peptide YY

chlolecystokinin

insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage., adiposity signal, informs the brain of how much adipose tissue one has, and regulate long term food intake, energy consumption and food intake

dietary calories (kilocalories)

empty calories

nutrients

ingested chemicals that provide material for growth, repair, and maintenance to the body. dietary substances that never become part of the body's tissues (for ex. fiber) are not considered nutrients but are never the less important components of a health diet. some nutrients (water, minerals,vitamins) require no digestion and yield no calories

fiber

fat

contains most of the body's stored energy. Being less oxidized than carbohydrates, they contain more than twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates do. being hydrophobic, they serve as an energy-storage medium that is relatively free of water bulk. it's use for fuel, spares glucose and proteins for other tissues or other purposes.

prostaglandins

eicosanoids

modified fatty acids that function in intracellular communication, Lipids that exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system.

very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

reminders of very low-density lipoproteins after the trigycerides have been removed; transport cholestrol from liver to body cells for use in cell membrane repair and the production of steroid hormones and bile salts

the nutritional value of a protein

complete proteins

Proteins containing all the 8 essential amino acids; found only in soy and animal foods (meats and dairy products) in the proportions needed by the human body. the body makes more efficient use of animal proteins than of plant proteins.

negative nitrogen balance

minerals

inorganic substances acquired from the soil by way of plants. calcium and phosphorus are the body's most abundant minerals, sodium is close third. several are present in relatively small quantities but are vitally important.

vitamins

small organic molecules that are not used for energy, but are necessary to metabolism. they help regulate body processes, often working with enzymes(coenzymes) antioxidants, components of visual pigments

anaerobic fermentation

aerobic respiration

the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen, end products are co2, and h20, occurs in the mitochondria

citric acid cycle

membrane reactions

the final reactions of aerobic respiration. their controlling enzymes are bound to the membrane of the mitochondrial cristae, enzymes and other electrons carriers here transport electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, producing water as an end product. source of most metabolic water, the energy from there transfers drive the proton pumps

glycogenesis

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

formation of new glucose from amino acids produced by the breakdown of proteins, mainly those in muscle tissue cells; also the conversion to glucose of fatty acids produced by the breakdown of fats stored in adipose tissue cells

100g/day

amino acid pool

the supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy

deamination

process involved in amino acid catabolism, excess a-acids get sent to liver, the liver tears them apart in NH2 and C2H20, NH2's have potential to form NH3 (ammonia) which is toxic, the liver takes the NH2's and packages them into a molecule of urea, urea is less toxic and can dissolve into H2), getting urea out is job of the kidneys

insulin

postabsorptive state

Stomach and intestine are empty. Stored fuel molecules are used for energy., glucose metabolism reaches a steady state (overnight fast) -fatty acids derived from lipolysis are used as fule by many cells

basal metabolic rate

total metabolic rate

2000 kcal/day

average basal metabolic rate. low level of physical activity increases the daily energy need to about 2500/day, hard physical exercise can increase it tot as much as 500 kcal/day, rate also varies according to age, sex, mental statte, strss, health or illness.

heat exhaustion

heat stroke

caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. is is a medical emergency. the body is unable to eliminate the excess heat, and internal body temp. rises to/over 106 degrees, often progresses to fatal mulitorgan dysfunction.

electron transport chain

citric acid cycle

series of chemical reactions in which citric acid id converted into oxaloacetic acid, carbon dioxide is formed, and energy is released, the oxaloacetic acid can combin ewith the acetly-coa to from citric acid and restart the cycle. the energy released is used to form nadh, fadh and APT