The closest galaxy to our own is the majestic Andromeda galaxy, a collection of a trillion stars located a “mere” 2 million light years away.
https://gizmodo.com/good-news-the-milky-way-may-not-be-devoured-by-androme-1823080163
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The different colours of NGC 3344

This video shows what the galaxy NGC 3344 looks like in different wavelengths of light. Astronomers collect light of different wavelengths to find out different types of information about astronomical objects.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803c/
Credit:
NASA & ESA
Music credit:
Mylonite MRP - Mylonite Recordz
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Pan on NGC 3344

This video pans over NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations of the spiral galaxy NGC 3344 that lies about 20 million light-years away. The galaxy is seen face-on, allowing us to see its spiral arms and the bright core. Because of the many filters used to create this image — ranging from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared — the bright young stars glowing blue and the red regions of dense gas and dust are visible.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803d/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble
Music: Astral Electronic

Hubblecast 107: Decoding the colours of NGC 3344

Our eyes detect only visible light, but on board Hubble are a variety of instruments that together detect many different wavelengths of light. This means that Hubble is able to observe galaxies over a wide range of wavelengths to reveal features that would otherwise remain invisible to our eyes.
This episode of the Hubblecast explores the meaning of the colours in the spiral galaxy NGC 3344.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803a/
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Watch more Hubblecavideo.web_category.allst episodes: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/archive/category/hubblecast/
Credit:
ESO
Directed by: Rosa Jesse
Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser
Written by: Mathias Jäger, Nicole Shaerer
Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa
Images: NASA, ESA/Hubble
Videos: NASA, ESA/Hubble
Animations: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser, L. Calçada
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Web and technical support: Mathias Andre and Raquel Yumi Shida
Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen

Zoom-in on NGC 3344

This video zooms in on the spiral galaxy NGC 3344, about 20 million light-years away from the Earth. The footage begins with a view of the night sky in the direction of the constellation of Leo Minor, as seen from the ground. It then zooms through observations from the Digitized Sky Survey 2, and ends with a view of the galaxy obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803b/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble, NASA, Digitized Sky Survey 2.
Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin
Music: Astral Electronic

New evidence that our galaxy is a cannibal - SpaceTime with Stuart Gary S21E10

This episode is brought to by Grammarly….an intelligent writing app. It’ll correct hundreds of writing errors for you….and has saved us multiple occasions. It’s one app we use every day here at SpaceTime. And there’s a free browser extension. Go to www.getgrammarly.com/spacetime for your free download and help support the show...it’ll improve your writing no end!
Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly).
*New evidence that our galaxy is a cannibal
Astronomers have discovered evidence confirming that the outer halo of the Milky Way contains stars stolen from neighbouring dwarf galaxies. The new findings support the idea of galactic cannibalism in which big galaxies grow bigger by merging or consuming smaller galaxies.
*All systems go for Falcon heavy
Space X is about to launch its largest and most powerful rocket ever -- the Falcon Heavy. The new 70 metre tall launch vehicle combines three Falcon 9 core stages mounted side by side. Instead of the usual dummy payload packed with scientific monitoring equipment – SpaceX boss Elon Musk is sending his own midnight cherry Tesla Roadster with David Bowie’s Space Oddity playing through the speakers.
*Scientists discover how black holes regulate star formation in massive galaxies
For year astronomers have noticed a direct relationship between the size of a galaxy and the mass of the supermassive black hole at its centre -- But the machinations of how it all worked has been more of a mystery. Now a new study has provided direct observational evidence that the mass of the central black hole affects the formation of new stars throughout the galaxy’s lifetime.
*The Science Report
The biological markers in blood plasma which could provide an early warning of Alzheimer’s disease.
Polar bears slowly starving to death because declining sea ice due to man-made climate change.
New questions about the effectiveness of taking fish oil capsules for heart health.
New tool discoveries indicate humans left Africa much earlier than thought.
The events that have shaped the nation the most.
The Skeptics guide to so called energy medicine.
For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes
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Scientists Discover Exoplanets In A Distant Galaxy For The First Time

Astrophysicists at the University of Oklahoma, using a technique called microlensing, have confirmed the existence of exoplanets beyond our own Milky Way galaxy. The scientific team has discovered not just one or two, but an estimated multitude of planets which range in size form the Moon to Jupiter. OU professor Xinyu Dai said, "We are very excited about this discovery. This is the first time anyone has discovered planets outside our galaxy. These small planets are the best candidate for the signature we observed in this study using the microlensing technique.” OU researcher Eduardo Guerras said, "This is an example of how powerful the techniques of analysis of extragalactic microlensing can be."
https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/scientists-discover-exoplanets-beyond-milky-way-galaxy/
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NASA scientists revealed a new image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showing one of the oldest galaxies ever discovered in unprecedented detail.

