John Molyneux is a socialist, activist and writer. He is a member of the Irish and British SWP.He formerly lectured at Portsmouth University,but now lives in Dublin. and writes mainly, but not exclusively,
about Marxist theory and art.

Tuesday, February 28, 2012

Capitalism Versus Democracy

Capitalism Versus Democracy

This article was first published in Socialist Review, January 2012.

In the 21st century all politicians, almost without exception, proclaim their commitment to democracy. This goes not only for the likes of Obama, Sarkozy, Merkel and Cameron but also Nick Griffin of the fascist BNP. Indeed even the most obviously anti-democratic political forces and organisations say they believe in democracy. So the Swedish fascists call themselves the Swedish Democrats, Mubarak’s party in Egypt was the National Democratic Party and, of course, there were the People’s Democracies in Eastern Europe.

This testifies to the ideological power of the concept of democracy in the modern world. Along with ‘freedom’ it was deployed, with a vast array of academic and media support, as the central justification for ‘the West’ in the Cold War: the central division in the world, it was claimed, was between the free West based on pluralist democracy and the totalitarianism of the Communist East. Indeed many intellectual apologists for the system – the likes of Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek – argued there was an intrinsic and necessary link between capitalism and democracy.At a deeper level, the ubiquitous declarations of democracy also testify to the potential power of the people in the modern world – power that has grown enormously with the global growth of the urban working class - and to our rulers’ fear of that power. To rule the people you have to rule ‘in the name of the people’.What politicians actually do is a different matter.

On November 1, George Papandreu, the Greek PM, announced his plan to hold a referendum on the ‘rescue package’ (ie brutal austerity programme) negotiated with the European Central Bank and IMF. ‘The markets’ (ie the capitalists) , the media, Merkel, Sarkozy etc reacted with absolute fury at the very idea of giving people a vote on such a thing. Papandreu was called in and told in no uncertain terms that this would not be permitted. On November 3 the referendum idea was withdrawn and a week later Papandreu was replaced as Prime Minister by the unelected Lucas Papademos. The media calls Papademos a ‘technocrat’, but like most of the jargon used in this crisis (‘quantitative easing’ and ‘haircuts’), it is a term designed to mystify. Papademos is a banker. He was Governor of the Bank of Greece 1994-2002, and Vice President of the ECB, 2002-10.

Then on November 12, as the Italian debt crisis mounted, Silvio Berlusconi resigned and was replaced on November 16 as PM by another unelected ‘technocrat’ Mario Monti. Monti is a formed academic economist, European Commissioner, member of the Trilateral Commission (founded by David Rockefeller) and the Bilderberg Group and an international advisor to Goldmann Sachs and Coca-Cola. He was appointed Senator for Life by the Italian President on November 9 and a week later sworn in as Prime Minister at the head a ‘national unity government’ of bankers and businessmen.Thus in both cases, in a situation of extreme economic crisis, the democratic ‘right’ of the people to elect their government was simply ‘suspended’ with a view to ensuring the rapid implementation of the austerity measures demanded by the international bankers – measures so severe that any politician subject to the pressure of actually getting elected might balk at adopting them. To add to this, as I write, Sarkozy and Merkel are now demanding changes to the Lisbon Treaty to secure closer fiscal integration and tighter budgetary discipline on the part of all EU states, which in practice means even further erosion of the power of democratically elected governments.

So what is the real relationship between capitalism and democracy? It is useful to put this in some historical perspective.

The Historical Record

Historically there was a certain connection between the rise of the bourgeoisie/ capitalism and the rise of modern democracy but it was far more limited than is often claimed or implied. As Marx and Engels put it in the Communist Manifesto:Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the medieval commune(4): here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable “third estate” of the monarchy (as in France); afterwards, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway.

Because under feudalism the bourgeoisie was subordinate to the feudal aristocracy, but nonetheless a minority and already an exploiting class, it was obliged, in its struggle for power, to present itself as the representative of society as a whole.But, side by side with the antagonisms of the feudal nobility and the burghers, who claimed to represent all the rest of society, was the general antagonism of exploiters and exploited, of rich idlers and poor workers. It was this very circumstance that made it possible for the representatives of the bourgeoisie to put themselves forward as representing not one special class, but the whole of suffering humanity. (F. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific)

To this end the bourgeoisie specialised in abstract declarations of rights ranging from the Bill of Rights in England in 1689, through the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 with its statement that ‘ all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’, and its subsequent Bill of Rights, and the French Revolution with its cry of ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ and its Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Moreover, the rise of the bourgeoisie and the bourgeois revolution tended to be associated with the struggle for parliamentary rule as opposed to various forms of monarchical and autocratic power. Hence the role of the States General of the United Provinces in the Dutch Revolt of the 16th century, the war between parliament and the king in the English Revolution of 1642, and the role of the Estates General and the National Assembly in the French Revolution.

