3. The narrative is clear from Zos. 5.13-22; Soc. 6.6; Soz. 8.4. Synesius makes allusions to the events in the De Providentia but details are obscured by his mythological frame.

4. Instances of this are numerous: H. (54-7; cf. 14; 145) has ignores the arguments of Cameron (207-11) that the massacre began not as a response to Gainas' siege of the city but simply as a riot; H. (192-3; 56 n. 196) also ignores the solution of Cameron (149-61) to the order of the Praetorian Prefecture between 395 and 405; and he misrepresents (12 n. 15) the arguments of Cameron (13) on Synesius' birth year and (61 n.245) on Fravitta's execution (ctr. Barbarians and Politics 236-52).

15. H. makes no mention of a similar association of Osiris and Typhos with east and west by G. Dagron, "Aux origines de la civilisation byzantine: Langue de culture et langue d'êtat" Revue historique 241 (1969) 23-56.