Introduction

A style is taken here to be the manner in which sovereigns describe themselves
or are described by others.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines style as:

A legal, official, or honorific title; the proper name or recognized
appellation of a person, family, trading firm, etc.; the ceremonial designation
of a sovereign, including his various titles and the enumeration of his
dominions.

A royal style, as used by a sovereign at the beginning og official documents,
usually consists of the following:

given name

by the Grace of God

primary royal title

other titles of dominion

other qualifications, epithets, etc

Evidence for royal styles primarily comes from royal acts or laws (e.g.
35 Henry VIII c.3 in England), but also from royal seals, coins, monuments.
Styles usually vary over time, and may even vary within the same time from
one source to another.

One should be careful to distinguish:

the way in which X describes himself,

the way in which X is described by others.

The former is at the discretion of X, but the latter rests on custom and
the good will of his colleagues.

As a French diplomat, the baron de Breteuil, wrote in 1762: "Titles are nothing
in of themselves, they are real inasmuch as they are recognized, and their
value depends on what notion is attached to them, and the extent given to
them by those who have the right to accept, reject, or limit them.
Sovereigns themselves cannot give themselves titles at will; the assent
of their subjects does not suffice; that of the other Powers is necessary;
and each Crown, free to acknowledge or reject a new title, can also adopt it
with the changes and conditions it finds suitable." (see the
original text).

This subject falls within a specialized field, diplomatics or
the science of official documents. Diplomatics began in the 17th c. as
a method for authenticating ancient charters and diplomas, but has come
to embrace the study of all official documents, in their form as well as
in the way they are produced (see a lecture
by Robert-Henri Bautier). One of the many elements of an official document's
formal aspect is the style used to describe people. The styles used by
kings to describe themselves in their own acts, or to describe other kings
to whom they wrote or with whom they signed treaties, were handled by their
chanceries. There are some
resources
on diplomatics on the Web. The use of seals, often heraldic, is what
connects diplomatics with sigillography (the science of seals) and heraldry.

International Styles

Kings and sovereigns have been making treaties with each other for
centuries, and an important component of those treaties are the styles
that are used to designate the contracting parties.

While Western Europe was Catholic, the Pope was seen (although
not always or by all) as a source of titles. Popes certainly created kingdoms
freely: Sicily in 1139, Canaries in 1344, Ireland in 1554, etc. They
also occasionally bestowed other titles (such as grand-duke in Tuscany).
Finally, they also created supplementary titles for the use of certain
sovereigns. Normally, N king of X was addressed as carissimus in Christo
filius noster N, X Rex illuster. But additional titles came into use:

In treatises, the kings were called Most-Christian Majesty, Catholic
Majesty, Most-Faithful Majesty, Apostolic Majesty. Out of symmetry,
in the 18th century, the sovereign of some Protestant countries were given
similar styles:

Germanic kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages

Numismatic evidence for these early kingdoms is scant, because most of
the coins minted at the time were imitations of Byzantine coins. The following
examples come from laws, edicts and capitularies, as they appear in Ferdinand
Walter's Corpus juris germanici antiqui.

Franks

The Franks, a tribe established in the 3d century on the left bank of the
Rhine and in the Low Countries, became independent of Roman control in
the early 5th c. The earliest known king, Clodion, was succeeded by Merovaeus
(hence the name Merovingians), Childeric and Clovis. Clovis, who succeeded
his father in Tournai in 481, united the inheritance of Clodion which had
been divided into separate kingdoms centered on Cologne (the Ripuarian
Franks) and Tournai, Tongres, Cambrai (the Salian Franks). He also conquered
the Gallo-Roman kingdom of Syagrius in Northern Gaul, Aquitaine from the
Wisigoths in 507 and had unified the former province of Gaul (except for
the south-east).

The Frankish kingdom was repeatedely divided in the following centuries,
following Frankish custom. However, at some times it was united: the last
surviving son of Clovis was Clotaire I (from 558 to 561), who used the
title "rex Francorum". Guntram (d. 592) and his successor Childebert II
(d. 595), who ruled in Burgundy, also called themselves "rex Francorum".
Dagobert, who reunited the monarchy in 629, used the same title.

Effective power passed gradually to the mayors of the palace(major
domi), among whom Pippin "of Heristal" effectively reunited the Frankish
kingdom in 687 for the last time. The Carolingian dynasty reigned in all
but name. The mayors of the palace used the style vir illuster.
After the death of Charles Martel in 741, his sons Pippin and Karloman
ruled as kings in all but name (Karloman retired for a religious life in
747). The titles used by each brother was "dux et princeps Francorum" (in
742 and 744). Pippin finally made himself king of the Franks in 751 at
Soissons. This act was solemnly endorsed by pope Stephen III in 754, when
he anointed Pippin and his sons Karl and Karloman. At Pippin's death in
768 his estates were divided between them, but reunited at Karloman's death
in 771.

The biggest change to his styles came after his coronation by Pope Leo
III at Mass on Christmas day 800 in St. Peter. According to the Liber
Pontificalis, the assembly acclaimed: Karolo piissimo Augusto a
Deo coronato magno et pacifico imperatori vita et victoria (to Karl,
most pious, Augustus, crowned by God, great and bringer of peace, emperor,
long life and victory). The phrase was standard in the Italy of the time
in acclamations and documents for the Byzantine emperor. The first document
we have after the coronation calls the new emperor Carolus Dei gratia
rex Francorum et Romanorum adque Langobardorum, betraying some uncertainty
as to the handling of the new, and slightly embarrassing, title of emperor.
Finally, a document of 29 May 801 shows the style given above (Karl, most
serene, Augustus, crowned by God, great, bringer of peace, Emperor, governing
the Roman empire, who is also by the mercy of God king of the Franks and
the Lombards).

Charlemagne united in himself the title of king of the Franks and king
of the Lombards. In 843, the kingdom of the Franks was divided in three,
a division completed in 888. The western kingdom of the Franks became France,
the eastern kingdom became the kingdom of Germany. The German king also
retained the title of king of the Lombards or king of Italy, and, from
Otto I, assumed again the title of Emperor. The third kingdom (Lotharingia)
stretched from Provence to the Netherlands and gradually fragmented into
various pieces, some of which became Provence, Dauphiné, Franche-Comté,
Lorraine (Lothringen), Brabant. Over the centuries, these fragments became
part of the Empire or of France.

German States

The Holy Roman Empire consisted of an elected emperor at the top of a feudal
hierarchy. His direct or immediate vassals varied considerably in
importance, ranging from the powerful Electors down to mere knights (Reichsritter).
Yet all were, in theory, under the rank of king; the only exception being
Bohemia, a kingdom within the boundaries of the Empire since 1197. In the
Middle Ages, they were the analogues of the powerful feudal lords, dukes
and counts, found in France and the Low Countries.

Over time, the Emperors failed to achieve the kind of centralization
and consolidation of power that led to the emergence of nation-states elsewhere.
As a result, by the 16th century, the most powerful vassals of the Emperor
look and behave more like sovereigns than like vassals. The turning point
was the peace of Westphalia in 1648, which formally gave to the main states
of the Empire the right to form alliances and wage war, as long as such
alliances and wars were not directed against the Emperor. Saxony, Bavaria,
the Palatinate, Prussia and others were now virtually full-fledged members
of the international community, and behaved in almost all respects as sovereigns.

Styles of the States of the Empire (Reichsstände)

When addressing his immediate vassals, the Emperor used various forms of
address to indicate their relative importance. (See the page on the
Holy Roman Empire for more
details on its political structure).

The style of Royal Highness (königliche Hoheit) was
rare within the Empire. The duke of Savoy assumed it in 1633 as claimant
to the throne of Cyprus, and began to receive it from the Emperor in 1690.
The duke of Lorraine also received it at the end of the 17th century, but
the Electors and the Empire did not recognize it. The duke of Holstein-Gottorp
received it from the Emperor. The style was never used by the Emperor
directly when addressing them (he always used Euer Liebden when
he signed), but rather in imperial decrees, by imperial officers, and (if
they were willing) by members of the imperial estates. (See also
the page on the style of Highness).

The Electors were the highest-ranking vassals of the Emperor. It was
under Ferdinand III (reigned 1637-57) that they gained the right to be
addressed as Durchläuchtig (usually translated as Most Serene
Highness). As of around 1710-1715, the Emperor used the following styles
when addressing some of his subjects (Jean Rousset de Missy:
Cérémonial
diplomatique des Cours de l'Europe, supplement to Jean Dumont's Corps
universel diplomatique du droit des gens, vol. 5, p. 763).

Note that the king of Prussia is the only one given the superlative
Durchläuchtigster,
a style also used for the kings of Denmark, Sweden, Poland; he is also
called brother, as kings did call other kings. This is consistent
with the terms of the treaty of 1700
by which the Emperor agreed to call him king.

Thus, in the early 18th century, electors were Durchlaucht, princes
and high-ranking dukes were Hochgeboren (illustrissimus)
Fürst, immediate counts were Hoch- und Wohlgeboren (illustris
et magnificus). Barons could use the style Wohlgeboren in exchange
of the payment of a tax. Edler was the style of the rest of
the imperial nobility; it was used by patrician magistrates of imperial
cities like Augsburg, Nurnberg, and Frankfurt.

Title inflation was rampant in the 18th century. The counts thought
that their style was being used too easily, and sought and obtained from
the Emperor Karl VI in 1715 a resolution restating that Hoch- und Wolhgeboren
was their exclusive prerogative. With Emperor Karl VII in 1742, all electors
obtained to be Durchläuchtigste. Meanwhile, dukes and princes
had begun to appropriate the style of
Durchlaucht, beginning with
Eberhard III, duke of Württemberg, in 1664. The immediate counts seized
on Erlaucht, formerly treated as equivalent to Durchlaucht,
while the mediate counts called themselves Hochgeboren.

The Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna and the foundation of the
Deutsches Bund brought about great changes. The Empire was abolished, and
a certain number of German states attained complete sovereignty. Within
these states, the highest-ranking sovereigns with titles of king were styled
Majesty,
grand-dukes were styled Royal Highness and other sovereigns were
styled Serene Highness (Durchlaucht) (see the page on the
style of "Highness" for more details).

A number of princes and counts who had previously been immediate vassals
of the emperor were mediatized, that is, placed under the sovereignty
of others. Mediatized princes were given the style of Durchlaucht
by the Bund on 13 Aug 1825, and mediatized counts were given the style
of
Erlaucht. In practice, states varied in the styles they actually
conferred on the mediatized families under their sovereignty (see a list
of the states that had conferred Durchlaucht to various houses,
from the 1853 edition of the Almanach de Gotha).

Spain

After the Arab conquest in 712 and the destruction of the Wisigothic kingdom,
the kingdom of the Asturias established by Pelayo assumed the Wisigothic
traditions (it later became the kingdom of Leon under Alfonso II). The
Basques founded the kingdom of Navarre, which under Sancho III came to
dominate all others, but at Sancho's death in 1035 the kingdoms of Aragon
and Castile were created and went their separate ways. Finally, the "march
of Spain" around Barcelona, conquered by Charlemagne in 778, was ruled
by counts enfoeffed by the Frankish monarchy. Castile and Leon united permanently
in 1230, Barcelona and Aragon united in 1162, and the two kingdoms united
in 1469.

Kings of Castile and Leon

Fernando I (d. 1065), second son of Sancho III of Navarre, received
the kingdom of Castile from his father, and conquered Leon on his father-in-law
Bermudos III in 1037. In 1039 he was crowned "emperor" in Leon. Fernando
I had shared Castile, Leon and Galicia among his sons Sancho II, Alfonso
VI and Garcia; but Sancho dispossessed his brothers, only to be killed
in 1072. The three kingdoms were thus united under Alfonso VI (1072-1109).

Fernando I, Alfonso VI and Alfonso VII (1126-57) used the title of Imperator
Hispaniae (emperor of Spain), where Hispania denoted that part
of their territories south of the Sierras, conquered on the Arabs. In documents,
Alfonso VI is styled victoriosissimus Rex in Toleto et in Hispania et
Gallecia, Alfonso VII is styled
Rex dominus Adefonsus in Legione
et in Toledo et in Hispania. On his seal, Alfonso VII is Adefonsus
Imperator Hispaniae.

Under Fernando III Castile and Leon are permanently united. His seal
bears the legend Ferrandus Dei Gracia Rex Castelle et Toleti / sigillum
Ferrandi Regis Legionis et Gallecie. Starting with his successor, two
forms appear on the seals: the short form is
S[igillum] N Illustris
Regis Castelle et Legionis, used until Pedro I (1350-69) who merely
adds et cetera. The long form, used until Pedro I, lists the various
titles:

Alfonso by the grace of God king of Castile, Toledo,
Leon, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Murcia, Jaen and the Algarves

Fernando IV (1295-1311): same

Alfonso XI: same with et Moline added (his first name is spelled
many ways: Alfonsys, Ildefonsus, Alfosus, Illefosus, Alfonsus)

One seal of 1349 has a vernacular style: s[ello] del mui noble Don Alfonso
Rei de Castilla de Toledo de Leon de Galisia de Seuilla de Corduua de Murcia.

After Pedro I the only change is the style used by Juan I as king of
Portugal jure uxoris: S. Iohanis Dei Gracia Regis Castelle e
Legionis et Portugalli.

counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon

The first count of Barcelona was Wifret el Pilós (d. 898). His descendants
broke up his inheritance (Barcelona, Ausona, Gerona, Urgell, Cerdanya,
Conflent, Besalu) which the counts of Barcelona managed to consolidate
again over time. Ramón Berenguer III married the countess of Provence.
Ramón Berenguer IV (d. 1162) married Peronella of Aragon, heiress
of that kingdom, thereby uniting Catalonia and Aragon.

Their son Alfons I acquired Roussillon in 1177 after extinction of the
local dynasty. Two generations later Jaume I (d. 1276) had inherited Montpellier
from his mother and conquered Majorca (1233) and Valencia (1238). Majorca
became a separate kingdom along with Roussillon and Montpellier (1263-1343)
but the last king was dispossessed by the king of Aragon (and sold Montpellier
to the king of France in 1349, in a vain attempt to raise funds). His son
Pere II (d. 1285) married Constance, daughter of Manfred of Sicily, and
he moved to claim his Sicilian inheritance against the French Anjou dynasty.
Sardinia was annexed in 1325. Roussillon and Cerdagne served as pledge
for a loan from the king of France between 1462 and 1493, but were returned
to Aragon. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabel of Castile (los
Reyes Catolicos) added all the titles of Castile to the style of the king
of Aragon. Their grandson and successor Carlos I was king of Spain.

Here are some samples of the styles used by the counts of Barcelona
and kings of Aragon, taken from medieval documents.

Carlos I's son Felipe II (1555-98) used a different style on his seal:
Philippus
D G Rex Cast[elle] Leg[ionis] Arag[onum] Navarr[e] Utr[ius]qu[ue] Sicil[ie]
Indiarum Insularum et Terrae Firmae Maris Oceani etc. Also, in 1554
appears a short form Philippus D G Hispaniarum Rex (king of the
Spains). Under his son Felipe III (1598-1621) there was a curious return
to historical titles of Arab kingdoms: Philippus III D G Castellae Legionis
Navarrae Granatae Toleti Galiciae Hispalis Gordubae Murciae etc Rex.
Felipe IV (1621-64) used the same formula, but also the form D G Hispaniarum
et Indiarum Rex (king of the Spains and the Indies) to summarize all
his titles. Napoleon's brother Joseph (Jose, 1808-13) used the same
title (see the Bayonne
Constitution of 1808).

Use of these titles is founded in article 56, paragraph 2 of the
Constitution of 1978: "Su título es el de Rey de España y
podrá utilizar los demás que correspondan a la Corona." The
constitutional title is the first one, the others are the historical titles
of the crown. The titles are as follows:

king of Spain

king of Spain by virtue of the Constitution of 1978, article 57

king of Castile

initially a county of Galicia, became independent in 935, a kingdom in
1035

king of Leon

formed in 909; united to Castile 1038-1157 and from 1230

king of Aragon

kingdom since 1035, passed to the counts of Barcelona in 113?, united to
Castile in 1469 by the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabel of Castile

king of the Two Sicilies

one Sicily (the island) conquered in 1282; the other (Naples) conquered
in 1440 by Aragon; united to the crown of Aragon 1460; lost in 1713, conquered
by Don Carlos, younger son of the king of Spain, in 1738; he became king
of Spain in 1759 and ceded the throne to his younger son Ferdinand; united
to Italy in 1860

although the kingdom disappeared in 1191, the rights to this title were
acquired by Charles of Anjou, king of Naples and Sicily, in 1281; the claim
was considered to have been conquered along with the Two Sicilies; the
pope invested Don Carlos with the title in 1738

king of Navarra

formed around 850; title claimed by Aragon since Juan II, most of the kingdom
conquered in 1512 (the part north of the Pyrenees was united to France
after 1589)

king of Granada

Moorish kingdom, conquered 1492 by the Catholic Kings

king of Toledo

Moorish kingdom, conquered 1085 by Castile

king of Valencia

Moorish kingdom, conquered 1238 conuquered by Aragon

king of Galicia

founded in the 8th century by Pelayo; one of his successors took the title
of king of Leon

king of Sardinia

conquered 1287; raised to a kingdom by the Pope along with Corsica, Apr 4, 1297

king of Cordoba

Moorish kingdom, conquered 1236 by Castile

king of Corsica

conquered early 15th c., abandoned 1434

king of Murcia

Moorish kingdom, conquered 1248 by Castile

king of Jaén

king of the Algarves

Algarve is southern Portugal, conquerred by Alfonso III of Portugal but
claimed by his father-in-law Alfonxo X el Sabio. The Algarves refers in
the Portuguese title to Algarve and places conquered in Morocco.

king of Algeciras

conquered by Castile in 1344

king of Gibraltar

one of the two pillars of Hercules which frame the Spanish coat of arms,
Djebel-al-Tariq, named after the man who took it to lead the Moors in Spain
in 711; conquered by Castile in 1212; ceded to Great Britain in 1713; subject
of bitter disputes to this day

king of the Canaries Islands

colonized by Spain in the 15th c. The title was granted by the Pope
on 15 Nov 1344 (Fortunatarum Insularum Rex).

king of the West and East Indies

king of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea

title assumed in 1521 by Carlos I to represent his territories in the New
World (with viceroyalties in Mexico 1536, Peru 1543, New Granada 1719,
La Plata 1776)

Archduke of Austria

hereditary title of the Habsburgs, from the marriage of Juaña with
archduke Philip of Austria in 1496

duke of Burgundy

title claimed by the Habsburgs since the death of Marie of Burgundy (1480),
wife of Maximilian of Habsburg and grandmother of Carlos I, although Burgundy
has been part of France since that time; in 1700, a strange situation arose
when Felipe V, grandson of Louis XIV of France, king of Spain and titular
duke of Burgundy, happened to be the younger brother of Louis de France,
duke of Burgundy!

duke of Brabant

title inherited from Marie of Burgundy; ceded to Austria in 1713

duke of Milan

ceded to Carlos I by the last duke of Milan Francesco Sforza in 1535

duke of Athens

duke of (Neo-)Patras

Two titles related to the principalities of Achaia and Morea, formed after
the partition of the Byzantine empire by the Latins in 1204; acquired by
Aragon 1312, lost 1387

count of Habsburg

Habsburg title

count of Flanders

title from the Burgundian heritage

count of Tirol

Habsburg title, united to Austria 1363

count of Roussillon

county in the 10th c., inherited by Aragon in 1172; it revolts and joins
France in 1640; Spain formally cedes it and Cerdaña to France by
the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659

count of Barcelona

Carolingian county formed in the late 8th c., united to Aragon 1162

lord of Viscaya

lord of Molina

Captain-General and Supreme Head of the Royal Armed Forces

Sovereign Grand-Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece

headship of this order created in 1431 became an object of dispute with
the Austrian Habsburg in 1700; the two houses continued to award the order
separately (see more
information)

Grand-Master of the orders awarded by the Spanish State

Catholic King

In a bull of 4 May 1493 in which he extolled Ferdinand and Isabel's conquest
of Granada, expulsion of the Jews, and discovery of new islands to evangelize,
pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard) called the monarchs "vos tanquam veros
catholicos reges, et principes" (you who are true catholic kings,
and princes). This style was formally used in the Pope's correspondence
with the Reyes Católicos (as they are known in Spanish).

The title was formally granted to their grandson Carlos I (future emperor
Charles V) by a bull of Leon X on 1 Apr 1516. Here is the relevant
portion of the bull (Magnum Bullarium Romanum, 3:3:450):

The style Hispaniarum Rex Catholicus was henceforth always used
by Popes when addressing the king of Spain.

Spanish Royal Family

The traditional style for children of the sovereign is Infante (for
men) or Infanta (for women) de España. Its use goes
back to the Middle Ages. The style belonged by right to the children of
the sovereign (Partida II, Título VII, Ley I) although by the 18th
century it was also the birthright of the children of the hereditary prince;
no one else was entitled to the style (Informe del Consejo Real, 27 Oct
1823). Those Infantes are called "Infantes de nacimiento".

The other kind of Infante is the "Infante de gracia". In the late 18th
century, Carlos III decided that all grandchildren of sovereigns in male
line ought to be Infantas as well, and this intention was formally expressed
in the Real Cedula of 30 Nov 1795 of Carlos IV. But that never became automatic;
rather, a royal decree was
necessary in each instance. His successors by and large maintained the
tradition. Oftentimes the decree granted the style of Infante to an expected
child during the mother's pregnancy. Other decrees granted the style to
all children of a given marriage. Spouses of the sovereign's daughters
or sisters were often, but not always, given the rank of Infantes. In the
early 20th century, a new rank appeared, that of Alteza Real with
honors of an Infante (decree of 3 Aug 1908 for the children of the remarriage
of Don Carlos de Borbon y Borbon, widower of the king's sister; decree
of 21 May 1912 for the children of Alfonso, son of the duke of Galliera
and first cousin of the king; etc).

The rank of Infante, whether by birth or concession, could be withdrawn,
and this happened several times in the 19th century: Ferdinand VII's brother
Don Carlos after his rebellion, the duke of Sevilla after his morganatic
marriage (decree of 12 May 1848), etc.

Austria-Hungary

Apostolic King (Hungary)

Because of king Stephen's role in the adoption of Christianity by the Magyars,
he was often called the Apostolic King. The style was frequently
used from the 16th c. in informal contexts, but only in the 18th c, did
it come into official use.

This was made formal by a solemn grant of Pope Clement XIII on 1 Oct
1758. Here is the relevant excerpt of the bull (Magnum Bullarium
Romanum—Continuatio, 1:47). After recalling the actions of King
Stephen:

Habsburg Titles

From the 15th c. to 1806 (with one interruption from 1742 to 1745) the
Holy Roman Emperor was a Habsburg or Habsburg-Lorraine. Thus the
style of the head of the house of Austria combines HRE titles and proper
Habsburg titles.

The style of Emperor Ferdinand III includes mostly Habsburg titles
as it appears in the Treaty of Munster of 1648:

Most serene and most powerful prince and lord, lord Ferdinand III
Emperor of the Romans, forever August, king of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia,
Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, archduke of Austria, duke of Burgundy, Brabant,
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, marquis of Moravia, duke of Luxemburg, of
Upper and Lower Silesia, of Wurttemberg and Teck, prince of Swabia, count
of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kiburg and Goritz, marquis of the Holy Roman Empire,
of Bavaria, of Upper and Lower Lusatia, lord of the marches of Slavonia,
of Portenau and Salines, etc.

The first definition of the official style of the emperor was an
imperial decree of 27 Jan 1712, which determined it to be, combining the
Spanish titles which Karl VI claimed as king Carlos III of Spain:

These styles reflect the consequences of the recent wars, and in particular
the treaties of Campo-Formio of 1797 and Lunéville of 1801 (loss
of the Low Countries, Tuscany, Milan, addition of Salzburg, Venice, etc).

On August 6, 1806 Franz II abdicated the dignity of German Emperor and
became Franz I of Austria, with the following titles:

The Dual Monarchy (1867-1918)

As a result of the Compromise of 1867, a dual monarchy was implemented
by the Austrian law of 21 Dec 1867, and the Hungarian law II. Gesetzartikel
1865/67. The change in titles folllowed by rescript (allerhöchste
Handschreiben) of 14 Nov 1868: the Empire became the Austrian-Hungarian
Monarchy or Austrian-Hungarian Empire (Österreichisch-Ungarische
Monarchie, Österreichisch-Ungarisches Reich), its emperor
titled Kaiser von Österreich, König von Böhmen
u. s. w. und Apostolischer König von Ungarn or in abbreviated
form Kaiser von Österreich und Apostolischer König von
Ungarn with the style of Seine Majestät der Kaiser und
König or Seine k. u. k. (kaiserliche und königliche)
Apostolische Majestät. On Oct 17, 1889 the army and
navy of the monarchy acquired the style of "k. u. k.", as did
on Nov 17, 1889 the Imperial court (with the exception of those
entities specific to the the Hungarian monarchy, such as the
royal-Hungarian Lifeguards).

Since April 19, 1755 the members of the emperor's family received
the style of Royal Highness (königliche Hoheit) and
the predicate Durchlauchtigst, with the eldest son styled
Durchlauchtigster zu Hungarn und Böheim königliche
Erbprinz, Erzherzog zu Österreich). From August 11, 1804
the style became Kaiserlich-Königliche Hoheit.

Tyrol

Tyrol was often ruled by a junior member of the family, whose styles are
thus Habsburg only (except when he is also emperor). A source on
styles and titles is coinage, although the short space available on coins
means that the titles are often abbreviated. here is a random sample of
styles taken from the coinage of Halle (Tyrol).

Venice

Venice was ruled by elected doges or dukes from the 8th century
to 1797. Their style, on their seals, was Dei gratia dux Venetie Dalmatie
atque Chroatie from the 12th c. (at least) to the 14th c., and Dei
gratia dux Venetiarum etc in the 15th c.

Portugal

Most-Faithful King

King João V was rewarded for his piety with a bull of 21 Apr 1749
of Benedict XIV, bestowing on him and his successors the title of Most-Faithful
King. Here is the relevant excerpt of the bull (Bullarium Benedicti
XIV, 3:524):