This is an educational video for Stage 3 students studying HSIE in NSW schools under the old HSIE BOS NSW Syllabus. This content is still relevant to the national curriculum, under the History K-10 Syllabus. This video introduces events that had a significant impact on shaping Australia and its colonies. Students develop an understanding regarding the evolution of the colonies and early migration to Australia in the 19th century (See ACHHK095 & ACHHK096).
The purpose of this video was to be used in conjunction with an IGASAR (a process model for inquiry) learning sequence as part of a university assessment for unit EDSS223 at the University of New England (UNE), Armidale NSW.

This is part 5 of a series on California history, specifically cover the Gold Rush of 1848-1860. Click here to see start the series from the beginning:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjnwpaclU4wUD7y8912ViyAtGfraKi9ru
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references:
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. 39 Vols. San Francisco, Calif.: The History Company, 1890. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft#Published_works
Boessenecker, John. Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1988. https://amzn.to/2NGretz
Boessenecker, John. “California Bandidos.” Southern California Quarterly 80, i4 (Dec. 1, 1998) 419-434.
Boessenecker, John. Gold Dust & Gunsmoke: Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999. https://amzn.to/2JdmTL1
Burns, John and Richard Orsi, editors. Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California. San Francisco: California Historical Society, 2003. https://amzn.to/2NEaT8G
Hall-Patton, Joseph. Pacifying Paradise: Violence and Vigilantism in San Luis Obispo. San Luis Obispo: California Polytechnic - San Luis Obispo thesis, 2016. http://www.digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1594/
Igler, David. Industrial Cowboys: Miller & Lux and the Transformation of the Far West, 1850-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. https://amzn.to/2NFK7g8
Johnson, Susan Lee. Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000. https://amzn.to/2NEFcMC
Wilson, Lori. The Joaquin Band: The History behind the Legend. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2011. https://amzn.to/2NC1VsJ
Special thanks to Mark Hall-Patton for proofreading this script
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Wiki:
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.[1] The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.[2] The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the home state of the first nominee for the Republican Party.
The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called "forty-niners" (referring to 1849). The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and Latin America, and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. Of the 300,000 people who came to America during the Gold Rush, approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail; forty-niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and China. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. In 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote, and the future state's interim first governor and legislature were chosen. In September, 1850, California became a state.
At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of "staking claims" was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as panning. Although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service.
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Hashtags: #History #California #GoldRush #1849 #49ers #fortyniners

Not many Americans lived in California, but that soon changed.
By 1849 thousands upon thousands of people arrived in search of gold.
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Take a round trip in a load cycle from Komatsu 830e and see what it's like in the mining game from a trucks point of view. This is main pit when BHP finished here they through everything, machines plant, equipment you name it, into the pit and buried it, now it is being removed to gain access to the rich ore. The Iron Ore here is of high quality 67+%, you can weld the rocks together. This mine was opened originally pre WW2 lucky the Japs didn't get into Darwin and come down & get their mits on it......... Things would be dramatically different in Aussi today............any way Koolan Island has some interesting/amazing history worth a look on Wikipedia.
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http://www.thecollectionshop.com/e.asp?StockNumber=MA00005&Affiliate=349 unframed art. Situ is a master at capturing the experience of the brave immigrants who built the American West.With rich and dramatic use of color, his paintings are snapshots of history in the making.Gold was found in considerable quantities in the newly erected saw mill of Captain Sutter on the American River Fork.This report was the start of the rumors radiating outward from the Sierras that initiated the Gold Rush of 1849.This news also brought the first wave of Chinese immigrants to the United States, says Situ, who has preserved an epic point in history that defined America's West.

