Abstract Background: Shigellosis is a major public health problem and increasing antimicrobial resistance has complicated its treatment. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among patients visiting Kenyatta University health unit, Nairobi Kenya, during May-August 2011. Findings: Of the 102 stool samples cultured, 16 (15.7%) yielded Shigella species; S. boydii 12 (75%), S. sonnei 3 (19%) and S. flexneri 1 (6%). All the 16 isolates showed resistance to at least two antibiotics and …were multi-drug resistance. The highest resistance rates were encountered with Ampicillin 16 (100%), Sulphamethaxazole 15 (93%) and Cotrimoxazole12 (75%) while those susceptible were Gentamycin 16(100%) and Chloramphenicol 12 (75%). Conclusions: There is a high level of resistance to most of the antibiotics used for treatment of shigellosis. Gentamycin was found to be the drug of choice in this setting with a need for consistent drug resistance surveillance. .

Key Words: Shigella, Antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance, Kenya.

Background Shigella is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis and death of 3-5 millions of children under the age of 5 years in developing countries, where sub-standards hygienic conditions and unsafe water supplies prevail [1,2]. Infection by Shigella species can lead to illness ranging from mild, self-limited diarrhoea to severe dysentery with frequent passage of blood and mucus, high fever, cramps, tenesmus, and in rare cases, bacteraemia. In addition, complications of shigellosis are seen most frequently in children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised [2]. Shigellosis (bacillary dysentriae) is recognized by the World Health Organization as a major global public health problem [2]. Among the bacterial causes of dysentery, Shigella species continue to be the most important, with high infectivity rate and the development of antimicrobial resistance [2, 3]. Since 1940, when resistance of Shigella species to sulphonamide was first recognised in Japan, resistance to Shigella species have become progressively recorded to most widely used antimicrobial agents (3, 4). Over the past decades, Shigella species have become progressively resistant to most widely-used antimicrobials [5] hence complicating the treatment of shigellosis [6]. Multiple drug resistance transmitted plasmids among Shigella species have been reported in many countries [7]. So far, limited reports exist on the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Shigella species among University health facilities in particular and in Kenya in general. The purpose of the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among patients visiting Kenyatta University health unit for better management of shigellosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design The study was conducted at the University health unit which is known to serve a population comprising mainly 80% of the student population and a large number of teaching and nonteaching staff are their dependants. A total of 102 individuals of the age 1-60 years category were recruited into the study. The participants were patients referred to the laboratory for stool analysis from the in-patient and out-patient departments of health unit, all within Kiambu County. Their informed consent will sort and obtained and an ethical clearance and authorization to collect specimen and data for research be...

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...International Journal of Food Microbiology 71 Ž2001. 1–20
www.elsevier.comrlocaterijfoodmicro
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Jennifer Cleveland a , Thomas J. Montville a , Ingolf F. Nes b, Michael L. Chikindas a, )
a
Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State UniÕersity of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
b
Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Agricultural UniÕersity of Norway,
˚
N-1432 As, Norway
Received 31 January 2001; received in revised form 10 May 2001; accepted 11 June 2001
Abstract
Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria. Many lactic
acid bacteria ŽLAB. produce a high diversity of different bacteriocins. Though these bacteriocins are produced by LAB
found in numerous fermented and non-fermented foods, nisin is currently the only bacteriocin widely used as a food
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comparison of the synthesis, mode of action, resistance and safety of the two types of molecules is covered. Toxicity data...

...﻿Introduction
What is cloning?
The production of identical copies of molecules, cells, or organisms from a single ancestor.
Cloning is to duplicate a cell or an organism, usually asexually, which is genetically an exact replica of the other cell or organism.
What is Clone?
It is a group of genetically identical cells
It is also an organism which is genetically an exact replica of another organism.
Cloning Dolly the Sheep
The first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell
Roslin Institute in Scotland
The only lamb born from 277 attempts,
From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy went to full term, and the 6.6 kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias Dolly) was born after 148 days.
Born on 5 July 1996, she was euthanased on 14 February 2003, aged six and a half.
Before Dolly…
1962 - John Gurdon claims to have cloned frogs from adult cells.
1963 - J.B.S. Haldane coins the term 'clone.'
1966 - Establishment of the complete genetic code.
1967 - Enzyme DNA ligase isolated.
1969 - Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the first gene.
1970 - First restriction enzyme isolated.
1972 - Paul Berg creates the first recombinant DNA molecules.
1973 - Cohen and Boyer create first recombinant DNA organisms.
1977 - Karl Illmensee claims to have created mice with only one parent.
1979 - Karl Illmensee makes claim to have cloned three mice.
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The gamut of world class products offered by us comprises of Hydro-pneumatic Fittings, hand-tools, cutting tools, precision instruments, fasteners, safety and welding accessories, Cable wires, castors, power tools, industrial hoses and packing materials. We have established a reputation of our own in the market because of the quality products.
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