A steady rise in crude oil prices and the possibility of rate hikes by the US Federal Reserve pushed the rupee to a 16-month low on Wednesday. Singapore – based NIZAM IDRIS, managing director, head of strategy – fixed income and currencies at Macquarie Bank tells Puneet Wadhwa that the rupee can easily hit 70.0 against the US dollar. Edited excerpts:

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What is your outlook for the Indian rupee?

Given current broad market conditions, the rupee can easily hit 70.0 against the US dollar, not just driven by domestic factors but also the rising broad pressure on Emerging Market (EM) currencies as funding costs rise. Twin-deficits economies, such as India, will face funding pressure, which is then translated to higher domestic yields and weaker currencies. The question is, how far can it go beyond 70.0? The answer could lie in the trade-off between the desire to stabilise the exchange rate and to preserve foreign reserves.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has a lot of reserves to utilise and the purpose of accumulating such financial ammunition is, to a large degree, to help battle massive pressure on the currency. This is the time to use those reserves, in the name of currency stability. This we think could help to cap USDINR at 72 in the months ahead.

Do you see the fiscal and current account deficit spiralling out of control ahead of the general elections scheduled for 2019?

In this environment, economies with large fiscal and current account deficits will inevitably face higher funding costs. India is one such economy. The world of cheap money is no more. This means there will be a more urgent need for prudence. Political exigencies ahead of the 2019 election would likely add to the complications for India.

We expect Indian bonds to come under pressure from rising global yields, higher domestic inflation — already the April consumer price inflation (CPI) data surprised to the upside — rising pressure for the RBI to hike rates in the second-half of 2018 (2HCY18) and possibly a larger bonds issuance plan to all push Indian yields higher in the months ahead. Failure to hike rates in the second half of CY18 would be good for Indian equities in the immediate term, but not for bonds.

The RBI is banking upon a normal monsoon and benign inflation as regards key interest rates. How realistic are the forecasts?

With some luck on the weather, India has been very successful in keeping food prices under control in recent years. This may have encouraged the RBI to price in lower risks of large food inflation in the months ahead. We understand such a view. As always when it comes to the monsoon though, the tail risks are large. The doubling of global oil prices too may contribute to food production costs. Trade disputes, too, may mean large shifts in China’s demand that could alter global food prices. Without considering weather-related risks, we think these factors are likely to mean asymmetric risks to the upside in food prices in the months ahead.

What’s your view on inflation in India?

Macquarie expects headline inflation to average 4.7 per cent this year but with a clear upside risks (more so in the core measure from our six per cent forecast). We expect the RBI to hike key rates twice in the first half of calendar year 2019 (1HCY19). But the risks of an earlier hike is rising, especially after the overshoot in April inflation numbers.

How do you see the global bond markets playing out over the next three – six months?

Macquarie expects bond yields to continue to rise globally over the next three – six months, driven mainly by rising inflation — albeit gradual — in most parts of the world, in particular that in the US. Global economic recovery boosts demand, which will in turn guide general prices higher. Rising oil price is also a subtle but important supply-side driver. Essentially, we expect the US Federal Reserve to hike four times this year, guiding US Treasury bond yields higher, and dragging global yields higher along with it.

Are the equity and bond markets factoring in four rate hikes by the US Fed at this stage?

We think the market is pricing in only one hike short of these projections per year. If we are right, short-end yields will likely have around 25-50 basis points (bps) upside room from here. But we see further upside in long-end United States Treasury (UST) yields, as growth and inflation are repriced.

As yields rise and bonds cheapen, equities will look relatively more expensive. This will cap equity indices this year. But growth and earnings projections remain positive, providing enough cushion to equity prices to be less sensitive to bond yield moves. We, therefore, see greater risks of adverse price action on the latter than the former for the next three – six months.