This text, “A Guide to the Oboe and English Horn,” is an updated version of a small book on these two
instruments which I wrote while in college. You are welcome to learn and teach from these materials as
you see fit, as long as you don’t try to sell them for a profit.

•
The stone must be large enough so the knife doesn’t “rock.4) Stroke #2 . be sure the ENTIRE blade is covered with equal pressure.
•
Lubricate the stone (with mineral oil or water) at the start of each session. it may “curl” and seem dull. It will catch in the direction of the burr.
begin again at step one.
•
With each stroke. If it is still dull. non-slip surface.Done once or twice to shear off burr
Cutting Edge
"Flat"
Reminders:
•
Test the burr (by dragging the blade along a thumbnail in both directions) every one or two
strokes.
•
If the burr is not periodically checked during sharpening. This usually
indicates a particular “angled” stroke has been overused or used at too high an angle.” It should be fine to medium-fine and
rest on a sturdy.Done until burr is entirely on “right” side
Cutting Edge
"Higher Angle"
5) Stroke #3 . test the edge on an old reed or a fingernail.
4
.
•
Use the same angles each time you sharpen (once you have determined the angles which work best
for your knife).
•
When the three steps are completed.

you will hear (possibly after a second or two) a “pop” as the two blades separate
and air rushes in. or flat (as in the illustrations in the reedmaking section of
this guide). It should be longer on the sides
than in the middle.
• The crow of the reed should be “C” in two or three octaves.
Rails: These are narrow strips of bark extending from the binding to the heart along the sides of the reed. wet one finger and use it to close the cork end of the reed.
Lay: This is the area of graduation between the thin tip and thicker heart.
• To test for leaks: Soak the reed. If the
reed does not leak. but the definite structure is no
longer there. This should hint of a continuation
of the spine.Notes on “Diagram of Finished Reed”
The following is a list of the various parts of a long-scrape reed. The tip (except the edges)
6. but
the tip gradually becomes thicker from end to heart and from the sides to the middle. The back
5. The extreme edges of the tip (these are as thin as possible)
Tip: This is the thinnest part of the reed. The merest suggestion of a spine may continue through the heart. The heart
4. this area forms the core of the sound.
General Notes:
• If the top reed blade must be severely slipped. but not at all abrupt. The line of demarcation between the back and
the heart can be angled (as in this illustration). There should be a few thicker fibers
(vascular bundles) extending from the middle of the heart into the tip. a razor blade can be used to gradually trim the overlap
(beginning at about 6mm from the extreme tip) by the smallest possible amount.
Heart: With the lay. assume a
normal embouchure at the very tip of the reed.
Spine: This narrow strip of thicker cane runs along the middle of the reed from the beginning to the end of
the back. The spine
3. and slide the reed out
of your mouth while maintaining the vacuum and keeping your finger against the other end.
5
. The tip usually extends about 4mm from the end of the reed as measured on the reed sides
and 2mm as measured in the reed center. in order of thickness:
1. The extreme tip and sides of the tip are as thin as possible. suck out all the air from the reed. The definition
between the tip and the heart should be clear. The rails and area between the end of the back and the binding (bark)
2.

Check that the blades are uniform on both sides
HIGH NOTES DO NOT SPEAK WELL
1. Thin the tip corners and tip sides (and lay sides?)
2.
REED IS DIFFICULT TO ATTACK
See “Reed is Too Hard.” paying special attention to the tip
7
. Unslip the blades or squeeze tip open (or try a wider shape next time)
REED PLAYS FLAT
1. sickly crow. Lengthen the lay (especially the sides) and thin tip sides
3. Trim the tip
2. Scrape the entire back (cautiously!)
REED SOUNDS TOO DARK OR STUFFY
Thin the entire heart and tip
REED SQUEAKS ON ATTACK
Chop a tiny bit off the tip. thin the entire reed
REED PLAYS SHARP
1. pinch tip if too open
3. Slip the blades (more). If this problem becomes habitual use a narrower shape
REED PLAYS TOO SOFT
1. Scrape the entire back of the reed
4. Lengthen the back towards the binding (remove bark)
2.Reed Adjustments
REED IS TOO SOFT
Trim the tip. Scrape the lay and the area immediately around it
3.
REED IS TOO HARD
Beginning with the tip. Lengthen the back towards the binding
5. Thin the heart. low. Trim the tip
2. Trim the tip
2. Lengthen the lay at the sides
3. A soft reed has a weak. Narrow the rails and spine
4. especially just below the tip
REED SOUNDS TOO BRIGHT OR SHRILL
1. Unslip the blades or squeeze tip open
REED PLAYS TOO LOUD
See “Reed is Too Hard”
LOW NOTES DO NOT SPEAK WELL
1. Trim the tip
3. Thin the tip extremes
2. Chop corners if frayed.

you are on the right track. as the cost of commercial ones can be prohibitive and their quality is inferior to
handmade. once oboists begin to make their own reeds.Reedmaking
Philosophy
Reeds are easily the most common source of complaint for oboists. The only clip not of this sort is in the “FINISHING” section of
this guide. using the same (minimum) number
of strokes. no “gouges” or
chattering knife blades.”
But there is a solution: quantity of production. good socket fit. and even work light should be identical each time
you pick up a piece of cane.
Practice the method in the “Guide to Knife Sharpening” section until.45mm gouge. and stick with it until you can turn out
identical. and they frequently worry and play badly due to this “reed problem. staples (47mm. Grow
accustomed to the knife stroke: little to no downward pressure necessary to remove cane.
The basic smooth knife stroke with follow through. and practice clipping the
SMALLEST possible amount from the tip.
Some practice with this sharp knife on old reeds will save even more of your good cane.
Introductory Skills
Before you even go near a piece of cane. all adjustments are of this sort. take a day or so and become a world-class knife sharpener.
8
. If you do create a bump. which by
now should be part of your approach to the entire instrument.0mm diameter.5mm-11. identical fit on mandrel). you may also find that if you can work on reeds a little bit every day
(without compromising your normal practice time on the instrument) you’ll get better very quickly. and any more than a
splinter removed will ruin the reed. be
able to eliminate it by scraping crossways. you should understand how it needs to be done. The cut should be straight and even. they find that not all of
their reeds work well. . playable reeds. clippings are often directed at tone. oboe (in
perfect repair).
Gilbert#1 or similar shape). If you do this several times before you actually get a cut. but the cane left
on the block should barely be visible. good follow through on the stroke.
2.
There are certain elementary knife strokes that you should master:
1. personalized reeds. Regardless of the success rate of your reeds.
Aside from really concentrating on what you are doing when you are making or adjusting a reed. there is one general way to raise the quality
of your reeds: consistency. Reedmakers who do not master
this first will lose more cane through dull knives than for all other reasons combined. etc. work acoustics (as “dead” as possible). you can make your knife pass the “thumbnail test” every time. Take an old reed.
The tip clip. Whether you use your knife or a razor blade with your cutting block to clip the tips of
reeds. Finally. All professionals and serious amateurs
make their own reeds. not pitch.60-. Your oboe cane (start with 10. you can
insure yourself a good reed to whatever probability you desire simply by making enough of them. You should be able to uniformly thin an area
of the reed (such as the back) without creating extra catches or bumps. clean. Get the best equipment you can. But.

or have
watched a videotape on the subject. Some processes can only be easily understood this way. If it leaks
you can moisten the reed and apply a strip of fishskin. it must usually be at some outward
pointing angle to preserve the subtle center “spine.
9
. if the opening is too large. It should not be necessary to
actually use the oboe until the fine tuning stage.
10. and the
sides of the tip as thin as possible without fraying or losing them (i. this is
best accomplished if the first wrap is as close to the end of the staple as possible . if it is too long the sides
will never seal .
You sharpen the knife to a keen edge WHENEVER it is even slightly dull.
You are consistent in your approach to the reed. the sides of the cane must close equally and simultaneously as the thread is tightened. and is exactly 73mm long (unless
you have changed the measurement .
6.e. and be able to evenly
thin the tip while leaving the line.
break off the cane and save the staple for a new reed.
You check the reed for leaks periodically during its creation and first few days of use.
You know when to retire a reed.wider shapes require longer tying lengths). and try
to make each new reed exactly like the best one you have tried.3.
You dip the reed in water for a second before scraping it. 1).
You know how to crow the reed (putting the reed alone in your mouth up to the thread and
blowing).
2. During
tying.5mm. you
should be able to pick them up later knowing they are all identical.
7. You should
also know that the best reeds usually crow “C” in two octaves. If the opening has completely collapsed and clipping would
sharpen the reed more. After you tie some blanks.
5.
There should be no cracks extending more than a few millimeters above the binding. Be able to
make smooth graduations of decreasing thickness from the center and beginning of the tip. the reed leaks. holding it shut for 4 seconds. Cane that is too wet cannot be scraped
(the knife just “glides” over it).
3. but with good equipment leaks should be
rare enough to where you can discard the reed and avoid the troublesome fishskin. if the tip has become damaged. You concentrate on what you are doing. Be able to make the extreme tip. You will find that it is almost never appropriate in the final stages of tip
thinning to merely guide the knife straight down the tip.
You proceed from the blank stage with a blank that has the cane aligned with the flatter side of the
oval staple (fig. The thread must NOT be overtied
(extending above the top of the 47mm staple). but cane that is too dry may split. nor should it be undertied by more than 0. the corners of the tip. and that you listen to the effects different crow sounds have on the way the reed plays. you dip the reed in water and gently
squeeze the tip.
Habits This Method Assumes You Have
1.if it is too short the cane will bind. or the reed has gone sharp.
You constantly check the reed to see that all four sides of the scrape look the same through light.
4. learn the limits).
At any stage after profiling.
Tip thinning.
9.” There should not be a “catch” or thicker
region at the extreme tip (caused by lifting the knife as it approaches the plaque).
You should know that a crow without octaves is a sign that an old reed is collapsing. proceeds in a straight line from the staple.
It is assumed that you have watched at least one person tie a blank and make a reed.
radiating outwards. Draw a pencil mark down the center of the tip of an old reed.the thread then
doubles back automatically.
8.

