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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 2 Objectives of session Be able to list 4 of the 7 technical options available to solve the problem of providing sanitation in high water table locations. Be able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Be able to identify which option to apply when in an emergency situation.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 3 Group work Identify options to solve problems of pit collapse and ground water pollution? Focus on: –First phase of an emergency. –Situation when the water table is within 4 metres of the ground surface (not concerned with flooding or when water table is above ground level). Work in groups and report back with ideas in 10 minutes.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 7 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 8 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 10 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 11 Groundwater not used for water supply? Remember - It is better to pollute groundwater than have pollutants on the ground surface - in ponds, drains and water courses. Can use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. But only if pits can be dug.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 12 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 14 Example: Elevated compost latrines in Dominican Republic Used in second-phase response to flood-affected communities. The latrines had to be elevated, as the water-table was less than 1m below ground-level. Composting latrines were deemed appropriate as there were other latrines of this design in the area. Other solution involving desludgeable tanks was not considered sustainable. 210 latrines were built, some for individual families and some shared between three to six families. Sanitation and hygiene promotion work before, during and after the construction was extensive and latrines were generally used properly and kept clean. Source: Harvey, 2007

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 15 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 16 WT is between GL and 2.5m. Options where the groundwater is used as a water supply and the water table is within 2.5 metres of the ground level: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site; and Ecosanitation.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 21 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 22 Where WT is between 2.5m and 3.5m below GL. Options when groundwater is used as a water supply and water table is between 2.5 metres and 3.5 metres below ground level: Shallow pit or trench latrines; or Raised pit latrines.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 24 Is WT at or above GL? Relocate site or consider appropriate flood sanitation measures – see other modules. Yes No Yes Is groundwater used for water supply? Is depth to WT over 2.5 m.? Use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Select from: raised pit latrine; or shallow pit or trench latrine. Can a deep pit latrine be dug in the wet soil? OK to pollute groundwater so use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. How to select the right option? Site is flooded and it is impossible to dig a pit or construct a hygienic latrine of any kind. Are people accustomed to using Eco-San? Is depth to WT over 3.5 m.? Select from: Open defecation fields; Containers; Relocate site Consider using same Ecological Sanitation system that users are familiar with. No Yes No

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 25 Where WT is over 3.5 metres below GL Options when groundwater is used as a water supply and water table is over 3.5 metres below ground level: Can use conventional pit latrines or deep trench latrines. Ensure bottom of pit is 1.5 metres above water table. When the water table is deeper than 3.5 metres it does not generally conflict with sanitation provision.

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 26 Group work In groups of at least 2 people take one of the specifically high water table sanitation options and discuss; Advantages and disadvantages Include how well it solves the problems? And also privacy, safety, access for the vulnerable, cultural appropriateness. Be ready to present back to the group in 10 minutes

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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training WTS WTS2 27 Raised pit latrines Advantages –Allows use of pit type technology. –More hygienic and will last longer than open field or shallow latrine options. –Can be built with local materials. Disadvantages –Not suitable if water table within 2.5 metres of GL. –Moderately resource intensive - takes time to construct and requires reasonable level of skilled labour. –Moderately costly. –Poor access for disabled.