ABC began news broadcasts early in its independent existence as a radio network after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered NBC to spin off the former NBC Blue Network into an independent company in 1943.[3] The split (which NBC conducted voluntarily in the event that its appeal to have the ruling overturned was denied) was enforced to expand competition in radio broadcasting in the United States as the industry had only a few companies such as NBC and CBS that dominated the radio market, and in particular, was intended to prevent the limited competition from dominating news and political broadcasting and projecting narrow points-of-view. Television broadcasting was suspended, however, during World War II.

Regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station (WJZ-TV, now WABC-TV) and production center in New York City in August 1948. ABC news broadcasts have continued as the television network expanded nationwide, a process that took many years beginning with its launch in 1948. However, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, ABC News' programs (as was the case with the television network in general during that period) consistently ranked third in viewership behind news programs on CBS and NBC. Until the 1970s, the ABC television network had fewer affiliate stations, as well as a weaker prime-time programming slate to be able to truly support the network's news operations in comparison to the two larger networks, each of which had established their radio news operations during the 1930s.

Only after Roone Arledge, the president of ABC Sports at the time, was appointed as president of ABC News in 1977, at a time when the network's prime-time entertainment programs were achieving stronger ratings and drawing in higher advertising revenue and profits to the ABC corporation overall, was ABC able to invest the resources to make it a major source of news content. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast "model", created many of ABC News' most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline and Primetime Live.[4]

ABC News' longtime slogan, "More Americans get their news from ABC News than from any other source" (introduced in the late 1980s), was a claim referring to the number of people who watch, listen and read ABC News content on television, radio and (eventually) the Internet, and not necessarily to the telecasts alone.[5]

In June 1998, ABC News (which owned an 80% stake in the service), Nine Network and ITN sold their respective interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. Additionally, ABC News signed a multi-year content deal with AP for its affiliate video service Associated Press Television News (APTV) while providing material from ABC's news video service ABC News One to APTV.[6]

ESPN, a sports-news organization with several cable and satellite television channels – and also majority owned by ABC parent company The Walt Disney Company – provides sports bulletins and video footage for some of ABC News' programs, especially the network's overnight news programs; America This Morning features a segment of sports highlights provided by the overnight anchors of ESPN's flagship sports news program SportsCenter.

ABC News Radio is the radio service of ABC News, a division of the ABC Television Network in the United States. Formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US.

ABCNews.com launched on May 15, 1997 by ABC News Internet Ventures, a joint venture between Starwave Corporation and ABC formed in April 1997.[8][9] Starwave had owned and operated ESPNet SportsZone (later known as ESPN.com) since 1995, which licensed the ESPN brand and video clips from ABC's corporate sister ESPN Inc. Disney wanted more control of their Internet properties, which meant ABCNews.com was operated as joint-venture with ABC News having editorial control.[10] Disney had also bought a minority stake in Starwave before the launch of ABCNews.com and would later buy the company outright.[11]

The website initially had a dedicated staff off about 30 people.[12] In addition to articles, it featured short video clips and audio from the start, delivered using RealAudio and RealVideo technology.[13] Some content was also available via America Online.

Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that started on June 21, 1982 as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and 7 Washington, D.C.-based crews, in addition to stories from other overseas networks to provide a rotating newscast every 20 minutes. However, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN (a subsidiary of TimeWarner's Turner Broadcasting System). CNN ceased Satellite News Channel's operations on October 27, 1983. SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems. Group W would eventually shut down 7 years later, in 1999. Following Satellite News Channel's discontinuation, ABC News did not return to the 24-hour cable news world until 22 years later, in 2004, when they launched ABC News Now, whose launch indicated that Satellite News Channel was ABC News' first attempt in the 24-hour cable news world.

Fusion is a digital cable and satellite network that is owned & operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC, which was a joint venture between ABC News and Univision Communications. ABC and Univision formally announced its launch on May 2, 2012. Launched on October 28, 2013, Fusion features a mix of traditional news and investigative programs along with satirical content aimed at English-speaking Hispanic and Latino American adults between the ages of 18 and 34.[15][16] Fusion was ABC News' third attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel in 1982 and ABC News Now (which it replaced) in 2004. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision.[17] The split was complete on April 21, 2016.[18]

In Australia, Sky News Australia airs daily broadcasts of World News Tonight (at 10:30 a.m.) and Nightline (at 1:30 a.m.) as well as weekly airings of 20/20 (on Wednesdays at 1:30 p.m., with an extended version at 2:00 p.m. on Sundays) and occasionally Primetime (at 1:30 p.m. on Thursdays, with extended edition at 2:00 p.m. on Saturdays). Coincidentally, that country's public broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, operates its own unrelated news division that is also named ABC News. The U.S. ABC News maintains a content sharing agreement with the Nine Network, which also broadcasts GMA domestically in the early morning before its own breakfast program.

In New Zealand, ABC World News was broadcast daily at 5:10 p.m. and at again at 11:35 p.m. As with the BBC in the U.K., TVNZ 7 (owned by Television New Zealand) aired the program commercial-free, until the channel ceased operations on June 30, 2012.

1.
ABC News (Australia)
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ABC News is a national news service in Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The division is responsible for all news-gathering and production of output for ABC television, radio. Although the ABC is owned and funded by the Australian Government, the flagship radio news programs, AM, The World Today and PM are broadcast over various ABC radio outlets. ABC television news bulletins are broadcast throughout the day — including the flagship nightly 7pm state-based bulletins, bulletins focus strongly on issues of state relevance, with a greater inclusion of national and international news items than are found in the news bulletins of commercial broadcasters. The programme is shown online and on Australia Plus in the Asia Pacific region. Weekend Breakfast is broadcast weekends from 7am -11, 00am on ABC and ABC News 24 from ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo and is presented by Andrew Geoghegan and Miriam Corowa. ABC News Mornings is presented by Joe OBrien from the ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo, sport is presented by Paul Kennedy and weather is presented by Nate Byrne. A separate edition of the bulletin is produced for Western Australia two to three hours after the original broadcast, as the delay was deemed too long to remain up-to-date. Both versions air on ABC News 24, the bulletin was launched in February 2005 to replace the less successful Midday News and Business, preceded in turn by the long-running World at Noon. ABC News Early Edition is presented by James McHale from ABCs Perth studios and airs weekdays at 5pm on ABC in each Australian state, weather is presented by Graham Creed. 7.30 is presented by Leigh Sales and Matt Wordsworth from the ABCs main national news studios in Ultimo, Sydney on ABC at 7. 30pm, however, when a big state political event happens, the national program can be pre-empted by the local edition. Lateline is presented by Tony Jones and Emma Alberici from the ABCs main national news studios at Ultimo, Sydney, the program has developed a reputation for head-to-head debates on current issues and political interviews. National news updates are presented on ABC throughout the day with evening updates presented live in most states by the state news presenters. The ABCs Brisbane studios produces the 8. 30pm weeknight update, National updates are also available on demand via ABC News Online. The news bulletins such as ABC News Mornings, ABC News Afternoons, The World, The World This Week, Weekend Breakfast, ABC News Canberra is presented from the ABCs Dickson studios by Dan Bourchier on weeknights and Craig Allen on weekends with sports presenter Chris Kimball. ABC News New South Wales is presented from the ABCs Ultimo studios by Juanita Phillips, weather is presented by Graham Creed on weeknights. The Sydney bulletin was first presented in 1956 by veteran newsreader James Dibble until June 1983 when he was replaced by Richard Morecroft - who remained as presenter for the two decades. ABC News Northern Territory is presented from ABC Northerns Darwin studios by Eleni Roussos from Sunday to Thursday, ABC News Queensland is presented from the ABCs Queensland headquarters on Brisbanes South Bank by Karina Carvalho on weeknights and Jessica van Vonderen on weekends

2.
ABC News (Albania)
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ABC News is an Albanian news and satellite television channel that is owned by Media 6. The 24-hour cable news channel was founded in 2010 by Albanian media proprietor Aleksandër Frangaj and it is part of the Klan media group, together with Tv Klan and Klan Kosova. Apart from the programs, ABC News features several programs on its channel. ABC News does have correspondents in multiple countries, including a permanent studio in Brussels, television in Albania abcnews. al, the organizations official website

