This paper examines naturalgas pricing at five citygate locations in the northeastern United States using daily and weekly price series for the years 1994-97. In particular, the effects of the naturalgas price at Henry ...

This paper evaluates the accuracy of two methods to forecast naturalgas prices: using the Energy Information Administration's ''Annual Energy Outlook'' forecasted price (AEO) and the ''Henry Hub'' compared to U.S. Wellhead futures price. A statistical analysis is performed to determine the relative accuracy of the two measures in the recent past. A statistical analysis suggests that the Henry Hub futures price provides a more accurate average forecast of naturalgas prices than the AEO. For example, the Henry Hub futures price underestimated the naturalgas price by 35 cents per thousand cubic feet (11.5 percent) between 1996 and 2003 and the AEO underestimated by 71 cents per thousand cubic feet (23.4 percent). Upon closer inspection, a liner regression analysis reveals that two distinct time periods exist, the period between 1996 to 1999 and the period between 2000 to 2003. For the time period between 1996 to 1999, AEO showed a weak negative correlation (R-square = 0.19) between forecast price by actual U.S. Wellhead naturalgas price versus the Henry Hub with a weak positive correlation (R-square = 0.20) between forecasted price and U.S. Wellhead naturalgas price. During the time period between 2000 to 2003, AEO shows a moderate positive correlation (R-square = 0.37) between forecasted naturalgas price and U.S. Wellhead naturalgas price versus the Henry Hub that show a moderate positive correlation (R-square = 0.36) between forecast price and U.S. Wellhead naturalgas price. These results suggest that agencies forecasting naturalgas prices should consider incorporating the Henry Hub naturalgas futures price into their forecasting models along with the AEO forecast. Our analysis is very preliminary and is based on a very small data set. Naturally the results of the analysis may change, as more data is made available.

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NaturalGas Monthly features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

. Exploration and extraction of naturalgas from the Marcellus shale is a potentially valuable economic stimulus for landowners. You might be wondering how the nation's economic situation is affecting the market for naturalNaturalGas Exploration: A Landowners Guide to Financial Management NaturalGas Exploration

This document provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience. The 1996 data are presented in a sequence that follows naturalgas from it`s production to it`s end use.

The NaturalGas Annual provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and educational institutions. The 1995 data are presented in a sequence that follows naturalgas (including supplemental supplies) from its production to its end use. This is followed by tables summarizing naturalgas supply and disposition from 1991 to 1995 for each Census Division and each State. Annual historical data are shown at the national level.

The NaturalGas Annual provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and educational institutions. The 1994 data are presented in a sequence that follows naturalgas (including supplemental supplies) from its production to its end use. This is followed by tables summarizing naturalgas supply and disposition from 1990 to 1994 for each Census Division and each State. Annual historical data are shown at the national level.

The future of U.S. naturalgas production, use, and trade Sergey Paltsev a,b,n , Henry D. Jacoby 19 May 2011 Available online 16 June 2011 Keywords: Naturalgas Climate Policy International gas.S. regional detail, are applied to analysis of the future of U.S. naturalgas. The focus is on uncertainties

The NaturalGas Annual provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and educational institutions. The 1997 data are presented in a sequence that follows naturalgas (including supplemental supplies) from its production to its end use. This is followed by tables summarizing naturalgas supply and disposition from 1993 to 1997 for each Census Division and each State. Annual historical data are shown at the national level. 27 figs., 109 tabs.

47 NaturalGas Market Trends Chapter 5 NATURALGAS MARKET TRENDS INTRODUCTION Naturalgas discusses current naturalgas market conditions in California and the rest of North America, followed on the outlook for demand, supply, and price of naturalgas for the forecasted 20-year horizon. It also addresses

This document highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Data presented include volume and price, production, consumption, underground storage, and interstate pipeline activities.

Gas Research Institute has led a variety of projects in the past two years with respect to repowering with naturalgas. These activities, including workshops, technology evaluations, and market assessments, have indicated that a significant opportunity for repowering exists. It is obvious that the electric power industry`s restructuring and the actual implementation of environmental regulations from the Clean Air Act Amendments will have significant impact on repowering with respect to timing and ultimate size of the market. This paper summarizes the results and implications of these activities in repowering with naturalgas. It first addresses the size of the potential market and discusses some of the significant issues with respect to this market potential. It then provides a perspective on technical options for repowering which are likely to be competitive in the current environment. Finally, it addresses possible actions by the gas industry and GRI to facilitate development of the repowering market.

As a result of economic and regulatory changes, the naturalgas marketplace now offers multiple options for purchasers. The purpose of this panel is to discuss short-term purchasing options and how to take advantage of these options both to lower...

As a result of economic and regulatory changes, the naturalgas marketplace now offers multiple options for purchasers. The purpose of this panel is to discuss short-term purchasing options and how to take advantage of these options both to lower...

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. There are two feature articles in this issue: Naturalgas 1998: Issues and trends, Executive summary; and Special report: Naturalgas 1998: A preliminary summary. 6 figs., 28 tabs.

This report presents information of interest to organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Data are presented on naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also included.

This assessment of the naturalgas sector in Iran, with a focus on Iran’s naturalgas exports, was prepared pursuant to section 505 (a) of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law No: 112-158). As requested, it includes: (1) an assessment of exports of naturalgas from Iran; (2) an identification of the countries that purchase the most naturalgas from Iran; (3) an assessment of alternative supplies of naturalgas available to those countries; (4) an assessment of the impact a reduction in exports of naturalgas from Iran would have on global naturalgas supplies and the price of naturalgas, especially in countries identified under number (2); and (5) such other information as the Administrator considers appropriate.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and NaturalGas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and NaturalGas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and NaturalGas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of Energy (DOE). The NGM highhghts activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and NaturalGas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of Energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The feature article this month is entitled ``Intricate puzzle of oil and gas reserves growth.`` A special report is included on revisions to monthly naturalgas data. 6 figs., 24 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 27 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 27 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 25 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. Articles are included which are designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground state data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 25 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 31 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 27 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The feature article in this issue is a special report, ``Comparison of NaturalGas Storage Estimates from the EIA and AGA.`` 6 figs., 26 tabs.

The naturalgas monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The feature article for this month is NaturalGas Industry Restructuring and EIA Data Collection.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are present3ed each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The feature article is entitled ``Naturalgas pipeline and system expansions.`` 6 figs., 27 tabs.

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The feature article this month is ``Restructuring energy industries: Lessons from naturalgas.`` 6 figs., 26 tabs.

The (NGM) NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. This month`s feature articles are: US Production of NaturalGas from Tight Reservoirs: and Expanding Rule of Underground Storage.

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The article this month is entitled ``Recent Trends in NaturalGas Spot Prices.`` 6 figs., 27 tabs.

This issue of the NaturalGas Monthly presents the most recent estimates of naturalgas data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Estimates extend through April 1998 for many data series. The report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, feature articles are presented designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. This issue contains the special report, ``NaturalGas 1997: A Preliminary Summary.`` This report provides information on naturalgas supply and disposition for the year 1997, based on monthly data through December from EIA surveys. 6 figs., 28 tabs.

The National Gas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The National Gas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. 6 figs., 27 tabs.

Over the 1995-2005 period, crude oil prices and U.S. naturalgas prices tended to move together, which supported the conclusion that the markets for the two commodities were connected. Figure 26 illustrates the fairly stable ratio over that period between the price of low-sulfur light crude oil at Cushing, Oklahoma, and the price of naturalgas at the Henry Hub on an energy-equivalent basis.

The March 1998 edition of the NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. This report also features an article on the correction of errors in the drilling activity estimates series, and in-depth drilling activity data. 6 figs., 28 tabs.

The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. The NGM also features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The featured article for this month is on US coalbed methane production.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and NaturalGas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of Energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. The data in this publication are collected on surveys conducted by the EIA to fulfill its responsibilities for gathering and reporting energy data. Some of the data are collected under the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), an independent commission within the DOE, which has jurisdiction primarily in the regulation of electric utilities and the interstate naturalgas industry. Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. 16 figs., 33 tabs.

The United States relies on naturalgas for one-quarter of its energy needs. In 2001 alone, the nation consumed 21.5 trillion cubic feet of naturalgas. A large portion of naturalgas pipeline capacity within the United States is directed from major production areas in Texas and Louisiana, Wyoming, and other states to markets in the western, eastern, and midwestern regions of the country. In the past 10 years, increasing levels of gas from Canada have also been brought into these markets (EIA 2007). The United States has several major naturalgas production basins and an extensive naturalgas pipeline network, with almost 95% of U.S. naturalgas imports coming from Canada. At present, the gas pipeline infrastructure is more developed between Canada and the United States than between Mexico and the United States. Gas flows from Canada to the United States through several major pipelines feeding U.S. markets in the Midwest, Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and California. Some key examples are the Alliance Pipeline, the Northern Border Pipeline, the Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, the TransCanada Pipeline System, and Westcoast Energy pipelines. Major connections join Texas and northeastern Mexico, with additional connections to Arizona and between California and Baja California, Mexico (INGAA 2007). Of the naturalgas consumed in the United States, 85% is produced domestically. Figure 1.1-1 shows the complex North American naturalgas network. The pipeline transmission system--the 'interstate highway' for naturalgas--consists of 180,000 miles of high-strength steel pipe varying in diameter, normally between 30 and 36 inches in diameter. The primary function of the transmission pipeline company is to move huge amounts of naturalgas thousands of miles from producing regions to local naturalgas utility delivery points. These delivery points, called 'city gate stations', are usually owned by distribution companies, although some are owned by transmission companies. Compressor stations at required distances boost the pressure that is lost through friction as the gas moves through the steel pipes (EPA 2000). The naturalgas system is generally described in terms of production, processing and purification, transmission and storage, and distribution (NaturalGas.org 2004b). Figure 1.1-2 shows a schematic of the system through transmission. This report focuses on the transmission pipeline, compressor stations, and city gates.

This issue of the NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) presents the most recent estimates of naturalgas data from the Energy Information Administration. Estimates extend through February 1998 for many data series, and through November 1997 for most naturalgas prices. Highlights of the naturalgas data contained in this issue are: Preliminary estimates for January and February 1998 show that dry naturalgas production, net imports, and consumption are all within 1 percent of their levels in 1997. Warmer-than-normal weather in recent months has resulted in lower consumption of naturalgas by the residential sector and lower net withdrawals of gas from under round storage facilities compared with a year ago. This has resulted in an estimate of the amount of working gas in storage at the end of February 1998 that is 18 percent higher than in February 1997. The national average naturalgas wellhead price is estimated to be $3.05 per thousand cubic feet in November 1997, 7 percent higher than in October. The cumulative average wellhead price for January through November 1997 is estimated to be $2.42 per thousand cubic feet, 17 percent above that of the same period in 1996. This price increase is far less than 36-percent rise that occurred between 1995 and 1996. 6 figs., 26 tabs.

This document highlights activities, events, and analysis of interest to the public and private sector associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also included.

This report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector oganizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. 33 tabs.

This report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. A glossary is included. 7 figs., 33 tabs.

The fuel of choice for generating new power is and will continue over the next two decades to be naturalgas. It is the fuel of choice because it is plentiful, environmentally acceptable, and relatively inexpensive. This paper reports that gas reserves on the North American continent continue to be discovered in amounts that may keep the gas bubble inflated far longer than currently estimated. New gas transportation capacity is actively being developed to overcome the capacity bottlenecks and deliverability shortfalls. Naturalgas prices will probably remain stable (with expected CPI-related increases) for the short run (2-4 years), and probably will be higher than CPI increases thereafter.

A system is described that is suitable for use in determining the location of leaks of gases having a background concentration. The system is a point-wise backscatter absorption gas measurement system that measures absorption and distance to each point of an image. The absorption measurement provides an indication of the total amount of a gas of interest, and the distance provides an estimate of the background concentration of gas. The distance is measured from the time-of-flight of laser pulse that is generated along with the absorption measurement light. The measurements are formated into an image of the presence of gas in excess of the background. Alternatively, an image of the scene is superimosed on the image of the gas to aid in locating leaks. By further modeling excess gas as a plume having a known concentration profile, the present system provides an estimate of the maximum concentration of the gas of interest.

This analysis presents the most recent data on naturalgas prices, supply, and consumption from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The presentation of the latest monthly data is followed by an update on naturalgas markets. The markets section examines the behavior of daily spot and futures prices based on information from trade press, as well as regional, weekly data on naturalgas storage from the American Gas Association (AGA). This {open_quotes}Highlights{close_quotes} closes with a special section comparing and contrasting EIA and AGA storage data on a monthly and regional basis. The regions used are those defined by the AGA for their weekly data collection effort: the Producing Region, the Consuming Region East, and the Consuming Region West. While data on working gas levels have tracked fairly closely between the two data sources, differences have developed recently. The largest difference is in estimates of working gas levels in the East consuming region during the heating season.

Naturalgas could be an important alternative energy source in meeting some of the market demand presently met by liquid products from crude oil. This study was initiated to analyze three energy markets to determine if greater use could be made of naturalgas or naturalgas derived products and if those products could be provided on an economically competitive basis. The three markets targeted for possible increases in gas use were motor fuels, power generation, and the chemical feedstocks market. The economics of processes to convert naturalgas to transportation fuels, chemical products, and power were analyzed. The economic analysis was accomplished by drawing on a variety of detailed economic studies, updating them and bringing the results to a common basis. The processes analyzed included production of methanol, MTBE, higher alcohols, gasoline, CNG, and LNG for the transportation market. Production and use of methanol and ammonia in the chemical feedstock market and use of naturalgas for power generation were also assessed. Use of both high and low quality gas as a process feed stream was evaluated. The analysis also explored the impact of various gas price growth rates and process facility locations, including remote gas areas. In assessing the transportation fuels market the analysis examined production and use of both conventional and new alternative motor fuels.

This report summarizes die research by an Energy Modeling Forum working group on the evolution of the North American naturalgas markets between now and 2010. The group's findings are based partly on the results of a set of economic models of the naturalgas industry that were run for four scenarios representing significantly different conditions: two oil price scenarios (upper and lower), a smaller total US resource base (low US resource case), and increased potential gas demand for electric generation (high US demand case). Several issues, such as the direction of regulatory policy and the size of the gas resource base, were analyzed separately without the use of models.

This report sunnnarizes the research by an Energy Modeling Forum working group on the evolution of the North American naturalgas markets between now and 2010. The group's findings are based partly on the results of a set of economic models of the naturalgas industry that were run for four scenarios representing significantly different conditions: two oil price scenarios (upper and lower), a smaller total US resource base (low US resource case), and increased potential gas demand for electric generation (high US demand case). Several issues, such as the direction of regulatory policy and the size of the gas resource base, were analyzed separately without the use of models.

Environmental and economic benefits could accrue from a safe, above-ground, natural-gas storage process allowing electric power plants to utilize naturalgas for peak load demands; numerous other applications of a gas storage process exist. A laboratory study conducted in 1999 to determine the feasibility of a gas-hydrates storage process looked promising. The subsequent scale-up of the process was designed to preserve important features of the laboratory apparatus: (1) symmetry of hydrate accumulation, (2) favorable surface area to volume ratio, (3) heat exchanger surfaces serving as hydrate adsorption surfaces, (4) refrigeration system to remove heat liberated from bulk hydrate formation, (5) rapid hydrate formation in a non-stirred system, (6) hydrate self-packing, and (7) heat-exchanger/adsorption plates serving dual purposes to add or extract energy for hydrate formation or decomposition. The hydrate formation/storage/decomposition Proof-of-Concept (POC) pressure vessel and supporting equipment were designed, constructed, and tested. This final report details the design of the scaled POC gas-hydrate storage process, some comments on its fabrication and installation, checkout of the equipment, procedures for conducting the experimental tests, and the test results. The design, construction, and installation of the equipment were on budget target, as was the tests that were subsequently conducted. The budget proposed was met. The primary goal of storing 5000-scf of naturalgas in the gas hydrates was exceeded in the final test, as 5289-scf of gas storage was achieved in 54.33 hours. After this 54.33-hour period, as pressure in the formation vessel declined, additional gas went into the hydrates until equilibrium pressure/temperature was reached, so that ultimately more than the 5289-scf storage was achieved. The time required to store the 5000-scf (48.1 hours of operating time) was longer than designed. The lower gas hydrate formation rate is attributed to a lower heat transfer rate in the internal heat exchanger than was designed. It is believed that the fins on the heat-exchanger tubes did not make proper contact with the tubes transporting the chilled glycol, and pairs of fins were too close for interior areas of fins to serve as hydrate collection sites. A correction of the fabrication fault in the heat exchanger fin attachments could be easily made to provide faster formation rates. The storage success with the POC process provides valuable information for making the process an economically viable process for safe, aboveground natural-gas storage.

The NaturalGas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. Explanatory notes supplement the information found in tables of the report. A description of the data collection surveys that support the NGM is provided. A glossary of the terms used in this report is also provided to assist readers in understanding the data presented in this publication.

more on imported supplies, including liquefied naturalgas (LNG). Currently, the U.S. has four LNG have proposed to site LNG import facilities in California, in other locations in the U.S, and in Baja California, Mexico. In the early 1970s, California's gas utilities were planning to build an LNG import

The proceedings of the Institute of Gas Technology`s Houston Conference on the Outlook for NaturalGas held October 5, 1993 are presented. A separate abstract was prepared for each paper for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

This issue of the NaturalGas Monthly contains estimates for March 1999 for many naturalgas data series at the national level. Estimates of national naturalgas prices are available through December 1998 for most series. Highlights of the data contained in this issue are listed below. Preliminary data indicate that the national average wellhead price for 1998 declined to 16% from the previous year ($1.96 compared to $2.32 per thousand cubic feet). At the end of March, the end of the 1998--1999 heating season, the level of working gas in underground naturalgas storage facilities is estimated to be 1,354 billion cubic feet, 169 billion cubic feet higher than at the end of March 1998. Gas consumption during the first 3 months of 1999 is estimated to have been 179 billion cubic feet higher than in the same period in 1998. Most of this increase (133 billion cubic feet) occurred in the residential sector due to the cooler temperatures in January and February compared to the same months last year. According to the National Weather Service, heating degree days in January 1999 were 15% greater than the previous year while February recorded a 5% increase.

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program was created in 1982 by Public Law 97-219 and reauthorized in 1992 until the year 2000 by Public Law 102-564. The purposes of the new law are to (1) expand and improve the SBIR program, 2) emphasize the program`s goal of increasing private sector commercialization of technology developed through Federal R&D, (3) increase small business participation in Federal R&D, and (4) improve the Federal Government`s dissemination of information concerning the SBIR program. DOE`s SBIR pro-ram has two features that are unique. In the 1995 DOE SBIR solicitation, the DOE Fossil Energy topics were: environmental technology for naturalgas, oil, and coal; advanced recovery of oil; naturalgas supply; naturalgas utilization; advanced coal-based power systems; and advanced fossil fuels research. The subtopics for this solicitation`s NaturalGas Supply topic are (1) drilling, completion, and stimulation; (2) low-permeability Formations; (3) delivery and storage; and (4) naturalgas upgrading.

