The film, a co-production between the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, premiered at the SXSW festival, and was released in the United States on October 12, 2012, and in the UK on October 5, 2012.

A sequel, Sinister 2, was released in the United States on August 21, 2015.

Contents

The film opens with Super 8 footage depicting a family of four standing beneath a tree with sacks over their heads and nooses around their necks. An unseen figure pulls at a rope attached to a partially sawed-through branch of the tree, causing their deaths by hanging.

True crime writer Ellison Oswalt (Hawke) moves into a home with his wife Tracy (Juliet Rylance) and their two children: 7-year-old Ashley (Clare Foley), an artist who is allowed to paint on her walls and 12-year-old Trevor (Michael Hall D'Addario), who suffers from night terrors. The local sheriff pays a visit, indicating his dislike of Ellison and his career; his books have often criticized law enforcement for mistakes. Ellison has moved his family (unbeknownst to them) into a home where a family was murdered, all hanged by ropes on a tree in the backyard. Ellison intends to use the case of the murdered family as the basis for his new book and hopes that his research will reveal the fate of the Stevenson family's fifth member, a 10-year-old girl named Stephanie who disappeared following the murders. Later that night Ellison discovers Trevor in a box, naked and screaming, having experienced another night terror.

Ellison finds a box in the attic that contains a projector and several reels of Super 8 mm footage that are each labeled as innocent home movies. Ellison discovers that the films are actually murder footage depicting different families being murdered in various ways by an unseen person holding the camera. Ellison notes the appearance of a mysterious symbol in the films as well as a strange masked figure. Consulting a local deputy (James Ransone), Ellison discovers that the murders took place at different times, beginning in the 1960s and in different cities across the country, he also learns that a child from each family went missing following every murder. The deputy refers Ellison to Professor Jonas (Vincent D'Onofrio), whose expertise is the occult, to decipher the symbol in the films. Jonas tells Ellison that such symbols are that of a PaganBabylonia deity named Bughuul (Nick King), who would kill entire families and then take one of their children in order to consume his/her soul, leaving the symbol behind.

One night, Ellison hears the film projector running and finds the missing children seated in the attic watching one of the films. Bughuul suddenly appears on camera before physically appearing before Ellison, causing him to fall off the ladder. Ellison takes the camera, projector and the films outside and burns them with petrol, his wife meets him outside and he tells her that they're moving back to their old house immediately.

At his old home, Ellison receives a video-message from Jonas, who sends him scans of historical images associated with Bughuul, including the symbol seen in the murder movies; the images have been partially destroyed by the early Christians, who believed that images of Bughuul served as a gateway for the demon to come from the spiritual realm to the mortal world; children who saw the images of Bughuul could be possessed and even abducted into the images.

Ellison discovers the projector and films (from the previous house) in his attic, along with an envelope of film labeled "extended cut endings", the deputy calls and informs him that every murdered family had previously lived in the house where the last murder took place and each new murder occurred shortly after the family moved from the crime scene into their new residence. By moving, Ellison has placed himself and his family in line to be the next victims.

The extra footage depicts the missing children coming onscreen following each murder, revealing themselves to be the killers, before suddenly disappearing. Ellison becomes light-headed, and notices a bright green liquid mixed with his coffee in the cup, along with a note reading "Good Night, Daddy" under the cup before losing consciousness. Ashley appears behind Ellison, revealing herself to be the drugger, under Bughuul's possession. Ellison awakens to find himself, Tracy and Trevor bound and gagged on the floor of the parlour next to the lit fire. Ashley approaches filming him with the 8 mm camera. Ashley then decapitates Ellison with an axe before killing Tracy and Trevor off screen, using their blood to paint images of cats, dogs and unicorns on the walls. Ashley then views the film of her murders while drawing the murder in the lid of the home movies box, the missing children stare at her through the camera, but flee when Bughuul appears. He lifts Ashley into his arms and teleports into the film with her.

The film concludes with an image of the box of films in the Oswalt family's attic, now accompanied by Ashley's reel, labeled "House Painting '12". Bughuul then appears and the screen cuts to black.

Writer C. Robert Cargill says that his inspiration for Sinister came from a nightmare he experienced after seeing The Ring, in which he discovered a film in his attic depicting the hanging of an entire family. This scenario became the setup for the plot of Sinister;[4] in creating a villain for the film, Cargill conceptualized a new take on the Bogeyman, calling the entity "Mr. Boogie". Cargill's idea was that the creature would be both terrifying and seductive to children, luring them to their dooms as a sinister Willy Wonka-like figure.[5]

Cargill and co-writer Scott Derrickson ultimately decided to downplay the creature's alluring nature, only intimating how it manipulates the children into murder; in further developing Mr. Boogie, the pair had lengthy discussions about its nature, deciding not to make it a demon but rather a pagan deity, in order to place it outside the conceptual scope of any one particular religion. Consequently, the villain was given the proper name "Bughuul", with only the child characters in the film referring to it as Mr. Boogie.[5][6]

In crafting a look for Bughuul, Cargill initially kept to the idea of a sinister Willy Wonka before realizing that audiences might find it "silly" and kill the potential for the film becoming a series. Looking for inspiration, Derrickson typed the word "horror" into flickr and searched through 500,000 images, he narrowed the images down to 15, including a photograph of a ghoul which was tagged simply "Natalie". Cargill was particularly struck by "Natalie" and decided: "What if it's just this guy?". He and Derrickson contacted the photographer and purchased the rights to use the image for $500. Derrickson explained that the image appealed to him because it reminded him of the makeup and costumes worn by performers in black metal, while remaining unique enough so as not to be directly linked to the genre; Derrickson had previously researched black metal while looking for inspiration for Bughuul's symbol, which is ritualistically painted at the scene of each of the film's murder sequences.[5][6] Some of the background music for these murder sequences was taken from ambient tracks by bands associated with the Norwegian black metal scene, including Ulver and Aghast.[7]

Principal photography for Sinister began in autumn of 2011, after Ethan Hawke and Juliet Rylance signed on to star in the film.[8] The super 8 segments were shot first, using actual super 8 cameras and film stock, in order to maintain the aesthetic authenticity of home-shot super 8 footage.[9] Principal photography took place on Long Island; in an interview with Bleeding Cool, screenwriter Cargill admitted that Hawke's character got his name (Ellison Oswalt) from writer Harlan Ellison and comedian/writer Patton Oswalt. Cargill keeps books by both men on his shelves.[citation needed]

Angela Bettis played the role of a next-door neighbor in the film, though her scenes were deleted and her character is not present in the final product.[10][11]

Sinister received a score of 63% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 134 reviews with an average rating of 6.2 out of 10.[14] The critical consensus states "Its plot hinges on typically implausible horror-movie behavior and recycles countless genre cliches, but Sinister delivers a surprising number of fresh, diabolical twists."[15] The film also has a score of 53 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 critics indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[16]

Variety praised the film as "the sort of tale that would paralyze kids' psyches".[17]Film.com stated that Sinister was a "deeply frightening horror film that takes its obligation to alarm very seriously".[18]Roger Ebert gave it 3 out of 4 stars, calling it "an undeniably scary movie."[19]E! named it the best horror film of 2012, citing the film's soundtrack and subversion of contemporary horror tropes.[20]

CraveOnline called the film "solid" but remarked that the film "doesn't quite go to the next level that gets me like an Insidious",[21] and IGN praised the film's story while criticizing some of Sinister's "scream-out-loud moments" as lazy.[22]

Reviewer Garry McConnachie of Scotland's Daily Record rated the film 4 of 5 stars, saying, "This is how Hollywood horror should be done... Sinister covers all its bases with aplomb."[24]

Lambie, rating the movie 3 of 5 stars, says that despite its "faults, there's something undeniably powerful about Sinister. Hawke's performance holds the screen through its more hackneyed moments, and it's the scenes where it's just him, a projector, and a few feet of hideous 8 mm footage where the movie truly convinces. And while its scares are frequently cheap, it's also difficult to deny that Sinister sometimes manages to inspire moments of palpable dread." The reviewer for Time Out London granted only 2 out of 5 stars, saying, "This so-so, occasionally effective horror film combines found-footage creepiness and haunted-house scares – but is stronger on mood than story."[25]

Some reviewers have criticized the film's preoccupation with outdated technology. Peter Howell of the Toronto Star (who gave the film 2 out of 4 stars) argues that the movie tries for "old school shocks" but "can't afford a pre-Internet setting."[26] Rafer Guzman of Newsday wrote that "celluloid is such a warm, friendly old format that it seems unlikely to contain the spirit of, say, a child-eating demon."[27] Academic study of the film, however, tends to view Sinister's representation of both old and new media formats as a study in transmediation.[28]

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 11, 2013, in the UK and February 19, 2013, in the US[29] with two commentaries (one with director Scott Derrickson and another with writer C. Robert Cargill), the release also included two new features (True Crime Criminals and Living in a House of Death) as well as a featurette on the Sinister Fear Experiment performed by Thrill Laboratory in celebration of the film's theatrical release.

A sequel was announced to be in the works in March 2013, with Derrickson in talks to co-write the script with Cargill, but not to direct,[30] on April 17, 2014, it was announced that Ciaran Foy will direct the film, and Brian Kavanaugh-Jones, Charles Layton, Xavier Marchand and Patrice Théroux will executive produce the sequel with eOne Entertainment.[31] The film was released on August 21, 2015.

Jason Blum
–
Jason Ferus Blum is an American film producer. Blum is the founder and CEO of Blumhouse Productions and he won the 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie for producing The Normal Heart, and was nominated for the 2014 Academy Award for Best Picture for producing Whiplash. Blum was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Shirl

C. Robert Cargill
–
Cargill currently resides in Austin, Texas with his wife. Cargill wrote his first article in 2000, when he volunteered to write a review of the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon for a website called Guerilla Films. His article managed to get the highest amount of traffic of over 50,000 hits, a HUGE deal at the time, which secured him the job to

Ethan Hawke
–
Ethan Green Hawke is an American actor, writer, and director. He has been nominated for four Academy Awards and a Tony Award, Hawke has directed two feature films, three Off-Broadway plays, and a documentary, and written the novels The Hottest State, Ash Wednesday, and Rules for a Knight. He made his debut in 1985 with the science fiction feature E

Juliet Rylance
–
Juliet Rylance is an English actress and producer, known for Days and Nights. Rylance was born as Juliet van Kampen in Hammersmith, London to Claire van Kampen, a composer, and Chris van Kampen and her younger sister, Nataasha, became a filmmaker. Her parents divorced when she was seven, and her mother married actor Mark Rylance. She was educated a

Fred Thompson
–
Fred Dalton Thompson was an American politician, attorney, lobbyist, columnist, film and television actor, and radio host. Thompson, a Republican, served in the United States Senate representing Tennessee from 1994 to 2003, Thompson served as chairman of the International Security Advisory Board at the United States Department of State, was a membe

Christopher Young
–
Christopher Young is an American music composer for both film and television. Many of his compositions are for horror films, including Hellraiser, Tales from the Hood, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2, Freddys Revenge, Urban Legend. Other works include Lucky You and Spider-Man 3, for which he received the Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Drama

1.
Christopher Young in May 2007

Alliance Films
–
Alliance Films was a Canadian motion picture distribution and production company, which had served Canada, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Because Entertainment One acquired Alliance Films in early 2013, it was dissolved into that company and it was one of the major motion picture companies to distribute independent films outside the United States a

1.
Alliance Films, Inc.

Blumhouse Productions
–
Blumhouse Productions is an American film and television production company, founded by Jason Blum. Blumhouse is mostly known for producing low-budget horror films, such as Paranormal Activity, Insidious, The Purge, Sinister, Split, in 2014, Blumhouse produced the Academy Award–nominated drama film Whiplash, for which Blum was nominated for the Aca

1.
Logo used for horror movies

Summit Entertainment
–
Summit Entertainment LLC is an American film production and distribution company. It is owned by Lionsgate and is headquartered in Santa Monica, Summit Entertainment was founded in 1991 by film producers Bernd Eichinger, Arnon Milchan, and Andrew G. Vajna, to handle film sales in foreign countries. Summit later expanded and was launched in 1993 by

1.
Summit Entertainment LLC

Momentum Pictures

1.
Momentum Pictures

South by Southwest
–
South by Southwest is an annual conglomerate of film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987, and has continued to grow in scope and size every year. In 2011, the conference lasted for 10 days with SXSW Interactive lasting for 5 days, Music for 6 days, SX

Horror film
–
Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often dea

1.
A famous scene from one of the first notable horror films, Nosferatu (1922)

Sinister 2
–
Sinister 2 is a 2015 American supernatural horror film directed by Ciaran Foy and written by Scott Derrickson and C. Robert Cargill. The film received a release on August 21,2015. The film grossed over $52 million against its budget of $10 million. It is revealed to be the nightmare of nine-year-old Dylan Collins, who is staying in a farmhouse next

1.
Theatrical release poster

Super 8 film
–
Super 8mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older Double or Regular 8 mm home movie format. The film is nominally 8mm wide, the same as older formatted 8mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, the Super 8 standard also allocates the borde

Hanging
–
Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. Hanging has been a method of capital punishment since medieval times. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homers Odyssey, in this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung. Hanging is also a method of

Home movies
–
Originally, home movies were made on photographic film in formats that usually limited the movie-maker to about three minutes per roll of costly camera film. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs, the development of home movie-making has d

Occult
–
The occult is knowledge of the hidden. In common English usage, occult refers to knowledge of the paranormal, as opposed to knowledge of the measurable, the terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. Occultism is the study of practices, including magic, alchemy, ex

Pagan
–
Paganism is a term that derives from Latin word pagan, which means nonparticipant, one excluded from a more distinguished, professional group. The term was used in the 4th century, by early Christian community, the term competed with polytheism already in use in Judaism, by Philo in the 1st century. Pagans and paganism was a pejorative for the same

4.
Children standing with The Lady of Cornwall in a neopagan ceremony in England.

Babylonia
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Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia. A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, during the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Bab

1.
The extent of the Babylonian Empire at the start and end of Hammurabi's reign

Religious images in Christian theology
–
A cult image or idol is a material object, representing a deity, to which religious worship is directed. Concern over idolatry is the force behind the various traditions of aniconism in Christianity. Idolatry is consistently prohibited in the Hebrew Bible, including as one of the Ten Commandments and in the New Testament. There is a deal of controv

1.
James the Just, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15:19-29, c. 50 AD: "...we should write to them [Gentiles] to abstain only from things polluted by idols and from fornication and from whatever has been strangled and from blood..." (NRSV)

Early Christians
–
Early Christianity is the period of Christianity preceding the First Council of Nicaea in 325. It is typically divided into the Apostolic Age and the Ante-Nicene Period, the early Gospel message was spread orally, probably in Aramaic, but almost immediately also in Greek. After the conversion of Paul the Apostle, he claimed the title of Apostle to

The Ring (2002 film)
–
The Ring is a 2002 American supernatural psychological horror film directed by Gore Verbinski and starring Naomi Watts and Daveigh Chase. It is a remake of the 1998 Japanese horror film Ring, the film was released theatrically on October 18,2002, and received mostly positive reviews. Many critics praised the reliance on dread and visuals over gore

1.
Theatrical release poster

Bogeyman
–
Bogeyman, pronounced /bʊɡimæn/ or /boʊɡimæn/, is a common allusion to a mythical creature in many cultures used by adults to frighten children into good behavior. Parents may tell their children if they misbehave, the bogeyman will get them. Bogeymen may target a specific instance, a bogeyman that punishes children who suck their thumbs—or general

Demon
–
A demon is a supernatural, mythological and often malevolent being prevalent in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology and folklore. The original Greek word daimon does not carry the negative connotation initially understood by implementation of the Koine δαιμόνιον, the Ancient Greek word δαίμων daimōn denotes a spirit or divine power,

Flickr
–
Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website and web services suite that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo on March 20,2005. The Verge reported in March 2013 that Flickr had a total of 87 million registered members, in August 2011 the site reported that it was hosting more than 6 billion images and this number continues

1.
Typical Flickr album sets

Ghoul
–
A ghoul is a monster or evil spirit in Arabic mythology, associated with graveyards and consuming human flesh. The term was first used in English literature in 1786, in William Beckfords Orientalist novel Vathek, in modern fiction, the term has often been used for a certain kind of undead monster. Ghoul is from the Arabic and غول ghūl, from غال gha

Tag (metadata)
–
In information systems, a tag is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of information. This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the creator or by its viewer, depending on the system. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web

1.
A Description of the Equator and Some Otherlands, collaborative hypercinema portal, produced by documenta X, 1997. User upload page associating user contributed media with the term Tag.

Black metal
–
Black metal is an extreme subgenre and subculture of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw recording, unconventional song structures. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms, during the 1980s, several thrash and death metal bands formed a pro

Early Norwegian black metal scene
–
The early 1990s Norwegian black metal scene is credited with creating the modern black metal genre and produced some of the most acclaimed and influential artists in extreme metal. It attracted massive media attention when it was revealed that its members had been responsible for two murders and a wave of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an

Ulver
–
Ulver are a Norwegian experimental musical collective founded in 1993, by vocalist Kristoffer Rygg. 1997 marked their debut with the release of their third album Nattens madrigal through German label Century Media. However, following discord with the label, Kristoffer Rygg formed his own imprint Jester Records in 1998, author and musician Julian Co

1.
Ulver, 22 February 2010, Kraków

2.
Ulver, live in London 2011

Principal photography
–
Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a sta

Aesthetic
–
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgements of sentiment. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as critical reflection on art, in modern Englis

Long Island
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the

Harlan Ellison
–
Harlan Jay Ellison is an American writer. His principal genre is speculative fiction and his published works include over 1,700 short stories, novellas, screenplays, comic book scripts, teleplays, essays, a wide range of criticism covering literature, film, television, and print media. He was editor and anthologist for two science fiction anthologi

1.
Harlan Ellison (1986)

2.
Ellison's 1957 novelette "The Savage Swarm", cover-featured in Amazing Stories, has never been included in an authorized collection or anthology

3.
Another uncollected Ellison novelette, "Satan Is My Ally", was the cover story on the May 1957 issue of Fantastic Science Fiction

Patton Oswalt
–
Oswalt has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his Netflix stand-up special Patton Oswalt, Talking for Clapping. Oswalt was born January 27,1969, in Portsmouth, Virginia, the son of Carla and Larry J. Oswalt and he was named after General George S. Patton. He has one

Angela Bettis
–
Bettis was born in Austin, Texas, to Mary Lynn and Richard Joseph Bettis, and graduated from Westlake High School. Her debut role was a lead in the tragedy, Sparrow, directed by Franco Zeffirelli. After that film she attended The American Musical and Dramatic Academy and she later went on to star in a film called The Last Best Sunday, before suppor

1.
Angela Bettis, March 26, 2007

Sitges Film Festival
–
The Sitges Film Festival is a Spanish film festival and one of the worlds foremost international festivals specializing in fantasy and horror films. Established in 1968, the festival takes place every year in early October in the coastal resort of Sitges,34 kilometers West-South-West of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. The main venue of the Sitges

1.
Sitges Film Festival in 2009

Metacritic
–
Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a col

1.
Metacritic

Variety (magazine)
–
Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudevi

1.
The Variety Building in December 2008.

Film.com
–
RealNetworks, Inc. is a provider of Internet streaming media delivery software and services based in Seattle, Washington, United States. The company also provides subscription-based online entertainment services and mobile entertainment, RealNetworks was founded in 1994 by an ex-Microsoft executive, Rob Glaser and a management team including Phil B

Roger Ebert
–
Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created

E!
–
Entertainment Television, LLC is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. It features entertainment-related programming, reality television, feature films, and occasionally series, as of February 2015, E. has an audience reach of approximately 94

1.
E!'s logo from the launch under that branding. Used from June 1, 1990 until July 9, 2012 for the US flagship channel. Still in use for many of E!'s international networks.

Insidious (film)
–
Insidious is a 2010 American-Canadian supernatural horror film directed by James Wan, written by Leigh Whannell, and starring Patrick Wilson, Rose Byrne and Barbara Hershey. It is the first installment in the Insidious film series, the story centers on a couple whose son inexplicably enters a comatose state and becomes a vessel for ghosts in an ast

1.
Theatrical film poster

IGN
–
The website was the brainchild of media entrepreneur Chris Anderson and launched on September 29,1996. It focuses on games, films, television, comics, technology, the company is located in San Franciscos SOMA district in California, United States. Originally a network of websites, IGN is now distributed on mobile platforms, console programs on the

The Exorcism Of Emily Rose
–
The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a 2005 American legal drama horror film directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Laura Linney and Tom Wilkinson. Emily Rose, a 19-year old American teenager, dies of self-inflicted wounds, Father and Richard Moore, the Catholic priest who attempted the exorcism is arrested and sent to court. While the archdiocese want

1.
Theatrical release poster

The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)
–
The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 2008 American science fiction film, a loose adaptation of the 1951 film of the same name. The screenplay by David Scarpa is based on the 1940 classic science fiction short story Farewell to the Master by Harry Bates and it follows Klaatu, an alien sent to try to change human behavior or eradicate humans from Earth

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
The redesigned Gort and behind him, the new biological spaceship resembling an orb

3.
Keanu Reeves and Scott Derrickson on film promotion in Mexico. December 12, 2008.

The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American

2.
Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene

3.
Exterior shots of the Timberline Lodge were used to depict the fictional Overlook Hotel

4.
One of the sequences in which the camera tracks Danny, shot with a special low-pole version of the Steadicam developed for this film

Michael Mann (director)
–
Michael Kenneth Mann is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer of film and television. His most acclaimed works are the crime film Heat and the docudrama The Insider, Mann was born on February 5,1943 in Chicago, Illinois, of Jewish ancestry, the son of grocers Esther and Jack Mann. He received a B. A. in English at the University of

1.
Mann at the 2014 Comic-Con International.

Manhunter (film)
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Manhunter is a 1986 American crime horror film based on the novel Red Dragon by Thomas Harris. Written and directed by Michael Mann, it stars William Petersen as FBI profiler Will Graham, also featured are Tom Noonan as serial killer Francis Dollarhyde, Dennis Farina as Grahams FBI superior Jack Crawford, and Brian Cox as incarcerated killer Hannib

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
The use of heavily tinted scenes was a deliberate technique to evoke different moods in the audience. Top: Will and Molly Graham are lit with Spinotti's "romantic blue". Bottom: Francis Dollarhyde sits in "subversive" green.

The Exorcism of Emily Rose
–
The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a 2005 American legal drama horror film directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Laura Linney and Tom Wilkinson. Emily Rose, a 19-year old American teenager, dies of self-inflicted wounds, Father and Richard Moore, the Catholic priest who attempted the exorcism is arrested and sent to court. While the archdiocese want

1.
Jason Blum
–
Jason Ferus Blum is an American film producer. Blum is the founder and CEO of Blumhouse Productions and he won the 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie for producing The Normal Heart, and was nominated for the 2014 Academy Award for Best Picture for producing Whiplash. Blum was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Shirley, an art professor, and Irving Blum and his mother was previously married to museum director Walter Hopps. Blum worked for Bob and Harvey Weinstein as executive producer and later as independent producer for Warner Bros and he also was working as producing director at Ethan Hawkes Malaparte Theater Company. Blum is a 1991 graduate of Vassar College and he obtained financing for his first film as producer, Kicking and Screaming, after receiving a letter from family acquaintance, entertainer Steve Martin, who endorsed the script. Blum attached the letter to copies of the script he sent around to Hollywood executives, in 2000, he founded Blumhouse Productions, which specializes in producing micro-budget movies. Some of the produced by Blum have been highly profitable. The horror film Paranormal Activity was produced for $15,000, nPRs Planet Money did a special podcast about how Blums production house gets its success. Blum also produced Insidious, Sinister, The Purge, and Creep, on July 14,2012, Blum married journalist Lauren A. E. Schuker in Los Angeles. Blumhouse Productions Jason Blum at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Blum

2.
C. Robert Cargill
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Cargill currently resides in Austin, Texas with his wife. Cargill wrote his first article in 2000, when he volunteered to write a review of the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon for a website called Guerilla Films. His article managed to get the highest amount of traffic of over 50,000 hits, a HUGE deal at the time, which secured him the job to write more reviews. While working for Guerilla Films, Cargill began spending time with Aint It Cool News Eric Vespe, which landed him a job on Aint It Cools Indie Indie Column, a previously abandoned post. During his work as a critic, Cargill met various directors. Besides his work for Aint It Cool News and his involvement with Spill. com, he also did work for Film. com. Having wanted to be a writer from a young age, Cargill considered every film he reviewed. According to an interview with The Austin Chronicle he compared it to a strenuous, endless crash course—maybe even a master class—in what does and doesnt work in a story. The idea for his first film came to fruition when he met up with a fan, shooting of the movie started in September 2011,6 months after and was first screened at South by Southwest. In an interview with Film. com, Cargill stated that his days as a film critic were over for the time being due to his success, both Cargill and Derrickson returned as writers for Sinister 2, which was directed by Ciaran Foy. Both writers are working on a movie adaptation of the Deus Ex video games. Cargill and Derrickson will also team up to write the script for The Outer Limits, the film, produced by MGM, will be adapted from a single episode of the classic show, Demon with a Glass Hand. Cargill, along with Derrickson and Jon Spaihts, worked on the script for Marvels film Doctor Strange, tome of Artifacts by Keith Baker, Contributed, Dreams and Shadows Queen of the Dark Things C. Robert Cargill at the Internet Movie Database Interview with DoubleToasted. com

3.
Ethan Hawke
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Ethan Green Hawke is an American actor, writer, and director. He has been nominated for four Academy Awards and a Tony Award, Hawke has directed two feature films, three Off-Broadway plays, and a documentary, and written the novels The Hottest State, Ash Wednesday, and Rules for a Knight. He made his debut in 1985 with the science fiction feature Explorers. He then appeared in films before taking a role in the 1994 Generation X drama Reality Bites. Hawke was further honored with SAG Award nominations for films, along with BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for the latter. Hawke was born in Austin, Texas, to Leslie, a charity worker, and James Hawke, Hawkes parents were high school sweethearts in Fort Worth, Texas, and married young, when Hawkes mother was 17. Hawke was born a year later, Hawkes parents were students at the University of Texas at Austin at the time of his birth, and separated and later divorced in 1974. After the separation, Hawke was then raised by his mother, the two relocated several times, before settling in New York City, where Hawke attended the Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights. Hawkes mother remarried when he was 10 and the moved to West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He later transferred to the Hun School of Princeton, a boarding school. In high school, Hawke aspired to be a writer, and he twice enrolled in New York Universitys English program, but dropped out both times to pursue acting roles. Hawke obtained his mothers permission to attend his first casting call at age 14 and he secured his first film role in 1985s Explorers, in which he played an alien-obsessed schoolboy alongside River Phoenix. The film received favorable reviews but had poor box office revenues, Hawke later described the disappointment as difficult to bear at such a young age, adding I would never recommend that a kid act. His next film appearance was not until 1989s comedy drama Dad, in 1989, Hawke made his breakthrough appearance, playing a shy student opposite Robin Williamss inspirational English teacher in Dead Poets Society. The film was critically well-received, the Variety reviewer noted Hawke, with revenue of US$235 million worldwide, the film remains Hawkes most commercially successful picture to date. Hawke later described the opportunities he was offered as a result of the success as critical to his decision to continue acting, I didnt want to be an actor. But then the success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, Hawkes next film, 1991s White Fang, brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack Londons novel of the name, featured Hawke as Jack Conroy

