some can be used as real nouns.
all na adjectives behave as nouns when they are used before the copula

nominalizer

a particle that makes a sentence
into a noun phrase or clause.
there are two(no and koto)

passive sentence

sentence which describes an action by someone from the viewpoint of someone else who is effected by that action.

potential form

verb form that expresses compentence in the sense of "can do something"

stative verb

verb which represents a state of something or someone at some point in time

subordinate clause

a clause which is embedded into a main clause with a subordinate conjunction. typical subordinate conjunctions are(ba,kara,node,keredo,noni)
the informal form of the verb/adj is usually used

transitive verb

a verb that requires a direct object

volitional sentence

a sentence in which a person expresses his will. the main verb in such sentences are in the volitional form

wh-question

question that asks for info about who,what,where,which,
when,why,how

wh-words

question that asks for info about who,what,where,which,
when,why,how
they are not always found in sentence-initial positions they are frequently found after a topic noun phrase

yes-no question

question that can be answered by
hai(yes) or ie(no)

modal auxiliary(modal)

Modal auxiliary-give additional information about the mood of the main verb that follows it

causative

is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition).

causative passive

a

coordinate clause

A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses which
are not syntactically dependent one on another,and
are joined by means of
a coordinating conjunction

conjecture

indicate a proposition which is presumed to be real, true, or genuine, mostly based on inconclusive grounds

punctual verb

a verb that represents a momentary action which either occurs once, or can be repeated continuously.

contrastive

contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments. Contrast is often overtly marked by contrastive markers like but or however

cleft sentence

A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a main clause and a subordinate clause, which together express a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically put a particular constituent into focus. This focusing is often accompanied by a special intonation

infix

An infix is an affix(pre or suf) inserted inside an existing word

phrase

phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence

affixes

An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed.

relative clause

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. For example, the noun phrase the man who wasn't there contains the noun man, which is modified by the relative clause who wasn't there

superlative

the superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context

clause

a clause is a word or group of words ordinarily consisting of a subject and a predicate, although in some languages and some types of clauses, the subject may not appear explicitly

interjection

An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker

idiom

An idiom is an expression (i.e., term or phrase) whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. In linguistics, idioms are widely assumed to be figures of speech that contradict the principle of compositionality

classifier

A classifier, in linguistics, is a word or morpheme used in some languages to classify a noun according to its meaning

vocative case

The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed and/or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence

complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence which includes at least one main clause, and
at least one subordinate clause

matrix sentence

A matrix sentence is a sentence in which a clause has been embedded as a constituent

simple sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence containing one main clause and no subordinate clauses

constituents

A constituent is one of two or more grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level

immediate constituent

An immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible

ultimate constituent

An ultimate constituent is one of the grammatically irreducible units that constitutes a construction

construction

A construction is an ordered arrangement of grammatical units forming a larger unit

tag question

Tag questions (or: question tags) are a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the "tag").

An apposition is a construction consisting of two or more adjacent units that have identical referents

referent

A referent is the concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. A referent is an object, action, state, relationship, or attribute in the referential realm

referential realm

The referential realm is anything, real or imagined, that a person may talk about

morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language

common noun

A common noun is a noun that signifies a nonspecific member of a group

collective noun

A collective noun is a noun that refers to a group of entities that may be considered either as individuals or as one larger entity

abstract noun

An abstract noun is a noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent

mass noun

A mass noun is a noun whose referents are not thought of as separate entities

appositive clause

An appositive clause is a subordinate clause that has the same kind of function with a noun as other types of appositives. It names or labels or specifies the noun

generic noun

A noun that does not specify either masculine or feminine gender

noun phrase

a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers:

reciprocal

A reciprocal is a linguistic structure that marks a particular kind of relationship between two noun phrases. In a reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other

indirect object

An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase

plosive

A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract

Fricatives

Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

Affricate

Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as [t] or [d]) but release as a fricative (such as [s] or [z] or occasionally into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel

adverbial clause

An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains subject (explicit or implied) and predicate, and it modifies a verb

adverbial phrase

An adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase with an adverb as head

Disjunctive conjunction

grammatically two words or clauses, expressing at the same time an opposition or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts; as, either, or, neither, nor, but, although,except, lest, etc

types of noun phrases

subject
object of a verb
object of a preposition
subject complement
object complement

Since some verbals in particular, the gerund and the infinitive can act as nouns, these also can form the nucleus of a noun phrase

Subject Complement

In addition to the transitive verb and the intransitive verb, there is a third kind of verb called a linking verb. The word (or phrase) which follows a linking verb is called not an object, but a subject complement.

Object Complement

An object complement is similar to a subject complement, except that (obviously) it modifies an object rather than a subject.

direct object/indirect object

A verb may be followed by an object that completes the verb's meaning. Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and indirect objects. To determine if a verb has a direct object, isolate the verb and make it into a question by placing "whom?" or "what?" after it. The answer, if there is one, is the direct object:

verb phrase

A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it. The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase

verbal

A verbal is a noun or adjective formed from a verb

types of verbals

the participle (which acts as an adjective), the gerund (which acts as a noun), and the infinitive (which also acts as a noun)

participle

A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. To make a present participle, you add "-ing" to the verb, sometimes doubling the final consonant

gerund

A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. To make a gerund, you add "-ing" to the verb, just as with a present participle. The fundamental difference is that a gerund is a noun, while a participle is an adjective

linking verb

A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject,

verb phrase

A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it. The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase

adjective phrase

An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun. You often construct adjective phrases using participles or prepositions together with their objects

adverb phrase

A prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase, functioning as an adverb

diffrence between a phrase and a clause

A phrase is a group of two or more grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate -- a group of grammatically-linked words with a subject and predicate is called a clause.

preposition

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition

prepositional phrase

A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

grammatical persons
first/second/third

I and we are said to be in the first person
you is in the second person
Any person, place, or thing other than the speaker and the addressed is referred to in the third person

reciprocal relationship
(to 2)

A reciprocal is a linguistic structure that marks a particular kind of relationship between two noun phrases. In a reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.