This compendium gives a comprehensive overview of the history of classical studies. Alphabetically arranged, it provides biographies of over 700 scholars from the fourteenth century onwards who have made their mark on the study of Antiquity. These include the lives, careers and works of classical philologists, archaeologists, ancient historians, students of epigraphy, numismatics, papyrology, Egyptology and the Ancient Near East, philosophers, anthropologists, social scientists, art historians, collectors and writers. The biographies put the scholars in their social, political and cultural contexts while focusing on their scholarly achievements and their contributions to modern classical scholarship.

Causeus, Michael Angelus or Causeo, Michel Angelo; French scholar, antiquarian and diplomat. Born Paris 1660, died Rome 21. 7. 1724. Nothing is known of his schooling, education or academic qualifications. French consul at Rome from 1705; custodian of the consular archive there from 1711. 1715 corresponding member of the
Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. Career La C. settled at Rome in the late 17th cent., and it was here that he spent the most important years of his life. He pursued antiquarian interests, especially in numismatics, sculp…

German classical philologist and Germanic scholar. Born Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm L., Braunschweig 4. 3. 1793, died Berlin 13. 3. 1851. Son of a pastor. Schooled at Katharineum in Braunschweig. 1809 studied for one semester at Leipzig, mainly theology (just one philology lecture from Gottfried Hermann); from 1809 studied especially classical philology at Göttingen, particularly with Ludolph Dissen, then also early German and English literature with Georg Friedrich Benecke. 1814 doctorate at …

Leto, Giulio Pomponio; Italian philologist and poets. Also called (In)Fortunatus, Sabinus or Balbus. Born Diano 1428, died Rome 9. 6. 1498. From
c. 1450, studies at Rome with Lorenzo Valla and Pietro Odo; from 1464/65 prof. of eloquence in Rome. Founded the
Academia Romana around 1460. Career L. was born in 1428, an illegitimate child of the noble Sanseverino family at Diano (now Teggiano, Campania). Having travelled to Sicily in his youth, he arrived at Rome around 1450 to hear Valla and Odo. Around 1460, he founded the so-called
Academia Romana, which pursued the revival of ancient…

Denis Lambin; French philologist. Born in 1520 (or 1516) at Montreuil-sur-mer in Picardy. Died Paris 1572. Studied at Amiens and Paris; 1545 teaching at Toulouse; from 1549 in the service of Cardinal François de Tournon of Lyon. From 1561 prof. of Latin and Greek at the
Collège royal, Paris. Life and works L. came from a lowly background: his father was a blacksmith. He went to school in his home town. At the age of 15, he went to Paris, where he studied at the renowned
Collège du Cardinal de Lemoine. At the
Collège de Coqueret he attended the lectures Jean Dorat with the poets Pierre de …

Italian archaeologist, engineer and topographer. Born Rome 2. 1. 1845, died there 21. 5. 1929. 1857–1860 studied at the Jesuit college in Fano; 1863 doctorate in philosophy at Collegio Romano, 1865 in philosophy and mathematics at the Univ. of Rome. 1867 graduated in architecture and 1868 in engineering at
Scuola speciale degli ingegneri. 1872–1890 secretary of the
Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma and official at the
Direzione Generale Antichità e Belle Arti; 1890 dismissed, suspected of aiding and abetting the smuggling of antiquities. 1878–1922 prof. of …

Italian Humanist and poet. Born Pratovecchio (Florence) 8. 2. 1425 (or 1424 in the Florentine calendar); died Borgo Collina 24. 9. 1498. Humanist studies at Florence from 1439, teachers including Carlo Marsuppini. 1456 lecturer in exegesis of Dante’s
Commedia; 1458 prof. of Latin rhetoric and poetry at Florence Studio; 1483 secretary to the Chancellor of Florence. Poetry L. went to Florence in 1439 and attended courses at the
Studio Fiorentino. The renowned Carlo Marsuppini seems to have exerted a particular influence on him with his teaching of rhetoric, poetry …

French ancient Near Eastern scholar and Hittitologist. Born Clamart 11. 7. 1914, died Paris 16. 6. 1991. 1936–1939
École normale supérieure, 1939
agrégation de grammaire (teaching certificate); 1940–1942 teacher at school in Chartres. 1942–1945 assistant at Univ. of Nancy; 1946–1972 prof. of comparative grammar at Univ. of Strasbourg while also teaching at the
École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) in Paris; 1954–1982 director of Section V (religious science) of the EPHE. 1965–1975 director of the
Institut français d’archéologie at Istanbul. From 1972 member of the
Académie des…