Otherwise. If the entire tip closes at the same time. 5).
10
.
Profiling Method
1. At this point you may slip the
blades. then begin lengthening the strokes back so that the 16th
begins 4mm from the binding (fig.Tying Blanks
1. 8) until you can almost see the plaque
through the extreme tip and tip sides. Avoid catches. 7). When you are satisfied. the reed tip should close from sides to center when the back is
pinched. This will cause the lay’s “U” shape to invert (fig.
Soak the cane in water for one hour. and be careful that the
thickness gradually decreases toward the tip.
4.
Rough Scraping
1.
3. Know that if you make the
back too thin. just dip it in water and begin. 6).
Insert the (blue) plaque and thin/graduate the tip (fig. gradually lengthen strokes back until about 5mm behind those marks.
3. You can then shave
crossways or slice again with the razor blade to get rid of the shavings.
2. otherwise.slipping has the same
effect as a narrower shape). go immediately to the next step. you
must finish the reed in one sitting. 4). and the blades are almost free of each other. Make a
1mm scrape against the catch (fig.
Start at the tip in each of the four sides and gradually lengthen strokes back to the mark. soak the reed in water up to the binding for 5
minutes. dip the blank in water and gently pinch the tip until the gap
disappears.
2. it is usually best not to
touch the back again.
forming another “W”.
If you prefer.
4.
Pencil-mark both sides of the reed 66mm from the bottom of the staple (fig.
Set the reed aside in the open air for 24 hours. and
bind the reed tightly to the appropriate length. the tip is not smoothly growing thinner from
centers to sides and from back to tip. Each stroke must go off the side of the tip or the
extreme tip. this blank can be stored and worked on later. but chronically flat .
6.
First dip the reed in water.
3. finished reed to see what it’s supposed to look
like). and the damp reed “blooms” from sides to center when the
plaque is pressed against a blade (try this on a good. play well (even in the low register). If the fold was scored too deeply. and there should be a thicker region visible in the
center of the tip (without bark) when held up to the light (fig.”
Put the staple on the mandrel. This should form a “W”. When the plaque is removed.
Compare the reed through light with “Diagram of Finished Reed. with each
going off the tip.
2. and NOT LEAK.
The reed should now crow.
Make light transverse razor scores 63mm from the bottom of the staple in all four sides.
4. Continue scraping until the bark and pre-bark are
gone. the top of the staff F#’s will sag and the reed will be flat. There should be no bumps at
the integration between the tip and the heart. then clip the smallest possible amount from the tip with the razor blade
and cutting block so that the blades will completely separate.
If you are not proceeding directly from the last step. Remove as much cane as
possible without endangering the sides or the center. Slice off any “ears. 3). All are stopped abruptly by the catch. thin the last 4mm on each end of the cane to ease tying (fig. 2).
Starting at the pencil marks. if desired (do this if your reeds are well-made. Seal and mark the binding with a soft pencil.
If there are gaps between the blades. this time for the heart. tie one end of an arm’s length of string to a doorknob or hook.” All structures and relative
thicknesses should be in place.
5.

Tone IS the lowest priority. you will be producing them more quickly than you use them. but
the reed feels constricted.
Reeds sometimes take several days to settle. The final length should be between 70 and 71mm.John Mack
11
.
Tone.”
3. just set the extra ones aside or give them away. (NEVER play an out-of-tune reed because it “sounds nice and I can adjust.
this almost never works. but may have specific problems. If the tip looks and acts properly.
3.
The reed will feel thicker after having sat overnight.” . You need the feeling that you could play the reed for a solid hour before tiring. and try to predict the effect the adjustment will have before you test it. checking the pitch of the reed and its crow against your tuning
machine. All registers should respond to both fortissimos and soft attacks.
2.
Now the reed should play.
Do one thing at a time.)
2. Dip it in water and let it sit for a minute.
Clip tip and thin repeatedly.
Fine Tuning
Make adjustments to the reed (See “Reed Adjustments”) while keeping the following in mind:
1. As
Joseph Robinson says. the audience will not be listening to the beautiful tone
anyway. which will produce unconscious embouchure adjustments.” In practice.Finishing
1.
Do not let this deter you from working on them daily. scrape it according to its needs.
Response.
Check for leaks.
“Do not apply a scrape to a reed. you can make any reed sound more like it in a
minute through careful listening. You may have to spend several practice sessions using the
reed and adjust it over a period of several days before it is fit for performance. “The only security comes from flexibility. Pinch the opening as necessary. cane may need to be evenly removed from the heart.
2.
Pitch. If the
reed is out of tune or responds poorly. Rapid articulation
should be free. as you should. If you have a firm idea of the tone you want. Note these and proceed directly to the
next step.
Keep in mind the basic order of reed priorities:
1. If you are starting a new
reed every one or two days.
Stop when the desired result has been achieved.

If you are a beginner.
For problems with C through F# in the middle of the staff:
These problems usually hinge on a lack of balance between the A key and the C vent directly above it. Always insert the
paper at the point on the key farthest away from its pivot rod. with screw-headed rods. For this procedure. none of the
keys with a hole in the top should be even partially plugged with dirt. the reed. Stop immediately when the
desired effect is achieved.
When adjusting. Then. The knowledge that the problem is not the fault of you. which must be equal. which point along
the surface of the oboe and secure the key-holding rods in place. turn the screw towards the key
whose tension you wish to decrease. you can always
bring the instrument back to its original state.
Now adjust the tension between the A key and the C vent: the appropriate screw is located between these
two keys.
Now repeat the procedure of the above paragraph for the G key and the Gb vent. As before. fullconservatory system instrument. this screw
regulates the balance between the Bb vent and the C vent.
Please be aware that what is given below is only a brief summary. you can see your teacher.
13
.” This is
done by slipping the small end of the test paper (described above) between the oboe wood and key. the F# key must remain down.
2. There should be no extra or missing screws.
3. but err on the side of the A key
(primary key) closure if you cannot. the
key is then closed with normal pressure while the paper is pulled out. Test the two tensions
with the test paper and adjust the screw until they are equal (turn it “towards” the vent whose tension you
wish to decrease).
You will be asked during several of the troubleshooting solutions to “check the tension of a pad.
First find the screw between the A key and the Bb vent that is closest to those two keys. For a complete and illustrated guide to the adjustment of
screws on both instruments. Try to get the tensions equal. Additionally. and the two vents with each other. A screwdriver.A Guide to Oboe Screw Adjustment
To adjust oboe screws you need only three things:
1. turn the screw no more than 1/8 of a turn before testing it. the
G key and the Bb vent directly above it.
Do not confuse adjusting screws. which “point” into the oboe. purchase the excellent text on oboe maintenance by Carl Sawicki (The Oboe
Revealed). again the screw is located
between the two. A piece of cigarette paper cut into the shape of a triangle. or a leaking pad. it does not cover some of the less
commonly adjusted screws (like the octave key screws) and does not cover the adjustments on the english
horn (some of which are slightly different). But if you turn only one screw at a time and remember its original position. These should always be screwed all the
way in. you may be bewildered by the many different screws and may be afraid of making a
mistake. if all else fails. The resistance the key offers
against your efforts to pull out the paper tells you how high the tension on that key is. tapering to 3mm at the small end.
Also be aware that it is assumed throughout this guide that the oboe in question is a professional.

First. the quality of E naturals will change
dramatically. Play a low B (with the “banana” low C key not the normal one) and trill the C# key. left hand . the low B will offer too much
finger resistance. This will be called the “C-E” screw.
For sharp high C#’s not caused by the E key staying open:
If the high C#’s are disproportionately sharp. It is closed down by tightening the B height regulator
screw. Press the C spatula and tap on the E key with the right hand middle finger: it should not move.
turn the low B-C# screw (the bottommost adjusting screw on the bottom joint . and G keys of the right hand (it is
the only screw that moves slightly when the middle B key is pressed). let the E key have the slightly greater tension. The one we
will be using here is the one which would be closer to the reed. Adjust it
until the E key and E resonance key (between E and F#) give the same pull on the test paper. Now find the screw located on the C
spatula (the right-hand-little-finger pad you press to get the low C). turn the screw clockwise to weaken the C key.
Now repeat the above procedure.is open
for the standard high C# fingering) opening too far. until this effect disappears. not the pad you
press to produce those notes). There should be no change in the low B’s quality. the problem may be caused by the middle octave B key (first finger. except between the D key and the vent. If you go too far.
Know that if the small low Bb resonance pad has fallen out. testing every 1/16 of a turn. Turn the “Eb-Db” screw
clockwise.
14
. If you go too far. You will hear a change in the
quality of the Db as the Eb key is pressed. There should be no change in the F#’s quality. If there is.For problems from low F down:
Begin by turning the screw on the F resonance key (the one nearest the F resonance opening) counterclockwise one full turn. Turn it clockwise until the test works. should the oboe be assembled.
Now you will reengage the F resonance screw which you turned a full turn at the beginning of this
procedure. counterclockwise to weaken the E
key. Then adjust the “C-E” screw
until the E key closes snugly (but not more snugly than the key itself) when the C spatula is depressed
with normal pressure. there will be an odd sense
of “resistance” on the E key. Now
perform the following test: play a low Db and trill the left hand Eb spatula. Turn it clockwise until the tension on the F resonance key is the same as that on the E vent
when the E and D keys are depressed with normal pressure.
For faulty low B-C# trill:
This test is handled in the same manner as the F#-G# trill.is at the intersection of the
B and C# keys). this will be called “Eb-Db” screw. this will disengage it and make other adjustments easier. which is the screw nearest the reed on the same rod as the B.
Towards the pivot point of the E key you will find two screws almost touching each other. This screw is on the “arm” (part of the bottom joint) that reaches over the top joint to rest on
the G# key. If you cannot
equalize them. turn the “Eb-Db” screw a full turn counter-clockwise to disengage it.
For faulty F#-G# trill:
Play an F# and trill the G# key. and the connection between the C key and the E key is
working properly.
For sharp high D’s and/or faulty low Eb-Db trill
Find the screw at the intersection of the low C and Eb keys (the keys that open or close. though there should not be any. If there is (in much the
same manner as a faulty Eb-Db trill) turn the F#-G# trill screw clockwise until just when the effect
disappears. using the screw (of the two
mentioned above) which would be closer to the bell should the oboe be assembled. A.

Tips and Hints
•
Playing the oboe is simpler than it seems. Slow practice is one of the fastest paths to improvement. but keep in mind that all recorders distort
tone.
•
Consider keeping a daily practice log to record what you did or did not accomplish and what you
learned. Remember
here that playing “securely” with inadequate dynamic variance is worse than attempting true
pianissimos/fortissimos/fp’s and “cracking. The high level of concentration required for real analytical practice is
also difficult to maintain. listening to yourself play.
15
. A tired embouchure is distorted by fatigue. they help bring flaws in
technique to the surface so they can be worked on individually.
Steps nine through eleven are “performing exercises. rhythm is the key to mental technique. Most of the complications and unnecessary muscle tensions
are ones we add through bad habits.
Just as breath support is the key to physical technique.” Imagine during these steps that you are in a large paying
audience.
•
Practice while standing up for at least part of the session. Almost all
practice should done with the metronome. Practicing exercises require intense concentration. shorten and intensify all the steps rather than eliminate any of them.
hindering the learning process.Practice Schedule Hints
Introduction
Steps four through eight of this daily schedule are “practicing exercises.
•
If time is limited. and they form habits of actions which are
performed correctly. which is possible only if the
exercises are done SLOWLY.” They stress musicality and phrasing.
•
Listen to tape recordings of your own playing periodically.” Their purpose is threefold: they
help you achieve an understanding of the separate functions involved in playing.
•
Work on reeds only after you finish practicing.
•
Practice in several shorter sessions instead of one long one.

ppp’s
should be supported. given sufficient mental attention. The third octave is done last.
16
. soft attacks in the low register. go evenly from ppp to fff in a certain number
of beats and back down to ppp in the same number of beats.
Practice articulation: play legato-tongued scales. or tone quality.
6.
3. rich in overtones. Concentrate on the strong.
5. even.
10. pitch.
4.
Work on a solo piece or orchestral excerpt. start slowly (with careful
attention to phrasing) and slowly increase the metronome speed until you have reached your limit. One cannot gain a healthy concept of
embouchure playing bad reeds.
Improvise. fourths. Also practice fff > ppp < fff and different degrees of accent. short
staccato in time with a metronome (tempo may be increased for a speed exercise).
11.
Pick a note and hold it until you have perfected the tonal quality. fifths.
Crow and test the soaked reed you will be using. and [optionally]
minors) with arpeggios. Do this in the lower octave until it is “anchored” before slurring to
the middle octave and repeating the process. but infinitely powerful. no passage
is unsightreadable.
8. intense. Remember that. play songs by ear.
Practice crescendos/decrescendos on various notes. slurred scales (chromatic to top of range. except that they are shorter.
You should prepare one or two of these each week. even. Then slur up or down a half step
and match that tonal quality. Remember that
short notes sound exactly the same as long tones. and free of wavers while being infinitely
quiet.
2.
Spend a few minutes sight reading.
12. sight-transpose.
Work on an etude or study from your study book. fff’s should be as controlled as mf’s. if necessary. pure. If it is a fast one.
Practice slow.
Warm up by playing low “D”.)
9.
Practice rhythmic trills and intervals (octaves. and experiment. and clean.The Practice Schedule
1.
Review the “Technique” section of this guide. thirds. unhindered flow of air from the
bottom of your lungs through the bell of the oboe. Be able to superimpose articulation on
this exercise without disturbing it.
7. majors in all keys. etc. Crescendo while ascending and decrescendo while descending to
counteract the tendency to back off in the high register and honk in the low register.
Remember that a change in volume does not mean a change in tempo.

Play in exact rhythm (sense the pulse and think in note groups).
B.
Look ahead while playing.
C.
The flow of air should maintain a driving intensity.
Mental Technique
1. not tongue. especially between intervals. Forming the Embouchure
A.
Play as far toward the reed tip as possible.
C.
Inhale with full breaths to the bottom of your lungs. Articulation
A.
B.
3.
2.
Use as open a vowel (“o” or “a”) as possible. Take your conductor or metronome’s beat (especially on entrances). abdominally supported.
C.
The embouchure adjusts for sharp/bright notes. This produces projection
and natural vibrato. Plan breaths to occur between phrases.
B. while the air stream almost always remains
a constant. but relaxed. When playing in an ensemble.
Mentally place tones the instant before you produce them.
A.
C.
The tone is articulated by quickly and lightly forming the letter “T” while maintaining air
pressure. listen to the sound of the entire group of which you are a part.
D. Good Posture
A.
2.
“Sing” (play) with fast. while
articulating. Clear your mind of distractions. The top lip is lowered while keeping the teeth comfortably apart (especially the
back teeth) and exposing as little reed in the mouth as possible.
4. Write plenty of reminders in pencil so your mind isn’t cluttered. Let the bottom jaw drop and set the reed lightly on the bottom lip. and during soft playing/decrescendos. not the teeth. No unnecessary muscles are tensed.
Pressure should be equal around the entire reed (especially the sides).
The face muscles should feel flexible (after all.Oboe and English Horn Technique
Physical Technique
1. adopt good hand/arm positions.
Sit/stand up straight. The formed
embouchure should feel round. The mouth and throat cavities should feel “big”. The lips are then slightly
rolled in with the reed. which is held in the center of the embouchure.
Accents are produced by air and embouchure.
3. Don’t unnecessarily change the embouchure when changing notes. Pre-hear the music in your mind’s ear before playing (i. Take all markings seriously.
B. warm air.
Remember to smooth and minimize your finger movements.
Do not tip your head down or hold the oboe too high.
Inhale.
17
. Think
of the air stream as traveling the same distance on all notes as it does on a focussed low D.
Relax the jaws and face. Teeth are comfortably apart.
B.e. in the high register. Breath
A. they. change the
embouchure).
4. driving.
D.
E. envision the perfect result before acting).
Superimpose all notes in all articulations and dynamics on a continuous forte low D.
Know what key and time signature you are currently in.

you may find that ordinary
music becomes much easier. Pitch Bending.
Glissandi. Basically.
Extreme High Register Notes: As with rhythm. once you have mastered this technique between the half-steps. You should be able to slur from notes in the
extreme high register to notes in the bottom register and visa-versa. Modern music often employs wildly complex rhythms. involves
alternately striking the top and bottom of the reed (as a sort of rapid “paintbrush” stroke). but should not be attempted until single tonguing has reached its limits of speed and control. Quarter Tones: Glissandi can be achieved by slowly lifting one’s
finger on or off of a key. detailed in David Pino’s outstanding book on clarinet playing. however. and are worth cultivating only as an advanced player. the best way to
learn the avant-garde is to play and listen to the avant-garde. You will also notice that the embouchure must
gradually approach the thread as the notes get higher.
Double/Triple/Flutter Tonguing: Double/triple tonguing is accomplished by alternating the normal
tonguing consonant “t” with “k”.
18
.Modern Techniques
In the last 40 years. James Prodan’s The Third Octave (Spectrum Music) and Stevens
Hewitt’s Method contain good high register exercises. this should. Quarter tones. be kept to an absolute
minimum for best tone. for example). They work best with an easy and
responsive reed. learn to perform
them sequentially to create one long glissando. new techniques have been developed for producing unusual sounds on the oboe. For example. A good general rhythmic sense and prior study with odd rhythms are
prerequisites. however. All of this requires a rhythmic will of a higher
order.
Another accelerated method. Adding additional keys or using a completely different fingering
can accomplish these changes.
Complicated Rhythms: This is the aspect of the avant-garde most likely to improve your general
musicianship. Flutter tonguing
is usually managed by rolling the consonant “r” (“fluttering” the tongue against the roof of the mouth). you may find that studying the extreme high register will
improve your ordinary high register. and his performances and recordings in this area are often the
definitive ones. Do not cycle breathe indiscriminately in works which do not call for
it. however. Tone changes of a less dramatic. changing and uneven time
signatures (if measures are used at all).
Harmonics: Many notes (though most easily Al-C2 and F2-C3) are capable of a variety of timbres. and odd. As there is often a slight tone difference and a cessation of vibrato when the throat is closed. as it can make audiences nervous (“When is he going to breathe?!”). It is helpful to first exhale. therefore. it is
best to breathe this way during a trill. Microtonality. the “colored” note is of a different dynamic or slightly
sharp or flat. complex subdivisions against equally complex
subdivisions in the accompaniment (7 on 5. are usually accomplished through fingering changes. nature are accomplished through
changing the embouchure or reed. there
are at least 100 fingerings for Bl alone. But by stretching your rhythmic sense to play this music accurately. This technique is useful and is called for in some standard orchestral
works. Many
modern composers have written works calling for these special sounds. One of the most respected players of avantgarde music is oboist Heinz Holliger. though more consistent. Often.
Circular Breathing: This technique enables the performer to sustain a note indefinitely. You will probably discover that the
extreme high register wears out reeds very quickly.
The instructions and fingerings in each avant-garde piece will usually be unique. Relaxing or tightening the embouchure can also bend the
pitch. then inhale in order to avoid CO2 buildup in the
lungs. air is
collected in the cheeks while playing and is pushed through the oboe with the cheek muscles while more
air is inhaled through the nose.

Variable Vibrato. which result in the oboe producing several notes at once.
Rolling Tones. alternately striking rhEb and lhEb. It is also possible to perform a “tone trill” by trilling between
the normal fingering for a note and a coloring fingering for the same note. For example. trill from
D2-Eb2. There are innumerable
multiphonics. the following is merely a sample:
0
0
0
0
0
0
0**
**0
*0*
***
***
*/*
000
0**
**0
00*
0**
**/
Bb C
C
C#
B C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0**
0**
**0
***
*/*
**/
00*
0**
**0
**0
**0
***
Bb C
C C# Bb
Bb C
B? C
B? C
Eb
19
. You
must be capable of going from fff to ppp almost instantly and be capable of all the dynamics between. Hairpin Dynamics: This is self explanatory. “rolling tones” can be performed from Bb0 to Dl
by merely setting the embouchure at the base of the reed.
Double Trills: These are accomplished by trilling with equivalent keys alternately. but <0 *O* *** B C> is
halfway between the two. Complete control over the vibrato (being
able to turn it on or off and change its width and speed) is often requested by avant-garde composers.
Explosive accents are also popular. But entirely new fingerings are required for
multiphonics. Multiphonics: Using regular fingerings.<0 *O* *** Bb C> produces B1 and <0 *O* *** C> produces C2.

and may not be necessary). The “long” fingerings for middle and second octave B and C do not work.
The english horn should be cared for in the same manner as the oboe (though the adjustment screws are
slightly different. However. which can cause high register problems. Bocals usually have a number engraved on them: the
lower the number. When this happens one can remove the
reed and blow out the moisture.
Note that if the shape of the cane is too wide. There is no S key.
and the “short” fingerings for E3 and F3 do not work. and response. Most professional oboe players will own and often be
expected to play the english horn.
Buying and Caring for an English Horn
The english horn is significantly more expensive than the oboe (by about 30%). in every way except those outlined in this chapter.
The instrument should have a rich. though a C vent that is not adjusted high enough can cause the same effect) and the notes
from high G to high C (they tend to be flat). The purchase of an english horn is often a
once-in-a-lifetime event.A Few Notes on the English Horn
Introduction
The english horn (cor anglais) is a relative of the oboe which is larger and is pitched a fifth lower (a
fingered C on the english horn will sound as an F). which causes gurgling. and so should be made with great care. though the G# key can
serve in its place. pay special attention to the middle register C (it tends to go flat during a
diminuendo.
but should spend more time on the oboe. the low B is
the english horn’s lowest note. A common problem on the english horn is the
formation of water droplets in the bocal. It should respond well
on soft low E’s and other low register notes (the third octave key is not nearly so useful on english horn as
it is on the oboe. This is no great handicap. it seems that although smaller bocals raise the pitch of each
note. When trying a bocal. and should be studied with this in mind). full sound with a responsive and in-tune scale. Try as many english horn bocals as
you can and pick the one that works best for you. but the problem can be avoided (as on oboe) by blowing as little moisture
into the instrument as possible and by carefully warming both the bocal and the instrument before playing
to prevent excess condensation. playing the english horn can improve one’s
concept of oboe playing through the exposure to an inherently darker. the shorter the bocal and the higher the pitch (Dallas bocals are an exception to this
rule). The bocal is an extension of the bore and can make or break the
instrument with regard to tone quality. these problems can be duplicated regardless of bocal. the
oboe and the english horn may be approached identically.
20
. they do not raise the high notes as much as the low ones.
English Horn Fingerings
Unless one has purchased a special device that can turn the low B into a low Bb on demand.
The second decision to be made is on the purchase of the english horn bocal (the tube of metal that
connects the instrument to the reed). It is possible on the fingerings for E3 and above to
begin the tone with the half-hole and instantly switch to covered-hole on attack while still obtaining the
tone (which can be very useful for some upper register work). the average non-english horn specialist should practice the instrument frequently. pitch. it is easier to produce and control a good sound on the english horn
than on the oboe. Additionally. Thus. deeper sound and though requiring
a greater volume of air. and the used instruments
do not lose nearly so much of their value against the new ones. intonation.

english horn reeds are merely scaled up oboe reeds (for example. for
example. finishes scraping. diameter. For reedmaking.
English Horn Reed-Making Equipment
The english horn staple is 27mm long. all of one’s staples should be high quality and of the
same make and size. Discard any staples that do not seal. It should consist of two rings 5mm above the
21
. After one ties the blank.
Making English Horn Reeds
English horn reeds are easier to make than oboe reeds. it
is also wise not to wrap all the way to the bottom of the blank. they last much longer. the same comments given on oboe cane apply (though the gouge. clips the tip.5mm and
cut it into 10mm lengths. there exists
the possibility of leaks. they are replaced by different ones (see the
fingering chart in this guide for details). especially if one uses the fish-tube leak
sealer.
Additionally.
as the instrument’s tone quality is more stable than the oboe’s. and many of the other common “coloring” fingerings work and
can be very effective.
This cone can be left in the reed when scraping to provide a little extra working length. you may wish
to make the marks on the side of the reed for the beginning of the tip at 50mm from the bottom. the other half over the bocal to insure a seal and prevent the
reed from accidentally falling off (if neither of these problems appear with your set-up. Many fingerings and trills (adding low B or low C keys. slip half of the length of the tubing over the staple
and.Excluding teeth embouchure notes. Most english horn multiphonic
fingerings are of the form <0 0** 0?? ?>. the difference in tone during the inhalation phase is harder to detect. and score
the cane for the beginning of the back 46mm from the bottom.
Except for harmonic F2.
First. As before. All of the other equipment is exactly the same. it is usually wise to seal the binding of the blank with some sort of sealant to prevent unraveling.
Circular breathing also works well. when the reed is placed on the bocal. slips the blades.
As regards cane. A good english
horn reed will still crow in octaves. when the reed is finished. and shape
measurements are different). as there is more cane and more chances to correct
mistakes. Since the connection between the staple and the bocal is metal on metal. will still seal. Though the reeds generally need to be soaked a bit longer than oboe reeds
before they play. the classical harmonic fingerings all work. which do not work nearly so well on english horn as on oboe. the
playing limit of the english horn appears to be written Ab3 (though one almost never sees notes above
E3). one can purchase some clear aquarium tubing with an interior diameter of about 4.
and lets the reed dry overnight. Comments here will be restricted to those aspects of reedmaking that differ from the oboe. you can buy one or you can remove the
cork from an old oboe staple and slip this cone over the oboe mandrel when making english horn reeds.
But in every other respect. As far as the mandrel goes. makes the rough scrape. Additionally. one also needs a needle-nose pliers with a wire cutter and a
supply of 24 gauge soft brass wire. the wire can be applied. assuming a 55mm reed). One can test for leaks the same way one would test for leaks with oboe reeds: put
the staple on the disconnected bocal and try to form a vacuum. You will also need
a case to hold the english horn reeds in (unless your case is the small mandrel type it will not hold english
horn reeds). None of the oboe fingerings and trills work from F#3 up. will still respond well. then don’t bother
with the tubing). and will still have a manageable
opening. so one can build a little more response and
projection into the reed and still have a nice sound (though one should still always be experimenting and
listening to find the ideal tone). the english horn is a darker instrument. to notes above low D) do work.

The wire can be squeezed at the sides if the reed is
too closed. but should not bite into the cane. this measurement may have to be adjusted. and pushed up and tightened if it slips. It must be
firmly against the cane to manage the opening. Of course. which produces finished reeds at about 55mm (another
good length).
22
.
A good length at which to tie the blanks is 59mm. It is often
good practice to leave proportionately more cane unscraped between the back and the binding. Cut off the excess wire
and. if you like. squeezed from top to bottom if the reed is too open. A tip that is too long can cause
the same divergences. file down the rough ends of the wire.binding. as this
seems to alleviate many of the intonation divergences of the english horn. depending on the bocal. with the loose ends twirled together and pressed against the reed toward the binding.

Push the air and the music all the way to the last climax of the phrase (often.) If you cannot clearly locate the climax of the
phrase.Tips on Phrasing
“Musicianship and style are learned attributes. Be expansive on short notes (especially in slow movements).Thurmond. For example. regardless of the difficulty of the
passage. Give them their full tone quality. Mindlessly accenting the downbeat.
a climax is contained in the phrase’s highest note. Where intuition fails. Always play with the greatest level of musicality you can muster. Think in terms of the largest note group (the whole phrase?) that will
still let you play in rhythm.
6.
2. This mistake can be the result of thinking in terms of how the
music looks (divided by beats). Trying to duplicate nuances of an instrumental or vocal artist from a recording is
another valuable exercise. In some cases you may
have to “exaggerate” phrasing more than you think you might. as they often have great expressive potential and
can move the music forward. logic can supply hints. Some may be born with the gift of talent and intelligence
and learn quickly . Keep in mind that you may sometimes be overestimating your phrasing. and length. just THINKING of this rule may cause more
expressive playing.
5. and try to logically
anticipate them. but certainly not always. Lean on the upbeats (especially in slow movements). Each phrase has something to say.
emphasis.”
1.
23
. identify the specific phrasing techniques that they use.
The Intuitive Principle of Phrasing: “The music always moves forward.
3. if the music is poor). can cause monotony and
lack of motion and expressiveness.others more slowly . and it is up to you to find it and bring it out (or impose
something on it.
4. though called for in “bravura” sections. a stream of identical repeated notes or one
long note will not move by itself: some sort of decrescendo or (more commonly -especially before the
climax of the phrase) crescendo is often expected by the composer.but all have to learn. Assuming you have listened to many recordings. Try to
analyze what they are doing. push the air all the way through the last note.
3. Listen to recordings or performances of great wind players and singers with score in hand. because not everything you
are doing physically may be translating into a noticeable difference in sound.
2. Note Grouping
Three Big Tips
1.” .

a piano part in a sonata is as important as the solo part. and no two
performances will be exactly the same. end it
musically.
pretend in your mind that you are this person. making the rest of the phrase
sound out of place.
Musical Playing in an Ensemble:
1. Begin the phrase musically.
2. Music is a creative process.
3. quiet your mind and think of the greatest player you have heard.”
1.”
1.
4. In this
matter as in many others. Composers often write in a certain idiom. Usually. You can learn this idiom by listening to recordings not only
of your work. Usually. when you walk out. Mark ’ marks at the ends of phrases. and an ending. but an inferiority complex can hinder it.
5. an accent. Before you walk out on stage. the more intense the alertness and emotional depth which will be available to you. Find this and bring it out. or a more
intense tone.
2. respond to the sounds of the other players (listen!). Consider the tone of the whole. and perhaps try to understand logically (by these principles) why they are there.
3.
3. Take
these seriously. The
clearer your picture. Convince yourself that this is the best piece of music in the world. or they may forget many of the good things you did.
2. Composers generally give hints to proper phrasing (staccato marks. crescendo
when ascending the scale (though sometimes a tonic high note played pianissimo can produce a
wonderful effect). that this is the last chance anyone
will have to hear it. But from
then on. and diminuendo back toward it.
The Visual Principle of Phrasing: “Phrases are finite in length.). often. and have a (hidden?) coherent
relation to the rest of the music. They are not just breath reminders. Close
your eyes and see and hear him or her performing your piece on your stage. Each phrase has a beginning.
a shape. dynamics. Possible means of emphasis might be: increased volume. a pause before the note. experience is often the best way to improve.The Logical Principle of Phrasing: “What is unexpected or hard on the ear (such as a discordant
tone or a rhythm change) must be emphasized for the ear to accept it. Often a mass of notes has a hidden core melody or pattern in it. Then. but of other works by the same composer. and hear the first few notes in your mind before playing. accents.
Hints on developing self-assurance as a musical player:
1. or perhaps that this is the last time any music will be heard on the planet.
2. study the parts of the other
instruments.
24
. etc. one can easily see why making dynamic “bulges” on each long note is
usually tasteless: it sets of that one note as being the entire statement. Delay the expected (this is why fermatas are so often put on notes immediately before the resolution to
the tonic). If you can. or it may take several notes to gain the audience’s attention. Musical playing is not a function of self-confidence. crescendo away from the tonic note. Since the phrase is a statement.

Think of making a glissando between two notes
of a slurred interval.
4. play it as though you believe in it
anyway! Most of the audience will like it if you seem to.
the audience will forgive a few mistakes.
2. Some players like to decide on phrasing away from the instrument and its limitations. Short rests in a phrase. so put your whole effort into singing each phrase as musically as you can . and smile (or at least don’t grimace whenever you make a mistake). The “perfect” recordings only seem that way through studio splicing magic. Try to lose yourself in these phrasing techniques. Hear yourself as a person in the audience would .
25
. even if they’re sitting in the back row. The audience wants to
have a good time.
5.4. Assume the stage with some degree of confidence.
Technical Phrasing Hints
1. Even if you do not particularly like your sound on a certain day. see how many you can fool. or a small gap caused by delaying a note. For many players. just thinking of the next note before playing it will smooth the
interval. Remind yourself that there are no perfect performances (prove this to yourself by going to live
concerts).
5. Silence is as tangible a
part of the music as is the sound itself. Make a good connection from note to note in legato. look at the audience (or at least don’t look at the
ground). If you are nervous
anyway. and by appearing to be in nervous pain you deny them that. or in the sheer joy of playing. forms silence.if you do this.
3.
6. You can only
do your best.it should be crystal clear to them what you are doing
musically.

Vibrato should be part of your image of your ideal tone. or 6).
Ideas to remember for successful sight-reading:
1. set your
metronome to sound on the off-beats (see Hewitt’s Method for details). your body and instrument will usually give it to you.
For best results. which is usually a sign of excessive tension or resistance. Being able to exhale
through your nose while playing is another sign of good throat relaxation. Always know the key/time signature. Keep the pulse (the beat the metronome or conductor is counting) in your mind with a
constant subdivision (2. and always try to land on the first beat of the measure
in time. Avoid having some notes
on your instrument be habitually devoid of vibrato. imagine the desired tone in your mind before producing it. Avoid habitually tapping your foot or flapping your arms to the beat. 5. so time must be allowed for their pitch to stabilize. feel the
rhythmic group to be played before you play it. and the right hand thumb. The subdivision is the greatest common denominator of the rhythm
being played or of the rhythm that WILL be played on the next beat. Do not stop.
If you overinhale. The only points of tension should be the lower abdominal muscles. Going through the first eight
steps of the “Daily Practice Schedule” would be an excellent warm-up.
Playing on the reed alone can often reveal problems that may be hindering tone production when the reed
is played with the oboe. Avoid involuntary “grunting”
while playing. Releases should be supported and in time
(perhaps pretend there is one note after the last written one). you should have the feeling of the beat
creating the notes. the lips should curl the reed farther in when necessary (such as for
the extreme high register).
5.
Try humming while playing to see if your throat is sufficiently open and relaxed. Sense the coming beat. the COMING beat must be felt.
Some oboists find attacks easier when they make a small exhalation just before playing. Have a positive attitude.
4. 3. If you keep the rhythm flawlessly accurate the rest will usually follow.
2.Miscellaneous Suggestions
Count constantly.
To play in accurate time. the
embouchure. For a very revealing exercise.
Arrive at rehearsals and performances early to insure adequate warming-up time. you will lose control of the first few seconds of the first note.
3. Look and hear ahead.
Remember to keep counting. 4. not the beat you just passed. even when you cannot be heard. the vibrato will seem
to subtly come from your abdominal muscles rather than your throat muscles. Whether you play
with a metronome keeping time or with a conductor keeping time.
The reed should never slide on the lips. Never pull the staple out to flatten the pitch except in extreme emergencies. With proper breath support.
Your hands should grip the oboe no more tightly than is necessary (try not to take technical and reed
difficulties out on your fingers). there should be no bulging
air pockets in your embouchure. Wind instruments tend
to sharpen as they warm.
Although you should feel air pressure in your mouth and against your tongue.
Try to make a habit of always doing your best. If you can imagine exactly
what you want to do. even on the last note before a rest.
26
.

A fast passage is merely a slow one taken at a faster tempo. This technique can easily become a crutch.
In unison passages. (i. until all
prospective technical difficulties are ironed out and you are phrasing it the way you want to phrase it.
You can’t do much better than you expect yourself to.
Some professionals recommend putting old reeds in an ultrasonic cleaner for a minute to renew their
response. a dull tone
can seem flat.
Then wait a day before slowly increasing the metronome tempo.
If you remember to push the air the same distance on all notes as you do on low D.
For high notes. and keep your
embouchure set at the tip of the reed. The tongue
should touch the reed just below the tip on a corner of the bottom blade (if this doesn’t seem to work for
you it may be a sign that your reeds are not responsive enough). and is not even
fun. When tuning. and a confident tone can seem in tune even if it is not). so use it sparingly. the tongue should
stay forward and out of the way of the air stream.
For low notes.
Experienced ensemble players tend to pre-hear not just their own sound.
27
.
The left hand thumb should stay on the oboe (practicing before a mirror can help correct other posture
problems). If this is the case for you. Low
altitudes/high humidity increase the reed opening and resistance. you should find that middle octave B and C do not pose significant
stability problems.
No wind musician can hit the exact pitch on attack all the time.
“Sleeping on it” is a popular expression for a reason. When not being used. If you approach a piece or passage with the goal of
merely “getting through it. make a special
effort to pre-hear them the way they SHOULD BE rather than the way the oboe wants to play them. It’s helpful to think of the style of the whole piece before beginning. Confidence in one’s intonation is really confidence in one’s ability
to do this. but almost any musician can learn to
adjust a note after the attack so quickly that the listener cannot really detect the shift (this is the approach
which even the best string players use). Practice difficult passages SLOWLY.
There are often notes on each oboe that tend to be flat or sharp. Try aiming your air stream at the bridge of your nose.
Notes from A to C (especially with the second octave key) can be “thickened” by also depressing the low
C key and (optionally) the E and D keys. If you maintain proper rhythm in your
mind. you may find that you will be able to play it at a much faster tempo the next day. listen toward the
bottom of the chord. opening the throat and maintaining a solid air stream is preferable to merely pinching the
reed.Rapid technical passages are easier and sound better when played with solid breath support and attention
to musicality. If you practice a passage at a moderate tempo
competently.
High altitudes/low humidity close the reed opening (which raises pitch) and kill the low register. This is not artistry. but the sound of the entire
ensemble along with their tone. “fit” your sound into the other players’s sounds. imagine that the oboe is longer than it really is.
Know that the quality of a tone can have an effect on the listener’s perception of its pitch.” you will probably do no more than that.
Do not articulate by blocking the reed tip opening (and thus the air flow) with the tongue. you will be amazed at how easy the passage may still be at higher speeds.e.

Unless your performing group (chamber music excepted)
is top notch.
A non-solo pianissimo should be taken literally. oboists and
english hornists are usually in demand by community orchestras and other volunteer ensembles. This is often an issue of confidence. assume you are not loud enough.There are really two classes of dynamic markings: those for accompaniment passages and those for solos.
Because there are relatively fewer oboists than there are performers of most other instruments.
28
. but a soloistic pianissimo can be as much an indication of
character or tone color as actual volume. Until you are told you are too
loud. please investigate and be realistic about your chances
before deciding on this as a career.
Your first duty in a solo passage is to be heard. you may find yourself playing many solos (or at least the hearts and climaxes thereof) at full
volume (but see the above comments concerning tone color and character). Getting a
paid. and similar comments apply
to interpretation. full-time job in an orchestra is another matter.

Sonata
Hindemith. Concertos in d minor and F. 54). Pieces marked with an asterisk are the most-often performed works in their
category. There are several reference texts. Sequenza (avant-garde)
Bozza. Audition Requirements for Oboe and English Horn. Double Concerto (Ob. which document oboe repertoire. they are listed in order from “most requested” to “least requested. Lied
Carter. Parable
Unaccompanied English Horn
Persichetti. Sonata
Yvon. Sonata in g minor
Bozza. Suite
Poulenc. #2 (and others)
Bach. Solo from Tristan. Suite Monodique
Britten. Va)
29
.
The “orchestral excerpts” categories contain works that are commonly requested at orchestral auditions
(see Brent Register. Sonatine
Kalliwoda. Fantasie Pastorale
Britten. Concerto in c minor (transcription)
Hindemith. Divertissement
Bozza.Basic Repertoire
This list is intended to provide reasonable possibilities for recital or solo contest selections. Fantasy
Berio. it is NOT
intended to be all-inclusive. Marceau de Salon
Lutoslawski.S. Romances
Wolpe. Variations and Concerto
Piston.” The Double
Reed. Act III
Oboe and Piano
Bach. Fall 1986. p. Concerto Op9. “Selected U.
including Music for Oboe 1650-1800 by Bruce Haynes and The Index of Oboe Music (with supplements)
by Wayne Wilkins. Six Metamorphoses After Ovid*
Persichetti. Sonata
Saint-Saens. Pastorale
Handel. Sonata
Milhaud.”
Unaccompanied Oboe
Arnold. Parable
Wagner. Sonata
English Horn and Piano
Bozza. Sonata
Schumann. Epitath
Pasculli. and all ensemble works are also available for oboe and piano. Sonata
Oboe with Orchestra or String Orchestra
Albinoni. Insect Pieces and Temporal Variations
Dutilleux.

For a change of pace. Beginning.
To avoid coming to think of phrasing only in terms of the oboe and its limitations. In
terms of finding a good teacher.Study Resources
It is almost impossible to become skilled as an oboist or english hornist without having a good teacher. 18 Dix-Huit Studies
5. The best way to gain a good concept of tone quality is to hear live performances by professional
oboists. he or she will at least be able to refer you to someone who does. Memory of how it feels is your only method. Gillet. Intermediate.Stevens Hewitt
32
. 48 Etudes
Semi-Professional
Stevens Hewitt. Bozza. Ferling.)
Styles of various eras (including baroque ornamentation)
Avant-garde techniques
“The only true education is that of the feelings. Method for Oboe
4. Barret.
Study Books
Beginning through Intermediate
Sprenkle/Ledet. The Art of Oboe Playing
1. most of their albums feature
extensive oboe and english horn improvisational work. Rubank. and Advanced or
1. it is important to listen
to artists other than oboists and english hornists (especially singers!).”
. the second best way is to listen to good recordings. Blaine Edlefsen. Studies and Melodious Etudes
Advanced
Books on reedmaking and screw adjustment
2. etc. you might
also try listening to a few recordings by the modern jazz group “Oregon”. If he or she does not teach. Studies for Advanced Teaching of the Oboe
Professional
Studies/etudes of own choice
Orchestral excerpts/solo works (Andraud’s Vade-Mecum of the Oboist. one good approach is to contact the principal oboist of the best orchestra
in your area. Method
3.
It is also almost impossible to improve your tone without knowing what sort of tone you are trying to
achieve.

Selected Studies for Oboe (Intermediate)
Barret. Note Grouping (Marcel Tabuteau’s method)
A Good Music Dictionary (any)
Etudes and Methods
Rubank. Studies and Melodious Etudes (Beginning)
Ferling. A Method for Adjusting the Oboe and English Horn
Sawicki. Flute
Krell. Casals and the Art of Interpretation
Dunkel. The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing
Stein. Studies for Advanced Teaching of the Oboe (Advanced)
Andraud. The Art of Saxophone Playing
33
. A Reed Blown in the Wind
Screw Adjustment
McFarland. The Practice Handbook
Ristad. Dix-Huit Etudes pour Hautbois (Advanced)
Gillet. The Oboe Revealed
Reedmaking
Berman. The Audition Process
Galway/Green.A Technique and Musicianship Library
Technique
Browne. The Oboe Reed Book
Veazey. Elementary/Intermediate Method for Oboe (Beginning)
Edlefsen. The Inner Game of Music
Gilbert. The Reed Maker’s Manual (videotape also available)
Hedrick. Method for Oboe (Intermediate)
Bozza. Reed Knife Sharpening
Musicianship
Blum. The Art of Clarinet Playing
Teal. Kincaidiana
Pino. The Art of Oboe Reed Making
Capps/Weber. The Art of Oboe Playing
Whittow. Vade Mecum of the Oboist (Orchestral Excerpts)
Periodicals
The Double Reed and The Journal of the IDRS (International Double Reed Society Publications)
Other Woodwind Instruments
Galway. Oboe Reed Making . Method for Oboe
Light. The Oboe Reed Video (videotape)
Knife Sharpening
Caswell.A Modern Method
Light. 48 Famous Studies for Oboe (Intermediate)
Voxman. Essays for Oboists
Sprenkle/Ledet. A Soprano on Her Head
Thurmond. The Art of Cor Anglais
Hewitt.

Some musicians need a little help in the early stages of this practice. Though they claim to have “no ear.Ear-Recognition of Intervals
Learning to recognize intervals by ear can improve intonation by giving each tone a familiar mental
“cubbyhole. Sweet Chariot
5/4
P4
Here Comes the Bride
I’ve Been Working on the Railroad
4/3
Tritone
Maria
Same
7/5
P5
Twinkle.S.H. In equal temperament.A. multiplying the frequency of a given note by 1.
16/15
M2
Happy Birthday
Mary Had a Little Lamb
9/8
m3
Camptown Races
This Old Man
6/5
M3
When the Saints Go Marching In
Swing Low.” which is slightly different from piano (“equal”)
temperament.
34
. Moses
Love Story
8/5
M6
My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean
Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen
5/3
m7
Star Trek Theme (Original)
Same
9/5
M7
Bali Hai (1st and 3rd tones)
Same
15/8
Octave
Somewhere Over the Rainbow
Same
2/l
Pitch ratios in this list are given in “just temperament.059463094 (the
twelfth root of two) gives the frequency of the note one chromatic step higher. The following suggested list may be of
assistance:
INTERVAL
ASCENDING
DESCENDING
RATIO
m2
Jaws
M. you can sustain the lower tone
on the piano and play the interval tone on your instrument to gain a physical sense of what the (in-tune)
combination feels like. Twinkle
Feelings
3/2
m6
Go Down. Associating the interval at the beginning
of a popular tune with its appropriate name can help immensely.” You can practice interval recognition (and duplication) by playing an interval repeatedly on
an in-tune piano until the sensation becomes very familiar to you.”
they can sing or whistle familiar tunes with accurate intonation. after this.

•
In many jazz performing styles. One of the reasons this is a good place to start is that this “blues scale” does NOT
change as the chords change.
good improvisations often do the same as they build musical phrases. Notice that most melodies contain silence and repeated notes. remember to listen to the rest of the ensemble
(especially the bass). and then try to duplicate on your
instrument what you just whistled or sang. when
appropriate. a blues progression in C uses a blues scale in C for the entire length of the
song. and relieve tension after this
point.
•
When you improvise a solo with an ensemble.
Experiment with this: whistle or sing the melody to a song you know. you
may wish to strengthen your technical skills. learning to improvise can yield several
benefits:
1.
•
An excellent method of practice is to choose an artist you like and play along or improvise along with
one of his or her recordings. Every once in a while. Improvisation gives performers a chance to create music which is truly their own. only bad resolutions. The best improvisations usually
have a sense of direction: they build tension as they approach their climax.”
•
Listening actively and intelligently to good performances will improve the quality of the music you
pre-hear.
3.
35
.
2. Improvisation can help one develop the ability to pre-hear and play intervals by ear and. this skill should eventually be acquired if you want to perform with other jazz
musicians. this scale would be C
Eb F F# G Bb C). you must be able to keep time and follow a written chord progression
while improvising. A classical performer familiar with the idea of “owning” an improvised solo might be able to. interpret orchestral solos more freely and expressively.
the progression would be C7 F7 C7 C7 F7 F7 C7 C7 G7 F7 C7 G7 [C7 last time]). Improvisation develops memorization and sight transposition skills. hopefully.
Here are some final tips:
•
As the old saying goes. You might want to become comfortable with the blues style before moving on to more complex
styles.
then play all intervals better in tune.
A good place to start experimenting with improvisation is a 12 bar blues progression in 4/ 4 time (in C.
•
Once you have developed your pre-hearing ability to a level you are personally comfortable with.
4.Getting Started Improvising
Whether or not one becomes a great improvisational musician. Jerry Coker’s Patterns for Jazz is a good workbook for
technique.
The key to good improvisation is being able to produce on your instrument sequences of notes that you
pre-hear in your mind. turn off the recording and try to play by ear the
melody you last heard. “there are no bad notes. There is a special
blues scale which can optionally be used with this progression and its variants (in C.

close all the keys. adjust the appropriate screw with a screwdriver.
Remember that if you adjust only one screw at a time and keep track of where the screw was set
before you started turning it. recurrent sticking keys rarely just “fix themselves. remove the key and follow Step 12 of
“Annual Maintenance Procedure. Repeat if necessary. You should attempt this only if the
problem occurs regularly with a particular key.
Ultimately. if you aren’t comfortable performing this procedure. or
if it doesn’t work.” Another possibility is that the pad needs to be replaced.
36
.”
Screw out of adjustment:
•
Consulting a book on screw adjustment if necessary. consult a repairperson. blow in the other end. Repeat until the cigarette paper shows no moisture when removed.
•
Permanent Solution: Disassemble the surrounding keywork and follow Steps 5 and 7 of “Annual
Maintenance Procedure” (for keys other than octave keys). and open the
waterlogged key only.
•
Permanent Solution: One possibility is that the key is dirty. Blowing a
sharp burst of air over the tone hole may also clear the problem. Seal one end of
that joint with the palm of your hand. if you can’t fix this problem yourself you should take the instrument to a professional
repairperson. you can always bring the instrument back to its original state.
Press the key shut and hold it shut while pulling out the bill or paper.
Sticking keys:
•
Immediate Solution: Put a crisp new $1 bill or crisp piece of paper between the key and its tone hole.Solutions to Common Performing Crises
Waterlogged keys:
•
Immediate Solution: Press a piece of cigarette paper between the key and its tone hole.

and slowly pull out the paper while
the key is being held down (sometimes. Keep some in your reed case. use water instead. Pipe cleaners can
be run through old staples and old reeds to clean them out.
Pipe cleaners: Keep some pipe cleaners both in your oboe case and in your reed tool kit. slip a piece of cigarette paper over the hole. Before sharpening the knife. oboe and english horn players must depend on more
accessories than almost any other instrumentalist. and the best way to accomplish this is to dip the reeds in water and
let them lie on a flat surface for a few minutes. Be sure to get
a sheath for the knife to protect it against otherwise dangerous drops. waterproof brand.
The following supplies can often be found lying about the house:
One plastic 35mm film canister with lid: This is for holding reed soaking water.
An octave key is holding water if it seems to stop functioning. but it is a matter of personal preference. It can be used for various odd jobs (such as clipping the
tip of a reed) that would might dull the edge of a good reed knife.
Sealant: Use this to seal the bindings of reeds. Highlight
anything you consistently miss. It is useful to get a variety of colors so one can tell the reeds apart. the other goes in the oboe case
for marking music.
37
.
Two short pencils: One of these goes in the reed tool kit for marking cane. which is slightly
thinner.
FF nylon thread: This is for tying reeds.
Mandrel: The mandrel is the device that fits inside the staple to help it keep its shape and give you
something to grip while the reed is being tied. you will
probably not remember them later and certainly will not remember them during a performance. English horn reeds require more soaking time. press the key down.
Desk lamp: The best way to see the structure of a reed is to hold it in front of a bright light.
Cigarette paper: This can be a lifesaver. high G or A will turn into low G or A
because one of the two octave holes is clogged and will not open.
Ruler: Keep a small millimeter ruler in the reed kit for measuring reeds. Be certain to use a non-toxic.
Razor blades: Keep a sharp one in your reed kit. Reeds should be soaked
for a few minutes before being played. If water becomes trapped under a
key.
spread a few drops of oil on the stone. It should fit standard staples exactly and have a non-circular
handle that is in line with itself (so one can tell whether the cane is aligned on the staple while tying). A desk lamp is
handy both for this sort of reed back-lighting and for providing adequate working light. blowing a sharp burst of air across the hole will clear it as well). Depending on the type of stone. Pencil in any changes or instructions your conductor or teacher gives you.Supplies
Largely due to the necessity of reedmaking. Some reedmakers prefer EE nylon thread.
Heavy mineral oil in small waterproof bottle: Keep this in your reed kit.
Sharpening stone: Many oboists who have tried them prefer the new diamond sharpening stones to the
older models. you may not need to use oil: if it is
one of the new diamond stones.
These supplies must usually be sent away for:
Reed knife: Double hollowground knives and beveled knives are the most popular varieties.

Reeds made
from cane with dense vascular bundles tend to sound bright. Cane with a sparse
vascular bundle structure (caused by low levels of rainfall during their first spring) tends to produce a
dark. the brain is barely involved in this process.
Oboe staples: Although staples are reusable. try sandpapering the cork for a better fit. As the
staple is a continuation of the oboe bore.
Modern electronic tuners have two functions: they can sound the note or they can silently tell you how
sharp or flat a note you play is. projecting. the
better quality it is (also. If all else fails. slightly rounded cylinder of wood is used with a razor blade to clip
reed tips. any oboe supplier will have
leather tool satchels for sale. Vascular bundles are the veins that can be seen in a well-scraped reed tip. Reedmakers who have achieved
consistency will usually experiment with cane source/age.
Cutting block or Billot: This squat.62 in the center.Plaque: This sliver of metal fits between the reed blades while you are scraping. but dampened sound.
Anyone can make the tuner needle stand still. so no
real progress is made. cane gouged . If the
staples are too large to easily slip in and out of your oboe.
Silk swab: This is the only worthwhile item for swabbing moisture from the inside of the oboe.
Reed case: Some sort of case is necessary to keep your reeds safe. a good quantity of them (20 or more) is desirable. It should be made of
blued steel.
2. and vibrant. and diameter until they find the optimum cane for their playing style and
climatic conditions. the length of the overall staple and the shape/size of the oval end
should be the same on all the staples you use.58 in the center will play more
easily than cane gouged .
It short-circuits the pre-hearing concept of pitch. cane plants that sprouted in the same place in the same year will have many of the
same properties).
Toolkit: One needs something to safely carry these tools in. hardness. but purchase an electronic tuner if you can. the greater the arch and the larger the eventual tip
opening.
Cork grease: This should be applied when necessary to the cork that connects the three parts of the oboe. The second function should be used sparingly.
Fishskin: This is used in an emergency to seal a leaking reed. which is the only way to play in tune without the
tuner.
Keep an A440 tuning fork in your oboe case if you wish. There are cases available that will hold
anywhere from two to sixteen reeds. shape. This should be done several times during each
rehearsal or practice session and immediately before putting the oboe away. but may be flat or contoured. Using this function indiscriminately is a poor idea for
three reasons:
1. the longer a batch of cane has been aged naturally. The silk
swabs can be pulled through the fully assembled oboe. Most reed cases that hold three reeds or fewer will fit in your oboe
case. gouge (center and side).
“vascular bundle density”.
Cane (Arundo Donax L. The smaller the cane diameter. The gouge is a measurement of cane thickness.): The beginner is advised to buy cane on his or her teacher’s recommendation and
use that same cane until he or she can consistently produce good reeds. usually only to check the
pitch of the concert A or for testing new fingerings. This can be checked by insuring that each staple fits on your
mandrel the same way.
38
.
Oboe screwdriver set: Use this to turn the adjustment screws. Often.
Tuner: An oboist needs something to insure that he or she is making and playing reeds that are in tune.

if you have a choice between buying a
tuner or a metronome. A used instrument is less expensive and less likely to crack. and acoustical scientists tell us such a decision should have no noticeable
effect on the tone if the plastic instrument is manufactured with the same care as the competing wooden
instrument.
Related instruments: There are several relatives of the oboe which. The english horn is in
the key of F. Try to pre-hear and attack notes in tune. prehearing them before you play them. an oboe d’amore is used.
Another application of the pitch sounding feature is in interval practice.
Electronic metronome: Just as rhythm is the most basic element of music. Orchestras usually employ two oboists and an english horn player.
which is mainly used in performances of “The Planets” by Holst. buying a professional instrument with a plastic top
joint will prevent cracking. If you want to
purchase a used instrument. the metronome beat becomes the framework
your notes fit into. Learn to match pitches by having the
machine sound the note while you play the same tone on the oboe. or purchase it from a local professional (major symphony oboists usually get the best instruments
and often sell them for trivial reasons). close your eyes.
Occasionally. in the event that they are needed.S. Play new oboes
sparingly (swabbing FREQUENTLY) for the first few weeks. but is tied to the reality of the clicks. But. Avoid extreme and sudden temperature changes with wooden oboes. while having different ranges and
needing different sizes of reeds than the oboe.
Bach. consult a teacher or dealer as regards maintenance
procedures (oiling. and always warm the top joint
39
. contact a dealer who sells instruments on consignment by and for professional
players. the orchestra will usually
borrow or rent one. use the same basic fingerings and technique. Of course.
the instrument is usually out of cracking danger. using a dampit.
The pitch sounding feature is by far the more beneficial function. attack the note. buy a metronome. which is the only real way to
stay in tune in an ensemble. in performance of certain baroque works (“St. Most professional oboists own an english horn. for example).3. Matthew’s Passion” or “Magnificat” by J. purchase it from a knowledgeable
specialty dealer who also does repairs and instrument tunings for professional oboists.
With any oboe. each note sounds a fifth lower than the same note on an oboe. should it lie unused for over a month. these pulses
disappear. If a crack does develop (usually around the
trill keys). between the
oboe and english horn.
making this an attractive option. the pulse is inside the
mind. when the pitches are out of tune with
each other. The most
common of these is the english horn. “pulses” will be heard at regular intervals.
Oboes: If you’re going to purchase a new professional instrument. identifying them by the sound. and remembering the sound of that
interval when it is in tune. There is also a bass oboe in the key of C (pitched an octave below the oboe).
But if you feel you must use this function. use a pull-through swab periodically during rehearsals and before you put the instrument
away. The oboe d’amore is pitched in the key of A. There is no need to tap the foot or flap the arms to the beat. When the notes are perfectly in tune. put chalk marks around the crack and send it to a repairman immediately. It is should be used almost constantly. the metronome is the most
important tool for practice. Have the machine sound a tone
which will be considered the key signature for the exercise. treat it like a
new instrument when you play it again. When you play. Play different intervals of that note.) that may have to be done to avoid cracks.
who is also expected to play oboe. After one year of use. then open your eyes and look at
the needle. etc.
It discourages learning to play in tune by matching the given pitch.
Oboe maintenance: If you have a new wooden oboe. There is no real need for an oboist to
purchase either of these two instruments.

the entire mechanism of heavily-used
professional instruments should be disassembled. this eliminates
one more potential variable. Purchase a
lesson on the subject with a teacher or technician if you can. or assemble it carelessly. or you can learn to do it yourself with a text such as Carl Sawicki’s The Oboe
Revealed. You can pay a
repairman to do this. be certain your oboe is in top operating condition before attempting to make reeds. But for more serious problems (such as a faulty cork pad).
Adjusting the adjusting screws is something most oboists should be able to do for themselves.
Never set the oboe with the keys down. keep erasers in the case.of the instrument in your hands until it no longer feels cold to the touch before blowing air through it.
Finally.
40
. buy handmade.
Reeds: If you do not yet make your own reeds. send the instrument to the best
repairperson you can find. It will be money well spent. long scrape reeds from a professional or a
double reed specialty store. and then use the “Guide to Screw
Adjustment” section of this guide as reference. Every year or so. oiled and checked for problems.

3. the instrument should be sent to a top-notch repairperson as soon as possible.
3.
41
. If it is
still within its crack waranty period.
Warm the instrument properly by opening the case and putting the top joint under your armpit (or
wrapping your hands around it) until it no longer feels cold to the touch. and swab it every five to ten minutes.not a feather) periodically during the session. place a few orange peels in the case and seal the case in a plastic bag. if an instrument is going to crack it will usually crack when it is new and first being
played. will usually spread.
Cracks
As a practical matter. if left unpinned.
Begin the session by playing a few low long tones. Thus cracks are sometimes
(but rarely) found by the F# hole or low Bb hole.
Be careful of the levers bridging the sections when assembling. Lubricate tenons with cork grease
or Vaseline if necessary.
Swab the bore (with a pull-through silk swab .
5.
Never set the instrument key side down.
If a crack is noticed. sometimes
compounded by a dry climate) may suffer binding keys (lower octave.
consider putting a “dampit” type humidifier in the case for a few days first (but not in the bore. octave holes/posts. you might consider requesting a new instrument or top joint from the
retailer you purchased it from rather than requesting a repair (you’ll still have to send the cracked
instrument back first. Some retailers and manufacturers
recommend oiling the bore of new instruments. C#. obviously).
Preventing the production of excess condensation (by carefully warming the instrument before
playing)
Preventing the absorption of excess condensation (by periodic swabbing while playing)
Raising/maintaining the instrument’s general humidity level (through humidifiers and/or being
played for at least a few minutes a day)
Most cracks are found by the trill keys. If your instrument has not been used for a long period of time. If there is an
improper fit of the joint or tenon (a gap between the wood and the surrounding metal band or an overly
tight fit between the tenon and its socket) a crack could result from this stress. and be sure it doesn’t rest in contact with the keys. ask about whether this procedure is recommended at the
time you purchase your instrument. When mailing an instrument to a repairperson.
4. let all three joints sit in the open case until they are close to room temperature
before warming the top joint. If the instrument is
extremely cold. as the
instructions indicate.
2. half hole.
Caring for New and Unused Instruments
An instrument that loses its normal humidity level (through a period of disuse or being new. The
keys will unbind when the instrument has rehumidified. or F res stop working or
become sluggish) or a crack when played. Never blow air through a cold instrument. or (rarely) the G# hole. consider playing it for only half-hour
sessions for its first two weeks. which can damage them). Should the keys bind and a humidifier is not
available. Eb. the instrument should be
rehumidified in a few days.
2. Cracks. ask them how they
would like the instrument prepared for shipment.Instrument Care and Maintenance
Considerations Before and During Each Playing Session
1. If you are breaking in a new instrument. The following approaches have been recommended to avoid cracks:
1.

Be careful to get NO Tarn-X on
cork or pads.) Visually examine and play the instrument.
7. and if you use a pipe cleaner be sure not to scratch the wood with the metal part of
the pipe cleaner.
1. improperly fitting tenons. and
possibly ask what THEY recommend you do.
2. too much/little tension on any key. Repeat until no more dirt comes out. Elongate a Q-tip tip. mentioning to the
repairperson any problems that were noticed with the instrument over the last year. If
you are the sort of person who likes to maintain your own instruments.
noting problem keys.
use only enough oil to lightly coat when spread).Tarnish Recovery
Some people have skin which causes their instrument’s keys to become tarnished more quickly.
43
. Clean the hole’s
entire length.
Remove all the keywork and follow the instructions on the Tarn-X bottle. Oil both the top and bottom of flat springs.
3. For people who would
rather handle some basic maintenance procedures themselves.
Find those tone holes which have had water problems. Keywork that is extremely
tarnished and dirty (usually on a neglected and old instrument) can sometimes be salvaged with Tarn-X. and get as little rinsing water on the cork or pads as is humanly possible. you’re responsible for your instrument. and slowly “screw” it down the entire length of the tone hole. carefully wipe old oil and dirt from from springs and reoil them (as always. you might mention this to the
company you buy your instrument from (if you’re buying it new from a knowledgeable supplier). then you might want to polish your instrument’s keys with a silver anti-tarnish cloth
every week or month (if recommended by the instrument’s manufacturer).
8. sticking. and the correct sheet of cork or leather) have a repairman do
it. or sluggishness problems. If this is
the case for you.
6. Know
that the oil used on metal parts such as these (clock oil) is NOT the same as the oil used on the
wood or in the bore (sweet almond oil).
Examine corks and pads.
4. Ultimately. If you cannot replace these
yourself (using a knife.
5.
Clean dirty tone holes with a wet Q-tip (with elongated tip) or a wet pipe cleaner. Check the hole
visually for unevenly applied oil and be sure to wipe any excess oil from the top of the tone hole to
avoid interference with the pad. and the
fact that some of the things listed below worked well for one person and that person’s instrument do not
necessarily mean that are appropriate to you and yours. cork cement. lightly coat it with
sweet almond oil.
Mentally review your oboe’s performance over the last year (making note of keys which developed
habitual water.
Oil the oboe’s bore (but only if the manufacturer or retailer or repairperson for the instrument
recommends that this be done). the best way to handle annual oboe maintenance (especially for expensive professional
models) may be to send the instrument to a skilled repairperson for a general-checkup. the following outline may be of value. Also check for dirt deposited in keys with
center holes. or anything else
unusual or undesirable.
Using a paper towel.
Dust the oboe’s wood. Note any bumper pads that are wearing out. Some sort of precision applicator must be used to avoid
using too much oil or spilling any on the body of the instrument.
Disassemble the keywork (see above). etc.
Annual Maintenance Procedure
For many players.

cause a “sharp angle” bend.
44
.
16.
Using a paper towel. Correct anything obviously wrong
(usually a slipped spring). Work along the spring’s entire length.
Run wet pipe cleaners (again. be sure not to scratch anything) through the rod hole in each key
until no more dirt comes out.
13. or
bend only at the post. adjusting the adjusting screws where necessary and correcting any other
problems.
If you oiled the bore.
Polish the keys (with a silver anti-tarnish polishing cloth) if necessary and recommended by the
instrument’s manufacturer.
Reassemble the keywork.
Adjust the tension on any springs that need it. smear a drop or two of clock oil on the
appropriate rod or pivot screw to create smoother action and prevent rust. As you reassemble each key.
11.
14.
15. Clean their pads with a Q-tip dipped in rubbing
alcohol (you may wish to ask your retailer or repairperson if they recommend this procedure). clean old oil/dirt from rod screws and pivots. let the instrument sit for a day to allow the oil time to soak in.
12. bending in the
direction opposite to its natural curve).
Test the key action WITHOUT blowing into the instrument.
10.
Play-test the instrument. Do not nick the spring. Visually check the hole to insure no residue is present. Tension is increased by carefully and evenly
increasing the bend of the spring and is decreased by reducing the bend (i.9.
Locate those keys plagued by sticking problems.e.
17.

Flat addition. dorian. would be spelled C. and in a
suspended 4 chord the 4th is used in place of the 3rd. perhaps alternating between chromatic order
and cycle of fifths order. To obtain a
scale. It is also helpful to choose a “key of the day” or “key of the week” (alternating
major and minor).
One of the fastest ways to improve one’s skill on any musical instrument is to practice slow scales and
arpeggios daily. scales should be practiced in all twelve keys. G. and mixolydian scales with arpeggios
instead.
Here are some other useful tidbits of information:
•
The “Cycle of Fifths” is as follows: C G D A E B F#/Gb Db Ab Eb Bb F C. Bb. A 7sus4 chord. for example.
•
Sharp and Flat addition follows this simple pattern: Sharp addition -> FCGDEAB <. the
numbers in parentheses to the right indicate what chords would fit that particular scale.
•
“Sus” means “suspension. major. The same
procedure is followed to obtain chords: the numbers in parentheses to the right of the chord spellings
indicate what scales would fit with that chord (scales which might work well in jazz are underlined). make a copy of the Chromatic Bar (the two-octave chromatic scale at the top). Classical musicians
might benefit most from practicing the chromatic.
46
. and to perform extra scale/interval practice and etudes in this key.
•
In classical theory.Using the Chord/Scale Constructor
To get started. and minor scales with arpeggios. position the Chromatic Bar beneath the name of the scale you desire and slide the bar to the right
until the note you wish the scale to be based on is resting directly beneath the “1”.
F. The remainder of the
scale can be seen by looking at the notes on the Chromatic Bar directly beneath each of the numbers. major. This is notation is most commonly found in arrangements of popular or folk music.” In a suspended 2 chord the 2nd is used in place of the 3rd. and jazz
musicians might consider practicing the chromatic. the melodic minor scale uses the natural minor scale when descending.