ha-Matzot. Sukkot obviously belongs in the Tishrei group. The Torah there presents and discusses all the festivals. when you gather in the results of your work from the field. when you have gathered in the yield of your land. the Jewish calendar features two different new years — one in Aviv and the other in Tishrei. (See also the parallel verse — Shemot 34:22: ". Thus.." the New Year. It would seem that this double nature evolves from the two distinct systems outlined above." Sukkot is presented here as occurring towards the end of the year.in order that future generations may know that I made the Israelite people live in booths seven days" (Vayikra 23:43) — thus warranting its inclusion in the Aviv system of festivals. as well. Sukkot is observed both in the "Tishrei-year" as well as in the "Aviv-year. It consists of Rosh Hashanah. The Torah states in Parashat Bo (Shemot 12:2). "These are the set times of YHWH that you shall celebrate as sacred occasions" (23:37). In other words. comprises a continuation of this process of recalling the Exodus from Egypt.) This calendar arrangement. This dichotomy of Sukkot expresses itself in Parashat Emor. Chag Ha-Matzot commemorates the Exodus. all of which occur during this month. Sukkot features a complex system of Mussaf sacrifices. Sukkot commemorates the Exodus — ". the festivals of the Exodus from Egypt. we must first try to identify the beginning of the Jewish year.. and Shavuot.and the Feast of Ingathering (Sukkot) at the end of the year. At least with regard to the rams and sheep. It requires fourteen sheep as opposed to the seven of the other holidays. i.") Evidently. The first system relates to the festivals of Aviv. Now we must turn our attention to the more complex Mussaf sacrifice of Sukkot. it shall be the first of the months of the year for you. emerges from a different verse in Sefer Shemot (23:16): ". On the one hand.. and its two rams double the single ram of the other Mussaf sacrifices.. though. on the fifteenth day of the seventh day. the Mussaf offering of Sukkot is simply double that of the other festivals. "This month shall mark for you the beginning of the months. The institution of Rosh Chodesh was established simultaneous to YHWH's instructions to Moshe and Aharon with respect to the Exodus (Shemot 12:1). the second system of festivals involves exclusively the month of Tishrei.e. the Torah summarizes." Thus. We must therefore view Sukkot as a "double" festival. you shall observe the festival of YHWH seven days. I would like to suggest that the two systems of korbanot — i.In order to properly understand the underlying significance of this classification. is observed six months later.and the Feast of Ingathering at the turn of the year.e." The reason is clear. (See the first mishna in Masekhet Rosh Hashana. concluding with Sukkot. "Rosh Hashanah. as it follows Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur and occurs on the fifteenth of Tishrei.. on the first of Tishrei. However. the two types of festivals — that we have encountered directly relate to this duality within the Jewish calendar. the Chumash presetwo commandments with respect to
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. Following its treatment of Sukkot. the month of Aviv seems to mark the beginning of the calendar year. with Tishrei marking the new year. one which incorporates two "smaller" festivals therein.

First. i. i. Our goal here was to demonstrate the differences between the various festivals and how these distinctions reflect the essence of each respective category of holidays. We have not dealt with the specific numbers themselves. Nacham To sigh. by implication: to be sorry. this confrontation contains two distinct but complimentary features. During the festivals of Aviv.g. which require thirteen through seven bulls in descending order over the course of the festival. The reader is referred to the analysis of Rav Mordechai Breuer in "Pirkei Moadot. the individual faces the events that characterized the formation of the Jewish people and expresses his gratitude to YHWH. (This issue of the repeated discussion of Sukkot in Vayikra 23 is a vast topic. within both systems man confronts the reality designed by the Almighty.
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. we will simply remark that the Torah may have specifically required the offering of seven bulls on the seventh day.
N
Na'anu'im The wavings of the four species on Sukkot. Whereas during the festivals of Aviv the Jewish experience focuses on the events themselves. Thus. Exodus 32:12-14 and Yirmeyahu 26:3. the festivals of Tishrei feature a direct encounter with YHWH. expressed by and during the festivals. console. seems to relate to an entirely different concept. (in a favourable sense) to pity. breathe strongly. the individual faces the present reality. In contrast. the Jew is called upon to experience his nation's history and commemorate events of the past. To have regrets. Simultaneously. the festivals of Tishrei have the Jew stand directly before the Almighty and request His assistance. As this topic warrants independent treatment. specifically his agricultural concerns. Nachem A prayer for consolation.e. corresponding to the dual nature of this particular festival.Sukkot.) These two categories of festivals present before the Jew two fundamental experiences. or comfort. as in Genesis 6:6. and beseeches the Almighty for success in his endeavors. In effect. This sense manifests itself most acutely in Tishrei. specifically the Exodus from Egypt and the Revelation at Sinai ( = the year that begins with Aviv).e. e.") (The issue of the bull-offerings. well beyond the scope of this shiur. the listing of the sacrifices in Parashat Pinchas expresses the nature of the various festivals and the relationships between them. Both systems are founded on the same principle — YHWH's boundless dominion over the universe and the events that transpire therein. why the Torah ordained specifically seven sheep and two rams. However. ease. the beginning of the agricultural year.

strip. The Shofar haGadol (great shofar). the Nasi also functioned as the head of the Jewish people.e. save. Defend.
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. Na'omi Naomi. Deliverance. prince or president of the Beit Din. At this service. A king. Ne'eilah Literally: closing. deliver (self). which is the Devil and Satan. rid. The president or administrator of a synagogue. Afrikaans: “glinsterende verleier. snake. which is a tanin. that both Yeshayahu 27:13 and Mattityahu 24:31 intimates that the triumphant return of King Messiah will be on the mo'ed (appointed time) Yom Kippur. A title for the Messiah in Yechezk'el 40-46. reach. Yeshayahu 27:1). In the Talmudic period. surely. The Kol Nidre service on Yom Kippur begs the Almighty for forgiveness of. nachash is parallel to the tanin — the sea creatures of Genesis 1:21. rescue.Nachash Serpent. part. Following His resurrection. 1973: 72-73). i. Properly Hebraised. Greek: harpazo. lay the hand upon. The nachash — the shining enchanter — misled Adam and Chawwah in Gan Eden. all unkept vows made to Him.” In Exodus 7:9-15. that old nachash. and release from. and marked the closing of the Nikanor gates of the Beit HaMiqdash. draw near. Nazah Besprinkle. of which we read in Yeshayahu 27:13 and Mattityahu 24:31. Yahushua told Miryam not to naga Him — the same word a (High) Priest would use while on his way to sprinkle atoning blood on the altar. Rapture. Neder A vow. spoil.” The shining enchanter. strike. The concluding service on Yom Kippur. pluck. enchanter. a sustained shofar blast was sounded. is blown with the Ne'eilah service. Revelation 20:2 reads: Revelation 20:2
And [the malakh] seized the tanin. take out. and therefore also related to the liv'yatan (cf. Natzal To snatch away. without fail. It is clear therefore. preserve. escape. Nasi Plural: Nesi'im. whether in a good or a bad sense. From a root that means “shining whisperer. and bound him a thousand years…
Naga To touch. recover. after which the Nikanor gates of the Beit HaMiqdash were closed (Winter. An exalted one. touch. governor. being snatched away from danger. concluding service of Yom Kippur…closing of the gate.

See: Harp. second section of the Tanakh. but that they can not be heard yet. our music is set up on an eight-note scale called an octave. mentioned in Genesis 6. “sing to YHWH a new song” in Scripture. Negev South. Professor Bradford Young laments the fact that large sections of contemporary Christianity are infested with a subtle and pervasive spirit of Neo-Marcionism. mostly arid area of Eretz Yisra'el. there are references to a song called the New Song. Ner Lamp. accompanying the sacrifices. Wherever we encounter the expression. Jesus the Jewish Theologian. a Prince. Nesech The libation of wine over the altar in the Beit HaMiqdash. The southern. This song is understood as the song that will be sung when Messiah comes. breathing creatures — Genesis 1:30. In his book. Today. Neshamah Breath of life. a head of a Tribe. Neo-Marcionism See: Marcion. New Song Hebrew: Shir Chadashah. it indicates that the
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. Netan'el Nataniel. The sages teach that the New Song will be sung on a new ten-note scale rather than our present eight-note octave. This dates back to ancient times. Nefilim Fallen ones. Nesi'im Head of the people. Treated hypostatically in later rabbinic writings. Nevi'im The Prophets. The commentaries of the sages abound with tremendous revelation on the full implications of every reference to the New Song.Nefesh chayyah Living being. Essentially equivalent to the nishmat chayyim (breath of life) mentioned in Genesis 2:7. They teach that the two additional notes are already present. The animating life-force shared by humans and all living. In Scripture. A loose term used to refer to the mindset that the Tanakh (Hebrew Scriptures) is largely irrelevant and has been replaced by the Greek New Testament Scriptures.

Yeshayahu 42:10-17. 92.”
the Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor (Scherman. with a shout he will raise the battle cry and will triumph over his enemies. 93. Psalms 92. 144.
The sages teach that the lyre/harp of Messianic times will be ten-stringed. According to the Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor (Scherman. We are the generation living in Erev Shabbat — at the very threshold of the Messianic age of which the shalom of the weekly Shabbat is a prophetic tafnit (pattern). 98. when we will be empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh to sing the praises of YHWH in an extended musical scale.
In its commentary on the expression “10-stringed instrument” in Psalm 33. which is now limited to the octave of 8 notes. like a warrior he will stir up his zeal. Rabbi Ya'akov Emden taught that Psalms 92 and 93 should be sung when the Footsteps of the Shabbat was heard.” This recognition of the profound prophetic significance of the joyous expression. when man will be given the spiritual perfection we only glimpse during the Shabbat. 149. 1985). The theme of these Psalms is that the greatness of YHWH will be recognised by all in the Messianic Kingdom. let them shout from the mountaintops.
[Tehillim 92] refers to the World to Come [the Olam ha-ba]. 96.
YHWH will march out like a mighty man. 40. Let the people of Sela [Petra] sing for joy. you islands. Bedouin Arab believers] lives rejoice.e. for example. Artscroll Tehillim).
11
Let the desert and its towns raise their voices. and all who live in them. The sage Rashi taught that Psalm 92 was the Levite's song for the Shabbat Beit HaMiqdash service.
12 13
Let them give esteem to YHWH and proclaim his praise in the islands. using ten-stringed musical instruments. Rashi taught that. 1985) calls it “a celebration of the World to Come (the Olam ha-Ba). Yeshayahu 42:10-17
10
Sing to YHWH a new song. and also Revelation 5:9 & 14:3 deal with this wonderful theme.passage will have its consummation at the time when King Messiah will come. These Tehillim speak prophetically of the Messianic Kingdom to Come.
Commenting on the expression. 93 are sung with Kabbalat Shabbat — the welcoming of the Sabbath. let the settlements where Kedar [i. representing a beautiful enhancement of music. see Overview. 1985: 47) states. you who go down to the sea. “sing to YHWH a new song” enables us to understand otherwise obscure passages in an entirely new light. Every period in life calls for its own unique expression of praise…The enhanced spirituality of Messianic times will [be expressed in] a heightened form of song (Sfas Emes.
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. and all that is in it. the sabbatical millennium. with singing accompanied by a harp. the Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor (Scherman.
“…upon 10-stringed instruments and lyre. Take. Psalms 33. his praise from the ends of the earth.

” Nikanor gate One of the seven gates in the large hall of the Temple compound. I will not forsake them. at the revelation of King Messiah. I have been quiet and held myself back. she was called “born again. the name later was changed to Nisan. Following the 14 days.14
“For a long time I have kept silent. `You are our mighty ones. they sing a New Song of praise to YHWH Elohim Tzva'ot. enables us to identify this passage as describing the triumphant revelation of the Messiah at the end of the Chevlai Shel Mashiach — the Birthpangs of the Messiah. in an extended musical scale. The first 7 days of menstruation was called the “seven red days. to the north of the altar. Arab believers (Kedar — cf. In earlier texts. “sing to YHWH a new song” refers to the empowerment of the faithful remnant for a wonderful new mode of worship. 13:2 and 18:3. The faithful remnant of Yisra'el hiding in Sela (Petra — cf. A term for the Messiah in passages such as Yeshayahu 11:10. the woman would immerse herself in a mikvah. Empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh.
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. a husband could not come together with his wife. I gasp and pant. Yeshayahu 16 and Revelation 12). who say to images. the tribulation period. Under the influence of the Assyrian culture. Nisan (Aviv) First (springtime) month of year. I cry out. Nes Banner. Nirtzah Acceptance. which impacted upon Yahudah during the Babylonian captivity. Niddah Ritually unclean woman. These are the things I will do. I will turn rivers into islands and dry up the pools. its name is Aviv. Ninveh Nineveh.
The understanding that the phrase.” This was followed by “seven white days. i. Yeshayahu 16) and all the faithful in the earth (“the ends of the earth”) rejoice in His coming.
17
But those who trust in idols.e. in the most joyous celebration. beautifying herself for the monthly “honeymoon. closing prayer…the last phase of the Seder ceremony.' will be turned back in utter shame. I will turn the darkness into light before them and make the rough places smooth. during which Pesach falls. Upon coming out of the mikvah. along unfamiliar paths I will guide them.
16
I will lead the blind by ways they have not known. This gate was by the Ezrath Yisra'el (the Hall of Israel) to the east. A woman during the period of menstruation.” During this 14 day period.
15
I will lay waste the mountains and hills and dry up all their vegetation. But now. like a woman in childbirth. The first month of the religious calender and the seventh on the civil calender.” She dressed herself like a bride.

as an entrance requirement for fellowship in the Messianic assemblies. This special concession does not mean that the entire Torah is not binding on Messianic Jews any more. Nomos [G] The Greek term commonly mistranslated as Law. in a gradual growth-process. his Sh'liachim as well as other 1st century Chassidics such as Choni the Circle-Drawer. The US Congress officially recognised the Noachide Laws in legislation which was passed by both houses. Nissuin In ancient times. Yahushua's nissim had a uniquely messianic quality. Noach (No'ach) Noah. This Public Law designated March 26. Noachide laws Commands originally given to Noach and therefore binding on both Jews and non-Jews.Nissim Miracles such as were performed by Messiah Yahushua. They also acknowledged that the Seven Laws of Noach are the foundation upon which civilisation stands and that recent weakening of these principles threaten the fabric of civilised society. keep the Noachide covenantal obligations. the formal wedding ceremony. Congress and the President of the United States (then Ronald Reagan) indicated in Public Law 102-14. The Noachide laws later became recognised as the basic commandments that a non-Jewish believer should observe to show that he had withdrawn from idolatry. Nisuch Hamayim The libation of water in the Beit HaMiqdash during the Feast of Tabernacles. Noachide One who follows the stipulations of the covenant made with Noach after the Mabul (Flood). and that justified preoccupation in educating the Citizens of the United States of America and future generations is needed. and serves only YHWH. 102nd Congress. The many miraculous healings He performed on the seventh day — the Shabbat — are acted prophecies that the great healing is coming on the seventh day— Yom YHWH. and that these Laws have been the bedrock of society from the dawn of civilisation. The sages taught that there were seven such laws or categories of rules. It is a halakhic ruling about entrance requirements into the community of believers. 1991 as Education Day for this purpose. the ruling council in Yerushalayim ruled that Gentile believers should. Neither does it mean that Gentile believers should not voluntarily obey more of the Torah. In Acts 15. that the United States of America was founded upon the Seven Universal Laws of Noach. “Law” is a mistranslation of the
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. the commonwealth of believing Yisra'el.

This practice is forbidden in Devarim 18:11. and is condemned by Scripture — Devarim 18:10-12. recounted in 1 Shemuel 28:1-25. Teraphim œ Household idols consulted for oracular answers — see Judges 18:5-6.Hebrew term. especially of the future. familiar spirit. occult magic.
O
Occult Some terms and concepts: Yiddoni œ Spiritist. The word Greek nomos was in turn taken from Aramaic. the divining demon present in the body of the conjurer. Ohel Mo'ed The Tent of Meeting. and by the Almighty who will bless you…blessings lying deep beneath…
Yeshayahu 45:3 (conventional translation)
I will give you the treasures of darkness. riches stores in secret places so that you will know that I am YHWH your Elohim who calls you by name. 'gather yourselves together (around me) so that I may tell you what shall befall you in the latter or last days…
25
By the Elohim of your Father who will help you. Cheret œ magic. a showing of the way. The medium of En-dor was a woman controlled or mastered by a divining demon. instruction. The most famous instance of necromancy in Scripture is that of king Shaul and the medium of En-dor. 25
1
And Ya'akov (Israel) called for his sons and said. Ov œ medium. Divining by an ov is expressly forbidden in Va'yiqrah 20:27. a pagan corruption/counterpart of prophecy. Inspirational divination is by demonic power. which means teaching. Doresh el-hammetim œ One who inquires of the dead.
Deuteronomy 32:13
He (YHWH) made [Israel] ride on the heights of the land and fed him (Israel) with the fruit of the fields…and with oil from the flinty crag (rock). Oil in Israel The following texts allude to finding massive oil reserves in Israel in the acharit-yamim: Genesis 49:1.
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. Zekharyah 10:2 and Yechezk'el 21:19-22. Divination œ The art of obtaining secret knowledge. Torah. a necromancer.

” Not a place.
Deuteronomy 33:13. and 16. Man binds the streams so that they do not trickle and the thing that is hidden he brings forth to light. but the time interval between Adam's fall and the second coming of the Messiah. and saw. and toward all the land of the valley. i. When a tzadiq. 19
Blessed by YHWH be His land (Israel) with the precious gifts of heaven from the dew and from the deep rock that couches beneath with the precious things of the earth and its fullness and the favour and goodwill of Him [financial prosperity] for they shall suck the abundance of the seas and the treasures hid in the sand. 16a. all tzadekim will be in the `Olam Ha-bah.The term crag denotes natural porosity where oil is stored.
Genesis 19:24. `Olam ha-zeh The present world of toil and turmoil. He cuts out channels and passages among the rocks and his eye sees every precious thing.
Genesis 14:10
Now the Valley of Siddim before the Dead Sea existed was filled with tar pits…some of the men fell into them and the rest fled and escaped. After the Great White Throne Judgement at the end of the Messianic Kingdom. destroyed and ended those cities (by the great oil reserves exploding)…and [Avraham] looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah. When Elohim ravaged and destroyed the cities of the plain (of Sodom). the smoke of the country went up like the smoke of a furnace [a hole 60 km long. passes through resurrection (or the glorification of living believers) which will happen when Messiah returns. the tzadiq enters into the `Olam ha-bah. Job 29:6
And the rock (flinty crag) poured out rivers of oil. 8-12 km wide.
Job 28:9-10
Man puts forth his hand upon the flinty rock: he overturns the mountains by the roots.000 feet deep]. 28-29
“YHWH rained on Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire (sulphur and flaming rock filled with oil) from YHWH out of the heavens…He overthrew. and behold. He remembered Abraham and He sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow when He overthrew the cities where Lot lived. 25A.e. one who has received YHWH's gift of imputed righteousness.
Olah Burnt offering. `Olam ha-bah The world to come (the renewed heavens and the renewed earth). Olah Burnt offering in Temple. According to respected
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. The New Yerushalayim. “This world.

the sun. the mitzvah (commandment) of Tefillin is also an “Ot” — a sign. There are also evidence of original knowledge of the fall of man and the promise of a coming saviour who would redeem a faithful remnant of man. a diligent researcher may uncover remains of original knowledge that there is One Almighty Elohim. At present. Counting of the Hebrew: Sefirat ha-Omer. A period of 49 days counted from the day on which the omer was first offered in the Beit HaMiqdash. a work performed by others. until Chag Shavuot. which includes refreshments. According to Genesis 1:14. Omer Sheaf or bushel of grain.” circumcision is described as an “Ot”. we are probably very close to the end of 6000 years since the impartation of the neshamah to Adam. Israeli dancing or a discussion. Original knowledge In many pagan cultures. reception after Friday night services. much of the Oral Torah binds an unnecessarily heavy burden on men. Onkelos An Aramaic paraphrase of the Torah. the `Olam Ha-zeh will endure for 6000 years. that mankind was judged in a great deluge and subsequently scattered across the earth after the confusion of languages. Examples of otot: The Sabbath is called an “Ot. and. The ingathering. Ot Plural: Otot. Oneg Shabbat Literally: joy of the Sabbath. Oral Torah The written Torah requires continual interpretation. who translated the Chumash into Greek because the Septuagint was not widely accepted. His Greek translation later became the basis for a further Aramaic paraphrase. Much of the traditional interpretations of the sages are very valuable. Oseif The gathering (of the nobles). However. Sukkot is the chag-ha-Asif — the festival of ingathering. sometimes. A study of the Oral Torah is particularly valuable to the exegete of the Messianic Scriptures. There are certain rituals in Judaism which are referred to in the Torah as an “Ot” — a sign of the binding relationship between the Jew and YHWH.
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. Onkelos was a proselyte to Judaism. socialising.rabbinic schools and reliable early Christian sources. Omer.

monitor. commissioner. paying specific attention to the prophecies about the events of Yom YHWH.moon and stars are otot ba'shamayim — signs in the heavens. The secret things belong to YHWH our Elohim. The Messiah is the unique Malakh ha-Panin of YHWH — the Messenger of the Face/Presence of YHWH (Yeshayahu 63:9). Covenantal circumcision is an ot. The blood of the Pesach lambs on the doorposts of the houses of the children of Yisra'el in Mitzrayim were also an ot.”
P
Panim Literally: faces. Parah Adumah Red Heifer. Presence. as are miracles performed to substantiate the truth of a claim. Paras Persia. Otot haMashiach “Signs of the Messiah. The teacher of Scripture should pray not to fall into sensationalism. The rabbis have divided the Torah into 54 portions which are
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. Ovadyahu Obadiah. however. Things the Messiah will do as well as events that will precede and follow his footsteps. To seek and teach what has not been revealed. The weekly Torah portion. Always used in the plural. while that which has been revealed in Scripture has been given for us to study and focus our hope upon. Biblical Hebrew: overseer. The priesthood can not function without the ceremony of the red heifer's ashes mixed with water from the pool of Siloam being sprinkled on each of the individual priests. auditor.” The term ot means sign. as is the rainbow in the sky after the Mabul. The major Otot haMashiach can be ascertained from a very careful study of Scripture. There can only be a functioning priesthood in Israel once a red heifer has been sacrificed and its ashes used for purification. “Servant of YHWH. a special sacrificial animal whose ashes was used in cleansing ceremonies. A Parah Adamah has to be born and raised in Eretz Yisrael before the continual altar service (the tamid) may begin. Parasha Plural: Parashiot. officer. and otot is the plural of ot. (flood) in the days of Noach. Paqid Plural: peqidim. The mark on Qayin (Cain) was an ot. becomes dangerously close to divination.

the Torah-reading cycle in Israel lasted 3 years. a lion and an eagle were embroidered on the curtain. These methods were: P'SHAT: The simple. Pelishti Philistine. SOD: Secret. Pelishtim Philistines. Parsian Persian. Parnasim Almoners. Peqach Pekah. alluding to. Note that the parochet consisted of a double curtain with a narrow passageway along which the High Priest walked during the Yom Kippur service. A parasha (portion) is sometimes also called a sidra. The faces of an ox. Pardes Paradise. REMEZ: Hinting.e. plain meaning of a text. the Five Books of Mosheh. D'RASH: Complex. a man.read and studied each week for one year. In ancient times. Parochet The curtain separating the Qodesh haQodeshim (most set-apart place) from the HaQodesh (set-apart place). Pentateuch The first five books of the Scriptures. deacons. Members of an ancient synagogue whose responsibilities included caring for the poor and distributing alms. i. the Chumash or Torah. The layout of the parochet is shown in the following diagram:
KhK ïïï ïïï HK
KhK denotes the Qodesh haQodeshim and HK denotes the HaQodesh. homiletical application. mystery. An acronym formed by taking the first letter of each of the four foundational categories of rabbinic exegesis used in the first century. Every curtain was about 4 inches thick.
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.

literal meaning. Pharisees See: P'rushim. Pesikta Book of Haggadic discourses for festivals and special Sabbaths. Used particularly by Talmudists in Poland from the 16th century. a Tractate in the Mishnah. study of Torah. the False messiah will desecrate the Miqdash on Aviv 10. The Talmudic sages called
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. Pesach Sheni The 14th of Iyar. In the time of the Birthpains. Pesach Plural: Pesachim. dialectic. Religio-political faction in late Second Temple days that wanted to develop Judaism through prayer. Messianic Israel will therefore have to celebrate Pesach in the wilderness on Iyar 14. Pilpul Sharp. the offering of the Pesach Sacrifice by those who were not able to do so on the 14th of Nisan. forerunners of the rabbis. Pharo Pharao Pharo Nekho Pharao Necho. Consists of 6 chapters from the Talmud and is loved by many. and midrashic interpretations of Torah. Having corporately accepted Yahushua as the Messiah 6 months before this event. Pirkey Avot “The Ethics of the Fathers”. exactly at the halfway mark of the last “seven” decreed over Am Yisra'el (the people of Israel) and Yerushalayim (Dani'el 9:24-27).Perat Euphrates. intellectual argumentation. The Sages' Guide To Living. Passover. Peshat Little meaning. Pesach Katan The second offering of the Paschal Lamb on the 14th of Iyar. Piku'ach Nefesh The care for human life.

Many piyyutim were incorporated into the services of the chaggim and mo'edim.e. In the 1st century. Piyyut Liturgical poem. taking the full yoke of the Torah (i. Yisra'el's specific covenantal obligations) upon him or herself. didn't believe in angels or the Ruach HaQodesh. it is a the guide to behaviour. Pneuma Greek equivalent of Hebrew ruach. the Haftarah reading on Rosh HaShanah. In teaching his talmidim on the Malkut Shamayim. The Sadducees comprised mostly of the Temple religious establishment. (That is
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. Messiah Yahushua originated many parables.e.it simply Fathers.e. i. Yahushua was an itinerant. many prophetic teachers were given the title rabbi. The Sadducees didn't believe in the resurrection of the dead. i. they travelled from place to place. Protorabbi œ A rabbi (prophetic teacher) who lived before the time when rabbis were formally ordained. The Pharisees were the teachers of the common people. aggadic protorabbi. P'rushim Pharisees. but who will be re-established in the acharit-yamim. They were the primary sect that ran the order of business in the Temple. Proselyte A convert to Judaism. Aggadic œ teach by parables. Yahushua was like a Pharisee in the sense that He was an itinerant Aggadic Rabbi. honour. civility. and much more. but also drew on the large pool of existing aggadot used by other sages of Yisra'el in their instruction to their talmidim. Itinerant œ travelled from place to place. Prodigal son A midrash on Yirmeyahu 31. the upholders of the Oral Torah at the time of the Second Temple. Before this period. many were itinerant. P'listim Philistines. Yisra'el is seen as a backslidden son who has gone to a far country. Proto-rabbi Formal ordination of rabbis was only instituted after 70 YM. attitudes. integrity. faith. They instructed by means of aggadot (parables). Proto-rabbinic Judaism Judaism before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 YM. Proselyte A person who converted to Judaism.

The Talmud began to be written about 200 YM There is a Yerushalayim Talmud and a Babylonian Talmud. and is the most studied within Orthodox Judaism today. Overall. Both of these sects are more liberal than Rabbinical Orthodox Judaism and have steered away from the Oral teachings of Rabbinical Orthodox Judaism while trying to maintain their Jewish religious heritage and balance this with the realities of the modern world. Some Orthodox Jews try to remain Orthodox and try to balance this with the realities of the modern
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. Rabbinic Judaism was established. There are even various sects within Orthodox Judaism itself. you see. One group was known as the House of Hillel and the other group was known as the House of Shammai. In some issues in the Gospels. Judaism was restructured at Yavneh in the land of Israel by a group of Rabbis. Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai emerged as their leader. Yahushua seems to have to some extent been a teacher of the school of Hillel. Conservative Judaism is a balance between Rabbinical Orthodox Judaism and the very liberal Reform Judaism. in Mattityahu 23. It was the successors of the Pharisees who wrote the Talmud (the Oral law consisting of the Mishnah and Gemara). Yahushua ruled with the House of Shammai and in other places He ruled with the house of Hillel. The Babylonian Talmud is the most extensive. When the Pharisees wanted to tell somebody how not to be religious.) In contrast to the Sadducees. both Pharisees and Sadducees are strongly criticised for their hypocrisy. There were several schools of Pharisaic thought in the first century. Some of his teachings also agreed with Qumran. Yahushua most often agreed with the position of the House of Hillel. it was only the Pharisees who remained as a distinguishable sect of Judaism. Reform Judaism is at the opposite extreme of Rabbinical Orthodox Judaism and is very liberal. His objections to the Pharisees was always that they were “hypocrites” — he agreed largely with them but felt that they should have done a better job of practising what they taught. Beit Shammai was more strict regarding the Torah and followed more closely the letter of the Torah than Beit Hillel. All who remained in their distinguishable form were the Pharisees of the House of Hillel. Modern day Orthodox Jews trace their roots to the Pharisees of the House of Hillel. those Jews who have broken away from the Orthodox Judaism have formed two other main sects of Judaism — Conservative and Reform. in order to preserve Judaism. In the Talmud. “Don't be like the Sadducees who do such and such…” The were two main groups among the Pharisees. Following the destruction of the Temple in 70 YM. they did so by condemning the Sadducees and saying. Of all the sects of Judaism in the 1st century. believed in angels and in the Ruach HaQodesh. Judaism changed from being primarily Aggadic to being primarily Halakhic. Thus. the Pharisees did believe in the resurrection of the dead. The Talmud is the Oral Teachings of Judaism that were written down to preserve the Oral Teachings after the Temple was destroyed in 70 YM as the Jews were eventually taken captive by the Romans and dispersed into the nations of the world. In the last 150 years. The Pharisees of the House of Hillel wrote the Talmud. he apparently clashes head-on with Beit-Shammai. One group followed the Rabbi Hillel the Great and the other followed Rabbi Shammai. authoritative.why they were sad. When this was done. The House of Shammai disappeared over time.

Instead of the Jews of Persia being slaughtered. During the reading of the Megillah at the synagogue service. Esther pleaded before the king for her people. often referred to as Megillat Esther or the Scroll of Esther — is devoted to recounting the events that led to the holiday. derives from the word pur (plural: purim). P'shat The literal meaning or plain sense of a passage of Scripture. Purim Literally: lots. planned to exterminate the Jews of Persia. friends and relatives exchange gifts and join in a festive meal called the Seudat Purim. Pseudepigraphic Written under another name. to choose the date on which he would slaughter the Jews of the empire. and it fell on the thirteenth day of the Hebrew month of Adar. Haman and his family were hung on the gallows prepared for Mordechai. The dramatic story is read at the synagogue service on the night of Purim and again at the service the following morning. Purim is a minor holiday connected to a historical event. second in command to King Achasverosh. commemorates the deliverance of the Jews of Persia in the fifth century BM by Esther and her cousin (the son of her father's brother) Mordechai.” days to be commemorated by “sending gifts to one another and to the poor” (Esther 9:22).world. we are told in the Book of Esther.” Then.
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.” which were used by Haman. Purim. Haman's plans were foiled by beautiful Queen Esther and her cousin. The name Purim. Prime Minister of King Achasverosh of Persia. There are even various sects among the Chassidics. One complete book of the Bible — the Book of Esther. Many of the UltraOrthodox Jews do not even acknowledge Conservative or Reform Jews as representing Torah Judaism. meaning “lots. Celebrated on Adar 14 or 15 in commemoration of the deliverance of the Yahudim in the Persian Empire in the days of Ester. These are known as “Modern Orthodox. Haman. and Haman's order was rescinded. the Feast of Lots. those days of doom were turned “from sorrow to gladness. there are the Ultra-Orthodox Chassidic Jews. Before the day is over. He ordered that lots be drawn to determine on which day the massacre should take place. whenever Haman's name is mentioned. Risking her own life. Thus. Mordechai. It was instituted by the Beit Din after the deliverance of the Jews who were under the rule of the Persian Empire. Purim is D'Rabbanan — a Rabbinic command. it is booed in one form or another by the stamping of feet or the rattling of noisemakers (groggers). festival that celebrates the survival of the Jewish people in the time when Haman the Agagite attempted to have them all killed.

while there is an ancient esoteric tradition. Qabalah comprised the tradition recorded by Aboav in the Teimani (Yemenite Jewish) work Menorat ha-MeOr. This proposal was defeated by only one vote in the early days of the republic. that YHWH will remain faithful to his people and intervene whenever they are threatened with destruction. Qaddish A liturgical prayer praising the Almighty. the introductory portion of the Sabbath eve service. yet its lessons can still be found within it. In other words. Qabbalat Ol Mitzvot The acceptance of the yoke of the commandments. Should YHWH fail at any point to carry out His ultimate promises to the Jewish people. Chas-ve'Shalom (May Heaven forbid! Perish the thought!). as they have in the past. Qabbalat Shabbat Psalms. This is how much influence our Hebraic Heritage and the embracing of it had in the early days of the USA and how close the USA came to speaking Hebrew today!
Q
Qabbalah “Received.” Qabalah is the traditional and most commonly used term for the esoteric teachings of Judaism and for Jewish mysticism. and the Gentiles would be left without hope in this world. The Puritans embraced their Hebraic Heritage. Before the 12th century. Qabalah refers to the apostasy of Middle Ages magic and superstition. Some of the early Christian settlers who came to the USA from Europe to seek religious freedom in the founding days of the USA were strongly opposed to the celebration of pagan festivals such as Christmas. not because of their intrinsic “goodness” or because they deserve it. Very few people realise that the US congress voted on Hebrew being the official language of the USA. especially the forms which it assumed in the Middle Ages from the 12th century onward. The church as a whole should never forget. The fact that YHWH has granted consistent protection toward the Jewish people has literally provided the Gentiles with an insurance policy that guarantees the promises of YHWH to be valid for them and their salvation as well. the Scriptures would be declared null and void. of course is not mentioned in the Apostolic Writings. readings and songs welcoming the Sabbath. a convert's agreement to lead a Jewish life. Puritans Founding immigrants to USA who sought purity of faith. This prayer is chanted at several points in a
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. but because the character and Name of YHWH would be impugned otherwise. prohibited by Torah.Purim. which infused 12th century Judaism. One primary lesson which Rav Sha'ul (Paul) expounds upon in Romans 9-11 is that of the faithfulness of YHWH towards the Jewish people.

wrong behaviour. Christian seminaries have historically trained pastors to understand the “New Testament” scriptures against a Hellenistic background.service. ultimately. wrong convictions and. 3. In this way. Separated. while Gentile believers have been grafted into that tree. Conceptual chaos regarding the term “church” prevails today. 4 No. Wrong terminology breeds wrong concepts. The conceptual darkness is dissolved once we realise that the Apostolic Writings are Jewish theological documents. haMashiach. the daughter of the Sun-idol in Roman mythology. we have used the terms “congregation” and “assembly. Son of
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. In addition. When Yahushua asked his talmidim who they understood him to be.” and even Qahal in our study monographs. Radically different. often translated as “saints” in English translations of the Tanakh. “Atah hu. belongs to the same Qahal that stepped out of the Ark. Congregation. In order to avoid conceptual chaos. the Messiah. Qahal Î Qahol Synonymous to Kehilat. about 2000 years ago. the same Qahal that received the Ruach HaQodesh on Shavuot in Yerushalayim. passed to us in Greek. ben El Chai” — “You are he. sound hermeneutics can restore our sense of continuity with the community of Avraham avinu (our father Avraham). Garr's article. we should exercise extreme care to use language correctly. Some authors prefer not to use the term “church” at all. Upon this Rock! published in Restore! Vol. Jewish believers are natural members of that cultivated olive tree. Words should be understood by asking. assembly of the people called out by YHWH. Because language sets limits to the clarity of our thinking.”) Customarily translated by the misleading and meaningless term. Shim'on Petros answered him. See Tzadekim. The problem is that we develop our understandings from translations. Jewish or Gentile. “what is the Hebraic concept behind this Greek term. the lingua franca of the day. when the eschatological Qahal was empowered as the power of the Ruach HaQodesh came upon believers. The believer of today. and (2) by the ancient Jewish sages?” How it was used in pagan Greek culture is usually quite irrelevant. “holy. the same Qahal that stood tachat (underneath. The following overview of the correct meaning of the term Church is based on Dr John D. where the term “church” first appears in the Apostolic Writings. by looking at what the terms meant in ancient Greek society. at the foot of) Mount Sinay. Translated as ekklesia in the Septuagint. and how was it used (1) in the Tanakh. because it derives from paganism — it is etymologically related to the temples of Circe (alias Kirke). (Afrikaans: “gans anders. giving them the firstfruits of the powers of the Olam Ha-ba.” Qadoshim Set-apart ones. Qadosh Set-apart. it is recited at least once at each service in memory of those who have died…Prayer of setting apart (qadosh) the Name of YHWH.

”
Many have taken this statement to mean that “Jesus' mission was to clean the religious slate and initiate and establish something profoundly new and hitherto unheard of: the Church. to that time and to that people. the most disastrous eisegetical turn to make at this stage. is to follow the following recipe for exegetical shipwreck: Premise 1 The term Church is used exclusively in the NT.” Knowing that the truth about his nature had been revealed to this tempestuous talmid by his Father in Heaven. we must be careful that we engage in exegesis. In analysing Scripture. The word church must be understood in the light of the New Testament Greek term ekklesia. however. We cannot understand these words if we transplant them to gentile soil and to the present century. People of good intentions have read into the texts of Scripture the meanings which their cultures. to Second-Temple period Judaism. The term church is both very familiar and very misunderstood. This brings us to a crucial hermeneutical pitfall. We must turn to Scripture for our understanding of ecclesiology.
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. and the gates of she'ol shall not prevail against it. to the life and practices of firstcentury Israeli Jewry. Those who hold to such a neo-Marcionist hermeneutic typically say that “Jesus was terminating the dispensation of the Law and announcing the creation of a new. vibrant entity — the Church — a vibrant new faith and a new 'dispensation' — the dispensation of grace. not eisegesis. can we truly comprehend the meaning and function of the Church.the Mighty One who lives. Premise 2 Jesus established the Church. which refers to an assembly or gathering of people. Premise 3 To establish the meaning of the term church. politics or other environmental conditioning dictated. Yahushua replied. What is the church? Who are part of it? When did it begin? Where does it exist? How does it operate? Why does it exist? These are the questions of ecclesiology — the study of the church. we must relate these words to their original context. The very worst. Only when we return to that place. Matttityahu 16:16-18
…Upon this rock I will build my church. The use of the latter has resulted in the maze of confusion on the subject of the nature and mission of the church. for they were spoken by a Jew in the land of the Jews to fellow-Jews. It is essential that we build our entire understanding of the concept Church from analysing Scripture in its original intent and context. It is imperative that we exegete the scriptural term church by literally “drawing out” the meaning of the words and texts of Scripture.” Is this true? How should we understand Yahushua's answer to Shimon Kefa's insight? In order to understand what Yahushua said and did. one has to analyse the use of the term ekklesia in classical and Koine Greek.

The text of the GNT is something that should be penetrated to uncover the underlying Hebrew lifeworld. e. it refers to the summoning of an assembly or to the act of assembling.
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. from the same root. the “church” is the assembly of all who respond to the call to enter into a covenant relationship with Almighty YHWH. “Church” is not exclusively a “New Testament” term. These scholars used the Greek word ekklesia to translate the Hebrew word qahal. This is why Stephanos calls Israel “the church in the wilderness” in Acts 7:38 and why Hebrews 2:12 quotes Psalm 22:22: “I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee” as “I will declare thy name unto my brethren. and qahal Elohim — the assembly of Elohim. As said. in the characteristic style of Hebrew parallelism. inevitably results in a perverse “splitting up” of concepts. The important point is that the exegesis of the term ekklesia in the GNT should therefore be based on the use of the term qahal in the Hebrew Scriptures. As a corollary (associated truth). Failure to do so. is based on the above “3-premise shipwreck.” This is also why Hebrews 12:23 uses “general assembly” and “church of the firstborn” as virtually synonymous. we should study the meaning of the corresponding Hebrew word(s) in the Hebrew Scriptures to determine its meaning in the GNT. qahal YHWH — assembly of YHWH. in the creation of a new pseudo-concept. should we proceed? The correct premise for an exegetical analysis of the term church is that the use of technical terms in the Greek New Testament (GNT) is based on the use of these Greek terms in the Septuagint and other Greek manuscript translations in common use in Late Second Temple Period Judaism. in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee. for the origin of the term is found in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. the word for voice. especially those where scholarship of the Hebrew language is sadly lacking.The ecclesiology of many Christian denominations. The people of Yisrael are sometimes referred to as the qehillah. According to tradition. we should first of all ask “Which Hebrew word was translated by that Greek word in the Septuagint?” Next.” Why is the above method in error? How then. Because a Hebrew undertext and thought-world underlies the text of the GNT. Ultimately. assembly. the word qahal is usually rendered ekklesia in the Septuagint. which rhymes thoughts. which means “congregation.g. The word which the apostles used to express their corporate identity was the same as that which had been used by the people of Israel since the exodus from Egypt. translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek in the third century BCE to enable the Hellenised Jews in the diaspora to read the Scriptures in the lingua franca of the Mediterranean Basin.” Qahal is a derivative of qol. We begin to discover the meaning of the secular Greek term ekklesia when we turn to the Hebrew word or words which were rendered ekklesia by the translators of the Septuagint. it follows that an exegesis of a technical term such as ekklesia. Egypt. This term is generally used in Scripture to refer to the assembly of the people of Israel. qahal Yisrael — assembly of Israel. not words. seventy Jewish scholars based in Alexandria. In Scriptural language then. which the writers of the GNT used. in creating a false dichotomy and discontinuity in salvation-history. I can think of few things as pointless as being a scholar of Biblical Greek without simultaneously being a scholar of Hebrew.

This includes everyone who have been called out: “There is one
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. might more accurately be translated congregation [or assembly]. Those who became unfaithful to the covenant and fell into gross sin. We would also have understood the church as the continuation. Their theology. not replacement. All of Israel. He brought the qahal of YHWH to its intended state. was developed from English translations of Scripture. Just as the qahal of Israel was immersed into one corporate body unto Mosheh in the cloud and in the sea (1 Corinthians 10:2). we might have more readily understood that Paul's olive tree metaphor in Romans 11 reveals Israel. Dr John D. and buried and raised with Messiah by immersion in a Miqvah (Colossians 2:12).
The term church. a state of partaking of the firstfruits of the New Covenant which was sealed in His own shed sacrificial blood. In contrast. Dispensationalism misuses the term church. were “cut off” from the qahal. Yahushua called unto him whom He would. generations of Christians in English-speaking nations would have understood the church as the congregation of [Elohim]. was the qahal in the wilderness.The authors of the apostolic writings understood that the word ekklesia translated the Hebrew qahal and meant the assembly or congregation of YHWH. so that they fell into the disastrous hermeneutical trap by assuming premises 1 to 3 detailed on page 149 above. so all believers have been immersed by one Ruach HaQodesh into one body (1 Corinthians 12:13). the “assembly of YHWH. The answer is equally clear in the Apostolic writings. While all of the children of Yisra'el was denominated and arranged accordingly around the tent of meeting in the wilderness. and it was all of their subsequent offspring who held fast to the covenant. For Yahushua and the sh'liachim (apostles) there was absolute continuity between the congregation of the pre-Messianic past and the Messianic future. literally: underneath) Mount Sinai. trained twelve talmidim (students.
So who are the assembly. therefore. apprentices under discipline) to be the leaders of His empowered qahal. Then. the congregation? Who are the people who comprise the assembly of those who are called out to be in covenant with YHWH? The answer was very clear in the Hebrew Scriptures: it was the entire assembly of the descendants of Avraham through Yitzchak and Ya'akov who made the exodus from Mitzrayim and stood tachat (at the foot of. of Israel and the new covenant as a renewed covenant as Hebrews 8:10-11 reveals. they were collectively considered the qahal. the church of the Hebrew Scriptures and the church of which we read in the apostolic writings. Perhaps if the Archbishop of Canterbury's instructions to those who created the interpretation of the Bishops' Bible that came to be known as the Authorised King James Version of the Scriptures had not proscribed [ruled out] the use of congregation in deference to the ecclesiastical term church. We conclude that Reformed theology is correct in tracing “Church history” all the way back to the time of the exodus from Egypt (or even before that).” All of Israel was the qahal. The qahal of the Messianic age is an empowered qahal — empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh. a perpetuation of the congregation of Israel in complete continuity. into which Gentile branches were grafted to share in the roots and fatness of Judaism. Garr continues. with its stark Church À Israel dichotomy. then. the ones called out to enter into covenant with YHWH.

He did not come to terminate the past and start a discontinuous new entity. He overcame death. and will build again the sukkah of Dawid. All believers are. Yahushua's brother Ya'akov. betrothed to one husband (2 Corinthians 11:2). which is fallen down. we need to rid ourselves of a great many associated untruths: pagan holy days. Once the domino of a new entity called the “Church” is disproved and topples over. corporately. His work is to restore the house of Dawid that lay in ruins. He is the bearer and bestower of the Spirit. It is a calling into covenant with Almighty YHWH. Nasi of the Netzarim Beit Din (President of the Ruling Council of Messianic Yehudim) in Yerushalayim. take him lightly. Not to displace it. and more… It also entails that we should re-institute the celebration and keeping of the Shabbat and the Appointed Times of Almighty YHWH.
Yahushua came to restore and perform the work of redemption so that the qahal could be empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh. In Bereshith 12:3 Almighty YHWH promises Avraham that those who despise him. even as you are called…” (Ephesians 4:4). Yahushua's statement “I will build my church” means that He would empower and restore his qahal. His qahal receives of the anointing that is upon Him. quoted Amos 9:11-12 in connection with the work of the Messiah. the qahal is the represented many. People can tolerate change. and one Spirit. but as the lifestyle of the redeemed. have victory over death. to take lightly.
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. He is the representative one. but hate being changed. will be cursed by Elohim. It holds as a corollary that we should reform. All too few have the guts to make the paradigm shift. but they talk about the wrong Pentecost! The qahal did not begin on Pentecost at Mount Zion in Acts 2. and drastically so. Yahushua never intended to destroy or put aside what the Father had been moulding among the people of Yisra'el for many centuries. and to ask in brokenness of spirit. so that the qahal can. Acts 15:16
After this I will return. the adopted children of YHWH. that Messiah Yahushua was rigorously Torah-observent. The facts that we are grafted into the same qahal that stood tachat Har Sinay. and will set it up. It began on Shavuot (Greek: Pentecoste) at Mount Sinai in Exodus 19. Why is the above information generally not taught in Christianity? The answer lies in the domino effect and in human nature. the horrific pagan names with which we dishonour Almighty YHWH. The Christian denominations that teach that “the Church” began on the day of Pentecost are correct. and I will build again the ruins thereof. upsets the status quo and people's psychological laziness.body. “How then shall we live?” qalal To scorn or despise. in Him. Not to earn salvation.

” Rachav Rahab. A tale of two rabbis: When Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakhai became terminally ill. pillar of the Right Hand.
8
Now there is in store for me the crown of righteousness. the Set-Apart One…there are two roads before me — one leading to Gan Eden. he is simply referred to as “the Rabbi. could say the following at the end of his life — because he received the redemption that is only through Messiah Yahushua: 2 Timothy 4:6-8
6
For I am already being poured out like a drink offering. circa 200 YM. under whom Sha'ul studied. 7 I have fought the good fight. I have finished the race. Sha'ul of Tarsus.R
Rabban Honorific title higher than that of Rabbi. Tehillim 87:4. but also to all who have longed for his appearing. which is foreshadowed by ancient Egypt — see Iyov 9:13 & 26:12. will award to me in thát day — and not only to me.
Rabbi Yahudah haNasi A famous rabbi. broad wall. For this reason. Like the Apostle Sha'ul. I have kept the faith. Proud. he is often called the father of rabbinic Judaism. and also for the kingdom of the Antichrist. and I do not know by which road I shall be taken. his talmidim gathered around his sickbed. harlot. A term for Egypt. When he saw them. So shall I not weep?”
It is clear that the founder of rabbinic Judaism had absolutely no assurance of salvation at the end of his life. mighty hammer. he guided his followers in establishing a Judaism that could exist meaningfully without a temple. was called Rabban. Rabban Yochanan ben Zakhai This pharisee and sage survived the First Jewish Revolt against Rome by being carried out of the besieged city of Yerushalayim in a coffin. In contrast. which the Master. why are you weeping?”
He replied (Berachot 28b and Avot de Rabbah of Rabbi Nathan 25):
“…Now that I am to be taken before the Supreme King of Kings. and the time has come for my departure.
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. credited with compiling the traditional oral teachings of Judaism into the Mishnah. In the Talmud. his fellow-student and rabbi. Gamli'el. and the other to Gey Hinnom. His disciples said to him. Yeshayahu 30:7 & 51:9. the righteous Judge. he began to weep.
“Lamp of Israel. he studied under the highly respected Rabban Gamli'el. In Yavneh.

rachav is a term for a prostitute. as uninformed critics often claim. and it may be a first Resurrection. His writings disproves the theory that the PreTrib rapture was first invented by Darby.” Rachatzah Washing Ur'chatz — celebrant washes. John seems expressly to have foretold?
Writing directly about the coming Rapture he compared it to the resurrection of the Old Testament tzadekim when Messiah rose from the grave. He asked.
Expanding on his interpretation. Ramah Seat of idolatry in ancient Egypt. at the coming of His Kingdom. a kind of clandestine coming of Messiah prior to His coming in glory and judgement. Pierre Jerieu France. pre-tribulational The 19th century Dispensationalist theologian. 1687. with the voice of an Archangel. was not the originator of PreTrib rapture theology. and in great magnificence and Glory? Who can prove.
But to me it seems very evident that this reign shall begin with some miraculous appearance of our Lord in His glory. The walls were called “broad(s). Lastly. Rapture. to establish His kingdom upon Earth. Let us look at some proofs. Jurieu wrote of John's prophecy about the Millennium.In ancient walled cities. Jurieu refuted the amillennial teaching of his day and clearly argued for the premillennial position regarding Messiah's return. prostitutes had rooms in the walls. he wrote.” He wrote in 1687 about the Rapture and the Premillennial return of the Messiah. He also believed that Messiah would come in the air to rapture the tzadekim and return to heaven before the Battle of Armageddon. as St. that at that first coming of Messiah He shall not raise some of the dead. He preached in Rotterdam as one of the greatest of the Reformers in his day. that this coming of Messiah.” This is also the reason why the red-light district in Amsterdam is called “Walletjies. who can be certain. when He arose from the grave?
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.
There is a first coming of Messiah. Jurieu discussed the coming of Yahushua to translate the tzadekim prior to the time He returns in Judgement. “the tzadekim shall reign with Messiah a thousand years” and commented. Jurieu spoke of a secret Rapture. as well as raise some of the ancient patriarchs. one of the fifteen phases of the Seder ceremony Rochtzah — the phase of the Seder ceremony in which hands are washed for the meal. Why may not Messiah raise some of the tzadekim who lived during the Yemot haMashiach.” For this reason. Over 130 years before Darby. The approaching Deliverance of the church. After which He shall go back to Heaven. John Nelson Darby. Peter Jurieu was a French Calvinist preacher and was considered “the Goliath of the French Protestants. while prostitutes are commonly called “broads. shall not be in that manner.

e. and are taken to the Master. the iniquitous. the hope of a pre-tribulation rapture preceded Dispensationalist Systematic theology by more than a thousand years.. which is to come. The name and titles of YHWH also have a strong relational content — His personal Name. the perversely wrong. All these terms express relational states and contain ethical value-judgements. in order that they may not see at any time the confusion which overwhelms the world because of our sins. Rav A Sage of the Talmudic era. His title Elohim signifies a relation of creative and judgmental might that induces awe and reverence. He penned a very famous and valuable Torah commentary.g. People. YHWH. Rasha Plural: Resha'im. they do suggest that the idea of Messiah coming in the air for His tzadekim prior to Armageddon was under discussion over 300 years ago. Reb. He lived in Babylonia. He suggested that Messiah will first “come down from heaven” in the air in “a glorious apparition. and composed today's form of the Aleinu prayer. Rebbe Yiddish for Rabbi. returning to heaven. Refa'enu “Heal us…”.” While these comments are not conclusive. sinners (ones who miss the mark) and resha'im (perversely wrong ones).
We conclude that Dispensationalism and the pre-tribulation rapture are not synonymous. Rashi Rabbi Solomon ben Yitzchak. 374-627):
All the tzadekim and elect of Elohim are gathered together before the tribulation. The wholly wicked. Relational Scripture portrays beings relationally and not in absolute categories. Rav Sha'ul A Hebraic way of referring to Sha'ul the Apostle as a teacher. Adonai denotes a
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.Jurieu rejected the view that Messiah will stay in heaven until the final judgement of the world. Vessels fit for destruction. one of the eighteen benedictions of the Amidah prayer. A famous rabbinic commentator who lived in France around the years 1040 – 1105. Refa'im Giants. speaks of escalating manifest being. An ancient PreTrib Rapture Statement is found in Pseudo-Ephraem (c. qadoshim (set-apart ones). are called tzadekim (righteous ones).

They define “spiritual body-soma pneumatikon” as meaning “composed of spirit. They taught that YHWH is irrevocably finished with dealing with Israel as a nation. only to discover later that it is not the ideal place for the eternal habitation of the redeemed.” as though spirit were some ethereal. “spirit” would be the substance and “body” would be the form of the resurrection body. To remedy the problem. Relationally to me. can lead a reader to a non-material view of the resurrection body. Such an assumption raises serious questions about the wisdom of Elohim in creating this planet to sustain human and subhuman life. Replacement Theology A concept that emerged from the teachings of some non-Jewish leaders of the secondcentury Church.15 According to this view. This popular belief rests on the assumption that YHWH will condemn this earth to eternal desolation and create.
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. totally devoid of physical substance? This is indeed the view of some scholars. It must be admitted that Sha'ul's language in this passage. royal power. YHWH is our Elohim — He is mighty and we stand in awe of Him.relation of sovereign. Elohim) before whom I tremble in reverential awe (Psalm 45:7). instead. and that all prophecies about the restoration of Israel pertains in a spiritual sense to the Church and individual believers. Elohim eventually would create a “heavenly planet” and equip the resurrected tzadekim with a “spiritual bodies” suitable for such a heavenly environment. if not examined in the larger context of his writings.”16
Harris' definition of the “spiritual body” as an organ suitable for a “heavenly environment” is largely based on the popular assumption that the redeemed will spend eternity in heaven and not on this earth. the Messiah is Adoni v'Eli — my sovereign master (Psalm 110:1) and my mighty one (El. Since heaven is supposed to be a “spiritual” place. Relationally to the Father. the fulness of YHWH is manifest bodily in Him (Yochanan 20:28). Murray Harris defines the spiritual body as follows:
“The spiritual body is the organ of the resurrected person's communication with the heavenly world. Remez Alluding or hinting to. In contrast. Yochanan 17:3 and Revelation 3:2. It is a somatic form fully responsive to the Christian's perfected spirit and perfectly adapted to its heavenly environment. the redeemed must be fitted with a “spiritual body” suitable for the spiritual environment of heaven. heavenly substance. that at the Second Advent living and dead believers will receive non-material and non-physical bodies. Such a vision is inspired by Greek dualism rather than by Biblical realism. Resurrection body Did Sha'ul believe. our Greco-Roman heritage often teaches us wrong. and does the Bible teach. a new “heavenly” world for the habitation of the tzadekim. 12. In his book Raised Immortal: Resurrection and Immortality in the New Testament. the Father is the Elohim of Yahushua the Messiah — cf. non-relational concepts.

at least in principle. he says: Romans 8:9
But you are not in the flesh. The spiritual [pneumatikos] man judges all things. the natural body described in 1 Corinthians 15:44 is one which is part of this present. dominated and directed by the Set-apart Spirit. then resurrected believers will have bodies similar to that of Messiah. but is himself to be judged by no one” (1 Cor 2:14-15). This is not an anthropological dualism between “physical-psyche” and “spiritualpneuma. nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable (1 Cor 15:50). It is obvious that the spiritual man in this passage is not a non-physical person. More telling is Sha'ul's use of the same two words (physical-psychikos/spiritualpneumatikos) in the same epistle: “The unspiritual [physical-psychikos] man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of YHWH. for they are folly to him.
It is evident here Sha'ul is not saying that the resurrection body will be non-physical.17
This insight helps us also to understand Sha'ul's statement a few verses later:
Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of YHWH. it means someone who is guided by the Set-apart Spirit. 27). writing to the Romans. because. Spirit Led. Yet the fact remains that Messiah's resurrection body was certainly physical.
By the phrase “not in the flesh” Sha'ul obviously did not mean that believers who were led by the Set-apart Spirit already had discarded their physical bodies. the present physical body described in 1 Corinthians 15:44 is one which is subject to the law of sin and death.” but a moral distinction between a life led by the Set-apart Spirit and one controlled by sinful desires. he means that already in the present life they were guided by the Ruach HaQodesh (Romans 8:4-8). Similarly. The resurrection body is called “spiritual” because it is ruled not by carnal impulses but by the Set-apart Spirit. If Messiah is the “first fruits of those who have fallen asleep” (1 Cor 15:20). if the Spirit of YHWH really dwells in you. sin-cursed existence. in distinction from someone who is guided only by his natural impulses. but the spiritual body of the resurrection is one which will be totally. Rather. while the future resurrection body is one which will be directed by the Set-apart Spirit. The comparison cannot be pressed too far in view of the fact that at His resurrection Messiah resumed also those divine qualities which He had temporarily laid aside during His Incarnation (Phil 2:7). Rather. Anthony Hoekema clearly brings out this point:
Spiritual (pneumatikos) here does not mean non-physical Rather. In a similar fashion. and He ate food (Luke 24:38-43).Such a view is discredited first of all by the comparison which Sha'ul himself makes between Messiah's resurrection and that of the believer (Col 1:18. it is someone who is guided by the Set-apart Spirit. in contradistinction from someone who is guided by natural impulses. since He was touched (John 20:17. 1 Cor 15:20). and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned.
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. not just partially. you are in the Spirit.