The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. About the book: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671255371/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671255371&linkCode=as2&tag=tra0c7-20&linkId=e466e8af410d510aab178d97d3765afc
The first to hear confirmed information about gold in California were residents of Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), western Mexico, and Central America. They were the first to go there in late 1848. All told, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland from the east, on the California Trail and the Gila River trail.
The gold-seekers, called "forty-niners" (as a reference to 1849), often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. At first, the gold nuggets could be picked up off the ground. Later, gold was recovered from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as panning. More sophisticated methods were developed and later adopted elsewhere. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners. Gold worth tens of billions of today's dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with little more than what they had started with.
The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads and other towns were built throughout California. In 1849 a state constitution was written, and a governor and legislature were chosen. California became a state as part of the Compromise of 1850.
New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service. By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of "staking claims" was developed. The Gold Rush also resulted in attacks on Native Americans, who were forcibly removed from their lands. An estimated 100,000 California Indians died between 1848 and 1868, and some 4,500 of them were murdered. Gold mining also caused environmental harm to rivers and lakes.
Overnight California gained the international reputation as the "golden state".[138] Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream. California farmers,[139] oil drillers,[140] movie makers,[141] airplane builders,[142] and "dot-com" entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush.[143]
The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County), Bret Harte (A Millionaire of Rough-and-Ready), Joaquin Miller (Life Amongst the Modocs), and many others.[29][144]
Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto, "Eureka" ("I have found it"), Gold Rush images on the California State Seal,[145] and the state nickname, "The Golden State", as well as place names, such as Placer County, Rough and Ready, Placerville (formerly named "Dry Diggings" and then "Hangtown" during rush time), Whiskeytown, Drytown, Angels Camp, Happy Camp, and Sawyers Bar. The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team, and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University, Long Beach, are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush.
In addition. the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner's spade to honor the California Gold Rush.[146][147] Today, aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills, connecting many Gold Rush-era towns such as Placerville, Auburn, Grass Valley, Nevada City, Coloma, Jackson, and Sonora.[148] This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park, a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia; the park has preserved many Gold Rush-era buildings, which are presently occupied by tourist-oriented businesses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rush

Complete series: https://rtd.rt.com/films/iron-characters/
Working at a mine is hard and oftentimes dangerous. It involves dealing with heavy machinery and explosions. It also involves a joint collaboration of professionals with different skills and jobs. Many of them are women. Meet the ladies who do what many would consider a job reserved for tough men.
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Cornish Tin Mine and Mining History - Cligga Mine Revisited - Cligga Head, Perranporth Cornwall. 3 ghostly images are in the footage from Nosferatu (copyright expired).
Revisit of Cligga Tin Mine with much improved lighting, filmed on my GoPro3, 3 hour trip condensed into 30 minutes no software enhancement required. Cree t6 and XML-U2 lamps provide incredible lighting.
Bob and myself both have extensive knowledge of mines and mining techniques through working in the industry, old workings are extremely dangerous and must only be entered with a full understanding of how they work, many transfer chutes, winzes, shafts and open stopes make it a hazardous environment.
History of Cligga Mine.
Cligga Wolfram & Tin Mine lies on the cliff tops about one and a quarter miles southwest of Perranporth on the North Cornish coast. The granite pegmatite cliffs have been altered to greisen and exhibit jointing and veining. The veins often filled with cassiterite (tin oxide), wolframite, mispickel (arsenical pyrite) and the copper/iron suphides, chalcopyrite and bornite. Silver ore has also been reported here.
There is one shaft on the sett called Contact Shaft and two adits, one at beach level called Beach Adit, the other atop the cliffs and unsurprisingly called Cliff Adit. The mine worked in the early part of the twentieth century although 'Old Men's Workings' from the past are quite visible as you approach the area. Mining restarted in 1938 after a period of closure prior to the mine being taken over by the 'Rhodesian Mines Trust Limited in 1939'.
Trials were carried out around this time to see if it was more feasible to work the stockwork as an open cast pit rather than an underground mine, but this came to nothing. There is surprisingly little information on Cligga although there are production records showing that between 1940 and 1944, 300 tons of wolfram and 200 tons of black tin were raised and sold.
1945 Cligga Mine closed. The War was nearly over and shipments of American tungsten were now arriving regularly in England. The high cost of producing a small quantity of tungsten from Cligga could no longer by justified and therefore, production at Cligga was halted.
In 1962 the 'Geevor Mining Company took out a lease on the mine and in collaboration with the Sungesi Besi, Tronoh and Panang Companies started a programme of shaft rehabilitation and deepening with a view to re-opening the mine. Contact shaft was deepened to 550 feet from surface, drives 'on lode' were started both seawards and inland. However water was hit at about 250 feet from the shaft and work there abandoned. The seaward drive continued for some 800 feet before further exploration by diamond drilling commenced. The results were inconclusive, and by early 1964 Geevor had decided to unwater 'Levant' mine instead of re-opening Cligga.
1976 there was renewed interest in mining for tin on a small scale at Cligga, and Wheal Concord undertook a limited programme of evaluation. Wheal Concord Ltd planned to re-open contact shaft in 1984-1985, but the collapse of the tin-market in October 1985 put a stop to this.
Cornish tin mines are dangerous only people with knowledge of working mines should enter but then only with extreme caution.
History of Cornish Tin Mines collection
All music composed with vst plugins and keyboard with mixer, even then had to re up due to a copyright issue and it was my very own work - crazy. 39 views until then.
Cligga Mine modern history.
1938 September 21st the "Cligga Wolfram and Tin Mines Ltd" was founded and soon after completion of the installation the rich ore veins were exploited.
1939 The Rhodesian Mines Trust Ltd. took over the company Contact shaft was extended until it reached close to sea level and new stopes were drilled to fully exploit the ore body.
1940, vibration from blasting caused the first of several collapses of the area of cliffs housing the process water pumps (at the northern end of the beach). Eventually, a tunnel was driven to the northwest and a new pump chamber established just above sea level, well away from the effects of blasting.
1941 with the new pump system functional, it was possible to increase production. However, although production had increased, the cost of production had also increased.
1945 Cligga Mine closed. The War was nearly over and shipments of American tungsten were now arriving regularly in England. The high cost of producing a small quantity of tungsten from Cligga could no longer by justified and therefore, production at Cligga was halted.
Early 1962 the ‘Geevor Mining Company took out a lease on the mine and in collaboration with the Sungesi Besi, Tronoh and Panang Companies started a programme of shaft rehabilitation and deepening with a view to re-opening the mine. Contact shaft was deepened to 550 feet from surface, drives ‘on lode’ were started both seawards and inland.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
California Gold Rush
00:03:06 1 History
00:04:04 1.1 Discovery announced
00:05:39 1.2 Transportation to California
00:06:41 1.3 Supplies and goods needed
00:07:14 1.4 Northern California strikes
00:08:38 1.5 Indigenous driven out
00:09:53 1.6 Earlier discoveries of gold
00:11:09 2 Forty-niners
00:17:03 2.1 Homosexuality in San Francisco
00:17:34 3 Legal rights
00:20:08 4 Development of gold-recovery techniques
00:24:03 5 Profits
00:26:20 5.1 Path of the gold
00:27:53 6 Near-term effects
00:28:31 6.1 Development of government and commerce
00:30:24 6.2 Impact on Native Americans
00:34:35 6.3 World-wide economic stimulation
00:36:00 7 Longer-term effects
00:38:34 8 Cultural references
00:38:57 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden influx of gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and the sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory, to having one of its first two U.S. Senators, John C. Frémont, selected to be the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party, in 1856.
The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called "forty-niners" (referring to 1849, the peak year for Gold Rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and Latin America in late 1848. Of the approximately 300,000 people who came to California during the Gold Rush, about half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail; forty-niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the gold rush attracted thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and China. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. In 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote, and the future state's interim first governor and legislature were chosen. In September 1850, California became a state.
At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of "staking claims" was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as panning. Although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service. By 1869, railroads were built from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners. Gold worth tens of billions of today's US dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few, though many who participated in the California Gold Rush earned little more than they had started with.

