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NIOSH Update:

No Evidence That Back Belts Reduce Injury Seen in Landmark Study of Retail Users

December 5, 2000
Contact: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)
Fred Blosser, Media Relations (202)401-3749

Washington, DCIn the largest study of its kind ever conducted, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC)'s National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found no evidence that back belts reduce
back injury or back pain for retail workers who lift or move merchandise,
according to results published today in the Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA) Dec. 6th issue.

The study, conducted over a two-year period, found no statistically significant
difference between the incidence rate of workers' compensation claims for
job-related back injuries among employees who reported using back belts usually
every day, and the incidence rate of such claims among employees who reported
never using back belts or using them no more than once or twice a month.

Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found in comparing
the incidence of self-reported back pain among workers who reported using
back belts every day, with the incidence among workers who reported never
using back belts or using them no more than once or twice a month. Neither
did the study find a statistically significant difference between the rate
of back injury claims among employees in stores that required the use of back
belts, and the rate of such claims in stores where back belt use was voluntary.

Back belts, also called back supports or abdominal belts, resemble corsets.
In recent years, they have been widely used in numerous industries to prevent
worker injury during lifting. There are more than 70 types of industrial back
belts, including the lightweight, stretchable nylon style used by workers
in this study. Approximately four million back belts were purchased for workplace
use in 1995, the most recent year for which data were available. The results
of the new study are consistent with NIOSH's previous finding, reported in
1994, that there is insufficient scientific evidence that wearing back belts
protects workers from the risk of job-related back injury.

"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders cost the economy an estimated $13
billion every year, and a substantial proportion of these are back injuries,"
said CDC Director Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H. "By taking action to reduce
exposures, employers can go a long way toward keeping workers safe and reducing
the costs of work-related back injury."

This study was the largest prospective study ever conducted on use of back
belts. From April 1996 to April 1998, NIOSH interviewed 9,377 employees at
160 newly opened stores owned by a national retail chain. The employees were
identified by store management as involved in materials handling tasks (lifting
or moving merchandise). Through interviews, data was gathered on detailed
information on workers' back-belt wearing habits, work history, lifestyle
habits, job activities, demographic characteristics, and job satisfaction.
The study also examined workers' compensation claims for back injuries among
employees at the stores over the two-year period.

In a prospective study, researchers identify a cohort or group of workers
for evaluation, and then collect current information on that group as the
study progresses. In this study, NIOSH determined workers' habits in wearing
back belts in advance of any injuries, and collected data as workers filed
back injury claims.

Findings from this study included:

There was no statistically significant difference between the rates of
back injuries among workers who wore back belts every day (3.38 cases per
100 full time equivalent workers or FTEs) and back injury rates among workers
who never wore back belts or wore them no more than once or twice a month
(2.76 cases per 100 FTEs).

There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence
of self-reported back pain among workers who wore back belts usually every
day (17.1 percent) and the incidence of self-reported back pain among workers
who never wore back belts or wore them no more than once or twice a month
(17.5 percent).

There was no statistically significant difference between the rate of
back injury claims in stores requiring the use of back belts (2.98 cases
per every 100 FTEs) and the rate in stores where back belt use was voluntary
(3.08 cases per 100 FTEs).

A history of back injury was the strongest risk factor for predicting
either a back-injury claim or reported back pain among employees, regardless
of back-belt use. The rate of back injury among those with a previous history
of back pain (5.14 cases per 100 FTEs) nearly twice as high as the rate
among workers without a previous history of back pain (2.68 per 100 FTEs).

Even for employees in the most strenuous types of jobs, comparisons of
back injury claims and self-reported back pain failed to show any differences
in rates or incidence associated with back belt use.

"We appreciate the partnership offered by workers and management in helping
us conduct this important study," said NIOSH Acting Director Lawrence J. Fine,
M.D., D.P.H. "We look forward to working closely with industry and labor to
disseminate our findings as widely as possible."

CDC protects people's health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases
and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information
on critical health issues; and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships
with local, national and international organizations.

Editor's Note: For further information on the study, or for other information
on preventing work-related musculoskeletal injuries, contact the CDC's NIOSH
toll-free information number, 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674)
or visit the web page at www.cdc.gov/niosh.