TERRAFORMING TERRA
We discuss and comment on the role agriculture will play in the containment of the CO2 problem and address protocols for terraforming the planet Earth.
A model farm template is imagined as the central methodology. A broad range of timely science news and other topics of interest are commented on.

Monday, May 14, 2018

Cruising the jet stream

This makes clear that viruses, in particular, penetrate the upper atmosphere well above the active zone..

All historic thinking has assumed that gravity prevented these from rising at all. That is nonsense. Better yet it provides feedstock for larger lighter than air large slime molds that form foraging methane sacs and may also include some portion of hydrogen as well.

Thus the highest near space regions may still have significant life..

Cruising the jet stream: Surprising study reveals how bacteria and viruses from the planet’s surface end up in different environments

(Natural News) If you know the children’s tale, Henny Penny, then the phrase, “The sky is falling!” might be the best way to describe the findings of a study recently published in the ISME Journal: According to new research, the sky is virtually filled with bacteria and viruses – with a number of them falling to the surface every day.

The study, led by researchers from the Universidad de Granada (UGR) in Spain, the San Diego State University (SDSC) in the U.S., and the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Canada, is the first of its kind to quantify the number of viruses transported from the Earth’s surface into the troposphere – the bottom layer of the earth’s atmosphere. In particular, the team focused on the free troposphere, an area beyond the earth’s weather system, and just below the stratosphere.

“Every day, more than 800 million viruses are deposited per square meter above the planetary boundary layer – that’s 25 viruses for each person in Canada,” explained UBC virologist Curtis Suttle, who is also one of the senior authors of the study.

He adds that this started after they found genetically-similar viruses in very different environments around the world. “This preponderance of long-residence viruses traveling the atmosphere likely explains why – it’s quite conceivable to have a virus swept up into the atmosphere on one continent and deposited on another.”

To put it simply, viruses and bacteria hitch a ride to the atmosphere using soil-dust and sea spray from the Earth’s surface. In the case of soil-dust, this is done when the material is aerosolized, that is, processed to become small and light enough to disperse into the air – like an aerosol. Sea sprays are aerosols by themselves, in essence, and are already known to contain organisms that are used for different biological, chemical, and physical processes in the ocean.

The researchers first sought to explain how many bacteria and viruses are swept up into the free troposphere – which is roughly 8,200 to 9,800 feet (2,500 to 3,000 meters) above sea level. At those altitudes, they posited, particles can be transported to longer ranges, unlike in areas lower in the atmosphere.

The number of viruses and bacteria that fall onto the ground are staggering, based on their findings. In any given day, the deposition rate – defined as the rate by which aerosols collect themselves at the surface – of viruses can be anywhere from 260 million to seven billion per square meter. In comparison, the bacterial deposition rate is only between three million to 80 million particles per square meter. Head-to-head, that puts the deposition rates for viruses to anywhere from nine to 461 times greater than those of bacteria.

One of the things that researchers found was that a lot of the viruses carried signs that they have been transported by sea spray. According to researchers, this is because viruses tend to piggyback on smaller and lighter particles in an aerosol. In the study, they noted that virus deposition rates were linked to organic aerosols less than 0.7 micrometers (μm), while bacterial deposition rates were associated with aerosols greater than 0.7 μm. These rates indicate that viruses can stay in the atmosphere longer, which allows them to be displaced further.

“Bacteria and viruses are typically deposited back to Earth via rain events and Saharan dust intrusions. However, the rain was less efficient at removing viruses from the atmosphere,” according to co-author Isabel Reche.

While researchers established that long-distance transport of virus and bacteria occurs, there are still certain areas that need closer examination – in particular, the mechanisms that impact deposition rates. The results of the study also help make sense of incidences where viral infections of similar genetic identity happen in different areas of the world.

No comments:

About Me

18 years old, having cleaned out my HS library, I concluded the only ambition worth having was becoming a great genius. An inner voice cheered. Yet it is my path I have shared much to the Human Gesalt. Mar 2017 - 4.56 Mil Pg Views, March 2013 - Posted my paper introducing CLOUD COSMOLOGY & NEUTRAL NEUTRINO described as the SPACE TIME PENDULUM. Sep 2010 -My essay titled A NEW METRIC WITH APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND SOLVING CERTAIN HIGHER ORDERED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS has been published in Physics Essays(AIP) June 2010 quarterly. 40 years ago I took an honors degree in applied mathematics from the University of Waterloo. My interest was Relativity and my last year there saw me complete a 900 level course under Hanno Rund on his work in Relativity. I continued researching new ideas and knowledge since that time and I have prepared a book for publication titled Paradigms Shift. I maintain my blog as a day book and research tool to retain data, record impressions, interpretations and to introduce new insights to readers.