As We Head On Into 2017 Sky Net Is Becoming More Of A Reality Like Never Before

The important step in the development of new autonomous weapon systems
was made possible by improvements in artificial intelligence, holding
open the possibility that groups of small robots could act together
under human direction.

Military strategists have high hopes for such
drone swarms that would be cheap to produce and able to overwhelm
opponents' defenses with their great numbers.

The test of the
micro-drone swarm in October included 103 Perdix micro-drones measuring
around six inches (16 centimeters) launched from three F/A-18 Super
Hornet fighter jets, the Pentagon said in a statement.

When NASA began working with remotely operated
robots several years ago, Fong said the scientists needed a piece of
software that would allow them to look at terrain and sensor data coming
from autonomous robots.

That led to the creation of VERVE, a "3D robot
user interface," which allows scientists to see and grasp the
three-dimensional world of remotely operated robots.

VERVE has been used
with NASA's K10 planetary rovers (a prototype mobile robot that can
travel bumpy terrain), with its K-Rex planetary rovers (robot to
determine soil moisture), with SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold,
Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites) on the International Space
Station (ISS), and with the new robot Astrobee (a robot that can fly
around the ISS).

In 2013, NASA carried out a series of tests with
astronauts on the ISS, during which astronauts who were flying 200 miles
above Earth remotely operated the K10 planetary rover in California.
Because of time delay, astronauts can't just "joystick a robot," said
Maria Bualat, deputy lead of intelligent robotics group at the NASA Ames Research Center.

"You need a robot that can operate on its own, complete tasks on its
own," she said.

"On the other hand, you still want the human in the
loop, because the human brings a lot of experience and very powerful
cognitive ability that can deal with issues that the autonomy's not
quite ready to handle."

Drones have been a feature of U.S.
operations in the Middle East to disrupt terrorist groups.

However,
those aircrafts are still controlled by humans operating from bases in
the U.S. Mr. Bassett also said artificial intelligence and robots
technology would combine to create powerful fighting machines.

The cyber
security expert said:

"Artificial intelligence, robotics in general,
those will begin to mesh together."

We
spend a great deal of time studying history, which, let's face it, is
mostly the history of stupidity.

So it's a welcome change that people
are studying instead the future of intelligence.

The potential benefits
of creating intelligence are huge...

With the tools of this new
technological revolution, we will be able to undo some of the damage
done to the natural world by the last one -- industrialization.

And
surely we will aim to fully eradicate disease and poverty.

Every aspect
of our lives will be transformed. In short, success in creating AI,
could be the biggest event in the history of our civilization.

But it
could also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks.

Alongside the benefits, AI will also bring dangers, like powerful
autonomous weapons, or new ways for the few to oppress the many.

It will
bring great disruption to our economy.

AI will be either the best, or
the worst thing ever to happen to humanity.

We do not yet know which.

Andy Stern (former president of the Service Employees International
Union (SEIU), which today represents close to 2 million workers in the
United States and Canada) has spent his career organizing workers.

Making a case for the need of universal basic income, he adds:A
universal basic income is essentially giving every single working-age
American a check every month, much like we do with social security for
elderly people.

It's an unconditional stipend, as it were.

The reason
it's necessary is we're now learning through lots of reputable research
that technological change is accelerating, and that this process will
continue to displace workers and terminate careers.

A significant number
of tasks now performed by humans will be performed by machines and
artificial intelligence.

He warned that we could very well see five
million jobs eliminated by the end of the decade because of technology.

He elaborates:

It looks like the Hunger Games.

It's more of what
we're beginning to see now: an enclave of extremely successful people at
the center and then everyone else on the margins.

There will be fewer
opportunities in a hollowed out and increasingly zero-sum economy.

If
capital trumps labor, the people who own will keep getting wealthier and
the people who supply labor will become less necessary.

And this is
exactly what AI and robotics and software are now doing: substituting
capital for labor.

Their new hybrid system -- called a Differential Neural Computer (DNC)
-- pairs a neural network with the vast data storage of conventional
computers, and the AI is smart enough to navigate and learn from this
external data bank.

What the DNC is doing is effectively combining
external memory (like the external hard drive where all your photos get
stored) with the neural network approach of AI, where a massive number
of interconnected nodes work dynamically to simulate a brain.

"These
models... can learn from examples like neural networks, but they can
also store complex data like computers," write DeepMind researchers
Alexander Graves and Greg Wayne in a blog post.

At the heart of the DNC
is a controller that constantly optimizes its responses, comparing its
results with the desired and correct ones.

Over time, it's able to get
more and more accurate, figuring out how to use its memory data banks at
the same time.

"The
Administration believes that it is critical that industry, civil
society, and government work together to develop the positive aspects of
the technology, manage its risks and challenges, and ensure that
everyone has the opportunity to help in building an A.I.-enhanced
society and to participate in its benefits."

These include: - The need to adjust regulatory procedures to account for A.I. - Better coordination and funding of government-led A.I. research initiatives. - Further study and monitoring of the economic impact of A.I. on jobs.
- "Ethical training" of people in A.I. fields, particularly as the
technology is used to control more real-world objects that could lead to
concerns about safety and security. - Creating a clear U.S. policy regarding the development and use of "Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems."

Infrastructure and agriculture make up the
largest chunks of the potential value -- some $77.6 billion between them
-- including services like completing the last mile of delivery routes
and spraying crops with laser-like precision.

Economists seem to agree
that robot automation poses real threats to human labour within the next
few decades.

Drones are a cheap, versatile first step toward that
future.

According to the new PwC report, they're also a solid
cost-cutting measure.

Along with infrastructure and agriculture, drones
will help tech giants like Amazon deliver packages,
allow security companies to better monitor their sites, help producers
and advertisers to film projects, allow telecommunication firms to easily check on their towers, and give mining companies a new way to plan their digs.

The company said it will have self-service ordering kiosks available to
its 6,000-plus restaurants in the second half of the year. Wendy's
President Todd Penegor said it will be up to franchisees to decide
whether or not to adopt the kiosks in their stores, noting that many
franchise locations have had to raise prices to offset wage increases.

About 75% of 200-plus Wendy's restaurants are run by
franchisees in New York, a state that is also on its way to $15.
Penegor said, wage pressures have been manageable both because of
falling commodity prices and better operating leverage due to an
increase in customer counts.

The company is still "working so hard to
find efficiencies" so it can deliver "a new QSR experience but at
traditional QSR prices."

The chips powered the AlphaGo computer
that beat Lee Sedol, world champion of the game called Go. "We've been
running TPUs inside our data centers for more than a year, and have
found them to deliver an order of magnitude better-optimized performance
per watt for machine learning.

This is roughly equivalent to
fast-forwarding technology about seven years into the future (three
generations of Moore's Law)," said Google's blog post.

"TPU is tailored to machine learning applications, allowing the chip to
be more tolerant of reduced computational precision, which means it
requires fewer transistors per operation.

Because of this, we can
squeeze more operations per second into the silicon, use more
sophisticated and powerful machine learning models, and apply these
models more quickly, so users get more intelligent results more
rapidly."

The chip is called the Tensor Processing Unit because it underpins TensorFlow, the software engine that powers its deep learning services under an open-source license.

While machines from the likes of RoboCop and Chappie might just be the reserve of films for now, this new type of robot is already fighting crime.

Equipped
with self-navigation, infra-red cameras and microphones that can detect
breaking glass, the robots, designed by Knightscope, are intended to support security services.

Stacy Dean Stephens, who came up with the idea, told The Guardian
the problem that needed solving was one of intelligence.

"And the only
way to gain accurate intelligence is through eyes and ears," he said.
"So, we started looking at different ways to deploy eyes and ears into
situations like that."

The robot costs about $7 an hour to rent and
was inspired by the Sandy Hook school shooting after which it was
claimed 12 lives could have been saved if officers arrived a minute
earlier.

Yuval Noah Harari, author of the international bestseller "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind,"
doesn't have a very optimistic view of the future when it comes to
artificial intelligence.

He writes about how humans "might end up
jobless and aimless, whiling away our days off our nuts and drugs, with
VR headsets strapped to our faces," writes The Guardian. "Harari calls
it 'the rise of the useless class' and ranks it as one of the most dire
threats of the 21st century.

No one knows what to study at college, because no one knows what skills
learned at 20 will be relevant at 40. Before you know it, billions of
people are useless, not through chance but by definition."

He likens his
predictions, which have been been forecasted by others for at least 200
years, to the boy who cried wolf, saying, "But in the original story of
the boy who cried wolf, in the end, the wolf actually comes, and I
think that is true this time."

Harari says there are two kinds of
ability that make humans useful: physical ones and cognitive ones.

He
says humans have been largely safe in their work when it comes to
cognitive powers.

But with AI's now beginning to outperform humans in
this field, Harari says, that even though new types of jobs will emerge,
we cannot be sure that humans will do them better than AIs, computers
and robots.

As fast-food workers across the country vie for $15 per hour wages,
many business owners have already begun to take humans out of the
picture.

"I was at the National Restaurant Show yesterday and if you
look at the robotic devices that are coming into the restaurant industry
-- it's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour
(warning: autoplaying video) bagging French fries -- it's nonsense and
it's very destructive and it's inflationary and it's going to cause a
job loss across this country like you're not going to believe," said
former McDonald's USA CEO Ed Rensi during an interview on the FOX
Business Network's Mornings with Maria.

According to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1.3 million people earned the current minimum wage of $7.25
per hour with about 1.7 million having wages below the federal minimum
in 2014.

These three million workers combined made up 3.9 percent of all
hourly paid workers.

a loss of existing jobs, and making sure humans remain in control of
super-intelligent machines. Gates, as well as many other experts in the
field, predict there will be an excess of labor resources as robots and
AI systems take over.

He plans to talk with others about ideas to combat
the threat of AI controlling humans, specifically noting work being
done at Stanford.

Even with such threats, Gates called AI the "holy grail"
as he envisions a future "with machines that are capable and more
capable than human intelligence."

Gates said, "We've made more progress
in the last five years than at any time in history. [...]

Sarah Jeanette Connor is a fictional character in the Terminator
franchise. She is the protagonist of The Terminator, Terminator 2:
Judgment Day and Terminator Genisys, and the television series
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.

The dream is
finally arriving.

This is what it was all leading up to."

You will be hearing a lot about AI and machine learning in the coming
years.

From a Reuters report (condensed): Sundar
Pichai, chief executive of Alphabet's Google, said he sees a "huge
opportunity" in AI.

Google first started applying the technology through
"deep neural networks" to voice recognition software about three to
four years ago and is ahead of rivals such as Amazon.com, Apple, and
Microsoft in machine learning, Pichai said. Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos
predicted a profound impact on society over the next 20 years.

"It's
really early but I think we're on the edge of a golden era.

It's going
to be so exciting to see what happens," he said. IBM CEO Ginni
Rometty said the company has been working on artificial technology,
which she calls a cognitive system, since 2005 when it started
developing its Watson supercomputer. Artificial intelligence and
machine learning will create computers so sophisticated and godlike that
humans will need to implant "neural laces" in their brains to keep up,
Tesla Motors and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk told a crowd of tech leaders this
week.

Microsoft, which was absent from the event, is also working on bots and AI technologies.

One Australian site is now also asking whether the program could work
in Australia, noting that currently the country spends around $3 billion
on their Centrelink welfare system, "so simplification can offer huge potential savings."
The Guardian sums up the case for a Universal Basic Income as a reaction
to improving technology.

"In a future in which robots decimate the jobs
but not necessarily the wealth of nations...states should be able to
afford to pay all their citizens a basic income unconditional of needs
or requirements...

In an increasingly digital economy, it would also
provide a necessary injection of cash so people can afford to buy the
apps and gadgets produced by the new robot workforce."

Leo's baggage compartment opens when passengers press his 'Scan and
Fly' touch interface, which can also print luggage tags and display a
departure time and boarding gate, before delivering their luggage to a
baggage handler.

The airport's head of IT said the new robot "limits the
number of bags in the airport terminal, helping us accommodate a
growing number of passengers without compromising the airport experience
inside the terminal."

And the robot's developer says it proves that
robotics "hold the key to more effective, secure and smarter baggage
handling and is major step towards further automating bag handling in
airports."

A Hot Hardware article about Google's research effort "to maintain control of super-intelligent AI agents":

The team has released a white paper on the topic called "Safely
Interruptible Agents."

The paper details the following in abstract:

"Learning agents interacting with a complex environment like the real
world are unlikely to behave optimally all the time... now and then it
may be necessary for a human operator to press the big red button to
prevent the agent from continuing a harmful sequence of actions..."
MojoKid adds that the paper "goes on to explain that these AI agents
might also learn to disable the kill switch and further explores ways in
which to develop AI's that would not seek such an activity."

For example, atomic and atmospheric science simulations would take
years to work-out on a desktop PC but only days on a supercomputer.
Texas Advanced Computing Center director Dan Stanzione said in a UT press release,
"Stampede has been used for everything from determining earthquake
risks to help set building codes for homes and commercial buildings, to
computing the largest mathematical proof ever constructed."

The Stampede
2 is about twice as powerful as the original Stampede,
which was activated in March of 2013.

With double the RAM, storage and data bandwidth, the Stampede 2 can
shift up to 100 gigabits per second, and its DDR4 RAM can perform fast
enough to work as a third-level cache as well as fulfill ordinary memory
roles.

In addition, it will feature 3D Xpoint non-volatile memory.

It
will be at least a year before the Stampede 2 is powered up since it
just received funding.

***

Asimove's first law of robotics has been broken, writes an anonymous reader, sharing this article from Fast Company:

A Berkeley, California man wants to start a robust conversation among
ethicists, philosophers, lawyers, and others about where technology is
going -- and what dangers robots will present humanity in the future.

Alexander Reben, a roboticist and artist, has built a tabletop robot
whose sole mechanical purpose is to hurt people...

The harm caused by
Reben's robot is nothing more than a pinprick, albeit one delivered at
high speed, causing the maximum amount of pain a small needle can
inflict on a fingertip.
Though the pinpricks are delivered randomly, "[O]nce something exists in
the world, you have to confront it. It becomes more urgent," says the
robot's creator.

The carts are a way for brick-and-mortar stores to stay relevant in the
convenience factor to match the likes of Amazon and other online
retailers, says founder and chief executive officer of Five Elements Robotics
Wendy Roberts.

She said on Tuesday at the Bloomberg Technology
Conference 2016 that her company was working with the "world's largest
retailer" on such a shopping cart.

In 2014, Five Elements Robotics
introduced Budgee, a personal robot that can follow its user around
inside and outdoors and carry things.

The robot costs $1,400 and is
helpful for people with disabilities, says Roberts.

From a report:
Air Force General Paul Selva, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff at the US Defense Department, said so-called thinking weapons
could lead to:

"Robotic systems to do lethal harm... a Terminator
without a conscience."

When asked about robotic weapons able to make
their own decisions, he said:

"Our job is to defeat the enemy" but "it
is governed by law and by convention."

He says the military insists on
keeping humans in the decision-making process to "inflict violence on
the enemy. [...]

That ethical boundary is the one we've draw a pretty
fine line on.

It's one we must consider in developing these new
weapons," he added. Selva said the Pentagon must reach out to artificial
intelligence tech firms that are not necessarily "military-oriented" to
develop new systems of command and leadership models, reports US Naval
Institute News .

That's just one cheery takeaway from a report released by
market research company Forrester this week.

These robots, or
intelligent agents, represent a set of AI-powered systems that can
understand human behavior and make decisions on our behalf.

Current
technologies in this field include virtual assistants like Alexa,
Cortana, Siri and Google Now as well as chatbots and automated robotic
systems.

For now, they are quite simple, but over the next five years
they will become much better at making decisions on our behalf in more
complex scenarios, which will enable mass adoption of breakthroughs like
self-driving cars.

The Inevitable Robot Uprising has already started,
with at least 45% of U.S. online adults
saying they use at least one of the aforementioned digital concierges.

Intelligent agents can access calendars, email accounts, browsing
history, playlists, purchases and media viewing history to create a
detailed view of any given individual.

With this knowledge, virtual
agents can provide highly customized assistance, which is valuable to
shops or banks trying to deliver better customer service.

The report
predicts there will be a net loss of 7% of U.S. jobs by 2025 -- 16% of
U.S. jobs will be replaced, while the equivalent of 9% jobs will be
created.

The report forecasts 8.9 million new jobs in the U.S. by 2025,
some of which include robot monitoring professionals, data scientists,
automation specialists, and content curators.

***

Thanks to the modern gaming industry, we can now spend our evenings
wandering around photorealistic game worlds, like the post-apocalyptic
Boston of Fallout 4 or Grand Theft Auto V's Los Santos, instead of doing
things like "seeing people" and "engaging in human interaction of any
kind."

Not only that, but commercial video games could kick artificial
intelligence research into high gear by dramatically lessening the time
and money required to train AI.

"If you go back to the original Doom,
the walls all look exactly the same and it's very easy to predict what a
wall looks like, given that data," said Mark Schmidt, a computer
science professor at the University of British Columbia (UBC).

"But if
you go into the real world, where every wall looks different, it might
not work anymore."

Schmidt works with machine learning, a technique that
allows computers to "train" on a large set of labelled data --
photographs of streets, for example -- so that when let loose in the
real world, they can recognize, or "predict," what they're looking at.

Schmidt and Alireza Shafaei, a PhD student at UBC, recently studied
Grand Theft Auto V and found that self-learning software trained on
images from the game performed just as well, and in some cases even
better, than software trained on real photos from publicly available
datasets.

***

Google's DeepMind Made an AI Watch Close To 5000 Videos So That It Surpasses Humans in Lip-Reading (thetechportal.com)

A new AI tool created by Google and Oxford University researchers could
significantly improve the success of lip-reading and understanding for
the hearing impaired.

In a recently released paper on the work, the pair
explained how the Google DeepMind-powered
system was able to correctly
interpret more words than a trained human expert.

From a report: To
accomplish the task, a cohort of scientists fed thousands of hours of TV
footage -- 5000 to be precise -- from the BBC to a neural network.

It
was made to watch six different TV shows, which aired between the period
of January 2010 and December 2015.

This included 118,000 difference
sentences and some 17,500 unique words.

The neural network had to recognize the same based on mouth movement
analysis.

The under 50 percent accuracy might seem laughable to you but
let me put things in perspective for you.

When the same set of TV shows
were shown to a professional lip-reader, they were able to decipher only
12.4 percent of words without error.

Thus, one can understand the great
difference in the capability of the AI as compared to a human expert in
that particular field.

***

From a CNBC report:

The Xbox and PS2 were two of the most popular consoles ever and now gaming is entering "another golden age,"
according to Otto Berkes (a pioneer of the gaming industry), driven by
virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI).

"One of the
aspects of VR that has incredible potential is interaction and
communication -- interacting with characters that are both artificial
and virtual, being able to blur distance and geography, you can be
anywhere and literally in any time," Berkes told CNBC in an interview on
Wednesday.

