Nombre is the word for name, while llamar is 'to call' so while we translate como te llamas as "what is yoir name" it literally translates as "what are you called" we are taught that it means "what is your name" as that is how the question is commonly expressed.

Its like how there is not a word for "you're welcome" but they say de nada/it's nothing which is how they express the concept, or that they don't actually say goodbye, but adios/to God, which expresses the idea of goodbye, or also hasta luego/until then expresses the idea 'see you later'

I understand the difference between tu and usted in normal situations, but in this particular one, I was surprised that you could use the informal if you did not even know an individual's name. The commenter below provided an example that would make sense (asking a lost child their name).

Maybe @Duo doesn't accept that translation because that isn't what a native English speaker would say to ask someone their name, they would just ask - 'what is your name?' At the same time it isn't incomprehensible and is grammatically correct if someone asks - 'What do you call yourself?' (Maybe @Duo should accept it as an alternative as that is what it literally means & also since literally there is no 'your' in the Spanish sentence it would help clear any confusion as to why 'te' is used here instead of 'tu'?) I thought this was an interesting question.

There is a difference between como and cómo: "como" means either "I eat," or "like/as." The word "cómo" means "how?" and sometimes it is used to express incredulity - for example, in English, someone says "What?!?" someone speaking Spanish might say "¿Cómo?" I hope this helps!