Abstract Social determinants of health (SDH) are conditions in which people live. These conditions impact their lives, health status and social inclusion level. In line with the conceptual and comprehensive progression of disability, it is important to update SDH due to their broad implications in implementing health interventions in society. This proposal supports incorporating disability in the model as a structural determinant, as it would lead to the same social inclusion/exclusion of people described in other structural SDH. This proposal encourages giving importance to designing and implementing public policies to improve societal conditions and contribute to social equity. This will be an act of reparation, justice and fulfilment with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Abstract Social determinants of health (SDH) are conditions in which people live. These conditions impact their lives, health status and social inclusion level. In line with the conceptual and comprehensive progression of disability, it is important to update SDH due to their broad implications in implementing health interventions in society. This proposal supports incorporating disability in the model as a structural determinant, as it would lead to the same social inclusion/exclusion of people described in other structural SDH. This proposal encourages giving importance to designing and implementing public policies to improve societal conditions and contribute to social equity. This will be an act of reparation, justice and fulfilment with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Several studies reveal that the richness of fauna declines with urbanization- being able to live into urban areas, such as birds, mammals, and herpetofauna. This research aims to be the first one in estimating indirectly the potential urban fauna richness in Santiago. In order to achieve this, a multicriteria analysis was conducted based on five factors (human disturbance, energy present in the system, heterogeneity of land uses, complexity of land uses, and natural areas), which contribute to the fauna richness along with their respective relative weights. Thus, a potential fauna richness index (PFRI) was generated, whose mapping allowed the identification of favorable areas for the fauna richness (FAFR). In addition, the effect of a gradient of urbanization on FAFR was evaluated, the connectivity between FAFR was generated, and also the PFRI over the green areas, which belong to the urban area, was analyzed. As a result, in the urban area, the highest PFRI was displayed in the municipalities of Lampa, Lo Barnechea, Vitacura, and Peñalolen, followed by San Bernardo, Puente Alto, Pudahuel, Las Condes y Quilicura. Connectivity between FAFR was located north-east of Santiago city and near the Andes. Public green areas showed a surface and a PFRI with low value, in contrast to private green areas, located north-east with the higher values. Additionally, there is no perceivable effecton the PFRI due to the gradient of urbanization. Perhaps it is because, near to the limit of the urban area, there are highly densified natural patches. Consequently, the urban areas in Santiago would not help increasing the fauna richness, being the most affected species those that inhabit in the ground. Finally, at the moment of evaluation of the fauna richness, not only a landscape study should be conducted, but also the local habitat characteristics should be incorporated, among which highlights the surface of the green areas. Also it is necessary to carry out an urban landscape planning, which leads to the connectivity between natural patches and green areas. This planning would allow the entry of fauna that circulates around urban areas, and thus would contribute to the improvement of biodiversity.

The presence of a cambic Bw horizon in a paleosol profile has a particular importance in earth sciences due to the environmental and chronological information it contains. The interpretation of that information contributes to paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction of the site as well as the identification of different cycles of landscape stability and pedological processes that occurred during Bw horizon development. The objectives of this paper consist in diagnosing the following aspects of a paleosol sequence: (i) the grade of macro- and micromorphological development in the Bw horizon; (ii) the basic pedogenetic processes that favored the horizon formation; and (iii) the main typogenetic processes that determined its development and evolution. In this research, four tephra-paleosols were selected from the north pediment of the Nevado de Toluca volcano in the localities of Arroyo la Ciervita (A.C.) and Zacango (Z.). These paleosols (PT1, PT2, PT3 and PT4) have Bw horizons in their profiles. The Bw horizons have similar chemical and mineralogical compositions. Their absolute 14C ages range between 13480 and probably more than 40000 years B.P. The methodology employed was based on the qualitative and quantitative determination of pedofeatures and associated properties indicative of Bw horizons. These determinations were complemented with micromorphological analyses, chemical elemental composition, and the use of geochemical indices and chemical ratios. The results indicate that the Bw horizons presented a morphopedological development ranging from incipient to moderate. At first, this development was favored by moderate chemical weathering and lessivage of soluble compounds and suspended particles, decarbonatation, translocation of illuvial materials, and moderate lixiviation of bases, iron, manganese and silica. Free iron formed strong chemical bonds with humus and clays, generating very stable organic-mineral compounds. These compounds greatly influenced color and structure development of the Bw horizons. Results also allow inferring that the Bw horizons evolved in geosystems that presented environmental stability cycles, a temperate climate with humidity oscillations, and the presence of a broadleaf-conifer mixed forest. Under these site and bioclimatic conditions, brownification and andosolization were the main typogenetic processes that participated in the Bw horizons' evolution.

