Pickup truck

A pickup truck is a light-duty truck having an enclosed cab and an open cargo area with low sides and tailgate.[1] Once a work tool with few creature comforts, in the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle reasons, and by the 1990s, less than 15% of owners reported use in work as the pickup truck's primary purpose.[2] Today in North America, the pickup is mostly used like a passenger car[3] and accounts for about 18% of total vehicles sold in the US.[4]

The term pickup is of unknown origin. It was used by Studebaker in 1913 and by the 1930s, "pick-up" (hyphenated) had become the standard term.[5] In Australia and New Zealand, "ute", short for utility vehicle, is used for both pickups and coupé utilities. In South Africa, people of all language groups use the term bakkie, a diminutive of bak, Afrikaans for bowl/container, due to the cargo area's similarities with a bowl and container.

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In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold as a chassis only, and third parties added bodies on top.[6] In 1913, the Galion Allsteel Body Company, an early developer of the pickup and dump truck, built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis,[7] and from 1917 on the Model TT. Seeking part of this market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with cab and body constructed entirely of wood in 1924.[8] In 1925, Ford followed up with a Model T-based, steel-bodied, half-ton with an adjustable tailgate and heavy-duty rear springs.[9] Billed as the "Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body", it sold for US$281; 34,000 were built. In 1928, it was replaced by the Model A which had a closed-cab, safety-glass windshield, roll-up side windows and three-speed transmission. In 1931, Chevrolet produced its first factory-assembled pickup.[10] Ford Australia produced the first Australian "ute" in 1932.[11] During the Second World War, the United States government halted the production of privately owned pickup trucks.[10]

1956 Chevrolet Cameo with smooth-sided bed

In the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons.[10] Car-like, smooth-sided, fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino, the Dodge Sweptline, and in 1957, Ford's purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items such as power options and air conditioning.[2] Trucks became more passenger oriented with the introduction of crew cabs in the Toyota Stout[12] and the Hino Briska, was introduced in 1962. Dodge followed with a crew cab in 1963,[13]Ford in 1965, and General Motors in 1973.[14]

In 1963, the U.S. chicken tax directly curtailed the import of the Volkswagen Type 2, distorting the market in favor of American manufacturers.[15] The tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the U.S. and effectively "squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market."[16] Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff,[15] thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less and that offered increased fuel economy.[15]

The US government's 1973 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) policy sets higher fuel-economy requirements for cars than pickups. CAFE led to the replacement of the station wagon by the minivan, the latter being in the truck category, which allowed it compliance with less-strict emissions standards. Eventually, this same idea led to the promotion of sport utility vehicles (SUVs).[17][18] Pickups, unhindered by the emissions controls regulations on cars, began to replace muscle cars as the performance vehicle of choice. The Dodge Warlock appeared in Dodge's "adult toys" line,[2] along with the Macho Power Wagon and Street Van. The gas guzzler tax, which taxed fuel-inefficient cars while exempting pickup trucks, further distorted the market in favor of pickups.

While the Ford F-150 has been the best-selling vehicle in the United States since 1982,[19] the Ford F-150, or indeed any full-sized pickup truck, is a rare sight in Europe, where high fuel prices and very narrow city roads make it difficult to use daily.[20] In America, pickups are favored by a cultural attachment to the style, low fuel prices, and taxes and regulations that distort the market in favor of domestically built trucks.[15] As of 2016, the IRS offers tax breaks for "any vehicle equipped with a cargo area ... of at least six feet in interior length that is not readily accessible from the passenger compartment".[21]

In Europe, pickups represent less than 1% of light vehicles sold,[22] the most popular being the Ford Ranger with 27,300 units sold in 2015.[23] Other models include the Renault Alaskan (a rebadged Nissan Navara), and the Toyota Hilux.

Full-sized pickups and SUVs are an important source of revenue for GM, Ford, and FCA's Ram, accounting for more than two-thirds of their global pretax earnings, though the vehicles make up just 16% of North American vehicle production. The vehicles have a high profit margin and a high price, with 40% of Ford F-150s selling for US$40,000 or more.[24]

A regular cab has a single row of seats and a single set of doors, one on each side. Extended or super cab pickups add an extra space behind the main seat, sometimes including small seats. The first extended cab truck in the U.S. was called the Club Cab and was introduced by Chrysler in 1973 on Dodge pickup trucks. A crew cab, or double cab, seats five or six and has four full-sized, front-hinged doors. The first crew cab truck in the U.S. was made by International Harvester in 1957, and was later followed by Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and Chevrolet in 1973.

The cargo bed can vary in size according to whether the vehicle is optimized for cargo utility or passenger comfort. Most have fixed side walls and a hinged tailgate. Cargo beds are normally found in two styles: step-side or fleet-side. A step-side bed has fenders which extend on the outside of the cargo area. A fleet-side bed has wheel-wells inside the bed. The first fleet-sided truck was the 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier. Early trucks had wood-plank beds, which were replaced by steel by the 1960s. Some European-style trucks use a drop-sided bed with a flat tray with hinged panels rising up on the sides and the rear.

A pickup with four rear wheels instead of two is called a "dually", which is able to carry much more weight over the rear axle and is often used for carrying heavy loads, campers, or supporting fifth-wheel trailers.

Honda Ridgeline sports utility truck

Vehicles similar to the pickup include:

The coupé utility has a pickup truck like shape, but is based on a car platform. The South African term bakkie and the Australian term "ute" also refer to a coupé utility.

Compact: Introduced in the United States in the 1960s, compact pickups have a smaller footprint, and may have four-cylinder engines.

Full-sized, or half ton: In the United States the best-selling type is the full-sized, or half-ton. These carry the designation "1500" in the case of the Chevrolet Silverado, GMC Sierra, and Ram, and "150" in Ford's terminology.

While in the United States and Canada, most pickups are used primarily for passenger transport, agriculture, and commercial uses, pickups are also used in law enforcement, the military, fire services, and for pickup truck racing, a form of auto racing using modified versions of pickups mostly on oval tracks. Race pickup trucks are mechanically similar to coupé-shaped stock cars.

Equipping pickup trucks with camper shells provides a small living space for camping. Slide-in truck campers, though, give a pickup truck the amenities of a small motorhome, but still allow the operator the option of removal and independent use of the vehicle.[30]

A Nissan Hardbody in police livery (South Africa)

Some diesel-engined pickups are modified to produce more diesel exhaust, a process described as rolling coal. Changes are designed to produce visibly polluting sooty emissions and include the intentional removal of the particulate filter, as well as installing smoke switches and smoke stacks.[31] Modifications may cost from $2,000 to $5,000.[32][33]

Modified pickups can be used as improvised, unarmoured combat vehicles called technicals.

Pickup trucks are used to carry passengers in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. In Thailand, most songthaews are converted pickup trucks.

1.
Tonneau
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Tonneau cover describes a hard or soft cover used to protect unoccupied passenger seats in a convertible or roadster, or the cargo bed in a pickup truck. Hard tonneau covers open by a hinging or folding mechanism while soft covers open by rolling up, the tonneau cover is used to conceal and or cover cargo. When the cover is pulled out, it keeps out of the sun. A tonneau is a rear passenger compartment, rounded like a barrel, on an automobile and, by extension. The word is French, meaning cask, most tonneau covers were fixed in place as an optional element at purchase, but some could be removed as on the Crestmobile or the two-part of the early MGB. Early tonneaus normally had a hinged door, but single. The first US side-door tonneau was made by Peerless, and others quickly followed and this led to the development of the modern sedan/saloon, with Cadillac manufacturing the first US production closed-body four-door car in 1910. When the street was muddy or dirty the car would be backed up to the curb so tonneau passengers could exit on the sidewalk, early open-bodied touring-type automobiles used tonneau covers to protect unoccupied rear seats. The skins covered gaping cockpits that would otherwise disturb airflow and create undue drag, as a result, tonneau covers are available for open sports cars such as the Porsche Boxster, MGA, Triumph, and Austin-Healey. These covers, made of leather or vinyl, cover the passenger compartment. Tonneau covers may be used in lieu of hard or soft convertible tops, as air courses over the windshield at speed, it creates turbulence as it cascades into and bounces out of the cockpit. This condition is called buffeting, and can be annoying, a tonneau cover reduces buffeting at all speeds. Heat produced by a heater leaves as that turbulence exchanges the cockpits warmer air for cooler ambient air, a tonneau cover is capable of both retaining heat and shielding a driver from UV exposure. Tonneau covers are used in utility vehicles and pickup trucks to cover and secure the truck bed, the most common style is the roll-up tonneau made from cloth or vinyl, which uses a rib-like structure to support the fabric and keep it taut. A snap-based system is used, but has become less common due to truck owners not wanting to install the snaps on their vehicle as they typically require drilling or permanent adhesive. Roll-up Tonneaus are opened by rolling the cover up toward the cab of the truck, another style of truck bed tonneau cover is a retractable unit, which is mounted at the front and sides of the bed and rolls up or retracts from the tailgate towards the cab. The retractable tonneau is typically made of vinyl, plastic or aluminum, fiberglass, hard plastic or aluminum tonneau covers are also common. Some may be painted to match the truck, are solid in construction and these covers are usually heavy and require gas struts to assist in opening and closing

2.
Truck classification
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Truck classifications are typically based upon the maximum loaded weight of the truck, and can vary among jurisdictions. In the United States, commercial truck classification is determined based on the gross vehicle weight rating. Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Department of Transportations Federal Highway Administration, which groups classes 1–3 as light duty, 4–6 as medium duty, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has a separate system of emissions classifications for trucks. The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its now-discontinued Vehicle Inventory, the Class 1 truck gross vehicle weight rating ranges from 0–6,000 lb. Examples of trucks in this include the Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon, Toyota Tacoma, Nissan Frontier. The Class 2 truck gross weight rating ranges from 6. Examples of vehicles in this include the Dodge Ram 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 1500. Class 2 is subdivided into Class 2a and Class 2b, with class 2a being 6, 001–8,500 pounds, examples of vehicles in Class 2b include the Dodge Ram 2500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500, and the Ford F-250. SUVs in Class 2b include the Ford Excursion and the Chevrolet Suburban 2500, Class 2a is commonly referred to as a light duty truck, with class 2b being the lowest heavy-duty class, also called the light heavy-duty class. The Class 3 truck gross weight rating ranges from 10001–14000 lb. Examples of vehicles in this include the Dodge Ram 3500, Ford E-350, Ford F-350. The Hummer H1 is another example of a rear axle Class 3 truck. When light-duty trucks were first produced in the United States, they were rated by their capacity in tons. Over time, payload capacities for most domestic pickup trucks have increased while the ton titles have stayed the same, the now-imprecise ton rating is presently used to compare standard sizes, rather than actual capacities. This has led to categorizing trucks similarly, even if their payload is different, therefore, the Toyota Tacoma, Dodge Dakota, Ford Ranger, Honda Ridgeline, Chevrolet S-10, GMC S-15are called quarter-tons. The Ford F-150, Chevrolet C10/K10, Chevrolet/GMC1500, and Dodge 1500 are half-tons, the Ford F-250, Chevrolet C20/K20, Chevrolet/GMC2500, and Dodge 2500 are three-quarter-tons. Chevrolet/GMCs ¾-ton suspension systems were divided into light and heavy-duty, differentiated by 5-lug and 6 or 8-lug wheel hubs depending on year. The Ford F-350, Chevrolet C30/K30, Chevrolet/GMC3500, and Dodge 3500 are one tons, similar schemes exist for vans and SUVs, medium duty trucks and some military vehicles, like the ubiquitous deuce-and-a-half

3.
Studebaker
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Studebaker /ˈstjuːdəbeɪkər/ STEW-də-bay-kər) was an American wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868 under the name of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the company was originally a producer of wagons for farmers, miners, and the military. Studebaker entered the business in 1902 with electric vehicles and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles. Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the Garford Company of Elyria, Ohio, the first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the established a reputation for quality and reliability. After years of problems, in 1954 the company merged with luxury carmaker Packard to form Studebaker-Packard Corporation. However, Studebakers financial problems were worse than the Packard executives thought, the Packard marque was phased out, and the company returned to the Studebaker Corporation name in 1962. The South Bend plant ceased production on December 20,1963, according to the official Studebaker history written by Albert R. The last part of the name, becker, was changed to baker. In Albert Russel Erskines official history, John Studebaker, father of the five brothers, born in Adams County, in any event, John Studebaker moved to Ashland, Ohio in 1835 with his wife Rebecca and taught his five sons to make wagons. They all went into business as it grew to gigantic proportions with the country. The five sons were, in order of birth, Henry, Clement, John Mohler, Peter Everst, Clement and Henry Studebaker, Jr. became blacksmiths and foundrymen in South Bend, Indiana, in February 1852. They first made metal parts for wagons and later expanded into the manufacture of complete wagons. At this time, John M. was making wheelbarrows in Placerville, the site of his business is California Historic Landmark #142. The first major expansion in Henry and Clems South Bend business came from their being in the place to meet the needs of the California Gold Rush that began in 1849. From his wheelbarrow enterprise at Placerville, John M. had amassed $8,000. In April 1858, he quit and moved out to apply this to financing the vehicle manufacturing of H & C Studebaker, which was already booming because of a big order to build wagons for the US Army. In 1857, they had built their first carriage—Fancy, hand-worked iron trim

4.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

5.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu

6.
Ute (vehicle)
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However, only General Motors uses this terminology. This was the result of a 1932 letter from the wife of a farmer in Victoria, Australia asking for “a vehicle to go to church in on a Sunday. In response, Ford designer Lew Bandt developed the ute and the model called a coupe utility at the time was released in 1934, when the Australian version was displayed in the US Henry Ford Nicknamed it the Kangaroo Chaser. A convertible version, known as the utility was produced in limited numbers by Ford in the 1930s. In 1951, Holden released a utility model, which was based on the 48–215 sedan, with both Ford and Holden now producing utes, this started the long-standing tradition of Australian-designed 2 door vehicles with a tray at the back, based on a passenger-car sedan chassis. Australia has developed a culture around utes, particularly in areas with events known as Ute musters. It is common, particularly in areas, to customise utes in the B&S style with bullbars, spotlights, oversized mudflaps, exhaust pipe flaps. The ute culture has been romanticised by country singers such as Lee Kernaghan, high performance utes are also sold in Australia, including the FPV F6 and the HSV Maloo, which recorded a top speed of 271 kilometres per hour. Australian V8 Utes is a series based on lightly modified production Holden. Four-wheel-drive utes such as the Toyota Land Cruiser are commonly used by services in roles such as fire suppression. The Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility/pickup vehicle that was produced by Chevrolet from 1959 to 1960, introduced in 1958 in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero pickup, its first run lasted only two years. Production resumed in 1963 based on the Chevelle platform, in 1977 it was shifted to the GM G-body platform. Although based on corresponding Chevrolet car lines, the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a truck, gMCs badge engineered El Camino variant, the Sprint, was introduced in 1970. Renamed Caballero in 1977, it was produced until 1987. In Spanish, El Camino means the road, the ute variant of the Ford Falcon has been in production since 1961. Since the 1999 AU Falcon, the bed has been separate from the cabin, yet it still retains the Falcon sedan front-end. The cargo bed was separated so that both utility and cab chassis body styles could be utilized and this separate cab-chassis design challenged the notion that the word ute referred to a monocoque body style. Since 1998, the Ford Courier ute has also sold in Australia

7.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind

8.
Dump truck
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A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material for construction. In the UK, Australia and India the term applies to off-road construction plant only, the dump truck is thought to have been first conceived in the farms of late 19th century western Europe. Thornycroft developed a steam dust-cart in 1896 with a tipper mechanism, hydraulic dump beds were introduced by Wood Hoist Co. shortly after. Such companies flourished during World War I due to massive wartime demand, august Fruehauf had obtained military contracts for his semi-trailer, invented in 1914 and later created the partner vehicle, the semi-truck for use in World War I. After the war, Fruehauf introduced hydraulics in his trailers and they offered hydraulic lift gates, hydraulic winches and a dump trailer for sales in the early 1920s. Fruehauf became the supplier of dump trailers and their famed bathtub dump was considered to be the best by heavy haulers, road. Galion and Wood Mfg. Co. built all of the dump bodies offered by Ford on their heavy-duty AA, galion is the oldest known truck body manufacturer still in operation today. The first known Canadian dump truck was developed in Saint John, the lifting device was a winch attached to a cable that fed over sheave mounted on a mast behind the cab. The cable was connected to the front end of the wooden dump box which was attached by a pivot at the back of the truck frame. The operator turned a crank to raise and lower the box, a standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The tailgate can be configured to swing up on top hinges or it can be configured in the High Lift Tailgate format wherein pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body. In the United States most standard dump trucks have one front steering axle, tandem rear axles are almost always powered, front steering axles are also sometimes powered. Unpowered axles are used to support extra weight. Most unpowered rear axles can be raised off the ground to minimize wear when the truck is empty or lightly loaded, European Union heavy trucks often have two steering axles. Dump truck configurations are 2,3 and 4 axles, the 4-axle eight wheeler has two steering axles at the front and two powered axles at the rear and is limited to 32 metric tons gross weight in most EU countries. The largest of the standard European dump trucks is called a centipede and has seven axles. The front axle is the axle, the rear two axles are powered, and the remaining four are lift axles. The shorter wheelbase of a dump truck often makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks

9.
Ford Model T
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The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1,1908, to May 26,1927. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012, although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce and expensive at the Model Ts introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained mass market transportation, it was a runaway success, in a matter of days after the release,15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12,1908 and left the factory on September 27,1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26,1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the line at his factory in Highland Park. There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the Model T was introduced, although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models, some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, a version of the companys largest success to that point. The follow-up was the Ford Model A, the company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. The Model T was Fords first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, Henry Ford said of the vehicle, I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one –, although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb, Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team. Production of the Model T began in the quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as model years and this is a retroactive classification scheme, the concept of model years as we conceive it today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was Model T, although design revisions did occur during the two decades of production. The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp, according to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US

10.
Dodge
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Dodge is an American brand of cars, minivans, and sport utility vehicles manufactured by FCA US LLC, based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The factory was located in Hamtramck, Michigan and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980. The Dodge brothers both died in 1920, and the company was sold by their families to Dillon, Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928. Dodge vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s, though it made memorable compact cars and midsize cars (such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1962-79. The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year. The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chryslers business in the 1980s, in 2011, Dodge, Ram, and Dodges Viper were separated. Dodge said that the Dodge Viper would be an SRT product, in 2014, SRT was merged back into Dodge. Later that year, Chrysler Group was renamed FCA US LLC, corresponding with the merger of Fiat S. p. A. chief among these customers were the established Olds Motor Vehicle Company and the then-new Ford Motor Company. The first machine shop where the brothers worked together as parts suppliers for Olds, the location was replaced by a larger facility at Hastings Street and Monroe Avenue, which is now a parking garage for the Greektown Casino Hotel. By 1910 the Dodge Main factory was built in Hamtramck, where it remained until 1979, by 1914, John and Horace had created the new four-cylinder Dodge Model 30. S. That same year, Henry Ford decided to stop paying stock dividends to finance the construction of his new River Rouge complex. This led the Dodges to file suit to protect their annual earnings of approximately one million dollars, leading Ford to buy out his shareholders. Also in 1916, the Dodge Brothers vehicles won acclaim for durability while in service with the U. S. Armys Pancho Villa Expedition into Mexico. One notable instance was in May when the 6th Infantry received a reported sighting of Julio Cárdenas, lt. George S. Patton led ten soldiers and two civilian guides in three Dodge Model 30 touring cars to conduct a raid at a ranch house in San Miguelito, Sonora. During the ensuing firefight the party killed three men, of one was identified as Cárdenas. Pattons men tied the bodies to the hoods of the Dodges, returning to headquarters in Dublán, Dodge Brothers cars continued to rank second place in American sales in 1920. However, the year, tragedy struck as John Dodge was felled by pneumonia in January. His brother Horace then died of cirrhosis in December of the same year, with the loss of both founders, the Dodge Brothers Company passed into the hands of the brothers widows, who promoted long-time employee Frederick Haynes to the company presidency

11.
Trunk (car)
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The trunk or boot of a car is the vehicles main storage compartment. In South Asia the trunk is usually called a dicky/dala or slang diggy, the trunk or luggage compartment is most often located at the rear of the vehicle. Early designs included an exterior rack mounted on the rear of the vehicle to which it was possible to attach a real luggage trunk, later designs integrated the storage area into the vehicles body and evolved to provide a streamlined appearance. The main storage compartment is provided at the end of the vehicle opposite to which the engine is located. Some mid-engined or electric cars have luggage compartments both in the front and in the rear of the vehicle, examples include the Volkswagen Type 3, Porsche 914, Porsche Boxster, Toyota MR2, and Tesla Model S. The mid-engined Fiat X1/9 also has two compartments, although the rear one is small, easily accessible, and practically cuboid in shape. Rear-engined cars have the trunk situated in front of the passenger compartment, sometimes during the design life of the vehicle the lid may be restyled to increase the size or improve the practicality and usefulness of the trunks shape. Examples of this include the Beetle redesign to the 1970s Super Beetle, the door or opening of a trunk may be hinged at the top, side, or bottom. If the door is hinged at the bottom it is termed a tailgate, a bottom opening door is common on a station wagon, pickup truck, or sport utility vehicle. Traditional U. S. station wagons included a roll down window, because of the potential for carbon-monoxide fumes, the tailgate window on station wagons should be closed whenever the engine is running. Tailgates may contain accessories like a pocket for storage purposes, traditional station wagon and pickup tailgates can also serve as a mount for a workbench. A 3-way tailgate is hinged at the side and bottom so it can be opened sideways like a car door, or downwards like a truck tailgate, the window can be opened to load small items. The door and hinge mechanisms of the 3-way tailgate are designed with special handle for opening in the selected direction, in the late 1970s, it was the most common station wagon tailgate arrangement. If the door is hinged at the top it is termed a hatch, the trunk lid is the cover allows access to the main storage or luggage compartment. Hinges allow the lid to be raised, devices such as a manually positioned prop rod can keep the panel up in the open position. Counterbalancing torsion or other spring can also used to help elevate, on cars with their trunk in the rear, lids sometimes incorporate a center mounted third brake light. A rear lid may also have a decorative air spoiler, on many modern cars, the trunk lids can be unlocked with the cars key fob. In 1950, Ford introduced a trigger catch to allow for one-handed lifting until the trunk lid was automatically caught in the open position, in 1952, Buick marketed its counterbalanced trunk lid that practically raises itself and the automatic locking mechanism