This chapter builds on the link between French colonial policies and Muslim–Jewish relations in the metropole by tracing how decolonization throughout North Africa changed the way a diverse set of ...
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This chapter builds on the link between French colonial policies and Muslim–Jewish relations in the metropole by tracing how decolonization throughout North Africa changed the way a diverse set of social actors, including French colonial administrators, international Jewish spokesmen, and a wide range of indigenous nationalist groups conceptualized Jewish belonging throughout the region. It argues that the process led to the emergence of the “North African Jew,” a category to which no individual ascribed but that worked rhetorically to unite the diverse Moroccan, Tunisian, and Algerian Jewish populations into a collective often understood to be in conflict with “North Africans,” “Muslims,” or “Arabs.”Less

Decolonization and Migration : Constructing the North African Jew

Maud S. Mandel

Published in print: 2014-01-05

This chapter builds on the link between French colonial policies and Muslim–Jewish relations in the metropole by tracing how decolonization throughout North Africa changed the way a diverse set of social actors, including French colonial administrators, international Jewish spokesmen, and a wide range of indigenous nationalist groups conceptualized Jewish belonging throughout the region. It argues that the process led to the emergence of the “North African Jew,” a category to which no individual ascribed but that worked rhetorically to unite the diverse Moroccan, Tunisian, and Algerian Jewish populations into a collective often understood to be in conflict with “North Africans,” “Muslims,” or “Arabs.”

This chapter describes the diffusion of bishops, who were ordained to the major cities in the third century, and by the fourth and fifth centuries presided over estates and villages in Byzacena and ...
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This chapter describes the diffusion of bishops, who were ordained to the major cities in the third century, and by the fourth and fifth centuries presided over estates and villages in Byzacena and Numidia. Local communities sought them, and because of the competition between Donatists and Catholics and a peculiar way of choosing primates, the North African churches obliged. The result was a new sort of leadership, common to city and country. These rural bishops provided an impetus for community formation, a way for small estates to come together under a common leader and even take a common name, counteracting the most damaging aspect of Roman domination—the scattering of rural populations onto separate estates.Less

Bishops Where No Bishops Should Be : The Phenomenon of the Rural Bishopric

Leslie Dossey

Published in print: 2010-10-19

This chapter describes the diffusion of bishops, who were ordained to the major cities in the third century, and by the fourth and fifth centuries presided over estates and villages in Byzacena and Numidia. Local communities sought them, and because of the competition between Donatists and Catholics and a peculiar way of choosing primates, the North African churches obliged. The result was a new sort of leadership, common to city and country. These rural bishops provided an impetus for community formation, a way for small estates to come together under a common leader and even take a common name, counteracting the most damaging aspect of Roman domination—the scattering of rural populations onto separate estates.

This chapter investigates how the Islam français embodied by the Mosquée came to serve as the almost exclusive medium for the French state to manage its interactions with its Muslim subjects residing ...
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This chapter investigates how the Islam français embodied by the Mosquée came to serve as the almost exclusive medium for the French state to manage its interactions with its Muslim subjects residing in the metropole. It suggests here that the social service and policing programs developed by the local and national administrations, in using Islam as the basis for their differential treatment of North Africans, set up the pattern in which the segregation of immigrants from the Maghreb was portrayed as protective and as preferential treatment based on religious difference. In other words, it was the panoply of social programs that emerged during the same period as the Mosquée’s creation that helped establish Muslims as only and eternally Muslims.Less

To Monitor and Aid: Muslim Bodies, Social Assistance, and Religious Practices

Naomi Davidson

Published in print: 2012-07-12

This chapter investigates how the Islam français embodied by the Mosquée came to serve as the almost exclusive medium for the French state to manage its interactions with its Muslim subjects residing in the metropole. It suggests here that the social service and policing programs developed by the local and national administrations, in using Islam as the basis for their differential treatment of North Africans, set up the pattern in which the segregation of immigrants from the Maghreb was portrayed as protective and as preferential treatment based on religious difference. In other words, it was the panoply of social programs that emerged during the same period as the Mosquée’s creation that helped establish Muslims as only and eternally Muslims.

This chapter discusses the political and religious-legal challenge that North African corsairs posed to the Ottoman treaty regime in a post–“Northern Invasion” Mediterranean, and explores the reasons ...
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This chapter discusses the political and religious-legal challenge that North African corsairs posed to the Ottoman treaty regime in a post–“Northern Invasion” Mediterranean, and explores the reasons for and consequences of the diplomatic divergence of the 1620s, when England, France, and the Netherlands began concluding treaties directly with the North African port cities. It argues that the legal and diplomatic fallout of a series of Algerian-Tunisian piratical raids in the 1620s and 1630s led to a permanent restructuring of the imperial center’s relationship with North Africa. As a result, Istanbul washed its hands of responsibility for the North African corsairs’ predations, granting explicit permission to its treaty partners to destroy any African corsairs who threatened them and creating conditions that led to dozens of European punitive expeditions against the North African port cities beginning in the 1660s and culminating in the French invasion of Algiers in 1830.Less

Diplomatic Divergence

Joshua M. White

Published in print: 2017-11-28

This chapter discusses the political and religious-legal challenge that North African corsairs posed to the Ottoman treaty regime in a post–“Northern Invasion” Mediterranean, and explores the reasons for and consequences of the diplomatic divergence of the 1620s, when England, France, and the Netherlands began concluding treaties directly with the North African port cities. It argues that the legal and diplomatic fallout of a series of Algerian-Tunisian piratical raids in the 1620s and 1630s led to a permanent restructuring of the imperial center’s relationship with North Africa. As a result, Istanbul washed its hands of responsibility for the North African corsairs’ predations, granting explicit permission to its treaty partners to destroy any African corsairs who threatened them and creating conditions that led to dozens of European punitive expeditions against the North African port cities beginning in the 1660s and culminating in the French invasion of Algiers in 1830.

In comparison to other countries, the South African contribution to the war in North Africa was small, making the country's role to be part of a larger team. But during the most crucial battle of ...
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In comparison to other countries, the South African contribution to the war in North Africa was small, making the country's role to be part of a larger team. But during the most crucial battle of the campaign, the 1st battle of El Alamein, the South Africans played a vital role. After this, the Axis forces could never again muster enough forces to win the war for possession of the Nile Delta. After July 1942, the South African contribution reverted back to that of a minor role player, albeit one that contributed substantially taken into account the country's small population and industrial base.Less

The War in North Africa, 1940–43: An Overview of the Role of the Union of South Africa

James Jacobs

Published in print: 2013-03-15

In comparison to other countries, the South African contribution to the war in North Africa was small, making the country's role to be part of a larger team. But during the most crucial battle of the campaign, the 1st battle of El Alamein, the South Africans played a vital role. After this, the Axis forces could never again muster enough forces to win the war for possession of the Nile Delta. After July 1942, the South African contribution reverted back to that of a minor role player, albeit one that contributed substantially taken into account the country's small population and industrial base.

This chapter explores how the Franco regime depicted the North African Muslims as allies in their struggle for justice. This political thought has placed a parallel to the Spanish Reconquest, and ...
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This chapter explores how the Franco regime depicted the North African Muslims as allies in their struggle for justice. This political thought has placed a parallel to the Spanish Reconquest, and this time, the ones who are playing the role of the infidels are the Republicans. This mythification of the Francoist faction also likened the dictator to the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who helped usher the birth of the unified Spain, but also applying more finesse to the roles of the Moors in order not to offend them. This amicable depiction of the Moors can be seen by the numerous cultural productions of the Francoist regimes that were shown in several motion pictures such as Locura de amor.Less

Unmasking Family Values in Franco's African Colonies

Susan Martin-Marquez

Published in print: 2008-07-29

This chapter explores how the Franco regime depicted the North African Muslims as allies in their struggle for justice. This political thought has placed a parallel to the Spanish Reconquest, and this time, the ones who are playing the role of the infidels are the Republicans. This mythification of the Francoist faction also likened the dictator to the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who helped usher the birth of the unified Spain, but also applying more finesse to the roles of the Moors in order not to offend them. This amicable depiction of the Moors can be seen by the numerous cultural productions of the Francoist regimes that were shown in several motion pictures such as Locura de amor.

This book investigates the lives and stories of queer Maghrebi and Maghrebi French men who moved to or grew up in contemporary France. It combines original French language data from my ethnographic ...
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This book investigates the lives and stories of queer Maghrebi and Maghrebi French men who moved to or grew up in contemporary France. It combines original French language data from my ethnographic fieldwork in France with a wide array of recent narratives and cultural productions including performance art and photography, films, novels, autobiographies, published letters, and other first-person essays to investigate how these queer men living in France and the diaspora stake claims to time and space, construct kinship, and imagine their own future. By closely examining empirical evidence from the lived experiences of these queer Maghrebi French-speakers, this book presents a variety of paths available to these men who articulate and pioneer their own sexual difference within their families of origin and contemporary French society. These sexual minorities of North African origin may explain their homosexuality in terms of a “modern coming out” narrative when living in France. Nevertheless, they are able to negotiate cultural hybridity and flexible language, temporalities, and filiations, that combine elements from a variety of discourses on family, honor, face-saving, the symbolic order of gender differences, gender equality, as well as the western and largely neoliberal constructs of individualism and sexual autonomy.Less

Queer Maghrebi French : Language, Temporalities, Transfiliations

Denis M. Provencher

Published in print: 2018-02-01

This book investigates the lives and stories of queer Maghrebi and Maghrebi French men who moved to or grew up in contemporary France. It combines original French language data from my ethnographic fieldwork in France with a wide array of recent narratives and cultural productions including performance art and photography, films, novels, autobiographies, published letters, and other first-person essays to investigate how these queer men living in France and the diaspora stake claims to time and space, construct kinship, and imagine their own future. By closely examining empirical evidence from the lived experiences of these queer Maghrebi French-speakers, this book presents a variety of paths available to these men who articulate and pioneer their own sexual difference within their families of origin and contemporary French society. These sexual minorities of North African origin may explain their homosexuality in terms of a “modern coming out” narrative when living in France. Nevertheless, they are able to negotiate cultural hybridity and flexible language, temporalities, and filiations, that combine elements from a variety of discourses on family, honor, face-saving, the symbolic order of gender differences, gender equality, as well as the western and largely neoliberal constructs of individualism and sexual autonomy.

