Referees
A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of
sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral
point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules
of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection
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American Football
American football, referred to as football in the United States and
Canada[citation needed] and also known as gridiron,[nb 1] is a team
sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field
with goalposts at each end. The offense, which is the team controlling
the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by
running with or passing the ball, while the defense, which is the team
without control of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and
aims to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must
advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, and otherwise they
turn over the football to the defense; if the offense succeeds in
advancing ten yards or more, they are given a new set of four downs.
Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing
team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the
opponent's goalposts for a field goal
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Referee (other)
A referee is an official in a sports game.
A referee may also be:One who engages in scholarly peer review
One who provides a reference
In law, a special referee, a judge who acts on matters of fact only
A gamemaster for a role-playing game
RefereeReferee or The
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Cue SportsCue sportsCue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard
sports,[1][2] are a wide variety of games of skill generally played
with a cue stick, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby
cause them to move around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by
elastic bumpers known as cushions.
Historically, the umbrella term was billiards. While that familiar
name is still employed by some as a generic label for all such games,
the word's usage has splintered into more exclusive competing meanings
in various parts of the world
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BilliardsCue sportsCue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard
sports,[1][2] are a wide variety of games of skill generally played
with a cue stick, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby
cause them to move around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by
elastic bumpers known as cushions.
Historically, the umbrella term was billiards. While that familiar
name is still employed by some as a generic label for all such games,
the word's usage has splintered into more exclusive competing meanings
in various parts of the world
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Commissaire (cycling)
Commissaire is the generic term for an official in competitive
cycling, approximately equivalent to umpires or referees in other
sports. The vast majority of cycling events require two or more
commissaires to fulfil a variety of roles, including supervising
pre-and post-race formalities, briefing riders and race officials,
checking the compliance of equipment, monitoring compliance with the
rules and maintaining safety during racing, resolving disputes and
judging results. Sitting as a panel they serve as a "race jury"
chaired by the Chief Commissaire to resolve contentious decisions,
although this term is now deprecated
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Fencing (sport)FencingFencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three
disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre;
winning points are made through the contact with an opponent. A fourth
discipline, singlestick, appeared in the 1904 Olympics but was dropped
after that, and is not a part of modern fencing.
FencingFencing was one of
the first sports to be played in the Olympics. Based on the
traditional skills of swordsmanship, the modern sport arose at the end
of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified the
historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French
school later refining the Italian system. There are three forms of
modern fencing, each uses a different kind of weapon and has different
rules, this way the sport itself is divided into three competitive
scenes: foil, épée, and sabre
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Umpire (field Hockey)
An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make
decisions on a hockey pitch in accordance with the rules of the game.
Each match is controlled by two such umpires. In theory they are
responsible for decisions taken on their respective half of the field,
but practically they 'control' on either diagonal half of the field.
In many higher-level events, a reserve umpire is appointed in addition
to the two field umpires to act as a back-up in the event of injury or
other issue preventing a field umpire from commencing or continuing a
match
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Field HockeyField hockeyField hockey is a team sport of the hockey family. The earliest
origins of the game date back to the
Middle AgesMiddle Ages in England, Scotland,
France and the Netherlands.[1] The game can be played on a grass
field, turf field or synthetic field as well as an indoor board
surface. Each team plays with eleven players, including the goalie.
Players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a
combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities
(with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less
likely to break) to hit a round, hard, plastic ball. The length of the
stick depends on the player's individual height.[2] Only one end of
the stick is allowed to be used
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Official (Canadian Football)
An official in
Canadian footballCanadian football is a person who has responsibility in
enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game.Contents1 Equipment
2 Uniform
3 Positions and responsibilities3.1 Referee
3.2 Umpire
3.3 Head Linesman
3.4 Line Judge
3.5 Field Judge
3.6 Side Judge
3.7 Back Judge
3.8 Replay official4 Other officiating systems
5 See also
6 References
7 External linksEquipment[edit]
Canadian footballCanadian football officials generally use the following equipment:Whistle
Used to signal that the play has ended.
Penalty Marker or Flag
A bright orange coloured flag that is thrown on the field toward or at
the spot of a foul. It is wrapped around a weight, such as sand,
beans, or small ball, so it can be thrown with some distance and
accuracy.
Bean Bag
Used to mark various spots that are not fouls
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CricketCricketCricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven
players each on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a
rectangular 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a target at each end called
the wicket (a set of three wooden stumps upon which two bails sit).
Each phase of play is called an innings, during which one team bats,
attempting to score as many runs as possible, whilst their opponents
bowl and field, attempting to minimise the number of runs scored. When
each innings ends, the teams usually swap roles for the next innings
(i.e. the team that previously batted will bowl/field, and vice
versa). The teams each bat for one or two innings, depending on the
type of match
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GolfGolfGolf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to
hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as
possible.
Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not utilize a
standardized playing area, and coping with the varied terrains
encountered on different courses is a key part of the game. The game
at the highest level is played on a course with an arranged
progression of 18 holes, though recreational courses can be smaller,
usually 9 holes. Each hole on the course must contain a tee box to
start from, and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup
(4.25 inches in diameter)
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