Passive optical networks are the basis of Optical Access Networks (OANs) as defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.902, and also of hybrid fiber coaxial networks. PONs are often configured in tree or bus structures. Feeder and distribution fibers, together with the distribution elements in the outside plant, are referred to as Optical Distribution Network (ODN). The different degrees of optical versus electrical access down to the customers for the different fiber-to-the-X(FTTX) access scenarios, where X stands for cabinet (Cab), curb (C), building (B), or home (H). The reference points for the OAN are the service network interface (SNI) and the user network interface (UNI). They are defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.983. The network architecture used to build a PON based FTTx network will typically comply with international standards.

The main PON components include just like, OLT which its full name is Optical line termination and service provider head end in CO, and Remote node just called RN , it mostly passive, containing splitter/combiner or filter, for example, in cabinets, then ONU, it is optical network unit where at customer premises (CP), or in cabinet, etc.

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Optical splitters, the optical splitter are used to split a single optical signal into multiple signals. It achieves this function while not altering the state of the signal; in other words, it does not convert it to electrical pulses. Optical splitters are also used to merge multiple optical signals back into a single optical. These splitters allow up to 32 households to share the FTTx network bandwidth and are typically housed in accessible mechanical closures.

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Fiber cable and PLC splitter optical splitters are "passive" optical components. The use of passive components to guide the light waves through the network eliminates the need for remote powering, which cuts down on operational and maintenance costs.

The main purpose of the ONT is to provide IPTV subscribers with an interface to the PON. It receives traffic in optical format, examines the address contained within the network packets, and converts it into electrical signals. The ONT can be located inside or outside the residence, and is typically powered from a local source, and include bypass circuitry that allows the phone to operate normally in the event of a power failure. The majority of ONTs will include an Ethernet interface for data traffic, an RJ-11 connection for connecting into the home phone system, and a coaxial interface to provide connectivity to the TV. The ONT is also responsible for converting data into optical signals for transmission over the PON. active optical networks (AON) makes use of electrical components between the IPTV end user and the data center. In particular, the AON networking architecture utilizes Ethernet switches that reside between the IPTV data center and the endpoint of the fiber network.

For example, a single piece of optical fiber is run from the backend office to an optical splitter, which is typically located in close proximity to the subscriber’s house. The bandwidth on this fiber is typically shared and is capable of supporting high bandwidth capacities ranging from 622 Mbps all the way up to several gigabytes of data per second.

In addition to the physical components of a PON also illustrates the transmission of three different light wavelengths (channels) over the network. The first wavelength is used to carry high speed Internet traffic. The second wavelength is allocated to carry IO video services and the third wavelength may be used to carry interactive traffic from the subscriber’s home network back to the service provider’s backend equipment. Specialized FTTX filters called wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs) are installed at the data center and inside the OLT that allow a PON to support the transmission of multiple parallel channels or wavelengths on the one piece of fiber. Thus, creating a number of virtual fiber channels over a single fiber pair. Under WDM, the capacity of the network is increased by assigning signals that originate from optical sources to specific wavelengths on the optical transmission spectrum.

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The Fundamentals of EDFAs

A basic optical communication link comprises a transmitter and receiver, with an optical fiber cable connecting them. Although signals propagating in optical fiber suffer far less attenuation than in other mediums, such as copper, there is still a limit of about 100 km on the distance the signals can travel before becoming too noisy to be detected.

Before the commercialization of Optical Amplifiers, it was necessary to electronically regenerate the optical signals every 80-100 km in order to achieve transmission over long distances. This meant receiving the optical signal, cleaning and amplifying it electronically, and then retransmitting it over the next segment of the communication link.

While this can be feasible when transmitting a single low capacity optical channel, it quickly becomes unfeasible when transmitting tens of high capacity WDM channels, resulting in a highly expensive, power-hungry and bulky regenerator station, as shown in Figure 1a. Furthermore, the regeneration hardware depends on the number of channels, as well as the bit-rate, protocol, and modulation format of each individual channel, so that any upgrade to the link would automatically require upgrades to the regenerator stations.

In traditional optical communication systems, optoelectronic regenerators are used between terminals to convert signals from the optical to the electrical domain and then back to the optical domain. Since its first report in 1987,1,2 the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) has revolutionized optical communications. Unlike optoelectronic regenerators, this optical amplifier does not need high-speed electronic circuitry and is transparent to data rate and format, which dramatically reduces cost.cwdm-mux8aalso provide high gain, high power, and low noise figure. More importantly, all the optical signal channels can be amplified simultaneously within the EDFA in a single optical fiber, thus enabling wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology.

In the last dozen years, tremendous progress has been made in the development of EDFA components and technology, including erbium-doped fiber, semi conductor pump lasers, passive components, and splicing and assembly technology. In the research area, an EDFA with a bandwidth of 84 nm was recently demonstrated. Using these high-performance amplifiers, long distance transmission at 1 Tb/s was achieved for the first time. In the meantime, an enormous effort has been under way to incorporate EDFAs into commercial optical communication systems. After intensive laboratory research and development, Lucent Technologies (then the communication equipment division of AT&T) conducted the first field trial of a WDM optical communication system in 1989 and supplied the first commercial WDM system, which was deployed in 1995. Since then, the capacity of WDM systems has been increasing at a very fast pace. Lucent’s recently launched WaveStar TM 400G Optical Line System represents the most advanced of such systems. Today, optical amplifiers and WDM technology offer an unprecedented cost-effective means to meet the ever-increasing demand for trans- port capacity, networking functionality, and operational flexibility.

Erbium-doped fiber can be fabricated by several technologies. Figure 1 shows the energy levels of the erbium ion and the associated spontaneous lifetime in the fiber glass host. Erbium-doped fiber is usually pumped by semiconductor lasers at 980 nm or 1480 nm. A three-level model can be used for 980-nm pumps, while a two-level model usually suffices for 1480-nm pumps. 8,9 Complete inversion can be achieved with 980-nm pumping but not with 1480-nm pumping. The quantum efficiency is higher with 1480-nm pumps. The spontaneous lifetime of the metastable energy level ( 4 I 13/2) is about 10 ms, which is much slower than the signal bit rates of practical interest. As a result of the slow dynamics, intersymbol distortion and interchannel crosstalk are negligible—a key advantage of EDFAs.

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Fiber optic adapters are mating devices used to link the connectors and fiber patch cords, adapters are commonly seen on patch panels and optical distribution units, we have the fiber optic adapters that are with flange to mount on the equipment, and we supply the no-flange fiber optic adapters too.

Fiberstore fiber optic adapters are female to male types and male to female types, different assortment including SC,FC,ST,LC,E2000,MU, there are single mode adapter andsma to to sma optical adapteravailable, we also have hybrid fiber optic adapters to match different kinds of fiber optic connectors,all of our fiber optic adapters use ceramic sleeves to ensure the high standard performance.

Fiber optic adapters are typically connecting cables with similiar connectors (SC to SC, LC to LC, etc.). Some adapters, called "hybrid", accept different types of connectors (ST to SC, LC to SC, etc.). When the connectors have differing ferrule sizes (1.25mm to 2.5mm), as found in LC to SC adapters, the adapters are significantly more expensive because of a more complicated design/manufacturing process.

Most adapters are female on both ends, to connect two cables. Some are male-female, which typically plug into a port on a piece of equipment. This then allows the port to accept a different connector than for which it was originally designed. We discourage this use because we find the adapter extending from the equipment is subject to being bumped and breaking. Also, if not properly routed, the weight of the cable and connector hanging from the adapter may cause some misalignment and a degraded signal.

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February 09, 2015

Hybrid Fiber Optic Adapters

Fiberstore fiber optic adapters are used in fiber optic connection, the typical use is to provide a cable to cable fiber connection. people sometimes also name them to be mating sleeves and hybrid adapters ,mating sleeves means this fibre optic adapter is used to connect the same type fiber optic connectors ,while hybrid adapters are the fiber optic adapter types used to connect different kinds of fiber optic connectors. Fiberstore fiber optic adapters have a name for its stability.

Hybrid fiber optic adapters offer a solution for hybrid applications where the two different kinds of fiber connectors or cable assemblies need to be linked with each other. Most ofe2000 to sc adapteruse high precision ceramic sleeves which enable reliable ferrule mating and ensure low insertion loss and return loss during the linking.

