sábado, agosto 19, 2017

Chiastic Rhetorical Devices: “Shakespeare's Symmetries: The Mirrored Structure of Action in the Plays” by James E. Ryan

“MALVOLIO

M, O, A, I; this simulation is not as the former: and

yet, to crush this a little, it would bow to me, for

every one of these letters are in my name. Soft!

here follows prose.

Reads

'If this fall into thy hand, revolve. In my stars I

am above thee; but be not afraid of greatness: some

are born great, some achieve greatness, and some

have greatness thrust upon 'em. Thy Fates open

their hands; let thy blood and spirit embrace them;

and, to inure thyself to what thou art like to be,

cast thy humble slough and appear fresh. Be

opposite with a kinsman, surly with servants; let

thy tongue tang arguments of state; put thyself into

the trick of singularity: she thus advises thee

that sighs for thee. Remember who commended thy

yellow stockings, and wished to see thee ever

cross-gartered: I say, remember. Go to, thou art

made, if thou desirest to be so; if not, let me see

thee a steward still, the fellow of servants, and

not worthy to touch Fortune's fingers. Farewell.

She that would alter services with thee,

THE FORTUNATE-UNHAPPY.'

Daylight and champaign discovers not more: this is

open. I will be proud, I will read politic authors,

I will baffle Sir Toby, I will wash off gross

acquaintance, I will be point-devise the very man.

I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade

me; for every reason excites to this, that my lady

loves me. She did commend my yellow stockings of

late, she did praise my leg being cross-gartered;

and in this she manifests herself to my love, and

with a kind of injunction drives me to these habits

of her liking. I thank my stars I am happy. I will

be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and

cross-gartered, even with the swiftness of putting

on. Jove and my stars be praised! Here is yet a

postscript.

Reads

'Thou canst not choose but know who I am. If thou

entertainest my love, let it appear in thy smiling;

thy smiles become thee well; therefore in my

presence still smile, dear my sweet, I prithee.'

Jove, I thank thee: I will smile; I will do

everything that thou wilt have me.

Exit”

In “Twelfth Night” by
William Shakespeare

“Chiasmus – a mirror pattern in which key elements are
repeated in reverse order, either with or without an unrepeated central element
(ABCBA or ABBA) – is a common organizing principle, employed both rhetorically
and structurally. [..] the best-known episodes in Shakespeare’s plays, such as
Malvolio’s tortured reading of Maria’s letter in ‘Twelfth Night’, are
structurally emphasized in this way.”

In “Shakespeare's
Symmetries” by James E. Ryan

Dear, darling
Shakespeare! How long is it, how many times hath Phoebus' cart gone round
Neptune's salt wash, since you gave us the bad news of your imminent demise? I
have been seated here those many years, tearing, fearing, lest, at any moment I
should receive the grim testimony of some ugly, unwanted newshound. But, of
course, you can never die, dear heart! You have bequeathed us a canon of
literary and televisual wisdom like no other, such as would take any man a
lifetime to dissect and absorb. And I believe you are working on yet another
volume of pretty words, of poetry. Hurry it along, Shakespeare, for I am keen
to drink in thy paroles!

Presumptuous of
me, I know, but I think “Twelfth Night” was likely Shakespeare's own favourite
and provides a fabulous counterpoint to “Hamlet”, which was written about the
same time. I came to “Twelfth Night” late in life. I was reasonably familiar
with about a dozen of the canon and decided to pick a new play and study it
line by line. What a great exercise for gaining intimacy with the bard and
coming firmly to grips with the language of the day, which holds one in good
stead with all the plays. For me, the BBC version from about 1979, with the
incomparable Robert Hardy as Sir Toby, is still the best. I urge anyone to read
the play thoroughly then watch it, for it can be a bit tricky going in
"cold." Even one of the actors from the recent film version said he
had no idea what was going on. BTW, what turned me on to Twelfth Night was Judi
Dench's affectionate allusion to it in “Shakespeare in Love”. And she should
know, having played Viola onstage some years before. You can tell she loves it,
too – right? Actually, Malvolio isn't the only outsider - Feste is, too. That
status is commented on by others, notably Maria (unlike him, very much part of
the household), and pointed up by his almost Chorus-like singing role. To my
surprise, in none of the (upwards of fifteen) TNs that I've seen has he been
portrayed as a disguised catholic priest, though the play, I think, gains in
intensity from such a reading. Seen thus, the household is England in
microcosm, its female head wooed unsuccessfully from abroad, and steering a
pragmatic course between the two ideologies challenging it, embodied in Feste
and Malvolio. Of course, Malvolio would hardly have lived on into the
Protectorate. I wonder if Feste was ever caught and (as Maria warns him)
hanged? You cannot commodify depth, unfortunately, otherwise everyone would be
Shakespeare. Shakespeare's true genius is not in the intricacies of his
language but in the emotions he conveys to us through his characters. It's a
bit of a paraphrase of Bloom's 'Invention of the Human' argument, but
ultimately, Shakespeare's language is not a genuine obstacle to that emotional
connection.

This is the
Shakespeare who is staged more than any other living artist annually - and, I
suspect, makes far more than any other living writer per year? Shakespeare
isn't just 'another playwright', he's the greatest practitioner of the English
language bar none, eclipsing even Milton, Jonson, Marlowe, Webster... etc - a
point that is proved by people who don't understand his works laughing
helplessly when they go to see his plays. The language isn't that difficult to
understand if you take the time with it, like all great things, a little work
with it brings infinite rewards.

I once read the
second half of Macbeth while blind drunk on a train. It was massively
enjoyable. I was lost in the poetry. Thankfully I like it almost as much when
sober. However, the point I'm failing to make is that without an excellent
English teacher many eons ago I would not have read it at all. Like the chimney
sweep point in the article she made it come alive. Thank you, Mrs. Hartnack.

The problem with
the current tendency to simplify Shakespeare (at the RSC and the National, as
well as more obviously at the globe) is that Shakespeare is nothing but language,
spoken and acted out. Changing the language makes it less Shakespeare, and more
like “Shakespeare Retold”, those nice films that recycled a few original lines
along with the plots (which are mostly not original with Shakespeare). The key
to understanding Shakespeare's language, if you don't know what all the words
mean, is to hear and see it performed by actors who do understand it. You'll
understand very well what's going on, even if you don't get every word. And the
more you see and hear Shakespeare, the more his marvelously rich language adds
meaning to the music. I think many people's problems with Shakespeare originate
in excruciatingly dull reading in the classroom, without the context supplied
by performance. It's meant to be seen in action, as well as comprehended
through hearing. I had a Japanese friend who said she was so sorry for the
English, because they had to readjust their language comprehension, which “furreners”
like her didn't have to do when watching him in translation. The fact that he
is so popular and so revered and analysed in so many countries and cultures
tells us there's a heck of a lot more to him than the language.

Shakespeare
remains relevant because his understanding of universals was profound, and his
language remains piercingly fresh. Maybe what makes Shakespeare Shakespeare is
the chiasmus or it’s the iambic pentameter maybe. Who knows? Who cares? He was
a genius living at a time when the English language was still wonderfully
malleable. It was an age in which the known world was expanding with the
discovery of the Americas, when England was a centre of growing prosperity and
technological advance - and the headiness of living in a country in such flux
is palpable in the texts too. That Shakespeare was a brilliant literary
innovator just isn't in doubt; you have only to read Spenser, Marlowe and
Jonson to see it. They are all stupendous in different ways (I recently reread
Jonson's The Alchemist and was astonished all over again), but the acuity of
Shakespeare's phrases, the penetrating psychological insights in Macbeth, Lear
and Hamlet, the sheer beauty and strangeness of the language and the thinking
set him apart. Portuguese like me who love Shakespeare do so for the normal
reasons: the vitality of the language, the brilliance of insights into human
nature, and, very often, the tragic pull our natures bringing us to ruin.
Thanks Mr. Ryan for giving me another take on interpreting Shakespeare. Celebrate
the words, the symmetries, the parallelisms, the iambic pentameter, chiastic
rhetorical devices, and whatnot. Celebrate that once there was a voice
expressing the deepest fears, the greatest triumphs and the riddle of what it
is to be human. Shakespeare is more important to Western culture than most of
the parade of characters we see this year on our news screens. Alongside Michelangelo,
Bach and Einstein the word genius can be used without fear of hyperbole.

3 comentários:

All I can say is "Thank God" that Shakespeare remains more important than the line of celebrities that seems never ending.

I am still figuring out how I am going to incorporate the books you lent me into my reading schedule. I am planning on having a "Shakespeare" collection on my kindle. But, do I put everything into it, or just parts? and how do I decide what order to read things? Not being a history buff, I have no idea of Henry V comes before or after Spotticus the 29th. One thing I have considered is using my paper "Complete Shakespeare" as a guide. Read the plays on my kindle, but use the paper work for the order.