I’ve been talking myself into and out of writing this post
since the 12th day of the government shutdown. It temporarily ended after a record breaking
35 days. My delay has partly to do with
procrastination (because of course), but also was impossible to predict when
the legislature would actually mobilize to open the government, then prevent
the next one. The results were that the negotiations
went down to the wire, again, (which is incredibly disruptive and harrowing for
government scientists) and, bewilderingly, there is increased
funding for a select few science-related activities in the continuing resolution…
along with a national emergency.

There’s an emergency all right, but it’s not a groundswell
of immigrants clambering across bulldozed butterfly
sanctuaries in southern Texas.
It’s the negligent if not disdainful regard for the role of basic
research in government agencies and the role of science in informing policy
decisions by the very leaders appointed to uphold the missions of those
agencies. This “partial” shutdown affected only about 25% of the government,
but disproportionately affected science agencies such as the Department of the
Interior that houses the USGS, the National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management; the Department of
Commerce that houses NOAA and the National Marine Fisheries Service; The
Department of Agriculture, the EPA, and of course, the National Science
Foundation. Noticeably absent from the list of science agencies impacted were
the CDC and the NIH – those focused on human health. Others that predict where earthquakes and
hurricanes will hit and if volcanos will erupt weren’t funded, but were deemed
essential and so worked without pay through the furlough. But those that work
on the natural world outside of human health? Those that work at the world class Smithsonian
museums or Water Science Centers and study invertebrates, early hominid
evolution, or fish disease and taxonomy? Not funded and not essential. However,
it is inherently valuable and worthwhile to study our natural world. Even if we can’t grind it up and cure cancer
with it. I worry about the fate of this basic
research.

Even though the second 2019 shutdown has been averted, I am still compelled to write this because I was a contractor for one year and a temporary government scientist for seven years. Though I am no longer a federal worker, I took this last shutdown rather personally. I missed being one of those furloughed workers by two months, though I did experience the 15 day shutdown in 2013. I know what it feels like to an extent – to file for unemployment even though you HAVE a job, to be uncomfortable with charity, again, because you have a job and will likely to get paid eventually, to not be able to work when you want to work, to feel completely marginalized. And of course, if I had remained a contractor, doing the same work, I would not have been compensated (and it’s not looking good for them this time around either). Imagine going to work knowing your coworkers just got back pay for a month of furlough and you didn’t. For the same work. IMAGINE. THAT. As a PI, imagine being banned from work in the crucial planning time of extensive field seasons. How about if you have expensive equipment that’s supposed to be formally shutdown when it’s idle. Do you fire it up in the three weeks of reprieve, or delay experiments until you know there won’t be another shutdown? Just like a car, starting and stopping some lab equipment can be more costly than having them run. Furthermore, with a month of standing idle in refrigerators and freezers, I imagine there was a purge of expired reagents upon the return to work, but also a hesitation of ordering more until the future looked more stable. So you have to make a choice to sit on your hands and delay for three weeks or scramble like mad in the window you know you have. Thankfully, now our governmental colleagues will be able to exhale and plan for the future (up until September) after the major disruption in productivity.

Cherry picking to keep some governmental parts functioning
and other parts shuttered is damaging to natural science research, because
that’s the part that we’ve historically
invested in for the long game.
And it’s becoming painfully obvious how myopic and forgetful our society
is. Apparently, we need waves of small
pox and measles to move through our ranks every decade or so to remind us as a
whole that vaccines work really, really well.
We need to strip our parks and monuments of their employees and stewards
to grasp that, without them, we are savages
that cannot be trusted to act like mindful parts of a larger community. Also, because the detrimental effects of
marginalizing government science won’t be immediately felt by most US citizens,
future games of chicken could extend for months. What catalyzed the temporary reopening was the air traffic
controllers flexing at La Guardia airport, thereby causing a ripple of delayed
and cancelled flights throughout the US. The government was reopened the same
day. Here I was, entertaining the notion
that the government may be shut down for MONTHS, but all it took was one day of
flight disruption. Do government
scientists hold that same sway?
HAHAHAHA! What if this happens
again, only this time TSA and air traffic controllers have the funding and are
not furloughed?

If you are reading this, you probably have a love of science
and if you have kids, it’s going to
permeate in some volume to them – from the books you read them, to what tv
programs you watch, what museums you drag them to, the summer camp, the
backyard activities, what you talk about while cooking dinner. They will be exposed. And some of them will be inspired to consider
being a person in STEM when they grow up.
It’s what we encourage in kids, right?
An astronaut! A marine biologist! How are they going to do that? Why
would they want to? What is this nonsense doing to the very
foundations of science in the US?

To add insult to injury, the rollcall of the leadership that
scientists faced upon return was and is, especially bleak. Our EPA colleagues returned to Andrew
Wheeler, the ex-lobbyist for fossil fuel and energy companies who has been a
critic of limiting greenhouse gases.
Over at the Department of the Interior, after the recent resignation of
Ryan Zinke as Secretary, the former oil lobbyist ( and endangered
delta smelt nemesis) David Bernhardt has been appointed to succeed
him (as an aside, when I was a Department of the Interior employee, I was not
allowed to hold stocks in oil, gas, or mining companies. You know, conflict of interest.). And who
could forget the champion of the working class, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur
Ross, whose net worth is $700 million, expressing befuddlement
at unpaid government workers resorting to food banks when they could simply
apply for loans.

I feel like I should end this with a call to action or some concrete solutions. I don’t have those. I’m still feeling panicked, helpless, and enraged. It is truly unfortunate that this kneecapping of government scientists came at a pivotal time when our research and policy should be strongest as a nation. Now, when the world is looking for strong, swift innovations to combat a truly international state of emergency: CLIMATE CHANGE. If I had suggestions they would be to elect people to ALL tiers of government (pay attention to local elections too!) that are from diverse backgrounds and science backgrounds – people who have the guts to draft a document like the New Green Deal and then TALK about it, people who won’t bring a snowball into the Senate as proof global warming isn’t real, is a good start. Vote for representatives who talk about science and prioritize climate change in their platforms. And crucially, don’t forget about your federal government colleagues (AND CONTRACTORS) and give them a voice when they are silenced next time. MAGA.

The field of molecular ecology is young and inherently interdisciplinary. As a consequence, research in molecular ecology is not currently represented by a single scientific society, so there is no body that actively promotes the discipline or recognizes its pioneers. The editorial board of the journal Molecular Ecologytherefore created the Molecular Ecology Prize in order to fill this void, and recognize significant contributions to this area of research. The prize selection committee is independent of the journal and its editorial board.

The prize will go to an outstanding scientist who has made significant contributions to Molecular Ecology. These contributions would mostly be scientific, but the door is open for other kinds of contributions that were crucial to the development of the field. The previous winners are: Godfrey Hewitt, John Avise, Pierre Taberlet, Harry Smith, Terry Burke, Josephine Pemberton, Deborah Charlesworth, Craig Moritz, Laurent Excoffier, Johanna Schmitt, Fred Allendorf , Louis Bernatchez, Nancy Moran, and Robin Waples.

Please send your nomination with a short supporting statement (no more than 250 words; longer submissions will not be accepted) directly to Robin Waples (robinw3@uw.edu) by Tuesday, April 2, 2019. Organized campaigns to submit multiple nominations for the same person are not necessary and can be counterproductive. Also, note that nominations from previous years do not roll over.

With thanks on behalf of the Molecular Ecology Prize Selection Committee.

Last week, a friend sent me this policy forum article published in Science. Fifty co-authors, mostly tenured and from prestigious universities, some of them among my dearest idols, have written this piece to call for publicly available genome data. What struck me the most is their request that data shall be immediately released after its generation.

