Oh God, no. Please tell me we don’t have to use a lot of charts in this post.

Ahh, simulators. Every aspiring early-retiree has played around with online calculators that tell you whether or not you have enough money to retire. But only a couple of them are actually useful. Let’s explore some simulators and their relative value in predicting success or failure.

Sample info, to be used for the rest of this post.

Target Yearly Drawdown Percentage: 3% of assets

Asset Allocation:

70% VTSAX (US Domestic Stocks)

20% VBTLX (US Total Bond Market)

10% VGSLX (REIT)

Fire Number: 600K.

Annual Expenses: 18K.

Also, have your asset sheet available. Mine looks like this:

Cash

30K

Taxable Accounts

300K

Non-Taxable Account A401(k), 403(b), plus Traditional IRA

250K

Non-Taxable Account BRoth 401(k), plus Roth IRA

100K

Home Equity

150K

Total

830K

Simulation Endgame

We simulate because we want to know whether or not we’ve built up sufficient resources to consider retiring. In addition, anticipating various scenarios will help us accept and cope with different outcomes — some of which we will surely see during our lifetimes.

The only two calculators I use are 1) FireCalc (cFireSim) and 2) Monte Carlo. I’ll explain why in a moment.

Most calculators are formula-driven. The way they work is a simple equation: if you earn 4% annually on your investments and you spend X, you will or won’t be losing value on principal year over year. Anyone who follows the market knows how ridiculous this is, though, because real-world performance is not the same over each twelve month period — it’s extremely volatile. Down 5% one year, another 11% drop the next, then suddenly up 25%.

FireCalc and cFireSim try to fix this problem by instead looking at all periods in available market data. There are 113 years of historical market data, and it will tell you, given X assets, if you retired in any of these years, whether or not you would have run out of cash. You can think of it as extension of the Trinity Study but with some key differences:

The Trinity Study assumed a 30 year retirement. FireCalc/cFireSim will look at longer periods, which is important for early retirees. If you’re only 30 at retirement, you may live to 100, making it necessary to evaluate 70 year swaths of market data.

You can plug in your exact asset sheet, allocation, and expected spending and it will immediately spit out a chart which shows how you would have done in any year in which you retired for which there is available data.

Take the time to read the info sheet provided by the author of the application. It helps to understand the methodology behind the predictive engine. It’s up to you to either agree or disagree with the approach, but it’s basically the same as the Trinity Study — we’re looking at past market fluctuations and betting that the future will have a similar level of both growth and volatility.

For the purposes of this post, we’re going to use cFireSim and I recommend you do the same, for a few important reasons.

cFireSim is in active development whereas work on FireCalc has been halted — the original developer is on hiatus.

cFireSim has greater flexibility on inputs, including variable spending models

You can simulate a retirement from a single start year. This makes it easier to see what would have happened if you retired immediately prior to market catastrophe.

I run it with the following inputs:

680,000 portfolio, 4.5% cash to account for the 30K, default for fees and percent growth of cash, which is held in a money market

75/25 stock bond split (again, I’m breaking REIT into half stocks and half bonds. REITs don’t reliably track either, so I have to wing it here.) Because of the 4.5% cash holding on 680, this works out to 72.75/22.75 rather than straight 75/25.

18K inflation adjusted (CPI-based) annual spending

50 years to model

No SS or other income.

Challenge: Come up with a funny caption for this graph. I couldn’t.

At first glance, it looks like a mess. But what you’re actually looking at here are unique lines which each track your asset totals — one line for each year in history for which you might have retired.

Failed 0 times out of 93 cycles, for a 100% success rate.

Average Ending Portfolio: $4,070,886.84

Lowest Ending Portfolio: $1,022,833.08

This is about as good as it gets. Moving on to the other type of calculator worth using…

Monte Carlo

Description: Predictions based on aggregating thousands of brute-force random simulations.

In English, Monte-Carlo simulators take your asset sheet and run simulations against a randomly selected real year of historical data — stock and bond performance, inflation etc. For the following year, they pick another real instance of historical returns. One simulation might use 1932 as your starting year return values, and 1984 for the second, and so on, until the number of years equivalent to the duration of your expected retirement has been reached.

The Monte Carlo approach will run multiple simulations and report on a failure percentage.

Note that although you can run the simulator repeatedly and get slightly different results due to the randomness of year selection on the simulation, the differences should be slight, perhaps a percentage or two.

Let’s use Vanguard’s simulator for this exercise. It runs 5,000 simulations per execution cycle. Here’s a run with my asset sheet and a 30 year drawdown period.

There’s no input on REIT (10% of my allocation) so I split it between stocks and bonds, making the final ratio 75/25. Close enough.

But wait! I’m only 37 and will likely live to be 150 90, so let’s crank up the years and try this again.

I ran this sucker ten times and got results as low as 94% and as high as 96%. That’s about as sure as it gets with this thing. If you’re aiming for 100%, good luck. You’re going to be working for a long, long time to cover a very small percentage chance of failure.

Retirement Timing

Now that you have a good idea of your success rate as determined by calculators, it’s time to confuse the issue a bit.

