May 12, 2015

Auditing in Oracle

Auditing in OracleThe auditing mechanism for Oracle is extremely flexible. Oracle stores information that is relevant to auditing in its data dictionary.Every time a user attempts anything in the database where audit is enabled the Oracle kernel checks to see if an audit record should be created or updated (in the case or a session record) and generates the record in a table owned by the SYS user called AUD$. This table is, by default, located in the SYSTEM tablespace. This itself can cause problems with potential denial of service attacks. If the SYSTEM tablespace fills up, the database will hang.init parametersUntil Oracle 10g, auditing is disabled by default, but can be enabled by setting the AUDIT_TRAIL static parameter in the init.ora file.

From Oracle 11g, auditing is enabled for some system level privileges.

SQL> show parameter audit

NAME

TYPE

VALUE

----------------------

------------

-------------

audit_file_dest

string

?/rdbms/audit

audit_sys_operations

boolean

FALSE

audit_syslog_level

string

NONE

audit_trail

string

DB

transaction_auditing

boolean

TRUE

AUDIT_TRAIL can have the following values.AUDIT_TRAIL={NONE or FALSE| OS| DB orTRUE| DB_EXTENDED| XML |XML_EXTENDED}

XML_EXTENDED –> Same as XML, but the SQL_BIND and SQL_TEXT columns are also populated.

OS -> Auditing is enabled, with all audit records directed to the operating system's file specified by AUDIT_FILE_DEST.

Note:In Oracle 10g Release 1, DB_EXTENDED was used in place of "DB,EXTENDED". The XML options were brought in Oracle 10g Release 2.The AUDIT_FILE_DEST parameter specifies the OS directory used for the audit trail when the OS, XML and XML_EXTENDED options are used. It is also the location for all mandatory auditing specified by the AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS parameter.The AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS static parameter enables or disables the auditing of operations issued by users connecting with SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges, including the SYS user. All audit records are written to the OS audit trail.Run the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/cataudit.sql script while connected as SYS (no need to run this, if you ran catalog.sql at the time of database creation).Start AuditingSyntax of audit command:audit {statement_option|privilege_option} [by user] [by {session|access}] [whenever {successful|not successful}]

Only the statement_option or privilege_option part is mandatory. The other clauses are optional and enabling them allows audit be more specific.There are three levels that can be audited:Statement levelAuditing will be done at statement level.Statements that can be audited are found in STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP.SQL> audit table by scott;Audit records can be found in DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS.SQL> select * from DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;Object levelAuditing will be done at object level.These objects can be audited: tables, views, sequences, packages, stored procedures and stored functions.SQL> audit insert, update, delete on scott.emp by hr;Audit records can be found in DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS.SQL> select * from DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS;Privilege levelAuditing will be done at privilege level.All system privileges that are found in SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP can be audited.SQL> audit create tablespace, alter tablespace by all;Specify ALL PRIVILEGES to audit all system privileges.Audit records can be found in DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS.SQL> select * from DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS;Audit optionsBY SESSIONSpecify BY SESSION if you want Oracle to write a single record for all SQL statements of the same type issued and operations of the same type executed on the same schema objects in the same session.

Oracle database can write to an operating system audit file but cannot read it to detect whether an entry has already been written for a particular operation. Therefore, if you are using an operating system file for the audit trail (that is, the AUDIT_TRAIL initialization parameter is set to OS), then the database may write multiple records to the audit trail file even if you specify BY SESSION.SQL> audit create, alter, drop on currency by xe by session;SQL> audit alter materialized view by session;BY ACCESS Specify BY ACCESS if you want Oracle database to write one record for each audited statement and operation.

If you specify statement options or system privileges that audit data definition language (DDL) statements, then the database automatically audits by access regardless of whether you specify the BY SESSION clause or BY ACCESS clause.

For statement options and system privileges that audit SQL statements other than DDL, you can specify either BY SESSION or BY ACCESS. BY SESSION is the default.SQL> audit update on health by access;SQL> audit alter sequence by tester by access;WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCESSFUL Specify WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL to audit only SQL statements and operations that succeed.Specify WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL to audit only SQL statements and operations that fail or result in errors.

