ChallengeYears of civil unrest and internal conflict from 1975 to 1990 ravaged Lebanon’s infrastructure and affected provision of basic services. In particular, the municipal sector faced a range of challenges,... Show More + including lack of adequate infrastructure, resulting in limited access to basic services, such as water and sewerage. Roads, drainage and water networks were in a state of disrepair due to prolonged lack of expenditure on maintenance. Soon after the civil war, the Government of Lebanon (GoL) prioritized rebuilding the country’s economy through a major National Emergency Reconstruction Program (NERP), focusing primarily on regional infrastructure. In 1993, it also established the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MoMRA) and funded municipal operations through the Independent Municipal Fund (IMF). Despite these efforts, transfers to municipalities remained unpredictable, while the municipalities’ institutional and financial resource base remained weak. This situation Show Less -