Staging is clinical, and does not incorporate lymph node evaluation or imaging results, but increasingly uses MRI to evaluate local extent of disease, and PET to screen for nodal and distant metastases.

Disclosures

Dr Richard T. Penson and Dr Larissa J. Lee would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Neil S. Horowitz and Dr Anthony H. Russell, the previous contributors to this monograph. NSH and AHR declare that they have no competing interests.