3.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate

4.
Ben Sherwood
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Benjamin Berkley Ben Sherwood is an American writer, journalist, and producer who currently serves as the Co-Chairman of Disney Media Networks, and the President of Disney-ABC Television Group. Sherwood is the former President of ABC News, Sherwood was born to a wealthy Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. His mother, Dorothy Lipsey Romonek, was a trustee of the California Institute of the Arts and his father, Richard E. Sherwood, was a partner in a Los Angeles law firm, and long time leader of the American Jewish Committee. In 1981, Sherwood graduated from Harvard-Westlake School), an independent university preparatory school in Los Angeles, in 1986, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard College with an AB degree. From 1986-89, Sherwood was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, from 1989-93, Sherwood was an Associate Producer and a Producer for ABC News Primetime with hosts Diane Sawyer and Sam Donaldson. During that time, Sherwood was part of the ABC News Team that came under fire in Sarajevo. Sherwood left NBC News in January 2002, in April 2004, Sherwood was the Executive Producer of the ABCs Good Morning America, and on December 3,2010, Sherwood was appointed President of ABC News in New York. In January 2015, Sherwood was named President of Disney-ABC Television Group, sherwood’s non-fiction work has been published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Newsweek, Parade Magazine, and O Magazine. In 1996, Sherwood wrote his first novel, Red Mercury, the story involves a nuclear terror threat at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. President Bill Clinton reportedly devoured the book before traveling to Atlanta to attend the Olympics, in 2000, while working at NBC Nightly News, Sherwood wrote a bestselling novel called The Man Who Ate The 747, published by Bantam Books. The tragicomic tale tells the story of an investigator for a fictional Guinness Book of Records who travels to Superior, the record keeper meets an introverted and misguided Nebraska farmer who is ingesting the 747 by grinding parts of the plane into gritty dust. By consuming the plane, the hopes to prove the size. In 2004, Sherwood published The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud, in January 2009, his first non-fiction book, The Survivors Club, The Secrets and Science that Could Save Your Life, was published by Grand Central Publishing, an imprint of Hachette Book Group. The Survivors Club explores human survival in all its forms, the book became a New York Times bestseller and has been published in more than 15 languages. The Survivors Club website is an enterprise dedicated to helping people survive and thrive in the face of every kind of adversity including health, financial, family. In August 2010, the website re-launched as part of the Hearst Digital Network, in 2003, Sherwood married to Karen Lisa Kehela in a Jewish ceremony in Beverly Hills, California. Kehela is the Co-Chair of Imagine Films, a division of film, Sherwood is fluent in French, Chinese, and Russian. Sherwood is a member of the Board of Directors of City Year, California, and he is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York

5.
Disney Media Networks
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

6.
George Stephanopoulos
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George Robert Stephanopoulos is an American journalist and former political advisor. Stephanopoulos is currently the Chief Anchor and the Chief Political Correspondent for ABC News, a co-anchor of Good Morning America, Stephanopoulos is a regular substitute anchor for ABC World News Tonight. Prior to his career as a journalist, Stephanopoulos was an advisor to the Democratic Party and he rose to early prominence as a Communications Director for the 1992 U. S. Presidential Campaign of Bill Clinton and subsequently became White House Communications Director and he was later Senior Advisor for Policy and Strategy before departing in December 1996. Stephanopoulos is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Stephanopoulos was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, the son of Nickolitsa Nikki Gloria and Robert George Stephanopoulos. His parents are of Greek descent and his father is a Greek Orthodox priest and Dean Emeritus of the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in New York City. His mother was the Director of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America National News Service for many years, in his youth, he became a follower of Greek Orthodox faith, and long considered entering the priesthood. Following some time in Purchase, New York, Stephanopoulos moved to the suburbs of Cleveland, Ohio. While at Orange, he wrestled competitively, in 1982, Stephanopoulos received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science summa cum laude from Columbia University in New York and was the salutatorian of his class. While at Columbia, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year, was awarded a Harry S. Truman Scholarship, and was a Sports Broadcaster for WKCR-FM, Stephanopoulos father wanted his son to become either a lawyer or a priest. Promising his father that he would attend law school eventually, George took a job as an aide to Cleveland, Ohio Member of Congress, Ed Feighan, in Washington, D. C. Stephanopoulos attended Balliol College at the University of Oxford in England, as a Rhodes Scholar and he maintains that he spent much of his time trying to root his political leanings in the deeper philosophies that he studied while in college. In 1988, Stephanopoulos worked on the Michael Dukakis 1988 U. S. presidential campaign and he has noted that one of his attractions to this campaign was that Dukakis was a Greek-American liberal from Massachusetts. After this campaign, Stephanopoulos became the man for Dick Gephardt, U. S. House of Representatives Majority Leader. Stephanopoulos was, along with David Wilhelm and James Carville, a member of Clintons 1992 U. S. presidential campaign. His role on the campaign is portrayed in the documentary film The War Room, at the outset of Clintons presidency, Stephanopoulos served as the de facto press secretary, briefing the press even though Dee Dee Myers was officially the White House Press Secretary. Later following several verbal missteps he was moved to Senior Advisor on Policy, Stephanopoulos resigned from the Clinton administration shortly after Clinton was re-elected in 1996. His memoir, All Too Human, A Political Education, was published after he left the White House during Clintons second term and it quickly became a number-one bestseller on The New York Times Best Seller list

7.
News presenter
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They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have helped write with a producer or news writer. This was often taken almost directly from services and then rewritten. Prior to the era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion. These presenters were referred to as commentators, the last major figure to present commentary in a news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey. With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels, many anchors also write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the character of a news anchor. The mix of news and commentary varies depending on the type of program. In 1948, anchor man was used in the game show Who Said That. to refer to John Cameron Swayze, the anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term anchorman also was used to describe Walter Cronkites role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the widespread claim that news anchors were called cronkiters in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer. Anchors occupy a role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of wisdom and truth in the news broadcast. Brian Williams, a minor character in NBCs sitcom 30 Rock. A criticism levied against the role of anchor stems from this dynamic, regurgitat or reproduc the report of others. Differentiating them from the occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. The identity of a particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. More specifically, the media may do an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise. At the same time, however, there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants

8.
ABC World News Tonight
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ABC World News Tonight is the flagship daily evening television news program of ABC News, the news division of the American Broadcasting Company television network in the United States. Since 2014, the weekday broadcasts have been anchored by David Muir. Cecilia Vega and Tom Llamas rotated as anchors of the Saturday editions, the program has been anchored at various times by a number of other presenters since its debut in 1953. It also has used various titles, including ABC Evening News from 1970 to 1978, World News Tonight from 1978 to 2006, World News from 2006 to 2009 and it is the second-most watched network newscast in the United States, trailing behind NBC Nightly News in the ratings. ABC began a nightly newscast in the summer of 1948, when H. R. Baukhage and this was succeeded by After The Deadlines in 1951 and All Star News in 1952. In the fall of 1953, John Charles Daly began anchoring the then-15-minute John Charles Daly, Daly, who had served as host of the CBS game show Whats My Line. Contemporaneously, anchored the newscast until 1960, with hosts and formats succeeding him. Anchors of the program during the early 1960s included Alex Dreier, John Secondari, Fendall Winston Yerxa, Al Mann, Bill Shadel, John Cameron Swayze, Bill Laurence, in 1962, Ron Cochran was appointed as full-time anchor, staying with the program until 1965. After Cochran left the program, Peter Jennings, a Canadian journalist who was 26 years old at the time, was named anchor of the retitled Peter Jennings with the News. In 1967, the inexperienced Jennings left the chair and was reassigned by the news division as an international correspondent for the news program. The newly renamed ABC News was hosted, in succession, by Bob Young, and then by Frank Reynolds, the program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes in January 1967, nearly 3½ years after both CBS and NBC had expanded their evening news programs to a half-hour. Harry Reasoner, formerly of CBS News and 60 Minutes, joined ABC News in 1970 to co-anchor the relaunched ABC Evening News with Smith, beginning that December, replacing Reynolds. Ratings for the news broadcast declined shortly thereafter, possibly due in part to the lack of chemistry between Reasoner and Walters. Reasoner would eventually return to CBS and 60 Minutes, while Walters became a regular on the newsmagazine 20/20, the practice continued until 1982, when real-time closed captioning was first introduced in the United States by the National Captioning Institute. Always the perennial third in the ratings, ABC News president Roone Arledge reformatted the program. Reynolds, who was demoted when the network hired Reasoner, returned as anchor, reporting from ABC News Washington. Max Robinson – who became the first African American network news anchor upon his appointment on the program – anchored national news from the news divisions Chicago bureau, Peter Jennings, who also returned for a second stint, reported international headlines from the divisions London bureau. The programs distinct and easily identifiable theme was written by Bob Israel, a rotation of anchors hosted the program until August 9,1983, when Jennings became the sole anchor and senior editor of World News Tonight

