Additionally, taxonomically troubling taxa such as Crataegus makes identification and quantification of aposematic species extremely difficult.

Birds with prior experience of both prey types were allowed into an arena with both palatable prey and aposematic prey on backgrounds that either closely matched or contrasted with the coloration of the aposematic prey.

To further investigate the effects of prey contrast on predator behavior, I conducted an experiment with young chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) as predators on live aposematic and nonaposematic prey.

Derivatives

aposematism

Thus, although aposematism is common (96% of armed plants), it is not present in all physically armed plants even in closely related taxa (S. Lev-Yadun, pers. comm.).

The present study was originally carried out to compare the larval bioluminescence of L. noctiluca with the color of light-emitting diodes that were used to mimic larval glows in experiments on bioluminescent aposematism.

Hypothesized forces selecting for coloration in sponges include aposematism (warning coloration), as has been shown in a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, and photoprotection.