Ethan Hawke
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Hawke at the 2009 Venice International Film Festival
Ethan Hawke
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Hawke at the premiere of The Hottest State in Austin, Texas, September 2007
Ethan Hawke
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Hawke at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
Ethan Hawke
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Hawke at the premiere of Before Midnight in Berlin, Germany, February 2013

4.
Juliet Rylance
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Juliet Rylance is an English actress and producer, known for Days and Nights. Rylance was born as Juliet van Kampen in Hammersmith, London to Claire van Kampen, a composer, and Chris van Kampen and her younger sister, Nataasha, became a filmmaker. Her parents divorced when she was seven, and her mother married actor Mark Rylance. She was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and her first major role upon leaving RADA was as Medea in Neil LaButes Bash, Latter-Day Plays at the Union Theatre in London. She then went on to play Perdita in The Winters Tale and Cressida in Troilus and she portrayed British writer Mary Sidney in I Am Shakespeare, written by her step-father Mark Rylance and directed by Matthew Warchus at the Chichester Festival Theatre and its UK tour. That same year, along two of her contemporaries, David Sturzaker and director Tamara Harvey, she started her own production company. She subsequently starred in the Theater of Memorys productions of Romeo and Juliet and Bash, Latter-Day Plays, portraying Juliet, in 2009, Rylance played Desdemona at the theater in New York City, in Othello, for which she was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award. She next appeared in the Sam Mendes-directed Bridge Project, a joint venture between the Brooklyn Academy of Music in Brooklyn and The Old Vic in London and she appeared as Rosalind and Miranda, respectively, with her husband appearing alongside her as Orlando and Ariel. Rylance was awarded a 2010 Obie Award for her performance as Rosalind, in 2012, Rylance co-starred in the horror film Sinister. In 2013 she appeared in and produced the film Days and Nights, based on the Anton Chekov play The Seagull, since 2014, Rylance has starred in the Cinemax medical drama The Knick. In 2008, Rylance married actor Christian Camargo at New York City Hall and they had met over a decade earlier when he worked with her stepfather Mark Rylance at Shakespeares Globe Theatre. Juliet Rylance at the Internet Movie Database

5.
Fred Thompson
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Fred Dalton Thompson was an American politician, attorney, lobbyist, columnist, film and television actor, and radio host. Thompson, a Republican, served in the United States Senate representing Tennessee from 1994 to 2003, Thompson served as chairman of the International Security Advisory Board at the United States Department of State, was a member of the U. S. As an actor, Thompson appeared in a number of movies, in the final months of his U. S. Senate term in 2002, Thompson joined the cast of the long-running NBC television series Law & Order, playing Manhattan District Attorney Arthur Branch. Thompson was born in Sheffield, Alabama on August 19,1942, the son of Ruth Inez and Fletcher Session Thompson, Thompson had English and distant Dutch ancestry. He attended public school in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, graduating from Lawrence County High School, thereafter, he worked days in the local post office, and nights at the Murray bicycle assembly plant. Thompson then entered Florence State College, becoming the first member of his family to attend college and he went on to earn his Juris Doctor degree from the Vanderbilt Law School in 1967. Thompson was admitted to the State Bar of Tennessee in 1967, at that time, he shortened his first name from Freddie to Fred. He worked as an assistant U. S. attorney from 1969 to 1972, successfully prosecuting bank robberies, Thompson was the campaign manager for Republican U. S. Senator Howard Bakers reelection campaign in 1972 and was minority counsel to the Senate Watergate Committee in its investigation of the Watergate scandal. In the 1980s Thompson worked as an attorney, with law offices in Nashville and Washington, D. C. handling personal injury claims and his clients included a German mining group and Japans Toyota Motors Corporation. Thompson served on corporate boards. He also did work and served on the board of directors for engineering firm Stone & Webster. Thompson was sometimes credited for supplying Republican Senator Howard Bakers famous question, What did the President know, and this question is said to have helped frame the hearings in a way that eventually led to the downfall of President Richard Nixon. A Republican staff member, Donald Sanders, found out about the White House tapes, Thompson was informed of the existence of the tapes, and he in turn informed Nixons attorney, J. Fred Buzhardt. Thereby publicly revealing the existence of recordings of conversations within the White House. National Public Radio later called that session and the discovery of the Watergate tapes a turning point in the investigation. According to historian Stanley Kutler, however, Thompson and Baker carried water for the White House and they werent going to mindlessly go down the tubes. When the Watergate investigation began to pick up speed, tapes revealed that Nixon remarked to his then-Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, Oh shit, hes dumb as hell

6.
Christopher Young
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Christopher Young is an American music composer for both film and television. Many of his compositions are for horror films, including Hellraiser, Tales from the Hood, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2, Freddys Revenge, Urban Legend. Other works include Lucky You and Spider-Man 3, for which he received the Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Dramatic Feature Film and he also made three cameo appearances in Spider-Man 3. Young was honored with the prestigious Richard Kirk award at the 2008 BMI Film, the award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music. Young was born in Red Bank, New Jersey and he graduated from Hampshire College in Massachusetts with a Bachelor of Arts in music, and then completed his post-graduate work at North Texas State University. In 1980, he moved to Los Angeles, originally a jazz drummer, when he heard some of Bernard Herrmanns works he decided to become a film composer. He studied at the UCLA Film School under David Raksin and he teaches at the Thornton School of Music of the University of Southern California

Christopher Young
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Christopher Young in May 2007

7.
Alliance Films
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Alliance Films was a Canadian motion picture distribution and production company, which had served Canada, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Because Entertainment One acquired Alliance Films in early 2013, it was dissolved into that company and it was one of the major motion picture companies to distribute independent films outside the United States and other countries. The company was formed in 1984 by Stephen Roth, Denis Héroux, John Kemeny, Robert Lantos, Andras Hamori and it acquired a Montreal-based Francophone distribution company, Vivafilm, in 1990. In 1998, it merged with Atlantis Communications, forming Alliance Atlantis Communications, société générale de financement du Québec, an investment agency of the provincial government, owns 51% of the voting shares of the company and 38. 5% of the equity. GS Capital owns the remainder of the company, Alliance Films was headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, in the Quartier International. In the mid-2000s, Alliance Films began to produce films in moderation and they also produced and distributed the war drama Passchendaele, and co-produced the comedy Stone of Destiny with Infinity Features Entertainment and The Mob Film Company. They are also responsible for co-producing the 2011 horror film Insidious with FilmDistrict and Wanderlust with Universal Pictures, in 2010, Alliance Films expanded its home video operations with an aggressive push into the TV-on-DVD market. It began releasing various television series on DVD, the majority are Canadian productions or Canadian co-productions, to date they have released over 20 series and continue to release more. On June 24,2011, Alliance Films bought Maple Pictures from Lionsgate for a sum of 38.5 million dollars before Alliance was folded into Entertainment One in early 2013, in partnership with Cineplex Entertainment, Alliance Films also operates Alliance Cinemas, owner of two Toronto-area theatres. However, in fact, the company controlled the general partner of the partnership, since early 2010 Alliance Films has been partnering with Jason Blum and his BlumHouse Productions to produce low budget horror films. This began with Insidious which was released in 2011, the next to be released was Sinister in 2012 and Dark Skies in 2013. Since the 2013 acquisition and absorption, it is unclear if eOne will be a partner on subsequent BlumHouse films, on January 3,2012, it was announced that Goldman Sachs Group is looking to sell its majority stake in Alliance Films. On May 28,2012, Entertainment One confirmed their bid to purchase Alliance Films from Goldman Sachs Group, the acquisition was completed on January 9,2013, upon the closure of the deal, Victor Loewy stepped down as CEO of the company. EOne also announced that it would phase out the Alliance brand entirely, Alliance Films has distributed all or some of the following companies films before the eOne acquisition. And also, Alliance Films video releases from 2007-2013 were distributed by Paramount Home Media Distribution, until the acquisition by Entertainment One

Alliance Films
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Alliance Films, Inc.

8.
Blumhouse Productions
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Blumhouse Productions is an American film and television production company, founded by Jason Blum. Blumhouse is mostly known for producing low-budget horror films, such as Paranormal Activity, Insidious, The Purge, Sinister, Split, in 2014, Blumhouse produced the Academy Award–nominated drama film Whiplash, for which Blum was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. The company currently has a 10-year first-look deal with the studio Universal Pictures, according to various stories, the companys model is to produce movies independently and release them wide through the studio system. Blumhouse has a deal with Universal Pictures. Blumhouses highly profitable credits began in 2009 with Paranormal Activity, which was made for $15,000, the film was released by Paramount Pictures and grossed over $193 million worldwide. Blumhouse produced Insidious, which grossed over $97 million worldwide on a budget of $1.5 million, and Sinister, Blumhouse has worked with directors such as James Wan, Mike Flanagan, James DeMonaco, M. Night Shyamalan and Scott Derrickson. Blumhouse also produced The Boy Next Door, which was released on January 23,2015, in 2016 Blumhouse produced Hush, The Purge, Election Year, In a Valley of Violence and Ouija, Origin of Evil. In 2017 Blumhouse released Split, Get Out and The Belko Experiment, on the television side, Blumhouse has a first look deal with Lionsgate, and the company produced the short-lived series Stranded for Syfy and executive produced The River for ABC. For Halloween 2012, Blumhouse opened the Blumhouse of Horrors, a haunted house experience in Downtown Los Angeles. On September 9,2014 Blumhouse established BH Tilt, dedicated to generating movies from Blumhouse, the releases from BH Tilt are The Green Inferno, The Darkness, Incarnate, The Resurrection of Gavin Stone, The Belko Experiment, Sleight, Lowriders and Birth of the Dragon. On November 11,2014 Blumhouse launches Blumhouse Books, dedicated to having filmmakers and authors create original horror, the first couple releases are The Blumhouse Book of Nightmares, The Haunted City, The Apartment and Feral. On May 23,2016 it was announced that Blumhouse, Miramax, john Carpenter is set to produce the project and act as creative consultant. John Carpenter stated, Thirty-eight years after the original Halloween, Im going to help to try to make the 10th sequel the scariest of them all, the film is said to be a direct sequel to Halloween and Halloween II. On January 19,2017 Blumhouse Television, AMPLE and A&E revived the television series Cold Case Files for a run and is scheduled to air on February 27,2017

Blumhouse Productions
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Logo used for horror movies

9.
Summit Entertainment
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Summit Entertainment LLC is an American film production and distribution company. It is owned by Lionsgate and is headquartered in Santa Monica, Summit Entertainment was founded in 1991 by film producers Bernd Eichinger, Arnon Milchan, and Andrew G. Vajna, to handle film sales in foreign countries. Summit later expanded and was launched in 1993 by Patrick Wachsberger, Bob Hayward and David Garrett under the name Summit Entertainment LP as a production, distribution, by 1995 they were producing and co-financing films, and by 1997 they started fully financing films. Among the companys early successes was American Pie, which Summit distributed outside of English-speaking territories, in 2007, it became an independent film production company, Summit Entertainment, with the addition of Rob Friedman, a former executive at Paramount Pictures. Summit Entertainments films are distributed theatrically and on home video in Spain. In the spring of 2009, Summit released Knowing, the second movie to open #1 at the box office. In June 2010 Summit released the film of the Twilight series, The Twilight Saga. It broke a midnight screening record of over $30 million and set a one-day Wednesday record of $68.5 million and it became the first movie in the series to cross the $300 million mark domestically. In 2008, Summit Entertainment ranked in eighth place among the studios, with a gross of $226.5 million, in 2009, Summit ranked 7th among studios with a gross of $482.5 million. In September 2008, merger talks between Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate were the subject of speculation, but no deal was finalized at that time. On January 13,2012, Lionsgate acquired Summit Entertainment for $412.5 million, list of Summit Entertainment films Lionsgate Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC Official website Summit Entertainment at the Internet Movie Database Reuters Story

Summit Entertainment
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Summit Entertainment LLC

10.
South by Southwest
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South by Southwest is an annual conglomerate of film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987, and has continued to grow in scope and size every year. In 2011, the conference lasted for 10 days with SXSW Interactive lasting for 5 days, Music for 6 days, SXSW is run by the company SXSW, LLC which organizes conferences, trade shows, festivals, and other events. SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel. The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987 to over 28,000 registrants, SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, most recently bringing over 51,000 registrants to Austin every March. Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event, All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events. SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders. In 2015, the SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers, the SXSW Film Festival runs nine days, simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference, and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of the camera. The SXSW Film Awards, which occur on the last day of the Film Conference, honor films selected by the Feature, in 2015, the SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films, selected from 7,361 submissions. Past notable world premieres include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef,21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful. SXSW Interactive is focused on emerging technology, a focus which has earned the festival a reputation as a ground for new ideas. The festival includes a show, speakers, parties. According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world since 2007, Louis Meyers, a booking agent and musician, was also brought on board. Black came up with the name, as a play on the name of the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest, the event was first held in March 1987. The organizers considered it an event and expected around 150 attendees to show up, but over 700 came. Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s, but Black, Barbaro, singer-songwriter Michelle Shocked was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest. In 1993, SXSW moved into the Austin Convention Center, where it is still held, in 1994, SXSW added a component for film and other media, named the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference. Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker and that year, the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives, in the hopes of getting industry attention

11.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years

12.
Sinister 2
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Sinister 2 is a 2015 American supernatural horror film directed by Ciaran Foy and written by Scott Derrickson and C. Robert Cargill. The film received a release on August 21,2015. The film grossed over $52 million against its budget of $10 million. It is revealed to be the nightmare of nine-year-old Dylan Collins, who is staying in a farmhouse next to a deconsecrated Lutheran church, with his twin brother Zach. He hears rustling in the wardrobe and a spooky face appears. A ghost bearing a likeness to his brother appears. The Deputy from the first film goes to Confession and he is independently researching the murders connected to Bughuul. The priest recognises him from the Oswalt thing, Deputy explains he found something otherworldly and asks the priest for help, who tells him to stay out of it instead. Courtney works in the church, restoring antiques, whilst shopping, a man with sunken eyes seems to stare at Courtney and appears to follow her around the shop. She tells the boys to run and the man chases her as she leaves the shop, Courtney orders a security guard to stop him. As they drive away, the man is seen on a phone, to an unknown person, most likely Clint, Courtneys abusive ex-husband who is also the father of her children. The Deputy arrives at a farmhouse to destroy it, but is interrupted when he realizes Courtney, Courtney tells him to leave because she thinks he is working with Clint. He convinces her otherwise and tells Courtney he is a private investigator and she doesnt realize it, but her sons know what happened at the church. The Deputy is then seen in a hotel room reading newspaper articles on a computer, suddenly, articles about the murder in the church flood the screen, before Bughuuls symbol and a loud buzzing appear and the screen cuts out. When he leans down to collect his bag, the reflection of the screen shows Bughuul standing in the doorway behind the Deputy. When the Deputy sees it and looks behind him, there is nothing there, Bughuul then appears in the reflection again, before walking forward and putting his finger to his lips. The Deputy slams the laptop screen closed, Clint shows up at the farmhouse with police to try and take the boys but leaves after the Deputy threatens them, warning them that they need a court order to proceed. The professor said the ham radio first belonged to a Norwegian family who was murdered in 1973

Sinister 2
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Theatrical release poster

13.
Super 8 film
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Super 8mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older Double or Regular 8 mm home movie format. The film is nominally 8mm wide, the same as older formatted 8mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, the Super 8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an oxide stripe upon which sound can be magnetically recorded. Unlike Super 35, the stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with standard 8mm film cameras. There are several varieties of the system used for shooting. The most popular system by far was the Kodak system and this is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3 minutes and 20 seconds of continuous filming at 18 frames per second for amateur use. In 1973 the system was upgraded with a cartridge, which included film with magnetic sound. In 1975 an even larger 200-foot cartridge became available which could be used in specifically designed cameras, the sound and the 200 foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50 foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured. Historically, Super 8 film was a stock for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became a popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s. During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as a method for movie production. This included emulsions from Kodak, Fuji and Ilford, today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available including 200D Agfa color and black-and-white from Foma, ADOX and ORWO, in addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically. Not all cameras can all the notches correctly, however. Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras, usually, testing one cartridge of film can help handle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color stocks were available only in tungsten, and almost all Super 8 cameras come with a switchable daylight filter built in. The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, the film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path. Sound film requires a longer path, and a second aperture for the recording head. Sound cameras were compatible with silent cartridges, but not vice versa, Sound film was typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second

14.
Hanging
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Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. Hanging has been a method of capital punishment since medieval times. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homers Odyssey, in this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung. Hanging is also a method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness. There are four ways of performing a judicial hanging, suspension hanging, the drop, the standard drop. A mechanised form of hanging, the upright jerker, was experimented with in the 18th century. Suspension, like the drop, causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The short drop is performed by placing the condemned prisoner on the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, the object is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. A ladder was also used with the condemned being forced to ascend, after which the noose was tied. Another method involves using a stool, which the condemned is required to stand on, the executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 4 feet high beside the condemned, and guides the head downward with his hand simultaneous to the efforts of his assistants. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank was executed in this manner in 1946 in Prague and its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems had an English origin. It was considered an improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the persons neck, causing immediate paralysis. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that, The hangman botched the execution, a Life magazine report on the execution merely says, The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight and this process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. The careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose contributed to breaking the neck, between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were taken into account

15.
Home movies
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Originally, home movies were made on photographic film in formats that usually limited the movie-maker to about three minutes per roll of costly camera film. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs, the development of home movie-making has depended critically on availability of equipment and media formats at prices affordable to consumers. Development of film formats suitable for amateur hobbyists began early in the history of cinematography, for example, the 17.5 mm Birtac format was patented by Birt Acres in 1898. This format split the standard 35 mm film into two strips half as wide and was able to be loaded into the camera in daylight. Since the frames were half the height of 35 mm frames. Since the camera doubled as a printer and projector, equipment costs were also reduced, another breakthrough in making film practical for home users was the introduction of safety film in the 1920s. Many competing film formats were introduced in the decades until 16 mm safety film was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1923. In 1932, Kodak introduced another new format,8 mm, now called Standard 8 or Regular 8, the film usually came in 16 mm wide Double 8 form, which ran through the camera in two passes and was slit in half after processing. The Straight 8 variant came already cut to 8 mm width, in either case, the amount of film stock used per frame was again reduced by 75%. This finally brought home movies within the reach of the average family, the smaller format also made possible smaller and more portable cameras and projectors. The introduction of Kodachrome color reversal film for 16 mm in 1935, the original 8 mm format was largely superseded within a few years of Kodaks 1965 introduction of Super 8 film. The Super 8 format used the film width as standard 8 mm. In addition, Super 8 film came in cartridges for easier loading into the camera, single-8, a competing product from Fujifilm, was also introduced in 1965. It used the new format as Super 8 but on a thinner polyester base. The introduction of the Beta VCR in 1975 and VHS in 1976 heralded a revolution in the making of home movies, videocassettes were extremely inexpensive compared to film and they could even be erased. This had the effect of increasing the hours of footage of most family video libraries. The honeymoon video of Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee from 1998 was the first highly publicized example, large parts of the incident were captured on the camera phone of another audience member and broadcast widely. Home movies have played important roles in controversial criminal investigations, the prime example is the Zapruder film of the 1963 assassination of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, accidentally captured on Kodachrome film with an 8 mm home movie camera

Home movies

16.
Occult
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The occult is knowledge of the hidden. In common English usage, occult refers to knowledge of the paranormal, as opposed to knowledge of the measurable, the terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. Occultism is the study of practices, including magic, alchemy, extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, religion. Alchemy was common among important seventeenth-century scientists, such as Isaac Newton, Newton was even accused of introducing occult agencies into natural science when he postulated gravity as a force capable of acting over vast distances. By the eighteenth century these unorthodox religious and philosophical concerns were well-defined as occult, inasmuch as they lay on the outermost fringe of accepted forms of knowledge and they were, however, preserved by antiquarians and mystics. Occult science is the research into or formulation of occult concepts in a manner that resembles the way natural science researches or describes phenomena. In his 1871 book Primitive Culture, the anthropologist Edward Tylor used the term occult science as a synonym for magic, Occult qualities are properties that have no known rational explanation, in the Middle Ages, for example, magnetism was considered an occult quality. Newtons contemporaries severely criticized his theory that gravity was effected through action at a distance, some religions and sects enthusiastically embrace occultism as an integral esoteric aspect of mystical religious experience. This attitude is common within Wicca and many other modern pagan religions, some other religious denominations disapprove of occultism in most or all forms. They may view the occult as being anything supernatural or paranormal which is not achieved by or through God, monistic in contrast to Christian dualistic beliefs of a separation between body and spirit, Gnostic i. e. Walker, Benjamin. Encyclopedia of the Occult, the Esoteric and the Supernatural, harold W. Percival, Joined the Theosophical Society in 1892. Blavatsky, Occultism versus the Occult Arts, Lucifer, May 1888 Bardon, true to His Ways, Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice, ISBN 1-932124-61-6. ISBN 1-57863-150-5 Forshaw, Peter, The Occult Middle Ages, in Christopher Partridge, The Occult World, London, Routledge,2014 Gettings, Fred, Vision of the Occult, ISBN 0-7126-1438-9 Kontou, Tatiana – Willburn, Sarah. The Ashgate Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism and the Occult, ISBN 978-0-7546-6912-8 Martin, W. Rische, J. Rische, K. & VanGordon, K. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.201 p. N. B, the scope of this study also embraces the occult. ISBN 0-8028-0262-1 Partridge, Christopher, The Occult World, London, the Tree of Life, An Illustrated Study in Magic. Newton, Isaac, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John by Sir Isaac Newton Rogers, L. W. Hints to Young Students of Occultism. Albany, NY, The Theosophical Book Company, joseph H. Peterson, Twilit Grotto, Archives of Western Esoterica Occult Science and Philosophy of the Renaissance

17.
Pagan
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Paganism is a term that derives from Latin word pagan, which means nonparticipant, one excluded from a more distinguished, professional group. The term was used in the 4th century, by early Christian community, the term competed with polytheism already in use in Judaism, by Philo in the 1st century. Pagans and paganism was a pejorative for the same polytheistic group, Paganism has broadly connoted religion of the peasantry, and for much of its history a derogatory term. Alternate terms in Christian texts for the group was hellene. In and after the Middle Ages, paganism was a pejorative that was applied to any non-Abrahamic or unfamiliar religion, there has been much scholarly debate as to the origin of the term paganism, especially since no one before the 20th century self-identified as a pagan. In the 19th century, paganism was re-adopted as a self-descriptor by members of various artistic groups inspired by the ancient world. Forms of these religions, influenced by various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe, exist today and are known as contemporary or modern paganism, while most pagan religions express a worldview that is pantheistic, polytheistic, or animistic, there are some monotheistic pagans. It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practised, the notion of paganism, as it is generally understood today, was created by the early Christian Church. It was a label that Christians applied to others, one of the antitheses that were central to the process of Christian self-definition, as such, throughout history it was generally used in a derogatory sense. The term pagan is from Late Latin paganus, revived during the Renaissance and it is related to pangere and ultimately comes from Proto-Indo-European *pag-. The evolution occurred only in the Latin west, and in connection with the Latin church, elsewhere, Hellene or gentile remained the word for pagan, and paganos continued as a purely secular term, with overtones of the inferior and the commonplace. However, this idea has multiple problems, first, the words usage as a reference to non-Christians pre-dates that period in history. Second, paganism within the Roman Empire centered on cities, the concept of an urban Christianity as opposed to a rural paganism would not have occurred to Romans during Early Christianity. Third, unlike words such as rusticitas, paganus had not yet acquired the meanings used to explain why it would have been applied to pagans. Paganus more likely acquired its meaning in Christian nomenclature via Roman military jargon, Early Christians adopted military motifs and saw themselves as Milites Christi. As early as the 5th century, paganos was metaphorically used to persons outside the bounds of the Christian community. In response, Augustine of Hippo wrote De Civitate Dei Contra Paganos, in it, he contrasted the fallen city of Man to the city of God of which all Christians were ultimately citizens. Hence, the invaders were not of the city or rural

18.
Babylonia
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Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia. A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, during the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called Māt Akkadī the country of Akkad in the Akkadian language. It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia and it retained the Sumerian language for religious use, but by the time Babylon was founded, this was no longer a spoken language, having been wholly subsumed by Akkadian. The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad. During the 3rd millennium BC, a cultural symbiosis occurred between Sumerian and Akkadian-speakers, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian and vice versa is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a scale, to syntactic, morphological. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the millennium as a sprachbund. Traditionally, the religious center of all Mesopotamia was the city of Nippur. The empire eventually disintegrated due to decline, climate change and civil war. Sumer rose up again with the Third Dynasty of Ur in the late 22nd century BC and they also seem to have gained ascendancy over most of the territory of the Akkadian kings of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia for a time. The states of the south were unable to stem the Amorite advance, King Ilu-shuma of the Old Assyrian Empire in a known inscription describes his exploits to the south as follows, The freedom of the Akkadians and their children I established. I established their freedom from the border of the marshes and Ur and Nippur, Awal, past scholars originally extrapolated from this text that it means he defeated the invading Amorites to the south, but there is no explicit record of that. More recently, the text has been taken to mean that Asshur supplied the south with copper from Anatolia and these policies were continued by his successors Erishum I and Ikunum. During the first centuries of what is called the Amorite period and his reign was concerned with establishing statehood amongst a sea of other minor city states and kingdoms in the region. However Sumuabum appears never to have bothered to give himself the title of King of Babylon, suggesting that Babylon itself was only a minor town or city. He was followed by Sumu-la-El, Sabium, Apil-Sin, each of whom ruled in the same manner as Sumuabum. Sin-Muballit was the first of these Amorite rulers to be regarded officially as a king of Babylon, the Elamites occupied huge swathes of southern Mesopotamia, and the early Amorite rulers were largely held in vassalage to Elam

Babylonia
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The extent of the Babylonian Empire at the start and end of Hammurabi's reign
Babylonia
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Old Babylonian Cylinder Seal, hematite, The king makes an animal offering to Shamash. This seal was probably made in a workshop at Sippar.
Babylonia
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Geography

19.
Religious images in Christian theology
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A cult image or idol is a material object, representing a deity, to which religious worship is directed. Concern over idolatry is the force behind the various traditions of aniconism in Christianity. Idolatry is consistently prohibited in the Hebrew Bible, including as one of the Ten Commandments and in the New Testament. There is a deal of controversy over the question of what constitutes idolatry and this has bearing on the visual arts and the use of icons and symbols in worship. As in other Abrahamic religions the meaning of the term has been extended very widely by theologians. Rather there are a number of commandments on this spread through the books of the Hebrew Bible, some of which were written in different historical eras. Idolatry in the Hebrew Bible is defined as the worship of idols, similarly, the Nehushtan, which God commanded Moses to make and lift high to cure any Israelites who looked at it of snakebites, is God-ordained use of an image. However, as part of a religious reform Hezekiah destroyed the Serpent. Judaisms animosity towards what they perceived as idolatry was inherited by Jewish Christianity, although Jesus discussed the Mosaic Law in the Sermon on the Mount, he does not speak of issues regarding the meaning of the commandment against idolatry. His teachings, however, uphold that worship should be directed to God alone. Paul of Tarsus, who agreed to the Apostolic Decree, also wrote that it was permitted to do so, as long as a blessing was pronounced over it, and provided that scandal was not caused by it. However, he said that the gods worshiped in idolatry were in his belief demons, see also the Law of Christ. The New Testament also uses the term idolatry to refer to worship like passion for such as wealth. One can see evidence of this in Colossians 3,5, Put to death, therefore, whatever belongs to your nature, sexual immorality, impurity, lust, evil desires. Some Christian theologians see the absolutization of an idea as idolatrous, therefore, undue focus on particular features of Christianity to the exclusion of others would constitute idolatry. The New Testament does contain the rudiments of an argument which provides a basis for religious images or icons, Jesus was visible, and orthodox Christian doctrine maintains that Jesus is YHWH incarnate. In the Gospel of John, Jesus stated that because his disciples had seen him, paul of Tarsus referred to Jesus as the image of the invisible God. Many writings by Church fathers contain strong denunciations of these practices, statues on secular buildings, however, could serve as expression of secular power in various periods of Christianity, without implications of idol-worship

