Vichy France, Blog 3, The Tide Turns, Resistance and Collaboration

When the events of the war made eventual German defeat more and more likely, the Vichy regime became less and less powerful and more and more desperate. In the beginning collaboration was merely seen as making the best of a bad situation, over time collaboration was seen more and more to be treasonous.

June 1941: German invades Russia in Operation Barbarossa. Initially Germany enjoyed the same quick and swift victory in Russia that she enjoyed in France, but Russia is so incredibly vast that no matter how successful the Nazis were on the battlefield, they would always be outnumbered by the Russians who remained.

[amazon_link asins=’0231124694′ template=’ProductAd’ store=’seekingvirtue-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’d3cdda8c-0177-11e9-8ff5-175cc05e27af’][amazon_link asins=’1859730817′ template=’ProductAd’ store=’seekingvirtue-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’c303458b-017a-11e9-8c23-0d8ffd342877′]Now that Russia was again an enemy of Germany, the Communists in France faced greater pressure, causing more Communists to join the Resistance which actively opposed the Germans and the Vichy French, and also greater cooperation between Catholics and Communists in France that would last into the post-war years.[1] Terrorism and assassinations of German officials increased, and the Vichy officials were drawn into the struggle against the Resistance, which was now a civil war.[2]

Now the Vichy officials heard a new excuse when they urged the Germans to see them as partners rather than as conquered, the Germans were now far too busy on the Eastern front to attend to matters in Europe, the French would have to wait until the end of the war to negotiate a permanent peace.

The German persecution of the Jews in France increased in 1942, Jews were required to wear yellow stars, and Himmler ordered that 100,000 Jews from all of France be deported to the Auschwitz death camps, foreign born Jews first. The Vichy officials offered token resistance.[3] This persecution extended to clergy who assisted the Jews, many French priests would be murdered in the Dachau concentration camp, many of the faithful would become martyrs in their defense of the Jews. One nun commented as she sent to the death camp in Ravensbruk, “I am leaving for Heaven.”[4]

December 1941: Japan attacks America at Pearl Harbor, and shortly thereafter Hitler declares war on America, which Churchill predicted would make eventual victory certain, as now America could enter the war in Europe directly.

November 1942: The Allies invade French North Africa in Operation Torch. There were multiple landings in French Morocco and Algeria, there was no preliminary bombardments, but the Vichy French troops offer resistance.

After Darlan had been deposed by Laval, Darlan was appointed commander of the armed forces. Luckily, he was visiting his son in the hospital in Algiers when the Resistance seized control of Algiers and also Darlan. When the Allies recognized Darlan as the commander of the French forces, he ordered the Vichy troops in North Africa to join the Allied forces, and they obeyed.

Darlan’s surrender of Vichy French troops made Hitler furious, he thought he could no longer trust the French. Hitler ordered German troops to seize control of the rump Vichy provinces, after that all France would be occupied.

Robert Paxton concludes, “The fact that Petain did not renounced the armistice in November 1942, upon the total occupation of France, and there is no contemporary evidence that this was ever considered, proved to the Germans (and to Hitler) that Petain would never resign.”[5]

This Darlan deal was highly controversial since Darlan had been a high-level collaborator with the Nazis. Churchill reminded the House of Commons, “I am sorry to have to mention a point like this, but it makes a lot of difference to a soldier whether a man fires his gun at him, or at an enemy.”[6] The Germans attempted to seize the French fleet in North Africa, the Vichy ordered that the French fleet be scuttled to keep it out of the hands of the Germans.

Germany finally put its economy on a war footing, French food rations were reduced to help feed Germany. Deportations of French Jews increased. The Nazis needed French workers for their factories since so many Poles and Russian laborers had been worked to death. Laval struck a pathetic deal with the Nazis, for every three skilled workers who volunteered to work in German factories, one French POW would be released. But when not enough French volunteered, this was turned into a draft of French workers to labor in German factories. Now many young French were offered a choice, join the Resistance or be drafted.[7]

The civil war deepened. The Vichy regime was drawn into greater collaboration with the Germans as the Vichy officials naively sought to restore French sovereignty by increasing French participation in the police and military. The infamous French Milice police force was established, considered by many to be more ruthless than the Gestapo. French police helped round up and deport the Jews to their deaths.[8] Professor Merriman points out that the Resistance was strongest in the south of France where there were mountains and forests where the resisters could hide.[9]

November 1942: in the Battle of Stalingrad the German General Paulus surrendered what was left of the Sixth Army, twenty-two divisions, when the Russians trapped them in Stalingrad. Millions died in Stalingrad. After Stalingrad the Germans were in full retreat on the Eastern front. Now the French would worry that eventually the German occupation would be replaced by a Russian occupation of France, which was a factor in the Vichy regime’s choice to continue their collaboration with the Nazis.

June 1944: The Allies invade through Normandy beaches in France on D-Day. Petain issued a proclamation urging all Frenchmen to remain neutral in the upcoming struggle, French blood was too precious to waste. When the Allies occupy Paris, the Germans compel Petain, Laval, and the Vichy government to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany. Finally, Petain and Laval refused to participate in the charade of an obvious puppet government.[10]

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I was born and baptized and confirmed as a Lutheran. I made the mistake of reading works written by Luther, he has a bad habit of writing seemingly brilliant theology, but then every few pages he stops and calls the Pope often very vulgar names, what sort of Christian does that?
Currently I am a seeker, studying church history and the writings of the Church Fathers. I am involved in the Catholic divorce ministries in our diocese, and have finished the diocese two-year Catholic Lay Ministry program. Also I took a year of Orthodox off-campus seminary courses.
This blog explores the beauty of the Early Church and the writings and history of the Church through the centuries. I am a member of a faith community, for as St Augustine notes in his Confessions, you cannot truly be a Christian unless you worship God in the walls of the Church, unless persecution prevents this. This blog is non-polemical, so I really would rather not reveal my denomination here.

Book Reviews

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Tales of the Northwest is the most remarkable collection of Indian stories I have encountered. The romantic adventures among the Iroquois Indians in James Fennimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales, including Last of the Mohicans and Deerslayer, have their moments, but Tales of the Northwest surpass them in their vivid realism. Even when compared to the reminiscences of Lame Deer and Black Elk the Tales of the Northwest are superior. […]

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Professor Elizabeth Vandiver is an excellent guide through the world of the Homeric Epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. She is a captivating lecturer, she weighs in on the scholarly debates on these epics, she brings the ancient Greeks to life, her enthusiasm for the Ancient Greek culture is contagious. The Iliad and the Odyssey were engaging character studies, and Professor Vandiver brings out the conflicts and interactions between the various characters in these epics, and discusses what they tell us about the ancient Greeks. […]

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Early Christian Writings were not written by the Apostles as were the books of the New Testament, but were written by leading Christians of the next generation who may have known some of the surviving apostles. These included epistles, some of them written to the same Christian communities St Paul has addressed a generation previously. Many of these epistles are written in the style of the Pauline epistles, sometimes using liturgical forms, sometimes weaving in and out of a prayer on behalf of communities they were addressing. […]

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This 38-volume library of the works of the Early Church Fathers in the first few centuries of the Church is an invaluable resource for the serious student of Theology, and the Scriptures also, since many of the writings of the early Church Fathers are Biblical commentaries. Although this collection was […]

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Readers looking neither for sublime language nor complex theories but for wisdom have long known that that Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus are worth reading. Those fortunate enough to encounter them either in their schooling or on library shelves have heard these ancient moralists speak with remarkable freshness and force to the basic issues of human character with which we all must struggle. For such readers, the popular philosophers of the Greco-Roman world deserve their self-designation as doctors of the soul. Precisely because they focus so precisely on everyday life, the character of the individual and the health of the family their ideas are as fresh today as they were millennia before. They analyze the passions of fear and desire, of envy and rage with brilliant insight. They precisely delineate the virtues and vices. They understand the process of moral development and the necessity of moral education. […]

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