Target Details ATR

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and Rad 3-related protein (ATR) is a phosphatidylinositol kinase (PK)-related kinase which functions in response to DNA damage and repair as well as at DNA replication checkpoints during the cell cycle. ATR activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses, such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. ATR is a member of the DNA-PK kinase family and is closely related to ATM and DNAPK for which DNA stimulates the observed kinase activity. Chromosomal remodeling proteins have also been reported to associate with ATR complexes, including histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2 and CHD4). ATR is known to phosphorylate BRCA1, CHEK1, MCM2, RAD17, RPA2, SMC1 and TP53/p53 which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair, recombination and apoptosis. ATR is a nuclear protein, but can also be found in PML nuclear bodies in certain cell types. ATR is recruited to chromatin during Sphase and redistributes to discrete nuclear foci upon DNA damage, hypoxia or replication fork stalling.Synonyms: Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein, FRAP-related protein 1, Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR