Solarthermalworld - Ambiente Italiahttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/taxonomy/term/23031
enCalifornia between PV mandate and buildings ready for solar heathttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/california-between-pv-mandate-and-buildings-ready-solar-heat
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><strong>This year, California´s energy policy has been clearly focused on pushing PV. As recently as September, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill committing the Golden State to zero-carbon electricity supply by 2045. Likewise, revised Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which the California Energy Commission (CEC) approved in May, will require photovoltaic systems on new residential buildings from January 2020 onwards.</strong></div>
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<div>“We tried very hard to stress the fact that the heat sector needs decarbonisation strategies too. But the state government is not that interested in thermal – they like heat pumps and PV,” said Les Nelson, Vice President of Solar Heating &amp; Cooling Programs at the California-based International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials.</div>
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<div>The Building Energy Efficiency Standards support all clean energy technologies that can reduce energy consumption in buildings and are revised every three years through an extensive stakeholder and analysis process. The updates were approved in May and will take effect in January 2020. </div>
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<div>“Moving to cut energy use in new homes by more than 50 %” is how the CEC promoted the latest update in a May press release. The line refers to new regulations that stipulate the installation of solar PV systems in residential newbuilds. “Under these new standards, buildings will perform better than ever. At the same time, they contribute to a reliable grid,” Commissioner Andrew McAllister was quoted as saying in the press release. He is the CEC’s lead on energy efficiency.</div>
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<div>The Building Energy Efficiency Standards show how half-heartedly the government has been dealing with solar heating. Solar water heaters have been part of the standards since their revision in 2013, but the relevant mandatory regulations are much weaker than the new rules on solar PV systems. Section 110.10 describes “mandatory requirements for solar ready buildings.” It applies to a wide variety of newbuilds, including single-family and multi-family buildings, hotels and motels, and non-residential buildings. Nevertheless, the owner of a newbuild must only provide a minimum-size solar zone on the building – there is no requirement that a solar thermal system be installed. The minimum zone must be an area of 80 ft² (7.4 m²) on buildings with roof areas of less than or equal to 10,000 ft² (929 m²) and 160 ft² (14.9 m²) on those with areas greater than 10,000 ft². </div>
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<div>“Unfortunately, the solar-ready requirement has not seemed to lead to much discernible business for the solar thermal industry. But it’s better to have it in the regulations than not,” said Nelson. Ed Murray, President of the California Solar and Storage Association (CALSSA), underlined that the new PV regulations offered some benefits, albeit indirectly: “The increased attention on solar will be good for solar thermal, as it is a very effective measure for heating water. And the new PV regulation will raise public awareness of energy consumption in everyone’s home.”</div>
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<div>Solar water heating is described in Chapter 5 of the compliance manual, which is the technical part of the building regulations. In new multi-family buildings with central water heating, solar water heating will continue to be a prescriptive measure. The compliance manual stipulates a minimum 20 % solar fraction in zone 1, up to 9 % and 35 % in zone 10 and 16. “Being a prescriptive measure, solar water heaters are included in the standard building calculation for the energy code performance method and, therefore, every multi-family building with central water heating must either have solar thermal or make up the difference with another measure,” Murray said when asked about the impact of the measure. In addition, any solar savings fraction above the minimum prescriptive amount would be credited when calculating performance.</div>
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<div>Murray also sees a chance to expand the role of solar water heating during the building regulations’ next revision cycle, which has been underway. “The next cycle will focus on larger multi-family buildings, and we will continue to argue the carbon-reducing potential of solar thermal in that process.”</div>
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<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
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<div>Organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>CALSSA: <a href="https://calssa.org">https://calssa.org</a></div>
<div>IAPMO: <a href="http://www.iapmo.org">www.iapmo.org</a><br /> </div>
<div>Download the chapters of Building Energy Efficiency Standards:</div>
<div><a href="https://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/rulemaking/documents/2018-05-09_hearing/2019_Revised_EnergyCode.php">https://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/rulemaking/documents/201...</a></div>
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</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74631" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Domestic Hot Water and Heating</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-lead-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/styles/node_lead_image/public/usa_california_portraits_gr.png?itok=hCgalp-n" width="826" height="470" alt="" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/45931" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">USA</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44491" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">California</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/building-energy-efficiency-standards" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Building Energy Efficiency Standards</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/multi-family-buildings" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">multi-family buildings</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/30511" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CEC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/42681" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/calssa" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CALSSA</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1">
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</script>Mon, 03 Dec 2018 20:51:11 +0000Baerbel Epp69951 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/california-between-pv-mandate-and-buildings-ready-solar-heat#commentsPVT and seasonal storage: innovative technologies in Spainhttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/pvt-and-seasonal-storage-innovative-technologies-spain
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<div><img alt="" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/abora1.png" /><strong>Local production of PVT panels and systems which achieve high solar fractions by using seasonal storage: This is the main objective of Spanish start-up company Abora, based in Saragossa. It has already installed several hot water PVT systems at multi-family houses, sports centres and nursing homes and a combined heating and cooling unit at a hotel in Gerona in the northeast of Spain. Four more installations are in the pipeline and each consists of a PVT system, seasonal storage and a heat pump. Abora participates in Task 60, <em>Application of PVT Collectors</em>, a research platform set up under the aegis of the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling programme. The photo shows 64 PVT collectors providing heat and electricity for 162 people in a home for the elderly in Málaga.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Abora</div>
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<div>“As a start-up, we are taking part in Task 60 to learn about PVT market development in other countries and let third-party experts analyse our monitored systems,” Alejandro del Amo, the company’s CEO, said. Abora was founded in the summer of 2017 after raising EUR 2 million of capital and accumulating five years of previous experiences in manufacturing PVT panels. The company has a permanent staff of 20 people, of which about 50 % are in charge of PVT collector manufacturing. Production output in 2018 is around 1,200 panels. The company, which concentrates on commercial clients, such as hotels, hospitals, nursing homes and industrial facilities, expects sales to grow to 2,500 units in 2019. </div>
