Chandrayaan has completed 100 days in space today and has confirmed the presence of iron and has picked up x-ray signals from its cratered terrain.

70 scientists including members from NASA and ESA will meet in ISRO.

The unique set of equipments of Chandrayaan ,Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) has highest spatial resolution of 5m and the Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar ( Mini- SAR) is designed to detect water in lunar poles.Moon Impact Probe (IMP) impacted the moon where no other instruments has.

Orthopaedic researchers study the hipbone or spine to see effects of long-duration spaceflight.The hip experiences the greatest rate of bone loss in space and a hip fracture requires a major surgery. A person's ability to walk can be lost or in worst case death of the person.

To lessen the effects, space station astronauts must exercise at least two hours every day and undergo weeks of rehabilitation after their return to Earth.

The Chandrayaan-I X-ray Spectrometer (CIXS) orbiting the moon has send data which indicates the presence of Magnesium, Aluminium and Silicon.The X-rays are absorbed by the atoms in the lunar soil and are remitted in a way which reveals the make-up of the surface.Spectrometer is sensitive to magnesium, aluminium and silicon X-rays. It may also make measurements of elements like iron, titanium and calcium when solar illumination is bright.

The liquid found on Saturn's moon, Titan makes one of the most exciting and challenging discoveries of our century, since besides Earth, this is the second solar body with liquid on the surface in the system. The lake-like formations contain liquid hydrocarbons, most probably ethane according to NASA press release. Cassini spacecraft was the probe to send hundreds of pictures of Saturn and its satellites in its forty close flybys in the area. According to theories, there could be real oceans of methane, ethane and various other hydrocarbons; the dark color of the liquid found on Saturn's moon could only point to these components of crude oil. Nevertheless, the liquid form was not confirmed until a probe reached the surface of Titan in January 2005.

The depth of these pools or lakes of liquid found on Saturn's satellite could be a few or hundreds of feet deep. Infrared scanning by Cassini spacecraft allowed an approximation of the features. Yet, the main question remains as whether this planet can support life or not. Another Saturn moon, Enceladus, revealed cold water geysers issuing from liquid reservoirs lying a little below the frozen soil. Could such discoveries start a new era in the planetary exploration programs? Though life is difficult to imagine in the cold conditions of this icy world, right beneath the surface of Enceladus, all the premises indicate that life is more than possible.

This is the reason why the liquid found on Saturn's Enceladus set the course for new investigations for life in the solar system. Plus, the other prerequisite for life existence on Enceladus, organic materials, is also met: there is methane, ethane, carbon dioxide and several others. Last but not least, near the thermal vents, deep down in Saturn's center, the temperature could also create a favorable environment for the appearance and development of life forms.

The liquid found on Saturn's moons makes the most exciting discovery in the last twenty five years, since volcanic activity was identified on one of Jupiter's satellites. Though the source of the water geysers could not be spotted by the camera of the spacecraft the water and ice sprays were very visible in the sunlight, in the polar region of Enceladus. The same warm-icy model in the structure of comets applies to this liquid found on Saturn's satellite, Enceladus, since the geysers were identified as a combination of ice and hot water vapors.

Scientists from various countries will participate in the first meeting to review scientific findings from the data collected by Chandrayaan -I and the scientists are expecting something new about the moon to emerge from their meeting.

One of the instruments of Chandrayaan -I, MiniSAR, has the objective of detecting water ice in regions on the lunar surface which will be a step towards setting up a colony in the moon.

Chandrayaan -II will be launched in 2012 and work on its engineering aspect has started.The total cost of the project is Rs.425 crores. The lander-cum- rover is an Indo-Russian joint venture and major responsibility will be shared by Russia.The launcher will be GSLV Mark III.The Chandrayaan II will have an orbiter besides a lander-cum-rover. After the spacecraft reaches the lunar orbit, the lander-cum-rover will release from it and soft-land on the Moon by means of powered descent.The orbiter weight will be 2700 kgs.

Astronomy is as large as the universe that it seeks to discover. Star astronomy is just one part of the overall science and hobby. It would take a lifetime just to learn about all the objects that orbit our own small sun. Some people, then, decide to become experts on the stars.Our sun is 94,000,000 miles from Earth, and that's the closest star we know. It generates an amazing amount of heat to reach all that distance. Our own sun contains just over 98% of the total mass in the solar system. That includes all the other planets even with huge Jupiter and Saturn on our side. It would take 109 Earths to span the sun's disk, and over 1.3 million Earths would fit within the sun. The nuclear reaction at the Sun's core comes from pressure 340 billion times that at sea level on earth and temperatures of over 27,000,000Â°F. That would burn toast to a crisp instantly.Since it's so close to Earth, relatively compared to other suns, the Sun is the most thoroughly studied star. The next nearest star is 250,000 times further from Earth. But when you travel far from Earth star astronomy really starts to hum. A human can see about 5000 stars, all in our own Milky Way galaxy, from Earth. Using telescope, a person can see far more of the 1x10^22 stars estimated in the universe. If you're counting that's a one followed by 22 zeros. Even a small amateur telescope brings hundreds of thousands of stars to a person's view. Wow! Larger telescopes can see other galaxies that contain an estimated total of over 200 billion stars. It's a project of generations just to count each one.Star astronomy experts have now proven that many other stars have planets. Stars wobble when planets orbit them, and that wobbling can be measured. And in late 2008 astronomers finally took the first pictures of planets orbiting other stars, and even of entire solar systems. We are ever closer to finding intelligent life.

