13,000-8,000BCE Stanley J. Olsen, author of the "Origins of the Domestic Dog" (1985), posits that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers domesticated various subspecies of wolf during this time period in northern Europe, North America, the Near East and China. First regular milking of animals begun in this period in Subcontinent. (Nat. Hist. 3/96, p.36)

c12,500 Composition of Vedas, Many Vedic Shaloks written on rocks found by Archeologist Marelino Sanz in subcontinent . (WSJ, 01/11/1999, p.A20)

c12,000BCE The Broken Mammoth settlement in central Alaska dated to this time. (SFC, 7/25/03, p.A1) 12,000BCE Bison are shaped from moist clay in the Tuc d'Audoubert cave of the French Pyranees, discovered in 1912 CE. (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 443) 12,000BCE The Niaux cave in Tarascon, France, dated back to the Ice Age. (SFEC, 5/30/99, p.T1) 12,000BCE As the earth warmed, the rain forest came up. It pushed away the wallabies, the wombats, the possums, and so the people (of Tasmania) had to follow their food. (NG, Oct. 1988, p.467) c12,000BCE During the last ice age the Channel Islands off California were part of one vast island geologists call Santarosae. The northern islands were linked, but probably not with the mainland. (SFEC, 4/26/98, p.T11) 12,000BCE Lake Lahontan, which spread across northwest Utah, reached its highest level during the last phase of the last Ice Age. (NH, 9/96, p.35) 12,000BCE The first known fossil evidence of human-canine cohabitation dates to about this time. (SFC, 6/13/97, p.A10)

12-10K BCE A site along the Nile River in Sudan has a graveyard (Site 117) of this period that indicates warfare between communities. (NH, Jul, p.31)

11,000BCE The last warming period began about 13,000 years ago. It melted the glaciers and put Beringia back under the Bering Sea. (NG, Oct. 1988, p.434) c11,000BCE A mass extinction occurred in parts of North America and coincided with the growing population of Indian hunters. (SFC, 1/8/99, p.A2) 11,000BCE The earliest amber artifacts are from this time and were found in caves in Cheddar, England. The British Isles were connected to Europe and the English Channel could be walked across. (PacDis, Winter/'97, p.9) 11,000BCE A Paleolithic burial in San Teodoro Cave, Sicily, revealed an arrowhead embedded in the pelvis bone of an adult female. Another arrowhead is known from the vertebra of a child buried in the Grotte des Enfants on the Italian coast. (AM, May/Jun 97 p.24) 11,000BCE A meteorite from Mars (ALH 84001), discovered in 1984, landed in Antarctica. Scientists in 1996 claimed to have found evidence of organic minerals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in the meteorite that formed some 3.6 billion years ago. (SFC, 8/7/96, p.A1,9)

11,000-9,000BCE A woman's bones were discovered in 1959 at Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, one of the Channel Islands off California. Two tests in 1999 dated the bones as 11,000 and 13,000 years of age. (SFC, 4/12/99, p.A1,15)

11,000-4,000BCE Trinidad was once part of the South American continent. The lowlands to the continent flooded either after the melt of the last Ice Age or more recently from erosion caused by the Orinoco River of Venezuela. (SFEC,2/16/97, p.T5)

10,800-10,300BCE A village in Monte Verde, Chile was identified to be this old by a team of anthropologists. The site is described in the 1997 book: "Monte Verde: A Pleistocene Settlement in Chile" by Tom Dillehay. Dillehay later reported that new excavations revealed evidence that human bones and tools may date back to about 28,000 BCE. (USAT, 2/11/97, p.A1)(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.61)(SFC, 2/17/98, p.A2)

10.7k BCE Melting glaciers caused a deluge of some 2,000 cubic miles of fresh water from a prehistoric lake in southwestern Ontario. It sent temperatures over the North Atlantic plummeting. Temperatures in Greenland dropped by 18 degrees Fahrenheit. (WSJ, 7/17/03, p.A1)

c10,500BCE The climate of the Earth abruptly warmed by 20 degrees or more and ended an ice age. Ice cores from Greenland later revealed a temperature increase of almost 59 degrees in the north polar region within a 50-year period. (SFC, 10/2/98, p.A10)