9.
Upper West Side
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The Upper West Side is sometimes also considered by the real estate industry to include the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Like the Upper East Side, the Upper West Side is an affluent, primarily residential area with many of its residents working in areas of Midtown. Conversely, the Upper East Side is traditionally perceived to be home to commercial, the Upper West Side, along with the Upper East Side, is considered to be among New York Citys wealthiest neighborhoods. Upper West Side is bounded on the south by 59th Street, Central Park to the east, and its northern boundary is somewhat less obvious. Although it has historically been cited as 110th Street, which fixes the neighborhood alongside Central Park, it is now considered to be 125th Street. The area north of West 96th Street and east of Broadway is also identified as Manhattan Valley, the overlapping area west of Amsterdam Avenue to Riverside Park was once known as the Bloomingdale District. From west to east, the avenues of the Upper West Side are Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, Columbus Avenue, with the building of Lincoln Center, its name, though perhaps not the reality, was stretched south to 58th Street. This is a reversion to the historical name. The long high bluff above useful sandy coves along the North River was little used or traversed by the Lenape people, in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Upper West Side-to-be contained some of colonial New Yorks most ambitious houses, spaced along Bloomingdale Road. It became increasingly infilled with smaller, more villas in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its name was a derivation of the given to the area by Dutch settlers to New Netherland, likely from Bloemendaal. The Dutch Anglicized the name to Bloomingdale or the Bloomingdale District and it consisted of farms and villages along a road known as the Bloomingdale Road. Bloomingdale Road was renamed The Boulevard in 1868, as the farms and villages were divided into building lots, by the 18th century it contained numerous farms and country residences of many of the citys well-off, a major parcel of which was the Apthorp Farm. Within the confines of the modern-day Upper West Side, the road passed through areas known as Harsenville, Stryckers Bay, Bloomingdale, in the latter half of the 19th century, was the name of a village that occupied the area just south of 110th street. Much of the riverfront of the Upper West Side was a shipping, transportation, the Hudson River Railroad line right-of-way was granted in the late 1830s to connect New York City to Albany, and soon ran along the riverbank. One major non-industrial development, the creation of Central Park in the 1850s and 60s, parts of the neighborhood became a ragtag collection of squatters housing, boarding houses, and rowdy taverns. In 1868, the city began straightening and grading the section of the Bloomingdale Road from Harsenville north and it retained that name until the end of the century, when the name Broadway finally supplanted it. Development of the neighborhood lagged even while Central Park was being out in the 1860s and 70s

10.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

11.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

12.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

13.
Times Square Studios
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The studio is best known as the production home of ABC News Good Morning America, a morning news and talk program, segments for other ABC News programs, and various programs on ESPN. Times Square Studios is on the site of the former Hotel Claridge, in 1972, the hotel was demolished and the current structure, which housed the National Theater, and a Beefsteak Charlies restaurant, was built. The studio was designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, Disneys design, the original concept for the studio was conceived by Harry Grossman. His plan called for the studio to broadcast many shows twenty-four hours a day for both Disney-owned and non-Disney programs, the buildings outer facade consists of over nine LED ribbons of lights. The 8th LED ribbon of lights from the top is used as a ticker for ABC News, also on the facade is a large TV display made by Mitsubishi - Diamond Vision, though the display is sponsored by Siemens, which has their logo below the display. The studio is used for productions of ABC News and ESPN. It has also used regularly to produce programming for other shows not broadcast by a Disney-owned network including shows for the Australia Network, BBC World News, Discovery Channel. Presidential election ABC2000, The Vote — ABC News coverage of the 2000 U. S. S, presidential election ABC Your Voice, Your Vote 14, Election Night - ABC News coverage of the 2014 U. S

14.
List of ABC owned television stations
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ABC Owned Television Stations is a division of Disney–ABC Television Group that oversees the owned-and-operated stations of the American Broadcasting Company, a division of The Walt Disney Company. The division consists of eight stations plus ABC National Television Sales, kGO-TV in San Francisco and KECA in Los Angeles, signed on during the next 13 months after WJZ. Capital Cities announced $3.5 billion purchase of ABC on March 18,1985, stunned the media industry, as ABC was some four times bigger than Capital Cities was at the time. The ABC Owned TV Stations were paired with ABC Radio Network, ABC News Now was launched in 2004 in the US on digital subchannel of 70 ABC owned & operated and affiliates. The Live Well Network was launched on 000000002009-04-27-0000April 27,2009 in high definition by ABCs owned-and-operated stations on the stations subchannels, the sale was completed on April 1,2011. On October 25, the Triangle Business Journal reported that multiple Disney spokespeople denied that information, campbell and Allen stated that despite the success of the network, the division wanted to prioritize local content and its core local news brands. Many of the shows from ABCs stations are expected to end production with a possibility to be picked up by fyi cable network, a DATG partial owned A&E Networks cable channel. ABCOTS also indicated that its stations 3rd subchannel would affiliated with Laff network upon launch 000000002015-04-15-0000April 15,2015, ABC Regional Sports & Entertainment Sales Live Well Network Only 8 stations are affiliated with the ABC TV network and the Live Well Network. Abcotvs. com ABC Full Circle. com, ABC National Television Sales website ABC Regional Sports & Entertainment Sales

15.
Apple TV
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Apple TV is a digital media player and microconsole developed and sold by Apple Inc. It is a network appliance and entertainment device that can receive digital data from a number of sources. Apple TV is an HDMI-compliant source device, to use it for viewing, it has to be connected to an enhanced-definition or high-definition widescreen television via an HDMI cable. Its Wi-Fi capability is used to receive digital content from various iOS apps using AirPlay or directly from the iTunes Store. It plays content from any macOS or Windows computer running iTunes, Apple began to promote the Live Tune-In feature that allows the viewer to ask Siri to tune to live streams of CBS, ESPN, and Disney XD among others that support Live Tune-In. Apple TV was unveiled as a work in progress called iTV on September 12,2006 using a modified Front Row interface using the Apple Remote, Apple started taking pre-orders for Apple TV on January 9,2007. Apple TV started shipping on March 21,2007 with a 40 GB hard disk, Apple released a 160 GB HDD model on May 31,2007, and ceased selling the 40 GB HDD version on September 14,2009. The update allowed the device to rent and purchase content directly from iTunes Store, as well as podcasts and stream photos from MobileMe. Later updates to the Apple TV, iTunes and Remote software added support for the iPad, the second generation Apple TV was unveiled on September 1,2010, and was the first to run on a variant of iOS. The device was now housed in a very small all-black case, the new model did away with an internal hard drive and had 8 GB internal flash storage, enough local storage for buffering purposes, all media was now streamed, instead of synced. The new device could also stream rented content from iTunes and video from computers or iOS devices via AirPlay, All content is drawn from online or locally connected sources. In July 2011, Apple discontinued the Front Row interface for Mac users, in the March 7,2012 presentation that mainly dealt with the third generation iPad, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a third version of the Apple TV. The third generation Apple TV is externally identical to the second generation model and it also supports 1080p content from iTunes and Netflix. On January 28,2013, Apple released a third generation Rev A which included component changes, on March 9,2015, Apple reduced the price of the third generation Apple TV to $69. On October 4,2016, 9to5Mac reported that Apple had phased out the Apple TV3, with Apple Store employees instructed to all units. Shortly afterwards, Apple took down the page for the Apple TV3 from its website. On September 9,2015, Apple announced the fourth generation Apple TV and it is the first major update to the platform since the release of the second generation Apple TV on September 1,2010. Tim Cook took the stage and said The future of TV is apps and he also stated that the Apple TV needed a modern OS

16.
Nightline
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Nightline is a late-night news program broadcast by ABC in the United States with a franchised formula to other networks and stations elsewhere in the world. Created by Roone Arledge, the program featured Ted Koppel as its anchor from March 1980 until his retirement in November 2005. It is currently anchored by Dan Harris, Byron Pitts and Juju Chang on an alternating basis, Nightline airs weeknights from 12,37 -1,07 a. m. Eastern Time after Jimmy Kimmel Live, which previously served as the programs lead-out from 2003 to 2012. In 2002, Nightline was ranked 23rd on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time and it has won three Peabody Awards, one in 2001, and two in 2002 for the reports Heart of Darkness and The Survivors. Through a video-sharing agreement with the BBC, Nightline also repackages some of the BBCs output for an American audience, segments from Nightline are also shown in a condensed form on ABCs overnight news program World News Now. There is also a version of Nightline for sister cable channel Fusion, the program had its beginnings on November 8,1979, just four days after the start of the Iran hostage crisis. ABC News president Roone Arledge felt that the best way to compete against NBCs The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was to update Americans on the latest news from Iran. At that time, the show was called The Iran Crisis–America Held Hostage, Day xxx, originally, World News Tonight lead anchor Frank Reynolds hosted the 20-minute-long special reports. Shortly after its creation, Reynolds stopped hosting the program, Ted Koppel, then ABC Newss State Department Correspondent, took on the hosting duties. It was not until a few days later that a producer had the idea of displaying the number of days on America Held Hostage. At the end of the crisis in 1981, the program – which had been retitled the previous year as Nightline – had entrenched itself on ABCs programming schedule. ABC had previously used the title Night Line for a short-lived 1 a. m. talk show starring Les Crane that was broadcast over the networks New York City flagship station, WABC-TV, starting in 1963. The program originally aired four nights a week until 1982, when the comedy program Fridays was shifted to air after Nightline. By this time, the program had expanded to 30 minutes. For much of its history, the program prided itself on providing a mix of journalism and extended interviews. In 1983, ABC attempted to change the format to feature multiple topics and expand it to one hour. This switch proved to be unsuccessful, and after a few months, once the original format returned, reverting to a 31-minute structure, it remained unchanged through the end of Koppels tenure, it was changed following his retirement

17.
This Week (ABC TV series)
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This Week, currently billed as This Week with George Stephanopoulos, is an American Sunday morning political affairs program airing on the ABC television network. The program is anchored by George Stephanopoulos and co-anchored by Martha Raddatz. The program is aired at 9,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although many stations air the program at a later slot, in 1960, ABC launched its first Sunday talk show Issues and Answers. One of its early hosts was Howard K. Smith, who also had his own public affairs program Howard K. Smith, News. Among the programs hosts was Bob Clark. On November 15,1981, David Brinkley came to the network from NBC News and took over the show, during Brinkleys run, three major sponsors were part of the show, General Electric, Archer Daniels Midland and Merrill Lynch. After Brinkley retired on November 10,1996, Sam Donaldson, ABC News Senior White House Correspondent Jake Tapper served as the interim anchor from March to July 2010. The names of the anchors have been included in the billing for the program, such as This Week with David Brinkley. Christiane Amanpour, a world affairs correspondent at CNN, began as the programs host on August 1,2010. During her first two months as host, the ratings for This Week reached their lowest point since 2003, in December 2011, it was announced that Amanpour would step down as anchor of the program, while returning to CNN in turn. On January 5,2012, ABC News announced that Stephanopoulos would return as the host of This Week, in 2016, Martha Raddatz was named co-anchor of This Week, alternating each weekend with Stephanopoulos. On April 20,2008, production of This Week relocated to the Newseum in Washington D. C. in a studio that overlooks the U. S. Capitol. In addition, the program broadcasting in high definition, becoming the first Sunday morning talk show to broadcast in HD. Following the transition, the program discontinued the segments Voices and Images, in February 2009, the ratings gap between Meet the Press and its competitors – This Week and CBS Face the Nation – began closing. Meet the Press posted its lowest ratings since NBC News correspondent David Gregory became moderator in early February of that year, Face the Nation averaged 3.33 million total viewers, while This Week came in just behind with 3.32 million. This Week beat Meet the Press on January 11, when George Stephanopoulos interviewed President-Elect Barack Obama, in 2010, Jake Tapper arranged with Bill Adair to get PolitiFact. com to fact check the statements made by panelists and guests featured on This Week. J. Dionne, Jr. Robert Reich, David Corn, Katrina vanden Heuvel, Mark Halperin, Joe Klein, Van Jones, David Brooks, Matthew Dowd, Mary Matalin and Ed Gillespie

18.
20/20 (U.S. TV series)
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20/20 is an American television newsmagazine that has been broadcast on ABC since June 6,1978. The programs name derives from the 20/20 measurement of visual acuity, the anchors on the premiere telecast of 20/20 were renowned Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes, who also served as the programs senior producer, and famed Time art critic Robert Hughes. The shows debut received largely harsh reviews, The New York Times described it as dizzyingly absurd and The Washington Post denounced it as the trashiest stab at candycane journalism yet. Also featured in the premiere telecast of 20/20, the sequence consisted of a pair of eyeglasses, whose lenses showed colored bars. The eyeglasses were keyed over a background, and rotated to its rear position to reveal the 20/20 studio. Under Downs as host, 20/20 changed into a standard yet unique newsmagazine. Eastern Time beginning May 31,1979, ratings were generally very good during the summer months during its eight years on Thursday nights despite competition from Knots Landing on CBS and Hill Street Blues on NBC. It was around this time that the program started using the Brock Brower-written signoff line Were in touch, so you be in touch to end each program, which continues to be used to now. Barbara Walters joined the program in 1979 in a role something less than a co-anchor, in 1984, she became Hugh Downss equal, thus reuniting a duo which had already anchored together on NBCs Today from 1964 to 1971. The team would remain together on-air for the next 15 years. In the fall of 1987, 20/20 was moved to Fridays at 10,00 p. m. Eastern, while in that timeslot, it ranked at 21st place in the annual Nielsen ratings by the 1991–92 season. While the series moved to the 8,00 p. m. timeslot on October 12,2007. In 1997, a weekly edition of 20/20 made its debut on Thursday evenings. In 2000, ABC reinstated Primetime under the title Primetime Thursday, by early 2002, 20/20 once again was airing only in its original Friday timeslot. After Downss retirement in 1999, Walters became the anchor of 20/20. For a few months in early 2003, Barbara Walters temporarily anchored solo again, as one of the first veteran anchors, Barbara Walters chose to go into semi-retirement as a broadcast journalist in 2004. However, she remained with 20/20 as a frequent contributor to the show, ABC News correspondent Elizabeth Vargas was promoted to the co-anchor position. In September 2009, before the start of its 31st season, Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer also contribute reports

19.
Good Morning America
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Good Morning America is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC. It debuted on November 3,1975, and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3,1993, the Sunday edition was canceled in 1999, weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4,2004. The weekday program airs from 7,00 to 9,00 a. m. in all U. S. time zones, the Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABCs stations live at 7,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although stations in some markets air them at different times, viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports. A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008, the program features news, interviews, weather forecasts, special-interest stories, and feature segments such as Pop News, the GMA Heat Index and Play of the Day. It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York Citys Times Square district, the primary anchors are Robin Roberts, George Stephanopoulos, Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee. Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers, GMA generally placed second in the ratings, behind NBCs Today from 1995 to 2012. Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Morning Program, sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today, on January 6,1975, ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBCs Today. The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards, with Peter Jennings, because the show could not find an audience against Today, ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, WEWS in Cleveland, the Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set, in the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, Good Morning. Which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB-TV, Good Morning. was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. No legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however, the launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to Good Day. ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode, after very positive reviews for the pilot, the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America. The first host of the new program was David Hartman, featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host, Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill. Dave Murray provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABCs early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986, on August 30,1976, Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host. Within a year, Today managed to back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley, featuring art. For the first time, Good Morning America became the morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place

20.
World News Now
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World News Now is an American overnight television news program that is broadcast on ABC. As of 4 April 2016, the program is primarily co-anchored by Kendis Gibson and Diane Macedo, the A-block also features a national weather forecast and an often humorous kicker story that ends the block. The B, C and D blocks usually feature a mix of stories from Nightline or the BBC, or other live-to-tape or pre-taped segments produced in-studio, depending on the day of the week. The original working title for the program was World News Overnight, the program debuted on January 6,1992, with Aaron Brown and Lisa McRee as its original anchors. After McRees departure from World News Now in January 1993, the program would begin experiencing significant turnover with its staff that continues to this day. The program also often replays story packages from other ABC News programs such as Nightline and it has been an apparent training ground for new news anchors who eventually go on to higher-profile positions with the network or local affiliates. The show is unique for its interactive segments, some of which pioneered the email communication that is commonly used on television newscasts today. The ABC News WNN message board has offered viewers questions and comments from the anchors themselves, on November 23,1995, World News Now became the first television program to be broadcast live on the Internet, using the CU-SeeMe interface. Victor Dorff, a producer of WNN at the time, arranged to have the show simulcast on the Internet daily for a trial period. CU-SeeMe was also used in an interview segment in which anchor Kevin Newman and Global Schoolhouse director. World News Now was used as the prototype for Fred, ABCs plan to operate a news channel. In the fall of 1998, ABC News entered into a labor dispute, while World News This Morning continued to be produced in New York City with substitute production staff, production of World News Now was moved to the news divisions London bureau. Mark Mullen returned to anchor WNN during the last month of the lockout, following its CU-SeeMe trial, World News Now later attempted another webcast, between 1999 and 2001, the program was streamed live for free on the ABC News website. In 2005, the free behind-the-scenes webcast returned, on June 8,2006, ABC White House Correspondent Martha Raddatz learned of the death of terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi near Baqubah, Iraq. Upon confirmation of the tip, ABC ran a report at 2,38 a. m. Eastern Time, helmed by WNN anchors Ron Corning and Taina Hernandez, the show, which is normally repeated on tape after the initial broadcast, instead went live in all time zones and into the early-morning news program World News This Morning. The on-air and behind-the-scenes staff stayed on-air until Good Morning America began, in January 2007, World News Now celebrated its 15th anniversary, with the brief resurrection of the National Temperature Index and a new version of the World News Polka. During the week of January 7,2008, WNN celebrated its 16th anniversary on the air with retrospective segments on the days of the broadcast

21.
America This Morning
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America This Morning is an American early morning television news program that is broadcast on ABC. As of April 2016, the newscast is anchored by Kendis Gibson and Diane Macedo. Usually airing following World News Now, it features national and international headlines, live reports from Washington. The program is broadcast live at 4,00 a. m, eastern Time, and is transmitted in a continuous half-hour tape delayed loop until 10,00 a. m. Eastern Time, when Good Morning America begins in the Pacific Time Zone, the program originally debuted under the title ABC News This Morning on July 5,1982. In early 1983, the program was retitled ABC World News This Morning, the program was initially 60 minutes in length and anchored by Steve Bell and Kathleen Sullivan at the networks Washington, D. C. newsroom-studio. Production of the program was moved to ABCs headquarters in the Lincoln Square district of New York City on July 11,1988, when Forrest Sawyer and Paula Zahn debuted as co-anchors. As local stations expanded their newscasts, World News This Morning was first shortened into two separate 30-minute newscasts and later to the current, single, 30-minute newscast. The news program celebrated its 20th anniversary during the summer of 2002, on August 30,2010, ABC moved its live broadcast of the program to 4,00 a. m. Eastern Time to accommodate affiliates that choose to start their morning newscasts at 4,30 a. m. Some ABC stations were forced to pre-empt the program when they implemented it less than two months earlier. J, holmes Jeremy Hubbard Antonio Mora John Muller Vinita Nair Rob Nelson Reena Ninan Ryan Owens Hari Sreenivasan World News / America This Morning has had three announcers in its history. From its 1982 debut until 1990, Bill Owen served as the programs announcer, following Owens departure from the network in 1990, he was replaced by Barbara Daniels Korsen, who remained the newscasts announcer until 2012. Programming from ABC News, including America This Morning, is shown daily on the 24-hour news network OSN News in MENA Region, World News Now – ABCs overnight news program, which debuted in 1992 and shares production staff with America This Morning. Up to the Minute – Competing overnight news program on CBS, CBS Morning News – Competing early-morning news program on CBS, which debuted in 1982 in its current format. Early Today – Competing early-morning news program on NBC, which debuted in 1999, America This Morning at the Internet Movie Database

