From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For multilingualism in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination

.Multilingualism is the use of two or more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.^Complete mastery of two languages is designated as bilingualism ; in many cases—such as upbringing by parents speaking different languages at home or being raised within a multilingual community (a routine experience in Africa and Southeast Asia , for example)—speakers grow up as bilinguals.

Multilingual individuals

.A multilingual person, in a broad definition, is one who can communicate in more than one language, be it actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving).^But we communicate with much more than words.

.More specifically, the terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in which two or three languages are involved.^The two books and two sets of three CD recordings take students from the basics of the language through to the level required for higher education.

.Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1).^The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one acquires a language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Henry Heras , the Dravidian from Spain as he proudly called himself, who first declared that the language of the Indus Valley seal inscriptions was proto-Dravidian.

.The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed.^"Mother Tongue Education: the key to African language development?

.Children acquiring two languages in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals.^The solution LOTH offers for what I called the problem of thinking, above, is connected to the argument here because the two phenomena are connected in a deep way.

.Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals one language usually dominates over the other.^Why Arabic took over the language of Ottoman empire, but Hebrew, on the other hand, could not even greet the Roman empire?

^In both cases you need to be able to manage the process of requesting and creating the translations, and need to be able to manage the process of moving from text in one language to the equivalent bit of text in another language.

.This kind of bilingualism is most likely to occur when a child is raised by bilingual parents in a predominantly monolingual environment.^Research conducted in this country in the 1930s and 1940s showed that bilingual people demonstrate greater social tolerance and are more likely to have academic success than monolingual people are.

Pansalb’s Position on the Promotion of Multilingualism In South Africa :23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.info.gov.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.September 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] It can also occur when the parents are monolingual but have raised their child or children in two different countries.^Teaching to Reach Every Child Stephen Haag discovers how recognizing different learning styles can solve an educator’s challenge .

.In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker". According to a view widely held by linguists, a native speaker of a given language has in some respects a level of skill which a second (or subsequent) language learner can never reliably accomplish.^Passing for a native speaker: identity and success in second language learning.

.Consequently, descriptive empirical studies of languages are usually carried out using only native speakers as informants.^Passing for a native speaker: identity and success in second language learning.

.This view is, however, slightly problematic, particularly as many non-native speakers demonstrably not only successfully engage with and in their non-native language societies, but in fact may become culturally and even linguistically important contributors (as, for example, writers, politicians and performing artists) in their non-native language.^Language in culture and society.

.In recent years, linguistic research has focused attention on the use of widely known world languages such as English as lingua franca, or the shared common language of professional and commercial communities.^Over the years I've observed countless common language learning misconceptions which later developed into "mental limitations" such as "Oh I can't do this" or "That's just too hard for me" ...

.In lingua franca situations, most speakers of the common language are functionally multilingual.^The view that each language is a resource to the nation carries with it the notion of the instrumental use of languages or functional multilingualism .

Pansalb’s Position on the Promotion of Multilingualism In South Africa :23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.info.gov.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Horvath, John [1997] Die Lingua Franca des Netzes German essay on the fate of English as a world language.

^Languages used more widely or by larger speech communities tend to be used as link languages or lingua francas .

Pansalb’s Position on the Promotion of Multilingualism In South Africa :23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.info.gov.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Definition of multilingualism

.One group of academics argues for the maximal definition which means speakers are as proficient in one language as they are in others and have as much knowledge of and control over one language as they have of the others.^Then, do your best to imitate their accent by speaking (your native language) with the same part of the mouth or muscle group they use .

.Tourists, who successfully communicate phrases and ideas while not fluent in a language, may be seen as bilingual according to this group.^"The 11 million adults who are not literate in English include people who may be fluent in another language, such as Spanish, but are unable to comprehend text in English."

.However, problems may arise with these definitions as they do not specify how much knowledge of a language is required for a person to be classified as bilingual.^However, the city varieties of these languages will become much Urdufied.

^The latest version of the HTTP specification (HTTP 1.1) allows users requesting data to specify what languages they are able to accept data in, and to qualify this by a factor that indicates the acceptability of this language to them.

^Thus, Heidegger attaches much importance to the fact that "it is from the technological possibilities of the machine that the instruction is set out as to how language can and shall still be language."

.As a result, since most speakers do not achieve the maximal ideal, language learners may come to be seen as deficient and by extension, language teaching may come to be seen as a failure.^And the following are some "language hurdles" that eventually stop 95% of language learners from achieving proficiency: .

.Since 1992, Cook has argued that most multilingual speakers fall somewhere between minimal and maximal definitions.^So, since I'm optimistic, I'm going to predict that despite the huge gap they'll have between acceptable and maximal efficiency, programmers in a hundred years will have languages that can span most of it.

