1947 PA 336, MCL 423.201, 211 as amended provides: "Representatives designated or selected for purposes of collective bargaining by the majority of the public employees in a unit appropriate for such purposes, shall be the exclusive representatives of all the public employees in such unit for the purposes of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment or other conditions of employment, and shall be so recognized by the public employer: Provided, That any individual employee at any time may present grievances to his employer and have the grievances adjusted, without intervention of the bargaining representative, if the adjustment is not inconsistent with the terms of a collective bargaining contract or agreement then in effect, provided that the bargaining representative has been given opportunity to be present at such adjustment."

MCL 423.204 Repealed by 1965 PA 379, 2.

Charles M. Rehmus and Evan Wilner, The Economic Results of Teacher Bargaining: Michigan’s First Two Years (Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Michigan), no. 6 of The Research Papers, 1968, p 2.

Robert C. O’Reilly, "Things a Board Ought Never Bargain," presented at the Annual Meeting of the National School Boards Association, 1983, p 2, "The discussion of an expanded bargaining concept for education has been offered only to demonstrate that school boards are so bounded by a short range view, and school administrators so unaware of some larger perspectives of labor relations, that boards are operationally wedded to a system that may not produce the best service in that school community for the money spent."

Whittemore-Prescott Public School Master Contract, 1994-1997, p 1 provides, "As American culture becomes more urban and school systems grow in size, it is necessary that educational groups rather than individuals express conditions of employment."

Ronald R. Booth, "Collective Bargaining and the School Board Member: A Practical Perspective for the 1990s," Illinois Association of School Boards, 1993, pp 11-12.

A nonscientific survey of variously sized school districts across the state was conducted by the author, showing that salaries and benefits of all employees consumed an average of 82% of total school budgets.

O’Reilly, n 51 supra, p 2.

Keane, n 1 supra, p 25.

Telephone interview with the president of the Frankenmuth Teachers’ Professional Organization, February 25, 1998.

Thompson, n 17 supra.

MCL 423.215 (2).

City of Saginaw, 1990 MERC Lab Op 755.

Morley Stanwood Community Schools, Master Contract, 1997-2000, p 2.

City of Westland, 1987 MERC Lab Op 793.

Comstock Park Pub Schools, 1987 MERC Lab Op 267.

This sample clause is a composite of good management rights clauses found in several existing contracts, including the Fowler Public School Master Agreement, 1997-2000; Baldwin Community Schools Master Agreement, 1997-2000; and Ida Public Schools Master Agreement, 1996-1999.

MCL 423.211.

"Forced Unionism is Shutting Down American Education," National Right to Work Committee.

MCL 423.210 (1) provides that, "nothing in this act or in any law of this state shall preclude a public employer from making an agreement with an exclusive bargaining representative . . . to require as a condition of employment that all employees in the bargaining unit pay . . . a service fee equivalent to the amount of dues uniformly required of members . . . ." Subsection 2 further provides that, "if such requirement is negotiated . . . all employees of the bargaining unit shall share fairly in the financial support" of paying the service fee. (Emphases added.)