FujianFujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: Fújiàn; pronounced
[fǔtɕjɛ̂n] ( listen)), formerly romanised as Foken,
Fouken, Fukien, and Hokkien, is a province on the southeast coast of
mainland China.
FujianFujian is bordered by three provinces:
ZhejiangZhejiang to the
north,
JiangxiJiangxi to the west and
GuangdongGuangdong to the south, along with
TaiwanTaiwan 150 km to the east, across the
TaiwanTaiwan strait.[6] The name
FujianFujian came from the combination of
FuzhouFuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name
for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang dynasty. While its
population is chiefly of Han origin, it is one of the most culturally
and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of
FujianFujian is administered by the People's Republic of China
(PRC). However, the archipelagos of
KinmenKinmen and Matsu are under the
control of the
Republic of ChinaRepublic of China (ROC, a.k.a. Taiwan). Thus, there are
two provincial governments: the
FujianFujian Province administered by the
PRC and the
FujianFujian Province of the ROC.

History[edit]
Prehistoric Fujian[edit]
Recent[when?] archaeological discoveries demonstrate that
FujianFujian had
entered the
Neolithic AgeNeolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From
the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan
Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou,
numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics
(including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with
spinning wheels, which is definitive evidence of weaving.
The Tanshishan (昙石山) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou
spans the Neolithic and
ChalcolithicChalcolithic Age where semi-underground
circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun
(黄土崙) site (ca.1325 BC), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the
Bronze AgeBronze Age in character.
Minyue[edit]
See also: Minyue
FujianFujian was also where the kingdom of
Minyue was located. The word
"Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" (閩/闽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
bân), which is perhaps an ethnic name and associated with the Chinese
word for barbarians[citation needed] (蠻/蛮; pinyin: mán; POJ:
bân), and "Yuè", after the State of Yue, a Spring and Autumn period
kingdom in
ZhejiangZhejiang to the north. This is due to the royal family of
Yuè fled to
FujianFujian after their kingdom was annexed by the State of
Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area,
but the ethnonym is probably earlier.
Imperial China[edit]
Han dynasty[edit]
See also: Han campaigns against Minyue
Minyue was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin
dynasty, the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its
status. In the aftermath of the fall of the Qin dynasty, civil war
broke out between two warlords,
Xiang YuXiang Yu and Liu Bang. The
Minyue king
Wuzhu sent his troops to fight side-by-side with
Liu BangLiu Bang and his
gamble paid off.
Liu BangLiu Bang was victorious and founded the Han dynasty.
In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as a tributary independent
kingdom. Thus, Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in
FuzhouFuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains, which have
been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the
borders of contemporary
FujianFujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern
Jiangxi, and southern Zhejiang.[7]
After the death of Wuzhu,
Minyue maintained its militant tradition and
launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in
Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, which occurred primarily in the 2nd
century BC. This was stopped by the
Han dynastyHan dynasty as it expanded
southward. The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the
potential threat by sending a military campaign against Minyue. Large
forces approached
Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land
and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in
FuzhouFuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile
fight and destruction; thus the first kingdom in
FujianFujian history came
to an abrupt end.
The
Han dynastyHan dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the
way for the
Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms era. Sun Quan, the founder of the Kingdom
of Wu, spent nearly twenty years subduing the Shan Yue people, the
branch of the Yue living in mountains.
First
Han ChineseHan Chinese migration[edit]
The first wave of immigration of the noble class arrived in the
province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty
collapsed and the north was torn apart by invasions by nomadic peoples
from the north, as well as civil war. These immigrants were primarily
from eight families in central China: Lin (林), Huang (黄), Chen
(陈), Zheng (郑), Zhan (詹), Qiu (邱), He (何), and Hu (胡). The
first four remain as the major surnames of modern Fujian.
Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain
contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of
development, despite major population boosts from northern China
during the "barbarian" invasions. Population density in Fujian
remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and
sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like
other southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and
Yunnan,
FujianFujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and
dissidents at that time.
During the
Southern and Northern DynastiesSouthern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties
reigned south of the Yangtze River, including Fujian.
Sui and Tang dynasties[edit]
See also: Early western influence in Fujian
During Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants came and settled
in Fujian.[8]
The
Tang dynastyTang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China
which contributed to a boom of Fujian’s culture and economy.
Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The
later years of the
Tang dynastyTang dynasty saw a number of political upheavals in
the Chinese heartland, prompting another wave of Chinese to immigrate
to Fujian.
As the
Tang dynastyTang dynasty ended,
ChinaChina was torn apart in the period of the
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, a second major wave
of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by General
Wang, who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in
Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom
suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang,
another southern kingdom.[9]
