The end of 2018 is near so here are some python libraries for Data Science for this year.

Python continues to take leading positions in solving data science tasks and challenges. Last year a blog post was made over viewing the Python's libraries that proved to be the most helpful at that moment. This year, the list has been expanded our list with new libraries and gave a fresh look to the ones we already talked about, focusing on the updates that have been made during the year.

Our selection actually contains 20 libraries, as some of them are alternatives to each other and solve the same problem. Therefore we have grouped them as it's difficult to distinguish one particular leader at the moment.

Core Libraries & Statistics

1. NumPy

Traditionally, we start our list with the libraries for scientific applications, and NumPy is one of the principal packages in this area. It is intended for processing large multidimensional arrays and matrices, and an extensive collection of high-level mathematical functions and implemented methods makes it possible to perform various operations with these objects.

During the year, a large number of improvements have been made to the library. In addition to bug fixes and compatibility issues, the crucial changes regard styling possibilities, namely the printing format of NumPy objects. Also, some functions can now handle files of any encoding that is available in Python.

2. SciPy

Another core library for scientific computing is SciPy. It is based on NumPy and therefore extends its capabilities. SciPy main data structure is again a multidimensional array, implemented by Numpy. The package contains tools that help with solving linear algebra, probability theory, integral calculus and many more tasks.

SciPy faced major build improvements in the form of continuous integration into different operating systems, new functions and methods and, what is especially important - the updated optimizers. Also, many new BLAS and LAPACK functions were wrapped.

3. Pandas

Pandas is a Python library that provides high-level data structures and a vast variety of tools for analysis. The great feature of this package is the ability to translate rather complex operations with data into one or two commands. Pandas contain many built-in methods for grouping, filtering, and combining data, as well as the time-series functionality. All of this is followed by impressive speed indicators.

There have been a few new releases of the pandas library, including hundreds of new features,enhancements, bug fixes, and API changes. The improvements regard pandas abilities for grouping and sorting data, more suitable output for the apply method, and the support in performing custom types operations.

4. StatsModels

Statsmodels is a Python module that provides many opportunities for statistical data analysis, such as statistical models estimation, performing statistical tests, etc. With its help, you can implement many machine learning methods and explore different plotting possibilities.

The library is continuously developing, enriching new and new opportunities. Thus, this year brought time series improvements and new count models, namely Generalized Poisson, zero inflated models, and Negative Binomial lP, and new multivariate methods - factor analysis, MANOVA, and repeated measures within ANOVA.

Visualization

5. Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a low-level library for creating two-dimensional diagrams and graphs. With its help, you can build diverse charts, from histograms and scatter plots to non-Cartesian coordinate's graphs. Moreover, many popular plotting libraries are designed to work in conjunction with Matplotlib.

There have been style changes in colours, sizes, fonts, legends, etc. As an example of an appearance improvements are an automatic alignment of axes legends and among significant colours improvements is a new colour-blind-friendly colour cycle.

6. Seaborn

Seaborn is essentially a higher-level API based on the matplotlib library. It contains more suitable default settings for processing charts. Also, there is a rich gallery of visualizations including some complex types like time series, joint plots, and violin diagrams.

The seaborn updates mostly cover bug fixes. However, there were improvements in compatibility between FacetGrid or PairGrid and enhanced interactive matplotlib backends, adding parameters and options to visualizations.

7. Plotly

Plotly is a popular library that allows you to build sophisticated graphics easily. The package is adapted to work in interactive web applications. Among its remarkable visualizations are contour graphics, ternary plots, and 3D charts.

The continuous enhancements of the library with new graphics and features brought the support for "multiple linked views" as well as animation, and crosstalk integration.

8. Bokeh

The Bokeh library creates interactive and scalable visualizations in a browser using JavaScript widgets. The library provides a versatile collection of graphs, styling possibilities, interaction abilities in the form of linking plots, adding widgets, and defining callbacks, and many more useful features.

Bokeh can boast with improved interactive abilities, like a rotation of categorical tick labels, as well as small zoom tool and customized tooltip fields enhancements.

9. Pydot

Pydot is a library for generating complex oriented and non-oriented graphs. It is an interface to Graphviz, written in pure Python. With its help, it is possible to show the structure of graphs, which are very often needed when building neural networks and decision trees based algorithms.