Lassari(s), Constantino; Byzantine Humanist, teacher and copyist. Born Constantinople 1434/35, died Messina 1501. 1444–1453 student of John Argyropoulos at Constantinople. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (1453), travelled initially through Rhodes, Thessaly and Crete. From 1458 until his death, teacher of Greek, collector and copyist of Greek manuscripts and author of Greek didactic works, living in several Italian cities. Teaching L. settled at Milan as a private teacher late in 1458, soon entering the service of Duke Francesco Sforza, t…

Giano (Andrea Giovanni) Lascari(s), Greek philologist. Born Constantinople 1445, died Rome 7. 12. 1534. Brother of Constantine Laskaris. After the Ottoman siege of Constantinople (1453), fled to the Peloponnese and Crete. Went to Italy 1463 with the help of Basilios Bessarion. Studied at Padua. At Florence
c. 1475 until 1496; studied Latin at
Studio Fiorentino and Greek at a regular school. 1491/92, travelled to Greece to acquire manuscripts on behalf of Lorenzo de’ Medici; 1494–1496 editorial work. 1496–1513 political (education policy) and diplom…

German classical philologist. Born Königsberg 9. 3. 1891, died Tutzing 18. 6. 1964. Studied classical philology at Königsberg, Bonn and Berlin. Doctorate 1913 at Königsberg; habil. 1920 at Münster. 1923 prof. of classical philology at Greifswald, from 1926 at Basel; from ¶ 1931 prof. at Göttingen. Forced to retire 1935. 1945–1957 again prof. at Göttingen, then at Tutzing until his death. Career, works and influence L., the son of a Jewish doctor, studied classical philology at Königsberg, Bonn and Berlin, where he was a student of Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moelle…

German ancient historian and epigraphist. Born Stuttgart 4. 8. 1911, died Munich 2. 4. 1986. Studied classical philology, ancient history, Germanic studies, social and economic history from 1930 at Univs. of Tübingen, Berlin and Vienna. Doctorate Vienna 1934 with Adolf Wilhelm. 1936–1946 teaching in schools, also 1937–1942 topographic and epigraphic studies in Greece. 1941 part of the special Greek antiquities team lead by Richard Harder [17. 157 f.]. 1945 habil. in Berlin. 1949 priv.-doz. at Un…

British archaeologist and diplomat. Born Paris 5. 3. 1817, died Venice 5. 7. 1894. 1845 excavations at Nimrud, from 1849 excavations at Kouyunjik (Nineveh). Public office from 1852: 1852 Member of Parliament (Liberal Party); 1860 again Member of Parliament; 1860–1866 Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs; 1868 First Commissioner of Works and Privy Councillor. 1869 British Ambassador to Spain, from 1877 at Constantinople. 1866 Trustee of the National Gallery. Honorary doctorate in civil law (D. C. L…

Jacobus Faber Stapulensis; French Humanist and Bible translator. Born Étaples (Picardy)
c. 1460 (or 1450 or 1455), died Nérac
c. 1529. MA
c. 1480 in Paris; holy orders around 1480. Travelled to Italy 1491/92, 1500 and 1507. From 1507 in the Minorite monastery of Saint Germain-des-Prés, then at Meaux from 1518. Royal librarian at Blois from 1526, and at the court of Navarre from 1529. Career, works and influence L. was educated in Paris at the
Collège de Boncourt and the
Collège du Cardinal Lemoine, where he gained a master’s degree around 1480. Nothing is known of his life in t…

German-American archaeologist. Born Karl Leo Heinrich Lehmann, Rostock 27. 9. 1894, died Basel 7. 12.1960. Double-barrelled surname (L.-H.) 1935–1945 after his first wife Elwine H. (1894–1944). Studied at Tübingen, Göttingen and Munich. Worked as a translator in World War I, including with the Turkish naval high command. 1922 doctorate at Berlin, 1923 habil. ¶ there. 1924/25 assistant at DAI Rome, thereafter lecturer in Heidelberg. 1929–1933 prof. of classical archaeology at Münster. 1933 dismissed by the National Socialist regime because of his Je…

German classical philologist. Born Königsberg 14. 1. 1802, died there 9. 6. 1878. Studied classics at Univ. of Königsberg from 1818, doctorate there in 1823. 1823 schoolteacher at Danzig, 1824 at Marienwerder, from 1825 at Königsberg. 1831 habil. on Aristarchus; from 1845 prof. ord. in classical philology at Univ. of Königsberg. Work and influence L.’ teachers were Karl Lachmann at the Königsberg Friedrichskollegium and Christian August Lobeck at the univ. there. Following them, he regarded language as the only key to the understanding of Greek cul…