5 MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS IN PEOPLE WITH DUAL DIAGNOSISDETECT EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSChanges in routines, likes and dislikesSleep and feeding patternsUnmotivated important weight changesIsolationApathyUnmotivated cries, smiles or laughsSoliloquium (a person talking to him-herself )Externalised aggressionSelf-injurySadness, expansive or inappropiate affectIntriguing and/or worrying behaviorsEtcOBSERVATIONTALK TO THE PATIENT CONSULT YOUR TEAM

6 BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS IN PERSONS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSISBEHAVIOUR DISORDERS DEFINITIONPRODUCT OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONSBEHAVIOUR PHENOTYPESNON ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORSDifferent Mental Health Disorders can provoke symptoms that may be confounded with Behaviour Disorders. Disturbing behaviours that are new, unusual, with an abrupt onset must be explored and the possibility of being a product of a mental health disorders have to be considered. Some times disturbing behaviours can be caused by physical conditions that involve pain. Again, a medical screening is needed when sudden unusual behaviour disturbances appear.Some genetic syndromes are characterised by well established behavioural patterns that are inherent to these conditions i.e. Prader Willi S. & Hyperfagia. These behaviours are difficult to treat and the strategies used should be different. Note, that many behavioural phenotypes represent positive patterns and can be considered as advantages or talents i.e. puzzle solving, friendly attitudes or ability for calculations.Inappropriate behaviours that are learnt and used in order to get a goal, although the chances of getting that goal are reduced by the behaviour. These behaviours can be modified using psychological interventions and techniques.BEHAVIOUR DISORDERSSELF-INJURYAGGRESSIVENESSSTEREOTYPYMANIPULATIONSHOUTINGCRIESDESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOUROPPOSITIONAL ATTITUDEEXPLICIT SEXUAL CONDUCT

7 CONCLUSIONS1. Mental health problems and behaviour disorders are frequent in people with ID.2. Same symptoms can be produced by different mental health conditions and can also be manifested by different signs in different patients or in different circumstances.3. Mental health conditions, behaviour disorders, symptoms and signs collate together in a confusing contellation in persons with Dual Diagnosis. Take into account all the possibilities.4. Mental health and physical medical conditions, genetic syndromes and non-adaptive behaviours can be the cause of different disturbing behaviours.5. When sudden, inexplicable, unusual behaviours appear, consider different options before reaching a conclusion.6. Normally the behaviours and the symptoms are uncontrollable. To complain or to argue with the patient only make things worse. Look for your team support. If you feel overwhelmed try to look for new formation opportunities.

9 QoL: A POLYSEMIC CONCEPTMass-Media meaninga universal ideal of high quality of most material and most marketableareas of life (i.e. objects owned, success in career, money to spend,social environment, holidays and free-time, physical performances)objectivea person’s life conditions as they appear to an external observer.Hetero-evaluation.Medicalmeaningthe patient’s perception of his own health status(aspects of life related to wellbeing and functioning)subjectivethe individual perception of satisfaction with the ‘being in the world’.It can be evaluated only through the person’s opinion. Auto-evaluation.Bertelli M. e Brown I. Quality of Life for PWID. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2006; 19:

10 QoL vs SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEINGSubjective well-being concerns itself primarily with affective states, positive or negative.QOL implies a broader assessment and although affect-laden, it represents a subjective evaluation of oneself and one's social and material world.The exploration refers to those areas of life that are applicable to anybody’s life.Orley J., Saxena S., Herrman H. Quality of life and mental illness. Reflections from the perspective of the WHOQOL. BJP, 199810

11 GENERIC QOL VS HR QOLGeneric: subjective modulation in those areas that are applicable to anybody’s lifeHealth-Related: mixture of clinical or dysfunctional aspects, compared to normalityBertelli M. e Brown I. Quality of Life for PWID. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2006; 19:

12 QoL: DIMENSIONS • Importance attributed by the individual• Satisfaction perceived by the individual• Opportunities available• Choices made by the individualBrown I. et al., Centre of Public Health, University of Toronto, 1995

13 BELONGING Connections with one's environment.THE 9 AREAS OF LIFE OF THE QOL-IP- PHYSICAL- PSYCHOLOGICAL- SPIRITUALBEINGWho the patient is as a person.- PHYSICAL- SOCIAL- COMMUNITYBELONGING Connections with one's environment.BECOMINGAchieving personal goals, hopes and aspirations.- PRACTICAL- LEISURE- GROWTHBrown I. et al., Centre of Public Health, University of Toronto, 1995

16 Protective environmentAdversityVulnerabilityResilienceFactors in the child’s environment acting as buffers to the negative effects of adverse experienceCharacteristics of the child, the family circle and wider community which might threaten or challenge healthy developmentCharacteristics that enhance normal development under difficult conditionsLife events or circumstances posing a threat to healthy development

23 Diagnosis InterventionAssessmentAssessment is the process of collecting and evaluating relevant information about the person, the causes and level of ID, the psychological functioning, the development, the psychological characteristics, the physical health, the social, interpersonal and physical environment, and the behavioral pattern.Diagnosis InterventionSupporting Complex Needs – A pratical guide for supporting staff working with people with a learning disability who have mental health needs, Estia Centre23

