The medulla is subdivided into a number of conical sections called ______ ________. At the tips of the renal pyramids, called ________, tubule called collecting ducts drain into common passageways called _____ _______.

major caylces
renal pelvis

The minor calyces converge to form 2-3 larger passageways called ______ _______, which drain into a single funnel-shaped passage called the ________ ________, the initial portion of the ureter.

nephrons

found in the renal pyramids

are the functional units of the kidneys
filter the blood and form the urine.
has a renal tube

renal tubule

The most obvious feature of a nephron is a long, coiled tube that forms a hairpin loop about midway along it length.

renal tubule
collecting ducts

During urine formation, the fluid flows through the ______ _______ where the fluid is modified. The fluid from the individual tubules eventually drains into a set of common passageways called ___________ ______.

modified
urine

In the collecting ducts, the fluid is further _________, and is called ________.

a renal corpuscle (filters blood)
a renal tubule (filtrate travels through here and becomes modified in form of urine)

What is an individual nephron composed of? (2)

bowman's capsule
glomerulus

What does a renal corpuscle consist of? (2)

bowman's capsule

a spherical structure at the inflow end of the renal tubule.

glomerulus

a tuft of capillaries

Renal corpuscle

where the blood is filtered & where tubular fluid, filtrate, has its origin.

afferent arteriole

Before the blood is filtered, it enters the glomerular capillaries via an ___________ __________.

glomerular filtration

As the blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, protein-free plasma filters across the walls of the capillaries into Bowman's capsule by a process called ___________ ___________.

efferent arteriole

The remaining blood leaves the glomerulus via an _________ __________.

glomerular filtration

This arrangement of two arterioles in series with a capillary bed btwn them is unique to the renal corpuscle and allows greater regulation of __________ _________.

sympathetic
smooth muscle

The walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles contains _______ _______ that can contract or relax in response to input from the __________ nervous system, thereby regulating their diameterand thus glomerular filtration.

proximal convoluted tubule
proximal straight tubule

As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from Bowman's capsule to the initial portion of the renal tubule, called the _________ __________ _______ because of its proximity to the capsule and its highly folded or convoluted structure, and then to the __________ ________ ________.

Proximal tubules
loop of Henle

The _________ ________ empty into the ______ ___ ______, which is divided into 3 parts.
1. the descending limb
2. the thin ascending limb
3. the thick ascending limb

descending limb

The __________ _____ is a thin tubule leading from the proximal tubule and extending into the renal medulla.

thin ascending limb

At the tip of the loop, the tubule reverses direction, becoming the _____ _________ ____, which extends towards the cortex.

thick ascending limb

As the tubule approaches the cortex, it widens into the _____ _________ _____.

distal convoluted tubule

From the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the fluid flows into the ______ __________ ________, which resembles the proximal tubule in appearance but is considerably shorter.

connecting tubule

The fluid then enters a short, straight terminal portion of the nephron, called the __________ ________, which joins the nephron with the collecting duct.

minor calyces

Several tubules empty their fluid into a single collecting duct. The collecting ducts then empty into the _______ ______.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

At a site where the initial portion of the distal tubule comes into contact with a nephron's afferent and efferent arterioles is a structure called the ____________ _________.

macula densa
granular cells

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus components? (2)

macula densa

a specialized cluster of the tubule's epithelial cells

granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles that have granular cytoplasms due to the presence of numerous secretory granules containing a product called renin.

BV and BP

The juxtaglomerular apparatus plays an important role in regulating ______ _______ and ______ _________.

segmental arteries
interlobular arteries
arcuate arteries

Within the kidney, the renal artery branches into _________ ________, which branch into a number of smaller ___________ ________ that feed into another set of arteries called ________ _______.

interlobular arteries

The arcuate arteries then branch into ___________ ________, from which blood is carried to individual nephrons by the afferent arterioles, which lead into the glomerular capillary beds.

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
loops of Henle

Coming off each of the glomerular capillary beds is the efferent arteriole, which then gives rise to one of two types of capillary beds: __________ __________, which branch from the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons and are located close to the renal tubules, and ____ _____, which branch from the efferent arterioles of juxtaglomerular nephrons and networks of blood vessels forming hairpin loops that along the _____ __ ______ and collecting ducts, dipping deep into the renal medulla.

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
arcuate vins
parallel

The _________ _________ and _____ _____ drain into the interlobular veins. From here, blood is carried away from nephrons by the _______ ______, and then interlobar veins, which run ________ to their respective arterial counterparts, eventually into the renal vein.