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Introduction to Mineralogy

Summary

The second edition of iIntroduction to Mineralogyr follows the highly successful first edition, which become an overnight market leader. iIntroduction to Mineralogyr consolidates much of the material now covered in traditional mineralogy and optical mineralogy courses and focuses on describing minerals within their geologic context. It presents the important traditional content of mineralogy including crystallography, chemical bonding, controls on mineral structure, mineral stability, and crystal growth to provide a foundation that enables students to understand the nature and occurrence of minerals. Physical, optical, and X-ray powder diffraction techniques of mineral study are described in detail, and common chemical analytical methods are outlined as well. Detailed descriptions of over 100 common minerals are provided, and the geologic context within which these minerals occur is emphasized. Appendices provide tables and diagrams to help students with mineral identification, using both physical and optical properties. Numerous line drawings, photographs, and photomicrographs help make complex concepts understandable. iIntroduction to Mineralogyr is available with Daniel Schulze's iAn Atlas of Minerals in Thin Sectionr for a nominal additional fee.

Table of Contents

Minerals

Introduction

Minerals

Mineraloids

Mineralogy

Mineral Nomenclature

General References on Mineralogy

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Crystallography

Introduction

Translational Symmetry

Plane Lattices

Translational Symmetry: 3-DSpace Lattices and Unit Cell

Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems

Point Symmetry

Reflection

Rotation

Inversion

Compound Symmetry Operations

Symmetry Notation

32 Point Groups

Steno's Law

Measurement of Crystal Angles

Determining Crystal System and Crystal Class

Space Groups

Crystal Faces

Laws of Hauy and Bravais

Miller Indices

Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System

Determining Miller Index

Assigning Miller Indexes by Inspection

Crystallographic Directions

Zones

Crystal Forms

Isometric Forms

Non-isometric Forms

Combining Crystal Forms

Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals

Positive and Negative Forms

Forms in the Six Crystal Systems

Triclinic Crystal System

Monoclinic Crystal System

Orthorhombic Crystal System

Tetragonal Crystal System

Hexagonal Crystal System

Isometric Crystal System

Crystal Habit

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Crystal Chemistry

Introduction

The Nature of Chemical Elements

Nucleus

Eclectrons

Formation of Ions

Abundance of the Elements

Chemical Bonding

Valence-related bonding

Relation among the Valence-dependent Bonds

Bonds Not Involving Valence Electrons

Size of Atoms and Ions

Oxidation State

Coordination

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Crystal Structure Introduction

Introduction

Controls of Crystal Structure

Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding

Structure Controls with Covalent Bonding

Structural Controls with Molecular Crystals

Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding

Application of Pauling's Rules

Illustrating Mineral Structures

Isostructural Minerals

Polymorphism

Reconstructive Polymorphism

Displacive Polymorphism

Order-Disorder Polymorphism

Polytypism

Mineral Classification

Compositional Variation in Minerals

Substitutional Solid Solution

Mineral Formulas

Graphical Representation

Binary diagrams

Ternary diagrams

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Mineral Growth

Introduction

Mineral Stabiley

Stability

Gibbs Free Energy

Mineral reactions

Mineral Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation

Heterogeneous Nucleation

Crystal Growth

Rate of Growth

Zoned Crystals

Structural Defects

Point Defects

Line Defects

Planar Defects

Twinning

Post-crystallization Processes

Ordering

Twinning

Recrystallization

Exsolution

Radioactivity and Minerals

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Mineral Properties of Minerals

Physical Properties of Minerals

Introduction

Mass Dependent Properties

Density

Specific Gravity

Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion

Harness

Tenacity

Cleavage

Fracture

Parting

Color and Luster

Light

Perception of Color

Mineral Luster

Mineral Color

Color From Mechanical Causes

Consistency of Mineral Color

Streak

Luminescence

Magnetism

Diamagnetism

Paramagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Ferrimagnetism

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity

Piezoelectricity

Pyroelectricity

Miscellaneous Properties

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Optical Mineralogy

Introduction

Light

Light Waves

Polarized Light

Interaction of Light and Matter

Optically Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Materials

Reflection and Refraction

Dispersion

Petrographic Microscope

Illuminator

Substage Assembly

Microscope Stage

Objective Lenses

Upper Polarize

Bertrand Lens

Oculars

Focusing Mechanism

Accessories

Direction Conventions

Isotropic Materials

Anisotropic Minerals

Interference Phenomena

Use of the Interference Color Chart

Extinction

Function of Accessory Plates

Optical Indicatrix

Isotropic Indicatrix

Uniaxial Indicatrix

Biaxial Indicatrix

Mineral Color and Pleochroism

Isotropic Minerals

Uniaxial Minerals

Biaxial

Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation

Extinction Angle

Sign of Elongation

Categories of Extinction

Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals

Interference Figures

Uniaxial Interference Figures

Biaxial Interference Figure

Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction

Immersion Method

Refractometry in Thin Section

Isotropic Minerals

Uniaxial Minerals

Biaxial Minerals

Reflected-Light Optics

Observation in Plane Polarized Light

Observations with Crossed Polarizers

Tactics for Mineral Identification

Thin section identification

Grain Mount Identification

Polished section identification

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Introduction to X-ray Crystallography

Introduction

X-rays

X-ray Generation

X-ray Detection

X-ray Diffraction

Powder Method

Sample Preparation

Instrumental Output

Data Reduction

Powder Diffraction File

Bragg Reflection Indices

Mineral Identification

Mixed Samples

Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance

Estimation of Composition

Determining Unit Cell Parameters

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Chemical Analysis of Minerals

Introduction

Analytical Methods

Wet Chemical

Electron Probe Microanalysis

X-ray Fluorescence

Mass Spectrometry

Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses

Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Strategies for Study

Introduction

Mineral Identification Tactics

Mineral Separation

Hand Sample Identification

Thin

Dentification

Grain Mount Identification

Polished

Dentification

X-ray Diffraction

Mineral Association

Problems in Paradise

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Index

Silicates

Silicates

Introduction

Silicate Structure and Classification

Mafic vs. Felsic

Igneous Rocks

Magmatic Processes

Igneous Environments

Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Processes

Sedimentary Environments

Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic Variables

Metamorphic Processes

Metamorphic Grade, Facies, Mineral Zone Boundaries and Isograds

Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic Environments

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Framework Silicates

Introduction

Silica Group

Quartz

Tridymite

Cristobalite

Feldspar Group

Composition

Structure

AI/Si Order/Disorder

Exsolution in the Feldspars

Other Feldspar Intergrowths

Twinning

Plagioclase

K-Feldspar

Feldspathoids

Nepheline

Leucite

Sodalite

Zeolite Group

Scapolite

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Sheet Silicates

Introduction

Structure and Classification1:1 Layer Silicates

2:1 Layer Silicates

Polytypism

TO Structures (1:1)

Serpentine (Antigorite, Chrysotile, Lizardite)

Kaolinite

TOT Structures

Talc

Pyrophyllite

TOT + c Structures: Mica Minerals (2:1)

Muscovite

Biotite

Glauconite

TOT + c Structures: Brittle Micas (2:1)

Margarite

Clintonite

TOT + O Structure

Chlorite

Clay Minerals

Structure and Classification

Geology of Clay

Identification

Uses

Clay in the Environment

Other Sheet Silicates

Stilpnomelane

Prehnite

Chain Silicates

Introduction

Pyroxene group

Structure and Classification

Geology of Pyroxenes

Orthopyroxene

Lo-Ca Clinopyroxene

Calcic Clinopyroxene

Aegirine (Acmite), Aegirine-augite

Jadeite

Omphacite

Spodumene

Pyroxenoid Group

Introduction

Wollastonite

Rhodonite

Pectolite

Amphibole Group

Structure and Classification

Geology of Amphiboles

Orthoamphibole

Cummingtonite-Grunerite

Tremolite - Ferro-actinolite

Hornblende

Glaucophane - Riebeckite

Other amphiboles

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Disilicates and Ring Silicates

Disilicates

Structure and Classification

Zoisite

Clinozoisite-Epidote

Allanite

Lawsonite

Pumpellyitering Silicates

Structure and Classification

Beryl

Cordierite

Tourmaline

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Orthosilicates

Introduction

Olivine Group

Garnet Group

Zircon

Aluminum Silicates

Andalusite

Sillimanite

Kyanite

Staurolite

Chloritoid

Titanite

Topaz

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Borates, Tungstates, and Molybdates

Structure and Classification

Carbonates

Rhombohedral Carbonates (Calcite and Dolomite Groups)

Calcite

Magnesite

Siderite

Rhodochrosite

Dolomite-Ankerite

Aragonite Group

Aragonite

Witherite

Strontianite

OH-Bearing Carbonates

Malachite

Azurite

Sulfates

Gypsum

Anhydrite

Barite

Phosphates

Apatite

Monazite

Xenotime

Tourquoise

Tungstates and Molybdates

Borates

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides

Introduction

Oxides

X20 Group

Cuprite

Ice

XO Group

XY204 Minerals

Spinel Group

Magnetite

Chromite

Spinel Series

Chrysoberyl

X2O3 Group

Hematite

Corundum

Ilmenite

XO2 Group

Rutile

Cassiterite

Uraninite

Hydroxides

Brucite

Iron Hydroxide Minerals

Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals

Manganese Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals

Halides

Halite

Sylvite

Fluorite

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Sulfides and Related Minerals

Introduction

Crystal Chemistry and Classification

Sulfide Paragenesis

Hydrothermal Deposits

Supergene Processes

Sulfide Minerals

Sphalerite

Galena

Pyrrhotite

Chalcopyrite

Cinnabar

Pyrite

Marcasite

Molybdenite

Bornite

Chalcocite

Covellite

Sulfarsenides

Arsenopyrite

Arsenides

Tellurides

References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading

Native Elements

Introduction

Metals

Gold

Silver

Copper

Semimetals

Nonmetals

Sulfur

Graphite

Diamond

References Cited and Suggestions for Reading

Appendices

Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements

Determinative Tables

Non-metallic minerals with white, gray, or other pale colored streak

Non-metallic minerals with distinctly colored streak

Minerals with metallic and submetallic luster

Specific gravity

Minerals that may fluoresce

Color of minerals in thin section and grain mount

Indices of refraction of isotropic minerals

Indices of refraction of uniaxial minerals

Indices of refraction of biaxial negative minerals arranged in order of increasing n?

Indices of refraction of biaxial positive minerals arranged in order of increasing n?