A means for autistic people to restore correct interpretation of sensory information

In autistic children, information coming from the 5 senses – touch, hearing, sight or other stimuli – are not correctly interpreted in the brain, leading to inappropriate behaviour and sometimes uncontrollable reactions. Inserm researchers led by Andréas Frick in Inserm Unit 862 ‘Magendie Neurocentre’ have recently understood why by studying a mouse model mimicking the disorder. They have even found a molecule that could reverse these effects and restore ‘normal’ behaviour in these mice.

Another common aspect of neuro-developmental disorders is the problem of processing sensory information. Nearly 90% of children with ASDs are affected by different types of sensory problems. Problems of sensory interpretation derive from the fact that peripheral information, whether from touch, hearing, sight or other stimuli, are not interpreted or organised correctly in the brain, leading to inappropriate behaviour. Such problems can be extremely disabling in daily life for people affected by autism and they create a challenge for parents and teachers. For example, during a visit to the supermarket, simple fluorescent lights can be an unpleasant sensory experience. Unfortunately, alterations of sensory interpretation in these disorders and their pharmacological treatments are little studied, even if these alterations are also frequently observed in a related neuro-developmental disorder, Fragile X Syndrome.

In a study published in Nature Neuroscience, Inserm researchers (working with researchers from the French CNRS – national centre for scientific research) have shown that Fragile X mice display disorders in the manner that sensory information is processed by the neocortex, which is one of the parts of the brain responsible for sensory perception. The researchers have shown that the neocortex of these mice is hyperexcited in response to tactile sensory stimulation. They then performed a variety of detailed tests showing that this neocortical hyperexcitability is linked to the way the neurons in this region of the brain interpret sensory information. With this study, the researchers found that the function of certain ionic channels (molecules that determine the manner in which neurons process electrical signals) is altered in the dendritic compartment (the structure that interprets information and really behaves as the ‘brain’ of neurons).

By using a pharmacological molecule mimicking the function of one of these channels, they were able to correct this neocortical hyperexcitability as well as the neuron interpretation anomalies.

Furthermore, they were also able to correct a behavioural consequence, particularly of hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli (healthy mice were not affected by this treatment). These findings offer new hope for personalised treatment for the sensory aspects of Fragile X Syndrome and autistic spectrum disorders, especially because these treatments could be applied to adult or adolescent patients.