Drawing a Bright Line:
The "Who is the Client?" question
By Mark J. Fucile

One of the key elements in analyzing conflicts is identifying
who your client is in a given representation. Sometimes that task is easy:
it’s the single person sitting across the desk from you. But many times it’s
not. Physically or virtually, there may be several people sitting across
the desk from you — a family, business partners, a government agency or a
corporate affiliate. The "who is the client?" question looms large
in many situations because it tells us to whom we owe our duties of loyalty
and confidentiality — and to whom we do not. This, in turn, has important
consequences when assessing conflicts, across a spectrum from regulatory
compliance for bar discipline to civil liability for legal malpractice or
breach of fiduciary duty, because the duties of loyalty and confidentiality
in most situations flow to our clients alone. In this column, we’ll first
look at the general rule for deciding whether an attorney-client relationship
exists and then apply that rule in three common entity contexts: corporations
and their affiliates; partnerships, joint ventures and trade associations;
and governmental entities.

With all of these entities, engagement letters provide an excellent
venue for defining who the client is in a given representation. This is particularly
important if the lawyer has initially met with more than one person as part
of the background context of a representation and will only be representing
one. Depending on the setting, polite "non-representation" letters
to those not being represented offer a useful supplement to an engagement
agreement to let the non-represented parties know which side the lawyer is
on. In the face of an engagement agreement with the client, conduct consistent
with that agreement and, depending on the circumstances, non-representation
letters, it will be difficult for another party to assert that the lawyer
was also representing that party if the result is not to the non-client’s
liking.

THE GENERAL RULE
The general rule for determining whether an attorney-client relationship exists
was set out in In re Weidner, 310 Or 757, 770, 801 P2d 828 (1990).1 It
is sometimes called the "reasonable expectations of the client" test
and has two parts. The first is subjective: does the client subjectively
believe that the lawyer is representing the client? The second is objective:
is the client’s subjective belief objectively reasonable under the circumstances?
Both elements of the test must be satisfied for an attorney-client relationship
to exist.

In making this determination, the Oregon Supreme Court noted
in In re Mettler, 305 Or 12, 18, 749 P2d 1010 (1988), that "a
formal agreement to pay a fee is not a prerequisite to the relationship." Rather, Mettler found
that an attorney-client "relationship can be inferred from the conduct
of the parties."2 At the same time, the court also noted
in Mettler that "it is unlikely that a lawyer-client relationship will
exist when neither the lawyer nor the ‘client’ intend such a relationship."3 Read
in tandem, Weidner and Mettler underscore both the practical effect and the
practical utility of the combination of a clear written engagement agreement
with the client and non-representation letters to any non-clients with whom
the lawyer met preliminarily.

CORPORATIONS AND THEIR AFFILIATES
The Oregon Supreme Court offered an important clarification to the "who
is the client question?" in the corporate context when it adopted RPC
1.13 as a part of the switch from the Disciplinary Rules to the Rules of Professional
Conduct in 2005. New RPC 1.13(a), which did not have a corresponding predecessor
under the old DRs, adopts the "entity approach" to corporate representation:
a lawyer representing a corporation is deemed to represent the corporation
rather than its individual shareholders or officers. This is the same tact
taken by Section 131 of the Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers
(2000) and the ABA’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The "entity
approach" doesn’t preclude joint representation of both the corporation
and one of its constituent members, such as an individual officer or director.
But in those instances, any dual representation would be subject to RPC 1.7’s
multiple client conflict rules.

A related and often more difficult issue is whether representation
of one corporate affiliate will be deemed representation of the entire "corporate
family." There is no hard and fast rule. ABA Formal Ethics Opinion 95-390
(1995), which analyzes this issue in detail, suggests two measures that will
weigh on the side of considering all elements of a corporate family to be
the same for conflict purposes. First, if the client has informed the lawyer
that the corporate family should be considered a unified whole, then it will
generally be treated as such. Second, even absent such an agreement, a corporate
affiliate may be treated as a member of a broader corporate family when it
shares common general and legal affairs management. At the same time, such
affiliate relationships are most often found to constitute a single client
when control is exercised through majority ownership of the affiliate by
the corporate parent.4

