Parents- See parents rewarded/punished for behaviour so either copy or not depending if punished- From birth children exposed ideas male/female, percieved differently from birth by parents- Langolis et al. And Downs- parents reward same-sex toy play through attention/interaction punish play cross-sex toy through teasing- fathers more punishing older boys

Peers/Schools-Way respond to other children act inappropriately, girls reward/punish, boys punish- Schools influence as spend lots time there- contintue as get older to occupational choice- Dewitt- surveyed 116 school girls age 11-14 evidence under pressure conform to gender roles in particular looks and maths/science unsuitable for girls

Media-Adverts for boys- dark, violent, adverts for girls- flowers, passive- focus on these things children copy behaviour via SLT as want same rewards as people on TV- males/females portrayed gender stereotypical ways- men dominant, aggressive, independent, women, submissive, nurturing, dependent- In music men musicians, women singers

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Social influences

AO2-

Reed (1998)-Children willing transgress gender roles if encouraged to do so by same-sex peers- females significantly more ready to transgress than males- reflect rigid male gender roles- more punishment than rewards for behaviours- fathers more punishing

Bee- Differences in TV ads noticed by 6yr olds- Gender role portraylas influential for young children as age where gender roles are developing

Lytton and Romney-Meta analysis- 172 studies only significant effect was encouragement of sex-typed activities from parents- this effect also not that strong- size of study more impressive

Reductionist-Focus on social influence no consideration of innate behaviour in genes/hormones that has occurred due to evolution/survival

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Cultural influences

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Culture- “a set of cognitions and practices that identify a specific social group and distinguish it from others”- Hogg and Vaughn (2005)- Gross (1999)- culture 2 main aspects:- Objective- aspects can be seen- buildings, music, food- Subjective- beliefs, values, social norms- regulate behaviour in groups

Nature/Nurture-If same gender traits found in all cultures- evidence nature- If different gender traits exist- evidence for nurture- Many factors could have an effect on gender roles- politics, religion, socio-economic status, age, geography

3rd/4th genders-Some cultures accept third even fourth gender- Hijras in India- transgender recognised on official documents as a separate third gender- Kathoeys in Thailand- widley accepted as a third gender- some models, actresses etc..- All socially constructed, some cultures gender not biology