I – Definitions

incidence rates:
“new cases collected over a continuous period of time.
The new cases which occur are added to the numerator. It is
a cumulative
count of a population at risk over a specified time period
(e.g. month, year, decade)” (Clark, 1996, p. 103).

illness:
“Illnesses or sicknesses are the subjective element of
feeling ill. An illness will lead to change in behaviours derived
from
changes in the body which are not measurable. Diseases are
generic categories which have specific symptoms and characteristics
across the human species. Illness refers to the political,
social and emotional experiences of the disease” (Woods,
2003).

illness & misfortune “Ojibwe”:
“Improper living is thought to break "the rules
of the universe, and was avenged by the manitos" (Vecsey,
1983, p. 149) resulting in illness and misfortune. Thus,
illness
creates a situation whereby the Ojibwe person reflects on
the meaning of the illness, including what wrong may have
occurred and how it could be corrected (Hallowell, 1941,
1977). Illness may also be interpreted as a result of "bad
medicine" (sorcery) or "wishing someone ill” (Reynolds,
1993; Garro, 1990; as cited in Reynolds Turton, 1997).

illness theories:
“Ritzenthaler (1953) found that Ojibwe beliefs of illness causation
included all five illness theories identified by anthropologists
and associated with tribal people: sorcery, breach of taboo,
disease-object intrusion, spirit intrusion, and soul loss.
Ritzenthaler labeled these beliefs a "preoccupation with
sickness" because few cultures are thought to incorporate
all five theories into their health world” (Reynolds
Turton, 1997).

immunization “vaccination”:
“Inoculation differs from vaccination in that it introduces
pus or powdered scab material to induce a mild infection, but
renders the individual infectious” (Lux , 2001, p. 16)

Indian:
“In Canada, Indian people identify themselves as First
Nation people. It is acknowledged that First Nation people
have a
special relationship with the federal government by virtue
of the Treaties” (Alberta Justice, 2002).

Indian:
“In the United States, the situation is pretty straightforward:
if you carry a tribal identification or have one issued to
you through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, you are an "Indian." Without
the card, you can call yourself an Indian, but governmental
agencies will not recognize you as such” (Bellfy, 2001).

Indian:
“In Canada, by contrast, and as Ovide Mercredi, former
Grand Chief of the Assembly of First Nations, has pointed
out,
the Canadian government recognizes seventeen different categories
of "Indians" under the Indian Act. [1] Without
detailing these seventeen categories--a daunting task in
any case--in Canada there are "Status Indians" which,
more or less, corresponds to the U.S. definition of "Indian";
that is, they all carry a tribal identification. Other "Indians" in
Canada who are Aboriginals without specific tribal membership
are called "Non-status Indians." In addition to
these First Nations people, there are those Aboriginal people
who are of mixed "Indian" and European descent--called
Metis. And to complete the official governmental recognition
scheme, Canada certainly includes the Inuit of the Arctic
under the "Aboriginal" umbrella” (Bellfy,
2001, p. 11).

Indian:
“A term that describes all the Aboriginal people in Canada
who are not Inuit or Métis. Indian peoples are one
of three groups of people recognized as Aboriginal in the
Constitution Act, 1982. The act specifies that Aboriginal
people in Canada consist of Indians, Inuit and Métis
people. In addition, there are three legal definitions that
apply to Indians in Canada: Status Indians, Non-Status Indians
and Treaty Indians” (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada,
2000).

Indian Act, 1876:
“Historically, the Act evolved to protect the small share
of Canada's land base which remained to our original peoples.
The first federal legislation about Indians after Confederation
was the 1868 Secretary of State Act, soon followed by An Act
for the Gradual Civilization and Enfranchisement of Indians.
These statutes were consolidated in the Revised Statutes, 1876.
Amendments can be traced through succeeding editions of these
consolidations to about 1990” (Henderson, 2001).

Indian Act, 1876:
“The Indian Act is the Canadian federal legislation
that sets out certain obligations of the federal government
and includes
management of Indian reserve lands (Health Canada, 2003,
May). It is because of section 89 of the Indian Act that
Aboriginal people are prohibited from mortgaging the land
therefore collateral for bank loans to Aboriginal businesspersons
is not available.

Indian Act, 1876:
“This is the Canadian federal legislation, first passed
in 1876, that sets out certain federal government obligations,
and regulates the management of Indian reserve lands. The
act has been amended several times, most recently in 1985.
Among its many provisions, the act requires the Minister
of Indian Affairs and Northern Development to manage certain
moneys belonging to First Nation First Nations and Indian
lands, to approve or disallow First Nations by-laws” (Indian
and Northern Affairs Canada, 2000).

Indian Act, 1876:
“The Indian Act, first passed in 1876, was designed to facilitate
the administration of programs to Indians, as well as the
assimilation of Indians into mainstream Canadian society.
In includes definitions of who was an 'Indian,' and how such
status could be gained or lost. We can identify two broad
legal categories of Aboriginal peoples: those with Indian
'status,' and those without” (Waldram, Herring, & Young,
1995, p. 10).

Indian agent:
“The Indian Agent system was a quasi military approach
to handling the administration of Indian affairs. Although
agents were
used by the colonial government prior to confederation, the
era of the ‘Indian agent’ really commenced after
the treaties were signed in 1871 (Waldram, et al. 1995, p.
154).

Indian band:

Indian corn "maize":
(see maize)

Indian Diploma Nursing Program (IDNP):
“The Indian Diploma Nursing Program (IDNP) at Saskatchewan
Indian Federation College (SIFC) was a Program for Nursing
within
First Nations, developed and delivered in partnership with
First Nations Communities, First Nations Health Services, Medical
Services Branch, University of Saskatchewan, College of Nursing” (SIFC,
2003).

