Biology 2006

PAPER ONEAnswer all questions in both sections A and B

1. Which one of the following does not contribute to the short reaction times in insects?a. Large size of omatidiab. High flicker fusion frequenciesc. Rapid transmission of impulsesd. Large coverage of head by compound eyes

2. Figure 1 below represents of cell division.Which one of the following stages is represented in the figure?a. Metaphase of mitosisb. Interphasec. Anaphase of mitosisd. Metaphase I of meiosis.

3. Which of the following structures is found in both xylem and phloem tissues of higher plants?a. Sieved tracheidsb. Parenchyma cellsc. Companion cellsd. Hollow vessels

4. Which one of the following pairs of events occur together to increase the oxygen concentration in the alveoli of the lungs?a. Contraction of diaphragm muscles and internal intercostal muscles.b. Relaxation of diaphragm muscles and internal intercostals musclesc. Contraction of diaphragm muscles and external external intercostals musclesd. Relaxation of the diaphragm muscles and external intercostals muscles.

5. Loud and low oitched sound is caused by sound waves ofa. Large amplitude and high frequencyb. Low frequency and large amplitudec. High frequency and small amplituded. Small amplitude and low frequency

6. During flight insects, upstroke is brought about bya. A contraction of direct flight musclesb. Relaxation of indirect flight musclesc. Contraction of indirect flight musclesd. Sudden upthrust of the body

7. The following are characteristics of amphibians.(i) Have moist skins(ii) Carry out external fertilization(iii) Use gills at early stage of respiration(iv) Use lungs for respiration

8. Figure 2 shows an ovule of a flowering plant.A triploid nucleus is formed by fusion of a male nucleus witha. D and Cb. B and Cc. A and Bd. D and E

9. Which one f the following is not a function of progesterone?a. Increasing the sensitivity of uterine musclesb. Inhibiting release of follicle stimulating hormonec. Inhibiting release of prolactind. Promoting growth of mammary glands

10. Which one of the following pairs of adjustments at a respiratory surface would increase its efficiency?a. Decreasing the rate of ventilation and increasing blood supplyb. Increasing the rate of blood flow and the rate of ventilationc. Increasing the ventilation rate and the rate of ventilationd. Decreasing the blood supply and the distance of diffusion of molecules.

11. Which of the following have a sole function of offering support to the plant?a. Sclerenchyma and vessels elementsb. Vessel elements and tracheidsc. Sclerenchyma and colenchymad. Parenchyma and collenchymas

13. The significance of vascularisation of the endometrium before implantation in mammals is toa. Ensure firm attachment of the foetus onto the uterine wallb. Prevent menstruationc. Assist in producing hormones which maintain pregnancyd. Facilitate food and oxygen supply to the foetus

14. In a human with a non-functional pancrease, digestion of starch in the intestines woulda. Be possible because of the suitable pH due to bileb. Not occur for absence of enzymesc. Would be possible because succus entericus contains the necessary enzymesd. Would not occur because of the acidic pH of chime.

15. Which one of the following is true about sex linked characters in humans?a. Females never suffer from the traitb. Fathers do not pass on their character to their sonsc. Females are either normal or carriersd. Males are either carriers or nufferers

16. The similarities of the skeletal structures of moles, monkeys and whales lead to the conclusion that theya. Belong to the same classb. Originate from the same environmentc. Descend from a common ancestord. Envolved convergingly

17. Which one of the following sets of characteristics is an adaptation in mammals to desert conditions?a. Uric acid production and short loop of Henleb. Long loop of Henel and urea productionc. Ammonia production and long loops of Henled. Man of blood group AB and woman of blood O.

18. Which of the following cannot be parents of a child of blood group O?a. Man of blood group A and woman of blood group O?b. Both man and woman of blood group A?c. Both man and woman of blood group B?d. Man of blood group AB and woman of blood group O?

19. Which one of the following characteristics is not used in classifying amphibians and reptiles together? Possessions at some stage of,a. Post-anal tailb. Two pairs of pentadactyl limbsc. Notorchordd. Nerve cord

20. If carbon dioxide containing radio active carbon was added to a suspension of photosynthesis algae, in which one of the following compounds would the radio active carbon show first?a. Glucoseb. Phosphoglyceric acidc. Ribulose biphosphated. Triose phosphate

21. Etiolation in plants is usually a response toa. Insufficient nutrientsb. Low temperaturesc. Insufficient lightd. Too much water

22. Figure 3 shows changes in electrical potentials in an axon membrane when an impulse is transmitted.At what stage of the electrical potentials marked, is axon most permeable to sodium ions?

23. Which one of the following is a disadvantage of a tracheal system for gaseous exchange in insects?a. Ventilation is limitedb. Tracheales are impermeablec. Spiracles are too smalld. The system does not supply all bordy parts

24. A climax community is one in whicha. Succession is at its peakb. A carrying capacity has been reachedc. Succession has been ceasedd. Death rate of organisms is at its lowes

25. Which one of the following is not a function of the skeleton in insects?a. Support of bodyb. Protection of delicate body partsc. Prevention of desiccationd. Secretion of wax

26. Which of the following structures is haploid?a. Primary oocyteb. Spermatogoniumc. Secondary oocyled. Germinal epithelium

28. Which one of the following is a method used by marine bony fish to overcome the problem of possessing body fluids that are hypotonic to the sorroundings?a. Increase in the glemerular filtrateb. Extensive reabsorption of saltsc. Retension of uread. Elimination of non-toxic nitrogenous wastes

30. If the solute potential of the external solution is higher than that of the cell, the external solution is said to bea. Hypotonic to the cell solutionb. Hypertonic to the cell solutionc. Isotonic to the cell solutiond. Of lower osmotic pressure than the cell solution

31. Which one of the parts of a mammal possesses an epithelia tissue as shown in figure 4?a. Oviductb. Ileumc. Respiratory tractd. Loop of Henle

32. The type of learning that involves the immediate understanding and and responding is?a. Imprintingb. Associative learningc. Insight learningd. A deficiency in oestrogen

33. Prolonged menstrual period may be caused by?a. High levels of progesteroneb. A decrease in production of follicle stimulating hormonec. High levels of luteinizing hormoned. A deficiency in oestrogen

34. Auxins are often used as selective weed killers on lawns becausea. Same dosage of auxins affects different plant parts, differently.b. They can be manufactured artificiallyc. Auxins always kill dicotyledonous plantsd. Auxins remain on the vegetation long after application

35. The compounds which act as oxidizing agents during anerobic respiration in plants are?a. NAD and pyruvic acidb. Ethanol and NADc. NAD and FADd. NADp and pyruvic acid

36. In any ecosystem, a continued input of energy is required becausea. Matter is continually used in metabolic processb. Biological succession occurs very slowlyc. Of the continued increase in population in the ecosystemd. Energy is lost each time it is transferred between organisms

37. During the heat of the day, control of the stomatal movements to reduce excessive water loss is due toa. Active accumulation of mineral ions in the guard cellsb. Synthesis of abscisic acidc. Inter conversion of glucose and starch in the guard cellsd. Synthesis of glucose during photosynthesis

38. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because ita. It is not fully digestedb. Lacks reducing groupsc. Is a disaccharide moleculed. Is a ketose sugar

39. Which of the following animals have the most efficient system of gaseous exchange?a. Insectsb. Bony fishc. Mammalsd. Amphibians

40. Which one of the following activities contributes least to the green house effect?a. Use of CFC sb. Deforestationc. Excessive use of fertilizersd. Burning fossil fuels

SECTION B.Answer all questions in this section

41. Figure 5 shows two types of arrangements, A and B, of sensory cells in the mammalian eye.a. What is the effect of each arrangement on the response of the eye(i) Effect of the arrangement A(ii) Effect of arrangement B

b. Explain how the effect of each arrangement is brought about.(i) Effect of arrangement A(ii) Effect of arrangement Bc. Under which light conditions is each arrangement most effective and why?(i) Arrangement A(ii) Arrangement B

42. What is meant by water stress in relation to plants?a. What is the effect of water stress in green plants?b. Outline the structural adaptations of the xylem vessel for long distance transport of water and mineral salts.

43. Figure 6 shows the effect of changing the osmotic pressure of the external medium (Ope), on the osmotic pressure of the blood (Opi), of the sea animals A and B.a. Explain the effect of decreasing the Ope on the Opi of each animal.(i) Animal A(ii) Animal Bb. Using the information provided, suggest an ecological advantage animal B has over animal A.c. What is the main osmotic problem faced by sea animals whose Opi is less than Ope?

44. What is meant by alternation of generation?a. Ferns and mosses show alternation of generations. State the dominant stage in each case.(i) Ferns(ii) Mossesb. Give the importance of alternation of generations in the life cycle of an organism.c. Outline the limitations that mosses face in growing in terrestrial habitats.

45. Outline the causes of gene reshufflinga. In what way may variation resulting from gene reshuffling differ from that caused by mutation?b. What is the importance of variation in a population?c. Explain how constancy of species may be maintained through naturl selection.

46. Table 1 shows the amount of DDT measured in parts per million (ppm) found in a variety of organisms associated with a fresh water lake.

Where the DDT level was measured

Ammount of DDT/ppm

Water

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Herbivorous fish

Carnivorous fish

Fish - eating birds

0.0003

0.006

0.39

1.8

14.3

a. Calculate how many times the DDT is more concerned in carnivorous fish compared with its concentration in water.(i) What do the results In a show?b. Explain why the concentration of DDT changes from water to carnivorous fish.c. State two effects of DDT to organisms.d. Explain how a pest sprayed with a pesticide may flourish afterwards.

PAPER TWO

1. Figures 1,2 and 3 show the immigration and extinction of species on different categories of virgin islands.

Figure 1 shows the rate of immigration of new species on an island and near by the shore and one that is far from the shore.

Figure 2 shows the rate of extinction of species on a large island and on a small island.

Figure 3 shows the rate of immigration and extinction of species on an island

Study the information and use it to answer the questions that follow.FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

a. Explain the rate of(i) Immigration of new species on an island that is near to the shore and one that is far from the shore(figure 1)

(ii) Extinction of species on a small island and on a large island (figure 2)

(iii) Immigration and extinction of species on an island (figure 3)

b. From figures 1,2 and 3, what conclusion can you draw about what determines the number of species on an island?

c. Describe the factors other than those depicted in the information provided, may affect the immigration of new species on an island.

d. Suggest the factors that would cause immigration of new species to a virgin island.

SECTION B

2. Describe the physiological changes that occur in a seed during germination.

a. Giving reasons, suggest suitable conditions under which seeds for planting should be stored.

b. Even when supplied with suitable conditions for germination, some seeds remain dormant. Explain the importance of dormancy in seeds.

3. Describe the adaptations of blood in terrestrial animals living the following environmental conditions.

(i) Increased body temperature

(ii) Small body size

4. Explain the factors that influence the type of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals.

a. Describe osmoregulation in a terrestrial insect

5. Compare DNA nad RNA molecules

b. Describe the role of the mRNA in the proteins relate to their functions.

c. How does the molecular structure of proteins relate to their functions?

6. Discuss how structure and function are related for each of the following tissues.