Track Categories

The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.

Clinical Nephrology is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that anxieties itself with the study of usual kidney function, kidney diseases, the treatment of kidney diseases and renal replacement therapy. Kidneys play a vital character for life with their composite network of blood vessels and complicated network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and excess water. Kidneys maintain fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base regulation that are altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins. Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its diseases. Kidney infections, Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys, Acid base imbalances, Nephrotic syndrome and nephritis, Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys, dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis, Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc.

Kidney transplantation is a procedure that places a healthy kidney from another person into your body. This one new kidney takes over the work of your two failed kidneys. Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney stones and urinary tract infections can usually be treated successfully. Inappropriately, the specific causes of kidney diseases are still indefinite and specific treatments are not yet available for them. Sometimes, chronic kidney disease may progress to kidney failure requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Treating high blood pressure with special medications called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors often helps to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. A great deal of research is being done to find more effective treatment for all conditions that can cause chronic kidney disease.

The most common procedure of kidney replacement therapy is dialysis, is a method of cleaning the blood with artificial kidneys. There is of types of dialysis they are:

1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis required with the patients of renal failure. In this process of Hemodialysis, an artificial kidney purifies blood. We ought to make an "access," usually in the forearm where blood can easily be taken from the body and directed to the artificial kidney for purification. The access collects blood from patient body and undergoes purification in artificial kidney and again injected the purified blood in to patient body.

Peritoneal dialysis: In peritoneal dialysis no artificial kidney is used. The peritoneum (lining inside your abdomen) is used as a filter instead of artificial kidney. Peritoneal dialysis is of two types they are continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis is used in kidney failure patients.

Nephrology is a branch of medicine that deals with the ailments of the kidneys and it emphases on the diagnosis and treatment of Nephrology diseases. The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies. The kidney has a fibrous capsule, which is surrounded by Para renal fat. The kidney itself can be divided into renal parenchyma, consisting of renal cortex and medulla, and the renal sinus containing renal pelvis, calyces, renal vessels, nerves, lymphatic and per renal fat. This renal parenchyma has two layers: cortex and medulla. The renal cortex lies peripherally under the capsule while the renal medulla consists of 10-14 renal pyramids, which are separated from each other by an extension of renal cortex called renal columns. The kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance and stimulation of red blood cell production. They also serve to control blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, controlling reabsorption of water and upholding intravascular volume. The kidneys also reabsorb glucose and amino acids and have hormonal functions via erythropoietin, calcitriol, and vitamin D activation.

Diabetics is characteristically defined by macro albuminuria that is a urinary albumin elimination of more than 300 mg in a 24-hour collection or macro albuminuria and irregular renal function (Renal function test) as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Patients with all types of kidney disease and hypertension. This includes kidney stones, chronic or acute kidney diseases due to any cause, resistant or secondary hypertension, unexplained proteinuria or haematuria, cystic kidney diseases, inherited kidney diseases, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis abnormalities, pregnancy related Kidney Diseases, vascular kidney diseases, nephritic syndrome, glomerulonephritis and others. High blood pressure (also called hypertension) occurs when the force of your blood against your artery walls increases enough to cause damage. For people who have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, blood pressure of 130/80 or more is considered high. Have a family history of high blood pressure. Your probabilities of developing high blood pressure may be increased if you have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Are overweight and Are African American. Use a lot of table salt, eat a lot of packaged or fast foods, Use birth control pills, Have diabetes, Use illegal drugs, Drink large amounts of alcohol (beer, wine, or liquor). Some types of kidney failure may cause high blood pressure. More often it is high blood pressure that causes kidney Diseases.

Diagnostic imaging is a strategy and procedure of making the visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and demonstrative intervention. Diagnostic looks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to analyse and treat ailment. Though imaging of removed organs and tissues can be achieved for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging. Radiation treatment might be conveyed remotely or inside. Interior radiation, or brachytherapy, is the implantation of a little measure of radioactive material (seeds) in or close to the kidney disease. Angiography is the test of choice for the renal hypertension or high blood pressure caused by contraction of the renal arteries that transmit blood to the kidneys. Initial evaluation could be done by the use of ultrasound. MRI involves a large and powerful magnet in kidney diseases. Hydrogen ions in the body are used to obtain pictures of the body parts. But in regard to the kidney, an MRI gives the same information as a CT scan.

The phases of kidney disease are determined by the glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular filtration is the procedure by which the kidneys filter the blood, removing excess wastes and fluids. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a calculation that determines how well the blood is filtered by the kidneys. It is one way to measure kidney types.

They are Acute kidney disease is the sudden loss of kidney function that occurs when high levels of waste products of the body's metabolism accumulate in the blood. Chronic Kidney Disease is a gradual development of permanent kidney disease that worsens over a number of years. Pediatric Kidney Disease can disturb children in numerous ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions. Polycystic Kidney Disease is characterized by the growth of numerous kidney cysts, which cause abnormalities in both the kidney structure and function. Hypertension Uncontrolled hypertension can damage many organs in the body including kidneys.

Glomerular disorders that disturb the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys called the glomerulus, Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts, crystals etc. Tubulo interstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys, Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the kidneys, Kidney failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic, Kidney and bladder stones, Inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys leads to a state called Glomerulonephritis also known as glomerular nephritis .Glomeruli helps in the removal of excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them through the urine maintaining the stability of the body. Albuminuria, haematuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate, hypoproteinemia, oedema are the symptoms of this disease.

Kidney cancer (also called renal adenocarcinoma or renal cell cancer) is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the lining of tubules in the kidney. We have two kidneys, behind the peritoneum one on each side of the spinal cord, just above the waist. Small tubules in the kidneys purify the blood. Unabsorbed products formed as urine. The formed urine passes in to bladder through long tube called bladder. The urine stored in bladder until leaves from body through urethra. Kidney cancer perhaps remains clinically occult for most of its course. Immunomodulatory agents and targeted therapy are the standard of care in metastatic disease patients. Kidney cancer: The most common malignant disease affecting kidney is kidney cancer. One of the most common causes for kidney cancer is smoking.

Acute Renal diseases previously called acute renal failure (ARF) is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days. Acute kidney injury (formerly known as acute renal failure) is a syndrome characterized by the rapid loss of the kidney's excretory function and is typically diagnosed by the accumulation of end products of nitrogen metabolism (urea and creatinine) or decreased urine output or both. AKI may lead to a number of complications, including metabolic acidosis, high potassium levels uremia changes in body fluid balance and effects on other organ systems, including death. People who have experienced AKI may have an augmented risk of chronic kidney disease in the future. Management includes treatment of the underlying cause and supportive care, such as renal replacement therapy.

Renal failure denotes to impermanent or permanent harm to the kidneys those results in loss of usual kidney function. There are two different types of Renal failures-acute and chronic. Acute renal failure has an abrupt onset and is potentially reversible. Chronic renal failure progresses slowly over at least three months and can lead to permanent renal failure. The causes signs, treatments and consequences of acute and chronic are different. Chronic kidney disease, as defined since 2002 by the presence of kidney damage or reduced Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), affects 10% of the adult population worldwide and more than one-third of the elderly. A recent large Meta-analysis of 46 general population, high risk and CKD, including more than 2 million participants, showed that both low estimated GFR and high albuminuria were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and progression to End-stage renal disease (ESRD) regardless of age.

In general, patients with Anaemia of chronic illness or chronic kidney disease can be treated on a casualty basis. Confounding factors that need to be addressed in both diseases include concomitant blood loss, iron deficiency, or deficiencies of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid. When kidneys start to fail, little or no Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced and this results in a failure of red cell production. Another factor causing anaemia in kidney disease can be iron deficiency as iron is not absorbed so the kidneys start to fail this leads to renal anaemia. Several million patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have benefited from the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to correct severe anaemia. Sometimes Haematopoiesis the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells and Kidney biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed from the body for examination, usually under a microscope. Microscopic examination of the tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor or treat problems of the kidney. However, mortality data now suggest that treating CKD patients to achieve a haemoglobin (Hb) level >13 g/dl can be harmful.

Nephrology Nursing is a deliberate effort to increase nursing knowledge by the discovery of new facts through systematic enquiry. It includes: Improvement in patient care, reduced cost of kidney care provision, accountability and protection against litigation. Addition to the existing body of nursing knowledge enhancement of nursing as a profession.

Renal care nursing is the field of nursing with a focus on the most extreme consideration of the discriminatingly sick or unsteady chronic kidney patients. Contamination revulsion and nursing consideration is the control concerned with turning away nosocomial or health awareness related disease, a functional (as opposed to scholastic) sub-order of the study of disease transmission. Infants who need escalated restorative consideration are regularly conceded into a unique region of the clinic called the Neonatal serious care and nursing consideration. The part of backing in discriminating nursing consideration: Critical consideration medical attendants work in a wide assortment of settings, filling numerous parts including bedside clinicians, attendant teachers, medical caretaker analysts, medical caretaker supervisors, clinical medical caretaker authorities and medical attendant professionals. Measurements of Renal Care Nursing’s mission are to give attendants exact, current and applicable data and lodging to exceed expectations in discriminating consideration rehearse.

The division of Pediatric Nephrology focuses in the diagnosis and management of children with a variety of acute and chronic kidney-related disorders. The division evaluates and treats hypertension, haematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis, glomerulonephritis and kidney failure.

Pediatric Nephritis is clinically and hereditarily heterogeneous entity characterized by either relapsing or course with important illness and mortality resulting from difficulties of the disease itself and its therapy. Pediatric Kidney stones are a group of crystals that are difficult to pass from the body.

Kidney or bladder stones are solid accumulations of crystals made from minerals and proteins found in urine. Bladder diverticulum enlarged prostate, neurogenic bladder and urinary tract infection can cause an individual to have a greater chance of developing bladder stones. If a kidney stone becomes lodged in the ureter or urethra, it can cause constant severe pain in the back or side, vomiting, haematuria (blood in the urine) fever or chills.

Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals in your bladder. Bladder stones develop when urine in your bladder becomes concentrated, causing minerals in your urine to crystallize. Concentrated, stagnant urine is often the result of not being able to completely empty your bladder. If bladder stones are small enough, they can pass on their own with no noticeable symptoms. However, once they become larger, bladder stones can cause frequent urges to urinate, painful or difficult urination and haematuria.

Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis): Minerals in urine form crystals (stones), which may grow large enough to block urine flow. It's considered one of the most painful conditions. Most kidney stones pass on their own but some are too large and need to be treated.

The kidneys job is to keep the body’s fluids, electrolytes and carbon-based solutes in a healthy equilibrium. Their functional units are the million or so nephrons in the renal cortex which filter most constituents of the blood other than red blood cells and protein reabsorb needed substances, secrete hydrogen ions to maintain acid-base balance, and secrete wastes.

Urine formation consists of three basic processes: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Several disease conditions can interfere with these functions. Inflammatory and degenerative diseases can involve the small blood vessels and membranes in the nephrons. Urinary tract infections and kidney stones can interfere with normal drainage, causing further infection and tissue damage. Circulatory disorders, such as hypertension, can damage the small renal arteries. Other diseases, such as diabetes, gout, and urinary tract abnormalities can lead to impaired function, infection, or obstruction. Toxic agents such as insecticides, solvents, and certain drugs may also damage renal tissue.

Under this category includes diseases of the urinary system, prostate gland including the kidneys and bladder. The bladder or urethra usually effected in urinary tract infections, yet more genuine and serious infections include the kidney. A bladder disease may bring about pelvic torment, expanded inclination to urinate, torment with pee and blood in the urine. Renal infection may bring about back agony, sickness, heaving and fever. Under this session we focus on Urethritis, Pyelonephritis, Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys, Cancers of the Kidney and Genitourinary Tract, Cystic Kidney Disorders, Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders, Dialysis, Disorders of Kidney Tubules, Disorders of Urination, Kidney Failure, Obstruction of the Urinary Tract and Stones in the Urinary Tract.

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