Ana Lucia said they were told they would have to stay in their temporary shelters for several months but they would be allocated new houses that the authorities are planning to build.

But others seemed less optimistic. Two women sitting listlessly in the shade and swatting away persistent flies complained that there had been illness.

Daily routine

More than three months on from the floods, the River Una was back to flowing serenely through the town.

But the river's edge was like a bomb site, with mangled masonry and timber strewn along the banks. The smell of damp earth mingled with the stench of untreated sewage.

Houses bore a fading yellow OK sign, reminiscent of a medieval sign for the plague, but actually a mark left in the immediate aftermath of the floods by civil defence workers to show that everyone in the building had been accounted for.

Image caption
Camp residents have a view of the river that caused their distress

Agua Preta's homeless are also being housed in camps dotted around the town.

One, situated on high ground, gives its 173 residents not only a view of the river that caused their distress but a glimpse of their possible future.

The local authorities say houses will be built on a neighbouring hillside and become New Agua Preta.

But for now, people are mainly concerned with the daily routine of the camp. Health workers visit people in their tents, while officials from the state government help organise amenities and supplies.

Huge shipping containers squat on the camp's perimeter like beached whales; inside is the furniture each family managed to salvage.

Given the loss and the dislocation these people have experienced, the challenge is to make sure they care for the camp and are aware of hygiene, said Loursileide Rodrigues da Silva from the government's Operation Reconstruction programme.

"One of the biggest problems we have is with the latrines," she said.

With families forced to live so close to one another in their tents, problems can quickly arise.

"We've drawn up a letter of how people should live together, stipulating what is not acceptable, such as throwing rubbish just outside their tent, or mistreating children," said Loursileide.

"Another rule is that children are not allowed to go around without shoes," she said, as a boy of about five played merrily - and barefoot - outside his tent.

Watermarks

The government of Pernambuco says 5,000 houses are being built or have funding approved for construction. But many of those left homeless face months of camp life.

"Still today there are people who haven't recovered from the floods of 2000," said Maria de Lourdes Nascimento, from Agua Preta's Women's Association.

But she said the help from the government this time had been much better.

The scale of the rebuilding in Pernambuco becomes more evident on the approach from Agua Preta to the city of Palmares.

Image caption
People are mainly concerned with the daily routine of the camp

The River Una sliced off the backs of the houses that lined the water's edge, leaving the interiors cruelly exposed.

Adeilda Severina Teixeira, whose house lies a couple of streets back from the river in Palmares, said the water reached her first floor. Some of her neighbours' houses were submerged.

Watermarks stain the walls of her home, which is still sparsely furnished and covered with a red-brown dust, the legacy of the mounds of mud deposited by the floodwaters.

In mid-September, engineers recommended the destruction of buildings within 50m of the river bank in Palmares, citing the frequency of floods in the region, local media reported.

But Adeilda said there was still great uncertainty in her neighbourhood about the future.

"I don't know yet if my house is considered safe," she said.

As in Agua Preta, camps have been set up to house those left without shelter.

But Adeilda said she knew of several people returning to their flood-damaged homes or squeezing in with relatives rather than stay in the tents.

"It's just too humiliating in the camps, having to queue for everything," said Adeilda, as she busied herself preparing lunch for her son in the cramped kitchen.