Can solar be the backbone of India’s energy system by 2035?

Around 70% of India’s power comes from coal, less than 1% from solar. Will that change in the next 20 years? Can solar become the new backbone of the Indian energy system? Tobias Engelmeier thinks there is a good possibility that it will and presents us with a thought experiment.

India will need to grow its power generation capacity manifold over the next 20 years. Thus, a transition from a coal backbone to a solar backbone requires no shutdown of existing coal plants. The question is: what new plants will be built? On a global level, investments into renewables already outpace investments into fossil-fuel plants. This trend will accelerate and in India it might give the shining solar knight the opportunity to topple “King Coal”. This would be good news for India and great news for the global climate, which cannot be controlled unless this shift happens across all rapidly developing countries like India.

Infrastructure

Since India has not yet built its future electricity system, it can more easily leapfrog towards a renewables-heavy, more distributed structure than countries with stable, functioning centralised power systems, such as Europe, the US or even China. That sounds like a good plan.

In reality, however, a key driver might be the inability of the government and of government-backed or private infrastructure providers to build the infrastructure the country needs. The current insufficient, leaky power grids bear witness to this. A distributed system could therefore well emerge by default. This is how India’s vast, private power backup power market (mostly diesel gen-sets) has come into existence.

Of course, building a solar backbone will require infrastructure, too. Here, storage will play a key role. But storage will also more likely be distributed (e.g. batteries) than centralised (e.g. pump hydro plants). In all likelihood, India’s future power system will continue to be driven by the unsatisfied power needs of its citizens and businesses, not by the governments plans.

Privatisation

In the process of privatisation the power market will become increasingly more fluid and flexible. This trend will accelerate, if power becomes a consumer product, rather than an infrastructure play. New, innovative players will enter, providing all kinds of customised solutions to consumers. This process favours renewables and especially solar, because they are more flexible (faster to build, modular, smaller unit sizes, shorter lifecycle) than fossil power plants. Driven by rising tariffs, we already see a trend of businesses and some households going for their own solar solutions – on site (e.g. on rooftops) as well as off site (e.g. in solar parks).

India’s businesses and industries could be the early adopters. Look at what is happening the US already: innovative industries, such as Apple or Google, buy into large renewables projects. They have at least three reasons to do so: firstly they want to lock in long-term power prices to de-risk their business. Solar and wind, which have low operating expenses, are ideally suited for that. Grid power prices, on the other hand, are expected to only go up. Secondly, buying solar power is already be cheaper than buying grid power in many places (including in many Indian states). A third reason is going green. This is a smart business decision as the fossil fuel divestment movement gains pace and ever more investors and consumers look towards a company’s green credentials.

Energy pricing

Underlying this shift from solar to coal is, of course, energy pricing. In the UAE a large solar plant has recently offered a tariff of less than USD 0.06 per kWh. In India, tariffs for large plants have come down to around USD 0.10 per kWh. This is already competitive with the cost of new, imported coal. The great thing about renewables as opposed to all fossil fuels is that the more we use, the cheaper they get. The cost of solar has come down enormously since the 1980s, and it has done so consistently every year. There is no reason to presume this trend will stop. Once the cost of storage (today adding around 30-80% on top of the cost of solar) will come down, too – which most industry observers expect – then solar-plus-storage will become a direct replacement for fossil-fuel power and can light the country up at night, too.

A further point to consider is, that the cost of coal and other fossil fuels is determined only by supply and demand. Environmental externalities are not accounted for. This might well change in the future. There might be an additional levy on coal, oil and gas usage that takes into consideration the air pollution these fuels cause (Indian cities have the most polluted air in the world) and the emissions and climate damage they cause (think of the debate over “unburnable carbon”). (In fact, as a start, India just doubled its green coal tax from Rs. 100 to 200 (US$ 2 to 4) per ton of coal used.)

Investor preferences

Investment will be the main driver. The future energy system that India needs to build will depend to a large extent on private investment. The government has made that clear on many occasions. From the point of view of investors, the energy landscape is changing rapidly. In the past, an investment into a coal-fired power plants was considered a fairly safe bet. It is a well-known technology, coal supply is ample in India (at least in theory) and there was no real competition.

A coal-fired plant has a lifetime of around 40 years. It was the perfect annuity investment, easily earned money. However, anyone looking 40 years into the future today will wonder whether that still holds true.

While the power market has been largely the same for the past 100 years, it will transform entirely in the next 10 years due to the growth of new, renewable energy technologies (especially solar) and due to the environmental and climate debates.

As a result, irrespective of the returns a coal investment might promise, the risk side has changed fundamentally and for the worse. Solar, on the other hand, offers the investor speed and flexibility. It is the safe – and smart – bet. Once the majority of investors will be clear on that, solar can rapidly outgrow coal and become the backbone of India’s energy economy.

Dr. Tobias Engelmeier (@TEngelmeier) founded BRIDGE TO INDIA in 2007, as a strategic environmental consulting company, based in New Delhi. Since then, his focus has been on developing strategic business models for international companies, investors and institutions looking to provide sustainability solutions in India and in countries in comparable development stages in South Asia, South East Asia and Africa. This article was first published at The Energy Collective and is reposted with the author’s permission.

3 Comments

India has a huge future in Solar, unfortunately a combination of vested interests, both domestic and international, are preventing it. Solar is expected to come down to about USD .08/ kwh this year in public auction. It will be far cheaper than Nuclear, with none of the drawbacks and public opposition. It has none of the externalities of coal or gas,it requires no water, will not result in deforestation, nor air pollution etc. no land and forest for gas transportation corridors.In fact, India should now be changing its public investment priorities to grid improvement to absorb more RE and using the additional funding from the cess on coal to promote solar. The replacement of coal by solar will reduce the transportation burden of the Indian railways, which is equivalent to additional investment in railway expansion. India can thus have both development and environmental benefits and the world can share the climate benefits but our government(s) are too foolish to perceive it and too beholden to vested interests. So, no meaningful climate deal , for which the time is anyway long past , since the current concentration of 400 ppm CO2 corresponds to a stabilisation temp between 2.0 -2.4 deg C, as per IPCC 2007. Have a nice day.

The scenario right now with solar energy across India implicates that solar energy indeed will be backbone of India’s energy. I think 2035 is quite far, year 2025-2030 it all will be quite clear.
Thanks for sharing this post.

Congratulations, very good article!
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