This chapter studies the contemporary tensions and transformations created by immigrant arrivals for the predominant character of Franco-Judaism. The study stresses how the disruptions of the Shoah ...
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This chapter studies the contemporary tensions and transformations created by immigrant arrivals for the predominant character of Franco-Judaism. The study stresses how the disruptions of the Shoah and World War II did not necessarily overturn all traditional internal notions of difference, but rather laid the conditions for an accommodation of the equally dramatic development of French Jewry following further immigrant influx arising in particular from France’s decolonizations. Ultimately, the study isolates two key factors in this transformation which also acted as a profound influence on the entire French nation in the postwar period: the general “Americanization” that was accelerated by JDC funding, and which challenged and overtook older sectarian divisions; and the dramatic revitalization of French Jewish spirituality by North African immigration.Less

The Encounter between “Native” and “Immigrant” Jews in Post-Holocaust France : Negotiating Difference

Maud Mandel

Published in print: 2015-06-12

This chapter studies the contemporary tensions and transformations created by immigrant arrivals for the predominant character of Franco-Judaism. The study stresses how the disruptions of the Shoah and World War II did not necessarily overturn all traditional internal notions of difference, but rather laid the conditions for an accommodation of the equally dramatic development of French Jewry following further immigrant influx arising in particular from France’s decolonizations. Ultimately, the study isolates two key factors in this transformation which also acted as a profound influence on the entire French nation in the postwar period: the general “Americanization” that was accelerated by JDC funding, and which challenged and overtook older sectarian divisions; and the dramatic revitalization of French Jewish spirituality by North African immigration.

In different ways, the construction of Jewishness in post-Revolutionary France and under French colonialism in North Africa created the conditions of possibility for understanding Jewishness as race. ...
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In different ways, the construction of Jewishness in post-Revolutionary France and under French colonialism in North Africa created the conditions of possibility for understanding Jewishness as race. In the Metropole, this was driven by the impossibility of advocating for Jewish “nativeness” to France without simultaneously constructing and reifying the category “Jew.” In the colonies, Jewishness became a privileged way of escaping “nativeness,” which was assimilated to Arabness, primitivism, and the impossibility of Frenchness. But making Jewishness into one of the few roads to Frenchness in all three French North African colonies also threatened to turn it into an inescapable essence.Less

French “Natives” and Native Jews

Kimberly A. Arkin

Published in print: 2013-12-18

In different ways, the construction of Jewishness in post-Revolutionary France and under French colonialism in North Africa created the conditions of possibility for understanding Jewishness as race. In the Metropole, this was driven by the impossibility of advocating for Jewish “nativeness” to France without simultaneously constructing and reifying the category “Jew.” In the colonies, Jewishness became a privileged way of escaping “nativeness,” which was assimilated to Arabness, primitivism, and the impossibility of Frenchness. But making Jewishness into one of the few roads to Frenchness in all three French North African colonies also threatened to turn it into an inescapable essence.

This new collection of studies presents fresh insights into a war fought over unusually difficult terrain and with exceptional supply demands. From the ongoing Italian geomorphic study of the Alamein ...
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This new collection of studies presents fresh insights into a war fought over unusually difficult terrain and with exceptional supply demands. From the ongoing Italian geomorphic study of the Alamein arena to individual memories of non-combatant Alexandrians, from the Free French to the seasoned colonial forces of Australia, India, New Zealand, and South Africa, and from vital naval engagements and the siege of Malta to the study of Rommel's leadership and the Churchill-Montgomery duo, this book presents the reader with a detailed yet broad reassessment of the complexities of the war in North Africa between 1941 and 1943, its technology, philosophy, military doctrine, strategy, tactics, logistics, and the associated local and international politics. Writing from the perspectives of some of the many nations whose armies were involved in the conflict, fifteen historians bring to their work the precision of their national historical archival sources in clear and spritely narratives.Less

El Alamein and the Struggle for North Africa : International Perspectives from the Twenty-first Century

Published in print: 2013-03-15

This new collection of studies presents fresh insights into a war fought over unusually difficult terrain and with exceptional supply demands. From the ongoing Italian geomorphic study of the Alamein arena to individual memories of non-combatant Alexandrians, from the Free French to the seasoned colonial forces of Australia, India, New Zealand, and South Africa, and from vital naval engagements and the siege of Malta to the study of Rommel's leadership and the Churchill-Montgomery duo, this book presents the reader with a detailed yet broad reassessment of the complexities of the war in North Africa between 1941 and 1943, its technology, philosophy, military doctrine, strategy, tactics, logistics, and the associated local and international politics. Writing from the perspectives of some of the many nations whose armies were involved in the conflict, fifteen historians bring to their work the precision of their national historical archival sources in clear and spritely narratives.