Solving the mystery of what came first - SpaceTime with Stuart Gary S21E02

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly).
SpaceTime 20180105 Series 21 Episode 02
*Solving the mystery of what came first?
Astronomers may be a step closer to solving one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics – which came first the galaxy – or the supermassive black hole at its centre. The problem is do galaxies form first from the accumulation of stars, globular clusters, and molecular gas and dust clouds -- with densities at the galactic centre eventually becoming so high it forms a black hole.
*Supermassive black hole stellar factory
Astronomers have discovered 11 newly formed infant protostars within three light years of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Black holes generate powerful gravitational tidal forces and intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation – environments far more conducive to destroying stars rather than creating them.
*Mars may not be as dry as it seems
A new study suggests water on Mars is being absorbed by the red planet’s rocks like a sponge. The findings reported in the journal Nature suggest that Martian basalt rocks can hold up to 25 percent more water than similar basalts on Earth.
*SpaceX to launch Falcon Heavy shortly
After more than 12 years of planning and development Space X is finally getting ready to fly its new Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. The 70-metre-tall reusable rocket is based around three Falcon 9 common booster core stages -- mounted side by side in a similar fashion to the Delta 4 heavy -- from which it will take the title as the world’s most powerful operational launch vehicle.
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Newborn Galaxies

Astronomers have looked back to a time soon after the Big Bang, and have discovered swirling gas in some of the earliest galaxies to have formed in the Universe. These ‘newborns’ – observed as they appeared nearly 13 billion years ago – spun like a whirlpool, similar to our own Milky Way. An international team used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to open a new window onto the distant Universe, and have for the first time been able to identify normal star-forming galaxies at a very early stage in cosmic history with this telescope. Light from distant objects takes time to reach Earth, so observing objects that are billions of light years away enables us to look back in time and directly observe the formation of the earliest galaxies. The Universe at that time, however, was filled with an obscuring ‘haze’ of neutral hydrogen gas, which makes it difficult to see the formation of the very first galaxies with optical telescopes. Astronomers used ALMA to observe two small newborn galaxies, as they existed just 800 million years after the Big Bang. By analyzing the spectral ‘fingerprint’ of the far-infrared light collected by ALMA, they were able to establish the distance to the galaxies and, for the first time, see the internal motion of the gas that fueled their growth. The researchers found that the gas in these newborn galaxies swirled and rotated in a whirlpool motion, similar to our own galaxy and other, more mature galaxies much later in the Universe’s history. Despite their relatively small size – about five times smaller than the Milky Way – these galaxies were forming stars at a higher rate than other young galaxies, but the researchers were surprised to discover that the galaxies were not as chaotic as expected. The data from this project on small galaxies paves the way for larger studies of galaxies during the first billion years of cosmic time.

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As many of you know who’ve been following SFN for a while know that this video series was started in January 2011 during the winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Well this week finished the one for 2018 and here is a roundup of stories I found most interesting.
The people with the American Astronomical Society call their winter meeting the Superbowl of Astronomy and while that may be a bit hyperbolic, it is an exciting time for astronomers. They get to announce some of their most exciting work during this meeting and while I have been to several, lately I’ve had to watch them from afar. But I do hope to start live streaming from them again one day.
So in the spirit of SFN, I’m going to give you a brief roundup of some of the latest research that came out this week from the world of professional astronomers from around the world. There was so much released this week that there is no way I can cover all of it in a 10 minute or so video, so I’m keeping it to those things I found most interesting.
Links to the stories:
http://news.fnal.gov/2018/01/dark-energy-survey-publicly-releases-first-three-years-of-data/
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/webb-telescope-s-houston-highlights
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-004
http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2018-04
http://www.caltech.edu/news/citizen-scientists-discover-five-planet-system-80989
Exoplanet Explorers:
https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/ianc2/exoplanet-explorers
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A Tour of the Galactic Center

A new visualization provides an exceptional virtual trip — complete with a 360-degree view — to the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way.

A Quick Look at the Galactic Center

The Earth is located about 26,000 light years, or about 200,000 trillion miles, from the center of the Galaxy.
While humans cannot physically travel there, scientists have been able to study this region by using data from powerful telescopes.
A new visualization, based on data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes, lets viewers explore the Milky Way's center.
In this 360-degree movie, viewers can see powerful winds from giant stars around the Galaxy's supermassive black hole.
Scientists are using this visualization to examine the effects from the black hole on its stellar neighbors.

360-Degree Video: An Immersive Visualization of the Galactic Center

A 360-degree movie immerses viewers into a simulation of the center of our Galaxy. This visualization was enabled by data from Chandra and other telescopes and allows viewers to control their own exploration of this region. From the vantage point of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, the viewer can see about 25 Wolf-Rayet stars (white, twinkling objects) as they continuously eject stellar winds (black to red to yellow color scale). These winds collide with each other, and then some of this material (yellow blobs) spirals towards Sgr A*. The movie shows two simulations, each of which start around 350 years in the past and span 500 years. The first simulation shows Sgr A* in a calm state, while the second contains a more violent Sgr A* that is expelling its own material, thereby turning off the accretion of clumped material (yellow blobs) that is so prominent in the first portion.

New Pictures of Markarian 266 Galaxy Are Stunning

The hubble space telescope recently captured beautiful images of galaxy NGC 5256, which they have named Markarian 266. According to mnn.com, "The bright colors radiating from the center are actually two galaxies on the verge of a massive galactic collision... New technological advancements in imagery made it possible to show the presence of gas." Fans of beautiful space imagery should definitely check it out.
https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/videos/hubble-telescope-captures-stunning-galactic-collision
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In this week’s question show, Fraser explains why almost everything in the Solar System is spinning in the same direction, is there a limit to how massive black holes can get, and do galaxies have an escape velocity?
In this week’s question show, Fraser explains how astronomers measure the spin rate of black holes, other uses of gravitational slingshots, and why everyone is talking about Patreon.
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Abell 2744 is a cluster of galaxies 5 million light-years across and 3.5 billion light-years away. Its immense mass has warped space, magnifying and distorting light from galaxies beyond the cluster, and giving us a view into the universe as it existed more than 13 billion years ago.
Explore the science along with the scenery – Image Tours show Hubble pictures through an astronomer's eyes, pinpointing and explaining key features to add understanding to the joy of cosmic sightseeing.
For more Hubble Image Tours, please visit: http://hubblesite.org/videos/image_tours
RELATED LINKS:
• Hubble's First Frontier Field Finds Thousands of Unseen, Faraway Galaxies: http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2014-01
• Hubble Finds Extremely Distant Galaxy through Cosmic Magnifying Glass: http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2014-39
• Video: Zoom into the Massive Galaxy Cluster Abell 2744: http://hubblesite.org/video/47/science/15-galaxy-clusters
• Image: Gravitational Lens Forms Giant Arc: http://hubblesite.org/image/2981/news/18-gravitational-lensing
Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI)

The Galactic Habitability Zone

An exploration of the concept of a galactic habitable zone and the implications it has for life in the universe.
https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier
Papers:
"Ionizing radiation and life." L.R. Dartnell, 2011
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774684
Music:
Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy

Astronomers from the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute and Leiden Observatory, both in the Netherlands, used data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and ESA’s Gaia space observatory to measure the motions of stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy. The Sculptor Dwarf is a satellite galaxy orbiting the Milky Way, 300 000 light-years away from Earth. Only by combining the datasets from these two successful ESA missions — produced more than 12 years apart — could the scientists directly measure the exact 3D motions of stars within the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy. The is the first time this has been achieved with such accuracy for a galaxy other than the Milky Way. This kind of precision was only possible due to the extraordinary resolution and accuracy of both instruments. Also the study would not have been possible without the large interval of time between the two datasets which makes it easier to determine the movement of the stars. The Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy, which are among the most dark matter dominated objects in the Universe. This makes them ideal targets for investigating the properties of dark matter. In particular, understanding how dark matter is distributed in these dwarf galaxies allows astronomers to test the validity of the currently-accepted cosmological model. However, dark matter cannot be studied directly. The information gathered about the 3D motion of stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy can be translated directly into knowledge of how its total mass — including dark matter — is distributed. The new results show that stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy move preferentially on elongated radial orbits. This indicates that the density of dark matter increases towards the centre instead of flattening out. These findings are in agreement with the established cosmological model and our current understanding of dark matter, taking into account the complexity of Sculptor’s stellar populations. As a side effect of the study, the team also presented a more accurate trajectory of the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy as a whole as it orbits the Milky Way. Their results show that it is moving around the Milky Way in a high-inclination elongated orbit that takes it much further away than previously thought. Currently, it is nearly at its closest point to the Milky Way, but its orbit can take it as far as 725 000 light-years away.

What Really Happens When Galaxies Collide

The Milky Way is on a crash course with the Andromeda galaxy, but what would a galactic collision actually look like?
What Happens When Galaxies Die? - https://youtu.be/wWvJVE5nio4
Read More:
Astronomers Predict Titanic Collision: Milky Way vs. Andromeda
https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/31may_andromeda
“The Milky Way is destined to get a major makeover during the encounter, which is predicted to happen four billion years from now. It is likely the sun will be flung into a new region of our galaxy, but our Earth and solar system are in no danger of being destroyed.”
As Much as Half of the Milky Way Likely Came From Distant Galaxies
https://www.seeker.com/space/astrophysics/as-much-as-half-of-the-milky-way-likely-came-from-distant-galaxies
“We’re made of star stuff, as Carl Sagan famously put it in his TV series Cosmos. All of the elements that joined together to form our planet and everything on it were set in motion within the hearts of ancient stars. But not only are we star stuff, it appears that we’re actually made of alien star stuff.”
Jellyfish Galaxies Are Feeding Supermassive Black Holes
https://www.seeker.com/space/astrophysics/jellyfish-galaxies-are-feeding-supermassive-black-holes
“There are all sorts of strange “creatures” in outer space. Astronomers study objects called blitzars and magnetars, while citizen scientists with the Galaxy Zoo project have found objects that they’ve affectionately dubbed “green peas” and “voorwerps.” Some of these objects are well understood while others are more mysterious.”
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The properties of the Milky Way's satellite galaxies provide critical clues to how galaxies form. However, the number of Milky Way satellites and their properties do not fully agree with well-established cosmological models. The SAGA (Satellites Around Galactic Analogs) survey is a long-term program to determine complete satellite luminosity functions around 100 Milky Way analogs down to Mr = -12. I will present early results from the SAGA survey. Surprisingly, the majority (26/27) of our satellites are star-forming, as compared to 2 of 5 star-forming Milky Way satellites in the same luminosity range. I will discuss how these results potentially change the physical interpretation of measurements based only on the Milky Way's satellites.

Gas: A Prime Driver of Galaxy Evolution

Phillips Auditorium
Dominik Riechers
Cornell University
Great progress has been made over the past two decades in constraining the star formation history of the universe, but our understanding of how cosmic star formation is fueled by molecular gas at high redshift remains limited to specific, and potentially biased samples of galaxies. To overcome these limitations, we have carried out a large blind volume search for molecular gas in galaxies at redshifts 2-3 and 5-7 with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). This measurement of the "cold gas history of the universe" near the peak of cosmic star formation and in the first billion years of cosmic time provides important information on the fueling mechanisms that drive cosmic star formation. To probe the detailed physical properties of these processes, we augment this survey with in-depth, high-resolution studies of star-forming galaxies back to the earliest epochs with the Atacama Large sub/Millimeter Array (ALMA) and other facilities, from
"normal", low-metallicity galaxies all the way to the most intense, massive dusty starbursts. These studies fundamentally enhance our picture of early galaxy evolution by providing a better understanding of the stellar mass buildup, and they provide detailed constraints on the design of planned galaxy surveys in the early universe with the next generation Very Large Array (ngVLA).

The Dynamics of the Local Group: Challenges to Convention in the Era of Precision Astrometry

Bok Prize Lecture:
Gurtina Besla
Univ. of Arizona
Host:
Lars Hernquist
Abstract:
Our understanding of the dynamics of our Local Group of galaxies has changed dramatically over the past few years owing to significant advancements in astrometry and our theoretical understanding of galaxy structure. I will provide an overview of key contributions by the Hubble Space Telescope to this evolving picture. In particular, I will highlight the impact of the HSTPROMO team’s proper motion measurements of key players in the Local Group, such as the most massive satellites of the Milky Way (the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds), the first direct proper motion measurement of M31 and an implied new orbital history for M33. These results have met with controversy, challenging preconceived notions of the orbital dynamics of key components of the Local Group. They also make concrete predictions and have profound implications for our analysis of upcoming high-precision astrometric data from e.g., Gaia, LSST and JWST.

