A question that has interested professional lie detectors and laypersons alike for centuries has been “is there a discernible way of distinguishing between people who are telling the truth and those who aren’t?” This is an especially important question when put in to the context of the legal system where a person’s guilt or innocence is at stake or where an accused could be falsely convicted or exonerated. The nature of lying is two-pronged, whereby morality and self-service collide; how we feel about deception is highly dependent upon the reason for telling the lie. Everyone lies. In fact, people lie on average twice a day (DePaulo, Kashy, Kirkendol, Wyer, & Epstein, 1996) and would rather do so in an effort to censor themselves, then to express their true thoughts for fear of not being perceived in a positive light by others. We tell psychological lies for a number of reasons: to embellish or protect ourselves, to avoid tension or conflict in social interactions, or minimize hurt feelings (DePaulo, Kashy, Kirkendol, Wyer, & Epstein, 1996).

However, forensic context lies are likely to be “high-stakes”, which carry extreme consequences both for the liar and the target of the lie; for example, lying to conceal infidelity or in the context of violent crime, terrorism, governments, and business/corporations (ten Brinke, L. & Porter, S., 2011). Moreover, contrary to white lies, most high-stakes lies are accompanied by evolutionary developments of unconscious communication of covert information (speech, body language and facial expressions) as well as powerful emotions (such as fear, remorse, anger, or excitement) that must be hidden and/or feigned in a convincing way (ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., & Baker, A., 2011). Darwin hypothesised that some facial expressions associated with strong emotional responses were not under voluntary control, could not be completely inhibited and cannot be engaged intentionally during emotional stimulation, forming the inhibition hypothesis (Darwin, 1872), which now gaining support. Consider the case of a mother publicly pleading for the safe return of her daughter who, in reality, she has murdered. The awareness of the potential enormous consequence of getting caught, along with the effort required to monitor one’s verbal cues, body language, facial expressions and stories, put a huge cognitive load on the deceiver. Simply put, it requires more conscious brain power to tell a lie than it is to tell the truth. (http://www.psychologicalscience.org) So while humans are notoriously better liars than lie detectors, deceivers face the challenge of maintaining their credibility (ten Brinke, L. & Porter, S. 2011). Furthermore, this cognitive load may result in “leakage” that may reveal our true emotions and intentions which a trained or scientifically informed observer might be able to pick up on. That is, an observable (and authentic) by-product of over extending cognition resources available to convey elaborate lies.

Therefore, because motivated lies of consequence are much more difficult to tell and maintain versus trivial daily deceptions, the researchers hypothesized that serious lies should trigger more subtle, yet detectable behavioural cues or emotional "leakage”. Moreover, those facial muscles that are under less cortical control, specifically the “grief” muscles, would more often contract in the faces of genuine pleaders versus the deceivers. They further proposed that deception is a fundamental aspect of human behaviour and communication that likely emerged early in human history (as a means for survival). This point of view strongly supports the Darwinian evolutionary theory (ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., & Baker, A., 2011). They intended to support their views using indicators that aligned with different theoretical orientations (as described below). I supported this hypothesis and believe they are on the right track to developing an effective lie detection...

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...Portsmouth with a master’s degree in Psychology. Shortly thereafter, she decided to return to school and pursue her PhD, which she received in 1997. During this time period, she focused her studies on deception research, where she specifically honed her study in on nonverbal cues of deceit, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA), and how she could affect public perception of both. Akehurst is currently an undergraduate teacher at the University of Portsmouth, where she teaches forensic psychology, and child forensic studies. She also lectures on other relevant topics in psychology at the University, and is currently in the process of creating a graduate program for the University in forensic psychology. Her areas of interest and past research include:
• Nonverbal cues of deception
• The analysis and application of Statement Validity Assessment (and more specifically
Criteria-Based Content Analysis) as a method for detecting deceit in written accounts
• The perceptions of lay people and professionals with regard to cues of deceit
• Interviewing children for legal purposes
(Akehurst, 2007)
Discussion:
One of Lucy Akehurst’s contributions comes in the area of “Rapid Judgments in Assessing Verbal and Nonverbal Cues: Their Potential for Deception Researchers and Lie Detection” (Vrij, et al., 2004). The goal of this report is summarized in the...

...Chirenje
QUESTION Leakages in tourism are necessary evil. Discuss
MARK
COMMENT
In as much as leakages raise the eyebrows of economists, it is dream beyond realization to say leakages can be completely done away with. Furthermore, the way leakages are calculated is a mathematical which makes it seem that tourism industry is not profitable of which it is bringing a lot of foreign currency in the case of Zimbabwe and other Third World countries. This is not to say leakages are not real. The paper explores the effects of leakages using relevant examples especially in the Third World countries like Jamaica and Caribbean; the colonial connotations that are sometimes attached to tourism leakages. The writer moves on to justify the leakages, and also highlight the absence of leakages when the local tourist resorts are small and therefore can not import. Briefly, the writer then indicated other problems of mass tourism besides leakages, for instance, overcrowding, environmental destruction and prostitution.
Britton (1982)) opines that because of the monopolistic controls exerted by transnational corporations (TNCs) over the ownership and organisational structure of most countries’ mass tourism sectors, many analysts contends that Third World tourism industry often replicates problems of...

...﻿
Richard D. Radabough
CJ 3050-001
May 1, 2013
Key Elements of Deception
Being able to identify deception is a very important trait to have when conducting an interview or interrogation. Deception is to ensnare or to give false claim to something. For an interviewer this is a key element to have so that one can find the truth to what happened when and where the crime took place. So when conducting an interview or interrogation the interviewer must watch for key signs and specific elements to detect deceit by the interviewee.
When approaching an interview or interrogation, methods and steps must be followed in order to detect deceit. A promising new approach to interviewing is called inferential interviewing. This method detects deception by analyzing statement characteristics and making a question by question analysis. When using inferential interviewing method, interviewers have found that people can recall what happened accurately and their statement accuracy is above 80 percent. Compared to structural interviews with 62 percent accuracy and cognitive interviews at 68 percent success (Gosselin, 2007).
The first factor in determining whether a statement is deceptive when using inferential interview is statement coherence (Gosselin, 2007). A statement should make simple since and should be easy to follow along with what happened. Also, the statement cannot violate the rules of nature or contradict itself....

...﻿Deception
For every profession there are those that pick their way into changing the image of that specific profession. Of these many professions, nursing is a major profession that has been given a falsified image within the media. Over many years people have overlooked at how important nursing really is within the health care delivery system. Out of the numerous professions within the health care delivery system, the profession with the most patient contact are nurses. Media has been making outrageous claims against nurses for years. Of these false images, many can be seen throughout various television shows, films, press and even within books. Not only is media creating a false image of the profession it can be seen on every October 31st. Along with media, Halloween is deceiving the real beauty of the profession of nursing. The media has created various types of portraits on nursing which is negatively impacting the importance of this health care profession.
Media’s portraits of nursing are creating an unrealistic image of the profession that is making it seem unattractive to the public. The importance of nursing within the health care system is being overlooked and is basically saying that nursing doesn’t matter. A popular image that the profession of nursing has been given for many years is that they are physicians’ servants. To speak about the topic a nurse herself, Bree LeMarie, MS, RN discusses her thoughts on the profession before she decided...

...﻿Deception
In The Odyssey, there seem to be many common rules of life that everyone knows about and lives by including hospitality, loyalty, and justice. However, telling the truth takes a back seat to these other virtues for many of the main characters. Plenty of times, it appears that telling the truth ends up making a situation turn out horribly wrong, while lying and deceiving other characters ends up being the smarter thing to do. The theme ofdeception and lying in The Odyssey is especially important because it shows the prominence of the gods to the characters who are lying. This trait brings out a side of the characters that would otherwise remain hidden throughout the book. However, this hidden side of the characters the reader sees is not necessarily a fatal flaw, but more of a smart choice.
Odysseus’ son, Telemachus, lies in the first few chapters of the book. He sneaks out, away from Ithica, with the intention of finding news about his father’s whereabouts. He has to deceive his mother, Penelope, in order to get away with leaving home on a voyage. Telemachus knows that he must go because Athena, Zeus’ daughter, told him. In this situation, if he were to tell his mother the truth he would not have been allowed to follow Athena’s orders and he would have displeased the gods. Telemachus chose to lie to his mother and please the gods. He told his servant “there is a god behind all this. But swear you won’t say anything to my...

...Deception includes several types of communications or omissions that serve to distort or omit the complete truth. Deception itself is intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the message receiver will believe in a way that the message sender knows is false. Intent is critical with regard to deception. Intent differentiates between deception and an honest mistake. The Interpersonal Deception Theory explores the interrelation between communicative context and sender and receiver cognitions and behaviors in deceptive exchanges.
The five primary forms of deception are:[citation needed]
Lies: making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth.[2]
Equivocations: making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement.
Concealments: omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information.
Exaggerations: overstatement or stretching the truth to a degree.
Understatements: minimization or downplaying aspects of the truth.[1]
Motives[edit]
There are three primary motivations for deceptions in close relationships.
Partner-focused motives: using deception to avoid hurting the partner, to help the partner to enhance or maintain his/her self-esteem, to avoid worrying the partner, and to protect the partner's...

...analysis to economic questions (including questions that may not have been discussed in lectures).
2. Do the required readings in the text BEFORE they are discussed in class -- DON'T wait until exam time rolls around.
• Read the text at least TWICE – the material is too complicated to grasp fully after only one reading.
• Above all, if you need help, DO ask questions in class and DO go to office hours (preferably, well before exam time). REMEMBER that your tuition will NOT be increased if you go to office hours!
• Remember that there will be no makeup for any quiz. If you miss a quiz, you will receive a score of zero for that quiz.
• If you encounter problems of any kind – family problems, personal problems, academic problems, emotional problems, health problems, work-related problems, etc. – you should deal with them as soon as they arise by contacting your college dean, by contacting me, etc. Don't wait until the end of the semester to contact me – at that point, it will be much too late to do anything about them!
Course Schedule: Week SLO Topic
1.2 1 Syllabus Review, Pretest, Labor Sup. & Labor Demand
3-4 1 Labor Market Regulation and Labor Unions
6 2 Immigration and Immigration Restrictions
6-7 3 Human Capital
8-9 4 Taxation and Redistribution
10-11 5 Information Economics and Labor
12-13 5 Discrimination
14-15 4 Economics of the Family and Population
**Lecture Notes are provided on D2L
Institutional and...

...Patience has become a rare virtue for investors nowadays. There is evidence that average holding times have fallen from five years, a decade ago, to less than a year in recent times, according to data extracted from the London Stock Exchange. Whether or not to invest in the capital market is a matter of personal attitude towards the corporate reality. If the answer is positive, the companies in which to invest and designing an optimal portfolio investment is a matter of calculations. Differentiating risk is often difficult and an investor should be acknowledged that there is no zero risk in trading with securities. Even corporate bonds, which are considered riskless in the capital market, are exposed to political risks that are outside the scope and laws of the capital market.
Behaviorists strongly believe that stock markets do not respond to corporate reality, but rather to investors’ moods (Louis Uchitelle, 2001). The group behavior they have keep the trends, sometimes artificially and often lead to losing positions; the overestimation of their investing skills repeatedly make them reluctant to give up on a falling stock and/or to admit a loss. Investors on the capital market seem to be more gamblers than reasonable traders. The logics that should follow a reasonable stock investment is similar to the story that once Ronald Reagan said: “Don't just do something, stand there” .
Investing in the stock market is said to be the best for the very long run. Every...