Machine Learning

10. Scikit-learn

This Python module based on NumPy and SciPy is one of the best libraries for working with data. It provides algorithms for many standard machine learning and data mining tasks such as clustering, regression, classification, dimensionality reduction, and model selection.

There is a number of enhancements made to the library. The cross validation has been modified, providing an ability to use more than one metric. Several training methods like nearest neighbors and logistic regressions faced some minor improvements.

11. XGBoost / LightGBM / CatBoost

Gradient boosting is one of the most popular machine learning algorithms, which lies in building an ensemble of successively refined elementary models, namely decision trees. Therefore, there are special libraries designed for fast and convenient implementation of this method. Namely, we think that XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost deserve special attention. They are all competitors that solve a common problem and are used in almost the same way. These libraries provide highly optimized, scalable and fast implementations of gradient boosting, which makes them extremely popular among data scientists and Kaggle competitors, as many contests were won with the help of these algorithms.

12. Eli5

Often the results of machine learning models predictions are not entirely clear, and this is the challenge that eli5 library helps to deal with. It is a package for visualization and debugging machine learning models and tracking the work of an algorithm step by step. It provides support for scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, lightning, and sklearn-crfsuite libraries and performs the different tasks for each of them.

Deep Learning

13. TensorFlow

TensorFlow is a popular framework for deep and machine learning, developed in Google Brain. It provides abilities to work with artificial neural networks with multiple data sets. Among the most popular TensorFlow applications are object identification, speech recognition, and more. There are also different layer-helpers on top of regular TensorFlow, such as tflearn, tf-slim, skflow, etc.

This library is quick in new releases, introducing new and new features. Among the latest are fixes in potential security vulnerability and improved TensorFlow and GPU integration, such as you can run an Estimator model on multiple GPUs on one machine.

The library is based on Torch, which is an open source deep learning library implemented in C with a wrapper in Lua. The Python API was introduced in 2017 and from that point on, the framework is gaining popularity and attracting an increasing number of data scientists.

15. Keras

Keras is a high-level library for working with neural networks, running on top of TensorFlow, Theano, andnow as a result of the new releases, it is also possible to use CNTK and MxNet as the backends. It simplifies many specific tasks and greatly reduces the amount of monotonous code. However, it may not be suitable for some complicated things.

This library faced performance, usability, documentation, and API improvements. Some of the new features are Conv3D Transpose layer, new MobileNet application, and self-normalizing networks.

Distributed Deep Learning

16. Dist-keras / elephas / spark-deep-learning

Deep learning problems are becoming crucial nowadays since more and more use cases require considerable effort and time. However, processing such an amount of data is much easier with the use of distributed computing systems like Apache Spark which again expands the possibilities for deep learning. Therefore, dist-keras, elephas, and spark-deep-learning are gaining popularity and developing rapidly, and it is very difficult to single out one of the libraries since they are all designed to solve a common task. These packages allow you to train neural networks based on the Keras library directly with the help of Apache Spark. Spark-deep-learning also provides tools to create a pipeline with Python neural networks.

Natural Language Processing

17. NLTK

NLTK is a set of libraries, a whole platform for natural language processing. With the help of NLTK, you can process and analyze text in a variety of ways, tokenize and tag it, extract information, etc. NLTK is also used for prototyping and building research systems.

The enchantments to this library cover minor changes in APIs and compatibility and a new interface to CoreNLP.

18. SpaCy

SpaCy is a natural language processing library with excellent examples, API documentation, and demo applications. The library is written in the Cython language which is C extension of Python. It supports almost 30 languages, provides easy deep learning integration and promises robustness and high accuracy. Another great feature of spaCy is an architecture designed for entire documents processing, without breaking the document into phrases.

19. Gensim

Gensim is a Python library for robust semantic analysis, topic modeling and vector-space modeling, and is built upon Numpy and Scipy. It provides an implementation of popular NLP algorithms, such as word2vec. Although gensim has its own models, wrappers, fasttext implementation, the fasttext library can also be used for efficient learning of word representations.

Data Scraping

20. Scrapy

Scrapy is a library used to create spider's bots that scan website pages and collect structured data. In addition, Scrapy can extract data from the API. The library happens to be very handy due to its extensibility and portability.

Among the advances made through the year are several upgrades in proxy servers and improved system of errors notification and problems identification. There are also new possibilities in metadata settings using scrapy parse.