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32X
1
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6
.MnyjWUBHiiilllimpi r
IJ
THE WOKK8
HUBERT HOWE BANCKOET
THE WORKS
OK
iiriJKirr iiowk ijanoroft
voij:mk viir
HlSTOilV OK CENTRAL AMERICA,
XCr.. III. ).S()M887.
SAN PRANCrSCO:
THE IIISTOKV COMI'ANY, I'UBLIHIIERS.
1H87.
Knterud iicidriliiiK to Atl of ('i>iiK'ri->N in tlie Voar iJ^ftT, by
HUBKUT H. HANCKOFT,
111 the onioo of tlic I.Ihnirian of i;oii>;rcss, iil \Va.sliliigton.
All ItiiihU l,',:H,',>y/.
COXTKXTS OF THIS \()J.rMK
CIIAI'TKIl I.
LAST HAYS (IK SPAXislI lil't.K.
1M)I I.S1S.
l'..l.ular rVliuK '" <V.,tral An...,ica--Kaf.t of EvontH in Spain-n..,....-'
mt.nu ot A.m.ri.an K.,..ality- Kei.re.entati.m in tlu- Spanish ( Virtcs
I).l...s,v.. K...ur».«- K„.l of Saravias Ii„lc.-l'rt.8id,.nt .lose Hu.Ui-
ii.aute II,. IVspoti,. (•.mr...-l>t...mn.l.s in tl... f.irtrs-C.nstitii-
.<.nal Kuanu.t..os 0„i..ial H...tility-(a«,paign in Oajaea^ R.-v.,!,.-
t-ouary Movements in Salvador War in Nicaragua- Conspiracy in
( -uatemala- 1 roatuumt of the InsurKents^ I >i„respect to tlJ I )i„uU»-
cioii— Iho Constitution Revoke.! Royal IXerees
CiJAI'TKK II.
INDKI-KNDKSCK ACIirK.VKh.
1818-lSl.'|.
rn.si.le„t Carlos Urrntia Mis Liberal Vie.s-Colon.l.ian Assaults-
S,,an>shConst.t„t,o,. Restore.: Ti.e <ia.istas. or liaoos- The Ca.^s
- .lose .el Nalle |.e.lr.. M„,,„ ,,,„,,, Jnstitntions-Kxtent ..f
th. J ol.foal <.nv..rnn.ent-|.;cdesiastieal A,hni„istration-\V.,rk of
Amenean .ep„t,..s - I'arty Kxeiten.ent in . M.aten.ala-l'rrntia l.eh-
gates l.,s 1 owers-SnlKstitute Presi.lent .;avin..«iainza-C'hiapas an.l
;•■• '-..nn.ent Sh.- See...!es fn.n. Spain and Joins the .Mexican
'•• '1-v ....aten.ala Le.-lares f..r In.lepen.lenoe-Junta (inherna
-- < iinvocatioii ot a Cuiirress
r»iiK
nigress .
(IlAI'TKi; III.
I N I.I.N w n II M i; \ no
18'2I IM.".'.
xiuan
va
1,1 !• u . -,.,. •-" ■•^- """i.t « oiisuitiva Itui-
b les I)ev.cosM,ht:,ry l'r,.s«ure-lli. |Vop..,sals Aceepte.l-JlleJ.l
Annexat.on-I'n.tests a,„l Jtesistance-War logins. . .
42
(V,
VI
iOXTKNTS.
CIIAl'TKU IV.
• KNTKAI, AMKKK AN CON KKKKItATION.
Scc'cstiidii from Mi-xifti — Ar/ii's ('iiiniiai);!! I'rcvaric.iliini i>f S,ilv;iii(
Kili sola's N'irtory Mi« Siilwi'inunt CcniiJif Lilirral Ti'iiiii:;)li in
Costa Kicii- lloiiiluras Favors I'liioii National liiilt'peiiili-iict; Sc-
«:iirc(l Laliors to (Ir^aiii/c a Nation — Tliu Constituent Asscnilily —
I'roviii'ias I'niilas del Ct-ntro ik- Anu'-rira- Aliolitiou of African
Sliivory — IVovisioiial (lovi'rnnicnt — Moilrrailos or Servilfs — l.ili"-
riklim or Fii'lircs- Principles ami Aims of i'artii's — Mexican Forees
Rotire — Seilitions Hej{in Salvailoran Furi'e in ( Inateniala- Confeil-
eraeion <li!< 'entro Aint'riea- Funilanielital Lov Finances- Ailjourii-
incnt of the Cuustitucat Asseinhlv
\-\'.n
r>ii
CIIAITKIJ V.
cossTiTrrio.NAi. (.o\ i knmk.m.
I8'.':> is:«>.
( ieiioral Klcctionf" — Met'ting of the First Congress ManiU'l .losi'' Arcc,
First I'rt^siilent of tlie Uepulilie Foreiirn Itilations Aree's rre-
varicatioiis — < 'onllict with (iuateniala - I'arty Hickerings — I^ilierals
Quarrel with Arcc — He Joins their Opiionents Hitterncss Kngen-
tiered I'ri'sident Versus (luatenialan Itulers Ai'i'est ot .lefo .luau
Itarrundia Uiots at (,>ue/.altcnango— Murder of Viee-jefe < 'irdo
Florcs- - Arcu as dictator in (iuateniala — War against Salvador — An e
Pefeated He (lives Up the Presidency, and Cannot Iteeover It
Woody War of iS'iO It Mora/an the N'ietor .lost' Francisco liar-
rnnilia, Acting President l.ilicral Measures j'eacc iteston d
Spanish Schemes T'.'
("IIAITKU VI.
I' I \ I 1, W A K .
is'jit i,s:!.s.
Ilevolntion in Homluras — Conservatives Invade the State — Second Oon-
eral Flections — Francisco Moraziiu Chosen I'rcsidcnt — Plots of the
Serviles — Aree's Invasion frtmi .Mexico ()ceu[iation of Honduras
Ports hy Kxiled lidiels — Spanish l''lag Hoisted in (hnoa, and Aid
from Ciilia— Salvailoran Authorities in Uehellion — Third (ieneral
F'.lections — Mora/.an l!i'ek'cte(| — Failure of Colonization Plans Ka\ -
ages of Cholera— Indian Revolt tinder Carrera — His Furly Lifi'
KtS
CHArTKU VII.
lu.ssoi.rridv ok rnK kkithlk.'.
1S;J7-1M0.
Campaign against Camera — Several I>c|iartment8 of Cnateniala in Re-
bellion — Jefe (lalvez Deposeil — Carrera Takes (tuatemala — .Munler
roNTKNTS.
N II
ill 111
ff s.-
lildy -
kfriraii
-Lil.-
Fiirccs
'oiifcil-
Ijinirii-
!>(»
('• Arcc,
■•.s Vrr-
jilltTuls
Kiii;<'ii-
fu tliiitn
ririlii
— AlTl'
It
() i!:ir-
(ircil
III
(1 (iCIl-
of the
iiiliira.s
.1 Ai.l
It'ucral
Uav-
t'f
T'.t
108
ill Kt'-
Miifiler
iif Sala/iir — I'am-ra Ai'ci'pt.-* Mtniry tn Ia'iivi? tlif City— I'ii.'t;iti>r.s|ii|i
Otlrrt'il Miiia/aii liy tlir Ai'ist<H'i'al.s ami UrtiiMiil < 'arrrraK Siinnd
Iti'lii'lliiiii TIk' lii'|iiiliii(' ill I'ri'il Miira/Hiii's KtloitH t<> Saxc 1 1
Nii'araj^'iia aii'l lluiiiliiras FnrccH liivailr Salvailor Miira/;iii hi'tcits
'riii'iii llJM Ui'trcat til Sail Salvailnr He Kmliark-' Is Ucliix'.i
lliis|iitality ill Ciwta Kica- (!<(»•« to Soiitli Ainoiica — Tlu' K(-|iul>lii i--
IKmiI- Salvador .it tlir Mcri y <>i ( 'arrcni
( IIAITKU VIll.
• il'ATKM Al \ AMI IKiMirilA.S.
I^-.M IMO.
St^itc fJovcriiiiiciit of <iiiat<'iiiala— Harriimlia's Hailiuali.Hiii — His (Ivcr-
tlii'ow- X'ici'-jfff I-'Iorrn AMsa.iHiiiati'il in i^iu'/altfiiaiino - howiifall of
till' Lilx'ial.M in I iiiatt'iiiala Arintorratic Li'adiiw Kviliil .lifi- Mo
liiiu- Him hitlcrclKi's, lin|i<.-ai-iiiii<'iit, and A(i|iiittal.«( -IliviTsl t'a-
Ik'/;i's Ui'foriiis Kartiii|iiaki'.H- ( ialvc/.' Unit' ami its Ik'iii'lit.t- I'arty
( Imposition to Him Indian OiitiinakH I'ari'erat'aptiiiVM l ■iiatiinaia
— (lalvi/ lli'.-.ij,'ns Siili^i(|u«nt Itiilf of tlu' ArLHtocratw --< iiiati mala
iigaiii liidi|iriidi'nt Honduras' Stati; < oivi-nmicnt- .I<fi' |iioTii>io
HfrnTii — Karly |)is.Mcnsioiis - < 'oinayagua Assaiiltfd liy ItilxU
MoiMzaii in till' Kiilcl llomliiras Scccilts from tin; ('ciitral Ann li. in
< 'oiifuduratiou- Fi'dcraliiiii ikootcd out of lii:r Triitory
ClIAI'TKli IX.
A l:irA.
SMAAIiul;, Ml \K\ol A, ANII I'Os
IS-J4 lN4(t.
Salvador State: ( Jovirmnriil — Lilirrals Ovrrtlirow ii— Sici ssioii Ironi tlu'
riiioii San Salvador us the Fi'di'ral Scat of (ioveriimriit taiati'-
iiiala Ih^iMisi's liir W'ill-.lufe ( 'anas am! ( 'omaiidanti' Mali'^iiiii - Nif-
aragiia's Karly Troiililes — Sii,'j,'o and liomliardiuciit of !,ioii t)ry;in-
i/atioii of State < oivcriiiiiciit'Hissciisioiis iiml Warfare - Kriiiitioii of
< 'osigiiina— Sei'essioii from the Coiifidcr.itioii ( 'o-.t.i Itiea as a ('on-
fedri'ated State .luaii Mora's Ailinilli.stration Towns' Uii'keriie^s
Settled - JJraiilio Carrillo's Rule-- Final Secession fioiii tlii' < iiitiMl
Anieiieaii Kepuhlie I'losiurity of the State
CIIAl'TKU X.
IllSSdl.l llnv OK IIIK IMUN.
ls:!;)-is,v.'.
Interstate Dissensions — I'acto de < 'hiiiaiidega — Confeilnraeion Centro
Americana — Sujireiiio l>elegado ('liaimnro- Hostility of (iuiiteinala
ami British Otiieials — Arce Invailes Salvador -War of tiio Coiifeder-
aey against (Guatemala — Helplessness of Cliamorro — Kiel of the
I'acto de C'liiiumdega— (.'onditiou of the State's— Ferrera's IJad Faith
I'.T
ii:>
m
iOXlKXTS.
- Siilvmlor an«l HoinluniH a;,';iiiist Nicriragna Hormni of Iajoii
Vice lp|■l•^^llU!llt •li>iU|uiii K. <iii/iiiuii iloiiduniM iiixl Saiviulor at War
(iiiarilinla M Vaiiilalixiii Malt-Hpiii Ovrrtlimwii llciirwi-il KfTort-i
to ( 'iirifcil)!r:itc (iiiattMiial.t an ln<li |iciiili'tit U<'|)iililii---< 'imta Hi<;a
Follows Salvailor, Nicaragua, ami lloinliiraH a < 'oiifi:«liTai:y — It"
Miort I.ifu— FiirtluT UiiMiu-cr.s.ifiil Attempts 180
ClIAI'TKIl XI.
lIKIM'lll.ir UK ((isTA KIIA.
IS4I IS.-M).
Hull' of Carrillii C<iiitiriu(!<l IMotH for itH OviTtlimw liivaHJoii of Mora-
/aii ( 'liaiii;t; of (lovcriiiiiunt Mora/an'^ I'olicy 0|i|MH)tioii \lu-
Volts Miirazan's Defoatuml Deatli Satisfac-tioii of tlii' Oli^'arcliH -
Misi.suri's of tlio V'ict<»rH — New Coiistitiitioii - SuliSfi|ii('iit Aincml-
liiciits Sedition Cantro'H A'lininiHtratioii < 'osta llica iK'clan.'d a
|{op\ilili(' llfcofrnition l»y Spain Knlatioiis with Other I'owors —
Hoiindary (jiii^HtionH with Nicaragua and ('olonil>ia- I'rvHidont Juan
liafai'l Mora — Ilia Itc-proHHivu .Miiasures 21.")
ClIAITKIl XII.
RKTI III.IC OF MiAliAt^lA.
I8:{8 18,-).-).
State fiovernincnt- Director Biiitnijjo's ('oiiser\-atisin— Briti.sh Aggres-
sion director Sandoval's llule Internal 'I'rouides-duerrero'.s Ad-
ministration The MoHipiito Kingdom Its Origin and History —
HuliMes Hritish I'rt^tensions Sei/nre of San .luan del Norte l)i[i-
lomatii' t'omplieations- 'layton-lJnlwer Trinity Nicaragua Recovers
lier Own Relations w: ,i Foreign Powers — An American War Ship
JMinilianlH San Jnan del Nort<! Pineda's (iovernment Kstildisli-
iiieiit of the R<:pul)lic Party Dissensions Legitimists versus Demo-
crats — Chamorro and Castellon— (."ivil War -Death of Chauiorro —
Fstracla Succeeds Him I'.'JS
CMAITKIl Mil.
I!i;i'l lil.lC OK <;i ATKMALA.
1840 18()5.
Pii'sident Rivcr.l Paz - C'arrera's Course — Pretonil(!cl Sedition- Dissolu-
tion of the Assembly A ("oii.sejo Cousliluyeuti! Created Cirrora
IJeconies President- Attempt against his Life — Revolt of Montt^r-
rosa Carrcra's Despotism -Tlic Rejpulilii' Kstahlished Relations
witii Otlii.'r Powers- Revolution of the Mountain -Constituent As-
seinldy Convened — Camera's Forced llesignation and Kxile — Lilierals
Triunipiiant- Their SipiabMes and Disintegration The Moderado
Party — Revolution of Los Altos — Intrigues of the Serviles — Presi-
fONTKNTs.
pCOII
t Wiir
, Ui.Ni
y— Itx
\m
Mora-
t. Uo-
ircliM -
ViiicikI-
litivd it
(Wtirw —
it Juaii
21 r>
• liiirits (if Martini;/, .iinl Kwcoliar * '.ui^fH nl tlnir llctiv;iiati(>iiH
I'lircilfs lli'rall (>( Ciincrii PcfilM iif Vonni-alu'i'— ( 'lun'ni iiy.-iiii
I'lL.Hitlfiit - I'aitiiil K.st.. ration ..I Vvavv '2i'A
CirAI'TKIl XIV.
•••■.•; ilI.K' OK sAI.VAIMtl;.
iH:«t isn,'i.
Malispiii's Aft.^— Linilo'.s ('(Ui> il'Ktat and |)c|ii>s.'ii .Icic <iu/in.'in
Kcviilt at Santii Ana- i'ri'Hiilcnt Agnilar— Tin- Hi.iliop Kxinlleil
N'itfri's .Mlianco with Malrsiiin iind linniluran ()li^.'arcli.s I'rrsidcnt
\'asi'iine« Ills Itiiti.sli llllJltilitit^s- Salvadcir's Ui'litiiins witli Fi>rci>;n
I'liwi-r.H- San Miirtin'H Administration -I Icstruftioii <'' lan .Sdva.lor
I'rcsidi'nt ('ani]i<>- ('aniiiai^n a^jainst Walker in Nicar i. .1 i Rstiili-
lisliniiiit 111 till' I{i|i\ililir .S.uitin'H OviTtlinnv I'lfniil'iiry of <!o-
rai'dii liarriiis War of Salvador and Moiidnra.s ai^ainHt < inatcinalt
and N'ii'arauua 'I'lir Litter Vii'torimi.s -Itarrins' "'' <lit — licstorati ii
111 I'lMif iMii'iia.s as I'lcsidnit llarrins' .Sulisi'<|u<'nt !> tur.. Ilin
Tai.' ire and Surri'iidtT liy Nicarajiua 111- Kxi'iiitioii iii -^an Salva-
iiiH -S5
AggroH-
o's Ad-
story
Dip-
covers
ar Ship
lalilisli-
I >oin<»-
iiiirro—
•j:»
I )issolu-
|( 'arrora
MontiT-
rlatioiLS
Imit As-
iherals
|i)diTaiUi
-Preai-
CHAITKi: XV.
UKlMlll.ir OK IIDSDIUAS.
IS^K) KS(>.">.
I'rt-siileiit FiMTcra — Ilevohltionary Movements I'lilitieal Kxeentions
I'resideiu'y of Juan liindo- Xew t'onstitiitimi Liiido Overthrown
lU'li/e Iliiiidiiras' Trmihles \vith(ireat Britain liritish ( tei-np.itinii
III Tiijer Ishind Homhardmeiit of Omna Bay Islands I'residenl
<'al)anas- War with (luateniala — ( iiiardiola's Assassination I'm
visional iSiiIes nl (.'.istillaniis and Montis Alli.inee \\\A\ IViirios
L'lisuecessfiil War with < Guatemala and Nicaragua .Mniites I)e]iiisi'd
— Kstiililitihineiit of the liepublie — Jose .M. Medina < 'Iiumu rrr^idcnt
^Amendment of the t'oiistitution IMM)
CirAlTKU XV!.
w alm:i;"s i ami'aiiin rs' nh-vkai-i \.
IS.M l,S.")t>.
Kinney's Hxpcdition- W'illiaiii Walker .loius the l>eiiioerats — Failure of
his Kxprditioii to Kivas -('iiolera Uieiniates the I,egitiiiiists at .Ma-
nagua— I >i'ath of .Mufioz Walker. > Victories at Li X'lrgcu and <ira-
iiada- Kxecution of .Minister Mayiir;,'a--\\'alkei-"s ( iiiiventinn with
( oiral - rrovisional (iovernmeiit O.-.-ani/.-d I'resiilenI I'.ilricio
Kivas — ( 'oinmauiler of the Forces, Waiktr— Minister of War (nrral
I'lit to Ileath for Treiwon — lleeo'^nitioii hy .Salv.idor and Honduras
— .Seizure of the Transit (.'ompauy's .Stcitmers^t'osta Iticans nii the
N\'.ir-[iath — Havoc of Cholera ''.'17
X C'UXTKXT.S.
CHAPTER xvrr.
KNIt OF KIMHrsrKKINi; IN I'KNTHAL AMKIIK'A.
ISolJ-lSliT.
I'Aiii-:
Kccognitioii of Presitlciit Rivas by the United Stiites — Walker's Hostile
Attitude — Kliiiiitof Rivas — Walker Makes liiiiiself I'resideut — AUi-
aiKM' auuiiist Ilim -iK'atii of Kstrada — The Lei;itiiiiists Aeeept Rivas
Costa Kicaus and Xicaragiiaus ill Rivas — l>estriieti(iii of (Iraiiada
— It is ()ee\i[(ied hy Allied Forees — Walker Reoeuupies Rivas — Wlii'n-
:Ie is Resici;ed — Siieeesses of the t'osta Rieaiis — Failure of l^oek-
rid^e's Kxpeilition — Surrender of Walker — War of Xiearagua and
Costa Riea — Coiuiuodorc Paulding and Walker's Second Attempt —
Walker's Invasion of Honduras, Capture, ami Kxeeutiou — Govern-
ment Keoriianized — I'resideut Martinez' Administratiuus •U'i
CIlAPTKll xviir.
roi.rncAi. i;\ kn is in cosia iticA.
18.")(i-lSS().
Rewards to Walker's ( 'oii(|ucriirs Uceleetioii of Mora — His l>o\viifall ami
I'AJlf His Ititiirii, Capture, and lv\eeution- Muntealeure's Admin-
istratioii \'i(iKiieiM)f Parties — Compromise on .lesus .limeiie/ -His
Peaeel'ul Rule — President Jose M. Castro — ( liai'gcs against Him —
His Overthrow — Several Xew Constitutions -Jimenez a^ain I'resi-
deut — His Ail)itrary Aets — }low He was Deposed — President Car-
raii/.a (Ither Temporary Itulers— President (Juardia's Despotism —
Failure of his Warlike Plans — His Death -Admiuistration of Prt'is-
pero Fernandez — Preparations to Defend Independenee — His Sudden
Death— Rernardo Soto's Peaeeful Jvule .'iTl
CHAITKR XIX.
DEMOCUATIC INSITririDNS IN SAi,VAI>OIi.
1S().")-US85.
Rule of President Ihiefias — His Conservatism — Quarrel with Honduras —
The l^atter AUiid with Salvailoran Liherals -ISattle of Santa Ana •
Duenas Deposed — His Impeaehment, Release, and Temporary F.xile
- Santia'^a (ionzalez Provisional President -• lonzalez I'Ueeted Chief
Magistrate — (Uiatemala and Salvador at War with Homluias
Murder of Viee-presiilent Menclez—Kartluiuakes— President Valle —
Ti'oulil" with (luatcmala — Fxeunt X'alU^ and < lonzalez-- Zaldivar's
Long Rule— Constitutional Changes --AUianee witli Xiearagua and
Costa Riea — Resistanee to liarrios' Plan of CoiKpiest — Salvador Vie-
torious Restored Peaee — Zaldivar Kliminated — Revolution — F.
Menendez Made President 'M'2
( ON IKNTS.
Hostile
;-AlIi-
t Ilivas
iniiiadii
i Li)ck-
;iiii iiuil
eiiipt -
iovcrn-
:U7
ifallaii.l
Ailiiiiu-
lez — His
. Hini-
II Tix'si-
iit C'ar-
tisiii —
f l'n')s-
SiiiUlcii
:?7I
luras —
\ua -
y Kxilc
ICiiii'f
iliiras -
Vallo -
Miviii-'s
,'iia ami
liii- Vii'-
idii — V.
'M-2
CIIAI'TKU XX.
DKMOCUACY KKSTDKKIi IN (iUATKMALA.
l,S(ir. |.S7:{.
1'Ai;k
I
rnsidont Coma's Iliili — Partial KiVdlt.s— LilnTaLs in the A.sscnilily
Ctiiia's Kiclirticm- Kiots in the Caiiital- Zavala's Ciiursf-Cni/
Ueliuilidii, lU'lVat, ami I Vatli— Arrests of Lilierals— Mdileration ol'
till' (iDvuruinent — llcvohitioa of (!arc"a (iranailos ami l>;irrios
rian ol I'at/ieia— ('orna Krfeatfil ami Overtiirown — (Iranailos as
I'residcnti! I'rovisorio- -Seditions Movements (^hielled — Aliolition ol
I'riestly Privileges — I'relatcs, .lesnits, and ('ai>ncliiiis Kx],»lli(l
War with Homhiras — Bariios as Suhstitute I'resident -His Sever-
ity — Kleetioiis — Barrios Chosen ( 'onstitut iunal President IKS
CUAITKU XXI.
KKNKWKD Kimurs H>l; IKMKAl. amkkhan imtv.
ls7:i 1>,S.-).
Pi. -idont Barrios of ( !ii:iteniala— l-'.ml of Uc.ietionary War — (Inateinalan
Proj;ress - War witli .Salvador and llmiduras - Kirrios' Sueeesses
and (lenerosity to thi' \'aiii|iiisheil ^( onstitntional Kt'Liiine in ( iuati'-
niala Barrios" Iteileitioiis- His \'isit to tiie I'nited States-- Pe.iee-
fnl ilti'ort to rtiito ( 'iiilral AniericM — Besort to Arms- AUiaiH f
• Inateiiiala and Honduras — Ilirrios Attacks Salvador His hdcat
and Heath- His Plan Ahandoned --M. L. Barillas, J'rovisioiial i'lesi-
delit of Guatemala — Itestoralion of Peaee Hi I
CTIArTKH XXIl.
noNHI l;\S AKKAIliS.
INC.") l.SSli.
National Flat; and KscutehefHi- ( Inler of Saiita UosaMedina's Loiii,'
Bidr His i)iirerenees with I hn nas, and Triuiiiiih Warwitli Salva-
dor and ( luatemala- Medina 1 ii fratt'il and ( )\ iitiiiuwn ( eleo Arias
Sueeeeils Him--His l.ilnral J'cilii'y IB is Besit hy the Conserva-
tives—His Former Suiiporters Heiiu-e Him Pdiiciano Beiv.i Bicdines
President -His Course Hispleasis iSarrios, Wlio Sets Medina against
Him -Hi' is I'oreed to lti-ii.'li Mal'i'o Aurelio Soto Made i'l-i'sidi lit
liy Barrios — Attemjited lirMilt of Kx-piesideiit Mi'diiia llis'l'iid
and I'lxeeiition — Soto's Administration- He ( iocs Ahi'oad - His '^Miar-
icl \Mtli Barrios, and licsiirnation Pri'siilcnt Boj:ran Filihustcring
Schemes 4'>'A
niAlTKlJ XXIII.
rOI.irlCAl. AllAlltS IN MC.VUAIJITA.
IM 17 -IKS').
I'rcsidont Fernnndo C.uzniau— Insurrection— ^^seonduot of Priests —
Deteats of the Insurgents- Foreign Mediation- (ienerosity of the
CONTKN'IS.
( lovi'riiiiicnt — I'resiilent Vicentu Qumlni — Iiu-eption of tlic .Irsiiits
Aims of I'artii's — IiittTiial aixl FoPfii;!! ('iiiriplicatiinis Costa liiua"s
Hostility ami 'i'iiioi'o's Invasion I'ri'siilents (.'lianioiro and Zavala-
^lori' I'olitical TronMi's .Irsiiils tin.' I'roniotcrs -'I'lieir Kxpulsiim—
I'lacu Ucstorcil -I'lo^n'ss oi tlic Country l'r<siili>nt Ailiii Car-
ilunas — Uesistancu to rrcsidunt IJarrios' Plan of l'"orc-('il Uci'oiistruc-
tion
471)
CIIAPTKR XXIV.
IMiKI'KNI'KM K oK rilK IslllMrs.
isoi i.yj-J.
Ailniinistralion uinliT Sjiain — Influence of Events in Kurojie and Spanish
America on the Isthmus — Hostilities in Nucva (Jranaila — Constitu-
tional Covernnient — Ceneral llor<''s Measures to Hold tlu' Istlinnis
lor Spain — Mae( Jregor's Insur>;ent lv\iie(lition at I'ortohello lie
< -taMishnient of the Constitution — Captain-general Murgeon's Itide
— The Jsthnnis is l>eelared Inde[)endint Its Inoor])oration with
Colondiia .lose F.ihre^^a in Tenniorary < 'onimand - .lose Maria Car-
ri'fio Appointed Intendentc and < 'oniandante ( ieneral— Aholition tif
African Slavery
4.SS
CHAITKIJ XXV.
DIVEltS i'll.\SKS OK SKr.l'-lMIVKKNMKS T.
isii) I so:?.
I'an.'iniil Con;,'ross — Provincial Organizations — Al/nru's Kclnllion ;ind
Kxecution Secession fi-oni C.iloMihia and Iteincorporation hill'cr-
cncc's with Foreign Covernineiits -Crime l{ani[iant Summary
Trcatnient of Criminals Itiots ,ind Massacre of Fori'ign Passen,i:crs
- .\ttcmpts to Itoh Treasure Tr.iins Xeuti'ality Tre.itics Fstali
li.-hnicnt of Federal .System Panama as a State — Revolutionary F.i l
.Succession of (lovcrnors .Seilitious Character of the
n.'
■ins
- A
Po,
unation-
xi'volution against Covcrnor Cuii'dia .md h
l>cath .\nothcr Political Orjjani/utioil — Rstado Solicrai
P
I,
al Partv in Full Control— .Strinuciit Mea.sures ."ilO
( lI.M'TKll XXVI.
IM 111 IIKl! \\.\l:s AM. Ki;\01,ri'IONN.
I'rcsi.lents ( ioitia, .Santa Coh
Federal Ollicials Coluni
181)3-1885.
, and Calanclia— I'ndui Tut
crtcrenci" ol
•s Adniinistratiiui- President Olarte's Kn
ergy Knmity of tin' Arraliil's Nc^i'oes -.Short and Uisturhcd liule-
of |li,i/ and Ponce Prc-idi'uf ( 'orrcos'i Nc^ro Flcnicnt in tin
Am
'udcnl ( 'onscr\ativi
d arc I)iscomhtcil — Ai'n
P
( (»M KMS.
I cs II its —
t;i Kicii's
Zavala
lulsiou —
liii Ciir-
coiistruc-
470
r
l(ir :i Tiiui'- Fi'Vciisli Uiilcs nl Xt'iivi, Mini, Aizidiru, ( '(irri'o.sti, and
Ciisoiiii C'crvt'i-ii's Long IViiuri; 'riinimrary ituk- ot X'ive.s Ijcoii -
I'n'niili'iit SaiitiMloiniiim) \'ila -Olitiiiii.s Leave of AIimciici' I.s Siic-
I'coik'il Ity I'alili) Ari>si'iiieiia--Ai/iiunrs li.'Volutioii Arosfiin'iia
Klfi's ami KcsiL'iis — Outrages at Culuii Aiin'ricari Korct's I'rotrct
I'aiianiii <'i)llaj>so ui tiu' Ucvohitioii Aizimni ami Corrcoso Im-
prijioiifil — t'liicf I'aust's of I)isturliaiift's on tlic l.stliinii.i
1 Spaiiisli
t'onstitii-
• iHtliiniis
ii'llo It.'
■on .s \'\u\v.
tion witli
I ana Cai-
lolition ol
4.SS
("lIAITKiJ XXVII.
< KMiiAi. .\Mi;i;i('\N issiin rioNS.
ISSii.
Kxtrnt of the ('onnti-\ -• 'liniate - Mountains anil Volcanoes— Ivirtli-
(|nakes Ui\ris and Laki's- ( 'osla Uiea's Ana, Possessions, and
I'olitiial l»ivi>ion and ( oiverninent Her Chief Cities -Nieaiaj,'iiii,
her Territor.N, 'I'owns, and Munieiiial Administration Homlnias"
K\tent, Islan<l>. Citie-i. and Loeal ( ioveriiniciit Salvador, her I'osi-
tion. Area, Towns, and Civil Itnli' ( inatemala's Kxtent ami Posses-
sions Her Cities and 'Towns— Inturnal Administration Isthmus of
I'anama Area, I5ays, Ifivers, and I.slamls— I department and histriel
|{nle 'I'iie Capital and Otiier 'I'owns l'oi)nlation Character and
Custonis — Education -Kpidemics and Other Calamities ."itlO
ion and
Pill'er-
•.lunmarv
issenLiers
Kstah-
tiary Kra
of the
and his
le I'ana-
.".10
■I'cnee ot
lie's l''.n-
id Itnles
t ill thi'
Peace
cHAiTKii XXVI rr.
riir. I'KCil'I.K ol' lOSIA UK A, NlrAlIAi.r A, AMI SAI.VAIMIIl.
IS(M» ISST.
<'entral American Population— Its divisions — (ieiieral (.'haracteristicsaiid
Occuiiatioiis — Land (irants — Ktl'orts at Colonization-- Failure of Por-
eij;ii .Schemes — Uejeetion of American Negroes — Character of the
Coitta Kiean J'eople -Ihvcllings l)ress- Food Ainu.senients- Nica-
raguan Men and Women 'I'lieir iKiinestie Life How They Amuse
Themselves People of .Salvador — Their Character and Mode of
J^iving ."iyy
CHAITKll XXIX.
TIIK I'KOl'l.i: OK lloSlnliAS AM> ( i I A IT.M AI.A.
l.S(H)-1887.
Amalganiatioii in Honduras — Possilile War of U.iees — Xieaipies and Payas
/amhos or .Mosc|nitos Pure and 151acU Carilis— Idstinguishing
Traits— Ladiuos Their Modc> of Life ( iiiati'inala and iier People —
Ditl'erent Classes Their N'ocatioiis Improved Condition of the
Lo«er Cl.isses Mestizos i'nie Indian i l^aealidoiies White and
I'liper ( l.iss Manners anil ( nstoiiis Privuiling IHsea.sea — Epi-
demics — Provision for the Indigeat,
()08
CONTKNTs
CHAPTEll XXX.
INTKLI.K" riAl, ADVAMKMKNI.
l.S(MI I8S7.
PACF.
I'lililic Education — Karly KtlV)rts at Itcvtlopmuiit — Costa Rica's Measures
— .Small Success— Kducatiiui in Xicara.L'ua — Schools ami ('ollcj;cs —
Nioara^uan WiitiTs- Pio^'irss in Salvador ami llonduias ISrilliant
Ki'sulls iri( Jiiatcinala rnlytotiniii: .Scliool — Stlmols of Science, Artfi,
and 'I'rados^Instituto fortiiu Deaf, l)unil), and lilind L'uiversitj' —
I'uMic \Vriters — Absence of I'nlilic Jjliraries — Cliui'di History in
Central Auurica ami Panama- Creation of I Hoccses of Salvador ami
Costa Kica — Immorality of I'rie.sts — Their Strujjglcs for Supremacy
— Ktlorts to Break their Power -Banishments of Prelates - Kxindsion
of Jesuits — Suiiprcssion of Monastic Orders — Separatii>n of Ciiurcli
and State — Keliijioiis Freedom ()-l
ClIAITKK XXXI.
.ir l> I e I A I,
AN 1 1
1SS7.
M I I, 1 r A i; V.
.ludit'ial .System of ( luatemala — .lury Trials in the.Si'veral States —Courts
nl liond\iras Alisi lice of Codes in the UeiiuMic IHl.itory .histicc —
Imimnity of ( 'rime in llondiir.is .iml NiearaLtUii- ."^.dvadnr's .ln<liciary
hilatory Procedure — Coilitication of Laws in Nicarauua — Costa
Bican Administration — Imjiroved ( 'oilcs — J'anama ( 'ourts — ( oiod
Coiles -Punishments for Ci'ime in tiie .*^i.\' States — .lulls uiid Peniten-
tiaries — Military Service -AvailaMi' l-'orce of Kich .State -How
Organized — Naval — l'"xiiemlitures — Military Schools - Improve-
ments ti;>S
CHAlTKll XXXII.
ism sri;r\i. i'i;i»:i;i;ss.
KSOl) ISST.
Karly .\!,'ri<'ulture- ProtiH'tion of tlie Industry — Crcat Progress Attained
Communal l/ind- Agricidtur.il AWaltii l>ecay of Cochineal -
I>evelojimcnt of Olliir .Staples -Indigo, Coffee, .Sugar, Cacao, and
Toli.icco - l''ood ,iiid Otlier Products — Precious Woods and Meilicinal
P
it.s -L
stock A'all
if Annual Proihution in Kacli .State
Natural Products of Panama Neglect of Agriculture — Mineral
Wealth-YicM of Pri
IS Metals — Mil
Honduras, .S;dvador,
d Nicaragua Heposits of (iiiatemala and CosUi Ui
.Mints
Former Yield of Panama -Mining Neglected on tiie Isthmus In
cipiency of Manufactures — Proihicts for domestic Use
(;.i(i
I
(.ONllINTS.
XV
I'.MIF.
Mciisiiri's
L'olk'yos —
^Brilliant
:nec, Arts,
ivorsity —
listdiy ill
vatlor ami
iiiprciiiai'y
Iv\pulsii)ii
<if Clnircli
(•>•_' I
Bs— Courts
,' .rustifi' —
s .luiliuiary
;iia — Cdsta
ll'ts — ( 1(1(1(1
il IViiitcn-
tati' -H(i\v
(;:is
CHAPTKR XXXIII.
I OMMKIiCK AN l> KISANCK.
I SI 1 1 iss:
Early State of Trade— Coiitimud St;
III the ("(UHts Its Heiiftiuial Ktiects— Varief
igiiatidii alter Iri(l(])eiiileiiee- St
I'AIIK
earn
Kutiy and 'I'aritl's I'liports and Kxpurt.s- Fairs- A
rief_\- ot' Stajjle-s I'oits of
Coiiipaiiy Internal Navii,'at
Postal Service - I',
et't'ssorv I'lansit
1(111-
lli>.'l
iways — M
oiiev
I'MIlk
Railway Tiatlie- Local 'JVad.
iii.U -
Isth-
rallic— Kocal Jraile of the
iiius -I'earl Fishery -Cojoiiial Reveimo in Finances of tlie Federa-
tion—Sources of Hcvoniio of Ka.li State -- Tlicir Ueceipts and
Fxpeiiditlires— Foreign and Internal l»el.ts (;,;;{
CirAlTKIJ XXXIV.
INI T.lioi 1. WIC I (iMMINIi A I Ion.
I Si) I |,S,S7.
Ancient I.Kvis on tiie Xortli-westM'assa-e- From Pern to La Pl.ita- -
(ai'C Horn I tiscovercd - Aivlie Kej;ions MeClnre-s SnceesMnl
Voyage (ro/iers 1 Hscovcry - Franklin's Attempts Findint,' l.y
Xordenskiohl of the Xortli-east Passage -Projects to Tnite th.^At-
lanticaud I'acilio Oceans across the Isthim.ses PI ins al.ont •)•( linaii-
t.^pee-Kxph.rati.ms for a Ship-canal Itoute in Nicaragua, Panama,
■id Ilaricn The Nicaragua Accessory Transit Conipanv -Const ruc-
tion of the Panama Itaihcay, and its (Jreat P.eii, tits Further Ftlorts
l-ra Canal Organi/.alion of a French Company A Ship-canal under
< (mstrnclion across the Lsthmus of Panama I»i!Iiculties and Fxpec-
tations -Central American K.droads and Telegraphs- -Snhmunnc
t ahles
<s AttaiiU'(l
'ocliincal —
Cacao, and
I Medicinal
ich State —
— Mineral
I, Salvador,
X — Mints —
thinus — In-
(Ml I
Pom
]
(
J
(
J
K
r
T
ever
ill ^
tioii
t'ami
resii)
Ihc
cia, i
only
belor
• lispL
iards
'Se.
Hi
HISTORY
o»
CENTRAL AMEPvTCA.
CHAPTER T.
LAST DAYS OK SPANISH ItULK,
1801-1818.
PopuLAU Feelinc! IN Centual Amicuica- IOki-i:( t of Kvents in Spain —
ReCOONITIDN of AmEIUCAN KylAI.ITV - i; Kl'KI SENTA 1 ION IN THE Sl'AMall
C6rtes — Delitsivf. Ukfoums — I^nd hv >'\!:\via's Role— I'liEsiDK.NT
Josi!: BnsTAMANTE--IIi.s Despotk; Coi'RSE -Di.MAND.s in tue C6rti:s -
Constitution \L (Juauantees— Ofuciaf, Hostility — Campaicn in ()a-
JACA— ReVOLUTIOiNAUY AIoVEMENIS in SaI.VAIjOK — \VaU IN NlCAUA(iUA
— CoNSPiUACY IN Guatemala — 'J'ueataient of the Insurgents— Dis-
respect TO the Dipotaoion — The Constitution Hevoked — Royal
Decrees.
The opening century was pregnant with important
events both in Europe and America. By 1808 aft'airs
ill Spain cuhninated in the French emperor's deten-
tion of the king and other members of the royal
family at Bayonne, where he forced them finally to
resign in his favor their rights to the Spanish crown.
The circle surrounding the captain-general, audien-
cia, and archbishop of Guatemala was made up, not
only of European Spaniards, but of (Guatemalans
belonging to the so-called noble faniihes. Popular
displeasure was manifested both against the Span-
iards and against the provincial aristocracy.* The
' See History of Mexico, this series. The maBSos of the people were kept
Hut. Cent. Am., Vol. III. 1
8 LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
oligarchy was hated throughout the province of Gua-
temala proper, and still more in the other provinces
of the presidency.
However, when the news of Napoleon's usurpation
reached America, it caused a strong revulsion of
feeling in Central America, as well as elsewhere in
the Spanish dominions, even among the large class
which had hitherto secretly fostered a warm desire
for independent national existence. Creoles of pure
Spanish descent, though yearning to be free from the
old thraldom, could not bring themselves to discard
the country which gave them blood, religion, and
civilization. As to the educated Indians, who were
also among the wishers for independence, like all of
their race, they looked up to the ruling power with
reverence and fear. Thus arose a struggle between
the old veneration and the love of freedom; a strug-
gle which was to last in Central America a few years
longer, though the people were becoming more and
more impatient, while leaning to the side of indepen-
dent nationality. Circumstances seemed to demand
that the ohl connection should not be ruptured till
1821, when decisive results in New Spain brought on
the final crisis here. When the news of Napoleon's
acts of violence and usurpations reached Guatemala,
popul ir loyalty was aroused, and showed itself in
various ways. Manifestations Ijy the authorities, ex-
pressive of fealty to the mother country and the royal
family, met with an apparently heart}" response from
the people.
Advices camo on the 30t]i of June, 1808, of the
occurrences at Aranjuez of March iOth.^ July passed
amid mucli unxiety about affairs iti S[)ain, and the
public mind became dej)ressed by unfavorable news
received on the 13tl) of August. Next day, at a
in utter ifjiiorancc, to be used, if iiecessarj', aa the blind tools of the ruling
oligarchy. Montujar, /.'r-iriln /list., i. 0.
T have toUI in my llititorii <•/ Mtxici, how Carlos IV. was forced to abdi-
cate, and Ilia sou Feniuudo raised to the throne.
SARA\aA AND FERXAXDO VII.
of Gua-
:ovinces
irpation
Ision of
^here in
ge class
11 desire
of pure
froui the
J discard
ion, and
i-'lio were
ke all of
Nver witli
between
a strug-
iew years
nore and
indcpen-
■) demand
Itured till
ought on
[apoleon's
[latemala,
itself in
Ities, ex-
Ithc royal
nse from
Is, of the
lly passed
and the
Iblc news
lay, at a
?>i the ruling
reed to abdi-
mecting of tlic authorities,^ the state of affairs was
anxiously discussed. The mariscal <le campo, An-
tonio (Jonzalez Mollinedo y Saravia, liad succeeded
Dolmas on the 28tli of July, 1801, in the ofhces of
governor, cajitain -general, and president of the au-
diencia. H(^ had ^ecn forty years of service in the
royal armies,* and had with him his wife, Micaela Co-
lartc, and offspring/
President Saravia read to the meeting a despatch
from the viceroy of Mexico, and a copy of the Gacctd
jjfiviiiijr an account of the abdication of Fernando VII.,
and of (he surrender by other members of the royal
family of their rights to the Spanish crown. After
due onsideration, the meeting declared these acts to
have resulted from violence, being therefore illegal
and unjust, and not entitled to recognition. It was
further resolved that the authorities and people should
renew their allecfiance to the legitimate soverei<Mi,
continue upholding the laws hitherto in force, and
maintain unity of action, for the sake of religion,
peace, and good order. Instructions were received"
to raise the standard of Fernando VII., and swear
allegiance to him, which were duly carried out/
The opportunity has now arrived for a radical
change in the political status of Spanish America.
The colonies have hitherto had no government, save
'There were the governor, archbishop, oidorcs of tho real audicncia,
Marqu(''3 do Ayi-incna, high officials of tho treasury, dean and chapter of tlio
archdiocese, alcaUloa and regidores of the 'muy noblo uyaiitaniiento,' oflietia
of tho univcisity, jnebites of the religious orders, piior and consuls of thu
real consulado, intoiidento of Coniayagua, temporarily sojourning in the city,
secretary of tho iuidi';ncia, commandaut of tho artillery, and colonela of tho
militia regiments. ])iario Mix.,ix.^\Q~\^; Guat. /'or I'trn. ('//., 2-6, 83-94;
SaraiHa, Jlanif.
*Hia last position in Europe had been that of teniente de roy of Palma, in
the island of Majorca. Jitarros, Guat., I. 273.
''Gnat, por Fern. VII., 50. In 1866 their descendants were living in
Guatemala.
•Dec. 13, 1808.
'The acts were performed with great solemnity and magnificence, the peo-
ple manifesting much joy. This evidence of loyalty was warmly acknowl-
edged. May 27, 1809, by the Junta Suprema Guberuativa of Sp.iin, sitting at
Seville and acting for tho imprisoned kuig. Most glowing descriptions of tho
ceremonies appear in Vinrio Mix., xi. 279-80; OuOt. por Fern. VII., 7-82,
94-101, 158-9.
4 LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
that of rulers set over them by a monarch whose will
was absolute, whoso edicts constituted their code of
laws; the subject being allowed no voice in public
affairs, save occasionally as a timid petitioner. But
troubles beset Spain at this time. Her king is pow-
erless; the friends of constitutional government have
now the control, and proceed to establish the desired
liberal rdgime. In order to be consistent, and to some
extent satisfy the aspirations of their fellow-subjects
in America, the provisional government decrees, and
the c6rtes upon asser.bling confirm, all the rights
claimed for Spaniards dwelling in Spain, together
with representation in the c6rtes and other national
councils.
The Junta Suprema Central Gubernativa in the
king's name declares on the 22d of January, 1809, the
Spanish possessions in America to be, in fact, integral
parts of the monarchy,^ and, approving the report of
the council of the Indies of N'ovember 21, 1808, in
favor of granting to the American dominions repre-
sentation near the sovereign, and the privilege of
forming by deputies a part of the aforesaid junta,
issues to the president of Guatemala an order to invite
the people of the provinces to choose their deputy to
reside at court as a member of the governing junta."
,14
" 'No son propiamcnte colonias, 6 factorlas, como los de otraa naciones,
Bino una parte oscncial 6 intcgrante de la Monarqufa Espaflola.' Otuit. por
Fern. VII., 1C3-C; DiMin sind Lozauo, Leg. Mex., i. 32C-7.
•Ayuntamicntosof head towns were to choose three honorable and compe-
tent men, from among whom each ayuntamicnto had to draw by lot one elec-
tor, whose name, country, age, profession, and political and moral qualifications
must be at once made known to the president of the audiencia. After the
names of all the nominees were in his possession, he, jointly with the electors,
iiad to select by secret ballot three candidates of the highest recognized char-
acter and ability, out of which three the audiencia, presided over by the
governor-general, was to choose the deputy, to whom all the ayuntamieutos
must forthwith send their powers and instructions. The deputy, duly pro
vided with means to journey decorously, was required to embark for Spain,
his yearly pay being fixed at §0,000. Alavian, llist. M(j., i. 291-2. A later
order of Oct. G, 1 809, lequired the deputy to be a native of Spanish America
and a resident of the province choosing him; ho was not to be the holder of
an/ of the chief offices therein, such as governor, intendente, oidor, etc., nor
a debtor to the royal treasury. The right of election was also given to minor
a^untamientos; and for the choice by plurality from among the candidates of
cities a board was constituted, with two members of the audiencia, two
DIPUTACION AMERICANA, 5
On the 3d of March, 1810, the electors asscniblcd in
Guatemala and chose for deputy the colonel of militia,
Manuel Josd Pavon y Muiioz.'" The powers given
him by his constituents were general, but enjoined
allegiance to the king and permanent connection with
the mother country."
The supremo government, early in 1810, in its anx-
iety to be surrounded by the re[)resentatives of the
people, hastened the convocation of cortes extraor-
dinary. Fearing, however, that there might not be
a sufficient number chosen for their timely attendance
at the opening of the session, it apprised the provin-
cial authorities, reiterating the decree a little later,'-*
that deficiencies would be temporarily supplied until
regularly elected deputies presented tliemselves to
occupy their seats in the chamber. Guatemala, in
common with the rest of America, was unable to send
her deputies in time, and had to be represented at
the inauguration ^y suplentes, or proxies. These *^
were Andrds del l^lano, a post-captain, and Colonel
Manuel del Llano. One of the first acts of the c6r-
tes" was to confirm the principle that all the Spanish
dominions possessed the same rights, promising to
enact at an early day laws conducive to the welfare
of the American portion, and to fix the number and
form of national representation in both continents.
At the suggestion of the diputacion americana, as
the body of American members was called, a general
amnesty for political offences was decreed, with the
canons, and two citizens named by the ayuntamiento. Ouat, por Fern. VII. ,
165-6.
'"His competitors were Josd de Aycinena and Lieut-col Antonio Jiiarros.
^' He waa not to give assent to the transfer of the ^Spanish dominions to
any foreign power; tlio nation's rights must bo upheld at all hazards; and
the last drop of blood shed for tho catholic religion, and for king and countrj'.
"Feb. 14 and June 26, 1810. Diario M6x., xiii. 540-r)l.
" The American suplentes were lawyers or ecclesiastics seeking preferment
at court, or military olficers with a long residence there. Alamait, Hist. Mij.,
iii., ap. 4; Bualamante, D^ensa, 16; Dispoa. Variaa, ii. fol. 10; Zamacoin,
Hist. Mij., viii. 450-1. The second named proxy in Nov. 1811 gave up his
seat to the regularly chosen deputy. C6rtes, Diario, 1811, 93.
"October 15, 1810. Alaman, Hist. Mij., iii. 10; Zamacois, Hid. Mij.,
viii. 458-9.
r
i LAST DAYS OP SPANISH RULE.
expectation of its yielding the best results in tuvor of
peace and conciliation. Froruises of reform, and of
better days for Central America, were held out, but
the provincial government paid little attention to
them. Meanwhile a jealous and restless i»olice con-
stantly watched the movements of suspected persons.
Informers and spies lurked everywhere, seeking for
some one against whom to bring charges.
The promised blessings proved delusive. Instead
of reforms, the people witnessed the installation of a
tribunal de fidelidad, with large powers, for the trial
and punishment of suspected persons.'^ This court
was short lived, however, being suppressed about the
middle of the following year, under the order of the
supreme government, dated February 20, 1811. And
thus Guatemala was kept quiet and apparently loyal,
when the greater part of Spanish America was in
open revolt.
Saravia's rule came to an end on the 14th of March,
1811. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-
general, and appointed by the government at Cddiz
to the command in chief of the forces in Mexico. On
his arrival in Oajaca, the viceroy, who was chagrined
at his powers having been thus curtailed, detained
him at that place. In November 1812, the city be-
ing captured by the independents, Saravia was taken
prisoner and shot.''
The succesfor of Saravia wrs Lieutenant-general
Josd Bustarac ite y Guerra, appointed by the supreme
council of re , >ncy, and soon after confirmed by the
c6rtes genert s extraordinarias. He was a naval
IS Installed June , 1810. Its first mcmbera were the Spaniards Jos6
Mendez, an artillery icer, Gidor Joaquin Bernardo Campuzano, and Auditor
de Guerra Joa(^uin If ilez. Mariire, Bosq. Hist. Cent. A m. , 5.
"Saravia died li' a soldier, nnd hia fate was deplored even by the ene-
mies of hia cause. Hist. Mex., iv. 48U, this series. Tiio Mexican writer Uus-
tamante, who was not prone to praise Spanish officers, said of Saravia, ' hoin-
bre do bien, humano, religioso, de xm corazon recto, digno de mejor fortuna.'
Cuadro Hist., ii. 217; Alaman, Hist. Miij., iii. 325. He was accused, how-
ever, though it is believed the charge was slanderous, of hp.ving conni\ ed at
emuggling by the treasury officials. The charge appears in Cancelada, Tel.
Mex., 107-9.
ibli
BUSTAMANTE Y GUERRA. 7
officer, and liad made f^cvcral important cruises in tlio
<au.sc of scienct;,'' and latterly had been civil and mili-
tary governor of Montevideo, a position that he filled
efficiently. His zeal against the indepiMidenls in that
country pointed him out as the one best fitted to re-
tard the independence of Central America. On his
return to Spain from South America he refused to
recognize Joseph Bonaparte,
Bustamante is represented to have been an inflex-
ible, vigilant, and reticent ruler. He lost no time in
adopting stringent measures to check insurrections,
and displayed much tact in choosing his agents and
spies. >«lo intelligent native of tiio country was free
from mistrust, slight suspicion too often bringing upon
the subject search of domicile, imprisonment, or exile.
He never hesitated to set aside any hniient measures
emanating from the home government in favor of the
suspected, and spared no means that would enable
him, at the expiration of his term, to surrender the
country entire and at peace to his superiors. He was
successful, notwithstanding there were several at-
tempts £.t secession.
Meanwhile the American representatives had been
permitted to lift their voice in the national councils.
They had called attention to the grievances of their
people. In a long memorial of August 1, 1811, to
the c6rtes, they had refuted the oft-repeated charge
that the friends of independence in America were or
had been under Napoleonic influence. They st;t forth
the causes of discontent, ^^ which they declared was of
long standing, and called for a remedy. Reference
was made to Mucanar's memorial to Felipe V.,'' where-
in he stated that the Americans were displeased, not
" One WU8 a cruise round the world under Mitlaspina, licing tlio next iu
rank and commanding the corvette Atrtvida. Juarros, Guat., ii., a<lv. ix. ;
Marure, Bonq. Hist. vent. Am., i. G; Zamacois, Hist. Mej., vi. 134; viii. fl(i9;
Los AnnUit, Sept. 1872, 30; Salv., JiiuHoUjic., 1874, ap. 1.
'* These were restrictions enforced by tlio crown against agriculture, min-
ing, fisheries, manufactures, and commerce, despotism of rulers, and disre-
gard of the merits of Americans, in keeping them out of public offices. See
Jlist. J/cx., iv. 441-07, thisBeries.
'*Lu the first half of the 18th century.
r
B
6 LAST DAYS OF SPANISH IIULE.
SO much because they were under subjection to Spain,
as because they were debased and enslaved by the
men sent out by the crown to fill the judicial and
other offices.'"
The organic code was finally adopted on the 18th
of March, 1812.'^ The instrument consisted of ten
titles, divided into chapters, in their turn subdivided
into sections, and might be considered in two parts:
1st, general form of government for the whole nation,
namely, a constitutional monarchy; 2d, special plan
for the administration of the Indies.'^"
In lieu of the old ayuntamientos, which were made
up of hereditary regidores, whose offices might be
transferred or sold, others were created, their mem-
bers to be chosen by electors who had been in their
turn chosen by popular vote. The ayuntamientos
were to control the internal j/il'Vc of their towns,
their funds, public instruction within their respective
localities, benevolent establishments, and local im-
provements. They were to be under the inspection
of a diputacion provincial, formed of seven members,
elected by the above-mentioned electors, in each prov-
ince, under the presidency of the chief civil officer ap-
**'In the matter of appointments to oflBce, an early royal order piescribed
that American descendants of Spaninrds should nave the preference for the
position of curate; and yet, during the last thirty years, the most lucrative
curacies were given to Eurnpeau Sp;auards. Of the 170 viceroys (hat ruled
in America, four only were of American bii'tli, and clioso were reared or edu-
cated in Spain. Out of 602 captain-generals, governors, and pi'csidents, only
14 were Americans. Of 982 bishops and arclibishops, 70.3 wero Europeans,
and 279 Creoles. Most of the latter were uomiuatcd in curly times, when
Europeans were few, navigation diliicult, and mitres alTorded more work than
money. Giterra, Rev, N. Ei<})., i. 278-85.
"We are assured that Antonio Larrazilbal, a clergyman, Antonio Juan-c.-],
and Jos(5 M. Peinado wero the chief authors of the instructions for Central
American deputies in Sjiain. The Central American deputies whose namet,
were appended to the constitution were: Larrazdbal for Guatemala; .Jos6
Ignacio Avila for Salvador; Josi^ Francisco Morejoii for Honduras; Jos6 Anto-
nio Lopez de la Plata for Nicaragua; and Florcucio Castillo for Costa Rica,
Gdrten, Col. Dec, ii. 15S-62; iii. 201-2; C&rlcn, J)iario, 181,3, xvii. 210; Pa/i.
Var., ecr. uo. 1, 109-17; Count. Polit. Monarq., l-lo-l, Larrazdbal ably de-
fended in the c6rtes the rights of the Americans, specially of the aborigines,
and above all, tlie national sovoreiguty. l'"()r this, after Fernando Vlf. re-
turned to Sjtain in 1814, he was denounced by the absolutists, t'onde de
Torre Muzquiz and Marqu(5s de Mata Florida, and confined in a fort in Spain,
linedado Mont,, in Guat. lit cop. Leyis, iii, 348.
"M^., Col. Ley. Fund, 34-91.
NEW ORGANIC CODE.
pointed by the king; tlic (.-hief and the diputacion
were jointly to have the direction of the economical
affairs of the province. No act of either corporation
was final till approved by the national cortes. In
America and Asia, however, owing to great distances,
moneys lawfully appropriated might he used with thu
assent of the chief civil authority; but a timely re-
port was to be made to the supreme government for
the consideration of the c6rtes. Such wore the chief
wheels in the machinery of provincial and municipal
administration. Now, as to popular rights, equality
of representation in the provinces of the Spanisji
peninsula, Asia, and America was fully recognized.
The descendants of Africans were alone deprived of
the rights of citizenship. This exclusion was combated
with forcible arguments by many of the American
deputies setting forth the fliithful, efficient services
colored men had repeatedly rendered and were still
rendering to the itation, and their fitness for almost
every position. Many of them, they said, liad re-
ceived sacred orders, or had been engaged in other
honorable callings, in which they had made good rec-
ords; besides which, they comprised a considerable
portion of the useful mining and agricultural popula-
tion. Unfortunately for the negro race, the American
deputies were not all of one mind. Larrazdbal, from
Guatemala, probably acting both on his own judgment
and on the opinion cxpre.'^sed in 1810 by the real con-
sulado, a.iserted the black man's incapacity, advocat-
ing that persons of African blood should be conceded
only the ])rivilege of voting at elections. This motion
was supported by a Peruvian deputy. The peninsular
members favoied the admission to lull I'ights of colored
priests, and all colored men serving in the royalist
armies. The measure was lost, however; but tln^
article as passed authorized the admission to full
])olitical rights, b} special acts of the c6rtes, of colored
men proving themselves worthy by a remai'kably vir-
tuous life, good service to the country, talents, or in-
' ;' in
an I
I
I
10
LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
dustriousness, provided they were born in wedlock,
of fathers who had been born free, married to free-
born wives, and were residents of Spanish possessions,
practising some useful profession and owning property.
Pursuant to the constitution, the c6rtes ordered,
Ma}'^ 23, 1812, elections for members to the ordinary
c6rtesof 1813.'*
The constitution was received at Guatemala on
the 10th of September, 1812, [)roclaimed on the 24th,,
and its support solemnly swoi'n to by the authorities
and people on the 3tl of November, witli great satis-
faction and evidences of loyalty. Gold and silver
medals were struck off to commemorate the event.'**
The installation of the c6rtes took place, with the
apparent a[)proval of Guatemala. The president,
members of the audiencia, and other dignitaries who
had thriven under absolutism, lot^king on Americans
as 'our colonists,' became at once liberals and con-
stitutionalists, pretending to recognize the wisdom of
the national congress in declaring that the Americans
were no longer colonists, but citizens of one conanon
country. Their manifestation of September 15, 1812,
was followed three days after b}^ one from the ayun-
tamiento of Guatemala to Deputy Larrazdbal, in the
same strain, suggesting the creation of a board ad-
iud(
mo-
mala
and
all I
Anie]
"The junta preparatoria, Nov. 12, 1812, designated only I'J deputies to the
Spanish eortes from Central Ameiiou (Chiiipas iiiuluiled), based on the inae-
curate census of 1778, which gave t.">c wiiolo country — with lOl.ijOO for Chia-
pas — 949,01.") iuhal)itants in 881 towi a. It was fixed that the 12 provinces of
Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Quezaiteuango, Ciudad Ileal de Chiapas, Vera
Paz, San Salvador, San 5ligucl, Chiquiniula, Sonsonate, Leon, Costa Rica,
and Comayagua should each choose one deputy; and Guatemala, Ciudad Real,
Leon, and Comayagua the four suplentes. Only two diputacioiics provin-
ciales were at lirst established, one in Guatemala and cmc in Leon. Coi-tcx,
Act, ord., i. 1813, Oct. 12,02; Mcndvz, Mem. in Pap. Var., ccxv. no. 17, 10-
17; Conder'n Mex. and O'uat., ii. .110; Modern. Traveller's A!cx. ami Ciiat., ii.
309-10. Later, under the constitutional regime, Chiapas was represented in
the Spanish cortes, and had a diputaciou provincial. Lai-ralnzar, JJitcurtio,
12. In 1812 a census was formetl to ascertain how many deputies Chiapas
should have in tlie eurtcs. Pineda, in Soc. Met-. Oeog. lioktin, iii. 400.
^* Que/altenango had already, Ijy its ayuntamiento of Aug. 12, 1812, e.v-
jiressed approval of the provisions of the instrument, promising loyal obedience
to it. In Honduras Gov. .Juan Antonio Tornos granted leave for tlie erection
of a monument in the plaza of Comayagua, which was carried out, Cvrics
Diario, ii., March 17, 18, 1822.
Sj .
EXPEDITION TO OAJACA.
11
visory to the cdrtes, on the reino de Guatemala legis-
lation.
After the fall of Oajaca during the Mexican war of
independence, the patriot chief Morelos regarded the
rear of his military operations as secure. Sympathiz-
ing messages had reached him from men of weight in
Guatemala, which lulled him into the belief that at-
tack need not be apprehended from this quarter. To
Ignacio Rayon he wrote: "Good news from Guate-
mala; they have asked for the plan of government,
and I'll send them the requisite information." It was
all a mistake. His cause had friends in Central
America, and enemies likewise. Among the most
prominent of the latter were Captain-general Busta-
mante and Archbicjhop Casaus. The ecclesiastic, witli
a number of Spanish merchants from Oajaca who hud
sought refuge in Guatemaki, prompted the general,
then anxious to avenge the execution of his pre-
decessor, to fit out an expedition, invade Oajaca, and
harass the insurgents even at the gates of the city.
About 700 men, mostly raw recruits, were accord-
ingly put in the field, early in 1813, under the com-
mand of Lieutenant-colonel Dambrini, a man of
little ability and unsavory record, and crossed the
line into Tehuantepec. Dambrini could not aban-
don his money- making propensities; and having been
led to believe he would encounter but little or no
resistance, took along a large quantity of merchandifie
for trading. On the 25th of February a small in-
surgent force was captured in Niltepec, and Dambrini
had its commander, together with a Dominican priest
and twenty-eight others, shot the next day. This was
the usual treatment of prisoners by both belligerents.
But on April 20th the Guatemalans were flanked and
routed at Tonalil by the enemy under Matamoros.
Dambrini fied, and his men dis[)ersed, leaving in the
victors' possession their arms, amnmnition, and Dam-
12
LAST DAYS OP SPANISH RULE.
brini's trading goods. The fugitives were pursued
some distance into Guatemalan territory.'^°
Germs of independence, as I have said, were fos-
tered in secret by the more intelligent, and slowly
began to develop, the movement being hastened by a
few enthusiasts who were blind t<j the foolhardiness
of their attempt. The government tiied all means to
keep the people in ignorance of the state of affairs in
Mexico and South America, and when unsuccessful,
would represent the royalist army as victorious. Other
more questionable devices were also resorted to.***
Undue restraint and ill treatment, as practised un-
der the stringent policy of Bustamante, soon began
to produce effects. Restiveness and despair seized a
portion of the people; the hopes for a government
more consonant with the spirit of the age, which had
been held -out from Spain, evaporated. Men were
unwilling to live longer under the heel of despotism;
and the more high-spirited in Salvador and Nicaragua
resolved to stake their fortunes upon a bold stroke
for freedom. It was, indeed, a rash step, undertaken
without concert, and almost without resources. It
could but end as it did at every place where a revo-
lutionary movement was initiated.
Matfas Delgado and Nicoliis Aguilar, curates of
San Salvador, Manuel and Vicente Aguilar, Juan
'*Some authors give the ] 0th as the date of this defeat. Alaman, Hint.
Mij., iii. 343-4; Bustamante, Cund. Hist., ii. 2G9-73; Zamacoii, Hist. M('j.,
ix. 9-10, 110-11. The last-named authority asserts that Danibrini again
invaded and took the towni of Tohuantepcc, February 1814. During tlie
revolutionary wars of Mexico, Chiapas, owing to lier isolated position, was
not a seat of war; and even when Morclos' troops fron\ Oajaca visited Tonal.1,
as above stated, there was no resistance. This country enjoyed peace during
the struggle in New Spain. Larrainzar, Chiapan, in Soc. Mcx. Oeog. Bolctin,
iii. 100.
'8 Letters were constantly sent to the Spanish government, and to private
persons, which were published in the newspapers friendly to the Spanish
cause, representing the independents as banditti and murderers, and the
Spaniards as exemplars of moderation. It was the emissarica of Hoiiaparte
who had induced tuo Americans to rebel, they said. Trumped-up miracles
and punishments from heaven, anathenuis, and every means suggested by foul
fanaticism were used to make the friends of freedom odious. Arcliiii.sbop
Casaus granted 80 days' indulgences to (tiiatemalaus not participating in the
revolutiouaiy movements of Mexico. Puerto, Couvite, ptiii., '2-3.
AYCINENA IN SALVADOR.
IS
Manuel Rodriguez, and Manuel Jose Aroe were the
first to strike the blow for Central American indepen-
dence. Their plan was carried into execution on Iht;
5th of November, 1811, by the capture of 3,000 new-
muskets, and upwards of §200,000 from the royal
treasury at San Salvador. They were suj^ported by
a large portion of the people of the city, and in
Metapan, Zacatecoluca, Usulutan, and Chalatenango.
But other ))laces in the province of Salvador, namely,
San jMiguel, Santa Ana, San Vicente, and Sonsonatc,
renewed their pledges of fealty to the government,
declarinjjr the movement for freedom a sacrile<»e.'''
The promoters of the revolt, which had been started
in the king's name, became disheartened and gave up
further effort, and with the dismissal of the intendente,
Antonio Gutierrez Ulloa, and other officials, peace w as
soon restored. San Salvador had been quiet without
other goverimient than that of alcaldes during the
disturbance.
Upon the receipt of the news of these occurrences,
Bustamante despatched Colonel Jose de Avcinena
with ample powers to take charge of the intendencia,
and I'cstore quiet. lie had been getting troops ready
to send down, but by the mediation of the ayunta-
miento of Guatemala he had suspended preparations,
and had adopted the former course. A member of
that body, Jose Maria Peinado, was associated with
Ayv'uena.^^ They reached San Salvador on the od
of December, amid the acclamations of the fickle pop-
'^' The invitations sent the people of San Miguel to cooperate were burned
in the plaza by the hands of the public excciitioucr. Nur were these towns
left without the usual cheap reward of niouarchs. Sun Miguel received the
title of 'nuiy noble y leal ;' Sau \'ieeiil<' was made a city, which title was con-
lirnicd .Jan. Kl, ISL". According to .luarros, Gnat. (Loud, ed., \S'2[\), 'i.")?,
many noble families dwelt in the iihux', and among its founders were sonic
<lesccndnnts of Oonzaloand Jorge Alvarado, brothers of Pedro, tlie conqueror.
Santa Ana was raised to the rank of villa. The parish priests of the several
places were promoted to be canons of the chapter of tJuatcmala. COrte/i,
Diario, ISl'J, xiv. .38, 1G7; Manirc, Jiomj. Illsl. Cent. ^l///.,i. y.
■-* The archbidhop sent priests to preach a^iainst the insurgents. Muriire,
Boaq. Il'isl. I'liit. Am., i. !). liuslumante, (iiadi-o /JiM., i\. 270, says that
the w iiole country would have Ijceu dii.cu into nbellion liut lor tiie advice of
the iible secretary of government, Alejandro iiamirci:.
14
LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
ulace; their j)resence ana the exhortations of the
missionaries rliecke'l all revolutionary symptoms.
The authors of the revolt were leniently treated
under a general annieisty,"" Pcinado was a short time
after appointed Aycinena's successor as acting inten-
dente.^
Another and a still luore serious attempt at revo-
lution, which may be called a sequel to that of Salva-
dor, had its beginning in the town of Leon, Nicaragyia,
on the 13th of December, 1811, when the people
deposed the intendente, Jose Salvador. This action
was S' conded on the 22d at Granada, where the
inhabitants, at a meeting in the municipal hall, de-
manded the retirement of all tlie Spanish officials.
The insurgents, on the 8th of January, j-3\2, by a
coup-de-main captured Fort San Cilrlos. The officials
ficd to ^lasaya. Villa de Nicaragua. — the city of
Rivas in later times — and other towns at once adopted
the same course.
Early in 1812, after the iirst excitement had be-
come somewhat allayed, a board of government was
organized in Leon, the members of whicli were Fran-
cisco Quiilones, Domingo Galar/a, Cdrmeu Salazar,
and Basilio Carrillo. Bisho[) Fray Nicolas Garcia
Jerez was recognized as gobernador intendente by
all the towns, and his authority was only limited in
one j)oint, namely, he was in no way to favor the de-
posed officials. The people of Granada resolved to
sencl two deputies to the board.'^^
^* Aycincna was, on the 7th of Feb., 1812, made by the Spanish cartes a
councillor of state, and in Aug. 181.^, entered upon his duties at Cddiz. Cdrtrs,
Diario, 181-, xvi. 10; 181.3, xxii. 21C. According to Zatnacois, the appoint-
ment waa made only after the adoption of the constitution; it is possible that
the appomtmeut W!V3 then renewed or confirmed, ///•-■i. Mrj,, viii. 557; Ayon,
ApuntM, li'i-JO; RexK Cent. Am., "2-3; Halv., Diario Ofic, Feb. 11, 1875;
Valoi.% Mex., '213-16.
'"In 1813 he was elected a deputy to the Spanish cdrtcs, but declined the
position on account of ill health. Cdrkx, Diario, 1813, xxii. 216.
" A person writing from Guatemala, and referring to a document issued
Aujruat 1811, in secret session held iu London by 33 Spanish Americans,
after registering hi.j disapproval of its purpose, positively asserted that the
masses were well di.sposeil, fond of peace, and respectful to authority, if somo
agent of Satan did not turn their heads and make thcui believe thoy were
superior beings, who needed no ruler over them. Caneelada, Td, Mex., 438.
It
REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA.
IS
The royal officials at Masaya having called for
assistance from Guatoiiuila, Bustaniaiitc liad 1 ,000
or more troops placed there under coimiiand of Sar-
gciito Mayor Pedro Gutierrez. The [)Cople of T^eo:i
had ere this accc})ted an amnesty from Bishop Jere/,
and thereafter took no part in movements against tlic
crown. Granada, more firm of purpose, resolved upon
defence; caused intrencliments to be built to guard
all avenues leading to the plaza, and mounted thereon
twelve heavy cannon. A royalist force, under Josu
M. Palomar, on the 21st of April apprcjaclied Granada
to reconnoitre, and reached the plazuela de Jidteva.^'
Early in the morning he opened a brisk fire on the
town, and kept it up for several hours. After a par-
ley, next day the citizens agreed to surrender, on Gu-
tierrez solemnly pledging the names of the king and
Bustamante, as well as his own, that they should in
no wise be molested. But after the royal troops were
allowed to enter the city on the 28th, Bustamante,
ignoring the solemn guarantees |)ledged by iiis subor-
dinate, ordered the arrest and prosecution of the
leaders. The governor accordingly named Alejandro
Carrascosa fiscal to prosecute the conspirators of
Granada. The proceedings occupied two years, at
the end of which the fiscal called for, and the court
granted, the confiscation of the estates, in addition tf
the penalties awarded to those found guilty. Sixteen
of the prisoners, as heads of the rebellion, were sen-
tenced to be shot, nine were doomed to the chain-
gang for life, and 133 to various terms of hard labor.''''
''Before the .ittack tlio city was visited by Father Benito Soto, as pacili-
tator and coinmissioner from the l)ibliop governor. Ho tried to fulfil his
mission without degrading his countrymen; hut aeoing the object of the war
was to crush liberal Americans, ho made commou cause with thcGranadiiios.
Marure, Boi<(i. Hist. Cant. Am., i. ll-TJ. Ayon, Apuntia, 17, gives the at-
tack as occurring in August, which is an error.
"Miguel Lacayo, Teli5sforo aud Juan Argiiello, Manuel Antonio de la
Cerda, Joaquin Chamorro, Juan Ccrda, Francisco Cordero, Josi5 D. Kspinosa,
FjCOH Molina, Cleto Ikndafia, Vicente Castillo, lircgorio llobledo, Gregorio
liracanionte, Juan D. llobledo, Francisco Gomez, and Manuel I'arrilhi were
to suffer death. Among tlio(! sentenceil to hard h.lior lor life were .IiKiii l']s-
]Mnosa, the adelantado ot Goala liiea, Diugo Montiel, :n\d I'io Ar^iieilo. A^juii,
ApuiUe^, 17-18; Manii\, JJu.-i'i. IliM. Cent. Am., i, IJ-ll; Ikv. Cent. Am. ,3,
lU
LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULB.
The sentence of death was not carried out, however.
The condemned were taken to Guatemala, and thence
transported to Spain, where the majority died as ex-
iles. Four otliers were removed as convicts to Omoa
and Trujillo. The survivors were finally released by
a royal order of June 25, 1817.^*
The conduct of the Leonese in leaving Granada «o
bear alone the consequences of the revolution had, as
I remarked, a bad effect upon the country."' From
that time dates a bitter feeling between Leon and
Grarada, and between Managua and Masaya on the
one J art and Granada en the other.^"
Notwithstanding the existing grievances and the
generally depressed condition of business, the people
did not fail to respond to the calls from the home gov-
ernment upon all parts of the Spanish dominions for
pecuniary aid to meet the enormous expenses of the
•* One of them, Manuel Antonio de la Cerda, refused to accept the pardon
unless coupled with leave to prefer cliargcs against Dustaiuantc. But an
inlhicntial friend of tl; j general's prevented its being granted, and Cerda, to
get out of tile countrj-, escaped on a vessel bound to Sweneu; tlience ho went
to Cuba, and lived tliere several years under an assumed name. Lns Anales,
Sejyt. 1, 1872, 30. The noted !Nicaraguan siatesniau, Tonu'is Ayon, justly
bewail;! the seeming ingratitude of some if his eountry".s writers in saying
that Nicaragua's independence had cost nothing. The liistory of that period,
1811-21, it is true, records no bloody fields, no brilliant feats of urnis; but it
prcKcnts an array of victims to the cause, of men who sacrificed their lives,
liberty, and fortunes to secure their country's freedom; and these sacrifices,
Ayon claims, should bo remembered, and the sull'urers' memory held in rev-
erence. Apnntes, 18. Squicr, in 7\-avdis, ii. 37S, speaks of a suppressed
revolution in Leon in 1S15, giving that city the whole credit of the first im-
pulse to liberal sentimeut in Central America. There was no such movement
in that year, and he probably had reference to that of ISU, tliough to Salva-
dor certainly belongs the honor of the first attempt for independence. Pim'a
Gate of the Pac, 3b, prints the same cn-or.
'* More empty rewards for Leon, In ] 812 the cc'rtes acceded to the bishop's
petition for the creation of a university in this town It was long delayed,
however. The ayuntamiento had conferred on it the title of ■ miiy noble y leal; '
and that of Nueva Segovia was similarly honored. Tlie dean of Nicaragua
was much commended in the cortes, Aug. 1813, for his loyal and judicious
conduct. C6rteSy Diario, 1811-12, xi. 198; 1S13, xvii. 2-17, xxi. 45-G; Cdrtea,
Col. Dec, ii. 47-8, iii. 177; Junrros, Gaat. (Lond. ed., 1823), 333-8; Belli/,
Nil-., i. 227; Conders' Mcx. and Guat., ii. 309. Bishop Jerez had written the
captain-general a warm letter on behalf of the Leoucsc, for whom ho had a
special predilection, and said, 'Si me desterrasen un Leones dcjo de ser obispo.'
Perez, Bio(j. Sacasa, 7.
'* This bitterness originated bloody wars, and did much harm to Nicara-
gua. Rev. Gent. Am., 3; Ayon, Apuntes, 15, 18-19; Regittro Ofic, Nov. 21,
1846, 381.
FANATICISM.
17
war against Napoleon's forces, and other pressing de-
mands. In 1812 there were collected and remitted
as donations $43,538. The citizens of San Salvador
also agreed to give $12,000 for 1812, and an equal
sum in 1813, if they could obtain a certain reform for
the benefit of indigo-planters.^'
We have seen how the first steps toward indepen-
dence failed. Nor could any other result have been
expected from the degraded condition, socially and
intellectually, of the masses. The people were con-
trolled by fanaticism, in abject submission to king and
clergy. Absurd doctrines and miracles were impli-
citly believed in; and every eflfort made to draw the
ignorant people out of that slough was in their judg-
ment treason and sacrilege, a violation of the laws of
God, an attempt to rob the king of his rights; certain
to bring on a disruption of social ties, and the wrath
of heaven. The lower orders had been taught that
freedom signified the reign of immorality and crime,
while fealty to the sovereign was held a high virtue.
Hence the daily exhibitions of humble faithfulness,
the kneeling before the images of the monarch and
before their bishops, and the more substantial proof
of money gifts to both church and crown.^
"The §43,538 went on the ship Venganza to Cddiz, and the arrival w.as
announced, Feb. 15, 1813, to the c6rtcs by the deputies of Guatemala. Cdrte-i,
Diario, 1813, xvii. 239-40.
"Marui'e, on the authority of the Gaceta de Oiiatemala, xiii. no. 11'2, and'
xiv. no. 191, assures tis that nearly one and a half million dollars had been
remitted by Central America to Spain, from donations and other sources, to
cancel royal warrants. Bosq. Jlist. Cent. Am., i. 18. Tliis work, that I have
occasion to quote so often, bears the title Bosqiiejo Ilittdrico de las licvolii-
clones de Centra Amdrlca desdelSll hasta 1S34. Its author, Alejandro Maruru,
who was a professor of history and geography in the university of Guatemala,
and otherwise a prominent citizen, issued in Guatemala his 1st volume, sin.
4to, 295 pp., with designs on the frontispiece, in 1S37; containing events to
18'2Gonly. The publication of the otlicr two volumes, it is understood, ho
was obliged to witlihold by order of his government. Montiifar, llc.-eua,
Hist. Cent. Am., i., preface pp. iii. and iv., tells ns the circulation of the 2ii
vol. was not allowed; 'un solemno auto de f(S dcvoni la cdicion cntera.' One
copy escaped, however, from which another edition was printed in later years.
It scathes the so-called conservative party, more properly entitled to tho
appellations of fanatical and servile, for the infamous acts of its men tliat for
many years misgoverned tho country. Its contents have been fully used by
Montiifar. Tho 3d volumo has not been published, and tho author's heirs'
Hut. Onrr. Ax., Vol. IU. 2
LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
The first efforts on behalf of emancipation were not
wholly lost, as they led to definitive results in the near
future. The next attempts also met with failure, and
brought u[)oii their authors the heavy hand of Busta-
mante. The first one, in 1813, was known as the
Betlen conspiracy, which derived its name from the
convent where the conspirators usually assembled.
Much importance was given to this affair by the gov-
ernment and the loyalists. The meetings were pre-
sided over by the sub-prior Fray Ramon de la Con-
cepcion, and were sometimes held in his cell, and at
others in the house of Cayetano Bedoya, under the
direction of Tomds Ruiz, an Indiau,^^ All were sworn
to secrecy, and yet the government suspected the
plot, and arrested some persons who had the weakness
to divulge the plan and the names of their associates.*"
The conspirators, all of whom were men of charac-
ter and good standing, soon found themselves in prison,
excepting Jos^ Francisco Barrundia, who remained
concealed six years, and afterward was one of the
most prominent statesmen of Central America. Ma-
jor Antonio del Villar was commissioned fiscal to
prosecute the prisoners. He spared no one in his
charges, and managed to bring into the meshes of the
long refused to allow any one to see the manuscript. This work furnishes
an interesting account of political affairs in Guatemala from tlio first attempt
at separation from the motlicr country in ISll to its accomplisliment in 1821,
from an American standpoint; the intrigues by which Central America was
yoked to IturbiJc's Mexican empire, and subsequent events culminating ia
the second and final enforcement of independence, followed by the organiza-
tion of the federal government; rupture between Guatemala and the general
government, and victory of the latter; church and military aflairs; intrigues
of parties; authorities being freely quoted to sustain statements. Tho author
does not enter into much detail on military operations, but is quite full in his
description of party workings, which affords a clear understanding of their
antagonistic interests. Under the title of Efemirvles de Iok herhoa notables . . .
de Centra America, the same writer gave to the press at (Guatemala, in 1844,
a r2mo of 77 pp., furnishing a very brief synopsis of the chief events that
occurred from 1821 to 1842, with tabular lists; quite useful as a chronology.
"Among the implicated were a number of military officers whose role was
to win over tlie troops, and gain possession of tlicir arms.
*" The plan was to seize Bustamantc, Auditor do Gucrra Ibaficz, Archbishop
Casaus, and all the high military officers; after which the Grauadan prisoners
were to bo liberated, and tlio country's independence proclaimed. The royal
ofiScials chose to add that tho parties had harbored ' incendiary and horrible
■chemes of plunder and devastation.'
THE PLOT OF BETLEN.
10
prosecution several persons who were innocent.** On
the 18th of September, 1814, ho asked the military
court for the penalty of death, by garrote, against
Ruiz, Vfctor Castrillo, Jos(5 Francisco Barrundia j)ro
contumacia, and Joaquin Yi'idico, who were hidalgos;
and the same j)onalty, by hanging, against the sub-
prior and ten others who were plebeians." Ten years
of hard labor in the chain-gang of the African posses-
sions, and a life exile from America, were pronounced
upon others against whom no guilt was proved. Tho
prisoners were all set free, however, in 1819, under a
royal order of tho 28th of July, 1817.
Among the men regarded as the most dangerous,
and strongly suspected of being tho real managers of
the Botlen plot, was Mateo Antonio Marure, who
had been confined two years in a dungeon ibr the
part he took in the disturbances of 1811." Busta-
taniantc dreaded his presence in Guatemala, and in
1814 despatched him as a prisoner to the supreme
council of regency in Spain, with his reasons for this
measure. After recounting the Betlen afiair, and
namincT Marure as the real instifjator and manajjfer of
*^ ^farure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. Iti; Romero, Bosq. Hist., 42; Mern.
Jiist. Cf7it. Am., 2, 3.
^'Miilian Ibnria, Amlrds Pardon, Manuel de San Jos6, Manuel Yot. The
names of tho other six do not appear. Pineda de Mont. , in Gnat. , I'ecop. Leijca,
iii. ol7-S; Hodrhjnez, Prohlma Jli.'tt., iu Salv., Diario Ofic, 1873, Apr. 1 and
Miiy 23. The author of Mem. I!cv. Cent. Am., 7, who was evidently Lliuiled
by prejudice against Barrundia and against tho cause, says that the Litter
lost credit for being mixed up in the IJetlen affair with 'hombrca shi luees,
Bin cr^dito, y sin costumbres;' and forfeited tho character for Ormnt-'ss lie
had held in public estimation by needlessly petitioning for a pardon wlieu lie
had not been imprisoned, and could at any time have left tho country with
out risk. Lorenzo Moutufar, a statesman and writer, tells us, in rebuttal,
that theso men were of good intelligence and position; that Barrundia's peril
was imminent all the time of his concealment, and as only Spanisli vessels
visited the ports, it would have been risky to attempt escape upon one of
tlicm. Moreover, it w-.j impossible to foresee when independence would bi;
attained. Under Ltio circumstances, Barrundia had to ask for pardon when
he could get it. Costa II., Gaceta, Sept. 2, 1854. Villar, tho prosecutiuL; olii-
cer, became notorious in 1817 for cruelties and wanton murders of unfortunate
inhabitants of Peten-Itza, when he was commandant there. Fajardo, Inf. . .
al Mill, de I'd., Campeche, 1828, sm. 4to, 17 pp.
" He was the father of Alejandro Marure, born iu Guatemala, and one
who had attained a respectable rank iu letters, at a very early age, in his coun-
try. At the time he began to figure in its political aiTairs be waa a master of
philosophy. Boaq. Hint. Cent. Am., i. 14-15.
LAST DATS OF SPANISH RULE.
' !i
it, ho arlcls that the conspirators counted on him as a
fearless man to carry it out, and that liis l)old language
and writings rendered his sojourn in America a con-
stant menace to Spanish interests.
Another and a worse planned attempt at revolution
than the one of 1811 occurred in Salvador in 1814.
The government quelled it, and the promoters were
arrested, Manuel Jos^ Arce suffering an imprisonment
of several years.*
44
The reader's attention is now called to matters con-
cerning the capitanfa general of Guatemala, which
occupied the government both here and in Europe
immediately before King Fernando's coup-d'dtat.
Bustamante, evidently hostile to constitutional gov-
ernment, and loath to suffer readily any curtailment
of his quasi-autocratic powers, proclaimed, under the
pressure of necessity, the national constitution, and
l)crmitted elections under it; but between this and
allowing the diputaciones provinciales and ayunta-
mientos free action under the fundamental law, there
was a wide chasm. He had no intention of tamely
submitting to such innovations, whatever might be
said of their merits in the abstract. In the first
place, he postponed for three whole months the in-
stallation of the diputacion, and when it was installed,
refused to honor the evofit with a high mass and te
deum, which would have b; en the proper thing to do.
Such a recognition of the importance of the diputa-
cion might have shake;^. ''.he faith of the populace in a
one-man power. He next insisted on the diputacion
having its sittings at the government house, where it
would be at his mercy. He treated the body disre-
spectfully in several ways,*" and as he could not make
** Arco began to figure in the rebellion of 1811, After tlic organization of
the federal r(?gimc he was the first constitutional president of the republie.
liev. Cent. Am., 3; Sali:, Diario Ojlc, 1875, Fob. 13.
*5Iu disregard of the rank and standing of th'.^ 'excelentisima diputaeion,'
he would append only his media iirma, or surname, to its decrees and docu-
ments, when he should have used his nanao and surname — a serious breach of
etiquette in those til"'".
END OF BU.STAMAXTE.S RITLE.
31
it subservient to his will, tiied l»y all nicaiia in his
power to destroy its iniluenee unci usefulness. In fact,
lie looked upon it as a mere consultative oor])oration,
whose advice he might ask for or not, as suited his
fancy. Lastly, he would not permit the acts of the
(liputacion to bo published; and for the matter of
Uiat, there was no liberty of the press.
These complaints were laid before the national
cortos" for redress, coupled with a petition that the
loyal authority should remove Jiustamante from office.
IJut grievances were unredressed, and their author
continued wielding power in the country several years
more. Indeed, this was not to be wondered at. The
Spanish government had rarely, if ev(ir, shown incli-
nation to do justice to the ruled against the high
rulers it placed over them, or to punish the despotic
acts of the latter. Residencias had of late become
mere matters of form. If the complainants had
w'^alth and influence at court, they might obtain the
recall of the ruler obnoxious to them, but no other
])unisliment. The prestige of authority must be up-
hold; such was the principle acted upon.*^ Guate-
mala was finally relieved of Bustamante's hated rule
on the 28th of March, 1818.
The people of Central America, like the rest of the
Spanish dominions, were soon invited to another view
in the political kaleidoscope. Fernando VII., upon
*'' The chamber now had but a short time to live. Manuel Michco had
Itieseuted his credentials in Jan. 1814, and been admitted to his seat as dep-
uty from Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Luis Aguirro's claim to admission was
referred back ou the petition of citizens of Ciiiquimula for his election to be
declared null. Cdrtes, Act. ord., 1814, Jan. '21, i. 487, Maroli 20, ii. 121.
"Se''cral accusations had been preferred hitherto against Bustamante; all
remained unheeded, so far as it ever became known. One more was that of
.luan Argiiello of Granada, in Nicaragua, who charged t'lo governor with un-
just treatment of him in 1814, and demanded his trial and punishment. This
case was ''cfore the c6rtes Oct. 20, 1820. But as the second constitutional
epoch was so short-lived, Arguello's deznand for justice had no better result
than preceding ones. A memorial of the ayuntamiento of Guatemala, on the
liolitical condition of the province, expressing fear that the harsliness ex-
tended to men f ^ r political opinions might lead to evil consequences, and
asking for the pardon of prisoiii;rs, was presented March 24, 1814, to the
ci'irtes. It was referred to a committee, and that was all the action taken,
till the king in 1SI7 granted an amnesty, t'dr/ct. Act. ord., March 24, 1814,
ii. 1,'32; Id., Diario, Oct. 20, 1820, ix. 4.
fl LAST DAYS OP SPANISH RULE.
his release by Napoleon a few months after the treaty
of Valenjay,*^ returned to Spain without delay, and
on arriving at Valencia, issued his manifesto of May
4, 1814, setting aside the constitution, and assuming
the authority of an absolute sovereign. He did this
with fair promises, which he carried out when and
how it suited him.*^ Among many decrees issued by
the monarch soon after, which were of interest to
Central America, was one enjoining on the archbishop
and bishops to see that their subordinates did their
duty faithfully, and entertained only wholesome
opinions. No associations or leagues were to be
tolerated which might lead to a disturbance of the
public peace; in other words, liberty and constitutional
government were not to be thought of '^'' Another
decree of June l7th, demanded of the deputies from
America having in their possession petitions from
their constituents to lay them before the royal gov-
ernment, in order that they might be acted upon.
Several measures for the protection of morals and the
advancement of civilization were also enacted.
«Ck)ncluded Dec. 11, 1813.
** Upon the news of the king's acts becoming known in Guatemala, the
archbishop and his clergy, and the other authorities, offered thanks to God for
hia release and restoration to the throne. Juarros, Ouat., ii., adv. xii.
^Tho pope lent his support with an encyclical letter of Aug, 15, 1814,
against fre..r --^ovry and otner secret societies, which was published June 2,
1815. All persons afiiliating in such organizations were required to sever
their connection with them. Fern. VII,, Decretos, 27-32,
CHAPTER II.
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
1818-1821.
Presidknt CIblos Urrutia— His Libeual Views — Colombian A.ssaui.ts
—Spanish Constitution Restored— The Gazistas, or Bacos— The
Cacos— JosA DEL Valle— Pedro Mdlina— Liberal Institutions-
Extent OF THE Political Government — Ecclesiastical Administra-
tion — Work of American Deputies— Party Excitement in Gi;ate-
MALA — UKROTIA DELEGATES UIS POWERS — SUBSOTUTE PRESIDENT
Gavino Gainza— Chiapas and her Government — She Secedes from
Spain and Joins the Mexican Empibk— Guatemala Declares for
Indefendencb — Junta Gubernativa — Convocation op a Congress.
Successor to Bustamante in the position of gov-
ernor, president, and captain-general, in March 1818,
was Lieutenant-general Cdrlos Urrutia,^ knight grand
cross of the military order of San Hermenegildo,
which entitled him to be calbd excelentisimo senor.
It was a difficult position. The country was at peace,
it is true, but a political volcano was at work, and :k)
one could foretell vr^ien the upheaval of revolution
might occur,'' letting loose the elements of destruction,
!is had happened in other parts of Spanish America.
However, anocher constituti(uial term under the
Spanish monarch was about being inaugurated, and
this fact helped to bring un definitive results.
' A native of Habana, Cuba. He bad £llcd several liigh otDces, the last
bo-' • lat of governor of Santo Domingo. Jucrron, GiuU. , ii. , adv. ix.-x. ; Salv. ,
/><... .iO/c, Apr. 1, 1875,4.
'Convulsions of nature bad been oonstaiitly occurrinrj in Qiiezaltenango
'li.ring two months, wliich greatly alarmed tho iiopulaLKu. (tut'!'" 17th of
Jan., 1818, a hill on tho south of the town bni'stoncn and threw o'n, enormous
(luaiitities of ashes, covering the whole country, nin to 'ho distance of 35
loiiguos, and flames were oocaaionallv seen. <'''r.ui\ (ai;i, isi Noiiciuao Oen.,
March 16, 1818, 4
(28)
24
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
Urrutia was a man of expeiljnce, with a well-bal-
anced mind, whose political opinions leaned to the
side of progress. Ho would have been well adapted
to guide the course of events in Central America had
it not been for the infirmities of old age. Guatemala,
being as yet under the sway of Spain, was open to
attack from the enemies of that government, or at
least, to such action as they might adopt in aid of the
disaffected portion of the people to secure their coun-
try's independence. The latter was the plan of the
Colombian insurgents in fitting out a combined sea
and land expedition to operate against the ports of
Omoa and Trujillo in 1820.'
On the 21st of April the watch-tower at Capiro,
in Trujillo, announced the approach of a Colombian
flotilla of small vessels from the windward. The gar-
rison, commanded b}' Josd M. Palomar, at once made
preparations for emergencies. The flotilla, consisting
of two brigantines, four large and as many small
schooners, one felucca, and one sloop, under Com-
modore Aury, sailed in at two o'clock,* and despatched
a boat to shore to demand the surrender of the place
within one hour. Nothing further was done on that
day, however; but early the next morning the flotilla
moved toward the mouth of the Guaimoreto, and after
raconnoitering the defences, opened a bombardment
with ball and grape-shot on the intrenchment and
demolished it, which compelled the defenders to fall
back. Th3 assailants landed 400 men and 15 horses,
and advanced against the garrison, meeting with a
repulse at the fourth parapet. The garrison retreated
to the fifth line, at which the enemy was a second
time driven back.' The vessels fired broadside upon
broadside on the shore batteries, which were warmly
returned. The bombardment was kept up from nine
•Tho Spanish oflBcial account published by the governiiient of Guatemala,
May 1 and 13, 1820, and copied lu tho Oaceta of Mex. of Juno 17th, same
year, has it that tlic attempt resulted in tha discomfiture of tho assailants.
*The commander's ship hoisted a flag with two blue bars and a white one
between them showing an escutcheon.
It S€
sub-
ATTACK ON TRUJILLO.
25
A. M. till two P. M., when the flotilla retired out of reach
of the batteries. A portion of the land force then
attempted to enter the town by the rear of it, but
was detected and compelled to retire. Early in the
morning of the 23d, the invading troops returned to
the vessels, leaving their horses; and soon afterward
the flotilla put to sea, each vessel firing a broadside,
on passing Point Castilla, against the watch-tower.
During the night of the 24th the Colombian vessels
dropped out of sight.^ On the 25th the flotilla ap-
peared off Omoa, and for several days was making
attempts to effect a landing, which being unsuccessful,
it retired on the 6th of May, after setting fire to the
larger brig, which had been damaged by the fire from
the town.
Fernando VII., under compulsion, restored the con-
stitution of 1812 throughout his dominions. On the
9th of March, 1820, he swore to support it, and the
next day issued a manifesto conveying an apology for
having set it aside in 1814, and giving plausible reasons
for his present change of mind. On the 1 1th of April
be issued another manifesto, addressed to the people
of America, expressing sorrow at not having sooner
r(:in.siai,ed the constitutional government. In another
dccrc! of April 15th he restores to full force and vigor
aH vh/nees of the c6rtes, both the extraordinary and
ordinar}', for t7 o better government and progress of
the J. \ mces in x^merica.
It seems that Brigadier Gavino Gainza, appointed
sub-inspector-general of the forces in Central America,
was commissioned to bring out the royal proclamations
and decrees for the reinstatement of the constitution,
and of the laws which were passed under it by the
c6rtes. There is nothing to show the precise time o['
!iis arrival in Guatemala, but it will suffice to statu
Tlio Spanisli ofBcial account seta tho cnciny's casualties at 40 kilkd ami
wounf'jil on Hhorej thoso on boiuJ could not bo ascertained. Tho .Spauisli
luus is giveu at uue killed und two wuuudotl.
II!
M INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
that the diputacion provincial was installed at the
capital on the 13th of July.
At a preparatory sitting of the c6rtes, on the 26th
of June, 1820, Juan N. San Juan and Josd Sacasa
were present as representatives from Guatemala, and
on the 2d of August Juan N. Tuero, or Fuero, pre-
sented his credentials as a deputy elected from Chi-
apas for the c6rtes of 1815-16, which body he found
closed on arriving in Spain at the end of 1814.° The
necessity -^i such a diputacion was ably discussed in
the cdrteit. - 'le 30th of April, 1821, by Deputy
Hermosilla, t ided by Dej uty Milla, both support-
ing the report oi the committee on the subject. On
the I7th of June the chamber was officially informed
of the installation of the diputacion, and commended
its patriotic labors.^
The 'junta suprema de censura,' created to adjudi-
cate upon alleged ojffences against the law regulating
the press, had, on the 9th of August, 1820, nomi-
nated, and the c6rtes confirmed, the members of the
junta de censura for Guatemala.^
The reestablishment of the constitutional regime
under such favorable circumstances soon brought into
life two great parties that for a long time bore the re
spective names of Gazista, or Baco, and Caco. The
gazista, with Josd del Valle as its leader,' was made
*06rte8, Diario, 1820, ii. 19; Apr. 30, 1821, extra, xvi. 15-16; Id., Act.
Pii6., i., June 26, 1820, 6; Aug. 2, 1820, 2.
^A congratulatory address from the newly created corporation was re-
ceived with marks of satisfaction, Odrtes, Diario, June 17, 1821, xxii. 6.
* From the ecclesiostio state, Juan Joa6 Batres and Jos^ Maria Alvarez,
with Pedro Ruiz de Bustamanto for a substitute. From the secular class,
Pedro Molina, Jos^ Barrundia, and Lie. Vcnancio Lopez. Secular substi-
tutes, licenciados Francisco Javier Barrutia, Felipe Neri del Barrio. Cdrtes,
Diario, 1820, ii. 228-9.
•A native of Cholutcco, in Honduras. Rev. Cent, Am., 1. He , aa auditor
de guerra. Velio was undoubtedly an able man; a speech of his on equality
before the law is spoken of with high commendation. Obsero. de la Hep.
Mex., ii., Oct. 3, 1827, 128-33. Subsequently was a deputy to the imperial
congress of Mexico, and when Iturbido was on the eve of succumbing under
the dIows of the republicans, ho appointed VuUc his minister of state, which
ofiBce ceased with tlio fall of the empire. Vallo returned to Guatemala and
figured prominently in the government. In 1826-29 ho was a federal deputy,
and died on the 2d of Marcli, 18.'i4, soon after being elected president uf the
republic. The assembly on the 21at of March of the same year decreeU honors
BACOS AND CACOS.
27
up of Spaniards and artisans. The cacos recognized
as their chieftain Jose Maria Delgado.^° Their party
was composed of members of the nobiUty, and of the
men calling themselves independents. This party
from the first aspired to independence, and its candi-
dates were taken from the independent wing at the
election of deputies and other officials.
The gazistas, or bacos, were numerous and strong,
for they had in their ranks the rulers, many wealthy
merchants, and the artisans, and abundant funds at
command, whic' were scattered without stint among
the needy and ignorant, who were ready enough to
sell their votes. ^^ They likewise strengthened their
influence with the lower class by means of a pre-
tended hostility to the aristocracy, or to what from
that time went by the name of 'espfritu de familia.'
They won the elections, but their triumph proved to
be far from a solid one.
The cacos now resolved to use every endeavor to
accomplish independence. The connection with the
aristocratic element was a drawback; and the abso-
lute necessity of winning over the mechanics being
recognized, a middle party was at once organized,
which attached itself to the independents, and would
have no connection with the nobles. This arrange-
ment facilitated the accomplishment of the object in
view.
The political struggle was now fairly inaugurated.
Pedro Molina ^'^ began the publication of El Editor
to hia memory. Ouat., Recop. Ley., iii. 338-9, 348. Salvador did the name in
April. A likeness of Valle iu given in Monh'ifar, Resena Hint. Cent. Am., ii,
lUO. Vallo had been honored with the friendship of Benthani and other
l']uropean tiavans; and he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Marure, iifem^rides, 36.
'"The same man who afterward appointed himself bishop of Salvador.
Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Mtj., 386.
"They cajoled the artisans with the promise of checking the trade with
Iklize, and of prohibiting the importation of foreign manufactures.
" He was born in Guatemala on tlio 2'Jtli of Apr., 1777; studied humani-
ties under Father Ooicoechea, one of iho lights of his time, aud received liis
diploma of a licentiate of medicine and surgery at the ago of J'J; served in
Nicaragua as surgeon of the batallou lijo early in tliu century, and returned
with it to hia native city in ISll. lleatterward Hilled the position of professor
28 INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
Constitucional, to defend American rights. The Amigo
de la Patria appeared at the same time, and often
opposed Molina's radical doctrines. Urrutia, now
styling himself jefe politico y capitan general, made
an address to the people, congratulating them and
himself on the happy termination c" the election in
the several parishes, and giving assui mces that every
voter should have full liberty to cast h s vote for repre-
sentative in the general congress, the diputacion, and
the ayuntamiento." A portion of his address was
specially devoted to artisans and laboring men, whom
he warned not to allow themselves to be tampered
with to the discredit of the government on the ques-
tion of trade in cotton goods; for, he told them, it was
a positive misconception that the government had it
in view to decree freedom of foreign trade; on the
contrary, it had endeavored to check illegal traffic,
which had been carried on to the detriment of national
interests and the royal treasury.
The measures adopted by him had to some extent
corrected that evil. By making the traders pay im-
port dues, thf» treasury had profited, and the people
had been saved from new taxes. Formerly, English
goods were paid for wholly in coin; now, only one
sixth of their cost was covered with money, and the
remainder with the produce of the country."
The gobierno politico de Guatemala had jurisdic-
tion over the same extent of country as the metro-
of medicine in the university. The degree of doctor was given him in 18I7f
and the ofiQce of protom^dico, or head physician of the province of Guate-
mala. Salv., Oaceta, Oct. 12, 1854.
" He adjured all to free themselves from party influences, and to give their
suffrages only to men vrho had their country's interests at heart. He de-
manded of all citizens to love their country, to bo true to the constitution,
and to respect the legitimate authorities.
'* Urrutia, Modeh, 2-3. Constant complaints had been made to the;' na-
tional government since 1813 against the foreign trade. The regulations of
1778 had been made to appear advantageous to Spain and her American colo-
nies. Foreign trade was declared a means of corruption which placed arms
in the hands of Spain's foes. In the report now before me, the mechanics of
the country are represented as hostile to the foreign trade. ArriUaga, In-
formtt in Ceduiario, 66-7.
ARCHBISHOPS.
29
politan," namely, 214 leagues from the ejidos of
Motocinta on the west, and 116 leagues from Golfo
Dulce on the Atlantic, to the Pacific coast "
The first archbishop of Guatemala appointed by
the Spanish crown in the present century was Luis
Penalver y Cdrdenas," who reached his see the 3d of
June, 1802, and on the 26th took possession. During
his brief incumbency he founded several rectorships,
and two primary schools for girls. His sight be-
coming seriously affected, he relinquished the mitre,
and returned to his native city, secretly denarting
March 1, 1806.^*^
Rafael de la Vara de la Madrid, Penalver's succes-
sor, arrived in Acajutla on the 13th of December,
1807 ; in Guatemala city on the 4th of January, 1808 ;
and on the 3d of February took possession of his
office. In April 1809 he visited th; province of Vera
Paz, where he died on the 31st of December, much
regretted, as he had endeared himself by his peace-
able disposition and affability."
Antonio Bergoza y Jordan, bI.:hop of Oajaca, was
nominated for the succession, but declined the po-
sition.
The next and eighth archbishop of the diocese was
•^Tho latter had three suffragans — Leon, Comayagua, and Ciudad Real
de Chiapas. It had also 20 vicars, 161 curacies in 424 towns, 85 valleys, 23
doctriuas under missionaries, of which 16 were in charge of Dominicana, 4 of
Franciscans, and 3 of the order of Mercy.
'"Deputy Jos6 Mariano Mcndcz, from Sonsonate, gave the province of
Guatemala 110 leagues from tiio Pacific to Santo Tonuls, and a width of 100
leagues in some parts, and less in others, with two cities and about 294
towns. Mem., 12-13,20; ^f('moria del cstado poHtico y <cle,<i(Utico de la capi-
taiiia general de Guatemala, Mad., 1S21, sm. 4to, 30 pp., gives data on tlic
economical, political, and ecclcsia.'itical condition of Central America in gen-
eral, and of each of the divisions or provinces, including Chiapas in particu-
lar, and proposing to tlio Spauisli government reforms deemed advisable.
"A native of llabana, at wliich university he received the degree of doc-
tor. Juarros, Ouat., i. 29G-7.
" Ho consecrated in his catliedral, on the 12th of Sept., 1802, the treasurer
of the diocese, the licentiate of theology, Ambrosio Llano, as bishop of
Ciudad Ileal de Chiapas.
'• He had been bishop of Santa Cruz do la Sierra, in Peru. At the time of
his death ho was 5.') years old. The remains were interred in the cathedral,
Juarroa, C/vcU., i. 297; Diario Mix., xii,, Jan. 26, 1810, 104.
I
I
i
10 INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED
Ramon Casaus y Torres, nominated by the supreme
council of regency on the 30th of March, 1811; who
entered the capital • m the 30th of July, and being a con-
secrated bishop, at once began to perform episcopal
functions.*' His nomination was ratified by the king
on the 27th of August, 1814; the papal bulls of con-
Ih'uiation were issued on the 15th of March, 1815, and
Casaus received the pallium on the 28th of Septem-
ber of the same year.
At the sitting of the Spanish c6rtes on the 25th
of June, 1821, the American deputies laid before that
body a memorial setting forth the condition of their
provinces, and the measures which, in their opinion,
would lead to a definitive peace. They not only
assured their Spanish colleagues that Americans were
fully conscious of their rights as freemen, but also
of their determination and ability to defend them;
nevertheless, if those rights were respected, and jus-
tice was done, existing difficulties might be obliterated.
They believed, however, that a constitutional system
would be impracticable in America, unless new and
efficacious measures were adopted to enable the
three branches of government to act freely within
their respective bounds, and likewise to make eflfective
the responsibility of public officials for their acts.
Another point upon which they laid stress was the
inutility of American deputies at the Spanish c6rtes
unless they were effectively upheld from their respect-
ive countries. They found other faults with the exist-
ing government, and declared that the solution of the
great problem would be found in the establishment
of autonomic governments in America.
^^ He was a native of Jaca, in Aragon; took the Dominican habit in Zam-
foza, and completed there his education; joined the province of Santiago in
Icxico at the age of 23; became a lecturer in Porta Coeli college, and a pro-
fessor in the university of Mexico, by which he was made a doctor, ana by
his order a maestro. On the 9th of Nov., 1806, as bishop of lloscn in partibns
infidelium, he was made bishop-coadjutor of Oajaca, and consecrated on the
2d of Aug., 1807. Juarros, OuaL, ii., adv. p. xi.-xii.; Cdrtes, Diario, xviii.
395; Puerto, Convite, p. iii. 1.
RIPE FOR INDEPENDENCR
81
Commerce between Spanish America and the
mother country should be treated as internal trade,
the Americans having equal rights and privileges with
their brethren of Europe. The same equality in
respect to civil rights and appointment to office was
likewise to exist between the natives of America and
Spain. If such demands were conceded, Mexico and
Central America would pay to Spain ten million dol-
lars within six years, in yearly installments from Jan-
uary 1, 1823, to be applied to the cancelling of the
national debt. They would also allow Spain two
million dollars yearly for the support of the royal
navy.*"
It was now too late, however, for conciliatory efforts
to be successful. Events crowded upon each other,
and were beyond the control even of the men who
made them. Central America was at peace, but the
constitutional system recently established, with its
popular elections and a free p»*css, after the spirit of na-
tionality had gained so much ground, naturally tended
to excite the public mind, emboldening the timid, and
increasing the number of the friends of independence.
Party spirit controlled everything ; it was felt even in
the domestic circle. The people were prepared and
anxious for a change, when vague rumors were set
afloat of renewed revolutionary efforts in Mexico.^^
Party leaders were of one mind on the desirability of
separation. It was generally admitted that the sub-
jection of the country to Spain could no longer be
maintained. Only a few high officials and Spaniards
dissented. Now was the time, if ever, for a sound
head and s^crong hand to helm the ship of state. Ur-
rutia, owing to age and physical ailings, was not the
man for the occasion; nor was he, though opposed to
the scheme of secession, able to retard it. Under tho
''The payments were to begin no later than ouo year after the installation
of tho autonomic government. The allowance was to be increaaed when tho
condition of tho two countries should become improved.
^■^ Positive new8 of Itiirbide's defection had not yet reached Guatemala,
Mem. Rev, Cent, Am., 2.
:i^
32
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
circumstances, the diputacion provincial prevailed on
the jefe superior polftico to delegate his powers to the
sub-inspector of the troops, Gavino Gainza.^^ This
officer at first tried to stem the torrent of revolution,
to act as the agent of Spain, disapproving the plan of
separation, but at the same time maintained intimate
relations with the independents and aided their efforts.
This party publicly circulated a paper for signatures
to ask Gainza to proclaim independence himself. He
pretended to be indignant; and upon the receipt
of the plan of Iguala, formed in Mexico by Iturbide
and Guerrero,'^* he issued a manifesto depicting it in
the blackest colors, and ordered that all who had
called on him to declare independence should be
prosecuted.*^' The independents became disgusted, but
had to make the best of the situation. They then
resolved to play upon his personal ambition, assuring
him that for his cooperation in their plans he would
be retained in command, and afterward chosen the
first chief magistrate of the young nation. While he
still hesitated, they despatched Cayetano Bedoya to
Oajaca for military aid from General Bravo. But on
the messenger's arrival at Ciudad Real de Chiapas,
he found that the place had followed the example of
Oajaca and Tehuantepec, accepting the plan of Iguala.
This step hastened events in Guatemala, and Bedoya
had no need of going farther.
The act of Ciudad Real, received Septerabe** 13th,
caused the greatest excitement in the city of Guate-
mala, and the government had to give way. Urged
by the diputacion, Gainza summoned, on the 14th, the
*' He is represented aa a fickle man, one easily influenced, and likely to
act under the impressions of the moment. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i.
21; Salv., Diario Qfic, 1875, Apr. 1, 4. Events showed he waa a man of no
settled principles or character, who proved himself, first a traitor to hia king
and country, and next, for self-aggrandizement, betrayed the men that in an
evil hour placed their trust in him.
■■'♦This plan is described in Hist. Mex., iv. 709-10, this series.
** The order was a dead letter, however. Gainza evidently issued it to
cover his responsibility in Madrid; at any rate, no one was arrested, and the
manifesto was soon after retired, public affairs being allowed to take their
Bourse. Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 4; Marure, Bosg- Hist. Cent. Am., i. 21-2.
GAINZAS MEETING
mands of the people ^« responsive to the do-
"P. '!« masses, aud at the safn. r ' '™''''' *" "''"•
pauoLstas or royal part sanf lf'«"-' *" "'^ ">« es-
athrongofiDdependents fined thonoV'"- °" "''' '^th
liails, and ante-chambers of (h ^ ''"'''' ''""'■'-yard,
Amongthernandins r„cin°.thf ^"^f'n'^nt h™so
Barrundia, Basilio PorZindl?""^! 'T" Molina,
after began to arrive at the j"'""" ^'^'''^- Soon
officials called to take part „ ,ff ?•?""' '""'«« the
'"eetmg, namely, twoCnlrt'ot'' V°"^ "^ "^o
deputized therefor; the archM I '''"''! <=«P°'-ation
tlio religious orders heehLf^ffl^P "?! P''«''"''» "f
treasury; who, to-rJther IvUU ,f^^ "^ *•>« «™y and
ciaUnd undor'the-presd „c 'f ?, '''P''^'"'' P-'^vin-
nor politico, Gainza," at o"ce Z " f '"gJ«f« ™Pe-
After reading the deelaratio„ri„'^??r''''' *° '^"»"«««-
bers briefly expressed f ^l-'" ^'""Pas, several mom-
was Vall/lead'^r ofihe' gLIs^ • ,^'"=, "-' ^P^r
vocated independence as nfSl' '"''? ^'"Quently ad-
«dmi„gthatit should noUeT^, ''."'' j"^t^«ten^
^ecions had formally dete"!''™^'' «"«>« other
■notion was seconded Thi .•" ."^ '^^O''. The
posed all action untU final ^<„r*'""!,tP'=°'''-''>ts- o !
received. Every a Lmn. * '".Mexico should fe
defeated by the energetic .ff "f ^"J'^^ting policy was
-''o voted'^fo, an Sdiat^dfchr *?-^ indepenlente!
-Oata „. a,. ,3^ _ """"" declaration of indepen!
»'-£s»&|r>x,«s^^^^^^ «... ,„.„„
ffnoK..! *u.""''V^'fi8, without fin.* ..k.!."" '•g**'/. absented to tho
.- .guuiea tae rea
ii>i
i
11
84
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
dence.'*^ Every vote favorable to indopendencc was
received by the people with loud applause, and every
one against it with groans. The popular preference
became so marked and boisterous that the anti-inde-
pendents, fearing for their lives, retired from the
palace.
The diputacion and ayuntamiento then, as the legiti-
mate organs to express the public will, drew up the
Acta dc Independencia, which was adopted, signed,
and sworn to by all the members present.** This
instrument, after declaring the aspiration of Guate-
malans to be a free and independent people,"^ invited
all citizens of the provinces to choose without delay
representatives, on the basis of one for every 15,000
"TLo supporters of this resolution were: Canon Doctor Jos6 Maria Cos-
tilla, Dean Doctor Antonio Garcia Kedondo; Regente of the audiencia Fran-
cisco Vilches, oidores Miguel Larreinaga and Torods O'Horan; deputies from
the university, doctors Mariano Galvez and Serapio Sanchez; deputies from
the college of lawyers, Joa6 Francisco C('>rdoba and Santiago Milla; Antonir
Rivera Cabezas, Mariano Beltrancna, J. Mariano Calderon, Rev. Doctor J
Matiua Delgado, M. A. Molina, members of the diputacion provincial; Mu
riano and J. Antonio Larrave, Isidoro Castriciones, Pedro Arroyave, and
Mariano de Ayclnena, members of the ayuntamiento; Lorenzo Romafia, gov-
ernment secretary; Domingo Dieguez, secretary of the meeting; Friars Ma-
xiano Perez and Jos6 Antonio Taboada, prelates respectively of the Recollects
.and Franciscans. Some Spaniards also recorded their names in favor of such
.action. lb. The Memoriaa de laa Revoluciones de Centra AmMca give among
the members of the diputacion Jos6 Valdds, and leave out M. A. Molina, 5.
^"297 years, 3 months, and 19 days from June 24, 1524, when Pedro do
Alvarado arrived with his 300 conquistadores.
"' Article 2d, speaking of the congress, says: It is to decide upon the point
•of 'independencia general y absoluta, y lijar, en caso de acordarla, la forma do
gobierno y ley fundamental quo deba regir.' Marure, who gives the text of
the acta, iiascrts that the declaration actually was for an 'independencia ab-
soluta do MC'jico y de cualquiera otra nacion;' and that Gainza, who favored
.annexation to Mexico, had beforehand prepared an oatli to support it. Bosq.
Jlist. Cfut. Am., i. 27, and ap. ii., iii. ; Alamaii, Hint. M6j., v. 340-": Ayon,
jlpitntes, 21; Sqiiier's Trav., ii. 378; Squier'a Cent. Am., G7; Ciirvan, Porvenir
•de Aldx., 252. Another vitul clause in the instrument was that the Roman
■catholic religion ^^ hich the Central Americans had professed in past centuries,
"y profcsaremos en los siglos venideros, ' must bo prcsenxd ' pura 6 inalterable, '
its ministers respected, and protected in their persons and property. Tlio
prelates of the various religious communities were invited to cooperate in bo-
Lalf of peace and harmony, endeavoring to do away with personal passions.
Tlie whole proceeding was novel, this of Spanish officials, presided over by
the chief agent of the king, meeting with natives of the country to decide
■whether Guatemala should cast off the old mother country or not. Several
other things worthy of notice happened then among them. Canon Castilla,
though a friend of the archbishop, his prelate, who had advocated anti-iudc-
pendence, favored the separation. Many of the officials declared for secession,
chief among their number the gazista leader Jos6 del Valle, who held the high
office of auditor de guerra. Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 5-6.
"The
Bcltraner
Molina,
Isidoro
Secretarie-
-^fy. Guat
was made
Diario exi
5; Kojnero
''^This
"The;,
"y persona
and abetto
than fori
erty, undej
"TheT
PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE. H
inhabitants, to a national congress that was to meet
IMarch 1, 1822. In the mean time the Spanish laws,
courts of justice, and public functionaries were to con-
tinue as heretofore. The representatives were to be
chosen by the same juntas electorales that had lately,
since the restoration of the constitution, elected depu-
ties to the cdrtes, without excluding, as the constitu-
tion did, men of African descent from the rights of
full citizenship.^'' The clause giving the last electoral
college, with its majority of Valle's partisans, the
power to choose the members of the constituent con-
gress, is said to have been inserted in the acta by
himself^
On the I7th Gainza issued a proclamation formally
placing before the people the resolutions adopted on
the 15th, and enjoining on all the duty of abiding by
them, and of respecting the laws and authorities
recognized by them. Any attempt, by word or deed,
to restore Spanish domination was declared high
treason, punishable with death.®* The powers of the
congress would be constituent to adopt u form of gov-
ernment and frame the national constitution. Mean-
time Gainza held civil and military authority, acting
with the advice of a provisional junta consultiva,
formed with the diputacion provincial and seven
additional nembers, representing respectively Leon,
Comayagua, Costa Rica, Quczaltenango, Solold, Chi-
maltenango, Sonsonate, and Ciudad Ileal.^'^ Neither
"The following names appear in tlio acta: Gavino Gainza, Mariano do
Beltrancna, Jos(5 Mariano Cakleron, Jos6 Mattas Dclj^ado, Manuel Antonio
Molina, Mariano de Larrave, Antonio de Rivira, Jos^ Antonio do Larravo,
Isidore de Valle y Castriciones, Pedro do Arroyavc, Mariano do Ayciiiena.
Secretaries, Lorenzo de RomaQa, Domingo I)icp;uoz. Pineda de Mont., Recop.
Ley. Glial., i. 1-14. Tlie news of this declaration readied Spain, and mention
was made of it in the cortea Dec. 15, 1821, by Deputy Navarreto. COrtrs,
Diario extraord., vi., 1821, Dec. 15, 34; Cortes, Diarh, viiL, 1822, Feb. 12,
5; Romero, Bosq. Hist., 43-4, 66-130; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 8-9.
^^ This clause gave rise to much trouble afterward.
'* The authorities were to be apprised of any plots against the new rdginie
by persons becoming aware of them, or the latter would bo held as aiders
and abettors of treason. Carrying concealed weapons, ringing of bells other
than for religious service, and injuring or destroying public or private prop-
erty, under any pretext, would be severely punished. Mix., Oac. Imp., Dec.
1, 1821, 260-3.
*^ The additional members were Miguel de Larreiuaga, Jos6 del Valle, J.
i
86
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
the people at large nor the meeting of the 15th created
such a body. It was the creation of the men who
remained behind in the hall, including Valle, who
drew up the acta.^^ Continuing his double dealing,
Gainza had issued his proclamation, on the IGth, for
the election of representatives to congress. He spoke
therein of the longing for independence since 1810, of
the popular love for the cause which had been so
forcibly sustained at the meeting of the preceding day,
and concluded by inviting the whole people to approve
the plan, and to appoint their deputies to complete
the work.
Before proceeding further with the political situa-
tion at the capital of Guatemala, I will devote a little
space to laying before the reader some information on
one of i's most important sections, namely, Chiapas.
The population was computed in 1813 at over 100,000
inhabitants, of whom 70,000 were Indians; the re-
mainder were Spaniards and mixed breeds, with a
few negroes.^''
As a reward for good services and generous pecu-
niary contributions to the nation, the Spanish cortes
passed, October 29, 1813, a decree bestowing the title
of city on the cown of Comitan, and that of villa on
those of Tusta, Tonald, Tapachula, and Palenque.^
38
Antonio Alvarado, Marquds <lo Aycinena, Josd Valdds, Jos6 M. Candina, and
Antonio Roblcs. Domingo Diegucz and Mariano Galvez were made the sec-
retaries, Marure, Efemdrides, 59.
"^Tho acta was signed at Gninza's ho'jso o:i the IGth, and the extra mem-
bers were appointed. Men, Jiev. Cent. Am., G.
" Ciudad Re;il, the capital, had in the city proper 6,00(', chiefly Spaniards;
the outsi'.'o districts and suburbs swelled t'.io population to 14,000. Mazarie-
gos, ."ifetti. llirt. Chiapa, 51. Tlio canon of Chiapas Mariano Robles Domin-
tuez de Mazariegos, bcinc the deputy from his province in the Spanish c6rte3
in 181."?, laid beioio the clinmber an intsresting memorial, which was after-
ward given to the press at Cild'", in one volume, 18mo, of 71 pages, under the
title ol Memorhi JHntdrica de la Provinc'ui de Chiapa, He suggested means
to develop the commerce of the province on its navigable rivers, and particu-
larly with Guatemala and Vera Cruz. His recommendations were heeded,
and several porta and rivers were opened to trade. Id., 33-4, 54-9; Cdrlen,
Diario, 1813, xix. 392; Noticiono O'-.i,., Aug. 30, 1816. Mazariegos' Buccb;<sor
was also a clergyman, Fernando Antonio Diivila, who took his seat in Nove n-
ber, 1813. Cdrtci, Act. ord., i, 275.
**From the time of the conquest there existed in all Indian towns ayan(»<
THE SUBDELEGADOS.
37
In contravention of law, the first name of tlic three
proposed by the intendentc to the president of G uutc-
niala, for chief of each of the eleven subdelegaci(Mics,
was that of some creature of the intcndente. Unfit-
ness for the place or innnorality counted for nothing
if the nomination suited the proposer or the confirm-
ing power. Tliese subdelegados, by means of their
comisarios, collected the tribute and speculated with
it; each being a tyrant who oppressed the Indians at
his will.
Education was neglected; ignorance prevailed to
such an extent that a large portion of the inhabitants
did not know even the first rudiments of their reli-
gion. The poorer Spaniards and the mixed 1 -reeds
were entii'oly without education. Indeed, in nearly
thn^e centuries, not only had the Indians not learned
to speak Spanish, but the native Spaniards spoke
the six Indian t(mgues of the province better than
their own.**
Chiapas, it is well known, had been an episco]:)al see,
with its cathedral at Ciudad Ileal, -since the first years
of the conquest.**^ The country is fertile and well
micntos called oabildo!'; nn<\ composed as follows: a gobcrnador, who was a
caci(ino oi* )iol>!o liuliau, gencvally for life, though 'sin jurisdiccion,' appointed
formally in writing by tho principal e\ceiitivo of tlic pnivincc; two alcahlea;
four, six, or eiglit rcgidorcs, according to ])opulation; and sonio ollicers called
in some 'ilacea niayores, and in others alguaeiles, who aided tho regidores,
took earo of tho eabildoa' houses, and furnished sujtpHes to travellers going
through their towns. They were elected on tho first day of .Tanuary of eacli
year, and were subject to tho alcalde mayor and the tcnientc of each town,
by whom tlicy were too frequently badly treated. Mazuricjos, Mem. Jlist.
Chin pa, 28-i!'J.
''•• In somo Indian towns, so-called maestros were salaried from the com-
munity funds of tho iidiabitants. Such maestros could scarcely real and
write, and most of them were immoial and given to drunkenness. Of com so
no j.'ood results could i)C obtained from .uch teachers. Tho Sitanioh eiirte.s in
ISIU decreed tho adoption of me;isurcs fo;- promoting public iustiuctioii, and
<j.i '.'lo '24tli of October enacted the establishment of a univ-ersily in tho prov-
ince. Ml .'n-iegos, Mem. Hist. C/iiapa, 51-5^; Cdrles, Uiario, LSl.'!, xix. 'M2;
id.. Art. ord., 1813, i. li:i, 141.
*^Tho cathedral chapter was composed of four dignitaries, one simplo
canon, six choir chaplains. Tho revenue of the diocese wfis limited. Tlio
nuuiber of its parishes was forty -seven, which included tho eleven of tla capi-
tal and suburbs. J/i/:nn'(';/os J'cw. Hint. Chiajin, -IS. From 181:) lo i8;tC,
according to Larrainzai-, religion';, educational, ami gener.il aii'airs had at-
tained nuich improvement. In the diocese theic were, besides t'le calliedral,
s
•
hi
38
INDEPiiNDENCE ACHIEVED.
watered. Its agricultural products were wheat — of
which there was a surplus for exportation — maize,
beans, rice, coflfee, and cacao." A variety of vegeta-
ables in abundance, and the fruits of all climes, could
also be obtained. The maguey was extensively culti-
vated for pulque and aguardiente. A great deal of
sugar-cane and good tobacco were grown. Indigo
and cochineal were cultivated to some extent. The
countrj'- had likewise excellent grazing. Cattle, sheep,
goats, horses, and mules abounded. The mines of
gold, silver, lead, copper, and iron were not worked,
owing to the poverty of the inhabitants. The gov-
crnor-intendento of Chiapas in 1817, Cdrlos Cas-
taiion, as appears in the records, was a coufirniod
royahst."
From the time that Iturbide proclaimed the inde-
pendence of Mexico, the canons of the chapter in the
diocese of Ciudad Real — bitterly hostile, like the ma-
jority of the Mexican and Central American clergy,
to the reforms of the Spanish cortes respecting the
church*'' — had been in comumnication with that chief-
tain's auditor do guerra, Fernandez Almansa, who
kept them informed on the progress of the revolution.
The clericals looked upon the Mexican chief as the
savior of their ancient prerogatives and inonopo-
'Mill,,,.
m^
tliroo conveuts of friars and one of nuus; a hospital, founded by Bisliop Juan
..Ivarc/, do Toledo; an ecclesiastic college, founded by Bishop Bravo do la
Serna; primary school;! and a university. Shice 1819 existed the Socieilad
de Aiaigos del I'ais, to develop agriculture, industry, and learning. The
inhabitants of the capital were quite cultured. Disrnrso, 17-18. In 181. '{the
Spaiii^ih cintes, among other measures for the benelit of Chiapas, decreed that
the friars of Guatemala should undertake the conversion of the Indians of
Palenque. CorUs, Diario, 181.'}, xix. .SO'2.
^' .Soeonuaco cacao being considered the best of America, some loads of it
Mere sent every year to Spain for the use of the royal family.
*'- On the 'JUtli of Dec. , 1S17, he congratulated the viceroy of Mexico on the
triiimphsof the royal arms. The capture of Mina and other bu -esses were
enthusiastically celebrated in Ciudad Real. Xotklono Gen., Feb. li, 1818, 4;
a,iz. dcMcx., IS 18, i.K. 141-2.
"Tlio bishop of Chiapas, Salvador San Martin, incurred the wrath of tho
curtes, wiien lie was acting as deputy from Porto Rico, for hia support of tho
royal decree of 1S14, tliat overtlirew tho national constitution. San Martin
was dead when (,'liiapaa followed the exam]ile of Mexico in 1821. Alainan,
Jiid. Mij., v. 344; Mdx., Gaceta Imp., i. 11, 173.
CHIAPAS ACCEPTS ITURBIDE.
39
lies, and with this end in view, prepared public opin-
ion for setting aside the authority of Fernando VII.
and his c6rtes."
The governor-intendente, Juan N. Batres, together
with the ayuntamiento of Ciudad Real, proclaimed,
on the 3d of September, 1821, the separation of Chiapas
from Spain, and her acceptance of Iturbide's plan of
Iguala. On the 8th all the authorities and officers,
Chiapas.
civil and military, took the oath to support that act,
which was ulministered bv the cjovernor of the dio-
cese; after which they had high mass and a sermon
ill the cathedral, where the secular clergy and the
" In Ciudad Real, Iturbide was called 'padre Salvador de la religion y de
la patria.' Id., 10-12.
40
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
people took the same oath*'^ before the aforesaid ec-
clesiastic authority. The oblij^ations assumed were
to support the Roman catholic apostolic religion; to
secure the independence of the empire, preserving to
that end peace and union between Europeans and
Americans; and to obey Fernando VII., should he
adopt and swear to support the constitution to bo
enacted by the c6rtes of the Mexican empire. Chiapas
was, therefore, the first province of the captain-gen-
eralcy of Guatemala to throw off the Spanish yoke;
sh(j at the same time separated herself from Guate-
mala, and manifested her determination to link her
future with Mexico. All this was made known Sep-
tember 21st by the comandunte-general of Oajaca to
Iturbide. The example of Ciudad Real was unhesi-
tatingly followed by the other towns in the province.
We have seen that Guatemala, at her declaration of
independence, did not at once accept annexation to
the Mexican empire. This course did not suit the
rulers and notables of Ciudad Real, who hastened
to manifest their displeasure at a meeting held Sep-
tember 20th, and attended by the intendente, ayun-
tamiento, and other official bodies, prelates, and a
larijfc number of citizens.
As a matter of fact, the desire of Chiapas to be
detached from Guatemala and annexed to Mexico
existed with some strength even before the declara-
tion of independence;*" and Guatemala having failed
to return an answer to the letter from the authorities
of Chiapas, announcing her action of the 3d, this
neLjlect had strengthened the notables of the latter
in their resolution to recognize no other government
than that of the Mexican empire under the treaties of
Cordoba. It was also resolved at the meeting not to
circulate the declaration of independence which the
^^Tlic act of inilependeDcc was signed by Juan N. Batres, Josd Ignacio
Larraiuzar, JosiS Dicgn Lara, Julio JostS Florca, JostS Nicolda Osuua, Esttvan
Gonliilo, aiul Lie. Joa6 Vivos.
■•"Soou after tliis net that desire began to assume proportions. Larrainzar,
.A'o/Jc. Hid. Soconusco, '2S.
CHIAPAS A PART OF MEXIOO.
41
jefe polftico of Guatemala liad sent. These senti-
ments were duly seconded by the other cities and
towns.
In order to guard against any action Guatemala
might take because of the course of Chiapas, at a
formal session of the diputacion, presided over by the
jcfe politico, and held on the 22d of October, it was
resolved to send to Mexico a commissioner to take the
necessary steps, and procure his province's separation
from Guatemala, even if the latter should come to be
thereafter a part of the Mexican empire.*^
*'For particulars on the final separation of Chiapas, and incorporation as a
state of the Mexican confederation, see Hist. Mex., v. '22^, this series. 'J'he
clergyman Pedro Solurzano was the agent appointed under tlio resolution
referred to in the text, and he accordingly repaired to the city of Moxieo.
Lm-rinnznr, 2ioLic, Ilist. Soconusco, 29; Mdx. Oaceta Imp., i. 1G9-73, 270-1,
319-23, 337-9.
CHAPTER III.
UNION WITH MEXICO.
1821-1822.
First Acts of Gitatemalam Rulers — Intriodes or Paeties— Theib Evil
CoNSEQnENCES — Gainza's Intrigoes — Independence in the Other
Provinces — Rewards to Gainza — Troubles in Salvador— Dissen-
sions IN Honduras — Local Squabbles in Nicaragua — Predilection
FOR Imperialism— Costa Rica Neutral — Condition of Various
Sections — Seceding Districis of Guatemala — Perplexities of the
Junta Consultiva — Iturbide's Devices — Military Pressure— His
Proposals Accepted — Illegal Annexation — Protests and Resist-
ance—War Begins.
Among the first acts of the junta at Guatemala
was the promotion of two officers who were suppt)sed
to be rchable supporters of the late movement.^ Both
proved themselves afterward recreant to their pledges,
by their hostility to the republican cause.
The cacos were republicans. They strove to rid
the country of the antiquated errors and practices,
including in their plans the abolishment of the priv-
ileges of the clergy, and the restriction of their power,
wliicli had been a constant source of injury to the
people at large. They wanted the adoption of demo-
cratic institutions, in order to place the masses on the
level heretofore occupied only by the ruling class.
They succeeded in prevailing on the people to take an
interest and a direct intervention in public affairs.
Barrundia, Molina, and Cordoba led them to the gal-
' They were Lorenzo Roniafia, who was made colonel of the battalion of reg-
ulars, superseding the Spauiard Fiilix Lagrava, and Manuel Arzii, who obtained
the command of the artillery, with the same rank. Marure, Boaq. Hist. (JetU.
Am., i. 28.
PARTY STRIFE.
43
I
lories of the junta chamber to witness its acts, and
even take part in its deliberations." They attacked ^
Vulle for the clause he inserted in the acta of the
15th, to which I have alluded in the preceding chap-
ter. On that point they certainly had a well-founded
grievance, but their manner of presenting it resulted
in a loss of confidence in the junta, the organization
of new parties, and general distraction. The point
taken by them, however, was decided in their favor
by the junta. But the latter held secret sessions
after the 20th of September, significant of sinister
purposes.
The other party — formerly constituting the ruling
class — scouted the idea of equality. Most of the
churchmen had the same feeling; for in joining thu
movement for separation from Spain their motive had
been to shield their menaced prerogatives, rather than
love for America or freedom.
On the 18th of September Gainza wrote Iturbide,
generalissimo of the so-called empire of Mexico, that
his course had been hailed with jo}^ and that political
parties had consolidated on the proposition of indo
pendence from Spain; hence he had proclaimed it.
And that, since then, amid the transition from one
system to another, the minds of the people of Gua-
temala had been fixed on Iturbide, and they had
desired to tender him their congratulations as the
liberator of New Spain.^
^ A writer of the opposite party asserts that tlio practice caused much con-
fusion, arifiiiig from ignorance. Tlio populace abused tiio privilege, and
had finally to be excluded from the chamber. The same author speaks dis-
paraginj,dy of the three leaders. Mem. /.Vt». Cent. Ant., 7. It is saiil of Uain
tliut they often addressed from tlio gallery petitions to the junta, demanded
removals of officials, and had disputes with its member., or with Ciainza. I
have already given some account of Liarnindia and Molina. Curduba had
sulFered imprisonment and prosecution for beiui; concerned in the revolution-
ary movements of 1811.
^ 'Acordeal fin en sus sentimientos, se reuni6 iiltimamente eu la opinion
quo dcbi6 Biempre ser cl vinculo cstrccho dc su voluntad. Asi consta del tcs-
timonio quo acompano d V. E.' The last sentence must refer to a copy of tho
acta de independencia. Mc:, Gaceta Imp., i. G0-'2. And yet, another journal
of Mexico, alluding to that letter, after erroneously giving' tlic writer's name
as Gabriel Quinia, actually asserted its contents to be that (iuatemala, like
Chiapas, liad submitted to Mexico, party spirit having been powerless to dis-
■■■ 'iff
44
UNION WITH MEXICO.
r !:■
The junta consultiva passed a number of decrees,
.which were sanctioned by Gainza. Urrutia, the ex-
ca[)tain-general, was tendered his salary and the con-
siderations due liis rank and former office if he would
formally rccojvnize the independence.* He declined
with thanks, departing for Habana soon after. At
the time of the .idoption of the acta, peaceable persons
were assured of protection to their persons and
property, which pledge was faithfully fulfilled. No
opponent of independence was molested. Officials
desirous of returning to their country were allowed
to do so.^
The junta, which bore the compcllation of excelen-
tisiiua, unanimously appointed Gainza captain-general,
with the salary of $10,000 a year, decorating him also
with a three-colored scarf, commemorative of the
throe guarantees. A gold medal was voted to the
members of the ayuntamiento, who made the solemn
declaration of independence on the 23d of September.*
(Committees were next appointed to study and report
to the junta on public instruction, safety and de-
fences, statistics, industry, and finances. Jose del
Valle was instructed to form a plan of government.'
Several financial measures engaged the attention
of the junta. One of them proposed to levy a duty
of ten per centum on gold and silver exported to
Spain. This was never strictly enforced. Restric-
tions to foreign commerce, and monopolies existing
under the Spanish government, were abolished. Lib-
eral principles were introduced, including freedom of
turb the peace or general will of the inhabitants! M^x., Nolicioao Oen,, Got.
