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In this study, we employ Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) together with the mouse 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) to investigate the necessary roles of these catecholamines in ADHD-related behaviors, including attention, impulsivity, and motivation. By selective inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive VTA dopamine neurons expressing the Gi-coupled DREADD (hM4Di), we observed a marked impairment of effort-based motivation and subsequently speed and overall vigor of responding. At the highest clozapine N-oxide (CNO) dose tested (i.e. 2 mg/kg) to activate hM4Di, we de...

The objectives of the current review are to comprehensively evaluate (1) the potential role of orexins in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders (MDD) and (2) the orexin system as a novel target in the treatment of MDD. Dysfunction of the sleep-wake cycle is observed as a central feature of MDD pathophysiology. Orexin system disturbances produce sleep-wake dysfunction, as observed in MDD. Orexin antagonists have been shown to treat insomnia effectively without disrupting normal sleep architecture in both preclinical (e.g., animal models) and clinical studies. Orexin antagonists are generally safe, well-tolerated...

ConclusionsOur small-scale experimental study, in which PanoptiqTM was used in the diagnosis of cases that were difficult to diagnose definitively by breast FNA, revealed a positive CB score by every reviewer and the representative diagnosis showed a significant CB. The study suggested that PanoptiqTM could be used for cytopathology consultation.

Authors: Kakoly NS, Moran LJ, Teede HJ, Joham AE
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting up to 18% women of reproductive age. It is associated with a range of metabolic, reproductive, and psychological features. Current evidence indicates a role of PCOS in the development of metabolic and increased cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) with implications for compromised cardiovascular endpoint disease, which may have a considerable impact on health and health care costs. Areas covered: Existing studies examining long-term cardiometabolic health in PCOS are hetero...