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Small Groups

What are small groups?

Small groups (or quaternions) are sets of four types who have a common theme that is comparable or have observable social effects.

According to Reinin (2005)1 at least 35 types of small group are obtained by the differing spectrum of interpersonal relations. I know at least ten of these small groups with the addition of two Gulenko small groups.

Small groups (quaternions):

Key: Summaries in (round brackets) and comments in {curly brackets}.

Comparable Themes:
The colours used below distinguish some corresponding sets of small groups that can be compared visually in a table against each other.

What is the goal of this page?

“Today the network of relationships linking the human race to itself and to the rest of the biosphere is so complex that all aspects affect all others to an extraordinary degree.

Someone should be studying the whole system, however crudely that has to be done, because no gluing together of partial studies of a complex non-linear system can give a good idea of the behaviour of the whole.” —Murray Gell-Mann

1. Small Groups with Comparable Themes

What is a quadra?

A quadra is a group of four types who fit along two of the following [Reinin] extremes:

aristocrats ↔ democrats

objectivists ↔ subjectivists

With compatible dynamics these quadratic interactions are generally highly comfortable, full of understanding and naturally psycho-therapeutic.

There is also an abundance of energy in the group, people have different abilities supporting and complimenting each other with high working capacity.

Quadras (in Greek alphabetical order):

The Alpha Quadra(α)

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extratim) (ENTp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Intratim) (ISFp)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extratim) (ESFj)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Intratim) (INTj)

The Beta Quadra (β)

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extratim) (ESTp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Intratim) (INFp)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extratim) (ENFj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Intratim) (ISTj)

The Gamma Quadra (γ)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extratim) (ESFp)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Intratim) (INTp)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extratim) (ENTj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Intratim) (ISFj)

The Delta Quadra (δ)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extratim) (ENFp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Intratim) (ISTp)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extratim) (ESTj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Intratim) (INFj)

Quadras – at a glance:

The Alpha Quadra(α) have a general theme of reflection and delighting in.

The Beta Quadra (β) have a general theme of indulgence and achievement.

The Gamma Quadra (γ) have a general theme of acquisition and compensation.

The Delta Quadra (δ) have a general theme of assistance and protection.

What is a club?

A club is a set of four types who fit along two of the following [Reinin] extremes:

logician ↔ ethician

sensor ↔ intuitive

The types in this small group are so different that together they can address a problem in its entirety and make a good brain storming session. Each member has his own view on the problem thus contributing constructively.

However, this small group is poor for actual joint implementation of projects due to different values, creativity functions and resulting styles of work.

Clubs (in alphabetical order):

“Humanitarians” [Intuition & Ethics]

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

“Researchers” [Intuition & Logic]

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

“Pragmatics” [Sensation & Logic]

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

“Socialites” [Sensation & Ethics]

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

Clubs – at a glance:

Humanitarians (NF) are enthusiastic and insightful with concerns for helping to improve the welfare and happiness of people.

Researchers (NT) are logical and ingenious usually skilled in performing diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications, etc.

Pragmatics (ST) have a practical, matter-of-fact way of approaching or assessing situations or of solving problems.

Socialites (SF) are sympathetic and friendly and may appear prominent in fashionable society with a state or quality of being sociable e.g. can be versed in the art of small talk.

What is a temperament?

A temperament is a set of four types who share the same overall orientation and have one of the same dominant rational or irrational functions.

Temperaments (in no particular order):

IrrationalExtroverts

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

RationalExtroverts

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

IrrationalIntroverts

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

RationalIntroverts

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Temperaments – at a glance:

IrrationalExtroverts have a dominant function of Extroverted Intuition (Ne) or Sensing (Se) and are generally adaptable.

RationalExtroverts have a dominant function of Extroverted Ethics (Fe) or Logic (Te) and are generally definitive.

IrrationalIntroverts have a dominant function of Introverted Intuition (Ni) or Sensing (Si) and are generally versatile.

RationalIntroverts have a dominant function of Introverted Ethics (Fi) or Logic (Ti) and are generally stable.

What is a stimulus?

It is found in a set of four overall introverted or extroverted types who share an irrational function in their ego which structurally speaking will either be of the introverted or extroverted variety.

Stimuli (in no particular order):

Prestige (ES~~) [sensing-ego]

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Director (Logical-SensoryExtrovert) (ESTj)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-SensoryExtrovert) (ESFj)

Uniqueness (EN~~) [intuitive-ego]

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

Well-being (IS~~) [sensing-ego]

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

Self-Confidence (IN~~) [intuitive-ego]

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Stimuli – at a glance:

Prestigious types are usually compelled by having a high reputation, honour or esteem, exerting influence by reason of their high status.

Unique types are usually compelled by existing as the only one or as the sole example; single; solitary in type or characteristics.

Well-being typesare usually compelled by a contented state of being happy, healthy and prosperous.

Self-confident types are usually compelled by a realistic confidence in one’s own judgement, ability, power, etc.

What is reasoning?

It is found in a set of four irrational(p) types who share a rational function in their ego or four rational (j) types who share an irrational function in their ego.

Reasonings (in no particular order):

Restructurers (~~Tp) [logical-ego]

The Marshal (Sensory-LogicalExtrovert) (ESTp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-LogicalIntrovert) (ISTp)

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Critic (Intuitive-LogicalIntrovert) (INTp)

Guardians (~~Fj) [ethical-ego]

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Constructors (~~Tj) [logical-ego]

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

Diplomats (~~Fp) [ethical-ego]

The Ambassador (Sensory-EthicalExtrovert) (ESFp)

The Mediator (Sensory-EthicalIntrovert) (ISFp)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-EthicalExtrovert) (ENFp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-EthicalIntrovert) (INFp)

Reasonings – at a glance:

Restructurers are usually focused to change, alter, or restore the structure of.

Guardians are usually focused to guard, watch over, protect or preserve.

Constructors are usually focused to create by systematically arranging ideas or terms.

Diplomats are usually tactful and skilful in managing delicate situations, handling people, etc.

What are Gulenko’s erotic attitudes?

It is found in a set of four types are deep rooted in what Freud called the id i.e. the essence of your animal-like and selfish desires.

Gulenko’s erotic attitudes(in no particular order):

Careful – “I know what is best for you”

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

The Mediator (Sensory-EthicalIntrovert) (ISFp)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Craftsman (Sensory-LogicalIntrovert) (ISTp)

Aggressor – “I am in control”

The Marshal (Sensory-LogicalExtrovert) (ESTp)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Ambassador (Sensory-EthicalExtrovert) (ESFp)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

Victim – “I want you to control me (if you can)”

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Romantic (Intuitive-EthicalIntrovert) (INFp)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Critic (Intuitive-LogicalIntrovert) (INTp)

Infantile – “I want you to be my friend and guardian angel”

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-EthicalExtrovert) (ENFp)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Gulenko’s erotic attitudes – at a glance:

Each set has one member from each reasoning group (highlighted by the last two letters in bold) and two members from a quadra of the same club.

I have used a photo of a nurse to represent the careful set personifying the general idea of someone who cares. We then come to the bitchy looking photo of a girl personifying that this set generally tries to hide any signs of weakness.

Thirdly we come to the somewhat arrogant looking photo of a lady personifying the idea that this set generally seems a bit naughty but can’t be tamed as such. Lastly we have the photo of the child personifying the idea that this set generally expects to have their needs taken care of.

The natural pairs (or dualities) are of course between the careful & infantile and aggressor & victim sets. All other combinations will likely have a degree of incompatibility in the long-term.

What are Gulenko’s communication skills?

Victor Gulenko also exposed four sets of types who each use a similar style of communication which would ultimately affect their relationships toward others.

Gulenko’s communication skills (in no particular order):

Passionate – Extroverted with Ethics

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Ambassador (Sensory-EthicalExtrovert) (ESFp)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-EthicalExtrovert) (ENFp)

Cool – Introverted with Logic

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Critic (Intuitive-LogicalIntrovert) (INTp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-LogicalIntrovert) (ISTp)

Firm – Extroverted with Logic

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Marshal (Sensory-LogicalExtrovert) (ESTp)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

Sincere – Introverted with Ethics

The Mediator (Sensory-EthicalIntrovert) (ISFp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-EthicalIntrovert) (INFp)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Gulenko’s communication skills – at a glance:

Each set has one member from each of Gulenko’s erotic attitudes groups and of each quadra with the inclusion of two types from each club of opposite rhythms.

The passionate and sincere styles of communication are stereotypical to women whilst the cool and firm styles are stereotypical to men as I have illustrated above.

