Gold is a network of oldies radio stations which was formed by the merger of the Capital Gold network and the Classic Gold Network in August 2007. The station relaunched in March 2014 as a partly automated service broadcasting in a smaller number of areas than previously, when many of the prior local AM/DAB Gold frequencies were turned over to Smooth Radio.

The Capital Gold network started in London in 1988 on Capital Radio's AM frequency, as the British Government urged radio stations to end simulcasting (broadcasting the same programmes simultaneously on FM and AM) and threatening to remove one of their frequencies if simulcasting continued. The Classic Gold network was similarly formed from the AM transmissions of the former GWR Group's station licence areas. (Many of the FM pop stations to which the ...Gold stations were sister operations are themselves now part of the Heart or Capital networks).

The original DJs on the early incarnation of Capital Gold included Tony Blackburn (who would later appear on the then-rival Classic Gold network), Kenny Everett who was syndicated due to being dead at time of broadcast, and David Hamilton, the idea of hiring radio personalities to host networked shows continued to be a feature of the Capital Gold and Classic Gold networks as they grew, though following the 2014 relaunch Gold now only had three presenters - Tony Dibbin, Simon Hirst and David Andrews at the time of the relaunch. (Dibbin presents on Gold six days a week; Hirst and Andrews combined once-a-week Gold appearances with their weekday duties on Capital Yorkshire and Smooth Radio respectively). Most Gold programming is broadcast from the Gold network studio in Leicester Square, London, though Hirst broadcast from the Capital studios in Leeds or his home studio. Simon Hirst left Gold (and Capital) in June 2014, leaving Dibbin (Sunday to Friday) and Andrews (Saturday) as Gold's sole remaining DJs.

As required by the forthcoming 1990 Broadcasting Act, in 1987 the IBA and the Home Office ruled that all ILR stations were to permanently split simulcasting output on both its FM and AM frequencies in order to create new local radio stations and improve choice. Capital responded by launching a golden oldies station, 1548 AM Capital Gold on 1 November 1988 on its AM frequency while Capital on FM became 95.8 Capital FM, a chart contemporary music station. Both stations received brand-new jingle packages from Muff Murfin and TM Productions in Dallas, these were later followed up by new packages from Californian jingle house Who Did That Music (later Groove Jingles) which went on to become well known and essential parts of its music programming.[citation needed]

Capital Gold featured a strong presenting lineup such as "Diddy" David Hamilton and Tony Blackburn, who joined from BBC Radio London. Kenny Everett returned to daily broadcasting at Capital Gold, hosting daytime shows on weekdays until 1994, when his deteriorating health meant he was unable to continue. The mid-late 1990s saw Capital Gold rated London's most popular AM radio station and the third most popular music station, behind Capital FM and BBC Radio 1.[citation needed]

With Capital Gold proving very popular with its London audience, the station management decided to syndicate Tony Blackburn's Sunday soul show and expand its popular 'Sportstime' brand to Birmingham station Xtra AM which Capital Radio had purchased in 1993 along with BRMB to forming the Capital Radio Group plc. This was followed in 1994 with the purchase of the Southern Radio Group.[citation needed]

Both Capital Radio plc and GWR Group lobbied the then Radio Authority to allow syndicated programmes to be broadcast on its AM-owned stations, the Radio Authority agreed and it was announced early in 1998 that Capital Gold from London would replace Invicta Supergold and was the first station to be replaced, within weeks of the announcement Xtra and South Coast followed on 1 June.

The networking was agreed by the Radio Authority with the stipulation that at least four hours a day of weekday broadcasting were kept and local news, traffic announcements and advertising remained on each station. Listeners to the previous local stations listed above were dismayed that such a huge chunk of local broadcasting were to be eliminated resulting in the loss of jobs. Capital Radio boss David Mansfield maintained that AM listenership had steadily declined and required a consistent, high quality programme offering across all stations to remain competitive.

Initially the four hours were scheduled in the afternoon drivetime slot (3 – 7pm) with a networked breakfast/morning show hosted by comedian Mike Osman (7 – 11am). This surprised many people in the industry as this sidelined Capital Gold's biggest radio name at the time Tony Blackburn who had previously presented the weekday breakfast show to weekends. However, a few months later Blackburn was moved back on the weekday schedule although on the afternoon drivetime slot while local breakfast shows were reintroduced to meet the four-hour requirement.

A new jingle package from now defunct jingle company AJ Productions and a new slogan – "Great Time Music" heralded the major change.

In 1999, Capital Radio plc acquired Red Dragon FM and its medium wave service Touch Radio in South Wales with the end result being that Capital Gold replaced Touch Radio. 1999 saw the station's reach increase yet again- across the UK and Ireland on Sky.

In 2002, brand new logos and imaging re-launched the Capital Gold Network, with the new slogan, "The Greatest Hits of the 60s, 70s and 80s", and added a further medium wave station in Manchester after the former Wireless Group agreed to sell Big 1458 AM's broadcasting licence.

In 1999, CE Digital a consortium made up of Capital Radio plc and Emap Radio won local DAB digital radio licences for Manchester, Birmingham and London. This was followed by similar wins by Capital Radio plc in Kent, Sussex and Hampshire. Capital Gold actively encouraged listeners to switch to DAB Digital Radio as the added benefits of digital enable stereo broadcasts for the first time in its history.

In a dispute with station bosses Tony Blackburn left the station in 2002, having been at the station since Gold's launch in 1988, he hosted weekday drivetime and the Soul Spectrum until being replaced by Greg Edwards. Blackburn would later appear on the Classic Gold Digital Network, leaving when this was combined into Gold.

In 2004, station management decided to stop broadcasting live football coverage under the Capital Gold Sportstime title, it was felt that the loss of Jonathan Pearce to BBC Radio Five Live and the fees involved in acquiring live radio coverage rights had become too costly. A replacement sports show, Sports Saturday now covers sports results. A Saturday Football League preview magazine was shortly aired in 2004 but discontinued a few months later.

Capital Gold played a range of music, from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s and added 1990s music and later, the station had a weekly playlist of new material, plus a "Rated And Recommended" list which was chosen by David Jensen. The station played classic hits and almost every song played was by a major artist.

On Saturday morning David Jensen hosts a celebrity and showbiz programme and recent notable guests have included Paul Weller, Jools Holland, Jeremy Irons, Smokey Robinson and Juliette Lewis. Every Friday, Saturday and Sunday evenings, Greg Edwards hosted a soul show called Soul Spectrum, on Sunday mornings from 11am a chart rundown show called From the Bottom to the Top features the top 20 tracks when the featured guest was riding high in the charts.

Following the merger of Capital Radio plc and GWR Group plc to form GCap Media in 2005, a review of station assets was carried out by Chief Executive Ralph Bernard. One of the aims for 2006 was that Capital Gold would be carried on a national digital multiplex – enabling near-nationwide coverage – by the merger between itself and digital-only station Capital Life. However, following Gcap's purchase of the Classic Gold Digital Network in April 2007, the former plan was scrapped, and it was decided to merge the two networks to form the 'Gold Network.' This began at 7pm on 3 August 2007. The majority of the shows and presenters on the new station were taken from Capital Gold's former network, rather than Classic Gold's network with the exception of Erika North, who was the co-presenter on the Classic Gold breakfast show with radio DJ Tony Blackburn, she co-hosted the new 'Gold' breakfast show with James Cannon until December 2010; with Blackburn having quit the network completely, joining Smooth Radio. Local programming took the form of a voice-tracked show on weekdays between 12noon and 4pm.

On 28 June 2010, the local afternoon programming on Gold stations in England was dropped by Global Radio following changes in OFCOM regulation, this led to all stations receiving networked programme content for London, though split local advertising and news bulletins continued to be dropped into the networked output. The broadcaster continued to be required to deliver a four-hour local show for Wales, which was broadcast on both the South Wales (sister to Red Dragon/Capital) and North Wales & Cheshire (ex-Marcher) Gold stations.

Gold is now owned by Global Radio, as part of the terms and conditions of Global Radio's takeover the local stations in Birmingham, Coventry and Wolverhampton became under franchise to Orion Media. On 24 May 2012, Orion Media announced it would relaunch its Gold West Midlands stations on AM frequencies and DAB as Free Radio 80s later in the year.[1] Free Radio 80s launched on 4 September 2012, playing non-stop 1980s music alongside local news & information and live football commentaries, ending a franchise agreement with Global Radio which allowed Orion to use Gold branding and carry network output from London.

On 28 February 2014 Global Radio announced that all but four AM transmitters and three DAB transmission areas would be transferred to broadcast their recently acquired Smooth Radio station with effect from Monday 24 March 2014. Only London, Nottingham, Derby and Manchester will continue to receive Gold Radio on AM frequencies, and London & Home Counties, Yorkshire, Leicester and Nottingham areas on DAB. These remained with Gold as Smooth Radio is broadcast on FM in London, the North West and the East Midlands, and the Yorkshire DAB broadcast was a relay of the London service. Global are encouraging listeners not in these areas to move to Smooth Radio, or else continue to listen to Gold via satellite, cable, or internet streaming.[2]

On 7 September 2015, Global Radio announced Gold would take over the local DAB multiplex slots previously occupied by XFM, following the latter's rebrand as Radio X and its move to the Digital One national multiplex on 21 September 2015, the announcement said Gold would become available again on DAB in Manchester, Birmingham, Ayr, Bournemouth, Cambridge, Cornwall, Exeter/Torbay/North Devon, Kent, Norwich, Peterborough, Plymouth, Reading/Basingstoke, Southend/Chelmsford, on the Sussex Coast and in Swindon. This is in addition to Gold's existing DAB availability in London, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Yorkshire.[3]

Capital Gold released a CD compilation early in 2001 called Capital Gold Legends, featuring artists such as Blondie, Queen and Tina Turner. This was followed in November 2001 by Capital Gold Legends Vol. 2 and in March 2002 of Volume 3. Capital Gold have released another series in November 2002 with Sixties Legends, Seventies Legends and Eighties Legends.

1.
Sky UK
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Sky UK Limited is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers. It is the UKs largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 and it was the UKs most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth, formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, Sky became the UKs largest digital subscription television company. Following Skys 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90. 04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, the United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. Sky UK Limited is an owned subsidiary of Sky plc, with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith. Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division, after the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and later the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted. In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the four for £1. 3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4. 2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 and this represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices, in September 1993, BSkyB launched Sky Multichannels which was the present digital platforms analogue predecessor. Sky Multichannels was a package that gave access not only to Skys own channels

2.
Freesat
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Freesat is a free-to-air digital satellite television joint venture between the BBC and ITV plc, serving the United Kingdom. The service was formed as a memorandum in 2007 and has been marketed since 6 May 2008, Freesats main competitors are Freeview and Freesat from Sky. On digital terrestrial, the channels have always been available free-to-air with the appropriate equipment, in 2007 Freeview was available to only 73% of the population. After analogue TV services were replaced in the digital switchover, this increased to 98. 5% for the public service channels, to provide more widespread coverage and a larger number of channels, a digital satellite alternative was felt necessary. The use of encryption meant that anyone wishing to view the channels had to purchase equipment from Sky, similarly, to use the Videoguard encryption, the broadcasters needed to pay a fee to NDS Group. In May 2003 the BBC moved most of its channels from the Astra 2A satellite to Astra 2D and this move allowed the BBC to stop encrypting its broadcasts while continuing to meet its rights obligations. It dropped the two months later. Two months later, ITV, whose channels had already been located on the Astra 2D satellite since launching on the Sky platform some years earlier, also made their channels free-to-air. On 18 November 2008, Channel 5 commenced broadcasting a single channel via Freesat, eventually adding its ancillary services 5USA, viva moved from free-to-view to free-to-air on satellite on 19 March 2013, before launching on Freesat on 2 April 2013. On 2 April 2013, all seven of Box Televisions channels left Skys subscription package, with six becoming free-to-air on satellite, on 15 April four of the channels – The Box, TV, Kiss TV and Smash Hits – were added to the Freesat EPG. This was followed by Heat and Magic on 29 April, the Freesat project aims to provide a managed service with an Electronic Programme Guide and interactive features similar to the Freeview service launched three years earlier. Unlike Freeview, however, these features are available on approved receivers manufactured under licence from Freesat. The initial plan was to launch the service in early 2006 and this was postponed to Autumn 2007 as approval from the BBC Trust was only received in April 2007. However, the service was delayed and was officially launched on 6 May 2008. The service launched officially on 6 May 2008, from the launch, Freesat advertised all national television channels from the BBC and ITV as being available on the platform, as well as all national BBC radio networks. Channel 4 also managed to make most of its channels free-to-air in preparation for the launch. In addition some channels from other such as Chello Zone, CSC Media Group, Al Jazeera English, Zee Live, Zee News RIA Novosti. BBC HD was the only channel available on Freesat from launch day

3.
Virgin Media
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Virgin Media PLC is a British company which provides fixed and mobile telephone, television and broadband internet services to businesses and consumers in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in Hook, Hampshire, United Kingdom, the company has been a subsidiary of Liberty Global plc, an international television and telecommunications company headquartered in London, since June 2013. Virgin Media previously had a listing on the NASDAQ Stock Market and was a constituent of the NASDAQ-100 index. It also had a listing on the London Stock Exchange. The company was formed in March 2006 by the merger of NTL and Telewest, in November 2006 the company signed a deal with Sir Richard Branson to license the Virgin brand for the combined business. All of the companys services were rebranded under the Virgin Media name in February 2007. At the same date it had around 3 million mobile telephony customers, Virgin Media competes primarily with Sky, BT Group, EE, O2, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Three. The companys origins lie in both Telewest and NTL, which merged in March 2006, Telewest began in 1984 in Croydon under the name Croydon Cable, and was acquired by United Cable of Denver in 1988. The company expanded during the 1990s and adopted the Telewest name in 1992 following the merger of its then-parent TCI and US West. It expanded into cable television access in 1999 by purchasing the remaining 50% stake in Cable London, one of the first cable TV companies in the UK, from NTL, adding 400,000 homes in north London. In April 2000 Telewest merged with Flextech, and in November extended its network with the acquisition of Eurobell. NTL was established by Barclay Knapp and George Blumenthal in 1993 as International CableTel, initially, Cabletel acquired local cable franchises covering Guildford, Northern Ireland and parts of Central Scotland and South Wales. In 1996 CableTel acquired National Transcommunications Limited, the privatised UK Independent Broadcasting Authority transmission network, in 1998 CableTel adopted NTL as its new name. NTL purchased the ISP Virgin. net in 2004, having originally operated it as a joint venture with Virgin Group since it launched in November 1996. It sold ADSL broadband services through BT landlines to those living outside areas served by NTLs cable network and also offered subscription-based, prior to acquiring Virgin. net, NTL offered a similar package called NTL Freedom. Telewest and NTL began discussions regarding a merger in late 2003, thanks to their geographically distinct areas, NTL and Telewest had co-operated previously, as in redirecting potential customers living outside their respective areas. On 3 October 2005, NTL announced a US$16 billion purchase of Telewest, to prevent this, Telewest instead acquired NTL. In December 2005 NTL, Telewest and mobile network operator Virgin Mobile UK announced that talks had taken place regarding a merger

4.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product

5.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin ⁡ = sin ⁡ d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope

6.
Global (company)
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Global is a British media company formed in 2007, which owns a large number of radio stations across the country. The company has expanded through a number of acquisitions, including Chrysalis Radio, GCap Media, Global also has a television broadcasting division and runs artist management services. A year later on 31 October 2008 Global Radio officially took control of all GCap Media, the GCap Media name was dropped at this time. The GCap purchase gave Global the network of FM stations which GCap had operated as The One Network, plus Classic FM, XFM, Capital Xtra, Gold, following the acquisition of GCap Media, Global was required to sell off a number of stations in the Midlands. The stations were bought by Orion Media, headed by Phil Riley, the remaining stations briefly formed The Hit Music Network before being merged with the Galaxy network and Capital London into the Capital network. On 25 June 2012, Global acquired GMG Radio for a sum thought to be between £50 and £70 million, it continued to be run separately while a review was conducted. In May 2013, the Competition Commission ruled that Global would be required to sell seven stations across the network, when this failed Global Radio launched an appeal against the decision. The appeal was based on three grounds, Real and Smooth as alternatives to the Greater Manchester stations, reliance on significant adverse effects in the North-West Globals remedy proposal. On 6 February 2014, it was announced that a number of stations would be sold to the Irish broadcaster Communicorp, most stay under their current brands though the Real stations will be renamed Heart and carry the Heart network off-peak programming as provided by Global. Global will retain control of all stations, relaunching the existing Heart North West. Real XS in Paisley will be retained by Global and join the XFM network and it was announced in June 2015 that Darren Singer would be appointed as Globals Chief Financial Officer. In February 2017, Global changed its name from This is Global Limited to Global Media & Entertainment Limited. It also changed all its social media handles from thisisglobal to global, Global also combined the three sub-companies, Global Radio, Global Entertainment and Global Television into just Global. A group of playing chart music. On 3 January 2011, Capital London, The Hit Music Network, known as 95 –106 Capital, The UK’s No.1 Hit Music Station all stations ID locally as Capital. An all-urban station based in London, originally named Choice FM, until Summer 2010 it was sold as part of the Galaxy network for marketing purposes only, but retained its own separate branding and programming. From then on, with Galaxy ultimately absorbed into Capital, Choice sat as its own brand within Globals lineup, on 7 October 2013 Choice FM was rebranded as Capital Xtra and made available nationally via DAB radio. Heart is a network of adult-contemporary pop stations which currently broadcasts in numerous areas of England, Wales, the network began with a single regional station in the West Midlands and subsequently a second station in London

7.
Capital (radio network)
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Capital is a radio network of twelve independent contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Global Radio. Capital was previously known as Mix, One, Galaxy and Hit Music at various times, the stations serve a combined weekly audience of 8 million listeners and target a core audience in the 14–34 age group. Throughout the 1990s, Capital became one of the UKs major radio groups by acquiring a number of local radio stations including Red Dragon FM, BRMB. This left Leicester Sound, Ram FM, Red Dragon FM, in January 2011, these stations were rebranded as part of Capital. The first Galaxy radio station, Galaxy 97.2, was launched in 1990 in South West England initially broadcasting solely from Bristol and operated under the Chiltern Radio Group. In 1994 the station won the first regional FM licence and moved frequency to 101.0 MHz, rebranded as Galaxy 101, at the same time a second studio was opened in Cardiff to provide some programming alongside the existing Bristol studio. Chrysalis Radio purchased the station in 1996 and a later, expanded the network by buying Faze FMs stations – Kiss 102 in Manchester. In 1998, black community station Choice FM was acquired in Birmingham, Chrysalis Radio won the North East regional licence in 1999 and sold the original station, Galaxy 101, to the GWR Group in 2002. In 2007, Chrysalis Radio was sold to Global Radio and following their subsequent acquisition of GCap in 2008, XFM Scotland, another rebrand followed in January 2011 when all Galaxy stations were rebranded as Capital. Within the first five months of the network, Capitals flagship London station regained its position as the most listened-to commercial station in London. However, Manchester, the North East, South Wales and Yorkshire lost listeners, contrasting with Birmingham, Central Scotland, on 1 July 2011, Global Radio requested changes to the formats of Capital Birmingham and Capital Scotland, which had obligations from previous owners. This was to enable format consistency within all nine Capital stations, on 17 November 2011, Ofcom approved both format change requests. On 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling two of its Capital stations - in Scotland and South Wales - to Communicorp, Capitals network programming and brand name is still used by both stations under contract. Two ex-Heart stations were added to the network on Tuesday 6 May 2014 – Capital Cymru and Capital North West and Wales, broadcasting from Wrexham. In January 2016, Global added the former Juice FM station in Liverpool to the network, Capital stations based in Central Scotland and Birmingham produced and transmitted specialist output for the network on Saturday and Sunday overnights respectively. However, in July 2012 this was replaced with content from 95.8 Capital studios in Leicester Square, London, breakfast and drive-time shows on weekdays and weekend afternoons are produced and broadcast from local stations studios. Capital also broadcasts via a number of DAB ensembles that do not correspond with a local FM station and these platforms take a national feed with programming identical to that of 95.8 Capital London. Prior to January 2011, Leicester Sound, Ram FM and Trent FM shared off-peak programming from Trents studios in Nottingham, whilst Galaxy programming came from studios in Leeds, Red Dragon FM and Capital were entirely autonomous, producing all of their own output

8.
Heart (radio network)
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Heart is a radio network of 21 adult contemporary local radio stations operated by Global Radio in the United Kingdom, broadcasting a mix of local and networked programming. Eighteen of the Heart stations are owned by Global, while the three are operated under franchise agreements. Heart began broadcasting on 6 September 1994, as 100.7 Heart FM being the UKs third Independent Regional Radio station, five days after Century Radio, the first song to be played on 100.7 Heart FM was Something Got Me Started, by Simply Red. Its original format of adult contemporary music included artists such as Lionel Richie, Simply Red. Reflecting this, its slogan was 100.7 degrees cooler. Heart 106.2 began test transmissions in London in August 1995, the test transmissions included live broadcasts of WPLJ from New York City. The Heart programming format was modified in 1996, the new format saw the soft AC music replaced with a generally more neutral Hot AC music playlist. Century 106 in the East Midlands became the station of the Heart network in 2005 after GCap Media sold Century. Chrysalis radio holdings were sold to Global Radio in 2007, Heart East Midlands was sold to Orion Media due to the same competition concerns that had forced its earlier sale to Chrysalis. Two Hit Music Network stations were closed and merged with Heart stations. Stations in Gloucestershire, Kent, London, the West Midlands, Heart Cymru, serving Gwynedd and Anglesey, moved its studios from Bangor to Wrexham but retained its extended local output of 10 hours on weekdays and 8 hours on Saturdays and Sundays. Heart North West and Wales retained an opt-out on 96. 3FM for Welsh language programming, the move saw Hearts networked programming replaced by local output from Nottingham. On 19 March 2012, Global Radio announced it had brought the Cornwall ILR station Atlantic FM from joint owners Tindle Radio and Camel Media. Atlantic FM became part of the Heart Network and merged with Heart Devon on Monday 7 May 2012 to form Heart South West, the Communicorp-owned stations use Hearts network programming and branding under a franchise agreement with Global. Global Radio extended the Heart network to the Real Radio network of stations from Tuesday 6 May 2014. The two stations based in Wrexham - Heart North West and Wales and Heart Cymru - became part of the Capital FM Network on the same date. Local programming is produced and broadcast live from the originating Heart stations studios and is broadcast from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, 1-5pm on Saturdays, however, some news content is produced from neighbouring stations. For example, news bulletins for the networks West Country, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire stations are all produced from Bristol