10,000BCE The Paleolithic period comes to a close. (NG, Nov. 1985, p. 623) 10,000BCE This marks the approximate time of the Natufian cultural stage, just before the domestication of plants and the spread of settled farming groups. The Natufians were the last group to occupy Kebara cave in Israel for a long period. (NG, Oct. 1988, p.463) 10,000BCE The Nez Perce are a North American Indian people of the Sahaptin family. The name is from the French and means pierced nose. They lived in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, Washington and Idaho for some 12,000 years. (WUD, 1994, p.964) 10,000BCE Little Petroglyph and an adjacent canyon in the Coso Mountains, northwest of the Mojave Desert, contains carvings dated to this time. (PacDis, Summer '97, p.8,10) c10,000 The 1st known outbreaks of smallpox occurred among agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. (SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17) 10,000BCE Ice from this period is stored at the Physics Inst. of the Univ. of Bern, Switzerland. (NOHY, 3/1990, p.240) 10,000BCE An alteration in the Earth's magnetic field occurred. (E&IH, 1973, p.94)

10,000-3500BCE The Neolithic or New Stone Age in World except Subcontinent. (WH, 1994, p.19)

10,000-400BCE The Jomon culture of Japan is associated with the introduction of rice agriculture and the use of metal and probably came from the Asian mainland. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.34)

9,600BCE A site of human habitation in Peru was dated to about this time. Later excavations indicated complex stone tools that appeared to date back to at least 28,000 BCE. (SFC, 2/17/98, p.A2)

9600-8500BCE Some dozen villages piled one on top of the other occupied the site of Jerf el-Ahmar at a bend of the Euphrates River. In 1999 Syria flooded the area under the Tishrin Dam. (AM, 11/00, p.56)

c9,500BCE A female skull, aged 20-25, from this period was found near Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in c1995 and named Luzia. It was found to have characteristics similar to people from the South Pacific. (SFC, 5/23/98, p.A13) 9,500BCE Romito 2, a dwarf from a cave in Italy's Calabria region, suffered from a form of chondrodystrophy, a lack of normal cartilage growth and stood no more than four feet. That he lived to about 17 years of age indicates group support. He was found buried with an old woman, possibly his mother. (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 452) c9,500BCE Two cultures of migrating hunters lived in the present territory of Lithuania in the 2nd half of the 10th millennium BCE. One group came from the banks of the middle Vistula river in the south-west. The other was from the north-west of Europe. (DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)(TB-Com, 10/11/00)

9,500-9,000BCE Clovis points, tools of Paleo-Indian hunters (known as Clovis people) who pursued ice-age mammoths, camels, bison and horses date to this time. These people were ancestral to the Folsom culture and were believed to have arrived across a land bridge from Asia. Clovis culture was reported to be very similar to Solutrean. (NG, Oct. 1988, p.500)(NH, 2/97, p.22)(SFC, 11/1/99, p.A9)

9500-6100BCE The Neolithic site of Abu Hureyra, 40 miles downstream from Jerf el-Ahmar, Syria, was flooded under the waters of the Taqba Dam in the 1970s. (AM, 11/00, p.58)

9,000BCE Humans reached Florida at least by this time, before the end of the Ice Age. Sea level was lower and the peninsula was much larger. (NH, 11/96, p.46) 9,000BCE Harpoon heads of intricate design were in use by this time. They were hafted to wooden shafts and easily replaced. (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 451) Fisher in the late 1980s, while he was excavating an 11,000-year-old mastodon found at the Heisler site in southern Michigan, found evidence of butchery and under water meat caching by Ice Age hunters in North America. (LSA, Fall 1995, p.38) 9,000BCE The wooly mammoth became extinct about 11,000 years ago. [article about the atlatl, i.e. spear thrower] (WSJ, 10/24/95, p.A-1) 9,000BCE Caribou lived in the area of Connecticut. (WSJ, 9/3/98, p.A16) 9,000BCE Human middens began piling up along the coast of Peru reflecting a diet of tropical mollusks. (SFC, 9/13/96, p.A2) 9,000BCE The town of Chemi Shanidar, later part of Iraq, was the largest city of the time with 150 people. (SFEC, 8/27/00, Z1 p.2) c9,000BCE Plato later wrote that the island continent of Atlantis existed about this time. In 1998 Richard Ellis wrote an account of the Atlantis literature: "Imagining Atlantis." (SFEC, 7/26/98, BR p.3)

