Treponema pallidum is member of family Spirochaetaceae. They are Gram negative bacteria, but some regard them too thin to be Gram stained. It is a delicate, tightly spiraled, motile spirochete having tapered ends. It is microaerophilic bacteria that cannot be grown on standard culture media. These microbes are poorly stained, so not detected by conventional light microscopy.

The autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus belongs to the collagenoses and can show very different clinical symptoms: The symptoms range from mild conditions to severe organ manifestations which makes the diagnosis not easy sometimes. Read all the important facts about lupus erythematosus here to be prepared for the exam and the subsequent medical daily routine.

Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or be systemic in immunocompromised patients. Clinical presentation is different from one patient to another and is dependent on the severity of immunosuppression and the anatomical site of the infection. Patients with candidiasis need topical antifungals for localized disease and systemic antifungals for esophagitis and systemic candidiasis. The important distinction between patients with neutropenia and without neutropenia can affect the choice of antifungals in systemic candidiasis.

Albinism is a hereditary condition that is characterized by low or complete absence of melanin production that can be confined to the eyes or wide-spread in the body. People with albinism present with white skin, white or yellow hair and blue eyes. While the condition is rarely associated with any significant mortality, people with albinism tend to suffer from bleeding disorders, photosensitivity and impaired vision. Treatment of visual impairment with low-vision aids and early-age eye patching might be needed.

Erysipelas and Molluscum Contagiosum are two different skin infections, the former caused by streptococci, the latter caused by one of the Molluscum Contagiosum viruses. While erysipelas is more common in diabetics and patients with preexisting medical conditions such as lymphedema, Molluscum Contagiosum infection can affect healthy children and adults. Erysipelas treatment includes antibiotics and symptomatic relief. Molluscum Contagiosum therapy consists of neglect, topical treatment, immune response modulators, or antiviral therapy.

Herpes simplex virus infections are caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2. Type 1 viruses are more commonly associated with non-genital herpes, while type 2 viruses are more likely to be responsible for genital herpes diseases. The most common presenting sign is ulcers. While the healing process is usually excellent and subsequent scarring is very rare, topical and systemic antiviral therapy might be indicated to fasten the healing process, or prevent complications in the immunosuppressed.

Folliculitis is an inflammatory condition that is characterized by inflammatory cellular infiltrate of the hair follicles. Patients present with acute onset pustules and papules. Treatment is not indicated in most cases, but those with intense pain might benefit from antibacterial soaps, warm compressors and perhaps topical antibiotics. Patients with resistant folliculitis should receive systemic antibiotics, usually a cephalosporin. Those who have deep folliculitis should undergo incision and drainage of their dermal abscess.

Toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis have been both linked to streptococcal infections, staphylococcus infections and anaerobic infections. Both conditions are life-threatening and treatment should not be delayed until diagnosis confirmation. While the main point in the management of necrotizing fasciitis is surgical debridement of the infected sites, antibiotic therapy is the most important therapeutic approach for toxic shock syndrome. Clindamycin seems to be a good choice for toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis.

Impetigo is defined as infectious maculopapular skin eruption. It can be caused by staphylococcus organisms or anaerobic bacteria. The condition is usually self-limited, but topical antibiotics are indicated to fasten the healing process. Patients with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome can develop fever, fatigue, localized or diffuse bullous impetigo and cellulitis. The condition is caused by the exfoliation toxins produced by staphylococcus aureus and needs penicillinase resistant antibiotics such as oxacillin.

Angioedema refers to swelling involving skin, mucosa, and subcutaneous tissues. It may be an isolated symptom or may be a manifestation of an underlying disorder. Etiology of angioedema with urticaria and angioedema without urticaria differs significantly and clinical presentation guides further investigations. In this article, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of angioedema are described.

The primary pathophysiology of lichen planus is CD8 cell-mediated damage to keratinocytes. Lichen planus can be found in various sites on the body. Topical steroids remain the mainstay of the treatment, but there are many others medications (e.g., retinoids) and therapies (e.g., UV-B) that have been tried. In this article, we will study the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic techniques and the common treatment modalities for this condition.

Ichthyosis vulgaris is a skin disease in which patients present with a scaly skin. Though there is no perfect cure for this disease, many therapies have been used successfully to limit the disease. In this article, we will study the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic techniques and the common treatment modalities for this condition.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed cell-medicated immune reaction from exposure to contact allergens. The substances that trigger ACD can be nickel, poison ivy and fragrances. ACD of acute onset usually represent erythema, pruritic vesicles and bulla whereas lichen with cracks and fissures are seen in chronic cases. Symptoms usually disappear with avoidance of known causative substance. Localized application of mid or high potency topical steroids like triamcinolone and clobetasol relives the acute ACD. Systemic steroid therapy is required in long standing and relapsing ACD. Patch testing is recommended if treatment fails.