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In which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution. While very few leaders were beheaded in the course of this one, it changed the lives of more people more dramatically than any of the political revolutions we've discussed. So, why did the Industrial Revolution happen around 1750 in the United Kingdom? Coal. Easily accessible coal, it turns out. All this, plus you'll finally learn the difference between James Watt and Thomas Newcomen, and will never again be caught telling people that your blender has a 900 Newcomen motor.
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An underground fire has been raging in the coal belt of Jharia, in Bihar, for the last 75 years. It has so far destroyed 40 million tons of coal, and been a constant threat to life in an area of 450 square kms. As yet, nobody has been able to find a method of tackling the fire.

Climate Change. Finite Fossil Fuels. Fresh Water Depletion. Ocean Acidification. Overpopulation. Deforestation. Feeding the World's Billions. Rising Commodity Prices. We're beset by an array of natural resource and environmental challenges. They pose a tremendous risk to human prosperity, to world peace, and to the planet itself. Yet, if we act, these problems are addressable. Throughout history we've overcome similar problems, but only when we've focused our energies on innovation.
In this remarkable book, Ramez Naam charts a course to supercharge innovation by changing the rules of our economy that will lead the whole world to greater wealth and human well-being, even as we dodge looming resource crunches and reduce our impact on the planet.
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Narrated by Gene Wilder, EXPO – Magic of the White City brings the Chicago World’s Fair to life. Experience the world of 1893 through a cinematic visit to Chicago’s Columbian Exposition.
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Nearly 28 million people visited the Fair. Dubbed the “White City,” it inspired future innovators like Henry Ford and Frank Lloyd Wright, unveiled the Ferris Wheel and Cracker Jack®, and, in many ways, marked the beginning of the 20th century. Many of the era’s greatest achievements in science, technology and culture were unveiled there. The grounds were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, famous for his design of New York City’s Central Park, and constructed under the supervision of Daniel Burnham.
The Fair was an engineering marvel. On opening day, President Grover Cleveland depressed a golden telegraph key which sent the first courses of electricity throughout the Fair powering fountains, machines, electric railways and thousands of lights. It was the first use of electricity on such a massive scale.
In addition, fairgoers enjoyed the Midway Plaisance where a one-mile boulevard of fun offered camel riding and guilty pleasures such as belly dancing, street fighting and beer drinking. Against the backdrop of 1893’s troubles with workers’ rights, prejudice, discrimination and corruption, the World’s Columbian Exposition cast a brief ray of hope for the future of humanity.
Filmed in spectacular High-Definition, EXPO – Magic of the White City immerses viewers in one of the world’s biggest extravaganzas and one of the most unforgettable events in American history. There will never be another event like it… or will there?

From the Stone Age to the era of the silicon chip — metals and minerals have marked the milestones of our civilization. OUT OF THE FIERY FURNACE traces the story of civilization through the exploitation of metals, minerals and energy resources. Renowned radio and BBC television commentator Michael Charlton hosts seven, one-hour programs filmed in more than 50 different parts of the world. This very unusual public television series combines the disciplines of history, science, archeology and economics in order to explore the relationship between technology and society.
Legends of the Golden Horn, the Golden Fleece and gold in the New World prove that this ( precious metal has sparked many of history’s greatest explorations and migrations. From the Renaissance, to the last century, to the creation of nations in the Southern Hemisphere, this episode examines the remarkable influence of precious metals on our history. (60 minutes)
VHS Cover: http://imgur.com/aWPmETu
Disclaimer: This video series, produced in 1986 by Opus Films is shown here for Educational Purposes. It includes footage of cultures in India, China, Near East, etc. and ancient methods of manufacturing metals. It is hoped that this information is useful for archival and educational purposes to viewers all across the world. The video is provided here under the Fair Use policy.

John Richardson, who did much of his research at the Library of Congress, discussed his book, on Alexander Robey "Boss" Shepherd, the District of Columbia's powerful head of public works from 1871 until 1873 and D.C. governor in 1873 and 1874. Shepherd was a self-made man who accrued his fortune in the plumbing and gas-fitting trade, which inspired his fight to establish the city's physical infrastructure at a time when opposition forces were calling for the nation's capital to be moved to the Mississippi Valley, closer to the center of the country.
Speaker Biography: John Richardson divided a 45-year career between the nonprofit sector and the U.S. government, focusing on Palestinian issues and the Muslim world. A graduate of Williams College with a master's degree from George Washington University, he was president of American Near East Refugee Aid and the Center for Middle East Policy. Later, as an officer with the Central Intelligence Agency, he served in Pakistan, Jordan and Indonesia before retiring in 2005.
For transcript and more information, visit http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=7712

From the Stone Age to the era of the silicon chip — metals and minerals have marked the milestones of our civilization. OUT OF THE FIERY FURNACE traces the story of civilization through the exploitation of metals, minerals and energy resources. Renowned radio and BBC television commentator Michael Charlton hosts seven, one-hour programs filmed in more than 50 different parts of the world. This very unusual public television series combines the disciplines of history, science, archeology and economics in order to explore the relationship between technology and society.
The American version of the Industrial Revolution provides one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of metals. The American people transformed nearly every aspect of daily life using new technology. This episode traces the exploitation of the New World's mineral riches and highlights the formation of the U.S. industrial heartland.
Innovative Americans like Henry Ford spread the benefits of mass production around the world, introducing sky scrapers and an explosion of machinery and automation. (60 minutes)
VHS Cover: http://imgur.com/clYilqT
Disclaimer: This video series, produced in 1986 by Opus Films is shown here for Educational Purposes. It includes footage of cultures in India, China, Near East, etc. and ancient methods of manufacturing metals. It is hoped that this information is useful for archival and educational purposes to viewers all across the world. The video is provided here under the Fair Use policy.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the first President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. However, when he was blocked by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, he organized a coup d'état in 1851, and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation.
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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Public domain image source in video

Shop Be Jeweled on HSN.com http://goo.gl/8TBdlB
Bill and Connie share their latest jewelry discoveries, exclusive collections and sparkling personalities.
Watch every Tuesday 7pm ET and 4pm PT! Prices shown on the previously recorded video may not represent the current price. View hsn.com to view the current selling price.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sydney
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sydney ( (listen)) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km (43.5 mi) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west, Hawkesbury to the north, and Macarthur to the south. Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs, 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions. Residents of the city are known as "Sydneysiders". As of June 2017, Sydney's estimated metropolitan population was 5,131,326.Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years, and it remains one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites, with thousands of engravings located throughout the region. In 1770, during his first Pacific voyage in the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, after leaving Botany Bay, saw the entrance to Port Jackson, but sailed past and did not enter the inlet. In 1788, the First Fleet of convicts, led by Arthur Phillip, were the first recorded Europeans to sail into Port Jackson. Here they founded Sydney as a British penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Phillip named the city "Sydney" in recognition of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842. A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851, and over the next century, Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre. After World War II, it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world. At the time of the 2011 census, more than 250 different languages were spoken in Sydney and about 40 percent of residents spoke a language other than English at home. Furthermore, 36% of the population reported having been born overseas.Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world, the 2018 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living, making it one of the most livable cities. It is classified as an Alpha World City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing and tourism. There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacific's leading financial hubs. Established in 1850, the University of Sydney is Australia's first university and is regarded as one of the world's leading universities. Sydney is also home to the oldest library in Australia, State Library of New South Wales, opened in 1826.Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited cities in the world, with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks. Boasting over 1,000,000 ha (2,500,000 acres) of nature reserves and parks, its notable natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, Royal Botanic Garden and Hyde Park, the oldest parkland in the country. Built attractions such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the World Heritage-listed Sydney Opera House are also well known to international visitors. The main passenger airport serving the metropolitan area is Kingsford-Smith Airport, one of the world's oldest continually operating airports. Established in 1906, Central station, the largest and busiest railway station in the state, is the main hub of the city's rail network.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Argentina
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Argentina (Spanish: [aɾxenˈtina]), officially named the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina), is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular provincia) and one autonomous city (ciudad autónoma), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation (Spanish: Capital Federal) as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with massive waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century.After 1930, Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment, though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century. Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife Isabel Martínez de Perón ascended to the presidency. She was overthrown in 1976 by a U.S.-backed coup which installed a right-wing military dictatorship under Jorge Rafael Videla known as the National Reorganization Process. The military government persecuted and murdered numerous political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as President in 1983. Several of the junta's leaders were later convicted of their crimes and sentenced to imprisonment. Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and G-20 major economies. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Mercosur, Union of South American Nations, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States. It is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of "very high". Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, Argentina is classified as a high-income economy in the 2019 fiscal year.

Nevada is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City. Nevada is officially known as the "Silver State" due to the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the "Battle Born State", because it achieved statehood during the Civil War; "Sagebrush State", for the native eponymous plant; and "Sage hen State."
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government, both civilian and military.
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Tasmania is an island state, part of the Commonwealth of Australia, located 240 kilometres to the south of the Australian continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania, the 26th largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart precinct. Tasmania's area is 68,401 square kilometres , of which the main island covers 64,519 square kilometres .
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Argentina
00:03:38 1 Name and etymology
00:06:47 2 History
00:06:56 2.1 Pre-Columbian era
00:08:12 2.2 Colonial era
00:10:03 2.3 Independence and civil wars
00:12:42 2.4 Rise of the modern nation
00:16:42 2.5 Infamous Decade
00:17:49 2.6 Peronist years
00:19:54 2.7 Military dictatorship, the Dirty War and defeat in the Falklands War
00:25:56 2.8 20th—21st centuries, Kirchner era
00:29:34 3 Geography
00:31:52 3.1 Biodiversity
00:33:49 3.2 Climate
00:35:48 4 Politics
00:35:57 4.1 Government
00:38:15 4.2 Provinces
00:40:29 4.3 Foreign relations
00:42:37 4.4 Armed forces
00:45:34 5 Economy
00:47:28 5.1 Industry
00:49:57 5.2 Transport
00:53:25 5.3 Media and communications
00:55:12 5.4 Science and technology
00:59:33 5.5 Tourism
01:00:21 6 Demographics
01:02:15 6.1 Ethnography
01:05:14 6.2 Genetics studies
01:06:19 6.3 Languages
01:08:41 6.4 Religion
01:10:34 6.5 Urbanization
01:12:02 6.6 Education
01:13:29 6.7 Health care
01:15:20 7 Culture
01:16:59 7.1 Literature
01:18:55 7.2 Music
01:21:30 7.3 Theatre
01:23:57 7.4 Cinema
01:27:03 7.5 Visual arts
01:28:42 7.6 Architecture
01:30:04 7.7 Sport
01:33:51 7.8 Cuisine
01:34:57 7.9 National symbols
01:36:27 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Argentina (Spanish: [aɾxenˈtina]), officially named the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina), is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular provincia) and one autonomous city (ciudad autónoma), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation (Spanish: Capital Federal) as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest nation in the world by the early 20th century.Following the Great Depression in the 1930s, Argentina descended into political instability and economic decline that pushed it back into underdevelopment, though it remained among the fifteen richest countries for several decades. Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife Isabel Martínez de Perón ascended to the presidency. She was overthrown in 1976 by a U.S.-backed coup which installed a right-wing military dictatorship. The military government persecuted and murdered numerous political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as President in 1983. Several of the junta's leaders were later convicted of their crimes and sentenced to imprisonment.
Argentina retains its historic status ...

