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Summary

Preface. Introduction: A Brief Tour Guide to Philosophy. PART I: THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 1. The Greek Cultural Context: From Poetry to Philosophy. 2. Greek Philosophy before Socrates. 3. The Sophists and Socrates. 4. Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality. 5. Aristotle: Understanding the Natural World. 6. Classical Philosophy after Aristotle. PART II: THE MIDDLE AGES. 7. Cultural Context: The Development of Christian Thought. 8. St. Augustine: Philosophy in the Service of Faith. 9. Early Medieval Philosophy. 10. Philosophy and Theology in the 11th and 12th Centuries. 11. St. Thomas Aquinas: Aristotle's Philosophy and Christian Thought. 12. The Unraveling of the Medieval Synthesis. PART III: THE MODERN PERIOD. 13. Cultural Context: Renaissance, Reformation, and the Rise of Modern Science. 14. Early Empiricists: Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes. 15. Rene Descartes: Founder of Modern Philosophy. 16. Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza: Rationalist and Mystic. 17. Gottfried Leibniz: The Optimistic Rationalist. 18. Cultural Context: The Enlightenment and the Age of Newton. 19. John Locke: The Rise of Modern Empiricism. 20. George Berkeley: Following the Road of Empiricism. 21. David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic. 22. Immanuel Kant: Finding the Powers and Limits of the Mind. 23. The Nineteenth-Century Cultural Context: Romanticism, Science, and the Sense of History. 24. G.W.F. Hegel: Biographer of the World Spirit. 25. Karl Marx: A Philosophy of the Changing World. 26. Soren Kierkegaard: The Founder of Religious Existentialism. 27. Friedrich Nietzsche: The Founder of Secular Existentialism. 28. Nineteenth-Century Empiricism: Comte, Bentham, and Mill. PART IV: THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD. 29. The Twentieth-Century Cultural Context: Science, Language, and Experience. 30. Pragmatism: The Unity of Thought and Action. 31. Process Philosophy: Bergson and Whitehead. 32. Analytic Philosophy and the Linguistic Turn. 33. Phemenology and Existentialism. 34. Recent Issues in Philosophy. Glossary. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface

xviii

Introduction: A Brief Tour Guide to Philosophy

xxii

PART I THE ANCIENT PERIOD

1

(108)

The Greek Cultural Context: From Poetry to Philosophy

3

(5)

Greek Philosophy Before Socrates

8

(21)

The Sophists and Socrates

29

(16)

Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality

45

(23)

Aristotle: Understanding the Natural World

68

(20)

Classical Philosophy After Aristotle

88

(21)

PART II THE MIDDLE AGES

109

(90)

Cultural Context: The Development of Christian Thought

111

(11)

St. Augustine: Philosophy in the Service of Faith

122

(17)

Early Medieval Philosophy

139

(10)

Philosophy and Theology in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

149

(18)

St. Thomas Aquinas: Aristotle's Philosophy and Christian Thought

167

(17)

The Unraveling of the Medieval Synthesis

184

(15)

PART III THE MODERN PERIOD

199

(252)

Cultural Context: Renaissance, Reformation, and the Rise of Modern Science

201

(11)

Early Empiricists: Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes

212

(14)

Rene Descartes: Founder of Modern Philosophy

226

(17)

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza: Rationalist and Mystic

243

(14)

Gottfried Leibniz: The Optimistic Rationalist

257

(15)

Cultural Context: The Enlightenment and the Age of Newton

272

(7)

John Locke: The Rise of Modern Empiricism

279

(16)

George Berkeley: Following the Road of Empiricism

295

(15)

David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic

310

(15)

Immanuel Kant: Finding the Powers and the Limits of the Mind

325

(22)

The Nineteenth-Century Cultural Context: Romanticism, Science, and the Sense of History