3. Initialize the machine by placing 1 microliter of clean deionized water onto the lower optic surface, lower the lever arm, and select ''initialize'' from the NanoDrop software. Once initialization is complete (~10sec.), clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe. <BR><BR>

3. Initialize the machine by placing 1 microliter of clean deionized water onto the lower optic surface, lower the lever arm, and select ''initialize'' from the NanoDrop software. Once initialization is complete (~10sec.), clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe. <BR><BR>

[[Image:sampleapply.jpg]]<BR>

[[Image:sampleapply.jpg]]<BR>

-

4. Perform a blank measurement by loading 1 microliter of Solution 6 (10mM Tris) and select Blank. Note that this blanking step may use something other than Tris depending on what your sample is dissolve in. Often the blank will be deionized water if you have concentrated your DNA sample already with the ethanol precipation and resolubilized it in water. <BR>

''Note that as in traditional spectroscopy, the blank will be subtracted from subsequent measurements. If you want to determine the contribution of a specific buffer or diluent, measure the buffer first using distilled water as a blank. If the buffer does not contribute to the A 260nm reading, then deionized water will be fine to use as the blank. The water or buffer should always be measured to be sure that the instrument has been zeroed properly. The measurement of water or buffer should be zero or very close. All measurements are automatically normalized to 340nm.''<BR><BR>

+

''Note that as in traditional spectroscopy, the blank will be subtracted from subsequent measurements. If you want to determine the contribution of a specific buffer or diluent, measure the buffer first using distilled water as a blank. If the buffer does not contribute to the A 260nm reading, then deionized water is fine to use as the blank. The water or buffer should always be measured to be sure that the instrument has been zeroed properly. The measurement of water or buffer should be zero or very close. All measurements are automatically normalized to 340nm.''<BR><BR>

5. Measure the nucleic acid sample by loading 1microliter of sample and selecting "measure". Record your DNA concentration. Once the measurement is complete. Clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe and the machine is ready for the next sample. <br>

5. Measure the nucleic acid sample by loading 1microliter of sample and selecting "measure". Record your DNA concentration. Once the measurement is complete. Clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe and the machine is ready for the next sample. <br>

Lab 8: Series 3- Creating the feeding strain of bacteria for RNAi in C. elegans

To do on the night before this lab:
You and your partner will return to the lab to make an overnight broth culture of one of the colonies that you are sure contains the gene of interest (determined from your visualization of successfully amplified, appropriately sized DNA seen on your gel photo). The sub-culture you will set up tonight will create many identical copies of bacteria that carry the plasmid containing your gene of interest.

Find your LB+amp plate in the glass front refrigerator in a rack labeled with your lab day. Make sure there is some bacteria remaining on the plate of a colony that you saw successful gene amplification in the PCR product.

Begin by obtaining two tubes of LB broth (each will have 5 ml of broth) from the refrigerator in the back left hand corner of the room.

Add 5 microliters of the 50mg/ml ampicillin stock (also found in the refrigerator) to each tube. You may use your P20 micropipet and the middle size tips or a P10 and the smallest tips. (Make sure that you adjust your pipet to the proper setting which will look different on a P10 vs. a P20!)Calculate the effective concentration of ampicillin that you will have in your LB tube (remember V1 x C1= V2 x C2) and record that information in your lab notebook.

Add 5 microliters of the 12.5mg/ml tetracycline stock(also found in the refrigerator) to each tube. You may use your P20 micropipet and the middle size tips or a P10 and the smallest tips. Calculate the effective concentration of tetracycline that you will have in your LB tube (remember V1 x C1= V2 x C2) and record that information in your lab notebook.

Gently swirl your LB +amp + tet broth to mix the contents. DO NOT invert the culture tubes as the tops are not spill resistant!

Label the two sterile glass culture tubes with tape in your team color. Label one with "pPD129.36 lsy-2" and your initials. Label the other with your initials only.

Inoculate the broth with your bacteria by using a sterile disposable loop or a sterile toothpick (both found in the supply area near the door to L304) to scrape your candidate colony off the plate. Be sure not to touch the plate with the loop except on the desired colony. Try to avoid picking up any satellite colonies or another colony nearby! Gently swirl the loop in the LB+amp+tet broth - you should be able to see the colony come off the loop. If you use a sterile toothpick, you can just drop it into the broth so that the tip with the colony is in the broth. Note thatthe part you touched does not come in contact with the medium. (The second tube of broth labeled with just your initials is a control and should not be inoculated with bacteria as it is your control for contamination.)

