A 37-million-year-old fossil primate from Egypt, described in this week’s issue of Nature, moves a controversial German fossil known as Ida out of the human lineage, Nature News reports.

“Teeth and ankle bones of the new Egyptian specimen show that the 47-million-year-old Ida, formally called Darwinius masillae, is not in the lineage of early apes and monkeys (haplorhines), but instead belongs to ancestors (adapiforms) of today’s lemurs and lorises,” Nature News said.

Artist’s reconstruction of the lower jaw of a 37 million-year-old Egyptian primate, Afradapis. The fossil primate Darwinius (popularly known as Ida) and Afradapis, the new find, are not related to humans, researchers say.

Illustration courtesy of: Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation, which supported the new research, said paleontologists from three American universities “are revealing features of a newly discovered African primate and solving a riddle about humankind’s evolutionary past.”

Lead researcher Erik Seiffert of New York’s Stony Brook University and his colleagues say their find has the potential to clear up a portion of the human evolutionary tree by resolving the location of a misplaced species, NSF said in a statement.

“The recently described fossil Darwinius, originally recovered from a disused quarry near Messel, Germany in the 1980s, has been widely publicized as an important ‘link’ in the lineage to higher primates,” said Seiffert.

He and his research team recently discovered a lemur-like relative of Darwinius in about 40 miles outside Cairo, Egypt. They named it Afradapis and analyzed its place in primate evolution.

“Our study results indicate that Darwinius and its now extinct relatives, including Afradapis, are not in the evolutionary lineage leading to monkeys, apes, and humans as has been debated,” he said. “Instead they are more closely related to the living lemurs and lorises.”

Using a method called parsimony analysis to reconstruct the most likely family tree of living and extinct primates, taking into consideration virtually all of the available anatomical evidence that can be observed, palentologists determined that Darwinius and its now extinct relatives, including Afradapis, are not on the evolutionary lineage leading to Old World monkey’s, apes and humans, but instead are more closely related to the living lemurs and lorises.

Illustration courtesy of Erik Seiffert, Stony Brook University

Seiffert’s team, which includes Jonathan M. G. Perry of Midwestern University, Ill; Elwyn L. Simons of Duke University, N.C. and Doug M. Boyer also of Stony Brook, base their findings on analysis of Afradapis fossils collected from an excavation site modestly called BQ-2 near the Fayum Depression in northern Egypt.

Paleontologists searched an area near the Fayum Depression in northern Egypt about 40 miles outside Cairo for clues to the primate evolution tree.

Photo courtesy of Erik Seiffert, Stony Brook University

They first discovered a poorly preserved Afradapis fossil, a fragment that showed features of the front teeth and jaw bone that were almost identical to those of later Old World monkeys, NSF said. “But it didn’t make sense to the researchers that a member of that primate lineage would have been present in Africa at such an early time period, about 37 million years ago.

“Soon they recovered additional Afradapis fossils and through dental analysis eventually clarified that Afradapis and Darwinius weren’t in the line of Old World monkeys, apes and humans, but had concurrently evolved similar features with their distant relative, a type of anthropoid.”

“The similar features evolved through the process of convergent evolution,” Seiffert explained. “This means that under similar selection pressures, both lineages came to have similar specializations, but these features were not present in their last common ancestor.”

Noted shared specializations from dental examinations include fusion of the two halves of the jaw, reduction and loss of the first few premolar teeth, and the presence of front incisors that are each shaped like a spatula, rather than being shaped more like a cone.

Students of the early primate fossil record generally hold two views about the evolution of an extinct group of lemur-like primates called adapiforms, NSF said in a statement. “A majority of students consider adapiforms to be ancient relatives of a primate suborder that includes lemurs and lorises. A minority view is that adapiforms are more closely related to monkeys and apes.

“The latter hypothesis hinges on features such as fusion of the two halves of the jaw, reduction and loss of the first few premolar teeth, and the presence of incisors. Researchers say their studies of the jaw and teeth of the adapiform Afradapis shows that adapiforms and the distant relatives of monkeys and apes independently evolved similar features.”

Photo courtesy of Erik Seiffert, Stony Brook University

Interestingly, the ancestors of Old World monkeys, apes, and humans developed these features millions of years later, long after Afradapis and Darwinius were extinct, NSF said. “But, reconstructing the most likely family tree of both living and extinct primates, taking into consideration virtually all available anatomical evidence, the paleontologists determined that Darwinius, and its relative Afradapis, are not in the direct evolutionary line with humans.”

“Our discoveries certainly contribute to a growing body of evidence that indicates that convergent evolution was a common phenomenon in early primate evolution,” Seiffert said.

The finding is reported in the October 20 issue of the journal Nature. NSF supports the research through its social, behavioral and economic sciences directorate’s physical anthropology program.

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