"While the impact of new information technologies on all aspects of modern societies and human life has been very positive, new vulnerabilities of our societies have emerged through the growth of the Internet and social media. The No Hate Speech Movement campaign was set up to mobilise young people for human rights online and countering hate speech. In a survey carried out in 2015, women were one of the top three target groups of online hate speech encountered by the respondents. One thematic focus of the campaign is therefore sexist hate speech. Sexist hate speech is still too often seen as "acceptable", while in fact it is one of the most widespread and systemic forms of hate."--Document home page

Linguistic Databases explores the increasing use of databases in linguistics. The enormous potential in linguistic data - billions of utterances and messages daily - has been difficult to exploit. Many linguists have had to concentrate on introspective data with its inevitable blinders toward frequency, variation, and naturalness. Applications of linguistics have been handicapped. This volume explores the potential advantages of database applications to linguistics. Included in this volume are reports on database activities in phonetics, phonology, lexicography and syntax, comparative grammar, second-language acquisition, linguistic fieldwork, and language pathology. The book presents the specialized problems of multi-media (especially audio) and multi-lingual texts, including those in exotic writing systems. Implemented solutions are also discussed. The opportunities to use existing, minimally structured text repositories are presented. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9781575860923 20160528

Stanford, Calif. : Center for the Study of Language and Information, c1996.

Description

Book — xiii, 289 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

Summary

Introduction-- Part I. The Master Argument:

1. The Master Argument: on the shortcomings of some past interpretations: Conditions to be fulfilled by any acceptable interpretation--

2. Reconstruction of the master argument-- Part II. Systems of Necessity: The Megarians and the Stoics:

3. The system of logical fatalism: Diodorus Cronus--

4. Eternal return and cyclical time: Cleanth's solution--

5. Freedom as an element of fate: Chrysippus-- Part III. System of Contigency: The Lyceum, the garden, the academy:

6. Aristotle--

7. Epicurus and intuitionism--

8. Carneades and the skeptical nominalism of the modalities--

9. Platonism and conditional necessity-- Epilogue.

(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Master Argument, recorded by Epictetus, indicates that Diodorus had deduced a contradiction from the conjoint assertion of three propositions. The Argument, which has to do with necessity and contingency and therefore with freedom, has attracted the attention of logicians above all. There have been many attempts at reconstructing it in logical terms, without excessive worry about historical plausibility and with the foregone conclusion that it was sophistic since it directly imperilled our common sense notion of freedom. This text takes exception to recent tradition, translating the propositions into logical terms. The propositions figuring in The Master Argument are interpreted in terms of temporal modal logic where both the modalities and the statements they govern have chronological indices. This means that the force of the argument comes not from purely logical or modal considerations, but from our experience of time. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9781881526865 20160528

15. The interface between phrasal and functional constraints John T. Maxwell III and Ronald M. Kaplan.

(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Lexical-Functional Grammar was first developed by Joan Bresnan and Ronald M. Kaplan in the late 1970s, and was designed to serve as a medium for expressing and explaining important generalisations about the syntax of human languages and thus to serve as a vehicle for independent linguistic research. An equally important goal was to provide a restricted, mathematically tractable notation that could be interpreted by psychologically plausible and computationally efficient processing mechanisms. The formal architecture of LFG provides a simple set of devices for describing the common properties of all human languages and the particular properties of individual languages. This volume presents work conducted over the past several years at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Stanford University, and elsewhere. The different sections link mathematical and computational issues and the analysis of particular linguistic phenomena in areas such as wh-constructions, anaphoric binding, word order and coordination. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9781881526377 20160528

Logic and Representation brings together a collection of essays, written over a period of ten years, that apply formal logic and the notion of explicit representation of knowledge to a variety of problems in artificial intelligence, natural language semantics and the philosophy of mind and language. Particular attention is paid to modelling and reasoning about knowledge and belief, including reasoning about one's own beliefs, and the semantics of sentences about knowledge and belief. Robert C. Moore begins by exploring the role of logic in artificial intelligence, considering logic as an analytical tool, as a basis for reasoning systems, and as a programming language. He then looks at various logical analyses of propositional attitudes, including possible-world models, syntactic models, and models based on Russellian propositions. Next Moore examines autoepistemic logic, a logic for modelling reasoning about one's own beliefs. Rounding out the volume is a section on the semantics of natural language, including a survey of problems in semantic representation; a detailed study of the relations among events, situations, and adverbs; and a presentation of a unification-based approach to semantic interpretation. Robert C. Moore is principal scientist of the Artificial Intelligence Center of SRI International. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9781881526162 20160528

Modal logic is the study of modalities - expressions that qualify assertions about the truth of statements - like the ordinary language phrases necessarily, possibly, it is known/believed/ought to be, etc., and computationally or mathematically motivated expressions like provably, at the next state, or after the computation terminates. The study of modalities dates from antiquity, but has been most actively pursued in the last three decades, since the introduction of the methods of Kripke semantics, and now impacts on a wide range of disciplines, including the philosophy of language and linguistics ('possible words' semantics for natural language), constructive mathematics (intuitionistic logic), theoretical computer science (dynamic logic, temporal and other logics for concurrency), and category theory (sheaf semantics). This volume collects together a number of the author's papers on modal logic, beginning with his work on the duality between algebraic and set-theoretic modals, and including two new articles, one on infinitary rules of inference, and the other about recent results on the relationship between modal logic and first-order logic. Another paper on the 'Henkin method' in completeness proofs has been substantially extended to give new applications. Additional articles are concerned with quantum logic, provability logic, the temporal logic of relativistic spacetime, modalities in topos theory, and the logic of programs. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9781881526247 20160528

Sets out the basic theory of normal modal and temporal propositional logics; applies this theory to logics of discrete (integer), dense (rational), and continuous (real) time, to the temporal logic of henceforth, next, and until, and to the propositional dynamic logic of regular programs. (source: Nielsen Book Data) 9780937073933 20160528