In 1998, with the Interstate System essentially complete, FHWA's Office of Engineering compiled information about development of the program. In making this information available to the public, we have not updated the material. All information is as of 1998 when the Office of Engineering compiled the report.

The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Part VII - Miscellaneous Interstate Facts

Numbering Interstate Routes and Exits

Interstate Route Numbering

The Interstate route marker is a red, white, and blue shield, carrying the word "Interstate", the State name, and the route number. Officials of AASHTO developed the procedure for numbering the routes. Major Interstate routes are designated by one- or two-digit numbers. Routes with odd numbers run north and south, while even numbered run east and west. For north-south routes, the lowest numbers begin in the west, while the lowest numbered east-west routes are in the south. By this method, Interstate Route 5 (I-5) runs north-south along the west coast, while I-10 lies east-west along the southern border.

In two cases, a major route has two parallel or diverging branches. In those cases, each branch is given the designation of the main route, followed by a letter indicating a cardinal direction of travel (east, west, etc). In Texas, for example, I-35 splits at Hillsboro, with I-35E going through Dallas, while I-35W goes through Fort Worth. The two branches merge at Denton to reform I-35. A similar situation exists along I-35 in the Minneapolis-St Paul area of Minnesota.

The major route numbers generally traverse urban areas on the path of the major traffic stream. Generally, this major traffic stream will be the shortest and most direct line of travel. Connecting Interstate routes and full or partial circumferential beltways around or within urban areas carry a three-digit number. These routes are designated with the number of the main route and an even-numbered prefix. Supplemental radial and spur routes, connecting with the main route at one end, also carry a three-digit number, using the number of the main route with an odd-number prefix.

To prevent duplication within a State, a progression of prefixes is used for the three-digit numbers. For example, if I-80 runs through three cities in a State, circumferential routes around these cities would be numbered as I-280, I-480, and I-680. The same system would be used for spur routes into the three cities, with routes being numbered I-180, I-380, and I-580, respectively. This system is not carried across State lines. As a result, several cities in different States along I-80 may each have circumferential beltways numbered as I-280 or spur routes numbered as I-180.

Interstate Exit Numbers

The States typically use one of two methods of numbering the Interstate interchange exits.

The Consecutive numbering system -- Starting at the most westerly or southerly point on each Interstate route, interchanges are numbered consecutively. Thus the first interchange becomes Interchange #1. Each succeeding interchange is numbered consecutively as #2, 3, 4, etc.

The Milepost numbering system -- All Interstate routes are mileposted beginning at the most westerly or southerly point. The beginning point is milepost '0'. If the first interchange on the route is located between milepost 4.0 and 5.0, it is numbered as Interchange #4. The next interchange, if located at milepost 8.7, would be numbered as Interchange #8, etc. With this system the motorist can easily determine the location and distance to a desired interchange.

Fun Facts

Cost

As reported to Congress in the 1991 Interstate Cost Estimate, the cost to construct the Interstate System (including preliminary engineering, right-of-way acquisition, and construction was $128.9 billion, of which $114.3 billion was the Federal share.

The System cost can be broken down into:

Preliminary Engineering

$ 5.619 billion ( 4.5%)

Right of Way

16.246 billion (13.1%)

Construction

102.391 billion (82.4%)

Subtotal

$124.256 billion (100.0%)

FHWA Admin, planning, research

4.644 billion

Total

$128.900 billion

Most Costly Routes (Eligible for Interstate Construction Funds Based on 1991 Cost Estimate):

I-95, Miami, FL to Houlton, ME

$8.0 billion

I-90, Seattle, WA to Boston, MA

$7.5 billion

I-75, Miami, FL to Sault Ste Marie, MI

$5.1 billion

I-10, Los Angeles, CA to Jacksonville, FL

$5.0 billion

Mileage

Longest Interstate Routes:

I-90, Seattle, WA to Boston, MA

3,085.27 miles

I-80, San Francisco, CA to Teaneck, NJ

2,906.77 miles

I-40, Barstow, CA to Wilmington, NC

2,554.29 miles

I-10, Los Angeles, CA to Jacksonville, FL

2,459.96 miles

I-70, Cove Fort, UT to Baltimore, MD

2,175.46 miles

Shortest (2-Digit) Interstate Routes:

I-97, Annapolis to Baltimore, MD

17.57 miles

I-99, Bedford to Bald Eagle, PA

53.00 miles *

I-73, Emery to Greensboro, NC

56.70 miles *

I-86, I-84 to Pocatello, ID

63.18 miles

I-19, Nogales to Tucson, AZ

63.35 miles

(* Additional miles of I-99 in PA and I-73 in NC are expected to be built)

East-West Transcontinental Routes:

I-10, Los Angeles, CA to Jacksonville, FL

2,459.96 miles

I-80, San Francisco, CA to Teaneck, NJ

2,906.77 miles

I-90, Seattle, WA to Boston, MA

3,085.27 miles

North-South Transcontinental Routes:

I-5, San Diego to Blaine, WA

1,382.04 miles

I-15, San Diego, CA to Sweetgrass, MT

1,436.89 miles

I-35/35E/35W, Laredo, TX to Duluth, MN

1,831.43 miles

I-55, New Orleans, LA to Chicago, IL

943.69 miles

I-65, Mobile, AL to Gary, IN

888.08 miles

I-75, Miami, FL to Sault Ste Marie, MI

1,787.49 miles

I-95, Miami, FL to Houlton, ME

1,892.76 miles

States with Most Interstate Mileage:

Texas

17 routes

3,232.04 miles

California

25 routes

2,453.31 miles

Illinois

23 routes

2,160.13 miles

Pennsylvania

21 routes

1,754.55 miles

Ohio

21 routes

1,565.39 miles

States with Most Interstate Routes:

New York

1,496.79 miles

28 routes

California

2,453.31 miles

25 routes

Illinois

2,160.13 miles

23 routes

Pennsylvania

1,754.55 miles

21 routes

Ohio

1,565.39 miles

21 routes

Interstate Routes Which Traverse the Most States:

I-95 - FL,GA,SC,NC,VA,DC,MD,DE,PA,NJ,NY,CT,RI,MA,NH,ME

16 States

I-90 - WA,ID,MT,WY,SD,MN,WI,IL,IN,OH,PA,NY,PA

13 States

I-80 - CA,NV,UT,WY,NE,IA,IL,IN,OH,PA,NJ

11 States

I-70 - UT,CO,KS,MO,IL,IN,OH,WV,PA,MD

10 States

I-10 - CA,AZ,NM,TX,LA,MS,AL,FL

8 States

Other Fun Facts

State Capitals -- All but four State capitals are directly served by the Interstate System. Those not directly served are Juneau, AK; Dover, DE; Jefferson City, MO; and Pierre, SD.

Oldest Segments -- The oldest Interstate segments actually predate the establishment of the Interstate system. Early examples include a portion of the Grand Central Parkway in Queens, New York, was opened to traffic in July 1936 and later was incorporated into the Interstate System as I-278. The Pennsylvania Turnpike between Irwin (southeast of Pittsburgh) and Carlisle (west of Harrisburg) was officially opened in October 1940 and is now designated as I-76 and I-70. Other freeways and toll roads were incorporated into the System rather than build new competing Interstate routes.

Rest Areas -- A exact count of rest areas on the Interstate System is not available. However, a count in 1972 reported 1,214 rest areas in existence. The number still operational today is not expected to differ dramatically from the 1972 figure.

Interchanges -- An exact count of the number of interchanges on the Interstate System is not available. However, a 1978 count found 14,231 interchanges. This number has likely increased somewhat over the intervening years.

Vehicle Miles Travelled on the Interstate System in the U.S.

Vehicle Miles Travelled on the Interstate System (In Millions)

Year

Rural

Urban

Total

195719581959

3,2436,2649,775

3,5636,65810,222

6,80612,92219,997

19601961196219631964

10,51413,09122,00127,53633,595

13,36516,95222,18027,67433,833

23,87930,04344,18155,21067,428

19651966196719681969

40,31048,90054,84762,30071,821

40,38050,41456,31763,97373,195

80,69099,314111,164126,273145,016

19701971197219731974

79,51689,54299,024107,085104,621

81,53290,117100,556108,462109,304

161,048179,659199,580215,547213,925

19751976197719781979

111,980117,885126,149136,125133,597

118,232132,698141,639156,793159,452

230,212250,583267,788292,918293,049

19801981198219831984

135,084139,304142,546145,250149,139

161,242166,479175,879192,470204,304

296,326305,783318,425337,720353,443

19851986198719881989

154,357159,498170,493181,315191,085

216,188232,017244,836258,695270,735

370,545391,515415,329440,010461,820

19901991199219931994

200,173205,011205,557208,308215,568

278,901285,325303,265317,399330,577

479,074490,336508,822525,707546,145

19951996

223,382232,447

341,515351,937

564,897584,384

States With the Heaviest Travelled Interstate System Routes

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel on the Interstate System (In Millions)

1996 Data

State

Million Vehicle-Miles

California

70,868

Texas

42,111

Ohio

27,595

Illinois

27,200

Florida

25,610

Georgia

23,384

New York

21,467

Virginia

19,913

Pennsylvania

19,804

Michigan

19,388

U.S. Total

584,384

1990 Data

State

Million Vehicle-Miles

California

66,019

Texas

34,720

Ohio

23,579

Illinois

21,180

New York

19,552

Florida

19,298

Georgia

18,208

Michigan

16,964

Virginia

15,115

Pennsylvania

15,075

U.S. Total

479,074

1985 Data

State

Million Vehicle-Miles

California

49,280

Texas

31,153

Ohio

19,167

New York

15,822

Illinois

15,640

Georgia

15,120

Florida

14,908

Michigan

12,886

Pennsylvania

12,216

Virginia

10,191

U.S. Total

370,545

1980 Data

State

Million Vehicle-Miles

California

36,018

Texas

24,156

Ohio

17,576

Illinois

13,544

New York

11,496

Georgia

10,802

Pennsylvania

10,330

Florida

10,302

Michigan

9,698

Indiana

9,033

U.S. Total

296,326

Tunnels Built with Interstate Construction Funds

State

Route

City or County

Location

Estimated Cost1 ($Millions)

Number of tubes

Length (Feet)

Toll or Free

Alabama

I-10

Mobile

George Wallace Tunnel (Mobile Bay)

$ 56

2

3,000

Free

Colorado

I-70

Grand Junction

Beavertail Mountain

20

2

600

Free

Colorado

I-70

Dillon (Straight Creek)

Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel

227

2

9,000

Free

Colorado

I-70

Glenwood Springs

Glenwood Canyon (Hanging Lake)

143

2

3,900

Free

Colorado

I-70

Glenwood Springs

Glenwood Canyon (Reverse Curve - WBL only)

9

1

600

Free

Colorado

I-70

Clear Creek County

Idaho Springs

2

2

900

Free

Hawaii

H-3

Honolulu

Oahu, Trans-Koolau Mountains

293

2

5,000

Free

Maryland

I-95

Baltimore City

Fort McHenry Tunnel (Patapsco River)

750

2

5,400

Toll

Massachusetts

I-90

Boston

Ted Williams Tunnel (Boston Harbor)

264

4

7,200

Toll

Nevada

I-80

Elko County

Carlin Canyon

8

2

1,400

Free

North Carolina

I-40

Haywood County

MP 4, Pigeon River Gorge (both lanes)

4

2

1,059

Free

North Carolina

I-40

Haywood County

MP 8, Pigeon River Gorge (EBL only)

2

1

1,203

Free

Virginia

I-64

Norfolk-Newport News

Hampton Roads

95

2

6,987

Free

Virginia

I-77

Bland County

Big Walker Mountain

30

2

4,200

Free

Virginia

I-77

Bland, VA - Mercer, WV

East River Mountain

41

2

5,700

Free

Virginia

I-264

Norfolk-Portsmouth

Elizabeth River (Downtown Tunnel)2

79

2

3,350

Free

Virginia

I-664

Suffolk-Newport News

Monitor-Merrimac Tunnel (Hampton Roads)

200

2

4,800

Free

Washington

I-90

Seattle

Mount Baker Ridge Tunnel

200

1

1,500

Free

West Virginia

I-70

Ohio County

Wheeling Tunnel

7

2

1,490

Free

Footnotes:1Large cost differences between tunnels are partially attributed to the 35-year period over which they were built, 1960s to 1990s.2One tube was initially built by a toll authority; a second tube was added later with Interstate Construction funds.

The Capital BeltwayWashington, D.C. Metropolitan Area

Located in Maryland and Virginia, with a short section crossing the southern tip of Washington, D.C. near the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, the Capital Beltway is a 65-mile loop around our Nation's Capital.

Length:

Maryland

42.7 miles

Virginia

21.9 miles

Washington, DC

0.1 miles

Total

64.7 miles

Construction started on the Beltway in the late 1950s. The first segment to be opened to traffic was the Woodrow Wilson Bridge and approaches over the Potomac River south of Washington in December 1961. Other segments were open over the next 2½ years, including the American Legion Bridge over the Potomac River at Cabin John which opened in December 1962. The final segments were opened in August 1964, completing the 65-mile loop.

The Beltway was originally constructed partially as a 4-lane and partially as a 6-lane facility. Over the last 25 years it has been reconstructed to an 8-lane facility over nearly all of its length. Some $0.9 billion in funds were made available by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century for the replacement (and widening) of the Wilson Bridge segment, the last remaining 6-lane segment.

Total cost to construct (including reconstruction to 8 lanes):

Cost:

Virginia

$177.9 million

Maryland

166.0 million

Washington, DC

0.2 million

Total

$344.1 million

Opening Dates (Starting at Wilson Bridge, proceeding clockwise)

Woodrow Wilson Bridge -- December 1961.

VA - Wilson Bridge approaches to U.S. 1 -- December 1961.

VA - U.S. 1 to I-395/I-495 -- April 1964.

VA - I-395/I-95 to Rte 193 -- December 1961.

VA - Rte 193 to American Legion Bridge approaches -- December 1962.

MD - American Legion Bridge to Rte 190 -- December 1962.

MD - Rte 190 to Rte 355 -- November 1963.

MD - Rte 355 to I-95/I-495 (College Park) -- August 1964.

MD - I-95/I-495 (College Park) to I-295 -- August 1964.

MD - I-295 to Wilson Bridge -- December 1961.

Central Artery / Third Harbor Tunnel (CA/THT)Boston, Massachusetts

Historical Background

The Central Artery (I-93) / Third Harbor Tunnel (I-90) project in Boston has a long history dating back to the early 1970's. In 1974, Massachusetts was the first State to avail itself of the Interstate Withdrawal-Substitution provisions and withdrew unbuilt Interstate segments including the Inner Belt in Boston.

As a result, with the withdrawal of two Interstate segments in Boston, Massachusetts received over $1.5 billion of Federal funds for substitute highway and transit projects in the Boston urbanized area.

An Interstate segment was retained in Boston to provide a two-lane special purpose route (for use of commercial vehicles) connecting the end of I-90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike) to Logan Airport via a tunnel under Boston Harbor. This remaining segment was what later became the Third Harbor Tunnel portion of the CA/THT project.

The Central Artery portion of the CA/THT project was an elevated freeway which had been built in the mid-1950's entirely with State funds and was incorporated into the Interstate System.

Throughout the 1970's and early 1980's, work on extending I-90 and reconstructing I-93 in Boston was slow. Limited improvements were first started at the northern and southern interchange areas on the I-93.

In the 1978 highway act, Congress provided that portions of the northern interchange improvements at the Charles River and the approaches to the Mystic River Bridge (Route 1) in the Charlestown area in Boston would be eligible for Interstate construction funding. Termed the Central Artery North Area (CANA) project, these improvements in Charlestown were completed at a cost of $288 million.

In 1983, to meet the Congressional deadline for build/no-build decisions on unbuilt Interstate segments, Massachusetts submitted a draft EIS for the CA/THT project. A final EIS was approved for the CA/THT project in 1985.

The 1987 highway act provided that portions of the CA/THT project described as the preferred alternative in the 1983 EIS were eligible for Interstate construction funding. The 1987 act excluded from Interstate Construction funding, the portion of the Central Artery from High Street to Causeway Street. This segment was eligible for funding with other Federal-aid funds.

Since the mid 1980's, the State has incorporated additional improvements into the CA/THT project to meet the concerns of involved local communities, to mitigate environmental impacts, to extend project limits, and improve the existing facilities at approaches to the CA/THT project as originally proposed and to incorporate new features (such as HOV facilities) to improve the design of the project.

The cost of the CA/THT project at the time of the 1987 highway act was estimated by the State to be $3.3 billion. In 1998 the State estimated the total project cost at $10.8 billion.

By far, the CA/THT is largest highway project in the country. As expected, the most costly are projects in urban areas, but none involve an undertaking as extensive and complex as the CA/THT which includes:

the replacement of the I-93 viaduct with a tunnel in the same location directly beneath the existing structure which must be kept open to traffic,

construction of the I-90 and I-93 freeway segments which include such extensive use of tunnels and cut-and-cover sections with the attendant disposal of millions of cubic yards of excavated material within a major urban area,

major bridges; extensive relocations of existing utilities; and designs to avoid existing Amtrak and underground commuter rail and passenger stations, and

reconstruction and expansion at five major interchanges including connections to Logan Airport, the Massachusetts Turnpike and Route 1, all located within five miles of one other.