Loetoeng Kasaroeng is a 1926 fantasy film from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) which was directed and produced by L. Heuveldorp. An adaptation of the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung (The Lost Lutung), the film tells of a young girl who falls in love with a magical lutung and stars the children of noblemen. Details on its performance are unavailable, although it is known to have been of poor technical quality and thought to have performed poorly, it was the first film produced in the country and the first to feature a native-Indonesian cast. It is likely a lost film.

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Purbasari and Purbararang are sisters and in competition. Purbararang, the elder sister, teases Purbasari about the latter's lover, a lutung named Guru Minang; Purbarang's boyfriend, Indrajaya, is a handsome human. However, the girls discover that Guru Minang is actually a god who is more handsome than Indrajaya.[1]

The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900,[2] and over the next twenty years foreign productions – generally from the United States – were imported and shown throughout the country.[3] Domestic production of documentaries had begun in 1911[4] but were unable to compete with imported works.[3] By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed.[5]

Under pressure from imported works, in 1926 N.V. Java Film, a production house based in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) which had previously produced a single documentary, Inlanders op de Krokodillenjacht (Native Crocodile Hunters), chose to make a feature film based on the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung. The company's owner, L. Heuveldorp served as director and producer, while its laboratory head G. Krugers handled cinematography and processing.[6][1] Little biographical information is available regarding the background of both men, although it was reported that Heuveldorp had previous experience from working in the United States.[7]

The cast was drawn entirely from the priyayi (noble) class, under the coordination of school headmaster Kartabrata,[6] among the cast were children of Wiranatakusumah V, the regent of Bandung;[1] he had agreed to help fund the film to promote Sundanese culture,[8] and had previously brought the story to the stage.[9] Further subsidies had come from the Ministry of Defence, which donated trucks to ease filming.[10]

Filming had begun by August 1926,[6] when several scenes were shot in a cave that had been excavated for the production on Karang Hill. Heuveldorp, unable to force the actors to play their roles seriously, shot several scenes with them acting as they wished before showing them the results; upon realising that their acting had been disappointing, the cast began to listen to stage directions. Afterwards they began rehearsing each scene at least twice, with Kartabrata standing behind the cameraman and giving directions.[10]

The film was screened on 31 December 1926 at the Oriental and Elita Theatres in Bandung,[1][10] making it the first domestically-produced feature film and the first with a native cast.[11][12] The advertisements were in both Dutch- and Malay-language publications, the film was screened for only a week, with live Sundanese gamelan performances providing music,[13] after which Loetoeng Kasaroeng was replaced with Hollywood films.[10] Although its box office performance is not recorded, it is thought to have been poor.[14]

A review by "Bandoenger" in Panorama magazine considered the film of poor technical quality compared to imported films, suggesting that the production was underfunded; the review states that some actors were not paid for their work.[13][15] The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran wrote that Loetoeng Kasaroeng would have been poorly received outside of East Java, owing to Sundanese culture and dance not being considered interesting to other ethnic groups, particularly the Javanese.[13] William van der Heide, a lecturer on film studies at the University of Newcastle in Australia, notes that the tendency of European filmmakers to depict natives as primitives may also have influenced the poor ticket sales.[12]

Although Heuveldorp is not recorded as being involved in any more fiction film productions,[7] Krugers went on to direct several films, including the area's first talkie, Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (1931), before leaving the country in 1936,[16] at least one of the cast members, Oemar, is recorded as continuing to act.[17]Lutung Kasarung was adapted to film twice further, in 1952 and 1983.[1]

After Loetoeng Kasaroeng was released, numerous domestic films were made, the second domestic production, Eulis Atjih (1927), was directed by Krugers and received a wider release.[11] With the release of Lily van Java (Lily of Java) in 1928, ethnic Chinese became involved in the industry; by 1940 native directors had become common.[18] However, the first truly Indonesian film is considered to be Usmar Ismail's Darah dan Doa (The Long March) in 1950,[19][20] released after the Dutch recognised Indonesia's independence in 1949.[21]

G. Krugers
–
Georg Eduard Albert Krugers was a cameraman and film director active in the Dutch East Indies during the early 20th century. He is recorded as having worked in film since the mid-1920s and he joined hajj pilgrims in 1928 and screened the resulting documentary in the Netherlands. His 1930 film Karnadi Anemer Bangkong is thought to be the first talki

Dutch East Indies
–
The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 1

Sundanese people
–
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 40 million, and are the second most populous of all the nations ethnicities, in their own language, Sundanese, the group is referred to as Urang Sunda, and Orang Sunda or Suku Sunda in the national language, Indonesian. The Sunda

Lutung
–
The lutungs are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus Trachypithecus. Their range is split into two parts, one part is much of Southeast Asia, the part is extreme southern India. The greater part of India has lutungs, most of the species in this genus can be referred to as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. The name lut

Priyayi
–
Priyayi was the Dutch era class of the nobles of the Robe, as opposed to royal nobility or bangsawan or ningrat, in Java, Indonesias most populous island. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the moved into the colonial civil service. Named para yayi, nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated in a patron-client re

Native-Indonesian
–
Native Indonesians, or Pribumi, are members of the population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural and ethnic heritage whose members are considered natives of the country. The term native Indonesians should not be confused with the generic term Indonesians or Indonesian citizens. The latter might apply to a demographic group which

Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of do

Feature film
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A feature film is a film with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time, the majority of feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first dramatic film released. The first feature-length adap

Film still
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A film still is a photograph taken on or off the set of a movie or television program during production. These photographs are taken in formal studio settings and venues of opportunity such as film stars homes, film debut events. The photos were taken by photographers for promotional purposes. Such stills consisted of posed portraits, used for disp

Naamloze vennootschap
–
Naamloze vennootschap is a legal structure of a company conformable law in in the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia, and Suriname. The company is owned by shareholders, and the shares are not registered to certain owners. The phrase literally means nameless partnership or anonymous venture and comes from the fact that the partners are not directly kn

Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in

Raden Adipati Aria Muharam Wiranatakusumah
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R. A. A. Wiranatakusumah V was the first Minister of Home Affairs of Indonesia. Born in Bandung from a Sundanese noble lineage of Bandung regents, at the age of 9, Muharam, as he usually addressed during his childhood, enrolled in Europeesche Lagere School. He then continued his education into Opleidingsschool voor Inlandse Ambtenaren until the thi

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Raden Adipati Aria Muharam Wiranatakusumah

Bandung Regency
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Bandung Regency is an administrative regency located to the south, southeast and east of the city of Bandung. The Regency is part of the Indonesian province of West Java, the city of Soreang is the capital of the regency. First Cimahi City became autonomous and then West Bandung Regency was split off from the regency, in the 2010 Census, the popula

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Bandung Regency next to Bandung City in West Java

Bandung
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It is nations fourth largest city, and the third largest city by population, with over 2.4 million. Located 768 metres above sea level, approximately 140 kilometres south east of Jakarta, the city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains. This topography provides a defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies

Native Indonesian
–
Native Indonesians, or Pribumi, are members of the population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural and ethnic heritage whose members are considered natives of the country. The term native Indonesians should not be confused with the generic term Indonesians or Indonesian citizens. The latter might apply to a demographic group which

Malay-language
–
Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bah

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Malay Traffic-signs

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Indonesia

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Koc Wanita street sign in Malay.

