4When you turn into Lipson Road, you will see three houses: _____ red one, _____ blue one and_____ white one. I live in _____ white one.

5We live in _____ old house in _____ middle of the village. There is _____ beautiful garden behind _____ house. _____ roof of _____ house is in very bad condition.

3Read these sentences carefully. Some are correct, but some need the (perhaps more than once). Correct the sentences where necessary.

Examples:Everest was first climbed in 1953.Right

Milan is in north of Italy.Wrong – the north of Italy

1Last year we visited Canada and United States............................

2Africa is much lager than Europe............................

3South of England is warmer than north............................

4We went to Spain for our holidays and swam in Mediterranean............................

5Tom has visited most countries in western Europe............................

6A friend of mine used to work as a reporter in Middle East............................

7Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps............................

8Malta has been a republic since 1974............................

9Nile is longest river in Africa............................

10United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland............................

Unit 2 Prepositions

Prepositions of place and directions

Main points

¨You normally use prepositional phrases to say where a person or thing is, or the direction they are moving in.

¨You can also use adverbs and adverb phrases for place and direction.

¨Many words are both prepositions and adverbs.

1You use prepositions to talk about the place where someone or something is. Prepositions are always followed by a noun group, which is called the object of the preposition.

above

below

in

opposite

through

among

beneath

inside

outside

under

at

beside

near

over

underneath

behind

between

on

round

He stood near the door.

Two minutes later we were safely inside the taxi.

Note that some prepositions consist of more than one word.

in between

in front of

next to

on top of

There was a man standing in front of me.

The books were piled on top of each other.

2You can also use prepositions to talk about the direction that someone or something is moving in, or the place that someone or something is moving towards.

across

into

past

to

along

onto

round

towards

back to

out of

through

up

down

They dived into the water.

She turned and rushed out of the room.

3Many prepositions can be used both for place and direction.

The bank is just across the High Street. (place)

Iwalked across the room. (direction)

We live in the house over the road. (place)

Istolehis keys and escaped over the wall. (direction)4You can also use adverbs and adverb phrases for place and direction.

abroad

here

underground

everywhere

away

indoors

upstairs

nowhere

downstairs

outdoors

~

somewhere

downwards

there

anywhere

Sheila was here a moment ago.

Can’t you go upstairs and turn the bedroom light off?

Note that a few noun groups can also be used as adverbials of place or direction.

Steve livesnext door at number 23.

I thought we went the other way last time.

5Many words can be used as prepositions and as adverbs, with no difference in meaning. Remember that prepositions have noun groups as objects, but adverbs do not.

Did he fall down the stairs?

Please do sit down.

I looked underneath the bed. but the box had gone!

Always put a sheet of paper underneath.

Prepositions of place – at, in, on

Main points

¨You use ‘at’ to talk about a place as a point.

¨You use ‘in’ to talk about a place as an area.

¨You use ‘on’ to talk about a place as a surface.

1You use ‘at’ when you are thinking of a place as a point in space.

She waited at the bus stop for over twenty minutes.

‘Where were you last night?’ – ‘At Mick’s house.’

2You also use ‘at’ with words such as ‘back’, ‘bottom’, ‘end’, ‘front’, and ‘top’ to talk about the different parts of a place.

Mrs Castlewas waiting at the bottom of the stairs.

They escaped by a window at the back of the house.

I saw a taxi at the end of the street.

You use ‘at’ with public places and institutions. Note that you also say ‘at home’ and ‘at work’.

Ihave to be at the station by ten o’clock.

We landed at a small airport.

A friend of mine is at Training College.

She wanted to stay at home.

You say ‘at the corner’ or ‘on the corner’ when you are talking about streets.

The car was parked at the corner of the street.

There’s a telephone box on the corner.

You say ‘in the corner’ when you are talking about a room.

She put the chair in the corner of the room.

3You use ‘in’ when you are talking about a place as an area. You use ‘in’ with:

§a country or geographical region

When I was in Spain, it was terribly cold.

A thousand homes in the east of Scotland suffered power cuts.

§a city, town, or village

I’ve been teaching at a college in London.

§a building when you are talking about people or things inside it

They were sitting having dinner in the restaurant.

You also use ‘in’ with containers of any kind when talking about things inside them.

She kept the cards in a little box.

4Compare the use of ‘at’ and ‘in’ in these examples.

Ihad a hard day at the office. (‘at’ emphasises the office as a public place or institution)

Ileft my coat behind in the office. (‘in’ emphasises the office as a building)

There’s a good film at the cinema. (‘at’ emphasises the cinema as a public place)

It was very cold in the cinema. (‘in’ emphasises the cinema as a building.)

5When talking about addresses, you use ‘at’ when you give the house number, and ‘in’ when you just give the name of the street.

They used to live at 5, Weston Road.

She got a job in Oxford Street.

Note that American English uses ‘on’: ‘He lived on Penn Street.’

You use ‘at’ when you are talking about someone’s house.

I’ll see you at Fred's house.

6You use ‘on’ when you are talking about a place as a surface. You can also use ‘on top of’.

I sat down on the sofa.

She put her keys on top of the television.

You also use ‘on’ when you are thinking of a place as a point on a line, such as a road, arailway line. a river, or a coastline.

Scrabster is on the north coast.

Oxford is on the A34 between Birmingham and London.

Practice

1Put the correct preposition into each gap.

Education

When my grandmother was at school, she had to learn everything (a) ________ heart, and even years later she could recite countless poems (b) _______ memory. She was discouraged (c) _______ thinking (d) _______ herself, and concentrated simply (e) _______ learning facts. The teachers were very strict (f) _______ pupils in those days. My grandfather confided (g) _______ me that he was expelled (h) _______ school (i) _______ playing truant just once.

It is always worthwhile for governments to invest (j) _______ education. Nobody should be deprived (k) _______ a good education, and everybody should benefit (l) _______ it. Nothing can compensate (m) _______ a bad start in life. Pupils (n) _______ public schools still account (o) _______ many of the students at Oxford and Cambridge University. Until quite recently these universities seemed to be prejudiced (p) _______ pupils from state schools. Many people objected very strongly (q) _______ this and at last things are changing.

I had no intention (r) _______ staying (s) _______ at university after I had finished my first degree. I finally succumbed (t) _______ parental pressure, but only (u) _______ protest, and carried out research (v) _______ the life of Baudelaire.

2Put the correct preposition into each gap (if necessary).

1Are you coming to classes _____ Monday?

2Can’t you hurry up? The train leaves _____ 9 o’clock.

3There weren’t many people _____ the party.

4David has been a teacher _____ 10 years.

5They got married some time _____ .

6Do you know the names of the letter _____ English?

7I don’t live far _____ my office. In fact, it’s quite _____ .

8What time do you usually come _____ home?

9He lives _____ the country.

10I think she’s gone _____ holiday _____ the South.

11I’m going to stay _____ my parents _____ July.

12It’s so difficult to wake him up _____ the morning.

13The girls are _____ the bus stop.

14They are going _____ school.

15The children are playing _____ the garden.

16Did you see the film _____ television yesterday?

17I try to go _____ bed before midnight.

18Young people are fond _____ sports.

19Charles is very good _____ languages.

20It might be John but I thought he was _____ work.

21- How do you get _____ work?

- I go there _____ bus.

22Look _____ that picture.

23Why don’t you take _____ your coat. It’s warm today.

24She’s French, she comes _____ the South of France.

Unit 3Review of tenses (active/passive voice)

Practice

1Matching verb forms

Match a sentence from A with a sentence from B, according to the tense used. Say which tense it is. (Some sentences are in the negative or question form.)

Example

He works in a bank.

She doesn’t smoke.

They are both Present Simple active.

A

1I don’t believe you.

2Have you been waiting long?

3He hasn’t arrived yet.

4It wasn’t mended properly.

5How are you feeling today?

6My office is being decorated at the moment.

7We got lost.

8What were you doing last night?

9This book has been translated into several languages.

10The post is delivered twice a day.

B

a.It’s raining.

b.Did you have a good time?

c.How are these machines made?

d.They were working for something.

e.He was killed in a car crash.

f.What is being done about inflation?

g.I’ve been thinking about moving house.

h.Have you seen Henry?

i.A cure for cancer hasn’t been found yet.

j.Where do you work?

2Active or passive?

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense, and decided if it is active or passive.

Ex.: My car __was stolen__(steal) last night.

Joseph Ford, the politician who (a) __________ (kidnap) last week as he was driving to his office, (b) __________ (release) unharmed. He (c) __________ (examine) by a doctor last night, and (d) __________ (say) to be in good health. Mr Ford (e) __________ (find) walking along a small country lane early yesterday evening. A farmer (f) __________ (see) him, recognised who it was, and (g) __________ (contact) the police. When his wife (h) __________ (tell) the news, she said, ‘I am delighted and relieved that my husband (i) __________ (find).’ Acting on information received, the police made several arrests, and a man (j) __________ (question) in connection with the kidnapping.3Passive construction

Put the following sentences into the passive, using a personal pronoun as the subject.

Ex.: Someone told her the news.

She was told the news.

a.Someone will give you your tickets at the airport.

b.People asked me a lot of questions about my background.

c.Someone usually shows airline passengers how to use a life jacket at the beginning of the flight.

g.My parents advised me to spend some time abroad before looking for work.

h.Pleased to meet you. People have told me a lot about you.

i.At interviews, people ask you quite searching questions.

j.In a few years’ time, my company will send meto our New York office.

4Tense review (1)

Put the verb in brackets in an appropriate tense. When there is no verb ( __ __ __ ), insert an auxiliary verb.

I.My wife and I (a) ________ (live) in our present house in the country for five years. We (b) ________ (move) here after our second child (c) ________ (be) born. We (d) ________ (live) in town for ten years , and (e) ________ (decide) that as soon as we (f) ________ (can) afford it, we (g) ________ (move) away from the smoke and the noise of the city centre, which we finally (h) __ __ __ in 1985. We (i) ________ never (regret) it. We (j) ________ (be) reminded of the wisdom of our decision every morning when we (k) ________ (draw) the curtains to see the open fields stretching before us. When the children (l) ________ (have) breakfast, they (m) ________ (rush) outside to play, which they (n) __ __ __ whatever the weather. Whilst they (o) ________ (play) outside, we somehow manage to start the day.