Learning language

.One view is that of the United States linguistNoam Chomsky in what he calls the human 'language acquisition device '— a mechanism which enables an individual to recreate correctly the rules (grammar) and certain other characteristics of language used by speakers around the learner.^Linguistics is the science of language, including the sounds, words, and grammar rules.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one acquires a language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^As a language family Chinese language has nearly 1.2 billion speakers; Mandarin Chinese alone has around 850 million native speakers, outnumbering any other languages in the world.

[2].This device, according to Chomsky, wears out over time, and is not normally available by puberty, which he uses to explain the poor results some adolescents and adults have when learning aspects of a second language (L2).^Second language acquisition and second language learning.

.If language learning is a cognitive process, rather than a language acquisition device, as the school led by Stephen Krashen suggests, there would only be relative, not categorical, differences between the two types of language learning.^Second language acquisition and second language learning.

.Despite the differences in theories, most studies agree that the earlier children learn a second language, the better off they are, cognitively speaking at least.^Second language acquisition and second language learning.

.These studies could be used to make the learning of a second language mandatory in all schools as early as possible, in order to give children every means of increasing their cognitive abilities.^Understanding second language learning difficuties.

.Many European schools offer secondary language classes for their students, if for no other reason than the proximity of other countries with different languages.^How can a language be nobler than the other?

^It is extremely old (as old as Latin and older than Arabic); it arose as an entirely independent tradition, with almost no influence from Sanskrit or other languages; and its ancient literature is indescribably vast and rich..."

^The reason I feel so many asians are multilingual is because their native language is so much harder to learn then the Indo-European language, because of the lack of an alphabet and the complexity of its symbols, making it is easier for them to learn Western languages.

.The United States, however, in spite of its proximity to francophone Quebec and hispanophone Mexico, is the only technologically advanced country that does not require the study of a foreign language in its schools.^Study foreign languages online.

Comparing multilingual speakers

.Even if someone is highly proficient in two or more languages, his or her so-called communicative competence or ability may not be as balanced.^In summary, humans have an innate, built-in, hard-wired ability to acquire and communicate complex language from the moment of their birth.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^"Ultimate Language Secrets" is currently sold at only $29.97 as a promotion to collect more testimonials , which may end at any time.

^Synonym: words that mean the same but sound different (couch and sofa) .

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.That means that 'chien' and 'dog' are two words for the same concept for a French-English speaker of this type.^Choose your interface language (English or Spanish) 2) Choose the language you are translating FROM 3) Choose the language you want to translate TO 4) Type or paste your text (up to 2000 characters at once) 5) Your words are translated instantly!

.Thus a bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for 'chien' and for 'dog'. In these individuals, one language, usually the first language, is more dominant than the other, and the first language may be used to think through the second language.^How can a language be nobler than the other?

[citation needed] These speakers are known to use very different intonation and pronunciation features, and sometimes to assert the feeling of having different personalities attached to each of their languages.

The distinction between compound and coordinate bilingualism has come under scrutiny. .When studies are done of multilinguals, most are found to show behavior intermediate between compound and coordinate bilingualism.^LPENOR's lessons try to follow the intimate relationship between Greek language and the life incorporated in it, by studying the most significant aspects of this relationship - poetry, philosophy and theology.

.Some authors have suggested that the distinction should only be made at the level of grammar rather than vocabulary, others use "coordinate bilingual" as a synonym for one who has learned two languages from birth, and others have proposed dropping the distinction altogether (see Baetens-Beardsmore, 1974 for discussion).^(Some are faster than the others.

.Many theorists are now beginning to view bilingualism as a "spectrum or continuum of bilingualism" that runs from the relatively monolingual language learner to highly proficient bilingual speakers who function at high levels in both languages (Garland, 2007).^Not many language learners do that.

Cognitive proficiency

There is also a phenomenon known as distractive bilingualism or semilingualism. .When acquisition of the first language is interrupted and insufficient or unstructured language input follows from the second language, as sometimes happens with immigrant children, the speaker can end up with two languages both mastered below the monolingual standard.^In the programme of decolonization, I envisage two stages: first, to elicit the differences, but second, to use considerations that are independent of the peculiarities of a particular language or culture, to make cross-cultural evaluations.« .

^Babbling is now considered the earliest form of language acquisition because infants will produce sounds based on what language input they receive.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Literacy plays an important role in the development of language in these immigrant children.^Analyzing celebrity photos is the best way to learn because these people are difficult to read (They play roles that appeal to the public and are always "on").