22.
The View (U.S. TV series)
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The View is an American talk show that has aired since August 11,1997 on ABC as part of its daytime programming block. The shows concept was conceived by Barbara Walters and Bill Geddie, the show has won thirty Daytime Emmy Awards since its inception. The View is co-hosted by a panel of women who discuss a variety of social, political, entertainment, the original panel consisted of Walters, moderator Meredith Vieira, Joy Behar, Star Jones, and Debbie Matenopoulos. In addition to Behar, the current panel consists of moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Paula Faris, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and in a perfect world, Id get to join the group whenever I wanted. Every show is ended by one of the co-hosts, primarily the person moderating, simply saying Have a great day everyone, or if short on time simply, Enjoy The View. Since season 10, politics and taboo subjects have been readily explored and this has moved the show into a newsworthy spectrum from traditional daytime talk fare. The format of full-hour Hot Topics was introduced in season 11, allowing more in-depth conversations and they closely followed Senator Hillary Clintons campaign in the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination race. Likewise, attention was focused when Senator John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his Republican vice-presidential running mate in August 2008, several of the discussions on The View became heated and many were also subsequently reported in other major media outlets. Season 13 was the first season in which men served as guest co-hosts and they included Joe Scarborough, Bryant Gumbel, Tom Bergeron, and D. L. Hughley. Beginning in season 15, every Friday when Walters took off, The View has Guy Day Friday, Walters, a co-owner and co-executive producer of the show, likely has final decisions as to the casting of the co-hosts. Rosie ODonnell has stated that Walters and other show hosts wear IFB earpieces through which backstage producers instruct them what to say. On October 30,2014, The View was transferred into Lincoln Square Productions, an ABC News subsidiary, from ABC Entertainment after struggling in ratings, international versions of the program are aired in several countries. Bill Geddie, who served as co-executive producer, was the lone recurring male persona. In an interview with Broadcasting & Cable he stated, Im not an on-air personality, the original set for the first four seasons was a leftover set from a cancelled soap opera, The City. The show received a new set for its season, located within the ABC Television Center in New York City. Season 10 saw a new set design in blue and new glass table. For seasons 11 and 12, the set changed colors from blue to yellow. Seasons 13 and 14 premiered with new set colors of teal green and light blue

23.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

24.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent

25.
Breakfast television
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Breakfast television or morning show is a type of infotainment television program, which broadcasts live in the morning. Often hosted by a team of hosts, these types of programs are typically targeted at the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school. The first – and longest-running – national breakfast/morning show on television is Today, Breakfast television programs are geared toward popular and demographic appeal. Later in the programme, segments will typically begin to target a dominantly female demographic with a focus on news, such as human-interest, lifestyle. The first morning news programme was Three To Get Ready, a local production hosted by comedian Ernie Kovacs that aired on WPTZ in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1950 to 1952, although the programme was mostly entertainment-oriented, the programme did feature some news and weather segments. Its success prompted NBC to look at producing something similar on a national basis, CBS has had a seemingly endless rotation of failed morning news shows. The network abandoned the show in 1957. From the late 1960s throughout the 1970s, the CBS Morning News aired as a straight one-hour morning newscast that had a rate of turnover among its anchors. It was not until 1982 that Captain Kangaroo ended its run on weekdays, however, the high rate of turnover among anchors returned. An ill-fated comedic revamp of the show, The Morning Programme, after that, however, came This Morning, which has so far had the longest run of any of CBS morning show attempts. This Morning was eventually cancelled 12 years later, being replaced by The Early Show in 1999, The Early Show, in turn, ABC was a latecomer to the morning show competition. Instead of carrying a national show, it adopted the AM franchise introduced by many of its local stations in 1970. KABC-TVs AM Los Angeles launched the career of Regis Philbin and was a direct predecessor to his syndicated talk show Live. AM Chicago on WLS-TV would later evolve into The Oprah Winfrey Show, GMA has traditionally run in second place, but has surpassed Today in the ratings a few times in its history. Since the 1980s, Live. has been produced and distributed by ABCs syndication arm, primarily for ABC stations, a few of the major Spanish language broadcast networks also produce morning shows, which are often more festive in format. ¡Despierta América. is the longest-running Spanish language morning programme on U. S. cable news outlets have adopted the morning show format as well. Fox & Friends on Fox News Channel, Early Start and New Day on CNN respectively follow the networks morning show format. MSNBCs Morning Joe follows a format reminiscent of talk radio and incorporates panel discussions

26.
Television news magazine
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A news magazine is a typed, printed, and published piece of paper, magazine or a radio or television program, usually weekly, consisting of articles about current events. In greater depth than do newspapers or newscasts, and aim to give the consumer an understanding of the important events beyond the basic facts, radio news magazines are similar to television news magazines. Unlike radio newscasts, which are typically five minutes in length. Television news magazines provide a service to print news magazines. These broadcasts serve as an alternative in covering certain issues more in-depth than regular newscasts, the formula, first established by Panorama on the BBC in 1953 has proved successful around the world. Television news magazines once aired five nights a week on most television networks, however, with the success of reality shows, news magazines have largely been supplanted

27.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets

28.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

29.
Spin out
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A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, or starburst, is a type of corporate action where a company splits off a section as a separate business. Shareholders of the parent company receive equivalent shares in the new company in order to compensate for the loss of equity in the original stocks. In contrast, divestment can also sever one business from another, many times the management team of the new company are from the same parent organization. Spin-offs also allow high-growth divisions, once separated from other low-growth divisions, the United States Securities and Exchange Commissions definition of spin-off is more precise. Spin-offs occur when the equity owners of the parent company receive equity stakes in the spun off company. For example, when Agilent Technologies was spun off from Hewlett-Packard in 1999, a company not considered a spin-off in the SECs definition may also be called a spin-off in common usage. A second definition of a spin-out is a firm formed when an employee or group of leaves a existing entity to form an independent start-up firm. The prior employer can be a firm, a university, or another organization, spin-outs typically operate at arms length from the previous organizations and have independent sources of financing, products, services, customers, and other assets. In some cases, the spin-out may license technology from the parent or supply the parent with products or services, conversely, such spin-outs are important sources of technological diffusion in high-tech industries. For example, Fosters Group, an Australian beverage company, was prepared to sell its wine business, but due to the lack of a decent offer, it decided to spin off the wine business, which is now called Treasury Wine Estates. Some examples of spin-offs, Guidant was spun off from Eli Lilly and Company in 1994, formed from Lillys Medical Devices, Agilent Technologies spun off from Hewlett-Packard in 1999, formed from HPs former test-and-measurement equipment division. Cenovus Energy was spun off from Encana Corporation in 2009, ocean Rig UDW Inc was spun off from Dryships Inc in September 2011. AOL was a Time Warner spin-off, this effectively was a demerger, DreamWorks Animation was spun off from DreamWorks Studios in 2004. Nuage Networks was spun off from Alcatel Lucent in 2012 News Corporations publishing operations were spun off as News Corp in 2013, the previous News Corporations remaining media properties were retained under the name 21st Century Fox. Over £266 million in external investment has been raised by Isis spin-out companies since 2000, mirror company formation is a specialized form of spin-off used to create a new public company. It simplifies the process of listing the shares on a stock exchange. It works by a public company issuing a bonus share at a 1-for-1 rate in the new company. This new company is sold to another company that does not want to go through the complex

30.
Blue Network
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The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1,1923, Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the Radio Group formally began network operations. The core stations of the Radio Group were RCAs stations WJZ and WRC, the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts, and WGY, RCAs principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary, nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF. For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City. RCA were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a decision to exit the broadcasting business. The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15,1926, the Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access. On July 28,1926, the Washington Post reported in a story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the day that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This new chain, which will be known as the network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the network will be joined with the red network, as the WEAF chain is designated. The Red and Blue Networks shared a pool of engineers and facilities. There are two examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On May 20,1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeods discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era, during the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format

31.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

32.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time

33.
History of television
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The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology, many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit, while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology. Facsimile transmission systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images in the early 19th century, the Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working version in 1851. The first practical system, working on telegraph lines, was developed. Willoughby Smith, an English electrical engineer, discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873, as a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884. This was a disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it. Although he never built a model of the system, variations of Nipkows spinning-disk image rasterizer became exceedingly common. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25,1900, perskyis paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others, the first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 selenium cells, individually wired to a mechanical commutator, in the receiver, a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted several times each second, moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy. By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems and he created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness. He had also started work on the first color television, on March 25,1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridges Department Store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his system, he televised a ventriloquists dummy named Stooky Bill talking and moving. By January 26,1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio and this is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history. The subject was Bairds business partner Oliver Hutchinson, Bairds system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it