9.
Classic FM (UK)
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Classic FM is one of the United Kingdoms three Independent National Radio stations. Classic FM broadcasts nationally on FM, DAB digital radio, Freeview, satellite, in addition to playing older music, the station plays several modern film scores and video game music. The idea for a national, commercial FM network devoted to classical music originated with the management at GWR group and it had been operating a trial programme on its AM frequencies in Wiltshire and Bristol, testing audience reaction to a regular drive-time programme of popular classical music. It proved successful and the companys CEO, Ralph Bernard, and programme director, Michael Bukht, meanwhile, Brian Brolly, formerly the CEO of Andrew Lloyd Webbers Really Useful Group, had a similar idea in 1990. After failing to raise sufficient funds for the project Brollys consortium was approached by GWR Group, the UK Government had decided to award several new national radio licences and invited tenders. Brolly had brought the idea to Rick Senat, the head of business affairs in London for Warner Brothers. Initially rejected by Warner Brothers, Senat showed the project to the President of Time Warner International Broadcasting, Tom McGrath, Time Warner agreed to back the project but was prohibited under then current UK law from owning more than a 25% interest. GWR created a plan which was supported by its major shareholder. An internal dispute over ownership of the licence was resolved and the consortium was completed after Time Warner agreed to back GWRs plans for the station. The founding shareholder group that launched Classic FM was Sir Peter Michael and Time Warner, GWR, DMGT (5%, the Radio Authority had granted an exemption so that Time Warner could hold more than 25% provided a UK citizen/corporation was larger in the shareholding group. During the stations test transmissions between July and September 1992, Classic FM broadcast a continuous soundtrack of birds singing and other countryside sounds, the birdsong test transmissions attracted newspaper articles and comment prior to the stations launch. Consequently, the sound and style of the station was unknown until it launched at 6am on 7 September 1992 and this birdsong recording could later be heard on the temporary DAB station Birdsong, which replaced Oneword when it closed down. Global Radio, the UKs largest radio ownership group, now owns the station. Classic FM has broadcast from its current studios on the floor of 30 Leicester Square, central London. The first programme to be broadcast live from there was Mark Griffiths programme on Sunday,26 March 2006, Classic FMs Hall of Fame is broadcast annually over the four days of the Easter weekend. First broadcast in 1996 the show counts down the 300 most-popular pieces as voted for by listeners, the number one spot was occupied until 2001 by Max Bruchs Violin Concerto No. 1, and then by Rachmaninoffs Piano Concerto No.2, in 2006 the top spot was taken by Mozarts Clarinet Concerto. From 2007 to 2010, the top place on the Hall of Fame was taken by Ralph Vaughan Williams The Lark Ascending

10.
Smooth Radio
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Smooth Radio is a network of adult contemporary local radio stations broadcasting on FM and AM stations in the United Kingdom. Launched in March 2014, they replaced the national Smooth Radio that had launched in 2010 on FM, each FM station broadcasts localised breakfast and drivetime programming on weekdays, with networked shows simulcast from London at all other times. Three of the six FM stations, and all eighteen AM frequencies, are owned and operated by Global, most of the output was broadcast from Salford Quays in Manchester, with other programming coming from Castlereagh Street in London. On 25 June 2012, GMG Radios owners, Guardian Media Group sold its division to Global at an estimated price of between £50 million and £70 million. Global renamed GMG Radio Real and Smooth Radio Ltd, several rival radio groups expressed their concerns over the takeover and the effect it could have on commercial radio in the UK. Ofcom launched a review of the sale, and it was announced that GMG Radio, on the same day the Competition Commission announced it would publish its findings into the takeover by 27 March 2013. The Competition Commission published its report into the acquisition on 21 May 2013. Global subsequently appealed the decision, but this was rejected by the Competition Appeal Tribunal in November, Global announced in December that it would not contest the decision, and would instead begin the process of selling the assets as directed by the Commission. Under this agreement, Smooth would continue to broadcast on its regional frequencies, under a franchising agreement between the two firms, these stations would retain the Smooth Radio name, but relaunch airing a mixture of both regional content and networked programming from London. Smooth would also take over Golds medium wave frequencies, except in London, Manchester and this also coincided with the return of local programming at breakfast and drivetime. Many of the FM/AM stations, but not all, are also on DAB where this is provided in their coverage area, digital TV platforms carry the London version of Smooth

11.
Capital XTRA
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Capital XTRA is an urban music radio station owned by Global Radio. It is anchored by an FM operation in London, and is also broadcast via DAB Digital Radio, Freesat, Sky, Virgin Media, Choice 96.9 began as an independent company in March 1990, broadcasting from studios in Trinity Gardens, Brixton. It was Britain’s first 24-hour black music station with a licence. The station was now broadcasting from Borough High Street, Borough, the move resulted in a community march from the coverage area and their studios. It was accused of selling out as some of their DJs were removed and replaced by their Kiss counterparts who play some electronic music, the DAB service also became a simulcast of the London station, with the demise of local drop-ins. Following their takeover of Choice, Capital Radio Group merged with GWR to form GCap Media in 2005, Choice was flagged up as one of the key brands of the new larger network, and the station was made available to digital TV viewers via its addition to Sky. GCap were subsequently taken over by Global Radio, who owned the Galaxy Network of dance/urban music stations. Despite the separate music format and branding, Choice was marketed to advertisers as part of the Galaxy network for package advertising deals, in 2010 Global Radio announced that the Galaxy network stations would be networked with 95.8 Capital FM, leaving Choice as a standalone brand again. On 3 October 2013, Global announced that Choice would be rebranded as Capital Xtra on 7 October, Capital Xtra reaches 680,000 listeners in London alone. Supporting Global Radios commitment to a Social Responsibility programme, Choice FM promoted social action campaigns, I Have a Choice and I Have a Choice - Music Potential. As of September 2016, schedule changes meant the departure of presenters E-Plus, Steve Clarke and DJ Woody, ras Kwame also lost his Tuesday-Friday 12-3am Midnight Mix slot and now only presents The Reggae Recipe from 12-2am on Sunday night/Monday mornings. Weekend overnights are currently presenter free, list of radio stations in the United Kingdom Official website

12.
Radio X (United Kingdom)
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Radio X is a commercial radio station brand focused on alternative music, primarily indie rock, which is owned by Global Radio. Radio X launched nationally on 21 September 2015 as a rebrand of Xfm and superseded Xfm London, Xfm was created in London in 1992 by Sammy Jacob and Chris Parry. The station became full-time on 1 September 1997, during the following year the station played a range of music from its studios in 97 Charlotte Street, but mass appeal was thwarted by the lack of awareness due to an unsuccessful marketing campaign. Jacob would later go on to co-found NME Radio and CDNX in 2008 and 2015 respectively, in 1998, Xfm was acquired by the Capital Radio Group and was relocated from Charlotte Street to Capitals headquarters at Leicester Square, where Radio X remains based today. On 23 August of that year was closed down for four days, the station subsequently relaunched with a more mainstream format, and a new advert featuring a cartoon radio saying Dont be afraid. Which referred to the inaccessibility of its old format. The soft-rock revamp was not a success, culminating in listener-led protests outside the Capital Radio studios, following the take-over by Capital, the station became more male-orientated and featured football coverage and laddish output. This came to an end when the Radio Authority fined XFM £50,000 for breakfast presenter Tom Binnss joking about beastiality on air. This yielded good results for the station in a period in which it could boast growing listening figures and talent such as Zane Lowe, the music was, and is today, a play-listed mix of popular indie and soft rock. XFM has held 28-day Restricted Service Licence FM broadcasts in a number of British cities, including Manchester, Birmingham, Cardiff and Glasgow. It was at one point reported that this version of XFM London would have local content drop-ins within it over time. Most DAB coverage of XFM carried the London version of the station, in 2001, XFM rehired Ricky Gervais and Steve Merchant to run the Saturday afternoon show. Karl Pilkington joined them to just push the buttons but eventually became the point of the show. The trio often called the station a tin pot station, shoddy and not just a station in London. On 9 June 2005, the group was awarded a permanent FM broadcasting licence to serve the city of Manchester as XFM Manchester and this station went on air in March 2006. Also in 2005, XFM was among the bidders for the regional North East franchise on 97.5 FM, on 4 January 2006, GCap Media relaunched its Central Scotland regional station Beat 106 as XFM Scotland. In 2007, a fourth station joined the network with the launch of a new regional XFM for south Wales, on 6 March 2008 an announcement was made reversing the decision to remove daytime presenters. From 25 March 2008 a new schedule restoring daytime schedules was put in place, a new schedule was launched on 12 January 2009

13.
LBC
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LBC is a London-based national talk and phone-in radio station. It was the UKs first licensed radio station, beginning broadcasting on 8 October 1973. The launch of LBC also saw the beginning of IRNs broadcasting, LBC is owned by Global Radio and has a like-branded sister station – LBC London News – which is dedicated to rolling news, travel and weather, and is broadcast in London on medium-wave and DAB. David Jessel was LBCs original breakfast presenter he opened the station just before 6am on October 8,1973, the original station spawned a number of stars who went on to become household names in the British media. They include Jon Snow, Julian Manyon, Peter Allen, Rosie Boycott, LBCs programme between 10pm and 1am was called Nightline and at various times was hosted by Mike Dickin, Monty Modlyn, Jeremy Beadle, Tommy Boyd and Bryn Jones. There was also a character called Mr Nasty – who argued over the telephone with children, Beadle and Forrest went on to star in the Granada Television series, Fun Factory. In April 2007, a new marketing slogan for LBC97.3 was introduced Londons Biggest Conversation and it was announced in January 2014, that LBC would begin broadcasting nationally on DAB digital radio format at 7am on 11 February 2014. The news also marked a new slogan, changing from 2007s Londons Biggest Conversation to Leading Britains Conversation, originally owned by a consortium led by the Canadian Selkirk Communications with a 46% stake, LBC was sold in 1987, beginning a turbulent commercial history. The new owners were media company Darling Downs, later renamed Crown Communications, the transition was not initially well received, and substantially increased costs, pushing the company into the red. The prospective loss of the franchise brought Chelverton to the brink of collapse and these names were simplified slightly in mid-1995 to News 97.3 and News Talk 1152 respectively, but between October 1994 and July 1996 the LBC name was not used on-air at all. This new consortium revived the LBC name on 1152AM on 1 July 1996, at the end of 1996 the FM service was relaunched as News Direct 97. 3FM. Production for the station was moved to the basement of ITNs new multimedia building in Grays Inn Road and he also introduced a podcasting service, now called LBC Plus, and a number of premium-rate promotional opportunities to boost falling advertising revenues experienced by the radio sector. In September 2006, the LBC97, in February 2007, Chrysalis confirmed media speculation that it was reviewing the entire radio operation at its investors request. In December 2008 the station moved to the Capital London studios in Leicester Square, towards the end of October 2012, the station ceased DAB broadcasts to some other parts of the country. As a non-specific, talk channel, available for listener contributions, on 30 January 2014, LBC announced its intention to return to the DAB platform and began broadcasting nationally on 11 February 2014. Upon launch it took up the previously occupied by Jazz FM. Most podcasts require a subscription fee, but some shows, including Best Of programmes, podcast only shows. On 13 January 2004, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair presented an hour-long phone-in show on the station and his appearance was part of the Big Conversation initiative to promote government as being more accessible and in touch with the people

14.
Capital London
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Capital London is a regional radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. This was a result of lobbying from groups including the Local Radio Association. The Independent Broadcasting Authority advertised local radio licences in certain locations in the United Kingdom under the term of Independent Local Radio. London was due to receive two ILR licences, one for news and another for general entertainment, Radio Capital, later to become Capital Radio, was formed in early 1970 by David Maule-ffinch with the intent to apply for the general entertainment licence. In late 1970, Maule-ffinchs future father-in-law, Barclay Barclay-White became involved, another application came from a consortium headed by broadcaster Hughie Green, who had openly voiced the need for commercial broadcasting, having previously worked for Radio Luxembourg. The IBA awarded Capital Radio the London General Entertainment service, while London News was awarded to the London Broadcasting Company, the medium-wave frequency and location were temporary sites as the then new high-powered medium-wave station at Saffron Green, Barnet, was incomplete. Capital commenced regular transmissions with the British national anthem God Save the Queen, then a message from director Richard Attenborough, simon & Garfunkels song Bridge over Troubled Water followed the jingle. The first radio commercial came from Birds Eye fish fingers, which was also the first ever legal radio commercial on LBC, immediately after going on air, Capital Radio suffered co-channel interference from Radio Veronica, a pirate radio station off the coast of the Netherlands. Capital finally moved into blocks in Euston Tower in November 1973. Euston Tower was, at the time, Londons tallest office tower, in 1975, the IBA finally opened the transmission facilities at Saffron Green which allowed both LBC and Capital Radio to move up the dial. Capital moved to 1548 kHz mediumwave and LBC to 1152 kHz, previously the Lots Road site gained Capital and LBC the semi-humorous nickname of Radio Clothesline however both stations could be heard as far away as the Midlands. Throughout the 1970s Capital cut its staff, including many journalists – a move that angered the NUJ. The so-called needle-time restrictions on playing music had been lifted, which meant it could play music during the day as well as in the evenings where the eight hours were concentrated. The mid-1970s saw Capital Radio expand with the launch of the Help a London Child charity, the charity appeal went on to become one of the longest-running in broadcasting and the most recognised in British radio. The station has also lent its support to London-based orchestras, choral societies,1976 saw the launch of the Flying Eye, a traffic spotting light aircraft, which could see traffic congestion below on the streets of Central London. LBC also had a service but was forced to suspend operations due to cost. Capitals aircraft was originally a Piper Seneca model, and, later, a new radio jingle package from Standard Sound heralded a new, refined sound for the station. Output was concentrated on its core playlist of contemporary music with the specialist music rescheduled to evenings

15.
Medium wave
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Medium wave is the part of the medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. Practical groundwave reception typically extends to 200–300 miles, with distances over terrain with higher ground conductivity. Most broadcast stations use groundwave to cover their listening area, Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth at much greater distances, this is called the skywave. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, when this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher F layer. This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations, due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the signals of distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW and this arrangement had numerous practical difficulties. The Commerce Department rarely intervened in such cases but left it up to stations to enter into voluntary timesharing agreements amongst themselves, the addition of a third entertainment wavelength,400 meters, did little to solve this overcrowding. In 1923, the Commerce Department realized that as more and more stations were applying for commercial licenses, on 15 May 1923, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover announced a new bandplan which set aside 81 frequencies, in 10 kHz steps, from 550 kHz to 1350 kHz. Each station would be assigned one frequency, no longer having to broadcast weather, class A and B stations were segregated into sub-bands. Today in most of the Americas, mediumwave broadcast stations are separated by 10 kHz and have two sidebands of up to ±5 kHz in theory, in the rest of the world, the separation is 9 kHz, with sidebands of ±4.5 kHz. Both provide adequate quality for voice, but are insufficient for high-fidelity broadcasting. In the US and Canada the maximum power is restricted to 50 kilowatts. Those stations which shut down completely at night are known as daytimers. In most cases there are two limits, a lower one for omnidirectional and a higher one for directional radiation with minima in certain directions. The power limit can also be depending on daytime and it is possible, other countries may only operate low-powered transmitters on the same frequency, again subject to agreement. For example, Russia operates a transmitter, located in its Kaliningrad exclave and used for external broadcasting. Due to the demand for frequencies in Europe, many countries operate single frequency networks, in Britain

16.
Tony Blackburn
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In 2002 he was the winner and thus King of the Jungle of the ITV reality TV programme Im A Celebrity. Get Me Out of Here. His sister was born suffering from polio and has been unable to walk since birth, blackburns mother, Pauline Cubitt, was a nurse, and his father, Kenneth Fleming Blackburn, was a GP. He was educated at Castle Court School in Parkstone, Poole and he gained entry to Millfield School in Somerset on a sports scholarship and captained the schools cricket team. He left before taking any examinations, but gained O-levels, following private tuition, Blackburn was the first DJ to broadcast on BBC Radio 1 when it was launched on 30 September 1967, with his first words on the new station being and good morning everyone. Welcome to the new sound of Radio 1. The Moves Flowers in the Rain was the first complete record he played, Blackburn recalled in 2014, My job was to entertain and tell corny jokes, not have opinions or talk politics. If I wanted to wish the Queen a happy birthday, I had to get clearance from above, at first he was associated mainly with mainstream pop, but he later championed soul music. It was largely due to him that Im Still Waiting by Diana Ross and he was a regular host of Top of the Pops for a decade until 1979 and in 1968 he fronted his own show, Time For Blackburn, produced by Southern Television for the ITV network. The Radio 1 DJs were a massive attraction and we were mobbed everywhere we went, Blackburn told Simon Hattenstone, referring to personal appearances. It was all a bit mad, but great fun, he told Judith Woods in 2014 and we were built up to be stars in our own right, and as a result we were as famous as the artists we played. In 1973, when his performance was interrupted by a power cut. He was admonished by management and taken off-air for two weeks, in an interview for The Radio Academys Radio Talk podcast in 2013, Blackburn said that it is not advisable for a broadcaster to reveal their political allegiances. In this interview, he says hes not a great lover of the TUC or of unions. But I keep it to myself now and he was in a group called Tony Blackburn and the Rovers which at one point included Al Stewart, they performed in the Bournemouth and surrounding areas. His singing career failed to take off, although 3 studio albums and 14 singles were released, so much Love suffered from a shortage of copies because the pressing plant went on strike, so nobody could get the record, he once recalled. I dont think the strike was anything to do with the record, as the years progressed he spent less time making his own music and concentrated on radio work, by the end of the 1970s he had stopped singing altogether. Blackburn was allegedly furious when Noel Edmonds revealed the alias on air, nevertheless, Blackburn and Edmonds became close friends. In June 1973, he took over the weekday mid-morning slot, the feature was to prove durable, being carried on by Simon Bates and Simon Mayo when they took over the slot later

17.
Kenny Everett
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Maurice James Christopher Cole, known professionally as Kenny Everett, was a British comedian, radio DJ and television entertainer. Everett is best known for his career as a radio DJ, Everett was born in Seaforth, Lancashire into a Catholic family as Maurice James Christopher Cole. Everett attended the secondary modern school, St Bedes Secondary Modern School in Crosby. He attended a seminary at Stillington, North Yorkshire near York with an Italian missionary order, the Verona Fathers. After he left school, he worked in a bakery and in the Advertising Department of The Journal of Commerce, while working at a pirate radio station Radio London he was advised to change his name to avoid legal problems. He adopted the name Everett from American film comic actor Edward Everett Horton, Everett married the singer and psychic Audrey Lee Lady Lee Middleton at Kensington Register Office on 2 June 1969. By September 1979, they had separated, and in the mid-1980s, one of his first boyfriends, a waiter called Jay Pitt, was a match found for Everett by his ex-wife. During the 1983 general election campaign, the Young Conservatives invited Everett to their conference in an attempt to attract the youth vote. Egged on by film director Michael Winner, Everett bounded onto the stage and he shouted slogans like Lets bomb Russia. And Lets kick Michael Foots stick away, Everett later said he regretted the incident and that he had taken the foam hands to the rally because the Tories asked me first. He had consequently supported the actions of Margaret Thatcher in opposing Scargill, Freddie Mercury and Everett became close friends after meeting in 1974 on Everetts breakfast radio show on Capital FM. Though the pair were never lovers, Mercury and Everett were a staple of the London nightlife throughout the 1970s, by 1985, the pair had fallen out over a disagreement over drugs. In 1988 Audrey Lady Lee Middleton published an autobiography with a foreword from Everett, shortly after the publication and newspaper serialisation, Everett denounced the book for outing him. The fallout resulted in Middleton and Everett communicating only via lawyers, Everett and Mercury reconciled their differences in 1989, when both were suffering with failing health. Everett was diagnosed as HIV positive in 1989, and he made his condition known to the public in 1993 and he died from an AIDS-related illness, in the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, on 4 April 1995, aged 50. A traditional requiem mass was held at Church of the Immaculate Conception in Mayfair, Everetts first break came when he sent a tape to the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1962. He was interviewed at the BBC by Charles Fletcher and offered a job as a presenter on the Light Programme and he declined, however, in favour of the less constrained world of pirate radio, where he began his career as a DJ for Radio London. He teamed up with Dave Cash for the Kenny & Cash Show and his offbeat style and likeable personality quickly gained him attention, but in 1965 he was sacked after some outspoken remarks about religion on air

18.
David Hamilton (broadcaster)
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David Hamilton is a British radio presenter. Since his broadcasting career began in 1959, Hamilton has hosted over 12,000 radio shows and he is usually known as Diddy David Hamilton which was a name given to him by the successful British comedian Ken Dodd. Hamilton was born in Manchester, Lancashire, in 1938 and he adopted his mothers maiden name as a show business name. He attended Glastonbury Road Grammar School at St. Helier in Surrey, on leaving school Hamilton became a script-writer for the TV series, Portrait of a Star. In 1960 he became a television announcer for ABC TV based in Didsbury, Manchester and appeared with Ken Dodd in the TV series, Doddys Music Box, acquiring the nickname. Throughout the 1960s he hosted shows for the Tyne Tees, Anglia and he appeared alongside comedians Benny Hill and Tommy Cooper and hosted Thames TVs showcase weeks on television in New York City and Los Angeles. Later he hosted ATVs Saturday night series, Up For the Cup, for BBC TV he hosted Top of the Pops and Seaside Special and the Eurovision Song Contest Previews in 1986. For seven years he was the main host of one of the earliest satellite TV stations and his first UK broadcast was as the host of The Beat Show from the Playhouse Theatre, Manchester, in 1962. He hosted the show on the BBC Light Programme until 1965 and he presented the final edition of Housewives Choice in 1967 and was first heard on Radio 1 in November 1967, presenting Family Choice. By the late 60s Hamilton was presenting many shows for BBC radio, including Music Through Midnight, Roundabout, Pop Inn and Radio 1 Club. In 1970 he joined the team of Late Night Extra and in 1973 was offered his own show on Radio 1 every weekday afternoon from 2. 00pm-5. 00pm. A regular feature was his Tea at Three slot which used as its jingle the 1961 version of Jack Buchanans 1935 hit Everything Stops For Tea – featuring a female vocal. In 1975 the show was simultaneously broadcast on Radio 1 and Radio 2, in December 1977, the show moved to Radio 2 and remained there until the end of 1986 when Hamilton quit the station, complaining of its geriatric music policy. Since January 1987 Hamilton has been heard on commercial stations in the UK. He joined Readings Radio 210 initially to present a show from 9am to 12 noon although the show was quickly brought forward an hour. He then joined Capital Gold in November 1988 to present its daily 10, in addition to that, he also presented a weekly oldies show which was heard on various ILR stations around the UK. This was usually heard on a Sunday afternoon, in late 1994 Hamilton presented the Breakfast show on Melody FM for four years before moving to Londons Liberty Radio to present an afternoon show. He also did a show on the Classic Gold Network on a Sunday, as well as Classic Gold, in 2000 he joined PrimeTime Radio, presenting the weekday mid-morning show, where he remained until its demise in 2006

19.
Stephanie Hirst
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She started her career at age 12 at 96.3 Radio Aire in Leeds as a helper making tea for DJs, where she soon moved up the ranks and was on the overnight show at 16. Hirst moved onto Minster FM in York, then onto The Pulse of West Yorkshire in Bradford in 1995 to present the evening show, in 1997 she moved to Hallam FM in Sheffield, her local station, where she hosted the drivetime programme for three years. She and her breakfast team won a Sony Award in 2002, Hirst left 96.9 Viking FM, to take on the breakfast show at Galaxy Yorkshire, a station covering all areas of Yorkshire. Her style of broadcasting is self-deprecating, real and relatable - talking for the majority about real situations and making the listener the star. Also a spin-off TV show Hit40UK TV hosted by Hirst was broadcast on a weekend on Channel 4s youth strand T4 and she won a Sony Award for the show in 2006. During Hit40uk on 2 April 2006, she beat Radio 1 to announce that Gnarls Barkley had made pop history as the UKs first number one based on download sales alone. They were unhappy that a Galaxy Yorkshire presenter would be heard on their station, the last number one she announced was Welcome to the Black Parade by My Chemical Romance. 2014 also saw her collect a nomination for Breakfast Show of the Year at the Radio Academy Awards, the final edition had aired on 13 June. Adam ONeill took over as the main host of the newly named Capital Breakfast with Danny, in January 2015, Stephanie started work on ITVs morning show Lorraine as part of a strand called Change One Thing. Hirst, along other celebrities who have made changes to their lives, will help viewers of the show. She continues to be part of ITV Lorraines extended presenter family, on 4 July 2015, Stephanie presented her first radio programme after her gender change. The programme is called, Nothing but the 90s and airs on BBC Radio Manchester from 10pm-12am every Saturday, on 5 March 2016, She started a new radio programme on BBC Radio York called Stephanie Hirsts Vinyl Revival. The show aired every Saturday from 12pm-2pm for 8 weeks while the presenter of that time slot was away on an acting job. She has also presented a few spin-offs of this including a 3-hour version for Bauers Greatest Hits Network. She has also presented for BBC Breakfast, BBC Inside Out and written for The Independent, as of 3 September 2016, her weekly Saturday night show on BBC Radio Manchester changed to a Vinyl Revival show, airing at the same time 10pm-12am. Stephanie was awarded this to recognise her contribution to British radio. In June 2016, she was one of the prominent faces of Pride In Londons No Filter campaign, the manifesto film, which starred Stephanie alongside Sir Ian McKellen & Graham Norton explored what ‘No Filter’ means to the LGBT+ community. A 2nd short film was made with Stephanie describing her first No Filter moment, in February 2017, Stephanie was nominated for a British LGBT Award in the Top 10 LGBT+ Celebrity & Rising Stars category

20.
Capital Yorkshire
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Capital Yorkshire is a regional radio station owned by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to South & West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire from studios in Leeds, West Yorkshire, the licence held makes Capital Yorkshire the largest regional British radio station outside London. It also has two transmitters, both on 105.6 MHz FM, one from Idle at 0.5 kW which covers Bradford. This service was aired in a number of areas which did not have their own Galaxy service, launched as a dance music station, later years saw the playlist expanded to incorporate urban music genres. The stations strapline was altered to passion for music, passion for life to reflect its new target demographic which had changed from 15-29 to 15-34. This was reinforced by the playing of more old school Galaxy Anthems - similar to Bauer rival Kisss Kisstory. In 2008 it was rebranded as a station along with all the other Galaxy Stations with a new Love Music strapline before becoming Yorkshires No.1 Hit Music Station in July 2010. The station was rebranded as 105 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, on 20 June 2014, long serving Capital Breakfast presenter Simon Hirst left Global Radio after 14 years. Local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Leeds studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, all networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons. The Leeds newsroom also produces bulletins for Communicorp-owned Heart Yorkshire, Capital Yorkshire History of local radio in Yorkshire

21.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816

22.
Independent Local Radio
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Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom. The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland, until the early 1970s, the BBC had a legal monopoly on radio broadcasting in the UK. Upon the election of Edward Heaths government in 1970, this policy changed and it is possible that Heaths victory was partly due to younger voters upset by the UK government closing down the popular pirate radio stations. The new Minister of Post and Telecommunications, Christopher Chataway, announced a Bill to allow for the introduction of radio in the United Kingdom. This service would be planned and regulated in a manner to the existing ITV service. The Sound Broadcasting Act received Royal Assent on 12 July 1972, the IBA immediately began to plan the new service, placing advertisements encouraging interested groups to apply for medium-term contracts to provide programmes in given areas. The first major areas to be advertised were London and Glasgow, the London news contract was awarded to London Broadcasting Company and they began broadcasting on 8 October 1973. The London general contract went to Capital Radio, who began broadcasting on 16 October 1973, in total,19 contracts were awarded between 1973 and 1976. Due to government limits on expenditure and turbulence in the broadcasting field, no further contracts were awarded until 1980. All stations were awarded an AM and an FM frequency, on which they broadcast the same service, in the late 1980s, the expansion of ILR continued at a similar rate. Under the Broadcasting Acts, the IBA had a duty to ensure that any area it licensed for radio could support a station with the advertising revenue. Therefore, many areas were not included in the IBAs ILR plans as it was felt that they were not viable. Nevertheless, the served by ILR continued to increase and 1986 the IBA sanctioned in principle the idea that different services could be broadcast on each stations FM. The first experimental part-time split service was provided by Radio Forth, by 1988, the government had decided that the practice of splitting was beneficial and a quick way to increase choice for listeners. The IBA then began a programme of encouraging ILR stations to split their services, the usual format was to have a gold service on AM and pop music on FM, although Radio City tried City Talk on AM before abandoning the format. The 1990 Broadcasting Act provided for the abolition of the IBA, the IBA continued to regulate radio under the new name of the Radio Authority, but with a different remit. As a light-touch regulator, the Radio Authority was to issue licences to the highest bidder and this led to the awarding of three national contracts to Classic FM, Virgin 1215 and Talk Radio. At this point in time the wave band had become unpopular with radio groups

23.
BBC London 94.9
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BBC Radio London is Londons BBC Local Radio station and part of the broader BBC London network. The station broadcasts across Greater London and beyond, on the 94.9 FM frequency, DAB, Virgin Media Channel 937, Sky Channel 0152, Freeview Channel 721 and online. The stations output is similar to that of other BBC Local Radio stations and targets a broad. Test transmissions for the new radio station were carried out from Wrotham, Kent, on 95.3 MHz in FM mono, relaying BBC Radio 1. On 6 October 1970 BBC Radio London was launched, three years before commercial radio for Greater London in the guise of LBC, an additional medium wave frequency was allocated on 1457 kHz from Brookmans Park. It took on a lively sound and featured extensive traffic reports, phone-in programmes — it pioneered the daily phone-in in the UK — and much contemporary. A phone-in programme, Sounding Brass, was pioneered, devised, listeners were invited to choose a Christmas carol or hymn while a Salvation Army brass band stood by in the studio to play their request live. It later moved to BBC Radio 2 and was presented by Gloria Hunniford, as soon as Independent Local Radio stations LBC and Capital Radio went on air, public attention to Radio London declined, with the station attempting to copy both. Tests for FM stereo began in 1981 with Music on the Move, the FM transmitter was shortly moved to Crystal Palace. This coincided with the relaunch in 1981, which saw the station take on a style that was softer than BBC Radio 2 - a station predominantly playing easy listening music. Music ranged from contemporary pop, such as The Carpenters. This move was unpopular with employed staff, who thought it very un-hip, however, the relaunch led to improved audience figures and a string of awards and accolades. The programmes title was changed to Black London shortly before Radio London closed and it was revived for a short time in 2003, with Pascall returning as presenter. The forerunner to the BBC Asian Network was a hugely popular Asian programme, London Sounds Eastern, pandit Ravi Shankar, Indian pop star Usha Uthup, were among those interviewed for London Sounds Eastern, launched on BBC Radio London in 1976 and produced by Keith Yeomans. The programme introduced the Bollywood music of Asha Bhosle and Lata Mangeshkar to new London audiences, a programming relaunch in 1984 saw Radio London adopt the tagline The Heart and Soul of London, with more soul music being played during the day. He was sacked in 1988 crossing the line of taste and decency, regular Soul Night Outs were held initially in Kilburn but later in other venues, such as Ilford. This was where Dave Pearce, later of BBC Radio 1 fame, BBC Radio London closed on 7 October 1988. The final programme, just before its 18th birthday, was presented by Mike Sparrow, immediately after closedown at 7pm, test transmissions began for the next 17 days, preparing for a new radio station for London

