Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV prevention strategy in which HIV medicines are used by a person before they are exposed to HIV in order to decrease his or her chance of getting infected. In this study, we will investigate a new PrEP strategy in women using a drug called maraviroc, a medicine used in the treatment of HIV infection called a CCR5 antagonist. We hypothesize that maraviroc could be a particularly good drug for PrEP because it achieves high concentrations in the genital tract in women and decreases the number of HIV-susceptible cells in the genital tract, and thus could potentially be dosed in more favorable ways than the current PrEP drugs.

In order to further evaluate this PrEP strategy, we plan to measure the amount of maraviroc in the blood and genital tract of HIV-negative healthy female volunteers before, during, and after they are given maraviroc dosed either in the standard (twice a day) or reduced (once a day) dose for 7 days compared with women who are not given maraviroc. We will also study immune cells from the blood and genital tract from these women to see if maravoric has an effect on these cells that would prevent them from becoming infected with HIV.

RATIONALE Globally, over half of HIV-infected adults are women, and in the United States, 25% of all HIV/AIDS cases occur in women. Women often lack control over many available prevention measures, underscoring a critical need to enhance HIV prevention options for women. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV prevention strategy in which antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are used prior to potential HIV exposure to reduce the likelihood of infection. This strategy, which usually contains the drug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), has recently shown promise, but efficacy data suggest room for improvement, particularly for women, in whom these data are conflicting. This study aims to prospectively examine ARV pharmacology and mucosal immunology in order to evaluate a novel PrEP strategy in women - blockade of HIV entry from its target cells at the mucosal surface using the CCR5 receptor antagonist maraviroc (MVC). These actions of CCR5 receptor antagonism, if validated, could lead to reduced HIV acquisition risk at more favorable dosing strategies than available for current PrEP. Knowledge of pharmacological modulation of mucosal immunity and HIV acquisition risk is fundamental to understanding, improving, and designing new PrEP strategies.

DESIGN This is a prospective, observational cohort study with an intensive pharmacokinetic component conducted in HIV-negative healthy women. Genital tract and whole blood samples will be collected before, during, and after treatment with 7 days of oral MVC, dosed at 300mg twice daily (standard) or 300mg daily (reduced) compared with no treatment (control). Genital tract and plasma MVC concentration will be measured using intensive pharmacokinetic sampling to generate concentration-time profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and endocervical cells harvested from whole blood and cervicovaginal lavage respectively will be analyzed for CCR5 receptor occupancy, the number of CCR5-expressing HIV target cells, and level of T cell activation.

DURATION 21 days after the first visit of the last participants. Enrollment is expected to take 12 months.

SAMPLE SIZE 30 subjects (10 subjects per study group)

POPULATION HIV-negative healthy women, age 18 years or older, with normal menses.

Alcohol or substance use that, in the opinion of the study investigator, would interfere with the conduct of the study

History of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), conization, or cryosurgery

Use of systemic hormonal contraception

Orthostasis at screening, defined as systolic blood pressure decrease of at least 20 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing.

Known history of heart or liver disease

Known history of any medical condition that would interfere with conduct of the study, in the opinion of the study investigator

Symptoms of active vaginal infection at the time of screening, including new ulcerative genital lesions or purulent and/or foul-smelling vaginal discharge

Visible ulcerative genital lesions or purulent vaginal discharge during speculum pelvic examination performed at the time of screening

Concomitant use of medications that interact with maraviroc or known allergy to maraviroc

Contacts and Locations

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01749566

Locations

United States, Georgia

Grady Infectious Diseases Program

Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30303

Sponsors and Collaborators

Emory University

Investigators

Principal Investigator:

Anandi Sheth, MD

Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases