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In September 1993, Acrobat Exchange was the software that allowed users to exchange electronic documents with other Adobe Acrobat users. They could create, view, collate, navigate, place sticky notes, and print documents for $195. Acrobat Distiller converted (and still converts) PS to PDF. Distiller was priced at $695; Network Distiller at $2495. Finally, there was Acrobat Reader, described as a special tool for corporate and commercial publishers who need to distribute documents to large audiences (50 or more) in the most time-efficient and cost effective way. In those days, Reader wasn t distributed for free; it was sold at $2500 for 50 copies. By version 2.0, released in 1994, the Reader was made available for free and Distiller was included with Acrobat Pro.

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Although PS and PDF are related, they re different formats. PDF leverages the ability of the PS language to render complex text and graphics, and brings this feature to the screen as well as to the printer. With PDF, reduced flexibility was traded for improved efficiency and predictability. Unlike PS, PDF can contain a lot of document structure, links, and other related information, but PDF can t tell the printer to use a certain input tray, change the resolution, or use any other hardware-specific features. PDF isn t a programming language like PS. A PDF file consists of a number of objects. In his presentations about the PDF format, Jim King often refers to PDF as object-oriented PostScript because this object structuring is something that doesn t exist in PS. We ll have a closer look at the different objects in the Carousel Object System (COS) in section 13.2. One of the key advantages PDF has over PS is page independence. With PS, something in the description of page 1 can affect page 1000, so to view page 1000, you have to interpret all the pages before it. PDF and PS share the same underlying Adobe imaging model, but in PDF, each page is self-contained and can be drawn individually. Each page has access to the text, font specifications, margins, layout, graphical elements, and background and text colors. We ll have a closer look at the syntax for drawing content in chapter 14, and at the way font specifications and graphical elements are embedded in the document in chapter 16. But let s continue with the historical overview of PDF and Acrobat.

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In some of the examples you ve made so far, you ve changed the PDF version of a document because you were using technology that was introduced in a later version than the default. Table 13.1 shows a nonexhaustive list of new features that were added in each version. The final part of this table needs more explaining. Up until PDF 1.7, Adobe owned the copyright of the PDF specification. To promote the use of the format for information exchange among diverse products and applications including, but not necessarily limited to, Acrobat products Adobe gave anyone copyright permission to do the following:

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Prepare files whose content conforms to the specification Write drivers and applications that produce output represented in PDF Write software that accepts input in PDF and displays, prints, or otherwise interprets the contents Copy Adobe s copyrighted list of data structures and operators, as well as the example code and PostScript language function definitions to the extent necessary to use PDF for the purposes above

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Table 13.1 PDF version PDF-1.0

New features Render complex text and graphics to the screen as well as to the printer Password-protected PDFs External links Device-independent color Flate compression Interactive fill-in forms Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) support File attachments Digital signatures Logical page numbering 128-bit encryption Transparency Tagged PDF Additional compression and encryption options Optional content groups Enhanced support for embedding and playback of multimedia Customizable user unit value Support for Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Page-scaling option for printing Portable collections More printer controls Major improvements to 3D PDF 1.7 specification used as the basis for ISO-32000-1; the version number remains 1.7, but companies can add their own extensions, such as Adobe s level 3 extensions, including support for rich media, geospatial data, and so on Adobe s level 5 extensions, including enhancements for transparency, portable collections, and rich text strings