Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both Helmholtz and Fechner contributed to the beginning of:

A.&nbsp

Comparative psychology

B.&nbsp

Psychophysics

C.&nbsp

Rationalism

D.&nbsp

Materialism

2.

Which is most accurate?

A.&nbsp

Psychologists study mental processes and behaviour

B.&nbsp

Psychologists study the psyche

C.&nbsp

Psychologists study human behaviour

D.&nbsp

Psychologists study animal behaviour

3.

If psychology can be defined as the science of behaviour and the mind, why are the data in psychology always drawn from behaviour?

A.&nbsp

Behaviour can be influenced by the environment but the mind cannot

B.&nbsp

Behaviour can be observed and the mind cannot

C.&nbsp

Behaviour can be influenced by physiology but the mind cannot

D.&nbsp

All of the above

4.

Structuralism is to __________ as functionalism is to __________.

A.&nbsp

Consciousness; memory

B.&nbsp

Unobservable behaviour; consciousness

C.&nbsp

Consciousness; memory

D.&nbsp

Elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness

5.

The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the __________ of behaviour.

A.&nbsp

Functions

B.&nbsp

Variation

C.&nbsp

Structure

D.&nbsp

Limitations

6.

In psychological research, the term "generalization" refers to:

A.&nbsp

Obtaining a broad understanding of how different variables are related to each other

B.&nbsp

Adding the results from one study to those from other studies

C.&nbsp

Concluding that the results obtained from a sample can also be applied to the larger population

D.&nbsp

How significant the results of the statistical analysis are

7.

A researcher has two groups of subjects - one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to lean a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable?

A.&nbsp

Whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid

B.&nbsp

The number of nouns

C.&nbsp

The amount of time participants took to complete the recall test

D.&nbsp

Participants' scores on the recall test

8.

Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is a __________ and __________.

A.&nbsp

Momentary remuneration; prior informed consent

B.&nbsp

Prior informed consent; no foreseeable harm

C.&nbsp

No foreseeable harm; there is a full debriefing

D.&nbsp

No confounding; information; information is confidential

9.

Only __________ involve the manipulation of independent variables.

A.&nbsp

Experiments

B.&nbsp

Correlation studies

C.&nbsp

Case studies

D.&nbsp

Naturalistic observations

10.

Suppose that you conduct an experiment to study the effects of love on improving children's self concepts. To manipulate love, you allow research assistance to hug each child after he or she has successfully completed a set of math problems. Once the study is complete, you ask the children if they felt loved during the study. They say no. Apparently, your operational definition of your independent variable is _________.

A.&nbsp

Too subjective

B.&nbsp

Not objective

C.&nbsp

Unreliable

D.&nbsp

Invalid

11.

The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers even though large feathers appear to be an impediment to survival is best explained by:

A.&nbsp

Sexual selection

B.&nbsp

Evolution through natural selection

C.&nbsp

Genetic Drift

D.&nbsp

Large feathers can be used to the protect the nest

12.

An organism's phenotype is the result of _________.

A.&nbsp

Its genotype

B.&nbsp

The influence of environmental influences and experiences

C.&nbsp

The reproductive success of its parents

D.&nbsp

The interaction of its genotype with the environment

13.

Concordance is the degree to which two people:

A.&nbsp

Share the same phenotype

B.&nbsp

Share the same genotype

C.&nbsp

Are biologically related

D.&nbsp

Share the same environment

14.

Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because sexual reproduction:

A.&nbsp

Leads to a longer lifespan and more variability in behaviour

B.&nbsp

Produces organisms that have the capacity for thinking and language

C.&nbsp

Leads to genetic diversity which is adaptive

D.&nbsp

Pleasurable, which is reinforcing

15.

Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by:

A.&nbsp

Personal fitness

B.&nbsp

Reciprocal altruism

C.&nbsp

Non-familial altruism

D.&nbsp

Inclusive fitness

16.

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

A.&nbsp

A young child becomes fearful whenever seeing the babysitter

B.&nbsp

A child continues to pick on his sister, despite receiving repeated time-outs

C.&nbsp

Two boys imitate a professional wrestler they view on television

D.&nbsp

A student studies for her math test and received a mark of 90%. She then studies harder for the next test

17.

To what is the tendency of the CS to elicit a CR related?

A.&nbsp

The number of CS-US pairings

B.&nbsp

The intensity of the CS

C.&nbsp

The intensity of the CR

D.&nbsp

The number of times the US has elicited the CR

18.

Which of the following presents the most convincing evidence that an animal has learned by "insight" rather than by trial and error?

A.&nbsp

The animal gives a smooth, continuous performance

B.&nbsp

There is a sudden drop in the learning curve

C.&nbsp

A transfer of learning occurs

D.&nbsp

One sees an absence of errors in the animal's performance

19.

People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while asleep (i.e. horns honking). This is an example of:

A.&nbsp

Shaping

B.&nbsp

Habituation

C.&nbsp

Classical Conditioning

D.&nbsp

Operant Conditioning

20.

__________ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behaviour.