Environmental literature has largely neglected macroeconomic considerations, especially open economy ones. This paper develops a small country framework that seeks to address these issues. Medium- and long-run aspects are explored using standard trade and portfolio balance models, modified to...

Does exchange rate variability affect the speed of external adjustment? We study bilateral trade balances for a sample of 18 European countries over the period from 1948 through 2008. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade imbalances among euro area members widened considerably,...

"Examines the large imbalances in the world economy that contributed to the financial crisis of 2000-09, especially among those economies ordering the Pacific with the large deficits in the United States and the offsetting surpluses in East Asia, and how national policies could be coordinated to...

Greece, Portugal and Spain face a serious risk of external solvency due to their close to minus 100 percent of GDP net negative international investment positions, which are largely composed of debt. The perceived inability of these countries to rebalance their external positions is a major root...

This paper examines the association between trade and financial linkages among European countries. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade imbalances among euro area members widened considerably, even after allowing for permanent asymmetries in trade competitiveness within pairs...

Since small economies are not in a favourable position compared to the relatively large economies in the world market when it comes to benefits from trade, the issues of trade openness and its impacts on economic growth has been of critical importance to small and open economies. The paper...