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Summary• The Turing Test asks when can we say that a machine has become as intelligent as humans.• The Turing Test is about humans as much as it is about the machine because it can be equivalently be formulated as: when can we say that humans have become less intelligent than a machine?• The Turing Test cannot be abstracted from a sociological context. Whenever one separates sociology and technology, one misses the point. www.scaruffi.com 3

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The Turing Test (1950)• A machine can be said to be “intelligent” if it behaves exactly like a human being • Hide a human in a room and a machine in another room and type them questions: if you cannot find out which one is which based on their answers, then the machine is intelligent www.scaruffi.com 4

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The Turing Test• The birth of Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence (1956): the discipline of building machines that are as intelligent as humans John McCarthy (1927 –2011) www.scaruffi.com 5

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The Turing Point • The Turing Test was asking “when can machines be said to be as intelligent as humans?” • This “Turing point” can be achieved by 1. Making machines smarter, or 2. Making humans dumber1. 2. IQ IQ HOMO MACHINE HOMO MACHINE www.scaruffi.com 6

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What can machines do now that they could not do 50 years ago?• They are faster, cheaper, can store larger amounts of information and can use telecommunication lines www.scaruffi.com 7

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What can machines do now that they could not do 50 years ago?• A.I. made computers famous in the 1950s and fueled progress in the field and encouraged thousands of young scientists to study Computer Science; the idea of a thinking computer, not their usefulness, drove initial development;• but progress since then has been scant: computers still cant understand the simplest conversation, they cannot see, hear, touch.• Your tablet and your smartphone are accidental byproducts of a failed scientific experiment. www.scaruffi.com 8

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What can humans do now that they could not do 50 years ago?• Use the new machines• On the other hand, they are not capable of doing a lot of things that they were capable of doing 50 years ago from arithmetic to finding a place not to mention attention span and social skills (and some of these skills may be vital for survival) • Survival skills are higher in low-tech societies (this has been true for a while)• General knowledge (history, geography, math) is higher in low-tech societies (coming soon) www.scaruffi.com 9

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The Post-Turing Thesis• If machines are not getting much smarter while humans are getting dumber… IQ• … then eventually we will have machines that are smarter than humans• The Turing Point (the Singularity?) is coming HOMO MACHINE www.scaruffi.com 10

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A Simple Example• A Facebook app automatically sends "happy birthday" messages to your Facebook friends on their birthday. Both the message and the time of the day are randomly selected, so if three of your friends use this same app you will not be able to tell that the three posts are coming from an app. They look and feel like handmade. • The reason they look and feel handmade is not that the program has become very sophisticated in crafting the messages but that humans don’t craft sophisticated happy- birthday wishes anymore: people used to send long letters or make long phone calls on a birthday but now people send a one-line “Happy birthday” message which can be easily simulated by a very simple program. www.scaruffi.com 11

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Google it…• Artificial Intelligence was trying to develop “expert systems” capable of finding a solution to every problem in a given domain, just like a human expert in that domain• Overt assumption: Domain knowledge is the key to finding solutions• Hidden assumption: Logical inference is the key to finding the solution www.scaruffi.com 12

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Google it…• Artificial Intelligence never delivered on the promises of “expert systems”…• …but search engines did: there is at least one webpage somewhere that has the solution to a given problem, and it’s just a matter of finding it www.scaruffi.com 13

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Google it…• Logical inference (intelligence) is irrelevant. • It’s the quantity of information (not the quality of inference) that matters• All we needed is a (digital) library big enough and computers powerful enough to search it (brute force)• What those computers don’t need is: intelligence www.scaruffi.com 14

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Google it…• A person can solve any problem as long as she is capable of searching the Web for the solution• No other skills required beyond reading skills• No large, expensive supercomputer required: just a (relatively dumb) smartphone www.scaruffi.com 15

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Google it…• The Web plus the search engine does what AI wanted to do: it gives an answer to every possible question that a human can answer (in fact, many more than any one person can answer).• Soon it will be accessed from a wristwatch-like device that recognizes voice and answers with a regular voice. www.scaruffi.com 16

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A Tool is not a Skill• Humans have always become dependent on the tools they invented.• When they invented writing, they lost memory skills. On the other hand, they gained a way to store a lot more knowledge and to broadcast it a lot faster. • We assumed that this was for the better. www.scaruffi.com 17

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A Tool is not a Skill• In practice, however, we cannot replay history backwards and we will never know what the world would be like if humans had not lost those memory skills (and all the other skills that they lost whenever a new technology was introduced). www.scaruffi.com 18

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A Tool is not a Skill• Over the centuries the weaker memory skills have been driving an explosion of tools to deal with our weak memory (the latest being the navigator in your car).• Each tool, in turn, caused the decline of another skill. For example, the typewriter caused the decline of calligraphy; voice recognition may cause the decline of writing itself. www.scaruffi.com 19

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A Tool is not a Skill• In a sense, technology is about giving people the tools to become dumber and still continue to perform• People make tools that make people obsolete, redundant and dumb www.scaruffi.com 20

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What would Turing say today?• The success of many high-tech projects depends not on making smarter technology but on making dumber users• Users must change behavior in order to make a new device or application appear more useful than it is. www.scaruffi.com 21

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Turning People into Machines• “They” increasingly expect us to behave like machines in order to interact efficiently with machines: we have to speak a “machine language” to phone customer support, automatic teller machines, gas pumps, etc.• In most phone and web transactions the first question you are asked is a number (account #, frequent flyer#…) and you are talking to a machine• Rules and regulations (driving a car, eating at restaurants, crossing a street) increasingly turn us into machines that must follow simple sequential steps in order to get what we need www.scaruffi.com 22

