Moving pictures or movies as it is called for short, were made by entrepreneurs to entertain the people for a profit. It became a powerful media to convey the masses into a different world, away from the reality of daily life. Towards the 1930's, it morphed into one of the best propaganda tools by governments to sway and instill ideas to its citizens. Ask yourself this question the next time in the movies, either it was made for propaganda or entertainment?............AMOR PATRIAE

OLD WAR MOVIES

OLD WAR MOVIES

...The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: The growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power and the growth of corporate propaganda against democracy.

Wednesday, June 18, 2014

A very 21st century tribute to D-Day: Lord Lovat in Ouistreham, Scenes From D-Day, Then and Now

A very 21st century tribute to D-Day: RAF Typhoon jet is painted with historic invasion livery before being joined in the air by Spitfire with the same markings

Modern day fighter jet painted in D-Day markings to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Operation Overlord

The aircraft were painted with black-and-white stripes so they could be easily identified by Allied forces

A Eurofighter Typhoon adorned with commemorative D-Day invasion stripes has been unveiled ahead of the 70th anniversary of the landings.

The state-of-the-art jet has been specially painted with the famous black and white markings in tribute to the role of the crews of the Hawker Typhoon during the D-Day operations.

It took to the skies today at an unveiling ceremony at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire alongside a similarly adorned Spitfire, which flew in the landings.

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An RAF Eurofighter Typhoon following a historic Spitfire during a fly-past at RAF Coningsby

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Both aircraft have been painted in special D-Day black and white stripes on their wings

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The special paintwork made it easier to recognise the aircraft on D-Day and reduce the chance of them being shot down by friendly forces

RAF TYPHOON NOW AND THEN

Eurofighter Typhoon

Engines: 2 Eurojet EJ200 turbojets

Power: 20,000lbs of thrust each

Max Speed: 1.8 Mach

Service Ceiling: 55,000 ft

Length: 15.96m

Wing Span: 11.09m

Weapons: Missiles, 27mm cannon and 1,000lb bombs

Hawker Typhoon

Engine: Napier Sabre 24 cylinder

Power: 2,180hp

Max Speed: 412mph

Service Ceiling: 35,000 ft

Length: 9.73m

Wing Span: 12.5m

Weapons: 4x20mm cannon. 2x1,000lb bombs or eight rockets

D-Day veteran John 'Paddy' Byrne was invited to today’s event. The 92-year-old, originally from Belfast but now living in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, flew the Hawker Typhoon on D-Day.

After the flypast, Mr Byrne, who joined the RAF as a boy apprentice in 1938 aged 16 and served with the force until May 1946, said: 'It’s been marvellous. The flypast was fascinating to see. It’s a much faster aircraft with a jet engine where we had propellers.'

Talking about D-Day, he said: 'The memory that stands out mainly in my mind is towards the end of a sweep around. I came down a country lane and I saw a horse and cart with a German soldier driving it and I thought "well I can’t kill the horse".'

'The Typhoon was quite a heavy aircraft but it was still a nice aircraft to fly.'

The Hawker Typhoon, nicknamed Tiffy, was one of the most effective fighter bombers during the Second World War.

It was originally designed as a replacement for the Hurricane but it was initially considered a failure as a fighter.

However, when it was used as a ground-attack aircraft it was found to be utterly devastating.

The Typhoon was the first fighter that could carry two 1,000lb bombs and was equipped with four 20mm cannons.

As a result, it was very effective as a train destroyer.

It was also the first British fighter to be equipped with rockets.

The last remaining Typhoon from the RAF museum collection has been loaned to Canada to honour the RCAF pilots who served during the invasion of Europe.

The aircraft is normally a at the centre of the D-Day exhibition at RAF Hendon.

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The Eurofighter will retain its striped paintwork during the summer's airshow season to commemorate the D-Day landings of June 6, 1944

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Unlike the Spitfire, pictured, the WWII era Hawker Typhoon was a fighter bomber and was a devastating ground-attack aircraft

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The RAF Typhoon could be equipped with bombs and rockets, which could not be carried by the Spitfire

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The modern Typhoon, like its WWII era namesake is a multi role aircraft with devastating firepower

With a top speed of just over 400mph, the Typhoon formed part of the 2nd Tactical Air Force that extensively supported ground operations during the D-Day landings on June 6 1944.

The alternating black and white invasion stripes were painted on the fuselages and wings of all RAF and Allied aircraft ahead of the landings to increase recognition by friendly forces.

Today the Hawker Typhoon’s modern counterpart, the Eurofighter Typhoon, is powered by two Eurojet EJ200 turbojets and can reach Mach 1.8, flying at up to 55,000ft (16,764m).

At a moment’s notice they can launch and intercept unidentified aircraft in three locations: the UK, Lithuania as part of the Nato Baltic Air Policing mission - helping to protect and secure Nato airspace over the Baltic nations of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania - and in the Falkland Islands.

Flight Lieutenant Noel Rees, who flew the Typhoon today, said: 'It was an honour to be able to fly in close formation with the Spitfire and to get both aircraft with D-Day markings together.

'I’m proud to be part of the Royal Air Force and really proud to be able to fly and display this aircraft which commemorates D-Day.

'I think it’s (D-Day) one of those shocking parts of history. I’m in awe of what people on the ground were doing supported by the RAF in the air.'

Flt Lt Rees said the Hawker Typhoon and its modern-day counterpart were not too dissimilar.

He said: 'The Hawker Typhoon is actually not too dissimilar to the Typhoon we have now with its role, which is a multi-role aircraft.

'The Hawker Typhoon not only conducted air-to-air missions but also dive-bombing and air-to-ground missions as well. And that’s exactly what the Typhoon does these days.'

The commemorative Eurofighter Typhoon will fly in air shows across the UK this summer.

Allied air forces flew an astounding 14,674 during the first 24 hours of Operation Overlord, losing just 113 aircraft.

Much of those losses was attributed to friendly fire as the Luftwaffe was only able to launch 319 sorties.

RAF Typhoons managed 294 sorties on D-Day alone.

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Allied aircraft on D-Day faced a greater threat from friendly fire than they did from the German Luftwaffe as they had comprehensive air superiority

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Former RAF pilot John 'Paddy' Byrne from Belfast flew the Hawker Typhoon on D-Day

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Mr Byrne said that his version of the Typhoon was 'quite a heavy aircraft but it was still nice to fly'

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Typhoon pilot Flight Lieutenant Noel Rees, right, said the modern version of the aircraft performed a similar role to the WWII fighter-bomber, pictured beside Flight Lieutenant Anthony Parkinson of the Battle of Britain memorial flight

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The Eurofighter Typhoon is deployed in the UK, Lithuania and the Falkland Islands

Unveiling of a statue to Lord Lovat in Ouistreham, France

It was the longest day. At 8.40am on June 6, 1944, Brigadier Lord Lovat leaped from his landing craft into the Channel and waded, amid the carnage of D-Day, towards Sword Beach.

'Give us Highland Laddie man,' he ordered his personal piper Bill Millin and to the skirl of pipes the chieftain of Clan Fraser led his 2,500 British commandos ashore.

Mortared and machine-gunned by the enemy, they fought their way inland through the cornfields and beech woods of Normandy for four bloody hours. Their mission: to relieve the 6th Airborne Division, which had glided in at dawn to seize Pegasus Bridge and secure a crossing over the Caen Canal.

By 1pm, with the bridge coming under devastating fire from German Panzer divisions, Lord Lovat's men marched into view, Millin playing his master's favourite Blue Bonnets Over the Border. The Brigadier greeted his British airborne comrades with a confident handshake and a gentlemanly apology for being late.

Earlier Second World War exploits had earned Shimi - the nickname derived from his historic Gaelic title MacShimidh, meaning son of Simon - the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order.

This one sealed his place in Oscar-winning history when he was portrayed in the 1962 cinematic retelling of D-Day, The Longest Day, by Hollywood star Peter Lawford.

It also secured the admiration of Stalin, the hatred of Hitler - who ordered Lord Lovat be killed on capture - and from Churchill the observation that he was 'the mildest-mannered man that ever scuttled a ship or cut a throat'. And yet for 70 years his extraordinary D-Day exploits went unmarked in the place where they happened, the French town of Ouistreham, which overlooks Sword Beach.

Now, however, on the eve of the global commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the attack that launched victory in Europe, the people of the town have joined forces with his family to honour his name.

