Classical ConditioningIntroductionConcept of Classical Conditioning and Factors that Affect Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is learning which has been acquired by experience (Terry, 2009). Pavlov was the first one to experiment classical conditioning by training dogs how to salivate when they heard a bell ring. In order for Pavlov to be able to do this, the first step was to show the dogs food. The showing of food would cause the dogs to salivate. Afterward, Pavlov would ring a bell whenever he brought food out. The experimenter continued to this many times. Eventually, by the time the dogs heard the bell ring, and sometimes even without giving them food, they would salivate immediately because they had associated the ringing of the bell with the food. Pavlov demonstrated how a simple reflex, like salivation, could become conditioned or habituated to an external stimulus, in this case the bell. All this created a conditioned response. Therefore, before conditioning would take place, the food was the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response was the salivation. The bell was the neutral stimulus first, not causing the dogs to salivate. Later on, during the experiment, the bell and the food caused the dogs to salivate, becoming the unconditioned response. Following the conditioning, the bell became the conditioned stimulus causing salivation (learned behavior), and the dog’s salivation was the conditioned response (Terry, 2009). In other words, for there to be classical conditioning four major factors need to be present: the unconditioned stimulus (US) that is something that naturally happens that can incite a natural reflex (Terry, 2009); the unconditioned response (UR) is the reflex response; the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the new stimulus that comes to trigger the conditioned response (CR), which is a similar response as the UR. Other factors that affect classical conditioning are the number of pairings; the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus; how dependably the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus; and the spacing of pairing (Clark, Manns & Squire, 2002). The number of pairing affects when there is repeated pairings (e.g. US+CS, US+CS…). When this happens, the learning is not present, there has to be more pairings in order for conditioned response to occur. The same thing happens with the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus. If a CS is paired with a strong US, then the CR will be stronger and it will be learned much faster (Clark et al., 2002). The other factor that affects classical conditioning deals with the conditioned stimulus reliability. The neutral stimulus has to be able to predict the occurrence of the US (Clark et al. 2002). Last but not least, the spacing of pairing affects classical conditioning if the pairing of CS+US happens too fast, resulting in a slower learning. Slower learning also occurs when CS+US are too far apart. These factors go hand in hand with the basic phenomena of classical conditioning.

Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning The basic phenomena of classical conditioning are based on the responses of the sequences of conditioning. As mentioned above, the four principles of conditioning include conditioned stimuli (CS), unconditioned stimuli (US), conditioned response (CR), and unconditioned response (UR) (Terry, 2009). The phenomena describe the relationship between stimuli and response in relation to how it is presented to the subject. The degree of conditioning is measured after the sequence has been presented to the subject. The four basic phenomena of classical conditioning will be described below. Acquisition

Acquisition is the phenomena where conditioned stimulus is followed by unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus and...

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This essay explores the practices of classicalconditioning and systematic desensitization in relation to phobias and fears. John Watson proposed that the process of classicalconditioning was able to ‘’explain all aspects of human psychology’’. Classicalconditioning is the form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli. Systematic desensitization, also known as graduated exposure therapy is a type of behaviour therapy used to help overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. There are 3 stages of systematic desensitization: first the identity of an anxiety must be found and this encourages stimulus hierarchy. The second step is the learning of relaxation or coping techniques to help them through the anxiety. Once the individual has been taught these techniques and skills, they are then used in the third step to react towards and overcome situations in the established hierarchy of fears. The target of these steps is for the individual to learn how to cope with, and overcome the fear of the hierarchy.
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...ssical condir=tioningu03d1 ClassicalConditioning and Ethics
What can classicalconditioning theory teach us about both developing and alleviating fears and phobias?
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...QUESTION 1
Describe in detail, the simple changes in synapses that happen during classicalconditioning.
Discuss the extent to which all forms of learning can be explained by these simple synaptic synaptic changes.
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Summary: Harm Reduction Journal
Gerevich, Bacskai, Farkas, and Danics’ case report studied if Pavlovian conditioning can directly relate to death from overdose. The case followed a young that had been treated multiple times for an addiction to heroin. As a result for the multiple treatments studies have shown that drug overdose occurs most frequently when the patient accustomed to the drug gives up its use then after a while attempts to continue addictive behavior with the same dose before withdrawal. His daily dose had not differed even the fatal overdose, thus proving the conditioned tolerance failed to operate. This indicates that morphine concentrations measured in cases of drug related death do not differ substantially form those measured in cases where the outcome is not fatal. Conditioning can contribute to prevention of fatal cases however, also contribute to cases of tolerance becoming fatal.
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ClassicalConditioning and Smoking
Chandler-Gilbert Community College
Abstract
Through Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s findings we know that dogs have been trained to salivate under the influence of a neutral stimulus when that stimulus is paired with the conditioned response. In time the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus that draws out the conditioned response. In the same process a smoker can have conditioned stimuli that influences them to smoke.
ClassicalConditioning and Smoking
As humans, we have natural responses to stimuli in the world around us. These reactions are in a sense programmed into our brain and are triggered with the influence of a stimulus. Some examples of these natural unconditioned responses are salivation at the appearance of food, being startled by a loud noise, and contraction of pupils when light is shined in the eyes. These responses required no learning to appear in our behavior, however we do have the ability to learn or condition new responses to create habits and alter our behavior. The theory behind this learning is known as ClassicalConditioning. Through ClassicalConditioning Ivan Pavlov was able to condition dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, through the same process humans can be conditioned to smoke and quit smoking.
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist that experimented in...