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Summary

Prepare for your NCLEX-PNreg; exam with the most targeted book on the market. TheNCLEX-PNreg; Exam Cramblends the ideal level of discussion, lists and tables into an easily digestible format that allows you to train at your own pace. You will also find practice exams, notes, tips, exam alerts, skill highlights and the popular Cram Sheet tearcard, perfect for last-minute studying, included in this Exam Cram. Over 750 practice questions are included with many more on the CD-ROM, which will help you prepare for this Computer Adaptive Test. Also available to help you practice for the exam isNCLEX-PNreg;Practice Questions Exam Cram. Written by three experienced and well-educated RNs, theNCLEX-PNreg;Exam Cramis your best way to study quicker and score higher.

Author Biography

Wilda Rinehart received her associate degree in nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College in Booneville, Mississippi. After working as a staff nurse and charge nurse, she became a public health nurse and served in that capacity for a number of years. In 1975, she received her Nurse Practitioner Certification in obstetric-gynecology from the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1979, she completed her bachelor's of science degree in nursing from Mississippi University for Women and the following year completed her master's degree in nursing from the same university. In 1980, Ms. Rinehart accepted a faculty position at Northeast Mississippi Community College where she has taught medical-surgical nursing and obstetrical nursing. In 1982, she founded Rinehart and Associates Educational Consults. For the past 22 years, she and her associates have worked with nursing graduates and schools of nursing to assist graduates to pass the National Council Licensure Exam for Nursing. She has also worked with faculty who want to improve their item writing skills and as a curriculum consultant. Ms. Rinehart has served as a convention speaker throughout the southeastern United States and as a reviewer of medical-surgical and obstetric texts. She has coauthored NCLEXR review materials and is presently working on DVD and CD review programs. As president of Rinehart and Associates, she serves as coordinator of a company dedicated to improving the quality of health through nursing education. Dr. Diann Sloan holds an associate degree in nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College, a bachelor's degree in nursing from the University of Mississippi, and a master's degree in nursing from Mississippi University for Women. In addition to her nursing degrees, she holds a master of science in education degree in counseling psychology from Georgia State University and a doctor of philosophy degree in counselor education, with minors in both psychology and educational psychology, from Mississippi State University. She has completed additional graduate studies in healthcare administration at Western New England College and the University of Mississippi. As a nurse educator, Dr. Sloan has taught pediatric nursing, psychiatric mental health nursing, and medical surgical nursing in both associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs. As a member of Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review, Dr. Sloan has conducted test construction workshops for faculty and nursing review seminars for both registered and practical nurse graduates. She has coauthored materials used in the item writing workshops for nursing faculty and Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review. She is a member of Sigma Theta Tau nursing honor society. Clara Hurd is an associate degree nurse graduate of Northeast Mississippi Community College in Booneville, Mississippi (1975). Her experiences in nursing are clinically based, having served as a staff nurse in medical-surgical nursing. She has worked as an oncology, intensive care, orthopedics, neurological, and pediatric nurse. She received her bachelor of science degree in nursing from the University of North Alabama in Florence, Alabama, and her master's degree in nursing from the Mississippi University for Women in Columbus, Mississippi. She is currently serving as a nurse educator at Northeast Mississippi Community College teaching medical-surgical content. Ms. Hurd has taught in both associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs. She was a faculty member of Mississippi University for Women; Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee; and Tennessee State University in Nashville, Tennessee. Ms. Hurd joined Rinehart and Associates in 1993. She has worked with students in preparing for the National Council Licensure Exam and with faculty as a consultant in writing test items. Ms. Hurd has also been a presenter at nursing conventions on various topics, including item writing for nursing faculty. Her primary professional goal is to prepare the student and graduate for excellence in the delivery of healthcare.

Table of Contents

Introduction

xxiv

Self-Assessment

xxix

Chapter 1 Preparing for the National Council Exam for Licensed Practical Nurses

1

(10)

Preparing for the Exam

2

(5)

The Computer Adaptive Test

2

(1)

Testing Strategies

3

(1)

Reading the Question Carefully

4

(1)

Look for Keywords

4

(1)

Watch for Specific Details

5

(2)

Exam Prep Questions

7

(4)

Answer Rationales

9

(2)

Chapter 2 Simplifying Pharmacology

11

(30)

Pharmacology

12

(1)

Three Areas of Pharmacology

12

(1)

How Nurses Work with Pharmacology

13

(3)

Time-Released Drugs

14

(1)

Administering Medications

15

(1)

Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs

16

(18)

Angiotensin-Converting Agents

17

(1)

Beta Adrenergic Blockers

18

(1)

Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides)

19

(1)

Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Sedative/Antianxiety)

20

(2)

Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic)

22

(1)

Glucocorticoids

23

(2)

Antivirals

25

(1)

Cholesterol-Lowering Agents

26

(1)

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

27

(2)

Cox 2 Enzyme Blockers

29

(1)

Histamine 2 Antagonists

30

(1)

Proton Pump Inhibitors

31

(1)

Anticoagulants

32

(1)

More Drug Identification Helpers

33

(1)

Herbals

34

(1)

Drug Schedules

35

(1)

Pregnancy Categories for Drugs

35

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

36

(5)

Answer Rationales

38

(3)

Chapter 3 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System

41

(14)

Acute Respiratory Failure

42

(2)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

42

(1)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

42

(1)

Pulmonary Embolus

43

(1)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

44

(2)

Chronic Bronchitis

44

(1)

Emphysema

45

(1)

Asthma

45

(1)

Acute Respiratory Infections

46

(2)

Pneumonia

46

(1)

Pleurisy

47

(1)

Tuberculosis

48

(1)

Emerging Infections

48

(2)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

49

(1)

Legionnaire's Disease

50

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

50

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

51

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

52

(3)

Answer Rationales

53

(2)

Chapter 4 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Renal and Genitourinary System

55

(12)

Acute Glomerulonephritis

56

(1)

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

57

(1)

End Stage Renal Disease

58

(1)

Peritoneal Dialysis

58

(1)

Hemodialysis

58

(1)

Renal Transplants

59

(1)

Nephrotic Syndrome

59

(1)

Urinary Calculi

60

(1)

Urinary Tract Infections

60

(1)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

61

(1)

Bladder Cancer

62

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

63

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

63

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

64

(3)

Answer Rationales

65

(2)

Chapter 5 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System

67

(10)

Anemia

68

(3)

Pernicious Anemia

68

(1)

Aplastic Anemia

69

(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia

69

(1)

Iron Deficiency Anemia

70

(1)

Cooley's Anemia (Thalassemia Major)

71

(1)

Hemophilia

71

(1)

Polycythemia Vera

71

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

72

(1)

Pharmacology for Review

72

(2)

Exam Prep Questions

74

(3)

Answer Rationales

75

(2)

Chapter 6 Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance

77

(14)

Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

78

(1)

Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes

79

(1)

How the Body Regulates pH

79

(1)

Metabolic Acidosis

79

(2)

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

79

(1)

Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis

80

(1)

Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis

80

(1)

Respiratory Acidosis

81

(2)

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

82

(1)

Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis

82

(1)

Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis

83

(1)

Metabolic Alkalosis

83

(1)

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

83

(1)

Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis

84

(1)

Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis

84

(1)

Respiratory Alkalosis

84

(2)

Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis

85

(1)

Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis

85

(1)

Normal Electrolyte Values

86

(1)

Changes Associated with Aging

86

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

87

(4)

Answer Rationales

88

(3)

Chapter 7 Caring for the Client with Burns

91

(18)

Burn Classifications

92

(3)

Burn Measurement with TBSA

94

(1)

Client Care for Burn Victims

95

(7)

The Emergent Phase

96

(4)

The Intermediate Phase

100

(1)

Dressings for Burns

101

(1)

The Rehabilitative Phase

102

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

102

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

103

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

104

(5)

