The Criminal Justice System is a necessary aspect of American life. America is known for being the land of the free. If you are living in America you have something called “rights”. Rights as a U.S. citizen are based off “The Bill of Rights” in the United States Constitution. The Constitution clearly states the rights that each and every American citizen are entitled to. Most of the population don’t quite understand how many rights they actually do have as an American. With freedom and rights in our citizens’ defense, it’s only natural that more crimes occur and the criminals become incarcerated. But, did you ever think maybe the innocent get put behind bars all because they did not understand their rights? I have the perfect example which forever changed American history and those wrongfully accused; it’s the case of Gideon v. Wainwright.

As I previously stated; the famous case of Gideon v. Wainwright played such an important role in the development of the criminal justice system and forever changed American history. In June 1961, a burglary occurred at the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, FL. Police arrested Clarence Earl Gideon after he was found nearby with a pint of wine and some change in his pockets. Gideon, who could not afford a lawyer, asked a Florida Circuit Court judge to appoint one for him arguing that the Sixth Amendment entitles everyone to a lawyer. The judge denied his request and Gideon was left to represent himself. He did a poor job of defending himself and was found guilty of breaking and entering and petty larceny. (Legal Information Institute, n.d.) While serving his sentence in a Florida State Prison he became very interested in the law. He spent a vast majority...

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Alex Richards
11/10/14
Criminology
Brokenwindowstheory
Abstract
The brokenwindowtheory is a form of law that stops serious and non violent crimes, which can be reduced crime in urban cities. This strict enforcement is to stop non violent crimes such as skipping school, graffiti, vandalism and not paying fair. This law was first introduced in New York City in 1980, ever since the level of crimes has dropped even violent crimes such as rape, murder has gone down. New York started seeing their results in the early 1990s, and 2000. George Kelling was the founder of the brokenwindowstheory; he first stated in a magazine article that if a building has multiple brokenwindows, that it attracts vandalisms to come destroy the property even more. Kelling idea became popular and drew a lot of debates on whether his theory is true, and it was soon to be known as the brokenwindowstheory.
The brokenwindowtheory is to stop/reduce crimes; it focuses more on non violent crimes such as graffiti, skipping fair, and vandalism. There are advantages and disadvantage to this theory. Brokenwindowtheory is the...

...﻿Analyse the ‘BrokenWindow’ theory in relation to crime prevention. What are the main strengths and weaknesses of this theory.
The BrokenWindowstheory was first proposed by two social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in the 1982 article, "BrokenWindows", ( Wilson and Kelling, 1982). The analogy of brokenwindows used to explain this theory is that signs of disorder in a neighborhood inhibit the efforts of the residents to show social control. Any lack of social control makes the neighborhood vulnerable to other anti-social activities such as public drinking and theft. This degradation of the overall morality of the neighborhood, then attracts more unsavoury crimes, such as prostitution and drug dealing, until, eventually, someone is murdered. In summary, the allowance of small disorders eventually lead to larger disorders, which then lead to serious crimes, (Sherman and Eck, 2002).
The BrokenWindowtheory is important as it has many relevant implications for preventing crime. According to the brokenwindowtheory, in order to reduce crime in a certain location, you must change its physical and social characteristics. To do this, anything that gives a neighborhood a run-down appearance, should be...

...This paper raises the question whether BrokenWindowstheory explains the causes of crime in these areas specifically the cities of Atlanta, College Park, East Point, and Union City within Fulton County. Compared to other major counties and cities that surround Fulton County these four cities had the highest crime rates out of all. This paper also presents the arguments for and against the use of BrokenWindows in police polices and policing. Finally this paper will discuss how the use or lack of use of brokenwindows affects the community, police, crime, and police perception.
To demonstrate the theory of BrokenWindows and help explain the issue presented an experiment was done by professor Zimbaro a professor of sociology at Sanford university, and he parked a car in both the Bronx, New York and Paulo Alto, California. He found that the car located in the Bronx was vandalized within minutes, however the car in Paulo Alto remained untouched for over one week. When Zimbaro smashed the windscreen on the car in the Bronx, within a few hours the car had been stripped, overturned and completely destroyed. This you can argue demonstrates how once the communal barriers are removed this gives off the signal that no one cares, and inhibits criminal and anti-social behavior (O'Shea, T., 2006).
BrokenWindows...