Balance the 2 tubes across from each other on the rotating wheel in the 37C incubator at the front of the room when you come in the door. DO NOT USE THE wheel that is at Room TEMP!

Incubate these broth cultures at 37°C overnight. Do not forget to make sure the wheel is rotating when you leave!

Plasmid Isolation and Transformation

Last week, you tested two colonies of previously transformed bacteria in order to find one that contains a plasmid with the C. eleganslsy-2 gene. You have confirmed that the colony you have sub-cultured last night contains E. coli bacteria-- not just any pPD129.36 plasmid but a copy of pPD129.36+lsy-2. Now we can isolate the plasmid DNA from these cells and transform these plasmids into a different special strain of E. coli bacteria, HT115(DE3). We will use this strain because we can induce the HT115(DE3) strain to overexpress the plasmid genes, resulting in the presence of a lot of double stranded RNA specific to lsy-2,our gene of interest in these bacteria.

To recap: Yesterday you inoculated a few milliliters of LB broth containing E. coli that we are sure have maintained our genetically engineered plasmid, pPD129.36, modified to contain an antibiotic resistance gene to ampicillin and all or part of the C. eleganslsy-2gene that you want to investigate. You added ampicillin to the broth to ensure that the plasmid DNA would be maintained by the cells. Overnight the bacteria have grown to high density and the plasmid DNA has undergone many replications. However since you started with a single colony of bacteria and that colony grew from a single transformed cell, all the copies of the plasmid DNA in your overnight culture should be identical (“clones” of one another). To isolate the plasmid DNA from this bacterial strain that expresses C. elegans lsy-2 , you will perform what is commonly called a “mini-prep”. This term distinguishes the procedure from a “maxi-” or “large scale-prep” which involves a larger volume of cells and additional steps of purification. The overall goal of each “prep” is the same--to separate the plasmid DNA from the chromosomal DNA so that a certain gene on the plasmid DNA can be studied further.

TO DO TODAY:
To isolate plasmid DNA from an overnight culture of cells, the media is removed from the cells by centrifugation. The cells are resuspended in “Solution I” which contains Tris to buffer the cells and EDTA to bind divalent cations in the lipid bilayer, thereby weakening the cell envelope. Upon the addition of “Solution II,” the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid DNA are denatured by the sodium hydroxide, and the cellular proteins and lipids are dissolved by the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The pH of the solution is returned to neutral by the potassium acetate in “Solution III.” At neutral pH the SDS precipitates from solution, carrying with it the dissolved proteins and lipids. In addition, the DNA strands renature at neutral pH. The chromosomal DNA, which is much longer than the plasmid DNA, renatures as a tangle that gets trapped in the SDS precipitate. The plasmid DNA renatures normally and stays in a water based solution. In this way the plasmid DNA is separated from the chromosomal DNA, the proteins and the lipids of the cell. Plasmid DNA can be precipitated out of solution in absolute ethanol and then put back into solution (in an appropriate concentration) in water. The ingredients and concentrations of a stock solution of all reagents (such as Solutions I, II, and III) can be found in the Media Recipes section of this section of the wiki.

Today you will transform the isolated plasmid DNA, pPD129.36+lsy-2, into an IPTG inducible strain of E. coli called HT115(DE3), and spread the transformed bacteria onto LB agar media supplemented with ampicillin (resistance conferred by a gene expressed from the plasmid).

Protocols

Part 1: Plasmid DNA Isolation

Only one of your two overnight cultures should appear cloudy with bacterial growth. If your control is cloudy, please inform your instructor. (You can find the ingredients and concentrations for ingredients of Solutions I, II, and III in the Series 3 Media Recipes page.

Check to be sure that your cells have not settled. If they have, mix the cultures but do NOT invert them because they will leak. Then pour some of the overnight culture so that both microfuge tubes are almost full. If you are nervous about pouring the bacteria, you can pipet 750 microliters into each tube twice, so that there is a total of 1.5 ml in each tube. The exact volume doesn’t matter but the tubes should be quite full when you close the cap.

