Timbuktu

Timbuktu

(tĭm'bŭkto͞o`, tĭmbŭk`to͞o), city (1987 pop. 31,925), central Mali, near the Niger River. Connected with the Niger by a series of canals, Timbuktu is served by the small river port of Kabara. Its salt trade and handicraft industries make it an important meeting place for the nomadic people of the Sahara.

Timbuktu was founded (11th cent.) by the TuaregTuaregor Touareg, Berbers of the Sahara, numbering c.2 million. They have preserved their ancient alphabet, which is related to that used by ancient Libyans......Click the link for more information. as a seasonal camp. By the 14th cent., when it was part of the Mali empire (see History under MaliMali, officially Republic of Mali, independent republic (2015 est. pop. 17,468,000), 478,764 sq mi (1,240,000 sq km), the largest country in W Africa. Mali is bordered on the north by Algeria, on the east and southeast by Niger, on the south by Burkina Faso and Côte.....Click the link for more information.), it had become one of the major commercial centers of the W Sudan region, famous for its gold trade. Under the SonghaiSonghaior Songhay, largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa. The state was founded (c.700) by Berbers on the Middle Niger, in what is now central Mali. The rulers accepted Islam c.1000......Click the link for more information. empire (15th and 16th cent.) the city was a great Muslim educational center, with more than 100 Qur'anic schools and a university centered at the Sankoré mosque, one of three great mosques there that are outstanding examples of local earthen buildings.

Timbuktu was sacked in 1593 by invaders from Morocco and never again recovered its leading position. It was repeatedly conquered by neighboring peoples until it was captured (1894) by the French. In recent years it has been threatened by the desertification of the surrounding region, and in 2012–13 it and the rest of N Mali was seized by Tuareg and Islamist rebels. After the Islamists gained ascendancy over their Tuareg allies, they destroyed city shrines to local Sufi saints (later rebuilt) as well as some of the city's ancient manuscripts.

Timbuktu

(also Tombouctou), a city in Mali, on the left bank of the Niger River. Population, 10,400 (1969). Timbuktu is a junction of caravan routes and a center for trade in salt, dates, and tobacco. The city was founded in the 11th or 12th century as a transfer point for caravan trade. In the 13th through 15th centuries Timbuktu was the most important economic and cultural center of the medieval state of Mali and, at the turn of the 16th century, of the Songhai kingdom. In 1893 the French seized Timbuktu. Its economic significance declined in the 20th century.

Timbuktu’s architectural monuments include numerous tombs and several important mosques—Dyingueré Ber (begun in the 13th century and rebuilt several times; it contains a series of courtyards and halls divided by columns), Sankoré (begun in the 14th century and rebuilt from the 16th through 18th centuries), and Sidi-Yahia (built circa 1440 and later restored). Timbuktu also has a museum of local lore.

Timbuktu depicts the arrival of a fundamentalist and absolutist Islam in that famed city, which, one notes, had converted to Islam nearly a millennium ago and has for centuries served as a meeting point of the cultures and civilizations of Northern and sub-Saharan Africa.

As the title hints, a special emphasis of the book is on the realities of global migration, though Granberg-Michaelson is actually interested in how migrants bring new forms of Christianity from places like Timbuktu, the statistical center of Christianity in 2010, to Times Square.

During his visit, the Commissioner will launch a new programme to rebuild and protect the cultural heritage of Timbuktu and visit a Back to School project that is expected to benefit 200,000 school children aged 3-18 years.

Ballydoyle will be strongly represented in six of the seven races on this fascinating card and Timbuktu, unlucky when beaten on her recent debut over course and distance, should prove very tough to beat in the Dragon Pulse 2-Y-0 Fillies Maiden.

It said managers of Malian banks had approved the reopening of the Agency of central bank of West African states (BCEAO) in Mopti, 670km north of Bamako, and the branches of national banks in Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal.

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