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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

In the rare case of a male patient presenting with a combinedsmall cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, we used whole genome analysis by tiling-path array comparative genomic hybridization to evaluate the clonal relationship between nodules.

The absence of shared genome alteration features for the adenocarcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma components suggested that these tumors evolved independently from the SCLC.

Taken together, the array comparative genomic hybridization data demonstrate the development and evolution of three independent primary lung cancers in close proximity to each other to form a combinedcarcinoma.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] A novel combination of multiple primary carcinomas: urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma--report of a case and review of the literature.

CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a man in whom urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, metachronous prostate adenocarcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma were diagnosed within an eighteen-month period.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

OBJECT: The authors conducted a study to evaluate the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors for survival in a large series of patients treated by gamma knife surgery (GKS) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases.

The most common histological types were adenocarcinoma (51%) and squamous cell carcinoma (27%).

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Furthermore, the relationship between EGFR mutations and gene copy number, and the relationship between EGFR gene status and clinicopathological variables of non-small cell lung carcinoma were analyzed.

The mutation rates in adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and squamous carcinoma were 48.4%, 16.7% and 0, respectively.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Alterations of p53 suppressor gene are the most common genetic changes found in malignant tumors; several studies examined the link between aberrant p53 and angiogenesis in lung cancer, but only a few studies report data regarding a relation between p53 mutations and IL-8 expression.

However, in our samples IL-8 levels did not significantly affect prognosis of NSCLC; more studies are required to elucidate the precise role of IL-8 in a large series of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: High-throughput microarray was used to measure microRNA expression levels in 122 adenocarcinoma and squamous NSCLC samples.

A microRNA-based qRT-PCR assay that measures expression of hsa-miR-205 reached sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 90% in the identification of squamous cell lung carcinomas in an independent blinded validation set.

CONCLUSION: Hsa-miR-205 is a highly accurate marker for lung cancer of squamous histology.

However, there has not been enough information about the relationship of lung cancer stage to tumor size in repeated CT screening.

Histology for the categories 15 mm or less was localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 13 cases, adenocarcinoma with mixed subtype in 11 cases, invasive adenocarcinoma in five cases, other non-small cell carcinoma in 10 cases, and small cell carcinoma in one case.

While many current techniques employ immunomagnetic-enrichment based protocols focused on the importance of a particular CTC number as the indicator of patient status or outcome, we employ a cytometric, enrichment free approach using an immunofluorescent protocol to monitor CTC counts in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the course of treatment.

The histological subtypes in the 42 cases for which the data was available included adenocarcinoma (22/42), squamous cell carcinoma (6/42), large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (3/42), and non-small cell lung carcinoma not further described, poorly differentiated, or with a mixed pattern (11/42).

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(PMID = 27963968.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

However, a higher incidence of interstitial lung disease, sometimes lethal, is also found.

RESULTS: Since June 2007, 2 cohorts, a total of 16 patients, were enrolled and treated: 8 stage IIIB and 8 stage IV; 2 squamous-cell carcinoma and 14 adenocarcinoma; 8 smokers and 8 nonsmokers.

CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic radiotherapy up to 56 Gy concurrent with gefitinib 250 mg daily was well tolerated and clinically active in this group of pretreated Chinese NSCLC patients, including nonsmokers with adenocarcinoma.

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(PMID = 27963755.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Frequency of carcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) as a histologic diagnosis among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases between 1989 to 2006: An epidemiologic study from the California Cancer Registry.

We investigated the distribution of carcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) among NSCLC cases in California.

RESULTS: Carcinoma NOS accounted for 22.2% of all NSCLC patients, was most commonly diagnosed cytologically (36.7%) and had the worst 5-year survival estimates (5.8%) and median OS (5 months) compared to other major histologies.

The proportion of carcinoma NOS was highest among stage 4 disease and increased significantly from 1989 to 2006 among all patients, both males and females, all 4 major ethnicities (Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, and Asian), all age- categories, and all AJCC stages.

The percentage of the very elderly (80+) increased from 10.8% to 17.1% among all NSCLC patients and they had the highest percentages of carcinoma NOS and cytologically-diagnosed NSCLC among all age categories.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

: 11108 Background: Murine lung-derived microvesicles are capable of inducing lung-specific mRNA in marrow cells, when co-cultured across from these cells, but separated from them by a cell-impermeable (0.4 micron) membrane.

