Tower Construction Worker Dies Following 940-Foot Fall From Television Tower

MO FACE Investigation #98MO161
Date: September 16, 1999

SUMMARY

On December 8, 1998, a 21-year-old tower construction worker was killed after
sliding approximately 1,000 feet down a supporting guy wire. The victim and co-workers
were in the process of attaching dampeners to the guy wires when the incident occurred.
The tower being constructed was a three-sided, 10-foot-face, 1,040-foot tall structure to
be utilized for a high definition digital television antenna. The victim was at the 940-foot
level when the incident occurred. He was wearing a positioning safety belt with a T-Bar
attached to the D-rings of the belt. Attached to one end of the T-bar was an adjustable
length lanyard with a large hook and the other end was a large hook.

It appears the victim placed the hook attached to his T-Bar over the guy wire.
Apparently the victim did not attach his other positioning lanyard to the tower before
sliding out onto the guy wire. As the victim slid out onto the wire he discovered he was
not attached to the tower. At this point he was able to hang on and not slide down the
wire. The closest co-worker who was aware the victim was in trouble climbed out to help
him back to the tower. The victim had one foot over the top of the wire but could not
keep himself from sliding. He started sliding and could not stop. The victim then slid
rapidly down the wire striking the anchorage point on the ground. He was pronounced
dead at the scene.

The MO FACE Investigator concluded that in order to prevent similar occurances
employers should:

provide employees with a 100% fall protection system compatible with the work
being performed, instruct employees in the proper use of the system and
equipment, and ensure their use;

provide workers with a proper work-positioning system, instruct workers in the
proper use and limitations of the system, and ensure its use;

develop, implement, and enforce a comprehensive written safety program which
includes a commitment to 100% tie off and written procedures to implement
100% fall protection.

consider installing fall-protection fixtures on tower components during fabrication
or erection that would facilitate the use of fall protection.

INTRODUCTION

The MO FACE investigator was notified of an occupational fatality at a tower
construction site in Missouri at 3:49 p.m. on December 8, 1998, approximately five hours
after the incident. The MO FACE investigator arrived at the incident site at 9:00 a.m. on
December 9, 1998. On site at this time were the company owner and employees, the
general contractor for the project, the representative for the broadcasting company, and a
compliance officer for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

The employer is a tower erection company who has been in business for
approximately 36 years and, at the time of the incident, employed six employees. The
company had written safety rules and procedures in place for the tasks performed by the
workers. According to the employer, the victim had received training that specifically
addressed the hazards associated with the fatality.

The victim was part of a six-man crew. He had worked for this employer
approximately six months and had been on-site for approximately two months. This was
the company's first fatality incident.

INVESTIGATION

The tower erection company contracted with a tower manufacturing company to erect
and install a 1,000-foot, ten-foot face, three sided, high definition television tower and
antenna for a Missouri television broadcasting company. The site of the new tower was
on the same site as an existing tower owned by the television station. The new tower was
being constructed approximately 100 feet from the original tower. The tower erection
company had completed assembling the tower sections and were in the process of
attaching lights and guy wire dampners. The dampners are bolted on the guy wires
approximately 10 feet out from the tower.

The crew had arrived on site that morning around 8:00 am. Weather conditions
mandate whether the crew ascends the tower to work or works on the ground. On the day
of the incident the weather was clear and approximately 50 degrees. The crew ascended
the tower via the installed elevator which operates within the center of the tower to the
approximately the 900-foot level. The workers were attaching the line dampners and had
completed several installations prior to the incident.

The victim was at the 940-foot level at the height of one of the guy wire attachments.
The victim was fitted with a positioning belt with seat straps, a T-Bar connected between
the two positioning D-rings, a large "shepherds" hook connected to the T-Bar, one
positioning lanyard, and a loop strap integrated with a large "shepherds" hook. The
process to install the line dampners is to attach the loop strap to the tower and to the
positioning lanyard, which is attached to the positioning belt; attach the T-Bar assembly
onto the guy wire; sit down in the seat of the positioning belt and slide out onto the guy
wire to the desired location. The loop strap and lanyard maintains the worker's distance
from the tower and the weight of the worker is hanging on the guy wire. The worker's
hands are free to install the dampner and then, using the loop strap/lanyard, pull himself
back up the tower.

