Child Immunisation

One of the most important things that a parent can do for their child is to make sure that they have all their routine childhood vaccinations. It's the most effective way of keeping them protected against infectious diseases.
Ideally, kids should have their jabs at the right age to protect them as early as possible and minimise the risk of infection.

Vaccination Checklist

Here's a checklist of the vaccines that are routinely offered to everyone in the UK for free on the NHS, and the age at which you should ideally have them.

2 months:

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib, a bacterial infection that can cause severe pneumonia or meningitis in young children) given as a 5-in-1 single jab known as DTaP/IPV/Hib

Pneumococcal infection

3 months:

5-in-1, second dose (DTaP/IPV/Hib)

Meningitis C

4 months:

5-in-1, third dose (DTaP/IPV/Hib)

Pneumococcal infection, second dose

Meningitis C, second dose

Between 12 and 13 months:

Meningitis C, third dose

Hib, fourth dose (Hib/MenC given as a single jab)

MMR (measles, mumps and rubella), given as a single jab

Pneumococcal infection, third dose

3 years and 4 months, or soon after:

MMR second jab

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio (DtaP/IPV), given as a 4-in-1 pre-school booster

Around 12-13 years:

Cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine, which protects against cervical cancer (girls only): three jabs given within six months

or call the NHS Smoking Helpline on 0800 022 4332 (7am to 11pm) GPs are delighted to help people who have decided to quit smoking. About 40% of smokers will die from a smoking-related condition, so they know that stopping is one change that will make a big difference to your life. Patients will see health benefits within days, such as improved taste and smell, while important benefits, such as lower risks of heart attack, stroke, lung cancer and improvements in breathing will happen in the first year or two. Your GP will probably have been chasing you to stop smoking if you have high blood pressure, diabetes, circulation problems or history of stroke, heart attack, angina, asthma or chronic lung disorders. There are excellent local NHS stop-smoking services. These NHS services are very good at tailoring treatment to your lifestyle habits. With medication and the support of these services, you're four times more likely to give up successfully. Read more at SmokefreeRead more at NHS Choices

Get Fit For FreeThe secret to getting fit for free is to use every opportunity to be active. Armed with a bit of get-up-and-go and good planning, you can be fitter than ever without spending a penny. NHS Choices have enlisted the help of top fitness experts to help you explore new ways and places to exercise for free. Click on the following to find out more:

Your NHS guide to parenting in the early years Whether your child is a newborn, a toddler or a pre-schooler, this Birth to five guide is for you. It has 150 pages of NHS-accredited information, videos and interactive tools to help you through the parenting process. They answer all your questions, from how to soothe a crying baby to how to prepare your child for school. Learn how to spot the signs of serious illness, how to cope if an accident happens, and how to check your child’s development. And they haven’t forgotten about you: as a parent or carer, your wellbeing is crucial too. The guide covers all you need to know about your health after having a baby, as well as your rights, benefits and NHS services. Baby Essentials Health and Development You and Your Life

Mental Health

One in four affectedIt's easy to think that mental health issues don't concern us, but in fact a quarter of us will have problems with our mental wellbeing at some time in our lives. Mental health problems are equally common in men and women, but the types of problems differ. Women are one-and-a-half times more likely to be affected by anxiety and depression, while men suffer more from substance abuse (one in eight men is dependent on alcohol) and anti-social personality disorders. Men are also more prone to suicide: British men are three times more likely than British women to die as a result of suicide. Serious mental health problems are also more common than you might think. One person in 100 has a severe mental health condition such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. All these figures are based on people who have sought help for their mental health problems. Many more could be living with undiagnosed mental health issues, according to mental health charity MIND. If you're worried about your mental health, or if someone in your life is affected, there are plenty of ways to get help. Find out more about mental health support. You can also contact mental health charities such as Sane and the Mental Health Foundation. Read more at NHS Choices

ContraceptionContraception is free for most people in the UK. With 15 methods to choose from, you'll find one that suits you. Contraceptive methods allow you to choose when and if you want to have a baby, but they don’t protect you from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Condoms help to protect against STIs and pregnancy, so whatever other method of contraception you're using to prevent pregnancy, use condoms as well to protect your and your partner’s health. Where to get it Contraceptive services are free and confidential, including to people under 16 as long as they are mature enough to understand the information and decisions involved. There are strict guidelines to for care professionals who work with people under 16. You can get contraception free from:

Find sexual health services. Many of these places also offer information, testing and treatment for STIs. If you've been exposed to the risk of pregnancy, you're also at risk of catching an STI. Before you make an appointment, make sure you’re as informed as possible about the contraceptive options available. People’s choice of contraception may vary over time, depending on their lifestyle and circumstances. Contraception and menopause Women who have sex with men and don't want to get pregnant need to keep on using contraception until they haven't had a period for more than 12 months (menopause). This is because periods can become irregular before they stop entirely, and pregnancy can still occur during this time. Find out more about menopause. The methods of contraception There are lots of methods to choose from, so don't be put off if the first thing you use isn't quite right for you; you can try another. You can read about each of the different methods of contraception by visiting these pages:

To find your nearest contraception clinic you can use the NHS Choices service search. Enter your postcode, click 'search', then click 'contraception'. You can also look in the phone book under 'sexual health', or use the fpa clinic finder. You can find out more about each type of contraception by contacting:

fpa on 0845 122 8690.

Brook Advisory Service (for under-25s) on 0808 802 1234.

In addition to your chosen method of contraception, you need to use condoms to prevent STIs. Always buy condoms that have the CE mark on the packet. This means that they've been tested to the high European safety standards. Condoms that don't have the CE mark won't meet these standards, so don't use them.

Winter Health - Beat The BluesWinter depression (seasonal affective disorder or SAD) is thought to affect up to one in 15 Brits every year between September and April. Many more of us (about 17%) get a milder form of the condition, known as the winter blues.

Key symptoms

depression

sleep problems

lethargy

overeating

irritability

feeling down and unsociable

According to Sue Pavlovich of the Seasonal Affective Disorder Association (SADA), these 10 tips could help. “Everyone’s affected differently by SAD so what works for one person won’t for another. But there’s usually something that will help, so don’t give up if the first remedy you try doesn’t work. Just keep trying," she says. 1. Keep activeResearch has shown that a daily one-hour walk, in the middle of the day, could be as helpful as light treatment for coping with the winter blues. Read more about walking to get fit.

2. Get outsideGo outdoors in natural daylight as much as possible, especially at midday and on bright days. Inside your home, choose pale colours that reflect light from outside, and sit near windows whenever you can.

3. Keep warmBeing cold makes you more depressed. It’s also been shown that staying warm can reduce the winter blues by half. Keep warm with hot drinks and hot food. Wear warm clothes and shoes and aim to keep your home between 18C and 21C (or 64F and 70F degrees). For further information on what you can do, including applying for grants to keep your home warm, read our article on keeping warm and well.

Severe symptoms

If your symptoms are so bad that you can’t live a normal life, see your GP for medical help.

4. Eat healthilyA healthy diet will boost your mood, give you more energy and stop you putting on weight ove r winter. Balance your craving for carbohydrates, such as pasta and potatoes, with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. "Some people tell us that taking extra vitamin D helps," adds Pavlovich. Good food sources of vita min D include oily fish and eggs. Read more about healthy eating.

5. Lighten up

Light therapy can be effective in up to 85% of diagnosed cases. One way to get light therapy at home in winter is to sit in front of a light box for up to two hours a day.

Light boxes give out very bright light that is at least 10 times stronger than ordinary home and office lighting. They’re not available on the NHS and cost around £100 or more. "Some people find that using a dawn simulator [a bedside light, connected to an alarm clock, which mimics a sunrise and wakes you up gradually] as well as a light box can enhance the beneficial effect," says Pavlovich The SADA Information Pack contains full details of recommended light box manufacturers and how to use them.

6. Take up a new hobbyKeeping your mind active with a new interest seems to ward off symptoms of SAD, says Pavlovich. "It could be anything, such as playing bridge, singing, knitting, joining a gym, keeping a journal or writing a blog. The important thing is that you have something to look forward to and concentrate on," she adds.

7. See your friends and familyIt’s been shown that socialising is good for your mental health and helps ward off the winter blues. Make an effort to keep in touch with people you care about and accept any invitations you get to social events, even if you only go for a little while. It will really help to lift your spirits.

8. Talk it throughTalking treatments such as counselling, psychotherapy or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help you cope with symptoms. See your GP for information on what's available locally on the NHS and privately. Or, read this article on how to access talking treatments.

9. Join a support group

Think about joining a support group. Sharing your experience with others who know what it's like to have SAD is very therapeutic and can make your symptoms more bearable.

SADA is the UK’s only registered charity dedicated to seasonal affective disorder. It costs £12 (£7 for concessions) to join and you’ll receive an information pack, regular newsletters, discounts on products such as light boxes and contacts for telephone support.

Barbecue Food Safety It's important to cook food thoroughly at a barbecue to avoid food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually mild, and most people get better within a week. But sometimes it can be more severe, even deadly, so it’s important to take the risks seriously. Children, older people and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to food poisoning. The two main risk factors to cooking on the barbecue are:

undercooked meat

spreading germs from raw meat onto food that’s ready to eat

This is because raw or undercooked meat can contain germs that cause food poisoning, such as salmonella, E.coli and campylobacter. However, it’s easy to kill these germs by cooking meat until it is piping hot throughout. When you’re cooking any kind of meat on a barbecue, such as poultry (chicken or turkey), pork, steak, burgers or sausages, make sure:

The coals are glowing red with a powdery grey surface before you start cooking, as this means that they're hot enough.

Frozen meat is properly thawed before you cook it.

You turn the meat regularly and move it around the barbecue to cook it evenly.

Remember that meat is safe to eat only when:

It is piping hot in the centre.

There is no pink meat visible.

Any juices are clear.

Hay Fever - Allergy UK helpline: 01322 619898Hay fever affects around 20% of people in the UK. Lindsey McManus of Allergy UK offers some tips on avoiding the causes and reducing your symptoms. "The main triggers of hay fever are tree and grass pollen,” says Lindsey. “The pollen count is always higher when it’s a nice, bright, sunny day.” Top Tips:

If grass makes you sneeze, get someone else to mow your lawn. If you react to grass and you spend time on the lawn, you'll get symptoms.

Create a barrier by smearing Vaseline inside your nostrils.

Don’t sit outside between 4pm and 7pm or in the early morning, as the pollen count is highest at these times.

Don’t sleep or drive with the windows open, as this will allow pollen to come in.

Damp dust regularly.

Wash your hair. Pollen is sticky and may be in your hair.

Vacuum. Pollen can live in carpet for up to three months.

Talk to your GP or pharmacist about any treatment you’re taking for hay fever as it might be worth trying a new treatment. The same antihistamine [anti-allergy treatment] doesn’t always work for someone year after year. Try something different, such as a nasal spray or a new antihistamine.

Sun SafetyIt's important to protect your and your children's skin in the sun to avoid sunburn and heat exhaustion. Click here for NHS Choices Questions and AnswersStingsKnowing how to treat an insect sting and how to recognise when it needs medical attention will help you do the right thing if you or your child are stung. Insects such as wasps and bees sting as a defence mechanism (when they feel in danger) by injecting poisonous venom into the skin. For most people, stings are painful but harmless. But some people can have an immediate allergic reaction to being stung, which can be very dangerous. Click here to read more about stingsMore Summer Health at NHS Choices

Travel Vaccines

There’s no point spending hours choosing your swimwear, beach bag and flip-flops if you barely think about the bugs and other health risks that could ruin your holiday. Almost one in four UK holidaymakers don't get any vaccinations despite travelling to areas that have life-threatening infectious disease. Find out which travel jabs you need for your destination. It’s not worth skipping travel vaccinations. Infectious diseases can make you very sick, spoil your holiday and even kill or cripple you. Vaccinations protect you against many travel-related infections, such as yellow fever, typhoid and hepatitis A. Use the information on these pages to learn about travel vaccines, which ones you need for your destination, and when and where to get them. For additional general information, read our articles on travel health. The vaccines The vaccinations currently available for travellers abroad. More on the vaccines What’s available on the NHS? Some travel vaccinations are freely available on the NHS. Others are only available privately. More on NHS and private travel jabs When and where Where and when to have your travel jabs. More on where and when

Carers

Looking after someone?Caring for someone can be very difficult and many people find that they need extra help with the care they provide. Find out what support you might be able to receive here - provided by NHS Choices. This page also provides lots of help and advice.

Carers Direct - 0808 802 0202

Free, confidential information and advice for carers.

Lines are open 8am to 9pm Monday to Friday, 11am to 4pm at weekends. Calls are free from UK landlines or you can request a free call back. You can also ask for a call back in one of more than 170 languages. You can send a query to our advisers by email. Find out more about the Carers Direct helpline.

Map of Medicine The Map of Medicine is used by doctors throughout the NHS to determine the best treatment options for their patients. NHS Choices offers everyone in England exclusive and free access to this cutting-edge internet resource, which lets you see exactly what your doctor sees. The information in the Map has been approved by the UK's leading clinical experts, is based on the best available clinical evidence, and is continually updated. To take advantage of this unique resource please click on the image below. See what your doctor sees by clicking on the link below: