» Emerging Market Aerospace

As new titanium products, alloys and manufacturing methods are
employed by the aerospace industry, the use of titanium will
expand. Today the use of precision castings and new alloys such
as Ti-15V-3Cr-3AI-3Sn and Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo are making it
possible for titanium to displace alternate, less efficient
structural materials in a wide spectrum of aerospace
applications.

» Emerging Market Downhole

The exceptional resistance to attack from H2S and other
aggressive compounds combined with high strength and low density
make titanium especially attractive for downhole applications
such as packers, tube strings, stress riser joints, safety valves
and springs.

» Emerging Market FGD (Flue Gas Desulfurization)

Laboratory and field studies have proven titanium to have
exceptional corrosion/erosion resistance to FGD systems. Its long
life makes titanium a prime candidate for pollution control
systems.

» Food and Pharmaceutical

Titanium demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance, not only
to various food products and pharmaceutical chemicals, but also
to the cleaning agents utilized. As equipment life becomes a more
critical factor in financial evaluations, titanium equipment may
begin to replace existing stainless steel apparatus.

» Nuclear Waste Storage

Nuclear waste must be stored safely for hundreds of thousands
of years. Titanium's proven resistance to attack from naturally
occurring fluids makes it a prime candidate for multi-barrier
disposal systems.

Titanium is becoming a select material as a matrix in the
emerging development of metal matrix composites for aerospace as
well as industrial applications. While offering a high
temperature resistant ductile base, titanium can be further
strengthened and stiffened with the addition of ceramic or
intermetallic compounds in fiber or particulate form to produce
properties beyond those achieved by alloying alone.

Current developments using SiC and TiC reinforcements will
permit titanium base composites to replace nickel and steel
alloys in higher temperature and higher modulus applications.

» Emerging Market Titanium Aluminides

This class of materials, typically containing 15-35% AI,
represents the next generation of alloys intended to push the
applications of titanium beyond the traditional 1000°F. barrier.
Two types of aluminides currently are under investigation. The
class known as alpha 2 is typified by the Ti3AI intermetallic
compound; whereas, the gamma aluminides are represented by the
Ti-AI formula. Variations of both types, containing a variety of
alloying elements, are being studied to overcome the inherent low
ductility of these compounds. Currently, two application areas
are the focus of attention. The National Aerospace Plan provides
the main impetus for development activity, both for the airframe
and the hypersonic engines. The Integrated High Performance
Turbine Engine Technology program, paving the way for future
generations of aircraft gas turbine engines, will also utilize
these materials to achieve their intended performance goals.
Thus, the high machnumber aerospace vehicles and propulsion
systems designed to usher in the age of hypersonic flight will
become a reality with these materials.

» Emerging Market Architectural

Titanium reinforcement rods are being used in the restoration
of antiquities such as the Parthenon and to repair concrete
bridge structures. In Japan, commercially pure titanium is being
used for roofing, window frames, eaves and gables, flashing wall
curtains, railings, ventilators, and interior and exterior
appendages. In the United States, titanium is bonded to glass for
exterior use in buildings.