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43.
1. INTRODUCTION <ul><li>The status of cobia culture </li></ul><ul><li>Attractive candidate for mariculture due to its rapid growth and succulent flesh. </li></ul><ul><li>Global aquaculture production of cobia has been increasing rapidly, up to 3000-fold over a 10-year period (1997-2007), while captures have remained stable around 10,000 tons . </li></ul><ul><li>Cobia have been cultured in Taiwan in 1990s, while US have been succeeded in spawning by using hormone injection. </li></ul><ul><li>Recently research and production has been considered or initiated in the EU, Brazil, and Panama. </li></ul><ul><li>Exporting market: Japan , China </li></ul>

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<ul><li>In Vietnam, cobia reproduction commenced in 1998 and the first commercial seed production were obtained in 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>The techniques including broodstock management, larval rearing, fry transportation and cage culture have been improved. </li></ul><ul><li>Cobia production estimated about 1500MT in 2008, the third largest producer of farmed cobia in the world, after China and Taiwan. </li></ul><ul><li>Grow-out production of cobia were cultured in both small scale wooden raft cages and in high density polyethylene circular floating net cages. </li></ul>

60.
a. Site Location Good site (If strong wind only slow wave) <ul><li>A calm inlet or bay with sandy or rocky bottoms with slow wave </li></ul><ul><li>2. Water depth is between 10-30 m in the high tide or low tide. </li></ul><ul><li>3. Current velocity between 10-30 cm/s. </li></ul><ul><li>4. Transparency more than 5 m. </li></ul><ul><li>5. Distance from possible source of water pollution </li></ul><ul><li>6. Have a source of feed every time </li></ul><ul><li>7. Infrastructure must be present </li></ul><ul><li>Suitable site selection implies successful mariculture in future </li></ul>Bad site (Strong Wave) Bad site (Muddy water in rain season) Bad site (Turbid water)

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Site selection <ul><li>Site selection for mariculture involves numerous variables: </li></ul><ul><li>Current pattern; for good water circulation. </li></ul><ul><li>There is buffer zone between raft unit with buffer zone among floating net cages. </li></ul><ul><li>Good lay out for easy work facilitate. </li></ul><ul><li>Attention to hygiene mariculture environment </li></ul><ul><li>Limited number of floating net cages which considering carrying capacity for sustainable aquaculture. </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Use only good quality material, available, cheap, and has long-term economic value. </li></ul><ul><li>The size of raft is not too big (10x10 m), so that easy to move if necessary. </li></ul><ul><li>Using anchor and other things that cannot be rusty, with limited number, and placed in certain area that can not harm the environment/coral. </li></ul><ul><li>Buoy can be made from Styrofoam, plastic drum; plastic drum is injected by Styrofoam. </li></ul><ul><li>Design and lay out of floating net cages is made to make easier operational </li></ul>Design and lay out of floating net cages Design and lay out of floating net cages is need to consider several variables : CONDITION IN TANJUNG PUTUS Pond culture Pond Unit lay out not regulated nicely

87.
Problems related to using trash fish <ul><li>Trash feed is very short storage life. </li></ul><ul><li>The nutritional quality of trash fish will decline within a few week. </li></ul><ul><li>Trash fish supply is not stable, dependent to season. </li></ul><ul><li>Trash fish readily break up into small pieces when eaten, around 30-50% of trash fish can be lost during the feeding process. </li></ul><ul><li>Feeding losses from trash fish are 2 to 4 times higher than for pelleted feeds. </li></ul><ul><li>Localized pollution and water quality degradation. </li></ul><ul><li>Transmission of parasites and diseases. </li></ul>

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New and better practises – use of formulated feed Formulated feeds are of two types: 1. ‘Moist’ feeds, that can be produced on the farm; and 2. Commercially produced pellets that must be purchased from a feed manufacturer http://www.ridzalmersing.com

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Prevention and Control <ul><li>The bacteria have not been succesfully isolated yet, the most appropriate antibiotic cannot be chosen. </li></ul><ul><li>Prefuran (a wide antibacterial spectrum) may be useful. </li></ul><ul><li>Oxolinic acid is effective to reduce the mortality due to Pasteurella infection in sea bream juvenile. </li></ul>http://www.ridzalmersing.com

100.
A. Parasites 1. Trichodina infection <ul><li>Clinical signs </li></ul><ul><li>Usually not visible when fish are only slightly infected </li></ul><ul><li>Excess mucus production on the gills and body surface due to irritation caused by the cilia and hooks of the parasites </li></ul><ul><li>Microscopic observation of gills filament and mucus taken from the body surface can confirm parasitic infection. </li></ul><ul><li>Causative agents </li></ul><ul><li>Ciliated protozoa, Trichodina spp., cause this disease. The parasite has a saucer-like shape, up to 100  m in diameter, with a fringe of cilia around the perimeter. The parasite locates on the surface of the gills and skin with a spinning motion, which damages the host tissues. </li></ul><ul><li>Treatment </li></ul><ul><li>When a serious infestation occurs, a bath with 25-30 ppm formalin for 1-2 day is recommended to remove the parasites. Infection of this parasite can be prevented by maintaining good conditions in the fish rearing tank. </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Causative agents </li></ul><ul><li>Two genera of skin monogenetic trematodes, </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Benedenia </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Neobenedenia , </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Treatment </li></ul><ul><li>Bathing in 5 ppt brackishwater for 15 minutes is recommended for removing the parasites. If the fish has a mechanical injury on the body or eyes, administration of antibiotics is also necessary. </li></ul>2. Benedenia and Neobenedenia http://www.ridzalmersing.com

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g. Harvesting and marketing After 15-18 months (10g to 6,500g/fish), fish was harvested for local market or exporting to Japan, China, Taiwan, HongKong. Fish is starved for one day period to harvest Right after harvest, fish was killed , bled and chilled prior to transporting to processing plants. Products: live fish for local market and frozen fillet for exporting Marketing: China, Japan, HongKong http://www.ridzalmersing.com