Overview:

The two short activities below set up tragedies of the commons – one in water (lemonade) and the other in fish (M&Ms). The debriefing guides students through analysis of the different incentives embodied in common and private ownership and helps them understand how the rules of the game shape people’s behavior – and their use of valuable environmental amenities.

Time Required:

½ class period for each alternative

Activity Alternative 1: Lemonade

Materials:

large, opaque water jug (the size used by an athletic team) partially filled with lemonade, or several large bottles of soft drink, with the lids off.

paper drinking cups of various sizes, more than the number of students in the class

sign: Free Drinks: Thanks for Being Such a Great Class!

Visual 1

Transparency or handout (1 per student) of assessment

Procedures:

Before the students enter the classroom:

Fill the jug, tighten the lid, and tape on the sign before securing the jug to a bench or table so that students can’t tip it or look inside to see how much liquid it contains. Make sure there are obviously more than enough cups. Or, open the soft drink bottles, and pour several different size glasses of soft drink.

Place drinks and cups where students will see them as they enter the classroom. (If they don’t see them on their own, encourage the first few students to take a drink, and then go on with normal pre-class preparations. The likely outcome is that the first students will pour themselves big drinks, using the largest cups, and the drinks will run out or become very small well before all students have a chance to fill their glasses.)

Start class by asking:

Why wasn’t there enough for everyone? (Accept a variety of answers. Expect accusations that the first-takers were greedy, and defensive replies about not knowing how much there was.

Who owns the drinks? (It’s not clear. At one point the teacher owned it, but the sign indicates that it was given to the class.)

Why did the drink run out before everyone got some? (There was no incentive to save any or to wait until later, and there was an incentive to get a large drink now for fear there wouldn’t be any left later. Because of the sign, everyone believed she or he had a right to the drink, and no one person or group acted to protect or ration the drinks.)

Teacher note: With small classes or with a strong leader, the drinks may get apportioned more equitably. In the event that everyone did get a drink, ask students why they think there was enough. (Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom’s work suggests that in with small groups with repeated face-to-face interactions and social pressure may overcome the tragedy of the commons. Ask students to consider what might have happened if they had gone into a guest lecture where they didn’t know anyone and felt unlikely to run into any of the people in the future.)

Did any people take more than they drank? Why? (In all prob­ability, several people did. There was no penalty for taking too much. Also, there was a reasonable expectation that there wouldn’t be any left if you wanted some later. Better to take it now, even if you weren’t sure you’d drink it all.)

Activity Alternative 2: M&Ms

Materials:

large (gallon or quart-sized), clear zip-lock bag filled with M&Ms or other small candies (Count and record number of candies ahead of time.)

Procedures:

Display the (pre-counted) bag of M&Ms where it’s clearly visible to all students.

Explain the rules:

No talking; you may not consult with other people.

“Claim” any number of M&Ms by writing the number and your initials on a scrap of paper.

I will collect all the claims and you will receive the number of M&Ms you claimed IF the total claimed does not exceed the total number of M&Ms in the bag.

Also, if the claims do NOT exceed the # in the bag, the following prizes will be awarded:

$20 for the largest claim

$15 for the 2nd largest claim

$10 for the 3rd largest claim

Debriefing Questions:

What was your thinking in making your “claim”?

Why did the total claim exceed the total number of M&Ms? How did the rules of the game encourage this outcome?

Who owned the bag of M&Ms?

How could you establish ownership of M&Ms? By making a claim.

Suppose the M&Ms in the bag are fish in an ocean fishery. The decline of fisheries world-wide is a significant problem. Use the following questions to help students use their experience in the M&Ms game to understanding the tragedy of the commons in ocean fisheries.

Who owns the ocean fishery? How does a fisherman establish ownership (property right) to fish?

Suppose the fishermen know that the fish stock is declining and the fishery will collapse. How will they change their behavior?

What is the cost to each fisherman of conserving?

How could we change the rules of the game to provide incentives for conservation?

Closure

Display Visual 1. Discuss each situation noted there as an example of the tragedy of the commons. Each example involves a case where the thing in question is not individually owned. Stress the idea that when a re­source is not owned, nobody has a clear incentive to protect it.

Explain that the antidote to the tragedy of the commons is to provide clearly defined (know who owns it), enforceable (owned property pro­tected by law), and transferable (profits from the resource, or the re­source, itself, can be bought and sold) property rights. There are many ways to define property rights in circumstances in which property own­ership is not obvious. First, a government can assume ownership and thus restrict use—as in admission to national parks. Second, govern­ment can assume a monitoring role, as it does with air and water pollu­tion or fishing. Third, private ownership can be assigned. A private owner will profit from the resource and thus have an incentive to protect it.

Review the key points of the lesson. Ask:

What is the tragedy of the commons? (Resources owned in com­mon tend to be overused.)

How would a specification of ownership of the drinks in class have made a difference in who got what and how much? (If the teacher had owned the drinks, then the teacher might have moni­tored the students when they took drinks, ensuring everyone got some. If a student(s) had owned the drinks, the outcome might have been the same. Or student(s) might have sold drinks to other students. Either way, the quantity taken by each student would have been monitored.

Explain why the hallways in schools tend to be littered at the end of the school day. (No one seems to own the hallways. Students are tempted to treat them as long wastebaskets.) In discussing students’ responses, remind them that the analysis they have used here would also apply to water. Then move on to the assessment.

Assessment

Beach shorelines in Oregon are public property — in other words, they are owned in common. Periodically, beach clean-up days are organized and citizen groups are urged to volunteer. Why is that public service effort necessary? A nearby private lake owned by a group of fishermen has absolutely no trash floating in the water or littering the beach.

Suppose that following an earthquake that destroyed the water system of a large city, producers of bottled water contributed a convoy of trucks full of water to the citizens of the city. Predict what would happen, how people in the city would behave, if the water was a common resource. Predict what would happen and how people would behave if the water was given to a local fast-food restaurant to sell, under the condition that the owner donate 95% of the money to charity.