Sant'Andrea Forisportam is a church building, now deconsecrated, in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.

A church on the site is documented as early as 1104, the name deriving from its location outside a gate of the walls of medieval Pisa.

Ceramic detail of exterior.

The church served as a parish church until 1839, under the jurisdiction of the church of San Pietro in Vinculis; in that year, it was deconsecrated and used as a fish-market. In 1847, it became the chapter of the 'Union of the Sacred Heart of Holy Mary for the Conversion of the Sinful. The church was heavily damaged during World War II, and restored and reopened to the public in 1948, it is not longer consecrated, and is used for theatrical performances as site of Teatro Sant'Andrea. The simple structure consists of a central nave with two lesser flanking ones, the font is a copy of the original Islamic ceramic from the 11th century (now in National Museum of San Matteo, Pisa).

The capitals on the internal columns were derived from ancient Roman originals.

1.
Pisa
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Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its tower, the city of over 90,834 residents contains more than 20 other historic churches, several medieval palaces. Much of the architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian maritime republics. The origin of the name, Pisa, is a mystery, while the origin of the city had remained unknown for centuries, the Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans, and the Ligurians had variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archaeological remains from the 5th century BC confirmed the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks, the presence of an Etruscan necropolis, discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991, confirmed its Etruscan origins. Ancient Roman authors referred to Pisa as an old city, strabo referred Pisas origins to the mythical Nestor, king of Pylos, after the fall of Troy. Virgil, in his Aeneid, states that Pisa was already a center by the times described. The Virgilian commentator Servius wrote that the Teuti, or Pelops, the maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the naval ram. Pisa took advantage of being the port along the western coast from Genoa to Ostia. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against Ligurians, Gauls, in 180 BC, it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as Portus Pisanus. In 89 BC, Portus Pisanus became a municipium, Emperor Augustus fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name in Colonia Iulia obsequens. It is supposed that Pisa was founded on the shore, however, due to the alluvial sediments from the Arno and the Serchio, whose mouth lies about 11 kilometres north of the Arnos, the shore moved west. Strabo states that the city was 4.0 kilometres away from the coast, currently, it is located 9.7 kilometres from the coast. However it was a city, with ships sailing up the Arno. In the 90s AD, a complex was built in the city. During the later years of the Roman Empire, Pisa did not decline as much as the cities of Italy, probably thanks to the complexity of its river system. After Charlemagne had defeated the Lombards under the command of Desiderius in 774, Pisa went through a crisis, politically it became part of the duchy of Lucca

Pisa
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Pisa
Pisa
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Coat of arms
Pisa
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Hypothetical map of Pisa in the 5th century AD
Pisa
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Hypothetical map of Pisa in the 11th century AD

2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

3.
List of religions and spiritual traditions
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Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz. A critique of Geertzs model by Talal Asad categorized religion as an anthropological category, many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos, according to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world. The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. Religious beliefs have also used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation. A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, oriental Orthodox Churches, Includes the Armenian Apostolic, Coptic, Syrian Orthodox, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, as well as a portion of the St. Thomas Christians in India. Greek Old Calendarists Russian Old Believers Bezpopovtsy Popovtsy Spiritual Christianity Doukhobor Molokan Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as Eastern or Western, irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church. They are definitely of ancient Israelite origin, but their status as Jews is disputed, falasha or Beta Israel Noahidism Noahidism is a monotheistic ideology based on the Seven Laws of Noah, and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism. According to Jewish law, non-Jews are not obligated to convert to Judaism and they derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular. co. uk section on major world religions

4.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services

5.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world

6.
Architectural style
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An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, styles therefore emerge from the history of a society. They are documented in the subject of architectural history, at any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. Styles often spread to places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, one example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style. After a style has gone out of fashion, revivals and re-interpretations may occur, for instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different, the Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival. Vernacular architecture works slightly differently and is listed separately and it is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, as western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded due to new technology and to national building standards. Paul Jacobsthal and Josef Strzygowski are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and this type of art history is also known as formalism, or the study of forms or shapes in art. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is possible by. While many architectural styles explore harmonious ideals, Mannerism wants to take style a step further and explores the aesthetics of hyperbole, Mannerism is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial qualities. Mannerism favours compositional tension and instability rather than balance and clarity, the definition of Mannerism, and the phases within it, continues to be the subject of debate among art historians. An example of mannerist architecture is the Villa Farnese at Caprarola. in the country side outside of Rome. The proliferation of engravers during the 16th century spread Mannerist styles more quickly than any previous styles, a center of Mannerist design was Antwerp during its 16th-century boom. Through Antwerp, Renaissance and Mannerist styles were introduced in England, Germany. During the Mannerist Renaissance period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid, the Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms

Architectural style
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The Architect's Dream by Thomas Cole (1840) shows a vision of buildings in the historical styles of the Western tradition, from Ancient Egypt through to Classical Revival
Architectural style
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The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by Andreas Walther II (1584), is an example of the exuberance of "Antwerp Mannerism".
Architectural style
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Town Hall of Zamość by Bernardo Morando.

7.
Romanesque Architecture
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Romanesque Architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the late 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches, examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture, each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan, the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics, Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, northern Spain and rural Italy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Romanesque means descended from Roman and was first used in English to designate what are now called Romance languages, Romance language is not degenerated Latin language. Latin language is degenerated Romance language, Romanesque architecture is not debased Roman architecture. Roman architecture is debased Romanesque architecture, the first use in a published work is in William Gunns An Inquiry into the Origin and Influence of Gothic Architecture. The term is now used for the more restricted period from the late 10th to 12th centuries, Many castles exist, the foundations of which date from the Romanesque period. Most have been altered, and many are in ruins. By far the greatest number of surviving Romanesque buildings are churches, the scope of Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. In the more northern countries Roman building styles and techniques had never been adopted except for official buildings, although the round arch continued in use, the engineering skills required to vault large spaces and build large domes were lost. There was a loss of continuity, particularly apparent in the decline of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders. In Rome several great Constantinian basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders, the largest building is the church, the plan of which is distinctly Germanic, having an apse at both ends, an arrangement not generally seen elsewhere. Another feature of the church is its regular proportion, the plan of the crossing tower providing a module for the rest of the plan. These features can both be seen at the Proto-Romanesque St. Michaels Church, Hildesheim, 1001–1030, the style, sometimes called First Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque, is characterised by thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches known as a Lombard band

8.
San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa)
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San Pietro in Vinculis is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. It was built by the Augustinians in 1072-1118 over a pre-existing edifice, the rectory was added a few years later. The structure follows the Pisane Romanesque style established by Buscheto and it has a nave and two aisles with apses. The façade is articulated by pilaster strips, blind arches, oculi, lozenges, in the interior the intarsia pavement lies over a crypt with groin vaults and Roman capitals, perhaps the relic of an ancient market loggia later turned into a Christian temple. It houses a Roman sarcophagus, remains of frescoes and a Crucifix on panel from the 13th century, in the rectory are frescoes from the 13th and 15th centuries and 18th century stuccoes. The bell tower was in origin a civil tower, for years, the church kept a famous manuscript containing a digest of the Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian I of the Eastern Roman Empire. The document had fallen into Pisan hands after the sack of Amalfi in 1137, after Pisa fell in 1406, the Florence the document was transferred to the latter city

San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa)
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Façade.

9.
National Museum of San Matteo, Pisa
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The National Museum of San Matteo in Pisa displays works from historic ecclesiastical buildings in the city and Province of Pisa. The works span from early Medieval period to the 16th century, the collection includes sculptural masterworks by Nicola Pisano and Donatello. The museum also has a collection of illuminated manuscripts, wooden religious sculpture from 13th century to 15th century. The nucleus of the collection was started by a 1796 endowment by the Canon of the Pisa Cathedral. Furthor works were added after the Napoleonic closure of religious establishments. In 1893, a local Jewish citizen, Igino Benvenuto Supino, in 1949, the Museo Civico collection help form the nucleus for the present Museo Nazionale, installed in the restored medieval Convent of San Matteo in Soarta. Beni Culturali of Italy, Official website for Museum, including catalogue of collections

National Museum of San Matteo, Pisa
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National Museum of San Matteo Museo Nazionale di San Matteo

10.
Tourism in Italy
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With 48.6 million tourists a year, Italy is the fifth most visited country in international tourism arrivals. People mainly visit Italy for its art, cuisine, history, fashion and culture, its beautiful coastline and beaches, its mountains. Italy also contains more World Heritage Sites than any country in the world. Tourism is one of Italys fastest growing and most profitable industrial sectors, traders and merchants came to Italy from several different parts of the world. Pilgrims, for centuries and still today, would come to the city, the trade empires of Venice, Pisa and Genoa meant that several traders, businessmen and merchants from all over the world would also regularly come to Italy. In the 16th and early 17th century, with the height of the Renaissance, several came to Italy to study Italian architecture. Real tourism only affected in Italy in the half of the 17th century. This was a period in which European aristocrats, many of whom were British, visited parts of Europe, Italy, Greece and this was in order to study ancient architecture and the local culture. The Grand Tour was in essence triggered by the book Voyage to Italy, by Roman Catholic priest Richard Lassels, due to the Grand Tour, tourism became even more prevalent - making Italy one of the most desired destinations for millions of people. Once inside what would be modern-day Italy, these tourists would begin by visiting Turin for a short while. On the way there, Milan was also a stop, yet a trip to the city was not considered essential. If a person came via boat, then they would remain a few days in Genoa, yet, the main destination in Northern Italy was Venice, which was considered a vital stop, as well as cities around it such as Verona, Vicenza and Padua. Tourists rarely, yet occasionally, got to Trieste, as the Tour went on, Tuscan cities were also very important itinerary stops. Florence was an attraction, and other Tuscan towns, such as Siena, Pisa, Lucca. The most prominent stop in Central Italy, however, was Rome, later, they would go down to the Bay of Naples, and after their discovery in 1756, Pompeii and Herculaneum were popular too. Sicily was considered a significant part of the trail, and several, such as Goethe, throughout the 17th to 18th centuries, the Grand Tour was mainly reserved for academics or the elite. Nevertheless, circa 1840, rail transport was introduced and the Grand Tour started to fall out of vogue, hence. The 1840s saw the period in which the Victorian middle classes toured the country, several Americans were also able to visit Italy, and many more tourists came to the peninsula

Tourism in Italy
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The Amalfi Coast seen from Ravello in Campania. This is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Italy.
Tourism in Italy
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The Italian Alps.
Tourism in Italy
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Islands such as Capri became popular in the late 14th century and first decade of the 19th century
Tourism in Italy
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Beach of Rimini.

11.
Pisa Baptistery
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The Pisa Baptistery of St. John is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical building in Pisa, Italy. The baptistery was designed by Diotisalvi, whose signature can be read on two pillars inside the building, with the date 1153, the largest baptistery in Italy, it is 54.86 m high, with a diameter of 34.13 m. The Baptistery is constructed of marble, as is common in Italian architecture, the portal, facing the facade of the cathedral, is flanked by two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed in Byzantine style. The lintel is divided in two tiers, the lower one depicts several episodes in the life of St. John the Baptist, while the upper one shows Christ between the Madonna and St John the Baptist, flanked by angels and the evangelists. The interior is overwhelming and lacks decoration, the octagonal font at the centre dates from 1246 and was made by Guido Bigarelli da Como. The bronze sculpture of St. John the Baptist at the centre of the font, is a work by Italo Griselli, the pulpit was sculpted between 1255-1260 by Nicola Pisano, father of Giovanni, the artist who produced the pulpit in the Duomo. Constructed on the unstable sand as the tower and cathedral. Originally the shape of the Baptistery, according to the project by Diotisalvi, was different and it was perhaps similar to the church of Holy Sepulchre in Pisa, with its pyramidal roof. After the death of the architect, Nicola Pisano continued the work, also an external roof was added giving the shape of a cupola. As a side effect of the two roofs, the inner one and the domed external one, the interior is acoustically perfect. History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes Rory Carroll, Pisa Baptistery is giant musical instrument, computers show

12.
Pisa Cathedral
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Pisa Cathedral is a medieval Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, in the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy. It is an example of Romanesque architecture, in particular the style known as Pisan Romanesque. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Pisa, construction on the cathedral began in 1063 by the architect Buscheto, and expenses were paid using the spoils received fighting against the Muslims in Sicily in 1063. It includes various elements, classical, Lombard-Emilian, Byzantine. The church was erected outside Pisas high middle age-era walls, to show that Pisa that was so powerful, it had no fear of being attacked. The chosen area had already used in the Lombard era as a necropolis and at the beginning of the 11th century a church had been erected here, but never finished. Buschetos grand new church, was initially called Santa Maria Maggiore until it was officially named Santa Maria Assunta, in 1092 the cathedral was declared a primatial church, archbishop Dagobert having been given the title of Primate by Pope Urban II. The cathedral was consecrated in 1118 by Pope Gelasius II, who belonged to the Caetani family which was both in Pisa and in Rome. The exact date of the work is unclear, according to some the work was done right after the death of Buscheto about the year 1100, though others say it was done closer to 1140. In any case, work was finished in 1180, as documented by the date written on the bronze knockers made by Bonanno Pisano found on the main door, the structures present appearance is the result of numerous restoration campaigns that were carried out in different eras. In the early 18th century began the redecoration of the walls of the cathedral with large paintings. These works were made by the artists of the era. The presence of two raised matronea in the nave, with their solid, monolithic columns of granite, is a sign of Byzantine influence. Buscheto welcomed Islamic and Armenian influence, in the early 19th century the original sculpture, which can now be seen in the cathedral museum, was removed from the roof and replaced with a copy. The high arches show Islamic and southern Italian influence, the blind arches with lozenge shapes recall similar structures in Armenia. The facade of grey and white marble, decorated with colored marble inserts, was built by Master Rainaldo, above the three doorways are four levels of loggia divided by cornices with marble intarsia, behind which open single, double, and triple windows. The heavy bronze doors of the facade were made by different Florentine artists in the 17th century. Contrary to what might be thought, from the beginning the faithful entered the cathedral through the door of Saint Rainerius, found in the transept of the same name, which faces the bell tower

13.
Santa Apollonia (Pisa)
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Santa Apollonia is a church in Pisa, Italy. Once called San Pietro a Schia, this church is known from documents from 1116, in 1777, the Pisan architect Mattia Tarocchi reconstructed the church in Baroque style. The interior houses the altar and stucco and mural decorations by Tarocchi, and paintings by Aurelio Lomi, Pandolfo Titi, and the 19th-century painter Giuseppe Bacchini

Santa Apollonia (Pisa)
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Church of Santa Apollonia

14.
Santa Caterina (Pisa)
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Santa Caterina dAlessandria is a Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. It is mentioned for the first time in 1211, then associated with a hospital, the current edifice was built between 1251 and 1300, commissioned by Saint Dominic himself, and entrusted to the friars of his order. The façade has a shape with white and grey marble, with, in the upper section. The interior, after a fire in 1651, is on a large hall. Also notable is the tomb of Gherardo Compagni, decorated with a late-16th century Pietà statue, the wooden pulpit from the 17th century, according to the tradition, was that from which St Thomas Acquinas preached. In 1320, Simone Martini executed for church the Saint Catherine of Alexandria Polyptych. The painting has moved to the San Matteo Museum in Pisa. The church is flanked by a tower with mullioned windows

Santa Caterina (Pisa)
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Santa Caterina d'Alessandria.

15.
Santa Cristina (Pisa)
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Santa Cristina is a Neoclassical-style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. It is located on the Lungarno Gambacorti, the church is documented since the 9th century, but the apse area is from the 10th-11th century. Destroyed by a flood in 1115, it was three years later. The Count Luigi Archinto, member of a prominent Milanese family, had moved to Pisa in the late 18th century and he then patronized and commissioned the reconstruction of the church, which by then was in poor conservation. He commissioned the works from Francesco Riccetti, who restored the bell tower. The interior layout is that of a nave, refurbished with neoclassical decorations. It houses a panel with Madonna and Child, the first altar on the right has canvas by Domenico Passignano, depicting St Catherine Receiving the Stigmata, and a 19th-century copy of Enrico di Tedices Crucifix. In this spot, with the crucifix, was the one before which, in 1375, St Catherine of Siena. Catherine had been invited to Pisa to help some of the civic strife

Santa Cristina (Pisa)
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Santa Cristina

16.
Santo Sepolcro (Pisa)
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The Church of the Santo Sepolcro is a religious edifice in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. Built in the early 12th century, it was designed by Diotisalvi and it has an octagonal plan and, until the 16th century, it was surrounded by a portico. The central tambour, supported by eight arches, is super-elevated and is surmounted by a conic cusp. The attribution to the Holy Sepulchre is a reference to the relics which were carried in Pisa by archbishop Dagobert after his participation to the First Crusade. The structure resembles indeed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the portals have decorations with animals and lions heads in marble. The interior, restored in 1720 in Baroque style, was destroyed in the 19th century, the unfinished small bell tower is in Pisane-Romanesque style, with rectangular plan

17.
San Domenico (Pisa)
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San Domenico is a Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, Italy. It was erected in 1385, under the guidance of Pietro Gambacorti, pietro’s daughter, the beatified Chiara Gambacorti, resided in that convent. In 1724 through 1732, the interior was decorated in the ornate late-Baroque style, the church and the adjacent convent were extensively damaged during World War II. It is today in use by the Order of the Knights of Malta, the interior is decorated by medieval frescoes and canvases by Giovanni Battista Tempesti depicting the Life of the beatified Chiara

San Domenico (Pisa)
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The facade

18.
San Francesco (Pisa)
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San Francesco de Ferri is a church in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. Mentioned for the first time in a document from 1233, the church was starting from 1261 by will of archbishop Federico Visconti. The church was under the patronage of the Pisane noble families, who owned a series of private chapels for their burials, the works, directed by Giovanni di Simone, ended in 1270 and included also the slender bell tower. The marble façade is from 1603, the interior was revamped in the same age, with paintings by Jacopo da Empoli, Passignano and Santi di Tito. In the transept are frescoes by Taddeo Gaddi, Galileo Chini, the sacristy has frescoes by Taddeo di Bartolo with Histories of Mary, while the Capitolium Hall has frescoes by Niccolò di Pietro Gerini with Histories of the life of Christ. The rectangular cloister is from the 14th century, after a period as military barracks, the church was declared national monument in 1893. The church was home to Giottos Stigmata of St. Francis and Cimabues Maestà

San Francesco (Pisa)
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Façade

19.
San Frediano, Pisa
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San Frediano is a Romanesque style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. It now functions as the church of the University of Pisa and its existence is mentioned as early as 1061. Founded by the family Buzzaccherini-Sismondi and originally dedicated to Saint Martin, the Romanesque façade, dating to the early 12th-century shows typical features of the Pisane medieval architecture, such as the blind arcades, the lozenges and the use of bichrome stones. In the upper part is a mullioned window. The interior, despite a fire in 1675, has maintained the original plan with a nave. The marble columns have capitals decorated with Romanesque-style sculpted figures, the dome frescoes are by Rutilio Manetti. The sturdy bell tower is in brickwork

San Frediano, Pisa
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The church of San Frediano

20.
San Michele in Borgo
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San Michele in Borgo is a Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. The church, together with monastery was built in the late 10th to early 11th century outside the walls of the city, both were restored several times in the following ages. The façade is from the 14th century, the upper part has three order of typically Pisane Gothic loggias. There are three portals, also in Gothic style and withlunettes, the one is surmounted by a tabernacle with Madonna. Under the pavement is the crypt, probably remains of a former church

San Michele in Borgo
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Façade.

21.
San Giovanni dei Fieri (Pisa)
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San Giovanni dei Fieri is an ancient church in Pisa, Italy, located on Via Pietro Gori on the left bank of the Arno. In the 12th century it was known as San Giovannino, in 1614, the church was renovated by the architect Cosimo Pugliani. The church belonged to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, the church currently belongs to the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The white marble façade recalls the churches of San Matteo and San Francesco in the same city, gagetti, R. Parra, O. Storia e Capolavori di Pisa

San Giovanni dei Fieri (Pisa)
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Church of San Giovanni dei Fieri

22.
San Piero a Grado
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San Piero a Grado is a church in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, in the eponymous frazione 7 kilometres west of the city center. The church is located where once was a now disappeared port of the Pisan Republic, archaeological excavations have shown the presence of a Palaeo-Christian edifice in the area, built over civil Roman structures, which was later replaced by a larger church in the early Middle Ages. The current construction, begun in the 10th century and renovated in the late 11th-early 12th centuries, has a plan with a nave. Unusual is the presence of an apses the facade, probably built after the crumbling of the due to a flood of the Arno River. The entrance is on the northern side, the 12th-century bell tower was destroyed in 1944. Only the base has been rebuilt, the large and solemn interior, with truss ceiling, is divided into a nave and two aisles by antique columns with classical capitals. In the western part is a Gothic ciborium which marks the place where Peter would pray for the first time. On the walls of the nave is a fresco cycle, recently restored, by the Lucchese Deodato Orlandi. In the upper area are portrayed the Walls of the Heaven City, on the high altar is a wooden crucifix from the 17th century

San Piero a Grado
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Facade
San Piero a Grado
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Interior
San Piero a Grado
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Nave Frescoes

23.
Santi Jacopo e Filippo (Pisa)
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Santi Jacopo e Filippo or Santi Iacopo e Filippo is an ancient church found in Via San Michele degli Scalzi in Pisa, Italy. Documents exist as belonging to an Augustinian abbey by 1110, the Romanesque architecture includes a half-finished facade. Restored in the 17th and 18th century, the interior was frescoed by Francesco and his brother Giuseppe Melani with stories of the saints

24.
Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa
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Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri is a church in central Pisa located on Piazza dei Cavalieri. Construction began on 17 April 1565 in order to build a church for the Order of Knights of St Stephan, the new church on the site was consecrated by 21 December 1569. The facade, in marble was designed by Don Giovanni de Medici, illegitimate son of Cosimo I, with the help of Alessandro Pieroni. An inscription commemorates completion during the reign of Ferdinando I de Medici, the bell-tower, also designed by Vasari, was completed by 1572 by Giovanni Fancelli. The main altar designs were by Pier Francesco Silvani, the final reconstruction in 1859, completed after the suppression of the order, creates the clearer interior systematization of columns we see today. The church display numerous trophy banners, captured during naval encounters with Saracen pirates, the font for holy water was sculpted by Giovanni Fancelli, based on designs by Vasari. In the counterfacade are five paintings of Stories of St Stefano Pope and Martyr. This grand-duke was to commission the wooden ceiling by Bartolomeo Atticciati and it contains paintings by the Pisan Aurelio Lomi of Madonna and child with Saints Joseph and Stefano and a painting of the palace of the Order. At the right is a painting by Giorgio Vasari, with the Entombment of St Stefano, while at the right is a Birth of Christ by Bronzino. In the Sacristy is a group by Foggini of St Stefano and the allegory of Reason. The chapel of the Holy Sacrament was completed in 1837 by Florido Galli, there are three organs in the church, the first from 1571 by the Cortonese organ-maker Onofrio Zeffirini. On the left is an organ by the Sienese Azzolino Bernardino della Ciaja reconstructed in 1733, in 1931, Giovanni Tamburini builds a new organ behind the 1733 organ. The modern organ is the functioning one in the church

25.
San Martino (Pisa)
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San Martino is a Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy, facing piazza San Martino, on the left bank of the Arno river. Documents from 1067 cite a church of San Martino in Guazzolongo and it was rebuilt in 1331, under the commission of Bonifacio Novello della Gherardesca, who wished to endow a convent a nuns of an Order of Saint Clare. From 1395, it was considered cappella del Santissimo Sacramento, the lower façade dates from this epoch, while the superior portion was not completed until 1610. The rectangular shape is typical of Franciscan order churches of its time, such as the churches of San Francesco. The remains of a bell-tower are visible, the polychrome ceramic baptismpal font is now found in the Museo Nazionale di San Matteo. The Marble facade has a copy of the bas relief of San Martino and the man attributed to Andrea Pisano. On the wall are stories of the virgin by Antonio Veneziano, the altars contain a number of prominent works of 17th century painters including Palma il Giovane, Orazio Riminaldi, Jacopo Ligozzi, il Domenico Passignano and dei Melani. The church contains the monument of Marchese Francesco Del Testa by Giovanni Antonio Cybei with a portrait in marble relief

San Martino (Pisa)
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Church of San Martino
San Martino (Pisa)
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Crucifix by Enrico di Tedice.

26.
San Michele degli Scalzi (Pisa)
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San Michele degli Scalzi is a church located in Piazza San Michele degli Scalzi, east of Pisa, Italy. It had also known as the church of San Michele degli Scalzi in Orticaia. The term Scalzi refers to the barefoot monks linked to the church, an oratory chapel was known at the site by 1025. A church came to be at the site and was assigned to an adjacent convent of Benedictines, the first restoration of the site was completed by 1204. In the 15th century the church changed several orders, and by 1463 in came under Canons regular of the lateran, major modifications included the elaborate ceiling with lacunae. The church was transferred to the Olivetan Order in 1774, in the 19th-century reconstructions aimed to restore the original Romanesque aspects. Bombardments during the world war, and floods damaged the structure. The basilica structure of three naves is still preserved ending with a semicircular apse, the incomplete façade has marble only in the base lower layers. There are three portals, the central lunette has a copy of their original Byzantine decoration from 1203-1204 depicting a Christ providing Benediction, the frieze is decorated with a relief of the angelic hierarchy in Byzantine style. The interior hosts a 13th-century crucifix, painted in tempera and gilded, the left site of the nave has a fresco of St Onofrius, Helen and a bishop. The altar dates from the 18th century, the Organ was constructed by Anselmi-Tamburini and was brought here from the anterior parish church of San Michele in 1985. Parrocchia di San Michele degli Scalzi Lorgano

San Michele degli Scalzi (Pisa)
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Church of San Michele degli Scalzi

27.
San Sisto, Pisa
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San Sisto is a church in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. It was consecrated in 1133 but previously it had already used as the seat of the most important notary act of the Pisan commune. It was built in a Pisane-Romanesque style in stone, the façade is divided in three parts divided by pilaster strips, with a mullioned window and arches in the upper part which continues on the whole exterior. Notable is the typical local decoration with Islamic ceramic basins from the 10th-11th centuries, the interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by columns with ancient Roman capitals, with hut-shaped ceiling. It houses also an Arabic tombstone, the copy of a 14th-century Madonna with Child, page with detailed photo of the decoration

San Sisto, Pisa
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Façade of San Sisto
San Sisto, Pisa
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Interior

28.
San Nicola, Pisa
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San Nicola is a church in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. San Nicola is mentioned for the first time, together with the annexed convent, in 1297-1313 the Augustinians enlarged it, perhaps under design by Giovanni Pisano. In the 17th century the edifice was restored with the addition of altars, the façade features pilaster strips, blind arches and lozenges, and is decorated with 12th century intarsia. The interior houses the panels of Madonna with Child and of St, the octangular bell tower, the second most famous in the city after the Leaning Tower, most likely dates to 1170. There is no proof, but, as in the case of its more famous counterpart. Originally it was separated from the nearby buildings and it is also slightly tilting, the base is under the current street level. The lower part starts at the top of each side with blind arches including lozenges, the bell has instead a good plan, with a single mullioned window on each side, and is surrounded by a gallery with small arches supported by columns. The cusp has a pyramidal shape, the polychrome effect was obtained by using stones from different locations. Page on the tower at Pisas comune website

San Nicola, Pisa
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Remains of the façade.
San Nicola, Pisa
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Bell tower and façade
San Nicola, Pisa
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Top of the bell tower.

29.
Santa Maria della Spina
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Santa Maria della Spina is a small church in the Italian city of Pisa. The name of della Spina derives from the presence of a thorn, the relic was brought to this church in 1333. In 1871 the church was dismantled and rebuilt on a higher level due to infiltration of water from the Arno river. The church was altered in the process, however, and John Ruskin, the church is one of the most outstanding Gothic edifices of Europe, it has a rectangular plant, with an external facing wholly composed of marble, laid in polychrome bands. These include Lupo di Francesco, Andrea Pisano with his sons Nino and Tommaso, the façade has two gates with lintelled arches. Among these lies the tabernacle with the statues of Madonna with the Child, two niches open in the upper part of the façade, these houses the statue of Christ among the two Annunciation ones, and two other angels. The right side has also a rich decoration with cusps and thirteen statues of the Apostles and Christ, the small sculptures portraying Saints and Angels over the tympani are from Nino Pisanos workshop, while the niche in the right pillar has a Madonna with Child by Giovanni di Balduccio. The back side has three arches with simple windows. The tympani are decorated with the Evangelists symbols, intervalled by niches with the statues of the Saints Peter, Paul, the high pyramid-like spires end with the statues of the Madonna with Child between two angels, by Nino Pisano. If compared to the exterior, the interior appears quite simple. It has a room, with a ceiling painted during the 19th century reconstruction. In the presbyterys centre is one of the highest masterpieces of Gothic sculpture, on the left wall is the tabernacle in which once was the crowns relic, by Stagio Stagi. Another statue by the Pisanos, the Madonna del Latte, was once here, Gothic architecture in Italy Media related to Santa Maria della Spina at Wikimedia Commons Page at Antropologia Arte Sacra

Santa Maria della Spina
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Façade
Santa Maria della Spina
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The right side of the church

30.
San Zeno (Pisa)
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San Zeno is a church and a former abbey in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. The church is documented going back to 1029 and it was part of a monastery built over pre-existing edifices, and, until the 15th century, it had also a hospital. In the 12th century it was held by the Camaldolese monks, the church has a nave and two aisles. The façade is preceded by a portico supported by pilasters and a central columns, the second row has mullioned windows and decorations with lozenges and small circular windows, with ceramic basins by Islamic masters. The interior has ancient Roman capitals and traces of medieval paintings

San Zeno (Pisa)
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San Zeno.

31.
Palazzo della Carovana
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Palazzo della Carovana is a palace in Knights Square, Pisa, Italy, presently housing the main building of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. It was built in 1562–1564 by Giorgio Vasari for the headquarters of the Knights of St. Stephen, the name, meaning Palace of the Convoy, derives from the three-year period undertaken by the initiates of the Order for their training, called la Carovana. The current paintings date however to the 19th-20th centuries, amongst the sculptures are the Medici Coat of Arms and that of the Knights, flanked by the allegories of Religion and Justice by Stoldo Lorenzi. The upper gallery of busts of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany were added in the late 16th-early 18th centuries, sculpted by Ridolfo Sirigatti, Pietro Tacca, the double-ramp staircase was remade in 1821. The rear area is an addition for the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Some halls of the interior house 16th-century paintings

Palazzo della Carovana
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Palazzo della Carovana.

32.
Palazzo delle Vedove
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The Palazzo delle Vedove is a palace in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. The palace, built in the 12th–14th centuries, is sited land which in antique times was the domus of the Bocci family of Pisa, detail of the medieval edifice can still be seen in the exterior, including a marble quadruple mullioned window partially covered by a rectangular window. On one of the side was once a portico, the palace was largely renovated in the 16th century, and was subsequently used to house the widows of the Medici family. Two covered passages connected the edifice to the Torre De Cantone and then to the church of San Nicola, where the gentlewomen could attend the mass without passing in the streets

Palazzo delle Vedove
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Palazzo delle Vedove

33.
Leaning Tower of Pisa
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The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. It is situated behind Pisas cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the citys Cathedral Square, after the cathedral, the towers tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structures weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed and gradually increased until the structure was stabilized by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres on the high side, the width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m. Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons, the tower has 296 or 294 steps, the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees and this means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres from the centre. There has been controversy about the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. Work on the floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14,1173 during a period of military success. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals, the tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled, in 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction. In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto, in an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is actually curved, construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria. The seventh floor was completed in 1319, the bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower, there are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale

34.
Navicelli channel
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The Navicelli Channel is a channel built between 1563 and 1575 to connect Pisa with the port of Livorno. The name originates from the so-called navicelli, small sized Tuscan boats that transported goods on the channel across the Pisan plain from Lake Bientina to the area of Empoli, in the 16th century, the mouth of the Arno river was a wetland affected by strong sea currents. The excavation cost only 5,000 shields, the channel was opened to river traffic in 1603 and had a length of 22 km,18 m and a depth of 1.50 m. It has a course for 11 km from Pisa to the curve of the Arno Scolmatore

35.
Torre dei Gualandi
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The Torre dei Gualandi is a former tower in Pisa, central Italy, now included in the Palazzo dellOrologio. It is located on the part of the Piazza dei Cavalieri. The tower was in the part of the present building. Gualandi was the name of a Pisan family that owned the tower in the 13th century, ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and two grandsons were immured in the tower and starved to death in the 13th century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy

36.
Piazza dei Miracoli
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Considered sacred by the Catholic Church, its owner, the square is dominated by four great religious edifices, the Pisa Cathedral, the Pisa Baptistry, the Campanile, and the Camposanto Monumentale. Partly paved and partly grassed, the Piazza dei Miracoli is also the site of the Ospedale Nuovo di Santo Spirito, which houses the Sinopias Museum, the square is sometimes called the Campo dei Miracoli. In 1987, the square was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The heart of the Piazza del Duomo is the Duomo, the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Pisa. The cathedral has two aisles on either side of the nave, the transept consists of three aisles. The church is also as the Primatial, the archbishop of Pisa being a Primate since 1092. Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Buscheto and it set the model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture. The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches, the façade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs of coloured marble, was built by a master named Rainaldo, as indicated by an inscription above the middle door, Rainaldus prudens operator. The massive bronze doors were made in the workshops of Giambologna. The original central door was of bronze, made around 1180 by Bonanno Pisano, however, worshippers have never used the façade doors to enter, instead entering by way of the Porta di San Ranieri, in front of the Leaning Tower, built around 1180 by Bonanno Pisano. Above the doors are four rows of galleries with, on top, statues of Madonna with Child and, on the corners. Also in the façade is found the tomb of Buscheto and an inscription about the foundation of the Cathedral, the interior is faced with black and white marble and has a gilded ceiling and a frescoed dome. It was largely redecorated after a fire in 1595, which destroyed most of the Renaissance art works, fortunately, the impressive mosaic of Christ in Majesty, in the apse, flanked by the Blessed Virgin and St. John the Evangelist, survived the fire. It evokes the mosaics in the church of Monreale, Sicily, although it is said that the mosaic was done by Cimabue, only the head of St. John was done by the artist in 1302, his last work, since he died in Pisa the same year. The cupola, at the intersection of the nave and transept, was decorated by Riminaldi showing the assumption of the Blessed Virgin. Galileo is believed to have formulated his theory about the movement of a pendulum by watching the swinging of the lamp hanging from the ceiling of the nave. That lamp, smaller and simpler than the present one, is now kept in the Camposanto, the granite Corinthian columns between the nave and the aisle came originally from the mosque of Palermo, captured by the Pisans in 1063. The coffer ceiling of the nave was replaced after the fire of 1595, the present gold-decorated ceiling carries the coat of arms of the Medici

37.
Camposanto Monumentale
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The Campo Santo, also known as Camposanto Monumentale or Camposanto Vecchio, is a historical edifice at the northern edge of the Cathedral Square in Pisa, Italy. A legend claims that bodies buried in that ground will rot in just 24 hours, the burial ground lies over the ruins of the old baptistery of the church of Santa Reparata, the church that once stood where the cathedral now stands. The term monumental serves to differentiate it from the urban cemetery in Pisa. The building was the fourth and last one to be raised in the Cathedral Square and it dates from a century after the bringing of the soil from Golgotha, and was erected over the earlier burial ground. The construction of huge, oblong Gothic cloister was begun in 1278 by the architect Giovanni di Simone. He died in 1284 when Pisa suffered a defeat in the battle of Meloria against the Genoans. The cemetery was completed in 1464. It seems that the building was not meant to be a cemetery, but a church called Santissima Trinità. However we know that the part was the western one. The outer wall is composed of 43 blind arches, the one on the right is crowned by a gracious Gothic tabernacle. It contains the Virgin Mary with Child, surrounded by four saints and it is the work from the second half of the 14th century by a follower of Giovanni Pisano. This was the entrance door. Most of the tombs are under the arcades, although a few are on the central lawn, the inner court is surrounded by elaborate round arches with slender mullions and plurilobed tracery. In the Aulla chapel we can see also the original incense lamp that Galileo Galilei used for calculation of pendular movements and this lamp is the one Galileo saw inside the cathedral, now replaced by a larger more elaborate one. The last chapel was Dal Pozzo, commissioned by archbishop of Pisa Carlo Antonio Dal Pozzo in 1594, it has a dedicated to St. Jerome. Also in the Dal Pozzo chapel sometimes a Mass is celebrated, the sarcophagi were initially all around the cathedral, often attached to the building itself. That until the cemetery was built, then they were collected in the all over the meadow. Carlo Lasinio, in the years he was the curator of the Campo Santo, nowadays the sarcophagi are inside the galleries, near the walls

38.
Domus Galilaeana
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The Domus Galilaeana is a cultural and scientific institute and library, dedicated to the history of science, located in via Santa Maria #26, in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy. Currently, the Domus Galilaeana houses a library with more than 40,000 books, the presentation was made in 1939 in the Aula Magna of the University of Pisa. The Domus Galilaeana received its status with the law of 1941. Since then, the establishment has collected all the ancient and modern publications on Galileo and coordinated studies in the history of science, thanks to a large archive, in 2002 this public institution turned into a foundation, becoming subject to private law. The Head of the Institute is located in Santa Maria street, in the old Palazzotto Specola and it is not the birthplace of Galileo, which can be found near the tribunal court, but the building that once housed the university library and the observatory tower for astronomical observation. The tower was demolished in the part of the 19th century because of its instability. The Domus Galilaeana can not be considered a real museum, throughout its history it has retained various scientific instruments on behalf of other institutions. Domus has also saved from destruction the CEP, Pisana Electronic Calculator, regular courses dedicated to schools are held on the most important characters in the history of science, from Galileo Galilei to the physicists of the 20th century

Domus Galilaeana
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Outside view

39.
Museo storia naturale di Pisa
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Museo storia naturale di Pisa is an Italian natural history museum at Pisa. It is part of the University of Pisa and is now located in Pisa Charterhouse 10 km from the city of Pisa in the comune of Calci and this was expanded to serve the natural history faculties of the University of Pisa. Initially, the gallery was in the botanic gardens, the oldest collections in the museum are Niccolò Gualtieri’s shells. (In 1814, the Botanic Garden was separated from the Natural History Museum and in 1827, Paolo Savi, the collection includes exceptional fossils from Italy for instance specimens from Monte Bolca. Art and science between neoclassicism and romanticism, the Botanical Garden in the modern age, in, Garbari F. Tongiorgi Tomasi L. Tosi A. Giardino dei Semplici — Garden of Simples, 189–209. Arte e Scienza nei musei dell’Università di Pisa, 313–327

40.
Pisa Charterhouse
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The monastery is noted for the fresco of the Last Supper, by Bernardino Poccetti, in the refectory. The Carthusians founded a monastery in 1366/67 in what is called Val Graziosa, a plain overlooked by the Monti Pisani, when Francesco Moricotti Prignani was archbishop of Pisa. This event must have happened not long before Catherine of Sienas visit of 1375, benedictines were barred from the island. In 1425, the Mediterranean reached a peak of political instability, the peace and safety of the monks on Gorgona could no longer be assured. Fearing a Saracen attack they abandoned the monastery and took up residence at Calci, bringing the records from Gorgona with them, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the complex was renovated, receiving its current Baroque appearance. In November 1946, following World War II, conventuals from the Netherlands gradually started to repopulate the building that had heavily damaged during the war years. Lack of funds, lack of novices and internal strife would cause the Dutch to abandon their project in the early nineteen-sixties. In 1981, the University of Pisa moved its natural history museum here, the collection had been started in Pisa in the 16th century as a collection of curiosities connected to the Giardino dei Semplici. It now houses one of the largest collection of skeletons in Europe

Pisa Charterhouse
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Façade of the main building of Pisa Charterhouse
Pisa Charterhouse
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A whale skeleton in the museum

41.
Orto botanico di Pisa
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The Orto botanico di Pisa, also known as the Orto Botanico dellUniversità di Pisa, is a botanical garden operated by the University of Pisa, and located at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. The garden was established in 1544 under Cosimo I de Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, in 1563 the garden was relocated from its original riverside location to one near the convent of Santa Marta, and in 1591 again moved to its third and current location. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects, a library and it also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy. Today the garden is divided into sections containing the school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, list of botanical gardens in Italy University of Pisa website for the Orto botanico di Pisa Garbari F. et al. LOrto botanico di Pisa dal XVI al XX secolo, Pisa 1991