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Description: Prevention is considered the most cost-effective element of the Forest Service Invasive Species Strategy (USDA Forest Service 2004). What makes prevention difficult is the desire to maximize free trade and the resulting benefits to society while, at the same time, protecting natural resources. The role of science is to first identify which commodities pose an unacceptable risk and then to either develop mitigations that will adequately ameliorate the risk or technically justify and facilitate commodity exclusion.