Wenceslaus was crowned king of Hungary on 27 August 1301. He signed his charters under the name Ladislaus in Hungary. His rule was only nominal, because a dozen powerful lords held sway over large territories in the kingdom. His father realized that Wenceslaus's position could not be strengthened and took him back from Hungary to Bohemia in August 1304. Wenceslaus succeeded his father in Bohemia and Poland on 21 June 1305. He abandoned his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III of Bavaria on 9 October.

Wenceslaus granted large parcels of the royal domains to his young friends in Bohemia. A claimant to the Polish throne, Władysław the Elbow-high, who had started conquering Polish territories during the rule of Wenceslaus's father, captured Cracow in early 1306. Wenceslaus decided to invade his rival's territories in Poland, but he was murdered before starting his campaign. He was the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia.

Wenceslaus was still a child when his mother, Judith, died on 18 June 1297.[3] He was betrothed to Elizabeth of Hungary on 12 February 1298.[2][4] She was the only child of Andrew III of Hungary.[2] Andrew III was the last male member of the House of Árpád, the native royal dynasty of Hungary, but the legitimacy of his rule had not been unanimously acknowledged.[5]

Jan Muskata, Bishop of Cracow, who was Wenceslaus II of Bohemia's advisor, was the first to propose that Wenceslaus II's son and namesake should be elected king of Hungary.[12] The younger Wenceslaus was not only Béla IV of Hungary's great-great-grandson, but also the fiancé of the late Andrew III of Hungary's daughter.[9][12] Bribed by Wenceslaus II's agents, the majority of the Hungarian lords and prelates decided to offer the crown to the young Wenceslaus and sent a delegation to his father to Bohemia.[12] Wenceslaus II met the Hungarian envoys in Hodonín in August and accepted their offer in his eleven-year-old son's name.[12][13] Wenceslaus II accompanied his son to Székesfehérvár where John Hont-Pázmány, Archbishop of Kalocsa, crowned the young Wenceslaus king with the Holy Crown on 27 August.[12][14][15] Wenceslaus who assumed the name Ladislaus signed all his charters under that name in Hungary.[15][13]

After Wenceslaus II returned to Bohemia, Jan Muskata became the young king's principal advisor in Hungary.[16] Most lords and prelates accepted the rule of Wenceslaus-Ladislaus.[2] In contrast with their Hungarian peers, the Croatian lords did not acknowledge Wenceslaus-Ladislaus as a lawful king and remained faithful to Charles of Anjou.[17] The latter withdrew to the southern territories of Hungary after Ivan Kőszegi, who was a partisan of Wenceslaus-Ladislaus, captured Esztergom in late August 1301.[15][18] However, both kings' authority remained nominal because Hungary had meanwhile disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful lord, or "oligarch".[19] The Illuminated Chronicle writes that the Hungarian lords did not "grant a castle, or might and power, or royal authority"[20] either to Wenceslaus-Ladislaus or to Charles of Anjou.[14]

In his letters to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Archbishop John of Kalocsa, Pope Boniface VIII emphasized that Wenceslaus-Ladislaus had been crowned without the authorization of the Holy See.[21] The papal legate, Niccolo Boccasini, who came to Hungary in September, started negotiations with the Hungarian prelates to convince them to abandon Wenceslaus-Ladislaus and support Charles of Anjou's case.[21][14] In an attempt to buy the most powerful lords off, Wenceslaus-Ladislaus granted large estates and high offices to them.[14][11]Matthew Csák received Nyitra and Trencsén Counties, along with the royal castles and the estates attached to them, in February 1302.[15][22] Ivan Kőszegi was made Palatine of Hungary before 25 April 1302.[15] In the first half of that year, many prelates (including Stephen, the new Archbishop of Kalocsa) abandoned Wenceslaus-Ladislaus; even Jan Muskata left Hungary.[23]

Taking advantage of the weakened position of his rival, Charles of Anjou attempted to capture Buda, the capital of Wenceslaus-Ladislaus, in September 1302.[23] After laying siege to Buda, Charles of Anjou called upon the burghers to extradite Wenceslaus-Ladislaus.[7][23] The mainly German citizentry and their major, Werner, remained faithful to the young king and Ivan Kőszegi relieved the city in the same month.[15][24] After Charles of Anjou withdrew from Buda, the papal legate placed the town under interdict.[23] In response, a local priest excommunicated the pope and all Hungarian prelates.[25] On 31 May 1303, Pope Boniface VIII declared Charles of Anjou the lawful king of Hungary, stating that Wenceslaus-Ladislaus's election had been invalid.[23] Thereafter Albert II of Germany, who was the maternal uncle of both Wenceslaus-Ladislaus and Charles of Anjou, called on Wenceslaus-Ladislaus to withdraw from Hungary.[14][26][27]

To strengthen his son's position, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia came to Hungary at the head of a large army in May 1304.[28] He captured Esztergom, but his negotiations with the local lords convinced him that his son's position in Hungary had dramatically weakened.[28][14] Accordingly, he decided to take Wenceslaus-Ladislaus back to Bohemia.[14] Wenceslaus-Ladislaus did not renounce Hungary and made Ivan Kőszegi governor before leaving for Bohemia in August.[25] He even took the Holy Crown of Hungary with himself to Prague.[28][14] Charles of Anjou and Rudolf III of Austria invaded Moravia in September, but did not defeat Wenceslaus II's army.[28][25] In the same months, a member of the Piast dynasty, Władysław the Elbow-high, who had claimed Poland against Wenceslaus II, returned to Poland at the head of Hungarian troops.[29][30] Before long, he captured many important forts and towns, including Pełczyska, Wiślica, Sandomierz, and Sieradz.[31]

Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland died on 21 June 1305.[2][28] Wenceslaus III succeeded his father in both kingdoms, but his position in Poland was precarious because Władysław the Elbow-high continued his fight for the Polish throne.[28][26] Wenceslaus realized that he could not preserve his three kingdoms and decided to renounce Hungary.[28][26] However, instead of acknowledging Charles of Anjou as the lawful king of Hungary, Wenceslaus abandoned his claim to the Hungarian throne in favor of Otto III of Bavaria, who was Béla IV of Hungary's grandson.[14][28] Wenceslaus handed the Holy Crown of Hungary over to Otto in Brno on 9 October 1305.[7][28] In the same months, Wenceslaus, who had meanwhile broken his engagement to Elizabeth of Hungary, married Viola of Teschen upon the Bohemian lords' advice.[32]

Fine, John V. A (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-08260-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)