Messner, Reinhold ( born September 17, 1944 , Bressanone [Brixon], Italymountain climber and polar trekker who was renowned for his pioneering and difficult ascents of the world’s highest peaks. In 1978 he and Austrian Peter Habeler were the first to climb Mount Everest (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest), the highest mountain in the world, without the use of contained oxygen for breathing, and two years later he completed the first solo ascent of Everest, also without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 of the world’s mountains that exceed an elevation of 26,250 feet (8,000 metres).

Messner was raised in a German-speaking region of the Dolomite Dolomites in the Alps of northern Italy. His father introduced him to mountaineering, and from the age of 13 he made numerous difficult climbs, first on mountains in the Eastern Alps and later on other Alpine peaks. During the 1960s Messner became one of the earliest and strongest proponents of what came to be called the “Alpine” style of mountaineering, which advocates the use of minimal amounts of lightweight equipment and little or no outside support (e.g., the Sherpa porters typically employed in the Himalayas). He was joined in this philosophy by his younger brother Günther and by Habeler, whom Messner met on an expedition to the Peruvian Andes in 1969.

He made his first trip to the Himalayas in 1970, when he and Günther scaled Nanga Parbat (26,660 feet [8,126 metres]) and were the first to ascend by way of its Rupal (south) face; his brother died during the descent, and Reinhold barely survived the ordeal, losing several toes to frostbite. In 1975 Messner and Habeler made their first Alpine-style ascent of an 8,000-metre mountain without supplemental oxygen when they climbed the northwestern face of Gasherbrum I (Hidden Peak; 26,470 feet [8,068 metres]) in the Karakoram Range.

For their historic oxygen-free climb of Mount Everest in 1978, Messner and Habeler accompanied a large German-Austrian conventional (i.e., Sherpa-supported) expedition to the mountain. Setting out on their own from about 26,200 feet (7,985 metres) on the morning of May 8, the two reached the summit in the early afternoon. Habeler, fearing the effects of oxygen deprivation, descended quickly, with Messner following more slowly. Messner recounted the adventure in Everest: Expedition zum Endpunkt (1978; Everest: Expedition to the Ultimate, 1979).

Messner’s landmark solo ascent of Everest in 1980 was equally remarkable. After three days of exhausting climbing on the north side of the mountain (which included a fall into a crevasse), on August 20 he stood on the summit. As he described it later,

I was in continual agony; I have never in my whole life been so tired as on the summit of Everest that day. I just sat and sat there, oblivious to everything.…I knew I was physically at the end of my tether.

Messner continued tackling lofty peaks, usually by untried routes. In 1978 he had again climbed Nanga Parbat, reaching the summit alone by a new route, and in 1979 he had led a team of six to the top of K2 (28,251 feet [8,611 metres]), the world’s second highest mountain. In 1983 he led a party on a notable ascent of Cho Oyu (26,906 feet [8,201 metres]) using a new approach, the southwest face, and the following year made the first traverse between two 8,000-metre peaks: Gasherbrum I and II. By 1986 he had climbed all of the world’s 8,000-metre mountains, many of them twice.

In 1990 he 1989–90 Messner and German Arved Fuchs became the first people to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole by foot without either animals or machines. Their journey, which covered some 1,740 miles (2,800 km), is described in Messner’s Antarktis: Himmel und Hölle zugleich (1990; Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell, 1992). His was accomplished in 92 days. Another notable adventure was Messner’s 1,250-mile (2,000-km) solo trek across the Gobi (desert) in Mongolia in 2004. He also established a series of mountain-themed museums in the Alps of northern Italy, beginning with one near Bolzano in 2006. Messner served one term (1999–2004) in the European Parliament, where he mainly championed environmental issues.

Messner was the author of several dozen books in German, several of which were translated into English. Notable among these are his autobiography, Die Freiheit, aufzubrechen, wohin ich will: ein Bergsteigerleben (1989; Free Spirit: A Climber’s Life), appeared in 1989. He also operated a successful Alpine-style climbing school and was elected to the European Parliament in 1999; Antarktis: Himmel und Hölle zugleich (1990; Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell), describing his trek across Antarctica; and Der nackte Berg (2002; The Naked Mountain), about his fateful climb of Nanga Parbat in 1970.