Abstract

Abstract

As glioma ranks as the first most prevalent solid tumors in primary central nervous system, certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be related to increased glioma risk, and have implications in carcinogenesis. The present case–control study was carried out to elucidate how common variants contribute to glioma susceptibility. Ten candidate tagging SNPs (tSNPs) were selected from seven genes whose polymorphisms have been proven by classical literatures and reliable databases to be tended to relate with gliomas, and with the minor allele frequency (MAF) > 5% in the HapMap Asian population. The selected tSNPs were genotyped in 629 glioma patients and 645 controls from a Han Chinese population using the multiplexed SNP MassEXTEND assay calibrated. Two significant tSNPs in RTEL1 gene were observed to be associated with glioma risk (rs6010620, P = 0.0016, OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11-1.56; rs2297440, P = 0.001, OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12-1.58) by χ2 test. It was identified the genotype “GG” of rs6010620 acted as the protective genotype for glioma (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.7; P = 0.0002), while the genotype “CC” of rs2297440 as the protective genotype in glioma (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.31-0.71; P = 0.0003). Furthermore, haplotype “GCT” in RTEL1 gene was found to be associated with risk of glioma (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86; Fisher’s P = 0.0005; Pearson’s P = 0.0005), and haplotype “ATT” was detected to be associated with risk of glioma (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12-1.57; Fisher’s P = 0.0013; Pearson’s P = 0.0013). Two single variants, the genotypes of “GG” of rs6010620 and “CC” of rs2297440 (rs6010620 and rs2297440) in the RTEL1 gene, together with two haplotypes of GCT and ATT, were identified to be associated with glioma development. And it might be used to evaluate the glioma development risks to screen the above RTEL1 tagging SNPs and haplotypes.

Keywords

Introduction

The overall incidence of brain tumors for benign and malignant tumors combined is 18.71 per 100,000 person-years; 11.52 per 100,000 person-years for benign tumors and 7.19 per 100,000 person-years for malignant tumors [1]. Though the age- standardized incidence recently reported varied greatly than ever, non-malignant tumours still accounted for 66% of all newly diagnosed primary brain tumours with the age-standardized incidence rate of 3.57 per 100,000 person-years, while malignant tumours incidence rate was 1.82 per 100,000 person-years (crude incidence rates were 3.69 and 1.92 per 100,000 respectively) [2]. Gliomas, most aggressive malignant brain tumours (astrocytic, oligodendroglial, oligoastrocytic and ependymal origin), represent 20.8% of all brain tumours [2], and account for almost 80% of primary malignant brain tumors, usually resulting in poor survival compared to other types of brain tumors [3].

Current evidence suggests that inherited risks play a significant role in glioma susceptibility, as with other cancers, and a majority of the inherited risk is due to the co-inheritance of multiple low-risk variants. These variants are commonly seen gene variants and hence can be identified through association studies [4]. The epidemiology of glioma has focused on identifying factors that can be modified to prevent this disease [5–7]. Recently studies of genetic risk factors for brain tumors have expanded to genome-wide association studies, and have focused on identifying germline polymorphisms associated with the risk of glioma as well as using molecular markers to classify glial tumors in more homogenous groups [6, 7].

A research group from the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center conducted a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by genotyping 550 K tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in a total of 1,878 cases and 3,670 controls, with validation in three additional independent series totaling 2,545 cases and 2,953 controls. They identified five risk loci for glioma including rs6010620 intronic to RTEL1 gene (P = 2.52 × 10-12) to be associated with glioma risk [6]. Another study in Chinese also identified rs60106203 for glioma risk (P = 2.793 × 10-6), and the locus also associated with glioblastoma risk (P = 3.573 × 10-7) [8]. The subsequent study found that rs6010620 was statistically significantly associated with glioma risk in US female population [9]. Recently, a new independent GWAS of glioma using 1,856 cases and 4, 955 controls has found evidence of strong replication for three of the seven previously reported associations at 20q13.33 (RTEL), 5p15.33 (TERT), and 9p21.3 (CDKN2BAS), and consistent association signals for the remaining four at 7p11.2 (EGFR both loci), 8q24.21 (CCDC26) and 11q23.3 (PHLDB1) [7]. These data tend to show that common susceptibility alleles contribute to the risk of developing glioma and provide insight into disease causation of this primary brain tumor.

As the Chinese Han population is by far the population with the largest number in the world, we comprehensively analysized in this study the associations between RTEL1 genotypes and haplotypes with glioma risk, to uncover how germ-line genetic variants of the RTEL1 gene play a complex role in the development of glioma, to offer important insights into the etiology of glioma in the certain Chinese Han population.

Patients and methods

Study population

A total of 629 patients with glioma, includes well-differentiated pilocytic astrocytoma [World Health Organization (WHO) grade I], low grade ependymomas [WHO grade II], low grade astrocytomas [WHO grade II], low grade oligodendrogliomas [WHO grade II], anaplastic astrocytomas [WHO grade III] and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [WHO grade IV] [10], between November 2008 and December 2012 were recruited into an ongoing molecular epidemiological study at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Tangdu Hospital affiliated with The Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU) in Xi’an city, China. All glioma cases had no previous history of other cancers, or prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. There were no age, sex, or disease stage restrictions for case recruitment. There were no age, sex, or disease stage restrictions for case recruitment. All the slides of glioma tissues were re-evaluated according to WHO classifications [10] by two pathologists, with differences resolved by careful discussion. The median age was 43 years (age range, 1–81). The clinicopathological features and the treatment strategies of all the patients were indicated in Table 1.

Table 1

Clinicopathological features of 629 glioma patients

Clinicopathological features

WHO I

WHO II

WHO III

WHO IV

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Astrocytoma

Oligodendroglioma

Ependymoma

Anaplastic astrocytoma

Glioblastoma multiforme

Case Number

Total

20

433

24

34

81

37

Male

11

241

13

17

39

21

Female

9

192

11

17

42

16

Mean age (Age range) (ys)

Total

12(2-51)

42(1-81)

46(17-76)

29(1-71)

50(2-81)

47(6-70)

Male

13(3-35)

41(1-81)

53(35-76)

34(5-60)

50(2-73)

48(17-70)

Female

9(2-51)

42(2-79)

41(17-55)

20(1-71)

52(10-81)

44(6-67)

KPS

≥70

19

423

24

33

79

35

<70

1

10

0

1

2

2

Surgery

Gross total resection

20

412

22

32

76

36

Partial resection

0

10

2

1

3

1

Biopsy

0

11

0

1

2

0

Adjuvant treatment

Radiotherapy

0

280

18

17

4

0

Chemotherapy

0

55

1

1

0

0

Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy combination

0

98

5

16

77

37

KPS Karnofsky performance score.

A total of 645 healthy unrelated individuals as the controls between June 2010 and August 2012 were recruited from the medical examination center at Tangdu Hospital, for genetic association research of human complex diseases, such as lung cancer, stomach cancer, and glioma. The median age was 45 years (age range 4–83). The detailed recruitment and exclusion criteria were used. Generally, subjects with chronic diseases and conditions involving vital organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney, and brain) and severe endocrinological, metabolic, and nutritional diseases were excluded from this study. The purpose of the above exclusion procedures was to minimize the known environmental and therapeutic factors that influence the variation of human complex diseases.

In our study population, all analyses were restricted to the Han Chinese living in Xi’an city and its surrounding areas. A written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects or their custodians, and we collected all the blood samples from the controls and the patients before chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All specimens were handled and made anonymous according to the ethical and legal standards. The protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fourth Military Medical University.

Demographic and clinical data

Demographic and personal data were collected through an in-person interview using a standardized epidemiological questionnaire, including age, sex, ethnicity, residential region, smoking status, alcohol use, education status, and family history of cancer. For patients, detailed clinical information was collected through a medical chart review or consultation with treating physicians. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein were tested in control subjects to make sure they did not have any cancers.

Peripheral blood was taken from the 629 glioma patients and 645 apparently healthy individuals, and from the elbow vein or the head superficial vein, and treated immediately with an anticoagulant containing sodium citrate (22 g/L) and sodium chloride (8.5 g/L). The blood samples were then stored at -70˚C before use. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples by using an extraction kit (GoldMag, China). DNA concentration and purity were determined by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany).

Candidate tSNPs in the seven genes were selected from previously published polymorphisms associated with glioma. Validated tSNPs were selected with a minor allele frequency (MAF) > 5% in the HapMap Asian population. A total of 10 tSNPs were selected for further genotyping. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the phenol-chloroform extraction method. DNA concentration was measured by spectrometry (DU530 UV/VIS spectrophotometer, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA, USA). A multiplexed SNP MassEXTEND assay was designed with the Sequenom MassARRAY Assay Design 3.0 Software [11]. SNP genotyping was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000 with standard protocol recommended by the manufacturer [11]. Data management and analyses were performed using Sequenom Typer 4.0 software as previously described [11, 12].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 16.0 statistical packages (SPSS, Chicago, IL). All P values in this study were two-sided. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered the threshold of statistical significance. Genotypic frequencies in control subjects for each tSNP were tested for departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) using an exact test. Genotype frequencies and allele frequencies of glioma patients and control subjects were compared using the χ2 test [13]. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and sex [14]. We did not divide subjects into subgroups because of limited sample size. The possibility of sex differences as a source of population sub-structure was evaluated by a genotype test for each tSNP in male and female controls, and the number of significant results at the 5% level was compared with the number expected by the χ2 test. We did not detect population stratification because all participants’ ethnicity was Han Chinese. The four genetic models (dominant, recessive, additive and genotypic) were applied by PLINK software (http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink/) to assess the association of single tSNP with the risk of glioma. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated by unconditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex [14, 15].

We used the Haploview software package (version 4.2) and SHEsis software platform (http://www.nhgg.org/analysis/) for analyses of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic association at polymorphism loci [16, 17] ORs and 95% CIs were calculated by unconditional logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and gender [14]. Additionally, the likelihood ratio test was performed to determine the genotype frequencies among various grade groups. The χ 2 test was also used for comparison of categorical variables. A P value of <0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 629 cases (310 male, 319 female; median age at diagnosis 41 ± 18 yrs) and 645 controls (329 male, 316 female; median age at 45 ± 12 yrs) were included in the current study. Basic characteristics of the cases are listed in Table 1 including gender, age, and pathology. As listed in Table 2, a multiplexed SNP MassEXTEND assay was designed with Sequenom MassARRAY Assay Design 3.0 Software. Ten SNPs of seven candidate genes were genotyped in glioma patients and the control group, the average tSNPs call rate was 99.6% in cases and controls, and all of the tested tSNPs are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the control population of this study (Table 3). Two significant tSNPs in the RTEL1 gene were observed to be associated with glioma risk at a 5% level (rs6010620, P = 0.0016, OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11-1.56; rs2297440, P = 0.001, OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12-1.58) by χ2 test.

Table 2

Primers used in the study

SNP_ID

1st-PCR primer sequences

2nd-PCR primer sequences

UEP sequences

rs2992

G/A

ACGTTGGATGTCAAGTATCTGCTCTGTGGG

ACGTTGGATGACTGGGTGCATCCTGAGAG

cgatAGCAGGGGTGACGTATGTAGAA

rs12022378

C/T

ACGTTGGATGAGATGCCTGGACCAGCTCT

ACGTTGGATGCAATTACAGCCCACCTCTTG

cctaaAGCCCACCTCTTGCATCGT

rs12917

T/C

ACGTTGGATGCGAGGCTATCGAAGAGTTCC

ACGTTGGATGAGATGGCTTAGTTACCGACC

gctaGAAAACGGGATGGTGAA

rs12645561

T/C

ACGTTGGATGTTACAGTTCTCTTTCACAG

ACGTTGGATGGCAGAGCCTAGTTTCATGAC

TTGCTCATTACTGTAAGAAATAATAC

rs7003908

C/A

ACGTTGGATGGGGGAGAAAATATTCCTGTT

ACGTTGGATGTCCTACCTCACGAACTCAGC

AGCAATTGCCTAAGAGTC

rs6010620

G/A

ACGTTGGATGGCCTGTTTTCCCTTTTTGAG

ACGTTGGATGCCTCTCAACATCTCAGCAAC

tGATCATGCAAAGCAGG

rs2297440

T/C

ACGTTGGATGACGAGGTCTGGTGGCACAT

ACGTTGGATGCACTGTCCTTTGCGTCCTC

gtTCCTCCCTCACCAGC

rs4809324

C/T

ACGTTGGATGGAGAAGTCAAGTGACATCAG

ACGTTGGATGAGCCGGTGCACAGATTCCAA

gagggCAAGGGCCTGGAATCTGT

rs3770502

A/G

ACGTTGGATGCTATATGGGTGCAGATGCAG

ACGTTGGATGACAGGCGTGAACCACTGTA

ACCCGGCCCCTCCAC

rs9288516

A/T

ACGTTGGATGACAGGCCAAGGGCAATAATC

ACGTTGGATGGCTTCCTAAGATTTCCTATTC

CATTTCAAAAGAAATGGAGAAT

UEP Unextended mini-sequencing primer.

Table 3

Tagging SNPs information that were examined

SNP No.

Gene

chr

Position

MA

MAF (CHB)

MAF

HWE P

P

OR (95%CI)

P adj.

Genotype rate

Case

Control

rs12022378

AP4B1

chr1

114448389

C

0.411

0.360

0.393

0.4943

0.0889

1.15(0.98-1.35)

0.889

99.34

rs12917

MGMT

chr10

131506283

T

0.31

0.105

0.082

0.2082

0.0497

0.76(0.58-1)

0.497

99.67

rs12645561

NEIL3

chr4

178260872

T

0.114

0.275

0.268

0.1388

0.6903

0.97(0.81-1.15)

6.903

99.34

rs7003908

PRKDC

chr8

48770702

C

0.283

0.236

0.209

0.1246

0.1074

0.86(0.71-1.03)

1.074

99.83

rs6010620

RTEL1

chr20

62309839

G

0.393

0.269

0.327

0.194

0.0016

1.32(1.11-1.56)

0.016

99.83

rs2297440

RTEL1

chr20

62312299

C

0.226

0.266

0.325

0.3127

0.001

1.33(1.12-1.58)

0.01

100

rs4809324

RTEL1

chr20

62318220

C

0.12

0.114

0.120

0.6994

0.6328

1.06(0.83-1.35)

6.328

99.67

rs2992

UBXN6

chr19

4443046

A

0.295

0.436

0.433

0.4229

0.8701

0.99(0.84-1.16)

8.701

99.67

rs3770502

XRCC5

chr2

217045059

A

0.208

0.148

0.160

0.7558

0.4221

1.09(0.88-1.36)

4.221

99.83

rs9288516

XRCC5

chr2

217053264

A

0.489

0.480

0.450

0.4774

0.1288

0.89(0.76-1.04)

1.288

99.67

Association results between tSNP genotypes and the risk of glioma were listed in Table 4. We found that the genotype “GG” of rs6010620 as the protective genotype for glioma (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.7; P = 0.0002), and the genotype “CC” of rs2297440 as the protective genotype in glioma (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.31-0.71; P = 0.0003).

Furthermore, the associations between different clinicopatholiogical features and genotype frequency of GG in rs6010620, together with CC in rs2297440 in glioma patients (n = 75, 73, respectively) were analyzed. GG frequency in various grade goups were determined, being 16.0% (12/75), 46.7% (35/75), 16.0% (12/75), and 21.3% (16/75), respectively, in grade I,II,III, and IV group (P > 0.05), and CC frequency in various grade goups were determined as 14.7% (11/73), 56.2% (35/73), 17.8% (13/73), and 19.2% (14/73), respectively, in grade I, II, III, and IV group (P >0.05) (Table 7). No significant association was found between genotype frequency of GG or CC, and other parameters including WHO grading, gender, age at diagnosis, or Karnofsky performance score (KPS).

Table 7

Associations between different clinicopatholiogical features and genotype frequency of GG in rs6010620, and CC in rs2297440 ofRTEL1gene in glioma patients (n= 75, 73, respectively)

Clinicopatholiogical features

GG frequency

P value

CC frequency

P value

n(%)

n(%)

WHO grade

I

12 (16.0)

>0.05

11 (14.7)

>0.05

II

35 (46.7)

35 (56.2)

III

12 (16.0)

13 (17.8)

IV

16 (21.3)

14 (19.2)

Age

≥40

36 (48.0)

NS

40 (54.8)

NS

<40

39 (52.0)

33 (45.2)

Gender

Male

30 (40.0)

NS

31 (42.5)

NS

Female

45 (60.0)

42 (57.5)

KPS

≥70

72 (96.0)

>0.05

70 (95.9)

>0.05

<70

3 (4.0)

3 (4.1)

NS not significant, KPS Karnofsky performance score.

Discussion

As known, biomarker detection and screening is an emerging field for oncology [18–23]. Especially for gliomas considerable progresses have been made in identifying, characterizing, and attempting to apply molecular markers, e.g. in the previous study, we initially found the increased expression of miR-372 in glioma tissues was significantly correlated with advanced tumor progression and aggressive clinicopathological features [24]. And subsequently a series of have determined the associations between lots of SNPs in ABCB 1, NR 1/2, VEGFR 3, etc. and therapy outcome [25–27].

In this case–control study in Han Chinese population, we found two susceptibility tSNPs in RTEL1 gene that were associated with increased risk of glioma (rs6010620 and rs2297440). The genotype “GG” of rs6010620 was the protective genotype for glioma, and the genotype “CC” of rs2297440 was the protective genotype in glioma. We also observed in the RTEL1 gene a haplotype “GCT” that was associated with a decreased the risk and a haplotype of “ATT” with an increased risk of developing glioma.

As described initially, however, we failed to determine the associations between genotype frequency of GG or CC, and other parameters including WHO grading, gender, age at diagnosis, or KPS status. Additionally, we also tried to elucidate the relationship of genotype frequency of GG or CC, with overall surviaval (OS) in the correlated patients. During the follow-up period, only 11 of the patients with genotype of GG or CC had died [6 (8%) from the 75 patients with genotype GG, and 5 (6.8%) from the 73 patients with genotype CC], and most of the patients are alive and are being traced continuously.

Albeit the correlated survival data in the present study are still accumulating, our findings in this study have provided new evidence for the association between common SNPs (or haplotypes) and the risk of glioma in the Chinese Han population, suggesting an important determinant of glioma development by RTEL1 gene. RTEL1 gene locates in 20q13.3 with the length of 40.889 kb, including 40 exons. Known functions of RTEL1 include nucleic acid binding, ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity, DNA repair, apoptosis and anti-apoptosis, and so on. Previous study proposed that RTEL1 maintains genomic stability by suppressing homologous recombination [28, 29], and implements the second level of meiotic crossover control by promoting non-crossovers [30, 31]. A recent review point out that RTEL1 was an essential helicase for telomere maintenance and the regulation of homologous recombination [32, 33]. RTEL1 didn’t involve any KEGG pathway (http://www. genome.jp/kegg/) so far. The frequencies of rs6010620 risk genotypes were highly correlated with high-grade disease (P < 0.001), indicating that genetic variations at the locus has subtype-specific effects on the risk of developing glioma [34]. RTEL1 gene was over expressed in human gastrointestinal tract tumors [35]. Polymorphism in the RTEL1 gene was associated with glioblastoma survival [36].

Some limitations are inherent in this case–control study and must be noted here. Glioma patients were not sub-grouped by age or gender, and gender-specific significant variants were not tested. We selected tSNPs with frequencies higher than 5% in HapMap Asian populations to affirm the statistical power was large enough for analyzing data. We also designed a haplotype-based study to ensure sufficiently high power to detect the risk of glioma associated with candidate tSNPs. Another potential concern was population admixture, which is a known confounding factor for association analysis and may also result in inflated type-I error (false positive). In this study, glioma patients and controls were used in the same hospital to avoid the possibility that one may have a more pronounced selection bias. However, this bias is unlikely to be of significance because they did not differ in the distributions of demographic variable and genotype frequencies. We limited all subjects’ ethnicity to Han Chinese, and a living area to Xi’an City and its surrounding area, thus there is no substantial population admixture in our study populations.

In the upcoming studies, our team will go on to follow up the subjects recruited into the present study, and carry out additional research with larger subject numbers and grade types to further characterize the relationship among grades within the individuals, clinical features and the mentioned RTEL1 tagging SNPs & haplotypes. Furthermore, to elucidate the role of the RTEL1 gene in gliomagenesis, serum RTEL1 expression levels between different mutations or haplotype groups will be compared. And, we will also investigate the association between germline RTEL1 variants and somatic RTEL1 mutations, and the relationship between serum RTEL1 expression and somatic RTEL1 expression in the same glioma subjects.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis of tSNPs suggests that the genotypes of “GG” of rs6010620 and “CC” of rs2297440 (rs6010620 and rs2297440) in the RTEL1 gene, together with two haplotypes of GCT and ATT, were identified to be associated with glioma development. And it might be used to evaluate the glioma development risks to screen the above RTEL1 tagging SNPs and haplotypes.

Notes

Gang Li, Tianbo Jin contributed equally to this work.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81272776), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded projects (No. 20100471628 and No. 201104634), Wu Jieping Medical Foundation funded Project (320.6750.12161), Shaanxi Province Programs for Science and Technology Development (No. 2012 K 13-01-13 and 2011 K12-47) and the Talents Program 2010, Tangdu hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University. We are grateful to all the patients and individuals for their participation. We would also like to thank the clinicians and other hospital staff who contributed to the blood sample and data collection for this study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

CC and GG were the overall principle investigator of the study who designed the study and were responsible for study design, and interpreted the results. GL and TJ participated in the design and coordination, performed the molecular genetic evaluation, and drafted the manuscript. And ZZ, GC, HY, together with TG performed the statistical analysis, and joined into drafting the manuscript. All the patients were followed up by YT, SH and HL. GL, CC and GG all contributed to improving the draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University

(2)

National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University

(3)

Department of Clinical Experimental Surgery, Tangdu hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University

(4)

Shaanxi Lifegen Co. Ltd

(5)

Department of Radiology, Tangdu hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.