He speaks of the body as 'controlled by the pneuma [Spirit]. And then. after all. But matter is not evil. This break is not between the lostness of the body and the soul's liberation from it. which is nowhere to be found in Sha'ul's teachings. Then on the seventh day He rested to celebrate the completion of His perfect creation (Genesis 2:1-3). Then it would indeed seem that matter had become intrinsically evil so that it had to be banished. in a sense. and final restoration of this world. but only in the resurrection will it completely rule man's life. then. 21. his reference to the absence of “flesh and blood” in the Kingdom of YHWH cannot mean the absence of physical bodies. carnal limitations and sinful inclinations of the present life because the redeemed will be led fully by the Spirit.' This Spirit is already at work within man's body. YHWH would then be compelled to create a new type of human beings. it was not really perfect. but it does indicate a break. then YHWH would be admitting that His original design of the human body had some flaws.19 Physical Body Is Not Evil. If the resurrection/translation body were to be radically different from the original creation body.If Sha'ul could speak of Christians as not being “in the flesh. To celebrate the good news of His perfect creation.” so they would not get into trouble anymore. If YHWH at the Second Advent were to change our present physical bodies into bodies consisting of non-physical and non material substance. Berkouwer insightfully explains that
“the 'spiritual body' does not have to do with what we sometimes call 'spiritualising. This reasoning is absurd.” already in the present life. . 31). Deuteronomy 5:15. G. 12.20
In the creation story. It simply means the absence of the natural. .' 'Spiritualising. 10. YHWH gave the Sabbath to the human family (Exodus 20:11. Hebrews 4:9). Elohim seven times expresses His satisfaction over the perfection of His material creation by saying “it was good” (Genesis 1:4.
…the devil would have won a great victory since YHWH would then have been compelled to change human beings with physical bodies such as he had created into creatures of a different sort. Changing models and
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. . as Anthony A. This transition does not disqualify the body. To remedy the problem. C. It is impossible to think that ultimately YHWH will change the entire structure and nature of the human body to be radically dissimilar to how Adam was before he fell. to say the least. without physical bodies (like the angels).”18
Berkouwer continues explaining that the break will be between perishable and imperishable bodies.' always presupposes a dualism. 13:10-13. 25. the Greek philosophers would have been proved right. Luke 4:16-21. which in turns carries with it a devaluation of the body. complete redemption. for anyone who believes in the omniscience and immutability of YHWH. for the Spirit of YHWH already lives within man's concrete earthly existence. 18. presumably “unisex. Hoekema perceptively points out. He would be admitting that His original model of male and female physical beings did not adequately reflect “his [YHWH's] own image” (Genesis 1:27). it is part of YHWH's good creation.

on the other extreme. Rosh Head.structures is normal for human beings who learn by mistakes. Rivqah Rebeccah. one of the fifteen phases of the Seder ceremony. but reflects the light of the Shemesh Tzadekah — the Sun of Righteousness. the Bearer and Bestower of the Ruach. The Person-in-action of YHWH. Rosh HaShanah Head of the year. imparting His Life in creation and re-creation. Rochtzah The phase of the Seder ceremony in which hands are washed for the meal Rachatzah — washing Ur'chatz — celebrant washes. Ruach HaQodesh Literally: Spirit/Wind/Breath that is set-apart. yet transcended by Them. as “Deity number Three” is to be rejected. It has no light of its own. “gans anders” and sets apart. but not all of YHWH. in the exalted Messiah.” The life-giving manifest power of YHWH. but it would be abnormal and inconsistent for an Elohim who knows the end from the beginning. This festival teaches on the Natzal of believers on Yom Teruah. study Berkhof (1965) as well as Notley (1991) — see the Bibliography at the end of our monograph The Coming of King Messiah. A festival dedicated to women. as a minimum. Rosh Chodesh Literally: “head of the month. Conventionally translated as “Holy Spirit. Ruach chayyim Literally: breath of life. This festival contains acted prophetic instruction about the bride of the Messiah. It is Him. The Ruach HaQodesh is YHWHin-action.” Festival of the New Moon.
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. The moon is a faithful witness in the sky. who is the Ruach (2 Corinthians 3:18). Designates Russia in Yechezk'el 38:2. chief. who is Ruach. The translation “Holy Ghost” is very misleading and breeds deplorable tri-theistic beliefs and practices among believers. usually through His Messiah — the One anointed and empowered by His Ruach. Reference to breathing animals. teaching us that rebirth and growth presupposes death and disappearance. Serious students of the Ruach HaQodesh should. Modern name for Yom Teruah. Re'uven Ruben. Every concept of the Ruach HaQodesh as an impersonal “Third Force” or.

the False messiah of the acharit-yamim. He destroyed Babylon in 689 BM. In rabbinic literature. is more deeply in error that using imperfect Gentile names to address Him. During the reign of King Chizkiyahu and the ministry of the prophet Yeshayahu. Sancheiriv attacked Yahudah with an overwhelmingly strong army. This is incorrect: To suggest that the Almighty cannot. The fanatical branch. King Messiah himself will be a Kohen from the Order of Malki-tzedek (“king of righteousness”) — cf. especially. you are calling on demons and will burn in hellfire. Roman Catholicism. According to Yechezk'el 40:46. however. The destruction of ancient Bavel is used in Scripture at a prophetic picture of the destruction of the world's paramount superpower in the time of the second coming of the Messiah. claim that unless you use the Hebrew names. The sacraments are believed to have magical efficacy. he was free to attempt to conquer the whole of the Middle-East. In those days. He
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. Sadducees Religio-political faction in late Second Temple days that focused on priestly functions and the sacrificial system. in His mercy and lovingkindness. Tehillim 110. Hebrew: Tzadokim. is guilty of this error. The benign branch of this movement do excellent work and is generally a blessing to the Body of Messiah. 44:15 and 48:11. only L'vi'im from the House of Tzadok will serve as kohanim (priests) in the Temple of Messianic times. After having removed Babylon's threat to this power.
S
Sacerdotal sacramentalism The practice of the Christian religion in such a manner that everything revolves around the administration of the sacraments by priests. referring to the house of Tzadok. bypass our terminological ignorance. the demonic power behind Armilus.” The name Sama'el is interpreted as meaning “strong poison.e. king of Assyria. the personal name of the evil celestial prince over Edom/Rome. Sama'el See: Satan. i.” Sancheriv Sennacherib. uncompromising believers who insist on using the Hebrew names of the Creator and His Messiah. 43:19. Sacred Name groups Very sincere. who will mislead many Gentiles in accepting him as “Christ” and “God.Rut Ruth. Seen as the personal name of Satan. and the priests to have divine authority to measure out salvation by administering the sacraments.

but it was a political and not a halakhic court to them. The truth is that the Pharisees. and they had their own court (Sanhedrin). In fact their halakhah was unique. Second in command was one of the seventy designated as the Av Beit Din. It appears that the Pharisees had their own Beit Din. In the case of the Pharisees. Yahudah repented and returned to YHWH. The confusion of these two Sanhedrins has resulted in the presumption by some in modern Rabbinic Judaism that all Judaism must submit to the Chief Rabbinate of Rabbinic Judaism just as allegedly all Jews did in the first century.
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. multitudes in the valley of vision. so they could not submit to an outside authority. Tosefta and Talmuds. His forces marched up to Yerushalayim in the Shefilah valley — the “valley of vision. This is the Sanhedrin discussed in Rabbinic literature. It was made up exclusively of Pharisees and determined matters of Pharisee Halakhah as well as civil maters between Pharisees. This Sanhedrin was a political body which was an instrument of Rome. Sanhedrin Also see: Beit Din. The High Court in Yerushalayim. This was also independently discovered by Professor HA Ironside of the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago (circa 1912) as well as Joseph Good from Hatikva Ministries. Sadducees. The Talmud testifies to this in Tractate Sanhedrin. This is the Sanhedrin that condemned Yahushua and Ya'akov ha-Tzadiq. The country was desolate. They maintained that only the teacher of righteousness could interpret Torah. This Sanhedrin was presided over by the High Priest and made up of Pharisees and Saducees (but not Essenes or Nazarenes). Hebrew: Beit Din. This Beit Din was presided over by Hillel's followers until the 5th century. This Beit Din was a council of seventy elders presided over by a Nasi. the cities ruined. The Pharisees also participated in the political Sanhedrin which the Sadducean High Priest presided over. This king of Assyria (“the Assyrian”) is thé Tanakh-picture of Gog from the land of Magog. In Acts 15 it appears that the Nazarenes (Messianites) also had an independent halakhic Sanhedrin with Ya'akov HaTzadiq as Nasi (and perhaps Kefa (i. In the case of the Qumran community. the “sons of light” did not run to the “sons of darkness” in Yerushalayim to determine their halakhah. Shimon Peter) as Av Beit Din).” There were multitudes. the Almighty sent His Malakh to slay the forces of Ashshur. they had their own Sanhedrin which determined their halakhah. Apart from this Beit Din was another one — the one mentioned by Josephus and the authors of the Gospels. Led by the king. Texas (in the early 1980s).e. This is also important that we realise that the Halakhic body described in Rabbinic literature was only regarded as authoritative by Pharisees.captured all of Yahudah. except Yerushalayim. This Beit Din was the topic of Tractate Sanhedrin in the Mishnah. Nazarenes and Essenes all had their own halakhic courts which determined their own Halakhah.

e. Parnasin. shepherds of the flock and Manhigei — guides. but a description of a relation of accusation. ruler. feeders. nor one who traded in the produce of Sabbatical years. one who feared before Elohim. For more on this subject. Sar A head person (of any rank or class). who sometimes seems to have even exercised sole authority. not greedy of filthy lucre. Sot. In Israel. They were under the presidency and supreme rule of an Archisynagogos or Rosh-ha-Cheneseth — “head of the synagogue” (Yoma vii. being an adversary. master. 3). but who fell and became the author of sin — cf. chief. truthful. i. kindly. without converting to Judaism. The special qualifications for the office of Sanhedrist.The modern Chief Rabbinate of Rabbinic Judaism is the descendant of the Pharisaic Sanhedrin which only Pharisees submitted to. which were present in the first: ì The Ark of the Covenant and its contents. not a gambler. and not by the Pharisee court which is representative of contemporary Rabbinic Judaism. angel) who was created perfect. nor yet one who indulged in unlawful games (Sanhedrin iii. Memunim. 1. overseers. The name satan is not a personal name. adore in devout worship.) Thus Nazarenes are free to have their own independent halakhic body apart from that of the modern Chief Rabbinate. see Sketches of Jewish Social Life by Alfred Edersheim.” Second Temple The Beit HaMiqdash built after the return from the Babylonian captivity. prince. rulers. Sebomai [G] To revere. keeper. Called “Fearers of Heaven. general. Yechezk'el 28. modest. vii. nor a ususer. They were called Sekenim. given to hospitality. mentioned in the Rabbinical writings are as follows: A member of the Sanhedrin must be wise. Note carefully that the “conspiracy” to kill Yahushua and later his half-brother Ya'akov HaTzadiq was an act of the Political Sanhedrin which was controlled by the corrupt Sadducean temple-establishment (a sect that no longer exists). a prosecuting attorney in a court of law is called a satan. governor. and the rebuilding of the House of YHWH is described in the books of Chaggay. The Chief Rabbinate are not the descendants of the political instrument of Rome (which the Nazarenes and Essenes likely did not participate in anyway. Ezra and Nechemyah. Sebomanoi [G] Devout Gentiles who worshipped the One Elohim of Yisra'el and attended synagogues. steward.
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. elders. 7). Jewish historians noted that there were 5 things lacking in the second Beit HaMiqdash. The title of the evil malakh (messenger. Captain (that rule). The return from captivity. Satan Accuser. adversary.

the eve of Pesach.
The Second Temple was desecrated by Antiochus IV “Epiphanes. and finally destroyed by the Romans in 70 YM. arrives at sundown. ì ì The Cup of Blessing. However. The Spirit of Prophecy.
“Blessed art Thou. uses a feather to brush these few bits of bread onto a wooden spoon. showing their acceptance.ì ì ì ì
The fire that descended from heaven and consumed the sacrifices. the Last Cleansing Ceremony. O YHWH our Elohim. the term usually refers to the latter part of this period beginning with the Hasmonean uprising in 167 BM and often extending to the Bar-Kokhba Revolt in 135 YM. The family gathers at the festive table. Contains much teaching about the Messiah. These 4 cups are called. all leavened breads and cakes are removed from the home. The Shekhinah.” rededicated by the Maccabees. The sages teach that Ya'akov's ladder had 15 steps. No more leavened bread is eaten until after the eight-day Holiday. The Cup of Plagues. There are 15 steps to the Pesach Seder. enlarged by Herod the Great. Who has set us apart us by Thy commandments and has commanded us to kindle the Festive Lights. with the children watching. They are wrapped in a cloth and burned in a morning. ritual for the home celebration of the first (and second) evening(s) of Pesach…the ceremony to commemorate the Exodus from Egypt on Pesach Eve. everyone will drink from their Cup of Wine.
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. The mother covers her head with a scarf. into the throneroom of the Almighty. The mother places a few pieces of leavened bread on the window sills and shelves.”
Four times that evening. Bedikat Chametz. Second Temple Period Literally: the period from the rebuilding of the Beit HaMiqdash about 530 BM to its destruction by the Romans in 70 YM. The 15 steps of the Seder meal are: THE TRADITIONAL JEWISH OBSERVANCE OF PASSOVER Several days before Pesach. The father. King of the Universe. Erev Pesach. The lights are low as she lights the white festive candles and slowly moves her hands in circles over the candles and covers her eyes as she recites in Hebrew and English. taking one spiritually up the ladder that Ya'akov saw at Bet El. Seder Literally: order. in a symbolic search. takes place on the night before the first Seder night begins. Jewish worship is set up in 15 steps. The urim and thummim (lights and perfections) connected with the High Priest's breastplate.

The Cup of Praise. And I will take you to Me for a people!
This reminds the Jewish people of YHWH's four “I will” promises in Exodus 6:6 — 7:
The Seder begins with the Kiddush — the Prayer of separation. the humble and simple bread which our ancestors ate in the land of Egypt. The father and the family lift up the Cup of Blessing. King of the Universe. King of the Universe. and I will redeem you with a stretched out arm. we give thanks to the Almighty for all His bounties… In tasting of the salt water. The Afikomen must be found and redeemed with a gift after the meal so that all can have their dessert.ì ì
The Cup of Redemption. Who has preserved us.
I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. this is the bread of affliction. All recite. omitting the customary prayer. setting apart. This is a symbolic act of purification which precedes participation in this religious service.”
The vegetable is dipped in salt water and eaten. The father says.”
All recite. Why is this night of Passover different from all the other nights of the year?” He asks the four questions:
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. Who creates the fruit of the earth. The father begins Yachatz — the Breaking of the Bread. a towel and bowl in the Ceremony of Ur'chatz — the cleansing of the hands. Three Matzot are lifted up in the Ceremony of Maggeed — the telling of the Passover story.
“Lo.”
The son inquires. Let anyone who is hungry join us at this Seder. After breaking the matzah in half. O YHWH Eloheynu. Everyone washes their hands. O YHWH Eloheynu. The third Ceremony of the Seder is Karpas — the partaking of the green vegetable (parsley. he returns one piece of the Cover and wraps the other piece in a napkin. and let him partake of what we have to share.
“Blessed art Thou. which has 3 compartments. and has enabled us to reach this Season of Joy!”
The children then bring around the table a pitcher of water. He pulls the middle matzah (unleavened bread) out of the lovely Matzah Cover. we are asked to remember the tears which out ancestors shed while suffering the tortures of slavery. and I will deliver you out of their bondage. lettuce. and with great judgements. An invitation is given.
“In partaking of this fruit of the earth.
“Blessed art Thou. Who creates the fruit of the vine…Who has kept us in life. This one becomes the Afikomen (Greek for “dessert”) and is “hidden” either under the pillow on “Elijah's Chair” at the end of the table or elsewhere in the house. watercress).

Everyone says:
Blessed art Thou. We dip parsley in salt water to replace tears with gratefulness. The food on the teaspoon is consumed. finely ground nuts. “Blessed art Thou. without beginning or end. Slaying of the First-born. We recline while eating to demonstrate our sense of complete freedom. THE MATZAH symbolises the unleavened bread our people ate in their haste to leave Egypt. We eat bitter herbs to remind ourselves of the bitterness of slavery. but left Egypt quickly. Locust. we dip bitter herbs in Charoset (chopped apples. seasoned with cinnamon. YHWH Eloheynu. Cattle disease.ì ì ì ì
Why do we eat only unleavened bread? Why do we eat bitter herbs? Why do we dip our food twice? Why do we eat reclining?
“Our ancestors did not put leaven in their bread because they could not wait for the bread to rise. Boils.
Each person has a glass of water ready for the Ceremony of MAROR. Everyone recites. the bitter herbs. King of the Universe.”
The father answers:
Each participant dips his finger into the wine cup and spills 10 drops of wine onto a dish reciting each of the ten plagues: Blood. Then. in mortar and in brick. Frogs. The egg is oval shaped. once again the pitcher of water. a Festival offering was also sacrificed by pilgrims coming to the Beit HaMiqdash which is now symbolised by THE ROASTED EGG. onions) symbolise that the Egyptians “made their lives bitter with hard service. O YHWH Eloheynu. Who has set us apart by His commandments. Tear-causing horseradish is placed on a teaspoon which is then dipped into a generous portion of sweet Charoset. and in all manner of service in the field. and then a big drink of water is quickly taken!
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. At that time. Darkness. Ruler of the Universe. Everyone then recites and sings Dayenu — “It would have been enough”:
He brought us out of Egypt…slew their first-born…divided the Red Sea for us…helped us 40 years in the desert…fed us manna…gave us the Sabbath…gave us the Torah…brought us into the Land of Israel…built for us The Holy Temple…where we could atone for all our sins. bound together with honey and moistened with red wine) to sweeten bitterness and suffering.” The father performs Motzee Matzah by distributing to everyone pieces of the remaining matzot from the Matzah Cover. a towel and bowl are brought to each person. and hast commanded us to eat matzah. Hail. and commanded us to observe the washing of the hands. the final cleansing before the Seder.
THE SYMBOLS OF PASSOVER are then emphasised: THE ROASTED SHANK BONE symbolises the Pesach (Hebrew for the Paschal Lamb) which our ancestors ate when The temple was in existence. Who has set us apart by Thy Commandments. Lice.” In the Ceremony of Rachatz. THE BITTER HERBS (radishes. A blessing is said about eating bitter herbs. and it represent eternity.

special candies. after the Afikomen is found by the children and redeemed by the gift.23
The Stone [Himself] which the builders rejected is become the head stone of the corner. one in which justice and freedom will prevail. Who drank the water. the Almighty will protect and vindicate His People. This is the doing of YHWH. together. The Seder meal is served. TZAFUN follows dinner. In its place. as well as his chair has been made ready for him. next year. That ate the little goat. (The faster this is recited and the less breaths taken. symbols of the struggle for human freedom. unleavened honey and sponge cakes are enjoyed by all! Boraych — Grace After Meals — is recited:
Let us bless the Name of Elohim forever and ever!
Will Eliyah the prophet come to announce the arrival of the Messiah? The front door of the home is opened.
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. A prayer is recited petitioning that the Spirit that was upon Eliyah will enter the hearts of all present and of all mankind and fill them with the desire to build a good world. the Hallel is read — Psalms 113-118. Perhaps. and smote the Angel of Death. We have partaken of the traditional foods. it is marvellous in our eyes!
Before saying the closing prayer. Millions of Yahudim read the Hallel each Pesach. may all of us be privileged to celebrate it. Who killed the ox. We have retold the ancient story of Israel's liberation. That beat the cat. It is now time for Shulchan Oraych. That burnt the stick. This is in obedience to the Biblical command which stated that the Pascal Lamb was to be eaten with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. They also sing Chad Gadyo — One Kid — which ends with:
Then came Elohim. Yahushua prophetically sang the Hallel after His Last Supper/Seder: Psalm 118:22. the horseradish and Charoset are placed between two pieces of matzot in the famous “Hillel Sandwich” and eaten. The special Cup of Elijah's. That my father bought for two zuzeem!
This shows that in the end. the more fun it is!) Now it is time for Nirtzah — the Closing Prayer:
The prescribed Order of the Pesach Service is now complete. the children enjoy some Pesach songs such as Echad Mee Yodava — Who Knows One — which emphasises 13 important spiritual facts every Jewish child should know. In ancient times. Elijah will come! Before and after the Festival Meal. desserts such as Kasher macaroons. at a place of honour at the table.In the Ceremony of Koraych which follows. dinner. As we have been privileged to observe the Seder tonight. Who slew the butcher. That quenched the fire. the Pascal Lamb was the fast food to be eaten.

buried and raised up the third day according to the Scriptures. shall live! 1 Corinthians 5:7
Yahushua took the Cup and said. Sedom Sodom. let us keep The Feast… with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth!
The Master's Supper is actually a miniature Pesach Seder fulfilled in Messiah Yahushua Who said.
It is the blood that makes an atonement for the soul. leaven is a picture of sin. and with His stripes we are healed! He Who knew no sin. I will pass over you [i. “hover over” you in protection]. but do not have the Blood of Atonement. without the shedding of blood there is no remission of sin. bruised and broken by His crucifixion.e. May it be the will of the Almighty to preserve us in life and in good health. L'sha-nah ha-ba-ah ba'Yerushalayim! Next year in Yerushalayim!
The fulfillment and challenge of Pesach The fulfillment of Pesach is Messiah Yahushua:
“Behold the Lamb of Elohim Who takes away the sin of the world!”
He took the bread and said. He was bruised for our iniquities. “This do. in remembrance of Me!” The challenge of Pesach is to bring the Message of Messiah Yahushua to His Jewish People throughout the world who observe Passover. and. is sacrificed for us: Therefore.
YHWH said.
When I see the blood. that we might become the righteousness of Elohim in Him! For even Messiah our Passover. “This is My body which is broken for you!” In the Bible. we have Redemption.again next year. Seder Avodah The “order of Service” that the Kohen Gadol performs in the Beit HaMiqdash on the day of Atonement. and proven to be the Son of Elohim with holiness by His resurrection from the dead! Because He lives. too. “this Cup is the New Covenant in My blood! Through faith in His blood. became sin for us. the punishment for our sins was upon Him. Yahushua was the Unleavened Bread of Life! Like the pierced Afikomen which is broken. we. Yahushua was pierced. “buried” under Elijah's pillow and raised up. Sefer haBrit Book of the Covenant.
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. even the forgiveness of sins! He was wounded for our transgressions.
Those who have the Blood of Atonement of Messiah Yahushua are written in the LAMB'S Book of Life.

It is often called the LXX. was completed in 165 BC in Alexander. 7 and 8. he required everyone to learn Koine Greek. Selichot Penitential prayers.”) Seudah Feast.” usually held at midnight on the Saturday preceding Rosh HaShanah. It is not a particularly good translation.Sefer Torah Plural: Sefarim. Because of this. Egypt. Sephardi Plural: Sephardim. A Torah scroll. undertaken around 250 BM. Seh Lamb. there were now available for the Gentile world the prophecies of the Messiah's coming as a humble servant who would provide a way to YHWH for all peoples. fell down and declared that YHWH is the “Elohim of the elohim. Segulah Treasuted possession.” He spared Yerushalayim and made many of the royal family of Yahudah administrators in his conquered kingdoms. a language that had been composed from the five Greek dialects. when shown Daniel chapters 2. guarded like jewels. it became necessary for the Hellenised Jews to have a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. When Alexander the Great conquered the world. but is valuable in demonstrating that many Tanakh passages were anciently read as Messianic prophecies.
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. Sefirah The “days of counting” between the Passover and Pentecost. Septuagint A translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. This translation is known as the Septuagint (or LXX) for the Seventy translators. Oriental Jewish communities. Alexander. Selichot Service A service of preparation for the “High Holy Days. Seraphim Fiery heavenly messengers (“angels. Segan haKohanim The associate high priest. Thus long before His birth.

The sages of Israel taught that because of Chawwah's disobedience. The righteousness and the rest that is through him. the candles are lit before the blessing is said. a meal prescribed by the Torah or the Sages. Seudah Shelisheet Literally: third meal. Shabbat: Lighting the Shabbat candles As a norm. As for the covering of the eyes and the passing of the hands three times over the candles. a blessing to YHWH is always said before an activity is enjoyed. Keeping Shabbat set-apart was given to Yisra'el as an everlasting mitzvah (commandment). a light meal eaten late on Shabbat afternoon…the third meal eaten on the Sabbath. However in the case of the Sabbath. Romans 14 and Colossians 2). it's as if the light is being drawn toward the woman. you've probably noticed that when this is done. Acts 15. The seventh day. same as Seudat Mitzvah. Shabbat The Sabbath (Sephardic pronunciation). Seudat Chavurah Literally: meal of condolence. This is done symbolically each Sabbath. Shabbat Be'reshith The first Sabbath after Simchat Torah on which the portion of Be'reshith (Genesis) is read. With the first passing of the hands the woman brings the light into her home. but is not an entrance requirement for Gentile believers (cf. with the second pass she brings
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. This day of rest is a prophetic picture of the rest and peace that Messiah has brought. but the substance is of the Messiah. this weekly rehearsal of past. for it is a violation of a Scriptural commandment for a Jew to kindle a fire on the Sabbath.Seudah Mafseket The “meal of cessation” before a fast. Numerous prophetic patterns in Scripture teach that Yom YHWH will be a sabbatical millennium. and will bring in future with His millennial reign from Yerushalayim. prepared by friends of the mourners and eaten in the house of mourning immediately following a funeral. This day is a shadow of things that have come and will still come. the light went out of the world. Therefore it is fitting that her descendants be responsible for bringing His light back into the world. The sages taught that keeping Shabbat symbolises faith in YHWH as creator of all. Friday sundown to Saturday sundown. present and future objective redemptive history. Sevivon Hebrew word for a dreidel (four-sided top used in a Chanukah game). is the goal of the instruction contained in this acted prophecy. Seudah shel Mitzvah A festive meal that honours the observance of a mitzvah.

lodge. inhabit. fall down. Shaddai Almighty. e. Shakan Reside.g. Shabbos Sabbath (Ashkenazic pronunciation. integrity. Shabbat Nachamu The Sabbath after the Ninth of Av. and with the third and final pass she brings the light to herself. influenced by Yiddish). prostrate in homage to royalty or the Almighty. Shabbat Shuvah Literally: Sabbath of Return. Shabbat Zachor The Sabbath immediately preceding Purim. abide. who arranges a Jewish wedding. humbly beseech. rest. bow (self) down. all-sufficient. peace. From Hebrew for “dawn. crouch. make to stoop. the Sabbath preceding Pesach.the light to her family. Yom Kippur. Shabbat Shabbaton A Sabbath of Sabbaths or High-Sabbath. make obeisance. do reverence.
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. Shabbat haGadol Literally: the Great Sabbath. Shachah To depress. the Sabbath between Yom Teruah and Yom Kippur. health. One of seven High Sabbaths per year. Shabbaton Plural: Shabbatonim. Shacharit Morning prayer (service). Wholeness. worship. Shabbat Mevarchim The Sabbath on which the forthcoming month is blessed. i. See Sh'khinah. Shalom The fulness of peace and harmony. The woman's head is usually covered as a sign of her submission to YHWH's commandments. dwell.” Shadchan A matchmaker. sabbath program of study and celebration.e.

which will conflict with many of Sha'ul's own statements. The beadle in the Synagogue. Today. laying down their covenant obligations for staying in Eretz Yisra'el and receiving the blessings and protection of the Almighty. it is a term for the middle candle used to light the other 8 candles in the Chanukiah. Converting them to Judaism will only put them under a greater burden. Sha'ul writes to Gentile audiences in Gentile countries. they have less. and less strict covenantal obligations.Shalosh Seudot The three festive meals prescribed for the Sabbath. This will yield perversely wrong conclusions. which was used to light the other six lamps. Strangers (a ger) wanting to stay in Eretz Yisra'el. he instructs Gentiles to remain uncircumcised. It is evident from texts such as Mattityahu 23 that Messiah Yahushua did not approve of having Gentiles converted to Judaism. Scripture consistently requires Gentiles to keep the Noachide precepts.e. as one who will. the ruling Council in Yerushalayim looses Gentile Messianic believers from having to observe the entire Torah as entrance requirements into the Messianic assemblies. Shammaite Pharisee A Pharisee who held to the strict view of the Torah as taught by the School of Shammai. carefully noting that: ì Torah is given to Israel as their constitution. As the Sh'liach to the Gentiles. not to gerim (strangers. one has to study the Tanakh very rigorously. had specific obligations and duties. Under the Torah. In the letter to the believers in Rome. An exegete may fall into the trap of assuming that Sha'ul is an apostate from Torahobservance. Sha'ul has to apply this halakhah. but circumcises Timothy. and to interpret his writings using a perverse neo-Marcion hermeneutic.” i. but binds the Noachide mitzvot on them. Sha'ul The Sh'liach (Apostle) to the Gentiles. A term for the middle lamp in the Menorah. he states that the Torah is qadosh and perfect. Why? Because.” attempt to outlaw and eradicate the Torah. and not the entire Torah. Sha'ul had to apply this normative halakhah of the Master. and therefore under stricter judgement. sojourners) wanting to stay inside Eretz Yisra'el. as Gentiles. like Antiochus IV “Epiphanes. To interpret Sha'ul correctly. In Acts 15. whose mother was Jewish. For this reason. For example: Sha'ul condemns the coming Antichrist as the “lawless one” and as the “man of lawlessness. Shammash Literally: servant. He also writes in a time when
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and that in the covenant relationship. and the ruling that they only have to keep the Noachide mitzvot as entrance requirements into the Messianic assemblies. but by the emunah (faithfulness) of Yahushua the Messiah. He rightly divides the Devar of Emet — the Word of Truth. we have covenantal obligations. Yonah was not commissioned to instruct Nineveh to become Torah-observant. when they received the Torah at Mount Sinay. have put our faith in Messiah Yahushua that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Messiah and not by observing the Torah. but to repent from their transgression of Noachide commandments. Shavuot Literally: weeks. right-ruling). Note that the advice to Messianic Gentiles not to convert to Judaism.g. this Messianic Pharisee would have torn his garments. English: Pentecost. specifically the Noachide obligation to administer mishpat (justice. in the Temple. when YHWH betrothed them to Him. shakes him and says. and under the guidance of the Spirit of Truth. e. coming from a culture with a perversely wrong ritualistic-sacramentalistic view of salvation. observe more and more of the Torah.” i.
We conclude that Sha'ul affirms and applies Torah rigorously and extremely literally. So we. Shavuah Seven. In Galatians 2 he grabs “Jimmy Pagan” by the shoulders. It was on Shavuot that the Ruach HaQodesh of YHWH came upon the early Jewish believers as they were worshipping in “the House. does not mean that they may not voluntarily. These covenantal obligations are not our “claim to fame” — perish the thought! — but a required walk of obedience. Had he heard a neo-Marcionist interpretation of his writings. He has to go to extremes to instruct them in the Tanakh's teaching on the yeshuat Elohim. but by His grace.the Shevet (ruling authority) had departed from Yahudah and when Israel is under Roman rule. too. Firstfruits of the wheat harvest. because by observing the Torah no-one will be justified. and does not uproot it. the message of the prophet Yonah to Nineveh. Sha'ul writes to newly converted pagans. ì Compare. The point is that no man may force Gentiles to take on Israel's unique covenantal obligations as entrance requirements into the Body of Messiah.e. He has to teach the Gentiles that the Almighty draws us into a covenant not by our merit. The day of the foundation of Israel as a nation. Galatians 2:15-16
15
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We who are Yahudim (Jews) by birth and not 'Gentile sinners' 16 know that a man is not justified by observing the Torah.
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. This marks the arrival of the firstfruits of the restoration of the believing remnant of man to the fulness of the Malkut Shamayim. a week (specifically a week of years). to be blessed and instructed.

holiday of the giving of the Torah. the interpretation of the Saducees is correct on this
point. wrote in May 1998:
The Torah calls Shavuot the “Festival of Weeks” (Numbers 28:26). behind Satan's back. Rabbi Mordecai Kornfeld of Har Nof. A Jew is commanded to learn Torah day and night and to teach it to his children. Pesach and Sukkot are the other two regalim — where every man in the land of Israel was commanded to come up to Yerushalayim to celebrate the festival when the Beit HaMiqdash stood in Yerushalayim. Yerushalayim wrote in May/June 1998:
(Parashat Ba'Midbar) 5758 OUR SECRET WEAPON Why is the Torah called 'Tushiyah?' (in Yeshayahu 21:29)? Because it was given to the Jews secretly ('Tash' means weak or lacking). A person cannot do or understand what he has never learned. It is one of the three Regalim — holidays which are pilgrimage festivals. Torah is the life blood of the Jewish people. Jerusalem 97500. By so doing we are reliving the experience of the Revelation at Mount Sinay…preparing ourselves spiritually for the moment at Dawn…at which the morning prayers and the reading of the Book of Ruth begins. manager of the highly recommended Shorashim bookshop. Orthodox Jewish editor Moshe Kempinski. our assimilation is inevitable. Our enemies have always known that when we Jews stop learning Torah. In Yerushalayim tens of thousands of Jews begin to walk to the Western Wall from all points of the city.
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.In Internet newsletter Jerusalem Insights 194. As they approach the old city…the tiny streams of people come together into a mighty flow of worshipers…all heading for netz prayers — pre-dawn prayers at the Western Wall. it refers to the seven weeks that one counts from the second day of Passover15 [when the Omer (barley) offering is brought] until Chag Shavuot. On Shavuot there is a custom to stay up all night learning Torah. Satan did not want the Jews to receive the Torah. Elohim has expressed His will and desire and we can offer a gift of love and affection by attempting to fulfill the desire of our ultimate Beloved.
Some more Orthodox Jewish views on Chag Shavuot: In a lecture named Shavuot. Without knowledge there is no commitment. Virtually every Synagogue and Yeshiva have scheduled learning throughout the night ending with the praying of Shacharit — the morning service at dawn. The very word Shavuot is Hebrew for weeks. Without the knowledge of the will of Elohim we fail in achieving our part in the love relationship between us and our Elohim. (Sanhedrin 26b and Rashi)
15 This
is an incorrect tradition of the Pharisees. Tiferet Israel 3. That is why the revelation at Mount Sinay is likened to a wedding ceremony…a mutual statement of commitments. It is a time of rededication and commitment to learning Torah. One cannot love what he does not know. Shavuot is the celebration of the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinay to the children of Israel. he wanted it to remain in heaven.

repent. “Although we blow the Shofar [on Rosh HaShanah] simply because the Torah directed us to do so. The blast of the Shofar is telling us. All will be able “point to the Presence of HaShem with their finger and say. the “slaughter of the Evil Inclination” (Sukkah 52a). The coming of the End of Days will be signalled by a loud.” In what away does blowing the Shofar confound Satan and prevent him from interfering with our pleas for mercy? Tosafot. Ta'anit 31a). In fact. “Where did the Torah go?” (Shabbat 89a) Satan did not know that the Torah had been given to the Jews. he is effectively rendered impotent by our Shofar blasts. Bava Basra 16a) came to HaShem and asked. When the Torah was given on Mount Sinay. nobody will be tempted to sin since the presence of the Creator. citing Midrashic sources. it was accompanied by a series of extremely loud Shofar blasts (Shemot 19:16. he keeps a low profile until after we finish our prayers. will be evident to all. and the consequence of sin. Perhaps these Shofar blasts. hears our long series of Shofar blasts. or the “slaughter of the Angel of Death” (Yeshayahu 25:8) at the End of Days may be allegorically explained in a similar fashion. Hashem will “slay the Angel of Death” (Yeshayahu 25:8). the Evil Inclination will have been slaughtered. When the Final Redemption takes place. “frightened the Satan away” so that he would not intervene and prevent the Torah from being given. although the Torah requires us to blow it only once. 'This is my Elohim!'” (Yeshayahu 25:8. and remember your Elohim in heaven! Look out for yourselves and change your ways!'” Satan has no power over us when our attitude is one of repentance and fearing before Elohim. explains the Midrash.19). explains as follows. In the End of Days. In Rosh haShanah (16b) the Gemara tells us that we repeatedly blow the Shofar (ram's horn) on Rosh haShanah. long Shofar blast (Yeshayahu 27:13). there is an implied lesson in the Torah's directive. so arranged to have the Satan “miss” the big event.) The Midrash explains that Hashem did not want the Satan to know about the Giving of the Torah. The Shofar of Rosh HaShanah actually has good reason to cause the Satan distress. Effectively.
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. 'Wake up from your slumber! Review your deeds. who doubles as the Angel of Death. the Angel of Death (Note: Satan is the embodiment of the Angel of Death and the Evil Inclination. The verse describes how the Torah was given amidst great fanfare — how was such an event “concealed” from the Satan? The answer may perhaps lie in the comments of Tosafot elsewhere. in order to “confound the Satan. like those of the Shofar of Rosh HaShanah. “the world will be filled with the fear of heaven as the sea is filled with water” (Yeshayahu 11:9). One wonders how this was accomplished. When Satan. At that time. Rambam writes (Hil. ibid. The Midrash explains that Hashem kept Satan preoccupied with other matters at the time the Torah was given so that he should not say “How can you give the Torah to the Jews when they will sin in only forty days by building a Golden Calf?” (Tosafot. Because of this.When Moshe left Mount Sinay after receiving the Torah. he is immediately gripped by the fear that his time has come. Teshuvah 3:7).

let him study the Torah (for that will help him conquer it). when the Jews sinned with the Golden Calf they lost the Torah.This process begins with a loud Shofar blast. When HaShem reveals His Presence for all to see. Orach Chaim #606) explains. On that day.” So. If not. the day of atonement. the Satan is “preoccupied” and not free to challenge the prayers of the Jewish People while they reaffirm their acceptance of the Torah and its Mitzvot. and again every subsequent year. one less than the number of days in the year. It was only returned to them on the tenth of Tishrei. and I created the Torah to be an antidote for its ills. “My children! I created the Evil Inclination. exile and suffering (Shemot Raba 41:9). (Berachot 5a) Satan knows that only the study of the Torah can give the Jews the power to resist his advances. is easily understood based on what we have explained about the slaughter of the Satan at the end of time. or Yom Kippur (Rashi. too. fine. As the Midrash (Tur. The Satan and Angel of Death had good reason to panic upon hearing that HaShem was revealing His Presence to the Jews upon the Giving of the Torah. HaShem revealed himself to the Jews on Mount Sinay in a clear and unmistakable fashion (Devarim 5:4). In either case. The same may be said of the Giving of the Torah on Mount Sinay. you will be free from its clutches!” (Kidushin 30b) One should always wage a war with his Evil Inclination. This is meant to indicate that Satan rules over man only 364 days of the year. it will also be preceded by the Shofar blast of the End of Days. he is given forced vacation (Nedarim 32b.). As long as you study the Torah. the Jewish People would have ceased to experience death. Although the Torah was given to us on Shavuot. Perhaps Satan is “sent away” on Yom Kippur for the same reason that he was sent away on the original Shavuot. a loud trumpet fanfare precedes the king's arrival. HaShem told the Jews. If he defeats it. “On Yom Kippur the accusing angel sees that there is no sin in Yisrael and he declares. Why does Satan feel so threatened by the thought of leaving the Torah in the hands of the Jewish People? One would think that he would be pleased with the prospect of having 613 ways to accuse them rather than just 7! The answer lies in the following Gemaras: The Torah is a life-giving balm. Satan
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. Had they preserved the inspiration of that moment. On Yom Kippur. too. it is evident from the Midrashic sources cited at the start of our discussion that Satan felt it very important to prevent the Jews from receiving the Torah. This concept. however. It may be compared to a person who places a dressing on his son's wound and tells him. He would therefore do anything in his power to prevent the Jews from receiving it. 'Master of the universe. and Ran ad loc. Chazal tell us that the word “HaSatan” (“the Satan”) has a numerical value of 364. as long as you wear this dressing you may eat and drink and wash to your hearts content. Shemot 31:18). as soon as you remove it the wound will become infected. “My son. You have a nation that is unique on the earth! They are like angels!'” Satan has no power over us when we are directly experiencing HaShem's sovereignty. When a king travels. That blast will bring an end to the Satan and the Evil Inclination. In order for us to successfully receive the Torah.

during which she purifies and readies herself. saying that. Upon the completion of the six days of Creation. Also. as a gift in the form of His Spirit. Just as faith without works is dead. The real test lies in our willingness and ability to count and prepare for the Elohim of redemption. we are told that “HaShem saw all that He created.). of course. Pesach is when YHWH promised to marry Yisra'el. The difference is between redemption promised and redemption realised.” “*The* sixth day. the working out your salvation. in order to be worthy of receiving the Torah the Jews had to be elevated to a level from which they could plainly see HaShem's dominion and the hollowness of the forces of evil.e. The real festival of freedom did not come until Shavuot. Shavuot is the marriage itself. It requires teshuvah or repentance — a willingness to turn to YHWH. Pesach is merely the promise of freedom. a Ketubah (marriage contract). and stipulations of the covenant which included a homeland and a Holy Temple which would serve to maintain the covenant. The first seder took place in Mitzrayim (Egypt). which will enable us to reach that goal. so is a Redeemed community. “and dusk and dawn passed of *the* sixth day. when we were still subjugated by the Egyptians and even before the 10th plaque had occurred. “Weeks” is a name that speaks of the road which must be travelled which is the prerequisite for the accomplishment of our goal. you see.”
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.” points out Rashi. We want the golden calf instead. foresaw this from the beginning of time. In other words.. they gather against the Torah. i. not just some old boring instructions how to do things right. And then. the world will indeed be “very good. Bereishit ibid. Pesach needs Shavuot. when b'nei Israel would stand before YHWH on their wedding day. and at the same time. Salvation. the sixth day of Sivan. We want what feels good. Pesach. “the extra letter 'Heh' (a prefix meaning 'the') is meant to indicate that all of Creation was conditional to the Jews receiving the *five* (numerical value of Heh) Books of Moses at a future point in history. complete with a canopy (Har Sinay). HaShem. That is. We may be redeemed but don't need to hear any more from YHWH. perhaps. And after a short time. “'And behold it was very good' — this refers to the Evil Inclination. all of Creation was waiting for the sixth day — that is. otherwise the redemption is but an elusive dream. The seven weeks in between. is not really a festival celebrating freedom.” Very good. upon which the Torah was given at Mount Sinay” (Rashi. and behold it was very good” (Bereishit 1:31).had to be kept away until it was too late. “This is not what we want! We want to be FREE without these silly laws. who after being set free from Egypt.”
Shavuot also serves as a culmination to Pesach which began 7 weeks prior. and to expect His power. are like the 7 crucial days that a bride-to-be counts in preparation for her wedding. the Torah. but not when left alone. enters the desert with a complaining. The mutual themes hinted at in the previous discussions are that of revival and redemption. The Midrash (Bereishit Raba 9:9) explains. The verse continues. bitter spirit. There can be no achievement of a goal without such preparation.

” The driver says “Oh. which was the point of view most commonly held in the days of the Talmidim (disciples).” if you will. I don't need that. the events of Acts 2 echo what occurred on Har (Mount) Sinay. We are a TV generation taught to expect endless effortless instant gratification.The only problem with the attitudes above is that eventually it leads to the same sin of Navav & Avihu. the experience was far better than watching a re-make of Star Wars! Take a look at verse 3… 3 “And there appeared to them tongues as of fire distributing themselves. The purpose of life is to become close to the Creator of the world. and I have a sixth sense when the car needs a major service. Because the will of a person and himself are indivisible — the self expresses itself as the will. do we bring ourselves close to Him. And the reason it cannot connect is the seemingly redundant phrase “which He had not commanded them. I instinctively feel what the tire pressures should be. Our connection with HaShem is through doing His will. From a Jewish point of view. Life is no less demanding nor complex than a car. and for the Talmidim.” it was a sequel — “Mount Sinay II. and they rested on each one of them. The same sin is being committed by the church today. on a global scale. it wasn't only a “repeat performance. Imagine someone buying a new car. We live in an era where people are more interested in feeling spiritual than being spiritual. No one knows better how to operate a machine than its maker. That is what the Torah is warning us against in the story of Nadav and Avihu. Only when we do HaShem's will. some 1400 years earlier.”
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. but it cannot connect with the source. Rather more so! And yet many people are happy to coast along. or mail-order offer tries to replace the hard work of real spiritual growth. One more thing — your instruction manual. Rather. then by definition it was not commanded by HaShem. the Torah is the instruction manual of the world written by the Maker of world. “…And they brought before HaShem a strange fire that He had not commanded them…” (Va'Yikrah [Lev] 10:1) You see. And for people on the level of Nadav and Avihu. The “strange fire” may feel spiritual.” If it was a strange fire. the reason it was strange is because it was not commanded. The salesman says to the proud new owner “Oh. yes sir. assuming that they are not putting water in their spiritual gas tank. and only the Creator of the world knows how the world can be utilised to become close to Him. The mitzvot (commandments) are the will of HaShem expressed in concrete form. that was a failing of a very fundamental kind. where this-week's-guru. I know intuitively what octane fuel the car needs.” Few people when faced with operating something as precise and unforgiving as a car would leave these sorts of decisions to instinct and feeling. Its like having Pesach without Shavuot. Any other form of worship is merely feeling spiritual — it's not being spiritual. But.

Shavuot was originally marked as one of the feasts in which Jews were commanded to come up to Yerushalayim and worship in the Temple. This means that everyone heard the Torah in a way that they could understand it. we have: “And there appeared to them tongues as of fire distributing themselves. it provides the missing link to our sequel — “Mount Sinay II. the “thunder and lightning” in this passage literally reads “voices and torches.” (Shemot 20:18). It was designed so that the Apostles and all those who were present in the Temple Court that day would recognise this magnificent re-enactment of the giving of Torah on Har Sinay. therefore. as it said. But the text proclaims that they “saw” the voices. 'The voice of YHWH was heard according to strength. Then. In addition.” The term “tongues as of fire” is very similar to the “torches” that the people saw at Har Sinay. the very instruction of YHWH was revealed in booming voices that made Israel tremble. the Rabbis contended. back in Acts 2. languages of every region made Israel wonder. Contrast this to when men gathered to build the tower of Bavel. Har Sinay. The other thing that is interesting to note in the text is that in Hebrew. because voices are normally heard rather than seen. but they did not understand. but part of YHWH's larger plan to fulfill prophecy. without a word from YHWH. the most significant element was the commemoration of the giving of Torah on Har Sinay. What the people heard was one Elohim. and Har Tzion. they trembled with fear. and were brought forth in confused languages. “YHWH is one”. because the voices were their own. blessed be He. as if from two grand stages. as mentioned before.' (Ps 29:4)”.” But when the Greek translation of the Torah was completed in the 3rd century BCE (Septuagint). and they rested on each one of them.
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. From the other mountain (Tzion). was given to enable us to keep those instructions. The dates mentioned in Shemot (Exodus) reveal that Torah was given on Har Sinay fifty days after Israel had left Egypt. “voices” was translated “thunders”. the word “voices” is plural. but.From these two mountains. they also heard many voices. The instructions. “How then can He have more than one voice?” One rabbinical source describes their understanding of the event — “They (the voices) were heard by each man according to his capacity. In Hebrew. “When the people saw the thunder and lightning and heard the trumpet and saw the mountain in smoke. Israel's greatest revelations. the Law. even though they were a “mixed multitude” (Shemot 12:38).” and reveals why the 120 worshipping on the Temple Mount would connect the event to the giving of the Torah on Har Sinay. the Master of all the earth played out. but many voices. From one mountain. that Yeshua left for the Apostles to wait at Har Tzion for the Spirit were not arbitrary. Now. our beloved Torah. as the Spirit of the Set-apart One. How can this be? Only when you combine the voices with “torches” which was erroneously translated “lightnings” does it make more sense.

And in this second giving of the Torah of YHWH. Yo'el said that that YHWH is going to do something very special in one location — Har Tzion. instead of upon tablets of stone. But if we can connect Har Tzion to Har Sinay. announcing the beginning of the Messianic Age. In other words. by whose power we are able to appropriate the Torah: ì ì ì A “mixed multitude” who came to worship the Elohim of Israel Voices and torches that were seen (and heard) A sign of 3000. It would be the place where the Spirit would be poured out. Many peoples will come and say. This embodies the Messianic Vision. let us go up to the mountain of YHWH. 2. the word of YHWH from Yerushalayim
So Har Tzion would become the spiritual capital and centre of knowledge where the Remnant would gather for two reasons: 1. When you put all of this together. it will be raised above the hills. 3000 died when they rejected the Torah at Har Sinay. blessed be He. and its the very same conclusion that Peter arrived at. and all nations will stream to it. would immediately make a connection to their past and to all that their ancestors saw (voices and torches) when the Torah was given. Acts 2:15ff
These men are not drunk. the events in Acts were not just some unassociated miracles without rhyme or reason. as you suppose…No. And the key to this is found in Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 2:2-3:
In the last days the mountain of YHWH's temple will be established as chief among the mountains. So we know that the pouring out of the Spirit is related to Har Tzion. are present at the giving of the Spirit. Yechezk'el (Ezekiel) 39:29 further implies that this New Covenant will be a revelation of the face of YHWH. even as we were commanded and accustomed to personalising the story of our redemption. 'Come. `I do this because of what YHWH did for me when I came out of Egypt. you come to a very exciting conclusion. All of the markers that were present at the giving of the Torah. “On that day tell your son.What does this show us? Well.'” (Shemot 8:13). we will have come full circle. 3000 lived when they accepted the Torah through the Spirit on Har Tzion. its written upon the hearts of men.
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. is a neon sign. In place of Har Sinay. by means of the Spirit of the Set-apart One. to the house of the Elohim of Ya'akov. so that we may walk in his paths.' The Law will go out from Tzion. for one thing. He will teach us his ways.
What did Yo'el prophesy about? Amongst other things. for on Har Tzion and in Yerushalayim there will be deliverance…” (Yo'el 2:32). the Torah now comes forth from Tzion. this time. “And everyone who calls on the name of YHWH will be saved. this is what was spoken by the prophet Yo'el. It would be the place from which the Torah would go forth. it shows us the marvellous way in which YHWH repeated the phenomena of Har Sinay in such a way that the people who looked upon it. Acts 2 then.

With the enabling of Ruach HaQodesh. and to do so twice. Our enemies have always known that when we stop learning Torah. Shavuot. Melekh David wrote. and in so doing. CELEBRATION OF THANKS Shavuot also marks a time of thanksgiving. for our redemption and for our Torah.
Is it.
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. The idea is to relive the experience of the Revelation at Mount Sinay… preparing ourselves spiritually for the moment at Dawn… when morning prayers and the reading of the Book of Ruth begins. we shall all make this journey together. amongst the Orthodox. “Great peace have they who love your Torah.” in a way which he could understand. It is a time of rededication and commitment to learning Torah. Jewish custom is to stay up all night learning Torah. so that there would be no mistake in the interpretation? CELEBRATION OF GIVING Shavuot is the celebration of the giving of Torah on Har Sinay to the whole redeemed community. nearly 2000 years ago in Yerushalayim. In Yerushalayim tens of thousands of Jews begin to walk to the Western Wall from all points of the city.ì
Everyone heard in their own language. “speaking of the mighty deeds of YHWH. teaching them to your children. by simply reclaiming YHWH's instructions. for the first time on this day. those of you who live far from Yerushalayim can also relive this great day of giving of the Torah and of Ruach HaQodesh. One cannot love what one does not know. blessed be He. we shall not fail to achieve our part in the love relationship between us and the Set-apart One. and nothing can make them stumble” [Mizmor (Psalm)119:165]. therefore. our assimilation is inevitable. the morning service at dawn. as are all who dwell in the redeemed camp. The tiny streams of people then come together into a mighty flow of worshipers. any wonder why YHWH choose Shavuot as an everlasting feast to the people of YHWH. bnei Israel (the nation of Israel). attesting to His faithfulness to call out and redeem a people to Himself. A person cannot do or understand what he has never learned. On Shavuot. we now have the power to apply the knowledge of YHWH's will. and celebrating this appointed season of YHWH. our ultimate Beloved. A Jew is commanded to learn Torah day and night and to teach it to his children. We give thanks the Land. Without knowledge there is no commitment. and applying its eternal wisdom to our lives by means of the direct assistance of Ruach HaQodesh (the spirit of the Set-apart One). That is why the revelation at Mount Sinay is likened to a wedding ceremony… because we exchanged mutual statements of commitments. for the promises. who was also given to indwell Believers and write the Torah upon their hearts. but for now. Torah is the life blood of the Jewish people and of those who have been grafted in to the commonwealth of Israel. Virtually every synagogue and yeshiva have scheduled learning throughout the night ending with the praying of Shacharit. One day soon.

[Va'Yikrah (Lev) 7:12.” he is. Every evening. Unless we can admit that we have received or even need something. and “I desire to do your will. But did Titus really extinguish that eternal flame? The Beit HaMiqdash is a macrocosm of the human body. He's admitting that he is in the debt of someone else for a kindness he has received. admitting. It can mean “to give thanks.Unaccustomed as we are. It never went out.
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. your Torah is within my heart. That is why David HaMelech says. Each of the Temple's vessels represents a human organ. but of all those whose King is of the tribe of Yehuda. It's called the Ner Tamid — the eternal flame. It has two meanings. we are reminded of thanksgiving by the very definition of our name. you will notice that the placement of the various vessels — the altar.” What does admitting have in common with giving thanks? When a person says “thank you. O my Elohim.” These two qualities of admitting and of giving thanks should describe who we are. He would remove the still-burning wick and oil. The Menorah is the vessel that corresponds to the heart. One of its bas-reliefs depicts the Menorah being carried through the streets of Rome as part of the booty pillaged from the Beit HaMiqdash All its lamps are dark. soon to languish under the dust of ages in some Vatican vault. in order for a man to let his light shine.” “Le'hodot” is an interesting word. clean out its receptacle and then put back the burning wick and the oil. The Menorah also represents the light of Torah. when the Romans destroyed the Beit HaMiqdash it seemed that the little solitary flame had been put out forever. the Menorah — corresponds to the location of the vital organs in the human body. What does the word “Jew” mean? “Jew” is a translation of the Hebrew “Yehudi” which comes from the same root as the verb “le'hodot.” [Va'Yikrah (Lev) 24:2] Go into any Synagogue when it's dark and you will see a small lamp shining above the Holy Ark. we can never really say “thanks. there stands a triumphal arch built by the Emperor Titus.” and it can mean “to admit.” (Mizmor 40:8). Then he would kindle all the other lamps with the western lamp. The Ner Ma'aravi burned miraculously. we should still give thanks. the table. in essence. Eph 5:20] For Jews. CELEBRATION OF LIGHT “Command the Children of Israel…to kindle a continual lamp. That lamp is a memorial of the Ner Ma'aravi (western lamp) of the Menorah which the Kohanim lit in the Beit HaMiqdash. when the Kohen came to kindle the flames he would find the Ner Ma'aravi still alight from the previous evening. If you look at a plan of the sanctuary in the Beit HaMiqdash. It looks like some expensive antique. However. David well understood the Shavuot concept that the Torah must be written upon the heart. in accordance with the command. They should be integral elements of the collective persona of not only the Jewish People. In Rome. “Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path” [Mizmor 119:105].

Why is it that so many people today are choosing to return to the Torah, that their parents had forgotten? It is as though some mystical force is being transmitted in the spiritual genes of everyone who fears YHWH. Shavuot always awakens the light burning on the Menorah of the Believers heart across the millennia, and for this reason Shavuot was given. This light which can never be extinguished, and it burns miraculously, even without replenishment of the oil or wicks (the good works that the Torah produces). So, in a very real sense, the light Titus tried to put out continues to burn in the Menorah of the Believers heart. But you know what? Titus is in for some more disappointing news because the Menorah that is collecting dust in the Vatican is not the original Menorah. It is a copy. The original Menorah was hidden away (together with the other vessels) in the caves and tunnels under the Temple Mount. If while the Temple was standing, the western lamp of the Menorah burned miraculously without human assistance, why shouldn't it go on burning even after it was buried? That western lamp continues to “burn” under the Temple Mount throughout the long dark night of exile. It continues to “burn” to this day. And it will continue to “burn” until Mashiach comes. Then, the light of the Menorah of the Believers heart will be revealed as identical to the light of the Menorah in the Beit HaMiqdash CELEBRATION OF YERUSHALAYIM In the Talmudic tractate Pesachim 54A, the sages teach from the Torah that “seven things were created before the world was created, and these are they: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Torah; The concept of repentance; Gan Eden (The Garden of Eden); Gehenna; The Throne of Glory; The Beit HaMiqdash (Temple); The Name of the Messiah.”

What have all of these in common? Much in every way I am sure. But certainly for each, the focus is always upon Yerushalayim On Shavuot, the anniversary of the giving of the Law and the Spirit, as you study and eat, and study and eat again, ponder these things: 1. The Prophet says “…from Tzion shall the Torah go forth, and from Yerushalayim, the Word of YHWH.” [Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 2:3]. 2. Yeshua the Mashiach announced to Yerushalayim only four days before His death, as he overlooked the city from the Mount of Olives, “You will not see me again, until you cry out (in repentance…) 'Baruch HaBah BaShem Adonai' ('Blessed is He who comes in the Name of YHWH.').”

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3. Gan Eden has always been, and continues to be located on the Temple Mount, in the centre of Yerushalayim. All Scripture testifies to this immovable fact (e.g. Ez 28:11ff). It once served, and will again in the near future, serve as a portal passage from Earth to YHWH's heaven. Pentecost is a prime example, when the Spirit fell upon 120 who were worshipping on the Temple Mount. 4. Gehenna, which represents the antithesis of Yerushalayim, finds its earthy counterpart in a valley called “Gey'hinnom” which runs just to south of the Old City. Here it is believed by many, that when the Mashiach appears, YHWH shall gather to this place, the nations who tried to scatter His people and divide His Land, and there enter into judgement against them, in this Valley called Yehoshaphat (YHWH will Judge), spoken of my the Prophet Yo'el (3:2). 5. The Throne of Glory will, during the Great Shabbat (the millennial age) be occupied by the King of Glory, Yeshua, who shall rule from the City of the Great King, Yerushalayim. 6. He shall build the Holy Temple once again, in accordance with the word of the Prophets, most notably Yechezk'el (Ezekiel) 40ff and Yochanan (Revelation 20ff), in the City which YHWH has chosen place His Name, and to install His King — in Tzion. This would seem to be most fitting for He who is the Living Torah, for which our Torah is but a shadow of things to come. It is as if YHWH's brilliance was being projected onto Yeshua (the Living Torah), and the shadow that results, which we see, is the Written Torah. Since the day I brought my people out of Egypt, I have not chosen a city in any tribe of Israel to have a Temple built for my Name to be there, nor have I chosen anyone to be the leader over my people Israel. But now I have chosen Yerushalayim for my Name to be there, and I have chosen David to rule my people Israel.' (Devray Yamim Bet (II Chronicles) 6:5-6]. 7. There are many Names given to the Mashiach throughout the Tanakh, but the common denominators are that His name is everlasting — for something to be eternal, not only does it have to be there at the beginning of time, but it has to be there at the end of time as well — and He shall reign over all the earth, from one location on the earth, namely Yerushalayim. Mizmor 72:17
His Name has endured forever from before the sun. His name is Yinnon, and all are blessed through Him. All the nations acknowledge Him.

Mizmor 2:2-6
The kings of the earth take their stand and the rulers gather together against YHWH and against His Mashiach…The One enthroned in heaven laughs…He rebukes them in his anger…saying, “I have installed my King on Tzion, my setapart hill…”

On Shavuot, celebrate the fact that HaQadosh Yisra'el, baruch Hu, has the last word, and not Yasser Arafat.
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Take a look at 1 Shmu'el 15:29. The following revelation is written:
He who is the Glory of Israel does not lie or change his mind; for He is not a man, that He should change His mind.

The Hebrew words for “Glory of Israel” are “Netzach Yisrael” and that phrase can be understood in two ways: First, it can mean the `Eternal One of Israel' — HaShem — who will not lie, who will never desert His people through the long night of exile. But “Netzach Yisrael” can also mean `the eternity of Israel' or `the victory of Israel' will not lie. The survival of the Jewish People, and their identity through both persecution and the cunning embrace of assimilation, will not lie. It will stand as an everlasting proof that the Jewish People are what the Torah calls them: An eternal nation with a mission from YHWH. The Nations can be encouraged by this, for if YHWH keeps His promises with Israel, then surely He will keep them with regard to the nations as well. It was Samuel the prophet who said `the eternity of Israel will not lie' nearly 3,000 years ago. How could he have known that the Jewish People would still be around in 1967, some 3,000 years after he spoke that prophecy? And not only were they around, but they were recapturing the city he had helped to re-identify on the exact day that he passed on to the world of truth. You see, the heart of a Jew is Yerushalayim. and even in our morning prayers we say: “To you HaShem is the Greatness, the Power, the Glory, and the Victory (Netzach)…” The Talmud (Berachot 58a) tells us that Netzach here refers to Yerushalayim. Victory is Yerushalayim. Eternity is Yerushalayim. But the enemy of all ages doesn't like this, and he is bent on destroying this ideology or any people who accept this ideology, for he knows that once Yerushalayim. regains its place in this world, he himself must come to an end. Israel has always been the one severely criticised by the media and by world leaders for exacerbating the situation in the Middle East and jeopardising this idol of the nations — the “Peace Process” — and it will surely climax with the conflict over Yerushalayim. as the two opposing forces vie for the same territory, and the same designated capital. The Bible is not silent on this subject, nor should any Bible Believer be silent. As Shavuot dawns, remember Psalm 122, and read the prophets, especially Zekharyahu 12:2-9, and pray! Inquire about our (the Remant's) peace. Turn your eyes and your hearts towards Yerushalayim. and towards the Believing Remnant in the Land. The Messianic promise is that God will prevail and “Netzach Yisrael” will shine forth for the Eternal One of Israel cannot not lie. He will keep His promise, the promise He made to our fathers. Yirmeyahu (Jeremiah) 33:10-11
“This is what YHWH says: `Yet in the towns of Yehuda and in the streets of Yerushalayim., there will be heard once more the sounds of joy and gladness, the voice the bride and the voice of the bridegroom…For I will restore the fortunes of the land as they were before,' says YHWH.”

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CELEBRATION OF SHAVUOT Briefly, I would like to share with you some of the JEWISH customs associated with Shavuot In so doing, please do not assume that I endorse the “taking hold” of these customs by the Gentiles. I share them here with the idea that since the Torah belongs to the whole Redeemed Community, including the Gentiles, they too should have the opportunity to get creative and develop their own traditions and customs. Perhaps our customs will help you develop your own unique expressions, where the Torah is silent with regard specific “how to's.” 1. Shavuot is a holiday which bids us to share what we have, in keeping with the Torah commands to feed the stranger, the orphan, the widow and other poor and unfortunate people within the redeemed community. 2. Milk dishes are customary foods, symbolising the Torah which is likened to milk, according to an allegorical interpretation of the Song of Songs. Meat is not eaten on Shavuot 3. In synagogues, it is customary to read Megalith Rut (the book of Ruth) whose setting also takes place in spring and at harvest time. One of the central messages of Shavuot, that of voluntarily taking upon oneself the instructions of YHWH (Torah) is shared in the story of Rut who expressed her loyalty to the Torah and to the Jewish people by freely embracing both. Rut was the Great Grandmother of King David, and according to the Talmud, David was born and died on Shavuot 4. An additional custom connected with the holiday is that of spending the night before Shavuot in prayer and study so as to be prepared spiritually for the commemoration of the giving of the Torah. That Fateful Shavuot: A fresh look at Acts 2 through the eyes of “Progressive Revelation” By Ariel and D'vorah Berkowitz The principle of Biblical continuity, or progressive revelation, is an important factor to consider when we are attempting to understand how the revelation of the Apostolic Writings relates to the revelation in the period of the Torah. Progressive revelation is the theological way of describing the fact that YHWH discloses His truths in a gradual and deliberate manner. Dr. Clarence E. Mason defines this concept, as follows:
It was not YHWH's purpose to reveal all the truth concerning any one doctrine at one given time. Rather His method has been to unfold progressively the doctrine through successive writers. In light of this fact, later books may be expected to elaborate upon and elucidate the teachings of the earlier.1

There are many examples that can illustrate the concept of progressive revelation. Perhaps one of the most exciting is comparing the concept of the Mishkan/Temple in the Tanakh with the Temple discussed in the Apostolic Writings. When we explore this comparison, we will be better equipped to understand one of the most important events in the history of YHWH's people, the events that took place in Acts chapter 2 and that fateful Pentecost.

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Evangelical scholars generally agree that “The Word teaches that the Church was founded on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2).” 1 We think that there might be another explanation for what happened in Acts chapter 2. What we are about to say is merely a suggestion! We do not mean to propagate the following as if it is absolute truth. It is difficult to be a theological fish and attempt to swim upstream against the current fashions of biblical interpretation. In a sense, that is what we are about to do in presenting our theory below. What you are about to read is our attempt to practice the principle of progressive revelation and apply it to the biblical teaching concerning the nature of the body of Messiah. Please grant us the grace to be wrong, if necessary! At the same time, please give the following ideas a chance. Having written the above preface, here is our thinking regarding what happened in Acts 2 and how it demon strates a biblical continuity between the Mishkan/Temple of the Tanakh and that of the Apostolic Writings. We do not necessarily agree with Dr. Thiessen and a host of other fine Bible teachers who suggest that the church was born on Pentecost in Acts 2. Yes, we do agree that something special did happen when the Ruach HaQodesh (Set-apart Spirit) visited YHWH's people on that fateful Shavuot Yet, we do not think that this event was the beginning of a movement which would divorce itself from the Land, the people, and the Scriptures of Israel. At the outset, we should note that the group of Messianic believers who were worshiping YHWH on this Set-apart Day were Jewish believers. They were wondering when YHWH would “restore the kingdom to Israel” (Acts 1:6). Messianic Jews in the Book of Acts never departed from the Torah in lifestyle or worship; they simply knew Yeshua to be the focal point of the community in which the Torah was the basis of life and instruction. Furthermore, they expected this same type of community to exist with the new believers from among the nations; this became especially evident when they encouraged the fearers of Heaven to continue following the Torah. Another Movable Mishkan In our opinion, the events which occurred on this occasion represent a shift from that which was a covenant reality in the period of the Tanakh to a change under the Renewed Covenant. The major change lay in the form in which the Temple was now to exist. In the Torah, YHWH commanded that a Mishkan (Tabernacle) be built, where He would manifest Himself and where the people would worship Him via offerings and sacrifices. Later, this movable Mishkan was made permanent and named Beit HaMiqdash, the Temple. Now from the time of the events of Acts 2, this Temple would again become a movable Mishkan. However, the materials for this new Temple would be what the Apostolic Writings calls “living stones” — the lives of all who are called by YHWH's grace to be a part of the body of Messiah. To understand our viewpoint, one must realise that the meeting of believers recorded at the opening of chapter 2 took place in the Temple. The fact that the “blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting” leads many to believe that the disciples were meeting in the “upper room.” However, scholar Danny Litvin rightly observes:
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Secondly. we would not be surprised to find out that many on that day had their eyes opened by the Spirit of YHWH to exactly this message!)
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. thus completing the shift of emphasis from a Temple made of stones to a house made of living stones. in Israel. rather. functioned as the Temple of the living Elohim. I Corinthians 3:16-17. Even if the room had a balcony and the disciples were all standing on it speaking in tongues.
We believe this for two reasons.” [one] would say.Such an interpretation is fraught with difficulties. the Apostolic Writings clearly speaks of the chosen remnant of YHWH as the Temple. Messiah Yeshua Himself being the corner {stone} in whom the whole building. First. as did the rest of their Torah-observant countrymen. Rather.”3
Where would these Torah-observant Jews have been on the morning of Shavuot? It seems clear that the disciples were meeting on the Temple Mount. “He is in the house. Consequently. I Corinthians 6:19-20 and Ephesians 2:19-20 all describe the called-out holy community which was living the Torah.” This is a Hebrew idiom used to indicate location.2 In addition. “the house” does not necessarily refer to a person's private home. We know that within a few years after the Shavuot of Acts 2.” which translated literally means “Mountain of the House. in so doing. If one were to say in Hebrew. “He is sitting in the house. the Temple in Yerushalayim was destroyed. this location is a central part of our argument. the Hebrew word for house (bayit) can either mean an everyday house in which people live or the Temple which stood on Mount Moriyah. celebrating Shavuot as was their custom every year of their lives. in whom you also are being built together into a dwelling of YHWH in the Spirit. if you were to take a taxi and ask the driver to take you to the Temple Mount. The Set-apart community. it seems that YHWH was making a clear statement about the new Temple. because of what He did on that day. It appears that He was saying that the new and the visible Temple in the world would now be one in which living stones would be built into a spiritual house Ephesians 2:21-22
…upon the foundation of the apostle's and prophets. Even today. (However. you would ask him to take you to “Har Habayit. It is impossible to imagine a crowd of three thousand people or more gathered with the disciples (verse 6) if they were in a small upper room. the narrow streets of Yerushalayim would not allow three thousand people to hear voices emanating from one small balcony. In Acts chapter 2. Indeed. being fitted together is growing into a holy temple in the Master. we are able to discern it now in light of the completed revelation of the Apostolic Writings. This was not necessarily understood on that day. this phrase was commonly used during the Second Temple period to denote the Temple itself. the Shavuot of that year became the day in which YHWH made a public proclamation before the nation of Israel: The set-apart community of believers in Yeshua would now be His Temple. Litvin states:
There is no need to assume that they were sitting together having a meal or discussing things around a table or on the floor.

hence. actually emanated from the heavens. while in context coming from the Holy of Holies. and even perhaps before then. YHWH smells the sweet aroma of our lives as we daily offer ourselves in service to Him as living sacrifices. we as believers are instructed to pray without ceasing. It was based on the Torah concept of cleanings. another rabbinic tradition says that a portion of that same flame was carried into the Holy Place and used for the fire upon the altar of incense. brethren. so also did He send this fire from heaven upon His new altar-the body of believers. There is another compelling reason to believe that the events recorded in Acts 2 happened in the Temple Mount and not in the Upper Room. thus identifying them as the living stones which now would make up His Temple. When we offer our bodies as instruments of YHWH's righteousness on the earth. and there were added that day about three thousand souls. “I urge you therefore. In addition to the Talmudic tradition about the fire from heaven coming down to set the altar of sacrifice ablaze. the sweet aroma of our sacrifice brings Him great pleasure. {which is} your spiritual service of worship. In order to understand and appreciate how this occurred we need to know something about baptism and something about the layout of late Second Temple period Yerushalayim. by the mercies of YHWH. if we think about baptism in a typical Baptist setting. is. the incense represents the prayers of the tzadekim (Revelation 5:8). the Apostolic Writings instructs believers. The text in verse 3 indicates that the fire divided into tongues that touched each of the disciples.77 In other words. Fire came out from the presence of YHWH and consumed the burnt offering and the fat portions on the altar. enabling the savor of that sacrifice to rise up to YHWH as a pleasing aroma.” (Romans 12:1) The flames of fire upon the altar of sacrifice in the Tabernacle consumed the burnt offerings. It was a practice of symbolic cleansing widely used by the Jewish people of the Second Temple period. just as the incense was to burn continually in the Temple. We are told in Acts 2:41 that after Peter preached a sermon. small ponds. and the glory of YHWH appeared to all the people.” That is a lot of people to believe at one time! What is just as startling. Christians did not invent baptism. Accordingly. just as YHWH had sent the fire from heaven (from the presence of YHWH) to alight upon the altar of sacrifices. or even sizeable streams in the vicinity of Yerushalayim which can accommodate such a mass baptism-that. What were these flames? The Torah states in Leviticus 9:23 that when the priests and Levites were consecrated for their ministry. YHWH sent fire from heaven for the altar of sacrifice. “So then. is the fact that they were all baptised! Anyone who has ever been to Yerushalayim knows that there are no lakes. rather than walking carelessly in our flesh.” A Talmudic tradition based on this passage in Leviticus holds that this fire. On the Shavuot of Acts 2.78 As indicated in the Book of Revelation. they came out “blessed the people. acceptable to Elohim. however. those who had received his word were baptised. In the same way.The second reason for our interpretation of Acts chapter 2 is our understanding of the flames of fire which alighted on the heads of Yahushua's disciples. When someone was “baptised” he went into a
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. to present your bodies a living and holy sacrifice.

In recent years. In addition. It symbolised a change of status such as changing from being a single person to a married person. since one became in a state picturing death (one cannot live under water). YHWH used the flames of fire to identify the new Temple. Up to this point. especially when we consider the fact that YHWH changed them from being a sinner to being a saint. the true meaning of that defining moment in Acts 2 hinges on two concepts. but it was unheard of among the Jewish people of the First Century. Coming up out of the water pictured a new life coming out of a womb. when they came out of the water. Rather immersing into the water was a symbol of several different things. Moreover. This was considered a symbolic act. then. People simply immersed themselves. But what about the vast amount of people who went into the mikveh? Where could that have been done? Here we must relinquish any notion that there was a preacher standing.small pool of running water and immersed himself. the Elohim of Israel was also. the Temple will once again stand in the midst of Yerushalayim and again. it would move with believers wherever they were sent with the Good News of Yeshua. it was at this moment that He gave us the essential gifts and empowerment we would need to accomplish the task of taking the Good News to all nations of the earth. First. They were possibly going through a change of status. in our view. The water itself did nothing for the person. A witness stood by making sure that all of their body went into the water. On this page as well as on page six at the beginning of this article several pictures are shown of one these ancient Miqvaot There was one structure alone that could easily accommodate hundreds of people going into the mikveh in a short period of time. archaeologists have discovered dozens of Miqvaot (ritual immersion pools) located just outside the doors of the Second Temple period wall that surrounded the Temple mount. Thus. their Messiah. Going into the water was likened to dying. went into the mikveh they undoubtedly would have given verbal testimony about the reason they were immersing themselves. Essentially.e. perhaps with his elders. This Temple would be like the movable Mishkan of old: rather than standing in a fixed spot. the nations will come up to worship the King in Yerushalayim. Moreover. cleansing them from their sin. it had been the norm for the nations to come up to Yerushalayim. and perhaps listening to their testimony. I am also sure that they would not have been able to contain the joy they experienced because they were forgiven and cleansed from their sin by the blood of Yeshua.
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. In the millennial age. But an individual simply went under by himself. Yahushua's immersion). Now the Temple would go out from Yerushalayim-unto the uttermost parts of the earth. Another reason why a person would have immersed himself was to indicate that he was a convert to Judaism. or going into the ministry of being a Torah teacher (i. it would have been quite natural for them to go to the mikveh. people also immersed themselves when they repented of their sins and sought to demonstrate the fact that YHWH cleansed them of their sin by symbolically immersing into a pool of fresh water.1 These new Jewish believers were not converting to Judaism. This scene may be typical of many of our contemporary churches. Second. dipping people backwards into the water while they held on to them. When these Jewish men and women who had just believed in Yeshua as a result of Peter's preaching.

The offering of the first barley sheaf took place on the day after Passover. and you shall be My witnesses both in Yerushalayim. He told His students to wait in Yerushalayim.All that was needed for us to be the true “movable Mishkan” was provided for. and even to the remotest part of the earth. and the sending forth of His followers with that task.” while used to designate the special festival day on which the first fruits of the wheat harvest were presented before YHWH. their empowerment. actually refers to the entire period of the grain harvest of about seven weeks. Non-Jews together with the remnant of Israel are YHWH's called-out people. If we continue in this manner of interpretation. This meant that if no barley was ready for harvest. two different flows of the stream of YHWH's covenanted people. There is biblical continuity between Israel-the people of YHWH in the times of the Tanakh-and this present age. For. we will remain a fractured body of Messiah-one in which the Church and Israel (represented by the believing remnant) are seen as two distinct spiritual entities. The time of the Palestinian barley harvest was the key to the Jewish religious calendar. the ceremony of the barley wave-sheaf offering the day after Passover marked the starting point of the fifty days countdown to Shavuot. Yeshua emphasised this necessary empowerment when He predicted the events recorded in Acts 2. Counting from the Omer. while speaking to the specific needs of the local communities to whom they were sent. Just before returning to His Father's throne in Acts 1:6-8. the celebration of Passover had to be delayed by intercalating a month in the lunar calendar. and in all Judea and Samaria. Admittedly. This is neither necessary nor true to our reality as believers in the same Messiah! THE RECKONING OF SHAVUOT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT In ancient Palestine. because Passover could not be observed until at least some of the barley was ready for harvest. There is a long history of stressing perceived differences between those called out before and after the events of Acts 2. Then He declared to them. the grain harvest lasted seven weeks. some differences may exist. Yet whatever characterised the believing community before Pentecost is that which would also characterise them afterward.” Notice the connection between the giving of the Spirit of YHWH to Yahushua's followers. presumably because Shavuot was approaching.
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. such as the addition of multitudes to the continuing stream of the remnant people of YHWH. Since barley ripens a few weeks before wheat. designed to function most consistently in their identities as new creations and as a holy community when the Torah is being lived out in their midst. “But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. beginning with the barley harvest right after Passover and ending with the wheat harvest seven weeks later. and their mission. it was a simple sequence: the Spirit coming upon them to empower them for their new task. The term “Feast of Weeks. As far as He was concerned. the Torah is the basis for further instruction on the nature of that community in this present age. The epistles of the Apostolic Writings merely expound on its principles. in addition to being that which established and defined the holy community in the past.

from the first cutting of barley to the completion of the wheat harvest. This is implied by the very name “Feast of Weeks,” that is, a feast extending over seven weeks. However, only the beginning and the end of the fifty days were marked by a waveoffering (a tenuphah). This entire period was of special significance to the Israelites, who were called to recognise YHWH as the source of the early and latter rain that made the Spring and Fall harvests possible (Jer 5:24) The date of the Feast of Weeks was reckoned by counting seven weeks from the first putting of the sickle to the barley: “You shall count seven weeks: begin to count the seven weeks from the time you first put the sickle to the standing grain [barley]” (Deut 16:9). The problem was to determine on which day the first sheaf of barley, known as omer, was to be cut and presented as a wave-offering before YHWH. This determination was based on the instructions given in Leviticus 23:15-16: “And you shall count from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven full weeks shall they be, counting fifty days to the morrow after the seventh sabbath; then you shall present a cereal offering of new grain to YHWH.”1 According to this text, the ceremony of the wave-sheaf offering took place on “the morrow after the sabbath.” From this Sabbath, seven weeks were counted to the Feast of Weeks. Since the term “Sabbath” is used to refer both to the seventh day of the week and to the annual Feasts mentioned in the same chapter (Lev 23:8, 21, 23, 32, 34), the question is, What is the meaning of “Sabbath” here, seventh day of the week or festival day? Two Methods of Reckoning. This question became an outstanding point of contention between the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The Pharisees interpreted the “Sabbath” as the festival day of Passover, Nisan 15, which was also the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Thus, they waved the first sheaf of barley on the following day, Nisan 16, and from that day they counted the fifty days to Shavuot. The chief support for this interpretation comes from the Greek version (Septuagint) of Leviticus 23:11: “The priest shall wave the omer on the morrow after the first day [of Unleavened Bread].” But in verse 15 of the same chapter we read, “You shall count from the morrow after the Sabbath.” The word “Sabbath” in Greek, when used by itself, can mean only the seventh day of the week, or the week as a whole, but not an annual feast. In the Targum of Yerushalayim we find the same interpretation for Leviticus 23:11, “After the first festal day of Passover.” Philo and Josephus support the same tradition. Philo writes: “Within the Festival of Unleavened Bread there is another festival following directly after the first day.”3 In a similar vein, Josephus writes: “From the second day of Unleavened Bread”4 they count fifty days. Indirect support for this interpretation is also found in Joshua 5:11: “And on the morrow after Passover, on that very day, they ate of the produce of the land, unleavened cakes and parched grain. And the manna ceased on the morrow, when they ate of the produce of the land.” The “parched grain” was obviously the fresh grain from the Spring harvest that could be eaten only after the offering of the first sheaf of barley. This suggests that the offering of the wave sheaf was made on the day after Passover, Nisan 16, which marked the beginning

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of the fifty days to the Feast of Weeks. This has been the normative Jewish tradition that has continued to our days. The Sadducees, however, supported by the Boethusians, the Karaites, and the Samaritans, took the word “Sabbath” to mean literally the first Sabbath that fell during the week of Unleavened Bread. Support for this interpretation comes from the fact that the word “Sabbath” by itself is never used in the Bible to refer to an annual feast. The Day of Atonement was designated by the compound expression Shabbat Shabbaton, usually translated as “a sabbath of solemn rest” (Lev 23:32; 16:31). This means that they counted the fifty days from the first Sunday after Passover. Consequently, Shavuot for them always fell on the same day of the week, namely, Sunday. This method has the advantage of finding its counterpart in the Christian day of Shavuot, which occurred on a Sunday because it fell fifty days after Messiah's resurrection on the first day of the week (Mark 16:2; Acts 2:1). In spite of this advantage, I concur with Alfred Edersheim: “The testimonies of Josephus, of Philo, and of Jewish tradition, leave no room to doubt that in this instance we are to understand by the 'Sabbath' the 15th of Nisan, on whatever day of the week it might fall.”5 This means that Shavuot was celebrated by most Jews fifty days after Passover, on whatever day of the week it fell.6 It is interesting to note that in the particular year of Messiah's death and resurrection, the two different methods of reckoning concurred on the date of Shavuot. This is because, according to the Johannine chronology of the passion which we defended in chapter 2, Passover (Nisan 15) fell on a Sabbath, and the offering of the wave sheaf on Sunday (Nisan 16). This fulfilled the Pharisaic interpretation of Leviticus 23:15, which counted the fifty days from the day after Passover (Nisan 16). Amazingly, it also fulfilled the Sadducean interpretation, which counted the fifty days from the first Sunday after Passover. Shavuot described in Acts 2 fell on a Sunday by both systems of computation. Perhaps it is providential that Messiah fulfilled both interpretations in the year of His death and resurrection. The Wave Sheaf-Offering. The countdown to Shavuot began with the offering of the first barley sheaf (known as omer) on the day after Passover. The ceremony was called s'firat ha-omer, that is, “the Counting of the Omer,” because on that day the Jews began counting the fifty days to Shavuot. The purpose of the wave-sheaf offering was to consecrate and inaugurate the Spring grain harvest which lasted about seven weeks until Shavuot. The ritual of this offering is described in Leviticus 23:9-14: “Say to the people of Israel, when you come into the land which I give you and reap its harvest, you shall bring the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest; and he shall wave the sheaf before YHWH, that you may find acceptance; on the morrow after the sabbath the priest shall wave it. And on the day when you wave the sheaf, you shall offer a male lamb a year old without blemish as a burnt offering to YHWH. . . . And you shall eat neither bread nor grain parched or fresh until this same day, until you have brought the offering of your Elohim: it is a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.”

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The cutting of the first barley sheaf entailed a lively ceremony. The sheaf was cut in the evening, put into baskets, and held until the next day, when it was brought to the Temple (formerly perhaps local sanctuaries) to be ceremonially waved by the priests.7 The Talmud states that a priest would meet a group of pilgrims on the edge of the city and from there lead them to the Temple mount singing and praising YHWH. Together with a priest they proclaimed: “A wandering Aramaen was my father; and he went down into Egypt . . . and YHWH brought us out of Egypt . . . into this place and gave us this land, a land flowing with milk and honey. And behold, now I bring the first of the fruit of the ground, which thou, O Lord, hast given me” (Deut 26:5, 8, 9,10). When they arrived at the Temple, the priest would take the sheaves, lift some in the air and wave them in every direction to acknowledge YHWH's sovereignty over the whole earth.8 Before the offering of the sheaves, no reaping of the harvest for personal use could be done (Lev 23:14). A portion of the wave-sheaf was placed on the altar and the rest was eaten by the priest. A male lamb was sacrificed as a burnt offering (Lev 23:12). THE DATE OF PENTECOST TODAY Ambiguity in the Dating Method. The question of the date on which to observe Shavuot today is more complex than it might at first appear. There are two major problems. The first problem is the ambiguity of the method for dating the feast in the Old Testament. The Feast of Weeks in Old Testament times was reckoned by counting seven weeks from the first putting of the sickle to the barley: “You shall count seven weeks: begin to count the seven weeks from the time you first put the sickle to the standing grain [barley]” (Deut 16:9). This was a rather ambiguous method for determining the date of the Feast of Weeks, because the counting of the fifty days (counting of the omer-barley sheaf) could not begin until at least some of the barley was ready for harvest and a sheaf of it could be presented as a wave-offering before YHWH. If, because of weather conditions or failure to synchronise the lunar calendar with the solar year, none of barley was ready for harvest, then both Passover and the offering of the wave sheaf would be delayed by a few weeks. This means that the determination of the dates of Passover and Shavuot was conditioned by the state of the calendar and of the barley harvest. Once the barley harvest was ripe, the second problem was to determine on which day the first sheaf of barley, known as omer, was to be cut and presented as a wave-offering before YHWH. According to Leviticus 23:15, this ceremony was to take place “the morrow after the sabbath.” Since the compound expression “a sabbath of solemn restshabbath shabbathon” is used to designate both the weekly Sabbath and the Day of Atonement (Ex 31:15; Lev 23:3, 32; 16:31), the question is, Which Sabbath is meant, the weekly Sabbath or the annual Passover Sabbath? This question became one of the outstanding points of contention between the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The Pharisees interpreted the “Sabbath” as the festival day of Passover, Nisan 15, and thus they waved the first sheaf of barley on the following day, Nisan 16. From that day, they counted the fifty days to Shavuot. This has been the prevailing Jewish tradition that has continued to
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our day.49 The Sadducees, however, supported by the Boethusians, the Karaites, and the Samaritans, took the word “Sabbath” to mean literally the first Sabbath that fell during the week of Unleavened Bread. This means that they counted the fifty days from the first Sunday after Passover. Consequently, Shavuot for them would always fall on the same day of the week, namely, Sunday. This method of reckoning Shavuot was widely accepted in early Christianity, apparently even by (Quartodeciman) Christians, who observed Passover not on Easter-Sunday, but by the fixed date of Nisan 14. No Controversy over the Date of Shavuot. Surprisingly, contrary to the date of Passover which stirred up a bitter controversy, we find no trace of any controversy regarding the date of Shavuot in early Christian literature. We noted in chapter 3 that the adoption and promotion of Easter-Sunday was strongly rejected by those Christians (mostly Jewish-Christians) who wanted to remain faithful to the apostolic tradition by observing Passover according to the Biblical date of Nisan 14. One would imagine that the same Christians who adamantly refused to adopt the EasterSunday date promoted by the Church of Rome also would also have refused to adopt the counting of the fifty days of Shavuot from the first Sunday after Passover. We would expect them to follow the traditional Jewish method of counting the fifty days of Shavuot from the day after Passover (Nisan 16), irrespective of the day of the week. Apparently that was not the case. How can we explain the absence of any opposition to the dating of Shavuot from the Sunday after Passover to the Sunday occurring fifty days later? Presumably, two factors contributed to the general acceptance of this dating. The first factor could have been the fact that Shavuot was viewed more as a joyful season lasting fifty days than a feast observed on a single day. During the first three centuries, Shavuot was observed primarily by refraining from fasting, kneeling, and mourning during the fifty days of the feast. Since the observance of Shavuot consisted more of a mood of rejoicing over a period of fifty days than a manner of observing a specific day, Christians must have felt that observing the season of Shavuot was more important than arguing about the precise date. It is noteworthy that even among the Jews the Feast of Weeks, as the name indicates, was viewed as a harvest season extending over seven weeks. Moreover, in the dispersion where getting the calendar right was difficult, a second day was added to the first “in order that on one day at least the festival might be observed in common by the Jewish world both in the land of Israel and also in the dispersion.”3 This suggests that even among Jews there was a certain freedom in determining the date of Shavuot. A second factor could have been that both the resurrection of Yahushua and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit occurred on a Sunday. By reckoning the fifty days of Shavuot from the first Sunday after Passover, it was possible to commemorate these two important events of the Shavuot season on the actual day of the week on which they occurred. The early Christians may have found support for their method of dating Shavuot from Jewish sectarian traditions (Sadducees, Boethusians, Karaites, Samaritans) that counted the fifty days of Shavuot from the first Sunday after Passover.

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A Word of Caution. The problems outlined above regarding the date of Shavuot should caution anyone about the risk of being dogmatic on the date for observing the feast today. From a historical perspective, two methods could be legitimately used today to establish the date of Shavuot. The first is to reckon the fifty days of Shavuot from the day after Passover (Nisan 16), which means that Shavuot could fall on any day of the week. This dating is supported by the traditional Jewish interpretation of Leviticus 23:15, which understood the phrase “the morrow after the sabbath-Shabbat” as referring to the annual Passover Sabbath. This method is still used by Jews today to date their Shavuot. The second dating method that could be used today is to reckon the fifty days of Shavuot from the first Sunday after Passover, which means that Shavuot always would fall on a Sunday. This dating is supported by the sectarian Jewish interpretation (Sadducees, Boethusians, Karaites, Samaritans) of Leviticus 23:15, which took the word “Sabbath” to mean literally the first Sabbath after Passover. Consequently, they counted the fifty days from the first Sunday after Passover. This method of dating Shavuot was widely accepted in the early Church, apparently even by those who observed Passover by the fixed date of Nisan 14. THE OBSERVANCE OF SHAVUOT TODAY A Tentative Proposal. Since a good case can be made for using either method for determining the date of Shavuot today, it behoves us to respect those who choose to observe Shavuot at a date different from ours. At this point in my research I tend to support the reckoning of the fifty days of Shavuot from the first Sunday after Passover. My reasons are essentially three. First, the phrase “the morrow after the sabbath-Shabbat,” which is used in Leviticus 23:11, 15 to designate the starting point of the countdown to Shavuot, could well refer to Sunday, because the term “Sabbath” was ordinarily used for the seventh day of the week. In fact, this is the way the Greek version (Origen's Hexapla) understands the two passages. Two marginal notes to the two verses read, “the day which is after the Sabbath and “the first day after the Sabbath.”4 The term “Sabbath-Shabbath” by itself is not used in the Old Testament to designate annual feasts. Only the compound expression shabbath shabbathon, usually translated as “a sabbath of solemn rest,” is used to refer to the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:31; 23:32), but not to the feasts in general. The absence of any instance where the term “Sabbath” is used by itself to designate an annual feast supports the view that the “sabbath” of Leviticus 23:11, 15 is most likely the weekly Sabbath. In such a case, the “morrow after the Sabbath” would be Sunday-the day from which the seven weeks were to be counted. My second reason for supporting the Sunday to Sunday reckoning of Shavuot is the instruction give in Leviticus 23:15 to count “seven full weeks.” The phrase “seven full weeks” suggests seven complete weeks running from the first to the last day of the week, or as we would say today, from Sunday to Saturday. Even the name “Feast of Weeks” suggests that the feast consisted of complete weeks. In this case the seven weeks would be counted from Sunday to Sunday.

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conclusion of Sukkot…The day following Sukkot and the end of that festival. and the creation account in Genesis 1. Shavuah Chuppah A bridal week of one “seven” spent in the honeymoon chamber. although the daily service now has nineteen and other services seven
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. this profound insight has been swept under the carpet. A term for the Messiah — cf. It is also said at candle-lighting. the sages taught that the Messiah would come before the end of the year 4000. thirty-day mourning period. Every Jewish bride had the right to enjoy a shavuah Chuppah. the difference is relative. such as birth and marriage. This blessing is said at beginnings and other happy occasions in people's lives. Shemesh Tzadekah Sun of Righteousness. Based on this text. Kiddush and certain other specific times during festival observances…a blessing over mitzvot which are performed once a year or over new fruit in its season. YHWH. Malakhi 4:2. Shemini Atzeret Literally: the eighth day of assembly.e. Tishri 22. Shem HaMeforash The Ineffable Name. Whether we count the fifty days of Shavuot from the first day after Passover or from the first Sunday after Passover. First. In modern non-Messianic Judaism. because it was observed in the early Messianic Assembly more as a season of rejoicing than a specific holy day. i. Sheloshim The second period of mourning.My third reason is the consistent witness of the early Church that observed Shavuot from the Sunday after Passover to the Sunday occurring fifty days later. Second. The fact that this dating of Shavuot was widely accepted without signs of opposition suggests that the early Christians viewed it as Biblically sound. Shemoneh Esreh “Eighteen” — the number of blessings originally in the important part of the daily prayers recited in silence while worshipers stand — hence this name is applied to all such standing prayers. because we would still be observing most of the season of Shavuot at the same time. as the Sun of Righteousness and Light of the World. because Shavuot began in the Old Testament as a harvest festival whose date was determined by the ripeness of the wheat crop. She'elot u-Teshuvot Questions and responses to queries on matters of Jewish law by rabbis and sages. Shehecheyanu Literally: A blessing said to the Almighty for keeping us alive. The method we use today to determine the date of Shavuot may not be as critical as for other feasts.

writing. ruling. Shin The first letter of the word Shaddai. Shevarim A shofar sound. Shevet A stick (for punishing.) or (figuratively) a clan. walking. staff. Sheol Abode of the dead.
v
The shin is understood to be the sign of YHWH which marks those belonging to Him. Shimshon Samson.blessings. fighting. these are recited or chanted at a wedding ceremony prior to the sharing of a cup of wine by the bride and groom. etc. rod. sceptre. Sheva Berachot Literally: seven blessings. Also called Amidah (standing) or simply Tefillah (prayer). Combines adoration with entreaty. Observant Jewish men form the shin on their hand and foreheads when they worship. in obedience to the commandment that they should bear the Name of YHWH on their hand
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. tribe.

