resistance

resistance

1. opposition, or counteracting force, as opposition of a conductor to passage of electricity or other energy or substance.

2. the natural ability of a normal organism to remain unaffected by noxious agents in its environment; see also immunity.

3. in psychology or psychiatry, conscious or unconscious defenses against change, preventing repressed material from coming into awareness; they can take such forms as forgetfulness, evasions, embarrassment, mental blocks, denial, anger, superficial talk, intellectualization, or intensification of symptoms. It occurs because the blocked association or understanding would be too threatening to face at this point in the therapy; identification of what point the resistance comes at can be an important indicator of the patient's unconscious patterns.

airway resistance the opposition of the tissues of the air passages to air flow: the mouth-to-alveoli pressure difference divided by the rate of air flow. Symbol RA or RAW.

androgen resistance resistance of target organs to the action of androgens, resulting in any of a spectrum of defects from a normal male phenotype in which men have normal genitalia but infertility to complete androgen resistance in which the individual has a female phenotype. Complete androgen resistance is an extreme form of male pseudohermaphroditism in which the individual is phenotypically female but is of XY chromosomal sex; there may be rudimentary uterus and tubes, but the gonads are typically testes, which may be abdominal or inguinal in position. Called also testicular feminization and testicular feminization syndrome. Incomplete androgen resistance is any of various forms less than the complete type, manifested by a male phenotype with various degrees of ambiguous genitalia such as hypospadias and a small vaginal pouch, a hooded phallus, or a bifid scrotum that may or may not contain gonads.

drug resistance the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of a drug that are lethal to most members of its species.

multidrug resistance (multiple drug resistance) a phenomenon seen in some malignant cell lines: cells that have developed natural resistance to a single cytotoxic compound are also resistant to structurally unrelated chemotherapy agents. Called also cross-resistance.

peripheral resistance resistance to the passage of blood through the small blood vessels, especially the arterioles.

vascular resistance the opposition to blood flow in a vascular bed; the pressure drop across the bed divided by the blood flow, conventionally expressed in peripheral resistance units. Symbol R or R.

re·sis·tance

(rē-zis'tăns),

1. A force exerted in opposition to an active force.

2. The opposition in a conductor to the passage of a current of electricity, whereby there is a loss of energy and a production of heat; specifically, the potential difference in volts across the conductor per ampere of current flow; unit: ohm. Compare: impedance (1).

3. The opposition to flow of a fluid through one or more passageways (for example, blood flow, respiratory gases in the tracheobronchial tree), analogous to (2); units are usually those of pressure difference per unit flow. Compare: impedance (2).

resistance

2. the natural ability of an organism to resist microorganisms or toxins produced in disease.

3. the opposition to the flow of electrical current between two points of a circuit. Symbol R or .

4. in psychiatry, conscious or unconscious defenses that prevent material in the unconscious from coming into awareness.

airway resistance the opposition of the tracheobronchial tree to air flow. Symbols RA, RAW.

androgen resistance resistance of target organs to the action of androgens; the result is any of a spectrum of defects. In mild to incomplete types the person may have a definite male phenotype but infertility, or may have ambiguous genitalia. In the complete type the person has a female phenotype but XY chromosomes.

drug resistance the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of a drug that are lethal to most members of its species.

multidrug resistance , multiple drug resistance in some malignant cell lines, resistance to many structurally unrelated chemotherapy agents in cells that have developed natural resistance to a single cytotoxic compound.

vascular resistance the opposition to blood flow in a vascular bed.

resistance

(rĭ-zĭs′təns)

n.

1. The act or an instance of resisting or the capacity to resist.

2. Psychology A process in which the ego opposes the conscious recall of anxiety-producing experiences.

3. Biology

a. Ability (of an organism, tissue, or cell) to withstand a destructive agent or condition such as a chemical compound, a disease agent, or an environmental stressor: antibiotic resistance; resistance to fungal diseases; drought resistance.

b. Lack of normal response to a biologically active compound such as a hormone: insulin resistance.

resistance

[rizis′təns]

Etymology: L, resistere, to withstand

1 an opposition to a force, such as the resistance offered by the constriction of peripheral vessels to the blood flow in the circulatory system.