Indian Health Policy (1979):
“In 1979, the federal government unveiled its new Indian
Health Policy.
Central to this new policy was the belief that a simple increase
in health programs and services would not result in a substantial
improvement in health status. What was required was increased
input by Aboriginal peoples themselves. Further more the policy
emphasized that spiritual health was as important as physical
health, thus setting the stage for the emergences of traditional
health services” (Waldram, Herring, Young, 1995, p. 234).

Indian Health Transfer Policy:
(see Health Transfer Policy)

Indian reserve:
“Land set aside by the federal government for the use and occupancy
of an Indian group or band” (Indian and Northern Affairs
Canada, 2000).

Indian reservation:
“American term for reserve”

Indian status:
“An individual’s legal status as an Indian, as
defined by the Indian Act” (Indian and Northern Affairs
Canada, 2000).

“Indian time”:
The concept of time is a cultural difference. Appointments
fit the Anglo-Saxon world where time governs all activities,
but often Aboriginal people view time as being like a river,
flowing in a continuum that make scheduled appointments hard
to keep”

indigenocide:
“The Australian governments perceived deliberate attempt
to wipe out the Aborigines and their culture” (Evans & Thorpe,
2001).

indigenous:

Indigenous Peoples:
“Indigenous peoples are peoples whom: …on account of their
descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or
a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the
time of conquest or colonization or the establishment of present
state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status,
retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural
and political institutions” (International Labour Organization
(ILO) Convention 169, June, 1989, as cited in International
Council of Nurses, 2003).

Indigenous peoples:
“The term “indigenous” usually refers to Aboriginal
people who are from other parts of the world, not Canada. The
terms “Aboriginal” and “indigenous” have
been used interchangeably throughout Forging New Relationships
and are meant to convey inclusion of all Aboriginal peoples
as part of the University’s overall initiative’ (University
of Saskatchewan, 2003).

Indigenous Peoples' Health Research Centre, (IPHRC), Regina,
SK: “Indigenous Peoples' Health Research Centre, is located in Regina,
Saskatchewan. This research program is led by the Saskatchewan
Indian Federated College, in partnership with the Universities
of Regina and Saskatchewan. It takes a holistic approach,
focusing on 4 areas: (1) chronic disease, nutrition, and lifestyle;
(2) indigenous or traditional healing methods for addictions,
including fetal alcohol syndrome, and mental health; (3)
health delivery and control, including ethics, community development,
and governance; and (4) environmental health” (Reading & Nowgesic,
2002, p. 1399-1400).

infant mortality rate (IMR):
“Relates to the number of deaths in the 0-1 year of life
in a population. Infant mortality rate is often cited as an
indicator
of development. The infant mortality rate can be further broken
down into neonatal mortality rate. Neonatal mortality rate
is associated with medical care measures and post natal mortality
rate with socio-economical conditions” (Woods, 2003).

infectious diseases:
“Infectious refers to a disease cause by micro-organisms, such
as bacteria or viruses. Not all infectious diseases are ‘contagious’ in
the non-technical sense of the word, meaning easily passed
from person to person” (Waldram, Herring, & Young,
1995, p. 74).

infectious diseases:
“There are four major factors that historically led infectious
diseases to gain prominence in human populations: sufficiently
large population size to enable some infections to become
established and others to be amplified; social
conditions, such as crowding and poor hygiene, which increased
the opportunity for diseases to be spread from person to
person; undernutrition, which increased overall susceptibility
to disease; and close contact with animals, domesticated
or not, which were reservoirs for micro-organisms” (Waldram,
Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 24).

influenza:

infringement:

inherent rights (self-government):
“Aboriginals believe that their right to self-government
is an inherent right, a right which they have always possessed
and that was given to them by the Creator. There are some important "signposts" since
the arrival of European settlers which are suggested as confirmation
of the aboriginal right to self-government: the Royal Proclamation
of 1763, the treaties, and the Constitution Act of 1982” (Industry
Canada, 2003).

injury:
“An act that damages or hurts; violation of another's
rights for which the law allows an action to recover damages” (Merriam
Webster Dictionary, 2003).

injuries:
“The term ‘injuries’ has replaced ‘accidents’ in
the prevention literature to highlight the health impact
on the person and the existence of preventable factors in
their causation (Waldram, Herring, & Young, 1995, p.
74).

injuries:
“Among the most serious health problems
affecting Aboriginal peoples in the
decades since the end of the Second World War, particularly
younger age groups, are injuries sustained as a result of
accidents and violence” (Waldram, Herring, & Young,
1995, p. 88).

interpreter:
“Specialized health care interpreters can be more effective
than volunteer translators in interpreting both the words
and the meaning of health information in a culturally accurate
context. Verbal and non-verbal communication – between
client and provider can be a barrier to accessibility of services.
The use of facial expressions, body language and norms related
to eye contact are examples of non-verbal communication differences
that need to be understood. Listening, respecting and being
open are essential” (Canadian Nurses Association, 2000).

Inuit:
“An Aboriginal people in northern Canada, who live above the
tree line in Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Northern
Quebec and Labrador. The word means “people” in the Inuit
language — Inuktitut. The singular of Inuit is Inuk” (Indian
and Northern Affairs Canada, 2000).

Inuit women: (see women)

Inuvialuit:
“Inuit who live in the Western Arctic” (Indian and Northern
Affairs Canada, 2000).

ischemic heart disease (IHD):
“Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality
in most Western countries. Hospitalizations for IHD have
doubled in the Native population despite declining rates in the general
population” (Shah, Hux, & Zinman, 2000).

ischemic heart disease (IHD):
“Disease of the heart organ where there is localized tissue
anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood” (Merriam–Webster
Dictionary, 2003).