Analyze issues of schooling and delinquency?

• Delinquency: Masculine behaviors” are associated with aggressive behavior in certain groupso Poverty, unemployment, and feelings of alienation feed into antisocial behavior• Avoid Delinquency: Parental support and monitoring are important deterrents to antisocial behavior

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Describe potential risks to adolescents due to high risk behaviors

Describe growth and skeletal changes of puberty

• Physical Changes in Variations in timing of puberty:• Growth in height and weight:o Males: 13.5 years, 4”/yearo Females: 11.5 years, 3.5”/year Females are taller and outweigh males until about age 14

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Describe the influence of the pituitary and hypothalamus in the changes associated with puberty: testosterone, estradiol.

How does testosterone, estradiol facilitate puberty

• puberty is facilitated by hormones: o testosterone: associated with genital maturation, increase in height, and change in voiceo estradiol: form of estrogen for breasts, uterine, and skeletal development

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Describe changes in the amygdala, corpus callosum and prefrontal cortex as they are related to adolescents’ ability to process information.

Identify psychological responses to physical changes

• Social Developmental Neuroscience: connections between development, brain, and socioemotional processeso early activation of strong ‘turbo-charged’ feelings with a relatively un-skilled set of ‘driving skills’ or cognitive abilities to modulate strong emotions and motivations”

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What are the issues associated with adolescent sexuality?

4 issues

• Early sexual experiences in adolescence leads to substance abuse, delinquency, and school-related problems.• Risk factors such as socioeconomic status, poverty, family/parenting and peer factors, • Having older siblings that are sexually active places adolescent girls at risk for pregnancy• Attention problems & aggression lead to increased chances of having early initiation of sexual activity

Adolescent egocentrism?

Imaginary audience?

Personal fable?

• Piaget: Formal operational thoughto More abstract o Idealistic –possibilitieso Logical and problem solving; hypothetical and deductive reasoning• Adolescent egocentrism (heightened self-consciousness), belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves• Imaginary audience: involves feeling one is center of everyone’s attention and sensing one is on stage• Personal fable: adolescent’s sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility

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Define how this level of thought influences academics

n/a

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Define secondary school issues: transition issues, top-dog phenomenon

Transition issues 4 characteristics

Positive influences?

• Transition issues: increased responsibility, independence in association, decreased dependence on parents, more impersonal experience. Big transition between MS and HS, Most effective schools: Lower student/counselor ratio, High involvement of parents and community, Team teaching configuration, Focus on student health and fitness, High expectations and support• Positive influences:• Extracurricular activities: diverse activities including sports, academic clubs, band, drama, and math clubs• Service learning opportunities: form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to community• Top-dog phenomenon: circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary (oldest, most powerful) to the lowest middle school (youngest, least powerful)

What reduces adolescent drug use

name 5 reasons

• Early educational achievement, positive relationships with parents, parental monitoring, having friends within their school’s social network, & fewer friends who abuse substances

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What propels teens to use drugs?

name 3 reasons

• Having a friend who abuses the substance, weak academic orientation, & low parental support

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Delinquency- what social emotional factors contribute to delinquency

earlier development of puberty poor family relationships, abuse, early sexual activity

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Teen pregnancy –What are the risks to the mother?- 3 risk What are the risks to the infant? 3 riskWhat facilitates teen pregnancy? What are some successful tactics to reduce teen pregnancy

• What are the risks to the mother?o Drop out of school, lower achievement scores, & behavioral problems• What are the risks to the infant?o Low birth rates, neurological problems, & childhood illness• What facilitates teen pregnancy?o The United States doesn’t have a strong view on “childbearing being an adult activity” compared to other countrieso Do not send clear messages about sexual behavior: the media glamorizes it and adults do not have clear messages about sexual behavior. Other countries promote safe sex expect it to only occur within long term relationships while the US adults do not have a high expectation on the adolescents here who have sporadic relationships and partners. o The US is not as accepting as other countries with the idea of teens having sex just “adults” so they do not have as readily available multiple family planning services that are easily accessible without red tape

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Suicide – What factors contribute to this issue?

• Suicide is a side effect of Prozac and some of the other anti-depressants• Risk factors include poor familial experiences and poor peer relations including peer victimization• Alcohol is an increasing part of the risk factor for both sexes• Males show less prevalence with African American and non-Latino whites • Stress has been reported as an increasing risk factor for Latino populations.

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Eating disorders - What are anorexia & bulimia? Who is at risk for these disorders

Who is at risk for these disorders

• Adolescents or emerging adults from Non-Latino White families, well-educated, middle to upper class • Factors:o Body image: most are dissatisfied with the imageo Parenting: observing parents with healthy eating habits and exercise increased adolescents’ healthy habitso Sexual activity: sexually active or pubertal transition girls are more likely to diet or engage in eating disorders o Role models and media: girls who are motivated to look like same-sex figures in media are more likely to be concerned about their weight

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Describe the goal to balance autonomy and attachment?

• Adolescents push for autonomy • The parent must balance the relinquish of control with necessary guidance• Although there are frequent disagreements, parents are important attachment and support figures• GOAL: allow adolescents to gain ability to make mature decisions on their own with their parents guidance along the way

Peer pressure- crowds, cliques. What is the purpose of each? How does it influence adolescent behavior?

• Peer pressure: young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do. This can cause an individual who is unsure about their social identity, have a low self-esteem, or those who have high social anxiety will most likely conform• Crowds: larger than cliques & less personal; self-esteem can increase probability to becoming a member & due to membership self-esteem increases;• Cliques: a small group that ranges from 2 to 12 individuals, averaging 5 to 6 individuals, and one that can form because adolescents can engage in similar activities. Develop an in-group identity, share ideas, & build a friendship

Define assimilation and pluralism

assimilation:• Assimilation: Piagetian concept involving incorporation of new information into existing schemes• Pluralism:refers to a society, system of government, or organization that has different groups that keep their identities while existing with other groups or a more dominant group.

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Explain Erickson’s stage of identity vs. identity confusion

• Erickson states that adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, & where they are going in life. There’s a gap between childhood security and adult autonomy where society leaves adolescents relatively free of their culture’s identity files, experiment with different roles, & personalities. Adolescents discard unwanted roles. Those who successfully cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self, identity. Those who do not resolve their identity crisis are suffering from Identity Confusion. This confusion can cause withdrawing from peers and family or they immerse themselves in their world of peers and get lost in the crowd

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Explain Marcia’s four stages of identity status

4 stages

what is a crisis what is a commitment?

• Identity Diffusion: status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored alternatives) or made any commitments• Identity Foreclosure: status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not yet experienced a crisis• Identity Moratorium: individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent or vaguely defined• Identity Achievement: individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment• Crisis: period of identity development where the individual is exploring alternative (Exploration)• Commitment: personal investment in identity

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Who developed SI Theory and what disciplines are incorporated into SI Theory

Target population for intervention

Definition/description of sensory integration

“Sensory integration is theneurological process thatorganizes sensations from one’sown body and from theenvironment, and makes itpossible to use the body effectivelywithin the environment. Sensoryintegration is informationprocessing.”

Major tenets of SI theory

Integrated sensation is “nourishment for thebrain.”• The inner drive of the human being invites theexperience of life.• Active participation promotes organization.• Artful vigilance-learning is dependent on the ability to take in and process sensation-Individuals who have a decreased ability to process sensation also may have difficulty producing appropriate actions-Enhanced sensation, as part of meaningful activity

What is the purpose of IDEA how has it affected how children are educated

Purpose of IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) and how it has affected how children with disabilities are educated• Stipulated that students with disabilities be educated in their neighborhood schools with same age peers unless the nature and severity of the disability requires another arrangement. This is called Least Restrictive Environment (LRE).• Purpose was to increase the amount of schools educating only children with disabilities. Most children with disabilities were excluded from the education system and many lived in institutions where they were accommodated, not assessed, educated, and rehabilitated.• Guaranteed a free, appropriate public education for each child with a disability aged 3-21 in every state across the country.

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Role of occupational therapy in the educational model

• To help in transportation and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services that are required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special educationpractitioners collaborate with early childhood and school teams to promote the physical, communication, cognitive, adaptive, and social-emotional domains of infants and toddlers. As a related service under Part B of IDEA and a pupil service under Elementary and Secondary Education Act (also known as No Child Left Behind), occupational therapy practitioners support children and youth by promoting participation in home, school, and community life.

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How OT services are delivered in schools

• Evaluating therapist makes a recommendation to the IEP team whether OT services are required for the child to access and progress in his/her educational program• Decision to add OT services is left to child’s IEP team not OT• Goals promote participation in and access to the child’s educational program.• Goals must be measureable and educationally relevant • Goals are written to reflect what the child will do, not what service is provided. THERE ARE NO OT GOALS. All members of the IEP team are responsible for all of the goals; however, there are goals that OT support will focus on more than the others• Collaborate with teachers, paraprofessionals and parentsThere may be recommendations regarding classroom or assignment modifications or adaptations provided to the teachers,

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Reflexes Denver II

 to help health providers detect potential developmental problems in in young children The test gives a comparison of the child’s performance to the performance of other children of the same age Consists of 125 items which are arranged in 4 sections:o

 Children’s ability to copy geometric forms correlated to academic achievement Purpose: To assess the ability to coordinate visual perception and finger-hand movements Ages 3 to adult Developmental sequence of 27 geometric forms that are to be copied with pencil and paper. Supplemental tests were developed to tease out relative strengths and weaknesses in visual perception or motor control skills Sequence and script must be followed for validity of results: VMI, Visual Perception, Motor tests VMI is not timed, but there are time limits to the Visual Perception (3 min.) and Motor Control(5 min.) tests

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Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT)

 Purpose to assess overall visual perceptual ability.  Perceptual skills targeted are spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground, visual closure, and visual memory. . A series of pictures are presented; child must choose the correct answer from 4 choices.  No motor responses required; child can point to the correct answer or say the letter that corresponds to the answer.

Peabody development motor scales

 An early childhood motor development designed to assess motor skills of children from birth through 5 years of age. PDMS-2 Test can be used by Medical, Allied health, Educators, and others interested in examining the motor abilities of young children PDMS comprises of six components (Subtests)o Reflexes- Birth – 11 monthso Stationary- All ageso Locomotion- All ageso Object manipulation- 12 months and oldero Grasping –All ageso Visual motor integration – All ages

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Piaget's cognitive levels

• Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory Children construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages 1. Sensorimotor stageo Lasts from birth – 2 years old o Infants construct understanding of the world by coordinating sensory with physical/motor actions  2. Preoperationalo Age 2-7 years oldo Kids represent the world with images and drawings 3. Concrete Operational o Age 7-11 years old o Can reason logically with concrete exampleo Ex. Child will know 5 nickels is the same thing as 1 quarter 4. Formal Operationalo Age 11-15 years oldo Abstract and logical thinking

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Erickson's levels

• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Believed human behavior is social and stem from a desire to affiliate with other people 8 stages of development 1. Trust vs. Mistrust• Experienced in 1st year of life. In gaining trust in caregivers infants discover their own personality and learn if the world is a pleasant place to live 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt• 1-3 yrs old. If kids are punished too much they began to develop and sense of shame and doubt 3.Intiative vs. Guilt• Preschool age • Assuming responsibility for their bodies, behavior, toys etc. If child is irresponsible they may feel guilty 4. Industry vs. Inferiority • Elementary school. Child directs their energy toward mastering knowledge. If child does bad, they may feel incompetent and unproductive 5. Identity vs. Identity confusion• Adolescent years. Finding out who they are  6.Intimacy vs Isolation• Early adulthood. If intimacy is not found with another person the teen will feel isolated 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation• Middle adulthood. Helping the younger generation develop and lead useful lives. The feeling of not helping is stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair• Late adulthood. Person reflects back on life and feels wither positive of negative about it

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screening

gathering information to determine whether an evaluation is necessary

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evaluation

the process of obtaining and interpreting data necessary for intervention