Answer Rationales

105

(4)

Chapter 8 Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders

109

(18)

Disorders of the Eyes

110

(7)

Intraocular Disorders

110

(3)

Retinal Disorders

113

(2)

Refractive Errors

115

(2)

Traumatic Injuries

117

(1)

Visual Tests for Review

117

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

118

(1)

Ear Disorders

118

(3)

Otitis Externa

118

(3)

Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss

121

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

121

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

122

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

123

(4)

Answer Rationales

124

(3)

Chapter 9 Caring for the Client with Cancer

127

(18)

Cancer

128

(3)

American Cancer Society's Seven Warning Signs of Cancer

128

(1)

The Four Major Categories of Cancer

128

(1)

Risk Factors for Specific Cancers

129

(2)

Cancer Prevention

131

(1)

Patient Teaching

131

(1)

Management of the Client with Cancer

131

(4)

Radiation

132

(1)

Chemotherapy

133

(2)

Bone Marrow Transplantation

135

(2)

Types of Transplants

135

(1)

Nursing Care After Transplantation

136

(1)

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

137

(1)

Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

137

(1)

Prognosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

138

(1)

Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

138

(1)

10 Diagnostic Tests for Review

138

(1)

Pharmacology for Review

139

(2)

Exam Prep Questions

141

(4)

Answer Rationales

142

(3)

Chapter 10 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

145

(26)

Ulcers

146

(3)

Types of Ulcers

146

(3)

Inflammatory Bowel Disorders

149

(2)

Crohn's Disease (Regional Enteritis)

149

(1)

Ulcerative Colitis

150

(1)

Diverticulitis

151

(1)

Diagnosis of Diverticulitis

151

(1)

Treatment of Diverticulitis

151

(1)

Diseases Associated with the Liver

152

(9)

Hepatitis

152

(5)

Cirrhosis

157

(2)

Pancreatitis

159

(2)

Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis

161

(3)

Symptoms of Cholecystitis

161

(1)

Symptoms of Cholcthiasis

161

(1)

Treatment of Cholecystitis

162

(1)

Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholcthiasis

162

(1)

Treatment of Cholethiasis

163

(1)

Food-Borne Illnesses

164

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

165

(1)

Pharmacology for Review

166

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

167

(4)

Answer Rationales

168

(3)

Chapter 11 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System

171

(22)

Fractures

172

(5)

Treating Fractures

172

(3)

Compartment Syndrome

175

(1)

Osteomyelitis

176

(1)

Osteoporosis

177

(1)

Treatment of Osteoporosis

178

(1)

Gout

178

(2)

Treatment of the Client with Gout

179

(1)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

180

(1)

Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

180

(1)

Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures

181

(3)

Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement

181

(1)

Total Knee Replacement

182

(1)

Amputations

183

(1)

Assistive Devices for Ambulation

184

(2)

Crutches

184

(1)

Canes

185

(1)

Walkers

186

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

186

(1)

Pharmacology for Review

187

(2)

Exam Prep Questions

189

(4)

Answer Rationales

190

(3)

Chapter 12 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System

193

(18)

Pituitary Disorders

194

(1)

Tumors of the Pituitary

194

(1)

Thyroid Disorders

195

(2)

Hypothyroidism

195

(1)

Hyperthyroidism

196

(1)

Parathyroid Disorders

197

(2)

Hypoparathyroidism

198

(1)

Hyperparathyroidism

198

(1)

Adrenal Gland Disorders

199

(2)

Adrenocortical Insuffiency (Addison's Disease)

200

(1)

Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing's Disease)

201

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

201

(3)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

204

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

205

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

206

(5)

Answer Rationales

208

(3)

Chapter 13 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

211

(18)

Hypertension

212

(1)

Medications Used to Treat Hypertension

213

(1)

Heart Block

213

(4)

Toxicity to Medications

215

(1)

Malfunction of the Conduction System

216

(1)

Myocardial Infarction

217

(4)

Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction

218

(1)

Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients

218

(3)

Buerger's Disease

221

(1)

Thrombophlebitis

222

(1)

Raynaud's

222

(1)

Aneurysms

222

(2)

Congestive Heart Failure

224

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

224

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

225

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

226

(3)

Answer Rationales

227

(2)

Chapter 14 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System

229

(22)

Seizures

230

(3)

Types of Seizures

230

(2)

Treatment of Seizure Clients

232

(1)

Status Epilepticus

233

(1)

Brain Injuries

233

(1)

Epidural Hematomas

233

(1)

Subdural Hematonia

234

(1)

Treatment of Fpidural and Subdural Hematomas

234

(1)

Increased Intracranial Pressure

234

(3)

Treatment of ICP

236

(1)

Neurological Assessment

237

(3)

Cranial Nerve Assessment

237

(1)

Glasgow Coma Scale

238

(1)

Intracranial Pressure Monitors

239

(1)

Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy)

240

(1)

Spinal Cord Injury

241

(2)

Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries

241

(1)

Potential Complications with SCI Clients

242

(1)

Guillain-Barré

243

(1)

Treating Clients with Guillian-Barre

243

(1)

Degenerative Neurological Disorders

244

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

245

(1)

Pharmacology for Review

246

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

247

(4)

Answer Rationales

248

(3)

Chapter 15 Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders

251

(26)

Anxiety-Related Disorders

252

(4)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

253

(1)

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

253

(1)

Dissociative Identity Disorder

254

(1)

Somatoform Disorder

254

(1)

Panic Disorder

255

(1)

Phobic Disorders

255

(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

255

(1)

Personality Disorders

256

(4)

Cluster A

257

(1)

Cluster B

258

(1)

Cluster C

259

(1)

Managing Clients with Personality Disorders

260

(1)

Psychotic Disorders

260

(4)

Schizophrenia

260

(3)

Bipolar Disorders

263

(1)

Substance Abuse

264

(5)

Alcoholism

265

(1)

Other Commonly Abused Substances

266

(3)

Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

269

(2)

Conduct Disorder

269

(1)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

269

(1)

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

269

(1)

Eating Disorders

270

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

271

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

271

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

272

(5)

Answer Rationales

273

(4)

Chapter 16 Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client

277

(32)

Signs of Pregnancy

278

(1)

Presumptive Signs

278

(1)

Probable Signs

278

(1)

Positive Signs

279

(1)

Prenatal Care

279

(2)

Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance

279

(1)

Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening

280

(1)

Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests

280

(1)

Measuring Fetal Heart Tones

281

(1)

Signs of Complications of Pregnancy

281

(1)

Types of Abortions

282

(1)

Abnormalities Effecting Pregnancy

283

(1)

Diabetes in Pregnancy

283

(1)

Preeclampsia

284

(1)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

285

(1)

Cord Prolapse

285

(1)

Maternal Infections

286

(4)

Preterm Labor

290

(1)

Intrapartal Care

291

(3)

Stages of Labor

292

(1)

Phases of Labor

292

(1)

Important Terms You Should Know

292

(2)

Prelabor Testing

294

(1)

Fetal Monitoring

294

(3)

Pharmacologic Management of Labor

297

(1)

Postpartum Care

298

(1)

Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn

298

(1)

Rh Incompatibility

299

(1)

Contraception

300

(2)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

302

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

303

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

304

(5)

Answer Rationales

306

(3)

Chapter 17 Caring for the Pediatric Client

309

(40)

Growth and Development

310

(7)

Infant (28 Days to 1 Year)

310

(2)

Toddler (1-3 Years)

312

(1)

Preschooler (3-5 Years)

313

(2)

School Age (6-12 Years)

315

(1)

Adolescence (12-18 Years)

316

(1)

Congenital Anomalies

317

(11)

Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal System

317

(5)

Anomalies of the Musculoskeltal System

322

(2)

Anomalies of the Cardiovascular System

324

(3)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

327

(1)

