Diophantine equation, equation involving only sums, products, and powers in which all the constants are integers and the only solutions of interest are integers. For example, 3x + 7y = 1 or x2 − y2 = z3, where x, y, and z are integers. Named in honour of the 3rd-century Greek mathematician Diophantus of Alexandria, these equations were first systematically solved by Hindu mathematicians beginning with Aryabhata (c. 476–550).

Diophantine equations fall into three classes: those with no solutions, those with only finitely many solutions, and those with infinitely many solutions. For example, the equation 6x − 9y = 29 has no solutions, but the equation 6x − 9y = 30, which upon division by 3 reduces to 2x − 3y = 10, has infinitely many. For example, x = 20, y = 10 is a solution, and so is x = 20 + 3t, y = 10 + 2t for every integert, positive, negative, or zero. This is called a one-parameter family of solutions, with t being the arbitrary parameter.

Congruence methods provide a useful tool in determining the number of solutions to a Diophantine equation. Applied to the simplest Diophantine equation, ax + by = c, where a, b, and c are nonzero integers, these methods show that the equation has either no solutions or infinitely many, according to whether the greatest common divisor (GCD) of a and b divides c: if not, there are no solutions; if it does, there are infinitely many solutions, and they form a one-parameter family of solutions.

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476 possibly Ashmaka or Kusumapura, India astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He flourished in...