Measurements taken by ESO’s New Technology Telescope combined with a model of asteroid Itokawa's surface topography reveal that different parts of this asteroid have different densities. The shape model used for this view is based on the images collected by JAXA's Hayabusa spacecraft. Image released

Credit: ESO; Acknowledgement: JAXA

The innards of an asteroid have been measured for the first time.

Scientists using a European Southern Observatory telescope have made precise measurements of Asteroid Itokawa's density. They discovered that different parts of the asteroid have different densities, giving the scientists clues about the asteroid's formation in the solar system. The researchers explain the strangely shaped asteroid Itokawa in a new video.

Itokawa is a stony composite asteroid. The peanut-shaped space rock is about 1,755 feet (535 meters) long on its longest side and takes about 556 days to orbit the sun. Scientists measured the density by studying images of Itokawa taken by the New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, as well as by other telescopes, from 2001 to 2013. Stephen Lowry, a researcher at the University of Kent, and his team measured how the brightness of the space rock varies during its rotation, ESO officials said. [See more photos of asteroid Itokawa]

This very detailed view shows the strange peanut-shaped asteroid Itokawa. This picture comes from the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa during its close approach in 2005. Image released Feb. 5, 2014.

Credit: JAXA

"This is the first time we have ever been able to determine what it is like inside an asteroid," Lowry said in a statement. "We can see that Itokawa has a highly varied structure — this finding is a significant step forward in our understanding of rocky bodies in the solar system."

By looking at the change in Itokawa's brightness over time, the researchers tracked how the asteroid's spin period changed over time. By understanding that information plus its shape, the astronomers could also map the asteroid's interior density, ESO officials said.

Lowry and his colleagues found that sunlight was actually affecting the way the asteroid spins. Thanks to some very precise measurements, the team found that Itokawa's rotation period changes by 0.045 seconds per year, ESO officials said. While this may seem like a miniscule amount, it's something that can only happen if the two halves of the peanut-shaped space rock have different densities.

This very detailed view shows the strange peanut-shaped asteroid Itokawa. This picture comes from the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa during its close approach in 2005. Image released Feb. 5, 2014.

Credit: JAXA

Until now, scientists had estimated asteroid interior properties through overall density measurements, ESO officials said. Now that they know the internal structure of an asteroid can vary, scientists can try to work backward to see how the space rock formed. Scientists now think it's possible that two parts of a double asteroid crashed together and merged to create Itokawa, ESO officials said, although no one is sure exactly how it formed.

"Finding that asteroids don't have homogeneous interiors has far-reaching implications, particularly for models of binary asteroid formation," Lowry said in a statement. "It could also help with work on reducing the danger of asteroid collisions with Earth, or with plans for future trips to these rocky bodies.”

This very detailed view shows the strange peanut-shaped asteroid Itokawa. This picture comes from the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa during its close approach in 2005. Image released Feb. 5, 2014.

Credit: JAXA

Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft collected tiny dust grains from Itokawa in 2005 during a 1.25 billion-mile (2 billion kilometers) mission that took seven years to complete. The probe returned to Earth with the space rock samples in 2010. The unmanned Hayabusa arrived at Itokawa when the asteroid was about 180 million miles (290 million km) from Earth.

Scientists in Japan are also considering a follow-up to the Hayabusa mission called Hayabusa 2. The new probe would launch to and sample 1999 JU3, a carbonaceous asteroid.

Editor's Recommendations

Miriam Kramer joined Space.com as a staff writer in December 2012. Since then, she has floated in weightlessness on a zero-gravity flight, felt the pull of 4-Gs in a trainer aircraft and watched rockets soar into space from Florida and Virginia. She also serves as Space.com's lead space entertainment reporter, and enjoys all aspects of space news, astronomy and commercial spaceflight.

Miriam has also presented space stories during live interviews with Fox News and other TV and radio outlets. She originally hails from Knoxville, Tennessee where she and her family would take trips to dark spots on the outskirts of town to watch meteor showers every year. She loves to travel and one day hopes to see the northern lights in person. You can follow Miriam on Twitter and Google+.