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A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Vocalics

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Term Project
Haley Jensen
CMN 101
Winter 17

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PBS offers an introduction to Sociolinguistics in the article "Do You Speak American?" They the concept of language as a symbol, social identity, language is developing, and language as a social activity. Sociolinguists usually adhere to the Social Interaction Theory, meaning is created in the language that we use, and language is a tool that we use to develop identity through our interactions with others. The authors offer globalization as a protagonist to this growing field. Studying language use gives insight to underlying beliefs and values its users or culture may have.

This article looks at speech differences on the gender spectrum. It addresses the inadequacy of research on language and gender that regards gender as a binary system. It looks at power and status as forces that influence men and women speech. Penelope Eckert looks at womens vernacular and argues that because adolescent women gain status by maintaining an identity or stereotype, rather than through accomplishments like their male counterparts, they adhere to their patterns of speech strongest.

This blogpost describes how vocalics are used differently between American cultures and East Asian cultures to achieve the same goals. Usually when American students study vocalics (or paralanguage) they learn that it is a form of nonverbal communication, and can help express attitude, certainty, or negation/sarcasm. Uptalk would be an example of vocalics, but uptalk can't really exists in tone languages. This blogpost also introduces us to the use of silence in communication. American cultures avoid silence while asian cultures value it. Based on Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Americans feel the need to fill silence with spoken language because the context is not strong enough to let them know what their role is, while Asians in Asia do not need to speak as much because their role is already defined by their culture.

This video introduces us to a new school program that helps minority students learn academic english. The most important part of this video is the talk with Noma LeMoine. She mentions that by framing ebonics as a language, instead of framing it as a "bad/broken english", the program does not diminish the students self-identity. She is basing this argument off of Symbolic Interaction Theory, and language is a symbol for our identity. By maintaining the worth of the symbol, the program maintains the worth of the identity, and no harm is done to the students.

Key and Peele address the tendency for individuals to alter their speech, or code switch, depending on the context of the social group they are in. Language is often used to both construct and maintain identity. Although code switching is something anyone can do, biracial individuals usually feel that they must code switch more frequently than monoracial individuals, because they are pressured to choose to symbolize one of their multiple ethnicities or races.

Arthur Chu describes the Chinese accent and why he is uncomfortable with its use in films and narration. He also describes why and how accent is an extension of culture, and how culture influences identity. He uses Communication Accommodation Theory when he speaks about how growing up he hear 2 kinds of english, one at home spoken by his Chinese family, and one at school spoken by his friends. When he chose to speak like his friends at school, it showed him accommodating his communication style to the one that would benefit him most or give him the highest social status available to him.

This is a small preview of the documentary "Do I Sound Gay?" which focuses on the "Gay Voice". It questions if there is a gay voice, and why men feel insecure about their feminine sounding voices. This preview bases some of it's questions and answers off of Symbolic Interaction Theory. This theory and clip suggests that, we learn how to speak from people who we identify with or look up to. For example, if I identify as a girl, I will mimic the kind of speech I hear from my mom (someone I look up to) and other girls my age (people I identify with). The way that we speak symbolizes our identity. Based off of Symbolic Interaction Theory, the stigma of the gay voice (symbol), is an extension of the stigma of homosexuality (identity).

This video introduces us to an attitude towards the speech habit called Uptalk. The video also defines uptalk as raising the tone of your voice at the ends of sentences, kind of like when people ask questions. But uptalk is raising the voice even when the speaker is not asking a question. The host attributes that this kind of talk is mostly used, though not exclusively, by teenagers and young women. Here we can see how message recipients judge others based on their language. The host says that uptalk is used to get attention and doesn't express certainty. She also says that young people need to stop speaking in uptalk. All of these are attacks to a kind of language.

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