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Lefevre Peninsula located on the east coast of Gulf St Vincent about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-west of the Adelaide city centre. The peninsula is bounded to the west by Gulf St Vincent and to the north and the east by the Port River. The southern boundary of the “topographical peninsula” has been determined by the Surveyor General of South Australia as being Recreation Road in the suburb of Semaphore Park as “an examination of old plans indicate that boats could have navigated the Port Adelaide River to approximately this point.”[1]

The western, Gulf St Vincent, coast of the peninsula consists of a continuous stretch of fine, white sand beaches. The eastern side is defined and separated from the mainland by the Barker Inlet and Port River. Torrens Island lies nearby to the east. To the east of the base of the peninsula is the suburb of Port Adelaide. Much of the peninsula has been developed, with residential areas extending inland from the western beaches, and heavy industries concentrated along the Port River waterfront on its eastern shore.

The peninsula has strong maritime associations due to its proximity to Port Adelaide, the Port River and Outer Harbor. Collins class submarines were built at the suburb of Osborne. Cement production also occurs on the peninsula at Birkenhead. In 1999, the Pelican Point Power Station was established at the northeastern tip of the peninsula adjacent to the Port River.[3]

Lefevre Peninsula also contains several sailing clubs and golf clubs and the popular Semaphore Road foreshore. The Outer Harbor railway line runs through the peninsula from Ethelton to Outer Harbor.

European settlement commenced in the early 1840s.[5] Before it was developed, much of the coastline was covered with mangroves. The land was extensively covered with bush, with such plants as wattle, sheoak and other native species.[6] The peninsula now has a wind swept feel due to the clearance of these plants.

1.
South Australia
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South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it

2.
Port River
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The Port River is a river located north of the Adelaide central business district in the Australian state of South Australia. The Port River is the branch of the largest tidal estuary on the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent. It extends inland through the historic Inner Harbour of Port Adelaide, before European settlement of Adelaides western suburbs and the construction of various flood mitigation channels and levees, the Port River formed one of the outlets of the River Torrens. The banks of the river are largely industrialised and have some of Adelaide’s wharves, bulk cargo and container handling facilities, one of its main attractions other than transport is the Port River dolphins, which are the only wild dolphins in the world that live within a city. Besides shipping using the main channel, a fishing fleet operates out of the North Arm which also has a speed boat club. Recreational boating marinas are located in the Angas Inlet and on the Lefevre Peninsula, the ASC has its construction and maintenance facility and dock at Osborne, and there is a heritage-listed former Quarantine Station on Torrens Island. Several power stations including the Torrens Island Power Station and the Pelican Point Power Station, the Port Adelaide Rowing Club has rowed on the river for one hundred and thirty years, and the river was formerly a frequent venue for the Intervarsity eights race. Flushing of the West Lakes occurs through a system that takes in fresh seawater through an inlet off the coast at the southern end. Spring tides are over 2½ metres AHD and at low tide mudflats are exposed near the outlet of the river, forming a ground for blue swimmer crabs. The Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary, a 118 km² Dolphin sanctuary which was enacted by the 2005 Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Act covers all of the Barker Inlet and the Port River. Bottlenose dolphins are seen in the river, examining and following small boats and have become a well known tourist attraction with dolphin cruises departing from Queens Wharf. The mudflats at the mouth of the river are part of the Gulf St Vincent Important Bird Area, prior to the 1836 settlement of South Australia, the river was a shallow and narrow tidal creek winding between mangrove swamps. The river was discovered in 1834 by Captain John Jones after an 1831 sighting by Captain Collet Barker. The initial landing place in Adelaide was some way north of the current port and had poor conditions that for many years it was known as Port Misery. The current port location was opened in 1840 but, due to the depth of the river. This new harbour allowed the steamships that were then arriving at Adelaide to dock, with smaller steam vessels. The river was first bridged in 1859 opening the Lefevre Peninsula to development and now is crossed by 3 road bridges including the Birkenhead bridge, the North Arm contains a significant ships graveyard with 25 identified wrecks and was also used to house explosives stores from the 1880s. The remains of the iron and wooden ships that were abandoned between 1909 and 1945 are now bird roosts and a canoeing attraction, the ships in the graveyard were launched from 1857 to 1920 and includes the Dorothy H

3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

4.
Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula

5.
Adelaide city centre
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Adelaide city centre is the innermost locality of Greater Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. It is known by locals simply as The City or Town to distinguish it from Greater Adelaide, the locality is home to the Parliament of South Australia and many key state government offices. Due to the construction of new apartments in the city. Before the European settlement of South Australia, the Adelaide Plains, the colony of South Australia was established in 1836 at Glenelg, and the city itself established in 1837. The location and layout of the city is accredited to Colonel William Light, Kaurna numbers were significantly reduced by at least two widespread epidemics of smallpox which preceded European settlement, having been transported downstream along the Murray River. When European settlers arrived in 1836, estimates of the Kaurna population ranged from 300 to 1000 people, british Captain Matthew Flinders, along with French Captain Nicolas Baudin, charted the southeast coast of Australia, where Adelaide is located. Flinders named Mount Lofty in 1802, but provided little information on Adelaide itself, charles Sturt later explored the Murray and wrote a favourable reflection on what he saw. Colonel William Light is credited largely with settling and laying out the Adelaide region, Adelaide was not as badly effected by the 1860s economic depression of Australia as other gold rush cities like Sydney and Melbourne, allowing it to prosper. Historian F. W. Crowley noted that the city was full of elite upper class citizens which provided a stark contrast of the poverty of the labour areas. Due to its historic puritan wealth during the 20th century, the city retains a portion of Victorian architecture. Adelaide is separated from its metropolitan area by a ring of public parklands on all sides. Surrounding this central business district are a number of medium to low density apartments, townhouses. These squares occupy 32 of the 700 numbered town acre allotments on Lights plan, All east-west roads change their names as they cross King William Street, except for North and South terraces. They also alternate between being wide and narrow,99 and 66 feet, except for the central Grote and Wakefield which are extra-wide,132 feet, along with the surrounding four terraces. The Street Naming Committee comprised, All members of the committee had one or more of the streets and squares in the Adelaide city centre, Brown Street, named for John Brown, was subsequently subsumed as a continuation of Morphett Street in 1967. In the same year, Hanson Street, named for Richard Hanson, was subsumed as a continuation of Pulteney Street, the naming of the streets was completed on 23 May 1837 and gazetted on 3 June. It has been held since 2004 by Kate Ellis of the Labor party, in the South Australian House of Assembly, Adelaide is within the Electoral district of Adelaide. Since the March 2010 state election, the seat has held by Rachel Sanderson of the Liberal party

