Great teaching has long been seen as an innate skill.

But reformers are showing that the best teachers are made, not born.

To the 11- and 12-year-olds in his maths class, Jimmy Cavanagh seems like a born teacher. He is warm but firm. His voice is strong. Correct answers make him smile. Mr Cavanagh is the product of a new way of training teachers. Rather than spending their time musing on the meaning of education, he and his peers have been drilled in the craft of the classroom. Their dozens of honed techniques cover everything from discipline to making sure all children are thinking hard. Not a second is wasted. North Star teachers may seem naturals. They are anything but.

Like many of his colleagues are or have been, Mr Cavanagh is enrolled at the Relay Graduate School of Education. Along with similar institutions around the world, Relay is applying lessons from cognitive science, medical education and sports training to the business of supplying better teachers. Their technique is calibrated, practised, coached and relentlessly assessed like that of a top-flight athlete. Jamey Verrilli, who runs Relay’s Newark branch (there are seven others), says the approach shows teaching for what it is: not an innate gift, nor a refuge for those who, as the old saw has it, “can’t do”, but “an incredibly intricate, complex and beautiful craft”.

Are great teachers born or made?

Prejudices played out in popular culture suggest the former. Bad teachers are portrayed as lazy and kid-hating. Edna Krabappel of The Simpsons treats lessons as obstacles to cigarette breaks. Good and inspiring teachers, meanwhile, such as Michelle Pfeiffer’s marine-turned-educator in Dangerous Minds, or J.K. Rowling’s Minerva McGonagall, are portrayed as endowed with supernatural gifts (literally so, in the case of the head of Gryffindor). In 2011 a survey of attitudes to education found that such portrayals reflect what people believe: 70% of Americans thought the ability to teach was more the result of innate talent than training.

Elizabeth Green, the author of Building A Better Teacher, calls this the myth of the natural-born teacher. Such a belief makes finding a good teacher like panning for gold: get rid of all those that don’t cut it; keep the shiny ones. This is in part why, for the past two decades, increasing the ‘accountability’ of teachers has been a priority for educational reformers.

There is a good deal of sense in this. In cities such as Washington DC, performance-related pay and dismissing the worst teachers have boosted test scores. But relying on hiring and firing without addressing the ways that teachers actually teach is unlikely to work. Education-policy wonks have neglected what one of them once called the “black box of the production process” and others might call “the classroom”. Open that black box, and two important truths pop out. A fair chunk of what teachers (and others) believe about teaching is wrong. And ways of teaching better—often much better—can be learned. Grit can become gold. Continue reading “Teaching the teachers”→

As teachers, when we see a student struggling with what we think may be dyslexia, we immediately want to help. But understanding what’s going on with a student’s language-based learning disability isn’t simple. Dyslexia takes different forms, and what works for one child doesn’t necessarily work for another.

We asked Nickola Wolf Nelson, Ph.D., lead developer of the new Test of Integrated Language & Literacy Skills (TILLS) and professor emerita in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences at Western Michigan University, to share her best tips for understanding students who have dyslexia, plus techniques for supporting them in the classroom.

1. Dyslexia is a language-based learning disability. It’s not a vision problem. It’s not about intelligence. It certainly isn’t about laziness. It affects the way the brain processes written and spoken language. Nelson says people with dyslexia have trouble mapping letters onto sounds and vice versa. Students with dyslexia usually have a hard time reading, but they can also struggle with spelling, writing and even pronouncing words. Nelson notes the two key components of reading—word structure knowledge and language comprehension—and makes these points: “Word decoding without comprehension isn’t reading” and “Making up meaning without accurate word decoding is not reading.” She says, “If either one of those pieces is defective, it’s not going to work.” Nelson explains that children with classical dyslexia generally have good language comprehension skills when they’re listening. It’s when they’re reading, she says, that these students struggle with word structure knowledge, which affects their ability to decode and spell, and it may also interfere with their ability to understand what they read.

2. Dyslexia is hereditary and lifelong. Dyslexia is not a phase or something you outgrow—although it may appear differently at different points in development. Often, a child’s diagnosis will trigger parents to realize that they too have dyslexia. Their children’s symptoms are all too familiar. “It’s lifelong, and they will always expend more effort, but that doesn’t mean people with dyslexia can’t learn—or that they can’t enjoy reading,” says Nelson. Even after helping identify dyslexia in their students, a teacher’s job continues to be important, says Nelson. Educators have the role of helping their students cope with the challenges they will continue to face daily in the classroom. “One of the symptoms of dyslexia is having trouble hearing speech sounds in words. That’s a very teachable skill—even for kids with dyslexia,” Nelson explains. “They just need clear, direct instruction to develop phoneme awareness.”