Earlier this month a bronze statue of Shimi Lovat standing at ease in his battledress was unveiled in a poignant ceremony attended by more than 100 members of the Fraser clan as well as British and French dignitaries. It occupies a prominent position just feet from the eternal flame that burns in memory of all those lost in the greatest seaborne assault in military history. Together these twin monuments will form the backdrop to services led by the Queen and US President Barack Obama that will be watched around the world on Friday.

The Lovat family are delighted. They funded the £100,000 statue themselves following a direct approach from the people of Ouistreham to Virginia Fraser, mother of the current Lord Lovat, less than a year ago.

The Brigadier's daughter Tessa Keswick said: 'The act of commemoration is a world event but the statue serves as a reminder that D-Day was all about individuals and individual sacrifice - not just my father and our family but every soldier and every family.

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Lord Lovat (circled) lead the commandos ashore at Sword Beach on D-Day to relieve Pegasus Bridge

Like many of his generation, my father never really spoke about what he did in the war. He wrote his memoirs as a matter of record but he was not the kind of man to revel in what he'd done. He simply saw it as his duty. He was not actually very militaristic - there was nothing rough about him. Rather he was a sensitive person but he made a fine soldier.

'He was an inspirational leader. He had an instinct for knowing the right thing to do and had a very powerful personality, strong and witty. He was someone who established himself quickly on your conscience. I think partly that was due to his physical presence - he was tall and well-built and handsome and you always knew if he'd walked into a room.

'I think it was also because of his upbringing in Scotland and the kind of character it forged.

'He was a boy who lived off the land, fishing and trapping rabbits. He was tough and resilient, he never expected to have an easy or a soft path.

His background bred self-reliance into him. So when there was a call for a new kind of soldier, a commando, someone unorthodox who could use the land and its contours to disguise what they were doing, he was perfect.

Commando leader Lord Lovat leaving Buckingham Palace with Lady Lovat after receiving D.S.O. from the King

'It was my father's cousin David Stirling who founded the SAS, they were the same sort.

'When he was training British, Allied and Free French commandos before D-Day my father would have them jump into the sea off the west coast of Scotland and then climb a mountain with people firing at them because he understood what was going to be needed. He himself was fit and practical and quick-witted because it was what he had come from.'

On the afternoon of D-Day, Lord Lovat and his men held Pegasus Bridge until the British 3rd Infantry Division arrived and - in his own words - already 'dog-tired', they marched forward into other battles raging nearby. But their bravery came at great cost.

'He was not rough, he was rather sensitive but he made a fine soldier'

Four days later on June 10, 1944 he would write: 'There was no question of a truce when it came to bury the dead. If there were snipers about we were too tired to notice as we made a round of the forward areas, nor can I remember the names of those who fell: the first elation after victory outweighed by a deeper sense of loss. The aftermath was desolation.

'The survivors as always rose magnificently to the dark hour: stretcher bearers moved along the front line; doctors and the walking wounded, helped by medical orderlies, came and went. Burial parties performed their appointed duties.

'The Band of Brothers was very close that day... and so we dug the commandos' graves, lowering them into groundsheets in long straight rows; then set about making them wooden crosses to mark each spot. Later the men, after repairing the trenches, brewed up tea to start again. Funerals in the field, rough and ready though they be, seem less bleak than those performed with formal rites, as though the soldier whose calling deals with sudden death can find a way to stand easy in its shadow.'

The following night Lord Lovat wrote how the mood had lifted and he celebrated with fellow officers by enjoying a meal of a large rabbit caught in a cottage garden and cooked in scrounged red wine.'I decided,' he wrote, 'it was time for a message of goodwill to cheer up the local inhabitants.

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Lord Lovat left a widow, Rosamond, mother of his six children, to whom he had been married since 1938

Before taking my boots off for the first time since landing, a proclamation was composed. It said, "The commandos wish everyone a warm hello. The commander of the Green Berets greets his friends and wants to tell them that Hitler is already wetting his pants. Have courage. We are going to win. Vive La France!" '

This unorthodox piece of propaganda was pinned up at every crossroads in forward areas the next day, June 12. It was the kind of stunt which, along with his orders to Piper Bill Millen to pipe his men into battle, became part of his mythology.

Other tales - such as Lord Lovat wearing a white jumper embroidered with his name at the neck beneath his battledress and picking off the enemy with his old hunting rifle - are, sadly, fiction.

Just hours after his jolly message was distributed across Northern France, disaster befell him. During the Battle of Breville a stray shell fired by the 51st Highland Division fell short of its target and landed among British officers.

A Lieutenant-Colonel was killed and Shimi Lovat was one of two Brigadiers severely wounded with a large fragment of shell embedded in his back and side.

His second in command who found him being given a battlefield blood transfusion would later reveal: 'He was in a frightful mess... but very calm. "Take over the Brigade," he said, "and whatever happens - not a foot back." He repeated this several times and then, "Get Me a Priest... " '

Despite his belief that he was about to give his life for his country, the last rites were unnecessary as Lord Lovat survived, spending six months in hospital - a period in which his hair turned white.

He made a brief foray into politics as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs but resigned when Churchill was defeated at the ballot box in 1945.

The legacy of his injuries meant he was unable to pursue a full-time Army career so he transferred to the Reserves in 1949 and finally left the Services in 1962. He occasionally took his seat in the House of Lords and was for 40 years a county councillor because he believed public service to be his duty.He was also chieftain of the Lovat Shinty Club and became a well-respected breeder and judge of cattle while running his ancestral home and lands, Beaufort Castle in Inverness-shire.

Lord Lovat died in 1995 aged 83. He left a widow, Rosamond, mother of his six children, to whom he had been married since 1938.

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Actor Peter Lawford, left, who portrays Lord Lovat in the film The Longest Day

The couple regularly played host to the Royal Family and the Lovats have written to the Queen to tell her about the new statue, which she will see on her state visit to France next week.

Tessa Keswick said: 'I remember him as a true patriarch who believed in his country, his family and his faith. He was wonderful fun, he knew how to have a good time.

'After the war he simply came home to the place and the family he loved - and he picked up his other life.

'He was unspoiled by all that had happened to him. Like many children I now wish I had asked my father more questions - he would have told me, he was not secretive about it, it's just that he was a very decent, liberal man who didn't want to celebrate what had happened.'

In keeping with that Shimi Lovat sought no recognition at Ouistreham in his lifetime but there can be no doubt he deserves it.

'It is one thing to go on the warpath, quite another to stay put and take what's coming to you,' he once wrote. The new statue looking inland from Sword Beach reminds us afresh that he did both.

Then and now: Photos show how D-Day landing beaches have become popular holiday spots (complete with Nazi bunkers and concrete gun casements)

They are popular beaches for holidaymakers, packed with colourful huts, watersports equipment and lined with eateries, but 70 years ago this stretch of the French coastline saw brutal battles as the Allies landed on D-Day.

As Europe marks the anniversary of the landings on June 6, which saw the liberation of mainland Europe from the Nazis, one photographer has taken a series of photos to show the stark difference between the beaches now and then.

Photographer Chris Helgren has compiled a series of archive photos of the D-Day landings on key Normandy beaches, comparing them with photos of holidaymakers enjoying the sunshine in recent times.

But while the beaches are now used by holidaymakers, the sacrifice of the D-Day soldiers has not been forgotten, nor all the battlements used to protect the beaches eradicated.

Near the hamlet of La Madeleine, codenamed Utah Beach, beachgoers still scramble over a concrete wall used as a shelter by soldiers, to reach the sand.

And near Omaha Beach, a German bunker captured by the Americans in 1944 still stands tall 70 years on.

While it is the French beaches that saw action, Allied soldiers departed from Weymouth, in Dorset, which remains a firm favourite with holidaymakers on sunny days.

While Mr Helgren focused on beaches where American and Canadian troops landed, British soldiers arrived on Sword Beach and Gold Beach as part of the D-Day operation, both of which still bear the scares of warfare.

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Juno Beach: A crashed U.S. fighter plane is seen on the waterfront some time after Canadian forces came ashore on a Juno Beach D-Day landing zone in Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, France

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In more peaceful times: Tourists enjoy the sunshine in Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, which was codenamed Juno Beach during the D-Day landings

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American outpost: US Army troops congregate around a signal post used by engineers on the site of a captured German bunker overlooking Omaha Beach

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Monument to war: Tourists walk past the former German bunker overlooking the D-Day landing zone on Omaha Beach near Saint Laurent sur Mer

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Preparing for departure: The 2nd Battalion US Army Rangers, tasked with capturing Pointe du Hoc to the west of Omaha Beach, march to their landing craft in Weymouth

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Dorset hotspot: Tourists walk along the beach-front in the popular holiday town of Weymouth, which was the departure point for thousands of Allied troops 70 years ago

Adventure hotspot: Tourists take part in a land sailing class on the former D-Day landing zone of Omaha Beach

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Preparing for battle: US reinforcements land on Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944

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Summer spot: The Normand beach is now popular with holidaymakers from both England and France for its long stretches of sand

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Making progress: US Army soldiers of the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, move out over the seawall on Utah Beach after coming ashore in front of a concrete wall near La Madeleine

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Remains of war: French bathers walk over the remains of a concrete wall on the former Utah Beach D-Day landing zone near the hamlet of La Madeleine

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Heading inland: US Army paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division drive a captured German Kubelwagen on D-Day at the junction of Rue Holgate and RN13 in Carentan

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Unrecognisable: Girls run across the street at the junction of Rue Holgate and RN13 70 years on from the invasion

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Embattled: British troops of the Suffolk Regiment under heavy fire at Coleville end of Sword beach

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Vestiges of war: The Second World War occupation and Allied invasion are never far from people's minds as they walk along Sword Beach today

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Education tools: School visit to the WW2 Mulberry harbour remains on the beaches at Arromanches

A pistol-blazing showdown, then came the cheers of the liberated: Historian ANTONY BEEVOR's gripping account of how the troops who survived D-Day battled their way through occupied France

In this gripping series, historian Antony Beevor brings to life in epic detail the battles the Allies faced to liberate France after D-Day. Today, with the British pinned down, the U.S. make a spectacular breakthrough...

The German artillery salvo came crashing out of the blue, sending U.S. soldiers diving for cover. Running from different directions, two GIs hurled themselves into the same foxhole — and bayoneted each other in the process.

They survived, but it was a sinister omen for the opening of the crucial campaign to break through to victory in the battle for Normandy.

It was late July 1944, seven weeks since the D-Day beach landings, and as the U.S. army battled through often impassable countryside against a resolute, resourceful enemy, its progress had been almost as slow and frustrating as that of the British in their prong of the Allied campaign.

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Welcome: American soldiers are greeted by French villagers in Normandy a few days after the D-Day landings

A single fortnight cost 40,000 U.S. casualties, but the important town of St Lo finally fell and the Germans had been ground down to such an extent that one big push might well be decisive.

But the start of Operation Cobra, as the attack was designated, was dogged by bigger disasters than two GIs accidentally spearing each other. A change in the weather caused a massive air bombardment of enemy lines to be called off at the last minute, but some of the planes were already in the air. In the lead aircraft, a bomb aimer, who had trouble with the release mechanism, accidentally dropped his load, and those behind took this to be the signal to release theirs, too. On the ground, American soldiers were standing around when they heard what one described as that ‘peculiar rustling in the sky’, which signiﬁed large numbers of bombs falling. Twenty-ﬁve of them were killed and 131 wounded, victims of so-called ‘friendly fire’.

A similar catastrophe happened when the attack proper was launched the next day. More than 1,000 B-17 Flying Fortresses roared overhead to target the German lines. Many of the bombs they dropped fell short and hit their own troops, with 101 men killed and 463 wounded.

The effect on the morale of men about to go into battle was devastating as they frantically dug out comrades buried by the blast. Hundreds who were suffering from combat exhaustion had to be withdrawn from the action before it had even begun.

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Landings: June 6, 1944, killed thousands of soldiers, but so did the bitter fighting that followed

On the German side, however, the carpet-bombing had done its job. Twenty-five tanks were destroyed, an entire paratroop regiment annihilated and the enemy front line turned into ‘a moon landscape’, according to a German general. ‘Everything was burned and blasted. The survivors were babbling like madmen and useless for anything else.’

A U.S. infantry officer, advancing through the target area, observed that ‘scarcely a human being or an animal was alive, and trucks, guns and machines of every type were in twisted disorder over the deeply scarred soil’.

The Americans progressed slowly that first day along heavily cratered roads, careful to keep infantry and armour ‘married up’ in a joint operation. Foot soldiers rode on tanks, eight men to a Sherman and four to the lighter tanks. Others followed closely behind in trucks.

Whenever they encountered any resistance, they worked in tandem. The infantry dismounted and crept forward to locate any panzers, a task made easier by the German practice of keeping their engines running. The infantry then indicated their position to their own tanks, which dealt with them before the advance could continue. It was tough going, but the men were resolute. One skirmish left a private lying at the roadside badly wounded, one foot hanging by the tendon.

‘As we passed, he waved his good arm and said: “Go get ’em, boys!” ’ a tank commander recalled.

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Grim conditions: Three infantrymen from London on a patrol in Normandy shortly after the landings

Fortunately for the U.S. tank units, the Germans were beginning to run out of shells, as an intercept of enemy messages by the de-coders at Bletchley Park back in England on July 26 revealed. Another intercept showed that crucially the Germans still believed the main Allied thrust out of Normandy would come in the British sector and that the U.S. advance in the west was merely a feint.

Reinforcements were rushed to counter the British, leaving the Americans facing a lighter defensive screen. Through its gaps, they now began to pour.

In liberated villages, ‘we were riding along with people waving and throwing ﬂowers at us,’ reported a tank commander. But it was a curious advance, with bouts of intense ﬁghting, then moments of uneasy calm.

Ernest Hemingway was seized by the moment, hijacking a German motorcycle and bowling through 'dead Germans, much shooting, much ﬁghting, small hills, dusty roads, dead cows, dead horses, dead U.S. guys'

The commander of one company described advancing along a forest track and ‘an eerie spell came over us, as though we were the subjects of a fairy enchantment. Suddenly we heard soft, gentle clapping and saw the shadowy forms of French men and women and children.

‘They lined the roadway, not talking, some crying, but most just gently clapping. A little girl came alongside me, blonde, pretty and all of ﬁve years old. She trustingly put her hand in mine and walked a short way with me, then waved until we were out of sight.’

Fifty years later, he could still hear the sound of soft clapping in a wood.

Suddenly, Cobra was going so well that on July 27 orders were issued by the U.S. commander, General Omar Bradley, for a full-out advance of 40 miles to Avranches, at the southern end of the Normandy peninsula and the gateway to Brittany.

As the decisiveness of this breakthrough became apparent, German morale slumped. As men retreated, a corporal awarded a Gold Cross for valour for destroying ﬁve tanks on the Russian front was muttering that the war was over.

‘The enemy is superior in men and material. We are simply being sent to our deaths with insufficient weapons, and our highest command [Hitler] does nothing to help us.’

A soldier wounded in the shoulder by shrapnel wished out loud that ‘the piece of iron that hit me had hit the Fuhrer’s head on July 20’ — a reference to the failed assassination plot by officers back in Germany.

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Brutal: The battle for Caen. As the decisiveness of the Allied breakthrough on the continent became apparent in the following weeks, German morale slumped and men began to retreat

A downward spiral of sudden retreat and smashed communications set in. Divisions were fragmented and few German commanders knew where their troops were. Because of chaos on the roads, ammunition and fuel could not get through, so panzers and vehicles were abandoned.

Increasingly, resistance was maintained only by small groups of soldiers, with an anti-tank gun or assault gun in support. Yet surrendering was not always a safe option because the SS were shooting those who wanted to give up.

But the American advance and the German retreat were so rapid that when U.S. tanks reached the city of Coutances, they found that the scouting party sent in advance had already captured it. So they ‘just rushed on through’, spraying machine-gun ﬁre at German infantry hiding in hedges as they headed for the coast and the town of Granville.

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Exhaustion: Soldiers resting in August 1944

Whenever they reached a defensive position blocking their way, an air liaison officer in his tank or half-track called in a squadron of P-47 Thunderbolts and had it destroyed, often within just 15 minutes.

Yet there was still considerable fighting to do, calling for exceptional courage. In the small town of Moyon, a U.S. patrol found themselves pinned down by a German tank, until a Private Sharke stalked it from behind a hedge and knocked it out with his last bazooka shell.

His blood up, he then stood with his rifle and took potshots at enemy infantry before a burst of machine-gun ﬁre from another German tank left ‘the ﬂesh hanging down over his chest’.

He collapsed from his terrible wound, but recovered after a rest and rejoined his company, holding up his two ﬁngers in a victory salute. ‘It was the greatest display of guts I’ve ever seen,’ an officer reported.

Another report cited the bravery of a Sgt Bishop, whose body was found with seven dead Germans around him, and Staff Sgt Barnes, who cut the throats of three German attackers.

Villages and towns were falling with stunning speed. In the spearhead of the advance was a task force commanded by Lt Col Leander Doane, who led an extraordinary dash forward to grab the town of Villedieu.

