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WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
Pricing can be a particular challenging issue for marine suppliers with multiple products and services especially when suppliers want to address specific customer needs and at the same time achieves the efficiency in pricing.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Appropriate pricing of products-and-services combination can have a much broader impact on the business. First, it will boost the sales and revenue by differentiating customers’ varied preference between offerings while reducing the transaction costs. In addition, it will enhance the competitiveness and minimize the ability of new entrants to compete in the market. Lastly, customer satisfaction and loyalty will be increased accordingly.
WHAT CAN BE DONE?
The pricing challenge for multiple products and services can be overcome by applying the modular concept on pricing, where each product or service is offered as a module, so suppliers can either set different prices for each module or offer a couple of modules at a bundled price. Pursuing price bundling will allow suppliers to balance the tradeoff between customization and standardization in pricing, thus creating a potential win-win situation.

The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) was established in 2004. The Agency provides advice and recommendations, data analysis, and supports awareness raising and cooperation by the EU bodies and Member States in the field of cybersecurity. ENISA uses its expertise to improve cooperation between Member States, and between actors from the public and private sectors, as well as to support capacity building.
The present study involves the evaluation of ENISA over the 2013-2016 period, assessing the Agency’s performance, governance and organisational structure, and positioning with respect to other EU and national bodies. It assesses ENISA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOTs) with regard to the new cybersecurity and digital privacy landscape. It also provides options to modify the mandate of the Agency to better respond to new, emerging needs and assesses their financial implications.
The findings of the evaluation study show that ENISA has made some important achievements towards increasing NIS in the EU. However, a fragmented approach to cybersecurity across the EU and issues internal to the Agency, including limited financial resources, hinder ENISA’s ability to respond to the ever growing needs of stakeholders in a context of technological developments and evolving cybersecurity threats.

Who has control over the supply of new money and what benefits does it bring? There is now widespread acceptance that in modern economies, commercial banks, rather than the central bank or state, create the majority of the money supply.
This report examines ‘seigniorage’ – the profits that are generated through the creation of money.
We show that in the UK, commercial bank seigniorage profits amount to a hidden annual subsidy of £23 billion, representing 73% of banks’ profits after provisions and taxes.

The consolidation and further development of the European Union depends on a great deal of trust
from its citizens: trust in its integrity, trust in its purpose, and trust in its values.
Trust is the belief that people and organisations will behave in a predictable and reliable manner.
To trust, in essence, is to take a risk based on positive expectations about others. Many observers
detect 'a crisis of trust' today, especially since the recent financial and economic crisis in Europe.
We see strong signals that there is a serious lack of trust in public authorities, both at the
European and the national level. Between 2007 and 2013 citizens' trust in the EU and in national
governments and parliaments fell dramatically.
Trust is fundamental for the good functioning of the society and the economy. Institutions are built
on it. It is correlated with fairness and responsiveness to people's concerns, and helps sustain a
cooperative social climate, as well as foster compliance with laws and standards. Participation in
community and civic affairs is less risky and more rewarding when people trust each other.
Because of its importance for society, the European Commission is prioritising the need to regain
the trust of citizens in the European project. President Juncker's political guidelines underline that
the EU is not just a big common market, it is also a Union of shared values.
Using a foresight approach, this volume makes a major contribution to better understanding the
disruptive effects that an erosion or collapse of trust could have for Europe: for its science, for its
political and justice systems, for the regulation of economic activities, social cohesion, for public
administrations and for the Internet and cyberspace in general. Its chapters elaborate not only on
the potential disruptions, but also on possible policy responses to counteract a further loss of
societal trust. The book is an essential contribution to a rich and pragmatic understanding of the
'crisis of trust' in Europe. It is the kind of contribution that citizens expect from foresight analysis
and one that I am sure will feed into many EU policy discussions for the years to come.