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution, which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress:
In 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for "any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used". On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of "Making Pot and Pearl Ashes". The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).
From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Victorian era
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe. In terms of moral sensibilities and political reforms, this period began with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards led by the nonconformist churches, such as the Methodist, and the Evangelical wing of the established Church of England. Britain had relatively peaceful relations with the other Great Powers, excepting during the Crimean War; the Pax Britannica was maintained by the country's naval supremacy and industrial supremacy. Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history. National self-confidence peaked.Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.Domestically, the political agenda was increasingly liberal, with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, industrial reform, and the widening of the franchise. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, and Scotland's population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Ireland's population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain, mostly to the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives; by its end, the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Napoleon III
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870 and, as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the President of France from 1848 to 1852. He was the only president of the French Second Republic and the founder of the Second French Empire.
The nephew and heir of Napoleon I, he was the first head of state of France to hold the title of president, the first elected by a direct popular vote and the youngest until the election of Emmanuel Macron in 2017. Barred by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, he organized a self-coup d'état in 1851 and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of his uncle's coronation. He remains the longest-serving French head of state since the French Revolution. His downfall was brought about by the Franco-Prussian War in which France was quickly and decisively defeated by the North German Confederation, led by Prussia.
During the first years of the Empire, Napoleon's government imposed censorship and harsh repressive measures against his opponents. Some six thousand were imprisoned or sent to penal colonies until 1859. Thousands more went into voluntary exile abroad, including Victor Hugo. From 1862 onwards, he relaxed government censorship and his regime came to be known as the "Liberal Empire". Many of his opponents returned to France and became members of the National Assembly.Napoleon III commissioned the grand reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon and other French cities. Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, greatly expanded and consolidated the French railway system and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter. Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize. Women's education greatly expanded as did the list of required subjects in public schools.In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. He was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1853–56). His regime assisted Italian unification and in doing so annexed Savoy and the County of Nice to France—at the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. Napoleon doubled the area of the French overseas empire in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. His army's intervention in Mexico which aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection ended in failure.
From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies and with inferior military forces. The French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris and Napoleon went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.

The United States of America USA commonly known as the United States U S or America is a constitutional federal republic composed of states a federal district five major self governing territories ...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test

The idea for it came up while watching an surprisingly uninformative yet somewhat entertaining tutorial video on "Adobe TV". I got there by coincidence while being on a search for (guess what?) Photoshop Tutorials which ideally would expand my knowledge.
After all I can say that I wasn't able to do the INCONCEIVABLE, ENHANCING MY ENDLESS EXPERTISE IN PS, however my imagination got inspired by the video, leading me to do this!
If you think you got what it takes make yet another "That photoshop teacher might be a [insert random word]", feel free to download the "Photoshop Guy Pack", it includes the layers I made use of, an After Effects project file and the original video. If you are acquainted with AE, you can easily do such a video in less than 2 minutes!
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6HgxTg8OTQDYmRTdjBYWGNDSFE/edit?usp=sharing
What are you still waiting for? Download the file and play with the files inside! Tell us in the comments if you have done a "That photoshop teacher might be a [insert random word]" yourself!
Link to the "Adobe TV" original video (which is somewhat useless)
http://tv.adobe.com/watch/learn-photoshop-cc/selection-101/
by "Andy Anderson" (who has a cute voice, most audible at "Completely" 1:14)
Subsribe to OTTER DIMENSIONÌ: http://goo.gl/aJgpVl
FictionSourcé Channel: http://goo.gl/yItx8u
Remember to download the files!!!!!!!
Swaaaaaaaaababababababa

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Europe
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present. During the Neolithic era and the time of the Indo-European migrations Europe saw migrations from east and southeast and the following important cultural and material exchange. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia. In the 20th century, World War I and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths. The Cold War dominated European geo-politics from 1947 to 1989. Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950, with some setbacks. Today, most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance, along with the United States and Canada.

The United States of America m r k USA commonly known as the United States U S or America is a constitutional federal republic composed of states a federal district five major self governing territ...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test

This webinar introduces a new technology OriGene develops for the validation of antibody specificity. Non-specific antibodies recognize "off-targets" in addition to their intended targets, which could generate false-positive results. This new tool, High-density Protein Microarray, has been used to test the specificity of commercial diagnostic antibodies and found some are not specific to their targets. This tool is also applied to identify the ultra-specific antibodies UltraMABs.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
United States of America
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2), the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles (10.1 million km2). With a population of over 325 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a federal republic and a representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. The United States is the world's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, t ...