This incident occurred when the worker sat down into his positioning belt and started
his decent out onto the guy wire. After sliding out several feet, the worker discovered
that his positioning lanyard was not attached to his loop strap. At this point he yelled up
to the job foreman, who was a short distance away, that he was in trouble. The foreman
immediately climbed down to the 940-foot level and was attempting to rescue the worker.
The worker had cotton gloves on and was holding on to the guy wire. The foreman was
very close to rescuing the worker. The worker began to lose his grip on the wire and
could not stop his decent. He slid the entire length of the guy wire, and struck the
anchorage point on the ground.

Recommendation #1: Employers should provide employees with a 100% fall
protection system compatible with the work being performed, instruct employees in
the proper use of the system and equipment, and ensure their use.

Discussion: In this incident, the employee was using a positioning safety belt, but no
other fall-protection system was in place to protect him as he moved on the tower or out
onto the guy wires. Employers should provide employees with a 100% fall-protection
system compatible with the tasks being performed, instruct workers in the proper use of
the system and equipment, and ensure its use.

Fall-protection is defined as follows: Employees at risk of falling from work levels over
six (6) feet above the ground or working surface must be protected by some conventional
means of fall protection, which may include an integral fall-arrest system. This applies to
ascending, descending, moving point-to-point, or any other tower construction or
alteration-work activity conducted at an elevated work station. Employers should also
require a minimum of three-point contact (two hands and one foot or two feet and one
hand) at all times when employees are moving on the tower.

Fall protection for tower work is more easily provided when the employee is stationary
and can tie-off at one location on the structure. When employees are required to move
about on the tower, other means of fall protection are recommended, which can include,
but are not limited to, the following: A split lanyard with connectors at each end large
enough to completely encircle tower members to which they are to be attached (these
large connectors may require a special order from a fall-protection equipment
manufacturer as the throat opening must be large enough to encircle the member) or a
spilt lanyard made of reinforced fabric. The reinforced lanyards can be looped around the
tower member. The connector at the terminal end of each lanyard is snapped around the
lanyard itself. Each of these split lanyards has a Y configuration, with the end of the Y
attached to the D-ring at the center back (dorsal position) of the employee's full-body
harness. The connector at the end of each forked lanyard is released and moved one at a
time, as the worker moves on the tower. This may be the most feasible method for fall
protection when moving horizontally on the tower. When there is an anchor point above
the worker's head, a properly installed and used retractable lifeline or retractable lanyard
may be considered.

An additional system should be in place to protect the worker while climbing the tower.
There are several systems available that provide fall protection as the employee climbs
the tower. Examples include the use of a safety-climb device/system (metal cable
equipped with a cable-grab device) installed on the tower leg and a rope lifeline attached
at the tower top which hangs vertically and next to the safety-climb device/system. The
worker attaches the front (sternal) D-ring on his harness to the cable grab device on the
metal cable of the safety-climb device/system, using a connector. Additionally, a lanyard
is used with the connector at one end snapped into the D-ring in the back of the worker's
harness and the other end connected to a rope-grab device on the vertical rope lifeline.
As the worker moves up the ladder, he reaches above his head and slides the rope grab up
so that it remains overhead. Should the worker begin to fall, the grab will stop his fall in
seconds.

The first person going up the tower is at greatest risk as there has been no vertical lifeline
established. To ensure 100% fall protection during the initial ascent, an anchor hook can
be used to establish temporary anchor points. The anchor hook is attached to a
telescoping pole to which a lifeline or retractable lanyard is attached. The retractable
lanyard extends between the D-ring in the middle of the harness back and the anchor
hook. If a lifeline is used, a rope grab travels on the rope and is attached to the center
D-ring on the harness back. The other end attaches to the anchor hook. When the
employee moves the hook, he must always be attached to the structure. Once he reaches
the top of the structure he secures the lifeline to an anchor point and can then use the
lifeline and rope grab for future climbs. Tie-off adapters should be issued to each
employee to allow them to establish an anchorage on the tower.

For more information regarding these and other available methods to achieve 100% fall
protection, employers should consult with safety professionals and
fall-protection-equipment sales representatives to learn more about systems available that
meet their particular needs. Employers should keep in mind that when there are no
specific OSHA regulations governing the safety of workers performing these tasks, the
OSHA general duty clause (Public Law 91-596, Section 5 (a) (1) may apply.

Recommendation #2: Employers should provide workers with a proper
work-positioning system, instruct workers in the proper use and limitations of the
system, and ensure its use.

Discussion: A work-positioning system is required if a worker must be held in place
while his hands are free to work. A positioning device system is defined as follows: a
positioning device system means a body belt or body harness rigged to allow an employee
to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as a wall, and work with both hands
free while leaning. The system includes an anchor point, a belt or harness and a
connecting device. Work-positioning systems are to be used only for the assistance for
which they are designed, they must not be relied upon to provide fall arrest. In this
incident , the employee may not have been equipped with a proper work-positioning
system. The system the victim was using to tie onto the tower and the guy wire consisted
of a ½-inch nylon-rope lanyard connected to a loop strap with a connector looped into
strap. Proper systems require that all connectors on the work-positioning equipment be
installed properly at the time of manufacture and prohibit looping strapping through the
eye of a connector as was done in this incident. The size of the connectors must be
compatible with the members to which they are to be connected and all connectors must
be in working condition. Also all connectors or snap hooks must be of the self locking
type. Employers should provide a proper and effective work-positioning system, ensure
its use and inform employees that a positioning system alone does not provide 100% fall
protection.

Recommendation #3: Employers should develop, implement, and enforce a
comprehensive written safety program which includes a commitment to 100% tie off
and written procedures to implement 100% fall protection.

Discussion: The evaluation of tasks to be performed at the work site forms the basis for
development, implementation, and enforcement of a safety program. Key elements of
such a program should include, at minimum, frequent and regular inspection of the work
site and should include provisions for training employees in hazard identification,
avoidance and abatement. The comprehensive safety program should include a clear
statement indicating the employer's commitment to providing 100% fall protection, to
preventing worker death and minimizing injury due to falls, and a commitment to
meeting OSHA safety requirements, including the general-duty requirements. The fall
protection plan should include, but may not be limited to:

identification of worksite activities that require fall protection;

any methods to be used to eliminate the fall hazard;

all protective systems and PPE to be used for worker protection;

training for workers;

minimum standards for protection systems and their use;

ongoing evaluation to correct any deficiencies in the system or in the use of
the system by workers;

a plan for worker involvement in identifying fall hazards;

a plan for systematic review of the plan.

Recommendation #4: Manufacturers of tower components and tower owners
should consider installing fall-protection fixtures on tower components during
fabrication or erection that would facilitate the use of fall protection.

There are fall protection fixtures that can be engineered into the tower design and added
during component fabrication or erection that would facilitate the use of fall protection
systems. For example, the installation of safety-climb devices/systems on all tower legs,
the installation of permanent horizontal and vertical lifelines, and the installation of
anchorage points. These and other methods should be researched and evaluated keeping
in mind that employees will need to perform work on existing towers whenever services
are to be changed or maintained.

The Missouri Department of Health, in co-operation with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), is conducting a research project on work-related fatalities in Missouri. The goal of this project, known as the Missouri Occupational Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (MO FACE), is to show a measurable reduction in traumatic occupational fatalities in the state of Missouri. This goal is being met by identifying causal and risk factors that contribute to work-related fatalities. Identifying these factors will enable more effective intervention strategies to be developed and implemented by employers and employees. This project does not determine fault or legal liability associated with a fatal incident or with current regulations. All MO FACE data will be reported to NIOSH for trend analysis on a national basis. This will help NIOSH provide employers with effective recommendations for injury prevention. All personal and company identifiers are removed from all reports sent to NIOSH to protect the confidentiality of those who voluntarily participate with the program.

Please use information listed on the Contact Sheet on the NIOSH FACE
web site to contact In-house
FACE program personnel regarding In-house FACE reports and to gain assistance
when State-FACE program personnel cannot be reached.