This note will be a collection of my personally created numerical method reviews. I will be reviewing topics from two books[B1;B2].I have uploaded my PDFs to scribd because I have had hit and miss experience with LaTeX in WordPress. Also, the PDFs can be accessed, downloaded, and printed easily.

I have chosen books [B2; B5] because they are used in courses at MIT that are freely available online. Since I am using Octave, I found a great book for that environment too[B1]. I plan to study both books.

Purpose

Most books have an initial chapter that discusses pertinent topics to be successful for the rest of the book. The topics are briefly discussed, and the authors [B1;B2] really expect the reader to have full knowledge or gain full knowledge of the material before proceeding.

I am entering a learning phase and a review phase. I am reviewing calculus [B3] and algebra[B4], but I am learning linear algebra[B5]. This note will be a place that I categorize my reviews.

I am writing these reviews with LaTeX, so that takes time as well. Still, LaTeX lets me easily write in the language of mathematics once I learn it well.

Numerical Methods Using MATLAB Reviews[B2]

Quote: It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the notation and subject matter covered in undergraduate calculus sequence. This should have included topics of limits, continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences, and series. Throughout the book we refer to the following results.”[B2]

Quote: “Example 1 is about as easy a limit proof can get; most limit proofs require a little more algebraic and logical ingenuity. (sic: read basic knowledge should be well understood.) The reader who finds “δ – ε ” discussions hard going should not become discouraged; the concepts and techniques are intrinsically difficult. In fact, a precise understanding of limits evaded the finest mathematical minds for centuries.”[B3]”[B2,1]

Quote: “In this book we will systematically use elementary mathematical concepts which the reader should know already, yet he or she might not recall them immediately.

We will therefore use this chapter to refresh them and we will condense notions which are typical of courses in Calculus, Linear Algebra and Geometry, yet rephrasing them in a way that is suitable for use in Scientific Computing.”[B1]

Dr. Anton–Calculus Textbook–Quote: “Example 1 is about as easy a limit proof can get; most limit proofs require a little more algebraic and logical ingenuity. (sic: read basic knowledge should be well understood.) The reader who finds “δ – ε” discussions hard going should not become discouraged; the concepts and techniques are intrinsically difficult. In fact, a precise understanding of limits evaded the finest mathematical minds for centuries.”[3]”[1]

Purpose

I have hopes to learn some Numerical Methods[2] to allow me to contribute to PLOTS (http://publiclab.org). Numerical methods are often used by engineers to mathematically solve problems that do not have “exact” solutions. In truth, they can be used to solve problems that have exact solutions where the solution is quite difficult as well.Also, the studying of math and engineering help me mentally by providing the psychotherapy methods of mindfulness and compensatory cognitive training for my schizoaffective disorder (bipolar type).

Here, I have provided my first LaTeX created PDF on this topic– LaTeX is great for writing mathematics and is free–that reviews limits and absolute values. I am writing such documents because it is likely that I will lose focus or be hospitalized since that has happened in the past. I can then read a document I made to provide an understanding to move forward. In this case, one of my numerical methods Books started with a vague and abstract definition of the rigorous limits approach[1;2], and I wanted a better understanding[1].

I plan to do similar PDFs for other “review” topics in Section 1.1[2]. By the way, I picked[2] because MIT has a free course that uses the same textbook.

In my reference[1], I also provide a great book that covers the use of Octave and MATLAB when doing numerical methods.

Great Video and Special Note

This MIT video on the Rigorous approach has great information of absolute values, etc. In fact, I suggest the reader pay particular attention, within the video[3], of the power of a simple absolute value property of “Triangle inequality”

that is discussed during the problem solving near video time of 35:12 to end at 46 minutes.

The professor is being kind. To be good, one must have an amazing memory and an amazing grasp of the fundamentals of mathematics. Really, I believe one should obviously begin this grasp in each math class, but, if one is intelligent enough to grasp future fundamentals ahead of the curve, then he or she can go back and review past sections as they pertain to the current set of problems. I am not that person, but hope to gain enough of a “working” knowledge that I can be competent and useful in the world of PLOTS. With that said, all the video[Embedded; 3] is important and a good test of one’s knowledge on this topic[1].

Note: Sadly, I have noticed that the code of LaTex changes in WordPress. As an example, the text “\textdegree” use to provide the ˚ symbol but now provides ““. As such, please be patient and do not blame me for all editor faults! 🙂 It truly is an experiment in progress and I am dependent upon LaTex and WordPress consistency.

Conclusion: The molar flux of water is greater than sarin. As such, I assume the evaporation of water is greater than sarin. The latter is supported by a relative volatility (water:sarin) that is 12.6 at the specified conditions. Also, the boiling point of sarin is greater than water.

1991 Gulf War Illness

Before I continue, I would like the reader to know that more than 250,000 United States 1991 Gulf War veterans are suffering from 1991 Gulf War Illnesses. The illness can be psychologically and medically debilitating. For more information and to provide support, please please read the December 2012 scientific journal articles that connect chemical weapons to potential cause of illnesses[7;8]. Also, I wrote a post about differing hypotheses and 1991 Gulf War Illness[17].

Actual mathematical properties of a potential drop

Equation:

The base:

The base radius: 2.3 millimeters; The height: 1 millimeter

Drop volume: Double integration in polar coordinates

In polar coordinates

R is a unit disk in the xy plane and one reason I can use polar coordinates.

The moles of sarin evaporated per square centimeter per unit time may be expressed by[1]

Total molar concentration, c

The gas constant “R” will be calculated at standard temperature and pressure, “STP”

Conversion:

Sarin diffusivity in air at 10 deg Celsius and 1 atmosphere[16]

Assume the gas film

Mole fraction Sarin

From[13a]:

Sarin vapor pressure:

Conversion:

Assume no sarin in the air at a distance away from drop,

For a binary system

The sarin flux

Water

The moles of water evaporated per square centimeter per unit time may be expressed by[1]

Total molar concentration, c

As before, the gas constant “R” will be calculated at standard temperature and pressure, “STP”

Conversion:

Water diffusivity in air at 10 deg Celsius and 1 atmosphere[16]

Assume the gas film

Mole fraction of water

From[4]:

Water vapor pressure:

Constants A, B, C[Appendix A;4], T in kelvins, and pressure is in bar

Conversion:

From[2] and relative humidity of 71% (January weather in Iraq)[9]

Partial pressure of water in flowing stream

Relative humidity[2]:

At 283 K, previous equation gave:

For a binary system

Molar flux of water

Conversion:

Molar Flux: Sarin versus water comparison

Sarin:

Water:

Ratio:

Although the above is a simple evaluation based on “diffusion through a stagnant gas film”[1] and not the most rigorous, the ratio makes since because the ratio of vapor pressures at 10 deg Celsius, “relative volatility”[18], is

Per US Department of Energy[19]

“The evaporation of a liquid depends upon its vapor pressure — the higher the vapor pressure at a given temperature the faster the evaporation — other condition being equal.

The higher/lower the boiling point the less/more readily will a liquid evaporate.”[19]