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Portal was born at Eddington House, Hungerford, Berkshire, the son of Edward Robert Portal and his wife Ellinor Kate (née Hill).[1] His younger brother Admiral Sir Reginald Portal (1894–1983) joined the Royal Navy and also had a distinguished career.[1] The Portals had Huguenot origins, having arrived in England in the 17th century.[2] Charles Portal, or "Peter" as he was nicknamed, was educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford.[1] Portal had intended to become a barrister but he did not finish his degree and he left undergraduate life to enlist as a private soldier in 1914.[3]

Portal accompanied Churchill to all the great conferences and made a good impression on Americans.[1] In January 1943, at the Casablanca Conference, the Combined Chiefs of Staff selected him to coordinate the bomber forces of both the United States and Britain in a combined bomber offensive over Germany.[1] The forces were transferred to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the duration of Operation Overlord;[1] but when their control reverted to the Combined Chiefs, Portal still advocated area bombing of German cities instead of specific targets, such as Axis oil production facilities.[25] He was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 1 January 1944.[26]

In early 1944, Portal's view of strategic bombing changed; he felt that bombers could also play a more auxiliary role in the allied offensive. (Much of what is known about Portal's thinking is based on memoranda he wrote.) He argued for the new approach on the basis of the huge increase in the size of the bomber force, which would carry out not just precision bombing but also indiscriminate area bombing by night of all German cities with populations exceeding 100,000. Portal thought that the resulting damage to the German war effort and civilian morale would lead to victory within six months. A second memorandum in 1945 made a similar argument.[25]

In March 1945, Churchill gave the final order to stop Portal's strategy of area bombing, after the firestorm of Dresden a few weeks earlier. Churchill subsequently distanced himself from the bombing writing that "the destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied Bombing".[27]

In July 1919, Portal married Joan Margaret Welby (1898-1996); they had a son (who died at birth) and two daughters.[1] The viscountcy died with him but he was succeeded in the barony according to the special remainder by his elder daughter, Rosemary Ann, who died in 1990.[1]