OB - Chapter 2

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Perception

The process by which individuals organiza and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

What causes people to have different perceptions of the same situation?

The situation

The target

The perceiver

Attribution Theory

The theory that when we observe what seems like atypical behaviour by an individual, we attemp to determine whether it is internally or externally caused

Distictiveness

A behavioural rule that considers whether an individual act similarly across a cariety of situations

Consensus

A behavioural rule that considers if everyone faced with a similar situation reponds in the same way.

Consistency

A behavioural rule that considers whether the individual has been acting in the same way overtime

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgement about the behavior of others.

Self-serving bias

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Selective Perception

People's selective perception interpretation of what they see based on their interest, background, experince, and attributes.

Halo Effect

Drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Contrast Effect

The concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered.

Projection

Attributing one's own characteristics to other people

Stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.

Heuristics

judgement shortcuts in decision making

Prejudice

An unfounded dislike of a person or group based on their belonging to a particual stereotyped group

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistentwith how he or she is perceived by others

Personality

The stable patterns of how bahaviour and consistent internal states that determine how an individual reacts to and interacts with other

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1-16 personalities types.

Extraversion

A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is sociable, talkative and assertive.

Agreeableness

A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness

A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented.

Emotional Stability

A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is calm, self-confident, and secure.

Openness to experince

A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual

Core self-evaluation

The degree to which an individual likes or dislikes himself, whether the person sees himself or herself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his or her environment or powerless over the environment.

Machiavellianism

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

Narcissis

The tendency to be arrogant, have grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

Self-monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust behavior to external, situational factors.

risk-taking

A person's willingness to take chances and risks

type A personality

A personality with aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or people