Map of chloroquine resistant malaria

Chloroquine has been extensively used in mass drug administrations, which may have contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. It is recommended to check if chloroquine is still effective in the region prior to using it.

Malaria Information and Prophylaxis by Country; Country Areas with Malaria Drug Resistance 2 Malaria Species 3 Recommended Chemoprophylaxis 4 Key Information Needed and Helpful Links to Assess Need for Prophylaxis for Select Countries; Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo-Kinshasa All Chloroquine P. falciparum 90%, P. ovale 5%, P. vivax rare Drug-resistant P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum first developed independently in three to four areas in Southeast Asia, Oceania, and South America in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Since then, chloroquine resistance has spread to nearly all areas of the world where falciparum malaria is transmitted. Malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases with approximately 228 million infections and 405,000 deaths in 2018 – primarily children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest form of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the vast majority of the mortality and morbidity associated with malaria infection.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend against treatment of malaria with chloroquine alone due to more effective combinations. In areas where resistance is present, other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone, may be used instead.

Chloroquine is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects. Certain types of malaria, resistant strains, and complicated cases typically require different or additional medication.

Chloroquine - Wikipedia.

Malaria Drug Resistance Worldwide Antimalarial..

WHO Antimalarial drug efficacy maps.

Oct 04, 2002 Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance is a major cause of worldwide increases in malaria mortality and morbidity. Recent laboratory and clinical studies have associated chloroquine resistance with point mutations in the gene pfcrt. However, direct proof of a causal relationship has remained elusive and most models have posited a. Abstract. Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance CQR transporter point mutation PfCRT 76T is known to be the key determinant of CQR. Molecular detection of PfCRT 76T in field samples may be used for the surveillance of CQR in malaria-endemic countries. P. vivax, which also causes human malaria, appears to differ from P. falciparum in its mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Investigation of the resistance mechanisms and of the role of immunity in therapeutic outcomes will support new approaches to drugs that can take the place of chloroquine or augment its efficiency.

Acquiring HCQ is easier than CQ in some areas, so I have done some research to find some literature on HCQ. I Overcame Lupus and Got off Medications with a Plant-Based Diet Refusing to take Plaquenil - HealthBoards Hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil

Information about drug Chloroquine includes cost of the drug and the type of drug - tablet, capsule, syrup, cream, gel, ointment, liquid or injection. To view the price of the drug, click on the brand name.

Click to expand...

Plaquenil Hydroxychloroquine Uses, Dosage, Side Effects. Feb 19, 2020 Patients in whom chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine have failed to prevent or cure clinical malaria or parasitemia, or patients who acquired malaria in a geographic area where chloroquine resistance is known to occur should be treated with another form of antimalarial therapy see INDICATIONS AND USAGE - Malaria and WARNINGS.

Applies to hydroxychloroquine: oral tablet Along with its needed effects, hydroxychloroquine (the active ingredient contained in Plaquenil) may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Click to expand...

Hydroxychloroquine Skin Support Hydroxychloroquine is one of several antimalarial drugs that have anti-inflammatory effects useful in other diseases. It is licensed in the UK for the treatment of malaria. Hydroxychloroquine is particularly effective for systemic lupus erythematosus SLE and discoid lupus erythematosus DLE.