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Turning People into Machines• Rules to hike in the *wilderness* (there is even a rule for peeing) www.scaruffi.com 25

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Turning People into Machines• (Last but not least, complex important topics are dumbed down to Powerpoint presentations like this one) www.scaruffi.com 26

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Turning People into Machines• “Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal” (Albert Einstein) www.scaruffi.com 27

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What would Turing say today?• Humans have moved a lot closer towards machines than machines have moved towards humans www.scaruffi.com 28

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The Silicon Valley Paradigm• “They” increasingly expect us to study lengthy manuals and to guess how a machine works rather than design machines that do what we want the way we like it• A study by the Technical University of Eindhoven found that half of the returned electronic devices are not malfunctioning: the consumer just couldnt figure out how to use them www.scaruffi.com 29

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Who Needs to be Intelligent?• Machines are becoming ubiquitous because of lower prices and greater usefulness• It is not only that this enables humans (many more humans) to use them; but also that this enables humans (many more humans) to digitize huge amounts of their knowledge. www.scaruffi.com 30

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Who Needs to be Intelligent?• That knowledge originally came from someone who was "intelligent" in whichever field.• Now it can be used by just about anybody who is not "intelligent" in that field.• This "user" has no motivation to actually "learn": it can just "use" somebody elses intelligence. • The "intelligence" of the user (and of the human race in general) decreases, not increases. www.scaruffi.com 31

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Who Needs to be Intelligent?• Worse: humans become ever more dependent on the machines that become the only way to access that knowledge. • What is intelligent is not the machine, but the combination of the machine and the user. www.scaruffi.com 32

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The Singularity• The Turing Test is a self-fulfilling prophecy: as we (claim to) build “smarter” machines, we make dumber people.• Eventually there will be an army of greater-than- human intelligence www.scaruffi.com 33

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The Future is not You• The combination of smartphones and websites offers a glimpse of a day when one will not need to know anything because it will be possible to find everything in a second anywhere at any time by using just one omnipowerful tool. • An individual will only need to be good at operating that one tool. That tool will be able to access an almost infinite library of knowledge and… intelligence. www.scaruffi.com 34

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The Future is not You• The tool per se will not be particularly intelligent.• The user of the tool will be even less intelligent. www.scaruffi.com 35

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The Difference: You vs It• The human mind is not particularly good at – Reason – Memory – Computation – Communication• Machines are better at these www.scaruffi.com 36

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The Difference: You vs It• Modern society organizes our lives to remove danger and unpredictability.• Modern society empowers us with tools that eliminate the need for improvisation and imagination• Modern society dislikes (and sometimes outlaws) irrationality www.scaruffi.com 38

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The Difference: You vs It• We build – Redundancy – Backups – Distributed systems• to make sure that machines can do their job 24/7 in any conditions.• We do not build anything to make sure that minds can still do their job of creative improvisation www.scaruffi.com 39

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The Difference: You vs It• Humans are becoming not only useless (for the survival of their world) but even meaningless www.scaruffi.com 40

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Demystifying A.I.• The reality is that most machine intelligence is being employed to couple real-time customization and machine learning in order to understand who you are and tailor situations in real time that will prompt you to buy some products (custom advertising)• A.I. has not created better doctors or engineers, but better traveling salesmen• (P.S.: we are not only trying to turn you into a machine, but into a little more than a slot machine) www.scaruffi.com 41

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Demystifying Computers• The premise: computers are fast and have huge memory.• But do they? – The computer remembers what I want to remember. I remember what I was doing five months ago, but the computer has no “memory” of what it was doing five seconds ago. – What we call “memory” in the case of a computer is something completely different from what we call “memory” in the case of animals. www.scaruffi.com 42

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Demystifying Computers• The premise: computers are fast and have huge memory.• But do they? – Someone is “fast” at crossing the street, at cooking a meal, at planting tomatoes, at dusting shelves, at walking up and down the stairs. – The computer is actually extremely slow at any of these. It is in fact slower than any animal that ever existed. • It is just syntax: we called them “speed” and “memory” to reuse existing words but they are neither speed nor memory. www.scaruffi.com 43

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And anyway…• We think of the singularity as inevitable and imminent because progress in making “smarter” machines has been so dramatic• After the Moon landing of 1969 we thought that colonizing the entire Solar System was inevitable and imminent because progress in space exploration had been so dramatic www.scaruffi.com 44

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Sociopolitical Corollary• Rules help make society stable and predictable. Each rule makes it easy for people to do what they do with their lives. • But it also restricts what they can think of doing.• There are now so many rules about driving a car (and about building a car) that accidents have been greatly reduced. At the same time, people have become much less skilled at driving: they dont need to be skilled drivers. www.scaruffi.com 45

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Sociopolitical Corollary• What is the relationship between machines and rules? They are both designed to make you think less.• High-tech builds rules “inside” everydays life so they don’t have to be enforced from the outside www.scaruffi.com 46

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Sociopolitical Corollary• Why do we have computers that play chess (and beat the world champion) but not computers that (who) are philosophers, art critics, politicians, historians? www.scaruffi.com 47

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The Turing Test for the age of Facebook• When can a social network be said to have become a society? www.scaruffi.com 48

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Summarizing• The Turing Test asks when can we say that a machine has become as intelligent as humans.• The Turing Test is about humans as much as it is about the machine because it can be equivalently be formulated as: when can we say that humans have become less intelligent than a machine?• The Turing Test cannot be abstracted from a sociological context. Whenever one separates sociology and technology, one misses the point. www.scaruffi.com 50