Each year in the United States, approximately 12,000 women get cervical cancer. Screening can detect cancer at an early stage when treatment can be most effective and can also detect abnormal cells that may become cancerous if not treated. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends regular screening for cervical cancer for women aged 21 to 65 using the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, with the goal of preventing cancer and cancer deaths.

Racial and ethnic disparities exist in the use of cervical cancer screening. For example, Asian Americans are less likely to undergo timely cervical cancer screening than are non-Hispanic Whites. Interventions designed to increase cancer screening among racial minorities are needed, including those that target Korean American women (women of Korean descent who reside in the United States).

The Program

Description

The Gateway to Health: A Cervical Cancer Screening Program for Korean Women is an intervention for Korean American women that aims to increase their screening rates for cervical cancer. Based on the health belief model and social cognitive theory, the intervention addresses the individual beliefs and expectancies regarding cervical cancer screening, as well as the health care access barriers, experienced by many Korean American women. Beliefs include perceived risk of developing cervical cancer, perceived benefits and barriers to screening, and social and cultural norms regarding screening. Barriers that might affect access to care include lack of translator services within health care settings, lack of insurance, and insufficient knowledge of the U.S. health care system.

The intervention is implemented within Korean American churches (an integral part of many Korean American communities) by trained bilingual community health educators. For the first part of the program, the health educator teaches a single 2-hour, small-group education session with 15-20 participants. Guided by an intervention curriculum and using PowerPoint slides, the health educator addresses cervical cancer risk factors, screening guidelines and procedures, potential screening barriers that are relevant to Korean American women, and follow-up and clinical management if a Pap test results in abnormal findings. Participants also receive information on how to obtain free or low-cost screening. After the education session, the health educator asks participants if they are interested in receiving one-on-one navigation services. Participants have the option to enroll in program navigation services or get help from family and friends. For women who engage in navigation services, health educators assist with scheduling appointments, arranging transportation, completing paperwork and forms, managing referrals, and linking with other agencies and programs as needed. Six months after the educational session, all participants receive a reminder letter. The letter instructs participants to call their health care provider to schedule a Pap test or to call the program staff for assistance if they have not already undergone screening.

Implementation Guide

The Implementation Guide is a resource for implementing this program. It provides important information about the
staffing and functions necessary for administering this program in the user's setting. Additionally, the steps needed
to carry out the research-tested program, relevant program materials, and information for evaluating the program are
included. The Implementation Guide can be viewed and downloaded in the
Products page.

Community Preventive Services Task Force Finding

This program uses intervention approaches recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force: small media interventions (Cervical Cancer Screening) and multicomponent interventions (Cervical Cancer Screening). This program also uses the following intervention approaches for which the Community Preventive Services Task Force finds insufficient evidence: group education interventions (Cervical Cancer Screening) and interventions to reduce structural barriers for clients (Cervical Cancer Screening). Insufficient evidence means the available studies do not provide sufficient evidence to determine if the intervention is or is not effective. This does not mean that the intervention does not work. It means that additional research is needed to determine whether the intervention is effective.

Time Required

-- 10-15 hours for the bilingual health educator to receive training-- 2 hours to deliver the education session to participants-- Variable time spent with participants for navigation services, depending on participant need-- Time to prepare and send reminder letters to participants

Intended Audience

The intervention is intended for Korean American women.

Suitable Settings

The intervention is designed to be implemented in religious establishments in community settings.

For costs associated with this program, please contact the developer, Carolyn Fang. (See products page on the RTIPs website for developer contact information.)

About the Study

A two-arm, group-randomized controlled trial tested the effect of combined community education with navigation services on cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. This study involved 22 Korean churches in southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey between February 2009 and December 2014. Participants were recruited within the churches and were eligible to participate if they self-identified as being of Korean ethnicity, were at least 21 years old, were not adherent to current Pap test guidelines, and had no current or prior diagnosis of cervical cancer or other cervical abnormality. Using a matched-pair design, researchers stratified the churches by size and geographic location. Randomization occurred at the site level, with 11 churches enrolled in the intervention group and 11 enrolled in the comparison group. Comparison group churches received a 2-hour education session delivered by bilingual health educators on general health and cancer education (e.g., tobacco, nutrition, routine medical check-ups, screening for cervical and other cancers, health care sites offering free or low-cost cervical cancer screening).

The intervention churches had 347 participants, and the comparison churches had 358 participants. The average age of participants was 51.9 and 53.9 in the intervention group and comparison group, respectively. Forty percent of participants had a high school education or less, >72% did not speak English well or at all, 97% were born outside of the United States, 52% were employed, 79% were married, and 51% did not have health insurance. The two study groups did not differ significantly on education level, English language speaking ability, employment status, birth in the United States, or mean number of years living in the United States. But, there were significant differences between groups in participant age, marital status, having health insurance, having a regular physician, and having ever had a Pap test.

The primary outcome was receipt of cervical cancer screening (receipt of Pap test) within 12 months of study entry. Screening rates were assessed through self-report interview data, and for intervention group participants, the self-report data were validated using medical record review. Data were verified for 90.4% of intervention group women who reported screening.

Key Findings

Patients in the intervention group had a higher rate of cervical cancer screening than did patients in the comparison group (72.1% vs. 10.1%; p