Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs "; "Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% "; Protestant "includes all non-Roman Catholic denominations "

"The self-governing Toba church (Huria Kristen Batak Protestant or HKBP) is the largest Christian body in Indonesia (and one of the most powerful). The Simalungun and Karo Protestants have each established their own churches... To a considerable extent, however, Christian and Muslim Batak maintain beliefs and practices of the traditional religion alongside those of the newer creeds. "

"number of Lutherans... biggest numerical increase occurred in Asia, where there were 6.5 million Lutherans in 1999 compared with 4.8 million the previous year. Most of that growth occurred in Indonesia's Protestant Christian Batak Church. "

"Sarekat Islam came into being in 1912... the organization was able to address itself to some 90% of the people of the archipelago and, in fact, enlisted over 350,000 members in its first four years. "

"In the 7th century Sumatra and Java were already important study centers for Buddhism... The dominant current was Mahayana; in addition, however, there were also Hinayana communities, which probably belonged to the Sarvastida school... "

"Batak: Location: Indonesia (North Sumatra); Population: 3 to 6 million "; "According to the 1990 census, speakers of the... [three] Batak languages... numbered over 3.1 million... Assuming the percentages given in the 1930 colonial census are still accurate, one can break the total down as follows: 1.65 million Toba, living around Lake Toba, on Samosir Island, & in the highlands to the south; 500,000 Karo to the northwest of the lake; 200,000 Simalungun, east of the lake; 100,000 Dairi, west of the lake; & 650,000 Angkola a&nd Mandailing between the Toba & the Minangkabau. " [NOTE: These are tribal/cultural (NOT religious) stats.]

"Batak: Location: Indonesia (North Sumatra); Population: 3 to 6 million "; "According to the 1990 census, speakers of the... [three] Batak languages... numbered over 3.1 million... Assuming the percentages given in the 1930 colonial census are still accurate, one can break the total down as follows: 1.65 million Toba, living around Lake Toba, on Samosir Island, & in the highlands to the south; 500,000 Karo to the northwest of the lake; 200,000 Simalungun, east of the lake; 100,000 Dairi, west of the lake; & 650,000 Angkola a&nd Mandailing between the Toba & the Minangkabau. " [NOTE: These are tribal/cultural (NOT religious) stats.]

Toradjas

Indonesia

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 710.

"The cosmology of the Toradjas of Sulawesi in Indonesia has been elaborated on a basic dualistic structure: the world of men is contrasted with both an upper world and a lower world and with an abode in the southwest where the forefathers live and an abode in the northeast where the deified ancestors (known by the Sanskrit-derived word deata) live. "

"Acehnese: Location: Indonesia (Sumatra); Population: About 3 million; Language: Acehnese; Religion: Islam "; "the Acehnese are regarded as among the most devout Muslims in the archipelago and their culture as the most inseparable from Islam... zealous in their observance of... Hajj... zakat... and puasa.... " [NOTE: This is a tribal/ethnic affiliation, NOT a distinct religion.]

"The Toba [est. 1990 pop. of 1.65 million] have been predominantly Protestant Christian for over a century, while the Angkola and Mandailing [est. 1990 pop. of 650,000] have been Muslim for several decades longer. "

"Batak: Location: Indonesia (North Sumatra); Population: 3 to 6 million "; Pg. 102: "...about 10% of all Batak are Catholics, missionary work having begun only after independence. "

Christianity

Indonesia - Batak

1,000,000

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 181.

"The Batak churches in northern Sumatra total over a million members; some have undergone deep spiritual revival and doubled their membership in two or three years. "

Dutch Reformed

Indonesia - Batak

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 180.