6.
Spit (landform)
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A spit or sandspit is a deposition bar or beach landform found off coasts or lake shores. It develops in places where re-entrance occurs, such as at a coves headlands, the drift occurs due to waves meeting the beach at an oblique angle, moving sediment down the beach in a zigzag pattern. This is complemented by longshore currents, which further transport sediment through the water alongside the beach and these currents are caused by the same waves that cause the drift. Where the direction of the shore inland re-enters, or changes direction, for example at a headland, no longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This submerged bar of sediment allows longshore drift or littoral drift to continue to transport sediment in the direction the waves are breaking, forming an above-water spit. Without the complementary process of littoral drift, the bar would not build above the surface of the becoming an spit. Spits occur when longshore drift reaches a section of headland where the turn is greater than 30 degrees, the spit will continue out into the sea until water pressure becomes too great to allow the sand to deposit. Vegetation may then start to grow on the spit, and the spit may become stable, a spit may be considered a special form of a shoal. As spits grow, the water behind them is sheltered from wind and waves, wave refraction can occur at the end of a spit, carrying sediment around the end to form a hook or recurved spit. Refraction in multiple directions may create a complex spit, waves that arrive in a direction other than obliquely along the spit will halt the growth of the spit, shorten it, or eventually destroy it entirely. The sediments that make up spits come from a variety of sources including rivers and eroding bluffs, activities such as logging and farming upstream can increase the sediment load of rivers, which may hurt the intertidal environments around spits by smothering delicate habitats. Roads or bulkheads built along bluffs can drastically reduce the volume of sediment eroded, if the supply of sediment is interrupted the sand at the neck of the spit may be moved towards the head, eventually creating an island. If the supply is not interrupted, and the spit is not breached by the sea, if an island lies offshore near where the coast changes direction, and the spit continues to grow until it connects the island to the mainland, it is called a tombolo. The end of an attached to land is called the proximal end. The longest spit in the world is the Arabat Spit in the Sea of Azov and it is approximately 110 kilometres long. The longest spit in a body of water is Long Point, Ontario. A well-known spit in the UK is Spurn Point at the mouth of the Humber River, the Curonian Spit, off the coast of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea, it is 98 km long. In a similar fashion, the Vistula Spit separates the Vistula Lagoon from the Gdańsk Bay off the coast of Poland, the spit bends slightly west or east, changing its direction gradually, depending on the conditions of the tides and weather

7.
Gulf St Vincent
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Gulf St Vincent is a large inlet of water on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia. Adelaide, the South Australian capital, lies midway along the gulfs east coast, other towns located on the gulf, from west to east include Edithburgh, Port Vincent, Ardrossan and Port Wakefield and Normanville. It was named Gulph of St. Vincent by Matthew Flinders on 30 March 1802, prior to then, it had been known as Golphe Josephine. The Adelaide Desalination Plant which is located on Gulf St Vincents eastern shore in Lonsdale, South Australia, the Gulf teems with crustacea and polychaeta, as well as various species of sea squirts and sea urchins. The benthos is a soft sediment shelf, with species of zosteraceae around the mouth of the Port River, Gulf St Vincent Important Bird Area South Australian State Gazetteer PlaceNames Online Search Friends of Gulf St Vincent Accessed 14 February 2014

8.
Beach
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A beach is a landform along a body of water. It usually consists of particles, which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles. The particles comprising a beach are occasionally biological in origin, such as shells or coralline algae. Some beaches have man-made infrastructure, such as posts, changing rooms. They may also have hospitality venues nearby, wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed in this manner. Wild beaches can be valued for their beauty and preserved nature. Beaches typically occur in areas along the coast where wave or current action deposits, although the seashore is most commonly associated with the word beach, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers. Beach may refer to, small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents, the former are described in detail below, the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under bars. There are several parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form. The part mostly above water, and more or less influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline, the berm has a crest and a face — the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a trough, at some point the influence of the waves on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough, winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a dune and these geomorphic features compose what is called the beach profile. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited, onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes. Conversely, the profile is lower in the storm season due to the increased wave energy. The removal of sediment from the berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile

9.
Barker Inlet
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The Barker Inlet is a tidal inlet of the Gulf St Vincent in Adelaide, South Australia, named after Captain Collet Barker who first sighted it in 1831. It contains one of the southernmost mangrove forests in the world, the inlet separates Torrens Island and Garden Island from the mainland to the East and is characterized by a network of tidal creeks, artificially deepened channels, and wide mudflats. The extensive belt of mangroves are bordered by samphire saltmarsh flats and low-lying sand dunes, much of this has changed with the landfill dump on adjacent Garden Island closed in 2000 and remediation work begun. Some stormwater is now being filtered through wetlands before discharge and the inlet has been declared a reserve for the preservation of dolphins, fish, crabs and it has a narrow central channel used for boating. Spring tides are over 2½ metres and at low tide much of the inlet is mudflats that are above water level, most of the creeks through the mangroves drain surrounding land and are not navigable except at high tide by very small boats. There is a channel, running along the side of a breakwater. The coast side of the mangroves are bounded by extensive salt evaporation ponds leased for industrial usage by the South Australian Government. Most of the creeks on the side are tidal although Swan Alley creek is the outlet for the Dry Creek and the Little Para River. The wetlands were created in 1994 as part of a treatment system with both tidal and freshwater sections. There is 1.72 km2 of constructed wetlands holding 1.2 Gigalitres of stormwater before discharging via the creek, the grey mangroves are uniformly of the type Avicennia marina var. The inlets deeper sections are dominated by strap or tape weed, eelgrass and garweed dominate the shallows, often being exposed on mudflats at low tide. Many bird species use the inlet including cormorants, terns, ducks, swans, pelicans, egrets and herons, as well as silver gulls, including migratory birds, over 250 species have been recorded in the inlet, surrounding wetlands and lagoons. From 1906 until 1972, the inlets Broad Creek was used as a point for explosives that were then transported by a 2.4 km tramway to the Dry Creek explosives depot. There are abandoned ships in Broad Creek, Angas Inlet and the North Arm of the Port River, the remains of over 30 iron and wooden ships abandoned up until 1945 are now bird roosts and a canoeing attraction. Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary BARKER INLET PORT ESTUARY COMMITTEE

