Chemistry in Context : Applying Chemistry to Society

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Following in the tradition of the first four editions, the goal of this market leading textbook, Chemistry in Context, fifth edition, is to establish chemical principles on a need-to-know basis within a contextual framework of significant social, political, economic and ethical issues. The non traditional approach of Chemistry in Context reflect today's technological issues and the chemistry principles imbedded within them. Global warming, alternate fuels, nutrition, and genetic engineering are examples of issues that are covered in CIC.

Preface

xi

Why the Spiderweb?

2

(6)

The Air We Breathe

8

(52)

Everyday Breathing

10

(2)

What's in a Breath? The Composition of Air

12

(3)

What Else Is in a Breath?

15

(3)

Taking and Assessing Risks

18

(4)

The Atmosphere: Our Blanket of Air

22

(3)

Classifying Matter: Mixtures. Elements, and Compounds

25

(3)

Atoms and Molecules

28

(3)

Formulas and Names: The Vocabulary of Chemistry

31

(2)

Chemical Change: Oxygen's Role in Burning

33

(3)

Fire and Fuel: Air Quality and Burning Hydrocarbons

36

(2)

Air Pollutants: Direct Sources

38

(5)

Ozone: A Secondary Pollutant

43

(3)

The Inside Story of Air Quality

46

(4)

Back to the Breath---at the Molecular Level

50

(10)

Conclusion

53

(1)

Chapter Summary

54

(1)

Questions

54

(6)

Protecting the Ozone Layer

60

(54)

Ozone: What and Where Is It?

62

(2)

Atomic Structure and Periodicity

64

(4)

Molecules and Models

68

(5)

Waves of Light

73

(4)

Radiation and Matter

77

(2)

The Oxygen/Ozone Screen

79

(3)

Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation

82

(6)

Stratospheric Ozone Destruction---A Global Phenomenon

88

(4)

Chlorofluorocarbons: Properties, Uses, and Interactions with Ozone

92

(4)

The Antarctic Ozone Hole: A Closer Look

96

(3)

Responses to a Global Concern

99

(4)

Looking to the Future

103

(11)

Conclusion

108

(1)

Chapter Summary

109

(1)

Questions

109

(5)

The Chemistry of Global Warming

114

(56)

In the Greenhouse: Earth's Energy Balance

116

(3)

Gathering Evidence: The Testimony of Time

119

(5)

Molecules: How They Shape Up

124

(6)

Vibrating Molecules and the Greenhouse Effect

130

(3)

The Carbon Cycle: Contributions from Nature and Humans

133

(5)

Quantitative Concepts: Mass

138

(2)

Quantitative Concepts: Molecules and Moles

140

(4)

Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases

144

(2)

Gathering Evidence: Projecting into the Future

146

(8)

Responding to Science with Policy Changes

154

(3)

The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change

157

(4)

Global Warming and Ozone Depletion

161

(9)

Conclusion

162

(1)

Chapter Summary

163

(1)

Questions

164

(6)

Energy, Chemistry, and Society

170

(48)

Energy, Work, and Heat

172

(2)

Energy Transformation

174

(4)

From Fuel Sources to Chemical Bonds

178

(3)

Energy Changes at the Molecular Level

181

(4)

Energy as a Barrier to Reaction

185

(2)

Energy Consumption

187

(3)

Coal

190

(2)

Petroleum

192

(5)

Manipulating Molecules to Make Gasoline

197

(2)

Newer Fuels and Other Sources

199

(7)

The Case for Conservation

206

(12)

Conclusion

213

(1)

Chapter Summary

213

(1)

Questions

213

(5)

The Water We Drink

218

(48)

Water from the Tap or Bottle

220

(2)

Where Does Drinking Water Come From?

222

(2)

Water as a Solvent

224

(2)

Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions

226

(2)

Water's Molecular Structure and Physical Properties

228

(2)

The Role of Hydrogen Bonding

230

(3)

Water as a Solvent: A Closer Look

233

(5)

Water Solutions of Ionic Compounds

238

(3)

Covalent Compounds and Their Solutions

241

(2)

Protecting Our Drinking Water: Federal Legislation

243

(2)

Treatment of Municipal Drinking Water

245

(2)

Effects of Dissolved Materials on Water Quality

247

(9)

How Hard Is Your Water?

247

(3)

Is There Lead in Your Drinking Water?

250

(4)

Are There Trihalomethanes in Your Drinking Water?

254

(2)

Consumer Choices: Tap Water, Bottled Water, and Filtered Water

256

(2)

International Needs for Safe Drinking Water

258

(8)

Conclusion

261

(1)

Chapter Summary

261

(1)

Questions

262

(4)

Neutralizing the Threat of Acid Rain

266

(42)

What Is a Acid?

268

(2)

What Is a Base?

270

(1)

Neutralization: Bases Are Antacids

271

(2)

Introducing pH

273

(2)

Measuring the pH of Rain

275

(2)

In Search of the Extra Acidity

277

(2)

Sulfur Dioxide and the Combustion of Coal

279

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides and the Acidification of Los Angeles

280

(2)

SO2 and NOx---How Do They Stack Up?

282

(3)

Acid Deposition and Its Effects on Materials

285

(4)

Acid Deposition, Haze, and Human Health

289

(3)

NOx---The Double Whammy

292

(3)

Damage to Lakes and Streams

295

(2)

Control Strategies

297

(3)

The Politics of Acid Rain

300

(8)

Conclusion

303

(1)

Chapter Summary

303

(1)

Questions

304

(4)

The Fires of Nuclear Fission

308

(48)

A Comeback for Nuclear Energy?

310

(2)

How Does Fission Produce Energy?

312

(5)

How Does a Nuclear Reactor Produce Electricity?

317

(3)

Could There Be Another Chernobyl? Safeguards Against a Meltdown

320

(4)

Can a Nuclear Power Plant Undergo a Nuclear Explosion?

324

(2)

Could Nuclear Fuel Be Diverted to Make Weapons?

326

(1)

What Is Radioactivity?

327

(3)

What Hazards Are Associated with Radioactivity?

330

(5)

How Long Will Nuclear Waste Products Remain Radioactive?

335

(3)

How Will We Dispose of Waste from Nuclear Plants?

338

(6)

What Is Low-Level Radioactive Waste?

344

(1)

Nuclear Power Worldwide

345

(2)

Living with Nuclear Power: What Are the Risks and Benefits?

347

(2)

What Is the Future for Nuclear Power?

349

(7)

Conclusion

351

(1)

Chapter Summary

351

(1)

Questions

351

(5)

Energy from Electron Transfer

356

(40)

Electrons, Cells, and Batteries: The Basics

357

(3)

Some Common Batteries

360

(3)

Lead-Acid (Storage) Batteries

363

(1)

Fuel Cells: The Basics

364

(4)

Fuel Cells: Large and Small

368

(1)

Alternative Energy Sources for Transportation

369

(5)

Hybrid Vehicles

374

(2)

Splitting Water: Fact or Fantasy?

376

(3)

The Hydrogen Economy

379

(2)

Photovoltaics: Plugging in the Sun

381

(15)

Conclusion

390

(1)

Chapter Summary

390

(1)

Questions

391

(5)

The World of Plastics and Polymers

396

(34)

Polymers: The Long, Long Chain

398

(2)

The ``Big Six'': Theme and Variations

400

(4)

Addition Polymerization: Adding Up the Monomers

404

(3)

Polyethylene: A Closer Look at the Most Common Plastic

407

(4)

Condensation Polymers: Bonding by Elimination

411

(2)

Polyamides: Natural and Nylon

413

(2)

Plastics: Where From and Where To?

415

(4)

Recycling of Plastics

419

(11)

Conclusion

424

(1)

Chapter Summary

424

(1)

Questions

425

(5)

Manipulating Molecules and Designing Drugs

430

(54)

A Classic Wonder Drug

432

(2)

The Study of Carbon--Containing Molecules

434

(4)

Functional Groups

438

(4)

How Aspirin Works: Relating Molecular Structure to Activity

442

(3)

Modern Drug Design

445

(4)

Left- and Right-Handed Molecules

449

(3)

Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and More

452

(2)

``The Pill''

454

(3)

Emergency Contraception and the ``Abortion Pill''

457

(2)

Anabolic Steroids and Designer Steroids

459

(1)

Drug Testing and Approval

460

(5)

Brand Name or Generic Prescriptions

465

(1)

Over-the-Counter Drugs

466

(2)

Herbal Medicine

468

(4)

Drugs of Abuse

472

(12)

Drug Schedules

473

(1)

Marijuana

473

(2)

MDMA (Ecstasy)

475

(1)

OxyContin---Hillbilly Heroin?

476

(1)

Conclusion

477

(1)

Chapter Summary

478

(1)

Questions

479

(5)

Nutrition: Food for Thought

484

(44)

You Are What You Eat

485

(6)

Carbohydrates---Sweet and Starchy

491

(3)

Fats and Oils: Part of the Lipid Family

494

(2)

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Oils

496

(3)

Controversial Cholesterol

499

(4)

Proteins: First Among Equals

503

(2)

Good Nutrition and Alternative Diets: Getting Enough Protein

505

(3)

Vitamins: The Other Essentials

508

(1)

Minerals: Macro and Micro

509

(2)

Energy from the Metabolism of Food

511

(4)

Quality versus Quantity: Diet Fads

515

(3)

Feeding a Hungry World

518

(2)

Food Preservation

520

(8)

Conclusion

522

(1)

Chapter Summary

523

(1)

Questions

523

(5)

Genetic Engineering and the Chemistry of Heredity

528

(41)

The Chemistry of Heredity

529

(5)

The Double Helix of DNA

534

(3)

Cracking the Chemical Code

537

(4)

Protein Structure and Synthesis

541

(2)

The Human Genome Project

543

(2)

Recombinant DNA

545

(2)

Engineering New Drugs and Vaccines

547

(1)

Diagnosis Through DNA

548

(3)

Genetic Fingerprinting

551

(3)

Mixing Genes from Several Species: Improving on Nature?

554

(5)

Cloning Mammals and Humans

559

(2)

The New Prometheus(?)

561

(8)

Conclusion

563

(1)

Chapter Summary

563

(1)

Questions

564

(5)

Appendix 1 Measure for Measure: Conversion Factors and Constants

569

(1)

Appendix 2 The Power of Exponents

570

(1)

Appendix 3 Clearing the Logjam

571

(2)

Appendix 4 Answers to Your Turn Questions Not Answered in Text

573

(9)

Appendix 5 Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions Indicated in Color in the Text