Most popular prophecy teachers link the “mark of the beast” to high-tech silicone chip implants. especially when resting between the keruvim over the seat of atonement of the Ark of the Covenant in the Qodesh haQodeshim of the Beit HaMiqdash. the Sh'khinah is identical with the kivod HaShem ('the Glory of YHWH'). and that they will mislead Gentiles and not Jews. Shitre Erusin A betrothal contract. Sh'khinah A word not in Scripture. “This is the face of the Sh'khinah. The Encyclopaedia Judaica (Volume 14. Revelation 13 intimates that the False prophet. He suggests that the kivod HaShem ('the Glory of YHWH') is the scriptural term. However. will adapt and pervert this into a form of worship of the False messiah. the numinous immanence of Elohim in the world.” …Both the messengers in heaven and the righteous in the Olam ha-ba ('the world to come') are sustained by the radiance of the Sh'khinah… According to Sa'adyah Gaon [882-942 YM]. internal evidence in Scripture point to an adaptation and perversion of a Jewish mode of worship by the False prophet. Thus on the verse.and forehead. the rabbis remark. and the Sh'khinah the talmudic term for the created splendour of light which acts as an intermediary between YHWH and man…
Sh'lamim Peace offerings. which serves as an intermediary between YHWH and man during the prophetic experience. we conclude that movements that seek to convince Gentiles that they are the “ten lost tribes of Israel” may provide the necessary doctrinal leverage to the False prophet to introduce his perverted form of a Jewish mode of worship into the service of the False Messiah. pp. Sh'liach Plural: Sh'liachim. but used by later Jews and by Christians to express the Presence of the Almighty in the world. “the earth did shine with His kivod” (Yechezk'el 43:2). Shiqutz shomem See: Abomination of Desolation. Since we have shown that the False messiah and False prophet will initially be based in Europe. …a revelation of the holy [qadosh] in the midst of the profane… One of the more prominent images associated with the Sh'khinah is that of light. Shir HaMa'alot “Songs of Ascent” in the Book of Tehillim. 1349-1351) defines the Talmudic term Sh'khinah as follows:
…the Divine presence.
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. the false Elijah of the endtimes.

staccato blasts. The shevarim is three short blasts sounding like a sigh. It is a long. 45:14-25 is a beautiful declaration of the exclusiveness of YHWH. Sh'liach Tzibur Cantor in a synagogue. YHWH is One.A person sent forth as an Agent to perform a task for a Principal. is drawn out and is called a tekiah gedolah — the great tekiah. Jewish understanding is that the legal identity of the Agent becomes that of the Principal when the Agent performs the task given to him by the Principal. O Yisra'el. while the tekiah is a long clear blast. He is one. Shofar Plural: Shofarot. as well as the final tekiah blast of the Ne'eilah part of the Yom Kippur service.
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. Yom Teruah is the mo'ed (appointed time) when the blowing of the shofar is the most important. The utter uniqueness of YHWH.” His intrinsic Unity — a Unity with diversity inside it. apostle. Sh'michah Ordination. Sh'lomo Solomon. but echad. The last tekiah blast of middle 60 shofar blasts of the Yom Teruah Mussaf service. piercing cry for redemption. He is Qadosh. said to be symbolic of the eradication of evil and misdeeds. Yeshayahu 44:6. affirm and presuppose the Sh'ma. “Gans Anders. but is experienced in different ways. The Sabbatical year at the end of each 7 year cycle. Sh'mitah The Release — the seventh year in which the land lies fallow and debts are released or annulled. Qadosh. Hear.
The Messianic writings build upon. YHWH is our Elohim. Qadosh. There are three shofar sounds: the tekiah.
The term echad denotes: ì ì ì Exclusiveness. The teruah is a series of extremely short. Sh'ma The pivotal statement of Scriptural belief — Devarim 6:4-9:
Sh'ma Yisrael Adonai Eloheynu Adonai Echad. Sh'mu'el Samuel. by laying on of hands. He is not said to be yachid — a single unity devoid of diversity. Ramshorn trumpet. the shevarim and the teruah.

The sage Sa'adyah Gaon (YM 892-942) wrote a very famous paper giving ten reasons for the blowing of the shofar on Yom Teruah. The sound that will be made. by Rabbi Yosef Karo. YHWH amidst the sound of the shofar.
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. The great/loud shofar. it recalls the sounds heard at the revelation at Mount Sinay.” one of the Eighteen Benedictions of the Amidah. Shome'a Tefillah “The One Who hears prayer…. set in the HaQodesh of the Beit HaMiqdash.
The shofar symbolises the establishment of the Malkut Shamayim — the Kingdom of YHWH — on earth. it is also a call to prayer. Shulchan Lechem haPanim Table of the Bread of the Faces/Presence. Shomer Watchman. symbolising that man should bend his will before the Almighty. It looks forward to the resurrection of the dead. The shofar symbolises past and future events in redemptive history. Shomron Samaria. Shulchan Aruch Literally: a set table. Code of halakhic law applicable to today…the Book of codified Jewish Law. renewal. the Coronation of the Messiah and the full redemption with the coming of King Messiah. It looks back at the horns of the ram caught in the thistles during the Akeida (binding) of Yitzchak. Shofar haGadol See: shofar. This Psalm exalts YHWH as King of all the earth. Tehillim 47 is recited 7 times by the congregation.The shofar must have a bent shape. Shulchan Table. Its theme is kingship and coronation:
Elohim is gone up amidst shouting. Yeshayahu 27:13 and Mattityahu 24:31 teaches that this is the shofar (ramshorn trumpet) that will be blown at the full redemption with the physical coming of King Messiah to Yerushalayim. Immediately preceding the Shofarot section of the Yom Teruah Mussaf service. Shulchan Orech Table set for a meal…one of the fifteen phases of the Seder ceremony. is a tekiah gedolah.

is believed to have been a member of this group — the designation “Judas Iscariot” may be a Hellenised version of the term Yahudah haSicarii — “Judas the cut-throat. holiday marking the conclusion of the yearly cycle of Torah readings and the beginning of the new cycle. It requires repentance. Yahudah. refers to an intentional sin. Furthermore.
Sinay Mount Sinai. This mountain does not have a campsite at its base. Saudi-
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. The word literally means “cut-throats. The true Mount Sinay of Scripture is not the so-called Mount Sinay in the Sinay peninsula in present-day Egypt. the final fall holiday.e. a happy event. There is no evidence of this at the traditional site. the mistake would not have occurred.” These Zealots were involved in political assassination of Romans as well as Jews suspected of co-operating with the Romans. rather than from rebelliousness. the talmid who betrayed Yahushua to the Romans. too. read on the Shabbat. Sin The Talmud (Yoma 36b) classifies three main categories of transgression: ì ì ì Pesha is a wrong committed with the intention of rebelling against YHWH and casting off His sovereignty.Sicarii A fanatic group of Zealots. This traditional “Mount Sinay” was “anointed” as the “holy mountain” by a female psychic who never even visited the site. Simchat Torah Literally: joy of the Torah. Siloam A pool of water in Yerushalayim. restitution and forgiveness because if more care had been exercised. but one that results from weakness in the face of desire. Sidra Plural: Sedarim. Chata'at is an unintentional sin as a result of carelessness. Avon.” Siddur Plural: Siddurim. Sha'ul states in Galatians 4 that Horev (Sinay) is in Arabia. Prayer book…daily and Shabbat prayer book. and has no cave — Eliyahu the prophet stayed in a cave in Mount Horev (1 Kings 19:8-9). i. Scripture portion of the week. Simchah Literally: joy. does not have water for more than 100 people. The summit of the true Mount Sinay should show signs of the scorching fire that accompanied the Theophany.

the ancient Edom. To this day.
The Chinese “border sacrifice. one can see evidence of a camping site large enough to house " !!! !!! people.
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. brought there by the Sinites when they migrated eastwards from Mesopotamia after the confusion of languages at Bavel. these shall come from far: and. It may be hypothesised that the “border sacrifice” contained some original knowledge from the time of Noach. Strongs Concordance defines Sinim as follows:
5515 Siyniym “see-neem” A people living at the extremity of the known world…the inhabitants of southern China. from which have branched some Japanese. and these from the land of Sinim. Bedouin shepherds call it the “Mountain of Mosheh. would be wise enough to rule all of China. these from the north and from the west. There is impressive evidence that the true Sinay or Horev is the present-day mountain Yabal Al Lawz in Saudi-Arabia (i.” The mountain also contains the “caves of Mosheh. Sinite Î Sinim The Sinites is one of the Hamitic tribes — specifically the Chinese people. there are also 2 altars built from stone. ancient Edom). There is a water source. Siyum The completion of the study of a Talmudic tractate.Arabia. Koreans and Vietnamese.” This area has been fenced off by a 4 meter high fence and is patrolled 24 hours per day by SaudiArabian guards issued with machine-guns. Confucius said that anyone who could figure out why the “border sacrifice” was done.e. and that people from as far as Sinim will be gathered: Yeshayahu 49:12
Behold. We get our prefix Sino.” performed annually at the Temple of Heaven in Beijing — which bears no signs of ever having been a pagan temple — until early this century. as one would expect from Exodus 24:4. This certainly does not square up with the location of the traditional site. closely approximates many of the sacrifices of the Israelites.
Yeshayahu 49:12 promises that the ingathering (osef) of the acharit-yamim will cover the entire earth. Mystery. From the top of this mountain. boundary markers as well as a petroglyph of an Egyptian golden calf. This mountain has been scorched at the top — rocks display distinct signs of an intense fire. among others.(referring to Chinese matters) from this name. There are 12 pillars at the base of this mountain. Sod Something that can only be comprehended at a deep level of understanding of Scripture. behold. Sisra Sisera.

is only temporary. She ceased to be a living creature.37.” and was again a living creature. when the prophet Elijah performed a miracle regarding the dead son of the widow of Zarephath. ceasing to be a living being.Sofer Plural: Soferim A specially trained scribe.15. when describing the creation of man. This is a Hebraism for dying. Soul The word soul is an unfortunate translation of the Hebrew term nephesh. Not that he was given one. of what benefit would it be for a man to gain the whole
world and forfeit his soul? what really would a man give in exchange for his soul? Similarly he stated.” or living creatures. 26. When Rachel was giving birth to Benjamin. The “signs of life” — pulse and breathing — returned. Luke 12:20. 38) and He can and will restore such one to life as a creature in the resurrection of the tzadekim. Examples of the Greek word Psykhe meaning life as a creature may be found in Mattityahu 6:25.” i. in as much as he lives in the purpose of YHWH (compare Luke 20:37. life as a creature. For the tzadekim. Since the tzadekim (righteous) have the hope of resurrection following death.
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. an animal.e. Yochanan 12:25
“He that is fond of his soul destroys it. Acts 20:10. 10:39. or the life that a person or an animal enjoys. In Genesis. they have the hope of living again as “souls. 38. but he that hates his soul in this world will safeguard it for everlasting life. Similarly. John 10:11. Really. not permanent — compare Revelation 12:11.”
While men can kill the body. Soul mainly refers to the person.”
These texts and others like them show the correct meaning of Yahushua's words in Mattityahu 10:28:
“Do not become fearful of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. the child's nephesh came back into him and “he came to life. For that reason Yahushua could say that Mattityahu 8:35-37
Whoever loses his soul [his life as a creature] for the sake of me and the good news will save it. 16:25. but rather be in fear of him who can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna. the loss of their “soul. they cannot destroy the person for all time. that is her life as a creature) went out from her and she died — Genesis 35:16-19. 13. her nephesh (soul. human or animal. 15:13. the writer states that he became a living soul (nephesh chaiah). Both Nephesh and the Greek word Psykhe also mean life — not merely as an abstract force or principle — life as a creature.

Sod Deep meaning. or by suffocation. superhuman. 21:1. Psalms 78:50. Son of Man Hebrew: Ben-Adam. 6:6. Exodus 12:15. Mark 3:4. Mattityahu 10:28 states that Elohim “can destroy both soul [physkhen] and body in Gey Hinnom. covering. 20. Greek: musterion (mystery). Ordination. indestructible. 22:27. or being in danger of death due to drowning — Yonah 2:5. Hebrews 10:39. both Hebrew or Greek. The translation “soul” leads to an unscriptural anthropology (doctrine of man). There is in fact. an understanding that is arrived at after deep study and prayerful contemplation. 20. Haggai 2:13. Acts 3:23. Sukkah Plural: Sukkot. Whether by sword. Revelation 8:9. The sublime. As dying.
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. Mattityahu 2:20. On the other hand. Yechezk'el 13:19. Iyov 7:15. Joshua 10:37. in which the words nephesh or psykhe are modified by terms such as immortal. stable. Leviticus 7:20. Iyov 33:22. Proverbs 23:14. Nephesh is usually better translated as “being. Judges 5:18. 22:4. and also as going down into the pit or sheol. Joshua 10:28-39. Numbers 23:10. Josh 2:13. there are scores of texts referring to the nephesh or psykhe as mortal and subject to death: Genesis 19:19. 26:38. eschatological judge who will receive all authority to judge all in heaven and earth in Yom YHWH. 14. Yechezk'el 33:6. Psalm 16:10. Yechezk'el 18:4. Aramaic: Bar-Anash. 13.On the other hand. Messianic title found in Dani'el 7:13. meaning simply “a dead person” — Leviticus 19:28. 49:15. 16:3. 23:29. or the like. being “cut off” or destroyed: Genesis 17:14. Psalm 89:48. deathless. Apples of gold in dishes of silver. The expression “deceased soul” or “dead soul” also appears a number of times. Ya'akov 5:20. 32. not one case in the Scriptures. Numbers 5:2. 16:16.” This shows that Psykhe does not refer to something immortal or indestructible. 30:3. or being delivered therefrom. 1 Kings 20:31. He is the corporate personality who embodies and represents the qadoshim of HaElyon (the setapart ones of the Most High) in Dani'el 7. compare Numbers 19:11. Sotah A woman suspected of adultery. imperishable. Psalms 22:39. Literally: booth.” S'mikhah The laying on of hands.

”
Sunagoge An assembly of persons. Water-libation. Kohelet read during Sukkot. The festival of booths.
T
Ta'anit A section of the Talmud on Fasts…a fast day. The four species. Tachath The bottom. While nowhere do we find the Hebrew prophets calling upon the gentile world to observe any of the Jewish festivals. trust and obedience — the mountain would become a Chuppah — a marriage canopy to them. Should rebel against the covenant. the mountain would fall on them and crush them to pieces. this is not so with Sukkot.Sukkot Literally: booths. under. Symbol of universal shalom in the Messianic Kingdom. we read that Mosheh escorted the children of Yisra'el to a position tachath Mount Sinay when they received the Torah and entered into the covenant. Sukkot also reflects a distinctive universalism. The mountain would be removed from them as a threat. prophesied that in the end of days. Festival of the Nations. Festival that commemorates Israel's wanderings in the desert after leaving Mitzrayim.
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. Sukkot terminology and themes: The joyous festival. The festival of our Rejoicing. in his vision of the messianic era. “it shall come to pass that everyone that is left of all the nations that came up against Yerushalayim shall go up from year to year to worship the King. The sages taught that the Almighty lifted up Mount Sinay and that it hovered over the people. YHWH Tzva'ot. Eventually it would be the Messiah — the Stone that would smash all Gentile empires and fill the whole earth (Dani'el 2). Receiving exalted guests. If they entered into the covenant by emunah — the triangular interaction between knowledge. The prophet Zekharyahu. Hayim Halevy Donin. Festival of ingathering. Feast of Liv'yatan. In contrast to all the other Jewish festivals…Sukkot was also given a universal character in addition to these intimate national characteristics. Tishri 15 – Tishri 21. beneath. and to keep Chag Sukkot. The clouds of kivod (radiance). A pilgrimage festival. and looks forward to the millennial kingdom. Hoshana Rabbah. Tachanun A prayer of supplication. underneath. and be cast into the sea. In Exodus 19:17. in Sukkot. (1974) writes (quotation Hebraised):
Parallel to the messianic motif [of Sukkot] and its theme of Israel's redemption. Waving of willow branches.

if you have faith and do not doubt. Numbers 15:38 specifies that one of the eight threads of each fringe be dyed blue. Tallit Prayer shawl with ceremonial fringes. The tallit is not worn at night because the commandment. Numbers 15:39. `Go. not only can you do what was done to the fig-tree. It later became customary for the synagogues to establish their own practices. At the first prayer service of each day the Tallit is worn. Today. The depths. Passing from a state of tamei to tahor usually involved bringing a prescribed sacrifice and purification through washing by water. The Tallit is worn during morning worship. The Tallit was created as a garment to hold the fringes that are attached to each of its four corners. “I tell you the truth. on the four corners. The person who is tahor has been removed from a declared state of ritual impurity and declared by YHWH to be free from the vestiges of his or her contact with the realm of sin and/or death. the opposite of tamei. Low parts. Tallitot are made primarily of wool. In the synagogue the wearing of a tallit is mandatory when an individual leads the congregation in prayer or is honoured with an aliya.' and it will be done…”
Tachrichim Burial shrouds. The commandment for this is Numbers 15:37-41: “Speak to the children of Israel and bid them to affix fringes to the corners of their garments” so that when the Israelites see them.This is believe to be the cultural and theological context in which we should read Yahushua's words. the congregants drape themselves in their tallitot while their is still daylight. specifically states that the fringes must be seen. The tallit is worn at the Kol Nidre night service only because the service begins before nightfall. whether at home or in the synagogue. throw yourself into the sea. The sole exception is Tisha b'Av. on which day the tallit is worn only during the afternoon service (Mincha). and at night objects are not easily visible. called tzitzit. they will be reminded of the commandments of YHWH. Tahor Being in a state of ritual purity. nether part. Taharah Ritual purification of the deceased in preparation for burial…washing of the dead body. silk or rayon and are decorated with black or blue stripes. in most synagogues a tallit is worn by all men at morning services. In talmudic times only married men wore the tallit.
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. Mattityahu 21:21
Yahushua replied. but also you can say to this mountain. Tachtiy Lowermost.

Observant Jews wear a small tallit. tallit katan. Student. The small tallit is also referred to as arba kanfot. comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. This serves to enhance their concentration. when it can be seen. Literally: a wise student. Talmid Plural: Talmidim. Since the tallit with its tzitziot was to be worn during the day. women who decide that they wish to abide by the tzitzit commandment on a regular basis are permitted to do so under Jewish law. then this is part of Torah.” a taught one. a special undershirt with four corners each bearing tzitziyot. taught one. One who learned both knowledge. wisdom. meaning “four corners. learner. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah. Talmid Plural: Talmidim. expressed in loving obedience to Torah from his teacher.” From lamad œ “to study. under their shirts all day long. Tallit Katan A small prayer shawl. love of YHWH. women were freed from this obligation. allow the fringes to hang outside their clothing to comply fully with the Biblical commandment which requires that the fringes be visible.As in the case of teffilin. But if you would bind yourself to the Jewish people and take on yourself the Torah. A wise person. Some. A scholar of the Torah. Talmid Chakham A scholar of the Torah. His actions had to match his confession. understanding. Talmud “Instruction. A sage. A student-follower of a rabbi. Talmid chokham Î Talmid chokhmah Plural: talmidei chokhmah. There are two Talmuds — the
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.” A collection of Jewish halakhah and aggadah. Tallit Prayer shawl with tzitzit (ceremonial fringes) on all four corners.” Is this an obligation for the non-Jew? Scripture speaks specifically to the Children of Israel. Yemenite Jews wear the tallit katan over their shirts but under their coats. However. It is customary to gather up the fringes from the four corners of the tallit and to kiss them when reciting certain prayers. (The Hebrew term for corner or wing is k'naf). particularly Chassidim. a “learner. Sephardim cover their eyes with the fringes of the tallit when reciting the Sh'ma. women are not obligated to fulfill positive Torah commandments that must be observed at specific times.

and the Ketuvim…The Hebrew Scriptures. A man who buried his dead father would be tamei. but would have sinned. The Talmud is a multi-volume set of books. Tanakh Trilogy of Torah. Serpentine monster. Kh œ Ketuvim (Writings). Tanna'im Rabbis of the Mishnaic period. Sages from Hillel (died circa 10 BM. The custom of reading services in Aramaic following the Hebrew goes back to hundreds of years before the great Diaspora. in turn. is a very faithful translation. depends on there being a kasher Parah Adumah (Red Heifer). The Targumim provide interpretations of the text of
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.Yerushalayim Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. N œ Nevi'im (Prophets). This. and Writings formed from initial letters of the Hebrew Torah. Targum Plural: Targumim. Prophets. the Targum Bavli. Note that the Tamid is not intended to make atonement. Nevi'im. However. read to the populace in Babylonian periods. almost like a typical Encyclopædia. there will be no sin (transgression of Torah) and no death. The term may be understood as “not ready. Coming into contact with the realm of sin or death makes an Israelite tamei. it does not mean that the person has sinned. in the fulness of His Kingdom. The Tamid can only commence if there is a functioning priesthood in Israel. the compiler of the Mishnah. Tannaic Pertaining to the Tanna'im.) to the sages of the generation after Rabbi Yahudah haNasi. The liv'yatan is a tanin.” T œ Torah. and nothing directly to do with the rebuilding of the Temple. which is the more authoritative. studies at a traditional Jewish public school. It teaches us that.” The states of tamei and tahor teaches us that YHWH is qadosh — radically different (“gans anders”) and that death and sin is alien to His Being. even though he did a good deed. Tamei Being in a state of ritual impurity. also known as the Targum Onkelos. the threefold division of the Tanakh. Translation. and that the appearance of a kasher Parah Adumah has everything to do with the Tamid. Traditionally the name given the Aramaic translation of the Scriptures. Except for some interpolations and paraphrases. If he refused to bury his father. An acronym for the Hebrew Scriptures or “Old Testament. Tanin A creature that is long and large. he would not be tamei. Tamid The daily continual sacrifice in the House of Elohim. Less faithful to the text are the Targum Yerushalmi and others of fragmentary character. Talmud torah Study of the Talmud.

or to set an example of how to remain uncorrupted by riches. and how to achieve the transformation. Techelet The blue colour the tzit-tzit are supposed to be. In Hebrew thought.
The Talmud (Bava Kama 2a) defines man as a mav'eh — “a creature that prays” and also teaches that even the nefesh — the life-sustaining soul. to teach and guide us. it forces you to surrender where your task is to conquer. the commandment to pray is expressed in the Torah as a service of the heart. Today. but the blessings depend on each person's mission. Another's mission may call for modest or reduced circumstances… […] We may enter adulthood with the idealism of youth and a faith ingrained by parents and teachers. refining process of discovering what one is. One man's task may be to act as HaShem's treasurer. for it tends to remove truth from you and to offer falsehood. the art of making dye with the colour techelet. and was given to communicate truth to us. Tefillah Prayer. The architecture and services of the House of YHWH are also a tavnit of the original in Heaven. To the extent that we are transformed and improved by prayer. the Targum opened the way for the insertion of explanations and clarifications which amplified the text. what one should be. whatever matters to him most?… …Prayer then. one can once again buy tzit-tzit with Radzine techelet. not of the mouth (Ta'anit 2a). for his soul and intelligence are what make him 'man' rather than simply a higher order of beast. The following has been taken from the Overview. The Almighty communicates to us through pictures and patterns. In the eloquent words of Rabbi Shimshon Rapha'el Hirsch: Life often robs you of the power and strength its circumstances make necessary. to amass wealth and distribute it for worthy causes. After the destruction of the Second Temple. a Timeless Need in the Artscroll Siddur — an Orthodox Jewish Prayerbook. The Radzine community of B'nai Brock in Yisra'el claims to have discovered both the source and the means for producing the correct colour dye. Tavnit Pattern. Prayer.Scripture. What makes us
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. Since the inspired text itself could not be changed or altered in even the smallest way. we become capable of absorbing Elohim's blessings. Indeed. prophecy operates by historical events in Scripture being a foreshadowing tavnit or pattern of eschatological events which will have their consummation in Yom YHWH. is not a list of requests. a clarifying. is synonymous with prayer (Berakhot 5b)… …What is a man but his soul. but life chips away incessantly at them. was lost. And what is man's soul but his innermost longing. Modern society has learned that people “burn themselves out” if they never withdraw to relax and regain perspective and inner strength. It is an introspective process.

is used for a court of law (Shemot 21:22). for the spoken word is symbolic of the most elevated act of man's soul.
Tefillah specifically refers to the central group of prayers in each service. decision-making process of tefillah— prayer. it would be unnecessary. meaning that the subject acts upon himself. She poured out her heart silently — her voice was not heard by others. but her lips moved…even a silent prayer must be spoken [by moving the lips]. (from pallal). to clarify. In life. meaning a clear separation between two things. Prayer is a process of self-evaluation. Its true purpose is to raise the level of the supplicants by helping them develop true perceptions of life so that they can become worthy of His blessing. articulate the wisdom of His Torah. we constantly sort out evidence from rumour. alternatively called the Amidah or Shemoneh Esreh. Targum Onkelos renders: man became ruach memal'lah. The Hebrew verb for praying is mitpallel.
16 Literally:
“Prayerbook for the Service of the Heart.think we can fight the moral war demanded by Elohim without removing ourselves from the trenches every now and then to regain our perspective on the purpose and strategy of the battle? The Hebrew word for prayer is tefillah. The sages regard her outpouring of distress and devotion as the very epitome of the grandeur of prayer. a speaking spirit. a process of removing oneself from the tumult of life to a little corner of truth. sets man apart from animals. People always question the need for prayer — does not HaShem know our requirements without being reminded? Of course He does. fact from fancy. a living being (Genesis 2:7). The faculty of intelligent speech. If prayer were intended only to inform the Almighty of our desires and deficiencies. Thus. and what is the function of a court if not to sift evidence and make a decision? A logical extension of pallal is the related root pe-lamed-he: palah. valid options from wild speculations. it must be expressed in the form that is most representative of the human soul— intelligent speech.”
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. He knows them better than we do. prayer is the innermost longing of the soul. Indeed. and refastening the bonds that tie one to the purpose of life. selfjudgement. That tefillah requires clear enunciation of the words is derived from the prayer of Hannah — 1 Shemu'el 1:15. The Torah tells us that Elohim breathed life into Adam and man became nefesh chaiah. to differentiate. the word pelilah. to decide. because it blends man's intelligence and imagination with his ability to put concepts into words. more than any other. as we have seen above. but it is through speech that man can praise HaShem. […] Tefillah is a uniquely human function. and unite with others to create a phalanx of servants dedicated to doing HaShem's will. The root of tefillah is pe-lamed-lamed: pallal. prayer is the soul's yearning to define what truly matters and to ignore the trivialities that often masquerades as essential (Siddur Avodat HaLev16). to judge. This is the function of the evaluating. The exercise of such judgement is called pelilah. Clearly there is more to the soul than the power of speech. it is a reflexive word. Since. Targum Onkelos seems to equate speech with life. a word that gives us an insight onto the Torah's concept of prayer.

we have a constant reminder not to follow the dictates of evil inclinations. The mitzvah to do this is given to Yisra'el in Devarim 6. are placed four separate pieces of parchment. Tefillin Phylacteries. 1985: 55) that the sage Rambam taught that teffilin on the arm. (This is an unusual name. Tefillin are worn only during the day. When HaShem's majestic handiwork stirs my spirit. which stands for El Shaddai. Originally. I am looking inside — perusing the depth and intricacy of the Divine design.)
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. Rabbinic Commentary: By wearing the tefillin on the arm and the head. These are considered two separate mitzvot. each containing one of the same four passages. The tefillah shel yad is tied with retzuot — leather-straps — to the muscle of the left arm (if the wearer is right-handed) and facing the heart. and on the head. Jews wore their tefillin all day and removed them only at night. The Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor states (Scherman. Tehillim Psalms. consecrates one's physical.A venerated Torah sage of the past generation. because the grammatically correct plural of tehillah (psalm) is tehillot and not tehillim. the mitzvah of tefillin is now normally carried out in the morning only. emotional and intellectual capacities to the service of the Most High. indicating that the work of our hands and the thoughts of our minds must be dedicated to YHWH. he is yet obligated to wear the tefillah shel rosh. next to the heart. Into the tefillah shel rosh. 11-16 and Devarim 6:4-9. The Hebrew letter V. there is no need for two “Otot” on the same day. on which are inscribed four extracts from the Torah. are formed with the straps. Thus if one has an arm missing. not behind the fontanel nor below the hairline. one placed on the arm (shel yad) and the other on the head (shel rosh). The tefillah shel rosh is placed on the head. There are two Tefillin.” Tefillah Zakah A “prayer of purity” recited upon the advent of Yom Kippur before Kol Nidrei. On the Sabbath Jews do not wear tefillin because Sabbath itself is an “Ot”. when gazing out the window at the countryside. These sections include: Exodus 13:1-10. The least one can do is to wear tefillin during the recitation of the Sh'ma and the silent prayer of the Amidah. I use the siddur of Dawid ha-melekh himself — the very entirety of creation. They are two four-cornered boxes. it is not incumbent upon the woman to fulfill this mitzvah. Prayer boxes with leather straps worn during weekday morning worship. said “I am not looking outside. A piece of parchment made from the hide of a kasher animal is placed into the tefillah shel yad. which has four sections. I immerse myself in prayer. 11:13-21. As a result of to circumstances prevailing in the Diaspora. Since there is a time element involved.

The redeemed community needs to wear the garments of Torah. This is misleading. good deeds. and a light unto my path — Psalms 119:105.” Telos [G] To set out for a definite point or goal. “but he fixed no time when they were to come to it. how much of it do the peoples of the world possess! Behold. Parable of the The Parable of the Ten Virgins / Wedding Banquet The parallel between Rabbinic stories and the parables Yahushua presents in Mattityahu (Matthew) 22:2-14 and 25:1-13 (Invitations to the Kings banquet and the Ten Virgins. An ancient mound in the Middle East.
Rabbi Yahudah haNasi said:
To what may this be likened? To a king who made a banquet to which he invited guests. and Torah. Teki'ah A shofar sound. “We will in due course notice when the king's banquet is to take place. the smith to his charcoal. saying. Midrash Rabbah — Ecclesiastes 9:7
LET THY GARMENTS BE ALWAYS WHITE. respectively). anoint yourselves with oil. the potter to his clay. it speaks only of precepts. Notice the similarities and centrality of Torah in these stories compared to Yahushua's parables. The traditional translation “ark” comes from the Latin “arca” meaning a box or a chest.Teivah The Ark of Noach. where the same emphasis is made.
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. because the Hebrew word does not mean a box-shaped structure. The wise among them walked about by the entrance of the king's palace. The point aimed at as a limit. wash your garments. Ten Virgins. and prepare yourselves for the banquet. “Go. wash yourselves.
Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakkai said:
If the text speaks of white garments. Tel Plural: Tellim. brush up your clothes. They said. how many of these have the peoples of the world. Tel Aviv may be translated as “Hill of the Spring. The righteousness (tzedekah) of the Messiah is the goal (telos) at which Torah (Scripture's instruction) aims. but simply refers to a floating vessel. Ultimate or prophetic purpose. and carry their lamps filled with oil (Torah) for “Thy word is a lamp unto my feet. Hill. AND LET THY HEAD LACK NO OIL (9:8). because can there be a banquet without labour [to prepare it] and company?” So the plasterer went to his plaster. composed of the remains of successive settlements. “Does the king's palace lack anything?” The foolish among them paid no regard or attention to the king's command. is striking. He said to them. the washer to his laundry. and if it speaks of good oil.

