Ch 15 sage notes

Terms

begins with Defenestration of Prague-Protestant forces defeated and Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia

Divine right of kings

power of kings came from God

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden-led army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia

French Civil Wars

9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II

War of the Three Henry's

civil wars between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons

Henry VII

reduced influence of nobility through Star Chamber

Encomienda system

Spanish govt. sought to reduce savage exploration of Amerindians in Spanish empire-amerindians worked for owner for certain number of days per week but retained other parcels of land to work for themselves

(1453-1515) laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism in 16th and 17th centuries-established strategy of making coastal regions a base to control Indian Ocean

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

(1519-1559) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended them (1559)-France kept the HRE from gaining hegemony in Germany, while inadvertently helping Lutheranism to spread-Spain defeated France for control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan

sought all water trade route to Asia to tap spice trade-sought to find mystical Prester John for alliance against Muslims

New Model Army

army of Oliver Cromwell

Philip II

(1556-1598) father Charles V-fanatically sought to reimpose Catholicism in Europe-Golden Age of Spain-Escorial

Diggers

denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land

Treaty of Westphalia

ended Catholic Reformation in Germany-renewal of Peace of Augsburg-guaranteed Germany would remain divided for centuries-dissolution of HRE-France, Sweden, Brandenburg received territories and gained international stature-2 Hapsburg branches weakened

Brazil

Portugal's major colony in New World-large numbers of slaves-coffee, cotton, sugar

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) financed numerous expeditions along West African coastline in hopes of finding gold

Joint-stock companies

investors pooled resources for a common purpose-early examples of capitalism

Bartholomew Dias

(1450-1500) rounded southern tip of Africa in 1488

Bartholomew de las Casas

(1474-1566) priest and former conquistador whose father accompanied Columbus on second voyage-proposed black slavery instead of Native Americans

Edict of Restitution

(1629) Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

Mestizos

Spaniards married Amerindian women creating children of mixed white and Native American descent

Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism

English Civil War

Puritan Revolution

Columbian Exchange

exchange in ideas, plants, animals, and diseases between Americas and Europe

Spanish Inquisition

Isabella's idea-monarchy enforced authority of Catholic church

War of the Roses

(1455-1477) House of York vs. House of Lancaster-civil war to gain crown-York victoriousTudor dynasty

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

marriage of Margaret Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots-Henry of Guise had leader of Huguenot party murdered night before wedding-Catherine ordered massacre of Calvinists in response

Dutch East India Company

founded in 1602-became major force behind Dutch imperialism

Maximilian I

gained much territory in eastern France with marriage to Mary of Burgundy-sparked dynastic struggle between Valois and Hapsburgs

Charles I

successor of James I-believed in divine right of kings-dissolved Parliament twice

Battle of Lepanto

(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean

Mercantilism

developed in 17th century-goal is a self-sufficient economy-more exports than imports-limited resources-states should intervene to get largest part of limited resources-get more gold

French phase

International Phase

Conquistadores

Spanish who created empires by conquering Indians

Concordat of Bologna

(1516) king of France now had power to appoint bishops to French Church-major blow to papal influence in France

Thirty Years' War

most important war of 17th century-failure of Peace of Augsburg-actually achieves nothing

Syphilis

most significant disease transmitted to Europeans by Amerindians-affected thousands of people

Reconquista

1492-goal to remove last of Moors and Jews and Christianize Spain-significant decline in Middle class

Escorial

new royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence-symbolized Philip's power and commitment to Catholic crusade

Amerigo Vespucci

(1454-1512) explored Brazil-first European to realized that he had discovered continent in New World-America named after him

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) Spain sought to secure Columbus' discoveries in New World-New World divided between Spain and Portugal-Portugal given exclusive rights to slave trade-Spain west, Portugal east