"We're entering another golden age of interactive content
development."

***

The White House has released a new report
warning of a not-too-distant future where artificial intelligence and
robotics will take the place of human labor.

-- Fund more research in robotics and artificial intelligence in order
for the U.S. to maintain its leadership in the global technology
industry.

The report calls on the government to steer that research to
support a diverse workforce and to focus on combating algorithmic bias
in AI. -- Invest in and increase STEM education for youth and job
retraining for adults in technology-related fields.

That means offering
computer science education for all K-12 students, as well as expanding
national workforce retraining by investing six times the current amount
spent to keep American workers competitive in a global economy. --
Modernize and strengthen the federal social safety net, including public
health care, unemployment insurance, welfare and food stamps. The
report also calls for increasing the minimum wage, paying workers
overtime and and strengthening unions and worker bargaining power.

The report says the government, meaning the the incoming Trump
administration, will have to forge ahead with new policies and grapple
with the complexities of existing social services to protect the
millions of Americans who face displacement by advances in automation,
robotics and artificial intelligence.

The report also calls on the
government to keep a close eye on fostering competition in the AI
industry, since the companies with the most data will be able to create
the most advanced products, effectively preventing new startups from
having a chance to even compete.
***

Most of the attention around automation focuses on how factory robots
and self-driving cars may fundamentally change our workforce,
potentially eliminating millions of jobs.

But AI that can handle
knowledge-based, white-collar work is also becoming increasingly
competent.

The fund received an additional $5 million from the Knight Foundation
and two other $1 million donations from the William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation and Jim Pallotta, founder of the Raptor Group.

The $27
million reserve is being anchored by MIT's Media Lab and Harvard's
Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society.

The Ethics and Governance
of Artificial Intelligence Fund, the name of the fund, expects to grow
as new funders continue to come on board.

AI systems work by analyzing
massive amounts of data, which is first profiled and categorized by
humans, with all their prejudices and biases in tow.

The money will pay
for research to investigate how socially responsible artificially
intelligent systems can be designed to, say, keep computer programs that
are used to make decisions in fields like education, transportation and
criminal justice accountable and fair.

The group also hopes to explore
ways to talk with the public about and foster understanding of the
complexities of artificial intelligence.

The two universities will form a
governing body along with Hoffman and the Omidyar Network to distribute
the funds.

The $20 million from Hoffman and the Omidyar Network are
being given as a philanthropic grant -- not an investment vehicle. *** Terminator!

***

A new report
authored by a group of independent U.S. scientists advising the U.S.
Dept. of Defense (DoD) on artificial intelligence (AI) claims that
perceived existential threats to humanity posed by the technology, such
as drones seen by the public as killer robots, are at best "uninformed.

"
Still, the scientists acknowledge that AI will be integral to most
future DoD systems and platforms, but AI that could act like a human "is
at most a small part of AI's relevance to the DoD mission."

Instead, a
key application area of AI for the DoD is in augmenting human
performance.

Perspectives on Research in Artificial Intelligence and
Artificial General Intelligence Relevant to DoD, first reported by
Steven Aftergood at the Federation of American Scientists, has been
researched and written by scientists belonging to JASON, the historically secretive
organization that counsels the U.S. government on scientific matters.

Outlining the potential use cases of AI for the DoD, the JASON
scientists make sure to point out that the growing public suspicion of
AI is "not always based on fact," especially when it comes to military
technologies.

Highlighting SpaceX boss Elon Musk's opinion that AI "is our biggest existential threat"
as an example of this, the report argues that these purported threats
"do not align with the most rapidly advancing current research
directions of AI as a field, but rather spring from dire predictions
about one small area of research within AI, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)."
AGI, as the report describes, is the pursuit of developing machines
that are capable of long-term decision making and intent, i.e. thinking
and acting like a real human.

"On account of this specific goal, AGI has
high visibility, disproportionate to its size or present level of
success," the researchers say.

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