Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, and satellite observations provide evidence for rapid changes in global fire activity. The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed, and direction is the first global data product on individual fire behavior. Moving towards a global understanding of individual fire behavior is a critical next step in fire research, required to understand how global fire regimes are changing in response to land management and climate.

Aufeis are one of the glaciation forms and formed by a complex interconnection between river and groundwater. The dynamic of aufeis assessed by the analysis of remote sensing data can be viewed as an indicator of groundwater changes in warming climate which are otherwise difficult to be observed naturally in remote arctic areas. Developed spatial geodatabase shows that the aufeis formation conditions may have been changed between the mid-20th century and the present in the Indigirka River basin.

Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants in the U.S. that trigger pollution episodes and challenge air regulators' efforts to meet air quality standards. Improved wildfire emission estimates are needed to quantify air pollution from fires to guide decision making activities related to the control of anthropogenic sources. To address the need of air regulators for improved wildfire emission estimates we developed an inventory of daily U.S. wildfire pollutant emissions for 2003–2015.

Wetlands role at regional and global scale depends on their distribution and extent which is highly uncertain in literature. We developed comprehensive wetland maps by a mixed use of satellite imagery products and ground water modelling. These high resolution maps encompasses from regularly flooded to non-flooded groundwater wetlands, covering more than 21 % of land surface area which is among the highest estimates. Wetlands are particularly concentrated over the tropics and northern cold zones.

Global production of cement has grown very rapidly in recent years, and after fossil fuels and land-use change, it is the third-largest source of society's emissions of carbon dioxide. This paper draws on a large variety of available datasets, prioritising official data and emission factors, to produce both global and country-level estimates of these 'process' emissions from cement production.

This paper introduces and provides access to a daily (1960–2017) and hourly (1993–2017) dataset of snow and meteorological data measured at the Col de Porte site, 1325 m a.s.l, Charteuse, France. The daily dataset can be used to quantify the effect of climate change at this site with a reduction of the mean snow depth of 39 cm from 1960–1990 to 1990–2017. The daily and hourly datasets are useful and appropriate for driving and evaluating a snowpack model over such a long period.

This atlas is a compendium of geospatial online and open-access data describing biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle of the Indo Pacific biogeographic realm. It consists three sets of interlinked digital maps: (1) Biodiversity Features; (2) Areas of Importance for Biodiversity Conservation; (3) Recommended Priorities for Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network Expansion. These maps provide the most comprehensive biodiversity datasets available to date for the region.

Long-term observations are critical records for distinguishing natural cycles from climate change. We present a data set of 40 surface ocean CO
2 and pH time series that suggest the time length necessary to detect a trend in seawater CO
2 due to uptake of atmospheric CO
2 varies from 8 years in the least variable ocean regions to 41 years in the most variable coastal regions. This data set provides a tool to evaluate natural cycles of ocean CO
2, with long-term trends emerging as records lengthen.

We outline the work done to improve and extend the new reference catalogue of global earthquakes instrumentally recorded since 1904, the ISC-GEM Catalogue. We have added thousands of earthquakes between 1904 and 1959 and in recent years compared to the 2013 release. As earthquake catalogues are widely used for different aspects of research, we believe that this dataset will be instrumental for years to come to researchers involved in seismic hazard and patterns of the Earth's seismicity studies.

This paper presents an extensive hydrological and meteorological dataset from the Lake O'Hara alpine hydrological observatory within the Rocky Mountains. These data have supported many hydrological investigations and have provided insight to the key role of groundwater within alpine regions. We believe this dataset will be useful for future study of alpine regions, where substantial and long-term datasets are scarce.

SCOPE Climate is a 25-member ensemble of 142-year daily high-resolution reconstructions of precipitation, temperature and Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration over France. It is the first century-long gridded high-resolution homogeneous dataset available over France. It thus paves the way for studying local historical meteorological events, and for assessing the local climate variability since the end of the 19th century.

GMED is a global marine environment dataset with climatic, biological and geophysical environmental layers of both present days, past and future environmental conditions. Data layers were compiled together into a uniform Geographic Informations System ready dataset having a similar extent and spatial resolution (5 arc-minute, approx. 9.2 km). The GMED dataset is ready to use with popular species distribution modeling (SDM) software and for any other marine environment visualization exercises.