Place the tubes in the room temperature microfuge so that the hinges of each cap is facing out. Paying attention to this small detail will help you know where in the tube to find your pellets. While it is not essential to do this in this step, it is a good habit to get into since sometimes pellets are very small and hard to see. Be sure your tubes are balanced, then spin the tubes for two minutes at 8,000 rpm. Check the rcf speed of the centrifuge while it is spinning (by hitting the toggle that changes the readout) and record the rcf’s in your lab notebook. Relative centrifugal force (rcf) is what should be used in M&M to describe your speed since it is universal and rpm is rotor and centrifuge dependent.

If the supernatant is not clear, recentrifuge until it is. When the supernatant is clear, pour it into the waste beaker that is on your bench, then flick the tube with the cap open to remove the last few drops of liquid. The cell pellet will not fall out.

Resuspend your cell pellets COMPLETELY in 100 microliters of solution I. Pipet up and down until ALL of the cells are uniformly suspended in Solution I. Be sure to change tips between samples. Leave the cells at room temperature as you prepare solution II.

To make solution II, mix 500 microliters of 2% SDS with 500 microliters of 0.4M NaOH in a microfuge tube. Close the cap and invert the tube several times to mix the contents. Add 200 microliters of solution II to each miniprep and invert the tubes five or six times to mix. In some cases the minipreps may appear to "clear" but don't worry if you don't see a big change in yours. Place the tubes on ice for five minutes.

Add 150 microliters of solution III to each miniprep and immediately vortex each tube for 10 seconds with your vortex set at the highest setting. White clumps should appear in the solution after you vortex it. Place the tubes in the room temperature microfuge and spin for 3 minutes at the HIGHEST speed.

While the minipreps are spinning, label another set of microfuge tubes with the name of the plasmid (pL4440+C. elegans gene name)and your initials or team color. The new tubes can be left at room temperature.

A white pellet should be visible when you remove your minipreps from the microfuge. Use your P1000 to transfer 400 microliters of each supernatant to the appropriate clean microfuge tube. It's OK to leave some of the supernatant behind. Try to avoid transferring the white pellet.

Add 1 ml of room temperature 100% ethanol to each new tube. The tubes will be quite full. Close the caps and invert the tubes at least five times to thoroughly mix the contents.

Spin the tubes in the room temperature microfuge for 2 minutes at HIGHEST speed. It is important to orient your tubes so that the hinges are up this time, as the pellets are expected to be barely visible.

Pour off the supernatants into the waste beaker on your bench then flick out the last few drops. The tubes do not have to be completely dry.

Carefully, wash the pellets with 500 microliters of 80% ethanol. (You may need to make a few mls of 80% ETOH from the 100% ethanol stock provided). When you wash the pellets, add the 80% ethanol slowly and carefully, so that the liquid flows down the side of the tube away from the pellet. After the ethanol has been dispensed, immediately remove it with the same tip, making sure to keep the tip on the side of the tube that doesn't have your pellet. Some liquid will remain in the tube, and it can and must be removed using your P200, set to 100 microliters. Try to remove as much of the ethanol as you can (without removing your pellet!). The pelleted DNA will have to be completely dry before you add water or your DNA will not go into solution.

After all the DNA pellets have been washed, put your tubes with their caps open in the SpeedVac that is at the back of the lab. If you were able to remove most of the ethanol with the P200, then after two or three minutes the last drops of ethanol will have evaporated and the pellet will be barely visible. If the DNA pellet is invisible please see your instructor to determine how much water to use in the next step.

If you have a visible pellet of DNA, add 30 microliters of sterile water to each tube and vortex each tube enough for all of the DNA to be off the wall of the tube and into solution. The pelleted plasmid DNA must dissolve completely in the water. The liquid can be brought back to the bottom of the tubes by spinning for a few seconds in the microfuge. You can then combine the dissolved plasmid DNA into one of the two tubes so that you have approximately 60 microliters of plasmid DNA as one aliquot. Store the DNA on ice until you are ready to use part of it and then give the rest to your instructor to freeze. DO NOT DISCARD ANY OF YOUR PLASMID ISOLATE!

