General Search

Find an expert

When will the democracy deliver ‘car independence’ day in Yangon

At the dawn of the 21st century, planners around the world will consider a new agenda for cities. They would shrug off the dimly remembered nightmare of snaking concrete highways and smog-occluded horizons.

A time for new beginnings for many would mean reallocating the expensive real estate we call roads to forms of mobility that are more efficient and less polluting. People may work towards declaring a “car-independence day” and start to create change by looking to the orderly bicyclo-polises of northern Europe.

Left behind

But in Yangon, once the capital of Myanmar and, at 7.3 millioninhabitants, its largest city, a complex mixture of history and circumstance means that the nightmare of car dependency is likely going to live on.

In 2011, the government lifted decades of restrictions on car imports flooding the streets with half a million cars. This decision has – and will continue to – radically reshape urban areas.

In years to come, it may well be looked back on as a watershed moment in Myanmar’s urban history.

Drastic action to deal with a spike in car ownership has led to a spate of flyover construction at major intersections in the city. The government attempted to deal with car congestion from early 2015 by requiring importers to prove the existence of a car space before an import licence is issued.

Tragically, the political pressure to provide more car parks in the centre of Yangon is leading to a remodelling of the urban core. In 2013, the Yangon City Development Committee authorised the narrowing of a large number of the city’s once broad footpaths, where a great deal of street life took place, in favour of on-street car parking.

The result is that Yangon’s walkability score, according to Walkscore, is 36 – classifying it as “car dependent”. Unfortunately, providing car parks works directly against the Yangon Heritage Trust’s aim to reduce congestion and to transform the city into Asia’s most livable.

How well positioned is the city to counter this?

Symbolism of a bicycle ban

Any visitor to Yangon would be struck by the lack of bicycles and motorbikes on the roads. Yangon is one of the only cities to currently ban motorbikes and bicycling, although this law is regularly flouted.

The ban is an unfortunate hangover from the totalitarian whims of the State Peace and Development Council (1998-2011), and is connected to a possibly apocryphal assassination attempt on a Minister in 2003.

Remarkably, this isn’t the first time that a totalitarian regime has banned bicycles. The German SS high command banned bicycling in Rome during the second world war, for instance, because of the success that bicycles delivered to partisans assassinating Nazi-German officers.

The lack of bikes and motorbikes in the streets is unusual in southeast Asia. Marco Amati

As always, emerging solutions to Yangon’s transport crisis are to be found less with the government and more in the interstices of governance. A ban on bicycling hasn’t detracted from the enthusiasm of the Yangon bicycling action network, for example. Let alone the new gig-entrepreneurs of the recently established Yangon Food Bicycle Delivery Service, Yangon Door2Door.

Looking forward

Attitudes to bicycling stand as a useful bellwether of city governance in different countries. In the US for example, cycling advocacy caters for people with higher incomes but the majority of cyclists are poor.

You’re more likely to see a bicycle with a sidecar than a two-wheeled bicycle in Yangon. Marco Amati

Compare images of Beijing in the 1980s where bicycles were 20 deep at traffic lights with images of current traffic congestion as a symbol of Chinese economic growth and rising inequality.

At once a mode of transport and a political choice, 200 years on from its invention, the bicycle continues to challenge our thinking about cities. Its history casts the individually owned and driven car into shadow as a mode of transport that bicycles will probably outlast in its current form.

Yangon is a jewel of 19th and 20th century urban history in southeast Asia. And it has all the right ingredients to become Asia’s most livable city.

Visitors are struck that it has escaped the excesses of rampant development that has swept away decades of history in other southeast Asian cities, such as Hanoi and Jakarta.

Indeed within a few blocks of the centre of town, it faithfully preserves every single 20th century architectural tropical style. Yet as it embarks on a new planning trajectory, whether it can remain untouched by the 20th century legacy of the car and chart a course for the bicycle instead, remains uncertain.

This article was co-authored by students Heidi Blundy and Elissa Gee who went on a study tour to Myanmar as part of their Masters of International Urban and Environmental Management in collaboration with ActionAid.

As with Uber and the taxi industry, public sector planners and regulators will be forced to respond to the anger of those displaced by the new products the IT and automobile industries will bring to the market. But can we afford to wait?

Wondering why you can’t get a seat on the train? Perhaps it’s because we don’t actually know how many extra people will use public transport when new building developments are planned.

Join our mailing list to receive news and event updates

Acknowledgement of Country

RMIT University acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University. RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business.