Meet the Vets Risking Their Lives to Treat Wild Gorillas

Negotiating with rebels and being charged by silverbacks is just another day on the job for the Gorilla Doctors.

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An orphaned gorilla explores its new sanctuary with Gorilla Doctors staff in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Photograph by MOLLY FELTNER, GORILLA DOCTORS

A version of this story appears in the
December 2017 issue of
National Geographic magazine.

GOMA, Democratic Republic of the Congo—Trackers swing their machetes at the thick jungle, and veterinarians Eddy Kambale and Martin Kabuyaya follow behind, armed with cameras and clipboards. The tangled vines hide the forest's many dangers: poachers, rebels, and herds of wild elephants.

After a few hours, a path of trampled brush leads to a clearing where a group of mountain gorillas have made their nests for the day. A silverback chomps on handfuls of leaves in the shade, and babies swing between trees. The vets snap pictures and scribble down notes.

Veterinarian Eddy Kambale holds the hand of Maisha, a 16-year-old mountain gorilla, after she received a health exam. Maisha lived at Virunga’s Senkwekwe Center, the world’s only sanctuary for mountain gorillas. Veterinarians ran tests and administered antibiotics but could not pinpoint the illness that caused Maisha to lose weight and energy.

Photograph by Marcus Westberg, Life Through A Lens

But Virunga is also home to the other kind of guerrilla—and sometimes the veterinarians encounter armed rebels blocking access to their patients. "The first thing is to engage their leader in conversation," says Kambale. "I tell them, 'I’m just a vet.'"

In 1985 Dian Fossey hired veterinarian James Foster to join her research station in Rwanda as the first "gorilla doctor." A few weeks later Fossey was murdered—a crime that is still unsolved—but Foster came anyway, opened his clinic, and carried on the American primatologist's legacy.

Today 15 vets work for the organization he founded, the Gorilla Doctors, to care for the world’s last 880 mountain gorillas, who live on the border between Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They also look after rescued apes, who live in the Senwekwe Center, the world’s only sanctuary for mountain gorillas.

The critically endangered species has made a remarkable comeback, thanks in large part to Fossey's work, but deforestation, poaching, and war continue to threaten their existence.

A Jungle of Threats

In 2013, a rebel group called M23 seized the lodge and gorilla habitat in Virunga, Africa’s oldest national park. Insurgents surrounded the Senkwekwe Center, preventing the Gorilla Doctors from accessing it. In the chaos, Kaboko, a one-armed gorilla, became sick with diarrhea overnight. With the roads to Virunga's headquarters blocked, he died early the next morning.

Ndakasi, a 10-year-old gorilla, is sedated in order to get her vital statistics. Patrick Karabaranga, one of the caretakers who live at the sanctuary in Virunga National Park, holds her on the scale. Photograph by Marcus Westberg, Life Through A Lens

They would drive out of Goma, past United Nations bases and Congolese Army stations, to the park border. Then they'd show their identification and the rebels would wave them through.

The vets collaborate with the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, a U.S.-based gorilla research organization, to collect information about each gorilla’s behavior before intervening. This is critical for their safety—as Kambale learned after being charged by a protective silverback while trying to remove a snare from a baby gorilla.

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Yalala is treated after being caught by a poacher’s snare in Virunga National Park in June. Despite a highly trained ranger corps, the jungle where the gorillas live bristles with threats from poachers and rebels. “The biggest challenge here is insecurity,” says veterinarian Martin Kabuyaya. “We have many experiences of war.” Photography by Gorilla Doctors

"In cases where urgent intervention is required, every moment counts," says David Greer, an adviser to the WWF African Great Apes Programme, who has worked with the vets for more than 20 years. In stressful situations gorillas often "become quite aggressive," and skilled hands are vital. The Gorilla Doctors, he notes, are "extremely dedicated, courageous, and professional."

The veterinarians have worked through some of Virunga's darkest moments.

The Gorilla Doctors document the health of the region’s primates in monthly checkups. Ishema, an adult female, relaxes in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Photograph by Gorilla Doctors

In Case of Emergency

Despite a quarter century of regional conflict, the mountain gorilla population is bouncing back from the brink of extinction—where it was when Fossey began her work. Greer attributes this to tourism, government intervention, and the veterinarians' work. But, he notes, with fewer than a thousand members of the species left, "we do not have the luxury to let our guard down." One threat in particular frightens Greer: "A newly introduced virus into the population has the potential to inflict catastrophic harm," he says.

Last year the Gorilla Doctors took on an additional role: first responders.

In the supply room of their lab in Goma, Kambale opens a box of crinkly hazmat suits. The first cases of Ebola appeared in 1976 around its namesake river in northern DRC, and over the past three years the country has battled two Ebola outbreaks. Endangered gorillas are not spared by the virus, which makes the doctors' work even more important. (Read the lessons learned on how to stop Ebola in its tracks.)

Wild animals like monkeys and bats sold for food are one of the deadliest conduits of the disease. In 2014, Kambale and his team began investigating the bush-meat trade in a town near Virunga. With lab tests, the vets determined which viruses the animals carried, and they mapped how the germs spread using notes from their interviews.

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When gorillas are rescued from poachers, they’re examined by the Gorilla Doctors. Kalonge’s exam included a DNA test, which determined that she was actually a Grauer’s gorilla, a subspecies of the eastern gorilla. She was moved to a sanctuary in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to join other Grauer’s gorillas. Photograph by Marcus Westberg, Life Through A Lens

In the DRC, villages are remote and roads impassable, so Ebola outbreaks haven’t spread as rapidly there as in other countries.

But if the virus appears in the eastern province where the Gorilla Doctors work, they’ll be among the first dispatched to track its source—and help contain the disease before it reaches the remaining mountain gorillas and the humans who live near them.

On the Watch

In the meantime, the vets are always on the lookout for emerging epidemic threats.

They gather samples from rodents in the park, baboons that terrorize Virunga’s sprawling headquarters, and people who live and work in its confines. Despite the risks, Kambale is glad of their new role in disease surveillance. "When you have good control, it limits the risk to human health," he says. (See pictures of orphan gorillas rescued from poachers.)

All the while they keep a trained eye on the gorillas.

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André Bauma, the manager of the Senkwekwe Center, plays with Ndakasi. The young gorilla was found as an infant clinging to her mother, who had been killed by poachers. Bauma nursed her back to health, and she became one of the sanctuary’s first residents. The caretakers at Senkwekwe have become surrogate parents to the three orphaned gorillas living there. Photograph by Marcus Westberg, Life Through A Lens

In their lab, plates are smeared with blood and feces from 17-year-old Maisha.

In Swahili, her name means "life," but recently her listless behavior had the veterinarians worried. She'd been losing weight since her companion, the one-armed Kaboko, died during a rebel attack on their shared sanctuary a few years earlier.

Nothing showed up on an x-ray or an ultrasound, so the doctors sent the samples to a lab that seems unfathomably far from the rain forests of central Africa: Disney World’s Animal Kingdom. When their lab didn't find anything suspect in her samples, the stumped vets tried to help her as much as possible before she passed away in July.

Even so, these gorillas are the lucky ones in the DRC’s animal kingdom.None of the country's nine other national parks have a dedicated veterinary unit committed to preventing mountain gorillas from disappearing.

WWF's David Greer hopes that someday the Gorilla Doctors' presence won't determine life or death for the species. "We need to find ways of creating an environment where we don't have to rely on veterinary intervention for the continued survival of the mountain gorilla," he says.