Male-Female hybrid fiber adapter (Build-out Type hybrid fiber adapter) is a fiber adapter with a connector plug (male) end and an adapter socket (female) end. We call it Male-Female Hybrid fiber adapter. Such as ST male at one side, FC female the other side.

Female-Female hybrid fiber adapter (Bulk Type hybrid fiber adapter) is a fiber adapter with two different ends. We call it Female-Female Hybrid fiber adapter. Such as ST female at one side, FC female at the other side.

We provide both Male-Female and Female-Female hybrid fiber adapters bridging popular connector types, such as ST, FC, SC, LC, MU, FDDI, E2000, MPO. They are precision made and manufactured to demanding specifications. Hybrid optical adapters with male to female configuration are very useful in connecting patchcords with different connectors. Because both a connector plug (male) and an adapter socket (female) are provided, this hybrid adapter fits in various circumstances, offering flexibility and reducing the size, weight and complexity of the system. It has low insertion loss and high return loss. We provide hybrid adapters bridging popular connector types, such as FC, SC, ST and LC.

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February 06, 2015

Fiber Optic Patch Cord Connector Classification

Fiber optic patch cord use fiber optic patch cord at each end of the module to send and receive wavelengths must be consistent, meaning that both ends of the fiber must be of the same wavelengths of light modules, simple method of distinction is the light color of the module to be consistent. R&gt most cases, short-wave optical module using multimode fiber (Orange fiber), long-wave optical module using single-mode fiber (yellow fibers) in order to ensure the accuracy of the data transmissions. Do not excessively bent optical fiber in use and around the ring, which would increase the attenuation of light during the transfer process. Fiber optic patch cord must be used after using optical fiber connector protection protective sleeve on it, dust and oil pollution will damage fiber coupling.

Types of fiber optic patch cord in LAN, due to multimode fibre, it was a sending, receiving, so is a pair of jumpers. And often fiber terminal box or will be provided by the optical fiber distribution frame-FC (screw) or ST-(bayonet) optical interfaces. So one end of the jumper is FC or ST-type, may be at the other end optical fiber transceiver or GBIC fiber modules SC-(port), LC SFP fiber module, then MT-RJ fiber MT-RJ switch the interface type.

Fiber optic patch cord are used for linking the equipment and components in the fiber optic network ,they are with various kinds of fiber optic connector types. the fiber optic patch cord types are classified by the fiber optic connector types, for example, we name LC fiber optic patch cord because this cable is with LC fiber optic connectors there are PC,UPC,APC type fiber patch cord, they are different because of the polish of fiber connectors.

LC Fiber Optic Patch Cord

LC is the short form of Lucent Connector, This is a physical contact fiber optic connection that we offer and has a UPC ultra quality polish. LC fiber patch cord connector is a push and latch structure, with plastic housing and accurate 1.25mm ceramic ferrule.fiber cable LC to LCis a popular kind of small form fiber optic patch cord which reduce the space and it is widely used for densely installation.

E2000 Fiber Optic Patch Cord

E2000 fiber optic patch cord is one of the latest style yet one of the most expensive cable. This is a physical contact fiber optic connection that we offer and has a UPC ultra quality polish. Features a spring-loaded shutter used to protect the ferrule from dust and scratches. E2000 fiber connectors is similar size of SC fiber connectors.

SC Fiber Optic Patch Cord

The SC fiber optic patch cord was invented by the Japanese company NTT. This is a physical contact fiber optic connection that we offer and has a UPC ultra quality polish. It is one of the most widely used fiber optic patch cords.ST to ST fiber cablefeatures low cost , simplicity as well as good durability, SC fiber optic patch cords is with a locking tab on the cable termination, it is a push and pull type fiber optic connector.

ST Fiber Optic Patch Cord

ST fiber optic patch cords standard was developed by AT&T. This is a physical contact fiber optic connection that we offer and has a UPC ultra quality polish. this kind of cable is with straight tip type terminations. there is only simplex ST fiber optic patch cords and no duplex ones. These days ST fiber optic connectors are usually with a metal housing ,although there are plastic housing ST fiber connectors, more and more people tend to use metal housing ST.ST APC fiber optic patch cord are also available.

FC Fiber Optic Patch Cord

FC fiber optic patch cords are with FC fiber optic connectors ,which is a screw type connection. This is a physical contact fiber optic connection that we offer and has a UPC ultra quality polish. FC fiber optic patch cords were very much popular in the past ,but people tend to use LC and SC to replace FC more and more.

To facilitate installation of our active fiber equipment we support a large selection of fiber optic patch cords. The always in stock fiber cables include optical connectors such as: SC, ST, LC and FC type, simplex and duplex. Our patch cords range from 0.5m to 10m and have almost all available combination of optical connectors. The most available lengths are 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, and 10m patch cords. All single-mode patch cords are UPC polished (Ultra Physical Contact), while the multi-mode cables are PC polished. All patch cords are manually tested and verified and each patch cable is individually sealed and labeled with measured optical performance.

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January 28, 2015

Bacic EDFA-Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Design

The transceiver power budget can only deliver up to a certain length of transmission length. Previously, to solve this issue, a repeater or a regenerator would be used. A regenerator also called optical-electrical-optical (OEO) device since it converts the optical signal to an electrical signal, processes this signal (re-amplify, reshape and retime) and then converts back to an optical signal so that the signal can then cover longer distances.

The introduction of optical amplifiers in the 1990s, especially the EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier) conquered the regenerator technology and opened doors to the WDM technology. The EDFAOptical Amplifiers, unlike the repeater, is transparent to the number of channels, bit-rate, protocol, and modulation formats thus revolutionizing the backhaul network (for transoceanic distance) and uplifting the optical communication field and community at large. There are various types of amplifiers depending on the technique of amplifying, namely SOA (semiconductor optical amplifier), EDFA and Raman amplifier.

In its most basic form the EDFA consist of a length of EDF (typically 10-30m), a pump laser, and a component (often referred to as a WDM) for combining the signal and pump wavelength so that they can propagate simultaneously through the EDF. In principle EDFA’s can be designed such that pump energy propagates in the same direction as the signal (forward pumping), the opposite direction to the signal(backward pumping), or both direction together. The pump energy may either by 980nm pump energy, 1480nm pump energy, or a combination of both. Practi cally, the most common EDFA configuration is the forward pumping configuration using 980nm pump energy , as shown in Figure 2. This configuration makes the most efficient use of cost effective, reliable and low power consumption 980nm semiconductor pump laser diodes, thus providing the best overall design with respect to performance and cost trade-offs.

Besides the three basic components described above, Figure 2 also shows additional optical and electronic components used in a basic single stage EDFA. The signal enters the amplifier through the input port, and then passes through a tap which is used to divert a small percentage of the signal power (typically 1-2%) to an input detector. The signal then passes through an isolator, before being combined with pump energy emitted by the 980nm pump laser diode. The combined signal and pump energy propagate along the EDF, where signal amplification occurs, and then the amplifi ed signal exits the EDF and passes through a second isolator. The purpose of the two isolators, which allow light to pass only in a single direction, is to ensure that lasing cannot take place within theCATV amplifier. Furthermore, the output isolator also acts as a filter for 980nm light propagating in the forward direction, thus stopping the 980nm light from exiting the amplifier output port.

In a multi-channel WDM amplifier, a Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) is usually placed following the output isolator in order to flatten the gain spectrum, as shown in Figure 3. The attenuation spectrum of the GFF is designed to match the Gain spectrum of the EDF (operating at a given fixed gain), such that the combination of the two produces a flat gain. Following the GFF the signal passes through an output tap used to divert a small percentage of the output power (typically 1-2%) to the output detec tor. The output and input detectors are used to monitor the input and output power respecti vely, and thus provide feed-back to the control unit, which controls the amplifier by setting the pump laser current, and thus the amount of pump power injected into the EDF. The control unit also provides exter nal communication, for example via an RS232 interface.

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January 21, 2015

Fiber Optic Splitter From Fiberstore

Fiber optic splitter, also named beam splitter, is based on a quartz substrate of integrated waveguide optical power distribution device, the same as coaxial cable transmission system, The optical network system also needs to be an optical signal coupled to the branch distribution, which requires thepassive optical splitter, Is one of the most important passive devices in the optical fiber link, is optical fiber tandem device with many input terminals and many output terminals, Especially applicable to a passive optical network (EPON, GPON, BPON, FTTX, FTTH etc.) to connect the MDF and the terminal equipment and to achieve the branching of the optical signal.

