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Expectations There is no written class contract Respect for one another, without compromise Complete (or near) silence when any one of us, teacher or student, is speaking Students will challenge the teacher and each other and ask questions The teacher will challenge the students and ask questions Class participation is valued (literally) ***Cheating and dishonesty is not tolerated – cite your sources on homework and in class***

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Grading Tests: Homework: Do Now/Class grades: Extra credit? This is a math class: proof and logic (a.k.a. “showing your work” and “explaining your reasoning”) are critical at all times

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Lesson Aims At the end of this lesson, students will: – Understand what trigonometry is – Understand some of the applications of trigonometry – Be able to name the three major trigonometric ratios

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Trigonometry: What is it? A branch of mathematics that studies triangles, primarily (what are these?): Deals with relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles These relationships can be explained by trigonometric functions, like sine, cosine, and tangent

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Trigonometric Functions Three “basic” trigonometric functions (there are others) Sine, the ratio of the side opposite an angle to the hypotenuse of a right triangle Cosine, the ratio of the side adjacent to an angle to the hypotenuse of a right triangle Tangent, the ratio of the side opposite an angle to the side adjacent to an angle

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Trigonometric functions Sometimes math teachers talk about SOHCAHTOA, which is an acronym for: sin(angle)= cos(angle)= tan(angle)= We will discuss these more in depth over the next few days…

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Where did trigonometry come from? Word “trigonometry” derived from Greek word “trigonometria,” meaning “triangle measuring” But not just the Greeks studied trigonometry! Egyptians used primitive trigonometry to construct pyramids Indians focused on both theory and applications to astronomy (especially why the Sun caused shadows to be cast in a certain way) and geography By the 10 th century, Arab and Persian mathematicians were using all of the trigonometric functions with great accuracy – One of these Persian mathematicians was Muhammad ibn Musa al- Khwarizmi, whose name inspired the word “algorithm” and whose use of the word “al-jabr” (“restoration of a broken bone”) in reference to solving equations inspired the word “algebra” Chinese and Western Europeans made further advances and rediscovered much in trigonometry up until about the 18 th century

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Why do we care about trigonometry today? Brainstorm with a partner: where might we care about the relationship of angles and lengths? “Short” List: – Construction – Architecture – Nasty things like catapults and cannons (unless used in the circus) – Sports (Pool, basketball, hockey) – Basketball – Waves (ocean, radio, light, etc.)! Graph sin(x) in your graphing calculators – what do you see? – Statistics – The stock market – Any place where ratios of things go up and down in some proportion?

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Physics and Trigonometry This is a clip for a physics class, but can you spot the right triangle? u2ibE u2ibE Another clip showing where trigonometry can be used at the Basketball Hall of Fame: ?video_id=1401&title=Trigonometry_at_the_ Basketball_Hall_of_Fame ?video_id=1401&title=Trigonometry_at_the_ Basketball_Hall_of_Fame

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Closing Summary Trigonometry is the mathematics of triangles – the relationship between their angles and their sides We will see that trigonometry has applications beyond just triangles though…circles and waves, even Homework – Posted on board

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Lesson #2 Introduction to Tangent

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Lesson Aims Students will know when to use the tangent ratio to solve a problem relating to right triangles Students will be able to find the length of a side of a triangle using the tangent ratio Students will be able to find the measure of an angle of a triangle using the tangent ratio Students will be able to name a few applications of the tangent ratio

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Do Now Examine the triangles on your table with a partner, using only a protractor and a ruler Measure every side of the triangles Measure every angle of the triangles What is different about the triangles? What is the same?

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Tangent The “TOA” portion of SOHCAHTOA Tan(angle) = Key thing to remember is this holds true for EVERY right triangle, so we can always use this ratio if given an opposite and adjacent side, or either side and the angle

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Example of using tangent to solve for sides of a triangle A man uses a protractor to find his angle of elevation (from his feet) to the top of a tree of 45 degrees. (Draw this, teacher.) If he is 18 feet away from the base of the tree, how tall is the tree? By the way, how does this answer change if the man is 6 feet tall and is measuring his angle of elevation from approximately the top of his head?

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Now you try A woman looks down from the 102 nd floor of the Empire State Building and sees her friend standing 2 blocks away (~500 feet). Whipping out her protractor, she estimates that the angle of depression between her and her friend is 21.8 degrees. What is the approximate height of the Empire State Building up to the 102 nd floor? (Teacher, draw this too!)

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Example of using tangent to solve for the angle of a triangle Recall the concept of an “inverse function” How can we “undo” tangent? A man stands 15 feet away from the base of Eliot Hall. If we know Eliot Hall is 40 feet high, and the man is ~6 feet tall, at what angle should he tilt his head to see the top of the building?

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Now you try A right triangle, with its base being one leg, has height 20 cm and base 13 cm. What is the measure of the angle made by the hypotenuse and the base? (Draw this, teacher.)

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Closing Remarks All similar right triangles have the same ratio of any two corresponding sides An example of this is the tangent ratio, which is defined as the length of the opposite side over the length of the adjacent side to an angle (TOA) To find either the opposite or adjacent side, given an angle and either the opposite or the adjacent side, use the tangent (tan) function To find an angle, given an opposite and an adjacent side, use the inverse tangent (tan -1 function) Homework: On board