Colliding Neutron Stars, Gravity Waves, and the Origin of the Heavy Elements

Jan. 24, 2018
Dr. Eliot Quataert (University of California, Berkeley)
Recently one third of the world's astronomers became involved in observing a distant and violent event, when two neutron stars collided and exploded. This represented the first time in history that a cosmic event was observed with both gravity waves and light -- the birth of "multi-messenger astronomy." Dr. Quataert gives a non-technical history of how we are now able to find gravity waves, what happens during such a merger, and why we now believe that much of the gold, platinum, uranium and other heavy elements in the universe is assembled in such mergers.

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We close out 2017 by reporting that NASA is showing its commitment to astrobiology by selecting two mission concepts finalists as part of the New Frontiers program; after a three-month investigation, scientists from the Very Large Array have zeroed in on the most likely explanation for what happened in the aftermath of a violent collision between two neutron stars; and finally, astronomers using ESO’s Very Large Telescope have for the first time directly observed convection or granulation patterns on the surface of a star outside the Solar System.
Links to this week's Stories:
https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invests-in-concept-development-for-missions-to-comet-saturn-moon-titan
https://public.nrao.edu/news/neutron-star-merger-phenomena/
http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/news/eso1741/
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11 2017 gravitational waves

Gravitational Wave Update

Ever since the first discovery of gravitational waves back in September 14th 2015, LIGO have been detecting more and more gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of spacetime. In this video, we discuss the most recent gravitational wave detections.
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https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/16/16471616/gravitational-waves-ligo-virgo-neutron-stars-merger-multi-messenger-astronomy
https://www.space.com/38471-gravitational-waves-neutron-star-crashes-discovery-explained.html
https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/27/16368860/gravitational-waves-ligo-virgo-three-observatories-fourth-detection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148784-latest-gravitational-wave-isnt-from-neutron-stars-after-all/
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Gravitational Waves from merging neutron stars: the dawn of a new era in astronomy

Dr Paul Lasky and Dr Eric Thrane.
Have you heard the news of the detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger (GW170817) in the constellation of Hydra? This is a momentous event in physics and astronomy and will go down as one of the highlights of 21st century science.
Several researchers in the School of Physics & Astronomy at Monash University were involved in this work, including Dr Paul Lasky and Dr Eric Thrane who gave this Public Lecture.

3 reasons why Gravitational Waves are such a big deal!

The 2017 Nobel prize for physics was awarded for the breakthrough discovery of these awesome waves.

Gravitational Waves 101 | National Geographic

What are gravitational waves and how are they detected? These ripples in space-time, sometimes caused by neutron stars colliding, were recently recorded in the groundbreaking LIGO-Virgo observation.
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On Aug. 17, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor on NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope saw a short burst of gamma rays a smashup of neutron stars, marking the first-ever detection of light from a gravitational wave source. NASA scientists Colleen Wilson-Hodge and Tyson Littenberg explain what happened and what it means for science and discovery.

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured imagery of the source of the gravitational waves detection. Learn more about it from the Hubblecast video series. -- How far away was it? and more videos about it on Space.com: https://goo.gl/aAS5aC
Full story: https://goo.gl/i9mMZ8
Credit: ESA/Hubble

Ripples of Gravity, Flashes of Light

More Info: http://www.caltech.edu/news/ligo-and-virgo-make-first-detection-gravitational-waves-produced-colliding-neutron-stars-80082
On Aug. 17, 2017, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo detected, for the first time, gravitational waves from the collision of two neutron stars. The event was not only “heard” in gravitational waves but also seen in light by dozens of telescopes on the ground and in space. Learn more about what this rare astronomy event taught us in a new video from LIGO and Virgo.
Credit: LIGO-Virgo

Gravitational waves just helped scientists fill in a gap in the periodic table

Astronomers unlocked one of the universe's best-kept secrets.
Since the '50s, scientists have wondered: Where do most of the elements in the periodic table come from?
We know that elements like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are forged in the hot, dense cores of massive stars. But even stars aren't powerful enough to create heavy elements like silver, gold, and cesium.
Turns out, the origin of 2/3 of the periodic table is unconfirmed. Now, a single event has given scientists a vital clue.
Astronomers witnessed the collision of two neutron stars in a distant galaxy located 130 million light years from Earth. Neutron stars are ultra-dense stellar remnants. In fact, they're the densest matter in the universe. When two neutron stars merge, it creates an explosion more powerful than 1,000 supernovae. As the neutron stars spiraled in, they produced gravitational waves. LIGO and VIRGO first detected the waves on Aug. 17. Two seconds later, the Fermi space telescope measured a burst of high-energy radiation from the explosion.
But these 2 measurements alone couldn't solve the puzzle. Astronomers needed to see the event in visible light.
The first to spot the event with their own eyes was a team with the Carnegie Institute for Science. Initially, the explosion they saw looked bright blue. But after four days it dimmed to a dull red.
The red color comes from a specific set of heavy elements that are produced by a process called the ligh r-process. But the blue color is a mystery. Some theorists suggest it's the result of a different set of elements called heavy r-process elements. But data from similar collisions are needed to be sure. This is the first time scientists have combined gravitational wave measurements with visible light. Who knows what new secrets may be unlocked next time?
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In these clips, four astronomers discuss the latest result in which NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, along with many other telescopes, detected light from a gravitational wave source for the first time. These scientists represent the many who worked very hard since the source's discovery on August 17, 2017, to make this result happen. This discovery is both historic and significant, and it represents a new era of astrophysics.
Scientists: Wen-fai Fong, Daryl Haggard, Raffaella Margutti, Eleonora Troja.

"A storm in the shape of space and time" - Kip Thorne on gravitational waves

2016 Special Breakthrough Prize and 2017 Nobel Prize winner Kip Thorne on what gravitational waves will be able to tell us about black holes, the first billionth of a second of the Universe and the birth of the electromagnetic force.

"That's work for the future" - Rainer Weiss on gravitational wave astronomy

2016 Special Breakthrough Prize and 2017 Nobel Prize winner Rainer Weiss on what the detection of gravitational waves meant and what it means for the future.

Space News: First Dual Detection of a Gravitational Wave

Astronomy based on gravitational waves has been primarily done by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, known as LIGO. But recently, VIRGO, ran by the European Gravitational Observatory, was turned on to operational data gathering, and the first jointly detected gravitational wave has been found. Jared brings us this story
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Scientists Win Nobel Prize For Detecting Gravitational Waves

Scientists Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, and Barry Barish won this year's Physics Nobel Prize for their efforts that helped lead to the first measurement of gravitational waves in 2015 by the LIGO team. The detection, which even defies Einstein's predictions, is considered to be the discovery of the century. This groundbreaking discovery will enable further research that will completely transform our understanding of the universe.
http://www.businessinsider.com/2017-nobel-prize-in-physics-gravitational-waves-kip-thorne-rainer-weiss-barry-barish-2017-10
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Scientists won the Nobel Prize for detecting gravitational waves

This year's Physics Nobel Prize goes to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, and Barry Barish for their efforts that helped lead to the first measurement of gravitational waves in 2015 by the LIGO team.
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*Fourth gravitational wave detection
Astronomers have achieved a fourth gravitational wave detection of merging stellar mass black holes.
The new discovery was a combined effort between the existing LIGO Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detectors in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington together with the New European VIRGO detector near Pisa in Italy.
*Discovery of a pitch black planet that eats light.
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has observed a planet outside our solar system that looks as black as fresh asphalt because it eats light rather than reflecting it back into space. This light-eating prowess is due to the planet's unique capability to trap at least 94 percent of the visible starlight falling into its atmosphere.
^New Pluto mission proposal
NASA has received a new proposal for a surface mission to Pluto. The new plan would follow on from the highly successful New Horizons spacecraft which undertook an historic close flyby of Pluto its binary partner Charon, and their five moons back in July 2015.
*New Earth Observation satellite
The CSIRO has joined a project developing and operating one of the world’s most sophisticated Earth observation satellites. The 430 kilogram Synthetic Aperture Radar remote sensing satellite – known as the NovaSAR -- will launch later this year on an Indian PSLV rocket.
*NROL-42 spy satellite launched
An Atlas V rocket has blasted into orbit from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California carry a secret National Reconnaissance Office satellite. The NROL-42 mission blasted off into black late-night skies which seemed more than appropriate for such a clandestine flight.
*Russian Navigation satellite launched
Russia has launched the latest member of its Glonass satellite navigation system. The Russian Military Air and Space Forces Soyuz 2.1b rocket carrying the Glonass-M satellite was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome north of Moscow.
*The Science Report
A new clue in combating aggressive brain tumours.
A nine week expedition to the lost continent of Zealandia returns to port in Hobart.
A new study finds that teens get their bad moods from their friends.
New evidence claims modern humans were settling in the America’s some 13 thousand years ago.
People who tend to trust their intuition are more likely to hold inaccurate beliefs.
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LIGO and the Neutron Stars - COSI Science Now

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Gravitational waves in a nutshell: Gabriela González explains

In this very short video Gabriela González, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Louisiana State University and former Spokesperson of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, explains gravitational waves.
To find out more see: https://plus.maths.org/content/stuff-happens-listening-universe

What are gravitational waves: Plus asks Gabriela González

In this video Gabriela González, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Louisiana State University and former Spokesperson of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, explains gravitational waves, what it was like to discover them, and what they might tell us about the Universe.
To find out more see: https://plus.maths.org/content/stuff-happens-listening-universe

LIGO Detects Gravitational Waves

On September 14th, 2015, a ripple in the fabric of space, created by the violent collision of two distant black holes over a billion years ago, washed across the Earth. As it did, two laser-based detectors, 50 years in the making – one in Louisiana and the other in Washington State – momentarily twitched, confirming a century-old prediction by Albert Einstein and marking the opening of a new era in astronomy. Join some of the very scientists responsible for this most anticipated discovery of our age and see how gravitational waves will be used to explore the universe like never before.

Following 16 months of scientific effort, LISA Pathfinder completed its main mission on 30 June 2017, having demonstrated the technology needed to operate ESA’s future LISA space observatory to study gravitational waves – ripples in spacetime predicted by Albert Einstein.
On 18 July, the spacecraft was shut down after being placed in a safe disposal orbit. The final command was sent from ESOC, ESA's European Space Operations Centre, at 19:57 CEST that evening.
That day, scientists, mission controllers and the mission's management team gathered at ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany, for a presentation on the successes of the mission prior to the shut-down. This video was recorded between 16:00-18:00 CEST, and includes highlight presentations on the mission's achievements.
Speakers:
- Rolf Densing, ESA Director of Operations
- Andreas Rudolph, ESA Head of Astronomy Missions Division
- Ian Harrison, ESA Spacecraft Operations Manager
- Paul McNamara, ESA LISA Pathfinder Project Scientist,
- Prof. Stefano Vitale, Principle Investigator for the LISA Pathfinder Mission, University of Trento
- Phil Barela, NASA/JPL project manager for LISA Pathfinder Disturbance Reduction System
- Colleen Marrese-Reading, JPL/Caltech
- Prof. Karsten Danzmann, Director at the Max-Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, LISA Pathfinder Co-Principle Investigator
More about LISA Pathfinder:
http://sci.esa.int/lisa-pathfinder/
More about LISA Pathfinder operations:
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/LISA_Pathfinder

Gravitational waves--in 60 seconds

Gravitation wave theory. On my next break I'll do a quick video! But for now here's a quick sample of what I'll talk about... this blueberry fell into my cup of coffee and caused ripples. On the cosmic scale strong gravitational objects like rapidly spinning neutron stars or black holes orbiting one another can cause gravitational waves aka disruptions in space time in the form of RIPPLES that MOVE at the SPEED OF LIGHT. (**DISCLAIMER MY COFFEE DOES NOT MOVE AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT**) ☕️💡
Woohoo!! I managed to get this on my lunch break haha!! Back to set! Hope you guys like this!!

Lisa Pathfinder end of Mission

The LISA Pathfinder mission ends on 18 July 2017 after a successful demonstration of the technology needed to detect gravitational waves in space. These vibrations in spacetime, first predicted by Einstein over a hundred years ago, are produced by huge astronomical events - such as two black holes colliding - and will allow scientists to open new windows into our universe.
The success of the LISA Pathfinder mission has paved the way for the newly selected LISA mission which, when built and launched, will detect gravitational waves from objects up to a million times larger than our Sun.
The film features interview soundbites from Dr Paul McNamara, LISA Pathfinder Project Scientist, at the European Space Agency’s European Technology and Science facility (ESTEC) in The Netherlands.
More about LISA Pathfinder:
http://sci.esa.int/lisa-pathfinder/

We’ve now had multiple detections of gravitational waves, opening up a whole new field: gravitational astronomy. We talk about the detections made so far, and how we can see the Universe in a whole new way.
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Just a couple of weeks ago, astronomers from Caltech announced their third detection of gravitational waves from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory or LIGO.
As with the previous two detections, astronomers have determined that the waves were generated when two intermediate-mass black holes slammed into each other, sending out ripples of distorted spacetime.
One black hole had 31.2 times the mass of the Sun, while the other had 19.4 solar masses. The two spiraled inward towards each other, until they merged into a single black hole with 48.7 solar masses. And if you do the math, twice the mass of the Sun was converted into gravitational waves as the black holes merged.
These gravitational waves traveled outward from the colossal collision at the speed of light, stretching and compressing spacetime like a tsunami wave crossing the ocean until they reached Earth, located about 2.9 billion light-years away.
The waves swept past each of the two LIGO facilities, located in different parts of the United States, stretching the length of carefully calibrated laser measurements. And from this, researchers were able to detect the direction, distance and strength of the original merger.
Seriously, if this isn’t one of the coolest things you’ve ever heard, I’m clearly easily impressed.
Now that the third detection has been made, I think it’s safe to say we’re entering a brand new field of gravitational astronomy. In the coming decades, astronomers will use gravitational waves to peer into regions they could never see before.
Being able to perceive gravitational waves is like getting a whole new sense. It’s like having eyes and then suddenly getting the ability to perceive sound.
This whole new science will take decades to unlock, and we’re just getting started.
As Einstein predicted, any mass moving through space generates ripples in spacetime. When you’re just walking along, you’re actually generating tiny ripples. If you can detect these ripples, you can work backwards to figure out what size of mass made the ripples, what direction it was moving, etc.
Even in places that you couldn’t see in any other way. Let me give you a couple of examples.
Black holes, obviously, are the low hanging fruit. When they’re not actively feeding, they’re completely invisible, only detectable by how they gravitational attract objects or bend light from objects passing behind them.
But seen in gravitational waves, they’re like ships moving across the ocean, leaving ripples of distorted spacetime behind them.
With our current capabilities through LIGO, astronomers can only detect the most massive objects moving at a significant portion of the speed of light. A regular black hole merger doesn’t do the trick - there’s not enough mass. Even a supermassive black hole merger isn’t detectable yet because these mergers seem to happen too slowly.
This is why all the detections so far have been intermediate-mass black holes with dozens of times the mass of our Sun. And we can only detect them at the moment that they’re merging together, when they’re generating the most intense gravitational waves.
If we can boost the sensitivity of our gravitational wave detectors, we should be able to spot mergers of less and more massive black holes.
But merging isn’t the only thing they do. Black holes are born when stars with many more times the mass of our Sun collapse in on themselves and explode as supernovae. Some stars, we’ve now learned just implode as black holes, never generating the supernovae, so this process happens entirely hidden from us.
Is there a singularity at the center of a black hole event horizon, or is there something there, some kind of object smaller than a neutron star, but bigger than an infinitely small point? As black holes merge together, we could see beyond the event horizon with gravitational waves, mapping out the invisible region within to get a sense of what’s going on down there.
We want to know about even less massive objects like neutron stars, which can also form from a supernova explosion. These neutron stars can orbit one another and merge generating some of the most powerful explosions in the Universe: gamma ray bursts. But do neutron stars have surface features? Different densities? Could we detect a wobble in the gravitational waves in the last moments before a merger?

This week, the first science results from the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter are in; the LIGO collaboration has discovered its third gravitational wave event; astronomers warn that flares from red dwarf stars may threaten any life on exoplanets in orbit around them; and NASA’s next big space observatory, the WFIRST mission, is facing a funding crisis.
Links to this week's stories:
Juno First Results:
This week, the first science results from the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter are in; the LIGO collaboration has discovered its third gravitational wave event; astronomers warn that flares from red dwarf stars may threaten any life on exoplanets in orbit around them; and NASA’s next big space observatory, the WFIRST mission, is facing a funding crisis.
LIGO Finds Third Black Hole Merger via Gravitational Waves:
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20170601
Red Dwarf Flares not good for life:
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-161
NASA's WFIRST Gets a Financial Review:
https://www.nature.com/articles/n-12339962?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews&sf86108167=1
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Black Holes And Gravitational Waves Might Help Us Find Dark Matter

Evidence has shown that almost 85% of the matter in the universe is unaccounted for, but scientists now think they might have a way to fix that.
Gravitational Waves Discovered! Here's What You Need To Know - https://youtu.be/72AQsQ2v5cA
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Read More:
Astronomers Are Attempting to Capture the First-Ever Photograph of a Black Hole
https://www.seeker.com/space/astronomy/astronomers-are-attempting-to-capture-the-first-ever-photograph-of-a-black-hole
"A system of radio telescopes around the world is peering at the gigantic black hole at the center of the Milky Way, a behemoth called Sagittarius A*."
Gravitational Waves vs. Gravity Waves: Know the Difference!
https://www.seeker.com/gravitational-waves-vs-gravity-waves-know-the-difference-1770854571.html
"Though you'll likely see many news headlines heralding the wonders of 'gravity wave science', do not fall into the trap! While both have gravity in common, gravity waves and gravitational waves are two very different beasts. Read on to find out why and then show off your gravitational smarts to your friends the next time you're down the pub."
Black hole mergers and the QCD axion at Advanced LIGO
https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.043001
"In the next few years, Advanced LIGO (aLIGO) may see gravitational waves (GWs) from thousands of black hole (BH) mergers. This marks the beginning of a new precision tool for physics. Here we show how to search for new physics beyond the standard model using this tool."
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Hubble Detects a Rogue Supermassive Black Hole

The Hubble Space Telescope captured an image of a quasar named 3C 186 that is offset from the center of its galaxy. Astronomers hypothesize that this supermassive black hole was jettisoned from the center of its galaxy by the recoil from gravitational waves produced by the merging of two supermassive black holes.
Read more: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/gravitational-wave-kicks-monster-black-hole-out-of-galactic-core
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson
Music credit: "Stealth Car" by Tom Sue [GEMA] and Zac Singer [GEMA]; Ed. Berlin Production Music/Universal Publishing Production Music GmbH GEMA; Berlin Production Music; Killer Tracks Production Music
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Host: Edo Berger
Speaker: Brian Metzger
The discovery of coalescing binary black holes by Advanced LIGO heralds the birth of a new field of research: gravitational wave (GW) astronomy. Coalescing neutron star (NS) binaries are among the new GW sources expected over the next few years. Maximizing the knowledge gained from this discovery will require identifying a coincident electromagnetic counterpart. One promising counterpart is an optical/IR flare, powered by the radioactive decay of neutron-rich elements synthesized in the merger ejecta (a so-called `kilonova'). Beyond providing a beacon to the GW chirp, kilonovae probe one of the dominant astrophysics sites for creating the heaviest elements in the Universe via rapid neutron capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis. I will describe how the lifetime of the hypermassive NS created during a NS-NS merger impacts the light curves and color of kilonovae, and how this affects the ongoing strategy of LIGO electromagnetic follow-up. A small fraction of short gamma-ray bursts are accompanied by long-lived X-ray emission, which may suggest that some mergers result in the formation of long-lived - or even indefinitely stable - NS remnants. If this association is confirmed, this would place stringent constraints on the equation of state of nuclear density matter.

Victoria Kaspi (McGill University) explains the effort to detect gravitational waves from neutron stars during her 2016 public lectures at Perimeter Institute, "The Cosmic Gift of Neutron Stars." Watch the full talk: https://youtu.be/6UG9hoeLcHo
Watch more Perimeter public lectures: https://insidetheperimeter.ca/discover/public-lectures/

Gravitational Waves Found!

A billion years ago, two black holes collided and merged, sending powerful ripples across the fabric of space-time. In 2015 those gravitational waves reached Earth and tickled the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). This first-ever detection of gravitational waves confirmed a long-standing prediction of Einstein's general relativity. It also was the culmination of a decades-long effort. Learn about the technical challenges of LIGO and the significance of this momentous event from one of the field's great pioneers, Rainer Weiss.
Original music by Mark C. Petersen, Loch Ness Productions. Used with permission.
Animations used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

LIGO Detection full movie

To celebrate the one-year anniversary of a discovery that changed the face of astronomy, on 7 February we feature the exclusive world premiere of a new documentary.
LIGO Detection reveals what unfolded behind the scenes between the detection of merging black holes on 14 September 2015, and five months later when LIGO announced it to the world.
Sign up to our newsletter and find out about exclusive content like this before anyone else: https://www.newscientist.com/registration/
Read more about the discovery of gravitational waves: https://www.newscientist.com/ligodetection

Gravitational waves and spacetime

About the talk
2016 saw the first ever detection of gravitational waves, 100 years after their initial theoretical prediction by Einstein and following 50 years of arduous experimental effort.
However, even theoretically, the existence of gravitational waves was a controversial matter for much of the last century.
Ultimately, the matter was settled (by the LIGO collaboration) by detecting the ripples created by colliding black holes (themselves highly controversial objects for much of the last century).
The first detection of gravitational waves is, then, tightly bound up with the first observation of colliding (and merging) black holes.
This opens up the possibility of a new era of physics, astronomy and cosmology in which the enormous energies released from such collisions, and the gravitational waves they generate, can be used as a new space-based laboratory probing aspects of the universe previously out of bounds.
Professor Rickles will offer an historical survey of some of the early controversies, show how the new developments settle these, and consider new problems and prospects thrown up in the aftermath.
About the speaker
Professor Dean Rickles is Professor of History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Australian Research Council Future Fellow at the University of Sydney, where he is also co-director of the Centre for Time. He has written several books, including most recently A Brief History of String Theory and Philosophy of Physics.

Gravitational Wave Detection with Advanced LIGO

Matthew Evans (MIT)

The Real Reality Show: What's the big deal about gravitational waves?

In 2016 astronomers detected gravitational waves from the merger of two distant black holes. What do these mysterious signals mean for the universe?

How Scientists Reacted to Gravitational Wave Detection

I find the story of gravitational wave detection fascinating, particularly as it shows the deep skepticism of scientists. First, disbelieve.
The absurd physics of gravitational wave detection: https://youtu.be/iphcyNWFD10
Music from http://www.epidemicsound.com "Trapped in Cello 1"

The Absurdity of Detecting Gravitational Waves

A head-vaporizing laser with a perfect wavelength detecting sub-proton space-time ripples.
Huge thanks to Prof Rana Adhikari and LIGO: http://ligo.org
Here's how he felt when he learned about the first ever detection: https://youtu.be/ViMnGgn87dg
Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon
A lot of videos have covered the general overview of the discovery of gravitational waves, what they are, the history of the search, when they were found but I wanted to delve into the absurd science that made the detection possible.
When scientists want one megawatt of laser power, it's not just for fun (though I'm sure it's that too), it's because the fluctuations in the number of photons is proportional to their square root, making more powerful beams less noisy (as a fraction of their total). The smoothest mirrors were created not for aesthetic joy but because when you're trying to measure wiggles that are a fraction the width of a proton, a rough mirror surface simply won't do.
Filmed by Daniel Joseph Files
Music by Kevin MacLeod, http://www.incompetech.com "Black Vortex" (appropriately named)
Music licensed from Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com "Observations 2" (also appropriately named)

Cosmology: Galileo to Gravitational Waves - with Hiranya Peiris

In the last decade we have started to answer ageo-old questions like the age of the Universe and what it contains. Hiranya Peiris unravels the detective story, explaining what we know and how we know it.
Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/63JbKXfedRE
Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe
Modern fundamental physics contains ideas just as revolutionary as those of Copernicus or Newton; ideas that may radically change our understanding of the world; ideas such as extra dimensions of space, or the possible existence of other universes.
Testing these concepts requires enormous energies, far higher than what is achievable by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and in fact, beyond any conceivable Earth-bound experiments. However, at the Big Bang, the Universe itself performed the ultimate experiment and left clues and evidence about what was behind the origin of the cosmos as we know it, and how it is evolving. And the biggest clue is the afterglow of the Big Bang itself.
In the past decade we have been able to answer age-old questions accurately, such as how old the Universe is, what it contains, and its destiny. Along with these answers have also come many exciting new questions. Join Hiranya Peiris to unravel the detective story, explaining what we have uncovered, and how we know what we know.
Hiranya Peiris is Professor of Astrophysics in the Astrophysics Group in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University College London. She is also the Principal Investigator of the CosmicDawn project, funded by the European Research Council
She is also a member of the Planck Collaboration and of the ongoing Dark Energy Survey, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Her work both delves into the Cosmic Microwave Background and contributes towards the next generation galaxy surveys that will yield deep insights into the evolution of the Universe.
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Ultimate Gravitational Waves Explanation

I take a classic demonstration of warping spacetime and figure out how to demonstrate gravitational waves with the addition of some wheels and a drill.
Discussion video about LIGO and gravitational waves:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vkfobw_PSSE
Tom Scott's video about frame rate:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzP8FFKpwQ0
Visit my blog here: http://stevemould.com
Follow me on twitter here: http://twitter.com/moulds
Buy nerdy maths things here: http://mathsgear.co.uk

The Future of Gravitational Waves | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Find out how gravitational waves are allowing us to unlock the secrets behind black hole formation and growth.
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
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Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g
Challenge question solution
http://bit.ly/2aaj4Yt
First Detection of Gravitational Waves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo
Nuclear Physics Challenge Question
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqF_Iy0lz_M
Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw
On September 14th, 2015 LIGO announced the first detection of a gravitational wave. This was hailed at the time as the dawn of gravitational wave astronomy. However that’s only true if the we ever detect another gravitational wave. Now we have. On December 26th LIGO again observed the merger of two different black holes.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Calculation Details:
http://bit.ly/29Wkk4m
Challenge Winners:
Antonio Zizola
Zachary Gazzillo
Brook Jilek
Alex McGaw
Suren Gourapura
Amanda Klaeger

Filmed in HD April 2016
Dr. David Shoemaker works on gravitational wave detection and leads the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) project, delivering the detectors that made the groundbreaking observation of gravitational waves in September 2015. He has been involved in the field for over two decades, spending most of that time at MIT where he is presently Senior Research Scientist at MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. He is also a Visiting Associate at Caltech and serves as the Director of the MIT Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory.
Who is David Shoemaker?
DR. DAVID SHOEMAKER, is the Senior Research Scientist at MIT and Director of the Advanced LIGO project. First working in the domain of Cosmic Microwave Background on the COBE satellite, he earned degrees in physics from MIT and the Université de Paris. He has undertaken research at MIT, Max Planck in Garching Germany, and Orsay France, having helped launch gravitational wave detector projects in Germany, France, and the United States. His work on Advanced LIGO stretches from the first concepts in the mid-1990s to the delivery of the instruments in March 2015. Shoemaker is now involved in data quality oversight for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the development of future gravitational wave detectors on the ground and in space. He has testified before Congress on the LIGO effort and how it is expected to benefit science and innovation in the future, and is an advocate for scientific exploration. Shoemaker is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.
NEAF Talks brings you the best from the annual NEAF Astronomy & Space conference which is held just outside of New York City at the RCC campus of the State University of NY. The Northeast Astronomy Forum is in its 25th year and is a world renowned symposium which annually searches the globe for the most relevant personalities who are making space, science and astronomy history today. Now through NEAF Talks online, these outstanding lectures are available to classrooms, universities, professionals, and the world at-large free of charge. Visit RocklandAstronomy.com\NEAF for more information or to learn how to see NEAF live.
NEAF Talks- supporting science and astronomy education for a quarter century, now free to the world via the web.

Gravitational Waves Explained Using Stick Figures

GO HERE NOW: https://www.einsteinathome.org
[email protected] wikipedia page: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]
This video is about gravitational waves in the weak field limit as discovered by the LIGO collaboration, explained by parallels to electromagnetic radiation, sound waves, water waves, etc. I want to see Cat LIGO ASAP!
Thanks to everyone who supports MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
REFERENCES
Linearized Einstein Equations: http://web.phys.ntnu.no/\~mika/week10.pdf
Gravitational Wave Detection: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/72/7/076901/meta
LIGO Mirror Test mass suspension/isolation: http://www.gwoptics.org/hardware\_hacks/mirror\_suspension/
Power radiation from Gravitational waves of Earth-Sun system: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational\_wave#Power\_radiated\_by\_orbiting\_bodies
Power radiation of electromagnetic waves from accelerating charge (Larmor formula): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor\_formula
Strength & Directionality of Radiation from a binary source (p 12): http://www.aei.mpg.de/\~schutz/download/lectures/AzoresCosmology/Schutz.AzoresLecture2.pdf
Newtonian limit of GR, Metric as gravitational potential: https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March01/Carroll3/Carroll4.html
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
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Watch the talented Reggie Watts perform at the Exploratorium August 9th, 2012. Reggie was at the Exploratorium for an Osher Fellowship, and he graciously joined us at the end of a live webcast on Mars to share a little of his own feelings about the red planet!

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