Wednesday, May 01, 2013

Part One of Army of Milla looked at Vulgar Auteurism and some issues surrounding the current discourse on low-prestige action films. Here in Part Two I'll take a general look at Paul WS Anderson's Resident Evil series, in search of evidence that Anderson might rightfully be considered an auteur.

1. History

Resident Evil
began life as a video game series produced by Capcom for the Sony PlayStation,
initially premiering in 1996 and achieving both popular and critical success.
The games are seminal in the “survival horror” genre,
a subset of the action game wherein “the player is made to feel less powerful
than in typical action games, because of limited ammunition, health, speed, or
other limitations. The player is also challenged to find items that unlock the
path to new areas, and solve puzzles at certain locations. Games make use of
strong horror themes, and the player is often challenged to navigate dark
maze-like environments, and react to unexpected attacks from enemies.” The
process of adapting the games to film began in the late 1990s, with George
Romero attached to write and direct. The producers were, however, unhappy with
the script Romero produced and brought in Paul WS Anderson who wrote an
entirely new script and signed to direct as well.

Anderson had experience with video game movies, as his 1995
film, the decent but more or less ludicrous Mortal
Kombat (an adaptation of the popular fighting game) had turned out to be a
surprise hit, despite all expectations and the presence of Talisa Soto, star of
some of the most disastrous films of the last 25 years (even her best film, License to Kill, was the movie that
nearly ended the James Bond franchise). His next couple of films (1997’s Event Horizon and 1998’s Soldier) had failed to capitalize on
that success and Anderson found himself back in the video game ghetto, barely a
step above direct-to-video land in the Hollywood prestige hierarchy. Things had
gotten so bad for Anderson that he’d had to start crediting himself with his
two middle initials to distinguish himself from the later-starting but now more
famous writer-director Paul Thomas Anderson. The first Resident Evil movie was a hit, grossing just over $100 million, and
Anderson went on to write the next four films in the series, each of which has
been poorly reviewed (they range between 21% and 34% on rotten tomatoes) and
commercially successful, with the last two films grossing over $200 million
worldwide and the series as a whole approaching $1 billion in global box office.
Anderson also directed the first, fourth and fifth films in the series, with
the second and third films directed by Alexander Witt and Russell Mulcahy,
respectively. Anderson passed on directing those to write and direct Alien Vs. Predator and Death Race. At present, Anderson is at
work on the script for the sixth Resident
Evil film, which he will also direct. Due to be released in 2014, this will
reportedly be the final film in the series.

2. Structure and Setting

The five Resident Evil
films each feature the same basic story structure. After an opening action/suspense
sequence, there’s a long bit of exposition after which the plot proper begins.
Each movie involves the main characters being trapped in a confined space from
which they must escape while evading a variety of monsters. This escape takes
up the bulk of the running time (so to speak), as the group is winnowed down to
a few survivors left to face the film’s ultimate villain in a final battle.
After the battle, there’s a short epilogue with a cliffhanger that sets up the
next film in the series. This is a classic design, especially for action films,
and you can find versions of it throughout film history, from Griffith shorts
to Indiana Jones.

Anderson has suggested that his propensity for trapping his
characters in small spaces may have something to do with his upbringing in
coal-mining country, but I wouldn’t put too much stock in such biographizing as
a general rule. Despite their confinement, Anderson often films his characters
as dwarfed by the architecture that surrounds them, trapping them in another
way within an immense space.

Each film is set in a unique environment: the first in an
underground laboratory, the second in a city at night, the third in a Western
desert, the fourth in an urban prison and the fifth in an undersea base which
itself contains multiple unique environments. More on this later.

3. Characters

The main character of the Resident Evil films is Alice, played by Milla Jovovich. She’s a new
character for the films, not appearing in any of the early video games. Alice
is the only character to appear in all of the films, and we see almost
everything through her eyes. In the first film, she’s suffering from amnesia,
but eventually we learn that she was the head of security for a secret
underground research laboratory run by the Umbrella Corporation. Umbrella is
the primary villain of the series, though it’s incarnated differently in each
film. In the first and fifth films, Alice is opposed by a homicidal computer
system, the Red Queen. In the second film, as the zombie-creating T-Virus
spreads through Raccoon City, the local military and government that has sealed
the city off hoping to contain it, condemning millions to death. In the third
film, the villain is a mad scientist, Dr. Isaacs, played by Game of Thrones’s Iain Glen. In the
fourth film, it’s Umbrella CEO Albert Wesker (played by Shawn Roberts). The
cliffhanger at the end of the fifth film has Alice joining forces with Wesker
at the White House to fight both the computer and the zombies.

Alice is aided in each film by a rotating cast, most of whom
are eaten by each film’s end. The major supporting characters include Michelle
Rodriguez as Rain (first and fifth films), Ali Larter as Claire Redfield
(third, fourth), Sienna Guillory as Jill Valentine (second, fifth), Oded Fehr
as Carlos Olivera (second, third, fifth) and Mike Epps as LJ (second, third).

The characters are fungible. Death is not necessarily the
end for them, as cloning plays a major part in the series. The fifth film is
populated with evil versions of characters that had died in earlier movies. As
well there is much genetic experimentation. At the end of the first film, Alice
is taken captive by Umbrella and injected with the T-Virus, which we learn in
the second film gives her superpowers while it turns her compatriot Matt
Addison (played by Eric Mabius) into a monster (Nemesis). While fighting Wesker
at the beginning of the fourth film, those superpowers are taken away, turning
her back into an ordinary badass action hero. He returns them at the end of the
fifth film.

This has a flattening effect on character psychology. The
films place little emphasis on backstory or motivation. We know very little
about Alice, and the supporting characters are as broad as
possible. Like the story structure, the characters are literally generic. This particularly suits Jovovich's strengths as an actress. Her appearance is vaguely alien, or at least superhuman, and her supermodelity makes her more expressive physically, with her body and with her face and eyes, than she is verbally. The films don't require her to create a character with a complex psyche, rather she's a perfect vehicle for plot delivery and audience identification (always based on fantasy).

(Not that Jovovich isn't a good actress. I was a big fan of her performance in Luc Besson's Joan of Arc movie The Messenger, though I think I might be the only one.)

4. Visual Style

There’s a bit more variation in visual style as you would
expect from a series with multiple directors but only one writer. The three
directed by Paul WS Anderson evince his clean, uncluttered approach to set
design and action editing, with a clear focus on bodies moving in space. The
fourth and fifth films especially make extensive use of slow-motion, the ‘bullet-time’
style popularized by the Matrix
films. The second film, by longtime Ridley and Tony Scott assistant director
Alexander Witt and the third, by Highlander
director Russell Mulcahy, are much more in the ‘intensive continuity’ style of
modern Hollywood action films, which uses the kinetics of rapidly cut together
shots of body fragments and empty space as a proxy for the intensity of
physical action, and thus tends to create spatially incoherent fight scenes.
The third film also uses a grainy, sepia-grey color palate similar to PWSA’s Death Race and Marc Neveldine &
Brian Taylor’s Crank: High Voltage
that looks particularly ugly next to the sleek whites and blues of Anderson’s
films.

The first film makes extensive use of security camera
footage, motivated as the POV as the Red Queen computer system. Trevor Link
makes a compelling case for this as a study of voyeurism and political power in
an
essay at his website. That thread isn’t much explored in the later films,
though the concept of the Umbrella Corporation as an entity reaching into every
aspect of our lives is somewhat there. Yau Nai-hoi’s Eye in the Sky from 2007, produced by Johnnie To, is I think more
successful and nuanced at analyzing surveillance culture through use of
different film stocks representing the various ways we are spied on in public.

5. Referentiality

The Resident Evil
films, with their schematic plot structures and generic characters are the
perfect vehicles for movie references. The structure allows the films to be set
in almost any kind of environment, and Anderson utilizes them to essentially
chronicle the last 50 years or so of action and suspense cinema. The references
begin with the first shot (repeated in each of the first three films), an
extreme close-up of Milla Jovovich’s eyeball, from which the camera slowly
pulls away reveling her collapsed body in a bathtub, shower curtain draped
around her. It’s the inverse of one of the concluding shots from the shower
scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho.
Where that camera spirals into Janet Leigh’s dead eye, Anderson spirals out.
What we’ll get is a story of life after death: literally as the dead come back
to life but also life after the death of civilization, the twisted clone lives
of the dead side characters, and the indestructibility of Alice herself, never
more evident than in the beginning of the fourth film, when she storms Umbrella
Headquarters backed by an army of Alice-clones. We see Alice die again and
again and again.

Each film in the series has a specific model from genre film
history. The first is a variation on Alien,
with a small group of people trapped in a confined space against an enemy they
don’t understand being manipulated by a shadowy corporation and a computer that
doesn’t place much value on human life. The second film recalls Escape from New York, where Alice and
her companions must traverse an overrun and locked-down metropolis to rescue
someone (in this case the daughter of an Umbrella scientist as opposed to the
President in John Carpenter’s film). There are also hints of George Romero’s Land of the Dead, with the city walled
off from the zombie hordes while the elites escape. The third film takes place
after the virus has spread, destroying civilization and much of the planet
itself. It’s a desert world where fuel is the most important currency and gangs
of survivors attempt to caravan to a promised land. In other words: it’s The Road Warrior. The fourth film begins
with the attack of the Alice-clones, shot in a cleanly digital bullet-time with
the Alices dressed in the all-black cat-suit Carrie-Anne Moss sports in The Matrix. The film’s middle section
takes place in a prison where a group of survivors is surrounded by zombies,
recalling Carpenter’s Assault on Precinct
13. The fifth film presents the most complex set of references: it’s based
on the Resident Evil series itself,
going about as far as sustainable down its own rabbit-hole.

Opening with a gorgeous action sequence played in slow
motion and backwards as the credits role, then replayed forwards, the film quickly
plunges Alice into a massive undersea Umbrella base. Within that base are the
aforementioned clones of the characters from previous films, as well as a
series of unique environments: the Raccoon City of the first film, a sequence
set in Tokyo (replayed and expanded from the fourth film), and the ultra-white
Umbrella hallways seen in most of the other films. Unique to this film is a
normal suburban world, complete with an Alice clone who thinks she’s a typical
housewife with husband (a Carlos clone) and daughter. This world is then
ravaged by zombies in an experiment run by the Red Queen. This is the only time
we ever get to see Alice leading anything like a normal life. The plot of the
film more or less follows that of Aliens,
with Alice joined by a team of soldiers to rescue a little girl, her clone
child from the suburban simulation. It ends with a confrontation straight out
of Ice Station Zebra, with each side
facing off in an Arctic wilderness: Alice and the surviving soldiers vs. a now
super-powered and evil Michelle Rodriguez clone and a brainwashed Jill
Valentine.

Watching most of Paul WS Anderson’s films, this kind of
referentiality is what strikes me as his most distinctive trait. Almost all of
his films are based on an existing, and very popular, property of some kind: Death Race is a straight remake of the
70s cult classic Death Race 2000, The Three Musketeers is a reasonably
faithful adaptation of the Dumas novel, albeit with a wildly anachronistic
twist, Alien Vs. Predator is a movie
based on a game based on two series of movies. The latter I think gives a clue
as to Anderson’s approach to genre and story, as the mythologies of these sci-fi
classics are melded with actual historical mythology and some contemporary
conspiracy theories about ancient history. The film posits that the pyramids
built in Egypt and Central America were built by aliens, and that humanity
participated in ceremonial sacrifices there. These aliens were the Predators
and the sacrifices involved the Aliens. There’s a seamlessness to the way
Anderson passes from one mythology to the other, with the way he adapts and
bends previously created material to build his own unique mythological world.
It’s somewhat akin to the way a backwoods preacher has a limitless supply of
bible verses at his disposal for use in any situation. Except for Anderson, the
bible is genre cinema.

The question remains though, is there enough evidence to call
Paul WS Anderson an auteur? He has a unique approach to story and character,
with a distinctive visual style and appears to be exploring interesting and
personal thematic territory. But is it art? I’ll attempt to answer that in the
next and final installment of this series, Resident Evil and Classical Auteurism.

Monday, April 29, 2013

It's been a few months, so it feels like time to hand out some more awards. 1939 is generally considered one of the greatest film years ever. The Hollywood studio system was at its peak and the French, British, Soviet, Italian and Japanese film industries were yet to be entirely devastated by war. I don't know that it's my favorite year, 1932 and 1937 might even be the best years of the 1930s. I do think that eventually 2012 will be remembered among the great years in movie history.

Here are my fake awards for 1939. In the Endy Awards Index you can find entries for 2011, 1932, 1964, 1957 and 1994, as well as posts for the awards I made several years ago. Eligibility is determined by imdb date and by whether or not I've seen the movie in question. Nominees are listed in alphabetical order and the winners are bolded. And the Endy goes to. . .

Best Picture:

1. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

2. Only Angels Have Wings

3. The Rules of the Game

4. Stagecoach
5. Young Mr. Lincoln

Best Director:

1. John Ford, Stagecoach

2. Howard Hawks, Only Angels Have Wings

3. Kenji Mizoguchi, The Story of the Last Chrysanthemums

4. Jean Renoir, The Rules of the Game
5. John Ford, Young mr. Lincoln

I don't think that any director has ever had a better year than John Ford did in 1939, but Renoir made of the very best films of all-time this year.

Best Actor:

1. Clark Gable, Gone with the Wind

2. Robert Donat, Goodbye Mr. Chips

3. James Stewart, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

4. Cary Grant, Only Angels Have Wings

5. Henry Fonda, Young Mr. Lincoln

My favorite performance from my pick as the greatest actor in movie history gets the win here, against a very strong field. Donat won the Oscar, with Stewart getting the make-up prize the next year for The Philadelphia Story. His co-star in that film, Cary Grant, would probably be my pick that year instead, on the strength of His Girl Friday. Although, Stewart was also in my favorite film from 1940, The Shop Around the Corner. We'll see what happens when I get around to giving out those awards.

Best Actress:

1. Claudette Colbert, Midnight

2. Bette Davis, Dark Victory

3. Greta Garbo, Ninotchka

4. Judy Garland, The Wizard of Oz

5. Vivien Leigh, Gone with the Wind

Supporting Actor:

1. Harry Carey, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

2. Marcel Dalio, The Rules of the Game

3. Jean Renoir, The Rules of the Game4. Thomas Mitchell, Stagecoach

5. John Wayne, Stagecoach

If John Ford had the best director year ever in 1939, Thomas Mitchell may have had the best year for a supporting actor. Standout performances in five great movies (Stagecoach, Only Angels Have Wings, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Gone with the Wind & The Hunchback of Notre Dame)? Can anyone top that? Tough to leave out Claude Rains in Mr. Smith and Humphrey Bogart in The Roaring Twenties here. I suspect they'll be getting some Endy-love in the 1940s.

Supporting Actress:

1. Jean Arthur, Only Angels Have Wings

2. Olivia DeHaviland, Gone with the Wind

3. Marjorie Main, The Women

4. Maureen O'Hara, The Hunchback of Notre Dame

5. Maria Ouspenskaya, Love Affair

Original Screenplay:

1. Jacques Viot & Jacques Prévert, Le jour se lève

2. Charles Brackett & Billy Wilder, Midnight

3. Sidney Buchman, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

4. Jean Renoir & Carl Koch, The Rules of the Game

5. Lamar Trotti, Young Mr. Lincoln

Adapted Screenplay:

1. Joel Sayre & Fred Guiol, Gunga Din

2. Charles Brackett, Billy Wilder & Walter Reisch, Ninotchka

3. Jules Furthman, Only Angels Have Wings

4. Dudley Nichols, Stagecoach

5. Matsutarô Kawaguchi & Yoshikata Yoda, The Story of the Last Chrysanthemums

Impressive for Brackett & Wilder getting nominated in both screenplay categories. They didn't win (tough to beat out two of the most perfect screenplays in film history), but I except we'll be seeing more of these guys.

Non-English Language Film:

1. The Rules of the Game

2. The Story of the Last Chrysanthemums

3. Le jour se lève

Unseen Film:

1. Each Dawn I Die (William Keighley)

2. Sincerity (Mikio Naruse)

3. The Spy in Black (Michael Powell)

4. St. Louis Blues (Raoul Walsh)

5. Union Pacific (Cecil B. DeMille)

I'm actually surprised there aren't more of these, especially with my having seen only three non-English language films. But looking through imdb's database, these were the best I could come up with. There's another Naruse from this year, but Sincerity sounded better.

1. "Ding Dong the Witch is Dead", The Wizard of Oz
2. "Good Morning", Babes in Arms
3. "If I Only Had a Brain", The Wizard of Oz
4. "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", The Wizard of Oz
5. "We're Off to See the Wizard", The Wizard of Oz

These soundtrack awards are pretty much no-brainers. Or if I only had a brainers.

Art Direction:

1. Drums Along the Mohawk

2. Gone with the Wind

3. The Hunchback of Notre Dame

4. The Rules of the Game
5. The Wizard of Oz

Costume Design:

1. Gone with the Wind
2. The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
3. The Rules of the Game
4. The Wizard of Oz
5. Young Mr. Lincoln

Sunday, April 28, 2013

This week I finished up my run through the action films of the 2000s and I'm about to start research for my next They Shot Pictures episode, on Akira Kurosawa. In the meantime I spent three days getting lost in the NFL Draft (go hawks) and Gilmore Girls (oh when will Bunheads get renewed??) and not watching any movies at all.

I made a ranked list of movies written and/or directed by Paul WS Anderson (the Resident Evil/Auteurism project is still in progress) as well as updated my list of John Ford movies (I've picked up Joseph McBride's Ford biography again after losing track of it for the first month of Henry).

Night Across the Street, the last film by Chilean director Raúl Ruiz, and one of my favorite movies of 2012, opened this week at the Northwest Film Forum. Also playing there is the documentary Leviathan, which I hear is very good but haven't had a chance to get to yet. And Terrence Malick's To the Wonder is still playing as well. So there's no excuse for going to see the new Michael Bay movie.

These are the movies I've watched and rewatched over the last week, along with where they place in my year-by-year rankings, with links to my letterboxd comments. Another revision this week is that Spencer Tracy knocks Lowell Sherman off the nominee list for Best Actor in the 1932 Endy Awards.