” You might suppose that the latter were simply to depart. or even a cry of alarm. although that species of animal may be eaten. for example. 3:18). The king was pleased with the wise ones who had obeyed his command. and look on and be grieved. but the king continued. The actual Scriptural designation for the 1st day of the 7th month is literally: “the memorial day of Blasting” (Leviticus 23:24). or ram's horn (as in Leviticus 25:9). Eliezer was asked by his disciples. “let thy garments be always white. Teruah A shofar sound.Suddenly the king ordered.” Similarly in the Hereafter. 1 Samuel 4:5). as Isaiah declares. Isaac B.” Terefah Food that is not kasher as a result of a defect in the animal. occurs 36 times in the Hebrew Scriptures. and then all his days will be lived in repentance. a loud shout. though the
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. Kappara said:
It may be likened to the wife of a royal courier who adorned herself in the presence of her neighbours. “Should he not all the more repent today lest he die the day after. let thy garments be always white [and unstained] by transgressions. It does not necessarily involve the blowing of a trumpet (see.
Ziwatai said in the name of R. Meir:
He who stands without eating and drinking is like an attendant. The king said. he will come quickly and be here standing above my head. and if he should chance to have a little spell of [favourable] wind. He was angry with the fools who had neglected his command and disgraced his palace. Behold. it most literally refers to a loud noise. but he who reclines and does not eat suffers very much more vexation and his face turns green. and let thy head lack no oil: [let it not lack] precepts and good deeds. The context of Leviticus 23 does not make clear what is intended. and also because they had shown honour to the king's palace. “Rabbi. So is it not better that he should see me in my glory and not in my ugliness? “Similarly. be punished. but the former shall recline and eat and drink. An awakening blast. That is what the prophet says. The word often translated “trumpets” (teru'ah). “My husband is a sailor. It is actually singular. They said to her. For that reason it is said. so that some came in their splendid attire and others came in their dirty garments. [they are not to depart]. but ye shall be hungry (Yeshayahu 65:13). and although it can be associated with the blast of a shofar. does any man know when he will die so that he can repent?” He answered them. It can simply mean a shout of triumph or victory.
It has been taught: Repent one day before your death. R. “No.” They hurried the guests. “Let those who have prepared themselves for the banquet come and eat of the king's meal. Then ye shall I sit and discern between the righteous and the wicked (Mal. “Let them all come to the banquet. including a shout of a crowd or army. “Your husband is away.
Bar Kappara and R. while these shall remain standing. so for whom do you adorn yourself? “She answered them. My servants shall eat. but those who have not prepared themselves shall not partake of it.

word often does have apocalyptic connotations (as in Tzephanyah 1:16). What should not be overlooked is that the concept of a memorial is somehow also imbedded in the meaning of this holiday and the Hebrew word (zikron) refers to something recalled or remembered — either from the past, or in anticipation of the future. Teshuvah Literally: turning or returning; Repentance from sin; spiritual revival. A firm desire to turn away from sin and live close to YHWH. Teshuvah, season of An annual 40 day season of turning away from sin and walking in the ways of YHWH. This season of repentance starts on Elul 1 and lasts until Tishri 10 (Yom Kippur). A special season known as Teshuvah which in Hebrew means “to repent or return” begins on the first day of the month of Elul and continues for 40 days ending on Yom Kippur. Thirty days into Teshuvah, on Tishrei 1, begin Rosh HaShanah. This begins a final ten-day period beginning on Rosh HaShanah and ending on Yom Kippur. These are known as the High Holy Days and as the Awesome days (Yamim Nora'im). The sabbath that falls within this ten-day period is called Shabbat Shuvah, the Sabbath of Return. The season of Teshuvah begins on Elul 1 and concludes on Tishrei 10, Yom Kippur. Traditionally, on each morning during the 30 days of the month of Elul, the trumpet (shofar) or ram's horn is blown to warn YHWH's people to return or repent. The whole month of Elul is a 30-day process of preparation through personal examination and repentance for the coming High Holy Days. In a traditional synagogue, the shofar is blown after every morning service. The message from Elul 1 to Rosh HaShanah is very clear: Repent before Rosh HaShanah. Don't wait until after Rosh HaShanah or you will find yourself in the days of Awe. Before the shofar is blown, a blessing is said prior to blowing the shofar. The blessing is as follows:
Baruch Atah Adonai Eloheynu Melekh HaOlam Asher Kid'shanu B'mitzvotav V'tzivanu Lesh'mo Kol Shofar.

This translates:
Blessed are you, O YHWH our Elohim, King of the Universe, who has set us apart by Your commandments and commanded us to hear the sound of the shofar.

The blessing that we are to receive is hearing (sh'ma) the sound of the shofar (and knowing the meaning of what the blowing of the shofar symbolises), and not merely to blow the shofar. In Psalm (Tehillim) 89:15, it is written:
Blessed is the people that know [have intimate knowledge and understanding of the message of] the joyful sound [of the shofar].

Elohim always warns his people to repent before His judgement falls upon the earth. He does not want anyone to receive the wrath of His judgement In Yechezk'el 18:21-23, 32 it is written:

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But if the wicked will turn from all his sins that he has committed and keep all my statutes and do that which is lawful and right, he shall surely live, he shall not die. All his transgressions that he has committed, that shall not be mentioned unto him: In his righteousness, that he has done (repent) he shall live. Have I any pleasure at all that the wicked shall die says YHWH Elohim: and not that he should return (repent) from his ways and live? For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dies, says YHWH Elohim: wherefore turn yourselves, and you shall live.

In Tzephanyah 2:1-3, YHWH warns people to repent (Teshuvah) before His judgement comes:
Gather yourselves together, yes, gather together, O shameful nation, before the degree is born, before thé day [Yom YHWH] sweeps on like chaff, before the fierce anger of YHWH comes upon you, before the day of the wrath of YHWH [Yom YHWH] comes upon you. Seek YHWH, all you humble of the land, you who do what He commands. Seek righteousness, seek humility: it may be you will be hidden in the day of YHWH's anger.

YHWH warns people to repent before the return of the Messiah as the Go'el ha-dam (Blood-avenging Kinsman-Redeemer): 2 Peter 3:8-10
But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with YHWH as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. YHWH is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness: but is long-suffering toward us, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. But Yom YHWH will come as a thief in the night, in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up17.

Teshuvah (repentance) speaks to all people. To the unbeliever, teshuvah speaks of repenting of your sins and receiving Yahushua as Messiah. To believers in Yahushua as Messiah, it is a call to examine your lives and repent where you have departed from your covenantal obligation to obey the instruction of YHWH. During the month of Elul, not only is the shofar blown to remind YHWH's people to repent but Psalm 27 is recited at the end of the morning and evening liturgy. The themes of Psalm 27 is YHWH's protection and deliverance during the DAYS OF TROUBLE (also an idiom for the coming tribulation period) and the plea to repent and trust in YHWH for your deliverance. AWAKE From Your Spiritual Slumber A theme associated with Rosh HaShanah is to AWAKE. Whenever the words AWAKE is mentioned in the Bible, the rabbi's would associate the passage to Rosh HaShanah. The theme of AWAKENING FROM SLEEP is used throughout the Bible.
17 A

consuming fire is a Hebrew idiom for judgement. I believe that this verse does not deal with a literal cosmic fire, but with the universal judgement that will come upon the world in Yom YHWH, specifically with the revelation of King Messiah, the Arm of YHWH who will rule for Him (Yesha'yahu 40:10).

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Romans 13:11 “And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to AWAKE OUT OF SLEEP: for now is our salvation nearer than when we first believed” The theme of AWAKENING FROM SLEEP is also found in Ephesians 5:14
Wherefore, he says, AWAKE YOU THAT SLEEP and arise from the dead and Messiah shall give you light

In the book, Gates of Repentance, Rabbi Moses Maimonides iterates a call for people to awaken from slumber (Yad Hichot Teshuvah 3:4):
AWAKE, you sleepers, from your sleep! Rouse yourselves, you slumberers, out of your slumber! Examine your deeds, and turn to Elohim in repentance. Remember your creator, you who are caught up in the daily round, losing sight of eternal truth, you are wasting your years in vain pursuits that neither profit nor save. Look closely at yourselves: improve your ways and your deeds. Abandon your evil ways, your unworthy schemes, every one of you!

THE MESSAGE AND MEANING OF REPENTANCE Repentance is a major theme of Rosh haShanah. True repentance is an inner change of heart which leads the sinner to TURN FROM EVIL and RETURN TO YHWH. The desires to do good is constantly opposed to the desire to do evil. The desire to do evil is known in Jewish terminology as the “Evil inclination.” It is called in Hebrew, yetzer ha-ra. Man has a freedom of will in the choice between good and evil. This struggle within man to do good versus evil is described by the Sha'ul in Romans 7:14-25. The three facets of wrongdoing The Hebrew Scriptures uses several terms for wrong, immoral actions. The term chata'aat, customarily translated as sin, is a concrete image taken from marksmanship — it means missing the mark or falling short of the target or goal. The Hebrew word avon is usually translated as iniquity. It means “crookedness or departure from right conduct by conscious departure from doing a commandment of YHWH.” The Hebrew term peshah, usually translated as transgression, means “rebellion or deliberate persistence of rebellion.” In the following verses of Psalm 32 we meet all these terms: Psalm 32:1-2, 5
Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered. Blessed is the man unto whom YHWH imputes not iniquity and in whose spirit there is no guile…I acknowledged my sin unto thee, and mine iniquity have I not hid. I said, I will confess my transgressions unto YHWH: and you forgave my iniquity of my sin.

Paraphrased to bring forth the fuller meaning of the Hebrew text, these verses read:
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Blessed is he whose rebellious transgression is forgiven, whose falling short and missing the mark is covered. Blessed is the man unto whom YHWH imputes not crookedness and in whose breath there is no guile…I acknowledged my falling short and missing the mark unto thee, and my crookedness have I not hid. I said, I will confess my rebellious transgressions unto YHWH, and you forgave my crookedness of my falling short and missing the mark.

It is imperative to note that it is the blood of a sacrifice that makes atonement for our sins. Scripture states, Leviticus 17:11
For the life of the flesh is in the blood and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes an atonement for the soul.

By trusting Yahushua as the Go'el (Redeemer) sent forth by YHWH who, as High Priest, interposed His shed sacrificial blood between our sins and the wrath of Elohim against sin, our sins are covered: Romans 3:19-26
Now we know that whatever the Torah says, it says to those who are under the Torah, so that every mouth may be silenced and the whole world held accountable to Elohim. Therefore no-one will be declared righteous in his sight by observing the Torah; rather, through the Torah we become conscious of sin.
21 20 19

But now a righteousness from Elohim, apart from Torah, has been made known, to which the Torah and the Prophets testify.
22

This righteousness from Elohim comes through the faithfulness of Yahushua the Messiah to all who trust. There is no difference, 23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of Elohim, 24 and are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Messiah Yahushua.
25

Elohim presented him as a sacrifice of atonement, through faith in his blood. He did this to demonstrate his justice, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished — 26 he did it to demonstrate his justice at the present time, so as to be just and the one who justifies those who trust in Yahushua.

THREE STEPS OF REPENTANCE There are three major steps in repenting of your sins. The first step is remorse. The full realisation and the seriousness of sin before Elohim should ultimately bring sorrow and remorse from the sinner toward Elohim. The first step is confession. If we confess our sins before Elohim and trust in the shed blood of Yahushua to forgive us of our sins, we will be cleansed. The third step is restitution, i.e. corrective action. Confession and remorse is not real unless it is followed by restitution and a firm resolve not to sin again.

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Yeshayahu 55:7
Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts and let him return unto YHWH, and He will have mercy upon him: and to our Elohim, for He will abundantly pardon.

Tetragrammaton The four Hebrew letters usually transliterated YHWH or YHVH. The personal name of the Almighty. Tevhel A forbidden sexual act which the Torah declares to be an utterly detestable perversion. Tevilah Immersion in a ritual bath. Therapeutae A sternly ascetic Jewish faction whose views and practices were kindred to the Essenes in Palestine. Theophany A visible manifestation or appearance of YHWH to man. This is always done in the representative presence of Messiah Yahushua — the Malakh HaPanim, the Messenger of the very Face of YHWH (Yeshayahu 63:9). Theos [G] The Greek word that is customarily translated as “God.” According to a highly respected Greek scholar, Professor Murray Harris, the Apostolic writings apply the term theos to Yahushua in 3 texts: ì ì ì Yochanan 1:1. Yochanan 20:28. Romans 9:5.

Other texts which are claimed to apply the designation theos to Yahushua, are simply too uncertain from the viewpoint of textual criticism, punctuation and grammatical construction to be taken as proofs of Yahushua being called theos. Yahushua being called theos does not constitute a watertight “proof” for the doctrine of the Trinity. Why not? ú " Theos is the Greek rendering of the Hebrew term elohim, which is used of YHWH, the Messiah, Mosheh, judges and angels. It denotes might, awe and judgement. It is a relational term, and not a personal name. In Greek, theos (Strongs 2316) can refer to kings, magistrates and judges — see any good dictionary of Scriptural Greek. Strongs says the following about the word theos:
2316 theos

ú #

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wilderness. recited at midnight. Tikkun Olam Helping to repair the broken world by performing good practical deeds. nothing. Confusion. YHWH is called Theos more than 1250 times. vain thing.e. re-integration. vain. Tishri (Tishrei) First month of the civil calender. without form. empty place. Tikkun Chatzot A prayer of lamentation over the destruction of the Temple. Todah The thanksgiving offering in the Beit HaMiqdash. For a time
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. i. things due to him.A deity. desert. a general name of deities or divinities. nought. interests. figuratively. Tohu To lie waste. history. Toldot Genealogy. Tikkun Restitution. a desolation (of surface). waste. a worthless. especially the supreme Divinity. generation. AV God (1320) god (13) godly (3) God-ward (2) misc. vanity. Called Ethanim before the Babylonian captivity. of magistrates and judges. as well as the fact that the word theos can refer to men with supreme power and attendant judicial authority. his counsels. refers to the things of God.…Romans 9:5.
1) 2) 3) 4)
In the New Testament. Topheth The Valley of Hinnom (Gey Hinnom) was outside the walls of Yerushalayim. The Messiah is called theos in John 1:1. Our teaching and preaching should reflect this same balance. Tishah Be'Av The ninth day of the month of Av.… Spoken of the only and true God. 20:28. while the Messiah is called Theos 3 times.e. a day of mourning for the destruction of the ancient Temple in Yerushalayim. or resemble him in any way: God's representative (agent) or viceregent. (5) [1343] A god or goddess. i. Whatever can in any respect be likened unto God.

In the time of Yahushua's ministry. Living humans were not pitched into Gey Hinnom. till it became the abhorrence of the city. its rotting flesh became infested with the ever-present worms or maggots — Mark 9:47-48. The pious kings defiled it. His lips are full of wrath. he places in the jaws of the peoples a bit that leads them astray. Topheth was a specific site in Gey Hinnom. Also bodies of executed criminals. Topheth lay somewhere east or Southeast of Yerushalayim. Yahushua spoke of the casting of one's “whole body” into Gey Hinnom.
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. Yeshayahu 30:27-33
27
See. Gey Hinnom was used as the incinerator (place of burning) for the filth of Yerushalayim. He shakes the nations in the sieve of destruction. were thrown into Gey Hinnom.” and rendered the place-name to be “spit” upon. “to spit. but if it landed on a ledge of the deep ravine. which is “by the entrance of the potsherd gate (Yirmeyahu 19:2). “the place of burning” dead bodies. including child sacrifice to the horrific idol.it was the site of idolatrous worship.
18 Note
again that fire is a Hebrew metaphor for judgement. and his tongue is a consuming fire18. Today. Others regard Topheth as from topheth (“contempt”).
28
His breath is like a rushing torrent.
29
And you will sing as on the night you celebrate a set-apart festival. threw down its altars and high places. when He comes as the Go'el ha-dam — the blood-avenging kinsmanRedeemer. Prophecy intimates that the wicked will be thrown into the Topheth in the Valley of Hinnom after the judgement that will come with the second coming of Messiah Yahushua. Gesenius connects the root idea with tut. Bodies of dead animals were thrown into the valley to be consumed in the fires. In Mattatiyahu 5:29-30. your hearts will rejoice as when people go up with flutes to the mountain of YHWH. which means drum. Molech. and refers to the drums used to drown the cries of the children who were made to pass through the fire to Molech. rising up to the neck. It was in “the valley of the son of Hinnom” — Yirmeyahu 7:31. every vestige of Topheth is gone. with burning anger and dense clouds of smoke. for Yirmeyahu went out by the potsherd gate — the East gate — to go to it— Yirmeyahu 19:2. to “be abhorred” (Iyov 17:6). Evil kings who worshiped there were Achaz (2 Kings 16:3) and later Menashsheh (2 Kings 21:6). the Name of YHWH comes from afar. the demonic idols Ba'al and Molech were worshiped by sacrifices in pagan fashion. If the body fell into the constantly burning fire it was consumed. and later by apostate Israelites. In Topheth. pouring into it all the filth of Yerushalayim (2 Kings 23:10). who were considered undeserving of burial in a tomb. to the Rock of Israel. The word topheth is commonly supposed to be derived from the Hebrew word top.

33
Topheth has long been prepared. Triumphant Entry See: Horse. Supplement. Compiled around 230 YM. with cloudburst. 20 Note that the paralellism. Gentile translations of Scripture render the term Torah as Law. specifically. In the Old Covenant. and the Torah will be integrated into our new nature. and more expansive.g. learned checklist. When we receive the fulness of the New Covenant. Torah is an external. Because the Greek language has had a much greater influence on world literature than Hebrew. which means law. a showing of the way and doctrine. truths. Ba'midbar and Devarím. Torah refers to our Creator's ordering of the moral universe and the teachings. it has been made ready for the king. equates fire with anger. the breath of YHWH.
Note that the term “Valley of Hinnom” is.30
YHWH will cause men to hear his majestic voice and will make them see his arm19 coming down with raging anger and consuming fire20. rendered “hell” in the NT. Treif Literally: “torn apart. and does not convey the rich meaning of the Hebrew word. Yeshayahu 40:10). like a stream of burning sulphur. Anthology of Tannaitic text parallel to Mishnah. pleasant. At a deeper level of understanding. to Israel. transfigured. with an abundance of fire and wood. thunderstorm and hail21. inspired Scriptures and commandments that He gave to man and. At present. Tosefta “The addition. instructions. it is rendered nomos. the main stylistic characteristic of Hebrew poetry.
19 At
the interpretative level of the p'shat (plain meaning). who will rule for Him (see e. Its fire pit has been made deep and wide. Tov Good. the plagues mentioned in Revelation. sets it ablaze. The term Torah is also commonly used as a collective term for the 5 Books of Mosheh — Be'reshith. In Greek.” food that is not ritually fit. the zeroah (arm) of YHWH is a metaphor for His strength. The opposite of kasher. it denotes His Messiah. This is very simplistic. Wa'yiqrah. as His standard of righteousness and as object lessons (acted prophecies) on redemption by the Messiah. Torah The Hebrew word Torah means teaching. simplistically and misleadingly. we have the firstfruits of this Renewed Covenant.
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. but outside Mishnaic canon. instruction. as he fights them in battle with the blows of his arm. desirable. we will be transformed.
32
Every stroke YHWH lays on them with his punishing rod will be to the music of tambourines and harps. 21 Cf. a generation after the completion of the Mishnah.” A collection of Oral Torah supplementing the Mishnah. Shemot.

The kivod (radiance and honour imparted by the Ruach HaQodesh). but once we enter into the New Covenant. when he enjoyed the fulness of the Malkut Shamayim. prophets and Kings teaches us that we are. shadow. The tzadekim will be restored to a state analogous to what Adam enjoyed in Gan-Eden. unless we are filled and empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh. from death to life. is consistently described in the language and imagery of Gan Eden. before he sinned. The state to which the righteous remnant of mankind will be restored. and does not live by the flesh
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. in ourselves. having justified the righteous demands of the Torah. speaking the Devar and bringing right-ruling to the earth. Tzadekah Literally: justice or righteousness. Adam was created in the fulness of the tselem of Elohim. The righteous. And the anointing of the High Priests. faithful and upright person. Mikvah (immersion) teaches us that the covenant of redemption will cause us to pass from impurity to purity. righteous. and became mortal. and thereby the kivod. Turgeman An orator who translated and interpreted Scripture for the benefit of the assembly. The Ruach HaQodesh gave him Chokhmah (Wisdom) and the Devar (Word) came forth from him. the Sh'khinah (the divine presence of the Ruach HaQodesh of YHWH). Tzadiq Plural: Tzadeqim. Tselem Image. those who have received YHWH's gift of imputed righteousness because they trust that the death of Yahushua the Messiah has vicariously atoned for their sins because He paid the penalty for their guilt. i. Yahushua the Messiah becomes our new corporate Head. Circumcision removes the “flesh” — it teaches us that the covenant of redemption will remove our evil inclination. Before our salvation. the Sh'khinah and the empowerment of the Ruach HaQodesh. When Adam sinned. and the empowerment of the Ruach HaQodesh were upon Adam. Region to the far north of Eretz Yisra'el. This empty shell had an evil inclination. Tuval Tubal. our corporate representative was Adam.” Ceremonies given to Yisra'el by YHWH teaches us about our diminished nature and the road back to Him through the Messiah. but is indwelt and empowered by the Ruach HaQodesh (the “Holy Spirit”). Therefore we can reconstruct Adam's standing and state by studying the prophetic promises given to us. it came to be used for acts of charity. A just.Trumah A heave offering. contribution…the seventh portion in the Book of Exodus. guilty and under the penalty of death.e. Under influence of Pharisees. Adam and Chava became empty shells of the image of Elohim. Rav Sha'ul haSh'liach (the apostle Sha'ul) refers to the evil inclination as “the flesh. impure. empty shells incapable of serving before YHWH. A faithful believer is no longer an empty shell. departed from him. the Ruach of YHWH.

the sages taught that Scripture teaches that three things are called by the name YHWH:
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.
Yirmeyahu 33:15-16
15
“In those days and at that time I will make a righteous Tzemach sprout from David's line. the Head of the redeemed remnant of mankind. marks the empowerment of the eschatological congregation of believers by the firstfruits of the Ruach HaQodesh. the fulness will only come with the return of King Messiah.” According to Yirmeyahu 23:5-6 and 33:15-16. the Anointed King] will be called: YHWH Tzidkenu. This is the name by which it [i. Tzidkenu “Our Righteousness. sprout.e.” Tzefanyahu Zephaniah. and are empowered to walk Iqvot HaMashiach (in the footsteps of the Messiah). Yerushalayim] will be called: YHWH Tzidkenu.” seeing themselves as the house of Tzadok.e. when the qadoshim (set-apart ones) who have entered into the Covenant by emunah and have received the redemption by grace. Tzadokim The “Sadducees. Tzafun The phase of the Seder ceremony in which the hidden Afikoman is eaten.but by the Spirit. This is the name by which He [i. will be transformed to the likeness of Him who is our corporate Representative. Yirmeyahu 23:5. 33:15 and Zekharyahu 3:8.” declares YHWH. we only have the firstfruits of the New Covenant. Tzemach Branch. The first Shavuot (Pentecost) after Yahushua the Messiah was caught up into heaven. the Messianic age).
6
In his days Yahudah will be saved and Yisra'el will live in safety. At present. YHWH Tzidkenu is a term for the Messiah as well as for Yerushalayim after the triumphant second coming of King Messiah: Yirmeyahu 23:5-6
5
Means
“The days are coming. “when I will raise up to David a righteous Tzemach. “hidden. a King who will reign wisely and do what is just and right in the land.
16
In those days Yahudah will be saved and Yerushalayim will live in safety. he will do what is just and right in the land. 6:12. A metaphoric term for the Messiah in (inter alia) Yeshayahu 4:2.
Based on these texts. Believers have been translated from the `Olam Hazeh (the present age) to the Yemot HaMashiach (the days of the Messiah.

Symbolic of the Torah. A military term.” In English. and they are: the righteous. judgments. referring to an army or troop. Tziduk haDin A prayer of accepting Elohim's righteous mishpatim (right-rulings. this is quite unintelligible. blessed be He). Tractate Baba Bathra 75b:
Rabbi Sh'muel bar Nahmani said in the name of Rabbi Yohanan: “Three are called by the name of HaQadosh. Order Nashim. Undertext Because the dialogue and thoughts reported in the Gospels and elsewhere in the New Testament were conducted or conceived in Hebrew. baruch hu (the Set-Apart One. reconstruct it. the Messiah and Yerushalayim. As a corollary (associated
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. my skoonpa en my swaer het ystervarke gaan jag. once we realise that the author thought in the language Afrikaans. Tzva'ot Commander of Heaven's armies (hosts). Tziyon Zion. However. Suppose I read the following: “I and my cleanfather and my heavy went to hunt iron pigs. and translated his thoughts mechanically and nonidiomatically into English.Babylonian Talmud. Tzor Tyre.)
U
Ulam Main hall of the Beit HaMiqdash. is a code-name for Japan. “Ek.” Note how this example demonstrates the need to uncover an undertext. and perform the translation from this reconstructed undertext.”
Tzitziot Ceremonially knotted fringes worn on all four corners of the garments. we can reconstruct the Afrikaans undertext.” Now we can perform an accurate and idiomatic translation: “My father-in-law. as prophesied in Yeshayahu 23 and Yechezk'el 26-28. It is highly probable that the eschatological country Tzor. Also expresses the power of the Almighty to recruit his creatures to His service. a Semitic undertext is evident in many parts of the Greek text of the New Testament. which will be overpowered by the waves of the sea in Yom YHWH. Let us illustrate this by an example. my brother-in-law and I went hunting porcupines. Tzava' A military term.

the great confession of Scriptural faith. when the Children of Yisra'el dwelt in sukkot (booths). Ushpizin is an acted prophecy that the righteous dead will be resurrected in the Kingdom. went before Israel. who has the Name of YHWH in him. Ur'chatz One of the fifteen steps of the Seder ceremony. part of the Sh'ma. Vidui Confession. Aramaic as well as Late Second Temple Period Judaism. Israelites receive “exalted guests” — the Seven Shepherds of Israel who “visit” every Jew's sukkah during Sukkot. Ushpizin During Chag Sukkot.
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. During this time. when King Messiah has come.” the prayer from Deuteronomy 6:5-9. added to prayer on Yom Teruah and Yom Kippur. the Malakh YHWH (Messenger of YHWH). In Mattityahu 8:11. Sukkot looks forward toward the Messianic Kingdom.truth) it follows that a scholar who desires to translate the Greek New Testament well. Prophetically. Yitzchak. so that we will dine with Avraham.
V
Ve'ahavta Literally: “and you shall love. Uva Letzion A prayer composed from a selection of Scriptural verses. Untaneh Tokef A passage describing Heavenly Judgement. but also an expert in Hebrew. should not only be a scholar of the Greek language. that obligates Israel to love YHWH and to teach the worship of YHWH to future generations. there is a reference to the same eschatological hope that underlies the tradition of Ushpizin. Ur-Kasdim Ur of the Chaldees. This festival commemorates the 40 years of wandering in the desert. Ya'akov and Mosheh. The city from where Avraham avinu was called.

Eloheynu Melekh HaOlam. Three wavvim (6-6-6). my choicest field has been infested and overrun with weeds. Too many carry the title “man of God” who do not serve YHWH. The Almighty has sent His servants. He gave the Truth.” their possessions. not ours. For the sake of His Name. So in your land there has been a famine of the Word. The shepherds claim knowledge of the ways of the Almighty. The proud and complacent have been weighed in the balance and found wanting. she-ha-kol bara li-che-vo-do. Blessed art Thou. what of the night? Watchman. He called them out of bondage. Because men sleep when they should have kept watch. but they serve themselves. but they have chosen death.e. O YHWH Eloheynu. but they preferred their sorceries. The watchmen sleep as destruction draws nigh. but so few have noticed. King of the universe. bo-ray pe-ri ha-ga-fen. First Blessing:
Baruch ah-tah Adonai.
Second Blessing:
Baruch Ah-tah Adonai. what of the night? Does our watchmen answer YHWH? Do we sound the alarm? Do you hear the warning of approaching destruction? Who stands guard over a nation now almost devoid of all shame? Who assures your security. if they were told the truth. because man was created on the sixth day. He looked for a people to serve Him. YYY form a false shin ( V).W
Watchmen Watchman. Eloheynu Melekh HaOlam. The day of vengeance approaches. their names. so few seek bread and water which YHWH would have given freely. calling on Him only as an afterthought. Wav ( Y ) The sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. who created the fruit of the vine. yet do not know His voice or follow His paths.
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. YHWH will remember mercy in the midst of His wrath. but they preferred enslavement. i. but you have preferred the leadership of Television. the day of the whirlwind comes. The number of man. and not as their first love. Some watchmen have claimed high titles for themselves. He has offered life. all you who dwell complacently in a land once blessed? The hands of the evil shepherds are stained with the blood of many who would stir themselves if they knew the truth. but hear not His voice. Too many cherish titles. Wedding blessings Seven blessings to YHWH are said during a Jewish wedding ceremony. But YHWH will judge us by His scales. their “positive confessions. position and wealth.

Yam Suf Sea of Reeds. the Day of Atonement. The yamim nora'im will have a fourfold fulfillment during the Chevlai Shel Mashiach: ú " ú # The entire 7 years of the Chevlai Shel Mashiach are foreshadowed by the 7 days of awe framed inbetween Yom Teruah and Yom Kippur. the earth's rotation will be perturbed. kingship. seven days of awe are framed between Yom Teruah and Yom Kippur. self-examination and living a set-apart life. “hand” is a synonym for “arm” and is understood to start at the shoulder. while Yom Kippur falls on Tishri 10. who will not enter into the ark. the woman who killed Sisera — see Judges 4:17 – 5:24. Yom Teruah stresses the concept of repentance or a return to YHWH Who. but solemn assemblies. The first 10 days of the Chevlai Shel Mashiach will be ten days of unprecedented horror for the average people and the resha'im. Ya'el Jael. the world will be in the convulsions of childbirth — Babylon will be a burning inferno. The siege of Yerushalayim by the armies of the False messiah will begin on a Yom Teruah in the seventh year of the Birthpains. Gog and his allies will attack Israel on a Yom Teruah and will be defeated by YHWH on Yom Teruah. Red Sea. On Yom Kippur. 10 days later. The 10 days from Yom Teruah to Yom Kippur. Brin:
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. The Shofar Calls by Ruth F. Yamim nora'im Days of awe. These days will commence on Yom Teruah. forgive his sins and offer him yeshu'ah (salvation).Y
Yad Hand. in His mercy. 10 days later. and his armies will be finally destroyed on Yom Kippur. Because Yom Teruah falls on Tishri 1 and 2. It emphasises morality. the Antichrist will be in command of the revived Roman Empire and in battle with Russia. is willing to receive the penitent. marriage and judgement. The gates of this repentance remain open only until Yom Kippur. The days inbetween will be awesome — see Yo'el 2. Yom Teruah celebrates YHWH as Sovereign of the Universe and contains themes of resurrection. Yom Teruah and Yom Kippur are not joyous festivals.
ú $
ú %
The ancient understanding of the sages of Yisra'el that he gates of heaven open on Rosh HaShanah and closes on Yom Kippur is expressed in the poem. when the nation of Israel corporately accepts Yahushua as Messiah. In Hebrew.

words spoken thoughtfully in honour and truth. Meaning: a gift from YHWH. the evil deeds that you must deal with now. awake to memory. the siren that warns you: seek shelter for your spirit enter now the opening gates. Dwell on your own life in the year that has passed. Contemplate in reverence and awe All those who died “Kiddush ha-Shem. Yarden Jordan. Sense the unbearable silence of the dead. teruah Return! Return to Elohim Who made you Arise to prayer. achieve repentance Turn to Elohim who loves you. The ram's horn cries: Shevarim Worship in truth. Jonathan. Swapping the syllables of the name Yahunatan. Yahunatan Yehonatan. determined that promises shall be kept oaths fulfilled. the surname of a prime minister of Israel.The shofar calls: Tekiah Arise! Awake! come from your beds. the errors.
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. we get Netanyahu. Three times the great horn blows: Tekiah. shevarim.
Yachatz The breaking of the middle matzah of the ceremonial matzot during a Pesach Seder…one of the fifteen phases of the Seder ceremony. Call up from the darkness the mistakes. before the closing of the gates. The shrill notes tremble: Teruah Listen to the cries of the ancient martyrs. pray together in confidence and trust. Yavneh A city that became the location of an academy and a central focus for the Jews after the Romans had destroyed Yerushalayim. Now while the Days of Awe are passing. your homes to the blast that calls you.” The shofar blasts: Tekiah gedolah Remember! Recall the ages of our people.

Justus.e. Yemot HaMashiach The Days of the Messiah. fair. Yerushalayim was renamed Aelia Capitolina and Jews were forbidden to enter the city for 100 years.” and were often persecuted because of their Davidic lineage and their relationship to Yahushua. With the Bar-Kochba revolt the Jewish nation was crushed by Emperor Hadrian. half-brother of Yahushua. used in Devarim 32:15. His death was plotted by the corrupt Saducee Temple-establishment. located in present-day Jordan. The Jewish Messianic believers from Yerushalayim fled to Pella/Sela. The last 2000 years of the Olam Hazeh (the present age). Levi. A Torah academy. Toviyah. Epiphanius lists these first 15 leaders of the Yerushalayim Messianic Assembly as: Ya'akov. These Jewish relatives of Yahushua who led the Yerushalayim Messianic Assembly were called Desposynoi. A term for Am Yisra'el (the people of Israel). which will dawn with the full redemption at the second coming of King Messiah. and await its fulness. Matityahu. Justus. the time between the first and second comings of the Messiah. This left Gentiles in control of the Yerushalayim Congregation. According to Baring Gould's history. Phillip. He was succeeded by Simeon. Ephrayim. Seneca. meaning “heirs. Yoseph and Yahudah. Yerushalayim Messianic Assembly The first 15 leaders of the original Messianic Assembly in Yerushalayim were Jewish. Yochanan. Yericho Jericho. and they quickly appointed a man named Mark as the first non-Jewish leader of the congregation.Yechezk'el Ezekiel. Yeshivah Plural: Yeshivot. Yeshurun Upright. 33:26 and Yeshayahu 44:2. a cousin of Yahushua. the assembly of Messianic Jewish believers in exile clung to Torah-observance and ancient traditions while crouched at Pella. The Church historian Eusebius calls them “faithful Hebrews who continued from the times of the Apostles. until the [Bar-Kochba] siege of Yerushalayim. Yerushalayim Jerusalem. Simeon. Yehonathan Jonathan. In this age believers have the firstfruits of the Malkut Shamayim — the Kingdom of Heaven.
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. Zaccheus. 33:5. i.” The first leader or Nasi was Ya'akov (James). Benyamin.

inclination towards good. we do not breathe. inclination. a hearing ear. the Name was pronounced once a year only — on Yom Kippur by the High Priest. He would relay the good news of the consummation of the marriage to the guests.12. if He Who is Ruach does not breathe. from the peculiar spelling of the words translated as “before YHWH” in the original Hebrew text of Leviticus 16:30. and everything is writtten in a book…
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. since the Evil Inclination may arouse the passions. indeed. we do not live. which have been instituted for our benefit and education — obligations we may not ignore. followed this same practice. Walking in the knowledge that our being brought into the covenant. would stand outside this room and wait for the joyful shout of the Groom. In Yechezk'el 44:3. With different vowel pointings. Yetzer haTov Impulse. escalating.4. YHWH The set-apart Name of the Most High. manifest Being and Presence. but that in the covenant we have covenant obligations. The sages drew the authority to hide the ineffable Name. Yichud The time spent alone by the bride and the groom immediately after the wedding ceremony. If He does not speak. The Name is a covenant promise of everlasting. 46:2. as well as our being maintained in the covenant relationship. In ancient Israel. the fear of Almighty YHWH. Yibum Levirate marriage.” one of the two witnesses. Yirat Shamayim Fear of Heaven. the “Friend of the Bridegroom. 45:7.16-17.22. i. In this light. Daily walking in obedience of. It is clear from the Gospels that Yahushua never objected to the practice of using evasive synonyms for the Name of the Father.e.10. The sages taught that this should be avoided.16-18. the Prince (Nasi).Yetzer Impulse. we see Him. and prayerful intimacy with. Mikhah 5:4 may be read as an intimation that King Messiah will serve as High Priest in the Beit HaMiqdash services of the Messianic Kingdom. inclination towards evil. and. functioning as King and High Priest of Israel. our Creator. Above is is a seeing eye. The term yichud also denotes being alone with a forbidden member of the opposite sex. is by unmerited grace. Yetzer haRa Impulse. the same consonants may read as an order to hide the Name.8. In late Second Temple Period Judaism. the private room where the bride and groom consummate the marriage and become echad (one).

Yisra'el “Yisra” is derived from a root meaning mastery. Ya'akov will struggle with the Malakh YHWH — Yahushua the Messiah. with Yisra'el staying behind on earth in the day of Ya'akov's trouble. After the Almighty had provided Avraham avinu (our father Avraham) with a ram on Mount Moriyah. When The Day (Yom YHWH) breaks. the time of Ya'akov's trouble. In other words.Yireh To see. Yisra'el will accept Yahushua as the Messiah. Note that the conventional interpretation — that Ya'akov asked the Man to bless him. Genesis 32:30 is in Yom Kippur terminology and Genesis 33:17 is in Sukkot terminology. wholeness. Ya'akov sent all his family across the river Yabbok and remained behind. Yishay Jesse. The Malakh YHWH will not let go of Ya'akov until Ya'akov blesses Him. The lasting injury to Ya'akov's hip is profoundly prophetic — the walk of the descendants of Ya'akov will be changed forever when they bless the Man. However. In his wrestling with Elohim. i. i. when Ya'akov's descendants will struggle with a Man — Messiah Yahushua. praise and worship) Him. because He is the Messenger of the Face (Malakh HaPanim — Yeshayahu 63:9). Ya'akov's struggle with the Malakh YHWH is a prophetic Torah-picture of the Chevlai Shel Mashiach. Avraham called that makoum (place): YHWH Yireh.e.e. The Sun of Righteousness will dawn on them. Literally: “El hears. Ya'akov triumphed and was given the name Yisra'el because he prevailed. YHWH saw shalom and therefore we see shalom. Descendants of Yishma'el. the text reflects the eschatological progression built into the Festivals of YHWH. It is believed that the name Yerushalayim derives. It may also be read the other way round — Elohim desires us to bless (i. The text of Genesis hints at this eschatological progression — Genesis 32:26 (“the day breaks”) is in Yom Teruah terminology. they will see Elohim Face to Face. Yishma'el Ismael. the Messenger of the Face. from Yireh and Shalom — to See Peace. the Messenger of the Face of YHWH (Yeshayahu 63:9). the father of king David. the Man in whom all the fulness of Elohim dwells bodily. To fear. theologically.
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. El stands for El/Eloah/Elohim. the Almighty allowed His Son to be sacrificed as the Lamb of Elohim who took away the sins of the world. they will change from being heelgrabbers to being Yisra'el — a Prince with El. is arbitrary. In Messiah Yahushua.
22 Read
Genesis 32:26 in a literal translation. like calves fed in a Sukkah and let out to dance and rejoice (Malakhi 4). In that makoum (place).22 Ya'akov will prevail and bless Him. integrity. and they will rejoice. fullness On the very same mountain that Avraham was willing to sacrifice his son Yitzchak. also see Hoshea 12.” Yishme'elim Ishmaelites. alone (Genesis 32:22-23) — a picture of the Natzal of believers. To stand in awe of. with the Malakh YHWH.e.

Yom haKiseh Day of Hiding. and towards YHWH. on which Yom Teruah falls. Yom haPedut The Day of Redemption.Yitro Jethro. “to laugh. is tzachaq. Example: Tishri 1 and 2 are considered to be one long day of 48 hours. repent) and immerse themselves as a visible sign of an inner turning away from transgression of Torah. Yom haBikkurim Chag Shavuot as the Feast of Firstfruits of the wheat harvest. Yom haZikkaron Literally: The Day of Remembrance. Yitzchaq Isaac. which denotes laughter in the sense of mocking. Yo'etz Counsellor. two days considered as one. and Yom Kippur as Yom haDin minor. Yom haDin Day of Judgement. An inductive study of Scripture leads one to identify Yom Teruah as Yom haDin major. the one whose preaching caused people to do teshuvah (turn. one of the names for Yom Teruah. Yom haKatzir Chag Shavuot as the Feast of the harvest. Yochanan haSh'liach The “sent one” (apostle) Yochanan (John). Yochanan. because Sarah laughed when YHWH announced that she will conceive and give birth to a son in her old age.
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. Yoma Arichta One “long” day. The third person. future tense form of the Hebrew verb. Yochanan haMatbil John the Immerser (Baptist). The root form of this verb. A term for Rosh HaShanah.” So named. the father-in-law of Mosheh. A work of the Ruach HaQodesh. i. A term for Yom Kippur. the son of Avraham. Yoma A tractate of the Mishnah dealing with Yom Kippur. Yod The Hebrew letter W.e. male.

being assigned to live in the wasteland. Philo. On Yom Kippur every person wrestles with his own conscience. 1973: 62):
The set-apart day [Yom Kippur] is entirely devoted to prayers and supplications. man's
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. The understanding is that the gates of repentance open on Rosh Ha Shanah and closes at the end of Yom Kippur. Yom Kippur is the day on which Mosheh came down from Mount Sinay the second time. the confessional prayers are conducted in the plural form (“us”. it is not primarily concerned with the individual. was closed at the end of the Yom Kippur service. rejecting good. At the end of the Amidah (standing prayers or eighteen benedictions). following the afternoon Minchah service. “we”. This mo'ed (appointed time) was set aside by the Creator as a day of the covering of the sins of Yisra'el. looking not to their own merits but to the gracious nature of Him Who sets pardon before chastisement. According to tradition. and entertain bright hopes. and the Al-Chet prayer 8 times. the one turning to the Almighty and the other. the sages taught (Winter. but with the nation — Yisra'el. At the end of Yom Kippur. too. the two confessional prayers Ashamnu and Al-Chet are added. In the Yom Kippur Avodah (Service). the Ne'ilah service is recited. the book of Yonah is read as the Haftarah for the Minchah service. describes how people who could not go up to Yerushalayim kept Yom Kippur (Winter. Rabbi Isaac Abrabanel regarded the two goats as symbols of Ya'akov and Eisav.” The full name of the Ne'ilah service is actually Ne'ilat ha-Shearim — the “closing of the gates. Later the day. and men from morn to eve devote all their time for nothing else but offering petitions of humble entreaty…for remission of their sins. symbolised the closing of the gates of heaven at the end of Yom Kippur — it is this thought that gives the Ne'ilah service its poignancy. The second part teaches how graciously YHWH pardons when we return to Him in repentance. Today. Ne'ilah means “closing. This. voluntary and involuntary. wise students) as a Yom Kippur passage.
Fragments found in the Qumran caves also show that the content and theme of the Yom Kippur synagogue service has changed remarkably little during the past 2000 years. 1973: 95). the Jewish Hellinistic philosopher who lived in Alexandria towards the end of the Second Temple period. and a great part of the Atonement service was for the nation as a whole. The book of Yonah has a direct message for Yom Kippur. At the close of the day. “our”) thereby including all Israel. as the sun reaches treetop heights.Yom Kippur Hebrew: Yom ha-Kippurim. with the second two tablets of stone. The first part of Yonah teaches that we can not evade our calling. the Kohen haGadol (High Priest) acted as the representative of all of Am Yisra'el — the People of Israel. On Yom Kippur the Ashamnu is repeated 10 times. This is the concluding service of Yom Kippur.” The majestic Nikanor Temple gates that separated the Court of the Women from the Court of Israel. However. The Haftarah reading which follows the Yom Kippur morning service (Shacharit) is from Yeshayahu 58. which has long been identified by the talmidei chokhmah (sages.

The theme of the first part of the Rosh HaShanah Mussaf service is Zikhronot or Remembrances. in which the worshippers recount the Scriptural references in which YHWH declares His faithfulness to His covenantal and prophetic promises. The shofar service of the Mussaf Amidah begins with ten scriptural verses speaking of YHWH's Kingship and.
(Both sages were correct — the Messiah performed the past work of redemption in Aviv in His death.judgement is sealed. The Enthronement festival of YHWH. Themes of Yom Teruah: ì Malkhuyot — Kingship: The exaltation of YHWH as King. burial and resurrection. faithfulness. “Shanah haba'ah ba Yerushalayim” — “Next year in Yerushalayim. coronation and cleaving unto the Almighty.” Only twice a year is this wish expressed: Once at the termination of the Haggadah on Pesach night and once on Yom Kippur. 1985: xvi) says. The theme of the second part of the service is Malkhuyot or Majestic Coronation in which YHWH's ultimate Kingship and Rulership is declared.
ì ì
The prayers of Yom Teruah fall in three categories.
Elohim's sovereignty is the primary theme of Rosh HaShanah and the ten days of judgement it inaugurates. This is in accordance with the difference of opinion between Rabbi Eiliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua as to whether the Messiah will come to redeem Yisra'el in Aviv/Nisan or in Tishrei. This is derived from Leviticus 23:24. the time for repentance is over. the coronation festival of Elohim the King. which was in use before Exodus 12. The service of the day is filled with references to YHWH as King and with prayers longing for the day when His mastery will be acknowledged by all human beings. The third is called Shofarot. Winter (1973: 100) continues:
After the [Ne'ilah] service [on Yom Kippur]. The understanding of the sages was that Yom YHWH would begin on a Yom Teruah at the end of the year 6000 since creation.) Yom Teruah Literally: the Day of the Awakening Shout/Blast. Towards the middle of the prayers. The Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor. people wish each other. The New Year on the civil calender. This title is based on Tehillim 81. Page 237
. This day has several titles: ì ì ì Yom haZikkaron — a day of memorial Î remembrance. Yom YHWH. The shofar is blown at the very end of Ne'ilah. (Scherman. we recite these verses so that we should proclaim Him as our King. the shofar is blown 101 times. This was an ancient synonym for Yom Teruah. and speaks of the symbolic significance of the sounding of the shofar: mercy. as the Talmud teaches. Yom haDin — the Day of Judgement. Yom haKeseh (The Day of Concealment). Today popularly called Rosh HaShanah. He will perform His future work of the full redemption in Tishrei.

formal declaration that YHWH is the Monarch of the universe. The moon is a picture of believers. the Artscroll Rosh haShanah Machzor (Scherman. Yom Teruah represents a cognitive. Yeshayahu 27:13). ì This is Yom haDin. This is resurrection day. a day for judgement. it will be the day of the resurrection of the dead. The shofarot expresses the receiving of the Torah at Sinay. at the time of concealment. the Machzor states:
The theme of Rosh HaShanah is YHWH's kingship and the expectation that all humanity will recognise Him ultimately…
What is the relationship between the kingship of Elohim the Father and the Messiah's millennial reign? We have to understand it in terms of Yeshayahu 40:10-11. The prayers mirror the sacrifices that had to be brought in the Temple. nor is anything hidden from Your eyes. This second section of the Yom Teruah Mussaf service stresses the concept of it being a Day of Judgement when Elohim remembers all that has passed: “For there is no forgetfulness before Your throne of kivod. there are four prayer sessions on Rosh HaShanah.On page 68.
Blow the shofar at the new moon.” “the Messianic hope. the resurrection of the dead and the full redemption at the end of the Chevlai Shel Mashiach (cf. the full redemption will begin. but also carries with it the festivities of a coronation. for our feast day. resurrection and the immortality of the soul are intertwined with the blowing of the shofar on Rosh haShanah. It is the annual coronation festival of YHWH as Elohim.
ì
ì
ì
ì
Yom Teruah is the only Feast of YHWH when the moon is hidden. but also represents a “crying out” to the Almighty for mercy and blessings. ì Zikhronot — Remembrance. Commenting on Psalm 81:4 (interpreted as a Yom Teruah Psalm by the sages). who will be hidden when Yom Teruah is fulfilled in the Resurrection and the Natzal (rapture). when the last shofar will be sounded. Rosh HaShanah has a duel nature — it is a day of awe and judgement. Directly before the Shofarot section of the Yom Teruah Mussaf service commences. Tehillim 47 is recited 7 times. in which acclamation is given to the King.” Shofarot — the blowing of ramshorn trumpets. Exiles and fugitives begin moving to Yerushalayim en masse. The shofar is used during a coronation. According to the Talmud (Rosh HaShanah 16b). The shofar signifies both aspects. According to the Machzor. This is the day on which the ingathering of Israel at the end of the tribulation period will commence — Yeshayahu 27:13. 1985: xix) states:
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. This is a major coronation Psalm. The rabbis teach that Psalm 81:3 should be translated. realising that the Zeroah (Arm) of YHWH is a term for the Messiah. the prayerbook for the “High Holy Days. When King Messiah returns on Rosh HaShanah after 7 years of birthpangs.” The day of concealment.

on the twenty-fifth of Elul? And why is it called the “first day” when it was really the sixth?
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. and You shall…inscribe their verdict…
This prayer is followed by the prayer. quoted on page 483 of the Machzor:
On Rosh HaShanah will be inscribed [in the book of the tzadekim. so shall You cause to pass. All creation is brought before the Monarch and supreme Judge of the universe on this day of judgement. (Scherman.[On Rosh haShanah] YHWH judges all people individually as if they were sheep going single file through a narrow opening in the [sheep-pen or kraal]. states:
On the first Rosh HaShanah (Yom Teruah) in history. 1985: 135):
It is during the day of Rosh HaShanah that HaShem and His Heavenly Court sit in judgement…on every individual. count. The Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor. Elohim created Adam and Eve.
On page 481. the creation of Adam on day six).
Drawing on Talmud Rosh HaShanah 16b. making sheep pass under his staff. but it was only when man had been brought into existence that Elohim's creative labour was done…the entire universe was needed to set the stage for man… Only if we accept man as the primary star in the firmament of creation. The heavenly ledgers [of the living and the dead] are opened and every person's deeds are…scrutinised. and consider the soul of all the living. Unesaneh Tokef.
The sage Rashi taught that it is a divine decree that Israel blow the shofar on Rosh HaShanah. Why is Rosh HaShanah called the “start of Elohim's handiwork” when creation began five days earlier. the Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor cites the Rosh HaShanah prayer. ì The sages teach that Yom Teruah is the day that Adam was created.
Since Yom Teruah also represents the day of the creation of the world (more precisely. Creation had begun five days before. the Artscroll Rosh HaShanah Machzor states (Scherman. because it is the day when YHWH sits in judgement. Ba'Rosh HaShanah (“On Rosh HaShanah”). composed by Rabbi Amnon of Mainz in circa 950 YM:
Behold. the book of the resha'im or the book of the average people] and on Yom Kippur will be sealed…who will enjoy tranquility and who will suffer…who will be degraded and who will be exalted…
The Machzor (1985: 61) also states. 1985: xv). it is also the day on which the world is judged. can we understand the familiar verse from the Rosh HaShanah Mussaf liturgy: This in the anniversary of the start of your handiwork. and He also views them as a shepherd surveying His entire flock. calculate. a remembrance of the first day. it is the Day of Judgement…all mankind will pass before You like members of the flock — like a Shepherd pasturing his flock.

” In other words. YHWH with the sound of a shofar. ì This is the day that the gates of heaven open for to accept those who have repented of their sins. Psalm 81:1-3 links the Rosh Chodesh (the New Moon) of Yom Teruah with the Hebrew word B'Chaseh which means “in concealment. but on Yom Teruah. For example. That is why Yom Teruah is seen as the anniversary of the start of the handiwork of the Almighty.The Machzor answers that the goal of the creation of the universe was not the creation of galaxies. followed by dipping apples in honey and eating them as well. stars and canyons. It means “Happy Year. and a theme of concealment. In Psalm 47:5. the first piece of challah (soft bread) is eaten after it is dipped in honey to express the hope for a good sweet year.
Rav Sha'ul (the Apostle Paul) upheld this when he said. Why? Because it is a coronation song that celebrates gives acclamation to the King of Israel at his coronation. Rosh HaShanah also carries themes of resurrection and concealment.
Honey is served on Rosh HaShanah — it expresses the hope that sweetness will enter the lives of all of the people of Elohim in the coming year. May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year. contrasted to our disobedience to Him. we observe two distinct Yom Teruah themes.” The ancient sages of Yisra'el taught that we should examine our lives on Rosh HaShanah by asking the following questions. bread is dipped in salt when the blessing over bread is recited. Therefore it is apt that we spend time on Rosh HaShanah looking into our own hearts.
“For the Master Himself will descend from heaven with a shout…and with the shofar of Elohim and the dead in Messiah shall rise first…”
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. the Hebrew blessing “Shanah Tovah Tichatavu!” is extended. Another example: Psalm 47 is read 7 times in synagogue services on Yom Teruah. It reads.
Elohim has ascended with a teruah (shout). During most of the year. and then changing our ways in repentance: ì ì ì ì ì Have I maintained my faith in YHWH through difficulty? Have I eased. fearing before Him? Have I elevated myself in arrogance or have I lived humbly as a light and made a contribution to repair His world through the study and practice of the Torah (Instruction) of YHWH?
ì
Besides judgement. but the creation of man. there is only one Mo'ed (appointed time) amongst the mo'edim of YHWH incorporates a shofar blast and a new moon. On Rosh HaShanah. turning away from all that misses the mark. namely Yom Teruah or Rosh HaShanah The theme of Tehillim 81 is YHWH's mercy. ignored or intensified the pain of others? Have I discharged my covenantal obligations to YHWH as a wise steward of all the many resources He has given me? Have I prayed and performed actions from my heart? Have I performed the commandments of YHWH with eagerness and diligence or have I been hypocritical and slothful about my covenant responsibilities to live righteously.

start on Rosh HaShanah in year \ . The tzadekim are taken to heaven to attend the coronation of the Messiah and to enter into the full wedding with the Messiah.” “His tabernacle. 120ff. “Day of the Lord.” These same concepts are repeated in Yeshayahu 28:19-21 and in Yochanan 14:1. the concealment of believers in the Day of Trouble. Mowinckel (The Psalms in Israel's Worship 1 (1962). Another Rosh HaShanah song in Judaism is Psalm 45. i. By saying. the flight from eschatological Babylon takes place. the Natzal and the resurrection takes place. and the yamim nora'im (days of awe) on earth. according to an impressive body of Scriptural evidence. Mattityahu 25:6. will instruct the people to worship the False messiah and his image — a crucifix. Mattityahu 24:40-41. where \ is expected to be 6000 years since creation (in Jewish chronology. with the sound of the shofar. On earth. Finally. In the article.) has advanced the suggestion that there existed in pre-Exilic Israel an autumnal New Year festival on which [YHWH] was “enthroned” as King. 1 Thessalonians 5:9. In Psalm 27:5 there are embedded Yom Teruah phrases: “the day of trouble. there will be two theatres during the first 7 years of Yom YHWH: the coronation. He will declare that he is “Christ” and “God” and will demand worship. gather his bride and then continue on to His throne . virgins and the coming of the King. This supports Yahushua's parable in Mattityahu 25:1-13. the leader of pseudo-Christianity.e. In the article “Rosh HaShanah. Revelation 4:1-2 etc. In year \ € $Þ&. Yom Tov Plural: Yamim Tovim. the False messiah will desecrate the Beit HaMiqdash (most likely date: Nisan 10).” “His tent” and “He will hide me.” Yom Teruah contains themes of resurrection.
…S. “No man knows the day or the hour” Yahushua was possibly saying.” “He will conceal me. A Festival Day. a Rosh HaShanah festival. In verses 13-15 the elements are a bridal chupah or chamber. “I'll see you again on a Yom Teruah at some point in the future. correcting for the fact that approximately 230 to 240 years were not counted).
According to the eschatological model presented in our study monograph. a 1000 year period that will. The false prophet. “No man knows the day or the hour” is a specific phrase referring to Rosh HaShanah Yahushua was using an idiom common to the first century. The Coming of King Messiah. Yom YHWH The Day of YHWH. The persecution of believers in Messiah
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.King Messiah is going to descend from heaven with a loud teruah.” the Encyclopedia Judaica reports that the Danish scholar Sigmund Mowinckel discovered that Yom YHWH was originally a New Year. and full marriage. marriage and shavuah chuppah (bridal week) in heaven. Yahushua's words that. Babylon is destroyed and the False messiah is catapulted into power. In the first 10 days of Yom YHWH.” the Encyclopedia Judaica states.

and that his coming in power would take place after Yisra'el's return from the eschatological Babylonian captivity. The person who reads and thinks only in terms of the Latin name “Jesus. “YHWH will deliver. colloquially contracted to Yahushua. while land ownership is to be totally redistributed into equal family shares. another name for Chag Sukkot. King Messiah will rule the kingdom from Yerushalayim for 1000 years.” inevitably fails to hear much of the Footsteps of the Messiah in Scripture. The year at the end of a fifty year cycle. that He would be the Sent One (Sh'liach) and would be King and High Priest of Yisra'el. The term yovel refers to the blowing of shofarot to announce the year. giving sound Scriptural advice. Yahushua or Yehoshua. Zeman Matan Toratenu Literally: The season of the giving of our Torah. Yoted Peg. It means. agricultural land is Israel is to remain unplanted.(specifically Jews) will start. decisions and judgement. Every 50th year. another name for Shavuot. Zaqen Î Zakin Plural: Zakinim. elder. When a believer comes up from the waters of a mikveh. Zeman Simchatenu Literally: The Season of our Joy. A mature person who can counsel others. on which the kellim (vessels) were hung. save.
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. Messiah will return (most likely date: Yom Kippur). Noun: zikhron: memorial. remembrance. The zekanim Zekher Remembrance. In year \ € (. DVY UW The Name of the Messiah. A term for the Messiah. Central post of the HaQodesh of the Tabernacle.
Z
Zakar To remember. An old man or woman.e. i. senator. Yahushua.” In Zekharyahu 6 it is prophesied that the Messiah's name would be Yahushua/Yehoshua/Yeshua. Yovel Jubilee. The False messiah will be executed. that He would be the personification of the Devar (Word).

who mediates the mighty acts of YHWH — creation. Messiah Yahushua mediates the power of YHWH. Whence this metaphor? When one decides to do something. Likewise. Zionism The belief that there should be a Jewish national homeland in the historic land of Israel. 51:9-10. The Book of Life is a Sefer haZikkaron (Book/scroll of Remembrance) with the names of the qadoshim (set-apart ones) who have spoken of YHWH in the spirit — Malachi 3:16. Zonah A prostitute. it is a metaphor for the power of YHWH. Zikkaron A memorial or remembrance. He is not an autonomous “second power in heaven. See Yeshayahu 40:10.Zeroah Arm. specifically His rewards for those who are set-apart to Him. In Hebrew. At the interpretative level of the p'shat. and the Messiah is the mediating cause of creation. it is a metaphor for the Messiah. The Father is the absolute cause of all. King Messiah. the Tanakh clearly teaches that Messiah mediates creation. Zeroah YHWH The Arm of YHWH. 53:1. At the interpretative level of the sod. Zikhronot A portion of the Rosh HaShanah Mussaf service that deals YHWH's remembrance of all people and their deeds. 50:2b. The main text of the Kabbalah.
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. your hand (yad). one carries the task out with your arm (zeroah). salvation and judgement. Read in this way. 51:5b. At the level of the sod. 59:1 and 59:16 and our monograph. Zohar Mystical commentary on the Torah. statements that YHWH did something with “a strong hand (yad) and an outstretched arm (zeroah)” intimates that He did it through the Messiah.” (which is a polytheistic notion) but the “executive Mediator” of the Almighty. salvation and judgement — in the seen and unseen universe. deliverance and judgement. zeroah is a synonym for yad (hand).

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. To gather treasures in heaven œ to give to the poor. leading to new life. turn. coiled serpent. L'vi + tanin (serpent) Ä Liv'yatan œ twisted. To strike yourself on the thigh œ to take an oath to do something. Flood œ overwhelmingly strong army at war. jump. To place your hand under somebody's thigh œ to swear with an oath. Dew œ Sound teaching of Scriptural truth.Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms
To hold the right hand œ to give authority to. L'vi œ root: to twist.