Measuring the concentration of plasmid DNA using the NanoDropper

Use the ThermoScientific NanoDrop Spectrophotometer in L308 to measure DNA by taking Absorbance at A260nm. This spectrophotometer uses only 1 microliter of sample and does not require cuvettes. The sample is held in place by fiber optic technology and surface tension that holds the sample in place between two optical surfaces that define the pathlength vertically and dynamically. Measurement can be assessed in a range of 2 to 3700nm/microliter dsDNA. These are expensive machines so make sure you follow the directions carefully and ask your instructor for guidance as needed.

Using the Nanodropper
1. Clean the upper and lower optical surfaces of the sample retension device by pipetting 2 microliters of clean deionized water onto the lower optical surface. Close the lever arm and tap it a few times to bathe the upper optical surface. Lift the lever arm and wipe off both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe.

2. Open the NanoDrop software from the Desktop of the computer and select the nucleic acids module.

3. Initialize the machine by placing 1 microliter of clean deionized water onto the lower optic surface, lower the lever arm, and select initialize from the NanoDrop software. Once initialization is complete (~10sec.), clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe.

4. Perform a blank measurement by loading 1 microliter of purified deionized water. Note that as in traditional spectroscopy, the blank will be subtracted from subsequent measurements. If you want to determine the contribution of a specific buffer or diluent, measure the buffer first using distilled water as a blank. If the buffer does not contribute to the A 260nm reading, then deionized water is fine to use as the blank. The water or buffer should always be measured to be sure that the instrument has been zeroed properly. The measurement of water or buffer should be zero or very close. All measurements are automatically normalized to 340nm.

5. Measure the nucleic acid sample by loading 1microliter of sample and selecting "measure". Record your DNA concentration. Once the measurement is complete. Clean both optical surfaces with a Kimwipe and the machine is ready for the next sample. You should ensure that the appropriate constant (50 for dsDNA or 40 for RNA) has been chosen. The software automatically calculates the nucleic acid concentration. If the calculation is done by hand, the A260nm is represented as a 1cm path for convenience, even though 1-nm and 0.2nm paths are actually used during the measurement cycle.

Clean Up
When the last sample was been measured, clean the sampling device by repeating step 1.

Diluting your plasmid DNA

We hope that your mini-prep yielded a concentration of DNA much greater than 250ng/μL because we will need to use 250ng of DNA in each of our transformations that you will perform next. Calculate how to dilute your plasmid DNA in ultrapurified water to a total volume of 100μL (or 50μL if your conc. is low or more than 100μL if your conc. is very high) so that you can add 10μL of plasmid DNA to each of the transformations described below and achieve the desired addition of 250nanograms of DNA. Show your instructor your calculations BEFORE proceeding with the transformation!Hint: Remember your old friend, the formula V1 x C1 = V2 x C2. In this case V1 = your unknown vol of your stock DNA to add to achieve the total vol. desired; C1= the concentration the nanodropper gave you; V2= whatever total vol. you think is most appropriate for making this dilution (you want to be able to measure V1 accurately with a micropipet and you can't add more vol. than you have); C2= 25ng/μL (since you want to add 10μL of your plasmid DNA to achieve a total of 250ng of DNA).

The competent HT115(DE3) bacterial cells are on the instructor’s bench You will transform some of your plasmid DNA into these bacteria. The cells are very fragile, so treat them gently.

The prep staff prepared these competent HT115(DE3) cells for you using the Inoue Method Media:Inoue bacterial transformation.doc. Reference: Inoue H., Nojima H., and Okayama H. 1990. High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. Gene 96: 23-28. The cells were made competent to take up free plasmid DNA by this treatment. This treatment makes the cell wall and membrane more permeable and our transformation efficiency much greater but it weakens the cells; therefore you must keep them cold and mix them gently throughout the transformation (no vortexing!).

Label the top or the side of the tube with HT115(DE3), pPD12936+lsy-2, and your initials or team color.

Start the transformation by pipetting 250 nanograms of your plasmid DNA to the tube. Pipet up and down once to mix the DNA and the cells. Close the cap and let the transformation mixture sit on ice for 10 minutes.

Heat shock by incubating the transformation mix at 42°C for 90 seconds, exactly. This step must be timed exactly. Remove the tube at the end of 90 seconds to your ice bucket while you get your LB ready.

Add 500 microliters of LB in your conical tube to the transformation mix. LB aliquots should be in the 37°C incubator. When pipetting the media, remember to release your thumb on your micropipet slowly, to avoid splashing the liquid on the end of the barrel. The barrel is not sterile and if you see the liquid touch it, then discard the media in the waste beaker and try again with a new tip.

