1SATELLITESPrepared byVaishnav.S.Raj,,Sreenath.S.NairRaman.U, 2WHAT IS A SATELLITE?

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor.

Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon.

3First satellite

History's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.

4sputnik 1 5

Since the launch of sputnik 1, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth.

These originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. Only a few hundred satellites are currently operational.

6Fate of satellites after use..

Thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris.

A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

7SPACE DEBRIS 8USES OF SATELLITES

Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include

military and civilian Earth observation satellites

communications satellites

navigation satellites

weather satellites

research satellites.

9SUBSYSTEMS

Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control

10HISTORY OF SATELLITES 11

The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit is a short story by Edward Everett Hale, The Brick Moon.

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In 1903 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (18571935) published The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft.

He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit around the Earth at 8 km/s.

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In 1928 Slovenian Herman Potocnik (18921929) published his sole book, The Problem of Space Travel The Rocket Motor. He conceived of a space station in detail and calculated its geostationary orbit.

The book described geostationary satellites and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.

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In a 1945 Wireless World article the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke (19172008) described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications. Clarke examined the logistics of satellite launch, possible orbits and other aspects of the creation of a network of world-circling satellites, pointing to the benefits of high-speed global communications.

He also suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.

18(No Transcript) 19PROJECT RAND

In May, 1946, Project RAND by The United States Air Force had released the Preliminary Design of a Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century.

The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945.

Project RAND considered satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda.

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The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers.

The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.

21(No Transcript) 22SPUTNIK 1 23

Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.

24SPUTNIK 2 LAIKA 25US INTO THE ACT..

On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On July 31, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.

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Following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Air Force and Navy were working on Project Orbiter, which involved using a Jupiter C rocket to launch a satellite.

At first, they failed the launch vehicle had a strange and uncanny way of exploding on national television. But finally, three months after Sputnik 1, the project succeeded.

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Thus the first artificial satellite of United States, Explorer 1 was put into space on January 31, 1958.

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In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the Air Force used resources of the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.

across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earths surface

34MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEMS

Mobile satellite systems help

1.connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world

2.navigation systems.

35SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SATELLITES

Scientific research satellites provide us with

1.meteorological information

2.land survey data (e.g., remote sensing)

3.Amateur (HAM) Radio

4.Earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

36TYPES OF SATELLITES 37Anti-Satellite weapons/Killer Satellites

Satellites that are designed to destroy enemy warheads, satellites, other space assets. They may have particle weapons, energy weapons, kinetic weapons, nuclear and/or conventional missiles and/or a combination of these weapons.

38Astronomical satellites

Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.

39Bio-Satellites

Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation.

40Communications satellites

Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.

41(No Transcript) 42Miniaturized satellites

Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low weights and small sizes.

Miniaturized satellites are of 3 types

1.minisatellite (500100 kg)

2. micro satellite (below 100 kg)

3.nanosatellite (below 10 kg).

43Navigational satellites

Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location.

The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.

44(No Transcript) 45Reconnaissance satellites

Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.

Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate.

49(No Transcript) 50Space stations

Space stations are man-made structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space. A space station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities instead, other vehicles are used as transport to and from the station. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years.

51(No Transcript) 52Tether satellites

Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether.

53Satellite modules

The satellites functional versatility is imbedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics.

Looking at the anatomy of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules.

The telemetry subsystem monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth control stations commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.

57The Power Subsystems

The power subsystem consists of solar panels and backup batteries that generate power when the satellite passes into the earths shadow.

Nuclear power sources have been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program (19641978).

58The Thermal control subsystems

The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellites body (e.g. Optical Solar Reflector)

59The Attitude and Orbit Controlled Control Subsystems

The attitude and orbit controlled subsystem consists of small rocket thrusters that keep the satellite in the correct orbital position and keep antennas positioning in the right directions.

602.Communication payload

The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up of transponders.

Sorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas).

62WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO SATELLITE AFTER COMPLETING THEIR TENURE??? 63END OF LIFE

When satellites reach the end of their mission, satellite operators have the option of

1.de-orbiting the satellite

2.leaving the satellite in its current orbit

3. moving the satellite to a graveyard orbit.

64Historically ,

Due to budgetary constraints at the beginning of satellite missions, satellites were rarely designed to be de-orbited.

One example of this practice is the satellite Vanguard 1.

Launched in 1958, Vanguard 1, the 4th manmade satellite put in Geocentric orbit, was still in orbit as of August 2009

65VANGUARD 1 66WHAT ELSE IS DONE?

Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites are either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit.

As of 2002, the FCC now requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch

67LAUNCH CAPABLE COUNTRIES

This list includes countries with an independent capability to place satellites in orbit, including production of the necessary launch vehicle.

Note many more countries have the capability to design and build satellites but are unable to launch them, instead relying on foreign launch services.

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Russia and Ukraine were parts of the Soviet Union and thus inherited their launch capability without the need to develop it indigenously. Through Soviet Union they also are on the number one position in this list of accomplishments.

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France, United Kingdom launched their first satellites by own launchers from foreign spaceports

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North Korea (1998) and Iraq (1989) have claimed orbital launches (satellite and warhead accordingly), but these claims are unconfirmed.

72NEW MEMBERS TO SATELLITE PROGRAM 73 AZERBAIJAN

Azerbaijan is developing its space satellite Azerspace. According to the approved plan, Azerspace satellite will be launched into orbit in 2011.

74BANGLADESH

Bangladesh announced in 2009 that it intends to launch its first satellite into space by 2011.

75CROATIA

Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 20132014. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.

76FINLAND

Finland Aalto-1 is a student satellite project of Aalto University, Finland. When launched, it would be the first Finnish satellite.

77LATVIA

The project of nano-satellite Venta-1 which will be built in Latvia, in cooperation with the German engineers. The launch of the satellite was planned for the end of 2009 using the Indian carrier rocket. The launch has been postponed until 2012.

78PERU

Peru is developing its space satellite with the National Engineering University, called Chasqui 1. The nano-satellite will be launched into orbit by 2011, and will have an expected 60-day lifespan. As payload are installed two small VGA cameras. One of both will have a NIR filter.

79ROMANIA

Romania announced that it has finished construction of its first satellite, called Goliat. The satellite will be launched into orbit in 2011.

80SRI LANKA

Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to construct two satellites. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.

81TUNISIA

Tunisia is developing its first satellite, ERPSat01. Consisting of a Cube Sat of 1 kg weight, it will be developed by the Sfax School of Engineering. ERPSat satellite is planned to be launched into orbit in 2013.

82ATTACKS ON SATELLITES

In recent times satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to

1.broadcast propaganda

2.pilfer classified information from military communication networks.

83SATELLITE DESTRUCTION

Satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from earth.

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