Contents

Friday was born in Dublin and grew up in Ballygall, a neighbourhood located on Dublin's Northside located between Finglas and Glasnevin where he went to school.[1] When he was fourteen years old and living on Cedarwood Road, he met Bono and Guggi at a party to which he had not been invited. Bono said: "We caught him trying to steal something of the house. Classic teenage stuff... but we became friends."[2]

In 1986, after the demise of Virgin Prunes, Friday devoted himself to painting for a while, sharing a studio with Bono, Guggi and Charlie Whisker. This resulted in the exhibition Four Artists – Many Wednesdays (1988) at Dublin's Hendricks Gallery. Friday, Guggi and Whisker showed paintings, while Bono opted to exhibit photos taken in Ethiopia. Friday's part of the show was entitled I didn't come up the Liffey in a bubble, an expression often used by Friday's father.[4][5]

His main collaborator between 1987 and 2005 was multi-instrumentalist, Maurice Seezer, they signed to Island Records in 1988 and released three albums together, before parting with the company in 1996.[6] Since then Friday and Seezer composed the score for the Jim Sheridan films The Boxer and In America which was nominated for Best Original Film Score in the 2004 Ivor Novello Awards.[7]

In 2009 Friday and Macken worked on Gavin's 4th studio album, set for release in 2010,[22] on 6 April 2010 Record company Rubyworks announced they signed Gavin Friday and that a new album is on its way.[23] The new CD is titled catholic and was released in Ireland on Good Friday: 22 April 2011.[24]

In 1983 Friday appeared on the title track of Dave Ball's In Strict Tempo.[28]

In 1984, Friday collaborated with cult English post-punk group The Fall, on three tracks: "Copped It" and "Stephen Song" appeared on the album The Wonderful and Frightening World of The Fall, and "Clear Off!" was a track on the "Call For Escape Route" EP. On all three tracks, Friday and Fall singer Mark E. Smith alternated vocals, occasionally backing each other up. In the same year Friday provided vocals for the track "The Tenderness of Wolves" on the album Scatology by Coil.[29]

1.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle

2.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years

3.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time

4.
Rubyworks Records
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Rubyworks Records is an independent record label and music management company created in 2001 by Niall Muckian and based in Dublin, Ireland. Rubyworks owns two subsidiary labels, Gotta Run Records and Model Citizen Records, in May 2012 Rubyworks merged with UK independent record label Ark Recordings. Rubyworks was formed by Niall Muckian in Dublin in 2001, Muckian was initially working with Damien Rice, helping him with the formation of his solo career when he saw Rodrigo y Gabriela supporting him at Vicar Street in Dublin. He decided he wanted to work with them, Rubyworks released re-Foc in September 2002, and continues to manage Rodrigo y Gabrela to this day. Over the course of the last fourteen years, Rubyworks has released albums by important Irish artists like Hothouse Flowers, Sinead O’Connor, Mary Coughlan, Rubyworks took its next step by releasing a new Hothouse Flowers album in early 2004. Developing an international presence, the label helped established Irish acts like Aslan, Rodrigo y Gabrielas and Rubyworks local and international profile started to increase from this juncture. The label enjoyed further success with Dublin rock group The Devlins. In early 2006 the label enjoyed its greatest success to date with the third Rodrigo y Gabriela album, due to international licensing deals in North America, Australia, Europe, Japan and South Africa, global sales of the Rodrigo y Gabriela rose to over 500,000. In May 2012 Rubyworks merged with UK independent record label Ark Recordings, in August 2012 Rubyworks celebrated its first decade in existence with three Dublin concerts featuring performances from bands like Rodrigo y Gabriela and Fight Like Apes. Dublin band Funeral Suits released their album, Lily of the Valley. One of the songs released from the album, All Those Friendly People, has collected over 10 million views on YouTube. Junior label manager Eoin Aherne joined the label during this period, in 2013, with the aid of Denis Desmond & Caroline Downey, Rubyworks introduced Hozier to a more mainstream audience. He released his music video track, Take Me To Church, in September 2013. The music video, recorded by Brendan Canty & Conal Thomson of Feel Good Lost, has collected over 250 million views on YouTube. Hozier then went on to release his debut EP, Take Me To Church, american Musician John Murry released his album, The Graceless Age, with Rubyworks. Prior to this, Hozier released his second EP, From Eden, on December 5,2014, it was announced that Take Me to Church was nominated at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards for Song of the Year in 2015, losing this award to Sam Smith. 2015 saw the release of Ryan Sheridans follow-up album, Here and Now, on 28 August 2015 in Ireland, the album was released in Germany on 11 September 2015 in conjunction with Universal Music Group, Germany. This year also saw the signing of two new bands to the label, Wyvern Lingo and Otherkin

5.
Virgin Prunes
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Virgin Prunes were an Irish post-punk band formed in 1977. They disbanded in 1986 after the departure of singer Gavin Friday, the other members continued under the name The Prunes until they split up in 1990. The band consisted of friends of U2s Bono. Friday and Guggi first gave the teenage Hewson his alter-ego and now-famous moniker, later shortened simply to Bono, Friday and fellow vocalist Guggi, along with third vocalist Dave-iD Busaras, guitarist Dik Evans, bassist Strongman and drummer Pod, completed the original lineup. Pod left the group and was replaced by Haa-Lacka Binttii, with Binttii on drums, tape loops and keyboards, the band secured a deal with Rough Trade Records. They released their first single, Twenty Tens on their own Baby Records label in late 1980, followed by a single, Moments and Mine. Two other tracks recorded with Binttii were released during 1980 before conflicts with other members forced him out of the band, Red Nettle was included on NME compilation C81 and Third Secret appeared on Cherry Red compilation Perspectives and Distortion. A New Form of Beauty was a project originally contained four chapters and was released in various formats -7 single,10 single,12 single. All four parts appeared on an Italian version of A New Form of Beauty, in November 1982, the Virgin Prunes released their debut album. If I Die, I Die as well as Heresie, a French box set. Commissioned by Yann Farcy after seeing them perform at the Rex Club in Paris, in 1984, both Guggi and Dik Evans, unhappy with the music business, left the band. This forced drummer DNellon to switch to guitar and allowed Pod to return as the bands drummer, the Virgin Prunes started to record but abandoned the album Sons Find Devils, which has never been released. A retrospective video titled Sons Find Devils was released in 1985, in May 1985, rarities compilation Over the Rainbow was released. In July 1986, the band, now a four-piece, finally released a new album, The Moon Looked Down, later that year, Friday left the group. His departure was confirmed in the notes of the bands 1987 live album The Hidden Lie. Dik Evans played on Lite Fantastik while 17-year-old Justin Kavanagh from the Dublin hardcore band Mutant Asylum took the helm as guitarist for Blossoms & Blood, in 1993, Kavanagh went on to form Gormenghast and Snifferdog. Binttiis youngest brother, Jonathan Figgis, was the boy who appeared on the cover of the second Virgin Prunes single, Moments, in 1998, Cleopatra Records rereleased the Sons Find Devils video, along with a soundtrack album on CD. This was the first commercially available Virgin Prunes material to be released since 1993 and, for a few years, the only commercially available full-length Virgin Prunes album on compact disc. Friday went on to have a successful solo career in both music and film, while Guggi remained an influential artist in Dublin and Busaras continued to record as a solo artist in Ireland

6.
Ballygall
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Ballygall is a small suburban area located between Glasnevin and Finglas on the northside of the city of Dublin, Ireland. It is also a townland divided between the parish of Finglas and the Civil Parish of Glasnevin. It was settled by Vikings in the 11th century, and later by the Cambro-Normans and it is also a parish in the Fingal South West deanery of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin. It is served by the Church of Our Mother of Divine Grace, the Cambro-Normans called it Fyngallestoun, the township of Fingal, but the indigenous Gaels called it the town of the Galls, or foreigners, hence in Gaelic, Baile na nGall. Whether from the Normans or the Gaels, it was abbreviated later in old charters to Gallstoun and it seems to have been originally settled by a man called Arthur, hence it appears also as Arthurstoun. It seems to have morphed from Gallstoun to Ballygall sometime in the 16th century, there are many similarly-named denominations in the archives of the Registry of Deeds. A place called Arthureston is mentioned explicitly as a manor in the Chancery Rolls of Ireland in several places under several entries during the reign of King Edward III in the 14th century, a very specific reference to Fyngaleston relates to Cristofor de Preston. It was granted in 1318 as a Manor to William de Prestoun, to hold to William and his heirs for ever, of the King and his heirs, by service of rendering a rose yearly at the feast of St. John the Baptist. Witness, Roger de Mortuo mari, lieutenant of the King in Ireland, a quit-claim of 1334 in the Gormanston Register also refers, Quit-claim of Arthurestoun, which is called Fyngallestoun. Hugh de Lacy, knight, has for ever released to William de Prestoun, burgess of Drogheda, all his right, fyngalleston was the first royal grant made to the Prestons in Ireland, for laudable services, an honour. It was previously a knight’s property, with associated demesnes and lordships and it may in fact be the only manorial title which the Prestons held originally directly from the Crown. It was therefore held as tenants-in-chief, and as their principal manor. Although the Prestons later disposed of the lands, the lordship of the manor was not alienated, and remained with the Prestons under reversion, and passed eventually to a resident of Ballygall. At the time in 1363 when the lands were being disposed, in fact Gormanston was acquired in the same year as the lands at Fyngallestoun were disposed. It is not known exactly when the manor of Fyngallestoun ceased to function as a manor,1363, which then became their chief manor. The shift in nomenclature of Fyngallestoun/Gallstoun to Ballygall probably occurred in the 16th century, historically, a large part of the original townland of Ballygall belonged to the Ball family. Margaret Bermingham married Bartholomew Ball, a merchant who held houses in Ballygall. Ballygall House was located between the present houses numbered 10-60 in Hillcrest Park, its demesne extending to Glasnevin Avenue, imprisoned by her son, Walter Ball, who conformed to the established church and who became Mayor of Dublin in 1577, she died in 1584 in Dublin Castle

7.
Northside, Dublin
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The Northside is the part of Dublin city that lies to the north of the River Liffey. The Northside is not an official or administrative area, the unofficial definition of what constitutes the Northside varies. Some consider that it stretches as far north as Swords, malahide, a close neighbour of Swords, is more often described as being in North County Dublin, despite being marginally closer to the city proper. James Joyce set several of the Dubliners stories on the Northside, reflecting his childhood sojourns in Drumcondra, the soap opera Fair City is set in Carrigstown, a fictional suburb of Northside Dublin. According to the RTÉ Guide, Carrigstown is bounded by Drumcondra to the north, the Northside includes Dublin city centre north of the Liffey, of whose many streets some are noted below, and districts such as Smithfield and Summerhill. Some older districts, such as Oxmantown, no longer exist, beyond the centre, areas of the Northside include the below, most of the names being of long heritage, though until recently many were rural townlands. In general, Dublin postal districts on the Northside are odd numbers, one exception is the Phoenix Park, which is on the Northside but forms part of an even-numbered district. Jamess St continued in this role when the postal codes were introduced so Dublin 8 it had to be, well known places and sights on the Northside include, Major transport hubs include Connolly Station, Busáras and Dublin Airport. The main shopping area in the inner city, and busiest shopping street in Ireland, is Henry Street/Mary Street. Dublin City University, Dublins newest university, is located between Glasnevin, Whitehall and Ballymun

8.
Finglas
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Finglas is a suburb of the city of Dublin, Ireland. The village forms the core of the parish of Finglas in the barony of Castleknock. The suburb mainly lies in the district of Dublin 11. A couple of kilometres from Dublin Airport, it is situated at Junction 5 of the M50, nearby city districts include Glasnevin and Ballymun while the village of St. Margarets is a little to the north. The name Finglas, meaning a clear streamlet, is derived from the Finglas River, the Nethercross from the first abbey can be seen today in the old graveyard. Several primary schools and churches in the area have been named after Canice, St. Canice is said to have been born at Glengiven near Derry. The Finglas or Finglass family, prominent in law and politics in the sixteenth century, Finglas is a civil parish in the barony of Castleknock. Following the Battle of the Boyne in the 17th century, Finglas was used as a camp for four days by William of Orange en route to Dublin city, while there he issued the Declaration of Finglas, offering a pardon for many of James IIs defeated supporters. In 1932, Irelands first commercial airport was set up at Kildonan in Finglas and it was the site for the first Irish commercial aircraft, a Desoutter Mark II aircraft EI-AAD, and the first commercial air taxi service, the Iona National Air Taxis and Flying School. In the 1950s Finglas was developed with housing estates, to re-house many north inner-city Dublin residents. In the village centre are a range of shops, including one of the first-established Superquinn stores, banking facilities, pubs, to the north are several light industrial estates. Finglas is home to one of Dublins four Road Safety Authority Driving Testing Centres, Finglas is home to two shopping centres, Charlestown Shopping Centre and Clearwater Shopping Centre, whose anchor tenants are Dunnes Stores and Tesco respectively. The Rugby Union club Unidare RFC and the GAA club Erins Isle are based in the area, soccer clubs include Tolka Rovers F. C. Valley Park United, WFTA Football Club, Willows FC and Finglas Celtic FC, Beneavin F. C. Finglas is part of the Dublin North-West constituency for elections to Dáil Éireann. For local elections Finglas is split with the west and south in Cabra-Finglas, there are upwards of 15 primary and national schools in the Finglas area, and approximately 8 secondary schools. For example Beneavin De La Salle College Coláiste Íde is in Finglas West, Finglas is served by a number of Dublin Bus routes. These include the 17A,9, 40/D, 83/A,140 &220 and it is also served by the 88n Nitelink service. Endocrinologist and scientist researching obesity and diabetes, regina Doherty, Fine Gael TD & Government Chief Whip Samantha Libreri, RTÉ News reporter Canton, Massachusetts List of towns and villages in Ireland List of abbeys and priories in Ireland

9.
Glasnevin
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Glasnevin is a largely residential middle-class neighbourhood of Dublin, Ireland. It is also a parish in the ancient barony of Coolock. Dublin City University has three campuses located in the parish at Ballymun Road, Griffith Avenue and Old Finglas Road, a mainly residential neighbourhood, it is located on the Northside of the city of Dublin. It was originally established on the bank of the River Tolka. It is bordered to the north by Finglas, northeast by Ballymun and Santry, Whitehall to the east, Phibsboro and Drumcondra to the south and Cabra to the west. Glasnevin is part of the Dáil Éireann constituency of Dublin Central, St. Columba of Iona is thought to have studied under St. Mobhi, but left Glasnevin following an outbreak of plague and journeyed north to open the House at Derry. There is a street in Glasnevin named in his honour. The church on Iona Road is called Saint Columbas, a settlement grew up around this monastery, which survived until the Viking invasions in the eighth century. After raids on monasteries at Glendalough and Clondalkin, the monasteries at Glasnevin, by 822 Glasnevin, along with Grangegorman and Clonken or Clonkene, had become the farm for Christ Church Cathedral and it seems to have maintained this connection up to the time of the Reformation. The Battle of Clontarf was fought on the banks of the River Tolka in 1014, the Irish defeated the Danes in a battle, in which 7,000 Danes and 4,000 Irish died. The 12th century saw the Normans invade Ireland, as local rulers continued fighting amongst themselves the Norman King of England Henry II was invited to intervene. He arrived in 1171, took control of land. Glasnevin ended up under the jurisdiction of Finglas Abbey, laurence OToole, Archbishop of Dublin, took responsibility for Glasnevin. It became the property the Holy Trinity, in 1240 a church and tower was reconstructed on the site of the Church of St. Mobhi in the monastery. The returns of the church for 1326 stated that 28 tenants resided in Glasnevin, the church was enlarged in 1346, along with a small hall known as the Manor Hall. When King Henry VIII broke from Rome an era of repression began. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Catholic Church property and land was appropriated to the new Church of England, Glasnevin had at this stage developed as a village, with its principal landmark and focal point being its bull-ring noted in 1542. By 1667 Glasnevin had expanded - but not by very much, the development of the village was given a fresh impetus when Sir John Rogerson built his country residence, The Glen or Glasnevin House outside the village

10.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma

11.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it

12.
The Boxer (1997 film)
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The Boxer is a 1997 sports-drama film by Irish director Jim Sheridan. The film is the collaboration between Sheridan and Day-Lewis, and portrays the increase of splinter groups within the IRA. Former Irish pugilist & Provisional IRA member Danny Flynn returns home to Belfast from a 14-year stint in prison at the age of 32, weary of the unbroken cycle of violence in Northern Ireland, he attempts to settle down and live in peace. After meeting his old trainer Ike, Danny starts up a non-sectarian boxing club for boys in an old gymnasium. While fixing up the old building, however, he runs across a cache of Semtex hidden underneath the stage and he throws the cache into the river. Dannys action infuriates Harry, a bitter and ruthless IRA lieutenant, Harry feuds with Danny, assassinating the kindly police officer who donates equipment to the boxing club. The murder causes a riot at one of Dannys boxing matches, during the riot, the gymnasium is burned down by Liam, the young son of Maggie, who thinks Danny and his mother are going to elope. Danny has been reconnecting with an old flame, Maggie, now married to an imprisoned IRA man and their relationship dominates much of the film. Harry sees Danny and Maggies relationship as a way to undermine the authority of her father, Joe Hamill, eventually, Harry and some other IRA men kidnap Danny and take him away to be executed. Then, in a last-minute twist, the IRA gunman shoots Harry instead of Danny, Maggie with Liam her son in the car pick up Danny and they all drive home together. UFC commentator Joe Rogan has stated that Day-Lewis performance is the best hes ever seen of an actor playing a boxer, the Boxer was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards in the Picture, Actor and Director categories. It also competed for the Golden Bear at 48th Berlin International Film Festival in 1998, the Boxer at the Internet Movie Database The Boxer at AllMovie

13.
In America (film)
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In America is a 2003 Irish-American-British drama film directed by Jim Sheridan. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards including Best Original Screenplay for the Sheridans, Best Actress for Samantha Morton and Best Supporting Actor for Djimon Hounsou. In 1982, Johnny and Sarah Sullivan and their daughters Christy and Ariel enter the United States on a tourist visa from Ireland via Canada, where Johnny was working as an actor. The family settles in New York City, in a rundown Hells Kitchen tenement occupied by drug addicts, transvestites, hanging over the family is the death of their five-year-old son Frankie, who died from a brain tumor. The devout Roman Catholic Johnny questions God and has lost any ability to feel true emotions, Christy believes she has been granted three wishes by her dead brother, which she only uses at times of near-dire consequences for the family as they try to survive in New York. After finding the apartment, Sarah gets a job in the ice cream parlor to support the family while Johnny auditions for any role for which he is suited. But as money runs low and the temperatures soar, tensions between Johnny and Sarah begin to rise with them. Not helping their financial and emotional strain is the discovery that Sarah is pregnant, Johnny finds work as a cab driver to augment their income and help pay for the girls Catholic school tuition. On Halloween, the become friendly with Mateo when they knock at his door to trick-or-treat. So the Sullivan family goes to the movies to see E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, later, Mateo falls down a flight of stairs and is knocked unconscious. Christy tries to him using CPR, although she is warned away from him by the other residents. The mans condition continues to deteriorate as Sarahs fetus develops, the baby is born prematurely and in poor health, and is in need of a blood transfusion. However, after calming her down, Johnny and Sarah agree to the transfusion but without giving the baby bad blood. In return for his generous act, they give the baby girl the middle name of Mateo in gratitude. With the birth of the new baby and the death of Mateo, Johnny finally is able to overcome his lack of emotion and he also finally catches a break by getting a small role in A Chorus Line on Broadway. In The Making of in America, a featurette on the DVD release of the film, Sheridan explains Christy and Ariel are based on his daughters Naomi and Kirsten. He says they wanted to make a film showing how people can learn to overcome their pain, Manhattan locations include Hells Kitchen, Times Square, the Lincoln Tunnel, and 8th Street in the East Village. Interiors were filmed at the Ardmore Studios in County Wicklow in Ireland, the fairground scene was filmed on Parnell Street, Dublin

14.
Ivor Novello Awards
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The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the Cardiff-born entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. They have been presented annually in London by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors since 1955, nicknamed The Ivors, the awards take place each May and are sponsored by PRS for Music. They are respected worldwide as the platform for recognising and rewarding Britain. The Ivors remain the only award ceremony in the calendar that is not influenced by publishers and record companies. The Award itself is a bronze sculpture of Euterpe, the muse of lyric poetry. In 2008 Amy Winehouse received three nominations for Ivors, including two nominations in the same category, in 2010, an Ivor was awarded for the first time to a video game soundtrack, the PS3 title, Killzone 2, composed by Joris de Man. Category, Ivor Novello Award winners List of Ivor Novello Award winners TheIvors. co. uk - Official website BASCA Bucks Music Group - Ivor Novello Awards

15.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype

16.
Jim Sheridan
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Jim Sheridan is an Irish playwright, screenwriter, film director, and film producer. In the few years from 1989 to 1993, Sheridan made three acclaimed films set in Ireland that between them received 13 Academy Award nominations, Sheridan has personally received six Academy Award nominations. In addition to the films, he is also known for the films The Boxer. Jim Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland to Anna and Peter Sheridan Snr and he is the brother of playwright Peter Sheridan. The family ran a house, while Anna Sheridan worked at a hotel. Sheridans early education was at a Christian Brothers school, in 1969 he attended University College Dublin to study English and History. He became involved in student theater there, where he met Neil Jordan, after graduating from UCD in 1972, Sheridan and his brother began writing and staging plays, and together founded the Project Theatre Company. In 1981, Sheridan emigrated to Canada, but eventually settled in the Hells Kitchen section of New York City and he enrolled in NYUs Tisch School of the Arts and became the artistic director of the Irish Arts Center. Sheridan returned to Ireland in the late 1980s, in 1989, he directed My Left Foot, which became a critical and commercial success and won Daniel Day-Lewis and Brenda Fricker Academy Awards. He followed that with The Field in 1990, then with In the Name of the Father in 1993, the film won the Golden Bear at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1996 he co-wrote Some Mothers Son with Terry George, the Boxer was nominated for a Golden Globe for best film drama in 1997. In 2003, he released the semi-autobiographical In America, which tells the story of a family of Irish immigrants trying to succeed in New York, the film received positive reviews and earned Samantha Morton and Djimon Hounsou Academy Award nominations. In 2005 he released Get Rich or Die Tryin, a film starring rap star 50 Cent and he is connected with the upcoming film adaptation of Artemis Fowl and is rumoured to have written the screenplay and been asked to direct it. Sheridan helmed the 2009 film Brothers, starring Tobey Maguire and Jake Gyllenhaal and he also directed the thriller Dream House, which starred Daniel Craig, Naomi Watts, and Rachel Weisz

17.
In the Name of the Father (film)
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In the Name of the Father is a 1993 Irish-British-American biographical courtroom drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan. It is based on the life story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 IRAs Guildford pub bombings, which killed four off-duty British soldiers. The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent, Gerry Conlon is shown in Belfast stripping lead from roofs of houses when security forces home in on the district with armoured cars, and a riot breaks out. Gerrys father, Giuseppe Conlon, later saves him from IRA punishment, instead, he finds a squat, to explore, as he puts it, free love and dope. When Gerrys father travels from Belfast to England to help his son, in the subsequent trial, his aunts family are convicted of supporting the bombing on the basis of nitroglycerin traces, and the four, including Gerry, are sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Gerrys time in shows an progression from a bitter son who rails at his father to an awakening when he discovers the real perpetrator of the bombing in the same facility. When this man leads a prison protest and then sets a hated prison guard on fire, Gerry takes over the fight for justice himself when his father dies in custody. His case becomes public, gaining support from Dublin, Belfast, a common slogan used by his supporters is Free The Four. Gareth Peirce, a lawyer who has been investigating the case on behalf of Giuseppe, has a breakthrough when she tries to access Giuseppes file and is able to look instead at Gerrys. She finds vital police documents in the file that are marked Not to be shown to the Defence and this leads to the overturning of the verdict and immediate release of the Guildford Four. The film ends with a triumphant Gerry revealing his story to the media, to prepare for the role of Gerry Conlon, Day-Lewis lost over 50 pounds in weight. To gain an insight into Conlons thoughts and feelings at the time and he would also insist that crew members throw cold water at him and verbally abuse him. He also kept his Northern Irish accent on and off set, Day-Lewis has stated in an interview that he went through all this as How could I understand how an innocent man could sign that confession and destroy his own life. The film received positive reviews from most critics. Upon its release the film proved controversial for some historical inaccuracies and for fictionalising parts of the story and Jim Sheridan was forced to defend his choices. In 2003, Sheridan stated, I was accused of lying in In the Name of the Father, in the film we see Gerry and his father Giuseppe sharing the same cell, but this never took place and they were usually kept in separate prisons. It also includes Voodoo Child performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience, however, the Bob Dylan Song Like a Rolling Stone was not included on the album due to licensing restrictions

18.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

19.
Andrea Corr
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Andrea Jane Corr MBE is an Irish musician, songwriter, and actress. Corr debuted in 1990 as the singer of the Celtic folk rock. Aside from singing lead vocals Corr plays the tin whistle, the ukulele, with the others, Corr has released six studio albums, two compilation albums, one remix album and two live albums. Andrea has also pursued a career, releasing her debut album, Ten Feet High. The album moved away from the sound of the Corrs and features a dance-pop sound and her next album, released on 30 May 2011, was entirely made up of covers of songs that were important to her when younger. Andrea is involved in charitable activities and she is an ambassador for the Nelson Mandelas 46664 campaign, raising awareness towards AIDS in Africa. During the Edinburgh Live 8 on 2 July 2005 The Corrs performed When the Stars Go Blue alongside Bono to promote the Make Poverty History campaign. Along with her siblings, she was appointed an honorary M. B. E. in 2005 by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain for her contribution to music and charity. Andrea Corr was born to Gerry Corr, a manager of the department of the Irish Electricity Supply Board, and his wife, Jean. She is the youngest of the four Corr children, the family was raised in Dundalk, Ireland. Gerry and Jean had their own band, Sound Affair, which played songs by ABBA, with the encouragement of her parents, Andrea took up the tin whistle and was taught the piano by her father. Throughout their teenage years, she and her siblings would often practice in Jims bedroom at a house he had rented, Andrea sang lead vocals, Sharon played the violin and both Caroline and Jim played keyboards. Andrea took part in plays at her school, Dundalks Dun Lughaidh Convent. In 1990, Corr and her siblings formed a quartet called The Corrs and their career launched in 1991 when they auditioned for the film The Commitments in which Andrea gained a speaking role as Sharon Rabbitte. John Hughes noticed the quartet when they auditioned for the movie, the Corrs signed with Atlantic Records in 1995 and travelled to North America to record their debut album Forgiven, Not Forgotten. The album featured six instrumental selections among its Celtic-influenced tracks, when released, it was successful in Ireland, Australia, Japan, and Spain. The album reached platinum status in the United Kingdom and Australia, and quadruple platinum in Ireland, following on from the success of their debut album, they released Talk on Corners and In Blue in 1997 and 2000 respectively. Originally Talk on Corners met with success, until a remix version was released, when it topped the charts in many countries

20.
PJ Harvey
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Polly Jean Harvey, MBE, known as PJ Harvey, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, writer, poet, and composer. Primarily known as a vocalist and guitarist, she is proficient with a wide range of instruments. Harvey began her career in 1988 when she joined local band Automatic Dlamini as a vocalist, guitarist, the bands frontman, John Parish, would become her long-term collaborator. In 1991, she formed a trio and subsequently began her professional career. The trio released two albums, Dry and Rid of Me before disbanding, after which Harvey continued as a solo artist. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution To Music at the NME Awards, in June 2013, she was awarded an MBE for services to music. Harvey was born on 9 October 1969 in Bridport, Dorset, as the child of Ray and Eva Harvey, who owned a stone quarrying business. As a teenager, Harvey began learning saxophone and joined an instrumental group Bologne. She was also a guitarist with folk duo the Polekats, with whom she wrote some of her earliest material, after finishing school, Harvey attended Yeovil College and attended a visual arts foundation course. In July 1988, Harvey became a member of Automatic Dlamini, formed by John Parish in 1983, the band consisted of a rotating line-up that at various times included Rob Ellis and Ian Oliver. Harvey had met Parish in 1987 through mutual friend Jeremy Hogg, a second European tour took place throughout June and July 1989. Following the tour, the band recorded Here Catch, Shouted His Father, their studio album. This is the only Automatic Dlamini material to feature Harvey, but remains unreleased, Parish would subsequently contribute to, and sometimes co-produce, Harveys solo studio albums and has toured with her a number of times. As a duo, Parish and Harvey have recorded two albums where Parish composed the music and Harvey penned the lyrics. Additionally, Parishs girlfriend in the late 1980s was photographer Maria Mochnacz and she and Harvey became close friends and Mochnacz went on to shoot and design most of Harveys album artwork and music videos, contributing significantly to her public image. Harvey has said of her time with Automatic Dlamini, I ended up not singing very much, I wrote a lot during the time I was with them but my first songs were crap. I was listening to a lot of Irish folk music at the time, so the songs were folky and full of penny whistles and it was ages before I felt ready to perform my own songs in front of other people. In January 1991, following her departure from Automatic Dlamini, Harvey formed her own band with former bandmates Rob Ellis and Ian Oliver

21.
The Passion of Darkly Noon
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The protagonists name and film title come both from a passage in the Bible,1 Corinthians 13, Now we see through a glass, darkly. For the film Ridley was awarded the Best Director Prize at the Porto Film festival, Darkly Noon is a young man who has spent his entire life as a member of an ultraconservative Christian cult. He received his name from a passage on the Bible. Callie nurses Darkly back to health, but Darkly is frustrated by the conflict between his religious past and his attraction to his new companion, Darklys frustration intensifies when Clay, Callies mute boyfriend who builds the coffins Jude sells, returns home after being away for a few days. When Darkly encounters Clays mother, Roxy, his internal conflicts grow even stronger, Roxy despises the relationship between Clay and Callie, and tells Darkly that she believes Callie is a witch bent on destroying Roxys family. Finally, in the climax, Darklys rage boils over. Having wrapped himself in barbed wire and armed one of Clays chisels, he bursts into Callie and Clays house, intent on murdering the couple. After a scene of destruction, Darkly is finally tamed by Callies confession that she loves him. Unfortunately for Darkly, Jude arrives, rifle in hand, to rescue Callie, Jude shoots Darkly, who laments, Who will love me now. Roxy Entertainment Weekly called The Passion of Darkly Noon an unintended comedy with a scorcher of an ending, citing poor acting, over-the-top dialogue, conversely, Fangoria magazine praised the film, citing especially the performance of Brendan Fraser. Leading UK film critic Mark Kermode has raved about the film calling it One of my favourite cinematic experiences of recent years and also citing it as great unsung work. Like Ridleys previous film The Reflecting Skin it has developed a cult following, the Passion of Darkly Noon at the Internet Movie Database

22.
Quincy Jones
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His career spans six decades in the entertainment industry and a record 79 Grammy Award nominations, and 28 Grammys, including a Grammy Legend Award in 1991. He is best known for the role of himself in Yakety Yak, Take it Back, Trash Talk, Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor, before moving on to work prolifically in pop music and film scores. In 1971, Jones was the first African American to be named as the director and conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony. In 1995, he was the first African American to receive the Academys Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and he is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the African American who has been nominated for the most Oscars, each has received seven nominations. In 2013, Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner, alongside Lou Adler, among his awards, Jones was named by Time Magazine as one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century. Jones was born in 1933, on the South Side of Chicago, to Sarah Frances and Quincy Delight Jones and his father was a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter from Kentucky, his paternal grandmother was an ex-slave in Louisville. They had gone to Chicago as part of the Great Migration out of the South, Sarah was a bank officer and apartment complex manager. Jones later discovered that his paternal grandfather Caesar Jones was the son of a white American man of Welsh descent, Quincy had a younger brother, Lloyd, later an engineer for the Seattle station, KOMO-TV, Lloyd died in 1998. Quincy was introduced to music by his mother, who sang religious songs. When Jones was five or six, Jackson played stride piano next door, Lucy Jackson recalled that after he heard her that one day, she could not get him off her piano if she tried. When the boys were young, their mother suffered from a breakdown and was committed to a mental institution. His father obtained a divorce and remarried, Joness stepmother, Elvera, had three children of her own, Waymond, who became a friend of the young Quincy, Theresa, and Katherine. In 1943, when Jones was ten, his family moved to Bremerton, Washington, after the war, the Jones family moved to Seattle, the major regional city, where Jones attended Garfield High School near his home. He had discovered music when he was 12 and became deeply involved in high school. Classmates included Charles Taylor, who played saxophone and whose mother, the youths began playing with a band. At the age of 14, they were playing with a National Reserve band, Jones has said he got much more experience with music growing up in a smaller city, otherwise, he would have faced too much competition. At the age of 14, Jones introduced himself to a 16-year-old musician from Florida, Ray Charles, Jones cites Ray Charles as an early inspiration for his own music career. He noted that Charles overcame a disability to achieve his musical goals and he has credited his fathers sturdy work ethic with giving him the means to proceed, and his loving strength with holding the family together

23.
50 Cent
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Curtis James Jackson III, known professionally as 50 Cent, is an American rapper, actor, businessman, and investor. Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens, although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career, in 2000 he was shot nine times. After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Whos Back. in 2002, he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre, Jackson became one of the worlds best selling rappers, in 2003, he founded G-Unit Records, signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his album, The Massacre. He released his studio album, Animal Ambition, in 2014 and is working on his sixth studio album. He executive produces the show Power, which airs on Starz and he has pursued an acting career, appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin, the Iraq War film Home of the Brave and Righteous Kill. 50 Cent was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper by Billboard. Rolling Stone consider Get Rich or Die Tryin and “In Da Club to be in their lists of “100 Best albums of the 2000s”, Jackson was born in the borough of Queens, New York City, and raised in its South Jamaica neighborhood by his mother, Sabrina. A drug dealer, Sabrina raised Jackson until she died in a fire when Jackson was 8. After his mothers death and his fathers departure Jackson was raised by his grandmother and he began boxing at about age 11, and when he was 14 a neighbor opened a boxing gym for local youth. When I wasnt killing time in school, I was sparring in the gym or selling crack on the strip, during the mid-1980s, he competed in the Junior Olympics, I was competitive in the ring and hip-hop is competitive too. I think rappers condition themselves like boxers, so they all kind of feel like theyre the champ, at age 12, Jackson began dealing narcotics when his grandparents thought he was in after-school programs and brought guns and drug money to school. In the tenth grade, he was caught by metal detectors at Andrew Jackson High School, after I got arrested I stopped hiding it. I was telling my grandmother, I sell drugs, on June 29,1994, Jackson was arrested for selling four vials of cocaine to an undercover police officer. He was arrested three weeks later, when police searched his home and found heroin, ten ounces of crack cocaine. Although Jackson was sentenced to three to nine years in prison, he served six months in a camp and earned his GED. He has said that he did not use cocaine himself, Jackson adopted the nickname 50 Cent as a metaphor for change

24.
Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)
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Get Rich or Die Tryin is a 2005 American hip-hop biopic crime film starring 50 Cent. It is 50 Cents first film as an actor and it was released on November 9,2005, and was known as Locked and Loaded during production. Similar to the 2002 Eminem film 8 Mile, which it used as a template and it was directed by Jim Sheridan. The name of the film is shared with 50s 2003 debut album of the same name, Marcus is shot nine times by an unknown assailant. As the unidentified shooter points the gun to Marcus head and pulls the trigger, Marcus is a quiet young boy who adores his loving mother, and the two live a relatively comfortable life on her drug-dealing income. She often has to leave him with his grandparents while she conducts business and she is murdered in an apparent drug deal gone wrong. As he grows older, he rejects the idea of work and decides to deal drugs, buying new clothing. Eventually he abandons high school to sell drugs for local kingpin Levar and his underling, Majestic, Majestic, however, plans to become a major drug lord himself, often conspiring with a rap artist he manages named Dangerous. Years later, after Marcus reunites with his childhood sweetheart Charlene, one of his friends is shot and paralyzed at a club by a Colombian named Raul. In retaliation, Marcus attacks Raul but is unable to bring himself to kill Raul when he out to his father. When Raul refuses to identify Marcus as the shooter in a line up, he is free to go. After an anonymous tip off, police raid his house and find a firearm and a supply of drugs, Marcus is jailed, and during his time in prison, he befriends an inmate named Bama. After encouragement from Bama, Marcus leaves the drug trade behind to pursue and eventually fulfill his dream of becoming a rapper. Bama joins as his manager and producer, Bama gets out of jail before Marcus but promises he will see him again. When Marcus leaves jail, Bama, Justice, Majestic, Majestic invites Marcus to become his right-hand man, but Marcus tells him of his aspirations to become a rapper, which Majestic laughs off. Marcus leaves with Bama, taking Justice with him, Justice and Bama initially have a clash of personalities, but Marcus calms them after a roadside stop. Unconvinced of Marcus dream, Justice informs Majestic of his activities, as Marcus more seriously pursues music, Majestic tries everything in his power to sabotage his success, threatening record label employees, DJs, and more. Marcus refuses to stop and taunts Majestic and Dangerous in songs, despite Marcus insistence at avoiding criminal activity, Bama convinces him to carry out one last robbery on a Columbian safe house

25.
Sea shanty
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A sea shanty, chantey, or chanty is a type of work song that was once commonly sung to accompany labor on board large merchant sailing vessels. The term shanty most accurately refers to a style of work song belonging to this historical repertoire. However, in recent, popular usage, the scope of its definition is expanded to admit a wider range of repertoire and characteristics. Shanty songs functioned to economize labor in what had become larger vessels having smaller crews. The practice of singing shanties eventually became ubiquitous internationally and throughout the era of wind-driven packet, Shanties had antecedents in the working chants of British and other national maritime traditions. They were notably influenced by songs of African Americans, such as those sung whilst manually loading vessels with cotton in ports of the southern United States. Such tasks, which required a coordinated group effort in either a pulling or pushing action, included weighing anchor. The shanty genre was typified by flexible lyrical forms, which in practice provided for much improvisation and its hallmark was call and response, performed between a soloist and the rest of the workers in chorus. The leader, called the shantyman, was appreciated for his piquant language, lyrical wit, Shanties were sung without instrumental accompaniment and, historically speaking, they were only sung in work-based rather than entertainment-oriented contexts. Although most prominent in English, shanties have been created in or translated into other European languages, the switch to steam-powered ships and the use of machines for shipboard tasks, by the end of the 19th century, meant that shanties gradually ceased to serve a practical function. Their use as work songs became negligible in the first half of the 20th century, commercial musical recordings, popular literature, and other media, especially since the 1920s, have inspired interest in shanties among land-folk. The modern performance contexts of these songs have affected their forms, their content, the origin of the word shanty is unknown, though several inconclusive theories have been put forth. One of the earliest and most consistently offered derivations is from the French chanter, the phenomenon of using songs or chants, in some form, to accompany sea labor preceded the emergence of the term shanty in the historical record of the mid-19th century. One of the earliest published uses of this term for such a song came in G. E. Clarks Seven Years of a Sailors Life,1867, while telling of another voyage out of Provincetown, Mass. in 1865, he wrote, Every man sprang to duty. The cheerful chanty was roared out, and heard above the howl of the gale, the cable held very hard, and when it surged over, the windlass sent the men flying about the deck, as if a galvanic battery had been applied to their hands. Additionally, Clark referred to a singer as a chanty man, and he referred to stevedores unloading cargo from the vessels as chanty men. This reference to singing stevedores as chanty men connects the genre to an earlier reference to chanty-man as the foreman of a work gang. Around the late 1840s, Charles Nordhoff observed work gangs engaged in a type of labor called cotton-screwing in Mobile Bay

27.
Royal Festival Hall
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The Royal Festival Hall is a 2, 500-seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford Bridge and it is a Grade I listed building, the first post-war building to become so protected. The London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment are resident in the hall, the hall was built as part of the Festival of Britain for London County Council, and was officially opened on 3 May 1951. The complex includes several rooms, bars and restaurants. A large head and shoulders bust of Nelson Mandela stands on the walkway between the hall and Hungerford Bridge approach viaduct, originally made in glass-fibre it was repeatedly vandalised until re-cast in bronze. The closest tube stations are Waterloo and, across the river via the Jubilee Bridges, Embankment, the acoustical consultant was Hope Bagenal, working with members of the Building Research Station, Henry Humphreys, Peter Parkin and William Allen. Martin was 39 at the time, and very taken with the Nordic activities of Alvar Aalto, the figure who really drove the project forward was Herbert Morrison, the Labour Party politician. He it was who had insisted that Matthew had Martin as his deputy architect, a 1948 sketch by Martin shows the design of the concert hall as the egg in a box. But the strength of the design was the arrangement of interior space and they were concerned that whilst the scale of the project demanded a monumental building, it should not ape the triumphal classicism of many earlier public buildings. The wide open foyers, with bars and restaurants, were intended to be meeting places for all, because these public spaces were built around the auditorium, they also had the effect of insulating the Hall from the noise of the adjacent railway bridge. The hall they built used modernism’s favourite material, reinforced concrete, alongside more luxurious elements including beautiful woods, the exterior of the building was bright white, intended to contrast with the blackened city surrounding it. The cantilevered boxes are described as looking like drawers pulled out in a hurried burglary. The ceiling was wilfully sculptural, a conceit at the edge of building technology and, as it turns out. Robin Day, who designed the furniture for the auditorium, used a clearly articulated structure in his designs of bent plywood, the foundation stone was laid in 1949 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee on the site of the former Lion Brewery, built in 1837. The first general manager was T. E. Bean, who had managed the Hallé Orchestra. I was overwhelmed by a shock of breathless delight at the originality and beauty of the interior and it felt as if I had been instantly transported far into the future and that I was on another planet, said journalist Bernard Levin of his first impressions of the building. The 7,866 pipe organ was built during 1950–1954 by Harrison & Harrison in Durham, to the specification of the London County Councils consultant, Ralph Downes, however, the design of the organ in its housing made maintenance difficult, and by 2000 it had become unusable. It was consequently completely removed before restoration of the Hall itself began in 2005, and after restoration and updating by Harrison & Harrison, the remainder was reinstalled between 2012 and 2013, and voicing completed in 2014

28.
Grace Jones
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Grace Jones is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, lyricist, supermodel, record producer, and actress. Born in Jamaica, at age 13 she moved with her siblings to their parents home in Syracuse, New York. Jones began her career in New York state, then in Paris, working for fashion houses such as Yves St. Laurent and Kenzo. She worked with such as Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin, and Hans Feurer. In 1977 Jones secured a deal with Island Records, initially becoming a star of New York Citys Studio 54-centered disco scene. Her most popular albums include Warm Leatherette, Nightclubbing, and Slave to the Rhythm and she scored Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart with Pull Up to the Bumper, Ive Seen That Face Before, Private Life, and Slave to the Rhythm. In 1982, she released the video collection A One Man Show. Jones appeared in some films in the US during the 1970s. In 1986 she played a vampire in Vamp, and acted in and she appeared alongside Tim Curry in the 2001 film Wolf Girl. For her work in Conan the Destroyer, A View to a Kill, in 1999, Jones ranked 82nd on VH1s 100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll, and in 2008, she was honored with a Q Idol Award. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 40th most successful dance artist of all-time, Grace Jones was born in 1948 in Spanish Town, Jamaica, the daughter of Marjorie and Robert W. Jones, who was a local politician and Apostolic clergyman. The couple already had two children, and would go on to have four more, while they were in the US, they left their children with Marjories mother and her new husband, Peart. Jones knew him as Mas P and later noted that she hated him, as a strict disciplinarian he regularly beat the children in his care. She was raised into the familys Pentecostal faith, having to part in prayer meetings. She initially attended the Pentecostal All Saints School, before being sent to a public school. As a child, shy Jones had only one schoolfriend and was teased by classmates for her skinny frame, but she excelled at sports and found solace in the nature of Jamaica. Marjorie and Robert eventually brought their children – including the 13 year old Grace – to live them in the US. It was in the city that her father had established his own ministry, Jones continued her schooling and after she graduated, enrolled at Onondaga Community College majoring in Spanish

29.
Nick Cave
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Nicholas Edward Nick Cave AO is an Australian musician, singer-songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional film actor, best known as the frontman of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. NME called him the lord of gothic lushness. Born and raised in rural Victoria, Cave studied art in Melbourne, in the 1970s, he formed and fronted the Boys Next Door, which spearheaded Melbournes bourgeoning post-punk scene. They changed their name to the Birthday Party and relocated to London in 1980, disillusioned by life in England, the bands sound and live shows became increasingly violent, and they garnered a reputation as one of darkest and most challenging groups of the 1980s. For this they are credited as an influence on gothic rock. The band, having released three albums and two EPs, fell apart after moving to West Berlin in 1983, after the break up of the Birthday Party, Cave formed Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds in 1983, releasing its debut album the following year. The 1996 album Murder Ballads featured Where the Wild Roses Grow, Skeleton Tree, the bands sixteenth and most recent album, was released in 2016. Cave formed the rock group Grinderman in 2006, which has since released two albums. Cave co-wrote, scored and starred in the 1988 Australian prison film Ghosts. of the Civil Dead, Cave also wrote the screenplay for Hillcoats bushranger film The Proposition, and composed the soundtrack with frequent collaborator Warren Ellis. The pairs film score credits include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, The Road, Lawless, Cave is the subject and co-writer of the semi-fictional day in the life documentary 20,000 Days on Earth. He has also released two novels, And the Ass Saw the Angel and The Death of Bunny Munro, Caves songs have been covered by a wide range of artists, including Johnny Cash, Metallica and Arctic Monkeys. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, Cave was born on 22 September 1957 in Warracknabeal, a small country town in the state of Victoria, Australia, to Dawn Cave and Colin Frank Cave. As a child, he lived in Warracknabeal and then Wangaratta in rural Victoria and his father taught English and mathematics at the local technical school, his mother was a librarian at the high school that Nick attended. When Cave was 9 he joined the choir of Wangaratta’s Holy Trinity Cathedral, at 13 he was expelled from Wangaratta High School. In 1970, having moved with his family to the Melbourne suburb of Murrumbeena, after his secondary schooling, Cave studied painting at the Caulfield Institute of Technology in 1976, but dropped out the following year to pursue music. He also began using heroin around the time that he left art school, Cave attended his first music concert at Melbournes Festival Hall. The bill consisted of Manfred Mann, Deep Purple and Free, Cave recalled, I remember sitting there and feeling physically the sound going through me. In 1973, Cave met Mick Harvey, Phill Calvert, John Cochivera, Brett Purcell and they founded a band with Cave as singer

30.
Pete Doherty
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Peter Pete Doherty is an English musician, songwriter, actor, poet, writer, and artist. He is best known for being co-frontman of the Libertines, which he formed with Carl Barât in 1997 and his other musical projects are indie band Babyshambles and Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres. Doherty was born in Hexham, Northumberland, to a military family and his father, Peter John Doherty, was a Major in the Royal Signals, while his mother, Jacqueline Michels, was a lance-corporal in Queen Alexandras Royal Army Nursing Corps. His paternal grandfather was an Irish immigrant from Cheekpoint in County Waterford, his grandfather was Jewish. He grew up at a number of army garrisons across Britain and Europe, with his sisters Amy Jo, Doherty was the second of the three children. It was while living in Dorset, aged 11, that Doherty began playing guitar, originally in an attempt to impress a female classmate, Emily Baker. He achieved 11 GCSEs,7 of which were A* grades, at Nicholas Chamberlaine Comprehensive School in Bedworth, North Warwickshire, at the age of 16, he won a poetry competition and embarked on a tour of Russia organised by the British Council. In a clip later made famous by YouTube, an eighteen-year-old Doherty can be seen in an interview with MTV and he attended Queen Mary, a college of the University of London, to study English literature, but left the course after his first year. After leaving university, he moved into a London flat with friend and fellow musician Carl Barât, however, Dohertys increasing drug problems led to his estrangement from the band. In 2003, he was jailed for burgling Barâts flat, the two initially fell out over this incident, but made amends whilst Doherty was in prison. He was originally sentenced to 6 months, but his sentence was cut to 2 months. Upon his release, Doherty immediately reunited with Barât and the rest of the band to play a gig in the Tap n Tin pub in Chatham, Kent, following his rejoining of the band, Doherty sought treatment for his drug addiction. He attended the alternative detox centre Wat Tham Krabok, a temple in Thailand, famous for its program for crack. He left after three days and returned to England, as a consequence of this, The Libertines cancelled appearances that they were due to make at the Isle of Wight and Glastonbury festivals. However, while work was taking place on the second Libertines album in June 2004. The band cited Dohertys continuing drug addiction as the reason for his dismissal, although Barât had previously stated that the Libertines were merely on hiatus, pending Dohertys recovery, the group effectively disbanded with Dohertys departure at the end of 2004. The remaining members became involved in other projects, on 12 April 2007, Pete Doherty and Carl Barât played 13 songs together at the second of Dohertys An Evening with Pete Doherty gigs at the Hackney Empire, London. In 2010 The Libertines reformed for appearances at the Reading and Leeds Festivals and they performed on 27 August at Leeds Festival and on 28 August at Reading Festival

31.
Jarvis Cocker
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Jarvis Branson Cocker is an English musician, singer-songwriter, actor, voice actor, radio presenter and music video director. He initially found success as the frontman of the band Pulp, following Pulps hiatus, Cocker has led a successful solo career, and presents a BBC Radio 6 Music show called Jarvis Cockers Sunday Service. Cocker was born in Sheffield, growing up in the Intake area of the city and his father, Mac Cocker, a DJ and actor, left the family and moved to Sydney when Cocker was seven, and had no contact with Cocker or his sister, Saskia. Thereafter, both were brought up by their mother, who became a Conservative councillor. Cocker credits his upbringing, almost exclusively in female company, for his interest in how women think and what they have to say. He wrote a song about being abandoned by his father, working briefly as a butler, by the time of his sons visit, Mac Cocker had moved to a hippie commune in Darwin, Northern Territory. Cocker says he has forgiven his father for abandoning them, saying, Cocker founded Arabacus Pulp at the age of 15 while he was still at The City School of Sheffield. After numerous lineup changes, and shortening the name to Pulp, Cocker was Pulps frontman, and part of his trademark image was his glasses, which seemed to stay magically on his face no matter what antics he performed. This feat was achieved using a rubber band round the back of his glasses. Pulp released two albums to critical acclaim, though neither achieved the commercial success of Different Class. After releasing a greatest hits album, the band went on hiatus from 2003 to 2010, Cocker is also renowned for his wit and observations of the cultural scene. He was a frequent guest on TV shows in the 1990s, in the series, he took a trip across the globe, meeting so-called outsider artists, people who create wacky and wonderful works of art, trying to understand what compelled them to do so. Cockers penchant for TV appearances was reflected in a parody of Common People which was featured on the comedy show Spitting Image in 1996. Cocker invaded the stage at the 1996 Brit Awards in a spur of the moment protest against Michael Jacksons performance, Jackson was performing his hit Earth Song while surrounded by children and a rabbi. Cocker and his friend Peter Mansell performed a stage invasion in protest. Cocker was detained and interviewed by the police on suspicion of assault and he was accompanied by comedian Bob Mortimer, a former solicitor, who represented him in that capacity. He was subsequently released without charge, opinions from the press on Cockers actions were mixed. Melody Makers edition of 2 March 1996, for example, suggested Cocker should be knighted, regarding his actions, Cocker said, My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing

32.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

33.
Gavin Bryars
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Richard Gavin Bryars is an English composer and double bassist. He has been active in, or has produced works in, born in Goole, in East Yorkshire, England, Bryars studied philosophy at Sheffield University but became a jazz bassist during his three years as a philosophy student. The first musical work for which he is remembered was his role as bassist in the trio Joseph Holbrooke, alongside guitarist Derek Bailey, the trio began by playing relatively traditional jazz before moving into free improvisation. However, Bryars became dissatisfied with this when he saw a young bassist play in a manner which seemed to him to be artificial, bryarss first works as a composer owe much to the New York School of John Cage, Morton Feldman, Earle Brown and minimalism. The first recording of this appeared on Brian Enos Obscure Records in 1975. The 1994 recording of this piece was remixed by Aphex Twin as Raising the Titanic, on top of that loop, rich harmonies played by a live ensemble are built, always increasing in density, before the whole thing gradually fades out. A new recording of this work was made in the 1990s with Tom Waits singing along with the recording of the vagrant during the final section. Its members included Brian Eno, whose Obscure Records label would release works by Bryars. Bryarss later works have included A Man In A Room, Gambling, bryarss music is heard beneath monologues spoken by the Spanish artist Juan Muñoz, who talks about methods of cheating at card games. His Cello concerto Farewell to Philosophy was recorded in 1996 by Julian Lloyd Webber, Bryars has written a large number of other works, including four operas, and a number of instrumental pieces, among them three string quartets and several concertos. He has written pieces for dance, including Biped for Merce Cunningham, as well as works for William Forsythe, Carolyn Carlson, Edouard Lock. Between 1981–1984 he participated in the CIVIL warS, a vast, never-completed multimedia project by Robert Wilson, bryarss When Harry Met Addie was premiered at the Duke Ellington Memorial Concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London on 1 May 1999. The piece was performed by the London Sinfonietta Big Band and was commissioned by the baritone saxophonist/bass clarinettist John Surman and he lives in England, and, for part of the year, on the west coast of Canada. He was born on the day as another prominent English composer. In his June 2008 appearance on Desert Island Discs author Peter Carey chose Jesus Blood Never Failed Me Yet as his eighth, Bryars is married to Anna Tchernakova, a Russian filmmaker, and has a stepdaughter and son. Bryars has two daughters from his first marriage, Jesus Blood Never Failed Me Yet,1972. Medea 1982, revised 1984 and 1995, some sections of the music exist in completed form, as follows, On Photography for Chorus, harmonium, piano. Arias For Marie Curie, The Queen of the Sea, Captain Nemo, string Quartet No 1 Between the National and the Bristol,1985

34.
Royal Shakespeare Company
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The Royal Shakespeare Company is a major British theatre company, based in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. The companys home is in Stratford-upon-Avon, where it has recently redeveloped its Royal Shakespeare, the theatres re-opened in November 2010, having closed in 2007. The new buildings attracted 18,000 visitors within the first week, performances in Stratford-upon-Avon continued throughout the Transformation project at the temporary Courtyard Theatre. The 2011-season began with performances of Macbeth and a re-imagined lost play The History of Cardenio, the fiftieth birthday season also featured The Merchant of Venice with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSCs greatest plays, including a new staging of Marat/Sade. For the London 2012 Festival as part of the Cultural Olympiad, in 2013 the company began live screenings of its Shakespeare productions – called Live from Stratford-upon-Avon – which are screened around the world. In 2016, the company collaborated with Intel and The Imaginarium Studios to stage The Tempest, John Wards Birmingham-based company, the Warwickshire Company of Comedians, agreed to perform it. A surviving copy of the records that the company performed Othello. The first building erected to commemorate Shakespeare was David Garricks Jubilee Pavilion in 1769, the first permanent commemorative building to Shakespeares works in the town was a theatre built in 1827, in the gardens of New Place, but has long since been demolished. The RSCs history began with the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, which was the brainchild of a local brewer and he donated a two-acre site by the River Avon and in 1875 launched an international campaign to build a theatre in the town of Shakespeares birth. The theatre, a Victorian-Gothic building seating just over 700 people, opened on 23 April 1879, with a performance of Much Ado About Nothing, a title which gave ammunition to several critics. From 1919, under the direction of William Bridges-Adams and after a slow start, the theatre received a Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1925, which gave it status. On the afternoon of 6 March 1926, when a new season was about to commence rehearsals, fire broke out, and the mass of half-timbering chosen to ornament the interior provided dry tinder. By the following morning the theatre was a blackened shell, the company transferred its Shakespeare festivals to a converted local cinema. Fund-raising began for the rebuilding of the theatre, with generous donations arriving from philanthropists in America, george Bernard Shaw commented that her design was the only one that showed any theatre sense. Her modernist plans for an art deco structure came under fire from many directions, later it came under the direction of Sir Barry Jackson in 1945, Anthony Quayle from 1948 to 1956 and Glen Byam Shaw 1957–1959, with an impressive roll-call of actors. Scotts building, with minor adjustments to the stage, remained in constant use until 2007 when it was closed for a major refit of the interior. Timeline,1932 – new Shakespeare Memorial Theatre opens, abutting the remains of the old,1961 – chartered name of the corporation and the Stratford theatre becomes ‘Royal Shakespeare. ’1974 – The Other Place opened, created from a prefabricated former store/rehearsal room in Stratford. 1986 – the Swan Theatre opened, created from the shell of the 1879 Memorial Theatre,1991 – Purpose-built new Other Place, designed by Michael Reardon, opens

35.
Opera North
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This is about the British organisation, for the unrelated American one, see Opera North. Opera North is an English opera company based in Leeds, the Companys orchestra, the Orchestra of Opera North, regularly performs and records in its own right. Operas are performed either in English translation or in the language of the libretto. The major funders of Opera North include Arts Council England and, in Yorkshire, Leeds City Council, West Yorkshire Grants, North Yorkshire County Council, the company gave its first performance, of Saint-Saënss Samson and Delilah, on 15 November 1978. The founding Music Director of the company was David Lloyd-Jones, who held the post until 1990, in 1981, the companys name was changed to Opera North, and the official ties with English National Opera ceased to exist. Paul Daniel became the second music director, serving in the post from 1990 to 1997. Following Daniels departure, Elgar Howarth held the temporary post of Music Advisor, richard Farnes became music director in 2004. Achievements during his tenure included the companys first staging of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen, Farnes is scheduled to stand down as music director after the 2015-2016 season. In October 2015, Aleksandar Marković made his first appearance as guest conductor with the company, in February 2016, the company announced the appointment of Marković as its next music director, effective with the 2016-2017 season. As well as presenting the operas of the standard repertory. Beached, a community opera by composer Harvey Brough with a libretto by Lee Hall co-commissioned by Opera North, Hall initially refused, and the opera was withdrawn. However, following negotiations the matter was resolved when the characters contentious line Of course Im queer was changed to Of course Im gay, in July 2009, Opera North premièred Prima Donna, a new opera by Rufus Wainwright, at the Manchester International Festival. Opera North has also given performances of theatre works. The first was Jerome Kerns Show Boat in 1989, and productions of Gershwins Of Thee I Sing and Sondheims Sweeney Todd followed in 1998. Latterly, the works of Kurt Weill have become something of a speciality, with productions of Love Life, One Touch of Venus and The Seven Deadly Sins in 2004 and Arms and the Cow in 2006. In 2009, Let Em Eat Cake, the sequel to Of Thee I Sing, was produced, and in 2012 Rodgers and Hammersteins Carousel was performed in Leeds, Salford and London

36.
Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589

37.
Stratford-upon-Avon
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Stratford-upon-Avon is a market town and civil parish in Warwickshire, England, on the River Avon,101 miles north west of London,22 miles south east of Birmingham, and 8 miles south west of Warwick. The estimated population in 2007 was 25,505, increasing to 27,445 at the 2011 Census, Stratford was originally inhabited by Anglo-Saxons and remained a village before lord of the manor, John of Coutances, set out plans to develop it into a town in 1196. In that same year, Stratford was granted a charter from King Richard I to hold a market in the town. As a result, Stratford experienced an increase in trade and commerce as well as urban expansion, the town is a popular tourist destination owing to its status as birthplace of English playwright and poet William Shakespeare, and receives approximately 2.5 million visitors a year. The Royal Shakespeare Company resides in Stratfords Royal Shakespeare Theatre, the street was a Roman road which connected Icknield Street in Alcester to the Fosse Way. The ford, which has used as a crossing since Roman times. A survey of 1251-52 uses the name Stratford for the first time to identify Old Stratford, the name was used after that time to describe the area specifically surrounding the Holy Trinity Church and the street of Old Town. The settlement which became known as Stratford was first inhabited by Anglo-Saxons following their 7th century invasion of what would become known as Warwickshire. The land was owned by the church of Worcester and it remained a village until the late 12th century when it was developed into a town by lord of the manor, John of Coutances. John laid out a new plan in 1196 based on a grid system to expand Stratford. Additionally, a charter was granted to Stratford by King Richard I in 1196 which allowed a market to be held in the town. These two charters, which formed the foundations of Stratfords transformation from a village to a town, johns plans to develop Stratford into a town meant Stratford became a place of work for tradesmen and merchants. By 1252 the town had approximately 240 burgages, as well as shops, stalls, Stratfords new workers established a guild known as the Guild of the Holy Cross for their business and religious requirements. Many of the towns earliest and most important buildings are located along what is known as Stratfords Historic Spine, the route of the Historic Spine begins at Shakespeares Birthplace in Henley Street. It continues through Henley Street to the top end of Bridge Street and into High Street where many Elizabethan buildings are located, the route carries on through Chapel Street where Nashs House and New Place are sited. The Historic Spine continues along Church Street where Guild buildings are located dating back to the 15th century, the route then finishes in Old Town, which includes Halls Croft and the Holy Trinity Church. During Stratfords early expansion into a town, the access across the River Avon into and out of the town was over a wooden bridge. In 1480, a new masonry bridge was built to replace it called Clopton Bridge

38.
Sonnet 40
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Shakespeares Sonnet 40 is one of the sequence addressed to a well-born, handsome young man to whom the speaker is devoted. In this poem, as in the others in this part of the sequence, go and take all of my loves, my beloved—how would doing so enrich you. It would not give you anything you do not already have, All that I possessed was already yours before you took this. If, instead of loving me, you love the person I love, I cant blame you, because you are merely taking advantage of my love. Yet I forgive you, even though you steal the little that I have, oh lustful grace, in whom everything bad is made to look good, even if you kill me with these wrongs against me, I will not be your enemy. Sonnet 40 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet, composed of three followed by a final couplet. It follows the rhyme scheme of the English sonnet, abab cdcd efef gg. It is written in iambic pentameter, a type of metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. Line four exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter, × / × / × / × / × / All mine was thine, in prose, which syllables receive emphasis within a string of monosyllables can be very open. The following two lines are mis-scanned by reversing every ictus/nonictus, / × / × / × / × × / What hast thou then more than thou hadst before. The following more likely scansion shows how Shakespeare works with meter to convey meaning, while the seeming specificity of the reference has tantalized biographical critics, it has also been likened to the central situation of The Two Gentlemen of Verona. The situation described, if not wholly unique to Shakespeare, is at least highly unusual, parallels have been noted in Petrarch and in Theodore Bezas Poematica, but these are not as implicitly sexual as Shakespeares poem. Line 5 is glossed by Edward Dowden as If for love of me thou receivest her whom I love, George Wyndham, though, has it If, instead of my love, line 8, the next vague line, has received even more varied interpretations. Stopes relates the line to other sonnets written in condemnation of illicit lust, on the Literary Genetics of Shakespeares Sonnets

Stan Hugill, author of Shanties from the Seven Seas. Hugill's old-time sailor image helped bolster the perceived authoritative nature of his work, in contrast to the academic, "landlubber" appearance of many previous scholars.