"...Presbyterian churches of Korea, and the great Dutch Reformed tribal churches in the Batak fastness of Indonesia were overwhelmingly the strongest religious communities and influences of their respective areas. "

"Assuming the percentages given in the 1930 colonial census are still accurate, one can break the total down as follows: 1.65 million Toba, living around Lake Toba, on Samosir Island, & in the highlands to the south; 500,000 Karo to the northwest of the lake "; "Some 12% of Karo profess Islam, while 31% are Christian (converts were few until the 1965 suppression of communism compelled every Indonesian to declare adherence to a universal religion). "

"Assuming the percentages given in the 1930 colonial census are still accurate, one can break the total down as follows: 1.65 million Toba, living around Lake Toba, on Samosir Island, & in the highlands to the south; 500,000 Karo to the northwest of the lake "; "Some 12% of Karo profess Islam... "

"Assuming the percentages given in the 1930 colonial census are still accurate, one can break the total down as follows: 1.65 million Toba, living around Lake Toba, on Samosir Island, & in the highlands to the south; 500,000 Karo to the northwest of the lake "; "Pebegu, the indigenous animist religion, is strongest among the Karo, claiming 57% as adherents (though many of these describe themselves as 'secular', i.e, with a rather uncertain grasp of their religion. "

"The self-governing Toba church (Huria Kristen Batak Protestant or HKBP) is the largest Christian body in Indonesia (and one of the most powerful). The Simalungun and Karo Protestants have each established their own churches... To a considerable extent, however, Christian and Muslim Batak maintain beliefs and practices of the traditional religion alongside those of the newer creeds. "

"The Toba [est. 1990 pop. of 1.65 million] have been predominantly Protestant Christian for over a century, while the Angkola and Mandailing [est. 1990 pop. of 650,000] have been Muslim for several decades longer. "

"Sa'dan Toraja: Location: Indonesia; Population: 330,000 "; "Since Indonesian independence, Christianity has grown rapidly among the Toraja, claiming 64% as Protestants and 12% as Catholics. The remaining population practices Aluk To Dolo, 'the Way of the Ancestors.' Before the 20th century, the Toraja had no separate word for 'religion,' aluk meaning the totality of the correct ways of behaving and working, including those which outsiders would consider 'secular.' The Indonesian state tolerates Aluk To Dolo as a 'variant of Hinduism, one of the recognized five religions under Pancasila. "

This fusion of Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, and animism endured until Islam became the dominant religion of Indonesia around the beginning of the sixteenth century. The fusion still endures in Bali, but its structure and content is Balinese, not Indian. "

Balinese Hinduism

Indonesia: Bali

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 323.

"Although Balinese religion shares some of the history of Javanese religion, it is sharply differentiated by a lack of Islamic elements. On Bali a distinctive Indonesian type of Hinduism has developed. Balinese call their religion agama Hindu-Bali, meaning Hindu-Balinese religion; they also call it agama tirtha, meaning 'religion of the water,' thus indicating the central importance of consecrated water prepared by Brahmin priests (pedanda) for all major rituals. "

"Hinduism was introduced into Java by travelers from India in ancient times... When the early Javanese princes accepted Hinduism, they did not give up all of their early animistic beliefs--they simply combined the new ideas with them... Several centuries ago a great many Hindus left Java for Bali rather than convert to Islam. Hinduism has survived in Bali eer since, and today 95% of the Balinese are Hindus... Balinese Hinduism has strong elements of Buddhism, animism, and ancestor worship, and it permeates all aspects of everyday life... Over the centuries a religion unique to Bali has evolved, but it has deep roots in Hindu traditions. "

"More than two million Hindus live on the Indonesian island of Bali, although the country of Indonesia as a whole is predominantly Muslim. "

Parisada

Indonesia: Bali

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 324.

"The inspiration which Indian thought has brought to Bali apears, however, unlikely to lead to a reconstruction of the tradition in Indian Hindu terms. Rather, the reformist Parisada movement in Bali appears to be creating, in part with reagard to contemporary Indian thought, a more nationalized religion, but one which is still distinctively Indonesian. "

"Unfortunately, early missions in the are were of the extremist sort. They tended to be fundamentalist, teetotal, and preaching hellfire and brimstone. But there is now a reaction against this new austerity which has led to a new-Christian cult called Bungan Malan. This combines old and new ideas and lays emphasis on the interpretation of dreams. It is already the largest single sect inside Borneo. "

Dayak

Indonesia: Borneo

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 711.

"Ma'anyan Dayak:Although the term 'soul' is often used to translate such concepts as k'la of the Sgaw Karen of Burma, the amirue of the Ma'anyan Dayak of Borneo... "

"Borneo, famous for its headhunters, is the third largest island in the world and has a population of around five million. Although headhunting has now died out, the practice is still deeply relevant to the religion and mythology of the people. Over half the population live inland, up the great rivers and maong the rugged mountains. These lively, able and artistic people live in long-houses, each a self-contained community of up to 500 under a single, palm-thatched roof. All are, or have been until recently, pagan animists but divided into some 20 linguistic and cultural groups with many variations on a common theme of belief. "

Punan-Penan

Indonesia: Borneo

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 709.

"While their numbers are small, the religions of such groups as... the Punan-Penan of Borneo... reflect, at least in part, an adaptation to a hunting-and-gathering mode of existence. "

"Manggarai: Location: Indonesia (island of Flores); Population: 400,000; Language: Manggarai; Bahasa Indonesia; Religion: Roman Catholic majority; traditional animism "; "The mountainous island of Flores... Inhabiting the western third of the island, the Manggarai are the largest single ethnic group, numbering 400,000 out of the total Flores population of 1.4 million. "; "The island of Flores as a whole is 85% Catholic, an anomaly in the world's largest Muslim country. "

"Manggarai: Location: Indonesia (island of Flores); Population: 400,000; Language: Manggarai; Bahasa Indonesia; Religion: Roman Catholic majority; traditional animism "; "The mountainous island of Flores... Inhabiting the western third of the island, the Manggarai are the largest single ethnic group, numbering 400,000 out of the total Flores population of 1.4 million. "; "The island of Flores as a whole is 85% Catholic, an anomaly in the world's largest Muslim country. " [NOTE: This statistic is of Manggarai as an ethnic group, not a count of how many practice traditional Manggarai religion.]

"On the slopes of the east Javanese volacano Bromo live the Tenggerese, an archaic Javanese subgroup, who practice a folk religion derived from Majapahit Hinduism and highlighting the honoring of Joko Seger, Bromo's guardian spirit. "

"According to the 1980 census, 17.71% of the population of Kalimantan Tengah... adhered to traditional animism, predominating in the more upriver vilalges. Some 14.27% of the provincial population was Protestant and 1.94% was Catholic... The rest of the provincial population is Muslim. "

"According to the 1980 census, 17.71% of the population of Kalimantan Tengah (and a much larger percentage of the specifically Ngaju portion thereof) adhered to traditional animism, predominating in the more upriver vilalges. "

"In northern Lombok, the area where, heedless of all warnings, I decided to do my fieldwork, almost the entire indigenous Sasak population had been adherents of wetu telu in 1965. However, among the indigenous population there were also some Boda settlements, entirely non-islamized Sasak. "

"Similar events took place among the Bentek Boda themselves. The Boda of northwestern Lombok, some 5,500 in all, had managed to pass comparatively unscathed through the turbulent years when the above events took place. "

"The island of Lombok is the home of the Sasak people, most of whom are now orthodox Muslims and as such adherents of the waktu lima sect. However, even today some of the Sasak are still counted as adherents of the wetu telu. There are also some smaller groups of entirely non-Islamized pagan Sasak, known as Boda, as well as a Hindu Balinese minority. "

"Most Sasak adhere to Islam, introduced from Java... There is a cleavage between syncretists who combine Islamic and pre-Islamic beliefs and practices, and purists wh conform more strictly to Islamic orthodoxy. The former are referred to as Wetu Telu ('Three Time') Muslims, and the latter as Wetu Lima ('Five Time') Muslims... Due to persecution during the upheavals of 1965-66, exact figure for the Wetu Telu population are elusive; they may number as much as 30% of Lombok's inhabitants and are concentrated in the mountainous northern part of the island... Wetu Lima Muslims, the minority, follow Islamic orthodoxy, such as the five daily prayers... The organization Nahdatul Wahtan has been active since independence in combating Wetu Telu. "

"Despite all predictions, wetu telu continued to flourish, mainly in the peripheral parts of the island, in the north and the south, but also in some places in Central Lombok. In the mid-1960s the religion was still well and alive, when suddenly the events of 1967-68... "

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