Aquaporin I was elevated in marrow cells from co culture with all lung cancers; elevations ranging from 2.15 to 56.7 fold (mean 23 fold).

CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that the genetic phenotype of cells in the vicinity of lung cancer cells can be altered and that these alterations might be mediated by microvesicle transfer of genetic information.

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(PMID = 27963460.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Of these, 32 patients had mediastinoscopy negative T4 lung cancer, 11 had metastases to only one pleura from extrathoracic sites, 10 had unilateral lung sarcomas involving the pleural envelope, 8 had thymomas metastatic to a pleural space, 2 were preoperatively diagnosed as mesotheliomas but at final pathology were determined to be small cell lung cancer and sarcomatoid carcinoma, and 2 represented primary mucoepidermoid and neuroectodermal malignancies.

Twenty-eight patients had stage IIIB (T4-N0-1) lung adenocarcinoma representing the largest homogeneous group of patients by cell type and stage.

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(PMID = 27963385.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

Hierarchical logistic regression was used to determine the predicted probability of metastatic disease to the brain as a function of patient age and sex and of size, cell type, peripheral versus central location, and lymph node stage of the primary NSCLC.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

This study was performed to investigate BGP expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

METHODS: A total of 119 cases of NSCLC, including 63 squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs) and 56 adenocarcinomas (ACs), were imunohistochemically evaluated for BGP expression, and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters.

We aimed to investigate the mechanisms that drive persistent FDG uptake in non-small cell lung carcinoma treated with IC.

Although surrogate markers for tumor hypoxia and acidity showed a trend for correlation with increased glycolysis in pretreated stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung carcinoma, these markers did not contribute to the recognition of metabolic responders versus nonresponders.

We observed that only surrogate markers of cell proliferation correlate with a metabolic response after IC.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Expression of the MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigens and T cell infiltration in non-small cell lung carcinoma and their prognostic significance.

To evaluate the potential of two members of this family, MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 antigens, for cancer vaccine in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), we examined the expression of these antigens and T cell infiltration in tumor tissue, and evaluated their prognostic significance.

Immunohistochemistry was performed for NY-ESO-1 expression and T cell infiltration into the tumor site.

Both CT antigens were more frequently expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in adenocarcinoma.

[Title] Non-small cell lung carcinoma of the superior sulcus: The evolution of treatment outcomes with multimodality treatment at a single institution.

Methods of clinical staging were unchanged between the two time periods, although the ratio of adenocarcinoma was increased, and multimodality treatment, particularly concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection, was used more frequently in the second half of the study period.

High levels of FB50 immunoreactivity were more often detected in adenocarcinomas (28% for adenocarcinoma, 17% for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma), compared with squamous cell carcinomas (10%) and large cell carcinomas (10%).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Intratumoral localization of aromatase and interaction between stromal and parenchymal cells in the non-small cell lung carcinoma microenvironment.

Estrogens produced as a result of intratumoral aromatization has been recently shown to play important roles in proliferation of human non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), but the details have remained largely unknown.

Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the possible roles of intratumoral aromatase in NSCLCs as follows: (a) evaluation of intratumoral localization of aromatase mRNA/protein in six lung adenocarcinoma cases using laser capture microdissection combined with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry;.

(b) examination of the possible effects of isolated stromal cells from lung carcinoma tissues on aromatase mRNA transcript expression in lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and LK87) through a coculture system; and (c) screening of cytokines derived from stromal LK001S and LK002S cells using cytokine antibody arrays and subsequent evaluation of effects of these cytokines on aromatase expression in A549 and LK87.

Both aromatase mRNA and protein were mainly detected in intratumoral carcinoma cells but not in stromal cells.

These results all indicated that intratumoral microenvironments, especially carcinoma-stromal cell interactions, play a pivotal role in the regulation of intratumoral estrogen synthesis through aromatase expression in human lung adenocarcinomas.

An inverse relationship between p27 and Skp2 levels was found in adenocarcinomas and between p27 and Cks1 levels in squamous cell carcinomas.

Univariate analysis showed that high p27 and PTEN and low Cks1 expression correlated with increased survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma independently of tumor stage.

CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant expression of PTEN, p27, Cks1, and Skp2 is a common feature of all three major types of non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC, but seems to be involved in the progression of squamous cell carcinoma alone.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Differential expression of STAT5 and Bcl-xL, and high expression of Neu and STAT3 in non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Experimental evidence suggests that in lung cancer, development, progression and an increased proliferation rate can be linked to apoptosis-related factors.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the status of Neu, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, STAT5 and Bcl-xL expression in non-small-cell lung cancer.

