the concerns of educational psychology are distinctive in that they...

relate to improving learning and instruction

when studies are based only on observations, the results should be expressed as...

descriptions

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a correlation is a statistical description indicating the...

direction and strength of a relationship

which one of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?

-.78 (positive and negative don't matter)

A correlation coefficient of .90 indicates that...

one event is strongly related to another event

random assignments would be most critical in what type of research?

experimental

what type of research participants should researchers use for studies of cause-and-effect relationships?

random samples

Dr. Patterson concludes from her research that using a systematic study strategy caused good grades for students assigned to a particular group. What type of study is this?

experimental

All developmental theories have the following general principle in common...

development is gradual

according to Piaget, people pass through the four stages of cognitive development...

in the same sequence

what of the following sayings best conveys a child's thinking before the notion of object permanence is acquired?

"out of sight, out of mind"

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michelle covers her eyes b/c she thinks her friends will not see her when playing a game of hide-and-seek. what stage of piaget's does this illustrate?

preoperational thought

nathan is shown 2 balls of clay that are equal. when one is rolled into a sausage he says that it has more clay. which stage is he likely to be?

preoperational thought

billy refuses to drink from a 1/2 full glass - he wants his favorite b/c it looks like there is more. with what concept of Piaget's is he having trouble?

Conservation

David has just purchased a car - it breaks - he locates the problem. What stage does this situation best illustrate?

Formal operations

An increasingly influential view of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky is based on...

culture and socioculture theory

vygotsky's view of cognitive development differs from Piaget's in the importance and emphasis placed on a person's...

interpersonal interactions

according to bygotsky, scaffolding represents...

external support for helping children solve problems on their own

the zone of proximal development is the area where students may solve a problem...

with support

the emphasis on erikson's stage theory is on...

the formation of the personal identity

according to erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to...

encounter problems with resolutions of later crisises

erikson's notion of developmental crisises can be defined as...

conflict between a positive and unhealthy alternative

martin now takes considerable pride in completing his 4th grade hw and doing them well. he is upset he got an "A" vs an "A+" which stage of erikson's development is martin in?

industry vs inferiority

as with most developmental crisises, the resolution of the identity crisis...

may be an extended process

christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school. she is experiencing identity...

diffusion

17 yr old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity...

achievement

which one of erikson's crisises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

integrity vs despair

during kohlber's stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that...

hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child

Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread....but thats wrong" what level of moral reasoning does he demonstrate?

Conventional

sue is presented with a moral dilemna and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. the moral reasoning stage reflected is...

conventional

which one of the following statements is TRUE about intelligence?

it is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists

according to the work of Cattell and Horn, there are 2 types of intelligence:

fluid and crystalized

the theory that defines intelligence as encompassing at least 8 separate kinds of intelligence is...

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

what psychologist developed the concept of mental age?

binet

a deviation IQ score indicates...

how a person compares with others in his/her age group

approx. what percent of the general pop. scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?

50

a major advantage of using standardized intelligence tests is that they...

provide ways of comparing a child's performance with those of other children in the same situation

what is the typical correlation between deviation IW scores from an individual intelligence test and school achievement for the general pop of school-age students?

moderately positive

which one of the following assessments would provide the most valid basis for identifying students who are academically gifted?

an individual IQ test

current beliefs about teaching the gifted...

views both acceleration and enrichment as beneficial

recent research has indicated that acceleration of students who are gifted...

has been unnecessarily discouraged in the past

what is the largest category of students with disabilities?

students with learning disabilities

Bill is smart and bright, however he cannot read as others in his class can. this description of bill would lead one to think about the possibility of...

a learning disability

hyperactivity can be most accurately described as a...

variable set of conditions with differing sets of causes

in treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is...

stimulants

what type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits?

behavior management strategies

attention deficit disorder refers to a condition that...

affects an individual's ability to focus on tasts and/or be patient

all of the following student conditions are covered under Section 504 except...

poverty

behavioral theories of learning emphasize...

observable actions

during music class, lisa enthusiastically sings aloud until the teacher tells her she is bad. feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of...

classical conditioning

in the above example involving lisa, felling ill at the prospect of going to the music class served as the...

conditioned response

a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. through repeated pairings of neutral stimulus...

conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response

in an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can and no salivation by the subject is detected. after a # of pairings between the 2 the subject salivates. the conditioned response in this study is the...

salvation to the can opener

B.F Skinner is to ______, as ivan pavlov is to ______

operant conditioning ; classical conditioning

operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning by...

focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior

a consequence is defined by skinner as a reinforcer or a punisher depending on whether it...

increases or decreases the frequency of behavior that it follows

removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies...

negative reinforcement

the essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that...

punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it

17 yr old kelly receives a ticket for speeding. her parents take away the priviledge of using her car. her parents are using...

removal punishment

mr smith uses token economy system in his history clas. whenever bill breaks a rule, he loses a "chip." if the infraction is major, bill loses several chips. this is an example of...

removal punishment

slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate # of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement?

variable-ratio

what schedule of reinforcement is most likely to be involved when teachers give "pop quizzes"?

variable-interval

the premack principle states that...

a preferred activity is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity

mrs lever allows nathan to be the first to leave the uncomfortable bus b/c he has behavedso well on the trip. the technique being used is...

negative reinforcement

in a contingency contract program, teachers set up...

individual performance contracts with each student

alec still remembers how to tough-type, even though it has been 3 years since he has practiced. the memory system most directly involved here is...

procedural

one of the educational implications of sensory memory is that...

attention is necessary if children are to remember information

while Mr. L was explaining the social studies assignment, missy was doing hw due for next class. when the class began, she didnt know what to do. she was lost because...?

she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given

what you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?

working

megan tries to remember the address 10 Anchor st by imagining a 10-dollar bill attached to the anchor on a ship. shes using a memory strategy called...

elaborative rehearsal

items can typically be stored in working memory for approx how long?

about 20 seconds

research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

five to nine

our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the...

perceptual factors that we apply to the stimulus OR executive control processes

the basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to...

increase the amount of info to be stored in the long-term memory OR reduce the amount of info to be stored in the working memory

which one of the following persons most clearly illustrates the concept of elaboration?

john recognizes that he can use percetages in calculating his team's batting average

according to Woolfolk, the basic purpose of mnemonic aids is to...

make connections between the info to be memorized

dr beach used to be a typical "absent minded professor." however, she found that she could remember the things her husband asked her to pick up at the grocery store by imagining the items she needed placed on her desk. the mnemonic device that she used is...

the loci method

"i before e except after c" is an example of the use of what memory method?

chain

consuela is a fourth grade student who is studying geography. tomorrow she has a quiz and creates a mnemonic devies HOMES. which type of mnemonic device is she using?

acronym

bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views of learning is that these views are

incomplete

bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioral conceptions of learning by focusing on...

social learning theory

ms. jackson's perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of...

self-efficacy

when failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to...