The 2nd Industrial Revolution: The Auto Industry

Similar presentations

1The 2nd Industrial Revolution: The Auto IndustryBecame the nation’s largest industry in 1920s.10 million cars in U.S. in 1920, 26 million by 1929!Assembly line started in 1913, building 5 million cars/year by 1929.

2Industry weakness: Those who buy a long lasting item are out of the market for a few years (fewer sales)1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan

3Mass Production Had a ripple effect on the economyMore Steel mills were neededMore Rubber FactoriesMore Glass SuppliersReal Estate: Can now build homes outside the cities in suburbsGas Stations replaced horse stablesRoads to be built

4Negative Ripple EffectWhen automobile sales slow down so do all of the other industries that supply them.This causes a massive downturn in the economy.Jobs are lost in those other areasThis is why Auto industry helps drive the economy (even today)

5II. The 2nd Industrial Revolution: Other Industries/Economic WeaknessesNew industries appeared in the 1920s:1. Electric Industrya. Massive steam generators converted coal to electricity (2/3 of all Americans had electricity by 1929)b. New Appliances: Washing Machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovensc. These appliances led to more free time- “chores” decreased, kids faced boredom

73. Aluminum became a major business 43. Aluminum became a major business 4. Corporations grew, forcing out family owned businesses a. increasing dependence on mortgage bankers like J.P. Morgan

8Economic Weaknesses did occurDecline in “traditional” industriesa. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the new trucking industryb. Coal Industry was being replaced by natural gas & petroleumc. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic fibersd. Agriculture was hardest hit of all- farmers had expanded meat production in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt farmers during 1920s. Later drought & depression devastated them in 1930s.

92. Middle to Upper Class Prospered a2. Middle to Upper Class Prospered a. Ended up with more money than they could spend b. Many ended up speculating heavily in the stock market - instead of investing in sound markets - idea was to get rich quick c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty: spend and not worry about the future

11The New Urban Culture: The Great MigrationA half-million blacks left the South for the North in the 1920s1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms and sharecropping2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern Whitesa. caused resentmentb. race riots erupted in 26 Northern citiesc. White media reported RUMORS of spreading violence by Blacks – this increased tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

13e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships to Africa - B. S. Le. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships to Africa - B.S.L. failed - Garvey was tried & convicted of fraud by an all-white jury - Many felt he was convicted mainly on radical beliefs - B.S.L. really failed due to mismanagement, rather than fraud. - served in jail from , released and deported to Jamaica

145. Black Ghettos Today a. Many were a result of the great migration b5. Black Ghettos Today a. Many were a result of the great migration b. Migrants were poor, moved into less expensive city houses c. Middle Class whites with cars moved to the new suburbs d. Inner city houses decayed with age & poor couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to lose jobs, no way out of their situation

156. The Harlem Renaissancea. Many migrant Blacks settled in Harlem, New York- became the “Negro capital of the world”b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden Johnson became leaders of the Harlem Renaissance- was an expression of African American writers who began expressing their own identity and anger at racism- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington

16THE RED SCARE Sacco & Vanzetti TrialSacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who believed in anarchyThey were tried and convicted of murder, based on circumstantial evidence, not hard proofSome felt they were convicted on their beliefs & because they were immigrantsExecuted in Later Names were cleared by Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe

18Feminism/Kids/Crime/ProhibitionFeminism/SuffrageWomen Suffragea. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to votec. Progressives helped push for women to vote to help push through their reforms

20Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)2. Children/TeensA. Kids no longer worked much thanks to progressive reformsB. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity, constant search for excitementC. More middle class attended school & given more luxuriesD. Lower Class had more idle timeE. Gangs developed on city streets

22Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or transport more than 1% alcoholB. Represented moral issues by Progressives & Southerners who migrated NorthC. Law angered ethnic groups such as Germans and Irish immigrantsD. Drinking did decline, but it was repealed in 1933

23KKK Rebirth/Immigration RestrictedKKK had only 34 members in 1914 – 5 million by 1925The Red Scare helped to convince many to join the KKKKKK was a sanctuary to the frightened & insecure

24KKK Rebirth/Immigration Restricted (Continued)d. KKK gained political control of state governments in Oklahoma & Texase. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians, Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920sf. KKK felt all of those groups were beyond redemption

25g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in Germany hg. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in Germany h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism” i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to: - clashes with the law - scandals with sex/corruption j. Racism remained and there would be no major civil rights legislation until the 1960s

26KKK Rebirth/Immigration Restricted (continued)2. Immigration Restrictiona National Origins Act- created a “quota system”- limited European immigrants to ,000 per year- based on fears of immigrants flooding into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe- the law lasted into the 1960s- Mexican immigrants were NOT restricted and filled the need for unskilled workers

29Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion (continued)3. Fundamentalist ControversyA. Scopes Trial- John Scopes was a Biology teacher- Scopes taught theory of evolution, which was against Tennessee law to teach- Prosecution used William Jennings Bryan to testify, but contradicted by taking Bible out of context after saying it was a literal translation

30Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion (continued)- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6 days later- Fundamentalism did survive despite the trialJohn ScopesHigh School Biology teacherFamous Lawyers

31Politics in the 1920s I. Warren G. Harding (President 1921-1923)A. Republican candidate for president in His slogan was “back to normalcy”B. Believed in importance of Big Business- supported by big business leadersC. Tried to have U.S. face calm after WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

32D. Teapot Dome Scandal1. Two cabinet members took bribes for big oil leases in Teapot Dome, Wyoming.2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923, before scandals became public3. He was a good man, surrounded by corruption

33Politics in the 1920s (continued)II. Calvin Coolidge, (President ) A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a friend of business B. “The Business of America is Business” 1. Believed big business must be prosperous for America to prosper 2. This was popular strategy throughout the 1920s 3. Chose not to run again in 1928

34III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)A. Self-made millionaire named “Wonder Boy”B. Most intelligent President in the 1920s, served as secretary of commerce under Harding and CoolidgeC. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only wanted volunteerism from businesses, not having the gov’t. make it mandatory

35Politics in the 1920s (continued)IV. Republican PoliciesA. Isolationism1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s troublesB. Dawes Plan1. Allies owed the U.S. $10 billion in war debts they couldn’t pay until Germany repaid them $33 billion debt2. France moved into Germany, possibly threatening a new war

36Politics in the 1920s (continued)3. Dawes was sent to avert another war. Got U.S. bankers to loan Germany money to repay its debt, so allies could repay the U.S. 4. Policy was to replace Europe’s military dependence with big business dependence 5. Only worked until the Great Depression destroyed banking industry

37Politics in the 1920s (continued)V. Brand-Kellogg Treaty A. 14 Nations signed a treaty outlawing war B. Treaty declared war was illegal 1. Weakness was there was no punishment if treaty was broken

38Politics in the 1920s (continued)VI. Scientific Management A. Developed by Frederick Taylor 1. Taylor felt workers were lazy, sloppy 2. Felt efficiency could be measured to improve productivity, raise wages & profits B. Time Study Analysis 1. Take a single task (welding a car frame) 2. Use a stop watch to time the person - after several times, the average time represents the standard time it takes to weld a car together

39C. Benefits of Scientific Management 3. After a year, Management saw what average time was taken to do the task. If it was twice the standard time, the worker was at 50% efficiency4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved after a period of time, then firings, demotions or new supervisors took over5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are made to the product, or new workers are hiredC. Benefits of Scientific Management1. Accountability, evaluation of talent, future cost projections2. The more you do something, usually you get more accurate in less time

40Politics in the 1920s (continued)VI. Failures of the Republican policiesA. Crash came down during Hoover’s time due to ignorance1. When economy slowed in 1927, credit should have been made more difficult to get, but instead it was made easier2. This would have created a mild recession, instead of a sudden, hard depressionB. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of Nations to create punishments helped Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII