In the rat, the VGL is composed of astrocyte cell bodies from which arises one long thick process that spans the SO, and several horizontally oriented processes that form a dense network, and a short process oriented towards the pia.

The nuclei of Alzheimer type II astrocytes also contain deposits of a molecule called glycogen, which serves as a storage form of the sugar glucose in cells but typically is not found in the nucleus; it is unknown whether these changes affect astrocyte function, however.

The prodrug mechanism of AV-101 supports critical functions of astrocyte (the most numerous non-neuronal brain cells), by delivering a significantly more potent and selective chemical variant of KYNA, a key regulator of NMDAR that is normally produced by astrocytes in the brain.

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