II.Actually, we (a) ________ (think) of moving. My wife (b) ________ (accept) a new job, which she (c) ________ (start) next month. As soon as she (d) __ __ __ , she (e) ________ (have) a journey of fifty miles there and back, and I (f) ________ (not think) that she (g) ________ (realise) just how tiring this (h) ________ (be). I (i) ________ (go) away on business for a few days next week, and while I (j) ________ (be) away, my sister (k) ________ (come) to stay, which she (l) __ __ __ quite often. Once I (m) ________ (be) back, I (n) ________ (decide) that I (o) ________ (get) in touch with some estate agents. I (p) ________ (not feel) happy until we (q) ________ (find) a house closer to my wife’s job. I wonder what the children (r) ________ (say) when they (s) ________ (hear) that we (t) ________ (move). This is the first time they (u) ________ (live) in the country, and they (v) ________ (hate) to move back to town.

5Tense review (2)

Put the verb in brackets in an appropriate tense.

Junk story that beat the experts

The strangest story I (a) _____ ever _____ (report) began one Spring morning in Hong Kong. I was born and brought up in Hong Kong and I (b) _______ just _______ (start) working as a radio reporter there.

In March 1981, ninety-five fishing junks (c)_______ (spot) sailing over the horizon. Immediately they (d) _______ (surround) by police launches who thought they were trying (e) _______ (sneak) into Hong Kong against the law.

One of Hong Kong’s greatest problems is trying to keep out thousands of people who think life there (f) _______ (be) better than in China, and try to smuggle themselves in. Hong Kong is already the most crowded place in the world, and there’s no room for more people.

But when the police asked the junk people why they (g) _______ (come) they (h) _______ (get) a shock. They said they (i) _______ (stay) for a few days (j) _______ (escape) the terrible calamity that was about (k) _______ (strike) their villages in China.

They said there was complete panic at home because everyone (l) _______ (believe) an earthquake (m) _______ (come).

Throughout its history China (n) _______ (suffer) terrible earthquakes, cities (o) _______ (destroy) and thousands killed. Nowadays, all over the country there are seismographic centres where earthquakes can easy (p) _______ (predict).

The Hong Kong authorities phoned one of these centres in China to find out whether they (q) _______ (warn) about a forthcoming earthquake, but the answer was no. Experts in Hong Kong agreed that there was no reason for the junk people’s fears.

Consequently the junk people (r) _______ (send) home. On their way back an earthquake did indeed (s) _______ (strike) their village. No-one was hurt but the mystery (t) _______ (remain). How did the junk people know, when the scientists and experts with all their sophisticated machines didn’t?

Unit 4 Modal verbs

Introduction to modals

can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would

Main points

¨Modals are always the first word in a verb group.

¨All modals except for ‘ought’ are followed by the base form of a verb.

¨‘Ought’ is followed by a ‘to’-infinitive.

¨Modals have only one form.

1Modals are always the first word in a verb group. All modals except for'ought'are followed by the base form of a verb.

Imust leave fairly soon.

I think it will look rather nice.

Things might have been so different.

People may be watching.

2‘Ought’ is always followed by a ‘to’-infinitive.

She ought to go straight back to England.

Sam ought to have realised how dangerous it was.

You ought to be doing this.

3Modals have only one form, There is no ‘-s’ form for the third person singular of the present tense, and there are no ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ forms.

There’s nothing I can do about it.

I’m sure he can do it.

4Modals do not normally indicate the time when something happens. There are, however, a few exceptions.

‘Shall’ and ‘will’ often indicate a future event or situation.

I shall do what you suggested. He will not return for many hours.

‘Could’ is used as the past form of ‘can’ to express ability. ‘Would’ is used as the past form of ‘will’ to express the future.

When I was young, I could run for miles.

He remembered that he would see his mother the next day.

5In spoken English and informal written English, ‘shall’ and ‘will’ are shortened to ‘-’ll’ and‘would’ to ‘-’d’, and added to a pronoun.

I’ll see you tomorrow.

I hope you’ll agree.

Posy said she’d love to stay.

‘Shall’, ‘will’, and ‘would’ are never shortened if they come at the end of a sentence.

Paul said he would come, and I hope he will.

In spoken English, you can also add ‘-’ll’ and ‘-’d’ to nouns.

My car’ll be outside.

The headmaster’d be furious.

Warning:Remember that ‘-d’ is also the short form of the auxiliary ‘had’.

I’d heard it many times.

Practice

1Your have to complete a sentence with could, was / were able to or couldn’t.

Example: My grandfather was very clever. He could (or was able to) speak five languages.

1He had hurt his leg, so he __________ walk very well.

2She wasn’t at home when I phone but I __________ contact her at her office.

3I look very carefully and I __________ see a figure in the distance.

4They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first shop I went to, but I __________ get some in the next shop.

5My grandmother loved music. She __________ play the piano very well.

6The boy fell into the river but fortunately we __________ rescue him.

2In this exercise you have to write sentences with could or could have.

Example: She doesn’t want to stay with Linda. But she could stay with Linda.

1He didn’t want to help us. But he .........................................................................................

2He doesn’t want to help us. But ............................................................................................

3They don’t want to lend us any money. But .........................................................................

4She didn’t want to have anything to eat. ...............................................................................

3You have read a situation and write a sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in brackets.

Example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must / be / asleep)

I must have been asleep.

1That dress you bought is very good quality. (It must / be / very expensive)

2I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (He must / go / away)

3I wonder where my umbrella is. (You must / leave / it on the train)

4Don passed the examination. He didn’t study very much for it. (The exam can’t / be / very difficult)

a.How do you do. Pleased to .....................................................................................................

b.When you’re old, it can be difficult to ....................................................................................

c.I was surprised to ....................................................................................................................

d.If you haven’t got much money, it’s impossible to .................................................................

e.It can be expensive to ..............................................................................................................

f.When you travel abroad, it’s important to ..............................................................................

6There are many expressions with go + gerund which are concerned with activities, sports, and physical recreation.

go dancing / go skiing / go running

Complete these sentences with go + a suitable gerund.

a.I __________ yesterday, but I didn’t buy anything.

b.I __________ by the river tomorrow, but I’m sure I won’t catch anything.

c.Whenever there’s enough snow, we __________ every weekend.

d.If I had enough money, I’d buy a yacht and __________ in the Mediterranean.

e.We had a lovely holiday. We __________ every day. The water was lovely.

7Fill the gaps with one of the verbs which follow the passage, in either the gerund or infinitive form.

Jane’s a nurse, but she’s trying (1)__________ a new job. Although she enjoys (2)__________ people, nursing is not very well paid, and she cannot afford (3)__________ all her bills. She finds it impossible to live on such a low salary without (4)__________ her account at the bank. Her flat needs (5)__________ , and she would like (6)__________ a car. She managed (7)__________ enough last year for a short holiday by (8)__________ some extra money in her spare time, and this year, she’s hoping (9)___________ some friends in France. She has stopped (10)__________ to the theatre, which used to be one of her greatest pleasures. She’s thinking of (11)__________ in America, where she could earn a higher salary in a private hospital, but would prefer (12)__________ in this country if possible. She likes (13)__________ to see her parents whenever she wants to. A friend of hers went to America after (14)__________ university, but began (15)__________ her friends so badly that she had to come back.

earn

look after

miss

leave

pay

work

visit

save

buy

stay

find

redecorate

be able to

overdraw

go

8Gap filling

Complete the following story. The lines show the number of words missing. The words are not always gerunds or infinitives.

Example: He tried to find a job.

I’d like you to help me.

John Bradley was surprised (a) ____________________ a letter waiting for him on his desk when he arrived at work. Before (b) __________ it, he hung up his coat and took out his glasses.

‘Dear Mr Bradley,’ he read, ‘We are sorry (c) ____________________ you that your services are no longer required …’

He couldn’t believe it. After (d) __________ for the company for thirty years, he had been made redundant, one Monday morning, without (e) __________ warned in any way at all. There was no point (f) ____________________ the letter. The ending was obvious. ‘Thank you for your loyalty and dedication over the years, and we hope you will enjoy (g)__________ more time to spend …’

The company wanted (h) __________ to go away quietly and enjoy his premature retirement. He was fifty-two. How could he (i) ____________________ find another job at this age? He knew that firms were not interested (j) ____________________ people over forty-five, let alone over fifty. Could he still afford (k) ____________________ his daughters to their expensive school?

He sat back in his chair and looked out of the window, wondering (l) __________ ____________________ next. He decided (m) _____________________ the office as soon as possible. He did not want (n) ___________ to see him while he left so depressed. So he put on his coat and for the last time closed the office door behind him. He stopped (o)____________________ ‘goodbye’ to the telephonist, whom he had known for years, and left the building.

Out in the street, it had begun (p) ____________________ . He had forgotten (q)____________________ his umbrella that morning, so he turned up his overcoat collar and walked towards the station (r) ____________________ his train home. He didn’t know what (s) ____________________ to his wife. The thought of breaking the news to her (t)____________________ feel sick.

9Adjective + infinitive

Rewrite the sentences, using the adjectives in brackets.

Example: I heard you passed your driving test. (delighted)

I was delighted to hear that you passed your driving test.

a.I learned that your aunt died. (sorry)

b.He wanted to know where we had been. (anxious)

c.She found that her husband was still alive. (amazed)

d.I see you’re still smoking. (disappointed)

e.He learned that he had nearly died. (shocked)

10Verbs + gerund or infinitive

Rewrite the sentences, using the verbs in brackets.

Example: ‘Come to the party. You’ll really enjoy it,’ he said to her. (persuade)

He persuaded her to go to the party.

a.‘Yes, I did drive too fast through the town,’ she said. (admit)

b.‘I’ll lend you some money, if you like,’ he said to me. (offer)

c.‘If I were you, I’d accept the job,’ he said to his daughter. (advise)

d.‘Why don’t you have a holiday in my country cottage?’ he said to us. (invite)

e.‘You must pay for the damage you’ve done,’ she said. So I paid. (make)

f.‘I haven’t smoked for three years,’ she said. (stop)

g.We needed petrol, so we went to a service station. (stop)

h.I didn’t buy food for dinner so we had to go out. (forget)

i.But I fed the cat. (remember)

j.I had piano lessons for years, but I was never very good. (try)

11‘To’ used instead of whole infinitive

Notice that the whole infinitive need not be repeated if it is understood.

Report structures: ‘that’-clauses

Main points

¨When you are reporting a statement, the reported clause is a ‘that’-clause.

¨You must mention the hearer with ‘tell’. You need not mention the hearer with ‘say’.

1When you are reporting what someone said, you do not usually repeat their exact words, you use your own words in a report structure.

Jim said he wanted to go home.

Jim’s actual words might have been ‘It’s time I went’ or ‘I must go’.

Report structures contain two clauses. The first clause is the reporting clause, which contains a reporting verb such as ‘say’, ‘tell’, or ‘ask’.

She said that she'd been to Belgium.

The man in the shop told me how much it would cost.

You often use verbs that refer to people’s thoughts and feelings to report what people say. If someone says ‘I am wrong’, you might report this as ‘He felt that he was wrong’.

2The second clause in a report structure is the reported clause, which contains the information that you are reporting. The reported clause can be a ‘that’-clause, a ‘to’-infinitive clause, an ‘if’-clause, or a ‘wh’-word clause.

She said that she didn't know.

He told me to do it.

Mary asked if she could stay with us.

She asked where he'd gone.

3If you want to report a statement, you use a ‘that’-clause after a verb such as ‘say’.

admit

argue

decide

insist

reply

agree

claim

deny

mention

say

answer

complain

explain

promise

warn

He said that he would go.

I replied that I had not read it yet.

You often omit ‘that’ from the ‘that’-clause, but not after ‘answer’, ‘argue’, ‘explain’, or ‘reply’.

They said I had to see a doctor first.

He answered that the price would be three pounds.

You often mention the hearer after the preposition ‘to’ with the following verbs.

admit

complain

mention

suggest

announce

explain

say

He complained to me that you were rude.

4‘Tell’ and some other reporting verbs are also used with a 'that'-clause, but with these verbs you have to mention the hearer as the object of the verb.

convince

notify

reassure

tell

inform

persuade

remind

He told me that he was a farmer.

I informed her that I could not come.

The word ‘that’ is often omitted after ‘tell’.

Itold them you were at the dentist.

You can also mention the hearer as the object of the verb with ‘promise’ and ‘warn’.

I promised her that I wouldn't be late.

5Note the differences between ‘say’ and ‘tell’. You cannot use ‘say’ with the hearer as the object of the verb. You cannot say ‘I said them you had gone’. You cannot use ‘tell’ without the hearer as the object of the verb. You cannot say ‘I told that you had gone’. You cannot use ‘tell’ with ‘to’ and the hearer. You cannot say ‘I told to them you had gone’.

6The reporting verbs that have the hearer as object, such as ‘tell’, can be used in the passive.

She was told that there were no tickets left.

Most reporting verbs that do not need the hearer as object, such as ‘say’, can be used in the passive with impersonal ‘it’ as subject, but not ‘answer’, ‘complain’, ‘insist’, ‘promise’, ‘reply’, or ‘warn’.

It was said that the money had been stolen.

Other report structures

Main points

¨When reporting an order, a request, or a piece of advice, the reported clause is a 'to'-infinitive clause, used after an object

¨When reporting a question, the reported clause is an 'if-clause or a 'wh'-word clause

¨Many reporting verbs refer to people's thoughts and feelings

1If you want to report an order a request or a piece of advice you use a ‘to’-infinitive clause after a reporting verb such as ‘tell’ ‘ask’ or ‘advise’. You mention the hearer as the object of the verb before the ‘to’-infinitive clause.

advise

command

invite

remind

ask

forbid

order

tell

beg

instruct

persuade

warn

Johnson told her to wake him up.

He ordered me to fetch the books.

He asked her to marry him.

He advised me to buy it.

If the order request or advice is negative you put ‘not’ before the ‘to’-infinitive.

He had ordered his officers not to use weapons.

She asked her staff not to discuss it publicly.

Doctors advised him not to play for three weeks.

If the subject of the ‘to’-infinitive clause is the same as the subject of the main verb you can use ‘ask’ or ‘beg’ to report a request without mentioning the hearer.

Iasked to see the manager.

Both men begged not to be named.

2If you want to report a question you use a verb such as ‘ask’ followed by an ‘if’-clause or a ‘wh’-word clause.

Iasked if I could stay with them.

They wondered whether the time was right.

He asked me where I was going.

She inquired how Abraham was getting on.

Note that in reported questions the subject of the question comes before the verb just as it does in affirmative sentences.

3Many reporting verbs refer to people’s thoughts and feelings but are often used to report what people say. For example if someone says ‘I must go’ you might report this as ‘She wanted to go’ or ‘She thought she should go’.

Some of these verbs are followed by:§a ‘that’-clause

accept

fear

imagine

think

believe

feel

know

understand

consider

guess

suppose

worry

We both knew that the town was cut off.

I had always believed that I would see him again.

§a ‘to’ infinitive clause

intend

plan

want

He doesn’t want to get up.

§a ‘that’-clause or a ‘to’-infinitive clause

agree

expect

hope

regret

wish

decide

forget

prefer

remember

She hoped she wasn’t going to cry.

They are in love and wish to marry.

‘Expect’ and ‘prefer’ can also be followed by an object and a ‘to’-infinitive.

I m sure she doesn’t expect you to take the plane.

The headmaster prefers them to act plays they have written themselves.

4A speaker's exact words are more often used in stories than in ordinary conversation

‘Iknew I’d seen you,’ I said.

‘Only one replied,’ the Englishman.

‘Let’ s go and have a look at the swimming pool,’ she suggested.

In ordinary conversation it is normal to use a report structure rather than to repeat someone's exact words.

Practice

1Match the reports with the actual words used.

Example: 1 – h;

1They said they had to go.

2He said he would help if he could.

3She promised she would visit us.

4He suggested that we should write to the boss.

5They insisted we should stay a bit longer.

6They complained that they were too busy.

7She mentioned that she had met you.

8I explained that they should send a letter.

a.‘You can’t leave yet. It’s only eleven o’clock.’

b.‘Well, I’ll do whatever I can for you.’

c.‘If I were you I would get in touch with the manager.’

d.‘I bumped into your brother in London yesterday.’

e.‘It’s no goodjust telephoning. Put something in writing.’

f.‘I’ll certainly come and see you some time.’

g.‘We have far too much work at the moment.’

h.‘I’m afraid it’s time for us to leave.’

2Use the appropriate form of these verbs to complete the definitions and examples.

admitannouncearguecomplaindenymentionexplaininform

1If you __inform__ someone that something is the case, you tell them about it. EG I __informed__ her that I was unwell and could not come to her party.

2If you __________ something, you agree, often reluctantly, that it is true. EG I must __________ that I had my doubts.

3When you __________ something, you say that it not true. EG Green __________ that he had done anything illegal.

4If you __________ something, you tell people about it publicly or officially. EG It was __________ that the Prime Minister would speak on television that evening.

5If you __________ , you tell someone about a situation affecting you that is wrong or unsatisfactory. EG He __________ that the office was not ‘businesslike’.

6If you __________ something, you say it, but do not spend long talking about it. EG I __________ to Tom that I was thinking of going back to work.

7If you __________ something, you describe it so that it can be understood. EG He __________ that they had to buy a return ticket.

8If you __________ that something is the case, you state your opinion about it and give reasons why you think it is true. EG Some people __________ that nuclear weapons have helped to keep the peace.

3Use one of the words given in brackets to complete each of the sentences below.

1I _explained_ to him that he would have to wait. (explained / told)

2He __________ me that it was time to go. (mentioned / informed)

3She __________ to them that they should reconsider their decision. (suggested / persuaded)

4We were __________ that you would pay the bill. (told / said)

5It was __________ that there would be another meeting the following week. (informed / announced)

6George __________ to me that he might look in to see me. (promised / mentioned)

4Rewrite the sentences below as orders or requests with a ‘to’-infinitive clause, and the words in brackets.

Example: ‘Do you think you could look after the children?’ (David / ask / Mary)

David asked Mary to look after the children.

1‘I think you should try to get more sleep.’ (John’s doctor / advise / him)

2‘You can come round and see us any time.’ (We / invite / our friends)

8‘You really ought not to go out alone after dark.’ (They / tell / the visitors)

9‘Please don’t make an official complaint.’ (The manger / persuade / her)

5Now do these sentences with ask and a ‘wh'-word clause.

Example: ‘What time does the match start please?’ (I / a policeman)

I asked a policeman what time the match started.

1‘Where are you going to spend the holiday?’ (Joe / Mary)

2‘Why are the tickets so expensive?’ (Everybody / us)

3‘How old are Mary’s children?’ (Frank / his wife)

4‘Who’s going to buy your house?’ (Mrs Jones / her neighbour)

5‘When are you planning to come to Darlington?’ (Bill / his friend)

6‘What are you going to do next?’ (I / Maria)

7‘Were can I get the bus to Liverpool?’ (Peter / a policeman)

6In this exercise you have to write what you would say in these situations.

Example: Ann says ‘I’m tired’. Five minutes later she says ‘Let’s play tennis’. What do you say? You said you were tired.

1Your friend says ‘I’m hungry’ so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he says ‘I don’t want to eat’. What do you say? You said ..............................................................................................................

2Tom tells you ‘Ann has gone away’. Later that day you meet her. What do you say?

3George said ‘I don’t smoke’. A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette. What do you say to him? You said ..........................................................................................................................................

4You arranged to meet Jack. He said ‘I won’t be late’. At last he arrives – 20 minutes late. What do you say? You

5Sue said ‘I can’t come to the party tonight’. That night you see her at the party. What do you say to her?

6Ann says ‘I’m working tomorrow evening’. Later that day she says ‘Let’s go out tomorrow evening’. What do you say? ...................................................................................................................................

7Now you have to read a sentence and write a new sentence with the same meaning.

Example: ‘Listen carefully’, he said to us. He told us to listen carefully.

1‘Eat more fruit and vegetables’, the doctor said.

2‘Read the instructions before you switch on the machine’, he said to me.

3‘Shut the door but don’t lock it’, she said to us.

4‘Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand’, he said to me.

5‘Don’t come before 6 o’clock’, I said to him.Unit 7Conditionals

Conditional clauses using ‘if’

Main points

¨You use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results.

¨Conditional clauses can begin with ‘if’.

¨A conditional clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The conditional clause can come before or after the main clause.

1You use conditional clauses to talk about a situation that might possibly happen and to say what its results might be.

You use ‘if’ to mention events and situations that happen often, that may happen in the future, that could have happened in the past but did not happen, or that are unlikely to happen at all.

If the light comes on, the battery is OK.

I'll call you if I need you.

If I had known. I'd have told you.

If she asked me, I'd help her.

2When you are talking about something that is generally true or happens often, you use a present or present perfect tense in the main clause and the conditional clause.

If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

If an advertisement does not tell the truth, the advertiser is committing an offence.

If the baby is crying, it is probably hungry.

If they have lost any money, they report it to me.

Warning: You do not use the present continuous in both clauses. You do not say ‘If they are losing money, they are getting angry.’

3When you use a conditional clause with a present or present perfect tense, you often use an imperative in the main clause.

Wake me up if you’re worried.

If he has finished, ask him to leave quietly.

If you are very early, don’t expect them to be ready.

4When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use a present or present perfect tense in the conditional clause, and the simple future in the main clause

If I marry Celia, we will need the money.

If you are going to America, you will need a visa.

If he has done the windows, he will want his money.

Warning: You do not normally use ‘will’ in conditional clauses. You do not say ‘If I will see you tomorrow, I will give you the book.’

5When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen, you use the past simple or past continuous in the conditional clause and ‘would’ in the main clause.

If I had enough money, I would buy the car.

If he was coming, he would ring.

Warning: You do not normally use ‘would’ in conditional clauses. You do not say ‘If I would do it, I would do it like this.’

6‘Were’ is sometimes used instead of ‘was’ in the conditional clause, especially after ‘I’.

If I were as big as you, I would kill you.

If I weren’t so busy, I would do it for you.

You often say ‘If I were you’ when you are giving someone advice.

If I were you, I would take the money.

I should keep out of Brendan's way if I were you.

7When you are talking about something which could have happened in the past but which did not actually happen, you use the past perfect in the conditional clause. In the main clause, you use ‘would have’ and a past participle.

If he had realised that, he would have run away.

I wouldn’t have been so depressed if I had known how common this feeling is.

Warning:You do not use ‘would have’ in the conditional clause. You do not say ‘If I would have seen him, I would have told him.’

1I think that if we (to take shelter) under these trees, we not (to get wet).

2If I (to hesitate) much longer before getting into the water, he not (to let) me swim at all today.

3If she (to come) earlier, she (to have been able) to see him before he went out.

4He (to go) for a ride with you, if he (to repair) his bicycle.

5If a year ago the sailors (to be told) they were to undertake a trip of this sort, they (to be surprised).

6If he (to be) present, this not (to occur).

7If the storm not (to rage), the ship (to leave) the harbour last night.

8If our telephone not (to be) out of order, I (to ring) you up this morning.

9If you (to come) between two and three yesterday, you (to find) me at home.

10If I (to have) to carry that heavy box, I (to be) obliged to drop it after five minutes.

11I not (to go) to sleep over that book if it not (to be) so dull.

12If I (to know) you (to come), I of course (to stay) at home.

13If anyone (to say) such a thing to me, I (to feel) hurt.

14We never (to solve) the riddle, if you not (to put) us on the track.

2Open the brackets

I

1If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you.

2If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.

3If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.

4You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.

5I wouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.

6I (offer) to help him if I had realised that he was ill.

7If I (realise) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you.

8If I had realised that the traffic lights were red I (stop).

9The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.

10If he had known that the river was dangerous lie (not try) to swim across it.

11If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.

12If lie had known the whole story he not be) so angry.

13If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

14You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

15If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.

16If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.

17If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.

18I (take) a taxi if I had realised that it was such a long way.

19You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

20If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.

II

1If I (see) you in the street yesterday, of course I (say) "Good morning."

2I'm sorry I threw the newspaper away. I (not throw) it away if I (know) you had wanted it.

3Why didn't you ask me to help you? -Of course I (help) you if you (ask) me to.

4I'm sorry I couldn't come to the cinema with you last Friday. - I (come) if I (not be) so busy.

5I (not cleave) the office early yesterday if I (not finish) my work.

3Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

Example: 1 – j

1Dan might help you ... a ... if they are enjoying themselves.

2You are sure to be late ... b ... if I can remember her phone number.

3You'll enjoy the Jacques Tatty film ... c ... if you miss the bus.

4They always stay out late ...d ... if you don't want to.

5They'll understand it all right...e ... if you phone while I'm out.

6I'll give her a call ...f ... if you explain it to them.

7Bill will take a message ... g ... if I have the time.

8I'll do the shopping ...h ... if you don't have a ticket.

9You can't get in ... i ... if you can understand French.

10You needn't come to the party ... j ... if you ask him.

4Complete these sentences by putting the verb in brackets in the right tense.

Example: If you …ask… Liz, she will tell you what to do. (ask)

1He's going to visit some friends in Athens if he .............................. time. (have)

2You shouldn't interrupt them if they ............................................... (work)

3Maria will get you some money if she ............................................. to the bank. (go)

4I'll have a word with Jack if he ........................................................ at home. (be)

5Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

Example: 1 – i

1If I had their address ...a ... it would cost over £650.

2If you saw her now ...b ... you might earn a bit more money.

3If I took more exercise …c ... I could probably stay with Michael.

4If you got a new job …d ... she must have been out at work.

5If you asked Heather …e ... she would give you a certificate.

6If I travelled first class …f ... she would probably give you a lift.

7If it was a little warmer …g ... we could go for a swim.

8If she didn't answer the phone …h ... I might lose a bit of weight.

9If you went to the doctor …i ... I could write and ask them.

10If I stopped off in Ankara …j ... you would hardly recognise her.

Conditional clauses using modals and 'unless'

Main points

¨You can use a modal in a conditional clause.

¨You use 'unless' to mention an exception to what you are saying.

1You sometimes use modals in conditional clauses. In the main clause, you can still use a present tense for events that happen often, ‘will’ for events that are quite likely in the future, ‘would’ for an event that is unlikely to happen, and ‘would have’ for events that were possible but did not happen.

If he can’t come, he usually phones me.

If they must have it today, they will have to come back at five o’clock.

If I could only find the time, I’d do it gladly.

If you could have seen him. you would have laughed too.

‘Should’ is sometimes used in conditional clauses to express greater uncertainty.

If any visitors should come, I'll say you aren't here.

2You can use other modals besides ‘will’, ‘would’ and ‘would have’ in the main clause with their usual meanings.

She might phone me, if she has time.

You could come. if you wanted to.

If he sees you leaving, he may cry.

Note that you can have modals in both clauses: the main clause and the conditional clause.

If he can't come, he will phone.

3In formal English, if the first verb in a conditional clause is ‘had’, ‘should’, or ‘were’, you can put the verb at the beginning of the clause and omit 'if. For example, instead of saying ‘If he should come. I will tell him you are sick’, it is possible to say ‘Should he come, I will tell him you are sick’.

Should ministers decide to hold an inquiry, we would welcome it.

Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions.

Had I known. I would not have done it.

4When you want to mention an exception to what you are saying, you use a conditional clause beginning with ‘unless’.

You will fail your exams. You will fail your exams unless you work harder.

Note that you can often use ‘if...not’ instead of ‘unless’.

You will fail your exams if you do not work harder.

When you use ‘unless’, you use the same tenses that you use with ‘if’.

She spends Sundays in the garden unless the weather is awful.

We usually walk, unless we're going shopping.

He will not let you go unless he is forced to do so.

You wouldn't believe it, unless you saw it.

5‘If’ and ‘unless’ are not the only ways of beginning conditional clauses. You can also use ‘as long as’, ‘only if’, ‘provided’, ‘provided that’, ‘providing’, ‘providing that’, or ‘so long as’. These expressions are all used to indicate that one thing only happens or is true if another thing happens or is true.

Iwill come only if nothing is said to the press.

She was prepared to come, provided that she could bring her daughter.

Providing they remained at a safe distance, we would be all right.

Detergent cannot harm a fabric, so long as it has been properly dissolved.

We were all right as long as we kept our heads down.

Practice

1Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

Example: I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address.

I could write to her, if I had her address.

1I’d like to go abroad but I can’t afford it.

2I’m not going to buy that car because it's so expensive.

3We can’t go out because it’s raining.

4She won’t come to the party because she’s away on holiday.

5The central heating isn't working so we can’t turn it on.

2Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

Example: Unfortunately I didn’t see him, so I couldn’t give him your message.

If I had seen him, I could have given him your message.

1Unfortunately he didn’t pass his exams or he might have gone to university.

2He didn’t realise what was happening or he would have run away.

3Fortunately I didn’t hear what she said or I would have been very angry.

4They got in because you didn’t lock the door properly.

5It only happened because you didn’t follow the instructions.

6Luckily she didn’t find out or she would have been furious.

7It's lucky we booked a room or we would have had nowhere to stay.

8It’s a good job we weren’t going any faster or someone could have been killed.