In their comments on my PhotoHunter contribution this week on flags, several people asked me what flag Canada had before we had the current flag, the red maple leaf in a white background.

Up until 1965, we had no flag that was truly “Canadian”.

Most of our flags were either the flag of the country to which Canada belonged or derivative of them.

To understand the history of the Canadian flag is to understand the history of Canada as a nation. Rather a large project for this little blog.

Canada as a nation did not exist until 1867. Prior to that, it was claimed by France, initially. Then Britain made claims to portions of what would later become Canada as part of their broader claim of American colonies. While the American colonies were settled early on by the Dutch and the British, Canada was merely seen as an exploitable resource to the French and the British (and, on the West coast, by the Russians). It wasn’t until the 17th century that France brought the first settlers.

The first flag to appear on what would later become Canada was carried by John Cabot during his exploration for the British Crown.

That flag was known as St. George’s Cross:

St. George's Cross

Jacques Cartier planted a cross with a flag bearing the French royal coat of arms and the Fleurs-de-lis. After that, the French colonies of New France flew whatever the latest evolution of French military flag was current, one commonly used one was this:

Fleurs-de-lis

The British colonies, meanwhile flew the British flag which eventually replaced the fleurs-de-lis when France ceded its colonies to Britain as part of its settlement in the Treaty of Utrecht (any historians may be tearing their hair out over my foreshortened version of Canadian history… sorry… trying to summarise not write a thesis!).

First flown in 1610, the Royal Union flag was used at all British establishments on the North American continent from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico. This flag is often referred to as the flag of Canada’s United Empire Loyalists. From the early 1760’s it was the flag that flew over British North America, which included what would later become Canada. Post-revolutionary War, Canada consisted of “Upper Canada” and “Lower Canada”. Upper Canada the mainly English-speaking regions, upstream on the St. Lawrence and into Lake Ontario, Huron and Erie, and Lower Canada was the mainly French-speaking regions of the colonies….. downstream on the St. Lawrence, along the Gaspe, and into the New Brunswick.

Royal Union

Following the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, the diagonal Cross of St. Patrick was incorporated with England’s St. George’s Cross and Scotland’s Cross of St. Andrew. This gave the Royal Union its present-day configuration. This flag was used across British North America and in Canada even after Confederation in 1867.

The first “Canadian Flag” to appear was not intended as “Canada’s Flag” but became the flag flown, usually below the Union Jack. It was the flag of the “Canadian Red Ensign” the flag of the British Merchant Marine, with an added crest on the right hand side.

Red Ensign 1868–1921

Red Ensign 1921–1957

Red Ensign 1957-1965

From 1868-1921, the flag included symbols for each of the provinces which were then part of Confederation, as each came into Confederation. Eventually the shield depicted just the founding peoples of Canada (ignoring, of course Native Peoples…) England, Scotland, Ireland, and France over three maple leaves.

Eventually, though, many Canadians were wanting a distinctly “Canadian” flag, something that did not owe its design to the flag of another nation. There had been movements over the years to create a flag but met with great resistance. In the early 1960s, with the approach of the Canadian Centennial in 1967, there was renewed interest in a new Canadian flag. When, in 1963, the new minority Liberal government under Lester B. Pearson came to power, Pearson pushed for a Parliamentary debate over the subject. Opponents were many and vocal, including the former Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker.

Pearson had his own design in mind, three joined maple leaves on a white background, with blue side-bars representing the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It met with stiff opposition in Parliament and was dubbed “The Pearson Pennant” by detractors. Eventually, a committee of 15 multi-party members was formed to come up with a design suitable and appropriate was formed. Canadians were invited to send in their ideas and public excitement and debate grew.

After reviewing many designs, the Committee finally settled on a design by George F.G. Stanley, a professor of history in New Brunswick. The committee approved the design, October 29, 1964, and later passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15, 1964. The Senate added its approval two days later.

It was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth in January, 1964, and in February, it was inaugurated.

Canada had a new flag!

The Canadian Flag...

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