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<div><strong>Additional cover to increase efficiency</strong></div>
<div>Abora manufactures glazed PVT panels, which consist of monocrystalline cells that are laminated together with a copper absorber. The absorber has a selective Tinox coating because a small portion of irradiation penetrates the PV cells and reaches the absorber surface. </div>
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<div>To increase efficiency, the hybrid components feature the use of an inert gas between the PV cells and the glass cover, as well as some treatments, to decrease reflection and heat loss (from convection, conduction and radiation). The PVT parts have also been insulated on the back. </div>
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<div>Del Amo said: “Thanks to this innovative device, we can achieve payback periods of between 5 and 6 years without incentives. This means that our solutions are not only suited for new, larger residential buildings but also existing ones, where users usually require measures with a fast return on investment.”</div>
<div><br /><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td>
<p align="center"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p align="center"><strong>PVT system</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p align="center"> </p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>aH60</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>aH72</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Gross area</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>1.65 m<sup>2</sup></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>1.96 m<sup>2</sup></strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Weight </strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>43 kg</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>50 kg</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Photovoltaic peak power</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>260 W<sub>p</sub></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>300 W<sub>p</sub></strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Collector efficiency</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>0.59</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>0.59</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Stagnation temperature</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>155 °C</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>150 °C</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>No. of hydraulic connections</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4</strong></p>
</td>
</tr></table><div><strong>Technical features of Abora´s hybrid panels, tested at CENER in Spain. Solar Keymark certification is in the works and will most likely be issued in early 2019.</strong></div>
<div>Source: Abora</div>
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<div><strong>Be ambitious and store solar heat for winter</strong></div>
<div>One key approach to fulfil Abora’s vision for the market is to be more ambitious when it comes to the role of solar heat: In a typical residential building in Spain, occupants need 80 % of total heat demand for space heating and only 20 % for domestic hot water. “When you look at national building regulations, which set a 50 % renewable heat requirement for hot water use, solar covers only 10 % of all thermal needs,” said del Amo.</div>
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<div>It was the main reason behind the company’s decision to offer solutions with seasonal heat storage, which allows for higher solar fractions and provides heat in buildings such as schools, where consumption is low in summer.</div>
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<div>The company’s strategy for the market lists seasonal storage as a plus also for those customers who are not focused that much on maximising profitability but rather on meeting nearly all of their needs by renewable energy.</div>
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<div><strong>Innovative projects in the pipeline</strong></div>
<div>A seasonal buffer storage tank will be one key feature in four projects which are already in the pipeline and will be developed by Abora over the next two or three years: Two of them will be carried out in Saragossa – at the British School and the local university’s faculty of philosophy. The third will supply energy for a sports centre in the region of Catalonia and the last is going to be installed at the Tobazo Hotel close to the French border.</div>
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<div>Another plan worth mentioning is a three-phase project developed for a business producing prefabricated houses. During the first phase, 112 PVT collectors will be installed to provide thermal energy for a radiant heating system at company offices. Next summer, they will also be connected to a 30 kW adsorption chiller, which will meet part of the cooling needs. During the third phase, waste heat produced by the chiller will be transferred to a heat pump to raise the temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C and heat a thermal storage system. </div>
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<div><strong>A sunny future</strong></div>
<div>Del Amo expects growing demand for PVT technologies in Spain, as taxes on self-consumed solar electricity were abolished in October 2018. A new law also makes for an easy and demand-based exchange of surplus electricity between multi-family houses and adjacent energy consumers. Solar suppliers are now waiting for the government to establish comprehensive regulation. </div>
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<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
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<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>IEA SHC Task 60: <a href="http://task60.iea-shc.org/">http://task60.iea-shc.org/</a></div>
<div>Abora: <a href="https://abora-solar.com/">https://abora-solar.com/</a></div>
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</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74631" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Domestic Hot Water and Heating</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74651" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Heat Storage</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44001" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Spain</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/pvt-systems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PVT systems</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/multi-family-houses" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">multi-family houses</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/47481" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">hotels</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/iea-shc-task-60" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC Task 60</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/abora" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Abora</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23171" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/36491" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CENER</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_2">
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Thu, 15 Nov 2018 10:16:24 +0000Baerbel Epp69942 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/pvt-and-seasonal-storage-innovative-technologies-spain#commentsNew solar energy specialisation master’s programmehttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/new-solar-energy-specialisation-masters-programme
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img alt=" Simon Furbo, DTU" class="pull-left" height="360" id="body-content-first-image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/simon_furbo.jpg" typeof="Image" width="430" /><strong>In September, the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) launched a specialisation on solar energy as part of its master’s degree programme in Sustainable Energy. Students can choose among eight specialisations, for example, bioenergy, electric energy systems, energy savings, and wind energy. The solar energy specialisation takes two years and is divided into two long semesters of 13 and two short ones of 3 weeks each. <em>Solarthermalworld.org</em> has interviewed Associate Professor Simon Furbo, who leads the DTU Research Group on Solar Heating and was among those who created the new offering.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Simon Furbo, DTU</div>
<div> </div>
<div></div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: What motivated you to call for a solar energy specialisation?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Furbo:</strong> It was a big wish of the research community, specifically our group, to impart know-how as well as specialised knowledge of solar energy to university students. Also, it is the first master’s degree specialisation of its kind in Denmark. The industry really needs well-educated staff to design new and advanced products and learners ‘out in the field’ to exploit the full potential of solar thermal.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: The specialisation covers solar thermal and photovoltaics. Isn’t there a risk that PV could overshadow solar heating due to its greater popularity? </strong></div>
<div><strong>Furbo:</strong> Thanks to a collaboration between university departments, we have devised a well-balanced course curriculum and lectures on solar heating are mandatory. Of course, there is some flexibility when it comes to optional modules and there is a risk of students mainly choosing the all-popular electric option instead of learning more about solar thermal. However, this is something we will have to evaluate in a couple of years when the first group writes their theses.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: How many people do you expect will choose the specialisation?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Furbo: </strong>We received 44 applications and 15 students have already started. It is an acceptable number, since we introduced the specialisation not too long ago. One policy at DTU is that courses for a master’s degree are held in English, as most of those studying the subject come from abroad. My guess is that around 70 % will come from outside Denmark.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: Could you sum up the course programme and tell us how it will benefit those who choose it as part of their studies?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Furbo: </strong>Students will gain a solid understanding of the components of a solar energy system and knowledge about the interplay between them. They will also be taught how a complete system functions, how you can model and size it by using computer simulation software, and what the relations are between solar energy, the energy system and the surrounding environment.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Graduates will be given the means to analyse and design solar energy systems by employing experimental as well as advanced modelling approaches. They will learn about the physics involved, model systems and analyse components. They will also be taught about operational requirements, as well as component and system lifetime, to account for these factors when validating hypotheses during product development.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: You have been conducting research on solar heating for a long time. What are the main issues your research group is currently focused on?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Furbo:</strong> We cover all steps in the development of solar thermal systems. Not only do we employ a climate station to conduct basic research into models to depict diffuse and direct solar radiation, especially given the growing importance of concentrating collectors, but we also study collectors by developing improved devices and entire systems by monitoring multiple innovative solutions installed at different locations. A hot topic is research on long-term heat storage, large-scale, e.g., pit storage, and smaller-scale, for which we study and test new phase change material heat storages.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Lastly, a vital research field is smart heating systems, particularly in the district heating sector. It comprises installations which combine solar thermal, heat pumps and smart storage and are dependent on electricity prices, and new PV-thermal installations and collectors, also combined with heat pumps.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Interview by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>More information:</div>
<div>DTU specialisation in solar energy: <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/education/msc/programmes/sustainable_energy#study-programme__study-lines__solar-energy">https://www.dtu.dk/english/education/msc/programmes/sustainable_energy#s...</a></div>
<div>DTU research group on solar heating: <a href="http://www.solvarme.byg.dtu.dk/solar-heating-in-denmark">http://www.solvarme.byg.dtu.dk/solar-heating-in-denmark</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-six-pillars field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74831" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Training and Education</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44131" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Denmark</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/32971" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Technical University of Denmark</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/dtu" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">DTU</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_3">
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Wed, 26 Sep 2018 05:00:00 +0000Baerbel Epp69857 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/new-solar-energy-specialisation-masters-programme#commentsNew technologies for solar cooling in industryhttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/new-technologies-solar-cooling-industry
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/hycool_open.png" width="535" height="288" alt=" HyCool Project" /><strong>The aim of just launched HyCool is to present, in the form of two demonstration plants, new solar heating and cooling technologies for industrial use. The combination of state-of-the-art Fresnel collectors by Austrian supplier Fresnex with custom-built hybrid adsorption-compression chillers by German-based Fahrenheit will broaden the temperature range, creating a portfolio of applications to increase the use of solar heating and cooling for industrial processes.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Fresnex</div>
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<div>“Our aim is to demonstrate and promote a new benchmark cooling system for industrial applications,” said Silvia Jane, who works at Spanish utility Veolia, the organisation coordinating the project. “Our HyCool systems have two advantages. They are equipped with hybrid heat pumps, which accept solar electricity or heat, or both, and they achieve twice the COP of conventional heat pumps.” </div>
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<div>HyCool was launched in May and will last for three years. Since it is what the EU calls an Innovation Action, supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme, most of its total budget of EUR 7.74 million will be spent on building and monitoring demonstration plants. It has 16 consortium partners, including the owners of the two demonstration sites one from the food processing and one from the chemical sector.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Bo de Debò, a Spanish-based manufacturer of prepared meals, will receive a replicable system designed for small clusters of food companies that require cooling and are in areas of high solar irradiation. For product conservation Bo de Debò needs temperatures of 6 °C to 8 °C in the production hall and 10 °C to 12 °C in the delivery area.</div>
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<div>The other, more complex, pilot plant will go to flavour and fragrance producer Givaudan, headquartered in Switzerland. The system will be installed at its factory near Barcelona in Spain, where the Fresnel collector will be used for direct steam generation in combination with a steam storage tank made of phase change material. The chiller will run exclusively on solar energy and excess heat in the form of steam will be injected into the company’s pipeline network.<br /> </div>
<div><img alt="Source: HyCool" title="Source: HyCool" height="248" width="535" style="margin: 7px 5px;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="1" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/hycool_01.png" /></div>
<div><strong>New generation of hybrid adsorption-compression heat pump developed by Fahrenheit</strong></div>
<div>Source: HyCool</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>First-ever component demonstration</strong></div>
<div>Both locations will serve as the first-ever testing grounds for the two key components of the solar thermal cooling system. The compact Fresnel collector has been optimised for installation on the roofs of industrial facilities. It consists of prefabricated, factory-tested 10 m² mirror-modules featuring relatively narrow mirror strips. The gaps between these strips are small to increase the space-yield ratio. The distance from the mirrors to the middle of the receiver is 2.5 meters only.</div>
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<div>The hybrid sorption-compression chiller can be powered by electricity as well as waste heat or solar energy. It has a sorption unit, the evaporator of which cools the condenser of a vapour compression chiller in order to raise the maximum electrical COP.</div>
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<div>Predesign studies list a Fresnel solar field of 400 m² at Bo de Debò and 800 m² at Givaudan. Peak solar output should be at least twice as much as chiller capacity if the goal is to balance energy generation and consumption and showcase an improved energy distribution system.</div>
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<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>Veolia: <a href="https://www.veolia.es/es">https://www.veolia.es/es</a></div>
<div>HyCool Project: <a href="http://hycool-project.eu/">http://hycool-project.eu/</a></div>
<div>Bo de Debò: <a href="http://www.bodedebo.com">www.bodedebo.com</a></div>
<div>Fahrenheit: <a href="https://fahrenheit.cool/en/">https://fahrenheit.cool/en/</a></div>
<div>Fresnex: <a href="http://www.fresnex.com">http://www.fresnex.com</a></div>
<div>Ecotherm: <a href="http://www.ecotherm.com">www.ecotherm.com</a></div>
<div>Givaudan: <a href="http://www.givaudan.com">www.givaudan.com</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74661" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Process Heat</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/solar_cooling" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Solar Cooling</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-six-pillars field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74841" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Awareness Raising</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44001" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Spain</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44081" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Austria</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43941" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Germany</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44171" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Switzerland</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/hycool" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">HyCool</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/64541" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Fresnel collectors</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/horizon-2020" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Horizon 2020</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/fresnex" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Fresnex</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/fahrenheit" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Fahrenheit</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/veolia" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Veolia</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/bo-de-debo" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Bo de Debò</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/givaudan" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Givaudan</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_4">
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Fri, 14 Sep 2018 06:50:14 +0000Baerbel Epp69848 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/new-technologies-solar-cooling-industry#commentsSolar Keymark Network gets new chairmanhttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/solar-keymark-network-gets-new-chairman
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/hsr_solarinstitut_kl.jpg" width="330" height="220" alt="Andreas Bohren" /><strong>The Solar Keymark Network meeting held in Spain this March saw a new chairman, Andreas Bohren (see photo), leading a reshaped organisation. From now on, the members of the network, also known as SKN, will have a physical meeting in spring and an online one in autumn. Votes can be held in between and in 2019, the former head of the CEN/TC 312 committee, Vassiliki Drosou from Greece, will replace Jan Erik Nielsen from Denmark as the manager of SKN. <em>Solarthermalworld.org</em> spoke with Bohren, who works at the Swiss-based SPF – Institute of Solar Technology, to learn more about his objectives.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Solar Heat Europe</div>
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<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: What progress have you made with regard to the Solar Keymark certification scheme?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Bohren:</strong> We have achieved a high level of market coverage. The SKN consists of 12 certification bodies and 21 accredited test labs. Regarding certification, there are altogether 1,395 collectors and systems and brands by 463 manufacturers and distributors from 41 countries.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: Is Solar Keymark needed to apply for incentive programmes in many countries?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Bohren:</strong> Often, the Solar Keymark is a complementary certification, required to apply for incentives. In some cases, we can’t say it is obligatory, as it is considered equivalent to national certification. This <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1zUjgf96HPYrRk8qOxqYWmuTeiWHy23oM&amp;ll=54.583629371742234%2C22.412109418750106&amp;z=5">map</a> describes in more detail the opportunities to gain access to funding when Solar Keymark certification is available.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: What are your main objectives as chairman?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Bohren:</strong> Currently, Solar Keymark is the best-recognised quality mark for solar thermal products worldwide, but we will need to put in some effort to keep it this way. We are in the process of giving the Solar Keymark website and our publications a facelift.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>We have started tackling some bigger challenges related to transparency, market surveillance and complaints handling. We need to improve procedures for verifying that products available for sale conform to the ones we tested and certified. We take the issue of potential Solar Keymark misuse very seriously. I believe the best way to resolve the issue is to provide more technical details about certified products to the public. At a later stage, it might be an option to introduce tools for market surveillance.</div>
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<div>Another major challenge is the interplay between certification and EU requirements, such as the ones laid down in the Construction Products Regulation and the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives. The SKN has been exploring new topics – material efficiency and reparability among them. Harmonising procedures is near the top of our agenda. The goal is to cut through the red tape and lend a helping hand to businesses trying to comply with certification as well as EU rules. Furthermore, we think it is important to highlight the differences between Solar Keymark, as a top-quality mark, and labels such as CE or other self-certification schemes requiring only basic conformity with EU legislation.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: Are you intent on increasing the number of certified products or systems?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Bohren: </strong>Of course, it would be good to have more Solar Keymark certificates, but it should be noted that there is a limited European market for them. Nevertheless, I am sure that Solar Keymark has potential for growth, mainly if more national governments or organisations can be convinced to make incentive or tax schemes dependent on Solar Keymark certification. Another way to prompt more of the industry to adopt it may be to include some sort of carbon offset or life cycle information on Solar Keymark certificates, or both.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>In addition, I feel it is important to underline the need for more industry involvement in internal decision-making processes of the SKN. I am convinced that in the near future, it will be possible to get many more manufacturers to participate and support the activities of the network to see it become more efficient and valuable to the entire solar thermal community.</div>
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<div><strong><em>solarthermalworld.org</em>: Do you expect any conflict between Solar Keymark and other labelling schemes?</strong></div>
<div><strong>Bohren:</strong> No, I don’t. If there is an issue, we will solve it. Of course, we are keeping up with new labels on the market to see if they could present a conflict or if there are any important developments elsewhere. Since Solar Keymark and other labels are based on international standards, it is important to be aware of changes planned for those standards. In the past, most revised product specifications used to be part of annexes to Solar Keymark rules, so our work seems to have a strong influence on standards and labelling schemes. Considering this, I’m certain that new ideas for labelling will most likely be developed under the auspices of the SKN.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The interview was conducted by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>Solar Keymark: <a href="http://www.solarkeymark.org/">www.solarkeymark.org/</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-six-pillars field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74821" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Certification</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74811" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Standards</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44101" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Greece</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44131" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Denmark</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43861" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Europe</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44171" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Switzerland</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/55311" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Solar Keymark</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/centc-312-committee" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CEN/TC 312 committee</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/skn" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">SKN</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29661" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">SPF Institute for Solar Technology</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_5">
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Tue, 07 Aug 2018 06:00:00 +0000Baerbel Epp69825 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/solar-keymark-network-gets-new-chairman#commentsDish technology in Asiahttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/dish-technology-asia
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/megawatt_solutions.png" width="451" height="250" alt=" Megawatt Solutions" /><strong>A webinar that took place on 22 May put the spotlight on concentrating dish systems manufactured in India and Pakistan. Titled <em>Concentrating Solar Heat Solutions Available Today for Carbon-Free Industrial Heat and Steam Generation </em>and organised by Spanish-based consultancy ATA Insights, it highlighted the main advantages of these dishes: flexibility and low space requirements. The photo shows a solar process heat installation at a dairy in India. A recording of the entire event and the presentations that were held are available <a href="https://atainsights.agilecrm.com/landing/5720046231879680">online</a>.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Megawatt Solutions</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>Siddharth Malik, Managing Director of Indian-based Megawatt Solutions, presented a wide variety of dish applications ranging from boiler feed water at a temperature of 95 °C to air at 150 °C for drying food or treating sludge. He said his company had also installed systems providing steam at 160 °C to dairies as well as pharmaceutical producers and thermal oil systems running at up to 220 °C for chemical, rubber and plastics manufacturers. Still, he added that industrial suppliers of concentrating solar heat had to deal with a much higher level of complexity than, for instance, EPC contractors operating large photovoltaic systems. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>Typical Megawatt-brand dishes have an aperture area of 95 m² and a diameter of a bit more than 12 metres. Aperture area is defined as the flat rectangular area specified by the outer perimeter of the mirror field. Thanks to their shape, these dishes require only 1 m² of sealed ground. Another plus is that smaller versions, for example, ones measuring about 20 m², can be used for easy installation on concrete roofs if not enough ground space is available at an industrial site.<br /> </div>
<div><img alt="Photo: Zed Solar" title="Photo: Zed Solar" height="170" width="434" style="margin: 7px 5px; float: left;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="1" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/zed_solar.png" /></div>
<div><strong>Concentrating dishes made in Pakistan</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Zed Solar</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Zaafir Waheed, Founder and CEO of Pakistani-based Zed Solar, then presented his company’s Solar Invictus 53S. It consists of a dish with 52 m² of aperture area, and a cavity-type receiver, which functions as a Once-Through Steam Generator. A Solar Invictus pilot installation was built at the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, Dubai, and completed in 2014, according to a paper that Waheed quoted during his presentation. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>He emphasised that the thermal efficiency of the 2-axis tracked collectors was around 88 %. Concentrating dishes can achieve those values, but the information he provided had been the result of tests conducted in-house. Both manufacturers did not show any third-party assessment of yield or efficiency. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>The webinar was part of a series of webinars within the MENA CSP KIP programme (The Middle East and North Africa Concentrating Solar Power Knowledge and Innovation Program) supported by the World Bank. </div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>Webinar video: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77JxSRhWUPk">www.youtube.com/watch?v=77JxSRhWUPk</a></div>
<div>ATA Insights: <a href="https://atainsights.com/">https://atainsights.com/</a></div>
<div>Megawatt Solutions: <a href="http://megawattsolutions.in/">http://megawattsolutions.in/</a></div>
<div>Zed Solar: <a href="http://zedsolar.com/">http://zedsolar.com/</a></div>
<div>MENA CSP KIP programme: <a href="http://cmimarseille.org/menacspkip/program/">http://cmimarseille.org/menacspkip/program/</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74661" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Process Heat</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/45921" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Pakistan</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/45581" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">India</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44001" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Spain</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/46421" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Dubai</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/webinar" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">webinar</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/concentrating-solar-heat" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Concentrating Solar Heat</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/zed-solar" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Zed Solar</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/megawatt-solutions" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Megawatt Solutions</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/ata-insights" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">ATA Insights</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_6">
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Tue, 03 Jul 2018 08:59:27 +0000Baerbel Epp69802 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/dish-technology-asia#commentsOptimised control strategy for solar district heating in Italyhttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/optimised-control-strategy-solar-district-heating-italy
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/img_0346.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt=" Linea Reti e Impianti" /><strong>Despite its small size, the solar district heating system in Lodi, close to Milan, is one of few in Italy to feed surplus heat into a local network. In March 2017, Linea Reti e Impianti, the public utility based in this city of 45,000, started buying heat produced by a 192 m² solar thermal installation. The system is owned by <a href="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/italy-solar-district-heating-shows-few-installations-good-prospects">Sporting Lodi</a>, a public-private partnership that operates the local sports centre, which includes a swimming pool (see photo). Marco Calderoni, a researcher working at the Politecnico di Milano, and his colleagues have recently suggested using a new approach to reduce the supply temperature in the solar circuit to increase performance. This article is based on a presentation given by Calderoni during the 5<sup>th</sup> International Solar District Heating Conference in Graz in April. </strong></div>