The passionate style of communication is opposite of cool whilst the firm style is opposite of sincere which all match up with various corresponding dualities.

What are Stern’s learning skills?

Yours truly has exposed four sets of types who each have similar needs and requirements for learning and any recognition sought.

Objectivist-Democrats — “I need to research ethical problems with a modest recognition of my solutions”

The Psychologist (Intuitive-EthicalExtratim) (ENFp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-EthicalIntratim) (INFp)

The Actor (Ethical-IntuitiveExtratim) (ENFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-IntuitiveIntratim) (INFj)

Objectivist-Aristocrats — “I need to research logical problems with a prestigious award for my solutions”

The Searcher (Intuitive-LogicalExtratim) (ENTp)

The Critic (Intuitive-LogicalIntratim) (INTp)

The Pioneer (Logical-IntuitiveExtratim) (ENTj)

The Analyst (Logical-IntuitiveIntratim) (INTj)

Stern’s learning skills – at a glance:

Subjectivist-Aristocrats also known as traditional learners expect to follow a linear course leading to a recognised qualification or certification at the end that should guarantee employment based on the closed-mindedness of mainstream employers who recognise traditional awards like a bachelor’s degree.

Subjectivist-Democrats also known as liberal learners expect to follow a non-linear course leading to any qualification or certification at the end that should guarantee employment based on the open-mindedness of mainstream employers who recognise special achievements like an associates degree.

Objectivist-Democrats also known as utopian learners expect to study and research ethical problems and gain recognition for their ability to offer solutions in order to receive appropriate respect.

Objectivist-Aristocrats also known as conceptual learners expect to study and research logical problems and gain recognition for their ability to offer solutions to receive appropriate honours.

What are Kretschmer’s special dispositions?

It is a set of four types who share a common mood or inclination that can also be described as a disorder of sorts when conditions are not met.

Kretschmer’s special dispositions (in no particular order):

Depressive – “I need to belong or I will get depressed”

The Enthusiast (Ethical-SensoryExtratim) (ESFj)

The Guardian (Ethical-SensoryIntratim) (ISFj)

The Director (Logical-SensoryExtratim) (ESTj)

The Inspector (Logical-SensoryIntratim) (ISTj)

Hypomanic – “I need to indulge in pleasure and avoid pain”

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extratim) (ESTp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Intratim) (ISTp)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extratim) (ESFp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Intratim) (ISFp)

Hyperesthetic– “I need to feel superior or I will feel imperfect”

The Psychologist (Intuitive-EthicalExtratim) (ENFp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-EthicalIntratim) (INFp)

The Actor (Ethical-IntuitiveExtratim) (ENFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-IntuitiveIntratim) (INFj)

Anesthetic – “I need to feel powerful or I will feel pathetic”

The Searcher (Intuitive-LogicalExtratim) (ENTp)

The Critic (Intuitive-LogicalIntratim) (INTp)

The Pioneer (Logical-IntuitiveExtratim) (ENTj)

The Analyst (Logical-IntuitiveIntratim) (INTj)

Kretschmer’s Special Dispositions – at a glance:

Depressivetypes are susceptible to getting the blues if they lose a sense of belonging. This group is most likely to feel the effects of unemployment which can quite easily trigger depression. The ‘cure’ for this group is of course to get moving and get back to belonging with a group or company using business models that work.

They have a guardian role in society where they expect to have their innate need of belonging and taking part met or they will inevitably blame someone as a stage towards depression and start to misuse substances like alcohol and tobacco despite the health risks.

Hypomanictypes are susceptible to excitement as a way of steering themselves towards pleasure and away from potential pain. The ‘cure’ for this group is of course to calm down and organise themselves into future productive action with tactics and strategy.

They have an artisan role in society where they expect to express their creative freedom within normal limits otherwise they will inevitably get irritated and move towards hypomania through the use of alcohol and drugs.

Hyperesthetictypes are susceptible to being too sensitive to the environment and can be quite thin-skinned who may make them feel inferior. To resolve this they should learn to detach from emotional involvement more and take things with ‘a pinch of salt’.

They have a philosophical ethical style that never usually gives people an “inferiority complex” per se although does give them a sense that they are listening to a spiritual leader who is wiser than them which demands respect.