Zooming in on the galaxy NGC 1316

This zoom starts with a wide spread of sky including many familiar constellations, then closes in on the less dramatic constellation of Fornax (The Furnace), where NGC 1316 is located. This lenticular galaxy bears the scars of a turbulent history, during which it has engulfed smaller galaxies.
More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1734b/
Credit:
ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org). Music: Jennifer Athena Galatis

ESOcast 134 Light: Revealing Galactic Secrets (4K UHD)

The VLT Survey Telescope has captured the most detailed image yet of the galaxy NGC 1316 and its rich surroundings. Discover more in this episode of ESOcast Light.
The video is available in 4K UHD.
The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts, but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases.
More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1734a/
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Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube: http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/
Credit:
ESO
Visual Design and Editing: Luis Calçada, Petr Horalek
Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida.
Written by: Rosa Jesse and Richard Hook
Music: Movetwo
Footage and photos: ESO, N. Risinger (skysurvey.org), L. Calçada, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Directed by: Herbert Zodet
Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

Full heic0312 Video News Release

A mysterious arc of light found behind a distant cluster of galaxies has
turned out to be the biggest, brightest and hottest star-forming region ever
seen in space.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0312p/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)

Pan across NGC 4490

This video shows a pan across the galaxy NGC 4490. The former barred spiral galaxy got its scattered and warped appearance as the result of a past cosmic collision with another galaxy.
This collision has created patches of higher density gas and dust in the galaxy, creating perfect conditions for new stars to form. The pink pockets of light visible in the galaxy are dense clouds of ionised hydrogen, glowing as they are irradiated with ultraviolet light from nearby young, hot stars.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1716a/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble
Music credit: Astral Electronic

How to Find The Great Andromeda Galaxy

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Have you ever wondered how you can find the Andromeda Galaxy with your naked eye? It's actually not that hard and is readily visible in the Fall Night Sky.
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A Flight Through the CANDELS Ultra Deep Survey Field [Ultra HD]

This visualization traverses the CANDELS Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) field to showcase the varied appearances of galaxies and their three-dimensional distribution. The sequence features a dense cluster of galaxies about 6 billion light-years away and extends to galaxies at more than twice that distance. Because the light from these galaxies has travelled for billions of years across space, the images show the galaxies as they appeared billions of years ago. In addition, the expansion of space has redshifted the light of these galaxies toward longer wavelengths (i.e., to the red end of the visible-light region and into the infrared-light region). The changes seen in galaxies during the fly-through illustrate the changes in galaxy structure and appearance over billions of years of cosmic history.
CANDELS is an acronym for the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey project. One of the largest projects ever done with the Hubble Space Telescope, CANDELS surveyed five fields to study the development of galaxies over time. The CANDELS observations of the UDS field complement ground-based observations from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope.
Astronomers and visual artists extracted over 26,000 galaxies from the Hubble UDS images and created a computer model based on the measured and estimated properties. Note that the distances used in the visualization are significantly compressed for cinematic purposes.
Credits: NASA, ESA, F. Summers, J. DePasquale, G. Bacon, and Z. Levay (STScI)
Acknowledgement: H. Ferguson, A. Koekemoer, and the CANDELS Team
Music: "Rotisserie Graveyard" by Doctor Turtle CC BY 4.0
Download movie files at: http://hubblesite.org/video/984/science

Scientists Detect 15 New Fast Radio Bursts From Distant Galaxy

On Aug. 26, scientists with the Breakthrough Listen initiative detected 15 fast radio bursts originating from a galaxy 3 billion light years away.

Supermassive Black Holes or Their Galaxies? Which Came First?

It’s a mystery that’s puzzled astronomers for years. Which came first, supermassive black holes or the galaxies that surround them?
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Every time astronomers look farther out in the Universe, they discover new mysteries. These mysteries require all new tools and techniques to understand. These mysteries lead to more mysteries. What I’m saying is that it’s mystery turtles all the way down.
One of the most fascinating is the discovery of quasars, understanding what they are, and the unveiling of an even deeper mystery, where do they come from?
As always, I’m getting ahead of myself, so first, let’s go back and talk about the discovery of quasars.
Back in the 1950s, astronomers scanned the skies using radio telescopes, and found a class of bizarre objects in the distant Universe. They were very bright, and incredibly far away; hundreds of millions or even billion of light-years away. The first ones were discovered in the radio spectrum, but over time, astronomers found even more blazing in the visible spectrum.
The astronomer Hong-Yee Chiu coined the term “quasar”, which stood for quasi-stellar object. They were like stars, shining from a single point source, but they clearly weren’t stars, blazing with more radiation than an entire galaxy.
Over the decades, astronomers puzzled out the nature of quasars, learning that they were actually black holes, actively feeding and blasting out radiation, visible billions of light-years away.
But they weren’t the stellar mass black holes, which were known to be from the death of giant stars. These were supermassive black holes, with millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun.
As far back as the 1970s, astronomers considered the possibility that there might be these supermassive black holes at the heart of many other galaxies, even the Milky Way.
In 1974, astronomers discovered a radio source at the center of the Milky Way emitting radiation. It was titled Sagittarius A*, with an asterisk that stands for “exciting”, well, in the “excited atoms” perspective.
This would match the emissions of a supermassive black hole that wasn’t actively feeding on material. Our own galaxy could have been a quasar in the past, or in the future, but right now, the black hole was mostly silent, apart from this subtle radiation.
Astronomers needed to be certain, so they performed a detailed survey of the very center of the Milky Way in the infrared spectrum, which allowed them to see through the gas and dust that obscures the core in visible light.
They discovered a group of stars orbiting Sagittarius A-star, like comets orbiting the Sun. Only a black hole with millions of times the mass of the Sun could provide the kind of gravitational anchor to whip these stars around in such bizarre orbits.
Further surveys found a supermassive black hole at the heart of the Andromeda Galaxy, in fact, it appears as if these monsters are at the center of almost every galaxy in the Universe.
But how did they form? Where did they come from? Did the galaxy form first, and cause the black hole to form at the middle, or did the black hole form, and build up a galaxy around them?

Visualisation of galaxy undergoing ram pressure stripping

This visualisation shows a jellyfish galaxy in the three-dimensional view of the MUSE instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope. This combines the normal two-dimensional view with the third dimension of wavelength. This galaxy has undergone jam pressure stripping as it moves rapidly into the hot gas in a galaxy cluster, and streamers of gas and young stars are trailing behind it. These show up as the tentacles extending away from the galaxy as they have different velocities.
A 3D interactive view of this galaxy is available.
More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1725b/
Credit:
ESO/Callum Bellhouse and the GASP collaboration

Visualisation of a galaxy undergoing ram pressure stripping

This visualisation shows a jellyfish galaxy in the three-dimensional view of the MUSE instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope. This combines the normal two-dimensional view with the third dimension of wavelength. This galaxy has undergone ram pressure stripping as it moves rapidly into the hot gas in a galaxy cluster, and streamers of gas and young stars are trailing behind it. These show up as the tentacles extending away from the galaxy as they have different velocities.
A 3D interactive view of this galaxy is available.
More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1725d/
Credit:
ESO/Callum Bellhouse and the GASP collaboration

IC 10 is a galaxy about 2.2 million light years from Earth undergoing a period of intense star formation.
Observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory reveal over 100 sources that glow in X-rays.
Of these, about a dozen are systems where a black hole or neutron star is in orbit with a young, massive companion star.
These systems, called X-ray binaries, are interesting because some of them could become sources of gravitational waves in the future.
Astronomers using Chandra and other telescopes will continue to study X-ray binaries to better understand how they behave.

Synchrotron radiation from galaxies can contain mind-boggling amounts of energy. Extra footage from this interview: https://youtu.be/ez8_zIhS1cI
More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓
Extra footage from this interview: https://youtu.be/ez8_zIhS1cI
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Markarian 573

This animation illustrates the active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback process occurring in the galaxy Markarian 573. The AGN itself, a supermassive black hole and its accretion disk surrounded by a dense wide, thick ring of dust and gas, is shown first. The ring, also called a torus, restricts escaping radiation to a pair of conical regions extending above and below its plane. The animation then zooms out to reveal the interaction between radiation escaping from the AGN's conical emitting regions and the gas in the galaxy's disk. The disk gas initially rotates in the galaxy's plane and becomes ionized as it passes through the AGN radiation field. Gas located less than about 2,500 light-years from the AGN accelerates away and forms fast-moving outflows. Gas located at larger distances also becomes ionized, but it is not driven away from the nucleus and remains rotating in the galaxy's disk. These interactions likely explain the spatially resolved structure and motions astronomers observe in other nearby AGN.