11), 1821,
* Decree of Sept 20, 1821.
'' Decrees of Sept. 20 and 2'.', 1821. They were given two months' extra
pay. Mem. Ren. Vent. Am., C-V.
•' Tliia act was elTectcd amiilst great enthusiasm, and rejoicing at its ac-
complishment witliout bloodshed. I'ersons then residing in the city who had
favoi-cd the niovemeut had tlieir names inserted in a book. Marure, Boaq.
JJU. Cent. Am., i. 27-.TO.
' Another committeo was to count the population in order to apportion the
deputies to congress. Oracias, Vuad. U^tud. , 23.
SALVADOR INDEPCNDENT.
45
the press, which had been guaranteed by the Spanish
constitution, and was now continued in tbrce.^
In Salvador absolute independence had been de-
clared by the ayuntaniiento on the 21st of September,
and proclaimed eight days after. Pedro 13arricre,
who as tenientc Ictrado was temporarily acting as chief
civil authority, together with the ayuntaniiento of
San Salvador, decreed the election of seven persons
to form a "junta subalterna econdmica y consultiva."
There was great commotion stirred on the one hand
by the vicar Ignacio Saldaua, and on the other by tlio
liberals, Arce, Ramirez, and others. The next day,
the people being assembled to effect the election,
Barriere, pretending that his friends, the so-called
scrviles, were in peril, retracted his former action.
His words enraged the populace. Then he called
out the troops to disperse the crowds, and arrested the
republican leaders Arce, Rodriguez, and Domingo
Lara." But on the news of his course reaching Guate-
uiala, Delgado was despatched to Salvador as a peace-
maker, clothed with ample powers. On his way to
the capital he liberated prisoners, all of whom joined
his following and entered the city with him. Bar-
riere was sent out of the province; the troops were
disarmed; peace was restored; a subordinate junta,
consultiva was installed, and Delgado continued at
the head of the government.^"
* Before the news reached Spain of the change in Guatemala, Deputy Milla
spoke, on the 18th of Nov., in the c6rte8 of the insufficiency of Spanisli bot-
toms for the transportation of American produce, and demanded the privdcgo
of using foreign vessels therefor. He alluded also to the inability of tlio royal
navy to protect Spanish merchantmen, in proof of which he stated the fact
tiiat five vessels had been carried off by insurgent privateers from Nicaraguan
ports, t'drtes, Diario t'xtraonl., Nov. IS, 1821, iv. 12-13.
•Men who had relations with Delgado, one of the junta in Guatemala.
Mnn. Itev. Cent. Am., 9-10.
'"Delgado assumed authority on his arrival at t.»nta Ana. jtnd used it
effectively, though without violence. Marure, Bosq. Hint. Cent. Am., i. "'O-?.
The extent of the province of Salvador was 50 leagues long and .30 wide; it
was divided into the partidos of Santa Ana, San Salvador, San Vicente, and
San Miguel, with three cities, uve villas, and 140 pueblos. Meudez, Afnti., 9-
10. The following were the signers of independence: Pedro Barriere, Casi-
miro Garcfa Valdeavellano, Jos6 Ignacio Saldaua, Joa6 Rosi, Millan Bustos,
ml
mm
46
UNION WITH MEXICO.
In Honduras, on the receipt at Comayagua of the
news that Guatemala had seceded from the Spanish
crown, the governor-intendente, Brigadier Josd Ti-
noco de Contreras, and the diputacion'^ refused to
recognize the government constituted in that city, and
took an oath to support the plan of Iguala. This
was a virtual annexation of Honduras to the Mexican
cuii)ire. The partidos of Tegucigalpa and Gracias,
and the })orts of Omoa and Trujillo, would not accept
as valid the act of the authorities at Comayagua, and
maintained relations with those in Guatemala. The
independence from Spain had been declared on the
IGth of October.
Tinoco took the two ports above named, which were
treacherously surrendered to him." He also fitted
out a force to march on Tegucigalpa. A counter-
revolution, however, on the 1st of December, sup-
ported by an approaching Guatemalan liberal force,
set aside Tinoco's control and restored that of the
junta consultiva."
Gei onimo do Ajuria, Fraucisco tlel Duquc, Santiago Rosi, Trinidad E?tupinian,
.liiim Ji. do Otonto, Francisco Ignacio do Urnitia, Narciso Ortega, and Pedro
Miguel Lopez, secretary. Jiiiiz, C'cdcnd. Solv., G7-8; Sal v., Diur'to O/ic, Jan.
'2(i, IST.'i, ;j; IJuKtamaufc, Cuad. Hist., vi., no. 187, 1-29; Mem. liev. Cent.
Am., '2, D-IO. Alainan has it that Delgado seized tlie government by a revo-
lution ill lS-22. J IK Mr/., V. 474-5.
" Jn the Spanisli cortes, March 20, 181.'^, was read and passed to a com-
mittee a petition of tlio uyuntamiento of Comayagua, objecting to the limited
sco[)e of tlio decree of May 24, 1812, which authorized the establishment of
only two iliputaciones in the whole of Guatemala, and asked for one in Coma-
yagua witli Omoa, Trujillo, and the jiartiilo of Tegucigalpa, and that of San
Miguel in .Salvador, within its jurisilietion, which would give the new di%u-
tiicion a territory of 140 leagues from N. to S., and as many from E. to W.
Cortes, JJiario, 1S1.'{, xviii. (Jl. I have no evidence as to when Honduras
was granted the diputacion, but the fact apjiears that it had such a corpora-
tion in September 1S21. The province was larger tiian Nicaragua, and divided
into tlio partidos of Comayagua and Tegucigalpa, anil the nine sub-delegations
of (iiaciasa Dins, San Pedro Zula, Tciicoa, Yoio, Olaiichito, Olancho Viejo,
'JVgucigalpa, Clioluteca, and Trujillo, h.iving within it the ports of Omoa,
Puerto Caballos, Puerto Sal, Triunfo de la Cruz, Trujillo, and Cartago. The
bishopric of Comayagua embraced the whole iiitendeiicia, with 3j parishes,
■)iiu mission, and 143 churches. Meiulez, .Mem., iS, 21. In 1821 there lived in
Tvujillo about 2,r)00 Caiibs, the original iiihaljitants of Saint Vincent, later
occupying the island of lloataii, whence they removed to Trujillo. They
were a rather induoirious, honest people. C't);/;/e^7ia//',s I'oy., 2d scr., 101-3.
'-'Omoa by Captain Bernardo Caballero, i'. Pedro Brito, and others, who
seized and imprisoned the commandant, Antonio Prado. Marure, Bosq. Hint.
Cent. Am., i. 3o.
''The junta in Guatemala passed an act on the 11th of Dcs. to reward the
-J
LIBERTY IN NICARAGUA.
47
Nicaragua had, since 1813, a diputacioii provincial,
under the decree of the Spanish c6rtcs of May 24,
1812. Its jurisdiction extended over the di.stricts of
Leon, Granada, Segovia, Nicaragua, and Matagalpa.
Under the new system, estabhshcd in 1821, and since
TJrrutia's retirement, constant questions of jurisdic-
tion arose between the intendente and the superior
jefe poHtico."
On the 3d of October Colonel Crisanto Sacasa,
commandant at Granada, issued a general order to
the officers to report with their troops next morning,
and take the oath to support national independence,
pursuant to the instructions he had received from
Captain-general Gainza. Intendente Saravia had
been at enmity with Gainza, and when the first stops
were taken in Guatemala for independence, he throw
off his authority. In this he had the aid of Bishop
Jerez and Colonel Joaquin Arechavala, commander
of the militia, all three being natives of old Spain.
They induced the diputacion and the ay untam lento,
by an act of the 11th of October, to declare Nicara-
gua seceded from Guatemala.^' This action occurred
in Leon. But Granada refused to concur, and sent
its representatives to the congress called to meet in
Guatemala. Later, October 21st, the authorities in
Leon formally accepted the Iguala plan, thereby an-
nexing the whole province to the Mexican empire.
villa of Tegucigalpa, raising it to the rank of a city, and bestowing on its
ayuntuniicnto the title of 'patriotico. ' Muriirc, JJonq. Jli.it. Cent. Am., i. 37).
" As a matter of fact, ill feeling had always existed in the provinces against
the capital. This haired was intensiticd by tlrj respective intendeutes in
forwarding their ambitious purposes, ^[cln. lie v. Cent. Am., 2. Lieut-col
Miguel Gonzalez Saravia, sou of the old lieut-gen. shot in Oajaca, was the
guv.-iutendento of Nicaragua since 1818. Naturally lie hated the indepen-
dents for his father's rxccution. Mariirr, Dosq. Hint. Cent. Am., i. .'?4; Ayon,
Ajiunti's, 22; Juarro/i, Ouat. (Loud. ed. 182;j), S37-8.
'^ They would remain independent of the Spanish crown, they saiil, until
the clouds disappeared. Mem. licv. Cent. Am., 8; Marure, lioxq. Hid. Cent.
Am., i. .34; Ayon, Apuntes, 22; Siiarez y Navtrro, Jlist. MiJj., .'JST; Bn.ita-
vianie, Cuatl. Hist., vi., no. 187, 1-29; Alaman, Hist. Mi'j., v. 340-8; Wells'
J/ond., 408. Tomds Ayon, Apuntes sobre aljunos de. los aeontecimieiifos poH-
licos de Nicciragua, Leon, 1875, 8vo, 50 pp., gives a few important memoranda
on the political events of Nicaragua in 181 1-24, in a clear, concise, and ap>
parcntly impartial manner.
Simv
>4-W^.-
48
UNION WITH MEXICO.
l! '
The country was accordingly divided into two antag-
onistic parties, the imperialist and the republican."
Gainza said to the diputacion at Leon, on the 22d
of October, that neither they nor the junta consultiva,
nor any other body of men then existing, could decide
upon the future of the country; none had a legal right
to declare for or against annexation to Mexico. This
could be arrived at only by the representatives of the
people in the general congress." He appointed Colonel
Sacasa comandante general of the forces in Nicaragua,
and directed him to install in Granada a subordinate
junta gubernativa of five members, clothed with the
functions of a jefe politico, and which was to continue
in power til. the status of the country should be
fixed.'* Sacasa frankly notified the rulers in Leon of
what he was to do, and took steps to carry his orders
into execution. But Saravia, with the bishop and
the diputacion, determined that no srjh junta should
be installed. The diputacion, on the 1st of Decem-
ber, by a special act, forbade its organization, declar-
ing all attempts toward it subversive of good order
and hostile to the Mexican empire, to which they
owed allegiance; and warning all citizens to abstain
from such efforts.
"Saravia kept up a sort of underliandel war against Granada, obstructing
her relations with Guatemala. Mature, Boaj, Hist. Cent. Am., i. 35. Tho
extent of tho province of Nicaragua was 85 leagues long by 75 wide; detach-
ing Nicoya, there were four partiJos, Leon, Realejo, Suti.iba, and Matagalpa,
with 88 towns in all. Meiulez, Mem., 7. According to Miguel G. Saravia,
Bosqufjo politico estadistico de Nicaragua, its population in 181.3 waa of 149,-
751, a very imperfect census. Squier's States Cent. Am., 50. The bishopric
of Leon comprised all tho intendencia of Costa Rica, with 40 parishes, 3
missions, and 88 churches. Mendez, Mem, . 20. A considerable military force
had been, since 179G, kept at San Juan del Norte; and in 1821 additional de-
fences were erected, by government order of May 2d. This force was expelled
after tho declaration of independence oy tho patriots. Squier's Trav. , i. 83.
'' On the nth of Nov. ho answered in similar terms the diputacion at Co-
mayagua. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 44-6.
" Its members were to be chosen by electors appointed by tho ayunta-
mientos supporting the Granada rdgime. Tliese members to choose every
month from their own number the president. Perez, Biog. Sacasa, 5-6. Perez,
Jerdnimo, Biografia del coronel Don Crisanto SMasa, 1875, fol., 18 pp., fur-
nishes important data on the origin and life of a man who figured prom-
inently and honorably in the affairs of Nicaragua from 1821 to his death in
1824. In connection with them appear several official letters on events during
the period between secession from Spain and annexation to Mexico.
Sj
supp
di.sa[
2 2d
Aiiic
Mexi
St'lvL't
sumo
a ropi
at Lc
Cos
from
She iij
and se
called
Leon, 6
A mee
■ Ml 1 set
<r' .11 tl:
^'artag(
uas foi
the two
•'II the J
tlio han«
monegiL
cial capi
was prcs
the injp€
. "Thepe,
Kal complic)
'"-IS; .S'a/y.
. -"It had.
Its own, but
'iiiateniala.
(iita, Boiq. Cu
fe''''vo it, toge
-•''«., 54. In
and black mei
jJ.V (jO leagues
l^jarraz, Villa
^uevo, Escasi
Ifltlian towns a
Hist. Cew
COSTA RICA NEUTRAL.
40
Sacfiba had every right to expect that Gainza would
sup|)ort him aj^ainst attacks iVom Leon, but he was
tlisappointed. The captain-general wrote him, on the
22(1 of December, that it was doubtful if Central
America could maintain a government se])arate from
Mexico, many towns having already attached them-
selves to the empire; and that he had expressed the
same opinion to Saravia. Whereupon Sacasa, though
a republican, made no further opposition to the powers
at Leon.
Costa Rica was privileged by distance to keep aloof
from political troubles threatening the other provinces.
She had seceded from Spain on the 27th of October,
and set aside the governor, Juan Canas; but when
culled upon to adopt the plan of the capital or that of
Leon, she declined both, preferring a neutral attitude.^''
A meeting of notables confirmed the act of secession,
nn 1 set up a provisional government entirely detached
i'v n that at Leon, which was to reside alternately in
Cartage, San Jos6, Heredia, and Alajuela. But this
was found inconvenient, owing to rivalries between
the two first-named towns; and finally it was decided,
on the 27th of November, to place public affairs in
the hands of Manuel Peralta, Rafael Osejo, and ller-
nienegildo Bonilla, who were to reside at the provin-
cial capital, Cartage. Under this arrangement peace
was preserved, and the province never was really under
the imperial rule.^"
" The people acted prudently; they could but reap trouble from the polit-
ical complications. Mem. Uev. Cent. Am., 2; Molina, Bosq. Costa liica, 4-5,
17-lS; iS'a/y. , Diario OJtc, May 23, 1875; Loitd. Oeorj. Sac, vi. 135.
-" It had, from the time of the conquest, a civil and military government of
its own, but under dependence of the audiencia and cajituiu-generalcy at
< luatemala. In matters ecclesiastic and financial it had been under Leou. Mo-
lina, Boiq. Costa Hica, 92; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 2. The Spanish constitution
gave it, together vith Nicoya, a diputacion provincial. Astaburuaija, Cent.
Am., 54. In 1812 the province had 22 towns— 12 of Indians and 10 of white
and black men — besides farms, largo estates, etc. The extent in 1821 was IGO
by CO leagues. The cities m ere Cartago and Esparza; tlie villas, San Jos(5 ^o
Ujarriiz, Villa Vieia, and Villa Hermosa; the villages, Espiritu Santo, Pueblo
Nuevo, Escasu, Alajuela, Bagasses, Las Cauas, Barba, San Fernando, and tho
Indian towns and settlements; adding Nicoya and Guanacaste, there would be
HiBT. Cent. Am., Vox. III. 4
50
UNION WITH MEXICO.
Dissensions had now brought the country to the
brink of civil war, and no time was to be lost in avert-
ing it. Measures were adopted to hasten the meeting
of congress. With tbc view of restoring peace between
the sections, and of renderinj? harmless disturbinfj ele-
nients without resort to arms, the junta at Guatemala
concluded to despatch trusty commissioners to the
provinces where secession was rife, who were to pre-
vail on them to send deputies to the general congress.
Other agents were to be despatched to Mexico to
watch the turn of events at the capital.^* What
good results those agents might have accomplished, it
is impossible now to say. They had no occasion to
try their efforts. Events in Mexico succeeded one
another with such rapidity, and their influence on
Central America was so powerful, that, even among
the best patriots, many made up their minds to coop-
orate toward the unfon, carried away by the idea that
■only under the a)gis of the northern empire could
peace, safety, and stability be secured.
Costa Rica, we have seen, was in fact out of the
field; at any rate, it had no share in the political strife.
The provinces of Guatemala proper and Salvador
were the only ones, at present, which together with
Granada, in Nicaragua, and some portions of Hon-
duras, attempted to preserve an independence from
Mexico under whatever form of government rai<Tfhtbe
adopted in that country. The idea of annexation to
Mexico had been, however, growing popular from day
to day in Guatemala. The important section of
27 towns. Tlio populntion was computeil at between GO.OOO and 70,000, be-
sides the three nations of heathen Indians in the mountains and northern
coasts, and known respectively as indies do la Talamnnca, indios del norto,
and indios Mosquitos, al' quite numerous. Cdrtcs, Diario, 1813, xix. 404-5.
In 1813 tlio deputy from Costa Rica in the Spanish cortes petitioned for a
bialiopric; but at tho time of the separation the matter had not bee.i acted
on. Mendez, Mem., 7.
'•"Juan do Dios Ma^orga and tho provincial of la Merced, Fray Luis Oar-
cin, were selected for Comayuj;ua; tho prolate of tho Franciscans, Fray Josi'!
Antonio Taboada, for Leon; tho prcbendado Jos6 Maria Castilla, Pedro Mo-
lina, and Jo86 Francisco Barrundia, for Mexico. Mar. ire, Bosq.Ilist. 'Jent.Am.,
i. 37-0.
ITURBIDE'S EFFORTS.
HI
Quczaltcnango adhered to the scheme, on the 13th of
November, inviting Suchitepequez, Solold, and An-
tigua Guatemala to follow the example, which they
did soon after. And Cirilo Flores and Antonio Corzo,
wlio in latex" years figured as most prominent cham-
pions of derr.ocracy and suffered martyrdom for their
cause, then supported the action of Quezaltenango.
It was contended that Central America, after throw-
ing cff the Spanish yoke, acquired, with independence,
the riglit of forming such associations as might be
mutually beneficial. This doctrine was warmly ad-
vocated by a largo portion of the reflecting class.
Under such circumstances, Guatemala and Salvador,
hemmed in as they were between provinces that had
already become annexed to Mexico, could not main-
tain an absolute independence.
Iturbide had largo ideas of imperial sway, and was
bent on the acquisition of entire Central America,
aided efficiently, as he was on this side, by the aristo-
crats and other dissentient elements, who, perceiving
the insignificance they would come to if the nation
finally became constituted under a democraiic govern-
iiicr.t. which their opponents were aiming at, labored
with might and main to defeat the plan." They won
over with money and fair promises a part of the peo-
ple, and with Gainza, who expected high rank and
offices from the new empire, bound Central A.merica
hand and foot, as will hereafter bo seen.
--Some of them asked for titles, decorations, and other rewards for their
services in harnessing their country to Mexico's inipeiial car. 1^1 Pro^rc^o,
Apr. 11, 1850. Tho organ of the empire spoko of tlio chimeriiul ideas
of tho republicans and federalists, adding that the opposition to them was
largo, and to bo found in tho ollicials, the liiglicr classes, and indeed all sen-
sible persons, who well knew how small was tho niunbor of tho educated
among them. It elaiiued that the journals published in Guatemala expressed
the views of only a few deluded men, uIkksu ranks were becoming thinner
every day. That same organ had given to the public certain letters from tho
ayuhtamiento of Comitan, in Chiapas, oujicting to tho 'Jil art. of tho Guate-
malan acta of Sept. loth, on tho ground that tho country had no resources to
sustain a separave government, which had been evident since tho yearly al-
lowance of $r2,00U ceased; superadded to which, they said, tho safety of
Mexico might bo imperilled should Spain at somo future time recover posses-
sion of Cent. Am., which the latter, if independent, could not prevent, and
vindicate her authority over tho former. Mix., Qaceta Imp., i., Nov. 21 and
Dec. 8, 1821, 202-7, 281-2.
m
ill;-
UNIOX WITH MEXICO.
The junta consultiva was imicli perplexed in view
of the .situation. The iniperiaHsts daily became more
insolent and exacting. At this critical time — Novem-
ber 28th — Gainza laid before it a letter"^ from the
generalissimo, making allusion to the much abused
second article of the acta de independencia, and de-
claring tliat Guatemala was not able to occupy as yet
a ])lace in the family of nations, and should therefore
link her fate with Mexico.'^* Whereupon the junta,
at the suggestion of the marques do A^-cincna, hastily
answered that the popular wishes must be ascertained
before adopting any action ; promising to send the ])ro-
posal at once to the ayuntamientos and local author-
ities, with instructions to call on the people to give a
formal expression of their will on the subject. This
pronii .e was kept in a measure — the ayuntamientos,
not the people, wore given one month's time to mani-
fest their preference.-^
Soon after the arrival of Iturbide's messenger, the
persecution of republicans was begun. The rough
element of the population, instigated by their adver-
saries, during the night insulted them at their liomes.''"
Any one who either by word or writing opposed the
"^ Dated Oct. 19th, and brouglit by Jos6 de Oflatc.
°' 'Uuatcinala no dtbiii qucdar indcpeudiontc dc M(5jico, sino formar. . .un
gran inii)Ciio Imjo el plan do Imiala. y tratados do Cordolja: que (Juatoniala
Be hallaba todavfa imjiotpntc para gobcrnarso per si misina, y quo podria scr
por lo niisiiio objeto dc la anibicion extraiijcra.' Marurc, JJosq. ll\st. Cent.
Am., i. ;}t)— U. The ariHtocrats, now suru of Iturbide's aid, grew bolder in
tlicir plotting. Squkr'n Trail, ii. HTS; Montufar, Iieseua Uht., iv. 3.VJ.
Iturbido directed the eoudo dc la Cadena, on the 20th of Nov., to write very
courteously to Mariano do Aycincna, who was well connected and had ad-
dressed a communication to tl e libei'ator. IJiistamanle, Cucul. Hist., vi., no.
187, 28; Moiiti\far, Ifcr na JIuL, iv. 20-2, :i3-9.
'■'■'' The circular directed the ayuntamientos to read at a public sitting Itur-
bide's letter, and express their opinion upon each poiuc embraced in liia pro-
posal. Their answers as to whether they wanted annexation at once, or to
await the action of congrer^s, wei'o to bo in Giiatcmala city on or before the
aistof Uec, 1S21. Peti'n-Ilzd, Manif, dnlo Jit.sl., 2. This circular was drawn
up by Valle. Tho electiona fi;) iiiunibers of the congress that had been called
to meet in February wero to bo made as formerly directed. In Guatemala
tho votes of heads of ''amilics wcro taken at each house by municipal agents
in tho prcHi'aco oi a nota.y public, and duly registered. Mem. liev. Vent.
Am., '.0-11; Alamnii, Jlixt. M'j., v. 47.")-C.
'■"Till! cxilo of Barrundia, Molina, and others was demanded by Pedro Ar-
rovavc, sindico of the ayiintamiento. Gainza was suspected of inciting cer-
tain imperialists to prefer charges against tlieso parties.
'^' A iiuni
Jos(j chuich
iilr.ildo Man
iiii-'ii>.M;u(la
■ ••-', 18.->
(''<•'",'/ , .c, . ,
-'■' Mdfiirf
A/n 111,(11, Hit
•'J I is a.o
'f. :\lcn of J
iia\e .--inco eo
iiiilliing by tl:
rendont natic
VOTE OF THE AYUNTAMIENTOS.
53
plan of annexation was treated as seditious. At last
the opposing parties had a scuffle in the streets, on
the night of November 30th, which ended in the dis-
roniliture of the republicans engaged in it.^^ Barrun-
(Ua and Molina were present and exJiibitod much
energy. The latter was in great peril of losing his
][■■'
On the day appointed for the receipt of the returns
from the several ayuntamientos — naniel}^ the 31st of
December — the junta provisional consultiva proceeded
to the count. The result was as follows: 21 ayunta-
mientos declared that none but the general congress
had authority to decide for or against the union with
]\rexico; 104 favored the annexation at once and
iiu(!onditionally; 11 approved of the union, provided
certain terms, which they appended, were sti[)ulated
in the act of incorporation; 32 left the matter wholly
to the provisional government; and two declined the
connection in toto."'^'' Many others had not, for some
reason, returned any answers; or if they had, the
tjovernment in Guatemala failed to receive them on
the appointed day. The result was made known to
the regency in Mexico on the 3d of January, 1822,
and on the 5th the subject was discussed in all its
l)earings. Valle moved that the decision should be
jiQstpiHied until the receipt of the returns of the G7
ayuntamientos not yet heard from. Rivera, Calderon,
and Alvarado objected to any action. Gainza advo-
cated the acceptance of the aid and [)rotection teji-
dcrcd by Mexico. ^^ The junta, disregarding all
■^' A number of republicans, when acclaiming their principles near San
Josu church, were lircil upon by an armeil force patroUiny the town willi the
alralilc Mariano L:irrave, and two killed outriL,'ht, Mariano Bciloya and Uc-
iniLric .Maida. Several were wounded; some arrests were made. Salt'., (iai In,
'■J, 1S.j4; Maniri', Dosq. /list. Cent, A7n., i, 41-2, 47; J^icc. Unir. llisi,
Cr'c'u'/ , i„^ _ , i. lil'J; Dunlopx Cent. Am., 'o7.
■"^ Afrirmr, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i., ap. v.; Mem. llev. C-nl. Am., 11;
Alaiiiiin, Hid. Mrj., v. 474.
•"•'llis arguments were not founded on fact. Subsequent cvcata proved
it. Men of greater weight than (iainza, such aa Mora, I'occhio, and Zavala,
liiive .'-ince contradictcil hia assertions. Zavala said tliat viiiatemala ^'ained
uuthmg by the union, and that it had resources uf its own to exist as an inde-
pendent nation, lie added that the provinces viewed with dislike the course
54
UNION WITH MEXICO.
objections adduced, and the marked differences in the
opinions of the ayuntamientos, decreed on the same
day, January 5, 1822, that the whole of Central
America should be annexed to the empire of Mexico,
without other conditions than the fulfilment of the
plan of Iguala and the treaties of Cordoba.^" In a
manifesto of that date, it assured the people that, after
obtaining the votes of all the authorities, corporations,
and prominent persons, and in view of the census of
population formed in September 1821, it was evident
that the vote for the union with Mexico had reached
a majority in Guatemala proper; and including the
votes of Nicaragua, Comayagua, Ciudad Real de
Chiapas, Quezaltcnango, Solold, and other towns
which had a few days previously declared themselves
for annexation, it would be found that almost the whole
population had expressed itselfin favor of connection.^*
No member failed to record his name in favor of the
loss of nationality, though some had, as before stated,
suggested that certain guarantees should be required
previous to the completion of the surrender.
G;iinza issued a manifesto full of generalities, de-
clared there was no further need of electing deputies
to congress, and assured the people of a liberal gov-
ernment, and future peace and prosperity
32
Erelong
of the aristocrats at tho capital. It could not be otherwise. Where was the
ailvantaj,'c of a connection with the city of Mexico, which was ahnost inac-
cessible to them? But tho rich men of Guatemala would havo it, regardless
of conseqnei.'ccs. Ensatjo Hist, lievol. Mex., i. 180-7.
^^Sco Jtl4. JAl'j-., iv. 710, 7-2S-d, this series.
"' Tho junta had on tho .3d indicated to Itnrbide that its duty was to annex
tho country to Mexico; 'coino ya so lo indico en oficio do trea del corriente.'
Other reasons were given by it for the action taken, tho chief one being tho
necessity of preserving the country's entirety and repose, which had Ijcen in
danger of a rupture. The names affixed to tho manifesto arc: Gavino Gainza,
Marquoa do Ayciuena, Miguel do Larreinaga, Joso del Valle, Mariano do
IJeltranena, Miguel Antonio Molina, Antonio Rivera, Jos6 Mariano Calderon,
Jos6 Antonio Alvarado, Angel M"- Candina, Eusebio Castillo, Jos(i Valdds;
Jos(5 Domingo Diegucz and Mariano Galvez, sccrotai'ies. O'uat., Jiecop. Lci/es,
i. 14-lG; Maritre, llosq. Hist. Cmt. Am., i.,ap. iv„-vi. ; Montii/ar, liesena Hist..
iv. 18-23, 40-'J; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 8-9, 11; Bustamante, C'ucul. Hisl., vi.,
no. 187, 1-29; Alaman, Jlist. M('j., v. 470; Sua.rez ;/ Navarro, IIM. M('J.,
.380-7; Lastarria, in La America, 249; Salv., iJiario OJic., Feb. 13, 1875, 4,
and March 28, 1870, 003; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, ii. 218; Sqiiier's Trav., i.
383: Kewen's Nic. and IValker, MS., 33-G; Runiero, Bosq. Jlist., 103-0.
°^'Laa ideas do prosperidaid, objcto do la indoj-endencia, van d substi-
1 i
GAIXZA'S EDICT.
bo
events came to show how dohisive were the promises
thus held out by the incoming regime. It was pre-
posterous on the part of an unconstituted country, as
Mexico then was, with a government whose existence
was preccirious, to undertake the task of affording pro-
tection to the people of Central America — to a people
that had been brought under the yoke of the so-
ealled empire in such an unprecedented manner.
Forgetting, after a few days, the honeyed words of
his manifesto, Gainza,^ on January 9tli, issued a
stringent edict, countersigned by Jose Maria Cclaya
as secretary, giving renewed force to his former edicts
of September iTtli and December 1st, and ibrbid-
ding, under the penalties provided by the laws against
sedition, that any one should, either by tongue or ])en,
ccnsuT'e or refute the action adopted as the will of the
majority. Conversations on the subject in the streets
or ])ubli(' ])laces were prohibited, and citizens were
enjoined to report at once to the authorities any at-
t(';ii[ite(l conspiracy against the new government whieli
mi' 'lit come to their knowledu'e. Constitutional al-
(•aides and other local authorities were charged with
the execution of this decree.
Cainza and his junta thus gave way to the wishes
of the would-be oli'j;'arclis and the cler<n\ iixnoriniji; the
fact, formerly recognized by them, that to the repre-
sentatives of the [)eople in congress exclusively be-
longed tlie decision of the question on the future
status of the countr3^'" The aristocrats and clericals
brought about difticulties to prevent the election of
tuirso ii los partuloaoniiaosoa. . .iK'Utralizar las tuntativiis del potior aibitraiio
y ilo Ids inoviuiiuntos populurca. ' Gninza, Mnnijlcsto, O'accla O'uh. Giuvldl.,
IS'JJ, March '2, .•{02-4; Aliix., OarHa Imp., ii. 057-1); Kc.wen, Nir. and WnlLrr,
.Ms., .SU-O.
^'' Ho now yivos himself a long list of titles, viz.; knight o' justice of tlio
sricreil religion of St John of Joi'iisiilem; lieutvnaat-general by acclamation of
the in.loi)enilent army of Guatemala; decorated with the banda nacional; her
captain general; inspector-general of all her :. ms; superior political chief,
intendiMit-geucral, and president of the junta provisional consultiva. J/tj;.,
ilacrla Imp., 1. 5(37-1); (jacrta Oob. (JiiaddL, March 2, 1822, 304.
^' Only two niontha earlier tho diputaoioncs of Comayagua and Leon wero
told that neither tho junta conaultiva nor any other body then existing had
any such power.
= m
5G
UNION WITH MEXICO.
IS
representatives, and took advantage of them to carry
out their designs. The truth is, that the device re-
sorted to, of acting upon the opinions of ayunta-
mientos which they well knew had no authority in the
premises, was illegal. And, indeed, could a popula-
tion of upwards of one million, scuilered over 75,000
square miles of territory, have duly considered so vital
a niatter as the abdication of their national autonomy
within the short period of thirty days? The whole
secret of the aristocratic success lay in the pressure
brought to bear on the country with a military force
sent by Iturbide to support his pretensions." The
following facts appeared in the imperial gazette of
Mexico: The regency announced on the 12th of No-
vember to the junta soberana that Chiapas, as well
as the towns of Guatemala, had signified a wish to
be received as a part of the Mexican empire, asking
for military aid to uphold its acts. The regency
added, that the military aid must then be quite near
(Jhiapas, under the orders issued beforehand by the
generalissimo, 5,000 men having already, under the
^onde de la Cadena, crossed the Tehuantepec River.
Tjie junta graciously assented to the so-called wishes
of the peo[)le of Chiapas and Guatemala, giving them
the rights of Mexican citizens.^*'
A division under Briu'adier Vicente Filisola, with
Colonel Felipe Codallos as his second in command,
lUiX
37
'"'It was rnmored, ami doubtless believed by the people, that a formidable
force was on the way — 5,000 men — whioh Central x\nicrica in its present di-
vided cundition could not resist; heucc tlie premature submission with an
appii rent good grace. J/cm. Iicv. Cent. Am., 10-11.
'■^'^d' tied a Imp., i. 1G2-3. According to Bustamante, Ciiad. Hist., vi., no.
187, I -'21), the party in favor of absolute independence in Cluateuiala sus-
tained itself till a Mexican force was sent, and it was by tliis means tlic
absorption was cITcctcd. The force Iiad not arrived, but was certainly e.\-
pcctetl. Luis G. Cuevas, a Mexican senator, tells us that the people uf Cent.
Am. were mostly very enthusiastic for Iturbide, and at tho same time anx-
ious to rid themselves of the liberal party, whoso members ho calls an un-
bridled set of demagogues. Moreover, they wanted to belong to a nation
having so much credit abroad, and such largo resources to aid them. For-
venir dr Mcx., 'loZ.
^'' Conde de la Cadena was first in command, but ho resigned it on account
of sickness. Alamaii, Hint. MrJ., v. 474-8; Suarez y Navarro, Ilkt. Mvj.,
387-S; Fdisola a la Junta Soberana, note .'5,
TROUBLES IX SALVADOR.
57
began its march in November 1821; but a large por-
tion of the men deserted on the way, and the ranks
had to be recruited in Chiapas; and yet Fihsola linally
arrived in Guatemala with only GOO men.^"*
The junta provisional, after its action of January
Stl-c, had no further reason for continuing, and so dis-
solved itself on the 2 1st of February. Gainza, retain-
ing the offices of jefe superior politico and captain-
general, called into life a diputacion provincial.^^ His
authority, liowevcr, was not regarded in Chiapas,
Honduras, Nicaragua, nor a great part of Salvador.
Costa Rica still remained aloof and was unmolested.
During Iturbide's occupation of his rickety throne,
Central America ]iad de])uties in the im])erial con-
gress,*" and the orders of the emperor's government
were generally obeyed. Nevertheless, pkicky little
Salvador kept up the «ti'uggle against foreign domi-
nation. Nearly a majority of its ayuntamientos, to-
gether with the pricbt Delgado, tlie acting p')liiical
chief, had signilied their wish to await the action of
congress; and on hearing of the surrender to Mexico
by Gainza and his junta, entered a protest and seceded,
resolving to remain independent till the representa-
tives of the whole people of Central America should
decide the question of nationality.*^
But even here dissensions ibstered from Guatemala
liad their pernicious effects. Santa Ana and San
j\Iiguel had voted for annexation to Mexico, and to
U})li()ld this action, seceded from their own j^rovincc,
wITk.-Ii in that year led to a war between Salvador
288(iuior, Gnat., 5S0-1, has it 700.
="9 Tiie 3il ^ It w;i3 installed March '20, 1 S-22. Mariire, Boaq. Hist. Cent. A m. ,
i. 47; /(/., E/ondrklfs, 5.
'"Amoiij^ tlieiu were .Josi5 del Vallc, Jnan do Dioa Mayorga, and Mnrcial
Zeliiulua. Xarala, Eiiaii'/o J 114. Rev. Mvx., i. 1S7. Suurez y \:u';iit(j says
that Mayorga had a secret niissiou from Salvador near the Mexican govern-
ment, limt. Mi'j., 3S7.
■" JAm. AVc. (.'('lit. Am., 11-12. The province was ruled by a junta i^uher-
nativa, one of wlioso niombcr.i was Antonio Jose Canaa, one of the most distin-
gui-ihcd among Cent. Americans, lie soon after became the second in command
of tlio 'batallou lijo,' or'^anized to resist Iturbide's pretensions. Salv., Diario
Oik:, Feb. 13 and 10, 1S7j.
iyi
l>
i ' '' ^
58
UNION WITH MEXICO.
and Guatemala. The government at San Salvador
gave the chief command of its forces to Manuel Josd
Arce, with orders to bring the people of Santa Ana
to reason, peaceably if he could, forcibly if he raust.*^
Arce marched on Santa Ana, when Padilla, com-
manding a portion of the Sonsonate force which had
been stationed in that city, retreated within its own
territory. After compelling the town to revoke its
act of secession, Arce went in pursuit of Padilla, oc-
cupied Ahuachapam, then an annex of Sonsonate,
and fmally routed that officer in the hacienda El
Espinal." This was the first act of a bloody war,
which will be treated in another chapter.
In Honduras, the districts of Tegucigalpa and
Gracias, together with the ports of Oinoa and Tru-
Defeat of Padilla.
jillo, repudiated the union with Mexico.** Brigadier j
Tinoco, on hearing that a Salvadoran force had en- |
tered Honduras, resigned his office of governor.
Comayagua, however, continued recognizing the au-
thority of Mexico, but not that of Guatemala.*^
In Nicaragua, the city of Granada disregarded the
"Gainza bad meantime stationed troo^os iu Sonsonate, a town whicli
liitherto belonged to the province of Guatemala proper, and afterward became
a part of Salvador.
" J/cm. Jiev. Cent. Am., 12-13.
•*Tlie rest of the province had accepted that arraMgpent. Gov. Tinoco
had made himself master of Gmoa, but a revoluty^pileased it from his
grasp. His authority over Trujillo ceased about thl3lddle of January 1822.
Jd.,7-d.
*'^ The inhabitants were influenced to that courSe by Canon Nicolda Irias
and Juan Lindo. The diputacion sent Tinoco to Mexico to report the state
of atfairs iu Honduras. AJarure, lioaq. Hist, Cent, Am,, 37.
sibl(
He
NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA.
I
authority at Leon, and held relations with Gainza,
oven after Colonel Sacasa had placed himself under
the orders of the former.^* Sacasa had surrendered
his charge in Granada to Cleto Ordonez,*^ who thus
became the leader of the liberal party in Nicaragua.
After the act of annexation to Mexico, and Salva-
dor's act of secession, both Sacasa and Ordonez sup-
ported the independents.
Ordonez, finding himself in possession of irrespon-
sible power, soon gave a loose rein to his bad instincts.
He began to seize private property, not excepting
even that of foreigners. Sacasa's person and prop-
erty did not escape.*^
Costa Rica did not fail, though maintaining a neu-
tral attitude, to manifest her discontent with the
course of Guatemala,
'" There was, in consequence, a bitter correspondence between Saravia and
Gainza. Mem. Jiev. Cent. Am., 14.
*' Tiu3 man was of the lowest class; bad been a common servant, and
afterward an artilleryman, lie was once confined in a, dungeon at Trujillo,
from wliich he escaped. When ho began to figure in politics his wit made
him popular with the citizens. It was said that he had some knowledge of
medicine, and hud written some creditable poetry, lie was, however, given
to cards and free-love, but abstained from the bottle. lie was twice mar-
ried, but left no children. Perez, Biog. Sacasa, 8; Mem. llev. Cent. Am., 14;
Marure, Hosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. T3-4.
** Ordonez had Sacasa and others confined in irons in Fort San C;irlos.
Public opinion accused him of being the most active instigator of hatred be-
tween the white and other races. Id., 74; Mem, Bev. Cent. Am., 14; Salv.f
Diario OJic., Feb. 19, 1875.
CHAPTEK IV.
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
1822-1825.
Secession from Mexico— Arzu's Campaign— Prevarication of Salvadob —
Filisola's Victory — IIis Subsequent Course — Liberal Triumph in
Costa Rica— Honduras Favors Union — National Independence
Secured — Labors to Organize a Nation — Tue Constituent Assemblt
— Provi.ncias Unidas del Centro de America— Abolition op African
Slavery — Provisional Government — Modicrados or Serviles — Li-
berales or flebres — principles and alms of parties — mexican
Forces Retire — Seditions Begin — Salvadoran Force in Guatemala
— Confederacion de Centro Am^ric^ — Fundamental Law — Finances
— Adjournment of the Constituent Assembly.
Arce's invasion of territory occupied by Guate-
mala afforded the latter a sufficient pretext, if any
were needed, to declare war against her high-spirited
and troublesome neighbor. Colonel Arzii was there-
upon despatched on the 19th of March, 1822, at the
head of a ibrce, which in a few days had been increased
to 1,000 men, to bring Salvador under subjection.
Arzii's dilatory movements, however, defeated the
object of the expedition.^ He lost two months and
more waiting for reenforcements and artillery, and by
indecision as to whether or not he should heed the
protestations of the Salvadorans.'' The latter em-
ployed the time thus gained in fortifying their city,
• His orders were to take the city of Sau Salvador on or before the 5th of
April. Mem. Rev. Vent. Am., 12.
■■' They claimed that their declaration of independence did not imply hos-
tility to Guatemala, and in support of it expressed a willingness to furnish
hostages. Their representations were of no effect, however; 'habiaenipeao
cu sojuzgar i. San Salvador, y & este interns se eacrificaba todo.' Marure,
Bosq. J Hat. Cent. Am., 51.
(GO)
thou
Art) I
conti
of N;
t;ikir
ad\ai
the
to clis
tliat t
light
^Vrzi'i
were
the UK
the in)
suit wi
Arzi
temala
cxpcdil
care,
ilorans
mala,
pleased
l^'ilisolaj
was sui
Filisola
1822, an
ment.
Against
and had fori
^'m., 13; At
*IIo wen
which quart
expected.
''The cas
12-13.
"It was cl
Buhscquently
^-'i-'ut. Americ
years ravaged
-10 answ(
Cnit. Am.,i.i
^yex., -203-4, 1
At any rate, h
aitle-de-cainp
DEFEAT OP ARZO.
ei
thouijli short of arms to equip a sufficient garrison.
Aroused at last by Gainza's positive commands, Arzii
continued his march/ and avoiding the fortifications
of San Salvador, entered the city on the 3d of June,
taking its defenders by surprise.* Having now every
advantage, Arzii might have made himself mast' r of
the place had he not carelessly permitted his tit)op3
to disband for purposes of plunder. The result was,
tliat the Salvadorans had time to rally, and a street
li''ht ensued, ending with the total discomfiture of
Arzii and his force, who with the loss of their arms
were driven from the city.° Had the victors made
the most of their success, they might have annihilated
the invading force; but they failed to conduct the pur-
suit with any skill.**
Arzu's defeat produced a deep impression in Gua-
temala, where such a result had been unexpected, the
expedition having been fitted out with the utmost
care. Fears began to be entertained that the Salva-
dorans might become aggressors and invade Guate-
mala. The friends of Mexico were therefore much
pleased on hearing that the Mexican commander,
Filisola, had been ordered to supersede Gainza, who
was summoned to Mexico.^ With about GOO men
Filisola arrived in Guatemala on the 12th of June,
1822, and ten days later took possession of the govern-
ment. He inaugurated a comparatively good state
' Against Filisola's expressed wishes. That general was then in Chiapas,
ami had forbidden all military operations till his arrival. Mem. Jiev. Cent.
Am., 13; Alaman, Hist. MeJ., v. 478; Filisola d la Junta Soberana, note G.
* lie went in by the road sloping from the volcano to the west, from
wliich quarter, owing to the roughness of the ground, no attack had been
expected.
•'The casualties were not heavy on either side, ^fem. liev. Cent. Am.,
12-13.
" It was chiefly on the superiority exhibited on this occasion that Salvador
subsequently based her claim to a prominent place in the councils held upon
Cout. American affairs. Many of the internal wars which for a number of
years ravaged the country may be traced to this pretended superiority.
' To answer charges preferred against him. Id., 15; Manire, JJosq. /list.
Cnit. Am.,i. 53, {oMowaahy Alaman, Hist. Mej.,y.418. Cucvas, Porvenir de
.^fex., '2o',i-4, makes the doubtful assertion that Gainza went of his own accord.
At any late, he after.vard was made a lieut-gen. of the imperial army, and on
aide-de-camp of Iturbide's.
Wm
m CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
of affairs; for though as a supporter of the Mexican
cause, and specially of the empire, he aimed at con-
solidation, yet his policy was a conciliatory one.*
Ho ondoavored to obtain the assent of Salvador to
union with Mexico without resorting to force. At
first his course presented a pr<iniising aspect, inasmuch
as the representatives of the former apparently made
little objection; and on the news of Iturbido's call to
the Mexican throne, among the many congratulations
received by Filisola were those of Salvador, delivered
by a special deputation. But the object, as it turned
out, was merely to gain time. The negotiations were
continued several months, hostilities having been sus-
pended by both belligerents, till early in September
it was uufiecd that further neg-otiations should be
• • •
carried on directly with the executive and congress
of Mexico." This agreement was not carried out,
however, owing to new difficulties raised by San Sal-
vador. Filisola, who evidently would not assume the
responsibility of war, referred the whole matter to
Mexico for instructions. Iturbido, who had just dis-
solved the Mexican congress for its opposition to his
plans,^" felt no inclination to permit little San Salva-
dor to dictate the terms of union, and disallowing the
armistice concluded by Filisola, ordered him to begin
hostilities forthwith if unconditional submission were
refused."
Leaving his second officer, Colonel Codallos, in
charge of the government at Guatemala, Filisola be-
gan the military operations toward the end of Novem-
* His proclamation of July 8, 1822, expressed bis desire to be guided only
by the best interests of the country. Mix., Oaccta Imp., 1822, C57-9.
'••Duly authorized agents of Salvador were to go for that purpose to Mexico
in Nov. 1822; the districts of San Miguel and Santa Ana bc.vng permitted tu
recognize the government at Guatemala till an understanding should bo
arrived at in Mexico. Other clauses referred to the surrender of arms seized
by Arcc in Sonsonate, to the commercial interests of the two provinces, and
to rules to be observed before renewing hostilities. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am., 5G-7.
>"Oct. 31, 1822. Sec Hist. Mex., v., this series.
" Filisola d la Junta Soberana, notes 9, 10.
!, ;.'!!
FILISOLA'S CAMPAIGN.
la
bcr, taking possession of Santa Ana and marching
upon the city of San Salvador, after having routed
several small hostile detachments which attempted to
check his i)rogrcss. At the same time ho published
the decree of the Mexican government of November
4tli, making of Central America, or the former captain-
generalcy of Guatemala, three comandancias gene-
rales, namely, those of Chiapas, Sacatcpequez, antl
Costa Rica, the capitals being respectively Ciudad
Real, Nueva (.Tuatemala, and Leon in Nicaragua.''
The government of San Salvador was in a precarious
situation; although disposing of an army whose nu-
merical force and equipment were not inferior to Fili-
sola's, yet it had neither discipline nor experienced
officers. The few encounters which had already
taken place between the two forces had made it evi-
dent that the Salvadorans could not cope with Fili-
sola's military skill. Under the circumstances, the
authorities of San Salvador resolved upon incorpora-
tion with Mexico, and demanded that Filisola shoukl
proceed no farther. They declined to inform him of
the terms under which they would submit to anni;xa-
tion, though offering to lay them before the congress
in Mexico. They based this action on the ground
that if their purpose became known in Salvatlor a
revolution would certainly follow."
The Mexican commander paid no heed to these
ambiguous statements, which he considered devices
to gain time, and continued his march. ^^
'■'His force consisted of about 2,000 men, chiefly from Guatemala, Santa
Ana, San Miguel, Sonsonatc, and Honduras.
^'■^ Marure, Bosq. Jlist. Cent. Am., GO-1; Molina, Costa Ilka, 9."]; Squier\t
Traveh, ii. .383. Tlie decree never went into ellcct, however.
'* The principal conditions were; establishiiient in Mexico of a roprestnta-
tive government; Salvador's absolute indcpoudenco from (jiuateniala; paiiici-
patii in of lier delegates in framing the national constitution; continuation in
ollice of the present incumbents; and erection of an episcopal see. For loss
important terms demanded on that occasion, see also Mem. llev. Cent. Am.,
10-17; Marwe, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., 02.
'■^ It seems that ho again asked for instructions from the emperor, who
pL'i'uniijtorily directed him not to lose mure timo in negotiations. ' V. S. no
cs mas que uu soldado quo dubo atacar la ciudad, posesiouarae do ella y
tratar a los cabecillas como perturbadores del tirden.' Mevi. I'er. Cent. A7n.,
C4
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
lllKf
I
ir i
It was at this critical moment that the contrress of
San Salvador, carried away by hatred to Guatemala
and Mexico, resolved upon a singular step. On the
2d of December, 1822, the act of incorporation with
Mexico was repealed, and the state was placed under
the protectorate of the Anglo-American states, as an
integral portion thereof. Solemn protests were made
in tlie name of that republic against Filisola's hostile
acts. A member of the congress, Juan Manuel Ro-
driirucz, was commissioned to make known the incor-
poration to the government of the United States.^*
For a short time it seems that hopes were entertained
of an armed protection on the part of the northern re-
public in favor of the new acquisition; but soon the
folly of sucli expectations became apparent. Filisola
disregarded the protests,^" and after several victorious
encounters, routed the Salvadorans under Arce at
Mejicanos,'^ and entered the city of San Salvador with-
out further opposition on the 9th of February, 1823.
Filisola fulfilled the promise he had made the preced-
ing day to the ayuntamiento, that he would respect
all rights, and not treat the town as a conquered coun-
try. The only Salvadoran force remaining was com-
pelled, on the 21st of February, to surrender at Gual-
cince, a town on the other :^ide of the Lempa River. '^
This was the end of the war."" Arce, who departed
for the United States, wrote Fihsola from Belize a
letter full of firmness and dignity, meanwhile thank-
17. Filisola himself coiifirnicd the above in his address t - the junta soberanr>
of Cont. Am. of June 21, 18-2.3, note 10.
'"Scjuier, in his yVrnv/x, ii. 383-4, rather emphatica' y comments on this
'step exi)ressive of sympathies and sentiiricuts which st .1 exist.'
" ' With a declaration that he was not waging war -i the \J, S., he con-
tinued his operations.'
'8 Feb. 7, 18'J3. ^fem. Rev. Cent. Am., 17-18.
'^ Filisola issued passports to all who wished to quit the country, and cvcu
furnished tliein money to leave. To the poor soldiers he afforded every facil-
ity to reach tiieir homes.
*" It must be aclinowledged that to the gallantry and constancy of the
sons of this little province, Central America owed to a g'xat extent its exist-
ence as a sovereign commonwealth. Znvnla, Rev. N. E.-^n., i. 142. See also
Ataman, Hint, Mi'j., v. 470; Marure, Jlo.'iq. J/i^l. Cent. A7n., i. 47; Suarez y
Nauarro, Hist. Mij., 387; Mem. Uev. Cent. Am., 11-12.
mg I
at ]]
giaiK.'
to G
rih o
tJie II,
nf lU
(.illaLij
to Jii,
Xicai'i
ei'iioi'
com pi i
and af(
govern
the
pl'O
tlieni tl
iii'.sfc ul)
vinceu
iallon 1)1
that he
Central
'j^'cn ma
i'ortor.s,
govenini
it from a
tn-. Al
^'-vohilio
''t'lfl othei
^'Dce to 11
I>ein;g ;
iiices ol" (
<'ive oil (
'"irrriiio- ^
^iJ'd been i
\\ith Afoxi
^^'the indo]
^'ColF
elqio
i inoL'o ha,
"'•'ilisolii'sc
UiBT. Cent.
FALL OF ITURDIDI':
65
ill'-'- liiui lor his liuiuauo (•(Miduct. Dclgado rctnainod
at his liacicnda. The local authorities swore allo-
(-iaiK.'u to tlic ^Mexican oinpirc. Fili.sola now retiii'LH.'d
to Giiatcuiala,-^ where he arrived about the Gth or
rih of Marcli. lie had already received the news of
the movement in ^lexioo rcsultinL^ in tlio overthrow
(if Iturbide. It was this that hastened his return to
(jruatemala, and induced him to adopt a c»jursc opposed
to his last instructions IVoni jNIexico. Granada, in
Nicaragua, had not been reduced to obedience. Gov-
ernor Gonzalez Saravia had asked for troops to ac-
complish it, but Filisola declined to employ coercion;
and after informing him and Juai\ Fernandez Lindo,
• ■•overnor of Honduras,'' as weM as other officials in
the provinces, of the state of affairs in ]Mex.ico, assured
llieui that he would take no important step witlujut
tirst obtainin;*; their assent. Indeed, after no con-
vinced liimself that the imperial government had
fallen never to rise aij^ain, he arriveil at the conclusion
that he had no right to keep annexed to Mexico the
Central American provinces; as the annexation had
Ijeen made solely, as claimed by ]\Iexico and her sup-
[torters, for the sake of securing stability to their
government, and the rosoect which would be afforded
it from a long distanco by a great aud wealthy coun-
try. All this pr'stige had disappeared, owing to tho
revolution at Casa Mata in ]\[oxico,-^ the pi<p .r money,
and other arrangements made by Iturbide with refer-
once to these nvovinces.
L
Being asked to summon a congress of all the prov-
iuees of Central America, he complied, issuing a de-
cree on the 29ih of March, 18-J;], with the view of
carrying out the acta of Septend)cr 15, 1821, whicli
had been annulled by the incorporation of the country
with jMexico. This was tantamount to a recognition
of the independence of Central xVmerica from Mexico.-*
^' Col Felipe Coil;illo3 was ap[)ointcd governor of tlic province,
■'-Tinoco liail gone to Mexico.
Ill.'^f. Mcx., v., tliia serica.
'■' Filisola'a course luis been open to criticism. Somo atLributeJ it to a cou-
IJitJT. (Jknt. Am., Vol. III. 5
60
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
:;
: j
1
His (locrco was hailed withjo}' by the party friendly
to absolute inde])endcncc. The Mexican or imperial-
ist party was vanquished, and the people were ready
to take an active i)art in the cominix elections. Peace
was not only temporarily restored in Guatemala and
Salvador, but in Nicaragua and Costa liica party
sti'uggles were brouglit to a close.
In Granada, Ordonez had continued committing
many outrages. ^^ lie liad successfully repulsed Sara-
via, who had come against him from Leon. 'J'he lattci-
was in the act of pre[)arlng another expedition, when
Filisola's decree was ])romulgated, and he was sum-
moned to Guatemala. Nicaragua subsequently con-
stituted a junta gul)eriuitiva of its own.""
In Costa Kica, Saravia, with the aid of Bishop
Ji'rez, attempted to force the ])rovincc into the union
with ^[(ixico, and with that view endeavored to over-
throw the provincial <>-overnment established at Car-
tago. A ct)nspiracy was p/lanned there, and its authors,
second(!(l in Ciudad Vieja, openly espoused the cause
of Iturbidc! on the 2!)th of March. The men of the
liberal partv tied to San Jose, and after strenu'theu-
ing their ranks there and at Ala'uela, attacked the
im])erialists on the ticM of Las Lagunas, near Cartage,
and defeated them.-' The town had to surrender,
and was occupied by the victorious independents, but
the seat of government I'emained in San Jose.'-^
victim lliat Cent. Am. cdiild not I>c' liolil iis a proviiict! ili'iK'ndciit iioin .a re
pilliiio, wliiili was pnictii^ihlo as ii tli'|n'iiili'nco of an c'm|>ii'e. Others li:ivi;
mililioscd that ho was iiroinptcd liy iirrsoiial iiinliition. Marmo, Jiu!<q. Hi-'.
Cm/. Am., 7.'!, ami .l/r/N. 1,'rr. Ceiif. Am., IIV, chiim tiiiit it was tlio iiiiavi)i'l-
.iii)lo result lit the situation, wiiicii is not exactly true. With the force at lin
comniaiul, he niii^'ht have maintained sujireniacy tor ii eonsideralilo time at
Toast. Filisola himself said tiiat his olijiMt had Ijeen to fivert civil war. hi
his address of July "Jl, IS'J;{, to the junlii of (iuatemala, ho assured t^iat hoilv
tliiit his ieeo;j;nitiou of its sovereij^nty had been with tiie sanction if the .~u-
prcnie executive tjoverninent of Alexico, communicated to him on the 18tli f
June. Fillfola a 1 1 Juidn Sohrranii dii iliial., 1-H; /(/., Kl i'hldndano, lU-IT.
-' Anionj^ otlu'i's, that of seizinjr, without any legal foriiiality, the 8[)ani li
vessel Siiinrnm, whose cargo he sold to jirocurcj provisions and otlier supph s
for his garrison. Afnriiir, V/ow/. J/isf. Cent. Am., i. 7"); Aj/on, AjiHii/f^, '2- '■'■
-''It was installed at J^eon on tiie 17th of April, ISL'IJ. Mariirc, Kj'i:m., >•
-' On the l>")th of April. Mitvin-f, tj'i m., (».
''''Several of the conspirators were iinju-isoned at the capital, though oily
for a sliort time. Molina, i'o'<la liici, !U; AxUOmrun'jd, (\nt. Am., \'l.
II
tJl,'
ot JlC]
cmist
Ce
iic('ti(
it iiat
^» < » aci
"11 tht
fh,. c
(iiipty
• •'Uisecj
ah uses
and m
iJitai-
■'< AX w
t(n' Jloi
Ii;id fdp
•'niiiK'ii
l<illowe(
■■<s foes.
■'I lid dis(
t" wliifj
dueled \
tlic field
( 'oiigi
iindi'f tl
-vccorih
'■"!'■"• Ituihi,
"•'I'l rial i\xn
■'"J>epiitii
''''.-''^ eoiHiiiii
'-"yrvvl the,,,
" Ciiov.is
"lis to c,,,,^^ _
"""'')ie imp
'•'""•II lo I'luiii
•'"'■, -S-J-;!. '
.^■•■■'li.icero.li,'
'i'-i 'llechos pos
, "'■Ii0j.,t,
""I'liii'y Work
"•'iil.v delayed.
f "' 'Ilia pas V
''■"||<-'ont. All
SEPARATION FROM MEXICO.
67
III II(Muluras, the jirovincial assembly resolved on
tlie lOtli of ^[uy to enter into tlio union with tbo
other jiroviiiccs of Central America, with the view of
constitut'.ng an independent nation."^
Central America then, after a fii'teen months' con-
nection with Mexico, was again in tin; same position
it had occu[)icd at the time of separation Irom Spain.
Xo ad\antaires had been derived ii'om that union ; but,
(111 the contrary, numerous heavy taxes had exhausted
the country, though the treasury '.vas invariably
eiiiptv- Tlie whole country v.as sulfei. ing from other
('onse(]uenc(>s of the internal wars, in the form of
ahuses on tlif ])art of unscru[)tdous political jiarties
and military cliiefs; none worse, however, than tho
ilitary sway imposed l)y jSIoxico.^'* There have not
!i( ^jii wanting th<^se who believe the separation fioni
the noi'thern republic was a false step.'"^ 'J'he ])eo[)le
had i'or centuries lived under the same superior gov-
ernment, subject onlj^ to tho S[ianish ci'own. "^{'hi'ii
I'ollowed a period when they often faced one another
as foes. Now they were invited to sit side by side
and discuss measures ibr tlie benefit of the great family
to which thev all belon<>'ed. The elections were con-
ducted with enthusiasm on the pai't of the re[)tdjlicans,
the Held having been loft to them by the imj)erialists."''
Congress assend)led on the 21th of June, IS^.T,^^
uiidei' tlie jiresidency of Jose Mafias JJelgado,"'* tlie
■•"Ai'Cdriling to Maniro, Ej' iw rides, (i, rcscrviii'^ the lil»eTty of I'ccii.u'iii/.iiiL;
nni'W Itui'liidi; as tho Icgitiiiiiito ciupcror, slioulil lio liu aj^aiii ri'Simcil to llio
ii.iliri i.il throiii'.
•'' l>i'])iitii'a fi'din Cent. A\\\. to the Mi.'xitMii tMiugres.s comi)laiii(.'il of out-
r:im's comiiiittoil liy ]''ili.si)l.i'.s solilii'is, to which hi.s attention was calkil to
iiimil, thc'iii liy tho c.'.t'iuitivo of tluit i-cimlilic.
" Ciicvas, I'o.-iriiir i/c JA.c. , L'.Tl-O, laiiionts it, considering it an ad injiiii-
ims to Cent. Aniorica'.s licst interests.
■'-The imperialists '.-e liniifjiron a (([loiieiics .-dmiiias nianiohras sord.is, no
ti'iiiru lo iininio (k, (iisj)utarhis ;\ (.'lira di seuhicrta.' ,]Jitnnr, JJok'/. Jlisl. ('(lit.
Am., S'.'-.'i. Tho intle[iendeut.s 'eontrajerou sns plani^s :i yauar las elecciones,
y ii ii.irer odiosa.s las tropa.s mogicanas, jiroeuranilo a toda eosta, y por todfia
kia iiii'dios posihles liaterliis ovacuar la reiiuliliea.' Man. lliv. ('cut. Am., I'O.
^'Tho 1st of Jnno hiid jjoen tho date originally tixod npon, but Eoino prc-
liiiiiiiary work not having lieen completed in time, tho installation waa necea-
sarily delayed. Muriirc, Jionq. JJist. (J< iit. .liii., i. HIJ.
"Cidapaswaa not ropresented, that proviuco having continued dutuuhud
from Cent. Am.
63
CENTRAL AM EUR' AN CONFEDKRATION.
Ill-;
' !,i
installation boin<4- gi'aced hy tliu pn.'sonco of Filisola
and tlio municipal council of the city."'
Ou the 2d of July f )lknving it assumed the name
of Asambloa Nacional Constitu3'ente. The body was
in session nineteen months, closing its labors on the
2-k\ of January, 1825. Its work was momentous,
having to organize a government imbuetl with the
prevailing liberal spirit; to improve the im[)erilled
linanccs; to establish relations with foi'cign powers;
and, what was of the highest importance, to bring
unity out of chaos. The lirst step toward the ac-
complishment of these purposes was taken on the 1st
of July, 1823, with the adoption of the ordinance
which declared the provinces of the former ca[)tain-
goncralcy of Guatemala to be free and independent
states, confederated "ato a nation under the name of
Provincias Unidas .el Centro do America.^" Inas-
much as a consideral)le number of representatives
had not arrived on that date, the ordinance was sub-
se(|uently ratified on the 1st of October.^^ The new
confederation was recognized by jMoxico only a littk^
ujoro than a year after."'^
Shortly after independence was proclaimed, a divis-
ion of the powers of government into three branches
was resolved on; namely, the legislative, to be vested
in the asamblea; the executive, composed of three
'5 It is sail! tliat Filisola installed tlic congress, the Mexican troops takiii,'
part witli the native ones iu payini,' honors t j tlio national representatives.
Till tlic ori,':uii/ation of an executive, the fir.st dcci'cc.s were addressed to
Filisola, as superior politieul chief, f ir tlicir execution. Mem. I'cr. ( 'viit. Am.,
20. That Innly, tho lirst as well as tlic most numerous, was at the same tinii^
the most cnli,'htcncd that tho republic c\ er had. Mararc, JJoi'q. Hist. Cent.
Am., i. 81!; /(/., Khm., 7; Uimt. Jt'irop. L'nc", i. 1G-'21.
"''The full text with the names of tho delegates present appears in Mannv,
nof<i. Hist. Cent. Am., i. xiii.-xviii.; and I'oi/ia, C'ddijo Xic, i. l'.)-'2',]. Iti
principal clauses were: 'That the said provinces. . .are free and independent,
from old Spain, from Mexico, and every other power, alike of the old an I
the new world, y que no son ni deben ser cl patrimonio do persona ni faniiiia
nlijuna.' Translations into other languat,'e3 may be seen in J'rvue Am^ricnii.i .
i. ;i77-'J7; Dtmorralic Riv., i. 480-7. Tho act was drawn up by the deputy
Josii Francisco Cordoba, who was a member of the committee to whom the
matter had been referred, ^[<'m. fict'. Cent. Am., '21,
^' GiKtf., Ii(cop. Lrijes, i. '21-,']'2.
*^Aug. '20, 1824. Ditblan and Lor.aiio, Lnj. .Mcx., i. 713; Alamav, Mem. a
las Cam., 9.
f
•ft
niciii
body;
<'()iir;.-
be 11).
.•■■Iinnh
debt y.
to be
decree
Troi
OccU[)Ii
J'arlies
di])cnd
Ji' :'tion
' I (hi' {
ililr ill
Nli'W.S i'v
Jiaffy, a
<']'poncn
Juistocra
b"M, and
]iii 's also
Vhelil
frdcral re
]''iti'iotisii
"iijust j)ri
lIK'llt. J(
iiiciitand
:\^';linst til
inillK'Dce c
I'l'^'doinina
era Is wqix
tlionty, lui
.'"II I >
1 'ecreo ot ,
''Tiio p:irty
';;:i-'las.-3<,;Uic
-Vi III! \-,;,, ,
^•■'•' I ' i»e hi:) s,||
l'"'''''ii. it w.'is
OIKIAXI/ATIOX.
nu'iuljers, to l)c clcctud bv and to be .subject to tbat
b(»;lv; and Ihe judicial, to be exercised by the exisliug
ri)ui;s.''''* The executive, as tlien constituted, \v;is to
lie merely })rovisi()na], and luitil a i'undaniental code
slmuld give it a perniarient or'j;anization. The j)ul)hc
ikbt ^\as recoLMii/ed; (lie catliolie I'eli'.'ion was drclai'cd
io be that ol' the state; luid i"reed(jU( of the pri's.s
decri
■ed.
b'roui the moiiient that the choice of the excculivc
occu[)ied the attention of the assenil)ly a division of
])arties became manifest. The friends of absolute in-
(iL'j)endence fornKcl a lai'ge mnjority; those f)f the for-
mer Mejicanistas were fmv in number. The> lar;Li'er
|i' ■•tion of tlie deputies v/as composed of t lie best uien
( r l!ii' country, v.halever Iheir ])ai'(y ailihations, and
Ihi'ir intentions were n])i'iL!^li(. 'jliose of moderate
views from all sections lurined tliemselves int(j one
party, and went by the name of moderados; their
oj)])onents a])plyin^' lo tlieni the epithets ol' ser\il and
aristocrata.^' The radicals formed another oru^aniza-
tlon, and v/ere called ]iel.)res and libcrales, their enc-
mi's also giving them tlie a[)pellation of anarrpiistas.
The liheral party advocated the establishment of a
f.'dei-al re[)ublic, and as a rule was guided l,)y a liheral
]iatrIotism, and a desire to see the abolisluneiit of
niijiist ])rivileges and anli(juated Ai(.H's in the goxeru-
iiuut. Its ojjponents, in I'avor of a centrali:',ed goverii-
inriitand the coutinualion of the old I'lieros, struggled
ng;!inst the restrictions tliat were being ])ut to the
iihliienee of Guatemala. Xevertheless, a lihei'al spirit
predonxinated for a time, and thro(^ well-known lib-
erals Vv'ere chosen to constitute the executive au-
t'.ierity, namely, ]\[auuel Jo.su Arce,'' J)octor IVdro
■■■'I\vivoof.Tiily l.\ 1SC3. GiiuL, Vrcop. /,- yrs, i. .T-'-^.
"Tho ]i:irly was siiaiuly compusud <>!' nicuibcis of tlio £;)-c;.lli'.l imMo
faniili ■:), iS^iuaiard;), iivil ;iihI miii.ury Oiiiecrs, Uio t'kr,'. y, iuul tho must iiiio-
i';i;i, rliis:3 {,i Uio jiif-ilaUou. It wa.i lliL'iX'ioro tliu moai iuiiikjioiis. MoiUii/ai;
y.' '.'( n,.4., iv. 2)J.
■" A 1 ho \va;3 tlioa in tho Umlcil Status, the c\uion AiitDiii) do l^Miraziilial
v,::i I ) ho hi:3 siili* i;ii;o il\iri!i : hU alisoiico. I.:ura;:.il) J ha\ in;,' iloiiiiu.l tho
iM i.i 'U, it was given to Aivtouiu llivcra Cahczua. (juul., Jtcrop, L(i/(.i, i.
'■,;■■. C^
70
CKNTRAL AMEUICAX CONFEDERATION.
•m
li.'i
f
Molina, and Juan Viccnto Villacorta.^" It must be
aeknowlodu'ctl that tliis ijovcrninont was not a stroni;
one, the only man of" superior talent in it being Mo-
lina, and he had little experience wherewith to found
a republic and manage its affairs at such a critical
period.
A constantly increasing coolness between the gov-
ernment and Filisola became intensified when the
deputies from Costa Rica and Nicaragua refused to
occupy their seats in the assembly while a jMexican
army had virtual sway over the capital. Complaints
also came from various quarters, of abuses committed
by the ]\l.e.\ican soldiers,'^ and demands were made
for their departure. Some time ela[)sed in discussions
and negotiations, partly b(.^cause of tlilhculty in rais-
ing the needed funds. Ijut linally, all oljstacles being
removed, Filisola d<.'[)arted Vvith his ibrce on t\u: ud
of .Vugust, f 823, leaving behind him a good name,
which was little affected by ciiarges preferred against
him at a later date.*'
The lil)L'!;ds now were at u'reater liberty t(j carry
(Hit tlieir plans, which involved, among other things,
the disappearance ;f old j)ractices, including titles and
connx'llations,'-' not i-ww the hackneyetl 'don' esca[>ing
104-70; Mitviii-c, JJusf/. llUt. CcnI. Am., i. SS; /-/., Klhu., S; M<in. ]!rv.
Cent. Am., '1-1.
■•'Tlie inodrr.idos wanted Josu Dioni>io llcvnvix of Iloiiduras!, in tlu; tii
umvirate, lo avoiil tlio uniliie iiilliicnco Sahadm v. ould cxr/cisc, iKivini; twn
of licr citizens ill the executive, and because tliey < .:.'.'«id''r</// llf iniu iiilcl-
leetually superior to Villaeorta. No one tli(ni<,'lit of ihid (!■ < Vulle, wii'y wn-
then ill Mexico. CucvaH, J'orrcnir d;> Mc.v., 'l'^^^-'!, cnoiifcoji Jj^ stutea tliiii
the supreme autliority was (jifcrcd Filisola and lie di dined it, hu decline'!
the olliee of jefn ]iolitieo of (iuatemalii
'^.fust ill sonic instance'!, no doubt; Imt it became know /t tiiat G.iaf< iniiliii,
tlisguiscd s .Nb-'xicans (■■miiiiitted hostile acts to bring the ■•i'ddjer.-) \i\io di-
ci<Mlit. J'ilisola certainly strove to ni.-iintain order and tliselidino. Mnriii'
l!os<[. Ilisl. Cent. Am., i. Sil-iKi: Filisola, J-Ji Cli"/nilt(,io, •22-S.
^' Josi- Francisco llanuiidia, of whom iiromiiient mention is niad<! in tlii
history, sr'vcrely attackiil I'llisola's course in a pamphlet, which was n jilii i
to in a small book entithd HiCiiulahini) . . . Vhrnlc I'i/i.^ota d Jo!<4 Fi'n iieis- •
linrruiulUi, I'ucbia, IS-I, \Vl\i. The author defends himself, employing strou-.'
iiiveetivo against his accuser, charging him with hypocrisy r.iid cowardic.
The book gives some historical data, but owing (oits bitterness, must be re-
ceived with e.iiition. /'Hisola after Ihat time figured a, a prominent soldii i'
of the Mexicdii republic in Texas, and during the war of tlio U, S. and Mcn-
ico in IStii S.
*'Cutit. Itieiip. l^ni' '< •• «>77-8.
DECREES OF THE UOVEUXMENT.
71
the g'encral refonnatory teiulcnc}'.''*' A coat, of arms
was likewise decreed, showing the national name in
'j;ijlden letters,*'' as also a
liiiL;', the latter consisting' of
tiircc horizontal stripes, the
middle one bcini^ white,
with the national coat of
iirms about hall-way from
the mast, and the other two
hill.".
Among other decrees en-
acted by the assembly in
1823, the following are
worthy of mention : One of
Auu'ust 2 1st, to annul all
acts of the late unperial government affecting Cen-
tral America; one of August 2(;tli, dei'lariuLj the 15th
of September to be the national aimiversarv, and how
it was to be observed — this decree' was reiterated
by the legislative assembly ctn the Ijth of October,
1834; one of October 27th, directing the Central
American deputies — those of Chiapas e.Kcepteil — to
Seal or Central America.
Wl
lh(l
raw
f.
• •ni
the Mexican cou'jre.-
aml
(jue o
f
Xovember loth, to I'orm a general (,'ensus.'^
Another measure adt)p(;eil was thiit wliieli autlior-
izcd the executive to dismiss without formality all
(illicials having their a[)j)ointments from the Spanish
^*r Mexican governments. Little discretion was shown
ill this, and <liseontent resulted, which was made man-
ifest in the opposition met with by every measure of
the government, wven siieh as were LToncrallv reeosf-
iiizcd to be e4' pubhc ut iiii \ . Financial ;iiid military
afi'aii's were m '^\vc worst possibf cmdition. I'm im-
j»rove the ftrmer was a iliilicull task, the c\[ienscs
' Practicallv, tli<' word 'iloii ' iicvui'
tVll
ilitu disuse
Tl
lo 111 iiiior (it cncliii';
oH'iciiil littLTi \\:i.-. I lianiTi-'d fnnii the fiininr '] >iii.s iruiircl*- il.
iinicliiis iuiii.-i,
til 'Dius, Union, J.iljeiti
JA
LA
l!u.sfi. lli^l. ('<,<>. Am., i. til; /■/.
'IVorces of tlio national :i.ssi'iiil)!y of Aug. '21 ami \ov. ."i. IS'2.'?. Jlor/m,
C6'i(ii>t Sk., i. liij; (liii't.. lid'op. I.
*H!i<at., I,
tcop
L
1. ;i:i
M,
!'■•/. IH<\ Svh. C
""J.
.'19.
72
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
::| 1
being greater than during the colonial period, and
several branches of rovenue, which formerly yielded
coii.siderable resources, having disap|)eared with the
oM (](.'[)( •ndence.'*^ As to the army, the greater part
of it had been disbanded, and onlv one battalion of
the regular Ibrce and a few bodies <jf militia ibrmed
the entire defensive power of the republic. The gov-
ernment was almost at the mercy of a handful of men,
and it was not long before they exhibited their lack
of discipline and loyalty. The soldiers had i'or some
time [last shown dissatisfaction at the neglect of the
govei'nment to pay them lluir dues. Under the cir-
eumstanees, it was rather easy to prevail on them to
revolt, and it was done, the leader being Captain lla-
I'ael Ari/,a, y Tori'es.'^'^ J'he authorities, though aware
of his nuichinations, had taken no decisive measures
to defeat them,"' otlier than commissioning Ignacio
Larrazdbal to make; an investiijiation. Ariza, iearinu:
that dela}' might cause the failure of his plan, in the
evening of the loth of September assumed the title of
oon)mander-in-chier of the forces; and the next morn-
ing ''- volleys of musketry and other manifestations
apprised the alarmed inhabitants of the insurrection.
A scene of excitement ensued. The assembly hastily
met, and amidst the coni'usion a riiessensfer came irom
Ariza to assure tlie chamber of his loyal clisjiosition
toward the government, and to add in explanation
that the position of conmiander had been forced upon
him by the troops. The messenger was perempt(»rily
ordered to retire without receiving any answer. A
nundjer of enthusiastic citizens asi'ailed a portion of
Ari/ca's men, only to be driven back fo the university
^''I'lvcn the statistics tliat niiglil liiive Sdvoil as ahasis fur fstaMisliiivj; iiu-
posla wcvu lint ti) lie fduiid. It way said that they had iii' boeu I'o^ \»uidt'il to
Mexii'i) d'.iriiiy tiie iiii[H'rial rulo.
-'"Jle was oU'eiided at nut buiii^' appointed coi)iTnandiii>:; olxcer of Ihe bat-
talion.
^'Thc author of .}rriii. Hrr. Cciil. Am., '23-7, fioeiiscd the ^'ovoii^nieiit of
allowing the eonspiraey to assiune serious ju'oportioiis with the \ ie\v of oi.'^iiu-
iiig l;ir.L;ur p )\vei'3, iiiehuling that of levying ton.'cd loans.
"-The lltii and ITith liail been desi_i;nated to con\nicnioiato tlie indepen-
dcnee.
ARIZA'S TEVOLT.
78
buildinpf, wlicrc the assembly held its sittings. A
bIiow of defence was made there,' ^ to enable the as-
.sciublyinen to seek safety in lliglit. Few of their
mi'uber remained. Negotir..tion.s were then Ix'gun to
jircvcnt the commission of outrages by the mutinous
.soldiers," and the government finally- gave way, and
conrerrcd on Ariza the title of conjmander-in-chief;
lie thereupon took iho oflicial oath on that day. The
concession was uiade onl}- to gain time, ho[)es being
entertained that the auxiliaries summoned from the
surrounding country and other states would soon ar-
ilvo.
The rebellious captain had in the uiean time begun
to realize his awkward jiosition. Assuming a submis-
si\L' tone, he pi'otested his readiness to obey the gov-
eiinnent; M-]iL'reu[)ou ho was commanded to leave the
city and retire to Antrg'ua, where his i'orce dispersed
before any coercive action on the part of the govern-
UK'nt and its allies became iiecessarv. Ariza himself
esra})ed by llight the punishment which Lis reckless
behavior deserved.^'
Jkit the difficulties were not yet over. The feeble
conduct of the government, and the liumillatin<>- con-
cessions it had made t(j the rebel, rellected so nmch
discredit that the labors of the moderatlo party for
til ' election of a new executive now gave promise of
iViiitful results.'''^ On the 4th of October congress re-
assembled, and the same day Villacorta, jSIolina, and
liivera tendered their resignations, which were ac-
cepLod; and in their stead, on the 4tli (;f October,
'' A number of persons were killml and otlici 3 woninlud iii the street fight.
Muri'i-r, Ilo^q. Ili^t. Vent. Am., i. 102-.']. On the lOtli of .Jan. folluuin;,' tlmso
\\\j-> ])i;ii.slieit in defence of the assciiiljly were deelared 'benciiieiilns de la
Jni',: la eu griido IieruiLO.' /(/., i.j'cm., S.
■ ' Mariire, IJ^imj. IIM. (.'cut. Am., i. 101, gives tlie almost iucrcdili'.e ae-
eoiiiit that the soklieiy behaved in an orderly' manner.
■''His luincipal asai.staiit and second in eoMniand, flannel l'?strada, was
Ka] liiuned lunl exeeuted. An erroneonsaceoniit of Ariza'y revolt is ^'i'.en liy
i'uyilt and Binckum, Culoniiulioii, ILS-l',), who plaee it in \S'2'>, and assert it
Waj etlfcted hy ordur of the government in Sjjain.
'•^It found Hunport among sonu' of the deputies who had not been present
at the clectiuu of the members of tlie cxeeutivo. Mem. lUj, Cent. Am., '23.
74
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
Muliiicl Joso Arce was again elected, togjtlicr with
Joso del Valle and Toinds O'Horan,''' and as substi-
tutes I'or the two first, then absent, Jose Santiago
Milla and Vilhicorta, the same person who had re-
signed. ^^ The new government found at once its at-
tention engrossed by the troublesome situation, which
had arisen from the coming of a Salvadcjran force,
called to iielp against the revolting .soldiers. Although
forljidden to apprcjach the city, and ordered to return
home, it refused to comply,'"^ and on the 12th of Octo-
ber entered the city of Guatemala, all remonstrances
to the contrary having proved unavailing. The Sal-
vadorans occupied the cajjital three weeks, during
which rumors were rife of their plans to pillage the
place in retaliation of Guatemalan troops having oc-
cupied San Salvador the previous year. Brawls and
fights between them and soldiui's from other provinces
were of daily occurrence.
The I'ogular garrison and all the inhabitants breathed
more I'reely when at last, on the 3d of November, the
unwelcome guests departed.''" The same day tlie
auxihary troops from Quezaltenango, who had been of
gootl use in keeping otliers somewhat in check, als(j
returned home.
:;^ I
"' The lust named being a foreigner, congress repealed the law wliitli ad-
mitted only natives to the executive iiower, passed July Stli, when l^'ilisula
had lieen jiroposcd a3 n, candidate. Foreigners who iiad rendered services to
the re]iulilio were made cligiiile. Mttnn-c, Bo-^q. Hint. Cinf. Aiu., 107.
''*' Villacorta at first ileclined the positimi, on tiic gruuixl that to exercise, as
a mere suhstitute, the functions he had just Ik^cu discharging as proprietary i '
the odice, all'ccted his honor, 'eiii un paso (pie lastinialiasu honor.' A unani-
mous resolution, however, of tlio congress, directing him t<i lid the oflice, in-
duced him to accept it. /(/., lOT-S. It has heen .said of him for his liiial
acceptance: 'Tuvo la falta do delicadeza do admitir la suplcncia.' J/( //(. j\'< c.
Cent. Am., '20.
''"■'Thu Sulvadoran commander alleged instructions from his govcriniient
not to go i)ack till he became convinced that the assemlily could continue its
laljors witliout hinderancc in the future. In (_!riatemaia it was said tliat he
had been prevailed on l)y tlie liberal partj', S(tuicwhat displeased at tlie last
elections for executive, not to heed the command to I'ctire. In consequence of
the events of .Sept. 14th iu tJuatemala, tiio diputacion provincial at San Sal-
vador on the 27tli of Oot. assumed tlie poweis of a junta gubernativa, ami
cxerei.sed them till the constituent congress of the state was installed. Ma-
rurv, Ei'cm., 8.
'" 'No sin algtmos aparatos cscandalosos y liostiles de parte de los salva-
dorcnos.' Mon. lieu. Cent. Am.. '27.
" Tliey
Oct. Man,
"-The
Chiapas wa
for such ;i
t'le provin
^■m-1, i. 40
C(jiit. Am.
" -Mai ui
tion has bet
JJUeblo para
(-'«"<. Am.,
A COXSTITUTIOX.
76
The labors of tho assembly had been continued in
the mean time, and on the 17th of December, 18'J3,
were decreed and ])ublished the bases of the constitu-
tion for the republic,"' adopting a popular, reprcsmt-
ati\e, iederal form of govui'nnu'Ut. Each one of the
iive states, (juatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicara-
o'Uii, and Costa Kiea, which w^crc to form the confeder-
ation of Central Ameiica, was to have the same
(livisi(jn iA' ])owcrs, and with tho same functions, in
its internal administration, as the oeneral government
with respect to the whole reijublic.*^-
The labors of framiiiix the constitution lasted a
year longer, and were terminated only on the 2i.'d of
November, 1824, when the fundamental law of tho
Central American republic was |)roinulgated, strict
olx'dience thereto bt'ing solemnly sworn on the l.")th
of April, 1825,'^' and ratified by the national congress
tiv(' months later, namely, on the 1st of Septembtjr.
While discussinii" the constitution, both the liberal
and moderado })arties uscil their best efforts for tho
ado[)tion of their respective princi[)les. The former
trium[)hed, being especially strong in the provinees,
whereas its antagonists resided chieily in the c;i[)it;d.
Although a nundier of good and able men were among
the members of the congress, their good pur[>oses
were repeatctlly balked by [)arty spirit; and thus only
an imperfect result was obtained in the constitution
adopted Novend.)er 22, 1824." It was the fu'st
effort to define tho rules for the government of a coun-
trv which at that time was bcLiinninn' the life of an
m
''' TIh'V hinl been reported to the eliaiiiber ljy its coininitteo on the 'J.")ili (if
Oct. Miirui-p, Ejhn., 8.
"-The states had ah-eady constituted their governments by 8e]it. \SH.
Chiaiia.s was not inehlded among tho new states. l[er admission was hit ojirii
lor .such a time as she should apiily for it, tiu; belief in Cent. Am. beini; that
t!ie province iiad not voluntarily attached itoclf to Mexico, iliutl., Ji'c<-op.
Lcycs, i. 40-'J, 51)-G'J, (J8, Uli-T; Mmt. Hi v. Cnd. Am., 27; Murure, Bo-fj. Hist.
Cad. Am., i. l'2()-l, ]4',l; L<i TrihuiKt, ii., no. 2.
"'' -Maiure, Efcm., 1"2, gives the date as Ajiril 10th.
''^Ccii'. Am., InJ'ormc Kobrc In CuUKlHitt:., 1-71!, and l-.'?0. This constitu-
tion ha.9 been called 'el bcUo ideal de copiantcs y teoristas quo sonat<jn uu
liucblo para constituirlo, y que no conocian el pais en quo naeicron. ' Mna. Il''V.
Cent. Am., 30.
^^M&u
^>.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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78
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
iiidcpoiuleiit nation. The constitution of the United
States had been taken as a model; but it had not
been borne in mind that a difference existed between
tlie people of the northern and Central American
icpublics at the time when they respectively gained
tliuir independence. However good the intentions of
tlio framers of the Central American constitution,
they fell short of their object; for in .adopting certain
forms, altogether inappropriate, they also introduced
contradictory clauses. No provision was made i'or a
fedtjial district to hold the national capital. Thus
Cuaten)ala, wliere the federal authorities then and
afterward resided, became also the seat of the state
government, and in the course of time collisions were
unavoidable.'^^ The constitution further defined the
riglits of property and liberty of thought, as well as
freedom of the press, and j)]aced the chief authority
of the republic in the hands of congi'css,*"' in addition
to the legislative power with which it was vested.
]jaws were to be enacted by the two houses forming
the congress, one of which was the senate, whose
memberr. were also elected by the people, two for
every state. This body acted as nn 'xecutive coun-
cil, with a general supervision to iiatthe different
high officials and magistrates la. ifully discharged
th(;ir duties. Its president was ex officio vice-presi-
dent of the republic.*^^ A supreme court of justice
'^Tlie n^amMoa, foreseeing this, liail designed I^ Antigua ns the mooting
jilaio of llie local cDiigrcss; hut tlio latter at its first siitings belected for
iiitmu tiiiR'S tiio capital. Mnrurr, IJosq. I/lst. Cent. Am., 179.
•^•^S'.ioli as to (k'tenuino tlio military and liiianoial bucl^ets, superintend tlio
cihicatiou of the i)coi>lii, declare war and conclude jicaco, and regulate the
llii:iiicial and coninicrcial interests of the ciMintry. Its nienibcra were to bo
oUctcilattho rate of one for every .'JO.OOO inhahitants. /(/., ITl-'i. Tlicro
wvve 17 rcprest'utatives for (!uatcniala, nine for Salvador, live for llonduras,
nix for Nicara^'iia, and two for Costa )!ica. A/ifuhuniarin, Cent. Am., 13.
Dimlop, d'nt. Am., Kii, says lloiuliiras hail kIx ri'])reseutatives.
''' Att'thiiriirt;iit, Cent. Am., I."). Molina, Conta tUcn, I'.), criticises this or-
ganization as follows: 'So eutablecio un suikkIo iiulo, un I'^jecutivo impotento
y un conL;re»o ali.solnto. ' Necessarily the greater number of representatives
of (iiiatemala would outweigh those of the other states, and thus make tlio
cunstituliuu only an imperfoct copy of that which Iiad originally scr ed as a
model.
SLAVKIIY ABOLISHED.
77
was also croatod, tlio iuciiiIkts being, like those of
cont^ress an<l senate, chosen l)y popular vote.''*
Anionijf the most important laws enacted were
those of December 31, 1823, and April 17 and 21,
1S24, which emancipated all .slaves, and made free
slaves of other countries cominj]f to Central Amer-
ica.''' The slave-trade was ])rohibited, under the |)en-
alty of forfeitui'c of the rights of citizenship."'^ Of all
the nations of North America, to the Central Amer-
ican republic belongs the honor of having first prac-
tically abolished slavery.''^
The new republic also took a deep interest in a pro-
ject for the union of all the American states.'^ Tho
project failed, because of its impracticability. Tho
jtarticulars of this subject arc given in treating of tho
i'anious Panamd congress of American nations.
The exhausted condition of the treasury appearing
to be the chief impediment to all projected improve-
ments, the remedy was looked for in a foreign loan,
about $7,000,000 being borrowed on rather favorablq
terms from a London firm.'' Tho tobacco and cus-
toms revenues were pledged toward its repayment. '
"Tart of tho constitution is given in Rorha, Cuilhjo Xtc, i. .37-0; on tlio
following piifTcs will bo found such clauses of tho oM Spanish constitution iw
wore retaiiicil under the new system. See also I'eralta, Voda II., 5; AUa-
l)iini(ii/n, C<'ut. Am., lU-5.
"'■' 'So haccn librcs los csclavos quo do rcinos cxtranjcros pascn a nucstrns
KsUidos, por recobrar Bu libertad.' Ilocho, Cddbjo Nic, i. 'Jl"J-lll; (liiat., Jt'cop,
Lci,e<, i. 'JIT-O; Mnritre, lioxj. Hist. Cent. Am., i. IIW-.T; /(/., J'/nii., 10.
'"Holders of slaves thus emancipated were to bo indemnilieil. Wo are
asaiii'cd t!>at no ono ever applicil for such indeninilication.
'' la IStO Great Britain, would-be champion of the world's high morality,
oil one occasion claimed tho return of sonic fugitive slaves from IJclizo, and
su]iportcd tho demand with tho presence of a mun-of-war. Notwitiistandin;^
liir v.cakncss, Central America refused to comply, on tho groun<l that under
I11.T constitution tliero were no slii'cs in tho country. Croire'.i (Josptl, l'_'l-'J;
Sqnicr'ii Trawh, ii. ."iSiVG; Itcvue Amiriuiiie, ii. ij.')0; Dunlop'i C'rn'. Am.,
Ili.'l. According to Molina, the number of slaves thus emancipated was about
1,000.
■"Una confedcracion general quo repre.«cntaac unida X la gran fiiniilia
nincrieaiia.' Martirc, Uo^q. /list. C'enf. Am., i;]S.
' IJarclay, Ucrring, Uichardson, & Co. , whose a/jent was J. Bailey. TUomp-
sou'.f Ci'itat., 'JOG; Maniir, liosq. lti.it. Cent. Am., 1. 143.
"'Ono of tho conditions was that tho republic should not contract for
another loan within two years. It was estimated that tho debtcouhl bo paiil
in "JO years. Ammhha Nac, Decrctn, Doc. 0, IK'Jl, in ild-urf, Dosq. /list.
Ciitt. Am., i. 141. That expectation was not realized. Details will ajipear
in connection with tho finances of tho reiiublic, elsewhere in this volumu.
78
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
It is understood that a portion of the money was
apphod to strengthening tlie fortifications, and the
remainder was distributed among the states for their
local requirements.
The initiation and execution of the different meas-
ures I have made mention of, and others of less majj-
nitude, were the work of the constituent assembly,
which closed its session on the 23d of January, 1825.
If all its resolution* were not wise ones, allowance
must be made for the many difficulties that were in
the way, and a full recognition given its members of
the good faith and assiduity with which they per-
formed their work.''
'^ Tho total nunitwr of decrees paaaed waa 137, and of orders 1186. El In-
dicaUor de Ouat., 1825, no. 16.
i
CHAPTER V
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1825-18;«).
General Elections — Meeting ok the Fikst CoscREsa — Manuel Josi
AliCE, FlIlST I'llESIDEXT OF THE UeI'IBLIC— FoKEUJN RELATIONS— ARCE'S
ruEVAiiicATioNs — Conflict with (ii;ATKMALA— Partv ISickeiunus —
Liberals Qitaukel with Auce — He Joins tiieir OrpONENTS — Biiter-
NESS ENCENUEIiElJ — PRESIDENT VEIISUS (IrATEMALAN RcLERS— ARJJEST
ofJefeJlan liARRL'NuiA— Riots at QiEZALTENANOo — McroerofVice-
JEFE CiRILO Fl.OKES — AlK'K AS DlCTATtH; IN (jl'ATEMALA — W Mi A<;AINST
Salvador— Ai«;e Dekeaied— He Gives rr the Presidency, and Can-
not Recover It— liLoouY War of 18'2tJ-J)— Morazan the Victor —
Jose Francisco Rarrundia, Acting President— Liber vl Measures —
Peace Restored— Spanish Schemes.
The first constitutional congress of the Estados
Fcdcrados do Centre America was installed on the
Gth of February, 1825, Mariano Galvcz being chosen
j)resident,' as well as the leader of the liberal party.
\ number of the old delegates had been reelected I'or
the new body," whose principal duties were the elec-
tion of a president, and the ratification of the consti-
tution. The latter, as we have already seen, was on
the 1st of September; the I'ormer proved a more diffi-
cult task, and was achieved amidst contradictions and
stormy discussions. The provisional executive power
' Ho is represented as an able man, wlio liad formerly favoivd tlic tmiou
witli Mexico, lint afterward joined the lil>rnil party, becoming one; of its most
jiromineut members. Tlio author of Alim. JUv. t'cnt. ^m., 39-41, 4(>, while
acknowledging his ability, says that he was 'do poca dolicadeza. . .do uu ca-
nictcr false, y afectando una franqucza y una mocfcracion quo nolo gs propia.'
'The delegates of the ditFcreiit states were in the following proportion:
<iuatemala 17, Salvador 0, Honduras and Nicaragua G each, Costa Rica 2.
Tlie total number being 40, and not 34 us Squier erroneously hoji it. Travels,
ii. 388.
J79)
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
oioctcd in 1823 had not Ucon harmonious. Arec and
Vulle assumed their tluties soon ixi'tvr thoir tloclioii,
and buforo many days had Horious differences, whicli
ended in Arce's resiijnation of the ]>residency of tho
triuniviiate. IJein;^ replaced by Josd Manuel do la
Ceida, he departed lor Salvador and Nicaragua, ex-
ertin;^ hiniselt' in the paeilication of tho latter. His
services in this direction won him much good-will,
and it was proposed to make him the (irst constitu-
Jonal president of the republic, a proposition that met
with popular favor. Meanwhile his opponent, Valle,
was also working.^ Since May 1824 the congress had
been convoked. Both liberals and moderados had
untiringly worked for (heir respective candidates.
The latter seemed to have every prospect of victory;
of the 79 votes cast, 41 being for Valle, their candi-
date.* As 42 votes were necessary for a choice under
tho constitution, congress assumed tho right of select-
ing one of tho two candidates. A compromise be-
tween the contending parties was effected, Arcc
phiilging himself to remain neutral on certain ques-
tions upon which the other party was much disturbed.*
The moderados then voted for Arce, and congress, on
the 21st of April, 1825, declared him to have been duly
elected by a majority of twenty-two votes against (\vq
for Vtdle. Tho latter was recognized as tho vice-
president, and having declined the position, Mariano
lieltranona was chosen in his place.® Tho justices of
' Arco had in his favor the prestige of past services, and his suiTerings in
the cause of imlepcnilcncp. Valle had thn support of those who objected to
Salvadoran iiredoniinance. Moreover, ho liad been cduciited in Giiatcniala,
and had property there; from which circumstances it was surmised that ho
would 1)0 more in sympathy with that state and the so-called acrvilcs. J/rt-
rurt: Ilonq. llkt. Cent. Ain.,'\. loO; Mi-m. lit iK Cent. Am,, '2S-9.
*Tho totiU number of votes for tho whole rcpul)lio was 82, but three had
bcpii rejected by congress for various reasons. JUarure, Bos<i. Hint. Cent. Am.,
i. 'J 10-1 1; Mem. I lev. Cent. Am., 40-1.
^ Salvador insisted on having an episcopal sco, in order to be independent
of Guatemala in ecclesiastical alFuirs. This was tho chief question at issue.
Areo promised to leave its decision to tho next congress. Arce, Mem., .3.
VuUo really had obtained moro votes than Arce, and congress defravided him
of his election. MonJuJ'nr, llcnena I list., i. '2U8.
* Ikrrundia had been elected upon Valle's refusal to accept tho oiBco, and
likewiso deulinod it. Vallo protested against Arce's clootiou as illegal, ia
,1.1
KFCOGNITIOX IIV TllK UNITKI* STA lIvS.
•1
the siiprc'iuo couit \vvi\i cloctcd lit tho saino tiine, and
oil llio 29tli of April' took [)Ossession of their offices.
Tho lefogiiitioii of tho Contrjil American republic
as an indopeiideut nation had engaged tho attention
III' the supreme authorities at the same time that the
internal organization was proceeding. Tho first treaty
• (included by the new republic was on the 15th of
March, 1825, with Colombia, Pedro Molina acting as
its jilenipotentiary at Bogotd.* A few months later,
at Washington, on the 5th of December, 1825, a treaty
was entered into with the United States of America,
with which power there had been formal relations
>iiico tho beginning of tho year." Antonio Jose Cafias
r('[)rescnted Central America as her plenipotentiary.
The United States soon after accredited William
Miller as chargd d'aftaires near the new lepublie.
Diplomatic relations with Groat Britain and tho
Xcthcrlands were opened early in 1825. Spain con-
tinued refusing to recognize the independence of Cen-
tral America, and the pope followed in her footsteps,
as he had done in re<jard to Mexico."'
Mvcral writings, apparently to littlo purpose. El Iiidicculor, IS'Jo, no. 'ZG et
■■<•:[.; Kl Liberal, JS'JJ, no. 7, 8; Xididud de Ui prim, iln:, p.issim; Mariirv,
ll'^i'l. llixt. Cent. Am., i. 2|-_'-i:{; /./., Efem., \'.\.
' Arco, Mem., 4, has it April IJOtli, but in view of tho numoroua inisprintj
II his work, tho ilato given in tiio text is probably more correct. It is the
no siijijiortcd by Mnnire, Uoxq. /lint. Cfiil. Am., i. 'JKJ; Sr/nit r'.i Trnrch, ii.
.".-iS; /jii,iloj)'.-i('(:iit. Am., I(J4. Its lirst president w.asToniAs AntoninO'lIora'i.
Tills court supcrsedi'il the andiencia founded in lo4t at (Iraciiis.i |)iufi, and
irnnstcrrcd in 154!) to Guatemala. Manire, Kj'em., 14.
>■ 1 1 was for a defensive and oil'ensive alliance and e(iUi:l pri vil" .;cs of trade.
1 1 was ratified by tho Cent. Am. ^ovt Sept. VI, IS-.'). Tin; lull text is given
1.1 liochn. Cikligo Nic.,i.*i5-\)', Marure, liosq. /list. Ciiif. .tm., i. xxxviii.-
vlvii. See also Ayon, Vonsid. Lim., -S-9; Gaciltt dc. S(di'., Oct. I'J, 1854.
"It was tiierein stipulated that tho citizens of both republics Klnmld enjoy
all the rights granted by ono or tho other to the most favnretl iiatiim. The
viuio ri;^ht3 for political purposes were also agreed upon, that of free exercise
• t religion being included. All clauses of a commercial character were to bo
i;i force rj years; the others perpetually. Privileges and rights enjoyed by
ilii- citizens of cither republic were to bo also allowed to those innnigrating
from the other. This treaty was ratified by tho younger republic on the 'JSth
"f Juno, 1820. Tho text in both English and Spanish may be scon in 6'. S.
CM Doc, U. S. Acts, Cong. 19, Seas. 2, Sen. Doc. 1, i. 149-70; Am. St.
/'('/'•. I'^or- Rcl-. ^'' 774-82; (JordotCa Digest of Laws, 328-3.">; Maruri', Ilosq.
Hist. Cent. Am., i. xlvii.-lxv.
'"Arco's Moss., March 1, 1820, iu Repertorio Am., i. 27'4-0; Santawjdo,
Conijre o Panama, 7:t-5.
HiHT. C»NT. Am., Vol. III. r,
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVLRNMENT.
The republic being now fairly launched, had Arco
possessed the abihty all might have gone well. But
he cither overestimated his administrative powers, or
underrated the magnitude of his task; and after de-
creeing some wise measures upon the military defences,
he began to sow dissatisfaction by his vacillating
policy. A member of the liberal party from the first
day that he took part in the political affairs of the
country, he now committed the serious error of
abandoning the ground upon which he might havr
trod with safety. In his endeavors to please botli
parties, he succeeded in offending the liberals without
securing the confidence of their opponents, who, though
willing enough to admit him to their ranks, declined
rendering implicit obedience. His former friends now
openly assailed him."
A conflict sprang up, also, between the federal gov-
uriunent and the local authorities of Guatemala Citv,
because the latter refused to take part in celebrating
the anniversary of the installation of the first assembly
on the 24th of June, and force was at last brought ti>
bear upon them."
The ill-feeling airainst Arce became intensified when
tlic state government soon after decreed a transfer ol
its seat to Guatemala, and for want of accommodations
in public buildings, took possession of the property ol
[)rivate citizens without their consent. The owner-
claimed protection from the federal congress, an I
serious disturbances were averted only by a compru
misc. During this episode the moderados or serviles
kept fanning the flame of discord between Arco and
the liberals, extolling his measures. When the first
congress closed its session, on the 25th of December,
" Their newspapers, LI Liberal and Don Meliton, charged him with pai
tiality and incapacity. The latter, ire its satire and ridicule, was the moi'
formidable foe, as Arce himself ackn' vkdgra. Mem., 5.
'■'The departmental chief of Guatemala claimed that ho was not under
Arce's authority, but under that vi the state, then residing at La Antigua
Congress empowered the executive to compel the local autnorities to attciul
the celebration, and it was done. Arce, Mem., 8.
ARCE, RAOUL, AND VALl.K.
sn
1825/^ tho political Icatures of tho country had notably
chan^'od. Cut fortunately tho danger to the rcpiiblic
froin the action of tho scrvilcs was avoided, bocan e,
upon lots beinjj^ cast on the 1st of October for tho ro-
iiuwals of niemburs of conjjress," the retiriut; nienibor.s
!uii)pL'ned to be chiefly of districts where the servile
party had majorities before, and were now re[)lat'e(l
l)y liberals, the preponderance of the latter being thus
increased. The second constitutional congress assem-
blcil on the 1st of March, 182G. Among its nieni-
I)ors was Valle, who, bent on revenge, erelong made
( oninion cause with the liberals,'' though lu; was not
.illowed to exercise a pre<.'ominant influence in their
counsels.
On the day congress opened, the president delivered
liis message detailing the condition of the country,
but most of it had reference to the relations with
loivign ])owers.''' The impending rupture was finally
hastened by the president's course toward Colonel
Nicolas Raoul, a French officer who had recently ar-
rive;.l from Colombia, and had been u)ade commandci'
of the artillery and a member of tho council of war,'
Xdtwithstanding the considerations and fav(»is con-
Icrred on him by Arce, no sooner had he receivtid his
appointment than he openly sided with the liberals
anil gave utterances against the government. There-
tore, when Raoul was summoned by congress to aid
in the organization of the federal troops, the presid nt,
to get rid of him, sent him to explore the northern
coasts.*^ Arce then undertook to increase the federal
"Tho total number of iluurccs enacted was 92, anil that of orders sub-
mittcil to tho executive 308. For more details, bco A7 Cnilro Amir*;ino,
iS'j(i, ns.
"One half of tho representatives of every state had to retire, accordiug to
tlio constitution.
'••llo had at first declined the connection, but afterward accepted it 'paia
d.ir rieiula suclta -X siis resuntimientos y pasionca contra el presidcntc Arce. '
Mim. Ilea. Cent. Am., 48.
'^ To.\L in Itvpertorio Am., i. 273-8!).
" Ho brought letters of rcconimcndatiou from Pedro Molina, who was
representing Cent. Am. at Bogota, and liad a high opinion of him, as ho had
served under Napoleon, ilarnre, lloxq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 230.
'"After lio completed that work he was ordered to remain on tho coast till
furtiicr orders from tho government. Tlie congress tricil in vain to prevent it.
8t
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
«!'
I
'■I j
i*irii
11
ll;ii\
« >>
army to 4,000 men, under the pretext that such a
force was needed for the pacification <»f Nicaragua,
and the defence of the country against a Spanish in-
vasion, rumors of which were circulating. Jn order
to facihtate the operation, he proposed that the incni-
bors of congress should stir up public enthusiasm in
their respective states; but instead of acceding to his
recommendation, several persons known to bo hostile
to the government, among them Raoul, were selected
by that body. All remoiistrances to the contrary on
the ])art of Arce'* had no other effect than to iinbittcr
the liberals against him. Charges were accordingly
brought forth, such as his neglecting to lay before
congress an account of expenditures during his ad-
ministration, and his having squandered a considerable
portion of the money raised by loan in London. The
outcry against his conduct was growing louder from
day to day.
This unsatisfactory state of affairs determined Arco
to dis.'iolve congress. Still he was loath to use violent
means, and in fact, tliere was no need of it. One of
the clauses of the constitution allowed the admission
of substitutes for the deputies to congress in certain
cases, and both parties had taken advantage of it
without opposition. However, when the question of
calling tlie president to account arose, the serviles
protested against the presence of tlie liberal substi-
tutes which gave to that party the majority.*' On
the 2d of June the deputies from Salvador, under in-
structions I'rom their government, which was friendly
to Arce, abandoned their seats, their example beiii^f
followed by those from Costa Rica and most of the
serviles, thus leaving the chamber without a quorum. '^
The session was reopened, however, ten days latei-,
'*Tho reasons adduced hy him in his Mem., 22-4, and comments on tho
same in Marure, Bosq. Ilist. Cent. Am., i. 230-7.
^"Ksto asunto so rcnovaba cada vcz quo (i los diputados niinistciinks
convcnia paralizar algun {xolpo contracl egecutivo.' Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 51.
"Tho deputies of Salvador defended their course in a long argument,
Jiiuo 8, 1S26, calling it an inevitable result of the unlawful conduct of tbu
majority of congress. Doc, in A rcf, Mem., 10-17.
STATE AND NATION.
85
iles
jsti-
Ou
iu-
Iho
111
ltd",
11 till-'
leiiaU'3
fof tba
■n
upon tli(! liberals pledging themselves not to introdueo
;iiiy motion against the president or the scrviles, and
UiLUceforth the discussions were confined to matters
ol'ji general character till the 30th of June, when the
session was closed; but the deputies of Salvador and
( \)sta Rica had not resumed their seats.
It was now evident that a collision was unavoidable.
Tlio state government, controlled by the liberals, !» -
cinno fearful that the scrviles, in their endeavor to
suji[)ort the president, might also attack the author-
ities of Guatemala, and under the pretext of an inva-
.^ion threatening from Chiapas, secretly began to make
military preparations. Salvador and Costa liiea, on
the other hand, offered aid of troops to the federal
g()Vernn)ent. Both parties i)rccipitated the crisis : the
liberals bv tiieir heedless attacks on the clen;v,'"' and
.specially by ridiculing its members; the serviles by
raiming, jointly with the clericals, ill feeling among
the low, ignorant classes, whom it was easy to per-
suade that the liberal party aimed at the destructioi;
lit' their religion. This had now become a matter of
j^rcater case, owing to the irritation already existiii'_;\
caused by the forced loans and reeruitiiiLj for the ai luv
decreed by the state government. Strange though
it may appear, the scrviles had iio suspicion that tlu;
lederal authorities were aware of their intrigues. The
clash came in May 182G, when Raoul, without liax ing
fullilled his commission on the northern coast, tendered
his resignation, accompanied with u number of invec-
tives against the executive, which ho subsequently
repeated in a second letter."^ lie was arrested on the
17th of Jul}', and subjected to the action of a cr)Ui't-
iiiartial for disrepect and insiAordination. This rai d
a .storm of fury in the local legislature, where Raoul's
"Restricting the arelibishop's powers, uiid placing him to sonic extent
iimlcr civil autliority; suppressing the subvcntiona of curates, and almliohing
cii't.iiii privileges tho clergy liud till then enjoyed; tithes were reduced, nnd
persons under '23 years of ago vcro not allowed to take monastic % ,i\vh. Ma-
rure, Jiosq. JHnt. Cent. Am., i. li44-5.
*^The full text of the resignation is given in Arce, Mem., 2.')- 7.
so
CONSTITUTIONAL OOVERNM KNT.
i:ic
it Hi •!'
arrest was cousiclercd as an encroachment on the state's
authority. An order ot* arrest was issued against
Cai>tain Espfnola, the oiHccr who had carried out the
commands of tiio federal executive, and the jefe, or
chief of the state, Juan liaiinndia, was authorized to
raise a sufficient lorco to sci.'.e Espfnola's person,"* and
tho pecuniary contincfenl «if the state for federal ex-
penses was withheld.**
The troops despatched toariest Espiin)la iiiunbered
300 men, and were commanded by C'ayetano do la
Cerd.i, who encountererl his man near Aoasaguastlan.
To a\ id l)h)odNhed, a capitulation wa?^ agreed upon
hy botli parties until they siiould obtain furtiier orders
from iheir respective goveriunents.'^''
Wln'H news of this agreement reached Guatemala,
a few days later, simultaneously rumors came to tht;
cars of Arce that a cou[)-de-main was contemplated
b}' B.urumlia, with tlie evident intent of efiecting his
removal. To anticipate the blow,'" on the 5lh ot
September Arce secretly ordered the commander of
iho federal forces to arrest Barrundia at an early hour
tho following morning, and disarm the state troops,
using force if necessary.-* This was done, the officei-
meeting with mo resistance."^ The liberals had no
suspicion of Arce's resolve til after its execution.
'■** ' I'oudrA 8()J)ro las nrmas toda l:\ fucrza quo crca ncccsaria. . .Eii ciso (K
• csistciici.-i repilcri la fucrza con la fiicrza.' JiL, .3 J.
''^Oii the grouiul tliat only Guatemala had paid such contingent, and even
more, and tho other states had nrbitrarily cliulcd payments. Arce was iic-
ouscci, not without foundation, it seems, of allowing eucli discriniination.
'•"'Oil September ,1, 1S2C; the doeumcnt merely stipulatea a tciiiiiorarysii-i-
pension of hostilities, without further cntei-ing into tiic question. Aire, Mem.,
',',0. It lia.s been asserted that Espinola held a favorable position, and adds:
'A pesar de csto, capituld vergouzosanicntc ' — a ehargo without iiiueh founda-
ti^ ii, in view of tho numerical superiority of the Guatemalan forces, ^fe»l. llir.
r,„/. Am.,52-3.
"Arce, Mem., 39-41, gives a lengthy account of his deliberatioin, nml
iloubts whether it would or not bo just, and consistent with his duties, to im-
prison Barrundia, all of which is at least doubtful.
•^Mem. liev. Cent. Am., 53. Crowe's Gonjyel, V27, and S(jiiiir\i Trnoili, ii.
nor;, confound tho jcfo with his brother Jos(5 Francisco. Tho onlers wci>',
' Quo en cl caso do resistencia obro fuertemento hosta concluir el nri-esto y oou-
paeion do lasarmos.' Arce, Mem., 41-2.
•'This non-rcsistanco is attributed to treachery on tho part of Vera, v
Mexican commanding tho stato forces, who subsequently entered tho federal
service. Mature, Bostj. I lint. Cent. .Am., i. 2TA-T\.
W: r
ARREST OF BAURUNDIA.
87
riie vicc-jcfc of tlio state, Cirilo Floivs, then forth-
with assumed the govcrnineiit, aiul being ttMidorcd
the aid of federal troops to support his authority,
proudly rejected it.*'
On tlie following day the 'M^fs of tiie other states
were .•ip|)rised of liarrundia's a. rest, in a circular from
Arce defending his course, which he declared to liavc
lioen pursuant to duty under i\n) constitution."' Sucli
was the j)osition assumed by ids friends and by the
serviles in general; while the radical liberals, taklii':^ i
dillereiit view, denounced him as a violator of the
constitution.^" However, the energy thus displayed
hy Arce was rather favorably looked upon, p( . 'laps
from a feeling of relief arising from the suppv>.-,ition
that party bieki'»ings had been brought to an end,
inori! than iVvJiii any sym[>atliy ibr Arce. The presi-
dent mi'.rht now have strengthened his party, but diil
not, an(i went on committing serious mistakes. In-
.stead of turning the imprisoned Barrundia over to the
state assenjbly, as prescribed by the constitution, to
bo tried upon the several charges that had been osten-
tatiously i)referred a^jaiiist him, he allowed the lejjal
time I'or prosecution to elapse, and then released the
prisoner under bonds."'*
Tlie second constitutional congress was to meet on
tlie 1st of October, 182G, and the liberal party had,
since Se[)tember, industriously woi'ked to secure a
majority. JJut on the appointed day there was no
i[Uorum, tlie members of the opposition having re-
ilised to take their seats, evidently to prevent the
adoption of any measures against the president.'" It
^"Doc, in Arce, Mem., 20.
•"It is a loii'^ tloc, giving details, ami dwelling spcci.ally on tlie part
llaoul had playeil. /(/., 127-31.
'■t.'oinmciita and details on the subject in Marurc, JJonq. Ilisl. C'viit. Am.,
i. 2.'i')-S; Mem. J'ri'. Cent. Am., .'j:M.
'•^'Edto dcscnluce liizo ridiculo todo lo que dntes liabia p.-eeido un golpe
maestro.' iMem. Jlev. Cent. Am., 54.
^'To savo appearances, Arce pretended to induce liis supporters to as'<u. »i
tliL'ir jwsitions in the eliamber, but there is little doubt of its being mere
iiLuin. It has been intimated that even soino liberals declined to sit, from
apprehension that an iuvostigation of .\ree'8 conduct might lead to civil war
»
CON.iflTUTIOXAL GOVEIiXMKNT.
was rather .su.s|)ic'ious tliat tlio g()V(;rmiiciit at Sail Sal-
vador, always IVioiidly to Arce, luul forbidden its del-
egates to occupy their seats in congress uidess it were
to discuss the ex[)ediency of transferring the I'oderal
authorities to some place distant from Guatemala.^'
It soon became apparent that tlie president's aim was
to have his own assembly, for on the lOtli of Octt>l)ei'
he convoked an extraordinary congress.^'' This was
open violation of the constitution, which vested in the
senate the authority for convoking, and moreover
limited representation to only one delegate for every
30,000 inhabitants. Much indignation was i'elt ])V
the members of con<jfress, who had constituted them-
selves into an organizmg commission, but dispersed
on the same day that Arce's decree was published."'
Exciting events now followed in ipiick succession.
The vice-jefe Cirilo Flores and the state authorities
had retired on the 8th of October to Quezalteiiango,
where he was murdered a few days afterward — on the
loth — by a mob of fanatical Indians.^^ The act was
"•'Still ileclaring its allegiance to the federation. Gaz. de Mex., Jim. 'J-
1827; Arce, Mem., TjI.
"•The impossiliility of obtaining a quorum of members clioscu to the ~
congress, and impending civil war, \verc among tlio reasons assigned for hi
action. The elections were to bo niado on the basis of two deputies for ovev.\
.'JO.OOO inhabitants, and Cojutcpcriuo in Salvador was appointed as the plac ■
of meeting. Tliis measure was at first well received by the states, br. i
afterward rejected in conscquenco of ca decree of tho Salvador government on
the Gth of Dec., inviting the federal deputies to meet at tho vilhv of Aliuacha
pan. Marure, Ej'cm., 17; ^fetll. liev. Cent. Am., CO.
^'Oct. 11, 18'JG. Marure, JJonq. Jlisl. Cent. Am., i.27S; Corn:-;. Fed. Mcx.,
Nov. '21, ISJO.
°^lle soimht refuge in the parisli church, but %va3 pursued by the crowd.
Ilis ouly safety lay in tiie pulpit, tho renionstrancea of tlic religious, and tin
presence of tho host. Tho religious succeeded at times in calming thoralp
ble, promising that I'lorea should be sent into exile. But Antonio (.'orzo, wIp >
was ill tlic court-yard witii a few poorly armed militiamen, lired .i volley upon
the mob, which became still more excited. The women dragged I'iores from
the jndpit, took him out of the temple, 'y Ic iumoiaron eii iin elaustro bar
bara y horrorosamcnte.' Mtm. Hev. Cent. Am., 57-S. S'luier's Travels, ii.
.'190, lias it tliat the Indians had Iieeu infuriated by the harangue.i of afri:.;
from tho jiulpit, and that the rabble slaughtered Florea at the very foot > ;
tho altar, literally vending his body in pieces; the apparent cause of thi-
vindictiveuess of the priests being that in tlio general levy of ta.\e3 for tin
state the property of the convents li.id not been spared. 'iVnil thus was tin
movement started by the aristocrat.^, seconded by their allies, tho priest-.
Ex-president Morazan, referring to that catastrophe, uses these words: ' Tue.-
to eu manos do un feroz popnlacho. iustigado por las funestaa ideas quo K
K I
I I
MURDER OF FLORE.S. »
utiriljuted to Arcc and liis imiiiLiliatc tVieiifis, but
aliparcntly without much reason,^ though it must be
athuitted that intrigues of the servile party and the
|. reaching of hostile prie.sts aroused the i'anaticism of
the |»o|»ulac-o to such a degree that the slightest f-ause
would bring about the commission of outrages. The
trouble did not end with Florcs' death, for many mcm-
Iwifi of the assend)ly and representative council were
<<»nipclled to flee for their lives.
The state was now powerless, for even its military
t'lrces disappeared before the federal troojis. The
jil^iials in the state and re])ublie saw th< ir hopes
il;i>^hed, and manv emigrated.** Arcc held the execu-
live authority of both the federation and tin- .state of
' luatt-njala; and acting upon the advice of Salvador,
],<: began reorganization, decreeing on tin- .".1st of
October the election of a new e.\t>cutive and Irgi.-la-
ture for Guatemala, from which the iiihabitant^ enter-
tained hopes of a final restoration of peace throughout
I he rej)ublic. But those hopes wrw frusti"a<ed by a
-uddeu change of policy on the part <»l' the Salvador
ijovt-rnment, which surprised everybody, all the moic
from the fact that it had heretofore lirmly supported
the [tresiilent.
inculc'iroii sun sacerdijtes, iierccio !il pio <lu las >ni;'ii;;(iu'.s tie Ins s.tiit<> :, :i l.i
viitatlcsns inicuos jiiccus, yen prcscucia do lanitaristia, 4110 csIdh ciiliriiTan.'
A-fiiiiiU*. MS., 4. Florej had been noted for liis cliinity to tlio jioor, Kixiially
to the Indians, to wlioiii ho constantly gave nirdi<"il aid, niodiciiu", and
'ithtr ncc«-ssark'8. Tho slato assonddy, after licin;,; rcstorcil in 1n_'!>, d^.'.-i eid
tioiiors to iiin memory, nnd ordered j)laccd in its hall of sessions an iiisc iptiou
in IttHTS of f;old,!i3 follows: 'Al inmurtal Vioe-jcfo Ciiidadano C'irilo I'jire.s,
ii.irtir tie \a J.ibeitad, sat rideado en Qiiezaltenango, c 1 las aras th; la ley.'
In May \H'.\\ tho name of C'iiul.itl Flores was yiven in his lionoi' t > tlie lieatl
town of the district of I'eteu. Marure, Ejriii., 17, -'<.
^The Hiicralj It.okotl upon it a3 the result of an arrangement of .\rco autl
lii!];>ai;i»ans; tho latter declared it to liavo resultcil from an aeeiilent, or rather
:riim \it>lent acta on the part of liberals in yue7.;dteiianL;o, sndi ,1 1 forcibly
t.ikin',' horses in tlie night from private houses and tlu^ I'laDfisian eonvent.
M.-ir.ire states that ho tliorou;.:ly e.\aminetl every iloeuinent liearili„' »n tin:
aubj'Ct, anil found no cviileno against Aree tir his party. Ilnyq. iJl.^f. Cci.'.
Am., i. '27.V8J. Tho author of Mem. llrv. <.nif. .tin., ."tS, afiiidta Arce,
attrdiutiug the act to a KUthlen ]io))ular exeitement. Sfc also Asf.'ihitntatj'i,
C'ht. Am., I.'i; i'rouw's <;i',kj,(I, ]"27-S; I'ikhIh, in Gii"f., lircop. Lryt^ in.
3IS; c.jirx. F"l. Mi.v., Nov. !>, KS-JO; Dec, in An-,' Mmi., \\l-'.\.
" Tiicrt- wai* an ell'ort towartl reeonciiiatioii, tiio liberals r>r,i ring to inaku
concci«ions, and Arco favoring Ihcir proposals; but thoBcrvilis haughtily re-
(lued.
90
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Pedro Molina arrived at San Salvador from Panaind
when Arce liad in his cliarge the affairs of Guate-
mala, and had decreed the new elections for the state.
Beinj:? a political opponent of the president, Molina
refused to go to Guatemala to report the action of
the Panamd congress. It was not a difficult matter
I'or him to find congenial spirits for an intrigue against
the federal executive. An estrangement had occuired
between Arce and Delgado, who aspired to be bi.shop
of San Salvador,*' and was a man of great political
power. Moreover, it so happened that the jefe of
Salvador, owing to ill health, had to turn over his
office to the vice-jefe, Mariano Prndo, wh.) was under
tlie influence of the discontented party. His first act
was to repeal Arce's decree of October lOtli convok-
ing an extraordinary congress at Cojiitepecjue.*- 'i'hen
simultaneously forces were levied in Salvador, osten-
sibly to protect congrci'S when assembled at Ahua-
<lia[)an. Internal difficulties in llonduias led the
federal govei-innent to intci'l'ere;^^ and thus, at the
end of 182G, there were a number ol forces at work
to drive Arce from the jiresjdential seat. This state
of afl'airs continued till Februaiy 18l'7, when rumors
of an invasion be^fan to circulate in (jiuateniala. The
next month Salvadoran foices,under Trigueros, started
on their march toward the capital. All doubts about
the plans of the invading army having ceased, Arce
displayed unusual activity in bus preparations to meet
the enemy. With the aid of the newly chosen jefe
of Guatemala, Aycinena, hv. increased the garrison to
*M)wiii'r, it was said, to the publication of a pontifical IniU, whicli, iukIit
Arcc'u t\t'(|natur, hail been restricted to (Juatenula by tlio avclibislio]i, .-i
step that DclgaJo Bupposml to have been by Arco's insti^'ivtiuu, or at least. ;i
lack iif interest on liia part for San Salvador. Mem. Jier. Cent. yl»n., (id.
Arce liiniseit attributed the cstrangcmeiit to party intrigues. Mem., W.
Dunlop, Cent, Am., lU.'i, assigns disputed about tlio erection of the bisboprir
as tlio cause of the rupture.
'■Arce, Mem., Gl, liuda fault with Prado's act, \. nen bis own bad been
just as ine{,'al.
"Colonel Milla invaded tlie statu with a federal force, captured Coniaya-
jjuaon tiio Otli of May, 1827, and arrested tlio jefo of tbo state, llerrera
The whole was a wanton proceediu','. .Mnmzaii, Apmites, MS., (I-J).
.\n,CE'S VICTORY AND DKFEAT.
01
2,000 men, and loaviiij^ the exorvitive authority in
charge of Vice-president Beltranuna, took personal
command of tlie troops. Ho made an effort, Jiow-
(ver, to avert an encounter, but without avail ;^* and
tlicy fought, a few days later, at Guadalupe, a sliort
distance from Guatemala, the invaders being repulsed,
,>ud the following day, March 23d, utterly routed at
Arrazola." This victory caused great exultation in
( Juatemala, and Arco's prestige grow rapidly. Money
and reeidorcements were cheerfully placed at his
command, and he allowed himself to be carried away
hy evil counsels to pursue an aggressive policy and
punish Salvador.'*"
The federal army marched in April into the state
of Salvador, and reiinforced from Sonsonate and Santa
Ana,'' reached Nejapa without opposition, that [)lace
being about twelve miles from the city of San Salva-
dor. After certain negotiations lor peace, which had
!io satisfactory result, .Vrce attacked the city on the
r^th of ^lay, at the head of 2,000 men, and was re-
|)ulscd with heavy loss. His slow movements had
niven the Salvadorans time to act.''"' Jlis retreat was
ill good order to Santa Ana; but from this placi-, de-
sertions having greatly diminished the force, ildegen-
crated into llit^ht, of which the i)ursuin<j' SaKadoi-ans
I'ailed to take advantage. Arce reached (JuajiirKjui-
lapa toward the end of May, with only ;J00 men.
"Tlic ODiiiiiiaiiiUjr of llio Salvadorans was un.ililo to cxphiiii liis illegal
jionccdili;.'. j)ur., in AlVP, Mem., 4o-(i.
*' I'uiailcil accounts, with co]ii(;3 of the odiciul exaggerated rcporis, aro
■jivcii ill <,'(!-. ill' ^/e.c., Apr. 'JO till May I and May '2'2, Ib'll; Mariin\ Khnn.,
Ill; J/i /,(. AVc. (,'i nt. A)u., (J- -4. Decree of government of (Juftteiiiala on tiic
■ulijnt, Marcli 'JS, 1S'J7. GiKit., Jici'"]'. Lii/es, i. '2o0.
■'■ lliltranena and several i.'f Arcc's oliicers disapproved tho retaliatory
\i\\n. Ayeinena, on the contrary, favored it, tliougli willing to aliidj i)y
.Vice's decision.
*' Until districts had seet^dcd from the state government of Salvailnr,
attacldng Ihcnisclves to tiic federal cause.
^'Mlc cDinmitted the error of entertaining peace proposals, which werciinadc
•Illy to gain time. He endeavored to explain it away on the pica of Cent.
Ami. hmilierliood: 'I'uedoyo dejar do tencr un corazon (,'ciitio ^iiiicricano'/
No e:f [losihlo.' Arcc, Mem., 0!). On the puiiie and following pages ii a de-
tailed account of the action, carefully worded and extolling the bravery of his
'iiiatemalan soldiers. Tiie otlicial reports t\n' in El Sol., Alex., July ii, I.S-'T;
Muriire, l^'rm., 1S>.
02
CONSTITUTIONAL CiOVlCUNMENT.
i(|.
"1:,
I'l'j-
Tills early liiilurc of ;i war iVoiu Vvhich wore to flow
such <,'ro;i( rcodlts brought (xliiun ou Arce; hut hy the
ufi'orts of iVionds, conlidencc in him was restored, and
ahout 700 men were obtained to resume o[»era1 ions by
taking Santa Ana/^ For several months n<> events
of importance occurred. The time was c!mplo3'ed by
Arco in strengthening his force, with which he made
a IVultless attempt to intercept a Salv^ador division thai
assailed Sonsonate, Overtures for [)eace were again
made by Salvador, but though not absolutely rejected,
no understanding was arrived at. They gave rise.
however, to a discussion as to whether the federal
president was, as he thought himself, authorized to
decide upon the question of peace or war without con-
sulting the state government of Guatemala. **' Piqued
at the opposition he had met, which he supposed to
arise fi'oni want of coniidence, Arcc received with
pleasure a request from Vice-president Beltraneiia
to give up the army and return to Guatemala and
take chage of the government.''' Briij^adier Fian
cisco Ciiscaras was thereui)on madeconnnander of tin
army on the 12th of Oetobei-, 1827. Soon after ArecV-
return to Guatemala he took ste[)s to restore peacr.
and issued, on the 5th of December, a decree to con-
voke a new congress,"'' and at the same time ordered a
suspension of hostilities. But his commissioner, Juan
^'■'Tlic ^'ovcnmicnt of Salviulor had in May made peace j)n)posnIs, liiit t'i
fcilcral authorities rejected them. JJocn, in Aire, J/cm., i7-ol.
'•'"It was deeiiled in seeret session of th(! state assetnlily ou the Uitliof ()i '
that the state had a right to interveii':', and if it was i,i:;nored, and ti'caties di-
pleaain;:; to tho state were eonehided, the latter should de^aeli itself from tli
federation, and its troops eontinue oceupying the towns they then held. Arei '
letti'rof Oct. 17, lt^-7, to lirig. Cilsearas, in Moiili'ifiu; /.'(w/irt J/i^t., i. •_'■_'.
'■' It may have been of his own seekini,', for ho must have seen erc^ this t!i
great dillieulty of eouquering San Salvador with his small forec, and that I
i'ontinuo longer in the lield would oidy hrinij him into further disreiuite,
''■'Ex-mar((iiLi3 do Ayciucna, i)rother of the jefo of (Juateinala, called tin
decree impolitic, illegal, and arbitrary. Tho serviles eould seo that it \\()tilu
restore tho old congress, so hostile to th"in; and with a majority against then.
in both houses, they might have to resort to the dangerous expedient of dri\
ing awivy the senators and deputies at the point of the bayonet. It was riili.
ulous in them to rail against arbitrariness, when tliey had arbitrarily deposm
ISarrnndia in (iuatenuila and llerrera in Honduras. It was arbitrary to Uei p
the uaaon without a congrcs^, wliii'h was their work. MoiUiiJar, Ilvxeila II'iM.,
i. !), 'lA.
CASCAllAS IN SALVADOR.
93
do DIos Mayorgn, wlio w.as to iiotiiy tlio autliorities
at San Salvador of liis ineasuri's, was not allowed t<i
nroci'cd to that <'ity, the Salvadorans, now recinforcod
with oiliccis exiled IVoni Colombia,'^^ being more than
\cv (i|)j)osed to eoneiliation. Ilostilitieii were i
1 1 i..,.<,,-i ...ui. .,u.>...>o^;..,, ... .,.,..>.-. .64 i>
>uine(
I and condiK'tcd with alternatiii<_j sncce;
Imt
.111 the whoh', disadvitntai^eoiisly I'or tlie i'ederal force,
dwiiiL;' ti» ( 'ascai-as' lack of strategy, and the ieni|)or-
izin"" policy of the enemy; for the latter, whenever
pri'sseil, would mak(! overtures of peace, protesting a
willingness to terminate the war, though breaking
tlu'ir ])romiscs as fast as they weri> made.'' Cascaras'
situation was daily bi'coming jierilous, on account of
the numerous desertions of his troops. At last, on
the 17th of ])eeeml)ei-, a bloody enooutitcr took place
ia the streets of Santa Ana, which terminated in a
capi
itulat
um, uni
ler which both f(H'ces were to leave
lie ])lace the next day, Cascaras left it as stipulated,
)ut Colonel Merino with the Salvadorans remained,
M
Cascaras i-eturncd. to Guatemela toward the end of
December, the Salvadorans having regained posses-
.■>ion of Santa Ana, and of all the other places formerly
occupied by the federal army.
Shortly alter, with Ayciiuna's assistance, another
Ibderal army was organized, but Arce took good care
to give ])ositions iu it only to trusted friends,'" As
.soon as the organization was nearly completed, detach-
ments were sent to check the enemy's raids in Chi-
.|U
imula, .'i'tdthen, under the command of a foreiirner
iiaiiiei
1 W
i\ Perks, the
army
marc
hed
Liiiams
ttl
le
•'^^Tlirco ItroUiera Merino, nml a Frciicliiuan iiamoil Soumaettra. Ilar.'iol
Mi'iinowiismailo comnian<lcr-iu-uhicf, Mem. Uiv. i'<ul. Am., 7'>; Arrr, Mi tn.,
' N'oar tlic liill of La Trinidad tho federal forces wliicli hail cniitnil nf
lliiniliiras wore defeatocl l)y Nicaraguans and Salvadorans under Lieut-enl
K(iiiiL,'i(> Diaz. Murun', E/iin., 'JO.
•'■' It is ditiic\dt to Huu iiow tlio (lUaloinalans coiild jdaoc faith on i)Iod.;ia
s'l iiflcn violated; cvi 'eiitly given to gain time.
■•'''I'iiis iiiih'd tho .second oaniiiaiijn hotwcen Salvadorans and Clnatenialans.
■'' Tlii.s army was to bu uscil, lirst in tiul)duin,i,' Salvador, and next tjiiato-
iM.da, whert! Arco encountered more and more opposition to his plans. Mem,
li<:v. Cent. Am., SI-'-'.
if
;; .»;
; i .
I' I-
94
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNxMEN T.
Salvacloran headquarters at Ahuachapan. Once men'
stratagem was resorted to by the wil}'^ Salvadoians,
who made proffers of peace, the I'arce ending as usiial/"^
I n the mean time troubles broke out in the fedeial army,
and Perks, tlie commander, was deposed by tlie iield-
officcrs and sent to Guatemala as a prisonei-/'* The
ronnnand then devolved upon Colonel Antonio Jose
I risarri. Arcc tried in vain to have l*erks reinstalled,
•ind his efforts in that direction only served to increase
the ill feeling, which grew so strong that on th ■ 14tli
of February, 1828, he turned over the exeeiitivi
office, though without a formal resignation, to Jjeltra
nena,"" who conferred the command of the federa!
army on Brigadier Manuel Arzi'i. This officer marclRi
at once aijainst the Salvadoians, rofusin'jf to listen tn
any overtures for negotiations iVom their eiiief, Mc-
riiio. The armies met at Ciialchua[)a on tiio 1st oi
}.[arch,and the lederal troops obtaincnl a victory, whicli
(Ii'ovc the foe back to San Salvadoi-.''' Arzu follower
and made an assault on that citv, in which both side>
U'ave proofs of extrat)rdinarv bravorv. The a:-sault
failed; at the end of six hours' liuhtinL!: the assailant>
had to retreat behind their intrenchments."- Fron:
this time San Salvador and San Mitxuel became tin
theatres of war. A series of encounters, none of sui"
"'The coinniissioucrs, ua agreed upon, were to meet at Jutiapa. Tliosc c:
the general government went there ami waited several clays; no Salvailoraii
appcMred.
'■'•' 'i'lic m.itiny took plaec at Xalpatagua on the 9th of Feb. j\ftirtire, K/vm..
-Q; Miin. llcv. i'ait. Am., 83-0. Aycineiia wrote his eousin Antonio, w,.
was in the theatre of war, tliat in order to hinder all peace arrantjemeni-.
lueasiired would he resorted to tiiat were unknown oven to Maehiavelli. 'Jin
mutiny aLMiiist I'erks was evidently one of these measures.
'"llo alleL;ed aa a reason the unwillingness of Salvador to enter into neu'ii-
tiatioii.s as lung as he remained at the head of aflaii-a. Arfv, Mem., Si-7. Tli''
real cause, however, was a resolution of the assembly of Guatemala demauii
ing his resignation, and ho was unablo to disregard it. Tliis course of thi
a.sscmbly wa:i alto;;ether illegal, but the timo for the expiation of Aree'a polit i
eal Bins liad arrived. Aeeording to his own statement, ho retired to his
plantations at Santa Ana.
''This was tho most bloody figlit of the war of 182G-9, and opened thi;
tiiird can.paign between Guatemala and Salvador. Maruir, Ej'em., '.II.
•■^Their supply of ammunition iiad been destroyed by fire, and their com
nmnder h;id received a serious contusion. This light has been sinee known
as the 'atut|Uodel viOrncs santo,' iiav.ng taken place on good-friihiy, .March
1'.', 182S. /./., 21.
:|.!
(JUATKMALA AND SALVADOli.
licicnt importance to bo loiii^thily clcscribod, lollowocl,
witli vMryiniJf succi'ss I'or cither sidc."^ The Salvador-
;ins liuviiiijf bcsicLjod the remnants of the federal army
under Colonel Manuel Montiifar, at Mejicanos, alter
ei<T^]it months conipelled them to surrender, on the
LlOth ot* September. Tlieir coninumdcr an<l general
stall' were held as prisoners of war."
The division of the federal army that occupied the
department of San ]\li<^uel, which had been defeated
I»y General Morazan at (Jualcho on the (Jth of July,
hein^" intercepted on its rc;treat toward the Ijcinpa,
laid down its arms, under honorable terms, at San
Antonio, on the 9th of October.'"''
'' April l.'Jtli, action of Quclepa, in which tlic Salvailorana woro dcfeatcil.