Anesthetictypes are susceptible to being too insensitive towards the environment and can be quite thick-skinned who may make others feel inferior. To resolve this they should learn to get more emotionally involved more and takes things more to heart.

They have a scientific logical style that sometimes give others an “inferiority complex” due to the fact that Science, especially Physics is extremely unpopular as studies have shown i.e. people today generally haven’t got the patience to hear long answers and opinions on how something works, they just want to skip to the overall conclusions.

2. Small Groups with Observable Effects

What is a square group?

It is a set of four types (or two specific dualities) who experience the phenomenon of spontaneous relaxation when brought together. The group is ideal for alleviating tensions, for psychological relief.

What are the square groups?

Alpha & Delta Quadra – Irrational Dyads

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

Alpha & Delta Quadra – Rational Dyads

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Beta & Gamma Quadra – Irrational Dyads

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

Beta & Gamma Quadra – Rational Dyads

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

Square groups – at a glance:

Each square group contains duality,business and mirage relations. With all three relations present we may observe this phenomenon of “spontaneous relaxation”.

What are rings of social control?

They are quite simply a group of four types who share asymmetric (repulsive)relations of supervision where one person is “supervisor” but also “supervisee” at the same time in their prospective ring.

These rings would produce very tense relations in which people are incapable of any joint activity. More or less prolonged staying in such a group causes strong neurosis leading to interpersonal maladjustment.

The above cartoon (source url) illustrates the problem with every type getting watched over (or supervised) although not so dramatic I would imagine.

What are rings of social respect?

They are a set of four types who share asymmetric (attractive) relations of benefaction where one person is “benefactor” who receives advice from their “beneficiary” who respects them.

These rings would produce relations that are quite caring and fruitful. More or less prolonged staying in such a group causes strong reassurance which leads to narcissism.

The above artwork (source url) represents the benefactor in their role as giver and beneficiary as receiver, producing a particular style of attachment when together.

What is a health group?

It is a group of four types who essentially feed off of each other’s psychic energy and rejuvenate themselves.

According to medical studies after 1.5 – 2 hours of interaction all members of these groups feel better and demonstrate normalization of objective characteristics such as blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rates.

What are the health groups?

Irrational members of the researcher and humanitarian clubs

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

Irrational members of the socialite and pragmatist clubs

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

Rational members of the humanitarian and socialite clubs

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

Rational members of the pragmatist and researcher clubs

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

Health groups – at a glance:

Relations between members of health groups include extinguishment, mirage and kindred.

What is a bouquet group?

It is a group with identical temperament who essentially graze each other’s psychic energy and deplete themselves.

According to observation a deterioration of health comes from too much stimulation or resonance (energy vibration) directed towards each other’s weak areas in their respective psyches.

What are the bouquet groups?

Irrational Extroverts

The Psychologist (Intuitive-Ethical Extrovert) (ENFp)

The Searcher (Intuitive-Logical Extrovert) (ENTp)

The Marshal (Sensory-Logical Extrovert) (ESTp)

The Ambassador (Sensory-Ethical Extrovert) (ESFp)

Rational Extroverts

The Pioneer (Logical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENTj)

The Director (Logical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESTj)

The Actor (Ethical-Intuitive Extrovert) (ENFj)

The Enthusiast (Ethical-Sensory Extrovert) (ESFj)

Irrational Introverts

The Romantic (Intuitive-Ethical Introvert) (INFp)

The Critic (Intuitive-Logical Introvert) (INTp)

The Craftsman (Sensory-Logical Introvert) (ISTp)

The Mediator (Sensory-Ethical Introvert) (ISFp)

Rational Introverts

The Analyst (Logical-Intuitive Introvert) (INTj)

The Inspector (Logical-Sensory Introvert) (ISTj)

The Guardian (Ethical-Sensory Introvert) (ISFj)

The Humanist (Ethical-Intuitive Introvert) (INFj)

Bouquet groups – at a glance:

Relations between members of bouquet groups include kindred, super-ego and business.

Great stuff here. I do have one comment though. Under the “square” relations, it says that square relations contain duality, business, and mirage. If I’m not mistaken, I believe they are in fact made up of duality, semi-dual, and kindred relations.

about.me

As a man thinketh, so is he.

I have grown to have a keen interest in the social world for now well over 10 years. My book, Your Social World Explained, details my latest observations in the realm of personality types, the relations shared between them and the various social groupings that can work together with specific effects.