A list of things that Mister Welch is no long allowed to do in a tabletop rpg game. From Dungeons and dragons, call of cthulu, Pathfinder, Star Wars, and many other tabletop games and modules! 2450 entries in all!
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The complete reading compilation of "Things Mr. Welch is No Longer Allowed to do in a RPG" numbers 1-2540! Enjoy the insanity, featuring RPG loop holes, insanity, and all sorts of table top shenanigans!
Read along with me!
♣Read along: http://theglen.livejournal.com/389635.html
TVtropes page:
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Blog/ThingsMrWelchIsNoLongerAllowedToDoInAnRPG
"Pixel Peeker Polka - slower" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sydney
00:03:53 1 History
00:04:02 1.1 First inhabitants
00:05:56 1.2 Establishment of the colony
00:10:29 1.2.1 Conflicts
00:12:01 1.3 Modern development
00:12:10 1.3.1 19th century
00:14:20 1.3.2 20th century–present
00:18:01 2 Geography
00:18:10 2.1 Topography
00:19:42 2.2 Geology
00:20:43 2.3 Ecology
00:21:57 2.4 Climate
00:26:10 3 Regions
00:26:47 3.1 Inner suburbs
00:29:20 3.1.1 Inner West
00:30:41 3.2 Eastern suburbs
00:32:43 3.3 Southern Sydney
00:33:50 3.4 Northern suburbs
00:36:24 3.5 Hills district
00:37:26 3.6 Western suburbs
00:40:28 4 Urban structure
00:40:37 4.1 Architecture
00:45:52 4.2 Housing
00:48:24 4.3 Parks and open spaces
00:50:43 5 Economy
00:53:06 5.1 Corporate citizens
00:53:52 5.2 Domestic economics
00:57:26 5.3 Financial services
00:59:25 5.4 Manufacturing
01:00:30 5.5 Tourism and international education
01:02:39 6 Demographics
01:06:05 7 Culture
01:06:13 7.1 Science, art, and history
01:08:26 7.2 Entertainment
01:13:09 7.3 Religion
01:14:04 7.4 Media
01:16:00 8 Sport and outdoor activities
01:20:59 9 Government
01:21:08 9.1 Historical governance
01:22:59 9.2 Government in the present
01:25:46 10 Infrastructure
01:25:55 10.1 Education
01:28:51 10.2 Health
01:30:59 10.3 Transport
01:37:07 10.4 Environmental issues and pollution reduction
01:40:08 10.5 Utilities
01:42:02 11 Sister cities
01:43:06 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Sydney ( (listen)) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km (43.5 mi) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west, Hawkesbury to the north, and Macarthur to the south. Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs, 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions. Residents of the city are known as "Sydneysiders". As of June 2017, Sydney's estimated metropolitan population was 5,131,326.Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years, and it remains one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites, with thousands of engravings located throughout the region. In 1770, during his first Pacific voyage in the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, after leaving Botany Bay, saw the entrance to Port Jackson, but sailed past and did not enter the inlet. In 1788, the First Fleet of convicts, led by Arthur Phillip, were the first recorded Europeans to sail into Port Jackson. Here they founded Sydney as a British penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Phillip named the city "Sydney" in recognition of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842. A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851, and over the next century, Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre. After World War II, it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world. At the time of the 2011 census, more than 250 different languages were spoken in Sydney and about 40 percent of residents spoke a language other than English at home. Furthermore, 36% of the population reported having been born overseas.Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world, the 2018 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living, making it one of the most livable cities. It is classified as an Alpha World City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing and tourism. There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacific's leading financial hubs. Established in 1850, the U ...

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CONs.
There is a drastic amount of confusion surrounding regulatory status. Reduced number of binary options assets.
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FiNMAX offers support through live chat, phone numbers, emails, and Skype address. The customer service channel is only available for 14 hours a day and 5 days a week.