Respiratory Disorders

328

(5)

Acute Otitis Media

329

(1)

Tonsillitis

329

(2)

Laryngotracheobronchitis

331

(1)

Acute Epiglottitis

331

(1)

Bronchiolitis

332

(1)

Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)

333

(1)

Gastrointestinal Disorders

333

(2)

Gastroenteritis

334

(1)

Pyloric Stenosis

334

(1)

Intussusception

335

(1)

Celiac (Gluten-induced Enteropathy, Celiac Sprue)

335

(1)

Cardiovascular Disorders

335

(4)

Rheumatic Fever

336

(1)

Kawasaki's Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)

337

(2)

Musculoskeletal Disorders

339

(1)

Scoliosis

339

(1)

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana)

339

(1)

Muscular Dystrophies

340

(1)

Childhood Cancer

340

(1)

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

341

(1)

Leukemia

341

(1)

Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)

341

(1)

Ingestion of Hazardous Substances

341

(2)

Salicylate Overdose

342

(1)

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Overdose

342

(1)

Lead (Plumbism)

342

(1)

Iron Poisoning

343

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Review

343

(1)

Pharmacology Categories for Review

344

(1)

Exam Prep Questions

345

(4)

Answer Rationales

346

(3)

Chapter 18 Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care

349

(20)

Cultural Diversity and Its Effect on Healthcare

350

(1)

Cultural Assessment

350

(2)

Understanding Client Beliefs

350

(1)

Working with Clients Who Speak Different Languages

351

(1)

Healthcare of Hispanics/Latinos

352

(2)

Time Considerations

353

(1)

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication

354

(1)

Childbirth and Pain Response

354

(1)

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

354

(2)

Time Considerations

355

(1)

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication

355

(1)

Childbirth and Pain Response

355

(1)

Asian-Americans

356

(2)

Time Considerations

357

(1)

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication

357

(1)

Childbirth and Pain Response

358

(1)

Arab-Americans

358

(2)

Time Considerations

359

(1)

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication

359

(1)

Childbirth and Pain Response

359

(1)

Nursing Plan Dietary Considerations Across Cultures

360

(2)

Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Care Considerations

362

(2)

Exam Prep Questions

364

(5)

Answer Rationales

365

(4)

Chapter 19 Legal Issues in Nursing Practice

369

(16)

Legal Issues in Nursing Practice

370

(1)

Types of Laws

371

(2)

Statutory Laws/Regulatory Laws

371

(1)

Civil Law

371

(1)

Criminal Law

371

(1)

Common Law

372

(1)

Code of Ethical Behavior in Nursing Practice

373

(1)

Legalities That Affect Nursing Practice

374

(2)

Negligence

374

(1)

Malpractice

374

(1)

Assault

375

(1)

Torts

375

(1)

Fraud

375

(1)

Witnessing Consent for Care

375

(1)

Managing Client Care

376

(4)

Exam Prep Questions

380

(135)

Answer Rationales

381

(4)

Chapter 20 Practice Exam I

385

(36)

Chapter 21 Answers to Practice Exam I

421

(30)

Answer Rationales

423

(28)

Chapter 22 Practice Exam II

451

(36)

Chapter 23 Answers to Practice Exam II

487

(28)

Answer Rationales

489

(26)

Appendix A CD Contents and Installation Instructions

515

(4)

The CramMaster Engine

515

(1)

Multiple Test Modes

515

(1)

Pretest Mode

516

(1)

Adaptive Drill Mode

516

(1)

Simulated Exam Mode

516

(1)

Installing CramMaster for the NCLEX-PNŽ Exam

516

(1)

Using CramMaster for the NCLEX-PNŽ Exam

517

(1)

Customer Support

518

Appendix B Things You Forgot

on CD

Appendix C Alphabetical Listing of Nursing Boards in the United States and Protectorates

on CD

Appendix D Need to Know More?

on CD

Glossary

519

(24)

Index

543

Excerpts

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