Established simulation models for Li-ion batteries are formulated in 0D or 1D (Dualfoil), and rely on assumptions, e.g. well defined particle shapes and absence of diffusion between such particles.

Fitted solid conductivities have to be applied to match experiments. The 3D Micro-Structural Electrochemistry model implemented in STAR-CCM+ extends the well known Dualfoil model to 3D, in order to be able to accuratelypredict spatial phenomena.