Gaze at the Milky Way

We're celebrating dark skies and all the wonder they produce by looking up at the beautiful Milky Way from Slooh's Canary Islands Observatories. During the show, we'll explore the importance of dark skies and what it's like to live in a place where light pollution isn't an issue.

Dark Flow | Space Time

Why does the universe seem to be moving in one particular direction?
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The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams
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Space is not static. Everything moves. Planets orbit stars, stars orbit within galaxies, galaxies whirl within the gravitational fields of giant clusters. And of course, the universe is expanding; distant galaxies are thrust apart from each other as the space between them grows. But there’s no preferred direction to any of this motion. Motion due to the expansion of the universe – what we call the Hubble flow – is equal in all directions. The random motion of galaxies – what we call their peculiar motion – should also have no preferred direction. On the largest scales of the universe, there should be no preference for up or down or left or right. At least that’s what we thought. Observations of the cosmic microwave background suggest that the galaxy clusters across the cosmos may be moving, ever so slightly, towards the same point beyond the cosmic horizon. We call this dark flow.
Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Zooming onto the galaxies NGC 1512 and NGC 1510

This video zooms in from a view of the night sky, through the constellation of Horologium, to end on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations of the interacting galaxies NGC 1512 and NGC 1510.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1712a/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble, Digitized Sky Survey, Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org)

Pan across NGC 1512 and NGC 1510

This video pans over NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations of the interacting galaxies NGC 1512 and NGC 1510, about 30 million light-years from Earth. Despite the difference in size, each galaxy gravitationally affects the other. The ring of starburst and the bar in the centre of the large spiral galaxy NGC 1512 are both in part created by the gravity of the much smaller NGC 1510.
The gas and dust in the smaller galaxy have been swirled up by NGC 1512. This kick-started star formation that is even more intense than in the large spiral galaxy. This causes the galaxy to glow with the blue hue that is indicative of hot new stars.
More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1712b/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble, Digitized Sky Survey, Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org)
Music: Johan B Monell

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*Surprising results from new galaxy evolution study
Scientists have been shocked by some surprising results showing the early universe went through a period of galactic recession shortly after the first galaxies began forming. The unexpected findings contradict prevailing opinions that the very early universe would have been undergoing a period of rapid growth turning huge clouds of pristine molecular gas into stars and galaxies at rates thousands of times greater than what we see in the local universe today.
*New particle that’s its own antimatter particle
After an 80 year long quest, scientists have finally discovered the Majorana fermion, a particle that’s its own antiparticle. The discovery was made during a series of lab experiments on exotic materials.
*Jupiter’s Great Red Spot likely a massive heat source
Jupiter’s Great Red Spot may be the mysterious heat source behind the planet’s surprisingly high upper atmospheric temperatures. The findings could explain why temperatures in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere are comparable to those found at Earth, yet Jupiter is more than five times further away from the Sun than the Earth is.
*India’s new Earth Observations satellite
India has launched a new Earth observation satellite. The Indian space research organisation’s PSLV-C38 mission successfully blasted into orbit carrying the 712 kilogram Cartosat-2 together with 30 nano satellites.
*The Science Report
The first Australians, Deployment of the world’s first operational laser weapons system, Autism link to siblings linguistic and motor skills, Global warming to double El Nino frequency, Giant Squid eyesight, & Bone density strength.
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Black Eye Galaxy (extra footage)

Main video on Deep Sky Videos: https://youtu.be/slbN5zGxGmQ
Featuring Dr Becky Smethurst, the Sixty Symbols Ogden Fellow at the University of Nottingham.
More Becky: http://bit.ly/Becky_Playlist

Black Eye Galaxy (M64) - Deep Sky Videos

The Black Eye Galaxy (also M64 or NGC 4826) had a surprise up its sleeve.
Featuring Dr Becky Smethurst, the Sixty Symbols Ogden Fellow at the University of Nottingham.
Extra footage from this interview: https://youtu.be/AaRipfeW61M
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Video by Brady Haran

Watch the talented Reggie Watts perform at the Exploratorium August 9th, 2012. Reggie was at the Exploratorium for an Osher Fellowship, and he graciously joined us at the end of a live webcast on Mars to share a little of his own feelings about the red planet!

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