In America is a 2002 Irish-British-American drama film directed by Jim Sheridan. The semi-autobiographical screenplay by Sheridan and his daughters Naomi and Kirsten focuses on an immigrant Irish family's struggle to start a new life in New York City, as seen through the eyes of the elder daughter.

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In 1982, Johnny and Sarah Sullivan and their daughters Christy and Ariel enter the United States on a tourist visa from Ireland via Canada, where Johnny was working as an actor. The family settles in New York City, in a rundown Hell's Kitchentenement occupied by drug addicts, transvestites, and a reclusive Nigerian artist/photographer named Mateo Kuamey. Hanging over the family is the death of their five-year-old son Frankie, who died from a brain tumor. The devout Roman Catholic Johnny questions God and has lost any ability to feel true emotions, which has affected his relationship with his family. Christy believes she has been granted three wishes by her dead brother, which she only uses at times of near-dire consequences for the family as they try to survive in New York.

After finding the apartment, Sarah gets a job in the local ice cream parlor to support the family while Johnny auditions for any role for which he is suited, with no success. Despite their poverty, the initial joy of being in the United States and the closeness of the family gives them the energy to make the most of what they have, and Christy chronicles the events of their life with a cherished camcorder. As money runs low and the city's temperatures soar, the family dip into savings to go to the movies to see E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and enjoy the air conditioning to find respite from the oppressive heat. Tensions between Johnny and Sarah begin to rise with the summer heat. Not helping their financial and emotional strain is the discovery that Sarah is pregnant. Eventually Johnny finds work as a cab driver to augment their income and help pay for the girls' Catholic school tuition.

On Halloween, the girls become friendly with Mateo when they knock at his door to trick-or-treat. Despite Johnny's reticence about the somewhat imposing and forbidding man, Sarah invites him to their apartment for dinner, and eventually they learn that the man is sad and lonely because he is dying of AIDS. Later, Mateo falls down a flight of stairs and is knocked unconscious. Christy tries to resuscitate him using CPR, although she is warned away from him by the other residents, who seem to be aware that he is HIV-positive. The man's condition continues to deteriorate as Sarah's fetus develops. The baby is born prematurely and in poor health, and is in need of a blood transfusion. Johnny and Sarah are ultimately nervous not only about the baby's survival chances, but also of the skyrocketing hospital bills that will now need to be paid following the baby's delivery, causing Sarah to have a brief nervous breakdown and blame Johnny for Frankie's death, and tearfully berates him.

However, after calming her down, Johnny and Sarah agree to the blood transfusion but without giving the baby "bad blood," as using hospital blood banks was the source of Mateo's contraction of HIV. Shortly, it is discovered that Christy has a compatible blood type to donate with, and Mateo's death coincides with the first healthy movements of the infant following a blood transfusion from Christy. After the successful operation, the family is startled to learn that Mateo had settled and paid for their astronomical hospital bill before he had died, upon the discovery that Mateo was in possession of a large trust fund he never spent. They give the newborn baby girl the middle name of Mateo in gratitude and to honor his memory.

With the birth of the new baby and the death of Mateo, Johnny finally is able to overcome his lack of emotion and put his grieving for Frankie to rest. He also finally catches a break by getting a small role in A Chorus Line on Broadway. The film ends after a baby shower at the apartment is held for the Sullivan family with many of the apartment tenants present to celebrate, and Christy and the rest of her family overlook the view of the city and look out for Mateo in the night's sky.

The film is dedicated to director/screenwriter Jim Sheridan's brother Frankie, who died at the age of ten. In The Making of in America, a featurette on the DVD release of the film, Sheridan explains Christy and Ariel are based on his daughters (and co-writers) Naomi and Kirsten. He says they wanted to make a film showing how people can learn to overcome their pain and live for the future instead of dwelling on the sadness of the past.

The film opened in the UK on 31 October 2003, where it earned £284,259 on its opening weekend. It opened in limited release in the US on 26 November. It eventually grossed $15,539,656 in the US and $9,843,255 in foreign markets, for a total worldwide box office of $25,382,911[1]

In his review in the New York Times, A. O. Scott called it a "modest, touching film" and added, "Many of [its] elements . . . seem to promise a sticky bath of shameless sentimentality. But instead, thanks to Jim Sheridan's graceful, scrupulously sincere direction and the dry intelligence of his cast, In America is likely to pierce the defenses of all but the most dogmatically cynical viewers . . . Mr. Sheridan is more interested in particular people than in general plights, and what lingers in the mind after you have seen his movies is the rough, radiant individuality of his characters . . . This movie, from moment to moment, feels small, almost anecdotal. It is only afterward that, like Mr. Sheridan's other films, it starts to grow into something at once unassuming and in its own way grand."[2]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "In America is not unsentimental about its new arrivals (the movie has a warm heart and frankly wants to move us), but it is perceptive about the countless ways in which it is hard to be poor and a stranger in a new land."[3]

In the San Francisco Chronicle, Walter Addiego stated, "I fought hard against the emotionalism of In America . . . but I lost. There's no questioning the director's ability to wring moving moments from potentially sentimental and decidedly familiar material: the story of penniless immigrants trying to make it in Manhattan. It got to me. I'm still trying to decide whether I was won over or worn down — but why not give Sheridan the benefit of the doubt? . . . [He] is clearly drawing on deep personal reserves for this picture, and despite a few sequences when the creative hand seems intrusive, does well by his subject. When you see a director going for that lump-in-the-throat mood, instinct takes over and you want to dig in your heels. Sometimes it's best just to let yourself be swept away."[4]

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of a possible four stars, calling it "forceful, funny and impassioned" and "an emotional wipeout".[5]

In the St. Petersburg Times, Steve Persall graded the film A and added, "This is a tearjerker for all the right reasons. Because it's delicately manipulative and the characters are so precisely emotional. And because Sheridan's manner with the material makes crying seem like a cleansing, an affirmation that something so simple and sweet can still move us . . . I loved this unassuming, heartfelt little gem, even if I couldn't stop sobbing for an hour after the show. It's just so beautiful."[6]

Claudia Puig of USA Today called it "touching, but not cloying, uplifting and hopeful but never sappy and also just plain funny. There is not a false note among the five core performances, nor a false word in Sheridan's script. In America is a classic story of losing and finding faith told with heart, humor and emotional heft."[7]

1.
Jim Sheridan
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Jim Sheridan is an Irish playwright, screenwriter, film director, and film producer. In the few years from 1989 to 1993, Sheridan made three acclaimed films set in Ireland that between them received 13 Academy Award nominations, Sheridan has personally received six Academy Award nominations. In addition to the films, he is also known for the films The Boxer. Jim Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland to Anna and Peter Sheridan Snr and he is the brother of playwright Peter Sheridan. The family ran a house, while Anna Sheridan worked at a hotel. Sheridans early education was at a Christian Brothers school, in 1969 he attended University College Dublin to study English and History. He became involved in student theater there, where he met Neil Jordan, after graduating from UCD in 1972, Sheridan and his brother began writing and staging plays, and together founded the Project Theatre Company. In 1981, Sheridan emigrated to Canada, but eventually settled in the Hells Kitchen section of New York City and he enrolled in NYUs Tisch School of the Arts and became the artistic director of the Irish Arts Center. Sheridan returned to Ireland in the late 1980s, in 1989, he directed My Left Foot, which became a critical and commercial success and won Daniel Day-Lewis and Brenda Fricker Academy Awards. He followed that with The Field in 1990, then with In the Name of the Father in 1993, the film won the Golden Bear at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1996 he co-wrote Some Mothers Son with Terry George, the Boxer was nominated for a Golden Globe for best film drama in 1997. In 2003, he released the semi-autobiographical In America, which tells the story of a family of Irish immigrants trying to succeed in New York, the film received positive reviews and earned Samantha Morton and Djimon Hounsou Academy Award nominations. In 2005 he released Get Rich or Die Tryin, a film starring rap star 50 Cent and he is connected with the upcoming film adaptation of Artemis Fowl and is rumoured to have written the screenplay and been asked to direct it. Sheridan helmed the 2009 film Brothers, starring Tobey Maguire and Jake Gyllenhaal and he also directed the thriller Dream House, which starred Daniel Craig, Naomi Watts, and Rachel Weisz

2.
Samantha Morton
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Samantha Jane Morton is an English actress, screenwriter and director. She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, brought up in Nottingham, Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop, and soon began her career in British televisions in 1991. She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold and she made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma, Jane Eyre and the well-received Under the Skin. The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown, which earned her nominations for the Academy Award, in the 2000s, Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films. Her role in Morvern Callar garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress, and she received her second Academy Award nomination and she also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report. For her role in 2006s television biopic Longford, she received an Emmy Award nomination, Morton was born in Clifton, Nottingham, the third child of Pamela Freebury, a factory worker, and Peter Morton. She has six half-siblings from her parents relationships, subsequent to their 1979 divorce and she lived with her father until she was eight when she was made a ward of court, because neither of her parents could care for her and her siblings. Her father was an alcoholic and her mother was involved in a violent relationship with her second husband. The next nine years were spent in and out of foster care, under the effects of drugs, she threatened an older girl who had been bullying her. She was convicted of making threats to kill, and served 18 weeks in an attendance centre, Morton said in an interview, as a child I had a serious anger problem, but from the age of 16 Ive been trying to turn bad things into positives. Moving to London at sixteen, Morton applied to drama schools, including RADA. In 1991 she attended Clarendon College of Performing Arts to gain a BTEC award and she made her stage début at the Royal Court Theatre, and continued her television career with appearances in Peak Practice and in an episode of Cracker. At the time, she had a role in the first two series of Kay Mellors successful Band of Gold. Further television roles followed, including parts in period dramas such as Emma, Emma was a film adaptation of the novel of the same name published in 1815 about youthful hubris and the perils of misconstrued romance. The movie received positive reviews from critics and was broadcast in late 1996 on ITV. In Jane Eyre, Morton starred as a Yorkshire orphan who becomes a governess to a young French girl, like her previous small-screen projects, the 1997 film originally aired on ITV. She took on the role in the independent drama Under the Skin, directed by Carine Adler, where she played Iris. The movie garnered favorable reviews from writers, with The Guardian placing it at number 15 on its list of the Best British Films 1984—2009

3.
Paddy Considine
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Patrick George Paddy Considine is an English actor, filmmaker, and musician. He has played a number of dark, troubled, and morally or mentally ambiguous characters, Considine frequently collaborates with director Shane Meadows. Considine came to prominence in the early 2000s with a string of performances in independent film that prompted The Observer to describe him as the secret in British movies. In addition to leading and supporting roles in Hollywood films, he has acted in independent British films and he wrote and directed Tyrannosaur, a film based on his directorial debut, the 2007 short film Dog Altogether. He has also acted in and directed music videos, most notably Coldplays video for God Put a Smile upon Your Face. Considine has received an Evening Standard British Film Award, Empire Award and Thessaloniki Film Festival Awards and he won a second BAFTA Award, British Independent Film Award, and a World Cinema Directing Award at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival for Tyrannosaur. Considine was born in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, where he still resides and he grew up with his brother and sisters in a council estate in Winshill, a suburb of Burton. Considine attended, among schools, Abbot Beyne Senior School. In 1990, Considine enrolled to do a National Diploma in Performing Arts at Burton College, neither of them completed the course. In 1994, Considine moved away to study photography at the University of Brighton, while there he studied under the social documentarian Paul Reas, who described one project, portraits of Considines parents in their house in Winshill, as fucking brilliant. At one point, Considine was threatened with expulsion, but graduated with a first-class B. A, after graduating from university, Meadows cast Considine in several short films, as well as his second feature, A Room for Romeo Brass. Considine, in his debut, played the disturbed character Morell. Considines performance in the led to Pawel Pawlikowski casting him in his first starring role in Last Resort. Considine played the love-struck misfit Alfie, for which he won the Best Actor award at the Thessaloniki Film Festival, in the same year, he starred in My Summer of Love, his second film with director Pawel Pawlikowski. Both films were recognised on the circuit, where Considine earned five nominations. The following year, Considine played Frank Thorogood in Stoned and it was around this time that Considine earned his reputation as a popular portrayer of cinema villains, antiheroes, and darker characters. 2005 also saw the release of Considines second Hollywood film, Cinderella Man, Considine appeared in the Spanish thriller Bosque de Sombras. It was during the filming of this that Considine penned what later became his debut short, Considine claims that it was his co-star Gary Oldman who gave him confidence to make the film, which led to him thanking Oldman during his BAFTA acceptance speech

4.
Sarah Bolger
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Sarah Lee Bolger is an Irish actress. Bolger was born in Dublin, the daughter of Monica and Derek Bolger and she has a younger sister, actress Emma Bolger. She attended The Young Peoples Theatre School in Dublin and Loreto High School, Bolger starred in In America with her sister, Emma. From 2008 to 2010, she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in The Tudors, Bolger starred in Stormbreaker alongside Alex Pettyfer. She also starred in the adaptation of the childrens novel The Spiderwick Chronicles. She filmed a pilot called Locke & Key, and will star in the movie Starbright, Bolger guest starred as Princess Aurora in the second, third, and fourth seasons of the fairy tale drama, Once Upon a Time. Bolger played the lead role, Umi, in the English version of the 2011 Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill. In 2014, she made an appearance on TV series, Mixology, Bolger co-starred in David Gelbs thriller film The Lazarus Effect. In 2015, she starred in the AMC martial arts show Into the Badlands, in January 2011, Bolger was selected to be in photographer Kevin Aboschs project The Face of Ireland alongside other Irish celebrities including Sinéad OConnor, Neil Jordan, and Pierce Brosnan. Note, The following list is incomplete

5.
Djimon Hounsou
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Djimon Gaston Hounsou is a Beninese-American actor and model. Hounsou began his career appearing in music videos and he made his film debut in the Sandra Bernhard film Without You Im Nothing and gained widespread recognition for his role as Cinqué in the Steven Spielberg film Amistad. He gained further recognition for his roles in Gladiator, In America, Blood Diamond, Guardians of the Galaxy and he has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Academy Awards. Hounsou was born in Cotonou, Bénin, to Albertine and Pierre Hounsou and he emigrated to Lyon in France at the age of thirteen with his brother, Edmond. Soon after arriving in France, Hounsou dropped out of school, a chance meeting with a photographer led to Hounsou being introduced to fashion designer Thierry Mugler, who encouraged Hounsou to pursue a modeling career. In 1987, Hounsou became a model and established a career in Paris and he moved to the United States in 1990. Between 1989 and 1991, Hounsou appeared in the videos for Straight Up by Paula Abdul, Love Will Never Do by Janet Jackson. Hounsous film debut was in the 1990 Sandra Bernhard film Without You Im Nothing and he had television parts on Beverly Hills,90210 and ER and a guest starring role on Alias. Hounsou captured a larger role in the fiction film Stargate. Hounsou received wide acclaim and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his role as Cinqué in the 1997 Steven Spielberg film Amistad. He gained further notice as Juba in the 2000 film Gladiator, in 2004, Hounsou was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for In America, making him the fourth African male to be nominated for an Oscar. Hounsou also acted in a role in the 2009 science fiction film Push. In 2011, he starred as a French commando in the French film Forces spéciales, director Tim Story told IGN that if he were to do a third Fantastic Four movie, he would like to have Hounsou as the Black Panther. In November 2008, it was announced that Hounsou would be providing the voice of the Black Panther in the series of the same name. Hounsou had signed on to play Abdiel in the version of John Miltons Paradise Lost with Benjamin Walker. The film however was scrapped in early February 2012, in 2013, he appeared in the comedy film Baggage Claim alongside Paula Patton. He also voiced Drago Bludvist in How to Train Your Dragon 2 and portrayed Korath the Pursuer in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy, on February 17,2016, FOX reported that Hounsou would join the second season of the television series Wayward Pines. On February 24,2007, it was announced that Hounsou would be the new Calvin Klein underwear model, at the time, Hounsou was being represented by Los Angeles modeling agent, Omar Albertto

6.
Gavin Friday
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Gavin Friday is an Irish singer and songwriter, composer, actor and painter. Friday was born in Dublin and grew up in Ballygall, a located on Dublins Northside located between Finglas and Glasnevin where he went to school. When he was fourteen years old and living on Cedarwood Road, he met Bono, Bono said, We caught him trying to steal something of the house. He was a member of the post-punk group The Virgin Prunes and has recorded several solo albums. In 1986, after the demise of Virgin Prunes, Friday devoted himself to painting for a while, sharing a studio with Bono, Guggi and this resulted in the exhibition Four Artists – Many Wednesdays at Dublins Hendricks Gallery. Friday, Guggi and Whisker showed paintings, while Bono opted to exhibit photos taken in Ethiopia, Fridays part of the show was entitled I didnt come up the Liffey in a bubble, an expression often used by Fridays father. His main collaborator between 1987 and 2005 was multi-instrumentalist, Maurice Seezer and they signed to Island Records in 1988 and released three albums together, before parting with the company in 1996. Since then Friday and Seezer composed the score for the Jim Sheridan films The Boxer, in 2003 they wrote Time Enough for Tears, the original theme tune for Sheridans film In America, as sung by Andrea Corr. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, in 1995 he performed Look What Youve Done, one of two songs written by Philip Ridley and Nick Bicat for Ridleys second feature film as writer and director, The Passion of Darkly Noon. In 2005 Friday and Seezer collaborated with Quincy Jones on incidental music for the 50 Cent biopic Get Rich or Die Tryin, in 2001 they scored the film Disco Pigs by Kirsten Sheridan. Two years later Friday and Seezer and their ensemble also collaborated with Bono on Peter & the Wolf in aid of the Irish Hospice Foundation. In September 2006 a 2-CD collection of sea shanties called Rogues Gallery, Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, Friday contributes to two tracks including the lewd Baltimore Whores and Bully in the Alley with ex-Virgin Prunes bandmates Guggi and Dave-id. The reunion of Friday, Guggi and Dave-id was the first time they had recorded together since the Virgin Prunes broke up in 1985. Sharing a stage artists such as Grace Jones, Nick Cave, Pete Doherty and curator Jarvis Cocker, Friday performed the classic Disney tracks The Siamese Cat Song. Opening in Stratford-Upon-Avon, Friday presented his take on Sonnet 40, Friday and Macken composed the music for the Patrick McCabe play, The Revenant. The Revenant opened as part of the 2007 Galway Arts Festival, the plays main theme is entitled Dreamland. In 2009 Friday and Macken worked on Gavins 4th studio album, on 6 April 2010 Record company Rubyworks announced they signed Gavin Friday and that a new album is on its way. The new CD is titled catholic and was released in Ireland on Good Friday,22 April 2011, Fridays first acting experience was in the Kirsten Sheridan film Disco Pigs, in which he played a bit part

7.
Fox Searchlight Pictures
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Slumdog Millionaire is also Searchlights largest commercial success, with over $377 million of box office receipts, against a production budget of only $15 million. The most notable of the releases under these banners include Bill Cosby, Himself, Eating Raoul, The Gods Must Be Crazy, Reuben, Reuben, and Ziggy Stardust, in 2006, a sub-label, Fox Atomic, was created to produce and/or distribute genre films. Fox Atomic closed down in 2009, the Fox Searchlight Pictures logo is quite similar to the regular 20th Century-Fox logo, with even Alfred Newmans fanfare music accompanying it. The animation was used for Fox Videos third logo

8.
Toronto International Film Festival
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The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto. In 2015,397 films from 71 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues, welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees, TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, TIFF is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world, in 1998, Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics, stars and market activity. In 2007, TIME noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential film festival to the most influential film festival. This is partially the result of TIFFs ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz, the Toronto International Festival’s Grolsch People’s Choice Award — which is based on popular vote by Festival filmgoers — has emerged as a beacon of awards-season success. Founded by Bill Marshall, Dusty Cohl and Henk Van der Kolk and that first year,35,000 filmgoers watched 127 films from 30 countries presented in ten programmes. Piers Handling has been the director and CEO since 1994. TIFF was once centred on the Yorkville neighbourhood, but the Toronto Entertainment District later gained a level of prominence. TIFF is known for the celebrity buzz it brings to the area with international media setting up near its restaurants and stores for photos and interviews with the stars. In 2010, TIFF opened its permanent headquarters, TIFF Bell Lightbox, TIFF has grown, steadily adding initiatives throughout the years. TIFF Cinematheque and the Film Reference Library opened in 1990, the TIFF Kids International Film Festival launched in 1998. Film Circuit began exhibiting independent and Canadian films in under-serviced cities across Canada in 1994, the festival was founded in 1976 at the Windsor Arms Hotel by Bill Marshall, Henk Van der Kolk and Dusty Cohl. Beginning as a collection of the films from film festivals around the world. Ironically, however, Hollywood studios withdrew their submissions from TIFF due to concerns that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their products, in 1994, the decision was made to replace the name Festival of Festivals with Toronto International Film Festival. From 1994 to 2009, the organization running TIFF was named Toronto International Film Festival Group. In 2009, the umbrella organization TIFFG was renamed to TIFF, in 2001, Perspective Canada, the programme that had focused on Canadian films since 1984, was replaced by two programmes, Canada First. A forum for Canadian filmmakers presenting their first feature-length work, featuring eight to 15 films, and Short Cuts Canada, in 2004, TIFF was featured as the site of murder mystery in the film Jiminy Glick in Lalawood, a comedy film starring Martin Short

9.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze

10.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933

11.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees

12.
Visa (document)
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A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within, or to leave that country. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a country and thus are, in countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter. In each instance, a visa is subject to permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry. A visa is most commonly a sticker endorsed in the applicants passport or other travel document, some countries do not require visas for short visits. Some countries require that their citizens, as well as foreign travelers, uniquely, the Norwegian special territory of Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty. Some countries – such as those in the Schengen Area – have agreements with other countries allowing each others citizens to travel between them without visas, the World Tourism Organization announced that the number of tourists who require a visa before traveling was at its lowest level ever in 2015. Some countries do not require a visa in some situations, such as a result of reciprocal treaty arrangements, the possession of a visa is not in itself a guarantee of entry into the country that issued it, and a visa can be revoked at any time. A visitor may also be required to undergo and pass security or health checks upon arrival at the border, in Western Europe in the late 19th century and early 20th century, passports and visas were not generally necessary for moving from one country to another. The relatively high speed and large movements of people traveling by train would have caused bottlenecks if regular passport controls had been used, passports and visas became usually necessary travel documents only since World War I. Long before that, in ancient times, passports and visas were usually the type of travel documents. In the modern world, visas have become separate secondary travel documents and these agencies are authorized by the foreign authority, embassy, or consulate to represent international travelers who are unable or unwilling to travel to the embassy and apply in person. Private visa and passport services collect a fee for verifying customer applications, supporting documents. If there is no embassy or consulate in ones home country, alternatively, in such cases visas may be pre-arranged for pickup on arrival at the border. The issuing authority, usually a branch of the foreign ministry or department. Some countries ask for proof of status, especially for long-term visas, some countries deny such visas to persons with certain illnesses. The exact conditions depend on the country and category of visa, notable examples of countries requiring HIV tests of long-term residents are Russia and Uzbekistan. However, in Uzbekistan, the HIV test requirement is not strictly enforced. Other countries require a medical test which includes an HIV test even for short term tourism visa, for instance Cuban citizens and international exchange students require such a test approved by a medical authority to enter Chilean territory

13.
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
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Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, the area provides transport, medical, and warehouse infrastructure support to Midtowns business district. Once a bastion of poor and working class Irish Americans, Hells Kitchens location in Midtown has changed its personality since the 1970s, since the early 1990s, the area has been gentrifying, and rents have risen rapidly. Located close to both Broadway theaters and the Actors Studio training school, Hells Kitchen has long been a home to learning and practicing actors, the name Hells Kitchen generally refers to the area from 34th to 59th Streets. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and north of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories, as a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP codes 10019 and 10036, the post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue. To the east, the neighborhood overlaps the Times Square Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue, on its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Here, two landmarks reside – the New Yorker Hotel and the dynamic Manhattan Center building, the northern edge of Hells Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side. 57th Street is the boundary between the two neighborhoods. The southern boundary is at Chelsea, but the two overlap and are often lumped together as the West Side since they support the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line is 34th Street, the transition area just north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station includes the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park, several explanations exist for the original name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan and he was referring to the Five Points. Another explanation points to a building at 39th as the true original. A gang and a local dive took the name as well, a similar slum also existed in London and was known as Hells Kitchen. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as Hells Kitchen, according to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hells Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heils Kitchen. But the most common version traces it to the story of Dutch Fred the Cop, a veteran policeman, the rookie is supposed to have said, This place is hell itself, to which Fred replied, Hells a mild climate

14.
Tenement
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The term tenement originally referred to tenancy and therefore to any rented accommodation. In Scotland, it continues to be the most common word for a multiple-occupancy building, late 19th-century social reformers in the U. S. were hostile to both tenements and apartment houses. The adapted buildings were known as rookeries, and were a particular concern as they were prone to collapse. Mulberry Bend and Five Points were the sites of notorious rookeries that the city worked for decades to clear, in both rookeries and purpose-built tenements, communal water taps and water closets were squeezed into what open space there was between buildings. In parts of the Lower East Side, buildings were older and had courtyards, generally occupied by shops, stables. Prior to the 1867 law, tenements often covered more than 90 percent of the lot, were five or six stories high, yards were a few feet wide and filled with privies where they had not been entirely eliminated. Early housing reformers urged the construction of tenements to replace cellars, and beginning in 1859 the number of people living in cellars began to decline. This was amended by the Tenement House Act of 1879, known as the Old Law, which required lot coverage of no more than 65 percent. ”The New York City Board of Health, empowered to enforce the regulations, declined to do so. As a compromise, the Old Law tenement became the standard, this had a shape, with air and light shafts on either side in the center. Public concern about New York tenements was stirred by the publication in 1890 of Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives and it used both charts and photographs, the first such official use of photographs. Together with the publication in 1895 by the U. S and these rules are still the basis of New York City law on low-rise buildings, and made single-lot development uneconomical. The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, a brick former tenement building in Manhattan that is a National Historic Site, is a museum devoted to tenements in the Lower East Side. Tenements make up a percentage of the housing stock of Edinburgh. Edinburghs tenements are much older, dating from the 17th century onwards, and some were up to 15 storeys high when first built, which made them among the tallest houses in the world at that time. Glasgow tenements were built no taller than the width of the street on which they were located, therefore. Virtually all Glasgow tenements were constructed using red or blonde sandstone, a large number of the tenements in Edinburgh and Glasgow were demolished in the 1960s and 1970s because of slum conditions, overcrowding and poor maintenance of the buildings. The Gorbals is a small area and at one time had an estimated 90,000 people living in its tenements, leading to very poor living conditions. However, the many remaining tenements in areas of both cities have experienced a resurgence in popularity due to their large rooms, high ceilings

15.
Drug addiction
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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Due to the relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 is gambling addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence. Addiction is the use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. Cognitive control and stimulus control, which is associated with operant and classical conditioning, cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior, is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a rewarding stimulus tend to dominate ones behavior in an addiction. The term behavioral addiction correctly refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding – despite adverse consequences, reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction. Gambling is a natural reward which is associated with behavior and for which clinical diagnostic manuals. There is evidence from functional neuroimaging that gambling activates the reward system, similarly, shopping and playing videogames are associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have also been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Based upon this evidence, gambling addiction, video game addiction, there are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Roughly half of a risk for developing an addiction is derived from genetics. However, even in individuals with a low genetic loading. In other words, anyone can become an addict under the right circumstances, adolescence represents a period of unique vulnerability for developing addiction. Not only are more likely to initiate and maintain drug use. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on, about 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this

16.
Transvestism
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Transvestism is the practice of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sex. Though coined as late as the 1910s, the phenomenon is not new and it was referred to in the Hebrew Bible. The word has several changes of meaning since it was first coined and is still used in a variety of senses. Today, the term transvestite is commonly considered outdated and derogatory, Magnus Hirschfeld coined the word transvestite in 1910 to refer to the sexual interest in cross-dressing. He used it to persons who habitually and voluntarily wore clothes of the opposite sex. Hirschfelds group of transvestites consisted of males and females, with heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual orientations. Hirschfeld himself was not happy with the term, He believed that clothing was only a symbol chosen on the basis of various internal psychological situations. In fact, Hirschfeld helped people to achieve the very first name changes, hirschfelds transvestites therefore were, in todays terms, not only transvestites, but a variety of people from the transgender spectrum. Hirschfeld also noticed that sexual arousal was often associated with transvestism, in more recent terminology, this is sometimes called transvestic fetishism. Hirschfeld also clearly distinguished between transvestism as an expression of a persons contra-sexual feelings and fetishistic behavior, even if the latter involved wearing clothes of the other sex. After all the changes took place during the 1970s, a large group was left without a word to describe themselves. This group was not particularly happy with the term transvestism, in some cultures, transvestism is practiced for religious, traditional or ceremonial reasons. For example, in India some male devotees of the Hindu god Krishna, especially in Mathura and Vrindavan, dress in attire to pose as his consort. In Italy, the Neapolitan femminielli wear wedding dresses, called the matrimonio dei femminielli, a procession takes place through the streets, cogender Drag I Am My Own Wife List of transgender-related topics Transgender Transsexualism Travesti Dual-role transvestism Ackroyd, Peter. Dressing up, transvestism and drag, the history of an obsession, a Brighter Shade of Pink, Magnus Hirschfeld. Transvestism, Transsexualism in the Psychoanalytic Dimension, cherry Single, A Transvestite Comes of Age Alchemist/Light Publishing,1997, ISBN 0-9600650-5-9 Thanem Torkild, Wallenberg Louise. Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work, the dictionary definition of transvestite at Wiktionary Transvestism at Britannica Online Encyclopædia

17.
Ice cream parlor
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Ice cream parlors are restaurants that sell ice cream, gelato, sorbet, and frozen yogurt to consumers. Ice cream is sold as regular ice cream, gelato, and soft serve. It is customary for ice cream parlors to offer a number of flavors, parlors often serve ice cream and other frozen desserts in cones or in dishes, to be eaten with a spoon. Some ice cream parlours prepare ice cream desserts such as sundaes or milkshakes, while the origins of ice cream are often debated, most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century. In 1686, Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris first café, the Café Procope, named by its Sicilian founder, introduced gelato to the French public. The dessert was served to its guests in small porcelain bowls. Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite, the introduction of insulated ice houses in 1800, the first ice cream factory in Pennsylvania in 1851, and industrial refrigeration in the 1870s made manufacturing and storing ice cream much simpler. The first ice factory was built by Jacob Fussell, a milk dealer who bought dairy products from Philadelphia farmers. The mass production of ice cream cut the products cost significantly, making it more popular, according to one source, the first ice cream parlor opened in New York City, United States in 1790. Gelato is Italian ice cream that contains more milk and less cream compared to ice cream, is denser in consistency, milk fat in gelato varies from 1-2 percent up to 15%, the latter of which is similar to standard ice cream. Gelato parlors often produce their own product and are likely to serve American-style ice cream or soft serve. Sorbet is a treat made from fruit, syrup and ice. No milk or cream is used, frozen yogurt is a common low-fat ice cream alternative with a smooth texture that is similar to soft serve ice cream. All of these products may be sold in ice cream cones, cups, sundaes. Some parlors may also sell ice cream cakes, ice cream bars, in addition to frozen dessert products, some modern ice cream parlors also sell a variety of hot fast foods. Parlors vary in terms of environment, some only have a window and outside seating. Additionally, some parlors have drive-through windows, some parlors remain open all year round and others in colder climates stay open only during warmer months, particularly from March to November. For example, some ice cream parlors in Vienna, Austria close in the winter months, parlors in major metro areas, including those in colder climates, often remain throughout the year to satisfy high consumer demand for frozen ice creams, yogurts, and sorbets

18.
Camcorder
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A camcorder is an electronic device combining a video camera and recorder. Although marketing materials may use the term camcorder, the name on the package. The earliest camcorders are tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes, in 2006, digital recording became the norm, with tape replaced by storage media such as internal flash memory and SD cards. Earlier, the term camcorder exclusively referred to a camera with a recorder, but almost all of the electronic cameras built in 2006 provide recording capability essentially making them a camcorder. The term camcorder is now used for a particular camera range which provides advanced functions over more common cameras. Video cameras originally designed for television broadcast were large and heavy, mounted on special pedestals, as technology improved, out-of-studio video recording was possible with compact video cameras and portable video recorders, a detachable recording unit could be carried to a shooting location. Although the camera itself was compact, the need for a separate recorder made on-location shooting a two-person job, specialized videocassette recorders were introduced by JVC and Sony releasing a model for mobile work. Portable recorders meant that video footage could be aired on the early-evening news. In 1982, Sony released the Betacam system, a key component was a single camera-recorder unit, eliminating a cable between the camera and recorder and increasing the camera operators freedom. The Betacam used the same format as the Betamax, and became standard equipment for broadcast news. Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC-100P used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operators shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single-handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder, Sony introduced its compact Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full-size VHS cassette with a three-hour capacity and these shoulder-mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full-size Super-VHS camcorders were released in 1987, providing a way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S-VHS, Digital technology emerged with the Sony D1, a device which recorded uncompressed data and required a large amount of bandwidth for its time. In 1992 Ampex introduced DCT, the first digital video format with data compression using the cosine transform algorithm present in most commercial digital video formats. In 1995 Sony, JVC, Panasonic and other video-camera manufacturers launched DV, Panasonic launched DVCPRO HD in 2000, expanding the DV codec to support high definition. The format was intended for professional camcorders, and used full-size DVCPRO cassettes, in 2003 Sony, JVC, Canon and Sharp introduced HDV as the first affordable HD video format, due to its use of inexpensive MiniDV cassettes

19.
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
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E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren, and stars Henry Thomas, Dee Wallace, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore, Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh. It tells the story of Elliott, a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial. He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother, the concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents divorce in 1960. In 1980, Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies and it was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$10.5 million. Unlike most films, it was shot in chronological order. Released on June 11,1982 by Universal Pictures, E and it is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s. In 1994, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being culturally, historically and it was re-released in 1985, and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary, with altered shots and additional scenes. In a Californian forest, a group of alien botanists land in a spacecraft, when government agents appear on the scene, they flee in their spaceship, leaving one of their own behind in their haste. At a suburban home, a boy named Elliott is spending time with his brother, Michael. As he returns from picking up a pizza, he discovers that something is hiding in their tool shed, the creature promptly flees upon being discovered. Despite his familys disbelief, Elliott leaves Reeses Pieces candy to lure the creature to his bedroom, before he goes to sleep, he realizes it is imitating his movements. He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school, later that day, Michael and their five-year-old sister, Gertie, meet it. They decide to keep it hidden from their mother, Mary, when they ask it about its origin, it levitates several balls to represent its solar system and then demonstrates its powers by reviving a dead chrysanthemum. At school the day, Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien, including exhibiting signs of intoxication. As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen OHara in The Quiet Man on TV, Elliott then kisses a girl he likes in the same manner and he is sent to the principals office. The alien learns to speak English by repeating what Gertie says as she watches Sesame Street and, at Elliotts urging and he reads a comic strip where Buck Rogers, stranded, calls for help by building a makeshift communication device and is inspired to try it himself. E. T. receives Elliotts help in building a device to phone home by using a Speak & Spell toy, Michael notices that E. T. s health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as we

20.
Taxicab
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A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice, Taxicab is a compound word formed from contractions of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the German word taxameter, which was itself a variant of the earlier German word, taxe is a German word meaning tax, charge, or scale of charges. The Medieval Latin word, taxa, also means tax or charge, meter is from the Greek metron meaning measure. A cabriolet is a type of carriage, from the French word cabrioler, from Italian capriolare. Both instituted fast and reliable postal services across Europe, the taxicabs of Paris were equipped with the first meters beginning on March 9,1898. They were originally called taxamètres, then renamed taximètres on October 17,1904, horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented public hackney coach service for hire was in London in 1605, in 1625 carriages were made available for hire from innkeepers in London and the first taxi rank appeared on the Strand outside the Maypole Inn in 1636. In 1635 the Hackney Carriage Act was passed by Parliament to legalise horse-drawn carriages for hire, coaches were hired out by innkeepers to merchants and visitors. A further Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent was approved by Parliament in 1654, a similar service was started by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1637. His vehicles were known as fiacres, as the vehicle depot apparently was opposite a shrine to Saint Fiacre. The hansom cab was designed and patented in 1834 by Joseph Hansom, Hansoms original design was modified by John Chapman and several others to improve its practicability, but retained Hansoms name. These soon replaced the hackney carriage as a vehicle for hire and they quickly spread to other cities in the United Kingdom, as well as continental European cities, particularly Paris, Berlin, and St Petersburg. The cab was introduced to other British Empire cities and to the United States during the late 19th century, being most commonly used in New York City. The first cab service in Toronto, The City, was established in 1837 by Thornton Blackburn, Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. Bersey designed a fleet of cabs and introduced them to the streets of London on 19 August 1897. They were soon nicknamed Hummingbirds’ due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made, in the same year in New York City, the Samuels Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs. The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company, the modern taximeter was invented and perfected by a trio of German inventors, Wilhelm Friedrich Nedler, Ferdinand Dencker and Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn

21.
Halloween
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It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints, martyrs, and all the faithful departed. Some academics, however, support the view that Halloween began independently as a solely Christian holiday. Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows Eve, a reflected in the eating of certain foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes. The word Halloween or Halloween dates to about 1745 and is of Christian origin, the word Halloween means hallowed evening or holy evening. It comes from a Scottish term for All Hallows Eve, in Scots, the word eve is even, and this is contracted to een or een. Over time, Hallow Een evolved into Halloween, although the phrase All Hallows is found in Old English All Hallows Eve is itself not seen until 1556. Todays Halloween customs are thought to have influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries. Samhain was the first and most important of the four days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated on 31 October–1 November in Ireland, Scotland. A kindred festival was held at the time of year by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany. For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset, Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century, samhain/Calan Gaeaf marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the darker half of the year. Like Beltane/Calan Mai, it was seen as a liminal time and this meant the Aos Sí, the spirits or fairies, could more easily come into our world and were particularly active. Most scholars see the Aos Sí as degraded versions of ancient gods whose power remained active in the minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs. The Aos Sí were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings, at Samhain, it was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people and their livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for the Aos Sí, the souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality. Places were set at the table and by the fire to welcome them. The belief that the souls of the return home on one night of the year. In 19th century Ireland, candles would be lit and prayers offered for the souls of the dead

22.
Trick-or-treating
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Trick-or-treating is a Halloween custom for children in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house asking for such as candy with the phrase Trick or treat. The trick is a threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them and it typically happens during the evening of October 31. Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats, others might simply leave treats on their porch. In North America, trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late 1920s, in Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween. The Scottish Halloween custom of guising – children disguised in costume going from house to house for food or money – is first recorded in North America in 1911. While going house-to-house in costume has remained popular among Scots and Irish, the activity is prevalent in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Puerto Rico, and northwestern and central Mexico. In the latter, this practice is called calaverita, and instead of trick or treat, where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate. Since the Middle Ages there has been a tradition of mumming on a certain holiday and it involved going door-to-door in costume, performing short scenes or parts of plays in exchange for food or drink. The custom of trick-or-treating when it is Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, roamed the earth at this time and needed to be appeased. It may otherwise have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November and it was Samhain in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, and Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany. The festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots, in the 9th century, the Catholic Church made 1 November All Saints Day. Among Celtic-speaking peoples, it was seen as a time, when the spirits or fairies. Similar beliefs and customs were found in parts of Europe. It is suggested that trick-or-treating evolved from a tradition whereby people impersonated the spirits, or the souls of the dead, peddle suggests they personify the old spirits of the winter, who demanded reward in exchange for good fortune. Impersonating these spirits or souls was also believed to protect oneself from them, at least as far back as the 15th century, among Catholics, there had been a custom of sharing soul cakes at Allhallowtide. People would visit houses and take soul cakes, either as representatives of the dead, or in return for praying for their souls. Later, people went from parish to parish at Halloween, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this, Soul, souls, for a soul-cake, Pray you good mistress and they typically asked for mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake

23.
A Chorus Line
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A Chorus Line is a musical with music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Edward Kleban and a book by James Kirkwood, Jr. and Nicholas Dante. Centred on seventeen Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line, a Chorus Line provides a glimpse into the personalities of the performers and the choreographer as they describe the events that have shaped their lives and their decisions to become dancers. Following several workshops and an Off-Broadway production, A Chorus Line opened at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway July 25,1975, an unprecedented box office and critical hit, the musical received twelve Tony Award nominations and won nine, in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It remains the sixth longest-running Broadway show ever, a Chorus Lines success has spawned many successful productions worldwide. It began a run in the West End in 1976 and was revived on Broadway in 2006. The show opens in the middle of an audition for an upcoming Broadway production, the formidable director Zach and his assistant choreographer Larry put the dancers through their paces. Every dancer is desperate for work, after the next round of cuts,17 dancers remain. Zach tells them he is looking for a dancing chorus of four boys. He wants to more about them, and asks the dancers to introduce themselves. With reluctance, the reveal their pasts. The stories generally progress chronologically from early life experiences through adulthood to the end of a career, the first candidate, Mike, explains that he is the youngest of 12 children. He recalls his first experience with dance, watching his sisters dance class when he was a pre-schooler, Mike took her place one day when she refused to go to class—and he stayed. Bobby tries to hide the unhappiness of his childhood by making jokes, as he speaks, the other dancers have misgivings about this strange audition process and debate what they should reveal to Zach, but since they all need the job, the session continues. Zach is angered when he feels that the streetwise Sheila is not taking the audition seriously, opening up, she reveals that her mother married at a young age and her father neither loved nor cared for them. When she was six, she realized that ballet provided relief from her family life, as did Bebe. The scatter-brained Kristine is tone-deaf, and her lament that she could never sing is interrupted by her husband Al finishing her phrases in tune. Mark, the youngest of the dancers, relates his first experiences with pictures of the anatomy and his first wet dream. The 410 Connie laments the problems of being short, and Diana Morales recollects her horrible high school acting class, Don remembers his first job at a nightclub and Judy reflects on her problematic childhood while some of the auditionees talk about their opinion of their parents

24.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

25.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade

26.
Lincoln Tunnel
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The Lincoln Tunnel is an approximately 1. 5-mile-long set of three tunnels under the Hudson River, connecting Weehawken, New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan in New York City. An integral conduit within the New York Metropolitan Area, it was designed by Norwegian-born civil engineer Ole Singstad and it is one of two automobile tunnels built under the river, the other being the Holland Tunnel. The Lincoln Tunnel carries an average of approximately 120,000 motor vehicles. The 8, 216-foot center tube opened in 1937, followed by the 7, the 8, 006-foot south tube was the last to open, in 1957. The tunnel is part of NJ495 on the half of the river. Designed by Ole Singstad, the tunnel was funded by the New Deals Public Works Administration, construction began on the first tube in March 1934. It opened to traffic on December 22,1937, charging $0.50 per passenger car, the cost of construction was $85 million, equal to $1.52 billion today. The original design called for two tubes, work on a second tube, north of the first one, was halted in 1938 but resumed in 1941. Due to war shortages of metal, completion was delayed for two years. It opened on February 1,1945, with Michael Catan, brother of Omero Catan, eventually, a compromise was worked out, and the third tube opened on May 25,1957 to the south of the original two tunnels. Although the three portals are side by side in New Jersey, in New York City the north portal is near Eleventh Avenue between 38th and 39th Streets. This portal is one block west of the two tunnels portals, which emerge side by side at Tenth Avenue between 38th and 39th Streets. Rutgers University professor Angus Gillespie, who wrote the 2011 book, Crossing Under the Hudson, The Story of The Holland and Lincoln Tunnels, served as a consultant for the exhibits design. Shortly after noon on September 8,1953, two armed men, Peter Simon and John Metcalf, attempted to rob a home in South Orange, New Jersey. The men were driven off by the residents, one of whom reported the license plate on their car to the police, a patrolman, Nicholas Falabella, noticed the car just as it passed the toll booth into New York City and ordered the driver to stop the vehicle. The driver sped off into the tunnel, firing at the police, a Port Authority policeman, Donald Lackmun, was hit in the leg. The police commandeered a delivery truck and gave chase, exchanging gunfire with the car while weaving in. In all 28 shots were fired, ten by the gunmen and 18 by the police, the vehicle came to a stop about three-quarters of the way through the tunnel

27.
8th Street (Manhattan)
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Between Third Avenue and Avenue A, it is named St. Marks Place, after the nearby St, Marks Church in-the-Bowery on 10th Street at Second Avenue. Marks Place is considered a main street for the East Village. Vehicular traffic runs east along both one-way streets, Marks Place features a wide variety of retailers. Marks Place include Gem Spa, the St, Marks Hotel, Trash and Vaudeville, and St. There are several open front markets that sell sunglasses, clothing, in her 400-year history of St. Marks Place, Ada Calhoun called the street like superglue for fragmented identities, is for the wanderer, the undecided, the lonely, and the promiscuous. Wouter van Twiller, colonial governor of New Amsterdam, once owned a farm near 8th. Such farms were located around the area until the 1830s, nearby, a Native American trail crossed the island via the right-of-ways of Greenwich Avenue, Astor Place, and Stuyvesant Street. Under the Commissioners Plan of 1811, a city grid for much of Manhattan was defined, Eighth Street was to run from Sixth Avenue in the west to Third Avenue and the Bowery to the east. The area west of Sixth Avenue was already developed as Greenwich Village, after the Commissioners Plan was laid out, property along the streets right of way quickly developed. By 1835, the New York University opened its first building, row houses were also built on Eighth Street. The street ran between the Jefferson Market, built in 1832 at the west end, and the Tompkins Market, built in 1836 and these were factors in the streets commercialization in later years. Eighth Street was supposed to extend to a place at Avenue C. Capitalizing on the status of Bond, Bleecker, Great Jones. Marks Place between Third and Second Avenues between 1831 and 1832, although the original plan was for Federal homes, only three such houses remained in 2014. Meanwhile, Eighth Street became home to a literary scene, at Astor Place and Eighth Street, the Astor Opera House was built by wealthy men and opened in 1847. Publisher Evert Augustus Duyckinck founded a library at his 50 East Eighth Street home

