Lets see, Vedauwoo is about 20 minutes from town, and there's plenty of trad climbing and bouldering to be had there. Roger's Canyon, north of Laramie (just get on 9th street and drive until you see bolts on Dolomite) has some short sport climbing, although its not exactly a destination. There's alpine rock climbing in the snowies, with a few couloirs that might ice up before they close the road each season, otherwise its a 10 mile hike/snow machine trip in. You've got a ton of rock near Ft. Collins, especially Horsetooth Resevoir, but also Grey Rock. There's also a lot of bouldering and sport climbing in Poudre Canyon. You're about an hour and a half from Boulder, which gives you Eldorado Canyon, the Flatirons, and Boulder Canyon. In fact, most of the Front range is a few hour's drive. You're maybe 4 hours from Vail, 2 hours from Rocky Mountain National Park, both good sources for ice. Cody is around 6 hours from Cheyenne, and the ice is worth the drive. You're also about 4 hours from Lander, which means the Wild Iris and Sinks Canyon, and maybe 5 hours from Pinedale, the preferred entrance to the Wind Rivers. Also, about 5 hours to rifle. Plan for 8-9 hours to get to the Tetons, but only 4 or 5 hours to get to Devil's Tower. Likewise for Tensleep. There's a ton of undeveloped bouldering and routes at Flaming Gorge Resevoir, which is technically in Utah, but developed exclusively by Wyoming climbers. Its just an hour south of Rock Springs. If you're feeling strong, there's an unsent crack project that'd go at V3 if it weren't for the 6 foot dyno between finger locks right at the start. Moab is also about 7 hours away. You can expect a 12 hour drive to Las Vegas, and so no more than 16 hours to get to Joshua Tree.

So there's a ton of good stuff just for a day's cragging (Lander is still close enough to go for only a day, but a weekend is much better), and a lot of world class destinations within a day's drive.