In practice, however, the commitment to ‘human’ or ‘universal’ always turned out to contain major exceptions, multiple get out clauses and to be far from actually ‘universal’. The cases of Catholics in the 1689 Bill of Rights, and of Black slaves in the American Revolution are classic examples and, of course, the rights of ‘man’ did not include women. Likewise no kind of human or political rights were accorded to native or indigenous peoples (of whatever colour) on the receiving end of colonialism, whereas the ‘right to property’ was always enshrined as one of the most sacred rights of all. Nor did bourgeois enthusiasm for parliamentary rule ever extend to the establishment of universal suffrage.

In the Putney Debates of 1647 Henry Ireton (speaking for Cromwell in opposition to Rainsborough of the Levellers) asserted:I think that no person hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom, and in determining or choosing those that shall determine what laws we shall be ruled by here — no person hath a right to this, that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom...

By ‘permanent fixed interest’ Ireton meant ownership of property, specifically land and the restriction of the suffrage by property qualification. His argument was that the propertyless could not be allowed to vote as they would undoubtedly vote to end the rule of property which, naturally, was out of the question. This opposition to universal suffrage ie votes for the working class, remained the position of the British bourgeoisie and other bourgeoisies internationally until, at least, the end of the nineteenth century. ‘Universal suffrage,’ wrote nineteenth century Whig historian, Lord Macaulay, ’would be fatal for all purposes for which government exists ...utterly incompatible with the existence of civilisation’. Even John Stuart Mill in his Considerations on Representative Government opposed equal universal suffrage for fear of a manual working class majority.

It fell, therefore, to the working itself to fight for its right to vote, and a long fight it was, passing through many momentous battles such as the Peterloo Massacre in 1819, the great Chartist campaign from 1838 to 1859, the revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune of 1871, the Belgian General Strike of 1893, the campaigns for votes for women, right down to the US Civil Rights movement of the fifties and sixties. In a New Left Review article in 1977, ‘The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy’, Goran Therborn showed that none of the seventeen leading capitalist countries had achieved full universal suffrage by 1900, that Australia was first in 1903, followed by New Zealand in 1907, and that the key period for the establishment of something like universal suffrage (there are numerous specific complications like women under 30 not getting the vote in Britain until 1928) was 1917-20: hence Austria 1918, Canada 1920, Finland 1919, Germany 1919, Sweden 1918, Britain 1918. In other words, broadly speaking, the right to vote was won by working people as a by product of the revolutionary wave that swept Europe at the end of the First World War.

The right to vote, though often thought of as the hallmark of democracy, only has meaning in the context of reasonably free and ‘un-rigged’ elections to a sovereign parliament; not the kind of elections regularly held in Mubarak’s Egypt or the kind of parliament, subservient to the Emperor,which existed in Germany until the German Revolution of 1919. The vote therefore is part of a package of democratic rights such as freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association , of trade union organisation and the right to strike, the right to protest, of equality before the law, and so on which together constitute what is generally considered democracy today. And like the vote the winning of these rights by working people has involved prolonged struggle. They have had to be fought for and refought for on innumerable occasions ranging from the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1834 to the struggle against Bismarck’s Anti-Socialist Laws in Germany in late nineteenth century, to the resistance to fascism in many countries, to all the smaller tussles over political, trade union and legal rights that go on every day.

The fact that in the main, with all the many exceptions and qualifications (like, for example, such small matters as China and much of the Middle East) the battles have generally been won constitutes an unstable compromise in the ongoing class war. On the one hand they are real victories rung from a reluctant capitalist class to be celebrated and defended as such. On the other they reflect an understanding gradually reached by the ruling classes internationally that, given certain general circumstances such as a modicum of social stability, they and capitalism could usually live with ‘democracy’, and that, contrary to their fears, the propertyless could be induced not to vote to outlaw private property.

The Nature of Bourgeois Democracy

The literal meaning of democracy is people’s rule but bourgeois democracy, even in its purest most complete form, never delivers the rule of the people. In reality it is always, in Marx’s words, ‘the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie’ or as Lenin robustly put it,

Bourgeois democracy is democracy of pompous phrases, solemn words, exuberant promises and the high-sounding slogans of freedom and equality. But, in fact, it screens the non-freedom and inferiority of women, the non-freedom and inferiority of the toilers and exploited. (Lenin, Soviet Power and the Status of Women, 1919).

