History credits this astronomer with moving the earthThis astronomer changed the way people understood the world

While his conclusions would answer astronomers’ questions, Copernicus was well aware that “moving the Earth” would shake the foundations of everyone else’s worldview. So sometimes before 1514, he carefully revealed his conclusions, gradually introducing them in an essay he sent only to various colleagues in philosophy and astronomy. Over the next several years, he refined his results while his theory circulated around Europe, spreading his reputation as a remarkable (unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning) astronomer.

reputationnoun

/ˌrep.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/ [C usually singular U]

the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character

The company has a worldwide reputation for quality.

She has the reputation of being a good doctor.

His reputation was destroyed when he was caught stealing some money.

The hotel has a bad/good reputation.

He earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation as an entertaining speaker.

seasoned /ˈsiːznd/ DJ /’sizṇd/ KK adjective

1.of a person 人 having a lot of experience of a particular activity 富有經驗的；老於此道的usually before noun

2.of food 食物 with salt, pepper, etc. added to it 調好味的；加了作料的

In 1539, a young mathematician named Georg Rheticus came to study under the seasoned (very seasoned) 66-year-old astronomer. Fascinated by his conclusions, Rheticus worked with Copernicus to publish an introduction to his sun-centered universe model. Its success pushed Copernicus to complete and publish his entire, massive six-volume /ˈvɒl.juːm/ work, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, at the end of his life. Legend holds (believed) that Copernicus held a published copy of his life’s work on his deathbed on May 24, 1543.In subsequent (following) years, astronomers built upon Copernicus’ conclusions, continuing to challenge the previous perspective. By the 1700s, it was nearly impossible to find an astronomer who wasn’t convinced of the Copernicus model’s accuracy. Copernicus’ impact on both astronomy and how we pursue knowledge today has truly been astronomical.

[Ashley & Ken]

K: Hey, Ashley. Someone left this book on the table.A: Oh, hmm. How to write a good essay? I bet it belongs to a student. Thanks. I’ll hold on to(onto)保存某物it.K: How do you know it belongs to a student?A: Well, students write lots of essays.K: So, an essay is like a paper?A: Yes, academic essays are called papers. Although papers tend to be longer, especially research papers.K: Don’t you need to write an essay to get into college?A: Yes, you’re talking about the college essay which is written by a potential student as part of his application to university.K: So, the university may learn more about the students from the essays.A: Yes. And some universities put a lot of emphasis on a college essay when they review applications.K: So, what other essays are there besides academic and college essays?A: Well, you might see essays in magazines or newspapers. And those are often written from the author’s personal point of view.K: Where in the newspaper might I find this kind of essay?A: In the Op-Ed Section which stands for Opinion and Editorial.K: Op-ed, I have to remember that. Uh…I think the owner of the book just showed up.A: I think you’re right.

*Season the chicken with pepper.*Mix the ingredients and season to taste (= add the amount of salt etc that you think tastes right). 混合材料與適當的調味料。*Strawberries are cheaper when they’re in season. 草莓當令時便宜些。*well-seasoned oak, birch, etc 充分風乾可用的橡木，樺木等The seasoned traveler eventually became a writer and recorded all of his experiences in a book.這位經驗豐富的旅行家後來成為一位作者而且在書中記錄了他所有的經歷。The seasoned real-estate agent has many faithful clients.這位老經驗的房地產中介有許多忠實的客戶。

hold (v) 認為,相信,持有The little girl still holds the belief that her mom will come back.這個小女孩仍然相信她媽媽會回來。legend holds that傳說中相信或認為某件事情是真的Legend holds that Mozart could compose music spontaneously.傳說中相信莫扎特可以即興作曲。astronomical (adj) 龐大的,極大地very largeThe new computer system can process astronomical amount of data in a very short period of time.這個新的電腦系統可以在短時間內處理大量的資料。

Subsequent(adj.) [文]later, following後來的，隨後的。Subsequently(adv.)Subsequent to(prep) 在…之後。Consequent(adj.) [文](+ on/upon)happening as a result of a particular event or situation有某事物引起的，隨之發生的。Consequently(adv.)[USAGE]sequent指接續而來的，sub- 指在…之後。Con指一起。*Thefirstand all subsequent visits were kept secret.第一次及隨後的各次訪問均嚴守秘密。*He confessed to other crimes subsequent to the bank robbery.他供認搶劫銀行後，又坦白了其他罪刑。*His resignation and the consequent public uproar affect employees’ moods.他的辭職而引起的公眾譁然影響員工們的心情。*the rise in prices consequent upon the failure of the crops由於農作物歉收而引起的物價上漲。

worldview (n) 世界觀Every person has a worldview that has been shaped by his or her culture and experiences.refine (v) 改善,改進mathematician (n) 數學家seasoned (adj) 經驗豐富的Because Dave is such a seasoned traveler, I feel comfortable going on a trip that he is leading.On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 《天體運行論》hold (v) 認為,相信People tend to hold beliefs that are similar to those of their families.subsequent (adj) 後來的astronomical (adj) 龐大的,無法估量的Because of the worldwide financial crisis, the debt of many nations is astronomical.

Copernicus challenged the conclusions of paramount Ptolemy, and altered the way that people thought about the universe.