Fiber optic splitter is a key optical device in passive optical network (PON) systems, also known as a passive optical splitter, which splits the optical signal power evenly into all the output ports. In the PON field plant, a1x8 splitterto 1 × 32 splitter is placed on an electric pole, connecting the distribution optical cable in the air and the drop wire to the customer premises. A 1 × N splitter can be part of an N × N star coupler.

A fiber optic splitter is a device that splits the fiber optic light into several parts by a certain ratio. For example, when a beam of fiber optic light transmitted from a 1X4 equal ratio splitter, it will be divided into 4-fiber optic light by equal ratio that is each beam is 1/4 or 25% of the original source one. A fiber optic splitter is different from WDM. WDM can divide the different wavelength fiber optic light into different channels. fiber optic splitter divide the light power and send it to different channels.

Most Splitters available in 900μm loose tube and 250μm bare fiber. 1x2 and 2x2 couplers come standard with a protective metal sleeve to cover the split. Higher output counts are built with a box to protect the splitting components

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January 19, 2015

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Technology

At the heart of EDFA technology is the Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF),
which is a conventional Silica fiber doped with Erbium. When the Erbium
is illuminated with light energy at a suitable wavelength (either 980nm
or 1480nm) it is excited to a long lifetime intermediate state (see
Figure 1), following which it decays back to the ground state by
emitting light within the 1525-1565 nm band. If light energy already
exist within the 1525-1565nm band, for example due to a signal channel
passing through the EDF, then this stimulates the decay process (so
called stimulated emission), resulting in additional light energy. Thus,
if a pump wavelength and a signal wavelength are simultaneously
propagating through an EDF, energy transfer will occur via the Erbium
from the pump wavelength to the signal wavelength, resulting in signal
amplification.

In its most basic form the EDFA optical amplifier consist of a length of EDF (typically 10-30m), a pump laser, and a
component (often referred to as a WDM) for combining the signal and pump
wavelength so that they can propagate simultaneously through the EDF.
In principle EDFA’s can be designed such that pump energy propagates in
the same direction as the signal (forward pumping), the opposite
direction to the signal (backward pumping), or both direction together.
The pump energy may either by 980nm pump energy, 1480nm pump energy, or a
combination of both. Practically, the most common EDFA configuration is
the forward pumping configuration using 980nm pump energy, as shown in
Figure 2. This configuration makes the most efficient use of cost
effective, reliable and low power consumption 980nm semiconductor pump
laser diodes, thus providing the best overall design with respect to
performance and cost trade-offs.

High Output Power with Class 1M Laser Safety

High
capacity reconfigurable networks require high output power in order to
maintain acceptable levels of OSNR. On the other hand, a major
requirement for optical networks is that they comply with relevant laser
safety standards, such as IEC 60825 parts 1 and 2, ITU-T G.664, and
CDRH 21 CFR §1040.10. These standards dictate a maximum safe level of
laser radiation, known as the Class 1M hazard level, above which
exposure to radiation can be potentially harmful to skin and eyes. For
EDFA’s operating in the C-Band, the Class 1M hazard level corresponds to
a maximum theoretical output power of about 21.3 dBm. In practice
however, the specified output power of a Class 1M EDFA should not exceed
20.5dBm, in order to take into account suitable safety margins.

For
an EDFA to provide output power above 20.5 dBm, and still retain a
Class 1M safety classification, it is necessary to provide an automatic
power reduction (APR) mechanism that ensures reduction of output power
upon occurrence of any event which could potentially lead to exposure to
radiation above the Class 1M hazard level.

The Fiberstore VG EDFA In-line Amplifier Class 1M APR scheme is based on two independent detection mechanisms
designed to detected any disruption in the output transmission line up
to a distance of a few tens of kilometers, sufficiently far to cover
that part of the transmission line where the signal power is above 20.5
dBm. Upon detection of such a disruption, the output power is decreased
within 100 ms (in compliance with Class 1M requirements) to a level
below 20.5 dBm. The APR hardware supports full redundancy of all
critical components, such that there is no single point of failure which
could lead to a situation where the EDFA remains operational, while the
APR is not in operation.

A complementary feature to the APR
mechanism is the automatic restart procedure (ARP). This ensures that
when the fiber disruption that caused an APR event is corrected, the
EDFA will automatically increase output power to the required level
without need for manual operator intervention. These unique and patent
protected mechanisms allow Fiberstore EDFAs to be classified as Class 1M
laser products, while at the same time providing up to 26 dBm output
power.

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January 06, 2015

The More and More Mature Fiber Optic Cables Transmission Technology

Fiber optic media are any network transmission media that generally
use glass, or plastic fiber in some special cases, to transmit network
data in the form of light pulses. Within the last decade, optical fiber
has become an increasingly popular type of network transmission media as
the need for higher bandwidth and longer spans continues.

Fiber
optic technology is different in its operation than standard copper
media because the transmissions are "digital” light pulses instead of
electrical voltage transitions. Very simply, fiber optic transmissions
encode the ones and zeroes of a digital network transmission by turning
on and off the light pulses of a laser light source, of a given
wavelength, at very high frequencies. The light source is usually either
a laser or some kind of Light-Emitting Diode (LED). The light from the
light source is flashed on and off in the pattern of the data being
encoded. The light travels inside the fiber until the light signal gets
to its intended destination and is read by an optical detector.

Fiber
optic cables are optimized for one or more wavelengths of light. The
wavelength of a particular light source is the length, measured in
nanometers (billionths of a meter, abbreviated "nm”), between wave peaks
in a typical light wave from that light source. You can think of a
wavelength as the color of the light, and it is equal to the speed of
light divided by the frequency. In the case of Single-Mode Fiber (SMF),
many different wavelengths of light can be transmitted over the same
optical fiber at any one time. This is useful for increasing the
transmission capacity of the fiber optic cable since each wavelength of
light is a distinct signal. Therefore, many signals can be carried over
the same strand of optical fiber. This requires multiple lasers and
detectors and is referred to as Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM).

Typically,
optical fibers use wavelengths between 850 and 1550 nm, depending on
the light source. Specifically, Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) is used at 850 or
1300 nm and the SMF is typicallyused at 1310, 1490, and 1550 nm (and,
in WDM systems, in wavelengths around these primary wavelengths). The
latest technology is extending this to 1625 nm for SMF that is being
used for next-generation Passive Optical Networks (PON) for FTTH (Fiber-To-The-Home) applications. Silica-based glass is most transparent at these
wavelengths, and therefore the transmission is more efficient (there is
less attenuation of the signal) in this range. For a reference, visible
light (the light that you can see) has wavelengths in the range between
400 and 700 nm. Most fiber optic light sources operate within the near
infrared range (between 750 and 2500 nm). You can’t see infrared light,
but it is a very effective fiber optic light source.

Above:
Multimode fiber is usually 50/125 and 62.5/125 in construction. This
means that the core to cladding diameter ratio is 50 microns to 125
microns and 62.5 microns to 125 microns. There are several types of
multimode fiber patch cable available today, the most common are multimode SC fiber cable, LC, ST, FC, ect.

Tips: Most traditional fiber optic light sources can only operate within the
visible wavelength spectrum and over a range of wavelengths, not at one
specific wavelength. Lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation) and LEDs produce light in a more limited, even
single-wavelength, spectrum.

WARNING:
Laser light sources used with fiber optic cables (such as the OM3
cables) are extremely hazardous to your vision. Looking directly at the
end of a live optical fiber can cause severe damage to your retinas. You
could be made permanently blind. Never look at the end of a fiber optic
cable without first knowing that no light source is active.

The
attenuation of optical fibers (both SMF and MMF) is lower at longer
wavelengths. As a result, longer distance communications tends to occur
at 1310 and 1550 nm wavelengths over SMF. Typical optical fibers have a
larger attenuation at 1385 nm. This water peak is a result of very small
amounts (in the part-per-million range) of water incorporated during
the manufacturing process. Specifically it is a terminal –OH(hydroxyl)
molecule that happens to have its characteristic vibration at the 1385
nm wavelength; thereby contributing to a high attenuation at this
wavelength. Historically, communications systems operated on either side
of this peak.

When the light pulses reach the destination, a
sensor picks up the presence or absence of the light signal and
transforms the pulses of light back into electrical signals. The more
the light signal scatters or confronts boundaries, the greater the
likelihood of signal loss (attenuation). Additionally, every fiber optic
connector between signal source and destination presents the
possibility for signal loss. Thus, the connectors must be installed
correctly at each connection. There are several types of fiber optic connector available today. The most common are: ST, SC, FC, MT-RJ and LC style
connectors. All of these types of connectors can be used with either
multimode or single mode fiber.

Most LAN/WAN fiber transmission
systems use one fiber for transmitting and one for reception. However,
the latest technology allows a fiber optic transmitter to transmit in
two directions over the same fiber strand (e.g, a passive cwdm mux using
WDM technology). The different wavelengths of light do not interfere
with each other since the detectors are tuned to only read specific
wavelengths. Therefore, the more wavelengths you send over a single
strand of optical fiber, the more detectors you need.

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January 05, 2015

Testing Fiber Optic Splitters Or Other Passive Devices

A fiber optic splitter is a device that splits the fiber optic light
into several parts by a certain ratio. For example, when a beam of fiber
optic light transmitted from a 1X4 equal ratio splitter, it will be
divided into 4-fiber optic light by equal ratio that is each beam is 1/4
or 25% of the original source one. A fiber optic splitter is different
from WDM. WDM can divide the different wavelength fiber optic light into
different channels. fiber optic splitter divide the light power and
send it to different channels.

Most Splitters available in 900µm
loose tube and 250µm bare fiber. 1×2 and 2×2 couplers come standard with
a protective metal sleeve to cover the split. Higher output counts are
built with a box to protect the splitting components.

Testing a
coupler or splitter (both names are used for the same device) or other
passive fiber optic devices like switches is little different from
testing a patchcord or cable plant using the two industry standard
tests, OFSTP-14 for double-ended loss (connectors on both ends) or
FOTP-171 for single-ended testing.

First we should define what
these passive devices are. An optical coupler is a passive device that
can split or combine signals in optical fibers. They are named by the
number of inputs and outputs, so a splitter with one input and 2 outputs
is a 1x2 fiber splitter, and a PON splitter with one input and 32
outputs is 1x32 splitter. Some PON splitters have two inputs so it would
be a 2X32. Here is a table of typical losses for splitters.

Important
Note! Mode Conditioning can be very important to testing couplers. Some
of the ways they are manufactured make them very sensitive to mode
conditioning, especially multimode but even singlemode couplers.
Singlemode couplers should always be tested with a small loop in the
launch cable (tied down so it does not change and set the 0dB reference
with the loop.) Multimode couplers should be mode conditioned by a
mandrel wrap or similar to ensure consistency.

Let’s start with
the simplest type. Shown below is a simple 1X2 splitter with one input
and two outputs. Basically, in one direction it splits the signal into 2
parts to couple to two fibers. If the split is equal, each fiber will
carry a signal that is 3dB less than the input (3dB being a factor of
two) plus some excess loss in the coupler and perhaps the connectors on
the 1x4 fiber optic splitter module. Going the other direction, signals in either fiber will be
combined into the one fiber on the other side. The loss is this
direction is a function of how the coupler is made. Some couplers are
made by twisting two fibers together and fusing them in high heat, so
the coupler is really a 2X2 coupler in which case the loss is the same
(3dB plus excess loss) in either direction. Some splitters use optical
integrated components, so they can be true splitters and the loss in
each direction may different.

So for this simple 1X2 PLC splitter,
how do we test it? Simply follow the same directions for a double-ended
loss test. Attach a launch reference cable to the test source of the
proper wavelength (some splitters are wavelength dependent), calibrate
the output of the launch cable with the meter to set the 0dB reference,
attach to the source launch to the splitter, attach a receive launch
cable to the output and the meter and measure loss. What you are
measuring is the loss of the splitter due to the split ratio, excess
loss from the manufacturing process used to make the splitter and the
input and output connectors. So the loss you measure is the loss you can
expect when you plug the splitter into a cable plant.

To test the
loss to the second port, simply move the receive cable to the other
port and read the loss from the meter. This same method works with
typical PON splitters that are 1 input and 32 outputs. Set the source up
on the input and use the meter and reference cable to test each output
port in turn.

What about the other direction from all the output
ports? (In PON terms, we call that upstream and the other way from the 1
to 32 ports direction downstream.) Simply reverse the direction of the
test. If you are tesing a 1X2 splitter, there is just one other port to
test, but with a 1X32, you have to move the source 32 times and record
the results on the meter.

What
about multiple input and outputs, for example a 2X2 coupler? You would
need to test from one input port to the two outputs, then from the other
input port to each of the two outputs. This involves a lot of data
sometimes but it needs to be tested.

There are other tests that
can be performed, including wavelength variations (test at several
wavelengths), variations among outputs (compare outputs) and even
crosstalk (put a signal on one output and look for signal on other
outputs.)

Once installed, the splitter simply becomes one source
of loss in the cable plant and is tested as part of that cable plant
loss for insertion loss testing. Testing splitters with an OTDR is not
the same in each direction.

Other Passive Devices

There are other passive devices that require testing, but the test methods are similar.

Fiber
optic switches are devices that can switch an input to one of several
outputs under electronic control. Test as you would the splitter as
shown above. Switches may be designed for use in only one direction, so
check the device specifications to ensure you test in the proper
direction. Switches may also need testing for consistency after multiple
switch cycles and crosstalk.

Attenuators are used to reduce
signal levels at the receiver to prevent overloading the receiver. There
is a page on using attenuators that you should read. If you need to
test an attenuator alone, not part of a system, use the test for
splitters above by using the attenuator to connect the launch and
receive cables to see if the loss is as expected.

Wavelength-division
multiplexers can be tricky to test because they require sources at a
precise wavelenth and spectral width, but otherwise the test procedures
are similar to other passive components.

Fiber optic couplers or
splitters are available in a wide range of styles and sizes to split or
combine light with minimal loss. All couplers are manufactured using a
very simple proprietary process that produces reliable, low-cost
devices. They are physically rugged and insensitive to operating
temperatures. Couplers can be fabricated in custom fiber lengths and/or
with terminations of any type.

Fiberstore offers a wide variety of
collimation and coupling components that can be used to effectively
collimate or couple light out of and into FC/PC, FC/APC, or SMA
terminated fiber. OEM manufactuer of Passive fiber optical splitters for
PON. 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64 optical splitter and 2x N ftth
splitter-PLC& singlemode& multimode FBT fiber coupler splitter.
Optical isolators help protect sensitive laser sources and components
from back reflections while fiber couplers, WDMs, circulators, and
switches are the fundamental tools to creating fiber based optical
circuits. We also offer a line of components for optogenetics
applications, including fiber optic cannulae, patch cords, and light
sources.

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communication products, including passive optical network, or PON,
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January 01, 2015

Excellent Solution to Fiber Patch Cable Management

Recently
I saw many people be in trouble in fiber patch cable management,
usually see them stack the cables casually, many people will have the
feeling of a mess and always envy other people can do it well, maybe
today’s article can give you a lot of help and don’t have to be jealous
of other people’s good work.

Fiber
patch cords have the possibly to be the weakest link in the fiber optic
network, usually in order the finish optimum performance and
reliability we must observe true procedures in administration of the singlemode simplex fiber,
the best solution will be the smallest cost and changes or moves. In
the fiber patch cable managements, the voice connection should be also
careful. Well, let’s tell you detailed procedures.

When
we receive the request from the administration, be sure that you know
the introduction and design of the fiber cabling and you should also
know that if you have fiber patch cords that can match to the stalled
cabling, the reason is that fiber optic cables have different types and
they should be distinguished. Then choose suitable length of fiber
cable. The length depends on its points of connection. It is the
shortest one that does not obstruct or interfere with other cords and
connectors on the fiber patch panels, avoiding running cords and
connectors on the panel. The next step is that tight the patch cable, it
will be pulled on connectors and too much slack complicates cable
management, making the fiber patch panel more difficult to operate in.
At the fiber patch panel, the patch cables equally toward both sides of
the vertical cable management channels to prevent overloading one side.
Be careful not to mix up cords of different core diameters.
Additionally, cords must be of the same or higher bandwidth as the
behind-the-wall cabling.

Before
the patching, there is a point we need to remember, it is cleaning the
connector, the cleaning parts include connector ends on lc to lc fiber patch cord,
connector ends on panels, connector ends on network equipment, as for
how to clean different types of the fibre optic connector, such as fibre optic sc connector,
fibre optic lc connector…We mentioned it in our Fiberstore’s blog, if
you are interested in it, welcome to visit Fiberstore’s blog. For
example, exceeding the bend radius can result in significant additional
loss and adverse impact on channel performance.

For example, mpo fiber cable,
the minimum bend radius is ten times the core diameter. Take care not
to use excessive force during the patching process. This can stress
cords and connectors, reducing their performance. If you need to go to
force in pulling a cord, something is wrong. If the existing core is the
right length, it may be possible to re-use it. If this is the case,
remove the cord completely and re-run it in through the cable pathways.
This is the only guaranteed way to ensure there are no tangles, kinks or
strains in the cord. The final step is to update the documentation of
the as-built configuration and close the work order associated with the
completed change request.

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December 31, 2014

Advanced Optical Components - Raman Fiber Amplifier

Mostly, all optical amplifiers are used in optical
communication. Generally, Brillouin type amplifier is not used in
optical communication. For a particular use, the decision has to be made
about which amplifier to be used. The EDFA amplifier is used in-line
amplifier on account of its compatibility. On the other hand, CATV amplifier will be a very good power amplifier because of its high saturation.

EDFAs
and conventional lasers, achieve gain by pumping atoms into a high
energy state. This allows the atoms to release their energy when a
photon of a suitable wavelength passes nearby. RFAs utilize Stimulated
Raman Scattering (SRS) to create optical gain. Because SRS robs energy
from shorter wavelengths and feeds it to longer wavelengths, high
channel count DWDM systems initially avoided this technique.

A
RFA amplifier consists of little more than a high-power pump laser,
usually called a Raman laser, and a WDM or directional coupler. The
optical amplification occurs in the transmission fiber itself,
distributed along the transmission path. With amplification up to 10 dB,
RFAs provide a wide gain bandwidth (up to 100 nm), allowing them to
operate using any installed optical fiber (single mode optical fiber,
TrueWave, etc.). By boosting the optical signal in transit, RFAs reduce
the effective span loss and improve noise performance.

Combined
with EDFAs, RFAs create a wide gain-flattened optical bandwidth. The
figure belwo shows the topology of a typical RFA. The pump laser and
optical circulator comprise the two key elements of the RFA amplifier.
In this case, the pump laser has a wavelength of 1535 nm. The optical
circulator provides a convenient means of injecting light backwards into
the transmission path with minimal optical loss.

Here are the
figures which show the optical spectrum of a forward-pumped RFA
amplifier and the received signal after the same length of fiber used in
the SRS example. The signal gets injected by the 1535 nm pump laser at
the transmit end rather than the receive end. Generally, the amplitude
of the pump laser exceeds that of the data signals.

With
a significant decrease in the amplitude of the pump laser, the
amplitude of the six data signals has increased, giving all six signals
roughly equal amplitudes. In this case, the SRS effect robbed a great
deal of energy from the 1535 nm pump laser signal and redistributed that
energy to the six data signals.

Fiber
Optic Network is a method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.
Fiberstore, backed by China factories, supplies a complete series of
products for fiber optic networking, such as passive WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing) modules (including CWDM, DWDM, OADM, etc.), multimode fiber splitter,
optical amplifiers, optical attenuators, CWDM & DWDM transceivers,
transponders, and active CWDM & DWDM equipment. Our singlemode&
multimode FBT optical splitter comes in a wide range of split ratios
with single/double/three windows. You can get complete solutions from
Fiberstore when you build or expand fiber optic network capacity.

More fiber optic network information can go to fiberopticshare blog, designs, manufactures, and sells a broad portfolio of optical
communication products, including passive optical network, or PON,
subsystems, optical transceivers used in the enterprise, access, and
metropolitan segments of the market, as well as other optical
components, modules, and subsystems.

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December 30, 2014

Faster to Know Fiber Patch Cables and Choose it Correctly

Fiber optic patch cable, a quite simple but necessary fiber optic
products in our optical network, all people who works in the fiber
optical industry almost have some knowledge about it. It mainly includes
a fiber optic cable and a connector on its end parts, and this kind of
fiber optic cable is used to communicate with different optical devices
or other electronic devices for transmitting the signal, since these
points, we can believe that has different types, different connectors,
different lengths, different applications and so on. However, these
differences can help me choose what we need and today this page will
explain fiber patch cables from different aspects and hope this page
give you some helps.

Firstly,
we must have it in mind is fiber optic connector, as you know, at its
end parts we can see that many different connectors, the commonly used
connectors are ST, SC, LC, MT-RJ, FC, MU, SMA, ESCON, FDDI and etc…,
well, the two sides all can be different, it just means such as LC to ST
fiber patch cable, FC to sc fiber patch cable and others. Fiber
application for fiber optic connectors can be singlemode and multimode
patch cable, we usually see it and it sometimes abbreviation as SM and
MM patch cable. Of course, they can have different options, for example,
singlemode lc to lc fiber patch cord or multimode FC to SCfiber patch cable… The Figure show four common types of fiber connectors.

As
for the the differences between singlemode and multimode fiber optic
cables, singlemode is an optical fiber cable with a small core (eg 2-9
microns) that supports one mode and multimode is an optical fiber with a
core (25-200 microns) that supports several mode and the core size is
also different, commonly SM is 8.3/125 and multimode is 62.5/125, except
this, singlemode used to high speed, long distance links and multimode
used for lower speed and short distance links. Then another category is
usually forgotten, the mode conditioning fiber cables, it is specific to
gigabit ethernet applications, all these cables are not
interchangeable. By the way,there are some types we have to mention it,
it is simplex and duplex cable, simplex cable has a single fiber and
duplex cable has two fibers and they usually in zipcord (side by side)
style, simplex 3mm and duplex 3mm are shown as the Figure.

Finally,
the pulling eye option is also important, it is the end of the cable to
prevent damage during installation. During the fiber optic
installation, the force is redirected to the body of the cable instead
of the core or connectors, this reduces the stress and damage to the
fibers, it maybe removed and reused. They are used in telecommunication
network, active device termination, CATV networks and local area
networks.

Well,
when we know some knowledge of fiber patch cables, and the next step we
need to know where to buy it, there is a quite good site for you,
Fiberstore will be you good choice, it has professional solution to
provide for you and high quality fiber cables to supply, include bare fiber adapter and even fiber optic pigtails, more to say, Fiberstore is doing big
sales for the festal arrival, if there are some needs, welcome to have a
try.

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December 25, 2014

100 BASE-FX Mdeia Components

The 100BASE-FX fiber optic media system provides all of the
advantages of a 10BASE-FL fiber optic link segment, while operating ten
times faster. Distances of 2 km (6561.6 feet) over multimode fiber optic
cables are possible when operating 100BASE-FX segments in full-duplex
mode. Considerably longer distances are possible when using single mode
fiber segments. This is why the 100BASE-FX media system is a popular
choice for Ethernet backbone networks.

The following set of media components are used to build a 100BASE-FX fiber optic segment:

● Fiber optic cable.

● Fiber optic connectors.

Fiber Optic Cable

The
100BASE-FX specification requires two strands of multimode fiber optic
(MMF) cable per link, one for transmit data, and one for receive data,
with the signal crossover (TX or RX) performed in the link as shown in
Figure 10-4. There are many kinks of fiber optic cables available,
ranging from simple two-strand jumper cables with PVC plastic for the
outer jacket material on up to large inter-building cables carrying many
fibers in a bundle.

The typical fiber optic cable used for a
100BASE-FX fiber link segment consists of a graded-index MMF cable.
These fibers optic cables have a 62.5 um fiber optic core and 125um
outer cladding (62.5/125). The wavelength of light used on a 100BASE-TX
fiber link segment is 1350 nanometers (nm). Signals sent at that
wavelength over MMF fiber can provide segnment lengths of up to 2000
meters (6561 feet) when operating the link in full-duplex mode. More
details on installing and using fiber optic cables and connectors can be
found, Fiber optic patch cable and connectors.

Fiber Optic Connector

The
medium-dependent interface (MDI) for a 100BASE-FX link may be one of
three kinks of fiber optic connector. Of the three, the duplex SC
connector shown in Figure 10-3 is the recommended alternative in the
standard an is the one most widely used gy vendors. The SC connector is
designed for ease of use; the single mode fibre cable with lc connector is pushed into place and automatically snaps into the connector housing to complete the connection.

The
ST connector may also be used. This is the same connector used for a
10BASE-FL link. It is a spring-loaded bayonet-type connector that has a
key on an inner sleeve and an outer baynoet ring. To make a connection,
you line up the key on the inner sleeve of the ST plug with a
corresponding slot on the ST receptacle, then push the connector in and
lock it in place by twisting the outer bayonet ring.

According to
the standard, the FFDI fiber optic media interface connector (MIC) may
also be used on 100BASE-FX equipment: however, this optional connector
has not been adopted by equipment vendors.

Connecting a Station to 100BASE-FX Ethernet

Figure
10-4 shows a computer equipped with a 100BASE-FX Ethernet adapter. In
this example, the adapter card comes with an SC duplex connector, which
makes a connection to the fiber cables that connect to the repeater hub.
The repeater hub in the figure is shown with three pairs of 100BASE-FX
SC connectors and built-in transceivers. A signal crossover is required
to make a connection between the 100BASE-FX transceiver in the station,
and the 100BASE-FX transceiver located in each repeater or switching hub
port.

Fiberstore
as the main professional fiber optic products manufacturer in china
offer a various kinds of fiber cable connectors, FC Connectors, LC
Connectors, SC Connectors, MPO Connectors and ST Connectors. You can buy
fiber optic connection products on our store with your confidence. All
of fiber optics supplies with high quality but low price. Except fiber
optic connector, we provide various types of fiber patch cords including
single mode, multimode, multi core, and armored versions. You can aslo
find fiber optic pigtails and other special patch cables here. For most
of them, the SC, ST, FC, LC, MU, MTRJ, E2000, APC/UPC connectors are all
available, even we supply MPO/MTP fiber cables.

December 23, 2014

Connectorized Couplings

Quite often it is desirable to have a means of connecting two fibers together through a temporary mating device or connector. Figure 7.4 shows a common way to implement such a connector. Each fiber is placed in a ferrule whose function is to provide the mechanical support for the fiber and hold it in place tightly. The ferrule can be made out of plastic, metal, or ceramic materials. The central piece of the connector itself is an alignment sleeve. The two ferrules are inserted in the sleeve, and proper alignment between the cores is ensured because of the tight mechanical tolerances of the ferrules and the sleeve. The gap between the two fibers can be controlled by a mechanical stop which determines the exact stopping positions of the fibers. In some variations, the alignment sleeve is tapered to improve connector mating and demating.

Well-designed connectors provide low coupling loss, in the order of 0.1 dB or less. However, as shown in Fig. 7.5, a number of underirable situations can reduce the coupling efficiency. Figure 7.5a shows a case of two fibers with different core diameters. In general, whenver the numberical apertures of two fibers are different, the potential for power loss exists. In this case, light coupling from a narrower fiber core to a wide fiber core is easier and more efficient compared to coupling in the other direction. Figure 7.5b shows an example of poor concentricity. Fibers that do not provide a tigh concentricity tolerance may show large coupling variations depending on the orientation or from one pair of fibers to the next.

A large air gap, shown in Fig 7.5c, is another reason for loss of power. An air gap can result from incomplete insertion of the fiber or from mechanical problems inside the sleeve. It is also common for microscopic dust particles to get into fiber optic connector, preventing them from making proper conatact, or even scratching and damaging the fiber facets.

More dramatic power reduction results when dust particles land on the fiber core, blocking the light path. As a result, constant monitoring and cleaning of fiber facets are important to prevent such probems. Angular or lateral displacement, the mechanical tolerances are not tigh enough or when the dimensions of the sleeve and the ferrule do not match.

A fiber connector is characterized by several important parameters. As noted before, the most important factor is insertion loss, or simply connector loss. Another important factor is repeatability. If the same two fibers are connected through the same connector a number of times, each time the coupling will be slightly different. A good connector assmbly provides a small standard deviation for coupling efficiency across multiple insertions. Another desiralbe specification of a fiber connector is low return loss, i.e., a low back reflection. Return loss is defined as the ratio of the reflected power from the connector to the input power. For example, a return loss f 30 dB means 0.001 of the input power is reflected back from the connector. A conector must also be resistant and show a minimal coupling variation in the presence of normal mechanical forces such as axial and lateral forces. This is a practical requirement because in a normal environment it is likely for the connector to encounter a range of mechanical forces.

A wide range of connectors have been designed and are in use in the industry. Here we give an overview of some of the most popular types.

Straight tip or ST connectors are one of the more common type of connectors and in wide use in many applications. The ferrule diameter in an ST connector is 2.5 mm. ST connectors are spring loaded and enaged by a twist-and-lock mechanism.

Fixed connector or FC connectors use an alignment key and a threaded (screw-on) socket and are similar to the popular SMA connectors used in electronics. They are in wide use in single-mode applications and provide low insertion loss and high repeatability.

Subscriber connector, or SC, is another common type of connector. The advantage offibre optic sc connectoris that they are engaged by a push-and-snap mechanism, without the need for any roation. This make plugging and unplugging them very easy and also reduces wear out. Moreover, a higher connector density is achieved. Many transceivers provide either an SC receptacle connector, or a pigtail SC connector, as their optical interface. The push-and-snap feature of SC connectors thus provides very convenient and easy way of connecting to optical trasceivers. SC connectors are avaiable in simplex and duplex variations. The ferrule diameter in an SC connector is 2.5 mm.

SC fiber optic patch cable is one of the earliest stype and one of the most commonly used fiber optic cable, it is convenient to use and cost saving, SC fiber optic patch cord is widely uesed in fiber optic networks. SC fiber patch cable is with zirconia sleeve and plastic housing. The common type of SC connector patch cord, there are SC to SC fiber patch cord, SC to LC fiber optic patch cable, SC to ST Fiber Optic Patch Cable, SC to FC Fiber Optic Patch Cable, ect.

The LC or small form factor connector is similar to the SC, but with half the size. The diameter of the ferrule in an LC connector is 1.25 mm, vs 2.5 mm for most other connectors. This allow for twice the connector density for a given space. Because of their compactness, LC connectors have become more popular and are used in many high-end transceivers such as SFPs and XFPs. lc to lc duplex single mode is with a small form factor (SFF) connector and is ideal for high density applications. LC fiber optic patch cord connector has a zirconia ceramic ferrule measuring 1.25mm O.D. with a PC or APC endface, and provides optimum insertion and return loss.

We carry singlemode and multimode optical fiber patch cables with a variety of connector types such as LC, SC, ST, and MTRJ. Duplexfiber optic patch cableconsist of two fiber cores and can be either multimode or singlemode. This dual core system allows for the bi-directional transfer of data, as opposed to simplex fiber cables, which typically only propagate data in one direction. The exception being Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) systems in which bidirectional communication is acheived over singlemode simplex fiber using multiple wavelengths. In our "How-To” section you will find step-by-step instructions on how to terminate fiber optic cable.

December 22, 2014

Two Main Connector Type SC And ST

There are many different fiber optic connection methods, connector types, and ways to terminate them, single-mode and multimode connectors create differences in the types and methods used as well. If you plan to work with fiber optics, you should perform in-depth research about fiber before attempting to terminate it. In fact, it is best to take a course in fiber optic cable termination or learn from an expernt.

When terminating fiber and adding connectors, there are two main connector type to chosse from: SC and ST. There are many other connection types (fiber has been around since the early 1970s) that have been developed through the years, but to limit the scope of this book to what is most widely used on data networks today, you need to be thoroughly familiar with the SC and ST connectors.

SC is a snap-in connector, meaning that you place it in a receptacle, such as on a network switch, and click it into place; this is also called stick and click. The SC connector is shown in Figure 8.14.