You’re a savvy investor by now, so you know the S&P 500 has a Schiller P/E ratio, sometimes referred to as CAPE. This is the multiplier of the stock’s value versus the average company earnings over the past ten years. Note: This is not to be confused with the standard p/e ratio, which merely captures one instant in time. Taking the average earnings helps to more accurately capture a company’s real long-term power to make money.

Super simple example: Company X made 1 million dollars each year for the past ten years, has 1 million shares of stock, and the stock is valued at $1. This makes each share worth 1 dollar.

If the stock was instead valued fifteen times higher (15x), then we’d say the p/e ratio for that company is one to fifteen, 15/1, because the stock is worth (“valued at”) fifteen times more than the earnings. The company made a cool million but is valued at an even cooler fifteen.

If every company in the S&P 500 performed the same as Company X, then the entire market would have a CAPE of 15/1.

The Schiller P/E is useful because it helps us understand whether or not the market is overvalued or undervalued. The average historical ratio is 16.5, but at the time of this writing we’re a bit over 25 — about 50% higher than the historical average.

When the market is overvalued, it’s more likely due for a downward correction, or limited growth. And when the market is undervalued, it’s likely to correct upward. That’s not to say that the market can’t stay over or undervalued for extended periods of time, though. You should not use this metric as justification for market timing — humans are very, very bad at this sort of thing.

That red line is the historical average for the Schiller P/E

Back to the point. The chart above show that when the market is extremely overvalued, there’s a higher percentage chance of downward movement. This topic was discussed in some detail on the MMM forums and the bottom line is that the results of the FireCalc/cFireSim calculators are not completely trustworthy because they fail to account for the current P/E levels. Some of the posters shrug off P/E, instead preferring to trust entirely in cFireSim’s results, but I personally think that the data can’t be denied. Retiring right before a major downturn is the number one reason why portfolios fail — and it’s impossible to predict.

From forum poster beltim:

The times a 4% withdrawal rate has failed according to cFIREsim and the Shiller PE on Jan 1 of that year:
1906: 20.1
1965: 23.27
1966: 24.06
1967: 20.43
1968: 21.51
1969:21.19
1973: 18.71
The average PE10 all-time is 16.52, so these are all at least 10% higher than the average. The 4% rule has failed in 7/39 cases where the Shiller PE was above the average, and 6/15 times that the starting PE10 was above 20.

This observation is why I’ve been aiming for the very conservative 3% withdrawal rate. It makes it significantly more likely that my plan will succeed, given that I think that the market is currently somewhat high.

See, I’m not just being conservative for the sake of being conservative. I don’t want or need my money to multiply to the point where my house starts to resemble the Vault of Scrooge McDuck. I simply never want to have to go back to work again unless I actively choose to do so.

OK, I lied. This looks pretty fun.

Buffers, Backup Plans, and Benjamins

By this point, we’re pretty good. We’re sitting on a treasure trove that our simulators tell us has at least a 95% chance of funding our retirement for the rest of our lives.

But there’s still a niggling voice in the back of your head that thinks that’s not a high enough percentage. You are smart, cautious, risk-averse, and persistent. That’s how you’ve managed to make it as far as you have on this journey. Why would you settle for anything less than a sure thing? 95% doesn’t sound like something you can count on entirely.

After all, this means there’s a one in twenty chance that you will fail.

Critical Attack on Your Stash!

And one-in-twenty is actually not all that uncommon. Back in High School, I played a lot of the pen-and-paper game Dungeons and Dragons. In that game, players roll a twenty sided die to attack something. The roll determines success or failure: the swing of your sword, the burst of your magic fireball. Roll high and hit. Roll low and whiff.

But not all hits are created equal. If you get the highest value on your role (a twenty), you’re going to be dealing massive bonus damage because you’ve landed a critical blow. Maybe you severed the jugular of your opponent and he’s now bleeding all over the place like the black knight in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Or if you’re using a blunt force weapon, maybe you caved his sternum straight into his heart. These were rare events that you hoped for on every single fling of the dice.

Here’s the thing. Hitting on them wasn’t actually all that rare. We rolled twenties all the time. Over the course of an eight or ten hour gaming session, we’d attack hundreds and hundreds of creatures, and quite a few of those rolls resulted in us staring awestruck at a twenty after the die stopped tumbling around. I’m not saying we rolled them at a higher frequency than 5%. What I’m saying is that 5% is more likely than you think. It totally happens.

So you need to be prepared if it’s starting to look like you’re unexpectedly on one of the roads to failure. Have a strategy. Make adjustments. Don’t just blindly spend the same amount every year if the market has just shed 50% of its value.

11 Responses to Drawdown, Part 2 : Simulation

I love those Fire Calc simulations. I’m curious about your 3% draw down plans. I too am planning to retire very early (mid 40’s) and had been very concerned about making a lump sum last 40+ years. Looking at the 1973-75, 2000-2002, and the 07-09 bear markets made be highly doubful that I could create a portfolio that would be aggressive enough to maintain a long retirement and conservative enough to sidestep any potential trap doors that could open. I literally thought I might need $2 million which would mean no early retirement.

Over the last couple of years I became interested in dividend growth investing. Many companies like Procter and Gamble, Coke, AT&T, Clorox, and Chevron actually raised their dividends during these volatile periods which eliminates the need to sell off assets. Most of these companies have yields in the 2.5% to 4% range. Even better as time goes by your annual income increases as companies raise their dividends over time. Therefore if you are earning a 3% dividend that should grow each year, in theory there is no need to worry about drawdowns. Instead of sawing off the branches of your investment tree, you simply are harvesting the fruit it produces each year.

Thanks for stopping by. Yes, I am also concerned about the three bear markets you’ve mentioned, and have been slowly working through various plans. It’s a balance between risk/reward. Too heavy on ETFs, and you get creamed if you RE right before one. Too heavy on bonds, you may not have enough growth to sustain your spend rate.
Although I respect and admire the DRIP crowd (Brave New Life is one of my favorite blogs, for example) I’ve always avoided this approach because it requires individual stock picking. Sure, they’re commodities and should therefore be very stable, but still, companies fail. I feel that it’s safer to hold the index. As an added bonus, it’s lazier.
Still, the 07/08 meltdown was so alarming that I’m considering all of my options. I’m not exactly sure how I would have fared if I didn’t have the steady paycheck to keep me optimistic and on-track. Probably some sleepless nights.
Appreciate the advice!

I love cFireSim. I feel like it is a very easy, cost-effective (FREE!) way of tailoring big-data to meet my specific needs. I’ve been using it (and FireCalc) for a little over a year now, and have recommended it to a couple people at work who are equally impressed.

Completely agree. I remember when I first found FireCalc back in 2008, and being struck at how easy it is to quickly run through multiple scenarios. Looking at some of those individual lines as they trace through downturns can also help you do a gut check on your own risk tolerance.

Very interesting simulation. I followed you here from MMM. I enjoyed reading your post about your first day back at work after your 3 weeks off, and how excited your manager was. I admit, I enjoy my work but not the BS that comes along with it, and I had my own manager interaction recently where he just wanted to “talk”, AKA tell me what I am doing wrong. “I think the next step in your career is to manage a group” (you mean like I was doing last year?). “But you react to things too negatively, you need to fix that.” (you mean how I reacted when you dissolved my group while I was on vacation and I found out by email?)

Anyway, I like the opportunity to run these numbers. I’ve got two boys (8 and 2), so I’m awhile from actually retiring, but I could afford to as long as he keeps working. It’s nice to know that I have “FU” money.

Marcia – congrats on having FU money. From a mental health perspective, that’s the most important thing, because it provides an awareness that you’re no longer trapped. This results in a day-to-day emotional payoff: you’re happier. I cringe when my manager wants to just “have a little chat.” It’s always something.
I have found that it helps to be mindful that they can’t help themselves — they’re managers, after all. They need to feel in control, and criticism does the job nicely. For a couple of years in my career, I was a manager and found that over time I started doing many of the things I used to despise as a worker bee. This says to me that these irritating managerial behaviors are largely a matter of course — nearly everyone put in the same position will eventually acquire these traits. It was at that point of recognition I stepped back down to the contributor level, and have been much, much happier as a result.
Still sucks to have those types of interactions with management, though. It sounds like yours was being completely unreasonable.

Great post. It’s always great to hear kind words about cFIREsim. (I’m the developer).

Your point about retirement timing is one that I’ve been thinking about recently, actually. I saw another blog post floating around talking about the relation to the CAPE value. The poster devised a withdrawal strategy that leveraged the CAPE value (withdrawing more when it is low, less when it is high) as to provide a little more safety margin. Could be interesting to implement on cFIREsim. Either way, “sequence of returns” risk is one of the worst ones out there. If the market tanks in the first 2-3 years of ER for me, I’ll probably be looking for a little more supplemental income to smooth out the portfolio loss 🙂

Bo – thanks for stopping by but most of all, thanks for creating cFIREsim. It’s a critical planning tool for the aspiring early retiree, really helps to keep folks (read: me) motivated, on-track, and maybe most importantly aiming for realistic asset totals and allocations. But you’re Bo so you already know that because you know everything.
Re: CAPE. Yeah. I don’t know if you’re into baseball but I’m a SABR follower. There’s a way of predicting win-loss records based on runs scored versus runs allowed. Turns out, it’s more accurate to make predictions on future team performance based on RS/RA instead of simply looking at the win total. In other words, let’s say a team has a 20-10 record. Based on record alone you’d expect them to go 2-1 in their upcoming 3 game series, right? Well, what if their RS/RA is 30/60? They’re allowing twice as many runs as they’re scoring… meaning when they win, they barely win, and when they lose, they lose big. Bottom line, in this case RS/RA is a better measure of the true strength of the team than W/L record. I think this is similar to using CAPE to evaluate the real value of the market. The current number attached to the market is not the best indicator of actual health. I occasionally have thoughts of “normalizing” market value based on CAPE. Interesting to think about..