Final Exam Terms6&7.docx

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School

University of Toronto Scarborough

Department

Psychology

Course

PSYB30H3

Professor

Francisco Villegas

Semester

Winter

Description

Final Exam Terms
Chapter 6-Genetics
 Genotypes; specific gene combinations
 Behavioral genetics; the study of the genetic and environmental contributions to individual
differences in personality and behavior
 Nature and Nurture Transact
o Can work together, apart, or can influence each other
 Phenotype= how genetic makeup is expressed
o Genotype + Environment + Gene-environment correlation + Gene-Environment
interaction
 Gene-environment correlation; if people change environments and environments change
people
 Happens when a genotype responds differently to an environment
 Gene-Environment Interaction; combination of nature and nurture
 Occurs when a genotype is exposed differently to an environment
 People respond differently to the same environment because of different
genetic make-up.
 Heritability; the inheritance of a particular trait in a particular population at a particular time
 Environmentality; estimates the extent to which observed individual differences can be traced
in any way to individual differences in environment (nutrition)
 Shared environment; includes aspects of the family environment that are generally the same
for all the children in the household
 Non-shared environment; experiences that relatives have which make them different from one
another
 Equal environments assumption; applies only to similar treatment that is related to specific
characteristic under study.
 Assumption of representativeness; double-the-difference formula also assumes that twins are
typical for the population
 Epigenetics; means by which the environment fundamentally changes human functioning
 Gene; sequence of DNA
o Exons; coding regions
o Introns; non-coding regions
 Dialectic; a way of thinking in which contradictions are seen to be part of a higher truth
 Passive genotype-environment correlation; when the children did nothing to cause their
environment to provide these resources
 Reactive genotype-environment correlation; parents respond to something in the child
 Active genotype-environment correlation; parents provide genes and environment and the
child choses
 Positive genotype-environment correlation; conditions were favourable for developing a
certain characteristic  Negative genotype-environment correlation; people with high level of a certain characteristic
find themselves in an environment for low value for that characteristic
Chapter 7
 central nervous system; includes the brain and the spinal chord
 peripheral nervous system:
o somatic nervous system; controls movements of the muscles
o autonomic nervous system; regulates organs, cardiac muscles, glands (responds
to arousing events)
 sympathetic division; mobilizes energy (fight or flight)
 parasympathetic division; supports systems that replenish the body’s
energy stores (saliva)
 Brain is protected by bath of cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and also flows
through spaces in the brain called ventricles
 galvanic skin response; measure of skin conductance or how quickly a slight electrical
current passes through two points in the skin (measures sweating)
 Electromyography; estimates the electrical impulses o the muscles during contraction
and relaxation. (measures muscle activity)
 computerized tomography; (CT) takes high resolution x-ray picture of the brain
o Also called : computer axial tomography (CAT SCAN)
 magnetic resonance imaging; (MRI) radio frequency waves are used instead of x-rays
o A strong magnetic field causes the nuclei of some atoms to resonate. Then radio
frequency waves are used to detect the activity of these atoms. Because
hydrogen atoms are present in all tissues but in varying concentration the
pattern of resonance formed by the hydrogen atoms forms a multidimensional