3. Dyslexia is more common than many people think. The International Dyslexia Association estimates that as many as 15 to 20 percent of people have some symptoms of dyslexia, such as trouble with reading, spelling and writing, or mixing up similar words. It affects people from all types of backgrounds too. Of the 13 or 14 percent of school-age children who have a condition that qualifies them for special education services, 7 percent are diagnosed with a learning disability. And 85 percent of those children have a primary learning disability in reading and language processing. “Some people worry that dyslexia is a problem of only the privileged,” says Nelson, adding, “It’s true that dyslexia is probably under-identified in children with lower socioeconomic status because they face so many other academic challenges that the specific reading deficit gets lost. Plus it may be more difficult to identify dyslexia among children when English isn’t their first language since most of our tools are designed to detect language and literacy problems among children who have been learning English since they were born.” Nelson recommends providing explicit instruction in sound-letter associations to all students (e.g., teach them to identifying word parts like -ed and -ing) and in reading, decoding and spelling. She says that all children can benefit from this type of instruction, especially in the early grades, and that those children, including those from diverse backgrounds, who struggle to learn despite this instruction may have dyslexia.

4. Before school starts, dyslexia may not be obvious. When bright students continue to make the same mistakes over several days, and they can’t seem to make a connection between sounds and letters, a red flag often goes up for teachers. Nelson emphasizes that teachers have a very important role because they’re on the front lines when it comes to identifying dyslexia. She says teachers should follow their gut when it comes to screening students for dyslexia. When you see them struggling to remember sound-symbol combinations, Nelson advises, it’s time to take action. Children are generally diagnosed when they learn to read, in kindergarten or first grade, but if you suspect dyslexia in older students, it’s still a good idea to request assessment since the condition sometimes isn’t identified until much later, and early identification and treatment can make a big difference.

5. There isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution. Some children who have reading, decoding and spelling problems consistent with dyslexia may not actually have dyslexia. “There are other language problems that can cause trouble with reading that also deserve attention in school,” says Nelson. Educational teams can use tools like the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS), of which Nelson was the lead developer, to help figure out what individual students with language or literacy problems need to succeed in your class. Nelson also recommends that teachers involve parents, and even students with dyslexia themselves, in making plans for academic success. The Student Language Scale (SLS), a short 12-question screener, can be used with the TILLS as a tool that teachers can fill out themselves and also send home for parents and students to fill out before parent-teacher conferences. “This input about how parents and students feel about their literacy and language skills can be very helpful to teachers,” says Nelson.

6. It isn’t as simple as it may seem. If children can decode words, but their comprehension isn’t there, they’re technically not reading, says Nelson. Students need not only to figure out what words say but also what they mean. This is where classroom tools like audiobooks can really help kids. Listening to others read can build vocabulary, word knowledge and familiarity with the complex syntax of written language. Nelson cautions, however, that if you offer a student the opportunity to listen instead of read, you should first check to be sure that the child doesn’t also have a problem with listening comprehension. She says you should also make sure that the student has help to improve the reading, decoding and spelling skills that are impaired in dyslexia, and she adds, “Remember, students will only get better with good instruction and practice, so be sure to help them find something they enjoy and can read independently for at least a portion of every day.”

7. For students with dyslexia, some words and activities are harder than others. The words children with dyslexia find most confusing may not be the ones you’d think. Often it’s the short, common words that seem easy to most students—such as from, of, the, to, for, what, that, where, who, and how—that are tricky for students with dyslexia. Sometimes when students with dyslexia see a list of these seemingly basic words on a test, they just freeze up, says Nelson, so it’s helpful to teach them to pay attention to the letter-pattern cues that make these words different from one another. They also may need to be encouraged to try multiple pronunciations of long and complex words in later grades because they may have trouble initially putting the accent on the right syllable or saying the vowels correctly. In the classroom, also try to avoid putting a student with dyslexia on the spot to read aloud in a round-robin situation, which can be particularly embarrassing. A better option is to have the whole class read in unison, suggests Nelson. These choral readings model fluent reading and give students with dyslexia an opportunity to join their peers. While Nelson doesn’t advocate for old-fashioned, round-robin readings where individual students are put on the spot, she does say it’s important for teachers, especially those working with young children, to listen to their students read aloud on their own from time to time. Some children with dyslexia are very good at hiding their disability in a group setting, so it’s not until you sit down one-on-one to listen to your students read aloud that you’ll notice a problem. Nelson also recommends following up with a brainstorming activity after reading selected passages as a way to emphasize the importance of active comprehension and inferring meaning when its not explicitly stated. “If there is not just one right answer, more students may be actively involved,” says Nelson. “This develops critical-thinking skills, which may be a strength for students with dyslexia.”

8. Use accommodations wisely but sparingly. Tasks that become automatic and fast for most people can take a lot of extra effort and time for people with dyslexia, so many children with dyslexia need extra time to do their assignments, says Nelson. It may also help to assign fewer problems so homework doesn’t become nightmarish. Some students have an easier time with comprehension when they hear you read instructions aloud, or they may comprehend more by listening to an audiobook instead of reading from a physical book, because auditory memory may be affected along with reading. When giving instructions orally, Nelson says it helps to write key information, such as page numbers and problem numbers to be completed, on the board. “Use accommodations wisely but sparingly,” suggests Nelson. For instance, if someone else always reads for and scribes for a student with dyslexia, the student may become increasingly dependent on others. In addition to using accommodations, Nelson recommends that students with dyslexia receive direct, explicit instruction by someone who has keen knowledge of dyslexia and that they are encouraged to read on their own for intervals that get longer as they age. She says this should be material that the student helps to identify and that is fun and rewarding. Nelson also points out, “People with dyslexia can have wonderful ideas but may need encouragement to write them down.” She says teachers should tell students with dyslexia to compose their ideas freely, without getting bogged down by sentence structure, word forms and spelling. Then you can encourage students to go back and proofread to fix these mistakes and to use tools, such a spell checkers. “Reading and writing must become highly integrated activities,” says Nelson, “not separate ones.”

9. Strategies that work with students with dyslexia help all students. Try universal strategies to help all students pay attention to the structure of words, sounds and patterns, which Dr. Nelson says can also be especially useful to students with dyslexia. In early grades, ask the class to say a word slowly and pay attention to how the individual sounds feel in their mouths and sound in their ears and brains, so they can write the letters that make those sounds. Then go backwards by starting with a series of letters and then saying the sounds they make. As students get better, swap out letters and remove those sounds and substitute others. Use nonsense words at first to teach the code. Make it a game. Then use real words, suggests Nelson. In later grades, help the class focus on the structure of complex words related to math and science, such as Greek and Latin morphemes in words like geology. You can model how to break words into parts (syllables and morphemes) and spell one part at a time with words such as trigonometry and geometry, or hypertension and hypotension.

10. Giving encouragement to students with dyslexia can truly make their day. “When children are having trouble with everyday things, it’s easy to be so focused on their errors that we lose the fact they made a brilliant statement or wrote a story with funny moments,” says Nelson. “Start by saying, ‘You made me laugh’ or ‘You brought a tear to my eye.’ Getting praise can make all the difference in how much students reveal about themselves or how hard they try.” As students experience failure, they may act like they don’t care or say school is boring. They don’t want to reveal that they’re struggling. “Find the things they can do well,” says Nelson, “and they will be more likely to try some of the harder things and seek help when they need it.”

Towards Sustainable Futures through Multilingual Education

On the occasion of this Day, I launch an appeal for the potential of multilingual education to be acknowledged everywhere, in education and administrative systems, in cultural expressions and the media, cyberspace and trade.

Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General

To foster sustainable development, learners must have access to education in their mother tongue and in other languages. It is through the mastery of the first language or mother tongue that the basic skills of reading, writing and numeracy are acquired. Local languages, especially minority and indigenous, transmit cultures, values and traditional knowledge, thus playing an important role in promoting sustainable futures.

International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in November 1999. On 16 May 2007 the United Nations General Assembly called upon Member States “to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by peoples of the world”. By the same resolution, the General Assembly proclaimed 2008 as the International Year of Languages, to promote unity in diversity and international understanding, through multilingualism and multiculturalism.

International Mother Language Day has been observed every year since February 2000 to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. The date represents the day in 1952 when students demonstrating for recognition of their language, Bangla, as one of the two national languages of the then Pakistan, were shot and killed by police in Dhaka, the capital of what is now Bangladesh.

Languages are the most powerful instruments of preserving and developing our tangible and intangible heritage.All moves to promote the dissemination of mother tongues will serve not only to encourage linguistic diversity and multilingual education but also to develop fuller awareness of linguistic and cultural traditions throughout the world and to inspire solidarity based on understanding, tolerance and dialogue.

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Puntolingue Teachers’Club

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We are looking for highly motivated teachers who are afraid of not giving enough to students. We will have a couple of meetings in a month to discuss about issues that arise in classroom. There will be chosen topics for each meeting that will be announced in advance for you to prepare. Come and join us!!!

Associazione Culturale William Shakespeare

12. A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965) Charlie Brown films make certainly no exception. It’s a hilariously good time, but ends with just the right amount of warmth and fuzziness to remind you and your family what Christmas is really about. You’ll want to watch this one every year.

In Italian: Non avere peli sulla lingua. What it means: To speak plainly; not mince words.