The Statute of Merton or Provisions of Merton (Latin: Provisiones de Merton, or Stat. Merton), sometimes also known as the Ancient Statute of Merton, is considered to be the first Englishstatute,[1] and is printed as the first statute in The Statutes of the Realm.

The terms of the statute were agreed at Merton between Henry III[2] and the barons of England in the 20th year of Henry's reign (1235). It was another instance, along with the Magna Carta twenty years previously, of the struggle between the barons and the king to limit the latter's rights.

Amongst its provisions, the statute allowed a Lord of the Manor to enclose common land (provided that sufficient pasture remained for his tenants), and set out when and how manorial lords could assert rights over waste land, woods, and pastures against their tenants.[3] It quickly became a basis for Englishcommon law, developing and clarifying legal concepts of ownership,[4] and was one of the English statutes carried over into the law of the Lordship of Ireland.

In January 1550, in Edward VI's reign, long after the Statute had fallen out of use, it was revived under John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, to enable lords to enclose their land at their own discretion — out of keeping with the traditional Tudor anti-enclosure attitude.

The Statute also dealt with illegitimacy[5] — stating that "He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents". It also dealt with women's rights — dowries ("A woman shall recover damages in a writ of dower"), and widows' right to bequeath land ("Widows may bequeath the crop of their lands").[6]