Gamelan
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Gamelan is the traditional ensemble music of Java and Bali in Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. The most common instruments used are metallophones played by mallets and a set of hand-played drums called kendhang which register the beat, other instruments include xylophones, bamboo flutes, a bowed instrument called a rebab,

East Java
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East Java is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, the Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang is the oldest written sources in East Java, written in the year AD760. This inscription tells many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Dinoyo, Malang name itself is estimated to come

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Mount Bromo

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Deer in Baluran National Park

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Rujak Cingur, traditional dish from East Java

Javanese people
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The Javanese are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. With approximately 100 million people, they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia and they are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island. There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most Provinces of Indonesia, Malaysia,

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Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as Ramayana epic.

University of Newcastle (Australia)
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The University of Newcastle, informally known as Newcastle University, is an Australian public university established in 1965. It has a campus in Callaghan, a suburb of Newcastle. The university also operates campuses in Ourimbah, Port Macquarie, Singapore and it pioneered use of the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test in the

Talkie
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first comme

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1908 poster advertising Gaumontu 's sound films. The Chronomégaphone, designed for large halls, employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound.

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Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other "famous artists" shown in "living visions" at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet-Lioret system.

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Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts, touting their technological distinction: no phonograph.

Eulis Atjih
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Eulis Atjih is a 1927 film from the Dutch East Indies, it was the second feature film produced in the country, after Loetoeng Kasaroeng in 1926. The silent film follows the lives of a native Indonesian family sent into poverty by the husbands splurging, Eulis Atjih was a commercial success in the Indies, but failed in international markets. A nativ

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Newspaper advertisement

Lily van Java
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Lilly van Java, also known as Melatie van Java, is a 1928 film from the Dutch East Indies directed by Nelson Wong. Details on its cast and performance are contradictory, although the film is recognised as the first of a series of ethnic Chinese-produced films in the country. It is likely a lost film, the young daughter of a rich man, already in a l

1.
A scene showing the film's main family

Chinese Indonesians
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Chinese Indonesians, are Indonesians descended from various Chinese ethnic groups, primarily the Han Chinese. Chinese came to Indonesia as workers both directly and through Maritime Southeast Asia and their population grew rapidly during the colonial period when workers were contracted from their home provinces in southern China. Evidence of discri

Usmar Ismail
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Usmar Ismail was a prominent Indonesian film director. He was of a Minangkabau descent and he was widely regarded as the native Indonesian pioneer of the Cinema of Indonesia although films made by the Dutch date back to around 1926. He was perhaps best known internationally for his 1961 film Fighters for Freedom which documented Indonesian independ

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Ismail, c. 1955

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Usmar Ismail c. 1955

Darah dan Doa
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Darah dan Doa is a 1950 Indonesian war film directed and produced by Usmar Ismail. After raising controversy for its material, the film underwent censorship and was finally released to commercial failure. Retrospective analysis has, however, been more positive, and Ismail has been dubbed the father of Indonesian film, the Siliwangi Division, origin

Sinematek Indonesia
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Sinematek Indonesia, or Sinematek for short, is a film archive located in Jakarta. Established in 1975 by Misbach Yusa Biran and Asrul Sani, the archive was the first in Southeast Asia and it is home to roughly 2,700 films, mostly Indonesian, and also houses numerous reference works. Since 2001 it has been underfunded, the Sinematek offices are on

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The film maintenance room at Sinematek Indonesia

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Sinematek Indonesia logo

Netherlands Government Information Service
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The Netherlands Government Information Service is a Dutch government agency. The RVD is the information service of the Dutch government and is the spokesbody for the prime minister, the Council of Ministers. The RVD is also responsible for providing information on government policy, the prime minister. Organizationally, the RVD is a directorate-gen

List of films of the Dutch East Indies
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A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies between 1926 and the colonys dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of film produc

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

George McTurnan Kahin
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George McTurnan Kahin was an American historian and political scientist. He was one of the experts on Southeast Asia and a critic of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. After completing his dissertation, which is considered a classic on Indonesian history. At Cornell, he became the director of its Southeast Asia Program, Kahins incomplete

OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online p

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Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)

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Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)

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OCLC headquarters (Ohio)

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OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)

IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data

1.
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

LIST OF IMAGES

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G. Krugers
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Georg Eduard Albert Krugers was a cameraman and film director active in the Dutch East Indies during the early 20th century. He is recorded as having worked in film since the mid-1920s and he joined hajj pilgrims in 1928 and screened the resulting documentary in the Netherlands. His 1930 film Karnadi Anemer Bangkong is thought to be the first talkie in the cinema of the Indies, after making two works for Tans Film in the early 1930s, Krugers moved to Hong Kong and then the Netherlands. Sources disagree regarding much of Krugers life, kristantos Katalog Film Indonesia lists him as having been born in Hong Kong, but does not give a year. However, a 1933 newspaper report gave Krugers age as 43 and his place of birth as Banda Neira, Krugers is recorded as having been active in film in the mid-1920s, leading the laboratory at N. V. Java Film. He may have one of its founders, together with the Dutchman L. Heuveldorp. The company exclusively produced documentaries until 1926, when Heuveldorp directed the colonys first feature film, Krugers served as a cameraman for the film, which was based on a Sundanese folktale, also processing the film in his laboratory in Bandung. The following year, Krugers directed his own film, titled Eulis Atjih, international release emphasised the ethnographic aspects of the film. The film was a failure, but Krugers told his backers that the film had recouped its expenses. He did, however, complete a documentary entitled Het Groote Mekka-Feest which followed hajj pilgrims from the Indies during their trip to Mecca, the film premiered in Leiden, the Netherlands, on November 8,1928. This premiere was attended by numerous Dutch socialites, including Princess Juliana, the first talkies shown in the Indies, Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 and The Rainbow Man, came from the United States and were screened in late 1929. This encouraged Krugers to make Karnadi Anemer Bangkong, an adaptation of the book by Yuhana, following this failure, Krugers made the documentary Atma De Vischer, which followed Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Hendrik on a trip through the Hague, before being signed to Tans Film. With Tans, Krugers made two films, First he was asked to handle cinematography on Bachtiar Effendis 1932 talkie Njai Dasima, an adaptation of G. Francis 1896 novel Tjerita Njai Dasima. He then directed and produced Huwen op Bevel, which was advertised as featuring songs, the film was a commercial failure, leading to all rights being acquired by Tans. He is recorded as planning a further two films, De Nona and Raonah, but neither was made, during 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been produced by The Teng Chun. During this period cinemas in the country mainly showed Hollywood productions, Krugers left the Indies in 1936 and moved to Hong Kong. He later returned to the Netherlands, where he died in 1964, footnotes Bibliography G. Krugers at the Internet Movie Database Luitgard Mols & Arnout Vrolijk, Western Arabia in the Leiden Collections. About Krugers, The First Documentary Film on the Hajj

2.
Dutch East Indies
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The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from. The term Indonesia came into use for the location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, Japans World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the word Indies comes from Latin, Indus. The original name Dutch Indies was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, the name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Companys documents of the early 1620s. Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië, Indies, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late 15th century, following disruption of Dutch access to spices in Europe, the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed, recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company. The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, a capital was established in Batavia, which became the centre of the VOCs Asian trading network. Smuggling, the expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalised under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century, finally in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including Java, Dutch control was restored in 1816. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for ceding control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula, the resulting borders between British and Dutch possessions remain between Malaysia and Indonesia

3.
Sundanese people
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The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 40 million, and are the second most populous of all the nations ethnicities, in their own language, Sundanese, the group is referred to as Urang Sunda, and Orang Sunda or Suku Sunda in the national language, Indonesian. The Sundanese have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of West Java, Banten, Jakarta, Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung and South Sumatra. The provinces of Central Java and East Java are home to the Javanese, the name Sunda derives from the Sanskrit prefix su- which means goodness or possessing good quality. The example is used to describe gold. Sunda is also name for Hindu God Vishnu. In Sanskrit, the term Sundara or Sundari means beautiful or excellence, the term Sunda also means bright, light, purity, cleanness and white. The Sundanese are of Austronesian origins who are thought to have originated in Taiwan, migrated though the Philippines, the Sunda Wiwitan belief contains the mythical origin of Sundanese people, Sang Hyang Kersa, the supreme divine being in ancient Sundanese belief created seven bataras in Sasaka Pusaka Buana. The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered the ancestor of the Kanekes people, other six bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands in Western Java. This legend suggested the Parahyangan highland as the playland or the abode of gods, the earliest historical polity appeared in Sundanese realm in Western part of Java was the kingdom of Tarumanagara, flourished between 4th to 7th century. Hindu influences have reached Sundanese people as early as the 4th century CE as evident in Tarumanagara inscriptions, the adoption of these dharmic faith in Sundanese way of life however, was never as intense as their Javanese counterpart. It seems that despite the court began to adopt Hindu-Buddhist culture and institution. By the 4th century, the megalithic culture probably still alive. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, during the era of Sunda Kingdom, however, the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources nor desire to construct large religious monuments similar to those built by Javanese in Central and East Java. Geographic constrains that isolate each regions, also led Sundanese village to enjoy their simple way of life and that was probably the factors that would contribute to the carefree nature, egalitarian, conservative, independent and somewhat individualistic social outlook of Sundanese people. The Sundanese seems to love and revere their nature in spiritual ways, the conservative tendency and somewhat their opposition of foreign influences, is demonstrated in extreme isolationist measures adopted keenly by Kanekes or Baduy people. They have these rules against interacting to outsiders and adopting foreign ideas, technology and they also has set some taboos, such as not to cut the trees nor harm the forest creatures, in order to conserve their natural ecosystem. One of the earliest historical record that mention the name Sunda appear in Sanghyang Tapak inscription dated 952 saka discovered in Cibadak, near Sukabumi

4.
Lutung
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The lutungs are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus Trachypithecus. Their range is split into two parts, one part is much of Southeast Asia, the part is extreme southern India. The greater part of India has lutungs, most of the species in this genus can be referred to as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. The name lutung comes from the Sundanese language and means blackness, lutungs have a rather slim build with a long tail. The fur color varies, depending on the species, from black, many species have skin designs and a brighter lower surface, the hair on the head is often compared to a hood. Their arms are short in comparison to the feet and their thumbs are also somewhat shorter. The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches and these animals reach a length of 40 to 80 cm and a weight of 5 to 15 kg, with males generally larger than females. A bulge over the eyes and other details, primarily in the head, lutungs live in the forests, often preferring rain forests, although occasionally they are also found in secluded mountain forests. They spend the largest part of the day in the trees and they are diurnal, although more active in the early mornings and the afternoon. They live in groups of ftve to 20 animals, mostly in harems, young males must leave their birth group when fully mature, often forming bachelor groups. If a new male takes over a harem, defeating and scaring off the harem leader, lutungs are territorial, with loud shouting to defend their territories from other lutung interlopers, resorting to force if the outsiders are not scared off. They have a repertoire of sounds with which they warn group members. Also, mutual grooming plays an important role, lutungs are herbivores, primarily eating leaves, fruits, and buds. To digest the tough leaves, they developed a multichambered stomach, rarely twins, a typical single birth comes after a seven-month gestation period. Newborns usually have a golden-yellow fur, the mother shares responsibilities of rearing the young with the other females of the harem. They hand the young around, play with it, carry it, if the mother dies, another female adopts the young animal. Lutungs are weaned in the half of their first year. The life expectancy is estimated at 20 years, the various species alive today then diverged during the Pleistocene, presumably driven by habitat changes during the Ice Ages

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Priyayi
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Priyayi was the Dutch era class of the nobles of the Robe, as opposed to royal nobility or bangsawan or ningrat, in Java, Indonesias most populous island. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the moved into the colonial civil service. Named para yayi, nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated in a patron-client relationship with the Sultan to preside over the peripheries of the kingdom, the homeland of priyayi culture is attributed to Mataram’s center, namely the Javanese-speaking middle and eastern parts of Java. After the arrival of the Dutch East India Company and the collapse of Mataram, although Dutch political influence severely limited their autonomy throughout the colonial period, the two kingdoms continued to serve as symbols of Javanese courtly culture. A bupati is responsible for a kabupaten, often a polity with a semi-autonomous history, the position of a bupati was often inherited from father to son, a practice allowed under the 1854 Dutch Constitutions, and families of the bupati often formed a local aristocratic class. The bupati is subordinate to, and usually has a correspondence with. Other colonial government employees considered to be of priyayi stature included tax officials, prosecutors, by 1931, Europeans accounted only for 10 percent of the entire state apparatus in the Dutch East Indies, and over 250,000 native officials were on state payroll. In Java, a class distinction existed between priyagung, a well connected to the aristocratic elite in Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Nonetheless, the distance separating the priyayi from the peasantry is much greater than that separating the priyagung from the priyayi cilik. In 1901, the Dutch East Indies government established the so-called Ethische Politiek as an official policy, among the Javanese, priyayi men were the first to be educated at Western-style institutions before entering the colonial civil service. Nationalistic sentiments among Javanese elites who received Dutch education were formative in the era of the Indonesian National Awakening, the Boedi Oetomo, the first indigenous political society in the Dutch East Indies, was established by a group of priyayi doctors and medical students in 1908. Although the group was confined to a Javanese, male priyayi following, the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 by Dutch authorities resulted in the integration of bureaucratic institutions from Dutch-controlled federal states into the new Republic. The number of servants in Indonesia thus grew from 115,000 in the late 1920s to 400,000 in the early 1950s. However, the top echelons were dominated by an elite group of 100,000 Dutch-trained senior officials. The priyayi class used elaborate title system and these title were hereditary in some extents, a son will inherit a title one level lower than his parent, unless it is already of the lowest rank. The honorific Raden is related to the Malagasy noble titles of Randriana or Andriana, as a feudalistic subculture in Javanese society distinct from the peasantry, priyayi culture emphasizes the alus over the kasar, and the batin over the lahir. Within Javanese Islam, Geertz identified three alirans, or cultural streams, the abangan, the santri, and the priyayi. Members of the stream are more likely to be urban dwellers, and tend to be oriented to the mosque, the Quran

Priyayi
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The regent of Surabaya, Raden Tumenggung Musono going in gala dress for his installation, accompanied by lower ranking officials, patih and wedana (Dutch colonial period)
Priyayi
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Raden Tumenggung Danoediningrat, Regent of Kediri, with his wife. c. 1920.
Priyayi
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A group portrait of J. Visser and students at the OSVIA, a training school for native government officials in the Dutch East Indies.
Priyayi
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A batik pattern from Yogyakarta.

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Native-Indonesian
–
Native Indonesians, or Pribumi, are members of the population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural and ethnic heritage whose members are considered natives of the country. The term native Indonesians should not be confused with the generic term Indonesians or Indonesian citizens. The latter might apply to a demographic group which include ethnicities of foreign origin. Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population, using Indonesia’s population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various groups in Indonesia. The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as, Literally, in the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were pribumi and those that were not, the distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. 200 of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago, the Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members, most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the ethnic group. Sawo matang usually refers to the colour of the Pribumis in Indonesia which connotes mid light to dark tone brown especially for those who live in Java, Bali, Sumatra. For islandic people, they tend to have dark skin colour which all of the physical characteristics depend on the areas they inhabit. Most Native Indonesians are genetically close to Asians while the eastern one goes the more people show Melanesian affinity. Geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a division between East and Southeast Asians. In a similar manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a difference between these two populations. The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups, due to migration within Indonesia, there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions. Populations have long moved between the areas which make up the modern-day states and these earlier populations have mostly effectively or partially assimilated with the larger Malaysian-Malay community due to religious, social and cultural similarities

7.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century

8.
Feature film
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A feature film is a film with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time, the majority of feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first dramatic film released. The first feature-length adaptation was Les Misérables, other early feature films include The Inferno, Quo Vadis. Oliver Twist, Richard III, From the Manger to the Cross, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Film Institute, and the British Film Institute all define a feature as a film with a running time of 2400 seconds or longer. The term feature film came into use to refer to the film presented in a cinema. The term was used to distinguish the film from the short films typically presented before the main film, such as newsreels, serials, animated cartoons, live-action comedies. Early features had been produced in the United States and France and this left exhibitors the option of playing them alone, to view an incomplete combination of some films, or to run them all together as a short film series. The American company S. Lubin released a Passion Play titled Lubins Passion Play in January 1903 in 31 parts, the French company Pathé Frères released a different Passion Play, The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ, in May 1903 in 32 parts running about 44 minutes. There were also records of boxing matches, such as The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight, Reproduction Of The Corbett-Jeffries Fight. In 1900, the documentary film In the Army was made and it was over 1 hour in length and was about the training techniques of the British soldier. Defined by length, the first dramatic film was the Australian 70-minute film The Story of the Kelly Gang. The first Russian feature was Defence of Sevastopol in 1911, early Italian features were The Inferno, Quo Vadis. The Last Days of Pompeii, and Cabiria, the first UK features were the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India, filmed in Kinemacolor and Oliver Twist. The first American features were adaptations of Oliver Twist, From the Manger to the Cross, Cleopatra, the latter starring actor Frederick Warde starred in some of these movie adaptations. 1913 also saw Chinas first feature film, Zhang Shichuans Nan Fu Nan Qi, by 1915 over 600 feature films were produced annually in the United States. The most prolific year of U. S. feature production was 1921, with 682 releases, between 1922 and 1970, the U. S. and Japan alternated as leaders in the quantity of feature film production. Since 1971, the country with the highest feature output has been India, as time went on there were many technical advancements made in film

9.
Film still
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A film still is a photograph taken on or off the set of a movie or television program during production. These photographs are taken in formal studio settings and venues of opportunity such as film stars homes, film debut events. The photos were taken by photographers for promotional purposes. Such stills consisted of posed portraits, used for display or free fan handouts. They can also consist of posed or candid images taken on the set during production, the main purpose of such publicity stills is to help studios advertise and promote their new films and stars. Studios therefore send those photos along with kits and free passes to as many movie-related publications as possible so as to gain free publicity. Such photos were used by newspapers and magazines, for example. Hence, the studio gains free publicity for its films, while the publication gains free stories for its readers, shots can be taken as part of the filming or separately posed. During the course of filming, the photographer takes shots of on-stage scenes. These photographs are called production stills, another type of still generated during filming is the off-stage shot. The photographer makes these while actors are between takes, in costume, perhaps smoking a cigarette or drinking a coke or a cup of coffee, separately posed stills include a wide variety of shots. Many of these have self-explanatory designations, seasonal gag shots, leg art, fashion stills, commercial tie-ups, poster art, clinch shots candids, by far the most popular of these many kinds of film stills are those portraying glamour, menace or gag interpretations. Other separately posed images include “set” stills, make-up stills and wardrobe stills and these stills are used for matching from scene to scene, or for recreating a scene later for a re-take. All details of the set, the costume and the cast make-up have to be exact, background “plates” or “stereos”, another type of still, enable the studio to create location scenes without leaving the premises, thus reducing the ultimate cost of production. Movie still photography is considered a branch of movie making, that of marketing. His role is to publicize, through his pictures, film and actors on magazines, newspapers, Film producer and cinematographer Brian Dzyak explains that the group of people who work on a film are referred to as the company or unit. Among the professionals who are assigned to the unit, one is a still photographer. They may take photos during rehearsals or while standing next to the cameraman during filming of takes, although the still photographer shares a number of skills and functions with the cinematographer, their work is essentially very different

10.
Naamloze vennootschap
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Naamloze vennootschap is a legal structure of a company conformable law in in the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia, and Suriname. The company is owned by shareholders, and the shares are not registered to certain owners. The phrase literally means nameless partnership or anonymous venture and comes from the fact that the partners are not directly known and this is in contrast to the term for a private limited company, which is called besloten vennootschap. SE – additional legal structure of a company available in the European Union S. p. A Types of companies

Naamloze vennootschap

11.
Jakarta
–
Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682

12.
Raden Adipati Aria Muharam Wiranatakusumah
–
R. A. A. Wiranatakusumah V was the first Minister of Home Affairs of Indonesia. Born in Bandung from a Sundanese noble lineage of Bandung regents, at the age of 9, Muharam, as he usually addressed during his childhood, enrolled in Europeesche Lagere School. He then continued his education into Opleidingsschool voor Inlandse Ambtenaren until the third grade, in 1904, he moved to Gymnasium Koning Willem III in Batavia by advice of Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje and received his diploma degree in 1910. During his stay in Batavia, Muharam learned French, German, after graduated, Muharam got his first job as a Clerk in Tanjungsari, Sumedang. In 1911, he became an Orderly in Cibadak, Regency, in a short time, he was appointed as the head of district Cibeureum Sukapura, Tasikmalaya. Due to his work performance, In 1912 he was appointed as Regent of Cianjur. After numerous achievements, in 1920 he was reassigned as Regent of Bandung, after one year, he was chosen as a member of Volksraad representing Sedio Moelio, an association of Dutch East Indies regents. During the formation of United States of Indonesia, he served as president of the state of Pasundan

13.
Bandung Regency
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Bandung Regency is an administrative regency located to the south, southeast and east of the city of Bandung. The Regency is part of the Indonesian province of West Java, the city of Soreang is the capital of the regency. First Cimahi City became autonomous and then West Bandung Regency was split off from the regency, in the 2010 Census, the population reached 3,178,543 after final adjustments. The latest official estimate is 3,418,246, for a density of roughly 1,933 per square kilometre. Bandung Regency is divided into districts, listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census

Bandung Regency
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Bandung Regency next to Bandung City in West Java

14.
Bandung
–
It is nations fourth largest city, and the third largest city by population, with over 2.4 million. Located 768 metres above sea level, approximately 140 kilometres south east of Jakarta, the city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains. This topography provides a defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies governments plan to move the colony capital from Batavia to Bandung. The Dutch colonials first established tea plantations around the mountains in the century. The Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded establishment of a municipality, which was granted in 1906, luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafés and European boutiques were opened, hence the city was nicknamed Parijs van Java.5 million people. New skycrapers, high-rise buildings, bridges, gardens have been constructed, Bandung will be supporting as one of the host cities of 2018 Asian Games. Current international airport redevelopment is completed in 2016, to improve infrastructure, the construction of Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail and Bandung Metro Kapsul, a type of indigenous Automated People Mover will start in 2017. The new Bandung Kertajati International Airport also will be completed as early as 2018, Bandung, the capital of West Java province, located about 180 kilometres southeast of Jakarta, is the third largest city in Indonesia. Its elevation is 768 metres above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2,400 metres high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain. The basins main river is the Citarum, one of its branches, the Bandung Basin is an important source of water for potable water, irrigation and fisheries, with its 6,147 million m³ of groundwater being a major reservoir for the city. The northern section of Bandung is hillier than other parts of the city, long-term volcanic activity has created fertile andisol soil in the north, suitable for intensive rice, fruit, tea, tobacco and coffee plantations. In the south and east, alluvial soils deposited by the Cikapundung river predominate, Geological data shows that the Bandung Basin is located on an ancient volcano, known as Mount Sunda, erected up to 3, 000–4,000 metres during the Pleistocene age. Two large-scale eruptions took place, the first formed the basin, the lake drained away, for reasons which are the subject of ongoing debate among geologists. Bandung experiences tropical climate according to Köppen climate classification as the driest month precipitation total is below 60 millimetres. The wettest month is February with precipitation total 255.0 millimetres, the average temperature throughout the year tends to be cooler than most cities in Indonesia due to the altitude influence. The average temperature throughout the year only has little variation due to its location near the equator, the official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period was Bandoeng. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Dutch East Indies Company established plantations in the Bandung area, in 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia, Bogor, Cianjur, Bandung, Sumedang and Cirebon was constructed. Daendels built a road, stretching approximately 1,000 km from the west to the east coast of Java, in 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was named De Groote Postweg, the present-day location of Asia-Afrika Street

15.
Native Indonesian
–
Native Indonesians, or Pribumi, are members of the population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural and ethnic heritage whose members are considered natives of the country. The term native Indonesians should not be confused with the generic term Indonesians or Indonesian citizens. The latter might apply to a demographic group which include ethnicities of foreign origin. Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population, using Indonesia’s population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various groups in Indonesia. The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as, Literally, in the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were pribumi and those that were not, the distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. 200 of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago, the Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members, most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the ethnic group. Sawo matang usually refers to the colour of the Pribumis in Indonesia which connotes mid light to dark tone brown especially for those who live in Java, Bali, Sumatra. For islandic people, they tend to have dark skin colour which all of the physical characteristics depend on the areas they inhabit. Most Native Indonesians are genetically close to Asians while the eastern one goes the more people show Melanesian affinity. Geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a division between East and Southeast Asians. In a similar manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a difference between these two populations. The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups, due to migration within Indonesia, there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions. Populations have long moved between the areas which make up the modern-day states and these earlier populations have mostly effectively or partially assimilated with the larger Malaysian-Malay community due to religious, social and cultural similarities

16.
Malay-language
–
Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language

17.
Gamelan
–
Gamelan is the traditional ensemble music of Java and Bali in Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. The most common instruments used are metallophones played by mallets and a set of hand-played drums called kendhang which register the beat, other instruments include xylophones, bamboo flutes, a bowed instrument called a rebab, and even vocalists called sindhen. Although the popularity of gamelan has declined since the introduction of pop music, gamelan is still played on formal occasions. For most Indonesians, gamelan is an part of Indonesian culture. The word gamelan comes from the low Javanese word gamel, which may refer to a type of mallet used to strike instruments or the act of striking with a mallet. The term karawitan refers to classical music and performance practice. The word derives from the Javanese word of Sanskrit origin, rawit, another word from this root, pangrawit, means a person with such sense, and is used as an honorific when discussing esteemed gamelan musicians. The gamelan predates the Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records, the instruments developed into their current form during the Majapahit Empire. In contrast to the heavy Indian influence in art forms, the only obvious Indian influence in gamelan music is in the Javanese style of singing. In Javanese mythology, the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era 167 and he needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For more complex messages, he invented two other gongs, thus forming the original gamelan set, the earliest image of a musical ensemble is found on the 8th century Borobudur temple, Central Java. Musical instruments such as the flute, bells, drums in various sizes, lute. However it lacks metallophones and xylophones, nevertheless, the image of this musical ensemble is suggested to be the ancient form of the gamelan. In the palaces of Java the oldest known ensembles, Gamelan Munggang and these formed the basis of a loud style of music. In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to an extent the variety of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java. Thus, despite the diversity of styles, many of the same theoretical concepts, instruments. A gamelan is an ensemble consisting of metallophones, xylophones, flutes, gongs, voices. The hand-played drum called kendhang controls the tempo and rhythm of pieces as well as transitions from one section to another, while one instrument gives melodic cues to indicate treatment or sections of a piece

18.
East Java
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East Java is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, the Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang is the oldest written sources in East Java, written in the year AD760. This inscription tells many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Dinoyo, Malang name itself is estimated to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in at least one inscription, namely, in 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari. He ruled the kingdom until 1292, before coming to power, Ken Arok seize power in Tumapel, Kediri from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok dynastys descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in the 13th century until the 15th century, in 1227, Anusapati kill Ken Arok. Anusapati power only lasted 20 years, three years later, Tohjaya killed in the uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, his throne as the king of Singasari was replaced by Kertanegara, in 1292 knowledge, Kertanegara defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, it ended Kertanegara power, ending the history of Singhasari. In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit was founded, Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. He was accompanied by the mahapatih Gajah Mada, together they managed to unite the vast territory under the name Dwipantara. In 1357, the Bubat event occurred, the war between the King of Sunda and the Majapahit Patih Gajah Mada and this event stems from the desire to take the king Hayam Wuruk Sundanese princess named Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada conquered Pajajaran in the Bubat war. This era is the beginning of the collapse of Majapahit, one of them due to their disappointment Hayam Wuruk other children, namely Wirabumi. After that period, began the spread of Islam in Java, other developments, the Europeans started coming to the archipelago and trying to build strength. In the end they implement colonialism, at the beginning of the 20th century, the royal government system was abolished, replaced by a system of residency. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, there is persistent resistance against the Japanese rule, in Blitar, an uprising by PETA occurred in early 1945. The uprising was led by Supriyadi, Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, although at the end the uprising was crushed by the Japanese, the uprising is able to rekindle the spirit of rebellion for independence to the entire people of East Java. Two weeks after the proclamation of independence, Surabaya has established its own government in shape of a resident, the first resident is R. Sudirman

East Java
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Mount Bromo
East Java
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Deer in Baluran National Park
East Java
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Rujak Cingur, traditional dish from East Java

19.
Javanese people
–
The Javanese are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. With approximately 100 million people, they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia and they are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island. There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most Provinces of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Suriname, Saudi Arabia, the Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups, such as the Mataram, Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Samin, Naganese, Banyumasan, etc. A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims, with a minority identifying as Christians, Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent. Hindu and Buddhist - traders and visitors, arrived in the 5th century, the Hindu, Buddhist and Javanese faiths blended into a unique local philosophy. The cradle of Javanese culture is described as being in Kedu. The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their base there. The move was most likely caused by the eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya. The major spread of Javanese influence occurred under King Kertanegara of Singhasari in the late 13th century, the expansionist king launched several major expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, Borneo and most importantly to Sumatra in 1275. Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca, Singhasari dominance was cut short in 1292 by Kediris rebellion under Jayakatwang, killing Kertanegara. However, Jayakatwangs reign as king of Java soon ended as he was defeated by Kertanegaras son-in-law, Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto, East Java. Kertanegara policies were continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk. Various kingdoms of Java were actively involved in the trade in the sea route of the Silk Road. Although not major producers, these kingdoms were able to stockpile spice by trading for it with rice. Majapahit is usually regarded as the greatest of these kingdoms and it was both an agrarian and a maritime power, combining wet-rice cultivation and foreign trade. The ruin of their capital can be found in Trowulan, Islam gained its foothold in port towns on Javas northern coast such as Gresik, Ampel Denta, Tuban, Demak and Kudus. The spread and proselytising of Islam among the Javanese was traditionally credited to Wali Songo, Java underwent major changes as Islam spread. Following succession disputes and civil wars, Majapahit power collapsed, after this collapse, its various dependencies and vassals broke free

Javanese people
–
Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as Ramayana epic.
Javanese people
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The Prambanan temple complex, built during Mataram kingdom.
Javanese people
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Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram (upper right) watching warlord Untung Surapati fighting Captain Tack of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). ca 1684 AD.
Javanese people
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A Javanese courtly ceremony at Keraton Surakarta in 1932.

20.
University of Newcastle (Australia)
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The University of Newcastle, informally known as Newcastle University, is an Australian public university established in 1965. It has a campus in Callaghan, a suburb of Newcastle. The university also operates campuses in Ourimbah, Port Macquarie, Singapore and it pioneered use of the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test in the early 1990s. UMAT has since been accepted widely by different medical schools across Australia as a selection criteria. The University of Newcastle is a member of Universities Australia and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, in 2015 Times Higher Education ranked the University of Newcastle number 2 in Australia and number 30 in the world for universities under 50 years of age. The earliest origins of the present-day University of Newcastle can be traced to the Newcastle Teachers College, NUC was created as an offshoot of the New South Wales University of Technology and was co-located with the Newcastle Technical College at Tighes Hill. At the time of its establishment, NUC had just five students and study was restricted to engineering, mathematics. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Newcastle residents campaigned for NUC to be re-constituted as a university in its own right. The new university was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms in London. In 1966, the University relocated from Tighes Hill to a largely undeveloped bushland site in Shortland, students at the university celebrate Autonomy Day on 1 July of each year. According to unverified sources, official autonomy was marked on 1 January 1965 with a symbolic ceremonial bonfire held at the site of the Great Hall. This celebration is said to have been officiated by Professor Godfrey Tanner who is said to have poured wine libations onto the ground as to sanctify the land upon which the University rests. Since the university became autonomous on 1 January 1965 autonomy day should be held on 1 January. 1 July actually coincided with the New South Wales University of Technology’s autonomy from the Public Service Board’s authority on 1 July 1954, according to Don Wright, students interpreted Autonomy Day as celebrating the autonomy of the University of Newcastle from the University of New South Wales. The students were entitled to give the celebration whatever meaning they chose, the fact that they called it ‘autonomy day’ heightened the students’ sense of the importance of autonomy and their need to defend it against outside interference. In 1989, the Dawkins reforms amalgamated the Hunter Institute of Higher Education with the University of Newcastle, the Hunter Institute was located in a series of buildings on land immediately adjacent to the University at Callaghan and amalgamation expanded the campus to some 140 hectares. Under the reforms, the University also gained the Newcastle branch of the NSW Conservatorium of Music located in the central business district. In 1998, the university established a partnership with the Institut Wira, in 2002, Ian Firms, a lecturer, failed a large number of student papers from Wira for academic dishonesty, but his actions were reversed by the Newcastle administration and he was discharged

University of Newcastle (Australia)
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The Medical Sciences Building
University of Newcastle (Australia)
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Coat of Arms of the University of Newcastle
University of Newcastle (Australia)
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Nursing Lecture Theatre near Hunter Building, Callaghan Campus (formally the Richardson Theatre)

21.
Talkie
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s, at first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as talking pictures, or talkies, were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon, in the United States, they helped secure Hollywoods position as one of the worlds most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence. In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, in Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the element that led to the rapid expansion of the nations film industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27,1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison, the two inventors privately met. No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope, essentially a peep-show system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph. The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection and these appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition, three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization, pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity, cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons

22.
Eulis Atjih
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Eulis Atjih is a 1927 film from the Dutch East Indies, it was the second feature film produced in the country, after Loetoeng Kasaroeng in 1926. The silent film follows the lives of a native Indonesian family sent into poverty by the husbands splurging, Eulis Atjih was a commercial success in the Indies, but failed in international markets. A native Indonesian man leaves his young wife Eulis Atjih. She falls into poverty and, when he returns years later. Eulis Atjih was produced by Java Film Co. which had made the first film in the Dutch East Indies, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, in 1926. The earlier film had left Java Film Coy in a poor financial after it underperformed, as such, the film was directed by G. Krugers and based on the novel by Joehana. The film featured native Indonesian actors, including Arsad and Soekria and it was a black and white, silent film. Eulis Atjih was the film to include native Indonesians in its cast. Of note is the use of the word Indonesia, which was not to be formalised as a preferred term for the archipelago until the Youth Pledge in 1928. Eulis Atjih was released in 1927, being screened in Bandung in August, in Surabaya, the film was accompanied by music from the keroncong group under Tuan Kayoon. For international release, the Java Film Co. and Krugers emphasised the ethnographic aspects of the film and it was shown in Singapore, but was a commercial failure. List of films of the Dutch East Indies Footnotes Bibliography Eulis Atjih at the Internet Movie Database

Eulis Atjih
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Newspaper advertisement

23.
Lily van Java
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Lilly van Java, also known as Melatie van Java, is a 1928 film from the Dutch East Indies directed by Nelson Wong. Details on its cast and performance are contradictory, although the film is recognised as the first of a series of ethnic Chinese-produced films in the country. It is likely a lost film, the young daughter of a rich man, already in a loving relationship, is forced to marry someone she does not love. The first two produced in the Dutch East Indies, Loetoeng Kasaroeng and Eulis Atjih, were made by the Dutch filmmakers L. Heuveldorp and G. Kruger. Ethnic Chinese businessmen, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, south Sea Film, the production house in Batavia established by Liem Goan Lian and Tjan Tjoen Lian, was advertised as the first Chinese filmmaking cooperative in the country. Its first script was for Lily van Java, which the company had to pass through the Film Commissie for fear of violating traditional values, however, after Ross withdrew the script was put on hold. With this the Wong Brothers Halimoen Film was able to finish the film, some sources indicate that the same cast was used, while others suggest that the leading role was taken by a student from Shanghai named Lily Oey. The silent film was shot in black and white, its intertitles were bilingual, Lily van Java was released in 1928. The reporter Leopold Gan wrote that the film was highly successful, however, Joshua Wong later recalled in an interview that the film had been a failure, David Wong is reported to have avowed to no longer fund any films after Lily van Java. Lacking a backer, the Wong Brothers went on hiatus, Lily van Java continues to be recorded as the first Chinese-produced film of the area. Although the Wongs went on hiatus, other ethnic Chinese became involved in film, several Chinese owned start-ups are recorded from 1929 on, including Nancing Film with Resia Boroboedoer and Tans Film with Njai Dasima. By the early 1930s Chinese-owned businesses were the force in the countrys film industry. The film is likely a lost film, the American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost. Footnotes Bibliography Lily van Java at the Internet Movie Database

Lily van Java
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A scene showing the film's main family

24.
Chinese Indonesians
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Chinese Indonesians, are Indonesians descended from various Chinese ethnic groups, primarily the Han Chinese. Chinese came to Indonesia as workers both directly and through Maritime Southeast Asia and their population grew rapidly during the colonial period when workers were contracted from their home provinces in southern China. Evidence of discrimination against Chinese Indonesians can be throughout the history of Indonesia. Resentment of ethnic Chinese economic aptitude grew in the 1950s as native Indonesian merchants felt they could not remain competitive, in some cases, government action only propagated the stereotype that ethnic Chinese-owned conglomerates were corrupt. The development of local Chinese society and culture is based upon three pillars, clan associations, ethnic media, and Chinese-language schools, one group supported political reforms in mainland China, while others worked towards improved status in local politics. The New Order government dismantled the pillars of ethnic Chinese identity in favor of policies as a solution to the Chinese Problem. Patterns of assimilation and ethnic interaction can be found in Indonesias literature, architecture, the Chinese Indonesian population of Sumatra accounts for nearly half of the groups national population. Although they are more urbanized than Indonesias indigenous population, significant rural and agricultural communities exist throughout the country. Declining fertility rates have resulted in a shift in the population pyramid. Emigration has contributed to a population, and communities have emerged in more industrialized nations in the second half of the 20th century. Some have participated in programs to the Peoples Republic of China. Among the overseas residents, their identities are noticeably more Indonesian than Chinese, the first recorded movement of people from China into Maritime Southeast Asia was the arrival of Mongol forces under Kublai Khan that culminated in the invasion of Java in 1293. The Mongols introduced Chinese technologies to the island, including shipbuilding and their intervention hastened the decline of the classical kingdoms such as Singhasari and precipitated the rise of the Majapahit empire. Chinese Muslim traders from the eastern coast of China arrived at the towns of Indonesia and Malaysia in the early 15th century. They were led by the mariner Zheng He, who commanded several expeditions to southeastern Asia between 1405 and 1430, in the book Yingya Shenglan, his translator Ma Huan documented the activities of the Chinese Muslims in the archipelago and the legacy left by Zheng He and his men. These traders settled along the northern coast of Java, but there is no documentation of their settlements beyond the 16th century, the Chinese Muslims were likely to have been absorbed into the majority Muslim population. Between 1450 and 1520, the Ming Dynastys interest in southeastern Asia reached a low point and trade, the Portuguese made no mention of any resident Chinese minority population when they arrived in Indonesia in the early 16th century. Trade from the north was re-established when China legalized private trade in 1567 through licensing 50 junks a year, several years later silver began flowing into the region, from Japan, Mexico, and Europe, and trade flourished once again

25.
Usmar Ismail
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Usmar Ismail was a prominent Indonesian film director. He was of a Minangkabau descent and he was widely regarded as the native Indonesian pioneer of the Cinema of Indonesia although films made by the Dutch date back to around 1926. He was perhaps best known internationally for his 1961 film Fighters for Freedom which documented Indonesian independence from the Dutch and French, the film was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Ismail initially served in the army during the Dutch occupation, later, following his dream of becoming a film director, he established Perfini Studios, Indonesias first film studios, in the early fifties. A concert hall known as the Usmar Ismail Hall, which gives musical, opera and theatrical performances, was established in his name in Jakarta

Usmar Ismail
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Ismail, c. 1955
Usmar Ismail
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Usmar Ismail c. 1955

26.
Darah dan Doa
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Darah dan Doa is a 1950 Indonesian war film directed and produced by Usmar Ismail. After raising controversy for its material, the film underwent censorship and was finally released to commercial failure. Retrospective analysis has, however, been more positive, and Ismail has been dubbed the father of Indonesian film, the Siliwangi Division, originally headquartered in West Java, is temporarily based in Central Java owing to the Renville Agreement. After putting down a communist rebellion in Madiun, killing members of the Communist Party of Indonesia in the process. The divisions leader, Captain Sudarto, meets with an Indo woman named Connie, the two become friendly, but after a Dutch attack is launched on the capital at Yogyakarta, they must separate as the division heads westwards. Captain Sudarto leads his men – together with women and children – over more than 200 kilometres, resting during the day and they face hunger, a shortage of supplies, and Dutch air strikes. Along the way, Sudarto begins falling in love with a nurse named Widya, the division comes across a village which has been razed to the ground by Dutch forces, killing almost all of its inhabitants. Upon directions from the survivor, they go to a nearby village and are warmly received. As the men settle for the night, Sudarto goes for a walk with Widya and that night the men sleep comfortably in beds while the villagers stand guard. In the morning, however, the villagers – who are revealed to be related to the Darul Islam militant group – turn on them, the men successfully fight back, though Sudarto is shot by the village chief. Sudarto orders the chief executed, a deed which ultimately falls on the mans son, one night, Sudartos second-in-command Adam tells him that the men are restless over his relationship with Widya. They argue, and Widya – who has overheard everything – says that she will go, the following morning Dutch soldiers launch an ambush in which many are killed, including Widya and Adam. The division in dire straits, Sudarto offers to go to nearby Bandung on his own for the much-needed supplies, after meeting with resistance fighters who offer supplies, Sudarto goes to visit Connie and is captured by Dutch forces. While in prison Sudarto is tortured and begins to regret his actions, after the Dutch recognise Indonesias independence, Sudarto is released from prison, only to learn that his wife has left him and he is under investigation for poor leadership. After meeting with Leo, he realises that the division had reached safety, one night, as he reads his diary, Sudarto is accosted by a man whose relatives were killed in Madiun. After the two argue, Sudarto is shot dead, Darah dan Doa was directed by Usmar Ismail, a former soldier who had previously served as assistant director on Andjar Asmaras Gadis Desa and directed two films on his own, Tjitra and Harta Karun. Creative control for these works, all of which were produced for the Dutch-sponsored South Pacific Film Corporation, was held by cameraman A. A, denninghoff-Stelling, Ismail served more as a dialogue coach. Ismail, using his connections, received technical assistance from various members of the Indonesian Army

Darah dan Doa
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Title card
Darah dan Doa
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The Siliwangi Division in combat, in a scene from the film.
Darah dan Doa
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Usmar Ismail, the film's director and producer
Darah dan Doa
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Del Juzar in 1953; he was cast in the lead role of Sudarto.

27.
Sinematek Indonesia
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Sinematek Indonesia, or Sinematek for short, is a film archive located in Jakarta. Established in 1975 by Misbach Yusa Biran and Asrul Sani, the archive was the first in Southeast Asia and it is home to roughly 2,700 films, mostly Indonesian, and also houses numerous reference works. Since 2001 it has been underfunded, the Sinematek offices are on the fourth floor, while a library regarding films and film history is located on the fifth floor and a 100-square-metre storage area is found in the basement. Most of its visitors are academics or university students, although the center also loans out some of its collections, films can be viewed on-site in the 150-seat screening room or 500-seat theatre. As of March 2012 Sinematek has roughly 2,700 films in its archives, mostly Indonesian and this includes 84 negatives for black-and-white films and 548 negatives for colour films. The center also contains over 15,000 reference works, many of which are difficult to find elsewhere, these works include newspaper clippings, screenplays, books, other holdings include film posters and equipment. He based Sinematek on archives he had seen in the Netherlands, the project received the blessings of Jakarta Governor Ali Sadikin, who also helped the center receive funding from the Ministry of Information. It was the first film archive in Southeast Asia and continues to be the only such archive in Indonesia and its collection came in part from donations and in part from purchases, either directly from producers or second-hand from mobile theatre owners. It joined the International Federation of Film Archives in 1977, Sinematek became part of the Usmar Ismail Foundation in 1995. In 2001 the central Indonesian government prohibited all nonprofit organisations, including the archives, from receiving government funds and this led to Sinematek becoming underfunded and its FIAF membership endangered. The archive received only Rp 17 million monthly from the Film Center Foundation, work at the center slowed to the point that Biran described it as having fallen into a coma. As of 2012, Sinematek continues to be underfunded, of the estimated Rp 320 million necessary to run the archive efficiently and its 17 workers paid under Rp 1 million a month. As a result, necessary maintenance work is not being done, the basement storage room has improper lighting and has, in several spots, been covered in mould. It does, however, have proper temperature and humidity control, although the Indonesian government has allocated funds to construct a new building, the archives workers believe that it will be fruitless unless funding is also provided for maintenance work. In commemoration of Lewat Djam Malams theatrical rerelease in June 2012, Sinematek started the Friends of Sinematek program to promote the documentation and restoration of Indonesian works

28.
Netherlands Government Information Service
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The Netherlands Government Information Service is a Dutch government agency. The RVD is the information service of the Dutch government and is the spokesbody for the prime minister, the Council of Ministers. The RVD is also responsible for providing information on government policy, the prime minister. Organizationally, the RVD is a directorate-general of the Ministry of General Affairs and it consists of the following sections, The management staff. The Press and Publicity department, whose duties are coordinating the public appearances of the members of the Royal House. The Information Services department, which is responsible for providing information regarding government policy to the prime minister and this group collects and analyzes data 24 hours a day from a myriad of sources. The department also includes the new group, which publishes the ministry and royal house websites. The Communications Policy department, which is responsible for defining the government policy on communications. The Directorate Public and Communication, which is the part of the RVD. This department seeks to improve communication between the government and the public, the department is also responsible for running Postbus 51, the government public information channel. The current director general of the RVD is Henk Brons, previous DGs have included Gerard van der Wulp and Eef Brouwers before that. Website of the Netherlands Government Information Service

29.
List of films of the Dutch East Indies
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A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies between 1926 and the colonys dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of film production in the Indies date from 1923. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp, between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and G. Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the Tan brothers and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression, the release of Albert Balinks commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces, generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works. The early films were silent, with Karnadi Anemer Bangkong generally considered the first talkie, later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an indigenous language. According to the Indonesian film scholar Misbach Yusa Biran, the released during this period could not be classified as truly Indonesian films as there was no sense of nationalism within them. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all films from before 1950 are lost

30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

31.
George McTurnan Kahin
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George McTurnan Kahin was an American historian and political scientist. He was one of the experts on Southeast Asia and a critic of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. After completing his dissertation, which is considered a classic on Indonesian history. At Cornell, he became the director of its Southeast Asia Program, Kahins incomplete memoir was published posthumously in 2003. George McTurnan Kahin was born on January 25,1918, in Baltimore, Maryland and he received a B. S. in history from Harvard University in 1940. Kahin married Margaret Baker in 1942, but the marriage ended in divorce, however, the operation was canceled after it was determined that U. S. forces would bypass the Indies after the Potsdam Conference. As a result, his unit was sent to the European theater and he earned the rank of sergeant before leaving the Army. Kahins interest in Southeast Asia developed during this period, and he learned to speak Indonesian, Kahin returned after the war to complete his M. A. from Stanford University, which he received in 1946. His thesis was titled The Political Position of the Chinese in Indonesia and he continued to pursue of his interest in Southeast Asia, going to Indonesia in 1948 to conduct research during the Indonesian National Revolution. During his work, he was arrested by Dutch colonial authorities, Kahin received a Ph. D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1951. His dissertation, titled Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, is considered a classic on Indonesian history, in 1951, Kahin became an assistant professor of government at Cornell University. He received tenure and was promoted to professor in 1954. He became the director of Cornells Southeast Asia Program in 1961, Kahin also founded the Cornell Modern Indonesia Project in 1954 and served as its director until his retirement in 1988. Between 1962 and 1963, he became a Fulbright professor at London University, Kahin was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The university was divided between proponents of the inclusion of the principles of justice in course instruction and advocates of academic freedom for the faculty. This clash affected the Department of Government, where Kahin and a number of defending academic freedom resided. Many of these professors had considered leaving the university due to the administrations policies promoting racial justice, the following week, the Department of Government organized a teach-in on academic freedom, and Kahin was invited to speak at the event by department chair Peter Sharfman. Historian Walter LaFeber would later remember his remarks as the most eloquent speech about academic freedom I have ever encountered anywhere up to time or since that time

32.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding

33.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database