With lliiit victory, and aiiotlur at (jiiascoran on the 'J.'ith of the same iiiontli,
•,lio whole (Irpartincnt of Sau Miguel was linm^ht under hulijcctinn to the
r ■ilcral f;ovurninent. June l'2tl\, peace stipulations were signed at tiie house
1. 1' K.s(|uili( 1, Manuel F. ravoii actiu;,' for the federal government am. Matias
I lelu'ado for Salvador, liy wliieii the former was to l>o reco'^nized l>y liie ialter,
;i L'liieral diet wan to meet at Santa Ana, and a federal loree oeeupy San Sal-
v.idiir; liut the Salvailor /.'ovenuncnt refused to sanetion the arr:ui';eiueut,
.mil the war continued \xith more fury than ever. l>etads on tho;^e prelini-
luarirs are given in M(m. Ikv. (.'cut. Am., 100-1. .luly Otli, li.itlleof (iiiaielio,
i'W the haidis of the Lcnipa, in the departnionl of San Mi;^'uel, hetv.c i n llon-
.UuiUis and (Juatenialans. The latter, under Col. |)ouiin,L;ue/, hi'.lierto vic-
I iriiais. were utteilv ilefeated. Manor, Ki'vm., 'Jl-'2; Kl I.'sjin<lii I'idi., Jan.
I'-i, 18JI).
'■'Arzu had abandoned them to their fate. Monluj'itr, llexcru' Ili-l., i. IT-'d .
''■' .Uornzaii, A/)iiiitii>, ^IS.; Monti'ij'ar, Hfsifut li'»t., i. o;!— 1. 'Jliuseiid(d
<lisa.strously for the federal forces their third invasion of Salvador territory.
The actions of (Jualelio and San Antonio were the lirst in which thej^reat
t'eiitral American sohlier and statesuiau Francisco Morazau tigured as a j:eii-
iral. Morazan will stand in history in many respects as the liest. and in all as
the ahlcst, man that Central America had. Jle was born in llondiiraM in IT'.^l*,
his fatlier being a French Creole from the \V. I., and li's motherof Tegucigalpa,
m Honduias. His tducatioa Mas such as he could obtain in the e luntry at
tiiat time; but hi-) quickness o.' appreiieusion and thirst for knowledge soon
placed him far above his countrymen. Jle was of an im[ietuous tempera-
iiH lit, and pos.^essed at the same time great decision and iicrsevciance. Jlis
lieaiiiig was free and maidy, and hi.s manner frank and open. 'J liese (juali-
tii s ciHild not fail to and did secure him the love and respect of his fellow-
cit.i'ciis, giving him an inuueiise inllnence over them, lu IS'24 lie was already
"cciipyiug the position of secretary-general of llon<luras, and later was seiia-
tiir, and for a time acting jcfe of that state; but his temiieranieut !!ooii m;ide
iiiiii turn his attention to martial all'airs. He ever after was noted as a re-
imlilican of very liberal views. S'jiiicr.^ Tntrcl!<, ii. -lOO; JJitnlcii's Ci iil. Am.,
170-1; Antaltiiriiafja, Cent. Am., 17. 'J"ho writer of Mem. Jut: Cciil. Am.,
'.)'.', says that Morazan had been at one time a clerk in a notary's ollico at
('i)iiiayagua, where ho 'iiabia dado li conocer disposieionea muy fcliccs, pero
poco luuirosas, para la imitacion do letras 6 iirmas.' It has been said thai
.Morazan joined the party opposed to the existing federal government at tha
iusti;.'atiou of Pedro Molina. Uacela dc S. o'n/c , Oct. 3, Ibul. A portrait of
Morazan is given in MoiUuj'ar, JtrMciia Hint., i. 7-.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Tho condition of I'oderal aflairs was now far froui
cncourajxinir. It niav be that Arce, had he been
replaced, might have turned disaster; but his aj)[)H
cation liad met with a refusal, and he took no further
part in the political events of tho republic.*'^ After all
hostile forces had been either captured or expelled I'roiii
Salvador, Morazan made a triumphant entry into th(
state capital on the 23d of October, 1828." Shortly
before this a commission had come from Costa lliia
to mediate between Guatemala and Salvador, but the
latter demanded too much.*^ !Morazan's presence in
San Salvador greatly strengthened the warlike party,
and the idea of invading Guatemala gained favor froip.
day to day, till it was finally carried out. After peace
overtures had been rejected by the federal author-
ities, Morazan began his march toward Guatemala in
the latter end of November 1828.^ The news struck
terror into tho hearts of the now defenceless Guate-
malans, and no steps to meet the emergency could
be taken, owing to lack of order, official rivalries, an I
party intrigues. It was, as a saving measure, iinally
decided in the assembly to tlctach the state from the
federation, though it was never sanctioned or carried
out. To increase difficulties, a revolution broke on!
in the department of La Antigua, placing it under
the protection of j\Iorazan,''" who, at the head of about
2,000 men, assuming the title of 'ejercito aliado pro-
tector do la ley,' laid siege to the city of Guatcmal.i,
"•'It has been asserted that ho offcrcil his services to Salvador, and m:i^
slighted, M< 111. It'ci'. Cent. Am., 97-8, which iinds confirmation in Arces nu u
statement. Mem., i^S-'.h Squier has it that Arcc went to Mexico, Tmnl-!, ii.
402; hut tills seems to be a mistake, for he was in Guatemala in 18'_'9.
•" A few days i)reviously, on the 'JOtli, the assembly of Guatemala dccit > 1
a renewal of all the powers of tho state, with tho vain purpose of reniovi:i ;
one of the obstacles to tho termination of tho war. Marun, Ej'em., '22.
**l'rado and Morazan offered peace to the Guatemalans on condition fl :it
the federal government should be fully restored. El Exjiirilu Pub., i\ii.
14, 1829.
"•Ho established his general headquarters in Aliuachapan, whence rai i^
were constantly made into the enemy's territory.
'"This took place on the 22d of Jan., 1829. The sedition, though si uu
quelled, rather hastened the action of Morazan with his allied Salvador aiul
Honduras force.
i^pimtcs, MS..
^I'Suel Moraz
no'ii'L'3 promini
„ 'H>n the 15
JfoN/ii/ar, /}e.sf
., .' lliefederi
ti'c.r mayor-cer
Tlie fedcralslm
UisT. Cent.
SUCCESS OP WOItAZAX.
97
assailing it from the side of fl. n ■
"". 1.0 5th of February uj^ ^^'''^^, ^1^1 GoJfo,
'•>'fv fire.- This was fol.vod J'fh T. ^^ ^^^^^ ^
:f, t^'o garrison, which annThik ll Vf f^ ^^^^-^ «^"y
sKlcTabJo|x,rtionoftheirrvadin^^^^^^ at lALxco a con-
In consequence of fi.;l "° "^''"'y-''
f V^o of Guatemala ad T,'^^^^; ^^"^^n raised tlie
^^^Antigua. The success'rM^^'-^^^^J ^"'^ ^^'^^-^t
I'^'pcod by the federaTarLv r ''';^*^
;%^Ioct which had characteS if '''"• *^^" «^'"«
tlnougJiout the whole p.?. • ^^ operations almost
tala.n of the victc^y Ir o f^'"'^"' T ^^^'^^tage was
:\Ic.razan." A strnn',, • • ''''"'''''''^^ mih-tary error. nP
Early i„ Murcl. iloZZitl ""' •"""' ""^ '^'^^ttu^'
;:"<' when attacked sC it ft'" ''""''""piocl MKeo
:^f;^ "f the .e„i,e Par^Kt!^l«-- -^
<l'erc hodcsnatc Xl „ t ^^"' bes.eged i,i J^ Af!°° ^^^ 'I'Wtily made
^"■•ccs that Sr?Shtt* 'V^ ^-^'-^S Lotwcei'tt^ '^ '^'^™ ^o'lowed
fiuacauandIaja;2aJirV-?"^'''*4ainstitlrt£ I '*'"'■ ""'^ "lo few
look mauy SoLri^ i^'^^^ P"«°°e'-- MorSlnJf ^""^"'^ Socom.sco to La
fiooi-t's prom^enilv in f.^''^'?f.'''"'»n Kaoul, nj^!'! '^^'"o'». the name of San
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
I, ,v
Through the lucdiaiion of General Vervecr, minis-
ter from the Netherlands, an attempt was made to
brin;jf peace to the distracted country. Commissioners
representing the several belligerents assembled, on the
27th of March, at the house of Ballesteros, and dis-
cussed the propositions laid before them, which werci
rejected, and they then retired. Morazan, who was
anxious for a compromise, s[)ecially as he had good
reasons to apprehend the dissolution of his army by
the small-pox epidemic which had broken out, urged
Verveer to invite the commissioners to hold another
conference. It took pla e; and those of Salvador,
Honduras, and Nicaragua ]>resented four propositi(Mis,
which were likewise rejected by the federal and Gua-
temalan neirotiators.'^ Morazan had felt certain that
;i^/i
distrustctl by tho ecrviles. Arzi'i would iiot take the command, or was not
trusted on account of Uia ill success )u tlio tliiril invasion of Salvador. Mi>i';i'
zan had defeated Milla, Dominguez, Aycinena, Pachcco, and Prado. /(/.,
63-4.
" The representatives were, Arbcu for Vice-president Bcltranena, Pavon
for (Juateuiala, Espinosa for Salvador, and Morazan for Honduias and Nica-
ragua. 1'ho last propositions of Espinosa and Morazan were tho followiii;,',
namely: 1st. That a provisional government should bo formed in Guatenial:i,
comiwscd of tho chief of tho state Mariano Aycinena, Mariano Prado, ami
Morazan; '_M. That the two armies should bo reduced to 1,000 men, (iiiatr
malaiis and Salvadorans in equal parts; 3d. That tho provisional govcrmiu nt
should bo installed iu Pinula, and afterward enter Ciuatomala with tiiat foirc
to give it strength and preserve order in tho state; 4th. A general forgett'iii
ness of tiio past. Morazan, Apiiiifei, MS., 5, 1(5; MonU'iJ'ar, Jk'nfila Hist., i. (v.
It is claimed, on the other hand, that Morazan really wanted tiio federal viiv-
president and tho chief of the stato of (J uatcmala to throw ui> their ollicc-i,
tho legislative assembly and representative council to ccaso exercising tht ir
functions; and tiiat of 1820, sitting at La Antigua, and which had niado Ziii-
tcno chief, was also to dissolve; the supremo court of justice wast0 8toi»actiii.;.
Meantime, and until new elections took place, Morazan was to bo ciothid
■with executive, representative, and judicial powers. Under tho pretext of
restoring tho sway of law and constitutional order, a dictatorship, emanatin''
■from a war treaty, would have been created, whoso solo object was to rcwaicl
tho victor with an unlimited authority, Tiio commissioners of tho federal and
'Guatemalan governments refused to accede, and presented counter proposi-
■.tiona of a ditrerent nature, namely, to tho etrcct that tho existing high function-
airics should resign their powers, and a provisional government bo established,
with one rcprcsentativo from each stixte, to govern till new elections and tho
restoration of tho constitutional r(5gimc. Tiioro wero also propositions re-
specting the government of tho state of Guatemala. Full details in ili'ni.
Jicv. Cent. Am., 125-9, 2;U-G, which are widely difl'erent from those in Mum-
zan, Apxintes, MS., 10. Tho government of Mexico, at tho request of tliat of
Guatemala, tendered its mediation on the 20th of February, but it arri\ ed
too late, and there was nothing left for it to do but to tender tho hospitalities
of tho Mexican soil to tho ■victims of persecution. Tho full correspondeuoi' n
to bo found in Mix. , Mevi. Rel. , 1830, 2-3; also in Stiarez y Navarro, Hist, Mij. ,
FALL OF GUATEMALA CITY. H
those proposals would be accepted, and believed them
to bo exceedingly generous in view of the fact that
tlu! city could no longer hold out. However, hostil-
ities were resumed, and on the 9th of April the forces
under Morazan attacked the city, and a part of it was
taken and plundered.""
Aycinena applied on the 11th to Morazan, as
commander-in-chief of the allied army of Honduras
and Salvador, for a suspension of hostilities, in order
to negotiate a capitulation which he was disposed to
enter into. Morazan replied at once that he could
aj^Moe to nothing but the unconditional surrender of
the city, though offering to guarantee the lives and
property of all jiersons existing therein.'* The fight-
iivj; continued, and on the 12tli the place capitulated.
The occupation was effected on the following day,*'
and immediately Vice-president Beltranena and his
ministers of relations and treasury, Aycinena and his
secretary Pielago, and Ex-president Arce*^' were
407-lt; this authority claiina that Mexican mediation nti^ht have been finally
8U( crssful in rcatoriug peace but for the opposition of the now cliief of (itiiite-
inala.
'" A long account of the allcjicd outrages of Morazau's forces ap])cars in
J/cm. I've. Cent. Am., l.'l'.'-IJ. Marure, Ej'cin., 'J4, in referring to the capture
of ( I iiatuniala, makes no nicutiuu of any kucIi ubuscs.
'".Morazan'a answer was adilresseJ to (.Jen. Aycinena, not recognizing tho
latter as cliief of tiuateniala, Juan Ikirrunilia's term not having expired when
Arce ilcposcd him, in conscqueiico of which act Aycinena rose to that position.
The dissolved authorities of IS'JGwero now assembled in La Antigua, and .Mo-
ni/an held relations with them. Aycinena had changed his tone; he was no
lonycr tho man of tho manifestoes of 1827, of tho piosciiptivo decrees, nor of
tho stringent military orders of tho first months of 18-1). lie <lid not now
cali his opponents 'uu punado de cnemigos del 6rdeu, descamisados y I'ora-
jidiis.' Montufar, Iieaeua Hist., i. 7--5, 7'J-S(j,
''^Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 18, erroneously places tho surrender on the
-Oili. Tho termsof tho capitulation are given iu Arve, J/cm. , i)J!— I ; Moiilii/m;
]!(■■<< iia Hilt., i. 70-7. Only tho life and property of the inhabitants were
t;iiaranteed; the vanquished were iu all else subject to tho good-wUl of tho
victor. Jos6 Milla y Vidaurro, iu his biographical sketch of Manuel Francisco
Tavon, who figured iu these events, claims that the capitulation was con-
traiy to Aycincna's wishes, who was rcjidy to defend the place foot by foot.
Montufar, quoted above, denies the statement, adiling that it was advanced
Rulely to make the chief of the servilcs and head man of tho nobles appear as
a hiro, and refers to the correspondence, which will show Aycinena quite
unxiiuis to accept the guarantee of life and proncrty.
'"'According to Miguel Garcia Granados, wlio in later years was a liberal
leadir and acting president of Guatemala, Axce had remained unmolested at
iiiii house iu sight of the besiegers during the three days' attack. Jd., 103.
100
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
m
"I'/m''
:l;'*^l
hiUi
b-sil
placed under arrest."'' Morazan, nssuniing then all the
powers of state, restored Juan 13arrundia to the posi-
tion of jefe of Guatemala,''' whereof he had heeti
deprived l>y Arce. The capitulation of A})ril 1 2th
was on the 20th declared void, on the ground that
the federal commander had failed to comply with its
terms in not giving up all the anus his forces held at
the time of tlie surrender.*' Morazan treated the func-
tionaries, both federal and of the state of Guatemala,
who had taken part in the revolution of 182G to 1821),
with much rigor. ^*
A period of reaction, or restoration as it was prop-
erly called, was now inaugurated. During several
years the servile party had held undisputed control of
public affairs in Guatemala, crushing out all opposi-
tion to the best of its ability. Its policy had been
one of intolerance, and its downfall was hailed with
joy. Morazan seemed to have been chosen by provi-
" This was dono pursnant to orders from tho governments of the stutca.
So says ^lorazan himself, adding that the measure was iu consonance witli
his own views, to reduce the number of prisoners to a minimum, 'y tenia
tambicn per objcto poncr en absoluta incapacidad do obrar A los principalis
jefes ((uo habian Uovadola guorra d losEstados.' Apuntes, MS., lU-17.
'''' Ho touk cliurgo of the provisional government at the end of April, Ma-
riano Zentcno, who had held tho position ad int., was given a vote of thanks
for his patriotism and courage. Montufar, Hesena Hist., i. 127.
''Tho federal authorities alleged that their soldiers only had 4ol muskets,
and not 1,500, aa demanded from them. Mem, Rev. Cent. Am., 236-9. Mora-
zan says that soldiers were allowed to leave tho city with their arms, infring-
ing tho 4th clause of the capitulation, and he could £ ^t only evasive onswcrs.
Ajmntes, MS. ,17; Arce, Mt a. , 68-9, 08-103, from which tho conclusion will be
dr.'iwa that tho charges agi ast the federal party were not unfounded. Mon-
t^far, lieseila Hint., i. 100-* On this subject Morazan himself said: 'Nooiio
was put to death, or had r. ley exacted from him by me. Tho capitulatiua
n after being annulled. Duty gave way to niug-
mse to regret it. Not that there was no bloud
^h, and reparation to demand. Among many
were, calling for vengeance, generals Picrzon
hout even the form of a trial, the other taken
hich ho intended to return to Guayamiil, his
country, to be murdered in i,ae city of San Miguel. There were, liesides, tlio
bnmiug and plundering of the towns of Salvador and Honduras, which
demandeda just reparation.' Apuntes, MS., 10, 17.
^ Ho called them to the palace, and some of them mistaking the object of
the summons made their api>earance in full uniform. When all were assem-
bled they were taken to prison and kept in conGnement till July 9th, wheu
most of them were sent out of the country. Afarure, E/em., 24.
was faithfully carried out,
uanimity, and there was no
to avenge, grievance to pu
other victims sacrificed, tliei
and Merino, tho one shot, w
out of a Chilian vessel on
tli'llCC
><» cri
iis lie
tlH« hi
Til."
1^20,
with i
;i (ool
aclfd
j)arty.
act, \v
tivo oi
(lut-larii
cniistiti
(hitcd C
]Hl7 ail
tioiii.sts
those c
l't'<lcmti(
yiiihy ()
;.lty.«^
iit'^ty la
'jciielits :
li<»ii of tl
of tho cu
t'Diiiplical
thi' asseii
i'1,1,' that
^Tiiatema
of tho otl
[^f public
into betw
'"Marure,
■\mong i
was 1 1 no i.j re:
'iiLiito' before
of sessions. 1
il'^t; i. 129; .
' 'Son reos
^1 '•<•'', Mem., li
^ ''The text
G'tat., liecop. ,
\
I
MOIIAZAX'S MEASURES.
101
(l.iKv to inflict condign punishment on tlioao who had
>(• cruelly exercised a usurped power. Surrounded
jis lit' was by so many diverse elements, the severity of
tin- blows he dealt must not be all laid to his account.
TIk^ .state assembly, which had been dissolved in
ISJO, having again met on the 21st of April, 182!),**
with its old president, Nicohls E.spinosa, was practically
a tool in the hands of the victorious general, and en-
!i( led several vigorous laws against the vanfjuislicd
jiarty."' On the 4th of Juno the assembly [)assed an
act, which was sanctioned by the consojo reprosenta-
tivo on the I2th, and by Jefe Barrundia on the IHth,
(kclaring null nil elections madi; pursuant to the un-
ci institutional decree of the president of the republic
(hilcd October 31, 182G, and the subsequent ones of
1S:27 and 1828. It furthermore stamped as revolu-
tionists and usurpers all per.sons who by virtue of
those decrees had obtainetl and held olKce of the
fcileration or the state of Guatemala, and as such
j^uihy •»!' high treason, and amenable to the death pen-
alty.'*^ On the same day was issued a so-called am-
iu'>ty law; but the number of exemi)tions from its
bcnelits made its name a piece of irony. *"" The posi-
tion of the prisoners taken in Guatemala at the time
of the capture of said city, and others, became a njorc
coni[)licated one, in consequence of a decree passed by
tlio assembly of Salvador on the 9th of June, declar-
ing that it would not recognize in the assembly of
Guatemala any authority to grant, without the assent
of the other states, amnesty to the factious disturoers
of public order; and that the capitulation entered
into between Morazan and Aycinena having been an-
"'Manire,E/i'7n., 24.
■Among its acts was one recognizing the services of Morazan, to whom
waa ihio ». j reinstallation. IIo was voted a gold medal, with the word 'bene
iiiirito' before his name. A full-length portrait was ordered placeil in the hall
of sessions. Tho decree, however, was never carried out. Moutiij'ar, Jlcsiila
Jlist., i. 129; Marure, n/cm., 25.
'"Son reus do ulta traicion, y como talcs, acrcedorca a la pcna capital.'
Ani; Mem., 108; Mem. /.Vo. Cent. Am., lol; Montufar, IhseTia Jlid.,i. i:iO.
•^'Tho text is given in full in Id., IS!--!; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 2o3-7;
Gmi., liecop. Leyes, i. 2J4-0.
102
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
'I !l
li^i
nulled, the captives were really prisoners of war of the
allied states.^ A number of the prisoners were, how-
ever, permitted to go into exile within fifteen days,
paying first the expenses of their support while in
prison, and one third of the value of their estates"
into the federal treasury, as indemnification for the
damages they had inflicted on the country. That
privilege was not granted to the president and vice-
president and their ministers, the former chief of Gua-
temala, and others. In fact, it was a proscription of
all the principal men who had sided with the servile
party.^- It was also decreed that all salaries paid
from October 1826 to April 1829 should be refunded.
Harsh measures were used to force a compliance.
The federal congress that was dismissed in October
1826 assembled on the 22d of June/'^ under the pres-
idency of Doroteo Vasconcelos, arid on the 25th Josd
Francisco Barrundia "* assumed the ofl^ice of president
of the republic, he being the senior senator, and
having been specially called thereto by the congress,
though the real power in the country was Morazan.
The chief point of discussion in congress"'^ was, what
to do with the prisoners. Some members favored
i !
'2
*" ' Y por lo mismo sujctos & la jurisdiccion militar de lo3 mismos Estados.'
Montufar, Reseiia Hist, i. 134-5.
" Crowe, Oospel Cent. Am., 131, erroneously asserts that all their property
was confiscated.
"^Arce addressed to Morazan a most virulent protest. He afterward
boasted that he had bearded the tyrant. The very fact that he dared to send
such a document, and did not lose his head, proves that Morazan was not
a tyrant. Arce, Mem., 113-14. Antonio Jos6 Irisarri, Manuel and Juan Mon-
tufar, protested before the assembly and government of Salvador, before tlio
assemblies of all the states of the union, before Gen. Morazan, before all the
republics of America, and before all the free people of the world. The doc-
ument was drawn up by Irisarri, who was not a soldier, though a colonel of
militia; the language was pure and elegant, but it was virulent and full of
sophistry. Irisarri also in several publications boasted of his courage in
having sent such a document. He must have known that it would not ha\ u
any ctlFect on Morazan. The latter was a generous man. The effect wouM
have been diderent on Rafael Carrera, whom the serviles at a later period
made their master, as well as of the whole country. MoiUiifar, Reseiia Jlisi.,
i. 135-6.
"' Marure has it in E/em., 25; Montiifar, RpseHa Hist., i. 137-9.
•*Pi .trait in MontiiJ'ar, Reseiia Hist., i. 138.
•*The senate, dissolved in 182C, waa reinstalled July 9th. Marure, Ej'em.,
25.
EXPULSION OF FRIARS.
103
their execution, and though others disapproved of
such a disposal of them, none had sufficient courage
to openly condemn such vindictiveness. The discus-
sions continued till July 9th, when a number of the
prisoners were sent under an escort to Sonsonate, to
be embarked at Acajutla and expatriated."* Two days
later a similar blow was struck at the church, cvi-
liently because of the sympathy of its head men with
the servile party."' During the night between the
10th and 11th of July, an armed force, acting under
orders of Morazan, who issued them in accordance
with the views of the acting president and the jefe of
Guatemala, seized the archbishop and the friars of
several orders, and despatched them to the Atlantic
coast, where they were embarked for Habana. Sev-
eral of the friars arc represented to have died on the
vovajje.
*^ Whether there was sufficient cause for so
•''Arce, Mem., 122-3, and Mem. Bev. Cent. Am., 167-9, assert that tliey
were not even allowed to make preparations for the journey, and many liad
furthermore to start on foot. The decree of expatriation was not, liowever,
issued till August 22d, and Josi5 del Vallc is said to have been it.s author. The
ptrsons thus exiled for life were Arce and Beltrancna, and their ministers,
Aycincna and Lis secretaries, Cascaras, Villar, and otlier higli military offi-
cers, Spaniards not naturalized that served the usurping governments, and
many other prominent officers. Others were expatriated lor various terms of
years. Moiitii/ar, Ilescua JIi4.,i. i\l-^0; Marure, E/em., '2ij. Arceaml Ayci-
ncna left Guatemala on the 7th of kScpt, They were required to reside in th«
U. S. of Am. ; embarked at Omoa for Belize, and thence went to New Orleans.
*' Dunlop, Cent, Am., 177, and fcquier, Travels, ii. 40S, speak of plota
against the republic as tl- reason, but it was probably what the liberal
[/iirty alleged.
•= This step waa subsequently approved by the federal congress. Murtire,
Lfem., 2o; Rocha, C6d\go Nic, ii. 373. The friars sent away were tlie iJo-
Tiinicans, Franciscans, and Recollects. Those of tlie order of .Mercy were not
L'auished; they were but few, and had not been active against the lilx;ral
caube. The liethlehemitc hospitallers, who devoted tlieir time to teacliina
and to the care of convalescents, were also allowed to remain. The author oi
Mfrn. liev. Cent. Am., 170, says that the exiled priests were on the passage
^•ilely treated, for they were allowed only sailers* rations. Montiifar con-
I'csses that it is not likely that the '28'J friars had the succulent viands that
Were usually prepared for them in their convents, nor the dainty dishes tliey
were 80 often favored with from the nuns, bcatas, and all the daughters of
ronfcssion. As for the archbishop, ho journeyed with every comfort. Juan
B. Astnrias, who made the inventory of his property, reported on Slst of Dec,
1S20, that §218 had been paid for a coddled mule to take the archbishop to
the coast; he was allowed |2,000 for the expenses of his journey, and $1,008 50
Were given to the pages for conveying him and his efTects. A person iiaving
all tiiat cannot be said to be unprovided with edibles. Saint Peter would not
have needed so much, lieseiic, JJist,, i, 156-7.
1 . .
104
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
violent, a prococding is doubtful. However, the fed-
eral congress thanked the executive for his zeal. The
sentence of expatriation against the archbishop was
not formally issued till about a year after."' On the
28th of July the assembly of Guatemala decreed the
suppression of all monastic establishments of men, ex-
cepting oidy the Bcthlehemite hospitallers, who were
allowed to remain as secular priests, and prohibited
in the nunneries vows and professions in the future.
All the temporalities of the suppressed convents were
declared confiscated to the state. The federal congress
approved this act on the 7th of September, declaring
that the nation would no loncfer receive or recognize
within its territory any religious orders.^™
Peace being linally restored, the large army of
!Morazan was gradually dissolved, and the leader be-
came a candidate for the presidency. The necessity
of an energetic man, such as Morazan was, at the
head of affairs, was quite apparent, for now difficulties
Mere threatening from different quarters. Costa Hica,
disapproving the course of Salvador, declared her se-
cession from the union, and it was only after much
persuasion that she retracted it. The federal gov-
eriunent, and that of the state of Guatemala, now in
charge of Pedro Molina,^"^ clashed on several occa-
sions, and speciall}' when, in 1830, the question of
!);-1:-
^' In Jane 18.^0 ho was doclareil a traitor. It lias been s.'.iil that it vas
because he accepted a pension of §.3,000 from ti;e Spanish govcrnnunt at Ila-
bana. Archbishoj) Casaus was later appointed to administer the vacant see
of ihil)nna, and held tli(! oflico till his death. The above-mentioned law wns
revoked l)y the constituent assembly on the 'Jlst of June, 1839, and Casaus
was ii'stored to all his former rights, and recognized as legitimate archbishop.
lie was repeatedly invited to return, but never would ilo so. Giuit., liecup.
Lfijr^, i. '24-J-3.
""This declaration was subsequently confirmed by all the states. At a
later time — Feb. 'J7, IS,"}-! — a further step was taken to consummate tlie sup-
pression of monastic establishments, ordaining that the authorities sliould not
retaiii the nuns refusing to reside in the convents where they proiVsscd.
These measures continued in force till June '21, 18;'0, when tlio second con-
Btituent assembly of (Juatcmala repealed them, decreeing, consequently, tin'
rcestablisliinent of the suppressed convents. Mariire, Ejhn., i!.').
'"'Ilo iiad been lieelared elected on the 'J'id of Aug., 1829. Antonio I!i-
vera Caliczas had been chosen viee-jefe. Mtmli[/'ar, AVcwa //^^^, i. 17-'-^,
giving also a portrait of Molina.
SPANISH EFFORTS.
lOS
constituting Guatemala city as a federal district again
came upon the tapis. The state rejected the plan, as
on every previous occasion.^"^ A project of Molina
to reform the confederation met with the same fate.
He favored the model of the Swiss republic at that
time, abolishing the expensive machinery of a federal
government, which was almost continually at variance
wilh the different states.'"' The fiiilure of this scheme
l)r()un"ht with it the downfall of Molina, who was
afterward suspended on fictitious charges and tried,
and though acquitted, was not reinstated.^"*
The plan (^f King Fernando VII. of Spain for the
ret'onquest of his former American dominions, and the
sttps he was taking to aceon>plish it, naturally caused
a sensation in Central America, where that monarch
would be sure to find elements favorable to his views.
Tlie so-called nobles, who had endeavored, after the
downfall of Iturbide and the separation from ISIexico,
to establish in Central America an aristocratic repub-
lic, such as that of Genoa or Venice, liad been again
balked in their aims by the successes of Morazan. In
tluir disappointment they turned their eyes to Fer-
nando, and through special agents, as well as through
Ar<;hbishop Casaus, made known to the captain-gen-
eral of Cuba that the circumstances Central America
was then in were most pi'opitious for the restoration
of the royal sway; for, as thoy asserted, all honest,
ri.;ht-thinking men and women in the country yearned
f(ir it, and the Indians were likewise anxious for the
change. Therefore, the only opposition thereto lay in
'^'-Ikcause the number of Guatcmiilan reprcscutativca in the frtU'ral cun-
gR-^s woukl bo gicutly ilccrcused. Moreover, several of the licst luiMio
hnililiiigs in the city would become imtiuiial property. Mem. Hrv. d nt. Am.,
"''I5y his plan a congrcsa representing the entire union was to wield tlio
c\( nitivo powers in foi'ei;^u aflaira. The sehenic fell throui;li, owing to tlio
litilc interest shown by the states, and to tlie powerful opposition ot j)erson8
Imliiiiijr or aspiriuy to federal ollicrs, among the most prominent being Mora*
z;ui Mem. Jiev. Vent. Am., 20I-.3, dwells extensively and coninicnts oh the
BUljji'ot.
"*Full particulars in Monti'ifar, licsena /list., i. 205-17.
ine
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
iii-iii
the comparatively small number of aspirants to pub-
lic offices, who made revolution in order to control
the public funds for their own benefit. Such reports
were full of encouragement for the Spaniards who
were intriguing in behalf of Fernando's interests,
which were probably also their own.
Positive information was at last received from a
reliable source that Spain was preparing, in Habana,
an expedition to land at Omoa and march on Guate-
mala, where it expected to find the requisite coopera-
tion.*"^ This report coincided with the departure of
the Spanish expedition under Brigadier Barradas to
Tampico.*"^ President Barrundia, on the 3d of Sep-
tember, 1829, issued a stirring address; and the con-
gress, in October and November, with the sanction of
the executive, passed an act forbidding Spaniards to
enter or land in Central American territory under any
pretext. The ports of the republic were closed to the
Spanish flag, and to the products and manufactures of
Spain, her colonies, and dependencies.
There were not a few Spaniards who, together with
the self-styled nobles of native birth, desired to see
the flag of the old country waving again over Central
America. That anxiously wished for day had become
almost the only subject of conversation in their circles,
of which the assembly of Guatemala took due warn-
ing. In November it declared the sequestration of
all property belonging to Spaniards who dwelt in the
republic, coupled with the assurance that none shoulil
be restored till Spain had formally recognized tliu
independence of Central America.^"'^
'"'Tliis report came from Gen. Mariano Mautilla, commanding the Colom-
bian district of the Magdalena, dated Jan. 8, 1820, and addressed to the jif'!
of Nicaragua. It was a long time in getting to Guatemala, and the govuiu
iiient au(f Gen. Morazan at once made preparations for the defence of tlia
coa^t.
"»Sce my Hist. Mex., v. 72-6.
"" Under this decree some of the Spanish property was soUl; but after ii
•while, upon the receipt of favorable news from Mixico, and when tiioro v;n
a quasi certainty that Spain would not again make such attempts ua tliit
against Tampico, the law waa revoked. But property already sold was <!'•
olared to be legally disposed of, adding that the former owners should not bo
WORKS OF MONTCFAR AND ARCE.
107
iiidomnified therefor till Spain had recognized Central American independence.
Tlio texts of both the federal and Guatemalan decreea may be seen in Monti-
jar, lieseiVi Hist., i. 182-7.
Memorian para la Hiatcria de la lirvolucion de Centra America. Por «n
GuatemcUteco. JaUpa, 1832. 16mo, 257 pp. The authorship of these me-
moira was attributed by well-infonnod men, namely, Morazan, ex-president
uf Central America, and the distinguished statesman and diplomate of that
country, Lorenzo Montdfar, to Manuel Monttifar, who had been chief of staff
of the first president of the republic, Manuel Jos<S Arce. The work begins
with the geography and political and ecclesiastical divisions of the country,
accompanied with data on each of the states and territories; namely, Costa
Rica, Nicaragua, Poyais, Honduras, Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, to-
gether with some remarks on mining and other industries, military defences,
and financial condition. The political portion, as the author himself acknowl-
edges, is loosely put together, and lacks many necessary details, whicli he
nttril)Utes to absence from home wlien the first sheets went to the press,
lie claims, however, to have impartially and correctly narrated the events
of Cent. Am. history from 1820 to 1820. This to some extent is true; never-
theless there crops out in places class-bias, particularly in describing the
events from 1826 to 1829, by the ideas which prevailed in the modcrado,
otherwise called servile, party, in which he was affiliated and serving, and for
wlioi^e acts he, like many others, was driven into exile after the defeat of that
party on the field of battle.
Manuel Jos4 Arce, Mtmoria de la Conducta P^blica y Administratira de
. . . durante el periodo de su preaidencia. Mex. , 1830. 8vo, p. 140 and C?. This
work purports to bo a defence of his administration by the first president of
the republic of Central America, against what he calls the Blunders heaped
uj)on his name by those who rebelled against the government and the nation,
with documents Dearing on the revolts, the whole having been prepared svhilo
the author was in exile. The book is a disconnected, disjointed patchwork,
incomplete in its various records of events, and indicates, as does Arcu's ca-
reer, a weak character. A number of meaningless and inapt quotations from
the old classics and from law-books help to confuse the narrative still more.
;ral
CHAPTER VI.
as
<Si
CIVIL WAR.
1829-1838.
Revolution in Honduras — CoNSEttVAirvEa Invade the State — Second
General Elections — Francisco Morazan Chosen President —
Plots of the Seuviles — Arce's Invasion from Mexico— Occupation
of Honduras Ports by Exiled Rebels— Spanish Flag Hoisted in
Omoa, and Aid from Cuba — Salvadoran Authorities in Rchicllicn
— Third General Elections — Morazan Reelected — Failure of
Colonization Plans— Ravages of Cholera — Indian Revolt under
Carrera— His Earlt Life.
V
It is difficult for us to realize how long it takes and
how hard it is for progressive man to throw away the
fetters, temporal and spiritual, which in tinaes past he
stupidly forged for himself. Intellectual I'ght break-
ing ill on our old savagism finally tells us that the
hurtful manifestations of nature are not the chastise-
ments of offended deity; and then we wonder how
we could have been so stupid so long, with our pope-
worship and king- worship, and our servility to their
satellites. Then when we first gain our liberty we
know not what to do with it. We feel lost without
the harness, the reins, the whip and spur. The peo-
ple of Central America, high or low, knew little at
this juncture of self-government. In times past they
had observed that I'ulership consisted largely of per-
sonal wrangliiigs for ])lace, from king and pope down
to the lowest aspirant; of wars, political and ecclesi-
astical, brother against brother, priests and people
butchering and burning as if the great object of reh-
gion and civilization was to preserve upon this earth
(108)
TROUBLES IN HONDURAS.
109
as long as possible the boll whicli \vc all hope in one
way or another to escape hereafter.
Note further in regard to Central America the
strange union of widely distinct classes in their efforts
to sacrifice the country for self. Though from some-
what different motives, we see join hands the highest
and the lowest, a self-styled aristocracy and the igno-
rant rabble, aided by the priests who would not see
their power slip from them in the general overturn-
iiigs, all spending their energies and blood in the
direction of utter destruction for themselves, their
families, and their country. Fortunately there were
others at hand whose ideas of self-government were
different; who earnestly desired that this new plant
of liberty — a boon which had so unexpectedly dropped
down to them from heaven — should have in their
midst a healthy growth, in spite of ignorance, ambi-
tion, or superstition.
The legislative assembly of Honduras, pursuant to
the prescriptive law enacted by the federal congress
in August 1829, issued a decree of expulsion, and the
government of the state transmitted to Guatemala a
li,st of those who had come within its provisions.^
Some exiles from Honduras and other states of Cen-
tral America went to Belize to carry on their plots
from that quarter, and soon caused a sedition in the
department of Olancho. The vice-jefe, Vijil, used
his best endeavors to bring the seditious to terms
peaceably, but failed. ** It became necessary then to
resort to force, and Lieutenant-colonel Torrelonge was
authorized to move his troops from Trujillo against
Olancho. The state of Guatemala was also requested
' Most of them had been agents of Milln, and contributed to tho over-
throw of tho Btate government. A number luul moved to Guatemala, Salva-
dor, and elsewhere. The most prominent in the list were tiio ex-provisor,
Nicoliis Idas, and Pedro Arriaea. The latter was sent out of the countr}'
from the port of Omoa. Ho had been Milla's chief a^cut and adviser, and
brouglit about the destruction by firo of Comayagua, his native place. This
will account for bis hostility in after years to liberals, and for his active co<>p-
eration with the despots of Guatemala. Monttifar, lieseila Hist., i. 190.
'The pretext for the movement was to resist a moderate tax established
by tho legislature; the real object was to bring on a reaction.
110
CIVIL WAR.
to send its force stationed in Chiquimula to Gracias,
for the purpose of aiding in the preservation of order.
The assembly of Guatemala, on the 24th of Novem-
ber, 1829, directed that 500 men, subject to the orders
of the chief of the state, should repair at once to
Honduras and quell the insurrection. The wording
of the decree caused a disagreement between the
president of the republic and Jcfe Molina. The lat-
ter insisted that the 500 men to be sent to Honduras
.should be under his orders. President Earrundiji
SU.Cnii
Honduras.
could not accede to it, because the command of a mil-
itary force operating out of the state belonged by \ii\\
to the federal government,' and through his miniHtci
of war, Nicolils Espinosa, applied to the Guatemalan
legislature for a change in the decree. Espinosa'.^
coumiunication caused much sensation, and the assciii
'The friendship existing between Barrundia and Molina, from tlm earliest
period of their political life, previous to the independenCv;, became weak-
cucil, threatening a disruption of the liberal party. The disagreement \v:ii
increased by Molina's opposition to the federal government remaining i:i
Guatemala.
i:^'^
REVOLT AND ELECTION.
Ill
bly repealed the act of November 24th, and in Its
stead provided that the money needed to muster in
and equip 500 men should be furnished the general
< government out of the state treasury.
Morazan, jefe of Honduras, and general-in-cliiof of
the Central American forces, had marched with a di-
^ ision upon the departments of Olancho and Opotcca,
and to him were despatched the troops newly raised in
(luatemala. Colonel Vicente Doniingucz was one of
the chief promoters of the revolution of Honduras.*
^NEorazan's military reputation made easy his road to
victory. Ho encountered no great difficulties. Tlic
year 1830 was inaugurated with new triumphs. Tlie
Olancho rebels surrendered to liiui at Las Vueltas del
Ocote, and on the 21st of January solemnly bound
themselves to recognize and obey the government.*
!Morazan next, on the 19th of February, routecl the
insurrectionists of Opoteca.^ Morazan, after pael.'ying
Honduras, intended marching into Nicaragua, if po-
litical measures should prove insufficient to establish
regularity there. Ho first despatched Dionisio Hcr-
rera to the seat of Nicaraguan differences, who ful-
lillcd his trust with zeal, and Morazan had no need of
going to the state. Horrera had been chosen jefe, and
was duly inducted in his office on the 12th of May.
The time for renewing the supreme federal authorit}'"
having arrived, elections were hold throughout the
republic. Congress ojiened its session with due so-
lemnity on the 27th of March, 1830. The supreme
court of justice was likewise installed.^ The elec-
tion of president of the republic had been also made,
* Tlio samo who niadc the revolt of Xalpatagua, murdered Gen. Merino at
Sail Miguel, and was defeated at Gualcho.
'' Mar lire, Lj'em., 26.
* Forty-one of them, including the clergyman Antonio Rivas, were sen-
tenccd to military duty in the castle of San Felipe for live years. Fatlier
Kivas, after serving out his term, said that ho was an innocent victim and %
Tn:i> tyr of religion, and prayed ujiou the liberals all the maledicliuua of the
lUSth psalm. MoHlUfar,lieseila lliM.,\. 100.
'Cuinposed of tho citizens Niuokls Espiuoso, Josd Antonio Larrave, Ma-
iiuilJosiS do la Ccrda, and Jacobo Ilosa. ...
US
CIVIL WAR.
t'r
M:
I:' •}'■]•.:.
Morazan, Jos6 Francisco Barrundia, Josd del Valle,
Antonio Rivera Cabezas, and Pedro Molina obtained
votes ; but by far the largest number of them had been
polled for Morazan and Valle.^
The votes were counted in June. Morazan had
the largest number; but in order to ascertain if tlio
election had been legal, it was necessary first to de-
clare if the basis was to be the number of votes which
the citizens of the republic had the right to poll, or
that of the votes actually given and counted. If the
former, there had been no popular election, and congress
had to decide the point between Morazan and Valle;
in the latter case, Morazan had been popularly elected.''
The congress consisted for the most part of friends
of Morazan, and he was declared president. He made
a triumphal entry into Guatemala on the 14th of Sep-
tember, and should have been inaugurated on the 15th;
but it was decided that Barrundia should turn over
to him the executive office on the IGth, in the midst
of the festivities of national independence. This was
done by Barrundia with that republican simplicity
which had ever characterized the man. All the states
sent their congratulations to Morazan, and to Bar-
rundia for the good judgment and success of his ad-
ministration.'" Mariano Prado, the distinguished
• Barrundia did not want the position, and did not work for it. He wished
Morazan to bo elected. Morazan had in hia favor the prestige of a victorious
general. Ho was somewhat in the position of Bonaparte when he returned
from Egypt. Valle was recognized to be the best intormed man of Central
America; none could compete with him in literary or scientitic attainments.
In politics he was always an opponent of the aristocracy, who execrated his
memory, and even impudently pretended to deny his literary merits. But
we have seen elsewhere that he was not, liko Barrundia, an uncompromisiii<;
opponent of all governments not based on democracy and republicanism. He
compromised with the Mexican empire, was a deputy to the imperial congress,
where he made a brilliant record, and became a minister of the emperor, who
sent iiim to prison when he dissolved the congress. After the emperor's over-
throw, Valle maintained that the provinces of Central America were free to
act their own pleasure. Ho was a popular man, but Morazan's victorious
sword eclipsed all else just then. Id., 208.
•It was the same question that occurred in 1825 between Arce and Valle.
The congress at that time, in order to exclude Valle, decided in favor of tlie
former. Valle published pamphlets in favor of the latter principle, and tlio
congress of 1830 acted upon his arguments.
"> Among the warmest were those of the legislature of Guatemala. The
apokesman for the committee presenting them was Alejandro Manire.
W:
MORAZAX PKESIDEXT.
citizen of Salvador who j; i , *^
i'l-'^n'^ancl small g nt , , l"; T^^ «'^' '«'■ i-
■-li-.."ocs. and the islam t,'""?'' T"*»"'^ ''-■"o,,.
I^'i; I'ccomo president. '""'<•'<' "''«•• M"raza„
A^nculture and tratt :'''';' ""''"""' ""l"«t
""to be continued io„>C tt'T'""' "^"^ ''' "'^'^
•■t lo was let loose a.^ain " Th ''.""" "^ Political
;;- ™ted had not rema ned I^^u^'K^^^'^y'^""^
«l a pkt for the destru t "m f „ rl '*^' " I"^"
"1 ram.&ations everywh re A " ''''"''''>'' "'"«''
" e republic from Mevi„, Vi V"" "''« to invaile
"""Suez was to occUDv }r "='' Sooon.iseo. D
t-iizmaT, seized the fort at O.^, -^?,?"'""o. Ran,,,,,
Arce eifected his invasion .v^? "'"' -°° "og'-oes -
;!"■' discontented cIS a '' "''""t 100 .aenroKil.:,!
f «1 at Eseuintlade «-"""■■'''"''" "'"' "•^*' -
■ebruary 1832, b/the fo!~"'' «'' '''^ 24th ,V
He. succeeded in escapiniwith ,f ^"""""^ P"'»ul.
«•■""■" Guzman. bein"lnn l'"^' ,'""" "'*" Mexico
S-m-nment troops u.Kfer Son fr ■•"; "'""^ ''•V "'o
tfTl'^^^g over the for ', af''^''^^. hoi.tcl
rur^ iv '^'^J* ^'onimon course ttMfi. , '"^
''i»m„-.»„, « J„„; „"' Nov., «Ubo«l 1 1 P. a.
114
CIVIL WAR.
m m
liiraself and those with him as subjects of tho Spanish
king. But tho vessel was captured on her return
with supplies, and the rebel garrison surrendered on
the 12tti of September, after a siege of five months.*'^
Almost at the same time that Omoa was seized by
tho rebels, the port of Trujillo was occupied by Vicente
Dominguex, who had in his company Pedro (Inn-
zalez." Tlie Central Americans had two armed
schooners at Izabal, besides two national vessels
under Terrelongc, and an armed schooner at Belizi\
Duplessis, a Frenchman, commanding tlie national
vessel FSnix, was captured by Dominguez, taken to
Omoa, and shot in the plaza.^^
Dominguez' vanguard reached Yoro on the 7t]i of
March, 1832, and was defeated at Tercales on the Dth,
and again at Olanchito. He fled to Trujillo, leaving
behind 200 muskets, other arms, some money, and
other things." He then transferred himself to Omoa,
and with GOO men, on the 26th of March, attacked
the government troops at Jaitique, being defeated.
He was again routed at Opoteca, pursued in ;il!
directions, captured, and taken to Comayagua, where
he was put to death on the 14th of September.^' The
rebel plot thus defeated was a formidable one. Arcii-
bishop Casaus I'rom Habana moved his clergy. Bishoj)
Fray Luis Garcia of Chiapas favored Ex-president
Aree, whose friends confidently asserted that he also
,!,;,!n,.
'' '* The national armed schooner i<tw'm?« to. li the Ejecutivo. The Spanisli
flags that waved over the fort and tho la' fer vessel wore dragged througli thi^
Btrceta of Guatemala, tied to the tailj rf ' orses, on tho day of t!io national
anniversary. Ramon Guzman was executed at Omoa on tho 13th of Sept., I'V
order of Col Agustin Guzman, who commanded, Terrelongc being bedriddi ii
by a serious illness. Montufar, Ilesena Hist., i. 377-81; Mariire, Efcin., 29.
'*A man who, though amenable to cxiie under tho law of expulsion, had
been pardoned at his repeated supplications.
•' Duplessis died like a hero. Hia execution was a murder, similar to that
of Gen. Merino. Both instances served as an example of what the liberals
might expect if tho serviles got tho upper hand again.
'^Among them were a number of rosaries and prayers to the virgin of
Guadalupe, supposed to possess the power of benumbing the enemy in tliu
light.
*»Ho is said not to have shown at the hour of his execution that courage
which was manifested by his victims at tho scaflf )ld.
H0W,DIU3 AND SAIVADOB.
iiad tho support of tho Mr, ■ "'
plans wero also in coml,;,,?/;?" S.»™rnment.» Arco's
<lor, Joad Maria Con.c r^S'^Vi^MI''^ ^^'''^ "^ ^al™!
not admit that tliov I,;,! , ^ '*"'='' Party «„uU
Finciples wcroant?uatli tdV''"V'klJ. tilt t , Jr
hoy still believed tlat 1 rl"!;: ""S"""' '» «"> people^
'*.,b"t r.^ht and natural '""°" "'"' '"" ""^Y Pcssi-
.'" Sf C. '"fc't::' S'"fr e Of the peaee
'" February 1831 inrJ .,'^^f "^^^^y had boon instilbvJ
f^-t. 'oSctLr wik^^o^, '- *-*ncies "f 't^ nie^S
.^c.mWy of the Tatter state rhv/ ,^"^\^,^^'"^ia- Tho as-
,<^ongratuIatincr the Sii voW ^"^^''''^ *'^^ executive in
J^jtion, to renrind it o 7h;:;'^'^^^"3Wy "pon its i ^ta^
^>f "phoJding libera] 4?"^""'^ ^' ^— ^ -td
<l-n.bed, reaeht" gSS 1 H°»d"a3, alroa.ly
establish his hoadcfuarter ''i''' ^qT'"" <'<«'''d''d o
'onvcniont centre for future L*-^'"'^''''"'- »« » "lore
»"l' t!>o authorities of S^,S I""'' ^'^ "•<='ations
,^.., T "s ,„aa vas a senile a ll°7''"'"f"'^ ^"'•'-•cs. '^' "•""''"^J *''em-
'luhrectly; he iiad no? fr ^^''•°" '« the framinrrrM^ '"^^"° ^ecn saved
' f .tlio state where theTPn-^i ''^ P'^^® of abode and w?.." "° P'-esident of
ol'jootof that state's benPvnt^.°r™"'^°fc liad ita seat of?'^' the mercy
i'l-gft of all the assLltf « ^"* 'hospitality. On tho nf^ V^^'f' ^° ^^"^s tlio
f'at state. It wag Zi, P''°'»9ted &y the spirit of 1.. , •' ^^^'^' ''^ ""^^ to
t
TJ,
!i. '
!:!■:.;
ii">:ii<;>'i
IIG
CIVIL WAR.
harmonious; neither could they be harmonious under
the circumstances. Mariano Galvez, jcfc of Guate-
mala,'^^ desiring to avoid conflicts, despatched Colonel
Nicolds Espinosa with letters to Cornejo, advisiiiir
him that his agent was instructed to use his best
offices to settle the differences between him and IMo-
razan. Espinosa, when near Atiquizaya, heard that
orders for his arrest had been issued, and therefore
went back. Galvez became justly indignant at the
conduct of Cornejo's agents.
The president of the republic started from Guate-
mala on the 29th of December, 1831, accompanied by
his ministers, and journeyed toward San Salvador
without any military force other than his body-guard :
consequently Cornejo had no cause to apprehend any
sudden blow at his authoritv.'* Nevertheless, on tlic
Gth of January, 1832, Cornejo broke out in open rc-
l)cl]ion, commanding the national executive, then at
Santa Ana, to quit the state forthwith or he would
1)0 driven away. Morazan, having no means of resist-
ance, obeyed. This insult to the republic was i'ol-
lowcd next day, January 7, 1832, by an act declaring
the suspension of the federal compact and the seces-
sion of the state of Salvador. Congress then em-
powered the executive to repel invasions. The jefe
of Guatemala admitted the obligation of his state to
aid the general government with all its means.^'' The
assembly of Nicaragua, backed by the jefo Dionisio
Herrera, who was a stanch friend and supporter of
jNIorazan, passed an act disallowing the legitimacy of
" Galvez' record is not clean in the eyes of many liberals. Ho had be-
longed to tho imperial party, and had been leagued with the aristocracy. lie
was a patriot, it is true, but his j)atria was Guatemala; his patriotism did nut
embi-aco all Central America, yuch is tho opinion given of him, with his
portrait, by Montiifar, in lleseiln Jlist., i. 296.
^' Besides, Cornejo had oi&ciall;' said that Morazan had neither suppor'ccrs
nor prestige in Salvador.
"•• Galvez liad wanted arrangements made to repel invaders, but leaving
Cornejo, thougli ho disliked his indiscreet acts, in his position. Morazan
was, on tho contrary, impressed with the idea that Comejo's deposal was a
necessity.
SALVADOR SECEDES.
117
the Salvador authorities and their acts, and providing
means to support the federal government.*'
Costa Kica, througli her minister of state, Joaquin
Bernardo Calvo, in a note from San Josd of ^larch 3,
1832, to the government of Guatemala, signitiud Ler
readiness to support the laws, and with that end to
place at the disposal of the federal executive all the
aid in her power. A Guatemalan I'orcc was stationed
on the frontier of Salvador, first under Colonel Cilrlos
Salazar, and afterward under Colonel Juan Prom, a
distinguished officer of the campaign of 1S2'J. Even
now Galvez hoped to avert war, sending commis-
sioners to confer with Cornejo at Ahuachapan. The
latter received them, and appointed his own to C(jii-
tinue the conferences; but they were suddenly brought
to an end without results."^^ Further efforts on behalf
• if peace were useless; the contest had to be decided
bv war.*^
Morazan with a force of Salvador and Honduras
iiien marched from the river Lcmpa to Portillo. Cor-
licjo had GOO men in Jocoro of the de])artment of San
Miguel. The latter were signally defeated (ju the
14th of March, losing 500 men in killed, wounded,
and prisoners.^' This was scon followed by pronun-
ciamientos in several departments against Cornejo and
in favor of Morazan. The latter lost no f.ime in
marching upon San Salvador, which he took by
a.ssault on the 28th of March, notwithstanding the
^The act outlawed all persous wlio Laving been cxpcUe.i from Nicara-
guan territory ahould upliold the authorities of Salvador. Corrc?pc>nilcnce
vith the enemies of the country, or any expression, verbal or written, f.ivor-
iug them, were nrndo punishable by death. Monli'ij'ar, J.iseiia J/ht., i. ."ISS.
'*■ Cornejo had consented to negotiate, belicviii;^ the foroo on tlic frontier
to l>e controlled by Guatemala; but on ascertaiuiug that it was under Mora-
zan'a orders, a'^ '' 'lat Galvez bad merely intended .1 meiliation v ithout being
nxreaut to hi . „ral obligations, his eoniniissioners broke oil' the coufereU'jes
under various pretexts.
'' It was a great mistake, pcrhans, not to have given tl^o state tiiu'i to re-
flect, when it might Lave gone baclt quietly to the union. / s it wa.", lib-i.ils
were for the first time arrayed against liberals, and the shodJiugof Mvud
licpat animosities that never could L>e healed. The serviles, of co'ir-;*;, gi idly
fauned the flame.
■In fact, they hardly made any resiauiiicc. The prrsid-. it's caitialtiea
v.ere trifling. Mature, ^J'em., 30; MorUufar, lieseila IJkt , i 34x1.
WM
$:t'M^
118
CIVIL WAR.
obstinato resistance of Corncjo and the garrison, the
assailing force being made up of Nicaraguaus and
Hondurans.^" The state authorities were deposed,
sent to Guatemala under a guard, and subsequently
tried by a special court created ox post facto, with the
name of jurado nacional.^^ Morazan then assumed
control of Salvador until constitutional authorities
should be reorganized.^'^ This step, illegal as it was,
gave dissatisfaction, not in Salvador alone, but in the
other states, which subsequently seceded from the
union; and though later retractions took place, it
may be said that the confederation was dissolved at
tliis period.^
Meantime, the federal congress had continued its
sessions, striving to promote the welfare of .the coun-
try by a liberal policy. A^niong the acts adopted at
tliis time, and deserving special mention, was that
of May 2, 18o2, abolishing the cxclusivencss of tho
lloman religion, and recognizing freedom of conscience
and of worship.^* This law, though practically of
little effect, inasmuch as there were but few foreigners
in tho C(juntry, showed that a spirit of toleration was
gaining ground. Another important measure was tho
adoption of Livingston's Lousiana code, and trial by
''"Tlio following facts arc taken from Boxq. Hist. Cant. Am., lib. iii.,
chap. 11. Filiswla in ISiiJ! iioudcd 12,000 l):iyuucts to lake San Salvador.
In 1SJ7-S, Arcc, Arzi'i, and Moutufiir failed to do it with an equal, if not a
larger force. I a ItvJ- Morazau witli only 800 men made himself master of the
place in lojs tlian two hours. The object of these remarks was to show that
no credit should be given to Morazan'.s detractors in their attempts to lessen
hi.i militiiry reputation. Montu'ar, HcHtud Hint., i, ;)i;).
^' There were oS of them, inchiding Corncjo and Antorio J. Caflas.
^^The new rulers, raised to power under the auspices of tho victor, de-
clared those uf 1S;}1 and tho beginning of 1SU2 to have been illegitimate, and
orgaiuzed courts for the trial of treason. The decrees of Juno 7 and 'JO, and
July '1^, 1S;J2, were severe; fortunately, they were not executed with the same
animosity displayed in enacting th'-,m. Mature, Ej'em., ."JO.-
^•"Nicaragua seceded Dee. ',), 1832; Guatemala, Jan. -7, TS33; Salvador
repeated her declaration on Feb. 13, 1833; Honduras and Costa Rica sepa-
rated themselves, respectively, on tho 19th of May and 18th of Sept., 18.'i3.
Marni-e, Ej'em., 3'2; Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. -12-3; Aftahuruwjn , Cent. Am., 20;
Duulop''' Cent. Am., 181; Crowe'.t (Jot^pcl, 13-1; <S'7)u'c/',s TravcU, ii, 417.
" ' Todoa los habitiintcs do la repxibliea son libres para adorar & Dios segun
Bu coneieueia, y que cl gobioruo uacioual lea proleje en cl ejercicio do osta
libertad.' Marun', IJ/ciii., .31. Josi^ h\ Barrundia is said to havo eil'cctively
fathered this resolution. Salo., Gaceta, Oct. 12, 18,Vt.
If^
ELEMENTS OF DISUNION.
119
jury. This form of trial was not understood by the
people, and fortunately fell into disuse.
Notwithstanding the acts of disunion passed by the
several states, there was no serious disturbance during:
the remainder of 1832 or in 1833. In the middle of
the latter year^' eonj^ress adjourned, and there were
iliir prospects of peace. Indeed, the liberals had been
made to see the folly of disunion. The states, relin-
quishing their antagonisms, quietly returned to the
confederacy. The federal government, on the 20th of
V'lril, 1833, convoked a new congress to adjust differ-
t -es. But now a new element of discord appeared.
liiis was the jealuusy felt by the smaller states toward
Guatemala, which being larger in extent and popula-
tion, naturally had a corresponding influence in the
national congress."'' These states demanded an equal
voice in that body, and insisted that this right should
bo recognized before proceeding to the elections.^''
Guatemala, heeding the anxiety of the liberal leaders,
assented to the demand. Some of the states pro-
ceeded with their elections, but it soon became obvit)US
tli;it the plan of compromise could not be satisfactory
or ijormauo'iit, and it was dropped. Tlie proposed
congress iic-Mi'lingly did not meet.^®
Kum .IS V, >re current for some time in 1833 of an
inteiK'ed invasion of Salvador by Arce, by sea from
Acapulcc,^' bui, tncy jiroved to be unfounded. The
^■^ July 8, 18;!3. ;j;irratulia'8 speech in closing the coiip;rea3 is given lU EL
Cciitro Americano, iluly 11, IS.'!,'!, ;j7-0'J.
■"'This jealousy had developed during the states' rights agitition.
•'' Guatemala ivjcetcd this convocation by an act of June 2, IS.'i.'J. Gnat.,
liLCop. Lei/cs, i. 'JtO-I. A iirojcct appeared in the Ceiitro Amcricnno of Juno
11, 18.)3, '28-.'i0, to tenniuato the (|uestiou of equal numerical represcnUition
in congress for the five states. It was proposed to divide tlio territory into
three states of aiiout the same population cacii, the executive authority to lie
alternate'v hold by the presidents of the three stjitcs. Tlic plan was ini-
practic:-." ■'.
^'' 'J'.ii. :optioa of such a plan by the federal congreaa could not bo secured
until J il.. !o 1838. The deerco or convocation issued on that date was gen-
erally aor.(:,r ■,., and yet the diet never mot till March 17, 1842. Miirure,
L'fciii., ,?:i.
'"'I'ho corrcspondcnco between the state govcmments for the strict vigi-
lance on tho coast of tliat state appears in El C'entro Americano, Oct. 18,
1833; Motitiij'ar, Haseila J J int., ii. 41-..'.
120
CIVIL WAR.
federal government transferred its seat on the 5tb of
February, 1834/'' first to Sonsonate, and later to San
Salvador, which for the time being quieted the jealous
feelino" of the several states at^ainst Guatemala, But
alter a few weeks the dissensions between the federal
and state governments, of so frequent occurrence when
the former was in Guatemala, were renewed in San
Salvador, On the 23d of June, 1834, a fight took
l)]ace between troops of the two parties, and the affair
ended in anot n^throw of the local authorities,^^
wlio were prosci. under ex post facto laws." The
state o'overmiient \, jnt first into the hands of General
Salazar, who called himself jefe provisorio, and alter-
Avard into those of the vice-president of the republic.
Neither had any legal authority in the premises This
state of afi'airs caused dissatisfaction in Salvador.
P*>litical disturbances were also experienced in other
states. The fiame of discord was fanned everywhere
by the oligarchs, who found their task made easier by
the extreme religious liberalism of the ruling party.
Th(jir influence was felt when, on the 7th of February,
1835, after San Salvador, together with a few sur-
rounding towns, was constituted a federal district,"
■"Tiirsuaiit to a resolution of tlic national congress of Juno '2.j, I83I?.
As curly .-iS lSi!(i the govcnmuiit of Salvador luiil tried to have the fotleral
authorities reside at least 40 leagues fi'oni (Guatemala. Similar reijuests hatl
been Ruhscqueiitly made by other states; and even in the leuislature of Guate-
mala reiterated motions had been ]nesenled to the same ellect. But the fed-
eralist party, as long ns it vas in the majority in eongress, strenuously
opposed the removal, lielicving that it would bring about, as it actually did,
the downfall of the federal system, and tlic dissolution of the federal author-
ities. Mariirc, Ej'cm., ;jt. J\Iontiifar, Hcsiria lli^t., ii. 58-9, remjuks that
Marurc wiien he \\i'otc the lirst two Nolnmes of his Do-iqiivlo J/inUirico was
a liberal; in his K/cin''riih'<, written later, he speaks like a conservative. The
change of tone is attributed to the iron inlluence of the government from
whom ho had a salary as a professor Laalarria, in LaAnvrkti, "JoO, errone-
ously attributes the transfer to Morazan's action to break up the induer'-e of
the oligarchical party in (luatcmala.
^' The iitrray lasted live hours; the federal force being under Gen. Salazar,
and that of S.ilvador under Col .]os(5 D. Castillo. j}farun', I'j'em., 3lj.
''■' Decree of vieo-prcsident of Sept. 1, 1831.
"The legislature of the state had made a cession of the territory for the
purpose on the 2Sth of Jan., 1S3J. On the !»th of March, 1830, the district
was enlarged by the addition of Zacatccoluca. The national government
had its capital in San Salvador till '.he 3d of -May, lS3t), wlien the assembly of
San Salvador resumed possession of the whole territory that iiad been ceded.
/(/., 37; Moitti'y'nr, AVw/iri JIhl., ii. UiJ-7. Dunlop, Cent. Am., 187, says that
large
Iiiji.
ofelec
".•^'■iiijiy, uoo
tiioiiiouibera
t'latthoothoi
■ortiielosaof
"'« highest p
'J'-'l heoiieiado
"I'irk ia follow
elsewhere. JJ
nw portrait.
'It waa so
ELECTION AND DEATU OP VALLE.
121
3f
a new constitution, based on the former one of 1824,
was generally rejected."
Elections for supreme authorities of the republic
were decreed on the 2d of June, 1838. The end of
Morazan's term was approaching, and his popularity
was to be again put to the test. There was really
luit one man that could compete with him, Josd del
Valle, who was leading a retired life devoted to scien-
litic and political stud'-s; but his reputation was a
national one, eminently Central American, and a
large portion of the people summoned him to rulor-
^hii). He was elected, but died before the certiticates
of election were opened.
The death of Valle occurred on the 2d of March,
1834. The highest honors were paid to his memory."
This untoward event necessitated another election to
carry out the decree of June 1833, and Jose Fran-
cisco Barrundia having declined to be a candidate,
Morazan encountered no opposition and was reelected
46
the district occupied San Salvador and ten leagues of territory sun'oundlng
it, S<juier\H Travels, ii. 419; Crowe's Oosjyel, 13G.
■"Tiio opposition came not only from tlic scrviles, but from not a few lib-
(lals. It coutaincd many liberal and ctjuablc modifications. Marurc, Efem.,
;i7, says it did not contain 'las alteracioues sustancialca (luc roiteradaa vcccs
si' liabi.an propucsto por las Icgislaturas de loa cstados,' for wliich reason it
wiis not accepted by the states, except Costa Ivica, which expressed assent
May 7, 1835. Squier, Travels, ii. 4-22, also s.iya that only CosUi Rica e.x-
I'lcsscil an acceptance of the proposed constitution, adding that the opposing
btatcrf wanted different, and in most cases irreconcilable, reforms. Montiifar,
l>i'sei~((t, Illxt., ii. 109-73, giving details, asserts that both Nicaragua and Costa
Uica accepted the reforms.
*'^ Tiie assembly of Guatemala decreed, after hearing several eulogistic
motions, tliat all the state otlii-ials residing in the caiiital should wear tho
liailgoof mourning three days; that t'lo bells of the churches slionhl bo tolled
iLorniug, noou, and eve of each day; tiiat a portrait of Vallo, contributed l)y
tho members of the legislature, should be placed in its hall of sessions; and
that tho other states should bo requested to make manifestations of sorrow
for tlio loss of their distinguished statesman and savant. Salvador, on the 9th
of A]n-., 1834, decreed similar honors. Marurc, in his Efemiridcs, .'!,'), bestows
the highest praise on Valle. 'i'erdi6 Ccutro Ana^rica, con cl fallecimiento
Jel lieenciado JoatS del Vallo, uno do sua mas distiuguidos hijos.' This re-
mark ia followed by a sketch of Valle's career, which has been given by me
elsewhere. Montiifar, Jiesttia J list., ii. 95-9, ako eulogizea Valle and gives
his portrait.
"It was 80 formally declared by tho federal congress, Feb. 2, 1835, with
122
CIVIL WAR.
For the office of vice-president, no one having ob-
tained the constitutional number of votes, congress,
on the 2d of Juno, 1834, chose from among candidates
having forty votes and upward Josd Grcgorio Salazar,
to be inducted in office on the IGth. ]\tariano Prado,
the former vice-president, had been a.^ such at the
head of the federal executive authority in 1831; but
he was chosen jcfe of the state of SalvaJor, and took
charge of that office on the 25th of July following.
The vice-presidency and the office of a state jefe were
incompatible. He chose the latter, and was most un-
fortunate in the discharge of its duties. There beini^
then no vice-president, Josd Gregorio Salazar had
charge of the executive in 1834 as the senior senator,
Morazan liavirj^' for a time, and with the permission of
the senate, absented himself Upon being elected on
the 2d of June, Salazar continued in charge, and it was
by his order that the federal authorities transferred
themselves to the city of Santa Ana during San
Martin's insurrection against the national government.
The day after the inauguration of Morazan for the
second presidential term, congress closed its session.*'
No important event affecting the confederation oc-
curred during the remainder of 1835, but the atmo.s-
phere was filled with folly and misrule, foreboding
the storm which was to make of Central America for
many a day the theatre of the bloodiest of civil wars.
It has been shown that the party in power pursued
in general a liberal policy — too liberal, in fact, as later
events proved. In view of the tardy development of
the country in the old way, inducements were offered
for foreign immigration, and an English company was
organized for the purpose of fostering colonization in
the department of Vera Paz.*^ Settlers were sent
out, I
but t
hones
turnei
the ]o
agains
to exi
o]ien I
admin
last re;
tljo na
bri'ak j
initatc
turn of
tlie di.s]
ollieials
•Scare
stole in-
in Cent:
the clause that be should bo placed iii possession of the office on the 14th. liL,
155-7.
"Feb. 15, 1835. El Corrco Atldntico, May 9, 1835.
<*The first colonists, G3 in all, arrived from London on the schooner Mary
REVOLT AND CHOLERA.
12S
out, and several hundred thousand dollars expended,
but the scheme failed because of unskilful and dis-
honest management.*'* Nevertheless, the servile party
turned this incident to account, filling the minds of
the lower classes, especially the Indians, with prejudice
against the government, which it accused of an intent
to exterminate the native population by throwing
open the country to foreign influence, religion, and
administration of justice. The innovations in this
last respect had, more than anything else, imbittered
the natives, and on the Gth of March led to an out-
brrak at Ostuncalco, where the Indians had become
iiiitatcd at being compelled to work at the construc-
tion of prisons.^" An armed force was sent to quell
the disturbance, out of which the judges and some
"'^ oilicials had great difficulty to escape with life.
E'^^ Scarcely was this trouble over when a worse one
stole in — the cholera. The scouro-c beo-an its rava!2i:es
in Central America early in 1837,''^ and soon spreail
Ann Arabella, under a Mr Fletcher. Their aettlcmont took the name of Ab-
bolsvillc. Marure, Ej'cm., 3S.
'■'Many of tho immigrants died, while others returned to England or went,
to the West Indies, but few remaining. Dunlop, Vent. Am., 11)1, makes ap-
piopiiate remarks on tho 'infatuation in Kuropeans to attempt culoni/iiig on
pi-iifuioua shores, under a burning sun, ■where no native of a tempeiate rc-
giiMi. not even those of tho interior of the same country, can enjoy tolerable
lieahh.' Seoalso Astabuniaga's comments on tho undertaking, t'vnt. Am. , 'Jo.
A ,u!o wing and favorable account of tho enterprise was issued as late as ISIJO.
t?ii' ('(lit. Am., Urkf Statement, 1 ct seq.
'On tho Gth of March, 1S37. Maritre, Efvm., 39; Montufar, Resena Hist.,
ii. a.'l.'l.
' B. Lambur, commissioned by Galvcz, jefc of Guatemala, to report on
Iht' oiigiu and progress of tho disease, wrote from Accituno April ;h1: ' There
c;ui 1)0 no doubt that cholera camo by way of Omoa to Gualan, tlionce went
to Zacapa and to Esquipulas, this last-named town being tho focus wlu nee it
lias iiradiated with such velocity to tho towns at present infested.' JCscpii-
imlif is a species of Mecca which people from all parts of Central America
aiul Mexico visit in January of each year, to worship an image of (,'lirist, to
vliicli countless miracles have been attributed. In tho Uoletin de Autirid.H dd
Co!' ra of Apr. 4, 1S37, appear tho following words, 'En Sau !Sur ban muerto
miuhos romeristaa do Esquipulas.' Id., 351-3. Tho fact is, that the disease
had been doing havoc in tho towns near tho northern coast since Feb., and
gra'lually spread throughout tho rest of the state aud republic till toward tho
end of the year, when it abated. The first case in the city of (Juatomala oc-
curred on tho 19th of April, Tho mortality in that city during tho invasion
was 819, or a littlo over tho 44th part of the population, which was nuich
smaller than in other less populated cities. Marure, Et'cm. , 40. Sec also J>nn-
/o;/. Cent. Am., 193-4; ScUv. DiarioO/ic, Feb. 14, 1875; Eocha, Cddi'jo Sic.,
i. -JIS-IC; ii. 163-4.
'1 i^ iM
• • '*' [' i', ill
I
^1
p
Wl
I :
:1 ■
124
CIVIL WAR.
tliroughout the towns of the republic. The govern-
ments of the different states, and notably that of
Guatemala, used the utmost efforts to relieve suffer-
ing. Physicians and medical students, provided witli
medicines, were despatched to the several districts.
But their efforts were largely frustrated by the oppi >-
sition of the servile party, which never ceased its woik
oven in these days of awful distress. Determined to
bring to an end the influence of the liberals, the servilo
party hesitated at nothing. All means to that eini
were made available. The priests made the ignorant
masses believe that the waters had been poisoned in
order to destroy the natives and make way for ioi-
eigners.*^ Their deviltry was crowned with success.
The low murmurs of hatred soon swelled to loud crits
of vengeance against the government and foreign res-
idents. Several physicians became the victims of
popular fury, being put to death with cruel tortures.^
Others barely escaped death. The greatest violem-o
was in the district of Mita, where it assumed tiiu
form of a general insurrection. The government de-
spatched a body of troops to dissolve a large assem-
blage of insurrectionists. The instructions were to
use gentle means to allay the disturbance, resorting
to force only in case of necessity. The magistrate of
the district, having imprudently left the strong body
of infantry behind, had no sooner attempted to ex-
plain his mission than the mob fell upon him and his
guard of Ibrty dragoons, killing a number of them and
l)utting the rest to flight. This was on the 9th oi
June." The leader of the mob on this occasion Mas
^^Squier'a Travels, ii. 427-8. Monti'ifar, lieseiia Hist., ii. 370-2, gives
copies of the docuiucuta tliat were circulated.
" Such aa inakiug them swallow the coutenta of their inedicine-chestt,, or
pouring water ilown their throats till they died, a circumstance that was al-
waya looked upon aa uu ovidenco of guilt. Growers Gospel, 141. Moutgomfiy,
Ouat., speaka of au Englishman who was nearly killed by the water torUiie
inflicted by an enraged Indian mob.
"* On the plains of Ambelia, near Santa Rosa, accompanied with impreca-
tions against the ley do jurados imd the so-called 'cnvcncnadores.' lb was
the beginning of a struggle which, in lesa than two years, wrought a complete
RAFAKL CARUEKA.
125
IJafael C.'irrcra, a niixcd-breed, ^vho now for the first
time, at the age of twenty-ono, possibly a few years
older, appeared on the stage, to become afterward the
bitterest foe of the liberal party, and eventually the
dictator of the country.
Rafael Carrera was a native of Guatemala, of In-
dian descent, of a violent, irascible, and uncommuni-
cative disposition, base-born, ignorant, though gifted
with talents, bold, determined, and persevering. From
conuHon servant he became a pig-driver, and while
such obtained much influence among the lower class
of Indians — an influence which was due no less to
his blood connections and the force of circumstances
than to his bravery and capabilities/^
Carrera was at first a mere tool of the priests, and
clian.^Q in public .affairs. Mature., Efem, , 41 , copied by Montii/ar, liegefia HM. ,
ii. ,ri;{; Squier's Travels, ii. 4'J8.
"Tonipsky, Mitia, 337, says tluat C.aiTPr.a w.ia born in Santa Rosa, inii-lrd
prob.ibly by Iho circumstanco that tli-,- first Indian outbrcalt under iiis Kid
occurred there, lie wag born about 1815 or 1816, and was the illcgititnalo
ollspriiij,' of Antonio Aycincna. a member of one of the chiof families of
(iuatcmala, and of Manucla Carrillo, a servant in the paternal mansion.
Through tlio iniluenco of tlio Aycinenas ho was immediately aflor lii.s l)irtli
ailiipted by ono Juana Ros.a Turcios, wlioso Inisband'a name oi Carrera the
lioy sub3P(jacntly wa3 given. Such is the version of the autlior of a niiuiu-
script written in July 1844, and entitled Ori'icii de Carrera, in AforttZ'Ui //
Carrera, no. 4, 1 ct seq., tlio autiicnticity of whicli is made doubtful by .soiuc
iiiiicuiir.icies in otlicr statements, tho object evidently being to give Carrora'.s
descent a little respectability. Stephens, VeiU. Am., i. '22^), says tiiat in
IS'Jl) lio was a drummer-boy, leaving tho army after tho capture of <luute-
mala by Morazan, and retiring to .Mataquescuintla, wiici-o ho becanio a
pi:^-ilriver, or, aa Montgomery, Otiat., 143-4, lias it, a dealer in hogs,
having risen in tho federal army as high as corporal. Dnnlop, I'cnf. Am.,
I'.i.'i, followed by Crowe's Gospel, 141, and iSquier's Trnv., ii. A'l\), essentially
contirnis Stephens' statements. Belly, Nir., i. 1o, adds that Carrer.a was f-i-
a time employed in tlio plantation of a Frenchman named Launionier, mar
La Antigua. Montufar say f, of him: ' Un jiivcn como do 'Joafn's, sin nin-
guna educacion, ni conocimicntos do ningun j(5nero, pucs no conocia siquii la
el abecedario. Los primeros afios do su yida los emplei'i, ya de sirviento
(lomestioo, ya de apaccntador de cerdos, ya de peon en los trabajoa do
caitipo.' The same authority refers to Miila's eulogies of Carrera, wIjok!
the words occur, * Carrera A pesar de su falta de educacion, y de los luibiios
ilolavida del campo,' which might have secured for Milla lodgings in th(!
dungeons of the castle of Guatemala. The same writer repeats tho assertion
often made against tho Jesuit Paul, later bishop of Panamd, and raised to tiio
position of archbishop of Bogotd, that he said at Carrera's death, in \\'\a
funeral oration, that tne man whoso corpse was descending into tlie tomb waa
on the rightside of God the father. All repentant villains are given some such
post-mortem place by sympathizing ministers of the gospel.
126
CIVIL WAR.
seemed to have been a believer of the lies they had cir-
(3ulated. After he became powerful, they and their
allies, the so-called nobles, humored his idiosyncrasies,
and often had to put up with his insults and abuse.
He had upon them the heel of insane revolt.^
^'In the early days they assured the Indians that he w&a their protecting;
angel Rafael, and resorted to tricks to favor the delusion. Squier'a Travels, ii.
4Jl)-30.
B.
ii.
CHAPTER VII.
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
1837-1840.
Campaign aoainst Careeba— Several Departments of Goatemala is
Rebellion — Jefe Galvez Dkposed — Cakrera Takes Guatemala —
MCRDER OF SaLAZAR— CaRUEFwA ACCEPTS MoNEY TO LEAVE TUE CiTT
—Dictatorship Offered Morazan by tue Aristocrats and Refused
— Carreua's Second Rebellion — The Republic in Peril— Mouazan's
Efforts to Save It — Nicaragua and Uonduras Forces Invade
Salvador— Morazan Defeats Tuem — IIis Retreat to San Salvador
—He Embarks — Is Refused Uospitality in Costa Rica — Goes to
South America — The Republic is Dead— Salvador at the Mercy
of Carrera.
Only a week after the success of the insurgents on
the field of AmbeUs, a numerous armed force was sent
against them by the government, which achieved
victory near Mataquescuintla.^ The revokition might
have ended here but for the excesses of the govorn-
racnt troops, which roused the Indians, and rendered
reconcihation impossible.^ Henceforth the war was
one of races. Carrera, upheld as he was by the
priests, found no difficulty, in his visits from village to
village, to induce the native population to join the
revolt, which, notwithstanding the triumphant lan-
guage of the military officers in their reports — calling
the rebels cowards and themselves intrepid and in-
'Ou the 15th of June. Mature, E/em., 41. Gon, Carrascoaa's report of
his victory, with details, in Montu/ar, lieseiia Hist. , ii. 350-9.
'Among the suflferors was Carrera'a wife, which circumstauco, it is said,
awakened in him an implacable hatred. Stephens' Cent. Am., i. 226; Crowe's
Gospel, 142. Moatsomcry, Ouat,, 144, states that Carrera was then command-
ing' a few men of the military cordon established becanse of the epidomio,
wliich he induced to rebel.
(137)
123
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
!SH
^i':'
vincible — was fast spreading. Carefully avoiding
encounters with the regular army, Carrera succeeded
in getting together a largo force, which, though raw
and undisciplined, often surprised and defeated detach-
ments of the regulars, seeking a refuge when pursued
in the inaccessible mountain fastnesses.'
To make matters worse, the departments of Saca-
tcpcqucz, Chiquimula, and Salamd declared them-
selves independent of the government, and the rebels,
of the first district,* concentrating at La Antigua,
threatened to attack the capital. In the latter place
a division had occurred in the liberal party ,° some ol
whose members from this time sided with the serviles ;
which circumstance made it more diflicult to place
the city of Guatemala in a proper state of defence.
A mutiny of the federal troops in the city*" increased
the danger, but it soon was quelled with the execution
of the ringleader. On the 27th of January, 1838,'
Galvez despatched the vice-president, Josd Gregorio
Salazar, and the secretary of relations, Miguel Al-
varez, as commissioners, to confer with General Car-
rascosa, the commander of the rebel forces, and brin;^^
about an amicable arrangement. The commissioners
signed at Guarda Viejo** a convention containing the
' The hostilities now carried on partook more of the character of highway
robbery than of orthodox war, both parties being plundered; but the liberals
wore the greater sufferers.
*The provisional government constituted at La Antigua placed itself
under the protection ol the federal authorities. Marure, Efcm., 42.
*Tho division was created by Josd Francisco Barrundia. It is said tlint
he joined the discontented because the jefe Galvez refused him a high olhcc
for one of his relatives. Stephens' Cent. Am., i, 227. But looking over tlio
correspondence that pi'ssed between them in June 1S:H7, the conclusion is
that the cause of the disagreement was not a personal one. Barrundia op-
posed the convocation of the assembly to an extra session, and all the decrees
enacted by it. The correspondence produced much sensation. Galvez ended
accusing liarrundia of having adopted, wl>?n ho was president of the repub-
lic, some measures similar to those he had now censured. The most serious
charge against Bamindia was his persecution of Padre Rojas, to which the
former answered that the priest had been at the head of the insurgents who
proclaimed the Spanish domination on the Atlantic coast, and thongh out-
lawed for that offence, was not executed. Montufar, Reseiia Hist. , ii. 377-407.
"The battalion La Concordia mutinied on the 26th of January.
'Stephens, loc. cit., places these events in B'obruary, but ho ia evidently
mistaken. Marure, Efem., 4.S, gives the 29th of Jan. as the date.
> At 4 F. M. of Jan. 28, 1838. Id., ii. 543.
ATTACK ON <;UATF.MALA.
129
foilowiniij stipulations: 1st, resignation of Galvez; 2(1,
iit'cijpation of the ca[)ital by the forces of Saeato|)t>-
.•|iiiz; o(i, tlu; forces in the cajjital to go out, and place
themselves under the orders of General Moi'azan ; 4tli,
the forces of Sacati'pequez to guai'antee the persons
and property oi' all; jlh, the coniiuissioners would
anange the manner of evacuating the city; Gth, upon
the ratification of these clauses, they \ver»j to !><' car-
ricil out within twenty-lour hours. Nothing was
dono, however," and after four hours' waiting, C'arras-
oosa continued his march toward the gate of Buena-
vista, where he met the governnient commissioners,
who assured him, with great m(jrtification, that the
convention had not been ratified."^
Sacatepequez' force, 800 strong, entered the capital
(luring the night of the 29th of January, from the
Calvario side, reaching the plazuela do San Francisco,
afterward known as plaza de la Concordia. The roar
of artillery apprised the inhabitants at 1 o'clock in
the morning that the struggle had be'.>un. Generals
Pivui and Gorris, colonels Yafiez, Arias, Mariscal,
Cerda, and C6rdoba, and the other officers of the
garrison, made a stout defence. Their troops, though
inloiior in number, were for their discipline more etK-
ciciit than their assailants, who were mostly raw
recruits. It was quite evident that Carrascosa and
his colleague Carballo would waste their efforts unless
tlujy were strongly reenforced. But the op[)onents of
Galvez were resolved to depose him,*^ even if they
had to make use of Carrera to accomplish their pur-
pose. It was a fatal thought.
Jos(j F. Barrundia was authorized by President Mo-
'(j.ihcz woU kucw of the relations existing butwcoii Carrera n.ul t!iu revo-
luti(iiii-)C3 of La Antigua. Tho convention of Giiiinla-Vicjo would linve savcil
tiio biuiation. Had tho forces of tho city, consisting of 41 1 men, been placed
uinkr Morazan, they with those of Sacatepetjucz wouM have been too strong
for Carrera, and ho would not have entertained the idea that a powerful party
I'jukcd to liiin for aid.
'U'uU details ajjpear in Gen. Carrascosa's correspondence given in Montu-
/'"'. lieseiui 1 1 hi., ii. 589-97.
"Ainong tliein were Miguel Garcia Qranados, tho brothers Arrivillaga,
aud their relations tlio Zepedas, together with the Barruudias.
Out. Cent. Am., Vol. UI. 9
I J 't <o
130
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
razan to onter into peaceable negotiations with Carrera,
and the clergymen Josd Mrria dc Castilla, Manuel
Maria Zecena, and Jose Vicente Orantcs. Barrundia,
together with Manuel Arrivillaga, started for the
hacienda of La Vega to confer with Carrera; but at
Ojo de Agua they ascertained that he was at Mata-
quescuintla, and declined to hold any conferences, and
yet an arrangement with other opponents had been
signed at Santa Kcsa. This document, which -.vas
shown by Father Duran to Barrundia, stipulated the
immediate coming of a bishop, the abolition of tho
code and of other liberal measures decreed by Bariuii-
dia, and that Carrera should become the commander
of the reform forces, or in other words, the arbiter
of the country, which was what the clergy wanted.
Barrundia was indignant, but he had to submit and
keep calm, else he might lose his life. He mendy
said that the anangement needed some discussion,
which might lead to the adoption of some amend-
ments. Duran had not worked to promote Barrnn-
dia's nor Molina's ideas, but his own interests. ]ii'
coolly replied that tho matter had been well consid-
ered, and admitted of no changes.
Barrundia wr</tt Carrera, asking for an interview to
explain ^lorazan's views, but Carrera appeared arjgry
at the me,ition of Morazan's name, and declined tlio
invitation, sa3'ing that the time for negotiations h;id
passed, and that his march a;ifainst Guatemala was in
order.'" He became muchmolliMed on receiving from
La Antigua a request for his cooperation,''' and was
now satistied that the fate of the country was in lus own
handr,. Three days after Carrascosa's failure, Carrera
'^ He wa3 in all thia afi'air guided by the priests. Banundia ^7a8 nccu '1
throughout Central America of having brought about Carrcra'a invasion of 'i''
capital. The serviles, who were rcapousiblo for all Carrera's iniquities, li.ivi'
endeavored to place some of tho odium en thatpatriot, wliohadnotliiugto.!"
with it. Indeed, had Barrundia "^ono to Carrera's headquarters, ho wulu
probably have been shot. Montu'itr, liesena Hist,, ii. 573; Sqnicr\i Travd.y
ii. 4:J2.
'* The chiefs of Sacatopequez had become convinced of their inability to take
tho city, or oven to properly besiege it.
I
CARRERA TAKES THE CAPITAL.
131
s in
:'()Ui
)\vn
r"'",'
1 lake
j. .incd him with a numerous force of Indians, and after
some fruitless negotiations, marched into tLe city on
the 1st of February," at the head of about 10,000
men, women, and children, the troops of the govern-
iiiciit having retreated in an opposite direction. The
result of this was that Galvez ceased to be the jefo of
the state, and was succeeded by the vice-jefe, Pedro
Valcnzuela."
The entry of Carrera's hordes into Guatemala might
wrll create consternation. Outlaws and robber.s vere
among the leaders; the soldiers were in rags,"^ and
(«iuipped with a variety of arms, from the rusty
musket down to clubs, and knives secured at the end
of long poles, while others carried sticks shaped liku
liiuskets, with tin-plate locks. Conspicuous among
the mass of followers were thousands of women hav-
ing bags to carry away the booty, and who gazed with
amazement on the fine houses.^^ Shouting 'Viva la
luligion! Mueran los exti'anjerosi' the invaders en-
Icied the main plaza. After a few hours the work of
rapine began, ^^ No regard was paid by Carrera and
"Dnnlop, Ce»t. Am., 198, aiAcl Crowe, Gospel, 143, erroneously say it w.ia
on tiie 30tli of January.
^^ M'lrure, Eferr.., 13, places this event on the 'Jd of Fob., 1833.
""'Carrera himself is described as baving (in ;i pair of coanso frieze trousens,
aud a fine coat with gold cmliroidery belonging to Gen. TrcMi, which iiad been
tilica by Moureal. For a chapeau tlio uuu' j^cncrul wore a woman's hat with
a green veil, the property of I'rcm't; wife, wlio was known as L:i Coloinbiana.
In lieu of decorations Carrcr.i had on his breast a number of 'cseapulariosdjl
CVirnieii,' symbolizing the religion he had come to protect. MoiUujar, Uej^- ii'i
JIU., ii. 574.
■'It seems that a largo portion of the men and women had ncer seen a
city before.
'*Tlio physician Quirino Flores, who belonged to the opposition parry,
aaJ was an intimate friend of Carrascosa K.ud Carballo, believing that his
Lou.se would be a place of safety, induced tho vioc-pn!sidcnt and his family to
use it. It so happened that a small force of Galvez entered iho lnnise, bred
upon the invaders from tho windows and retired. Tho men lired upon were not
of the force from La Antigua, but some of Carrera's savage horde, called from
that time 'cachurecos,' whorushcd into tho house, lired upon tlie family, wound-
iij;^ one of the women and a child, and killing JostS Grcgorio Salazar, tho vice-
prciidcnt. Salazar was born in San Salvador in 1793, and had two brothers,
Ciirlos, tho general, and Francisco, who as a captain was killed in action on
the "JW of J une, 1834. Jose* Gregorio Salo/ar was one of the leaders in ., 1: n
Murazan reposed tho highest trust. As senator, president of tho .■'cnate, jefe
of Salvador, vice-president of tho republic, and acting executive .it such
tii.L • as Morazan assuincd personal eoirmaud of tin trooiis, Salazar uiiswerv-
iu/,y .supported progressive principles. Ilin ^x>rtrait shows a line aad intelli-
f '•',
132
DISSOLUTION or THE REPUBLIC.
I I:i1^
■:l!
'A »
his hordes to the wishes of tlie vicc-jefo Valonzuela,
who had asked that only the force from La Antigua
should occupy the plaza.
The leader of the opposition urged Carrcra to leave
the city; hut he manifested much iutli2fnation at such
a request, and several of his chiefs refused complianct'.
Carrera himself wanted to sack the city," and it was
only with gi'eat effort that he was prevented. In
lieu of pillage he was given $11,000,'" $10,000 for his
troops and $1,000 for himself. He was also flattered
with the commission of lieutenant-colonel and the
appointment of comandante of Mita. A number of
those who had defended the city having voluntarily
joined the Sacatepequez force, Carrascosa was now
better able to meet emergencies. He at once, by
order of the vice-jefe, made known to Carrera that
the interests of the public service demanded that he
should repair to Mita and take charge of the comaii-
dancia there. He made no resistance, and went away
with his horde,"^ the inhabitants aijain breathiuL;
freely for a time.^^ Thus were the serviles balked
once more. Carrera was sent away from Guatemala,
Valenzuela remaining in charge of the state execu-
tive. Morazan was at San Salvador recognized as
the chief magistrate (jf the republic, and Vijil held
the executive office of that gallant little state.
gent face. The murder of the vice-president, instead of culling for execration
(HI the piirt of the priests, Diiran, Lobo, NicolAs Arellano, Antonio (lonzalez,
and otlier.s, only brought out their diatribes again.st the victim. /(/., STO-'J.
'"It was found at lirst diffieiilt to elicit a satisfactory niiswor from liini.
The pillaging, though not odiuially di^crocd, liad been carried on mostly in the
houses of foreigners. Charles Savage, U. S. consul at Guatemala, has been
highly praised for his intrepidity in protecting from the infuriated Indians
the foreign residents and their property. Montgomerii'.i Otiat., 14G; Stephen-''
Cent. Am., i. '233-4.
-" There being no money in the treasury, it was borrov^ed from private
persons. Stephi'ns' Vent. Am.., i. 'I'll et seq., copied by Larcnandi6re, Me.ci-
(jiic ft Guat., 'Ji)8-9. The facts appear in the records of tho asamblea.
■-' Had ho resisted, tho reiinforccd troops of La Antigua would in all p: ob-
ability havo defeated his undisciplined rabble. This would not have suite;!
Father Duran and the other priests, who expected their own triumph througli
Carrera'a success. Those same priests aided IJarnindia and Valenzuela to rid
the city of himself (Mid his men. Moiiliifar, AV.sr/irt Hi.i',., ii. 584.
^^Tho priest who seemed to exercise tho greatest intlueneo ou Carrera was
named Loho, a man of dissolute character, wiio always acconipanied him as a
Bort of couQselloi.
MORAZAN VERSUS CAllRERA.
133
Carrera and liis supporters continued, liowcvcr,
tlieir menaces, creating no little alarm, which was
quieted on receipt of the tidings that Morazan was
inarching toward Guatemala with 1,500 men. On
his arrival he found not only that the serviles had
been deriving advantages from the disturbed political
situation, but that the western departments of Los
Altos, namely, Quezaltenango, Totonicapan, and So-
lohi, had declared themselves, on the 2d of February,
a s'jparate state under an independent government."''
Witl)(Hit interfering with those arrangements, ]\ro-
lazan endeavored to secure by [)eaceful means the
submission of Carrera, or rather, the disbanding of his
i'oico; failing in which, he opened, on the 30th of
March, the campaign against him. Three months
ot' military operations ensued, the federal arms being
vietoiious at evorv encounter, but without obtaining
any definitive result, for the enemy defeated in one
place rallied in another, continually increasing in num-
bers, and never crushed.^* Morazan returned at last
to Guatemala, where in the mean time servile influence
liad Ijccome predominant."' The most strenuou-> ef-
forts, even to fulsome sycophancy, were used by the
•■^ Lou AUo-i, Mavif. Document., 1-28. Tho federal oongrcsa ratified the
sopiirutioii oil tho Stli of June, 1838; the departments were, however, rein-
corporated a year alter. Marure, E/ein., 43; Diinlop'a Cent. Am., 198; Asfa-
iiirmuja, Cent. Am., 28. Moutiifar, Resfila Jlitt., iii. 9-23, furnislies a
iKiaikd account of tho events preceding and following tho separation. The
piMvisional government tlien established was a triumvirate formed by Mareelo
Miiliiia, Josii M. Galvez, a:..l Tosu A. Aguilar.
-'Stcpliens, Cent. Am., i. 239-12, details some of the military movements,
vliich arc not of BuiHci'int interest to reproduce luro. Marure, Ej'rm., 43-1,
says that iMorazan attacked tho rebels on tho hill ol Mataquescuintla; 'poro
de-ipiua do Ires inesos do combates, marchas, contramarchas, y todo gi'noro do
tiKiuiiibraa, el cj(jrcito do operaciones ticno quo rojilegarse iV la capital. . .sin
lialieixc adclantado nada en la pacilieaciou do aquoUos pueblos.'
'-'•'Out ho iSthof June, 1S38, thevice-jefo Vahiizuola, and the deputies I'edi'o
M'llina, Joisi5 (Jiimhira, .Jo.si'i 1'. Barrundia, Bernardo I'^soubar, Tedro Aniaya,
Filipo Molina, and jMiiriaiif Padilla, laid a paper brforo tho federal congress
oil tlio war and its eonseq' noes. In this doeunuut they say, among other
tilings, that it had been moved in tho asambleaof (iuatemala to authorize the
1' storation of the arclibislmp and of tho religious orders, to abolish divonx',
ami to (leolaro void the deoi'ee.s of 1829, 'decretos «|ue sostnvieroii enti'mces
la rijv,ilucmn en favor de la.s institiiciones y do la libertad.' They accuse tho
fti'rvilis of perversely attempting to render tho representatives of liberalism
and progress hateful in tho eyes of tho ignorant populace. Montu/ar, L'tieua
Jl''^t., iii. 47.
tt^!tl-''^|j
134
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
serviles to win him to their side, and to prevail on him
to accept the dictatorship.^"
The president returned in July to San Salvador to
quell a revolt. A few weeks later, on the 20th of
July, 1838, the eleventh and last federal congress of
Central America, presided over by Basil io Porras,
closed its session.^^ Subsequent efforts to bring it
again into life proved unavailing, and from this time
the dismemberment of the republic made rapid prog-
ress. Two days after the adjcurnment of congress,
on the 22d, the state government of Guatemala was
also dissolved, and was temporarily intrusted to the
federal authorities,^^ though the executive office finally
was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz, as president of
the council, which satisfied the people, and peace was
unbroken, it being understood that a constituent
assembly would be summoned at once.
As soon as Morazan was at some distance from
Guatemala on his way to San Salvador, Carrera, tlu;
supposed beaten rebel leader, for whose capture a lib-
^* Arguments, cajolery, entertainments, and every other ijossiblo meaus
were employed to induce him to swerve from the principles he liad always
uplield. Barrundia looked aghast on their proceedings, and describing them,
says it is imposiblc to realize 'el cnvilecimicnto, la miscria ruin dof^stopartido
noble aristocrdtico. ' The liaughty patricians, represented by Pavon, Batrcii,
Aycincna, and their confreres, fawned at his feet, covered liini witli flowers,
disgusted him witlj their flattery, feasted hiiii to satiety, and patiently bmo
his contemptuous rebuffs as long as they hoped to win him over. After their
failure, sarcasm, ridicule, and abuse were heaped upon him and hia iiamL\
Had Morazan's morals been equal to those of the serviles, ho might have ac-
cepted the dictatorship, assumed the full powers, and tlien crushed them;
but ho was an honest man, who always acted in good faith. Id., ITa-'J.
*' On the ;Wth of May it passed an act declaring tho states free to con-
stitute themselves as they might deem best, preserving, liowevcr, the populaf
representative form of government. This amendment to tho l'2th art. of tb'
constitution of 1824 was accepted by all tho states, excluding the restrictions
contained in tho federal decree of Juno 9, 1838, which was rejected by .i
majority of tho legislatures. Mature, Efem,, 44-5. Tho federal congrtsa
passed, on the 7th of July, 183S, an act as follows: 'Tlie federated states of
Cent. Am. are, and by riglit should be, sovereign, free, and independent po-
litical bodies.' Guat., Jiecop. Lei/es, i. 69.
'■" It was tho spontaneous act of tho citizens of the capital, who, in vie« of
tho progress made by tho rebels of Mita, deemed it necessary to provide i r
their own safety. Valcuzuela resigned, on tho 2;kl, tho executive oflico into
the hiinds of tho asamblea. Marurc, Ej'em., 45; AIo7it.i{fai; licwfia //int., iii.
181-5. Crowe, Oospcl, 144, attributes to Morazan tho authorship of tho net
adopted by the citizens.
SALAZAR DEFEATS CARRERA.
135
eial reward had been oflfered,"-" began to show signs of
iiillviiig. He gathered a numerous force, with which,
I about the middle of August, he defeated the federal
f troops, first at Jalapa and next at Petapa. He then,
[ J unresisted, took possession of La Antigua, a portion of
which was pillaged, and forthwith started on his march
tor Guatemala,^'^ A general clamor for Morazan was
moused; but it was impossible for him to reach Guatc-
niula in time, and the danger was iumiinent that Car-
rera would not only take the city, but also carry out
liis threats of burning every house in it. In this
oniorgenc}', General Carlos Salazar, with the garrison
of 900 men, sallied forth, and aided by a thick fog,
surprised Carrera at Villanucva, where the latter was
concentrating his tbrces, now about 2,400 strong, with
tho plunder secured at La Antigua. A battle ensued,
the bloodiest that occurred in 1837 or 1838, and Car-
reia was routed,^^ with the loss of 350 killed and 24
prisoners, one of whom was the notorious Father
i)uran, the representative and agent of the aristocrats
near the person of Carrera;^- besides giving up a
number of federal prisoners and losing three pieces
oi' artillery, 305 muskets, and a large number of other
-''On the 20th of July, 1S;?S, lie was required to give himself up; failiuL; to
do so, a reward was oflered for his apprehension, alivo or dead— Sl,r>(K) and
two caballen'aa of laud, besides a full pardon for any oll'onces against tlio lawa
his oaptor or captors might have committed. iSlc/Jien.'i' ( 'cut. Am., i. 'Jl'J.
■'"Squicr, Travels, ii. 4.'35, says that Carrera entered Guatemala; he i)i-ob-
ably meant Old Guatemala, or La Antigua. Carrera, at Jalapa, had '-'.UOO
iiKii, while his opponent, Col Manuel Bonilla, liad about .')U0. 'J'lio hitter
were nearly ann'li'iiited. The few ollieera and soKlieis who escaped with
life found refuge in Salvador territory. Carrera's exeessea at this lime knew
no bounds. lie not only ravished women, but amused himself cutting olT t lieir
tresses and ears. Some of theso earless women entered tho city of (Juatemahi,
and their stories produced great indignation. MoiUi!y'ar, Resetia hist., iii. '-'01;
Marttrc, Efeyn., 45.
"' This action took place early in the morning of Sept. 11th. S;ilazar at
once despatched a courier to Guatemala with the news of his succes.s, whieli
caused the utmost joy. Montufar, licseiia Hist., iii. '20(»-8; Mann-e, E/cm.,
40. Dunlop, Cent. Am., 201, asserts that no mercy was shown by tho fcileral
troops in this encounter. By a decree of Sept. 13, 1888, pensions were granted
to tho wounded, and to tho widows and orphans of the slain federals. Bailgea
of lienor were also confeiTcd on tlio survivors. Ouat., J{cci>p. Leye.^, ii. C3l)-7.
"This man's life was then spared, but some time afterward ho was shot,
fur which the serviles called Morazan a nairderer. Montiij'ai; llcsena Hist.,
iii. 208.
Y'U'K
nil
1 '" .«
I
136
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
it
!:;
; < ■' \
vf:;!
arms, besides animuuition. A portion of the defeated
forces fled to La Antigua, and a smaller one joined the
rebel Mangnndi, who liad 500 men. The latter, being
ignorant of Carrera's mishap, approached Guatemala
on the 11th, at 10 o'clock in the morning, causing no
little commotion ; but on learning of his leader's defeat,
he retired to the mountains. The war miirht have
ended here had the victors followed up their success;
but petty annoyances prevented Salazar from doing
so, and he threw up his command in disgust,^^ though
he was afterward induced to resume it.
The greater part of the clei-gy friendly to Carrera
never forsook him. It was not so with the aristocrats,
Manuel Pavon, Luis Batres, and Pedro and Juan
Jose Aycinena, who feared at times that they could
not control him. After his defeat at Villanueva they
called him an *ontrop6fago scdiento do sangro hu-
mana.'^* At that time they asked the vicar-general,
Larraziibal, to fulminate censures against Carrera,
which he did,""^ Friar Bernardo Piilol also railed
against him from the pulpit in the cathedral. ^*^ How-
evei-, not long afterward Carrera was called from that
same pulpit 'hijo predilccto del Altisimo.'
The lack of energy on the part of the authorities
after the affair of Villanueva^' enabled Carrera to re-
'••His resignation was made before tlie body of his oiBccrs, wliicli im-
plied ft disregard of the autliority of the govurnnicnt. The oflicers chuled
all responsibility, alleging that they had nothing to do with his rcsignaticui.
Tlio governniont then revoked tho extraordinary powers confen'ed on liiin
two months prev".ously. Marure, Efem., 40.
'*In the Ohsc i-vadorawX tho A/i6ndicc.
^'^ Exhortac'wii crhtiana que el vicario capitular, . .dirige d loa 2>ueblo. , (/(■.,
17 p.
^*Text of his funeral oration on the 14th of Sept. in honor of the slain mi
the government side at Villanueva, in Montafar, liesena Hist., in. L'1U-_'1.
^' JosiS Francisco Barrundi.a, who fought in that action, said: ' lie [Can riaj
could have been captured or annihilatctl had ho been forthwith pursued; Imt
no advantage was derived from such a glorious victory, and in a few days
vandalism became again menacing.' Salazar was blamed, Moutiifar thinka
unjustly. According to him, tho victorious troops were not in condition to
Eursuo. This authoritj', partly on tho testimony of Gen. Carballo, lays tliC
lamo on Rivera Paz, who had no interest in destroying a faction on which
his party relied in tho emergency of Morazan refusing his aid to the serviles.
Morazjin, on tho 24th of Oct., declared martial law in portions of Guatr
mala, pereu)ptorily refused to listen to the proposals of t!io recalcitrants, -.id
marched to Guatemala, leaving the government in charge of the vice-pi\. i-
io
oryr
laid
pan
mala
iiiC
drive
raza
Qua
in
I'ecti
thou
many
lie ah
latlier
last a (
"•enibei
Were tc
ernniei]
Jii.s oihc
J'ospect
'I'luis w
i"g. G
^*) ])lace
tlio sanii
.''pccter
"•'t carr
•'^iiiall po]
the prett
CARRERA AGAIN DEFEATED.
m
ortranize his forces, with which he made a successful
laid, in the latter part of October, against Ahuacha-
])an and Santa Ana,*** returning afterward to Guate-
mala, when, on the 4th of November, ho was attacked
in Chiquimulilla by Colonel Carballo, defeated, and
iliiven back to the mountain recesses of Mita.^" Mo^
razan had in the mean time concentrated forces in
Guatemala, and aided Carballo's operations by march-
ing" against the Indian chieftain from a northern di-
iLH'tion. But all efforts to crush the enemy failed,
1 hough the federal troops were everywhere victorious ;
many of Carrcra's followers w^ere taken and shot, but
ho always managed to escape.*" This warfare, or
nithor chase, was kept up nearly two months. At
hist a capitulation was concluded, on the 23d of De-
conibor, at Rinconcito. Carrera and his followers
were to Kurrender their arms *^ and recognize the gov-
c'linncnt, which in turn was to confirm the former in
his office of comandantc of the district of Mita, and
respect the lives and property of its inhabitants.*^
Thus was Carrera a second time fj'vcn a leo^al stand-
ing. General Guzman, who treated with him, seemed
to place on the treacherous and barbarous mountaineer
the same faith as if he were a civilized man and a re-
specter of treaty stipulations." The agreement was
not carried out by Carrera, for he delivered onl}'^ a
small portion of useless arms, and kept his force under
the pretext that the safety of his, district demanded
ilent, Diogo Vijil, whom congress had chosen to succeed the murdoied Sala-
zar. /,/., 223-0.
^''lli.s hordes committed all sorts of outrages in these departments of Sal-
vailor. Barnuidia, in Ei Progreso oi S. Salv. , IS.")!), no. ',i.
"'Lcsciius6 iin descalabro do cntidad la division dol coronol Carballo.'
Maniri\ Ej'cm., 46.
•^Uiico lie was abnost starved to death on the top of a mountain, siii
rounded iit its base by a largo force; but owing to some neglect lie escaped.
"Stephens, Cent. Am., i. 244, erroneously has it that the delivery was to
I'o of only 1,()()() muskets.
*-Tlic president of the republic ratified the ngrcemcuc on tho 2r)th of Dec.
'•■Tlio tact was that the arrangement at Rinconcito was prompted to (Jen.
A:;ustin Guzman by Manuel Pavon, whom ho believed to bo a friend that
Would give liim nothing but iionorablc advice. lie had good reason at a later
date to think differently, when lio was taken into Guatemala in rags, tied on
a nude, as a trophy of Carrcra's success. Movttij'ar, J!e>ieila Hist., iii. 22S-0.
t!'4,
S^HF
138
DISSOLUTION OP THE REPUBUC.
ii:!N:
it. The government not only had the weakness to
enter into this arrangement, but also that of not on-
forcing its fulfilment to the letter. This renderctl
the renewal of hostilities but a question of time.
I have mentioned the congressional decree of May
30, 1838, granting the states the privilege of acting
as best suited their views. This was tantamount to
a dissolution of the union ; and when Morazan's second
presidential term expired, on the 1st of February,
1839,^* not even an outward tie remained to hold to-
gether the several states. Morazan, and ho alone, did
not relinquish all hope of restoring the republic, and
without delivering up an office which had ceased Id
exist, the strife was continued under his leadership.
His efforts, supported by force though they were, met
with resistance on the part of Nicaragua and Hon-
duras, united by a treaty of alliance since January
18, 1839, which had been entered into for the pur-
poso of maintaining the independence and sovereignty
of the two states." Similar agreements were made
in the following months between nearly all the other
states, always protesting a willingness to form a fed-
eral convention of the Central American states, but
opposmg
the idea of confederation.*^
**After that Diego Vijil represented the unity in the federal district tn
vice-president. The fouvcnticlo of the four nobles, Pavou, Batres, and llio
two Aycincuas, had, however, during Rivera Paz'a rule in Guatemala, arraiit'oii
matters to their own satisfaction, iu order to break up the union, having ut
their disposal the requisite number of municipal districts. Their emiss;uii\i
supported the separation in Houduras and Nicaragua. Costa Rica was gov-
erned by Carrillo, a declared foo to Central American nationality. Tliey wci o
now working with Rivera Paz's successor, Gen, Cdrlos Saliizar, witii almost a
certainty of carrying their point. Salazar waa a good soldier, but as a poli-
tician, without guile, and easily deceived. Id., 241-3.
*'" And also to protect other states against all interference on the part of
the late federal government. Full text of the convention iu Cent. Am. < 'oih
stituUons, no. 4, l-o. l?y virtue of this arrangemcn'^, the combined forces of
the two states invaded Salvador. Marure, Efem., 47. This treaty brought
about Morazan's ruin, and the disruption of the federal union. Francisco
Fcrr-cra, commander of the forces of llonduras, himself made it known to
Carrcra, and it prompted the latter's rebellion on the 24th of March, 181)9,
and his march against Guatemala, It enabled Pavon, Batres, and tiio Ayei-
nenaa to take C; rrera in triumph into tliut city on the 13th of Apr., 18.')'.).
^^The jefe of Guatemala, on the 17th of April, 1839, declared the I'edcial
compact dissolved, and the resumption by the state of its absolute sovereignty.
This declaration was ratified by the constituent assembly on the 14th of .InnG
agair
: in tl]
j and t
5 Hond
Tl'OOf
ritorv
at the
and P
San y
Xiboa,
Benitc
ritiiSa
fi'doral;
Eq ua lij
tile res:
took th(
ill sever
of t lie same
a'lil iiUianci
nii'ilo siiiiils
Wt'IliI. iuul
as .'; .\oroigr
0'' a similar
A><"i., 4S-0
si'vcreitrnty.
of t-'io state
t'n'ii- scats ii
traidfLt.-iii.
^vi'i-,.. (lis.'^aii.-
'ov.irlioiitic,
tli'-iii Ilondui
^^adonJyfou,
ii)f rcprcscn
tJio latter clu
"n'.Vi-tIio83i
votes present
liicic u-cre (
""•■'iiccs. Cost
«0'itiiyoiit to
J;"''-' virtual]
. ^' It Was a
frontier of Sac
"Thoallie,
been connected
^"c.to Jlorazai
f^'i'tpz, who 1
"Brigadier
FIGHTING IN SALVADOR.
133
A conciliatory spirit, to bring to an end the war
a<^ainst Salvador, and to act as mediator, was effected
in those treaties; but it had no influence for good,
ami the hostilities continued between Nicaragua and
Honduras on the one part, and Salvador on the othei-.
Tioops of the two former states entered Salvador ter-
ritory in March 1839, and surprising a federal party
at the crossings of the Lempa River, called Xicaral
and Potacones, took without resistance the town of
San A^icentc; but having advanced to the heights of
Xiboa, were repulsed and beaten by Colonel Narciso
Btnitcz.*' The allies were signally defeated at Espi-
ritu Santo, near the Lt;npa, by the Salvadorans, called
fi'dcrals, under Morazan, on the 6th of April. '^
Equally successful were Morazan's operations during;'
tlif rest of the year. His oflBcers invaded Honduras,
took the capital and Tegucigalpa, and routed the allies
in several encounters.'*''
of tliG same year. Guat. on the 11th of May entered into a treaty of ainity
niul alliance with Ilonduras; on the 5th of June, 24th of July, and lat of Aug. ,
niuili; siiiiilar treaties with Salv., Nic, and Costa 11., respectively. July 1st,
llciiil. and Costa R. for the lirst time made a treaty of friendship and allianco
as p 'vcruign states. Aug. 10th was signed at Quczaltunaugo tlio lirst treaty
of ;i similar nature between the new state of Los Altos and Salv. Afdrure,
Lj'uii., 4S~oQ. Costa Ilica had in Nov. 1833 assumed the plenitude of her
Biivi rcignty. In obedience to a decree of ikaulio Carrillo, the supreme chief
of t!ie state, dated Aug. 4, 1838, her representatives and senators had left
their scats in the federal congress. The state recognized its share of the fed-
eral (k'bt and paid it at once. Carrillo's decree shows that the CosLa liicaus
vi'i-..' dissatisfied with the inequality of their representation in the national
lower housL', wht'io Guatemala had 19 more deputies than Nicaragiia, 17 more
than Honduras, 15 more than Salvador, and 23 more than Costa Rica, which
hail only four representatives in the ' congreso, ' as the lower iiousc was called.
Tile representation in the senate was equal to that of tho other states; but if
the latter cliamber refused its sanction to any bill adopted, tho former could,
under the 83d art. of tho constitution, make it a law by three fourths of tho
votn present. Thus was Costa Rica made a nonentity in tho legislative body.
There were other reasons for complaint. By a good management of her
finances, Costa Rica always had available resources, and punctuallv paid her
contingent to the national treasury in money. Sho was therefore taxed
while virtually without representation. Montiifar, Jicaena Hist., iii. 2GG-73,
310,313-41.
^' It was a force from Leon, under Col B. Mendez, who had e- ared by thf^
frontier of San Miguel. MontuJ'ar, Jieseilallist., iii. 292-3.
'" Tho allied commander was Francisco Ferrera, an Ilondureflo, who bad
been connected with the incendiaries of Comayagua. This victory was mainly
due to Morazan's daring. He was seriously wounded in tho right arm. Col
Benitez, who was a Colombian, was slain. Martire, Efim., 48; Montttfar,
Btsinallisl., iii, 293-5.
'* Brigadier CabaQos occupied the capital Aug. 28th. He defeated the Hon-
I !r>
140
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
|l'»!'
H"
Sj:!!
t:,**^
But affairs underwent a chan<^e against him early in
the following- year. A joint force of Nicaraguans and
Hondurans, under Manuel Quijano,"'^ attacked tlie
federals under Cabanas at the hacienda del Potrero,
on the 31st of January, 1840, and forced them to leave
the state of Honduras." A formidable servile coali-
tion was being formed against Morazan. Nicaragua
was resolved to drive this jefe of Salvador from the
executive chair. Honduras, under Jiluregui, was con-
trolled by Quijano's sword. Los Altos had becoiiio
again a department of Guatemala, which was subject
to Carrera's will. This chieftain, in his pronuncia-
miento of March 24, 1839, had avowed his intontitui
to champion the sovereignty of the several states as
concordant with his own ideas.''^ Morazan thought
the situation might be saved with an extraordinarily
bold move, attacking the serviles in their headquar-
ters, and made preparation to bring matters to a fiDal
issue in the city of Guatemala. The serviles, on tluir
part, pursuing their aim of overthrowing Morazan,
entered into a league with Carre ra, and invited him
to take possession of Guatemala.
Morazan convoked the assembly of Salvador, and
caused the vice-jefc, Silva, to assume the executive
office of the state, in order to enable himself to tako
command of the forces for the campaign in Guate-
mala, which at first amounted to 900 men. He \v;is
afterward joined by man}^ who had been persecuted
by the aristocrats, who pledged themselves to con-
•lurans at Cucsta Grande Sept. Cth, and then entered Tegucigalpa. On tho
'Jjth, after quelling a revolt which took place on the Kith, in San Salwul'V,
^lorazan was again viutorioua at San Tcdro Perulapan with (JOl) Salvadoraus
over a, double force of Hondurans and Nicaraguans, who, under Forrera, had
entered that town on their way to San Salvador, to destroy tlio '.--inuilacrii'le
gobieruo federal que existia aun en aquella capital.' Cabanas triumiilud
attain at Soledad on Nov. 13th. Murure, Efem., 48-ol; Monli'ifar, /iV-./i'i
Ilkt., iii. 331-0, 440.
'" Ferrcra was without a command for eome time, owing to his continual
defeats. Quijano was another ' notabilidad del partido scrvil aristocniti o.'
*' Cabanas' official report of Feb. 3d from San Antonio del Sauco fays
that the enemy's force being superior, he had resolved to retire to San Mii,'iicl
in Salv. Monliifar, liescna /list., iii. 451-2.
'■' Stephens, (^eut. Am., i. 245, quaiatly remarks, ' It must have been qiiild
new to liim, and a satisfaction to find out what principles he sustained. '
I ■;
In llw
Cl'ii lie
tiiiiwl
ili'O.'
says
ki-uel
l(juil<J
TRIUMPH AND DEFEAT OF MORAZAN.
141
and
1
tivc
K
take
1
alo-
B
was
Wk
itotl
■
con-
H
quor or perish at his sido, and raithfully carried out
the promise.*^ Morazan marched upon the city of
(liiateuuila, and his niovenieut created the greatest
aliiiiu when he neared Corral de Piedra. Consterna-
tion tlicn seized the serviles."'* Preparations were
maile, however, for defence. All men capable of bear-
in.; arms were calletl to the service,'' and Carrera
c^laltlished his heacUpiarters at Aceituno, his plan
buinjj to catch the men of Salvador between the forti-
fications of the city and his own force/" The plan
faiKd. Morazan entered the city on the 18th of March
at sunrise, by the Buenavista gate, and after some
{i""liiini]:, made himself master of it, and of all the
deibnces."'' Liberals who were in the prisons were
•set free. Amonjx them was General Agustin Guz-
man, whom Carrera had outrageously treated, confm-
i\v^ liim shackled in a dungeon. Guzman hailed the
vietiir who returned him to freedom, but was unable to
aHorJ any aid; the shackles had made him a cripple.
Tlio numerous prisoners taken were all treated with
every kindness. Such had always been his practice.
However, it was not destined that he should enjoy his
victory. Carrera attacked him on the next day — the
liltli — and after a fight of twenty-two hours, com-
ptlloJ ^Morazan to retreat. °^ His forces had been sliat-
'•■ Among them were Mariscal and Del Rio. War had beeu declared be-
tween (Juatoniala and Salvador. The fiction of Atescatempa, Carrera'3|nocIa-
maliona against Morazan tlio chief magistrate of Salv. , the movemont of the
IGtli of Sept., 1830, against the lawful autlioritics of Salvador prompted and
aidel l)y Carrera, the destruction of Los Altos the friend and ally of Salv.,
auil many other causes, constituted a real state of war. Montujar, lie-tena
Ilisf., iii. 430.
■■•Tiicir head men sought refuge with the nuns of La Concepciou.
'''Mado up exclusively of Lidians, as Carrera wanted no white soldiers or
oilieors. Steiihens' Cent. Am., ii. 111.
•"'Tho worshippers of Carrera have said that ho intentionally allowed
-Mora^.m to enter tho city, witli the view of besieging him, which is absurd.
The city was full of war material, and was plentifully supplied with m lat.
'' His otlicers who distinguished themselves in tho operations were Ccn-
crals Cubafias and Kivas, colonels Antonio Rivera Cabeziis and Ignacio Mu-
lespiii. and Lieut-col Bernardo Rivera Cabczas.
"* CaiTcra'a oUicial report is dated at Guatemala on the '23d of March. lie
does not speak of the assassination of Col Sanchez, Morazan's aido-do-oanip,
Ity order of his brother, Sotero Carrera; nor of tho wanton massacre i^f many
otiiers: nor of the maltreatment of women, followers of the Salvad.iran camp,
wliieli caused the French consul to raise his voice in protest. Carrera gave
u
a,
t'i >jiti.«(««
142
DISSOLUTION OP THE REPUBLIC.
' i 1^ f
'ii
tered at the Culvurio. The number of assailants, known
as cachurccos, was overwhehning.*" At 4 o'clock in
the morning ho left the city by the plaza de Guada-
lupe with upwards of 400 men, and was far away
before the escape became known. No pursuit of tiie
fugitives was attempted.^
On arriving at San Salvador, Morazan found the
tables turned against him. He was openly insulted
in the streets; and becoming convinced that it would
be impossible to raise a new army and continue the
war, ho concluded to cease the struggle and leave the
country. He accordingly called a meeting and made
known the necessity of such a course in order to save
the state from anarchy. On the 5th of April he em-
barked at La Libertad upon the schooner Izalco, to-
gether with Vice-president Vijil and thirty-five of his
supporters."^ The vessel reached Puntarenas, where
the chief of Costa Rica, Braulio Carrillo, who had
congratulated Guatemala on the defeat of Morazan,
refused hijn residence in the state, though it was
granted to some of his companions."' Morazan and
full sway to his fcrocioua instincts on that day, taking the greatest deliglit in
butchering the vanquished. Many of the jiursued sought an asylum in ilie
bouse of Chatllcld, the liritish consul, ami a word from bim on their ht'lialf
would have saved their lives; but be did not utter it, and they were put to
death. Id., 400-7; Mnriirr, JJ/em., 52.
'* Their hatred ai^ainst Morazan was shown in their cries, accompanying
those of 'Viva la rcliL;ion ! Guauacos, entreguen d. ese eanalla, cntrcgiunu
esc hercjc; nosotros, dcfendemos u Dios y ;l siis santos.' They called tlair op-
ponents 'guanacos, pirujos, nialvados, ladroncs,' and .leclared that they wiie
going to bring back the archbishop, and the friars who were sent awav in
182'.).
*" Stephens, 'vlio was then on bis way from San Salvador to Guatemala,
met the defeated troops, and in bis Cent. Am., iL CD ct seq., gives a grapliio
description.
"Miguel Alvarez Castro, Josd Miguel Saravia, Isidro Menendcz, fVnIo3
Salazar, Maximo Orellana, Nicolda Augulo, Trinidad Cabanas, Enrique lliviis,
Gerardo llarrios, Pedro Molina, with his sons Felipe and Josi?, and bis son iu-
biw Manuel Irungaray, Antonio and Bernardo Riverji Cabezas, Jos(5 M. l~^.!v;i,
Mdximo, Tonils and Indalecio Cordero, Antonio Lazo, and others. IV ho
Molina refused to goat iirat, but was prevailed on by bis sons and son-in-law,
who saw tliat bis fate would be sealed if he remained. MontvJ'at; lU •< m
Hist., iii. 484.
*' Pedro Molina and his sons Felipe and Josd, Manuel Irungaray, IsiJio
Menendcz, Gen. Enrique llivas, Doroteo Vasconcelos, Gerardo Barrios, Lulu-
lecio Cordero, Jos6 Prado, Ddmaso Lonza, and others. They were made aft t-
ward the objects of abuse on the part of Carrillo and his coarse wife, Froilaua
Carranz%. Id., iii. COO-1.
: Lis V
■> Solltj
i Aitci
is.su ec
J)COJlI(
fcdera
' liad b(
1823.
TJie
wiiicJi
'" Ilea
the (Jof
TJicy t
Aiijcric
Hut yet
tocrats
wJiiJo h
Ainoricj
tioji off
. Afer
'lio Josd
Jor (if si
^•alJotl th
expected
^o Jionor
concord ^
the ,subj(
Cailas, t
diplumati
posed of
Joaquin
;i^Iaie.spin,
i'l the bos
FALL OF MORAZAN.
14S
his romaiuing companions continu'^d their voyage to
South America, where he remained about two years.
Alter a time, touching at David, in Colombia, lie
issued a stirring manifesto to tlio Central American
people.^ He was the last champion of the *Con-
icderacion do Ccntro Amdrica,* whose establishment
liad been greeted with so much joy on the 1st of Julv,
1823.
The governments of Nicaragua and Honduias,
wliicli had promised Guatemala aid to resist JSIorazan,
(.'< hearing of his downfall congratulated the victor on
the defeat of the 'common enemy of all the states.'
They thought that with the fall of Morazan, Central
xVnierican nationality would be revived. They could
iiut yet see that they had been the dupes of the aris-
tocrats and their clerical allies in Guatemala, who,
while holding out the promise of reuniting Central
America, had been all along working for the destruc-
tioji oi' federal nationality.
Af.er the departure of Morazan and Vijil, Anto-
nio Josd Cauas, by virtue of his position as a council-
lor of state, assumed the rulership of Salvador, and
called the assembly to hold a special session. It was
expected that, Morazan being out of the way,^* with
so honorable and upright a man as Caiias at the head,
concord would be restored. But Salvador was still
the subject of abuses, and on the remonstrances of
Cailas, the government of Guatemala despatched a
diplomatic mission to San Salvador. It was com-
))osed of the former pig-driver Rafael Carrora, and
Joaquin Duran, and had for an attache Francisco
Malespin, a military officer whose sword had been dyed
ill the best blood of Quezaltenango.**^ A convention
"July IG, 1841. Tlo details the acta of the Berriles, enemies of their
country's independence and freedom. Carrera'a career of crime ia also fully
discussed. Morazan, Man'if., in Id., 5S5-9G; Id,, in Cent. Am. Pup., no. 3.
"'I'lio eervilea had said that they waged war, not against Salvador, but
against Morazan.
•^^ The embassy brought an escort of 200 men, and Salvador had to pay all
the expense. See the note of Minister Manuel llarbereua to the minister-geu-
cral of Guatemala, dated May 18, 1840. Carrera was lodged in one of the
^\W^
I
144
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
was concluded on the 13th of May, 1840, placing Sal-
vador at the mercy of Gruatemala, Cauas having to sub-
mit to the conditions imposed.^^ The most humiliat-
ing condition of the understanding was not mentioned
in the convention, namely, that the attachd Francisco
]Malespin should remain in San Salvador, with the
offic of comandante de armas. This treaty convinced
the people of Salvador that they could expect no favor
from the aristocracy of Guatemala, their implacable
foe.
best houses of Salvador, and his deportment clearly indicated what his early
training had been. His first diplomatic utterances were threats, and the gen-
eral conduct of himself and liis soldiers was so abusive that the people of the
liberal district of Calvario in San Salvador finally resolved to fall upon and
annihilate them. Cafias saw tho danger, and called to it the attention of
Duran, who prevailed on his coUeagiio to leave the state with his troops.
Montufar, Reaena Hist., iii. 487-8, 492.
*''Tho convention was signed by Joaquin Duran, secretary of the sup. gov.,
and Lieut-gen. Rafael Carrera, on the part of Guatemala, and by Manuel
Barlierena and Juan Lacayo for Salvador. Under art. 1st SalvadoL* was not
to havo in office any man who had cooperated with Morazan. Art. '2d required
of Salvador to surrender to Guatemala a number of persons, named in a list
famished, to be retained until Salvador should be fully reorganized. Art. I^il
forbids Salvador to permit the rfiturn to its territory of any of the persons who
went away with Morazan. Should any return, they naust ne given up to
Guatemala, aa prescribed in tho 2d article. Art. 4th and 7th refer to tlie re-
turn of certain armament and of prisoners of war taken in the action of 1 8tli anl
1 9th of March last. Art. 5th saya that the constituent assembly of Salvador
having been called, her government must see at once to the appointment of
deputies to the convention which waa to organize the republic. Under art.
Gth Salvador agreed that Guatemala and the other states should appoint
agents, who, together with her own, were to have in their charge the archives
and other effects of the federation. Id., 489-91.
' U
State Gov
TflKOW
FALL O
— Jefe
— Rive
Bexefi
Captcje
Akisto(
Govern
YAGCA ^
CEDtS I
liOOIED
Havin
as an apj
tiou of tl
a cuafode
ISOl to 1
Jial affair.^
it-^ acces.s
ginnii.g w
I liave
i^fd on I
iiatuelj, u
'^'J^tTiunci
•^eiiibly of
i'a Aiitio-i
^^^^' presidq
^Guat. Hecoi
^'br. Ce.vt.
I 'J
CHAPTER VIII.
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
1824-1840.
State Goveenment of Guatemala — Baebundia's Radicalism— His Oter-
THKOW — ViCE-JEFE FLORES ASSASSINATED IN QUEZALTENAXGO — DOWN-
FALL OF THE Liberals in Gdatemala— Aristocratic Leaders Exiled
— Jefe Molina — His Diffi;kences, Impeachment, and Acquittals
—Rivera Cabezas' Reforms— Earthquakes — Galvez' Role and its
Benefits — Party Opposition to Him — Indian Outbreaks — Caiuieua
Captures Guatemala— Galvez Resigns -Subsequent Rule oi- tue
Aristocrats — Guatemala again Independent — Honduras' State
Government — Jefk Dionisio Herrera— Early Dissensions— Coma-
yagua Assaulted by Rebels — Morazan in tue Field— Honduras Se-
cedls from the Central American Confederation — Federalism
Hooted out of heh Territory.
Having sketched the hfe of Central America, first
as an appendage of the Spanish crown, next as a por-
tion of the short-hved Mexican empire, and lastly as
a coafoderation of states, embracing the period fiom
1801 to 1840, it is well now to glance over the intcr-
uai affairs c f each state separately, for the period after
its accession to the federal union down to 1840. bc-
giniiiLg with Guatemala as the most important.
1 have said elsewhere that the states were organ-
ized on the same principle as the confedeiation,
iiaiiiely, under a popular, democratic, representative
'^ovurnment. The first constituent congress or as-
seiuijly of the Estado de Guatemala was installed at
La Antigua on the IGth of September, 1824,^ under
tlif [(residency of the clergyman Josd Maria Chacon,
^Om(. h'fcop. Leyes, i. 42, C2-9, 178.
Hibt. Cbsi. Am., Vol. III. 10
(1*5)
■1 ; ;, I
146
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
'lb '
m
!« ■•
i!!
m !'■'"•
Hi
and its first act was to call Alejandro Diaz Cabeza dc
Vaca to be the provisional chief of the state.'"* On
the 30th, the votes for jcfe and vice-jefe having been
counted, and neither of the candidates having the
requisite majority, the congress named Juan Barrun-
dia to be jefo and Cirilo Flores to be vice-jcfo, the
former assuming the reins of government on the 12tli
of Oc^tober, and at once inaugurating a radical policy,
which tended to widen the breach between liberals
and serviles.^ No person opposed to him in politics
was allowed to have a voice in public affairs. How-
ever, no open rupture occurred, even during a tumult
in February 1825, when the Franciscan friars of tln'
college de propaganda fide refused to take the oa^h
recognizing the constitution of the republic. TJic
rabble supported the friars,* but owing to the oner
getic attitude of the state government, the priests hail
to submit.
The assembly continued its labors. A coat of aims
was decreed January 20, 1825, and on tlic 2(1 "t
May took place thc^ installation <^f the executive
council, whose prerogatives and duties were simil.ir
in state matters to those of the federal senate in na-
tional affairs. On the same date was also installid
the superior court of justice. The framing of a state
constitution was not completed till the 11th <jf Ocln-
bcr, on wliich date it was docreod.'' After passing a
law for the political division of the state into dcpait-
ments," the assembly adiourned sine die one month
^The title given tlio chief mapiistriito was th.it of jefc. Tliat of jiicpiiliiit
was not ducrccd till Nov. "'J, 18.'!!). Mn^ure, EiVm., al.
•'' He is rcpi-L'Sfntcilasainau of cxeitablo tciiiiieranioiit anil liansli niiuimis.
Ho WHS a liiolhtv of .)os6 Francisco Bairundi:!.
*Tlio pivlato of the order was snninioneil to tiiu palace of the fcdoiai u
•'rnnicnt, anil ."i. compr^iiiiije was agreed to. Meantime the moh had .i.^
Med, shoiitinf:, 'Mision (jnerciiio?! Vi.a la religion! Mnera la hen ;.■
Muerau loa qno no (julircn niisiones!' Muriirc, IIomj. /list. Cent. Am., i. i'^'-
^Itwas solemnly pionuih^alcd Dec. 'J(i, 18'2o. This oonstitutiou wa^
full forco till lliQ meeting of a second eonstitnent assembly, when it ceasid
rule. Muriirr, Efem., l.'i; (>iiat., Rccop. I.ci/rn, i. '201-'2.
*Vera Paz with Pden; ('hii;iiiniula. Ouateniala, and Escuintla; Sai
jipquez with Chiinaltet'.ango; Sni'liitepe(]ucz with Solold; Quczaltcnango
SoeouusL'o; Totonicapan and ilin Imctenango. /(/. , 4(i.'i-70.
111-
;i!
;t.
ill
to
ite-
I ml
BARRUNDIA AS JEFE.
147
later. Clouds had already appeared in the political
jiorizon, the state authorities having transferred the
seat of govcrnuient from La Antigua to Guatemala,
ao.iinst the opposition of the national executive.
The liberal party has been accused of havuig, with
tlic connivance of the jefe Barrundia, committed
fiaudc ' t the elections held in January 182G for a
partial renewal of the representative council. In the
Arms ov C<tATi;MAi..\.
first ordinary legislature, which met on the 1st of
February, a law was passed for now elections to iill
tho council. But these and other arbitrary measures
ol' the liberal party gave rise to such warm diseus-
siuiis in the assembly, that Barrundia at last ignored
the authority of the council as then existing.' Tlie
' Dairundia induced seven of tho 'ironties to abandon tlicir scats, imd to
inctist .'[gainst rcaolutiona enacted by tlio Ici^islaturo after tliey bail (juitted
it. Manire, liosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 242.
148
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
i!i/!
iOoter then denounced him, and called the vice-jcfc to
assume the government. But through the mediation
of commissioners of the federal government, harmony
was restored. This harmony was not to last long,
new complications arising from another quarter. I
have, in detailing federal affairs at this period, spoken
()(' tlie plans attributed to president Arce to overthrow
the liberal party, and the events which culminated
with the dcposal of Barrundia from his position as
jefe of the state. The first resolution taken by the
legislature and representative council was to remove
the capital to Quezaltenango. The new jefe, Floros,
was at the same time empowered to organize a mili-
tary force, raise funds, and adopt other proper meas-
ures to uphold the state's sovereignt3^* Flores had
advocated the removal of the state capital, but stren-
uously opposed tbo selection of Quezaltenango as an
unfit place for the seat of government of a liberal
state." The assembly paid some heed to his roinon-
strances, and tarried a while at San Martin Jilotcpec,
where it was resolved that Barrtmdia should resume
the reins of government; but he declined, pleading'
ill health.^^ The assembly remained at that place till
the 29th of September, and Ihen concluded to repair
to Quezaltenango, considering Jilotepec not quite safe.
Flores, accompanied by a few doi)uties, arrived ;i(
Quezaltenango on the 8tli of October, and was re-
ceived with a shower of ilowers. He at once set
himself to complete the defence of the district, which
had been already begun by Colonel Josd Pierzon,"
who had mustered into the service of the state sev-
^This step was taken Sept. G, ISCC. Mariire, Dosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 200;
Mem. Ih'v, Cent. Am., 53-4. A deiiiaml from tlie fed. gov, to muster out tlic
troops wii.s I'L'fiised in roanil terms.
• JIu hud oiicc been a rtsidctit tlioro, and knew it to bo the most bigotc.l
place in all Ctnit. Am. Libenil idciis liad not taken much root there, an- 1
lauaiii'isni ruled.
'" Jlu ut'tcrwurd attempted to recover his office, but the course events Iim 1
taken imjieihjd it. J/cwi. Jtnn. Cent. Jiii., 57-8.
" A ereolo from Sto Domingo, who liiid been formerly a federal ollicur; b.it
having been arbitrarily removed from tiio position, he joined the stute causr.
'""'•'• Cnit. .<
'■^AlllOM.r
^ '"AlVai.l
PIERZOX'S CAMrAIGX.
m
111*
ni
rC-
eiiil hundred men." Having reason to apprehend an
attiuk from the federal authority, Picrzon was or-
dered to Patsun to watch the enemy. It was during
Ills absence that the events occurred leading to the
murder of Jefe Flores by an ungovernable fanatical
iiH.h, (»f which a description is given elsewhere. Upon
bearing of those occurrences, and of the friars at
( )iie/altenango having called the Indians of the ncigh-
l)()i]iood to take up arms for the common defence,
]'ierzf)n retreated to Totonicapan," encountering the
Que/.altec rebels on the 18th of October near Salcajd,
and easily defeated them. He gave no quarter. He
demanded the immediate surrender of all arms in
Qiiezaltenango, guaranteeing the lives of the inhab-
itants, otherwise he would destroy the place." The
rebel authorities had to submit, and on the following
day Pierzon recov^ered possession of the place. Sev-
eral draconic ordinances were issued to keep in check
the spirit of rebellion. ^^ The leaders of the riots had,
liowever, Hed, thus escaping the punishment they so
liehly deserved.
.Fuan Barrundia now made anotlier effort, from
Sololil, to resume his former authority, but his pres-
tige was lost, and most of his IViends liad forsaken his
cause.'" Pierzon abandoned Quezaltenango on the
25tli of October, and was pursued, overtalcen, and de-
feated by the federals, under Brigadier Cdscaras, at
''^Noiir Quczalten.iugo ho endeavored to capture Ins former eominand, now
under Miuiiiel Montul'ar, but tlio latter escapcil. ^fl)n. licr. <'ciif. Am., 5.") G.
Hi' hail l)eeu fi>rc\vanied l)y ^^olno servilcs of Qiiezaltenango of the anibuseado
I'lujiared for him. Marurc, JJoiq. l/isf. Vent. Am., i. 'JO'J.
'■'Abandoning the plan ho had formed of attacking tlie federala under
Fi'ii..ei.suo CAsearas.
"lie allowed four hours for the surrender: 'wi cii el tennino do euatro
hoi:is, 110 cfeetiian V^da lo referido, la hermosa cindad do Quezaltenango disa-
p;iuiri-,i.' Marurc, JJo.sq. IHH, Cent. Am., i. 288; Id., Kjem., IS; .Mem,
U'l: t'nit. .'iin., 57-8.
'^ Among them, one of Oct. 19, 1820, to punish att'-mpta at propaLrating
Bcditiuii among the soldiers; another, of Oct. '2oth, to ^:nposc the ])unalty of
lifath on all (.iuat';nialaus taking iiji arms against the state government. Ouz.
dt Mcx., l)ec. 14, 1820; El ladkudor dc Llaal., of same year, no. 100; G'uat.,
Jiecu/i. JAi/es, i. 'JiS-uO.
'"Afiaid of falling into the hands of the federal troops then marching
i"\\:\vA Los Alto.=i, ho' retired to Ivotalhulcn, where he lived till 18'JD.
i
ISO
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
^lalacatan." Picrzou, together with his friends Saget
aiul Fauconnier, escaped, and were proscribed, but
they managed to cross into Chiapas.'^ But it seemed
that it had been preordained that he should perish at
the hands of his foes. On his way to San Salvador
to take part in the war against the federal govern-
ment, he was taken prisoner, brought to Guatemala,
and shot, on the 11th of May, 1827, without a trial. ^'
Another body of liberal troops, under Cayetano do
la Cerda, not being aware of Pierzon's defeat at Ma-
lacatan, prepared to marcli from Los Altos to Guate-
mala, but the soldiers were induced to rebel, and thus
the last armed force of the state disappeared. Thi;
members of the assembly and council who were not
in prison either secreted themselves or emigrated, and
the state was left without authorities. The federal
president assumed power, antl replaced the jcfcs polf-
ticos and military conniianders with his own creatures.
lie published, on llie 31st of October, a deci-ee foi'
now elections of state authorities. The new assembly
met on the last day of the year, and on the 1st of
INlarch, 1827, ^lariano Aycinena was chosen by pop-
ular vote chief of the state.*'' It is hardly necessary
to
lie
dci
sue
con
jiid,
oA
ilJ)\V
out i
Tl
" Oct. '2S, IS'JO. Cascaras' vaingloi'ious report is iu Gnat,, One. Gob,, Nii\ .
2, 1S2(), and Mrx. Gar. Gob., Dec. 14, \S2G; Muriirc, L'/hn., 18; Mem. lli ■.
Cm/. Am., r>'.)-GO.
'* All persons afTorilini^ them aid M'ere doelared, on tlic 5th of March, guilty
of hi^jh treason. Gunf., llec«p. Ley^, i. '_'.J0-4. Decree reiterated March L'^,
IS'-'T; Mdritrc, Efem., I'.t.
"All authorities agree that the execution was effected upon tiic increordu'
of Ayciiicua, the then jcfc of Uuat., and without legal formalities. Ai'i' \
M( III., (IS; .Mem. J'ev. Cent. Am., 70; Astiihuruaija, Cent. Am., 10; Squie/.i
Tr<u-il^\ ii. .'i97. Thi^ last-named writer severely condemns tiio nffected piety
iif Aycinena, who made confession before a priest and took the connnuniiu
l)cfoi(! si;.'ning the death-warrant. In 18i!!) 1 ho liberal party awarded extra"i-
dinaiy honors to I'icrzon's memory, ordering that his name should bo phui il
by llic side of Cirik) Flores", with this inscription, 'Viva el ilustro CoroiH 1
I'icr/on en el coruzon de los buenos patriotas.' Munire, Efem., 19.
'^"Aycinena retained his position uninterruptedly till the 12th of Apr,
1S_'!), when he was deposed by Morazan. A legislative act expatriated him,
and he was 'n exile tiU cai'ly in 18IW, when ho retuined to the bosom of \M
family; Init a secouil Icg'slafivo order compelled him to leave the countiy
again. Finally, an amnesty decree of July 2."), 1838, nstoreil him to his coun-
try in Sept. Marnre, Efem., 18,01. Maiiai^o Cordol)a was chosen, in Mai oh
1827, vico-jefc, and when ho resigned the office, Manuel Montilfar was calltJ
to succeed liiin. Mem. Itiv. Cent. Am., (JO.
.)<•
v.as i,|,
llii's
aHiij-Ji
i\u'. en
ol\Sa!v;
of Ay,
^' It M
'-'l.ieut
"■"I-ienie
Peiialry ho
'O'lecrees i
c'Hi,,.tt.d h
l^'i'i. j;ev.
^^^^ to be
IS
RULE OF AYCINENA.
151
to state that the elections were wholly controlled hy
the servile party, whose views were reflected in the
iiiw jufu's policy. Lest the existing courts should not
deal to the liberals subjected to criminal prosecution
Kucli punishments as their enemies desired, a military
court, \\ith three voting members, was created, to ad-
judicate verbally upon all causes for treason. ^^ Dur-
ing the seven months of its existence — to the 29th
of October, 1827 — it sentenced to the death-penalty
upwards of ten persons, but the sentence was carried
out ill one case only.^'*
The history of Guatemala during Aycinena's rule
GCATEMALA MeDAL 01' ABOUT TlIIS DaII;.
was identical with that of the federal government,
this jcfo being a supporter of President Arce, and
alloicling him all possible aid in his warfare against
Salvador, all of whicli has been narrated. Toward
tho end of 1828, however, the successes of the arms
of Salvador, together with certain alleged false steps
ut' Aycinuna,-^ aroused such a spirit of discontent
■' It was the first of its cltiss in Cent. Am., but by no means tho last.
^- Lieut Isiilro Velazquez was executed March 30, 1827.
•■' Jjiiiit iicy toward the proscribed Antouio Kivcra Cabezas, whose death*
penalty lie had commuted to exile, and prohiliition of certain liooks, pursuant
to (iccrucs of the ecclesiastical authorities, were among tho chief causes wliich
tliuKited him many of his former supporters. MoiUiijar, Iteseria Ilial., i. 230;
iliiii. 1,'ev. Cent. Am., 114. On tho Uth of December, 1828, he ordered such
books to be burned. Murure, Ejhn., 22.
Iht V-
.! I
1.:-:
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
ajraiiist him and his administration, that on the 20th
of* October the assembly passed an act for the renewal
of all the chief authorities of the state. ^* Soon after-
ward the project was entertained of detaching Guate-
mala from the federation. Neither of the plans led
to the proposed results. The latter was disapproved
by the representative council, and the former was
useless, as tlie incumbents wore continued in office.^'
This caused the breaking-out of a revolution at La An-
tigua in January 1829,'^'' which, though casil}'- quelled,
hastened the march of the liberal forces under Mora-
zan from San Salvador upon Guatemala.-^ After this
leader took tlio city, on the 13th of April, 1829,
Aycinena and the other chief men of his administra-
tion being thrown into prison, Juan Barrundia was
placed at the head of the government,'^^ and tho
authorities of La Antigua were transferred to Guate-
mala.^'' The deposed congress^'' of 1826 also reassem-
bled on the 21st of April.^^ It must bo remarked, iu
connection with the state's aft'airs at this time, that,
though nominally in the hands of Barrundia and tlie
assembly, they were virtually under Morazan's con-
trol. To meet his constant demands for money in
support his forces, a number of financial schemes were
devised, the property of the serviles being almost c\-
^'It purposed with this measure, which turned out to be unavailing, to
remove one of the obstacles to the termination of the war by means of a peai u-
ful arrangement.
" They were reelected, though succeeding events prevented the courrting
of the votes. Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 115.
""'A revolt at Quezaltenaugo, Nov. 5, 1828, had been summarily suppressul.
Mam re, Ej'em., 22.
*' The districts of Sacatepequez and Eacuintla recognized the authoritin
that were installed in La Antigua.
''^ Ilia brother Jos6 Francisco having been made acting president, he w-
signed for the second time the office of jefe, urging obvious reasons, but ho
was ro(iuired by the assembly to continue discharging his duties till tlii'
election should have been effected. Montiifar, Hcsena Hist., i. 1C7-9.
**Tlio dispersed representative council of 182G had been reorganized at La
Antigua Feb. 11, 1829, and its senior member, Mariano Zenteno, recognized
as acting jcfe of the state,
'" Tliis body voted Morazan a gold medal, and declared hini a benemo-
rito. It also decreed that his portrait should be placed in the hall of ses-
sions. This, however, was a spark of enthusiasm which died out.
" Nicolds Espinosa presided, as he had done at the last sitting at Sau
Martin Jilotepec, Sept. 20, 1826.
clus
that
:N'ot
cneii
cutio
(if in
patri£
Xc
choice
in Au
the te
the no
oi'atior
whom
brougjj
th(3 :Hh
i^uri
state o
'fhero V
Jlotuuai
•luiiDula
\V(>i'L' a I
Hiattor 1
accompli
f'f tho s
ill i\\o ex
"'''■i.vetar
"itliout rest
civditci with
}'"■■ Cut, A)
'^Montufa
'"-\i)tonio
JtroAii:^. 183J
''-^'"linaM
";Ihc1i li'o M-as
„ '''''iveraCa
'";•' •'^'Tvile par
<ly.lIowiK]
tie ,:ctc.rhatre
'"« li.uids of Jii
RULE OF MOLINA AND RIVERA CABEZAS.
in
clusively affected by them. Their property, as well a3
that under control of the church, was taxed severely.^*
Not satisfied with depleting the resources of the
enemy, under the decrees of June 4th and August
2l1c1, the late officials were made amenable to prose-
cution in a summary manner, though finally a sort
of ironical amnesty was granted them, involving ex-
pntriation, which was enforced on the 28th of August.^'
Now elections for state authorities resulted in the
clioice of Pedro Molina asjefe,^* and he was inducted
in August 1829. His subsequent disagreement with
the temporary president, Josd Francisco Jiarrundia,
tlic novel ideas ho suggested for remodelling the fed-
eration, and the intrigues of his opponents, among
wlioni has been named the vice-jefe llivera Cabezas,
brouglit on his overthrow, when he was superseded on
tlio !)th of March, 1830, by said vice-jefe.^''
During the administration of Rivera Cabezas the
stati' of Guatemala enjoyed the blessings of peace.
Tlici'o was only an encounter between the people of
llotoiiango, now Quiche, in Sololii, and those of Clii-
iiuiniula in Totonicapan, upon land questions. There
were a few wounded. Rivera Cabezas arranged the
matter to the satisfaction of both towns. He also
aec(inn)lislied many reforms, ascertained the amount
of tlio state debt, and introduced a proper economy
in tin; expenditures.^"
"■'('.lyctano do la Ccula was tho lulmiuistrailor do rccuraos, and he acted
witlijut rcstiiction. Mariano Galvcz, Barruiidia's secretary of state, is
cmliti'il with tiic invention of tho financial .schemes by the author of Mem.
Hi'-. Cut. Am., VM'y-1.
'^K^lontitfar, Hexemi Hist., i. 1.31-3, 143-51.
^' Antonio Rivera Cabezas was chosen vice-jefe in March 1830. lie was
sucaciled by Gregorio Marquez in Feb. 1831; Francisco X. Flores was conse-
jcro Aucr. 1831.
'^ Molina was impeached on trivial and inconsistent charges by the Icgisla-
tlve liddy. Twice tried and twice acquitted; but meantime the term for
which lie was chosen had expired, and new elections were ordered. Murnre,
Am". til. Full details of the trials in MontuJ'ar, liesefia Hint., i. 'JO.')- 17,
'M;i vera Cabezas wielded a powerful pen, and in a phiyful way ridiculed
the .'^irvile party. Ilis Don Meliton dialogues did it more harm than .losi5
del \'allu with liis grave and erudite speeches in congress. He won him.self
thu hicter hatred of that party. The political change of 183!) placed him in
the imnds of his enemies, and he lost much of his property. He left the
!l i
154
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
Wliilo internal dissensions were exciting the people
of Guatemala, they were forced to undergo,' on tliu
23d of April, 1830, the tribulations resulting from oii<;
of the s(jvcrest shocks of earthquake experienced in
the country.^ Nearly all the inhabitants pass(;d tin;
night in the streets, public squares, or in the open
iields. The assembly adjourned the following day,
and the state authorities removed to Jocotenango.
Fortunately, no niore shocks occurred, and the public
alarm gradually subsided, the damage done being loss
than had been supposed."^ The clergy made use (if
the earthquakes to arouse the rabble against tlio
liberals.^'
After the removal of the national seat of governuicnt
to San Salvador, Guatemala found itself in a grtnt
measure freed from the constant bickerings betw clii
the federal and state authorities. The servile party
gained by it; but for all that, the liberal spirit of the
federal administration was st 11 felt. Pursuant to a dc-
cree of the assembly at Jocotenango, elections for state
authorities were made, and Jose ¥. Barrundia was Ihe
popular choice for jefe, and Gregorio Marquez lor
vice-jefe. Barrundia declined the ofiice, pleading a
previous election as senator. The assembly refund
his resignation, and Barrundia reiterated it, till his
The vice-jefe Marquez tlkii
wishes were granted.'*"
country, but family ivffairs necessitated his return somo years after. In lii3
last years his intellectual faculties declined, and the scrvilesno longer fiMixd
him, but tiicir hatred I'cniained, and tlicir insults and abuse hastened his
death. Ilia portrait is al.-io given. Monit'tj'ur, /'(•a Tia llisl., i. 23i5-7, -I'i-
^' The nicst violent felt since 1773. J\Iarure, IJj'<-m., 20.
'^Scveial buildings were df waged, among tlieni the churches of Sant:i Te-
resa, San Francisco, and Recdlei s. Since the end of ^larch shocks had iii;eii
cxiierienced in the vicinity of the Pacaya volcano, several villages bciiii^' al-
most cutircljr reduced to ruins. lb.
"'■'Tlie nun Teresa called them the cil'ccts of God's displeasure for the lian-
ishment of the archbishop and friars. Moiihifar, licKciia. /li>if., i. 2'23-().
*'' The liberals wero certain that with Morazan at tlio head of the federal
government, and Barrundia as chief of Guatemala, there would be no ills-
agreements. Bari'undia now made a ces.sion for the benefit of public iustriic-
tiou of nearly $7,000 — due him for salaries during the time he acted as jiiesi-
dent. This was a generous act on the part of a man who had no private
fortune. Ho later ceded one half of his senatorial pay for the same puipose.
Monliifar, Itcnola Hist., i. 27;{-C.
RULE OF GALVEZ.
\m
assumed pro tumporo the executive office, and retained
as his secretary-general the clergyman of talent, An-
tcmio Colom. New elections were called for, to bo
made by the same electoral bodies which had effoctcd
the last, and Mariano Galvez was chosen jefe, assuiu-
iii-j; <i{licc in August 1831/' This chief of the slato
endeavored to steer a middle course in the managc-
iiKiit of public affairs, but he was only partially siu -
cessl'iil.*- Several important measures were adopted
to relieve the burdens of the people, and to advance
their intellectual development."
Galvez was not content with encouraijjing science
a:i(l literature; he also directed his efforts to tlic ad-
vancement of arts and industries, and the iiu[)rovenicnt
of towns, public health, etc. Friars who had become
secularized were granted the rights enjoyed by other
citizens, and could, therefore, bequeath and accept
inheritances.** At Galvez' suggestion, the assciubly
passed the act of February 27, 1834, to enable nuns
to al)andon their convents, if they so desired, taking
the dowries they brought with them. Later, niar-
riage was declared to be a civil contract that could bo
dis>olved.''^ The measures affecting the clerov in
their ])iivileges and revenues, the introduction of the
"(ialvez was reelected Feb. 9, 1835, and lield the position till l\\>. 2,
ISIiS, M liLU ho was forced to rcsiujn it. Dining his liist trim Sinn in Xascoii-
coins \v,.d vice-jefc, and Juan Ant. ^lartiiiez eoiis-'ejuro; thiiini,' tlie f^i eond,
IVih-i) .1. Valen/Liela, who Biiiiei'scdcd him; ^liiiiano Sanohiz do l.con was
coil;:! ji'to in 1830, and Maiiauu lMvt:i:i I'a/ in .July ISJ'iS. "I'ho latltr al.so
laid the executive oiiice. Suh:, Gar., Oct. 12, 1S,T»4; Murure, Kj'ctn., -i;!, 4'),
Gl-'J.
'-(ialvcz was not in league with the clergy or aristocracy, cm ono side; n^r
with IJarruniliaor Morazan, on tlio other, lie wanted to toi'ni a jiartv i.f
\vh; 'i 1,0 should bo the sole chief. This prompted hiui to oppose all parties,
ai.d liidiight upon him juany reproachea.
'' lutJuIy 1S."!2 tithes were abolished. On tlie IGlli of Sept. an aca('.cni\
of SLinircs, to take the place of the old uinversity, «,is established, and \i i,
were aC^ached the colegio do abogados. and the jirotdiucilicato. This ac;
ciiiy was suppressed Maich (i, 1840, and the university (if old was rcsloui.
Mnridc, Ej'em., 32. Among other measures were the reduction of holidays
Sewn, aside from Sundays, and the prohibition of religious processions in i.i.'
sUrrts on working days. MoiiU'i/ur, Jie-sena Hint., i. .'iOV-lU, ii. 7lJ->S4.
' l]vcn the ofl'spring of priests were to bo reputed as legitimate in case
of iiilieritariee, where tho father had died intestate. Id., ii. ."iKi-T.
'This idow at tho church was not favorably received iiy the people, an. I
in July ISoS the resolution was suspended.
15(i
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
Livingston code with trial by jury, and the coloniza-
tion l)y an Enj,'lish company at Vera Paz, gave riso
to displeasure among tlio ignorant, which the clergy
and the serviles did not fail to fan into a flame tint
erelong became a conflagratie)n.''® Added to this was
tile jealousy engendered by San Salvador having been
made the national capital.*'
The first outbreak occurred in March 1837, wluii
the Indians of San Juan Ostuncalco rebelled. It was
at once quelled, but the ravages of cholera caused in
June the uprising at Mita. It has i)een shown in all-
ot her ])lace tliat here, at this juncture, llafael Cam r.i
made liis iirst aj)pearanco in the political held, inau'^u-
rating the war that eventually dissolved the repubhr,
and tlirough its consequences brought Guatemala to
the verge of ruin. On the IGth of June, 1837, the as-
sembly met in extra session, but was unable to effect
any i'avorablo change in the situation. There were
two bitterly opposing parties striving for control. To
make matters worse, insurrections broke out in several
jiarts,*^ ending with the capture of the capital by
C'arrera on the 31st of January, 1838, and the re-
placing of Galvez by Valenzuela on the 2d of Febru-
ary. That same day the departments of Los Altos,
namely, Solold, Totonicapan, and Quczaltenango, tle-
clared themselves detached from Guatemala to consti-
tute the sixth state of the federation, under the name
of Los Altos.*'' A constituent assembly was installcJ
'"Tlicy inado the Indians believe that tlic cholura was the effect of Clulvez
and liis friends having poisoned tlio sprinys, ' ])ara destruir houibres (jui; lie-
testaha y poblacioncs quo aborrecia.' /</.. ii. 'M.'-}.
*' It was constantly brought forward tliat wluio otiier states had secnli'd
from tlic confederation, Guatemala alone had contribivted to the ((inriMii
budget, and furnished the national executive arms and money towa^ewnr
against tlie rebellious states.
♦'Martial law was jjroclaimed Jan. IC, 1838, in the depivrtments of S;il;i-
tepequcz and Guatemala. Two days later La Antigua rebelled, uppoin. ; .,' ;v
pi'ovisional government, and 8ubse(]uently Chiquinuda and 8alaniil ful! '>>cd
the movement. Marure, Ej'em., 42-3; Squier's Travels, ii. 431; Glial., i:>'0[i.
Liyi's, 1. 858-9.
** The provisional government was placed in charge of Marceio Molina,
JiiS(5 i[. Galvoz, and JosiS A. Aguilur. The assembly of Guatemala siinply
referred the matter to the federal congress, which recognized the new state.
MotitvJ'ar, Itesena Hint., iii. l)-'23; Giiat., Jiccoji. Lcyes, i. 43.
^''^'
STATE OF LOS ALTOS.
i:.:
at Qiu'/altcnaiigo on the 25tli of December, and
Marcclo ^loliiia elected lirst jef'e of the state, lie
was iiuhicted in otlice on t!io 28th.'"
Th(> constituent assembly adopted, May 26, 1830,
a constitution which was democratic and representa-
tive, witli the llonian catholic as the religion oi" the
state/' Later, it passed instructions to guide the ex-
ecutive in his relations with the other states. IMiey
were leased on equity and justice, and prompted by a
i ■.,• ii„ 'i, \ \ f_C/ ■ yjr ..««
Los Altos.
spirit of fraternity.^'^ The state concluded with Sal-
vudoi-, on the 10th of August, a treaty defensive and
ollensive, but it came to naught, for reasons that will
lio explained.
'" Manire, Ef/'ni., 47.
"'I'll!' state coiii)>nse(l, on the north, the districts of Huehuetenango, Saca-
pulas, iMalacatau, Tcjutla, Cuilco, Jacaltenango, and Sololil, together with
ail the territory between the river I'asion and Chiapas, to where it toiichod
till' iiiuliliiieil boundaries of Tabasco and Yucatan; on the west, Ostmic:alc()
and Siui Mareos; on the soutli, Cuyot(^nango tmd Mazjiteiiango; on tiio east,
Atitlaii, Solola, Joyabaj, Qiiichi'; nn<l in tlic centre, Totouicapan and Quc/.al-
tciiiiiiL'". Montitfur, liitDfia HUI.. iii. o'Jl-o.
■M)atia July 12, 18;W. Jd.^WM-l.
t\
.viM&iii
158
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
lij
.i'i')'^
Tlie jcfo, Molina, was an honest man and an al)]o
jurist. He loved Los Altos, and considered it a
necessary orj^auization for the greater lustre of the
C'enti'al American republic; but he had little knowl-
edge of human nature, and was easily deceived. The
government of Guatemala pursued toward him, since
April 13, 1839, a machiavelian ])olicy, and led him
into tlie fatal belief that it really desired the prosper-
ity and happiness of the new state, which had becoiiio
tlie I'esidence of the liberals who had Icil Guatemala,
llecing from Carrera,''^ and constantly ]iublished severe
strictures against Carrera and the arist(.>cratic cliquo
which surrounded him. Molina had been persuutltd
that the Guatemalan, authorities were fi'iencli}' towai'd
the state of Los Altos, though requii'ing that it should
discoui'age the attacks of the exiled liberals, ilow-
evei', jMolina, abiding by the constitutional claubcs
declaring freedom of the press to be inviolable, an-
swered that the Government of Guatemala had the
right of prosecuting the writers before the courts of
Los Altos for libel. This ill feeling was all that l^i-
von, the Guatemalan machiavelian minister, desiied
for future hostile ])roceedings. The opportunity was
not wanting, and the state of Los Altos was destroyed
by Caiivra on the 29th of January, 1840, and rein-
corpoi'ated with Guatemala."* Molina, though ci-ed-
ulous and vaeillating, at the last moment showed him-
s(df to be possessed of a brave heart. He well knew
that his atlministration had been a just (nie, that all
the oart of
01
charges au'ain^t his cfovei'mnent
''Oalvcz, .Jo.s<5 F. .•iiid Juan Barrun.lia, Siinon Vascr icclos, and otlicrs.
''*0ii till! "JStli of Jan. a body of Qiicz.ilttc (iou[)s uiidtu' Coloni 1 (/orzo,
wan di'I'catcd hy llio (iuatoiiKdans, iukUt (ieii. Mciitcr, -sa. It liad Imu sta-
tioned in till.' liacic'iida of llrjiicnl, with tho doulilc cbj .'t of j.'Mai'din;; i ii the
coast side tho tiTiitory of Lo.s Altos, an 1 of forniinf^ i ■oiiihination \vi;li the
nii'n of Salvador, who wcro about, to iiivado (ii'.atoniala from the river I'az
frontier. Tho triatnuiit of the fuL'itivcs by the Indians was shocking. L'oi'zo
jii.d ]Jcut-col Cordoba i)crishcd at their hands Carrera, after defeating, eii
tUi; "JUth of Jan., the Q\i<zaltco troops that iutenijitcd to check him nu the
l.ei,:;lit3 of Sololil, enturcil (Jni'zaltonnngo unresisted, and put an end t > iliat
fctatc. Its towns were taken under Oiuatcnialaa protection, on the Ii' "U "f
their vohiiitary annexation, by decree of Fob. 2G, 1640 Marnro, Ej' ■,<"'-•
Guat., J'cciij). Lcijrn, i. 43-50.
C uat
false.
iii>uli
( .'.'jie
l-ate
eitizd
jdunrli
Aii;
since i
JlissLi
hy a J
] 'laced
was on
liihitcd
hccn n
just.
■suggest
•'■'•I'ipfio
.sons im
I.sl'I.^' ■
'■"It was
"OlJMilitted
ti'u yovenu
ttction. T
''"'lid tile pi,
vKtijiiuinai
and iijnvard;
i'l'st named
S'liei-i.d objoc
""I'epiivi
'leld it till I
Mtctitive oil
'!•>', ■Vn)\trc
"'■d of hirn,
I'laci-.I, 1,0 .
^»t., i. LMI.
'■ The .'J 1 .
todos los aci
Oclioeientos v
'•■'Jiiiiiiiguii in
the iiiiliativo
'■'■-■JiiiiMiltee.
ui;i fur liis c,\
ti.Mifd to the
«■,"" -i I'ardune
Ot IVc ij.i'OL'ity
''•".'•' iiivaria'hi
wil", I'ut insi
^'"*'; iii. 1,^,-;
a-
was
lyod
KIVERA PAZ AS JEFE.
159
riuatemala, by Pavon and his fellow-aristocrats, were
f;ilso. lie did not forsake his post. Carrera grossly
insulted him, and sent him as a prisoner to (jruatomala.
CIciioral Guzman was reviled, forced to wear I'ags,
liatcn, and his hair and beard pulled out. Other
ciiizcns were shamefully treated, and their homes
jilmidored.^"
.Vilairs in Guatemala had undergone a g' eat change
since the removal of Galvez from the position of jefe.
] lis successor, Valenzuela, was dej)osed July 22, 1838,
liv a popular movement, and ]\lariano Ilivera Paz
placed at the head of affairs.^'' Ilis Orst official act
was one deserving of special commendation, as it ex-
];iljitcd a conciliatory spirit which, unfortunately, had
luun a stranger in the country during man}' years
past. Three days after being installed, at his s])ccial
suggestion the state assembly nullilicd all acts of [)ro-
siaip^ion, and decreed a general amnesty ff>r ah Mer-
SDUS implicated in political offences since September
Is-Jl."'
"It was claimed tliat Carrera could not prevent tlicbo abuses, wLich were
."oiDinittcd l)y the very people of Los Altos who rose against the pnrti.-aiiH of
tlio L^overnincut. Tiie fact is, they ■were savage Indians under ('antra's pro-
tcctioti, 'I'I'is chief leturncd in ti-iunijih to <!i;atumula, and was rccfivi'd
iuiiul the plaudits of liis elerieo-arlstoeratic Kiippurters and tlio rabhl.'. IHs
vittiji iua-iarniy Ijiought in the rear the armament and spdils of Quezaltenango,
and iijiv.Tirds of 100 iirisoners, among ti. m Gu;:nian. Mariaoal, and Soto. 'I'lio
lii'dt named was wounded, and ii^d to mide. 'i'lie raliijle made liini the
s^liccial oljjoct of their .'-cotF. Moi'tt'(/tir, Jtcsii'i'i /li-<t., iii. •i;W-4!.
^'' Depiivedof the odice Jan. 3U, ISlii); restored Ajn-. h'Stlud tliosame year;
hold it till Dec. i:], ISfl. I.i.y 11, 18ll2, lie assnnird for tiic tiurd time ilio
executive olUce, with the title of presidentof the idate. Gnaf., ]i'i-n> L'lji s, i.
IT^i; M<ir,n-e, E/ihi.. ()1-'J. Stcjihens, wiio saw liivera I'az in KiK), tipeaka
"(11 of liim, saying tliat 'in all (I.e trying jiositions in winch he wasafterward
jlacil, ho exhiliited ni^^-e than ordinary prudence and judgment.' (.'int.
Am., I. -20].
■' 'liie od and last art. contained these \voi'ds: ' Un olvipo general snlire
todu.-i los acontecimientoa politicos dcsdc cl iiuinco do tjetiendjre do nul
ocliiiiientos veintinno liasti la fetha; y so prohiba rigurosaniente removerloa
full niiigim motivo.' Further than tins, do.t^ F, Barrnndia had ino\('d that
tlif initiative should be made ui's^ciit, nnd \cpted on without being rcfcii-cd to
:i '-'iiiii'iittee. Montiifar, who gives full details on ''m's aU'riir, blames liarrun-
ilia f.ir ilis excessive generosiity nnd abnegation, which, lie declaics, alwaya
li.imd to the ])rcjudicc of tii.it statesman and his jKirty, He wanted lii.s en-
miii's pardoned. Mid tc) enjoy nil tic' ional guarantees, but tlieie was no siiirit
of ivi if.iocity on their part. When the scrviics assumed the reins of pnwcr,
tiny iiivarialdy abused and persecuted Harrumlia. lie was noton)y .sent into
evil'', liut insulted there in publications tliey would forward linn. L'/.tena
nil., iii. IbS-DO.
160
GUATEMALA AND IIOXDURAS.
1 1 i H > !:
I'MJ
From tlic moment Rivera Paz was made the pro-
visif»tial head of the state government, reaction set in
and went on with flying colors. Measures in conso-
nance witli the wishes of the retronfrcssionists wvm
a(l()})te(l one after another as fast as they could Ix;
drawn up/'^ These decrees should have satisfied Car-
ixra and his supporters; but it seems thai, they did
nt)t; his faction became more and more recalcitrauL
lie found himself closely pressed; but, unfortunate! \ ,
General Guzman was persuaded to enter into arran^v-
nients with him at EI Kinconcito. This, liowever,
did not bring peace to the state for any length ot
time.
In the latter ])art of January 18.39 liivera Paz w;is
de[)osed by Carlos vSalazar, militar}^ commandei- ol
Guatemala,''' but reinstalled by Carrera on the l.'ilh
of April. *^" This disturbed condition lasted r.ome tiim;
longer. The state declared itself independent on tin:
17th of April of the same year, and the only form ol
union maintained with the other states was by speci.il
Iri.'aties of allowance,'^' in which the states mutu.illy
aeknowledged theii- independence and sovereignty,
and [)ledged themselves to reconstruct Central Ann i-
ica. All ellbrts, however, to reestablish order w.ic
'* The executive was authorized to support the petition of the elcri^y lit
order tliat tlio ilioceso should have a bisliop, and permitted that he shoii'l
a|p|iro[iriate a portiou of tlie i)uhlic funds to that end. No mention was luixUi
ot the person who was to ho hishoji. The idea was to flatter the scv( i i!
cleri^yniin who were with Carrera hopini^ to earn a mitre. July 'Joth I'lO
people were called to elect a cnnstituent assembly, of not less tlian fifty iiii m-
liers, to reform, add to, or retain in whole or in jiart the constitution of (iu:i;' ■
mala. This decree was supported by the liberals, who foolishly believed lli:it
tliL'ir party would lia\e the ]io\ver to reconstitute the state. The scrvilis
iiuiled it, being sure of controilinj; the situation with Kiveia I'azat the hemi "f
the government, and three fervile wings as his counsellors. ]leactioii;iiy
deputies would be plentiful in the constitutional convention. The CMpitatiVii
tux was reduced to four realcs. 'J'he assembly, now converted into a li"-
iiialvcr l)y sleain, on the 'JUth of .luly revoked the laws establishing civil
marriage and divorce, freedom to i)e<(ueith property, reduction of the num-
ber of holidays, and the fiH'ther admission of ii.'iigious vows. Id., 190-2.
'''" He ruled 'JJ inonlhs, .it the end of which he had to seek .'safety in llij:it,
on t'arrera occupying the capital. .Udrurc, Eftin., 48, (iJ.
""The foi'uier jjolitical order of all'airs now caino to an end, aud a new > la
began under Carrera's auspices. (liKtt., Hcrop. Lci/ck, i. 207.
*' The texts of tiio several treaties may bo seeu iu Convencion, in Cent, A in.
VonatHucioncs, 5-25, 28-31; Otiut., Ji'ecop. Lciiv.'', i. .?82-0.").
in V;
Can
' 'ifai
<'i' tl
.'idiiii'
\>y tl
p'Tta:
>iasti(
uiiivci
•strife,
a/id in
Iiad ,st
"fan I
lic'ni^d
1 i uu
Aiiieric
iiiaiiifos
-■"1(1 iipo
t'i«' Jtli
'J'cll .SOI
Un"(AS W;
>titll(.|it
•'11 tile
' lll'.S(_.|| j\
^ii 'July
''''I'artiiic
^•'"istitut
^'I'tlK! coi
'■(■placed
CARMKliA'S TRIUMPH.
lei
in vain, owing to the political complications caused by
Carrera's rebellion in March 1839. His capture of
Guatemala on the 19th of ]\Iarch, 1840, and tlie end
of the stru<,^gle between him and ^lorazan, which has
hoen narrated, did not materiallv chanixe the state of
affairs; at all events, resolutions subsequently adopted
liy the assembly had little weight."" The only im-
pni'tant ones were the restoration of the fuero ecle-
siustico,''^ and the creation of a medical laeulty in the
university. Thus, after sixteen years of continual
.-tiife, Guatemala found herself again an independent
and impoverished state. Neither of the parties which
had strivi.'U for supremacy had gained anything. The
(.(iinnionwealth was practically inuler the dictatorship
of an Indian chieftain, whose will even those who had
lidncd him to attain his position dared not dispute.
i'roai the moment that the plan of a Central
American confetleration was eontem[)lated, Honduras
manifested her willingness to be one of its members;
and upon the iederal constituent assembly fixing, on
tlic .')th of ^lay, 1824, the l)asis of organization lor
each separate state, a local assembly of eleven dep-
uties was assigned to Honduras. The state con-
stituent assemlilj' met at the Mineral de Cedros,"'' and
nn the IGth of September Dionisio Herrera was
( liosen jefe del estado, and Jtjsd Justo Milla vice-jefe.
in July 1825, the territory was divided into seven
dcjiartments,*"'' and on tlu' 1 1th of December the state
constitution was pi'omulgated. This ended the lal»ors
ol'tlu! cinistituent body, which I'oui' months later was
i'c[)laccd by the ordinary legislature, the installation
''• Illinois Were paid to Carrcra anil liivora I'az. Tlicir I'portraits win; to
1)0 jilui III in the hall of scssiuns. Mm-tirf, Ej'i'm., ').■]. A few days latiT tlio
I'.ltli lif Mai jji was decreed a civic feastilav. Omit., liirnj). Leyrs, iii. .'MS,
"•'Alt of Nov. i), 1840. /(/., 'JSO.
'''Not at Agnanqneteiii\ as the fiideral cnnLji'oss had <(ecrccd. Astulitirint'ja,
Vfiit. Am., i;(; Mariiir, E/i in., 10. Tin; last nanud, i.i his /i'o.s'/. Ili'-t. ('ciU.
Am., 1 is, gives tlie name as Leypateric.
''•'Cuinaya^,'iia, Tegucigalpa, (Jracias, Santa iiurliarn, Olaiicho, Voru, luid
CLuhiti'ca,
UibT. Cent. A.m., Vol. III. U
wwm. 11^!
132
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
■|:ii'U
'1!
ot' wliicli at Tegucigalpa was followed by that of tlio
rcprcscntat"n/c council at Comayagua.
Honduras \vas not allowed to enjoy a long term of
peace. The assembly ordered new elections for chii.t'
of state, on the ground that Herrera's tenure of office
had been intended to be merely provisional; but he
held to a different opinian, and refused to surrender
his authoi'ity. ]\[atters were made worse by the
enmity existing between Herrera and Iriap, the gov-
ernor of the diocese."'' Anarchy now prevailed,
some of the departments, especially (h'acias, refusing'
llerrera recognition. This state of things was mainly
instigated by the [)resident of the rejtublic, Arce, who
strove to overthiow the liberal [)arty in Honduras.
Under the i)retence that Santa Kosa, in the depart-
n.'.ent of Gracias, out of which the federal govermnent
drew a revenue from tobacco, needed protection, An
despatched there 200 men under ^[illa, the vice-jefe,''
who, after a short encounter with Herrera's force,
marched upon Comayagua,''*' arriving there early in
April 1827. The town had been hastily fortified,
and energetically resisted thii-ty-six days; but imt
receiving timely I'eenforcements, succumbed on tli<
9th of ^lay, 18-17.*" Herrera was si;nt as a prisoner to
Guatemala, and new elections were ordered in Hon-
duras.'^' A new legislature on the ICth of Se[)teml»i r
chose Ger6nimo Zelayajefe, but he was recognized ;is
such only in Santa Barbara. All lil)erals were dis-
missed from office. Francisco ]\Iorazan, who had
'*Iri;i3 cxcoiiiimiiiiciitf'cl ITonvr.i, and the latter had him anested. Il'tli
had iiir.iiy adherents.
""Arec; elainis that (.iraciaa had calhil for the iirotection. .Vein., (il-'i;
^^cln. Ji'tv. ('('III. Atn., 01. 'I'lio truth is, he liad no ri,L,dit to cxeruiso jiirisihc-
tion tiicrc, the jihieo not being on tho frontier nor on the coast. J/o/vcf/i,
Ajiiiiiii'.<, MS., (i.
^^llerrera had a force to dcfiat Milla, but refrained from using it, in order
that Honduras .should not bo accused of beginning hostilities again.-.t liio
nation, il government. /'/., 7.
''••.M.irure. Kj'iin., lit, givea tho 10th as the date. Dunlop. Cent. Aw., MilJ.
gives March lUlh. Morazau attributea tho surrender to tho connnanilor'.s
treachery. Ajiinilrn, .M.S., 8,
'"('Icto Ijcmlana was made jcfo provisional in Se|)t. IS'27, Francisco Mora-
zau being conacjoro in Xcv. of that year. Miirurc, Lyon., 03.
ncen
^■ivei
• •.>.'a|
dcfe;t
i!i.->tal
a.s.sun
fefeiK,
afjiu'rs
uhejv
troiibji
of the
Aroi',
h'hera]
as was
the /oJh
'I nil, th(
.dfectiiii.
her I8;j
t'> roiid(
•■^tato, w
fi'ieiids
JfoiKhu^
authorizi
h'L-ed; an
'■ailed 1
met at C
01
\Wiic
."■^cohi.s.
■^Tl,c
lere w.
' wa.s eoi
», ■■■' ^\Ji
'"'■■"_ f"i lli<t.,
I '"■^'iitiiicz
'■'i\.'uid(.tlier.s
'.' ''''<'y Ml' I
'■'Jie.suJtin
'■"cclu'il f„|.,,,
';"'W wan ,1 ,„.
":■'"' '^f 'cu.
•^''IniM iO.S y [.,,
"•■^'oratioiinf'd
, J'^.i U;iS
y^^ «.Ultia;'o I
LIBERAL IDEAS IX HONDURAS.
163
liuLii imprisoned, nut\vitlistan(Jiii<^^ the safe-conduct
.'•iveii liini after the fall of Coniayagua, managed to
e.^'.-apc, and subsequently rendered efficient aid to
(Irfeat the federals at Trinidad."^ The government
installed by Milla disappeared, Morazan temporarily
;i>.suining the reins in November. The further inter-
iLiciK.'e of the federal government in tiie internal
ii flairs of Honduras has been fully narrated ol.se-
wlit're. The country was not exempt from internal
troubles from the close of 1829'''^ to the beginning of
180.3, requiring J'early always the iinal inteivention
of the federal government to bring theni to an end,'*
Morazan's ascendency awakened in Honduras more
Uliiral ideas than luul ever prevailed in the countiT,
;is was evidenced in the laws then enacted.'^' Duriiig
lluj fullowing years Honduras was comparatively tran-
([uil, the political agitations of the re[)ublie scarcely
liU'cctinu: her. There was a local sedition in Decern-
In'r 183G, and the early part of 1837, contributing
b) render much worse the iinancial condition of tho
>tatc, which had been bad enouL*"!! before.'^ The
tViciKls of the federation decreased from day to day.
Honduras accepted tho act of tho fedei'al congress
authorizing the states to constitute themselves as they
liked; and in June 1838 the legislature and executive
lalled for a constituent assembly to do so, which
laet at Comayagua on the 7th of October.'*'
"Sio his ApiiHte.'>\ ^IS., <)_!().
'' Tliere was a suditiouof tliu sri'silcs, licaJuil hy Fallici- Uivas;iiul otlu'rs,
which was couclmlcd by a jjuaecalilo arraniioim-at with Morazan. .l/o ili'n'iir,
/,V.*»'t ///.s7., i. li)l-:i, \m.
'' .Martinez ami l.'oii, iuiplicatcd in a plot with ncj^irocs of liulizc aiul JVsca-
lar. aiiil (itliers were ixi'L'utL'il May '_','>, lSo.>. Maiili'ifur, licsi ila llisf., ii. KtJ.
;' i'hcy mostly all'cctcil tiic ckTgy. Muruiv, JC/i m.. '.!:j-7, ;!.")-(!.
"'Uu^ultinglVom various causes. A law providing,' t'ora ]irovisiim:;li'un<,'niy
ihn'kcd fdiL'igii trade. Ja the iiiterii.ir ib was at ."ii) per I't liisiajunt. A do-
'Hi; tstnl)lisiiing a siii'.lo tax novel- conld lie earried out. Tiie almlitiou of
iithus was a UK'asuiu whicii 'au^ed trouble. 'I'nuiil or fanatical rulers uoio
::;;aid (jf 'cuutro cauiinig'^f \ icjos do C'ltuayaLjua. qui; ;uiieiia/:aba ii con el
mIiuo ID'S y las iioiias dii i ilicrno,' and fauati';isiM soon brought about the
ii-atoratajji of the tithes. Miiiitt'(jiV; I,'(.-<cna Uis(., iii. '^77.
"Tliis was the seci'j*'' constitn-'iit assembly, and its lii'st )iresideut w;s-
■' »v Santiago Uuezo. Tho t"Wil «': Tegucigal[ia deniauded absolute iiidr-
Kiidtiue, dccluiing itself Kccc.iv'da.id lunier the iirolcctioa of Micarayua until
164
GUATEMALA AND HOXDUiiAS.
The dc{?laratioii of indepcndeneo was solemnly pro-
multjated in a single sentence on the 2Gth of October,
1838.'' All further efforts on the part of ^lorazaii
and his fellow-federalists to restore the disrupted rc-
})ublic i>roved unavailing, as we have scen.'^ At the
•end of Janiiary 1840, the secessionists were victorious,
and federalism was rooted out.
1 append a list of Honduras rulers after Mora-
zan's short provisional administration in 1827-28.'"
at .should be declared
This was the work of the returned reactionists. Jd.
"' 'Art. tlnico. E' c&tado do Honduras cs libro, soberano, dindependiente.'
It was published by the acting jcfe, Leon Alvarado. The declaration beiiij,'
deemed insufficient by the secessionists, another act was passed on the oth of
Nov., to say that Honduras was independent of tlie late federal rroverunicat,
of the governments of the other states of Cent. Am., and of any other gov-
ernment or foreign power. /7. , '2S'2; Manirf, Effm., 47.
'* Tegucigalpa had bef;n twice taken, and Comayagua once, by the federal
forces. Id., 50-1.
■'Geronimo Zelaya, primer jcfe, June 1828. J lis Jjuthority was never
recognized outside (.f Santa Barbara. His election was !i'ially declared null,
like all others eHectjd pursuunt to tlie convention l)y the president of the ri'-
luiblic. Diego Vijil, vice-jetV, Apr. 18'2i). Juan Angel Arias, consejero, Di'o.
182D. Josi"; Santtjs del Valle, cuns(;jero, July 1830. .JosiS Ant. Manjui/,
jeie, March 1831. D'rancisco Milla, con-sejoro, March 1832. Joaquin Kiviia,
jefe, Jan. 18.33 to Dec. 31, 183C. During his term, owing to illness, the cxif-
ulive was tempDrarily in 'diarge of V. Ferrera, the vice-jefe, in Sept. ISiill,
anil of J. M. JJiistiUo, con.5ejero, in Sept. 18.35. The latter was again in
power as acting pre.udcnt in Aug. 1839. Ferrera again held the executive in
■Jan. 1841, with the title of president of the state. J. M. Martinez, conscjirn,
Jan. 1837. Justo Josi'- ili vrcra, jefe. May 1837. Leon Alvarado, consejcin,
Oct. 1838. Felipe Medina. •](ia6 Alvaradu, and Lino Matute are also njcii-
tioncd as having bad charge (jf the executive in Xov. 1838; the last naiinil
till Jan. 1839. Juan V. Molina, consejero, Jan. 1839. Jos(5 M. Gucrn iv,
consejero. May 1831). Francisco Zelaya, consejero, Sept. 1839. />/. , li.'i;
Mon/uJ'ar, nfnefia Hist., ii. 133-G, 325-31; iii. 28i'-3.
L^'IVeil
"^paiij,
'')'' firsi
.Sail Sa
iiato.-
CHAPTER IX.
SALVADOR, NICAKAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
18-24-1840.
S\Lv.ijoR State Goveunment— Lidkiuls Oveiituuow.n— Secession from
THE UxioN— Sax Salvador as the Federal Seat of Government —
(ICATEMALA IMPOSES IIEIl WlI.L— JeFE CaSas AND COMANDANTE MaLES-
ri.N" — XirARA(;rA"s Ivmu.v TRoriiLics — Sieci-: and Bo^t'sardmen r op
Leon — Or.r.ANiz\rioN of State Government — Dissensions and War-
EARK— ErCPTION OF CoSKii'lNA -SECESSION FROM THE CONFEDERATION —
CosTv Rica as a Confederated State — Juan ^Iora's Adminisiration
—Towns' Ijkkerinijs Settled— Braulio Cakrileo's RrEE-FiNAL
Secession from the Central Amei!K'an Rkpiulic— Prosperitv of
THE State.
Salvador, from the earliest days that iitteraiico was
oivoii to the idea of liberty and iinlepeiideiice from
Spain, was ready to echo and champion it, and was
the first to eltl'ct an organization lor self-govcrn-
iiunt.^ The state was divided into four departments,
Sail Salvador, San Victiiite, San ^liguel, and Sonso-
iiate." Uiulcr the direction ot" the constituent asseni-
Mv a state sjfovernment was orij'anized. with duan
Viv\^nto Villacorta as jefi',^ and Mariano J*rado as
'March '», 1S'J4, tlic local coiistituentfe assembly mot, aiul en tho Itli of
■luly, tlio state constitution, derived oii tUe Titli oi'.liinu, was j/iililislicd, uml
ltd sii|ipi>rt :r\voin to. Miirtir- E/ini., 10-11.
-Si)!is.)riato liad always lieiim^uil to (Guatemala, Imt was annexed to Saha-
lior i)U the return of tlic auxiliary f'.tce that was despatched to the foruicr
• |VJ3 toijuell Ai'iza'- itvult, <>f which I lia\egivrii an tttcdunt. By intri^ruu
■ ud fune, the iiihal(itaiit.-< \u»-re made to declare in J.ifor of Salvador, 'i'iio
i',-;inii was later attachi:d lo-thclattcr, though thi; ■ hau-^e of jurisdiction lia.s
' vi r hecu loimally acUuowleilged hy (juateniala. Some time after there was
■i I'kiii of creatiiiu', with Sonseiiate and Santa Ana, a separate .state', but tiiu
t' 'I ;al congro.-j did not sanction it. Marure, Ito^r/. /lis/., \, \M).
' Ho assumed hisollice Dec. I,'!, IS'JI. Ihiriui,' tlio pcrind nf oif,'ani/ati()n
t!ie executive was in charge of Juaa Manuel Rodriguez, who bore tlie title of
'liiertor. I'i., Kjhti., i:}, ()•_'; ^f>m. i!r,\ d-nt. Am., [Vl.
hii pi?
i^
KiO
SALVADOH, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
vlcc-jrlr. Alter iiistalliiiij;- a ,su[)f)ior court, the con-
stituent as.senihlv adjoui-ncd sine die on the 23d of
November, 18'24.
Vdv a long time past tlierc liad been differenees
between (jiuatemala and Salvador uj)on eeelesiaslical
matters. The latter not only claimed an authorita-
iive voice in the political afl'aiis of Central Anieriea,
but also to be placed upon an independent footing as
ri'Lirarded the ecclesiastical. Hence the anxietv to
have a l)ishoprie erected at San Salvador. This mat-
ter assumed a threatening- aspect, and engaged tlie
attention of ecclesiastics and statesmen, as well as the
j>ub]ie at large in both sections of the country. The
details will bo given in a separate chapter treating of
the church in Central America. It is in order to
state here, however, that the disputes about the
diocese of San Salvador had a de(^}j influence in tln'
country's politics. The contending parties had taken
up the question. The libei'als in both states siiled
V, ith Jose jMatias Delgado, who had l)eeu ap|)ointe(l
by Ihe Salvador legislature tin; th'st bishop. The sei-
vile element, on the other hand, supported the arcli-
bisho[) of (Guatemala. But alter a time JJelgado,
who was not unmindful of his pur]:)oses, su[)poi'teil
President Arce, thus forsaking his former friends, and
Joining the servile party. A marked change oecurreil
soon alter, however, the relations between Arce and
J)elgado becoming cold because the latter suspected
that Arce really sympathized with the archbishop.
'ITie liberals failed not to strengthen that suspicion, nm-
to f m the ilanie.*
Jefe A'illaeorta, owing to impaired health, sui-
renderod the government to the vicc-jefe, Mariano
Prado," whose first act was one of ep])osition to I hi
national government, by repealing Arco's convocation
of OctA)ber 10th for a new cono'ress, and issuing 'in
* At this time Snlvinlor litoaiiK' the iisyluni of tlio libcrnl ]:>ii:'tv.
* AiTi! iilli'critl tlint Molina and otlicis liail iiuliKrJ \ iliueortii, to belicvo
]\c Mas llui only inaii >\1jo louKi right jiolitioal wiui;gs; nut In.- fniind lie cuiiM
not do thi-i, and so I'csiirnt'il. Miiii.,(JO !.
RUr.K OF CORNEJO AND I'HADO.
1G7
(.f his own, on Decoiubci- (!, 182G, aji})()iiitin<^ Aliua-
cliapaii, in Salva(U)r, as the |t]acc ol' asseinbhi^'c.
Piado now began the military piv])arati()ns whicli
weie Ibllowcd by a war between Salvador and tin;
(ederal govemmunt, and which terminated with the
overthrow of the servile party by Morazan.
A Hberal policy was for a sliort time pursued in
Sah.ulor under the rule of Josd ]\[. Cornejo, who had
hccduie the jefc in January 1829," and ja'ace reigned
(hii'ing the next three years. But in 1832 it was
again disturbed. Tlie government of the state, be-
coming dissatislied with its foi-mer hei'o, ]\Iorazan,
a1tem])ted to secede from the union, but was brought
iimlri- subjection.' Cornejo was deposed, and, togetht-r
with those who aided him in the I'ebellion, was sent
to Guatemala as a prisoner, to be dealt with according
to law.^ Elections for authorities wei-e then held,
and ^lariano Prado was chosen jefe," and Joaquin San
]\rartin y IJlloa vice-jefe. A period of liberalism now
coiiiinenced, like that of Guatemala in 1820. Several
liberal measures were adopted, one of which was the'
establishment — decreed August 21. 1832 — of a sin-
i;li', very moderate, direct tax.'" This enactment,
intended to relieve the exhausted treasurv, met with
\ iohnt opposition in San Salvador, and sedition brok(!
')Ut on the 24th in several wartls; but the rioters were
dispersed. Prado issued a jiroclamation expressing
his resolution to uphold tlie law and maintain order;
hut as the excitement continued, ho ordered that the
sii[)i'eine autliorities should transfei- themselves to
the \\\\a do Cojetepeque on the 31st." On the 14tli
•"Ciiiiveiits were iil)olishc(l March 1, 1830. A cDllrLii! was cstMliHslu'il in
July i)f tho fiillowing year; and the stato scuincil to have rccuvurtil iV.iiii tli''
losses of tliL" lato 'War.
' CiJinc'jo i'(jii](l iKit li'j in accord with tho fcilcral auihoritivs; lie was a
soiviK', and in hajruu with their cnoinics. Jloiiti'ifitr, llr^i-iin llisl., i. ,'{,'! I.
*'i'ii(j cxccutivo authority was held for ft while by Morazan himself. Mn-
r,v(v, r.ftm., ;jO, G2.
"T'l accept the ])osition he resigned the vice-presidency of tho I'epnhlic.
Mill,! i'il'ni\ JicsrHtl J/ist., ii. 0.
'"'I'ithes luul been siipiiresKcd and trial by jury introduced.
" Tlio jiuhlie archives and artillery were to be also removed. The comau-
iliiutr-L'eneral was to reniidu behind m itii four cannons and 'JUO musUets.
u\
Ills
SAIA ADOI!, MLAKAtiUA, AN 1> COSTA lUCA.
of Xoveiiibcr tli<iT was also a seditious luovoniont in
San MigiU'l, which was (jiirlli'd by ( 'olniu'l Beniti,'/.
The vice-jete, Sail ^fartiii, was in aceoi-d with the
I'evolutioiiists, and ke[>t U[> a eori'espondence with
(Jalvez ill (iiiatemala, who wanted l*rado overthrown.
This was Iciiown in Sail Salvador, and gave eiicoura^c-
ineiit to the remnants of'Coniejo's party. The removal
1)1' the eajjital was not sullicient. Another revoH,
lii'oke out at San Salvador early in IS.'];!, and J*radt),
together with the members of the eo-leLjisIativi? hodirs
autl of the su})erior court, had to abandon tluir ])laccs.
On the irsth of February the state followed the ex-
ample oi' NiearaL(ua and seceded from the union. The
\ iee-jefe, San Martin, who had gone into hidiiiij;' (mi
tlie IJth of February to save himself from harm, was
called by the revolutionists to assuniu the executive
thority.^' In July a revolt broke out among th.'
ians of Santiau'o Xonualco, lleadetl by Ana>t;i-
an
Ind
sio A(|uino, they Ibi'ined the plan of exterminaliiiL
the white and colored [topulation, and installing a l!'i'V'
'rnnieiit ol native:-
The utmost cruelties eharacli
SiMlll
ized this war of races, whcli was fortunately
sup[)ressed. !Most of the ringleaders, among tlieiu
A(|uiiu>, were ca[)tured. The chief was executed <i;i
the •J4th of July, 18;3;}, at San Yi(.'ente.'' But peace
did not follow the suppression ol" this rebelli(»n. Sal-
vador, always jealous of (Guatemala, insisted on hav-
ing the federal government renutvod iVom her rivals
territory. At last, in Februaiy 18^4, the i'ecK'ial
'-]Io had lost liid wrai'iiig aiiparul, and in liis sniallcli)tlius, and witii n
travelling]; cloak on, lie took I'hargo of tlio t^'ovcrnnicnt. /</., 'Ji). Ho \\;i-<
chosen liy the a.'<senil)ly tirst jefe on the 1st of July, KSIill. In .liine Isiil \«-
was removed from ollicc and expelled. Maniri', /,'/« m., .'?(!, (i'J; (Iiik/., (I(V'I ',
j).v. -J.'. 18.14, 7.
'■^ Aijiiino was a perfeet savage, and invoked reli,i,'ion, as did Carrera souk •
what later. Ho onec entered San Vieente with the crown of an iniai;e ol "-t
Joseph on his head. His mode of senteueini; prisoners to death was expnh-
tioiis. The victim was ]ilaced licfore a group of his men, who weic told lie
was their oiieniy. 'Shoot him,' they would say, and the thinj,' was dnnc.
Ai[;iino was iii league with the serviles, Init as they could not manage hiiii,
they persecuted their crowned ally. Moiili'i/nr, /,'i.<<ii(t. IJisf., ii. "J I.
"Crowe, Ootpil, 1.'!'), and Squier, 7Vr«cc'/.'., ii. 4'20-l, erroneously phm' it
ill iHo2.
ill;. .'•*
Moi;!'} TUOur.L;; at ax .-alvador.
ie»
iiutlioi'itios (.'aniL' to it-sidv' in Sonxiiiad', mikI l.itii-, in
.iiiiit, <it San Salva;lor. It \\;is a L;iX'at mistake to
1 ..i»ci.'t harnionv. iJctoiv llio month was out there
V as a str'eet light of several hours hetweeii trixtjjs of
t\v
1
)()\vers.
Tl
le leuerals were victorious, ai
id
lie
Tl
i«; e\-
■uti
state's jele, San Martin, was deposed.'
ve authority was assumed tirst l)y Ciirlos Sala-
mander of \\\c federal forces, and afterward
;r, com
L.- (Jregorio Salazar, the viee-[)resitlent of the rejuih-
!;,■. Xeither of tlieiii had a loeal title.'" {'"rom this
time the state remaiiieil wholly under tlu^ control of
le
federal government ami the liberal party, which
li. came still more cemented when in IS;!.") the capi
1;;1 was made the federal district. En tlu; great strug
^Ic hetweeu ^lorazaii and Carrera, of which a detailed
iiccount has been given in a former chaj)t(M', Salvador
l.ad to rely entirely on lu.'r own resources when her
tiiritory was invaded in IS3S and 18;]9.
.Vfter Mora/.an's si«>'nal defeat at (Guatemala, Saha-
l
liei' no loiigei" was v^lisposed to inaRe
il t(
sac
ritice^
inci
leed,
was too exhausted to raise a new army. However
by no means willing to U|)hol(l the victoi'iou:-
; In; was
( 'aii'era
but I
Jem;
u
liable to resist, had for a whili
tit submit to the force of circumstances, and to recog-
nize the government placed v)ver lier.^' Ihit as soon
as Carrera went back to Guatemala, that <'(»vt'rnmeiit
•tl
IS overtnrown u
y
th
pool
>le,
aiu
I tl
10 y
;f.!, d
ose
w
W^-
n
■A^,
1 ■'
mS€
:i :;
'•'Tiio ilufciit of .San Martin by (icn. Esiiinosa was at .li^niiiisco. Cunt.,
liiiht'iii (tjii:, TiOT-D. San Martin was now forsakin l>y ( i.iUcz, tin" jclr df
liiiuioinala. In liis old n;.'o ho usod to complain of ' las iuLciiiMTmut'i.is di 1
i''»t..r (Jalvo/.' MoiitHj'tii-, /i(S(iiri, J/i-^t., ii. "JT.
'''Tlio latti'r I'uk'il only fmni July to Oct., wlicii lie was tcni|")rarily .snc-
'■ii-iliil. lirst liy tlio 'iiscjcro, Jiia(iuin Mscolan, ami tiii'ii hy the vicc-jcfc,
■ins ■ M. Silva, tlio same iiiontii. Nii'uhis Ivspiimsa iiecaiiie jelc in A]ir. i.S.'i."),
:iii(l wasdiiven awaj' in the Idllowiii;^ Movemlier, lieiii;,' ai'cu.sed i>f i-iuiiiolii!^^
'I War 1 i laces, tlio eoiisujero l''raiieiseu (ioiiie/. iieiiig his .siiccessur < u the
l.lth of N',.v, The next ndera were: |)ie;jo \'ijil, Apr. ]S'M); 'I'iiiidieo Me-
lioiulez, vlcejefe, Sept. KSIiti; Antonio J. C'aiias, eonsejero, May IMJK. Mn-
run. j:/,!ii., O-J; .]/(iii/i'i/(ti; Ji'sr/m. /lisf., ii. M.l.'t.
"' Cancia eoiiteiiipiated heconiini,' liie ruler of ( 'entral .Vuieriea, hut ha<l to
aliuiiliiji iiis plan on Nicaragua and Jlondiiias forming a league attains: him.
Hts hidifins wvn) not bo clUcient w hen oil' troiii their native eioniid. Sijiiii /a
Traal., ii. 4.11--J.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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iV
1?-
170
SALVADOU, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
Antonio Canas, liad to resign,*'* Norbcrto Ramirez
becoming the jefe provisional.*'' More than any other
of the Central American states, Salvador needed a
l)eriod of peace to recover from the wounds infliobd
in nearly twenty years of warfare. She liad upheld
the principles of liberty and union long after the others
had given them up, and now required a prudent and
wise government to restore her almost extinct life and
strength.
Wliile the other provinces experienced but few dif-
ficulti>js in organizing themselves after the separation
from Spain and Mexico, Nicaragua suffered for years
from intestine strife. Tliis was not exactly a contest
between two political parties, but rather between
towns, and between tlie partisans of one leader and
another; in other words, the results partly of sec-
tioiiid hatred, and partly of personal ambition. Per-
secutions lor political causes were of daily occurrence.*'
A junta gubernativa, recognized by the general gov-
eiinnent, had been installed at Leon,'*' where JBasilio
Carrillo was the commandov "'' the forces, and claimed
the right to rule the proA ; but there was anotlier
junta at Granada, where tlu notorious Cleto Ordofuz
held sway in accord with the jefe politico, Juan Ar-
gi'iello, wliich, of course, ignored the pretensions of
the Leonese authorities. Managua, though siding
"Sept. 2."?, 1840. Ho had iiilcil Biiice Apr. 8tli of tlic same year. Sah:,
JHario OJic, Feb. 14, 1875. The rcvulutioiiaiy inoveineiit of Supt. "JOtli for
his roniDval was promott'tl by Francisco Malcapiii, Ciirivra's tool, ami a iiiaii
who wioldcil ft fatal iniliicnco in Salvador till Gen. Joarpiin 10. (.iu/.niaii liil
the country of him. Malcspin vas then acting for Carrera, who feared that
a revolution of the Calvario ward of San Salvador would upset Cafias, \vlio
was without influence, and could no longer l)0 useful to the aristoci'ats <if
Gunt. Such a revolution would create a liberal government, and might liiiiij'
back Morazan. Caflas was i)ut out of the way that his place might be cui'ii-
pied by a servile tool. Moittiifiu; Jii'xciia Ili^l., iii. 49!).
" llo held the position only to the end of 1840. His succcsaora witii tiie
same titlo were Juan Liudo, .Fan. 1841; I'cdro Arce, Apr. 1841; Senator I>-
coUstieo Marin, l''eb. 184'.!. Muriire, ICfein., C>'2.
""Kn la ulterior contieuda do los partidos polftict-; do csta Proviiuia,
pucs, no RC encuentran mas «iue pasiones; las calilicaciones do rcalistas, im-
porialistas, 6 servi los solo Servian paraantorizar lapcrsccucion.' Ayon, Aji., 'J'>.
"April 17, 18J.I.
NICARAGUAX COM PLICATIONS.
171
V. itli Loon, Imd become the headquarters of the anti-
it publicans, with Bishop Garcia at their head, who
strove to rid the place from Leouese influence. Most
(.1 Iho other towns were in a similar condition; so that
it may be asserted that the whole province was in a
statu of anarchy. The junta gubernativa of Leon
;u(('i)te(l, on the 2d of July, 1823, the decree of the
national government of March 29th, calling for a
national congress, and declared Nicaragua united with
the other provinces that had I'ormerly been the reino
do Guatemala.
On the 13th of January, 1824, a popular uprising
in Lron caused the junta gubernativa to remove Ba-
silio Carrillo from his command, replacing him with
the jel'e politico, Cdrmen Salazar."' Early in the same
voaiJu.sto Milla came with the appointment of in-
iLiulcnte from the general government, and with in-
structions to pacify the country ; but his mission failed.*^
On the 22d of July Ordoilez had himself proclaimed
coinandantc general by the garrison and populace.
Sonn; of the wards of Leon attenii)tcd, on the Gth of
Au;4ust, to overthrow Ordouez and restore Melendez,
the successor of Milla; but they were overpowered,
Mild the city was sacked.-^* On the 14th the forces of
Managua, under Colonel Crisanto Sacasa, captured
portions of the city of Granada. After twenty days
• if incessant fighting the besiegers retired in good
oifler. On the other hand, a division of Leonesc and
< 1 1 Muadans attacked Managua on the 24th of August,
V, ith tlic same result.
A junta gubernativa had been installed on the 9tli
of the month at El Viejo, in opposition to that of the
<;i]iital,^' and organized a force of 2,000 men, intended
•-Tliio movement was the precursor of tho great culumities tliut were tu
I" tall Niiaragiirt. Marure, Ej'vm., 9.
'•''riii> troops nml the mob in Leon, on the 4th of Mny, deposi'il liiiii, iiml
jilat'id lii.s otlioo in charge of tho alcalilc, I'aljlo Mclcndcz, who in liia turn was
(iMvtln'iiwn II few days Inter by nnotlier Hedition headed by Ordofiez.
-'The \ illusof Muuaguannd Nicaragua refused to recognize tho revolntion-
my ;:ovtrnn)ont at tiie capital, and established a junta gubernativa ut tiio
fii'.stiiuiiicd town.
"It was formed with the ciiicf nien i.f the ' partido du Managua.'
It':
|i
'I
I'll
:. -i ■
m
jii
172
SALVADOR, XICAIIAO'JA, AND COSTA IIICA.
t<> lav bic'gu to Leon. The united forces of El Viejo
and Managua, eoninianded by Saeasa and the Colom-
l.ian Juan Jose Salas, assaulted Leon, captured the
'uburbs, and penetrated to the plazucla de San Juan.
The garrison, composed of Leonese and some Grana-
dan^r, now found itself confined to the chief plaza uiid
ct)iitiguous blocks. During the siege, which last((i
1 14 days, there was inces.sant fighting, both besiegiis
and besieged exhibiting bitter animosity. Sacasa was
mortally wounded, and died twelve days after. Tlie
fighting often took place inside of the houses, and even
of the churches. Upwards of 900 houses were eitlur
(lemolii^hed or burned, and the number of dead and
wounded on both sides was large, probably over !)(»0
killed. The contest ceased only on the 4th of Janu-
ary, 1825, when the besieging forces retired."*
The villa de ^lanagua laid down its arms on (lie
'21d of January, li^"J5, peaceably receiving ^Maniul
Jose Arce, who had entered Nicaragua with an auxil-
iary force from fSalvador, and with instructions to
pacify the state. Li consequence of his arrival, th ■
dissensions were (juietcd for a tinie.-'^ Arce, without
l;Io.)dshcd, also disarmed the troops of Ordoiu/ ;it
( Jranada, anil despatched him, together with IVishnp
( rarein, to (Juatemala. Alter having made arranL;< -
ments I'or elections, the }>eace-maker returned to Sal-
vador, leaving, however, a portion of the force at
Loon.
On the 10th of April, 1825, preliminary arraiiL,'<-
iiuMits being completed, the first constituent assendily
'■'"Hy ordor of Gen. Manuel JosiS Arce, who iifterward entered Lion. I'l •
t.iiU of liuttles iind uctious durinK this unhappy period of Xicara(,'ii!i liistmy
I'Kiy 1)0 found iu Munire, JJotiq. llust. Ceui. Am., i. L")l-G; Id., Kj'oii., II I-',
,.); .l.'/o», ,l/)i(H^r,i, 'J8-3li; /)iiiil()i)'ii Cent. Am., lOO-'J.
-'In till' previdus year Martin Aizi'i iiad been sent as a connnissiciiiri- i"
I'l'stoio ]icai'o in Nicaragua. He was ordered to use genth; ineuna. liul to I'lii-
I liiy force u,i;uin.st parlies opposing liini. To support liini, oOO lloniliinnu
-..fro stationed ut Cliohitcca. lie arrived after tlic siege of Leon had lu-'tin,
.•;.icl enilcavoreil ini tlio spot to bring about an arrangement Ijctwccn tli'- l"l
i.^cient.s; but iio Was treated disrespectfully by llio Ijcsiegers, and >'.iii
nrrtsti'd ond threatened with death by Salas. lie afterward ilecland the
junta at Kl N'iejo revolutionary, and that its commands should bo di.sri'^'.iiiled.
After that hu conducted the (Icfence uf Leon. Murtur, llifij., i. 137-1*.
UULE OF AllGCELLO.
it:
of Xicarafjua met under the presidency of Juan Ma-
iiui 1 Zainora, and ten days later Manuel Antonio de
l;i ( erda was installed as jefe of the statc,"^ and Juan
Arj^'iiclio as viee-jefe. Unfortunately there were dis-
amvcnients on tlie part of Cerda with both the con-
stituent assembly and Arguello, which delayed the
laliors on the state constitution, so that it was not
(l.crecd till the 8th of April, 182G.=«>
The convention then adjourned sine die, and the reg-
ular or ordinary assembly met on the 13th of August,
at Leon, but in the middle of the following month
removed to Granada.*' Meantime the dissatisfaction
with Jefe Cerda had assumed such proportions that
tlir legislative body resolved to impeach him. He
was. accordingly, suspended, and Arguello placed
tt'iuporarily in charge of the executive authority'.
Niw elections were also decreed.^^ But Argiiello had
not l'»).stered all these troubles merely to surrender the
y;)\ iiinnent to a new man, and by intrigues cc^ntrived
to liring about, in February 1827, the dissolution of
the assembly.^'
Tlie indefatigable Colonel Cleto Ordouez made,
\\ ith the aid of troops of Leon and Senator Hernandez,
an unsuccessful attempt" to seize the government,
(Icrhiring Argiiello suspended. An eft'ort was also
made by the president on behalf of Cerda, but it was
tlefeatod by Herrera, the jefe of Honduras. The
state of war continued; Aree reluctantly had removed,
at Argiiello's request, the few men of Salvador that
had been stationed in Nicaragua since 1825,'** and
''III thu latter (tart of 1828 he was shot, iimlur tlic Bcnteuce of a court-
niiirti.l convenetl by order of the vice-jefe .\rgttelli>. /(/., tl/'em., G3-4.
" Its support was sworn to on the la';t day of that inontli.
'"'I'liu fust rcpreseutatix'c council, or senate, was inaugurated at the saniu
I'laic on the '20th of Oct., 1826. /(/., IS.
^'<'trila would not, however, lay down his power, and continued exercising;
it at -Mauugua. Mem. Iteo. Cent. Am., 4'i.
^-'i'lic dissolution was 'd consecnencia de una sedicion proinovida pur il
Vici -jpfc del niisino Estado Sr Juan Argiiello.' Alaritre, Hyem., 18.
^'Oii the 14th of Sept., 1827. This was his third or fourth effort; all
fruitless, however. /</., 20.
^' lie foretold at the time that 'miiy luego veria el congreso arder otra vez
b tea ilu la discordia eu aquel Estado. Anv, Mem., 17.
1 1,
r L '
(
I!
174
SALVADOn, MCAIIAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
thus the only aclvcrsary of importance Arguello had
was Cerda. The contest remained lor a loni^ tinio
undecided. Arguello took Granada, while Cerda's
headquarters wore first at Managua, and, when that
place seceded, at liivas, the ancient town of Nicaragua.
In September 1828, Cerda's party had made so
much headway that Arguello and his followers had
vessels in readiness to effect their escape should the
jcfe gain another victory. But the priests, wh(>
worked against the latter, inspired the disheartened
Argiiellistas with renewed courage, and in anotln r
encounter they were victorious. Cerda's star mow
waned. A revolt planned by two of his otKcers \v;i ,
quelled, and the leaders were shot.^' This severity,
and the heavy taxes he levied, increased his foes. '
At last, on the 8th of November, 1828, when Iliv;is
was almost without troops, one of his officers, wii i
was a relative, named Francisco Arguello, madj him
a prisoner, and before his troops could come fioni
Jinotepe to his rescue, a force of the vice-jefe entered
Ivivas. A military court was at once organized,
and Cerda, being subjected to its action,'^ was sen-
tenced to death, and executed.^
Areriiello was now free from his stroiifjest adver-
sary; but the struggle went on as new pretendeis
sprang up, and its effects in the course of time were
most disastrous. It hroujiht the state to a condition
of desolation unequalled in Central America. Dio-
nisio TIerrera, chief of Ht)nduras, undertook, under
instructions of the federal government, in 182!), the
task of pacifying Nicaragua. lie visited Leon,
and succeeded in conciliating parties and restori!i;j;
''Their project involved the aimuxation of Nicuiugua to Colombia. /.(»
A naif X, 1872, T)*.
•*H6 now imiposcd to surrcudcr tlio government to ArgUello or sonio mio
else. His friends dissuaded liim, and lie was finally tlio victim of {ro)ii.iu ly.
" His friends had obtained that the trial should bo atCrannda, but tlio
mob at. liivas opposed bis removal at tlio moment of doparUire. A/., G;f.
""Nov. 21), 18'2». It is said that the vice-jefe, Aigiiello, decreed a sus-
pension of the Roiitcnco; but purposely delayed the courier, so that tin' ro-
prievo arrived too late at Uivas. A full biography of Cerda, witii scatltiixl
historical items, is given in Id., 29-7-. passim.
HERI{ ERA'S RULE.
175
orikr; and when new elections took ])lace in May
I80O lie was himself ehosen its jele.'' Manaj^ua, the
last jilaie to hold out, was finally, without tl.o use of
force, prevailed upon to recognize the newly «on-
stitiitLiI authorities, and in June was already enjoying
the htiiefits of peace. In order to consolidate the peace
throughout the state, Herrera made the leaders of
part lis leave its territory. His rule was a quiet one
iui the next two years, and until Nicaragua was called
upon l>y the national government to furnish her con-
tiii;^ent of troops to suppress revolutionary movements
huvoMil her boundary.*"
The revolutionary spirit showed itself again in 1832.
On December 3, 1832, the state assembly attached
the federal revenue, and refused further recognition
of the general government. A few months latir a
revolt broke out against Herrera. The movenient
oii^iiiated in Managua, and was seconded in Masaya
and Matagalpa. Granada and Leon opposed it.
Jcl'o Herrera at first was loath to resist it, and laid
his icsignation before the legislature, and it was ac-
(r])te(l on the 1st of Marcli, 1833. Hut that body,
umlcr pojudar pressure, (\)iir da3's after revokeil tho
resolution, and recalled Herrera to hold thee.Kecutivc
autlioiity, with the extraordinary powers that had
hecii decreed him on the 8th of February previous.^'
The insurrection had spread also in jNletapa, Cho-
(dvos, Xandaime, San Jorge, and throughout the dc-
pavtiiient of Nicaragua. At the head of the move-
ment was an ecclesiastic. Herrera exhausted all
-''I'll!' iiistalliitiou of the aaseinbly was on Nos'. 1, 1'8"2!). Tlic tlcctioUM
had l>ciii ileiTcc'il by tlie vice-jcfe, Argflollo, and lii.s ai t, iim well as tin' ( In •
tinii-i ctt't'clfd under it, were on tlio "JiJd of M.iy, ls;tO, doclaivd to lie Icrit-
iiiiatr. Uncha, Ctxl. Xic, i. 80. lIiTrera had bueu inducted in otlicfim tin: l_ili
'1 May. Moiit<yi,r, /.'.■«■/(-( J/Ut., i. 1!)!^'J().3.
''Tho services of the Nicaragiians were I'ecojjiii/ed by botii tlie I'r Inal
lnvbiileiit and the state oasembly. lluriors weio decreed to the siirvivoi's, and
I'di'^i'ins to tlio wonnded, and to the vitlows and orphans of tlie dead. Huvltii,
Co'l. Xir., i. 214-15.
" '1 Ills hist action was attributed by the revohitionista to llerreivi's uiach-
inatidiis ami Morazau's inllucncc; but tlio truth was, that the |)coplo recog-
nized lim era's services as tho pacilicator, and his good qualilicatiuns as a
rulur. Monlii/ar, Jlesena JJint., ii. M-'2.
176
SALVADOR, NICARAGUA, AMI COSTA RICA.
peaceful means, and liad to eujploy i\)Vco, and Maiin-
gua was taken on the 29tli of June, 183;}." Nica-
ragua and other places accepted the anniesty tendoicil
them." But it seemed almost impossible to maintain
peace for any length of time. In May 1834 Granada
and Metapa rebelled, under one Cdndido Flores. Tin
rebels were successful for several months, and took
po.ssession of Managua. But on the 13th of August
they were defeated; a few days later Granada was
recovered, and four of the ringleaders were shot.
In the njornmg of the 20tli of January, 1835,th< ir
was an eruption of the volcano Cosigiiina,** attend* 1 1
by one of tiie most terrific earthquakes ever expoii-
enced in Central America." The event was a mei.i-
*^ A detailed Account of tliis revolt is given in the Centra Aiwrkaiw, s'.\
{/7. It id Huid that :i nunihorof medaU were found of tortoisc-slicli, golil, aun
other mtitals, with the iina-^e of Fernando VII., nnd l)oaring tlie inscriptii.n
' Viva Fernando Vli. Key do Kspailii y do las Iudia.s, Alio do 1S28,' which iravc
•cvolt had been in his interests. MouUihir.
liso to tlic supposition that the revolt 1
JiiHuui Hint., ii. H(J-8. IlerriMM i.saued a i
|i i\
I proclamation calling on tlio pc >]>!(' t>i
Htaml liy the government. Miiriir<, IJ/viii., 3.1-4.
"Tlio assenihly, installed on the "Jlstof Aug., 18.33, at Leon, approviil all
of Herrera 8 acts.
''On the southern coast of Nicaragua, 1*2 leagues distant fron Leon.
".V ilense yellow cloud rose tsudtlenly, acc<mipanied l>y a strung siiull if
sulphur and a shower of line wliite dust. The alarmed inhabitants cIumi!
llioi.- duors and windows, but the dust could not l)o kept out. lireathiiij.' >»
came dirticult. Thi.s lasted nearly thiei- days. On the 'JIM, nt 1 a. m., a
loud detonation, followed by heavy shocks of earthtiuake, rain of Siimi. aii'l
tulul darkness, rendered the terror of liio people complete. Fliicks of liiii.
fell dead to the ground, and wild animnis sought refuge in liiiildinjjs, T!
frightened inhabitants ran to their yards, or hurried to tiio churclies t<> ii.i
l)'.oic divine mercy. Forty-three hours passed l)cfore the oarlli bee luic ijiiic ,
wluM a strong wind cleared the utnio8|iliero, eiudiling tiie jn'oplc to a.sciviaiii
the damage. 'J"hc ashes in the vicinity of tlio volcano were .several fi'ct lifcji.
'I'lic river Chiquito had beoi wholly di'icd up, and two new is'.auils wcii'
formed. A largo number of animals had perislied, nnd the living ones wcit in
a state of starvation. S;ich had been the force of llie convulsion tiiai ujr
iletouatioiis and the rain of ashes had leaclied a distance of huinlrccl. if
l-'aniies, as far as Oajaca, .lamnica, and Bogota in (^Jolombia. Montiifa!'. I!'-
Mriia liisl,, ii. 14.">-.")0, ill giving an accouiitof ihe cvi-iit, adil.i that ilu- pin'sis
called il a punishment from heaven becausi' ti'Jics had been ulicilisluci, iii''
doni of conscience proclaimed. »■ d the decrees of 182l> and I8.S0 ii|iIk1i1.
Tiie pari.ih priests in several tov us dining the prevailing darkness, prcac lic.l
from their jmlpits that this slinking of the earth was a manifestation (it'tioii's
wrath for the crimes of the liberals. S(|uier, Trav.. ii. 1 10-11, says thai tlic
s'.iperiiilcndent of Dclifie, or hearing the explosions, mustered his \.:t'i>\'^.
thinking that a battle was b.-im; fought somewhere near the coast. Sti'|'ii(iiv
Cent. Am., ii. 'AH, relates 'i smidar incident of the military comniainiii' <-'
Guatemala.
A GREAT EAUTllQlAKi:.
177
(ii.iblc one for tlio Nicarajjfuans, and its abatoniont was
iiitiiltutctl to the otficacious iutircossioii ot" their saints;
iiii<l in connnonioration of it ilu'V still have a feast of
tli,iiiks<fivinLr every vear on thi' '2?>d of Januarv.
4(1
A short i»erio(l of j>eace ibllowed. l\niy aie the
(tlorts of man at kiliini^ eaeh other when heaven fnes
it> artillerv! The i'\hanstetl stati; seenu'd nnahle to
continue its suieidal eonrse. The traiMinillity was
lii'tiktii, however, thontrh oidv for a short tinu", in
is:
The assend)lv hao, on the L'lst of Fi'hr
narv
|s;'.r», reco^niized Jose Zejteda and Joso Nuiiez as the
(liilv (K'eted ji'fe and viee-jefe respectively. Colonel
Zi|K(la was a distini^uished |)atriot, who had lendered
iiiiliortant serviees to the cause of lil)(>rty. His dec-
tinn was hailed with approval in Nicaragua, and in
the other states of the union. He took j)ossession of
dtlicf April 2;], 18.'J5.*'* The ,n<)vernnient experienced
no serious ditriculty during' I 8^5(5 in the adininisti'ation
>( public ati'airi
It
was encfaijfed ni nni>rovMi
m- tl
ic
pulihc roads, and in other matters of (general utility.
JJiil I So? was inanguratetl with infamous crimes, with
the nnu'ders of the jefe Zepeda, and of the citizens
in
Ihll
.. ii
i{iv
I I'll •
Jjt 1
ri-
iiiut
ll.!
it' .
vict
aiu
iidn
■''!'■
VfU
■ ill
UK'
, 1
i<i
/,'.•
t.itlK
•sl»
y./.h
1 I
■111.
■ M "1.
4-
llcni
l\-
til III r
nan
Valladi
ues,
J
'jvaris
to 15
errios, aiK
I 1^
ascua
I
?m-
as, which resulted from a revolt of the Ljarrison at
m.*' The movement was prom|)tly su[)presst'd,
the rinj^leaxler, Jjraulio Mendiola, executed. The
-jefe, Nunez, assumed rulershi[», and during- his
linistration a second constitutnit assembly was con-
ed, ami connnenced its labors on the o 1 st of March,
Accounts of the cataatroplio. (littoriiij,' tiiDrc or If.ss in di'tail.-*, nci'onliiiu'
• vaiiiins points wIktc it was oliscrvcd, iiw j^iviii in Munin , A.VJ ;«., ."iti 7;
' »<' ( 'flit. Am., ii. ;{."i-.S; Siiiiii /•'.•. Tfiir., ii. 110 11, liL' l{, wiili ji \ icw nf
.olcaiio; tli/ain'n il'llil Li/i\ \\l-~; l)iiiil"ii'ii ('ml. Am., ir)-17; Ao/,</.
Ni»'. ,/oiini., V. ;W7-!t-'; Anfiihitriifi'ia, (.'ml. Am., l!.'!; ilV//.,* J/mnl.,
; Cor. Atldiit., May !), l.s:i.">, 10; />«<•'.•. Uiur. Hist. (Ao;/., x. 'JIO-'JO.
Ndt in ISIKI, as Diiiilop lias it. (V»/. Am., l!tl-'i.
Ills iuini.sti'r-j;eni-'nil fora tiino wa.s .1. N. (Joii/.ali'Z, and on lii.s rcsiuiiin;,',
iiciif^iiilo Zt'pi'da, one of the first lawyers in tlio statu, sui'd'cdi'd. Mmi-
\ !;,.■<■ i)a i/iit., ii. ;jol'.
Oil tiio 'J.'.tli of Jan. •\fiinirr, K/ini., 'V.), M\ Montufar, /'ixi fia /list., ii.
ic. i_'iv('s the oflii'ial flocinnints describing; tlio 'jcciirrfnccs.
UisT. CKwr. .\M., Vol. 111. 1.!
I
ITS
SAL\ ADOll, NICAIIAGUA, AM) CO ;TA IIICA.
1838.'' One iiiontli later, on the rJOtli of April, tlio
state seceded from the f'ederntion, an act w Iiicli may
be called a mere i'ormalitv, inasmuch as Nicara«rn.i
liad not taken part, to any notable degree, in the
aflairs of the i^^Mieral government. Xominally, how-
ever, the idea of a union of the (Central American
states was upheld, and still expressed in the new state
constitution framed by the assembly and c(miirmed on
the 12th of November, ISnS.'' Ail this was pure al-
fectation, however, for Nicara-jfua lent her heartv aid
to eradicate the last renmants of the i'ederation. Tin;
coveted sovereignty was attained at last. Lati^r events
will show whether or not it brought Nicaiagua pros-
})erity. The present generation had grown up midst
the noise of war, hearing the battle-cry of one or nri-
other contending party, and it could hardly be ex-
pected that it could a|Dpreciate the blessings of peace. '^
Costa Rica, owing to her geographical position, was
almost isolated, politically, from the rest of Cential
America. It would be wrong, however, to infer that
lier participation in the general aflairs of the republic
had been one of mere formality or policy for her own
convenience or safety. Nowhere had the idea of a union
been more warmly embraced. Four months only had
elapsed after the bases for the organization of the
state had been adopted by the national constituent
convention, when Costa liica's first assembly met,''
'"Father Solis, the president, and others attributed to Morazan and tlio
constitution of 1824 the evils Nicaragua had sudered from, forgetting llioao
preceding; Morazan and the constitution.
" liiitilied by tho executive Nov. 17tli. Given in full in Nic, Constil , in
Cent. Am., Coihititittions, l-.'iO. A brief synopsis in S(2uier's Travcii, ii. -11-
13. See also Mies' llxj., J8:!l), Ivi. •!().
''-' Daring llorrcra's term the following held the executive anthorit\ fii"
short periods: Carlos liniz y Uolafios. Aug. 18151; Bonito Morales, Feb. C'.il;
Jos6 Nunez, March 18.11. I find that the government was also provisi'M illy
in charge of (Jregorio .Juarez, May I8.'1.j; V. X. llubio, .Ian. IS.'iS; .Jose .\ ii^ /,
as jofe, March !'2, 18.';8; I'^varisto liocha, May 18."JS; .Joaijuin Cosio. 'ino
18."!8; Patricio Rivas, director, .lunc 181)9; Joacpiin ("osio, .July IS.'IO; Hi! nio
UUoa, Oct. 18:i!); Tonuis Vallailarcs, Nov. 18;!!). In 1810 he became diiv.tor
del ostado; Pablo Buitnigo, director, Apr. 1811. M(iruri\ E/ein., G4.
''Sept. 0, 1824. Molina, Costa liica, 9o, followed by Wagner, CosUi R.,
I)
r.VKXTS IX COSTA RICA.
m
,11(1 on <Ijo 21st of January, 182'), (I«!rroo(l a state
( (tiislitution." Ji» IIk' iniddlo of* April tlu' lirst ordi-
nal v Iririslatiire Ix'v^an its labors, and on the 24tl» of
S iiU'inljcr Juan Mora was installed as chief of tlio
.vtatf."' This was a hiii>j>y choioe; for duiin'jf his ndo
Costa liica cscajx'd tlu; evils which protiactod war-
);iri' wrought in the other states of the union. Foi-
lowiiiLT the exain|)le of Salvador, a decree was passed
ill Si'pteinher creaiin'Lf a bishopiic ind(>pendent froni
Nii;iia!L,nia, and appointiiiL,' Fray J^uis (iarcia the iirst
M-hop; hut the doci'eo hecaine a dead letter.
The first etl'eet of Mora's quiet rule; was the eii-
l;ir;j:einent of Costa lliean territory. JJissatisfied with
tlie jefc, Cerda of Nicaragua, tlii; disliiet of (luana-
caste, or Nicoya, which formerly helonj^ed (o that
.state, declared its separation, and asked to Ik; incor|)o-
liited with Costa Kiea.''" The arrangement was ap-
proved hy the federal congress on IJceemher Dth, and
since then Nicoya formed ono of the five de[)artinents
(if that statc.°' Nicaragua protested; Co.sta ]lica rc-
i"us(Ml to restore the territory, and the matter remained
an open subject of discussion, but never leading to
1 lost i lit ies."*'
I'^ariy in 182G an attempt was made" by a Spaniard
jiained Jo.se Zamora, at Alajuela, to overthrow tho
!,Mveniment. ]Ie attacked the quarters of the garri-
.Vl'i, gives it as May Ctli, wliioh is cvitkntly .'i mistake. Maiuro, Kj'on., 1 1,
has it .Sciit. tJth, ami that Agustin (jiitiiuTi'Z Lizaurzabal was itii lirst prosi-
ilciit.
■"CVY'I Rica, Lftj Fundnm. (San Salv., 1S2J), 2t mo, 20 pp.; .V. w. /.'< p.
Crn/. All)., ',V2; Anfahiiriiaija, Cent. Am., 1.'!; MoliiKi, ClxI'I J'., IS. 'I'liis
l.istiiaini'd autiior, on his p. ",•."», f/ivcs tlio dato as Jan. I'-M, ex iilciitly fol-
hwiuit M(inirr, IJi'dii., \:>. S<]iiii'i', Tmnh, ii. liSS, makes it .1,-in. '-M.
"■' Mai iauo Montealcgre became tho vicoji'fe. Mora war. nehcteil in Mareh
l^'2!t, au'l nilod till toward the end of IS:!:.'. Muriire, Ehin., (iJ; 7./., Ilo^q ,
ll'.i; Mnn. y.Vc. Cviil. .1m., :!■-•.
•"' r< r.soiial enmity l)etween IVdro Miinoz, an infliiontial man in (luana-
casto, ,uid drdawas the main rea.son. Lou .iiiali s, ls72, .")!.
"• i 111' ajiproval was merely jirovisional. 'J'lie other lonr arc Cartago, San
Jo:<i', Jlvredia, and Alajuela. Molinn, C'o^la I'., .">-().
" Xic. y Iloml., Doc, 101-12; Ayoii, Conoid. LimitcK, 20-4; IVitrh, Mex.,
■^Ma^ure, Kfeni., 10, and Doxq., i. 2.'52-3, following A7 Indh-.tdoi; 1820,
no. T'l. and L'l Si'maiiario, ISi'O, no. 80, gives the date as Jan. 2'Jth. Molina,
('o.<ii A'., 90, places it on the 2Stl».
I8()
SALVADOR, M( AllAliUA, AM) COSTA IlICA.
Hon, but after several hours' tijirlitiujjf was n^pulsed,
witli most of Ills lolloweis slain, wounded, or inad<
prisoners. A lew days al'ti-rward lie was cajjtunnl and
shot/' During s»,'Veral years tiiis was the on!}' puhli'
disturhance. Tho strULrj.;lo between serviles and lii)-
erals in the other slates <lid not afleet Costa lli(;a, wliirli
pru«lently maintained neutrality. Slu; endeavored,
liowover, (o briuLj on peace between tho bellij^eront-.
by aecreditin!L,^ in 18-8, Manuel A^uilar as speei.il
envoy to (Guatemala and Salva<lor; but his mission
proved fruitless, ehielly owin^ to tho success of tin-
Salvador arms, and the irreconcilabh; feelinj;' thereby
engendered.*" It was the unsatisfactory result of tlii^
tjflort, which in a great measure prom[)tecl Co.>t;i
llica, after ^[ora's reelection in 182'J, to secede fiom
the union till the federal authority should be reor-
ganized. When tliis took [»lace, the secession act was
revoked in January IS'H.
In March 18;].] the second term of office of ]\[or.i
cx[)ired; and in acknowledgment of his beneficent and
wise pi>licy, the assembly decreed that his portrait
should be placed in tho hall of sessions, with a highly
complimentary insct'iption.''"* Costa Kica had mad>'
great progress from both th material and intellectuiii
points of view. A number of clergymen endeavore I
to introduce a decree of tho ecclesiastical authorities oi'
Guatemala to burn certain so-called forbidden bo(»ks.
They failed, tho result being the importation of a largr
"IIo confessed to have acted uiulcracommisaion from tho court of Spain.
and as a licut-col iu its service. Seventeen of his iiartisuna were scut out ot
tlio country.
"' A detailed account of tiiat mission may Ixs seen in ^fem. liev. Cent. Am.,
112 II; M«r,n(i, Co-^tii /;., [)(i 7.
*"'-" Ocu[);i cste higar rl ciiidadano Kx-gcfe Juan Mora, jior sua virtudes. y i
oeiipania suoosivaineute, los (jui-, on el misrno destino, so hagan di;^nos de « 1 '
Marnvc, F^'rnt., It.'}. Moia was lain in Sau Jos(5 iu I7SJ, and iiad tilled s-cv-
eral important trusts helore his election to the chief magistracy. After lii-i
retirement he again held ottier olliccs till his exile in 18»;S. Returning to liis
country in 1S4_*, he took a prominent part in public affairs. In Nov. IS4S he
was declared a henemerito de la patria, and given a pension for life. In .May
18.X) he heeauie president ot the sup. erne court. Honesty and integrity were
tlu! prominent traits of his eliaractcr. \inited witii ability and liberal idcoa,
but free from exaggerations. Molina, Conta J!., 75-G, 98, il9-'Jl.
nru: ok callkcjos ami caimmi.lo.
lai
iiuiiilicr of tlio «l(iioiincc(l works. Jv^o Mora troatcd
tlir pious proposal witli tho contempt it (IcsorvoiJ.*"
Mora's successor *':'l\y "l<'cte(l was Jose Kafacl Oa-
ll.nds, wlio assumed In^ -lufies in April 18;»,'{.'^' Tlio
state at this time was en; )yinLr lil't-rty, and jjorfect
tivcdom of the press."" it was llio asylum of tlio
( xiies from other Cential and South American states.
It W!is not. liowevei', alto^^ether e.\em[>t from the
.vpirit of localism. ('arta;_;t» had been tlie cap'*^r>!, and
wanted to lecover that |>osition. San Jose leh is a
liiss the ahsence (A' the .supremo authorities. Ifore-
diu and Ahijuela would not bo less than the < Mier 1 no
places. (luanacaste was tin; only one ().ii, of the
"jiicstion. Jlence the resolution adopted''*^ that the
■-tatc cap! .1 should alternately he at San Jos, , C/ar-
ta-^o. lleredia, and ^Vhijuela. A later law. of Juno
'.'th, prescribed that the rcjiidence of the supreme
authorities at each of said places should be for the
iieiiod of four years. GalleLTos' rule was of short
(luiation. lie resigned m March 1834.*^^
Jiiaulio Carrillo was elected jefe, and went into
ntlice in April 1835.""' In his time several liberal
"Costa Kica liad never been TiiiiKr the sw.iy of bishops, clergyinon, or
ni'iiks. Tliiit fanaticiNni which lias been ho baneful to other HUitus of Sp;>.iiisli
Aiiurica never existed here. Mouliij'ar, limruci JJint., i. '.iOo.
"(.'«(!/., JlolctiuOjir., iS.'i.'i, no. lU, .'<70; Cuiilii A'., Col. Li'ii<i>, iv. 4-."i. fla-
llc .'(IS was an honorable i.ian und father of a family, as veil as a wealthy
judpeity owner. ]'.ut he was not eonvcrsant with state alliiirs, nor with tlio
iiitri^'iKs of jj(jlitii'ians. Jlis chief aim was economy; ho wished to see tho
luililii; treasury full of money; he cared less to apply that money in the devcl-
o|iiii( i.t (if the country.
'Ill jJiiMif of which were the newspapers El Notifio^o Unirerxnl, La
T' rliiiiii, I'A Correo de Costa JUca, and the number of sheets that were con-
stanlly issued.
''■ l!v the assembly and council, and published by the executive, Apr. .'{,
1^;U. A,'., i'JS-'JOl; Costa Ji'., Col. Lfye», iv. 110-12, I'JO-l.
'•Juan Jose Lara became jefc provisorio, and in his turn was succeiMled in
•'luie of tiie same j-ear by the vice-jcfc Agustin G. Liz;i\ir/abal, who ruled till
.^l;lrch l,s:i,'), when, because of ill health, lie delivered thi; government to Ma-
irul I'Vinandez, who had it till the regularly elected jei>- assumed his duties.
Mtinnr, Ej'tm., Gl; Molina, Costa U., iW; CoMa It., Col. L'-yis, iv. I'.i'l-o,
i.");i-(io.
"* He was born in Cartago in ISOO, and studied in the university oi Leon,
Xi :iiai,na. lie had never been out of Cent. Am., and conscijuently Ilia mind
liad nevi r had tiie expanding inlluence of travel. He was accordingly full of
I'lity prejudices. He could, however, appreciate men of merit, and avail
liiui'ri.lt of their abilities; but if he mistrusted a man, he proved a relentless
I
182
SALW^DOn, NI(AUA(;L'A, and CO.STA RICA.
li'lLl
innovations were niade, in audition (o those intro-
du( ed s(tinc time previously; namely, sup[)re.ssion of
tithes and derrease of holidays; *^^ those enactments
aroused the clergy, and prompted them to fan, in
retaliation, the ilame of diseord existiiii; between San
Jose and ( 'ai'taL;'o, which culminated in an open revolt
on the 24tli of September, 1835.
An alliance was entered into by Cartago with Ala-
juela and lleredia, to refuse recognition to the gov-
ernment, and to convoke a new assembly with e(|U.il
rejiresentative rights for the diiferent towns.'"^ The
allied forces marchetl upon San Jose, then the seat nf
government; but were defeated in several encounters,
and they again submitted.'^ The i-esult of this revolt.
was the further strengthening of San Jose, to whi<h
place was conveyed all the armament of the stad .
The government was equally successful in the follow-
ing year, when an armed force from Nicaragua, led hy
the Costa Ilican Manuel Quijano, formerly in ]ii>
country's military service, Pedro Abellan, and fla-
nnel l)engo, entered the department of Guanacasi( .
and marched upon its chief town, where they expecti d
to find support; but they only met with disapjjoint
ment. They were iirst repulsed by the inhabitant -,
an'? "fierward routed by the troops.'"
x'ho peace thus restored was not of long duratini;.
Braulio Carrillo was succeeded as jcfe of the statr '
foe. lie raivly pl.'ici!<l any trust in any one. Jfontii/ar, /.Vsr-Hrj Ifixf., ii. '.MS;
Costa /'., Col. Leijes, iv. 200-7; Molina, Costa It,, 03 ct sutj. ; Wmiinr, Co.-^l'i
liica, 20 1 -.3.
«''I.iiw of Apr. 11 mill Aug. 25, I8."?J; Coda U., C>1. Leyes, iv. I'l;-",
2:!,l-0; Snh'., JJifinoOJlr., M;iy 2.'>, IST."!.
'"UovcrniiHut i--su(il a iiroulauiatiou against the rebels on the Gth of Oi i.,
IS.*].'). Cos/a. /.'., Cut. Li'ijc", iv. 27;i-SO.
" Tho (lL'i.i^iv(! actiiiii oclui icil uu tliu 2Sth uf Oct. About .""'O ficrsoiis ] 1 1-
islicil. Details on thdso truuMia appi'.'ir in Moliiut, Cosfn //., 9'.)-l00; J/fi-
rnrr, J'/i m., .'SS. 'I'lic authors of thu rihcllion were niuleted in sums rangin;,'
from !?-',0l)0 down to $,"0. Monti'ij'ar, IUm na JUil., ii. 20S-27, 2;;7-J7.
'^'I'wo tlupuyand men eameupon llif invailei'sat tlio haeienila of S;nita li'i'^.i.
Quijano ('.si,;i]ie(l to Nirara^aia. Tl:o governm' nt, by a decree of .lu!y 2, iS.'Hi,
declared liim and i.tlier.s outlawed, and one of them was executed. Conta A'.,
Col. f.ci/rx, iv. .'?'_'.')-.'iO, ;>l'.)-."8. (Iiianaeastc, later knoM-n as hibiMia, ."iiil
Nicoya, for their loyally, wero rewardc d, tliu former bein;.; made a city, :i:nl
tho latter a villa. Slulimt, Co- (a /,'., 100; Mouti'/nt; Uifuiii Ili^l., ii. 'J;;i) i^.
'••Carrillo held the executive oilioc till March lti;!7, when, his term haviiij,'
REVOLT I\ COSTA HICA.
is;i
by Manuel Aguilar, in April 1837. A plot intended
to oviitlirow the government was soon after deteeted,
jiiiil the authors were sent into exile.'* But Carrillo
had also been disappointed at Aguilar's election, and
hcincr influential with the soldiorv, lie had hut little
diflieulty in gettin^r together a l»arty with wliich, on
ilii' ■ITlli of ^lay, 1H38, he deposed this oflicial. send-
ing iiini, together with the vice-jele, Juan ^NFora, into
l)aiii>lnncnt."'' This was the first instance in ( osta
Ivita when the le'dtiniate government of the state
\\a> overthrown by force of arms. It cannot be said
that the change was altogether for the worse. Under
Canillo's active and energetic rule the countrv made
rapid progress in a material j)oint of view. " He saw
at once the hopelessness of reestablishing the Central
American confederation,'^ or of reorijanizing it so os
to render it beneficent to tlic several states; and
therefore, instead of making fruitless efforts in that
direction, strove rather to isolate Costa Rica. This
policy he impressed on the second constituent con-
vention, which met on the 1st of November, l.SoS,"
espircil, ho surroiulcred it to Joaquiti Mora, a lirothcr of the former jcfc, Juan
Slura, who ruled only one nidiitli, and began liis administration l>y opposing
Bon;e (if Carrillo's moasiirea. /</., 'M'2.
"Aguilar luid iiolitical eiienuo3 -who accused him of friendship for rartaqo,
Hi V( .11.1, and Al:ijiu'!a, llicrehy exposing Sail Josu to now assaults. With tliis
prrt. \t a phin wan formed to assault the barratka at San J oso on tlic night of
All,.'. •Jiitli. Id., :iIS-'20.
■ 'Ciiniilo \\ai recognized aa jcfo by a spciid dccreo of the assenddy ou
tlu.'.;;ili of .hino, and reuMincd at the iiead of all'airs tdl l'>4'_', when In; was
ovcitiU'iun in hi.i turn. Co-fa A'., CoK A'.'/;-'', iv. •2\\; Mirurr, Jj'iiii., 04;
Moii'iihn-, Hr-ii lid ///.-,'., ii. ;iL'J-.'5. Miguel Carran.'.a, (.';ir;illo'.s father-in law,
beciiiiK! \icc-jefe. Sfijihcii,f, Cinit. Am., i. H.'ilt.
'"I'.e estahlialiuil a reign of despotism, in whieli hi^^ \\ill was law, restrict-
ing lie press and punisliing his jiolitical opponents with expatriiition and
otiiiin i>o, tliougli tliey were pardoned in IS.'JS. iJu-il:i J'. , ' 'c/. J.r)/( s, iv, .'j'_'0-l,
V. !)li lilO, l'.t.'5-i. His fiurse made him m:iny eneinii's, uhom he trealcil with
tlieiitiuoit burahncss. His eliungo from a liljcr.d tuh r loan arhitiiuy ono
was liiico marked, llo wua known by the sobiifjiiet of Supo de Lo/::. A
nun. c r of ehargcR fiLrainsl him iipjiciirin .Monlii/n; /,'■.<' ila Hist., \i\, ,"(;|-7'J.
Dm ;!ig his fornur administration, in ls;>0, ho restored the tithes ami tlie <'x-
ccsiio nundier of liolidays of ihi! ehureh.
'' 'Ihe assendily had, in Apiil iSilS, passed a lesolutioii inviting <lie lederal
cou.'! ess to call a national con'.ention tor the exelusive juiijiosa of relorming
the Kilcnd institutions. Co4a f'.. Col. /-(//'■.-<. v. I!M1-S.
''Carrillo could noc rule with Ihclibcral constitution of IS'2,5. To do away
with thi.i obstacle hou-cd lis a pretex; thedcereoof the federal congiis.s of
Mny "iD, lb;;S, oiiipoweriiig the -l.ttts l ■ reeon-.lilute themselves. The ussem*
184
SALVADOR, NICARAGUA, AND COS'lA RICA.
and on the loth the formal st'pai'ation was declai'cd,
the convention still nianilestini^ a willin'L^ness to main-
tain a sort of union hy means of specijil treaties.""
He al.-<o took effeetive steps to })ay olf ( 'osta llici.s
•sliare of tlie fv)i'eifrn debt, contracted by the Central
American republic. The state was for a lon<( time
exempted from the .afflictions and conscipient injurious
I'esults which visited the other states diiiinu^ the bitt( r
last struggle in 1840 between Morazan and Carrci-.i
U^» '--
CosiA Rica.
lor the existence of the republic. The other statis
were impoverished and biouglit to the verge of ruin,
whereas Costa Itica, with comparative tranquilhtv,
was constantly marching Ibrward.
Illy of C sta Rica acceptiMl the dei'ivc on tin; Kith of July, 18.18, iunl Ciiiiilli)
Kci/i'il tlio opportunity to got riil of a fumlaiiicntiil law that did not suit liini.
It wan at his H\i,L,%'eHtioa that the asseiidjly, liy decree of July II, 18.'t8, cillcl
the constituent convention. Costi A'., ' 'o/. Lcne*, iv. -48-ol, '_'7!)-81; Moiilt'iJ'',
Jifscfia Hist., iii. 'J(>(i-7.
'"A treaty of friendsliip and alliaiic(! was concluded July 1, ISolt, witli
Honduras; another of tlie same character one nioutii lati'r with Cuatcnialii.
lioth are yi\en in Conveiu-'niii, in Vml. Am. t'lum/ ilutiuii.i, 13-14. '2',i-C>.
COAT OF ARMS AND FLAG.
m
The prcsiclont, on the 21st of April, 1840, decreed
a <(iiit ot" arms and ilag ibr tlie state of Costa Rica.**
This was abroLijated by the provisional j^overiiinent
two years later.*^
"■'I'lii' tout fif iiims was .a star witli rays, placed in the centre of a sky-bluo
ciixlo, ;iii(l liail !it tlio circimifticiifc llic iiiscrii)tion 'Kstado <lc Costiv itica.'
'I'lii' llai,' ^■(lnsi^t(•ll of tlirce luiri/inital stri)i( s, tin: upixTinost and lowest white,
mill tlio fc iitiid one sliy-liluo, with th'; coat (jf arms on the hittiT. The flaj;
(if tlicnuicantilc marine w,is not to liave the coat of arms, l)ut instead of it,
ill silver letters on the centre stripe, the inscription 'Kstado ile Costa Kica.'
Cosia /.'., O'L Lrifx, vi. .Sllj-'JC
•■' ritftiiKiit .Slonizan's decree of .April 20, 1842, restored the flag, arms,
aiiil coins as before the promulgation of Carrillo's.
* ; . V'H
CHAPTER X.
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
1S39-1S52.
Interstate Dissensions — Pacto de Ciiinandeoa — Confederacion Ci;:<
TKO AmEIMCANA — Sri'ltEMO DeLEGADO ClIAMOKKO — HOSTILITY OF GCA
TEMALA AND liUIIISU OfIICIALS— AUCE InVAOES SaLVADOI! — WaU .1
THE CoNIEHEIiACY AOAINST (JTATEMALA — IIl.I.l'LESSNESS OF ClIAMoKKn
— End of Till'. Pacto hh Ciiinandeoa— Condition of the Stati.s-
Feukeiia's IJad Faith— Salvador and IIoNDruAS aijainst Num. a
OCA— lIoniiOKS OF Leon— Vice-pim;sident JoAyriN E. Gtzman- Hon-
DCIW.S AND SaLVADOII AT WaU — GcaUDIoLA's VANDALISM — MaLKSI'IN
Ovektiiuown— Renewed Efforts to Confederate— Guatemala an
Independent Keitblic — Costa Kica Follows— Salvador, Nk aka
GUA, AND IIONDIUAS A CONFEDERACY— ItS SiIORT LiFE — FURTIIEII In-
SUCCESSFFL ATTEMPTS,
The government of Nicaragua, on the 13th oi'
Soptcniucr, 1839, following the advice of ]Mini>.trr
Pavon of Cuatenuila, asketl for the mediation (•('
Frederick Chatfield, the British consul, in an en
deavor to bring to an end the existing dissensii»iis
with Salvador. Chatlield declined to interfere, on tlu'
plea that Salvador, in a treaty witii the state of Li>,
Altos, on the 10th of August, had insulted the Brit-
ish crown.' However, on the 'J7th of ]\Iav, 1840, In
sent to the government of Nicaragua an extract of a
'Articles Stii nnd iUli of tlii>) trcity stipuliitcil tliat the ports of Imiii
statc.< were to he elose(l to liiilisl' tnule until (iieat Uiilain slioulil restoiv t"
Ceiitfiil AiiKM'ii.M the i.,l;iiiil cjf Koiitaii, thy seizure of which, to^^eilu'r witli
its e(iiisi'c|Ueiices, is tre:iteil of ill iiiiolher jKiit of tliia vohiine. ChiiUii'M.
wlio h;iil ln'cii favoriiii; iho views of tiiiateiiiala iiL;aiiist Iaih Altos, (leei.iiwl
to till' latter that the.^e artieles were ntleii.sive to his gipvi'iniiieiit. Tlio f:'iv-
t'i'iiiiieiit of the new .state, lp('iM;4 aii.\iiiM:i to avert any iiiLerruiaioii of fiiea lly
relations, liy its minister, A,:.;iiilar, ai-suiril the eonsul, on thu ISth ot .l.iii ,
Ib-40, that the ohjuotiuiialjle articles woulil bo reacimleil.
(ISC)
drawn
.sent to
to I'fori
Xicara<
tliL' ace
iH'giiini
iii;i'liia\
<'Ngust
Tlh-v re
lltllof
ti"u in
cidiial I
((('!rg;„|o
<iv'' choi
Mil's.-*
ll
EXGLISII IXTERVEXTIOX.
187
(.t
.tri-
ll ol"
(■11-
tlu-
it-
Ur
1)1' U
l.i.iii
liv t '
lui'.'.i
lli.'M.
P
tlesnatc-h of March '2d from the Bi'itish forclg^n ofHco,
savinj,' that his sovereign would cordially metliate be-
tween the two states, provided such mediation was
askfil for by both, or by all the governments inter-
ested, in which event he, Chatiield, was authorized to
use his <j(iod oiFices. But ho was at the same time
directed to add that Great J>ritain was not disposed
to iMiter into any eiigiigement binding her to employ
arnicil forces in Central America. This course was
not pleasing to Favon, l)ut fidly satislied the execu-
tive t)f Nicaragua. Chattield's mediation was never
called for.
Buitrago, director of the state of Nicaragua, was
drawn by the force (4' public opinion to give his as-
sent to the state taking part in a convention intended
to reorganize the republic of Central America.'^ The
Nieara<'uan delegates used their best endeavors for
the accomplishment of their mission; but from tho
beginning they ftjund their efi'orts hindered by tho
nui'hiavelism of the aristocrats of Guatemala, and in
disgust left the convention after tiling a protest.^
They returned to it afterward, however, and on the
11th of April, 1842, tho convention made a declara-
tion in seven articles establishing a 'ijobierno na-
cioual provisorio,' having at its liead a 'supremo
delegado,' with a council composetl of one representa-
tive chosen by each of the respective state assem-
L>lies.^ Antonio Jose Cauas was appointed supremo
•"I'lic stiitc •.-i-^i'iniily imsscil a (locioo to that end Apiil 17, IStl.atul iip-
poiir.ril ihc ili')uiti<'3 to luiii'i'soiit it, tlioapiKiiiitcus liciii.,' FiaiiciscoCastilloii,
(iivjcrio Jiiaii'Z, lliiiito lu)salcM, Kx-jtlo .lu.-o Xinkz, ami Uuitinncnililo
Zcji' ija. 'J lie last iiaimil was riprcsi'iiti'd liy Siltastiaii Salinas. (Ja-ilcilmi's
Bfltcuoii liy the assuiiil)ly was a blow at IJuiLrago, the two lieing bitter D^po-
UOllts.
' 111 tlin protest tlioy sot forth tho niachitiations liioui,'ht to l>rar to iluft-'at
tliiiii. Nicaraijna (iiul Salvador had a.-kfd liiiati'iiiala and (,'o.-.(a liica to
rnlir the loiivcnlion. Fiiivra, the exeon live ot' Ihrnihiias, played a iloublu
giiiu'. Ill' had rrprfsi'nt,,ti\es in the foiiviiiticjn, wh.le ho was luai,'ued with
tlie ai'sluorats (if (iciatcniala, who spurned the itka of reorgauization.
Moir,n,u\ Ji'i'Mi'id lli-t., iv. 141.
'Miantinie the convention named tho KuprcnH! deloj^atc anil tho inoinhors
of llio council. The duties of the executive oliicer were uiuUiiarious, ia«
'W'M^^t
I
188
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
(1('lciL;-a(lo. But tliis great effort on the part of the
null imbued with a truly patriotic sj)irit came tu
uauu^lit, l)ecause the assemitly of Guateuiala indiL,''-
iiiiutly i-eji'cted tlie couipact of Chinandega, and I\ i-
rei'a of J loiuhiias acted iu bad laith, Costa liua
accepted it with certain restrictions/
A second effort was made on the 27tli of July at
Chiiiande''a hy the deh.'irates of Salvador, Honduras,
and Xicarai^ua, who passed an act to form a leaL;uc
under the name of Confederacii^n CV'ntro Americana."^
Sixteen of tlie articles in the constitution conibruicil
with the instiuctions given by the aristocrats of Gua-
temala throuLdi the state assend)lvto the connnissioii-
ers despatclied to the villa de Santa Kosa on the L\sili
of Se[)tember, 1830; and yet, after their adoption ly
the convention of Chinandega, these same persons
nuide op[)osition to them. The fact was, that tiny
liad been all along using deception, appointing com-
missioners to several diets, but never intendiniif that
a reorganization of Central American nationality
should be arrived at.'
volving foreign and iiitcrn.il niTiiirs. Among the foreign affairs was the iic-
gotiuting of .1 concordat with tlio ]iojic, anil of a treaty with Spain for her
rcfognition of Central American independence, llu was also to procure tiie
reassembling of tlic American diet. ii(jiiicr'n Tnn\, ii. 444-"); J\loi)ti(j'iir, /.''■
senn Hist., iv. 147-8; llekhanlt, Xk., IW-i; Salt:, JJiario Ojk-., Fch. 14, IST').
''Act of tlio constituent assembly, d.atcil July 'JO, 1S4'J. Montii/ar, Jum wi,
Hist., iv. .•304-5.
"The act consisted of 77 articles, and was an amplification of tlic foninT
act. Art. 4 said that the confederate states recognized the principle of injii-
intervention by one or more states in the internal affairs of t'lo ntliers. Tiny
bound tiienisclves never to resort to arms for tlie Bottlement of dispuud
points, nor to jiermit tiio annexation of towns of alien jurisdiction witliDiit.
tlie express as.sent of their sovereign. The other states of the late iiiiinii
were granted the privilege of joining the confederacy with equal rights iui'l
representation. Art. 14 prescribed tliat the government was to be e.xoivisiil
througli delegates for the general objects of common benefit expressly m t
forthiu the instrument. Art. l."). Tlie executive authority was to be in ch.iri,'e
<if a supremo deleg;i<lo, witii a consnltive council formed wiMi one uiomhiT
from eaeii state. Art. 10. The judicial power was intrusted to .a court coim-
posed of memlicrs ehosen l)y tlie stato legislatures. The delegates ulio
sulisciibed the net were; J. Nunez, (I. Juarez. Francisco Castellon, I'clio
/eledon, and Seliastian Sidinas for Nicaragua; Mannc 1 Barborena, and .losii
IM. Cornejo for Salvador; Manuel K. Vazquez, Monico iJue.so, and Jacobo K'lsa
for Honduras. Civt. Am., I'acto ik Con/id., l-TJ; A'iA.s' Jlcj., Ixiv. "J; La
i'liiuii, Jnuti ]."), 1S,")0; Moiiti'ifui', Ik.ftila y/(.s<., iv. '2(J0»S"J; I'abeltou yac,
Oct. lit, 1S44, '21; Frorbd'K, CV/..'. Am., \\X
' An act was passed by the constituent assembly on the '28th of July, I S41,
PACTO DE ClIINANDEGA.
1S9
Guatemala accredited a legation at Leon, Gcr6niiin>
CVnacho being the envoy, lie tried to exculpatt-
his <_;-overnnient for its opposition to the conn)act oi'
Cliiiiaiidoga, asserting at the same time its tinii re-
solve to ujjhold the treaty concluded in October 184l',
liv Pavoii. Arriaga, and Duran, and accepted by
('o>ta Rica in May 1843.^ This opposition, notwith-
staiiding the organization of the executive aud coun-
cil, under the ct)mpact of Ciiinandega, was eftected at
Siiii Vicente, in Salvador, on the 29th of ^larch, 1^-14;
Frulo Chamorro, delegate from Nicaragua, Ijcing
cIio>rn su[>reino delegado, Juan Lindo, delegate from
lldiuluras, president of the council, and Justo ILr-
roia, ex-jefe of the same state, secretary of that body.
Tlio installation of the confederate government was
at (iiice comnmnicatcd to the several states.
Honduras, on the 27th of A[»ril, recognized and
arc'([ited what had been done at San Vicente. Sal-
vador and Nicaragua expressed much satisfaction.
The reactionary government of Guatemala ke[)t silent,
and on being pressed for an answer, n.-turned a cold
and laconic one, to the cftect that the matter wouM
1)0 laid before the legislative body; that is to say, the
assembly which, on the 17tli of April, 1839, had de-
clared the Central American confederation dissolved.''
It I'ould not be expected that such an assend)ly would
^ivc its assent. The committee to which the subject
was referred made an unfavorable report, whiidi the
asseuihly accej)ted. Costa llica suggested ameiid-
iiniits to the *[)acto de Ciiinandega.'^" This docu-
piirpiiitiiiL,' to have in view a restoration of the union. Giiaf., Urcop. Lri/ia, i.
'(■(iv'fi A'., Col. Lnii.i, viii. CS-HG. 1\\U treaty \v;i.s calleil l>y the \v^A^^■^
' trat.nl') tie union.' Carcaclio ]iii)(luceil a iioti' of .Iiuio 17, ls|;!. inim Ay -i-
iii 11:1 iritt ratiuL; his governments ]iiotost af,Minst the expedieney and praeli-
laljiliiy of (ntalilisliing in Central Anierie.v ' una forma ile ^^oMerno uni ai io,'
wliiili ill in opinion wouM entail upon tlio couutiy siill jiieaier niisiuriun. s.
Casttllon, for the Nicarat^ua executive, replied on tlio .")th of Aii:,'., (Iniyini;
tlwt any oll'enec had been coniinittej by tntcrtaiiiinjj! o[)iniond I'avoraljle ta
tlio late j,'ovennnent.. Moiili'i/iir. liseiia Ifint.. iv. l."il--.
'lliwra I'az'deercc, in Hunt., licfop. Lfiic, i. 4(i-8.
'' fosta Itica appointed delegates tu the diet. Co-t<i A'., Col. I.<'yc.'>, viii.
57-9, 'JJ-8, 183-9. The minister of Guat. had proposed to Co.sta Rica a cou-
100
niSSOLUTIOX OF THE UNIOX.
I
■i
iki
i
!«■"
' i lir'ki-;-
M ■ ■ ! ^
m
1
il
yu
iiiont never liad any practical value, for the goveni-
nionts which were parties thereto took no account of
the duties it imposed on them. It will be seen that
the executive of Honduras was its covert enemy, and
that the <]fovei-mnent of Salvad(jr oj)enly infringed a
nund)er of its clauses,
INIalespin, president of Salvador, was arranging af-
fair's for a change in i'avor of a theocratic rt'nimc to
j)lease Viteri, bishoj) of San Salvador, when ihw.s
came that the state had been invadctl at Ati(juizaya
b}' jManuel Jose Aire. The ex-prcsidiJiit had with
liim troops of (jiuatemala, and a supply of arms and
ammunition to ))ut in the hands of ^lalespin's cih'-
mies. The question will be asked, Why did the aiis-
tocrats of (jiuatemala. cause the invasion of Salvaihn-,
Iier executive being their agent Males))i!i, who was,
moreover, under the control of Jjishoj) Viteri { This
is easily explained. IMalespin was, in the eyes of tlu;
aristocrats, another Carrera, disposed at times to ^lip
(Hit of their hands. It was, therefore, important to
have him superseded by Arce, when affairs in the
state would «;o on smootldv and to their satisfaction.
In Arce ruling over Salvador, they would have, he-
sides, a support against Carrera." But the ])eoph' of
Salvador, albeit much dissatisfied with Malespin and
Viteri, were decidedly opposed to Arce with aii>to-
cratic surroundings. His invasion of the state only
served to strengthen Malespin's power for a time.
The president set the whole state in motion to lurct
the emergency. He did even more: he asked foitlie
assistance of the supremo delegado of the confeder-
acy, which was promised him. Each state was to
furnish 1,000 men; but meanwhile Salvador w a-- to
l)lace 2,000 men at the disposal of the confedeiate
volition of cominissidiiers fi'oiii all tlio states, .ijipoiiitrd in the in;inmr 1p '^iig-
m'stiil, iinnu'ly, nil tlio (.'omniissioner.s were to lio <if Ciuiiti'nmla, and ilin itcii
liy liini t'l ri'vicw the loiiqiact of Cliinau(lt'{,'ii. Tlio [imiinsition waa k jr, inl.
'J'lic rt]H)il8 of the coniniitti'Ps in llio nssi'iiiMica of (iuatoniala ainl i u.sta
liica n -i- gi\c'n in Moi,(ii/<ir, lli^iua Hint., iv. 'JSo-DT, ."SO, 407-t).
"'J'liis would save tlicni from siicli blow.-) as tlio licut-gcn. iulliilnl ou
them at I'inula and \'illa do Guadalupe, early in 1S41.
>l .tiM,
*
■ OUAT
MALESPIN AND ARCK.
191
,^\(^(Mitivc." Tlic general goveriinicnt agreed to use
its utmost endeavors to avert the suhjugation of Sal-
vador Ity Guatemala, ^[alespiii was (Mijoiiicd, on his
part, to confine his military operations witliin tlie ter-
iltoiy of his own state. ] fe easily got togetlier in a
ji \v (lays at San Salvador 4,000 nien,Mith whieh foreo
he n:arehed to the front. One ]iortion oi' the van-
;^iiar(l, under Lieutcnant-ef)loiiel l^edro I'lscalon, on
the jth of May, reacjied the Chingo Valley in ])ur-
>ult of Aree, A(|uilino San ^laitin, and Guillermo
(^)iiinlanilla, who lleel to their head(|uarters at Coate-
Gl'atemala and Salvador.
poqu(\ They were attacked there, and took to flight
a second time, leaving a large (jnantity of arms and
aniniunition. Another portion of the vanguard occu-
pied Ghal(.'huai)a, placing a force and the artillery at
K^aiita AnaJ^
^lalespin, in disregard of the command ho had re-
ceived from the suj)reino dcdegado, marched triuin-
phaiiily to Jutiapa, in Guatemala: in consequence of
^vhiell, the government of Kivera Vi\z assumed that
'-Till V were to lie paiil for l)y tlio oonfoilcrnto states.
'^Tinsi; fiicta uppcar iu thu oUicial report to tho state Kovernmcnt on Mar
C, IMI.
I
A
PijiJ
! ' '
Itt
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
Guatemala was in a stato of war, her territory hav-
inj^ l)ecn invaded; and Carrcra was eallud upon to use
her forecs against tlie invadeis. A forced loan was
decreed, and a change took place in the cabinet, Man-
uel F. i'avon assuminuf the portfolios of relations,
government, and war.'* Pavon was certainly tli.'
man for the occasion. ''^ lie returned an answer to
a note from tlie minister of the supremo delegadn,
which Milla, his bioi,n';ipher, has pronounced an aide
and conclusive one. JJut it was in reality a mass oi"
abuse against Salvador and ^Ealespin. Jfo did not
attempt to show tiiat Arce's invasion was not the act
of tile (juattMualan go ernment, as he should have
done; but claimed that the war agiiinst ^Ealespin was
not a consequence of Arce's act, but of the malice of
the Salvadorenos.^''
The bad climate of Jutiapa soon began to decimate
the Salvador army, reducing it to al)out ;],000 mm.
IMoreover, the government of Salvador, then in
charge of Vice-i)resident Guzman, could not easily
procure means for the support of such a force. It
was quite evident that the time for upsetting ( ai-
rera had not yet come; and ^lalespin's defeat wcuild
only bring greater outrages upon the people. I'a-
tience was necessary unthir the circumstances, it
was consequently decided to abandon Jutiapa and n -
'^Jo8(5 Antonio Azmitia became minister of tlie treasniy, and Maii.,il
Ubico undcr-Kuc.-ycn.
'^ lie could not deny Arce's invasion of Salvador, l)iit pretended tliiit u>
prondnent man of tlie govt or of the aristocratio party bad any knowbtl. ■ "1
ins Intention to invade, or of the source from wliiili lie oi)tained lii.^t sup| liis.
I'avon knew well enough, but prevarication was convenient. The fart is,
Juan A. Alvarad", (iwatenialan agent in San Salvador, hail given bis govi rii-
nient timely information of the intended invasion. Aice'.s departun: w.ij
open. In order to put an iuTiocent aivi)iaranee on the allair. the govt deeitr.l,
May rj, 1811, that Arco should leave the city within "Jt liouis, and the .siiito
within 'JO days. In an address to the people on tin; "Jd of .Inne, Rivera I'az
says that Salvailor cnus.saries bad been detected trying to rouse the peiijM' i f
Los Altos to insurrection, and that the plan was intended to avenge thr ili-
feat of \SU). 'I'his is hardly true; for Malcspin had been then on Cai i era's
side against Morazan, and bis tool in Salvudur ever since. The arislni ia!3
had, wiien it suited their jiurposes, ]]ublished letters of liberal leaders tail-
ing in their bands; and yet they never brought out those said to have Ikcu
taken troni the emissaries at Los Altos.
'•The two notes are given in Monfii/ar, Heseila Hint., iv. 531^41.
fM.ml ,„to at tl,o liaeW,' I '."'"^''''''nwaa
;}■: ""-i"""'- "car the eo^tio r*'' *" ""■■«'''
ilMs n.nvcntiou was, )iowovr.J n ,g"verniii,.„t."
.;..! .vlusd to ratify it ia,,.V''"'''''-''"''''<''^'H'''l''
pualeii.ala dctermineil that it i i ,=','*>-''-i""fnt „f
eonventmn being ratitic, bv^«," '"" "*'•*"' t„ tl.o
»".! made a declaration „f Z.„ ■ ."."'f'"'" ''dogado,
G.«(on,ak« He re,' r t the I l""?"'"'"' '""■•■"■'I
L.".., «|,o ),ad been driven C, r "''' '''^sidini; at
tlltl,, „f (,e,|,,, ti ,.■„>«,>.•,'• "'"■ I'O accuses
ll«^' |.acto de Cid„andeg:ll ^f i'ouorabk „,c„.
»»;'; a dead letter. Honduo.? S'V "=™> ''"^ ''o-
'•" I." lOth ..f Jul/, 844 '",%"'' ^^^'"^'''■^tcrod,
"«»tv, v>hich was ratified b'vtot^," ^'''™''°'-' ""» ^
"(■«'■ Vicente f>,„ •'^ ' guvornnionts.'"
'•'"».«,,., Apr. -a'lsil 1?',"^' ^'f<^m j,,i7,7 <•.■ i-'-'' ''"»"'»
'w'r iij»i]-ii,.fi„..„ "-^rwui aiiicndinents ).;» . V ' •'' '^i.
■"ovcn,. on Si^^«^ ''"miliated sSadJ • ^^.Tr^^'^^^'''^ '"^^'"S cxceo.Ie.l
obi,,. to,.y. ^"^'^P-- Ax.d ^ct GuateSl' U tU'le '■"'""^'^''-' ^- ''-
J liu ohiect tl,pn • • "•-'-Jaiea the couveution to ha
obtain,,! peace. ^^ «acnficu,g a great portion of Jar ' U o
IM
DISSOI-UTIOX OF THE UNTION.
* '
Chamorro's government was notified by Forrcra
that auxiliary forces from Nicaragua would no lonLjcr
be allowed to traverse Ilonduran territor}'.'* Cha-
morro's minister, M. Aguilar, remonstrated against a
measure which would prevent the arrival of IViciidly
troops to defend the confederacy, whereof Ilonduias
was a component part." Chamorro, using his lawful
authority, ordered J. Trinidad Munoz, who coiii-
maiidcd the Honduras force of operations, not to
obstruct the passage of the Nicaraguan troops. ^lufioz
disobeyed the order; and upon the Nicaraguaiis ar-
riving at Choluteca, on the 17th of August, he re-
quired them to leave the territory of Honduras
forthwith; which not being done, he assailed and con-
quered them on the 19th, after a three hours' liLjlit.*'
This action had a great influence on the fate of (An-
tral America; for it satisfied the aristocrats of Guate-
mala that the supremo dclegado had no means for
enforcing his authority or for carrying out his j)lans.
It was virtually a declaration of war between Hon-
duras and Nicaragua. Malespin was likewise iiii-
boldened by it to assail Nicaragua. The latter must
then move with the utmost activity against Fetivra,
before Malespin, now at peace with Guatemala, eouM
come to his aid. But difficulties that could not lie
overcome were in the way; and it was only on the
23d of October that upwards of 1,000 Nicarai;uans
appeared before Nacaome, which they assaulted the
next day, and ifter two hours oi' hard fighting, were
re[)ulsed.'''^
■idently a league against Nicaragua, tbongh it (-annnt
against the party called 'cocjuinibos,' tur ;:eiKT.il3
now serving with Malespin. Moidul'iir, lleaefia llift.
the an-angement wai
bo Huiil to have bc'
Saget and I'^spinosa w<
iv. r)07-8, 5S1-*-'.
"'The confederate ecutive had ordered a force of Nicaragucnses tofime
into Salvador through he department of Choluteca, Lieut-col Agiiado being
charged with their tr asportation.
'■'^Thc troops could not come by sea, the port of La Union being tiicn
blockaded by a Britisii frigate. Copy of Aguilar's note, dated Aug. II, 1M4,
in /(/., f)G9-71.
"''Mnfloz' report sets the enemy's loss at 156 killed, besides many prison-
ers, and over 200 muskets, etc.
" Tlio place was defended by upwards of 700 men under Juan Morales.
m\
WAR ON NICARAGUA.
195
. t
Trinidad Cabaiias and Gerardo Barrios, two (
Moiazan's officers, made, on the 5th of September,
1844, an attempt at San Mijjfuel to overthrow Males-
pin without bloodshed; but haviiiLif failed, they went
(ilf to Nicaragua by way of La Union. Malespin'a
minister, Josd Antonio Jimenez, then demanded of
tliL Xicaraguan government that Cabaflas and Bar-
rios should be either expelled or surrendered to Sal-
vatlor for punishment. The demand was rejected.
The (wo officers were by no means discouraged. They
jn'iscvcred in their ellbrts, which, more than any-
tliini,' else, finally brought about the tyrant's over-
tiirow. By virtue of a special decree, ^lalespin took,
(Ml the 25th of October, personal command of the
state forces, j)lacing the executive office in charge of
the vice-president, Joaquin Eufracio Guzman, who
fiti tlic same day entered upon the discharge of his
duties, giving Malespin unlimited powers for the de-
foiiri! of the state. Such authorization did not justify
Males])iu's carrying the war into Nicaragua.^ This
state, after the defeat of its troops at Nacaome, had
removed them from Honduran territory, and sued
for peace. And yet Malespin, in violation of the
laws of Salvador, made preparations for an ofFensivc
war against Nicara<j:ua.
It will bo well, before relating the events of this
campaign, to cast an eye upon the present lamentable
condition of the four states thus bent upon each other's
destruction. Guatemala was ruled by the aristocrats
^vith a rod of iron. Her financial aifairs were com-
pletely disorganized. In Salvador Malespin had no
other rule of conduct thun his own will and Bishop
Vitcri's evil counsels. He believed himself surrouniled
by enemies, and indeed he was.*^' Honduras was in a
^f'lizman could not ^{rant such authority, as it was of tlio cxclusivo
provincu of the state congress. It was, besides, unnecessary, as neither Sal-
vadnr nor Honduras was invaded.
"'lor his own security, in his absence, ho placed his brother, Calixto
Makjpiii, as comandanto general, near Vice-president Guzman. This man
used to opun Guzman's correspondence, and deliver him only such despatches
III
^ ff
loa
LXSSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
disturbed state, and the victim of Ferrera's despotism.
Nicaragua was in anything but a satisfactory situa-
tion. The men who with their superior t.iknits,
statesmanship, and influence niiglit have carried tho
ship of state safely through the coming storm, Fran-
cisco Castellon and JMaximo Jerez, were in Euro^io
working: to undo the evils wron<rht acjainst Cential
America by Pavon and Chatfiold. The director of
the state, Manuel Perez/'^ lacked the prestige that
the occasion required, Casto Fonseca, the com-
mander of the forces, had been given the rank of
'gran mariscal.'^^
The pacto de Chinandega had ceased to exist.
Owing to hostile acts of Malespin, Chaniorro had to
seek safety in flight. Ferrera treated Chanioiio
with contumely, and shamefully abused him in a
report to the chambers of Ilc^nduras, in January
184G.^^ Malespin and his army u^ainst Nicaragua
entered Honduras, and at Nacaome made an address
to the president and army of II<jnduras.^^ The two
allied presidents had a conference at Sauce on the
7th of November, and agreed thi\t Malespin should
be recoi^nized as the general-in-chief of their foicos.
At Choluteca proposals for peace came from Loon;
and on the 21st of the same month the treaty of
Zatoca"''* was concluded, which was disgraceful to the
as lie tiiouglit expedient. See circular of Jimenez, Guzman's minister, to
govornura of dcpartiiicuts, of Feb. I'J, 1815, in Id., "17-18.
"" 1 Ic was the constitutional chief. Ayon, ApuiUes, 4; Svmanario Nic, Apr.
24, ISTJl.
^' A pompous title, which rendered him ridiculous in the eyes of ni;iiiy,
wliilo it cxuiti-'d jealousy on the part of otlicrs. .97»tVr'.s Truv., ii. Hit.
Fonseca is represented as a drunkard, ignorant, and the most brutal tVMiit
Nicaragua ever had. Life and property were subject to hia nod. Dunl'ii'i
Cent. Am., 224-5; Wells' Jloml., 494.
"''It should be known that Chamorro had not been a Morazanista, or even
a liberal. lie was tiie chief of the conservative party in Nic. On Marcli -•,
1845, his term having expired, and tiierc being no legal succes.«or, lie (kiiit'l
that tlio ollioo of supremo delcgado ceased to exist, and commuuicatcil tin;
fact to the governments of the several states. Moiiliij'ar, lt(.-<ena Hid , iv. 1-.'.
"'Oct. .'U, 1844. Tho object of the war, ho said, was to avenge the insult
inflicted by Nic, on Houd., and it was to be waged till a lasting peace cuuh!
be secured.
•* Here tho invaders were joined by Gen. Manuel Quijanoand 04 dragoons
who h-d deserted from Leon.
ATTACK ON LEON.
197
Ni<'aiaguan negotiators.^" A secret clause was also
ji'Tced to, binding Nicaragua, among other tilings, to
ivtiit; her troops from Chinandega to Chiehigalpa.
But the authoi'ities and people of Leon preferred
death with honor to submission to such degrading
(kiuands. The treaty and secret clause were indig-
nantly rejected. Perez, the director, surrendered the
exfCLitive office to Senator Emiliano Madrid.
In the night of November 21st the allied forces
eniauiped in the barranca de San Antonio.^" On the
2Gtli, at 8 in the eve jing, they were in front of Leon,
and threw bombs into the city. The next morning
at '.-> o'clock Malespin, being drunk, ordered an assault,
which resulted disastrously for the invaders; for at
sunrise he found his camp strewn with corpses.^^
The attack was, however, continued that day till 4
oVIoek in the afternoon, when the allies found them-
selves short of anmnmition, and with many of their
chief officers killed or wound* k1. Discord now broke
out among them, and the Hondurans wanted to
abandon the campaign; but J. Trinidad Muhoz, act-
ing lor Malespin, quieted them, and the struggle went
on. That night Muuoz erected intrenchments, and
at I)roak of day on the 28th the allies were in con-
dition to act vi*/orously.^''
(Commissioners came out to the allied headquarters,
•■'The comniissioners were Ilnrnicnegildo ZepeJa and Gurciuinio Carcache.
Mak'spiii himself rxUd for Sal,. ;iud Huiid. Art. 1 requi. i;d \ic. to pay
Salv. anil llond. all the ox|)ciiso3 of the present war, and to Salv. those in-
ciUTtil in the war of April list ug.iinst Gnat., because Nie. hail failed to
furnish her contin'^cnt of troops. This last payment was waived hy .^alv. in
art. '.). Art. '2 calls for the surrendei' hy Nie. of all arms within her teiritory
klunging to the allies. Art. ',i made it the duty of Nie. to di liver to the
allied furei'S the 'facciosos' Joaquin llivera, Maximo Orellaiia, Mi;,'uel
Ah arcz, Trinidad Cabanas, (ierardo JJarrios, Dic^'oand llanion Vijil, if found
ill llio slate, and if they were out of it, not to allow them to reside tlurein
Nw..iinit the consent of the allied governments. Art. 7 tiirows U[ion Nie. the
ixptiise 1^' supporting the allied troops from the date of the ratilieation of the
treaty till they should have roaelicd their quarters in their respective .states.
Moiiiiifar, Ufsona Hist., iv. r/J_'-4.
"'•iuai'diola became into.xicated and abused the deserters; whereupon half
of tlit'iu abandoned the allied camp, and li<> was placed umU'r arrest.
Aiuiiig tiic slain was (,'ruz (iiiardiola, a brother of the general.
'"ll will be well to record here that Mun
present liiliulation, was a Niciraguan by birth.
to whom Leon owed
id her
1
198
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
and on the 1st of December a treaty was negotiated,*
to wli it'll no ratification was given in the city, and tho
war continued. Meanwhile there was much agitation
in Salvador, with occasional revolutionary attempts,
which becoming known at Leon, emboldened the
authorities and citizens to keep up the fight, not-
withstanding the other departments had turned against
them.*°
Josd Francisco Montenegro and Juan Ruiz wore
C.nr^nlailo'
fw^^i
Toe/ .S' I/I .riinny •'SJ^fcVv
Sou TU- \V ESIK K N N tCAU AU U A.
"The negotiators for Nic. were Canon Desiili'rio Cortes and Anseliiii
Aliiicon; for Salv. and llond., Gen. Niuokis Espinosa and J. T. Muun,.
Under this capitulation tho terms agreed to in tho former one at Zatoca wf"
to bo enforr-cd as regarded payment of war expenses and surrender of ariii>.
Nic. bound herself to expel from tJic state Casto Fonseca, Cabanas, llivcni,
OrcUana, Barrios, Alvarez, Diego, liamon and Josi5 Antonio Vijil, Doiiiin^'i
Asturias, Jos(5 Antonio Milla, and Jos(5 Antonio Ruiz; and furtiieniidie, to
deliver to Malespin some Salvadoraus who revolted against him at .Sau
Miguel on the 5th of Sept., 1844.
^"Granada took Malespin'a side, and was followed by Rivas and other
places. It seemed as if all the actas had been written by the same haiiii,
Moiitvfar, Itesefia //«<., iv. 600, C35-G.
SIEGE OF LEON.
199
"-^
the commissioners of Rivas and Granada, near Males-
pin. Their mission brought about the creation of a
new government, which had no recognition in Leon.
Senator Silvestre Selva lent himself to be made by
Malcspin and his allies director supremo of Nicaragua,
under the stipulation of ratifying the convention of
December 1st, adding the name of Pio Castellon to
the list of the proscribed."
Several partial actions took place in other parts of
the department of Leon, which turned out favorably
for the invaders.^- But Malespin was furious at his
failure thus far to capture Leon. The firing of his
guns was incessant. He made a final effort, throwing
himself at the head of a force upon the works of
Sutiaba, which were in charge of Gerardo Barrios;
and after some hours' hard fighting was repulsed,
l(\ivina: the field covered with his killed and wounded.
But there was no unity of action in the city at this
time. Some officers believed that Casto Fonseca,
though brave, was not competent to make a proper
defence; and one of them, named Jose M. Valle, alias
El Chclon, suggested that he should turn over the
coniniand to Cabanas. Fonseca looked upon the sug-
gestion as an insult, and in consequence Valle retired,
and Cabauas became an object of suspicion to Fon-
seca. The siege with its horrors continued. Tho
fatal spirit of localism that maintained discord be-
tween the several towns, .specially between Granada
ami Leon, was now as ever, and till the transfer of
the capital from Leon to Managua, a great misfortuno
i
r.'.vi'ia,
■UHL', t'>
lilt .Sail
|l (itlicr
hunt!.
"Tlic most Imtniliating part of this nrrangomcnt was the ."lil chiuso,
wlu'ieiii tho eastern ami soutlicrn ileiiartmcnts icco;;nize Malcspin ai 'pro-
tcutor ilo lu3 Nicara;^iienses,' and gciicral-in-cliicf of tho uiiiLL'd arniios, in-
cliuiin;^' one organized hy those tlepartnienta, till the end of the war. Id., W.
GOO-'.'; .Vic, lif<ji«lro OjL., 12, 14, u5-C, 05, IJL», 110-l."i; Sandocal, L'cv. I'olit.,
0, l.VIS.
'- Several odieera wcro shot, among them a number taken by Sagct, on
the \ I .sst 1 Carolina. Malcspin issued stiingcut orcler.-i against rendering aiil
to the l)esieged. An ollicial report from Nagaroto of Jan. '2;id, to the eoiuan-
(laiitc at Managua, speaka of a defeat of troops of tho govt at J^con, with tho
loss (if 'JOO killed, ;100 wounded, and many prisoners, together with 3 pieces
of cannon and other arms, etc. .^tc, liCfjktro Ojic, 4.
-Wr ill
rlri'f
■■'■ I 1 ■ ^h H
" ■,: 1
iSi;'?
200
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
for the whole country. The besiegers made the most
of it."
A vessel arrived at this time at Realejo with arms
for the besieged, of wliich Malcspin got information
from the Englishman Manning, and through Selva's
agent lie obtained possession of 1,000 muskets, 200
rillos, 200 barrels of powder, 200 quintals of lead, and
12,000 flints. With this supply the operations against
Leon were pushed with still greater vigor, and the
city surcuml)ed to an assault by Guardioha on tlio
24th of Januar}', 1845. INIalespin now gave full sway
to his bloody instincts, by sliooting a number of
prominent citizens and surrendering the town to tho
soldiery for plunder." The outrages committed defy
description.'*^
While Malespin was engaged in the Nicaragua
campaign, the state of Salvador was preparing to
throw off the yoke, and his brother Calixto was issuiu'jf
arbitrary orders without tlie knowledge or assent of
Vice-president Guzman. At last, at midnight be-
tween tlic 30th and 31st of December, 1844, the gar-
rison at San Salvador was surprised by a party of
armed men from the Calvario, and captured, together
•with the arms in the barracks.*" After that the ro-
''It is related tliat Pcilro Zclodoii, a Costa Kican residing in Cliichigalpa,
Nic., wrote Muiioz, depicting the liorrora of the war and tlio nceil of luaic.
Malespin made Muiioz invite Zeledon to a conference, and when ho had liim
in his power, demanded a ransom of §1,000, but did not get auytliing, and
Zeledon obtained his liberty.
"Tho only house exempted from plunder was Manning's. Many himats
■were razed to tho ground, or bunicl purposely.
^-'On tho first day the acting director, Emiliano Madrid, CrescencioXavns,
cols Francisco Lacayo and Balmaceda, Capt. Valle, Jos6 M. Oscguera, :inil
Father Crcspin were shot. Crespin's offonco was to have begged the infa-
mous Manuel Quijano, at tho door of tho hospital for tho wounded, to ^pal■c
them. Canon Cort(?3 was put to death afterward. Casto Fonseca, oaptMioil
on tho coast, was tried by court-martial and shot. An eye-witness ilcrlarcil
that '2i persons were executed by Malespin in Leon. Moutt'ifar, I'cxr/'i't lli-^f.,
iv., table no. 6, CISC; Sainlofcil, I'evisla Pclit., 7-13; Dnnlo/i'sCeiif. Am., '22',
2;J0-:!; Nic, nrijiMro Ojir., 4-G, 14; Croicc's Gospr!, l.VJ-OI; i\ilr.<' /A,/.,
Ixviii. 1!)U. Bustamantc, Jl/^^m. Ilinf. Mex:, MS., ii. 77, speaks of Malesiiia'a
acts of horrihlo cruelty, adding that according to the newspapers of (linit.
Malespin had caused to bo assnssinated over 1,000 persons.
•''Kigh'y live prisoners were released from the jail, many of whom 'i il
been contined there for alleged political ofTenscs.
rl t
INDEPENDENCE OF SALVADOR.
201
of
bc-
i-av-
of
lor
ro-
(ilpa,
[.•ace.
him
lusis
anil
lula-
Bxiie
fu'od
liicil
ll'i,
|V:/.,
ill's
Ivit.
volt went on gaining largo proportions; but the rebels
\\\rc defeated in the plain of Jucuapa, Cojutepeque,
on ilic 4th of January, 1845.
Tlic liberal chiefs Cabanas and Barrios, who es-
caped from Nicaragua, reached La Union. Barrios,*^
with the view of rousing the Salvadorans, spread the
rcjiort that Malespiu had succumbed at Leon. Ca-
liMuas, a trutlifiil man, disliked the scheme, but finally
allowed his companion to pursue his plan without
contradiction. They both entered San Miguel on
the 28th of Januar}', 1845, and loudly congratulated
liis friends and acquaintances on Malespin's defeat.
The whole department was soon in conunotion, and
IctttrfS j)0ured upon Guzman to sound the cry ibr lib-
erty. Calixto Malespin continued his arbitrary acts,
and Guzman concluded to oust him from his com-
mand, without bloodshed if possible. In this he was
successful on the 2d of February;*^ the barracks
wcr(! soon surrendered to him, the troops following
his lead. The capital seconded the movement, and
^va.s soon followed by the other departments.*' The
•lovcnunent sent a circular to the other states an-
iiouncing the change eflected, and it was recognized
h\ all but ILjnduras."'
The chambers of Salvador assembled on the 15th,
hvl'nw which Guzman made an energetic speech, and
Malespin was not only dethroned, but his election to
the presidency was declared null." However, there
'■ llu wasasoii-in-liiwof Vico-iircsiilcntGuziiiau. Tliey diirorcd in poll lies,
li;t liaM'iti.s fully l)(>licvL'il that (Jiu'iiiauwas the person to overthrow Males-
jiiii, an 1 imii-t 1)0 aided with sonip bold stroko.
'" lli3 called a largo luimljcr of hi.s frieiuU to liia liouso and armed them
with [M~;tols— he liad not a single musket at his conimaii<l. JIo then called
the e aiaiiilanto general, and the mayor do plaza, Antonino Arevalo, and
iiKi'le I'lisonera of thcni without resistance. Tho two escaped afterward, Ijut
M.i'is]iii was recaptured, with a wound.
*^\ctaof tiic capital on Feb. 2, 1S4,"). Montufar, ncacfin I/iM., iv. 71'.)-'_'4;
.U«i,;'. Co».-.',7. Iiidrp., May 2, 1843; Li Minerva, May --'2, ISJ,"..
^'('iista li. had heard of it by a vessel from Acajn'la, and sent her recD;j-
nitioii heforo tho circular reached her. Tho govt t)f Kic, created by >',;! v
jiin, recognized tSuzman. Tiio nobles of Guat. had to do tlio san' : ;::id
Iiclicviiig themselves endowed with extraordinary good sense, added llir'r ail-
vu' . wjih all tlio gr.avity of pcda^O'jues. Monttih'r, J^cur/ia Hist., i. (!7S.
* lu tie ;^'round of unconstitutionality, ho being in command of the state
i!?
202
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
was much to do yet to uproot him from Central
American poHtics, as he had .he support of Honduras.
In an encounter at Quelepa Cabauas was defeated,
which gave the reactionists courage to approach San
Vicente; but pubHc opinion was now so clearly pro-
nounced against Malespin that Bishop Viteri turned
against him, and began his eflforts to win over to the
clerico-oligarchic party the new president, Joaquin
Eufracio Guzman.'"^ He at once issued a decree oi
excommunication against Ex-president Malespin.'^
But the government of Honduras being bent on suj)-
porting Malespin at all hazards, Guard iola landed at
La Union with an armed force, and occupied 8an
Miguel; notwithstanding which act Guzman did not
declare war against Honduras. Attributing it to
ignorance of the true state of affairs in Salvador, he
sent a second note, which, like the first, reUiccined un-
answered. Malespin continued — with the assent of
Honduras, and witliout that of Nicaragua, which had
assumed neutrality in the contest — calling himself
general-in-chief of the armies of Salvador, Honduras,
and Nicaragua, and declared Guzman, the Salva-
if ■ '
forces at the time the election took place. Circular Feb. 24, 1845, in Id.,
7lii>; Bl Salvudoi- lU'ticiicrado, no. '2.
'■-'(iii/iiiiin was a Costa Itican liy birth, but had lived many years in S:in
Miguel, .S;dv. lie entertained liberal iilciis from his earliest political life.
His military service, nndor Morazan, began soon after the battle of GualLlin,
and ho was present as a captain in the actions of San Miguel and Las Char-
cas. ilo accoui[ianied that leader to (.juat. Li the invasion of Cent. Am.
from ^lox. by Arec in ISii'J, Ciuzinan did gallant service at Jocoro, and eii-
tcrod San Salvador with Morazan. Again during San Martin's rcbcUinii lio
served under iiis chief as a lieut-col. The chambers of Salvador, on tlie i!)tli
of May, 1 St."), declared (Jiizinan a 'bcnenierito do la patria,' and auarikd
him a gold medal, nt the same time promoting him to general of division.
Moiiliijar, JiiKcila lll^t., iv. (J'.i;}-4; Sulv., Dlirio (>fi<\, May 'Jl, IS'o. I'un-
lop, CdU. Am., 110, says of him: lie was 'more remarkable for cunning tliaa
honor or courage. His manners are gentlemanly; ho has no mixture of cul-
orcd blood, and is rather good-looking, though he appears to possess but little
talent or education.' 1 am inclined to think that iJunlop misrepresLii'iCil
Guznian'ti character, for tJuzman proved himself a good and pure ruler, lunl
his name is revered in the state and throughout Cent. Am. by all lovers of
freediim and enlightenment.
^^On the 'J.'td of Feb., 1815, grounded on tiie execution of priests at Lonii.
The decree forbids the faitliful of the diocese to have any intercourse, veil'al
or written, with Malespin, or to uphold or defend iiiai in any niaiiiR'!'.
Full text in MontiiJ'ar, Itescfla Jiinl., iv. 079-81; Ihtshimaiitc, Mem. Hkt.
Mfx., MS., ii. 78.
i''\
TREATY OF PEACE.
203
Id.,
Jliul l-U-
llinu ho
l\io l'.)th
\HU1-
ol o'\-
lit liUlo
Vr, ;uiil
l)vcr3 of
Inuuuer.
(loiaii chambers, and the inhabitants of upwards of
100 towns which had set him aside, guilty of treason.
Guzman was now menaced from several quarters;
namely, from Malespin's partisans in San Salvador,
tlio military at Comayagua, J. Trinidad Muuoz, who
wanted to destroy the liberals that had escaped from
Leon, and lastly, Rafael Carrera, who, though at
tunes inclined to wheedle the liberals, generally had
his claws ready to tear them to pieces. Guzman
found the panther more untractablc than the other
wild beasts. It was therefore necessary to place in
Guatemala experienced tamers; but he was unsuc-
cessful in this. His commissioners, though they
managed by fawning to approach Carrera, met with
poor success in their mission.**
Guzman marched against Belloso at San Vicente
defeated him. He next went to San Miguel,
am
56
which he entered amidst the plaudits of the people.
^Lilespin entered with him into a convention at Jocoro,
binding himself to surrender all national property of
Salvador and to leave the country. But the autlior-
itics of Honduras disapproved the arrangement, and
it fell to the ground;"''' the war continued, till on tlu'
I8tli of April a treaty of peace and fricndshi|) >\ ;is
concluded at Chinameca, to which the minister of
Salvador, Dueuas, added another clause, requiring
that both Salvador and Honduras should disband
their troops immediately after the ratification of the
treaty.'^' Honduras failed to ratify it, and proposed
-''Tlifty wcro Cayetano A. Molina and Juan Antonio Alvai.-nlo. Tiiey
askcil not merely for Carrcra's neutrality, but for his active aid, and were re-
fenxl to the ministers, by whom they wore dealt with lU! ohildi\ n. 'Jlie
ministers pretended that their request could not be acceded to withrmt an
express sanction of the legislature, which was not then in session (>»• la -1; of
a (luornin. The plea was a ridiculous one, when we consider that Carrera
had never before consulted the wishes of the asscndily to act ids own wilt.
'■> Malcspin had been acting there as president, nmler Ilond. support; but
on Guzman's approach his troops disbanded, and lie lied.
'''Ill March lS45the president of Ilond. took Malcspinand his companions
undu- the protection of his govt. Nic, Hcjlitro <)jii\, o'i-l.
" The conmiissioners of Ilond. were Sebastian Salinas and Leonardo Ro-
mero; those of Salv., Jos6 Felix Quiroz and Nicohis Angulo. The treat\ vas
ratilieil bySalv.,but rejected by tlio other contracting party. Text of the
treaty and Duefias' additional clause, in MontvJ'ar, Disena IliM., iv. 7-tt-32.
'f
4
'1
m
■ft
I'll
204
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
that new conferences should be held at Gualcinse,
and at the same time despatched 900 men upon that
place under Malespin. Armed parties from Honduras
invaded Salvador; and, indeed, Ferrera was using all
])o.s,sil)le means to exasperate the latter state into com-
mitting acts of hostility against the former, so that
Carre ra might have an opportunity to take a hand in
tlie game.
The chambers of Salvador assembled at this time,
and Minister Dueilas reported a treaty of peace, amity,
and alliance with Guatemala.''* He seemed to expect
aid frori that side of the river Paz."'' Nicaragua hnd
extend. >d a friendly reception to two Salvador coiii-
missioners.*" The chambers gave Guzman ample
powers for the defence of the state. This did not
include autliority to invade any otlier state, unless as
a retaliatory measure. A resort to this was finally n^-
solved upon, and a Salvadoran array under Cabanas
marched the 24th of May upon Comayagua, meeting
with defeat there on the 2d of June, and again at
Sensenti on the 10th of the same month."^ The Hon-
•''" Concluded by ("ayetano A. Molina and Juan A. Alvarado for Salv., ami
Alcjandi'o Mariiro and Jos(5 M. do Uriuela for Guat., April 4, 184"); approved
by tlu; constituent congress of Guat. on the '23d of the same month, ami pub-
lioliL'd by Acting President Duran the next day. Guat., Hccop. Lerjen, i. 4l.j-
19; Gnat., Gareti, July 8, 1853; Monit. Coiistit. Iiid., May til, 1S45; La Mi-
iicrra. May 22, 1845.
'* Duefias was then considered a liberal, though he was a Dominican friar
when the convents were closed in 1839, for which reason the government of
Guat. would not trust him. It was deceiving him. Ho was, however, the
one most likely to succeed in keeping Carrera from aiding llonj. in the pres-
ent emergency. Ilond. had sent Felipe Jiiuregni and Pablo Orellana to Guat.
Tlie former was Ferrera's mentor, and in tlie councils of Pavon, Ayciiaiia,
and Batres. At first ho was alarmed at the liberalism of the constituent cuii-
gress, which had voted assistance to Salv. But he received assurances tl.at
no aid would be sent except to quell revolts in tho interior; and, moreover,
that tlie foes of Ilond. would bo stricken from tho Salvador admiuistiatioii.
Ji'iuregui now understooil the game, and wrote his government that the voto
o'" aid by congress practically amounted to nothing. A note containing tliese
assurances was published in Comayagua. Guat. concluded a treaty of fr.eiul-
eliip aiul alliance with Hond. on the 19th of July, 1845. Guat., liecop. Leijc-^,
i. 41U--J3.
""Dr Aguilar and Father Monterey. Nic, lieglMro O/c, 61-2, 12;!-;i4.
Gen. Mufioz, who so elliciently aided Malespin at Leon, was now the coin.
gen. and most promiuent man in Nic.
"' Ferrera claimed another victory on the 7tli at Sant-' Kosa, but it was
unfounded. /(/., 83, 88; Monitor Comtlt. Lid., Mav 21, 1845; Crowe's Goapcl,
lCG-7.
OUAKDIOLA'S VANDALISM.
rlurcnos inhumanly nnf i^ i ., „ ^
S,.lvadorenos l^tlVcVLt^,^' '", 't ^^-"""^'-^
I'crrera, now flushed wlH f^^ ^"'^ ^^^"^a liosa
-"/•' 'iietato torn, to Sa ,X"e7' f^^^^^^t ,hat lie
t";;'pan. the disasteis of Co n-fv "" "'/'^^ "'' '"^'-^o
^ ^nardioJa conn^nttey ^^C^^^f^^
I^a Union, in consequence ofil • . %?^ ^^"cJah-sn, in
<"' <'"■ ^'5th of Jul,. "dZ/'\^''"^'^ Muiister Duoilas
•''•^^-^^-ations^;^:!£s^':-^^^^^^
-_^_^__ ° ^•o'linst the seizure of
.„. , , , <li'.aa<.T.s before rola(«|,
f"'> ^'>niU-^-ost. lleio . "•^''■.'■'^"'•y ^"Closed bv°tl.« I ''''•^''''•^""^"t of
203
DISSOLUTION OF TIIK UNION.
arrived at San Miguel with scarcely fifty men, and
endeavored to collect his scattered forces; but his
efforts were unavailing, and Guardiola marched into
the city — which had been abandoned by nearly all
the inhabitants — and gave it up to be plundered by
his soldiers.^
All that part of Salvador on the Lempa and tlio
district of Chalatenango were in the hands of the
enemy, who acted as the master of a conquered
country. One of the commanders was the notorious
Manuel Quijano. The Salvadoreilos attacked him
and were defeated. The Hondurans now felt cert:iiii
that they could capture San Salvador. But on the
15th of August Guardiola with 900 men attacked tho
Salvadoreilos at the hacienda del Obrajuelo and was
routed, losing two thirds of his force and most of his
war material.*^* He evacuated San Miguel at mid-
night. The authorities of Honduras soon after })uh-
lished a suspension of hostilities in order to negotiato
a peacc."^ An armistice was afterward signed at
Suinpul."" Munoz of Nicaragua, for motives of his
own, exerted himself to bring about peace between
Honduras and Salvador, to which end he despat(;hed
Sebastian Escobar as connnissioner to the two
belligerents. Sensenti was tinally lixed upon as tlio
place (or holding tho conferences, and a treaty of
peace, amity, and alliance was concluded on the 27th
of November, 1845, under which Malespin and Es-
jiinosa were forbidden to set foot in Salvador without
leave of her government.^''
f'^Ono house containing British property w.aa spared. The houses of two
Frenuh nuTcliants, whose nation's flag was flying over them, were plundoiid.
Dii III, >]>'■< Ceiif. Am., '2:',9.
'■'In his report lie tried to cover up this serious disaster. But the fact
was, thut he escaped vvitli only about .'iOO men, leaving on tho field upwanl
of .'iOO muskets, and a lar;,'e number of slain, wounded, and prisoners.
Monli'ifar. llcsc'ia Hist., iv, 700-1.
''•'llond. troops entered Salv. after that and were defeated. Guardiola
with ;).")0 men attacked Carballo, who had only .30, and murdered them. It is
Baid that, this act wa.s commended by Fcrrerain his reiiort to the chambers of
llond.
''•'(lnxman then returned to llond. a number of prisoners who had been
represented by his enemies as murdei'ed.
^'' So lung as they remained in llond. the latter was to compel them to
GUATEMALAN INDEPENDENCE.
207
The government of Guatemala, with a view of not
too openly going counter to public ojiinion in the
states desiring to see a national government established,
iiisi rted in the treaty concluded witli Salvador on the
4th of April, 1845, a clause apparently intended to
promote that end.*^ And yet it was at the same time
(Diisidcring the expediency of declaring the entire
iii(loj)cndence of Guatemala, and gathering material
wliich was made public in a manifesto in March 1847.
Indoed, she had no desire to carry out the stipulations,
though she named Joaquin Duran and Doctor Mari-
ano I'adilla her commissioners."' Pretexts were not
wanting, and new commissioners appointed, namely,
Marure and Rodriguez, both of whom favored Guate-
mala's absolute independence. The result was the
abandonment of the plan of reorganization as entirely
impracticable.'" The declaration of independence was
made in the decree of March 21, 1847.'^ Carrora,
the president, in a manifesto, set forth the causes that
live at a great distance from the Salv. frontier. Montufar, lifxcna Hist., iv.
T.'.ij 8; JJindop's Cetif. Am., 239-43; Xic, KeijUro OJlc, 152, 172, 221-2; El
Ttimpo, March 12, 1S4G.
'^liach of the contracting parties was to appoint two commissioners to
iiK'Pt at iSonsonato on the 30th of Aug., and was to urge upon the other three
states a consideration of the lamentable state tlic republic was in, Buu'uesting
liuw l)er,t to do away with sucli a condition of allairs; and proposing therefor
tlic couvocation and assembling of a constituent power, or such other measure
as it iiiiglit deem conducive to the desired end. MoiUiijur, liesi nu Jli-^t., v.
•-^Diiran well understood the policy of bis government. Padilla did not,
and vuhmtecred to represent in San !~^alvador tlie ardent wishes of lluat. for
the irstoration of tlic union. He did so in a jiatriolic speccli tiiat f:ave him
u giiod name in Salv. and a bad one iiiOuat., where the ildccta rebulied liim.
'" ' I'll delirio do iinaginaeiones enfermas,' it was pronounced to be. Dclc-
t;.itos from Costa It,., JSalv., and Ciuat. were at Sonsonato on the 17th of Feb.,
ISlu, an.l lixed tlio lotli to the 20tii of April for eonfereneea. but ihey did
not take place. On the loth of June Costa 1!., lloiul., and Salv. only were
icprisinited. Nic. and Costa K. signiluil their ^^ iilingness to meet tlie other
stutcs at any place they might select, llond. having suggesLed Naeaome, as
Sonsouatc was no Ioubtv deemed safe. The wliolo plan failed at last because
of the action ' f ouat. Mucii interesting infoimalion on the subject and
(jllicial coi I espomlence appear \a Gnat. , Gac. Ojic. , no. 20; Costa /?. , Cot. Liytn,
i.x. 01-3, fiS, 203-4,212-11,313-0; x. 115-17, 123-4; A'(V., /.V;/. O/c, 2:i(U30O,
lassim; Montv/nr, Hesefia Hint., v. 310-18, .334-.J; Froi'beVs Cent. Am., 143;
JJi/iilop'.^ Cent. Am., 2,j3-4; Niks' Roij., Ixi.x. 34.
"'Si^jjned by Rafael Carrera, and countersigned by Josi5 Antonio Azmitia,
luiuistor of relations. Gnat., Iterop. Leyi-s, i, 73-0; Co-ttali., Iiiformi' lieladoues,
f^■., 1S48, 4; El Uuiversnl, June 8, 1849; Niles' Jieg., l.>cxii, 208; The Cad/or-
nkui, S. F., Nov. 24, 1847, ii. 3.
■tr ,t
*i
^H 1 f ,¥ E ' ' ill I
I 111
t<!i£]
ace
DISSOLUTION OF THE ITNION.
Jti;
\
Imd proniptoil .such a measure, which he called one of
regeneration, and asked the people to greet it with
the same enthusiasm tliat was shown in 1821, wluii
the cry for separation from Spain was raised."
Tiio secessionists pronounced it an able ellbrt; hut
it caused a disagreeable impression in the states, jiiid
in none more so than in Salvador. It wounded pi b-
lic sentiment. Carrera had no legal right to (; ko
such a step. The constituent assembly had plin ed
him in charge of the executive, but had not made li in
a legislator. For all that, the separation fron» tlio
rest of (.Ventral America became an accomplished fact,
and Carrera was declared a hero, the founder of the
republic, and coin was struck with his bust on it.'^
This act was ratified on the 1 1th of September, 18-18,
by the constituent assembly of Guatemala, when
Carrera was no longer in power.
Lindo was ruling in Honduras and Guerrero in
Nicai-agua, but these two states were in accord with
Sal va(l()r,i'rom fear of British pretensions, on the neces-
sity of a Central American union. They constituted,
early in 1848, the diet of Nacaomc, which urgently
invited Guatemala and Costa Rica to join it; i)ufc
the former peremptorily declined, alleging that the
decree of March 21st precluded her taking any step
backward. Costa Rica sent deputies to Nacaonie. *
'■^Tlic document boro CaiTcni'n name, but it was no production of his ouii
mind. The autliorsliip was attributed to Alejandro Marurc; that is ti> ^;i.v,
bo (hew it up from the materials that had lic^n collecting for years. Iai
J'ci isUi, tiic organ of the Sociedad EcoinJrnica, declared it tlic ollspriiiL: of
loii^ meditation, and indeed it wa?, for tl .,• aristocrats of tJuat. had Imcii
planning it since 1828. The full text is given in Monliifar, Iteaena Hi<t., v.
100 --07.
"Manuel Pineda de Mont, compiler lA Gnat., Hecop. Lryes, i. 453, chiiins,
however, that Guat. was the last of the five states to set aside thofxUial
govt, the last to secede, the last to continue bearing the general burdens vl
tlie system, especially the peeuniiiry ones to sustain even the senibUuae of
authority; and that she only adopted the resolution of March 21, 1847, iiitii"
exhausting every cfTort, and losing all hope of seeing her wishes rcalizcil.
The reader will judge between his statements and the facts as they have bitn
fairly given by me.
'Joaquin Bernardo Culvo and Juan Antonio Alvarado. The rulir of
Costa Rica, Dr Castro, was, however, of the opinion that the live tVntial
American states would be better off aa separate nations. MontuJ'ar, iU'sma
Hid., V. 2G6-7; Nacaome, Dictdmen, in Cent. Am. Pumph., no. 5; frovljils
Cent. Am,, 143.
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
If-; «.into,| tI,o aid of C, s a i? ■.''•' '"•' ^'""■'V.
'^':' ' "«l'l«l l.ini to bo«„„ /i, ^"'"'"'".■in ivn„|,|i,.
I'"l"y "f a wholly in,l,.„n, '|„r, *'" ^^"^^'■» f'.vored tl.o
^'••it'-" ■^ "<iM'u.cIc.nt govcrmnont for their
'""yi-oss, on tho aoth nf v ,
'"•"."•I ""-■ «-ork of fina o^«,.^t"=""*'. '^W, con.,u,„.
r'^""'?;- tl.at tl,o title ' E. .J ; ' ''n'- "''"' " ''e^''-oo <le.
■!' • "'-""ueo with thel'oi' rtiS'^^r"' ""■^ '"''
"""• ":'"<'Ii established th,r ,„f • ,' "'^ "'" ™»stitu-
;;-'-,^nty, freeclon,, a, ''n'''r'^"»'" «i»^
1'"^ "".lenstamli,,. a/ul a" a f eo""-' *'''■" «'"'
M"".'i.".t >">tio„,°„ther„o,ve,-st,l r'"T'^"' '""I '•"■
"" " '■"*"« of equality 'n" , ^'""^"'^ "•'■"' her
;i"7;,"? ""t the'wiJie's of t"' "'";"!■'"■'•' ■■'-■^"'v,.,!
g:mm „„ tho 3ist. ■'"ii'ct.oned its pron.ul-
.■"-t;:::t:t^/i,-:^;,ft"''^-.«-'Vio,,..of
""■I"-' !■' Nove,„be, /"j';'- "'^ '"•v'l'PUshin.v fheir
f "' "" tlie 8th a-recd unn„ ° i ■'t*^<-^'"bl«l at Loo,,
""■'■'■ fates, theater, trr' I ' ^''^ "'' "'"»» "f H e
r.csi,!c.„t. 'VJS ^l^.the .loputy Xazario T.,].,,. ■
(I
(ii
a«- C..N-X. A:... Vo" n'r° "ii ^"''y ""ion on u'o\Jt ,^Ttfl''!^. ^'^"''"ct-
rM
*< 1. if I %.
•ifM
l'(
J ' ' *
• t
■■ f:
- '-r
J' ? f , ■'•?.., . ! ■.
:\v
H> I
B, mn
c: II
210
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
mala and Costa Rica to join it or not. The remnants
of the aristocratic clement, with the support of Brit-
ish officials,"^ opposed the union, and in order to de-
feat it, promoted revolutions in Nicaragua and Hon-
duras. The compact went into effect, however, on
the 9th of January, 1851, when the national repre-
sentatives assembled in Chinandega, Jos6 F. Barrun-
dia, representative from Salvador, being chosen their
president.'^
The national constituent congress was installed at
Tegucigalpa on the 9th of October, 1852, and began
its labors on the following day.®"
Trinidad Cabanas was on the 13th elected jefo su-
prem.o of the federation, but he declined the honor,
being desirous of disarming opposition to the new
organization on the part of his political opponents.
His resignation was accepted on the 26th, and Fran-
cisco Castellon chosen on the 28th.®^ An organic law
was enacted on the 13th of October, and communicated
to the government of the federation.®^ The suprcnu
Am. Miscel. Doc, 4G; Costa If., Gac. 06b., March 2, Apr. 20, 1850; ITcnd.,
Gac. Ojlc, Aug. 31, ISoO; El Shjlo, Apr. 2-_>, 1851; Nic, Corr. 1st., Dec. 10,
1849, March 21, Oct. 3, 1850; La Union, Jan. 1, 15, 1850; GucL, Gac.,'Ko\:
30, 1849; Salv., Gac, Dec. 7, 1849.
'"Consul-gen. Chatlkld was olGcially advised of tho new organizatinn on
tlic 21st Jan., 1851, and ignored ,Suc. Buitrago's note. On bc'iig remimlcil i<i
it. May 2L'd, he returned an insulting reply July 13th, refusing liis recogni-
tion, when the g-^>'^innient decreed, on tho 24th of Julj', to cancel his c\o-
quatiir as consul-gen. in tlic states belonging to tho confederation, niul to
inform his govt of tho cause. Cent. Arn. Docs, 1-C. Tiio British olliciils
also resorted to other means to defeat wliat they called Am. policy. iSqiihn
Cent. Am., ii. 135; El Univerml, Feb. 19, March 20, 1850; Salv., Gac, Dec.
21, 1849; Dem. Urc, Nov, 1850, 452.
''••Guat. and Costa R. had refused to join. Salv. Qac, March 8, 22, IS'O,
Oct. 12, 1854; ^'lc., Corr. Int., inn. IG, 30, 1851.
^'' The act of installation was accompanied with religious and civic cere-
monies, tho govt of Ilond., at whoso head was Trinidad Cabanas, lioartily
joining them. Congratulatory messages came from all friends of tlie uiiiou.
El Sii/lo, S. Salv., Oct. 29, 30, Nov. 1, 4, 10, 14, 10, 19, 1852; Iloml., die.
Ofic. Oct. 30, Nov. 15, 1852; Perez, Mem. Hist. Ifcvol. Nic, 17; ElPono''r,
nos. C, 7.
** Tho assembly also elected a vicc-jefc and four substitute councillor.-' to
fill tho executive chair, in tho event of the jefo or membera of tho excoutivt
council dying or becoming disabled.
*'It set forth tho duties of the jefo supremo and councillors, tho indepen-
dence between tho federal and state authorities, the rights of citizens, icspon-
sibilitics of public officials, and organization of the federal judiciary, lloni,
Gac Ofic, Nov. 30, 1852.
A SHORT-LIVED FEDERATION.
211
,Xov.
Iitiui) ou
liu.le>l a
Ivccogui-
ftiul to
tic Cfvc-
[bcnrtily
IJ., <•''/•
InnorsW
Ixocutivf
I, iTsr"ii-
executive authority, on the 20th of November, 1852,
was held by Pedro MoHna, vice-jefe, four senators,
and two acting ministers of state. The federation
thus organized was not destined to be long lived.
Upon the allegation that the congress had created
a dictatorship, and referred the organic statute to
the people instead of the legislatures of the states,
the assemblies of Salvador and Nicaragua set aside
the federation, and declared themselves independent
slates.^'' Nicaragua may have receded from that act;
but whether it was so or not, the union between Hon-
duras and Nicaragua was dissolved by the war which
broke out in February 1863 between Salvador and
Guatemala, Honduras joining one of those states, and
Xicara":ua the other. Further efforts have been
made from time to time — 1871-76, and even as
laii; as 1885 — to accomplish the union of the states
under one government; but obstacles have been in
the way, the chief doubtlessly being the personal am-
liitiou or jealousy of rulers, and the project still re-
uuuus as a possible event to come about in a few
wars, as it is believed to be much desired by the
aiajority of Central Americans.^*
'^Salv. on tho 2l8t of March, and Nic. on tho 30th of April. The con-
giuss, acting too precipitately, overstepped tho bounds of its powers. Perez,
Mun. nut. l/rv.d. Xic, 17-18.
^''.Morodctiiilson tho confederation sclicmc arc contained m Antahurtnga,
('■i,t. Am., 110-10; ElNncionaLl^ow '27, Dec. •..' s ItJ.lS; y'c, Uol. O/ir., July
;in, iMiii; Id., Gac, March 2, 9, 1872; /■/., S< ,n>^ :. .VtVa/., Nov. '21, Dec. 12,
IbT:.', Feb. 0, Oct. 10, 1873; Los Ana[<':t, Dec. 1, 1S72; Mex., Diario O/ic,
Nov. '2, 1S71; U. S. Oov. r-c, 11. Ex. IV^c, 42d Cont;. 2d Seas., i., nt 1,
060-;;; tWa A'., Inf. JicI , 1870, 12-14; 3alv. Oar., OJic, Juno 10 July 6,
Au;,'. 19, Oct. 20, 27, 1870; /(/., Diario O/ic, March 17, Oct. .5, i3, 1875,
Jau. 27, 30, Feb. 2-G, 1870; Pan. St^tr and Heraid, .March 2, 1S7('; Caicedo,
Lat. Am., 00-2; Cent, Atn., Contest al Voto, 1-23; Vhavwrro, Cuestion No'
do lal, l-T; Harper's Montttli/ Aloif. xv'u. G91.
I'urtlnTautlKirilii's fur the prcci'ilm^ chaptfrH arc; Mmhi/u; A'lwr/'nf Jfiff.,
viils i.~iv., passim; Id., Piscnr'^n, 1 12; <>'ii<iL, lln-np. I.'i/fs, i. 1 72, ',t(i l(H>,
lii^7'.l, IN.VC, 1117 202, 207, 217 73, 3S2 ',»."., 4:>3-:), 401 7.'), 502 0(M», S.'.S <»,
877-^; ii. J>3 200, 0;<-' "■ iii. 2.Sti, 3;W 4.S; Jd., llvlif. Ojir., \y.',\, no. 2; is:i-.',
nos. 17,20; 1S.'!3, ) »; 1834, nos. 34, "x;, .lulj 1."), (Kt. I,'; IS3(), no. S4;
1S37, no. 10; 1S38, no, 53; I'nmuido VII., D.ifninnitai, 204-70, 2.S1 .">, 2;»2-
:>il, :i:!7 40; /,/., I)<ri;tn.s, 410, 1.") 20, :i3 73, 10.-. 10, 120-.34, 140 >S2, 101-
au, 220 3, 243-81; Ainni, Cnuxiil. f.iiiil,.-<, 204. Id., A)'nii/i.'<, pa.<siin; A.sla-
hrwi'iii, ('. Aiiiir., 12 32, 70-80: Airr, Mini., passim; It' ir/mrdf, X/r , 70 !<;
I<l; ('nil. Am., 37 44, 114 17. 133 4, 1.30 4,\ 20841: /'im'.s (;,i/r of' Hi- J'u- ,
:!\ .".(•., ,-)S (U; n,i,: I my. Mv.v., i. 102 3, 445-S, 477-0, 480 Oi, r>(!3 5: ii. l\:yi -
01,03:., tl.-7--0, 077-0, 73.-., 747-52; <dac. dr Mt.r., 182,1, no. 3, U-':!, 18-2(.,
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
;'f| ''
.lulv 4, Sept. Ki, Oct. 31, Dec. 14; 1820, Jan. 25, M.iioli 1, ."11, April -iii;
Orvai E-'^iHin. Eiiih/., V. 307-11, 400-13, 487-505; '-, 8-21, 107-17, 302 i:!,
383 4; vii. 3-7; j\'orl,<i. Cod. Mr., i. 19-23, SO-W, ;2-!t2, 214-Ui; ii. 22 :iij,
1G3 4; Mo-iiziin y Carrcrd, A]>iiii/)'.% MS., 1-lS; MaUno, ('imp d'nil I'oMn /,'.,
4-5, 12; 111., ViMiilt. y X. (Iruuniht, D 10, l()-2'.»; /'/., i<o.«/. Cu.stnJ/., ]<:i^-
1 40; Ji,
liitr.j. Cnit. Am., Due. 11, 184!t; HI Hid., Oct. 13, 1S54; Zdimliia, M,
(ilia
f., ii. ]0;i-4; /(/., Stilt.
if (,'
Jfi-it. (liMt., 74; Su
t., 581 2: /</., Stiifr.'i a A., 3(i()-l, 4!4-l(;, 4(itl, 482, 4!».3, 575-88, (VJ
(illll
(•.41-.3, (iC.3; Jil., TrairU C. Ai
Wills' J/onil:.
50-
IIC), 120, 230-1, 472-83; Jon/m,
piissini; !■/., Coiiiji. Jli-'l. C. A., 18 T.U;
lis Jhllli/iiS
in /
lini'/lii ;■-
(III-
Ml-
, 252-7; <'o.s,'fe J>'., Mem. Ji'elnr., 1884, 2-34, ami (
1 iiiicl2; A II III I Li J 1 lit. Jjii/i-i., i. (iO; ii. 1'.'2, 305; Uvrmtwh-zy /)(ir<tlo.i. Col. J><«-.^
ii. 81-2, 130-1; Jlirirni, DUrnr.'io, 1-12; Sitnn'Z y Nanirfo, I/i.it. Mij., .'!n(),
407-14; Sur
A I
iSolire lii.i I'viturhiinoiiin dr. (hint., 1-52; Ln/oiid, ]'
iniliuir i/n Mniidi; i. 3()7, 373-8; Lo/irriin; J)c I'aris d (liint., )8 (J4, 25(1- S;
I'liyilt 1 1 lihirkuiii, L'liloiikiitioii, 110-24; lilrrrn, 1114. Jalnjhi, ii. 3')5; Urrinl'i,
liiiiiittiTii, 7-12; Ziiiiiiirriit, JIM. Mij., ix. 'J-IO; Aznero i'li'tn, JiiJ'unin; l-l'.l;
/V.'fJ
>//•. I'lihl., Dec. 1.3, 20, 1828; .I:im. 18, Fol). 14, 182'.); II'.
'}>}"
Mr
v„.l
C. A inn:, 258-(»4, 271-4, ,300 3; Trolloji<''n W. Iiul., 3.35; Diiiiuk ihmlr.tiiiiht,
13 2!), 150-1, 107-88, 205; Atbtit, 1411-50, li»tt-2(M), 477; (Imit., Mnn. c<.„/,.
mini nil Ajirini, 4, 120, 14(»-58; A/., Mrmnrin, 1837, 12-22; h'ol)rrt.''iiii'.i lli^i.
Am., ii. Il:i8'il; Kl I'riujrr.'tn, April 11, 18, 2.5, 1850; Trihinii'. Almiiimr, IS.M,
30; lloUiii^ki, l.ii ('•iVfiiriiir, 305-31; Jfiistoii'.i Joiiniry in J/mid., 11; AV/. <'
■i/l.itr
xxii. 05; xxiii. 400; xxvii. 3,">5; xxviii. 37, 114 15, 304; xxix.
Iit2, 382; XXX. 43t)-40; xxxi. 100, 172 (i; xxxii. 80,201,2.32,282,375; xxxwi.
38; xxxiv. 8. :!(), 123; xxxv. 41, 1."m, :'.!;I; x .xvi 321; xxxviii. 3()'.t, 3115; xliii.
208; xlv. 210; liv. 281»; hi. 41», 2!0, 243, 385; K
34, 280; lix. lill; /;.
ijrnilo Olisirr., 1828, 5-24, 122, in Orius dr E^ijuiiin: I'invda, Dr.-'rrip. Oivj., H-
10; Ji'i/iiiii's Wild 1 /if r, 32-7; Noiii: Aiiiinlis Voy., xcii. 50-00, 75-7; c. 51 liii.
04-0; I'l
".I-
Mo
She
15-21,20-3.3, 42 3, .53-80, 100-14, 122-38, 15(;. IC
Orrrliiiiil .Miiiitlilii, XIV. 1.511-07; Liirriiiir.iir, Soronn.i
80, 132, 108, 178; 7/
torio
iiirrirniii),
i. 273-81); h'li.f/rni CoukI C, Am., 8 25; Strninjiirny^' Mo
4-.5, 51)-(;8, 111) 33, 144-8, 2.37-338; Ihmlnp'.i ('rut. Am., pa.ssiiii; Hmdi
A,
•itoj Br. JloiiiL, 28-10."), 1C>,
400; /'///( mill Sri
Ihittimit, 314; A'(
J>'<}rliiiliii/, \'(iy. ilrii.c Anii'rii/iii-t,
ennudiirr, Mr.r. rf (luiit., 2;).5-.308; 1\
iiriv I iiijiro Lj liir.
rtt'.i Xoli'X
on
.Mr
Com mi
iv, 441); JJiuiliiir'.i Mr
l\
api
iii. 000-10; l.i
I. t)4; .1 /;'/( ;•«'
234-5; Jirjil, in Si.
Ml.
11
i. 231), .315; Anromi, lli.it. Yiir., iv. 221-35; Holrtin < {fir. {.Mi.r.),
J)ipiitiulit.-i, Lis/a de; Dor. J/i.tt. Cnl., iv. 807-8; Sum
Inl'r
no. I(.
182; J)r
Unir. J/ist. droij., x. 1)1 !)-20, 1)71; Findlny'.i Dirrrlnry, i. 223, 240; I'. mU'i,
liipiih. do Co.ftii J'ira, 4-8; J'olynr<imi, iv. lOli; Xortli Am. I'rr., xiv. 4"_M-H1
130-8, 14.3-5; O.shonir'.'i (liiidr to W. hid., 2.34, 201-2;
liirn, 201-.3, 231, 543-51, 508; (
"roirr ,s' (loa^
<:l in C A I
'.'/'"''■,
11.')- 51. 200-22; 1.0
\mdi.% Oct. 15, 1872, p. 471; Nov. 1, 1872, y. .53; Nov. 15, 1872, p. 50; U
1, 1872, pp. 62-3; Dec. 1.5, 1872, y\*. 71-
/;
'rrdr.i, ( 'oii.st of Mimi
Ullo
Mi'J;
Xir., Srmmiiirio Xic, May 30, .luly 4, IN, l>cc. 20, 1872; Jan. 2, .Marili li,
April 17, 24, 1873; J/ii.t.irl, Mr.r. and (.'nut., .310-11); JSiiddmn'.s Arrns.i Cn.l.
Am., 00; Bolrt. Kxtniord. (liutl., Oct. 10, l.s;i2; July 3l), 18,33; Fnrol, Id'J ."i;
Vol, Tiinp.iky\ Mitlii, 337-43; Juijnnlii, Inj'ormr nl Miii. Itiiac, 2-3, M 1."';
llnrlfki ii'n itrizc Hilar Ciiat., ii. 7t»-l)7; Id., Cm/nd Amiril.ii, 1-408; Sli]'loi'-'
Ti
rlt C. A I
i. 11-22, 11)5-200, 211, 225-50, 304-
351);
37-8,
107-17, 205-1); TiiiMiijxion.i dual., 2, 130, 140, 100, 103, 107, 185-0
422 3, 501)- 10; lAiilai
A I
•a, 250-2; Orti'iii-ni, Srrmoii, p.
2-8,41,-,
M; Urn.
Miirrl., no. 1, p. 1; Co.ila Ji'irn, Lry Fnndamvntal Iti/iiriiiaila {.\h\']\n:\A, ]>>.'i'i,i,
1-48; /'/., /,((/ /V//(/((//H'«<'(;(/(' ('().v/(t /i'. (San Salvador, 1825). ; 20; Anor.lli-
2.58-1), 3.'i8 -02; y>'oA/..^'' '■•
.\rta.i Conijr. ''
Nov. 18,-)0, 440-55; SIouI'k Xir., 147-1). lliS-
Mr.(. (lioij., 2(la ep., iii. 100-0; iv, 712-1,'
Ml
Id., Col. I>r
nh. (
urji:, p.
.Ml 111 y Lroiiipart, J/i.<l. Ai
.-f., i\. 2:
. :ii;ii 7'.';
.387-1)2; vi,
!•>,
Martin. ■< //i.it. 11'. Ind., i, J(;.3-70; Lond. (Iroij. So
1.35; viii. 317-27; xi. 82-8; I.iinrh, Jlilarion 'I'untnil, 1757, .MS., 4-1!); mm
Jii'/lix, subrc Jiijurma tii Criit. Am.. 1 21 : /'.
J)o
our
I\
(ol. /^
AUTHORITIES.
'2i:i
MSS., no. 31, pp. G2, 00-70; Pinart Coll.; S. Anier. ami Omit., i. 221-a;
l.!riiiii<i, Adii: y llrctijir., Ol.'i; JIdllc-Iiruii, Prtrk Oi'oij. I'tiiv., vi. 4(i8; Mm'-
iiri'ld/.i J'i'D'j. AiiK'iii'it, i. 744-7; (lonlonn JJiiji'.'<t Lairs (f. S.,l,V2S-',irr, J^initirii)
'i/rC' iiini-Aiiit'i:: HI S'njlo, .l;in. 10, May 10, IS")!; Juno 5, lSr>'_'; <!w>t. ('inn.
unit A'/rir. Co., 1151^-7; Miirplnrsons Annuls of Com., iii. 548; iv. l.')'.!, 17'.'; AY
Ohiv^'iutor di: la li(j<i'i>>. Mv.r., July 4, 1S'_'7; Owif., Los JN'oWw, 1-11; Jilit.'niui'z,
Ol'liiiiin solirc Ion C/iaiiii'li'o.f, in J>oc. Orii/inalis C/ilnjia.i, 4-"); Diarin Jli.r., xi.
'_'7'.t SO; xii. 477X0; Amrr. Aiiiinal Jfiy., KS'J.VO, 40-0; Id., 18'-'ti-7, 171-8-i;
W'isf Iiidii.-f, l>i<'ri}i(lon, 40-50; Tonriitv, Itirol. Ilifp.-Ain., i. 11"); Itiriu'
Anil rii'''iiii; i. .'{'.18-408; OjTn.ticion (/-".), Juno 1"), ISH."); Di'iiinr. lii r'nir, v. (iOO-
1(1; XXX. 547; I'ldii'lloii Km:, Nov. "21, 1844; .\>., /,',■;/. < >jii:, \\-V.\, ."•'.» (JO;
/,.).< .i/A).-, Maiiif, Doriiiiiinliuln, 1-'J8; Ainii: Cm/., Ji'iilaiii. di' Intirr., 7-10;
I'SHi; Annwiin' llixt. Uuii'., 1S'J7, 577-8; Cor, Fid, Max., Xiv. 0, II, '11,
l).c. 14, 18, IS-Mi; 1.V_'7, passim; FiU. l.'l, March 31, Juno 14, .luly 18, Sipt.
I, !•, 14, 18, '2\-'l, Oct. 28; Aiiii'ri'i'ii- CniL, Civ Hrl./i; pt ii. ;U)-'J, 1 15- '_".», 1(10-1;
Hunt., Dirrrfat, i. nos. 1, 4, 'JO, 25, .31, .32, 30, 41, 1.34; Monlif, \'oi/. dans
I'Aiinr. ('nil., ii. 201; Jlon/ijonu'ri/'s Xarrnfiri' Jour, to diint., ',V.\-~A, 142-0;
.1' -'. ,» Tnirillir, Mix. and CiioL, ii. 104-5, 317; Mr. ;/ J/ond., i>i>r.'<., 1-11,
■'..'i: '■rii(/''rid, Itrri.ita Poll/., 3-7; S'Ul Juan, ( truyar'nni, 28-4.3; Alaiiiaii, Hist.
■'f, 201-2; V. .57, 478, 014, ap. pp. 4(1-0.5, 104; Id., Afnn. Pn-^^ni/ada a
!•' • mix, 0; Itidiri'lCs Panaiiiii, 347; Hand., (!ar.. Ojic, Fcli. 20, .liiiio .30,
IvSm; C. Ji'ira, (liic. Coli., Jan. 20, 18,50; One. i\ic., April 1, .liino 17, 1805;
,n.,\ -0, KSil7; San/iinijilo, Conijr. Paiianid, 73-5; Kiiiraria, Aw/. Poll/. h'-</ad.,
17-1"^; Kl ■'iniianal Xiriiraiji'irii.'<r,\. 44; Jioili/'s Ci'ii/. j-l/;/., 81-2; Ali.r. Fiinni.,
April IS, 1.SS5, pp. 40-2; J/i.i;. >/ (liiat., Cncst. Linii/ix, .52-3; Sir., Sin ra J)is-
ai<iiiii, (i; (I'ar. ,Sali:, Oct. 12, 18.51; ,S(dr., Piario Ojir., Fcli.-May 1.S75, jias-
••.im; March 2, 2S, Sept. 0, 1870; Sopt. 20, 1878; June 20, .Sc])t. ,5, 1870; JA>.,
Mnti. (hurra 1.-33, ]). 8; /,/., Mmi. Pilar., 1823, pp. 11-12; 1827, p. 11; 1S20,
1>. 2; 1M12, pp. 2 3; 18.33, pp. 1-2, 1835, pp. li-A; 18.38, p. 1); 1830, jip. 2-3;
iv;',i, MS., pp. 12-13; 1840, p. 2; 1841, in Diario Ooh. Max., Jan. 24, 1S41,
(1. 1: .!/'.'■., Mem., ii., docs, 1, 5, 8; /(/., Mii,i. Min. I'rlar., i., docs. 2, 4, 5, 0,
II, 12, 13; AVc., Mrmoria, in ('■ii/. Am, Pamyld., iii., no. 1, 4-28; J'ni/nr's
lii-i. JJniij). ( 'olimii'.'i, 324-.32; (,iuarl. Itiriiw, xxviii. 157-01; (lar. dr (luat.,
(Kt. 7, l>i53; May 5, Doc. 22, '854; Cox/a Pira, JiolH. Old:, .Ian. 13, 24, 27,
1\1.. ;!, 7, 14, 17, 28, March 14, 17, 18.55; Mill's Mr.i:, 2O.5-10; .1////., Ilniz
('■ihwl. Sidr., 1M.3, 00-71; Id., (Inaf. Quia, 1853, l.'{-14; Id., Hand., I82'.t, 5,
lS-;!7, 5(1-04, 00-5, 121-7. 1.33-48; Ca/iildo, /n/i:ri,ir i/iir d Ca!,ildo, 1-75; Can-
i-'li.tii, T .. Mi:x., l.)V-ll; Cha/Jii Id's J.il/i'r to' Lord Palmnv/on, l>cc. 1.3, 1S47;
III., I.il/i r to CunL (I'oi', i.)cc. 10, 1847, in Moxij., Corn-xjHind. rixju'r/inij Moxi/.
T<rr., 170-2; / r A'kc.'i >!, Sept. 8, 1S5(1; Mnxi/. Kii,'</e und !/V./vi.v, 20-.30; ('oiiL-
liii'i'x (li;!dv, 3;;'>-G; S :'ional Calendar, 18; Condir's Mix. and (iiia/., 105-7;
C'li/ro-Ah lir.. Lii. ,n,'/»(j v(wi, 1-17; Candi', (•'ol/r dr J/ond., 5-0; ('rntro-Aimr.,
Ill/or nr so''>\ ht < ■ni'-'it-., p. 73, and p. 30; Id., Connnrion, 1-32; Cm/ro-
Aiii' ivnno, pa. -'im; 'irtrn, .l.tas Pii^.l., ii., April 23, 1SI4, p. 320; Caxtrllon,
li<-x. i;,l,,/., 3u, iO!; ■"/ \a.yonal, Juno 10, 20, .Uily 5, 31, Aug. 14, Sept. 2.5,
11. c. 11, 1S.5S; ,lan. 22, KS.50; Sept. 8, ISOO; Moxi/m/o Indian, in ClairrliiWs
'•'.//., vi. 300-11; Brririit Mo.ii/id/olaiidix, 5-7, 12, 2.'!, 28, 31-43, 220-7; Cor.
All'iii/iro, May 0, 18.35; Jim/on's Tliir/i) Years Vi.ir, 0,5-0; Id., Jhl..it,s in
( V/., vii. 3.S3-4; viii. 7.37, 740; ix. 700; x. 740; xi. 707; .IAwikVo J/-./., ii. 232,
iil'J, oil, 402; Karionalidad h'x]>iiiiolii; Moxt/nito /Aun-., ims. 77-220; \ir.. Unlit.
"/•., Sept. 0, 1802; Id., Con.iti/., 18:!8, 1-30; Id., Porx. Di},. Jl,xt., IS 22; Id.,
('•>i: U.,.\n\y 1, lS-10; Oct. 3, 18.50; Id., J>e Onh n dd Pinrtor: Mnnoz, Pe.
/'ii.tii l.l.inx San Pedro; ()ir,xjHi de ChiL, 1>53-0.1, 45I-.54; Cnr/is, Diario, LMl,
vui. :!:;; IS13, \ix. 404; lvS21, oxt. i., Sept. 22, p. 7; ext. iv., Nov. 18, pj..
I'J-l.'i; 1S35 i\ ii. 227; La Uni^n, Dee. 1, 1S40; .Ian. 1, 18.50; La Union de
-W.'., .)ail. f). i« ;: Kl Unirersal, April 18, 18.50; April 10, lS.53; YoiJ., Sun
I iiii: ('ill., i;. ;,', 1- S; yerdai/eras liazonex, 1-13; I'laijera Unir., xxvii. 174 7,
Ml HI; Wril I'm. Colcnixalion de, 4; AY I'erarruziino Lilnr, ,luno 13, |S2S;
I'"/"/-, .)Fi.iiij,ir, \:A '.), 200-27, 310-10; Cmt. Am. Pajiirx, i.-v., pa.^siiti;
/'■';»/'< I'liriiix, xix. pt 18; cxxi. pt i. ; cxxiv. pt 0; oxlix. pt 7; olx. pt 10;
clxvii. pt 5; ccxxvi, pt 10; L'ni/eil Sen-ire, Jour., 183,3, pt ii. 4.50; C, S. (Iitrl
if I 3 i(t tSwi
ii:
I'
214
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
T)f>r>>., Commercial lUil., 18CG, 507-8; 18(58, 302, 728-9: Id., Cong. Olobo, 18;W-
It, iti; /(/., Cong. Debates, 1S25-G, i. i:W3-5; 1831-2, i, 7ti7-74; Id., Aiik r.
State Pap., For. Kel., v. 774-82; Id., 19th coug., 2il sess,, U. S. Acts ' ti. ,s-
31; Sen, Dec. 1, vol. i., pp. 149-70; /./., 2()th cong. l.st sess., H. E.\. Doc. '2,
p. G; /(/., 30th cong. 2(1 seas., H. Coin. Kept, 14.5, pp. 3811-5; Filixola, Mun.
Critcrra Tix., ii. SS-9; Id., A la Junta Solierana dc Uunt., 1-8; Oaxtadediiat.,
vi. 21, 177-84, 443; ix. 7.')7; xi. 4-7, 91-2, 120-4; xiil. 3.')3, 309-70; xiv. 1-
10, 82, 205; IMilun and Lriznno, Liy. Mi:c., i. 32(5-7; Bmianianle, Voz da In
Patria, MS., 4; Id., Hist. Iturbidc, 1(5(»-1, 170; Id., Cmidro Ilid., MS., vii.
108-19; viii. 177-9; Porrenir de Mr., Oct. 22, 29, 1871; July 20, 1873; I',n:,
Mi'in. Ciiin}). Nticional, 82, 154; Id., Iiio<j. Sanuta, 3-5; FrMt, Staatvn rcu
Mcc, 55-(52, 73-8; Ki'weus Xir. ami Walker, MS., 27-3(5, 39-(iO, 04-85; ('.,.ta
llim, CM. Lnjf.t, iii. 4;i-5, 101-18, 129-31, 144-07, 109-88, 280-2, 297-8, 304 (!;
iv.-v., passim; vi. 41-3, 270-SO, 304-5, 319-20; lidli/, Air., i. 71-5, lliT,
350-2; lionirm, Bv^:;. Hist., 42-5, 60-233, 395-417, 039-795; I'ineda d<: M,„if.,
in Gnat., Jirrnp. 1 -. , iii. 347-8; Crnt, Am., Mem. Hist. lietxil., passim; Mrm,
Hist. Cf.htro-Atn., : 1 un; Bonq. Hint. Cent. Amir., piiaaim; Id., Ej'< m.
lledioa Notables, pass.
CHAPTER XI.
RErUBLlC or t'OSTA RICA.
'S41-1856.
Kri.F, OF Cakutllo Contisuek — Pi.dis for its Oveutiirow — Inv.xhion of
M(ii!A/.\N— Chasck ok Govkknment— Mouazan's Policy— OrrosiTioN
— Kkvoi.th — Moua/an\ ]>eff.at and Deai'h — Satisfaction of the
Olkiaucus — Measckes of the Vutous — New Constitution — SrnsE-
vc KNT Ameniiments — SEDITION — Castejo's Akministhation — Costa
Ku'A Declauei) a Reitismc — REccMiNiTioN iiY Si'ain — Relations with
vVlTIKi; I'OWEKS— HoCNDAHY C^tCESTIONS Willi XlCAKA(!CA AND CoLOMIlIA
— I'UESIDENT JlAN RaFAEL MoKA — HiS REIMtESSIVK MEASURES.
Cakkillo, bclicvin<i^ liiniselt' clotliod with unlimited
autliority, on tlie Stli of ^larcli, 1841, issued what he
callttl a 'levde Ljarar.tias,' i>"ivini>; himself a life tenure
(if ottice and inviolability.' The supreme government
was made to consist of the executive, and two chani-
licis, named respectively 'consultiva' and 'Judicial,*
whose members were to be chosen V)V electijral col-
k'oes." Intending- to celebrate with eclat the inaugu-
ration of the cdmara consultiva, Carrillo recalled from
t xili' Juan Mora and four others.'' The consultiva,
fuliowing Carrillo's wishes, elected Manual Antonio
' Molina, who dciiios tlmt Carrillo was disjutscd to lio tyrannical, but on
till' ((iMtrary anxious for tlio gcod of his country, ailding that he was ' scvcro
y siiiiillii en su conducta, y (juu paliaha su arhitraricdad con d cjcrcicio ilu
las virtiidcs mas rck'vaiitcs en uii niahdatario, ' confesses that on the iiresent
lui'iisiou tliis great man committed a grave error, y/ovi/. Costii A'., 1().'{; ('nsfn
I! lh,\ do (jnritn. >/ bit.'O'K, 24 mo.; A/., Col. Lii/. viii, l,")-,'{(), 41-1!; Sub'.,
Ihtno ({tie., 'May 'jh, IST.'t.
-'riie former was cohstituted with as many members as tliere were de-
piirtiiients, namely, four. Tlie latter was composed of a jiresident, two rela-
tiins tiscales, and four justices.
■' He insulted them, however, l)y providing that thoy sliould he under the
Muvi illanco of the authorities. Co-y/n /{., Col. Lnj., vii. 4".
216
KErUBUC <JF C08TA RICA.
Bonilla scgundo jcfc* Tlie encmios of the present
ruler were numerous, and increasing. They called
Morazan to their aid, through General Bermudez of
Peru.
^lorazan sailed from Chiriquf in Panamd, and aftt?r
visiting several jdaccs in Central America landed
with about 500 men at Caldera'' on the 7'h of April,
1842. With him were generals Sagct, C d)anas, Sn-
ravia, and Bascon.'' Carrillo heard of tie invasion
in the evening of the 8th, and at once assumed pi r-
sonal command of the troops to operate against the
enemy, turning over the executive office to Bonilla,
the vice-jefe,' and providing other measures for an
active caminiign. Nearly 1,000 men under Colonel
Vicente Villaseiior composed the expedition, anionic
wlK)se captains and lieutenants were some of tlio
wealthiest })orsons in the country.'' Morazan had
issued a manifesto assuring the Costa Ricans that liis
policy would be one of order, union, and progress, to
accomplish which Braulio Carrillo must be ousted
from power. As the government forces approaclicd
the invaders, AHllasenor made known its contents to
his connnand, and asked whether they were for fight-
ing or for a peaceable arrangement. Both officers and
men almost unanimouslv" favored the latter, and a
convention was conchuled at Jocote on the lltli of
April, by virtue of which the two forces fraternized,
* Hu was married to a iiioco of Carrillo. Bonilla was faitliful to liim in
life, and to his memory after death.
^According to Cnl Bernardo Rivera Cahezas. Barnindia makes the fcirce
oidy 'MM. He had at first landed at La Union, in Salvador, with '22 otlicirs
of all ranks, and marched upon San Miguel, where he recruited "JOO nuii. .iml
then returned to La Union. He next visitetl Acajutla and Sonsonatr, wlniu
he ascertained the state of puhlic atfairs in Salvailor and (Juatemal;!, after
h'^' "lUg some correspondence with the chiefs of the former state and Nii.'ii-
ta. Tiie latter answered very olleiisively. Mnntiijhr, /iV.sr«a J/i-'f., iv.
4?-.^)"), 14"). Kntcrtaining a favorable idea of the invitation sent him liy
tile Costa Ricans, he .sailed for the isle of Martin J'erez, in the gulf of Foiist^'a,
where he tiiiully organized his expedition and embarked it on the vessels
(^nizii(ior, Asiiiirinii (Imnaiitna, Jnsij'n, /■■idbcl I/., und Coxmojmlifd.
'^ AstdliKrntiijd, Crnt. Am., riri-G; Sail'., Dittrio Ojir., Feb. 14, 1875.
ToMii A'., ('ill. /.CI/., vii. '248-00.
''Among tliein Were Vicente Aguilar, Francisco and Mariano Montoalegro,
anil Rafael Barrocta.
'■' it is understood that Rafael B:»rroeta was the sole exception.
MORAZAN AND SARA\aA.
217
l)C('omiiig one army. It \vas further agreed tluit a
constituent assembly should bo called to reoganize
tlie state, the government meanwhile remaining in
('Ikii'j.c oi' ]\Iorazan, or in his absence in that of Vicente
Yillasofior.'" This convention was accepted on the
mxt (lay at San Jose by Carrillo, with a few additions
A\ liieli did in no wise vitiate it, and Morazan afterward
ratitk'd the whole at Hcredia." He was enthusiasti-
cally welcomed at Alajuela and Heredia, and with an
augniciited force marched on San Jose, which he
entered without hindrance. As jefo supremo pro-
visorio lie made Jose Miguel Saravia his sole minister
(if state, and issued a proclamation embodying com-
plete toriLjetfulness of all past political offences, and
tendiTiiig an asylum in Costa Rit^a to all persons, of
whatever party, suffering persecution in the other
statrs.^" He next appointed a committee to revise
the laws enacted by Carrillo, with the view of repeal-
ing such as were deemed unwise or arbitrary, and a
nuinher of them were accordingly annulled, the pre-
posterous one of March 8, 1841, not being, of course,
excepted. The state constitution of January 21, 1825,
was revived, and the people were called upon to elect
a constituent assembly, which was to meet at San
Jose on the 10th of July.^'^ This body, composed of
tliiiteeii members, one of whom was the distinguished
(X-jefe Juan Mora, was installed on the appointed
'"('urrillo was to leave the country with a full plodgo of safety to his fam-
ily aiiil jiroperty. Tiie convention M'aa signed by Morazan, Villasefior, gi'ti-
ti-ils Sam't, Saravia, and Rascon, 3 colonels, and the other assenting otiieern
lit all ranks, including 5 Texiguas.
"<'arrillo left the state from Puntarenas. Bonilla was also guaranteed
Mciirity. Mtintii/tir, Rixi'i'ia J/ist., iii. (H.Vli); Xilc.i' f'<j., Ivii., 27.'). Hotii
'uiilld and Aguilar died out of Costa R. ; the former was killed, and Ills
iiuii'iKrcr executed. Funeral honors were ])aid in Costa R. to Agudar, Aug.
'-'•"i, IStC). C(W<i I,'., Col. Lci/., ix. '2S'J-!M). The remains of lioth cx-chiets were
liriiUj,'lit home by Presid. Castro's decree of Nov. 5, 1848. /'/., x. ifO.VJS; £1
S:ilr(i,lor /fc/incrddo, .June 4, 1842.
'- Dated Ai.ril 14, 1S42. /'/., vii. 250-1.
'^A general order was given to prevent any interference with the elections
"II the jiart of the troops. Copies of Morazan 's decrees to undo the evils of
Ins ]ir(>cleeessor, and to prepare for the reorganization of the state on liberal
luniciiiUs, are furnisheit in Id., 230-342, passim; Motitii/ar, Jfcaeila Hist., iii.
0'.M-31,
\ ]
'U
UlilL .AAk.
hit >'T3.|
h I
218
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
day under the presidency of Jose F. Pcralta, deputy
for Cartago, and on the 15th of July unanimously
elected Morazan provisional jefu of the state."
The great political change thus effected in Costa
Rica greatly alarmed the reactionists; and specially
those of Guatemala, who lost no time in adopting
measures to destroy Morazan. This chief, on tliu
other hand, took steps toward the reorganization (if
Central America, equipping troops therefor. Souiu of
his measures were deemed too severe, giving rise to
rebellion in some localities. There were intimate rela-
tions between Carrera of Guatemala and Gemiiil
Antonio Pinto of Costa Ilica, as well as between the
serviles of both states, who, together with the cleryy,
worked to promote a revolt. An attempt in Guana-
caste by Colonel Manuel A. Molina failed, and caused
his arrest, trial, and execution at Puntarenas.''' Colo-
nel Molina was a son of Pedro Molina, the notuil
champion of free principles, and however legal his
execution may have been, it was c(;rtainly impolitic.
His sentence might have been commuted, thus avert-
ing the disruption which at once broke out in the
liberal ranks. ^*
Sagct was at Puntarenas attending to the embarka-
'* Again <m the ."^Oth of Aug. it authorized the continuation of his gdvcni-
nioiit till a now eonstitutifin shouM be framed. The same day it reatiirimd
Morazau's extraordinary powers, and on the '2d of Sept. adjourned to rea^siiii-
l>le April 1, lS4li. Among the most noted acts of this convention wire the
following: A Vote of thanks and other honors to Morazan and Villasenor, tlio
latter lieing awarded a gold medal with an honoralile inscription. Mma/im
was given the title of Libertador de Costa Ilica; and on his refusing to juiIj-
lish the decree, the assembly specially requested him to do ao. Tin- aiiiiy
that brought about the change was honored with the name of Division JjilnT-
tailora de Costa Rica. Tlie assembly also made a formal declaration on tlio
20th f)f July, in favor of a federal republic. Costa Ji., Col. Ley., vii. ;U'J-')!,
37y -82, 403.
'■■It was strictly in accordance with the military code. His brother Fe-
lipe, in relating the occurrence, says that a disappointment in love, and his
removal from the comandancia of the department, preyed upon his mind, ' lo
sobrovino una tiebre, perdio la razon, y se hizo criminal, ' But he subse(|ui,'iitly
declared his loyalty to Moraziin, and while lying on a bed of sickness wm
arrested. Molina, Uoki/. Costa Ji., 104.
"^ Molina did not hear of his son's fate till after the 15tli of Sept. ( In atly
agitated, and shedding tears for Morazan's end, his son-in-law, Irungaray,
told him not to bewail the fate of Morazan, for he had spilled the lilooil of
Manuel Angel. These words so shocked the aged patriot that he fell seusi-
less to the ground.
WAR AND REBELLION.
219
fliinm'il
i:i.ssfm-
llM'l! tliO
fior, the
|i' unny
on the
Ihcr Fe-
liiia hH
|u<l, '!>•'
l|\ioiitly
pri'iitly
|i!4;ir:vy._
lliio'loi
tion of 45 officers, 200 men, 2,000 or 3,000 muskets,
and about 1,300 pounds of powder and load. At Ala-
jucla wore 300 recruits of that department and 100 of
Cattago, all commanded by Florentin Alfaro. This
oHictr was won over by Morazan's enemies, and revolt-
inn- ()u the 11th of September marched upon San Jose,
wlure the people followed his example. The revolu-
tionists then called General Pinto to the command.''
]\lt)iazan's body-guard of forty Salvadorans thrice re-
pulsed the assailants, but finally had to retreat to the
diicf barracks.'^ The jefe, together with Cordero, Ca-
l)anas, and Saravia, and 80 men sustained another ter-
rilik' onslaught on the 12tli. The besiegers were con-
stantly on the increase till they numbered 5,000, and
till' l)esieged on the decrease by death and desertion."'
Chaplain Jose Antcmio Castro came to propose a
cajiitulation based on Morazan's abandomnent of the
country, and a pledge of security to his supi)orters.
Ktlicving that his loyalty and milita-y honor were at
stake, Morazan declined the propositions."" Pinto's
secretary, Vicente Hcrrera, was very virulent, do-
inauding Morazan's blood; and the chaplain reported
tliat the jefe wanted war, refusing to recognize any
authority on the part of his adversaries to give pledges,
wliich enraged their commander and his secretary all
the more.'"' The fight continued, and blood flowed
'■ Ho was a Portuguese who came to Costa Rica while still young. In his
early years he had been in the naval service, and acijuired some skill as an
aitilkiynian. He married into a respectahle family of San Jos«5, and liad
imiiicrous descendants. By the cultivation of cotiVe he made liimself wealthy,
iuiil this together with his connection with tlie ('arrilh> family cnal)led him to
attain the position of comandante general, and to link his name with .some
itM[i(iitaiit events. At his house the worst enemies of Morazan had always
liciii wik'ome<l. Montufar, Rcsena I/Lit., iii. G47-H.
'"There were two l)arrr,cks in San Jose; one his guard occupied; in the
otlitr were 150 men from Cartage who had no ammunitiou. ElSiijlo, Aug. Ki,
1N.VJ.
" Morazan tried to save his wife; but in traversing the street to reach tlie
liiiiise if the Escalantes, amidst the deadly tire, she was taken by the enemy
aiiil LMinveyed to the house of Father Blanco, a brother of Luz Blanco, one f)f
Moniz.iii's mortal foes.
•■' lie would have met with no difficulty in obtaining security for Saravia,
whd was much esteemed by all. But tiie case was different witii otliers,
especially Villaseftor, against whom mucii animosity was felt.
■' Hcrrera was a stuilent when he gained this unenviable notoriety. He
lift
'' I'
■l"l
I t
^r
M
-Tl'
I > I
|l
1
!f;ll
'S- ■
!,
220
UErUBLIC OF COSTA llICA
freely."'^ Mayorga, roniaiidantc at Cartago, rehcllcd,
and Morazaii's situation had buconio a desperate one
on tlio ir^tli. No reiinforccnionts could reach him, and
provisions wereexliausted. Juan Mora and Clia[)]uiii
Castro endeavored to bring about an arrangement,
but the terms offered, being o})pressive, W((re rejected.
The firing was resumed between one and twt) o'clock
in the morning of the I4th. Morazan and his liand-
ful of su[)i)orters, worn out by fatigue, hunger, and
wounds, made their way through the besiegers and
reached Cartago,"' C^abanas covering the retreat witli
80 men. ^[ayorga's wife, who disapproved her hus-
band's disloyalty, sent them word of their danger.
But it came too late. Morazan and tlio rest were
surrounded and ca[)tured. Y(jung Francisco Morazjiu
and Saravia, arriving a little later, were also secured.
Dece[)tion toward Cabanas was used,"' and treachery
toward Morazan, who was promised his life.
Early the next morning, an officer named Dari'o
Orozco came to inform Morazan and his companions
that they were to be put in irons, by demand of tlio
troops. Saravia rose and seized a pistol to blow liis
brains out; but Morazan prevented the suicide, thou^li
only for a few moments. Ho then walked a while
smoking, and finally submitted to have the shackles
put on his feet, and just as it was being done he had
a horrible convulsion which ended in death. It is
afterward went to fJuatomala to complete his studies, and was M'cll trciteil
and much aided by Juan Jose Aycinena and Manuel V. Pavon; and he lie-
came their most humble henchman. Returning to Costa Rica as a lawytr, lui
was aj)pointed after a while a justice of the supreme court. On many mca-
sions he proved himself unprincipled, treacherous, and contemptible.
■^■' Over 100 killed and 200 wounded.
^^Jle had wanted to go to Tarcoles, expecting to find Saget there, Imt
was ilissuaded by Villasenor and others.
^*Tlie Spaniard Espinach, a reactionist of some standing who acted as a
commissioner of the revolutionists, fearing that Morazan's popularity in Car-
tago might bring on a counter-movement, and in order to avert it, askoil
Morazan to instruct Cabanas to lay down his arms, and to comnianil Sagit to
deliver those he had in I'untarenas. He assured Morazan his life was in no
peril. His next step was to meet Cabanas at Cliomogo, telling him Moia/au
Mils leaving tlic state l)y tlie Matina roa<l with sufficient money, and advising
him to disband his men. Cabanas was deceived, aud went alonu to Matiua,
where he was taken prisouer.
BLOODY WORK.
881
said that lie had swaUowed poison. Tlie sliacklcs
W( re riveted on a corpse!"' Yiilasehor stabbed hini-
soh' witli a dai^iyer, and tell to the ground eovered with
hlixid. uiitortunately lor him, not dead, ^[orazan was
.shackled. The })risoners were at onee taken to San
,T()>e. ^lorazan, though wounded, rode on liorsebaek,
and A illasehor was carried in a hammock; but on
arriviiiL;- at the ( 'uesta tie his Moras, Captain lienavi-
Jcs, a L'lruvian who commanded tlieir i>uard, mado
thcni walk to the court-house. ^lorazan on the way
conversed with Pardo and A ijil, and rememberinj^
that it was the 15th of Septend)i'r, remarked to Vijil,
" How solemnh' we are keepin*^ the anniversary of in-
dependence !" The other pris(Miers were contine<l in
the liuildinjj; called Los Ahnacenes, and ]Mora/an was
left with A'illasenor as his sole companion.
]\[()derate men strongly urged a strict observance of
law, aside from prejudice or passion;"" but their voice
was drowned in the uproar of the enemies of Alora-
zau,-' clamoring for his death without, form of trial,
regardless of the requirements of the constitution of
lSi!o, and of the fact that he was the legitimatt; chief
■'.Vdrmr, Efcm., 56. Saravia was a son of Miguel Oonzalcz Saravia, tlie
fTiivi'iiicir of Nioaru^^iia, wlio attachod that province to ltiiil)i(li:"s I'liipire, and
:i L'lMiiilsou of ((t'uoral Saravia, prcsitlent and captain-j^oneral of (iuatoniala,
wliu iiail lii'cu appointed viceroy of Mexico, and wa« shot hy Morehis in Oajaca.
Vimng Saravia 3 mother, (Joneepcion Najera y Uatres, was of the leaders of
tiuitriiialan Kociety, for -which reason tlio aristocratic part}- expcctiMl much
fi'din liini. But after completing iiis education, with evidences of extraordi-
nary talents, he often gave expression to the most lilieral i<lea3. Before heing
aihiiittcd to the l)ar in 1834 he had served in tlie ofiiee of the secretary of tlio
s('tiat<', and later as a chief of bureau in the department of foreign all'airs.
lie afterward held a judicial appointment, hciu;,' at all times noted lorahility
and cldiiuciu'c, as Well as for his writings in Kl Si-iiKiiuirm, which attracted
tlic attention of Morazan, who made him auditor de guerra of the federal
army. From that time Saravia followed Morazan's fortunes, taking part in
several actions of war, aiul thus attaining the rank of geiu'ral. He was also
this leader's aide-de-camp, private secretary, and niinistcr-gciu'ral, lioth in
Salvador and Costa Rica. A portrait of the young general gives him (piitt' a
ili.stine;iiished air.
■''Aniiinr; them were Mariano Montealegre, Juan de los Santos Madriz,
.111(1 .l(K,'. m'. Castro.
■■ Tlie most virulent were Luz Blanco and Herrera. Thcj^ even worked
iili'iii til.' feelings of Pinto's family, and it is said that his daughter Petronila
uii:ii;iiied that she saw her father sent to the scaffold by Morazan, and fell iu
;i convulsion.
222
IlErUIiLIG OF COSTA lilVA.
of tlu.' state.-** J^ut notliing availed to save liis lite.
J'int(), like hia pnjtotype Pontius Pilate, after a slij^lit
lu'sitatioii, signed the order of execuitioii of both Moiu-
zaii aiul A^illaseiior, to he earrieil out within thico
hours. Alorazan then sunnnonetl his son Franeisco,
and dietntcd t<» hitu his last will and testament; sonio
of its clauses are e[)itoniized helow."'' After placing,'
in <']iariru of Alonti'alei^re a handkerchief and a few
other oltjects for his wife, so soon to become a widow,
he walked with dii,Miity and a firm step to the phitu
of execution. A'^illitsonor, who was nearly dead iVoiii
liis wound, was carried in a chair. On arriviiin' iit
the fatal sjiot Morazan embraced X'illasi'uor, saying,
*']\Iv dear friend, })osterity will do us justice." .l];ii-
rundia thus di-scribes the last moments of the ex-
president: lie <j;ave the order to pn'pare arms, saw
that a !j;'ood aim was taken, then L>;ave the connnaiid
to lire, and fell to the n'round. Still raising his Mecd-
iny- head, he cried out: "I am vet alive;" wIk'U a sec-
ond volley despatched him. Thus on the lotli nf
8e[)tember, tlu' annivei'sary of (^entral American in-
de[)enden<'e, just as the sun was siid<in<^' in the west,
the soul of the noble patriot returned to the rcLiinii
whence it came.''"
'•""M(ir;i/;m IkkI (U'liiandi'd ;i triiil. Ho also dcsiri'tl t(i addrc's.s a ciriulir
to tlif Liovcniiiiints iil tlii.' Nlatis, liiit it was not Jitiiiiittcd liiiii.
-'Ho doolai'fd that lio had oxiioiuh'd tlio whuh' ot' liis own and liis ■wilt's
usl.tto, hosidos SlS,(MM) duo to (ion. lioi'inudoz, iii I'ndowing ( 'osta Itica ^vitli
a govornint'Ut ol hiws. 'J'iiis was his solo otienoo, for vhioh ho liad hoon nm-
donmod to loso his lito, whioh was liirtlur aggrasatod liy a lirokon pli'lui',
for lu' hail lioon assurod by Ksjiinaoh that his lifo ■would ho .sparoil. 'i he
foroos lu' had ornanizod wore ori^^inally intoudod to dofi'ud ( iuanaoasti' at' I'li^t
an oxi>ooto(l attaok from Xioaragua. Sid(so(|uontly a nund)or of voluiitnrs
vore dotaoliod for tho paoilioation of the ro[)ulilio. Jlu roitoratod his livvo fcH'
Contral Auu'rioa, iiri.iug ui)ou tho youth of tlio land to iniitato his oxaniplc,
and light to rodooin hor. llo tinally disolainiod any oninity or rancor t.'Wiiril
ids niurdorors, forgiving thoni and wishing thoin cvory possihlo haiiiiiin'^s.
In that instrument, says lianaiiidia, 'so vo diiifaua ol alma, noblo, trainiuihi,
y goiiorosa dol horoo (iuc dosoondia a la tumha.'
■'"Tho ri'mains lay in Costa Kiia till, undor a decree of Pros. Castro, Nnv.
0, 1848, thoy wore oxhumod on tlio 'JTtli, and after paying honors on tin' ttli
of Deo., wore Kurromlerod, aooording to Morazan's wishes, to Salvador, liv
whose authorities they woro reeoivod with high ndlitary and civic lii'iicrs
CiwAi /i'., Cdl. Lt'ii., X. 3()8-S(. Carrora afterward treated them with iiuii:;-
nity. JJoiifii/nr, 7i'(wr*'f JIU., iii. (ioO; iv. 21.)-'_'0, '_',-)():{; v. C.'iO •-', (iii.Vii;
TiMitin, iu L'i'id. Aiii. Pi']>., No. 2. Further iiarticulars on Morazau's rule in
Costa liica, aud ou his death and interment, may bu found in J\7c., Cvrno I>t.,
Miv I, I
'/v.;.., „
111.'; /■:i
I'D.; .-,; /
!'.■<: .S.,/r.
tf'if Ai,i,i
'■' ,i"iini,d
•;-lM'icli ,,f
ii-al |Mviil
"if"i-iM,i(i,
«1m \(,|^
''.Vlilitl.sll
.i'mrii.d
i"d,vd (|„
"Jl<: ./r II.
■■■ T),,.
■^'"'•■■l/.IM «
^W -Alltni
•^'"niz.iii
-^'"i"i/:ill .sa
net !.,.,.,! al
111 iNii(iiit\-
.'■''"■'' <'f'stai
n>< !irr|„.(,..,
■■'II, ,.^
>tatii,. Mas
I'^rn; (■.,.,„
!''"l'llt, IIHWI.
""'"■ov,.s,,
■■""! tl, .',„a,.
''■"•■ '/' '.■-,„/
I^!'"''^- Iiias,
:'"'-iteIIit,.«
MORAZAN'.S CUEATNKSS RKCOGXIZED.
•J'JH
ri
Mor.izau's death oausetl niucli satist'action to tlio
iiliiiLi- powiTS of Guatemala and Honduras.^' Tn
iiialriuala it was an occasion lor rejoicing, witli liigli
iiia>s and (»tlier relii;ious c(>renionies.''" The time
caiiie, however, wlien Morazan's gi'eatness was recog-
iii/.cd in ( iMatemala and Honduras, when tlie scrvih!
I li iiitiit no longer had a voice in ])ul)li<' atl'airs."'
Jlclations liad Keen suspended by the (Juatemalan
'j,()\(rnnient with that oF (\)sta Kica, while the lattt-r
iri(i;4iii/-ed ^ioi'a/an as its chief'.'" Treaties ot" union
and mutual defence liad hreii made l»y the states of
(luateniala, Salvadoi", Nicaragua, and 1 [onduiasagainst
Costa J\ica on the 7th and Kith of October. ''' Alter
]\i(ira/.an's downfall an attempt was made to jirevail on
M ly I, 1SI'.»; \ili.i' AV;/., Ixiii., IS), ITti; A';-'., Unjistm Ojir., Xo. "J, 7; S'/n!' r'.i
Tf'ir., ii. tH-!l; U'(ijt}K'iiis, Mix. vml Cnif. Am., '.M; Itiiihanlt, ( <iil. .Im.,
1 I'J: lU /'rit'insn, Oct. 'A, l.S.'iO; ry..»v".< (,•,«;«■/, l.VJ :!; Il'-n/////-, CW,; /,'.,
'.'ii.i .": Jhiiiln}!'-: C< ii/. Am., '2\':--2'2; Ii<ihi, yir., i. 7;{_4; II'.//./ Jfnn,/., 4S4-
'.i.'i; S'llr., IHnrio < >l!c., l'\'li. 14, IST'i; llnhrit (lln-ironi l)iiiili)]i, Ti'imU in i'ni-
li'il .\iii' rlrii, Loiiilcm, )S47, 8, .'{."iS jui. ami iiia)), is a work puriMntiiii,' to Ihi
;i iiiuiM;il (if marly tliruo yearn' ri'sidfiici; in Central Anu'rica, ami uiN'inj,' a
ckitcli <if tilt' liistory of the ri'iniMie, togotluT with an aeeoiuit of the- ]ihy.s-
ii'al iMciiliaritiis, agrienltiiri', eoinnu'rec, anil .•-tate of society. .Much of the
infonii.itioii therein is corri'et; hut on historical ami social topics the author,
vlii was :i Scotchman, displays I narrow-inimleilness, ami a juik'nient warpeil
liy r>riti>li [irejiulices.
■' In the latter- his native state — his la-it will was ^lnllli^lle(l in tin' oliieial
innriial in tin' eohinin of varieties with i>trensive remarks. These note.-., and
indeed the wiiolc conduct of the authorities, were disgrac(^fnl. h'l J'' i/nifur,
iif,<: .A /A.,,./.. Sciit. ir., 1S4;{.
■-'IIm' priest .luan .lose Aycinona, who was the minister of state, hated
Mei:i/.:in w ith a deadly hatred from the .lay that his lirother was defeated at
Nui Antonio. This animosity liecanio more intcnsilieil, if jiossililc, upon
Mer,i/,in eontcin]ituously ri'jectinn tho ilictatorship that was ti'ndered him.
Mi'ia/iii said in his last will that his death was an assassination, as he hail
iii't liecn allowed any form of trial. 15;it tin; worthy pa.lre and hisaccomidicu
ill iiii(|uity, I'arrera, attrilmted tho crinio to heaven, and ma.le Kivcra i'a/,
eliief of state, aocuso providence of aiding Viueutc llerrera and I.iiz Ulanco in
its iiirpctration.
■'Honors Were paid to his memory in the city of (Juatemal.i in 1S7<i; a
statue was urected to him by Honduras in 18.S;{. La /'c/i iirnirioii, July 10,
Mii; r..s/,f /,'., ^f,^m. li'diirhi',,:^, 1SS4, '_>-.'{, and iloc. 1, "J. '
"' livery ahusivu epithet was a[ii)lied to him in the otlicial press; tyrant,
h.iii.lit, monster, were among the mildest. The aim was to make lum ajijiear
111 thi' eyes of the ignorant as the only olistacle to ]ieaci^ ami reorgaiii/ation;
■iiiil til ■ masses lielieved that he was the author of all the evils umler the sun.
'.■■(.•. ,/'(;,(•!/., Oct. 'JS, 184'2.
"Thi' suhscriliing commissioners wore Manuel V. I'avon, for Ciuatemala;
I'nlro Niilasco Arriaga, for Homluras; and .loaipiiu Duran, for the oth.r two
states, liiasnmch as Arriaga and Diiraii were Aycinena's and ravon's lium-
'ili' satellites, till! treaties might just as well liave been signed ravon, I'avon,
i':uou. MuHlufar, Jieneria JIM., iv. l'_'y-33; Gtutt., Jkcop. Leij., i. 3U5-408
i|!:
I
-V- .If; ' i
■ 'iF.ii
:: i;
.hri ■ if
mi
iii^
i,ui;!{
H.iii^
m-^
^m
SS4
rept;blic of costa rica.
I >
',-i-
the new government to subscribe to these treaties, but
itfailed.««
On the 23d of September the civil and other authori-
ties at San Jose passed actb setting aside the su-
preme powers that had ruled the state since its oceuj)a-
tiou by Morazan, and proclaiming J. M. Alfaro as jefu
l)rovisorio, with Antonio Pinto as comandante gen-
eral. ^^ These acts were subsequently confirmed by tlio
people of the state. ""^ Among Alfaro's first measures
were to forbid the return of political exiles, includiiiii'
Carrillo; to check attempts at rebellion; to in\itc
Morazan's soldics to return to their homes ;^'' tore-
store confiscated property; to establish an oflScial
journal ; and to raise a forced loan.^" Disregarding
the remonstrances of Guatemala, the government, nf
which Josd Maria Castro was nov/ minister-gene;ral,
by its decree of the 5tli of April, 1843, called upon the
people to send deputies to a constituent assembly.
This body was installed on the 1st of June, and soon
after adopted the groundwork upon which was to be
erected the fundamental law of the state. *^ The as-
^''Itis asserted that the Guatemalan government saiil that Costa Iti.a
should appoint as her commissioner a resident of (Uiatemala. But Jose .M.
(.'astro, the young Costa Kiean minister, thought differently.
''They had led the revolt on the 11th and the following days. Malim,
Bosq. Costa It, 105.
""So says ^larure, now a confirmed ' conservador, ' adding, ' y celebrados
con eiitusiasmo en toda la repiibliea. ' Efcm., 5G.
'"The expeditionary force of 300 to 500 under Saget, on hearing of tlic
troiihle at Sai. Jose, went on board their ships at I'untarenas, tluiicu
menacing the government. Subsequently arrangements were made for tlie
surrender of the arms and disbandiiient of the men, but owing to niisuiiikr-
standing were not carried out, and tlie i:X[.edition dep:irted for La Libertad iu
Salv. on the Coi/iiimbo. Costa K. afterward c-lniiaed the armament ciud sliip,
but Salv. invariably refused to return them, ou the jdea thit tiiey bei.'iiyoil
to Morazan's family^ 'como ganadiis en ley do guerra por aquel caiiiill"'
Much indignation was felt iu (iuatemala and Tlonduras, and somewluil- liss in
Nicaragua, agaiuit Salvador, because the latter, notwithstandir.g +hc ti<:itii'rt
of 1840 au<l 164'2, and the protest to the contrary, had allowed Saget, Cab:ifiii.s,
Barrios, and their companions, to reside in tlie state under the protect imi «t
its laws. The first two named governments saw that for all they h:id iiki-
nceuvred to make of the executive of Salvador a mere subinissiv ageut <it tlio
ariiitocracy, he had now emancipated liimself from its control. Jiloii/iifir,
Jii'^cfia J/Lft., iv. 4-5, 115-.13; Molina, Bosq. Conta It., 105-6.
^CosUi n.. Vol. Lfij., vii. 404-lG.
''Art. 3 stilted that the idea wi'a not yet entertained, which latiT m.!"
formed, of declaring tlie state to be a sovereign and independent riinilil:'
Art. 5 resolved the question of bouudarie.'i with Columbia and Nicaragua iqiua
seiii
of],
certi
of 11
Cf.S.Scj
VOLC"
was <
niiiho
iiftcrw
ujio/i
assciiil
I'lino.s,'
''''ll-' Hi
tliority
tJjf fii,
liciiiL;' (•
tloji of
lltli „f'
t" take
.i^'ciifi'al
"Ppositi
""' I'l'incijilus
J"'"'''Min,;,.r
■;-MMMi,ly „(■ •
11
tllMII
•V;
li It iiien
'^'I'lllO.S
'"'', A'-w-
'/• i
,,%'i.ese.
illc^rovtv
fONSTITUtXr ASSKMBLV.
soijiljy Jikcwiso enacted i. I..w i . "
cvrtmn n„itati„„3. An „ ,t k^ "f, ""^ '"•^•''« ""''^■r
«f mcjition passed I„. « • ^ , °*'"-''' at'ts Wortl.v
.vs,s,„' uiider it. All ],is 11 '^''''•'*'°" "'^ '"'« sue-
-■- "f «.u„ks was at,,td |;ir ''';'"'"^""'' »'"' "
""^ .^'ven to General I>i ,to ' '^ """'"'■ ^"to
"'.'"■" "f chosen s,...u,,do ;.(;, "'f'"^''" -^^^ O'va-
"I"'" ««ve of absence bei, " Z '! ''•\^'™'"-« '•''»i>-,
■"""■<■ .lid not ...eot\l e a, rr':r "''^ ''« *''-
, '"; ..«".,l,ly tl,.:„ ado 'r, "'^*'."S«nen„ne„t.
..."';■ l"-"v.sioi, for two 1 '•"..stitution, NvJ.icl,
'-■ '.....-•t.onaries cou..tituth; fl ^""""'^y' "'"' .."
':'"'S- elloseji l,v tl,,. „ ,T ■" 1" *'"I"'.^^»I0 powers
foil of +1 ' ^^JJolf> dcodI,* T-i i^'^i^xs
V '^ '^^^^' fundament,/ h ^"^ i'roinuJoa-
' ''.'•^ April, 1844,« ad, J i^ '^'^^'^ ^''^^^J^' ou the
.'^7'^^al, refused to do s v, "^^•^' *^^^ ^'^^'''^inlanto
Alfaroand others. V^^of r' ^?* ^'^--'Jti '
;"';'"'tion, but did nc t^.„ ^, *" '"^^^^^^ ^''1 anneil
^' -'^WAfar/rQ l^:^;;:' ^^^ -a. di.ni.s^
^''^" Puhlication (!f ho '^'T'';"- ^"■"'•"
;;:Sf-^^!;-- '..Co.. kLT ^'"'^"^^-^^^ w was
":;.!rT'^« -«*-'H..n,, coi,;::' """■ ^""^''"iiental Ja^- was
;"; J.v "1- ■■i.ii'i,..,, tl m ' - ■ '*«■ " i'i"«» ii.o , :■"" "'"" "I'-™ '-■•■■"..
ass li|=eisapsii!
m
1 1
ti
i
22C
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
celebrated with feasts for three days. But the fact of
Pinto's dismissal from the command of the forces
caused serious divisions in families/^ which has been felt
ever since in the political events of the country. TJie
two chambers decreed by the constituent assembly
complicated the political machinery, and the enemies
of the new constitution exaggerated its defects. Tlit
necessity of a senate in Costa Rica was not clear, fur
the composition of the house of deputies was svich
that it required impulsion rather than checks. Tlieie
fore, what would be the mission of the senate?^"
Alfaro reassumed tlie duties of the executive ofhce
on the 28tli of June, on which date Castro resigned
his position of secretary-general,*^ to take a seat in tlie
chamber of deputies, whicli was installed on tlie .Id
of July. The first duty of this body was to count the
votes for senators; but the returns were coniini,^
in very slowly, so that the senate did not assemble
till the 12tii of November.**^ Both houses then on
the 15th declared Francisco Maria Oreamuno duly
elected jefe of the state. He took possession of the
office with reluctance.*^ The spirit of localism which
caused so nmch trouble in 1835 was still rampant, mid
Oreamuno found himself confronted by it. What-
ever measure was proposed in favor of any one local-
ity was certain to displease tlie others, liather tliaii
contend with such difl^culties, he tendered, on the
26th of November, his resignation, which was not
accepted; but he was resolved to retire, and one day,
heing more than usually disgusted, he abandoneil liis
** Pinto was an xxncle-iu-liiw of Castro, sccrctarj'-geiicral, who umlcr tin'
cirouinstanccs HUrrouiuling tlie govt could not ri'storo liiiii to liis oH'uh'.
"'To givo an idea of tlio Kituatioii: Cartago's diiputitiH were tlircc i li i^'v
men, I'eralta, ('ain)io, and Carazo. Hcredia also sent the priest Floirs. l!
the i-'.'nators nni.st be still more grave and circumspect, where could tlu y In
procured? Mo)iliif<ir, Hi'xctia //is/., v. 173,
*'• His successor was Juan Mora.
^''(W'f A'., Col. jj., viii. ;{,■)'_>;{, :i84-r).
*^ He was a native of Cartago; a man of elegant manncr.s, culturcii witlmiit
afTcctation, well mfornicd on general sidijtx-ts, and a highly respi^'ted i itizni
Though not a nienihor of the l>ar, he knew enough of law to suecesst'ully ii|'iii'>'
the lawyc-rs who constantly took advantage of the confusion existing m t'"
old Spanish laws.
MOYA, GALLEdOS, AND ALFAKO.
post and went off to his home in Cartago.^ His suc-
cessor was Rafael Moya, then president of the sen-
ate, ' who exerted himself to do away with localism, and
to promote harmony between the several sections ; but
]iis senatorial term expiring on the 30th of April,
1845, he could no longer continue holding the execu-
tive authority, and the chamber of deputies called to
assume its duties Senator Jose Rafael Gallegos/'- who
Ava>5 made chief of the state at the expiration of Juan
!Morau's second term. He took the chair on tlie 1st
of May. An ominous cloud could already be de-
ciied away in the horizon. The new constitution
liad tlms early become an object of abuse, even by
tlic nu>n who had entliusiastically ])roclaimod it, and
!u rimoniously censured Pinto for refusing it recogni-
tion.""
During the elections a bloodless revolt of four regi-
iiuiits sinuiltaneously occurred, on the 7t]i of June,
I.s4(), at San Jose, Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuola,
to overthrow the organic law. The movement was
seconded at once by the people,'^ and Jose jNTana
AU'aro was summoned to assume the reins of g(»\<i'n-
mont, Gallegos returning to the presidency of the sen-
'''Tiio chtimber of deiiuties censured him, l)ut his ]^)urpose of getting; I'id
Ml tlic (.'xocutivo office was accomplished. Coidi R., Col. Lit/., viii. 8!t'2-;i; ix.
•.•;( 4.
' A wealthy iiuiii and head of a large family which gave him much social
iiuiKirtaiice. During his short administration he iniiu'oved the public roads.
Mi'lni'i, Boxf/. t'onlu ]{,, 107. He also gave im])ulse to education, though
midcr till' old ecclesiastic-' y^tem. Montiifnr, H(.-i<na llitf., v. IT-").
•'H'orrcspond. on tlij subject in j<i., 184-t).
■'^ Fault was found v,-ith tlie clause rc(|uiring tlic election l>y the people of
nil imlilic f)inetionaries, iiu'luding the ministers of state an<l judges. It was
Miiil I lie people should not be nu)Tested with so many elections.
■'The manifesto issueil by the leaders comjirised the abolition of the con-
stitution, and the frannng of another better suited to the lU'cds of tlic conn
tiy. the iimiieiliate election of a new vicc-jefe, who nuist be a native of Costa
Itica, not under 25 years of age, marrieil, or a widower with children, and
piisscss property to the val'ie of no less than .'JIO.iHMI; one who had never
lii'cM iiiiiiiually punished, e cept by a pecuniary line, nor attached for delits
'iiiitnii'ted in tlio state; he nnist have served in other public oHices witliout
tiuiit, and must be in favor of independence and a separate government for
tliii st.ite. A new legislative chamber was to be immediately convoked, and
till' niarmcr of election fixed by tlie chief; meantime, the present assendily
Mils til continue its sittings. The chief wius to select a good port on the
iimth ci-ast, and make a road from it to the capital with funds of the treas-
ury, Vo.tta J{., P(tj). Siielton, nos. 1, 2; Dunloi^a Cent. Am., 252-3.
■:l
ii
1, ^< .
1',
I ':■
228
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
ate. Every one recognized Gallegos as an upriglit
man, against whom no complaint was made." Alt'aro
accepted the r61c, went into office on tlie 9th, and ini-
me(hately proceeded to carry out the [)urposes of the
revohition. EK'ctions took place under the existino-
constitution, Alfaro being chosen jef'e, and Jose M.
Castro vice-iefe and secretarv-«>eneral. The latttr
henig the intellectual superior of Alfaro, every branch
of the administration finally fell under his control.
The constituent assembly met on the loth of Scji-
tember, and completed, on the 21st of January, 1S47,
the new constitution, which was pronmlgated at onco.
to have efl'ect from and after the Tth of Marcli. **
Exjierience having shown that several clauses of this
instrument were practically inexpedient, and that
others were not clearlv worded, under article IS" (•!'
the same congress subsequently adopted a nuujbcr of
amendments, which had been asked for by a majority
of the municipalities.'" The elections for supniiic
authorities, decreed on the I7t]i of February, took
])lace; the constitutional congress assembled on tlic
1st of IMay, and after counting the votes for ])resi(h iit
and vice-i)resident on the 5th, declared Castro iluly
elected for the first ])()sition and Alfaro for the second.
They were inducted into office on the 8th.''^
Castro's admini.stration had to overcome serious
obstacles which might bring on political convulsions
■" Jli.s ri'moviil from tlio cxijciitive soat ro.siiltcd fnim the intrigucis of .1
few wlio kiu'W that lio couhl not be iiiado a roiivi'iiiuiit tool.
'"'It was (liviikMl into 14 soction.s. iilaccd tlic oxcuiitivu in a itre.sich'ut, funl
croati'il a vit't'-iU'c.siiU'nt. Tlio k'i,'ifihitivo authority was Vfstfil in a coiiu'iiss
of a singli! cliainbor, presiduil over hy the vicu-prusiiU'nt. Tiio Koiiiun r iih-
olic ridigion was the only one permitted, and it remaini'd iia tliat of the st.ity
and luuiur its protection. Casta li., L'otiKtit., 1847, \ 'H; hi., ('ondit, I'olit.,
1847, 1-118; /(I., Col. L<!/., x. 1~5G; AM.nliurwujii, Cent. Am., 41) -'.».
•'' Nov. 'i'i, 1848, and proiiudgated l)y the executive ou the 30th. A l:iw
regulating tlie election of the supreme authorities was passed l>ec. "Jiltli.
(VW<i /.'., Coii.st!t. PoUt. (ed. of 1850, 8'), I-IIS; Cosla ]{., Col. Ltij., x. :i'7-
408, 4l2'2-5'2; EL Unii'vr.wl, June 8, 184!).
"^ El Arm Iris, Oct. 14, 1847. Alfaro was not pleased at being lowcicd tn
tlio second place, even though he had ex-ofticio tlie jiresidemy of iMiiiiZiiss.
Ho resignecl on the 1st of Oct. of the same year, and Juan Kafael Mori Ik-
came his successor. Costa li., liiforme lidacioncs, ap. ; /(/., Col. Liy., x. SI>-(,
KJO-l, 187-8.
INDEPENDENCE DECLARED.
'.'29
ill iIk! near future.'" Indeed, several disturbances
lirnkc out at Alajuela, headed hy Alfaro and his
tVi. lids, whicli were, however, easily (juelled by Pres-
i(l. lit Castro, and once by Vice-president Alora, when
tlu: |)ivsi(K'nt was absent.*" The last of tlie.se trouldes
caused some bloodshed. ''^ Albeit the revolts were put
Ali.MS UK CoslA UlCA.
II
"'•'■I'^tro had cncinios in Sail .lose. l[c was .icciisimI nf liringiiig al)..ut, (la-
tt;ii.s clismi.s.sal. This a.-i.-iiTtiou was icjicaU'.l Inmi iiiouih to iiiuiitli, and
c.iiiii' t(i lio liflii've.l hy many. Moreover, .sumr; nica tli.it: lu' locked on as liis
iiiiihl.s siijigustud to liini unwi.so nii'a.stirfs, with the view of (laiiiai;iii<,' his ad-
ii.iin.tialioii. L'nt'ortiiiiatfly, oonHi'css hof,Mn to show aristocrat iotuilih ncios,
1^ ■ ini^; tlio aholishud connicllations witliniit o|i|io:.ition on Castro's iiart.
!»'• titlo of ExoLdlency was voted to itself, the pr.sident, and the .snpiviiie
'Hint. ^
"Cistro and Mora dift'ered on many iioints. The iire.sident'a eirele con.sid-
'^■'i Alora a dangerous eonipotitor. Congress treated .Mora with marked in-
'lill'iviiei., tliough he had restored ^leace in Alajuela with only 'JOO men. Ho
I'^igiied the viee-presideney. An ijeetion heing ordered, at the second
•i|Mii|,t Manuel .lose Carazo, a friend of Castro, was elio.seii. (.'arazo was aii
jil'l" aihl Well-informed man. lie resigned the otliee on tho 24th of \ii"
I'm was reelected Seiit. 'J'Jd. A/., I'.IO, .-{(Mi 7, :{l() I'-', ;W7 !).
'"'"-/'t A'., //(/ J{,/„rioi,is, 10 !•.>, •_>.•(.-). In Nov. of the same ve.ir all
)
MM Ml
n
m
'^fi!
REPUBUC OF COSTA RICA.
down, the state continuea much agitated. Inflam-
matory writings against the president were secretly
circulated, which the government gave importance to,
and the official press tried to counteract their influ-
ence. Castro concluded to resign his office, but con-
gress by a unanimous vote refused to accept the
resignation.®'^ Costa Rica having by the act of litr
congress, on the 30th of August, 1848, declared hw-
self a sovereign and independent nation, under the
title of Repiiblica de Costa Rica, that body, on tlio
•29th of the following September, adopted a flag, coat
of arms, and seal.""*
Costa Rica was the first state of Central America
to be recognized as an independent nation by S})aiii,
which was done in the treaty of May 10, 1850, M'liicli
was ratified by Costa Rica March 0, 1851. The iv-
])ublic made a concordat with the Roman pontiH", \\n-
the understanding of ecclesiastical aft'airs, on tlio 7tli
of October, 1852. She has endeavored to maintain
cordial relations with the powers of Europe and
America. To that end she concluded treaties witli
the United States of America, the Hanseatic Towns,
France,"* Great Britian, Belgium, Holland, ]taly,
(lermany, and several of the Spanish- American re-
publics. With Guatemala a treatv was entered into
\n February 1850, and the government awaited tlie
result of the eflbrts of the other three states to << in-
stitute themselves under one nationality; and wluii
they failed, and the states assumed the role of iinK-
|)nlitical (ifTciKlors woro iKirdnncd, and a war tax which had heoii Icvii'l u
Alajiiflawasordoredri'fuudL'd. Co.-</(i II., Col. Lnj., x. 'JUD-SM), 374-(>, 410: hi.,
/'iijK Siicl/tM, iios. H-5; Moliiiii, Bi)"'!. Co.4a A'., 107-8.
'"(.'ougrcHs took into consideration a nnnd)cr of petitions from inline ntuil
sources liighly cf)ninienilatory of Castro's acts. Castro on the Kith oi N"^.
had l)ccn made a general of division. Moiittifar, Jfcscnit Jlitt., v. S'J.") ti, •"'•'"
"■"The flag had five horizontal stripes, of which the centre one occuinid 'Hi''
third the width of the Hag, and the others one sixth each. The centir
was red, the one ahovc and the one xindcrncath it were white, and tlm
two hlue. Contit R., Col. Let/., x. 3.54-().
"* France sent in April 1847 the corvette Ln Oi'nie to make dcmiim
behalf of her subject Tliierriat, which Costa Rica settled by paying .^10,
tnpi'
itlaT
Is on
n.l
•itli
lis,
aly,
w-
iiito
llir
•dU-
lirll
lil u
/■'.,
,uti;il
INhv,
lll ow
Itrii""
IcitlaT
lis on
THE BOUNDARY QUESTION.
'J3I
niiident republics, it made similar diplomatic arrangc-
iiRiits with them as foreign nations.*^
Tliu boundaries of Costa Ilica with Nicaragua on
oiK! side, and with Panamd, one of the states of Co-
loiiiliia, on the other, have been a source of constant
iiiixiety, repeatedly occupying the minds of the diplo-
iiuitos of the three countries. Fortunately, the points
in dispute have been peaceably discussed by the gov-
eiiiiiiLiits, though the press and politicians have not
always touched upon them with the same spirit. The
district of Xicova or Guanacaste, at one time under
tli(! government of Nicaragua, became annexed to
Costa liica in 1824. This annexation was acce])ted
l»v the Costa Jiican assembly, and tlie federal congress
allowed it, in a decree of December 0, 1825, us a pro-
visional arrangement, to be in force till an op})ortuniiy
was had to run the boundary between the two stattss.
Tliis congress took no further action in the premises;
and since the dissolution of the Central American
union, the district remained attached to Costa liiea.
Nicaragua never assented to the segregation, though
she made no attempt to recover the territory by force
of arms. She has, however, endeavored to sustain
Ik r right to it in repeated diplomatic negotiations.""
The time came when Nicaragua, being invaded by
Willlaiii Walker's filibusters, and the indopcndcuce of
all Central America threatened, the citizens of the
'•' I'uU ])iirtioulars on the foreign relations are given in Molina, Bo/i</. Casta
/,'., II 10, (ll-'_>, ll'_'--n); III., Coup (I'liil Costa R., 3; Costa A'., Col. L,i/., x.
Xill 47; xii. T) 18. <»4, 202-7; xv. 'J-J,"); xvi. 19."M>; xviii. <).■> (>, 171-.SS; xix.
KIT '.I; XX. 'J4-8; xxiii. 184~'20U; xxiv. 171-97; I''., ile ]S(;'.), 2]ti~'2'2; hi., do
iST'.l, 1)1 -:J; /,/., Oor. (/(- doh., Jan. iL', '2(), Feb. 'S.i, Maroii 9, IS.IO; Id., BoL
<>ii,:. Doc. 8, '21, i.Hi-7, '-'9, 18r).1; .Ian. 5, Apr. '20, 18,")4; Id., Iitfoninsy M,i>i.,
Ilitiifiiiiiis, 18,")0-8<); Soli:, Diitrio, Nov. T), 187"); Con;/, (llolic, 18(10-1; Siiiitli-
laiiiiiiii /,',j)f, 18(W, 54; Colo)i)hi<i, Dinrio Ojir., Fel). 14, 1874; U. S. (1 rt Ihir.,
liiitli cont;. '.M suss., sen. i., 19 vol. i.; /(/., ;i9tli e<ing. '2A scss.. For. Ail'. (Mess,
and Doc.,' Dcptof St., ptii.), 4:10-45; 1,1., 40tli eong. "jascss., For. All'. (Mess,
ami Doc, Duritof St., ptii.), 277-80; A/., 4-J.l eon^. '2d «. s., H. Kx. Hoc, 1
Kor. U •!., p. 7 (•_'49-r)'_'); Id., 4lM cong. a.l sesa., F<ir. Kel., p. xxxv. (l.")8 01);
I'liii. <!'ii\, Apr. 10, 1870, antl nunierons other works in varions langnajies.
'''Mc armicd that the constitution of Costa 11. of 18*25 dcclareil her
liiniiiiLiry to Tie at EI Salto, not at La Flor; to which Costa K. replieil that tlio
iiistniiiKnit alluded to was anterior to the federal decree, and tiicreforo could
nut ciiilirace Nicoya in Costa Rican territory; buc after this decree the funda-
iiautal laws of Costd R, did take it in.
nil
'■-f.
hi
Wf
''*n
if
,!,
>1
I'
I
RKPUIJUC OF COSTA RICA.
five republics at once saw tlie necessity of liaving tin;
(juestion amicably settled."^ The other republics, nion;
particularly Salvador, brought their influence to beai;
and a treaty was concluded, duly ratified, exchanged,
antl published as tlie law, to govern the boundary ho-
twecn Nicaragua and Costa Kica."' Under its second
article, both contracting parties ceded a portion of
their claims, Costa liican territory not reaching the
lake, nor the Flor River, but merely the centre of
Salinas ]3ay. On the other hand, Nicaragua no h )iiger
claimed territory t() th.e Salto or Alvarado lli\er, but
limited it to the af<»resaid bay, and to the line j»ie-
scribed in the treaty.'*'' The acts of several congresses
*'Nic. had (IcmandcMl the restoration in 184:$, which h;(l to the iniikiii;,' of
a vuhuiiiiious ])r()to('ol, without any (U'iiiiitivo I'csnlt. Moiifi/j'iu; Jt'taii'iii J/14,
ii. 'J'J'.t :{|; iv. HSl!-:{; Costa /.'., dil. A-//., viii. H-i.
'■'"'I'lii; treaty was made at San .Jose, Costa II., on the l.")th of Apr., l\"iS,
and signed l>y .lose M. (.'ana.s and Maximo .Icie/, i>h'nipotentiaries res[iiit-
ively of Costa R. and Nie., and l>y J'edro R(imnlo Negrete, mediator on tlie
]iart of Salv. The si,i;natnres of the .si cretarie.s of the thi'ee legations alsi)
ajppear to the instrnment. Tlie ratilieations were made in (hie form, and ex-
ehanged by the two govts on the 'Jtith of April, the same year, 'i'lu; ticaty
M,(s,ip[)roved hy tlie ><'iearagiian eonstituent congress May iJSth, and pnhlislitii
by President Tom;ia .M.irtine/ and his secretary of state, .hinc 4tii. I'lnltr
its '_M article the diviiiing line was to be as follows: Starting from tin; Atliiiitic
Ocean, tiic line to begin at tin; extreme end of J'nnta deCastilla, at tlie nioiitli
of the River San .luan, and continne on the right bank of that sti-eani to a
point in waters liclow the Cas^.lio Viejo, at three JOnglish miles from tiii'oiitir
fortilications. 'J'iienee a curve was to conniienee, wliose centre shuidd ]\v
tiiosi! works, and distant therefrom in all its course three J'Jiglisii mih s, and
terminating at a point distant two miles from the bank of tiie river in waiters
above the fort. Thenee tlio lino siu)nld eontimie in the direction of S;i|ic>;i
River, which empties into Lake Nicaragua, following a course invai'ial)ly l\\u
miles distant fi-oin the riglit margin ot the San .Inan River, with itsciuvis
to its source in tlie lake, and from the right margin of tiio same lake to tlic
said Sapoii River, where this line, parallel to .said margins, ends. From tlu
point where it may coincide with tiio Sapoa River, wiiich nnist of course lie
two miles from the lake, an astronomical line should lie drawn to the ceiitial
point of tiie bay of Salina.s on the racitie Ocean, wiu're tlio delimitatien el
tiic two contracting powers will terminate. The Gtii art. gives Nie. tiic ex-
clusive control over the waters of the .San ,Tuan River from its source in bake
Nicaiagna to the point where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean; Costa U.
retaining tiie right of navigation in said waters for trading purposes from tlii'
month of the river to adistance of rdiree English miles from tiio Castillo N'iejo.
L'oc/iii, Cud. Nie, i. i:{7-tl; Co.s'/!a A'., Col. Lvii., xv. 7.")~tJ, lSl>-8; 1,1.. Injorm,-
C'oh., 1S.-)S, 12-i;}; Ii/., Inf. lid., ]8()0, «; S'alr., OncrUi Otic, .Tune 7, \^n,
61:1-14; HI Xaciomil, .June 20, IS.W, 10; Peraltti, liio S. JiMii,'2i-5; BMi, /.'•
JV7f., i. :i.")!)-(52.
"'■"The treaty, after being completed and published in tiie official journal nl
Nie., was commnnicatod by both govts to the foreign diplomatic corps ac
credited near them, as well as to their own representatives abroad. -Ul
frienilly nations came to look on it as an accomplished faet«
i^lVKUS TUKATIES.
1" XT'" •>'ia
oi Aicaragua in after vears ;.. ]• . ,
^^-^. officially uttemi byXi :.^,t''^^"*^> ^^"t a w.J
;[^^u,.st rts validity. After^^:*^^^ • "^ ^^^en yeai-s
''"'»'ts Ayon, her n.inistor of f '• '^'^ ^'^^' *-'^'«t'^I,
l-,t to the national ."X", aif'\ f^''^' '" '^ ^-
a".l tlie boundary question vtf' "^'"I'^tc'd ,ts validity
•• ?^-ave diplonuUic^d^^ ^^ re.>,>ened,- givin. rEi
-tu-eon the citizens of^E t" '"'"' ".^ ^'^tle ill M^,^
f''-'\ Atlast,eari; n ,88s7;fr^'""^ '''' to
'^vuKua I^ pIenij,otentiaHet\i" r'^''^««'^''<"<iin
"•'."^■.the dispute to a„ e, ?. %^"^^} ^"""tric-s to
'" '>I",^- the treaty hefbic 'ho v" '''""^ Cardenas,
-«. -"hi;; iSGt'u " ^'>;*'"^^ *'- treaty],.., ,
^"''"■'""^' "ithi,. tlu. t , , V'^ ^^'^■- ''^tahlij,; t ; ""'•^•l'"l'lic.s. Ho
'('"■-"""'.^norcMUhoK-. „ ■'■"'"■■^ '"' ""^timoa h. /,,"?' V^ ^''" •''"'t^-,
;''''\'>''''i''m./,,v,„ ' 'r.^T^ ^•''''«titu,.w,fc'V:,,r;'''''r''''"' <'■''* ^'ven
"T' ^"'''' '-'. a I^ /:?*>' t" '- vhH.I an.li^ '"'-'• "f^ican,g„a^
5f I.
j; !i
i
ifM^HMMM
Hi^'
'i'fflH^^H
p '
,11 1—
M
■LdiL
1 II
!. '!
REPUBUC OF COSTA RICA
1 I
respect the boundaries then existing between them,
and to jnter at an early convenient opportunity into a
special convention directed to fix the dividing linc.'^
The antecedents of the subject will be found in a note
at foot."* All subsequent royal provisions, down to
1 803, tend to confirm the limits of Costa Hica that
were fixed for Cherino <m the Atlantic side. But on
the 20th of November, 1803, a royal order placed the
island of San Andres, and the coast of Mosquito from
Capo (irracias il Dios to the River Chagres, under tlie
CusiA Rica.
"All extract of that treaty is given in Montitfai; h'c-icnit If Lit., i. '_'S|l-!lt(.
"'The royal coinniissiou of Diego ile Artio<la Clierino, governor, ciiiHaiii-
general of Costa R., issued in l.")73, fixed the boundaries of the proviiui' lidiii
the 'euihoeadura tlel Desaguadero o rio Sun J\ian de Nicaragua liasta hi
frontera de Veraguas en el Mar Atlantico, y ilesde los liuderos de Xicova
liasta los valles de Chiriqui en el Raeitico. ' Mnlimt, Baiq. VoiUi li., 14; /'/.,
Cox'a It. !i Nuevd Onniada, 0-10, 1(5-35. P'cliije Molina l)eing in the service
of Costa R., and intrusted with the defence of her interests, his assirtioiis
might he by some deemed biassed; but the testimony of .Juarros, the historian
of Guatemala, who wrote with the offieial docs before him, is not open to tlu'
same objection. He says, speaking of Costa R., ' sus terminos por el mar ilil
norte, son desde la boca del rio San .Juan hasta el Escudo de Veraguas; y [mr
el siir, desde el rio de Alvarado, raya divisoria de la provincia de Nieavauiia,
hasta el rio de Boruea, termino del reino de Tierra Firme,' Jlontti/ai: I!' ma
Hkt, ii. 230.
DISPUTED TERRITORY.
236
supervision of the viceroy at Bogot.i. Nueva Granada,
now Repi'ilica de Colombia, has maintained tliat this
royal order made a new territorial division between
tin; capitania general of Guatemala and the vireinato
of Xueva Granada; and to the latter belongs all the
territory alluded to in the royal order, and that said
territory was recognized as hers by the Gual-Molina
treaty. On behalf of Costa Rica, it has been al-
leged that the Spanish crown never made a territorial
division with a mere royal order. The division of
provinces, vice-royalties, and captain-generalcies was
cH'eeted under a pragmatic sanction, a royal decree,
or a roval cedula. The roval order aforesaid made
no division of territory, but merely jilaced San Andres
and tlie ^[osquito Coast under the care of the viceroy
at Hogotil because Spain at that time had military
and naval resour'^es at Cartagena. Xevcrtheless the
oidtr liad no etfect; it became a dead letter, the
viceroy never having protected that coast. Such was
the impression of the Central American negotiator
of the treaty of I 825."' With this same understanding
the federal government of Central America mado a
contract in 1 8;3() t(» settle an Irish colony in the region
of Roca del Toro,'" which was not carried out because
the Xew Granadan authorities drove away the settlers,
and liave ever since Jiekl control of the region, disre-
garding (Vista llica's claims.'^
Sc\-eral diplomatic efforts were fruitlessly made to
fix tlie boixndary.'^ The last one was made at San
'The territorial division recoguizoil by liiiu was tliat iiiade in 1810, at
whidi time no New frraiiadan authority had a footing in Cent. Am. teriitorj'.
A reprosentatiou of the ayuntamiento of Cartago to the Sp. ciirtes in IS] 3
says; 'I'dsta Rica tiene por liniitea de su territorio el rio de Cliiriqui ipie la
separa ile l,i provincia de I'anania.' C<irtt!.f, Ditirio, \Sl',i, xix. 404.
'*'< 'niitract of Col (ialindo, aa agent of the govt. Moliiin, lioxq. Cai/ji Ji.,
llHI 1.
" Copy of correspond, between the gov. of Veraguas and that of Costa R.
Moniiifiii; I, ' I s)- 111 I. Jli.H., ii. 272-3; Mot(j. Corrc-sj^Dinf., 2'2-."); /'mi., Aw.v. Ofir.,
iu P":i. Col. Jhrx., no. 31, pp. 02, 00-70: hi., Sttinuid Ifvmld, Out. IT).' 10,
ISSO.
■■" iMu'ing the Walker war, a treaty was made at San .Toso between P. A.
Henvm for Colombia, and Joaquin B. Calvo for Costa Rica, which does not
follow tile line on Molina's niaj). Modifications were made to it at Rogota,
aiul ratitications were never exchanged. Later ou Jose M. Castro went to
I I LS
i !
236
REl'UBLIO OF COSTA RICA.
Joau on the 25th of December, 1880, in the form of a
convention to refer the wettlement of the question at
isHue to the arbitration of a friendly power, namil} ,
the king of the Belgians or the king of Spain, and in
the event that neither of them could or would undrr-
take it, then the president of the Argentine confed-
eration."* It is understood that the matter was
finally submitted to the king of Spain, and that the
resolution was long pending.
Political disturbances continuing in 1841), Castro
resigned the [)residency on the Kith of Novenilx r,'"
before congress, which had met in extra session Octo-
ber 2d; his resignation was accepted,'*' and the same
day Juan Rafael Mora was chosen vice-president, and
on the 24th president of the republic, being inducted
into oftiee on the 2Gth of Novend)er.'^' One of liis
first acts was to grant an anmesty fi^r })olitical offences.
IM I,
Bogota an<l negotiated another treaty, whieh did not stipulate Molina's lino.
This treaty was not latilied liy either govt. Tlie ne.\' attenipt was made liy
]i. Coneoso, on helialf of C'olonihia. His negotiations were mostly verlml,
disiegaiding arguments for the wtraight lino between I'unta de IJuriea and
the lOseudo de N'ei'aguas; and alleging that on the N., N. K., W., ami N. W.
of that line were C'oloml)ian settlements, whieh, under the constitutiou of
his eountry eouM not he eeded. A treaty was entered into, however, wiiieii
did not obtain the ratilieation of eitlier government. In Costa R. it waseon-
sidered a ruinous one. Correoso was charged in Colond)ia with having niaile
a damaging arraiigeinont. P(tn., (uiccUi Intino, Oct. 20, 1841; /(/., dn'm. "ji''-,
Feb. t), KS');?; /./., /iolrtlii. Ojic, Dee. 2'), 1870; Pan., Oacvta, June ]"), I'sll,
June lit, 1872, Aug. I'l', 2i), Oct. 31, 1874, May 21, 187(3, July 2"), Am,'. 4,
22, .Sept. 21), Oct. VA, Nov. 10, 21, 1S78, July 11, Sept. 12, Oct. 17, 2.S, ;il,
188); n<ni., Mem. S<r. Ook, 187V», i:S~14, 35-42; i'olomhu, Dhirio O/ir., I'di.
2o, 187(); Co-s/'i A'., Jlcm. lid., 1851, 5; I<1., Col. Leif., xiv. 54-5. Ki'o 1; hi.,
Iii/oniiv Oiifiii., 1880, 2-4; If. S. Gort J)or.f., H. Ex. Doc. 41, p. ()4-5, vi. ii.'itli
cong. 2(1 sess.
•'■•Ratilie 1 by the executive, and sanctioned by the gran consejo nacionul,
of Costa R., Dee. 27, 30, 1880. Pun., (Inrettt, Jan. Iti, 1881.
''"Carazo, the vice-president, had done the same Oct. 2tith. Costa It., Cul.
Lei/., xi. 210.
''' At the same time ho \va.s declared a benemerito, and the founder of the
rep. of Costa R. 1<1., 157-8, 224-5; El Coxtaricciise, Nov. 17, 1840. Thr 'ip-
position, however, made severe comments on his policy as reviewed by liini-
self. Allot, d lit reiiiuiriii, in Cent. Am. Jli.-:cel. Doc., no. 20.
^'' Mora was a Costa Rican of rare intellectual powers, (juite couversanj;
with her affairs; a wcaltliy merchant, who had travelled abroad, and by lii.s
frankness and liberality won a well-deserved popularity. El Co^tarkenxe, Nov.
18, Dec. 1, 1840; Costa /.'., Col. Ley., xi. 225-0, 234-5. Francisco M. Oiea-
numo was elected vice-pres. Jan. 30, 1850. Id., 241-2; Costa R., Cfucetn, IV'Ij.
2, 1850.
1'RE.SIDENT MORA. 'SM
Till' Ixiiuls of discipline and subordination haviniLT 1)0-
coiiK' ivlaxod, Mora had bot'oro liiiu a difficult task to
ri'storu jK'aco and order.""'' Ho dealt severely with the
aiitliois of rovolutiisnary niovonients. (^astro bt'caine
a ftiu'itive, and the others were exiletl. I'or his efforts
to r<'store order, congress, on tlie lifjtli of June, 1850,
MiiiiiU'd him the title of bonenierito de la patria.
Till' president's policy was one of repression by all
iiii;iiis: but finding himself oj)posed in the chamber,
he nsiL;iied the executive offici', and his resignation
not I icing accepted, took upon himself to dismiss the
((I ' .itss, calling on the people to choose new rei)re-
st'iitatives.'"'
The continued revolutionary attempts ])laced the
H'ovcnuiient in a difficult pr)sition, and promj)ted the
pivsidcnt to adopt severe measures; hence the orders
el exile issued against prominent citizens.^''
Mora and Oreanmno were on the Od of Mav, 185.'},
I'lected ])resident and vice-president respectively.^"
I'eud A\as now restored, and the govermnent devoted
it> ^ftf' tion to the promotion <.)f education, and of the
material interests of the countrv.*^'
"■'.V(<'., I'oi: /.-•<., May 'J, 18.">0. In an addmss ^Inra depicts the situation,
aiiil tile attempts of Qniroz and otliur.s to disturb the poatu in San .Josi? and
Hi riili;i, tn;;utlier witli liis nioasurcs to l)alk thcni. El prrsiil. i/c In nji. d la
Xunni,. ,lune 8, 1S.")0.
"■'The (ki'ivo was issued at the Hacienda do Frankfort en las I'avas, and
iciiuiti'isigiicd by Joa(piin Bernanlo Calvo, minister of jiovt. He based Ids
lutidii (111 the fact tiiat congress liaving declined to accept his resignation, he
w;is iiiiiile responsible before (iod and the people of evils that might result
fmm tlie existing order of things. Costa /{., OacHa, no. 105; El Siijlo, March
10, IN.VJ; rr»A( /,'., (W. Lcij., xii. !»()-7.
■".Iiisc' M. (.'astro, Bernardo llivera, and Nazario Toledo. El Siijlo (S.
Salv.), March 4, l.sr)2.
'"'.lune (i, isr>.'}, the j)resident's salary vas raised to 3."),0()0 a yei;r. Cnnta
I!.. C'l Iaii., xii. 'I'MM, •.>47-8; hi., Oanta, .Inly '23, IKili; Jfoinl., OarHa
';/('•., .lime •_'(), 18r)3; Wai/iiei; (W'( A'., 171 1.', 501) 8, '_x.»tJ-7.
''Mill. Calvo's rept to cong. May ll!, 1854. Tiie ehaniber on the 5tii of
Jiiiie sanctioned all the acts of the govt, and pa.sscd a vote of tlianks and
iiiiii;ratulation to the president, 'por el acierto y prudeucia con quj la ha re-
iuW Vom Jt, Me-7i. Bel., 15.
m
CHAPTER XII.
REPUBLU' OF NU'AKA(;UA.
ISSS-lSi')').
State OovEnKMENT — Dirhctor Buitr.\c;o's Conservatism — British Ac-
cRE.ssioN — DiuEcroR iSamh)vai,'s Rn.E— Ini'eknal Troubles — ( Iiki;-
hero's Administration — The Most^riTo Kinodom — Irs Orkjin ash
History — Buhules — Bkitlsii 1'ketensions— Seizcre of San .Tian hki.
NORTE — DiI'LOMATU' ( 'oMI'LICATIONS — t'l.AVTON-BlLWER TrEAI V \|i ■
ARAGUA Recovers her Own — Relations with Forkkjn Poweiss— An
American War Ship Bombards San .Tian i>el Norte— PixLiiAs
Government -KsTAiiLisHMENT of tiik Reithlh' — Party J)lssensii)N<
— Leoitimlhts versus Democrats — Chamorro and Castellon — I'imi,
War — Death of Chamorko — Estrada Succkeds Him.
J !
Little, if iiiiythiiig, lias been said in this liistoiy of
tlio intei'ual affairs of Nicaragua since 18;}8. L'litler
]icr first constitution, tliat of 18'i(), the; cliicf executive
officer of the state was called jefo (kil ostado, and lii.s
term of office was for four years. The second oi'i^aiiic
law, pronudi»ated in 1838, gave that functionary the
title of director supremo, limiting- his tenure of oftice
to two yi^ars. ]^al)lo Buitra^o seems to ha\'e i'ocii
the first director called upon to enforce the constitu-
tion of is;)8.^ He was declai'ed hv the chambers, (tii
the 4th of Marcii, 1841, to have been constitutionally
chosen. His first step was to remove from the otHco
of ministro general Francisco Castellon, who held it
ad inteiim under appointment by l^atricio Rivas,
' 'i'lio followinif iiiTsous lield the oliice !nl int. liiifore him: uaiii'"ly. I'.itri-
oil) Uiviis, .luiu' IS.'t'.t; 'oaciniu Cosio, .July 1S.'{'.(; Uiliirio UUoa, sLMiiitm in
cliiii-;,'!-, Oct. 183!t; Toiiiiis Valliidiiros, senator, Nov. 183!); Patrii'io Kivas.
Sfi)t. IStO. Mnruir, I'^'rw., (>4; .]fonfiifiir, /\'c/ii'i}a //int., iv. VM: II'"'
//oi}</., 4!U.
•'Tlii'i'e was much dissimilarity of views on political matters liotHf'ti tlii
1238 J
BUITKAGO, OROZCO, PEREZ.
239
callinof to succeed him Simon Orozco, whom he could
more easily control.
Buitrago treated a comnmnication fioni Morazan,
sent him from San Miguel, with contumely; and af'ter-
Avaid, when the ex-president, as jefe of Costa Rica,
accivdited near him two commissioners, he declinei'.
tu loeeive tliein.^ His course won him commondation
tVdiii the rulers <*f Guatemala.* His term of office
caino to an end on the 1st of April, 1848, and he was
tt'iiu'niaril'" succeeded hv Juan do Dios Orozco. The
otficial press asserted that the election for director had
l)erii iiuide with perfect freedom. But no candidate
luuinsx received the recjuisite number of votes, the
assi'iiibly chose Manuel Perez t<> Hll the position.''
The state was at peace,*^ but was not to enjoy that
l)Oiiofit loiijjf. In a pre^'ious chapter 1 have spoken of
tlie desolating war waged within her borders by tlie
tyrants of Salvador and Honduras. She was, nioi'e-
u\('i', liarassed by the intemperate demands for J>rit-
isli <laimants made bv Chatheld, the allv of tli(>
aristocrats of (Guatemala, who went so far as to thc-
tate to Nicaragua how to recognize and pay these
(•l.iiiiis.' The assembly then autliorized the executive
to arrange tlio matter in the best way possible, and
two null, tliini;jli ("astuUiiu iiml foiitriliuti'ii to nuitraiio's cloctinii. Many
liitti'i- ]iiililiiatioiis iip[)earc(l .suliSL'((UL'iitly tidiii tin' ^iuils of tli(3 two advcr-
suiirs. I'trrz, Mem. IliM. li'rr. y!r., 4S. 141).
' Tiny wcro not even allowed to iMitcr tlio stati-, ln'cauwu of the treaty of
Oft. IS42, .-iigneil liy I'avoii, Arriaga, and Duraii.
^'I'lie ( ^aceta eulon;i/ed liiiii, and I'avoii .said that lie wa.-i ' nii iiomlire de
(iriK'ii (|\ie solo aspiialia a la justicia y al ileeoro.' liuitrago's jmsitiori was lie-
I niiii]i;,r a dillieult <uu'. Mora/an ruled ill Costa Jtiea, hail not a few friends
ui NiiMiagiia, and imblic oi>inion in the latter state favored a conventi'jn of
>tiite.-i. On the other hand, hi' was an.xious not to foi'feit tiie jfood o|iini( n of
the luilili'., and nuns. Upon the news of .Mora/aiTs e.xci'Utii ii reailiiiig J.eoii
111' liad it imlilished with marks of satisfaetion. lie also olijetted, thniigli nut
>triiniimsly, to the landing of Saget and lii.s eoniiianions, yi'le]K,'d ( 'oiiuiinhos,
ill .Silvador.
One of hia first acts v,as toniakoFraneiseol'astellon his niinistro general.
'Tlie new otllcial journal, h'ri) t/c In Lvi/, in its liist nnnilper deciareil that
;ir Oetiivian jieace reigned. .\iid iinleed, had Xie iragua hieii away from oh-
iMxiims iiilluiniees, peace might have lieeu maintained under rejmliiiean insti-
tiitieiis. But she was, uidiappily, surrounded by states where for a time hrutal
fill"!' lii'Id sway.
The claimants were Bridge, lUenton, and Manning. P'ull details on the
ckims of the last two arc in Xic, liciii^tro ojic, 109-10, 121-3, 132-"); Dun-
'"ji'cf (.'lilt. Am., uo-U.
., > rat I
51!" IM
m I i
Wm
H
if \
'jt;)
KKPUBIJC (IF NKARAOUA.
Castellon, llio iiiinistro j^cucrul, jiroijosecl to Cliatiit Id
to submit tlu! disputed claims to arbitration, iiamini;'
Bisliop Viteri as the Nicaraguau arbitrator. Finally,
ii legation was dcs])atclKHl to Loudon, Castellon bcln^-
the minister and Miiximo Jerez the secretary.^ The
JiJritish authorities resolved, however, to use coercion
in order to force a settlement of tlie claims, tlu^ coi-
vette Daphne blockading the port of Uealejo in Au-
gust L84G; and the government, l)eing without funds
to meet such demands at once, had to pledge the ]'(\-
onue from the tobacco monopoly during tlie next four
N'cars.
Leon, after its terrible conilict with the forces of
Salvador and I londuras, aided bv Nicarayuan allli s,
w;;S in a shatterc^tl condition, and most of tlie fainilics
dwelling therein M'ere in mourning, and reduced to
indigence. ^luhoz, who so efliciently c(»operate(l In
that result, had st-cured the coveted reward, the eoiii-
mand in chief of t]w western department. The sr.it
of government was at San Fei'nando, and Jilas An
tonio Saenz assunu^d the executive duties on tlu! l.*iitli
of .Janu.iry, 1845." Uiuler the swortl of Muiio/ the
elections for director supremo were effected, and .lox'
Leon Sandoval obtained a plurality vote.'' JIi'w.is
declareil duly elected on the 4th of Ajiril. The assem-
bly [lassed sc>veral ini[)ortant measuri's."
l\'ac(^ had not been restored. .Disturbances \\r\v
breaking out in several }>arts. There were revohi-
'^Tlicy cinliarked atSau .lu:m ilcl Xorto on tlio iltli of Miucli, ISlt. I'nitli
hiivc MiH'i" (iniirt'il iiroiuiiicritly in ]P(iliti«il larclcs,
"Sih'.i li.iil lii'lcf tlm (itlicc liy virtue of lii.s position as m'liior .senator to iliit
ilatc, when liis .senatorial ierin i";[iinil.
""J'JIi votes wi'i'o cast tor liini, tlie next liigliest receivinj; only 111!'. Tin;
otlier e.iuilidates were .lu.iii .lose JJiii/, .lose (lueri'ero, J'alile Buitrayo, j.iiiiv-
ano J'ineda, Jose ]{osa I'erez, <1. (.'an'uciie, I'atrieio I'i.as, ami Kal.u 1 M:>-
I'liailo. AVc., Jiiifhtro Oji':, 47 f>; Siun/ornl, Jicrindis !'(ili/., lit; J)iinli>}''-< <' nl-
A III., 'I'M.
"To raise two loans of .s|(M>!H) ..n:! .'Jr'I'iO.llOO, respectively, and to iruuliite
tlie tiiiaiieial system. Trial liy inry vas snspei-.iled. An amnesty Mas issmci
■\vitli many i'xee|itioiis ni^^ainst tlie delenders of Leon, yic, /'(■(/iK/roO'i'-, 'il' -
7(1. Two jiortfoUos viire crea'ed; nimely, that of war, intrnsted lo l.iinj
Ci'sar, anil that of treasury, Jilaeed in cliargo of ilesus de la Jvoili'i. ■''i^>'
Moiitenej^'ro was ministro jicncral and of forei;,'n relations. Tin! adiiiinistiM-
tive course of Kruto IMiamorro, as su])remo dele;,'ado of the late coiilrili r;uy,
was aiiproved the t»tli of May, lonj,' after C'luiiuorro had vacated hi.i olliiv,
nth
thr
was
111-
;.iv
-dlu-
,,fli;it
•111.:
[\ M:-
li^siii'ii
, I''.'
I.ui"
.l,.>e
li-tr.i-
KKSOLUTIOX I TON Ki:Vt)LUTI()N'.
•-'41
t'diiaiT movoinc'uts in ^[aiiagua, and tlio govia'nniont
scit thither Ponciano Corral to make an investiga-
tUM, and quell the sedition. His nport brou;_;lit
iil»( lit the ini{trisoiinient of several eitizens.'" A[ani-
fcstations in lavc^r of Cabanas at J\ivas w^n-e put down
\\i;li an iion hantl. On the 24th of June there was a
icvdlt at Jieon, \vhieli Muuoz quelled, and the o'overn-
iiient liad Ic; authors contined in San Juan del Xorte/''
Tli(^ ex(M'utive had jiroelainied neutrality in the con-
t' st hrtween the i;()\-ernnR'nt of Salvador and IMales-
jiiii, ^vlu» was sustained by Honduras; and thou;j;h he
(■(iiicluded with Salvador at San Fernando a treaty of
]i(a((', lViendshi[), and alliance, he also entered into a
similar one with Honduras." The latter treaty was
iiit''nded to bearealitv, and it is undeniable that \i«'-
iiiii^ua was a faithlul ally antl e<)0[>erator of Honduras
(liiwn to the treaty of Sensenti. The treaty with
Sahadoi' was not made ni j^'ood faith on the part of
Xic.-n'anua.
The town of Chinande^a was, in the latter part of
July, (aptured by i:()0 re\olutionists under Jose ^I.
\ allc, alias El Chelon,^' who had eoiiie with sixty or
ii'j,lity men on a schooner i'roni lja I nion, and landed
at Cosi^iiina. '" On the lidth M.uhoz was attacked in
Leon, hut dcfeatetl his assailants.'' '^Phe j4'ovi'rnint'nt
iil)iiii(l()iicd San Fernando and went to ^Fana^ua.'^
'■ I'lulrr tilt' dcfi'i't' of .Fiiiio '2.'M, tin' prisoiici's weM'c cimfiiioil ri'sjicctivcly
ill liranaila, M,it.ii,Ml|i,i, At(iya[i.i, Sum I'Viiiainlo, iiinl Naiiil;iyriit', and .siili-
jii'lril to jii'ii.s(u'titi(iri liy tiu' cuuilM, .Many ihtsoms, xpcuially tlii^ |iarti.sans nt'
I iliafias, wi'i'o Ljivfii liy ("on'al tlii! advice wliicli wan taiitaiimunt to an
"I'i' I— tiM|iiit .'\lanagiia and not ivturn. ^ir., l;r,,l.<li;> Oiir., itO, "Hi s, |0I,
liH.
'■'I'lic iMiisc was tilt! indignation at tlio syinjialliy of tlio uovi rnint mI'n
uiiits liir Mali's])iii and (iiiai'iliola.
"Tlir tnaty with Salvador lioix' date of .May (i, IM."), and was ratilicil liy
'Iw Nilvadoiaii cJianiKiTS .liuit- .'ftl.
'lilt' iiiiini(i|>(d autliiiritifs and cili/fiiH of tlic |plai't', liy an at'ta on tin?
'-"■'Ill (if .Inly, autlioriztul Vallo to takf siuli aftiim as iif dcfii'itcl lifsl to upset
!lii' fxistuii; liovernini'iit and rostoi'o constitutional oidrr. Mmi/n/'ir, /I'l ^ii'ni
//'-'.. V, Hill t(t; \„:, lt,',i,slrn<>ji,\, ]:iS !>.
'■Salvador was for a tiinu siispcctcil of connivanct> with Vallc, Init she
;'i'"Vi'il tlu; contrary.
■ l>inctor Sandovui callcil thcni assassins ami rolihers.
' I In wi'stcni tlt'iiartniciit iiiitl Managua were inulcted in .'?1'_',UM) ns iniii-
■'luiii'Ill.
lliM', cr.NT, Am , \'i>i. ill |i;
!^ I
<\
I I
I i
, , ,.
24l'
REPUBLIC OF NICARAflUA.
Mufioz, victorious again at Cliicliigalpa, marched on
Cliiuaiiduga, whicli he occupied witliout opposition;
hut having to return to Leon, the insurgents retook
it. He came hack witli a large force on the IGtli of
August, and reoccu[)ied the place. ^'* Sandoval had,
on the 9th, i'orhid<len the m(>n who accompanied ^lo
razan to Costa liica from entering Nicaraguan soil
A ministerial crisis occurred at this time, Kocha and
Cesar resigning their ]">ortfolios, which were givtii tn
Maximo Jerez and Buitrago."" Tlieir teimre \\a>
necessarilv short, and thev were sui)erseded in tin
latter part of the year b}- Fruto Chamorro and »Josi'
Guerrero, the latter heing almost immediately sik-
cecxled by Ijino Cesar. This new arrangement gave
the director an homogejieous cabinet. The govci'i!
ment was now a decidedly conservative one.
The revolution camt^ to an end in the latter part nf
September 1845, an anmesty bidng issued exct'iitinj
only tlu^ chief leaui'rs, and ])ersons guilty of connuon
crimes.'-''
This short truce enabled Sandoval to pay an tdiici.il
visit to the several districts. In Chiiiandes>a tlic in-
habitants having abandoned their homes, he issiKd
or'Jers to bring tlunn back."'' The government \v;i,-
levvino- heavv taxes. The citizens of Leon, Chinan-
dega, .l']l Vic^jo, and other })laces, who were the victims
of the self-styled "ejercito piotector de la paz," wnv
com[>elled to su}>port the regime which had its hrin:^
out of the destruction of the tirst-named town. It is.
thcrtdbre, not a mattei- of surprisi! that the [i('o]ilr ct
many towns went off tti the woods. Tlie insuricrtinii
" llis oHicitil ri'iioi'ts of July 8th and ITtli arc tcxtiiallv given in .1/"/-' ,'
li,H,nn IIU., V. lO-J 4; .V(V., R,;jUlm ()fu\, I'J.S-l), VX\-\.
'•^■' It is iiioxiilii'aliU; lu)\v tlicsL' two iiiou could Murvo in tho siiiiir r.liiiut.
iinli'ss undor souio oni; of vurv i~uiii rior mind and cliaractor, wlnili Siinliiv.i,
<'i'rtainly diil imt possess, .lerez was a denioi rat, a friend of ('entr.il Aimi
iian union, and an admirer of ,Moia/an. 15uiti-ago was the opposite— a f '>
servative, separatist, and oiiponiut of Morazan.
■' Leaders surrendering weri; to li(' dealt \\it!i liy tlio civil courts etii' '
wise, if c.iiitnred, wi.ulil l)e tried under military laws,
--' l''very one refusing to return wjs lieavily lined. ( 'iiief-of-Iitirean I'.. C.r
tillo'a iustruclious to tliu .suhpreluct, in MuntiijUf, Jtusiim ll'tM., v. "JDIi.
SANDOVAL AX,> MORALES
I 1 SMS
uinkf out a<»ain Voiu
'""iirstv decree w,^ fl ^'' ''^ ^J^oveinber Tlu.
:.-^^- - M-.ro c!,)featecl first I'v '{V.f'-'""'""!'- 1'l'« i">^nv-
"I";'' «'tl' W"r<;.s .,(• /;;,";,.';'" * '« 8-over,„„..„t
;■""'' ""t I.C. .spared" T , v",' * *',"'' '"'^ "'^"i-'-s
i:il"rts w,.r.. mad,, (jy Bulh...,. , ,
:■"'"" .Sa.„l,„„| t„<..,ij '"'"''""/""' "tl.crs topr,.-
''- l"i'iy „K.t fi,..,t i,;,s„„ Fe ',., ;' i;'"i"«iti'>ii. ri.o
'"^"■■""-"•=^ Af ; r; 7 ' -■-.v !-t a,.t „;■ ti;;'
'';;■ "';'■'' " "■■■'■^ .^u"..",,, 7i . , ""^'"^''"1 '■"■--».s
"I i'..'.l.lJlln.l.. ' ' "-• iL'tM-uiI OH tl„. |,,.;fj,
TI,"' I'lul of ,Sa,Kl„va|'„ ton,, „•„
-'"''l>- ""'t :<!„un o„ tl, , *".''\ 1*"'". ri„. as.
-"""*■'■ ■S.-,li„as in J,is .o , I ""'■' "'« -■■^"•utivo
"' ^'>^^'Mi.,u. to I . ; . T' '■"'""■' '"a,l,. a ,„„„i;,:
;r'"-V"'»''.«^^^^^^^^^ .......,•„,.,.„
r
Oil
'^ ''iw;i
I 1 ■
id';! I 'h
'!| i* '> J',
I
-2U
kki'lulk; of nicaraoua.
WWtlill
:i 1' !! :'! \ n
■« I '}
conservatives, "iiuxlerado y ae orden;" good relations
^vitll the pope, and eordial frierulshi[) with thcpri(>t>:
piihlic instruction based upon tlie requirements of the
council of Trent. Tlie office of supremo director
passed, on the Gth of April, into the hands of Jose
Guerrero, who had been chosen for the constitutii)ii;il
term.'"'' Acceding to the repeated petitions of tlie peo-
ple of the western department, (JJuerrero decreed''" to
make Loon the residence of the govermnent, and the
transfer was effected July 20th, tlic ])eople of that citv
greeting the director and his officials with joy Tin
asseml)ly, however, prefern^d to sit at ^lanagua, nml
did so on the 3d of Heptember.^^
The country stood in need of a new constitution,
but this could not be framed at the present time. 1m -
cause the whole attention of the government iwA
people w;.s absorl)ed by the (juestions with (jiKar,
Ih'itain, which were a menace to Xicaraguan terii-
toiy, and even to tlie independence of all Ceiih'al
America. These difficulties were connected with tlu
possession of the territory known as the Moscjuito
Coast, or Mos((uitia. The Spanisli autliorities to the
li.st moment of their rule over C-'utral America acfcd
in a manner indicative of Spain's claim of full sonci-
eignty over that territory, disallowing the preteiuiiJ
right of the Zambo chief who under l^ritish prottctioi;
had Iteeii dubbed King of Mos(|uitia.''''"
A l^ritisli aofcnt claimed some vears afterward tliat
the relations of the Spanish and Mos(juitiau authori-
ties had been in 1807, and even before, such as an
held between inde[)endent powers.'"^ The so-callnl
-"■' Saiuloval rcturnuil to 'Irauiula ami was rt'cuivuil witli <s,rc.;it luiinir.
•'".Fnly 1(), 1S47. This iiu'asurc awakciiuil iiiucli acrimony dutsicli' <<( tl'
huuctitcii (K'pai'tiiiciit.
■" AV llinmiiloi; Mw. '1\), 1S47.
■'- Seo y//.s^ Cnd. Am., ii. ,V.I'.> (i07, tliis scries. In Nov. 1S0;<, tlic wimb'
nortli coast, iiuhnling tlic islaml of San Amlrcs, ami the Mosi|uito ('nist o\
tcnilin;,' t'r'oui Cajic (iracias ii J)ios lo the ( 'liayrc Ivivcr, vas jilaccd iiinicrtln'
viceroy of Xiicva ( Jranaila; hut tivc yi'ars lator the transfer was arinullnl, :um
the coast of >''i-i(initia restoreil to Nicaragua, to whicli it had l)ecn ainicXi'il
by royal order of Marcli ."l, ]S0;{.
•'■'lie liased his jireteii-;ion on tht^ fullowing incidi^iit: The Carihs nii ti.-
Trnjillo line relielled in ISOJ hitakin'j themselves to Mosc[. territory. "li<i'
THK MOSQUITO VOAST.
•; ""'.t -'■■f^ miles in \m-:ulth V ' '" """"'• »".l
;"'-;i;H,,n,.o,,„c! iTuiia,, i,i,,^f '^'i,!?'' '" '«»", «■.■,■,. „f
';-; "" ti'^' r«''-t"^i-.. Ai '::n^^ '■' »'"- ■••"en.
""'■• I" 1815 1„. , , ' '"•'■^''"'1 "•« -I" in.lili;.;. t
"5";|M,- tho oeromonv -ul'l V •"'"'". Aiiustron.. ,„,-
''■'" ' '^"'^' •■f «--^^.4"t. si,,.,. :'.;;;'■%*''"■ i-
""■"'-••«|..mv,n„.»„.,„ ""■•"«' >i-iti"M, ,„„l a
/■"■iu.li..! r,:,,,,,Tl l',"'"'' niun,,, . l' , „ "'■ " '•""'•■' "■..fa,. ,
,,,='■">•»■ • ..1,...., 7„ „„ "■■ '""-'■"■'•"».././„:
'■:":;:;:" ■i;";j;:S;:,!"V"*LS' " -" - '™ :s.;:l:s^r
J'l'it W.i.s ,I„,„, ,> • "'•> o'>t. Il(u,l,rsun\
^■^:-. ^^is« S^r s.st;^; - ,» " i^ f 5- »:E";r
;'■'",'";■■' •'•"'' «'..Vv ;;?";■'' ,""■ ^-^^^ rC'^r^'r^- ■■< •"->-
'! n ;
3LUEFIt;i.DS3Ll'l"f
^. .'"i Jihulii'lils IVw n'\ 'i\
(liilfof
S<tii .Jiuiu
Mi)S(jri TIA.
Hritisli Avar ve^sol mux- i ■ • ^^^
^iV'U-mHiiBioH'' t''"'^'.>'^'^' Jhiu and his chiefs in
H^f^i^ratums, and fUJ], CiWe ,!7 f ^''' ^^^^' «^'
'vtri.'vo Jnni«elf' froni view u^ ^'^ ^'"«Jtl not
f.'^' '-tt^N Wl.ic.h soon n, Je r^; •*'^' ^'^I^T'^^^^^ f''<"»
^""^ •""! his Jife becai, 1: '""' ^""^ ^'^''^rt failed
-".l.n.- h„„ presents, u.kI (tm^ ^"^^^^vst,
'"^ ^^ ^-t India educat^n • ^'''^^ .''^'■^ the .fibct H f
■Col Arthur ti, '-^^"^^^' -bi-edenck.
^-T-- »"-;'»:;-- -•!;. ;;» ;;* rv^ '";;Si^s ,td,s
;»- 1" '«"Vi>i « t Si";:' "'■""■"' ''»'"'■» «k™-,;" t,"* ;» ? ''-i
'"»"".' ■""! c;,lat S;.; '"■■"';""'. a"'l lis ..i.iiiL ;■"'"" "» l'"'<'ry.
:,"* ■,";i«'*'i ""'w' 's-'-'^ii".,*-". 'i i" ' " ...iS';;".',, r,';;r '"
■ •i. J
, j , i i ! ; I i
■ ,'|
kiMi
'iij
ilErUBLiC OF NICARAGUA.
Moofjuito annals do not record what l>c('anie of him.
Tlic iioxt kin^- was llohort Charles Frederick, who
helievini'" hiniseit' a ical nioiiareli, for and in cdiisidt r-
ation ol abundant ('(jnti'ihutions of rum, to which Ic
was nnu'h addicted, Ix'^an to make large grants n{'
land, some of whicli cariied with them the rights i>t'
absolute sovereigid.y. ]Most of these grants weic
afterward cancelh'<l, and the king was taken hy tin-
British authorities to Belize, and kej»t under contii I.
He died there, leaving, in a s -calh'd last will, daod
in l^\l)ruar\' 1 H40, to Suj)erintendent ]\racdonald tlic
regeiicv of his dominions during the minoiity of lii>
heir, the ])riiH;ess liu'Z Ann Fredei'ick.'"' Macdoii.iid,
whether as sucli ri'gent or as an otHcer of the Jhit-
ish crown, a.|)[>ointed his private secretary, I'atiick
W^alker, to reside at Jilewtields, and have charge of
the affairs of Mos(|uitia ; sinc(> which time tlie shoic hc-
gan to assume nmch importance, at least in a ]»olitii;il
sense. AVaJker estai)lished a council of state, and
soon oj)eiied a disj)ute ahout houndai'ii's witli tlic
Central vVmerican states, giving rise to grave question.s
which occupied the attention of other goverimieiits,
and of whicii 1 will treat latei'.
ii
■l^\'
Several atttnnpts were made smce the early days
of tlic present century to colonize the Mosquito sIkhv,
the Atl;mti(.' to tlio I'aeific, via tlio river San Juan and lakes NicaragiM :.;iil
Leon, witli an imlix ami a prcfaeo l)y Ivlwafd Irving, is a littlo book ij.'^ii ip-
tive of tlio autlioi-'s journry up the San .luan Kiver to J^^'on througli l-iki'
Nicaragua, and of tiadini; voyages in whieli lie was many ycai's eii;.M:;t''i
among the Indians of llond., Nie., and Costa K. His ojniortunities fm- (>!■•
servation seem to have lieen good, and his manner of setting forth the iiiier-
mation thus ohtained is clear and aiiparcntly reliable. On .Mosquitia aii'l lur
govt and [leoplo he gives nuieli tliat is really interesting and useful, //. //.
IJoiiii;/'' is/lr's S}<(iiii-ih A iiirricii, or a dcxcrijilirc, /li.-^/iir/i'n!, oiid i/i'0<jrii}'/i''''l '"'-
count iif tin' (loiiihiiiDt.'i of Sjxiln, London, ISTS, 8', U vol., pp. xxix. .'{."(i, v. .'i.VJ,
map and engraving, is mo.-tly a eonipilatiou. poor in style, divided iiite two
parts. Till' lirst treats of the Spanish dominions in North Americi; thi!
second of those in South America. Everything is treated in a eursoiy man-
ner, and the part relating to Cent. Am. anil the istlimus of Panama is im a-ie
and trilling.
^-Morc details in Si/iticru Cnil. Aw., 041 .T; Mnsijiiitohml, 31-3. :fS 4(1,
47-50, '■2'2'y '.): A'i-. jViicni. Jfism.von, (i; Cnnir.t dn.sj,,!, 'JOS-IO; S. Jmin. "'"i
33-."), 4")-!); yHi'.'i' Jfc,/., Ixiv. 130; Fi-i.-'c/i, Stantiii run Mc.c, 1)4; Ik'f' <n
Ci-iit. A ,1., 1.34, 140-1, ''OS 11.
lU
<";)w]ilchkrn-o tracts „r]
ti;>' most iiiiportaiit
Sir C'
i'AILlKi.:
LM9
ilVyol'
Wild
and Were uiantcrl \
Mloiio-
hlllihC
J''"'l)''<'t, which Jati
i"<I Glided, al
'■!• was ]<
^" «<'<'ii after started
•lujH's wJio Jia,| 1,^
hVitisJi CVntral A
'•'I't 18l';{, d
""^V" us the f
<nais
><^"eii drawn int.) it
'•■^iistrouslv f'oi.'f)
"i.'idc anotJicr
i"<-'rica La,nd (
In ^J
10
8;i!) the
•'•^ix'riinent
'•'"I''"'y '>i' Lond
^'ink'd in iiiil
w,
ill I s
. Jiad to
'■'•lttTl„s,„j,al,„utt«„tl,ir,ls,.ffl, "■
"\l'' I^lcwh'clds,
'd)and(»ii(.^J
iiiti'i
"I is t'citU
"•;•- ^\'Hl not as h.althv. f
«t, ]i otter tJ,
•Ul Jli
uid it
;«'^^ses many natural el
";••»>• l>osaitl tliat tl
i^ ,i>-reater j);,i-t ,,p
'<-' <^'onnti
i;|'.;mom of t]
*'i:-'i:^'.;iTi;r::;:r^';-?''''.': -ii
It' .same nam
»^'iuitia, is (,n tl
I'l the Jatt
•y
lew-
'^' liver and
"' HI|e|(Js and its W,.,, . '] • ^'^"'"1" I'Ul't of IS I
til
' ''^^^-m- white and 488 I., :i
the laro-er. ]-.'I,,„.^'.,i,. , ^."i<Kl<
■SS(
'milt
'•'> Carlsrul
f. J^Jlewfic.hi.s, ]
le
lavnio
/ ^
J
rr-.^?'!-'^" this kind
w
,y W alker, the Hritisl
Y ^'^' the ]ious(
lion
1 tl
le .sovereio'i
I a«''
Was thei
'tants,
"1 two \i].
'*>u.ses, and
•s Wc!i-e
1 I't'sided
■•^'"t and consul
■g<
' <>i'cuj)i(>d
Jiei-al, with
'J" the iL'thof Au-ust Tqjl Tir ,
<; \, n ^ ^^ <*1 Ce (.>n the
■I f'«
i
•.:.".()
KErUHLIC OF NK'AUACLA.
B '
tViuatt' Tirrrd, hriiiixiiiiif with him th*' so-caUcd kiii"-
of till' Mos(|uitos or AIoscos. At tlu! Siuno tiuu.' an
arniccl slooj), under tlio MoH(|uito ihig and conunandt il
1)V iV'ter Shcplicrd, entered the port. Tlie coniaii-
dante and re veniu; officer, Lii-utenant-colonel Quijaim,
Went to sec tlk! eonmiandini:; otHcei-s at She[)ht ids
house, but was not received, on llie jtlea that hdtli
the kiniic and superintendent wen; unwell. An nlH-
cial letter iVoni him was left unanswered. At last,
the superintendent's secretaiT, together with the < ap-
tain of the frij^ate and the kind's secretary, called on
(^)uijan(» and told him that on the following day ]iis
li-ttei- woukl he answered, re(juiring his recognition n(
the Mos(|uito king as the ally of hei- Ih'itannic .Ma-
jesty. Quijano refused, and his visitors retired. Jlc
reitei'ated his refusal in a letti-r to the sui)orinten»l-
ent, and in the name of his government solenmly pro-
tested against his pretension, as wt'll as against tlir
insults inllicted ou his country." Ho was finally notilicil
that if he intc^'fered with any Jh-itish or Mosipiitu
suhjcct, hoth he and ) is govenuneiit would he Jnld
responsihle/'"'
Till' demands and insults of the British othcers con-
tinued until the JAth, when tliey seized Quijaiio and
carried him on hoard the frigate, intending to take
him to Belize."' The Nicaraguau government, in a
note to JJritish V^ico-consul Foster, denounced the acts
^■' M.icildiKilil iiiiswi'i'i'il All;;, l.'itli that 'Ah- olpjt'ot ftf lii.s visit to tiic iiia.it
liucl lii'i'ii t(i L'diivcy a iiit'ssa;.;o iit II. 15. .M. to liir ally tlio .sovi;rc'i,i.:u of tliu
.Mosi|nito nation, and to a.-^c'crtaiii liy lii.s om n oli.srrv.Uion tlio trnc lioniiil,iiii.'3
of (lio .Mo.s((nito iluniinions, ujion wliicli point ho w islicd to ln^ cnliulitiiii ■! liy
lj>nijano. lie niach; furtiicr doniand.s for a rcoonnilion of his donianil, hut tlic
Nioaiaunaii oni<'iid invarialilv n'tnrntd a n.fusal. Mii-<'/nl/iil(ii'i/, '2\\ "-'-•I '':
A'//<.s' /.'r;/., Ixi. !tS; Ixii. 04, -JT."); Ixiii.]!*, I'.U; (J. .':. dnrt Jhu:, 11. Kx. I'(.c.
7"), vol. X., Slst coni;. 1st suss.; }'()/^»(/'.v Mii-ni. S/iiirc, 'M -J
'''An Iviylish Mritcr says: ' Tlii.s farco hardly so<'nu'd ci)nsistont vilh tlic
dignity of a Hritish olliccr, gov. of a sottltnuont.' J)iiiiliip'.-i Tnii:, "Jl.") Hi.
(Jrowe, also an I''.n^lislinian, doclaros it to have been an infanions act. ii(,.<ji(l,
2\'2. It was not disavowed by the Krit. govt. iSijiiiii'.: Trurili, ii. 44!t;.\"«/'.
Aniiiitc.i Villi-, xciv. '_'.">! -'J.
•'' lie was left on a desert island on the coast. Mm-inr, llf'vii:., 54; MunKi-
Jar, Ih'xciiii llist., iii. (iCJ. Maeilonald himself on tlu; l.ltli niiule his nets
known to the govt of Nie., alleging that he hail l>een speeially re(j'.'i';-trcl iiy
many pernons of San .Inan to remove (i>uijauo. The latter was nndouhlrilly
a bad man, but uo foreign authority had any right to interfere with Jiiiu.
UUril.^ll INlKltl-r.lMlNCK.
col
III
(if tlir Tlritisli Oificiiils at Sati .Tuan as lii^li-luuidi'd,
iiciiisiiiH' ^racdonald <if usurpiiio' tlic iianu- of lici'
ilrit.iimic Miijtsty ill su|»j»')siii_Lj lu^r to Ik; an ally of
til'' so-ndlcd ^[os((uito kiiij.;".'''^ The whole American
itiiieiit hecame indioiiant at the ]^iitish proceedings
San Jnan. There was one exception, however,
wliicli must 1)(' <'lassiHcd as vile. Ferrcra, jcfc ot
lidiiduras, under the inlhieiice of the servih; element
dt' < Juatemala, allied with C-hatfield, recognized the
Mii-c|iiito nation.'"'
Cliatfield inl'ormed Xicaraufua that the whoUf ( *en-
tral American teri'itory lyin^' l)(>tween Cape (Jraeias
;i I )i()S and the mouth of the San Juan liiver hiditiioid
tn the M(»s(|uito Uint^, Avithont jtrejudice to otiiei"
li^lils the kinL;' mi'_';ht ha\e south of the San Juan.''
In Jaimary iyi(S two Ihitish war Acssels occupied
till' |i()i't of San .Juan without I'esistaiice, replacing'
ilie Xicaraouan olHcials hy I'lnu'lishmeii as ser\ants
-('(insul t'liutiii'll tliiimiMl tli;it (,Miij;iii() was rciiicivdil from Mo,si|. an'l not
Nil. tiiritory; tliut lie hail '.i'liisclf ji.itiliiil tliu ^ovt of Cent. Am. ni \ .i;
1 \i^t('m•l; of the Mosij^. iiatio'i, and that (Jriat liritaiii wmihl not locil<. \\i;li
iiiihirrfincu uiiou any ii.sui|iatioii of the territory of a inonareh Mith who u
>ln' hill elose relUioiis; Miat Spain hail reeogiiiziil tlio M(is(|. natioi
Stcoln'ii
vi^ilicl San S.ilva'hir and <!iiateniala. Jli
'tter vas ila
ted
()■ (. •_'!, In1'_'. Fiirtlier eon'es()onileueo followed l)etW(;en \ie. and C'hatlield
ilheiit tiio former
111 ly he seen Ul
J/n
//.
■'/•
/he.
way to his pi'eteiision.s. The
wliole eoiTe:
;d.
J{i.<L, iv. DS 111.
Ill a treaty with Thomas L
K
Cdi: 14., Sept. "Jli, IS.'iO; Mn„/,,/i,
■iii^iied ill ( 'oiiia\',iiilla I )ei
isrf. Mnillilf
"i\
/.'.
a lli<f., iv. ll'J-14. Tlio aristoeratH
if <;iiat.
«a!ite.l a iiidtretiiiato of (!reat Britain over Cent. -Vi
am
lit
was
Ni
tor
a M'hile tliat Costa J!, had given way to the iiilliieiiec
if 1'
< liiitlill, and. I. .1. J''lores of Ivaiador, and had;
iteil tl
le selienie.
Chat-
liLJd lia\ iiij; eoneliided, on the "Jtith of Nov., IS-HI, a treaty witii Costa K.,
atteuiiited on the strenutli of it, on the 1st of hee., to dietate to Nie. lie
•lil that ilili'ereliei
hetweeii .\i
nd ( 'osta Iv. must
t!ie iniderstandiim, that other means won
hi
not
le aiiiiealily arranLied in
looked on with iiiiliHer-
IV < irea
tl'.ritii
•'That Was pursiiant to orders from Lord raliiierstoii, i:i wdiii li for the
lirst time a proteetorate over tlie Mosquito shore was assertnl hy ( Ireat J'.iit-
liii. (.'hatlield and Walker had claimed I'igiits over the I'litire eastern eoa t,
Iiiiiii Ciqie lloiiduraH to Ciiiriiiuiljogoon, an extent of 7t)0 miles, hut J'aliiirrs-
t'lii sit the limit.s ' fl'oni I'ape Jloiidiiras down to tlu; month of tiie river f .;n
Ml
itiine the Xieara'4iian authorities liad ohtained, Oet. 'J8, 1; 17
irnlll
the I'rineess Inez, lielieviiig her the heir of IJoliert Charles Fredi
full iiiiiniiitioii of the antiiority of Nie. over the shore of Mosij., and
iiKiiid to all iiiti'rloping foreigners
to h'
I'ave the eoiii
Hi 1.-Illll>
jKir
U'u-.t'i, Manh ],"), IS50.
heeil to this arrangement. S<pt
try. 'J'iu! IJriti
( '<)it.
illieia
(;44-(;: Sidr
KKrUBiJC OF MC\RAflUA.
m
i '
• f ihe Mosquito king', after doing wliich tlicy sailed
away; but no sooner liad the intelligence reached tli.^
interior than a force was des[)atclied to San Juan,
Avhich reoccupied the place and sent to the caj)ital as
Sll
])risoners the intruders.'" Whereupon the Briti
returned in ibrce in ^VEarcli 1848, and defeated the
Xicarag'uan detachment. Hostilities being furtlur
prosecuted, the Xicai'aguans had to succumb before
tl
e superior ])ow
■r of their foe, and consented t
o an
armistice, providing that the}' would not disturb San
Juan, or attempt to reoecn])y tin; port, peiKhng the
negotiations wliich must follow on these exei'.ts.'"
Nicaragua, by her ablest diplomates, defended Ihp
rights to the dis[)ute(l territory both in Europe ami
America, without obtaining a satisfactory result, until
the fears of CV'utral Amei'icans for tlie independence it'
their countr}' were brought to an end by the Clayton-
Jhdwer treaty, otherwise called the Shi[) Canal <'oii-
^■^'ntion, concluded at A\'ashington ]»etween the Unittd
States and ( Jreat Jirltiiin on the L'Jth of April, ISjn,
l»y the first article of which neither power conN
occupy, fortify, coloni/e, nor t'xerciso dominion oxrv
Nicaragua, ( 'osta Kica, the ^ros([uito (/oast, or any
other portion of ( *entral American territory, nor make
use
»l a })rotectorate m any tor
m.
Tl
lus was tins
vexed ([uestion terminated, England resigning all Ihi'
claims to the .M.os<piito Coa:;t, and by a subsecjnriit
■•■' S>liii<r'.-< Trnnl-i, i. 7S 80; M,inl>t, I',,;/., ii. 304; K/lnh. /,'rr., im. -Jll.
144; Xil(.s' Ji'i;/., Isxiii. '2~'.i; TiicL-crK Mitumc J)(i<-lriii<', 4l'> -7, ."i"J-4.
■'"]{ut till! NiiJirayiuiiis iu'\it ivliii<nii.slu'il tliuir claim of s )vurfi,:,fniy nvi.r
tho imrt, uiir uviiu liy iiin«iii-Mtioii ivfuyiii/cd the king of > os(|(iiti), W.-.,
M,ii,lf. sohr,' Tnit., \~\\\; (■kLIIuii, lh>.-. l;rl.,'rt-'A; Xi.:, ]) : J)!pL, .•(•.'11;
(,'iii'i-nm, Jlmil/., 17; ,Sfoiif.\< Xir., L'7S; Kl Sijlo, Nov. L"J, IS.".'; .\>., </"'.'■«
(Ii>l>. Siipi:, Out. 14. Nov. 4, L'.*). ])(.<•. 2, 1S4S; Xilr.^' L'cj., L\x .-. 100; .sV/i.-'m-'v
Cent. .\j)i., 047; A/., '/'/•"/•., i. l(tl-"_'.
■''Tiio otlicr artiuloM rcior to tlic ronritnutiim (if an intci'iK ■anin i 'iiiiiiiiiii-
oatiiiii, t'ithui' in tlio foi'ni df a canal nv of lailroad.-i, securing i e ncutiality ct
intci'oceanic ways. Aiiinils lirit. Lfiji-i., i»7- I U), 'j:{!)41; Xif., jXiicrii, li'(«'<i\,
1-44: Moiitii/,!,; l!i.-^r,iii. J/i.^f., iv. 87 HI; i.'os/n J,'., O'ln/n, March 4. 1^''4:
Al>l«lt'.i Mi.K. iiml U. ,S., 340 •_'; MnViiiii, Jiosr/. Cos/a /,'., Ill; I'nhiwsKn,, vi.
ll).")-!); vii. 40; Xic. ;/ Jlnml., hoi:, Vl'l ')\ Am. \)wirf. AVr/., iii. SlU-lM: A'/'V,
(,hiiirt.. I'd'., xcix. 'J.'{7~70; h'l \iir/i)iitil, -rnly lU, 1S.")8; Xir.. licnnni Xi'\,
Veh. 14, 1>S74: Jlinit\i Mnrlin,,/.,' Jl,„j., xxiii. 101)-11; Wells' WoWcr'-^ hxp'l.,
J'2b-'.'',]; Caicrdo, /.(it. Ant., 111!).
TREATIE.S.
253
ticat\' concluded at Manaij^ua on the 28th of January,
1S(!0, known as the Zclcdon-AV'vku treaty, ceded to
Nicaragua tlic protectorate absolutely.'^"* Since tluMi
Xicarajji'ua lias subjected the ^I()S(|uit;) Coast to a ]U't>
I'cctd.'' Xevcrthelcss, it is understood that tlit^ In-
dian reserve is still ruled by a chief chosen by the
natives, assisted by a comicil, which assembles at
]:)lc\\iields; but subject to the supreme authority of
tlic Xicurai>uan <>()vernment.
Xicarny'ua, as soon as slie assumed the position of
an independent nation, hastened to open friendly
relations with other powers.*^" Spain made with the
ripublie July 25, ISoO, a treaty of friendship, coin-
ing rce, and naA"i_<;ation, the first and second ai'tieles
(if wliich fidly recognize Nicaragua's independence."'
hailv efforts were made to arrange ecclesiastical affairs
\\\\\k tlie ])a[)al see, a concordat being finally concluded
at leuue Xovembcr 2, IHOf."'
With the other Central American states Nicaragua
made treaties, which underwent from time to tim<!
alterations, as circtnnstaiices seeme<l to demand ftr
IhT own or th(» general defence. Several of these
will be made ap[>arent in the course of my narrative.
Xicaiagua lias endeavored to maintain c(trdial nda-
"'I'lic liicul 1 hid' was prevailed en t^ a ^'I'pt this aiTaiiL'i^iiioiit with a pcii-
.siciii dl' .S'l. <••'() a yi'ar, duriiiy tvii years tliat is to say, till ISTO, payalilu liy tii(^
sii/craiii, hut tho last i-Uict dioi' in ]S(!4 or lS(i,"), ami Xic. lias ii(.'Vcr rccoj.^-
iii/.ril his sucffssor. A'i''., CUur' <, ])i'f. t'-'i, IStiJ; KiiciirhqK Jiri/., xvii. 4{)',\;
,V/ ■ . /,.(. I'liiitn, f]\uw 1."), ISIil; llowi. darHd, Feb. "Jd, ISIil; Jx'orw, (o<l.
y;.., i. ll.S-'J7, ]:!2; ll'lhi, Xh:, i. 'JIC-.SOI ; Xir., Cnnr. ^fn.■«,., 1-S; J';,ii\
(;■:!' i/ /III' pill-., 40'.1 iL'. Kiirthor lU'tails (Hi the Moscj. (juestidii, giving ilip-
liiiiatii! cnm'siKinileiiee anil parliamentary (liseussiuns, in //inisurd'i /'iirt.
I'l'i., (nU-. KIO.TT; vl»//r,'/.v Jiii/. IauU, x. l'Jll-41; also in T. ,S'. (liM-t Due,
Kv., Sill, and House, whieh are to ) nuiiu roiis to ([uote here; and like« isc in
'■. S. Cinni. (;inlii', lS.-),-)^t;, IS.-.T-S, lS,V,t-l)(); Jrnnio </i: Ar!.- >.■<, Apr. L'l, ISuT:
V'V. IhilrliiiOfu:, .Ian. 'J!}, Mareh 4, IS.'iT.
•' IliHii, <•',„/. y;,:, ii. 'Jl-'J; J'nii. ,S/iir I'ml Jl^r-iU, .Mar. -JC,, ISSI; ,\'/.'.,
.1/ ". A'./., LSI 17, '.^-\±
'"' Aiitot;raph letters were exel'.inf.;ed in 1S4S, hrtweeu I'res. llerrera of
Ml N. and Uireetnr ( liierrero. ..\"c., (i'ln/n dali. Snyr., .^ept. ]('), 1S48.
"I'.itilied hy \ie. Mareli -Jl, IS.")!; Hoilm. C<,<t. jXir.. i. Ij'.t, l(i;!-. yi.:,
Ti't. ,lr /'„:, ete., 1-);?.
'•I'.\ C-irilinal Antonelli, for the jiope, and Fernando de J.oreiizaiia for
Nil 'I'lie treaty was in'.Misheil in the latter eonntry as a law Aug. 'JS,
l^'i'i' A7.'., OdCit'i Goli. .Sii}ir., Oet. 7, KS4S; AWik, Vud. Nic, i. 7'.t, lii'J 7.
i
Ini
m
§^
V. ' HI
IMlF
254
KKI'UBLIC OF XJl'AUACUA.
tioiis witli lier neio'libors."'' The ro|)iil)lic entered intu
frieiully tliploinatie relations with the powers df
Eunipo iintl Anicriea, most of tht'ni haviii<4' treaties
of amity, eommeree, and extradition t>f criminals. li>
relations with the United States have i^enerally hi en
intimate, made so by eonsid(>rations of iiciohhorhotxl,
hnsiiiess intere'sts, and similarity of institutions as
Well as l)y a mutual desire to forward the eonstru* ilun
of a sliip canal across Xicara^'uan tfri'itory. Viicv
have been disturbed at times. liowe\er, while iSlca-
ra«;'ua was a transit route between the eastern states
of th(^ ^Vmerican union, and during' the execution n\'
schemes of American lillbusters, such as tho>e m|'
Kinney and W^dker.
While the ^losijuito (pu'stlon was jiendiuLi,' between
Nicara-jfua and (ireat JJritain, eircumsLances W' ic
hast"nin!4' a practical solution of it. An American
coii![iany, acting under a Xicara^uan cliarter, openetl a
transit route for passen^'ers tiiiounh the state, be-in-
niuL;- at San ,luan tlel Xorti', which place ra])idly lilltd
u|) with emigrants from the ITnited States, wlio lie-
coming' munerically jjn'domlnant, met in a j)!'lmarv
capacity and organized an independent n'oN'eiinnent."'
^VfU'i' an indiscreet attem])t o\i the part of a Jh'itish
i'onnnander to levy duties on an .\nierican steann i',
which was disaNowed by his ^dvernment, the l)rili>li
ju'otectorate over San .fuan at last virtually ceased
Tlu' town ai:d port remained under tiie direct contiel
of the inha1»itants, most of whom were Americans, as
a free city."' T'lie pi'ospertty of the place was retanled
by a dis]iute with tlie persons into whose han<ls ilie
W-y,
""I'ull purtic'iilais w ill l)(j fduiul ill A/., l.'iT-i;!; ^\V.-. 'J'mf. </i: cul.-' Xi
1/ //mil/., 1-8} /'/., a. Will, 185;{-74, passiMi: /(/., ( nl. ])i"-. if Anicnln^. h'l
'iSTl.', pussiin; A,'., 'J'ruf. rmi Coyf.i II., 1-7; Costn It., Inf. Idi. JMH, ."' I
I'/S. I: ISS), ;M; ^<ili:, U'na/n, Aug. ll', \s:,:\, Oct. 'Jli,"lNTti, Maivli .'
A|iiil 'JO, IMO, iiiissiiii; Ah., Mtiig. del I'nuiiL, ]87'.», i.-v. 1 -'J.'i; ami
Jiiriims otli.'i' autlidritios.
''''I hoy liv-it ('i\<U'a\-oro(l to rcj^aril tin; nllc^ud .Mi.simitu aullioril} ,
liiiiilly treatcil it ;i« a iihto liotimi. S /ali r\f did. /I,//., ii."i"_'.
' 'Miiiiiuiinl oi'iliiiaiH'cs) for thi' |il loo wliicli Iiad iinw taken tli(! ii.iii
<!ri'yt(i\\n. I'lirlinrilt, ( viiL Am., :^11-(J, lijl; Miinii; On/iiinairK, in <'(ii'
AJ'iui:i, int. 4, 1-10.
Mil
.1;/'.
'• "main, ;
!";V"'"i'-' ill
ARBITRAllY A( TS.
'^oo
transit hiul f'alk'ii, whuli produced liittcr frtliiii;', and
resulted iu alleged iusults to Solou liorland, United
States minister to Nicaragua, wlioso belligerent in-
siiiift:^ carried liini away to interfere in matters which
Were loreign to liis otHce. The sloop of war Ci/aiic,
Coiuniander 'lollins, was des[>atched hy the American
n(i\rrnnient to look into the cas(\ Jiolllns iissumcd
;i liostile attitude."' niadi- arrogant demands, and the
hiiter not heing complied with, lie homharded tlio
tcuiion the 1 .".th of .Iidy, IS.Vt. and landing a party
of marines, hurned it to th(^ ground."' "J'his act has
Imtii generally ('ondenmed. The .Vmeri -an gdxcin-
iiunt hardly conteni])latrd it; hut not ha,\ing ])im-
i.-hrd ('ommander ILoliins, it must hear the odium.
X'ltwithstanding these diHiculties, ])eaceal)le relations
v,( !(■ not disturbiM.I.'''' Nicaragua also has troatic s w itli
Jli '■■'Miu, Italy, France, England, l\'ru, and other
li;': ;i';i •
a.)
' III' is .s:iicl 111 linvt; ImM'II iictinL,' r.iiilci' iiii]ii'.i]ii.M' iiilhu'iiccs. Stjiiicr'-': Ciiit.
A ... (i."i;!.
' 'I'lif town ;iutluii'itii'.-i li.nl nluscil tu p:iy an iinU^iiiiity. Tlii.s was tliu
tii-,-t ilirirt augft's.sii;!! liy I'.u.' U. S. in (Jciit. Aiiioriia. A'/i-., Ihic. J)ipl,i,ii.,
7 \2: Ciistd /;., <;,ir,'/,i, .hvu: 17. -'•_', 'Jl>, IS,")-!; .S'-r/c, <,'iKvy,f, Oct. ]'_', KS.")1;
Ti'iiiic xlliii., 1857, ;U ; r. v. <i<irf lhi<\, 'X\A coiig. isoss. 1, Sen. Dm'. S. vul.
iv.; l>(ic. S."), vol. xii.; J'Jii, xvi. IU [i[i. ; /-/., Jl. Ex. Ihic. I, vil. i., jit iL,
.■iN.'(-(l.
''" /.I '■//, AVc. , ;il>5. Piildii l-'i'tl, \o/ii'i Ot'oi/fijicii--) ;/ J'ji-fiiiniiiifd.i .ii,hr< It l!i-
jiiil,li-ii ill- yiriirrtijuii, I'ai'is, ISTIt, Hoy. S\ (J'J7 ]']> i\U'\ iiiap, is a ti'c'ati.so on
rMr.iiai.'iia ami its liiiialiitaiit.s. Bcjiiiniiiig witli an lii.-.tiii-ical I'lviiini'' of ainiunt
;iiiil mioiUtu N'ii'ai'agna, it gives a ix'vii'W ot' tliu topograpliy, cliiiiiito, natural
jii'ii 'lu'ticpiis, government, proiilc, anil tlu'ir institutiuns. Tlu' \\ riii r'.s iiiim-
):i:ci;.iu (lu tUu country's jiliy-^iial [iniillaritii's may liu set ilown as uxiul,
tlii'i._'li siiMio ildiciuni'y i.s notml; Imt tliat on tin; political ami ailniiiiistrativu
liiiiu lies is tini'rlialilo, .showing him to liavo hail lait lltllo knowledge oi I'cn-
ti:il ,\iiii riiMu jiolilics. He I'viilently had not th>; documrnts ujiou which to
tniiii a cnnci't .indginont. The (|ncstion of a canal across the islhujus ot Xic-
aiMuiia is also r ^viewed, and a icMunc of its history given. The la-^t general
tn.ilyv.ith tlic U. S. was negotiated in rsi)7. Tlieie \\ as also a convention
liir 'die extradition of criminals in IS7I. iS'ie. lias made ari'angenients to pay
Am. elaliris against hei', and on her part asked compensation tor the damages
1 III. d hy the homlianlment of San Juan, which the Am. govt fefuscd. J'r-
>•■. Mm. t limy. X<ii\. IS I'.t; Itorhii, Coil. Xir., i. '.K\; A>., Tint. </•■ .iwi-<-
I'll. ('■■., iidrc A'/V. (/ liK i',H. UU., l-l(i; .V. /' Jniin dii Xor/i; /.n-.' ('iiir.n.<,
\\l I l-J; /..(v/, A'iV., •_':!.". !l; Siili\, Dhirm<Hii:, Nov. 10, Dee. 2'-', 1.S7S: lin-
mil, I'l'ri.-i if, fir, J'l/i/imi, I -'.'U; and a multitude of L'. S. go\ t does., and
iitlii'i' papers.
"Treaty witli Heluiuni, May IS, ]S,"iS; with Franco, Ajir. II, lS5fl; with
•• Hiitiin, I-'eli. II, isiK); with Italy, March (i, iMhS; inid a i nnsnlar couven-
iM'i iiMJe iu l.S7'J: Willi I'eni, 1S7',I." '/'/•.//, ilr AnilMnil intrf Xir. ij li Hilificn,
1-1 '; /■'., I nlfi' Xi<\ ;/ la Frniicin, 1 "Jti; Xir., L' i/. JJinil., \\-'.M; J'liiliii, <\itl.
li' "^
41
1 1" >
Vii nn
250
llEl'UIJLLC Ob' NK:ARAGUA.
A squal)l)k; oeourrecl in 187G at Leon, in wliioli t\\r.
Gornuiu consul and a Xicarnguan citizen were cdii-
cerned, giving rise to a conflict between the Gerniaji
and Xicaraguan governments, the former making of it
a casus Ix^Ili, and demajiding, hacked by a naval foici ,
a considerable Jsuni of nioney.''^
Tlie political situation in the interior of Xicaragu.i,
during tlie winter of 1848-9, w^as arything but sai
isfactory to tlie lovers of peace. Piirties were ag
llh
ventuu
tl
len* aniUK^sitie
The leader Bernabe S<
moza ca})tured Kivas, and afterward became notorious
for deeds of cruelty and robl)erv. L^irector Xorl)*i'tii
llamirez despatched there a strong force under J. T.
Muhoz. Somoza was defeated and captured at San
Jorge on the 14th of Jui
le,
I
vamu'ez was succeeded
n a
I.
by Jose .Laureano Pineda in LS51,'^ against wJioi
revolt broke out Au<jcust 4, 1851. haviiiLi- J. Trinidad
Miuu)z for its leader. Pineda and his ministers Fran-
cisco Castellon and F. Diaz Zapata were arrested.
The ])lan failed, however. Leon, Muhoz' head(j
uai
ters
was
tak
en i)v govennnent forces assis
sted 1)
troops from Honduras, and ]Muhoz surreudin'cd.'* ( 'n
the expiration of Pineda's term in 185)), Chamoiro
became chi(.'f of tlie state, having been elected by the
suifraoes of the moderados. The new direct(jr was a
I()I)-1S; nnithawl, li
U'Jiii
I^li.VSii; Ti'iit. lie Aiiii-<l(i(l, ('!<'
// .V. .1/. n., 1-1.-); Aiiii.iU Brit. L,
vie.
nil re jMr. y tl ri'/iio <
rviiio (le I/'iti'i, 1-1'.); A'/''.,
JJinrio O/i.:, Oct. '2'.), IST'.t.
;/'•'
iit,r
i.K. .STS-Sl; Trot. <l<' AiiiM'nt,
/(' Jtaliii, 1-17; < 'oiiniirioii ('Diiniiliir I'lifri' \i
(I
(lari t'l, Supt
14, Oct. '2i;, Xov. 'J, 1S7L'; Snlr
th
tl
' DaiiKiyus lor the iiijurcl (u'l-mans !?:W,01)0, and a fine of .S8.000, IrsIiIh
(it tho (itiifial atcMsid of insulting (rernian dignity. 'I'liiw
10 iinni.sliinrul
10 su|iiTi(ir tiirco dictatos nnjnst ti'l'ni.s to tlu; inl'orior.
" His toriii liugan Apr. l.'lM'.t.
'- Ho was tiioil liy cuui't-niarli.il, sriitoni'od, and sliot.Tuno 17tli. A''.. />■
Ir/i
'-",».->!»;' fV«^ Am. J//.sr</. J>o
1.-) iS, ,luly 4, .5, l-J, IMil; Siin
T,
I'.M, li'.r,
Mufitiz was rewardod with
d.il, and till' fric'udH of the boldiors who perished rocoivod pousious. /.'■
('..,/. Xi
;it;-i;
'•' Uot<)!4ni/i d l)y the asscnildy March 14th as duly clootoil. A'r'., ('"/•• />' ,
March L'O.'lS.-)!; /ClSh/ln, March 'JS, Ihol.
10, ISfil. .Ml
militai'y rank. He
lad liecii declared .1 traitor and deprived «( lu'*
I to leave Nie., and went to re.side in Sulv
(haniciiiii was made einmnandir of the forci's. Xir. Ihc y Ariwrdos, IS.'il-H,
DL'-li, UtJ-IS: J/oii'l., (.nitrtiiOnr., ,T,in. l,', 1,S,")'_».
U-eJ/
(•our
lijijif)
'-■ieiiji
I'Ocieo
J'l'0\-i,s
J'uiiJi.s
I ■'All fi
tlie St;i
'I'/JoWc
decree
tlie stni
"ig lis
"' ."irjns
Ajivll 2]
A Con
'■'■.'iiIht,
Inv tli,.
'''i'uMie,
'';t' 7 I'm,
"( an on
'f'-'i ten,
"•/■■•n(re ,„„,,,
' •^"■"•■■ll-'ll;,, i„
■•''>"^', l.s.-.(i
„„•' '"""-^ "lo
'fV'nu-nU, together \,-i,'""a^ ^^"t I'is |,nlit;',|
™-. --• ^.t ,,...;;^^„;: --.,.. :^^
'/'I 7 • , . 1 JU.-5 poller ui
j-ho io^'islativc ^ ■ ■ i j '■./'•
i'l'f'vIsiV.n'alconstih!'^"'' S^-'"^^^'^^'^ April •!() ic.-.,
; '"7;'^ 5^- «tatc const tuc^ rr'^' }?"^' '>3' ^»ot or
; s ate tJ. title of Kep!^^ ^^"''b' --„.,„. ,^
' ..^ 'f'^ (■xecutive tJ.c nunc oV ^^.'^'^^'^'.^'^'^^-tiul o.;,..
^^ t'on.stltuont .■)svov..Ki-. „ .
Inl
'\ ^<"',stituont assciaj,]v r-,]l ]
■^^te-E— , ~.,.,:;:r :"■'"■
i ' -J'
!
!i
i '
e* 1
I I
III
iJiS
IIEI^URLIC OF NI(AltA(;UA
duties sliould (Icvolvc om the luciiibcr of the constitu-
ent ussemhlv cjilled 1)V liini to assume tlieiii. ('Li
morro was tlion elioscu provisional jjresidcnt, to liold
t!ie otKee till tlie 1st of ]\rarch, 18jo. The new char-
ter of the ]'e]»ul)lic was sanctioned on the oOt]\ of
i\))i'il,''^ whi( h was in force oidy in Granada and otlni-
towns {i('knowledt;iii;j; Chaniorro's L^'over'iunent.
The op[)osition (»!' the lihcrals (•idniinat('<l in an ;;t
kV'^aii Antonio'-;^,, W ^,uu.* ^
\^- ': 'W'l /--{..-/.if 3i.h\\.a';
.1/,,, -,.';,.,.""" I ': -"%,„...^ V
NlTAKAdl A.
"■'It lia'l lOi articles, ami Minu'uhat ri'strictcil tlic riglit i>i /■*<(/< nslii]-.
crcati'd a siiiuli' cliaiiiln'r, (■(Piii])(iscil of au t'(|ual iiniiilicr nf seiiatfti'^ i*m1 r |'-
rcscntativ" ; jiriosts were I'Xi'hiilcil troiii tlioso positiim!*. 'I li'? tiTiiis ijI C"
picsiiU'iit, senators, ami rcitrt'siMilativcs wcri; to lugiii M.u'fi I, \*>'u<,
last I'our years. Alter the expulsion of tlie lililinstc rs, <a juiitii l^" j/'.'ii' :
coiii|iosi'il of the li'aJiiiff men of llio two oii[iosin;j; parties, was o^f iMitln-;'.
whieh ileelared the eonstitiitioii of IS:{.S in force, ami a constituent a.-<-'(i'!"
was convokeil, its menihers \w\\\\t, fl'oni anionj{ the liest ami most III
iiu'ti of the reimhlic. A/., 'JIM; A'/V., t'ii iiiiiikiI Nk., Apr. 17, KM.'i. The pev,
j^'ranted the executive, whuli were include. I in the fnuilaiiiental law ef I'^'t
thouuh with the additional cjan.se tlliit when u.sing them he should r'iiert ;
fact to the next iegi.-ljlnre, greatly alariiiod the opposition. I'criz, .1/' "'• li
lin\ Nir., 24.
tell
,],.,■
rr.sf
iU\tl
u>U,i
iiojl
\ras
<'f ll
anus
'■l.ij'iii
lie ;is.s
"fa In
in.'i],-t \
/.(■(111, I
''I /I iVlY'f
i>:>r>.
"f'M,Md\
■^'''/(ifjitl'
. "Ill Nov
"!■"'■■• '•■'.„„:
"'"' ""'■:, I),
„ ;',''■■ *'"'"
,' "ii iiiai
'"'"•Unee. J,
,^;'"l rep,,,,,
''!'"'">■ ten
"Kirly,,,
"'''■''"/ 1>,„: F.
, ''.''"'.r '"'' til''
''"iiciam,
e
■' ""' fie|,|. /.
•'". IN,-).-).
^<'>m AXJ) BLOODV ^VAK.
tt nipt at revolution I,, i ,
'••-;< mo- at Alanaoua defbatpil flu • ^ ■^■"^•^■»:"nu-„t tJien
'"';"''^'^- «'Hi Avith the f^v'o, -;•";. ^;'^'"'''"-^""'
^^V-^i-v astound aft , . .''"'•"''^:' <'''tain<.,l ,,-
.'HK
T^^' ;'""J>- tried to axxT - ^^'^''''•''■^^'''^^^"''t-
'"^/'<"K.da and fortified tl>, ^"^^ ''«te)lo„, ,,,ti,vd
-'7'''^'uIarsi..eof v"jt'''?r'^^^^
'•^ '''""'* V en,-„uater,s f ^".''''- •^"^'■»' -'i Nrries
-'!-"% mised/'^.:v7!r^•'^ '-'-<'- was c' In-
1^., '^I'umik;. 11,7/^,' // , -; i-"vj. rtllfl r,i) rci'iiiivt.. , . ' ' '" 'I-
'' ■'<i!rviuo
f w
L'llO
KEl'UHLKJ OF NiCAKAtiUA.
ofcuiTud at this tinic,^' did not favor the democrats.
He was sui'ceeded hy Joso Alalia Estrada. Coiial
was tlie i;ciieral-iu-<'liief of the le^itiinist forces, iind
was oru'aiiizint'' at ^lasaya an arinv to cai)ture l.i-i.n.
The gox-eninient liad called the constituent asscnihh-,
which met on the 8th of April with only louitnn
niemhers, and on the 10th rv-solved that Kstr,i(|;i
sliould j'ctain tlu^ executive until a president sIh'iiM
hf chosen under tlu' constitution. This o'reatly dis-
pleased Corral, who had e.\])ectt'd to he called to iliat
position. J [e had his ln'ad(piai't<n'S in !\[anaL;'ua, and
threatened to be revenu'ed of the men A\ho had sh^iitrd
him.'-"
]\Ieanwhilu ]\runo/, had L^one to ] londuras and iv-
turned with a small division of troo[»s, the cjiief cnni-
niand of hoth the democratic and ]londuran fniccs
hciiiL;' \estcd in him. J]y his ad\ ice Castelloii a]i-
j)ointed liosah'o ("ortes and J*. Ahinan connnissioncr.s
ti> ascertain the a iews of tiie Ico-itimist chiefs \\ith
refcin-nco to jteace ne_L»'otiatioiis. l']strada consented
to recelvi! Cortes, ])ut not Aleman, and the formei' liad
intei'vi(>ws ^\■ith him and his su[»porters, prevailiiiL;' nii
tlicni to enter into ne^'otiations either in their oflicial
or ])rivato capacity. jMunoz had aiithorized ('oitcs
to tell ( 'oiral he wished to have a direct understand-
ini;' with liini.^' Cortes first saw Coi'i'al, and hy ]ii.>
ad\icc next had interviews with ]']strada, ^'e,^■a, and
others, all of whom showed a willingness to treat t'nr
[leacc, and asked, him to return to Leon, which lie
did, touching at jManagua, where Corral assured lilui
of his disposition to c(jme to an understanding witlt
Muhoz.
^''Tntlic li:u:i('iiil:i of Qnismapa, south fif ( iraiiailii, Marcli I'J, ISri'i. Clia-
iiiorro was a wealthy ciii/i'ii, Imitii in (Iraiiadi. A hrav ', rcsdlnto iiriii, tinii
ill Mistainiiij; Ins jiolitii'al jiriiu'iplcs, Imt lacUiiiL; discrii liiiatKni, iiiiil l'.imIv
ihijii'd. i'lri-.. Mini. JIM. /,'ri: A'/V'., 12(!; Asiiil.iii-itiiiin, CnJ. Am., l>7.
■■" ]Vrc/, Mi:,i. J/i</. li'ir. Mr., ]-2s, coiisiilorcil ttic aut oi Iho asM-iiihly as
a Hcriniis hluiiihi'.
*■' His ]iro]M)-iifi()iis wiTc: funal and himself wcf^ to CDiistihu,' tlieii!^' h'ts
a junta do noliienio, ami direct iiiil)lie mII'.ijis until a ciinstit.itiniial | •■'■.nloiit
eoiild he eleete I. If Cori'al olijueted to this arranjii'me'it, lie, M'.iiio/, m 'il'l
I'ei'oynizo tlio legitimate goveiiimenl, [iiii\ idod < lUial hecaiuo the hoadef it.
l>ii.M0C
I- • W
lit'J
•-M-j i;i;ri"iiij( ok mcauahua.
clur.is, and or^aiiizeil a fiiin[i;iiiy for the uoiistnictioii of an interocfunii' lul-
way. Ill lMil{ :iiiil tliu lullnwiiig yvnv lio w;i.-i ciiipldyuil liy tlie U. S, j,'ovt ,im
a comiiii.s.-iiiiiiur in I'ciii lurllio adjurjtint'iit <it claims a^aiiiMt tliat rei)ul)lii', mikI
tlit'ii ilcV()ti'(l si'Vi'ial iiiiiritlis to tlu: t'\|i|oi'atioii of aiicii iit liioiiunit'iit.s in ilmt
Country. In ISdH lie was lor a time LJ. S. consul gun. to llomi. lio visitcil
I'lnnHKj several times lioth for ]ileasiire anil linsiiie.ss. In add it ion to the Works
that w ill lie lierein enumerated, he eontriliuted many j)iiiieis on anti(|uitie.i ;iiii|
other sillijeet.s to American and Knro|ieaii seientilic jieriodie.d.s. The f<illo\i ini;
list comprises his jiriiieiiial wdiks, most of which have Ih'cii translated iiitu
several laii;;ua^'es: Miiiii(ii«i(t'< of III'' .Uisyi.-<s!],j>i ]'(ill, i/, heing vcl. i. oi tlir
i^mitlcsonian ('ontrilmtions to Knowleilf^e; Ahnri'/iiiiil MDiiitim iili of IIk' -tih i,i
\<ir Ytirh\ in vol. ii. of the Smitiisonian Contriliiitioiis; A iil/i/i(i/i<s oi' ///!■ shifi'
!>/ Scir Yiirk, with a sii|i[ilement on the antii|uities of llie west; 'I'lif S' qunt
Si/iiiliol, {If ]\'iirs/ii]t III' tlic /'ir/yri)i-(il /'r/iirijilr.-i <;/" XnlniT in A iw rii-n:
W'lii/.'iiii, or All II lit II ri-1 on till' MoM/iii/n ,S/i(irc, under the ])seililonyin of S^mi-
iiel A. ]>ard; <,hiislii,ii A ihjIo-.I iin'rirniiir: /t'ljiiirl <ij' f/ir sum i/ of tin: lliiii'hiinn
iii/i rori'i'iiic riiiliriii/; Miuiiiiiniji/i oil aiilliiir.i ir/io lini'i' wrlthii on tin ii'.uri.il.
mil liiiiijinnics of Ci n/ml Ann rim; 'l'i-u]iifiil jihrin inn/. (Inir iroiiDinii- i.ilrin'-
tiini: f.-i coi'tin liinjl Snnrrr/i oj' collnn mjipbi: /nriilin/i i>t' Triinl iiinl /•.'/■j./o-
ruf/oii.'i ill, tlie liiinl of lliv liifnn. Otlier \\ orks of this aiitiior (jnoled in my
volumes on Cciitr.il America are: A'o^w on lliv slnU'i of J/nniliiriis iiml ^nlri-
ilni; with m.-qis and illustrations, •vvliieli gives valiialile data on tliose i (nm-
tries. Ill treating of diplomatic relations lie expatiates on manifest il—tiuy
and British iiitriuues, Ids conclusions not lieing prohaMy palataMo to tin siili-
jcets of the Uritish crown, and others disposi'd to op[pose the ahsorplini ef
more territory, or the exercise of jxdnsive inllneuee hy tliu U. S. 'ill ■ i !ii]n
drawn hy liitchcock under Sipiier's directions are the. hest that to th it tiiim
had lieeii ]iulilislied. 'J'riinl.-i in < 'in/riil A nn rifn, jiiir/irnldrli/ in I^'ii-itrinjini,
N. v., IS.l;!, Svo, '2 Vol., pp. -I'Jt and l.VJ, niajis and cuts, eontain.s a d siriii-
tiiin of alioriiiinal movements and sitenery, tom tlua" with a concise accoiiiit nl
the history, a_^ricultural ami otiier resources, of Xiear.igua, the lair.ji.me,
m.inuers, and customs of the people, with illustrations of the prineip.d hnil.l-
ings, towns, ports, etc. The woi-k also di'scrilirs at leajuth the ]iroposiil iiumI
route, .setting forth its adv.inlai;<'s. The author li.id I'Very f.n-ility as l'. ,S,
eiiarge ilaHdires toolitain the most exact ilat.i, and usi'd them conscieutiMiisly
anil with marked alnlity. Xirnnii/n.i, !'■•■ pi.ijn'r, .<rriii ,;/, nnnnnnrnli, lunl tin;
propii.-iii/ iiilirnriiiiiir rninil, Loud., l.S.'i'J. N. V., 1S.")(>, li vol. This wui'k is
similar in all respects to — in l.ict a reprint of — '/'rinl-i in. Ci nt. Am. AiietluT
edition under the aforesaid title ap|ieai'eil in Xew York, IStiO, 1 vol. nl pji.
(i'.U, which with tile exception of ahout IS )ip. in tlie apiiend., and a lev.- iiioii;
illustrations, was .similar to Tnir. in ('ml. Am. Tin' Slutrsof Ci nlral A:iii ri''",
N. Y., IS.'iS, Svo, p. 7N-, majis and illiist. The autimr issueel in IS.'i.'i. with
the title of Xutr.i on Cnitnil Amirirn, an Svo vol. of IiKT pages, with m :i|'s :iii'l
cuts, iiiti.'iided to serve as a hasi.s for this moru cxtonsivu one, wliieii tn its el
the jihysical iieculi.irities, population, ]ii'oduetions, couimerce, and otliir
resources, political organization, iihorii^ines, etc., of the country in general,
and of the states siparately, and also of 15ili/e, the IJay islands, and
Mosijuito shore. Squier was evidently conversant with his sulijeet. lli-'
.style is vivid ;iiid inti^resting, as well as instructive, and the statements, as ;i
rule, worthy of acceptance. In his treatment of diplomatic atl'airs lutwitii
(ireat Britain and Cent. Am., in whiih his own country was iiiteresleii i.ii
the side of the latter, ho espouses the Central American .side with .sn iiiiuli
warmth as to awaken a sns|iicion that his judgment may have hei'U uai'l'id
jiy his patriotism. The (|Uestion of an iutei'oceanic i-ailroad having eidrossnl
jiulilic attention since tlie i)iililication of this Work the author felt jii-tilieil m
reiiroduciug, under the title of Jfunihinix, I.,oncl., isyo, Vl\ 27S j)p., with a
map, iu a more compact and accessilile form, a dcscriiition of this c.nnitry.
\\'illi the exception of a fuller inldrination on the route, and its allcgi il au-
vantages over all others, and an appuudi.x relating to immigration, the ww-
'iJl!iJ(>(;|;.\|'|iv
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;'l'.ui .•.vtr,.mely int
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"i'l'-'st, whieh .Mr ,S
.""-■'■K'aii Jiistor
L'l'on.s valiialile ,|
'■"I''f,'inal. Th,
"'ill many
u-ei
./ 7
'lui'T^atli
ins. j.Sd
rarri:^ //I
iliivctnr-ir
«\ 2 vol
""'■''/>i'- < •niirnlv.
mail:
/.'■ Xi
y. t^'oin tl„. earliest ,|
i-oin various sou
ere,l f
o''iinii.nt.s
i.>s
rcos
II
L' Ha
'"•'•al of a Frenei
'I'M ,1 li. ( ■
lie ta
•■< also a eh
'^ o( iihtain
uvaheraml
1 eanal
iiij.
;i we 11-1.
'.„:y"l4>S(, i,,,.,hyj..el
'■"'iilLiny for „,„.„
g a charter f
i<'io\rn \rrit
tl
0-t he visited cj?.;;, :(
"uiss,u.yex,,Iorations f
roin K
'J'o 1
II, 11
ii-.ii-agiia for tl
i.v ISell
ii« a X
iiin ha
'It'll Illlr
y, v\
'< "iii,/i/r
I" was tin
iwii'.-igna nnitc
11
'■iiiiiy of t
■.i«;u.ain IN/is/oIitained'
1.1 canal.
III' thus 1
iii.-^titiit
L' luiilertak
'■"•i-.itive of 1
"■'c.uiic Well
;■* vcncrallv
Of routes
« caused J{,.Ily. t
Ion
it'i|ii iint,.,l witi
iiid resoiir,
y to visit tl
tl
'I'l
ic chart
10 del
'eeii mtriistei!
"Ill Willi this
ie
cr, am
made
Tl
1 Us
iL' country i
''■■* I'l'orniation 1
resoiirei
iiore tl
and niicer-
I),.,ij
lan oiieo.
governn
•" '.'"• 'i'-t vohi.r •'The? "'" '" ^'•'''^'-. "'I. r u^ re m"t ■■'""""•''"" ^''tl'
l"'"||'.fs. ami ....„.,,■■.,/"' •"'■'■'""' volume is wl,„n,. , ^. ';'^l,":'''''Vo .states, ,dv,„.
'^;;'i'l'artsineo„„ecth,
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and
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•^^ 1-^ attractive, tl
> a detailed hist
IS who]]
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y devoted to t
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I leare.
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MS OWI
I canal
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ic lilt
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given
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y made tor that
\m
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I'lgacaiial th
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t'osta J
uca.
one map, is th
utcl
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^"•'1 1- 1, 1 III,, I'l
;is Cai-ti
l''>'ll.r Jiill,,^ I
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iris
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y F,
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iiirrinii,
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IMAGl: EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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<-
1.0
I.I
1.25
ii^lllM 11125
■32
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1.6
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRHT
WEBSTER, NY. MS80
(716) 872-4503
"4
^
.%
CHAPTER XIII.
REPUBLIC OF (iUATEMALA
1840-1805.
Presidfat Rivkra Paz — CAUiiERA's ( Oirhf, — Pretenpeii Repittox — Tisso-
I.rriOV OK 'IMK AssKMUI.Y — A C'dNSE.TO CoNSTITrYENTK C'KKATEI) — CaI;-
kera Becomes President — Attempt AfiAissr iirs Life— Revui.t m
Monterrosa—Carh era's DEsrciTisM — The KErniLic Lstaiii.isiikh—
lU'.I.ATIONS WITH <>rilER PoWERS — IlKVOLlTION OF THE ^loiNTAIN— CoN-
■stitl'est Ashemrly Convened— Carrera's Korcf.d Resignation am>
P^xii.E — LniKisAi.s TRiiMniANT — Their Sq^aiuiles and Disintkciratiiin
— The Moi)i;iiAi'o Party — Revoltiiov of Los Ai.tos — iNTRKirEs m
THE SeRVII.KS— PRESIDKNCIES OF MARTINEZ AND EsCOIlAR — CaISES c'K
their Uesiunaitons- Paredes — IlKCAi.f. OK Carrera — Deeds of \'en-
(iEANCE — CaRREUA A(iAlN PRESIDENT — PARTIAL Rk.STOKATION OF PeAi K.
Cauueka liad l)cconie so inflated l)v fiittory that lir
actually bolii'vod himself able to >_ a upon instinct
Guatemala, and even all Central Ai riea.' He tried
to shak(! ort' aristocratic eontrol, and showed })UL!^na-
ciousness toward the assembly and the administrator
of the diocese. Obedience not being in ev(>ry instance
given to his whims, he threatent>(l, in August 1840, to
resign the command of the trooi)s, which he held with
the rank of lieutenant-general." The aristocrats were
much alarmed, and the assembly, in Hattering teriii>,
declined accepting the resignation. He now aj)pearcd
in the roles of financier, political economist, and enemy
of tlie nobles, presuming to dictate a ])olicy for tlit
protection of manufactures, agrieulture, and other
'At this time, in 1H40, lie could neither roiid nor write, ami useil, for aii-
pcniling liis Hi^'Uiitiire, a stamp. Later he leariieil to xign ids name.
'•'Ho sent ills resignation to the asseml>ly, implying tliat it was cdnil'
Becnsion on his jiart to lay it licforc that hody, us ho owed his position tlirectly
to the Yotes of the people
( y'4 )
Hi
IIEIGX OF l)i:.Sl'OTl.S.\l.
889
liitiTosts. His dlsploasuro witli tlic nobles was be-
caiiJ^o lie believed them hostile to tlie iimsHes."'' They
i)i,iiia}jfe(l to mollify him, and he tlieii eoiiteiitcjl him-
si It with issuing a long address, on the Dth of ()rtol)er,
ri iterating his auxietv tor tlie jjeneral welfare, and
IVIIK
uistratinir auainst tlie intriLriU's of ]\\>
pe
rsona
tiiiniies.
A reign of despotism was now established, which
(•(iiitinued u[)ward.s of tliirty years, LilxTal laws were
alnogated one after another, and retrogressive ones
sulistituted, ineluding a oomplete restoration to the
clcrijv of the Auros tliev had been deprivi-d of bv the
lilnial e(')rtes of Spain in 18*J0. C'arrera's enmity to
the assembly bt'came more apparent from day to day.
lie sliowed it l>v word, and bv tlu^ i)ress.'' lie could
t write a line, ])ut others wrote for him, and printed
im
ame
J
P
ose
rancisco
aitnit's appearea over Jus n
IJaiiundia had returned from his exile, and had been
(lio-^cn a deputy, but Ik; resigned on the ] Itli of ^[arch,
1842, giving jutwcrlul r<'asons for his course.' lndc«-d,
]>ariundia would have been out of place in a body
iiKotly made u[) of ultramontane pri(!sts, self-styletl
IK lilies, and reactionists.
"Ml! was wr.-itliiul at tlio tlinu(,'lit tliat tlioy hail tondercil a dictatorsliii) to
Mi>ni/;iii, and ciilistcil tlir <,'iii'/alti;cs against himself, lie diil nut foruet Ri-
vciM I'.iz' iiroclaniatioiis calliiiif liiiii a liandit and an niilnijiii/'inid. lit; askod
liM- tlif meaning of this last Wdrd, and on hoinj: told it, llew into a I'au'c whicii
tlinMtiiu.'d a i'e]ietitiou of tin; iiorrid sei'ncs of l^nczalteiiango. MitiitiiOir, Ho
HI I'm lli-i/., iii. ^>1'2.
Mill rtfcrreil to I'avon, IJatrcM, and Aycinena, It was ivident that ho
tiiiu know ftf .hian Fenniii Ayi'ini'iia's hargain in Madrid whiidi niado liiiii
iii.iii|Uis do AjL'incna.
■'Ills press was i;allod Imprenta del j'',je,'cito. Ho had lirouglit it from
Qnez:il!cnan;:o.
'■Several deputies, under one jiretext or another, triecl to re-ij.'!!, hut only
the elrigyman Loren/ana was permitted to do so. T< mjixk-y's Jnunif!/, lUI-'Hl.
A iMiii named Andrailo Mliniilly woundeil Carrer.iin the evcMinii of Aug. H,
I**!!, lie! was murdered hy the troops, and < 'arrern, witli tile as.sont of the
gii\ t, had the liody ipiarti'red in tile jireseneo of liumlreds of persons, and tho
piiTes iijaeeil on exhiiiitiou at the city gates. The order for so chiing was
Higiiid iiy Kivera I'a/, and his minister Viteri, afti'rwar<l hishop of Salvailor.
/■/., ."iHAS; (Imrf., dm-. (h!r., no. 2*2, 8(1-7; Di(iiln]>'.i C'lif. .!»(., 24S; Xi.ii,;
Aiiii"li.^ I'oi/., xeii. 37">; S'ili'n' Jt'f'j., Ixi. 177.
' lie hail promised, ho said, to remain in ]irivato life. His voice wouM
I'lmheeded. Without freeilom or inlUleliee, he enuld no lunger do tluieoun-
'i\ iiiy good. ' Ningun jtensamieiito hay aeeptahle en la eritiea eomplieaeioii
i' -lis Megoeios, y eu I'l niovimieuto retniL'rado (pie no Ic ha dado.' Mvntii/nr,
!:■ ", //;.,/., iii. .v.'S-'.t; (;„r. </. .<„/,•., Oet. 1-j, ls.-.».
:sa
KWUULIC OF <;UATKMALA.
Tlio treasury was so exhausted that tlic assenil)]y
hati no means to pay its clerks. But the ecclesiastical
coffers had an ahundaiice of money from the tithfs
tax, and Carnra's troo[)s had to he paid, or he would
resent the neglect. This was made evident in Sej)-
t(Mnher 1844. llivera l*az, the president, with the
utmost dithculties, managed to procure money for the
pay of the soldiers from day to day; hut for son.e
reason unexplained, it did not reach them. Carrera
found a way to secure his ends, lie had a conference!
with some of his oJMcers, and the result was that tlio
battalion of regular tr<»ops revolted on the 20th, and
sa<'ked a nnniherof shops, and tlie stalls in the market-
place, getting an ahundant supply and luining seveial
traders."" Carreia then gathered his soldiers in Ihe
barra<'ks, and in order to keep u[> apjuarances, the
next day witliout much ado or any form of trial, had
six men shot."
liivera l*a/., fniding his position unhearable, resigned
it. The assembly acerpted his resignation, to take
effect after his successor should be ajjpointed, ami
qualily. ( arrera was cln)sen, but declined the ofliic.
A'enancio Lope/ and IJernardino Ijeinus, a])))ointe(l in
the order named, followed his exann)le. Kivera I'a/.
had to remain as iiomin.'.l head of the government,
Carrera being the actual ruler, whose demands cla>lie(l
with the fiery-tempered Alteii, minister of stat<'.
They had a serious (juarrel. which culminated in the
arrest by Carrera, on the 7th of l)ecemb(>r, lS4l,"if
Kivera I'a/, together with N'iteriand hissubonlinates.'"
"Rivera Paz tliil not I'sciiiic insult; liut not iikhi' than ( 'iirrcra lUi im d
needful to kooj) liiiii liuiiiMu.
"Till' O'tm/ii, uo. 17''{, luciitiniu'il tliat uuinlnT. Otliers iiiaile it larger.
Till" Jiulian chief Jvicanld Cal/um and otlierH on their way t" the jilaee el i\<-
euticm, ill loud tones deelarcd tiiat tiiey hatl oidy olieyed their generalH en leiv.
'"Carrera liad tiireateneil Viteri witli 'la fuer/a,' and tlie latter aiiswiivii
tliat he iiail on his side 'la fuerzji de la razon.' Carrera miderstood tins to
mean cannons and niuskets, and rushing out to tiie jiia/.a came liaek simui
alter M'ith trooiis and artillery, surrounded the government house— linn n|'|iip-
hite the Santa liosa church — and furiously enteretl the hud'linjj;, deinuiidin^ "I
Kivera I'a/. to show hiiu his forces. N'lteri tiieii explaini'cl the lueanin:; ••'■
fuer/a de 1,1 ru/.on. Mnvfii/nr, /'isn't, i Jlist., iii. ri.'{(i-7. Scjuier, 'J'niirl", n,
443 deacribcii Muinuthing biinilar aa iluuu by Carrera to the auHcndily.
"0|, til,
I ../ .
'-OMsc
na,Me,,t 'e,
"■ Meinj,
« 1 • O
"I'l-e lif M-a
' Tlu.yl
•'-..III at the
I
SAX« i LIN Ali V r< UJTICS.
2ti7
])ut after oxplaimtitms Ik; ictintl his force, and calm
was ii'storcd. On tlio refusal of Carrcra to accept
the prcsuloncy n'sioned liy llivera Paz, J)cccnd>er 14,
istl, the councillor A'enancio Lopez was called upon
1(1 assume the olfice." The lieutenant-jj^eneral asked
for a passport to leavo (iuatemala, liis {»l)ject heinjjf
only to ohtain more Jionors and money. His plan
S(( ins to have sueci'cded.'' Loi)ez ga\e uj) the piis-
i(l( i.cy, and lliveia l*az for the tliird time, on the 1 Uh
tif May, 1H4'J, was api^/mted to fill it.
The assembly adjourned on the 4th of Xovcmher,
1S4;], to meet again on the 1st of April, 1.S44. Uui
Curnni had resolved to su)»[)ress it, and pretending
an intende<l seditious movement at I 'inula, he had
tlic sui)posed rehels fired upon, an<l the criminal f.ii'ee
riidcd with a simulated capitulation at (juadalupf on
llie I 1th of March, J 844, hv which the asseml)Iv was
M t aside, and a council of government was to fake its
|ilarc,''' The assemhly was con\oke(l, i-atilit<l its own
(li.->lionor, gave the government full pown- to p-gidate
administrative affairs, and decreed its own dissolu-
tion." "J'he decree convoking memln-rs for the ni w
council'' was issue<l on the 'J<»th of .Vjtril, and it w;.s
foiiiially installed on the Sth of ])t'cend>er, ha\ing
jiiiioiig itsmemhei'sa numher of liherals. I{iv<'ra l*az
)■( signed the presidi-ncy,'" and ( "arrera was chosen his
successor, assuming on the lltli of ])eci-nd»er anotljce
tl'.at he had virtually controlled since the l^Ith of
Apiil, 18;l9. At the ele«'tioii of justices of the supremo
ceiiit, the nobles Were dei'eated.'' 'J'lie colisejo, or
" i,ii|iiz \v;i.s a NiiNini^tian e»luc;itccl in »iu,it., .111 liniini.ililr in.iii iiml mm .ir-
(■Hiii]i|i>lnil jurist; Init (iwiiin til liJiil IumUIi, pi isuikiI li.ili;!«, .iiiil uIIht ciiisi's,
«;i ■ Kiitit lor till' i'Xci'iiti\ I' iitiii'c.
' Tlu' UMHiMiilily I'oiiHiilcri'il ii liill grunting' liiiii largi' tiMi'ts nt' l.iml.
'■ Tlu) ciiiiMtitiitioii to 1k' frairu'il wu.-i t.i lie ijitiliiil liy l\\v liist Mtli.s(i|iiiiil
c'liiiiii'il (if (lonlilo tlie no. of rcjircsciitutivcs. Tlir ilm'. Ii.nl l"J artichs. i-'iii/.,
Jul l'.ir,.ii, '_'-"»; iV(V<V llr,,., Ixvi. 'J4'.'.
"•Ill the 14th of .\[,iri,'li, 1S44. <!wil., /,', r„p. Iaii., i. 114 l(i.
' "(.'miHi'jo constitnycntc ' it was lir.st ralli'il; aftfiwanl it ailoptiil tlio
11.11111' ivt 't'oiign'so const ituyentc*
'" liciiig uiijiointt'il I'arly in lS4'.t t'orrcgidor of .Tutiajia; wliilu 011 liis way
tlnri' liu was nnirilcruil with othiTs.
' I licy had I'ouiitfil on Carn'ra's aitl, ami lu' failoil thcin, for wliii'li tiicy
aj.nii at tlifir secret coulcTvuct's rcapiiliod to him thu nainu unfnijxtjUiji,,
■ 'I
.1
, 5
< M
llKrUBLIC OF (iUATKMALA.
: .'
congrcso, as it had bogun to call itself, became an ob-
ject of bitter enmity on the part of the aristocrats and
serviles; and Carrera's overthrow was also contem-
l>lated by them, pretending cooperation with the lih-
erals for its accomplisliment. The plan fell through
])efore maturity, owing to distrust between the leaders
of the two j)arties. Carrcra was informed of his
danger by the confession of a dying man, but never
penetrated to the sources of the plot.^^ During C'ar-
rera's absence from the capital on furlough in Feb-
ruary 1845, Joaquin Duran occu})ying the executive
chair, a revolt took place, headed by Monterrosa and
an oiticer named Mendez, but not being seconded by
the people, they entered into a capitulation with Duran
to have the city, on Jiis solemnly pledging them that
tiiey woulil not be molested. They accordingly went
out on the 5th as itiomised, and on the next day
St>tero Carrera, A. Solares, and Vicente Cruz entered
at the head of their respective forces. Carrera ar-
rived afterward, and was received in triumph.'"
At the expiration of his furlough Carrera reassunud
the reigns of government. Joaquin Duran resigned
the portfolio of treasury and war, being succeeded hy
l^rigadier ( Jeroiiiino J*aiz. The .statt; was now virtually
under the control of a triumvii-ate composed of liaftiel
and Sotero Carrera, and J*aiz.-" The subse<)uent rt:s-
ignation of ^Mitiister Najera and appointment of Jose
Antonio Azniitia inspired a little cotifidence."' Tlie
""A iMunlHT of ipci'soiis wciv ItliiiiUy per.sei'uti'd, jiartioularly lirijjailirr
Monterrosa ami lii.s family. Biii-nint/itt, Jier. (!<• '.■ a I'lirtiilot, in Montii/iir, J'c-
Diiiii lli.'ii., iv. (((ilJ.
'^ J)iiraii'.s ii1lm1;;cs went for notliiii),'. lilood ami extermination cmleil tln'
ilraiiia of Tel.. 1S4.'). /./., (•.(•..•{-'.); />(0(/nj.',W< ,,<. .1 ;«., 244-7.
■'"The most ilesiHitio caiitaiii-geiierals of the colonial period, witiiout exci !)•
tiiij; the tyrant liiistamaute, arc not to l)e eoinpared with these men. li^u-
rumlia, in tryiiij' to cuiisole the young men who l»<;wailed tho condition of tlm
coniitry, a.ssured tliein tliat it was transitory, 'un regimen salvajc en iiliiio
Bi;.;lo XIX. no puede sir iierpetuo en la Aniei'iea independicnte. J^a Iti/ ii"S
viene jior el Nortu y jmr el Sur; solo el centro esta en tiniehlaa, y esa noclie
lU^^iilire no pnede isi'r etcr'iia.' Mmili'ifur, L'imi'ki ///.«/., v. 1).
'^' Azniitia was an enliglitencd man, and thirstecl for no one's Mood; hut
his inllucnec, outside of tlie foreign department, was small, and men, itnlieai'l
and untried, weie sliot before liis eyes, without liis being able to prevent it.
His fi'iemls claimed, however, that through him eiuat. was spared many inorf
ttots of barbarity.
(Kllstl
IlrW o
did in
ject o
its se.si
liad ol
\'icciit
assuiJK
;i striet
Carrerj
ai^ain a
ing eoi
tlir Con
izrd tll(
,1^'IVSS.
iiifri^ue
'■•'la and
till' act
I'liWrr.-'*
( 'ari-ci
U'idor of
'lad no J,
laming t
pJot Was
"lid thee
Ji'td powe
t«> J)erish
II
<^'uate
''■"111 tJie
'iV her as
''It consist
f'l 11,, tiling. /'/
""•'I'lizlia,!
i'iiii,|,',|. ll^, J
■iMN|,,i'rats.
''Jirrundia
■■'iid.-.ra, h;„l 1
tii,ii.
i,. ■".'!'"■ i'''i" 1
fUNSTlTUTlOX AND CONCllESS
209
CO
iistituent congress ])assed liberal laws, and issued a
IK w constitution on tlio IGtIi of September, 1 Rio, that
did not suit the arist(»crats, and they niatle it an ob-
jtct of ridicule and contempt. ^'" The conj^icss dosed
its session on the 2lst of the same month. Carrera
liad obtained anotlicr leave of absence, and Brigadier
Vicente Cruz, the vice-j)resident chosen by congress,
assumed the executive office. "*' The aristocrats ki'pt
a strict watch on Cruz, an<l lireathed more freely when
Carrera with his ministers l\iiz and Azmitia were
a";iin at the head of the Ljovernment. The succeed-
iiio" conu'ress on the 1st «>f Februai'v, 1840, rejected
tlie constitution franuHl the previous year, and author-
ized the governm«'nt to call another constituent C(»n-
<4i(ss. This was the result, not only of aiistocratic
intrigue, but of violent threats on the part of Car-
rt'ia and his minions against all attempting to sanction
till' act of the 'desor<;anizadores' to undermine his
|in\ver."'*
Carrera and l\iiz, aided by Sotero Carrera, corre-
gidor of J^a Antigua, now ruled supreme. Citizens
liad no protection uidess they ai)[n'()ved of every act.
Dining the funeral services of Archbishop Casaus a
plot was made to assassinate Carrera, which failed,
and the conspirators were seized and tried. Those who
had powerful friends were sent into exile; the rest had
to perish in the damp dungeons of the fort."''
( Juatemala, in view of the political change resulting
tV<»m the dissolution of the feder-al compact, decreed
liy her assembly, on the 14th of November, 184.'), a
'•'* It consistcfl of 222 articles, .ind was rtrawn up at Quczaltcnango; it caini-
til imtlmij,'. I'iiinhi dc Moiil., in Uiuif., Iltriqi. I.iij., i. 8(!.
■" ( 'ruz liail rist'ii witli Carivra, Imt liad a iiiilil di.s|Hi.siti<)ii, ami was IIIk ral-
iniiidcMl. JIu luarned cri'Kiiig that the pcopli; had nothing to txpuct iVoni thu
.11 istocrats.
■' Barrundia loft an account of all tlu' iirocccdiugs. Out; man only, .Tohc
'l:inilara, had tho courage to hack his couvictiona and vote for the oonstitn-
tiiiU.
•''Ihr plan hai. been to shoot hint as he caino out of tlio cathedral. Duu-
lop's Ceil/. Am., 248; Vm' K^>iii., Dee. 12, IMli.
270
IlKPUBLIC OK «;UATEMALA.
new coat of arms for tlio state"" On the Oth of April,
lHi)7, the government was empowered to make in tin;
coat of anus sucli changes as it miglit deem judicious,
hut ]tres(!rving the inscription, Guatimahe liespuhlici
suh Dei Optinii Maximi protectione. Tho clwiiim'
Mas decn^ed on the .">lst of May, ]8j8.'" A law dl
^larcli 14, IBal, confirme<l in that of May .".I, IH.V-^^,
cstahlishes the national flag.-'*
The national independence of Guatemala was err-
long recognized hy foreign ]>owers, with wliieh slu
op( lied diplomati<' relations and iiuuh^ treaties.-'^ Tin
fdiinal I'ccognition hy Spain took j)lace in tiu; tre;ity
of iSlny -1), 18(1.'), suhsctjuently ratified hy hoth gnv-
ernmeiits. (uiateinala has (Mideavdicd to injiint.iiii
friendly relations with all. Witli the I'nited Statrs
they have heeii (piite cordial. J)uring Carrera's rule
his governinent gave recognition to the imperial vr-
gime of Maximilian in ^Eexieo."" J)uring the Stuiili
American struggle hetwi-en Chile on one side, ami
Peru and lioliviaon tlu; other, (Guatemala maintaini <l
liers<'lf neiiti'al. She accepte<l in IHSI the invitatiiii
of the I'^nited States governnu'nt to he represt'ntcd
-"Tliu iii'iiis ti> 1m! thoMe Cent. Am. iiscd on tin; oIa'lt.'^i! wiili; of liiT r.iin,
but .sti arran^'i'il that tlii^ sun and volcaiKics slimiM lie in the eeutre of u .>hic II,
with the iiis(rii>tion, (iuateiiiala en Centro America, 15 do Setiemlire th' |S"JI,
li.iviuL; in the (juiver an olive erowii.
-' .\ shield divided transver.sely into two (juarter.s; the ujilier one on an
«i)ien lield azure with \ertieal liars argent; and tiie lower with three voliamius
on a liudit t~k\d)lne lieM. Over the shield was a sun, and on each side ni it
two llags with the national eolors dis[ilayed, and the extremities uathinij
downward, and knotteil on the poles. On the right side of the shiihl is an
oak Iiough, and on the left, one of laurel. On a white waving rilihon is tlio
legend in golden letters, Ouatimahe Jies[iuhlica suh 1>. (). M. proteetione.
-■"■'i'lie man-of-w.ir llag has the eoat of arms on the yellow stiMpe. 'i'ln:
mereantile llag doc s not show the eoat of arms. Tlie llag eonsists of mv il
stripes; the ujipii'most and lowermost, or l)e it the 1st ami 7th, hlue; \hr '.M
and (ith white; the ltd ami oth red; and the 4th, wliieli is the eentre our,
yellow. (iiKif,, Jt'icoji. f.ci/., i. "m-S; ]>n'iliin and Lozmn), Ln/. Mc.r., vi. II'.'
•JO; Mr.,:, Col. L,;/. (In/. i 1850-1; i. .'WS-O; .U,r., L,,/., I,S51, IW-'.l N' «
national ilag deereed Aut;. 17, 1S71. Gii'i/., /I'lmp. /.';/(•(, d'oh. Ihiiin<\, i. V.
■•"'With Franei', March )S, 1S48, and one for the settlement of I'n iicli
claims, Aug. IS, ls54: Cosla 11., Marcl I I, 1848; O. Britain, Fel>. -JO, IMH;
U. S., March L'O, 1810; Belgium, Apr. I>.4!t; M'.x., Nov. 1850; the pope, Oct. 7,
185'_'; I'eru, 1857; and others in later limes.
'■^•' < 'roshi/'.i EiriiU in ('"l., MS., l'».'l. It tried to uvoitl ciitilllglements in
the i|m'stions tlien pending hetwecn Spain and Peru. The time came, Imw-
ever, ir 1875, when the govt was not afraid to make n^eognition of ChIki.
then in the throes of revolution for independence from Spain as a nation.
at a ]
ingto
yeai-.
a illi]
Nttlci
C'll||p(
On
I'uiilic
AJanir
c(»nstit
tlicy pi
tile g()i
Il(ii)|('S
it appc;
dt partii
^tiiHk, i
iiionopo
■■ilarinin
J'orarij^
t" aljcvj
fn A
Sacnte
•JIK'Ilt
V
()(
I'
='FidI
^■'.'/■, i. .'to;{
.hiwiU /ill/,
•Uily •_><), ],*;■
'■/l"/„/rri,, ]/
'"■:/■ Mr.,:,
Mriii. I'll^ ,
'-'.Molina
committee w
«"eh, nor wc
■Molina
I'lauscs ojip,,.,,
"""Id Ixi hetl
''■*^<inie of
ininlplc. To
"""'■■' of (Juat
'"'"I '•■my, in
MI|iJ.os,.,l to si
, "Jim Iiidi
■■""1 l',rced th(
UKVOLUTION AND ROBBERY.
Hi
!it a proposed American conj^ress to bo hold in Wash-
ington, hut \viiicli did not take place. In tluit same
year, owinj^ to the maltreatment of a French citi/m,
;i dithculty arose with France, but it was amicaidy
^(■ttli'<l, tlic French Haix beiu'j; saluted, and a pecuniary
<()inpensation allowed by (ruatemala.'"
On the 8th of Ajiril the official journal gave to the
]iiil)lic a decree a])pointin<i^ Fedro ^[olina, Alejandro
Marure, and J, M. Urnula a committee! to frame a
constitution for the new rcpuldic,'" a ])rojcct of which
tlicy presi'uted in due tinu'; but, though conseryatiye,
tlu; ijoycrnmcnt would nttt adoi)t it.'"^ TIh; si-lf-styled
nobles Were delighted with tlieir republic, and made
it ajipear in the rtficial paper that the peo[)le in the
tl( [tai'tments were ('(pially so. Jhit a scjircity of brea<l-
stutfs, attril)uted by many to the conti'iyances of
monopolists, created disturbances in some <listricts,
iil.iniiijig the gityei-nment. Certain taxes were tem-
porarily remoyed, and other measures were adoi)ted
to allcyiate the distress.""'
Ill ^fav there was a revolutionary movement in
Sacatepeipu^z. ' llobbery and nmrder became ot frc-
The goy-
(|uent occurrence in several departiuents.
^'Full jxirtioul.irs on tlu! fdri'igii nliititnis iiiav In- t'omnl in <!iuit., /,'irop.
L;i., i. :{l»:» SI, 4'.':{-:tO: /./., i;,il,. /V,«., i. 'Jt)'.>~l".»; Si/iiirr'.-f Tnir., ii. 4:>l •_';
AiiifiU liril. 1.1, li"., IStiO, ;i;W; lliiiif., <liu\, Fcl). "Jl, Miiivli 7, .M:iy :t, IS.Vt;
.Inly ■_".», l>>^.-.:{; .I:iii. -JT, Aim-. 7, IS.M; Cmw. /.'< 1. Fbuj./s /,'<],/., i. t'.)!'; J>nr-
•■ln,l„l,n\. J/o'.,LM].t, .•i'.'.VS; Mix., Mem. lid., IS">1, l(U| I; Dulilmi iuiA hrj,,m,
/.'•;/. Mcr., V. 7.").")-7; A';-'. i'i>i-i: /.<, May I, .Imu; I, Am,'. 1, liSIlt; A/., (!<u:
III!,-.. I'Vli. '.V), IS.'l; Aug 4, ISliC; f V..s/a 7.'., <!,ir.. Fell. i:i' Matcli i:{, .lunt" 10,
ls:i4; Snlr., <!,u:, Jan. i:{, |S."i4; < •rrtshi/'.i KWnl.t in r,il., MS., itO ."), l(>-_> 4;
/,'■"/«/, (Vu/. X!<:, i. 141-.">; .Siili:, Dinriit <>iii\, Apr. '20, Si pt. •.», 1S7.'); (>niit.,
Mriii. /,',!., ISS'.', *JiJ-7, and anm-.x 8; A-f Kx/nlit ,1, Orrhl., D.o. '_', 1S()4.
^-Molina accoptt'il tliiis trnst holicviiig .Miiii.stLT A/niitia, witli wlioni tlni
cciuiinitti'o wiiiilil liavo to treat directly, was a lilicral; Init A/.niitia was not
.siiL'h, nor Would tlie uri.stocrata liavo piTuiitiid liiin to control tiic .situation.
■'•■Molina accented, under the pressure of circunistaaccs, a uuMil)cr of
1 l.iuses opjio.sed to his own opinioUH, thinking' that a conservative constitution
«ciidd 1k! hctter than an imliriilled dictatorsliij).
■■'Some of the inea«ures being imprudently executed only increaMtd the
tiindile. To make matters worse, the monopoly ol aguartliente in tlie depart-
merits of (iuat., Sacatepe(|uez, Ksciiintla, and Amatitlan, was given to a .single
edMipany, in consideration of money ailvaiices to the treasury. Carrera w;us
!-iili]iosed to shnru in the profits.
'The ]n<tian.s rose against tlie ladinos, who deprived thorn of their lands,
and lorceil them to >vork at rai.iiug grain,
f
•J7_' UKrUBUC OF (JUATEMALA.
rrnmeiit saw ii serious revolution at liand, and uuuK"
efforts to meet it. It tried, liowi'Ver, to show that
the puhlic jieace was not disturhi-d.^ All nu;isui< s
to check the revolution were unavailini>f, and tiu- |>m1-
icy of tlie ruhrs of Sal\a<lor made the eonditioii t.|
affairs more alarming to Carreraand his su|)[tortti>.
Their political opjjonents n(»w thought the overtlii<.\\
of i\\<' tyrant was not far distant. His ((mnsellt.is
advised him to call a constituent coiiijjress, and ])!(•-
visionally plaee the executive office in the hands lA
Vice J (resident Cruz, to which he acceded. The d< -
cree for sunnnoninjjf the congri'ss was issued, and ("111/
assumed the presidency on the 'Joth of January."
Xiijera and Azmitia retired, which indicated a change
(»f policy. This ij^reatly exer<'ised the reactionists,
and the ayuntamiento of (Guatemala, on the 4t]i ct
Fehruary, urgently hegged Carrera to resume liis
office, whereupon Cruz threw it up, and the forni< r
took the chair at once. He or<»anized a new calt-
inet," the persoimel of which was a challenge! to the
whole liberal pai'ty. which therehy was rousi'd to
action. The first act of the government was to revokf
the decree calling the constituent assemhl v. All hopi
of reform was now given U}).
T\\v revolution went on, and notwithstanding occa-
sional reverses made nmch headway, Serapio Cru/, a
brother of the vice-president, and an estimable man and
experienced soldier, taking sides with the mountainecis.
The government was sinking under the weight of its
depravity; and yet in those moments of despair, it
struck a blow at its opponents, ^[olina was arrested
on the lOtli of May. A similar order was issu< d
■"' 'La triiii(|uili<la(l cnntinila inalterabli'.' iliiitl., lt<tr. Ojir., Aug. 11, ISIT.
'I'lic arolibisliKit was a.skod to instruct his priests to jireatli obciliciici' tn the
authorities anu laws; and with thu view ot winning tlie good-will of the I'o-
niinicans tlio govt restored tiieni the large iiaeienda ot I'aleiicia, wiiicli \h\A
l»fon theirs prior to 1^>•J'.». Tiie property had fallen into Carrera 's hamls liy
donation from the government, and now, in order to restore it to the friars, it
was honght from him at his own price.
^' Carrera's decrees of .Ian. 1*2 and 22, 1X48.
*" Foreign relations, .lose Mariano Rodriguez; government, Luis IJatres;
trea.siiry and war, .lose Niijera.
^i'ini, (irs • '," ''^ -"'r-.I tlu. ..)„t,.,,.„ „(. I. .
'"-;' tl.< r with MuUnn J ''''^^^''''' «'«I>piv.ss,.J ••''
;"•<'•■•• <'^ the court <,r hVst '^"'""" -'^^'"•■»- A„
- '•'■ -I?a-^1 aa.r so L t .r:;^''";;- • '^^'"' i'^-'— ^
-;""s of tho fort. T : (Z '^''''i ^'' ^''^' •J^'"-
'"?;;; ^^'tl* the oover.nnCnt - ^ ^^ ^''•^^•-" tinned ..Ih-
' ''*' position (if f I,
"""■'■ "i't<'nal,l,, « .;fir'"''""',"",' T'"'' '"'"l.v ''"■.."liM.'
''•■'>-^ l"/"rc tl„. install„ti„ ,"'::: ^"t l''«'" " f-w
; I'^ty M. l.i,,,,,,,, ,,., ■\' -^J ^Ij'-Ntly .m.st.,.l tl.e
"'■" '""'V. T),o liix. ',.*^: 7,:;;' '"« -i.».i.s.sion";;
'■""l'''"">'t,u' t^K ■"■ ''^^"''-'''. tl" ass, J,i' ."''■'■'■•^"' tiio .ui.l.ii;, ,,„„,"
274
IIU'UBLIC OF (irATKMAKA
wiinlidutc; of tlioir own, mid tli<; nactionists, tlioin^li
liJivinjj^ a workiiiLj iMiijority in tlie asscinljly, iium
iiiotivrs (»f ]M)liry al>.staiin(l iVoin pn'Si^ntinuj oiio nj
tlicir paity; Imt tliry i'mally fixed Ujton a politit.il
nonentity, wlio waH known to In; in accord witli Xuti..
and tlio ri.'Volutioni.sts of ('lii(|uinndji, nanioil fJu.ii!
Antonio ^Faitincz,*' Ix'lievinLj tliat tlioij;j^li a liltnal
hi) Would not l)e anta^jonistic to their interests. Tin
assembly was installed r»n tlie Ijtli of August wifli
]*edro Molina presidinuc, wlien Carrera sent in tliici
doeinneiits, one (if wliicli was liis roiinf nation," wliicli
was aeee)>te<l, no attempt luinii^ made to ch'tain liiiii,
as it was tlio •general desin; tliat lio sliould leave the
countrv
Mart
niez was apjiom
.t.'d 1
lis sueeossor
4>l
Tlie new president kept ( 'arrera's officers in tluir
<'<»mman(is.'' His appointment did not satisfy tli.'
chiefs «tf tlie revolution,'*"* and tlirougli eommissioui i>
thoy made known tluMr demands, dated August 'J7tli.
in f 8 articles/" The governnu'iit rejecte<l them, itiir
I decree rcnuirinL'; their submission offered cert.iiii
m
ti^iins, which in their turn were not accei)ted, and tli'
war wont on.
Colonel Nufio had made an arrangiineut with c'lin
inissioners ])u(;nas and An<>;ulo of Salvador for tin
organization of Los Altos as a separate state. TIii>
** A inercliaiit or agent; lio w.is sickly, and totally unfit for the jiositimi.
*'Tlio (itlicr two wuru iiis nics.sagi! on ai-n. all'airs, ami his gruetin;; Id tlir
chaiiiher on its installation. Xir., (inf. (loh. Siii>rnn., Sept. 10, IMN; .Sulr.,
(,'w. Ofir., Si'pt. it, ISTti; M'lii/ii/di; /i'isi-iki Hist., v. 470, 4!t4-r)08.
*■' llis proscription was ducrui'il on tliu l.'lth of Oct., 1848. //<;/. <'iiil. .1" ..
Jan. '_".>, IS.IO. Ho went to Chiapa, and the Mrxiean govt was re(jui^st<il in '.
to li't him cross tiie frontier. El Sh/lo, Jan. 10, 18.J1.
*"This was an unmerited slight to Vico-prosiilent Cruz, which hn rcsiiit' .
afterward.
*'' His ministers were ManiU'l J. Dardon of the L;i>vt; Jose .M. Vidaiin'' ■ '
treasury and war, and Luis Molina of foreign relations.
'"Francisco C'arrillo, Serapio Cru/, Roberto Reyes, J. I). Nutio, anl A.
I'ercz.
'"The chief heiug tlu! convocation of a new constituent assenilily: tli'
recognition of I..oa Altos as independent, cfiVirts to restore tlie Ccntrd .\iii
republic, and meantime (luat., iSalv., and Los Altos, to be under one L'ovt;
the revolutionary army to hold the capital an<l other important points; l!,it:ii I
and Sotero Carrera and their agents to make good with their jimpii'ty all
damages caused by them to private persons; objectionable jier.sons to h'' l'''"i-
ished, and the Brit, govt to be asked to recall Consul Chatlield.
^-^v
J?^
Tliey wc
•^■'dwidor
uiiich Jia
•''•>*pair o
'''"■rals ai
" 'lieij. ,,„
^'•\|TOVis
K't,„.l ,1^. ,,^ rj
»■•■''■ /'/., 5«S-
,, ,; "'eilold
roLlTlCAL I'AKTIFX
•»
,1„. .
n ■
,.l A.
•; th.'
I Sm.
,j„vt:
ll.it."'
rtv all
, l,;m-
I'otisrd tlic aristoomts, aiul tluir spokcHnian, Aiuliou,
iiijidc such lu'oiMl statt'iniMits in tlio cliamluT that tlu;
|iri^i<l<'iit accused hiui of talschcHMl, and closed the
dis.ussiou. Tho aftiiir W'lhiied the hreacli aiuoiij^
till' liheials. Luis Moliiiain. 'ori^anizeda third party,
tli.it took tht' iiaiut! of nio(h>ra«l<> iM(»st of wlioso nu'Ui-
iit rs wore Ironi the liheral jt.irty and tho latter was
lift Jiu almost insiLjnificaut miiiorify. 'i'he aristocratic
|»;tity, alheit divided in a|tj)earaiiee. was really united.'"'
I, us Altus.
Tlioy wore uiscjuieted, howm'er, hy the attitute of
Salvador in ui)holdin<^ the independtin-e <»f Los Altos,
wliich had been organized as a state;"' l»ut did not
(Ifspair (jf breaking up the friendship between the
lilxrals and the i;overnnient of Salvador."" The aris-
"Tliuir only division was in ojien ami covert scrvilcs.
' A provisional govt was estalilislieil at yuc'/Jiltunani,'o on tin- .V.li fif Sept.,
IS4S, consisting of a trinnivirate; namely, I'resliyter Fernamlo Antonio jtavili,
lvii;it'l lie la Torre, ami .lose Velazeo, with Manuel . I. Fuentes as Heereta;\-
t.(!i. A/., 58S-S): Gwtf., (In,:, Sept. t2l', 1848.
-The nolilcs, aided l)y the elergy, snrronndcd tho hrothers C'niz, and Luis
.Mvliua uudurtook to dissuade Nulio, who was a very ignorant man.
^11
I' !
:^l
It
I
i
1*''
1 .
1
'
'JTH
UKl'niJI.ir <1F (iUATKMALA.
tocrats s c tluiiisdvus t<> work to luivi; a motion iii.kIc
by a iilx ral in tlio as.st'iiil>ly for the coiifirniatioii df
('arr(>ra's decree of ]\lareh "J I, 184", to create tlio rc-
]»ul>lic of (iiKitcMiiala. Siicli an act on tlie j)art of the
liWerals would alienate from tliem the support of the
Sahadoraiis, Jiiid reduce them to a nullitv. And \vi
ilarrundia inadi> the motion,"" and it was rect'ived witli
a shout of ap])l;uise, and passed on the 14tli of Sr])-
tend)er, with only iwo nei^ative vote
T]
lis ratiti-
cation was hailed with rini^injj^ of hells iuid sahosdl"
artilh TV.
The revolutionists of J^os .Vltos heiui^ defeated at
San Andres,'' were ohliu'ed to submit, hut the situa-
tion of the government was made precarious hy thr
defeat of XuHo by the brothers Cruz, who approadird
the capital.'" Liiable to neo'otiate jteace, MartiiK / ii -
si'j,ned the executive otlice, and Jose ]:Jernardo Mscohar
SU(
'ceeded him «)n the 'isth of Novend)er,
T\
le III W
president found all his j)l;in>^ antau^onized by the aris-
tocrats and moderados, and the cleruy ospi-cially niis-
tiu
4ri\ h
dm and his ministers.
lie miuht cie
ilv
have dissolved the assembly, but the act would li;ivc
been ri'pu^nant to his principles. He concluded tn
retirt^, but liis resignation w;is not accepted.''' Vicente
Cruz demanded the surrendtM' «>f the ca[)ital, oil'eiiiiL;'
security for life and pro[)erty, a few jn-rsons only e\-
■'■'Tln' iici'i'ssity iif {irnruriiii; iridiuy fur thi' wac, wliioli ooulil not 1"' hu'l
cxi'i'pt troiii piirtisuns of tlio nliLrari'lis, jiroiniitt'd it, as tluy iiiatU; that act nf
ratitu'atuin a .siiu' ((ua iioii
W/»r(|'., <;,l. I., II..
licl.
1
it; .1/'
iiiouiiiiig tlii'ir |mrsf-striuf;s.
i/iilin
l,\
1 1 ill., V. r)!S4--r). (iau'
and I'iiu'ila da Mniit, tlio (itliiT lilitials tiyiiiL; ti> jioi'siiadc tiioiusulvcs tluit lli^
sojiaiatioii would lie only tciiiiioraiy.
■liv Col M. I'ai-dos. (.
11(1/.
11
Xi
i;,ir
V. cm; s. c,:'A it.
Sii]>,
Sopt. '."J. KS4S; A/., (■,-/. /,.//.
Nov. l!S, 'Jo, I>oo. it, 1S4X; Moii/iif'ni; I,',.fiiit
fill ;i;
The attempt to gain over Xiilio to tho side of the fjovt ]iroviiij;
fid, lie had lieeii
'I'P
iiitud
president X'ieeiite ( ri
coniandanto giiier
111. On the other liainl, \ iii
selection of Mart
smarting under the slight jmt upon liiiu hy tl
St tl
Inez tor pros., joined hi
liroth
le gov
t. A/.,
u.V), TiTO 1, ,")NS, .V.)l.
cv Serapio lu Ins anneil c<iiite>t
Hseohar Mas an orator, a true repiiMieaii, and well disposed to dei!
fairly liy all men, regardless of jiolitieal atliliatioiis.
11
is ministers were l{evd Nareiso Monterev, of covt; Basilio l'iiri"i
relations; Mariano (Jalvcz Irungaray, of treasury; and Manuel Joiia
old retired otli
lii;i, all
.f .M.
:.f
'Thu two opposing parties had not yet li.vcd upon his successor,
liiMiilc
• •/■af. ((
wcic n
.ulirr ^
'.! 'It, (
1' Was
I'l.i'-is ]■(
-'lid rwai
<Viiz W(
^M.Mvh.
I'V a bul
< .■JlJ'ei
/I.lMrs
"f i]iv II
.IS. ||f,.,j_
'lifirailt
1 ',v;;! h'b..
li;i\iii-- ;i
*v'l|r;cahei
'■■Tlie M,
''"'■A Mho w,.
,. "'A large,
tl"ll are give,
'Jii foriiiii
»""l~!ers Were
'"'■i M.niiel T
'""lt;;.v/ol,ee
'" '■!'■ I>riiie
"•''■ 'Ih' arniv
"'^•■inny; ,.1,:,,
'''■t-< i.-illseil i.ri
I.J ■ri .'
, ""• •■irist.
,'''!' lillOWll fli;
'"'"'■•' they h.i,
''*'^ '"^ana'fur (
I:KATI1 OF VICKNTK CltUZ.
m
!lis-
\'
Vf
In
\\W
(■\-
;it ill''
,".0 :;:
II. I .
O.'t'sS-
Vuv-
I'.v ^''^
loiiti-l
III. an
((|i;i(l."" Till' ncu^otlatlons for ]>oa<v liaviii^'- failed,
K-( mIimi" a soroiid tiiiio sent in liis rcsii^iijitioii, and it
W.I- a<fo|)tod, vitli marked disr('s|»Mt on the ])art of
tl;. scrviles and niodcrados."' Nlaiiutl Tcjada was
(iM'^-iri jtrL'sident on the oOtli of 1 )( cenilM-r, and de-
clliM il llio honor. ^lariano I'arcdes was then a^v.
jioiiitci!, on tilt! 1st of Jaiuiaiy, IS4I), and took tlio
(latii which liad l)e<>n ]>i'e])ared l»y Paredes. hut he soon
prijuitd liimself, I'ollowinnf e\|ilicith' the advice of
hui> Uati-es, and tlins heconniiL;' a tool of the aristo-
crats tolii'inL;- hack ( 'ari'ei-a to}»owei'.''' Arran;4enients
\\t ic made M'ith the mountaineers, under which Ihi^-
iidii r Vicente Cruz, liaving recoirni/ed tlie ^oMi-n-
III it, entere<l (luatemala on the Dth of Fehruary.*^'
J! was )i(ttieed, howevci", that Serapio C'ruz and other
I'M' is remained outside. The men of A,;4'usLin i*ere/
alt'iward committed several murders, and Vicente
(ill/, went against and del'eatod them on the "JOth of
M iich. hut while cno-aged in the pnisuit was struck
liy a liullet in the <-hest and fell deail."'
( auera was known to he on the fr(»ntiei', and
l)a!r<s und(.'rtook to ohtain tlie assent of the chiefs
I't' the mountain for his return. Not all of tliein
a-sinted, howevei'. Seraj'io ( 'ruz issuini^' a very sIl;--
liilic.iiit manifesto. (Jeneral Anustin (uiznian, the
I'V;;! lihei'al leader, Well understood JJatres' aims, and
!ki\1iil;' a force at J luehuetenan^o made a movt; on
<^'ni /.altenango, defeatinj^' a larL;'e party of Indians, on
'''I'iii' -Mdlin.is and AiTivillMi,';is, Vicl:iuiii', l):irilnii, I! irr\iiiili:i, ami Mar-
•iiiir,'. Mill) wiTo lulil iv.<piiiisiliK,' tor till' 1;1i)im| aliiMily spillcil.
' ' .V lar;^!' iiimilicr of oliifial docs. I'onaei'tcd \\ iili tlir 1 i>t two ailiiiiiii-itfa-
•..111 arc given in Mvihij\n; Hisiim J/isf., v. .V.i;i (itll, lill, (;-.'-J-4t, li'.l.') Tl.'i.
Ill loriiiin^ liis caliiiict lie f^liglilcd Luis Moliiii and his uarl.s . Ili>
iiiiiii-tcrs wiro .Tosc .Mariano llodriciicz, llaynniiido .Xrrovo, .lo.-a.' .\|. L iiini i,
.11 1 \1 iiiui'l Tcjada. Arroyo was sncccodod in AiitJ. liy I'l'dru N. .\rriana,
iiiil C ic/o lieuainc iiiiii. ot war.
'•"The iirinoipul clauses wcio: the revolutionary furotj.s to lie iiicor|iorated
"itll the army of the reimhlii'; Vicente ( 'crna to liecoiiie geucralin iliiit of
tiU' army; tleetions of deputies to hti inailo in iiiireiiresciitcd districts; daiii-
i-i's c uised [irivate jLirtics liy the army to he jiiid liy the govi'rniiitMit.
''''I'lic aristocr.its made a ^;reat display of re^'ivt at his ileatli, Imt it was
«'!] known that they did not love him. In cliiiiinatiii:.' him from the nvo
utioM they liMil in view to wc.ilicu tliu latter, 1ml .still wanted it to continue
■'! a i.iLdua fur Carrura'a ruluni.
'J7S
liKl'UBLIC OF OUATKMALA.
(•••lll-
tlic wav, at San IWtolonic. This move furtlior
j)lii-att'tl atiairs, and J^atres resolved to i^et rid of lum
hy sultterfujjfe."' Then; were constant skirmi.slus du
the frontier, ( c^rrera liavinuf under liiin a eonsidt laMc
nuinlu'r of Indians."" lie; finally reached Quc/altr-
(1 til
il>l
1 th
nanufo, and tlie a.sseniolv (sniitowerecl tJie <jovcrmiitiii
to institute nieasui'eH for an active cani})ai;4ii." On
the l.'Jth of April, just ten years after the oecupatinimf
dnateniala l>v Carrera, his second entrv had heci
I aii-
iiounei'd. JNindes swoi'e to defi'iid the city ai^aiiist
Carrei'a,"^ which oath he never intended to ke(|i.
Major X'ictor Zavala, coireinidor and coinaiidante nt'
8uchite|»e(|Uez, niad(^ common cause with ( ai ii i;i.' '
Pared
es.
tl
le adNlce or
J
UIS
liati
!'es and auaiiist ihf
wishes of tin,' lihei'al and niodeiado leadi'rs, oim ind
neti'otiations with ( 'iii'it'ra, which resulted in the miIi-
mission of the latter" and his forces at (^)ue/altenaiiue,
whei-eupon it was decreed that all hostilities au.iiii^t
him were to cease: the order forhiddiiiL;' his retmn
was re\'oked, his laiik of lieutenant-iji'eneial was iv.
store<l, and finally he was j^iven the command-in-( hii t'
aiHi
«tf the army. '^I'he comi)aet Itetweeii the olii;ai'chy
*■' I'iin'ilcs iiiikIi^ liiiii liflifve tlii' j;(ivt really iiiloiidiMl tu (i]i|iii.si' ( .irnii
]Iu also ])1ci1l;i'(1 tlii!<;ovl to inotict Jios Altos, :iiiil jinividi: fur the ,i.l\.iiiir
iiKMit cit ciliuMiKiii .iinl (•(iiniiK r<(' in tliat riMiiuii. I'lidir Midi iilidi^i ^ ( hiz
IIIMII
ilaccil iiiiiisflf .'iiiil liis (.»in/altocs at the .scpv
li't' ()
f tl
ic t'ovt ail'
ri'Cili'il to tlic i'a|)ital, Mmtl nfur, /,'is(iiii J/i-/., v. Tli'.l 71.
J;i
-Mtl
iiu wriito the
I't from Avnto tlial lie was on liis in.iii h t.
tlio capital, not to iiV(
ailniniisliation, or lal
ln' Kaiil, tlic insults litajnil upon liiin li_\ Mait
111(7.
up l)y-;;on('!
I)iit t
ils.siinlilv,
.'fori! wliii'h liis li'ttir was la
n restore peai'e iilid jllstli
o rai.si! a i<ii'eigii
in ot one inillion d
■ pt
tilopteii IK) peso
lull
other friendly .stati
d if
iieeessarv to roiiKAe
th
to proeiire
'I'
•apital. After ;;iaiiti
sneh ]po\\er the a.s.seiiilily adjourned, leavinu in tiie eity a 'eoiiiision |ieiin.i-
iKinte
'■^ Mi
!^"'
,t ^aiil that aid ail'orded to ( 'arrera was treason under thi d,
.f Oet. i:i, I.S4S. Ministert
Uroyo ani
^
I Teja
a III a inanilcsto as-uri'd tliu
lie of the >:o\ eiliinelit.s liest etlorts to defeat his projeets. j\i<:, <!
laieh 17, IS4'.t. It is astoiiishiiijf that an i;,Mioraiit man like I'areili
so easily hooclwink Luis Molina and tluM'est. They soon opened their eyi-'
to see till! falsi iiess of tiic man they had elevated troiii the eoimnauil ol a h;it-
talion to the eliief mauistraey, ai.<l who was on the point of eonsuminatiiii.' lii^
trcai'hery. ( iuzmaii saw throiij.di his plan, and t'scajied out of the eity wilh :i
liiilier of his (,)iie/,altee ollieers I'lnil men, a
.1
,1.1
in reaehiii:
S.ilv:i-
lleli
on HiH'in^' the outram's of Loon l{aymil
iist joined the mountaineers, and aided tiiem to take .lutia|pa. Imt
do, lie left them in di
Ust.
'Zavala vas eonneeted hy lilootl and marriage with siipiiorter.s of Cir-
rem in tliu aristocratic cliiiuc,
" Tlie
111'- eliief
M!': .\l„
■' llv
I'll.ii. ,,„
d(.r iir,
TllK WAl; OF IS.-)!).
■JT'J
li.irliJiri.sni was consiiuimatctl.'" lie assumocl tlio coin-
iiiaiid <»ii tlif Htli of AuiL^ust, and t)n that date and the
\>{\[ 1k" issued i>ro('laniati(tiis convcyiiii^ his purpose of
K-toiiiii;' peace niid order, and assuiiiiu^ tlie people
that he was IVee ironi liatred."' Hut the work of
\( ii^eaiice soon l»e<4aii. I'^tl'orts were made toeoiiveiie
til. asseiiihlv with thi- ohject ill view of arrestiiii; the
llKcral deputies who Noted for ( 'ai'1'err.'s pi'oseriptioii
ill I sis,'' hut many of tliem had Wvd, aii<l only those
rniiainiii^ weic contiiied in the fort hv Carrera's order
witliout remonstrance on the part of tin- j)resid<'nt.
It, is also said that some persons were shot. Such of
the prisoners as did not cravis Carrera's ]»ardon were
loired to leave the country.''
Tiie difference in the jtriiiciples underlying- the p<ilicy
111' t lie rulei-s of ( iluatemala and Salxador, and tlie hit-
ter animosity existing' hetween tliein, hiouu'lit ahoiit a
w.ii' in iSoO, in which Salvador, Honduras, a,iid the
(|i iiiociuts (»f Xicaran'iia were allied against (iuate-
iiiala.'' President \'asco!icelos in\aded ( Juatemala,' '
"" Tlif liist tWd iKiiios wen: <it' .hiiK- 4tli and .-itli. II is .iiiiiiiintiiifiit to
iIh chill coiii!iiaii(l was on tln' 'M ol AiiU- -Xi''-, < nrr. /</., .Iiilv I, S('|>t. I,
Isl'.l; Mmi/n/.n; /;..■« j„i ///W., v. 77".t Ml, T-M .').
■' 111! Iiail ciiirn' (lisiKPsiMi to ilo liis <iiity, lit' .said. 'I'hu ayiiiitaniiciito of
• •iiiit. oil tin: Hull lit AuL'. ;;avo a ))aiiiiiirt in lionor of <'aii'iTa. 'I'ln' loiio^^i-
iliii' iiiisi(li:cl, liaviiii; on liis riL'lit I'arcili's, ami on tlir li'tt (arnia. (linU.,
(;.'.■.. All-. •-•:!. isj'.i.
Tlir I'liiiiision [KTinamnti' liail rr['if.si'iiti'>l tiio ilanf.;i:r to tlii',i,'o\t iii'lori'
C.iiiiTa iiiliTiil tiif rity, ami it.s rt'|irisiiilatioii.s ninainiiiL,' uiiliriilcil; it again
nil till' 'JTtli of ,luly I'aili'il till' ultriition of tin' iiiiiii.strr of goNirniMcnt, ilu-
luiiiiling r(;i|iii.situ jiroti'ttion for tlio i'f|ii'i!Sfiitativrs. Sii> Amlrcs J >aiilon'.s
|. ttir ill Miiiihii'ir, I'lsifin Hist., \. SII-I'J.
■ 15arrunilia liail jiono to Salv. Jiiiis .Molina wa.s now ilifialnl, and hail
to t;o away, llu vi.-ilicil to visit San S.ilvailor, Imt riniM not faio Va.ii'oiK'u-
!<■-, ami went to Aliiiacliaiiaii. Ivv-[iri'.siili:nt Ivsioliar, who, a.s jiri'siilrnt of
till i'-i.Hi'inhly, .''ij.tinil tin; ]irosuri|ition aut of Oct. Ill, rMfS, iliiil in I'.vilc, ]iiPor
.iinl iiii.suralili'; tiu' two Nuli.scriliiiiL! Mcd'rtai'irs wiii' Maiinrl Jinimaray, whom
t'.uirr.i caiist'il to he ."hot some time aftii\\aril, ami J.oren/.u .Montiifar, tlio
author ami utali'sinan.
' \'asi'oiii'ilo.-i, jiri'siili'lil of Salv., lire, I, l.S."iO, aiinouiiri'd to lin |i'o|ili'
thit fiirers of (iauti'iiiala wilo ahoiit to invadi' thr iir|i.irtmiiit of SoiiMHiate,
«iih tiir view of imiting tlie inhahitant.s to rehel aLiain.it their ;;oviriiineiit.
.\i; liii, .Ian. 10, IS.M, he Nets forth the motives actiiatinj; tlie oliiiiinhs, who
liiil Caiiera tor their tool, ami I'.ritish ( 'misiil ChatliiM Inr their alls, whnh
«ere to ile.stroy ( eiitral Ameriean lihiilus, ami to ilominier over the other
.-•iitiims. <'(ul. Am. /'iiiii]i/i., vi. niw. 'J ami ;i.
'I'lio iiliji etive JMiint was the eity of Onal., whieh the allies felt .-llie of
' i|'turiiig, to jmlj^e from the eoiitext of a letter Iroin I'llefias to \ a«ooiieelos
el .Ian. 'M, 1S.-)I. ('(III. Am. /''Unjifi., iv. no. IT
im
1
"I B-
J
I
KLI'UBLK' Oi' CIJATK.MALA.
at the hoiul of an allicil lorco of Salva<l()rans, Hondu-
raiis, and Xifura<j^uans, Itiit srcnis to liavo mot with a
signal <l(*feat at the liaiids of an iiifci'ior force und(>r
Carrcni, lu'ar Arada, in ( 'lii(juiniula, on the 2d (if
Fchruaiy, wliieh coinjx'lh'd a |)reei[>)tate retreat uito
S;
uvadoran territorv
(
tl
irrera men mare
lH>d
across
tlie lint' and established Iiis lieadtiiiarters in Sant
na.
' and estahlislied Jus liea(l<iiu
'I'his move demanded vin'orovis measun^s
)iii-
tlie [uu't tif Sahador for self-defence
(arrera wrote; the <>oveinment of Salva<lor Fel
ary i2lN1, that, undi'rstandinn" it wishi'd to make pea<'k'.
))nt hesitated to ])ro]tose it because of the presence vi
(jruatemalan troops in Sahador, he would reci'oss ll
me, startniu; on thi' next daA
\'et the war colli ill
ueil, until a (letinitive treaty <irj)eaee hetwc^en <aiat.'-
niala ami Sahador was concluded at (iuatemala nn
tlie I "til of .August, ISj;!, and ratitied by Guatemala
on the 14th of Septejuher. "
The ci\il stiife i-ai^iiii;' in Guatemala led to dilli r
eiices with 1 1 oiidui'as. whose ^'overii men t was accused mI
ta\();in;j,' the lehels of the mountain. {{ccriminatieiis
and
lorder raids ensued, which culniina
ted
m a
thr
0(3
'ears \\ar
lit
■tw
ecu
the t
Wi
countries, ( (Uateniala aiu-
ing (jiuardiola and otliei' eiuMuies of ( 'abahas, the |
ire>I-
'( 'arroru's I'l'pmt from the licl.l cciiit^iiiicil tin' followi
aiMc
I lii.ss oil till' part of the couft'ilcratcs ot ")'JS
1, '-'0(1 iMisdiicis, 1,(1(10 III)
kfts
kill.Ml
llooil.s
Hut t '
Illll
I 11,000 roiiiuls <il uiniiiiiiuti
wliilti Ills casualtit'.s wore oiih
,1 1'.
WOlUli
\r,[. Tl
Til
at was iirolialily <iii(
it
liaraitcri.stic
tals
Salvailoraii iiiiiiisti'r called it
'iTcra was ]iroiiiotiM
to I)
rat'ia sciisihlc aiiiii|iio [n'<|iR'ua
)0 ('a|itaiii-^'i'iii'ral, anil a nieiiiorial iiicual wm
struck ill lioiior of liis victory. Fri^r/i, J)if Sfiin/in, '.IS; Aft'tlninuvin, Cmt.
• t;
SO I: S'<b\, M,
IS'JI -).
I'clt. t'ltli, iii.irtial law was ]M-oclaiiii(Ml; l.'itli, all iikmi cajialilc of 1)
icro called into scrvi
were declared traitr
tl
tlio>'e lailiiig to (iliey, or aidlllL; tlie lllvaMir
10 a.s.sciiii)
Iv deerecil a forced loan of tf_M,(MKl
iMoiitlily diiriiif; the continuance of the Mar. Xh-., i'or. />•/., .March \'i, iS.'il;
Sab: Jiirrifii, in (inf. Am. /'ninjili., iv. no. ll!
'lie would retnn
fitidf., Iliili/iii (ll- Xoli'
owevcr, if jicaccfnl overtures were not made .it our
March 1, IS,')!.
Tl
e connni.ssioners wi
re .Manuel I'". J'avon for <Juatcniala, and Francisco
ZaMi
f.
ir Salvador.
Jt
wan a trca
ty of
amity and comnicieo, calling alsi)
for extradition of army cleserters and eoinmon criniiiials ujioii formal diMiia
for them. I'olitical refii
ge(
re tl) lie made to live at a consiileraiile dis
taiice from the frontier. Neither contracting ]>arty had to ](ay any pcciiiiiary
indemnity. (Iiiiit., /'rrnji. I.iy., i. 4;{| H; i'lt.itu It., (Iiwilii, .Sept. 10, \^yM
Jan. ;(0, 1S,")4; Hunt.., ancc/ti
IS.-.:!.
(Ii'll
latt(
ell I
nieli
nity
Ili'ife
iin (s
fieii.
wliicj
<le|,i
i;ir.
I'lulu' nil
•l-Tei d IIJ
'llt^, .\il
filled I.ei
"lilell Iiei
'■'II. .Nov.
l.s.-.;!; /',,.
l'''-'~iiii: .1
•-'\ ivvi-
/•'/,•,,/, ()..
ill. II, I, I,.;,, I
ll '('/,„ ,/,,
■'Tliecl
'■"■It., ami
i'«l'tl<'.s to.s
I'l.iiined.
|"Cll||i;||.y
"■'". I'l I.. J
'■' I iidcr
'■Ml assemi
jll^tiee.s of
'lii-lit l)u re
I"' ".is to I
I'l'' lioti.se o
Inle power.s
'•'"•c.iuiicil
"■'!■. Make J,
■iNal.iiity, tl;
"I'der (if ,.j,,„
""f'l the lion
'"■''>'■■ .1 choie
'I'lil, tliegov
■'■'■"'• was for
^•'•'>-, an.
ir
.sii
KKOUiiANIZATION OF (;«)VKUNMKNT.
■-•SI
(lent of Honduras, in tlieir attempts to overthrow tlio
latter. '^' At last a treaty was concluded at ( Juateniala
oil the l.'Uh of '"'ehruary, iSjG, which the s^overn-
iiunt of (Juateniala ratitietl on the oth of April/'
The victorious ai'istocrats now saw their opportu-
nity to reorj^anizc; the n'overnnient under a systi'in
iii'irc in accordance with their iiieas; that is to say,
iii\t stinjjf the executive with power to crush revolu-
timi. l*aredes sunnnoned th(; constituent asseinhly
wliich had hceii called hy ( 'arrei'a's decree of May I't,
l^l^!, and it was installed on the Kith of August,
|S,)|. This l)o<ly on the 19th (»f {)ctolter adopted a
iiru constitution under the title of Acta ( 'onstituti\a
(Ic It Hi'puhlica de ( Guatemala, containinn- IS articlcs/-
KllnrtH wcri' iiKulo l)j- tho sister stittus to nvcit ;i war, .vinl ivcii alter it
l.niUe (Hit Salvailor ediitiiuied her ellnrts. I'lelmiifiaries ot jHaee liail lieeii
iiiiii ei| uiKiii, anil iieudtialiniis elite rcl into at ( '(>jiile]iei|iie liy the twii lielliirei-
ciit-. Salva(hir acting as ineiliattir at thi; cniileieiiees; hut tliis ellort also
I nil I because the c<iiiiiiiissii)ner at the last iiioiueiit ]ireseuteil an ultiinatnm
mIiiiIi neither Salvailur nor Moiiiluras deemeil just, iloiiil., <liicitii Ojl''., Oet.
:!U. Nov. IT), 'M\ Dee. ]."), I.S.".1.>; /./., liolrlin Oji,-.. Oft. i:(, Nov. li^ I >ee. .'),
I.v.;!: /V/r:, Mmi. JH<I. Hn: XU:, IS; (liait. (/ar,/ii, July S to Nov. II, js.'i.'i,
|.s,iiir, Jan. '21, Fuh. •J4, Se^it. 'J-J, IS.-.h A/V., <!,„rf,i, Aug. 'JO, JS.Vi; Feh.
■J^. IV.4; <'i-.sAf A'., (;,ir</,i, Iho. I'-', KS.'):{; Jan. 7, IS, Feh. •_'», Mareli 4, 18.".4;
A/ /.'../. Oet. i:{, KS.")4; Feh. -Jl, .Mareli 7, lN.V>; /'ni;,,,!,!. ,lr I',,-, in V.nl. Am.
I'luiji/i., i. no. UO; iv. no. 41. Jt seems troin (iiiateniaian sourees that tho
Ihniiliiians iiivaileil (iii.it., ami were ileleaticl at Atnlajja .Inly I'J, I.S,">.'{. <!iiitt.,
llitilni til' ytitr'iiix, All}.'. ."), |.S.")I!.
"'Till! eoiriinissionei'H lieiiii; I'eilro re Ayeiiieiia, iiiin. of foreign aii'airs of
<lii:it., aiiil Floreneio ( 'astiUo fnrlloinl. This treaty hoiiiiil the eontrael iiig
|inilirs to .surrcmler deserteis from eillier army, ami eonimon erimin iN, when
eliiiiieil. I'olitioal refugees were to he kept awav from the froiilier. No
ji' luiiiary iiuleninity wa.s slipulateil. Cital., lUftiy. /.<;/., i. 4:!.'{-ti; (,'iiiit., liu-
"'■I. Fell. 10, is")t;.
■- I'liiler this law tho [iresiileiit was to he eho'-en for four ,\eaiM hy a geii-
I 111 asseinhly coiii|iostcl of the hoii-e of n ^ i-esentatives, the an hhisho|i,
ju^luesof thu sujii "■ eiu.it, ami the iiuiiiln is of tlie eoiiiuil of state. llo
iiiijlit ho roelet'teil. ..ire heing Jilaeeil in [(ossessioii of the e.xeeutive olliee,
111' «as to lie sworn h^ the archhisliop who luesiiliil, for the oeca.iio.i, over
llii' liouse of rejire-ientatives. The e.\eeiiu\ e w,is clnlheil w itli uliiiosl aliso-
lui.' [lower.s, being authorized, among otlii r tilings, to issue, iu aeeord w itli
till' eniineil of state, decrees having the force of law, to raise loans, declare
\> 11. make peaeo, ratify treaties, etc. in the event of his death or ji. rmalieat
lii-iiliility, the executive duties devolved temjioraril^ on the niini.sters in their
mill r (if seniority; and in default of them, on the iiiemhers of tin council;
iiiifjl the house of lepri^seiitatives, to he forthwith siiinmoiied, could meet and
111 il%i; a choice in general assembly. l»uriiig teiii|iorary absences of the iiie>i-
il'iil, tlie governineiit devolved on the couneil of ministers. 'J'lie eoiineil of
M.it. Was formed of llu! cabinet ministers, eight menilurs cliost ii by the con-
^11 - , ami such others as the executive miL;lit appoint. Tliuy held olliee for
''1
1
m
: 4
i,'-l
1 *
ii'ii^lii l
;il'l'
282
REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA.
Another docroe rogulated the election of representa-
tives of the chureli and other corporations in the
national congress.'*^
The constituent assembly having by the 18th ar-
ticle of the acta rescrvcil to itself the right of choosing
the president foi' the constitutional term from Jaimary
1, 1852, to January 1, 185(5, chose the only possible
candidate, Rafael Carrera,^* who on the appointed day
assiM'jed the executive office. His reputation ft)r
courage, respect for the church, and other circum-
stances secured a firm sui)[)(>rt to his administration.
On the 21st of Oetober, 1854, (Airreia was proclaimed
by a general junta of su])erior authorities president
for life,^'' and the house of representatives on the 2'Jtli
of January, 1855, passed an act exempting the presi-
dent from all responsibility for the acts of his gc»\-
ernmeut, and devolving it on his ministers.^" This
four years ami might l>c rci'lccti'd. Tlio fullowiuj,' tiuictioiiarics iiiit(lit al>n lio
ealU'il liy till! exi;i'iui\e to tako jiart iu tlii; (K'lihuratioii.s and vote, iiainuly:
till' ari'litii.sliops, liisliop.s sojouriiiim in tliu ca[)ital, rt'^cnte of tlio .siqircnio
court, j)ri'siil«nt of tlio ccolc.-iiafitii'al iliaptiT, rector of tiic university, jiiinr of
tiio coiisulailo, jiresiilcnt of the sociedad econdinica, and conianthintu general.
Tiic house of representatives consistecl of 5,") deputies elected for four years.
The cahiiiet ministers had si'ats in the house, which was to njien its session
Nov, l.'.")tli, and close it .Ian. .'Ust. The administration of justice was in-
trusted to a sii[)ri'nie ami lower courts. 'J'lie former consisted of a re^ciuc,
six justices, and one fiscal or attorncy-ucneral, all clm.sen l>y the couj^ress for
four years, one half lieinir renewrd cviy two years, hut all miyht lie reelcitril.
'.'//'/., Ii'irnj), /,ri/., i. 71l-t>7; AifnliKniiiyd, Cent. Am., J.Sl-'_'; El Sijlo, .Illiir l>.
IfSiVJ; Sf/iiirr'.'i Ci-iif. Am., 4S.'{.
'■•'I'liose of tiie judiciary, consiilado, uuiversity, and sociedad ecouoiiiica.
(Illilt., /I'rcoj). /.'//., i. 140 ,"iO.
^*S,i/i:, <;ii,;'tii, Oct. 'M, 1S.">1.
■■'This «as tlie result of jmlilic meeting's lioM in the (Icpartmcnts liy tin;
garrisons, otlicials, and parish priests, at which it was made to appear that it
was tlie will of the people that t'arrcra .should lie president for life, witli tiic
pri\ ili^nc of selecting his successor, and that other amendments shoiil.l Iu
made to the acta constitiltiva, as pei'initted liy its l.'ith art. It is undi'i'stcHul
that at the meeting of otlicials in the capital there was hut one dissiiitieiit
vote to the proposition, lie had in !i manifesto of .lune l.''Jd e.\pressed a weak
ohjeclion to the projioscd change, hut it was evidently a preconcerted jiiaii of
the aristocrats and the military clement, (lunt., Onirfii, May 12 to Se[it. K"),
lt>."i4, passim; O'lnit., /I'lroji. /.<//., i. S7-1I0; < '.w/.i /.'., i.'un/it, July 1-2'.), I'^'i^;
/'/., llolvlin i>jii\, July 27, Ks.'i4; .March 17, IS.")."!; ('unrni, Mmiijicilo, in i'ml.
Am. I'ttmyh., V. no. 21; S'lnifr'.* ('nit. Am., ril4. L'arrera lieloro this re-
ceived honors from foreign gdvernmeiits; he was a knight grand cross oi the
papal order of St tJregory the ( Ireat ; the sa;iie of tlie Mexican order of ( '•\vm\-
aliijie; and knight coi'imander of tlie lkc,'ian order of Leopold. (Iwtt., Jr''"}'.
Ley., i. IM).
'■''This amendment conferred still -.rger powers on the president, mil
C'AKREUA REX.
clianije was a near approach to tlic monareliical system,
for wliicli Carrora was supposed to have a decided
lii'iicliaiit.''' Notwithstaii.liiij^ the strong [)()wer thus
j>la('cd in his hands, a rovolt at Quezalteiiango tlio
next year almost overthrew Iiini, recpiiring tlie use of
all his forces to defeat it, at the expense of much dis-
aster and a large numher of executions. It was only
liv ijfreat efforts that he sncccjeded, after so manv years
of warfare, in <|uirting the revolted mountaineers.
This was accomplished only after peace had been
signed with Honduras, His strong sup})()rters, ]\Ian-
ue! Francisco Pavon and Luis J^atres, died, the
foiiner in 1855, and the latter in 18G2.**^
From this time, peace being finally restt)red, with
only occasional and })artial disturbances, the regime
established with Carrera at its head was generally
accjuiesced in. The repuVdic took an active pa .t in
till' campaign against William Walker and his fili-
busters in Nicaragua. The services rendered by its
foiees will ap[)ear in the description of the operations
of that campaign in a separate chapter.
The year 18()3 was inaugurated with another bloody
war with Salvador, the details and conse(|uences of
which will be treated elsewhere. It is sufficient to
s;iy hen.^ that (jiuatemalan arms were successful, and
Carrera's power became still more consolidated, and
its supi-emacy was felt over the rest of Central Amer-
ica, ife ruled the country uninterruptedly till his
i:i.iilo the tcnii of tlio representatives, uml of the coiuicillors chosen l)y tlieiii.
M\iii years iiisteail of four.
•■ As lif liail no knowledjie of the seieiico of ;,'ovi'i'iinicnt, the direct iiiaii-
au'eiiieiit of jiiihlie afiairs was U'ft to tliosc sinniosc.l to possess it. Cam ra did
iM't govciii; he merely rei>resented the unity of govrrnuu nt. 'Sin enihai-go
(juc >u \(iluutad jirevalecia eii todo. ' As/iiliiiniiiiiii, Cent. Aiii.,ii'2. The reform
ill r ,;aril to the i)rusi(Unitial tenure was personal, and exehisively in favor of
Carrera. 'J'luis at his dratli tliu constitutional pi-ovi<ion was restored, the
minister of relations, IVdro do Ayeiinna, assuuiini,' tlie reins, and at once
.'^uiiimonin;,' the IcLtislativo liody, whiih was do faeto and de jure a return to
cdiistitiitioiial order, /'iiinln ilr Mmil, Xdt.t, in (liinf., /{iroji. f.ifi., i- ^>7.
"■'J'he ;.'ovt ilei;reed tliat tln'ir portraits should he ]ilaced in the hall of the
(ouneil of state. I'avon's widow, Virtoria ZehaiUia, got a pension of ."^'.HIO a
Near. (Uhil., J'(coj>. L'j/., ii. (JliS-'J; iii. ',i'>\.
n
If
f
'!■)
u
11
l\
\'«. ■ ;■
SM UKl'lBLIC OF (iUATKMALA.
death early in A]>i'il li^OiJ. The hiij^lit'st lioiioi's, t-ivic,
militaiy, and icfU'siustlc, were paid to liis rt'inaiiis.**^
Carrcra died in tlie full (•()nvictit)n tliat lie had bcoii
the instrument of providence in saving society and
good order in Cuatcniala. He had l)ecn so assund
hy his supporters, and had come to helieve it, in tin;
face of the fact that he had been guilty (»f heinous
crimes and was notoriously innnoral."'^ So die those
who pass hence from the nmrderer's galh)\vs under the
hamier of the cross, and with priestly consolation.
•■^Tho jiovrrmiK'iit, wiio.st; tiiniif>r;iiy cliit.'f was IV'dro i]o Ayciiu'ii:!, ,is
seiiicir caMiu't iiiiiiistcr, iluiTi'i'il April 4tli that tliu fimunil hIiouM take jilaio
on till' ITtli.-itlt A. M., tliu remains to lie interreil in tlio eatlielral eluiiili.
</'«//., /,'rn,)i. Liii., iii. XA-'l; A'/V., dxMn, Ayr. '1\\ May (■>-•_'(», iNi.').
"'' It liaf5 Ix'eu asserted that even his ministers treinhled for tlieir li\rs
wheiiCarreni was inliiseuiis. 'I'lioiiuli tht'V knew lie wouhl eoniinit outi'a:;is,
they oiteii iii(hired hiui to visit tliu de[iai'tnients, in iirder to have a litth'
[leaee tlieniselves.
t>io.1. .\.-ii-i
-.,-^^^
,> ^?^^T-4j:j<^'^~i--.5^K/_jS^^ |« I Y.'»l<» J„^„ro\/ I V
Salvador.
OHArTER XIV.
RKl'UBI.K ' OF SALVAIH-)R
1839- 1. SCm
M \i.i:spin's Af'Ts — T.i\ii()"s Coti' i>'ErAi' .\m> l)Kr(is.\i. — ,Tkfk OezMAv — Hk-
VDLT AT Santa Ana— 1'uisii>knt A(;rii,Aii— Tim; ISisiioi- K.\i'i:i.i.i-.i) —
ViTEKi's Ai.i.iANcK WITH Mai.ksimn ami Homhuan ()Lii:Ai!(iiM~ri;i:si-
DKNT VASt'ONCEI.OS — ISlllTISlI IIosTII.ITir.S— SaLVADOK's KkI.ATUINS Willi
I'liKKKiN I'OWKKS — Sa.V MaKTIN's AhMINIS TUATION — DhsITUTIIoS (IF
San Sai.vahiii! — I'hksiukni' Camto — C'AMi'AKiN acainsp ^VAI,Kl■.K in
XlCAKAiMA — K.STAni.ISlIMKNT (IK THK Kf.IMHI.IC — SaNIIn's OvKKrilltllW
— I'kksidf.ni'Y of( Jkuauho IJaijkios — AVak ofSai.vaduu anh JIonihiias
-iCAINSr (ilATKMALA ANH Nll'AliA(irA — TuK LaTIKII \'l(TilUUir.s-- IjAK-
KIOS Fl.niUT — Ri:SI()liAII(iN oFrKACE — DUENAS ASpUKStllKNT — l?Ai; llliis'
SnisFtjiKNT Rkitkn— His ('ai'itkk anh 8ii;reni>kh iiy Xicauaiua —
JIis KxiXTTioN IN .San iSalvahuk.
TiiK constituent assoniblv of Salvador, instalU^d at
Ziicateccluca on the 1st of Aui:^ust, 18;?'.), after a reci'ss
icopcned its session on the 2cl of January, 1H41, and
mi the 4th there was laid before it an address, sio-ned
Itv Colonel Francisco ^lalespin, asconuindante i^-oneral,
and his officers who took part in the revolt of Sep-
tcinlKT 20th, s)K)ken (jf elsewliere. In tlie document
tlicy disclaimed hostilitvto Jefe C'ahas or his ministei',
ov any intent to override tlie laws, assorting tliat thiy
were, on the contrary, actuated by a stronjj desire to
L;i\ e security to the state, and save themselves from
iiiijiending destruction/ This address was regarded
hy tlie liberals as a threat, inasmuch as ]\[ales})in with
the '-arrison had wronijfullv assumed a ri^fht to delib-
(late upon public affairs.
' Tlioy conclude offeriiif; to the assemlily the ' swords which iiidcd to tri-
uiiiiili iu Guat. and Los Altus over the tyrant Morazaa.'
m
1
V 1 i
!
2S.;
UKl'UHLR' OF SALVADOR.
f
ii
Xoilx'ito l^umirez, now jcfu (»f Salvador by tlu'
<^i;u(; of Malcspii), could no lonmr hrook tliat officer's
intcilbivMce, and rosiijned," Juan Lindo lH!in;Li^ called
to succeed him on the 7tli of January. The asseniMy
and cliief mai^'istrate of the stat<! were both now under
tlie sword of Malespin, which in its turn was <'oii
dolled bv (Wrera of (Guatemala, That l)odv, on the
oOth of January, 1841, passed an act to call the stale
in futun; |{e|tubllca del Salvador."' The second con
stitution of Salvador was adopted on tiie i8th of Feh-
ruary.^ Under it the- k\i;'islature had two chandters.
iiindo, tie jefe, luul a most un[)leasant [)ositioii, he-
llevint^ hi nself surrounded by cons])iratoi's. Counting,'
on .Malospin's supjtort, on the Gtli of Xovendier, ISU,
N\it]i a cou[) d'etat he <lissolved the chandjers, l)ecause
anionL>' its nn nibers were some friends of !Moray.aii.'
His act caused much indi,i;iiation in several towns,
and on the |:}th of January, 1842, three senatois,
namely, .1. \". Xuila, JjU[»ario \'ides, and Antonio
.lose ('anas, at San V^iccnte, n-solved to I'estore con-
stitutional order. The legislative i)ody in eonse(j[nence
assend)led there, and made a stirrint^* address to tin;
])eople, embodyinjj;' the })olicy they intended to j^ursne."
Ijindo tried to justifv his act of Xovendier (Jth, luit
failed, and Senator Escolastico Marin was called to
tem[)orarily occu[ty the executive chair,' with autlior-
-Canas, coiisidoriiii,' himself tlio only l.nvf\il exct'iitivo, though set asiilc hy
till! military on Sojit. '_'((tii, also iiiado liis ii'sij;nation.
^Tht' ilotTi'f gi'iatly disiilcasuil the jicoplu, and had no effect. Hut it n'-
vcaled the plot of the aristocrats of (luat. They apjiointed commissioiurs U>
the tliet of (.'cut. Am., who were to pretend that tiiey favored a ri liirnnil
union; lint their real aim was an al)sciliite se[)aration. Mnntri', il/'em., M.
*Its supiiort was sworn to on the 1 1th of April.
■' In a proelamatiiiu he stated tiiat the I'Xfpelled senators €aud deputies wcrft
working to restore the oi-iler of affairs exi-<ting at tliu time of Morazaii's de-
)iarture. His suspicions were jiartially contirnied on Morazan ai>[iearin^ at
La Union about the middle of Fei). ISt'J. Mmili'ifiir, J'l'siiin J/isl., iv. Ii;{ 4;
Mitruri\ Kj'ini., 54 .">; Axf'liiiruiii/ii, ('rut. A,ii., 74 ").
""Tiiey promised to conline tlieir action to only such objects as were of
absolute necessity, namely, t(» rid tlie government of surrouniling oI)stailis,
make amendments or additions to tiie constitution, and pass s\icii laws as
would conduce to its develoimient. After doing this they purposed to < Idsu
tlieir ordinary session, and await tlie election of the constitutional chief of the
state. ]t would then be the proper time to deliberate upon calling a constit-
uent asseudily to review the constitution.
'Cauas liatl beta chosen on the 1st of Feb., but afterward resigned it.
Its oi.iigat
''ft the oti
eiiiigo eoni
''Kven
"liner to
<^i>.sta Kioii
'Vt. |,S, 18
"Kvcn
ARCK, MAiaX, (iUZMAX.
'J87
it v to c'staMlsh the state cajiital wliero mowt ON|)((liont/
Tlif oovii'miu'iit coiitinut'd for tin* time IttiiiiX '•> »^ii"
\'i((nte, and tlic pco])!^ wore oallotl upon to i-lioose a
|iivsi(l('iit of tlio state.
Marin luld tlio executive autlioritv a few <lavs onlv.
t/ (ft
llr liacl lu'eii i^veetled by Pedro Arce, and was suc-
rccdi'd liyJuau Jose CJu/uian. Tlio dittleulties of the
stute lia<l not eoiiu^ to an end. (Juznian iiivoicd the
conservative elenjent, as sliown in liis dt'cree of Jnne
:!. IS42, issuid after hearin<if tliat !Morazan was in
( "osta liiea, to cut oti' all rehitions with tliat state.''
Ill' left the executive ottiee in .Julv, and resumed its
duties ajjjain in Sejitendxr, deelariiiL;' in a ])i'oelaniation
that lu^ wouhl (.leal nieivilesslv with disturbers of the
t/
liublio peace.
The two li'ii^islati\'e chambers were installed at San
\'icenti; on the 17th of September, and on the 'JOth
counted the votes for }»resi(Ient of the state. Xo can-
didate liavinin' the retjuisite majority, (luzman was
asked to continu(> i)rov';. ionallv in <'hari>t! of the
"fivernment. His inauiiuial addri'ss was a repetition
of his manifesto of the 7th, ureatlv i»leasinn' the con-
scrxatives.'" })ut liarmony was not lon<^ to jtrevail
httween Salvador and (jiuatemala. The trouble arose
fiom the independent action of Salvador in grantinsf
an asylum to the i-enmants of ^NFoi'azan's forces against
the protests of (Guatemala and Honduras, even thouij^h
tilt! final decree of admission contained some very
.scvei'c clauses." Another cause of dissatisfaction
l^''
?•;*!
Kis licalth was poor, and lie died at the liacionda di 1 .low on tlio '24111 of Fel).,
l>iJ4. The a.ssemlily lionond liis Jiieiiiory in a special decree. Sulr., Dinrlit
'iji'\. Kel). 14, 1S7."); Montiifiir, Jlcurfm llUt., iv. ."rtl'.t.
' It was this govt that rejected Morazan's iiroposals when ho apiicarcil at
L:i Union. While appreciating his patriotic pnrposi's, it could not disi-egard
Its oliligations toward the other states, llcnce, together witii Malespin, it
set the other govts in motion against Mora/.an, whom Malespin called 'cl eii-
eiiiigo coinini.
" Kveu private correspondence was forbidden. Postmasters had onlers to
Ml h\er to governors of departments all letters received at their ollices from
' iisti Kica.
'"Mis ideas were commended as 'just.as, sanas, salvadoras.' (hi(U. Oar.,
Ort. IS, IM2
" Kvcn Malespin had favored the act of the govt; for though uncidtured,
' \'.
288
UHI'UBLIC OF SALVAKOU.
tiLifuin.st Salvador was that Ciuzman would nnt 11111//I1
the ]»rt'SH. Tlio iiid('|u'iideii((' ot' (»u/maii, and tin-
disposition hIiowii by ^Malospiii not to be at all tinns ,1
facile instrunu'iit of tlio aristocrats, ])ronij»trd tlio lat-
ter to pronxtte an insui'rection of the volcanehos ot"
Santa Ana lor their overthrow.'- Salvador, thoUL,^!)
under the pressure of aristociatie control, still had a
leaven of pi'ojii^ression that made itself felt. TIk^ puli-
lication of AY A^ii'kjo dd l*iu:hU> was an eviilence of this
fact. 'I'he Aycinenas, J*avon, ]iuis Hatres, and ("hat-
field, unable to ccunpete with it in the field of discus-
sion, demanded its supjiression.'"
(luzman in his cori'es[K)ndence with l*avon upln IJ
that joui'nal, and ^[alespin would lead it with satis-
faction." (iuatemala resolved at least to use coercioii.
('airt'ra established his head(juarters at Jutiapa t >
favor the volcanehos in their icbellion,''
The cordial reception ui'iven in October to Colour!
^r, (.^uijans, connnissioner accredited by Xicaraujua to
Salvador to negotiate a treaty of friendship and alli
lie was a Sulvjuloraii; ami luiw that Morazaii was duail, lie began to \\>U\\ to
the ailvi<'(^ (if liis iiion? <'iili;,'litfiifil fiUow-t'iti/i'iis, ami to iimli't'staii'l tin'
Machiavclisiii of AyciiU'iia, I'avoii, ami thfir ally Cliatlii M.
'-.I. .1. Ayciiieiia ri'iteatt'tlly sai<l that the revolt could not he (jiielhd. ami
it were Id'tter to aci'C'ilo to the MiNhi'H of tln' voleaiu uos. TImh will e.\]ilaiii the
ohject of a (hie. dated Oet. IH, KS4;?, ami pidilished at ( 'oiiiayagua at tlie gii\ t
jtiiiitiug-otrue under the .signature of ManiU'l .lose Aire. The ex-[iresident iiuil
taken ailvaiitagi! of an amnesty deeree to return to ( 'entral Ameriea. He wa.s
liow Very old, hilt still ambitious of jiower. Jii tiiat iiianife.sto, addre.ssed ti>
th(! states of Cent. Am., he endeavors to demonstrate the necessity of tlicir
auain uniting under one govt, llespokeof (iu/.maii a'ld Male.sjiiu trying to
liold })ower for life; of intrig es to make the latter president, even if some el
his ojiiioneiits had to be sin ; of abuses ho had been subjected to; the war
tliose men were jilaniiiiig, v 'i the aid of Nic., against (iiiat. and Homl., <iii
the false charge that Carre intended to anne.\' Salv. to(iiiat. He aeciiscil
M.des]iiii of atrocities, ami y uraises Carrera, who jilaeed Mah'spiii in Salv.
'i'he fnll tiixt of the iiiauif. is Minifiijnr, Ji'iKcrni Hid., iv. 'i'J'-'rt.
'•'The iiiiii. of state, Agusi Morales, reminded him that freedom oi llie
press was a iialladium of lilien in England, adding his surprise that her emi-
sul should want such a precioi boon to dLsaiipear from Salvador. Chadiehl
threatened to refer the .sul)jo' to his govt, and was told to do so, not failiriL,'
to ace(uni)anj' the answers he nad received.
'* The circulation of El A inhjo del I'lnhlo in Gnat, was forbidden; but many
numbers got out, ami were read by artisans, students, otlicial.s. CJiitliuM
often found it on his desk without knowing how it came there.
'■' Several Salvadorans were murdered, and it was proved that the nun-
derors had come from Jutiapa. The govt of (luat. pretended to have hal im
agency in these acts.
ill" oT(.
'"Ill lat,.
''1:1 A,
--H'
KKVOIATIOX.
l.'»9
jiiicf. was (lispU'UsiiiiLj to liislioj) Viti'ri, uho took a«l-
s.iiitat^c of (luzinan's al)s«'iic(' at 8aii Vi<'i'iiti', in tlio
lattt r |)art of tliat nioiitli, to IhIiiil;; al)out a <|uari('l
1m twci'ii liiiii and ^ral«'s|iiii. Tlw. lattrr at this t'luw
was said to l>e in i)uor lu-altli, and tin,; liisliop ot'tiMi
visited liini, and in otlur ways manifcsti'd interest lor
liiiii. A'iteri had directed liis clernjv to al)stain from
iiitcitereneo in political afl'airs, and yet ho j)reached
auainst Afora/an and those who had hanishetl Ar<-h-
hi-li(»|) ( 'asans. This J)oniinican \ azijuez'" was viru-
lent, declaring" tliat the ccc-lesiastieal authority Mould
iiiver he under tlu; civil, and thnwiteninj;" the; }»eo|ile
that the ])riests Would ahandon tlieni to sulKer iVoni
jij.i'^ues, epidemics, war, and famine, it" tliey continued
their iiii(iuitous hostility to the church.''
The revolution was now a fact. \ iteri and ^lale-
s[>In sup[)orted Fray A'a/.(piez, or Fray \ (.-neno, as he
was nicknamed. ( )nce \'a/(iue/. fuhninate<| from the
]>iil[»it a numher of diatriltes against J'resident (lU/-
iiian, at the same time bestowin^• uiucli praise on
( arrera. The result was an ordiT from (Juzman, then
at Sail Mij^uel, to l)rinL'' the friar there as a |)risoncr.
The hishop remonstrated to ]\[ales[>in against the
lin*;" an escort, as he wished to end the
nidi'i', (lemanc
iii>ults to the church hy himself leaving- the state.
Male-^])in tried to dissuade him from his purpose, and
A <jfreat tunudt ensued
'•rew more eneruetic
IS
one night in the city, when Vitcri, ^Malespin, and
Vaz(jue'-^ received an ovation from the rahlJe of
l.a V
ejjra and San Jacinto, amid repeated cries of
ueran los lu
k
iin[)ios
t'
J'
idiosl
niuoran
los li
lerejes! mueran Jos
if
r
1
'W
''' III later years he was hishop of Panama, hut mucli toned down.
^' El Amiijo del PuvJilo invited him ti> discuss jiulilie questions, but not
fiiiiii tlic pulpit, where he could not be answered. V'azfpiez did not heed it,'
and Went on with his wrathful sermons.
'" In his letter of Dec. 5tli, lie uses these words: 'Jorge dc Viteri no ser.-i
oliis]io de farsa, ni permanecera jamas en unsuelo, en (pie lapotestad hiiniana
iMiuto las ampltas lacultades que le conceden, y de que le liacen resi)onsalile
liiH siigrados canones.' Tlie correspondence, aud hia secretary's address to
tlio people, are given in Id., 351-4, 373.
Hist. Cent. Am., Vol. III. 19
h
Ui\\:i
290
REPUBLIC OF SALVADUil.
Malespin went oif to Ssln Miguel, and liad some
violent correspondence with the president; the latt( r
threatened to expose his intrigues if he did not foitli-
with depart from San ^Vliguel, and then retired to ]m
hacienda, leaving the state in tlie hands of Malespin."
Guzman's downfall was hailed with joy in Guatemala
and Honduras. In Coinayagua it was celebrated witli
salvos of artillery. After Malespin's return to San
Salvador, to please the bishop several persons were
banished, and the Amlgo del Pueblo was suppressLd.
Tlie executive office, by Guzman's abandonment of it,
went into the hands of Pedro Arce, the vice-president.
The two chambers of the assembly opened their ses-
sion on the 30th of January, 1844. Xo presidential
candidate having a constitutional majority, the assem-
bly chose Malespin president, and he assumed his new-
duties on the otli of February, after reading before
the two bodies in assembly convened a uloeourso on
his great love fi)r law, justice, and peace. It would
have sounded well from the lips of a liberal, and it i^'
barely possible that ^Malespin expressed his sentiments
at that moment. But his education, his habits, jhhI
the fatal influence of the men that swayed him, con-
stantly took him out of the right path. As he was
UTider the control of Bishop Viteri, the country niu>t
go back to the days of obscurantism. The etfects of
it were soon niade patent.""
The bishop succeeded in driving out of the state tlie
opponents of his theocratic ideas, and in bringing alioiit
a change in the government; in fact, everything liad
been conceded him, and his influence was paramounl.
And yet he was not satisfied He would have tlir
Salvatlorans believe liim a deity, but they arriveil at
'"TIk! prosiiU'iit l)l:iiiu'il liiiii for leaving tliu cuiital at a time of distiirli-
■ince. llu, oil his jiart. ilcmainkMl tlio govorumciit "a return to S. S;ilv. t"
attoiul to tliu lii.slioj)'.s coiiiiilaiiits. Ho accusoil the prusitluut, in a luanilistn,
of attomiiting to disti.rli tlio piililie puaco.
'•"'Tliu ecclesiastical fueros were restored; the govt was authnrizcd to allow
monasteries established, and the bishop to deinand tlic aid of tlie secular .inii
to enforce his orders in ecclesiastical affairs. This last act was, howivir,
issued, as it appears, with much reluctance, judging from the nuiiil" r of
restrictive clauses iii it.
f.\\.
A VILLANOUS PRELATE.
291
the conclusion that by a great fatality their first
bishop had turned out to be a pernicious revolutionist.
In connection with the general history of Central
Anierica, I have given the principal events of Sf.lva-
(ior down to 1845, when, under the treaty of Sensenti,
iifter a long and exhaustive war with Honduras, tlie
state was rid of the ominous rule of the brutal ^Ma-
Itspin. With the discontinuance of the war there was
no need of raising further loans; the military estab-
lisluncnt was reduced to a minimum, and the authori-
ties and people hastened to restore the constitutional
regime; to which end elections of senators and de})U-
tics were at once liad, in order that the assembly
.should meet on the loth of January, 184G, for tlie
term of Vice-president Joaquin Eustacio (Juzman, who
li;id charge of the executive authority, would expire
oil the 1st of February.-^ On this date he surrendered
tlie office to Senator Fermin Palacios. The assembly
did not meet till four days after. The iiresidential
election did not yield a sufficient majority in favor of
any one, and the assembly then ap})ointed Eugenio
Aguilar." The president was a good Christian, and
attended with regularity to his religious duties as a
catholic; and yet Yiteri called him a heretic; the
reason of it being that Aguilar was a stickler for a
constitutional government of the people, and the
hishop was an oligarch. The latter now invented the
fietioii that the president had the intention of exiling
liiiii; he had the })e()ple in the Wiirds of C^andelaiia.
San J'^stevan, and Calvario told that their bisliop was
to he sent out of the country in tlic niu'ht of the 11th
of 'luly. He was l)eli(!Ved by the sim[»le-iiiinded jieojile
when he assured tlieni that Aguilar and others'""' were
-Mluzinan hail waged war against Malosiiin, not for his own aggraiiili/c-
mi'iit, hut to do away with arliitrary ndc, and to iistoro tin' authority of tlic
iiiMstitutiou. This l)L'iiig accouiplished, ho rosolvi'd to ri'tiirn to privatu lil'u.
■•'-A |ihy.sioian by 2)rofe;i.sion, and a modest, lionorahlo citizen, actuated
hy till; piirest niotiven; an excellent family ma" and friend; hut iiidortunately,
as cvints .sliowe<l, he waa weak wiien tirnniesa ami resolution were deinandi'il
to upiiold Ida position. Aguilar. in hia later yeai-a, after losing his wife, was
•irdiiiied as a priest.
-' lMista(|uio Cnellar, J. M. Ran Martin, J. M. Zelnya, the dergynian,
I.iiliu .Nijueudez, and Indalceio C'orde.o.
■'&
. I
'J'.)'J
UEPUIilJC OF SALVADOR.
at tlic bottom of it. His report made a commotion
though not quite so great a one as ha liad expected.
Nevertheless, he made tlio most of it, writing to the
president, on tlic 11th of July, that he knew t)f tlit-
plot to repeat with him what had been done wiiii
Ar(']d)ishop ( 'asans, in 1829."^ Aguilar was greatly
surprised, and believing that with a few words lie
could convince the bishop of his error, that same aftri--
noou paid the prelate a visit. He found a large
concourse of people, before whom the charge was
i'(i iterated, and no assurance to the contrary was ac-
ceptrd. A tunmlt following, the president had the chief
guard-house reenfor«'ed. Fortunately, a heavy rain
scattered to their homes the crowds in the streets; but
a considerable number of men ran into the e])isco[ial
residence. That night, several persons representing
Vitcri went to the barracks and demanded Aguilars
resignation. The president meekly assured them (•!'
his willingness to retire to private life ratlu;r than lie
the author of any disturbance. Viteri now thouglit
Aguilar was vanquished, but he had not counted on
the determination of other Salvadorans t(> uphold tlie
laws and the government. Quiet was restored I'or
the time, and Aguilar went to his home at midniglit
unmolested. The next day there was nuich ri<itiiig,
and an attem[)t failed to relea.se the prisoners in
the jail."' The rioters were finally defeated, and the
bishoj) had nothing to show for his conduct but tlie
blood shed at his instigation.'" ..Vguilar again, after
the people had upheld his authority, showed the weak-
ness of his character in placing the executive office in
*' He liintcd that lie liad power to annex the state to the archdioccsr of
(inat. The text f)f his letter in in MonliiJ'ar, lifx na JJixf.., v. M-ii.
'^■' The oflicer Anjelino, sent to reenforce the guanl of the jail, was \v;iy-
laid, and nearly iinirdcnMl, and in that eondition taken to the I(i.shoi)'.s lidu-^r,
where the liishop almsed him l)y word of month, and tunieil him over to tlif
ralihlr, hy whom he was .staljlied, heaten, and kieked. He was, ho\Mvrr,
resened hy the priest iM. Serrano, and taken haek into the bishop's iicn:se.
These facts were testiticil to hy Anjelino, iii the criminal prosceutiim of
Viteri.
^"A^ic, liegistro Ojic, 330; Dunlop'a Cent. Am., 249-CO; Iria Esp., Oct, 3,
1840.
tir
A^i
tre
pri
])as
NaJ
prc.'^
and
code
ister.
l»isJi(
Jnala,
deero
not t(
Vv,
n/id t
Ilsiial
l''s])in
tlie trj
•^•'dwid
vador,
after ]|
-^/al,^s|
'k' nasi
'''■iigioji
fiad Ik J
,i^"\erni|
like tJie.
Was o'oiji
Hi(h"jii
"'"id. A7,.
'^'■'1 tliat \'i1
••'"' l"'oiiii,s(.|
^'■•<". ThevJ
■""' "iiarit,;!
'"/■/.. v., s7,r
Hi.s.lc,,.,
A WKAK KXKCUXnE.
l."J3
the hands of Senator Palacios; which cnilioklenea
Vitcri to continue his intrigues and cause f'urtlier
trouble. He issued a pastoral on the lOth of July,
printed in his own house, which reiterated the accusa-
tion against tlie pri'sidcnt, and otiier n)atters; that
p.istoral"' was i'atal to his views, for the }>L'f)ple of
Salvador made Aguilar resume the jiresidency. The
president, in a long manifi'sto, explained his conchict,
and issued a decree to enforce the articles of the penal
code against ecclesiastics who made use of their min-
isterial office to promcjte political disturbances."** The
liisliop, condenmed by public <»pinion, fled to Cuate-
niala, and the president then on the 29th revoked a
tlccree of Pulacios of July 12t]i, and ordered A'iteri
not to return to Salvadoran territorv.
Peace and order ])re vailed after Viteri's departure,
and the people again devoted themselves to tlieir
usual vocations. J^ut the bis]io[) managed with ^Ma-
losjiin and tlie lEonduran oligarchs, notwithstanding
the treaty of Sensenti, to luring about a revolutio)i in
Salvador."'' !Malespin attacked Chalatenango, in Sid-
vador, wliereupon onlers were given to send tr<)o[)s
after hini.^" N^iteri who iiad once exconnnunicated
Malespin, and aided in liis overtlirow, n(»w said tliat
he was destined by di\ine pro\idenc(3 to defend lh(>
nligion and riglits of the peoph; of Salvatlor, wlilch
li;i(l Iteen infamously abused and usurped liy tlhir
government, ^falespin jireached reUgion, and acted
like the i'ainous king of the JIuns. lint his prestige
\v;is gone, and at ])ulce Xond)i'e de la I 'alma lie met
with his first re\ei'se, wlieii he retreated to J)ulce
•'' Tt is j^lvL'ii ill full ill M(iiitii/i'i\ Ii'i.iii'iii H'kI., v. 70-4.
"■J'lu! dciTco w;is .l;itr<l .hily T,, I.SUi, iiii.l ivlVriv.l to articles 'JlO-l.'?,
liiil I).
' riio Salvaildriiu j^iivt i)iil)lislic(l a tlccn'u nL'aiii. t siilitious juTsdiis from
lliHiil. \i,\^ Jtcjlxiro ()jii\, 'Sl'l-'^ Tlui autlioi'itics <if Jloiiil. suliiiiiily jnciii-
i-ril that \'it( ri .sIkhiM imt Im all(i\vi'<l ti> ii'sjiU' near tlu' Salv. fidiitii r; Imt
tin' prdiiiisi! wi'iit for nothing; N'itcri and .Malcs|iiii licini; aidrd ti-oin that
•■td''. 'i'huy found inatiTial assistamu iu Nacioiiu', 'ICgui'igalpa, Sin-niti,
Mild liiiai'ita. (Juardifila's iioto of Aug. 'M, l>S4(i, to tiuMuiu.-gen, of S.ilv.,
Ill A/., V. .ST, '_>.")4-7.
ili.s ilccroo of Fcl>. 'Jl{, and ]iast()ral of .liiiu' 10, 1,S4.'».
'A\%
m
'l*; "'
fi'ti
o -J
!^;1'
' y
gj
1
1
294
REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
Xombro do Maria, a town twelve inilcs from the Hoii-
duraii frontier, and invited Vitcri to join him; hut
tliat wortliy sent him Jiis l)lcssing, and would not e\-
])ose his person to the hazards of war. ^NTalesphi wu.s
defeated again by eight liundred men under General
Nicolas Aniiulo, and fled into Honduras, leavin}; arms
and ammunition. Etibrts were matlc to induce the
l)eople of Santa Ana to join Ignacio AEalespin; hut
the bishop's letters to rouse them availcvl l)ut littlr.
Jle found no favor among the volcanenos, and on his
way along the coast to n-acli Santiago Xonualco was
captured, prosecuted, and executed, with some of his
accomplices."' Francisco ^[alespin was killed at San
Fernando, near Honduras, the iiduibitants cutting off
his head, and carrviny; it asatrophv to San Salvaibn-.^-
l^isliop Viteri in 1847 went to reside in Nicaragua,
becoming a citizen of the state, to which diocese he
was subsoijucntly translated by the ])ope. Nothing
wortliy of mention occurred within the state in 1H47.
The Salvador government now rcju'esented the liberal
party in Central America, and devoted its attention
tt) education, arts, and industries.
Tlio pr(!sidential term under tlic constitution ])eitig
only of two years, elections w<'re orderly elfectcd. and
the assend)ly opened its session on the "ioth of January,
1S4S. ])orotco Vasconcelos was the popular choice
for the presidential term of 1H48, and enti'red uj)i>u
his duties on the 7tli of February, 1848.'" In a con-
ciliatory address he es(;hewed all spirit <jf partisansliii),
tiMulering t(j all his I'ellow-citizens peace, justice, and
h-*!-
m\.v
^' His i.'xiiciitiou left a l)!i(l iiiiiii'ussion in tiic imMic iniml. Ijjiiwii'in \hAr-
spill had liL'L'ii a tri(!ii<l of Mura/aii, stTvoil witli liiiii in 1S4(), and wa.s niic of
til.' liL'i'cK'H of tlic I'aiitiii'u of (Juatc'Uia'.a as well as of tlii! Hi\l)S('(nnnt csciih.'.
Jlc was gcntli', kinil, ami soi'ialilc, ami liiit for VittM'i.s inlluonco ncviT wmild
liavc joini'd tlu' nvolution. Hi; otiglit to liavi; been sjiarcd. Tliu wonicn of
San Salvador, liotli oiii and young, idoadid for a comniutatifin of his siiitriia',
))ut tiic j^ovt was rt'U'iitloss.
'-'riic iicad was for some time exposed in an iron eage, to the dis^'ust of
tlie eoninninity. It was finally delivered to the family for interment.
■"lie olitainod l.'t,l.*2'_' votes out of a t<ptal of 1!»,L'1.">. Iking noveruor ef
San Vieente, whe're he was exeeedinf:ly iiopular, he could not, under the con-
Htitution, he a candidate in tiiat <leiiartnieiit.
'■■veil
""'ii Ji ,.„.jj,
"if'"t and i,
"^ I'l-'arded
''"'• to Miin
, "e fav(
."''•|"'«e,. ,,,•
'"" lile .,.,i.
"I'i"'^e,l him.
%
PUESI 1 )ENT V ASCONl ELOS.
295
uiiKin.^^ For all that, the olij^archs abhorred hiiu.
Indeed, his govcrmiieiit and Carrera's could not exist
so near each other. The aristocrats well knew lie was
not to be won over to their side, as well as the ditii-
tulties they must workaijfainst to undermine his popu-
liii'ity But they looked for early success from
internal dissension and other sources.'*' Aixuilar's ad-
ministration had riifused to recognize the republic of
(Juateniala, and Aasconcolos' could do no less.""*^
The territory was twice invatled by troo])s of Guate-
mala in pursuit of insurgents, against which Vascon-
ct'los remonstrated, and satisfaction was given and
accepted with good grace. He was observing a policy
of expectancy, albeit on his guard, (jiuatenmla was
then in the throes of revolution from which he ex-
pected to sec the Central American nation s})ring into
a second life; but he was mistaken in the means he
employed. A few proclamations, written in Guate-
mala by well-known persons, and a])pearing in the
iianu! of Francisco Carrillo, spoke of the independence
of ]jos Altos as the aim of a rev(jlution such as Vas-
CDHcclos wanted.'*' Not that he expected to see an
ahsohite e(]uality of the state, l)ut tluit there should
iiotl)e .such differences as existed under the constitu-
tion of IH24. He believed himself supported, an<l
steadily marched on ui)on a path that led to his ruin,
'■' \'a.sc»iiicelos liciil liuoii a friiunl of .Mor.iziiii, aiiil itroiriiui'iit in (luat. at
tlu' tiiiii' till' lil)L'i'al party was iliviikul into ministerialists ami (rj)jMisiti()iiist.s.
^'('liatlicld s [iri'ssuri! against noml. ami Xic. insjiircd tiirni witii lidpus.
\"asi(in('i'lcis wasa {lartisan ul < 'I'ntral American nniticalinn for various n^asons,
nut tin; luast of wiiicli was tiiat of cluMkim; tln^ ]in']iost('rons claims of the
Hi-it. iiL;ciit. 'I'liis explains the oriniu <if futur(M]ue-^tions lielween ( liatlieM
anil I'avon f>n one side, ami \'a>>concel(is on the othir. In I.SJ'.I, tiie lattir
WIS made to appear liefore the oilier states as an innate foe of (Inat., whose,
ilihiisenient and ih'strnction he strove for. 'liie govt of Salv. gave e\]daiia-
tiniis on its couiso denying tiu! charges. Miiii/iij'nr, UnMi'm lli^t., v. S(M M.
"'liven l.indo of llond., a militant in the reactionaiy raidvs of (inat.,
tliiiiiL;li aeUnowledginii the rcpnidie, did so with the proviso that lloml, left
iiitartaml in forci; ( iuatemala's engagements and duties toward other states
as 1 1 garde, 1 the reestalilishment of agon. govt, (iuardiola's note of Aug. 10,
IM7, to min. of relations of (inat., in A/., -'iO.
He' favored the restoration of thi^ state of Los Altos, in order to divide
til ■ puwer of (inat., and counted on the coo|ieratiou or < luatenialaii lilierals;
liiit I lie .,pirit of provincialism was strong with them, and a hirge portion
(ipiM.icd him.
i-t'l
:|i
1 ■•
•la
iVi
KKPUBLIC OF .S.\LVADOP
carry in<^ clown with liiin the wl ole hbcral party of
Central America.
Vaseoncclos kihorcd for a federation of three states
--Guatemala, Salvador, and Los Altos — which once
consolidated, Nicaraf^ua and lionduras would douht-
lessly join, and later on attract ('osta llica to do the
same. This idea had no opj)osition before the revo-
lution of August 1848, in (iuateniala. Vasconcelos
received many oflers of support to pi'osecute his plan.
He accordinijfly instructed Duehasand General Anu^ulo
to enter into .arrangements with General Xufio of
Chiquiniula, and matle every possible effort to foico
Carrera's resignation on the loth of August, 184.s;
but some of the liberals of Guatemala, after ridding;-
themselves of Carrera, neglected Vasconcelos. ])u-
ehas was sent there with ample [)owers for the oi,^ani-
zation of a republic of Central America, but he was
slitihted, and accomi)lished nothin<»-. Durinti^ his stav
in Guatemala, a di.'cree was enacted on the 14th of
September, 1848, according to which that statt; w;is
declared a sovereign nation and independent re[)ul)-
lic.''^ Vasconcelos, with mU his liberalism, and placed
as he was at the head of a libertv-lovinijf ''emocratic
people, was still under the influence of the old colonial
traditions. He as well as his peo[)le looked with
admii'ation at the greatness of the United States of
America, but lacked the courage to emulate tlirir
example. Tln^ Tnited States had no official clinnli,
l)ut Salvador recognized one. ]^icenciado Jgiiaiin
(U)\ncz was des|)atched to Home to negotiate tln' ii -
call of Bishop Viteri, the appointment of another ]»iv-
late, and the conclusion of a concordat."" Mis mission
was so far successful that on the ."^d of July, 1S4S,
Tomas ^Miguel I'ineda y Zaldaha was preconizated as
bisho]) of Antigona in partibus infidt>lium, and gi\cii
the administration of the diocese of Salvador, A\itli
•"■It w.w. hittt.'i'ly ciiisurccl liy till' U'.iiliiiL; lilicralM (if Salv., Nic, iiml ilmnl.,
ami nut a tow ot tlmsc (it (riiat., sudi as I'liicila Mdiit ami Jiivora C'ali( ras.
■'"(ioine/. was a Salvaihiraii. cilin.'atuil abitiad, ami \V(.'ll vorsi;il in pnliticil
ucononiy and lituratun;.
I I
BRITLSII INTKRM KUl )LIN( i.
'-W
tilt' right of succession. Tlic news of this nppoiiit-
iiuiit was received witli joy, and Vascoucelos erroiie-
(.u>ly expected to have a sui)port in the new ])relate,'*'^
when there was more hkehliood of liis coiiicichiii; with
ravdii and ] lis confreres. Indeed, Zaldana, from liis
unater wariness, was a more datigerous man tlian
A'iteri.
Tlie le»(ishitive cliamhers met on tlie 5tli of Fehru-
aiy, 1841). Tlie president's term would end with the
hc^iiinin_i«' of 1850, and there could he no reelecti(^n
under the constitution.'" l^ut Vasconcelos' friends in-
sistt'd on his heini^ reelected, iHM'essitatiiiLC an amciid-
iiiiiit of the fundamental law, and in s[)ite (jf opposition
(ilttained an act of the assemhly permitting,' the reelec-
tion/' This was an unfortunate move, as it divided
the liheral ])arty, and encouraged ])uenas, who wanted
the ))residency, and was not scrujiulous as to the means
efattainini^ it, to redouhle his maiiucevres, even though
lie must call to his aid Carrera and l^uis Batres.
In 184i), Salvador became involved in a quarrel
with the ]h-itish charge d'affaires, Chatfield, resr.ltiiiij^
tVoiii allei»'ed claims j)referred hv him Nvith his usual
li;ui!4htiness, on hehalf of fellow-suhjects ot" his, \'as-
(■i)iic(.los' u'ovcrnmeiit looked on these claims as uii-
jii>t, and I'cfusi'd them recoiL(nition. ( 'hatfield then
caused the l»lockadin<2f hy a naval force of La Union,
the port from which Salvador derived thi^ :L(r(!ater
" ll(.' onniinittc'il ;iii error in suiniosiiiLj that Zaldana wouM ciriMiiort; fur
liiiri and Ills party than fur Arthhislmii ( larcia I'llao/, wIid was iiithiuiiciMl l)y
e,ninri J^arraziihal, tlit; iiniuthiiii'cc of ( iuati'iiialaii aristocracy.
'' 'I'lii; foUowiii!.: is a lirici syiiojisis ot tht; coiistitiitioii: No ccch'siastic or
Miihtary man in active service couhl lioM any civil oiiict'. ( 'oii^i'ess consisted
nl tlie house of rejiresentatives, eliosen annually, and tin; senate, elected one
liih every second year; it met on the 1st of .Ian. of each yi'ar, and its sessions
"ire limited to 40 days. The president nnist not lie innler ."i'J years of a^'e
li'ir over (ill; must have heeu a resilient of the stale for tlie tive years |iieceil-
iiu the election, and own pro[ierty within tin" state wortli at least .sS, ();»().
He had to receive an absolute majority of votes; otiierw ise congress should
clidiKe om; of the two camlidates lia\iui,' tiie largest inmdier of votes, 'I'irm
ei nllice two years, without the jirivilege of two terms in siiceessiou.
'Felix (,>uir(i/. was chosi^n his .substitute. Sir., Cur. />V., Feb. id, March
7, Is.')!); <'o-if'i /'.. iliiriiii (li,h., March "J, l.S.*)(». Art. 41 of tlu' constitution,
li'nliibiting reelection.s, was revived by an act of Feli. LT), 1S.")1. L'ciit. Am.
I' '<ii]'li., iv. no. "JO.
298
KKPUHLIC OF SALVAIXJU
''
*r
11^
J!
1 IS : '■'
.5 :;.
|!
-,;i
portion of licr revenue." Unable to resist, her ij^ov-
ernnient {i<^reetl on the 12th of November, 1849, to
acknowledge the indebtedness, and make provision fur
its payment. The blockade was tlien raised/^ ]^ut
this di<l not end the disagreements between Chatfitld
and tlic Salvador government. On the Gth of August
he made peremptory demands,"*' cou^Jed with a menace
that if not complied with at once tlic coasts of the state
would be blockaded by British war sliips then coming
to act vmder his instructions. The goverimicnt of Sid-
vador did n )t comply with the demands,'"^ and on tin-
Kith of O(_*^.ober ])ort La Union was blockaded liy
the British ship Champion, whoso commander notified
the authorities that if within ten days full satisfaction
were not given for the insults to tlie British flag, tlic
blockade would b(! extended to the whole coast, anotlicr
vessel being di'spatched to Acajutla to enforce it. No
satisfaction haviiiLif been s^iven as demandi'd, tliat
menace was carried out. The difficulties remained
unsettled in the latter part of February 1851, though
tlie Ih-itish war vessels had retired.*^ But they wvw
subse(juently arrangc<l in an amicable manner. A\itli
the excej.tion of these troubles, and the repeated differ-
ences with tlie other states of Central America, Salva-
"Tlic iiiiiiister nf f<ircii,'ii afliiirs, in his annual report to tlio S.ilva'lur
auMuniMy, .Ian. *J(>, IS.'iO, spuakinj^ of Chattiolir.s courso, .says: ' Dcsatoncioiics,
violcnoias, hbxjueo.s; lie aijui la.s rclacioiius y coinluota (jm; lia olworvailo el
Sr. odusul iii;,'k's.' Sulr., Mem. /i'<r., ]8.")0, f).
^' 'I lit^ liritisli liail also seizuil, \\ itli Tigor Island Itclonginf,' to llonil., sfveial
islus of Salvailor in the gulf of Fonseca. iinlr., ilarila.. May 17, liS,"i(»; Xii-.,
Cor. I4., Dec. I, 1>S41»; (Imil., (InnUi, Nov. »), KS41); ir. S. (lort J)or., :!lst
Cong. 'Jd .sess., Sen. Doc., 'JO it'.).
^■'Innnediate fullihnent of tile convention of Nov. I'J, lS4!t; and a foiiii.il
contradiction in a note to him of all aecu.sations in ollicial oi^jans of the Sal-
vailor gdvernnicnt against (Ireat Ih'itain and her otlieials.
■"'It oH'cred to suhniit tlie (juestions at issue to the arhitration of the U. S.
or any of tlieir agents, ortoacce]it some otiier device that iniglit promise an iiii-
paitial decision. 'J'he note niaUiiig the oiler, dated Aug. ITtli, was sent to
('liatlicld liy special courier, hut he refused to receive it hccause it had net
heeii trausmittcii tlirongh the hands of liligoras, the lirit. consular agent at
San Salvador. Mr., Cor. /■•</., Sept. .">, L'(!, Nov. 7, tl\, IS.'iO; ,S<ilr., (hn-iin, Aug.
'_*:(, Sept. (», 1S,")(); (f'lia/., iutatu, Nov. IG, IS.'iO; Ci'iit. Am. I'aiiivh., vi. no. 7;
El I'ritijisn, Sept. T), USoO.
*'' Sulr., Mill). Jffliirioiii:% 18")!. The hlockadowas removed at the friendly
mediation of the American and I'rnssiau consuls ami others. A'/V., <'ii' /■'■>
March 20, 1851.
MULi'll'LlEU HOISTILITIES.
•21)9
(lor has maintained friendly relations with foreign
powers, most of which have treaties with her on terms
satisfactory to all concerned/^
Yasconcelos was not more successful in prescrvino;
|)(iu'e within the state than in forcing' (iuatemala to
iihaiidon the policy she had adopted of maintainino' an
al)S()hitc autonomy. In his invasion of that neinii-
hor's territory early in 1851, as we have seen in tin;
jfrevious cliapter, he was w^orstcd, which roused pop-
ular indignation a;j,ainst him, followed hy a revolt,
and his deposal hy congress/" On the 1st of March,
llic suhstitute, J. F. Quiro/, was called to occupy the
executive chair, and did so."" The president for the
coiistitutiiMUxl term 18al2-;) was Francisc(> Duenas,
who succeeded in settlino; the ditferences existinir
l)('twecn Salvador and Guatemala,
A serious disaixreemont havini>' occurred hetween
Salvador and Honduras, leading to hostilities, the
government of fluati'mala, then at war with Hon-
duras, despatched a force to Ahuacha[)an in aid of
j)uenas, who ap[)rehended an invasion."' Toward
the end of this term Jose AFaria do San AFartin was
cliosen for the next. The state now returned in peac(!
^'^ Besides arrangcincnts witli si.stcr states, the repuhlie iiiaintaiiieil tr-eatiis
nf fiieiKlsliip, coniiMi.'ree, ami iiavii;att()U with Helgiuiri, tlie U. S., Fraiicf,
liiiat Britain, Spain, ( ieriiiaiiy, ami nearly all the nations of Anierica. A
(iiiiiMirilat on eoelesia.stieal atiairs was eomlmlcil with the p()|pe in LSti'J.
Siiiii<r'.i Cciif. Am., \\\\\; (.'en/. Am., Miinl. /><ir., 48; <'(m/(i A'., Jinlilhi On'''.,
March 7, 18.3."); L'l h'ol, Oct. L'7, Ks.")4; Feh. !>, IS.m; Mr., Cor. 1st., Mareh"-JI,
IViil; /,/., Oiicrtu, Kel). 17, Ks.'/d; ,S<ilr., tlnritu, March S, Apr. V2, 1N">(»; Auj,'.
■", 1-J, Nov. 2"), IS."),'?; III., J)iiirii> Ojir., Fel). 'J4, 187."); /'/., Cniiror'/n/o, 1-l(»;
l.ihrrirrrilr PariiaCUiiil., ;fl!»-;{7; 'Aihk'/-^ lint. l.,yi.^., iSlid, ;i:U; .Mi.r., Mi„i.
I'''l., 1878, 7, 11, 4.")-J4, 1 lit; r. ,S. flort J>.,r., 4;!.l coi,.^. 1st sess., 11. Kx. Doc.
1, lit I. li'J, ptl.', 7'.M), 8:il; A/., 48th eon,!,'. 1st sess., II.' Kx. J>oc. 1, pt l,'-.':!(i 7.
"CoMuress was installi'il J''cl). ]8tli, ami one ot tlu^ lirst acts ot the hon.-.e
ol .Icpiities \\a.s to pas.s an act of impeaclini(,'nt against N'asconculos, .-ind th<,'
;riial(' constitntcil itself as a conrt to try him upon the charL'e ui violation of
the constitution. On the '2'2A of J'eliruary, ]ileailing not guilty, hi' (lenianihd
ii tiiid. The result was against him. Sulr.. ,S< ti. ;/ i'mn. ilr J)i]i....ii sh.i
iii'iiif., in Criit. .[ill. Pdliqih., vi. no. ',(; ]'iisriiiiri In.i nl ,Si n., in Jil., no. l;{.
'" During Vaseoncelos' ahsunee the otlieu had heen iiL charge of Senator
KiMiiiisco Ihienas.
' Tinus we see that Duenas, whos<; wont it was while ho was working for
|"i|iM]arity to use energetic language on hehalf of liheralisni, now that he lia.s
nachcd the goal of his anihitiou, ciianges his tune and calls for the assistance
el Carrera against Honduras. Jlnm/., <!:iritit < >jir., .Tunc 10, 18").'i.
vm
KErUBLIC OF S^VLVADOR.
to its interior aftliirs, adoptin*^ important improve-
Hients."'" Tliero were not wanting, however, soiiu;
attemj)ts to disturb tlie puMic peace, wliieli were for-
tunately defeated. But the country became at tluit
time the victim of other cahimities, such as clioleni,
scarcity of food resultini»; from a visitation of locusts,
and an earth(|uako which destroyed San Salvador on
the Kith of April, 1854,"' in consecjuence of which the
capital was removed to Cojutepeque, where it remained
for some time.
llafael Campo and Francisco ])uenas were elected
l)resident and vice-president, respectively, for the cii-
suiug term of 185()-7; and tiie latter bein^' in cliari^c
of the executive ofiice in Jaimary IHod, in Ciuiipos
absence, fitted out a contingent of troops to aid Nica-
rjii^ua in her stru<if_L>le with Walker's filibusttis.
Campo despatched reenforcemcnts in 1857, the Sal-
vador forces beini^ under command of General (ierardo
]iarrios. who, accordini^ to Perez, never went beyond
liCon,"' l)ut undeitook to arrange the internal afiairs nt"
Xicarao'ua, convokint;' a junta de notables, which juo-
claimed Juan Sacasa president. This had no etlict,
however.
The state had, in 1850, constituted itself as a fv^r
■'- l'iil)li(^ iMliicatidii WiiM iliily iitteiickMl to, now I'odu.s iiinl (inliii:iiKts ini-
jil.iiitrd to loiulor inure rugular the luitioiml adiiiiiii.stratioii.
•'•'This was the seventh time tlie capital was ih'stroyed; the pievious urns
lieinLf ill I."*".'), \'t'Xi, Ki'J."), KiriCJ, ]~'.)S, and KSol); niiue of tliesi^, liowevcr, were
to he eoiiniared in violence with tiio one of 1S.")4. It had been sii|i|iosed at
lirst that at hast one fourth of the population had Iteeii liuried iimli r the
ruins, hut it was «iilise(iiiintly ascertained that the iiiindier of killed diil in't
exceed one hundred, and of wounded fifty; ainoiii,' tiio latter were the hisii(i|i,
I'uenas, and a daui,'hter of I'res. San Martin. The wells and fountains wire
lilled lip or made dry. The cathedral and other churches wero greatly <iairi-
aged; the college of the Asuncion and the university hiiilding were riiiiieil.
C)nly a few dwellingdiouses remained standing, and all Were rendered ini-
inhidiitalile. Money was raised hy siih.scription for tiio licnefit of the destitiiti',
the goveruniciit of ( hiat. sending a donation of iViOiM). Pimi/n ilr Monf. X''i'',
in (iiiiit. Jt'rr,,)). L(i/., iii. IWO-oO; ,Si/iiii'r\'! Cciif. Am., .S04-7, .'{.")(); Sulr., ivu-it',
:.;ay "Jti, 1>S.")4; ]<l'., J)i'irio Otic, .Ian. •_'(•, ]87."i; El Itid, J)ee. I, ]S.".4; f/""A,
<!:int.i, Apr. 'JS, May lit, 1S,")4; < -ost,,. A'., diirc/n, .lime 10, .Tilly •_".», lS.-)4: J'^irk't.
],!l(Ui[iiiii-tr, .liiiie 17, ]iS,")4. The city and ahout 'JO surrounding towns wire
lestroyed ^lareli lit, ]S7.'J; Pan. Slur and I/cnilil, Apr. S, 1S7.S; Kl Pm-fi ii'n;
Apr. (), May Jl, 'J."), 187:5; X!<\, Oarcfa, Apr. "i, l.S7;i.
•'* Campo oil the 10th of ^lay, 1S,")7, Avarinly congratulated his fellow-citi-
zens on the end of the cain]iaigii in Nic. when tlio news came of ^Valkcr's siir-
rc.ider. A'(c., Boltihi Ojir., May 'JS, 1S."7.
CAMi'O AND HAUUIU.S.
:m
and iiulcpcndcnt nation, under tlio name of TJcpi'iMica
(111 Salvador."' This act was cttuHnncd Maivh !'.»,
18'»4, hytlic national constituent con^^rcss.
(u'ncral 1-Jclloso, Colonel Clioto, and other officers
of the I'xpedition deserted in Ju!ie from Leon. ]]arrios
sent tn)oj)s after them, and they were arrested in Sal-
va(l«»r and taken as prisoners to (\)jutepe(|UO, where
tluv told J*residoiit ('am))o tliut l^arrios had invited
tluiu to make a revolution a^anist his govern nicjit.
Tluy were set at liberty on the Hth. Hairios landed
;it La Lil)ertad with his forces on the Gth, and
inarclicd to San Salvador, whence ho wrote Canipo
lie liad occupied that }>lace to del'eat the revolutionaiy
M licnii'S of Belloso and Choto. Orders were si-nt him
t<i dissolve the forces and go to Cojutepecjue witli 2(j0
iiitn. On the llth Barrios, together with his otHcers,
made a ])ronunciamiento to depose Cam[»o and <'all
Dianas to the presidency/'** T\\e ])resident on tin;
l-th called troops to the su[)port of his government,
[tlaced San Salvador and ( 'ojuti'})e(jui' under maitial
law, and declared all acts emanating fi'om the vice-
jji'esident void. J^ut it seems that the latter refused
t(j lend himself to Barrios' plan, but on the contrary,
supported ( 'ampo.''" Barrios liimself submittcd.'^^
C'ampo's successor was ^Miguel Santin del Castillo.
This ])resident's tenure of office was of short duration.
Ill 1858 a coup d'etat of Barrios, then a senator,
-'Am. Ci/rlop., xiv. Oil; Lit yarioii, Apr. 14, IS")?. The Salviulor Haj; is
ri'i|uiiT(l to 1)0 4 varas in liMigtli, with horizontal stripes, livo lilue and four
whiti', tlio uppermost and lowermost being liliie; and a re'il union with 14
wliite stars, covering a space up and <lowu e(piivalent to that occupied liy
the iViur upper stripes, and to the extent of ]'„ varas. The tlag-statt' is '20
vuras high, cxliihiting the same arrangement of colors as the tlag.
■"On tlie 10th Barrios and a committee of ofHcers had demanded of Campo
that tlie troops should be ordered to Cojutepequc to receive thanks for tlieir
wrviccs, adding that a dissolution of ths force implied distrust of the general.
C;iiiipo di.sregarded this, iiud also r» nundjcr of propositions from Barrios, re-
iteniting his order for the disbaudment.
•' Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 75-(), assures us it was so, highly comuiending
DuiMus. The president was supported by public opinion, and many of tlie
oiticirs that had taken part in the pronunciamiento afterward tendered him
tlu'ir services. Giint., Boletin dc Nottchiif, June 18, 1857.
" ' No hizo otra cosa que rendir la espada ante la aiitoridad de Campo. '
Pn-K, Mem. Hkt. Jiev. Xlc, 2d pt, 214.
nT
1 1 f-
1^1
aos
Ki:rUHLlC OF .SALVADOR.
ill wliicli lio WHS aided by the vice-pivsidciit Ou/iiiuii,
his Icitlu'r-in-hiw, forced Saiitin t<> re.sijjjn. J^unins
sul)sr(|Uc'iitly obtained iVoiii the lej^i.shitive asHeiiildy.
.sittiii*^ fioiii January 17 to Febniaiy 12, IH;V.), tlir
.sanction of" liis coup d'etat, as >vt 11 as the constitu-
tional aniendmiMits that he had not btcn able tn
carry tliroui;li legally durinji^ Santin's rule, luanit Iv,
to extend the presidential term from two to six yiiirs,
and that of the deputies from two to four years. '
The year 18;VJ was one of restlessness, i-nn-t-ndt ivd
jiartly by the un<;roundod fear of invasion bySaiitiir>
friends, wlio liad taken rofujj^e in neiijibboi-inuj stutt s,
and partly by Jiarrios' eflbrts to secure his own eli <•-
tion to the presidency, in wldch lie was successful.
In Aujju.st iSa!) the existin<>; disaureements betwrm
Salvad«)r and Honduras, resultin^jf from intriL^ucs of
refuo'ces from the former, were l)rou_<;'ht to an cm!
through the mediation of (jiuatemala.*'"
The republic seemed to have attained a compara-
tivi'ly stable condition at the incominj;' of 18(!0. ilai-
rios had been elected ])resident, and recoLCni/.ed as smh
by the assembly,"^ He concluded in 1H()2 to hold
diplomatic relations with tlie vice-president, who un-
der the constitution of Honduras was entitled ti>
occupy the executive chair of that state at the death
'"•One liiilf of the (leputios were to l>e renewed every two years. 'I'lif
assembly wuh to iiioet l>ieimially. Salr., Dhirio Ojic, Fell. 21, 1S7.").
'''*' C'ouveution eoiicliideil Aug. 9, 18.")!t, 'n'tweuii Oiiat. ami Hoiul. to n^cng-
nize the constitutional authority estahliMliiHl -w Salvador, and to niircss any
attempt to disturh it. Houd. decl-ired hev.'«ilf disposed to ki'c[) tli<^ juaei;
with .Salv., and Ouat. guaranteed rociidociiy i.a the part of the latter. 'J'liis
convention was ratiliod liy Carrera, i^i'; .. •.'.), IM.V.t, and hy Barrios and liis
miiu.ster ^I. Irungaray, .Sept. .'iOth, thu .>aiM! year, (luitl., Ji'irop. Lcii-. i. l."''
4:?.
"' In his iiuiugural address, Feh. 1, 18(>0, he jiromised ca conservative imlicy:
' Orden progreso, lihertad hicn entcudida. . . .La par y el drdeuen el intninr,
la amistad con los estados vecinos.' Burrion, J H.tcii rsu, t>-7. But, as it will lie
shown, his policy both in the interior an<l in regard to the other states of
Cent. Am. met with disastrous results from the animosity it enLtendcnd.
He had had himself made a captain-general, and was accused by his eiieiiiies
of inorilinate vanity, insincerity, fondness for unrestricteil power, and luke-
warm patriotism; and finally came to be looked upon as a disturber of tlio
peace for his own aggrandizement. He accepted, without leave of tiie
assembly, a decoration tendered him by the kiug of Sardinia. Nic, t'aj). G<'ii.
Bamos, 3-14; Arriota, Jti'ii, del S(tlr., 2.
uV
INVASION OF SANTA ANA.
MB
(.t* ]'n>sidont Guardiola, aiul was favoivd hy pul>lii;
(ipiiiioii, altli(>UL>li Canoraot' (Juati'uiala wass ui)li<>l(l-
hvj; Mfdiiia, a usui[K'r ut" the pivsuUiicy. A treaty
of alliaiuH', Itoth di-t'ensivt! and ott'nsivc, was ciiteiid
iiiln bctwL'c'ii Salvador ami tliis vioe-invsidtiit,"' wliirli
(lis|ilt'ascd Carrora; lie dtuiandcd explanatioiis, and
tilt y were oiveii him.'" Tlio latter I'oiukI an excuse t(»
j)itk a (juarrel with Barrios iu the <|uesti<)ii with the
Salvador clergy, who had heen re(|uired to take an
(latli of allegiance to the ijovernnieiit,'" which they
relused to do, JVisho[) Pineda y Zaldana and a mmi-
l»t r of his sultordinates repairinjj,' to Guatemala, where
tliey wore honorahly recei\ed. Barrit»s was accused
ill the ofhcial journal of settiiii; aside the conservative
jtorky ])i'oniised at his inauguration."' An e\))editi(>n,
under Colonel Saenz, believed to have he'cn aided hy
Carrera, invaded Santa Ana at the cry t)f Viva la iv-
li«;it>n! Viva el obisjio! .and took the city, hut were
soon driven away V>y the citizens. C^irri'ra disclaimed
any comu'ction with this afl'air. Some time after came
.Miiximo Jerez, as minister of Nicaragua, j)roj)osing a
plan of national uni(»n for Salvador, ilonthuas, and
Xicaragua, with the intention of inviting (Juatemala
and Costa llica to Join them; hut the project failed
l)('cause of the refusal of Honduras to enter into the
anaugtnnent. (Airrera had meantime chssuaded Pres-
ident Martinez of Xicaragua from the scheme.
The (luatemalan govermnent was preparing for war
UL^ainst Salvador, and succeeded in wiiming the coopcr-
'■Miiy \•^, 1802. Mr., Bollin Ojh:, .July 10, 1S(V_'.
' ■ iSaii'id.s WHS sjiid to (Uitui'tuiil the pluu of ]):i;-titi(iiiiiif; ]If)ii(l., wlii(;li was
nut rtlci'tt'cl lioiNuisu of Carrora's ili-sajipnival; Imt tlie iminKr of (luanliola
lii'l aUdi'doil liiiu an opportunity tf> haniesM lloiid. to his car. Ifo was liko
\\i>f aiTUsed of soheiiiiiii,' witli the aid of Maximo .Ferez to control Nic
ll'irriii.'i, K\ por que do la caida, ;?-4; A'/i'., (i''iri/ii, March 'J.'$, May '2',\, .luiie
li, iMiH. liarrios claimed that lie was .striviiii,' to .'iccure the rit;lits of Saiva-
ilnr, supporting at the s.i;!ie time the patriotic aims of the Nicarag\ian lii)erald
to istahlish a government in their country.
'' 'The (.'apuchiu friars had also l)ceu expelled.
' "'I'lie course of the Salvadoran govt was not to the pope's liking. Arriolr,
l!i]>. ill I Sulv., 2. However, tiie bishop, at jiapal suggestion, oU'ercd to return
til Ills diocese, and was told there had never heen any olijeetiou to his exercise
of ci)iscopal functions. Barriox, Prod, d Ion Pueblos, 1-8.
ij'i;
,11
1:; in
i '' -S;
■
Hi
if
1
■
m
1
1
1
304
REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
atioii of ^lartincz.®' Honduras, being an ally of Salva-
dor, Florcncio Xatruch was awsistt'd by Carrera to
make a revolt in several departments aij^ainst the gov-
ernment of Honduras, Salvador tried to avert Ims-
tilities. Friends of peaee, amon<»' them the Amei-icaii
and l^ritish representatives, mediated, but all Mas of
no avail."'
Tiic Mar eontemi)lated by Carrera was unpopular
in (Guatemala, where the people of late years had \)vvh
enjoviun" ])ea('eand prosperity, and feared a reeurience
of the former desolations. But tlieir ruler Ava.s
]>romi)ted bv a deadlv animositv to Harrios, and hv
the fear tliat the allianee of the latter Avitli Jarez
would eiidaiiuvr eonservatism, and consequently liis
own p(»\V('r. Whereui)on he resolved to ciush at one
blow tilt' disturber of tlie ])ubn(; peace, as J-Jarrios was
calKd bv the oli<>archs."^ He invaded Salvador willi
a larj^'e force, a proclamation preceding him to iiifonn
tlu' people that the "svar would be against l^aiiios
and not themselves. He felt certain of a speedy \ ic-
toiy, and blindly assaih.'d ('oatej)e(|ue, wliere l^anies
was entrenclieil. He was ri'))ulsed with such Ik avy
losses''' that lu' had to retreat to his own capital.
which he entered ]\[arch Gth at the head of only M.OOU
men, l^ut this reverse did not di.scourage him. lb
fitted out anotlui- ?^rmy, and started u}>on a second
campaign that sliould be (.lecisive'" against Sabader
and Honduras, the latter having espoused J>iiii<>s"
cause, jMeantime jSTartinoz of Nicaraijua had <>aiii(d
a battle at the town of San Felipe on the 2I»tli of
A})ril, against a united force of Jerez' partisans jiiid
"'"A treaty (if iiUiiiiico was coiieliidod with liim by Sainayoa and iMiiiia.s
Dotli Salvador ri't'iigees, actiii;,' fur (uiat.
'■• Notis of E. O. C'ro!sI)y, U. S. miiiister, Foh. 2, 18(i,1, and O.co. 15. Mallirw,
Rrit. minister, Eel). 8, ISdii, to Peilro do Ayciiiena, minister of forei.:M :itlaii's
of'.iiiat. Barrios' Miiiiijics/n, 4'i-i^'2.
'•"'11 ne vit dans cctto derniero lutte qii'un duel d'hommo ft Imiimn'.
Belli/, L' Airiiniiiiiif, i. 118-11).
"••Thia wa8ontlie24thof Eel>., 180.1. Solr., DnrioOfic, Apr. 8. 187(1; lidbi,
A Trav. VAm. Cent., ll!)-2(». Barrios, in his MaintivMo, 2>'l, asserts tliat his
own force was 4,01)0 men, and Carrera 's (i,5()0.
'"The army was in three divisions, two of which wero under generals
Zavala and Cruz.
FFICE-.SKKKKllS W AK.
:{05
Salvadorans.'^ Aloreover, Honduras was iuvadod by
800 GiTuteinalans under General Cerna. Tlie Salva-
di^ran and Honduran troops were defeated'" l)y tlie
allied Guatemalans and Xiearaguans, on the ])lains of
Sunta Rosa, wliieli prompted revolts in the.njjreater
part of the departments of Salvador, proelainiing
Duenas ])rovisional president, who organized a gov-
eniment at Sonsonate." Intrigues were successfully
lirnught into play upon several Salvadoran eomniand-
crs to induce them to revolt against ]3arrios, and to
aid his enemies."* One of those officers was General
Santiago Gonzalez, commanding the troops at Santa
xVna during Barrios' temporary absence at San Salva-
dor. He made a pronunciamiento on the 30th of
June, telling the soldiers that a shnilar movement
had taken place the previous day at the capital, and
Barrios was a prisoner, and his government dissolvid.
On discovering the deception some battalions esca})ed
and joined the president at San Salvador, GonzaK'Z
l)ring left with a small number of troops. Carrera
\vas now near Santa Ana, and demanded Gonzak'z'
surri'iider and recognition of Dueiias as provisional
lui'sident, which, being declined, Carrera attacked
and easily defeated him on the 3d of July," the Sal-
vadoran artillery and a large quantity of ammunition
I'aUiiig into the victor's hands. Carrera was novv'
ujaster of the situation,''' and his i>[)[K)nent virtually
"' Xlc, J)i,scur(io. . .prim, nii'n:, K. Tlie iSalvadf i ii coiitiiigeut in tlie acticii
was 1,117 iiii'ii under <lenoral Kusehio llrauamoii'A'; Imt .Jerez had tin; cliu'f
(■iiiiiiii;iiiil of thcillifd force. .\ir., U'turfn, Aiir. IS, May 1>, 1(5, '20, '«'.'{, Juivo (i,
.Vjit. 1-J, ISC.S; M,:, liobtin tld Piii'h., Jnlv II, l.Sti;{.
J-.iuiRi It), KSli.S. M,:, Bolffinilrll'iir/,., .Inly 4, ISG3.
'■'Sdiisoiiatu dcilai'cd aj^'ainst IJarrios .hiiio '2'.hh, (Jojiitepcijup .frJy 'JTtli,
7.;nai.'.,,iu(a Au^'. 1-ltli.; Xir., Oiurtu, Auj,'. 'J'J, S.pi. lit, ISli.'S; >i/.,'jintr(i,i
il'l I'liili.. .luly '2'A, l(S(i;{. ]''or map of Jloiid. and Salv., si,'»^ .Sijiiii'/s Cciif. A in.
■'It lias lioeu .said that Tallicii du Caharrus, the Frcui'li cl ar),'e, cinhiav-
firod, alter I'arreras defeat at t'oatejietiue, to jiiirsuade a iminher of French
ollici'is who were with B;>'''-ios to leave him, which tliey refused to do.
"< 'arrcra'8 ollicial t of Jnlv 4, KSOS. in \ir,, Jinlidu <lil Pinli., .Inly
17, 2:!. I,S(W; /,/., (Inmu, Auk. •-"-', IStiX
'' lie estalilisheil his headipiartcrs in C'oatcptHjuc. Zavala marched on and
iiooii|ii(d Santa Tecla, ahont 12 miles from San Salvador; Col Iiaeta was
''tatiiiiiecl at Chalatenango; and Col I'arker in llohasco. Sulr,, I'l-ni.'itnr.,
I; A'/i-., (liicftd, Oct. 8, \S\V.\. ])uinas in a proclamation at Santa Ana, .'nl\'
IStii, promised that ('.'irrera ami his army, after fnlliUing their I'li.ssion, wouhi
llisT. Ckni Am.. Voi. lU 'JO
am)
i;i;i'ri5i.i(' of saiaadok.
Mi:
without moans of ilefeiire, superjuklfd to Avliich tlin
iiiHiK'iK'o of till! clcruy luul turned the Indians to
Carrera's side. Barrios continu('<l liis etiorts, how-
ev(!r, and held out four- inontlis at San Salvador,
thoui^h clos(;ly besieged and suil'erino" from want of
food and annuunition." He had rei'used to listen to
])roi)osals ottering him the honors of war, believiiu^f
thatonec in Carrera's hands his i;ite would he sealed. '
At last further defence was impossible, and ]>;iriio,s
escaped out of the city early on tho 2()th of Octolx r,
and Kul)se(|uentlv out of the country."'' The surrendrr
of the city took place the same day, niid on the liOtli
J)uenas, now [)laced at the head of attairs, decrcrd
thanks and honors to Carreraand Martinez, and their
respective armies.*"'
I^arrios, having with him arms and annuunition,
emhiirked at l^mannl in 1 HOT), on thi! schooner JAa///'f/'/
Phdias for La Inion, to jilace himself at the head of ii
movement initiatcxl hy Cabanas in that port and San
^ligu<'l in his favor. It was only on aii'ival that lu'
return tn (liiiit. Iciviii;,' tlic S;ilv.'i<l(ir;iii.s to rcorjiaiiizi^ ;i friomlly f^ovcrMiiiriit,
ill hell (it tlii^ tiii'liulfiil (iik; (it IJarriiiM, willi tlii^ Mssislaiicc (it l>isli(i[i /.iM.iii.i.
Hai'iids a('('Usc(l hiicnaH, at I'aiiaiiia 1)('l'. S, ISii;!, dl' liaviii^ (itr( red ( 'anvia
.^l(K),(MH( 1(11' liis assistaiKc t(i ^'iit him iiitd tlu; ^ircsiilciitial chair; to ]i;iy
whicli a idri't'd loan was (U'orccd. He adilcil that at iiiid tiiiio Cai'ri la li il
liiado war against tiic j^dvt dl' Ildiid. hir SoO.OOO tliat ( inardidla dticnil liiin.
Jiiirrhi-i, Kl i'lr.iii/. lnjit., W -A.
''Si-|it. l.S, 1S().'{, Zivala, ciiininandcr (if th(^ licsicifini.' army, and I)iiirias
demanded a surrender, and suliini.ssidii vn the iirdvincial uovt. 1 )uenas claiiind
t(i lie re(;(iuni/(!d as iiresideid hy ( >u,it., Mie., ;in(l lldiid. ^N'/r-., Ilnli I'm i/il /'ii'li.,
Oct. :i, l,S(i:;; a/., (,',ir,/„, (»et. 17, IHC.:?.
'''Carrera not IdUL; alter hail M. liniiLiaray, miiii.-terdf slate, Varzun. trci.--
urer, ( Jen. i'erez and his hnilher, and cdldiiels .Mielar and Luna slml, lev the
Hdle dU'eiuH^ dl havinu' serNcd in llarrids' adminislratidn.
''••( 'arrera, Oct. .'iOlii, ealieil it a ' \crgdn/.(isa I'nua.' Curnrn, I'lmi.. I. llar-
rids was sulise(|iieiitly in |S(i,") alhiwed liy Custa It. to I'eside in her terrilmy
against the reindiistranees el' tin^ (ither Cent. Am. states. 'I'liese siis|ii mli .1
relatidus with her. I'revidus td this tinu^ he hid lesjcled in X. V(irk, wlnrc
li(! made many friends. JSie. red[i(!ned, tiu'dugii the meiji ition of the V. S.
of ("dhimliia, (in tiie .'{1st (if May, ISti.'i, relatidUS widi Cust.i 1!.. Uarrins hav-
ing deiiarled. (,'iiitf., Itcniy. f,ii/., i. 4r>S-l); A'/i'., d'tinfi, .lune 17, JSIi."); //., Ci'l.
/><■,:, ISIi.'), .S-!l, ;VJ .'!.
'"■' \it:, (i'iir//,i, Ndv. (i, I I, ISlill. 'I'Ik! (lutrages cdniniitleilliy I 'areii 1 ami
his men are said to haV(? lieen aliudst heydud desiri|itidn. O.ie (if hi-; ails
was td eausi! Mdrazan's grave td h(^ liroke d[ien, and his ashes to Ik; scitlrK'ii
td the winds. Ih? insulted, plundered, and )iersecuteil eiti/ens, aiiil caiiicil
(ill th(! Salvaddi-an artillery and trdiihies. lie tdok with liiin to (liiil. tin'
iirisdiiers of I'aiik, and eontined them many niontlus in tho castlo of San I'l'-
lipe situated on the deadly northern eeast
l.'isi
iniiiMii,
issued
union ;,,
c;l(|,.,| ,,
to l(.(,|.o
tulioii.
'i"n;ii'\-
I"'''>i.!i'ii
'Cal,,-
Ilia
;■'"■ '■' lirlliu,
hi..l,,iv ,^ ,,
cnt,
ii;v.
rl'll
IIIV
lllll.
\\:\V-
Jtnril
It. tlio
llM I'"'"
DEATH OF BARRIO.S.
307
heard of the failure of that luovcniont,^^ and on his re-
turn the schooner was struck by h,i;htnini^ in waters
of Xiearasfua at tlie Aserradores. He sent to Corinto
for water and provisions, and the consequence was
tliiit a Nicarau^uan force came on board and ca[)tured
liiin. He was taken to Leon on tlie 30tli of June.'"'^
Tlie lUfovernnient of Salvador demanded his extradition
tliiit he niii'i'ht bo tried, the national con_<;re.ss havini^
iinjieached jiini. The result of thi.s was a convention
iiili'red into at Leon July 14, I8G0, between Gregorio
Arlilzu, minister of Salvador, and Pedro Zeludon,
111' li^Dtentiary for Nicarai^ua, by which the lattijr
Uo\'. .' •nent assented to tluj surrender of l^arrios,
n o'r ■ iwie express stipulation that his hfe .should bo
s|» .i« (1 whatever might be the result of his trial. "^
Hut the ii-ovornmont of Salvador, i!i disrouard of this
ohhiij'ation, luul Harrios sentenced to death by a court-
lu.iitial, and lie was executed at 4:;>0 in the morning-
nf ;\un'nst 21)th, aufainst the T'omonstranoes of tlu; I'eji-
nsciitative of NiearaL;'ua. The latter could do nolh-
wj; but protest, and th.row tlie infaniv of the deed
U|i(iii Duonas and his aihninistration.
l)ishop Zald.MlM. returiKMl to his diocese at th(^ ter-
iiiiii;!tioi; of th<' v. -n- in the latter ])art of J8G.'3, and
issued a pasi.Miul letter recommendinij^ concord and
uiiluii aiooo'^' Ills (l<>ck. The ])rovisional ^•ov<>rnin(Mit
cnllrd oil tii{> j>c jplc to choose a constituent a.ssenibly
to r(dru;"anize *h( 'j;o' rnment and frame a new consti-
tution. This {issonritly met on the 1 Rth of February,
IHCi I, and on the sanii; date sanctioned the. last re\ohi-
tioiiaiy movinnent, which disposed J3arrios from the
juv.Idoiicy, and called J )uenas to fill it. IJis acts to
'^' e.ilmfi.iM li;ul j;()iit' (ifl' t(i I'liii. ill till' sf (Miner (•iitifniniln. J\irtii'iil;il'-i nl'
till' irUrlliiiii, ami iiiL'iisiii'i'.s iiniiiiist its aiitliur^, in A'/>., 'auoIh, M;iy 0, tliiiu!
Itl, .Inly I, I, Si;,-.
Till! vcs.si:! •' t-jiiliu),' witlioiit i\w |i,4ii;in rc;((iiiri.:il liy l;i\v, aa \v;i.-i cc r-
tilii-'l liy tlif i', .. •.Mi.siil ill C'oriuto. A'(C., Vol. .Icuird. y JJcc, til--; /./.,
lUi:^,,l,l />,„./,., .'.:.,. 4, \HC.\.
"'I'lii' S;ilv. iiui': • :r .s.il iimly ncecptoil tills conilition. and tlio Nio.irai;u;iu
Hiivt tlii'ii ilclivcn-il iJarrio.s on Imanl tlii! ln-ij^ K.ijicriiiif'iitn. .A'/>., Coni'inii) J4
<l'J,i;;.,, 1 IS; ^V(V., Dors. /.',.'. (i la irrl., I-I'J; Air., Uwrla, July ilH, lbt)5.
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308
REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
that date were approved, and lie was recognized as
provisional executive till a constitutional one should
he elected. That body at a later date j)roniulgate(l a
new constitution in 104 articles, which like the funda-
mental charters of the other Central American states
at tliat time was exceedingly conservative. The oidy
relioion recognized was the Roman catliolic.
At the elections which took place ten months aftrr
the pronmlgation of the new charter, ])uehas was aj)-
parcntly elected president for the nrst constitutional
term, and the ct ;"^'^"tional congress recognized liiiu
as such. He took lal possession of the office Fcl)-
ruary 1, 1805. Co^.^ress closed its session on tlio
21st of the same month.
I li
t
? i
t ::
CHAPTER XV
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS,
18^0-1805.
PUESIDENT FeRRF.RA — RF-V0H:TI0NAKY \i.OVEMENTS — POLITICAL EXECCTTOVS
-PiiEsiiiKNcv OK Juan Lixdo— Nkw Con'stitu'I'ion — Lini>o Ovkr-
TiiiiowN — Bklize — I loNnuFis'TuoruLEs WITH (iuKAT Britain —IJiirnsii
Occupation ok Thiku Island — BoMiiAKn.MKNT ok Omoa — Bay Islam >s
- -PuEsiDENT Caisanas- War wii'ii (JrAi'KMALA— (icAitnioLA's Assas-
sination— Provisional Rules ok Castkllanos am> Pontes — Alllanck
wiT'i Barrios — Ussuccesskul War with Guatemala and Nicaracua
— ^Iontes Deposed — KsTAisrisiiMKNT ok the ItKi-uiiLic— Jose M. ^Ie-
DiNA Chosen President — Amendment ok the Constitution,
The house of representatives of the Estado Lil)re y
Soborano do Honduras, on the 30th of ])ecenil)i'r,
1840, cliose Francisco Ferrera prcsich^it/ and he took
li()ss(^ssion of the office on the 1st of January, 1841.
The cliamber ch)sed its session on tlie Gth of Marcli,
It is unnecessary to repeat liere tlie liistory of Hon-
duras down to 1844, as it lias Ix'on jL;iven in connection
with otlier sections of Central America, Tlie state
'Ho had l)eoii tlic aolo caii(li<lato, ohtaiuiiif,' ,'?,4(H) votes, which did not
t'diistitiitu a niajoritj'. Fciti'IU was of ohsiuii! jiaii'iita,m;, and of iiifcrinr
aliility. Ho was i!duoatt;<l liy a roai'tioiiary priest iiaiiiccl ( !arii\, whi>, wi ~liing
iiiiii to hccoiiio a niusiciau of tho pai'isli chin rh at ( 'aiitai-raiias, sent him to
T( j_'iu'ijjraliia to take Uissoiis on tho violin; hut tho hoy iiiiido no jiro;ji'css in
that iliicction, anil linally was inado sacristan of Cantiirranas, wliicli position
lie iiild a long tinio, till tlio rovoliitionarv movcnicnts chew liini into military
lili', and lio began upholding lihcral princijilcs. ]lo llgiirod afterward as \ico-
jtlc, hating his cliief, Joaiinin Rivera, l)eeausi> lu! was a domocrat. No«- wo
«(' tiio sacristan of Caidarranas made pri''ident of the state. Francisco
'iucll, Francisco Zelaya, and Santiago Bueso were recognized as his suhstittites
ill the order named. Jt was also (lecreed hy tiio cliainhor that in tiic event
"f a vacancy, ah.solute or tem]iorary, if tho substitutes should bo unablo to
assiniio tho cxecutivo duties, tho latter should devolve on tho ministers of
state. MonUifar, lieaala Hid., iv. l'Jl-'JO;j- Wclh' Iluitd., 494; Smiicr'n Tnn:^
ii. 4 J',1
(300)
.SIO
Rpn'unuc OF Honduras.
assembly was installed on the lltli of January, witli
ceremonies more religious than political, as befitted ;i
country where the intluencc of the church was so over-
wlu'hning,^ The chamber bepraised Ferrera with as
much gusto as the church had smoked him with
incense at the cathedral, and on the 2Gth he was
formally declared a ben(>merito de la patria, i>'id (dii
finned as a general of division, which raidc lu. 1 Im. n
conferred on him by the government in March 18;!'J.'
Much Avas said at the opening of the legislativt'
session about peace, but the fact was, that a nuniltrr
of towns were greatly agitated, owing to the lieavy
burdens weighing on tliem, and to the displeasure
caused by many citizens having been driven into exile
Amonnr these towns were Texiu'uat, La Plazuela, and
Comayagiiela. Sa"(;os Guardiola was sent against
them, and was not successful, though he asserted in a
proehunation tliat he had defeated the rebels. Thv
war spread,* and Ferrera deemed it expedient to leave
t!ie executive office in charu'e of the ministers for a
time, and to personally take comniand of the forces jo
operate against the insurgents. Guardiola defeated
tlieni at Corpus on lJic 1st of July, and captured tlieir
correspondence, M'ith Rivera, Orellana, and the other
leaders.^
An insurrection of tlie troops at Olancho took
place in ]3ecend)er, which was soon quelled, and
stringent measures were adopted by Ferrera against
its promoters." Amid this state of affairs Ferrera's
term was approaching its end, and he could not be re-
elected a second time under the constitution of ISHf).
Flections were held, and arrangements made so tliat
'^ Wc are assured tlicrc were 4-t to douin masses on tliat day
'le was cri'dlteil with having, hy his euer^ry, wisdom, and disinterested
pat Lism, saved the state from civil war and anareiiy.
' t"ho govt justly attributed the ni(>venient to Ivc-jefe Rivera, Orellana,
Alvarez, Castro, and others, helieving the centre of it to bo in Leon. It do-
niauL'd satisfaction from Nie., but ol)tained none.
''The whole was puhlLshed in El DeHcnhridor, official journal of IIoiul.
Every one of Rivera's letters counselled discipline, modcratiou, and houoraljlc
dealnq, so as to save the c:uise from ohlorpiy
"Decree of Dec. 13, 1S44.
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" Decree
KEVOLUTIOX AND ELECTION.
311
lio could continue in power as minister of war witli
the cliicf command of the forces.' Guardiola liud been
also dubbed a beiiemerito, and Lis friends wished to
Viiise liiin to the presidential chair, but did not succeed.**
N'o candidate obtained the reipiisite majority, and the
li^'isluture chose C'oroiiado Cliavez president."
l']x-jefe liivera, taking advantn;j;e of the absence of
i'V'rrera with most of his forces in Xicaraipia, invadetl
lldiiduras for the purpose of overthrowing the exist-
ing govirnment. The people failed to cooperate with
liiiu, and he was defeated and made ])risoner. On the
Uh of January, 1.845, he, with ]\Iartinez, Landa, and
Julian iJiaz arrived at Couiayagua in irons. The
iiliicial journal announced that liivera was to be tried
aii<l {)unished. He was in fact doomed to the scafl'old
1)( tore he was tried.'"
(jiuardiola's atrocities in La Union and San ^Migutl,
spoken of in a former chapter, won him additional
]ioiiors from the subservient assL-mbly of Hoiidunis.
He was a second time declared a benemerito, and
awarded a u'old medal. Chavez, the tool of Feircra,
was not neglected, lie was given the title of Padre
(•(iiiscri[)to de la patria, with an accompanying medal."
The assemblv closed t)n the 2;3dof ^[arch, well satislied
of the wisdom of its measures. Another })resi(]en-
tial election came up, and no one jiaving the recjui-
>ite number of votes, the assembly, January 14,
l>>ir, chose Ferrera, who declined the position, and
.luan Lindo was then appointed, Ferrera continuing
' I mcntioncil dsowhcrc the defeat tliia year at Naeaonic of a Nicaraguau
fiiicc liy tlio garrison unilcr (.'oniinandant Morales. Tliu credit of tlii.s victory
was given to I'errcra, wlio liap[)eiie(l to he in tlie ]]laee at the time, hy tlie
iniuister.s ill eliarge of tlie cxceiitive oflice awardiii,' him a gold mcilal with
the inscription, 'Ala lieroioidad del <}eueral Ferrera eu la hatalla de Na-
I'Mimc' The supreme court hail compan'd him with Alexander, Octavius,
Au-u.stus, and Napoleon. Tlio soldior.s of Jloiid. made liiin a MiUiadu.s,
'I'lriistoclcs, and Demosthenes. Ami finally, the olficial journal pronounced
liiiii superior to Julius C'lesar. Monti'ifnt; ll<s,ii'ia JIUt., iv. o70-i).
~ < hiardiola was a rough and cruel soldier.
'ilis substitutes were Francisco Giiell, Letmardo Romero, and Manuel
Kiiii,' !io Vazquez.
''Ivivera, Landa, and Martinez were shot together.
"Decrees of Feb. 4 and March 10, 1840.
mgn^
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' '^iHi
1' ■"';'
mi
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
; !
' J
as war minister, with the command of the troops an-
nexed, which was what ho desired. Guardiola was
retained in tlie office of minister of foreign relations,
thoui^h mifit for it.
Wlien the army of the United States was in jNIexicf),
Lindo seemed greatly exas])erated therehy; the presi-
dent, without first ohtaining the sanction of the repre-
sentatives, issued manifestos, on the 1st and 2d of June,
1847, which were an open declaration of war against
the United States, ^■-
Lindo desired to control affairs for an unlimited
time, and the constitution allowing him only a two-
years tenure, and ct)ntaining, besides, several clauses
repugnant to him, it was doomed.^'' A constituent
assembly was accordingly called to frame a new char-
ter, which was adopted at Comayagua February 4,
1848.'*
Lindo continued as president under the new le-
ginie.^'' The legislature had assend)led at Cedrt)s on
the 10th of June, 1849, when the president reported
'■'This proceeding was coiniminicated to the governor of C'hiaita for tin;
infoniialioiiof his goycruiiient. TlicjiroclaiiiiiliDiis were published iu Mcxicn,
and pr(>lial)ly elsewlierc; hut 1 am not aware tliat the Auieriean j^'ovcriiiin ut
took any action upon th(uii. A/., 'J3()-7; Sim of Aniilinar, Sept. \\, 1M7:
El Ai-ro Ins, Sept. '-"J, Oct. 4, 17, 1847; El Jlnzwiiiiloi; Out. 3(), 1S47; iU
SoiiDrciisc, Nov. I'J, 1S47.
'■'It proviilcd for only one dwunhcr, and he wanted another for the aris-
tocracy. It recognized freedom of conHciene(! and religion, wiiieh to his luiii'l
was heresy.
"It contained 114 articles; recognized tlie people as tlie source of poucr
and sovereignty. All persons horn in the states of Cent. Am. and resiihiiL;
in lioud. were given the privileges of full citizensliip. Foreigners niiuilit
hoconie naturalized. Tlie right of sulFragi! was given to citizens over 'Jl }i us
of ag(? wlio could read ami write. The state recognized no other religion than
tile Uoinan ealliolie, t^xcludiiig tlio puhlie exiM'eise of all otiiers. The govern-
ment, declared to he poptdar and npresentative, was vesteil in time powi is,
namely, legislative, executive, and judii'ial. The executive was jihui d in
charge of a presi<lent for four years, and not eligihle for two conseentivi^
terms. He ap])oint(Ml]iis ministers, who had a seat in the legislature. Tlirif
was a council of state jirovided, its inenil)ers being one senator chosen by tlu!
gen. assembly, one justice of tlio supremo ecnirt, the minister of tlie interior,
tlie treasurer, and two citizens elected by the gen. assembly. The asseiriMy
was formecl f)f one cliamlicr with 14 <leputies, being two for eacji di'paitriii m!,
and the senate with 7 memliers. The judiciary consisted of the su[ircine aii'l
lower courts. The supreme court was divided into two sections, of three jns-
tiees each, fine to sit in Comayagua, and the other in Tegucigalpa. I'l.icli
department had a jefe politico at its head, J fond. , ConxUt. tie ISJfS, 1-21 ; iSiiui r*
Cciif. Aw., 2o8-(i.-).
'■'The next term would begin on the Ist of Feb., 1852.
AVAR AND TItEATIKS.
31 S
ht
17:
/.7
tlio state at peace, and its relations with the otlier
states on a satisfactory footing. ]3iit ho. acknowledged
that his govornnient was hurasseil hy party conten-
tious. Order had been maintained thns far by a strict
impartiality toward the factions, with the cooperation
(if some good and influential citizens.** This was not
to last long; for on the 12th of February, 1850,
Guai'diola, deceivt;d by representations of Felipe .T;lu-
rtgui and the aristocrats of Guatemala, in which the
Ihitish charge, Chatfield, had no little part, made a
pronunciamiento au Tegucigalpa, where the govern-
inoiit then was, and Lindo had to flee. The latter
filially entrenched himself at Nacaimie, near the bay
of Konseca, and asked for assistance from the govern-
inciits of Salvador and Nicaragua, wliich under the
terms of their confederacy they were bound to aflV)r(l
liim. Salvador at once sent a considerable force under
General Cabanas, and Nicaragua prepai-ed to do the
same if necessity re<piired it. (Juardiola's movement
was not seconded elsewhere. Ihit he n. relu^d against
Xaeaome, and at Pespire connnissioners of Salvador
aiitj Lindo made him understand his false position,
and an understanding* was then had, on the '25th of
March, by which he submitted to Lindo's authority.''
li:Jit
■iU'S
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I'vn-
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IliVi'
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The treaties of !78:> and i78() between Great Britain
and Spain reserved to the latti'r the sovereignty over
Belize, otherwise called British Honduras, granting to
the settlers merely the i)rivilege of cutting dye and
other woods,''^ using the spontaneous products of the
"'A>., <:,v: Itt., Aui;. 1, 184!); J.a Union (S. S.ilv.), Juno IT), ],S4'.».
''Tlio foUowiiij,' woi'i; thu tonii.s agreoil upon: a uriioral aiiiiK;sty; tlic coii-
fidcrato iliot was to lueot at iNacanint', ju'dtoctuil liy -00 Salvailoiaiis aiiil ax
iiMiiy NicaramiaiiM at tlio c\pL'ii.so of Jloiid. ; ainl tin; wtati! a.ssciiilily also to
iiilii'.ss certain alhg(Ml giievaMccs; and .Jaiii-oj;ui'n coiulmt in t'osta ]{. to Ik:
iiivi -iliiratiil. AU of which wan done, ('rn/: Am., M!-r,l. Ihir., iios. 'J',( ;!;{,
.■ii;-4:i, r)l»-.'>; Sulr., l^wHit, March 15, Ai)r. 4, IS, May 10, 1S:.0; rV«Ar It.,
a "■,/■,, March '2, IS.IO; Xir., Cm: /■■</., Apr. 4, May 'J, 10, 1S:.(); (;,nu-</!nl,i,
iji lit. Otic, Marcli .SO, KS.'iO; S'l'iiir'.i I'mnli, ii. IS'J. Tiio chambers on tlio
'J'.ltii of .lune '.Icclarcil Lindo a hoiienierito de la patria, eonfi'ri'ing on him the
liuilvipf general of division for life, from the expiration of liis proaidential
tiiiH. J fond., (inrrta'tjir., Aug. 31, 1S.")0.
""Tho Spaniards knew but little of this region, believing it unhealthy,
(Ml
311
REPUHLIC OF HONDURAS.
tv
I'.'
soil, fishing along the coast, re})iiiring their vess, Is,
and building houses and stores. The colonists a\( io
not to set iij* any government, either civil or millt;!! y,
construct forts or defences, nuiintain troops of any
hind, or i)ossess anv artillerv.'"
(h)vcnior O'Neill of Yucatan made an expoditiini
in 17'.)8 against the English settlers during Av;;r Kr-
tween tlie two nations, and destroyed a nunilu r nf
setth-nieiit-; on the llio Xuevo, hut was afterward
repulsed hy tlie colonists and slaves of JhTize. Tliis
circumstance was claimed to have given tlie victors
the right of concjuest over the territory occu})ied liy
them. IJut neitJier Spain, nor Mexico after Ik r
independence, recognized that pretension, nor was it
admitted hy the ]iritish parliament.*' Fuitliennorc,
the treaty signed in London, Deccnd)er 2(5, 18"J(;, hc-
tween Creat Uritain and !^^exico was negotiated tui
the expro^s condition tliut the treaty of July 14, l7Mi,
Ix'twecn tlie Spanish and 13ritish crowns sliould 1»(3
]u Id valid and ol)servcd in all its })rovisions."^ I'lu iv-
fore the conclusion we nmst arrive at is, that the
soverei vnty over Belize helonus to Mexico and not to
Great Lrituin. j\[exicu's claim has been recogni/.i <l
])y the settlers, wlien it suited their interests, liut
they were never ecpially dis})osed to abide by the ol li-
gations of the treaty of 18'2G."" Their encroachments
anil hail lian'.ly in;iilo aiiy attempts themsulvos to cut wood there. Cuiiccl:iil i,
Til. Mcj-'trcHo, ]v,l-ll, coiiiiiuted at nearly l\venl,y-l\v(Hiulliiiii dollars tl:i' 1 i-s
siistiiin-'d by iSp;;i!i to Iwll', including in that sinu the original cost, and tlio
resuLi:i;,' proiiis which had accrued, mostly to the Eugliili.
''Tli.y ^\•cre likewise forl)i;ldeu to cultivate sugar, codec, t)r cacao, or \>i
ciigige ill ni;;uuf;;ctures; ami they were not to supply arms or ammunitioa tn
tlio I.idi;nis dwclli:!!,' ou the frontiers of the Spanish iiossessioiis. E.-tjiiiim i Jnit.
Coi't'iii.i, Jidy 11, I'iOC), in Cent. A»'. Patnjtii., no. 4, 1-7.
^''Certain acts of that holy in 1817 a:i I lull), in consequence of mc.t'^inrs
adopted to punish crimes committed in BJlize, declared that the crimes iirull
not he ])u:'.i..hcd iuiiLt British laws, becauoO that territory was not a ]u>nion
of llic United Ki.igdom. Pcnic/ie, llixt. lid. E'p. y MiU: con IinjL, in ,!»'•(>«",
JIM. Yhc, iv. '2lI).
^'Thc treaty of ISL'O, with the annexed treaties and conventions of S]i,iiii
with England and other nations having any hearing on tho subject may liu
found i.i Mc.i:., Dirvrho Intern., i. 437-51:4.
-'-ViUicrs, Brit. niin. in Madrid, asked the Sp. govt in 1835, and again
in 183{), to code to Iv.igland any right of sovereignty she might hav<' over
Brit. Honduras. The request was not granted, bv:t it implieil that Iji'-ImhI
in 183G did not consider herself to {)osscss the full sovereignty over Belizi;.
HKLIZE.
(HI Yuciituu have oontinued to the extent tluit tliey lu i\\
liold nuK'li more tluiii was coutlitioiuillv Jillowetl them
\\:v AVoi)(l-euttin<>' hv tlie treaty of 17h:].-''
Aileetiiiii^ to i'oiget that the}' wore entitled merely
ti) the usufruct of the country, the settlers set u[) as
curly us 171)8 a government,"' raised troops, built iorts,
tilled the soil, and exijrcised every ri''ht imitlvinn' full
si>V('rei''ntv. Alexander M'J^onald, while holdiuLi' the
ollit-e (»f superintendent,-^^' on the '2d of Xovend»er, 1640,
si t aside the laws and usages of the country, declaring
tliat from said date the law of England should he the
law of the settlement or colony of British Honduras,
and that all local customs and laws repugnant to the
spirit of the law of England, and ojjposiul to the prin-
ciples of ecjuity and justice, shcndd he imll.'"" In later
vt'ars the ii'overnmeut has been in the hands of a lieu-
t( iiant-governor, with an executi\'e and legislati\e
council, and the colony has the usual judicial estah-
lislinient."'
\ illarta, Mexican luiii. fif foreign iiflFairs, ivfcrs to Vtlliurfi' cfl'orts in ii note
(ii MuitIi '2'.i, IMS, to thu ]}rit. govt. Tlic lattur, liowivi r, in lS;i(), I'l.iiuK'd
a l:ir;,'i r extent of ti'iritory, iuehuling the whole coast as fai' si lUh a.i the
J;ivir S.irstoon, ami as far inland as the meridian of (larhutt's Falls on the
ISili;^ • liiver.
-'iV'tails in JiiiifniiMiitc, Hist. I/itrliii/c, Kil; Sf/iiiir'.-) Truvclf, ii. 412-14;
/'/., ('(III. Am,, i'SJ 4, (>li7-JS; Armii'joh., MtJ-, ii. •>*).); M(.i: .Soc (Iidj., Ji.ilc-
/hi, ■_'! vl^., iv. (ii>S-710; Aiuinls Brit. Lci/is., ii. SI; .Siinnz, /iijorn.c, ',V2-Ci;
r. S. <lnrt Doc, For. All'. (.Mess, and Doe.j ])t 1, (M-ti, i)t iii. .SoO-"l), Cong. Sll,
Srss. 1.; I<L, Fnirl'/n lUL, i. OrtO-lJl, Cong. 4.'), Siss. 1.; iSalr., /hurioOjir., Nov.
'ji, isTS; L:i Vdzifc Mcj.,,iiui. :n, is,;.")r Sept. is), Xov. i, is82.
-'I'he settlement, as it was called, for it had not I'ven the name of a colony,
was ruled by a code of laws established in 1770 by Sir W. Hnruaoy. .Instieo
was administered by a boaril of seven magistrates chosen jiiiMnally. Tiie
chi.'f authority was the suiierintendent, a jjosition always hel I by a military
ol'iicer, comljining the duties both of lirst civil magistrate anil commander of
the forces. JJcui/crsoii'.i lint, llnud., 7i">-t).
-' lie entitled himself then her Majesty's superintendent ami conimander-
iu-iliiv'f in and over her possessions in Hond.
-'■ .M'l)i)nald then app(.inted an executive council. He also assumed control
of tlie tinanecs. Not satisfied with tiie right of veto, he Lgislated in his own
[itirson by proelaniat'on, assuming the right of punishing any one acting
against his authority or obstructing his mandates. Tiie inhabitants protested
(iL;ainst his usurpation of powers, and appealed to the British government
and parliament, obtaining some trifling relaxation. They also petitioned that
tlio government should openly assume the sovereignty, so that they ndght
possess their lands without reservation in respect to Spain or Mexico. Tiieir
liititions did not receive any direct reply. However, the govt in 184"), sent
out a chief justice, a queen's advocate, and other judicial appendages. Crowe h
Gwpi-l, 205-ti.
'" The coat of arms of Belize is read as follows: Chief dexter-argent — the
i; f,
! tl.l
i^S
aio
lti:!TI!M(' OF HONDURAS.
ii i
i-
\\-
I'! '-f >■-
Tlio assumption of sovoroij^nty is not Mexico's oiilv
cause of complaint. Since the war ot* races broke out
ill Yucatan in 1847, tlie people of Belize have sold
arms and anununition to the revolted Indiana. Early
in 1848 the authorities promised that the Indians
should not l)e aided, directly or indirectly; but the
promise was not fulfilled.^** The population is mainly
negro, originally introduced as slaves; the rest, exccj)-
ting a few white men, is a hybrid race resulting from
intercourse with Europeans and Indians. The total
population in 1871 was nearly 25,000, of which there
Were probably 1,000 nu're males than females."" Slav-
ery was abolished by an act of the inhabitants on tlir
1st of August, 1840.-'"'
The chief })roduct of the country is mahogany, of
which some 20,000 tons were exported ammally, but
the demand for it lately has decreased. Its logwood
is much valued, and about 15,000 tons are yearly ex-
})orted. Besides these staples, the countiy produces
other woods of value, and the cahoon or coyal palm
in abundance, from the nuts of which is extracted a
valuable oil. Sarsaparilla and vanilla are found in
the interior. Of domestic animals there are enough
union jiick, proper. Chief sinister, on the proper — the chief divided from tlir
body of the sliield by a chevron-shaped partition from the fe.ss of the Wixti r
and sinister base. Points — tlie intermediate space azure— a ship with set
sails on the sea, passant proper. Crest, mahogany tree. Motto, '»Sub iinrhi a
floreo.' Supporters, negroes; tliat to tiie U'ft, with a paddle; the other to tin'
right, witli an iixo over liis shoulder. iStoiit.'t* Sir., 'J.')S.
^'" One of tlie superintendents — supposed to be Col Kaneourt-^ had rcUiitioiis
■with the ferocious Cecilio Clii, which was ofiicially coninnmicated by .\ievii(i
to the Brit, charge, Doyle, March ]'_', 1849. Anrowi, Hist. Yw:, iv. 'I'M:
YltC, E.rpo.'i. dolt. Ci-ci/i/ns, <»8-102.
-'••The population about 1804 was set down at not nioro than iiOO white
persons, SOO free colored, and 3,000 negro slaves. Tlie white pop. ^'nul-
ually decreased. In 18'J7-S, the jiop. was between 5,000 and (3,000; in ISUS,
8,000; in IS.'iO, I'rOOO; in 180.% 'J.^OOO. S'/iiicrHCriit. Am., 587- S-Jinnn'sdic!.,
i:{-14; 0>ihonw.'<(;uiili\ 'J.'U; Valoi.^ Mcii'/ik; \M; Piins Gntr of t/ic. Par., '20.
The town of Belize, at tlie mouth of the river of tlio same name, generally lias
(5,000 inhabitants. The dwellings of the wealthy class are large and com-
fortable. Besides the govt houses, court-house, barracks, and jail, there are
several churches, episcopal, methodist, baptist, and presbyterian, and some
large and costly lire-proof warehouses. The town lias experienced two destruc-
tive conilagrations, one in 1854 cand another in 1803. Packet Iiit('lli<i<'iirr>\ .liiiie
17, 1854; G'tiaL, Gaceta, Sepv. 7, 22, 1854; La Vozdc M(j., May it, 18():i.
'" It was eft'ected without disturbance, and attended with the happiest ro-
«ults. Crovxs Qospel, 205.
KNCLlSll COKUCIDN.
:ti7
i" r tlio nrods of tlio ]>uo[)lc'. Thv cnlouy during' tlio
last tit'teeji or twonty years lias Iti-cii on the dowiiwanl
foiirsc.
Ill loriiicr tiiiU'M the iK)rt of l^ehze was an entrepot
I'wi' the nt'i;4hhoriiin' stati-s of Vucataii, ( uiateinahi, and
Honduras," hut afler the oj>enin_tjf of direct tra(h' he-
twi rn tliose states and tlie United ^^tat(■sand I'.urope,
iind the diversion of trade on the ]?a('itie to Pananni,
that source of jtros[)i'rity ceaseiL Total toinia^e
(111 red and cleared in 187", exclusive of coastini^
trade, 7^5, 1)74, of wlucli 4(5, KJS were British. Value
ot' inq)orts, in ten years endinj,' in 1877, .£1,781,17;");
for that year, £HK},7i)i'>, of wliii-h .£,'84,540 were from
(inat Jiritain. A'alue of exports for 1877, X\'24J)():),
ot" which c£'!)4,j48 went to Great Britain.'^'' The
average rate of duties on injpt)rts is ten per cint ad
valorem; machinery, coal, and hooks enterino' free.
The gross amount of revenue for 18(5;i, .£27,.'5*J8; for
1 877, .£4 1,488. Puhlic expenditure for the latter year.
The relations of Honduras with Great Britain were
(huing many years in an unsatisfactory state, due in a
^rcat UK'asure to tin; schemes of certain officials of the
latter government, who pushed ungrounded claims
against the toi'mer in the furtherance of their plans to
gain control of a large extent of the Central American
coast. On the ;5d of Octoher, 1849, a British war
sirn>at TrujiUo demanded the sum of $1 1 1,0(51 , alleged
to l)e due to suhj(>cts of her nation. The demand not
hcing compru'd with, an armed force was landed from
liiT tlic next day, which occu})ied the fort and town.
'I'lie British conunander finally accepted on account
8l/_'()0 — all that the llonduran comandante could ])ro-
(ure — and on reemharkino' i\rvd a vollev.'^'
' -Much smuggling waa carried on to ami from it.
' AiiniilfHril. I.njit., \\\. ;^i;S; Y. L'li.S; vii. 'J'JS; x. ;H8ii-7; ."^Ol-'J; xii. l.S'MO;
xiv. ;{()4; U. S. C'oinm. HcL, l.SliH-TT, passim. Tliv Kiicifcliqh liritaii., xii.
Kill 7.
''■' He concluilud ti> lu'ocood to .rainaica for further instructions. El lierisor,
iM\. 5, Fob. 1(), 1S.")0; Homl., (hicta Ojir., Oct. I'J, 1841).
if"
I
iii'si:
?}
^1 ,
",?,"
1
{18
KEPUBI.K' OF HONDURAS.
Hi'
On the southern crast the British steamship Gorf/ou,
ou the KJth of November, seized tlie island of Tiger,
hoisting the British flag at Amapala.^* The authori-
ties of Honduras, after protesting against the act,
called the attention of the United States representa-
tive to the British proceeding, for this island had been
ceded to his government in September previous.^'^ It
is presumed that Chatficld's purpose, among otlier
things, was to prevent the construction of a canal
jicross Nicaragua by Americans. But Admiral
lEornbv, commanding the British naval forces in tlic
]?aciHc, disapproved of the proceeding, removing lii.s
men and restoring ^hc Honduran flag under a salute
of twenty-one guns.'^^
A preliminary conveiiticjii was entered into at San
.lose, Costa Klca, ]^ecember 29, 1849, between Felipe
Jauregui, calling himself commissioner <jf Honduras,
and C'hatlield, th.e British charge d'affaires, in nine
articles, some c^f which involved undue responsibility
on the part of Hontluras.''^' This treaty was disavowed
by her government, starch 22, 1850, in a noti' to
Admiral Hornby, declaring that Jauregui had im
authority to m; ke it, and its stipulations being oflrii-
sive to the dignity of the state, the legislature wiuilil
3* Chattiild, till! Bi"t. ;hargi', ■■ras ])rcseiit at tlic; iu;t. A/., Nov. ;iO, \^V.';
tStout'n Xic. 278; S'lli:, (,'inr/ir. Foli. 1."), 18.')(). Tliu ohjuct of tliu st'iziin' w.is
to securo Honduras' i)roportioii of the iiulobtodncss of (.'out. Am. t() l!i it.
(.'I'oditors.
^■' Undor a convuntioii in tlircu articles coiu'ludod at Leon Sojit. 'J'^, I Sill.
Tho ct^ssiou was for (8 months, and had been mado known th(^ .samu d.it' to
all dijilomatie agents in Cent. Am. J/iunl., d'atr/:! O/ir., Oi't. ISt, 1S4!); .\/c.,
(nr. I.-</., Nov. Hi, l.S4t». 'iho coni'sp. of the govt of Hond v.itli tin- lirit.
cl'.iirgy ajunai's in ('int. Am. Cnrn'^pniiiL, fMdilc Tiifir, 1-^; Ct'iif. ^Ini., .1// ■'/.
//.,'., nos. L'l, 'Jr>, '_'S; ir. S. Oorl I).:r., Cong. ;il, .^-^v-s. i», Sun. l)..c. A 1 ■JO;
/</., Cong. ;!1, Soss. 1, H. .ronr.. IT.Sit, ISOl.
""A'A'., Cor. Id.. J;.u. itl and sui.pl., Fub. Ki, 1850.
•'' 1st. (irca.t lint, rceognizud the indi'punil. of I.ond. as a sovereign niiuli-
lie, iiloilgiiig hei- good otlicea to avert any attempts against that iiid',']iriiil.
lion I. at this time was a inend)er of a eonfederaey with Salvador and Num-
r;i^'ua, and was made to liind herself not to dispose of any portion of hei' ter-
rl.ory before sluUiail detinitely settled Brit, claims. '2i\. Hond. was toaeeiiilit
w itliin six months a commissioner in (iuat. to conclude a treaty of friendsliip,
co-.nmeree, ami navigation with (i. Brit. 'Ad. }lond. recognized tlu^ indeliti'il-
ness of !*! 11,01)1. 4lh. Slie bound herself to pay that sum in yearly iii-^t;il-
ments of !?]."),()()!) at ]{eltze. The otlier articles, «.Teof less importance. >'■'/'.,
(idccOf, Apr. 5, 1850; J/uiiil., Jjhji'nus <>li.si.v., 1-10,
FUTILK I'ROTKSTS.
•MO
iinvor sanction them.** Meanwliile Honduras had
nunot'd with Chatficld to accredit a commissioner to
arrange with him for the settlement of British claims.
Til is was done; and the long and tedious (juestion was
Hiially arranged on the 27th ot March, 185.,, Hon-
duras assuming an indebtedness of $80,000.'*''
The del)t question was not the only source of dis-
(|uietude for Honduras in her relations with (Jreat
iJritain. Bi'itish officials, on trumped-up ])retexts,
usurped and held, during several years, portions of her
trnitory. ^['Donald, superintendent of Belize, occu-
iijcd Tioatau and other islands belonixinu' to Hon<luras
situated in the bay of this name. The Honduran
government protested against such usurpation, but no
attention was })aid to its remonstrances. It dot's not
appear, however, that (ireat Britain was claiining
territorial riijfhts over the Bay Islands, as they were
called.*" Soon afterward, a ]mnd)er of Cayman
islanders settled in Koataiu and in the course of a
few years there were about 1,000, when the su[)ei-in-
teiident of Belize found a pn^text to assume thi> con-
tidl. In 1849, tlie islanders {;pj)lied to Colonel Fan-
court, then superintendent of Belize, for a regular
u<>\ernme)it. He promised to c( nipiy with their
wishes, but was unable, and tliov continued choosing
their authorities. At last, m August 1850, the war
scJKsoner ]>crhiH(la, Lieutenant J<'lly commaniiiiig,
took formal possession of Boatan, (iuanaja or j^onaca,
Ctila, iiarbarreta, ^Torat, Elena, etc., in l)ehalf of the
Ihitish crown, declaring tliem a IJritish ap[H lidage
under the name of (,'olony of tlie Bay .Isjands; against
which the acting chief magistrate, William Fitzgib-
'"•liiuivicui. Murcli 'J4, IX.JO, in a |Kuinplili't is^uoil at Lrmi, ik'li'inlid liis
iiiiHliiif, iillu;4iiig that 111! hail ainiili: [xiwurs. Jnifiji,-., in Oiit. Am. /'itiii})/i.,
i. Mil. 7.
'' Iii(k'peii(luiit of f 1,4'J.") paiil for lur j)i(i|iiirtioii of Ct'iit. Am. iii'k'litiil-
Iiiss to Fililay. IIod^^Moll. & Co. of J.,oluloli. Ilninl., (liti-ili Olic, .lall. lid, Isri.'i.
"Till' Uiitisli si'izoil Ixoataii .liiiio .'!, l!S;fO, ilrlviiii; away tlir .siiiall Cciitial
.\iii('riiati Liarrisoii. Similar attuiiiiits liiivc lnoii made siiiio IT-tlJ li>' lliiti.ili
.'siilijci ts. tlioti'4li uiisuci'i'sifiilly. The .•si'i/.uro of I.S.'tO lastcil only a short
tiiiir, having; lu'cii ilisallowtil liy the .Mritish govuriimuut. Cruiri'\i Gwpil, 'J12;
Mtinlu/ur, Jieneiiu Ilkl., hi. 424-7; iv. 71-5.
320
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
I 1
'in
M !
1 II
t;
i
1
i
III
1
bon, protested on the loth of September, 1850, in the
name of the sovereignty of Honduras/^ The islands
were, in August 1852, under the rule of a lieutenant-
governor."*'- A treaty was finally concluded betweoii
the queen of Great Britain and Honduras, on the 28tli
of November, 1859, respecting the Bay Islands, tlic
Mosquito Indians, and the claims of British subjects,
which settled tlie question in favor of the latter
power/'^ Still one more trouble has occurred betwrtii
the two nations, in which the weaker one had to sub-
mit to tlie demand of the other at the mouth of licr
cannon. On the 19th of August, 1873, the war ship
Niohe, Sir Lambton Loraine conunanding, bonibardid
Fort San Fernando of Omoa.'** The bombardment
ceased on the Honduran authorities agi-eeing to redress
the alleged grievances, antl paying daaiages.^^ Witli
other nations of Europe and America — excepting
the sister states, with which repeated bickerings
have occurred, leading sometimes to war — Honduras
has succeeded in maintaining friendly relation?
46
*'' Whoso turritorial right is iudisputalde, ' ho alleged. Ho based his
action on the treaty of April lit, ISoO, T)otween tho U. 8. and Oreat Uritaiu,
under which neither power was to have colfiniea or settlements in CVntral
America. Tlie U. S. took part in defence of Honduras' riglits ami overthrow
the British pretensions. Squiers Cent. Am., C21-(i, 740-8; Dcinocmtic J'n:,
XXX. 544-52.
■•■^ Under a decree of the superintendent of Belize. The eonuindaute oi
Trujillo, by order of his government, i)rotested against the occupation >i pt.
13, 1802. j.roml., GarHa Ofc, Dec. If)," ISJ'2; FA Shjlo, Jan. 1, 1S.")3.
*^Art. 1. (ireat Britain rocogni/ed tlie ishimls to belong to Houd. Tin'
latter pledged herself not to cede tliem to any other nation. Art. 2. Tliu
former poM-er recognized as part of Hoiid. the country till then oceupicil or
possessed by the Mosquito Indians within the frontier of the repnldic, w hat-
ever that frontier might be. La Union da Ntc.., !Niarch i), ISGl; J'iiii'n d'lili'of
o/f/it; I'lir., 412-15. Further details in connection with the Bay Islamls iiiies-
tiou nir.y bo seen in Jicif J.-ilirml-i, (Jiif<'ii\'i Wcrrinit, etc.; Ln Au'v'o/i, Nov. !l,
Dee. 2(i, lS5(i; Jliit. <>io!if. L'cr., xcix. 270-80; Cnir,,/,,, L<tt. Am., 7t)-8l>.
■•^Tlio grounds alleged for tin's violent action were: 1st, That the lirit.
vicc-eo'isurs rcsideiico had been broken into by Hond. troops, and ruhliil;
2d, That Omoa was sacked by these troops, and goods to the value of sKH),-
000 liad been stolen from Britiih subjects; 31, That some British sulijt'cts h.iid
boon drafte<l into tlio army, and an Knglislnvonuin unjustly imprisoncil. /r,,
Oacct.ii, Oct. '2'i, 1873; 7vV i'o/'jvv///' (/c AA'., Sept. 21, 1S73; yir., Seintiii'd Si':,
July 27, KS74.
^•'Streber, who counuanded the troojis accused of these abuses, delriicls
tho riv'lits of Honduras in tlie controversy, i;i J.'.rpn/ili\ Dor. Hue, Oninn, IKI-
44, 0;)--103.
^"Slie had to setth;, in 1850, claims of French citizens, ami in 1^51 <it
PRESIDENT C'ABASAS. mt
The boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua was
finally agreed upon in a convention dated September 1,
1870/' In 18GG the Honduran government entered
into a concordat with the ]>opc for an understanding on
affairs ecclesiastical.
President Lindo, having been a third time elected
to the i)residency for the term to begin February 1,
ls,r2, published on the 'Jjth of November, 1S51, a
iiiiiiiifesto to the people, suggesting the expediency of
calling some other citizen to the executive chair,
pleading at the same time need of re.st/^ The ])eoj)le
took him at his word, and chose Trinidad Cabanas
jiresident, who was inducted into office at Comayagua
(111 the 1st of ^larch, 1852,^^ and on the next day in
his address to the assembly pledged his word to pur-
i^Uf a liberal policy in observance of the principles that
bad guided him throughout his career. His election
was hailed as an auspicious event, and a safeguard
against Guatemala's encroachments."" The state was
I Si'l>t.
Thf
The
I'll i>r
Iwlal-
Kiltr i[l'
|>v. It,
r.rit.
11,1.0.1;
■iUH),-
U hu\
bv-v.,
:Mt-
)i lit
Trussiau sulijeots. Hond.,OacetaOJii:., Aug. 31, 1850; Jan. 1.5, 1852; Cwta Ii.,
(l,ir,t:i, Niiv. 1(), 1850.
'■Nic. liail claimed on the N. E. the river Patuoa to its iiiouth, Hotid.
daiiiHil the Coco to its mouth. The commissioners agreeil uiioii a coiniiro-
inisi' line ' :t\veen those rivers, namely, the .summit of the iJiljiito cordillera,
fi'diii the jioint •where it becomes detached from the main body, which divides
the waters running to both oceans; and from the jitiint wjure it ami tlie lino
iiiiitiiuus castwardly to the waters of the Atlantic in lat. lo" 10' N., and
Itmg. .s;r 1.")' W. of (Ireenwich. Xic, Mt'tn. Itei, 1871, 5-7.
'" .Minut this time he was on the Nic. frontier mediating' for jieace between
thi' liilliuerents of that state. His etl'orts jiroving successful, he was warndy
iiiiigiatuhited by his frieni'o i... Ids return. Iloml., ducitu <>jic., Nov. 'JO, 18")I ;
Kl s:./!.,, iK'c. 18, 18.')1; ( enf. A,ii. I'awpli., vii. no. 2.
^'' ('ii',in'iti.i, El I'n'.tid . . .d sus Coiiriml., l-(). The oHice had been provis-
iiiiiallv in charge of .Senator Francisco (Joniez. L'l SIi/Id, Feb. 21, March !!•,
1852. '
•"'('aliarias was of diuiinutivo stature, but of erect mien. He was aged
aliciiil ."ii» at this time. His face was ))alc and nuld: his gestures Mere in keep-
iiij; with the intelligent play of his features; his manners gentle, almost
'iiniiianly, l>ut lieneath this placid exterior was a stern, indomitable spirit.
.\ltrr many years of prominer 'eus a Icaih'r, during an anarchical period, even
liisencmiis never accused hi' of seltishness or rancor. S'/iiiir's Tnir., ii. 177;
'I'//-' Jlniiil., 184. Cabanas was a brave solilier, but could not be called a
MiiTossful general. Perez, a jwlitical opponent, speaking of him as the chief
l'l tiie co([uinibo party, says: 'Mai general, excelento soMado, nunca vence-
iltii', sienipre con prestigio, y uno de lo< mas fogoaos prouiotorcs de la nacion-
iilMlad ccntro Americana.' Mem. Ili.-it. l}ii\ Xic, 10. The assembly, Mav 21,
ISol, hail conferred on him the title of ' soldado ilustre de la patria, ' His death
Hist. Cent, Am., Vol. III. i\
. m
!'i
m
n
i I
322
KErUBLIC OF IIONDUR^iJ.
at peace in the interior, and with the other states of
Central America, except Guatemala, with which the
relations were not harmonious, owing to the usurpa-
tion by the latter of a portion of Honduran territory
on tlie Copan side. This, with divergence in political
])rinciples I'ctwecn the two rulei'S, soon brought on a
bloody war,^^ which has been detailed in a previous
cha])tcr."- Tlio fruitlessness of this contest prompted
Salvador and Xicaragua to use their endeavors for
]>eace ; but tliey ])rovi'd unavailing. What Guatemala's
superior resources failed to accomplish on the field of
battle was, however, brought about by means of in-
trigue, with the cooperation of the party opposed to
Cabanas in Honduras, headed by General Santos
Guardiola, which rucei%ed efficacious aid from Carreia.
General Juan Lopez h>up))orted the revolutionary
movement witli 700 men,'' and Cabanas was over-
thrown on the Gth of July, 185 5.''*
At last, l)eing unal)le to cope with the daily increas-
ing forces of the enemy, he abandoned the field, and
rotreated to Salvador. The servilcs again took })os-
session of the government under Lopoz.""' The presi-
dential clectit)n took place amid this turmoil. TIk;
state was divided into two lactions, one supporting
] jijido and the otlier Guardiola. The friends of Lindo,
not feeling certain of success, proposed Lopez as a
compromise candidate, he being credited with the
occiuTcd Jan. S, 1871. El Si'/ln, Jiuu! 12, 1S51; Nir., Odcuta, Aug. It), 1S:)1;
Jiin. 21», 1871.
'' Astabiiriiiiga attributes this war to Cabaftas' attoinpts to promote ;ui
iusurrcctiou in (luat. ai,'ain.st iiis oM enemy C'arrcra. Cent. Am., 70-1.
'''Tbe ( inatenialaus took tbe fort ami eity of Omoa, anil carried awaj'
the useful artilliM-y, against tlie stijuilations agreed ujion at the (<uriiiii
Wells' lloniL, r)()7-8; diiat., Oneeln, Sept. 1(>, 2:1, IS.")!!.
'^This Lopez commanded at Omoawlien tlie place was given up in IS.Vl
the(iuat. Col Zavala, since which he had been suspected of treachery. II i
IfoiiiL, 515; (\,sl„ 11., Oaref'i, .Fan. 1.'., 1S,".1; I,/., JM/in O/ir., Dec. ;)0, IN
JIoikL, (liifvtaOjh:, May 10, 1851, to Feb. 10, 1855, passim; Gmt., O'f'
Nov. :i, Deo. 22, 18.54.
^*Hc had received no aid from Salv., owing to Carrera having falsc>ly
ported his intention to .sell territory to a foreign power.
•'■'^The executive ollice went, Oct' U, 1855, into tlie hands of Vice-prcsiili
S. Bueso, who pleading ill health left it in charge of Senator Fram
Aguilar. Guat., OaccUt, Nov. l', 1855, Feb. 10, 1850.
;.ll
( T.
: to
//.'
■'1:
I'lit
sen
POLITICAL DESPOTISM.
expulsion of Cabanas, but finally abandoned the plan
and cast their votes for Guardiola, who assumed the
executive office, February 17, 1856, on his return
from Nicaragua, where ho had been defeated by
William Walker Lindo had meantime been in charge
of the government. '^^ A system of despotism was now
established, Guardiola being but a satellite of Carrera.'^^
The country at this time was in a distressed condi-
tion. Agriculture was neglected, most of the field
liuiifls having emigrated. Business of all kinds was
at a stand-still. There was no availal)le revenue, for
o^ery one of its branches was burdened with debt.
The state had a contingent of troops serving in Nica-
ragua against Walker, supported from a special forced
loan. To the credit of Guardiola's administration must
lie recorded, however, that it secured peace with Gua-
temala, and a settlement of questions pending with
(rreat Britain. At the end of his term he was re-
''^ Pcirz, Mem. IflH. CnmpaTin Xni\, 13.
•''' (iuanliola was a dark-colored, stout-lmilt, and rather corpulent zambo, a
mail of liondish instincts, bnt popular with his soldiers, whom lie indnlge<l in
I vii'v way. Hu ])(>ssossed all the vices and was ^'uilty <if about all the criinea
known to man. A\'hen in liis cups ho would order men to be shot by way of
pastime. At the mention of his approach to a town, the inhabitants would
llci' '^o the woods. Ho was the tiger of Cent. Am. J)iinlc>j>'<! ('int. Am.. 237;
Wills' llmnl., 317; Wniypiius, J/^t.c. innl. ('( nt. Am., 30t>-7. William \'. \Vells,
K.iyliinitidiix aiiil Adiviiturcf in HoitiliniK, New York, 8vo, r)8S pp., with maps
anil illusti'ations, went to Honduras with the object of obtaining from her
t'liviiiimeiit leave to work gold placers, and of opening commercial rcl.itions.
He visited several places, both in Nicaragua and Honduras, which he do-
s-ciiiics (piitc accurately, together with the manners and customs f>f their
iiihaliitants. His information on mines and mining is valuable. There aro
ill tlie work throo ^iiapters devoted to history from ISL'l to lS."i7, the j^round-
Wdik of which is m-^ ,i!y from other authors, and one chapter is tille<l with
(lata on eoimnerce, revenue, debt, etc., and still another treats of coins and
currency, weiglits ;ind measures, and productions, with illustrations. Tlio
style is good, the work readable and instructive. I'ortions are evidently
taken from S(juier, and the illustrations are mostly identical with those
el S(^uior"s Stall's of Vinfral Amirkii. The saiiii' author gave to the press
ill New York, a I'Jnio, with 3 Hi pp., niap and portrait, under the title of
W nlkirti liqii'ilitioii (o Xiriintijitii, This work, as tile title implies, is almost
entirely devoted to Walker's career in this country, which is jiistilied as well asj
liraiscd. Here and there he mentions soiru^ historical facts on Ihitish preten-
.sidiis ill Mosquito, a short resume on Nicaragua, the >;icaragua transit route,
and a .short review on colonization, eoninieree, and mining, compiled frfiiu
several sources. There is no system or arrangement, having been, as the
antlior alleges, 'written, published, and put in circulation in twenty days,' a
feat few authors would go out of their way to boast of. But taken'all in all,
tlio book is well worth perusing.
im
324
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
elected. Early in 18G1 the government had a dift'cr-
encc with the vicario capitular. The sec being tin n
vacant, this ecclesiastic assumed the right of excom-
municating the president, whom he accused of perse-
cuting the church ; but the government forbade tlio
publication of his decree, and expelled its author fioiii
the state.''** This difficulty was subsequently arranged
through the metropolitan of Guatemala. Disturbances
occurred, at various places,"^ which were l^rought to iiii
end in a short time. On the 11th of January, 18('>2,
the pi-esident was assassinated.** At first it was feared
that discord would reign again, and the other Central
American governments pre])ared to mediate in tlic
interests of peace."^ Fortunately, good counsels pre-
vailed, and anarchical tendencies were for a time
checked.
Guardiola's constitutional successor, Victoriano Cas-
tellanos, was in Salvador, and nmch against his Mill
was pushed by Barrios to accept the position. ] [e
rc})aired to the frontier, and had the oath of oftico
administered to Jiim by the alcalde of the little town
of Guarita; which was considered a strange proceed-
ing on his part by Senator Jose Maria Medina, wlio
had received the executive office from J. F. Montes,'''
and invited him to the capital to enter upon liis
duties.^' Castellanos concluded soon after an alliaiiec
offensive and defensive with Barrios, and at a time
when their states were at peace with the other gov-
ernments of Central America. This step, and the
diatribes of the press in Salvador and Honduriis
•* Decree of Jan. 5, 18(31. La Union de Mc, Feb. 2, March 9, MayLT., ISdl.
'"Cliielly in Nacaonie and Clioluteca.
«« ^'^,(■., Bok/in Ojii:, Jan. 2.">, March 22, 1862. This deed was said by tlio
cne)nie.s of Pros. IJarrioa of Salv. to liave been instigated by him. lit., Jioliliu
Puili., July 11, 18(i;{. There was no gro\ind for the charge. The govirii-
mcnt of (iuat. proposed to other states to recognize no administration of linn-
duras until tbo criminals, who liad been arrested, should suffer punishiui'iit.
Voxta II., Injhrwc. lliL, KS()2, 24.
"'Nic. despatched P. Zi'k'dou as mediator, but the motives of his gov. Mere
bitterly denounced by the press of C'onuiyagua.
"^''el). 4, 18(i2. Nil-., lioUUnOJic, March 22, 1802.
"^ Cast'dlanos declined going to the capital, and Medina went to liin rfs\-
dence and formally surrendered the executive authority to him.
BRIEF REIGNS.
323
a*;ainst the goveriiiucnts of Guatemala and Nicarag^ua,
]iavcd the way for fresh troubles in Central America.
Castellanos held the government about ten months,
nearly all the time in a turmoil; and at his death was
temporarily succeeded by Jose Francisco Montes,
■\\li() followed in the footsteps of his predecessor, con-
tinuing the alliance with Barrios, and hostilities against
(iiiatcmala and Nicaragua. The serviles, assisted by
the troops of these two states, being victorious, over-
tlirew liim, and on the 21st of June, 180,3, placed at
tliu head of affairs, as provisional president of the
rei>ublic of Honduras, the senior senator, Josu Maria
^b'dina,^^ who issued a decree of outlawry against
!^^Jntes.''' In December the capital was for a time
tiansf(^rred to Gracias, and on the last day of the
same month Medina surrendered the executive office
to Francisco Inestroza."^ On the lotli of February
of the following year, the presidential election took
}ilace, and Medina and Florencio Xatruch appeared
to have obtained the popular suftrages, the former
for president and the latter for vice-president.*''^
IJisturbances at Olancho were with little difficulty
brought to an end, the rebels being defeated at Tapes-
cos. A constituent assembly was convoked and met
tdioform the constitution, which was done on the 19th
of September.*"* On the 2Dth of October, the constit-
uent assembly just prior to adjournment appointed
'' This was the result of the defeat of the troops of Salv. and Iloiid. hy
till' fiirces of Guat. and Nic. on the plain of Santa Kosa.
'■'This decree is signed by Medina as 'presidentu do la reptlblica de Hon-
dunis,' July 20, and rescinded Sept. 8, ISO.'}. Xic, BoUlin Pudi., Aug. t), Oct.
9, IS():{.
''" 1 lis senatorial term having expired, y'ic, Oaciin, Fel). l.'J, 18(14.
''" Tlie election of Xatruch was afterward declared unconstitutional, Fob.
2(i, 18()'). Nii:, Onceta, April ], IStio.
'"Its sittings lasted from Sept. 7th to Oct. 29th. Tiie Hovereignty of the
lit'dple was recognized. Tho catholic, any other kitid of public worship
Iniiig fi)rl)idden, was declared the state religion. Tiio executive authority
\*...' vested in a president for four years, with a council of ; '■ato consisting of
ilia twi, ministers, one senator chosen by botli houses .. ..lO assembly, and
the cliiei justice. Tho legislative power rested in a senate and house of
deputies. The existing political division of the republic was left unchanged.
/'/., Nov. 11, 18(55; Camps Ycar-Bool; 18G9, 527; The Am. CycUyp., viii. 790.
(■■;
320
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
Medina provisional president,^ the date for the elec-
tion of the constitutional one being fixed on the 1st
of December. Another decree of the same date
granted a full amnesty for all political offences com-
mitted since February 4, 1848.
•• He had temporarily, pleading ill health, left the execufive in the hands
of Crescencio Gomez. The assembly appointed, as substitutes of Medina,
Satumino Bogran, C. Gomez, and Francisco Medina.
CHAPTER XVI.
WALKER'S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
185o-18oG.
Ki.n.ney's ExrEDiTioN — WiLLiAJi Walker Joins the Democrats — Failure
OF HIS Expedition to Rivas — Cholera Decimates the Leoitimists
AT Managua — Death ok Mu.voz — Walker s Victories at La ^'ilUiEN
AND Granada — Execution of Minister Mayorca — Walker's Con-
vention with Corral — Provisional (Jovernment Organized — Presi-
dent Patricio Rivas — Commander of the Forces, Walker — Minister
OF War Corral Put to Death for Treason — Recognition bv Sal-
vador and Honduras — Seizure of the Transit Company's Steam-
ers — Costa Ricans on the War-path — Havoc of Cholera.
Certain men of the United States, with ideas some-
what warped in regard to the relative rights of human-
ity, now come forward, as in the hne of their destiny,
to interfere in the affairs of their neighbors. Tlie
legitimist government of Xicaragua, in May 1855, felt
certain of ultimate triumph ove^ its democratic oppo-
nents at Leon. Circumstances seemed to point that
way, when the infusion of this foreign element at this
time came to defeat all preconceived plans.
Xews arrived from the United States of the organi-
zation in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington,
liy H. L. Kinney, Fabens, American, conmiercial agent
at San Juan del Norte, and others, of an expedition
ostensibly to establish a colony on the Mosquito Coast
for the purpose of developing its resources, but rv \\y
designed to overthrow the governments of Central
America, and usurp sovereignty over the whole coun-
try.^ Remonstrances against the scheme were duly
' Also witli tlie view of exteudiug tlio area of African slavery, as liad been
successfully carried out in Texas.
'327)
ri
! 1
i
J 1
\ .51
'f
B'i /t
I i
328
WALKEU'S CAMPAKJN IN NICARAGUA.
made to the American governinent, wliicli partially
Huccceded in their purpose. However, tlie project
was not exactly the source of the dire cahiniities that
were erelonjj to befall Xicaray:ua.' The real dan-'cr
lay in another direction, to ex[)lain which I must go
back in my narrative to previous events. An Annr-
ican named Byron Cole, who had conceived plans witli
respect to Central America, and was well informed on
her aifairs, arrived at Leon, in August 1854, wlini
th(> democratic leaders became convinced that tiny
could not take Granada. They entered into a con-
tract with him to bring an expedition of foreigners,
under the garb of colonists, who should receive grants
of land.* Cole transferred his contract to AViiliam
Walker, who at once set to work in organizing the ex-
pedition.* He sailed irom San Francisco, California,
May 4, 1855, on the brig Vesta, with 58 men,^ touched
at Amapala to meet Captain Morton, Castellon's
agent, and on the 13th of June reached Realejo, wlieit;
he received the oreetinjjs of the cfovernment he was
'^The expedition was antagonized by the Transit company, and arrestcil
by the authorities of tlic U. S. as a violation of tlieir neutrality laws. Kin-
ney reached San Juan del Norte, after .some misliaps, with oidy a few follii.v.
ers, and was unable to do any .serious injury to Cent. Am. Cosla J,'., In/, ltd.,
1858, 4-(i; /'/., liolHin Ojir., March 10, 18.>t; Xi<:, Doc. Dipl. IIU., l.">-58.
His arrival was after the destruction of the town by the U. S. sloop of war
('i/iiiii; and infused new energy into the inhabitants. At a public niet'tiiig
held on the Gtii of Sept., IS.")"), the necessity of estai)lishing a provihional gov-
ernnient for the maintenance of peace and order was recognized, and Kinney
was chosen civil and military governor to r'de by and with the advice of a
council composed of live persons. Among the resolutions wiia one adopting
a-i a basis to regulate the action of the govt, the former constitution of San
•Juan del Xorte, or Oreytown, which was modelled after that of the U. S. witli
a few exceptions. Kinney did not hold the position long. Ho was disap-
jiointed in his expectations, and resigne<l; ho afterward visited Oranada, and
at William Walker's instance an onler of expulsion was issued against liinj.
.Sfnid's A'(V., 177-8'_>; S. F. AUn, Oct. ^, 18.")"); S. F. Oolden Era, iMareli '.». IS.'Hl.
^Jerez had made a similar arrangement at Jalteva with one Fisher, to
bring 500 men; and (Jov. Espinosa of Rivas stipulated with Hornsby and I'c
Brissot for the capture of Fort San Juan from the legitimists. Tb.ese partit's
tendered their contracts to William Walker, the so-called ex-president of
Soi ora, who would not accept them.
* iTnder the contract tlie so-called colonists were to arrive at Realejo in
Feb. oi- March 1855, and the time having elapsed, Ca.stellon wrote Walkor
Apr. Uth authorizing him to lan<l at that port ' la gente y nnmiciones, d treu de
guerra que V. traiga a disposicion del gobit^rno provisorio.' Pfrez, Mem. ///-/■
Jiei\ Nic, 13G-7; Sue. Union, Feb. 15, 1855.
' El ykarwjilemi; Aug. '^, I85G; S. F. Alta, May 5, 1855.
[)(> in
|ilk«r
l>u lie
Hid.
DEFEAT AT IIIVAS.
to servo from Licutoiiaut-coloiiol Felix Ramirez." .\t
T.con he refused to serve under General Munoz/ He
w as made a colonel of the Kicaraguan army, and with
aa foreigners and 100 natives was despatched to the
department of liivas, having in his company colonels
Kiiniirezand Mendez, and Aldximo Espinosa, the last-
named going there as prefect. Munoz at once infr)rnied
("orral of the movement, and the town of Kivas was
icunforced and prepared for defence. Walker obtainctl
some advantages at first, on the 29th of June, hut
iK'ing assailed on his left by Colonel ArgiU-llo, his
rditigncrs were dispersed, and Ramirez' native force
lied, and entered Costa Rican territorv.^ Walker and
''William Walker was Itorn in Nashville, Tenn., iii ]8«'4, lieiiij^ of Suotcii
iltscciit. After receiving a classical education, he stuilii'<l law, ami later t'ol-
Inwcil the medical profession for a time in Philadelphia, lie tlu'U travelled
ill Kuroiie one year, and ou hia return was connected with some of the impor-
tant newspapers of the country, north, south, and west. Tiring of tliat, ho
.<ia'(x'ssfully practised law in Marysville, (.'al. In liS.VJ he visited (iuaymas,
ami from the operations of Count Kaousset, conceived tlie plan of creating
\\itli adventurers from California independent repuhlics in some of the
.-[larsely populated territories of Mexico. Hence his expeditious to Sonora
.iiiil Lower Cal., of which I give full accounts in my vol. on the northwestern
states of Mex. Few jier-^ons, unacijuainted with Walker, would suspect the
presence of so nnich ability and energy beneath his plain exterior. He wa.s
Imt little more than 5 ft. 4 in. in height, with a rather dull and slow ap-
jiuarance; a man of few words, though an attentive listener, his aspect wa.i
that of a serious, thoughtful person. A remarkable feature of his face was a
deep, intensely brilliant blue-gray eye, large and intelligent. JSineere and
(ItVdted to his friends, says a devoted adherent, his enmity, though not
violent, was not easily appeased. He was indifl'ereut to i)ersonal ease and
idiiifort, and to the acquisition of wealth. Wtll-f' ]yiilker\-< A./jm/., '2\-'A, I'J'J-
■JOl. He was not incapable of lofty conceptions, and jxissessed courage and
aliiRgation; but there was little of what might be called genius about liim,
tlioiigii his mind was sufficiently unbalanced in certain directions to give hinx
a title to that distinction. He wished to be a great man like Ca'sar or Nupo-
It'oii, l)\it the elements of that quality of greatness were absent. He might
liave carved for him.self a career of honor and usefulness, but for the restless
aiiiliition that possessed him to attain a place among the notabilities of the
worlil, even by a disregard of law and justice. The idea of manifest destiny,
so prevalent among his countrymen, which implied tlie conquest i>f the Latin
race in America by the Anglo-Saxon, afforded him, as he imagined, tiie op])or-
tiinity for attaining the coveted renown, and at the same time securing,
through his instrumentality, the future happiness of Spanish America. But
uiifnitunately for him, he committed, at the inception of his career in Nic,
acts wliich alienated him the men who had invited him to cooperate in the
iniisdlidation of democratic principles; and some of his later measures, what-
ever may be thought of his earlier ones, savored of recklessness, and of <lisre.
gard for the good opinion of mankind.
"iMufloz had openly ojiposed all interference of foreigners in the affairs of
Nic.
'They afterward returned to Leon, via Realejo, to continue sers'ing. The
legitimists had many killed and wounded, among the tirst being Col E. Ar«
\'i
330
W^VLKEK'S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
i '\
liis phalanx reached San Juan del Sur, whence thoy
returned to Realcjo on the brig San Jose;^ and shortly
after, Estrada, the legitimist president, went to Mana-
gua in June, staying there until early in July, when the
first cases of cholera occurred.^" The mortality in
Managua from the epidemic was greater than in any
other town, owing to the concentration of troops there.
The army which had been organized for assailing Leon
was destroyed within a few days ; and only a small
body of officers of all grades, some of them in a dying
condition, transferred themselves to Granada, entirely
abandoning Managua. The epidemic was still doing
its work, when the action of El Sauce took place on
the 18th of August, between forces respectively com-
manded by Guardiola and Munoz, in which the former
wore defeated, and abandoned the place to their assail-
ants; but just as success was crowning democratic
efforts, Munoz was killed by a bullet entering his side."
The victors, now under Colonel Sarria, did not pupsue
the enemy, but resolutely countermarched to Leon,
and meeting Jerez on the road, who vished to lead
them against the legitimists, they refused to follow
him.
Another expedition under Walker, composed of 50
foreigners and 120 natives, whose immediate chief was
f Hello and F. Elizondo. Of Walker's foreign force, Col Achilles Kewcii,
laj. Crockett, ami eight others were killed, and 12 wounded. WelW Wiilkr'^i
EjjH'd., 52; Perez, Mem. Hist. Hev. Aic, 138; S. F. Alto, July 10, Auf,'. U,
18.5.'); AsUihunuujn, Cent. Am., 88; Belly, Nic, i. 271; Ferrer de Coiito, Cimt.
fie Mi'j., 155.
' In his official report of the aifair Walker laid the blame for his ill success
on Muiioz, who had apprised Corral of the intended operations, and had in-
duced Ramirez to forsake him during the action. He demanded an investiga-
tion into Munoz' contluct, and if it were not granted he would quit the service.
Castellon informed him in reply that in the present critical condition of the
democratic cause it was unadvisahle to displease Mufioz. After much cor-
respondence and negotiation, Walker agreed to continue liis services.
'"Cholera spread rapidly throughout the country, causing great havoc
everywhere.
" Mufioz' death never was attributed to the enemy's bullets. It was a
regular case of assassination resulting from intrigues in his own jjarty to rid
themselves of him. The assassin was a young lionduran named Jose Maria
Herrera, who later deserted from Walker's ranks, and being arre.steil ami
sentenced to death, confessed that he had kdled MuBoz. A Nicaraguan
named Santa Maria, who was shot at San Jorge in 1857, seems to have heea
an accomplice. Perez, Mem. Hint. Rev. Nic, 141-3
SAN JUAN DEL SUR EXPEDITION.
J. M. Vallo. alias El Chelon, sailed from Realcjo oh
tlie 23d of August, and landed at San Juan del Sur
on the 29th, his main object being to take up a posi-
tion on the transit route between the two oceans.
The news of his landing reached Granuda on Guar-
(lidla's return from his ill-fated fijjfht at El Sauce.
Guardiola went to Rivas, and assuming command of
500 men, in the night between the 2d and 3d of Sep-
truiber, marched against Walker. Once on the main
road he heard that the latter had gone to La Virgen,
on Lake Nicaragua, and rapidly countermarched to
tl '< place, expecting to surprise the enemy. But he
made the mistake of ^^ttacking an opponent whom he
couki not see, and in a little while his men became
disjiersed, and hurried back to Rivas. This may be
.said to have been the end of Guard iola's career in
Nicaragua,'- Corral was now placed in conmiand of
tlic legitimist forces in the south.
Castellon, the head of the democratic! government,
(lieu o cholera on the 2d of September, and Senator
}Sa;:<'ix.) Escoto was called to succeed him.
Walker's force, after his victory at La Virgen,
bt'came greatly augmented with native democrats.''
Ills movement on La Vlrfjen was intended to show
tluit he had a sufficient force to take the offensive.
After the action he returned to San Juan del Sur,
Mliere he received from Corral a paper hinting at a
desire to enter into confidential relations with him, to
wliieh he paid no attention. His plan was to make a
dash upon and occupy the legitimist seat of govern-
ment, the battered city of Granada." In furtlicranco
'- Ho was suspected of treachery. He had displeased the officers by his
coarseness, and had spread terror among the troops with his exaggerated
reports of Yankee valor and skill with lire-arnia. Iil., 145; WrlW Walker's
Efied., 55-8; S. F. Herald, Oct. 10, 1855; Id., Alta, Oct. 10, ISo^;; Sac.
Union, Oct. 19, 1855.
" He w»s joined by such men as T., C, and Daniel Canton, Max. Espinosa,
and Kamon Uniafia. The last named brought troops and supi)lies from Leon.
"In the early part of Sept., Gen. Jos(5 M. Ballestero, Mufloz' successor,
had sent two companies in the direction of Managua, mIio wore undone by
Ciil Tonias Martinez with 200 men; on the 12th Gen. Pineda marched after-
ward with a double force against the legitimists, but failed to meet them.
332
\VALKER'.S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
i.» .',
of which Espinosa was despatched to Leon to ask the
governnieut for a diversion toward Managua, so as to
draw resources away fiom Granada. General Pinedu
was accordingly stationed with a respectable force in
Pueblo Nuevo. The legitimists, uuder General Hei'-
nandez, attacked Pinedii on the 11th of October, de-
feated and drove hiin out of the place, after which lio
demanded of the goverinuent at Leon the surrender
of the town, together with its garrison and militaiy
stores, as the only means of averting the bloodshed
which must follow any attempt at resistance. Tin;
democrats suffered reverse, but Walker gained his
point. Granada was left with a weak garrison. He
had a force of 250 natives and about 80 Americans,
with which he left San Juan at daybreak on the llth
of October, arriving at La Virgen early the same
morning. In the afternoon Colonel Hornsby seized
the steamboat Virgen, and the next morning tlio
troops were embarked and informed that their destina-
tion was Granada. They affected a landing at ■■>
o'clock in the morning of the 13th, and took Granada
with little resistance from the insijjfnificant civic ouard
which constituted the garrison. ^^ The i)lace was
taken before a majority of the inhabitants knew wIkj
their visitors were. President Estrada, and the min-
isters Nicasio Castillo and Francisco Barberena, saved
themselves on foot in different directions, wliich
the other ministers, Mayorga and Puiz, failed to do.
The fact is, that persons who did not get away at tlie
moment of the invasion found themselves unalde to
do so, and at the mercy of the enemy WalkiT, \\n\\-
ever, checked the abuses of his soldiery, and lil)erated
nearly 100 political prisoners, who had been kept in
chains and at hard labor, and who now joined his
banner to a man. He next issued a proclamation
guaranteeing the lives, liberty, and property of legiti-
mists promising to be peaceable. *^
'■' CuiTiil was in Ilivas with liis iiunicrous army. Fulgoncio Vcg.i, thr
coiiiiiii(lantu (if (iraiiada, wlio was hated by the <luiuocratH i'» the author (it
persecutions, hid himself and Wiis not diseovered.
'"The legitimists who were pent up in the city tendered their allegiance,
■-^*
the
s tf)
leda
c in
Icr-
[i lie
lid' r
itarv
slu'.l
Tin;
L Ills
Ho
cans,
lUh
sanu!
icizrd
r tlio
sthm-
at ;5
ua<lii
riiai'tl
was
%v!i«>
niin-
vivfd
() do.
t the
lo to
liow-
•atrd
)t in
fl his
ition
o-lti-
tlu'
ATTITUDE OF THE BELLIGERENTS.
333
Walker now manifested a disposition to treat with
Corral, who had prepared five hundred men for an
atti'mpt to recover Granada, Juan J. Ruiz, Estrada's
minister of war, was despatched by water in company
with John H. Wheeler, the American minister, to
convey a message to Corral at Rivas; but on finding
that the legitimist ger.eral had gone oft' to the eastern
department, he escaped into Costa Rica. Another
connnission went by land, and meeting the legitimist
army near Xi.ndainie, comnmi x'ated to the general
Walker's message to this effect: peace, on tlie condi-
tion that the two leaders should govern the republic,
Corral as president, and Walker as commander of the
forces.^' The proposition was not accepted. Tlie ex-
pciUtion which had been prepared for an effort to re-
cu[»('rate Granada finally went to ^tasaya, where the
legitimist government became organized, with Presi-
dent Estrada, and his ministers, Castillo and Barbe-
reiia.
The officers wdio had won the victory at Pueblo
Nuevo, fearing that their country would become a
prey to the foreign adventurers, proposed to Escoto's
- 'vernment a fusion of the parties, to drive Walker
and his ui} rni'dons out of the country. This effort
failed.'^ Walker and Valle, for tlieir successful cam-
paign in the south, were on the 22d of October pro-
moted to brigadier-general. The first named, angered
by Corral's refusal to accept his proposals, and ignoring
his own pledges to the prisoners taken at (xranada,
reduced to close confinement some of the most promi-
among them the minister Mayorga. There were others who volunteeroil tlieir
ei)''|ieratinii; among them the uatiiralizeil citi/ena Charles and I'jiiile Thomas,
Kiiiniii Ferrer, a wealthy eitizen, and the lieloved and respeeted elergynian,
A;:i -tin Vigil, noted for his virtues, learning, and elo(iueiu'e, who from tiio
l)iil|iii ealled Walker the 'angel tutelar de Nieai-agiia,' or tlu^ nmlh star
tli.it was to guide Nie. to her advancement. WiJl--:' W'olbr'.'i K.fped., (i|-r);
/Vci;. \[i'm. Jlist. Her, Xic, 150-1; Belli/, ^V/c, i. 271-2; Astuhitrwhiit, t'lni.
Am., S<>
''Tilt commissioners were Sebivstian Escobar, Jose Argilello Aree, Hilario
S.ilva, am' U. Vives. /'erez, Mem. JIU. A'lr. Air., 1,V.>.
''Tilt! commissioners, Kosalio (Jortes E,ud Ramon Mareneo, were impris-
oned ia irons at Leou.
1
1'
1
1
Liiuicc,
e ' < %m
834
WALKER'S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
ncnt, among them the ex-minister Mayorga,^^ where-
upon a commission, composed of the Frenchman Pierre
Rouhaud of Granada, and Fermin Arana, represented
to Corral the necessity of his coming to amicable
arrangement with Walker, but he declined a second
lime. Meanwhile an incident occurred which greatly
aunravated tlie evils of the situation. Parker H.
Frenclr" l)r()ught fifty men to Walker from California,
who, under a so-called Colonel Fry, were to capture
Fort San (Mrlos, wlucli tlicy failed to do. The steamer
then returned to Granada to leave the recruits, and to
La Vi'rgcn to land the rest of the passengers. Tliis
was done just as some legitimist troops, under Captain
F. Gutiei'rez, arrived. Gutierrez asserted that he had
been fired upon from the house of the Transit com-
pany, and returned tlie fire, keeping it up till hostili-
ti(;s from th- other side ceased. The result was, that
two or three passengers from the United States were
killed. The San Carlos also fired shots at the river
steamer on her return from the north with passengers,
a gnu killing a woman and child. "^ This news readied
Granada together with Corral's second refusal. Walker
then resolved upon retaliation, to avenge the slain of
San Ciirlos and La A^irgen, and to frighten the legiti-
mists into accepting terms of compromise. Mayorga,
a ^'(tun;>■ man of twenty-nino, u'enernlly esteometl for
his fine (pialities, was the chosen victim, and sh(~it iii
the morning of the 2.')d." K((uliaud and Arana wont
on the 22d to Masaya, reporting Alayorga's fate, and
urging the al)solute necessity of disarming Walkers
wrath to avert jjfreater calamities.'^'' Added to tlieir
'"'lliis porsdu took asylum in tlio lioiiso of U. S. Miiii8tcr Wlionlar. win
.iscuriil him that Iil' vas uikIlt the in-dtcctiou of tin,' U. S. iiag. Hut :is
WliccliT was iiiixi'il [iij» ill (ilihiistcriuf,' Hciitiiion. lie hroko his plcdgi- ami
BUri'C'iiikTid Mayorga. Perez, Mem. IHxl. I'ei\ J\'ic., loT
■^'' All Amoiiciiii, who had hv.vn tho recipient in (Jrauada of many marks of
considiratiou,
'■" WaMvor's organ gave a list of killed and wounded. I'Jl Nicnrarii'iemc, Nov.
17, 18.V); S /•'. J/er<ihl,'Sm-. 4, ISrw; ,S\ F. liuUethi, Nov. o, KSo").
-"■' It is claimed t!'..it he had hcc i tried for treason liy a court-iiiarti.il "f
native otiicers. WelW Wnlhr •> lufinl., 77.
'-''J'liey rejiorted, as eomiiig from Walker, that he was resolved to .sjidut
all the [irisoners if he did not receive at ',) I'. M. a satisfactory answer resin't-
iug aiTaugcmeuts. Perez, Mem. Hist. Her. Nic, lu'J; Belly, Le Skaritijun, 'I'l'i.
ASCENDENCY OF THE FILIBUSTER.
335
statement was a petition from the prisoners in favor
of '»eace> and tlic alarming news that four hundred
iiidio riflemen had arrived to hwcU Walker's army.
The legitimist authorities concluded then to negotiate
i\)V jcace, and scut Corral to Granada on the 23d for
that, purpose, which was tantamount to a capitulation.
TJie cliief clauses agreed u])()n between him and AValkcr
Avcre : susr-^nsion of hostilities ; recognition of Patrici( >
lilvas as provisiorial president; and reorganization of
the two coiitcndiiiij forces into one armv, with Walker
as its commander-in-chief"^ Corral returned to !Ma-
saya, and Estrada, submitting to the force of circuiii-
staiices, approved it, though his army was disposed to
disregard the capitulation."' However, he filed a
I tor
ot in
Iwont
and
Ikt'r's
ItlH'ir
ir. \vl"
ll'.ut as
ire ;uiil
lu'ks of
[ti;il "f
l> shout
I'Slll'I't-
I, -rn-
' Walker claimed to have
nifutL
Tlio foUdwi
powo
rs, anil Corral was ' facultado oinnfmoda-
IS a synopsis <
if tl
le convuntio
Lst. ]
e^lee aiu
I
fi'iindsliip Iietwccn tin; contending parties; l?d. Tatricio iiivas to bejiri'sidcnt
f(ir 14 iiiontlis, unless ho should resolve, with the advice of liis ministers, to
oi'iirr elections hefore the expiration of that term; 'Ad. Tlie president is to
liavt^ four ministers, namely, for war, relations, treasury, and pul). credit;
4ili. (iovt to respect and cause to he respected chapters I'd, lid, and 4lh
ises 'Jd and |{d of the
"all. (
cnera
1 f(i
■tfulii
gene
;il
ilati
if tlie constitution of I.S.'kS;
ness of and amnesty lor past p<
ilitical oll'en
(ith
Kilts incurred liy lioth liellijrei-L'uts to lie reco,i;ni/ed hy tlie yovt; Ttii. .Mili-
t:ii'\- ura
les of liotil helligerelits to lie recognized; Xtli. All peisons d
< irons
(if Icavint; tlio repulijio may freely do so, witli full guaranty of ptrsons anrl
t'st;ites; lltii. The l'"rench legion may continue in service hy hcconiiny Nica-
r.inuaii; lOth. AN'alker to order the force in front tif .Manai'ua to retire at once
to Leon, rediiciiiif it to ]."i()
ifter whicii Corral sliould reduce the force
in Managua to JUO, under (J
('ill Lino Cesar, or some other li
Marti
that ill Masa\a to ."•((, under
•alile oliiccr; lltli. The Itivas for
cc \\i
n
riMiiain under (Jen. Floreiicio Xatruch; I'Jl
T
le govts existing in Aic. to
cease acting u[iou hiMiig no
tilled of this a
rran^inu
nt liv tl
y the res]iictive geu-
jicafi.
any one refusing to comply was to he treated as a distniher
if tlr
Additional articles: 1st. Twenty-four hours after Jvivas' arrival in
• iranada. Corral's army from Masaya was tocntcr ( Jrunaila, and together witii
\\alker's, escort the president and the two generals to church to return
Ls to ( iod for tiie restoration of peace. Walker to lie the geiieral-iii-thief
III tl
le a
rmy, appm
nted hy a s
il dc
Corral should surrender the
ciiiniiiand, arms, etc., unless otherwise ordered liy tlie Uiw govt; "Jd. 'i'lie
pivl must reside in (iranada; .'Id. Tl
iriny was to use no other h,
.d^;.' th.
line rill
hon, with the inscription Nicaragua Jndcpendiinte. /</., 1(11 4: /:'[
'•ii-'iniiji'ii iiM', Oct. 'J7, is,"
1(1, Ks.'i
siiiiiia Xi
hS'J
'/.,
liohtiii U/ii
W"
!>, IS.td; Citiil., Utii-ihi
17, l.s.").l
11'.//./ ir.///v
7i-S(); (liiiif., (liicttii, Nov. 1(1, liS.'ia.
tl
leir general, and to
d t(i
marc 1 1
.\ plan had liecn formed to procliiin Martii
li against ( Jraiiada, Imt the principal chiefs dis' .luntenauced it. Corral
assured the troops that their former enemies were now triends and hrothers,
ni'iiiiiiMending strict discipline 'so pena de ser p.asado jior las annas el ipio
lie ciiikpiierii numera violase la anustad y ali an/.a promctitlus." J'lnz, Mini.
Jli<^t. Itco. xVic, lGG-7.
330
WALKER'S CAMPAIGN IX NICAKA<;UA.
I ft
protest doclaring that the arran<:^enicnt liad been forced
111)011 him, and therefore void."" He called on the
otl cr governments to come, without further invita-
tion, and 'save the independence, sovereignty, and lili-
crties of Nicaragua ; and to that effect ai)[)oIiit(d
commissioners with unlimited powers"^ to conclude
adequate treaties. The fall o^ Cahanas in Honduras
opened an opportunity in that direction. Estrada dis-
solved his gt)vernment October 28th, and departed for
Cliontales, but soon after had to take refuge hi Hon-
duras.
Fermin Ferrer and Valle, alias El Chelon, were de-
spatched as commissioners to obtain the assent of tlie
government at Leon to the convention of October 2;!(1,
which, in view of Walker's rebellion, was given only
after some hesitation."^ A. commission was despatclicd
to Walker to thank hiin for his services, which had
made possible a peace, and to authorize him to ratily
the arrangement. AfL-r which the government, Octo-
ber 28th, dissolved itself. The commissioners ''" arrived
at Granada on the 31st, and found there the provis-
ional president, Patricio Rivas,*' who had arrived
from San Juan del Norte on the 30th, and occupied
the presidential chair. He had at first appointed
Cf)rral minister of war, Walker general of diN'ision
and ill chief of the forces, and Norberto Kamiicz
minister of relations. Corral was pleased witli tins
arrangement, as Eivas was disposed to rely on him; hut
Walker became suspicious, and the result was tiiat,
Corral's opposition notwithstxiiding, Rivas was made
a blind tool of Walker, and in obedience to orders ap-
'■'* 'C'ciU liuicamentc ill imperio du liis circuiiMtancias, Sin toiitr lihir vn'mi-
tail para tUo.' Ah:, Jiolrthi Ojif., May 'Jit, ISoli.
''■'' iSaoaza, Duffias, Pedro J. ChaiiKirro, and two others.
'•"'Nm-lierto Kaiuirc?, who favoreil its ratilieatioii as tlie least of two evils,
Sfiul ill tlie oouneil: 'I know that we liavc lu^fore lis two aliy.sma; one ('l'»e
by, and the other a little farther off: that the di.sapjtroval of the treaty i mp-
ries us to the nearest one, a>id its approval to the other somewhat niniij
distant.' His ad viee was followed. I'crrz, Miin. Hint. ]{ii\ Sic, ItifS.
^"Maximo Jerez, B. Selva, A. Orozeo, llafael Jerez, Justo Lugo, P. Y"n-
seca, and JosO Salinas.
'"Uivas was rejiuted an lionorahle, firm, and enliglitened man. He li'nl
repeatetlly been a eaiulidate of tlie couservativca for the executive olliee.
hat,
IcluSO
I- I'ur-
liiiorc
ll'.m-
Ml ItHKHOrs rUOCEKDINCS
;s;w
^Kilntcd a new (•;il)ln('t Avitli ji luajonty of drnuH-ruts;
naiiu'ly, ]\[;i\iiii(> Jvvva, of relations; Ferniin Ferrer,
(if |)ul)lic erotlit; l\irker II. Frencli, of the treasury;
( niral retaininu;- the war portfolio. The latter now
;>a\\' the abyss his weakness had thrown him into.
The man who, i'liiorini'" the dutv he owi'd his cause,
tlireatoned with death anyone proposinsj,' to him j)lans
against Walker, now writes ]\[artinez, ocjinandante at
.\hi;Kii»'ua, that all is lost, and lie, ]S[artinez, must take
some steps to savi> the eountry. With this letter' were
tiirlosed others to the same effect addressed to general.s
(iuardiola and IVdro Xatruch, who had returned to
Honduras."' These letters went into the hands of
^\ alker," who at once called to his ])rcsence the len'iti-
iiiists then in the city to forl)id the departure of any of
them, and laid the letters Irjfore l\ivas and hiscahinet.
Corral acknovledued the authorship, declarimj; that
ho was solely respi>nsihle for them. It was then de-
cided to conf.ne in prison Corral and his chief suji-
]ioiters. This was on the 5th of Xovemher. the day
after Corrahs troo])s had l)een, without any previous
notice, disarmed.'"' On the Gth, it was decreed that
Corral should be dealt with as a traitor and tried by
court-martial, which was done in the i)rescnce and
Avith the approval of the o^overnment, notwithstanding^
its il](>oality.''* ^ITie trial took [ilace, and the prisoner
\va> sentenced to death.'" The })rison(U''s family used
the utmost exertions to liave the sentence revoked,
•'Tn XatriK'li lu! siiiil, 'Ndsotrns cstaiiios limy iiial, iiiuy mal, imiy iii:il.
Ai-m'nlt'.so do KUH ii)iii;,'(i.s. Kilns iiu; him <lfj:iil(i cst;i ]u,'Siiila curga y oMjieni
Kii sdidi'iM.' To (itiai'ilioLi, Xiiv, 1st: 'It is iiucossary that you write oiii'
Iritii'ls (if the ]i('ril wt; uiv in, and tiiat they iiiiist go a'tlvt'ly to work. It
tliii'.' is a (k'lay of two moiitlis, it will then lie too lati'. 'I'liiiik ol' us and oi
Vdur dti'iTs. . . Nicaragiia, Honduras, San Salvador, anil ( luatcuiala will he lost
II till y allow thi.s to assume jii-oportioiis; kt tlu-ni come (juickly it they ex-
l" 't 1i> tind auxilaries.
Iienito Lagos, the mai\ tovhom they wi've inti'Usted for delivery, took
thrill to ( Iraiiada and gave them to N'alle, who suriiiidered tliem to \\ alkt ; .
'Walker had, after adopting preeautions against resistanee, madi^ tiiein
stack their arum in the pla/a, and disperse.
'"U was a violation of the eonstitution oi 181^8, and of t'i laws. Corral.
:i> Miiinister, could not he tried without a prior inipeaehmcut, and only !•;.
till' Miiate; and as a jirivati; citizen, liy the common courts.
'Hornshy was president of the court; Fry, auditor or jndgc-advocatu;
1 leiii h, c'.mnsel for the iirisoner; and Charles Thonuis, interpreter.
m^T. Cent. Am.. Vol. HI. jj
J ft
f ! m
338
WALKKKS CAMl'AKiN IN MlAUA(iUA.
i' t
but Walker was iiiilcxiMi", and tlic jx-nalty \vas inflicted
on tlic 8th of NovendxT,"'" causini^ tlio utmost con-
sternation in the native community. TIjo portfolio
of war was s^iven to Selva by a decree of Novcnnbtr
otli. A'allc wtiit to ^ranaL;'ua to ]>la('e .Pascnal J'\m-
scca in connnaiid, \ ice Martinez, and to report if the
latter made any I'esistanee, in which event Walker
would have shot his legitimist prisoners, l^ut as none;
was oll'ered, ]\rartinez having had timely warniiiL;,
AValker had them releast'd.''"
Walker was now master of Nicaragua. As a
matter of fact, the secondary leaders were scattered
and powerless, and but for tlie execution of Corral,
and the wanton imprisonment of subordinate' officials
and private citizens, the conservative l>arty would
have submitted with a good gi'ace to the new order of
things, if pledged security of life and property. It is
undeniable that the legitimists feared the Yankees'*'*
li'ss than they ditl the native democrats. Walker jut -
ti'udcd a great respect for religion, without whoso
su])p()rt, he said, no government could have stability.'"*
He succeeded in l)orrowing from the vicar DG.'] ounces
of fine silver belonging to the church; and it is evi-
dent that he })laced great reliance on a numerous
foreign immigration to keep his ranks well filletl.^" A
dccn-e was issued at this time by the governnunt,
and ])ublished in its oflicial journal, which might ho
called one for the confiscation of the property of aii-
'"Ho died bravely, Fatlicr Vifiil attoiidiug him to tlie scafluld. ]ii'\.as
sill fc by a s([iiad of Anieiicau rilit'iiit'ii, coiiiiiiaiidtMl by Liciit-inl t'. Ji. C.il-
man. A''fttf>iirihv/ii, Coif. Am., [)1; Pcnz, Mini, Jl'mt. Ji'ri:. JS'k., ITl-Ii; 'Stunt's
LV-V,, l<JV-8; irr//w' WoUrr'.-* Kqird., <)-2-l.
■'• \s oiiiiortiuiity otHiirroil, i lu'V all laii away, some to the mountains, :i;hI
ot !'.•-; to tlio ncij^lilioi-ing states to Mork in saving their couut"v fruni t!io
yui!.! ■ s foreign sway.
■■' '• mkec^, so callc'il, Mcrc all foreignei'.s, of whatover nationality, scrvini,'
Willi Walker.
""Jose llilario Herdoeia, vicario eapitular, having addressed him a cnii-
piatulatory letter, he answered that 'il tenior do lUososul tundamenti" dc
toda orf;anizacion jKilitiea y soeial.'
"'His contract with Ca.stelloii anthorized him ordy to bring SlW imiMi-
grants; but ho soon obtained lca\-e to auyini'nt hi.^ forces, and to enlist nuii
as best he conld. A decree published Nov. 'JI!, IS.")"), oH'ercd 27)0 acres ol laiil
to each imnii;jrant, and jmi'. i.ii're to each family. The title deed was te I'e
i^ssucd six mouths after arrival. Fabens was named director of ccdoniKitiin-
ii'
■"•:^-"„«.s, „o,M.;.sr„- .sy ,.,„„„,,,
•"'.v I'.cv.ou.. l,.j,„| ,,„4 "„""""'''' '•ullcot.Wo without
111-' exiles «■)„) ivacli,.,l' ir i
•'"'■'."' <Ih. state, (Mi,,,, ■ ■' '""^■''■"■'liola, l,,„v
^•"'i--. c.!.,-, „. J, ,""''^ "f "»t Wall..,, '•;'
""-"■» "(• "<-^..ti.ti„r. t ':,■?■'"'/,'';• "«'<'"-mJ
. > c>nm,.„t, I'utrealjy t„; ll".'r'!''»'"l' "id, t;,o
I-"n,an,Us„.,.t„i„i . \",7''';'"' ''"' "" ''eaeLi,,,
•"'■""-•t "f S,i,. .Salvador a 1' ■ ,'"'''"'»Pli«lie,f Tl,„
■■•"«>•'■'• " a .i,.,u|„, /"„, ']^., ''■''"""< a sutisfacto,-,.
;'IT'"'d to Carrcra for ,'1 "'"''"■>■• ""til Kst.aila
^;; -ul'l l,e rocog„i. d .tXiT''."'"' ^'■•''■^ told tl,
„„„.v],or,..'- Estracla l^i,,' *; f.' 'f .^'"vcn„„..„t
-\ iran.jru,, „,,^ difloro„tlv\ , : ^""\tlio situation of
lilll'.s I
I'llll (l
"I
^'S In
,11,,,,
11 ' . lit tj
:i„is«§
,
Ill
't '\
i^
If';
M)
WALKER S CAMPAKiN IN NI(AUA(;UA.
for concerted action against Walkt-r/'' ^[ora in an
eneri;"etic proclamation asked tlio })e()ple to prepare for
tlie ilefeiice of tlieir lives and property at a moment's
call/" VV^alker watched the conduct of Costa Ivict.
believing it prompted by British influence mainly
against the United States, llivas' ri'lations with tlir
cahinct of Washington were nf)t encouraging. It is tnic
that Wheeler, the American minister, had jtrematurdy
recognized him, hut he ha<l not been upheld in it by his
government. Parker It. Fn'uch, being accreilited in
Xovend)er 1855 as minister at Washington with pow-
ers to negotiate a treaty, was not received in any dip-
lomatic capacity. ■'^ He was thereupon recalled, and
diplomatic lelations were discontinued with Wheeler/'
President Pierce issued a proclamation against tlio
departure from the United States of filibustering exjtc-
ditions, which were declared disgraceful and crimiiial.
(^^abanas, in whose beludf Jerez had used his best en-
deavors, having been refused l)y the government any
aid,™ retired to Salvador,''' and Jerez resigned his })()rt-
folio on the 8th of January, 185(). Soon after, the
cabinet was reduced to one, Fermin Ferrer, wlio
served as nnnistro general.
Walker now endeavored to gain the good-will and
♦'■Though tlie Costa Rioaiis had , ...don sauitaire to prevent iiitcixoui^f
vitli chdh-Ta-stricken Niu., < ion. C'auas rouoivod orders to furnish resdurifs to
(ien. Florencio Xatrucli, anil other otiieials of the dept of Riva.s, who lleil to
Costa Kica on liearing of Corral's exeeution.
*'' IJishop Uorente also warned theiu that their religion was in peril.
♦'"Sec. of state Marcy wrote Dec. '21st, in answer to his connniuiication nf
the I'Jth, that the pre:id(!nt saw as yet no reason to hold dijiloniatic inter-
course with the persons ' who now elaini to exercise the political power in the
state of Nicaragua.' lie said that the persons chielly instrumental in ovui-
throwiiig the former govt were not citizens of Xie., 'nor have those eitizc lis,
or any cousideralile jiart of tliem, so far as is now known lii're, freely cxpr '--i n
tlieir approval of, or ac(piiescence in, the present condition of political athurs
in Nicaragua.'
''•' Wheeler was told, however, l>y the foreign nnnister of Nic. that tlioii;:li
ollicial relations were sus])ciided, the utmost good feeling existed toward lnm.
AV Xicoraijiii'n.-ic, Feb. 2, 1S.")0.
•'^The assistance would have l]eeii given him hut for AValkcr, 'no in.uiil.i-
lian los denioeratieos, sino Walker.' Jt was not for Walker's interest just
then to engage in hostilities against any neighboring power. l\ii-., Mi'"'-
I'iniiji. JV(ir.,'2d i)t, 21.
■"l[o exerted himself there in promoting action for the expulsion o!
AValker from Cent. Am.
^•;"<^ With tlie demcorats t) d ''^ ' <lisao-ree-
"'-"t tlie fu,sioM of all Xic... . "^'^'"'•^""'tj' to hri...
'•'ii'l^a tJiat tlu.v must wn I + ii *''^'^^^''"«»^-rats cn,,.
A^ alk,.. now conn t' 1 V *'i^\^I"^•^^^ t" I^eon.-
r^ ^'^'iitnrv .supplies "h n i'.^ ^''' ^'"^'^'^'^i "'^u
'> ^uako a ^rant to <,tlK.r m^ ' '^ ^/i^^-^l-mtiou, and
•one Antliout .•ouiumnlcat" • P''' '^'^^^ «^>^'i-^'tl>^
'';:'l''7- to Walker's .o,n nu f ^ "^"'" ^'^^' ^"'' ^'^
^ m iavor of I^andojp], - r ! ' \["'''^ '^ "^'^^- ^•^'^^^•-
^ '•^^^^^^'^^^^'^^^-"^^Ppointedeon.nut
i i
I L
-4 i?S. Ji^rr'T" -s." »>E" r^' '5"™ -'" -;;:■
I ill
?. j1
lilt!
Mi
\VAMvi;i;S CAMI'AICX I.N NIC.MIACUA.
sioiiers tt> ascertain tlu; amount f-l" the coiiipaiiN's in-
(l('l)t(M.liu',ss, ;iiul to attacli tin ir |)ro|)<'rtv, all of Avliit li
was iloiif with tin; utmost rapidity." Tlio traiis[)ort;i-
ti'.)!! mcr raised a loud cry, of course, calliM;,;' upon tlu;
I'uited States novenuneiitto recover tlieii' lake; steam-
ers iiiid other ^■alual)les; hut the attempt \vas luisuc-
cessful. The com])aiiy, liowevcr, had means -vvlm li
they hi()UL;'ht into the service of the Central Anuii-
cans to compass the destruction of W^alker.
Costa Ikica liad failed to iioti'-o the connaunieatii n
iiotifyinn' lier of the new order of thin.^s estahlishdl
in XicaiaiLi^ua on tlio 2;!d of October, 1855. AValkcr
now thoULjht the time liad come to demand from tlmt
cal)inc;t a fraidc explanation of its course.'" ]>ut it
])ersisted in leaving unanswered the Xicaraguan notes,
and refused to receive Jjouis Scldessingcr, the envoy
sent, who retired threatening war and AValkor'a resent-
ment."' Costa ]{ica acce])ted tlic challenge of Mar.
]\esident AEora, with the authorization of the legis-
lative body, resolving to carry the arms of the repuhlic
into Nicaragua, and to aid in dri\ing out the foreigners.
War- was accortlingly declared, the strength of the
army raised to i),000 men, and a loan levied foi' ex-
penses.'"' After surrendering the exi'cutive othce ti>
A^ice-presldent Oreanmno, Mora placed himself, en
the 8th of jNEarch, at the head of an army aheiit
.*5,000 strong,"' and in a few days was in J^agaces, at
"' Thc! ilucroi'.s, oriU'i'.s, and oilitoriiil foiiiiiR'iits tlicrL'tui, in tlic govirniiutit's
organ. JJl jXirdrdi/iiciisr, Vvh. '2'.i, Ksrili; Asliiliiinitnin, Cciil,. Am., 'M-H; I'ldii.
U Mr.ini^iwi, 'JT'.'t-SO; WilW W,ill:,'r.'<K.ijKil., LMIS^l.".; ,V. /'. liiilldhi, -M:in!i
'J2, April ](), JS:)(>; ,b'. /''. Alhi, .Mairli 'J.'!, JSrxi; Sur. i'l,),,,,, M.iivh L't. .\iiiil
2r), IS.-)!).
!)K i l';i,.,i ,|ii(, ix'calie do a(|nul galiim^to una franca u.Nplicacioii sdliru l;i ]iiili-
tica ([110 ha t'stado olisorvaiKlo con rospucto al actual (Joiiiorno do J^Jicaragiiu.
Kl y/riir(ii/iirii.ii', l'\'li. 1(1, ]iS.")(>.
■'^Joaijiiin iJ. Calvo, mill, of n^lation.s of Costa It., in liis roport to congress,
Auj;. 11, 18."i(i, sjiuaks of that mis.sion with coiitcnipt, '))on|iio dc'.sconociil:!.
acjiii la nii.>ic)ii del iilibustoro, so lo hizo rogrosar do la frontora.' CoMa J'.,
Menu />/., 1, ..(•), 4.
«^La\v.s of Foh. T, and '2S, lS.")(i; Caitt /?., Col. Lrij., xiv. 7-11, I"': >'• •'>'■
Govt l)t,i\, Cong. ;i4, Si'.'^s. 1, Sen. Doc, (iS, I'Jl, i:^:$-4!t, vol. xiii.
'''Koniiiialiy; tho real coniniandcr was a ( ■crniaii ollicor nannil llanui
liulow. /'rr<z,M)iii. Cinii]!. .\'-f.'., '-'d pt, :>-!; Cos/a J{., /'ity. Siii'lto<, nc '':
Wd/s' Walker s KxpaL, Kii).
COSTA ItICA TO TlIK JlKSCUi;.
343
nrvs.
Cl' t"
I', on
JxiUt
■s, i>t
I'.cWi.
.M:in!i
. AvMl
■u-iigii'-'
liiiiii'iiU
no. ^i
tlio extroinc (^iid of tlic ,l^ulf of Xicoyu, i-cadyto cross
the froiitici' into Nicarai^iia. W'alkir, wlio si'cincd
to iiiisjiidi.:-!' ( *osta Jiicaii jtrowcss, sent only oOO iiicii
under Sclil('ssiiiL;\'i', wlio on tlit; liOtli'"' eiiconntcrcd
tlic riiciiiy's avanl jji'iiard, and after a few minutes'
ii-liting weie put to tliL;lit, ]o>inn' a <[uantit\' of anus
and several ]<ill(>d and wounded.''' A number of piis-
(iiirrs ('a[>tured l»ytlio Costa ]\ieans were at onec tried
by fourt-Hiartial and shot.''' SeldessiuLjer with a few
W AI.KKIi's IvMM'DI I ION
'-' I'lTcz, (iiidtid uliKVo, 4'2, j^ivcs the 'Jlst. .
' ' At-fonliiig to (.'(ist.i Kii-.ui rcjKii-ts, diily 4.S0 (if tlicir incu tcuk jMit in
till! iutioii, tliu cMiciiiy's (Ict'iut l)t'iii,<,' tliu otlrot of a .sin'iirisi! anil a lia\ oiict
I'liar-f. Tlic'ir casiiallioi wi ro Kct tlowii at 4 dllliiTS ami Jo soldiurs killed.
Till- lililm.stcrs IkuI u|i\var(l.s of "JO .slain. /(/., ■l'2-'>; Sair., ddcitii, A^v. U 24,
l!S"iii; A';,-., lialilin On'c., A|)r. '.), Hi, 1N.">(1. lu I'alifoniia tlio report reccivi'il
was of !)() kilkd in the li-lit ami ]'.) exeeiited. S. /■'. J//", May U, lS.")(i; JMt;i,
Lc yirdraiiii", tlfy'.); ))'(//•>■' U'ldbrs I'J.ijik/., l,"..'! (iS.
'■' A.-i armed iuvader^s not servinu' under tlie llag of any leeoynized nation.
Cihl'i A'., M,',ii. lltL, 1S."(), 4; A^lnliiiniii'jd, I'm/. Am., [H. However eorreet
the l<i.:it', it was an iiniirudent act, a^ \\'allver mit;lit retaliate on Costa liieari
and (iilur Cent. Am. ]irisoners. Wlneler, without instrnetions irom the
I-'. S. ;.r,,vt^ t,„ii^ uiHin himself to ollieiaUy s:iy to .Mera tliat the fxeeutioii of
, I
'X h
■JH.ifeJr
:ut
WALKllU'S CAMl'AKiX I\ NICAH-UITA.
men reached RivasJ, where Walker had eoncontrult d
his furees, and unsuccessfully tried to exculpate liim
H' (i.'i
'IMie Costa l^icans marched to Rivas, and as tin y
iipin'oachcd Walker retired on the Transit coinpaiiN >
lake steamers to (iranada. Two columns of oOO each
dislodged (»n the 7th of A])ril the Nicaraguan ,L;ani-
sons left hy AValker in La Virg'en and San .Tuan d.l
Sur, and on the followiiiL^ day the rest of the aiiiiy
occupied llivas. Hut Walker soon came upon tliciii.
Under cover of the thick ])lantain and cacao }»l;iii-
tations, he entered unperceived in the morning;' "t
the 11th. His attack heu^an ahout 8:130 and last.il
till night. He captured the main plaza, and I'lnm
the church and houses kept up a deailly fire on
the enemy, stationed only two blocks a^vay. Tlir
latter fought desperately, till Walker, finding hinist It'
closely pressed hy Costa llican reenforcements iVeiii
La Virgen ami San Juan <U'l Sur,"" and surrounded
by Imrning buildings, gave voders for retreat, wliidi
was silently effecti'd under cover of the darkn('>s,
never tarrying till he reached the (iil (Jonzalez lii\(i'.
He left behind a considerable nund)er of rifles, reveU-
ers, and other arms, and about 50 saddled horses,
besides his seriously wounded in the church. Tln'
Costa Rican victory was com})lete, though at tlic
expense of lieavy casualties.'*' The victt)rs were re-
tlieso moil was a colil-Mooilud nmrdur, assuming at tlio Kamo tinif that tlio
moil si'i'viiig inulor Walkor were citizoiis of his own coiuitry. Wells' II .///((•'■<
Kiiml., ]7l)-<5. Tlio fact is that only two or three wi ro natives of the U. S.
''■' lie was aoousod of cowardice and even of treaihery, and arrested lur
trial, lint eseaping afterward from jirison, w is sentenced to death as a desi rter.
Jle turned up in Tcustepe, where he \vas allow<;d to servo in the legitiiiii-^t
force. WdW Walker's E.'prif., '2:u-S.
""t'ommanilod respectively hy majors Alfaro Uuiz and Kcalante, anil Cel
Salvador Mora.
"''Tri\info complctamente sohre ellos, escarmentiindolos, y pouiendel.is
de nuevo en ver gonzoza fuga.' Co-itii It., Mem. Jiti., IS.lti, ,"). Accordini; ti'
Astahuruaj^a, ('(»/. Am., Uli, the Costa Rieans had lliO kille I, and \\'allier
upwards of "JOO. Perez, Mem. Vdinp. Xm;, 2d ]it, 4S, gives the Costa ilK;iii
casualties to have heen l.')0 killed and .'{(H) wounded; and Walker's (il) killed
and 70 wounded. Wells, claiming a glorious victory for his hern Walker,
says that the Costa Kican loss coidd not have been li:ss than (iOO killed; and
that of the wounded and deserters no jirei'iso estimate coidd hi' formed.
Walker's loss he sets ilowu at JV) killeil and as many wounded. There is no
UX.SIAI5IJ': roWKK OK TIIK I'JliAli:.
345
loiitless towaril tlif first juisoiicrs tliat fill into tlifir
liaiids. Accoi'ilin^" to Mora's iv[)oit, tlu' ^v xiiitlctl in
the churcli Wfi'c l>ayoiU'ti'cl, and scvcntft'ii otla'is
>liot. Walker tried to in ikc out that lie had won a
niiat vietorv, and the event was celehratcMl in ( Jranada
with salntes and rinnini;' ot'hflls; and his Hover-nincnt
imhlished that the ( 'osta Jiicans had been dispci'srd
Mild were in lull iiiulit."'
Moia ex})eeted hea\y reiint'oreeinents from Punta
Arenas, and had fornu'd the plan, after seeui'inLf
(•astern Niear;ij;ua hetween the I'aeifie and tlu' <j;reat
lake, and eiittin^" oil' the transit eoninnniieatioii,
alrejidv susiKMided hv a L-eneral oi'dei', to assail
Walker in his stronghold of (iranada. ]li'\vas fnr-
tlitr eii('oni'ai;'ed in this hy news that i'orees of Salva-
dor and Honduras were alr(>iidy on the west(>rn fron-
tier, iimler J^elloso and Xatrueh, ivady to eoojierate
vitli him. But the bri'akinj;' out of eholi'ra in his
army, with terrible havoe in its raidis, neeessitated tlu;
altiuuh^nmeiit of the project for the time. And a re-
port havino' i-ome of plottin^s in C*osta Rica against
Ills authority, with his l)rotlier Jose Jtiaipiin and his
jiersonal stall', he returned home, leaving' (general
Canas in eommand of the remnants of the army, with
orders to Si-nd it back to Costa Una in the most con-
venient manner, which was done, manv of the luou
liciii^ left dead oi' dyini^ on the march. Canas found
it unavoidable to leave his wounded and sick in llivas,
and fearing retaliation because of the executions of
prisf)nurs at Santa Kosa and liivas, he wrote Walker
on tlie '1(\\\\ of April, recommendiiio' these men to his
lirotcction, and proposint;' an exchan_»»'e of prisoners, of
liniuir (ir profit in such mcn<lacitj'. ll''»W(/''.v K.iptL, ]7.")-SS, 24.')-"; S. /■'.
HiiWlUi, .lunc'J, :{, ]S,")(;; S. F. Altii, .Tiiiio •_', 1S,")(); Sn,-. Cnion, .Iuir' 4, KS.'iti.
15tlly, Li' yinirai/iKi, 'JS.'i 4, states that though thi' hutth' cost the Costa
ltii..iiis Too iiii'ii, 'inais(jiii lit t'proiivcr <li' tvlh's |icit('s a I'cmahisseur, i|ii'a
•liitcr (If 11! iiioineiit, il jionlit ooutiaiice dans sa lUstiiiet'.' Ills lutti r ot Ajii-il
I'Uli to Senator WcIUt of t'al. provoil this.
'" Minister Suliuas' ciixulur Apr. 15, 185U. Xk:, Buklin, Ojir., Apr. 10,
ISJU
w
3B
"■fl
1
11
I'-W
:ii
' '■!>[
m
r^iHjf.
P:n
V't)
m
I
!' i If. ip
■Mma
34C
W^^LKER'S CAMPAIGN IN NICAllAGUA.
"wlioiii Jic liatl twenty, according to the usages of war.
This hotter liad the desired ettect."^
"''■Tore/. , says : 'Trato I'uii huiiiauidail a lo.s Kolilailos (jiic lo fueroii ciicom-
ciidaild.s.' Mfiii. Caul)). Xar., 'lA pt, 4!)-rvJ. Jtriiiniiio Pcnz, Mtiiiorin'f punt In
J/i.-/iiria di; it ll<i'nliicinn df Xifurih/mi, ij dc In i/ii'-rrtt iinfiniiid cutilrn ln.ijill-
bu.<trn)K,lS'.'i-]S'i7. -Managua, IHdri, 8vo, j)p. 17.'!, 21. Tlii.s lirst part of this
autiiiir's work i.s a liistorii ;.l aououiit of tlio civil war in Nicara^'iia, in tlio years
IS.")!-."), during wliich latter year tlic lililmster chief, William Walker, ap-
jicareil on tlie scene, taking part with one of tlie two parties to tlie strife, ami
tc'ui]i()rurily (lusti'oying tlie power of the other. The political anil military
events of this ])erioil arc concisely though vividly dei)icted, so that the reaij. i-
may heconn^ fully ini'onnecl on the motle of cari'ying on the war, and on thr
miseralile condition of tiu! country, as well as bitter animosity exhiltiteil liy
the ojipo-iiiig jiarties. .]!• iiiitrin.i parn Iti J/i.^^foriii. i/c li Ciuiqi'ifi'i Nnciotmi
coiilni (i iilih>i4t ri.oiiii, IS'iii- IS'iT. Ma.saya, ISTIi, Svo, i.-iv.. and 'Jlti ]>., is a
sei|uel or si'cond part to the ]ireceding liy the same author, in whi 'h he fur
nisiies a detailed history of AN'alker's lililiustering schemes and carer in ^^i,■•
ar'agua durim; ]S.")(i -7, till his linal surrendiT and removal from the counfrv;
eridinL; with a short acciiiiit of AN'alUer's two other at tempts to invadi Cen-
tral America. W'vv/. t<iok a pai't in the operations ayaiust Walker, and laier
lia« occupied high positions in his country.
CHAPTER XVII.
END OF FILIHU.STEKINC IX CKXTRAL ANIERICA
is:,c.-isi;7
RuCOfiNITION 01' I'UI'.SIDKN T ftnAS l;V IIIK UNriKli S lAI IS— '\VaI.K Hu's llos-
Tii.r. Ati'itidk— Ki.iciii' in' lli\ as — \\.\[,ki;i; >rAKr.s Ilnisi:i.i' rE;i;si-
rir,NT--Aii.i.\Ni'K . iiArssi' ili.M--l)i;Aiii of Estuaka— Tiik Li:i:iriMisr.s
Al'CK.I'T IllVAS -(.'( -lA RiCANS AN1> XUAIJ A( ; f A SS . ' R I V AS- I >i:SII!U(>
•IION (IK (I KAN AD A" I T IS OlCf I'l 111 i I'.V Al.1,11 Ii Fdl.'i I'S - A\' A IK |;K RkOCCU-
I'lEs RtVAs — \Viii:i;i; 11k is I>i:sik(;i;i) — Srci kssks or riii; CnsiA Rk'ans
• --FAn.iiiK di' Lockiu'lIck's Ivm-kuihon — SriMtKSDKii ok Walkku —
WaI! or NlCAIiACIA AMI ( 'oS I'A liU'A — ( 'o.M MO Hoi; i; T AIT.HP.'; Nil
Wai.kuii's Sr.i'oMi AriKMi'i' — ^^"AI.Kl.l;'s Invasion ok IIon.huas, CaI'-
•irUK, AND KxK.mioN — (ioVlCU.N.MKNT KiXIKOA:^ I/KD^l'UKSlDE.NT MaK-
TINKZ' A DMIMSIKATIONS.
After tlic (.le})artiiro of the C'osta Rifan forcos
from Rlviis, toward tlic eiul of April or Ik «4iiiniii;j,' of
^Jay 185G, Walker visited t\\o town, treatiiiii^ luirslily
tlif ])rin('i[)al citizens — men \.]ui loved tln'ir country
Ix'tter tlian they loved desinnui^ interlopeis— and caus-
\n\X one to lie liani>'etl.' Tins was done to terrify liis
ciu'niies. Leaxini'' llornsUv as niilitarv o-ovenior, \.-itJi
ii garrison, Walk(-r went hai'k to (jlranathi. J lis army
111 re was also lieiiit;- decimated by the epidemic,
i»iit its ranks wer»j repU'iiisluMl I'mm tlie jias.sv'un'ers
lii'ounfht by the steanisliips. wliich still were his rlHca-
"•Iniis auxiliaries. Meanwhile the presfuce of tluM^mi-
1 lined forces of the other etntes in th(> west was ielt
n the towns
o
f til
V Wv'sleiii d(M>artii.jnts, chic
Hv
m
('
inn
tales and ^Fatagalpa,'^ the natives yearning' for
•'riiiuhfo Uaart
Ir
(\ a
lo.uit
lllllSt WllO CIUIU
Midi the Costa Rk'ans, ami
iii;iiiiri| 111 I'diu'fiilnu'iit
i;
t'liiii'in was scut to ]iut ildwii a roliclliou in Cliniitalos, and liriil ,i iiiini-
llur nt' llltU I'XOCUtc'll. /'(
Mr
( 'iiiiiji.
Milt,
("IT)
Iff!
>rA
dk
i'-'i^'JiM
m
mi
:iis
K\l» OF ••'ILIia;sTi:i;lN(i in CKNTItAI- AMi:i;i('A.
i
I
icr;'!' iVoiii torciinii (loiiiiiiiitioii. A incciiiiL;' of militaiv
iillifcrs licld oil tlic "JOtli ot" .\|iril at Mata_in'nl)ia.
and presided o\-el'
l.v (
u'lieral
eniaiido
(1
lainono.
a(loj)ie(l resolutions in fjivor ol' resforini;' lOsti'ada as
the lei^itiniait^ jiresideiit.'' This iiioveiiiciit cainc to
nanu'lit; C'iiaiiiorro, bciii*'' deleaved, iiasjsed into llon-
<liiras.
'Pli(> vleinocratic party, «lesin)iis as uuicli as possili
ot liein^' a\\a\' Ironi
Walk
er s ol)l)ressi\ (• innilelice, li.K
'I'l
the n'oxcnmieiit seat reiiioxcd to Leon.' The i^ciieial
stai't('(l troni (iranada May ;!lst with his Itest ollicers
and ;•<)() infantry, lor Leon, where he was greeted ;is
a eoiKiuerini;' hero.' While there lie apjiroNcd of, or
nia\' he |>roni|tle(l
tl
U' decree o
f.I
une
Otl
1, roin-oKni'.
congress, and for the election ^A' a cliiel' niau'istrute
H(> had in \ iew to Itrini;' about his own el(>ctioii a^
president, intending" after that to throw oil' his deiiio
•ratic friends, uhosi' lovalt\' he distrust
e«i
\'
■r\' sat
lsfact(»rv news, hotli to him and the n'ovei'iinieiit. caiue
at this time. The u'overnmeiit of the Inited States
had recoL>'ii!/,ed i^'ather An'iistiii \ inii as minister
pleiii[»otentiary accredited at WashiiiL^ton hy l'i\as.
This reeon'nition was of ^reat ad\anta.^'i' to Walker."
On the lltli. al'ter AN'alker had de])arted on li
return to ( JraiKu
111 command
la, leaving' ( 'oloiiel Hriiiio Xa/.tni( r
thi> ollicer ordei'ed iorein'ii soldiers t^
take the jilace of the nati\'es in the stei>]»les of th-
<'athedral. Ministei-of war Jerez eounterniandi'd it,
and heiliL!,' disobeyed by Xa/tllier,' the l;()\ erniiK iil
\st. 'I'll r. i'(i};iii/i' lU) dtluM' j^o\ I than i;>tra(la's, (Iccl.iiii.ii the ('(mvi
if ()« I. •-'■!. Is."i.">, voi.l, an. I Kiv;
i\ t nil
II: 'J.l. 'I'.
iplMir-t that
ivt;
A'l'st till' t'M'oiitivf (illicn ill l'< Tiiaiiiiii ( lii/iiiali till Mstiaila'.s return to Xi
'tth. I''i'riiaiul(i t 'iiaiiiii
iTo ri'('(iL;iii/.ci
lasi
iruvisiiiiial I'diiit
Walker iliscovi rt'd in iJiva.s a letter ti
nil the |ire;
tiiaiiiK'r 111' liie t'ciiri
ileiit 1(1 .Miira treat i
il jieiee ne^dtiations. of wliieli niitiiinu had lieeii hiiiteil In him.
' lie issuoil .lime 4(li a ]ir(ielaiii;itiiin full nf all'i cled luxe l;ir the Niearau'
ins. ami esiieeiallv
illv for tlie l-eniiese, wlicnii lie I'allril illiistriniis mhis of lihnly
ill
I, IS.-.(1,
iivel'snl J'i'ogre:
^'ir., /lol'/hiO
in
1 S5il; AY Xiciirii'/iii //■■"', .1 nil'
ll was fi)il(i\\ed h\ a chalii^e nf piiMir imininii in the V. S. favnrahh I'
mil, and .■^l(i|ijii''
llieoliieial
i(i|iii.siliiiii til the I'lisii III emniran
ts til Ni
lieiietit wa.s, inn\e\i'r, retarded li\- the eninliined ell'cirts nf the nlii Transit eeii
jiany
,'ents in Sin .tnan del Nmle, and nf the nppnsitiiiii
Irnm varie'ii^
w toXV.ilUer'
I hi
.1'
iriii',: \\ alUi r s sta\' m tlie eil \- lie made se\ erd demands, In \\ Imli
nil 1
. ti'
I H .
Ill'Ml
'Mil" I
[N" ••
nil -.
lluriy
I ,luii'-
■olU-
liiuuis
1, til''
DlSSKXsrONS.
349
liccamc iiiucli filanii'd, JJivas and Jorcz startling'
lui'lliwitli for (Jliinaiidcufa,'^ Nvliciicc AValkcr was di-
ivctc'd to C(jnroiitrat(! tlic foii'ii^ii forces in Ciranada.
l'|i"ii lifariiiu' at ]\Iasiiya of tin; occui'i'cnccs of
tilt; litli and li'tli, ]ii' countcrniarclicd as far as
Xa^arotc, ordering' Xa/.tmcr to l)rinu,' tln'rc Ins coni-
iiiand; after wliicli ]ic (|nai-t('i'('d Ins troops in (;<ra-
n;ida. ])laci!i<4', iio\Vf\-cr. strmiL;' yarr'isons in Mana;j,H;i
;i,nd Masaya. I»i\as tiioreiipon dcclai'cd \\'ali<.(r a
ii.-urpcr, traito)', and cnoniy of tlio rcpnlilic, d(j)ri\inL;'
lilm of Jus rank and connnand." ^\'alk(•r, on liis })art,
l|(•])o^;(•d l\i\as, calliiiL;' I'^erniin I'^cn'or. ni'nistfr of
liacicnda and Li'ovcrnnicnt at (Jranada. wlio had idm-
tifird liinisclf witli liis cause, to as<unie the execntixc
otlice, for the main ]tur]>os(\, it sccnicd, of decree 'iny an
election for suprenii! autlioritics, ])ursuant to the con-
\(i(,!(M.n of June 10th, though Ki\as liad revoked it
nil i;:.. i4t]i."'
Under tlic national constitution, tlie cliief magistrate
was not cliosi'u hy the direct suffrages of the jieople;
neither did it permit a military otiicer in actual oom-
in'i'.siilciit rufiiscil h\A asscut, wliirli greatly aiijicrcil him. It was soon dis-
covri'i'il tlwit ho liail it iilaiiiii.'il to ilispnssi'ss Itivas of the cxft'iitive ollico.
Nii/tiiici's act was in ohcclicuco to liis onlors. 'I'lir native solilicrs \vt:vv sent
away, anil thc^ capital was left with a garrison ot' •_'(») torcigncrs. ^V(V., Jlalii-
III! i'>j!t\, Aug. S, Oct. •_'4, ls.")().
' llail it not hccn for an American resident, l)awson, they wonM have
111 en liroiiglit hack hy Dolan, eommauilant at (hinanclega, ^\ ho had heeii
(irdered witii his men to I^eon. /''/v., ^^l.'lll. Cciiqt. Xnc, 'lA \t\, 71. <un.
Mariano Sala/ar ami othci's spread the report that the lililmsters intended to
iiuirder the authorities. Sala/ar fell into Walker's hands liter, taken hy I>o
Kri-iMit in tlie gulf of l'"onseea .Inly "JSth, ;ind was shot at, (iranad.a Aug. lid.
F.l Xiriir'iiii'ii'iisr, Aug. '.t, IS,")('i; A7''., linliliii (>n'i\, .\ng. -7, IS.'Mi; ,S'ir. f'ldoii,
Srpt, (i, I'S.")!).
'■'I'ecree of .lune 'J.'ith. Otlieers and men of the foi-eign phalanx were ro-
i(iiired to forsa!;e Walkei- and suliniit to the government, when their rank
wiiidd he recognized, their arreaiN of pay made good, .and Micaraguan eiti/en-
sliiji conferred on them. Such as should disoluiy, -whether n.ative or foreign,
Were to he dealt with as traitors. .Mendurs of the foreign jihalanx wishing
111 lave till! country weri; to ho, under another decree of the "J.Sth, ]iermittoil
to do so. 'riiose who jiresented themseha's with arms and ammunition, aiul
Jirevailed on others to do the same, would he rewarded. Previously, on tho
-iltli, the colonization decree of Nov. L'l!, KS'i."), was suspended. A'/V., Jinhtiil
iijh:, Aug. 8, l(i, lS,-|(i.
'" \Valkcr assunied to act under the idauses of the enivventiou of Ocr. 'JH,
IS.'i.'i. His decree liears date of .Fuue 'JlUh, and iiirther deelarrs itivas' acts
frciiu the i'Jth nidi. Et yii'iirit'/i(<:ii.«, ,Iune -Jl, Is.-ill; AVc, Bnlifi.t 0/i,\, .\ug.
>, ISJt).
1 i
\\ m
'M
I a* y
t^ \
iiii
:[r>o
KM» OK KII.llUJSTKRINt! IN CKNTKAL AMKIMCA
in.-iiKl
lllUCll
less a torci'')! one
to 1.
Vo
led l'(
N«>\rrili('l(>ss, In disrcui'.'U'd of iJiat law, ilic ])co[)lt: of
liolKd l»v WalUci'!^ bavoiict
s were
i\\v r('i;ioii con
made to oiv<' linii tlicir ;-;ul^^a,^■(^s lor the ollico ot ^rcs-
idcat, and I ;'),.S.">r) votes a|»|>i'ai"r(| as cast in liis fa vdr."
lie was dccl.ircd rlccti-d, and on ilio I'Jtli of Jii.y w.is
indnclcd inio ollicc wiili niudi ])oin|>.''' W'luflc)', llu*
American minislcr, i'cco<j;'nizc<l Walker as ijie legiti-
mate jiresideid, a,nd l»i\as' iLi'overnnient jn-oteslcd
against i(,''' and declared all I'elalions lictween ilir
Nicai'aL;;ua.n government and W'lieelei- suspended.
Walker's lirst act was to a)>|)oint his cahiiu^t. iii
']ri(.'t"
ot It, l)i"n>Li" 1^ ernnn b v\rv\
One of his earliest
deci'ocs sounds the keynote to all this silly usurpalimi
and acconn»a,nyiiiH' ini'aniy ; it was the annullini;' of llic
federal law aholishinu^ sla,V(>ry.'' Another inranioiis
in(>asun> was the conliscation of the estates ol" Nicaia-
j^uans who min'ht take up aims against him.
1)1 a circular of July oil JJivas aji[)ealed to the other
Cc>nti"al American ^'overnnuMits i'or aiil to drive out
tl
le mvaiU'is,
Tl
11' ca,l
was answinvd
d h
anil JUS
"•(.V
I'lnnent I'ccoonized hy (;luatemala, Honduras, and IS.il
vailor
tl
lese
tl
irci>
I
)owors nn'reeinir to unite tlnii
forces at^ainst Walkei'. Costa Hica, "was invite<l to
cooperate, and pi'omptly did so/"
"Tl\t> olVicial ornan |)ulilislioil tlu' rt'tunis sliowini,' tliiH result. Kl Xi
iliicii.ir, .Inly 1-. IN.Ui. i\iv;n' iniiiistiT in a cirt'iilar i'X|)<)Sf(l tli
I' wlidli' as
tl ii<lo lie
ii|ici.stiira.s y f<iiiu'ii'lu'na
Boldii, Olii
•21, isrxi.
'-.S. /•'. J/,nil</, .Aui;. 1."), iSM: S. /■'. Al/n, An.i;. !.">, l.S.'Hi.
.Milli^^tt T Salinas' luilc ol' -Xiifi. I'Jtli to Uio scfri'taiy nt state at Wasliiu;,'-
ti>ii. ^V/('., Hull till Oji'r.. Scjit. 4, lS.")(i.
AV .V
Till' iitiuT iiiiiiistcrs were j.;iMi<
iriiniiiiicnar, .Inly lit, IS.'iti,
■rals Mati'o I'iiii'da ami Manuel I 'ar
T
us a(
tiou was said to liavi' been sujjyesteil ti)«iii the .syin[iatliies ef
iho slave-owners in the simthern statt's of the If. S. /'(iiz, Mon. Cn
I pt. Tit.
Ill] I
y,
Thi^ eonvention w.is siL;ne(l at IJuat. .Inly IS, lS,"")t>. 'the t'dUnwin;,' i:< :
syudjisis (if the ehiel el.iuses: 1st. I'reviiMis treaties <it alliaiu
their inilependenee and suverei^nty wei'cM'tinlii ined; 2d. Slip
l(M'
del'.'Mc
tl
leir li.rees to ex|u
1 tl
le adventurers
xeeivifni/.ei
iplila
I I'. K
teil t
le Ullliill
ead (if a, ih> faeti) govt in Nie., proiuising aid and ((idjK'iatiiin; "Ih. Invitril
I'ost.l 1{. t
liu the dthers in the enterprise. Aif., Boktiil i>jii'., Aug.
Sc^jt. 10, ISi'Ki; (liiat., li'uo}!. J.ti/., i. 430-11.
DKKKAT OF TlIK LI K ; III. MISTS.
351
While tlu! ovonts thus f;ir rccoT'dcd \vo)-o occurrin*:^,
J'lstradii, tli(! loiritiiiiist cliicf, (Mitrnul Niciii;i<4u;i, and
( .-.laMislii'd liis u^ovci'miiciit in Sonioiillo, aj>[K)intiiiL^
I'cdi'o .In.'Kjuiii Clianioiro liis ininis^cr-oeiui'a!, and
(Irnci'al Tuniiis Maitiiic/. conniiaiidci' (if tlic army to
lie raised.''' On licariiii;' liiat iJivasIiad hem jccol;'-
iii/.c(|, if> was coni'ludtMi to Icuvt; Soniotillo, via Xucjva
Si L^t'via to Mata^alpa, wlicro ( irosarouscd tlx; Indians.
I!iit on llif way, at Ocotal, on tluj lotli of v\n'j,nst,
a |)arty ol' domocrats attacked and det'eiiied them.
I'lsti'adii tried to llee, l)ut Was overtaken and liackod
to death. '^ The town was |)limdered, and pajx I'S scat-
leicd, alter wliicli th') assailants W(>nt awa\'. Alter-
ward an insti'ument was ])ieked uj) in which Nicasio
(lei ( 'astillo was named J']strada's siiccess(;r, who at
nnce. assumed the res])onsil>ilities ol" tlu! position.
I lowcvi'r, (jreneral ^Martinez and l"'ernando (jiuzman,
who, thouLi^h res[)ectini^ Jvsti'ada's oood motives, liad
(lisa])|)roved of his jx-rsistence in ij;'<>ino- contr-ary to ao-
coiiiplished tacts, alter his death ludd a consultation
and concluded that the In^st policy was to coopcirato
with lli\as' governnunit, lu'arinL;* in ]iiind the princi|)le
(if lenitimacy, thoUi;h disrenardinii; means and persons.
Martinez aiid (Juzman wi'iit to Jjeon, and succeeded
with the assistance of the allied u^cnierals, and (h'en^orio
Arhizu, till' coimnissioner of Salvador, in making an
arrani>'ement l>v which theri! slioukl Ix; but one ljov-
eiinnent in the repuhlic, with certain len-itlmists in the
r;ihinet;'' j)ursuant to whii-h the latter was or^^anized
'' Shortly .'ifterwanl tlicy were joined l>y <;oii. Fcrii.imlii Cli.imorm, soiiic
liarcl'niitcil (itticc rs and siililiri's, aiul I'J nr 14 Frynchnicn. A littl<! later caiiii!
U\f llmij;arian, < Jn)s, witli 'MM Indians. Tlio only arms n;i liainl wun; ."fOO
iimsji, Is with 10 ninli'-loads nt aniinuniti.iu.
' Siii'li was tJR' end of this luiridrahlr, vulighti'ntd. and patriotic citizen,
wl.ii had risen hy his virtncs, talents, aii'l learninj:, Iroin a lowly jiosili.m to
till' cliicf magistracy of his country. I'm'., M< in. Ciiiiiji. .\'i<\, •_''! j)!., 1)S KM),
'■' I'll" ciinveidion was signed Sept. 12, ]SM, It contained among its
cliiiises that the lirst lc!;.'i slat lire installed should convoke the constitniiil as-
Mi'iiihly of IS,')4, or issno th*' Iwises Uw the election of another; a gen. aninc^sty
tiif past political ort'encrss; dehts coutruelicl or damages cansecl by Imtli
parties to he iield as iinicbtcdutss of the repviblie. /</,, llt-17; .AVc, Unktin
Ojir., Sept. 'JO, ISOG.
?pw
*ii
11'
iiH ,
X,-2
KND Ol' FlI.ir.L STKlilX*; IX CENTU.U, AMKllR'A.
-.^iMT
-f
dm
(ia
as stated l)elow.'" Castillo acci^pted the arrangement
and assumed tlu- dutic;s to which ho was called.
The alli(Ml forces, having entered Nicaragua, occu-
])ied l^eou in -Jnly, and in October advanci'd ii]'(>ii
]\[anaguas forcing Walker, after several encounters
near Xindiri Mid ]\lasaya, to n^concentrate in (jiana-
]\Iasaya was occupied l»y the allies October 'J- 1.
riicre was nuK li division among them, owing to nM
]'ivalri( s, and the need of an influential conunandiv
was evident." (general Martinez was earnestly ic-
({uested to hasten liis movements and join the army.
\[v had organized at Matagalpa a body of tro(»ps that
subse(|uently bore the ))ame of Ejercito Setentrional,
with, which he came on ; but cholera having ])lay(ii
havoc among his Segovians at 'l'ipiti'-))a, he had ti» iv
main in Xindiri till the scoui'ge abated, when he joined
the allies.-''
Walker's forces consisted of about 1,"J00 efl'ecti\r
men, mostly Amer'icans,the rest being English, Erencli.
and dernuuis."' The climate was his worst iMieniy.
A number of his men succumbed daily, victims et
cholera and fevi r.'' The ranks were further depleted
-" Pi'did ( '.inliual, Scl);isi.;ifi S.iliiia.s, Niciisio del Castill", and Friiiiriscn
]>aea\V('i'e iiuulu iiiiiiistors of forci^'i rcliilioiis, giivcrmiient, war, and tri asurv
n'.s]>citi\uly. .It'iT/ |i It llii; caiiim t, jinl'irriiig to .sorvo in t!iu licld.
-'His troops rctivatcd al'ttT si'ttiiig fir" t<^ tho casa de alto, foriTur i-csi-
(Ipuco of tlio cliiuf lllagi^^tratl'^^ of Nie. 1 lie allit'(l army ci'lihratcd in Maiia
^nii tho , victory of San .lafiiito, a liaricmla, north of tho jilain of Oscotal,
(li>tiiiit Olio day'.s niairh fioni (Iranada. Jt wan only a small attair i/i ri dity
- i'JO rilliincn iiiiilcr J5yi'on Colo on ono .sido, ami ItiO ji:' fives uii'lcr Col f'.
]Ostrai!a on tho othor — Imt it was important in its oflVcts. Colo W<W/'a|»tiir( il
and killed, thi.s hoing tho oml of tho founder of hlilmsterisni i^i Nic, Tw nty-
Sloven rilloniou voro slannhtorod; and the Nioaraguans had fin ki'M/d ■H"!
Wounded. A'/c, JJolr/hi 'Ijir., Sept. i-'Ci, lS.-)().
'--Trouhles hetwoiii Salvadorans and Nicaraguans voro eoininon, Td''
former fratornizid with tho (Unnoeratio Leoneso. The le;4iti*»/ists did ttic
sanio with tho « iiatemalans, whoso '2d chief, Zivala, liy his iiii</ung<' an^l
actions, kept up a had feelin;:, not only with tho Salvadorans, bu(, With llii'
Nicara;;uans. I'<ri~., Mmi. ('(imp. A'c. , 2d [it, [iref. ii. and lOS.
-'■'Meantimo .several lights had taken ]ilaeo hetweeii the allied forces an I
Walker's.
-'He had also a small ;uid inellieient Cidian ( omjiany, ami very l'i«, if
any. Cent. Americans, aside' from his ministers J'ineda and Car "aseos i.
"-■'It has lieen ealcnhitcii that from lirst to last he lost from .'>.<MII> lo ('■.ml"
men liy sickness. Se\eral of his chief odicers h.ixinx died at ahout the .-.iiiio
timu, it was iuil)ut<.'d to tiio j/itjl/ycs «ellinj{ |ioisoned eilihles, A lottel,' of I'eh.
my.
S nt
rti'tl
l- irsl-
MiilW
sii>t:il,
ir.ility
„l II.
|,tU|(ll
[\ , iity-
iitil
'ft..'
iIk'
iiii'i
if,«, if
,,.111 III
>;Ulli'
THE r.ELLIflERKXT.S IX ACTION. liolJ
1)V tlosci'tions,"" Tliis was one of tlio cliict' reasons
why Walker abaiiflonod Managua and jMasaya to coii-
fcntrato in Granada, keepinic, lunvever, tlie transit lino
t'i.iiii San ,Juan del Sur to l^a Virnen. Tlio fililnister
rilict'noAV took nd\-anta_L;'c of the division of the alhed
iuiccs--]>i'l]oso and Jerez in ]\Ias;iva, Zavala and Ks-
tiaila in Dirionio— and on tlie llth of October made
n tlasli witli 800 men on ]\Iasaya, which had a yarri-
nui of 1,000. lie entered the place at ei'j,ht o'clock
;uul took ])o.sitions in IMoniniho, south of the town.
Iviily on the 12th he acKanced as far as the Mocks
( Miiti.unoiis to the ])laza, which he would undoulitcdly
]ia\i' taken hut for Zavala's attack on Cranada."' Un
lirarinu;' of Walker's movoment, Zavala started to the
relief of Ivlasaya. At Dirlii, he was informed that
^\alker was routed and in full retreat to (Granada,
lie then charefed his course, and turned up at the
liui\in!>'-i>'roun(l of (jiranada, with the view of iiettin'''
the start of tlie enemy; but as the latter did not
tniiic, and he had positive information of the ])lacc
iieiiig weak, he nsoKt'tl to occupy it at once, thoueh a
lu\'uy rain somewhat retanU'd the movement. He
ii:iL;lit have taken the tmvn by sur[)rise cither from
V'u l^-'iT. lias it that Walker rcccivod 4,(500 recruits since .Tunc 185.". Tlic
ar.tlior sets down liis di'scrtcrs at oOO, ami lii.s dc-ad at no I'.'ss than :>,0()0,
tlhiv Uiiiiw 'iMlii I, .")()() til 12,(MM) Imrifd in Oraiiad.i. I'mi. ^Sfur nm/ //rnilif,
I'l'i. 17. I^-^T; y/( f //'.-(' .S'rVi;;w, Aiiijilis, ii. •_'."),'). Howovcr, an cillioial report ut
I'. ]t. T;i>>ini)son, \\'alker's adj. -gen., dated I'eli. 'J-4-, rs.")7, lla^^ tho tnllDwini;
li.'uris, wtdeh do iu)t i-eeni to exim.ss tlio uliole tnitli, as it nni:lit have lieen
liiiiiilainnsi to iiavc thu real I.iet^ made known. Orit;iual nuinlier ••( men
(ulistid 'J.'^vS of Mhoni til \»rri3 ollieers. 'J'otals of di'ath, (i.S.", df wli.iui Kl'J
w'rre eliieers; '.i~ resiicned; 2l*>'i iliseliarijiMl; it dmiiped; 'J'.t.'! 'leserted, inehidiiif^
!i I'tt'u'fi^; loaviiig a toi.il (it 7.JI» ollieers and nn-^u, \\ith 111 nnaeuonnted for.
.sttiiit'^ yic, 'jd'.t,
'' 1' 'iir yoiitii^ Nicar.iguans, acciii.-,ed in Masaya of untiein;^ men to desert,
wore anesU'd July '.Huh, and shot in a low hours as traitors to the I'epiihlie!
Kl Mr^i'ii:/, HI, .■<<•, Xwii. ;{, Uv"*). Turley ami i^ iitlier.s eseapcil from (ir.inada,
:iliil att< in]itt'd to reach IJhiWlkdiUi hy way ot' t houtalos, where tin; natives, not
Iwlieviiiif them des(^rters from Wijiker, killed all hut oi.e or two who eseapud.
ttrfZ, Mn,:. Cawp. X<tr., ti.l jrf, I'J'.t; S. F. AlUi, Oct. 'JO, kS5G.
■'■ .!> rez distinmiished liimself in the def.iice, ami the gen. -in-chief of tho
^1''"^, llaiiion Pirlloso, el.Timed a vie^iry in iiis (ilUeial lejiort of Oet. J"th,
I'i' ■'',: that Walker 'huyd despavoridamente a la oscurida<l de la n." he,'
li'.ivni.: idiont .">0 killed, and earryii'.j,' oil' 'JtHt wonndod. A>., JiuO-tin (>jii\,
'*''t. 17, Nov. 7, iS.-ili. On the other side, the victory w;is elaimed for
w.iikii- \, /'. j/M, Oet. :<i, is.-x); s. F. Jicnild, o^t. yi.'iboO.
>1:-T. t'KNT. .Vm., \'.'I.. in. 'Si
!■
Il
'/
4p
1 r*
I'i. 1
!; :
354 END OF FILir.USTKUI\( I IX CEXTIIAI, A.MKUICA.
tlio iiortli to soutli, but wont round l>y .Talti>va."'^ The
allied force liad not till then l)eon dotectod from i]\v
city. But on the ofHccr of the day descrying gi'<iu]is,
lie went to ascertain if they where Walker's men, and
inniiediately giving the alarm, pre[)arations were made
to meet th»> exi)ected assault. Nevertheless, the nllies
at two o'clock in the afternoon occupied the l)uil<liiii;s
on the ])laza, excepting the church, where the foreign
sick Were intrenched. Zavala took Walker's house,
and finding there a flag, rushed out waving it, until a
hullet struck the tlaijf, and another his surtout, wluii
he realized his danger. ]^oth the Guatemalans and
legitimists gave themselves up to excesses.-^ TIk^
night of the 12th came on, and the churcli had n<.t
heen taken. Hearing the cannonading or rectdviiig a
report, early that morning Walker huri-ied hack, it
being preferable to save Granada than to take IMasaya.
In tlie morning of the loth, Zavala learned that tlu^
(Miemy was rapidly approaching, and vainly tried to
check them at Jalteva. Zavala and Jilstrada lied In
the direction of J)iriom(), leaving .1 considerable num-
ber of drunken men in the streets, who were butch-
ered. Several Guati'malnns fell prisoners. ^^ Zavala's
assault of the i)lacc where Walker had his base of
su})plies was a failure, l)ut it saved the allied army. '
A Costa Eican division under General Jose M.
Cahas started for NicaraLTua, Xovi'nd)(>r 2(1, and not-
withstanding the enemy's efforts to hinder it, occn}Mc(l
San Juan del Sur and the road to La A'lrgen, thus
cutting off Walker's conununication with either point.
It concentrated at llivas on the 13th, and was j.iincd
11 M
,; I ' "
'" To look .after the arms which had lieconio wet. So saja Perez,
th.it Zav.'ilii, 'a iii.is do carecer de jxiicio, no conocia el a'rreno,' and J-
Vent entirely by liis directions. MOn. Vitiiiy. 2^'tu'., "d pi lol.
'■"•Tliey heeanie intoxicated, and .seatt^'ied in tlio .striets after ]i'i
They di-'ieo-'ered an American merchant, friendly to the iilil. islern, lui 1
him turtiiwiih.
"" On Zavala and Estraila arriving at Diriomo, a j'oiinp Cuhan uai
A. Luiiie, who had heen .sent hy (Joieouria to complete with Wall
arrangement to liberate t'ldia, waa brought to them as a pri-oner. 1
ordered .shot.
''^\ F. Alto, Nov. 'Jl, liSriO; Jlnyvx' Sa;,2>.i, An-jdcs ii. i20G-7, 2'Jl',
adcli
tra
unii
kill
m'(
r.
I'.
) ' ' 1
VERY FAIR FKJIITINC.
35S
liy Jerez with HOO Nioai'apfuans. It was now in coiii-
iiiuiiicatioii witli tlio main combined annv, wliicli was
ini'pariiii;' to assail Granada. JJelloso received iiifor-
uiatioii from a friend in tiiat city that Walker was on
tilt' point of niakinn' another da.sh on Masaya with (JOO
iii'ii. The allied arniv, in the eitv and vieinitv, was
iiM\v of ahout .'^,(100 men,''' and leaving out wounded,
>i(k, antl servants, the elfectivo force must have been
III less than ."),()()(). The filihusters came on tlie Ijth
under ]^run() \im Xaztnier, a (lermaii, and wei'e nut
niitsidc by Xicarau;uansand (iOO ( Juatenialans at three
(I'cloek in the afternoon. Thi^ enemy opened lire, and
the (iuatemalans tied panic-stricken. However, the
fust charge of tlie filihusters was checked, and tlicy
now assumed tlio defensive. The Guatemalans re-
turned to the charge, and heavy fighting followed,
which lasted till night. The ni'xt morning \Valkei'
took connnand, Xaztmer heing wounded, ami puslied
liis operations into the town, where the allies had con-
centrated in the night, hurning a numl)er of buildings;
lint he soon convinced himself of tlie impossihility of
accomplisliing his purpose^ and retreated to Granada
ill tlie night of the 18t]i."' At a council of war, it was
resolved to evacuate the citv, after settino' lire to the
huildings, leaving a garrison to keeji the enemy in
elieek. Tliis Work of destruction was intrusted to
]leimiugsen, wlio at once ordered the citizens to leave
tlie place within a few hours before it was consigned
to the flames. And all the time the authoi's ot" this
vandalism were calling the Central American de-
tlnders of life, home, and liberty savages and greasers,
'-'Salvailorana, 1,300; CJuatcnialans, l.oOOorinorc; Xicaragiiaiisund'i- .Mar-
tin z, 11(1 U;.-s tliau St)0. Pin-., Mi m. Caiiq). Xiic, '2d pt, IVA.
Iho alli;'s (li.scovi'nMl lii.s tli^lit oaily oil the I'.ltli. Siscral nf liis ini"i
W'vr inuiul ahlo('i), anil biitcluTod. The allioil coiiimancU'ra .shnwcd hirk nf
(,';■:!■ ral liip. J'iriz, Mi ,ii. i'ain'p, Xnr., "IX pt, I."!.")-',). Alicnit this tiniL' thi;
eiai. Anioi'ioaii.-i i'X|it'iiuiu'i'(l a scrimis lih)W in tlie Iohs of the Costa Riraii
.s.!i. inner 0;,c(; (/r Alu-i/., which had on lioard 110 iiicii, luoiicy, and a lar,' •
i'Ulnily ,)f arms, aiiimuuitioii, etc. After a heavy ga! , she eiieoiuitei'ed the-
S'tii ,/iw(', alias (Irmnnlii, and after two hours' lighting, eauglit tire and was
tlestmyed. Most of tlio wrecked men were jiieke(l up liy the Sun Jn.-ti . S. F.
■ ill'i, Dec. L>0, ISriG; >S. F. Ihmbl, Dee. 'JO, IS-'Mi; ,b'.-c. Union, l>ec. •-'.% 1S.")G.
1 !''i?
1 \
! !'
.'!."(■.
:\\) ()!•' I'll.ll'.rN'lKltlNc IN' CLNTUAl, AM MUICA.
! r
ii'id 1 liciiiscU (s 1()\ crs of IVi'cdiiiii ;iii(l uissciniiiiitors (if
civil i/,;i-tii III I ■ '
III I he (';irly iiun'iiiii;^ df llic L'M.Ii ilif iillird foi'ccs
iiijirclud out ()l ..MMsnya, liy tin' (";irr('(;is roiul; at il
(•'(■lock ill tti(! Jil'tcnKion tlicv wcj-c (Idirnin' oii the low
liills of till! ( )tra baiul.'i, (Voiii ^\■l i id i tin y could sec tin'
liojilirc, iiindc liy tlie Sf'H'-stylcd I'cucnci'aloi's oC .Latin
/viiiciica, coiisiiiniii'^' seven cliiir-clies and llie |)uMic
liuili!ill'4s, to'^etlier Avilli the dwelliiin's of tlie citi/eiis
of (iraiiada. 'I'lie same day llie allies liad skirmislKs
with tlu! enemy, and \vcre defeated."" Mai'tine/ with
liis uieti ffoiii the north next <]ay ()|iei'ated a'^'ainst tln'
San j'^raiicisco l)uildin<4', and the lilihustei's in fi'arei'
Iteiii'j,' <-ut Oil" ahaudoiied. it, and concent rated in flic
]>la/,a. Tin; uiL^iit of the "JJih was a, \(vy rainy oiir.
'I'lie •J()th the lihliustcrs, lieiiii^' hard pressed in IIm-
|>!a/.a, and (luadalu]ie street, ]<e|it up a coiisliint
cannonade to keep ojieii 1 he A\ay to the lalvc. ( )n the
L*7th the rililiiisters had heeii (Irix'en from tlic plaz;i
and icfluced to (Juadalujie sti-eet hetutM-n \jii 8ireii;i,
a lii'.;h house on tin' east of the parisji church, and ihe
ruins of the, chui'ch. The ( iuateinalans jiressed them
from tli(! soutli; t\\o Nicara-jfuans from tin; iiortli;'
T£cnnin!4'sen's force was on the 1st of JJeceinher o|i!\'
];■)() men, out of ;i()0 that lie had I'etained to hold i1m'
jiositJoii of (jlranada \v'\i]\, and l)eing invited hy Z;i-
\ala to surr(!nd(;r, proudly refused.'''
'" lIcmiiiiL'siii li.ul liciii, it \Mis .s;iiil, ;iii ollli'i r of lIic I'rit. army, an ni'li-
of llio ( arlisL rliict' Zuiiialaoai'i'cgiii, in S[i.iiii, ami a ;,'cmm1 iliMimrral ii: wrilM'.
His i'r|Mirt was as lollows: JIo !iail assmiicil (■(Hiitiiaiid in tlic afliTiKMia nl
Nov. 'J'J, JS.'it), iiiiil liad rai'i-icil iml W'alki'r'.s ordiTs to tlrslroy (li-iiiaila, ainl
I'avi! tin; iilacc, takiiit;' away tlic stores, artiUei'y, sirk, ami tlii; AiiiericMii aii'l
nativo laiiiili. ■^. Siuiu! of tli(! clnircli jowclry ".\as savi'il liy a jii'iost. fifii. I'.
Sdiisa saw a lilihiistir uiinato into a chaliue, anil tiicn throw tlio LMintcnls at
Honio Wcinion who wcru also witnesses of the aet. I'mz, Mi'iii. Ciiniji. Xif.,
•J I lit, 11. ii. l.VJ 1. 1(11 -.S; X;r., <;,irrt:,, May 'J, iMiS; /</., 'j'rln/. Srtni., M:ip!i
7, L'S, l^.-.T; /'/., JJolr/hi Ojic, Apr. 15, 'Ji!, I>.".7; S. F. AU,i', J'ce. '-':>, I'-'';;
liiUij, l.( \h\, i, i.'S."i (>; S'/iiiir'ti Crii/.. Am., HT'J.
^■' At ti;l!!) they had njiward.i of V) wonnd(/il, and no snri,'(tons to attend In
them. l)urin;4 tliu nij^ht it rained heavily.
•"'iMirin;.; the operations, the ( inatematm generals I'arodes, ex-iiresidnit,
and .loai|i:in Solari'S died, the latter of fever on the 'J8II1 of Kovernlier, and
tiie former of eliolera on tiie '2.A of |)ee(tnd)er.
"" Se'ViTal deserti'rs from his eamp in the jilantain >;rove of I)oria Sahiim
liad made ilieir a;p|iearanee a:no;ig the alUe-, so eonipletely famished that th'V
could hardly speak.
W AI.KLi; \\(»l;,Vl'i:!»
W.'ilkcr liatl ocriiliiid S;ili .Itir^f, <list;i;it 1 Ihvm' iiilirs
IVniii |{i\;is, wlicfc ( 'jii'ias ;iimI .Iciv/ Were "ml r(iiflii'<l,
li'.'ivIii'L'' Ilis sick :iii<( \\'oiiiii|i(| wiili ;i siiKill ^wjinl (Hi
l!if islillld (if ( )lii('i('|Mc;" wlicrc lie thought llicy
w.iiild In; siil'c ; Imt, ;i Jiarly of 1 rulijiiis wIlJi tlicir priest,
Tiji'riiio <'!i|)lurt(I iliciii on tlir ls(, of I )rc('iiilii r, aii<I
<|(slrny(Ml (ivcrylliiii:;' nii llm island lliat cituld lie of
use to tlic fiitMiiy. W'alki'f did iidI, Iusc sio'lit n\' Ids
liciiifiiaiil .1 Iciiiilii'jjscii, l(» wlidiii lie liiially sinl, relief
ell tln! stcaiiihoiit \ir(j(ii, with wliii'li I leiiiiiii^seii
(•;i|iLui('d tlie small fort that liad su hai'assed Jiiiii,
;iiid then, l)eceml)er I .'lt!i, left oil the Itoat,, takili'j,' with
liim the II f) eiiiaciatt'il ii»eii that, lemaiiK'd d' ]iis
eri'^Ilial t'ol'ee. '^I'lie Site (if (Jmiiada was iidW I'ldK' ill
pnssessioll of the allies/' wli(» discovc fed ill the wood
;i III
liillii
leia
imher of wouiHlcd lilihusters, aii<l treati d t
iliely, cxcejdiii;^' one wlioiil tlit>y |»llt to death.
|)eeeml)ef lltll had heel! a, day of jny in tlie allied
(■.lllllt, OWIII''"
to t!
i(^ ai'iua
] of (elleral I'
JorellClo
X.ilriicli with th(; first contin^'fiit of I loiidiii'aii
tlMo|is;" hilt they were eiit ll|» ill the attack of the
1 i»v I lennmL;st'ii.
his ollieer'S success 111 extri-
(■.iiiii'.:' liiiiiseH \\\U\ so much loss i,o ins opponents
ciiised a panic anioii''"
the allied leadel's, and i
nviikmLT out; anew o| (hsseiisioii
l!ell
oso and 111
S;il\adora,iis went hack to Masaya, I'epoi'tine' the di
cell
ilitiire of tlie army. Whether out of s|
»lte, o
rrmii ignorance of the sta.t(! of a Hairs, the ^eiier; I
ei'leicd ( 'alias to return to ( 'osta, iJiea,, and .leiv;< t,»
!• treat to Masa^va. 'V\\^\ latter, as a siiiiordinate, jiad
•V ; hut ( 'afias, liaviii^' come to li^ht the lijiji
hrs, would not e'o liadc, and accompanied ,lei
I ■/ 1 1 )
' ill tlu! .siiiitliiMMi ]<ai't <it ljil;(^ N iiMnii,'ii;i, <'l:;lit m' iiiin' miles fnnii I' ■
<:n.i ,1, <i|' |;iv;iH. A l.ir;;i: .'iiiil Jinii|iic;ti\'i! i.;l:iiiil li.iviii;^' two t.iiwiiM ilist.iiit 1 _'
jiiil- ■( frnm (iiic ;iii(itiii!r.
■■'Oft. I:t, l.S,V>, Walkrr Mi-riv.'.l nil tlir i-ua d, nf ( li-aiirnla. Per. l:i, !■,.■,;,
1m' I'll, tlicsi! uliorrs ii('V<'r ti) MT tlii'iii a;^ liu. Im tlit; miiall fnrt, knciwiiai j'.l
I ii' ilii'ito, Ilis iiicii Icl'L a [Mile M'ilii ail iiiscrijitioii as a ri-rnnl IJiat. ( iiviiia.! i
II III ixistrcl tliiTi'.
' ' Xalriicli was iKil crciiiliil w itii iiiiu'li aiiilily; Imt he Mas ]ia| lini !r an I
lii ive, ami ti> liis exert ilia 1 \v:i:i hiea iiralily ila • the e(MiMer:;tiii i ui .11 1 mil. lUr
the caiiniaigii.
,.«^..
^^.*f.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/.
£
%
1.0
I.I
If i^ IIIM
1^ 1 2.2
2.0
■ 40
LU-
1.25 1.4
1.6
,^ 6" -
►
^;^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) B72-4S03
)
¥
^o
Q>
3.-.S END OF FiLIlJUSTERIXG IX CENTRAT. AMIH^ICA.
^[asaya. Thus was liivas evacuated by tlio alliob',
and rooc'cupic'd Ijy Walker without firiiij^ a sliot.
The lake steauicrs were of great advaiitaj^e t(»
Walker for the quifk transjK)rtation of men aiul sujt-
|)lies, and on the other hand, made it necessary tliat
the allied chiefs should have strong garrisons in
(Jranada and Masaya, preventing a movement on La
Vfrgen and Rivas. The president of Costa Kica
determined to deprive Walker of those facilities. To
this end lie despatched his brother, General Jose
Joa(|uin AEora, with troo[)S to the confluence of tlif
San Ci'irlos and San Juan rivers, who reached it on
tlie 10th of ])e<'eml)er, and then going down in ca-
noes to Scin Juan del Xorte, without encounteriiiLT
much resistance, captured on the 24th four steamers."
They then went u\) tlie San Juan with the steamers,
two of which were left at the junction with the Sara-
j)i(|Ui, and on the 28th took the Castillo Viejo mIiIi
the steamboat Vm/oi, ladcMi with artillery, rifles, and
r.mmunition. They next posses.sed themselves of Fort
Sap C.'rlos, and soon after of the steamboat of tlir
same name, which had incautionsT\- ai)pr()ached the
i';)rt. All this being accompli Mora was pl.utd
i:i communication with the alli« forces of Grauiula,
raid left Walker without means of transportation liy
water, or to connnunicate with the northern sea-coa.st.
Had the allies acted with reasonalde promptness, both
on land and water, Walker's end would have l»c(ii a
matter of only a few days. But it was n-tarded \>y
their lack of union and generalship.^- His situatinn
"This t!Xii('<litioa Viw proinoto-l )iy Cdrneliu.s Vaiulerliilt, pri'siiliiit df
! Ai'oosMory Transit ('(>., thfuij^h Iiis aMiit Welutor, tut ftpinMirrd in a litter
nil tiio i'dimuamlir of l!io Hrit. iiaviil foroo to tlio Ainerieaii cmisiil. It
lA I'arrii'il out, witli tlio as.si.itaiict; of S^ioiieor, au Am. engineer, win
III Mail
1i -OH ill tlio Borviro of tho coiiiiniiy oiid was a pilot on the San Juaii. Hn'
Btoaiimrs thus t:iki'U were tlio W/iiitrr, Mori/nn, Marhuca, ami Biiliirr. J'lnz.
:r>m. Oiwp. X„r., 21 ]it, 17(i-t); iS'/V., T<i<<j. Svteii., Fob. '28, 18.".7; .I.-/''"'-
nnri.i, Vnd. Am., 10()-l; S. /'. Jhnibl, Jan. 31, 18.57; S. F.Alki, Jan. ill,
I >.")7. Ollit'ial rt'imrts ami Mora's proclamation in Xir., Bolctin <>jic., J:"!- t'.
11, 1S.57.
^■Tliis in recogni/oil with Bhauio in tho TfMi/. Setoi., June 0, 18;i7. M 'Ul-
timo Mfini hail, on thi Kttli of Kco., ti'inlerml' Walker's oJiiorrs niul Hillnr-i
a f:'''c paa.iago to San Juan ild Nortj an I Now York; and the govt at Limi
THE INV.VDEIIS UESlEGED.
350
was now critical. Desertions, which wo»'c frequent,
sickness, and scarcity of food, daily decreased his
fuive. For all that, he resisted in llivas several
r.ssaults from both the land and lake till the 2i)d of
Fihruary, and struck some heavy blows to the be-
sic yers in San Jorge."
The allied leaders had, after a council of war on
tilt' 23d of January, at Nandainie, aj)poiuted a general-
iii-cliief, and heads of the several d(])artnients. Tlic
(•hit'f command wa.s conferred on Florencio Xatruch."
WU tenure lasted but a few djiys, Jose Joaquin !Mora
Ixiiig finally selected by the governments connnander-
iiichlef, when he was recognized as such in general
orders of February 19th and 20th.*"
The allies came to the conclusion that it was ad-
visable to closely besiege the enemy ratlier than to
iittiinpt further assaults. Xatruch occupied and held,
Miirch 20th, the barrio de la Puebla, south of the city,
whic'li was the only means (jf free ingress and egress
f(ir tlie filibusters. Thus was Walker penned. ]3ut his
friends abroad had not for<j:otten him. Three Ameri-
cans, Lockridge, Anderson, and Wlieat, brought oOO
men to San Juan del Xorte in March, and undertook
to ascend the river. Lockridge occupied La Trinidad,
Kut Titus was repulsed at the fort. They then con-
(ludi'd to invade Costa Kica, as was then sujtposed,
fir tliey essayed to go uj) the Sarapiqui; but soon
alter entering the river their steamer blew up, and
tin- expedition came to naught.^"
liail. na tlio 22.1, anmillol the acts of tlic adininiiitration frtmi Nov. 4, 18.")5,
til .Imu' 1'2, 1S.")1), with a few ex<'t'j)ti(iiis. A decree ti>L-h>-e tlie transit he-
twi ( !i tlie two oceans waa aUo iMMueil. A'ir., liolctiii Ofii\, l)ee. 2'.(, lS."(i; .Tan.
'.'. •-•:!, I'm7.
' 'two assaults in force, one hy Hcnningsen with 000 men, aail another l)y
Wiilkir hinim'lf with 4."i), f.iil'.'il. Another was niai'.e on V.n- Ci.stilhi Viejo,
'li ii ihlel hy (.'aiity, met M'ith the saine n s\ilt, thmiMli the assailants tmik tile
Nleaiiihiiat Scott, anil C'auty hail fo iliMtmy the M'trliwn. Moras niit, Fvb.
'.'t, I^"i7, in Pun, Mom. Cunip. Ai-.r., 2il j.t, \>>-l'M.
"This selection was nnfavoral.ly reeeiveil h^- the gnvernnicnt, ami vat
a.curlel hut a temporary recognition till tln! allie-l governments shimhl pre <
tliiir wishes. /./., 182-4; AVc, lioUtin Ujir., Feh. 18, l.S.")7.
'Tlie following appointments were also made: Caftas, 2d in comniaail;
Ziv ill. adj. -gen.; Xatruch, inspeetor-gen.; riiainorro, (luarterniaster-gea.
' The casualties Were GO killed and 100 wounded. The survivors returned
Hi
3GG
KXl) OF FIUBUSTE11IX(; IN CKNTUAL AMKllKA.
riio l)osiogefl, on licarin;^ of the arrival. April :U\.
h reeiirorcenionis, of (General ^Martinez, wliosc pruw-
Til
with rceiilorcenionts, ot licncral ^Martinez, whose p
ess they had learned to resj)ort, became alarmed, ;iml
the next day oi*jjlity deserters entered the allied liius.
An assault in force was made April 1 1th, which fuilid.
Walker's casualties were ijuite small, while those of tlir
assailants were heavy.*' The latter secured posse ssioti
of San Juan del Sur, in order that Walker should rt -
ceive nr» further aid from that (piarter. It was now
(>vident that the filibusters could not hold out iiiin !i
l(»n;:!^(r. The <>rigimd force (•{' 1,000, thoujjfh nnor or
less augmented with the arrival of every steamer, liad
become reduced to about one half that nundu-r. Tlh
jjjarrisou had an abundance of plantains, but no iix ;tt
other tha.i that of asses, mules, and horses.
An ofHeer of the United States corvette Sulnt
.]farif.'<, which had been some time lyinjjf at Sau
Juan, came on the 24th to ^Tora's hea(l<iuartc!s to
solicit in the name of (\innnander Cliarles H. ])avi-i
a truce of six hours, which was granted, for the re-
moval iVom Ivivas of the women, children, and otlit r
non-combatants. Walker, becondng a[>prised liy that
oHicer of the failure of Lockridge's attempt to su(<-oi'
liim, sionified a willingiir-s to ca[)itulate, not to tin'
oencral-in-chief of the besieging forces, as was nat-
ural, but to connnander Davis. To this Mora ab-
sented, in order to bring the war to an end at omi ,
and save himself from ci-rtain complications he apjiit -
hendetl.'*"* The capitulation being signed and caiiiril
to I'lint.i ill Ciistilla, ri'fusiiig to ^^o on. Lockridge accusud tliciii of foWMnliiT,
ii:iil took aw;iy tlirir arms. IJiit the ini,'ii claimed the proti^ctimi of t!.r llrit-
i h naval cuinuiaiuler. Cauty went ilown in a steamer to the hay A\iri\ ]2i!i,
anil aft' r eniifiTriiig witli the I5rit. oliieer, ocinniieil I'lintJi «lo Castilla. m lur-
i ig the war niati'rial. He then temlereil the men a passage to tlie I'. .*<. at
t'le exjieiisi! of Costa ]{. This was the end of the famous LockridLf exjiiili-
tion. /''/v;, Ml 1,1. Cinuj). jN'n'., 'Jil \>t; Air., T'l"/. iSitrti., Anril II, l^-'T;
S. /'. J/' nil,/, April '-M, May Hi, IS.-.J; S. /'. liiilHin, April '2\', |s.">7: S. F.
Aid,, May hi, l.S.')7; I'm. iJl iiiiliiwla, April '2'2, 18J7; A'lV., Iiol.tiii <{iir.,
April '.",t, "ls.->7.
*' Upwards of .^0() killed, wounded, and missing.
*'*n.' did so, even though he agreed with Xatnich, Martinez, and CIki-
morro that the capitulation should not he neeepted unless Walker pi .i;iil
hiaisilf not to eonimit hostilities in future against any of the allied >i.ii'''.
lio alio wishu I to Ijj away before the arrival, then expected, of (.ien. IJarMna
CAriTULATIOV OF \V.\LKEli.
361
out, Walkor and sixteen ofliccrs, after bidding adieu
to the arniv <>n the 1st of Mav, departed under the
escort of Zavala, for San Juan del Sui", whci-o thoy
( luharked on the Saint Marif.^." Davis then deliv-
eivd the city of llivas to Mora, and the rest of
Walker's men, ahout 400 in nuujbor, wore trans-
jiorted to the I'^niti^d States/*"
The war hein^ ended, the' allied troops retired to
tlieir rcspeetive states, l^ut ])rior to thri. drpaituro
thii'e was an affair which nii;.^ht have ended in a san-
guinary eontlict had it not been for the prudent course
pursued hy most of the j^enerals. The trouble arose
iVoin the ]iot-headedn<'SS of Zavala, the eouiniander
of the Guatemalans, who had been led to believe, by
ith larj;(' rci'iiforcoiiu'iits nf rrint;in:il;ius a!i<l S.ilvadnr.'iii-!, who wnulil
i!.itil)tlu.ss fliiim till' yliiry of cmliiig tliu \v;ir. /'i
M<
'it)!».
,/;.
.\'.
'_M lit,
tl
'"Tlic tt-rins ajirefil upon lietwceu Walker ami l>;ivi.s were: 1st. Walkci- aii<l
ic lit oIllUlTS ol liis.s
tall '
>h
ivf Kivas witlisiiU-arui-i, iiistols, )i
ill
iiiirsi-s, am
(iliuT [Mi-orial cirfct.s, umlcr I )avi.s' guaranty that they nIioiiIiI not ho inolo.stiil
hy till' cnciiiy, hut allnwi-il to I'luhark on tlio Sninf, Mnrift at Saii .luaii ihl
Siir, whence she shoull eonvi'y them to Panama; 2 1. The otlur (itlieers of
Walk
ir s army won
hU'
ive Kivas, with their arms, under the same guaranty
'1 hi' .sent hy l>avis to raiiania in charge of an otiicer of the V. S.; .'M. TIk
il lil
e, citizen
iiiil otlicials, hoth the wouiiiled anil well, were to s!'
r mil r their arms to ]>avis on a vessel apart from the ile.serte'-s, .so that there
sliciuM he no contact hetweeii the former and the latter; 4th. I'lvis pledged
liiiiisilf to ohtain liir Central Americans then in Kivas permission to reniaiii
i.i tlieir country with protection ol life, liherty, and property; 5th. The otlieer.>»
slitiiild he allowed to remain at San .luaii del Sur, under the protection of the
I'. S. cniisul, tintil an opimrtunity otfered to leave for Panama or San Fran-
ci^i'i). The instrument hears also the signatures of C. Y. Heiiningsen, P.
Waters, J. W. Taylor, and P. U. Thoniiison. /./., 210-1'-'; Xi<\, Iinl,r,,i Ojir.,
.III
uiie
mp:
Miv (1, 17, 28, 1S.")7; /■/., '/'</<■/. ,S^■^■//., .May 9, 1(J, 23, 1S.')7; ,V(.'. l'i,h
I I IS, hSo7; fi. F. Al/i, .Tune 17, IS, .Inly I, 2, lsr)7; .S\ F. ll> nihl, .hine Hi,
liiUij, I.e. Xi<\, i. 2S7; Pinvii dc Mn.i/, Xd/hs, in Omit., Jlrrnji. Liij,.
I-
'A'>'\ 745-(i; Ufiior. J,'<i:, July lS."i7, 11^
Astihi
^ r'liii'isfo iS. /■
\Mal,i
/i
iirwi.iii, l{()iiihltrii.i I
iUi,
• /,■ ( •
"U"
Crnt. A,
Aimrloi, I'lm ilr
Ili.<'(irin
y </'■ «n KiUvIo (irtwil. Santiago ((.'hile), lSo7, 8vo, map, dedic, and llli pp.
riie author of this work held a diitloiiiatic mission from Chile to Costa Kiea,
and heing desirous of fnrni-'hiiig his countrymen gome information on Central
Aimiiea, prepared his matirial, origin;i'ly for the Id rlMn, ilr ( 'ii miiu i/ Litrnn
lit Santiago; succinctly giving the physical peculiarities, a'.'rieulture, coni-
iii 'lie, au I other resources of the country, together with asullieieiit'y instriU't-
i\i' .sketch of the history of Central America in general, as wi'll is of each
.>ititc comprised in that term, in readahlo form. At the end is added \\\n
iiiiiiial corresiiondence witii the si.'veral governments of Central America on
til' in'iijecte I union of the Spanish American repuhlics.
"The otliei.'il cortespondeuce hetweeii Mora and the govt of Nic. shows
th'' lii-li appreciation given hy the latter to the service rendered hy Pavis.
-V;-., iio/dm Ojft'c, May 0, 1857.
'i
it*
1 ' b I
TfV
3^2
END OF FILIBUSTKIIING IX CENTRAL A-MEU1Ca.
an ovil counsellor, that the goverinnont would not
ivturii him some arms he had lent, nor furnisli liim
transportation, nor even pay him the honors liuu his
rank. All this was unfounded, but he maltreated tho
ottirer of the jjuard at tlie government house, jind
«^ros>ly insulted the president, his ministers, and
otlurs, threatening to hang them on the churdi (f
Lii Merced. His conduct was violent and scandal-
ous."'' Milxmio Jerez and hundreds t)f soldiers rushed
to the government's defence, and there would liuvi!
l)cen Uo(»dshcd but f<jr Barrios of Salvador, wl:o liad
command of 1,800 men, and prevailed on Zavala to
go back to Chinandcga, whence he marched to Guatt-
mala, where he was received with the honors he luul
fairly w«>ii.
Mora r»turned to Costa Rica, leaving the coniinand
in charge of Cafias. It is said that he had plaiimd
to extend tlie boundaries of Costa Rica to the lake,
which he deemed an easy undertaking, as the Costa
Ricans had the lake st(\amers, and the Xicaraguans
w«)ul(l l»e sure to break out into civil war. '" War was
declared bv Costa Kiea ajjfainst Nicara'jfua on the I'Jth
of Octolier, 1B57, and accepted by the latter in de-
fence of her territory.''^ Rut upon a second invasion
by Walker, peace was concluded on the IGth of Jaii-
uar\-, 1;>JS.^
Walker arrived safely in his own country. Rut ho
*' A full aooount of tho affiiir wan imhliahcd in the government's orLiii.
Xir., H.!,t;„ ojh:, May 128, 18J7.
*■' Ho l>:iil lurnishu<l M'ar material to l»f>th i)artiea, and tendert'd C'ii't;i
Kiel's aid to M:irtinez. His own wonls at eiuharkiiig expre-sMed tiio M;nh.:i-
velli.iu I'lot: ' Rsta reptlblica cstariv pronto en gm-rra; dojo las nav;:j:is
aiiarrad.is a los gallos. Caftiis disapproved in toto of those plans. /'"■;,
J/em. f.tmji. A'.i'-., 'Jd pt, 'JIi.'-i;i.
**rres. Martinez of Nic. pronounced it a 'guerra injusta y traidora.'
Sic, I'i^nirsii. . , .liiiiijni:, 1.
•"Full p:irticulara on this war and tho terms of peace, in C'ontn /'., In-
/.tnnel{>l., IV'iS, 2-3; /(/., Ripoa. Mot, tld Canthio, 'Mi-,\ A/V., Jhr. j/.1""'
./OS 1S07-8, lU-l'.;, 30-1, 135-U; Aic, Mmiif'. Dim. Iwiuj., no. 5, 3; /,'■"'((,
(.'."/. Sie., i. '•••J; Aynii, Consul. Liinitrs, 30-2. IVriz, while reyertini| to
C'osita Kioa's plan to rob Nic. of tho Uiver San Juan, and a portion (4 tho
1 iki-, mentions what Nic. had to suffer from tho allied forces during thi' « ir.
'C'uantas t-xi^encias, cuantos insultos, cuantas cosas teniamo.i (juo siifnr.
The allies a]>propriated as booty Nicaraguan movable property that was Uikcii
from the tUibusten. Menu Camp. .A uc, Jd pi Cai-tn (rref.), p. ii*
SECOND AND TinUlJ KXrEDlTIONS.
sa
was not yet satisfied with the misery and desolation
lie had wrought upon a foreign and unofl'ending [M'oplo.
]!(• must play the vamj'ire further; he must concjuor
Nicaragua and be a great man. Taking advantage of
tlic rupture between this republic and Costa Rica, ho
prepared another expedition, with which, eluding the
vigilance of the United States authorities, he sailed
liuni New Orleans for San Juan del Norte. He was
aircstod, howexxT, at Punta de Castilla, December
btii, and sent back by Conmiodorc Paulding, com-
manding the American home 8(juadron." Tiie ofti-
ccr's course obtained the highest connnendation and
gratitude in Central America, and particularly in
Costa Rica and Nicaragua, the latter conferring upon
him high honors. Loyal men who took up arms in
tlio country's defence were also rewarded/'" But like
a wild b(?ast maddened by its wounds, Walker was
still bent on blood, if blood were necessary to subju-
<rato Central America to his will. He fitted out a
tliird expedition, and landing with its avant guard
at Trujillo on the Gth of August, 18G0, seized the
funds of the custom-house, which were pledged to tlie
]»ritish government for the payment of Honduras' in-
(Irbtedness to its subjects.*' The British war vessel
Icarus entered the port on the 20th, and her com-
niaiiding officer, Norwell Salmon, demanded that
Vv'alker should forthwith leave the plac(\ which ho
did, fieeing to the eastern coast, where he and his
•'" Tho official documents connected with the affair clearly prove that the
U. S. govt was desirous of niaiiiUiiiiing an honorahlo position 1 lef ore tlie world,
r. S'. h'nrtDor., Cong. 35, Sess. 1, vol. vii., H. Kx. Dt.o., no. 124, 1-S2., no.
'.M. 1: /(/.,L1., H. Jour., Id'y-l'.i, IIWW, 13GS; /./., Cong. .•}"), Scss, I, vol. i.,.Sea.
]a. Doc, no. 13; I<1., Id., vol. xiii.. Sen. l><ic., no. ti'.i; Id., Cong. 3.'>, Ne.s8.
2, vnl. vii., no. 10; Cowj. OIoIh; 18.")7-8, 18.")8-'J. Index 'Cent. Am.,' Tauld.
iiL',' 'Walker,' 'Neutrality l^^iws,' ' Clay ton-lJulwir Treaty,' t-U:; Sitiut's
-V;-., •Jll-21; Bdbi, Le Mr., i. '2'.»4-7; S. /•'. BullHin, Doc. 'Jil, 1.S57; IS. F.
.1/'.', .Ian. 14, 185S; S<ic Union, Feb. 3, IS.jS.
'''To Paulding 'were voted thanks, a sword of honor, and 'JO cahallcrfas
nf liii 1. ..Vic, Jiolifin OJic, Aug. 2, I8(i'i; Iil., Lfi/>>i L'mlf., IS.'.O, 3 ,">; /,',«•/, i,
<-''»/. A/.'., i. 217-'J:); Cotta />'., Col. Ln/., xv. 3; /<!., /ii/oruie lliL, lf>.'S, I 'J.
'' Ids idtiniate destination M-as Nicaragua, wlioso govomineiit hastened
lir.|i;irations for the defence of her territory, as will as to aid Hond. in the
iv( it 111 her needing assistance. Kic, Mem. Qobcrn., ISGl, D; Id., JJcnm'Je
il<l /'rrgil., Jan. 10, 1801.
niU KM) OF FILIUJSTLUIXG IN* CKXTUAL AMIIIUCA.
men underwent tlu; utmost sijU'eriuij iu that uniti-
lijibitod marshy rei^Mon. A party of lloiulurans liar-
ussotl them, aiul Walker was wounded in the taci'
and h"^. Finally, General Mariano Alvarez arrived
with a ITonduran I'oreo at Trujillo, and tojjether with
Salmon proeeeded t<» the mouth of Rio Tinto, aniv-
inj^ there on the 'M of September. Walker .suricii-
dered to the Icarus, and was turned over to Alvan/.,
who had him tried at Trujillo by eourt-martial. J If
was sentenced to death, and executed on the I'Jth <>{
SeptenilitT. Thus ended on the scatlbld the caret r i.\
William Walker, Hlibuster, pirate, or what you will. '
The provisional lu^ovomment of XicaraGfua on tlic
14th of January, ISJT, or^^anized a eonsultive coumil
of five members and three substitutes,"''' which wa-.
iiHtalled on the 20th. To that body were refernd
the strictures of ministers Cardi'ual and Castillo,
u[)held by Geni'ral ^fartinez, the two former having'
resigned their portfolios because the president ]i;itl
declined to transl'cr the seat of _<:^overnment t<» tli-'
eastern department.*' The council did not approve ut
their c(»ursi', and suj^ufested that ^lartinez, undi r a
clause in the aj^reement of September 12, 185C>, sliould
sumn»on II. Cortes and P. J. Chamorro to fill tin'
vacancies in the cabinet. It does not appear, linw-
ever, that Martinez took any steps in that direction.
The old dissensions which AValker's war had kt jit
in abeyance now threatened to break out afnsli.
•"" He rceeivcil tao coiisolatiim of religion from a cnthnlic priest, laving'
joineil that faith to Imcoino jircsiclcMit of Nic. His remains v,\-ic luirii'cl in
Trujillo. Among hi.s etfcets was found tho seal of Nicaragua, which with
his sword the gox-ernnieiit of Hond. transmitted to that of the fiiriiier. /.'i
Uhiiin fit' Sir., Jiin. 12, Sept. '_'.S, 18t»l; Xir., I'l/onnc Oolx-ru., no. ii. 7 !•: AV
Xrrinn'il, Sept. 8-Oet. '27, ISiiO; /V/ri, Mfiii.'Camp. X'lr., 2d i>t, 21.". lii;
JSrlli/, /,»■ A/V., i. 382; E-o, ///vp.-.l w., Sept. l.")-Nov. 15, 1800- 7)"(/"- <!'■
.•1W.X.W, Oit. 4, 181)0; J'intM (Inte of the 'v., 4'.)-50; Ifitrper'n Mo<j , xxi- WKi,
S'M; S. t\ Jiulli't,,,, Sept. 3, 8, 17, IK, ')et. .3, J<.». Nov. 12, 18{>0.
•'"Tiio niemhers Were: Vieario capitular, .J. il Herdoeia, J. de la Rmla,
II. Z'peda, <rrejjorio .Inarez, and (.. Laeayo; Ruhstituten, J. liiiea, F I 'i li!
Z:i])ita, and .Toaonin Pei-e/. Xir., f.oU'tin '>/iV., Jan. 23, 18.")7.
•^'The le','itinii.sts claimed it to ho for the puhlic weal, wherea> tho cl.iiin-
crats tHoiight it would damage theui. I'trez, jleiiu Cauti>, Xuc, 2d p-, I ."^ •*•
Le^itimls
(|rsi»lation
^[artinez
the cast {
Bari'ios, c
olltet an
that tho o
hiuisflf an
jointly rro
Cduld be a
T!iis plan
thfinsclvt's
;,''ul»iL'rno, <
was ree( yr
oalainitv oi
Cn|iH)lc't<'d
and l?osul
Jerez contii
of October,
ac(vj)ted, tl
nf iiiilitai'v
olHi-e into't
till 11 made
powers, anc
Tlie fir.st
-titute the
tile people i
i'l.L;' a C(»nst
At the sue-i
•HTez, Toinj
pfnjMT pcrS
t'lfi-ted aim
"Kut forarhi
'I'vi'Ir.l into two
*»itli .,th<T states
Mni.-j. ,1,1 l',),l,,
'"'A/'-., D,,\ ,j
"'In tliodeere
'"tcr-: w iTc niadu
''Only two fit
';'S y-\\\v\\ had he
liLOKCANIZATlOX DF (iOVKll.N.MFAT.
aos
1/ M-itiinlsts and tlomoorats alike Sciw in bloojlsluul juul
(lis(»hitir)n tlio only means to settle their difrcicncis.
Martinez and Jerez, with some of their fVii-nds j'lt.ni
the east and west, and assisted hy (Jeneral (urard(»
Bairios, eoniniissioner of Salvador, labored in vain to
t'll'ict an atnieahlc arramj^cnient."' Jerez eonchkli'il
tliat the oidy recourse now lift to avert a Wiir was for
liiiiiself and ^lartinez to assume the responsibility ot"
jointly jjfovernini; the country dictatorially until it
rould 1k' a.^rain placed under a constitutional reL;inie.
This plan beinjj^ accepted, the two h'adei>i oi'^anizid
tluinsrlvcs, on the 24tli of June, into a junta de
i;ul)ierno, <.)therwise called (iobierno Binario, which
was recojrnized by both parties, and the dreaded
calamitv of war was avoided. The orj'anization was
C()nii»let<>d with the appointment of Grej^orio Juanz
and Rosali'o Cortes as the cabinet. ^Martinez and
Jerez continued at the head of aflairs until the I'Jth
of Octoltcr, when war with Costji Rica liaviui;" bein
acct'pted, they resolved to assume personal diiection
of military operations, and resiL,nied the executive
otlice into the hands of the ministei'S. ^Martinez was
tin II made general-in-chief of the foices, with ample
powers, and Jerez second in command."'
The first acts of the new government were to recon-
>titute the supreme and other courts, and to summon
the jieopie to choose a constituent asscnibly for frani-
iiii,'' a constitution,"'' and a president of the republic.
At the sui::u;estion of Cortes, and with the as-ient of
Jori'Z, Tomils ^Martinez was named to the people as a
]irii]icr person for the exocutive office, and he was
ik'cted almost unanimouslv."' He took the oath of
i
'Tiut fur arliitrtary moasurca, on the l'2th of .Tune, tlio static vimM have
iliviilid into two ^jarts, each following itn own luiit, ovcii to iiioirimratioii
with otliiT HtiitL'8, which Would have Ijucu thu death of the rc'iiublio. A'/c,
M.I, -J, ,ltH'o</<r Ejrr., 18r)7, 2-3.
'^-.V;.., Dec. y Anicnlox, 1857, l.^-VS.
'^'lii tlie decree of convocation the lacndwrsof the executive and the min-
istor-i V I've made iiU'litriMo for scats in that hody.
'■'Only two electoral votes were not east for him. Tlie constituent ussem-
Mv, wliich had lieen installed Nov. 8th, declared hiin to have been the people's
t i"ii.f. Sic, Gaatii, Apr. IS, 16G3.
sen
tSl) OF FILlBUSTKUIXf; IN CKXTHAL AMKIlIiA.
ofHco on tho 15th of X<>vuinl»or, promixiii^ to puisii. a
jKtlicy of peace and nmciliatioti,*^' and aj)|)«»iiitiii<4
Juarez, Maeario Alvarez, and Cortes, his n)inisti is
re.speetivelv for foreign relations, treasury, and tf<.v-
ernujont."*' JJurin*^ his first term there were sev* i.il
clumi^es in the personnel of the cahinet.''
^Martinez' administration not only <^ave Nicarnmiu
the lonjL^est period of internal peaee she liad ever iuul.
hut j>romoted her prosperity in every hranch, aii*l
notahly in finances. At tho time of its inau<^uratin!i.
tho j^overnment had not one hundred dollars in the
treatsury. The li