<div>Photo: Linea Reti e Impianti</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>The local district heating, or DH, network is 25 kilometres long and provides about 200 buildings with thermal energy, which corresponds to around 60 GWh of distributed heat per year. Heat sources include a gas- and biomass-fired CHP unit and a solar thermal system installed at the sports centre’s swimming pool.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The idea to connect the solar field to the local district heating network was born when the efficiency and annual energy yield of the system dropped to unsatisfactory levels. This happened after major changes had been made to the pool buildings and the installation turned out to be oversized for the new layout.<br /> </div>
<div><img alt="Source: Politecnico di Milano" title="Source: Politecnico di Milano" height="224" width="535" style="margin: 7px 5px; float: left;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="2" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/scheme.png" /></div>
<div><strong>Schematic diagram showing the integration of the solar thermal system into the DH network </strong></div>
<div>Source: Politecnico di Milano</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Control strategies and temperatures</strong></div>
<div>Despite the connection, the energy yield turned out to be lower than expected. In cooperation with the Energy Department of the Politecnico di Milano, Linea conducted an analysis of the monitoring data available for the entire period since March 2017 to better understand why performance was so poor and to suggest a course of action.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>For instance, between May and June last year, the solar system supplied the network with around 13,600 kWh. This means efficiency was at 33 %, partly because of long pipelines, which generate a loss of about 10 %.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>After analysing the control strategies Linea had devised for the solar loop, the university researchers determined the main reason for the system’s low performance: The ‘T5’ temperature, i.e., the temperature at the heat exchanger outlet (see the diagram above), had remained too high in the intermediate loop between solar system and DH network. High T5 values also increase the supply temperature in the collector loop and reduce collector efficiency. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>In the event of a low flow rate, the current strategies result in hot water being drawn from the DH return line, after which it is mixed with water from two other heat exchangers (HXS1 and HXS2, see diagram) and transferred to the HXS. The utility’s aim was to maximise the HXS flow rate at low demand, to cool the solar loop and avoid stagnation. The measure, however, has had unfortunate side effects.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Room for improvement</strong></div>
<div>Based on a TRNSYS simulation model, the researchers investigated the possibility of optimising current strategies without generating additional costs. The idea was to reduce the above-described flow rate until it matches the one on the demand side, which would prevent hot water coming from the DH return pipe from being mixed with the flows exiting HXS1 and HXS2. It would also lower the inlet temperature of the HXS. In the simulated environment, solar field efficiency rose from 33 % to 43 % and energy output by about 30 % (see the chart below).</div>
<div><img alt="Source: Politecnico di Milano" title="Source: Politecnico di Milano" height="320" width="477" style="margin: 7px 5px;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="1" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/results.png" /></div>
<div><strong>Simulation results in terms of solar yield and collector efficiency.</strong></div>
<div>Source: Politecnico di Milano</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>Linea Reti e Impianti: <a href="http://www.linea-ri.it/">http://www.linea-ri.it/</a></div>
<div>Politecnico di Milano – Dipartimento di Energia: <a href="http://www.energia.polimi.it/">http://www.energia.polimi.it/</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74641" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">District Heating</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43951" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Italy</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/sdh-2018" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">SDH 2018</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/linea-reti-e-impianti" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Linea Reti e Impianti</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/sporting-lodi" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Sporting Lodi</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/22961" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Politecnico di Milano</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_7">
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Wed, 20 Jun 2018 07:12:23 +0000Baerbel Epp69781 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/optimised-control-strategy-solar-district-heating-italy#commentsGreen hotel in Italy’s mountainshttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/green-hotel-italys-mountains
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/hotel_in_italy_cervinia.jpg" width="449" height="300" alt=" Luca Degiorgis / Degmar" /><strong>Solar thermal performs well even in high-mountain areas during winter season. The installation shown in the photo is proof that combining solar and other renewable technologies, such as biomass boilers and a solar-assisted heat pump, results in a synergy that can be very productive. The renewable heating system may have had a price tag of EUR 150,900 but uses innovative solutions, including phase change materials, to store thermal energy and saves EUR 16,000 per year.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: Luca Degiorgis / Degmar</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>It was installed at the Lac Bleu (Blue Lake) hotel in Cervinia, a well-known holiday resort in the Aosta Valley region, situated more than 2,000 metres above sea level. The hotel is quite small, considering it has only 20 rooms and 3 suites. Management took several measures to reduce the building’s carbon footprint. The first was the purchase of a small electric vehicle to be used in day-to-day operations and to transport guests.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>But the focus of the sustainability efforts has been on utilising local renewable energy sources, such as solar and biomass, to provide hot water and space heating for the hotel. In addition, the building envelope has seen some improvements: Highly energy-efficient window frames have replaced the old ones and another insulation layer has been added to the walls. The rooms have also been equipped with ventilators connected to a heat recovery system.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Two engineers, Luca Degiorgis and Giorgio Marcon, who work at Italian-based Degmar, created the layout, while Christian Cavorsin, Atelier Projet, also based in Italy, was responsible for the architectural design of the structure.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Renewables in sync</strong></div>
<div>The main installation to generate heat for the hotel runs on biomass and is fed from either a log boiler, which supplies the baseload, or a smaller pellet one to meet peak demand. The 80 m² solar field, which consists of large collectors measuring about 12 m² each, was mounted on the ground owing to a lack of roof space. The system also includes a solar-assisted water-to-water heat pump to provide 15.6 kW of nominal thermal and 3.29 kW of nominal electric power. The pump can be operated at a maximum supply temperature of 55 °C, while the minimum evaporation temperature is around 5 °C. Its main power source is a 3.9 kWp photovoltaic unit.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Paraffin for more solar energy</strong></div>
<div>The system has two water storage tanks. The primary tank is kept at the pre-set temperature level. The secondary one is heated by solar energy alone and contains paraffin, a phase change material, or PCM, with a melting point of 56 °C. It increases the storage capacity of the tank, since above 56 °C any surplus of solar energy is stored in the melting process of the paraffin without increasing the water temperature. In this way, the custom-built tank raises the efficiency of the solar loop.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The heat pump´s evaporator draws thermal energy from a water loop based on two heat exchangers. The first one is immersed in the solar-heated tank water, while the other is the evaporator of the pump itself. </div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>System economics and performance</strong></div>
<div>The renewable system cuts annual heating costs by 67 %. The 22,000 litres of oil which had been consumed each year cost about EUR 24,000. The current biomass fuel adds up to about 8,000 EUR/year, of which EUR 4,000 are for 40 tonnes of wood logs and EUR 4,000 for 12 tonnes of pellets.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The main advantage of the solar thermal plant comes into play in summer, when both biomass boilers can be shut off to reduce partial load operation for lifetime and efficiency reasons.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>It should be noted that even in winter, at a temperature of 5 °C, the solar plant could produce hot water at 70 °C, which would be hot enough for space heating.<br /> </div>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td>
<p><strong>Category</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right"><strong>Amount (EUR)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Demolition and preparation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">7,675</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Solar thermal system</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">33,213</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Heat storage units and heat exchangers</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">20,200</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Heat storage with phase change material</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">27,325</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Heat pump (including control equipment)</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">19,875</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Biomass boiler upgrade</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">4,975</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Piping</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">10,275</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Water treatment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">2,988</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p>Building management system</p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right">24,375</p>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
<p><strong>Total</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="right"><strong>150,900</strong></p>
</td>
</tr></table><div><strong>Investment costs of key components</strong><br />Source: Degmar</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>Degmar: <a href="http://www.degmar.it">www.degmar.it</a></div>
<div>Atelier Projet: <a href="http://www.atelierprojet.it">www.atelierprojet.it</a></div>
<div>Lac Bleu Hotel in Cervinia: <a href="http://www.hotel-lacbleu.com">www.hotel-lacbleu.com</a></div>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74631" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Domestic Hot Water and Heating</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43951" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Italy</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/47481" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">hotels</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/lac-bleu-hotel" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Lac Bleu Hotel</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/companies/degmar" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Degmar</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/companies/atelier-projet" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Atelier Projet</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_8">
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Tue, 05 Jun 2018 15:10:55 +0000Baerbel Epp69775 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/green-hotel-italys-mountains#commentsPVT increasingly used for net zero energy buildingshttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/pvt-increasingly-used-net-zero-energy-buildings
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/opening.png" width="450" height="300" alt=" ISFH, IEA SHC Task 60" /><strong>A rising number of manufacturers and suppliers in Europe are offering combined photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, also known as PVT units. This was one of the main messages of the <em>International Workshop on the Status of PVT Systems</em>, organised by Fraunhofer ISE on 16 May 2018 in Freiburg. The event, held as part of IEA SHC Task 60, <em>Application of PVT Collectors and New Solutions in HVAC Systems</em>, featured 15 speakers, who updated 63 attendees working in industry and science on the progress made with PVT products and research.</strong></div>
<div>Photo: ISFH, IEA SHC Task 60</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>The speakers demonstrated that there is demand for PVT systems and named several start-ups and specialist manufacturers offering products for a wide variety of residential, commercial and industrial applications. Most PVT collectors are unglazed (without a transparent cover) and used in combination with heat pumps, although there are some glazed ones and even more than a few examples of concentrating systems. Collectors can be put into three main categories based on the temperature range of the heat they produce: low (0 to 50 °C), medium (30 to 80 °C) and high (up to 180 °C).</div>
<div><img alt="Source: Fraunhofer ISE, IEA SHC Task 60" title="Source: Fraunhofer ISE, IEA SHC Task 60" height="275" width="535" style="margin: 7px 5px; float: left;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="2" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/classification.png" /></div>
<div><strong>PVT collector classification</strong></div>
<div>Source: Fraunhofer ISE, IEA SHC Task 60</div>
<div> </div>
<div>There has been a steady rise in the number of manufacturers offering PVT solutions. Corry de Keizer, Project Leader at the Dutch-based Solar Energy Application Centre, reported that 54 PVT products were available for sale in Europe, and another six were being commercialised. “Such an astonishing figure proves that innovation is on its way in the PVT community. But, at the same time, some volatility remains, as the PVT market is still at an early stage,” said Jean-Christophe Hadorn, Head of Task 60. The PVT Benchmark report that the Dutch organisation published in March contains not only a list of suppliers, including photos of their products and links to their websites, but also 32 companies which have already stopped offering PVT solutions. </div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Solutions for net zero energy buildings</strong></div>
<div>De Keizer said that, since the 1990s, researchers had carried out several PVT projects in the Netherlands, but they all had resulted in very little commercial success. The renewed interest in PVT has been mainly linked to the high demand for net zero buildings and the bad reputation that gas has had since the news broke about an earthquake at a natural gas extraction site in the north of the country in August 2012.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The average PVT price stated in de Keizer´s presentation is 300 EUR/m², about 10 % less than if one were to buy separate units of thermal collectors for 220 EUR/m² and PV panels for 120 EUR/m². De Keizer also listed the main technical barriers to wider PVT adoption, namely complex system design and installation, difficult optimisation and low reliability in the long term. Additionally, there are no standards to support the industry and convince customers and installers of the technology’s benefits.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Improved heat transfer</strong></div>
<div>During his presentation, Manuel Lämmle, who works at Fraunhofer ISE, focused on the main research objectives when designing new and enhanced PVT systems.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The first objective, he said, was to boost the performance of glazed PVT collectors by means of low-emissivity coatings. It had been demonstrated that heat losses by radiation could be reduced by 80 %, which would increase thermal efficiency. However, there were some drawbacks in the form of lower electrical efficiency, which would drop by around 3 %, and a higher chance of overheating collectors.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The second aim was to improve the heat transfer inside PVT absorbers to decrease the PV cell’s operating temperature and increase conversion and thermal efficiency. Laminating PV cells to metal sheets, without additional adhesive or insulating layers of air, could raise the heat transfer coefficient to between 80 and 126 W/m²K, while using glue for absorbers would yield between 20 and 30 W/m²K (see the chart below).</div>
<div><img alt="Source: Fraunhofer ISE" title="Source: Fraunhofer ISE" height="316" width="535" style="margin: 7px 5px;" class="media-element file-default img-responsive" data-delta="1" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/bild3.png" /></div>
<div><strong>Conductive heat transfer measured inside different types of PVT absorbers</strong></div>
<div>Source: Fraunhofer ISE</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>This article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>IEA SHC Task 60: <a href="http://task60.iea-shc.org">http://task60.iea-shc.org</a></div>
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Thu, 31 May 2018 09:12:38 +0000Baerbel Epp69772 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/pvt-increasingly-used-net-zero-energy-buildings#commentsOn-site collector testing: new standard in developmenthttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/site-collector-testing-new-standard-development
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div><img class="pull-left" id="body-content-first-image" typeof="Image" src="http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/default/files/braedstrup_kl.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt=" Riccardo Battisti" /><strong>Once a large solar field is set up at its designated location, what tests can be conducted to show that it performs as expected? Soon, the IEA Solar Heating &amp; Cooling Programme may have an answer to this question, as it is working on internationalising Denmark’s testing procedure. No decision has been made on whether the procedure will become part of a full-fledged standard or be turned into a technical specification. </strong></div>
<div>Photo: Riccardo Battisti</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>Two tasks of the IEA Solar Heating &amp; Cooling Programme have been involved in drafting a proposal for a new ISO standard to cover solar energy, collector fields and performance testing: Task 55, <em>Towards the Integration of Large SHC Systems into District Heating and Cooling Networks</em>, and Task 57, <em>Solar Standards and Certification</em>.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Jan Erik Nielsen, who works at PlanEnergi, a Danish consultancy, and has his own firm called SolarKey, has been in charge of exploring the possibility of designing a new standard, mainly based on three sources: </div>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/en-iso-9806-upcoming-global-collector-standard">The collector test methods described in the recently published ISO 9806:2017</a>.</li>
<li><em>Performance guarantee – Collector field power output</em>, a <a href="http://task45.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/IEA-SHC%20T45.A.3.1%20TECH%20Power%20Guarantee%20R1.pdf">fact sheet</a> created by Task 45, <em>Large Systems: Large Solar Heating/Cooling Systems, Seasonal Storage, Heat Pumps</em>.</li>
<li>Yield data from the long-term operation of large solar thermal fields in Denmark (see <a href="http://www.solvarmedata.dk">http://www.solvarmedata.dk</a>).</li>
</ul><div>The fact sheet outlines the usual procedure that manufacturers use to test the on-site performance of large solar arrays in Denmark. It has been included in the solar district heating <a href="http://solar-district-heating.eu/Documents/SDHGuidelines.aspx">guidelines</a> developed during <em>SDHplus</em>.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Is a new standard coming?</strong></div>
<div>Last October and December, basic ideas for a new standard were presented during ISO and CEN technical committee meetings. The CEN committee’s subsequent vote on a rough draft showed that the proposal should not be viewed as a guarantee but rather a performance test and that it will be turned into a technical specification and not a full-blown standard. In regard to ISO, it has yet to be made clear whether it will become a technical specification or a standard. The ISO committee is awaiting a new draft and will come to a decision at its next meeting in September.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>Exporting Danish expertise</strong></div>
<div>The general idea is to benefit from the long-used <a href="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/denmark-performance-guarantees-constitute-key-element-district-heating">Danish procedure</a> for testing large solar district heating plants and comparing real-world yield data to a manufacturer’s guarantee. This on-site test is usually performed after a system has been fine-tuned post-commissioning, which means a couple of months after a plant has been put into operation.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The testing procedure may now be approved and implemented at international level via inclusion in a standard. Of course, it will also need to comply with collector standard ISO 9806.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Likewise, the test methods will need to be changed to accommodate concentrating solar collectors, as even Denmark’s climate has allowed some plant operators to use them while more may be added soon.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The details</strong></div>
<div>In principle, the proposed standard would require a simple examination of a solar field’s maximum performance based on certain criteria. First, solar irradiance levels need to be between 600 and 800 W/m². Second, performance has to be measured at less than 30° incidence to calculate the angle modifier, typically one of the most important unknown variables, and eliminate its impact on the total yield measured during the test.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Additionally, the collectors must not be at risk of solar shading or frost damage. The latter means that the test has to be carried out at temperatures above 5 °C. Last, during the one-hour test cycle, the collector needs to show a stable temperature that is always less than 5 K from the mean.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Some typical equations should then be used to calculate expected output and compare it to the test results. The standard will not prescribe how much those two values can differ from each other. Instead, manufacturers or plant operators can specify a percentage themselves, be it 2 %, 3 % or 5 %.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The reason for this freedom to choose is the substantial dependence of measuring instruments on factors such as quality. The new standard will therefore include some non-mandatory recommendations on how to select the best measuring set.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong>The article was written by Riccardo Battisti, a solar thermal consultant and market researcher working at Ambiente Italia (Rome, Italy).</strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Websites of organisations mentioned in this article:</div>
<div>IEA SHC Task 57: <a href="http://task57.iea-shc.org">http://task57.iea-shc.org</a></div>
<div>IEA SHC Task 55: <a href="http://task55.iea-shc.org">http://task55.iea-shc.org</a></div>
<div>IEA SHC Task 45: <a href="http://task45.iea-shc.org">http://task45.iea-shc.org</a></div>
<div>PlanEnergi: <a href="http://planenergi.eu">http://planenergi.eu</a></div>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74751" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">News</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-market-sectors field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74641" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">District Heating</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-six-pillars field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74821" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Certification</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74811" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Standards</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-country field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/44131" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Denmark</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-keyword field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/iea-shc-task-45" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC Task 45</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/iea-shc-task-55" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC Task 55</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/keyword/sdhplus" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">SDHplus</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/keyword/iea-shc-task-57" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC Task 57</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-companies field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23031" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Ambiente Italia</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23171" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">IEA SHC</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/21341" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Planenergi</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43421" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">SolarKey</a></div></div></div><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_10">
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Thu, 17 May 2018 14:00:00 +0000Baerbel Epp69767 at https://www.solarthermalworld.orghttps://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/site-collector-testing-new-standard-development#comments