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The impact of the Civil War on capital intensity and labor productivity in southern manufacturing.
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ATACK, JEREMY
BATEMAN, FRED
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Capital deepening and the rise of the factory: the American experience during the nineteenth century.
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We study the correlates of the monthly establishment wage—the average monthly wage at the establishment level—and changes in wage dispersion between plants using a model of manufacturing developed by Goldin and Katz and data from manuscript censuses of manufacturing. We find that wages were decreasing in establishment size, but increasing in capital intensity and use of steam power. We also find an increase in inequality in the establishment wage between 1850 and 1880. Most of the increase occurred below the median wage and can be attributed, in part, to the growing concentration of employment in large establishments.

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82.