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Wed, 25 Mar 2015 22:32:00 +0000en-UShourly1http://wordpress.org/?v=4.1.1An Understanding of Language-Processing with Audiobookshttp://sites.bu.edu/ombs/2015/03/06/an-understanding-of-language-processing-with-audiobooks/
http://sites.bu.edu/ombs/2015/03/06/an-understanding-of-language-processing-with-audiobooks/#commentsSat, 07 Mar 2015 04:26:18 +0000http://sites.bu.edu/ombs/?p=7215When I read a book such as the one about the romantic life of Peeta and Katniss, I delve into the lives of the characters so much that I worry about myself because I relate myself to the characters’ fantastical lives. All readers face this and that is incredible. Neuroscientists like Roel Willems and Annabel Nijhof would completely agree. In fact, they recently published a study revealing the neurological effects of listening to audiobooks.

In the experiment, researchers had the subjects listen to chapters of several different audiobooks and recorded their neurological responses using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). According to the results, the subjects focused mostly on either the actions of characters or the feelings and intentions of the characters. In the subjects that reported to prefer empathizing with the characters more, the fMRIs showed heightened activity in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, whereas those that reported enjoying the action aspect of the story more had elevated activity in the motor cortex. Interestingly enough, the subjects that showed higher activation of the anterior medial prefrontal cortex displayed lower activation of the motor cortex when listening to the action parts of the stories. On the contrary, the subjects that engaged more with the actions of the story were applicable. This study provides neurological evidence that people relatively have different strengths and preferences when it comes to reading.

These findings imply this study could be used to know how people engage with literature. If we master what literature people prefer, we might be able to turn literature into a very fun activity. This research also offers further understanding on how we process language. As stated above, it shows that when listening to narration some people focus more on empathizing aspects while others focus more on the action-packed plot. Not only this teaches how we read books, but also how we process written and oral stories.

Know any of the above words from ubongo to brein? If so, you can (surprisingly to you of course) say BRAIN in Hawaiian, Swahili, Spanish, Italian, French, or Dutch. And if you can (read this and) fluently speak at least one of these languages, or another not shown, you are multilingual (again, SO surprisingly to you…) – and may consequently reap some benefits from this status!

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, at least 13% of Americans are bilingual. They speak a language other than English at home and can speak English “well” or “very well.” Henceforth, studies on bilingualism are relevant and many have actually demonstrated differences between monolinguals and bilinguals.

Despite political adversity, educational neuroscientists have advocated the study of second languages in school and the use of a second language at home, especially before age five or six. According to a briefing from the Society for Neuroscience website, monolingual and bilingual children have been found to reach the language milestones at the same time and the latter are not “language confused” as some adversaries and earlier theories would suggest.

Several studies have demonstrated that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals on many executive control tasks, including attention, control, concentration, inhibition, and prioritizing. In the Los Angeles Times, Ellen Bialystok from York University in Toronto who has studied bilingualism for nearly 40 years discussed a study in which she found that bilinguals “manifested a cognitive system with the ability to attend to important information and ignore the less important.” Compared to monolingual children, bilingual children would pick out silly sentences like “apples grow on noses” but also note that they are still grammatically correct.

Additionally, bilingual people were found to “multitask better, pick out key information faster and more effectively ignore surrounding distractions.” In the Stroop test, where one must say the color of the letters rather than the word made up from the letters (e.g. the word blue written in red), bilingual people had faster reaction times than monolingual people – 160 milliseconds compared to 240 milliseconds.

Another study by Krizman et al. in 2011 noted that bilinguals showed “enhanced discrimination of simple, non-linguistic sounds as assessed by a measure of temporal resolution (backward masking) and a measure of frequency discrimination.” Supposedly, bilingual brains can better process “specific sound elements that relate to auditory perception and cognitive abilities.”

Such enhancement of cognitive abilities has been suggested to protect bilingual people from the symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer Disease. According to the Society for Neuroscience website, some theories suggest that “speaking two languages may increase blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve connections healthy—factors thought to help ward off dementia.”

Another study by Bialystok from 2004 showed that bilingual people had enhanced cognitive function compared to monolingual people. Later studies looking at the medical records of around 400 patients demonstrated that bilinguals also showed Alzheimer Disease symptoms five or six years later than monolinguals.

While learning a language could protect us from showing symptoms of Alzheimer disease, performing any kind of engaging task that requires more than one sensory modality can help. In doing so, the brain strengthens neural networks and could rewire in some areas. According to Bialystok, bilingualism does rewire the brain. Neural connections are different between monolinguals and bilinguals. Neuroimaging demonstrates that, when solving a problem or performing a task, different systems are being used by the two groups. Additionally, another study showed that the inferior parietal cortices of bilinguals have greater gray-matter density in the language-dominant left hemisphere, especially in those who were proficient early on in life. Not only that, but the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex of the right hemisphere is more active when bilinguals are “toggling” between languages, or in “bilingual mode.” This area has been known to take part in attention and control, and its activity acts as a neural signature of bilingualism.

While more studies are needed to challenge theories, many have persuasively shown that there is a difference between bilinguals and monolinguals, and this difference provides bilinguals an advantage in executive control and prevention of cognitive decline.

Well, no one truly knows the answer to that question until they’re looking back on their life and reminiscing about the time they spent with their partner. However, a new theory suggests that certain subtleties in language style can determine compatibility between two people. This includes speaking as well as personal writing styles, from Facebook chat to an essay sample.

Researchers have postulated that the use of common words called “function words”, including ‘me’, ‘a’, ‘and’, ‘but’, as well as a number of other prepositions, pronouns, adverbs, etc. can at least estimate the compatibility of a couple. These researchers have devised an equation using the basic-level function words to determine “language style matching” (LSM). A higher LSM means more compatible writing styles, and ergo, a more compatible couple.

A study that analyzed the writing styles of online chats of various couples over the course of ten days revealed much about this theory. According to an article about this study in The Daily Telegraph, “almost 80 percent of the couples whose writing style matched were still dating three months later, compared with approximately 54 percent of the couples who did not match as well.”

An online LSM generator has been created by this team of researchers. You can go to this site and insert various writing samples from IM chats to poetry. But this is not solely to determine compatibility in a relationship; you are able to compare writing styles of strangers, friends, and even two of your own pieces. I’ve tried it and find it to be intriguing at least. In no way would I assert that this is a completely accurate way to determine personality similarity, but it seems to me that it has some logic to it and is not as absurd as I had originally expected.