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Two of my Mulkey ancestors were interviewed by the Oregon Indian War Claims Commission in 1859. The commission was charged with auditing claims arising from the Rogue River war in Oregon in 1855-56.

John Thomas Mulkey, my third-great-grandfather, was called an “Indian war veteran” in his 1896 death notice:

DIED — Wednesday August 26, 1896, at the insane asylum, Thomas Mulkey. The deceased was the eldest son of the late Elder Phillip Mulkey; was born in Kentucky in the year 1825, and leaves eight grown sons and daughters. He was an Indian war veteran. He was buried in the Mulkey cemetery near Eugene Thursday afternoon.1

Ever since I first came across this information, I have wanted to learn more about how he came to be in Oregon, and about his military service in particular. This post represents my first attempt at documenting his journey against the larger backdrop of the early history of Oregon.

* * *

The United States and Great Britain had competing claims on the North American continent west of the Rocky Mountains that were decided in 1846 with an “amicablecompromise” called the “Oregon Treaty”, also known as the Buchanan-Pakenham treaty (9 Stat. 869)2. Lands south of the 49th parallel would be controlled by the United States, while lands north of the boundary line would be under British control.3

The Oregon Territory in 1850 included all of modern day Oregon and Washington states, plus parts of Idaho and Wyoming. Washington Territory was carved from the northern Oregon Territory in 1853.

Settlers began pouring into the Oregon Territory in response to new legislation in 1850 that finally fulfilled the promise of free land for white persons and “half-breed Indians” (by definition, Indians with European-American blood) who were at least 18 years of age and citizens of the United States, or who had declared their intention to become citizens.4 Single men could claim up to 320 acres, while the allotment for married men was doubled, with half of the acreage of a married couple designated specifically in the wife’s name.5 Settlers must have arrived in the territory prior to 01 Dec 1850 and have fulfilled certain residency and cultivation requirements.6

The Oregon Donation Land Act was extended twice more before expiration in 1855, albeit with awards of lesser acreage for later arrivals, and a few other changes to the requirements.7 In all, more than 7,400 claims were issued, transferring 2.5 million acres from the Federal government to private hands.8

This 1851 news account sheds some light on the tremendous population surge into the Territory:

The Census of Oregon.—We learn from the Spectator that the report of the Assistant Marshall, Daniel O’Neil, makes out the census to amount to 13,323. It is estimated says the Spectator that there are about 2,000 of the last immigration not included in the above. If that is the case, which we think very probable, our real census amounts to over 15,000 and will no doubt be swelled to 20,000 by the immigration this fall.—Western Star.9

In addition to the lure of rich farmland, miners and prospectors flooded the Umpqua and Rogue river valleys in southwest Oregon Territory seeking a more immediate payoff – gold. Miners on the way to and from the gold fields of California also passed through southern Oregon.

All of these actions created tensions as whites encroached on land long inhabited by indigenous peoples from different tribes and bands. Conflict was perhaps inevitable due to the competition for resources and differing customs and cultures. Indeed the early history of the Oregon Territory was marked by a series of treaties with various tribes and betrayals of those treaties, punctuated by bursts of violence.

Skirmishes, depredations and murder gave way to all out war in the Rogue River valley in 1853 and again in 1855. The United States regular troops in the area were insufficient to quash the increasing levels of violence. In October 1855 Territorial Governor George L. Curry issued a proclamation calling for the creation of a total of nine companies of mounted volunteers: “Each volunteer to furnish his own horse, arms and equipments…and thereafter proceed with the utmost possible despatch to the rendezvous….“10

A similar request for volunteers was made the same month by Washington Territorial officials to address their own Indian hostilities, “calling upon the people of the territory capable of bearing arms…”11 Later, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens, in a speech before Congress, stated “…it is now generally admitted that there was a war raging in Oregon and Washington, and that that war spread from the forty-second to the forty-ninth parallel, and from the shores of the Pacific to a great distance in the interior.”12

The Rogue River War concluded late in the spring of 1856 by peace treaties with the remaining tribes that resulted in a surrender of their arms and agreement to removal to reservations in the area and habitation thereon.

Not long after the close of the war, those who had volunteered as citizen soldiers sought payment, and those who had lost their homes, livestock and other property sought reparations from the Federal government.

“The citizens of Oregon and Washington call upon Congress to make immediate provision for the payment of their claims, as adjusted by law, for expenses incurred in the years 1855 and 1856, in repelling Indian hostilities.”13

A three-man commission comprised of military officers and based in the Oregon Territory was established by Congress to evaluate claims of the volunteer soldiers.14 The commission sought information as to prices of stores, provisions, subsistence and forage at the time of the outbreak of hostilities, and so interviewed citizens to obtain this information. Two of my Mulkey ancestors, Philip Mulkey and his son, John Thomas Mulkey, were among those interviewed. Each statement contains a bit of biographical information besides the facts solicited by the commission which helps paint a more complete picture of the lives and the activities of my ancestors on the frontier.

Statement ofJ.T. Mulkey.

Came to Oregon in 1852 ; have since resided in Lane county ; was a private in the volunteer service in the Indian war of 1855 – ’56 ; was in five or six engagements with the Indians ; deemed the war to be just, and absolutely necessary for the protection of the lives of citizens and their property from destruction by the Indians. The ruling cash prices for good American horses during the continuance of the war was from $200 to $300 ; mules from $150 to $250 ; good Indian, Spanish and half-breed horses, suitable for the service, for from $75 to $150 ; good wagons worth from $200 to $300 ; common labor was worth $2 per day ; horse hire, from $2 to $2 50 per day ; oats sold for $1 to $1 25 per bushel ; flour, $3 50 per hundred pounds ; money loaned at 20 and 25 per cent. per annum. Think the property furnished to carry on the war was necessary, and that it was done by the people in good faith.

……his
J. T. x MULKEY.……mark

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 19th day of August, 1859.
R.H. PARSONS.Justice of the Peace. 15

Statement ofPhilip Mulkey.

I have resided in Oregon since 1853 ; am a resident of Lane county and a farmer by occupation. Good American horses were worth, during the time of the war, from $200 to $400. Mixed breeds, Spanish and Indian, from $100 to $200, cash value in both cases. Mules were rated from $400 to $600 per pair, cash. Good work oxen, from $150 to $200 per yoke, cash. I turned one good horse into the service ; should have been glad to have received him back at the close of the war at the same I put him in at. Good wagons were worth from $200 to $250. Common laborer’s wages, from $2 50 to $3 per day. Oats worth from $1 to $2 per bushel. Good rifle guns, from $35 to $55. Colt’s revolvers, from $40 to $50. Money loaned from 20 to 36 per cent, per annum. Beef worth $10 per cwt. on foot ; retailed from 15 to 20 cents per pound. My son sold a portion of his scrip for fifty cents on the dollar. He was forced to do so to obtain money. Horse hire was from $2 50 to $3 per day. I turned in my property in good faith, supposing the contract to be as good as any I ever made. The war was just and unavoidable.

PHILIP MULKEY.

STATE OF OREGON, and County of Lane:Philip Mulkey, being duly sworn, says the within statement is true to the best of his knowledge, information and belief.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 20th day of August, 1859.
R. H. Parsons,Justice of the Peace 16

Despite repeated Congressional appeals and exhortations in the press, claims arising out of the Rogue River War of 1855-1856 went unreimbursed for years while various constituencies wrangled over the details. When claims were paid out, often the claimants received only one-third of the amount approved by the Commission.17 The final appropriations for payment of soldiers occurred in 1905, nearly half a century after the events originally unfolded.18 Citizens who lost their homes, farms, livestock and other property did not fare much better, as they were not compensated for losses until after the passage of the Indian Depredation Claims Act of 1890.19

Sources and credits:
Image: Map of the state of California, the territories of Oregon & Utah, and the chief part of New Mexico (Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 1850); digital image, David Rumsey Historical Map Collection (http://www.davidrumsey.com/ : accessed 15 Apr 2016).

I have been putting the finishing touches on an upcoming article for publication on War of 1812 Federal bounty land. When checking out some online resources, I ran across this series of YouTube videos showing a 2013 presentation by an award-winning author on maritime history, Dr. Paul A. Gilje. I have embedded the links below:

“Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights” was one of the slogans that defined the War of 1812 from the American perspective. Captain David Porter flew a flag from his ship, the Essex with those words stitched into it, shortly after the United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812.

The Civil War Trust’s mission to preserve historic battlefields of the American Civil War (1861-1865) necessarily includes an educational component so the public understands why it is important to save this hallowed ground. To this end, they have published a great deal of information about the Civil War in general, and about specific battles in particular, on their website: CivilWar.org.

The Civil War Trust’s recently released infographic underscores the human cost of war by ranking Civil War battles by casualty rates, and comparing the loss of life to other wars and conflicts the United States has participated in.

I’d like to highlight the section of the infographic showing overall casualty rates for the Civil War. Note the information in brackets, where it says:

Some modern research indicates that the number of Civil War deaths could be considerably higher.

The oft-cited figure of 620,000 dead in the Civil War has been challenged by historian J. David Hacker of Binghamton University in New York. In a December 2011 article published in the Civil War History journal, he suggests the death toll could be as much as 20% higher: 750,00 casualties instead of 620,000.

Read more about how Hacker calculated the new figures using digitized census data from 1850-1880 in these articles: