Information and Computer Security information

Internet security is a term that refers to methods aimed at protecting data and personal information from unauthorized access. Considering the worldwide usage of the Internet, security on this platform is an important issue. Netizens need to be well aware of the problems associated with online security.

Internet Security Measures

Here’s an overview of the most important security measures and technologies widely implemented over the Internet. Implementing one or more of these methods will go a long way in securing your data online.

Data Encryption: Encryption is wrapping up or converting the original information into an unintelligible form that can only be decoded using a certain method. The encrypted form is called cipher text.

Password Usage: Passwords are used to prevent illegal access to networks to secure the entire system as a whole. Construction of passwords should be in a way that the other people do not easily guess it. Alphanumeric passwords with symbols used in between can be harder to crack.

Firewalls: A firewall is a software that filters illegitimate access in a network. It should be properly configured and has to be combined with a proxy firewall to build a secure system.

Backing up Data: Regular data backup of a system is an essential that can help retrieve data in the event of a system crash. If the computer suddenly crashes or the operating system fails to boot due to a virus attack, the data backup can really come in handy.

Using Antivirus Software: Computers may be affected by viruses, trojans, worms etc. due to some infected files downloaded from the Internet. These viruses are nothing but programs that install themselves and operate whenever the host programs run, causing malicious attacks.

The viruses either replicate or implement a function that affects the system files of the computer, leading to corruption of the operating system, in some cases. These viruses can be removed by using antivirus software that detects and removes them, to heal the system. These software programs run in the background, along with other programs to prevent malicious attacks.

Avoiding Baleful Links: People can prevent their system from getting affected by a virus, by avoiding clicking on unnecessary links, often mediated via emails and websites. Certain links may lead to file downloads unexpectedly. These pose a security risk to your computer, and hence should be avoided.

Preventing Spyware: Several software programs pose a threat to Internet security. The software that runs along with other applications, without the permission of a user, gathering information and sending it to hackers through the internet, is known as spyware. Another software called ad-ware works similar to spyware. In addition, it pops up advertisements during Internet access and increases the CPU cycles, slowing down the computer. Antivirus software, with inbuilt antispyware or adware removal functionality, can be of great help in preventing such intrusions.

Using antivirus and antivirus software alone will not prevent the intrusion of viruses. Personal caution is also required while using Internet. Unwanted sites and potentially harmful links have to be avoided. Automatic updates should be enabled for the antivirus software, so that it is up-to-date in terms of known virus threats. All this will greatly enhance the security level of your system.

Many of you might have been using the trial version or even the free version of the recovery tools to recover your lost data or files on Mac OS. That is because this kind of OS is not the kind of OS that has friendly user interface so that when you need the best recovery tools you will need to pay for a decent amount of money. Fortunately, you can easily afford Disk Drill Media Recovery if you ever need the full version of recovery tools to recover the data and files that you have lost.

This application is considerably affordable compared with many other recovery tools that you can find online. Even though, you will not need to worry about the features that you can get from this application. That is because you can find all of the standard features related with recovering the data or files that you have lost. As an addition to that, this application can also help you recover the broken files that you have lost so that you can get those files back and use all of those deleted files just like you used to do. With the affordable price and great features, this software is what you really need.

If you are looking for the best microcontroller, then you will surely need to find the best part of the microcontroller, which is the microchip. If you want to get the best one, then you can simply try some of these tips below. The fist tip that you can try is to consider the programming language of the microcontroller. Since there are a lot of different types of programming language, you will need to pick one based on your personal need and skill. If you consider yourself as the newbie, then you will need to pick the friendly user interface for the programming language.

The second tip that you need to do is to pick the best memory based on your need. Basically, the bigger memory for your microcontroller is something good to have. However, the price will not be cheap either. Therefore, you will need to pick one based on your need as well as your budget. The next tip that you can try is to think about its power source. For this one, you can pick the static powered or the mobile powered microcontroller. Both have their own positive and negative effects that you need to consider, starting from its mobility and also power need and supply. Make sure you choose wisely.

The last tip that you can simply try is to consider about the availability of the parts just in case you need some replacement parts. When you are talking about parts, you will need to make sure that you pick one that has some easy-to-find parts at the market. This one is important to make sure that you can get the spare parts if some of the parts are broken. If you cannot find the best parts, then you can make sure you will need to buy the new one, which is not cheap.

DV warehouse is been organized in the year 2001 and its headquarters is in Southern California and it provides the best environment for the process of catalog and other purchasing of the computers and the pro equipments. They serve to provide their customer to have a perfect and well trained service. They serve more number of customers in a day with their expert’s techniques. They work hard in order to provide the best experience to their customer. And also they make to feel their customers more pleasure and more perfect. Each and every year moves they try to provide the optimum solution to their customers and by thus they try to earn the trust of their customers with their quality service. They try to provide their customers to have a perfect knowledge gaining by conveying them with the entire information’s regarding the each and every catalog and web site and many more else. And therefore they are well good in servicing their clients even after the process of sales is been over.

Terms And Conditions No Return Policy

Some of the terms of return policy of DV warehouses are as follows. That is they will get the product return in case the product seems to be defective for used macs. And here only the defective products will be returned within a 90 days of period. And therefore with that one can get the maximum number replacement offers within a period of 90 days and also simultaneously there is a chance of getting the products return after repairing it. And therefore in this way they are useful in both ways. The Non-defective item return is also been undertaken here and also under certain conditions, that is the cost on the shipping will not be refunded to the person who returns the product. With these above conditions the refund on the product will be made.

They are even certain managers who may restrict the process of no return for some brand and products and therefore in those conditions the process of return will not be accepted by the person. And in those situation a adhere needs to be provided for the process of return. And therefore in these ways the process of return will be made. They are even certain conditions and steps to be followed for the process of retuning the merchandise. During the process of return those products that are packed improperly will be rejected and if the pack is torn or in case of the seal is torn the product will be rejected at any of cost. Therefore there is a need for the person to return the product in a perfect condition, if not the product will be returned back to the person. Filling out the RMA form is more important for the process of returning the product and also it is very important to insure the products that are to be returned. And therefore by following these steps one can able to return their product without any more issues in it.

When starting a new business it is necessary to have a clear idea about what you are going to do next. If you have never been on this path before, then you probably know that one of the most important decisions you will have to make as an entrepreneur is related to software. When setting up your business, you should make sure that the technological means you are using are efficient. The right application will save your business time and money, while the wrong one will slow you down. Instead of concentrating on off-the-shelf-solutions, you should hire a London software development company for bespoke software. This solution will help you keep up with the competition and undoubtedly make money.

Defining custom software

Custom software or bespoke software can be defined as a system that is especially made to meet key businesses objectives. To put it differently, the application is tailored to the expectations and preferences of the organisation and consequently it does not have general features. A bespoke application refers to a computer program that does not exists yet and it is generally opposed to standardised solutions. The technological means is the central figure of your business flow and does not compel you to change the processes you are currently relying on.

Custom software will make you money

At first glance, it may sound unlikely that a software system can help your business make money. Yet, it is true. Bespoke computer programs help you automate business processes and consequently grow. You will get the chance of deciding what you need, so you will not have to worry that the application will not comply with your requirements. On the contrary, you have assurance that the technological means will help you improve business efficiency. Your employees will only have to enter data once, not to mention that you can use the data from your internal and external points of supply in order to implement a system that will boost your company’s efficiency even more. By reducing errors, you actually make your business more valuable.

Ready-made product cost you money

Creating an app may seem like an unnecessary expense, but the truth is that you will save more in the long run. With standardized solutions, you will be paying a great deal on certificates and licenses, not to mention that you will be paying for features that are of no use to you. The best course of action is to invest in a bespoke program. If you want convenience, you have to be willing to plunge deep into your pocket. Just think about the savings you are likely to make, instead of using a number of programs, you can use one app for your business processes. Equally important is that you have permanent technical support from the team that created the system for your company.

Today’s business world can be quite competitive. It seems like as though there are a number with rivals regardless of what type of business you’re in. As a result, you need to be willing to ensure your consumers will find you. Take the time to check out this website to learn more about google custom search. Generally, this is a way to rest assured that people are going to discover a person every time they will need people.

Whenever a potential customer types the keyword in the google search box, it is likely that they can find your company so long as all things are within correct sequence. This really is something will have to sign up for as a business proprietor. Even though it is the bit of an investment for you to perform a site search, it’s definitely worth it when your sales boost.

If this describes a thing that could be beneficial to read more about, go to this website as well as do a custom search for anything that you have to provide. Your internet site should pop up immediately. It is really an expense that will alter the volume of site visitors which comes to your web page. After all, nobody will need to do business together with you when they can’t locate your web site.

You definitely wish to check out the search box on this website to understand more about how to begin. You should find out more about the amount of visitors that you have to your website today. See whether you are a small business, someone who writes their own blog, a medium-sized business, or even a person that is actually owning a multi-million money organization.

You are in addition going to need to think of making adjustments to your web page. Should there be just about any enhancements in order to be generated, take the time to rely on someone else to provide your site a makeover. Though it may be going to cost you to do that kind of matter, it can be worthwhile if you are receiving outcomes. There are people who find themselves looking for things that people are offering.

Always make sure that you have some thing on sale. Anything that you are marketing also needs to be within the primary page to the web site. It will always be smart to regularly help to make adjustments to the first page. This way, individuals who check back frequently will likely be familiar with any new services.

There’s a lot of cash that will be generated in the current business community. Sadly, if you are not ready, you can end up giving up consumers. Spend some time to visit this site concerning google site search now. This will help you to understand more about beginning your practice. If this seems like something that could be helpful, go ahead and join right now. Individuals are interested in that which you are offering.

Sometimes you encounter a ‘security certificate error’ on your system while trying to log in to your email account or playing a video over the Internet. It may seem something serious, but fret not, this article extract tells you how to fix security certificate error.

If you encounter a security certificate error while using a website and wish to ignore the error and continue, avoid revealing any confidential information to that website.

Suppose you are trying to book a movie ticket online, and just before you enter your credit card details, a security certificate error gets displayed. Getting a security error message while trying to access a website where you plan to furnish personal or credit card details can be a cause for concern. First and foremost, check the time settings on your computer. Inaccurate time settings can be a likely cause for this error. In case of incorrect settings, set the system time to the correct time. Websites have their system time settings. If this timing doesn’t match your computer’s system settings, a security certificate error is likely to pop up.

A computer contains a CMOS chip, whose main function is to store the system time. If this chip corrupts, its stored data is lost. This resets the system date and timing back to the default timing, which in turn causes the certificate error.

To resolve this issue, ensure that you update the system time as per the daylight saving time. Another option is to synchronize the system date and time with the Internet time. Although this error annoys almost everyone who encounters it, resolving it is quite simple.

Step 1: Right click on the date time function in the system tray.
Step 2: Click on Adjust Date/Time.
Step 3: Date and Time window opens up. Click on ‘Change Date and Time’.
Step 4: Date and Time Settings window opens up. Select the correct date and time. ➜ Click on Ok.
Step 5: The system time can be set to be sync with Internet time server too.

Examples of Security Certificate Error

Error I
– There is a problem with this website’s security certificate.
– The security certificate presented by this website has expired or is not yet valid.

Error II
– Security certificate problems may indicate an attempt to fool you or intercept any data you send to the server.
– We recommend that you close this web page and do not continue to this website.
– Click here to close this web page.
– Continue to this website (not recommended).
– More information

Error III
– The site’s security certificate is not trusted!
– You attempted to reach https://www.exampleforyou.com, but the server presented a certificate issued by an entity that is not trusted by your computer’s operating system. This may mean that the server has generated its own security credentials, which Chrome cannot rely on for identity information, or an attacker may be trying to intercept your communications.

Precautions to Be Taken

✦ Check if your system’s date and time are set correctly. If not, change them to the correct date-time settings.
✦ Check if the certificate has gone obsolete.
✦ Check the URL in the browser address bar, if this error pops up, while you are trying to open a website. If it doesn’t match the desired URL, retype the website address in the address bar.
✦ Check the security settings of your browser. Browsers security settings can disable websites from opening.

Security certificate errors can easily be solved if the problem persists at our end. However, if these errors appear due to incorrect time settings at website’s end, this problem needs to be addressed to the website. Now that you know how to get rid of security certificate errors, fix the one that pops up on your computer.

The use of Internet and information technology has helped small and large businesses to a great extent. They have made their work a lot more easy from what it used to be a few years ago. Even though companies are reaping their benefits, they are exposed to many risks associated with them. The greatest loss to any business in the loss of valuable information. According to research conducted by Poneman Institute, 85% business organizations have suffered losses due to breach in data security. Furthermore, a survey conducted by the FBI suggests that 64% companies suffered huge monetary losses because of hackers in the year 2005. This is why, businesses have now realized the importance of cyber insurance and have started making use of it.

The Product
It is a product like any other insurance policy, that is brought by businesses to protect themselves from risks involved with Internet and information technology. Such risks are not covered under commercial liability policies which is why, the need of such an insurance comes into picture. It provides cover for losses due to hacking, denial of service attacks, destruction or loss of data, etc. Protective measures like anti-spam systems, virus protection, etc., fail at some point in time as they are not 100% foolproof. After a security breach, businesses need to restore their information systems, clean up infected files, etc., due to which they fail to continue their business for quite some time. All this calls for a lot of expenditure in times when they are not making money. At such instances, this coverage supports them to take care of their financial needs.

Coverage Offered
This insurance product provides coverage for liabilities that might arise due to web content and media, private and secure customer information, threat against computer systems and website, business interruption, and recovery of information technology infrastructure. Any loss or financial expenditure occurring due to these events is covered under the policy and claim can be made to make up the losses.

Associated Benefits
First and the most important benefit of cyber insurance is that in case of a security breach, it acts as a funding resource to cover up the losses and bring back businesses to normal working, without raising the need of government assistance. Secondly, it evenly distributes the risks among companies by charging high premiums from the ones having higher risk of such instances, while charging less from businesses with little risk. Lastly, it indirectly encourages businesses to adopt good security measures like tracking website visitors, etc., because companies with poor security systems need to pay higher premiums.

Associated Problems
Despite the benefits, there are some problems associated with this kind of insurance. One is that, insurance companies do not have sufficient actuarial data as this product is recently developed by the insurance industry. Because of this, insurers fail to estimate the amount of premium that must be charged so that in case of an event, the insurer has enough finance for claim settlement. Secondly, insurers fear “cyber-hurricanes”. This is a term used for situations when excessive number of claims arise due to a security breach. Such situations are difficult to manage by the insurer and may drain them out completely.

Premium Charged
Like other insurance products, the premium charged depends on the coverage amount and the risks involved. Typically, for $1 million coverage, the premium charged is $3,500 with a deductible of $5,000. This amount is not fixed and may vary depending on the insurer and the time of issuance of the policy. The amount of premium charged is higher for business with relatively poor security measures as compared to the ones who are better equipped.

No matter how stringent a company’s security measures are, it always has some kind of threat. To save themselves from financial crunch during such untoward situations, many companies are now opting for cyber insurance. It is true that this product is a costly affair nowadays, but it will gradually become simpler and cheaper as more and more insurance companies will start offering this product in the market.

Email bombing is the process of sending large number of mails into someone’s mailbox, with an intent to affect the operating system of a computer or a network. It is also termed as email flooding, as the targeted mailbox is flooded with a barrage of mails. When your mailbox is flooded with unwanted and junk emails, your mailbox capacity will get exhausted and you won’t be able to receive any mails further. This action prevents you from reading the legitimate mails. It can even be used to completely overload any company’s mail server. It is done intentionally with an intent to affect the DOS (Disk Operating System) of a computer.

The intensity of email bombing can also result in crashing of the operating system and the mail servers. It has the capacity to consume the whole system. By limiting the user quota to a certain capacity, it can help to restrict its overflow. The hacker aims to shut down the website of a victim, by sending email bombs. The first known incident of email bombing was done by Tamil guerrilla groups against the Sri Lankan government. Tamil guerrillas swamped the system of Sri Lankan embassies with an email containing the message ~ “We are the Internet Black Tigers and we’re doing this to disrupt your communications”.

Causes of Email Bombing

Overloading of the network connection
Loss of connectivity
Denial of service
Consumption of all system resources
Syslog entries

Preventive Measures

Use Proxy Servers
If the email bombs are incoming from many IP addresses, it’s difficult to spam and filter each and every mail from those addresses. In this case, employing proxy servers will help to minimize the problem. The computers in a particular network, will be connected to a proxy server, which is another computer. The client computers request for information and resources of other computers, to the proxy server. The proxy server addresses the request and sends the information, after filtering the messages which is done according to the filtering rules of the proxy. It checks for malware content and filters the messages from suspicious IP addresses and protocols before transmitting it to its clients. In this way, proxy servers, protect the network and also take on the complexity of the computer networks.

Monitor Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a method of authenticating the exchange of messages that are transmitted or received across the Internet protocols. The clients in the network use Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), of their system to access their mailbox. The Mail Submission Agent, sends a mail or transfers any information to the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), through SMTP. The MTA connects to the SMTP and then analyzes the mail exchange record and the IP address of the sender, and then only accepts the message. Security mechanisms such as authentication and negotiation are processed during the exchange of data. Internet Engineering Task Force (IRTF), is working on the authentication process and finding ways to strengthen this system, as the complexity of the system is growing rapidly.

Use Mail Filter Applications
Filter packages are exclusionary schemes that are used to filter the mails according to the source addresses. For windows and Mac OS computers, I have listed some filter package tools below.

Identification: If your system becomes sluggish or if you are not able to send or receive mails, it could be because your mailer is trying to process many number of mails.
Reaction:
If you find an email bomb, configure your router using your Network Service Provider, after identifying itssource.
Update the current version of your email delivery software.
Spamming the emails may also help to some extent. But it is never the permanent solution.
Prevention: Configure your mail handling system and firewall, properly. Most importantly, don’t propagate the problem by replying to the spammed mails.

Examples of Email Bombs and their Filenames

Anyway, it won’t help you to prevent email bombers from attacking your computers, but if you are running a network having multiple users, then you can check these filenames in the hard disk drives of your network and thereby you can prevent your users from attacking other computers by email bombing. Take a look at the list.

Identifying the IP address from which the email bomb is received and directly contacting the postmaster is also an effective way to prevent it. They can also lead to malfunctioning of the mail servers and also results in denial of service. One such case occurred when a hacker bombed the systems in Monmouth University in New Jersey, which caused temporary halt of the whole mail server.

There are many instances of email bombing, one of which even affected the NATO computers in the year 1988. The whole network of The Institute of Global Communications (IGC), was attacked by email bombers for creating the online publication of Euskal Herria journal, for supporting and writing about Basque separatist movement, which was very active during the time. One thing to be kept in mind is, these are just preventive measures. There is no permanent solution to completely getting rid of email bombs.

It is possible to divide network security into two general classes: methods used to protect data as it transits a network, and methods which control which packets may transit the network. While both drastically affect the traffic going to and from a site, their aims are quite different.

1. Transit Security
There are no systems in use which keep data secure as it transits a public network. There are a number of methods available to encrypt traffic between sites. Two general approaches are as follows:

Virtual Private Networks
It constructs a private network by using TCP/IP to support the lower levels of a second TCP/IP stack. In a encapsulate form, IP traffic is sent across various forms of physical networks. Each system that attaches to the physical network implements a standard for sending IP messages over that link. Standards for IP packet transmission across various types of links exist, and the most common are Ethernet and Point-to-Point links. Once an IP packet is received it is given to higher layers of the TCP/IP stack for processing.

When a virtual private network is designed, the lowest levels of the TCP/IP protocol are developed using an existing TCP/IP connection. There are a variety of ways to achieve this which trade-off between abstraction and efficiency. This provides a benefit in terms of secure data transfer, as a VPN allows complete control over the physical layer. It is completely within the network designer’s power to encrypt the connection at the physical layer. By allowing this, all traffic over the VPN will be encrypted whether it is at the application layer or at the lowest layers of the stack. The primary benefits of VPNs are that they offer private address space, and also provide packet encryption or translation overhead to be done on dedicated systems, reducing the load placed on production machines.

Packet Level Encryption
Another way is to encrypt traffic at a higher layer in the TCP/IP stack. Many methods are present for the secure authentication and encryption of Telnet and rlogin sessions, which are examples of encryption at the highest level of the stack (the application layer). The benefits of encrypting traffic at the higher layer are that the processor overhead of dealing with a VPN is reduced, compatibility with current applications is not affected, and it is much easier to compile a client program that supports application layer encryption, than to build a VPN.

The above methods have a performance impact on hosts that implement the protocols, and on the networks that connect to those hosts. The easiest way of encapsulating or converting a packet into a new form requires CPU-time and uses additional network capacity. Encryption is a CPU-intensive process, and encrypted packets need to be padded to uniform length to warranty the robustness of some algorithms. Further, both methods have impacts on other areas that require to be considered before any choice is made as to which is best for a particular case.

2. Traffic Regulation
The most common form of network security on the Internet is traffic regulation. If packets which do something malicious to a remote host never get there, the remote host will remain unaffected. Traffic regulation offers a screen between hosts and remote sites. This happens at three basic areas: routers, firewalls, and hosts. Each offers similar service at different points in the network.

a. Router Traffic Regulation
Any traffic regulation that takes place on a router or terminal server is based on packet characteristics. This does not contain application gateways but does contain address translation.

c. Host Traffic Regulation
Traffic regulation is performed at the destination of a packet. In traffic regulation, hosts are playing a smaller role with the advent of filtering routers and firewalls.

Filters and Access Lists
Regulating packet flow between two sites is a fairly simple concept on the surface. For any router or firewall, it isn’t difficult to decide simply not to forward all packets from a particular site. A few basic techniques are:

i. Restricting Access In but Not Out
All packets are sent to destination UDP or TCP sockets. From remote hosts, packets will attempt to reach one of the well-known ports. These ports are observed by applications which offer services, such as Mail Transfer, Delivery, Usenet News, time, Domain Name Service, and various login protocols. It is unimportant for modern routers or firewalls only to permit these types of packets through to the specific machine that offers a given service. Attempts to send any other type of packet will not be allowed. This protects the internal hosts but still permits all packets to get out.

ii. The Problem of Returning Packets
Unless remote users use a secure, encrypting application such as S/Key they cannot log into your system. Using Telnet or FTP, users can connect to remote sites. Restrict remote connections to one type of packet, and permit any type of outgoing connection. Due to the nature of interactive protocols, they must consult a unique port number to use once a connection is established.

Modern routers and firewalls support the ability to dynamically open a small window for these packets to pass through, if packets have been recently transmitted from an internal host to the external host on the same port. This permits connections that are initiated internally to connect and denies external connection attempts unless they are desired.

iii. Dynamic Route Filters
When a particular set of circumstances occur, a new recent technique offers the ability to dynamically add entire sets of route filters for a remote site. Using these techniques, it is possible that routers automatically detect suspicious activity and deny a machine or entire site access for a short time. In many cases, this will prevent any sort of automated attack on a site.

Filters and access lists took place on all three types of systems, although they are most common on routers.

Conclusion
There are two types of network security: transit security and traffic regulation, which when combined can help warranty that the right information is securely transported to the right place. It should be clear that there is a requirement for ensuring that the hosts that receive the information will properly process it, this lifts up the entire specter of host security: a wide area which varies tremendously for each system. With the growth in the business use of the Internet, network security is rapidly becoming vital to the development of the Internet. Security will become integral part of our day-to-day use of the Internet and other networks.

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