Amongst all autoimmune blistering diseases, bullous pemphigoid is the most common one. Circulating antibodies are produced against the proteins present in the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ). In this article, we will study the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of bullous pemphigoid.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare, chronic, autoimmune, intraepithelial disease characterized by blister formation involving skin and mucous membrane. PV is caused by autoantibodies, which are directed against target antigens present on the cell surface of keratinocytes.
In this article, epidemiology, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of PV will be discussed.

Morphea or localized scleroderma is a rare disorder with characteristic clinical features. The treatment of this disease involves the use of long-term immunomodulators. In this article, we will learn about the clinical features including the different types of morphea, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment using different modalities, and the prognosis of morphea.

Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic dermatological disorder of unknown origin characterized by intense itching and eczematous lesions. In this chapter, after an introduction to general terminology for skin lesions, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis are briefly discussed. As the diagnosis is purely clinical, differentiation from alternative diagnoses is also important. Emollients, topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance constitute the mainstay of management.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a common chronic papulosquamous dermatosis with distinct infantile and adult forms, easily recognised clinically. Owing to its frequent recurrence in patients with HIV and AIDS, a careful evaluation of this pathology is warranted. The disease varies from mild to severe exhibiting a variety of forms including psoriasiform, pityriasiform and erythroderma.

A nevus is a condition which occurs due to the increase in the number of melanocytes. The occurrence of the melanocytes can be both congenital, as well as acquired, and the melanin pigmentation can also be hypo- or hyper-pigmentation. The atypical mole differs from the benign nevus by the irregularity of shape, as well as an increase in size and number. The biopsy is required for diagnosis in doubtful cases and in which the confirmation is required. The treatment varies from observation (in the majority of cases) to medical (chemical peels using beta-hydroxy and retinoic acid) and, lastly, surgical treatment for the removal of the nevus.

Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), also known as localized neurodermatitis, is a skin disorder characterized by the thickening of the skin (lichenification) due to excessive scratching. This is frequently due to an itch–scratch cycle that can develop due to various skin or psychogenic causes. The common sites are the ends of extremities, genitals and neck, and the symptoms can vary in severity. Stopping the scratching is crucial, and treatment (often with topical steroid cream/ointment) can be lifelong if the disease is recurrent.

Tinea infections are caused by different fungi species that are known to infest the skin, nails and hair. The infections can be classified according to the affected site into Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis and Tinea capitis. Tinea corporis and Tinea pedis can be easily diagnosed clinically and patients should receive topical anti-fungal therapy once the diagnosis is confirmed. Patients with Tinea capitis should receive combined topical and systemic anti-fungal therapy. Patients with Tinea nail infections should undergo a confirmatory test, such as potassium hydroxide preparation or culture, before initiating therapy.

Plantar warts are hyper-keratinized skin lesions that are found on the planter surfaces of the feet and hands. They are caused by the human papillomavirus and are usually painless. Despite being painless, they can cause embarrassment to the patient and can interfere with normal daily functions such as walking when they are found in the plantar surface of the feet. Treatment can either be ignorance of the warts, topical non-specific therapy or destruction of the epidermal cell layer by chemical or physical agents.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma represents one of the most common malignancies in humans. The malignant tumour arises from suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes that invade the dermis and together with basal cell carcinoma, forms the most common malignancies of skin to affect humans. But unlike basal cell carcinoma that is thought to arise de novo, this non-melanoma skin cancer is thought to evolve from precursor lesions of actinic keratosis (AK) and Bowen’s disease. The clinical appearance is highly variable but a strong suspicion must be kept in mind if a non-healing lesion presents, specially on sun exposed areas. Histopathological evidence helps in establishing the diagnosis. While a multitude of treatment options are available, prevention in patients with predispositions should attract more attention.

Neoplasms of the skin can be hard to differentiate clinically, but nevertheless they can result in entirely different consequences. While the colloquially called “white skin cancer” describes rather harmless changes of the skin, the “black skin” cancer is feared. As other doctors from different specialties, other than dermatologist, are also consulted when discussing diagnostic findings of their patients’ skins, it pays off to know the most common types of skin cancer.