A 40-year data set of ocean reflectance is derived from an atmospherically corrected, climate quality record of top-of-atmosphere signals taken from the satellite-based AVHRR temperature sensor. The data set provides a unique view of visible changes in the global ocean over timescales where climatic effects are demonstrable, and spans coverage gaps left by more traditional satellite ocean colour sensors. It is particularly relevant to monitoring bright plankton blooms, such as coccolithophores.

Long-term observational data are available from the Samoylov research site in northern Siberia, where meteorological parameters, energy balance, and subsurface observations have been recorded since 1998. This paper presents the temporal data set produced between 2002 and 2017, explaining the instrumentation, calibration, processing and data quality control. The data are suitable for calibrating and quantifying the dynamics of permafrost as a component in earth system models.

Some surveys were carried out between Feb 4-10 2014 on board of the Canadian research vessel Coriolis II during an oceanographic cruise in San Jorge Gulf, Argentine. We describe the cruise design and the procedures used for the acquisition, calibration and the processing of the dataset obtained during the research, in order to obtain the highest possible quality ocean data. The San Jorge Gulf plays a key role in the development of ecological processes and is closely related to fishery resources.

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This data set provides 6-hourly zonal-mean diagnostics derived from global atmospheric reanalyses on pressure levels. Data include basic variables, such as temperature and three-dimensional winds, advanced diagnostics based on the momentum and thermodynamic equations, and model-generated diabatic heating rates. Diagnostics are provided both on latitude–vertical grids corresponding to data as originally obtained from the reanalysis centers and on a standardized grid to facilitate intercomparison.

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High-resolution temperature data set is important for the Chinese Tianshan Mountains, which has a complex ecological environment system. This study presents a unique high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature data set for this area from 1979 to 2016 based on a robust statistical downscaling framework. The strongest advantage of this method is independent of local meteorological stations based on a model internal vertical lapse rates scheme. This method was validated for other mountains.

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This paper describes the upgrade of the BErkeley High Resolution (BEHR) NO
2 retrieval from version 2.1C to 3.0B. This retrieval measures NO
2 over the continental US using input data at higher spatial and temporal resolution than global retrievals. We analyze how each part of the upgrade affected the measured NO
2. Most interestingly, we find that using NO
2 profiles at daily (rather than monthly) time resolution does lead to differences in multi-month averages for regions affected by lightning.

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A meteorological and blowing snow dataset issued from the high-altitude experimental site of Col du Lac Blanc (2720 m altitude, Grandes Rousses mountain range, France) is presented and detailed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on data relevant to the observations and modelling of wind-induced snow transport in alpine terrain.

This paper presents a hydrological and micrometeorological dataset collected in the Scotty Creek basin, Northwest Territories, Canada over the course of the Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) Special Observation and Analysis Period (SOAP) year of 1 October 2014 to 30 September 2015. This dataset can be used in coordination with other datasets, including those from the CCRN, to examine spatio-temporal effects of meteorological conditions on local hydrological responses across cold regions.

This 2006–2016 record of snow depth, soil moisture and soil temperature, and meteorological data quantifies the hydrologic inputs and storage in the mostly undeveloped Wolverton catchment (2180–2750 m) in Sequoia National Park. Two meteorological stations were installed, along with clustered sensors that recorded lateral differences in water balance with regard to aspect and canopy cover at approximately 2250 and 2625 m, just above the current rain-snow transition elevation.

Strategically placed, spatially distributed sensors provide representative measures of changes in snowpack and subsurface water storage, plus the fluxes affecting these stores, in a set of nested headwater catchments. We present 8 years of hourly snow-depth, soil-moisture and soil-temperature data from hundreds of sensors, and 14 years of streamflow and meteorological data that detail processes at the rain-snow transition at Providence Creek in the southern Sierra Nevada, California.

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We recorded hourly temperature and relative humidity in a dense meteorological network in the foothills of the Canadian Rocky Mountains over the period 2005–2010. The observations reveal spatial patterns of specific and relative humidity, their relation with the terrain, seasonal cycles in the humidity patterns, and humidity characteristics of different weather systems. The results provide guidance to ecological and hydrological models that require downscaled weather data in mountain terrain.