A lot of people like Astronomy. Some are serious scientists who study it for a living, or who even teach it. Others are merely hobbyists who enjoy it. Hobbyists have even made many amazing discoveries. For the longest time telescopes or at least binocular were the tools of choice. Today however, computers make it possible to practice astronomy without them thanks to astronomy software. The list of programs is almost endless.One of the most well known programs is SETI@Home. the point of this software was to use all the idle time on peoples home computers. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence was set to search space for radio signals that indicated intelligent design. Scientists used supercomputers to go through all the data collected. Today, however, it's up to people's computers at home and at the office. People at home won't be having discussions with aliens when they're found. But people can take pride in being involved in the search for intelligence outside our home planet.A simple type of astronomy software is the 3D screen saver. These bring space objects to life when you're not using your computer. This can include simple views as well as navigable planets, solar systems or other objects that the user can explore from any angle and distance. Try a handy search engine to find one of these programs.Not many people know what F.I.T.S is. It's NASA's flexible image transport system that delivers data including 2-D and 3-D imaging. It's used in a lot of software. These include freeware and software for sale. Google can help you find more. Try Duke University's website.Amateur astronomers can even find help with imperfect telescopes. The software displays images that help the hobbyist adjust the telescope.

Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in the late 1500's. He first became a math teacher even though he had no degree in the subject, and here he began his path to greatness. A baby step towards Galileo Galilei astronomy was when he demonstrated to students that different weight objects fell at the same speed, counter to Aristotle's teachings. He wasn't invited back to teach, and so moved to a position at the University of Padua. It was there that his ideas about astronomy truly began.In Padua, Galileo invented the compass and began studying physics. He expanded his work on falling bodies, writing formula to describe them as well as the parabolic path of projectiles. These two ideas were key to astronomy as it progressed. However except for an allegiance to the work of Copernicus over Ptolemy and Aristotle, Galileo claimed to be disinterested in astronomy. It was Copernicus who first described a solar system in which planets orbit the sun. Aristotle and Ptolemy held that the solar system was centered around the Earth, and even the sun rotated around our home. As time went by Copernicus, and Galileo, were proven correct.Galileo was the first to look at the night sky through a spyglass, thus using the first telescope. With a magnification of 20, this telescope helped Galileo discover mountains and craters on the moon. He also learned that the milky way was made up of individual stars. Next he found the four largest moons of Jupiter. He published his findings and became the court mathematician in Florence. Now he could devote full time to his studies. It took him only 9 months to discover Saturn's phases. This was another nail in the coffin for Ptolemy's and Aristotle's ideas about the solar system.Galileo's original dispute was with Aristotle's teachings. Many scientists agreed with Galileo, and so published his findings. But Aristotle was popular with the church because an Earth centered solar system put man's home, and thus man, at the center of things. A Florence priest denounced Galileo Galilei astronomy in 1614. Galileo's response was a letter stating that science was above the bible. A cardinal demanded Galileo stop talking about a moving Earth. Galileo complied, continuing his study of falling objects, comets, and methods to determine longitude at sea based on the phases of Jupiter's moons.

Astronomy is a study of outer space. It can be a serious science, but also a fun hobby. So people tend to flock to an astronomy picture of the day. There are so many things to see, that browsing such images will never become boring.NASA is a great source to find and astronomy picture of the day. There's a new image there every day. The multimedia section shows both images and videos. These could be great sources for a person to create their own site that offers a new image each day. Saturn's moon Enceladus was featured on November 5, 2008. It was taken by the Cassini space craft as it passed about 1,700 kilometers from the surface. The image is so detailed that features about the size of a bus are viewable. The ice on this moon reflects nearly 100% of all the light that hits it. Talk about snow blind. The moon is so interesting that Cassini will continue to fly by for more images later in its mission.NASA maintains an archive of all the astronomy photos of the day dating all the way back to June 16 of 1995. That image was of Earth as if it had the density of a neutron star. This photo was created by the computer. It shows Orion visible twice. Even light from behind a neutron star is visible because the dense star bends the light all the way around it. This causes some double vision.NASA's COBY satellite took a very interesting image of the center of the Milky Way galaxy on September 8, 1995. Due to space dust this would normally not be visible to the naked eye or to a telescope. But COBE's infrared imaging captured this amazing image.January 1 in 2000 and 2001 had the very same astronomy picture of the day. It's due to the fact that many people think of the year 2000 as the first day of the third millennium. In reality January 1, 2001 was the beginning of millennium #3. NASA figured it was better to just go with both. the picture now online at http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap010101.html is an indication of the universe as it is progressed in the mind of man.