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Miller (1956) Capacity of STMAim: To find the capacity of the STM in the WMMMethod:Findings: The STM can hold 7 pieces of information, plus or minus two. The STM can be considerably increased by combining/organising separate bits of information (chunking) which makes it more meaningful and organises it with information that already exists in your LTMConclusion:Evaluation:…read more

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Baddeley (1966) Semantic coding in LTMAim: To explore the effects of acoustic and semantic encoding in STM and LTMMethod: In the STM study PP were asked immediately after presentation to recall, in serial order, a list of five words taken from a pool of words in these categories: acoustically similar words (man, mad, map), acoustically dissimilar words (pen, day, few), semantically similar words (great, big, large), and semantically dissimilar words (hot, old, late). In the LTM study each list of words was extended to ten and recall was tested after 20 minutes.Findings: Words with similar sounds were much harder to recall using STM than words with dissimilar sounds. Similarity of meaning only had a very slight detrimental effect on STM. When PP were recalling from the LTM, recall was much worse for semantically similar words then for semantically dissimilar words. Recall from LTM was the same for acoustically similar and acoustically dissimilar words.Conclusion: STM relies heavily on acoustic encoding. LTM primarily makes use of semantic encodingEvaluation: Labatory experiment means low ecological validity however also means a high level of control over extraneous variables…read more

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Conrad (1964) Acoustic coding in STMAim: To find out if the STM encodes information acousticallyMethod: Compared acoustically and visually presented data. Presented PP with 6 letters at a time, displaying them for 0.75 seconds. The PP had to recall the letters in the order that they were presentedFindings: When the letters sounded alike, even though they were visually presented, errors were made in terms of sounds confusions, for example, S was recalled instead of XConclusion: The STM does encode information acousticallyEvaluation: In later research, Posner (1969) demonstrated that visual codes fo in fact exist is STM at least some of the time…read more

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Peterson & Peterson (1959) Duration of STMAim: To find the duration of the STM in the WMMMethod: A lab experiment in which 24 PP had to recall trigrams. To prevent rehearsal PP were asked to count backwards in threes or fours from a specified number until a red light appeared (brown peterson technique)Findings: The longer the interval delay the less trigrams were recalled. 80% of the letters were remembered after 3 seconds, less than 10% were remembered after 18 secondsConclusions: STM has a limited duration when rehearsal is prevented. Also STM is different from LTM in terms of durationEvaluation: Low ecological validity as people do not try to recall trigrams in real life…read more