SC connector are a relatively new connector-type technology, but are in popular use today. Part of their popularity is that are cheaper and easier to use than ST connectors, and less prone to damage. You will most likely see thesee types of connections from large core swiches with fiber uplinks to smaller closet swiches in campus network.

As we know, SC patch cable is with SC connector which was invented by NTT. It is widely used fiber optic patch cables. SC fiber optic patch cable has low cost and good durability, SC fiber optic patch cables is with a locking tab on the cable termination, it is a push and pull type optical connector. The common SC patch cable we have seen, there are SC to FC, SC to SC adss fiber, SC to ST, and SC to LC.

ST Connector

ST (which is an old AT&T trademarked technology) is another type of fiber connection type. Like the BNC connector for coaxial cable, it has a bayonetbased mounting end and a long cylindrical ferrule, which is spring-loaded sheath used to hold the fiber in place. You insert the connector into a receptacle and twist it to lock it into place. Stick and twist considered an older technology, but is still widely used on data networks, and its install base is broad. An ST connector is shown in Figure 8.15

Real-world production enviroments (especially when working with Cisco Systmes, Nortel Networks) do not include ST in new implementations. In most cases, the only way to use this order technology is with a mediation device, such as a transceiver, which has one end that plugs into an attachment unit interface (AUI) port and an ST-based mounting connection on the other end.

To facilitate installation of our active fiber equipment we support a large selection of fiber optic patch cords. The always in stock fiber cables include optical connectors such as: SC, ST, LC and FC type, simplex and duplex. Our patch cords range from 0.5m to 10m and have almost all available combination of optical connectors. The most available lengths are 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, and 10m patch cords. All single-mode patch cords are UPC polished (Ultra Physical Contact), while the multi-mode cables are PC polished. All fiber patch cords are manually tested and verified and each patch cable is individually sealed and labeled with measured optical performance.We offer competitive price for fiber optic patch cable, our company has strictly quality control system and high quality products,the custom fiber patch cable is fast delivery to worldwide customers.

December 19, 2014

LC Connector Family

The LC connector developed by Lucent Technologies and shown in
Fig.3.10 is a more evolutionary approach to achieving the goals of a SFF
connector. The LC connector utilizes the traditional components of a SC
duplex connector having independent ceramic ferrules and housings, with
the overall size scaled down by one-half. The LC family of connectors
includes a stand-alone simplex design; a "behind the wall” (BTW)
connector and the duplex connector available in both single-mode and
multimode tolerances are all designed using the RJ-style latch.

The
outward appearance and physical size of the LC connector varies
slightly depending on the application and vendor preference. Although
all the connectors in the LC family have similar latch styles modeled
after the copper RJ latch, the simplex version of the connector has a
slightly longer body than either the duplex or BTW version, and the
latch has an additional latch actuator arm that is designed to assist in
plugging as well to prevent snagging in the field. The BTW connector is
the smallest of the LC family and is designed as a field-or
board-mounatable connector using 900-um buffered fiber and in some cases
has slightly extended latch for extraction purposes. The duplex version
of this connector has modified body to accept the duplexing clip that
joins the two connector bodies toghther and actuates the two latches as
one. Finally, even the duplex clip itself has variations depending on
the vendor. In some cases the duplex clip us a solid one-piece design
and must be placed on the cable prior to connectorization, while other
design and must be placed on the cable prior to connectorization, while
other designs have slots built into each side to allow the clip to be
installed after connectorzation. In coclusion, all LC connectors are not
created equal, and depending on style and manufacturer’s preference,
there may be attributes that make one connector more suitable for a
specific application then another.

The LC duplex connector
incorporates two round ceramic ferrules with outer diameters of 1.25mm
and a duplex pitch of 6.25mm. These ferrules are aligned through the
traditional couplers and bores using precision ceramic split or solid
sleeves. In an attempt to improve the optical performance to better than
0.10 db at these interfaces, most of the ferrule and backbane
assemblies are designed to allow the cable manufacturer to tune them.
Tuning of the LC connector simply consists of roating the ferrule to one
of four available positions dictated by the backbone design. The
concept is basically to align the concentricity offset of each ferrule
to a single quadrant at 12.00; in effect, if all the cores are slightly
offset in the same direction, the probalility of a core-to-core
alignment is increased and optimum performance can be achieved. Although
this concept has its merits, it is yet another costly step in the
manufacturing process, and in the case where a tuned connector is mated
with an untuned connector, the increase in performance may not be
realized.

Typically, the LC duplex connectors are terminated onto a
new reduced-size zipcord referred to as mini-zip. However, as the
product matures and the applications expand, it may be found on a number
of different cordages. The mini-zip cord is one of the smallest in the
industry with an outer diameter of 1.6mm compared with the standard
zipcord for an SC style product of 3.0 mm. Although this cable has
passed industry standard testing, the cable manufacturers have raised
some issues concering the ability of the 900-um fibers to move freely
inside a 1.6-mm jacket and others involving the overall crimped pull
strengths. For these reasons, some end users and calbe manufactures are
opting for a larger 2.0-mm, 2.4-mm, or even the standard 3.0-mm zipcord.
In application wher the fiber is either protected within a wall outlet
or cabinet, the BTW connector is used and terminated directly onto the
900-um buffers with no jacket protection.

The factory termination
of the LC cable assemblies is very similar to order ceramic-based
ferrules using the standard pot and polish processes with a few minor
differences. The one-piece design of the connector minimizes production
handling and helps to increase process yields when compared with other
SFF and standard connector types. Because of the smaller diameter
ferrule, the polishing times for an LC ferrule may be slightly lower
than the standard 2.5-mm connectors, but the real production advantage
is realized in teh increase number of connectors that can be polished at
one time in a mass polisher. For the reasons mentioned above and
because the process is familiar to most manufacturers, the LC connector
may be considered one of the eaisest SFF connectors to factory
terminate.

Field termination of the LC connector has typically
been accomplished through the standard pot and polish techiques using
the BTW connector. However, a pre-polished, crimp and cleave connector
is also available. The LCQuick Light field-mountable BTW style connector
made by Lucent Technologies is a one-piece design with a factory
polished ferrule and an internal cleaved fiber stub. Unlike other
pre-polished SFF connectors previously discussed, the LCQuick light
secures the inserted field cleaved fiber to a factory polished stub by
crimping or collapsing the metallic entry tube onto the buffered
portion. This is accomplished by using a special crimp tool that is
designed not to damage the fibers. However, light is designed
specifically for use in protected environments such as cabinets and wall
outlets and has no provision for outer jacket or Kevlar protection.

LC
connections allow higher density applications based on its smaller
diameter. The LC connection, commonly referred to as Lucent Connection,
Little Connector or Local Connector, is commonly used today for uplink
modules and other devices. This connector is a "snap” type, has a
ferrule diameter of 1.25mm and defined by IEC 61754-20. We offer LC
fiber cables and lc connector patch cable single mode

The LC fiber patch cable cable is with a small form factor (SFF) connector and is ideal for high
density applications. The LC fiber patch connector has a zirconia
ceramic ferrule measuring 1.25mm O.D. with either a PC or APC end face,
and provides optimum insertion and return loss. The LC fiber patch cable
connector is used on small diameter mini-cordage (1.6mm/2.0mm) as well
as 3.0mm cable. LC fiber cable connectors are available in cable
assembled or one piece connectors. The LC fiber optic assemblies family
is Telcordia, ANSI/EIA/TIA and IEC compliant

December 18, 2014

Overview Of 16 Gbps Fiber Channels

Offering considerable improvements from previous FC speeds, 16 Gbps
FC uses 64b/66b encoding, retimers in modules, and transmitter training.
Doubling the throughput of 8 Gbps to 1,600 Mbps, it uses 64b/66b
encoding to increase the efficiency of the link. 16 Gbps FC links also
use retimers in the optical modules to improve link performance
characteristics, and electronic dispersion compensation and transmitter
training to improve backplane links. The combination of these
technologies enables the 16 Gbps FC to provide some of the highest
throughput density in the industry, making data transfers smoother,
quicker, and cost-efficient.