34.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan

35.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas

36.
WABC-TV
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WABC-TV, channel 7, is the flagship station of the ABC Television Network, located in New York City. WABC-TV is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The stations studios and offices are located near Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, adjacent to ABCs corporate headquarters, its transmitter is atop the Empire State Building. WABC-TV is best known in broadcasting circles for its version of the Eyewitness News format and for its morning show, in the few areas of the eastern United States where an ABC station isnt receivable over-the-air, WABC is available on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The station signed on August 10,1948, as WJZ-TV, Channel 7s call letters came from its then-sister radio station, WJZ. The stations original transmitter site was atop The Pierre Hotel at 2 East 61st Street, the stations original studios were located at 77 West 66th Street, with studios at 7 West 66th Street. An underground tunnel linked ABC studios at 7 West 66th Street to the lobby of the Hotel des Artistes, another studio inside the Hotel des Artistes was used for Eyewitness News Conference. S. At about the time, construction was started at 30 West 67th Street on the site of a former parking lot. Both buildings were completed in June 1979 and WABC-TV moved its offices from 77 West 66th Street to 7 Lincoln Square, transmitter maintenance engineer Donald DiFranco died in the attack. The station eventually established transmission facilities at the Empire State Building, on May 27,2007, WABC-TVs studios suffered major damage as the result of a fire that knocked the station off the air shortly before the start of the 11,00 PM Newscast. The stations building was evacuated and the fire was brought under control, though the studio was said to be damaged, having suffered smoke. WABC-TV resumed broadcasting at around 1,00 AM on May 28,2007, starting with the 5,00 PM Newscast on June 20,2007, the station resumed the Eyewitness News and Live. Broadcasts from its studios at Columbus Avenue and 66th Street. WABCs sister station, WPVI-TV in Philadelphia was also pulled from Cablevisions New Jersey systems in Mercer, Ocean, in July 2010, ABCs parent company Disney announced that it was involved in a carriage dispute with Time Warner Cable, its first with that provider in 10 Years. This dispute involved 4 ABC owned-and-operated stations, Disney Channel and the ESPN networks, if a deal wasnt in place, the affected stations and cable channels wouldve been removed from Time Warner and Bright House Networks systems across the country. On September 2,2010, Disney and Time Warner Cable reached an agreement to keep the channels on Time Warner Cable systems. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 45 to VHF channel 7. WABCs digital signal was difficult to receive over-the-air in New York City

37.
CBS News
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CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS. The president of CBS News is David Rhodes, CBS News broadcasts include the CBS Evening News, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning,60 Minutes and 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation. CBS operates a 24-hour news network called CBSN, the first live anchored 24-hour streaming news network that is exclusively online, in December 1930 CBS chief William S. Paley hired journalist Paul W. White away from United Press as CBSs news editor. Paley put the networks news operation at the same level as entertainment. Along with other networks, CBS chafed at the breaking news embargo imposed upon radio by the wire services, CBS disregarded an embargo when it broke the story of the Lindbergh kidnapping in 1932, using live on-the-air reporting. Radio networks scooped print outlets with news of the 1932 presidential election, in March 1933 White was named vice president and general manager in charge of news at CBS. As the first head of CBS News, he began to build an organization that established a legendary reputation. In 1935 White hired Edward R. Murrow, and sent him to London in 1937 to run CBS Radios European operation, White led a staff that would come to include Charles Collingwood, William L. Shirer, Eric Sevareid, John Charles Daly, Joseph C. Harsch Cecil Brown, Elmer Davis, Quincy Howe, H. V. Kaltenborn, CBS was getting its ducks in a row for the biggest news story in history, World War II, wrote radio historian John Dunning. Upon becoming commercial station WCBW in 1941, the pioneer CBS television station in New York City broadcast two daily news programs, at 2,30 and 7,30 p. m. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most of the newscasts featured Hubbell reading a script with only occasional cutaways to a map or still photograph, when Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,1941, WCBW, took to the air at 8,45 p. m. with an extensive special report. The national emergency even broke down the wall between CBS radio and television. The WCBW special report that night lasted less than 90 minutes, but that special broadcast pushed the limits of live television in 1941 and opened up new possibilities for future broadcasts. Additional newscasts were scheduled in the days of the war. In May 1944, as the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, WCBW reopened the studios and the newscasts returned, briefly anchored by Ned Calmer, and then by Everett Holles. After the war, expanded news programs appeared on the WCBW schedule – whose call letters were changed to WCBS-TV in 1946 – first anchored by Milo Boulton, and later by Douglas Edwards. On May 3,1948, Edwards began anchoring CBS Television News and it aired every weeknight at 7,30 p. m. and was the first regularly scheduled, network television news program featuring an anchor. NBCs offering at the time, NBC Television Newsreel, was simply film footage with voice narration, the broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962

38.
NBC News
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NBC News is a division of the American broadcast network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal News Group, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the groups various operations report to the president of NBC News, Noah Oppenheim. NBC News aired the first news program in American broadcast television history on February 21,1940, the groups broadcasts are produced and aired from 30 Rockefeller Center, NBCs headquarters in New York City. The division presides over Americas number-one-rated newscast, NBC Nightly News, NBC News also offers 70 years of rare historic footage from the NBCUniversal Archives online. NBC News operates a 24-hour cable news network known as MSNBC, the cable network shares staff and editorial control with NBC News. The first American television newscast in history was made by NBC News on February 21,1940, anchored by Lowell Thomas, due to wartime restrictions, there were no live telecasts of the 1944 conventions, although films of the events were reportedly shown over WNBT the next day. In 1948, NBC teamed up with Life magazine to provide election night coverage of President Harry S. Trumans surprising victory over New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, the television audience was small, but NBCs share in New York was double that of any other outlet. The following year, the Camel News Caravan, anchored by John Cameron Swayze, lacking the graphics and technology of later years, it nonetheless contained many of the elements of modern newscasts. NBC hired its own crews and in the programs early years, it dominated CBSs competing program. In 1950, David Brinkley began serving as the programs Washington correspondent, in 1955, the Camel News Caravan fell behind CBSs Douglas Edwards with the News, and Swayze lost the already tepid support of NBC executives. The following year, NBC replaced the program with the Huntley-Brinkley Report, beginning in 1951, NBC News was managed by director of news Bill McAndrew, who reported to vice president of news and public affairs J. Davidson Taylor. Television assumed a prominent role in American family life in the late 1950s. NBC president Robert Kintner provided the division with ample amounts of both financial resources and air time. Created by producer Reuven Frank, NBCs Huntley-Brinkley Report had its debut on October 29,1956, during much of its 14-year run, it exceeded the viewership levels of its CBS News competition, anchored initially by Douglas Edwards and, beginning in April 1962, by Walter Cronkite. Senator to observe later, When I think of Little Rock, in an era when space missions rated continuous coverage, NBC configured its largest studio, Studio 8H, for space coverage. NBCs coverage of the first moon landing in 1969 earned the network an Emmy Award, in the late 1950s, Kintner reorganized the chain of command at the network, making Bill McAndrew president of NBC News, reporting directly to Kintner. McAndrew served in that position until his death in 1968, McAndrew was succeeded by his executive vice president, producer Reuven Frank, who held the position until 1973. On November 22,1963, NBC interrupted various programs on its stations at 1,45 p. m. to announce that President John F. Kennedy had been shot in Dallas, Texas

39.
ESPN on ABC
–
ESPN on ABC is the brand used for sports event and documentary programming televised on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States. ABC broadcasts use ESPNs production and announcing staff, and incorporate elements such as ESPN-branded on-screen graphics, SportsCenter in-game updates, the broadcast networks sports event coverage carried the ABC Sports brand prior to September 2,2006. When ABC acquired a controlling interest in ESPN in 1984, it operated the cable network separately from its sports division. The integration of ABC Sports with ESPN began after The Walt Disney Company bought ABC in 1996, the branding change to ESPN on ABC was made to better orient ESPN viewers with event telecasts on ABC and provide consistent branding for all sports broadcasts on Disney-owned channels. Like its longtime competitors CBS Sports and NBC Sports, ABC Sports was originally part of the division of the ABC network. When Roone Arledge came to ABC Sports as a producer of NCAA football games in 1960, the International Olympic Committee even wanted a bank to guarantee ABCs contract to broadcast the 1960 Olympics. At the time, Edward Scherick served as the de facto head of ABC Sports, Scherick had joined the fledgling ABC television network when he persuaded it to purchase Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for the network acquiring shares in the company. Scherick had formed the company after he left CBS, when the network would not make him the head of its sports programming unit. Before ABC Sports even became a division of the network, Scherick. While Scherick was not interested in For Men Only, he recognized the talent that Arledge had, Arledge realized ABC was the organization he was looking to become part of. The lack of an organization would offer him the opportunity to claim real power when the network matured. With this, he signed on with Scherick as an assistant producer, network broadcasts of sporting events had previously consisted of simple set-ups and focused on the game itself. In his memo, Arledge not only offered another way to broadcast the game to the sports fan, in addition, he had the forethought to realize that the broadcasts needed to attract, and hold the attention of female viewers, as well as males. Despite the production values he brought to NCAA college football, Scherick wanted low-budget sports programming that could attract and he hit upon the idea of broadcasting track and field events sponsored by the Amateur Athletic Union. While Americans were not exactly fans of track and field events, in January 1961, Scherick called Arledge into his office, and asked him to attend the annual AAU board of governors meeting. While he was shaking hands, Scherick said, if the mood seemed right, might he cut a deal to broadcast AAU events on ABC and it seemed like a tall assignment, however as Scherick said years later, Roone was a gentile and I was not. Arledge came back with a deal for ABC to broadcast all AAU events for $50,000 per year, next, Scherick and Arledge divided up their NCAA college football sponsor list. They then telephoned their sponsors and said in so many words, Advertise on our new sports show coming up in April, or forget about buying commercials on NCAA college football this fall

40.
Nine Network
–
The Nine Network is one of three main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia. The Nine Network is one of the two highest-rating television networks in Australia, along with the Seven Network and ahead of Network Ten, ABC, and SBS. The Nine Network was overtaken in the ratings in 2007 by its rival, the Seven Network, as a result, Nines slogan Still the One was discontinued. Since 2009, the slogan has been Welcome Home. After a few years in decline, with a period plagued by mass sackings, programme cancellations, and budget cuts. TCN-9 launched on 16 September 1956, john Godson introduced the station and Bruce Gyngell presented the first programme, This Is Television. Before its formation, TCN-9 was then affiliated with HSV-7, by the late 1960s, the network had begun unofficially calling itself the National Nine Network, and became simply the Nine Network in 1989. In 1967, the New South Wales Rugby Football League grand final became the first football final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights, in the late 1980s, STW-9 Perth, which opened in 1965, became a Nine Network owned-and-operated station when Bond Media purchased the network. In 2011 GTV9 Melbourne moved from 22 Bendigo Street, Richmond, to 717 Bourke Street,22 Bendigo Street started out as the Wertheim Piano Factory, then became the Heinz Soup Factory, then GTV9. The building in Bendigo Street still stands, now as luxury apartments, Nine began using the slogan Let Us Be The One in 1977 and became the number-one free-to-air network in Australia, its National Nine News became the most-watched news service. In 1978, Nine switched its slogan to Still the One, during the 1980s, Nines ratings peaked. From 1999 to 2001, the network began losing ground to the Seven network in news and entertainment, the death of CEO Kerry Packer in 2005 triggered more problems for the network. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001, Nine stayed strong throughout 2004, but was hit hard when Seven introduced a new line-up in 2005, though Nine finished ahead of Seven that year. Meanwhile, National Nine News was overtaken by Seven News, while Today was beaten by Sevens Sunrise, in 2006, Nine continued on its downward trend, losing most news weeks to Seven News and just winning the year thanks to its coverage of the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. To try to revitalise the network in its 50th anniversary, Nine adopted a new, but critically received, logo removed the nine dots. In May 2007, Nine partially reintroduced the Nine dots, which resulted in the square logo changing into a cube that rotates. After a period of declining ratings, David Gyngell returned to the job of executive officer in October 2007

41.
ITN
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Independent Television News is a British-based news and content provider. It is made up of three divisions, ITN News, ITN Source and ITN Productions, ITN is based in London, with bureaux and offices in Beijing, Brussels, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, New York, Paris, Sydney and Washington DC. ITN produces content for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, UK mobile phone operators, online outlets such as YouTube, MSN, Telegraph Media Group, Yahoo. between 1955 and 1999, ITN was more commonly known as the general brand name of ITVs news programmes. Since 1999, ITV has used ITV News as the name for their news programmes. ITN was founded in January 1955 by the Independent Television Authority and it began as a consortium of the initial ITV broadcasting companies, with former Labour MP Aidan Crawley as editor-in-chief. One of those companies, the London weekday contract-holder Associated-Rediffusion offered the new studio space in its headquarters in Aldwych. The first bulletin was broadcast at 10pm on 22 September 1955 on ITVs launch night, the bulletin was presented by former champion athlete Christopher Chataway. From the start, ITN broke new ground by introducing in-vision and named newscasters, the unique, probing reporting style of Robin Day caused shock among politicians, finding themselves questioned continually for information – this had never been the case with the BBC. There was also some early tensions with the ITV companies, ABC Television, the ITV contractor for the north on weekends and Midlands on weekdays immediately called for shorter ITN bulletins. While the ITA ruled on a minimum of a 20-minute bulletin and he was replaced by Geoffrey Cox. As the ITN reporter and later ITN political editor Julian Haviland, put it, My view was that at ITN we must be at least as responsible and accurate as the BBC, without being so damned boring. As ITV expanded, each ITV company that made up the federal structure had to purchase a stake in ITN. In 1967, ITN was given the go-ahead by the ITA to provide a full 30 minute daily news programme at 10pm on ITV, News at Ten began broadcasting on 3 July 1967 with a newscaster team consisting of Alastair Burnet, Andrew Gardner, George Ffitch and Reginald Bosanquet. It was initially given a 13-week trial run, however, the proved to be extremely popular with viewers. News at Ten was to one of the most prestigious news programmes of its time in British history with a reputation for high quality journalism. ITNs News at Ten also prompted the BBC to establish a fixed nightly news bulletin at 9pm, the Nine OClock News began broadcasting in 1970 as News at Tens rival. ITN also established other programmes in the ITV schedule, First Report, a lunchtime bulletin began in 1972 and by 1976, News at 5.45 commenced. ITN commenced producing Channel 4 News when the channel started broadcasting in 1982, the programme was launched by Peter Sissons, Trevor McDonald and Sarah Hogg

ABC News (Australia)
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ABC News is a national news service in Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The division is responsible for all news-gathering and production of output for ABC television, radio. Although the ABC is owned and funded by the Australian Government, the flagship radio news programs, AM,

ABC News (Albania)
–
ABC News is an Albanian news and satellite television channel that is owned by Media 6. The 24-hour cable news channel was founded in 2010 by Albanian media proprietor Aleksandër Frangaj and it is part of the Klan media group, together with Tv Klan and Klan Kosova. Apart from the programs, ABC News features several programs on its channel. ABC News

1.
ABC News

American Broadcasting Company
–
The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separ

1.
ABC's corporate headquarters are located at 77 West 66th Street, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.

2.
American Broadcasting Company

3.
Edward Noble, founder of ABC

4.
In 2002, dancers and other cast members from the 32-year run of American Bandstand reunited with host Dick Clark to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show's local television debut.

Ben Sherwood
–
Benjamin Berkley Ben Sherwood is an American writer, journalist, and producer who currently serves as the Co-Chairman of Disney Media Networks, and the President of Disney-ABC Television Group. Sherwood is the former President of ABC News, Sherwood was born to a wealthy Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. His mother, Dorothy Lipsey Romonek, w

1.
Sherwood in 2004

Disney Media Networks
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also ope

1.
The Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).

2.
The Walt Disney Company

3.
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926

4.
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).

George Stephanopoulos
–
George Robert Stephanopoulos is an American journalist and former political advisor. Stephanopoulos is currently the Chief Anchor and the Chief Political Correspondent for ABC News, a co-anchor of Good Morning America, Stephanopoulos is a regular substitute anchor for ABC World News Tonight. Prior to his career as a journalist, Stephanopoulos was a

1.
Stephanopoulos at Tulane University in April 2009

2.
Stephanopoulos speaking at Virginia Tech in March 2006

3.
Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton talk with George Stephanopoulos in December 2009 in Washington, D.C..

4.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Mike Mullen is interviewed by Good Morning America 's Stephanopoulos.

News presenter
–
They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have

1.
Journalism

2.
News set for WHIO-TV in Dayton, Ohio. News Anchors often report from sets such as this, located in or near the newsroom.

3.
Brian Williams interviews Mitt Romney on July 25, 2012, during Romney's presidential campaign. Williams garnered criticism when allegations of his exaggerated claims at interviews with Barack Obama surfaced in early 2015.

ABC World News Tonight
–
ABC World News Tonight is the flagship daily evening television news program of ABC News, the news division of the American Broadcasting Company television network in the United States. Since 2014, the weekday broadcasts have been anchored by David Muir. Cecilia Vega and Tom Llamas rotated as anchors of the Saturday editions, the program has been a

Upper West Side
–
The Upper West Side is sometimes also considered by the real estate industry to include the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Like the Upper East Side, the Upper West Side is an affluent, primarily residential area with many of its residents working in areas of Midtown. Conversely, the Upper East Side is traditionally perceived to be home to com

1.
The Upper West Side and Central Park as seen from the Rockefeller Center Observatory. In the distance is the Hudson River and George Washington Bridge.

2.
Verdi Square at the intersection of Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. The 72nd Street subway station is in the center of the square.