24 Assessment of the EnvironmentSigns and SymptomsThe PersonAssessment of the EnvironmentHistorical and current clinical recordsInterview with personInformation from caregivers (professionals and families )Direct behaviour observationRecognise potential symptoms of mental or physical illnessFormal and standardised proceduresBiological CharacteristicsPsychosocial aspectsPhysical disordersPsychiatric disordersFunctional problemsCommunication ( skills )The impact of life events and transitionPhysical environmentSignificance of the person for the environmentTransitional events ( daily centre, residential or family )Pedagogical problemsSocial and religious aspectsRisk factorsCultural aspectsLife event of FamiliesInclusionStigmaSupporting Complex Needs – A pratical guide for supporting staff working with people with a learning disability who have mental health needs, Estia Centre24

25 DIFFICULTIES WITH THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS IN IDWhat the persons say they are experiencingDifficulties in communication skills or language impairmentEven in verbally competent, auditory hallucinations are the only first-rank symptom that can be detectedWhat others say about them and how they are seen to behaveA confounding factor is the belief that such problems are inevitable and unchangeable. This means that help is not sought.‘Diagnostic overshadowing’ whereby someone’s general mental state or behaviour is attributed to the fact that he or she has an intellectual disability1History of complaintThe development, for example, of maladaptive behaviours, increasing withdrawal, or changes in a person’s state of general well-being may be a marker for a possible mental health problem (baseline exaggeration).Establishing a baseline and recording changes are central to the diagnostic processThe presentation of symptomsCostello H. and Bouras N. Assessment of mental health problems in people with intellectual disabilies. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci Vol 43 No. 4 (2006):Mental health and intellectual disabilities addressing the mental health needs of people with id. Report by the Mental Health Special Interest Research Group of the IASSID to the World Health Organisation. Final version – September, 20011. Reiss S, Syszko J. Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons. Am J Ment Deficiency 1993;87:396–402.

28 Intervention Assessment Diagnosis Person-centred contextRespect of the person’s rightsMultidisciplinary teamEarly intervention when signs are presentPartnership with families and other carersDetailed information concerning the nature and outcome of previous interventionsDetailed information concerning the nature and outcome of next interventionsPsychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic interventions delivered in combination with other interventionsProactive strategies address the goodness of fit between the person and their environmentCommunication intervention (increasing and teaching ways of communication )Assessment Diagnosis

29 WHEN TO CONSIDER MEDICATIONRisk/ harm/ distress to self/ others/ propertyFailure of other interventionsSuccess of medicinal intervention beforeUnderlying mental disorders/ anxiety/ ASD/ ADHD etc.As an adjunct to other measuresPerson/ carer choiceSevere consequences of the behaviourDeb S., Kwok H., Bertelli M., et al. International guide to prescribing psychotropic medication for the management of problem behaviours in adults with intellectual disabilities. World Psychiatry, 2009; 8(3):

30 KEY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH USING MEDICATION TO MANAGE PROBLEM BEHAVIOURS IN ADULTS WITH IDDDeb S., Kwok H., Bertelli M., et al. International guide to prescribing psychotropic medication for the management of problem behaviours in adults with intellectual disabilities. World Psychiatry, 2009; 8(3):

43 Facts Disability Policy is a Human Right Policy .Prevalence of Mental Health problems is higher in people with IDThis can lead to more segregation and inequality of opportunityThere is higher bio-psycho-social vulnerabilityConclusion: Mental Health and Disability policy should emphasize prevention and treatment of mental health problems of this population in order to improve their quality of life!43

44 OutcomesInclusive collaboration between general mental health services and general services for people with ID should facilitate a life long prevention, intervention and after-care for people with intellectual disabilities.Only when indicated, complementary specialised support should be organised in addition by multidisciplinary services / teams.44

45 (Article 25) Health PlansThese outcomes should be part of all National strategic (mental) health plans for people with ID including all stakeholders from the field (users included), based on UN‘s 2006 Declaration on Rights for People with Disability(Article 25)45

46 Availability of health data & statisticsData on mental health disorders and problem behaviour in ID are not always available in national health reports.This may lead to:inadequate structures (services) in the health (mental health) system for this population,a lack of specialist professionals,higher education programmes that fail to assure high standards in training for professionals about mental health and problem behaviour in people with ID,a lack of research on mental health for people with ID.

47 Evaluation and ResearchResearch policy should create a supportive environment that will enable evaluation and research in the field of (mental) health of people with ID.47

48 Staff TrainingAttitudeEnabling staff to be understanding, receptive, creative and patient centred in their approach to bringing about change, not to be “conditioned” to standard and outdated responses48

49 Staff Training High quality servicesneed staff who are well trained in mental health and intellectual disability issues with:specific information & knowledgespecific skills and attitudesactive participation in a multidisciplinary environmentStaff need special support to cope with both the mental health issues of PwID and their own vulnerability

50 specific information & knowledgeInformation about a framework of quality of lifeMinimum knowledge of mental health issuesMinimum knowledge of observation and evaluation tools

51 specific skills and attitudesAbility to engage in reflective practiceAbility to work with supervision – either individually or in peer groups

52 active in participation in a multidisciplinary environmentOpen to exchange of different approaches and expertiseOpen to exchange between staff with different qualificationsUnderstand the importance of interaction between practice, theory and research

53 Life-span approach in supporting people with ID in a holistic way Ongoing ProcessesLife-span approach in supporting people with ID in a holistic wayLifelong learning approach for staff training conceptsLifelong support for professionals, families and user