We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in 92 non-small-cell lung cancer specimens to establish their role in lung cancer pathogenesis.

Finally, we found correlation among histological types of lung cancer and nuclear expression of both STAT5 (P=0.005) and nuclear Bcl-xL (P=0.003).

These results suggest for the first time, a relevant role for STAT5 and Bcl-xL as apoptosis-regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and overexpression of both Neu and activated STAT3, could be related with the proliferation rate in lung carcinoma cells.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] ED-B fibronectin in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

The present study was aimed at elucidating whether ED-B FN is expressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas and whether such aberrant expression correlates with tumoral angiogenesis.

Frozen tissues from 28 non-small cell lung carcinomas (consisting of both squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas) along with paired normal tissue samples were collected from the tissue bank collection of the Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Center, Canada.

While autoantigens comprise only a small fraction of the total transcriptome, they are disproportionately expressed in tumors known to associate with autoimmunity, supporting the hyporthesis that autoimmunity to these proteins may arise via nascent anti-tumor responses.

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(PMID = 27963230.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The aim of this study was to investigate expression of cyclin D1, bcl-2, p53, Ki-67 and HER-2 proteins in 14 cases of non-small cell lung cancer and to establish their correlation to classical clinico-pathological findings, and alleged prognostic value to estimate biological potential of tumor.

Out of 14 cases of non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma was found in 7 patients, giant cell carcinoma in 3, adenocarcinoma in 2, and 1 case of pleomorphic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Since the proliferative activity of the tumor, measured by the expression of Ki-67, is correlated to the gradus and size of the tumor mass, Ki-67 protein can be of a prognostic value to determine biological potential of non-small cell lung cancer.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a paraneoplastic protein expressed by two-thirds of human non-small cell lung cancers, has been reported to slow progression of lung carcinomas in mouse models and to lengthen survival of patients with lung cancer.

This study investigated the effects of ectopic expression of PTHrP on proliferation and cell cycle progression of two human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines that are normally PTHrP negative.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Such genetic alterations occur in a significant proportion of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) and include amplification of 14q13.3, which contains the TTF1 gene.

We found TTF1 amplification in approximately 13% of adenocarcinomas (ACs) and in approximately 9% of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and TTF1 amplification was associated with increased TTF1 protein expression.

For example, hsa-miR-205 is a miRNA that is highly expressed in lung squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC) but not in lung adenocarcinomas.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: One hundred and two resected NSCLCs were classified as SqCC or adenocarcinoma based on their histologic features and immunohistochemical profiles.

A quantitative reverse transcription-PCR diagnostic assay that measures the expression level of hsa-miR-205 was used to classify the carcinomas as SqCC or adenocarcinoma based solely on expression levels.

RESULTS: Using standard pathologic methods of classification (i.e., microscopy and immunohistochemistry), 52 resected lung carcinomas were classified as SqCCs and 50 as adenocarcinomas.

Indeed, classification is consistently accurate even in small biopsies/aspirates of poorly differentiated tumors.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

We investigated its status in a series of 120 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by using immunohistochemistry (IHC).

The results showed that ING2 protein expression is downregulated in more than 50% of NSCLC, with a higher frequency in adenocarcinoma (ADK) as compared to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (68% versus 45%, P=0.021).

Overall, these results indicate that loss of ING2 expression could contribute to lung tumorigenesis independently of p53.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

PURPOSE: Despite advances in the detection and treatment, the long-term survival of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of less than 5%.

Importantly, HUVEC migration and tube formation induced by supernatants from lung adenocarcinoma cells lacking either or both MIF and D-DT are substantially reduced when compared with normal supernatants.

This is the first demonstration of a biological role for D-DT, and its synergism with MIF suggests that the combined therapeutic targeting of both family members may enhance current anti-MIF-based therapies.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity profile of the combination of docetaxel and prolonged gemcitabine infusion in front-line chemonaive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Large cell carcinoma (LCC) of the lung is defined as an undifferentiated carcinoma without the characteristic features of squamous cell (SqC), small cell, or adenocarcinomas (AdC).

In the present study, the expression level of the important tumor suppressor, transforming growth factor beta type II receptor (TGFBR2), was examined both in LCC and non-LCC tumors, which include AdC, SqC and adenosquamous carcinoma (Ad-SqC).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Refining the diagnosis and EGFR status of non-small cell lung carcinoma in biopsy and cytologic material, using a panel of mucin staining, TTF-1, cytokeratin 5/6, and P63, and EGFR mutation analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The dichotomization of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) subtype into squamous (SQCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) has become important in recent years and is increasingly required with regard to management.

The aim of this study was to determine the utility of a panel of commercially available antibodies in refining the diagnosis on small biopsies and also to determine whether cytologic material is suitable for somatic EGFR genotyping in a prospectively analyzed series of patients undergoing investigation for suspected lung cancer.

This included 10 of 13 cases where cell pellets had been prepared from transbronchial needle aspirates.

Validation by two further pathologists with varying expertise in lung pathology confirmed increased refinement and concordance of diagnosis.

These small samples, even cell pellets derived from transbronchial needle aspirates, seem to be adequate for EGFR mutation analysis.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutational status of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with osteoblastic reactions diagnosed before or during treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

The optimal cut-off values of SUVmax to predict prognosis were 5 for adenocarcinoma (p=0.027) and 10.7 for other non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC subtypes (p=0.010).

These histologic-specific cut-offs resulted significantly related to survival when stratified for stage: 2-year DSS for Stage IB adenocarcinoma were 100% for SUV< or =5 and 40% for SUVmax >5 (p=0.051); 2-year DSS for Stage IB non-adenocarcinoma were 83% for SUVmax < or =10.7 and 26% for SUVmax >10.7 (p=0.018).

RESULTS: In 42 (30.7%) of 137 LC cases, CTC in the peripheral blood was positive (CTC-count, more than 1 cell/7.5mL), and the maximum CTC-count was 62 cells.

In 11 (18.3%) of 145 cases with non-malignant (NM) diseases, CTC was also positive; however, in NM cases, CTC-count was 1 (cell/7.5mL) in most CTC-positive cases and the maximun CTC-count was 2.

Among LC cases, the incidence of case with CTC-positive (CTC-count, 1 or more) was highest in small cell carcinoma cases (7/10, 70.0%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (9/22, 40.9%) and adenocarcinoma (23/94, 24.5%) cases; the incidence of CTC-positive case was significantly higher in stage IV cases (68.6%; p<0.001), but it should be noted that CTC was positive in 17.4% of stage I cases and 15.4% of stage II cases.

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(PMID = 27963143.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

Nonsquamous histology subgroups explored were adenocarcinoma, large cell and not otherwise specified (NOS).

In the subset of patients with nonsquamous NSCLC (adenocarcinoma, large cell, or NOS), the incremental cost per LYG was $83,537 vs. Cis/Gem and $178,613 vs. Carb/Pac.

Further specifying the population to include only those with adenocarcinoma or large cell NSCLC yielded an incremental cost per LYG of $72,325 vs. Cis/Gem and $132,547 vs. Carb/Pac.

CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected advanced NSCLC population, Cis/Pem may not be considered cost-effective for first-line therapy; however, in its licensed indication of nonsquamous NSCLC, it can be considered cost-effective and even more so for patients with adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma.

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(PMID = 27963793.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

RESULTS: 12 patients (5 men, 7 women; age range, 60-79 years) have been enrolled in this study from August 2008, including 3 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 1 case of large cell carcinoma, and the other of adenocarcinoma.

Tumor/lung ratio at 20 min was 4.14 ± 1.80.

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(PMID = 27963384.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

In the present study, to elucidate roles for REG Iα in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated REG Iα expression in NSCLCs, focusing especially on its relationship with prognosis.

METHODS: We enrolled 70 NSCLCs (adenocarcinoma (AC)(n=48) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)(n=22)) who received surgery at Nara Medical University Hospital.

Total RNA was extracted from each tumor tissue and corresponding normal lung tissue (NL)(n=70), cDNA was then reverse-transcribed from total RNA, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was then carried out.

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(PMID = 27963718.001).

[ISSN] 1527-7755

[Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Basic and clinical aspects of non-neuronal acetylcholine: expression of non-neuronal acetylcholine in lung cancer provides a new target for cancer therapy.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and new treatment strategies are clearly needed.

The recent discovery that lung and other cancers synthesize and secrete acetylcholine (ACh) which acts as an autocrine growth factor suggests that this cholinergic autocrine loop may present new therapeutic targets.

BACKGROUND: Hemosputum was considered one of the popular symptoms of patients with centrally located carcinoma of the lung, especially squamous cell or small cell type.

There were 66 patients with adenocarcinoma, 55 with squamous cell carcinoma, 15 with small cell carcinoma, 5 with large cell carcinoma, 3 with other cell type carcinoma and 5 with metastatic carcinoma.

On bronchoendoscopic examination, abnormal findings in the segmental or more proximal bronchi were found in 82 patients, including 36 with squamous cell carcinoma, 31 with adenocarcinoma, 12 with small cell carcinoma, 2 with large cell carcinoma and 1 with metastatic carcinoma.

On the other hand, 67 patients were diagnosed with pulmonary malignancy in the subsegmental or more distal area, including 35 with adenocarcinoma, 19 with squamous cell carcinoma, 3 with small cell carcinoma, 3 with large cell carcinoma, 3 with other cell type carcinoma and 4 with metastatic carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent histological type of malignancy with hemosputum was adenocarcinoma.

The number of adenocarcinoma with hemosputum was increased in both central and peripheral regions.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

In particular when limited cell numbers are available, amplifyable DNA markers can provide a very sensitive tool for cancer detection and classification.

Malignant mesothelioma (MM), an aggressive cancer strongly associated with asbestos exposure, can be difficult to distinguish from adenocarcinoma of the lung when limited material is available.

In an attempt to identify molecular markers for MM and adenocarcinoma, we examined the DNA methylation status of 14 loci.

Analysis of methylation levels in 10 MM and 8 adenocarcinoma cell lines showed that methylation of APC was significantly elevated in adenocarcinoma compared to MM cell lines (P=0.0003), while methylation of CDH1 was higher in MM (P<0.02).

Subsequent examination of the methylation status of the 14 loci in 6 MM and 7 adenocarcinoma primary tumors, which yielded similar methylation profiles, supported these observations.

Comparison of methylation in MM cell lines and tumors versus non-tumor lung tissue indicated that APC exhibits less methylation in MM (P=0.003) while RASSF1, PGR1, ESR1, and CDH1 show more methylation in MM, the latter two showing the most significant difference between the two tissue types (P< or = 0.0001).

Comparison of methylation in adenocarcinoma cell lines and tumors versus non-tumor lung tissue showed methylation of ESR1, PGR1 and RASSF1 to be significantly elevated in adenocarcinoma, with RASSF1 being most significant (P=0.0002).

Thus, with the examination of 14 loci, we have identified 5 candidates that show potential for distinguishing between MM, adenocarcinoma and/or non-cancer lung.

Our observations support the strong potential of methylation markers as tools for accurate diagnosis of neoplasms in and around the lung.

In small cell lung carcinoma, TTF-1 PU of the cancerous cell nuclei of lymph node metastases was similar to that of primary carcinomas (P>0.05).

TTF-1 PU was greater in lung carcinoma with lymph node metastases than in those without metastalsis (P<0.001).

TTF-1 PU of the cell nuclei was not associated with the tumor growth pattern, differentiation and patients' gender (P>0.05), but was greater in TNM stage II-IV than in stage I (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The amount of TTF-1 in the cell nuclei decreases in the order of normal adult type II alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic pneumocytes and lung carcinoma cells.

TTF-1 expression is higher in adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma and lower in squamous carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Stronger TTF-1 expression is associated with greater likeliness of lung carcinoma metastatie, and can be an important hallmark for metastasis potential of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

BACKGROUND: In non-small cell lung cancer, a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is frequently observed; however, few studies have investigated the differences in the LOH status between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a consecutive series of 49 patients with adenocarcinomas and 22 patients with squamous cell carcinomas, the LOH in tumors was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction employing 5 fluorescence-labeled dinucleotide markers (D2S123, D5S107, D10S197, D11SS904, D13S175) and an autosequencer.

RESULTS: LOH was more frequently observed in squamous cell carcinoma (20 of 22, 90%) than in adenocarcinomas (33 of 49, 67%) (P=0.0348), and the number of LOH per patient was also higher in the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (2.2+/-1.4) than in those with adenocarcinoma (1.5+/-1.2, P=0.037).

In adenocarcinomas, the number of LOH per patients correlated significantly with the pack-year index, whereas the pathological stage significantly affected the number of LOH in squamous cell carcinomas.

CONCLUSION: The presence of LOH is relatively uncommon in adenocarcinoma of the lung; however, the incidence of LOH tends to be associated with the smoking status.

Pre B cell leukemia homeobox 2 (PBX2), a member of PBX family, acts as a co-factor of homeobox proteins to regulate proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells.

The significance of PBX2 expression was examined in cases with gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the role of PBX2 in tumor behavior was evaluated in GC and ESCC cell lines of knocked-down PBX2 expression.

Knocked-down expression of PBX2 in GC and ESCC cell lines resulted in decrease of in vitro colony formation and in vivo tumorigenic activities, but proliferative and invasive activities did not change.

Under serum depletion, apoptotic cell proportion was higher in PBX2 knocked-down cells than in control cells.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Miliary metastases are a very rare condition usually found in the context of primary lung tumor (small cell and adenocarcinoma), and refer to the existence of numerous tumor nodules in widespread areas of the brain.

Besides pulmonary neoplasia, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma have also been implicated in some cases of miliary metastases.

We present the first case of miliary metastases originating in a primary small cell gastric carcinoma (PSCGC), a rare type of neuroendocrine gastric tumor.

The pathological resemblance of PSCGC with small cell lung carcinoma may correspond to an underlying similarity in biological behavior, which accounts for this particular pattern of metastatic spreading, as proposed in the seed and soil hypothesis.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Combinedsmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a rare tumor.

We report a case of combined SCLC of the lung, including adenocarcinoma and spindle-shaped cell tumor, with an unusual initial presentation.

A lung nodule was noted later after complete examination.

The diagnosis turned out to be combinedcell carcinoma with three different components (small-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and spindle-shaped cell tumor) after examination upon total removal of the lung nodule by lobectomy.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the significance of neuronatin expression in pulmonary non-small cell carcinoma.

METHODS: We determined the frequency of neuronatin expression in surgically resected samples from non-small cell lung carcinoma (51 adenocarcinoma and 41 squamous cell carcinoma) by immunohistochemical staining, and investigated the correlations between expression level and various clinicopathological features.

RESULTS: Expression of neuronatin was observed more frequently in squamous cell carcinoma (63%) than in adenocarcinoma (25%).

In most cases, nontumorous lung tissue did not react with the antibody against neuronatin.

In both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, less differentiated tumors expressed neuronatin more frequently than did differentiated tumors.

In adenocarcinoma, but not squamous cell carcinoma, the prognosis of neuronatin-positive cases was significantly worse than that of neuronatin-negative cases.

CONCLUSION: Neuronatin expression is specific for tumor tissue and was detected in both pulmonary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma at high frequency, particularly in less differentiated tumors.

Neuronatin expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma, and may be useful as a prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma.

[Title] Predictors of the response to gefitinib in refractory non-small cell lung cancer.

Although female gender, adenocarcinoma, and never having smoked are possible markers of a favorable response, mutations of the EGFR gene have also been reported to be highly significant predictors of response.

The strong relationship between CK5/6 reactivity and survival, and the observed gender difference, warrants larger studies aimed at the clinical utility of CK5/6 as a prognostic marker in metastatic NSCLC, the possible functional role of CK5/6 in cell adhesion in advanced NSCLC and its possible hormonal control.

Although the extracts exhibited various cytotoxic effects against different cell lines, comparatively low IC(50) values ranging between 12.50 and 47.55 microg/ml were attained against K-562, being the most sensitive cell line.

Moreover, carnosic acid caused the lowest cell viability with values ranging from 13 to 30 % at a concentration of 19 muM after 48 h of treatments, resulting in superior antiproliferative effect.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] A polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of the CYP2E1 gene and elevated lung adenocarcinoma risk in a Japanese population.

A tandem repeat polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of the CYP2E1 gene was investigated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients to clarify the relationship between CYP2E1 gene polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility.

Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of three alleles, A2, A3, and A4 (361, 367, and 457 bp, respectively), with four genotypes observed in the lung cancer group and five genotypes in the control group.

There was a statistically significant difference in genotype distribution between the lung adenocarcinoma and control group (P=0.0088, A4/A4 vs. non-A4/A4).

In the lung adenocarcinoma group, the univariate risk estimates for the A4/A4 subgroup compared to the most common subgroup (A2/A2) was 4.300 (95% confidence interval = 1.358-13.618, P=0.0131).

We conclude that the A4/A4 genotype of the 5'-flanking region of CYP2E1 was significantly more frequent in lung adenocarcinoma cases than in healthy controls and, therefore, may be involved in the development of lung adenocarcinoma.