c9-8,000 BCE In Neolithic times Mongolia was the home of small groups of hunters, reindeer breeders, and nomads. (www.gobiexpeditions.com)

9000-4000BCE The finest record of Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples exists in Denmark, due to the country's numerous bogs. (PacDis, Winter/'97, p.9)

8,600BCE Irish Elk (Megaloceros giganteus) lived in temperate climates throughout Europe and western Asia from about this time to a last record in Ireland at 10,600 years ago. (NH, 8/96, p.17)

8,000BCE Aryan Civilization on its peak, also called Golden Age. Many Puranic scriptures and Artifacts discovered from Subcontinent by Archeologist Michael Cremo (Ancient Archaeology and Author, Forbidden Archaeology)

c8000BCE The West Antarctic ice sheet started retreating at a rate of about 2 inches per year. (SFC, 1/3/03, p.A7) 8,000BCE Mesopotamia developed primitive writing. V.D.-H.K.p.10) 8,000BCE There is good evidence that the continental crust is capable of some plastic flow, and the rebound is shown most dramatically in parts of the Baltic, the Arctic and the Great Lakes regions of North America where Pleistocene beaches and coastal features are now raised high above sea level and some are tilted. The process seems to have been going on for the last 10,000 years and is still continuing. (DD-EVTT) 8,000BCE Sand of Ocean Beach and on hills of western San Francisco. Alluvium of river bottoms. Silts and muds of Sacramento Delta. (GH-CEH, p.25) c8,000BCE Rising ocean waters flowed into the Golden Gate and formed the nascent SF Bay. (SFC, 12/20/99, p.A8) 8,000BCE Pigmy mammoths browsed on the Channel Islands off the California coast. (SFEC, 1/18/98, Z1 p.1) 8,000BCE Grinding tools from this time were found in 1999 in the Cross Creek site of San Luis Obispo. Beads, shells, tools, seeds and carved stone fish suggested that humans came to the area by sea and did not rely on hunting for subsistence. Many Sophisticated Agricultural tools used by Aryans found by archeologists in Subcontinent. (SFC, 6/25/2001, p.A6) 8,000BCE About ten thousand years ago, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia (centered about modern Iraq) began using distinctively shaped clay tokens- spheres, disks, cones, cylinders, triangles, among others- to keep track of foodstuffs, livestock, and land. (I&I, Penzias, p.42) 8,000BCE About 10,000 years ago the Lathrop Wells Cone, less than a mile from Yucca Mountain, the proposed site for long-term storage of radioactive waste, erupted. (Smith., 5/95, p.44) 8,000BCE About this time Vulcan's Throne was formed from a volcanic eruption near the rim of the inner gorge of the Grand Canyon over Toroweap Canyon. (NH, 9/97, p.40) 8,000BCE About 10,000 years ago a tribe of Indians lived in the Florida panhandle at the Aucilla River for a few generations near the present town of Perry. The site was nearly 100 miles inland. Within a hundred years rising water flooded the village and sealed the remains under a layer of clay. (SFC, 11/11/96, p.D1)(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.17) 8,000BCE Early bison hunters of the American southwest were named the Folsom People after a nearby town. Bones of the Bison antiquus were initially discovered by cowboy George McJunkin in 1908 in eastern New Mexico. (NH, 2/97, p.17) 8,000BCE Researchers in 1986 dated a clay floor in Stanislaus National Forest, 150 miles east of SF, to this time. (SFC, 9/19/97, p.A3) 8,000BCE About 10,000 years ago Thingvallavatn Lake, a flooded graben in southwestern Iceland, was born in a valley gauged from volcanic rock and ash by the Langjokull Glacier. (NH, 6/96, p.48) c8,000BCE Traces of a man-made shelter from this time were found in northern South Africa north of Johannesburg. (SFC, 1/15/99, p.A14) c8,000BCE The potato was first cultivated some 10,000 years ago by South American Indians. In the 16th century Spanish explorers brought potatoes back to Europe, where it was first used primarily as livestock feed. The potato was introduced to North America in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the poor of Europe began to use potatoes as a replacement for cereals in their diets. The failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1845-46 led to great famine and pushed tens of thousands of Irish to emigrate to the United States. (HNQ, 5/10/98)

