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The result of an utter poverty, child labor currently occurs in 75 countries. The International Labor Organization reports about 260 million children are employed worldwide, at least 170 million of them forced to work illegally. Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and pornography are the prior industries that gain from underage workers. Tiny fingers can gather the best cotton, sugarcane, coffee, and tobacco. Garment and textile industry is notorious for hiring children in Asian countries. Many of them are sent to work by parents, the others are kidnapped and forced into labor.
The first reason behind child labor is poverty. Families treat their multiple children as the labor force from the early age. Parents cannot allow children to go to school because earning those pennies is a top priority for poor families. In richer countries, children are not forced to work very early. However, it is common for teenagers to search for employment that is not always safe or legal. Children of immigrants and poor classes usually work there. Kidnapping supplies children into the porn industry. In poor African countries, children mainly work for their own household. They cannot attend school either because they have to fetch water from the distant areas.
Child labor is a serious insult to the development of children. First, the rights of children are violated as they shall by no means work long hours in dangerous conditions. They are strongly underpaid that equals exploitation. Kids have no access to education or a normal happy childhood experience. Addressing child labor remains the business of NGOs and social activists. Laws against child labor exist in many countries but still, it is problematic to detect the abuse in places.

It is common to use the word “gender” as a substitute for “sex”. Nevertheless, sex is only an external representation, a criterion that identifies us as male or female. Gender is more complex than sex. It includes a gender identity (internal sense of being male or female) and a gender expression (roles that we perform in society) besides our body image. Sexual orientation is another concept often confused with gender. While gender is a tool of personal identification, sexual orientation is an interpersonal quality that determines who we like to see as our romantic partners.

Since the ancient times, many societies have been traditionally androcentric. Now we can judge it by the portrayal of men and women in literature. In Greek mythology, men were warriors and women existed mostly to serve them and to bear their children. However, their goddesses were portrayed quite powerful and wise alongside other influential characters, like Helen of Troy. In the Middle Ages, a woman was seen as a sexual object. Some traces of feminist literature took roots there. Authors of the Elizabethan period wrote about misogyny that further revolved. In the Victorian era, Western literature saw many women-protagonists. The literature of modernity was greatly influenced by feminism, and gender roles were questioned.
Despite the rights and freedoms women achieved in the course of history, gender roles and stereotypes still exist. Men and women often face social expectations based on their sex. Young women are supposed to get married and raise children while their husbands ought to be the ones with bright career prospects. Besides, Western society does not differentiate between gender, sex, and sexual orientation quite well.

A change is an inevitable process for the companies that wish to stay competitive in the market. However effective its practices, they are just old ways. For the last 20 years, digital revolution transformed every branch of industry so that old practices became ineffective at least. Adopting the latest technical novelties is a necessity, not a luxury. To compel customers, businesses have not only to follow existing trends but to set new ones.
The same refers to the organizational culture. Working for a while in the company, people get used to its practices and internal policies. Nevertheless, the perfect working environment does not exist, and there is always a room for improvement. New progressive CEOs usually call for a corporate change, aiming to improve training, boost efficiency, or set higher standards of ethics. It is precisely what reinvention means – changing the corporate culture by adding some novelty to it.
Cultural reinvention happens when everyone in the organization is interested in it. Top executives shall support cultural change and promote innovation in every way. It may take a charismatic leader to persuade the team in the necessity of such a change. Additional training is sometimes necessary to explain to people why innovation is so necessary to all of them. In most cases, reinvention does not dismiss the existing corporate values; it rather expands them, making corporate environment more comfortable for the teams, hence, for corporate clients.

Leaders certainly possess a few traits that help them organize people and promote organizational change. Inspiration, confidence, decisiveness, and empathy make a likable leader who can set innovative and achievable goals. There is also charisma that always compels team-members. Few people can tell what charisma actually is, but we know it as some inner magnetism that makes people attractive. Charisma is not linked to appearance or verbal communication qualities. Still, it strongly influences organizational change.
Psychologists argue that charisma is actually a process, not a trait. Charismatic leaders communicate on a deep emotional level with their followers that creates a bond between people. Charismatic personalities are innovators with a strong empathy and certain manipulation skills. Such leaders easily influence and persuade their followers gaining their trust and affection. Many political leaders are usually known to have charisma. Popular business leaders are certainly charismatic too.
There are several impacts of the leader’s charisma on business organization. First, it shapes top-down and bottom-up relationships in a company. Team members are more committed to charismatic leaders, and they experience no barrier communicating with their bosses. Second, charismatic leadership promotes change. Team members simply want to follow their leaders and take a change as a natural and necessary step in organization development. Therefore, charisma is a powerful instrument that makes way for effective leadership.

For a modern clerk, the figures of a manager and a leader look alike. These are people in top-level positions who build a business strategy and create a plan for its implementation in places. If only we pay close attention to those at the top, we will find them performing different functions. In business and politics, we always have leaders and managers – those creating trends and those making new trends work effectively every day.
We can clearly understand who a manager is. A professional who plans organizational processes and implements them at all levels. Managers control corporate resources and use them when necessary. They are well aware of how to start a project, what is necessary for its implementation and how long it will take. Leaders are very different. They are more of creative thinkers who make up a general goal and emotionally align people on the way to its implementation. Classic leaders provide a portion of essential motivation but they do not really know how to organize processes and put them into action.
The ambiguity of notions exists while many managers got used to being leaders these days. Some companies have both a strategic leader and an effective executive, but it is also common for leaders to go in for management. Multitasking is a popular trend, and a leader with strong managerial skills can do even better in the corporate and political environment. They should not necessarily act at all levels at a time. But understanding possible ways of implementation will help to build a realistic and smart strategy.

When you are a teacher, you realize that creativity is of great importance. The thing is that quite often all those things you have learned in college turn out to be useless. As a result, you need to figure out a way to make the subject you are teaching fascinating. It is not as simple as it may sound. Yet, it is possible. It simply calls for a great deal of precision.

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Upon gaining independence from Great Britain in 1783, the institution of slavery was already well-entrenched in the United States. Nearly as old as the colonization of the North American continent itself, slavery had become a pillar of the Southern economy and by turn the United States itself. The Constitution of the United States (1789) was largely silent on the matter and left the door for wide interpretation on the matter open. Arguments evolved from a range of leading American figures from Thomas Jefferson to Jefferson Davis to Abraham Lincoln. Slavery would last another eighty years until the South was defeated in America’s great Civil War. During that period, different philosophical arguments both for and against slavery were developed, ultimately leading the debate onto the battlefield.
While not overtly pro-slavery, the American Constitution (1789) at the very least condoned slavery as an American institution. Beyond the fact that the original constitution did not recognize black men as citizens, it allowed slaves to be counted as 3/5 of a person in legislative districts which had a profound pro-slavery effect on early American history. This clause in the Constitution affected all three branches of government in the antebellum period. As a result of the “3/5 Clause,” slave holding states were given unequal representation in the U.S. congress which. This advantage in the congress led to pro-slavery decisions such as the Missouri Compromise (1820) which allowed slavery into the newly acquired Louisiana territory. On the local level, the southern states drew their legislative districts in a way which would rest all voting power in the slave-holding areas, thus marginalizing potential abolitionists. The disproportionate representation of the slave-holding states affected the presidential elections as well. The Electoral College representatives were based off of the number of congressman a state had, thereby once again giving an advantage to the South. Consequently, the judicial branch, nominated by the president, consisted of more pro-slavery members than not. This resulted in perverse Supreme Court decisions such as Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) where it was ruled that no person of African descent could be considered a citizen. Although the Constitution did not clearly support or oppose slavery, its relative silence coupled with the infamous “3/5 Clause” had an indelible effect on the pro-slavery argument in American society preceding the Civil War.
Advocates of slavery during the antebellum period developed a deep philosophical argument for its necessity in the United States. As the slavery debate heated up in the decades before the Civil War, several prominent thinkers such as George Fitzhugh and John C. Calhoun developed philosophical arguments in its defense. Fitzhugh, a social theorist and racial-based sociologist, argued that slavery was in fact a form of protection for African-Americans. Believing that African’s were intellectually inferior and incapable of surviving in a capitalist society, he said that slavery was actually a good thing. According to Fitzhugh, slavery served to civilize and protect African’s in a society which they were ill-equipped to survive. Calhoun, a leading Southern politician, disagreed with other pro-slavery colleagues that the institution was a “necessary evil.” Instead, he argued that slavery was not evil but in fact a natural and “good” institution. Calhoun pointed to other societies around the world in which an elite group prospers off the labor of another. As a senator from South Carolina and later Vice President to John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, he was a vocal proponent of slavery on the national level. He believed that the slaves’ condition in America was actually more humane than the condition of the poor in most European countries. It was natural in a country consisting of two different races for one to become subordinate to the other, according to Calhoun. Therefore, he argued, the United States benefited greatly by the subordination of the blacks and was to the benefit of both races. These two influential pro-slavery thinkers held great sway during the antebellum period but received strong criticisms from the emerging abolitionist movement.
The abolitionist movement grew out of not only disgust of the institution itself but also the unfair advantage that Southern states were getting in the political level. Early abolitionist thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson and Frederick Douglass argued that the institution of slavery was in direct contradiction of the enlightened principles laid out in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The institution of slavery was also attacked by foreign observers from countries like Great Britain, which had outlawed the practice in 1833. Despite being a the hated enemy of the U.S. federal government, the British would not support the rebel cause during the Civil War in part due to the institution of slavery. Other abolitionist groups in the United States such as the Quakers believed that slavery and subjugation was immoral and that the United States would one day have to atone for its sins. This day of atonement would be realized when civil war broke out between the North and the South. President Abraham Lincoln, whose own views on slavery evolved during the Civil War period, would be at the forefront of the quest to end the practice once and for all in the United States.
From the time of the country’s independence until the Civil War, the slavery debate was a key political issue which dominated all levels. Arguments for and against its existence formed during this period and influenced the combatants on both sides of America’s greatest blood-letting. Leading politicians from both the North and South were forced to take a stand on the issue in the decades preceding the Civil War. Key legislation passed during the decades before the Civil War only served to further exacerbate the situation. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 signaled to the South that major changes to the institution of slavery were imminent. The Southern states chose secession rather than further debate on the matter. Ultimately it took war for the United States to realize the simple creed written in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal.”

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This entry was posted on Monday, May 13th, 2013 at 12:36 pm by userCategories:UncategorizedTags: