For the past 15 years, the Kno­che family minivan has been frozen in traffic half a mile from the White House.

The Dodge Caravan with the stub nose and the faux finish has a prime spot, along with a 199-ton locomotive, in a Smithsonian exhibit on the history of transportation in America.

“I liked that wood grain, for sure. Now it’s kind of corny,” said Gary Knoche, who was with his parents, Fred and Mary Ann, when they brought the van home in the mid-1980s. “I remember saying, ‘That looks good.’ ”

Now, the once-mighty minivan — overshadowed by the SUV, vessel of dad jokes and soccer mom cliches, host of self-deprecating bumper stickers (“Zero to 60 . . . Eventually!”) — could be clawing its way off the museum floor and into an unexpected starring role in the future of transportation.

Tech firms are spending billions developing the brains for self-driving cars, and minivans offer what some consider the perfect body for a transplant.

“The platform of that minivan is ideal. It’s an oblong block on four wheels,” said Timothy Papandreou, a former chief innovation officer at the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency who also worked at Waymo, a leading self-driving firm. “It’s familiar and it’s safe. It’s not scary. It’s not a Mustang or Corvette . . . It’s a minivan.”

Its humdrum yet roomy shape can fit enough people to make driverless taxi services profitable, or can easily be rejiggered for autonomous deliveries, the thinking goes. In May, Waymo said it will buy up to 62,000 minivans — descendants of the Knoches’ early Chrysler model — to build its driverless fleet. The company plans to start carrying paying passengers later this year in Arizona.

But the vision offered by boosters of driverless technology — including nearly flawless computer software besting all-too-human drivers; broadly replacing individually owned cars with ride-hailing apps and robotaxis; and a new era of reduced congestion and pollution — would require not only solving major technological challenges but also sweeping changes in Americans’ consumer behavior and driving culture.

Three decades of minivans: from left, the 2002 Chrysler Grand Voyager (outside North America), the 1996 Chrysler Town and Country, the 1994 Dodge Caravan and the 1984 Plymouth Voyager. (DaimlerChrysler/Chrysler)

Chrysler first unleashed the minivan on the nation in 1983, and the practical workhorse carried Fred Knoche to his Detroit locksmith shop, Gary to hockey practice, and millions of American families and their growing loads of stuff where they needed to go.

“The minivan is a little bit like blue jeans with Lycra — incredibly comfortable, but not particularly stylish,” said Peter Liebhold, a longtime Smithsonian curator who researches industry and technological change. “You had a little bit of room to move around.”

Chrysler’s designers came up with a relatively low-slung van that still had lots of space, headroom and legroom. Passengers could reach a third row of seats without having to climb over the back bumper, as kids did in station wagons. It was a thrilling stretch of innovation for those who had spent years making more mundane tweaks to existing cars.

“They’re always just new wrinkles in sheet metal from the previous year, so here was a new concept,” said Burton Bouwkamp, 91, head of product planning for Chrysler in the 1970s when the idea was being worked up. “That was pretty exciting to us.”

The working name was the “garageable van.”

The idea fell flat with Chrysler bosses. Top managers thought their big competitors — Ford and General Motors — would have already beaten them to it if there was really a market, Bouwkamp said.

John Krafcik, chief executive of Waymo, an autonomous-vehicle company created by Google’s parent company, introduces a Chrysler Pacifica hybrid outfitted with Waymo’s suite of sensors and radar at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. (Paul Sancya/AP)

But when famed auto executive Lee Iacocca took over Chrysler, he had the “automotive savvy and the guts to go ahead,” Bouwkamp said.

“Now that you’ve seen it, how would you describe it?” Iacocca asked when he introduced the vehicle in 1983. “A station wagon? A garageable van? A bus? A truck? Or what? Actually, it’s all of these and more. The Caravan and Voyager can be whatever you want it to be.”

For many, they were. Until they weren’t.

The minivan was an immediate hit, and Chrysler’s sales peaked at more than half a million a year during much of the 1990s. By 2017, they were less than half that, toppled by the SUV; its more carlike cousin, the crossover; and changing tastes. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles still holds the top spot in the U.S. market, according to the company. But minivans make up just 3 percent of the industry.

For the curators at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, which has nearly 4 million visitors a year, the Knoche family’s blue-gray minivan “really transcends just being a vehicle,” Liebhold said. “I mean, everything about it is perfect.”

Liebhold marvels at the mundane, including all its cup holders. It is also a window into a particular time, place and population. “It is a big piece of the American story in the ’80s and ’90s,” Liebhold said.

The minivan was a means to go on vacation, itself part of the evolution of middle-class life, he said, and after the Knoches took it home, they went to Walt Disney World. Later, it was to daughter Adrienne’s softball practices. “It was all about family life and doing stuff in a very practical kind of way,” Liebhold said.

Fred Knoche went in big, buying minivan after minivan.

“He’s the van king,” said childhood friend Matt Trupiano, who still works for him through Fred’s Key Shop, a landmark Detroit business that survived riots in the 1960s and thrived through the hollowing out and rebirth of the city. “To Fred, this is a Corvette.”

The elevation of the family’s 1986 Caravan to the Smithsonian added to Fred’s mystique. He had the Midas touch, in business and even when offloading an old minivan. “If there was an atomic bomb falling on Detroit, I would stand next to him and I wouldn’t get hurt,” Trupiano said.

For the van king, it was just another one of those things.

“I put it up for sale down at my shop. A couple people looked at it and weren’t interested,” Knoche recalled.

Then a Chrysler representative learned about a beautiful, pristine early Caravan and came to take a look. The man told Knoche to take off the For Sale sign, and the company kept it for its historical collection before donating it to the Smithsonian.

Reinventing the minivan

Matt Trupiano, a childhood friend of Fred Knoche, bought this old Dodge minivan from Knoche, and uses it to do work for Fred’s Key Shop in Detroit. He says of his friend’s love of minivans: “To Fred, this is a Corvette.” (Michael Laris/The Washington Post)

And now this steel and glass specimen may offer insight into what comes next.

Waymo says the hybrid Chrysler Pacifica minivan is “the perfect platform for ride-hailing” because it’s safe and has “power-sliding doors and roomy, versatile interiors that can accommodate large groups.” The high-voltage battery can also power the self-driving sensors and computers.

Waymo’s competitors, however, aren’t convinced of Americans’ long-lasting love of the minivan. General Motors is building its driverless strategy on a version of Chevrolet’s five-seat electric Bolt EV hatchback. Tesla says its Model 3 is the “car of the future” and eventually will be able to join a driverless fleet “just by tapping a button” on the Tesla app.

An Uber spokeswoman said it is too soon to tell what kind of car will dominate the driverless market. The company is working with Toyota to upgrade Sienna minivans, but also is using Volvo SUVs. Even Waymo is hedging its bets, saying it also will purchase up to 20,000 electric Jaguar SUVs for its driverless ambitions.

“The minivan is not the car of the future,” said Alan Hall, a Ford spokesman, adding that Waymo is “making do with a vehicle that was designed and built for personal [ownership].”

Hall said Ford will design and build its own fleet specifically to carry paying passengers and make deliveries, sometimes at the same time. It will be a mix of minivan, van and truck, “but with some comfort features of sedans,” he said. The company has yet to unveil its creation, slated for production in 2021.

Waymo says its “business model is to build the driver,” and put it wherever makes sense.

Most intriguing for some transportation planners is the possibility that driverless minivans, or their close relatives, could replace single-passenger cars and save space on clogged roads.

“Imagine if Uber and Lyft had 50,000 of these vans available for pooling and shared rides,” said Papandreou, who founded Emerging Transport Advisors after leaving Waymo this summer. But he says marketers may need to work some magic with the name.

Toyota calls its minivanesque concept shuttle the e-Palette, evoking an artist’s imagination. The autonomous and electric walk-in vehicles might be transformed into a rolling pizza kitchen, personal shoe store or casino, the company said.

Chrysler’s futuristic minivan concept is also not called a minivan. It’s an electric “family transportation vehicle,” with three rows of track-mounted, movable seats, called the Portal. “Designed by millennials for millennials,” the company says.

It’s understandable that companies might shy away from the word’s fuddy-duddy baggage. Being a running sight gag — as the now-discontinued Oldsmobile Silhouette minivan was in the mob comedy “Get Shorty” — doesn’t do a lot for a modern image.

But Papandreou says minivans and their minibus bigger brothers — better known around the world as colectivos, matatus or Jeepneys — are already cheap and ubiquitous, even in their “non-automated, nonelectric, not networked” form. That’s not lost on autonomy advocates. “That platform is so flexible,” Papandreou said. ​

Transportation has been defined by disruption, the Smithsonian’s Liebhold said. The minivan carved itself a place in that history by tapping Americans’ love for efficiency and productivity. Now autonomy is facing its test. Will drivers really hand over their keys to robots en masse, whatever “family transportation vehicle” comes next?

“Walking worked fine, but then people got horses. Trains get invented, and people get rid of them and start using buses. Trolley cars are wonderful, and then people start using automobiles,” Liebhold said. “It’s not like any one of the things was the perfect thing. Needs change. The technology changes. It just continues to morph.”