Problems in the establishment of naturalgas prices are outlined. The tropics discussed include: US average naturalgas prices; US average naturalgas prices; US average fuel oil prices; and US average electric utility naturalgas T and D margin in dollars Mcf.

This document comprises the Department of Energy (DOE) NaturalGas Multi-Year Program Plan, and is a follow-up to the `NaturalGas Strategic Plan and Program Crosscut Plans,` dated July 1995. DOE`s naturalgas programs are aimed at simultaneously meeting our national energy needs, reducing oil imports, protecting our environment, and improving our economy. The NaturalGas Multi-Year Program Plan represents a Department-wide effort on expanded development and use of naturalgas and defines Federal government and US industry roles in partnering to accomplish defined strategic goals. The four overarching goals of the NaturalGas Program are to: (1) foster development of advanced naturalgas technologies, (2) encourage adoption of advanced naturalgas technologies in new and existing markets, (3) support removal of policy impediments to naturalgas use in new and existing markets, and (4) foster technologies and policies to maximize environmental benefits of naturalgas use.

This publication, the NaturalGas Monthly, presents the most recent data on naturalgas supply, consumption, and prices from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Of special interest in this issue are two articles summarizing reports recently published by EIA. The articles are {open_quotes}NaturalGas Productive Capacity{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}Outlook for NaturalGas Through 2015,{close_quotes} both of which precede the {open_quotes}Highlights{close_quotes} section. With this issue, January 1997, changes have been made to the format of the Highlights section and to several of the tabular and graphical presentations throughout the publication. The changes to the Highlights affect the discussion of developments in the industry and the presentation of weekly storage data. An overview of the developments in the industry is now presented in a brief summary followed by specific discussions of supply, end-use consumption, and prices. Spot and futures prices are discussed as appropriate in the Price section, together with wellhead and consumer prices.

naturalgas (LNG) imports into North America increase up to 14 billion cubic feet per day by 2017. Regasified LNG imports from Mexico into San Diego begin in 2009. This LNG displaces domestic production from pipeline reverses and expands to allow the flow of regasified LNG from the Costa Azul LNG terminal in Baja

Gross withdrawals of naturalgas (wet, after lease separation) from gas and oil wells in the United States during November 1988, were estimated at 1755 billion cubic feet, 1.3 percent above withdrawals during November 1987. Of the total quantity, an estimated 215 billion cubic feet were returned to gas and oil reservoirs for repressuring, pressure maintenance, and cycling; 35 billion cubic feet of nonhydrocarbon gases were removed; and 13 billion cubic feet were vented or flared. The remaining wet marketed production totaled 1492 billion cubic feet. Dry gas production (wet marketed production minus 70 billion cubic feet of extraction loss) totaled an estimated 1422 billion cubic feet, similar to the November 1987 level. The total dry gas supply available for disposition in November 1988 was estimated at 1702 billion cubic feet, including 173 billion cubic feet withdrawn from storage, 12 billion cubic feet of supplemental supplies, and 95 billion cubic feet that were imported. In November 1987, dry gas available for disposition totaled 1684 billion cubic feet. Of the total dry gas supply available for disposition in November 1988, an estimated 1467 billion cubic feet were consumed, 148 billion cubic feet were injected into underground storage reservoirs, and 5 billion cubic feet were exported, leaving 82 billion cubic feet unaccounted for.

Gross withdrawals of naturalgas (wet, after lease separation) from gas and oil wells in the United States during March 1989, were estimated at 1777 billion cubic feet, 0.4 percent below withdrawals during March 1988. Of the total quantity, an estimated 211 billion cubic feet were returned to gas and oil reservoirs for repressuring, pressure maintenance, and cycling; 36 billion cubic feet of nonhydrocarbon gases were removed; and 12 billion cubic feet were vented or flared. The remaining wet marketed production totaled 1518 billion cubic feet. Dry gas production (wet marketed production minus 71 billion cubic feet of extraction loss) totaled an estimated 1447 billion cubic feet, similar to the March 1988 level. The total dry gas supply available for disposition in March 1989 was estimated at 1881 billion cubic feet, including 319 billion cubic feet withdrawn from storage, 14 billion cubic feet of supplemental supplies, and 101 billion cubic feet that were imported. In March 1988, dry gas available for disposition totaled 1841 billion cubic feet. Of the total dry gas supply available for disposition in March 1989, an estimated 1837 billion cubic feet were consumed, 93 billion cubic feet were injected into underground storage reservoirs and 8 billion cubic feet were exported, leaving 57 billion cubic feet unaccounted for.

the economic structure of the Danish naturalgas market is formulated mathematically giving a descriptionNaturalGas Supply in Denmark - A Model of NaturalGas Transmission and the Liberalized Gas Market of the markets of naturalgas and electricity and the existence of an abundance of de-centralized combined heat

A method of naturalgas liquefaction may include cooling a gaseous NG process stream to form a liquid NG process stream. The method may further include directing the first tail gas stream out of a plant at a first pressure and directing a second tail gas stream out of the plant at a second pressure. An additional method of naturalgas liquefaction may include separating CO.sub.2 from a liquid NG process stream and processing the CO.sub.2 to provide a CO.sub.2 product stream. Another method of naturalgas liquefaction may include combining a marginal gaseous NG process stream with a secondary substantially pure NG stream to provide an improved gaseous NG process stream. Additionally, a NG liquefaction plant may include a first tail gas outlet, and at least a second tail gas outlet, the at least a second tail gas outlet separate from the first tail gas outlet.

This publication provides information on the interstate pipeline companies' supply of naturalgas during calendar year 1989, for use by the FERC for regulatory purposes. It also provides information to other Government agencies, the naturalgas industry, as well as policy makers, analysts, and consumers interested in current levels of interstate supplies of naturalgas and trends over recent years. 5 figs., 18 tabs.

This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids as of December 31, 1997, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1997. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of naturalgas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet naturalgas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at naturalgas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of naturalgas liquids, lease condensate and naturalgas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crude oil reserves and crude oil, naturalgas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1997 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

NaturalGas 1995: Issues and Trends addresses current issues affecting the naturalgas industry and markets. Highlights of recent trends include: Naturalgas wellhead prices generally declined throughout 1994 and for 1995 averages 22% below the year-earlier level; Seasonal patterns of naturalgas production and wellhead prices have been significantly reduced during the past three year; Naturalgas production rose 15% from 1985 through 1994, reaching 18.8 trillion cubic feet; Increasing amounts of naturalgas have been imported; Since 1985, lower costs of producing and transporting naturalgas have benefitted consumers; Consumers may see additional benefits as States examine regulatory changes aimed at increasing efficiency; and, The electric industry is being restructured in a fashion similar to the recent restructuring of the naturalgas industry.

Optimization of Steam & Energy systems in any continuously operating process plant results in substantial reduction in Naturalgas purchases. During periods of naturalgas price hikes, this would benefit the plant to control their fuel budget...

If oil and naturalgas were perfect substitutes in all markets where they are used, market forces would be expected to drive their delivered prices to near equality on an energy-equivalent basis. The price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil generally is denominated in terms of barrels, where 1 barrel has an energy content of approximately 5.8 million Btu. The price of naturalgas (at the Henry Hub), in contrast, generally is denominated in million Btu. Thus, if the market prices of the two fuels were equal on the basis of their energy contents, the ratio of the crude oil price (the spot price for WTI, or low-sulfur light, crude oil) to the naturalgas price (the Henry Hub spot price) would be approximately 6.0. From 1990 through 2007, however, the ratio of naturalgas prices to crude oil prices averaged 8.6; and in the Annual Energy Outlook 2009 projections from 2008 through 2030, it averages 7.7 in the low oil price case, 14.6 in the reference case, and 20.2 in the high oil price case.

This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids as of December 31, 1992, as well as production volumes for the United States, and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1992. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of naturalgas: total gas (wet after lease separation), its two major components (nonassociated and associated-dissolved gas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at naturalgas processing plants). In addition, two components of naturalgas liquids, lease condensate and naturalgas plant liquids, have their reserves and production data presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crude oil reserves and crude oil, naturalgas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1992 is provided.

The report provides an overview of major trends occurring in the naturalgas industry and includes a concise look at the drivers behind recent rapid growth in gas usage and the challenges faced in meeting that growth. Topics covered include: an overview of NaturalGas including its history, the current market environment, and its future market potential; an analysis of the overarching trends that are driving a need for change in the NaturalGas industry; a description of new technologies being developed to increase production of NaturalGas; an evaluation of the potential of unconventional NaturalGas sources to supply the market; a review of new transportation methods to get NaturalGas from producing to consuming countries; a description of new storage technologies to support the increasing demand for peak gas; an analysis of the coming changes in global NaturalGas flows; an evaluation of new applications for NaturalGas and their impact on market sectors; and, an overview of NaturalGas trading concepts and recent changes in financial markets.

The technologies and practices that have enabled the recent boom in shale gas production have also brought attention to the environmental impacts of its use. Using the current state of knowledge of the recovery, processing, and distribution of shale gas and conventional naturalgas, we have estimated up-to-date, life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, we have developed distribution functions for key parameters in each pathway to examine uncertainty and identify data gaps - such as methane emissions from shale gas well completions and conventional naturalgas liquid unloadings - that need to be addressed further. Our base case results show that shale gas life-cycle emissions are 6% lower than those of conventional naturalgas. However, the range in values for shale and conventional gas overlap, so there is a statistical uncertainty regarding whether shale gas emissions are indeed lower than conventional gas emissions. This life-cycle analysis provides insight into the critical stages in the naturalgas industry where emissions occur and where opportunities exist to reduce the greenhouse gas footprint of naturalgas.

NATURALGAS HYDRATES – ISSUES FOR GAS PRODUCTION AND GEOMECHANICAL STABILITY A Dissertation by TARUN GROVER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements... for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2008 Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering NATURALGAS HYDRATES – ISSUES FOR GAS PRODUCTION AND GEOMECHANICAL STABILITY A Dissertation by TARUN GROVER Submitted to the Office of Graduate...

NATURALGAS REGULATORY roLICY: CURRENT ISSUES G. GAIL WATKINS Railroad Commission of Texas Austin, Texas ABSTRACT Many changes have occurred in recent months in both federal and state naturalgas regulation. Those changes have increased... the options of industrial energy consumers for purchasing and moving naturalgas. This panel viII discuss important developments in federal and state regulatory arenas and their impacts on purchasing options. Among the issues discussed viII be: 1...

The EIA annual reserves report series is the only source of comprehensive domestic proved reserves estimates. This publication is used by the Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry, and other interested parties to obtain accurate estimates of the Nation`s proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids. These data are essential to the development, implementation, and evaluation of energy policy and legislation. This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids as of December 31, 1996, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1996. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of naturalgas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet naturalgas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at naturalgas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of naturalgas liquids, lease condensate and naturalgas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crude oil reserves and crude oil, naturalgas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1996 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

The EIA annual reserves report series is the only source of comprehensive domestic proved reserves estimates. This publication is used by the Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry, and other interested parties to obtain accurate estimates of the Nation`s proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids. These data are essential to the development, implementation, and evaluation of energy policy and legislation. This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crude oil, naturalgas, and naturalgas liquids as of December 31, 1995, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1995. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of naturalgas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet naturalgas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at naturalgas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of naturalgas liquids, lease condensate and naturalgas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crude oil reserves and crude oil, naturalgas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1995 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

NaturalGas 1998: Issues and Trends provides a summary of the latest data and information relating to the US naturalgas industry, including prices, production, transmission, consumption, and the financial and environmental aspects of the industry. The report consists of seven chapters and five appendices. Chapter 1 presents a summary of various data trends and key issues in today`s naturalgas industry and examines some of the emerging trends. Chapters 2 through 7 focus on specific areas or segments of the industry, highlighting some of the issues associated with the impact of naturalgas operations on the environment. 57 figs., 18 tabs.

The NaturalGas Annual provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and educational institutions. This report, the NaturalGas Annual 1993 Supplement: Company Profiles, presents a detailed profile of 45 selected companies in the naturalgas industry. The purpose of this report is to show the movement of naturalgas through the various States served by the companies profiled. The companies in this report are interstate pipeline companies or local distribution companies (LDC`s). Interstate pipeline companies acquire gas supplies from company owned production, purchases from producers, and receipts for transportation for account of others. Pipeline systems, service area maps, company supply and disposition data are presented.

The purpose of this article is to compare the accuracy of forecasts for naturalgas prices as reported by the Energy Information Administration's Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) and the futures market for the period from 1998 to 2003. The analysis tabulates the existing data and develops a statistical comparison of the error between STEO and U.S. wellhead naturalgas prices and between Henry Hub and U.S. wellhead spot prices. The results indicate that, on average, Henry Hub is a better predictor of naturalgas prices with an average error of 0.23 and a standard deviation of 1.22 than STEO with an average error of -0.52 and a standard deviation of 1.36. This analysis suggests that as the futures market continues to report longer forward prices (currently out to five years), it may be of interest to economic modelers to compare the accuracy of their models to the futures market. The authors would especially like to thank Doug Hale of the Energy Information Administration for supporting and reviewing this work.

Gas energy is becoming the centerpiece in the future-energy strategies for the US as policymakers recognize that (1) up to 60 years of recoverable conventional gas supplies remain to be discovered and produced in the US and (2) supplemental sources promise to offset an anticipated decline in Lower-48 production, resulting in a net increase in the total gas supply. The US gas industry expects to provide 23-33 trillion CF/yr of gas for domestic consumption by the year 2000, with supplemental sources (SNG, pipeline and LNG imports, Alaskan gas, and naturalgas from unconventional sources) contributing 40-60%.

This report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. 7 figs., 34 tabs.

Eurasia is a major source of oil and naturalgas, and events in the region have a great potential to destabilize global security patterns. Supplies of naturalgas and oil from Eurasia are vital for the functioning of European economies, and also...

This report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. 7 figs., 33 tabs.

The NaturalGas Annual provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and educational institutions. This report, Volume 2, presents historical data fro the Nation from 1930 to 1994, and by State from 1967 to 1994.

This report provides an overview of the naturalgas industry in 1993 and early 1994 (Chapter 1), focusing on the overall ability to deliver gas under the new regulatory mandates of Order 636. In addition, the report highlights a range of issues affecting the industry, including: restructuring under Order 636 (Chapter 2); adjustments in naturalgas contracting (Chapter 3); increased use of underground storage (Chapter 4); effects of the new market on the financial performance of the industry (Chapter 5); continued impacts of major regulatory and legislative changes on the naturalgas market (Appendix A).

The NaturalGas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the naturalgas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for naturalgas production distribution consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting naturalgas information. The data in this publication are collected on surveys conducted by the EIA to fulfill its responsibilities for gathering and reporting energy data. Some of the data are collected under the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), an independent commission within the DOE, which has jurisdiction primarily in the regulation of electric utilities and the interstate naturalgas industry. Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Alberta, in volumetric terms, is Canada`s leading exporter of naturalgas, crude oil, bitumen, and coal. Alberta naturalgas shipments to other Canadian provinces and exports to the United States have developed into an increasingly important component of Alberta economy. This article attempts to measure the impact of gas production and exports on different sectors of the Alberta economy as the energy producing province of Canada.

This report describes work performed during a thirty month project which involves the production of dimethyl ether (DME) on-site for use as an ignition-improving additive in a compression-ignition naturalgas engine. A single cylinder spark ignition engine was converted to compression ignition operation. The engine was then fully instrumented with a cylinder pressure transducer, crank shaft position sensor, airflow meter, naturalgas mass flow sensor, and an exhaust temperature sensor. Finally, the engine was interfaced with a control system for pilot injection of DME. The engine testing is currently in progress. In addition, a one-pass process to form DME from naturalgas was simulated with chemical processing software. Naturalgas is reformed to synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide), converted into methanol, and finally to DME in three steps. Of additional benefit to the internal combustion engine, the offgas from the pilot process can be mixed with the main naturalgas charge and is expected to improve engine performance. Furthermore, a one-pass pilot facility was constructed to produce 3.7 liters/hour (0.98 gallons/hour) DME from methanol in order to characterize the effluent DME solution and determine suitability for engine use. Successful production of DME led to an economic estimate of completing a full naturalgas-to-DME pilot process. Additional experimental work in constructing a synthesis gas to methanol reactor is in progress. The overall recommendation from this work is that naturalgas to DME is not a suitable pathway to improved naturalgas engine performance. The major reasons are difficulties in handling DME for pilot injection and the large capital costs associated with DME production from naturalgas.

In the United States, recent shale gas discoveries have generated renewed interest in using naturalgas as a vehicular fuel, primarily in fleet applications, while outside the United States, naturalgas vehicle use has expanded significantly in the past decade. In this report for the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Cities Program - a public-private partnership that advances the energy, economic, and environmental security of the U.S. by supporting local decisions that reduce petroleum use in the transportation sector - we have examined the state of naturalgas vehicle technology, current market status, energy and environmental benefits, implications regarding advancements in European naturalgas vehicle technologies, research and development efforts, and current market barriers and opportunities for greater market penetration. The authors contend that commercial intracity trucks are a prime area for advancement of this fuel. Therefore, we examined an aggressive future market penetration of naturalgas heavy-duty vehicles that could be seen as a long-term goal. Under this scenario using Energy Information Administration projections and GREET life-cycle modeling of U.S. on-road heavy-duty use, naturalgas vehicles would reduce petroleum consumption by approximately 1.2 million barrels of oil per day, while another 400,000 barrels of oil per day reduction could be achieved with significant use of naturalgas off-road vehicles. This scenario would reduce daily oil consumption in the United States by about 8%.

Liquefied naturalgas (LNG) is being developed as a heavy vehicle fuel. The reason for developing LNG is to reduce our dependency on imported oil by eliminating technical and costs barriers associated with its usage. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has a program, currently in its third year, to develop and advance cost-effective technologies for operating and refueling naturalgas-fueled heavy vehicles (Class 7-8 trucks). The objectives of the DOE NaturalGas Vehicle Systems Program are to achieve market penetration by reducing vehicle conversion and fuel costs, to increase consumer acceptance by improving the reliability and efficiency, and to improve air quality by reducing tailpipe emissions. One way to reduce fuel costs is to develop new supplies of cheap naturalgas. Significant progress is being made towards developing more energy-efficient, low-cost, small-scale naturalgas liquefiers for exploiting alternative sources of naturalgas such as from landfill and remote gas sites. In particular, the DOE program provides funds for research and development in the areas of; naturalgas clean up, LNG production, advanced vehicle onboard storage tanks, improved fuel delivery systems and LNG market strategies. In general, the program seeks to integrate the individual components being developed into complete systems, and then demonstrate the technology to establish technical and economic feasibility. The paper also reviews the importance of cryogenics in designing LNG fuel delivery systems.

The Seaport Liquid NaturalGas Study has attempted to evaluate the potential for using LNG in a variety of heavy-duty vehicle and equipment applications at the Ports of Los Angeles and Oakland. Specifically, this analysis has focused on the handling and transport of containerized cargo to, from and within these two facilities. In terms of containerized cargo throughput, Los Angeles and Oakland are the second and sixth busiest ports in the US, respectively, and together handle nearly 4.5 million TEUs per year. At present, the landside handling and transportation of containerized cargo is heavily dependent on diesel-powered, heavy-duty vehicles and equipment, the utilization of which contributes significantly to the overall emissions impact of port-related activities. Emissions from diesel units have been the subject of increasing scrutiny and regulatory action, particularly in California. In the past two years alone, particulate matter from diesel exhaust has been listed as a toxic air contaminant by CAM, and major lawsuits have been filed against several of California's largest supermarket chains, alleging violation of Proposition 65 statutes in connection with diesel emissions from their distribution facilities. CARE3 has also indicated that it may take further regulatory action relating to the TAC listing. In spite of these developments and the very large diesel emissions associated with port operations, there has been little AFV penetration in these applications. Nearly all port operators interviewed by CALSTART expressed an awareness of the issues surrounding diesel use; however, none appeared to be taking proactive steps to address them. Furthermore, while a less controversial issue than emissions, the dominance of diesel fuel use in heavy-duty vehicles contributes to a continued reliance on imported fuels. The increasing concern regarding diesel use, and the concurrent lack of alternative fuel use and vigorous emissions reduction activity at the Ports provide both the backdrop and the impetus for this study.

This report addresses the {open_quotes}contracts portfolio{close_quotes} issue of naturalgas contracts in support of the Domestic NaturalGas and Oil Initiative (DGOI) published by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1994. The analysis is a result of a collaborative effort with the Public Service Commission of the State of Maryland to consider {open_quotes}reforms that enhance the industry`s competitiveness{close_quotes}. The initial focus of our collaborative effort was on gas purchasing and contract portfolios; however, it became apparent that efficient contracting to purchase and use gas requires a broader consideration of regulatory reform. Efficient portfolios are obtained when the holder of the portfolio is affected by and is responsible for the performance of the portfolio. Naturalgas distribution companies may prefer a diversity of contracts, but the efficient use of gas requires that the local distribution company be held accountable for its own purchases. Ultimate customers are affected by their own portfolios, which they manage efficiently by making their own choices. The objectives of the DGOI, particularly the efficient use of gas, can be achieved when customers have access to suppliers of gas and energy services under an improved regulatory framework. The evolution of the naturalgas market during the last 15 years is described to account for the changing preferences toward gas contracts. Long-term contracts for naturalgas were prevalent before the early 1980s, primarily because gas producers had few options other than to sell to a single pipeline company, and this pipeline company, in turn, was the only seller to a gas distribution company.

This report sunnnarizes the research by an Energy Modeling Forum working group on the evolution of the North American naturalgas markets between now and 2010. The group`s findings are based partly on the results of a set of economic models of the naturalgas industry that were run for four scenarios representing significantly different conditions: two oil price scenarios (upper and lower), a smaller total US resource base (low US resource case), and increased potential gas demand for electric generation (high US demand case). Several issues, such as the direction of regulatory policy and the size of the gas resource base, were analyzed separately without the use of models.

This report summarizes die research by an Energy Modeling Forum working group on the evolution of the North American naturalgas markets between now and 2010. The group`s findings are based partly on the results of a set of economic models of the naturalgas industry that were run for four scenarios representing significantly different conditions: two oil price scenarios (upper and lower), a smaller total US resource base (low US resource case), and increased potential gas demand for electric generation (high US demand case). Several issues, such as the direction of regulatory policy and the size of the gas resource base, were analyzed separately without the use of models.

A review of current naturalgas vehicle offerings is presented for both light-duty and medium- and heavy-duty applications. Recent gaps in the marketplace are discussed, along with how they have been or may be addressed. The stakeholder input process for guiding research and development needs via the NaturalGas Vehicle Technology Forum (NGVTF) to the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission is reviewed. Current high-level naturalgas engine development gap areas are highlighted, including efficiency, emissions, and the certification process.

This document provides information on the supply and disposition of naturalgas to a wide audience including industry, consumers, Federal and State agencies, and education institutions. The 1992 data are presented in a sequence that follows naturalgas (including supplemental supplies) from its production top its end use. Tables summarizing naturalgas supply and disposition from 1988 to 1992 are given for each Census Division and each State. Annual historical data are shown at the national level. Volume 2 of this report presents State-level historical data.

An efficient method of producing hydrogen by high temperature steam electrolysis that will lower the electricity consumption to an estimated 65 percent lower than has been achievable with previous steam electrolyzer systems. This is accomplished with a naturalgas-assisted steam electrolyzer, which significantly reduces the electricity consumption. Since this naturalgas-assisted steam electrolyzer replaces one unit of electrical energy by one unit of energy content in naturalgas at one-quarter the cost, the hydrogen production cost will be significantly reduced. Also, it is possible to vary the ratio between the electricity and the naturalgas supplied to the system in response to fluctuations in relative prices for these two energy sources. In one approach an appropriate catalyst on the anode side of the electrolyzer will promote the partial oxidation of naturalgas to CO and hydrogen, called Syn-Gas, and the CO can also be shifted to CO.sub.2 to give additional hydrogen. In another approach the naturalgas is used in the anode side of the electrolyzer to burn out the oxygen resulting from electrolysis, thus reducing or eliminating the potential difference across the electrolyzer membrane.

local naturalgas sector or the local economy in general.naturalgas by residential customers will have effects throughout the economy,NaturalGas Supply Policy, Fueling the Demands of a Growing Economy",

Naturalgas is abundant, clean burning, and cost competitive with other fuels. In addition to superior economic fundamentals, the expanded use of naturalgas will be enhanced by political and industry leaders. Naturalgas therefore will continue...

This thesis analyzes pathways to directly use naturalgas, as compressed naturalgas (CNG) or liquefied naturalgas (LNG), in the transportation sector. The thesis focuses on identifying opportunities to reduce market ...

Naturalgas is abundant, clean burning, and cost competitive with other fuels. In addition to superior economic fundamentals, the expanded use of naturalgas will be enhanced by political and industry leaders. Naturalgas therefore will continue...

This publication presents a summary of the latest data and information relating to the U.S. naturalgas industry, including prices, production, transmission, consumption, and financial aspects of the industry.

The data for the NaturalGas Annual 1991 Supplement : Company Profiles are taken from Form EIA-176, (open quotes) Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition (close quotes). Other sources include industry literature and corporate annual reports to shareholders. The companies appearing in this report are major interstate naturalgas pipeline companies, large distribution companies, or combination companies with both pipeline and distribution operations. The report contains profiles of 45 corporate families. The profiles describe briefly each company, where it operates, and any important issues that the company faces. The purpose of this report is to show the movement of naturalgas through the various States served by the 45 large companies profiled.

Using daily futures price data, I examine the behavior of naturalgas and crude oil price volatility since 1990. I test whether there has been a significant trend in volatility, whether there was a short-term increase in ...

for the quantitative estimation of the condensable gasoline consti- tuents of so-called rtwetn naturalgas» Three general lines of experimentation suggested themselves after a preliminary study of the problem. These were the separation of a liqui- fied sample... fractionation of a mixture of natural gases are, however, not available in the ordinary laboratory, so this method altho successful and accurate is hardly practical. Even after the fractionation of the gas has ^lebeau and Damiens in Chen. Abstr. 7, 1356...

This information product provides the interested reader with a broad and non-technical overview of how the U.S. naturalgas pipeline network operates, along with some insights into the many individual pipeline systems that make up the network. While the focus of the presentation is the transportation of naturalgas over the interstate and intrastate pipeline systems, information on subjects related to pipeline development, such as system design and pipeline expansion, are also included.

From a geological perspective, deep naturalgas resources are generally defined as resources occurring in reservoirs at or below 15,000 feet, whereas ultra-deep gas occurs below 25,000 feet. From an operational point of view, ''deep'' is often thought of in a relative sense based on the geologic and engineering knowledge of gas (and oil) resources in a particular area. Deep gas can be found in either conventionally-trapped or unconventional basin-center accumulations that are essentially large single fields having spatial dimensions often exceeding those of conventional fields. Exploration for deep conventional and unconventional basin-center naturalgas resources deserves special attention because these resources are widespread and occur in diverse geologic environments. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that 939 TCF of technically recoverable naturalgas remained to be discovered or was part of reserve appreciation from known fields in the onshore areas and State waters of the United. Of this USGS resource, nearly 114 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically-recoverable gas remains to be discovered from deep sedimentary basins. Worldwide estimates of deep gas are also high. The U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000 Project recently estimated a world mean undiscovered conventional gas resource outside the U.S. of 844 Tcf below 4.5 km (about 15,000 feet). Less is known about the origins of deep gas than about the origins of gas at shallower depths because fewer wells have been drilled into the deeper portions of many basins. Some of the many factors contributing to the origin of deep gas include the thermal stability of methane, the role of water and non-hydrocarbon gases in naturalgas generation, porosity loss with increasing thermal maturity, the kinetics of deep gas generation, thermal cracking of oil to gas, and source rock potential based on thermal maturity and kerogen type. Recent experimental simulations using laboratory pyrolysis methods have provided much information on the origins of deep gas. Technologic problems are one of the greatest challenges to deep drilling. Problems associated with overcoming hostile drilling environments (e.g. high temperatures and pressures, and acid gases such as CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S) for successful well completion, present the greatest obstacles to drilling, evaluating, and developing deep gas fields. Even though the overall success ratio for deep wells is about 50 percent, a lack of geological and geophysical information such as reservoir quality, trap development, and gas composition continues to be a major barrier to deep gas exploration. Results of recent finding-cost studies by depth interval for the onshore U.S. indicate that, on average, deep wells cost nearly 10 times more to drill than shallow wells, but well costs and gas recoveries vary widely among different gas plays in different basins. Based on an analysis of naturalgas assessments, many topical areas hold significant promise for future exploration and development. One such area involves re-evaluating and assessing hypothetical unconventional basin-center gas plays. Poorly-understood basin-center gas plays could contain significant deep undiscovered technically-recoverable gas resources.

Concerns over air quality and greenhouse gas emissions have prompted discussion as well as action on alternative fuels and energy efficiency. Naturalgas and naturalgas derived fuels and fuel additives are prime alternative fuel candidates for the transportation sector. In this study, we reexamine and add to past work on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of naturalgas fuels for transportation (DeLuchi 1991, Santini et a. 1989, Ho and Renner 1990, Unnasch et al. 1989). We add to past work by looking at Methyl tertiary butyl ether (from naturalgas and butane component of naturalgas), alkylate (from naturalgas butanes), and gasoline from naturalgas. We also reexamine compressed naturalgas, liquified naturalgas, liquified petroleum gas, and methanol based on our analysis of vehicle efficiency potential. We compare the results against nonoxygenated gasoline.

Concerns over air quality and greenhouse gas emissions have prompted discussion as well as action on alternative fuels and energy efficiency. Naturalgas and naturalgas derived fuels and fuel additives are prime alternative fuel candidates for the transportation sector. In this study, we reexamine and add to past work on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of naturalgas fuels for transportation (DeLuchi 1991, Santini et a. 1989, Ho and Renner 1990, Unnasch et al. 1989). We add to past work by looking at Methyl tertiary butyl ether (from naturalgas and butane component of naturalgas), alkylate (from naturalgas butanes), and gasoline from naturalgas. We also reexamine compressed naturalgas, liquified naturalgas, liquified petroleum gas, and methanol based on our analysis of vehicle efficiency potential. We compare the results against nonoxygenated gasoline.

International Trade in NaturalGas: Golden Age of LNG? Yichen Du and Sergey Paltsev Report No. 271;1 International Trade in NaturalGas: Golden Age of LNG? Yichen Du* and Sergey Paltsev* Abstract The introduction of liquefied naturalgas (LNG) as an option for international trade has created a market for naturalgas where

Samson Sherman President Obama's Energy Plan & NaturalGas The Plan On March 30, President Obama" but includes wind, solar, nuclear, naturalgas, and coal plants that can capture and store CO2 emissions period. NaturalGasNaturalgas is considered the cleanest of all fossil fuels. Mostly comprised

Recent increases in naturalgas reserve estimates and advances in shale gas technology make naturalgas a fuel with good prospects to serve a bridge to a low-carbon world. Russia is an important energy supplier as it holds ...

This project was sponsored by Department of Energy/Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability and managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory. The primary purpose of the project was to analyze the capability of the naturalgas production, transmission and supply systems to continue to provide service in the event of a major disruption in capacity of one or more naturalgas transmission pipelines. The project was specifically designed to detail the ability of naturalgas market to absorb facility losses and efficiently reallocate gas supplies during a significant pipeline capacity disruption in terms that allowed federal and state agencies and interests to develop effective policies and action plans to prioritize naturalgas deliveries from a regional and national perspective. The analyses for each regional study were based on four primary considerations: (1) operating conditions (pipeline capacity, storage capacity, local production, power dispatch decision making and end user options); (2) weather; (3) magnitude and location of the disruption; and, (4) normal versus emergency situation. The detailed information contained in the region reports as generated from this project are Unclassified Controlled Information; and as such are subject to disclosure in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act. Therefore, this report defines the regions that were analyzed and the basic methodologies and assumptions used to completing the analysis.

Product and strategic analysis at the Department of Energy (DOE)/Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) crosscuts all sectors of the naturalgas industry. This includes the supply, transportation, and end-use sectors of the natural-gas market. Projects in the NaturalGas Resource and Extraction supply program have been integrated into a new product focus. Product development facilitates commercialization and technology transfer through DOE/industry cost-shared research, development, and demonstration (RD&D). Four products under the Resource and Extraction program include Resource and Reserves; Low Permeability Formations; Drilling, Completion, and Stimulation: and NaturalGas Upgrading. Engineering process analyses have been performed for the Slant Hole Completion Test project. These analyses focused on evaluation of horizontal-well recovery potential and applications of slant-hole technology. Figures 2 and 3 depict slant-well in situ stress conditions and hydraulic fracture configurations. Figure 4 presents Paludal Formation coal-gas production curves used to optimize the hydraulic fracture design for the slant well. Economic analyses have utilized data generated from vertical test wells to evaluate the profitability of horizontal technology for low-permeability formations in Yuma County, Colorado, and Maverick County, Texas.

is the price of the naturalgas at a price hub (Henry Hub, for example). The transportation component. Forecasted annual naturalgas commodity prices from the World Gas Trade Model, and transportation rates from developed an approach to converting annual naturalgas price forecasts to monthly burner tip price estimates

Praxair, in conjunction with the Los Alamos National Laboratory, is developing a new technology, thermoacoustic heat engines and refrigerators, for liquefaction of naturalgas. This is the only technology capable of producing refrigeration power at cryogenic temperatures with no moving parts. A prototype, with a projected naturalgas liquefaction capacity of 500 gallons/day, has been built and tested. The power source is a naturalgas burner. Systems will be developed with liquefaction capacities up to 10,000 to 20,000 gallons per day. The technology, the development project, accomplishments and applications are discussed. In February 2001 Praxair, Inc. purchased the acoustic heat engine and refrigeration development program from Chart Industries. Chart (formerly Cryenco, which Chart purchased in 1997) and Los Alamos had been working on the technology development program since 1994. The purchase included assets and intellectual property rights for thermoacoustically driven orifice pulse tube refrigerators (TADOPTR), a new and revolutionary Thermoacoustic Stirling Heat Engine (TASHE) technology, aspects of Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigeration (OPTR) and linear motor compressors as OPTR drivers. Praxair, in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the licensor of the TADOPTR and TASHE patents, is continuing the development of TASHE-OPTR naturalgas powered, naturalgas liquefiers. The liquefaction of naturalgas, which occurs at -161 C (-259 F) at atmospheric pressure, has previously required rather sophisticated refrigeration machinery. The 1990 TADOPTR invention by Drs. Greg Swift (LANL) and Ray Radebaugh (NIST) demonstrated the first technology to produce cryogenic refrigeration with no moving parts. Thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators use acoustic phenomena to produce refrigeration from heat. The basic driver and refrigerator consist of nothing more than helium-filled heat exchangers and pipes, made of common materials, without exacting tolerances. The liquefier development program is divided into two components: Thermoacoustically driven refrigerators and linear motor driven refrigerators (LOPTRs). LOPTR technology will, for the foreseeable future, be limited to naturalgas liquefaction capacities on the order of hundreds of gallons per day. TASHE-OPTR technology is expected to achieve liquefaction capacities of tens of thousands of gallons per day. This paper will focus on the TASHE-OPTR technology because its naturalgas liquefaction capacity has greater market opportunity. LOPTR development will be mentioned briefly. The thermoacoustically driven refrigerator development program is now in the process of demonstrating the technology at a capacity of about 500 gallon/day (gpd) i.e., approximately 42,000 standard cubic feet/day, which requires about 7 kW of refrigeration power. This capacity is big enough to illuminate the issues of large-scale acoustic liquefaction at reasonable cost and to demonstrate the liquefaction of about 70% of an input gas stream, while burning about 30%. Subsequent to this demonstration a system with a capacity of approximately 10{sup 6} standard cubic feet/day (scfd) = 10,000 gpd with a projected liquefaction rate of about 85% of the input gas stream will be developed. When commercialized, the TASHE-OPTRs will be a totally new type of heat-driven cryogenic refrigerator, with projected low manufacturing cost, high reliability, long life, and low maintenance. A TASHE-OPTR will be able to liquefy a broad range of gases, one of the most important being naturalgas (NG). Potential NG applications range from distributed liquefaction of pipeline gas as fuel for heavy-duty fleet and long haul vehicles to large-scale liquefaction at on-shore and offshore gas wellheads. An alternative to the thermoacoustic driver, but with many similar technical and market advantages, is the linear motor compressor. Linear motors convert electrical power directly into oscillating linear, or axial, motion. Attachment of a piston to the oscillator results in a direct drive compressor. Such a compressor

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has prepared the PGT/PG&E and Altamont NaturalGas Pipeline Projects Environmental Impact Statement to satisfy the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act. This project addresses the need to expand the capacity of the pipeline transmission system to better transfer Canadian naturalgas to Southern California and the Pacific Northwest. The U.S. Department of Energy cooperated in the preparation of this statement because Section 19(c) of the NaturalGas Act applies to the Department’s action of authorizing import/export of naturalgas, and adopted this statement by the spring of 1992. "

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION 2007 FINAL NATURALGAS MARKET ASSESSMENT In Support of the 2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report FINALSTAFFREPORT DECEMBER 2007 CEC-200-2007-009-SF Arnold Schwarzenegger Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared by the California Energy Commission staff. It does

This study describes the Mexican naturalgas industry as it exists today and the factors that have shaped the evolution of the industry in the past or that are expected to influence its progress; it also projects production and use of naturalgas and estimates the market for exports of naturalgas from the United States to Mexico. The study looks ahead to two periods, a near term (1993--1995) and an intermediate term (1996--2000). The bases for estimates under two scenarios are described. Under the conservative scenario, exports of naturalgas from the United States would decrease from the 1992 level of 250 million cubic feet per day (MMCF/d), would return to that level by 1995, and would reach about 980 MMCF/D by 2000. Under the more optimistic scenario, exports would decrease in 1993 and would recover and rise to about 360 MMCF/D in 1995 and to 1,920 MMCF/D in 2000.

Building upon the partitioning of the Greater Green River Basin (GGRB) that was conducted last quarter, the goal of the work this quarter has been to conclude evaluation of the Stratos well and the prototypical Green River Deep partition, and perform the fill resource evaluation of the Upper Cretaceous tight gas play, with the goal of defining target areas of enhanced natural fracturing. The work plan for the quarter of November 1-December 31, 1998 comprised four tasks: (1) Evaluation of the Green River Deep partition and the Stratos well and examination of potential opportunity for expanding the use of E and P technology to low permeability, naturally fractured gas reservoirs, (2) Gas field studies, and (3) Resource analysis of the balance of the partitions.

Impact of NaturalGas Infrastructure on Electric Power Systems MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR, FELLOW, IEEE of electricity has introduced new risks associated with the security of naturalgas infrastructure on a sig the essence of the naturalgas infrastructure for sup- plying the ever-increasing number of gas-powered units

1 DIRECT USE OF NATURALGAS: ANALYSIS AND POLICY OPTIONS Northwest Power Planning Council Issue Paper 94-41 August 11, 1994 Introduction Lower naturalgas prices, apparently adequate gas supplies Power Plan, both naturalgas-fired cogeneration and the use of combustion turbines as a means of backing

Gross withdrawals of naturalgas (wet, after lease separation) from gas and oil wells in the United States during May 1988, were estimated at 1632 billion cubic feet, 1.3 percent above withdrawals during May 1987. Of the total quantity, an estimated 179 billion cubic feet were returned to gas and oil reservoirs for repressuring, pressure maintenance, and cycling; 10 billion cubic feet were vented or flared; and 33 billion cubic feet of nonhydrocarbon gases were removed. The remaining wet marketed production totaled 1410 billion cubic feet. Dry gas production (wet marketed production minus 67 billion cubic feet of extraction loss) totaled an estimated 1343 billion cubic feet, 1.7 percent above the May 1987 level. The total dry gas supply available for disposition in May 1988 was estimated at 1490 billion cubic feet, including 35 billion cubic feet withdrawn from storage, 11 billion cubic feet of supplemental supplies, and 101 billion cubic feet that were imported. In May 1987, dry gas available for disposition totaled 1419 billion cubic feet. Of the total dry gas supply available for disposition in May 1988, an estimated 1259 billion cubic feet were consumed, 294 billion cubic feet were injected into underground storage reservoirs, and 5 billion cubic feet were exported, leaving 68 billion cubic feet unaccounted for.

Naturalgas prices are critical to a range of regulatory decisions covering both electric and gas utilities. Naturalgas prices are often a crucial variable in electric generation capacity planning and in the benefit-cost relationship for energy-efficiency programs. High naturalgas prices can make coal generation the most economical new source, while low prices can make naturalgas generation the most economical. (author)

Shale Gas Opportunities It's no secret that petroleum and naturalgas engineers are currently and naturalgas engineers design and develop methods for getting oil and gas from underground deposits's Department of Petroleum and NaturalGas Engineering is competitive, with qualified applicants receiving

A fueling facility and method for dispensing liquid naturalgas (LNG), compressed naturalgas (CNG) or both on-demand. The fueling facility may include a source of LNG, such as cryogenic storage vessel. A low volume high pressure pump is coupled to the source of LNG to produce a stream of pressurized LNG. The stream of pressurized LNG may be selectively directed through an LNG flow path or to a CNG flow path which includes a vaporizer configured to produce CNG from the pressurized LNG. A portion of the CNG may be drawn from the CNG flow path and introduced into the CNG flow path to control the temperature of LNG flowing therethrough. Similarly, a portion of the LNG may be drawn from the LNG flow path and introduced into the CNG flow path to control the temperature of CNG flowing therethrough.

This Research and Development Subcontract sought to find economic, technical and policy links between methane recovery at landfill and wastewater treatment sites in New York and Maryland, and ways to use that methane as an alternative fuel--compressed naturalgas (CNG) or liquid naturalgas (LNG) -- in centrally fueled Alternative Fueled Vehicles (AFVs).

The primary objective of the Infield Reserve Growth/Secondary NaturalGas Recovery (SGR) project is to develop, test, and verify technologies and methodologies with near- to midterm potential for maximizing the recovery of natural gasfrom conventional reservoirs in known fields. Additional technical and technology transfer objectives of the SGR project include: To establish how depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities in reservoirs of conventional permeability cause reservoir compartmentalization and, hence, incomplete recovery of naturalgas. To document examples of reserve growth occurrence and potential from fluvial and deltaic sandstones of the Texas gulf coast basin as a natural laboratory for developing concepts and testing applications to find secondary gas. To demonstrate how the integration of geology, reservoir engineering, geophysics, and well log analysis/petrophysics leads to strategic recompletion and well placement opportunities for reserve growth in mature fields. To transfer project results to a wide array of naturalgas producers, not just as field case studies, but as conceptual models of how heterogeneities determine naturalgas flow units and how to recognize the geologic and engineering clues that operators can use in a cost-effective manner to identify incremental, or secondary, gas.

In 1990 Western Resources Inc. (WRI) identified the need for additional naturalgas storage capacity for its intrastate naturalgas system operated in the state of Kansas. Western Resources primary need was identified as peak day deliverability with annual storage balancing a secondary objective. Consequently, an underground bedded salt storage facility, Yaggy Storage Field, was developed and placed in operation in November 1993. The current working capacity of the new field is 2.1 BCF. Seventy individual caverns are in service on the 300 acre site. The caverns vary in size from 310,000 CF to 2,600,000 CF. Additional capacity can be added on the existing acreage by increasing the size of some of the smaller existing caverns by further solution mining and by development of an additional 30 potential well sites on the property.

The Pennsylvania State University, under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), established a national industry-driven Stripper Well Consortium (SWC) that is focused on improving the production performance of domestic petroleum and/or naturalgas stripper wells. The SWC represents a partnership between U.S. petroleum and naturalgas producers, trade associations, state funding agencies, academia, and the NETL. This document serves as the twelfth quarterly technical progress report for the SWC. Key activities for this reporting period included: (1) Drafting and releasing the 2007 Request for Proposals; (2) Securing a meeting facility, scheduling and drafting plans for the 2007 Spring Proposal Meeting; (3) Conducting elections and announcing representatives for the four 2007-2008 Executive Council seats; (4) 2005 Final Project Reports; (5) Personal Digital Assistant Workshops scheduled; and (6) Communications and outreach.

TO: Quadrennial Energy Review Task Force In response to the Department of Energy’s August 25, 2014 Federal Register Notice seeking input on the Quadrennial Energy Review, attached are comments from the NaturalGas Supply Association. Thank you for this opportunity to share our views on the important issue of energy infrastructure. If we can be of further assistance, please let me know. Regards,

The introduction of liquefied naturalgas (LNG) as an option for international trade has created a market for naturalgas where global prices may eventually be differentiated by the transportation costs between world ...

Facing both an economic downturn and the liklihood of steep naturalgas price increases, company plants were challenged to identify and quickly implement energy saving projects that would reduce naturalgas usage. Unit operating personnel...

This report includes a discussion of the potential production of stranded naturalgas reserves through the implementation of Floating Liquefied NaturalGas (FLNG) in a world of growing energy demand followed by an analysis ...

Several recent studies establish that crude oil and naturalgas prices are cointegrated, so that changes in the price of oil appear to translate into changes in the price of naturalgas. Yet at times in the past, and very ...

Facing both an economic downturn and the liklihood of steep naturalgas price increases, company plants were challenged to identify and quickly implement energy saving projects that would reduce naturalgas usage. Unit operating personnel...

A decision to project finance a 110 megawatt combined cycle cogeneration facility in 1986 in place of conventional internal financing greatly changed the way in which naturalgas was normally procured by Union Carbide Corporation. Naturalgas supply...

New opportunities have been created for underground gas storage as a result of recent regulatory developments in the energy industry. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 636 directly changed the economics of gas storage nationwide. This paper discusses the storage of naturalgas, storage facilities, and factors affecting the current, and future situation for naturalgas storage.

LNG Total Figure 1: U.S. naturalgas supply (reference case) It should be noted that this is the reference case; the "side cases", based upon the volume of projected LNG (liquefied naturalgas) imports gas supply projections for 2030 (TCF) Production Low LNG Reference High LNG Dry gas 21.99 20.83 19

The project objective is to demonstrate the viability of HCNG fuel (30 to 50% hydrogen by volume and the remainder naturalgas) to reduce emissions from light-duty on-road vehicles with no loss in performance or efficiency. The City of Las Vegas has an interest in alternative fuels and already has an existing hydrogen refueling station. Collier Technologies Inc (CT) supplied the latest design retrofit kits capable of converting nine compressed naturalgas (CNG) fueled, light-duty vehicles powered by the Ford 5.4L Triton engine. CT installed the kits on the first two vehicles in Las Vegas, trained personnel at the City of Las Vegas (the City) to perform the additional seven retrofits, and developed materials for allowing other entities to perform these retrofits as well. These vehicles were used in normal service by the City while driver impressions, reliability, fuel efficiency and emissions were documented for a minimum of one year after conversion. This project has shown the efficacy of operating vehicles originally designed to operate on compressed naturalgas with HCNG fuel incorporating large quantities of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). There were no safety issues experienced with these vehicles. The only maintenance issue in the project was some rough idling due to problems with the EGR valve and piping parts. Once the rough idling was corrected no further maintenance issues with these vehicles were experienced. Fuel economy data showed no significant changes after conversion even with the added power provided by the superchargers that were part of the conversions. Driver feedback for the conversions was very favorable. The additional power provided by the HCNG vehicles was greatly appreciated, especially in traffic. The drivability of the HCNG vehicles was considered to be superior by the drivers. Most of the converted vehicles showed zero oxides of nitrogen throughout the life of the project using the State of Nevada emissions station.