Elise Keister wrote this post as a final project for Stacy Krueger-Hadfield’s Conservation Genetics course at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Elise studies the impact of climate change on corals as a PhD student in Dr. Dustin Kemp’s lab. Elise completed a B.S. in Biology and Marine Science at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine at Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) and is passionate about working with these susceptible invertebrates, which play such a foundational role in coral reef ecosystems. She hopes to aid in determining resilience mechanisms coral populations are already utilizing to withstand high temperatures, as this will only become more common in the decades to come. Elise tweets at @elise_keister.

Funding for taxonomic research has been waning for many decades in favor of ground-breaking research with tangible links to improving human interactions with our environment. Furthermore, taxonomic work is time intensive, which does not fit into the publish or perish academic world of today. Is there still a place for taxonomic research in this new era of science?

One of the most recognized and distributed photographs ever is of the earth taken by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft 28,000 miles above where you’re reading this, and was named “The Blue Marble“. As the photo implies, our earth is indeed blue, with about 70% of it covered by water.

Underneath all that blue is the seafloor, one of the most abundant ecosystems on the planet and among the most challenging to study. Across the seabed, gasses rise through sediments along with fluids. One of these gasses is methane, an important greenhouse gas. It is key to understand how changes to the seafloor (both natural and human driven), impact and alter this unique environment, as it can have global implications.

Last December, we posed the question Should journals solicit submissions from preprint archives?and solicited feedback from the community on whether this was a promising path forward for the field. First off, thank you to the 145 people who responded to our survey! Here is the quick summary, before diving deeper into the results:

Our sample is predominantly composed of people who already use preprint servers or plan to do so in the future – so keep this in mind.

Most people would respond positively to journal solicitations and are willing to wait up to 2 weeks after submitting to a preprint server to receive a solicitation.

Most people see journal solicitations as beneficial to the field in general.

There are concerns about the need for accountability and transparency in the solicitation process to avoid bias, and preprint solicitation potentially enabling predatory journals.

Sabrina Heiser wrote this post as a project for Stacy Krueger-Hadfield’s Conservation Genetics course at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Sabrina grew up in Germany, completed a BSc (Hons) in Marine Biology at Plymouth University (UK) and then lived in Antarctica for 2.5 years working for the British Antarctic Survey (see more about her story here. Now, as a PhD student in Dr. Chuck Amsler’s lab at UAB, she is finally able to combine her love for macroalgae and the Frozen Continent, where she is investigating algal population structure and how gene flow shapes the distribution of geographic patterns in physiological traits. Sabrina tweets at @sabrinaheiser and you can find out about her research on her website.

Alice and the Red Queen, from John Tenniel’s illustrations of Through the Looking-Glass (Wikimedia)

One of the most fundamental observations of evolution is that it never seems to stop. This is particularly true in host-pathogen coevolution, in which each species must adapt in response to the other. This constant evolution is the process biologists refer to as the Red Queen’s race, after the character in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass who declares that “it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.”

Across many species, the sequences of genes that interact with hosts and/or pathogens change faster over time than many other parts of the genome. A nifty new study recently released in PNAS examines the rapid changes of a Red Queen’s race directly, by experimentally coevolving hosts with a pathogen and sampling the genetic diversity of their populations over time.

Aisha O’ Connor wrote this post as a project for Stacy Krueger-Hadfield’s Conservation Genetics course at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She sat in on lectures while she was at UAB as part of a British Phycological Society Student Bursary project. Aisha grew up in Ireland and completed a BSc (HONs) in Marine Science at the National University of Ireland Galway from which she graduated in October 2018. Currently, Aisha is in the middle of a research project looking at the genetic structure of kelp forests in Ireland. She is hoping to pursue further algal research, is looking into funding opportunities, and is applying to graduate programs. Aisha tweets at @Aisha_MOC.

When the opportunity arose to participate in a collaborative research study, with Dr. Stacy Krueger-Hadfield (University of Alabama at Birmingham) and Dr. Kathryn Schoenrock (National University of Ireland Galway), I jumped at the chance to study the population genetic structure of Laminaria hyperboreaforests along the west coast of Ireland. For part of August and September 2018, I was a visiting student in the Krueger-Hadfield Evolutionary Ecology lab dipping my toes into the molecular ecology sea.