Many people have heard of the seven-year itch, but what is it actually? You know the parasitic disease under the medical term scabies. CAVE: In 25%, scabies are initially misdiagnosed! The cause of the severe itching is Sarcoptes scabiei – the itch mite. In the following article, you can read what every physician should know about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

There are many disorders of the sebaceous glands. Acne is the most relevant condition in the field of dermatology that is tested in medical examinations. Acne vulgaris is also considered one of the most common skin diseases. The clinical picture of these conditions as well their treatment is covered in this article.

Vitiligo is a skin condition that is quite common. This is why you should be able to recognize it in clinical practice. Due to its association with other autoimmune disorders, vitiligo is also a frequently examined topic. This article explains the most relevant information for purposes of clinical practice and medical examination.

If a patient suffers from neurological symptoms, lots of differential diagnoses have to be considered. The following article is organized according to the different pathogens: bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Learn and repeat everything from the approach from acute bacterial meningitis to virally-triggered CNS infections with HSV, ESME, VZV and CMV, and to opportunistic infections in immunodeficient patients. This way, no neurological question in the second state examination concerning infectious diseases of the CNS remains unclear!

With a morbidity rate of 2 - 3 %, psoriasis is one of the most common skin disorders in the Western world. It can be classified as one of the inflammatory, erythematous, hyperkeratotic skin diseases, which also include Reiter's dermatosis and the group of pityriasis dermatoses. Learn more about psoriasis and its forms, and about the other diseases mentioned above.

Erythema multiforme (EM) is a type of cytotoxic dermatitis, which can be triggered by many factors; mainly herpes simplex infection and drugs being the implicating factors. Although it is self-limiting, recurrences are common. In this article, definition, epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and progression of EM will be discussed.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent non-scarring hair loss in hair bearing areas, ranging from a small patch to complete loss of hair. It is a benign condition occurs usually without symptoms. Burning sensation and pruritus in affected area can be present in rare cases. Other autoimmune diseases maybe associated such as thyroid diseases and vitiligo. A scalp biopsy may be required for diagnosis in some cases. Treatment is based on the type of alopecia which includes topical minoxidil, corticosteroids (topical, intralesional, or oral), or anti-androgens.

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a reactive process of the skin which can be triggered by a number of factors. EN is an acute, but self-limiting disease with preponderance for females in 20 to 40 years of age. In this article, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of EN will be discussed.

Urticaria is a very common dermatological condition, which is classified into acute urticaria and chronic urticaria based on the duration of the symptoms. The etiology is different for acute and chronic urticaria. Diagnosis requires a thorough history-taking and physical examination, and a laboratory evaluation may be helpful depending upon the underlying etiology. In this article, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of urticaria will be discussed.

Amongst the most common hyperpigmentation conditions, melasma affects a large number of women, especially during pregnancy. Read on to find out more about its causes and the various modalities of treatment that exists for its alleviation.

Skin lesions have a broad range of etiology and can be complex in diagnosis due to their similar appearance on inspection. Cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma is a rare skin disease that presents with several distinct manifestations. Most common of this manifestation is Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Mycosis fungoides is a slow progressing set of mushroom shaped skin lesions, while Sezary syndrome is a rapidly progressing generalized skin disease with a worse prognosis.

Dermatofibroma, or benign fibrous histiocytoma, is a common cutaneous nodule that may be superficial or deep. It is the most common painful skin tumor, mostly affecting women. Although, the precise underlying etiology and mechanism for the development of this skin pathology is not well known, it is believed to be a neoplastic process owing to its clonal proliferation growth. While the patients may usually be asymptomatic, the tumor growth may exhibit rapid growth or may remain static for several years. An intervention is not called for unless the patient is symptomatic.

Carlo Raj, MD

You probably know MD Edward Goljan and his Rapid Review Pathology Series. But do you know the "new" Goljan? His name is Carlo Raj and he is currently following his mentor's footsteps by presenting you pathology as you have never experienced before.

Carlo Raj has earned his MD at the Medical University of the Americas (MUA) and continued his medical career as professor of Pathophysiology at the Becker Professional Education, Chicago, USA, and as an international lecturer and author—both assisting MD Edward Goljan and later on his own. Today he teaches at Becker Professional Education and is also CEO of Indus Intellect, whose goal it is to spread medical knowledge across the globe.

User reviews

(40)
4,2 of 5 stars

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Highly recommended!

By shenely g. on 21. May 2018 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I really liked this course because the doctor repeated the most relevant information and was very professional and patient.

Very Thorough, not at all robotic.

By Mary C. on 18. April 2018 for Acne Vulgaris

Engaging presenter. Love the reinforcements of what is important to remember. Love that he includes DD and why those other DD can be ruled out. His lecture will stick.

Amazing

By Geilys C. on 20. March 2018 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I really lime the way of presentation and the quick test after that, because that challenge me to really pay attention to the lectures, but only one concern is about tha fast speaking, as a foreign is sometime a little difficult for me to get everything a one, because l need to replay the video, but for the rest, amazing work guys!!

100% on my Derm Quiz

By Paige V. on 06. March 2018 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Dr. Raj does a stellar job of explaining not only the disease but then giving great visualizations of what that patient will look like when they present for treatment. He is also great about pausing for a moment to let important information sink in. His pictures were very helpful as well as I am a very visual learner.

I really liked this course because the doctor repeated the most relevant information and was very professional and patient.

Very Thorough, not at all robotic.

By Mary C. on 18. April 2018 for Acne Vulgaris

Engaging presenter. Love the reinforcements of what is important to remember. Love that he includes DD and why those other DD can be ruled out. His lecture will stick.

Amazing

By Geilys C. on 20. March 2018 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I really lime the way of presentation and the quick test after that, because that challenge me to really pay attention to the lectures, but only one concern is about tha fast speaking, as a foreign is sometime a little difficult for me to get everything a one, because l need to replay the video, but for the rest, amazing work guys!!

100% on my Derm Quiz

By Paige V. on 06. March 2018 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Dr. Raj does a stellar job of explaining not only the disease but then giving great visualizations of what that patient will look like when they present for treatment. He is also great about pausing for a moment to let important information sink in. His pictures were very helpful as well as I am a very visual learner.

i think there should be more information about impetigo regarding types(bollous, non bollous) and ddx . regarding ssss pictures and pathology should be added will be more helpful

overall is good and simple

By khaled s. on 31. December 2017 for General Terminology

it's clear and simple, i like dr. raj so far.but there are other lesions that should be covered ( mainly secondary) and pictures should be added, it's a a dermatology course if we don't see we won't understand.
i would suggest to add those things in the articles (which are amazing btw) if you want to keep the video simple

Very inciteful

By Tosin I. on 24. December 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I love the eminent Dr Carlo Raj. Very keen to get across the knowledge into all thick skulls.

recommended

By Philemon G. on 14. December 2017 for Ichthyosis Vulgaris

excellent, comprehensive, detailed and very focused dermatology lecture on high yield and clinically relevant material

Good summary for Medschool

By Dagbjört G. on 12. December 2017 for Infectious Skin Diseases

Excellent summary for any medical student in their Dermatology practice.

Thanks Alot

By Ali B. on 23. November 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

now my act is as MD dermatologist really i feel very confidence after hearing his lectures i wanna say thank you so much

Articulate and engaging style of speaking

By Hala A. on 20. November 2017 for Atopic Dermatitis

I don't think he's robotic at all. The way he talks keeps me engaged, better than most monotone professors I have in med school Excellent explanations. He is very articulate and knows how to tie facts together and emphasises on the key facts so you at least leave the video knowing what Atopic Dermatitis is about

I think this is a great app!
Just wondering if this app/info applies to the Family Nurse Practitioner board exam as well?
Thanks much!
Stephanie K

Great overview. Wish that dermatology covered more topics, though.

By Shakera S. on 17. October 2017 for Toxic Shock Syndrome and Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease)

Great overview. Wish that dermatology covered more topics, though. I enjoyed this overall. I like the transcript section. It allows me to review the material and read the speakers words verbatim. This is wonderful for all types of learning.

No musculoskeletal and connective tissue pathology covered!!!

By jii l. on 01. October 2017 for Malignant Melanoma

This playlist was named: Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue—Pathology.
But only skin pathology is covered, there are no musculoskeletal and connective tissue pathology videos...
and they can't be found elswhere either.

excellent presentation

By Courtney W. on 17. September 2017 for Seborrheic Dermatitis

I love how he directly emphasizes main points with repetition and gives details of differentials. He is very direct and to the point, no wasted time.

Great

By Nguyen Thanh T. on 11. September 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

5 star lecturer! I enjoy every moment watching the videos. All med students should subscribe this app!

Excellent presentations

By Shayma M. on 20. August 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I like it very much, He focused in all the important topics, and presented it very excellently, I recommend this app for all my friends.

Delivered like no other

By Vivian D. on 09. August 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Dermatology course challenge is that either everything looks like either dermatitis or lupus. Dr. Raj delivers the course in a concise and straight forward manner. I had no problem with his diction and/or pronunciation. Also, his interactive way of asking in every video, helps you maintain a sort of active learning during the passive learning of hearing the lecture. All doubts clarified.

