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A Game of Powershttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402011
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 221 - 225</div><div></div>Kirsten Schmalenbach2017-12-05T00:00:00ZAssessing the Role of Resolutions in the Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Lawhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-2017002
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 227 - 253</div><div>On 30 May 2016, the International Law Commission (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ILC</small>’) adopted a set of 16 Draft Conclusions providing a methodology on how to identify customary international law. Although largely based on the two elements approach set forth in article 38(1)(b) of the <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Statute of the International Court of Justice</i>, the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ILC</small> study pushes the boundaries of the formal sources of international law beyond the realm of state practice by recognising that the practice of international organizations (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">IO</small>s’) as such may be constitutive of custom. This article critically examines the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ILC</small> Draft Conclusions concerning the role of <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">IO</small>s in the process of custom creation. It examines the concept of resolution adopted by the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ILC</small> and assesses the coherence of the interpretive methodology devised by the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ILC</small> using the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small> General Assembly resolutions as a case study. The findings show that the Draft Conclusions fall short of expectation in providing authoritative guidance to scholars and practitioners alike.</div>Rossana Deplano and PhD2017-12-05T00:00:00ZInstitutionalisation of Emerging Norms of Customary International Law through Resolutions and Operational Activities of the Political and Subsidiary Organs of the United Nationshttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402002
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 254 - 290</div><div>The paper looks at resolutions and operational activities of the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small> as parts of processes of institutionalisation of nascent norms of <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">CIL</small>. It argues that institutionalisation clarifies the scope of the norm and of its application; and improves mechanisms of persuasion and compliance with the norm, thereby increasing social pressure on resilient States. Hence, institutionalised norms have a higher potential to affect both the behaviour and attitude of States than non-institutionalised norms. Crucially, the paper argues that <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small> resolutions and activities foster processes of institutionalisation of new norms. Although the work acknowledges that is not possible to foresee whether a norm will crystallise as <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">CIL</small>, it suggests that its potential increases if it matches and draws on the normative framework provided by the <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"> <small>UN</small> Charter</i>; if it does not excessively challenge the predominant expectations of States, and if <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small> organs work together in promoting it.</div>Sufyan Droubi2017-12-05T00:00:00ZSubstituting International Criminal Justice for an African Criminal Justice?http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402003
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 291 - 320</div><div>This article examines the reasons and the grounds behind the antiparathesis between the African Union and several of its Member States, on the one hand, and international criminal justice and the International Criminal Court (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ICC</small>’), on the other hand. It also examines the consequences of and responses to this antiparathesis, including the creation of an International Criminal Law Section to the African Court of Justice and Human Rights and questions whether it offers any added value. The article concludes with suggesting the setting up of <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ICC</small> regional/circuit chambers, each dealing with a specific continent/region, as a means to restructure the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">ICC</small>, to make it more relevant to its users, namely the contracting parties to the <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Rome Statute</i>, and to allay fears of politically motivated prosecutions.</div>Konstantinos D Magliveras2017-12-05T00:00:00Z‘Triangular’ Relationships between the United Nations and African Regional and Sub-regional Organizations in Maintaining Peacehttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402004
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 321 - 345</div><div>Over the past few years, the relationships between the United Nations (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small>’), regional and sub-regional organizations in maintaining peace and security in Africa have evolved. The African Union (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">AU</small>’) began coordinating enforcement actions conducted by African sub-regional organizations with the authorisation of the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small> Security Council (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UNSC</small>’), which maintained its political control over them. The <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"> <small>UN</small> Charter</i> and relevant legal regimes of those organizations seem to allow this kind of relationship. Such a trend may explain, in part, the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UNSC</small>’s most recent practice of authorising regional and sub-regional enforcement actions under Chapter <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">VII</small> of the <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"> <small>UN</small> Charter</i>, instead of Chapter <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">VIII</small>. In carrying out those authorised military operations, African regional and/or sub-regional organizations perform their own statutory powers and pursue their own statutory objectives at the continental level. They do not act as ‘decentralised organs’ of the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">UN</small>.</div>Emanuele Cimiotta2017-12-05T00:00:00ZDistribution of Power within International Organizationshttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402005
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 346 - 401</div><div>Whereas international organizations show a wide variety in their functions, this does not prevent classifying them according to a common framework for analysing their internal power distribution. In this view, the vertical and horizontal models observed in states by constitutional theory have some merit. Since there are differences between states’ and international organizations’ powers, these two models are adapted to the latter by using the concept of function, which pertains to power within states and organizations alike. Combining these two models and their variations results in identifying nine potential regimes of organizations’ power distribution; among these, four are identified as being reflected in actual organizations’ power structures. It is concluded that building a framework for analysing power distribution within international organizations seems possible despite the variety in their functions, and that for this purpose state constitutional theory provides a valuable basis.</div>Adrien Schifano2017-12-05T00:00:00ZConsolidating the International Legal Personality of thehttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402006
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 403 - 413</div><div>On 14 June 2017, a Headquarters Agreement between Austria and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (‘<small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small>’) was signed. This is remarkable in that the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small>, unlike other international organisations, lacks a generally acknowledged international legal status. This <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">View from Practice</i> charts the history of the multilateral efforts to grant a clear legal status to the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small>, the recognition by Austria that it considers the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small> as having obtained international legal personality on the basis of customary international law by offering to conclude a Headquarters Agreement, and the contents of this Agreement.</div>Helmut Tichy and Catherine Quidenus2017-12-05T00:00:00ZAnother Brick in the Wallhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402007
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 414 - 429</div><div>The origins of the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small> began as a political conference established by the 1975 <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Helsinki Accords</i>, rather than a treaty-based international organization. Through political decisions it has evolved in a fragmented way, structurally and legally, which has resulted in a decades-long debate over its international legal personality and its status as an ‘fully-fledged’ international organization. In that light, the June 2017 <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Arrangement between the <small>OSCE</small> and the Republic of Poland on the Status of the <small>OSCE</small> in the Republic of Poland</i>, as well as the 2017 <i xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Agreement between the Republic of Austria and the <small>OSCE</small> regarding the Headquarters of the <small>OSCE</small> </i>, which were concluded as treaties, demonstrate recognition, by those two states, of the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small> as a subject of international law with treaty-making capacity. This suggests that the <small xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">OSCE</small> may be acquiring international legal personality much in the same way as states achieve statehood—element by element and recognition state by state.</div>Jasna Arsić-Đapo2017-12-05T00:00:00Z, Nigel Whitehttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402008
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 431 - 436</div><div></div>Lorenzo Gasbarri2017-12-05T00:00:00Z, August Reinisch and Peter Bachmayerhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402009
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 437 - 440</div><div></div>Semir Sali2017-12-05T00:00:00ZContentshttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15723747-01402010
<div><strong> Source: </strong>Volume 14, Issue 2, pp 441 - 443</div><div></div>2017-12-05T00:00:00Z