Once you have added the LB, close the cap and invert the tube once or twice to mix the contents. Incubate at 37°C for 30-45 minutes with very gentle mixing in the bench top incubator mixer.

While the plasmid DNA is being taken up by the competent cells and the new genes provided by the plasmid are being expressed by the bacteria, label two LB + amp agar plates. Label the bottom of the plated with the strain's identity (HT115(DE3)), the plasmid used, the date, your initials and team color. You must label the bottom of the plated since the tops are easily switched. Differentiate them by putting 50μL on one and 200μL on the other. Put these plates in the hood with the blower on and with the lid ajar to dry the surface of the agar for about 10 minutes or until the surface looks dry but is not badly dehydrated.

Once the transformation mix has incubated at 37°C for 30-45 minutes, invert it to mix the contents and pipet 50 microliters of transformed cells onto the center of a labeled slightly dehydrated LB + amp plate prepared in the previous step. Pipet 200μL on the other plate. Pour 5-10 glass beads onto the plates. Put the lid back on and gently swirl the beads all over the plates to spread the transformed bacteria around. When you are done - pour the beads into the beaker with disinfectant near the sink.

Replace the lids and leave the agar plates undisturbed for a few minutes.

Once they have dried enough that the surface doesn’t appear wet, invert the plates and incubate them at 37°C for 24-48 hours. The plates should be incubated with the agar side up so that condensation will not drip onto the surface of the agar and smear the colonies that will be growing there.

Save the remaining transformation mix for 24 hours or until we are sure that there is at least one colony growing on each of your plates.

What would it mean if you had no colonies on your plate? Normally, you would expect to have around 100 pale color colonies on each plate. If you have at least one well isolated colony on the plate, you’re all set. After the 24 hour growth period the plate should be placed in the rack in the refrigerator labeled with your lab day. You will use a single colony from the plate to make an overnight broth culture on the day before next lab. If you have no colonies on one or more of your plates, please notify your instructor right away.

Before leaving lab today, give the rest of your isolated plasmid DNA to your instructor in a labeled microfuge tube. Make sure your tube is labeled with your name, lab day, plasmid name, DNA concentration and color coded with a piece of tape in your team color.

To do on the day before the next lab:
You and your partner will return to the lab to make an overnight broth culture of your selected colony as described below. This process will create a sub-culture of many identical copies of the bacteria containing the plasmid carrying the construct to RNAi the gene that you want to study.

Find your plate in the glass front refrigerator in a rack labeled with your lab day. Select a colony to start your overnight culture. At this point, ALL of your colonies should contain your plasmid of interest.

Begin by obtaining two tubes of LB broth (each will have 5 ml of broth) from the refrigerator in the back left hand corner of the room.

Add 5 microliters of the 50mg/ml ampicillin stock (also found in the refrigerator with the broth) to each tube. Calculate the effective concentration of ampicillin that you have in your LB tube (remember V1 x C1= V2 x C2) and record that information in your lab notebook.

Add 5 microliters of the 12.5mg/ml tetracycline stock (also found in the refrigerator with the broth). Calculate the effective concentration of tetracycline that you havein your LB broth tube. Record that info in your lab notebook.

Gently swirl your LB +amp broth to mix the contents.

Label the two sterile glass culture tubes with tape in your team color. Label one with "pPD129.36 lsy-2" and your initials. Label the other with your initials only.

Inoculate the broth with your bacteria by using a sterile disposable loop to scrape your candidate colony off the plate. Be sure not to touch the plate with the loop except on the desired colony and don’t pick up any satellite colonies! Gently swirl the loop in the LB+amp broth - you should be able to see the colony come off the loop. (The second tube of broth labeled with just your initials is a control and should not be inoculated with bacteria as it is your control for contamination.) If you prefer to use a sterile toothpick rather than a loop, you may pick up the colony with the sterile toothpick and drop the toothpick into the broth culture. Note that the tip with the colony is in the broth and the contaminated part you touched with your fingers does not touch the sterile medium.

Balance the 2 tubes across from each other on the rotating wheel in the 37C incubator at the front of the room when you come in the door. DO NOT USE THE ROOM TEMP WHEEL!

Incubate these broth cultures at 37°C overnight. Do not forget to make sure the wheel is rotating when you leave!