Oregon has an important judicial exception to the entity approach
to corporate representation. Under In re
Banks, 283 Or 459, 584 P2d 284 (1978),
the Oregon Supreme Court held that representation of a closely held corporation
wholly owned by either an individual noncorporate shareholder or a unified
family will normally constitute representation of the shareholders as well.
In analyzing Banks, Oregon State Bar Formal Ethics Opinion 2005-85 concluded,
however, that (absent the supreme court speaking further to this point),
there is no "reverse Banks rule." In other words, representation
of a corporation’s shareholder will not automatically be deemed to also constitute
representation of the corporation. Banks also highlights the practical importance
of clearly identifying who the client is in the initial engagement agreement.
Although Banks is the "default" position in Oregon corporate representation,
that can be modified by agreement with the client so that the lawyer will
represent the corporate entity only.

PARTNERSHIPS, JOINT VENTURES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS
Partnerships generally present the same "who is the client?" question
that corporations do under RPC 1.13(a) and OSB Formal Ethics Op 2005-85.5 The
analytical framework for working through this question in the partnership context
is generally the same as well:

The representation of a partnership will normally be limited
to the entity and will not extend as a matter of law to the individual partners.

The converse is also true — representation of an individual
partner will normally be limited to that individual only and will not be
construed as extending to the partnership as a whole.

A single lawyer, subject to the conflict constraints imposed
by RPC 1.7, could in theory jointly represent both a partnership and one
or more individual partners.

Joint ventures and trade associations are generally treated
the same as corporations and partnerships in this context under 1.13(a) and
OSB Formal Ethics Opinion 2005-27.6

GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES
Under RPC 1.13(a), the entity approach applies to governmental representation
and the "client" is the governmental entity and not its constituent
members. The often more difficult question in the governmental context is
which agency or level of government a lawyer will be deemed to represent.
OSB Formal Ethics Opinion 2005-122 frames both the clear issue and the imperfect
answer:

Within the context of the governmental entity, the client will
sometimes be a specific agency, will sometimes be a branch of government,
and will sometimes be an entire governmental level (e.g., city, county, or
state) as a whole. ABA Model Rule 1.13 comment (9) (‘Although in some circumstances
the client may be a specific agency, it may also be a branch of government,
such as the executive branch, or the government as a whole.’). In essence,
it is up to the lawyer and the government ‘client’ to define who or what
is to be considered the client, much as the process works in private-side
representations of for-profit entities.7

OSB Formal Ethics Opinion 2005-122 also notes that "(r)epresentation
of a state does not constitute representation of political subdivisions of
the state, and vice versa."8 Therefore, representation of
the state of Oregon would not mean that a lawyer was deemed as a matter of
law to also represent its counties. The same would apply to cities.

SUMMING UP
In some areas, the RPCs, ethics opinions and case law draw a bright line between
who a lawyer does and does not represent in an entity setting. In many other
contexts, the line is much less distinct. Even with the adoption of RPC 1.13(a),
the "who is the client?" question will remain a very fact-specific
exercise. With all of these areas, however, lawyers can help answer that
question by carefully defining the client in a written engagement letter
and then handling the representation consistent with the engagement agreement..

3. Id. at 20; see also Lord v. Parisi, 172 Or App 271, 280,
19 P3d 358 (2001) (fact that a lawyer prepared a document for his client
that a non-client also signed did not create an attorney-client relationship
with, or other duties to, the non-client).

ABOUT THE AUTHORMark J. Fucile of Fucile & Reising handles professional responsibility,
regulatory and attorney-client privilege matters and law firm related litigation
for lawyers, law firms and legal departments throughout the Northwest. He is
a past member of the OSB’s Legal Ethics Committee, is a past chair of the Washington
State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct Committee, is a member of the Idaho
State Bar Professionalism & Ethics Section and is a co-editor of the OSB’s
Ethical Oregon Lawyer and the WSBA’s Legal Ethics Deskbook. He can be
reached at 503.224.4895 and Mark@frllp.com