QuanzhouQuanzhou was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min
Kingdom[citation needed] and was the largest seaport in the
world.[when?] Its population is also greater than Fuzhou.[10][11] Due
to the Ispah Rebellion,
QuanzhouQuanzhou was severely damaged.
Song dynasty[edit]
The
Lý dynastyLý dynasty monarchs of Vietnam were of Chinese ethnicity.[12]
FujianFujian province, Jinjiang village was the origin of Lý Thái Tổ
李公蘊, the ancestor of the
Lý dynastyLý dynasty ruling
family.[a][13][14][15] China,
FujianFujian was the home of Lý Công Uẩn.
The ethnic Chinese background of Lý Công Uẩn has been accepted by
Vietnamese historian Trần Quốc Vượng.[16]
The founder of the
Trần DynastyTrần Dynasty in Vietnam, Emperor Trần Thái
Tông, was the great-grandson of a Chinese person who came to Vietnam
from
FujianFujian from the Chinese Chen clan. Several members of the family,
like the prince
Trần Quốc TuấnTrần Quốc Tuấn continued to know how to speak
Chinese.[17][18] The name of the prince’s great grandfather was
Trần Kinh.
People from the
Song dynastySong dynasty of China, like
Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao,
fled to the Trân dynasty after the Mongol invasion of China. The
Daoist cleric Xu Zongdaowho, who recorded the Mongol invasion, and
referred to them as "Northern bandits" also came from Fujian.[19]
FujianFujian was the origin of the ethnic Chinese Tran who migrated to
Vietnam along with a large amount of other Chinese, during the
Vietnamese Ly dynasty, where they served as officials. Distinctly
Chinese last names are found in the Tran and Ly dynasty Imperial exam
records.[20] Ethnic Chinese are recorded in Tran and Ly dynasty
records of officials.[21] Clothing, food, and language were all
Chinese dominated in
Van DonVan Don where the Tran had moved to after leaving
their home province of Fujian. The
Chinese languageChinese language could still be
spoken by the Tran in Vietnam.[17] The side of Vietnam that borders
the ocean was colonized by Chinese migrants from Fujian. This included
the Tran among them who becamr located to the capital's southeastern
area.[18][22] The Red River Delta was subjected to migration from
Fujian. The Tran and
Van DonVan Don port arose as a result of this
interaction.[23]
GuangdongGuangdong and
FujianFujian Chinese moved to the Halong
located
Van DonVan Don coastal port during Ly Anh Tong's rule in order to
engage in commerce.[24] The usurpation of the Ly occurred after they
married with the fishing Fujianese Tran family.[25]
In 1172
FujianFujian was attacked by
Pi-she-yePi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan.[26]
Ming dynasty[edit]
In the early Ming dynasty,
QuanzhouQuanzhou was the staging area and supply
depot of Zheng He's naval expeditions. Further development was
severely hampered by the sea trade ban of the Ming dynasty, and the
area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou, Hangzhou,
NingboNingbo and
ShanghaiShanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550.[citation needed]
Large-scale piracy by
WokouWokou was eventually wiped out by Chinese
military and Japanese authority of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[citation
needed]
An account of
Ming dynastyMing dynastyFujianFujian was written by No In 鲁认.[27][28]
The Pisheya appear in
QuanzhouQuanzhou Ming era records.[29]
Qing dynasty[edit]
The late Ming and early
Qing dynastyQing dynasty symbolized an era of large influx
of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi
Emperor, a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of
KoxingaKoxinga in the island of Taiwan.
The seaban implented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the
coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This
has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of
water".
Incoming refugees, however, did not translate into a major labor
force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of
Guangdong. In 1683, the
Qing dynastyQing dynasty conquered
TaiwanTaiwan and annexed it
into the
FujianFujian province, as
TaiwanTaiwan Prefecture. Settlement of Taiwan
by
Han ChineseHan Chinese followed. Today, the majority of people in
TaiwanTaiwan are
descendants of
HokkienHokkien people from Southern Fujian.
FujianFujian arrived at
its present extent after
TaiwanTaiwan was developed into an independent
province (Fujian-Taiwan-Province) starting in 1885.[30] Just ten more
years later, the Qing ceded
TaiwanTaiwan to Japan via the Treaty of
Shimonoseki after losing the
First Sino-Japanese WarFirst Sino-Japanese War in 1895.
Republican China[edit]
See also:
Fujian People's GovernmentFujian People's Government and
FujianFujian Province, Republic of
China
People's Republic[edit]
Owing to the mountainous landscape,
FujianFujian was the most secluded
province of the PRC in eastern
ChinaChina due to the lack of rail and
underdeveloped networks of paved roads before the 1950s. The first
railway to the province, the Yingtan-
XiamenXiamen Railway, was completed in
1957. Despite its secluded location,
FujianFujian has had a strong academic
tradition since the Southern Song dynasty. At the time, north China
was occupied by the Jurchen Jin dynasty during the Jin-Song wars,
which caused a shift of the cultural center of
ChinaChina to the south,
benefiting
FuzhouFuzhou and other southern cities. In the Chinese Academy of
Science and Chinese Academy of Engineering, there are more members
from
FuzhouFuzhou than from any other city.[citation needed] In addition, it
should also be pointed out that the slow development of
FujianFujian in its
early days has proven a blessing for the province's ecology; today,
the province has the highest forest coverage rate and the most diverse
biosphere in
ChinaChina whereas central
ChinaChina suffers from severe
overpopulation and displays severe signs of soil erosion accompanied
by frequent droughts and floods due to lack of forest
coverage.[citation needed]
Since the late 1970s, the economy of
FujianFujian along the coast has
greatly benefited from its geographic and cultural proximity to
Taiwan. In 2003,
XiamenXiamen ranked number eight GDP per capita among 659
Chinese cities, ahead of
ShanghaiShanghai and Beijing, while
FuzhouFuzhou ranked no.
21 (number 4 among 30 provincial capitals).[citation needed] The
development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from
the over-populated areas in the north and west, and much of the
farmland and forest as well as cultural heritage sites such as the
temples of king Wuzhu have given way to ubiquitous high-rise
buildings, and the government faces challenges at all levels to
sustain development while, at the same time, preserving the unique and
vital natural and cultural heritage of Fujian.
Geography[edit]

The province is mostly mountainous, and is traditionally described to
be "Eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland"
(八山一水一分田). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the
Wuyi MountainsWuyi Mountains forming the border between
FujianFujian and Jiangxi. It is
the most forested provincial level administrative region in China,
with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009.[31] The highest point of
FujianFujian is
Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of
2,157 metres (1.340 mi).
The
FujianFujian province faces
East ChinaEast China Sea to the east, South
ChinaChina Sea
to the south, and the
TaiwanTaiwan Strait to the southeast. The coastline is
rugged and has many bays and islands. Major islands include Quemoy
(also known as Kinmen) (controlled by the Republic of China), Haitan
Island, and Nanri Island.
Meizhou IslandMeizhou Island occupies a central place in
the cult of the goddess Matsu, the patron deity of Chinese sailors.
The Min River (闽江) and its tributaries cut through much of
northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include the Jin River and
the Jiulong River. Due to its uneven topography,
FujianFujian has many
cliffs and rapids.
FujianFujian is separated from
TaiwanTaiwan by the 180 kilometres
(110 mi)-wide
TaiwanTaiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the
TaiwanTaiwan Strait are also part of the province. Small parts of the
province, namely the islands of
QuemoyQuemoy and Matsu, are under the
administration of the Republic of China.
The
FujianFujian province is dissected by number of faults which are the
results of stresses triggered by collision between the Asiatic Plate
and the Philippine Sea Plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang
fault zones in this area are active displaying annual displacement
rates of 3–5 mm. They can cause a major earthquake in the
future.[32]
FujianFujian has a subtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, the
coastal regions average around 7–10 °C (45–50 °F)
while the hills average 6–8 °C (43–46 °F). In the
summer, temperatures are high, and the province is threatened by
typhoons coming in from the Pacific. Average annual precipitation is
1,400–2,000 millimetres (55–79 in).
Transportation[edit]
The province has improved its infrastructure considerably by adding
166 kilometres (103 mi) of new roads and 155 kilometres
(96 mi) of railways.[when?]
Roads[edit]
As of 2012[update], there are 54,876 kilometres (34,098 miles) of
highways in Fujian, including 3,500 kilometres (2,200 miles) of
expressways. The top infrastructure projects in recent years have been
the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway (US$624 million) and the
Sanmingshi-
FuzhouFuzhou expressway (US$1.40 billion). The 12th Five-Year
Plan, covering the period from 2011 to 2015, aims to double the length
of the province's expressways to 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi).[33]
Railways[edit]

Sub-provincial cities
* - including Jinmen County claimed by the PRC controlled by the ROC
(included in the total Counties' count)

All of the prefecture-level cities except Longyan, Sanming, and
NanpingNanping are found along the coast.
The nine prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 85
county-level divisions (28 districts, 13 county-level cities, and 44
counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,107 township-level
divisions (605 towns, 328 townships, 18 ethnic townships, and 156
subdistricts). Note: these are the official PRC numbers. Thus, Quemoy
(Jinmen) is included as one of the 45 counties and Matsu (Mazu) as one
of the 334 townships.
QuemoyQuemoy (Jinmen) County is nominally controlled by Quanzhou
Prefecture-Level city, but it is administered in its entirety by the
Republic of China. The PRC-administered Lianjiang County, under the
jurisdiction of
FuzhouFuzhou Prefecture-level City, nominally includes the
Matsu IslandsMatsu Islands (Mazu), but Matsu (Mazu), in reality, is controlled by
the Republic of China, which administers Matsu as Lienchiang County
(which is the same name but romanized differently). The
WuchiuWuchiu (Wuqiu)
islands are nominally administered in the PRC by
Xiuyu DistrictXiuyu District of
PutianPutian Prefecture, but, in reality, is controlled by the Republic of
China, which administers
WuchiuWuchiu (Wuqiu) as part of
QuemoyQuemoy (Jinmen)
County.
Politics[edit]
Further information: List of provincial leaders of the People's
Republic of China
List of the Secretaries of the CPC
FujianFujian Committee

FujianFujian is one of the more affluent provinces with many industries
spanning tea production, clothing and sports manufacturers such as
Anta, 361 Degrees, Xtep,
Peak Sport ProductsPeak Sport Products and Septwolves. Many
foreign firms have operations in Fujian. They include Boeing, Dell,
GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK and Panasonic.[39]

Historical GDP of
FujianFujian Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008)[40]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF
WEO October 2017[41])

year
GDP
GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population
Reference index

In terms of agricultural land,
FujianFujian is hilly and farmland is sparse.
RiceRice is the main crop, supplemented by sweet potatoes and wheat and
barley.[42] Cash crops include sugar cane and rapeseed.
FujianFujian leads
the provinces of
ChinaChina in longan production, and is also a major
producer of lychees and tea.
SeafoodSeafood is another important product,
with shellfish production especially prominent.
Because of the geographic location with Taiwan,
FujianFujian has been
considered the battlefield frontline in a potential war between
mainland
ChinaChina and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment
from Chinese central government and developed much slower than the
rest of
ChinaChina before 1978. Since 1978, when
ChinaChina opened to the world,
FujianFujian has received significant investment from overseas Fujianese
around the world, Taiwanese and foreign investment. Today, although
FujianFujian is one of the wealthier provinces of China, its GDP per capita
is only about the average of China's coastal administrative
divisions.[43]
See also
List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDPList of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita
Minnan Golden TriangleMinnan Golden Triangle which includes Xiamen,
QuanzhouQuanzhou and Zhangzhou
accounts for 40 percent of the GDP of
FujianFujian province.
FujianFujian province will be the major economic beneficiary of the opening
up of direct transport with
TaiwanTaiwan which commenced on December 15,
2008. This includes direct flights from
TaiwanTaiwan to major
FujianFujian cities
such as
XiamenXiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, ports in Xiamen,
QuanzhouQuanzhou and
FuzhouFuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure for increased economic
trade with Taiwan.[44][45]
FujianFujian is the host of
ChinaChina International Fair for Investment and
Trade annually. It is held in
XiamenXiamen to promote foreign investment for
all of China.
In 2011, Fujian's nominal GDP was 1.74 trillion yuan (US$276.3
billion), a rise of 13 percent from the previous year.[46] Its GDP per
capita was 46,802 yuan (US$7,246 (9th)).[43]
By 2015
FujianFujian expects to have at least 50 enterprises that have over
10 billion RMB in annual revenues. The government also expects 55
percent of GDP growth to come from the industrial sector.[47]
Economic and Technological Development Zones[edit]

As of 1832, the province was described as having an estimated
"population of fourteen millions."[49]
Han ChineseHan Chinese make up 98% of the population. Various Fujianese peoples
(Min-speaking groups) make up the largest subgroups of
Han ChineseHan Chinese in
Fujian. This includes the Hoklo people,
FuzhouneseFuzhounese people, Teochew
people and
PutianPutian people.
Hakka, a
Han ChineseHan Chinese people with its own distinct identity, live in
the southwestern parts of the province bordering Guangdong. Hui'an,
also a Han branch with their distinct culture and fashion, populate
Fujian's southeast coastline near
ChongwuChongwu in
Hui'anHui'an County. The She,
scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the largest
minority ethnic group of the province.[50]
Many ethnic Chinese around the world, especially in Southeast Asia,
trace their ancestries to Fujian. Descendants of Fujianese emigrants
make up the predominant majority ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan,
Singapore, Malaysia,
IndonesiaIndonesia and Philippines. Fujian, especially
FuzhouFuzhou City, is also the major source of Chinese immigrants in the
United States, especially since the 1990s.[51]
Religion[edit]

The predominant religions in
FujianFujian are Chinese folk religions, Taoist
traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in
2007 and 2009, 31.31% of the population believes and is involved in
Chinese ancestral religion, while 3.5% of the population identifies as
Christian.[52] The reports didn't give figures for other types of
religion; 65.19% of the population may be either irreligious or
involved in Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism,
folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

Culture[edit]
Main article:
HokkienHokkien culture
See also: Music of Fujian, Hakka architecture, and Dog Kung Fu
Because of its mountainous nature and the numerous waves of migration
from central
ChinaChina in the course of history,
FujianFujian is one of the most
linguistically diverse places in all
Han ChineseHan Chinese areas of China. Local
dialects can become unintelligible within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi).
This is reflected in the expression that "if you drive five miles in
FujianFujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles, the language
does".[53] Most varieties spoken in
FujianFujian are assigned to a broad Min
category. Early classifications, such as those of
Li Fang-KueiLi Fang-Kuei in 1937
and
Yuan Jiahua in 1960, divided Min into Northern and Southern
subgroups. More recent classifications subdivide Min into[54][55]

Southern Min, including the
Amoy dialectAmoy dialect and Taiwanese
Pu-Xian, spoken in central coastal areas
Eastern MinEastern Min (the former Northern group), including the
FuzhouFuzhou dialect
Northern Min, spoken in inland northern areas
Central Min, spoken in the west of the province
Shao-Jiang, spoken in the northwest

(The seventh subdivision of Min, Qiong Wen, is not spoken in Fujian.)
Hakka, another subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken around Longyan
by the
Hakka peopleHakka people who live there.
As is true of other provinces, the official language in
FujianFujian is
Mandarin, which is used for communication between people of different
localities,[53] although native
FujianFujian peoples still converse in their
native languages and dialects respectively.
Several regions of
FujianFujian have their own form of Chinese opera. Min
opera is popular around Fuzhou; Gaojiaxi around Jinjiang and Quanzhou;
Xiangju around Zhangzhou;
FujianFujian Nanqu throughout the south, and
Puxianxi around
PutianPutian and Xianyou County.

FujianFujian cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood, is one of the eight great
traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is composed of traditions from
various regions, including
FuzhouFuzhou cuisine and
Min NanMin Nan cuisine. The
most prestigious dish is Fotiaoqiang (literally "Buddha jumps over the
wall"), a complex dish making use of many ingredients, including shark
fin, sea cucumber, abalone and
Shaoxing wineShaoxing wine (a type of Chinese
alcoholic beverage).
Many well-known teas originate from Fujian, including oolong, Wuyi
Yancha,
Lapsang souchongLapsang souchong and
FuzhouFuzhou jasmine tea. Indeed, the tea
processing techniques for three major classes tea, namely, oolong,
white tea and black tea were all developed in the province.
FujianFujian tea
ceremony is an elaborate way of preparing and serving tea. In fact,
the English word "tea" is borrowed from
HokkienHokkien of the Min Nan
languages. (Mandarin and
CantoneseCantonese pronounce the word chá.)
FuzhouFuzhou bodiless lacquer ware, a noted type of lacquer ware, is noted
for using a body of clay and/or plaster to form its shape; the body
later removed.
FuzhouFuzhou is also known for Shoushan stone carvings.
Tourism[edit]

Hekeng village, in Shuyang Town, is one of the many tulou villages of
Fujian's Nanjing County.

Notable individuals[edit]
The province and its diaspora abroad also has a tradition of
educational achievement, and has produced many important scholars,
statesmen and other notable persons since the time of the Song
dynasty, such as:

^
《夢溪筆談·卷二十五·雜誌二》：「桓死，安南大亂，久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。」
^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS)
of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey of 2007, reported and
assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[52] in order to confront the
proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures:
① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of
the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities
often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data
for other religions with a significant presence in
ChinaChina (deity cults,
Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not
reported by Wang.
^ This may include:

TaiwanTaiwan Strait / Changhua County, Chiayi County,
Hsinchu,
HsinchuHsinchu County, Kaohsiung, Kinmen,
Lienchiang County, Miaoli County, Penghu County,
Pingtung County, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan,
Taoyuan and Yunlin County, Taiwan