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If an animal receives an injection before blood is drawnfor a blood panel, some tests may be affected. Researchers from the Institute for Physiopathology and Experimental Toxicology in Toulouse, France tested the theory by runningblood tests following a variety of injections, including B vitamins, imidocarb and fatty acids. It appears that the injections dramatically affected creatine kinase levels, a enzyme associated with muscle injury. In fact, following fatty acid injections, creatine kinase levels increased over 20 timesbaseline levels. Keep this in mind if your animal has abnormal creatine kinase levels but no history of muscle injury.

The anion gap is used to measure the concentration of cations (sodium and potassium) and the anions (chloride and CO2) in the extracellular fluid of the blood. There are numerous clinical implications that can be gathered from the Anion Gap. An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect). Online anion gap calculator: http://www.intmed.mcw.edu/clincalc/aniongap.html

BUN/Creatinine

A high reading in this calculation is normally indicative of too much BUN being formed and a low reading may show that the BUN is low or that the creatinine is not being cleared effectively by the kidney. This calculation is a good measurement of kidney and liver function.

Calcium/Phosphorus

Due to the delicate balance between calcium and phosphorus in the system, this calculation is helpful in noting subtle and acute imbalances in the relationship between the two elements.

Sodium/Potassium

As the two major blood electrolytes, sodium as the extracellular cation and potassium as the intracellular cation, this is an important ratio to review and act upon when subtle or acute imbalances are noted.

Differential

Neutrophils and Neutrophil Count

Also known as Granulocytes or segmented neutrophils, this is the main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels may indicate an active infection, a low count may indicate a compromised immune system or depressed bone marrow (low neutrophil production).

Lymphocytes and Lymphocyte Count

Lymphocytes are involved in protection of the body from viral infections. Elevated levels may indicate an active viral infection and a depressed level may indicate an exhausted immune system or if the neutrophils are elevated an active infection.

Monocytes and Monobyte Count

These cells are helpful in fighting severe infections and are considered the bodies second line of defense against infection and are the largest cells in the blood stream. Elevated levels are seen in tissue breakdown or chronic infections, carcinomas, leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas. Low levels are indicative of a state of health.

Eosinophils and Eosinophil Count

Eosinophils are used by the body to protect against allergic reactions and parasites. Therefore, elevated levels may indicate an allergic response. A low count is normal.

Basophils and Basophil Count

Basophilic activity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions, low levels are normal.

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Disease Pattern Information

Notes on Reference ranges ("normal ranges")

Because reference ranges (except for some lipid studies) are typically defined as the range of values of the median 95% of the healthy population, it is unlikely that a given specimen, even from a healthy patient, will show "normal" values for all the tests in a lengthy profile. Therefore, caution should be exercised to prevent overreaction to miscellaneous, mild abnormalities without clinical correlate.

Units of measurement: America against the world

American labs use a different version of the metric system than does most of the rest of the world, which uses the Système Internationale (SI). In some cases translation between the two systems is easy, but the difference between the two is most pronounced in measurement of chemical concentration. The American system generally uses mass per unit volume, while SI uses moles per unit volume. Since mass per mole varies with the molecular weight of the analyte, conversion between American and SI units requires many different conversion factors. Where appropriate, in this paper SI units are given after American units.

If an animal receives an injection before blood is drawnfor a blood panel, some tests may be affected. Researchers from the Institute for Physiopathology and Experimental Toxicology in Toulouse, France tested the theory by runningblood tests following a variety of injections, including B vitamins, imidocarb and fatty acids. It appears that the injections dramatically affected creatine kinase levels, a enzyme associated with muscle injury. In fact, following fatty acid injections, creatine kinase levels increased over 20 timesbaseline levels. Keep this in mind if your animal has abnormal creatine kinase levels but no history of muscle injury.