1.active transport: Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference or gradient

2.anaphase: 3rd phase; the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and move in opposite poles of the spindle.

3.anticodon: A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.

4.Cell: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

5.cell division: Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

6.Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made of cells

7.chromosome: A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

8.codon: A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid. (if DNA triplets are AAT-CGT-TCG then related _____ on mRNA would be UUA-GCA-AGC

9.concentration gradient: a gradient in concentration of a solute that molecules move down and the greater the difference in concentration between the two areas, the faster diffusion occurs. It is An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area., A difference in concentration between two areas.

10.cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm during cell division after the cell nucleus has divided.

11.deoxyribonucleic acid: nucleic acid found in all living cells: carries the organism's hereditary information.

12.desmosome: Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; two adjacent cells are attached. formed from protein plaques in the the cell membranes linked by protein filaments

13.diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

14.endocytosis: Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell to form a vacuole.

15.enzyme: A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific chemical reaction

16.filtration: A process that separates materials through a membrane based on the size of their particles.

17.gap junction: Communicating Junctions; channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells. common in the heart and embryonic cells.

18.gene: biological unit of hereditary information located in chromatin consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). that transmits hereditary information.

19.hypertonic solution: A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.,causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis

20.hypotonic solution: A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution, causes a cell to swell because of osmosis.

21.interphase: A the resting phase between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins

22.isotonic solution: A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution. examples interstitial fluid and intravenous solutions

23.membrane junction: Cells are tightly bound, prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells. Useful in places such as the stomach and kidneys. types are desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions

24.metaphase: Second Stage of Cell division: Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers

25.mitosis: Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus. Final product is 2 daughter cells that are exactly like the parent cell., asexual reproduction and contains same number of chromosomes.

26.Organelle: A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

27.osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

28.passive transport: Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient.example is ATP. and diffusion is driven by kinetic energy

29.protein synthesis: Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA