In addition to cameras and the rover, Chang'e 4 is equipped with instruments to study the terrain and its mineral composition. It also holds fruit flies, yeast and several species of green plants, including cotton and potatoes — bringing the first life known to exist on the planet since the last Apollo astronauts departed in 1972.

"I could imagine this kind of experiment providing important information on how agriculture might work on the moon for future human colonies," Briony Horgan, an assistant professor of Earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences at Purdue University, told NBC News MACH in an email.

The Chang'e 4 landing was the first time a spacecraft had ever touched down on the moon's far side, though many have studied the region from lunar orbit. The far side isn't visible from Earth because our planet and the moon are tidally locked. That means the moon's rotation is synchronized with its orbit around Earth and thus the near side always faces the planet.

Humanity got its first glimpse of the moon's far side in 1959, when the Soviet Luna 3 probe photographed the region from lunar orbit. "Right away, we saw that the far side doesn't look like the near side," Pieters said. "Since then, we've been asking, Why is it so different?"

Scientists have long known that the far side has many more impact craters than the near side, evidence of a long, violent history of asteroid strikes. The moon's crust is also thicker on the far side, but it's not clear why these differences exist.

"Geologically, there is a great dichotomy on the moon," said Bradley Jolliff, a planetary scientist at Washington University in St. Louis. "This is a great mystery that has not been solved."

Scientists hope the Chang'e 4 mission — and a follow-up that China's space agency has scheduled for the end of the year — will help answer some of these questions. The planned Chang'e 5 mission will attempt to land on the moon and return to Earth with samples of its soil.

The South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the largest and oldest impact craters on the moon, is 1,500 miles wide and eight miles deep — so deep that the mantle, the region of the moon below the crust, is thought to be exposed.

"It's larger than anything we have on the near side and rivals any basin on other planetary bodies," Pieters said of the basin. "This really excites lunar scientists because it means we have the opportunity to obtain information about the interior of the moon and how it's constructed."

By probing the moon, Chang'e 4 could also yield information about how Earth formed and evolved.

"These very large basin-forming impacts were occurring on Earth as well," said Harrison Schmitt, a geologist-turned-astronaut who walked on the moon in 1972 as part of NASA's Apollo 17 mission. "One of the most fundamental things we've learned from the moon is the early history of Earth, when life was forming here on this planet. We can study the environment of the solar system when life was getting started."

In addition to shedding new light on our own neck of the solar system, the probe will be used to conduct astronomical observations that are difficult to do from the Earth's surface.

"The far side of the moon is one of the most radio-quiet environments in the solar system because it's protected from all the radio noise that we generate on Earth," Jolliff said. "This means we could make observations at wavelengths and frequencies that help fill in the gaps from the early times of the universe."

But for all the ways in which scientists expect the Chang'e 4 probe could advance our knowledge, they seem especially excited about unanticipated discoveries.

"When you haven't really seen half of the moon and haven't sampled it, there's a lot to learn," Schmitt said. "We haven't explored much of the moon, really. We've only had six [crewed] landings and samples from six different places, but that's not very much when you think about the size of the moon."