HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) have rates of anal cancer that approach those of cervical cancer in women. However, unlike cervical cancer, there is no current recommended method of screening that could be used to detect anal precancerous lesions for the prevention of anal cancer in HIV-positive MSM.

Infections by human papillomavirus (HPV) are the likely cause of cervical and anal precancer and cancer. Detecting the presence of HPV or related biomarkers has helped to identify women who may be at increased risk of cervical cancer; researchers believe that early detection of HPV or related biomarkers in MSM may be useful for anal cancer screening.

Objectives:

- To evaluate the effectiveness of various tests to detect cancer-causing HPV in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Eligibility:

- HIV-positive MSM that are interested in receiving anal screening for precancer

Design:

HIV-positive MSM will respond to a self-administered risk factor questionnaire, and will undergo a physical exam and a high-resolution anoscopy at the participating clinic.

The clinician will then collect to anal Pap specimens from each subject for research on HPV and related biomarkers.

Participants will be followed annually for 2 years to collect additional health data for research follow-up.

Further study details as provided by National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC):

Primary Outcome Measures:

High resolution anoscopy [ Time Frame: 1 to 2 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Secondary Outcome Measures:

Natural History of Anal HPV in HIV-positive men

Estimated Enrollment:

1000

Study Start Date:

May 2009

Detailed Description:

BACKGROUND:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of anal cancer that approaches the risk of cervical cancer for unscreened women living in developing countries. There is currently no accepted method for screening HIV positive MSM for anal precancer to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to anal cancer ; in the absence of a standard and effective screening modality, clinics often resort to anoscopy, a diagnostic procedure akin to colposcopy, and directed biopsies on all HIV positive MSM.

To address this need and to improve detection of anal precancer and cancer, we propose a screening cohort study of 1,000 HIV positive MSM participating in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) health maintenance program. Under written, informed consent, participating KPNC members will respond to a self-administered risk factor questionnaire and will undergo two anal specimen collections into liquid-based cytology (LBC) medium prior to a digital exam and high resolution anoscopy. Subjects will be asked to self-collect at home into the same LBC buffer and return their specimen in a prepared return envelope to evaluate the utility of self-collection for anal cancer screening. Subjects will be followed annually for two years to collect follow-up clinical data related to outcomes. Baseline clinician-collected specimens will be tested in a masked fashion for the following clinical biomarkers: 1) carcinogenic HPV DNA in aggregate and individual carcinogenic HPV genotypes; 2) carcinogenetic HPV RNA and HPV16/18 RNA; 3) cytogentic changes (3q, 5p, and 20q amplification); and 4) p16(INK4a) and Ki-67 immunocytochemical staining. For reference, clinician-collected specimens will be used to make LBC slides and evaluated by an expert cytopathology laboratory. We will estimate the clinical performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and referral rates) for detection of prevalently-detected, one-year cumulative, and two-year cumulative histologically-confirmed anal precancer (anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3) or worse (greater than or equal to AIN3). We will test the self-collected anal specimens by the best molecular test(s) or combination of tests for detection of prevalently-detected greater than or equal to AIN3 as determined from testing the clinician-collected specimens. All MSM will undergo diagnostic procedures at all visits and independent of testing results, which will result in unbiased disease ascertainment.

Eligibility

Ages Eligible for Study:

18 Years and older

Genders Eligible for Study:

Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

No

Criteria

2.1 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:

Any male member of KPNC who is 1) identified as HIV positive through the Kaiser HIV registry, 2) 18 years or older, can provide written, informed consent, and 3) is not currently diagnosed with anal cancer (prior to enrollment).

2.2 INCLUSION CRITERIA:

HIV-positive men will be invited to participate, regardless of race and ethnicity, as described below if they meet the eligibility criteria. Other than having been diagnosed with anal cancer prior to enrollment, there will no other disease-based exclusions. Because of the high fraction of HIV-positive men are in fact MSM, we will not prescreen men for their sexual orientation.

2.3 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

The exclusion criteria will be age less than 18, a current diagnosis of anal cancer rendered prior to enrollment, an unwillingness or inability (evident mental incapacity to understand the informed consent documents) to give informed consent.

Contacts and Locations

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00914537