Twenty P-47 Thunderbolts flew overhead to take out any German columns in the way. Doane was in radio communication with them and could direct the pilots onto any target ahead.

They advanced ten miles in two hours, reached the edge of their objective and were ordered: ‘Do not stop. Proceed to the See river before halting. Corps commander directs you to move with greater speed.’ The See was 16 miles further on.

Doane bypassed Villedieu and raced on, with the Thunderbolts still riding shotgun overhead. The air support was so close that one pilot radioed that he was going to bomb a German tank only 50 yards to Doane’s left and that he had better take cover.

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Invasion: British troops advance through the village of Hermanville-sur-Mer, Normandy, on D-Day itself

Another pilot facetiously suggested that a tank commander ‘had better draw in his antenna’ because he was attacking right over his head.

Finally, they reached the town of Brecy and Doane, who was in the lead tank, told the Thunderbolts to hold off, since there seemed to be no enemy present. But as his Sherman turned the corner into the main street he saw crowds of German soldiers ‘lounging along the kerb’.

Unable to ﬁre because his gunner was otherwise engaged, Doane began taking potshots at the enemy with his Colt .45 pistol. It was, a report of the action stated, ‘practically a Hollywood entry’, and typical of the gung-ho American approach.

The writer Ernest Hemingway, in Normandy as a war reporter, was also seized by the moment, hijacking an abandoned German motorcycle with sidecar and having what he described as a ‘very jolly’ time bowling through ‘dead Germans, much shooting, much ﬁghting, small hills, dusty roads, dead cows, dead horses, dead U.S. guys’.

He was joined by the celebrated war photographer Robert Capa and nearly got him killed when they ran into a German anti-tank gun and had to shelter in a ditch under ﬁre.

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Carnage: An Allied Sherman recovery tank towing a crippled Sherman through a ruined town near Caen

Hemingway afterwards accused Capa of failing to help in a crisis so that he could ‘take the ﬁrst picture of the famous writer’s dead body’.

By then the only recourse for the Germans was withdrawal. Two columns of tanks, self-propelled guns, half-tracks, staff cars, motorbikes and trucks led an attempted escape. One of the columns passed a U.S. tank destroyer, which had been badly damaged and come to a halt by the side of the road.

The American crew inside played possum as the Germans passed, then began knocking the vehicles out, one by one, ﬁring 28 rounds altogether.

Meanwhile, 300 German infantrymen trying to flee through a swamp were chased and killed, while along a road that had been shelled, 600 were found dead in ‘a bloody mass of arms and legs and heads’.

In Granville, the desperate Germans began blowing up the port installations and soldiers stole any vehicle they could find to escape.

As news of the rout was reported back to Germany, there was consternation at Fuhrer headquarters. Urgent orders were sent that Avranches must not be taken, but everyone could see, as one general recorded, ‘that the whole front in Normandy was breaking up’.

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As news of the routs was reported back to Germany, there was consternation at Fuhrer headquarters

On August 1, Avranches was in American hands, and Field Marshal von Kluge, the German commander in France, told his staff: ‘Gentlemen, this breakthrough means for us and the German people the beginning of a decisive and bitter end. I see no remaining possibility of halting this ongoing attack.’

He was right — despite Hitler’s demands for a massive German counter-attack.

The Americans were on the edge of the vast open spaces of the Brittany peninsula, with France’s Atlantic coastline and its key ports in their sights in one direction.

The flamboyant General George Patton, a passionate believer in bold advance, charged on into Brittany, disregarding the fact the distances they were covering were so great that radio communications were breaking down.

But opening up in the other direction from Avranches was an even better prize — the hinterland north of the Loire that led though Le Mans, Orleans and Chartres, and directly to Paris.

Sensing the Germans had no reserves to block a charge towards the capital, Bradley and the Allied Supreme Commander, General Eisenhower, realised here was a rare opportunity to deliver a fatal blow.

Even Patton could see Brittany was going to be a backwater in what was no longer the Battle for Normandy, but the Battle for France.

He welcomed orders from Bradley to head east. Glory — and victory for the Allies — lay towards Paris.

'Got off beaches and fought all day. Lost a good many of the company': Son reveals father was D-Day hero and prisoner of war after releasing his dramatic secret diaries

Second World War veteran Leopole 'Eric' Wormald died aged 77 in 1980s

Son Cedric decides to release diaries to mark 70th anniversary of D-Day

Shop grocer from Northumberland served with Army from 1941 to 1945

He writes of moment he arrived on beaches and escaping bomb blasts

It was June 6, 1944, and shells were falling all around him as he made a ‘wild scramble to the shore’ and recoiled from the ‘din of battle’.

But Leopole ‘Eric’ Wormald, of Mickley, Northumberland, never boasted about his exploits during the Second World War - including how he survived D-Day after landing on the beaches of Normandy.

Now, the shop grocer’s secret diaries have been revealed - telling of his quiet heroism amid the horrors that he witnessed during his service with the Army from 1941 to 1945.

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Discovery: Grandfather-of-two Cedric Wormald (left) wants to share the story of his father Leopole 'Eric' Wormald (right) with others as the country prepares to mark the 70th anniversary of D-Day

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Prisoner of war details: Eric Wormald described how he was captured and taken to a POW camp surviving on little food and celebrating his birthday while imprisoned

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Soldiers: In his diary Eric Wormald talked of friends he had not seen and how he hoped they were safe

It was not until after his death in the 1980s aged 77 that his wife Gladys and son Cedric discovered the diary he wrote on D-Day and letters while he was a prisoner of war.

Grandfather-of-two Cedric Wormald, 66, of Howdon, Tyne and Wear, now wants to share his father’s story with others as the country prepares to mark the 70th anniversary of D-Day. He said: ‘He obviously wanted someone to read it at some time. I would just like to share it.

'You either write it down and one day someone will read it or you write it down to get it out of your mind. I just think others should know what it was like.’

In the pages of his diary, Eric Wormald speaks of the moment he arrived on the beaches, losing members of his company and narrowly escaping mortar bomb blasts.

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'Forever yours': A letter written to Gladys Wormald, Eric Wormald's wife, when he was a prisoner of war

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Couple: Eric and Gladys Wormald are pictured. Cedric Wormald believes the notes his father made on D-Day were written on his return home to the North East

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Rolled up: Cedric Wormald, with his father's cigarette case containing a picture of Gladys and two German cigarettes

From his D-Day notes, marked June 6, 1944, he writes: ‘After breakfast I went on deck and could hear the bombers going out and could see the flashes from their bombs on the French coast.’

D-DAY: THE GREATEST SEABORNE INVASION IN MILITARY HISTORY

Thousands of Allied soldiers, mostly from the United States, Britain and Canada, landed in Normandy to begin the drive to break the German occupation of Europe in 1944.

The soldiers charged the shores of five beaches in northern France, facing German land mines, machine guns and heavy artillery.

The invasion, a victory for the allies, is known as the key turning point of the war.

Some 215,000 Allied soldiers, and roughly as many Germans, were killed or wounded during D-Day and the ensuing three months before the Allies captured Normandy, opening a path toward Paris that eventually took them to Germany and victory over the Nazis.

Later in the day, he continues: ‘The sight at sea was one which will take some describing. Ships of all sorts and sizes and the din of battle was all around.

‘On one side of us we had HMS Renown and on the other side HMS Rodney. We were very lucky as shells were falling all around us. Landed on beach (first LCA [Landing Craft Assault] to land) 7.45am.

‘Jumped into sea which was up to my shoulders, nearly lost my balance and fell. Made a wild scramble to the shore and got to the sands safely. Going up the sands, there were many things in my mind.

‘First my wife, lying peacefully in bed, little did she know that the invasion was in progress and that I was on French soil at that moment, I thought of everyone at home and wondered how they would take the news.’

Cedric Wormald believes the notes his father made on D-Day were written on his return home to the North East.

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Old photographs: The secret diaries of shop grocer Leopole ‘Eric’ Wormald (pictured) have been revealed

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Store: Eric Wormald, who served with the Army from 1941 to 1945, outside the shop where he worked

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Back home: Eric and Gladys Wormald (left), and Gladys Wormald (right). In the notes he made on D-Day, Eric Wormald described his terrifying moments on the infamous beach

‘I think when he came back he wrote that, whether to get it out of his mind, or they said “Write down what you went through on the day”,’ he said.

ERIC WORMALD'S DIARY ENTRIES

June 6, 1944: 'After breakfast I went on deck and could hear the bombers going out and could see the flashes from their bombs on the French coast. The sight at sea was one which will take some describing. Ships of all sorts and sizes and the din of battle was all around. On one side of us we had HMS Renown and on the other side HMS Rodney. We were very lucky as shells were falling all around us. Landed on beach (first LCA [Landing Craft Assault] to land) 7.45am. Jumped into sea which was up to my shoulders, nearly lost my balance and fell. Made a wild scramble to the shore and got to the sands safely. Going up the sands, there were many things in my mind. First my wife, lying peacefully in bed, little did she know that the invasion was in progress and that I was on French soil at that moment, I thought of everyone at home and wondered how they would take the news. Then it happened, the next mortar bomb dropped near us and Dossol, Knight and two others were wounded, how badly I don’t know because I could not think of anything else but to get away from the attack. I took a chance and ran to the top of the beach. Got off beaches and fought on all day. Lost a good many of the company including Lt Bawdon and Lt Williamson (Both killed in action).'

June 7: 'Slept as best we could at night in Jerry dug outs, hardly saw any Jerry planes until dusk. Next morning my first job was to make Major Matt’s breakfast and my own. Fought on all next day. Our worst encounters were jerry snipers. Killed one French woman sniping for jerry and captured other two. We also took a large number of prisoners.'

June 10: 'Marched through streets of Bayeux. A little French girl filled my hat with cherries and gave me a lovely rose. (If ever there were tears in my eyes it was at this moment). Camped the night outside Bayeux, moved on next day.

June 13: 'Got ambushed by Jerry and with four others got cut off from rest.’

July 4: 'Being my 36th birthday and a POW in Germany.'

July 16: 'Received first Red and parcel.'

July 21: 'Comfort parcel. Allowed to send card home.'

August 3: 'Left Stalag 12A by train and arrived Stalag 4B.'

August 5: 'While there I wrote a number of cards home and we could get news every day about the war.'

August 11: 'Started work in stone quarry on 11th. Damned hard job and little food. First pay 25 Marks per month.'

October 25: 'Received first letter from home. Nothing much to write about, time is going quick, only work and sleep. Don’t get much news now, letters arriving better but no parcels coming through.'

December 25: 'Xmas day was lousy.'

January 1: 'New Year’s Day just as bad, very cold but not much snow.'

‘I was very proud of him when I read it. He has always been my hero - but when you see what he went through and how he came back to the shop and just picked up normal life, it’s amazing.’

In the notes he made on D-Day, Eric Wormald went on to describe his terrifying moments on the beach.

‘Then it happened, the next mortar bomb dropped near us and Dossol, Knight and two others were wounded, how badly I don’t know because I could not think of anything else but to get away from the attack. I took a chance and ran to the top of the beach.’

Eric Wormald said he thanked God for his good luck so far as he was the only one to escape without a scratch. In his diary he talked of friends he had not seen and how he hoped they were safe.

‘Got off beaches and fought on all day. Lost a good many of the company including Lt Bawdon and Lt Williamson (Both killed in action),’ he wrote.

Writing about the night after D-Day, he said: ‘Slept as best we could at night in jerry dug outs, hardly saw any jerry planes until dusk.

‘Next morning my first job was to make Major Matt’s breakfast and my own. Fought on all next day. Our worst encounters were Jerry snipers. Killed one French woman sniping for Jerry and captured other two.

‘We also took a large number of prisoners. June 10, marched through streets of Bayeux. A little French girl filled my hat with cherries and gave me a lovely rose. (If ever there were tears in my eyes it was at this moment).

‘Camped the night outside Bayeux, moved on next day. June 13 got ambushed by Jerry and with four others got cut off from rest.’

Eric Wormald then described how he was captured and taken to a Prisoner of War camp, surviving on little food and celebrating his birthday while imprisoned.

‘July 4 being my 36th birthday and a POW in Germany,’ he continued. ‘July 16 received first Red and parcel. July 21 comfort parcel. Allowed to send card home.

‘August 3 left Stalag 12A by train and arrived Stalag 4B. August 5. While there I wrote a number of cards home and we could get news every day about the war.’

He added: ‘Started work in stone quarry on 11th. Damned hard job and little food. First pay 25 Marks per month. Received first letter from home on October 25.

‘Nothing much to write about, time is going quick, only work and sleep. Don’t get much news now, letters arriving better but no parcels coming through.

‘Xmas day was lousy. New Year’s Day just as bad, very cold but not much snow. Jan, still looking forward to finish of war. Feb, we all hope that this month will see it through.

‘Some news that the war is progressing in our favour. Air raids getting more frequent. March, weather much better, still no sign of war being finished. No letters for three weeks, not much special news.

‘April, another weary month, all work and no play. Everyone feeling very weak through lack of food. News that the Yanks are advancing fast.’

In the last paragraphs, he tells of liberation. ‘Handed over next morning and taken to X POW camp. Plenty of food and news. There two weeks and left by truck for Halle. Left Halle by plane.’

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Historic: The soldier was involved in the D-Day landings on the Normandy beaches on June 6, 1944 (file picture)

Scenes From D-Day, Then and Now

June 6, 2014, will be the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Allied invasion of Europe in World War II. Seven decades ago, the largest amphibious invasion in history took place, changing the course of the war. Nearly 200,000 Allied troops boarded 7,000 ships and more than 3,000 aircraft and headed toward Normandy. Some 156,000 troops landed on the French beaches, 24,000 by air and the rest by sea, where they met stiff resistance from well-defended German positions across 50 miles of French coastline. Two photographers recently traveled to France, seeking to rephotograph images captured back then. Getty photographer Peter Macdiarmid and Reuters photographer Chris Helgren gathered archive pictures from the 1944 invasion, tracked down the locations, and photographed them as they appear today. Starting with photo number two, all the images are interactive -- click on them to see a transition from 'then' to 'now', and see the difference 70 years can make.

A composite image of the seafront of Weymouth, England -- in June of 1944 (left) and 70 years later, on April 5, 2014. In 1944, US troops on the Esplanade were on their way to embark on ships bound for Omaha Beach for the D-Day landings in Normandy. The Allied invasion to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II took place on June 6, 1944.(Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images)

US troops on the Esplanade in Weymouth, England, on their way to embark on ships bound for Omaha Beach for the D-Day landings in Normandy in June of 1944. Click to view a transition to this same view 70 years later, on April 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Boats full of United States troops waiting to leave Weymouth, Southern England, to take part in Operation Overlord in Normandy, June 1944. Click to view a transition to the same view on April 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

D-Day, the invasion of France, June 6, 1944. American craft of all styles at Omaha Beach, Normandy, during the first stages of the Allied invasion. Click to fade to a view of Omaha Beach on May 7, 2014, near Colleville sur Mer, France. [Click image to fade] (Popperfoto, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

The body of a dead German soldier lies in the main square of Place Du Marche after the town was taken by U.S. troops who landed at nearby Omaha Beach in Trevieres, France, June 15, 1944. Click to view the same location on August 23, 2013. [Click image to fade] (US National Archives, 1944/Chris Helgren, 2013/Reuters) #

A crashed U.S. fighter plane on the waterfront some time after Canadian forces came ashore on a Juno Beach D-Day landing zone in Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, France, in June 1944. Click to view the same location on August 23, 2013. [Click image to fade] (National Archives of Canada, 1944/Chris Helgren, 2013/Reuters) #

A ruined street in Caen, France in June of 1944. Click to see transition to a view of the rue de Bayeux on May 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

The British 2nd Army: Royal Marine Commandos of Headquarters, 4th Special Service Brigade, making their way from their landing craft onto 'Nan Red' Beach, JUNO Area, at St Aubin-sur-Mer at about 9 am on, 6 June 1944. Click to see the same beach on May 6, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Lt. Handford/IWM, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Troops of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division landing at Juno Beach on the outskirts of Bernieres-sur-Mer on D-Day, June 6, 1944. 14,000 Canadian soldiers were put ashore and 340 lost their lives in the battles for the beachhead. Click to see the same beach 70 years later, on May 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

American troops stand by with stores on Omaha Beach after the D-day landings. Click to see this view of Omaha Beach on May 6, 2014, near Vierville sur Mer, France. [Click image to fade] (MPI, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Members of an American landing party assist troops whose landing craft was sunk by enemy fire off Omaha beach, near Colleville sur Mer, on June 6, 1944. Click to view the same location on August 22, 2013. [Click image to fade] (US National Archives, 1944/Chris Helgren, 2013/Reuters) #

The British 2nd Army, Commandos of 1st Special Service Brigade land on 'Queen Red' Beach, SWORD Area, at la Breche, at approximately 8:40 am, on June 6, 1944. Click to transition to a view of the seafront and Queen Red Beach on May 8, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Capt. J L Evans/IWM, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

A large number of German prisoners are gathered on the beach of Bernieres-sur-Mer in June of 1944. They are guarded by British soldiers from the 2nd Army on Juno Beach (Bernieres sector), Normandy, France. Click to fade to a view of Juno Beach on May 8, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

After the assault at the cliffs of Pointe du Hoc by the 2nd Ranger Battalion (D, E and F Company) Colonel James E. Rudder establishes a Post Commando in June of 1944. German prisoners are gathered and an American flag is deployed for signaling. Omaha Beach, Normandy, France. Click to see a view of the cliffs on May 6, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

A French armored column passes through the small French town of St Mere Eglise during the Allied invasion of Normandy, getting a warm welcome from the inhabitants. Click to fade to this street scene on May 7, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Popperfoto, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Allied forces Supreme Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower speaks with U.S. Army paratroopers of Easy Company, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (Strike) of the 101st Airborne Division, at Greenham Common Airfield in England, on June 5, 1944. Click to see a view of Greenham Common Airfield on July 15, 2013. [Click image to fade] (US National Archives, 1944/Chris Helgren, 2013/Reuters) #

A view of a town square, stockpiled with supplies and ammunition earmarked for the impending D-Day invasion of France, Moreton-in-Marsh, England, May 1944. Click to fade to May 12, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Frank Scherschel/Time & Life Pictures, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Three soldiers of the 23rd Field Ambulance, Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, place flowers on graves in June of 1944. In the background is the church of Saint Georges de Basly. In the four temporary graves are a Scottish, a Canadian and two French civilians, in Saint Georges de Basly, Normandy, France. Click to compare with the same scene on May 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

United States Army trucks and jeeps drive through the ruins of Saint-Lo in July of 1944. A group of American soldiers is walking along the street. The town was almost totally destroyed by 2,000 Allied bombers when they attacked German troops stationed there during Operation Overlord. Click to view the same scene on May 7, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, Normandy. A group of American soldiers stand at the village fountain on June 12, 1944. A woman is walking away with two pitchers while three children are watching the scene, and an old man is fetching water next to a GI expected to wash his bowls. Sainte-Marie-du-Mont was liberated by a group of paratroopers of the 501st and 506th Regiments of the 101st Airborne Division. Click to view the same fountain 70 years later, on May 7, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images) #

A Canadian soldier directs traffic in front of the Notre-Dame Nativity church, in Bernieres-sur-Mer, on June 6, 1944. Click to transition to present day, the same scene on May 5, 2014. [Click image to fade] (Galerie Bilderwelt, 1944/Peter Macdiarmid, 2014/Getty Images)

A monster off the British coast: Rusting hulk of World War One German U-boat emerges after almost a century

It is the only German submarine visible in UK waters today and is a visible reminder of the Great War

The submarine is thought to be a UB-I22 submarine and would have carried 10 torpedoes

After the war the German UB-122 was initially stripped of its internal metal engines to be used for scrap metal

The wreckage can still be seen beached in a remote area of mudflats on the banks of the River Medway in Hoo, Kent

Its hull astonishingly intact, a First World War German U-boat lies embedded in remote mudflats up an English creek.While more than 40 of the deadly submarines met their fate in our waters during the conflict, this is the only one that can be seen.

The wreckage of the others lies hidden deep beneath the sea.

The existence of this one has long been known, but its eerie presence has gained fresh interest after tidal changes and the recent storms made it more visible.

A World War One U-boat, believed UB-122, on mudflats near Humblebee Creek near the Isle of Grain

The U-boats of the Imperial German Navy very nearly won World War One for Germany

All that is left of the once deadly weapon is a crumbling rusted wreck of the submarine

The wreckage can still be seen beached in a remote area of mudflats on the banks of the River Medway in Hoo

New research by naval historians for English Heritage has shed fresh light on how the undersea war machine came to be marooned on the banks of the Medway in Hoo, Kent, and the mystery of why it has lain there untouched for more than nine decades. Their investigations also led them to conclude that, after many years of uncertainty about its identity, it is almost certainly a submarine called UB-122.

Yesterday marine archaeologist Mark Dunkley, the maritime designation adviser for English Heritage, said: ‘It has been there since 1921. It was one of more than 100 U-boats which surrendered at the end of the war and were taken to Harwich.

‘Some were sent to the French navy but most were cut up and used as scrap metal.

‘Records show that the diesel engines were cut out of UB-122 and reused in a cement works at Halling in Kent – the U-boat’s power plants thus serviced Britain’s post-war industrial development.

‘What we still don’t know is exactly why or how UB-122 ended where it is. It’s likely it was being taken up the Medway estuary to be broken up for scrap. Perhaps in a storm it parted from its tow, the cable snapped, and the prevailing winds blew it to Hoo.

‘As to why it was left there, we can only speculate. It could have been too much of an effort to get to it, or perhaps it was a problem of navigation in how to get to it.

‘Its interest is that it is the only known complete U-boat that can be seen in British tidal waters.’

UB-122 was a ‘coastal’ U-boat equipped with ten torpedoes and designed to attack Allied shipping. The other main use of U-boats was for laying mines.

There are no current plans to conserve it, but English Heritage is ‘looking to identify its historic place in more detail’ after the end of next year’s commemorations associated with the centenary of the start of the 1914 to 1918 war.

Mr Dunkley said: ‘It still serves as a poignant reminder of those who gave their lives at sea during the First World War.’

The submarine is thought to be a UB-I22 submarine and would have carried 10 torpedoes and were usually armed with a deck gun

They carried a crew of 34 and had a cruising range of 7,200-9,000 miles. Between 1916 and 1918, 96 were built

The U-boats of the Imperial German Navy very nearly won the Great War for Germany after the country heavily invested in the vessels

THE DEADLY HISTORY OF GERMANY'S U-BOATS THAT TERRORISED BRITISH SHORES

The U-boat skippers would target British vessels

On 5th September 1914, the U-boat SM U 21, which was considered unpromising initially, sank the British light cruiser HMS Pathfinder.

In February 1915 the sea around the British isles were declared a war zone by Germany and the battle of the U-boats began.

A neutral flag offered no protection against the ruthless U-boat captains, who were ordered to be absolutely sure a ship was neutral before sparing it.

Submarines did not have a hopeful start in their history. The first submarine built in Germany was called the Brandtaucher, which sank during its first test dive.

But bigger and more successful submarines were developed, and equipped with deadly weapons which made them a crucial addition to Germany's arsenal of weapons.

At the start of World War I, Germany had twenty-nine U-boats; in the first ten weeks, five British cruisers had been lost to them.

On 5 September 1914, HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo.

U-boats caused so much destruction that at one point during World War Two the British government thought that Britain would have to contemplate surrendering.

Following the end of World War One, Germany was technically not allowed to have submarines or submarine crews - but continued to invest money, time and man power into building more as they prepared for World War Two.

Bunker mentality: One man's photo-odyssey captures the stern beauty of Germany's WWII defences that have survived wars hot and cold for 70 years

The menacing bunkers stand as firmly as they did on D-Day, 70 years ago

Photographer Jonathan Andrew scoured the wartime territory of The Netherlands, France, and Belgium

The 42-year-old, who is originally from Stockport, Cheshire, started his bunker odyssey in 2009

These are the eerie images of Second World War bunkers that still crouch on the landscape as echoes of the biggest conflict in history.

The menacing bunkers stand as firmly as they did on D Day, 70 years ago - and these stunning pictures show the enormity of German defences.

Photographer Jonathan Andrew scoured the wartime territory of The Netherlands, France, and Belgium.

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These are the eerie images of World War II bunkers that still crouch on the landscape as echoes of the biggest conflict in history. Pictured: The R636 Fire Control Post, in the Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais

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The menacing bunkers stand as firmly as they did on D Day, 70 years ago - and these stunning pictures show the enormity of German defences. Pictured: The Type 583a / M 178 Fire Control Post, Heerenduin, Ijmuiden

Mr Andrew has captured the stern beauty of structures once meant to withstand the full fury of war.The 42-year-old, who is originally from Stockport, Cheshire, started his bunker odyssey in 2009 and has now visited them all over Europe.

Mr Andrew, who has now lived in Amsterdam, Holland, for the past 21 years, said: 'I originally found the geometry and shape of the structures fascinating and the fact that they were just left standing alone in a farmer's field or on a beach.

The SK Observation Tower, Fliegerhorst, Hemiksem, Belgium. Mr Andrew has captured the stern beauty of structures once meant to withstand the full fury of war

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The 42-year-old, who is originally from Stockport, Cheshire, started his bunker odyssey in 2009 and has now visited them all over Europe. Pictured: Type 703 Emminkhuizen, South of Renswoude

'It was as if they were still on guard but nobody had told them the war is over. Once I started photographing them it was impossible not to be moved by what the buildings symbolised and what they have witnessed.'

Mr Andrew said his photos were not taken to make an anti-war statement but to offer an insight into a fascinating chapter in history.

He said: 'As a photographer you try and point things out to people which you find beautiful or fascinating and ask them to take a longer, closer look.

'I'm not trying to make an anti-war statement but just bring them to peoples attention, show people these amazing buildings, steeped in such incredible history are still scattered throughout Europe's fields and dunes.

'I work on the bunker photographs only in the winter, it's taken about three winters to photograph the collection so far.

'It's a personal project, so I have to find time between my regular paid assignments.

'It's surprising to see some bunkers being used by farmers for other purposes, such as storing animal feed, farm equipment etc. I'm also amazed at the shear number of them still around, some in very good condition.'

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Pictured the Military Casemate Type 623, West of Koudekerke, The Netherlands. Mr Andrew said: 'I originally found the geometry and shape of the structures fascinating and the fact that they were just left standing alone in a farmer's field or on a beach'

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The Dragon Teeth, Riegelstellung Dune. 'I'm amazed at the shear number of them still around, some in very good condition,' said Mr Andrew

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The Cramond Island WW2 submarine defence boom. Once I started photographing them it was impossible not to be moved by what the buildings symbolised and what they have witnessed,' said the photographer

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The Type 669 Heenschemolen Bunker, Heensche Molen. 'It's surprising to see some bunkers being used by farmers for other purposes, such as storing animal feed, farm equipment etc,' said Mr Andrew

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The Type V143 Mammut Radar Antenne, Waringzelle, Nord Pas de Calais. Mr Andrew said his photos were not taken to make an anti-war statement but to offer an insight into a fascinating chapter in history

Chaos of D-Day revealed in newly released photographs taken from RAF reconnaissance planes that flew over the beaches as allies fought their way ashore

Fascinating photographs taken from the air show thousands of troops arriving on the beaches of Normandy

Pictures were taken 1000 feet above the coastline of northern France from inside a II (AC) Squadron Mustang

Boats can be seen arriving on the beaches laden with troops, as French villages burn along the coastline

Larger naval ships are also pictured as they provide support to those fighting on the beaches

Around 10,000 troops and civilians killed in Normandy landings, including around 2,700 British servicemen

Photographs were used to gather information about the coastal terrain as well as monitor the invasion's progress

61,715 British troops landed in Normandy on D-Day itself, and by June 11 a total of 326,547 Allied troops had landed

Images released to mark the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings, as veterans return to the invasion site

The extent of D-Day chaos has been revealed in these newly released photographs taken from the RAF reconnaissance planes that flew over the Normandy beaches as allied troops fought their way ashore.

Taken 1000 feet above the coastline of northern France on June 6, 1944, the dramatic black and white images capture the moment thousands of troops arrived on the beaches as part of the largest seaborne invasion force in history, and have been released to mark the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings.

The rarely seen photographs show a number of small ships laden with troops ready to storm the coastline at Sword, Omaha, Juno, and Gold beaches, while larger naval vessels wait further back - providing much needed support to those engaged in the battle that would pave the way for victory over Nazi Germany the following year.

Scroll down for video

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Arrival: A number of ships carrying hoards of allied troops are seen arriving at Sword beach, which was the responsibility of British forces, on June 6, 1944 in this newly-released photograph, taken 1,000 feet above the French coastline by a Royal Air Force Mustang aircraft of II (Army Cooperation) Squadron

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Battle: This aerial view of allied forces arriving at Omaha Beach on D-Day, where US Army troops, supported by the U.S. Navy and the British Royal Navy, fought to secure a beachhead between Port-en-Bessin and Vire River, coming up against opposition from the German 352nd Infantry Division

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Assault: British troops pour into Gold Beach, which was assigned to the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and the 8th Armoured Brigade, as well as attachments from the Royal Marines. Here the British, assisted by the Army's Sherman flail tanks, came up against German troops, but eventually managed to break through defences, suffering around 400 casualties

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Massive loss of life: Burning French villages and the movement of Allied equipment can be seen in this image of Juno beach, which was invaded by troops from the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, along with Royal Marine commandos and naval support. Some 359 Allied troops were killed at the beach and a further 574 injured

French villages can be seen burning as troops arrive at Juno beach, which was invaded by troops from the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, along with British Royal Marines and naval support, while military equipment including tanks can also be seen.

Codenamed Operation Neptune, D-Day was a decisive victory for the Allied forces, and helped pave the wave way for victory over Nazi Germany the following year. Around 10,000 troops and civilians were believed to have been killed but the true figure has never been discovered.

Of those killed, it is thought that 2,700 were British, 946 Canadian, and 6,603 from the U.S. The total German casualties on D-Day are not known, but the losses have been estimated as being between 4,000 and 9,000 men. The reconnaissance photographs were taken from a II (AC) Squadron Mustang, piloted by Air Commodore Andrew Geddes. Two other aircraft were also over the beaches when the first landing craft touched down.

The group used bulky cameras loaded to the bottom of the aircraft and took more than 30 sorties to take the panoramic image, giving them vital intelligence as to how the push was progressing.

Military chiefs had split their target 50 mile stretch of Normandy coastline into five sections - Gold, Omaha, Juno, Sword and Utah beaches.

U.S. Forces were responsible for Utah, Omaha, while the British oversaw Gold and Sword, and the Canadians Juno.

History: The reconnaissance photographs were taken from a II (AC) Squadron Mustang, like the one photographed here as it was prepared for a mission over Normandy as part of Operation Overlord

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Similar plane: The II (AC) Squadron Mustang was piloted by Air Commodore Andrew Geddes. Two other aircraft were also using bulky cameras to take photographs over the Normandy beaches when the first landing craft touched down

Around 61,715 British troops landed on D-Day itself, and by the end of June 11 a total of 326,547 troops from Britain, Canada and the U.S. had arrived on the beaches, pushing in to France until they reached the River Seine in August 1944.

Hitler's unwillingness to let his commanders make tactical withdrawals meant the Germans were constrained, and by the end of August Nazi forces were in full retreat.

Although the Allied push could not be sustained and the Germans were later able to regroup, a counter-offensive in the Ardennes that December could failed, and by the spring the Allies had resumed their advance - crossing the Rhine into the heart of Germany in March 1945.

The war in Europe ended with German surrender on 7 May 1945.

The photographs were released as the world prepares to mark the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings on Friday.

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Ready to return: Hundreds of D-Day veterans and relatives of those that died will attend a series of events over the coming days. Events to commemorate the historic invasion of northern France will take place across the UK and also around the pivotal beaches themselves - code-named Utah, Omaha, Sword, Gold and Juno

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Veterans: Ronnie Firth, 94 (left) of the Royal Engineers 'Desert Rats' unit, (left) and Ernie Covill, 89, (right) of the Royal Army Service Corps pose at the memorial monument at the US cemetery in Colleville-Sur-Mer, in Normandy, France

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Laughter: Normandy Veterans Joe Cattini, 91, (left) and Denys Hunter, 90, (right) share a joke as prior to catching a ferry to France to take part in the anniversary events. The men were both in the same unit of Herefordshire Yeomanry on Gold Beach on D-Day and recently met up again for the first time in 70 years

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Getting prepared: A stage and covered seating is erected at Ouistreham Beach in northwestern France. Hundreds of D-Day veterans and relatives of those that died will attend a series of events in the area ahead of Friday's anniversary

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Memorial: An helicopter flies over the site of Ouistreham Beach in northwestern France, as preparations are made for the upcoming D-Day commemorations

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Commemoration: Former Allied soldiers are set to gather in Normandy this week. U.S. veteran Jack W Schlegel, 91, is pictured above teaching boys in Normandy about his role in the fighting

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Memories: Mr Schlegel, who served in the 82nd Airborne unit of the U.S. Army, poses in front of this country road in Picauville, near Sainte-Mere-Eglise, which was named after him

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Practice: The events of this weekend in Normandy will be attended by leaders from all over the world. Pictures is a re-enactor preparing for the anniversary on Omaha beach

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Recreation: Historical re-enactors, with authentic-looking vehicles and uniforms, are also preparing to mark the landings on Omaha beach in Vierville-su-Mer, France

Hundreds of D-Day veterans and relatives of those that died will attend a series of events over the coming days.

Events to commemorate the historic invasion of northern France will take place across the UK and also around the pivotal beaches themselves - code-named Utah, Omaha, Sword, Gold and Juno.

An international flotilla of ships will sail through the channel to Normandy before an international ceremony on Sword Beach.

Services led by the British and the French will also be held at Bayeux Cathedral followed by an event at the Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.

Dignitaries including the Queen, as well as 650 British veterans of the conflict, will attend the events.

Due to the age of many veterans - now at least 88 - for many their trip to the ceremonies in France will be their last such visit.

However, the Big Lottery Fund has extended its Heroes Return 2 programme to enable veterans to apply for funding to make second trips with the deadline for closure will now be end of 2015.

The programme deadline for . Information on funding is available here: http://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/heroesreturn.

Diary of Second World War general who wrote off the week of the D-Day landings by scribbling a line through it

The engagements’ diary of a Second World War army general has revealed that he wrote off the week of the D-Day landings by scribbling a line through it.

General Sir Miles ‘Bimbo’ Dempsey made notes of top secret meetings he held with Allied commanders in the weeks and months leading up to and after the week beginning June 6, 1944 in the black book.

But the diary was mysteriously 'cleared' from the two pages covering Monday, June 5 through to Sunday, June 11, with a simple blue squiggly line across those dates.

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The engagements' diary of a World War Two army general has revealed that he wrote off the week of the D-Day landings by scribbling a line through it. Sir Miles 'Bimbo' Dempsey made notes of top secret meetings he held with Allied commanders leading up to and after the week beginning June 6, 1944 in the black book

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A modest man, Sir Miles was one of the most important wartime generals but is almost completely unknown because of his determination to stay out of the limelight. Sir Miles is pictured (right) alongside King George VI (centre) and Field Marshal Montgomery (left)

It is not clear why Sir Miles erased the days, but for every day after the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe, Gen Dempsey marked in pencil ‘D+1’, ‘D+2’ and so on and also noted which divisions of his army had landed.

A modest man, Sir Miles was one of the most important wartime generals but is almost completely unknown because of his determination to stay out of the limelight.

He went from Major to General - in charge of half a million troops - in just six years, and was the first person since Agincourt to be knighted on the battlefield by the King himself.

His diary is among an archive of documents and photographs relating to the commander of the largest British Army in history to be released by his family - including several letters of congratulations sent by Generals Dwight Eisenhower and Montgomery for his martial success.

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King George VI knighting Monty's second in command General Dempsey in Northern France 1944 in one of the only occasions it had happened on a battlefield since Agincourt in 1415

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Montgomery (centre) standing with his four army generals, Dempsey, Hodges, Simpson and Crera during the Battle of the Bulge

Andrew Currie, of auctioneers Bonhams, said: 'The Dempsey material offers a wonderful opportunity to highlight the career of a soldier who in many ways became the forgotten man of D-Day.

'The many warm letters of congratulations from Eisenhower and Montgomery show just how much they valued his calm leadership of the huge 2nd Army and in particular the way he approached the unglamorous task of pinning down the German troops and tanks in the immediate aftermath of D-Day.

'Unlike most of the senior figures involved in D-Day, General Dempsey did not write his memoires so the tributes from his fellow offices have a special significance.

'They speak loudly and impartially for the vitally important contribution he made both then and during the rest of the war in which he served with such distinction.

'General Dempsey was the focal point of one of the stranger episodes at the very end of the war when a delegation of high ranking German military personnel, acting on the authority of the interim German government, arrived at his HQ on June 3, 1945 to negotiate the German surrender.

'The set of four photographs recording this event is a vivid reminder of the chaos which surrounded the collapse of the German state after Hitler’s suicide on April 30.'

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His diary is among an archive of documents and photographs to be released by his family - including several letters of congratulations sent by General Dwight Eisenhower, right, along with a signed photograph

The collection also includes a rare order of service for a church service held on June 4, 1944, to say prayers for the tens of thousands of men about to take part in D-Day.

It also includes four unofficial photos of the moment the German high command tried to surrender to him at his headquarters in Germany on May 3, 1945.

General Demspey sent the German deputation away as, by protocol, they had to surrender to Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery, which they did the following day.

And a signed photo of US army supremo Eisenhower in which he described ‘Bimbo’ as ‘brilliant army commander of World War II’ is included.

He led the British 2nd Army in the Battle of Normandy, where his men occupied the German forces at Caen, allowing the Americans to push into northern France.

His family have decided to sell some of the wartime mementos ahead of the 70th anniversary of D-Day. The archive has a pre-sale estimate of almost £40,000.

Gen Dempsey retired from the army in 1957 and hunted and bred race horses. He died aged 72 in 1969. The auction takes place on June 26.

The engagements’ diary of a Second World War army general has revealed that he wrote off the week of the D-Day landings by scribbling a line through it.

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Photographs showing the German deputation at General Sir Miles Dempsey's tactical headquarters on 3 May 1945

General Sir Miles ‘Bimbo’ Dempsey made notes of top secret meetings he held with Allied commanders in the weeks and months leading up to and after the week beginning June 6, 1944 in the black book.

But the diary was mysteriously 'cleared' from the two pages covering Monday, June 5 through to Sunday, June 11, with a simple blue squiggly line across those dates.

It is not clear why Sir Miles erased the days, but for every day after the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe, Gen Dempsey marked in pencil ‘D+1’, ‘D+2’ and so on and also noted which divisions of his army had landed.

The mysterious gesture comes to light as hundreds of surviving D-Day veterans prepare to revisit the beaches of Normandy to mark the 70th anniversary of the landings.

Events to commemorate the historic invasion of northern France will take place across the UK and also around the pivotal beaches themselves - code-named Utah, Omaha, Sword, Gold and Juno.

Dignitaries including the Queen, as well as 650 British veterans of the conflict, will visit France for events.

A modest man, Sir Miles was one of the most important wartime generals but is almost completely unknown because of his determination to stay out of the limelight.

He went from Major to General - in charge of half a million troops - in just six years, and was one of the only men since Agincourt to be knighted on the battlefield by the King himself.His diary is among an archive of documents and photographs relating to the commander of the largest British Army in history to be released by his family - including several letters of congratulations sent by Generals Dwight Eisenhower and Montgomery for his martial success.

'History is the mainstay, you've only got to look through - it's something people should take more seriously because you will get these despots coming into power because of the ignorance of the people under them. That is what it is.'

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The landings were a turning point in the war, leading to the liberation of occupied Europe

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Heads of states from 17 nations, including the Queen will also gather for an international ceremony in Normandy next week

Heads of states from 17 nations, including the Queen will also gather for an international ceremony in Normandy next week which will take place at the Sword Beach.

For many veterans, now in their late 80s and 90s, who have made the annual pilgrimage to honour the 156,000 Allied troops, this year's events will be their last to the scene of their exploits.

Also due to attend Sword Beach will be US president Barack Obama and also German chancellor Angela Merkel, in a sign of the harmony and friendship rebuilt since the horrors of the war.

The day before the main international ceremony, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh will travel to France for a three-day state visit, and will be received by French president Francois Hollande.

On Thursday, Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall will meet veterans, including from the Glider Pilot Regiment, the Parachute Regiment and the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada.

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge will also play a role by attending events in Arromanches on Friday.

D-DAY: THE GREATEST SEABORNE INVASION IN MILITARY HISTORY

Allied troops land on the Normandy beaches during D-Day on June 6, 1944, marking a major turning point in the Second World War

On June 6, 1944, Allied forces, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, stormed the beaches of Normandy, France, on 'D-Day', beginning the liberation of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.

The Normandy landings, codenamed Operation Neptune, were the beginning of Operation Overlord, the Allies' assault on German-occupied territory.

The mission was the largest amphibious invasion in history with over 160,000 soldiers, including 73,000 Americans, 61,715 British and 21,400 Canadians, involved and over 5,000 ships.

There was an initial airborne assault with 24,000 troops being parachuted into France before the sea landings began at dawn.

The Normandy coast was split into five sectors for the attack - Juno, Sword, Gold, Omaha and Utah.

The timing of the operation was crucial, with commanders needing the right weather, a full moon and the correct tidal conditions.

On D-Day alone, around 4,400 Allied troops died with a further 9,000 wounded or missing. Total German casualties are estimated at between 4,000 and 9,000.

The landings were a turning point in the war, opening up a second front - the Russians were already advancing on Germany from the east - and leading to the liberation of occupied Europe.

'The tide has turned. The free men of the world are marching together to victory!' Eisenhower said in an historic address after the invasion was launched.

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