Florinef

Florinef

Z. Osmund. Stanford University.

SARS Reference had more than 200 buy florinef 0.1 mg free shipping,000 readers in 20 months order florinef 0.1mg fast delivery, because it was free of charge buy florinef 0.1 mg amex. It was translated into 8 languages because it was free of charge and the copyright had been removed. SARS Reference is in third place on the Google list after the CDC and the WHO, because it is known throughout the world. SARS Reference was reviewed twice, in Science and in the British Medical Journal (Page 70), because it showed new ways of publishing medical information. The decision has been made: we are going to write a medical textbook and publish it both as a book and on the internet. But how precisely do we set about approaching this project? Do we have the publishing skills to achieve success? In the last few years, doctors have seen how amazingly self-sufficient they have become in spreading medical 15 1. Whether we wanted to or not, we have all become experts in word processing. Think back: how many doctors were familiar with the layout of letters on a typewriter 20 years ago? Better still: we are not only adept at word processing but have also become practised layout designers. Anyone who has published scientific articles in medical journals has learned that he must “format” his texts in accordance with strict regulations. After all, the work performed in the medical publishing houses must be reduced to a minimum. What is left for medical publishing houses to do in this context? We type, our word-processing software typesets, PDF prints and the Internet distributes the online version. The only problem left would be distribution, which – as we will see later on – is a problem which can be solved for medical textbooks, 90% of which are sold in a relatively small number of specialised bookstores. So, let us put the question more precisely: what do we do if we have a finished manuscript? Do we go to a traditional publishing house or is it more beneficial to produce the book in our own garage? There is sometimes a sense of shame at the idea of publishing a written text ourselves. The argument: publishing houses are seen as a supervisory body, and it is this supervision that awards our texts the seal of approval, sanctifies our work, and renders sacred our Opus urbi et orbi. This was not true in the past – and is even less so today.

Treatment retention was significantly higher in the In a study comparing supportive therapy to CBT for behavioral treatment than standard drug counseling group buy discount florinef 0.1 mg line. Cocaine outcomes were weeks 1 to 12 and lottery tickets in weeks 13 to 24 were comparable whether the patient received CBT or ClM purchase florinef 0.1 mg online, or presented contingent upon documented drug abstinence safe 0.1 mg florinef. Similarly, 68% and 42% of the clients in the behav- fewer urine screens positive for cocaine when treated with ioral treatment group achieved at least 8 and 16 weeks, CBT compared with ClM. CBT also was more effective respectively, of continuous cocaine abstinence as opposed than supportive ClM in retaining depressed subjects in to 11% and 5% in the standard drug abuse counseling treatment and in reducing cocaine use (94). In the third, 24-week study (97), cocaine-dependent been useful for medication development as a platform for individuals were randomized to receive either behavioral clinical trials because it meets the guidelines for an effective treatment without incentives or behavioral treatment with platform. Specifically, it is strong enough to hold patients incentives (i. The group that received the incentives showed signif- for any medication effects. As counterexamples, treatments icantly greater treatment retention (75% vs. Overall, rates of abstinence without any medications, but can serve the findings of these studies suggest that incentives contin- as excellent means to inducing initial abstinence. Contingency Management Procedures This voucher system also has been examined in a 12-week Contingency management (CM) procedures are based on clinical trial for its ability to facilitate cocaine abstinence in a behavioral perspective of drug abuse, which views drugs methadone-maintained cocaine abusers (98,99). The con- as powerful reinforcers maintaining high rates of behavior tingency group subjects achieved significantly longer dura- 1470 Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress tions of sustained abstinence than yoked-controls (mean of motivation may be more cost-effective than increasing the 5. These vouchers may contribute to demoralization and a lack of findings suggest that vouchers also can be used as incentives perceived self-efficacy for succeeding in stopping drug use for drug abstinence in opioid-dependent cocaine abusers and thus contribute to a cycle of drug use and failure. One issue with CM dependence: (a) CM is of limited efficacy in this population. This issue CM is costly and not supported by current funding mecha- of continued efficacy after stopping medications has been nisms. Be- has yet to be fully explored, but recent reviews suggest it cause vouchers are used to support treatment goals, thera- may have a modest effect size of 0. These restrictions impose con- siderable program costs over and above the costs of the vouchers. The delay between the time the reinforcement SUMMARY (purchase of goods or services) is provided and the time that the behavior being reinforced (abstinence, as evidenced No medications are currently approved by the Food and by a drug-free urine) occurs may decrease the value to the Drug Administration (FDA) for cocaine dependence, but patient (but not the actual program cost) of the reinforce- we have developed several leads for medications based on ment. The efficacy of CM in studies with cocaine-depen- our understanding of the neurobiology and clinical phe- dent patients also appears to be considerably more modest nomenology of stimulants.

Note: For every 10-fold increase in gross national income (GNI) per person buy cheap florinef 0.1 mg line, the number of scientifc publications (per person) increases by a factor of about 50 at best (actually by 105/3 = 46 generic 0.1 mg florinef with amex, diagonal line) cheap florinef 0.1 mg. While some countries exploit maximum productivity, lying close to the diagonal line, many lie well below it, indicating that there is unfulflled research potential, given their national wealth. Some of these coun- tries have smaller populations (< 20 million, blue circles), but not all. The unfulflled potential for research in one large country (Philippines) is indicated by the vertical arrow. Private companies engaged in R&D in low- However, the products are sold to people who can income countries frequently cite lack of funding aford them, ofen excluding those in greatest and the shortage of skilled researchers as major need. Both free knowledge (as a public good) and barriers to innovation (35). Te shortage of trained highly restricted knowledge (limited by its pro- researchers emerges as a general constraint in prietary nature) can be obstacles to improving R&D, but it is also found in specifc areas such as health; the former may discourage innovation health systems research (36). A disincentive for and the latter may limit access to the products private technological research is the domination of innovation. A market failure in diferent settings present some further impediment in low-income countries is critical questions for research (Box 2. The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Born out of concern among low- and middle-income countries about inequitable access to the products of research, the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health was established to promote innovation and access to medicines. The work of the Commission led to the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (GSPA-PHI), which was approved by the World Health Assembly in 2009 (68). The GSPA-PHI consists of eight elements that aim to promote innovation, build capacity, improve access and mobilize resources. Work is under way in several areas related to GSPA-PHI, such as the local production of medical products and technology transfer (element 4), building capacity in the management and use of intellectual property in favour of public health (element 5), reporting on models for sustainable financing and better coordination of research and development (element 7) through WHO expert working groups; and the establishment of monitoring and reporting systems (element 8), such as research observatories (Chapter 4) (69, 70). Effective implementation of the GSPA-PHI depends on the robustness of the national health research system in each country. Over time, monitoring and evaluation will reveal whether the GSPA-PHI leads to increased innovation and more affordable and equitable access to the benefits and products of research, especially in low- and middle- income countries. In total, more than however, methods of preventing and treating US$ 100 billion is spent globally on health noncommunicable diseases, largely developed research each year (71). About half of this is in in richer countries, should help to address the the private sector, mainly in the pharmaceutical growing burden of these diseases in poorer and biotechnology industries, and the products countries. Drug develop- research and in discovery and development (phar- ment is a case in point: only 21 of 1556 (1. One survey of 140 health research from 1975 to 2004 were for diseases not found funders globally found that most research is directed in high-income countries (75).