The Human Microbiome

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Transcript of The Human Microbiome

IntroductionConclusion Humans and our microbes co-evolved for the mutual benefit of both the host and the residents.Table of ContentsAbout 25% of human cells is a human body. The rest is thousands of species of bacteria and other microbes. Red-Fungal

Blue-Bacterial

Green-Human

The Human Microbiome

- Introduction

- Definition of Human Microbiome

- Function of the Microbiome

- Research Methodologies

- Relationship between Microbiome, Health and Disease

- Application of Microbiome to the Development of Human Life

- Conclusion

- References

DefinitionMicrobiome: the collection of microorganisms or microbes which includes bacteria, viruses and fungi inside human cellsFunction of the MicrobiomeMicrobiota: the individual’s life history of interaction within their environment.The Human Microbiome Project seeks to categorize the entire genome of all of our microbial 'passengers'Recent breakthroughs in genetic sequencing technology have given us a new view into the function and interactions of microbes living in and on the human body.We are just now discovering a connection between our diets, birthing practices, lifestyle and environment with the types of bacteria which populate various parts of the body.Comparing it to disease states in unhealthy individuals, microbiologists hope to build further comparative analysis of the collected data.The human body is made up of 10 times more microbial cells than human cells and they outnumber our genome by a factor of 100-to-one. Escherichia-coli

ActinobacteriaBacteroidetesFermicutes

We now view the human as a 'superorganism' composed of trillions of microbes.The study of the human microbiome is still in its infancy.Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces, are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medical and agricultural uses such as antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals, antithrombotics, enzyme inhibitors, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and growth promoting substances for plants and animals.

Research MethodologiesCyanobacteriaThe microbial distribution of human skin.Advances in genetic sequencing techniques allow us a 'window' into microbe populations as they exist naturally Bacterial Phyla found on human skinOLD METHODNEW METHODBacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.[3] The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (greek for blue). They are often called blue-green algae, and are responsible for the creation and prolifration of Oxygen on the planet. OLD METHODNEW METHODBacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax. Firmicutes make up the largest portion of the mouse and human gut microbiome. But firmicutes are also responsible for the largest variety of commonly experienced human diseases such as staph., strep., UTIs, Pheumonia, Lysteria, Anthrax and more. Bacterius Fragillis.

Primarily found in gut but also skin. The main sources of energy for Bacteroides species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans. Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition - those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates the Prevotella species dominate along with firmicutes.Thursday Group 07: Ayan Melikli Batbayar Majigsuren Chathuska Piyaratne Michael Scott Quoc Bao NguyenThey include a wide variety of pathogens (e.g. salmonella, e-coli) as well as bacteria responible for nitrogen fixation (the process of converting nitrogen into ammonium).Human Microbiome1,000,000+genes16S rRNA Metagenomic SequencingRelationship between Microbiome, Health, and DiseaseHuman genome

16S rRNA gene sequencing is a method for studying phylogeny and taxonomy of samples from complex microbiomes or environments that are difficult or impossible to study.Human microbiome has linked it influence to even the brain and adding additional fuel to the fire that is the gut brain axis connection References The fact that antibiotics kill pathogens but in the process also causes big change in a human’s regular microbiome has influenced ongoing researchRelationship between Microbiome, Health, and DiseaseHuman health depends on maintaining a good relationship with a complex set of the microbiome is the recognition that the microbiome can contribute to disease in previously unexpected ways23,000 genesMicrobiome of the mouth, skin, vagina, lung and stomach also alter in various disease states. By using microbiome from healthy people to transplant to sick people doctors have changed the outcome of fatal diseasesFurthermore, diseases as asthma, diabetes, obesity, cancer and heart disease have been shown to be influenced by the microbiomeNowadays, several vaccines, pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements are developed using microbial organisms to confer a health benefit to humans ProteobacteriaFunctions of the Microbiome to digest food, to prevent disease-causing bacteria from invading the body/supporting immunity to synthesize essential nutrients and vitamins.weight and food regulation and controlother health and disease functionsaiding in human infant birth and devlopment Found in our gut, mouth, skin and elsewhere in our bodies these microbial communities have numerous beneficial functions relevant to supporting life. Some of these functions including Infant development and the human microbiomeIn-uteroBirthImmediately after exiting the womb.Birth- 3 yearsIn utero the infant/foetus is recognized to exist in a sterile environmentIn the pregnant mother, neonatal-vaginal microbiota changes to accommodate for the needs of the developing foetus and baby. The microbial communities that reside within pregnant women differ from that of non-pregnant women. Bacterial community state types which were previously shown to be associated with pathogenic or infectious bacteria were less present in the microbiome of women experiencing a normal pregnancy. pregnancy is characterized by a greater degree of stability than observed in non‐pregnant womeninstability of this microbiota could lead to preterm labour and health problems for the infantIt has also been shown that amniotic fluid of mothers with preterm labor contains a large and diverse spectrum of bacterial rDNA Immediately upon delivery the microbially nakedinfant becomes colonized by the mother’s microbiota depending on the mode of delivery.Cesarian delivery only colonizes the baby with skin microbiota"Natural" birth seems to immuize the new-bornsaganst certain ilnesses and populated the gut flora in preparation for breast feeding. C-section delivered infants have lower gut microbial richness and diversity at 4 months than vaginally delivered infants for whom this happens almost instantaneously

The “hygiene hypothesis” suggests that an overly clean environment, especially in early childhood, may contribute to the development of several childhood diseases. Patterns of colonization in full‐term infants generally vary by diet, the infants’ genetics and epigenetics (and a limited set of other variables such as diet, physical environment, peers etc.) with the infant gut reaching an adult‐ike state around 2.5-3 years of lifeNewborns also acquire microbes from their fathers, sibling and caregivers.Further colonized through ingestion of the mother’s milk; plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal, immunological and neurological development of the infant.The hospital of birth has an influence due to the differing population of patients and clinicians, as well as the physical environment itself.Antibiotic use had an important influenceBreastfed infants have been shown to have lower incidences of asthma, diarrhea, and necrotizing enterocolitis compared with formula-fed infants.Protective effect due to the types of bacteria present in breast-milk, as infants fed formula supplemented with probiotics were betterprotected against these conditions compared to those fed "normal" formula.

Current research has shown that we are conceived and enter the world on terms we have no control over that consist of hundreds and thousands of variables. With time and moreresearch we can attempt to understand how all of these variables correlate and how they could be controlled to optimize infant and ultimately human development; especially as the development of the human infant from birth to 5 years of age has a great effect on his/her state of health and well-being as an adult.