Presentation of Rixensart

The municipality of Rixensart (21,426 inhabitants on 1 July 2007; 1,754 ha) is located
25 km south-east of Brussels, on the linguistic border between French
and Dutch and the administrative border between Wallon and Flemish
Brabant. The municipality of Rixensart is made since 1976 of the former
municipalities of Rixensart, Genval and Rosières.

Rixensart (898 ha) was originally a cleared place in a forest (sart,
in ancient and regional French, essart), named after its old lord
(Rixo / Rixo) or after the brook Ri that waters the sart. The village,
whose name appeared in 1224, belonged to the domain of Limal until the
XIVth century and to the parish of Limal until 1802. Until the middle
of the XIXth century, the village was made of a few big farms and
several smaller ones. The building of the Brussels-Luxembourg railway
and the industrial revolution dramatically transformed Rixensart. The
set up of "workers' trains" in 1870 allowed the workers from Rixensart to
go to Brussels every day; later, the "vicinal" trains opened up the
countryside. Since housing was cheaper there than in Brussels, several
employees and small private incomes settled in Rixensart and the
neighbouring villages; accordingly, urbanisation progressively ate away
at the rural lands and the woods. In slightly more than one century,
the population of Rixensart increased from 3,377 (1876) to 20,616
(1988), while agricultural lands represent today only 13% of the total
area of the municipality.
The castle of Rixensart, the seat of the domain of Limal, was sold in
1536 to Eustache de Croÿ, Bishop of Arras, who transferred it to his
brother Adrien de Croÿ, Councillor of Charles Quint. In 1586, the
castle was transferred by marriage to Charles de Gavre, Count of
Frésin, whose daughter married Philippe Hippolyte Spinola, Count of
Bruay, who revamped the castle (1631-1662) as we know it today. The
castle of Rixensart, inhabited by the Princes of Merode since 1715, is
considered as one of the most beautiful castles in Belgium. The gardens
of the castle are said to have been designed after a drawing by Le
Nôtre, Louis XIV's famous garden designer.

Genval (451 ha) was originally "the lower valley", from jusenne,
shortened to gen, "lower", and val, "valley". The lower valley is
probably the valley of the river Lasne, which has been the limit
between the villages of Genval, Rixensart and Rosières for ages.
The hamlet of Maubroux developed near Lake Genval; the railway
station opened in 1889 on the Brussels-Luxembourg line was used by
tourists and by workers heading to Brussels or to the Lannoye paper
mills. Auguste Lannoye developed Maubroux, building a church and
housing estates for his workers. The Papèteries de Genval were closed
in 1980.
Founded in 1945 in Genval, RIT (Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques)
produced antibiotics and then vaccines (1963, anti-poliomelytis
vaccine); a new factory was purchased in Rixensart in 1958 to produce
new vaccines. In 1968, RIT became a fully-owned subsidiary of
SmithKline Corp. In 1995, the site of Rixensart was deemed to small and
another two sites were opened in Wavre (production) and Gembloux (scaling up). Following mergings with Beecham (1989) and Glaxo (2000), the group was renamed GSK Biologicals in 2000.

Rosières (416 ha) was probably once a place planted with reeds (in
French, roseau) rather than with roses; reeds are still very common
in the marshy neighborhoods of the river Lasne. Rosières belonged in the past
to the domain of Issche, which is the origin of the Flemish
municipality of Overijse, from which is seceded during the French rule. The ancient history of Rosières is recalled by Dutch toponyms.

According to the municipal website, the arms of Rixensart were granted
by Royal Decree on 10 April 1954. They were borne by Philippe Hippolyte
Spinola, Count of Bruay and lord of Rixensart in the XVIIth century.
The spine is, for sure, canting for Spinola.
The Rietstap Armorial gives the arms of Spinola as D'or, à la fasce échiquetée d'argent et de gueules de trois tires, accompagnée en chef d'une épine en forme de fleur-de-lis de gueules,
fichée dans la fasce.
Spinola was a famous Italian lineage, with members playing a
significant part in the history of the Low Countries in the service of
the King of Spain.
The name of Spinola was mentioned for the first time in 952, while the
oldest known member of the lineage, Guido Spinola, fought in the Holy
Land at the end of the XIth century and was appointed several times
Consul of Genoa between 1102 and 1121. Allied with the Doria, the
Spinola ruled the Ghibelline party, supporting the German Emperor,
while the two other main families of Genoa, the Fieschi and the
Grimaldi, ruled the Guelph party, supporting the Pope. Genoa was
initially a Guelph stronghold but the power of the Spinola increased
after the set up of the Republic of Genoa: the lineage gave 10 doges
and 127 senators to the Republic.
In the XVIth century, Genoa was mostly under Spanish influence; in
1602, Ambrogio Spinola (1569-1630) raised 1,000 infantrymen for the
service of the King of Spain, while his brother Federico set up a
fleet. While Federico was killed during a battle with the Dutch fleet
in the Channel in 1603, Ambrogio marched against Flanders. After the
successful siege of Ostend in 1604, Spinola was appointed
Commander-in-Chief by the Archdukes Albert and Isabelle, and captured
several fortresses from his main opponent, Maurice of Nassau. Back to
Spain, Spinola carried on using his personal wealth to fund the Spanish
wars. After the Twelve Years' Truce, war with Holland resumed in 1621
and Spinola seized Breda, defended by the Prince of Orange, on 5 June
1625. The famous painting by Vélasquez ("The Surrender of Breda")
recalls the heights of fame of Spinola, who died in 1630 after having
wasted the whole family wealth for the kings of Spain.

The lords of Rixensart do not seem to be directly related to Ambrogio Spinola,
but they are clearly from the same lineage. In 1585, Gaston Spinola
became lord of Bruay (today Bruay-la-Buissière, formerly
Bruay-en-Artois, formerly Bruay-les-Mines, in northern France) by
marrying Marie de Renty. His descendant Philippe Hippolyte Spinola
(1612-1670) is the lord of Rixensart whose arms have been reused by the
municipality.
Another famous Spinola was Philippe Hippolyte Charles, Count of Bruay
(maybe Philippe Hippolyte's son), who was appointed Governor of Namur
by the King of Spain and defended in 1667 the fortress of Lille against Louis XIV. The siege of Lille is an example of the so-called "war in
lace" of the time; Spinola asked Louis XIV in which castle he wanted to
stay during the siege, promised not to shoot on his headquarters, and
"requested His Majesty not to find bad that he defended the fortress
very fiercely for the service of the Catholic king, his lord, the King
of Spain". Louis XIV thanked him and told him that the strongest the
resistance would be, the glorious his own victory would be. Lille
surrenderred after nine days; Louis XIV entered the town and met the
Count of Bruay, telling him: "Sir, I was unpleased by your misfortune
because your are a gentleman, who did his duty for the service of his
lord, and I have you therefore in even higher esteem". Spinola died in
Brussels in 1709 while the last heir of the lineage, Gabriel Spinosa,
died during the siege of Douai in 1713.

The arms of Spinola, and, therefore of Rixensart, are shown in several
sources:
- Wikipedia shows a colour print of the castle of Rixensart from the
early XVIIIth century (Castellum Rixensart). The crown arms of
Spinola are shown in the upper left part of the print.
But Wikipedia shows a wrong coat of arms of Rixensart with a wrong
blason, the spine being replaced by a fleur-de-lis, therefore losing
the link with Spinola.
- Arnaud Bunel (Héraldique Européenne website) shows the arms of
several Spinola: Doges (elected for two years): Battisto Spinola (1531), Lucca
Spinola (1551), Simone Spinola (1567), Tomaso Spinola (1613), Andrea
Spinola (1629), Alessandro Spinola (1654), Agustino Spinola (1679),
Lucca Spinola (1687), Domenico Mario Spinola (1732), Nicola Spinola
(1740), Ferdinando Spinola (1773); Knights of the Golden Fleece: Ambrogio Spinola (1569-1630), Knight in 1605, grant #304; Philippe (1596-1659), Ambrogio's son, Knight in
1631, grant #386; and Philippe-Hippolyte (1612-1670), Count of Bruay
and Lord of Rixensart, Knight in 1667, grant #473; Knight of the Annonciade: Francesco Spinola, Knight in 1609, grant #147.
- The Spinola arms are shown on the Koffie Hag Nederland Album as #
271, "Ambrogio Markies v. Spinola".
- The Spinola arms were borne by Giambattista Cardinal Spinola, Jr.
(1646-1719), Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church (1698-1719). Quoting
John Paul Adams:
"The nephew of Giulio Card. Spinola and Giambattista Card. Spinola,
Sr., he was Governor of Rome and Vice-Chamberlain of the Holy Roman
Church between July 28, 1691 and December 12, 1695, when he was created
Cardinal Deacon of San Cesareo in Palatio. He became Camerlengo of the
Holy Roman Church on November 24, 1698, and held the office until his
death on March 19, 1719."