Monday, February 27, 2017

There is so much bad news about global biodiversity, that it is nice to hear about new undertakings and approaches. One of these is the 'Earth BioGenome Project' which proposes to sequence the genomes of the entirety of life on earth. Given that sequencing services have never been more affordable and more available to scientists, without question, though ambitious this is a feasible undertaking. Still, with perhaps 9 million eukaryotes on the planet, a rough prediction suggests it could take 10 years and several billion dollars to achieve.

The cost suggests a certain agony of choice - what is the best use of that amount of money (in the dream world where money can be freely moved between projects)? Direct application to conservation and management activities, or a catalog of diversity which may be the only way to save some of these species?

A potential benefit of trait-centric approaches is that they may provide a path to generality in community ecology. Functional traits affect growth, reproduction, and survival, and so--indirectly--should determine an organism's fitness; differences in functional traits may delineate niche differences. Since fitness is dependent on the environment, it is generally predicted that there should be strong and consistent trait–environment relationships. Species with drought-tolerant traits will be most dominant in low precipitation regions, etc, etc. Since productivity should also relate to fitness, there should be strong and consistent trait–ecosystem functioning relationships.

There are also quite general descriptions of species traits, and the life histories they imbue (e.g. the leaf economic spectrum), implying again that traits can yield general predictions about an organism's ecology. Still, as McIntyre et al. (1999) pointed out, "A significant advance in functional trait analysis could be achieved if individual studies provide explicit descriptions of their evolutionary and ecological context from a global perspective."

A new(ish) paper does a good job of illustrating this need. In Forrestel et al. the authors compare functional trait values across two different grassland systems, which share very similar environmental gradients and grass families present but entirely different geological and evolutionary histories. The North American and South African grasslands share similar growing season temperatures and the same precipitation gradient, hopefully allowing comparison between regions. They differ in grass species richness (62 grass species in SA and 35 in NA) and species identity (no overlapping species), but contain the same major lineages (Figure below).

From Forrestel et a. Phylogenetic turnover for major lineages along a
precipitation gradient differed between the 2 regions.

Mean annual precipitation (MAP) is well-established as an important selective factor and many studies show relationships between community trait values and MAP. The authors measured a long list of relevant traits, and also determined the above ground net primary productivity (ANPP) for sites in each grassland. When they calculated the community weighted mean value (CWM) of traits along the precipitation gradient, for 6 of the 11 traits measured region was a significant covariate (figure below). The context (region) determined the response of those traits to precipitation.

From Forrestel et al.

Further, different sets of traits were the best predictors of ANPP in NA versus SA. In SA, specific leaf area and stomatal pore index were the best predictors of ANPP, while in NA height and leaf area were. The upside was that for both regions, models of ANPP explained reasonable amounts of variation (48% for SA, 60% for NA).

It's an important message: plant traits matter, but how they matter is not necessarily straightforward or general without further context. The authors note, "Instead, even within a single grass clade, there are multiple evolutionary trajectories that can lead to alternative functional syndromes under a given precipitation regime"