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B. Membrane Structure 1. The cell membrane consist of a Phospholipid bilayer 2.The phospholipids may move freely within the plane of the membrane and are described as fluidmove freely fluid 3.Proteins are embedded in the membrane and perform many diverse functions. 4.Cholesterol is found within the membrane and stabilize its structure

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C. Cellular Transport: Diffusion 1.Diffusion- The process by which solutes move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.Diffusion 2.Brownian Movement- molecules within a substance are constantly in motion. Collisions between solute and solvents cause diffusionBrownian Movement-

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3. The rate of diffusion is based on 3 factors: a)Concentration - the higher the concentration of solute, the greater the rate of diffusion b)Temperature - increased temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles causing them to move faster and collide more thus increasing diffusion c)Pressure - the more particles in a fixed volume, the greater chance for molecular collision, therefore increasing diffusion

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D. Osmosis - The diffusion of water through a membrane. Membranes prevent most solutes from crossing; however, water may move freelyOsmosis 1. The concentration of dissolved solutes and water is inversely proportional. Therefore, diffusion and osmosis are opposites. OSMOSIS High Solute concentration  High H 2 O concentration Low H 2 O concentration  Low solute concentration DIFFUSION 2. Cells may be in One of Three Conditions

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A. Isotonic Environment- equal amount of solute and water on both sides of a membrane Cell 5% solute 95% H 2 O Beaker with 5% solute and 95% water Water will move equally in and out of the cell

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B. Hypertonic Environment- more solute outside the cell and more water in the cellHypertonic Environment Cell 5% solute 95% H 2 O Beaker with 10% solute and 90% water Water will move out of the cell Shriveled

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C. Hypotonic Environment- less solute and more water outside the cell.Hypotonic Environment- Cell 5% solute 95% H 2 O Beaker with 0% solute and 100% water Water will move into the cell Cells with no cell wall Burst!

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3. Water balance in cells: a)Cells without cell walls swell and burst in hypotonic environments unless they have contractile vacuoles which pump water out of the cell contractile vacuoles b)Plants, bacteria and fungus have cell walls which prevent them from bursting c)Cells will dehydrate and die if exposed to hypertonic environmentsdie

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2. Active Transport- a protein in the cell membrane "picks up" and carries a molecule across the membraneActive Transport a)very specific b)The process is Active- the cell must expend energy to move the molecules

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3. Bulk Transport- moves very large particles into and out of the cell a) Endocytosis- moves particle into the cell 1)Phagocytosis - engulfing solidsPhagocytosis 2)Pinocytosis- engulfing liquids for the desired solutes b) Exocytosis - moves materials out of the cell