28.
East Village, Manhattan
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East Village is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its boundary to the north is Gramercy Park and Stuyvesant Town, to the south by the Lower East Side and it has also been the site of protests and riots. The area that is known as the East Village was originally a farm owned by Dutch Governor-General Wouter van Twiller. Wealthy townhouses dotted the dirt roads for a few decades until the great Irish, from roughly the 1850s to first decade of the 20th century, the neighborhood has the third largest urban population of Germans outside of Vienna and Berlin, known as Klein Deutschland. It was Americas first foreign language neighborhood, hundreds of political, social, sports and recreational clubs were set up during this period, and some of these buildings still exist. However, the vitality of the community was sapped by the General Slocum disaster on June 15,1904, later waves of immigration also brought many Poles and, especially, Ukrainians to the area, creating a Ukrainian enclave in the city. Since the 1890s there has been a large concentration roughly from 10th Street to 5th Street, the post-World War II diaspora, consisting primarily of Western Ukrainian intelligentsia, also settled down in the area. Several churches, including St. Roosevelt Drive, until the mid-1960s, the area was simply the northern part of the Lower East Side, with a similar culture of immigrant, working class life. In the 1950s, the migration of Beatniks into the neighborhood later attracted hippies, musicians, the area was dubbed the East Village, to dissociate it from the image of slums evoked by the Lower East Side. Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized the new name, and the term was adopted by the media by the mid-1960s. In 1966 a weekly newspaper, The East Village Other, appeared, in 1966, Andy Warhol promoted a series of multimedia shows, entitled The Exploding Plastic Inevitable, and featuring the music of the Velvet Underground, in a Polish ballroom on St. On June 27,1967, the Electric Circus opened in the space with a benefit for the Childrens Recreation Foundation whose chairman was Bobby Kennedy. The Grateful Dead, The Chambers Brothers, Sly and the Family Stone, on March 8,1968, Bill Graham opened the Fillmore East in what had been a Yiddish Theatre on Second Avenue at East 6th Street in the Yiddish Theater District. The venue quickly became known as The Church of Rock and Roll, the Fillmore East closed in 1971. CBGB, the nightclub considered by some to be the birthplace of music, was located in the neighborhood. No Wave and New York hardcore also emerged in the areas clubs, few icons of the punk scene remain in the neighborhood as it changed. Richard Hell lives in the apartment he has lived in since the 1970s. Over the last 100 years, the East Village and the Lower East Side have contributed significantly to American arts and culture in New York

29.
County Wicklow
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County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The second last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed, as late as 1606 and it is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló, which means Vikings Meadow. Wicklow County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 142,332 according to the 2016 census, Wicklow is colloquially known as the Garden of Ireland. It is the 17th-largest of Irelands 32 counties by area, being thirty-three miles in length by twenty miles in breadth and it is the fourth-largest of Leinsters twelve counties by size and the fifth-largest in terms of population. Between 2011 and 2016 the population of the county grew by 4. 2%, the adjoining counties are Wexford to the south, Carlow to the south-west, Kildare to the west and Dublin to the north. The Wicklow Mountains range is the largest continuous upland region in Ireland, the highest mountain in the range, Lugnaquilla, rises to 925 metres, making Wicklow the second-highest county peak after Kerry. The River Slaney is in the part of the county. The Turlough Hill pumped-storage scheme, a significant civil engineering project, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s, the lakes are small but numerous, located mainly in mountain valleys or glacial corries. They include Lough Dan, Lough Tay, Lough Brae, the lakes of Glendalough as well as the Poulaphouca reservoir, County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in 1606 from land previously part of counties Dublin and Carlow. Established as a county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as the OByrnes. It provided them access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route, the ancient monastery of Glendalough is located in County Wicklow. During the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight, the local government authority is Wicklow County Council which returns 32 councillors from five municipal districts. All of the previous Town Councils were abolished under a new Local Government Act at the 2014 Local Elections, for elections to Dáil Éireann, the entire county in included in the Wicklow constituency along with some eastern parts of County Carlow. The constituency returns five TDs to the Dáil, mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Two of the festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow music Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland, the BBC series Ballykissangel was also filmed in County Wicklow

30.
Parnell Street
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Parnell Street is located on Dublins Northside and runs from Capel Street in the west to Gardiner Street and Mountjoy Square in the east. It is at the end of OConnell Street, where it provides the south side of Parnell Square. The western end of Parnell Street has been redeveloped in recent years. Virtually all of the original Georgian architecture was destroyed and subsequently replaced by buildings of larger scale. The eastern end of Parnell Street, having remained comparatively undeveloped, is now home to an immigrant community. Most notably, a plethora of authentic Chinese and Korean restaurants have lent the east side the reputation of being Dublins Chinatown, there is also a significant presence of African and East and Central European businesses at the eastern end. Formerly Great Britain Street, the street was renamed after Charles Stewart Parnell, the James Joyce Centre is immediately off Parnell Street on North Great Georges Street, while located just off the eastern end is the historic Mountjoy Square. Shopping Centres The Ilac Shopping Centre, The Ilac Shopping Centre is the oldest shopping centre in the city-centre and it is a large single story complex which contains many shops. One entrance leads out to Moore Streets famous market and there are also a public library, the Moore Street Mall, a recently opened shopping centre, also has an entrance on Parnell Street. Chinatown The Cineworld cinema on Parnell Street is the largest cinema in Ireland with seventeen screens, the street also has flagship city centre stores for German discount supermarket chains such as Aldi and Lidl. Smiths Toys, Maplin Electronics and Toymaster are on Jervis Street, a Stringfellows restaurant and strip club operated on Parnell Street for a number of months before closing because of poor trading performance. Various residents associations, womens groups and Christian groups had campaigned against it, the street also has many other bars, restaurants and shops and internet cafes. List of streets and squares in Dublin Buildings of Parnell Square, from Archiseek

31.
The Lovin' Spoonful
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The band had its roots in the folk music scene based in the Greenwich Village section of lower Manhattan during the early 1960s. Sebastian formed the Spoonful with guitarist Zal Yanovsky from a folk group called The Mugwumps, playing local coffee houses. The formation of the Lovin Spoonful during this period was described in the lyrics of the Mamas & the Papas 1967 top ten hit. Drummer Jan Carl and bassist Steve Boone rounded out the group, Butler had previously played with Boone in a group called The Kingsmen. The group made its first recordings for Elektra Records in early 1965, the four tracks recorded for Elektra were released on the 1966 various artists compilation LP Whats Shakin after the bands success on Kama Sutra. The band worked with producer Erik Jacobsen to release their first single on July 20,1965, Do You Believe in Magic, additionally, they wrote their own material, including Younger Girl, which was a hit for The Critters in mid-1966. Do You Believe in Magic reached #9 on the Hot 100, the Lovin Spoonful became known for such folk-flavored pop hits as You Didnt Have to Be So Nice, which reached #10, and Daydream, which went to #2. Other hits included Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind. and their song to reach #1 on the Hot 100. Later that year, the #10 hit Rain on the Roof, the only other 1960s act to achieve that feat is Gary Lewis & the Playboys. The Lovin Spoonful was one of the most successful groups to have jug band and folk roots. Their popularity revived interest in the form, and many subsequent jug bands cite them as an inspiration. The rest of their albums featured mostly original songs, but their jug band roots showed up again and again, particularly in Daydream, Lovin Spoonful members termed their approach good-time music. In the liner notes of Do You Believe in Magic, Zal Yanovsky said that he became a convert to Reddy Kilowatt because its loud, and people dance to it, and its loud. Soon-to-be members of the rock band the Grateful Dead were part of the West Coast acoustic folk music scene when the Lovin Spoonful came to town on tour. They credited the Lovin Spoonful concert as an experience, after which they decided to leave the folk scene. The band also gained a bit of publicity when Butler replaced Jim Rado in the role of Claude for a sold-out four-month run with the Broadway production of the rock musical Hair. Both films were released in 1966, in addition, the Michelangelo Antonioni film Blow-up, also released that year, contained an instrumental version of the Spoonful song, Butchies Tune, performed by jazz musician Herbie Hancock. In early 1967, the band broke with their producer Erik Jacobsen, turning to Joe Wissert to produce the single Six OClock and he was a Canadian citizen and feared that he would be barred from re-entering the U. S. so he complied

32.
Culture Club
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Culture Club are an English band that was formed in 1981. The band comprised Boy George, Roy Hay, Mikey Craig and they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Culture Club sold more than 50 million records worldwide, including 7 million records awards RIAA certificate in the United States, Boy Georges androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media. The group, supporters of the pop genre, made numerous forays into reggae. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide and it appeared on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the music channel MTV. Culture Clubs music combines Bnritish new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, in 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single, and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. Time is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames list of 500 songs that shaped rock, in 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow under the stage name Lieutenant Lush. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay. Realising they had an Irish gay man as the singer, a black Briton on bass, an Anglo-Saxon on guitar and keyboards. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, the band released two singles in May and June 1982, White Boy and Im Afraid of Me, though both failed to chart. In August the single Mystery Boy was released in Japan, in September of that year, the group released their third single, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No.1 in the UK in late 1982 and became a smash, peaking at No.1 in over a dozen countries. The bands 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. The bands debut album, Kissing to Be Clever was released in October 1982, Ill Tumble 4 Ya also became a Top Ten hit in the US and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album

33.
The Corrs
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The Corrs are an Irish band that combine pop rock with traditional Irish themes within their music. The group consists of the Corr siblings, Andrea, Sharon, Caroline and they are from Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland. The Corrs have released six albums and numerous singles, which have reached Platinum in many countries. Talk on Corners, their most successful album to date, reached multi-Platinum status in Australia and in the UK it was the highest selling album of 1998. The band is one of only a handful of acts who have held the top two positions simultaneously in the UK album charts, with Talk on Corners at number one and Forgiven, Not Forgotten at number two. The latter was the third highest selling album in Australia in 1996, behind Alanis Morissettes Jagged Little Pill and their third studio album, In Blue, went to number one in seventeen countries. The Corrs have been involved in philanthropic activities. They have performed in charity concerts such as The Princes Trust event in 2004. The same year, they were awarded honorary MBEs for their contributions to music, the band was for almost 10 years inactive because Jim and Caroline were raising families, while Andrea and Sharon were pursuing solo careers while raising families of their own. According to Sharon Corr, it was uncertain if and when The Corrs would reunite and their sixth studio album, White Light, was released on 27 November 2015, and was accompanied by a european tour. The Corrs are from Dundalk, County Louth in Ireland, while Caroline and Andrea were still attending school, Jim and Sharon began playing as a duo, often at their aunts pub, McManuss. In 1990, Jim and Sharon added their younger siblings, to form a quartet and their career took off in 1991 when they auditioned for the film The Commitments. Jim, Sharon and Caroline each had small parts as musicians, john Hughes noticed them when they auditioned for the movie and agreed to become their manager. In 1994, the American ambassador to Ireland, Jean Kennedy Smith, after an appearance at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States, The Corrs joined Celine Dions worldwide Falling Into You Around the World Tour as a supporting act. Jason Flom, Atlantic Recordss head of A&R, recommended that they meet David Foster, the Corrs played live for Foster and he agreed to sign them to Atlantic Records. They extended their stay in the US for over five months to record their album, Forgiven. It featured six instrumental selections among its Celtic-influenced tracks, the album sold well in Ireland, Australia, Japan, Norway and Spain. Major success in the US and the UK, however, was not immediately forthcoming, eventually, the album reached Platinum status in the UK and Australia, and 4× Platinum in Ireland, making it one of the most successful debuts by an Irish group

34.
The Byrds
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The Byrds /ˈbɜːrdz/ were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member. Initially, they pioneered the genre of folk rock, melding the influence of the Beatles and other British Invasion bands with contemporary. As the 1960s progressed, the band was influential in originating psychedelic rock, raga rock. The bands signature blend of clear harmony singing and McGuinns jangly twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar has continued to be influential on popular music up to the present day, among the bands most enduring songs are their cover versions of Bob Dylans Mr. Tambourine Man and Pete Seegers Turn. Turn. along with the originals, Ill Feel a Whole Lot Better, Eight Miles High, So You Want to Be a Rock n Roll Star, Ballad of Easy Rider. The original five-piece lineup of the Byrds consisted of Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Michael Clarke. However, this version of the band was relatively short-lived and by early 1966, Clark had left due to associated with anxiety. The Byrds continued as a quartet until late 1967, when Crosby, McGuinn and Hillman decided to recruit new members, including country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, but by late 1968, Hillman and Parsons had also exited the band. McGuinn disbanded the current lineup in early 1973, to make way for a reunion of the original quintet. The Byrds final album was released in March 1973, with the group disbanding soon afterwards. In the late 1980s, Gene Clark and Michael Clarke both began touring as the Byrds, prompting a legal challenge from McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman over the rights to the bands name. As a result of this, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman performed a series of concerts as the Byrds in 1989 and 1990. In January 1991, the Byrds were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman still remain active but Gene Clark died of a heart attack in May 1991, and Michael Clarke died of liver failure in December 1993. The nucleus of the Byrds formed in early 1964, when Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, All three musicians had a background rooted in folk music, with each one having worked as a folk singer on the acoustic coffeehouse circuit during the early 1960s. McGuinn had also spent time as a songwriter at the Brill Building in New York City. By early 1964, McGuinn had become enamored with the music of the Beatles, soon after, David Crosby introduced himself to the duo at The Troubadour and began harmonizing with them on some of their songs. Impressed by the blend of their voices, the three formed a trio and named themselves the Jet Set, a moniker inspired by McGuinns love of aeronautics

35.
Kid Creole and The Coconuts
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Kid Creole and the Coconuts is an American musical group created and led by August Darnell. The Coconuts are a trio of female backing vocalists/dancers whose lineup has changed throughout the years, thomas August Darnell Browder was born in The Bronx, New York City, USA on August 12,1950. His mother was from South Carolina with Caribbean and Italian parents and his father from Savannah, as an adult, Thom Browder began going by his two middle names as August Darnell. Growing up in the pot of the Bronx, Darnell was exposed early on to all kinds of music. Darnell began his career in a band named The In-Laws with his brother, Stony Browder. The band disbanded so Darnell could pursue a career as an English teacher, Darnell obtained a masters degree in English, but in 1974 again formed a band with his brother Stony Browder Jr. under the name Dr. Buzzards Original Savannah Band. Their self-titled debut release was a Top 40-charting album which was certified gold and was nominated for a Grammy, Darnell began producing for other artists, such as Don Armando’s Second Avenue Rhumba Band and Gichy Dan’s Beachwood No.9, before adopting the name Kid Creole in 1980. The Kid wore zoot suits and danced onstage in a reminiscent of films of the 30s and 40s. The co-founders of the band were Darnell and his Savannah Band associate vibraphone player Andy Hernandez, Hernandez served as Darnells on-stage comic foil, as well as his musical director and arranger. On their earliest releases, the Coconuts were Kaegi, Cheryl Poirier, and Lori Eastside, Eastside dropped out early, and was replaced by Taryn Hagey, who in turn was replaced by Janique Svedberg. Throughout the 1980s, the band also included Peter Schott on keyboards, drummer David Span, bass player Carol Colman, with horn players, percussionists, and other adjunct members, the full band lineup often swelled to over a dozen players. Kid Creole and the Coconuts debut album Off the Coast of Me was critically well-received and they made their national TV debut performing Mister Softee and There But For The Grace of God Go I on Saturday Night Live in November,1980. By the second album they were accompanied by the Pond Life horn section Charlie Lagond, Ken Fradley, the album charted briefly, and subsequently Coati Mundis early Latin rap Me No Pop I, though not originally on the album, became a Top 40 UK hit single. Their breakthrough came with 1982s Tropical Gangsters, which hit #3 in the UK and spun off three Top 10 hits with Stool Pigeon, Annie, Im Not Your Daddy and Im A Wonderful Thing, dear Addy also made the Top 40. In the US the album was retitled Wise Guy and reached #145, Darnell subsequently produced spin-off albums for the Coconuts with Cheryl Poirier on lead vocals. Darnell and Kaegi divorced in 1985, though she remained with the band and she and Cheryl Poirier also formed their own group Boomerang with Perri Lister, which released an album on the Atlantic label in 1986. Darnell continued Kid Creole and the Coconuts, and in the mid to late 1980s contributed to film soundtracks. He appeared at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1986 and in this period released the albums In Praise of Older Women and Other Crimes and I, Too, Have Seen the Woods, neither of which charted

Jim Sheridan
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Jim Sheridan is an Irish playwright, screenwriter, film director, and film producer. In the few years from 1989 to 1993, Sheridan made three acclaimed films set in Ireland that between them received 13 Academy Award nominations, Sheridan has personally received six Academy Award nominations. In addition to the films, he is also known for the films

1.
Jim Sheridan

Samantha Morton
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Samantha Jane Morton is an English actress, screenwriter and director. She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, brought up in Nottingham, Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop, and soon began her career in British televisions in 1991. She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from

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Morton at the 34th Toronto International Film Festival for the premiere of her directing debut The Unloved, on 1 September 2009.

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Samantha Morton at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards on 8 February 2008.

Paddy Considine
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Patrick George Paddy Considine is an English actor, filmmaker, and musician. He has played a number of dark, troubled, and morally or mentally ambiguous characters, Considine frequently collaborates with director Shane Meadows. Considine came to prominence in the early 2000s with a string of performances in independent film that prompted The Observ

1.
Considine at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival

Sarah Bolger
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Sarah Lee Bolger is an Irish actress. Bolger was born in Dublin, the daughter of Monica and Derek Bolger and she has a younger sister, actress Emma Bolger. She attended The Young Peoples Theatre School in Dublin and Loreto High School, Bolger starred in In America with her sister, Emma. From 2008 to 2010, she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in The Tu

1.
Bolger at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival

Djimon Hounsou
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Djimon Gaston Hounsou is a Beninese-American actor and model. Hounsou began his career appearing in music videos and he made his film debut in the Sandra Bernhard film Without You Im Nothing and gained widespread recognition for his role as Cinqué in the Steven Spielberg film Amistad. He gained further recognition for his roles in Gladiator, In Ame

Gavin Friday
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Gavin Friday is an Irish singer and songwriter, composer, actor and painter. Friday was born in Dublin and grew up in Ballygall, a located on Dublins Northside located between Finglas and Glasnevin where he went to school. When he was fourteen years old and living on Cedarwood Road, he met Bono, Bono said, We caught him trying to steal something of

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Gavin Friday

Fox Searchlight Pictures
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Slumdog Millionaire is also Searchlights largest commercial success, with over $377 million of box office receipts, against a production budget of only $15 million. The most notable of the releases under these banners include Bill Cosby, Himself, Eating Raoul, The Gods Must Be Crazy, Reuben, Reuben, and Ziggy Stardust, in 2006, a sub-label, Fox Ato

1.
Logo used as of 2013

Toronto International Film Festival
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The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street i

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The festival is headquartered at TIFF Bell Lightbox, which opened in 2010.

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Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)

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TIFF box office at the Manulife Centre in 2006

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TIFF Bell Lightbox

Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first

Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th

1.
Janet Gaynor was the first winner in this category for her roles in 7th Heaven (1927), Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), and Street Angel (1928).

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Norma Shearer won in 1930 for her performance in The Divorcee.

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Katharine Hepburn has the most wins in this category for her roles in Morning Glory (1933), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), and On Golden Pond (1981).

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Bette Davis won two awards from ten nominations for her roles in Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938).

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for

1.
Walter Brennan was the first winner in this category for 1936's Come and Get It; He would also win for his roles in Kentucky (1938) and The Westerner (1940).

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Van Heflin won in 1942 for his performance in Johnny Eager.

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George Sanders won for his role in 1950's All About Eve.

4.
Karl Malden won in 1951 for A Streetcar Named Desire.

Visa (document)
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A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within, or to leave that country. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a country and thus are, in countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter. In each instance, a visa is subje

1.
A United States visa. Issued by the Consulate General of the United States of America in Milan, Italy. (2014)

2.
Exit USSR visa of type 1 (for temporary visits outside the Soviet Union). Not to be confused with exit visa of type 2 (green), which was stamped to those who received the permission to exit the USSR forever and lost Soviet citizenship.

3.
Exit USSR visa of type 2. For those who received permission to leave the USSR forever and lost Soviet citizenship.

4.
Russian empire visa stamp (1917).

Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
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Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, the area provides transport, medical, and warehouse infrastructure support to Midtowns business district. Once

1.
Looking south on Ninth Avenue from 49th Street

2.
Looking south from Eighth Avenue and 46th Street

3.
View from between 47th and 48th Streets on Ninth Avenue looking northeast toward Time Warner Center and Hearst Tower

4.
New York Passenger Ship Terminal in Hell's Kitchen at 52nd Street

Tenement
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The term tenement originally referred to tenancy and therefore to any rented accommodation. In Scotland, it continues to be the most common word for a multiple-occupancy building, late 19th-century social reformers in the U. S. were hostile to both tenements and apartment houses. The adapted buildings were known as rookeries, and were a particular

1.
Tenements at Park Avenue and 107th Street, New York City, around 1900

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Rear view of an early 19th-century Scottish tenement, Edinburgh

3.
Tenements in Soundview, The Bronx

4.
Lower East Side tenement buildings

Drug addiction
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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually a

1.
Top: this depicts the acute expression of various Fos family proteins following an initial exposure to an addictive drug. Bottom: this illustrates increasing ΔFosB expression from repeated twice daily drug binges, where these phosphorylated (35–37 kD) ΔFosB isoforms persist in mesolimbic dopamine neurons for up to 2 months.

Transvestism
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Transvestism is the practice of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sex. Though coined as late as the 1910s, the phenomenon is not new and it was referred to in the Hebrew Bible. The word has several changes of meaning since it was first coined and is still used in a variety of senses. Today, the term

1.
A Sicilian boy cross-dressing as a Spanish woman, photographed by Wilhelm von Gloeden in the late 19th century.

Ice cream parlor
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Ice cream parlors are restaurants that sell ice cream, gelato, sorbet, and frozen yogurt to consumers. Ice cream is sold as regular ice cream, gelato, and soft serve. It is customary for ice cream parlors to offer a number of flavors, parlors often serve ice cream and other frozen desserts in cones or in dishes, to be eaten with a spoon. Some ice c

1.
Gelato being served in a gelateria in Venice, Italy

2.
Gelato selections at a Sicilian gelateria

3.
An Italian ice cream parlour with varieties of gelato (ice cream)

4.
An English ice cream parlour with varieties of traditional ice cream

Camcorder
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A camcorder is an electronic device combining a video camera and recorder. Although marketing materials may use the term camcorder, the name on the package. The earliest camcorders are tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes, in 2006, digital recording became the norm, with tape replaced by storage media such as internal flash

1.
Professional camcorder HDV

2.
Full HD camcorder by Canon based on flash memory/SD card

3.
Prior to the camcorder, a portable recorder and camera would be required. This is a Sony SL-F1 Betamax recorder and video camera.

4.
Shoulder-mount camcorder

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
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E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren, and stars Henry Thomas, Dee Wallace, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore, Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh. It tells the story of Elliott,

1.
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin

2.
Makeshift communicator used by E.T. to phone home. Among its parts is a Speak & Spell, an umbrella lined with tinfoil, and a coffee can filled with other electronics.

3.
The Italian special effects artist Carlo Rambaldi is known in the world as the creator of the E.T.'s design.

4.
John Williams

Taxicab
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A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice, Taxicab is a compound word formed from contractions of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the

1.
Taxicabs in Vilnius, Lithuania

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Taxicabs of the Philippines

3.
Hyundai i40 taxi in Singapore

4.
Taxicab in Yekaterinburg, Russia

Halloween
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It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints, martyrs, and all the faithful departed. Some academics, however, support the view that Halloween began independently as a solely Christian holiday. Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows

1.
A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween

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An early 20th-century Irish Hallowe'en mask displayed at the Museum of Country Life.

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A traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland

Trick-or-treating
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Trick-or-treating is a Halloween custom for children in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house asking for such as candy with the phrase Trick or treat. The trick is a threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them and it typically happens during the evening of October 31. Some ho

1.
A child trick-or-treating

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Magazine advertisement in 1962

3.
Two children trick-or-treating on Halloween in Arkansas, United States

4.
Trunk-or-treating event held at St. John Lutheran Church & Early Learning Center in Darien, IL

A Chorus Line
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A Chorus Line is a musical with music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Edward Kleban and a book by James Kirkwood, Jr. and Nicholas Dante. Centred on seventeen Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line, a Chorus Line provides a glimpse into the personalities of the performers and the choreographer as they describe the events that have sh

1.
Original Broadway windowcard

Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many mu

1.
View from Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward Lower Manhattan

2.
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.

3.
The Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.

4.
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall (on Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first U.S. President in 1789.

Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists,

1.
Times Square

2.
Broadway show billboards in Times Square, 2013

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Broadway at 42nd Street in 1898

4.
A crowd outside The New York Times to follow the progress of the Jack Dempsey – Georges Carpentier fight in 1921

Lincoln Tunnel
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The Lincoln Tunnel is an approximately 1. 5-mile-long set of three tunnels under the Hudson River, connecting Weehawken, New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan in New York City. An integral conduit within the New York Metropolitan Area, it was designed by Norwegian-born civil engineer Ole Singstad and it is one of two automobile tunnels built under the r

1.
New Jersey entrance to Lincoln Tunnel

2.
Manhattan portals of the south and center tubes

3.
Manhattan ventilation tower

8th Street (Manhattan)
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Between Third Avenue and Avenue A, it is named St. Marks Place, after the nearby St, Marks Church in-the-Bowery on 10th Street at Second Avenue. Marks Place is considered a main street for the East Village. Vehicular traffic runs east along both one-way streets, Marks Place features a wide variety of retailers. Marks Place include Gem Spa, the St,

1.
St. Mark's Place in 2010

2.
Wanamaker Annex

3.
The entrance to 295 East 8th Street, with "Talmud Torah Darchei Noam" above the door

4.
Marlton House in 2008

East Village, Manhattan
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East Village is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its boundary to the north is Gramercy Park and Stuyvesant Town, to the south by the Lower East Side and it has also been the site of protests and riots. The area that is known as the East Village was originally a farm owned by Dutch Governor-General Wouter van Twiller. Wealth

1.
1st Avenue, looking north at 10th Street

2.
Former German-American Shooting Society Clubhouse at 12 St Mark's Place (1885). East Village once had a sizable Little Germany, an area within which this building is located.

3.
A wall in the East Village, featuring a mural of two men

4.
Patti Smith, seen here in Copenhagen in 1976, is one of the many poets, musicians and artists who got their start in the East Village

County Wicklow
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County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The second last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed, as late as 1606 and it is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló, which means Vikings Meadow. Wicklow County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 142,332 according to the 2

1.
Saint Kevin's monastery at Glendalough.

2.
Surrounding area west of Bray.

Parnell Street
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Parnell Street is located on Dublins Northside and runs from Capel Street in the west to Gardiner Street and Mountjoy Square in the east. It is at the end of OConnell Street, where it provides the south side of Parnell Square. The western end of Parnell Street has been redeveloped in recent years. Virtually all of the original Georgian architecture

1.
Parnell Street

2.
Rotunda Hospital,Parnell Street

The Lovin' Spoonful
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The band had its roots in the folk music scene based in the Greenwich Village section of lower Manhattan during the early 1960s. Sebastian formed the Spoonful with guitarist Zal Yanovsky from a folk group called The Mugwumps, playing local coffee houses. The formation of the Lovin Spoonful during this period was described in the lyrics of the Mamas

1.
The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965

Culture Club
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Culture Club are an English band that was formed in 1981. The band comprised Boy George, Roy Hay, Mikey Craig and they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Culture Club sold more than 50 million records worldwide, including 7 million records awards RIAA certificate in the United States, Boy Georges andr

1.
Culture Club

The Corrs
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The Corrs are an Irish band that combine pop rock with traditional Irish themes within their music. The group consists of the Corr siblings, Andrea, Sharon, Caroline and they are from Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland. The Corrs have released six albums and numerous singles, which have reached Platinum in many countries. Talk on Corners, their most su

1.
Clockwise from top left: Andrea, Caroline, Jim, and Sharon Corr

2.
(L-R) Sharon, Andrea and Jim Corr in concert

The Byrds
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The Byrds /ˈbɜːrdz/ were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member. Initially, they pioneered the genre of folk rock, melding the influence of the Beatles and other British Invasion bands with contem

1.
The Byrds in 1965 From left to right: David Crosby, Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, Chris Hillman, and Jim McGuinn

2.
A Rickenbacker 360 12-string guitar similar to the one used by Jim McGuinn in 1964 and 1965. By 1966, McGuinn had transitioned to playing the three pickup 370/12 model.

3.
Producer Terry Melcher (left) in the recording studio with Gene Clark (center) and David Crosby (right). Melcher brought in session musicians to play on the "Mr. Tambourine Man" single because he felt that the Byrds hadn't yet gelled musically.

4.
Bob Dylan making an impromptu guest appearance with the Byrds at Ciro's nightclub.

Kid Creole and The Coconuts
–
Kid Creole and the Coconuts is an American musical group created and led by August Darnell. The Coconuts are a trio of female backing vocalists/dancers whose lineup has changed throughout the years, thomas August Darnell Browder was born in The Bronx, New York City, USA on August 12,1950. His mother was from South Carolina with Caribbean and Italia

1.
The April 14, 2015 front page of USA Today. The blue circle of the logo has been turned into a dotted ring with a hat being tossed into it to signify Marco Rubio's announcement that he is running for President of the United States.

2.
USA Today

3.
This February 5, 2009 issue of USA Today shows the old layout and logo of the paper prior to it being redesigned in 2012.