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1.Colors-bright colors that contrast with animal 2.Numbers-must be able to recognize and read digits 3.Placement site (e.g., left ear) Know your animal…use an appropriate marker for the species and habitat. Recognition

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1. Icing on nasal tags or neck collars 2. Catching legs in collars 3. Too heavy for species that fly 4. Too large for species that regularly use holes in trees, rocks, or burrows. Be Aware of Possible Adverse Effects

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Questions to ask: 1.Can study objective still be met or will data be biased? 2.What are the limitations of the data caused by effects of marker on animal and how will these be handled during analysis? 3.Does the information obtained outweigh the adverse effects of the marked population if study objectives are met? Appropriate Techniques

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1.Colors for individual recognition 2.If radio collars, color or band is generally white or brown. 3.Some use colored tape to create unique markings 4.Species specific and generally works for larger mammals Neck Collars

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Leg Bands: Types include butt-end, rivet, laminated plastic, anodized aluminum colored, soft plastic wrap-around. Butt-end or split ring most common leg band Main causes of band loss: Abrasion and corrosion from salt water and defecation Some geese have retained leg bands for > 20 years Marking Techniques for Birds

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Information on bands along with species marked is reported to the migratory bird banding laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. Also known as: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center

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Wing markers: Generally made from flexible PVC-coated nylon fabric Tag loss low first year but increases in later years Neck bands: Used extensively to mark geese-also used other birds Can disrupt pair bonds, can ice in northern latitudes

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Feather Imping?? What is it. Particle, Chemical, and Radioactive Markers: Demethychlorotetracycline Nocturnal Tracking Lights Betalights-small lights that can be used to visually track bird movements Natural Markings: less common for birds than mammals

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Tattoos—has been used with frogs Tissue Removal Toe or tail clipping has been used Skin transplantation 95% success rate for grafts and retention was >3 years

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DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS S = SURVIVAL RATE OR PROBABILITY OF SURVIVING THE YEAR K = KILL RATE OR PROBABILITY OF BEING KILLED BY A HUNTER DURING THE YEAR H = HARVEST RATE OR PROBABILITY OF BEING KILLED AND RETRIEVED BY A HUNTER DURING THE YEAR 1 – S – K = NONHUNTING MORTALITY RATE LAMBDA = BAND REPORTING RATE = PROBABILITY THAT A HUNTER WILL REPORT THE BAND GIVEN THAT HE HAS KILLED AND RETRIEVED A BANDED BIRD c = RECOVERY RATE OR THE PROBABILITY THAT A BIRD IS SHOT AND THE BAND REPORTED. SURVIVAL ANALYSIS FROM BANDING DATA

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THE BANDED BIRD CAN: 1. SURVIVE 2. BE KILLED BY A HUNTER IF KILLED BY A HUNTER THE BIRD CAN: a. NOT BE RETRIEVED b. BE RETRIEVED AND THE BAND NOT REPORTED c. BE RETRIEVED AND THE BAND REPORTED 3. DIE FROM NATURAL CAUSES POTENTIAL FATES OF A BANDED BIRD ALIVE AT THE START OF THE YEAR

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1.THE SAMPLE IS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE TARGET POPULATION 2. AGE AND SEX OF INDIVIDUALS IS CORRECTLY DETERMINED 3. THERE IS NO BAND LOSS 4. SURVIVAL RATES ARE NOT AFFECTED BY THE BANDING OR TAGGING ITSELF 5. THE YEAR (HUNTING SEASON) OF BAND RECOVERIES IS CORRECTLY DETERMINED ASSUMPTIONS INVOLVED IN MAKING INFERENCES FROM BANDING DATA

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6. THE FATE OF EACH BANDED BIRD IS INDEPENDENT OF THE FATE OF OTHER BANDED INDIVIDUALS 7. ALL BANDED INDIVIDUALS OF AN IDENTIFIABLE CLASS (AGE OR SEX) IN THE SAMPLE HAVE THE SAME ANNUAL SURVIVAL AND RECOVERY RATES 8. ANNUAL SURVIVAL AND RECOVERY RATES CAN VARY BY CALENDER YEAR, AGE, SEX, AND AREA ASSUMPTIONS OF BANDING ANALYSES, CONTINUED.

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SUPPOSE THAT WOOD DUCKS ARE BANDED JUST PRIOR TO THE HUNTING SEASON FOR TWO YEARS c 1 = RECOVERY RATE YEAR 1, THE PROBABILITY THAT A BIRD IS SHOT AND ITS BAND IS REPORTED DURING THE FIRST YEAR c 2 = RECOVERY RATE YEAR 2, THE PROBABILITY THAT A BIRD, ALIVE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE HUNTING SEASON IN YEAR 2, IS SHOT AND ITS BAND IS REPORTED S 1 = THE PROBABILITY THAT A BIRD SURVIVES FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST HUNTING SEASON TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND HUNTING SEASON

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IF 1,603 BIRDS ARE BANDED IN YEAR 1, WE EXPECT 1,603 BIRDS x c 11 TO BE SHOT AND REPORTED THE FIRST YEAR THAT ACTUAL NUMBER WAS 127 AN ESTIMATE OF c 11 THEN BECOMES 127/1,603 = 0.0792 OF 1,595 BIRDS THAT WERE BANDED IN YEAR 2, WE EXPECT 1,595 x c 21 TO BE SHOT AND REPORTED THAT ACTUAL NUMBER WAS 62 SO, AN ESTIMATE OF c 21 BECOMES 62/1,595 = 0.0389

46
OF THE 1,603 BIRDS BANDED THE FIRST YEAR WE EXPECT 1,603 x S 1 TO SURVIVE TO THE BEGINNING OF THE HUNTING SEASON IN YEAR 2 AND c 12 OF THEM TO BE SHOT AND REPORTED THE ACTUAL NUMBER WAS 44 SO, 44 = 1,603 x S 1 x 0.0389 OR S 1 = 0.7056