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BrokenWindows Concept
The administrative and operational consideration of the BrokenWindowsTheory affects many aspects of the police department and the community. The social disorder of a run-down community can be looked at by a single brokenwindow. The idea affects not only the community but the police force as well. Mayors, politicians, police chiefs, and other administrators want their city to look and feel safe. When small time crime invades the community, it can turn into a bigger crime and the fall of the city. The theory was experimented with in many cities with positive and negative results. Police patrol, emergency and critical incident response, police investigations, and future trends were affected in many communities. Implementations of new laws as well as enforcing existing small time crime laws have had big effects on many cities.
The BrokenWindowsTheory
George E. Kelling co-wrote an article for the Atlantic Monthly in March, 1982 about the theory about social disorder, and the informal social controls can reduce rebellious behavior, such as vandalism (Kelling, 1982). Small crimes such as public drinking, littering, prostitution, pan-handling, and loitering are targeting in the article. The concept is mainly targeted at low-income cities that increased social disorder and low...

...Running head: BROKENWINDOWS AND VICTIMOOGY
BrokenWindows and Victimology
Regina Murphy
PBS 431-Victimology
Colorado State University – Global Campus
Dr. Nicola Davis Bivens
July 24, 2014
BROKENWINDOWS AND VICTIMOLOGY
2
BrokenWindows and Victimology
When I think of crime and victimology I wonder, are you more likely to be a victim of
crime if you are in a certain neighborhood? Are people more likely to commit crimes if they
think that no one cares? If there are no consequences for small crimes and disturbances will that
eventually lead to bigger crimes? We are all familiar with an area of town that you drive through
with the windows up and the doors looked. The neighborhood where you do not want to get out
of the car. Are people more likely to be a victim of crime in these neighborhoods? The spatial
syntax theory supports the idea that you are more likely to be a victim of a crime in certain areas
(Nubani, 2006), and the brokenwindowtheory of crime victimization supports the idea that
people are more likely to commit crimes if they think no one cares. Small crimes can lead to
bigger crimes in areas where people are used to disorder and a lack of consequences for the
smaller crimes (Kelling & Wilson, 1982).
The brokenwindow...

...The BrokenWindowTheory
The brokenwindowtheory was introduced in 1982 by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. This theory brings up the idea that any small act of mischief, if ignored will escalate into a larger and more serious crime. The theory implies that if you control an environment to be well ordered and maintained, that this could stop further acts of vandalism, and could de-escalate crime rates.
Picture an empty building with a few brokenwindows… if no one were to fix these windows criminals would go by and break more windows, vandalize the building, or even break into the building. Imagine walking down a pathway with trash on it… seeing this, people would have the tendency to continue to throw their trash there because it already is accumulating in the area. An easy fix to both these scenarios would be to fix the windows, and to pick up the visible trash. This therefore would not provide anyone with the opportunities and the mindset that it’s okay to litter on that pathway, or that the building is already deteriorating so it’s alright to vandalize it.
This theory to me basically says that you need to take the initiative to correct any problem in its earlier stages on the spot, so that you can prevent it from escalating into something much worse. This...

...Intro to Criminal Justice
BrokenWindowtheory
References
Bond, B. (2009 , February 13). Research Boosts BrokenWindowsTheory. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from www.suffolk.edu.
KELLING, J. Q. (1982, March). The police and Neighborhood safety: BrokenWindow. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from http://cptedsecurity.com.
The “BrokenWindow” theory attempts to explain why neighborhoods become so bad over time. It basically says that if small crimes are allowed to be committed it will build and become worst over time. The long-debated “brokenwindows” theory of social behavior argues that crime is linked to physical and social disorder in a community.
In Lowell, this disorder took the form of trash-strewn streets, broken street lights, abandoned buildings, public drinking and loitering. In the course of the randomized research study, officials cleaned up half of the neighborhoods plagued by these sorts of problems. Researchers then monitored the results and found that there were 20 percent fewer calls to police from the spruced-up areas compared to areas receiving traditional police response. (Bond, 2009 )
In the example above, a part of a neighborhood was cleaned up and the authorities were called fewer times. I...

...beats had higher morale, greater job satisfaction, and a more favorable attitude toward citizens in their neighborhoods than did officers assigned to patrol cars.
Social psychologists and police officers tend to agree that if a window is broken on a building and not repaired, the remaining windows will soon all be broken. This is true in nice neighborhoods as in rundown ones. Window breaking doesn’t not necessarily occur on a large scale because some area are inhabited by determined “window-breakers” whereas other are populated by “window-lovers”; rather, one unrepaired brokenwindow is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing.
A Stanford psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, reported in 1969 on some experiments testing the validity of the brokenwindowstheory. He had placed an automobile without license plates parked with its hood up on a street in the Bronx and one on a street in Palo Alto, California. The car in the Bronx was attacked by “vandals” within ten minutes of its “abandonment”. The first to arrive were a family of three- a father, mother, and young son- that removed the radiator and battery. Within twenty-four hours, virtually everything of value was stripped from the car. Random destruction soon began- windows were smashed, parts torn off,...