Established in 1962, the MIT Press is one of the largest and most distinguished university presses in the world and a leading publisher of books and journals at the intersection of science, technology, art, social science, and design.

How Old Companies Survive and Thrive: 6 Lessons for Longevity and Success from IBM

These are challenging, life threatening times for iconic multi-national corporations that have been around for a century or more. GE is struggling to right its balance sheet and regain its mojo; Sears is on its deathbed, J.C. Penny is being wheeled into intensive career; and Wells Fargo, while healthy, could die of misbehavior. Historians have written obituaries of centenarian companies no longer with us: the original AT&T “Ma Bell” phone company (not today’s media and telecommunications firm using that name), and Burroughs Corporation come quickly to mind. IBM, around for well over a century, was also predicted to soon fold in the 1910s, 1930s, 1960s, 1990s, but it didn’t. Today, it remains an iconic firm with a healthy balance sheet that still pays dividends. Meanwhile, the majority of companies barely survive one generation, let alone two or three, in any industry.

Why do some companies survive and thrive generation after generation, while most do not? Historians and business management professors have been addressing that question for decades. Most of their responses center on such arguments as survivors produce great products, focus on the long term, employ visionary leaders, hold onto oligarchic market control, or are lucky, as in being in the right place at the right time with the right offerings. All these answers are true and necessary, but they are insufficient when looked through the lens of actual cases.

IBM’s may be one of the most relevant at the moment because of the crises faced by other firms. GE is trying to figure out what businesses it should be in, while GM and Ford have an answer to that puzzle but are making the dangerous transitions required. Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook are being accused of being a privacy security problem and politicians are asking if it should be regulated like a utility. Amazon and Google are being seen as monopolies that need to be broken up. All share, too, that the technologies underpinning their success are continuing to change rapidly while the world order is also undergoing a gloomy transformation from one that encouraged globalized trade to one filled with protectionist tariffs and trade barriers. All these challenges are life threatening to multinational corporations.

Briefly visiting IBM’s experience is informative. Created out of three small firms formed in the 1880s, consolidated into one in 1911, IBM expanded around the world, selling punch card tabulating equipment for its first half century, then large mainframe computers during its second half century. Two-thirds of the way through that second era, it began selling software and IT services. Today it still does that, but its software and services bear little resemblance to its offerings of the 1980s and 1990s as new forces come into play: cloud computing, open source software, artificial intelligence, new tiny computerized devices, and the security mess currently plaguing the Internet. Yet it stands, generating nearly $80 billion in revenue and employing some 370,000 people. What can this company teach us?

Recent research on the company’s history spun off many lessons, a half dozen of which were crucial to its longevity. They sound simple, perhaps obvious, but they are true nonetheless. These are the six lessons from IBM that other multinationals and wannabe major corporations should learn and should take seriously, because the presence or absence of these behaviors is a strong indicator for corporate longevity.

Corporate Culture

Let’s start with the most important point: corporate culture determines the success or failure of a company. Get that right and you are well on your way to multi-generational success. The corporate culture must motivate employees to give their all to the firm and to its customers, aligned with the strategies of the enterprise. It is a full-time job for the management of the company. When IBM deviated from this principle it faltered.

Sales Matter

Nurture and support an outstanding sales force and sales culture and the company will be productive and successful. GE is too engineering centered, Wells Fargo too focused on squeezing as much revenue out of its customers as possible, Facebook leaves its users exposed to malicious information. Make sure outstanding sales exist and protect your customers.

Customer Service

Remember the customer pays the bills and determines a firm’s future, so treat them well. Listen to what they say and make sure they get what they need. That does not mean always giving them what they want. Steve Jobs was partially successful because he did not just listen to customers, he brought them products that he thought they would need, most notably the smartphone.

Don’t Overvalue Shareholder Value

A cautionary tale from the past two decades: shareholder value is turning out to be a cancer. For almost a century IBM’s senior executives simply ignored the advise of stock analysts and instead listened to customers and played the long game. Companies succeed when they sell products that customers want, when management nurtures employees, and that contribute to the general welfare of society. Profitable revenues fund dividends and bolster stock values.

Don’t Undervalue Employees

IBM did well when it had its employees’ back. It did not always do this—in recent years laying off employees its senior executives called “resources” and criticizing sales operations on analyst teleconferences—but without productive motivated employees, you have no company. Success is earned, not inherited. Employees produce more value than investors, because it is organic, new, and real.

Make the Global Local

Sixth, successful firms learned how to succeed in a globalized economy that was always plagued by political, military, and economic dangers. Using a unifying corporate culture tailored to local conditions was central to that success.

Over the course of 130 years, IBM employed roughly a million people and generated over a trillion dollars in revenue, tens of billions in profits, too, relying on sales from nearly 180 countries. IBM underpinned the information technologies that made the Second Industrial Revolution possible and that may, finally, bring AI to practical uses in health, finance, and public administration. There are a lot of new multinational corporations. Most will probably not last much past a generation. For those that are serious about building a company that will last well into the 22nd century, IBM’s experience has much to teach them.

James W. Cortada is Senior Research Fellow at the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota. He worked at IBM for thirty-eight years in sales, consulting, managerial, and research positions. His book IBM: The Rise and Fall and Reinvention of a Global Icon will be available in March 2019.