10.
Torrens Island
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Torrens Island is located in the Port River Estuary between the Port River and Barker Inlet, about 15 km northwest of the Adelaide city centre in South Australia. Since European settlement of Adelaide in 1836, it has used for a number of purposes. Being uninhabited, an island, adjacent to Port Adelaide, and near Outer Harbor, one example of its use was during the so-called Boonah crisis. There were two stations on the site at different times, the surviving Torrens Island Quarantine Station is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. The Torrens Island Internment Camp was a World War I detention camp which held up to 400 men of German or Austro-Hungarian background between 9 October 1914 and 16 August 1915. There are two stations on Torrens Island, Torrens Island Power Station, completed in 1967, and since 2007 operated by AGL Energy. Quarantine Power Station, built and operated since 2002 by Origin Energy, original capacity 95 MW, Torrens List of islands of Australia List of power stations in South Australia

11.
Port Adelaide
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Port Adelaide is the name of a region of Adelaide, approximately 14 kilometres northwest of the Adelaide CBD. It is also the namesake of the City of Port Adelaide Enfield council, a suburb, Port Adelaide played an important role in the formative decades of Adelaide and South Australia, with the port being early Adelaides main supply and information link to the rest of the world. Prior to European settlement Port Adelaide was covered with swamps and tidal mud flats. The entrance to this creek, the Port River, was first reported in 1831 and it was explored by Europeans when Captain Henry Jones entered in 1834. The creeks main channel was then fed by numerous smaller creeks, the navigable channel was narrow and the creek soon faded into swamps and sandhills. At low tide the channel was surrounded by mudbanks, Dry and solid land ended near present-day Alberton. Colonel William Light began closely exploring the area in late 1836 while deciding on a site for the colony of South Australias port, after initial trepidation, he reported to the Colonisation Commissioners that the location was a suitable harbour. By this time it had acquired the name the port creek, Lights choice of separating the port and Adelaide was strongly opposed by a few merchants, a newspaper and Governor John Hindmarsh. This opposition was based on the distance between them. The division of power in the colony meant that the decision was Lights alone. He kept Adelaide and the port separate principally due to the lack of water at the port. The effective foundation day of Port Adelaide was 6 January 1837, on this day the first harbourmaster, Captain Thomas Lipson, took up residence with his family on the edge of Port Creek. The new port was used for shipping later that month, at this point the site was known as The Port Creek Settlement. When founded, the land was just higher than the surrounding tidal flats. The port had a significant problem—reported in letters from Light and complaints to the Governor from ship owners—of a lack of a water supply. At first the river was not used for larger ships and they had to land at Holdfast Bay until the port was charted. This early port was plagued by mosquitoes, was a long distance from Adelaide, had few amenities and had a risk of inundation when the tide was very high. By 1840 it had acquired the name Port Misery, the name was used in news reports

12.
Collins-class submarine
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The Collins class of six Australian-built diesel-electric submarines is operated by the Royal Australian Navy. The boats were the first submarines to be constructed in Australia, planning for a new design to replace the RANs Oberon-class submarines began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Proposals were received from seven companies, two were selected for a study to determine the winning design, which was announced in mid-1987. The resulting negative press has led to a public perception of the Collins class. The Collins class was expected to be retired about 2026, however, the Collins class life will now be extended and will receive an unplanned capability upgrade, including but not limited to, sonar and communications. The Future Submarine Program will be based on the Shortfin Barracuda design by French company DCNS with twelve submarines to be acquired that will be built in Australia. The paper also raised the suggestion that the majority of the submarines be constructed in Australia, the campaign to build submarines in Australia was also met with support from the Australian Labor Party and several trade unions. The proposal was accepted by the operational requirements committee in August 1978. Approval for the development phase of the project was given in the 1981–82 federal budget, the submissions would be narrowed down to two based on the provided information, with these undergoing a funded study to determine the winning design. All seven companies responded by the end of the year, the combined submissions totalling four tonnes of paper and their submission was altered to a conventionally powered version of the Rubis-class nuclear submarine. The German companies Ingenieur Kontor Lübeck and Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft collaborated to offer a version of the Type 209 submarine. Submarines based on the Type 209 design had been exported to several nations, thyssen Nordseewerke, another German company, offered their TR-1700-class submarine. Like the Type 209, the TR-1700 was a submarine design. Cantieri Navali Riuniti of Italy proposed a design based on their Sauro-class submarine, the age of the early 1970s design was a concern, and the proposal was withdrawn early in the process. The Dutch partnership of United Shipbuilder Bureaux and Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij submitted the Walrus class and their offer was identical to that constructed for the Royal Netherlands Navy, minus the Dutch combat system. Swedish shipbuilder Kockums submitted the Type 471 design, a version of the Västergötland-class submarine operated by the Swedish Navy. The United Kingdom company Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering offered a design referred to as the Type 2400, the review board concluded that the IKL/HDW Type 2000 was the best design offered, the Walrus class was rated as fair, while Kockums and Vickers proposals were considered marginal contenders. However, none of the tenders completely matched the desired RAN specifications, on 9 May, the Australian cabinet approved the selections for the funded studies and decided that six submarines would be built, with the option for two more, all in Australia

13.
Osborne, South Australia
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Osborne is a suburb in the Australian state of South Australia located on the LeFevre Peninsula in the west of Adelaide about 21 kilometres north-west of the Adelaide city centre. Osborne originally started as a private sub-division in Section 2015 in the unit of the Hundred of Port Adelaide. It was named after Captain R. W. Osborne, a portion was subsequently added to North Haven. The name was submitted by the City of Port Adelaide at a council meeting held on 10 May 1945” and was formally adopted in 1951 by the Nomenclature Committee. Since 1951, its boundaries have varied as follows, a portion was renamed as North Haven while another portion was added to the suburb of North Haven. In March 2006, its boundaries were varied to ensure that the Osborne Maritime Precinct was within its boundaries, in August 2009, its eastern boundary was extended to the centre of the Port River. Osborneville Post Office opened around 1922, it was renamed Taperoo on 1 February 1964, Osborne was also known as Brooklyn after the name change from Osborneville. Osborne is the home of a number of employers, including ASC Pty Ltd. Osborne Power Station, a power station. Flinders Ports which has two facilities located on the suburbs coast with the Port River. Osborne is the home of LeFevre Reserve, which hosts a community centre. There are no schools in the suburb, the closest schools are in the adjacent suburbs of North Haven and Taperoo. The Outer Harbor railway line has two stations serving the suburb - Midlunga railway station and the Osborne railway station which is located nearby in the suburb of North Haven. Osborne is located within the division of Port Adelaide, the state electoral district of Port Adelaide. Osborne List of cities and towns in South Australia Penrice Soda Products

14.
Birkenhead, South Australia
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Birkenhead is a north-western suburb of Adelaide 14 km from the CBD, on the Lefevre Peninsula, in the state of South Australia, Australia, and lies within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It is adjacent to Peterhead, Exeter and Glanville and it is bounded to the south by the Gawler Reach of the Port River, to the north by Hargrave Street and in the west and east by the Outer Harbor railway line and the Port River respectively. It was laid out on section 700, Hundred of Port Adelaide by Thomas Elder, Birkenhead Post Office opened around 1884. Birkenhead is essentially a suburb, with industrial harbourside development on the southern and eastern shores of the suburb. It is notable for the Birkenhead Bridge, which opened on a regular basis so that boats could pass along the Port River. It is also the site of a third Port River crossing and it includes the opening Tom Diver Derrick bridge, designed to ease traffic congestion in the area and opened in August 2008, adjacent to the opening Mary MacKillop railway bridge. The Birkenhead Bridge and the former HMAS Encounter Naval Drill Hall are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, the suburb is served by a primary school, Lefevre Peninsula Primary School, and the local high school is Lefevre High School, in nearby Semaphore South. There is little activity in the area, as this is plentiful south of the river in Port Adelaide. The eastern side of the suburb, by the Port riverside is the location of the Adelaide Brighton Cement company, and a berth for the Shell Oil Company. The former Port Adelaide Sailing Club building, renamed Gallery Yampu, is used by a community group. Birkenhead is part of the electoral district of Lee. Since 2014 Lees member of South Australias House of Assembly has been Stephen Mullighan, Birkenhead is part of the federal division of Port Adelaide. Since 1997 Port Adelaides member of the Commonwealth of Australias House of Representatives has been Mark Butler, Mark is a member of the Australian Labor Party. The 150 bus services Semaphore and Fletcher Roads, while the 352 and 353 serves Semaphore and Fletcher Roads, the 333 and the N254 After Midnight Bus serve Semaphore Road. The suburb also is serviced by a station on the Outer Harbor railway line, the Peterhead railway station. A number of Port Adelaide Football Club players were born or have lived in Birkenhead, John Turner District Council of Birkenhead

15.
Pelican Point Power Station
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The Pelican Point Power Station is located at Pelican Point,20 km from the centre of Adelaide, South Australia on the Lefevre Peninsula. It is operated by GDF Suez Australian Energy, a subsidiary of Engie, mitsui owns the remaining 28 per cent. It burns natural gas in a combined cycle power station, comprising two 160 MW gas turbines and one 165 MW steam turbine, to generate up to 485 MW of electricity, the plant has two GT13E2 gas turbines manufactured by ABB. The plant, including steam turbine and heat recovery steam generator, was manufactured and constructed by ABB, since March 2013 the power station has generally operated at half capacity due to over-capacity in the South Australian region of the National Electricity Market. Grid generation capacity was reduced in early 2016 when the Northern Power Station closed, the owner later clarified that it is not allowed to bid into the market if supply cannot be guaranteed, and it did not have a current gas supply contract for the second unit. It was able to respond promptly once directed to do so on 9 February during continuing high temperature weather, since 2002 International Power have allowed school and community groups to tour Pelican Point Power Station. The tours were originally designed and run by The Investigator Science and Technology Centre, since January 2009 the tours have been operated by Mobile Science Education. International Power List of power stations in South Australia Pelican Point Power Station, International Power

16.
Outer Harbor railway line
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The Outer Harbor railway line is a suburban branch line in Adelaide, South Australia. It runs from Adelaide station through the western suburbs to Port Adelaide. It is 21.9 kilometres in length, and shares part of its run with the Grange line and it is operated by Adelaide Metro. The railway between Adelaide and Port Dock railway station was the first railway in Adelaide and the first government-owned railway in the British Empire, Port Adelaide junction was created when the railway was extended to cross the Port River to Le Fevre Peninsula. As industry developed on the west side of the Port River, initially, this was at Semaphore, with the railway extended in 1882 as the now-closed Semaphore railway line to service the overseas shipping jetty there. The Outer Harbor was developed and the railway extended from Glanville railway station to service it, the line between Port Adelaide Junction and Glanville was dual gauge until early December 2009 when the standard gauge rails were removed. Outer Harbor had a balloon loop railway so that trains could be turned around without shunting or requiring a turntable or triangle, the loop was cut when rail freight moved off the broad gauge Outer Harbor railway to the nearby standard gauge line on the eastern side of the peninsula. In January 2017, the line was closed for three weeks alongside the Grange line for the building of an overpass over South Road, the line is double track from Adelaide to Midlunga, then single for the final three kilometres to Outer Harbour. The northern section of the runs along the middle of the narrow Lefevre Peninsula with stations at regular intervals. Services are operated by 3000 class railcars, various plans to modify the line have been proposed in the 21st century. In 2008, the State Government announced a plan to rebuild the Outer Harbour line in preparation for the line to be electrified with the Federal Government also to provide funding. In the 2011 budget, it was announced that electrification of the Outer Harbor line had been deferred until 2016, in June 2012, the project was cancelled. In May 2016, the State Government announced 1.4 kilometres of the line would be lowered in a grade separation project to pass below the Adelaide to Port Augusta, a new Bowden station will be built as part of the project. In December 2016 the contract was awarded to a consortium of Laing ORourke, AECOM, as of 2016, the State Government is again considering electrifying the line or converting it to light rail. A2016 report into light rail projects in Adelaide considered two options for the future of the line. The first option would electrify the rail line and provide a short spurline to central Port Adelaide. The second option would convert the line to rail and add a new on-street branch to Semaphore. A light rail conversion would also require the conversion or closure of the Grange line - several options for the future of that line were also presented, rails Through Swamp and Sand – A History of the Port Adelaide Railway

17.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website

18.
John Hindmarsh
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Rear-Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh KH RN was a naval officer and the first Governor of South Australia, from 28 December 1836 to 16 July 1838. His grandfather William Hindmarsh was a gardener in Coniscliffe, County Durham and his father, John Hindmarsh, was born on 27 June 1753 and baptized at St Cuthberts Church, Darlington. He was pressed into the Royal Navy, and eventually became a warrant officer of the Bellerophon, on 23 August 1784, Hindmarsh married Mrs Mary Roxburgh, a widow, at St Georges-in-the East, Middlesex. Hindmarsh joined the Royal Navy either in April 1793, or on 19 July 1790, in 1793 he was listed on the muster roll of the Bellerophon as the servant of his father. He was schooled by Mr Neale, the purser of the Bellerophon and he saw action on the Bellerophon at the Battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794 and the Battle of the Nile in 1798. He was promoted to First Class Volunteer, when he was nine, captain Darby then came on deck from having his wounds dressed. Nelson knew of this incident and referred to it five years later when he gave Hindmarsh his promotion to lieutenant on 1 August 1803 on board the Victory, Hindmarsh suffered a contusion during the Battle of the Nile that resulted in him later losing an eye. Hindmarsh transferred to the Spencer in May 1800, and took part in the Battle of Algeciras Bay in 1801 and he served in the Nisus in the invasion of Java in 1811. He was promoted to commander on 15 June 1814, a lengthy period of inaction on half-pay followed, but from March 1830 to December 1831 he commanded the Scylla, and was promoted to captain on 3 September 1831. In 1836 Hindmarsh went to South Australia as its first governor after winning influential support, the seven clasps on Hindmarshs medal were for Java, Basque Roads 1809, Trafalgar, Gut of Gibraltar 12 July 1801, Nile,17 June 1795 and 1 June 1794. He was listed to be awarded a service pension of £150 under the 1850-51 Navy Estimates. He was promoted to admiral on the retired list in 1856. Bluff Jack Hindmarsh, as he came to be known, arrived in South Australia on 28 December 1836, the ships in the fleet included the Cygnet, Africaine, Tam OShanter, Rapid, and HMS Buffalo. Initially they landed on Kangaroo Island, and sent out the team of surveyors led by Light to find a place for the capital city of the new colony. Hindmarsh wanted it at Port Lincoln, instead of at the present site which had selected by Light. Light eventually chose the site of Adelaide, and the fleet moved up Gulf St Vincent to Holdfast Bay, now known as Glenelg, the name Adelaide was chosen by Hindmarsh in honour of Queen Adelaide, King William IVs wife. Hindmarshs proclamation on 28 December 1836 announced the government and stated that Aborigines were to be treated justly and were now British Subjects. Although most South Australians have been taught that Hindmarshs proclamation created the colony, William IV, having been empowered by an Act of Parliament in 1834, over earlier a year later, which in February 1836 in Letters Patent Erected and Established the Province of South Australia

19.
John Shaw-Lefevre
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Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre KCB was a British barrister, Whig politician and civil servant. Shaw-Lefevre was the son of Charles Shaw-Lefevre by his wife Helen, Charles Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Viscount Eversley, was his elder brother. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler in 1818 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1820. He was returned to Parliament for Petersfield in December 1832, but was unseated on petition in March 1833 and he served under Lord Grey as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in 1834. The latter year Shaw-Lefevre was appointed a Poor Law Commissioner after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act, between 1856 and 1875 he served as Clerk of the Parliaments. He also helped found the University of London and served as its Vice-Chancellor for many years and he was made a KCB in 1857 for his public services. Shaw-Lefevre married Rachel Emily, daughter of Ichabod Wright, in 1824 and they had one surviving son, George, who became a prominent politician and was ennobled as Baron Eversley, and five daughters. One daughter, Madeleine Shaw-Lefevre, was the first Principal of Somerville Hall, Shaw-Lefevre died in August 1879, aged 82. His wife lived for six years before dying in February 1885. The Lefevre Peninsula in South Australia, was named by Governor John Hindmarsh on 3 June 1837 after Shaw-Lefevre, leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs 1911encyclopedia. org Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir John Shaw-Lefevre

20.
Mangrove
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A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are salt tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in coastal conditions. They contain a complex filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion. They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud, the saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater, to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater. The term mangrove comes to English from Spanish, and is likely to originate from Guarani and it was earlier mangrow, but this word was corrupted via folk etymology influence of the word grove. Mangrove swamps are found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas, areas where mangal occurs include estuaries and marine shorelines. The intertidal existence to which trees are adapted represents the major limitation to the number of species able to thrive in their habitat. High tide brings in water, and when the tide recedes. The return of tide can flush out these soils, bringing back to salinity levels comparable to that of seawater. At low tide, organisms are exposed to increases in temperature and desiccation. About 110 species are considered mangroves, in the sense of being a tree grows in such a saline swamp, though only a few are from the mangrove plant genus. However, a mangrove swamp typically features only a small number of tree species. It is not uncommon for a mangrove forest in the Caribbean to feature three or four tree species. For comparison, the tropical rainforest biome contains thousands of tree species, though the trees themselves are few in species, the ecosystem that these trees create provides a home for a great variety of other organisms. Mangrove plants require a number of adaptations to overcome the problems of anoxia, high salinity. Each species has its own solutions to problems, this may be the primary reason why, on some shorelines. Small environmental variations within a mangal may lead to greatly differing methods for coping with the environment, once established, mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it is already occurring

21.
Acacia
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Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs, lianas and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australia, controversy erupted in the early 2000s when it became evident that the genus as it stood was not monophyletic, and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia was not closely related to the mainly African lineage that contained A. nilotica—the first and this meant that the Australian lineage would need to be renamed. Botanist Les Pedley named this group Racosperma, which was inconsistently adopted and this was officially adopted, but many botanists from Africa and elsewhere disagreed that this was necessary. A number of species have been introduced to parts of the world. The heterogeneous group varies considerably in habit, from mat-like subshrubs to canopy trees in forest, the genus was first described from Africa by C. F. P. von Martius in 1829. Several hundred combinations in Acacia were published by Pedley in 2003, the genus of 981 species, Acacia s. l. in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae is monophyletic. All but 10 of its species are native to Australia, where it constitutes the largest plant genus, following a controversial decision to choose a new type for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s. l. now retains the name Acacia. At the 2011 International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, the decision to use the name Acacia, other Acacia s. l. taxa continue to be called Acacia by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus. Australian species of the genus Paraserianthes s. l. are deemed its closest relatives, the origin of wattle may be an Old Teutonic word meaning to weave. From around 700 A. D. watul was used in Old English to refer to the branches and sticks which formed fences, walls. Since about 1810 it refers to the Australian legumes that provide these branches, acacias in Australia probably evolved their fire resistance about 20 million years ago when fossilised charcoal deposits show a large increase, indicating that fire was a factor even then. With no major mountain ranges or rivers to prevent their spread and they began to form dry, open forests with species of the genera Casuarina, Eucalyptus and Callitris. The southernmost species in the genus are Acacia dealbata, Acacia longifolia, Acacia mearnsii and they are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts. In drier woodlands or forest they are an important component of the understory, elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the Brigalow Belt, Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlands. Several of its species bear vertically oriented phyllodes, which are green, broadened leaf petioles that function like leaf blades, some phyllodinous species have a colourful aril on the seed. A few species have rather than leaves. Aborigines of Australia have traditionally harvested the seeds of species, to be ground into flour

22.
Casuarinaceae
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At one time, all species were placed in the genus Casuarina. At the time, it was somewhat controversial, the monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 genetics study of the family. In the Wettstein system, this family was the one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in the Engler, Cronquist, and Kubitzki systems, the roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules that contain the soil actinomycete Frankia. The most widely used name for Casuarinaceae species is sheoak or she-oak. Male specimens bear no fruit and are colloquially referred to as heoak. Other common names include ironwood, bull-oak or buloke, beefwood, the Shire of Buloke in Victoria, Australia, is named after the species Allocasuarina luehmannii

23.
City of Port Adelaide Enfield
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The City of Port Adelaide Enfield, located across inner north and north-western suburbs of Adelaide, is one of the largest metropolitan councils within South Australia. It was established on 26 March 1996 by the amalgamation of the City of Port Adelaide, the Port Adelaide area is known as the History Precinct, as it is home to the Maritime Museum, the National Railway Museum and the Aviation Museum. As of 2016 the current Mayor is Gary Johanson, who was elected in 2006, there are 17 ward councillors who represent the residents and businesses of their wards at council meetings. The current council as of June 2016 is, The City of Port Adelaide Enfield was established on 26 March 1996 by the amalgamation of the City of Port Adelaide and the City of Enfield. The council of Port Adelaide was established on 27 December 1855 when Port Adelaide was declared a Corporate Town centred at the port of Adelaide which had opened some years prior in 1837. From 1884 to 1900 five adjacent district councils were amalgamated with the Corporate Town of Port Adelaide, in 1901 Port Adelaide was proclaimed a city by Governor Tennyson. Centred around the village of Enfield, the District Council of Enfield was formed in 1933 when the District Council of Yatala South was renamed to Enfield, in April 1944 the District Council of Enfield was upgraded to a municipality and in 1953 to city status. Friends of the South Australian Maritime Museum Inc, official website City of Port Adelaide Enfield community profile Development Plan for Port Enfield area, September 2005

24.
Electoral district of Lee
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Lee is an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia. Named after the suffrage campaigner Mary Lee, it is a 19. Lee was created as a fairly safe Labor seat in the 1991 electoral distribution to replace the seat of Albert Park. The first member for Lee, elected at the 1993 election, was controversial Liberal MP Joe Rossi, Rossis election was unexpected but part of a large swing away from Labor throughout the state. The 1997 election saw large swings back to Labor, Rossis small margin meant he was one of the first to be defeated, michael Wright reclaimed the seat for Labor. Port Adelaide Enfield Mayor Gary Johanson who contested the 2012 Port Adelaide by-election as an independent contested Lee at the 2014 election, Wright did not re-contest his seat in 2014. Stephen Mullighan retained the seat for Labor on a reduced 4.5 percent two-party margin, ABC profile for Lee,2014 ECSA profile for Lee,2014 Poll Bludger profile for Lee,2014

25.
Electoral district of Port Adelaide
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Port Adelaide is an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia. Named after Port Adelaide because of its location, it is a 91.3 km² urban electorate on Adelaides Lefevre Peninsula. It contains a mix of residential areas, wasteland and industrial regions. The suburb of Port Adelaide is currently divided between the safe Labor seats of Port Adelaide and Cheltenham, Port Adelaide has had three incarnations as a South Australian electoral district. Port Adelaide was the name of a district of the unicameral South Australian Legislative Council from 1851 until its abolition in 1857. From 1857 until 1902 it was a two-seat multi-member district, the seat returned to two members in 1915, and became a single member district from the 1938 election onward, held continuously by Labor until the districts abolition prior to the 1970 election. The bulk of its territory was merged into the seats of Semaphore. The last member for this original incarnation, John Ryan. The seat was recreated in 2002, essentially as a version of Hart. The member for Hart, deputy premier and state treasurer Kevin Foley, followed most of his constituents into the recreated seat, at the 2006 election, Foley increased his margin from 21.7 percent to 25.7 percent, and gained a majority in all booths. A2012 Port Adelaide by-election occurred on 11 February as a result of Foleys resignation from parliament, susan Close retained the seat for Labor. ABC profile for Port Adelaide,2014 ECSA profile for Port Adelaide,2014 Poll Bludger profile for Port Adelaide,2014 The 13 electorates from 1902 to 1915, The Adelaide Chronicle

26.
Division of Hindmarsh
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The Division of Hindmarsh is an Australian Electoral Division in South Australia covering the western suburbs of Adelaide. The Division is named after Sir John Hindmarsh, who was Governor of South Australia 1836-38, progressive boundary redistributions over many decades transformed Hindmarsh from a safe Labor seat in to a marginal seat often won by the government of the day. Though now a seat, for nearly a century it had been one of the safest Labor seats in the country. After 1949 some of the area had variously been covered by Boothby, Kingston, the present Hindmarsh has changed little geographically since neighbouring Hawker was abolished in 1993, though the north-western coastal strip was added from 2004. Labors hold on the seat even more tenuous in the redistribution prior to the 1993 election when it absorbed most of the area around Holdfast Bay that had previously been in abolished Hawker. This reduced Labors two-party margin from an already marginal 5.3 percent to a one percent. Gallus fended off spirited challenges from Labors Steve Georganas at both the 1998 election and 2001 election, winning each time with a margin of less than two percent. When Gallus retired at the 2004 election, Georganas won the seat on a razor-thin 0.06 percent two-party margin from a one percent two-party swing, defeating Liberal candidate Simon Birmingham. Georganas substantially increased his two-party margin above five percent at both the 2007 election and the 2010 election and he became its third non-Labor member, and the first to oust a sitting Labor MP in the seat. ABC psephologist Antony Greens 2016 federal election guide for South Australia stated NXT had a chance of winning lower house seats. The NXT candidate in Hindmarsh was Daniel Kirk, going into the 2016 election with a slender 1. Georganas sought to retake the seat from Williams, a Galaxy seat-level opinion poll of over 500 voters in Hindmarsh conducted a week out from the Saturday 2 July election indicated a knife-edge 50–50 two-party vote. Ultimately, Georganas reclaimed Hindmarsh for Labor with a two-party margin of just 0.6 percent, though slender, Georganas was first elected to Hindmarsh at the 2004 election with a two-party margin of just 0.06 percent

27.
Division of Port Adelaide
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The Division of Port Adelaide is an Australian electoral division in the state of South Australia. The 181 km² seat extends from St Kilda in the north to Grange Road, the seat also includes Torrens Island and Garden Island. The seat was named after the suburb of Port Adelaide, the port of Adelaide. Before 1949, most of the seat had been part of Hindmarsh, the seat was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 federal election. For most of its history, it has been a comfortably safe Labor seat, the closest Labor has ever come to losing it was at the 1988 by-election, where Labor candidate Rod Sawford won on a 5.2 percent two-party margin. The two-party margin currently stands, after the 2016 vote, at 20.72 percent, making it the safest Labor seat in the state, Port Adelaide remains the only electorate in South Australia to have voted Labor at every federal election in its existence. The seat was pushed northward in 2004 with the abolition of the other safe Labor seat in northern Adelaide. A notable curiosity in recent years was that in the 1998 and 2001 federal elections and this was the only occasion when the Liberal Party did not preference the One Nation Party last. He achieved about one percent of the vote on each occasion and he easily won after preferences, with NXT pushing the Liberals into third place. While Port Adelaide remains the safest Labor seat in South Australia on two-party terms, the presence of NXT candidates in all eleven state seats resulted in a suppressed major party primary vote

28.
Exeter, South Australia
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Exeter is a north-western suburb of Adelaide 14 km from the CBD, on the LeFevre Peninsula, in the state of South Australia, Australia and falls under the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It is adjacent to Semaphore, Birkenhead, Largs Bay and Glanville, C It is bounded to the south by Exmouth Road, to the north by Hargrave Street and in the east and west by the Outer Harbor railway line and Woolnough Road respectively. Exeter is essentially a residential suburb, on 18 May 1850, Phillip Levi purchased the land sections 1104-1107, Hundred of Port Adelaide. John Lapthorne sailed to South Australia on the Orissa in 1840 and he was born in Exeter, in the English county of Devon, in 1807 and died at Exeter, Adelaide in 1889, the suburb is named after his home town. An early landmark was the Lord Exmouth Hotel, of which William Knapman was in 1859 the first licensee and, at least in part, the eponym of the hotel, Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth died at Teignmouth,15 miles south of Exeter, England. The association of the suburbs name deepens, as Knapmans wife Charlotte was born in Christow near Exeter, Exeter post office opened 1 October 1947, but closed 14 May 1986. The historic former Port Adelaide and Le Fevres Peninsula Cooperative Society Ltd Store is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, the suburb is not served by a primary school, and the closest is Le Fevre Primary School in Birkenhead, or the Catholic Dominican Primary School in Semaphore. The local high school is Le Fevre High School, in nearby Semaphore South, there is little commercial activity in the area, as this is plentiful east of the river in Port Adelaide. The 352 &353 serves Woolnough Road and Hargrave Street, while the 156 &333 serve Causeway Road, Exeter is part of the state electoral district of Lee. Since 2014 Lees member of South Australias House of Assembly has been Stephen Mullighan, Stephen is a member of the Australian Labor Party. His electoral office is at Shop 4, 173-177 Tapleys Hill Road, Exeter is part of the federal division of Port Adelaide. Since 1997 Port Adelaides member of the Commonwealth of Australias House of Representatives has been Mark Butler, Mark is a member of the Australian Labor Party. His electoral office is at 15 Semaphore Road, Semaphore