^Even the children who received linguistic input after being reintroduced to society were unable to fully develop language skills.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^These original ‘proto-languages’—from which all others allegedly have developed—were distinct within themselves, with no previous ancestral language.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Those who were literate in their first language before arriving in Japan, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are at the very least able to maintain and master their first language.^Those who are specially interested in intercultural philosophy, however, would probably want to be able to use other languages in philosophical thought, in particular, languages which are very different from their own.

.The neuroscientist Katrin Amunts studied the brain of polyglot Emil Krebs, who mastered 68 languages, and determined that the area of Krebs' brain responsible for language — Broca's area — was organized differently from monolingual men.^Thus here we have a difference of structure, but the run of thought itself can be understood by the Akan who bothers to learn Latin, English, French, German or related languages.

.Receptive bilingualism may occur when a child realizes that the community language is more prestigious than the language spoken within the household and chooses to speak to their parents in the community language only.^A language is more than just a means of communication.

.Families who adopt this mode of communication can be highly functional, although they may not be seen as bilingual.^Although English may be the medium of instruction in the majority of these countries, Asians often converse with their family members and sometimes, their Asian friends in a communal Asian language.

^The use of words may indicate a society's attitude toward sex, bodily functions or religious beliefs, and they may also reflect racism or sexism in a society.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Receptive bilinguals may rapidly achieve oral fluency when placed in situations where they are required to speak the heritage language.^Boy I love to see the look on people's faces when they find out I can speak 6 foreign languages!

.Receptive bilingualism is not the same as mutual intelligibility, which is the case of a native Spanish speaker who is able to understand Portuguese, or vice versa, due to the high lexical and grammatical similarities between Spanish and Portuguese [2].^Due to the rising prominence of English, many upper-class Asians who can afford a decent education are competent English speakers as well.

Potential multilingual speakers

People who find it necessary to acquire a second language for practical purposes such as business, information gathering (Internet, mainly English) or entertainment (foreign language films, books or computer games).

.However, language loss of the L1 or L2 in younger children may be rapid when removed from a language community.

Residents in border areas between two countries with different languages, where each language is seen as of equal prestige: efforts may be made by both language communities to acquire an L2. Yet, in areas where one language is more prestigious than the other, speakers of the less prestigious language may acquire the dominant language as an L2. In time, however, the different language communities may be reduced to one, as one language becomes extinct in that area.

Children whose parents each speak a different language, in multilingual communities.

.In monolingual communities, when parents maintain a different-parent/different-language household, younger children may appear to be multilingual; however entering school will overwhelm the child with pressure to conform to the dominant community language.^However, the investigation reveals no evidence of poor employee relations due to communication in languages other than English.

^This quickly was modified by younger children entering school, with the current version taking on a complex and consistent grammar.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^What may have distinguished Homo sapiens was the final switch from a mixture of gestural and vocal communication to an autonomous vocal language, embellished by gesture but not dependent on it.’ [ 10 ] The truth however, is that evolutionists can only speculate as to the origin of language.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Younger siblings in these households will almost always be monolingual..September 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] On the other hand, in monolingual communities, where parents have different L1s, multilingualism in the child may be achieved when both parents maintain a one-language (not the community language) household.

Children in language-rich communities where neither language is seen as more prestigious than the other and where interaction between people occurs in different languages on a frequent basis.^How can a language be nobler than the other?

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.One study suggests that during the teaching process, the parent also boosts his or her own language skills, learning to use the second language in new contexts as the child grows and develops linguistically.

People who learn a different language for religious reasons.^Language and culture teaching and learning .

Polyglots

.A person who speaks several languages is called a polyglot.^Henry Heras , the Dravidian from Spain as he proudly called himself, who first declared that the language of the Indus Valley seal inscriptions was proto-Dravidian.

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^French-Italian-German-Portuguese-Spanish to and from English Lexicool A directory of bilingual and mutilingual dictionaries.

William James Sidis - knew 8 languages and invented his own, Vendergood, by the time he was eight. .It is believed that he knew forty or so languages in his later years and supposedly could learn a language in a day.^Over the years I've observed countless common language learning misconceptions which later developed into "mental limitations" such as "Oh I can't do this" or "That's just too hard for me" ...

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[42].He posts videos of himself speaking and teaching the languages he studies nearly on a daily basis.^DVD 1 - Live video footage of Kevin Hogan, teaching you the most critical secrets to reading, interpreting and using body language.

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^French-Italian-German-Portuguese-Spanish to and from English Lexicool A directory of bilingual and mutilingual dictionaries.

He said that lack of time had caused him to lose fluency in twelve other tongues.

Definition of "language"

.There is no clear definition of what it means to "speak a language". A tourist who can handle a simple conversation with a waiter may be completely lost when it comes to discussing current affairs or even using multiple tenses.^Restaurant owners and managers who speak little or no Spanish will find this program a quick, easy way to communicate with their Spanish-speaking employees.

