Forensic science has proven that Paul McCartney was replaced in
1966. A scientific team in Italy consisting of Francesco
Gavazzeni and Gabriella Carlesi conducted a biometrical analysis
of Paul pre and post 1966. The scientists saw discrepancies in
the facial features that could not be accounted for by error or
plastic surgery.

The original article was entitled
Chiedi chi era quel «Beatle»
and was included in the August 2009 Italian WIRED magazine. A
translation follows.

The following is a machine translation of the above
article into English.

Francesco Gavazzeni, 40 years, information technology,
and Gabriella Carlesi, 51, medical legal, are
superperiti cases of Ilaria Alpi, the monster of
Florence and the attack to the Pope in 1981
Photo: Joerg Klaus

To write a song like Yesterday is better to have a box
round skull. If instead we wanted a bit more rock, we do
Get back ", it is preferable that the skull is more
narrow and long. The fact that the two songs have the
same author leads straight to the heart of the puzzle,
which for forty years has a name, even a symbol: PID
(Paul Is Dead). The argument in Paul McCartney is
obviously that, apart from Yesterday and Get back, has
written dozens of pieces of pop-rock success. Paul is
one of the most curious, persistent and articulate urban
legends of all times: one that supports his death (kept
secret), already in autumn 1966 and the replacement with
a double to continue the triumphant and lucrative
career. Until today.

Many surveys confirm that the legend of PID is one of
the best known by the public. From today, perhaps, new
polls could be even more clear, thanks to the
discoveries of two Italian researchers to see that the
whole story did not just send the music tracks or
contrary to the exegesis of a text but appeals are hard
to protocols that govern the practice of forensic
identification methodology.

Gabriella Carlesi and Francesco Gavazzeni are an odd
pair: she is un'anatomopatologa, he a computer
scientist. She is an expert in the recognition
craniometrico, he puts the potential of computers
available to a discipline born in the mid nineteenth
century: the craniometria note. According to Zingarelli,
"is the science that deals with the measurement of the
skull in relation to anthropology and comparative
all'Anatomia. Now, to identify a person has absolute
damage the two exams: the fingerprints and the DNA (if
the sampling is done properly, which is not always the
case). In the absence of fingertips and DNA samples of
the methodology used all'antropometria identification
and, in particular, to craniometria, based on some
specific points. In the face of anyone, unchangeable and
codified by the French nell'Ottocento Paul Broca. What
are these? In scientific terms we could not define the
distance between the pupils, the intersection between
the nose and arched sopraccigliari the point where the
base of the nose is detached from the upper lip, the
shape of the jaw and Regulation, the ear. Then there's
the shape of the skull.

In general, however, prefers to speak topographic
anatomy, rather than specific points, to "regions",
because within a few inches of skin can be more useful
to establish similarities and differences. The
Anthropometrics and craniometria, as have an nineteenth
century are the basis of biometrics, the science used
today for personal recognition by the most sophisticated
intelligence of the world. Vast database of biometric
data of terrorists are quickly and looked cross and,
based on algorithms generated by the points of the face,
reveal the true identity of people shot from cameras or
photographed airports. As a Carlesi and Gavazzeni, meet
their responsibilities and, as happens in the show,
really see what we humans can not even imagine. To this
have helped the investigation in cases of black or
chronicle of international intrigue: the monster of
Florence the attack to John Paul II, the murder of Erika
and Omar in Novi Ligure in the death of journalist
Ilaria Alpi Whenever adding elements is crucial for the
police investigations or the proceedings of courts and
committees of inquiry. Their expertise on anthropometric
photographs and films have helped to rule out that it
was the Somali Hashi Omar Hassan to kill Ilaria Alpi and
Miran Hrovatin its operator in May 1994 in Mogadishu.
Also they have opened a new runway in the case of the
monster of Florence where, together with Professor John
Pierucci, dean of medicine Italian, have shown that
people retrieve from Lake Trasimeno in 1985 was in fact
the doctor Francesco Narducci, principal suspect murders
of the "monster".

The decision that pushes two experts of this level to
devote time and intellect to check PID is taken in a
Saturday in March 2006, at the Institute of Forensic
Medicine of Pavia. It is here that has a center
gathering the team around Prof. Pierucci, Professor of
Medicine with a passion for history. And it is here that
you are recording interviews for a documentary on the
death of Benito Mussolini and Claretta Petacci, to which
Pierucci and "his boys" have made sensational
discoveries by analyzing photos of Piazzale Loreto, shot
in Milan on 29 April 1945. Old and dramatic images
capable of revealing only thanks to the latest analysis
techniques, new details and a dynamic of events differs
from that of classical shooting. In practice: no dual
running of the famous front gate of Giulino Mezzegra to
16 and 10 of 28 April 1945, but two away from killing a
few hours and a few hundred meters. Before Mussolini,
perhaps during a colluttazione, was struck
head-and-blank while it is in no shirt and boots, her
latest, and dressed in fur, it's swath behind. Later, he
played the best and she has no fur, are brought to the
Piazzale Loreto. On that day, none of the many
photographers could imagine how many things could
reveal, sixty years later, their shots.

Closed the case Mussolini-Petacci, comes the proposal
for a new challenge: why not take a look at some 'old
photos, this time of the Sixties, and demonstrate an
unfounded legend underground so widespread as
incredible? The challenge is collected by Gabriella
Carlesi and Francesco Gavazzeni with fun and a sense of
sufficiency, because here there are no dead bodies or
bullet holes to be analyzed. We have to push as far as
possible their ability to compare images to find out if
two faces belong or not to the same person. A specialty
that the two had already put in place some years before,
when you had to understand if in Piazza San Pietro, May
13 1981, next to the turkish Ali Agca who shot John Paul
II there was or was not (and in fact it was discovered
which there was) the Bulgarian Sergei Antonov.

The intersection between technology and craniometria
(which, among other things, allows you to take photos
similar proportions to the same subject taken at
different times) has enabled to observe, as never
before, a series of images of Paul McCartney from the
sixties to today. Gavazzeni says: "Now is infinitely
easier to see and notice certain things, because the
technique of digital processing allows a comparison of
speed and precision of analysis significantly higher
than those of even just ten years ago." The first step
is to then find and select images to be able to
proportion the best photos for quality and range, and
provide measurements and comparisons. At the end we will
deliver the verdict. On which neither nor Carlesi
Gavazzeni, at first, appear to have serious doubts, "But
yes, I said son, we get two minutes to conclude that it
is the same person," recalls the smiling Pathological
anatomy. "Looking at what was on the internet seemed
sufficient to settle the matter: do not know how to work
with a proper methodology and so they can show what they
want." In general, on many web sites dedicated to the
legend of Paul Is Dead, demonstrating what door? To say
that in November 1966, the "real" McCartney died in a
car accident and was replaced with a double, and
left-handed musician like him.

A sophisticated (but not to the point that they leave
traces), a deception is necessary to not clog the
mechanism which produced impressive gains. So fabulous
to be given a breath of fresh air to the British
economy. And so, for the ranks of the plot, thanks to
the many trials that the Beatles themselves have sown
for years in the songs and covers of their albums, the
truth is one. No coincidence that the success of Paul
McCartney solo, tour record campaigns vegetarian
billionaires and divorces is often called Faul. Not Paul
but "Faul", a fusion between fake, that is "false", and
Paul. The nickname is one of the consequences of a media
storm that began on 12 October 1969 with a call from an
unidentified Tom (Alfred for some sources) during a
broadcast conducted by DJ Russell Gibb Wknr on the radio
in Detroit. Tom claimed that McCartney had died and that
his death was kept secret from the other Beatles and
their management but that the group had also decided to
sow a series of clues in the records, no one had even
noticed anything. That phone call directly gave the
start to a treasure hunt that, after forty years, no
signs of ending.

"We knew these stories surface in a way, like a po
'all', and say Carlesi Gavazzeni. "But this certainly
was not our starting point. For us to be the basis of
good pictures, in great numbers and with an acceptable
anatomical anthropometric compatibility between them. "
The research is conducted across the photos taken before
1966 and certainly photos dating from 1967 on, both
while the Beatles were still together during the period
of solo McCartney. "It was not easy as it might seem,"
recalls Gavazzeni. "For photos of the early years I have
noticed a widespread uncertainty about the dating,
something that does not occur in the subsequent period.
Indeed, some snapshots are different depending on the
agencies and the best photos are the property of the
photographers who do not give too easily. "

To make a comparison between two different periods was
therefore necessary to lay down some markers, comparing
the best available images of the same subject and
carried out in rapid succession. As a basis for
determining the proportions and be able to do work was
sacrificed an important aspect in the identification:
the distance interpupillare. In fact, they have this
policy as a point of alignment of the images have not
been able to use to compare different picture. In other
words, because everything else was in the scale had to
change something.

Two images pre'66, made a comparison and carried on a
single scale of reference for making the same
proportions, show a perfect coincidence of the main key
points. In particular, the mandibular curve, ie the line
that leads to the computer to define the perimeter of
the lower face, say from ear to ear via the chin, is
substantially identical. The margin of error is less
than one percent. "For the perfect coincidence between
two images is virtually impossible," says Gavazzeni, by
convention it is considered acceptable at most 2.5
percent of difference. Beyond this limit, the divergence
is such as to suggest the difference in identity between
the two entities in question. Since in this case the
spread is less than one percent, the problem does not
arise: the two photos certainly depict the same person.
" It was at this point to search for other photos with
similar characteristics, but after the alleged
"incident".

The first useful photo, taken of course after the date
of the 'incident' is, as say, an image emblematic. It is
inside the cover of a disc not only important for the
history of rock but also crucial in developing the story
of PID: Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, released
in June 1967. For more than eight months the Beatles do
not appear in public and now again with a change of
style and look that, in hindsight, does not only
increase the doubts. Indeed, even without the
craniometria, PID in the past could count on some
anomalies that can fuel the suspicion that perhaps
something had really happened. Besides, even without
knowing the search for Carlesi and Gavazzeni, Glauco
cartoccio, Italian author of the book on this subject
(The case of double-Beatle, Robin Edizioni, 2007) noted
that "on the one hand, there is no doubt that the
majority the facts or evidence is easily rebuttable or
appear laughable and decidedly paradoxical, on the
other, but we can say that a good 30 percent of them
remain unexplained and disturbing in the light of logic.
" In only Sgt Pepper's were counted 40 different
indications, including photos which have focused the
attention of Carlesi and Gavazzeni. The legend of PID
would not have had the impact that had, without a symbol
at first sight no less obscure: OPD. That's what we read
about a curious distinctive Mc-Cartney has on his left
arm in that photo. For almost everyone, McCartney in the
head, is a random choice, a gadget buff or Canada. OPD
in fact going to "Ontario Police Department." According
to the OPD complottistica indicate the formula commonly
used by police to declare the death of a person:
Officially Pronounced Dead, that is "officially declared
dead." "Initially we chose to Sgt McCartney Pepper's not
because we thought the true meaning of OPD. but simply
because it seemed a photo that did the job. Certainly
not even imagine how many things would have helped us to
discover, "says Gavazzeni.

That McCartney, certainly portrayed in the first half of
1967, was flanked by another picture, a few years later,
taken between 1971 and 1972. The aim was to repeat the
operation of comparison already made with images from
the early sixties and then proceed with comparative
findings from two groups of pictures. Again, the two new
images is a good compatibility. It only remains to
compare the image data prior to the date of the alleged
incident and subsequent ones. "The surprise was great,"
says Gavazzeni: The mandibular curve between the two
sets of photos showed a discrepancy of over 6 percent,
well beyond the threshold of error. But there was more.
Changed the development of the mandibular profile:
before 1966 each side of the jaw is composed of two
curves Net, since 1967 appears to be a single curve.
There is therefore a curve morphological different.

And the surprises do not end there because the
relentless Gavazzeni, like a boxer who feels close the
ko of the opponent, not the spring taken on the photo
where McCartney, unaware, mentions a somewhat smug
'perplexed: "To the naked eye is known what will be a
constant in the photos from that moment on, a couple of
photo retouching fairly obvious to an expert eye. There
is a gray area that covers the outside corner of left
eye. Only for some time not seen before. And going to
peep at that point, where for years there was one dark
spot, now there is a cross between a scar and a sign of
skin stretched like an aesthetic touch. The most
immediate explanation is that probably, already in the
sixties, has been made for an action on the eyes but it
is still something imperfect, that for a long time has
gone forward a mask. " Then there is a detail concerning
the conformation of the skull: "Indeed, the impression
is that the shape of the head was given a 'more
rounded', Gavazzeni says:" So in the reduced effective
length, by a trick used at the time and realized that
being printed. Eff CTIVITIES change the conformation of
the skull of an adult is something impossible. Yet,
judging from the photos, is exactly what it shows.

Gabriella Carlesi adds an additional element: "Compared
to the previous picture, that of Sgt Pepper's show
clearly that the commessura lip, that is the line formed
by the lips of the two, it was suddenly stretched. Which
obviously is not possible and that the whiskers can not
camouflage. In other words, the phenomenon is all too
frequently these days, the lips can be inflated and
increased in volume, but the width of the lip commessura
can not vary that much. May be slight, but this is not
the case for the photos examined: here the difference
between the before and after is too strong to have been
caused by any surgery. And more, always under the
mustache of the McCartney Sgt Pepper's, maybe it was
trying to hide something else: what the experts call it
the nose-spinal or sottonasale. This is the point
between the two nostrils where the nose begins to fall
off the face: "This is also in this case a distinctive
feature that medicine can not alter surgery. It can
change the shape of the nose but not the nose-cord,
"says Gabriella Carlesi. "And McCartney from the first
group of photos and the second point that clearly
varies.

Aware of not leaving anything to chance, and Carlesi
Gavazzeni between surprised and amused, are beginning to
acknowledge that he is perplexed. Gabriella says: "We
liked the idea of applying to this case, a rigorous
methodology, acceptance and demand for work on a certain
scale. But do not imagine that, at some point, our
investigation would have taken the direction that was
taking ...». The same awe that seizes those who analyze
its dynamics (Esoteric, communication, music) the story
of the alleged death and for Paul McCartney also takes
possession of the two researchers as they go in the
study of images deemed most suitable for checks
craniometriche . "The more we asked for an answer and
took more time," recalls Gavazzeni. "It seemed
impossible but the idea that something you did not
return ever stronger, day after day, pictures after
pictures. The challenge was made intriguing, would go
ahead because other important issues waiting to be
examined. Starting with the one in which Gabriella
Carlesi excel and for which enjoys international fame:
dental identification. More McCartney sings and shows
you smiling more Carlesi collects food items for his
doubts: "To me the proof of evidence is the shape of the
palate, yet more than the teeth."

There are impossible things and things that are possible
but at the cost of operations long, painful and never
perfect. Especially if done in the sixties. Now, careful
examination of some pictures of McCartney before and
after the 1966 autumn leaves, it must be said, in
amazement: "First of all there is right upper canine,"
observes Carlesi Gabriella. "In the photos prior to 1966
is known as protruding relative to the line of teeth.
It's the classic case of a tooth that lack of space it
ends up misaligned, pushed out by the pressure of other
teeth. It is curious that the same dogs in the photos
from 1967 forward, but without ever protruding apparent
reason: the images show that the space would have to be
aligned with the neighboring teeth. It's like if you
wanted to recreate is a detail in a mouth where
quell'anomalia would have never been able to express. "
The real crux of the reasoning of dental identification
suggested by Gabriella Carlesi covers the whole palate
of McCartney that before 1966, appears close to the
point of justifying various misalignments of the teeth,
although in less obvious forms of upper right canine.
After the publication of Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club
Band, however, the palates of McCartney widens
considerably, to the point that the front teeth does not
rotate on its axis more as before. With the only on,
than the usual canine. "A change of the shape of the
palate, Carlesi concludes, 'in the Sixties was not
impossible but would be very traumatic, the result of an
actual intervention maxillo-facial. In practice
McCartney should have been subjected to an operation
that would involve the opening of the suture palate,
broken bone and then a long prosthetic and orthodontic
treatment. In other words, for a change so sensitive in
the sixties to McCartney would be required not only a
particularly painful and bloody, but also the use of a
fixed orthodontic multiband then, for over a year. Which
would not have been possible to hide and would be
obvious repercussions on the performance of a vocal
professional singer. "But above all," concludes
Gabriella Carlesi, "reasons that Paul McCartney might
have to undergo such an ordeal?".

Needless to ask the question to the person concerned:
Paul McCartney, as well as the other Beatles, he always
preferred glisse on direct questions, or you all'ironia
appeal to ridicule the whole affair. One between
McCartney and the legend of his death is a game to
rimpiattino. In fact, stress and Carlesi Gavazzeni, if
he really wanted to put the word end to all this history
McCartney could do so for some time. While he was alive,
his father could do such an examination of DNA to
confine the story of PID once and for all the world of
legends. Or Paul could appeal to younger brother, Mike.
But did nothing. Indeed, the only time I was forced to
review the genre has fueled new suspicions and
questions. Which he voiced a German woman of 45 years,
Bettina Krischbin, McCartney's daughter called the fruit
of a relationship between the young musician not yet
famous and Erika Wohlers, a blonde girl in Hamburg where
the Beatles made their Gavetta. In 1961, when Bettina
was born, McCartney did not want to recognize his
daughter but, curiously, contributed to its maintenance
with a monthly payment of 200 marks. Erika satisfied,
Bettina no. And, once adult, he decided to go to court
to obtain official recognition of the father. The
paternity test did not give the expected results. But
Bettina has a suspicion that there has been a scam: the
test was presented to him a double of his father, as
both show the pictures taken that day is an autograph
that, in a report, would not only done by a fake
left-handed but also quite different from other
autographs of McCartney. Uncertainties continue to grow
primarily because of the card, the ace in this survey
conducted by Gabriella Carlesi and Francis Gavazzeni: a
detail of a few square millimeters in court that could
be decisive.

Technically called trago. All we have two, one by ear,
but the characteristics are different for every human
being. "In Germany, a recognition procedure
craniometrico, identification of the right ear even
tantamount to fingerprint, ie the collection of
fingerprints," recalls Carlesi. But what trago? It is
the small cartilage covered with skin that overhangs the
entrance to the ear and ear canal, like the whole ear,
not be changed surgically. How then to explain the
differences between the right ear of Paul McCartney in a
previous snapshot to 1966 and probably a built in the
late nineties? It is not only to betray trago a
different conformation as well as other parts, just
above the ear canal entrance, measurements and
dell'antelice propeller. Things that ordinary mortals
might seem irrelevant or unclear, but instead, every
day, allowing the experts to locate and identify
persons, bodies, photographs.

Yet, even in the face of such considerations, the
skepticism is hard to die. "I still do not know what to
say, but tell me what ', admits that McCartney
Gavazzeni, whoever he is, declares fan. While Carlesi
merely observed: "The doubts are very strong and the
number of discrepancies, but we can not yet say with
absolute certainty. Especially because we speak of a
character well known and more alive. In front of a
corpse would be more clear: the data would have led me
emerged and allowed to proceed with more detailed
investigations and dirimenti. However, if there was
substitution, the true masterpiece was to find a double
anthropometric characteristics with all things close to
the 'original' "he admits. "It must be said that the
analysis anthropometric be necessarily accompanied by
other tests to make sure an expert at 100 percent."