29.
Largs Bay, South Australia
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Largs Bay is a suburb in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Lefevre Peninsula in the west of Adelaide about 16 kilometres northwest of the Adelaide city centre. It is adjacent to the suburbs of Largs North, Peterhead, Port Adelaide and it is essentially a residential suburb, with a minor harbourside presence on the eastern side of the suburb. It is located within the government area of the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. Largs Bay originally started as a private sub-division in Section 1069 in the unit of the Hundred of Port Adelaide. The name was submitted by the City of Port Adelaide at a council meeting held on 10 May 1945” and was formally adopted in 1951 by the Nomenclature Committee. In August 2009, its boundary was extended to the centre of the Port River. The suburb is served by a school, Largs Bay Primary School. There is a hospice on Everard Street and a museum on Fletcher Road, Largs Reserve overlooking Woolnough Road is the main outdoor recreational reserve in the suburb, being the site of a lawn bowling club. The Largs Pier Hotel on the Esplanade was used as a landmark in earlier times by sailors. A sailing club and a jetty are present on Largs Bay Beach, the eastern side of the suburb, by the Port riverside is the location of three shipping berths, which are used by Caltex, BP and Mobil vessels. The suburb is serviced by Largs and Largs North railway stations on the Outer Harbor railway line. Largs Bay is part of the electoral district of Lee. Since 2014 Lees member of South Australias House of Assembly has been Stephen Mullighan, Stephen is a member of the Australian Labor Party. His electoral office is at Shop 4, 173-177 Tapleys Hill Road, Largs Bay is part of the federal division of Port Adelaide. Since 1997 Port Adelaides member of the Commonwealth of Australias House of Representatives has been Mark Butler, Mark is a member of the Australian Labor Party. His electoral office is at 15 Semaphore Road, Semaphore

30.
North Haven, South Australia
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North Haven is a north-western suburb of Adelaide 20 km from the CBD, in the state of South Australia, Australia and falls under the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It is adjacent to Osborne and Outer Harbor, the postcode for North Haven is 5018. It is bounded to the north and east by Oliver Rogers and Victoria Road, to the south by Marmora Terrace, a small residential area that lies north of the Gulf Point Marina is often referred to as being a part of Outer Harbor. North Haven originally started as a private sub-division in Section 769 in the unit of Hundred of Port Adelaide. Its creation in 1976 was originally opposed by the Postmaster General of Australia due to “size & duplication of name else in Australia, the suburb is served by a primary school, North Haven Primary School, and the local high school is Ocean-View High School, in nearby Taperoo. The western coastal side of the suburb is graced by a newly constructed Surf Lifesaving Club. The marina, lined with exclusive and desirable houses, is protected by two artificial breakwaters, there is a retirement village on Lady Gowrie Road, and there is a small shopping centre on Osborne Road. The local cricket club is the North Haven Cricket Club which fields teams in Adelaide. The 330 bus services both Lady Gowrie and Osborne Roads and Osborne and Victoria Roads, the Outer Harbor railway line terminates at Outer Harbor railway station, which is actually in North Haven. The suburb is serviced by two train stations, North Haven railway station and Osborne railway station. North Haven is located within the division of Port Adelaide, the state electoral district of Port Adelaide. Royal South Australian Yacht Squadron Cruising Yacht Club of SA Inc

31.
Semaphore, South Australia
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Semaphore is bounded to the north by Union and Hargrave Streets, to the south by Hart Street, to the west by Gulf St Vincent and to the east by Woolnough Road and Swan Terrace. It is adjacent to Semaphore South, Glanville, Exeter and Largs Bay, the postcode for Semaphore is 5019. Semaphore was first surveyed for sale in 1849, at time it was isolated by swamps to the south. In 1851, George Coppin, a prominent publican, theatrical entrepreneur and actor, built a two-storeyed timber hotel on the corner of The Esplanade. A very high flagpole was erected to signal to his White Horse Cellars hotel at Port Adelaide the approach of ships, earning the area the name Semaphore, often called The Semaphore. In 1856, an official government signal station was established at the intersection of The Esplanade and Semaphore Road and it was also used to record information on water depth, tides and cargo loading. A Telegraph Office opened in 1856 and became a Post and Telegraph Office in March 1871, in 1875, the Time Ball Tower was erected adjacent to the Signal Station. The area was isolated from Port Adelaide by the Port River until 1859 when a wooden bridge, the following year saw the construction of the jetty. The majority of settlers in Semaphore were crewmen of boats. This was further augmented by the construction in 1878 of a railway, carnivals, sideshows and open air cinemas were opened, and 1917 a tram service from Port Adelaide was built. The Semaphore jetty, which was completed in 1860, once stood at 652 m in length and it overlooks the Fort Glanville steam train, which operates as a heritage item by the National Railway Museum. A World War I memorial clock was built in 1925 at the end of the jetty. In 1928, a merry-go-round, the largest in Australia, was constructed, driven by a lift motor and gearbox. An octagonal brick tower with two metre thick walls was erected in Blackler Street in 1880 to maintain a water supply when the Jervois bridge had to be raised for passing ships and it was in use until 1972 after which it was converted into a residence. The birthplace of Sir Ross Smith, the aviator who flew from the United Kingdom to Australia is preserved to this day, at 36 Newman Street. Semaphores beach is the busiest of those on the LeFevre Peninsula, there are large car parks on the foreshore to accommodate visitors. The beach is wide, with an amount of wide sand. The surf is low and good for swimming, but surfing is not possible

32.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

33.
John Burton Cleland
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Sir John Burton Cleland CBE was a renowned Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist. He was Professor of Pathology at the University of Adelaide and was consulted on high-level police inquiries, such as the famous Taman Shud Case in 1948 and he attended Prince Alfred College and the universities of Adelaide and Sydney, graduating in medicine in 1900. Moxon was a son of Alfred Allen Simpson and he worked as a microbiologist in Western Australia and New South Wales for several years. He was appointed as a full Professor of Pathology at the University of Adelaide, Cleland was elected President of the Royal Society of South Australia 1927-1928, and again in 1941. He became a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union in 1902, in 1934-35, he published a two-volume monograph on the fungi of South Australia, one of the most comprehensive reviews of Australian fungi to date. Cleland was the pathologist on the infamous Taman Shud Case, in which a man was discovered dead on a beach 1 December 1948. While Cleland theorized that the man had been poisoned, he found no trace of it, Cleland became increasingly interested in wildlife conservation and served as commissioner of the Belair National Park in 1928 and as chairman in 1936-65. 1949, he was elected an Honorary Life Member of the RAOU,1952, he was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion. He is commemorated by the Cleland Conservation Park in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia, list of mycologists Fungi of Australia Condon, H. T. The Flight of the Emu, a years of Australian ornithology 1901-2001. ISBN 0-522-84987-3 Online Guide to Records at the South Australian Museum Archives, papers of Sir John Burton Cleland. Biographical entry for John Burton Cleland Bright Sparcs, Sir John Burton Cleland Australian Dictionary of Biography. Cleland obituary RACP Members, Cleland biography