Review Session:

Essay Questions­ answer every part, refer to at least 2 of articles from class, FOLLOW DIRECTIONS

multiple choice, definitions (no written portion), 2 essay

Terminology:abolition­ is the act of formally repealing an existing legal practice, either by making it illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form Backlash­ groups that have been oppressed in a large framework of social construction, when they make some progress the dominate society will try to put them back in their old place.Bakla­ A man who has relations with another man but is not considered gayBinary(1)­ A system of likes and opposites. Binaries arrange people and things into opposing categories: men/women, hetero/homo, masculine/feminine, black/white etc. One side of the binary is often valued more than the other side, and the terms in the binary are supposed to imply that the categories are mutally exclusive.Bisexuality­ A person who is emotionally, spiritually, physically, and/or sexually attracted to those of any sex or gender (although society only acknowledges two­ hence the "bi")Commodification­ In Marxist political economy,[2] commodification takes place when economic value is assigned to something not previously considered in economic terms; for example, an idea, identity or gender. Human beings can be considered subject to commodification in contexts such as genetic engineering, social engineering, cloning, eugenics, social Darwinism, Fascism, mass marketing and employmentConsciousness Raising (CR)­ groups of women got together and talked about their lives, beginning to understand you are not alone, and your personal situation is a political issue Discrimination­ Taking action on prejudices.Drag­ Wearing the clothes of another gender, often exaggerating the stereotypical characteristics of that gender. Not always done by someone who identifies as LGBT.Effeminophobia(2)­ fear of men who are feminine; DSM III Essentialism­ biological never to be changed, opposite gay identity has society influenceEugenics­ ww2 holocaust, tests on homosexuals, doctors exploring, also the science of genes explaining homosexualityFamily­Feminism­ Feminism is not monolithic and includes many different ideologies and strategies aimed at bettering the lives of everyone (not just women). Here are two common definitions:1 : the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes2 : organized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests.Fundamentalism­ refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in, and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often religious in nature), a reaction to perceived doctrinal compromises with modern social and political lifeGay­ Homosexual, male interest in other malesGender­ Gender refers to the socially constructed roles ascribed to males and females (as opposed to sex which denotes the biological distinction between males and females). These roles, which are learned, change over time and vary widely within and between cultures. Gender exists on a spectrum of masculinity and femininity.Gender Identity disorder(1)­ Gender Identity is how you see yourself socially: man, woman, or a combination of both. One may have a penis but prefer to relate socially as a woman, or one may have a vagina but prefer to relate as a man. One might prefer to be fluid, relating sometimes as a man and sometimes as a woman. Or one might not identify as either one, relating androgynously.Hegemony(3)­ Hegemony is a concept that has been used to describe the existence of dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group­­referred to as a hegemon­­acquires some degree of consent from the subordinate, as opposed to dominance purely by force. It is used broadly to mean any kind of dominance.Alternate definition: Invisible and/or unrecognized forces of power that oppress, restrict, or limit. Heteronormativity(4)­ apparatus that promotes heterosexualityHeterosexism­ term that applies to attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite­sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite­sex attractions and relationships are the norm and therefore superior. Homonormativity (Assimilation)­ is a term to describe the marginalization of non­heterosexual lifestyles and the view that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation.Homophobia­ Homophobia is the fear of or contempt for gay men and/or lesbians.Homosexual­ dsm pathological termInstitutionalized Heterosexuality­ the assumption that women and men are innately attracted to each other emotionally and sexually and that heterosexuality is normal and universal. This institutionalization of heterosexuality in our society leads to an institutionalized inequality of power not only between heterosexuals and non­heterosexuals, but also between men and womenintelligibility­ being understoodInternalized Homophobia­ used to describe a prejudice against one's own homosexuality.Intersectionality­ is a theory which seeks to examine the ways in which various socially and culturally constructed categories interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society.Intersex­ Descibes people born multisexed (born with some combination of what we call "male" and "female" sex organs). According to the Intersex Society of North America, "Anatomic sex differentiation occurs on a male/female continuum, and there are several dimensions." It is estimated that anywhere from 1 in 100 to 1 in 2,000 infants is born intersexed.Inversion(2)­ people who don't conform to gender rolesKinsey Scale(3)­ 1­6 heterosexual to homosexual middle bisexual Klein Sexual Orientation Grid­ As a person travels on the scale, they are determined to be "Predominantly heterosexual, more than incidentally homosexual" at interval 2, "Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual" at interval 5 and anywhere in between. At the center, Interval 3 is "Equally Heterosexual and Homosexual".Lesbian­ women's interest in other women Liberalism(1)­ idea of the individual, nontraditional, opposite of conservative McCarthyism­ describing the intense anti­communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.Normativity­ hegemonic idea, gender normative, accepted what's the norm., normative way to be gay Oppression­Outing­Pathology­ assumptions that something is out of wack, someone is sick, homosexual behavior was labeled as a pathologyPrejudice­ Privilege(2)­ what a dominate group receives froma system of oppressionQueer­ Sometimes used as an umbrella term for the LGBT community, which often includes many ranges of possibility for self­identification.Someone who transgresses sex, sexual, and/or gender norms.An insulting word used against the LGBT, etc. community that is now used by many members as a positive word for self­identification. Still controversial.Racism­Rights­Sex and Sex Categories­ A determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males. Sex is socially constructed, although it is based on biological characteristics. Instead of having a range of "sexes" as they exist (see: Intersex), dominant U.S. society only really acknowledges males and females.Sexism­ 1: prejudice or discrimination based on sex; especially : discrimination against women2: behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex Sexism can refer also to any and all systemic differentiations based on the gender of a person, not based on their individual merits. In some circumstances this type of sexism may constitute sex discrimination, which in some forms is illegal in some countries.Sexual Orientation v. Preference­ A contested term that refers to the "sex" to which someone is erotically attracted. Related terms with different meanings are affectional orientation, sexual preference and sexuality. ­Preference(3): the gender one chooses, implies choiceSocial Construction­Socialization­Stereotype(2)­gender and class markers, physical characteristics of clothing and appearance Suffrage­Transexual­ A person whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth, so they take hormones or get sex reassigment surgery (SRS). Sexual orientation varies. Transsexual is included under the umbrella of transgender, but not all transgender people undertake physical changes of the body.Transgender­ An umbrella term for all sorts of forms of gender transgression. Transgender encompasses a range of people whose gender identity is different from the sex (and accompanying gender roles) assigned to them at birth. Since gender and sexuality are different categories, transgender people can be heterosexual, queer, bisexual, omnisexual, etc. Sometimes transgender can be synonymous with genderqueer or non­gender normative.2 spirt­ native american culture, higher up maybe, one masculine one femininePeople:Alfred Kinsey(3)­ Kinsey's research on human sexuality profoundly influenced social and cultural values in the United States and many other countries. he developed a scale measuring sexual orientation, now known as the Kinsey Scale which ranges from 1 to 6, 1­heterosexual, 3/4­ bisexual, 6­ homosexualMatthew Shepard(1)­ young homosexual boy who was murdered Joseph MacCarthy(1)­ Witch Hunts in Congress, went after communists and gays, 1950sFritz Klein­ Sappho­ Classical Lesbian poetryF. C. Martinez­ Audre Lorde­ Lesbian poet and activist during 1950sBayard Rustin(5)­ Rustin was an advocate on behalf of gay and lesbian causes in the latter part of his career; however his sexual orientation was a platform used by many governmental as well as idealists groups to attack him. Advisor of Martin Luther KingBill Clinton­ don't ask don't tellEllen Degeneres­ Open Lesbian in todays societyHarvey Milk­ was an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Martin Luther King­ Bayard Rustin, social movements, civil rightsJohn Money­ Doctor of intersex children, though children would be better off not knowing born intersex. Cheryl Chase­ article, being an intersex person being angry at what was done to herFred Phelps­ God hates Fags/ AmericaKate Bornstein­ is an American author, playwright, performance artist and gender theorist. Wrote book Gender OutlawRonald Reagan­ stating that he opposed the proposed ban on gay public school teachers or anyone who supported gay rights. He opposed efforts to repeal the criminal laws against homosexuality and generally opposed gay rights legislation as eroding traditional moral values.Simon LeVay(3)­ greatly strengthen the notion that the development of sexual orientation, at least in men, is closely tied in with the prenatal sexual differentation of the brain. Hypothalamus. Sylvia Rivera­ An american Transgender acitivist. Part of Stonewall Riots.Group/Organizations:ACT Up­ attempt to end the AIDS crisis American Psychiatric Association­Bi Net USA­ umbrella organizations for bisexuals trying to get visibility in community, international and national. Center for Disease Control­ AIDS in the gay communityCombahee River Collective­ was a Black feminist Lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980Daughter of Bilitis(2)­ early lesbian support group, 1955GLAAD­ a non­profit organization of LGBT activism that is "dedicated to promoting and ensuring fair, accurate and inclusive representation of people and events in the media as a means of eliminating homophobia and discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientationGMHC­ gay means health crisisHuman Rights Campaign­ is the largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) lobbying group and political action committee in the United States, claiming over 725,000 members and supportersIGLHRC­ The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) is an international organisation addressing human rights violations against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people and people with HIV/AIDS.INSA­ international Log Cabin Republicans­ LGBT republicans supporting LGBT right, might not be on the examMattachine Society­ the earliest lasting homophile organization in the United States, founded in 1950. The Society for Human Rights (1924) in Chicago predated the Mattachine Society, but was shut down by the police after only a few months.NGLTF­ The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (The Task Force) is an organization working for the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States. It was founded in 1973 in New York.Queer Nation­ organization founded in March 1990 in New York City, USA by AIDS activists from ACT UP.[1] The four founders were outraged at the escalation of anti­gay and lesbian violence on the streets and prejudice in the arts and media. The group is known for its confrontational tactics, its slogans, and for the practice of outing.Radicalesbians­ Radical thinkers began alliances and published unprecedented lesbian separatist literature. While all of these organizations, including the Lesbian Separatist Movement, ONE, Radicalesbians. Essential to their beliefs is the perception of ubiquitous oppression by the Heteropatriarchy. Furthermore, gender and sexuality are constructs of the heterosexual male­controlled society, and must be circumvented to approach any semblance of equality for either homosexuals or women.Stonewall Democrats­ is an LGBT­rights group in the United States with seat in Washington, D.C., affiliated with the Democratic Party. The word "Stonewall" refers to the 1969 Stonewall riots.Transgender Menace­United Nations­World Health Organizations­

Laws and Policies:Amendement 2­ Floridas Marriage AmendmentBowers v. Hardwick­ was a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law that criminalized oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults 1986Brown v. Board of Education­ landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Defense of Marriage Act­Don't Ask Don't Tell­DSM III, DSM IV(2)­diseases, 1973 change occurred, book for physiologists pathological mental disorders, homosexuality was in dsm III, taken out in dsm IVEisenhower's E.O.­ gays and lesbians not allowed to be in government, iminestrative law, because of McCarthy scare, Can't be higher than government, overturned and now can be in government, federal funded jobs not included (teachers, etc.)Federal Marriage Amendment­ federal law of the United States passed on September 21, 1996. 1. No state (or other political subdivision within the United States) need treat a relationship between persons of the same sex as a marriage, even if the relationship is considered a marriage in another state. 2. The Federal Government may not treat same­sex relationships as marriages for any purpose, even if concluded or recognized by one of the states.Immigration Ban­Lawernce v. Texas­ the justices struck down the sodomy law in Texas. The court had previously addressed the same issue in 1986 in Bowers v. Hardwick, where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute, not finding a constitutional protection of sexual privacy.Prop 102­ Arizona's ban on gay marriageProp 8­ California's ban on gay marriageRomer v. Evans­ case dealing with civil rights and state laws. The Court gave its ruling on May 20, 1996 against an amendment to the Colorado state constitution that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect homosexual citizens from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation.Title IX­ law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.Universal Declaration of Human Rights­ENDA­ employment

Movements:AIDS Awareness/Activism­Anti­War Movements­Black Nationalism­ advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of black national identity, as opposed to multiculturalism. There are different black nationalist philosophies but the principles of all black nationalist ideologies are 1) black pride, and 2) black economic, political, social and/or cultural independence from white society. Marcus Garvey is considered to be the grandfather of black nationalism.Christian Right­Civil Rights­Finnie's Balls­ gay club, in chicago, during 50's drag balls, great event, even though it was during a heightened homophobia timeGay Liberation(4)­ the name used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s in North America, Western Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. Homo­hop­ late 90'sHomophile­ an alternative to the word homosexual, preferred by some because it emphasizes love ("­phile" from Greek φιλία) over sexHuman Rights­Lesbian Feminism and Separation­ cultural movement and critical perspective, most popular in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe), that questions the position of lesbians and women in society. "Lesbian feminism" is a related movement that came together in the early 1970s out of dissatisfaction with second­wave feminism and the gay liberation movement.Marriage Equality­Stonewall Riots­

Readings:

Chauncey-to p. 136 Nava-entire Lorde-assigned

portions

Essay Topics

Stereotypes and definitions of lgbtq Social construction

v. biological necessity Homophile movements beforeStonewall Stonewall and its importance Gay and lesbianmovement after Stonewall Incorporating transgender realitiesand experience into the LGB movementsFeminism and lesbianism Law and the lgbtq movementReligion and the lgbtq movement HIV/AIDS and the lgbtqmovements of the 80s and 90s