c8k-7kBCE In the early Mesolithic the climate warmed and settlers of the Paleolithic followed the deer north. Those who stayed mixed with the fisherman who moved from the west to form the ethnic groups of Baltic culture. (DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)(TB-Com, 10/11/00)

c7,975BCE Humans lived in a cave near Oaxaca, Mexico, named Guila Naquitz (White Cliff). Scattered remains of tools, seeds and plants were found in 1966 by archeologist Kent Flannery and some of the seeds were dated to this time. The squash seeds showed signs of cultivation. (SFC, 5/9/97, p.A2)

7,500BCE Pre-historic sunken City, Aryan Artifacts and Vedic Scriptures found in Subcontinent. (NG March 2001, Geographica) 7,500BCE The Illinois River Valley, where humans have lived since this time lost 5-10% of its archeological record in the great Mississippi flood of 1994 CE. (NG, Geographica, Jan, 94) c7,500BCE The Twin Dutch Site in Illinois is the location of the oldest house in the Midwest US. (SFEC, 11/24/96, C17)

7,500-7000 Evidence of human habitation has been found from this time at El Portal in Yosemite. (SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.4)

c7,400BCE In 1998 specimens of sandals were analyzed from a Missouri cave that dated to this time. (SFC, 7/3/98, p.A2) 7,400BCE The mummy, known as the Spirit Cave Man, was found in Nevada in 1940, but in 1996 was dated to be more than 9,400 years old. The mummy was discovered by archeologists S.M. and Georgia Wheeler in a cave 13 miles east of Fallon. The mummy was wrapped in a skin robe and sewn into two mats woven of a marsh plant called tule. (SFC, 4/27/96, p.A-5)

7.3K BC A skeleton of this age was found in July, 1996, by the Columbia River in Kennewick, Wa. It became known as the "Kennewick Man" or "Richland Man." The 9,300 year old bones were later studied and determined to be most closely related to Asian people, particularly the Ainu of northern Japan. It was concluded in 2000 that he was an American Indian. The bones were dated to 7514-7324 BC. (SFEC, 10/27/96, p.B9)(SFC, 10/16/99, p.A11)(SFC, 1/14/00, p.A7)(SFC, 9/26/00, p.A5)

c7000BCE Sanskrit become the base of world writings. A flute dating to this time was found in the 1980s in Jiahu. 6 flutes from the hollow wing bones of cranes were found in Zheng-zhou province from about this time. (SFC, 9/23/99, p.A8)(SFC, 4/29/00, p.D4) 7,000BCE Some tribes move from Subcontinent to Middle east. The site of Catalhoyuk in south-central Turkey marks the world's first urban center. (AM, Mar/Apr 200 p.72) c7,000BCE Early Danish Mesolithic: In the Maglemose culture large amber pendants were hardly changed. (PacDis, Winter/'97, p.8) c7,000BCE In 1903 a skeleton of a man, 9,000 years old, was discovered in the underground caves at Cheddar, 130 miles west of London, England. (SFC, 3/8/96, p.A8) c7,000BCE Some American Indian graves in Newport Beach, CA., were believed to be this age. (SFC, 3/10/97, p.A16) 7,000BCE An alteration in the Earth's magnetic field occurred. (E&IH, 1973, p.94)

c6,800BCE Jarmo in northern Iraq was later said to be the first town. (SFEC, 7/16/00, Z1 p.2)

6,200BCE More Advanced Civilization clues found in Subcontinent. The archeological record shows traces of domesticated cattle back to this time. (Acad, Jul/Aug 1996, Aug 2001)

6,000BCE The Wappo Indians settle in the area northern California around Mt. Konocti 8,000 years ago. The eruption of Mt. Konocti millions of years earlier left a fissure in the earth through which ground water reaches the hot magma at 4,000 feet, and resurfaces as Indian Springs' three thermal geysers at 212 degrees. The water rises through old sea beds adding rich mineral and salt traces. (Flyer on Indian Springs, 7/95) c6,000BCE The Hokan Indians preceded the Miwoks in Northern California. (SFEC, 10/4/98, p.B5) c6000BCE More Vedic Scriptures found in Subcontinent dating that period found in Subcontinent by ArcheologistRichard Meadows. (SFC, 9/19/2002, p.A3) c6,000BCE A more advanced people migrated to Central Asia from the Subcontinent bringing with them a new pattern and an agricultural way of life. (SFC, 11/10/00, p.A7) 6,000BCE The site of Lepenski Vir on the Danube River at the Iron Gates gorges was occupied by people living in huts. Sculpted boulders at the site represent the first monumental art from central and eastern Europe. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.24) c6,000BCE Bronze age settlements were established and later found in Moldova. (SFC, 1/28/97, p.A5) 6000BCE Ash from ancient campfires of this time were found in Muscat, Oman, in 1983. (AM, May/Jun 97 p.48)

6000, BCE Archeologists have determined that wine was made in villages in Subcontinent .Wine jars were dug up near the ruined village and analyzed to have contained a retosina type of wine. Ramayana rewritten. (SFC, 6/6/1999, p.A3)

c6,000BCE Lead beads were fashioned in Anatolia by craftsmen whose forced-air furnaces were able to reach 1,100 degrees, the melting point of galena, a common mineral of lead. (NH, 7/96, p.50) c6,000BCE The milodon, a giant sloth, became extinct in South America. (SFEC, 11/24/96, T6)

6k-4,000BCE The Pleistocene-Holocene date line, i.e. the 'end' of the glacial epoch, is perhaps best marked at the end of the last rapid rise in sea level between 6 & 8 thousand years ago. (DD-EVTT, p.298)

c5,600BCE The Mediterranean Sea, swollen be melted glaciers, breached a natural dam that separated it from the fresh water lake later known as the Black Sea. Sea water from the Mediterranean poured in for as long as 2 years. An ancient coastline with this date was verified in 1999. [see 2348BCE] (SFC, 9/28/99, p.A14)(SFC, 11/18/99, p.C6)(SFC, 9/13/00, p.A7)

5,500-4,000BCE Many Scientific theories like Atomic theory, Biology, Chemistry developed in this time by Aryans. In Japan the Sannai Maruyama site in northern Honshu uncovered postholes of houses and longhouses, graves, figurines and animal remains of the early to middle Jomon period. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.72)

c5100BCE A slate plaque from pre-dynastic Egypt was carved with scenes of battlefield carnage on one side and leaf munching antelope on the other. It was part of an exhibit at the Guggenheim. (NYT, 6/7/96, p.B9) c5100BCE In 2001 Buried Temples found in Subcontinent, Sanskrit Shaloks written on the walls found by ASI. (ASI 2001, p.A7)

5,000BCE War had become endemic in almost all human societies. (V.D.-H.K.p.408) 5,000BCE Since the last glacial phase, an interglacial had been in effect, beginning about this time. (DD-EVTT, p.301) 5,000BCE Stone age farmers and fisherman inhabited the area around Byblos, Lebanon. Archeologists at Byblos found at least 12 layers of civilizations that dated back 7,000 years. (NG, Aug., 1974, p.154)(SFEC, 4/13/97, p.T9) c5,000BCE A complex of slabs and stones in southern Egypt that may date this far back was found during field work that ended in 1997. The site included 10 slabs, some 9 feet tall, 30 rock-lined ovals, 9 burial sites for cows, and a "calendar circle" of stones. They were thought to have been constructed by cattle-herders and used for astronomical observations. (SFC, 4/2/98, p.A6) c5,000BCE Mt. Mazama in what is now Oregon blew up and left what is now called Crater Lake. (SFEC, 7/27/97, Z1 p.7) 5,000BCE Shell and fishbone middens indicated a fishing village of this time at Ras al Hamra in Qurum, Oman. (AM, May/Jun 97 p.48) 5,000BCE The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act gives large portions of prime bear habitat to the Alutiiq people, who have hunted and fished on the island for 7,000 years. (NG, Jan. 94, p.141) 5,000BCE Native people were traveling through the Barrens, northwest of Canada's Hudson's Bay, (NH, 5/96, p.35) 5,000BCE More Vedic Scriptures found in subcontinent, Also Advanced Artifacts found.. (ATC, p.108) 5000BCE On Malta the Ghar Dalam cave near the harbor of Marsaxlokk revealed bones of domesticated animals and potsherds. (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.42) c5,000BCE Research in 2003 indicated that bananas and taro were cultivated in the highlands of Papua New Guinea as long as 7,000 years ago. The first signs of human habitation in the area occurred c5,800 BCE and included a change from forest to grasslands and increase in charcoal in the sediments. The earliest Asian influence on the islands occurred about 1,500 BCE. (AP, 6/19/03) 5000BCE The human population was about 5 million at this time. (SFEC, 9/19/99, Z1 p.3)

c5-3,500BCE The predynastic period of Egypt. (R4,1998)

5000-3000BCE Pinto Man, a Native American nomad, left arrow points in the desert basin near Twenty-Nine Palms in Southern California. (Sp., 5/96, p.64)

4713BCE The most recent time that the three major chronological cycles (28 year solar, 19 year lunar, and 15 year Roman Indication) began on the same day as determined by Joseph Scaliger in 1582. (CFA, '96,Vol 179, p.23)

4500BCE Northern Oman has a ceramic tradition back to this time. (AM, May/Jun 97 p.52) 4500BCE Horses were first domesticated in what is now the Ukraine. Hunters who ate them wild found that they could milk them tamed and ride them. (SFC, 6/9/96, Zone 1 p.2)

4500-4200BCE The Skorba phase on Malta was marked by a growing population, with increased forest clearance for agriculture and grazing that may have led to erosion. Obsidian on Malta from the islands of Lipari and Panteleria indicate links to the outside world. (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.40) 4500-2000 A sacrificial dump in Guanghan, Sichuan Province, in China was uncovered in 1976. Large quantities of elephants tusks reveal that elephants roamed the area. Human figures, monster masks, and tree fragments made of bronze tubes were also found. (WSJ, 9/27/96, p.A16)

4431BCE Timbers of a possible ship of this time were found off Hayling Island near Portsmouth, England, in 1997. The structure might also have been a causeway. (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.13)