Okay lecture

By Kevin B. on 05. August 2017 for Albinism (Achromasia)

The lecture was a little hard to follow. The speaker seems a little nervous.

Wonderful professor

By Innocent A. on 13. July 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Great lecture! Very detailed and I understood it with ease. I'm looking forward to the other lectures.

Annoying Lecturer

By George M. on 03. June 2017 for Acne Vulgaris

Difficult to understand. Annoying accent. Difficult to concentrate on the lecture due to his presentation style.

what about...?

By Laurent E. on 29. May 2017 for Erysipelas and Molluscum Contagiosum

Interesting but a little light on my point of view. I am a resident working in France to become an emergency doctor and honestly i would have enjoy to have a differential diagnosis guide between erysipelas and DVT for instance or other similar looking skin disorders. Often receiving elderly patients at emergency, it is sometimes hard do make a difference (clinically i mean) between erysipelas and "ocre dermite" also called purpuric angiodermatitis, part of post thrombotic syndrome. What about the "portal of entry" in erysipelas we have to look for? what about the difference in aspect between cellulitis and erysipelas, one having more delimited and visible border than the other? Anyway thank you for this lecture :)

Awesome lectures!

By Neuer N. on 17. May 2017 for Other Skin Diseases

Very helpful, concise, and overall great lectures!! I'm excited to complete other courses!

Smoothly presented lecture, good content, could use some additions

By George L. on 14. May 2017 for Atopic Dermatitis

Good lecture. The talking is very smooth and continuous not robotic like it sometimes tends to be the case with Dr.Raj. Excellent! Good explanation of the terms and the difference between atopic and contact dermatitis!
Some more elaboration on treatment options, including non-pharmacologic and the role of allergen testing (should you do it or not?) would be a good addition.

Good content, room for improvement on the delivery

By George L. on 12. May 2017 for Acne Vulgaris

I like his explanation and also him demonstrating techniques or anatomic locations on his own body, however the diction feels very unnatural. This is in all the videos. Can that be improved? It becomes grating to listen to over time and speeding up the video doesn`t do much to improve it.

Good, need more information

By Febelia Devina S. on 19. April 2017 for Atopic Dermatitis

Easy to understand. I recommend adding more information regarding medication such as what kind of systemic seroid we are using.

Non-pharmacological options

By Hamed S. on 07. April 2017 for Atopic Dermatitis

Fantastic talk but would have liked further information on non-pharmacological treatment and also the role of allergen testing

Like the use of DDX

By Hamed S. on 07. April 2017 for Seborrheic Dermatitis

I find one of the challenging aspects of dermatology is to keep in the various ddx for "similar" looking presentation. The way these lectures are set out has been very useful to have a few ddx to think about when facing a pt with a rash!

Very thorough

By Hamed S. on 07. April 2017 for Acne Vulgaris

Great talk I would have liked to hear further discussion on the use preventative strategies, duration of treatment for tetracyclines and retininoids as well as mention of OCP in females.

Liked it!

By Lindsey S. on 25. February 2017 for Rosacea

I liked this video much better than the last. :) Maybe it's because he starts to feel more comfortable in front of the camera.

Too robotic sounding

By Lindsey S. on 25. February 2017 for Acne Vulgaris

I agree with the above review. As knowledgable and nice as he may be, the flow isn't there. It's very robotic.

Very good way of teaching and explanation is clear to the key points

By Nourhan B. on 19. February 2017 for Rosacea

Very good way of teaching and explanation is clear to the key points, thank you Dr.Carlo Raj!

Very helpful

By Martin S. on 01. February 2017 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

To the point and repetitive, which helps a lot with making sense of confusing differentials.

Diction

By Mihai D. on 09. January 2017 for Acne Vulgaris

It is very important to have a better diction and prosody

I like his way to explain

By walaa s. on 06. December 2016 for General Terminology

I like his way to explain.
He did not mention if these are 1ry or 2ry lesion.
There is no pic.

Coment

By Jorge F. on 24. November 2016 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

I liked the vídeos becase they are like a quick view of a topic, the general stuff and really important.
I would like more photos, maybe clínica cases to practice and not to be so general in the treatment

Crystal clear differential diagnosis

By vincenzo a. on 04. November 2016 for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Said by a old MD (58) you can count on it Dr Raj has the gift, the talent to focus on what really matters but most of all after many years it was the first time that I was amazed by specific tips I never took in consideration . Thanks Dr Raj thanks Lecturio I shall die less ignorant

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