LA JOLLA, CA — Cell cycle checkpoints act like molecular tripwires for damaged cells, forcing them to pause and take stock. Leave the tripwire in place for too long, though, and cancer cells will press on regardless, making them resistant to the lethal effects of certain types of chemotherapy, according to researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

Their findings, published in the Aug. 28 issue of Molecular Cell, help explain how the checkpoint exit is delayed in some cancer cells, helping them to recover and resume dividing after treatment with DNA-damaging cancer drugs.

“A lot of progress has been made in understanding the molecular details of checkpoint activation,” says senior author Tony Hunter, Ph.D., a professor in the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, “but checkpoint termination, which is essential for the resumption of cell cycle progression, is less well understood.”

The Salk researchers say that a better understanding of this crucial process may allow them to develop biological markers that predict clinical resistance to chemotherapy and to design cancer drugs with fewer side effects by exploiting the molecular mechanism underlying the checkpoint exit.

“If we could screen tumors for markers of chemo-resistance, we could then adjust the treatment accordingly,” hopes first author You-Wei Zhang, Ph.D., formerly a postdoctoral researcher in Hunter’s lab and now an assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.

In response to DNA damage and blocked replication — the process that copies DNA — eukaryotes activate the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, which stops the cell cycle, buying time to repair damage and recover from stalled or collapsed replication forks. If not repaired, these errors can either kill a cell when it attempts to divide or lead to genomic instability and eventually cancer.

A key role in this process is played by the checkpoint protein Chk1, which responds to stressful conditions induced by hypoxia, DNA damage?inducing cancer drugs, and irradiation. These same conditions set the protein up for eventual degradation. But how the cellular protein degradation machinery knows that it is time to dispose of activated Chk1 was unclear.

In his experiments, Zhang discovered that activation of Chk1 exposes a so-called degron, a specific string of amino acids that attracts the attention of a protein known as Fbx6, short for F box protein 6. Fbx6 in turn brings in an enzyme complex that flags Chk1 proteins for degradation, allowing the cell to get rid of the activated checkpoint protein. Once Chk1 is eliminated, cells will resume the cell cycle progression, or, in the prolonged presence of replication stress, undergo programmed cell death. Yet some cancer cells keep dividing even in the presence of irreparable damage.

“Camptothecins are FDA-approved cancer drugs that induce replication stress and stop cancer cells dividing, but their clinical antitumor activity is very limited by the relatively rapid emergence of drug resistance, and the mechanisms are poorly understood,” says Hunter. “We wondered whether defects in the Chk1 destruction machinery might allow cells to ignore the effects of camptothecin and similar drugs used for chemotherapy.”

When Zhang checked cultured cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissue, he found that low levels of Fbx6 predicted high levels of Chk1 and vice versa. But most importantly, he was able to demonstrate that two of the three most camptothecin-resistant cancer cell lines in the cancer cell line panel available through the National Cancer Institute displayed significant defects in camptothecin-induced Chk1 degradation, which seemed to be caused by very low levels of Fbx6 expression.

“Chk1 and Fbx6 clearly play an important role for the regulation of the response to chemotherapy,” he says. “One day, they could become an important prognostic marker that predicts patients’ responsiveness to drugs such as irinotecan, platinum compounds, and gemcitabine, while Chk1 inhibitors might increase tumor cells’ sensitivity to these drugs.” Such a combination therapy could overcome clinical resistance or allow doctors to reduce the amount of administered drug, thereby reducing the often debilitating side effects.

Researchers who contributed to the work include John Brognard, Ph.D., Zhongsheng You, Ph.D., and Aaron Aslanian, Ph.D., in the Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory; Chris Coughlin, Ph.D., and Robert T. Abraham, Ph.D., at Wyeth Oncology Discovery in Pearl River, NY; Marisa Dolled-Filhart, Ph.D., at HistoRx Inc., New Haven, CT; and Gerard Manning, Ph.D., director of the Razavi-Newman Center for Bioinformatics at the Salk Institute.

About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world’s preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.

Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.