2 the frictional force that opposes the flow of an electric charge, as measured in ohms.

3 (in respiratory therapy) the process or power of acting against a force placed on it, pertaining to thoracic resistance, tissue resistance, and airway resistance.

re·sis·tance

(rĕ-zis'tăns)

1. A passive force exerted in opposition to another active force.

2. The opposition in a conductor to the passage of a current of electricity, whereby energy is lost and heat produced; specifically, the potential difference in volts across the conductor per ampere of current flow; unit: ohm. Compare: impedance (1)

3. The opposition to flow of a fluid through one or more passageways; units are usually those of pressure difference per unit flow. Compare: impedance (2)

5. The ability of red blood cells to resist hemolysis and to preserve their shape under varying degrees of osmotic pressure in the blood plasma.

6. The natural or acquired ability of an organism to maintain its immunity to or to resist the effects of an antagonistic agent (e.g., pathogenic microorganism, toxin, drug).

[L. re-sisto, to stand back, withstand]

resistance

any inherited characteristic of an organism that lessens the effect of an adverse environmental factor such as a pathogen or parasite, a biocide (e.g. herbicide, insecticide, antibiotic) or a natural climatic extreme such as drought or high salinity.

re·sis·tance

3. Ability of an organism to maintain its immunity to or to oppose effects of an antagonistic agent.

[L. re-sisto, to stand back, withstand]

resistance,

n ability of an individual to ward off the damaging effects of physical, chemical, or microbiologic injury; an immeasurable factor controlled and qualified by numerous local, systemic, and metabolic processes such as blood supply to tissues, nutritional status, age, and antibody formative ability.

resistance, abrasion,

n an object's capacity to oppose the type of movement that results in physical weathering. A greater degree of abrasion resistance is beneficial in the long-term preservation of the teeth's appearance and structure.

resistance, cross-,

n a state in which an organism is insensitive to several drugs of similar chemical nature.

resistance

1. opposition, or counteracting force, as opposition of a conductor to passage of electricity or other energy or substance.

2. the natural ability of a normal organism to remain unaffected by noxious agents in its environment. See also immunity.

3. acquired ability of a bacterium or helminth or arthropod parasite to survive in the presence of concentrations of a chemical which are normally lethal to the organisms of that species. Occurs usually as a result of prolonged growth of the organism in sublethal concentrations of the agent and the survival of the organisms which have the least innate susceptibility to the agent. Has serious implications for animals which may find themselves without a suitable remedy for a disease, and for humans who may experience transfer of a resistant organism from the food supply.

4. in studies of respiration, an expression of the opposition to flow of air produced by the tissues of the air passages, in terms of pressure per amount of air per unit of time.

drug resistance

the ability of a microorganism to withstand doses of a drug that are lethal to most members of its species.

peripheral resistance

resistance to the passage of blood through the small blood vessels, especially the arterioles.

transferable resistance

antimicrobial resistance genes carried by bacteria on plasmids or transposons can often be readily acquired by other strains of the same species, by different species, and sometimes by organisms in different genera. Of considerable import in consideration of the implications of antimicrobial therapy in animal populations and in public health. The full significance is difficult to ascertain.

Troubleshooting can be done by correlating the surface condition (using a combination of SEM and profilometry) with the data for resist adhesion after multiple passes through the subsequent development process.

Toshiba, Shibaura and Chlorine have already developed a single-wafer resist stripping system that will be integrated into the resist stripping process at Toshiba's Yokkaichi plant in April Shibaura and Chlorine plan to sell the current resist stripping system as well as the new electrolyzed sulfuric system.

Cholesterol and triglyceride elevations: In the RESIST 1 and 2 trials, more volunteers taking tipranavir developed grade 3 or 4 cholesterol or triglycerides than did volunteers in the comparison arm without tipranavir.

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