Religious images in Christian theology
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James the Just, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15:19-29, c. 50 AD: "...we should write to them [Gentiles] to abstain only from things polluted by idols and from fornication and from whatever has been strangled and from blood..." (NRSV)

20.
Early Christians
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Early Christianity is the period of Christianity preceding the First Council of Nicaea in 325. It is typically divided into the Apostolic Age and the Ante-Nicene Period, the early Gospel message was spread orally, probably in Aramaic, but almost immediately also in Greek. After the conversion of Paul the Apostle, he claimed the title of Apostle to the Gentiles, Pauls influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than that of any other New Testament author. As the New Testament canon developed, the Pauline epistles, the canonical gospels, Early Christians demonstrated a wide range of beliefs and practices, many of which were later denounced as heretical. The earliest followers of Jesus composed an apocalyptic, Second Temple Jewish sect, the first part of the period, during the lifetimes of the Twelve Apostles, is called the Apostolic Age. The relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still disputed although Pauls influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than any other New Testament author and they think the Christians the cause of every public disaster, of every affliction with which the people are visited. The first action taken against Christians by the order of an emperor occurred half a century earlier under Nero after the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. During the Ante-Nicene Period following the Apostolic Age, a diversity of views emerged simultaneously with strong unifying characteristics lacking in the apostolic period. Part of the trend was an increasingly harsh anti-Judaism and rejection of Judaizers. Early Christianity gradually grew apart from Judaism during the first two centuries and established itself as a predominantly gentile religion in the Roman Empire. From the writings of early Christians, historians have tried to piece together an understanding of various early Christian practices including worship services, customs, Early Christian writers such as Justin Martyr described these practices. Early Christian beliefs regarding baptism probably predate the New Testament writings and it seems certain that numerous Jewish sects and certainly Jesuss disciples practised baptism, which became integral to nearly every manifestation of the religion of the Jews. John the Baptist had baptized many people, before took place in the name of Jesus Christ. Many of the interpretations that would later become Orthodox Christian beliefs concerning baptism can be traced to such as Paul. On the basis of this description, it was supposed by some modern theologians that the early Christians practised baptism by submersion and this interpretation is debated between those Christian denominations who advocate immersion baptism exclusively and those who practice baptism by affusion or aspersion as well as by immersion. Yet the Didache, one of the earliest Christian writings on liturgical practices, the Orthodox Church continues this practice, submerging the baptized and then pouring water on the head in that formula. Infant baptism was practised at least by the 3rd century. Others believe that infants were excluded from the baptism of households, citing verses of the Bible that describe the baptized households as believing, in the 2nd century, Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, may have referred to it

21.
The Ring (2002 film)
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The Ring is a 2002 American supernatural psychological horror film directed by Gore Verbinski and starring Naomi Watts and Daveigh Chase. It is a remake of the 1998 Japanese horror film Ring, the film was released theatrically on October 18,2002, and received mostly positive reviews. Many critics praised the reliance on dread and visuals over gore and the direction along with the screenplay writing, the film grossed over $249 million worldwide on a $48 million production budget, making it one of the highest-grossing horror remakes of all time. The film was followed by two sequels, The Ring Two and Rings, the Ring is notable for being the first American remake of a Japanese horror classic and for paving the way for a number of subsequent J-horror remakes, such as The Grudge, Dark Water and Pulse. Teenagers Katie Embry and Becca Kotler discuss the legend of a cursed videotape that kills whoever watches it after seven days. Katie admits she watched it a week ago and that night, she is killed by an unseen force. Becca is institutionalized after the experience, at Katies funeral, her aunt Rachel, a journalist, is asked by Katies mother, Ruth, to investigate her daughters death. She discovers Katies boyfriend and two other teenagers died at the same time, after learning they spent a weekend at Shelter Mountain Inn, Rachel travels there and finds a videotape. She watches it in the cabin where Katie stayed, it contains haunting, afterwards, the cabins telephone rings, and a girls voice utters seven days to Rachel. Rachel recruits the help of Noah Clay, the father of her son, Rachel makes a copy for further study. Rachel discovers hidden footage of a lighthouse on the tape, Rachel discovers Aidan watching the videotape and informs Noah. Leaving Aidan in Ruths care, Rachel heads for Moesko Island to speak with Annas widower, at the same time, Noah travels to Eola Psychiatric Hospital to view Annas medical files during her time there. On the ferry to the island, Rachel spooks a racehorse which escapes its pen and she discovers Anna had an adopted daughter, Samara, though when speaking with Richard, he denies having a child. Rachel speaks with the islands General practitioner, Jane Grasnik, who explains Anna could not conceive, however, Samara possessed an uncontrolled ability called thoughtography and tormented her parents with nightmarish imagery. Noah also learns of Samaras existence, and heads for the island, Rachel sneaks into the Morgan house and watches a therapy session with Samara, who implies she killed the horses. Rachel confronts Richard, who commits suicide in a bath, Noah arrives, and he and Rachel go into the barn. They find a loft that was converted into Samaras bedroom to isolate her from her mother and they find an image of a tree behind the wallpaper, and Rachel realizes it is the image of a tree at Shelter Mountain. Returning to the cabin, Rachel and Noah discover a stone water well beneath the floorboards, assuming Samara is inside, the two remove the lid

The Ring (2002 film)
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Theatrical release poster

22.
Bogeyman
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Bogeyman, pronounced /bʊɡimæn/ or /boʊɡimæn/, is a common allusion to a mythical creature in many cultures used by adults to frighten children into good behavior. Parents may tell their children if they misbehave, the bogeyman will get them. Bogeymen may target a specific instance, a bogeyman that punishes children who suck their thumbs—or general misbehaviour. In some cases, the bogeyman is a nickname for the Devil, the bogeyman is usually a masculine entity, but can be any gender, or simply be androgynous. The word bogey is believed to be derived from the Middle English bogge / bugge and is thought to be a cognate of the German bögge. A related word, bugbear, from bug, meaning goblin or scarecrow, and bear, was imagined as a demon in the form of a bear that eats small children, and was also used to mean a general object of dread. The word bugaboo, with a pair of meanings, may have arisen as an alteration of bugbear. In Southeast Asia, the term is supposed to refer to Bugis or Buganese pirates, ruthless seafarers of southern Sulawesi. These pirates often plagued early English and Dutch trading ships of the British East India Company and it is popularly believed that this resulted in the European sailors bringing their fear of the bugi men back to their home countries. Bogeyman-like beings are almost universal, common to the folklore of many countries, in many countries, a bogeyman variant is portrayed as a man with a sack on his back who carries naughty children away. Similar legends are very common in Eastern Europe, as well as in Haiti. El Coco is a common to many Spanish-speaking countries. In Spain, parents will sing lullabies or tell rhymes to children, warning them if they do not sleep, El Coco will come. The rhyme originated in the 17th century has evolved over the years, coconuts received that name because their brownish hairy surface reminded Portuguese explorers of coco, a ghost with a pumpkin head. Some lore has him as a kid who was the victim of violence, and now hes alive, but hes not, Medrano said, citing Xavier Garzas 2004 book Creepy Creatures and other Cucuys. In Brazilian folklore, a character called Cuca is depicted as a female humanoid alligator. Theres a famous lullaby sung by most parents to their children that says that the Cuca will come and get them if they do not sleep, just as in Spain. The Cuca is also a character of Monteiro Lobatos Sítio do Picapau Amarelo, in the countries of the eastern Mediterranean, children who misbehave are threatened with a creature known as babau

23.
Demon
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A demon is a supernatural, mythological and often malevolent being prevalent in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology and folklore. The original Greek word daimon does not carry the negative connotation initially understood by implementation of the Koine δαιμόνιον, the Ancient Greek word δαίμων daimōn denotes a spirit or divine power, much like the Latin genius or numen. Daimōn most likely came from the Greek verb daiesthai, the Greek conception of a daimōn notably appears in the works of Plato, where it describes the divine inspiration of Socrates. To distinguish the classical Greek concept from its later Christian interpretation, the Greek terms do not have any connotations of evil or malevolence. In fact, εὐδαιμονία eudaimonia, means happiness, far into the Byzantine period Christians eyed their cities old pagan statuary as a seat of the demons presence. It was no longer beautiful, it was infested, the term had first acquired its negative connotations in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, which drew on the mythology of ancient Semitic religions. This was then inherited by the Koine text of the New Testament, the Western medieval and neo-medieval conception of a demon derives seamlessly from the ambient popular culture of Late Antiquity. The Hellenistic daemon eventually came to include many Semitic and Near Eastern gods as evaluated by Christianity, the supposed existence of demons remains an important concept in many modern religions and occultist traditions. Demons are still feared largely due to their power to possess living creatures. In the contemporary Western occultist tradition, a demon is a metaphor for certain inner psychological processes. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, In Chaldean mythology the seven evil deities were known as shedu, storm-demons and they were represented as winged bulls, derived from the colossal bulls used as protective jinn of royal palaces. From Chaldea, the term shedu traveled to the Israelites, the writers of the Tanach applied the word as a dialogism to Canaanite deities. There are indications that demons in popular Hebrew mythology were believed to come from the nether world, various diseases and ailments were ascribed to them, particularly those affecting the brain and those of internal nature. Examples include catalepsy, headache, epilepsy and nightmares, there also existed a demon of blindness, Shabriri who rested on uncovered water at night and blinded those who drank from it. Demons supposedly entered the body and caused the disease while overwhelming or seizing the victim, to cure such diseases, it was necessary to draw out the evil demons by certain incantations and talismanic performances, at which the Essenes excelled. In mythology, there were few defences against Babylonian demons, the mythical mace Sharur had the power to slay demons such as Asag, a legendary gallu or edimmu of hideous strength. As referring to the existence or non-existence of shedim there are converse opinions in Judaism, there are practically nil roles assigned to demons in the Jewish Bible. In conclusion, Jews are not obligated to believe in the existence of shedim, the word shedim appears only in two places in the Tanakh

Demon
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Lilith, by John Collier, 1892
Demon
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Buer, the 10th spirit, who teaches "Moral and Natural Philosophy" (from a 1995 Mathers edition. Illustration by Louis Breton from Dictionnaire Infernal).
Demon
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The classic Japanese demon, an ogre-like creature which often has horns.
Demon
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Human-headed winged bull, otherwise known as a Lamassu

24.
Flickr
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Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website and web services suite that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo on March 20,2005. The Verge reported in March 2013 that Flickr had a total of 87 million registered members, in August 2011 the site reported that it was hosting more than 6 billion images and this number continues to grow steadily according to reporting sources. Photos and videos can be accessed from Flickr without the need to register an account, registering an account also allows users to create a profile page containing photos and videos that the user has uploaded and also grants the ability to add another Flickr user as a contact. For mobile users, Flickr has official mobile apps for iOS, Android, and PlayStation Vita, operating systems, Flickr was launched in February 2004 by Ludicorp, a Vancouver-based company founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake. The service emerged from tools originally created for Ludicorps Game Neverending, Flickr proved a more feasible project, and ultimately Game Neverending was shelved, Butterfield later launched a similar online game, Glitch, which closed down in November 2012. Early versions of Flickr focused on a room called FlickrLive with real-time photo exchange capabilities. The successive evolutions focused more on the uploading and filing backend for individual users and it was eventually dropped as Flickrs backend systems evolved away from Game Neverendings codebase. Key features of Flickr not initially present are tags, marking photos as favorites, group photo pools and interestingness, Yahoo acquired Ludicorp and Flickr in March 2005. The acquisition reportedly cost $22 to $25 million, during the week of 26 June –2 July 2005, all content was migrated from servers in Canada to servers in the United States, and all resulting data become subject to United States federal law. In May 2007, Yahoo announced that Yahoo Photos would close down on 20 September 2007, after which all photos would be deleted and this move was criticized by some users. Flickr upgraded its services from beta to gamma in May 2006, in December 2006, upload limits on free accounts were increased to 100 MB a month and were removed from Flickr Pro accounts, which originally had a 2 GB per month limit. On 9 April 2008, Flickr began allowing paid subscribers to upload videos, on 2 March 2009, Flickr added the facility to upload and view HD videos, and began allowing free users to upload normal-resolution video. At the same time, the set limit for free accounts was lifted, in 2009, Flickr announced a partnership with Getty Images in which selected users could submit photographs for stock photography usage and receive payment. In 2010, this was changed so that users could label images as suitable for stock use themselves, the Justified View is paginated between 72 and 360 photos per page but unpaginated in search result presentation. Tech Radar described the new style Flickr as representing a sea change in its purpose, many users criticized the changes, and the sites help forum received thousands of negative comments. In March 2014, Flickrs New Photo Experience, a user interface redesign, on May 7,2015, Yahoo overhauled the site, adding a revamped Camera Roll, a new way to upload photos and upgraded the sites apps. The new Uploadr application was available for Macs, Windows. In June 2008, Flickr co-founder Stewart Butterfield announced his resignation, which followed his wife and co-founder Caterina Fake, Butterfield wrote a humorous resignation letter to Brad Garlinghouse