24.
Free Radio Birmingham
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Free Radio Birmingham is an Independent Local Radio station serving Birmingham and surrounding areas. It is owned and operated by Bauer Radio and broadcasts on 96.4 FM and DAB Digital Radio, the station is part of the Bauer City 1 network, which broadcasts a mix of chart, contemporary and classic hits alongside local news and information. The original station name, BRMB, was not an acronym, instead, the original company, Birmingham Broadcasting Ltd. wanted something that combined a US-style call-sign with the company name - e. g. Birmingham - and broadcasting -, equalling BRMB. In 1988, as a response to government disapproval of the simulcasting of programmingon both FM and mediumwave, a station was launched on the 1152 kHz frequency. Xtra AM became BRMBs gold service, playing classic hits, while BRMB itself began to cater for a younger audience. At this stage, BRMB was part of Midlands Radio plc, however, they sold the other stations to the GWR Group whilst Capital kept hold of BRMB and Xtra AM. Xtra was on the air for nine years until the majority of its programming was switched to London, in July 2009, the station was sold officially to a company backed by Lloyds Development Capital and Phil Riley which was named Orion Media. On 9 January 2012, Orion Media announced that BRMB would be rebranded as Free Radio Birmingham, along with its sister West Midlands stations Beacon, Mercia and Wyvern. Live football commentaries on Aston Villa and Birmingham City matches continued to broadcast on Free Radio 80s on AM, on 6 May 2016, the stations owners, Orion, announced they had been bought by Bauer for an undisclosed fee, reportedly between £40 and £50 million. In February 2017, most of Free Radios off-peak networked output from Birmingham was replaced by programming from the Bauer City 1 network in Manchester, Local programming is produced and broadcast from Free Radios Birmingham studios from 6am-7pm on weekdays, 2-6pm on Saturdays and 12-4pm on Sundays. Free Radio Birmingham also carries networked programming from sister station Key 103 in Manchester via the Bauer City 1 network, the Vodafone Big Top 40 is produced by Global Radio at its Capital studios in London for broadcast on 145 commercial radio stations in the UK. The stations local presenters include Dan Kelly, Naomi Kent, Dan Morrissey, the stations networked presenters include Paddy McGuinness, Darryl Morris, Marvin Humes and Wes Butters. Free Radio Birmingham broadcasts local news bulletins hourly from 6am to 7pm on weekdays, headlines are broadcast on the half hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime shows, alongside sport and traffic bulletins. National bulletins from Sky News Radio are carried overnight with bespoke networked bulletins on weekend afternoons, BRMB was originally based in Aston Road North, in the Aston area of Birmingham, near the Spaghetti Junction. These were the former Alpha Television Studios, the home of ATV, the current Free Radio studios are based in the Brindleyplace development near Broad Street in Birmingham city centre. Since August 2011, local programming for the Coventry and Warwickshire station has been produced, the FM signal - 10kW ERP - is broadcast from the Sutton Coldfield transmitter, and can be received throughout a large part of the West Midlands. Free Radio in Birmingham organises a number of public events including the Walkathon. The station also sponsors the Bupa Great Birmingham Run and the Acorns Midnight Walk

25.
GCap Media
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GCap Media was a British commercial radio company formed from the merger of the Capital Radio Group and GWR Group. The merger was completed in May 2005 and it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE250 Index. On 31 March 2008 the company agreed a takeover by Global Radio for £375 million and this was completed on 6 June 2008, and the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Global Radio. On 1 November 2008, Global Radio discontinued using the name GCap Media, Capital Radio Group was, until May 2005, a London-based British radio group. The company was set up to operate a General Entertainment Independent Local Radio service in October 1973. Capital Radio was the second commercial radio station to launch in the UK. In the 1980s the station was allowed to operate services on AM. In 1993, Capital bought BRMB, and in 1994 the Southern Radio Group which owned, fox FM in Oxfordshire and Red Dragon FM in Wales were also purchased in the 90s. Capital also acquired the Century FM stations in 2000 as well as Border Television in order to acquire its radio stations, all in all, Capital Radio Group controlled 22 analogue and 59 digital radio licences. In July 1998 Capital Radio Group bought the financially troubled alternative radio station, in the early 21st century, Capital Radio Group expanded its range of FM stations, and also started broadcasting digital-only stations such as Capital Disney and Capital Life. GWR Group was a British radio company with assets including the nationwide station Classic FM. The letters GWR were chosen because its launch coincided with the reopening of the Great Western Railway in Bristol in 1985, between 1996 and 1999 GWR was a major shareholder in London News Radio, which owned and operated Londons LBC and News Direct radio stations. These stations were sold to Chrysalis Radio in 2002, GWR was owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc, various asset management firms, Sir Peter Michael and other small shareholders. Until the merger, the group was chaired by Ralph Bernard and its office was in Passage Street. During its existence, GWR acquired the Marcher Radio Group, Mid Anglia Radio Group, Chiltern Radio Group and East Anglian Radio Group to name,1985, Wiltshire Radio merges with Radio West to form GWR. 1988, GWR joins Classic FM partnership,1996, GWR acquires full control of Classic FM. 1998, GWR wins Digital One license,1999, Digital One begins broadcasting, launches Internet radio broadcasts. This allowed it to syndicate a number of programmes across its network of radio stations, on Friday and Saturday evenings the network splits, with most stations taking Non-Stop Party and Party Anthems while the other stations take School Daze and Hairbrush Divas

26.
Ofcom
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Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition, the regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003. The creation of Ofcom was announced in the Queens Speech to the UK Parliament, the new body, which would replace several existing authorities, was conceived as a super-regulator to oversee media channels that were rapidly converging through digital transmission. It will no longer play a role in making policy, and the policy-making functions it has today will be transferred back fully to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. On 1 October 2011, Ofcom took over responsibility for regulating the postal services industry from the Postal Services Commission. In April 2015, Ofcom announced that as of 1 July, the streamlining of these charges must be printed in each customers contract and monthly bills. The change will affect over 175 million phone numbers making it the biggest overhaul of telephoning in over a decade, on 1 January 2016, the regulation of video on demand was transferred to Ofcom from ATVOD, the Authority for Television On Demand. On 13 July former Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged Ofcom to launch an investigation, on 22 July it was reported that Ofcom had begun an investigation into whether the phone-hacking scandal may have changed BSkyBs status as the fit and proper holder of a UK broadcasting licence. In the letter Richards confirmed that Ofcom considers that News Corporations current shareholding of 39, in April 2012, Ofcoms probe moved from a monitoring phase to a evidence gathering phase. Ofcom licenses all UK commercial television and radio services in the UK, broadcasters must comply by the terms of their licence, or risk having it revoked. Ofcom also publishes the Broadcasting Code, a series of rules which all broadcast content on television, the broadcasting of pornography with a BBFC R18 certificate is not permitted. In 2010 Ofcom revoked the licences of four television channels for promoting adult chat services during daytime hours. The companies involved were fined £157,250, Ofcoms jurisdiction does not cover television and radio channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed abroad. In 2012 Ofcom lodged a complaint with the Dutch media regulator regarding the content of adult television channels which are broadcast in the UK. As the regulatory body for media broadcasts, part of Ofcoms duties are to examine specific complaints by viewers or listeners about programmes broadcast on channels that it has licensed and it does not oversee unlicensed channels broadcast to UK viewers. When Ofcom receives a complaint, it asks the broadcaster for a copy of the programme, Ofcom requests response from the broadcaster to the complaint. On the basis of response, Ofcom will mark the complaint as either upheld or not upheld

27.
Capital South Wales
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Capital South Wales is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to Cardiff, Newport and the surrounding areas – from the Red Dragon Centre in Cardiff Bay, the station originally took to the air in Cardiff only. Known as CBC, the station launched in April 1980 on 221 metres medium wave and 96.0 VHF, following the closure of neighbouring Gwent Broadcasting in April 1985 CBC began relaying its service as a temporary measure to southern Gwent on 104 VHF and 230 metres medium wave. This became permanent when CBC re-launched as Red Dragon Radio on 14 October 1985, initially there were separate drivetime shows for Glamorgan and Gwent but these were dropped for a single service by the early nineties. On 3 January 2011 the station was rebranded from Red Dragon to 97.4 &103.2 Capital as part of a merger of owners Global Radios Hit Music, on 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling Capital South Wales to Communicorp. Capitals network programming and brand name are retained under a contract, globals Heart Wales station shares facilities at the Capital studios in Cardiff Bay. Initially, CBC broadcast to Cardiff on 96.0 MHz and these frequencies were switched to 103.2 MHz and 97.4 MHz respectively in 1987 following a national reorganisation of UK FM frequencies. The 103.2 MHz signal, which is the stronger of the two, comes from the transmitter at Wenallt near Cardiff, with the 97.4 MHz signal being transmitted from Christchurch in Newport. The signals reach as far out as the South Wales Valleys to the north, simulcasting on 1305 &1359 kHz AM ended in 1990 with the launch of Touch AM. Those frequencies are now used by the Smooth Radio network, Capital South Wales also broadcasts on the NOW Cardiff & Newport DAB multiplex. The station can also be heard live via its website or on its iPhone/Android application, other stations owned by Global Radio can also be streamed. Both require a WiFi, 3G, EDGE or GPRS connection, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Cardiff Bay studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Matt Lissack, Polly James and Geraint Hardy, Michelle Owen, Josh Andrews and Kally Davies. Capital South Wales broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. The bulletins are produced for Communicorp by Global Radios Cardiff Bay newsroom, which also produces bulletins for Heart Wales, Heart North Wales and Smooth Wales

28.
Wireless Group
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Wireless Group Limited, formerly UTV Media, is a broadcasting and new media company based in Belfast in Northern Ireland. The company operates the UK independent national radio station talkSPORT, Virgin Radio UK, as UTV, the company formerly operated television channels in Ireland and Northern Ireland, until it sold its ITV franchise to ITV plc in February 2016. The company was required to rename itself as the UTV brand was included in the sale, in June 2016, Rupert Murdochs News Corp reached an agreement to buy the company. The sale was completed in September 2016, prior to the acquisition, Wireless Group was a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index. The service expanded into telephone market under UTV Talk in August 2004 and also provided broadband and fibre optic packages for Northern Ireland, the Republic, the service was sold to Rainbow Communications and Vodafone Ireland in 2014. The company also set up a car dealership UTV Drive, created in partnership with Abbey Insurance. Further expansion took place with the move into radio, starting in Cork with 96FM, in 2005, the group also launched its first station, U105, which broadcasts to the Belfast area, and purchased Juice FM in Liverpool. With the expansion, turnover increased, with 2005 being up 46% on 2004, pre-tax profits rising by 12%, in 2006, total sales were £113. 6m of which the radio division accounted for 54%, television 37% and 9% from new media. 48% of operating profits were earned in the side of the business, with 47% derived from television. Following shareholder approval, Ulster Television plc changed its name to UTV plc in June 2006, in August and September 2006, the company made two merger proposals to STV Group plc, operator of the northern and central Scottish ITV franchises as STV. The latter proposal would have given SMG shareholders 52% of the merged company, on 20 September 2006, the plans were abandoned after SMG rejected the offer as unacceptable. However, on 10 January 2007, the two announced that they had agreed a merger, with SMG shareholders to receive 46% of the merged company. After the details were expected to be finalised before the end of January, in January 2015, the company launched UTV Ireland, carrying many of ITVs programming including Coronation Street and Emmerdale, which had been previously broadcast in Ireland by TV3. The station produces some home-grown programming, including the national news programme Ireland Live. As part of the bid, the company would expand its talkSPORT station with new sister stations talkSPORT2, talkRADIO and talkBUSINESS, as well as running a relaunched Virgin Radio UK. The multiplex was launched on 29 February 2016, with the new stations launching over the following month less talkBUSINESS, on 19 October 2015, it was announced that ITV plc would acquire UTVs ITV franchise and UTV Ireland for £100 million, subject to regulatory approval. UTV retained its operations, but was required to rename itself after including the UTV brand in the sale. The sale to ITV plc was completed on 29 February 2016, on 30 June 2016 Rupert Murdochs News Corp announced an agreement to purchase the company for all-cash worth between $220-296 million

29.
Jonathan Pearce
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Jonathan Pearce is an English football commentator for the BBC. Known for his loud, exuberant commentaries, he has worked for both Radio Five Live and Match of the Day, as well as participating in other lower-profile sports programmes, Pearce wanted to become a footballer, but his career was ended after he broke his leg in 1974. He started his career in broadcasting at BBC Radio Bristol, and he became a sports editor at the age of 23. In 1987 he moved to London and Capital Radio where he launched Capital Gold Sport a year later and he commentated on a handful of minor Premier League games for Sky Sports in the 1992–93 season, before his Radio 5 Live and Match of the Day career. Between 1998 and 2004, Pearce commentated on the Robot Wars TV series, on BBC Two and Channel 5, when Channel 5 was launched in 1997, Pearce was signed as their lead football commentator. His excitable style of commentary received criticism from some quarters and he joined BBC Radio Five Live in 2002 and was part of their 2002 FIFA World Cup commentary team. He went on to present the stations midweek sports programme Sport on Five from 2003 until 2005 and he also lent his voice to Sensible Soccer, Ubisoft football game Action Soccer and UEFA Striker. Away from football, he was also the commentator on the programmes Robot Wars, in 2005, he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Game, in which he played a sports commentator named Garny Diblick. Pearces Robot Wars commentary was used in an episode of the Emmy award-winning drama The Sopranos, Pearce joined the BBCs Match of the Day team in 2004. He is one of the BBCs front-line commentators alongside number one commentator Guy Mowbray, during his nine years with BBC Sport Pearce has commentated on live games from the FA Cup, League Cup and Championship, as well as covering three World Cups and three European Championships. Pearce is a long-time Bristol City fan and he lives in Hassocks, West Sussex, where he is chair of the junior section of Hassocks F. C

30.
Arsenal F.C.
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Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles,12 FA Cups, Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, in the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double, between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position, Herbert Chapman won Arsenals first national trophies, but died prematurely. He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers, Arsène Wenger has been the longest-serving manager and has won the most trophies. His teams set several English records, the longest win streak, the longest unbeaten run, in 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspurs nearest club, commencing the North London derby, in 2006, they moved down the road to the Emirates Stadium. Arsenal earned €435. 5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football, based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenals fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. In 2016, Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England, on 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F. C. s first home was Plumstead Common, though spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead. Royal Arsenal won Arsenals first trophies in 1890 and 1891, Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893. They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year, Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904. Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers, businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over, and sought to move them elsewhere. In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury and this saw their third change of name, the following year, they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal

31.
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
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Tottenham Hotspur Football Club /ˈtɒtnəm, -tənəm/, commonly referred to as Spurs, is an English football club located in Tottenham, Haringey, London, that competes in the Premier League. The clubs home stadium is White Hart Lane and their newly developed training ground is in Bulls Cross on the northern borders of the London Borough of Enfield. Founded in 1882, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners Cup, in 1967, Spurs won the FA Cup for a third time in the 1960s. In the 1970s Tottenham won the League Cup on two occasions and were the winner of the UEFA Cup in 1972, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. In the 1980s Spurs won several trophies, the FA Cup twice, FA Community Shield, in the 1990s the club won the FA Cup and the League Cup. When they won the League Cup once more in 2008, it meant that they had won a trophy in each of the last six decades – an achievement only matched by Manchester United. The clubs Latin motto is Audere est Facere, and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football, the club has a long-standing rivalry with nearby neighbours Arsenal, with head-to-head fixtures known as the North London derby. The club was formed in 1882, as Hotspur F. C. and played in the Southern League from 1896 until 1908, when they were elected into the Football League Second Division. Before this promotion Tottenham had won the FA Cup in 1901, since then, Tottenham have won the FA Cup a further seven times, the Football League twice, the Football League Cup four times, the UEFA Cup twice and also the UEFA Cup Winners Cup. The Cup Winners Cup victory in 1963 made Tottenham the first English team to win a UEFA competition, in 1960–61 they became the first team to complete The Double in the 20th century. Tottenham played their first matches at Tottenham Marshes on the public pitches. It was at this ground that Spurs first played archrivals Arsenal, there were occasions on which fights would break out on the marshes in dispute of the teams that were allowed to use the best pitches. Crowd sizes were regularly increasing and a new site was becoming needed to accommodate these supporters, in 1898 the club moved from the marshes to Northumberland Park and charged an admission fee of 3d. They only remained at this ground for a year as in April 1899,14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. The ground was no able to cope with the larger crowds and Spurs were forced to move to a new larger site 100 yards down the road. The White Hart Lane ground was originally a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons, the landlord spotted the increased income he could enjoy if Tottenham played their matches behind his pub and in 1899 the club moved in. They brought with them the stand they used at Northumberland Park which gave shelter to 2,500 fans, notts County were the first visitors to the Lane in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and provided in £115 in receipts, Spurs won 4–1

32.
West Ham United F.C.
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West Ham United Football Club is a professional football club based in Stratford, East London, England. They compete in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, in 2016 the club re-located to the London Stadium. The club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United and they moved to the Boleyn Ground in 1904, which remained their home ground for more than a century. The team initially competed in the Southern League and Western League before joining the Football League in 1919 and they were promoted to the top flight in 1923, when they also losing finalists in the first FA Cup Final held at Wembley. In 1940, the won the inaugural Football League War Cup. West Ham have been winners of the FA Cup three times, in 1964,1975, and 1980, and have also been runners-up twice, in 1923, and 2006. The club have reached two major European finals, winning the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 and finishing runners up in the competition in 1976. West Ham also won the Intertoto Cup in 1999 and they are one of eight clubs never to have fallen below the second tier of English football, spending 59 of 91 league seasons in the top flight, up to and including the 2016–17 season. The clubs highest league position to date came in 1985–86 when they achieved third place in the then First Division, three West Ham players were members of the 1966 World Cup final-winning England team, captain Bobby Moore and goalscorers Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters. The club, Thames Ironworks were the first ever winners of the West Ham Charity Cup in 1895 contested by clubs in the West Ham locality and they turned professional in 1898 upon entering the Southern League Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division at the first attempt. The following year they came second from bottom, but had established themselves as a fully fledged competitive team and they comfortably fended off the challenge of local rivals Fulham in a relegation play-off, 5–1 in late April 1900 and retained their First Division status. In 1899, they acquired their now-traditional home kit combination of claret shirts and sky blue sleeves in a wager involving Aston Villa players, because of the original works team roots and links, they are still known as the Irons or the Hammers amongst fans and the media. West Ham Utd joined the Western League for the 1901 season while continuing to play in the Southern Division 1. In 1907, West Ham were crowned the Western League Division 1B Champions, the reborn club continued to play their games at the Memorial Grounds in Plaistow but moved to a pitch in the Upton Park area in the guise of the Boleyn Ground stadium in 1904. The Cup Final match itself ended 2–0 to Bolton, the team enjoyed mixed success in Division 1 but retained their status for ten years and reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1933. In 1932, the club was relegated to Division Two and long term custodian Syd King was sacked after serving the club in the role of manager for 32 years, following relegation, King had mental health problems. He appeared drunk at a meeting and soon after committed suicide. The club spent most of the next 30 years in division, first under Paynter

33.
Queens Park Rangers F.C.
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Queens Park Rangers Football Club is a professional association football club based in White City, London, that plays in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Their honours include winning the League Cup in 1967, as well as finishing top of the tier in 1983 and 2011. QPR were also runners-up of the Football League First Division in 1975–76, Queens Park Rangers were founded in 1886 after the merger of Christchurch Rangers and St. Judes Institute. Owing to their proximity to other west London clubs, QPR maintain long-standing rivalries with other clubs in the area. The most notable of these are Chelsea, Fulham and Brentford, outside London, QPR also traditionally share rivalries with Watford, Luton and Cardiff, although in recent years these fixtures have become less prominent. For the current season see 2015–16 Queens Park Rangers F. C. season The club was formed in 1886, the resulting team was called Queens Park Rangers, because most of the players came from the Queens Park area of north-west London. QPR were promoted as champions of Division 3 South in the 1947–48 season, Dave Mangnall was the manager as the club participated in four seasons of the Second Division, being relegated in 1951–52. Tony Ingham was signed from Leeds United and went on to make the most ever league appearances for QPR, arguably the clubs greatest ever manager, Alec Stock, arrived prior to the start of the 1959–60 season. The 1960–61 season saw QPR achieve their biggest win to date, in time, Stock, together with Jim Gregory who arrived as chairman in the mid-1960s, helped to achieve a total transformation of the club and its surroundings. It is still the major trophy that QPR have won. It was also the first League Cup final to be held at Wembley Stadium, after winning promotion in 1968 to the top flight for the first time in their history, Rangers were relegated after just one season and spent the next four years in Division Two. Terry Venables joined from Spurs at the beginning of the 1969–70 season, during this time, new QPR heroes emerged including Phil Parkes, Don Givens, Dave Thomas and Stan Bowles. These new signings were in addition to home-grown talent such as Dave Clement, Ian Gillard, Mick Leach, after completing their 42-game season, QPR sat at the top of the league, one point ahead of Liverpool who went on to defeat Wolverhampton Wanderers to clinch the title. Wolves were relegated to the Second Division that same season, following Sextons departure in 1977 the club eventually slipped into the Second Division in 1979. In 1980 Terry Venables took over as manager and the club installed a plastic pitch, in 1982 QPR, still playing in the Second Division, reached the FA Cup Final for the only time in the clubs history, facing holders Tottenham Hotspur. Tottenham won 1–0 in a replay, the following season QPR went on to win the Second Division championship and returned to English footballs top division. After a respectable fifth-place finish, and UEFA Cup qualification, the following year, in 1988 the club had a new chairman, Richard Thompson. Who at 24 was the Premier Leagues youngest ever chairman, over the next seven years, various managers came and went from Loftus Road and the club spent many seasons finishing mid table but avoided relegation