The knowledge of paleoclimatic records from the late Pleistocene, and in particular from the transition to the Holocene, is essential for understanding modern climate. From this period, the Younger Dryas stadial is noteworthy because it represents one of the most dramatic climate transitions in recent geological history. Paleoclimatic records of this period from the inland area of the continent are of great importance for understanding the response of geosystems to abrupt changes: deterioration of the climate and rapid recovery. In this paper, we present the paleopedological evidence found in the Glacis de Buenavista, Morelos, in order to show the trend of environmental change that occurred during that period. The current climate in the area shows marked contrasts, as the north (altitudes between 2000 and 2200 m) is warm and humid, while the south (altitudes between 1800 and 1600 m) is warmer and sub-humid. As a result, the current soil cover forms a climo-toposequence, which varies from Andosols-Luvisols to Vertisols. The studied paleosols correspond to an Albeluvisol (Buenavista), located on the north side, and a Gleysol (Ahuatenco) in the central part of the landform. Their ages, obtained by AMS, are 12160 years B.P. and 12930 years B.P. (uncalibrated), respectively. The properties shown by these soils (presence of an eluvial horizon with surficial stagnic processes in the Albeluvisols, strong gleying in the Gleysol, moderate weathering in both cases) indicate a wet and warm environment of formation. Consequently, they do not reflect the climatic gradient observed today. The Gleysol is interbedded in a sequence of tepetates (hardened layers of volcanic materials), which form a stratum between the Pleistocene paleosols and Holocene soils. Its presence is associated with unstable climatic and geomorphic conditions due to intense volcanic activity and torrential rain events that transported volcanic materials and soil remnants to the middle part of the landform. This environmental instability is related to the Younger Dryas.

A structural model of the Chicxulub crater is derived from aeromagnetic anomaly modeling, borehole information and magnetic mineral data. Magnetic susceptibility measurements from borehole cores and samples in the crater show that suevite-like breccias have a variable strong magnetic signature, which is related to basement and melt clasts. The crystalline component estimated from clast analyses in the suevite-like breccias has on average higher magnetic susceptibilities (up to 1200×10-5 SI) than that of impact melt (~500×10-5 SI) and crystalline basement (400×10-5 SI). Reduction to the pole and downward analytical continuations show the discrete composite character of the anomaly, with inverse dipolar anomalies. The second-derivative of magnetic anomaly depicts five concentric rings, with the external ring correlating with the cenote ring and marking the surface expression of crater rim. The analytical signal and the radially averaged spectrum yield an estimate of the averaged depth to the magnetic sources, ranging from 1000 to 6000 m. There are three major magnetic sources within the Chicxulub crater: 1) the melt unit, 2) the suevite-like breccia, and 3) the central uplift. Using all these data, including new 2-D magnetic models, a new structural model is proposed. It reveals a system of regional vertical faults that explain the magnetic signal over the southern sector of the crater, whereas a 2.5 km deep central uplift and highly magnetized breccia sequences and melt sheet might be the sources of the main magnetic anomalies.

Abstract The name tepetate refers to indurated horizons, compacted or cemented, that are found in Mexican volcanic landscapes, underlaying soils or outcropping in the surface. These horizons represent an element that participates actively in the environmental dynamic, because of their characteristics (high density, low porosity, hydraulic conductivity, water holding capacity and poor fertility). These layers represent a problem in agriculture because its hardness difficults tillage and their remediation is expensive. Tepetates under soils produce lithological discontinuities that can generate landslides and erosion, because they block water infiltration, favoring lateral run off. Another environmental hazard is the limited aquifer recharge. In this paper a general overview of the tepetates and formation processes is presented, providing results from a study case in the Glacis de Buenavista, Morelos, but that are very common in the pediments of volcanic landscapes. In this area tepetates are related to clayey soils, both easily recognizable by their spectral signature in Landsat images, representing a methodology that can be used easily.

The level of human impact on the wetlands of the Lago Budi Basin was established, as a function of the degree of alteration to the basin and the degree of alteration to the wetlands. The former was evaluated on the basis of a spatial analysis of the fragility and stability of the hydrographical basin. The latter through a modified impact model, with a panel of experts who evaluated the fulfilment of the wetlands' function and their state. Four principal types of wetlands were recognized: estuarine, meadow, waterside and marshy. It was found that 98% of the total surface presents a high degree of alteration, as determined by its instability and fragility. Farm use was weighted as the principal agent of alteration of the wetlands' functions, with 61% of this showing alteration in the maximum degree. This evaluation makes it possible to differentiate areas and generate base criteria for the conservation of wetlands in the basin.

The landscape corresponds to a complex, open, space-time system, intermediate between nature and society. Its conditions and dynamics are determined by natural processes and human presence in which local and regional alterations modify ecological processes and patterns of biodiversity. Conspicuous in the Budi lake/river basin landscape are continental wetlands and marshy bodies of water and forests. Conflicts have arisen due to substitution and land-use change. Using the framework and scale of analysis of landscape ecology, the landscape dynamics of the Budi lake/river basin has been analyzed as an input for ecological planning of this area and conservation of its wetlands. Studies of variation of areas destined for different uses and land cover, as well as rate of change starting from category maps drawn up on the basis of photo-interpretation of aerial photographs of the area under study taken in 1980, 1994 and 2004, were done. Eight landscape types were identified, starting from previously drawn up classifications of ground cover and land-use. We also evaluated the variation in landscape patterns through the application of 21 measuring processes related to typology and surface, perimeters, shapes, diversity, aggregation and adjacency as indicators of landscape dynamics and evolution, which were applied in three levels: patches, classes and total landscape area. Among others, results showed a significant increase of the area of riverside wetlands (3,039.7 hectares in 1980 compared to 4,384.8 hectares in 2004), and a decrease in clear- water surface area. Furthermore, in the last 30 years there were increases in forestry plantations, of 17.6% between 1980 and 1994, and of 27.2% between 1994 and 2004; meanwhile, farming and cattle-raising have steadily decreased. Also, an increase in the number of patches and a decrease in their average size (except for wetlands), an increase in the total perimeters, and a decrease of distances between neighbours were assessed; all of which points to a landscape which is undergoing a process of fragmentation, with patches interspersed within the dominant pattern. The analysis carried out defines a system of wetlands having high connectivity with the contributing watersheds, spatial heterogeneity and intermixing of classes, in which current watershed uses are affecting the evolution of riverside areas. These indicates the extent of alteration of the system as well as the importance of the anthropogenic variable in its evolution; factors to be taken into account during the decision-making process of future proposals for land-use regulations involving control of sedimentation, protection of vegetation and maintaining connectivity.

We studied the acuatic macro invertebrates community associated with the water tank of Tillandsia turneri (Bromeliaceae) in a montane cloud forest (at 3000 m altitude) of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Thirty seven plants were sampled for which the amount of water and some morphological and physicochemical variables were also determined. Twenty eight of macro invertebrates morphospecies were found, 20 of which were Diptera. The order Coleoptera was the most abundant, with 40.5% of the total number of individuals, followed by Diptera and Cladocera, each with approximately 25% of the total individuals. Shannon's diversity index for each plant was between 0.735 and 2.133, and Margalef's richness index was between 1.249 and 3.246. Using a similitud analysis a group of 20 individuals of T. turneri with a similar composition of macro invertebrates was identified. The most abundant functional groups were shredders-piercers represented by the genus Scirtes and collectors-filterers represented by the families Culicidae and Daphnidae. The physicochemical and morphological variables were not related with species richness and diversity of the macro invertebrates community. However, multiple regression for macro invertebrate abundance was significtive, showing that the plant area and the amount of water were the variables that better explained it. Too, the multiple regression indicates that the abundance of Haemagogus and Tanyponinae sp. 1 was explained for the amount water in the plant tank.