Flickr
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Typical Flickr album sets
Flickr

25.
Ghoul
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A ghoul is a monster or evil spirit in Arabic mythology, associated with graveyards and consuming human flesh. The term was first used in English literature in 1786, in William Beckfords Orientalist novel Vathek, in modern fiction, the term has often been used for a certain kind of undead monster. Ghoul is from the Arabic and غول ghūl, from غال ghala, the word is etymologically related to the word galla, the name of a class of Underworld demons from Sumerian and Akkadian mythology. In ancient Arabian folklore, the ghūl dwells in burial grounds, the ghul is a fiendish type of jinni believed to be sired by Iblis. A ghoul is also a desert-dwelling, shapeshifting, demon that can assume the guise of an animal and it lures unwary people into the desert wastes or abandoned places to slay and devour them. The creature also preys on children, drinks blood, steals coins. In the Arabic language, the form is given as ghoulah. In colloquial Arabic, the term is used to describe a greedy or gluttonous individual. It was not until Antoine Galland translated Arabian Nights into French that the idea of Ghoul was introduced. Galland depicted the Ghoul as a creature that dwelled in cemeteries. This definition of the Ghoul has persisted until modern times, with Ghouls appearing in literature, television and film, aswang Evil spirit Ghola Jinn Revenant Vampire Wendigo Zombie

26.
Tag (metadata)
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In information systems, a tag is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of information. This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the creator or by its viewer, depending on the system. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services and it is now also part of other database systems, desktop applications, and operating systems. People use tags to aid classification, mark ownership, note boundaries, Tags may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. An analogous example of tags in the world is museum object tagging. People were using textual keywords to classify information and objects long before computers, computer based search algorithms made the use of such keywords a rapid way of exploring records. Tagging gained popularity due to the growth of social bookmarking, image sharing and these sites allow users to create and manage labels that categorize content using simple keywords. Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as tag clouds, on websites that aggregate the tags of all users, an individual users tags can be useful both to them and to the larger community of the websites users. Tagging systems have sometimes been classified into two kinds, top-down and bottom-up, top-down taxonomies are created by an authorized group of designers, whereas bottom-up taxonomies are created by all users. Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval, others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging, including in some large library catalogs such as WorldCat. When tags or other taxonomies have further properties such as relationships and attributes, the use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. This use of the word tag did not refer to metadata tags, online databases and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. In The Equator the term Tag for user-input was described as a literal or keyword to aid the user. However, users defined singular Tags, and did not share Tags at that point, the success of Flickr and the influence of Delicious popularized the concept, and other social software websites—such as YouTube, Technorati, and Last. fm—also implemented tagging. In 2005, the Atom web syndication standard provided a category element for inserting subject categories into web feeds, many blog systems allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with placing the post into a predetermined category. For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with baseball, each of those tags is usually a web link leading to an index page listing all of the posts associated with that tag. The blog may have a listing all the tags in use on that blog

Tag (metadata)
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A Description of the Equator and Some Otherlands, collaborative hypercinema portal, produced by documenta X, 1997. User upload page associating user contributed media with the term Tag.
Tag (metadata)
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A tag cloud with terms related to Web 2.0

27.
Black metal
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Black metal is an extreme subgenre and subculture of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw recording, unconventional song structures. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms, during the 1980s, several thrash and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer, a second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre, norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this wave, such as Marduk, Nifelheim. Initially a synonym for Satanic metal, black metal is often met with hostility from mainstream culture, due to the actions, many artists express extreme anti-Christian and misanthropic views, advocating various forms of Satanism or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings, there is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain underground, inaccessible to the mainstream, although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has also been applied to bands with widely differing sounds. Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones, the guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking. Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread, the tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal, the bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is not uncommon for the bass to be muted against the guitar, some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras. The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute and these fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost and Hellhammer. Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique and this professionalism has to go, insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz of Darkthrone. I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I dont want to play like a drum solo all the time, Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections, the Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron—has more traditional heavy metal and death metal traits than Norwegian black metal. Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling

Black metal
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A common black metal trait is the use of corpse paint
Black metal
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Venom's album titled Black Metal inspired the name of the genre
Black metal
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The basement of Helvete, showing graffiti from the early 1990s
Black metal
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The Fantoft stave church

28.
Early Norwegian black metal scene
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The early 1990s Norwegian black metal scene is credited with creating the modern black metal genre and produced some of the most acclaimed and influential artists in extreme metal. It attracted massive media attention when it was revealed that its members had been responsible for two murders and a wave of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an ideology and ethos and was likened to a cult and it consisted primarily of young men, many of whom gathered at the record shop Helvete in Oslo. In interviews, they voiced extreme anti-Christian and misanthropic views, presenting themselves as genuine Satanists who wanted to spread terror, hatred and they adopted pseudonyms and appeared in photographs wearing corpse paint and wielding medieval weaponry. The scene was exclusive and created boundaries around itself, incorporating only those it deemed to be true or committed, musical integrity was highly important and artists wanted black metal to remain underground and uncorrupted. In August 1993, several of its members were arrested and in May 1994 were convicted variously for arson, murder, assault, most showed no remorse for their actions. The Norwegian media covered events closely, but the reporting of the scene was often sensationalist, for example, one Norwegian TV channel interviewed a woman who claimed Satanists had sacrificed her child and killed her dog. The early Norwegian black metal scene has since been the subject of books, during the 1980s, black metal was a loose grouping of a handful of metal bands who shared Satanic lyrics, although most of the first wave bands referred to Satanism only for shock value. During 1990–1992, a number of Norwegian artists, who were influenced by those bands. The surge of interest and popularity that followed is referred to as the second wave of black metal. The Norwegian bands developed the style of their 1980s forebears as a genre of heavy metal music. Gylve Fenriz Nagell of Darkthrone has credited them with innovation in a number of interviews. He described it as being derived from Bathory and noted that those kinds of riffs became the new order for a lot of bands in the 90s. Visually, the themes of their music was complemented with corpsepaint. On 8 April 1991, Mayhem vocalist Per Yngve Ohlin committed suicide alone in a house shared by the band. Fellow musicians described Dead as odd, introverted and depressed, for performances, he made himself look like a corpse and would self-harm while singing. Dead was found with his wrists and throat slit and a wound to the head. Before calling the police, he got a camera and photographed the body, one of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album, Dawn of the Black Hearts

29.
Ulver
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Ulver are a Norwegian experimental musical collective founded in 1993, by vocalist Kristoffer Rygg. 1997 marked their debut with the release of their third album Nattens madrigal through German label Century Media. However, following discord with the label, Kristoffer Rygg formed his own imprint Jester Records in 1998, author and musician Julian Cope has said, Ulver are cataloguing the death of our culture two decades before anyone else has noticed its inevitable demise. Their music and style was consistent with the early Norwegian black metal subculture in Norway during the early 1990s, however some have noted the avant-garde, jazz, rock and gothic influences that would later shape the bands sound. The archaic Dano-Norwegian lyrics were influenced by Scandinavian folktales and inspired by Baroque poets such as Ludvig Holberg. Debut album, Bergtatt, the first part of what has become known as Ulver’s Black Metal Trilogie, was issued in February 1995 through Norwegian label Head Not Found. The album was met with acclaim, and was notable for blending together black metal, harsh vocals and blurred, buzzing guitars with quiet. It was praised for its atmosphere and was described as mysterious, melancholic, eerie. Ulver expanded on the quiet, folk-like acoustic elements present for their second album Kveldssanger, the album was praised for its atmosphere, evoking a feeling of quiet, eerie solitude. Following the success of their first two albums, Ulver signed with German label Century Media for their third album Nattens madrigal, the album showcases a black metal style similar to Bergtatt, abandoning the acoustic and atmospheric elements, with an intentionally underproduced sound. The album has been described as raw and grim black metal at its blackest, a common myth about the album is that the band spent the recording budget on Armani suits, cocaine and a Corvette, and recorded the album outdoors in a Norwegian forest on an 8-track recorder. Kristoffer Rygg, however, has stated that this is not true, if that’s the case, then Nattens madrigal really showcases the black metal prowess of the band. The album answers exactly why people were so angered by Ulver’s transition away from black metal, the album was issued through Rygg’s own imprint, Jester Records, a label born out of discord between Ulver and Century Media. Musically, the album blended electronics, industrial music elements, progressive metal and avant-garde rock, lyrically, the album incorporates the entire text of William Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, utilising guest vocalists on several songs. However, the transitional nature perhaps alienated many fans of the bands first three albums - causing a backlash from the black metal scene. Ulver, now consisting of Rygg and Ylwizaker, issued an EP, Metamorphosis. The music moving to the heavily electronic approach, bridging the gap to the film-noir ambiance of 2000’s full-length album Perdition City. Praised the album, ranking it top ten that year, noting This aint rock n roll and this is evolution on such a grand scale that most bands wouldnt even be able to wrap their tiny little minds around it

30.
Principal photography
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Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons

31.
Aesthetic
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Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgements of sentiment. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as critical reflection on art, in modern English, the term aesthetic can also refer to a set of principles underlying the works of a particular art movement or theory, one speaks, for example, of the Cubist aesthetic. The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός, which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι, for some, aesthetics is considered a synonym for the philosophy of art since Hegel, while others insist that there is a significant distinction between these closely related fields. In practice, aesthetic judgement refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object, philosophical aesthetics has not only to speak about art and to produce judgments about art works, but has also to give a definition of what art is. Art is an entity for philosophy, because art deals with the senses. Hence, there are two different conceptions of art in aesthetics, art as knowledge or art as action, any aesthetic doctrines that guided the production and interpretation of prehistoric art are mostly unknown. Western aesthetics usually refers to Greek philosophers as the earliest source of aesthetic considerations. Plato believed in beauty as a form in which beautiful objects partake and he felt that beautiful objects incorporated proportion, harmony, and unity among their parts. Similarly, in the Metaphysics, Aristotle found that the elements of beauty were order, symmetry. From the late 17th to the early 20th century Western aesthetics underwent a revolution into what is often called modernism. German and British thinkers emphasized beauty as the key component of art and of the aesthetic experience, and saw art as necessarily aiming at absolute beauty. For Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten aesthetics is the science of the experiences, a younger sister of logic. For Immanuel Kant the aesthetic experience of beauty is a judgment of a subjective but similar human truth, however, beauty cannot be reduced to any more basic set of features. For Friedrich Schiller aesthetic appreciation of beauty is the most perfect reconciliation of the sensual and rational parts of human nature, for Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, the philosophy of art is the organon of philosophy concerning the relation between man and nature. So aesthetics began now to be the name for the philosophy of art, Friedrich von Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel also gave lectures on aesthetics as philosophy of art after 1800. For Hegel, all culture is a matter of absolute spirit coming to be manifest to itself, stage by stage, Art is the first stage in which the absolute spirit is manifest immediately to sense-perception, and is thus an objective rather than subjective revelation of beauty. It is thus for Schopenhauer one way to fight the suffering, the British were largely divided into intuitionist and analytic camps

32.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick

33.
Harlan Ellison
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Harlan Jay Ellison is an American writer. His principal genre is speculative fiction and his published works include over 1,700 short stories, novellas, screenplays, comic book scripts, teleplays, essays, a wide range of criticism covering literature, film, television, and print media. He was editor and anthologist for two science fiction anthologies, Dangerous Visions and Again, Dangerous Visions, Ellison has won numerous awards including multiple Hugos, Nebulas and Edgars. Ellison was born to a Jewish family in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 27,1934, the son of Serita and Louis Laverne Ellison and his family subsequently moved to Painesville, Ohio, but returned to Cleveland in 1949, following his fathers death. Ellison attended the Ohio State University for 18 months before being expelled and he has said the expulsion was for hitting a professor who had denigrated his writing ability, and over the next twenty or so years he sent that professor a copy of every story he published. Ellison published two stories in the Cleveland News during 1949, and he sold a story to EC Comics early in the 1950s, Ellison moved to New York City in 1955 to pursue a writing career, primarily in science fiction. Over the next two years, he published more than 100 short stories and articles and he married Charlotte Stein in 1956, but they divorced four years later. He said of the marriage, four years of hell as sustained as the whine of a generator, Ellison moved to California in 1962, and subsequently began to sell his writing to Hollywood. He wrote the screenplay for The Oscar, starring Stephen Boyd, Ellison also sold scripts to many television shows, The Flying Nun, Burkes Law, Route 66, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Cimarron Strip, and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Ellisons screenplay for the Star Trek episode The City on the Edge of Forever has been considered the best of the 79 episodes in the series. He participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Also in 1966, in an article Esquire magazine would name as the best magazine piece ever written. Talese wrote of the incident, Sinatra probably forgot about it at once, Ellison recounted this incident in his book Stalking the Nightmare, as part 3 of an essay titled The 3 Most Important Things in Life. Ellison continued to publish fiction and nonfiction pieces in various publications. Said the Ticktockman is a celebration of civil disobedience against repressive authority, another story, A Boy and His Dog, examines the nature of friendship and love in a violent, post-apocalyptic world and was made into the 1975 film of the same name, starring Don Johnson. Ellison served as consultant to the 1980s version of The Twilight Zone science fiction TV series. Ellisons 1992 short story The Man Who Rowed Christopher Columbus Ashore was selected for inclusion in the 1993 edition of The Best American Short Stories. In 2014 Ellison made a guest appearance on the album Finding Love in Hell by the metal band Leaving Babylon

Harlan Ellison
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Harlan Ellison (1986)
Harlan Ellison
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Ellison's 1957 novelette "The Savage Swarm", cover-featured in Amazing Stories, has never been included in an authorized collection or anthology
Harlan Ellison
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Another uncollected Ellison novelette, "Satan Is My Ally", was the cover story on the May 1957 issue of Fantastic Science Fiction

34.
Patton Oswalt
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Oswalt has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his Netflix stand-up special Patton Oswalt, Talking for Clapping. Oswalt was born January 27,1969, in Portsmouth, Virginia, the son of Carla and Larry J. Oswalt and he was named after General George S. Patton. He has one brother, Matt Oswalt, a comedy writer best known for the YouTube web series Puddin. While he was a brat, his family later lived in Ohio and Tustin, California, before settling in Sterling. Oswalt first began performing comedy in the late 1980s or early 1990s. After writing for MADtv and starring in his own 1996 comedy special for HBO, he went on to notable roles in films. His most prominent and long-running role was as Spence Olchin on The King of Queens and his first starring film role was as the voice of Remy, the lead character in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille. He has also appeared in roles in such films as Magnolia and 22 Jump Street. Oswalt wrote the book story JLA, Welcome to the Working Week, a backup story in Batman #600, a story for Dwight T. Albatrosss The Goon Noir #01. Expanding his voice artist repertoire, he began voicing the villainous character Tobey on PBS Kids GO. series WordGirl in 2007 and he also appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner. In August 2007, he appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav, in 2007, he appeared on an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, The Original Fry Cook, as Jim. In 2008 Oswalt moderated a panel of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 cast at the San Diego Comic-Con International. In 2009, Oswalt played Paul Aufiero, the role in Robert D. Siegels 2009 directorial debut. He was to star in a 2010 Broadway revival of Lips Together and he starred in the Showtime drama The United States of Tara as Neil, an employee of Four Winds Landscaping. He also provided the voice of Thrasher, a robot protagonist from the Cartoon Network show Robotomy, in 2011, Oswalt released the book Zombie Spaceship Wasteland. In November 2011, Oswalt played the role of Hurlan Heartshe in the surrealist comedy miniseries The Heart, She Holler on Cartoon Networks late-night programming block, Adult Swim. Also in November 2011, Oswalt was depicted blowing the second-ever puff of 3D pot smoke in A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, in December 2011, Oswalt played Matt Freehauf in Jason Reitmans black comedy Young Adult. In 2012, he originated the role of Billy Stanhope on Two, as of September 2013, Oswalt narrates the TV series The Goldbergs

35.
Angela Bettis
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Bettis was born in Austin, Texas, to Mary Lynn and Richard Joseph Bettis, and graduated from Westlake High School. Her debut role was a lead in the tragedy, Sparrow, directed by Franco Zeffirelli. After that film she attended The American Musical and Dramatic Academy and she later went on to star in a film called The Last Best Sunday, before supporting Winona Ryder in Girl, Interrupted and Kim Basinger in Bless the Child. In 2002, she starred as Abigail Williams in a production of The Crucible on Broadway alongside Laura Linney, Bettis is most famous for her work in independent horror films, and especially her working relationship with writer/director Lucky McKee. Her title role in McKees 2002 film May won her something of a cult following, since then, she has appeared in McKees Masters of Horror episode, Sick Girl, and provided a voice-over for his film The Woods. In 2006, their May roles reversed, when McKee acted for Bettis in her debut, Roman. In 2011, she played a role in McKees adaptation of Jack Ketchums The Woman. Bettis starred as Carrie White in Carrie, a remake of Brian De Palmas 1976 classic, and headlined Tobe Hoopers Toolbox Murders. She also starred in the crime thriller Scar and she had a recurring role on the TV show Dexters fifth season as Emily Birch, the first victim of Jordan Chase. Angela Bettis at the Internet Movie Database Angela Bettis at AllMovie

Angela Bettis
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Angela Bettis, March 26, 2007

36.
Sitges Film Festival
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The Sitges Film Festival is a Spanish film festival and one of the worlds foremost international festivals specializing in fantasy and horror films. Established in 1968, the festival takes place every year in early October in the coastal resort of Sitges,34 kilometers West-South-West of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. The main venue of the Sitges Film Festival is the Auditori or Auditorium, also the festival takes place in El Prado, El Retiro and Sala Tramuntana. The Auditori is located inside the Melia Hotel in the Port dAiguadolç area, the director of the festival is Àngel Sala. Since 1971 the festival has given awards to the best films, actors, the Maria Award winners are the main awards of the festival, and are chosen by an international jury

Sitges Film Festival
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Sitges Film Festival in 2009

37.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017

Metacritic
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Metacritic

38.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives

Variety (magazine)
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The Variety Building in December 2008.

39.
Film.com
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RealNetworks, Inc. is a provider of Internet streaming media delivery software and services based in Seattle, Washington, United States. The company also provides subscription-based online entertainment services and mobile entertainment, RealNetworks was founded in 1994 by an ex-Microsoft executive, Rob Glaser and a management team including Phil Barrett, Andy Sharpless, and Stephen Buerkle. The original goal of the company was to provide a channel for politically progressive content. It evolved into a venture to leverage the Internet as an alternative distribution medium for audio broadcasts. Progressive Networks became RealNetworks in September 1997 and they announced streaming video technology in 1997. According to some accounts, by 2000, more than 85% of streaming content on the Internet was in the Real format. Despite this success, problems arose because Reals primary business model depended upon the sale of streaming media server software, as servers from Microsoft and Apple became more capable, Reals server sales inevitably eroded. On January 20,2000, RealNetworks, Inc. filed an injunction against Streambox, in 2002, a strategic alliance was formed between RealNetworks and Sony Corporation to expand collaboration. In October,2005, Microsoft agreed to pay RealNetworks $460 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit, in August 2003, RealNetworks acquired Listen. coms Rhapsody music service, and renamed it RealRhapsody. It offered streaming music downloads for a monthly fee, in January 2004, RealNetworks announced the RealPlayer Music Store, featuring digital rights management restricted music in the AAC file format. The domain real. com attracted at least 67 million visitors annually by 2008, on April 6,2010, Rhapsody was spun off from RealNetworks. In July 2013, RealNetworks acquired Slingo for $15.6 million, the company introduced a mobile phone app called Listen in April 2014 that plays custom ringtones to those calling the users phone. RealNetworks has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington in the Home Plate Center building in SoDo across from Safeco Field, sharing the building with King5 and Logic 20/20 Consulting. In 2000, one of the products, the download manager RealDownload, was already used for pushing small software, such as games. More content was added through deals with CBS for the reality show Big Brother, after the dot-com bubble, RealNetworks cut most of the resources. Some of the content was lost, some was limited to local markets, between 2003 and 2006, SuperPass included, for European subscribers, unlimited access to UEFA Champions League full-length game recordings. On September 30,2008, RealNetworks launched a new product called RealDVD, the software allows any user to save a copy of a DVD movie they own. The products distribution was barred by a court injunction, Real Alternative is a discontinued software bundle that allows users to play RealMedia files without installing RealPlayer

40.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year

41.
E!
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Entertainment Television, LLC is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. It features entertainment-related programming, reality television, feature films, and occasionally series, as of February 2015, E. has an audience reach of approximately 94,296,000 American households. The channel is available in Canada, which broadcasts original programming at the same as the United States and localized versions across Europe, Asia. The channel was founded by Larry Namer and Alan Mruvka, early Movietime hosts included Greg Kinnear, Paula Abdul, Katie Wagner, Julie Moran, Suzanne Kay, Mark DeCarlo, Sam Rubin and Richard Blade. In 1997, Comcast, one of the minority partners, teamed up with Disney/ABC Cable Networks to buy the channel after Time-Warner had exercised their put agreement. In November 2006, Comcast acquired Disneys 39. 5% share of E. for $1.23 billion to gain ownership of the network as part of a broader programming carriage agreement between Disney/ABC and Comcast. E. s only sister networks prior to the NBC Universal merger were Style Network and G4, along with Comcasts sports networks, Versus, Comcast SportsNet, the network also started the process of introducing scripted programming, in addition to its existing reality and documentary series. The changes were announced during E. s programming upfront presentation on April 30,2012. E. is one of the few U. S. general-entertainment cable channels that broadcasts a news program, its flagship entertainment news program is E. News. It was first hosted by Dagny Hultgreen, steve Kmetko was a host from 1994-2002. It has been hosted by Terrence Jenkins and Giuliana Rancic since 2012 and 2006, respectively, E. announced that the weekday editions of E. News would be expanded to one hour starting on October 25,2010. During its time on E. the 5 to 8 a. m. block was the most watched period for the network, outside of E. News telecasts, the channel runs an E. E. The network also produces a decent amount of documentary and biographical series, true Hollywood Story, many of E. s original specials are entertainment-related ranging from light fare to serious fare. In recent years, the network has become known for its reality television programs. Its most popular series as of 2011 is Keeping Up with the Kardashians, other original programming airing on the network includes Hello Ross, The Soup, Fashion Police, and Married to Jonas. However, feature films airing on the display the original studio production credits at the traditional end of program placement. The only programming currently airing on E. with higher-grossing films premiering on USA Network, the HD feed is available on most cable and telco providers, along with both satellite services. Columnists featured on the website include Kristin dos Santos, Ted Casablanca, as part of the rebrand of the cable channel on July 9,2012, EOnline. com was redesigned for HTML5, including tablet and mobile devices

E!
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E!'s logo from the launch under that branding. Used from June 1, 1990 until July 9, 2012 for the US flagship channel. Still in use for many of E!'s international networks.

42.
Insidious (film)
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Insidious is a 2010 American-Canadian supernatural horror film directed by James Wan, written by Leigh Whannell, and starring Patrick Wilson, Rose Byrne and Barbara Hershey. It is the first installment in the Insidious film series, the story centers on a couple whose son inexplicably enters a comatose state and becomes a vessel for ghosts in an astral dimension who want to inhabit his body, in order to live once again. The film was released in theaters on April 1,2011, the film is followed by a sequel, Chapter 2 and two prequels, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. The film became the basis for a maze for 2013s annual Halloween Horror Nights, a married couple Josh and Renai, their sons Dalton and Foster, and infant daughter Kali have recently moved into a new home. One night, Dalton is drawn to the attic when he hears creaking noises and sees the open by itself. He falls from a ladder while investigating and sees a figure in the shadows, hearing his terrified screams, Renai and Josh rush to his aid and declare the attic off limits to the children. The next day, Dalton falls into an inexplicable coma, after three months of treatment without result, Renai and Josh are allowed to take Dalton home. After Renai finds a hand print on Daltons bed, she questions Josh about the house. That night, Renai is attacked by the figure from Kalis room, in the new house, Renai sees the ghost of a dancing boy who leads her to Daltons room. Lorraine calls demonologists Elise Reiner, Specs, and Tucker, upon entering, Elise senses a presence in the house and upon entering Daltons room, she sees something on the ceiling, to which Specs draws the demonic, red-faced figure Lorraine saw. Elise explains that Dalton is not in a coma, he was born with the ability to travel mentally to the astral plane and he has traveled too far and become lost in a purgatory realm called The Further, a place inhabited by the tortured souls of the dead. Without his mental presence, Daltons body appears comatose and spirits can use it to enter the physical world, Josh is skeptical until he realizes that all of Daltons drawings are of the demonic entity drawn by Specs. Elise performs a seance to communicate with Dalton, but they contact the demon who threatens them before using Daltons body to them until it is stopped by Elise. She reveals that her acquaintance with Lorraine is decades old, because she performed the same service on Josh when he was eight years old. Josh also possesses the ability to project, and Dalton inherited this trait from him. Elise tells Josh that the way to rescue Dalton is to go into the Further. Elise puts Josh in a trance and he is able to project himself to their previous house and he goes to the attic and finds a red door, but is attacked by the mysterious figure that attacked Renai. After defeating him, Josh enters the Demons lair, where Josh finds Dalton chained to the floor, after a tearful reunion, Josh frees him, but they are caught by the demon

Insidious (film)
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Theatrical film poster

43.
IGN
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The website was the brainchild of media entrepreneur Chris Anderson and launched on September 29,1996. It focuses on games, films, television, comics, technology, the company is located in San Franciscos SOMA district in California, United States. Originally a network of websites, IGN is now distributed on mobile platforms, console programs on the Xbox and PlayStation, FireTV, Roku, and via YouTube, Twitch, Hulu. IGN was sold to publishing company Ziff Davis in February 2013 and now operates as a J2 Global subsidiary. com, PSXPower, Saturnworld, Next-Generation. com and Ultra Game Players Online. Imagine expanded on its owned-and-operated websites by creating a network that included a number of independent fansites such as PSX Nation. com, Sega-Saturn. com, Game Sages. In 1998, the network launched a new homepage that consolidated the individual sites as system channels under the IGN brand, the homepage exposed content from more than 30 different channels. Next-Generation and Ultra Game Players Online were not part of this consolidation, dissolved with the cancellation of the magazine, and Next-Generation was put on hold when Imagine decided to concentrate on launching the short-lived Daily Radar brand. In February 1999, Imagine Media incorporated a spin-off that included IGN and its channels as Affiliation Networks. In September, the newly spun-out standalone internet media company, changed its name to Snowball. com, at the same time, small entertainment website The Den merged into IGN and added non-gaming content to the growing network. Snowball held an IPO in 2000, but shed most of its properties during the dot-com bubble. In June 2005, IGN reported having 24,000,000 unique visitors per month, with 4.8 million registered users through all departments of the site, IGN is ranked among the top 200 most-visited websites according to Alexa. In September 2005, IGN was acquired by Rupert Murdochs multi-media business empire, News Corporation, IGN celebrated its 10th anniversary on January 12,2008. IGN was headquartered in the Marina Point Parkway office park in Brisbane, California, on May 25,2011, IGN sold its Direct2Drive division to Gamefly for an undisclosed amount. In 2011, IGN Entertainment acquired its rival UGO Entertainment from Hearst Corporation, ultimately, News Corp. planned to spin off IGN Entertainment as a publicly traded company, continuing a string of divestitures for digital properties it had previously acquired. Financial details regarding the purchase were not revealed, prior to its acquisition by UGO, 1UP. com had previously been owned by Ziff Davis. Soon after the acquisition, IGN announced that it would be laying off staff and closing GameSpy, 1UP. com, the role-playing video game interest website Vault Network was acquired by IGN in 1999. GameStats, a review website, was founded by IGN in 2004. GameStats includes a GPM rating system incorporates an average press score and average gamer score

44.
The Exorcism Of Emily Rose
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The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a 2005 American legal drama horror film directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Laura Linney and Tom Wilkinson. Emily Rose, a 19-year old American teenager, dies of self-inflicted wounds, Father and Richard Moore, the Catholic priest who attempted the exorcism is arrested and sent to court. While the archdiocese want Moore to plead guilty to minimise the crime’s public attention, erin Bruner, an ambitious lawyer hoping to use the trial to become a senior partner in her law firm, takes on the case. Moore agrees to let her defend him if he can tell the truth behind Emily’s story, during the trial, Emily’s past is told through flashbacks and the evidence provided by witnesses. The trial’s prosecutor is Ethan Thomas, with Judge Brewster presiding, the prosecution claims Emily suffered from epilepsy and psychosis to explain her behaviour. Emily got a scholarship to study for a degree, but shortly displayed sights of demonic possession after she began attending classes, experiencing visions. Diagnosed with epilepsy, Emily receives anti-seizure medication but the treatment fails to cure her, Emily’s friend Jason took her home, where she continued displaying traits of possession until Moore was summoned to attempt an exorcism. Bruner begins experiencing supernatural phenomena at home, waking up at 3 oclock every night, Moore warns her she may be a target for the demons, revealing he too has experienced similar phenomena. With the prosecution building a case, Bruner steps up her own by trying to legitimise Emily’s possession. She summons anthropologist, Sandira Adani, to testify about the beliefs about spiritual possession from various cultures, graham Cartwright, a medical doctor who attended the exorcism, gives Bruner a cassette tape on which the exorcist was recorded. Moore is called to the stand where he plays the tape, Moore, Emily’s father, Jason, and Dr. Cartwright participate in the exorcism, but Emily escapes her restrains, leaps out of a window, and flees to the family barn. The others give chase, Moore continuing the exorcism and demanding to know the demon’s name and it responds by revealing there are six demons – those who possessed Cain, Nero, and Judas Iscariot, a member of Legion, Belial, and Lucifer himself. The exorcism abruptly ends with Emily fainting, and runaway horses injuring those present, Thomas reasons that Emily’s behaviour can be explained by learning ancient languages at school and her epilepsy. Moore then reads a letter left by Emily the day before she died, a flashback reveals Emily went outside and sees the Virgin Mary. Offered a choice between ascending to Heaven or remaining to become a martyr but prove the existence of God and demons, Moore explains she then received stigmata on her arms, but Thomas claims she gained the markings from grabbing a barbed wire fence. The jury ultimately reach a verdict of guilty, but ask Brewster to give a sentence of time served, Bruner is offered the position she wanted, but declines and resigns. Bruner and Father Moore visit Emily’s gravestone, where Moore believes that, in time, the character of Emily Rose was inspired by the story of Anneliese Michel. The film is based on Felicitas Goodmans book The Exorcism of Anneliese Michel, german director Hans-Christian Schmid launched his own treatment of Michels story, Requiem, around the same time in late 2006

The Exorcism Of Emily Rose
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Theatrical release poster

45.
The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)
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The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 2008 American science fiction film, a loose adaptation of the 1951 film of the same name. The screenplay by David Scarpa is based on the 1940 classic science fiction short story Farewell to the Master by Harry Bates and it follows Klaatu, an alien sent to try to change human behavior or eradicate humans from Earth. The film was scheduled for release on May 9,2008. In its opening week, the film took top spot at the U. S. box office, the Day the Earth Stood Still was released on home video on April 7,2009. In 1928, a solitary mountaineer encounters a glowing sphere and he loses consciousness and when he wakes, the sphere has gone and there is a scar on his hand where a sample of his DNA has been taken. In the present day, a moving object is detected beyond Jupiters orbit. It is moving at 30,000 kilometers per second, enough to all life on Earth. The United States government hastily assembles a group of scientists, including Dr. Helen Benson and her friend Dr. Michael Granier, as it nears the planet, the object slows down just before impact. Revealed to be a spherical spaceship, it lands gently in Central Park. The sphere is surrounded by NYPD and heavily armed US military forces. An alien emerges and Helen moves forward to greet it, but amidst the confusion, a gigantic robot appears and temporarily disables everything in the vicinity before the wounded alien voices the command Klaatu barada nikto to shut down the robots defensive response. The aliens exterior is found to be a space suit. The being quickly ages into Klaatu, who looks like the mountaineer from 1928, Klaatu informs Secretary of Defense Regina Jackson that he is a representative of a group of civilizations, sent to talk to the leaders of Earth about saving the planet. When Jackson instead sends him to be interrogated, Klaatu escapes and reconnects with Helen and her stepson, Jacob, the presence of the sphere, and other smaller ones that begin to appear all over the world, causes widespread panic. The military launches an attack on the Central Park sphere. The military takes an approach, cautiously enclosing the robot, soon nicknamed GORT, and transporting it to Mount Weather. Klaatu meets with another alien, Mr. Wu, who has lived on Earth for 70 years, Wu tells Klaatu that he has found the human race to be destructive, stubborn and unwilling to change, which matches Klaatus experiences. Klaatu orders the smaller spheres to collect specimens of animal species and he clarifies for Helen that he means to save the Earth from destruction by humankind

The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)
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The redesigned Gort and behind him, the new biological spaceship resembling an orb
The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)
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Keanu Reeves and Scott Derrickson on film promotion in Mexico. December 12, 2008.

46.
The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado

The Shining (film)
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Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass
The Shining (film)
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Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene
The Shining (film)
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Exterior shots of the Timberline Lodge were used to depict the fictional Overlook Hotel
The Shining (film)
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One of the sequences in which the camera tracks Danny, shot with a special low-pole version of the Steadicam developed for this film

47.
Michael Mann (director)
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Michael Kenneth Mann is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer of film and television. His most acclaimed works are the crime film Heat and the docudrama The Insider, Mann was born on February 5,1943 in Chicago, Illinois, of Jewish ancestry, the son of grocers Esther and Jack Mann. He received a B. A. in English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he developed interests in history, philosophy and it was at this time that he saw Stanley Kubricks Dr. Strangelove and fell in love with movies. So thats what Kubrick meant, aside from the fact that Strangelove was a revelation and his daughter Ami Canaan Mann is also a film director and producer. Mann later moved to London in the mid 1960s to go to school in cinema. He went on to receive a degree at the London Film School. He spent seven years in the United Kingdom going to school and then working on commercials along with contemporaries Alan Parker, Ridley Scott. Mann returned to United States after divorcing his first wife in 1971 and he went on to direct a road trip documentary,17 Days Down the Line. Three years later, Hawaii Five-O veteran Robert Lewin gave Mann a shot, Mann wrote four episodes of Starsky and Hutch and the pilot episode for Vega$. Around this time, he worked on a show called Police Story with cop-turned-novelist Joseph Wambaugh, Police Story concentrated on the detailed realism of a real cops life and taught Mann that first-hand research was essential to bring authenticity to his work. His first feature movie was a special called The Jericho Mile. It won the Emmy for best MOW in 1979 and the DGA Best Director award and his television work also includes being the executive producer on Miami Vice and Crime Story. Contrary to popular belief, he was not the creator of these shows and they were produced by his production company and his cinematic influence is felt throughout each show in terms of casting and style. Mann is now known primarily as a film director. In terms of sound, he is known for unusual scores, dante Spinotti is a frequent cinematographer of Manns pictures. His next film The Keep, a thriller set in Nazi-occupied Romania, was an uncharacteristic choice. Though it was a flop, the film has since attained cult status amongst fans. He gained widespread recognition in 1992 for his adaptation of James Fenimore Coopers novel into the epic film Last of the Mohicans

Michael Mann (director)
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Mann at the 2014 Comic-Con International.

48.
Manhunter (film)
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Manhunter is a 1986 American crime horror film based on the novel Red Dragon by Thomas Harris. Written and directed by Michael Mann, it stars William Petersen as FBI profiler Will Graham, also featured are Tom Noonan as serial killer Francis Dollarhyde, Dennis Farina as Grahams FBI superior Jack Crawford, and Brian Cox as incarcerated killer Hannibal Lecktor. The film focuses on Graham coming out of retirement to lend his talents to an investigation on Dollarhyde, in doing so, he must confront the demons of his past and meet with Lecktor, who nearly counted Graham amongst his victims. The film features heavily stylized use of color to convey this sense of duality, and the nature of the characters similarity has been explored in academic readings of the film. It was the first film adaptation of Harris Hannibal Lecter novels, as well as the first adaptation of Red Dragon, opening to mixed reviews, Manhunter fared poorly at the box office at the time of its release, making only $8.6 million in the United States. However, it has been reappraised in recent reviews and now enjoys a more favorable reception. Its resurgent popularity, which may be due to adaptations of Harris books and Petersens success in CSI. Will Graham is a former FBI criminal profiler who has retired because of a breakdown after being attacked by a cannibalistic serial killer. Graham is approached at his Florida home by his former FBI superior Jack Crawford, having found the killers fingerprints, Graham meets with Crawford. They are accosted by tabloid journalist Freddy Lounds, with whom Graham has a bitter history, Graham pays a visit to Lecktor, a former psychiatrist, in his cell and asks for his insight into the killers motivations. After a tense conversation, Lecktor agrees to look at the case file, a little later, Lecktor contrives and manages to obtain Grahams home address by deceit during his phone privileges. Graham travels to the first crime scene in Birmingham, Alabama, where he is contacted by Crawford, Crawford also patches Graham through to Frederick Chilton, Lecktors warden, who has found a note in Lecktors personal effects. Reading it, they realize it is from the Tooth Fairy, Crawford brings Graham to the FBI Academy at Quantico, where a missing section of the note is analyzed to determine what Lecktor has removed. It is found to be an instruction to communicate through the section of the National Tattler. After a sting operation fails to catch the killer, Lounds is kidnapped by the Tooth Fairy, Lounds is forced to tape-record a statement before being set on fire in a wheelchair and killed, his flaming body rolled into the parking garage of the National Tattler as a warning. Graham is told by Crawford that they have cracked Lecktors coded message to the Tooth Fairy—it is Grahams home address with an instruction to kill the family, Graham rushes home to find his family safe but terrified. After the FBI moves Grahams family to a house, he tries to explain to his son Kevin why he had retired previously. At his job in a St. Louis film lab, Francis Dollarhyde—The Tooth Fairy—approaches a blind co-worker, Reba McClane and they go to Dollarhydes home, where Reba is oblivious to the fact that Dollarhyde is watching home-movie footage of his planned next victim

Manhunter (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Manhunter (film)
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The use of heavily tinted scenes was a deliberate technique to evoke different moods in the audience. Top: Will and Molly Graham are lit with Spinotti's "romantic blue". Bottom: Francis Dollarhyde sits in "subversive" green.

49.
The Exorcism of Emily Rose
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The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a 2005 American legal drama horror film directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Laura Linney and Tom Wilkinson. Emily Rose, a 19-year old American teenager, dies of self-inflicted wounds, Father and Richard Moore, the Catholic priest who attempted the exorcism is arrested and sent to court. While the archdiocese want Moore to plead guilty to minimise the crime’s public attention, erin Bruner, an ambitious lawyer hoping to use the trial to become a senior partner in her law firm, takes on the case. Moore agrees to let her defend him if he can tell the truth behind Emily’s story, during the trial, Emily’s past is told through flashbacks and the evidence provided by witnesses. The trial’s prosecutor is Ethan Thomas, with Judge Brewster presiding, the prosecution claims Emily suffered from epilepsy and psychosis to explain her behaviour. Emily got a scholarship to study for a degree, but shortly displayed sights of demonic possession after she began attending classes, experiencing visions. Diagnosed with epilepsy, Emily receives anti-seizure medication but the treatment fails to cure her, Emily’s friend Jason took her home, where she continued displaying traits of possession until Moore was summoned to attempt an exorcism. Bruner begins experiencing supernatural phenomena at home, waking up at 3 oclock every night, Moore warns her she may be a target for the demons, revealing he too has experienced similar phenomena. With the prosecution building a case, Bruner steps up her own by trying to legitimise Emily’s possession. She summons anthropologist, Sandira Adani, to testify about the beliefs about spiritual possession from various cultures, graham Cartwright, a medical doctor who attended the exorcism, gives Bruner a cassette tape on which the exorcist was recorded. Moore is called to the stand where he plays the tape, Moore, Emily’s father, Jason, and Dr. Cartwright participate in the exorcism, but Emily escapes her restrains, leaps out of a window, and flees to the family barn. The others give chase, Moore continuing the exorcism and demanding to know the demon’s name and it responds by revealing there are six demons – those who possessed Cain, Nero, and Judas Iscariot, a member of Legion, Belial, and Lucifer himself. The exorcism abruptly ends with Emily fainting, and runaway horses injuring those present, Thomas reasons that Emily’s behaviour can be explained by learning ancient languages at school and her epilepsy. Moore then reads a letter left by Emily the day before she died, a flashback reveals Emily went outside and sees the Virgin Mary. Offered a choice between ascending to Heaven or remaining to become a martyr but prove the existence of God and demons, Moore explains she then received stigmata on her arms, but Thomas claims she gained the markings from grabbing a barbed wire fence. The jury ultimately reach a verdict of guilty, but ask Brewster to give a sentence of time served, Bruner is offered the position she wanted, but declines and resigns. Bruner and Father Moore visit Emily’s gravestone, where Moore believes that, in time, the character of Emily Rose was inspired by the story of Anneliese Michel. The film is based on Felicitas Goodmans book The Exorcism of Anneliese Michel, german director Hans-Christian Schmid launched his own treatment of Michels story, Requiem, around the same time in late 2006