Abstract:

Li-ion batteries have demonstrated to be a very flexible source with energy storage capability. Due to their scalability and wide range of power and energy densities, they are suitable for several applications. Li-ion storage can therefore provide different services, the remuneration of which depends on the electricity market of the country. In this work, two different case studies of combination of Li-ion batteries with large-scale renewable power plants have been investigated: batteries with solar PV in India and with wind power in Sweden. Simulation models have been developed to assess the operation and profitability potential of different services in these two case studies. The models have been built using control algorithms, linear optimization (LP) and stochastic programming techniques. The results show that the use of batteries for solar power output smoothing under a power purchase agreement can be a profitable business case in India. Moreover, batteries providing primary frequency regulation (FCR-N) in Sweden show to have a positive economic value. System breakeven costs to make the stacking of wind power production imbalance compensation and FCR-N services profitable have been found, which based on conservative price expectations should be achieved by 2022.