Without lead and commit itself, at least in words, the
ultimate consequences of their investigation, and
Carlesi Gavazzeni amletici embody the essence of the
legend of Paul Is Dead. Two different types of
rationality collide without the possibility of a shared
truth. How not to ask how can a man, in a few months,
alter the shape of the skull, palate, mouth, nose, jaw
and ears while continuing to sing and compose music? On
the one hand there is the difficulty to accept an
exchange of nearly perfect person, on the other
craniometria goes to support the many signs posted in
the discs, in portfolios and in their videos by the
Beatles.

But the questions that may have found an answer if they
replace other, no less demanding. Starting
dall'interrogativo where anyone, including the direct
question, it seems able to answer: Who is the man who
called Paul McCartney?

The IF Paul McCartney died in November 1966 in a car
accident and the Beatles were replaced with a musician
almost identical to him.

SCIENCE craniometria Anthropometrics and are the basis
of biometrics that, for purposes of intelligence or
medical conditions, measure the physiological variables
of a human being through mathematical or statistical
methods.

You can see the different conformation of piercing A (billobato
before the 1966) the different performance of ellce and
the different amplezza of antelice and of the valley. Do
not coincide even the proportions between the various
points Litania-from antelice and incisura pretagica (or
the depression between Piercing and antitrago).

First of all the sources:
CARLESI and Gavazzeni have used images acquired
digitally from album original, photos of repertoire and
steps with a digital different origins.
The question of their research, technically, is:
compatibility anatomoantropometrica between the
portraits of Paul McCartney before and after the 1966,
the year in which some believe is dead.
The images pre 1966 have been put in comparison with
photo current, taking into account the impact of time
past and surgery
aesthetics on soft parts of the face.
Before proceeding with the comparisons, pictures are
aligned and given to a single scale of reference.
Then (picture I) you have to identify the points
of craniometrici Broca (by Paul Pierre Broca,
anthropologist,
doctor and surgeon French lived
in the 19 th century) and mapping the face of Pau!.

1. glabella (g).
2. nasion (n).
3. Centre of pupils (a parameter that we should abandon
because it has been
used as point of alignment for the images).
4. Point nose-cord (Sn).
5. pogonion and gnathion (PG).

condilare gonion and emergency of articulation time-mandibular
serve to determine the profile

are beginning to arise the first discrepancies
anatomical in figure the (two different images of Paul
McCartney prior to 1966), extrapolating in detail the
movements of the curve mandibular, we note the perfect
coincidence of curves.
In the images pre 1966 the face of Paul McCartney is
inscrivibile in a trapeze,
in the rear in an ellipse, comparing two pictures taken
in different periods
the discrepancies are obvious.
The size of the third medium of the skeleton of the
massive facial not match.

In Figure IV shall note the rough discrepancy of the
trend of the curve mandibular, the pogonion DOES NOT
COINCIDE AS THE commessura speech (the corners of the
mouth).

In comparison with the image is the cover internal Sgt.
Pepper's (figure (iii) is also noted a discrepancy of
dimensional commessura speech that the moustasches (a
completely new nellook by Paul post 1966) are unable to
camouflage. Also the different performance
of the pavilions headsets is not completely hidden by
the new cut of hair.

The existence of images of the mouth open of Paul
McCartney before the 1966
(essentially live pictures of the artist while he sings)
has also made possible
a comparison on the look of teeth.

The figure v Paul dated 1966 show a marked endognazia,
or a palate close to form
the ogiva. There is a minimum distance between the
canines, with misalignment of
upper-right Canino for lack of space in Arch. There is
also an arch of narrow chin
also at the level. And molar. The Arch over the figure
you left track dental arch different with the incisors
central and lateral completely visible, and not aligned
rotated on their axis. There is also a uniform of the
color of the crowns in all the elements of
arch superior, that is we expect a ceramic encapsulation
of the teeth.
It is important stress that no prosthetic rehabilitation
is able to
create a bone that discrepancy, cellular and palatal.
Aspects that in a person
shall be only through a surgical very invasive the
suturing palatal and consequent
orthodontic treatment and prostheses Co. these
interventions, very difficult
today, were particularly painful and almost impossible
in the 1960s