3.
A typical midblock view on the Upper West Side consisting of 4- and 5-story brownstones.

4.
Bloomingdale Playground, which retains the old name of Bloomingdale Road

Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many mu

1.
View from Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward Lower Manhattan

2.
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.

3.
The Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.

4.
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall (on Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first U.S. President in 1789.

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

1.
Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

2.
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

3.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Times Square Studios
–
The studio is best known as the production home of ABC News Good Morning America, a morning news and talk program, segments for other ABC News programs, and various programs on ESPN. Times Square Studios is on the site of the former Hotel Claridge, in 1972, the hotel was demolished and the current structure, which housed the National Theater, and a

1.
Studio exterior 3 years after 2007 refurbishment, January 2010

2.
The logo of Times Square Studios (since an unknown date).

3.
Exterior (looking east from Broadway) of the Times Square Studios (April 2004).

List of ABC owned television stations
–
ABC Owned Television Stations is a division of Disney–ABC Television Group that oversees the owned-and-operated stations of the American Broadcasting Company, a division of The Walt Disney Company. The division consists of eight stations plus ABC National Television Sales, kGO-TV in San Francisco and KECA in Los Angeles, signed on during the next 1

1.
ABC Owned Television Stations

Apple TV
–
Apple TV is a digital media player and microconsole developed and sold by Apple Inc. It is a network appliance and entertainment device that can receive digital data from a number of sources. Apple TV is an HDMI-compliant source device, to use it for viewing, it has to be connected to an enhanced-definition or high-definition widescreen television

1.
4th generation Apple TV

3.
Back of 1st generation Apple TV

4.
Back of 2nd & 3rd generation Apple TV

Nightline
–
Nightline is a late-night news program broadcast by ABC in the United States with a franchised formula to other networks and stations elsewhere in the world. Created by Roone Arledge, the program featured Ted Koppel as its anchor from March 1980 until his retirement in November 2005. It is currently anchored by Dan Harris, Byron Pitts and Juju Chan

1.
Nightline

2.
Ted Koppel in 1982

This Week (ABC TV series)
–
This Week, currently billed as This Week with George Stephanopoulos, is an American Sunday morning political affairs program airing on the ABC television network. The program is anchored by George Stephanopoulos and co-anchored by Martha Raddatz. The program is aired at 9,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although many stations air the program at a later slot

1.
This Week with George Stephanopoulos

2.
Former This Week Newseum studio

20/20 (U.S. TV series)
–
20/20 is an American television newsmagazine that has been broadcast on ABC since June 6,1978. The programs name derives from the 20/20 measurement of visual acuity, the anchors on the premiere telecast of 20/20 were renowned Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes, who also served as the programs senior producer, and famed Time art critic Robert Hugh

1.
20/20

2.
The anchors of 20/20 from 1998 to 2000. From left to right, Charles Gibson, Sam Donaldson, Diane Sawyer, Barbara Walters, Hugh Downs, and Connie Chung.

Good Morning America
–
Good Morning America is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC. It debuted on November 3,1975, and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3,1993, the Sunday edition was canceled in 1999, weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4,2004. The weekday program airs from

1.
Good Morning America

2.
The title card for Good Afternoon America, which aired for a nine-week period.

3.
Robin Roberts co-host 2002–present

4.
George Stephanopoulos co-host 2009–present

World News Now
–
World News Now is an American overnight television news program that is broadcast on ABC. As of 4 April 2016, the program is primarily co-anchored by Kendis Gibson and Diane Macedo, the A-block also features a national weather forecast and an often humorous kicker story that ends the block. The B, C and D blocks usually feature a mix of stories fro

1.
World News Now

America This Morning
–
America This Morning is an American early morning television news program that is broadcast on ABC. As of April 2016, the newscast is anchored by Kendis Gibson and Diane Macedo. Usually airing following World News Now, it features national and international headlines, live reports from Washington. The program is broadcast live at 4,00 a. m, eastern

1.
America This Morning

The View (U.S. TV series)
–
The View is an American talk show that has aired since August 11,1997 on ABC as part of its daytime programming block. The shows concept was conceived by Barbara Walters and Bill Geddie, the show has won thirty Daytime Emmy Awards since its inception. The View is co-hosted by a panel of women who discuss a variety of social, political, entertainmen

1.
The View's panel interview United States President Barack Obama on July 29, 2010.

2.
The View

3.
U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his wife, Deborah, appear on The View on Nov 24, 2010.

The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also ope

1.
The Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).

2.
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926

3.
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).

4.
The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios.

Journalism
–
Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, new

1.
Journalism

2.
Photojournalists photographing President Barack Obama

3.
Photo and broadcast journalists interviewing government official after a building collapse

4.
Walter Lippmann in 1914

Breakfast television
–
Breakfast television or morning show is a type of infotainment television program, which broadcasts live in the morning. Often hosted by a team of hosts, these types of programs are typically targeted at the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school. The first – and longest-running – national breakfast/morning show on televis

1.
Journalism

Television news magazine
–
A news magazine is a typed, printed, and published piece of paper, magazine or a radio or television program, usually weekly, consisting of articles about current events. In greater depth than do newspapers or newscasts, and aim to give the consumer an understanding of the important events beyond the basic facts, radio news magazines are similar to

1.
2512, a monthly news magazine published in Réunion.

Federal Communications Commission
–
The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interst

NBC
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the

1.
The Comcast Building in New York City (or the GE Building, originally the RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.

2.
National Broadcasting Company

3.
Radio City West was located at Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.

4.
Entrance at the GE Building.

Spin out
–
A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, or starburst, is a type of corporate action where a company splits off a section as a separate business. Shareholders of the parent company receive equivalent shares in the new company in order to compensate for the loss of equity in the original stocks. In contrast, divestment can also sever one busi

1.
Capital structure

Blue Network
–
The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of t

1.
Advertisement placed by the Enna Jettick Shoe Company promoting the appearance of Sir Harry Lauder on its NBC Blue program, December 1, 1929. Note that the text implies that the NBC Blue, NBC Orange (West Coast) and NBC Red networks were all participating in the broadcast.

2.
Blue Network

3.
Advertisement advertising the debut of the Lux Radio Theatre, which had a brief run on NBC Blue in 1934-5 before moving for a long run on CBS.

4.
This 1944 advertisement, while it dates from after the sale by NBC of the Blue Network, shows how the Blue Network continued to have access to NBC facilities; in this case, the famed radio studios at Rockefeller Center in New York City

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network,

1.
Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.

2.
Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth

3.
When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.

4.
CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

History of television
–
The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology, many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit, while some wanted to change the world throu

1.
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)

2.
The Nipkow disk. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned.

3.
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)

4.
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directl

1.
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing, Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad

2.
The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

3.
Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar, October 1930

4.
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War

Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned station

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Seven's O&Os have their master control operations centralised at the network's facilities in Melbourne.

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WABC-TV 's news vehicle. The circle 7 logo seen here is also used on other ABC O&Os broadcasting on channel 7.

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"We can get rid of this baby!" CKVU-TV 's Joe Leary takes the Global mike flag off his microphone on the station's last day as a Global O&O.

WABC-TV
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WABC-TV, channel 7, is the flagship station of the ABC Television Network, located in New York City. WABC-TV is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The stations studios and offices are located near Lincoln Square on the

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WABC-TV

CBS News
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CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS. The president of CBS News is David Rhodes, CBS News broadcasts include the CBS Evening News, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning,60 Minutes and 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation. CBS operates a 24-hour news networ

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Douglas Edwards on the CBS news set in 1952.

NBC News
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NBC News is a division of the American broadcast network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal News Group, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the groups various operations report to the president of NBC News, Noah Oppenheim. NBC News aired the first news program in American broadcast television history on February 21,1940, the groups broadcasts

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1959–72 logo

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NBC News

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NBC News had close to 700 correspondents and cameramen in 1961 who were stationed throughout the world. Film was received in the United States by plane or by the jointly operated NBC- BBC transatlantic film cable.

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NBC Nightly News broadcast, March 2008

ESPN on ABC
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ESPN on ABC is the brand used for sports event and documentary programming televised on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States. ABC broadcasts use ESPNs production and announcing staff, and incorporate elements such as ESPN-branded on-screen graphics, SportsCenter in-game updates, the broadcast networks sports event coverage carried

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The ABC Sports broadcasting complex at the 1993 Indianapolis 500.

Nine Network
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The Nine Network is one of three main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia. The Nine Network is one of the two highest-rating television networks in Australia, along with the Seven Network and ahead of Network Ten, ABC, and SBS. The Nine Network was overtaken in the ratings in 2007 by its rival, the Seven Network, as a result, Nines slogan

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Nine Network

ITN
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Independent Television News is a British-based news and content provider. It is made up of three divisions, ITN News, ITN Source and ITN Productions, ITN is based in London, with bureaux and offices in Beijing, Brussels, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, New York, Paris, Sydney and Washington DC. ITN produces content for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, UK mobile

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Clockwise from top left: Smithsonian Institution Building, Rock Creek Park, National Mall (including the Lincoln Memorial in the foreground), Howard Theatre and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site

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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the retrocession

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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln

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Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington