Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was asked by Pope Urban VIII (1623-44) not only to design a monument to him, but to define a pattern
for the monuments to be placed in S. Pietro, which at that time was finished from a structural point of view but completely empty as far as statues and monuments
are concerned. The size of S. Pietro was such that the approach followed for the monuments in S. Maria Maggiore
would have been extremely expensive in S. Pietro as it required filling a wall up to the ceiling with columns, marbles, statues and reliefs.
In 1628 Bernini, having in mind Michelangelo's Monuments to Giuliano and Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, modified
the Monument to
Pope Paul III by Guglielmo Della Porta. The statue of the pope was accompanied by four statues of Virtues.
Bernini got rid of two statues (they are now in Palazzo Farnese) and made the
Monument to Paul III more similar to Michelangelo's Medici Monuments by enhancing its pyramidal shape. He then moved the
Monument into a deep niche (in the southern side of the apse) framed by two columns and the coat of arms of the pope. Bernini then designed the Monument to Urban VIII
following the same pattern but revising the proportions of the elements and increasing the vertical lines. Bernini introduced a dramatic element
by showing a bronze Angel of Death in the act of tearing the name of the pope (see Representation of Death in Baroque Sculpture for more details on this subject).

Monument to Pope Urban VIII in S. Pietro

A dramatic representation of Death also marks the Monument to Pope Alexander VII designed by Bernini in 1678, when he was 80.
The niche chosen for the monument had a door which allowed direct access to the area under the dome and which was needed as an alternative to the distant
doors of the façade. Bernini built upon this constraint and modified the pattern of the Monument to Urban VIII, while maintaining its overall
pyramidal shape.
The Monument is built around the relation between the statue of the pope portrayed bareheaded and in the act of praying on his knees and
a representation of Death in the form of a winged skeleton in the act of showing to the pope a clepsydra (or hour-glass, a wasp-waisted reversible glass with two bulbs containing enough
sand to take a definite time in passing from upper to lower bulb) to tell him that his life is over.

Monument to Pope Alexander VII in S. Pietro

Reliefs

Alessandro Algardi was the only sculptor in Rome, whose talent could match that of Bernini and while Bernini was completing his Monument to
Urban VIII, Algardi was commissioned a Monument to Pope Leo XI. Algardi followed the pattern defined by Bernini, but he refrained
from using bronze or coloured marbles and he preferred
to give life to the lower part of the Monument (below the statue of the pope and between the statues of the two Virtues) by inserting a relief (a kind of sculpture he was very good at) with episodes
of the pope's life (related to his role in convincing Henry IV of France to embrace the Roman Catholic faith). This approach was followed in many other monuments as an alternative to the representation of Death used by Bernini.As a matter of fact the episodes shown in the
monuments often relate to political if not military events (in the Monument to Pope Innocent XI, Pierre Etienne Monnot celebrated the Liberation of Vienna from the Turks in 1683).

Virtues

The statues of the Virtues which accompanied the statue of the pope had for a long time a standardized iconography which made the viewers’ understanding of “who’s who” easier”. Charity was always portrayed in the act of offering her breast to a child, with another child waiting at her foot.
The image below shows Charity by Ercole Ferrata, (you may wish to compare it with Charity of Antonio Raggi;
Ferrata and Raggi were Bernini's preferred associates). Some Baroque monuments show also some animals, either associated with the Virtues
(a dog usually accompanied Faith, a lion Strength, a remora (suckerfish) Prudence) or with the heraldic symbols of the pope (the dragon of Gregory XIII).

Charity by Ercole Ferrata in the Monument to Pope Clement IX (1671) in S.Maria Maggiore and a dragon by Camillo Rusconi in the Monument to Pope Gregory XIII (1723) in S. Pietro

Towards the end of the XVIIIth century the whole Baroque iconography fell under heavy criticism and the iconography of the
Virtues was redefined so that the Neoclassical statues of the Virtues (or of other allegories of human behavior) have little in common with the corresponding Baroque statues of the Virtues. The bodies of the Virtues became rigid, the
dresses changed, the traditional distinctive elements were abandoned as shown in the comparison here below. Strength in particular went through a radical change and the female Mars by Camillo Rusconi became the female Hercules by Berthel Thorwaldsen.

Antonio Canova

Antonio Canova (1757-1822) had between 1780 and 1820 the same role of Bernini in the XVIIth century in revisiting the Monument to the Pope.
He was commissioned more or less at the same time two monuments:
the Monument to Pope Clement XIII in S. Pietro and the Monument to Pope Clement XIV in SS. Apostoli. The former has some points in
common with the Monument to Alexander VII by Bernini as Canova portrays the pope in the act praying on his knees, the latter
shows the pope in a posture very similar to that of Urban VIII by Bernini. Apparently the most striking difference between Bernini and
Canova is the Angel of Death portrayed by Canova in the Monument to Clement XIII as a naked youth in a languid posture.
The Angel is combed like the Apollo of Belvedere to signal the link with the Classical world, but the statue (like Bernini's Santa Teresa) has
also another reading clue, more profane and to some extent admitted by Canova himself who used to say "I cannot represent what I do not like".

Angel of Death and Mildness (the lion) by Antonio Canova (1792) in the Monument to Pope Clement XIII

The Monuments by Canova influenced the few monuments which came after them, but the rigid Religion had a greater influence
than the languid Angel and eventually the Monument to Pope Pius VIII by Pietro Tenerani (1864) replaced the female statues of the Virtues with those of St. Peter and St. Paul and in some way
put an end to the Monument to the Pope as a type of sculpture.

The image used as a background for this page shows a detail of the Monument to Pope Leo XI
by Alessandro Algardi in S. Pietro.