West Virginia University 1 Department of Petroleum and NaturalGas Engineering Degrees Offered · Master of science in petroleum and naturalgas engineering · Master of science in engineering with a major in petroleum and naturalgas engineering · Doctor of philosophy in engineering with a major

Estimating Major and Minor Natural Fracture Patterns in Gas Shales Using Production Data Razi Identification of infill drilling locations has been challenging with mixed results in gas shales. Natural fractures are the main source of permeability in gas shales. Natural fracture patterns in shale has a random

Measurements of Methane Emissions at NaturalGas Production Sites in the United States #12;Why = 21 #12;Need for Study · Estimates of methane emissions from naturalgas production , from academic in assumptions in estimating emissions · Measured data for some sources of methane emissions during naturalgas

NaturalGas-optimized Advanced Heavy-duty Engine Transportation Research PIER Transportation of naturalgas vehicles as a clean alternative is currently limited to smaller engine displacements and spark ignition, which results in lower performance. A large displacement naturalgas engine has

NaturalGas Pipeline Research: Best Practices in Monitoring Technology Energy Systems Research/index.html January 2012 The Issue California is the secondlargest naturalgas consuming state in the United States, just behind Texas. About 85% of the naturalgas consumed in California is delivered on interstate

An engineering research and design competition to develop and demonstrate dedicated naturalgas-powered light-duty trucks, the NaturalGas Vehicle (NGV) Challenge, was held June 6--11, 1191, in Oklahoma. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Energy, Mines, and Resources -- Canada (EMR), the Society of Automative Engineers (SAE), and General Motors Corporation (GM), the competition consisted of rigorous vehicle testing of exhaust emissions, fuel economy, performance parameters, and vehicle design. Using Sierra 2500 pickup trucks donated by GM, 24 teams of college and university engineers from the US and Canada participated in the event. A gasoline-powered control testing as a reference vehicle. This paper discusses the results of the event, summarizes the technologies employed, and makes observations on the state of naturalgas vehicle technology.

An engineering research and design competition to develop and demonstrate dedicated naturalgas-powered light-duty trucks, the NaturalGas Vehicle (NGV) Challenge, was held June 6--11, 1191, in Oklahoma. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Energy, Mines, and Resources -- Canada (EMR), the Society of Automative Engineers (SAE), and General Motors Corporation (GM), the competition consisted of rigorous vehicle testing of exhaust emissions, fuel economy, performance parameters, and vehicle design. Using Sierra 2500 pickup trucks donated by GM, 24 teams of college and university engineers from the US and Canada participated in the event. A gasoline-powered control testing as a reference vehicle. This paper discusses the results of the event, summarizes the technologies employed, and makes observations on the state of naturalgas vehicle technology.

Projections of naturalgas availability made only on a national level tend to mask major changes in regional reserves and production, resulting in overly optimistic estiamtes of future supplies. The Zinder annual gas-supply report - based on regional analyses - projects that conventional production will decline more than 50% below current levels by 2000. The development of alternative sources of naturalgas (through unconventional production and importation) could maintain a constant level of total gas supplies despite the falling supply of conventional gas.

The restricted naturalgas supply case provides an analysis of the energy-economic implications of a scenario in which future gas supply is significantly more constrained than assumed in the reference case. Future naturalgas supply conditions could be constrained because of problems with the construction and operation of large new energy projects, and because the future rate of technological progress could be significantly lower than the historical rate. Although the restricted naturalgas supply case represents a plausible set of constraints on future naturalgas supply, it is not intended to represent what is likely to happen in the future.

be the most productive areas of the shale. The large amount of industrial activity necessary for shale gasDevelopment of the NaturalGas Resources in the Marcellus Shale New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia for informational purposes only and does not support or oppose development of the Marcellus Shale naturalgas

Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety I. Background. Due to the nature of gas cylinders hazards of a ruptured cylinder. There are almost 200 different types of materials in gas cylinders, there are several general procedures to follow for safe storage and handling of a compressed gas cylinder: II

A Fossil Energy natural-gas topic has been a part of the DOE Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program since 1988. To date, 50 Phase SBIR natural-gas applications have been funded. Of these 50, 24 were successful in obtaining Phase II SBIR funding. The current Phase II natural-gas research projects awarded under the SBIR program and managed by METC are presented by award year. The presented information on these 2-year projects includes project title, awardee, and a project summary. The 1992 Phase II projects are: landfill gas recovery for vehicular naturalgas and food grade carbon dioxide; brine disposal process for coalbed gas production; spontaneous natural as oxidative dimerization across mixed conducting ceramic membranes; low-cost offshore drilling system for naturalgas hydrates; motorless directional drill for oil and gas wells; and development of a multiple fracture creation process for stimulation of horizontally drilled wells.The 1993 Phase II projects include: process for sweetening sour gas by direct thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide; remote leak survey capability for naturalgas transport storage and distribution systems; reinterpretation of existing wellbore log data using neural-based patter recognition processes; and advanced liquid membrane system for naturalgas purification.

and compressor stations. On an existing network, the model also optimizes the total flow through pipelines that satisfy demand to determine the best purchase amount of gas. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model for steady-state naturalgas transmission...

gas (LNG). When there is a considerable distance involved in transporting naturalgas, LNG is becoming the preferred method of supply because of technical, economic, and political reasons. Thus, LNG is expected to play a major role in meeting...

Naturalgas pipelines are a critical component of the U.S. energy infrastructure. The safety of these pipelines plays a key role for the gas industry. Therefore, the understanding of failure characteristics and their consequences are very important...

) 5, advanced gas turbine 5 and coal-based zero emissions power plant 6 are some of the technological advances recently reported. It is important to note that these technologies are adaptable to naturalgas feedstock. However, until clean coal...

The Annual Energy Outlook 2007 reference case projects that an Alaska naturalgas pipeline will go into operation in 2018, based on the Energy Information Administration's current understanding of the projects time line and economics. There is continuing debate, however, about the physical configuration and the ownership of the pipeline. In addition, the issue of Alaskas oil and naturalgas production taxes has been raised, in the context of a current market environment characterized by rising construction costs and falling naturalgas prices. If rates of return on investment by producers are reduced to unacceptable levels, or if the project faces significant delays, other sources of naturalgas, such as unconventional naturalgas production and liquefied naturalgas imports, could fulfill the demand that otherwise would be served by an Alaska pipeline.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is preparing an EIS for a proposal to build and operate a liquefied naturalgas (LNG) facility on land at the Port of Lake Charles. DOE is a cooperating agency in preparing the EIS. DOE, Office of Fossil Energy, has an obligation under Section 3 of the NaturalGas Act to authorize the import and export of naturalgas, including LNG, unless it finds that the import or export is not consistent with the public interest.

This report summarizes the research conducted during Budget Period One on the project ''Improved NaturalGas Storage Well Remediation''. The project team consisted of Furness-Newburge, Inc., the technology developer; TechSavants, Inc., the technology validator; and Nicor Technologies, Inc., the technology user. The overall objectives for the project were: (1) To develop, fabricate and test prototype laboratory devices using sonication and underwater plasma to remove scale from naturalgas storage well piping and perforations; (2) To modify the laboratory devices into units capable of being used downhole; (3) To test the capability of the downhole units to remove scale in an observation well at a naturalgas storage field; (4) To modify (if necessary) and field harden the units and then test the units in two pressurized injection/withdrawal gas storage wells; and (5) To prepare the project's final report. This report covers activities addressing objectives 1-3. Prototype laboratory units were developed, fabricated, and tested. Laboratory testing of the sonication technology indicated that low-frequency sonication was more effective than high-frequency (ultrasonication) at removing scale and rust from pipe sections and tubing. Use of a finned horn instead of a smooth horn improves energy dispersal and increases the efficiency of removal. The chemical data confirmed that rust and scale were removed from the pipe. The sonication technology showed significant potential and technical maturity to warrant a field test. The underwater plasma technology showed a potential for more effective scale and rust removal than the sonication technology. Chemical data from these tests also confirmed the removal of rust and scale from pipe sections and tubing. Focusing of the underwater plasma's energy field through the design and fabrication of a parabolic shield will increase the technology's efficiency. Power delivered to the underwater plasma unit by a sparkplug repeatedly was interrupted by sparkplug failure. The lifecycle for the plugs was less than 10 hours. An electrode feed system for delivering continuous power needs to be designed and developed. As a result, further work on the underwater plasma technology was terminated. It needs development of a new sparking system and a redesign of the pulsed power supply system to enable the unit to operate within a well diameter of less than three inches. Both of these needs were beyond the scope of the project. Meanwhile, the laboratory sonication unit was waterproofed and hardened, enabling the unit to be used as a field prototype, operating at temperatures to 350 F and depths of 15,000 feet. The field prototype was extensively tested at a field service company's test facility before taking it to the field site. The field test was run in August 2001 in a Nicor Gas storage field observation well at Pontiac, Illinois. Segmented bond logs, gamma ray neutron logs, water level measurements and water chemistry samples were obtained before and after the downhole demonstration. Fifteen tests were completed in the field. Results from the water chemistry analysis showed an increase in the range of calcium from 1755-1984 mg/l before testing to 3400-4028 mg/l after testing. For magnesium, the range increased from 285-296 mg/l to 461-480 mg/l. The change in pH from a range of 3.11-3.25 to 8.23-8.45 indicated a buffering of the acidic well water, probably due to the increased calcium available for buffering. The segmented bond logs showed no damage to the cement bond in the well and the gamma ray neutron log showed no increase in the amount of hydrocarbons present in the formation where the testing took place. Thus, the gas storage bubble in the aquifer was not compromised. A review of all the field test data collected documents the fact that the application of low-frequency sonication technology definitely removes scale from well pipe. Phase One of this project took sonication technology from the concept stage through a successful ''proof-of-concept'' downhole application in a naturalgas storage field