.A diplomat or businessman who can handle complicated negotiations in a foreign language may not be able to write a simple letter correctly.^Utah: Center for Foreign Language Training: Utah is now a hotbed for training foreign language interpreters, who help intelligence agencies intercept potential terrorist communications.

.A four-year-old French child would usually be said to "speak French fluently", but it is possible that it cannot handle the grammar as well as even some mediocre foreign students of the language do and may have a very limited vocabulary despite possibly having perfect pronunciation.^It's possible the people at Blombos were speaking in some form of click language, Henshilwood said."

^Even though this cannot be extrapolated to other forms of English expressions for people, such as Canton-ese, Japan-ese, British, Greek, Roman...., it is still very striking that different language can have so similar ways of sound expression.

.On the other hand, it is quite common that even very highly accomplished linguists may speak the language(s) of which they are experts with a distinct accent and to have gaps in their active vocabulary when it comes to everyday topics and situations.^Even though this cannot be extrapolated to other forms of English expressions for people, such as Canton-ese, Japan-ese, British, Greek, Roman...., it is still very striking that different language can have so similar ways of sound expression.

^On the other hand, I've seen so many language learners who, after working so hard on their vocabulary and grammar, can't even make themselves understood due to incorrect pronunciations or heavy accents , and solving this problem would require more effort than if they were to start all over again.

.Because the development of spoken fluency requires prolonged exposure to a given language, claims of extensive polyglottism must generally be understood to refer to the mastery of basic communicative skills along with the grammatical rules and (possibly) an extensive vocabulary in the target languages, rather than a near-native level of spoken fluency.^The basic complaint is that in each of these cases, either the explanations generate a regress because the same sort of explanations ought to be given for how the LOT is learned, understood or can be meaningful, or else they are gratuitous because if a successful explanation can be given for LOT that does not generate a regress then it could and ought to be given for the natural language phenomena without introducing a LOT (see, e.g.

.In historical times prior to audio and video recordings which can be used to facilitate artificial language exposure, quite unusual circumstances would have been needed for an individual to achieve high-level spoken fluency in several languages.^"The Iranians have denied using the threatening language and are saying U.S.-released video is fabricated."

.Although it is possible to learn the grammatical rules and vocabulary of a language from books alone, such an individual might not be able to communicate in the language at all, neither understanding the language as it sounds spoken out loud nor being able to produce the sounds him- or herself.^Understanding second language learning difficuties.

.In addition there is no clear definition of what "one language" means.^But the conception of language as a mere means of exchange undergoes a revival and a consolidation to extremes in our modern technological age that is expressed in the definition of language as information.

^No one is taught these rules as they are learned subconsciously when the native language is acquired.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.For instance, scholars often disagree whether Scots is a language in its own right or a dialect of English.^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Whether Hakka tongue should be called a dialect or language is still a question.

[44]. .On the other hand, the differences between variants of Chinese, like Cantonese and Mandarin, are so big that intensive studies are needed for a speaker of one of them to learn and even to understand a different one correctly.^Why Arabic took over the language of Ottoman empire, but Hebrew, on the other hand, could not even greet the Roman empire?

.A person who knows how to speak five Chinesedialects perfectly would still be said to know only one language but some would argue that the differences between these dialects are greater than the differences between many European Romance languages.^This is just one example of differences between languages.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^And by that I don’t only mean “people who speak many languages”, I also mean “people who may only know one language but is super good at it”.

.Furthermore, what is considered a language can change, often for purely political purposes, such as when Serbo-Croatian was assembled from Serbian and Croatian and later split after Yugoslavia broke up, or when Ukrainian was dismissed as a Russian dialect by the Russian tsars to discourage national feelings.^Such insulting words may reinforce biased views, and changes in society may be reflected in the changes in language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^And most people still firmly believe in traditional language education and refuse to change their mindsets or open up to more possibilities .

.Many small independent nations' schoolchildren are today compelled to learn multiple languages because of international interactions.^"As in many college departments, intellectual independence is a theme at Columbia's Department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures."

^The reason I feel so many asians are multilingual is because their native language is so much harder to learn then the Indo-European language, because of the lack of an alphabet and the complexity of its symbols, making it is easier for them to learn Western languages.

.For example in Finland, all children are required to learn at least two foreign languages: the other national language (Swedish or Finnish) and one alien language (usually English).^Learn foreign languages for free online.

.Many Finnish schoolchildren also select further languages, such as French, German or Russian.^Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Greek Latin Japanese Russian Spanish Italian Hebrew Hindi View all languages we translate .

