Cloning vectors: Self-replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene into a new cell

PCR: makes multiple copies of a piece of DNA

Explain the significance of these to genetic engineering: vectors and restriction enzymes

Restriction enzymes recognize and cut DNA at a highly specified nucleotide sequence. Two fragments of DNA from difference sources can be spliced together as long as they are cut by the same restriction enzyme.

Vectors carry the desired gene into the new cell, typically in plasmid form. Restriction enzymes allow it to insert itsself

Explain stepwise how bacterial recombinants are created and detected

Foreign DNA inserted into plasmid

Recombinant pasmid inserted into bacterium

Recombinant plasmid and bacterial chromosome both cut with same restriction enzyme

List and explain the two sources of genes for genetic engineering

Gene libraries: contain either natural copies of genes or cDNA copies of genes made from mRNA (eukaryotes)

Synthetic DNA: Made by a DNA synthesis machine

List and describe the different methods of introducing recombinant DNA into cells (including the Ti plasmid)