International Relations

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What do we study in international relations? How do we study it? And how do we apply it? Using these guiding questions as a framework,International Relationsshows students how to think critically about issues in world politics. In each chapter, a brief opening case is followed by a description of key developments, an explanation of the main theoretical approaches used to analyze them, and applications of those theories in individual, state, and global contexts. The authors provide extensive historical information throughout, giving students a holistic frame of reference from which to understand current events. FEATURES: *A consistent analytical frameworkorganized around three questions encourages critical thinking *Three full chapters on theory--realism (Ch. 2), liberalism (Ch. 3), and constructivist and other modern approaches (Ch. 4)--along with coverage of relevant theories and levels of analysis in each chapter introduce students to a broad spectrum of approaches * Two chapters giveunique emphasis to cultural and identity factors(Ch. 8) andpredictions for the future(Ch. 12) *"Visual Review" summariesenable students to visualize how all the material fits together * Concluding"Past, Present, and Future"sections apply each chapter's material to both classic and contemporary challenges *"Debate" boxesfocus on controversial questions and issues and ask students to consider their own views *"Case in Point" featuresprovide in-depth examinations of current or historical events and includecritical-thinking questionsthat ask students to think deeply about these events *An Instructor's Resource Manual, a Computerized Test Bank, Videos, and a Companion Website www.oup.com/us/shiraevprovide additional resources for students and instructors

Eric Shiraev is a researcher and professor at George Mason University. He is the author, coauthor, or coeditor of twelve books and numerous publications, including Russian Government and Politics (2010) and Counting Every Vote: The Most Contentious Elections in American History (2008).

Vladislav Zubok is a professor at the London School of Economics. He is the author of numerous books and articles, including the prize-winning Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (1996) and A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War (2007).

Each chapter ends with a Conclusion. PrefaceMaps of the WorldPART I. STUDYING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Chapter 1. Introducing International Relations What Do We Study? The Field of International Relations What Is International Relations?Key ConceptsSovereigntyNations and statesKey ActorsState government and foreign policyIntergovernmental organizationsNongovernment organizationsGlobal IssuesInstability, violence, and warNuclear proliferationEnvironmental problemsPovertyHuman rightsPopulation and migrationFinding a path to peace and economic improvementHow Do We Study It? Gathering InformationGovernment and nongovernment reportsEyewitness sourcesCommunicationsIntelligenceSurveysExperimental methodsAnalyzing InformationCritical thinking in international relationsDistinguishing facts from opinionsLooking for multiple causesBeing aware of biasTheoryHow Do We Apply It? The Individual contextThe State contextThe Global contextPast, Present, and Future: Can Democracy Be Exported? Chapter 2. The Realist Perspective What Do We Study? Understanding Power in International RelationsThe Development of RealismTheoretical rootsRealism prevails in EuropeRealism becomes a theoryNeorealismInternational OrderPolarity and international orderInternational order and policiesThe Rise and Fall of Three Great Realist PowersThe Ottoman EmpireThe British EmpireThe United States: An "empire of freedom and the dollar"?How great powers evolveHow Do We Study It? RealpolitikRules of engagementPredator statesPower shiftsInternational Order and WarTypes of responses to the use of forceNeorealist strategiesNonmilitary ResponsesHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextThe State ContextThe Global ContextPutting the Contexts TogetherPast, Present, and Future: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Chapter 3. The Liberal Perspective What Do We Study? The Development of LiberalismIntellectual rootsEarly attempts to implement liberal principles1945: A new beginning for liberal principlesThe Many Faces of LiberalismHow Do We Study It? Comparing Liberalism and RealismThe obsolescence of big warsLessons of diplomacyDemocratic peaceSoft powerInternational and Nongovernment InstitutionsCross-national networksNongovernment organizationsThe Spectrum of LiberalismMultilateralism, interventionism, and isolationismIlliberal views: From anarchism to religious fundamentalismHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextThe State ContextPublic support for foreign policyPolicy climateThe Global ContextPast, Present, and Future: The European Community and the Limits of the Liberal Project Chapter 4. Alternative Views What Do We Study? How Do We Study It? The Constructivist ViewSocially constructed meaningsThree types of international environmentsHistory lessonsConflict ApproachesMarxism and LeninismOther Marxist conceptsDependency and world-systems theoryThe politics of genderRace and ethnic conflictPolitical PsychologyRational decision-makingBiased decision-makingGroup pressureHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextRational and biased choicesAnalogies and individualsIrrational decision-makingEarly and late socializationConflict theories testedThe State ContextConstructivism in the bureaucratic and group contextAccess to information and statesmanshipTwo-level gamesThe democratic-authoritarian continuumWhose state interests?The Global ContextInternational factors and state interestsGender and social conflict perspectivesPast, Present, and Future: The Cuban Missile Crisis PART II. THREE FACETS OF A GLOBAL WORLD Chapter 5. International Security What Do We Study? SecurityTypes of WarSecurity PoliciesHow Do We Study It? RealismRealism and securityThe security dilemmaNuclear deterrenceThe domino theorySecurity regimesInternational LiberalismLiberalism and securityInternational organizations and the security communityConstructivismPerceptions, identities, and attitudesMilitarism and pacifismAlternative and Conflict TheoriesMarxismFeminismHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextLeaders and advisersPsychologyThe State ContextPublic opinionIdeologyLobbyingThe Global ContextGeopoliticsRegional securityEnergy, resources, and securityPast, Present, and Future: Ending the Cold War Chapter 6. International Law What Do We Study? Law, the Role of IGOs, and International RelationsPrinciples of International LawSources of International LawThe Development of International LawLaws of the seaLaws of warHumanitarian issuesEarly legal institutionsFrom the League of Nations to the United NationsHow Do We Study It? The Realist View of International LawSovereigntyState interestLaw enforcementThe Liberal View of International LawLaw and reasonExtraterritorialitySupranationalismSupranationalism and human rightsThe legality of warConstructivism and other viewsIdeology and lawPerceptions of international lawConflict theoriesSelf-organizationHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextPolitical authorityThe State ContextInternational law and the United StatesThe Global ContextFrom nationalism to supranationalismBack to realityPast, Present, and Future: War Crimes, Genocide, and the Legacy of Nuremberg Chapter 7. International Political Economy What Do We Study? The Major Factors of International Political EconomyProduction and ConsumptionFinancesTradeHow Do We Study It? Mercantilism: An economic realism?Principles of mercantilismMercantilism and mealismEconomic LiberalismThe roots of economic liberalismPrinciples of economic liberalismThe Keynesian challengeInternational organizationsRegional trade agreementsConstructivismNational purposeEconomic climateConflict TheoriesMarxismEconomic dependencyFair tradeHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextPolitical leadershipMicroeconomicsThe State ContextDomestic politicsSurplus or manageable deficit?The Global ContextWhich economic policy?Global interdependenceGlobal povertyInternational institutions and the global economyCulture and conflictPast, Present, and Future: "The Beijing Miracle" PART III. TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHALLENGES Chapter 8. International Terrorism What Do We Study? Terrorism and CounterterrorismWhy Definitions Are ImportantLegitimization of military actionsMobilization of international lawJustification of other policiesHow Terrorism WorksAssumptions and methodsThe "logic" of terrorismTerrorism: In the Name of What?AnarchistsExtreme nationalistsRadical SocialistsReligious fundamentalistsHow Do We Study It? The Realist view of TerrorismPower balanceAsymmetrical threatsCounterterrorismThe Liberal View of TerrorismUnderstanding causes of terrorismCriminalizing terrorismLiberalism and counterterrorismThe Constructivist View of TerrorismThree pillars of terrorismIdeology and IdentityConflict theoriesPolitical socializationHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextThe terrorist's profileBush and Obama on terrorismRehabilitation as counterterrorismThe State ContextDomestic costs of counterterrorismTerrorism as a means to gain state powerDemocratic governance and terrorismThe Global ContextEffectivenessGlobal wavesGlobal counterterrorismPast, Present, and Future: Al-Qaeda Chapter 9. Environmental Problems and International Politics What Do We Study?Environmental ProblemsAcid rainAir pollutionOzone depletionClimate changeDeforestationLoss of wildlifeLoss of clean waterDisasters and AccidentsNatural disastersHuman-created disastersEnvironmental Policies TodayRestriction and regulationGreen investmentsComprehensive policiesPolicy implementationHow Do We Study It? RealismEnvironmental disasters and securityConflictThe global commonsEnvironment and sovereigntyLiberalismInternational treaties and organizationsNongovernment organizationsPublic awarenessConstructivismEnvironmental valuesAlternative and critical viewsHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextEnvironmentalism and skepticismA sense of mission and leadershipThe State ContextNational purpose and partisan politicsThe democratic contextThe Global ContextThe environment and businessThe need for global effortsGlobal policy and climate changePast, Present, and Future: Greenpeace Chapter 10. Humanitarian Problems What Do We Study? Humanitarian ProblemsPandemics and infectious diseasesAIDSChronic starvation and malnutritionAcute sufferingCauses of Humanitarian ProblemsNatural disastersMismanagementPoliticsMass violenceExtreme povertyOverpopulationInvoluntary migrationInterconnected problemsHumanitarian PoliciesHumanitarian interventionRelief effortsCrisis preventionPopulation policiesAnti-poverty policiesRefugee policiesHow Do We Study It? RealismLiberalismTheoretical principlesGlobal governanceConstructivismConflict TheoriesHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextLeaders' choicesDenying or hiding problemsThe State ContextPolitical climateFavorable conditionsThe Global ContextNew and evolving concernsPolicy argumentsEfficiency of aidSustainability of successPast, Present, and Future: Celebrity Activism Chapter 11. Hearts and Minds: Identity and Political Culture What Do We Study? Values and IdentitiesPolitical CultureTypes of political cultureViews of political authorityCultures as CivilizationsCultural identitiesA clash of civilizations?Political AttitudesNationalismTribalismXenophobiaFundamentalismHow Do We Study It? RealismLiberalismConstructivismConflict TheoriesHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextVisionaries and fanaticsPolitical mobilizationThe State ContextCollective ExperiencesPolitical culture and state unityEconomic leverageDemocratic normsThe Global ContextToward a global political cultureResistance to globalizationDo cultures clash?Hybrid political culturesPast, Present, and Future: China's Changing Identity Chapter 12. Forecasting the World of 2025 What Do We Study? From Prophesies to Predictions: The International SystemSovereign StatesStrong and weak statesTerritorial claimsIGOs and NGOsMultipolarity and AlliancesPolarityLatin America and BolivarianismPan-ArabismPan-IslamismPan-AfricanismSouth and East AsiaRussia and the post-Soviet spaceHow Do We Study It? RealismLiberalismConstructivismConflict TheoriesHow Do We Apply It? The Individual ContextThe State ContextThe United StatesThe European UnionChinaBrazilTurkeyThe Global ContextMarxismModernization theoriesDemocratic transitionTheories of scarcityThe clash of civilizations "Rise and Fall" theoriesHistorical Perspective: A Glimpse into the Future