34.
Chelsea F.C.
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Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham, London, that competes in the Premier League. Founded in 1905, the home ground since then has been Stamford Bridge. Chelsea had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship and they then won various cup competitions between 1965 and 1996. The clubs greatest period of success has come during the last two decades, winning 21 trophies since 1997. Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League, and one of four clubs, Chelseas regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks. The clubs crest has changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club. The current crest, featuring a lion rampant regardant holding a staff, is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s. The club have the sixth-highest average all-time attendance in English football and their average home gate for the 2015–16 season was 41,500, the seventh highest in the Premier League. Since 2003, Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, in 2016, they were ranked by Forbes magazine as the seventh most valuable football club in the world, at £1.15 billion. In 1904, Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground, an offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down, so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium. Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub, opposite the main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road. The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season and they reached the 1915 FA Cup Final, where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford, and finished third in the First Division in 1920, the clubs best league campaign to that point. Chelsea attracted large crowds and had a reputation for signing big-name players, former Arsenal and England centre-forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club. The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions Cup, but after objections from The Football League, Chelsea failed to build on this success, and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table. Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player-coach Tommy Docherty, Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the clubs youth set-up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s, enduring several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and League Cup going into the stages of the 1964–65 season, winning the League Cup. In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up, under Dochertys successor, Dave Sexton, Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970, beating Leeds United 2–1 in a final replay. Chelsea took their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners Cup triumph, the year, with another replayed win

35.
Wimbledon F.C.
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Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club formed in Wimbledon, south-west London, in 1889 and based at Plough Lane from 1912 to 1991. Founded as Wimbledon Old Centrals, the club were a team for most of their history. The team rose quickly from obscurity during the 1980s and were promoted to the then top-flight First Division in 1986, the team remained in the First Division and its successor the FA Premier League until they were relegated in 2000. In 2001, after rejecting a variety of local sites and others further afield. A group of supporters responded by forming a new club, AFC Wimbledon, Wimbledon played their first match in Milton Keynes in 2003, and adopted the name Milton Keynes Dons in 2004. Wimbledon Old Central Football Club were formed in 1889, taking its name from the Old Central School on Wimbledon Common where players had been pupils. The clubs first match was a 1–0 victory over Westminster, Wimbledon won the Clapham League again in 1900–01, as well as two minor trophies. The club was restarted a year later under the name Wimbledon Borough, though Borough was dropped from the name after barely a year. The club continued to play on Wimbledon Common and at other locations in the Wimbledon area until 1912. Wimbledon joined the Athenian League for 1919–20, and in the season in its new division finished as runners-up. The club then joined the Isthmian League, winning four Isthmian League titles during the 1930s, and reaching the FA Amateur Cup final in 1934–35, Wimbledon began to prosper. The club reached another FA Amateur Cup final in 1946–47, Wimbledon won the Isthmian League for the fifth time in 1958–59 before starting a period of domination that saw three successive championships – 1961–62, 1962–63 and 1963–64. Following these successes the decision was taken to turn professional for the 1964–65 season, Wimbledon had continued success in their new league, finishing as runners-up at the first attempt. They then became the first non-League team that century to beat a First Division side away from home by defeating Burnley at Turf Moor. In the fourth round the good form continued, as the team held the reigning First Division champions Leeds United to a 0–0 draw at Elland Road. Goalkeeper Dickie Guy saved a penalty from Peter Lorimer to earn a replay, after winning the Southern League three times running from 1974–75 to 1976–77, Wimbledon were elected to The Football League in place of Workington for the 1977–78 season. The 1977–78 season was a satisfactory Football League debut for Wimbledon, Allen Batsford had resigned as manager on 2 January 1978 to be succeeded by Dario Gradi, who guided the club to promotion in 1978–79. Wimbledons first stay in the Third Division was not a successful one, the team struggled, and were relegated in bottom place, winning just 10 league games all season

36.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry

37.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment

38.
Digital audio broadcasting
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Digital audio broadcasting is a digital radio standard for broadcasting digital audio radio services, used in several countries across Europe and Asia Pacific. The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project in the 1980s, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995, and the BBC and Swedish Radio launched their first DAB digital radio broadcasts in September 1995. DAB receivers have been available in many countries since the end of the 1990s, DAB may offer more radio programmes over a specific spectrum than analogue FM radio. Audio quality varies depending on the used and audio material. Most stations use a bit rate of 128 kbit/s or less with the MP2 audio codec, which requires 160 kbit/s to achieve perceived FM quality. 128 kbit/s gives better dynamic range or signal-to-noise ratio than FM radio, but a more smeared stereo image, however, CD quality sound with MP2 is possible with 256…192 kbps. An upgraded version of the system was released in February 2007, DAB is not forward compatible with DAB+, which means that DAB-only receivers are not able to receive DAB+ broadcasts. However, broadcasters can mix DAB and DAB+ programs inside the same transmission, DAB+ is approximately twice as efficient as DAB, and more robust. In spectrum management, the bands that are allocated for public DAB services, are abbreviated with T-DAB, where the T stands for terrestrial. More than 30 countries provide DAB transmissions, and several countries, such as Norway, UK, Australia, Italy, Malta, Switzerland, The Netherlands, in many countries it is expected that DAB will gradually replace FM radio. Norway was the first country to announce national FM radio analog switchoff starting from 2017, DAB has been under development since 1981 at the Institut für Rundfunktechnik. In 1985 the first DAB demonstrations were held at the WARC-ORB in Geneva, later DAB was developed as a research project for the European Union, which started in 1987 on initiative by a consortium formed in 1986. The MPEG-1 Audio Layer II codec was created as part of the EU147 project, a choice of audio codec, modulation and error-correction coding schemes and first trial broadcasts were made in 1990. Public demonstrations were made in 1993 in the United Kingdom, the protocol specification was finalized in 1993 and adopted by the ITU-R standardization body in 1994, the European community in 1995 and by ETSI in 1997. Pilot broadcasts were launched in countries in 1995. The UK was the first country to receive a range of radio stations via DAB. Commercial DAB receivers began to be sold in 1999 and over 50 commercial, the standard was coordinated by the European DAB forum, formed in 1995 and reconstituted to the World DAB Forum in 1997, which represents more than 30 countries. In 2006 the World DAB Forum became the World DMB Forum which now presides over both the DAB and DMB standard, in October 2005, the World DMB Forum instructed its Technical Committee to carry out the work needed to adopt the AAC+ audio codec and stronger error correction coding

39.
BBC Radio 5 Live
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BBC Radio 5 Live is the BBCs national radio service that specialises in live BBC News, phone-ins, interviews and sports commentaries. It is the radio station covering sport in the United Kingdom. Radio 5 Live was launched in March 1994 as a repositioning of the original Radio 5 and it is transmitted via analogue radio in AM on medium wave 693 and 909 kHz and digitally via digital radio, television and via an Internet stream. Due to rights restrictions, coverage of events is not available on-line or is restricted to UK addresses. The station broadcasts from MediaCityUK in Salford and is a department of the BBC North division, the success of Radio 4 News FM during the first Gulf War led the BBC to propose the launch a rolling-news service. The new BBC Radio 5 Live began its 24-hour service at 05,00 on Monday 28 March 1994, the first voice on air, Jane Garvey, later went on to co-present the breakfast and drive-time shows with Peter Allen. The Times described the launch as slipp smoothly and confidently into a routine of informative banter, the news of the first day was dominated by the fatal stabbing at Hall Garth School in Cleveland, the first of many major incidents which the network covered live as they unfolded. The tone of the channel, engaging and more relaxed than contemporary BBC output, was the key to the channels success, the first audiences were some four million, with a record audience of six and a quarter million. In 2000, the station was rebranded with a new logo which would remain with the station for seven years. The station also began to further its boundaries with the publication of the Radio Five Live Sporting Yearbook. In August 2007, BBC Radio 5 Live was given a new logo in line with the rest of the BBC Radio network, in 2008 the BBC announced that the station would move to MediaCityUK in Salford. Uniquely to the BBC Radio network, it is the station that is neither purely digital nor broadcast in analogue FM. The station also broadcasts programmes live through the BBC Online website and the BBC iPlayer sub-site, the service is also available on the Radioplayer internet site partially run by the BBC. Before the launch of digital broadcasting, BBC Radio 5 Live had broadcast on analogue satellite with near-FM quality. However, as part of the plan to sell off Television Centre. The move itself began in September 2011 and took two months, the new studios occupy a single floor in Quay House, with two studios large enough for several guests and a separate studio for large groups. BBC Radio 5 Lives remit includes broadcasting rolling news and transmitting news as it breaks, the BBCs policy for major breaking news events revolves around a priority list. With UK news, the correspondent first records a generic minute summary, the subsequent priority is to report on Radio 5 Live, then the BBC News Channel, and then any other programmes that are on air

40.
English Football League
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The English Football League is a league competition featuring professional football clubs from England and Wales. Founded in 1888 as the Football League, the league is the oldest such competition in world football and it was the top-level football league in England from its foundation in the 19th century until 1992, when the top 22 clubs split away to form the Premier League. The league has 72 clubs evenly divided into three divisions, which are known as the Championship, League One and League Two, with 24 clubs in each division, the Football League has been associated with a title sponsor between 1983 and 2016. As this sponsor changed over the years the league too has been known by various names, the English Football League is also the name of the governing body of the league competition, and this body also organises two knock-out cup competitions, the EFL Cup and the EFL Trophy. The operations centre of the Football League is in Preston, while its commercial office is in London, the commercial office was formerly based in Lytham St Annes, after its original spell in Preston. The Football League consists of 70 professional association football clubs in England and 2 in Wales and it runs the oldest professional football league competition in the world. It also organises two knockout cup competitions, the Football League Cup and Football League Trophy, the Football League was founded in 1888 by then Aston Villa director William McGregor, originally with 12 member clubs. Steady growth and the addition of more divisions meant that by 1950 the League had 92 clubs, the Football League therefore no longer includes the top 20 clubs who belong to this group, although promotion and relegation between the Football League and the Premier League continues. In total,136 teams have played in the Football League up to 2013, the Football Leagues 72 member clubs are grouped into three divisions, the Football League Championship, Football League One, and Football League Two. Each division has 24 clubs, and in any season a club plays each of the others in the same division twice, once at their home stadium. This makes for a total of 46 games played each season, clubs gain three points for a win, one for a draw, and none for a defeat. At the end of the season, clubs at the top of their division may win promotion to the higher division. At the top end of the competition, three Championship clubs win promotion from the Football League to the Premier League, with the bottom three Premier League clubs taking their places, reserve teams of Football League clubs usually play in the Central League or the Football Combination. Since the 2004–05 season, penalties have existed for clubs entering financial administration during the season and it is also required that a club exiting administration agree a Creditors Voluntary Agreement, and pay in full any other footballing creditors. Failure to do either of these result in a second. The other main situation in which is a club may lose points is by fielding an improperly registered or otherwise ineligible player. If a club is found to have done this, then any points earned from any match that player participated in will be deducted, the EFL organises two knock-out cup competitions, the EFL Cup and the EFL Trophy. The EFL Cup was established in 1960 and is open to all EFL and Premier League clubs, the EFL Trophy is for clubs belonging to EFL League One and EFL League Two

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal …

Modern frequency counter

As time elapses—here moving left to right on the horizontal axis—the five sinusoidal waves vary, or cycle, regularly at different rates. The red wave (top) has the lowest frequency (i.e., cycles at the slowest rate) while the purple wave (bottom) has the highest frequency (cycles at the fastest rate).