Notes :Several different stems that may or may not go back to a single PDR root. The voiceless variant in PKG and Konda shows that the root could be monosyllabic as well (unless this is a regular development from a stem like *CVC-ú-). // Present in 4/6 branches.

Notes :SDR languages show significant evidence for two bases: *aḍú- ("be near to, approach") and *aḍái- ("reach, arrive, obtain"). Kannada and Tamil also have a monosyllabic stem *aṭ- "to put, place", but this is possibly the result of contamination with *anṭ- "to join, stick, paste". Cf. also *aḍ-[úŋ]- "to be piled up, arranged" which may be a historical derivative of the same root. PNDR *aṭ-g- < *aḍV́-k-. // Present in 4/6 branches.

Notes :PKG *av-paḍ- < *aga-paḍ- (cf. Tamil aka-ppaṭu etc.). The root does not appear to have been preserved in its pure form outside South Dravidian. Inclusion of Telugu akku "breast" looks dubious since that form points to a monosyllabic *ak- rather than bisyllabic *agá-. // Present in 3/6 branches.

Notes :South Dravidian and Telugu languages mostly agree in displaying a bisyllabic version of the stem. It is unclear how this ties in with Malto agare, where -ar- is a typical Malto suffix. Perhaps the Malto form < *agl-are? // Present in 3/6 branches.

Notes :The geminated *-gg- ("original voiced") consonant is reconstructed on the basis of Tulu agge. All the other SDR forms reflect a variant *agái, possibly reflecting the original verbal form (i. e. PDR *ággai "shoot, sprout" vs. *agái "to flourish, sprout"). It is unclear how the Kurukh form ties into it and whether the -u- in it is relevant; if so, it is not excluded that the original form contained a cluster (*ágbai?). // Present in 2/6 branches.

Notes :The word was used with pronominal prefixes in PDR: *tāy 'his, her mother', etc. (some of these forms are innovative). The vowel was presumably long only in prefixed forms, and later was analogized in such languages as Tamil (āy 'mother').

Notes :The root forms several PDR stems; the most common is *ákā~*ákai "elder sister", but a PGn stem in *-o is also available, denoting a male rather than female relative. // Present in 4/6 branches.