If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database performs the audit regardless of success or failure.SQL> audit insert, update, delete on hr.emp by hr by session whenever not successful;SQL> audit materialized view by pingme by access whenever successful;ExamplesAuditing for every SQL statement related to roles (create, alter, drop or set a role).SQL> AUDIT ROLE;Auditing for every statement that reads files from database directorySQL> AUDIT READ ON DIRECTORY ext_dir;Auditing for every statement that performs any operation on the sequenceSQL> AUDIT ALL ON hr.emp_seq;View Audit TrailThe audit trail is stored in the base table SYS.AUD$.It's contents can be viewed in the following views:· DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL· DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS· DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS· DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS· DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS· DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT· DBA_AUDIT_SESSION· DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT· AUDIT_ACTIONS· DBA_AUDIT_POLICIES· DBA_AUDIT_POLICY_COLUMNS· DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL· DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (FGA_LOG$)· DBA_REPAUDIT_ATTRIBUTE· DBA_REPAUDIT_COLUMNThe audit trail contains lots of data, but the following are most likely to be of interest:Username - Oracle Username.Terminal - Machine that the user performed the action from.Timestamp - When the action occurred.Object Owner - The owner of the object that was interacted with.Object Name - name of the object that was interacted with.Action Name - The action that occurred against the object (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, EXECUTE)

Fine Grained Auditing (FGA), introduced in Oracle9i, allowed recording of row-level changes along with SCN numbers to reconstruct the old data, but they work for select statements only, not for DML such as update, insert, and delete.

Several fields have been added to both the standard and fine-grained audit trails:

EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP - A more precise value than the existing TIMESTAMP column.

PROXY_SESSIONID - Proxy session serial number when an enterprise user is logging in via the proxy method.

GLOBAL_UID - Global Universal Identifier for an enterprise user.

INSTANCE_NUMBER - The INSTANCE_NUMBER value from the actioning instance.

OS_PROCESS - Operating system process id for the oracle process.

TRANSACTIONID - Transaction identifier for the audited transaction. This column can be used to join to the XID column on the FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY view.

SCN - System change number of the query. This column can be used in flashback queries.

SQL_BIND - The values of any bind variables if any.

SQL_TEXT - The SQL statement that initiated the audit action.The SQL_BIND and SQL_TEXT columns are only populated when the AUDIT_TRAIL=DB_EXTENDED or AUDIT_TRAIL=XML_EXTENDED initialization parameter is set.

MaintenanceThe audit trail must be deleted/archived on a regular basis to prevent the SYS.AUD$ table growing to an unacceptable size.Only users who have been granted specific access to SYS.AUD$ can access the table to select, alter or delete from it. This is usually just the user SYS or any user who has permissions. There are two specific roles that allow access to SYS.AUD$ for select and delete, these are DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE and SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE. These roles should not be granted to general users.Auditing modifications of the data in the audit trail itself can be achieved as followsSQL> AUDIT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON sys.aud$ BY ACCESS;To delete all audit records from the audit trail:SQL> DELETE FROM sys.aud$;From Oracle 11g R2, we can change audit table's (SYS.AUD$ and SYS.FGA_LOG$) tablespace and we can periodically delete the audit trail records using DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT package.Disabling AuditingThe NOAUDIT statement turns off the various audit options of Oracle. Use it to reset statement, privilege and object audit options. A NOAUDIT statement that sets statement and privilege audit options can include the BY USER option to specify a list of users to limit the scope of the statement and privilege audit options.SQL> NOAUDIT;SQL> NOAUDIT session;SQL> NOAUDIT session BY scott, hr;SQL> NOAUDIT DELETE ON emp;SQL> NOAUDIT SELECT TABLE, INSERT TABLE, DELETE TABLE, EXECUTE PROCEDURE;SQL> NOAUDIT ALL;SQL> NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES;SQL> NOAUDIT ALL ON DEFAULT;Source: Internet