Power Systems of today are very large, complex interconnected network of various components. Major components of a power system can be subdivided into: a. Generation
b. Transmission and Sub transmission
c. DistributionConventional ac electric power systems are designed to operate with sinusoidal voltages and currents. However, nonlinear and electronically switched loads distort steady state ac voltage and current waveforms. It is important to calculate these distortions for safe and reliable operation of the power system. Periodically distorted waveforms can be studied by examining the harmonic components of the waveforms. The text here presents method of 3 – phase harmonic analysis for industrial distribution systems with the aid of a personal computer using the harmonic analysis software. This software uses C++ for analysis and Visual C++ based GUI as front end. It performs following analyses. * Load Flow Analysis

* 3 – Phase Harmonic AnalysisThe software allows the user to draw and model a distribution network and input the injected harmonic currents. It performs load flow analysis using backward- forward sweep method. Same method is used for 3- phase harmonic analysis. Finally harmonic voltages and total harmonic distortion (THD) at various buses is calculated. Objective of this project was to build software for designing a 3- phase distribution system and its harmonic load flow analysis. Backward- Forward Sweep method was used due to its efficacy in radial distribution systems. This software works for a non branched network and can be easily extended into a complete radial network. 2. POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS

A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, i.e. if the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f . . . etc. The harmonics have the property that they are all periodic at the fundamental frequency; therefore the sum of harmonics is also periodic at that frequency. In relation to power systems, harmonics are used to represent the multiple frequencies of voltage and current waveforms. The following sections discuss the concept of power system harmonics, their sources and effects. 2.1 Concept of Power System Harmonics

Nonlinear and switched loads and sources can cause distortion of the nominal sinusoidal current and voltage waveform in an ac power system. In this...

...Test Systems for Harmonics Modeling and Simulation
Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation* Transmission & Distribution Committee IEEE Power Engineering Society
Abstract - This paper presents three harmonic simulation test systems. The purpose is to demonstrate guidelines for the preparation and analysis of harmonic problems through case studies and simulation examples. The systems can also be used as benchmark systems for the development of new harmonic simulation methods and for the evaluation of existing harmonicanalysis software. 11.1 Introduction Harmonic studies have become an important aspect of power system analysis and design in recent years. Harmonic simulations are used to quantify the distortion in voltage and current waveforms in a power system and to determine the existence and mitigation of resonant conditions. Many digital computer programs are available for harmonicanalysis. New analysis techniques are being developed. With a wide variety of solution methods and modeling assumptions implemented in many different programs, there is a need for benchmark test systems so that the features and results of the programs can be evaluated and compared. This paper presents the complete data for three harmonic simulation test systems. The purpose is...

...sivapriya.pitchuka@gmail.com, sumanthnagineni@gmail.com,
seyezhair@ssn.edu.in & vigneshwarkalaiazhagan@gmail.com
Abstract - Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) usually need
power conditioning, typically rectification which uses non
linear devices, that produces a non-sinusoidal line current
due to their non- linear input characteristics. The
reduction of line current harmonics for enhancing the
efficiency is Power Factor Correction. For active power
factor topologies, there exist bridged and bridgeless power
converter circuits. This paper focuses on a bridgeless
Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) for shaping the line
current waveform. Moreover, this paper discusses about
various boost converter topologies which are designed and
simulated using MATLAB - SIMULINK for active power
factor correction. Performance parameters such as the
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in the line current, input
power factor and displacement factor are investigated for
all the topologies. On comparison, this paper insists on the
fact that Bridgeless Interleaved Boost Converter has
higher input power factor and lower harmonics in the line
current which is verified through simulation.
Passive devices like capacitor banks are used in
Passive power factor correction. By using passive power
factor correction the vehicle becomes bulkier and also
becomes uneconomical. Therefore active power factor
correction is implemented using power...

... 3) Interco is also a cash generative target for a potential acquirer as it generates approximately $0.10 of operating cash flow for every dollar of sales. 4) The company is also structured in a way that it could be broken up and sold into its constituent parts, which could prove to be worth more than the whole.
2. As a member of the Board of Interco, neither the Premiums Paid Analysis nor the Comparable Transaction Analysis is very convincing.
 Premiums Paid Analysis – At first glance, the premiums paid analysis indicates that the Rales Proposal undervalues the stock relative to other recent transactions. However, this measure has limited reliability in that it is not directly related to the company’s financial outlook. Additionally, this analysis does not indicate which industries are being used as comps, so it is impossible to tell how relevant this data really is.
 Comparable Transaction Analysis – Since Interco is a conglomerate, no one industry segment will provide an accurate measure of the effectiveness of the Rales Proposal in the aggregate. Also none of the comps are even close in size to the aggregate valuation range of the Rales Proposal. Therefore, thee comps may not be relevant as smaller companies may have different growth and profitability dynamics.
3. See Discounted Cash FlowAnalysis #1 for a discounted cash...

...FUND FLOWANALYSIS
Every business concern, at the end of its financial period, prepares Income Statements and Balance Sheet. Income Statements show the net result, Net Profit, of the business operations and contains various expenses incurred and losses and revenue earned during that period. Balance Sheet gives a summary of assets and liabilities as on a particular date and shows the financial position of the business. The liabilities side of a balance sheet shows the sources from where funds are raised and the assets side shows how the funds raised are utilized. But it does not show the causes or reasons for changes in assets and liabilities, flow of funds, between two balance sheet dates. Therefore, a statement is prepared in addition to the Income Statements and Balance Sheet, to show changes in assets and liabilities between two balance sheet dates, which is known as Fund Flow Statement. It is a statement, also known as Statement of Changes in Financial Position, designed to analyse the changes in financial condition of a concern between to specified dates.
The Term “Fund”
The term “Fund” can be explained in many ways. In the narrow sense, it means cash only. Transactions involving cash receipts and payments are considered in this approach. In the broader sense, fund means working capital, which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. For fund flow...

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Cash Flowanalysis
Introduction
Clearly, income statements and statements of financial position are the most common financial documents available to the public. But managers who make financial decisions may find themselves at something of a loss if they only have these two documents (reports on past performance) on which to base their decisions for today and into the future.
Financial managers and investors, however, are far more interested in actual cash flows than they are in somewhat artificial, back-ward looking accounting profit listed on income statements. This is very important distinction between the accounting and finance point of view. Finance professionals know that the firm need cash, not accounting profit, to pay the firm’s obligation as they come due, to fund firm’s operation and growth, and to compensate the firm’s ultimate owners (its shareholders). Thus, the statement of cash flows is a financial statement that shows the firm’s cash flows over a given period of time. This statement reports the amount of cash that the firm generated and distributed during a particular time period. The bottom line on the statement of cash flows 9the difference between cash resources and uses) equals the change in cash on the firm’s statement of financial position from the previous year’s cash account balance. That is, the statement of cash flows reconciles income...