Speciescape, in which the size of individual organisms is approximately proportional to the number of described species in the higher taxon that it represents.

A delicacy of the Australian Aborigines — a witchety (or witjuti) grub, a caterpillar of a wood moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) that feeds on the roots and stems of witjuti bushes (certain Acacia species).

Lateral view of the head of a generalized pterygote insect.

Frontal view of the head and dissected mouthparts of an adult of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae).

Frontal view of the head of a worker honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with transverse section of proboscis showing how the “tongue” (fused labial glossae) is enclosed within the sucking tube formed from the maxillary galae and labial palps.

Longitudinal sections through simple eyes:

Details of the compound eye:

The flash patterns of males of a number of Photinus firefly species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), each of which generates a distinctive pattern of signals in order to elicit a response from their conspecific females.

Chapter 5

Males of the Arctic flyRhamphomyia nigrita (Diptera: Empididae) hunt for prey in swarms of Aedes mosquitoes (lower mid-right of drawing) and carry the prey to a specific visual marker of the swarm site (left of drawing).

A copulating pair of stink or shield bugs of the genus Poecilometis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

A female of the parasitic waspMegarhyssa nortoni (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) probing a pine log with her very long ovipositor in search of a larva of the sirex wood wasp, Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).

A schematic diagram of the hormonal regulation of reproductive events in insects.

Chapter 6

Schematic drawing of the life cycle of a non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae, Chironomus) showing the various events and stages of insect development.

The life cycle of a hemimetabolous insect, the southern green stink bug or green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), showing the eggs, nymphs of the five instars, and the adult bug on a tomato plant.

The nymphal-imaginal molt of a male dragonfly of Aeshna cyanea (Odonata: Aeshnidae).

Schematic diagram of the classical view of endocrine control of the epidermal processes that occur in molting and metamorphosis in an endopterygote insect.

Diagrammatic view of the changing activities of the epidermis during the fourth and fifth larval instars and prepupal (= pharate pupal) development in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in relation to the hormonal environment.

Flow diagram depicting the derivation of the “ecoclimatic index” (EI) as the product of population growth index and four stress indices.

Modeled distribution for Austrochlus species (Diptera: Chironomidae) based on presence data.

Chapter 7

A cladogram showing the relationships of four species, A, B, C, and D, and examples of (a) the three monophyletic groups, (b) two of the four possible (ABC, ABD, ACD, BCD) paraphyletic groups, and (c) one of the four possible (AC, AD, BC, an d BD) polyphyletic groups that could be recognized based on this cladogram.

A plume-shaped tunnel excavated by the bark beetle Scolytus unispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) showing eggs at the ends of a number of galleries; enlargement shows an adult beetle.

Underside of the thorax of the beetleHenoticus serratus (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae) showing the depressions, called mycangia, which the beetle uses to transport fungal material that inoculates new substrate on recently burnt wood.

Worker bees from three eusocial genera, from left, Bombus, Apis, and Trigona (Apidae: Apinae), superficially resemble each other in morphology, but they differ in size and ecology, including their pollination preferences and level of eusociality.

Development of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), showing the factors that determine differentiation of the queen-laid eggs into drones, workers, and queens (on the left) and the approximate developmental times (in days) and stages for drones, workers, and queens (on the right).

Section through the mound nest of the African fungus-farming termiteMacrotermes natalensis (Isoptera: Termitidae) showing how air circulating in a series of passageways maintains favorable culture conditions for the fungus at the bottom of t he nest (a) and for the termite brood (b).