Although 16 Gbps FC doubles the
throughput of 8 Gbps FC to 1600MBps, the line rate of the signals only
increases to 14.025 Gbps because of a more efficient encoding scheme.
Like 10 Gbps FC and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE), 16 Gbps FC uses 64b/66b
encoding, that is 97% efficient, compared to 8b/10b encoding, that is
only 80% efficient. If 8b/10b encoding was used for 16 Gbps FC, the line
rate would have been 17 Gbps and the quality of links would be a
significant challenge because of higher distortion and attenuation at
higher speeds. By using 64b/66b encoding, 16 Gbps FC improves the
performance of the link with minimal increase in cost.

As seen in Figure 2-1, a
Fiber Channel ASIC that is connected to an SFP+ module has a coupler
that connects to each encoder. The speed-dependent switch directs the
data stream toward the appropriate encoder depending on the selected
speed. During speed negotiation, the two ends of the link determine the
highest supported speed that both ports support.

The second
technique that 16 Gbps FC uses to improve link performance is the use of
retimers or Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) circuitry in the SFP+
modules. The most significant challenge of standardizing a high-speed
serial link is developing a link budget that manages the jitter of a
link. Jitter is the variation in the bit width of a signal due to
various factors, and retimers elliminate most of the jitter in a link.
By placing a retimer in the optical modules, link characteristics are
improved so that the links can be extended for optical fiber distances
of 100 meters on OM3 fiber. The cost and size of retimers has decreased
significantly so that they can now be intergrated into the modules for
minimal cost.

The 16 Gbps FC multimode links were designed to meet
the distance requirements of the majority of data centers. Table 2-2
shows the supported link distances over multimode and single-mode fiber
16 Gbps FC was optimized for OM3 fiber and supports 100 meters. With the
standardization of OM4 fiber, Fiber Channel has standardized the
supported link distances over OM4 fiber, and 16 Gbps FC can support 125
meters. If a 16 Gbps FC link needs to go farther than these distances, a
single-mode link can be used that supports distances up to 10
kilometers. This wide range of supported link distances enables 16 Gbps
FC to work in a wide range of environments.

Another important
feature of 16 Gbps FC is that it uses transmitter training for backplane
links. Transmitter training is an interactive process between the
electrical transmitter and receiver that tunes lanes for optimal
performance. The 16 Gbps FC references the IEEE standards for
10GBASE-KR, which is known as Backplane Ethernet, for the fundamental
technology to increase lane performance. The main difference between the
two standards is that 16 Gbps FC backplanes run 40% faster than
10GBASE-KR backplanes for increased performance.

Fiberstore
introduces it’s new OM4 Laser-Optimized Multimode Fiber (LOMMF) "Aqua”
cables, for use with 40/100Gb Ethernet applications. These new
technology, 50/125um, LC/LC Fiber Optic cables, provide nearly three
times the bandwidth over conventional 62.5um multimode fiber, with
performance rivaling that of Singlemode cable, at a much reduced cost.
LOMMF cable allows 40/100Gb serial transmission over extended distances
in the 850nm wavelength window, where low-cost Vertical Cavity Surface
Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) enable a cost-effective, high-bandwidth
solution. OM4 fiber optic patch cord is ideally suited for LAN’s, SAN’s, and high-speed parallel
interconnects for head-ends, central offices, and data centers. Tripp
Lite warrants this product to be free from defects in material and
workmanship for Life. Now the following is the OM4 fiber from
Fiberstore.

OM4 fiber cable lc lc multimode feature an extremely high bandwidth–4700MHz*km, more than any other
mode. They support 10GB to 550 meters and 100GB to 125 meters. These
cables are suitable for high-throughput applications, such as data
storage. These cables are fully (backwards) compatible with 50/125
equipment as well as with 10 gigabit Ethernet applications. These
connectors utilize a UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) polish which provides a
better surface finish with less back reflection. With the OM4 cables,
you can use longer lengths than OM3 cables while still having an
excellent connection.

We offer a huge selection of single and
multimode patch cords for multiple applications: mechanical use, short
in-office runs, or longer runs between and within buildings, or even
underground. Gel-free options are available for less mess, and Bend
Insensitive cables for minimizing bend loss, which can be difficult to
locate and resolve.

December 17, 2014

Decreased-diameter ferrules

By mid-1999 the most widely known representative of the pilot
high-density connectors was the LC connector (link control) developed by
Lucent Technologies in 1997 (and by other sources in 1996). This
connector is produced in both single-mode and multimode versions. It
uses a ceramic ferrule with a reduced diameter of 1.25 mm and a plastic
housing equipped with an external lever-type latch to fit in a coupler
(Fig.4.30). The connector is produced in both simplex and duplex
options.

According to existing and prospective editions of SCS
standards, the optical connector designers guarantee up to 500 cycles of
connections and disconnections without deterioration of loss
coefficients. This is accomplished by using ceramic ferrules and by the
push-pull principle of connecting the plug enables its installation on a
buffered fiber (0.9mm) and on fiber patch cords in 2.4-mm loose tubes. The LC plug can be installed in field conditions
on 900-mm fiber, but it can only be fabric-bonded on cables in 2.4-mm
loose tubes when manufacturing patch cords because of its small
dimensions.

The basic characteristics of LC connector are listed in Table.4.13.

Another
version of this connector is the MU connector by NTT. This product can
be considered a compact variant of the SC connector. Similar to the
previous version, the MU connector has a housing with an internal latch
(based on the push-pull principle). It is approximately half the size of
the SC connector due to the decreased diameter of the ferrule and the
miniaturization of other components. Both simplex and duplex options of
the connector are commercially available.

SC fiber optic patch
cable is one of the earliest stype and one of the most commonly used
fiber optic cable, it is convenient to use and cost saving, SC fiber
optic patch cord is widely uesed in fiber optic networks. SC fiber patch
cable is with zirconia sleeve and plastic housing. Now following we
recommened you some sc connector patch cords from our store.

This
SC to SC fiber patch cord features 62.5/125 micron zip cord construction
with two SC connectors on each end. The cable features 1.8 mm total
cable width and 62.5 micron multi-mode width which is ideal for most
applications including fast data networks, media extension, and other
projects that require accurate, high-bandwidth signal transfers.

Ensuring
optimal data transfers and network stability, 50/125-micron cables
offer nearly three times the bandwidth of 62.5/125-micron cables, so
your data will be transferred at higher rates over longer distances.

December 16, 2014

Small Form Factor Fiber-Optic Connectors

One of the more popular styles of fiber-optic connectors is the small
form factor (SFF) style of connector. SFF connectors allow more fiber
optic terminations in the same amount of space over their standard-sized
counterparts. The two most popular are the mechanical transfer
registered jack (MT-RJ or MTRJ), designed by AMP, and the Local
Connector (LC), designed by Lucent.

MT-RJ

The MT-RJ fiber
optic connector was the first small form factor fiber optic connector to
see widespread use. It is one-third the size of the SC and ST
connectors it msot often replaces. It had the following benefits:

● Small size
● TX and RX strands in one connector
● Keyed for single polarity
● Pre-terminated ends that require no polishing or epoxy
● Easy to use

LC

Local
Connector is a newer style of SFF fiber optic connector that is
overtaking MT-RJ as fiber optic connector. It is especially popular for
use which Fiber Channel adapters and Gigabit Ethernet adapters. It has
similar advantages to MT-RJ and other SFF-type connectors but is easier
to terminate. It uses a ceramic insert as standard-sized fiber-optic
connectors do. Figure 1.21 shows an example of the LC connector.
Mentioned fiber optic connector, we know fiber optic patch cords, a
fiber optic patch cord is constructed from a core with a high refractive
index, surrounded by a coating with a low refractive index that is
surrounded by a protective jacket. Transparency of the core permits
transmission of optic signals with little loss over great distances. The
coating’s low refractive index reflects light back into the core,
minimizing signal loss. The protective jacket minimizes physical damage
to the core and coating.

Connector design standards include FC,
SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, FDDI, E2000, DIN4, and D4. Cables are
classified by the connectors on either end of the cable; some of the
most common cable configurations include FC-FC, FC-SC, FC-LC, FC-ST,
SC-SC, and SC-ST.

Lc to lc fiber patch cord is used to send
high-speed data transmissions throughout your network. LC/LC fiber optic
cables connect two components with fiber optic connectors. A light
signal is transmitted so there is no outside electrical interference.
Our SC fiber optic cable is 100% optically tested for maximum performance. We have all lengths and connectors available.