Thoughts on farming in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia and beyond

Tuesday, June 28, 2011

Industries of the Gulf Islands

SS Iroquois at Pender Island

In days past, people who lived in the Gulf Islands took whatever work they could find. Almost everyone farmed, hunted, or fished and to round out their income they would log, trap, work at sawmills, fish plants, stone-work or labour at a brick factory. Regular ferry service was not yet a reality, so barges and steam ships would be used to move people and products around the waterways.

The Coast Shale Brick Company was established on North Pender Island in 1912, and didn't last long but some of the bricks are still on the beach of Bricky Bay, to be played with by children. Some of the bricks are in the gardens of islanders, forming walkways and garden walls. Other islands had brick factories also, and Gabriola had one of the longest operating brick factories in the Gulf Islands. The Dominion Shale Brick and Sewer Pipe Company began back in the 1890's and was incorporated in 1911. It produced millions of bricks each year until 1952. The bricks were made of blue and brown shale, plentiful in the Gulf Islands. Shale was dug and blasted out of the hillsides, crushed, ground to a fine powder, mixed with water, and formed into their shapes with hydraulic presses. There was no electricity in the early days in the islands so the factories would use steam pumps and boilers. Bricks would be dried and kiln-fired, cooled down and loaded onto wheelbarrows to be taken to the beaches to load on barges.

Taylor's sandstone quarry on Saturna

Boulder Hotel in Gastown built with Pender Island sandstone

The Gulf Islands were also noted for sandstone. Sandstone was quarried throughout the islands in the mid to late 1800's. The rough-hewn stones from here are in many of the prominent buildings in Vancouver and Victoria, but the demand was reduced in the 1920's and the depression shut down many businesses and factories throughout the region. The earliest sandstone quarry was on Newcastle Island, which supplied the San Francisco US Treasury Mint its dimension blocks in 1873. The BC Penitentiary in 1875, Esquimalt Graving Dock in 1880, Lord Nelson School in 1911 and Christ Church Cathedral in 1955 were built from Newcastle sandstone. Saturna sandstone was primarily quarried at the Taylor farm and the stone there was used for the Carnegie Library in Victoria, Hatley Park House, the Bank of British North America, and the New Westminster Post Office. In 1901 the Boulder Hotel in Gastown used Pender Island sandstone exclusively for its outer walls. One sandstone quarry was at Hope Bay, and another near the bridge between North and South Pender Island, and one or both are the most likely source of the sandstone. The hotel stands today, and sandstone from the islands are in many of the hotels, banks and public buildings that are still in use. The granite and sandstone quarry at the bridge was owned by Mortimer’s Monumental Works Ltd. of Victoria, and the name lives on at Mortimer Spit. Gabriola Island had one of the longest operating sandstone quarries, and the sandstone was also used to produce milling stones that were used in the pulp industry.

Logging was also a primary industry in most Gulf Islands and there are still pockets of old growth trees that give us a glimpse of what the islands used to look like. Trees would be dragged to low bank beaches and towed to the big mills in log booms. Some would be chopped into firewood to fuel the steam ships. The most arable land would have rocks picked, fences built and crops planted. Fruit trees did well in the Gulf Islands, and the location on the main shipping route between Vancouver Island and the mainland was advantageous. People who lived here worked hard and were resourceful and independent, not unlike many of the working islanders today. Many of today's working islanders also are used to working two, maybe three jobs at a time to make ends meet. Some things don't change.

Taylor's sandstone house remnant - now in Gulf Island National Park Reserve on Saturna

Stonework of Taylor house, Saturna

Some of the old industries are still alive, as local craftsmen mill the beams for your house from local trees someone else selectively logged, or build your rock wall from local sandstone. There has been a resurgence in demand for sandstone and granite from the islands. The Hardy Island Granite Quarry which originally operated in the early 1900’s was reopened in 1999. Granite from Hardy Island was used for the steps and paths of the Olympic Village, and new methods of cutting veneers of rock make these building materials easier to work with, more durable and competitive in comparison to the artificial stones.

2 comments:

Thanks so much for revealing the honest roots of island living. Wonderful photos! However, the article used the word Industrial, something since fallen into island disfavour. Industry? These days its twin self sufficiency is under fire: the "collective" has begun to replace the individual & to supplant the respectable independence of farmers & others in need of self sustenance. Industry now seems to be anathema, at least from the Trust's covert perspective. Still, all of their legislation has one distinct theme. Indeed, you have pegged it in this blog, It is to remove humans from the equation of nature & to define nature as the victim of those humans.This is being done through the steady, slow, erosion by attrition of the right of free exercise of the most basic property rights, including the right to farm & to sell to the public. This Fabian Socialist Corporation - and make no mistake, the Trust is, indeed, a full Corporation in every sense of that word, - is in the business of almost imperceptibly slowly creating a series of legal choke points via land use legislation, RAR mapping, - any dry Highways ditch is now a potential "fish bearing stream" with 100 ft (soon to be 200 ft) setbacks from it for all activity & construction, etc,. Humans are deemed the enemy of all else in the Trust/Fabian green washed world view. The decline in a decent standard of living which this has for some time begun to create is no less damaging in its long term human impact than were the original Highlands Clearances. The difference? This stealth methodology is akin to the frog in heated water approach. It slowly creates laws aimed at restriction of the actions of those who own property, by means of the creation of bylaws designed to use secrecy & gradualism to reduce, redirect & remove property rights by stealth. HIlary Brown, the founder was a life long Fabian. This is no accident. Fabians hold to the belief that ordinary humans are not fit to be land stewards, that only the Fabian (Island Trust) appointed elite can decide such matters & are themselves to be exempt from the very rules they create for the island proletariat. Welcome to a plan for a return to communitarian feudalism. The Fabian Society "shield" dates back to the late 19th century: It's symbol is a wolf on its hid legs with a dead sheep strapped to its back. Removal of rights by gradual, slow, but persistent & steady stealth. Need I say more?