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Al recessive 2p21 deletion syndrome in which three genes (SLC3A

Al recessive 2p21 deletion syndrome in which three genes (SLC3A1, PREPL, PP2Cb)and the first exon of CaM KMT are deleted. We demonstrated that the deletion abolished the transcript of CaM KMT in the 2p21 deletion syndrome patients, while the gene is ubiquitously transcribed in human normal tissues such as: brain, liver, colon, muscle and lung. The broad transcription profile of CaM KMT gene includes the tissues affected in the 2p21 deletion syndrome such as: muscle, brain, testis and kidney, suggesting a role for CaM KMT absence in 2p21 deletion syndrome clinical manifestations of the patients. Here we identified two alternatively transcribed isoforms by 59RACE-PCR experiments. These transcripts are located outside the deletion borders, thus, they are expressed in the patients’ cells as well as in several normal, human tissues. These new transcripts are not predicted to produce truncated CaM KMT proteins since they do not E7449 price possess an initiator methionine codon within a good Kozak consensus sequence. However, we cannot rule out, the possibility that these transcripts could be translated since translational initiation has been shown for other proteins lacking the canonical motifs in their initiation codons [26]. We show here for the first time that loss of CaM KMT gene expression in 2p21 deletion syndrome patients results in an accumulation of hypomethylated CaM. This result proposes that CaM KMT is the major methyltransferase of CaM and there are no compensatory mechanisms for this activity in the patients. The absence of the CaM KMT activity can thus contribute to the mental retardation and mitochondrial defect observed in the 2p21 deletion patients but not in the hypotonia cystinuria patients with the absence of only the SLC3A1, PREPL alone. The results suggest that the methylation status of CaM may play a role in affecting CaM-dependent signaling pathways, and proteins with domains capable of reading protein methylation status have been described [27]. The importance of the methylation status of CaM has been ambiguous. The absence of methylation has been reported not to affect cell growth and viability in a chicken cell line [28]. However, the methylation status of CaM can vary in a developmentally specific manner [13,29]. While the activity of some enzymes are directly affected by the methylation status of CaM such as plant NAD kinase [30], others like myosin light chain are not [30,31]. Considering the relatively high number of proteins known to interact with CaM (over 300) there is likely many proteins that interact differentially with methylated versus non-methylated forms of CaM. We also noted an apparent automethylation of CaM KMT but do not know the site of methylation or whether or not it carries any biological significance. This type of autocatalytic activity has been shown for several enzymes, and it can affect different protein functions. For instance, inhibition of enzymatic activity by automethylation was identified in the DNA-cytosine-5methyltransferase (m5C-MTase) M.BspRI [32] as well as repression for Metnase, a human SET and transposase domain protein that Elbasvir site methylates histone H3 and promotes DNA doublestrand break repair [33]. A different effect of automethylation is seen for histone H3 methyltransferase G9a. The autocatalytic G9a methylation was found to be important for protein-protein interactions. The methylation creates a binding site which mediates in vivo interaction with the epigenetic regulator heteroCharacteri.Al recessive 2p21 deletion syndrome in which three genes (SLC3A1, PREPL, PP2Cb)and the first exon of CaM KMT are deleted. We demonstrated that the deletion abolished the transcript of CaM KMT in the 2p21 deletion syndrome patients, while the gene is ubiquitously transcribed in human normal tissues such as: brain, liver, colon, muscle and lung. The broad transcription profile of CaM KMT gene includes the tissues affected in the 2p21 deletion syndrome such as: muscle, brain, testis and kidney, suggesting a role for CaM KMT absence in 2p21 deletion syndrome clinical manifestations of the patients. Here we identified two alternatively transcribed isoforms by 59RACE-PCR experiments. These transcripts are located outside the deletion borders, thus, they are expressed in the patients’ cells as well as in several normal, human tissues. These new transcripts are not predicted to produce truncated CaM KMT proteins since they do not possess an initiator methionine codon within a good Kozak consensus sequence. However, we cannot rule out, the possibility that these transcripts could be translated since translational initiation has been shown for other proteins lacking the canonical motifs in their initiation codons [26]. We show here for the first time that loss of CaM KMT gene expression in 2p21 deletion syndrome patients results in an accumulation of hypomethylated CaM. This result proposes that CaM KMT is the major methyltransferase of CaM and there are no compensatory mechanisms for this activity in the patients. The absence of the CaM KMT activity can thus contribute to the mental retardation and mitochondrial defect observed in the 2p21 deletion patients but not in the hypotonia cystinuria patients with the absence of only the SLC3A1, PREPL alone. The results suggest that the methylation status of CaM may play a role in affecting CaM-dependent signaling pathways, and proteins with domains capable of reading protein methylation status have been described [27]. The importance of the methylation status of CaM has been ambiguous. The absence of methylation has been reported not to affect cell growth and viability in a chicken cell line [28]. However, the methylation status of CaM can vary in a developmentally specific manner [13,29]. While the activity of some enzymes are directly affected by the methylation status of CaM such as plant NAD kinase [30], others like myosin light chain are not [30,31]. Considering the relatively high number of proteins known to interact with CaM (over 300) there is likely many proteins that interact differentially with methylated versus non-methylated forms of CaM. We also noted an apparent automethylation of CaM KMT but do not know the site of methylation or whether or not it carries any biological significance. This type of autocatalytic activity has been shown for several enzymes, and it can affect different protein functions. For instance, inhibition of enzymatic activity by automethylation was identified in the DNA-cytosine-5methyltransferase (m5C-MTase) M.BspRI [32] as well as repression for Metnase, a human SET and transposase domain protein that methylates histone H3 and promotes DNA doublestrand break repair [33]. A different effect of automethylation is seen for histone H3 methyltransferase G9a. The autocatalytic G9a methylation was found to be important for protein-protein interactions. The methylation creates a binding site which mediates in vivo interaction with the epigenetic regulator heteroCharacteri.