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Multilingualism was more common in the past than is usually supposed: in early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one's own town or village, and this holds good today in places of high linguistic diversity such as Sub-Saharan Africa and India.^Anyone know any other cunning linguists of equal or more talent?

In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to be multilingual. .Some states can have multilingual policies and recognise several official languages, such as Canada (English and French).^"Language Policy in the United States: a history of cultural genocide".

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In some states, particular languages may be associated with particular regions in the state (e.g., Canada) or with particular ethnicities (Singapore).^In some cases, it may be necessary for an employer to provide notice in English and in the other native languages spoken by its workers.

diglossia: if there is a structural functional distribution of the languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'. Typical diglossic areas are those areas in Europe where a regional language is used in informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state language is used in more formal situations.

^Broca's and Wernicke's area are the two main regions of the cortex of the brain related to language processing.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Activities, the arts, music, visuals, cuisine and more for those learning the French language.

Frisia (with Frisian and German or Dutch) and Lusatia (with Sorbian and German) are well-known examples. .Some writers limit diglossia to situations where the languages are closely related, and could be considered dialects of each other.^Why Arabic took over the language of Ottoman empire, but Hebrew, on the other hand, could not even greet the Roman empire?

.However, in informal situations in many areas, Scots is the preferred language of choice.

ambilingualism: a region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not observed.

^Broca's and Wernicke's area are the two main regions of the cortex of the brain related to language processing.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^A language disorder that follows a brain lesion is called aphasia , and patients with damage to Broca's area have slow and labored speech, loss of function words, and poor word order, yet good comprehension.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^However, Turkish, (Persian, Malaysian, Indonesian and many other Near Eastern and Far Eastern languages too), were invaded by Arabic, the language of the Quran.

.In a typical ambilingual area it is nearly impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting.^The long range of whistling is enhanced by the terrain found in areas where whistled languages are used.

^This paper, which was a continuation of a 1999 paper titled ‘The Evolution of Language’, [ 43 ] used mathematical calculations in an effort to predict the evolution of grammar and the rules surrounding it.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Successful Communicator Body Language Evaluator - Use this guide to observe others or grade yourself in any given situation.

Ambilingual tendencies can be found in small states with multiple heritages like Luxembourg, which has a combined Franco-Germanic heritage, or Singapore, which fuses the cultures of Malaysia, China, and India. .Ambilingualism also can manifest in specific regions of larger states that have both a clearly dominant state language (be it de jure or de facto) and a protected minority language that is limited in terms of distribution of speakers within the country.^Language Policies in English-Dominant Countries: six case studies.

^But it's not really a direct translation because, as she states, her language is not limited to expressing her thoughts to other human beings...it's more about her reacting to every element of her environment.

This tendency is especially pronounced when, even though the local language is widely spoken, there is a reasonable assumption that all citizens speak the predominant state tongue (E.g., English in Quebec vs. Canada; Spanish in Catalonia vs. Spain). This phenomenon can also occur in border regions with many cross-border contacts.

bipart-lingualism: if more than one language can be heard in a small area, but the large majority of speakers are monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers from neighbouring ethnic groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'. An example of this is the Balkans.

Multilingualism between different language speakers

.Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place.^Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place.

Multilingualism in the EU institutions - The New Federalist, webzine of the Young European Federalist23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.taurillon.org [Source type: Original source]

^I therefore feel a great responsibility and am determined to do everything I can to ensure that my portfolio takes on the importance it deserves and to meet the expectations placed on me.

EUROPA-Languages-Multilingualism: less a burden than an opportunity.23 January 2010 12:21 UTCeuropa.eu [Source type: General]

.If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in their behavior.^If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in their behavior.

.If speakers wish to express distance towards or even dislike of the person they are speaking to, the reverse is true, and differences are sought.^If speakers wish to express distance towards or even dislike of the person they are speaking to, the reverse is true, and differences are sought.

^The effect is powerful enough, she says, that "the private mental lives of speakers of different languages may differ dramatically," not only when they are thinking in order to speak, "but in all manner of cognitive tasks," including basic sensory perception.

.This mechanism also extends to language, as has been described by Howard Giles' Accommodation Theory.^This mechanism also extends to language, as has been described by Howard Giles ' Accommodation Theory.

.Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes the process of 'swapping' between languages.^These body language photos will show you some of the basic and advanced techniques used to interpret body language.

^I described it above, can in principle be solved in completely naturalistic terms, thus the mystery surrounding how a physical device can ever have semantically coherent state transitions (processes) can be removed.

.In many cases, code-switching is motivated by the wish to express loyalty to more than one cultural group[citation needed], as holds for many immigrant communities in the New World.^Atlantic Language Galway is not only an amazing English school, but also a great place to make new friends from around the world Read More .

Atlantic Language Galway - Learn English in the West of Ireland16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.atlanticlanguage.com [Source type: General]

^Andrew Anker warns against companies having more than one "flashlight" .

^If, however, the speaker is reluctant to use code-switching, as in the case of a lack of proficiency, he might knowingly or unknowingly try to camouflage his attempt by converting elements of one language into elements of the other language.

.Such strategies are common if the vocabulary of one of the languages is not very elaborated for certain fields, or if the speakers have not developed proficiency in certain lexical domains, as in the case of immigrant languages.^"Bush favors legislation that would tighten the nation's borders but give illegal immigrants in the United States a chance to gain citizenship if they met certain conditions, such as learning the English language."

.If a speaker has a positive attitude towards both languages and towards code-switching, many switches can be found, even within the same sentence.^Definitions of language - Historical attitudes toward language .

[47].If, however, the speaker is reluctant to use code-switching, as in the case of a lack of proficiency, he might knowingly or unknowingly try to camouflage his attempt by converting elements of one language into elements of the other language.^Code-switching may also function as a strategy where proficiency is lacking.

^If, however, the speaker is reluctant to use code-switching, as in the case of a lack of proficiency, he might knowingly or unknowingly try to camouflage his attempt by converting elements of one language into elements of the other language.

.This results in speakers using words like courrier noir (literally mail that is black) in French, instead of the proper word for blackmail, chantage.^In English and French text, the ampersand may be substituted for the words and and et, and both versions may be used in the same text.

^The dialects of a single language are mutually intelligible, but when the speakers can no longer understand each other, the dialects become languages.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Some pidgin languages develop into real languages (such as papiamento at Curaçao) while other remain as slangs or jargons (such as Helsinki slang, which is more or less mutually intelligible both in Finnish and Swedish.^Over the years I've observed countless common language learning misconceptions which later developed into "mental limitations" such as "Oh I can't do this" or "That's just too hard for me" ...

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Some grammatical changes are analogic changes , generalizations that lead to more regularity, such as sweeped instead of swept.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Bilingual interaction can even take place without the speakers switching.^Bilingual interaction can even take place without the speakers switching.

^Then anyone, even ordinary people who take a few months to learn Esperanto, would be able to read it without further translation.

Multilingualism in the EU institutions - The New Federalist, webzine of the Young European Federalist23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.taurillon.org [Source type: Original source]

.In certain areas, it is not uncommon for speakers each to use a different language within the same conversation.^Native speakers do not learn the skill areas separately, nor do they use them separately, so they shouldn’t be taught separately.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The long range of whistling is enhanced by the terrain found in areas where whistled languages are used.

^A dialect is a variety of language that is systematically different from other varieties of the same language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

This phenomenon is found, amongst other places, in Scandinavia. .Most speakers of Swedish and Norwegian, and Norwegian and Danish, can communicate with each other speaking their respective languages, while few can speak both (people used to these situations often adjust their language, avoiding words that are not found in the other language or that can be misunderstood).^Are these the 100 most beautiful words in the English language?

.Using different languages is usually called non-convergent discourse, a term introduced by the Dutch linguist Reitze Jonkman.^Some linguists in the United States traditionally use different symbols than the IPA symbols.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The phenomenon is also found in Argentina, where Spanish and Italian are both widely spoken, even leading to cases where a child with a Spanish and an Italian parent grows up fully bilingual, with both parents speaking only their own language yet knowing the other.^Why Arabic took over the language of Ottoman empire, but Hebrew, on the other hand, could not even greet the Roman empire?

.Another example is the former state of Czechoslovakia, where two languages (Czech and Slovak) were in common use.^Many language entrepreneurs found that constructing artificial languages by using common elements of living languages was more economical.

.Most Czechs and Slovaks understand both languages, although they would use only one of them (their respective mother tongue) when speaking.^Of course out of all of these languages, the ones I use the most are only Mandarin and English.

.For example, in Czechoslovakia it was common to hear two people talking on television each speaking a different language without any difficulty understanding each other.^We can think of them as a language framework that supports the content of our conversations, or as the 'oil' in conversations that keeps them running smoothly and without technical difficulties" (Wildner-Bassett, 1984).

Another example would be a Slovak having read a book in Czech and afterwards being unsure whether he was reading it in Czech or Slovak. This bilinguality still exists nowadays, although it has started to deteriorate after Czechoslovakia split up[citation needed].

Multilingualism at the linguistic level

Models for native language literacy programs

.Sociopolitical as well as socio-cultural identity arguments may influence native language literacy.^In some cases, it may be necessary for an employer to provide notice in English and in the other native languages spoken by its workers.

.While these two camps may occupy much of the debate about which languages children will learn to read, a greater emphasis on the linguistic aspects of the argument is appropriate.^Children follow the same general stages when learning a language, although the linguistic input is widely varied.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^How much would you pay if you could save, say, at least 200 hours of hard work in language learning and tons of headaches ?

In spite of the political turmoil precipitated by this debate, researchers continue to espouse a linguistic basis for it. .This rationale is based upon the work of Jim Cummins (1983).^This rationale is based upon the work of Jim Cummins (1983).

Sequential model

.In this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language until they acquire a "threshold" literacy proficiency.^Then, do your best to imitate their accent by speaking (your native language) with the same part of the mouth or muscle group they use .

.Some researchers use age 3 as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in L1 (Kessler, 1984).^These body language photos will show you some of the basic and advanced techniques used to interpret body language.

^Her performance evaluations reflect that she is an excellent cataloguer and researcher and that she can communicate effectively with teachers and older children, but that some of the youngest children have had difficulty understanding her due to her accent.

[48].Children may go through a process of sequential acquisition if they migrate at a young age to a country where a different language is spoken, or if the child exclusively speaks his or her heritage language at home until he/she is immersed in a school setting where instruction is offered in a different language.^Language Acquisition of a Bilingual Child: a sociolinguistic perspective (to age 5).

The phases children go through during sequential acquisition are less linear than for simultaneous acquisition and can vary greatly among children. .Sequential acquisition is a more complex and lengthier process, although there is no indication that non language-delayed children end up less proficient than simultaneous bilinguals, so long as they receive adequate input in both languages.^All children will learn a language, and children will also learn more than one language if they are exposed to it.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Children follow the same general stages when learning a language, although the linguistic input is widely varied.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Even if you could figure out your own tricks and techniques, you'll end up spending more time than necessary, while this book is already presenting you the shortcuts to foreign language mastery.

Bilingual model

.In this model, the native language and the community language are simultaneously taught.^Obviously if this is a general nomological fact, then learning one's native language cannot be modeled on the phrase book model.

.However, the teacher must be well-versed in both languages and also in techniques for teaching a second language.^Flirting and sexual body language is something you can quickly spot in a woman's body language - as well as a man's - in both business and personal context.

^However, it is easy to fall into the trap of teaching about the language, instead of actually teaching the language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Coordinate model

.This model posits that equal time should be spent in separate instruction of the native language and of the community language.^Obviously if this is a general nomological fact, then learning one's native language cannot be modeled on the phrase book model.

^These unique abilities of communicating through a native language clearly separate humans from all animals.

The Origin of Language and Communication16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.trueorigin.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The native language class, however, focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses on listening and speaking skills.^Then, do your best to imitate their accent by speaking (your native language) with the same part of the mouth or muscle group they use .

.Being a bilingual does not necessarily mean that one can speak, for example, English and French.^"An estimated in one in 20 U.S. adults is not literate in English, which means 11 million people lack the skills to perform everyday tasks, a federal study shows."

Outcomes

.Cummins' research concluded that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language — the common underlying proficiency hypothesis.^Over the years I've observed countless common language learning misconceptions which later developed into "mental limitations" such as "Oh I can't do this" or "That's just too hard for me" ...

.His work sought to overcome the perception propagated in the 1960s that learning two languages made for two competing aims.^How much would you pay if you could save, say, at least 200 hours of hard work in language learning and tons of headaches ?

^The similarity and dissimilarity of natural and artificial languages can be explained by two kinds of wine: Natural languages are like aged wine made from grapes, artificial languages are like yesterday's wine made from concentrate.

^And children who are unable to speak still learn and understand the language, so that when they overcome their speech impairment they immediately begin speaking the language.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The belief was that the two languages were mutually exclusive and that learning a second required unlearning elements and dynamics of the first in order to accommodate the second (Hakuta, 1990).^Second language acquisition and second language learning.

.The evidence for this perspective relied on the fact that some errors in acquiring the second language were related to the rules of the first language (Hakuta, 1990).^Pointing to the fact that there may be some rules that are emergent out of the implementation of explicit rules and data-structures does not suffice to undermine LOTH. .

^Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as German, English, and Swedish were dialects of Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian were dialects of Latin.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Hindi and Urdu are considered mutually intelligible languages when spoken, yet the writing systems are different.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Another new development that has influenced the linguistic argument for bilingual literacy is the length of time necessary to acquire the second language.^To have another language is to possess a second soul.

.While previously children were believed to have the ability to learn a language within a year, today researchers believe that within and across academic settings, the time span is nearer to five years (Collier, 1992; Ramirez, 1992).^While previously children were believed to have the ability to learn a language within a year, today researchers believe that within and across academic settings, the time span is nearer to five years (Collier, 1992; Ramirez, 1992).

^Wei mentions that “academic researchers working in the field of bilingualism and multilingualism …make significant contributions to sociopolitical debates about the world we are living in today .” (p.

^Every one of us should follow the example set by this policy, and go out and enjoy our languages, encourage our children to learn their mother tongues, and make the effort to learn some of the languages spoken by our friends and colleagues around us.

^While previously children were believed to have the ability to learn a language within a year, today researchers believe that within and across academic settings, the time span is nearer to five years (Collier, 1992; Ramirez, 1992).

These students exhibit more cognitive elasticity including a better ability to analyse abstract visual patterns. .Students who receive bidirectional bilingual instruction where equal proficiency in both languages is required perform at an even higher level.^Even the children who received linguistic input after being reintroduced to society were unable to fully develop language skills.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^For example, an individual who is sufficiently proficient in spoken English to qualify as a cashier at a fast food restaurant may lack the written language skills to perform a managerial position at the same restaurant requiring the completion of copious paperwork in English.

.Examples of such programs include international and multi-national education schools.^For example, learn another language or listen to a favorite radio program, such as those from National Public [...

Multilingualism in computing

A localised system has been adapted or converted for a particular locale (other than the one it was originally developed for), including the language of the user interface, input, and display, and features such as time/date display and currency; but each instance of the system only supports a single locale.

Multilingualised software supports multiple languages for display and input simultaneously, but generally has a single user interface language.

^Children follow the same general stages when learning a language, although the linguistic input is widely varied.

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.ielanguages.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Support for other locale features like time, date, number and currency formats may vary as the system tends towards full internationalisation.^But it is to be kept in mind that a system may employ representations and be computational without necessarily satisfying any or both of the clauses in (B) above in any full-fledged way.

In particular, a system may not be considered internationalised in the fullest sense unless the interface language is selectable by the user at runtime.

Translating the user interface is usually part of the software localization process, which also includes adaptations such as units and date conversion. .Many software applications are available in several languages, ranging from a handful (the most spoken languages) to dozens for the most popular applications (such as office suites, web browsers, etc).^Arabic Language Lessons iTunes Feed Web Site The US Peace Corps serves up 10 lessons that will teach you the Arabic spoken in Jordan.

^Several of the web's most popular sites (Digg, YouTube, MySpace, CNN) are using the mullet strategy (business up front, party in the rear) for content to attract both boisterous users and well-heeled advertisers.

.Due to the status of English in computing, software development nearly always uses it (but see also Non-English-based programming languages), so almost all commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original.^Placeholder names are also used extensively in non-English languages.

^"The memo, originally prepared in March by the Extremist Messaging Branch at the National Counter Terrorism Center, was approved for diplomatic use this week by the State Department, which plans to distribute a version to all U.S. embassies, officials said."

^Also, many resources are listed at Open Culture in an article titled “Free Foreign Language Lessons” ( http://www.openculture.com/2006/10/foreign_languag.html ) linking even to a set of podcasts on [...

From Wikiversity

Please help develop this page

This page was created, but so far, little content has been
added. Everyone is invited to help expand and create educational
content for Wikiversity. .If you need help learning how to add
content, see the editing tutorial and the MediaWiki syntax
reference.^But we can help you learn a new language.

.To help you get started with content, we have automatically
added references below to other Wikimedia Foundation projects.^When others tell you about the problems they face (without realizing they are learning the wrong way), you start to believe them too .

^If you find the information here useful, please help support this project!

Index of Texts by Language (The Lied and Art Song Texts Page: Texts and Translations to Lieder, mélodies, canzoni, and other classical vocal music)16 January 2010 12:13 UTCwww.recmusic.org [Source type: General]

^EuroCom helps you to help yourself: you reflect, and think about how you learn languages, which produces a sense of security and familiarity when beginning other new languages.

EuroCom: The way to European multilingualism23 January 2010 12:21 UTCwww.eurocomresearch.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This will help
you find materials such as information,
media and quotations on which to
base the development of "Multilingualism" as an
educational resource.^Font embedding will be based on techniques similar to those employed in PDF. A mechanism for font negotiation using HTTP will be developed, as will mechanisms for requesting a subset of a font to reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted to a minimum when large fonts, such as those used of ISO 10646, are requested.

However, please do not simply copy-and-paste
large chunks from other projects. .You can also use the links in the
blue box to help you classify this
page by subject, educational level and resource type.^Defaults can be used for any resource type.

Multilingualism is when a person can speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called "bilingual", which is a type of multilingualism. Multilingualism is important today in jobs, because different countries buy things from each other more.

There are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people.[1]