So one tastes a flavor, smells an aroma, hears a sound, feels a(n) _____, and sees a(n) _____. For the former, part of me wants to say texture, but I feel that is too specific; for the latter, I want to use visual or sight, but but does that make sense, seeing a visual or a sight?

I can’t keep up with the edits. You keep adding my answers. :(
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tchristFeb 24 '13 at 4:11

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@tchrist, all done now :) Sorry about that, I meant to say "touch" originally but I said "hearing" for some reason, I don't know what's wrong with my brain at this late hour haha!
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Albert RenshawFeb 24 '13 at 4:12

If you want to be technical, then 'light' is what is perceived by the rod and cone cells of the eyes.
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Michael LaiJul 22 '13 at 23:05

@MichaelLai Yes, but I'm more concerned about the word that describes that aesthetic of the pattern produced by the light, that is the aesthetic of the "image".
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Albert RenshawJul 23 '13 at 0:13

But in the same way that you used odor and sound, which I presume to be neutral words, light is also just the stimulus provided to our senses isn't it?
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Michael LaiJul 23 '13 at 0:27

6 Answers
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The sense verbs are an interesting paradigm. English has three types of sense verb (with a lot of overlap), and a number of derived nouns. Two of the verb classes differ in whether they're volitional, and the other one is an experiential sense with special "Flip" syntax.

One type of verb is the Non-Volitional: hear, see, smell, taste, touch/feel
Another is the Volitional: listen, look, smell, taste, touch/feel

Hearing: You listen to something on purpose, but you can hear it by accident.Vision: You look at something on purpose, but you can see it by accident.
Verbs for the other three senses don't vary; you can smell, taste, or touch/feel on purpose or not.

The third type is the Flip verbs: sound, look, smell, taste, feel.
Again the three chemical/kinesthetic senses don't change, though only feel works as a Flip verb:

That looks tasty. That sounds flat. That smells sour. That tastes delicious. That feels weird.

The subject of a Flip verb is not the experiencer, but rather whatever is causing the sensation being experienced. The experiencer is normally not mentioned, but if it is, it occurs in a preposition phrase (most likely to me).

Interestingly, only hearing — the sense used by language — gets to have 3 distinct sense verbs: hear, listen, and sound.

As far as nouns go, one can speak of a look and a sight (respectively from look and see), as well as a glimpse, a vision, an appearance, a sighting, an image — and no doubt many more — for vision alone. This is what a thesaurus is for.

Touch is underrepresented in nouns; adjectives are more likely. But one does speak of something having a feel, occasionally a feeling — a word which can be generalized to cover any metaphoric, psychological, or spiritual sensation, whether experienced or not, as in

This answer is great! I +1, but I haven't accepted it yet, in the case that somebody else knows an actual word that can go in the blank, (I understand there might not be a word, in which case after a while I will just accept the best answer (currently yours))
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Albert RenshawFeb 24 '13 at 16:09

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+1 for introducing me to the concept of volitional verbs. I was looking for a word to pin on such verbs.
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Joe Z.Feb 24 '13 at 16:26

+1 for your answer. I simply add that other senses besides "feeling" involve metaphoric, psychological, and spiritual sensation. When we say "I see," in addition to the strictly sensate (your "non-volitional) denotation we can also be saying "I understand." Similarly, with the strictly sensate "I hear," we can also be saying something else. Take the teenager who finally accedes to empty the garbage after his mother has asked him for the sixth time. "I hear you, Mom." He used the non-volitional "hear", but he MEANT the volitional "listen."
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rhetoricianJun 5 '13 at 16:28

You've already mentioned "feeling," though I would add the popular phrase "I feel you, man." The same notion applies to smell: "I smell something rotten here," meaning something's "fishy" or suspicious or suspect. Taste, too, has its "He left a bad taste in my mouth," which has nothing to do with the non-volitional (unless you're a cannibal!) but is a volitional, non-sensate "He repulses me in some way, and left me with a lingering and unpleasant aftertaste" (as it were). When you said the "sense" verbs constitute an interesting paradigm, you said a "mouthful" (and it tasted pretty good!)
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rhetoricianJun 5 '13 at 16:44

Since virtually all metaphors are extensions of the human body, and since our (named) senses are the only way we receive information, sense words are overwhelmingly common in metaphors, and conversely, metaphoric usages are overwhelmingly common among sense words.
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John LawlerJun 5 '13 at 17:08

Besides already-mentioned feel (“A quality of an object experienced by touch”), feeling (“Sensation, particularly through the skin”), and texture (“The feel or shape of a surface or substance; the smoothness, roughness, softness, etc. of something”) (of which the latter is less applicable), consider the following.
• palpability, “The quality of being palpable”, that is, of being “capable of being touched, felt or handled; touchable, tangible”
• tactility, “The ability to feel pressure or pain through touch”

I may be biased by working in the software industry - I'm not sure if this phrase is actually more widespread, but I imagine it evolved the other way around with the industry picking it up because of its usage elsewhere.

Touch/Feel the surface of an object. The sense of touch requires something physical and solid unlike smell and hearing and it is not interchangeable with feel which can also express a state of being as in "He feels lonely/hot/tired etc..." You cannot help but feel thirsty, hungry etc...

Touch is a deliberate action; feel can be both a voluntary and involuntary action. So you need a different noun from surface. May I suggest feel a sensation? And I prefer @John Lawler's see an image, or see a vision.

"Feel" is a very general, fuzzy word. Even when strictly literal, sensations include the tactile sensations of texture and pressure, thermal sensations, proprioceptive sensations, and I'm sure the list goes on. Add the common metaphoric uses for the verb, and the list of object categories expands greatly.

For a word that is so general, "feel a sensation" seems to be the best fit.