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We present a new global burned area product, generated from MODIS information and thermal anomalies data, providing the highest spatial resolution (approx. 250 m) global product to date. The dataset comprises the full times series (2001–2016) of the MODIS archive, and includes two types of BA products: monthly full-resolution continental tiles and biweekly global grid files at a degraded resolution of 0.25 degrees, supplemented with several auxiliary variables useful for different applications.

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Calcifying marine algae (coccolithophores) are key to oceanic biogeochemical processes, such as calcium carbonate production and export. We compile a global database of calcium carbonate production from field samples (n = 2756), alongside primary production rates and coccolithophore abundance. Basic statistical analysis highlights the global distribution, average surface and integrated rates, patterns with depth, and the importance of considering cell-normalized rates as a physiological index.

An annual and a seasonal biogeochemical climatology had been constructed for the Southern Benguela Upwelling System, from
in situ temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and chlorophyll-a data, collected along a 12 station monitoring line, sampled at monthly intervals from 2001 to 2012. The climatologies exhibit clear spatial and seasonal variability patterns for all parameters, that yield important insight into the SBUS upwelling cycle. These data sets will also aid future modelling efforts.

An experiment for biodiversity-ecosystem functioning at the intersection of land and sea was set up in the intertidal zone of the back-barrier salt marsh of Spiekeroog Island in the German Bight. Here we report the accompanying instrumentation, maintenance, data acquisition, data handling and data quality control as well as monitoring results observed over a continuous period from September 2014 through April 2017.

The EuroMedeFF database comprises 49 events that occurred in France, Israel, Germany, Slovenia, Romania, and Italy. The dataset may be of help to hydrologists as well as other scientific communities because it offers benchmark data for the verification of flash flood hydrological models and for hydro-meteorological forecast systems. It provides, moreover, a sample of rainfall and flood discharge extremes in different climates.

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Ground thermal and moisture data are important indicators of the rapid permafrost changes in the Arctic. To better understand the changes, we need a comprehensive dataset across various sites. We provide a first synthesis permafrost data in the state of Alaska. It should be a valuable permafrost dataset and worth maintaining in the future. Widely, it also provides a prototype of basic data collection and management for permafrost regions.

We present a dataset of 8.8 million sub-daily weather observations for Europe and the southern Mediterranean compiled and digitized from historical and modern sources. We describe the methods used to digitize and quality control the data, and show that 3.5 % of the observations required correction or removal, similar to other data rescue projects. These newly recovered records will help to improve weather simulations over Europe.

This paper presents the SURATLANT dataset (SURveillance ATLANTique), consisting of individual data of temperature, salinity, parameters of the carbonate system, nutrients and water stable isotopes (d18O and dD) collected mostly from ships of opportunity since 1993 along transects between Iceland and Newfoundland. These data are used to quantify the seasonal cycle and can be used to investigate long term tendencies in the surface ocean, including of pCO
2 and pH.

Vegetation trends are studied for effective land use in the East African region, based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This paper improves upon an original random block assignment of grid points (pixels) to regions by formulating the spatial problem as a multidimensional temporal assignment problem. This methodology controls an overall measure of false discoveries, but make them as powerful as possible by capturing spatial dependency present in the data.

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The paper introduces a new product composed of a set of climatic indices from 1950 to 2015 for the Mediterranean Sea. It is produced from a high-resolution decadal climatology of temperature and salinity on a 1/8 degrees regular grid based on the SeaDataNet V2 historical data collection. The climatic indices can contribute to the studies of the long term variability of the Mediterranean Sea and the better understanding of the complex response of the region to the ongoing global climate change.

One of the key pieces of information about a cloud is how high its base is. Unlike cloud top, cloud base is hard to observe from a satellite's perspective – the cloud blocks the view. But without using satellites, it is difficult to compile global datasets. Here we describe how we got around the limitations of a laser cloud detector aboard a satellite to observe global cloud base heights. This dataset will expand our knowledge of the cloudy atmosphere and its interaction with the surface below.

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This paper discusses radiocarbon in CO
2 from Arctic Alaska. From soil chamber measurements, we observed strong seasonal and spatial patterns in
14C of ecosystem respiration, which declined throughout the summer and differed among permafrost features. Radiocarbon in pore-space CO
2 indicated decomposition of carbon as old as 3,000 years near the permafrost table. Together, these data reveal different rates of old carbon decomposition from distinct permafrost features.

And Colour Snap Hoodies Design KAPPA And Printed Very Logo Vintage Spellout With Button Fleece Big Nice Jacket We report results from an inter-comparison exercise on the analysis of nutrients at sea where two independent teams (Marine Institute, Ireland and Dalhousie University Canada) carried out analysis on a GO-SHIP hydrographic section. The cruise provided a unique opportunity to assess the likely comparability of nutrient data collected following GO-SHIP protocols. Datasets were high quality and compared well but highlighted a number of issues relevant to the comparability of global nutrient data.

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This article provides the description and validation of a database storing simulated spectra of water remote sensing reflectance. This reflectance is e.g. derived from satellite measurements in order to gain information on ocean and inland water constituents. The database can be used as a forward model for the retrieval of water optical properties. It was generated using a radiative transfer model including all important optical processes in atmosphere and ocean.

This article presents the development of a sub-hourly database on atmospheric conditions collected at 11 active weather stations in British Columbia's Cariboo Mountains extending from 2006 to present. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall and snow depth are measured at 15 minute intervals. Details on deployment sites, the instrumentation used, the collection and quality control process are provided.

A best-estimate data set of the temperature profile above the atmospheric measurement facility at Lauder, New Zealand has been developed. This Site Atmospheric State Best Estimate (SASBE) combines atmospheric measurements performed at the lower South Island of New Zealand with ancillary information. The SASBE enhances the value of measurements made by a reference-quality climate observing network (
https://www.gruan.org/) and may be used for a variety of purposes in research and education.

Tidewater glaciers terminate directly into the sea and the glacier fronts are important feeding areas for birds and marine mammals. Svalbard tidewater glaciers are retreating, which will affect fjord circulation and ecosystems when glacier fronts end on land. In this paper, we present digital maps of ice thickness and topography under five tidewater glaciers in Kongsfjorden, northwestern Svalbard, which will be useful in studies of future glacier changes in the area.

The paper presents a global snapshot of the spatial and temporal distribution of VHR satellite imagery in Google Earth and Bing Maps. The results show an uneven availability globally, with biases in certain areas such as the USA, Europe and India. We also show that the availability of VHR imagery is currently not adequate for monitoring protected areas and deforestation, but is better suited for monitoring changes in cropland or urban areas.

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The SUMup dataset is a standardized, expandable, community dataset of Arctic and Antarctic observations of surface mass balance components including snow/firn density, snow accumulation on land ice, and snow depth on sea ice. The measurements in this dataset were compiled from field notes, papers, technical reports, and digital files. We use these observations to monitor change in the polar regions and evaluate model output as well as remote sensing measurements.

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We present a new open and global database of cosmogenic radionuclide and luminescence measurements in fluvial sediment that is made available to the research community via a Web Map Service. The repository and visualisation system enable easy search and discovery of available data. Use of open standards ensures that data layers are visible to other data sharing services.

We conducted six cruises in 2010 and 2011 to understand the effects of low dissolved oxygen to the ecosystem in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. We also estimated the oxygen supply and demand of zooplankton according to the surrounding environment. We found that hypoxia could be underestimated if only using dissolved oxygen, especially under warm and salty conditions. Instead, we recommend that temperature and species-specific metrics also be considered when setting water quality goals for management.

There is broad consensus that wildfire activity is likely to increase in western US forests and woodlands over the next century. Therefore, spatial predictions of the potential for large wildfires have immediate and growing relevance to near- and long-term research, planning, and management objectives. The dataset described here is a weekly time-series of images (250-m resolution) from 2005–2017 that depict the probability of large fire across western US forests and woodlands.

The construction of worldwide maps of surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) parameters is presented. The original data stems from the NASA which is making available maps of BRDF parameters from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer instrument. The original data has been averaged for each month for the period 2004–2011 and a spatial completion of data was performed. The dataset in NetCDF is referenced by
doi:10.23646/85d2cd5f-ccaa-482e-a4c9-b6e0c59d966c.

The water quality of the River Thames (UK) and its major tributaries have been monitored at weekly intervals since 2009. This monitoring captures changes in the water quality during a period of rapid change, related to increasing pressures (due to growing human population, increasing water demand and climate change) and improvements in sewage treatment and agricultural practices. This study has shown that improvements in water quality have been principally due to sewage treatment improvements.

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A gridded European emission inventory for CO
2 from fossil fuels and biofuels (2000–2014) is made to support carbon cycle modelling and city-scale identification of emissions. Future projections following a “business as usual” and a climate change scenario are included to study possible CO
2 emission changes between Paris Agreement stocktake years (2023-2028-2033). The data can be used for testing GHG verification modelling and sensitivity tests for designing a future observational system.

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It is true, that research is being conducting in hard conditions in Georgia than other mountain countries of Europe. In addition, there was huge generation gap in glaciology field after the USSR colaps (1990s). But gradually we try to develop glaciology research in Georgia and in the Caucasus, as it is vitally important such a mountain region with > 2000 glaciers.

The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research supports climate policy making with a global dataset at disaggregated country & source-sector level for 1970–2012. This dataset is not only unique in its space/time coverage, but also in its completeness & consistency of CO
2, CH
4 & N
2O emissions compilation for all anthropogenic activities except land use. Comparison with UNFCCC values show that estimates are within the uncertainty range, but have an annual variation smaller than this range.

A Canada-wide soil dataset derived from the Soil Landscapes of Canada database for the SWAT model is presented. Hydrologic soils groups (HSG) and erodibility factor (not reported in the database) were calculated. In Canada, 21.3, 24.6, 39.0, and 15.1 % of soils belong to HSG 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Erosion potential was linked to runoff potential in southern Ontario and Nova Scotia but moderate erosion potential was found in areas with high runoff potential in Manitoba and British Columbia

The research, conducted in Manitoba, Canada, involved the development of datasets for hydrological modelling applications. The datasets included weather, hydrometric and water chemistry variables required to run models at an hourly time-step and assess their predictive performance for stream flow and water quality. The data and methods developed will be useful for other hydrological assessments and modelling studies in this region and in similar landscapes and climates around the world.

Using the best-available open access data from GBIF, and a compilation of over a hundred high resolution global GIS layers that incorporated variables such as biological, climatic, and socio-economic predictors, we built the first generalizable model ever obtained using 104 predictors on a 1 km scale, predicting the potential ecological niche of Peregrine Falcons (
Falco peregrinus) around the world. The GIS layers can be found at https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/7151.

Weather data in mountainous rain-to-snow transition zones are limited, but vital for water resources. We present a 10-year dataset for this zone that includes hourly temperatures, relative humidity, stream flow, snow depth, precipitation, wind speed/direction, solar energy, and soil moisture at 11 stations. Average air temperatures are near freezing eight months each year, so that slight warming may determine whether rain falls instead of snow, affecting water supplies, ecosystems and fire risk.

This study produced a high-resolution dynamical downscaling data set for the Alaskan North Slope and surrounding areas. It helps to resolve the problem of the sparse observation over this region, where routinely and accurately measuring climatic variables is extremely difficult. This data set boosts up multiple research projects that explore the various climatic impacts over the Alaskan North Slope of the past and the future.

The Eddy-covariance measurements from global network of flux sites help understand the emergent ecosystem properties. This study presents an approach to assess the representativeness of the observations at the flux sites and upscale the measured fluxes to develop time series of high resolution global gridded data set. Upscaled gross primary productivity data sets captures the heterogeneity of terrestrial ecosystem and reflects the seasonal and interannual variability observed at flux sites.

This paper is written as a part of our project in analyzing groundwater system in Semarang (Indonesia) area based on the water quality. Semarang is highly dense populated, serves as the capital of Mid Java Province. The aquifer in this area is a combination between volcanic and alluvium system. All data has been clarified and validate on-field. We applied free statistical package for later analysis. The code is given in this paper. Hopefully we can gain constructive comments to improve our work.

The Covenant of Mayors initiative, currently counting 6185 local authorities, representing almost 32% of the population of the European Union, is now gathering the largest collection of local inventories built on a common methodology, on final energy consumption and associated greenhouse gases emissions. The paper presents a sample of 919 inventories, checked for scientific robustness and consistency with implied emissions factors, enriched with the mitigation actions of the local action plans.