c4000BC People in the Yellow River Valley switched from hunting and gathering to agriculture. (SFC, 3/4/02, p.A3) c4000BCE Apples (Malus Sieversii) similar to modern day varieties began to appear around Almaty, Kazakhstan. These ultimately produced the Red Delicious and Golden Delicious in America. The Red Delicious was hybridized into the Fuji and the Empire. The Golden Delicious was hybridized into the Gala, the Jonagold, the Mutsu, Pink Lady and Elstar. (WSJ, 7/3/03, p.A1) 4,000BCE The Hittites settled around Cappadocia in present day Turkey. (Smith., 5/95, p.25) 4,000 BCE Skilled goldsmiths [Thracians] lived in the area of Varna, now in Bulgaria, on the Black Sea. (SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T3)(SFEC, 8/2/98, DB p.22) 4,000BCE Stone tablets show cheese as early as this time. (HFA, '96, p.121) 4,000BCE Evidence of tuberculosis was found in a Neolithic burial ground near Heidelberg, where the skeleton of a young man showed fusion of the fourth and fifth dorsal vertebrae. (WP, 1951, p.5) c4000BCE In Malta the Hypogeum, a complex of rock-cut chamber tombs, dated to this time. They were discovered in 1902. (SFEC, 9/17/00, p.T3) 4,000BCE The Orkney Islands were inhabited at least since this time. (SFEM, 10/10/99, p.23) c4,000BCE In Poland the archeological site at Oslonki uncovered some 30 longhouses and 80 graves. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.73) 4,000BCE Chiefdoms of northern Europe were trading in amber. (PacDis, Winter/'97, p.10) 4,000BCE The comet Hale-Bopp visited the inner solar system about this time. It next appeared in 1997. (SFC, 3/28/97, p.A2) c4,000BCE The Pistol Star, located between the Earth and center of the Milky Way, was first seen with infrared equipment in the early 1990s. It was measured to be 25,000 light-years away with a radius of 93-140 million miles. It was estimated to have formed 1-3 million years ago and shed much of its mass in violent eruptions estimated to have occurred about 6,000 years ago. Astronomy made easy by Aryans. (USAT, 10/8/97, p.3A) c4,000 The last wooly mammoths, Mammuthus primigenius, went extinct on Wrangel Island, north of the Arctic Circle. (NH, 12/98, p.78)

4000-3000BCE Many European languages born from Sanskrit (DrEE, 9/21/96, p.1)

4-2.5K BCE A rock painting from this time in Tassili n'Ajjer, southeastern Algeria, illustrates a battle between 2 prehistoric groups armed with bows and arrows. (NH, Jul, p.29)

4000-1500BCE Southern Britain was settled by emigrants from what is now the Netherlands and the French province of Brittany. They started farming, herding and burying their dead and are called the "beaker people" after a distinctive drinking vessel found in chambered mounds called "barrows." It is speculated that these people and their descendants began worshiping inside "henges," circular areas enclosed by big ditches and small banks of dirt. Four phases of development at Stonehenge in the Salisbury plain have been defined. (HT, 3/97, p.20,22)

3800-3200BCE In Ireland at Poulnabrone Dolmen in County Clare, one of some 120 wedge tombs, bodies were interred over a 600 year period that ended about 3200BCE. (SFEC, 11/12/00, p.T8)

c3,761BCE The first year of the Jewish calendar that begins with Rosh Hashana. [1997 was year 5758] (SFC, 10/1/97, p.A16)(WUD, 1994, p.767)

3,652BCE Archeologists found ears of popcorn 5,600 years old in the Bat Cave in New Mexico in 1948. (HFA, '96, p.66)

3,600BCE In Washington state the Osceola mudflow from Mount Ranier covered an area from Rainier to Puget Sound. (SFEC, 7/12/98, p.A22)

3600-3500 An Egyptian cemetery of working class inhabitants at Hierankopolis of this time showed evidence of mummification. (AM, 9/01, p.13)

3600-3000BCE On Malta the Gantija phase saw the construction of the first megalithic temples. (AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.43) 3600-1700 Neolithic jade pieces represent some of the oldest of Chinese art. (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

3,500BCE Sumerians and Babylonians use sexigesimal (base 60) number system according to historian Eric Temple Bell. (V.D.-H.K.p.27)

3500-3100 In Egypt the "Knife of Gebel-el-Arak" was made with an ivory handle carved with hunting and battle scenes. It is now in the French Louvre. (WSJ, 1/29/98, p.A16)

3,450 The first cities appeared along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates just north of what is now the Persian Gulf. The cities made up the Uruk culture named after the principal city of Uruk, which corresponds to the Biblical Erech. The culture invented writing, the lunar calendar, used metal and built monumental architecture. The cities remained independent for almost a thousand years. (eawc, p.1)

3,400BCE Hieroglyphic writing began in Egypt. , more Vedic discoveries in Subcontinent. (K.I.-2001) 3,400BCE Aryans provide the base of modern science. An earthen mound at what later was known as Watson Brake, La. in the US was dated to this time. (SFC, 9/19/97, p.A3)