There are many reasons for this.

1. The most democratically elected parliament/government does not own or control the principal means of production or concentrations of wealth in society, which remain in the hands of the unelected capitalists and which operate according to the laws of capitalist competition (of ‘the market’). Consequently elected governments generally govern entirely within the limits prescribed by and acceptable to the bourgeoisie (‘the markets’, corporations etc) and even reluctant governments can almost always be brought to heel, by investment strikes, flights of capital, speculative strikes on the national currency and so on. When push comes to shove there is always ‘no alternative’.

2. The elected parliament exists as part of, and alongside, a state machine (armed forces, police, judiciary, civil service etc) which is unelected, strictly hierarchical, and tied by a thousand threads – social, economic, historical and ideological – to the interests of the bourgeoisie. As possessor of the decisive concentration of physical force in society this state holds the practical keys to the implementation of government policy, as well as the ability to exercise a massive influence on that policy and if necessary actually to supplant the government (ie stage a coup as in Chile in 1973).

3. The ruling ideas in society are ideas of the ruling class. As Marx explained,

The class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it.

The entire political process is framed by capitalist ideological assumptions – above all the assumption that capitalist relations of production and the priority of profit are natural and immutable – which are then translated into specific policies and attitudes (the necessity for cuts, the irresponsibility of strikes etc) by the capitalist and state controlled media. Moreover the massive inequality between the capitalist and working classes means that in the political struggle itself, including elections, the representatives and parties of the respective classes enter the fray with massively unequal resources.

4. The alienation, exploitation and oppression of daily life under capitalism means that in normal times a considerable portion of the working class and the poor are so ground down and feel so excluded from society that ‘can’t be bothered’ with politics, take no interest in it and/or do not vote. Non- voting is much higher at the bottom end of society than at the top.

5. Bourgeois democratic elections and electoral systems, whatever their variations, all mitigate against real democracy because the electors vote as atomised individuals once every four or five years in large geographical constituencies for MPs or Deputies whom they are unable to hold accountable or recall and who are elevated to an economic and social standing far above the average working class elector. Consequently it is extremely easy for these representatives to be subtly or not so subtly corrupted and to betray their election pledges.

But if all these factors make parliamentary democracy a facade masking the rule of capital, it must also be stressed that the bourgeoisie is by no means unconditionally committed to the maintenance of even this facade, as has been proven time and again by the experience of fascism in Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal (which lasted from 1934 to 1974) etc, by the Greek military junta (1967-74) and by innumerable western backed dictatorships in Latin America, the Middle East and elsewhere.

This is because bourgeois democracy is a compromise between the classes, a concession extracted from the bourgeoisie. It contains ‘rights’ and practices, listed above, which though not in any way ending bourgeois rule do constrain it and enable the working class and other popular forces to organise against it. Our rulers will not embark lightly on the course of tearing up democracy. They are well aware of the advantages of ruling ‘by consent’ and the legitimacy afforded by the democratic mask and of the grave risks involved in attempting to impose open dictatorship or fascism. They will take that road only when driven by some combination of economic imperative, political fear and the conviction that they can get away with it. It is quite possible that serious tactical and strategic divisions would emerge on such a question, before the bulk of the ruling class would solidify around a fascist or anti- democratic option.

So where do we stand now?

The Current Situation

As readers of Socialist Review are well aware capitalism is in the grip of a severe global crisis which is producing a multitude of economic, social and political tensions, including the crisis in the eurozone and significant popular resistance including the Occupy movement in the US, the Spanish indignados, the British demonstrations and strikes of June30 and November 30 and, the highest level of struggle apart from the Arab Spring, the sustained strikes, demonstrations and riots in Greece.

In this context the installation of the Papademus and Monti governments in Greece and Italy is a serious development. It marks a significant anti – democratic shift in the constantly changing balance of opposed forces that constitute the bourgeois democratic settlement. It should also be seen in the context of increasing police repression against demonstrators and protestors and the ratchetting up of vindictive sentencing that as has been evident in Britain, along with the coordinated police action against the Occupations in the US.

In themselves these developments do not yet signify a decisive abandonment of bourgeois democracy of the kind that would involve outlawing working class trade union and political organisation, banning strikes and protests, ending the right to vote or dissolving parliament. However, they should be seen as a serious warning of the shape of things to come, of what the 1% will be prepared to do, without compunction, if they need to, and as a reinforcement of the old lesson that while we have no illusions in bourgeois democracy and work for its replacement by the far higher democracy of workers councils, we must also defend all the democratic gains won by working class struggle in the past.