Path to beating Alzheimer's

These genetic errors implicated a build-up of amyloid as the event that kick-starts damage to nerve cells in Alzheimer's.

This idea, known as the amyloid cascade hypothesis, has been central to Alzheimer's research for nearly 30 years.

Together with Prof Haass, who is from the University of Munich, Prof Hardy, who's now at University College London, then discovered how amyloid production changes in people with rare inherited forms of Alzheimer's dementia.

Prof Goedert's research at Cambridge University, meanwhile, revealed the importance of another damaging protein, called tau, while Prof De Stooper, who is the new director of the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, discovered how genetic errors that alter the activity of proteins called secretases can lead to Alzheimer's processes.

Dr David Reynolds, Chief Scientific Officer at Alzheimer's Research UK, said: "Our congratulations go to all four of these outstanding scientists whose vital contributions have transformed our understanding of the complex causes of Alzheimer's disease.

"The fact that three of these researchers work in the UK reflects the country's position as a global leader in dementia research."

Prof Hardy said he would be donating around 5,000 euros of his share of the 1m euros from the Lundbeck Foundation to help campaigns to keep Britain in the EU, and called Brexit a "unmitigated disaster" for scientific research.

He also pledged his thanks to all the people with Alzheimer's who, over the years, have volunteered to help with dementia research.