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The Yi Jing ‘Book of Changes’ was foremost among the five ancient classics of China. Kongfuzi (Confucius) is reputed to have said “If years were added to my life, I would dedicate fifty to study the ‘Yi Jing’, then I might approach perfection” (Analects 7.16) . “The Yi Jing thinks of nothing, does nothing; in tranquility, unmoving, it fathoms what is at the back of everything in the world” (Great Appendix to the Yi Jing). Many great scholars have studied the ‘Yi Jing’, which is still widely known as ‘I Ching’ following the Wade Giles system, as a source of contemplation and reflection. Marcel Granet ➚ has described it as “the Cosmos in capsule form”. It served as a broad method for characterizing all things, people, events and situations systematically. As many objects and actions are associated with a particular hexagram it was used as a proto-science - putting everything in its appropriate logical context. Joseph Needham ➚ used the term ‘Resonance’ to describe each hexagram's relationship to the world. In Imperial China its influence was all pervasive; the Qing dynasty Emperor Kangxi’s edition of the I Ching had by 1715 accumulated no less than 218 commentaries written by esteemed scholars. The Emperor ‘never tired’ of studying it, spending over six months studying it - twice - and consulted the book to determine such things as the just punishment of rebels. He considered it of great depth touching on both fortune-telling and morality.

In our Yi Jing (I Ching) section we have a full reference of the history of the most influential classic of ancient China.

We fully describe both the ancient yarrow stick method of divination as well as the quicker and more modern coin method.

We offer a free, online consultation of the Yi Jing using the ancient method and there is a page explaining the meaning of all the 64 hexagrams.

It is called ‘Book of Changes’ because it is rooted in transformation. In the classic divination method two hexagrams are cast at the same time, the one changing to the other.

Feng Shui, Confucianism and Yin/Yang all contribute to the ‘(Book of Changes ➚’). Nowadays it is best known as a popular fortune telling system, but its foundations go far deeper. It builds ‘hexagrams’ made up of six lines that are each either yang (solid) or yin (broken). A hexagram is termed a gua卦 guà in Chinese. It is a combination of two trigrams made up of three lines to form one of eight trigrams (bagua 八卦); that are shown surrounding the traditional taiji (yin-yang) figure in the illustration. Two trigrams combine together to give the six lines that represent one of 64 possible hexagrams. For more on the numerical properties and associations see our Luo Shu (magic square) section.

The Yi Jing was consulted for scientific inquiry, for example in alchemy; and astronomy as hexagrams are associated with both the lunar and daily (solar) cycles; as each particular day of the month or time of day had its own associations. From this evolved the practice of doing certain actions on particular days and at particular times. The yin-yang division is a binary system and this stimulated Leibniz to think that the Chinese had developed a binary counting system centuries before the West, however this is not true, the Yi Jing had never been used for counting. Because it attempted to provide an explanatory system for all things it became an obstacle to further scientific development and was incompatible with Western science when it reached China in the 20th century. Needham ➚ considers that Chinese scientists ‘would have been better to tie a millstone round the neck of the Yi Jing and cast it into the sea.’

A page from a Song Dynasty (960-1279) printed book of the I Ching (Yi Jing, Classic of Changes or Book of Changes)
, 17.7x11.9cm, printed book, in the National Central Library in Taipei. Image by Song era print artist available under a Creative Commons License ➚

To consult the I Ching, a person makes six choices between yin/yang; short/long; broken/straight; or heads/tails arranged in two sets of three. Each line is called a 爻 yáo and is represented by the number 9 for yang阳爻 yángyáo or 6 for yin阴爻 yīnyáo. The meaning and interpretation are strongly influenced by the two trigrams that make up the gua, for example the trigrams for ‘water’ (坎 kǎn) and ‘fire’ (离 lí) combine to give hexagram 63 (jì jì 既济) which has the meaning of ‘transformation’ as water puts out fire and also fire dries out dampness.

Some idea of the power of the Yi Jing can be seen from the belief that the invention of wooden boats first came from the book. The hexagram 59 is associated with the wood element and is composed of ‘wind’ over ‘water’. The commentary states that it is advantageous for crossing a great stream and so it is interpreting as stating that wood is the suitable material to use for making boats.

History of the I Ching

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The Yi Jing dates back about 3,000 years when it was probably used purely for divination. Although it is claimed to date from the start of the Zhou dynasty there is no direct evidence to support this. The oldest text is called 周易 Zhōuyì after the name of the dynasty and attributed to legendary Emperor Fuxi (c. 2800 BCE) and King Wen of Zhou ➚周文王. It was certainly used in China during the Zhou dynasty long before the birth of Confucius (551BCE). To the ancient text were added ten commentaries attributed to Confucius that are called the ‘ten wings’; but these were probably written long after Confucius during the Han dynasty. Yì 易 can be translated as 'easy' as well as 'changes' and it could be considered that this method of divination was quicker and easier than analyzing the original divination method of studying the pattern of cracks on oracle bones. It is the Yi Jing commentaries that have as great a value as the hexagrams themselves, they reveal much about Chinese thought, history and philosophy. Daoists just as much as followers of Confucius hold the book in great esteem. All this has made it a much more sophisticated system than other mere ‘fortune telling’ systems such as Tarot cards ➚.

The original method used in ancient times cast a hexagram by using a bundle of 50 yarrow sticks 蓍草 shīcǎo (split six times to give each line - see divination method section for a detailed guide). In the Tang dynasty a faster method using three coins was introduced. However the probabilities are not the same in the two methods. The more complex system uses four choices rather than two, instead of just yin and yang this method produces both ‘continuous’ and ‘changing’ versions of yin and yang. Two readings are produced, one for the present and one for the ‘change’ representing either the past or future. The two readings in combination give 64x64 (4096) possibilities which make it a very large and complex system.

Each trigram (八卦 Bàguà has its own name and meaning. They are traditional thought of as pairs heaven & earth; mountain & lake; water & fire; thunder & wind. See our yin-yang section for more on derivation and background.

Order of the I Ching Hexagrams

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There are actually three Yi Jings, the best known is the most recent the 周易 zhōu yì or ‘Change of Heaven’ from the Zhou dynasty which begins with the 乾Heavengua . The 连山 Liánshān ‘Link to Mountain’ on the other hand begins with 艮Mountain and is attributed to the Red Emperor or Shennong a thousand years earlier. The 归藏 Guīcáng ‘Save in Earth’ starts with 坤 ‘Earth’ and is attributed to the Yellow Emperor. However only the Zhouyi has survived intact and has the all important commentaries.

The Zhouyi ordering is also known as the ‘King Wen system of hexagrams’; it does not follow a mathematical progression. One might expect the binary nature of yin-yang to be reflected in a binary sequence so mathematically 111111 (乾 qián all yang) might be followed by 111110 (姤 gòu) gua 44 or by 011111 ( 夬 guài) gua 43. The 'Ahead of Heaven' ordering of the Song dynasty follows this strict binary order; but the King Wen arrangement is in pairs of inverses or opposites so qián is followed by 000000 (坤 kūn all yin). As qián is symmetric (it is its own inverse) its opposite gua ‘kun’ is chosen as its pair.

As a ‘Book of Changes’ it is appropriate that guas are ordered in transformed pairs. The next pair begins with 010001 (屯 zhūn) and its inverse is 100010 (蒙 mēng) in this case the pair reverses the order. The arrangement of hexagrams has puzzled scholars for centuries as there are strong patterns of related concepts within the ordering. As the original text was written so long ago the original symbolism and meaning has been lost and reconstruction is a matter of scholarly conjecture.

The most ideal structure for a hexagram is for yin lines to occur at 2 and 4 but yang lines at 3 and 5 (counting lines from the bottom) give most benefit. The alternating nature of the ‘ideal’ figure highlights the Chinese desire for balance and counter-balance rather than a desire for pure yin or pure yang.

The sequence is split into two unequal groups: the Upper Canon 上经 shàngjīng 1-30 (where yang is broadly dominate; the ‘Dao of Heaven’) and the Lower Canon 下经 xiàjīng 31-64 (where yin is broadly dominate; the ‘Dao of Humanity’).

Chinese lunar month number associated with the gua, or else event in solar year.

Opp.

The number of the Oppositegua, that is the one where each yao is changed yin to yang or yang to yin.

Inv.

The number of the Inversegua, where the hexagram is turned on its head.

Mut.

A re-arrangement of the lines and selective inversion give a related or Mutual gua.

Associations

Some of the known associations of the hexagram.

Find a hexagram

Because the hexagrams in the King Wen ordering are not placed in numerical order it can take time to look-up a hexagram. This table lists all the hexagrams ordered by the two trigrams that make them up. The top trigram is along the top and the bottom trigram is on the left side. Simply follow the row and column to where they intersect and follow the link for more information.

I Ching Transformation

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The authentic methods for casting a hexagram give four not two outcomes for each line of the hexagram. These are yin, yang, changing yin and changing yang. If any of the lines are 'changing' this gives two hexagrams, the first using the initial choice and the second where all ‘changing yin’ lines are changed to yang and all ‘changing yang’ lines are changed to yin. The commentaries of the Yi Jing only give a commentary when there is a single changing line. In the less likely case that more than one line is changing great skill is required to interpret the meaning of the change, quite often the hexagram is cast again.

Ten Wings 十翼 shíyì

The ten original commentaries or 'wings' are split into upper and lower sections:

1,2 : These commentaries are attributed to King Wen of Zhou. They are called the 序卦传 Xù guà zhuàn and 彖传 Tuàn zhuàn
3,4 : The symbolism explained by the Duke of Zhou and an explanation of the lines. 象传 Xiàng zhuàn
5,6 : The Great Treatise 大传 Dà zhuàn, the main commentary on the guas. 系词传 Xì cí zhuàn
7 : A meditation on the meaning on the 1st and 2nd guas (Heaven and Earth) and how they evolve into all the remaining hexagrams. Called the 文言传 Wén yán zhuàn
8: The ‘Discourse on the trigrams’ looks at the seasons of the year and the compass points. 说卦传 Shuō guà zhuàn
9 : Looks at the rationale for the sequence of the guas, and muses as to why each gua naturally follows on from another. 杂卦传 Zá guà zhuàn
10 : Summarizes the meanings of the guas in a simple rhyme but does not follow the King Wen sequence.

The text and commentaries are hard to follow because they allude to unknown events and customs in the distant past. Some of them are put into poetic form with rhymes. This allows a modern reader to interpret the meaning in different ways.

I Ching

The Yi Jing (I Ching) has been used for consultation for over two thousand years. Our online free consultation uses the original yarrow stick method and is not random - you make decisions that guide the consulation. We provide a full translation of the great commentary on each of the 64 hexagrams. Read more…

The Yi Jing Universe

The all embracing nature of the Yi Jing can be seen from the associations of hexagrams. The lunar cycle follows through the hexagrams 51; 58; 1 (new moon); 57; 52 to 2 (full moon). While the daily cycle passes through 24, 19, 11, 34, 43, 1 (noon), 44, 33, 12, 20, 23, 2 (midnight).

In ancient China the Yi Jing was all pervasive, deciding what should be done and when; even the ministries of the government were associated with particular gua: General administration (1); Ministry of Education (2); Ministry of Rites (51); Executive (52; 57 and 30); Ministry of Justice (58) and Ministry of Public Works (29). The Yi Jing was consulted on all decisions in the Imperial system. In this way a single gua has a great number of important associations and forms a complex network with many other related concepts. The Yi Jing provided the master plan for organizing everything.

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