What is the Issue?
Sustaining long-term growth requires marine suppliers to define their pricing strategies in a holistic fashion. However, pricing is an under-managed activity in many companies. Especially when moving towards servitization, services or integrated solutions are frequently underpriced or promised at performance levels that cannot be delivered profitably.
Why is it Important?
Pricing is one of the most important elements for all business and everything in the business works to justify the input value for a price and turn it into a profit. It therefore has a dramatic but frequently underappreciated effort on achieving profitability and keeping business thriving.
What can be Done?
The marine supplies industry needs radical change in pricing by thinking about customer’s needs and aligning the incentives between suppliers and customers for long-term relationship. Value-based pricing is the way forward. An intensive discussion has been made with regard to the key challenges of applying value-based pricing in the marine supplies industry. Understanding these challenges is crucial for a move towards value-based pricing and will shed light on how to tackle these challenges.

This study examines the effect of the admission rules on the social composition of students admitted at CBS in 2015. The study is
initiated by the Dean of Education to fulfil the Development Contract between CBS and the Minister of Higher Education and
Science 2015-17.
Social inequality still exists in the Danish higher educational system. While 53% of all Danish families with children in 2009 were
skilled or unskilled labours only 36% of the applicants to CBS came from such families. On the other hand 24% of the applicants
came from families with an academic degree while only 15% of all Danish families with children had an academic degree. Social
inequalities in higher education in Denmark are thus largely established in the early schooling. But admission rules to higher
education also contribute to further inequality. Applicants from families with an academic degree have 48% chance of being
admitted at CBS while applicants from unskilled families only have 29% chance. This selection of students from more privileged
families is not a special feature for CBS. Compared to other Danish universities – and especially the universities in Copenhagen –
CBS does not have a more socially skewed student population.
The predominant reason why the admission system favours applicants from socially privileged homes is that the admission systems
selection rules are closely linked to the candidates’ grades (GPA) from their entrance exam. Grades in the upper secondary school
system greatly favour the socially privileged. 34% of the applicants to CBS from families with an academic degree apply with a GPA
from entrance exam at 10 or more, while only 16% from this social segment have a GPA below 7. Only 22% of the applicants from
skilled or unskilled families have a GPA at 10 or more while 30% have a GPA below 7.
It has for a long time been recognized that it is more difficult for children from socially disadvantaged families to achieve high
grades at upper secondary school. Partly because of this the Danish Government has established a secondary admission quota
dedicated to applicants with alternative, extra-curricular entrance qualifications (Quota 2). Admission via Quota 2 is less linked to
grades from entrance exam, but depends more on the applicants’ documented activities after high school. Particular attention is
paid to permanent work, stay abroad and other educational activities. In addition, admission to some CBS programmes includes an
assessment of the applicants’ written applications. However, this study reveals that Quota 2 does not favour applicants from socially disadvantaged families. If quota 2 was abolished
and all admission thus solely made dependent on grades, it would not affect the social composition of those admitted to CBS. The
only effect would be that fewer applicants from abroad would be admitted.
Of course the Quota 2 system allows applicants with low grades a chance to be admitted at CBS, and this means for the greater
part applicants from socially more disadvantaged families. But there are some opposing effects that in particular prevent applicants
from less privileged homes from applying via Quota 2:
First, a Quota 2 application requires that the study start is postponed with at least one year after the completion of the entrance
exam. This study reveals that applicants from homes with less educated parents and applicants with non-Western origin are less
likely to postpone their study start. Since it is the educational level and the cultural background and not the family income that is
relevant to the tendency to postpone the study start, the explanation appears to be socially defined differences in the attitude to
pausing the education process.
Second, a break in the education process must be used for permanent employment, stay abroad and/or other educational activities
(e.g. folk high school stay). This study reveals that among those who pause after completion of their entrance exam, it is less likely
for applicants from low-income families and applicants with non-Western origin to apply via Quota 2. Since it is income rather than
educational level that is relevant to the propensity to make use of the Quota 2 opportunity, it is likely that economic barriers to
long-term stay abroad or folk high school stays etc. would be the main explanations. Furthermore it could be more difficult for
young people with non-Western origin to get (and keep) a permanent job. It does not matter for the socially-dependent propensity
to apply via quota 2, whether or not a motivated application is required.
For those who apply through Quota 2, social background in itself have no bearing on whether they are admitted or not. The main
factor that affects whether a Quota 2 application is successfully met is still the GPA from the entrance exam, which also in Quota 2
plays a major role in the overall assessment of the application. Therefore, it is still less likely that an applicant from a socially
disadvantaged home will be admitted in Quota 2 than an applicant from a more privileged home. Grades are equally important in
those programmes where a written motivated application is included as in the programmes where there is no.
However, the importance of the admission criteria through quota 2 seems limited. Even though admission through quota 2 was
made entirely independent of the grades, it would in absolute numbers only be a few more from socially less privileged homes that
would be admitted to CBS. The effect of a complete abolition of grades as a criterion for admission through quota 2 would be that
approximately 15-20 more from less privileged homes would be admitted to CBS. This is only 2-3% of those who are admitted via
Quota 2.

This report stems from research undertaken
by Copenhagen Business School (CBS) as
part of the applied research project ‘Driving
Competitiveness through Servitization’.
The aim of the project is to examine the
potential of services as a means of improving
the competitiveness of Danish industry. The
project is supported by the Danish Industry
Foundation and involves close collaboration
with Danish companies.

For this deliverable we investigated the recovery approach in mental health across four European countries. The recovery approach was chosen as it is an important driver of the social model of disability which was the area that this work package on health focused on. Our analysis covers two parts: First, we examined the role of individuals and organisations (so called actors) over time and identified important milestones (legislation, policies, events, publications); this also covered an analysis of ‘dynamics’ i.e. interactions between actors from different sector, how the recovery approach related to the life cycle of an innovation, and how those dynamics could be analysed in the context of different welfare state regimes (Esping-Anderson’s typology of decommodification and stratification). Next, in a second part, we analysed the characteristics of organisations, which had been identified as driving and implementing the recovery approach in each of the four countries. Characteristics had been linked in the literature to organisation’s ability to innovative (‘hypothesis testing’). We summarized findings based on two parts of the analysis deriving some commonalities and important differences between countries in regards the existence of the recovery approach.

As a subject of this case work within the FP7 EU-funded project ITSSOIN, the growing industry of alternative financial services (AFS) has been selected. The considerably ambivalent phenomenon of AFS can be understood as both representing a socially more embedded and responsible alternative to the traditional banking system (which is during crisis less accessible for lower-income consumers), and as well as potentially threatening concept for those socially vulnerable groups. The field of AFS has become very dynamic during the Great Recession (2007 – 2009); it gained a new momentum in the last decade also thanks to its shift towards online forms of service provision. For further research, according to the extensive desk research and expert consultations, the Consumer Protection in AFS through Online Financial Education (CPAFS) has been identified as the innovation stream with the highest exploratory potential. By choosing this innovation, we narrowed our focus educational and awareness-raising activities in the field of AFS, focusing on the vulnerable social groups and having a significant online character.

As a subject of this study, the growing industry of alternative financial services (AFS) has been selected. Considerably ambivalent phenomenon of AFS can be understood as both representing a socially more embedded and responsible alternative to traditional banking system (during crisis less accessible for lower-income consumers), and as a potentially threatening the same vulnerable social groups. The field of AFS has become very dynamic during the Great Recession; it gained a new momentum in the last decade also thanks to its shift towards online forms of service provision. For further research, the Consumer Protection in AFS through Online Financial Education has been identified as the innovation stream with the highest exploratory potential.

What is the issue?
Innovation is an important key to success in today's competitive marketplace. Firms therefore have strived hard to innovate and stay ahead. However, they have to face the brutal fact that firms often fail to obtain the commercial success of innovation.
Why is it important?
With keen international competition and accelerating pace of technology change, the ability to introduce innovations into the market and capture the profits generated by an innovation is of strategic importance. It can put a firm at a competitive advantage and build a firm’s sustainable financial benefits.
What can be done?
The implementation of target costing will increase the odds of commercial success of an innovation. It aims at fulfilling the economic potential of an innovation by focusing on the market and customers during the design and price setting stages. This price will, on one hand, impose the cost-reduction target in the organization. On the other hand, it can be a driving force for improving the cost-effective design and internal operations.