Hidden in a sealed part of an ancient Peruvian temple,
archaeologists have discovered a feathered shield dating back
around 1,300 years.

Made by the Moche people, the rare artifact was found face down
on a sloped surface that had been turned into a bench or altar at
the site of Pañamarca. Located near two
ancient murals, one of which depicts
a supernatural monster, the shield measures about 10 inches
(25 centimeters) in diameter and has a base made of carefully
woven basketry with a handle.

Its surface is covered with red-and-brown textiles along with
about a dozen yellow feathers that were sewn on and appear to be
from the body of a macaw. The shield would have served a
ritualistic rather than a practical use, and the placement of the
shield on the bench or altar appears to have been the last act
carried out before this space was sealed and a new, larger,
temple built on top of it. [See
Photos of the Shield & Ancient Murals]

The discovery of this small shield, combined with the discovery
of other small Moche shields and depictions of them in art, may
also shed light on Moche combat. Their shields may have been used
in ceremonial performances or ritualized battles similar to
gladiatorial combat, Lisa Trever, a professor at the
University of California, Berkeley, told LiveScience.

Trever and her colleagues, Jorge Gamboa, Ricardo Toribio and
Flannery Surette, describe the shield in the most recent edition
of Ñawpa Pacha: Journal of Andean Archaeology.

Macaw feathers

Though only about a dozen feathers now remain on the shield, in
ancient times it may have had a more feathered appearance. "I
suspect that originally it had at least 100 feathers sewn on the
surface" in two or more concentric circles, Trever said.

The
Moche people, who lived on the desert coasts and irrigated
valleys of the Pacific side of the Andes
Mountains, likely had to import the feathers, as macaws
resided on the eastern side of the Andes, closer to the Amazon.

What symbolic meaning the macaw had for the Moche is a mystery.
"We know that the Moche used many animal metaphors in their art
and visual culture," Trever said. "They may have had a specific
symbolic meaning to the macaw, but because the Moche didn't leave
us any written records we don't know precisely what they
thought."

Ancient murals

The shield was found close to two ancient murals, one of which
depicts a "Strombus Monster," a supernatural beast with both
snail and feline characteristics, and the other an iguanalike
creature. The researchers note in their paper that the monster is
often shown in Moche art battling a fanged humanlike character
called "Wrinkle Face" by some scholars. The iguana in turn is
often shown as an attendant accompanying Wrinkle Face on his
journeys. [Top
10 Beasts & Dragons: How Reality Made Myth]

Although a depiction of Wrinkle Face has yet to be found in the
sealed area where the shield is located he may yet turn up in
future excavations. "What the exact relationship is between the
deposition of the shield and the adjacent pictorial narrative is
an active question," Trever said.

Moche gladiatorial combat?

It appears as if the Moche liked to keep their shields small,
bringing up the question of whether they were meant for something
like
gladiatorial combat or some other type of fighting.

Whereas the newly discovered shield was meant for ritual and not
for combat, the researchers note that another small Moche shield,
this one found at the site of Huaca de la Luna, was likely meant
for combat, being made of woven cane and leather, but measuring
only 17 inches (43 cm) in diameter. In addition, depictions of
Moche shields in ceramic art show people wearing small circular
or square shields on their forearm.

It's "more like a small shield that's used to protect the forearm
and maybe held over the face in hand-to-hand combat with clubs,"
she said of the Moche shields. "They apparently didn't need, or
didn't use, large shields to protect themselves from volleys of
arrows or spears that were thrown."

We "have to think about the style of hand-to-hand combat" they
were used for, she added. "Is it something that is more ritual in
nature, more of a ritual combat, gladiatorial combat," Trever
said.

Jeffrey Quilter, director of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology
and Ethnology at Harvard University, has proposed another idea as
to why Moche shields were so small. He points out that the Moche
used a two-handed club that gave them great reach and could land
a lethal blow.

"The power of such weapons may have been so great as to render
shields effectively useless, perhaps resulting in their
diminished size over time, becoming more useful as arm guards or
to ward off the occasional sling stone or dart than as true
shields for body protection," he writes in a paper published in
the book "The Art and Archaeology of the Moche" (University of
Texas Press, 2008). He notes that the Moche do appear to have
used some long-range weapons in combat such as sling stones and
darts.

Regardless of why the Moche preferred small shields, their
repeated depiction indicates the shields served their purpose
well. They "did seem to use very small shields compared to what
we know of from other parts of the world, but they seemed to have
served for the style of battle that they performed," Trever said.