Coarse adjustment knob: large, allows for initial focusing, use only with scanning objective.

Fine adjustment knob: small, allows you to focus for the best possible image.

Stage - platform for slide.

Stage clips - hold the slide in place.

Arm, base, inclination joint.

Review: magnification (apparent enlargement of the specimen), resolution (sharpness of the image), total magnification,
field of view, why stain is added to specimens, & setting up the microscope properly.

Prophase - In animal cell, centrosome splits into 2 centrioles, which move to opposite sides
of the cell with spindle fibers running from 1 to the other. Chromosome pairs (chromatids) are visible & are
attached to each other & to the spindle by centromeres. Nucleus & nucleolus have disappeared.

Metaphase - chromosome pairs are lined up at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase - chromosome pairs split, with 1 member of each pair going towards 1 centriole, & the
other member going towards the other centriole.

Telophase - nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes (which become diffuse & form
chromatin), nucleolus reappears, you end up with 2 identical nuclei in the 1 cell.

Cytokinesis - the splitting of the cytoplasm after mitosis, forming the 2 "daughter cells".

Energy, Life, & Biochemistry -think about:

Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between molecules. When you split the bonds, you release the
energy.

In a cell, energy is stored in ATP. Review the ATP-ADP cycle.

A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction, allowing it to occur at a lower temperature, without permanently
being changed itself. A biological catalyst is an enzyme.

Lock & Key Theory of Enzyme Action - just as a particular key is needed to fit into & open
a certain lock, you need a specific enzyme to react with a particular substrate.

Cloning - forming a genetically identical organism from an original one. "Dolly the sheep".

Recombinant DNA Technology - combining portions of the DNA molecules from 2 or more individuals.
Ecoli DNA with human gene for insulin production ---> Ecoli that can produce human insulin. This Ecoli is a Transgenic
Organism - containing DNA from 2 or more species.