How did Palestinians feel as the Zionists began to fund themselves and progress?

felt left behind

Hebron Massacre 1929

Arab riots their motto is "slaughter all jews!"

refugee

a person who flees from their homeland to seek safety

What lands were seized by the Israelis during 1967?

Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank, Gaza, east Jerusalem

reprisal

forceful acts in response to an injury

What is the Israeli response to PLO terrorist acts?

fierce disproportionate reprisals

intifada

mass uprising by Palestinians in territory held by Israel

What were the causes of the Arab- Israeli conflict?

Jews were determined to build a homeland in Palestine

Palestinians wanted to be an autonomous people

UN Partition Plan of 1947

McMahon- Hussein Correspondence

Balfour Declaration

British Mandate

War of Independence

Israel's establishment as a Jewish state

Anti-semitism and anti-judaism

What is the root of the problem regarding the Arab Israeli conflict?

neither side is willing to compromise. Both believe their religious teachings justify their cause.

In 1948, how did the Arabs feel about their situation with the newly formed state of Israel?

They felt more powerful (they thought they had a better army, more allies, etc.) it would be an easy win. Palestinians said no to UN partition plan because they believed if there was a war, they would win and get ALL the land

market economy

people buy and sell goods/ services

businesses produce and sell money; people earn money to buy what they need or want

businesses decide what they will produce based on consumer interest

command economy

the government controls what can be produced, how it can be produced, and what it costs

people can only sell to others on a small scale

little or no economic power

aka communism

traditional economy

people produce most of what they need to survive

if they produce more food than they need, they trade the surplus for goods from others

mixed economy

individuals make some economic decisions and the govt. makes others

atman

essential self

reincarnation

rebirth of the soul in various forms (reward/punishment system)

karma

the belief that every deed, mental or physical in this life affects a person's fate in a future life

dharma

duties and obligations

Renaissance

product of the Crusades

1400-1600

Church authority was weakened

time when indulgences were sold to pay for Renaissance artists to paint the Church

beginnings of the Protestant reformation

indulgence

official document the church gives to pardon one's sins

How did Islam spread?

Arab armies shared the same beliefs

people welcomed Arabs and their religion

Muslims were tolerant conquerors

trade routes

Mohammed's marriages to women from different tribes and clans than his own

What marked the beginning of the expansion of Islam?

the hejira, or the migration of Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina

Right of Return

The United Nation's guaranteed right of a refugee to return to his or her home country to live

The Palestinians belief that they have the right to return to their native land

Palestinians claim they have this which would give them their land back

Muslim family life

Muslim family life was patriarchal (the father had the final say on all matters)

women usually sought their husband's approval and children were expected to obey there parents

only obedience to god is considered more important then the respect of one's parents

marriages were arranged (between same social class or trade/profession)

divorce was easier for men than women. men just had to say "I divorce you" on three separate occasions and make a payment to the woman's family. In contrast, a woman who wanted to divorce had to take her case before a judge.

Four Noble Truths

1) suffering is universal

2) the cause of suffering is desire

3) the only way to end suffering is to crush desire

4) the way to end desire is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path

diffusion

the movement of customs or ideas from one place to another

technology

the skills and tools people use

subculture

group of people within a society who share certain beliefs, values, and customs

racism

belief that one race is superior to the other

culture

all the things that make up a people's entire way of life

nuclear family

includes a wife, husband, and their children

extended family

several generations living in one household

democracy

people have supreme power

republic

the people choose the leaders who represent them

dictatorship

a ruler or group that holds power by force

Geography of Australia vs. New Zealand

Australia: flat and dry; struggling to overcome a scarce water supplyNew Zealand: mountainous and green; stable water sourceSimilarity: the geography of both supports sheep; most live on the coast

Among muslims, traditions and customs made women subordinate to men. According to the Koran, "Men are the managers of the affairs of women." During childhood, a girl had to obey her father. After marriage she had to obey her husband and her husband's father

Muslims believed that women were more likely than men to bring dishonor to the family. Women were expected to be modest and to remain secluded within the home

They wore veils to conceal their faces from men who were not part of their family

In some muslim homes, women used separate entrances and ate their meals only in the company of other women

Women is islamic societies knew they were secure. (their fathers, sons, brothers, and husbands would protect and provide for them. Also within their homes and with their children, women had considerable influence.

What rights could women in islam have?

The koran outlawed the practice of killing unwanted babies that were female

Under islamic law, women also gained the right to free education and to own or inherit property

although the koran made women subordinate to men, in the eyes of God they were all seen as equal

caliph

successor to the prophet

10 Downing Street

bombing that occurred in 1991 at the official residence and office of the English Prime Minister

Israeli culture

...

Dravidians

falsely thought to be people, actually a language family

The United Kingdom

encompasses England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland

moksha

spiritual knowledge and liberation from the cycle of rebirth

unseeable goal

samsara

indefinite cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth (the process)

1) Muslims proclaim their belief in one God2) prayer- 5 times a day they must face Mecca3) almsgiving- charity to the poor and the aged4) fasting during the holy month of Ramadan5) hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca; walk around Kaaba 7 times, touch stone, and symbolically throw rocks at the devil

former U.S. Senator who attempted to compromise peace between Palestine and Israel, and Ireland and Northern Ireland

key negotiator

Aborigines

nomadic hunters and gatherers from the mainland Australia

What disease killed around 50% of Australia's indigenous population?

small pox

Describe Aboriginal culture

diverse ancient (dating back 75,000 years)one of the oldest known civilization on Earth

How did aborigines share their religious beliefs?

shared through oral traditions

What were Aborigine spiritual values based on?

based upon deep love and respect for the land and a belief in Dreamtime

What is dreamtime?

time before time

Maoris

indigenous people of New Zealand

Michael Collins

Head of IRA during Irish civil war (1922-1923)

John Calvin

anti-Catholicinfluenced by Martin Lutherbelieved in predestination

predestination

at birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

a purified approach to life shows you have been chosen to go to heaven

Margaret Thatcher

known as the "Iron Lady"

famous line regarding the hunger strikers in prison: crime is crime is crime. There will be no political status given to criminals

polarizing figure

Prime Minister during the height of the Troubles (1979-1990)

Palestinian refugees

displaced after Israel war for independence and forced into refugee camps

Martin Luther

German leader of the Protestant reformation, questioned the Roman Catholic Church, was excommunicated.

Wrote the 95 theses

Jesus of Nazareth

people of faith and people of history agree he existed

Jesus believed Judaism had focused too much on rituals and temples, he was trying to reform it

Brahman

single supreme force each god that Hindus worship were apart of

Dalai Lama

leader of Tibetan Buddhism

Henry VIII

English king who created the Anglican church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon

Why did Henry VIII want a divorce with Catherine of Aragon?

he wanted a son to be their and continue the Tudor name

Vaisyas

Caste of the common people (merchants, artisans, and farmers)

Jimmy Carter

During his presidency, Carter hosted talks between Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt that led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty

Bill Clinton

facilitated the Camp David Summit of 2000 and the 1993 Oslo Accords

Theresa May

...

Yasser Arafat

The PLO leader who agreed in 1988 to recognize Israel's right to exist

Sunni Muslim

believe the first four caliphs were rightful successors to the prophet Muhammed but subsequent leaders may be baed on Islamic political realities of the time

Shiite Muslim

believe the true leaders of Islam must be descendants of Ali, the fourth caliph and Muhammed's son-in-law

Why did Islam split?

succession issue

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

aka Jews

Aryans

not a race, but a title

means noble in Sanskrit

didn't conquer dravidians

no aryan invasion because aryans as a people didn't exist

Who in hinduism has the power? How is it similar in christianity?

priests have spiritual power, warriors have physical power

Constantine

made Christianity legal within the Roman empire

312 he has a vision of Christ on the cross which leads him to victory in a battle

Muhammed

...

prophet

someone who speaks directly to God

The Buddha

○ Nepalese prince○ Age 29: rejected luxurious life to seek○ Ascetic life: the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal○ Rejected Asceticism and achieves Nirvana○ Buddha at age 35

Mahmoud Abbas

provisional president of the PLO after Arafat dies

Theodore Herzl

Jewish writer who called for a separate homeland where Jews would be safe from persecution (pamphlet called "The Jewish State, 1896). He founded the Zionist movement to fulfill these aims

James Cook

known as the "father" of Australia

Gerry Adams

leader of Sinn Fein

Oliver Cromwell

replaced King charles Iemerged out of the Irish rebellion and English civil warsent to ireland to crush the irish rebellionkills 3, 000 in Drogheda and 3, 500 in Wexfordconquered ireland brutally11 million acres of land are given to British Protestant settlersIrish are sold into slavery

Anwar al-Sadat

Egypt's president who signed the Egypt-Israel Peace Agreement

later assassinated by 4 of his own men because he was seen as a traitor

A.O. Neville

Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia from 1917-1936Took children away from families to discontinue the Aboriginal raceDid it because he cared about them

What was more important to the British than feeding the starving population of ireland?

making money

Food exports (increased,decreased) as people continued to starve

increased

The Irish were forced to send all of their "cash crops" where?

England

Ireland was not the only country where peasants depended on ______________, but those countries did not experience such a severe famine

potatoes

Diaspora

70 CE

15-16 million Jews dispersed throughout world

expelled from their home in Palestine

religion drastically changed after

Sorry Day 1998

May 26th

marches where different members of the Australian community in major cities like Melbourne and Sydney are getting together to say "sorry"Many local governments, churches apologize for their role in the programno federal apology

Aborigines Act of 1905

made the Chief Protector the legal guardian of every Aborigine and half-caste child under the age of 16 years in Western Australia

Battle of Bogside

spark that sets off the Troubles

Loyalist apprentice boys march in honor of Protestant siege of Derry in 1689 IN CATHOLIC SIDE OF BOGSIDE against the will of the Catholics

rioting ensues

Protestant police turn to British military, something unheard of

1972 Bloody Sunday

civil rights march in Derry on January 30 against internment policies (started out as a peaceful protest)

crowd gets rowdy and begins to throw rocks at British military forces

British paratroopers open fire and kill 13 Roman Catholics

British investigation will later exonerate the soldiers, suggesting the demonstrators were terrorists linked to the IRA

decades later, the British government concedes and admits they lied

Dreyfus Affair

Anti-Semitic event involving a Jewish Captain in the French army who was falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany

seen by many as proof that Jews were untrustworthy

When it was discovered that Dreyfus had been innocent the whole time, the authorities refused to reopen the case. Although Dreyfus was eventually freed, he was not officially declared innocent until 1906

Intifada

Palestinian uprising involving civilians

Oslo Accords 1993

Rabin Yitzhak and PLO leader, Yasser Arafat sign Oslo Declaration to plot Palestinian self-government and FORMALLY END FIRST INTIFADA. Violence by Palestinian groups that reject Oslo declaration continues. Israelis and Palestinians had secretly been talking in Oslo, Norway about signing a peace treaty; however, it never became a peace treaty it was only an agreement to BEGIN negotiating peace- establish a 5 year transition period in which Israeli forces would withdraw from Gaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinians can return home

The Troubles

civil war between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland from 1967 to late 1990s

1967 Arab-Israeli War

After months of tension, including border skirmishes, Egypt's expulsion of the UN buffer force from Sinai and its closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt. Jordan and Syria join the war. Jewish settlements are set up in all of these areas in coming years, with government approval. Egyptian Air Force is annihilated.- The war lasts six days and leaves Israel in control of east Jerusalem, all of West Bank, Gaza, Golan Heights, and Sinai

Good Friday Agreement

...

Crusades

8 attempts to remove Ottoman Turks from Jerusalem

Pope Urban II called for a crusade, or holy war against the Muslims

believed it was the will of God

the goal was to capture Palestine

for the next 200 years, Christians poured into Palestine

What were the motives of the popes in calling for the Crusades?

wanted to increase the power of the Roman Church and regain control of Byzantine Church

hoped to reduce fighting in Europe by sending feudal armies to distant lands

What were the causes of the Crusades?

Muslims controlled the Holy Land

Byzantine empire feared Muslim turks would destroy Constantinople

What does Pope Urban II say in regards to the Crusades?

Pope Urban II called for Christians to join a crusade at the council of Clermont

said it was God's will and that you will be resolved of all your sins if you fight this battle

Why did people become "crusaders"

they were driven by religious and economic fantasies and they were eager to escape debt and taxes at home

economic: permission to loot and steal at willreligious: they hoped to achieve salvation

1790- First contact in many areas between natives and settlers. Misunderstandings. Death through disease. Frontier wars. Resistance and battles.

1837- Board of Protection of Aborigines established

What were the effects of the Crusades?

trade increased- returning crusaders brought new goods, spices, and textiles to Europekings gained more power- the land of many nobles were left vulnerableknowledge of Muslim culture spread throughout Europerelations between Christians and Jews became strainedChurch loses prestigeRenaissanceBlack Death

What was the British mindset regarding aborigines?

they are immature children/animalsunderdeveloped species that needs to be protected from itself

What was the incompatibility between the British culture and the Aborigine culture?

Europeans believed the land belonged to them, Aborigines believed they belonged to the land

What was the board of protection of aborigines given the power to do?

decide where aborigines lived

What is Australia as a piece of land referred to when it is first settled?

terra nullius- land belonging to no one

Protestant Reformation

an attempt to reform the Catholic Church

What did Martin Luther write?

95 theses which criticized...

power of the popeextreme wealth of churchindulgences

What happens after Luther is put on trial?

excommunicated

went into hiding- translated New Testament into German

believed you make your own personal connection to God, the Church is useless