The 1981 baseball strike comes to Rochester. When Dave Winfield made 1.3 million a year!

During our lull before springtime, we can look back to a time when baseball was especially missed: the 48 day work stoppage in summer 1981. Earlier, in 1972, a strike cancelled the first 13 days of the season. Later, in the 232 day lockout from August 1994 – April 1995, there was no World Series to miss.

It is worth nothing that the minimum major league baseball salary today is $555,000 and the average salary is $4,520,000. It wasn’t always this way, of course. In 1981, the minimum salary was $30,500 and the average salary was $185,651. Adjusted for inflation, in 27 years the minimum and average increased by 520 and 740 percent respectively.

In 1981, Dave Winfield was the highest paid player, having signed a 10 year/$2.3 million dollar contract with the New York Yankees paying him $1.3 million that year or about $10,000 per game. An All-Star considered maybe the best in the game at the time, Winfield was paid a couple of million less than the equivalent today of a journeyman, left handed middle reliever. In contrast, over the course of Alex Rodriguez’s 10 year/$233 million dollar contract ending in 2017, he earned about $56,000 per plate appearance.

In 2018, the Boston Red Sox payroll was $22,398,869 and the Los Angeles payroll was 196,591,904. As seen in Baseball was better 45 years ago, in 1971 only a dozen players had broken the $100,000 mark (about 600,000 in today’s dollars). The entire payroll of the Texas Rangers was 194,000!

Before 1976, baseball maintained a “reserve clause,” mandating that players were bound to the team that originally signed them to a professional contract and if traded or sold, players were then bound to that team. Players were not free to sell their services to any other teams on an open market.

in 1975, a ruling by arbiter Peter Seitz effectively nullified the reserve clause, resulting in a system of limited free agency. In the new system, salaries skyrocketed (relatively).

In 1975, the minimum salary was $12,000 ($32,500 in 1981) and the average was $42, 676 ($185,651 in 1981). Go back only eight years earlier to 1967 and the minimum and average were $6,000 and $19,000. In 1967, the median household income was $8,000 (usually by one male breadwinner) so a veteran player was in a solid middle class tax bracket. Today, the average player is a 1 percenter.

As salaries increased — and the richest teams could outbid the poorest teams — the owners sought to further limit free agency and salary arbitration. Hence, lower player salaries and less voluntary player movement. As described by Jeff Katz in SPLIT SEASON: 1981 (2015), negotiations were bitter and frequently stalled even as the games went on.

Split Season: 1981 (2015) by Jeff Katz [Held at and scanned courtesy of the Central Library of Rochester]

As the 1981 season proceeded, the National Labor Relations Board — on behalf of the Major League Baseball Players Association — claimed the owners were bargaining in bad faith, especially by not revealing their financial status and by goading the players into striking. The NLRB asked for an injunction allowing negotiations to continue and the players to continue playing and continue to be paid for up to 12 months.

Here’s where Rochester comes in. According to Katz, the injunction case was slated for US Judge Henry F. Werker in Manhattan. However, at the early June dates when the hearing was scheduled, Werker had to be in Rochester for two weeks of criminal casework. So the venue changed to the Kenneth B. Keating Federal Court House and national reporters, baseball and union official flew upstate with most staying in the old Americana Rochester Hotel down the street from the courthouse.

(l) Kenneth B. Keating, 100 State Street [Photo: David Kramer]; (r) the Americana Rochester Hotel in 1982, 70 State Street. Interestingly, on the days of the hearing, pickets from Hotel, Motel and Restaurant Workers and Bartenders Local 466 marched on the sidewalk in front of the Americana, claiming the hotel’s parent corporation was discouraging the Americana’s workers from joining the union. As told by D & C Staff Writer Ed Myers, Fred Buhlmann, retired bartender and member of the union’s executive committee, figures on both sides of the baseball and money drama just “walked right by.”

The June 3rd and 4th hearings were a bonanza for the Democrat and Chronicle. In town on the management side was American League President Lee McPhail, Peter Bavasi, President of the Toronto Blue Jays, C. Raymond Grebey, chief negotiator, and Commissioner Bowie Kuhn who testified. On the union side was MLBPA Executive Director Marvin Miller and Chief Counsel Donald Fehr who would later lead the union.

As see in D & C staff writer Bob Minzenheimer’s “The Press: Baseball’s first day in court,” the event drew more than 40 reporters from “The New York Times to the Daily Messenger of Canadaigua,” including Steve Towney of the Philadelphia Inquirer, Hirth Hoffman of the Philadelphia Daily News, Jerome Holtzman of the Chicago Sun-Times, Mike Mahlen of The Boston Globe and Jane Leavy of The Washington Post. Along with the three local tv stations, NBA and ABC covered the proceedings, as did local stations from Baltimore and Buffalo.

Democrat and Chronicle, June 4th, 1981

For Tony Destino, Rudy Martzke, Rick Wheeler and Greg Boeck, D & C sportswriters toiling in a more-or-less provincial mid-sized city, the injunction hearing a was manna from heaven. Combined, they wrote close to ten stories, including ones that made the front page on three straight days.

June 3rd opened on a light note. In the morning, Iggy St. George, a probation officer, entered the court. The print and tv reporters mistook him for Marvin Miller and rushed for an interview. When the mistaken identity was clear, St. George explained he was there to a set up a golf game with Judge Werker who he knew. And, at 4:30 p.m. when court was adjourned, the two headed for Brook-Lea Country Club.

(l)Democrat and Chronicle, June 4th, 1981; (r) Katz, pgs. 91-92

Democrat and Chronicle, 04 Jun 1981, Page 1. Kuhn mentioned he was in Rochester three times before, including a 1975 Red Wings game at Silver Stadium — featuring a home run hitting contest — along with 14,000 other fans.

On June 4th, the D & C blared the headline: “Owners: Let ’em strike.”

As explained by Rick Wheeler, the owners and commissioner Kuhn adamantly insisted that free agency as it now stood would bankrupt the teams and ruin competitive balance. If it took a strike to save the game, so be it. (Both arguments would ultimately be proven wrong. As tv revenues soared and taxpayers helped build state-of-the-art stadiums, revenues skyrocketed, more than enough for increased compensation. As for competitive balance, Miller could remind the Judge that before free agency the richest team, the New York Yankees, won the most World Series).

The days in Rochester and his decision gave Werker a spot on the national stage, a spot of which he was seeming wary, saying “Publicity is like whiskey. A little bit is OK for you, but too much will kill you.” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, June 4th, 1981

On pages 92-97 of SPLIT SEASON (below), Katz offers a blow-by-blow account culled from the court transcript and various local and national newspaper reports. In the back and forth, prompted by Grebey, Commissioner Kuhn admitted he could not speak for the owners, prompting the D & C’s headline: “Kuhn disowned by owners.” On the union side, Miller was adamant that all he wanted was the owner’s financial data and thirty days to examine.

Katz is deeply critical of Werker who Katz says, “fancied himself a comedian.” Later, Katz accesses Werker’s performance; “in every and phrase and gesture during the previous two days [June 3rd and 4th], Werker had acted as unserious glory hound, ego driven and ill informed.” Katz says Werker treated Mary Schuette, attorney for the NLRB and the only woman appearing before the bench, curtly, nastily and rudely. Looking back from 2015 at 1981, Katz concludes that Werker’s demeanor “bordered on sexist.”

Katz, pgs. 92 – 97

The second day, June 4th, was only a half day. Katz says the outcome did not look good for the plaintiff, the NLRB.

Katz, pgs. 97-98

On June 5th, Bendetto and Martzke reported that a decision was expected on Monday the 8th:

Democrat and Chronicle, June 5th, 1981, Page 1

The ruling came on Wednesday the 1oth. No injunction.

Democrat and Chronicle, June 11th, 1981, Page 1

Based on the ruling, the union had 48 hours to strike or accede to management’s terms. The MLBPA struck on the 12th. Not taking such a dim view of Werker as Katz, Boeck thought the Judge’s decision was wise:

Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, June 11, 1981

Boeck believed the decision would bring both sides to the table with a renewed sense of urgency. Boeck was probably right. As the strike progressed, the players showed more resolve than expected by the owners. On July 31st, a compromise contract was signed and play resumed on August 9th with the All Star game in Cleveland.

While the contract was seen as a compromise, Katz thinks the players won more. Free agency was not rolled back; there would be no return to semi-indenturehood. Katz believes free agency added unpredictably and new excitement to the game. Super stars added lustre as their salaries reached the millions. And, higher salaries ensured that baseball could compete with football and basketball for the best young talent.

The conservative, pro-establishment Street & Smith’s [1972] took a dim view player resistance to the reserve clause. After Curt Flood tried to have the Supreme Court overturn the clause, the editors disputed Curt Flood’s claim that the clause was “a form of serfdom” — especially since Flood was making 90,000 a year. (Today a player of his caliber would be about 100 times that amount.)

The reserve clause was unfair; it was fiefdom. But for the fan, the clause enhanced the game because it kept stars on the same teams for much if not all all of their careers. The 70’s and early 80’s was the era of great dynasties. (My own baseball card collection comprises all the playoff teams from 1969 – 1983, including the ’84 Royals and ’85 Royals and Dodgers. The Orioles made 7 postseason appearances; the Yankees 5; the Royals 7; the A’s 6; the Phillies 6; the Pirates 6; the Reds 6; the Dodgers 6).

In 2010, Sky Andrecheck made a spirited defense of the Reserve Clause.Andrecheck argues we could have all the virtue the reserve and still pay players what they are worth.

So, disagreeing somewhat with Katz, free agency freed the players economically which was right, but maybe something can be said for the good ‘ol days.

As a selfish fan, I don’t care how much money the players or the owners make. Baseball’s revenue stream is wide and strong. I’d like the profits go to growing baseball in the inner cities, fewer commercials (at the cost of less profit) and all-private investments into stadium enhancement.

According to almost all sources, including Katz, in 1981 the majority of fans supported the players. Sportswriters who knew the facts tended to blame the owners for provoking the walkout.

My theory is that in 1981 players were not yet superrich and only a few years before were not especially rich. Fans have often accused players of being overpaid and some resented that well-paid stars Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale held out for more money. But most fans knew or sensed that, overall, average ballplayer got a raw deal.

By contrast, in the 1994-95 lockout which robbed fans of the World Series many moaned (legitimately) that the matter was a squabble between millionaires and billionaires. If there is another strike, the moans will be louder.

In Rochester, according, to Tony Destino, baseball fans were on the players side. Tim Fox sided with the players who he said had the right to negotiate their salaries and was suspicious that the owners wouldn’t open their books. Fox added, “I’m mad in a way that players are being caricatured as money-grabbers by some sports writers, like Dick Young. After all the owners made this thing what it is.” Willie Nelson said, “the players have been good and haven’t done anything wrong.” Jeanette compared baseball salaries with pro basketball, concluding, “I feel they [baseball player] deserve more money they are paid right now.”

Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, June 13, 1981

On the other side, Jim Foreman thought players were paid too much. He cited the statistic that Dave Winfield made something like $10,000 a day and concluded, “That’s way too excessive.” What would Foreman think today of Alex Rodriguez?

In what I see as a sour grapes and and knee jerk opinion, Chuck Perfetti says:

Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, June 13, 1981

In Perfetti’s words, he would have paid to become a Dodger. Would he have worked his whole career for free? If baseball is a business for the owners, why shouldn’t it be for the players?

In Ed Myers’, June 4th, “Passing scene outside the courtroom,” Myers found more kneejerk opinions:

The first speaker seems to forget the rise in salaries occurred when the players gained a right he or she exercised: the right to sell services in an open market.

The second speaker’s idea to cap a player’s salary at $200,000 sounds like something out of a European social democracy (a system I doubt he or she likes). Would the speaker cap a CEO’s salary at $200,000? Would he cap his own at $200,000?

The third speaker is an idealist, yearning for the days of amateurism in sports. Somehow I doubt he or she rejects, on principle, any payment for his or her job.

I missed major league baseball during those 48 days. Luckily, we in Rochester had a semi-satisfying substitute. As seen in 18 innings, 3:29 EST. That’s nothing., that summer we enjoyed watching Cal Ripken Jr. rip up the International League en route to a Hall of Fame career with Baltimore. We also had the thrill of the 33 inning game with Pawtucket, begun before the strike and finished during it:

When the season resumed, the Leagues adopted a split season format and added another round of playoffs, the Division Series. The format was flawed but added new wrinkles to the pennant races (and additional revenue for both owners and players who need to refill coffers after the strike.

David Kramer, Brighton High School, Commencement, June 21, 1981 [Empire Photography]. I graduate during the strike and two days before the completion of the 33 inning game.

In August, I followed the second half of the season intently. But in September, I was in college and away from my usual routine of watching the playoffs with my father, making it difficult to keep up.

Furthermore, I didn’t have a tv, relying on a tv in the dorm common room. Unfortuantely, my school (Brown University) was stocked with hippy liberals for whom watching baseball on the communal tv was not a priority. I was able to catch glimpses on the occasions when fellow Neanderthals out numbered the Hippies. Mostly, I listened on the radio and read box scores and wrap ups in the Providence Journal.

As seen in Opening Day, 1971, at Boldo’s Armory, the 1981 split season would prove a lucky one. In 1982, I joined the Brown Strat-o-Matic League that used game cards from the 1981 season. I won the championship.

I didn’t fully appreciate the weird and entertaining — on the field and in the courts — 1981 season. Not until I rebuilt my baseball card collection, in which 1981 is a centerpiece (below), did I appreciate that split and striked year. (My baseball card collection comprises all the playoff teams from 1969 – 1983, including the ’84 Royals and ’85 Royals and Dodgers. The Orioles made 7 postseason appearances; the Yankees 5; the Royals 7; the A’s 6; the Phillies 6; the Pirates 6; the Reds 6; the Dodgers 6)

Trading Cards from the eight 1981 playoff teams: Topps, Fleer, Score, Kellogg’s, Donruss, Pacific and Milton Bradley. Cards of the same players from other years are included. [From David Kramer’s collection] (l) Los Angeles Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the World Series, 4-2, beat the Montreal Expos in the NLCS, 3-2, beat the Houston Astros in the NLDS, 3-2; (r) New York Yankees lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series, 4-2, beat the Oakland Athletics in the ALCS, 3-0, beat the Milwaukee Brewers in the ALDS, 3-2

(l) Montreal Expos, lost in the NLCS to the Los Angeles Dodgers, 3-2, beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS, 3-2; (r) Oakland Athletics, lost to the New York Yankees in the ALCS, 3-0, beat the Kansas City Royals in the ALDS, 3-0;

(l) Houston Astros, lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS, 3-2; (r) Philadelphia Phillies, lost to the Montreal Expos in NLDS, 3-2

(l) Milwaukee Brewers, lost to the New York Yankees in the ALDS, 3-2; (r) , Kansas City Royals lost to the Oakland Athletics in NLDS, 3-0

Talker of the Town is a continuation of conversations begun in three Democratic Chronicle blogs: Make City Schools Better, Unite Rochester and the Editorial Board.
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