List of Baroque residences

This is a list of Baroque palaces built in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Baroque architecture is a building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state.

Baroque architecture often includes fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural elements, opulent use of colour and ornaments and an external façade often characterized by a dramatic central projection. Many European palaces drew inspiration from the Palace of Versailles, started in 1682, making it one of the most imitated buildings of the 17th century.[1]

Baroque architecture
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It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity. Baroque architecture and its embellishments were on the one hand more accessible to the emotions and on the other hand, the new style manifested itself in particular in the context of the new religious orders, like the Theatines and the Jesuits who aimed to

Baroque
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. Howe

Roman architecture
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Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empir

Renaissance architecture
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Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. Italy of the 15th

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The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the object of Brunelleschi's studies of perspective

Palace of Versailles
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The Palace of Versailles, Château de Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. Versailles is therefore not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. First built by Louis XIII in 1623, as a lodge of brick and stone. The first phase of t

Stockholm Palace
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Stockholm Palace or The Royal Palace is the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish monarch. Stockholm Palace is located on Stadsholmen, in Gamla stan in the capital, the offices of the King, the other members of the Swedish Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden are located here. The palace is used for represen

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The Royal Palace in Stockholm.

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De la Vallée's suggestion from 1654

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Tessin the Younger's adaptation of the city area west of the palace in the 1650s and 1690s

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The northern row with the planned Lejonbacken before the fire in 1697. From the Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna.

Winter Palace
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The Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Today, the restored palace forms part of a complex of housing the Hermitage Museum. The storming of the palace in 1917 as depicted in Soviet paintings, the palace was constructed on a monumental scale that was intended to reflect t

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The Winter Palace, from Palace Square. The onion dome of the palace's grand church is visible above the right of the Baroque façade.

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The first Winter Palace, designed in 1711 for Peter the Great, by Domenico Trezzini who, 16 years later, was to design the third Winter Palace.

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The third Winter Palace of 1727. Designed by Domenico Trezzini it incorporated the second Winter Palace of 1721 by Georg Mattarnovy as one of its terminating pavilions.

Palazzo Altieri
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Palazzo Altieri is a palace in Rome, which was the home of the Altieri family in the city. The palace faces the square in front of the Church of the Gesù, the Altieri were one of the prominent families in Rome claiming descendancy from Roman nobility, and included Pope Clement X. When Pope Clement ascended to the throne in 1670, further renovations

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The Palazzo Altieri

Palazzo Barberini
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The Palazzo Barberini is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. It houses the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica, the sloping site had formerly been occupied by a garden-vineyard of the Sforza family, in which a palazzetto had been built in 1549. The sloping site passed from one cardinal to another during the sixtee

Palazzo Montecitorio
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The Palazzo Montecitorio is a palace in Rome and the seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. The palaces name derives from the hill on which it is built, which was claimed to be the Mons Citatorius. The building was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for the young Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. The building was designated for public and social function

Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying with

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First appearance of the word "ostarrichi", circled in red. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation.

Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, V

House of Habsburg
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The House of Habsburg, also called House of Hapsburg, or House of Austria, was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740, from the sixteenth century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish

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House of Habsburg

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Growth of the Habsburg Empire in Central Europe.

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A map of the dominion of the Habsburgs following the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) as depicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green, but do not include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which they presided, nor the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, particularly in the New World.

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Spanish branch's family tree with connections to Emperors' branch

Belvedere Palace
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The Belvedere is a historic building complex in Vienna, Austria, consisting of two Baroque palaces, the Orangery, and the Palace Stables. The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape in the district of the city. The grounds are set on a gradient and include decorative tiered fountains and cascades, Baroque sculptures. The Baroque palace comple

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Upper Belvedere at night

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View of the gardens seen from the Upper Belvedere, painted by Canaletto in 1758

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Upper Belvedere

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Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Schloss Laxenburg
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Laxenburg castles are imperial palaces and castles outside Vienna, in the town of Laxenburg, Lower Austria. The castles became a Habsburg possession in 1333 and formerly served as a retreat, along with Schönbrunn palace. Blauer Hof Palace was the birthplace of some members of the royal family, another castle nearby is named Franzensburg castle. Tod

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Altes Schloss in Laxenburg

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Blauer Hof

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Franzensburg

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Altes Schloss etching from the 17th century

Laxenburg
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Laxenburg is a market town in the district of Mödling, in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Laxenburg became a Habsburg possession in 1333, duke Albert III had a hunting lodge erected here and vested the settlement with market rights. The castle again decayed afterwards, until in the 17th century it was restored at the behest of Emperor Leopold

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Coat of arms

Maria Theresia
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Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, by marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her

Palais Schwarzenberg
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Palais Schwarzenberg is a Baroque palace in front of Schwarzenbergplatz, Landstraße, the 3rd district of Vienna, Austria. It is owned by the princely Schwarzenberg family, construction started in 1697 under the architect Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt and finished with alterations in 1728 under Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Construction was sup

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Palais Schwarzenberg.

Halbturn
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Halbturn is a town in the district of Neusiedl am See in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It borders Hungary to the east and is near Andau, Gols, in 2008 a team of archeologists discovered a third-century AD amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael inscribed on it. It is considered to be the earliest su

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Halbturn

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
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Charles VI succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Croatia, and King of Serbia, Archduke of Austria, etc. in 1711. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain as Charles III following the death of its ruler, four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs,

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Charles VI in the regalia of the Order of the Golden Fleece; painting attributed to Martin van Meytens

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Signature

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The future Emperor Charles VI

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Charles VI, 1721

Eisenstadt
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Eisenstadt is a city in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. It has a population of about 14,241, in the Habsburg monarchy, Kismarton was the seat of the Eszterházy Hungarian noble family. The composer Joseph Haydn lived there as Hofkapellmeister under Esterházy patronage, Eisenstadt lies on a plain leading down to the river Wulka, at the sout

Schloss Eggenberg (Graz)
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Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace complex in Styria. Eggenberg Palace is situated at an elevation of 381 meters, with its construction and accouterment history, it exhibits the vicissitude and patronage of the one-time mightiest dynasty in Styria, the House of Eggenberg. In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized for it

Graz
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Graz is the capital of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2017, it had a population of 320,587, in 2014, the population of the Graz Larger Urban Zone who had principal residence status stood at 605,143. Graz has a tradition as a university town, its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Its Old Town is o

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Rathaus (Town Hall) at dusk

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Aerial photography showing the historic city center of Graz

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Graz, Georg Matthäus Vischer (1670)

Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg
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Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg was an Austrian statesman, a son of Seyfried von Eggenberg, Lord of Erbersdorf, and great-grandson of Balthasar Eggenberger. He was a prominent member of the House of Eggenberg and gained the title of Duke of Krumau and his career, however, developed too quickly and too successfully for it to go unnoticed and unenvi

Schloss Trautenfels
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Trautenfels Castle is a palace located in the district of Liezen in Styria. It lies directly on the Enns at 673m in the municipality Pürgg-Trautenfels on a protrusion at the foot of the Grimming. The first documented mention of a construction at the crossroads of the Salzstrasse with the stretch through the Ennstal Valley dates from 1260/62, the me

Palais Auersperg
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Palais Auersperg, originally called Palais Rosenkavalier, is a baroque palace at Auerspergstraße 1 in the Josefstadt or eighth district of Vienna, Austria. The middle section of the palace was altered between 1720 and 1723 by Johann Christian Neupauer, in 1749, Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen started to use the palace as his winter residence.

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Palais Auersperg in Vienna

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Palais Auersperg

Principality of Auersperg
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The House of Auersperg is an Austrian noble family with its roots in Carniola. Former ministeriales in the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, from 1663 the Princes of Auersperg also held immediate estates around Tengen. The former edelfrei family was first mentioned as Ursperch in an 1162 deed issued by Duke Herman II of Carinthia at his

Belarus
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Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres is forested and its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian Peoples Republic, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a found

Nesvizh Castle
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Niasvizh Castle or Nesvizh Castle is a residential castle of the Radziwiłł family in Nesvizh, Belarus. It is 183 metres above sea level, from 1921 to 1939 the complex was in Poland and was considered one of the most beautiful Polish castles in the Kresy region. The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł magnate family from 1533, in 1586 the estate was t

Nesvizh
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Nesvizh is a city in Belarus. It is the center of the Nesvizh District of Minsk Province. Nesvizh was first documented in 1223, later becoming a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the 15th century, while still a minor town, it passed to the Radziwiłł princely family, and remained the familys home until 1813. The first Belarusian language book

New Hrodna Castle
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The New Castle in Hrodna, Belarus is a royal palace of Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski where the famous Grodno Sejm took place in 1793. New Hrodna Castle is 116 metres above sea level, the two castles are joined by a 300-year-old arch bridge. The palace compound was designed by Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann, construction was car

Hrodna
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Grodno or Hrodna is a city in western Belarus. It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and it is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District. In Belarusian, the city is referred to as Го́радня or Гаро́дня. In Latin it was known as Grodna, in Polish as Grodno, the Lithuanian name of the city is Gardinas. The modern city of Gro

Augustus III of Poland
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The only legitimate son of Augustus II of Poland, he followed his father’s example by joining the Roman Catholic Church in 1712. In 1719 he married Maria Josepha, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph I, chosen king by a small minority of electors on 5 October 1733, he drove his rival, the former Polish king Stanisław I, into exile. He was crow

Dzyatlava
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Dziatlava is a town in Belarus in the Hrodna voblast, about 165 km southeast of Hrodna. The population was 7,700 in 2016, in the 17th century the settlement was owned by Lew Sapieha, who ordered a Catholic church to be erected on the main city square. The church was consecrated in 1646, renovated after a fire in 1743, during the Great Northern War

Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers w

Palace of Charles of Lorraine
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The Palace of Charles of Lorraine was the residence of Charles Alexander of Lorraine in Brussels. Charles was governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands from 1744 to 1780, the palace is located at the Museum-square in the upper city, near the Place Royale. The construction was started in 1757 on the place where the palace of Nassau had stood, the

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The Palace

Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a popu

Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine
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Charles was the son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte dOrléans. When his elder brother Franz/Francis, Duke of Lorraine, married the Archduchess Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI, during the War of the Austrian Succession, he was one of the principal Austrian military commanders. He was most notable for his defe

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Prince Charles Alexander Emanuel

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Coat of arms of Charles Alexander of Lorraine as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million i

Slavkov u Brna
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Slavkov u Brna is a country town east of Brno in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The town gave its name to the Battle of Austerlitz which took place several kilometres to the west of the town, at the beginning of the 13th century, the Teutonic Order built a monastery stronghold whose remains can still be seen today in the vaults of

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Castle

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Front view of the Austerlitz Palace (with stalls during the 200th anniversary of the battle of Austerlitz)

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Church of the Resurrection

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St. Urbanus Chapel on a hill over the town

Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz
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Wenzel Anton, Prince von Kaunitz-Rietberg was an Austrian diplomat and statesman of the Habsburg Monarchy. A proponent of enlightened absolutism, he held the office of State Chancellor for about four decades, responsible for the policies under the reign of Maria Theresa, Joseph II. In 1764 he was elevated to the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman E

Valtice
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Valtice is a small town in Břeclav District, South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic, close to the Austrian border. Valtice contains one of the most impressive Baroque residences of Central Europe and it was designed as the seat of the ruling princes of Liechtenstein by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in the early 18th century. Together with

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Valtice Castle

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Parish church

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Temple of Diana

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Town hall

Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein
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Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein was the Prince of Liechtenstein. He inherited this title in 1627 from his father Karl I and he was 16 and thus considered underage and his uncles Prince Gundakar and Maximillian acted as regents until 1632. From 1639 to 1641 Karl was Chief Captain of High and Low Silesia, after the Thirty Years War Karl effect

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Karl Eusebius

Troja Palace
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Troja Palace is a Baroque palace located in Troja, Pragues north-west borough. It was built for the Counts of Sternberg from 1679 to 1691, the palace is owned by the city of Prague and hosts the 19th century Czech art collections of the City Gallery. The palaces design has influenced by French and Italian architecture and is mostly the work of Fren

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Troja Palace, Prague

Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic c

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The Prague astronomical clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.

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A view of one of the bridge towers of the Charles Bridge

Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of

Bregentved
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Bregentved is a manor house located 3 km east of Haslev on the Danish island of Zealand. It has been owned by the Moltke family since the middle of the 18th century, the first known reference to Bregentved is from 1319 when King Eric VI of Denmark passed the estate to Roskilde Abbey. From the end of the 14th century the property was owned by a succ

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Bregentved: The eastern main wing to the left and the older north wing to the right

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Eigtved's Bregentved

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The main wing

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Bregentved House and Park

Faxe Municipality
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Faxe municipality is a municipality in Denmark in Region Sjælland on the island of Zealand. The municipality covers an area of 406 km² and has a population of 35,418 and its mayor as of 2010 is Knud Erik Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats political party. On 1 January 2007 Faxe municipality, as the result of Kommunalreformen, on 5 June 2007,

Adam Gottlob Moltke
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Count Adam Gottlob Moltke was a Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat, and Favourite of Frederick V of Denmark. Moltke was born at Riesenhof in Mecklenburg and his son, Joachim Godske Moltke, and his grandson, Adam Wilhelm Moltke, later served as Prime Minister of Denmark. Adam Gottlob Greve Moltke was born 10/11 November 1710 to Joachim von Molt

Charlottenlund Palace
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Charlottenlund Palace is a former royal summer residence in Charlottenlund, some 10 km north of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The palace was named after Charlotte Amalie, who was responsible for the construction of the original palace and it was later extended and adapted for Crown Prince Frederick VIII to a design by Ferdinand Meldahl in the early

4.
Anne Boleyn's Gate. The Tudor gatehouse and astronomical clock, made for Henry VIII in 1540 (C on plan above) Two of the Renaissance bas reliefs by Giovanni di Maiano can be seen set into the brickwork.

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Baroque architecture
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It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity. Baroque architecture and its embellishments were on the one hand more accessible to the emotions and on the other hand, the new style manifested itself in particular in the context of the new religious orders, like the Theatines and the Jesuits who aimed to improve popular piety. The architecture of the High Roman Baroque can be assigned to the reigns of Urban VIII, Innocent X and Alexander VII. Dissemination of Baroque architecture to the south of Italy resulted in variations such as Sicilian Baroque architecture or that of Naples. To the north, the Theatine architect Camillo-Guarino Guarini, Bernardo Vittone and Sicilian born Filippo Juvarra contributed Baroque buildings to the city of Turin and the Piedmont region. A synthesis of Bernini, Borromini and Cortona’s architecture can be seen in the late Baroque architecture of northern Europe which paved the way for the more decorative Rococo style. During the 17th century, Baroque architecture spread through Europe and Latin America, michelangelos late Roman buildings, particularly St. Peters Basilica, may be considered precursors to Baroque architecture. Colonialism required the development of centralized and powerful governments with Spain and France, the initial mismanagement of colonial wealth by the Spaniards bankrupted them in the 16th century, recovering only slowly in the following century. While this was good for the industries and the arts, the new wealth created an inflation. Rome was known just as much for its new sumptuous churches as for its vagabonds, one of the first Roman structures to break with the Mannerist conventions exemplified in the Gesù, was the church of Santa Susanna, designed by Carlo Maderno. The dynamic rhythm of columns and pilasters, central massing, there is an incipient playfulness with the rules of classic design, but it still maintains rigor. These concerns are more evident in his reworking of Santa Maria della Pace. Probably the most well known example of such an approach is Saint Peters Square, the piazza, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is formed principally by two colonnades of free standing columns centred on an Egyptian obelisk. Berninis own favourite design was his church of SantAndrea al Quirinale decorated with polychome marbles. His secular architecture included the Palazzo Barberini based on plans by Maderno, Berninis rival, the architect Francesco Borromini, produced designs that deviated dramatically from the regular compositions of the ancient world and Renaissance. His building plans were based on geometric figures, his architectural forms were unusual and inventive. Borrominis architectural spaces seem to expand and contract when needed, showing some affinity with the style of Michelangelo. A later work, the church of SantIvo alla Sapienza, displays the same playful inventiveness and antipathy to the flat surface, following the death of Bernini in 1680, Carlo Fontana emerged as the most influential architect working in Rome

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Baroque
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The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories

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Roman architecture
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Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire and it used new materials, particularly concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete, Roman Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Almost no substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on walls, punctuated by arches. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades, however, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns, and treated the orders with considerable freedom. Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman concrete as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone, more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concretes strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment, factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches, together with a knowledge of building materials. Examples include the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla and these were reproduced at a smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis. The administrative structure and wealth of the empire made possible very large even in locations remote from the main centres, as did the use of slave labour. Especially under the empire, architecture often served a function, demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general. The influence is evident in many ways, for example, in the introduction and use of the Triclinium in Roman villas as a place, Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire. The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the Concrete Revolution, was the use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a range of civil engineering structures, public buildings

Roman architecture
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The Colosseum in Rome, Italy
Roman architecture
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An area at the Ostia Antica archaeological site: at one time, shops were located here
Roman architecture
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The Roman Pantheon was the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium. It is the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day
Roman architecture
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Dome of the Pantheon, inner view

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Renaissance architecture
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Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. Italy of the 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance, the scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with the general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about, Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose. Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Baptistery, Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. In the 15th century, Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them and this enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy, in the early Renaissance, Venice controlled sea trade over goods from the East. Trade brought wool from England to Florence, ideally located on the river for the production of fine cloth, by dominating Pisa, Florence gained a seaport, and also maintained dominance of Genoa. In this commercial climate, one family in particular turned their attention from trade to the business of money-lending. The Medici became the chief bankers to the princes of Europe, becoming virtually princes themselves as they did so, along the trade routes, and thus offered some protection by commercial interest, moved not only goods but also artists, scientists and philosophers. This commenced in the mid 15th century and gained momentum in the 16th century, the construction of the Sistine Chapel with its uniquely important decorations and the entire rebuilding of St Peters, one of Christendoms most significant churches, were part of this process. In wealthy republican Florence, the impetus for church-building was more civic than spiritual, the unfinished state of the enormous cathedral dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary did no honour to the city under her patronage. The dome inspired further religious works in Florence, through Humanism, civic pride and the promotion of civil peace and order were seen as the marks of citizenship. Some major ecclesiastical building works were commissioned, not by the church. During the Renaissance, architecture became not only a question of practice, printing played a large role in the dissemination of ideas. The first treatise on architecture was De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti in 1450 and it was to some degree dependent on Vitruviuss De architectura, a manuscript of which was discovered in 1414 in a library in Switzerland. De re aedificatoria in 1485 became the first printed book on architecture, Sebastiano Serlio produced the next important text, the first volume of which appeared in Venice in 1537, it was entitled Regole generali darchitettura. It is known as Serlios Fourth Book since it was the fourth in Serlios original plan of a treatise in seven books, in all, five books were published

Renaissance architecture
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Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. This small temple marks the place where St Peter was put to death.
Renaissance architecture
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Temple of Vesta, Rome, 205 AD. As the most important temple of Ancient Rome, it became the model for Bramante's Tempietto.
Renaissance architecture
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Renaissance
Renaissance architecture
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The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the object of Brunelleschi's studies of perspective

5.
Palace of Versailles
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The Palace of Versailles, Château de Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. Versailles is therefore not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. First built by Louis XIII in 1623, as a lodge of brick and stone. The first phase of the expansion was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau and it culminated in the addition of three new wings of stone, which surrounded Louis XIIIs original building on the north, south, and west. After Le Vaus death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by his assistant, charles Le Brun designed and supervised the elaborate interior decoration, and André Le Nôtre landscaped the extensive Gardens of Versailles. Le Brun and Le Nôtre collaborated on the fountains, and Le Brun supervised the design. During the second phase of expansion, two enormous wings north and south of the wings flanking the Cour Royale were added by the architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart. He also replaced Le Vaus large terrace, facing the garden on the west, with became the most famous room of the palace. The Royal Chapel of Versailles, located at the end of the north wing, was begun by Mansart in 1688. One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost – how much Louis XIV, owing to the nature of the construction of Versailles and the evolution of the role of the palace, construction costs were essentially a private matter. Initially, Versailles was planned to be a residence for Louis XIV and was referred to as the kings house. Once Louis XIV embarked on his campaigns, expenses for Versailles became more of a matter for public record. To counter the costs of Versailles during the years of Louis XIVs personal reign. Accordingly, all materials that went into the construction and decoration of Versailles were manufactured in France, even the mirrors used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors were made in France. While Venice in the 17th century had the monopoly on the manufacture of mirrors, to meet the demands for decorating and furnishing Versailles, Colbert nationalised the tapestry factory owned by the Gobelin family, to become the Manufacture royale des Gobelins. In 1667, the name of the enterprise was changed to the Manufacture royale des Meubles de la Couronne, the Comptes meticulously list the expenditures on the silver furniture – disbursements to artists, final payments, delivery – as well as descriptions and weight of items purchased. Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example. 5 In anticipation, For the silver balustrade for the bedroom,90,000 livres II

6.
Stockholm Palace
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Stockholm Palace or The Royal Palace is the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish monarch. Stockholm Palace is located on Stadsholmen, in Gamla stan in the capital, the offices of the King, the other members of the Swedish Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden are located here. The palace is used for representative purposes by the King whilst performing his duties as the head of state. This royal residence has been in the location by Norrström in the northern part of the Gamla stan in Stockholm since the middle of the 13th century when the Tre Kronor Castle was built. In modern times the name relates to the building called Kungliga Slottet, the palace was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and erected on the same place as the medieval Tre Kronor Castle which was destroyed in a fire on 7 May 1697. Due to the costly Great Northern War which started in 1700, construction of the palace was halted in 1709, when Tessin the Younger died in 1728, the palace was completed by Carl Hårleman who also designed a large part of its Rococo interior. The palace was not ready to use until 1754, when King Adolf Frederick and Queen Louisa Ulrika moved in, as of 2009 the interior of the palace consists of 1,430 rooms of which 660 have windows. The palace contains apartments for the Royal families, representation and festivities such as the State Apartments, the Guest Apartments, the National Library of Sweden was housed in the northeast wing, the Biblioteksflygeln, until 1878. As of 2014 it houses the Bernadotte Library, the Slottsarkivet is housed in the Chancery Wing. In the palace are the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden, the Royal Guards has guarded the palace and the Royal Family since 1523. A comprehensive renovation of the began in 2011, to repair weather damaged parts made from sandstone. The repairs are estimated to cost approx,500 million crowns during a period of 22 years. The first building on site was a fortress with a core tower built in the 13th century by Birger Jarl to defend Lake Mälaren. The fortress grew to a castle, eventually named Tre Kronor for the towers spire top decorated with three crowns. At the beginning of the 17th century, King Gustavus Adolphus made plans for a new royal palace, contemporaneous copperplates from 1654 shows de la Vallée’s idea of a more visible castle on a raised plateau with a connecting bridge over the Norrström. Queen Christina remodelled and embellished the castle extensively, but no new castle was built during her reign. In 1661, he presented the first draft for a conversion of the row which his son, Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, would later rework. A map of the Stadsholmen from the 1650s, illustrates de la Vallées suggestion for the conversion of the old castle, the project also brought about an adjustment of the Slottsbacken, making it partially enclosed by buildings

Stockholm Palace
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The Royal Palace in Stockholm.
Stockholm Palace
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De la Vallée's suggestion from 1654
Stockholm Palace
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Tessin the Younger's adaptation of the city area west of the palace in the 1650s and 1690s
Stockholm Palace
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The northern row with the planned Lejonbacken before the fire in 1697. From the Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna.

7.
Winter Palace
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The Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Today, the restored palace forms part of a complex of housing the Hermitage Museum. The storming of the palace in 1917 as depicted in Soviet paintings, the palace was constructed on a monumental scale that was intended to reflect the might and power of Imperial Russia. From the palace, the Tsar ruled over 22,400,000 square kilometers and it was designed by many architects, most notably Bartolomeo Rastrelli, in what came to be known as the Elizabethan Baroque style. The green-and-white palace has the shape of a rectangle. The Winter Palace has been calculated to contain 1,786 doors,1,945 windows,1,500 rooms and 117 staircases. Following the February Revolution of 1917, the palace was for a time the seat of the Russian Provisional Government. Later that same year, the palace was stormed by a detachment of Red Army soldiers, on a less glorious note, the month-long looting of the palaces wine cellars during this troubled period led to what has been described as the greatest hangover in history. This policy was manifested in bricks and mortar by the creation of a new city, Saint Petersburg, in 1703. The Tsar intended that his new city would be designed in a Flemish renaissance style, later known as Petrine Baroque, and this was the style he selected for his new palace in the city. The first Royal residence on the site had been a log cabin then known as the Domik Petra I, built in 1704. In 1711 it was transported to the Petrovskaya Embankment, where it still stands, with the site cleared, the Tsar then embarked on the building of a larger house between 1711 and 1712. This house, today referred to as the first Winter Palace, was designed by Domenico Trezzini, the 18th century was a period of great development in European royal architecture, as the need for a fortified residence gradually lessened. This process, which had begun in the late 16th century, accelerated, one of the earliest and most notable examples was Louis XIVs Versailles. Largely completed by 1710, Versailles—with its size and splendour—heightened rivalry amongst the sovereigns of Europe, Peter the Great of Russia, keen to promote all western concepts, wished to have a modern palace like his fellow sovereigns. However, unlike some of his successors, Peter I never aspired to rival Versailles, the first Winter Palace was a modest building of two main floors under a slate roof. It seems that Peter soon tired of the first palace, for in 1721 and it was here that Peter the Great died in 1725. The Winter Palace was not the palace in the unfinished city, or even the most splendid, as Peter had ordered his nobles to construct residences

Winter Palace
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The Winter Palace, from Palace Square. The onion dome of the palace's grand church is visible above the right of the Baroque façade.
Winter Palace
Winter Palace
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The first Winter Palace, designed in 1711 for Peter the Great, by Domenico Trezzini who, 16 years later, was to design the third Winter Palace.
Winter Palace
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The third Winter Palace of 1727. Designed by Domenico Trezzini it incorporated the second Winter Palace of 1721 by Georg Mattarnovy as one of its terminating pavilions.

8.
Palazzo Altieri
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Palazzo Altieri is a palace in Rome, which was the home of the Altieri family in the city. The palace faces the square in front of the Church of the Gesù, the Altieri were one of the prominent families in Rome claiming descendancy from Roman nobility, and included Pope Clement X. When Pope Clement ascended to the throne in 1670, further renovations were overseen by the popes Cardinal-Nephew. By 1673, the salon was complete. Cardinal Camillo Massimo recommended Carlo Maratta as the artist, and Giovanni Bellori helped with the iconography, clemency is surrounded by Public Happiness and other cardinal virtues. Patrons and Painters, Art and Society in Baroque Italy

Palazzo Altieri
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The Palazzo Altieri

9.
Palazzo Barberini
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The Palazzo Barberini is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. It houses the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica, the sloping site had formerly been occupied by a garden-vineyard of the Sforza family, in which a palazzetto had been built in 1549. The sloping site passed from one cardinal to another during the sixteenth century, when Cardinal Alessandro Sforza met financial hardships, the still semi-urban site was purchased in 1625 by Maffeo Barberini, of the Barberini family, who became Pope Urban VIII. Three great architects worked to create the Palazzo, each contributing his own style, Maderno began in 1627, assisted by his nephew Francesco Borromini. When Maderno died in 1629, Borromini was passed over and the commission was awarded to Bernini, Borromini stayed on regardless and the two architects worked together, albeit briefly, on this project and at the Palazzo Spada. Works were completed by Bernini in 1633, after the Wars of Castro and the death of Urban VIII, the palace was confiscated by Pamphili Pope Innocent X and was only returned to the Barberini in 1653. The palazzo is disposed around a forecourt centered on Berninis grand two-storey hall backed by an oval salone, with an extended wing dominating the piazza, which lies on a lower level. At the rear, a long wing protected the garden from the piazza below, the main block presents three tiers of great arch-headed windows, like glazed arcades, a formula that was more Venetian than Roman. On the uppermost floor, Borrominis windows are set in a perspective that suggests extra depth. Flanking the hall, two sets of stairs lead to the piano nobile, a large squared staircase by Bernini to the left, the salon ceiling is graced by Pietro da Cortonas masterpiece, the Baroque fresco of the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power. Also in the palace is a masterpiece by Andrea Sacchi, a critic of the Cortona style. The garden is known as a giardino segreto, for its concealment from an outsiders view and it houses a monument to Bertel Thorwaldsen, who had a studio in the nearby Teatro delle Quattro Fontane in 1822-1834. Today, Palazzo Barberini houses the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica, one of the most important painting collections in Italy and it includes Raphaels portrait La fornarina, Caravaggios Judith Beheading Holofernes and a Hans Holbein portrait of Henry VIII. The palace also houses the Italian Institute of Numismatics, the European Convention on Human Rights, which created the European Court of Human Rights, was signed here on 4 November 1950, a milestone in the protection of human rights. Hidden in the cellars of the part of the building. Blunt, Anthony, The Palazzo Barberini, Journal of the Warburg, il palazzo Barberini, official site Rome Art-Lover, Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini and Veneto Rome guide Italian army ends museum stand-off, BBC News, Friday,13 October 2006 Google Maps. The complex constituting the Palazzo Barberini is in the center, set back from the road on all sides, on the lower side of the image are the start of the Quirinal Palace gardens. Below, and in the first corner on the right, is the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, diagonally opposite and above is the triangular Piazza Barberini with the Triton Fountain

10.
Palazzo Montecitorio
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The Palazzo Montecitorio is a palace in Rome and the seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. The palaces name derives from the hill on which it is built, which was claimed to be the Mons Citatorius. The building was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for the young Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. The building was designated for public and social functions only, due to Innocent XIIs firm antinepotism policies which were in contrast to his predecessors, in 1696 the Curia apostolica was installed there. Later it was home to the Governatorato di Roma and the police headquarters, the excavated obelisk of the Solarium Augusti, now known as the Obelisk of Montecitorio, was installed in front of the palace by Pius VI in 1789. The former internal courtyard was roofed over and converted into an assembly room by Paolo Comotto. The Chamber was inaugurated on 21 November 1871, but the building proved wholly inadequate, the acoustics were terrible, it was very cold in winter and very hot in summer. As a result of damage from water seepage, the palace was condemned in 1900. An attempt to build a new palace for the Chamber of Deputies on the Via Nazionale failed, only in 1918 was the Chamber definitively returned to the Palazzo Montecitorio. The return of the Chamber of Deputies to the palace followed extensive renovations, the architect, Ernesto Basile, was an exponent of Art nouveau, known in Italy as the Liberty style. He reduced the courtyard, demolished the wings and rear of the palace, constructing a new structure dominated by four red-brick, Basile also added the so-called Transatlantico, the long and impressive salon which surrounds the debating chamber and now acts as the informal centre of Italian politics

11.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province

12.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north

Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna

13.
House of Habsburg
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The House of Habsburg, also called House of Hapsburg, or House of Austria, was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740, from the sixteenth century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish branches. Although they ruled distinct territories, they maintained close relations. The House takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, by Count Radbot of Klettgau. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the name as his own. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentum through the 11th, 12th, by 1276, Count Radbots seventh generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg had moved the familys power base from Habsburg Castle to the Duchy of Austria. Rudolph had become King of Germany in 1273, and the dynasty of the House of Habsburg was truly entrenched in 1276 when Rudolph became ruler of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. A series of dynastic marriages enabled the family to expand its domains to include Burgundy, Spain and its colonial empire, Bohemia, Hungary. In the 16th century, the separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches. The House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century, the senior Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine, the new successor house styled itself formally as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habsburg founded the Habsburg Castle, the origins of the castles name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the High German Habichtsburg, or from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, the first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108. The Habsburg Castle was the seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, in the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other families such as the House of Kyburg. By the second half of the 13th century, count Rudolph IV had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between the Vosges Mountains and Lake Constance

House of Habsburg
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House of Habsburg
House of Habsburg
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Growth of the Habsburg Empire in Central Europe.
House of Habsburg
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A map of the dominion of the Habsburgs following the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) as depicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green, but do not include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which they presided, nor the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, particularly in the New World.
House of Habsburg
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Spanish branch's family tree with connections to Emperors' branch

14.
Belvedere Palace
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The Belvedere is a historic building complex in Vienna, Austria, consisting of two Baroque palaces, the Orangery, and the Palace Stables. The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape in the district of the city. The grounds are set on a gradient and include decorative tiered fountains and cascades, Baroque sculptures. The Baroque palace complex was built as a residence for Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Belvedere was built during a period of construction in Vienna. This period of prosperity followed on from the commander-in-chief Prince Eugene of Savoys successful conclusion of a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire. On 30 November 1697, one year after commencing with the construction of the Stadtpalais, Prince Eugene purchased a plot of land south of the Rennweg. Plans for the Belvedere garden complex were drawn up immediately, the prince chose Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt as the chief architect for this project rather than Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, the creator of his Stadtpalais. Hildebrandt, whom the general had met whilst engaged in a campaign in Piedmont, had already built Ráckeve Palace for him in 1702 on Csepel. He later went on to numerous other edifices in his service. The architect had studied engineering in Rome under Carlo Fontana and had gone into imperial service in 1695–96 in order to learn how to build fortifications. From 1696 onwards, records show that he was employed as an architect in Vienna. To buy the plot, Prince Eugene was forced to out a large loan secured against his Stadtpalais. He bought additional neighboring areas of land in 1708,1716, records indicate that the construction of the Upper Belvedere had started by 1712, as Prince Eugene submitted the request for a building inspection on 5 July 1713. Work proceeded swiftly, and Marcantonio Chiarini from Bologna started painting the quadratura in the hall in 1715. The ambassador from the Spanish Flanders visited the Lower Belvedere, as well as the Stadtpalais, extensive work was carried out on the grounds at the same time as construction went ahead on the Lustschloss, as the Lower Belvedere was described on an early cityscape. Dominique Girard changed the plans for the garden significantly between January and May 1717, so that it could be completed by the following summer and it was on the latter’s recommendation that he entered Prince Eugene’s employ. The statuary for the balustrade is the best known work of Giovanni Stanetti, construction was so far advanced by 2 October 1719 that the prince was able to receive the Turkish ambassador Ibrahim Pasha there

15.
Schloss Laxenburg
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Laxenburg castles are imperial palaces and castles outside Vienna, in the town of Laxenburg, Lower Austria. The castles became a Habsburg possession in 1333 and formerly served as a retreat, along with Schönbrunn palace. Blauer Hof Palace was the birthplace of some members of the royal family, another castle nearby is named Franzensburg castle. Today the castles are used for events, conferences, and concerts, the castles also acts as a museum in preserving the various paintings and furnishings contained within. Old Laxenburg Castle became a Habsburg possession in 1333 and was extended in the 17th century by Lodovico Burnacini, the Blauer Hof or Neues Schloss was built around 1745 during the reign of empress Maria Theresa and has a Rococo interior. After 1780, the garden was rearranged as an English landscape garden. It contains several ponds, and, on an island. In 1919, the city of Vienna took over the war-damaged castle, after the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, the municipality of Laxenburg became part of the city Vienna. In 1954, the place became independent again and was returned to Lower Austria, several members of the imperial family were born at Laxenburg, Archduchess Gisela of Austria, Archduchess of Austria-Hungary, daughter of Franz Joseph I of Austria and Elisabeth of Bavaria. Crown Prince Rudolf - son of Franz Joseph I and Elisabeth, Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, daughter of Crown Prince Rudolf. Archduke Maximilian married at Laxenburg in 1917, ISBN 3-7954-6630-X Media related to Laxenburg castles at Wikimedia Commons Schloss Laxenburg Homepage Laxenburg castle

16.
Laxenburg
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Laxenburg is a market town in the district of Mödling, in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Laxenburg became a Habsburg possession in 1333, duke Albert III had a hunting lodge erected here and vested the settlement with market rights. The castle again decayed afterwards, until in the 17th century it was restored at the behest of Emperor Leopold I, rebuilt in a Baroque style by the master builder Lodovico Burnacini, it became the centre of extended gardens and pleasure grounds. Later Empress Maria Theresa acquired the palace and from 1756 onwards had it lavishly rebuilt her court architect Nicolò Pacassi with a Rococo interior, Laxenburg became the favourite residence of Maria Theresa and her descendants. The parish church of Laxenburg was erected vis-à-vis between 1693 and 1703 by Carlo Antonio Carlone, Emperor Leopold I himself laid the founding stone. Consecrated in 1699, construction works continued between 1703 and 1724 supervised by the architect Matthias Steinl and it was the first building north of the Alps containing swung facade components. After 1780, the parks were re-arranged as an English landscape garden. It contains several ponds, and, on an island, Franzensburg Castle. The current political municipality was established after the 1848 revolutions, in 1854, Emperor Francis Joseph and his consort Elisabeth spent their honeymoon in Laxenburg. Two of their children, Gisela and Crown Prince Rudolf, were born here, after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1919, the city of Vienna took over the war-damaged castle. Since then, the city of Vienna became the property owner of the park area, after the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938, the municipality of Laxenburg temporarily was incorporated the city of Greater Vienna. After World War II, castles and parl were seized by Soviet occupation forces, upon the 1955 Austrian State Treaty, the place became independent again and returned to the state of Lower Austria. Plans to held the 1967 Worlds fair in Laxenburg failed, since 1973, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, a non-governmental research organization with about 200 employees, has been located in the castle. The International Anti-Corruption Academy is also located in Laxenburg, established in 2010 at the historic Palais Kaunitz- Wittgenstein, the Altes Schloss today houses the Filmarchiv Austria. Gisela Louise Marie von Österreich, Archduchess of Austria-Hungary, daughter of Kaiser Franz Josef I, Crown Prince Rudolf - son of Kaiser Franz Josef I and Kaiserin Elisabeth. Elisabeth Marie von Österreich, daughter of Crown Prince Rudolf, eduard Hartmann, Austrian politician, Abg. zum Nationalrat, Bundesminister für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Landeshauptmann von Niederösterreich. On 8 September 2006 Natascha Kampusch kidnapper Wolfgang Priklopil was buried on the cemetery of Laxenburg, gödöllő, Hungary Municipal website Entry on Aeiou Encyclopedia

Laxenburg
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Coat of arms

17.
Maria Theresia
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Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, by marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. Upon the death of her father, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, Prussia proceeded to invade the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia, sparking a nine-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession, and subsequently conquered it. Maria Theresa would later try to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years War. Of the sixteen, ten survived to adulthood and she had eleven daughters and five sons. She criticised and disapproved of many of Josephs actions, Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection from her subjects. However, she refused to allow religious toleration and contemporary travelers thought her regime was bigoted and superstitious. As a young monarch who fought two wars, she believed that her cause should be the cause of her subjects. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of the Palatinate-Neuburg, were her godmothers and her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a disappointment to him. Charles sought the other European powers approval for disinheriting his nieces and they exacted harsh terms, in the Treaty of Vienna, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged, little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresas parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other, Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI and her education was overseen by Jesuits

Maria Theresia
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Portrait by Martin van Meytens, 1759
Maria Theresia
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Three-year-old Maria Theresa in the gardens of Hofburg Palace
Maria Theresia
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Archduchess Maria Theresa in 1729, by Andreas Möller. The flowers which she carries in the uplifted folds of her dress represent her fertility and expectations to bear children in adulthood.
Maria Theresia
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Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens.

18.
Palais Schwarzenberg
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Palais Schwarzenberg is a Baroque palace in front of Schwarzenbergplatz, Landstraße, the 3rd district of Vienna, Austria. It is owned by the princely Schwarzenberg family, construction started in 1697 under the architect Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt and finished with alterations in 1728 under Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Construction was supervised by master-builder Anton Erhard Martinelli, in 1751, a riding school and an orangery were added. The richly decorated Marmorgalerie is one of the largest features in the palace, today, parts of it are a five star hotel and the building is used for festivities and events. A Palais Schwarzenberg in Prague also exists near the cathedral on the top of the hill, list of Baroque residences Schwarzenbergplatz Schwarzenbergstraße Lothringerstraße Am Heumarkt Belvedere Rennweg, Prinz-Eugen-Straße, Wieden district Russisches-Helden-Denkmal

Palais Schwarzenberg
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Palais Schwarzenberg.

19.
Halbturn
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Halbturn is a town in the district of Neusiedl am See in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It borders Hungary to the east and is near Andau, Gols, in 2008 a team of archeologists discovered a third-century AD amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael inscribed on it. It is considered to be the earliest surviving evidence of a Jewish presence in what is now Austria, halbturn Castle was built between 1701 and 1711 by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt as a hunting lodge for Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. His daughter, Empress Maria Theresa, had it enlarged and gave it to her daughter Maria Christina, in 1955 it was inherited by Baron Paul Waldbott von Bassenheim, a Habsburg matrilineal descendant. In 2008 it passed to his nephew, Count Markus Königsegg

Halbturn
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Halbturn

20.
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
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Charles VI succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Croatia, and King of Serbia, Archduke of Austria, etc. in 1711. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain as Charles III following the death of its ruler, four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father. Charles sought the other European powers approval and they exacted harsh terms, Britain demanded that Austria abolish its overseas trading company. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged, Charles died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years. Archduke Charles, the son of the Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife. His tutor was Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein, following the death of Charles II of Spain, in 1700, without any direct heir, Charles declared himself King of Spain—both were members of the House of Habsburg. The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession, which pitted Frances candidate, Philip, Duke of Anjou, Louis XIV of Frances grandson, against Austrias Charles, lasted for almost 14 years. The Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of England, Scotland, Ireland, to prevent a union of Spain and France, Philip was forced to renounce his right to succeed his grandfathers throne. Charless father and his advisors went about arranging a marriage for him and their eyes fell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was held to be beautiful by her contemporaries. On 1 August 1708, in Barcelona, Charles married her by proxy and she gave him two daughters that survived to adulthood, Maria Theresa and Maria Anna. Lack of sons irked Charles and eventually led to the promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, for the next twenty years, Charles sought approval of the Sanction from the other European powers. They exacted harsh terms, for instance, Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company, France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. For a short time, however, it seemed that the Pragmatic Sanction was gratuitous, a year later, Maria Theresa, his elder surviving child, was born. Contemporaries wrote that at her ceremony, Charles, despite his best efforts. The next year saw the arrival of another girl, Maria Anna, Charles was successful in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18, adding Banat to Hungary, and establishing direct Austrian rule over Serbia and Oltenia. This extended Austrian rule to the lower Danube, the War of the Quadruple Alliance followed

21.
Eisenstadt
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Eisenstadt is a city in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. It has a population of about 14,241, in the Habsburg monarchy, Kismarton was the seat of the Eszterházy Hungarian noble family. The composer Joseph Haydn lived there as Hofkapellmeister under Esterházy patronage, Eisenstadt lies on a plain leading down to the river Wulka, at the south foot of the Leitha Mountains, about 12 kilometres from the Hungarian border. The city is surrounded by the district of Eisenstadt-Umgebung, the city previously included the districts of Eisenstadt-Stadt, Eisenstadt-Oberberg, Eisenstadt-Unterberg, and Eisenstadt-Schloßgrund. The present city name, meaning Iron City, was first recorded in 1118 as castrum ferrum and refers to the history of iron mining and iron trade in the area. The first written mention of the town took place in 1264 as minor Mortin, matching the Hungarian name, Kismarton, which is recalling Saint Martin, archeological finds prove that the Eisenstadt area was already settled in the Hallstatt period. Celts and Romans settled somewhat later, during the Migration Period, the area was settled by different Germanic tribes and the Huns. Around 800, during the reign of Charlemagne, settlement by the Bavarii began, the fortress built on the original earth works was destroyed by the troops of Margrave Leopold III of Austria. In 1241, it was destroyed by the Mongol invaders, in 1373, the town came into the possession of the Kanizsai family, who rebuilt the walls surrounding the town and built a fortress at the site of the present day castle between 1388 and 1392. In 1388, Eisenstadt was given the right to markets by Emperor Sigismund. In 1445 Archduke Albert VI of Austria acquired the town, in 1451 it was ceded to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor by Matthias Corvinus in return for the Holy Crown of Hungary. Matthias Corvinus reconquered it by force in 1482, but Maximilian I acquired it again in 1490 and it remained under Habsburg rule until 1622, however, the Ottoman Empire briefly conquered Eisenstadt in 1529 and 1532 during their advances on the city of Vienna. It was destroyed by fire in 1589, in 1648, it passed under the rule of the Esterházy family. These Hungarian princes permanently changed the face of the city due to their construction, especially on their castle. During this period, the city was captured by the army of Imre Thököly in 1683 and it was again destroyed by fire in 1776. The appointment of Joseph Haydn as the princes Hofkapellmeister began the great period in the citys history. In 1809, Eisenstadt was occupied by French troops during the Napoleonic Wars, in 1897, until the end of World War I, it was the seat of Kismarton district in Sopron county in the Kingdom of Hungary. Without plebiscite, the city and the entire Hungarian territory of Burgenland was transferred to Austria by the Saint-Germain, since 30 April 1925, Eisenstadt has been the seat of the Burgenland state government and thus the state capital

Eisenstadt
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Eisenstadt
Eisenstadt
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Kleinhöflein im Burgenland at the foot of the Leitha Mountains
Eisenstadt
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The Old Town Hall

22.
Schloss Eggenberg (Graz)
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Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace complex in Styria. Eggenberg Palace is situated at an elevation of 381 meters, with its construction and accouterment history, it exhibits the vicissitude and patronage of the one-time mightiest dynasty in Styria, the House of Eggenberg. In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized for its significance to history in an expansion to the listing of the Graz Historic Old Town among UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites. The palace lies on the edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg district. At first glance, Schloss Eggenberg presents itself as a uniform, nevertheless, large portions of the building date back to the Late Middle Ages and construction continued throughout the early modern era. Before 1460 Balthasar Eggenberger, financier to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, in the subsequent years the family residence was constructed and expanded. By 1470, a square Gothic chapel had been constructed in the tower, in 1625 Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg commissioned court architect Giovanni Pietro de Pomis with the planning of his new palace, inspired by El Escorial in Spain. As an architect, painter, and medailleur, de Pomis, originally from Lodi near Milan, incorporating the original medieval family residence into the new palace, de Pomis himself oversaw the construction work up to his death in 1631. Fortress master builder Laurenz van de Syppe continued the work for two years until the building was finished, in the end, by both of de Pomis’ site foremen, Pietro Valnegro and Antonio Pozzo, the shell appears to have been completed by 1635 or 1636. Between 1641 and 1646 work on the ornamentation was brought to a close, under Prince Johann Seyfried, the comprehensive cycle of ceiling coverings of approximately 600 paintings in the rooms of the piano nobile was accomplished in just 7 years. Hans Adam Weissenkircher began his service as the painter of the princely Eggenberger court in 1678. He finished the cycle of the main festival hall, the famous Planetary Room. With this, the first phase of accouterment work on Schloss Eggenberg was completed, after the extinction of the male line of the Eggenberg family, the Eggenberger state rooms were left in a half-emptied and neglected state. The husband of the last Eggenberger princess, Johann Leopold Count Herberstein, between 1754 and 1762 the building and the garden underwent their second major phase of ornamentation, this time in complete accordance with the tastes of the Rococo. Above all, the accouterment of the piano nobile was modernized, nevertheless, the Planetary Room and the entire cycle of ceiling paintings remained almost unchanged. Thus, the works limited themselves to wall decorations, stoves and pieces of furniture, in keeping with the taste of the times, three East Asian cabinets were introduced and the state rooms received new wall coverings. The most extensive change was probably the demolition of the Eggenberger palace theater, the supervisor of these works was the Grazer court architect Joseph Hueber, a student of Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt. The third phase of the changes came during the 19th century and was limited to the quarters on the 1st storey of the palace

23.
Graz
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Graz is the capital of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2017, it had a population of 320,587, in 2014, the population of the Graz Larger Urban Zone who had principal residence status stood at 605,143. Graz has a tradition as a university town, its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Its Old Town is one of the city centres in Central Europe. Politically and culturally, Graz was for more important for Slovenes than Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. In 1999, Graz was added to the UNESCO list of World Cultural Heritage Sites, Graz was sole Cultural Capital of Europe for 2003 and got the title of a City of Culinary Delights in 2008. The name of the city, Graz, formerly spelled Gratz, stems most likely from the Slavic gradec, some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people, which in time became a heavily defended fortification. The name thus follows the common South Slavic pattern for naming settlements as grad, the German name Graz first appears in records in 1128. Graz is situated on the Mur River in the southeast of Austria and it is about 200 km southwest of Vienna. The nearest larger urban center is Maribor in Slovenia which is about 50 km away, Graz is the capital and largest city in Styria, a green and heavily forested area. These towns and villages border Graz, The city of Graz is divided into 17 districts, however, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages. During the 12th century, dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center, later, Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs, and in 1281, gained special privileges from King Rudolph I. In the 14th century, Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs, the royalty lived in the Schloßberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, most of todays Slovenia, and parts of Italy. In the 16th century, the design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dellAllio. Karl-Franzens-Universität, also called the University of Graz, is the citys oldest university, for most of its existence, it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained, in 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Franz I, thus gaining the name Karl-Franzens Universität, meaning Charles-Francis University. Over 30,000 students currently study at this university, the astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period

24.
Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg
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Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg was an Austrian statesman, a son of Seyfried von Eggenberg, Lord of Erbersdorf, and great-grandson of Balthasar Eggenberger. He was a prominent member of the House of Eggenberg and gained the title of Duke of Krumau and his career, however, developed too quickly and too successfully for it to go unnoticed and unenvied. Contemporaries and historians have had differing opinions regarding Eggenbergs character, seeing him as a man. Who is successful at everything he does, a fellow of good fortune, with a reputation of being loyal to the Emperor, highly gifted and reliable. Both contemporaries and historians are, however, in agreement about his brilliant diplomatic talent, his charm and cleverness. Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg was born in June 1568 in Graz and had a Protestant upbringing, however, little is known about his childhood and youth. In 1583, he traveled to Tübingen, the heartland of German Protestantism, to study at the renowned Protestant university, Tübinger Stift, where he received a profound education. A famous associate of Hans Ulrichs, Johannes Kepler, also received an education at the Tübinger Stift and went on to write his first work, Mysterium Cosmographicum. The intellectual dimensions of education were to later form the basis of the complex programmatic orientations of his new residence. After completing his studies, he embarked on the Grand Tour, an educational journey undertaken by young noblemen of the period, which took him through the Netherlands, Spain. After the death of his father in 1594, he returned to Graz to take over the safeguarding and administration of his estate and then soon began his career at the Court of Archduke Ferdinand in Graz. To be able to serve at court, he had had to convert to the Catholic faith, Hans Ulrichs influence became ever stronger at the Inner Austrian court due to interventions by the Archduchess Maria of Bavaria, Ferdinands mother. Although ten years his senior, Eggenberg soon became Ferdinands closest friend and confidant, Archduke Ferdinand was elected Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation in 1619. The grateful Emperor rewarded his loyal adviser by bestowing on him the highest honors, in 1598, his cousin Ruprecht von Eggenberg and the entire Eggenberg family, including Hans Ulrich, were elevated into the Freiherrnstand. In 1620, King Philip III of Spain named Hans Ulrich a Knight of the Golden Fleece, in 1623, Hans Ulrich received a promotion into the Reichsfürstenstand, and the Eggenbergs were from then on of princely rank. By 1628, Hans Ulrich was also named Duke of Krumau, Hans Ulrich reached the pinnacle of his career in 1625 when he was made Gubernator of Inner Austria. From this point on, he ruled in the name of the Emperor the Inner Austrian Patrimonial Lands with absolute power comparable only to an archduke in political, legal and he was the only non-Habsburg governor to have ever been awarded and exercised such a position. Unfortunately, he died of gout in October 1634, before the palace was completed

25.
Schloss Trautenfels
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Trautenfels Castle is a palace located in the district of Liezen in Styria. It lies directly on the Enns at 673m in the municipality Pürgg-Trautenfels on a protrusion at the foot of the Grimming. The first documented mention of a construction at the crossroads of the Salzstrasse with the stretch through the Ennstal Valley dates from 1260/62, the medieval construction served as a dam until the 16th century and was known as the Neuhaus. Most notable among the 16th century accouterments are the Renaissance frescoes and they were likely created by a northern Italian artist on the occasion of the then owner, Ferdinand Hoffman’s, wedding to Margarete von Harrach in 1563. The Styrian provincial governor, Count Siegmund Friedrich von Trauttmansdorff acquired the castle in 1664 and he had the building renovated and expanded into a palace after the fashion of the Baroque between 1670 to 1672 and at this time it was given the name, Schloss Trautenfels. The mighty rectangular construction with courts and a high tower accommodates a significant interior decoration with frescoes by Carpoforo Tencalla in the first floor, the free standing castle chapel as well as five bastions are also worth mentioning. After passing through numerous owners, the palace was bought by Josef Count Lamberg in 1878, after the Second World War the Styrian Youth Hostel Association acquired the palace and managed it until 1983. At this time the palace came into the possession of the municipality of Pürgg-Trautenfels and its renovation and the revitalization for use as a museum occurred from 1988 to 1992 based on plans by the architect, Manfred Wolff-Plottegg. In 1992, the Steierische Landesausstellung took place here, today the palace is home of the Regional Landscape Museum of the Universalmuseum Joanneum. The palace holds a permanent show collection of about 1000 exhibits dealing with both the natural and the history of the Ennstal Valley as well as the Ausseerland region. In addition, the Antler Room of the Counts of Lamberg, the splendid Marble Hall, a few metres west of the palace on the same ridge lie the ruins of the Protestant church of Neuhaus. At the time of the Reformation this was the most significant religious centre of the upper Ennstal valley, the church was established by the lords of Schloss Trautenfels but fell victim shortly thereafter to the particularly potent Counter-Reformation in the Duchy of Styria. In 1991 the remnants of the building were excavated and serve today as a memorial, in honor of the castle the Bremer shipping company Deutsche Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft Hansa has given her 1975 newly acquired heavy-lift ship the name Trautenfels. Karin Leitner-Ruhe, Aber zugreifen soll man, wo man nur kann, zum Verkauf von Schloss Trautenfels 1941 durch die Familie Lamberg an die Deutsche Reichspost, in, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 113, S. 157-178. Katharina Krenn, Schloss Trautenfels - ein dynamischer Platz für ein Museum, in, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 113, S. 250-270

26.
Palais Auersperg
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Palais Auersperg, originally called Palais Rosenkavalier, is a baroque palace at Auerspergstraße 1 in the Josefstadt or eighth district of Vienna, Austria. The middle section of the palace was altered between 1720 and 1723 by Johann Christian Neupauer, in 1749, Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen started to use the palace as his winter residence. He hired Giuseppe Bonno as musical conductor of the palace, between 1754 and 1761, weekly music courses were held during the winter months. From 1759, he rented the palace and hired Christoph Willibald Gluck as head conductor of the concerts held there. In 1777, Prince Johann Adam of Auersperg, friend and confidant of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresia, bought the palace, as Johann Adam of Auerspergs second marriage stayed childless and the children of his first marriage had already died, he adopted his nephew Carl Auersperg. Carl accepted his inheritance in 1795, the marriage of Carl and his wife Josepha also remained childless, so in 1812 they adopted Prince Vinzens Auersperg, who accepted his inheritance in 1817. In the time between 1827 and 1837 Gustav, Prince of Vasa stayed at the Palais Auersperg with the Swedish Royal Family because his inheritance had been contested in Sweden, in 1864, on the orders of Vinzens Auersperg, a ballroom building was built along the Lerchenfelderstrasse. After his death in 1872 his widow Wilhelmine commissioned further alterations to the building in order to rent the facilities to the Geometric Institute. In 1878 Franz Joseph Emanuel, son of Wilhelmine Auersperg, Wilhelmine Kinsky organized many charity events for the benefit of the organization called Vereinigung zur Errettung verwahrloster Kinder. Pieces of theatre and music were performed in the Rosenkavaliersaal, partially with the participation of members of the aristocracy, in 1901 Franz Joseph Auersperg returned the ballroom building to its initial use. During the course of the Second World War the ballroom building was completely destroyed, between 1923 and 1935 the Palais Auersperg was temporarily rented to the Bundesdenkmalamt and a film company. In 1940 Ferdinand Auersperg inherited the Palais and in 1942 his sister Christiane Croy accepted her inheritance and she lived with her family in the upper rooms of the Palais during the Second World War. They also hid members of the resistance there during the Second World War, in 1944 the organization „Provisorische österreichische Nationalkomitee“, better known as O5, was established in the Palais. In 1945 the Palais was seized by the Alliierte Kommandantur, the force of the Allied Control Council. Konsul Alfred Weiss, founder of Arabia Kaffee, bought the Palais in 1953, in 1953 and 1954 it was extended by the architect Oswald Haerdtl who added the orangery, the winter garden and more functional rooms. Alfred Weiss opened a large café for 600 guests in the Palais, after his death, his descendants sold the Palais to a company called General Partners A. G. In the beginning of 2006 the Palais was sold again to an old European family, the State Apartments remained the same and are still used for musical purposes. In the upper floor most areas have changed into office rooms

27.
Principality of Auersperg
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The House of Auersperg is an Austrian noble family with its roots in Carniola. Former ministeriales in the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, from 1663 the Princes of Auersperg also held immediate estates around Tengen. The former edelfrei family was first mentioned as Ursperch in an 1162 deed issued by Duke Herman II of Carinthia at his residence St. Veit. Their ancestral seat was Turjak Castle in the March of Carniola, in the 13th century, the high noble line became extinct and was succeeded by a dynasty of ministeriales. He received the rank of an Imperial Freiherren in 1550. Emperor Ferdinand III elevated him to a hereditary Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1653, in 1791 Charles Joseph of Auersperg finally sold Münsterberg to King Frederick William II of Prussia. The Auersperg territory at Tengen upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 was mediatised to the Grand Duchy of Baden and it has never been returned to the head of the family. Other branches however still own property in Austria and Southern Tyrol, Palais Auersperg Website of Ernegg Castle, Lower Austria European Heraldry page

28.
Belarus
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Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres is forested and its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian Peoples Republic, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, during WWII, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years, in 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR. The parliament of the declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990. Alexander Lukashenko has served as the president since 1994. Belarus has been labeled Europes last dictatorship by some Western journalists, Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Though not directly espousing communism like the five remaining communist countries of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea, in 2000 Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, with some hints of forming a Union State. Over 70% of Belaruss population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas, more than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages, Belarusian and Russian, the Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Belarus is the only European country to retain capital punishment in both law and practice, the name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus, i. e. White Rus. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus, an alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. A third theory suggests that the old Rus lands that were not conquered by the Tatars had been referred to as white, other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered White Rus. The name Rus is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, in some languages, including German and Dutch, the country is generally called White Russia to this day. The Latin term Alba Russia was used again by Pope Pius VI in 1783 to recognize the Society of Jesus there, exclaiming Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo. The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey. During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used White Rus to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

29.
Nesvizh Castle
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Niasvizh Castle or Nesvizh Castle is a residential castle of the Radziwiłł family in Nesvizh, Belarus. It is 183 metres above sea level, from 1921 to 1939 the complex was in Poland and was considered one of the most beautiful Polish castles in the Kresy region. The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł magnate family from 1533, in 1586 the estate was turned into an ordynacja. After the Union of Lublin the castle one of the most important residences in the central part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1582 Mikołaj Krzysztof Sierotka Radziwiłł, the Marshal of Lithuania, Voivode of Trakai–Vilnius and castellan of Šiauliai, although the works were based on a pre-existing structure of a medieval castle, the former fortifications were entirely turned into a renaissance-baroque house. Construction was completed by 1604, and they added several galleries half a century later, the châteaus corners were fortified with four octagonal towers. In 1706, during the Great Northern War, Charles XIIs army sacked the castle, several decades later, the Radziwiłłs invited some German and Italian architects to substantially renovate and enlarge the castle. Antoni Zaleski decorated its yellow facades with baroque stucco work, the 16th-century castle gates were also reconstructed, and the two-storey gatehouse tower was crowned with a helm. It was at time that the three separate buildings surrounding the central courtyard were joined into a single structure. Apart from elaborate princely sepulchers, its interior features some late baroque frescoes from 1760s, in 1772, following the third and last partition of Poland, the castle was seized by Russian forces and the Radziwiłł family was expelled. Abandoned both by the owners and by the Russian army, the palace gradually fell into disrepair. However, it was restored by the Radziwiłłs and between 1881 and 1886 the castles interiors were renovated by Prince Antoni Radziwiłł and his French wife and they also designed a landscape park in English style. With an area of more than one kilometre, the park is one of the biggest such facilities in Europe. After the Polish–Bolshevik War of 1920 the surrounding area and the complex became part of the newly established Second Polish Republic. During the invasion of Poland in 1939, the Radziwiłł family was expelled from the castle by the Red Army, in Soviet times, the castle was used a sanatorium, while the park gradually fell into neglect. In 1994, the complex was designated the national historical and cultural reserve. In 2005 the castle complex was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, the ongoing reconstruction has drawn sharp criticism for its unjustified reconstruction of several long-demolished structures, notably a bell-tower. In 2002, the upper storey of the residence was destroyed by fire, olyka Castle Lubcha Castle Mir Castle Biržai Castle Dubingiai Castle Official website of the Nesvizh Museums Nesvizh castle on official website of the Republic of Belarus

30.
Nesvizh
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Nesvizh is a city in Belarus. It is the center of the Nesvizh District of Minsk Province. Nesvizh was first documented in 1223, later becoming a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the 15th century, while still a minor town, it passed to the Radziwiłł princely family, and remained the familys home until 1813. The first Belarusian language book printed in the Latin alphabet, a catechism by Symon Budny, was published in Nesvizh in 1562, Nesvizh Castle was founded in 1583, and between 1584 and 1598 two monasteries and a collegium, all belonging to different religious orders, were built. On the initiative of Mikołaj the Orphan Radziwiłł the city was granted Magdeburg rights in 1586, two epidemics that occurred in the city in the 17th century led to an establishment of a pharmacy in 1627. During the Great Northern War of 1700–21, the city was damaged by the Swedish troops. It was rebuilt in the 1720s by Michał Rybeńko Radziwiłł, michałs wife, Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa, founded the Nesvizh Radziviłł Theater, which included a choir and a ballet school. Books from the library were granted to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the city was a county centre in Nowogródek Province during Polish rule between 1919-1939. The Jewish population in 1900 stood at 4,687,4,500 on the eve of the German invasion of Operation Barbarossa. With the occupation beginning on June 27,1941, they established a Judenrat, on October 30,4,000 of the towns Jews were murdered and the rest confined to a ghetto. The ghettos underground organization, based on a Soviet-era Zionist group, called for self-defense, having one machine gun but mostly knives, most of the Jews were killed, a few succeeded in escaping to nearby forests to join partisan units, including the Zhukov Jewish partisan unit. Nesvizh Castle, the complex of the Radziwiłł noble family, is a World Heritage Site. Slutsk Gate, a city gate constructed around 1700 and its name refers to the city of Slutsk. Старажытнае дойлідства Нясьвіжа Monuments of Nesvizh Photos on Radzima. org History and sightseeing on belarustourism. by The murder of the Jews of Nesvizh during World War II, about the Jewish community of Nesvizh, at Yad Vashem website

31.
New Hrodna Castle
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The New Castle in Hrodna, Belarus is a royal palace of Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski where the famous Grodno Sejm took place in 1793. New Hrodna Castle is 116 metres above sea level, the two castles are joined by a 300-year-old arch bridge. The palace compound was designed by Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann, construction was carried out between 1734 and 1751 under the supervision of several other Saxon architects, including Johann Friedrich Knöbel and Joachim Daniel von Jauch. The palace was completed under the direction of Giuseppe de Sacco in 1789, used as a hospital and barracks throughout most of the 19th century, the palace was renovated by the Polish administration in the interwar period. Scarcely anything is left of the fabric of the castle. There followed a hasty and rather superficial refurbishing of the palace by the Soviets with a view to making it the headquarters of a local obkom. A plaque on the wall of the palace commemorates the council of war held in the residence by Tadeusz Kościuszko on 30 October 1794. Ленинград, Изд-во Академии наук СССР,1962

32.
Hrodna
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Grodno or Hrodna is a city in western Belarus. It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and it is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District. In Belarusian, the city is referred to as Го́радня or Гаро́дня. In Latin it was known as Grodna, in Polish as Grodno, the Lithuanian name of the city is Gardinas. The modern city of Grodno originated as a fortress and a fortified trading outpost maintained by the Rurikid princes on the border with the lands of the Baltic tribal union of the Yotvingians. The first reference to Grodno dates to 1005, the official foundation year is 1127. Along with Navahrudak, Grodno was regarded as the city on the western borderlands of Black Ruthenia. The border region neighboured the original Lithuania and it was often attacked by various invaders, especially the Teutonic Knights. In the 1240–1250s the Grodno area, as well as the most of Black Ruthenia, was controlled by princes of Lithuanian origin to form the Baltic state—Grand Duchy of Lithuania—on these territories, after the Prussian uprisings a large population of Old Prussians moved to the region. The famous Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas was the prince of Grodno from 1376 to 1392, since 1413, Grodno had been the administrative center of a powiat in Trakai Voivodeship. To aid the reconstruction of trade and commerce, the grand dukes allowed the creation of a Jewish commune in 1389 and it was one of the first Jewish communities in the grand duchy. In 1441 the city received its charter, based on the Magdeburg Law, the city was the site of two battles, Battle of Grodno and Battle of Grodno during the Great Northern War. After the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grodno became the capital of the short-lived Grodno Voivodeship in 1793, as an important centre of trade, commerce, and culture, Grodno remained one of the places where the Sejms were held. Also, the Old and New Castles were often visited by the Commonwealth monarchs including famous Stephen Báthory of Poland who made a royal residence here, in 1793 the last Sejm in the history of the Commonwealth occurred at Grodno. Two years afterwards, in 1795, Russia obtained the city in the Third Partition of Poland and it was in the New Castle on November 25 of that year that the last Polish king and Lithuanian grand duke Stanisław August Poniatowski abdicated. In the Russian Empire, the city continued to serve its role as a seat of Grodno Governorate since 1801, the industrial activities, started in the late 18th century by Antoni Tyzenhaus, continued to develop. Count Aleksander Bisping was arrested and imprisoned here during the January Uprising before his exile to Ufa, after the outbreak of World War I, Grodno was occupied by Germany and ceded by Bolshevist Russia under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. After the war the German government permitted a state to be set up there

33.
Augustus III of Poland
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The only legitimate son of Augustus II of Poland, he followed his father’s example by joining the Roman Catholic Church in 1712. In 1719 he married Maria Josepha, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph I, chosen king by a small minority of electors on 5 October 1733, he drove his rival, the former Polish king Stanisław I, into exile. He was crowned in Kraków on 17 January 1734, and was recognised as king in Warsaw in June 1736. Augustus gave Saxon support to Austria against Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession and his last years were marked by the increasing influence of the Czartoryski and Poniatowski families, and by the intervention of Catherine the Great in Polish affairs. His rule deepened the anarchy in Poland and increased the dependence on its neighbours. The reign of Augustus witnessed one of the greatest periods of disorder in Polish history, Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Prince-Elector of Saxony and king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin. His mother was Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, groomed to succeed his father as king of Poland, Augustus converted to Catholicism in 1712, when publicly announced, this caused discontent among the Protestant Saxon aristocracy. Upon the death of Augustus II in 1733, Augustus inherited the Saxon electorate and was elected to the Polish throne, with the support of the Russian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. He was opposed by the forces of Stanisław I Leszczyński, who had usurped the throne with Swedish support during the Great Northern War, reigning from 1706 until 1709, Stanisław was overthrown after the Swedish defeat at Poltava. As King, Augustus was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish–Lithuanian dominion, focusing instead on hunting, the opera, Augustus delegated most of his powers and responsibilities in the Commonwealth to Heinrich von Brühl, who served in effect as the viceroy of Poland. Augustuss eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian of Saxony, succeeded his father as Elector, a Russian-supported coup détat in Poland, instigated by the Czartoryskis, resulted in the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski as king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on 7 September 1764. August was portrayed by Ernst Dernburg in the 1941 film Friedemann Bach, in Dresden on 20 August 1719, Augustus married Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria, the eldest child of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor. Bachs title of Koeniglicher Pohlnischer Hoff Compositeur is engraved on the page of Bachs famous Goldberg Variations. History of Saxony History of Poland Rulers of Saxony List of Lithuanian rulers Dresden Castle – Residence of Augustus III Bach, Johann Sebastian, Mass in B Minor, Cue points, Oregon Bach festival

34.
Dzyatlava
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Dziatlava is a town in Belarus in the Hrodna voblast, about 165 km southeast of Hrodna. The population was 7,700 in 2016, in the 17th century the settlement was owned by Lew Sapieha, who ordered a Catholic church to be erected on the main city square. The church was consecrated in 1646, renovated after a fire in 1743, during the Great Northern War of the anti-Swedish alliance, Peter I of Russia visited Dzyatlava and stayed there for a week in January 1708. In the 18th century, the town was owned by Polish magnate Stanisław Sołtyk, until World War II, Zdzięcioł belonged to the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic. It was the seat of Gmina Zdzięcioł in Nowogródek Voivodeship, the population was composed predominantly of Polish Jews. The Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland on September 17,1939, after the Soviet rapid retreat, and several months of Nazi ad hoc persecution, on February 22,1942 the new German authorities officially created Zdzięcioł Ghetto. The old Jewish cemetery is considered a minor landmark, the Lithuanian-speakers spoke a unique dialect, known as the Zietela dialect, it has been speculated that the ancestors of its speakers might have been Lithuanized Jotvingians. It drew the attention by many prominent linguists, such as Christian Schweigaard Stang, Vladimir Toporov, Kazimieras Būga, in 1886,1156 people in nearby villages declared themselves Lithuanians, however the real number might have been much greater. At present the Lithuanian population is virtually extinct. org Diatłowo Community ארגון יוצאי זטל ודורות ההמשך

35.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie

36.
Palace of Charles of Lorraine
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The Palace of Charles of Lorraine was the residence of Charles Alexander of Lorraine in Brussels. Charles was governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands from 1744 to 1780, the palace is located at the Museum-square in the upper city, near the Place Royale. The construction was started in 1757 on the place where the palace of Nassau had stood, the palace counts five halls of which the interior is reminiscent of the Austrian Netherlands and the Bishopric of Liège in the 18th century

Palace of Charles of Lorraine
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The Palace

37.
Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels

38.
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine
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Charles was the son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte dOrléans. When his elder brother Franz/Francis, Duke of Lorraine, married the Archduchess Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI, during the War of the Austrian Succession, he was one of the principal Austrian military commanders. He was most notable for his defeats by better trained and superior forces under Frederick the Great, at the Battle of Chotusitz in 1742, his forces lost the battle but were able to inflict greater loss of life and retreat in good order. However, he lost more decisively to Frederick at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg and he was also defeated by Maurice de Saxe at the Battle of Rocoux in 1746. On 7 January 1744 he married Maria Theresas only sister, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, the couple were jointly made Governors of the Austrian Netherlands. Although Maria Anna died later the year after marriage, Charles popularity and lack of clear replacement allowed him to continue as governor. Charles also became Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1761, with the loss of his co-sovereign Maria Anna, his sister Anne Charlotte, whom he was very close to, acted as a de facto co-sovereign. Despite his record of defeats, he was able to retain his position and he was able to attain command ahead of the more popular Marshal Browne because of the support of his brother who had significant influence over military appointments. During the battle, he was commander of the Imperial Army as appointed by Maria Theresa, after this last defeat, Charles was replaced by Count Leopold Joseph von Daun and retired from military service. He was them sent to the Netherlands as a governor, though an unsuccessful military leader, Charles proved to be a competent administrator, well-liked by the population. Under him, the Austrian Netherlands flourished, and he was involved in the cultural life of his province

39.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs

40.
Slavkov u Brna
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Slavkov u Brna is a country town east of Brno in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The town gave its name to the Battle of Austerlitz which took place several kilometres to the west of the town, at the beginning of the 13th century, the Teutonic Order built a monastery stronghold whose remains can still be seen today in the vaults of the Austerlitz Palace. The first written testimony about the date from 1237. The Czech name Slavkov is first documented in 1361, the German name Austerlitz in 1633, at the end of World War II, the ethnic German majority of residents were forcibly expelled. Baroque Slavkov Castle has 115 rooms and a garden in the French style. The Palace was designed by Italian architect Domenico Martinelli, in its historic salon, an armistice was signed between Austria and France after the battle of Austerlitz on 2 December,1805. There is a historic museum and a multimedia presentation about the battle. On the main square is a late Renaissance town hall and mansion, parts of the old town wall can also be seen. Church of the Resurrection of the Lord, the classicist building with three pulpits was designed from 1786-1789 by the Viennese architect Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg. Church of St. John the Baptist, beneath the church is a vault which contains the tombs of the Kaunitz family. The chapel of 1712 was badly damaged during the battle of Austerlitz and had to be rebuilt during 1858-1861, only the synagogue remains from the Jewish ghetto. There is also a Jewish cemetery a little bit outside the town, the battle of Austerlitz actually took place several kilometers to the west of Austerlitz. Public transport to the site is limited, and the landscape has preserved its bucolic aspects, agriculture still dominates the hilly terrain which has not changed much. The Old Post in Kovalovice is a period building dating from 1785. On 28 November 1805 the French cavalry general Murat set up his headquarters here, on the day of battle, the Russian general Bagration had his headquarters here. After the battle, Napoleon slept in this house and held negotiations about an armistice. A small museum is dedicated to commemorate these events, on Santon hill to east of Tvarožná village is a small white chapel. The hill was a mainstay of the French position and allowed the French artillery to dominate the portion of the battlefield

Slavkov u Brna
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Castle
Slavkov u Brna
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Front view of the Austerlitz Palace (with stalls during the 200th anniversary of the battle of Austerlitz)
Slavkov u Brna
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Church of the Resurrection
Slavkov u Brna
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St. Urbanus Chapel on a hill over the town

41.
Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz
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Wenzel Anton, Prince von Kaunitz-Rietberg was an Austrian diplomat and statesman of the Habsburg Monarchy. A proponent of enlightened absolutism, he held the office of State Chancellor for about four decades, responsible for the policies under the reign of Maria Theresa, Joseph II. In 1764 he was elevated to the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kaunitz family belonged to the old Bohemian nobility and, like the related Martinic dynasty, first mentioned in the 14th century, they first lived in the Silesian duchy of Troppau, in 1509 they moved to Slavkov Castle near Brno. Wenzel Antons grandfather Dominik Andreas von Kaunitz served as a Habsburg Geheimrat, wenzels father Count Maximilian Ulrich was appointed member of the Aulic Council in 1706, he served as Imperial envoy and as governor of Moravia from 1720. By his marriage with Marie Ernestine in 1699, he inherited the immediate County of Rietberg in Westphalia, Wenzel Anton himself married Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg, a granddaughter of Imperial Chamber president Gundaker Thomas Starhemberg, on 6 May 1736. Four sons were born of the marriage, among them the Austrian general Count Franz Wenzel von Kaunitz-Rietberg, Wenzel Antons granddaughter Eleonora married his successor in the office of the State Chancellor, Prince Klemens von Metternich. As the second son, it was at first intended that Wenzel Anton should become a clergyman, with the death of his elder brother, however, he decided on a secular career, and studied law and diplomacy at the universities of Vienna, Leipzig and Leiden. He became a chamberlain of the Habsburg emperor Charles VI, and continued his education for years by a Grand Tour to Berlin, the Netherlands, Italy, Paris. Back in Vienna, he was appointed member of the Imperial Aulic Council in 1735, at the Imperial Diet of Regensburg in 1739, he was one of the emperors commissaries. During the War of the Austrian Succession, in March 1741, he was sent on a mission to Florence, Rome. In August 1742 he was appointed ambassador at Turin and reached the support of King Charles Emmanuel III for Maria Theresa, upon the December 1744 death of Charles consort, Archduchess Maria-Anna, a sister of Maria Theresa, Kaunitz was virtually the head of government. His request to be recalled from his situation was heeded in June 1746. Two years later, he represented Maria Theresa at the Congress of Aachen at the close of the War of the Austrian Succession, in the common feeling of disappointment, the Austrian and French side began to approach each other. From 1749 Kaunitz served as a Geheimrat at the court of Maria Theresa, the empress appealed to all her counsellors for advice as to the policy Austria ought to pursue in view of the changed conditions produced by the rise of Prussia. The great majority of them, including her husband Francis Stephen of Lorraine, were of opinion that the old alliance with the sea powers, England and Holland, should be maintained. The empress eagerly accepted views which were already her own, thus Kaunitz was made ambassador at the French court in Versailles in 1750, where he had extensive contact with the Lumières movement and several Encyclopédistes. Staying in France until 1752, he co-operated in laying the groundwork for the future Bourbon-Habsburg alliance and he had reluctantly accepted his appointment and demanded complete freedom to re-organise the foreign office on Ballhausplatz

42.
Valtice
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Valtice is a small town in Břeclav District, South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic, close to the Austrian border. Valtice contains one of the most impressive Baroque residences of Central Europe and it was designed as the seat of the ruling princes of Liechtenstein by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in the early 18th century. Together with the manor of Lednice, to which it is connected by a 7 kilometres long lime-tree avenue, Valtice forms the Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape. The town is located 265 kilometres south-east of Prague, on the line from Břeclav to Znojmo. In the south it borders on the Austrian municipality of Schrattenberg, until 1919 Valtice likewise belonged to Lower Austria. The town is part of the European Centrope multinational region project established in 2003, the vineyards around Valtice are a centre of Mikulovská wine production, with notable wine tasting and trade at the Wine Salon of the Czech Republic in Valtice Chateau. Feldsberg Castle in the Duchy of Austria was first mentioned in a 1192 deed, held by the Lords of Seefeld, in 1286 Duke Albert I of Austria vested the surrounding settlement with market rights. Feldsberg was elevated to the status of a town by Duke Albert III about 1383, the estates were acquired by the noble House of Liechtenstein, then Lords of neighbouring Mikulov, in 1394 and served as the dynastys residence until 1939. The situation improved, when the Moravian lands in the north became part of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526. During the Thirty Years War the town was plundered by the troops of Emperor Ferdinand II in 1619. Construction was supervised by Domenico Martinelli, who was employed as an on-site architect, the palace is surrounded by an English park with a colonnade and the Temple of Diana designed by Joseph Hardtmuth as well as other Neoclassical structures. Until the end of World War I the town of Feldsberg belonged to Lower Austria, according to the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the town and its surroundings were annexed by newly established Czechoslovakia. The main reason was the requirement that the entire Znojmo-Břeclav railway line, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany upon the 1938 Munich Agreement and incorporated into the Reichsgau Niederdonau. After World War II the remaining German population was expelled and the castle was confiscated by the Czechoslovak government, the town is known as a centre of wine making in Moravia. Both the National Wine Center and the Wine Salon of the Czech Republic reside in the Valtice Chateau, the annual Valtice Wine Market wine exhibition is held in the chateau riding hall at the beginning of May

43.
Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein
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Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein was the Prince of Liechtenstein. He inherited this title in 1627 from his father Karl I and he was 16 and thus considered underage and his uncles Prince Gundakar and Maximillian acted as regents until 1632. From 1639 to 1641 Karl was Chief Captain of High and Low Silesia, after the Thirty Years War Karl effectively restored his dominions economically. Karl was also a patron of architecture of the period. Karl married his niece, Countess Johanna Beatrix von Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg on 6 August 1644 and they had nine children, Princess Eleonora Maria. Princess Johanna Beatrix, Married Maximilian II, Prince of Liechtenstein, princely House of Liechtenstein Nevojice Genealogie on line

Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein
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Karl Eusebius

44.
Troja Palace
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Troja Palace is a Baroque palace located in Troja, Pragues north-west borough. It was built for the Counts of Sternberg from 1679 to 1691, the palace is owned by the city of Prague and hosts the 19th century Czech art collections of the City Gallery. The palaces design has influenced by French and Italian architecture and is mostly the work of French architect Jean Baptiste Mathey. The latter also built the palais Buquoy in Prague, currently the French embassy, prior to Mathey, Domenico Orsi worked on the castle. Silvestro Carlone was the Master Builder, the stairs between the palace and the gardens are the work of two sculptors from Dresden, Johann Georg and Paul Heermann. They sculpted statues representing the fight of gods and giants, the terrace is decorated with a rare collection of vases made by Bombelli, also active in Slavkov u Brna, at Slavkov-Austerlitz castle. The central axis of the projects towards the spires of the St. Vitus Cathedral in the Prague Castle. The palaces main rooms is decorated with a magnificent baroque Habsburgs apotheosis, many mythological elements are presented in this trompe-lœil decoration. It was realised by the brothers Abraham and Izaac Godijn, painters from Anvers who arrived at the castle in 1690, francesco Marchetti and his son Giovanni realised most of the other paintings in the castle. The palace was bought in 1922 by the Czechoslovak state, which started a restoration in the seventies. Since this period the palace has been hosting an exhibition of Czech paintings of the 19th century, Josef Čermák, Václav Brožík, Julius Mařák, Antonin Chittussi, Jan Preisler, Mikoláš Aleš

Troja Palace
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Troja Palace, Prague

45.
Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973

46.
Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth

47.
Bregentved
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Bregentved is a manor house located 3 km east of Haslev on the Danish island of Zealand. It has been owned by the Moltke family since the middle of the 18th century, the first known reference to Bregentved is from 1319 when King Eric VI of Denmark passed the estate to Roskilde Abbey. From the end of the 14th century the property was owned by a succession of families, including that of Krognos in the 16th century. In the eighteenth century Bregentved was in consecutive Birks, so had separate legal jurisdiction from Haslev Sogn, the north wing still extant in the early 21st century was built 1731-36 by architect Lauritz de Thurah and has a black-tiled, hipped roof. It contains a chapel on the first floor, in 1746, King Frederick V granted the Bregentved estate to Adam Gottlob Moltke, one of his closest companions who was at the same time made lord chamberlain and a count. Over the next few years, Moltke adapted the two remaining wings with the assistance of the architects G. D. Anthon and Nicolai Eigtved. Moltke also commissioned Eigtved to build him a mansion in Copenhagen, the south-western of the four Amalienborg Palaces. At Bregentved, Moltke introduced several reforms to the management of the estate with inspiration from Holstein. As a replacement, Adam Wilhelm Moltke, who had just left office as the first Prime Minister under Denmarks new constitutional monarchy, after the harvests at Bregentved Manor and other family holdings, he would move his entire household to Copenhagen. In the 1880s, Count Frederik Christian Moltke decided to modernize the house and he demolished the two Eigtved wings and replaced them with two new wings which were completed in 1891 to the design of the architect Axel Berg. The main east wing and the wing of the present three-winged building date from Axel Bergs 1891 rebuilding. They are designed in the Neo-Rococo style and are topped by a Mansard roof in copper, the east wing has a three-bay risalit with pilasters and a triangular pediment, and a two-bay corner risilit at each end with segmental pediments. The entrance tower also dates from Bergs expansion, the north wing was built 1731-36 by Lauritz de Thurah and has a black-tiled, hipped roof. It contains a chapel on the first floor which has sculptor Johann Friedrich Hännel, in the 1760s, A. G. Moltke commissioned Nicolas-Henri Jardin to create a garden in the French formal garden style but it was adapted into a landscape garden in 1835. Some features have retained from Jardins garden, including avenues, and traces of a parterre surrounded by canals and a system of fountains. Some vases and Frederik Vs Obelisk by Johannes Wiedewelt also date from this garden as does a copy of a statue by Giambologna, the garden also features a statue of A. W. Moltke by Herman Wilhelm Bissen in 1858-59. Bregentved-Turebyholm covers 6,338 hectares of which just over half consist of agricultural land, a total of 163 houses also belongs to the estate, including Turebylille, Holtegård, Eskilstrup, Rødehus, Sofiendal, Sprettingegård, Storelinde Overdrevsgård, Ulsegård and Statafgård. The estate maintains a staff of 40 and has a turnover of approximately DKK60 million

Bregentved
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Bregentved: The eastern main wing to the left and the older north wing to the right
Bregentved
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Eigtved's Bregentved
Bregentved
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The main wing
Bregentved
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Bregentved House and Park

48.
Faxe Municipality
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Faxe municipality is a municipality in Denmark in Region Sjælland on the island of Zealand. The municipality covers an area of 406 km² and has a population of 35,418 and its mayor as of 2010 is Knud Erik Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats political party. On 1 January 2007 Faxe municipality, as the result of Kommunalreformen, on 5 June 2007, it was reported by national broadcaster Danmarks Radio that an unknown hill near Rønnede, named Kobanke, has the highest natural point of terrain,122.9 meters on Sjælland. Gyldenløveshøj has an altitude of 126 meters, but that is due to a hill from the 17th century. Its natural height is 121.3 meters, the manor houses of Bregentved and Jomfruens Egede also belong to the municipality. The municipality is home to the offices of companies such as Royal Unibrew. Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro new municipalities map The Faxe municipalitys official website

49.
Adam Gottlob Moltke
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Count Adam Gottlob Moltke was a Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat, and Favourite of Frederick V of Denmark. Moltke was born at Riesenhof in Mecklenburg and his son, Joachim Godske Moltke, and his grandson, Adam Wilhelm Moltke, later served as Prime Minister of Denmark. Adam Gottlob Greve Moltke was born 10/11 November 1710 to Joachim von Moltke, in 1722, through one of his uncles, young Moltke became a page at the Danish court, in which capacity he formed a lifelong friendship with the crown prince Frederick, later King Frederick V. As the companion of the king, Moltkes influence grew to the point that foreign diplomatists declared he could make and unmake ministers at will. Especially notable is Moltkes attitude towards the two distinguished statesmen who played the parts during the reign of Frederick, Johan Sigismund Schulin. Schulin he revered, but Bernstorff irritated him with his affected airs of superiority, one of his main tasks was to take care that his dissolute Majesty didnt damage the Royal households reputation with his constant orgies. Moltke was less liberal in his views than many of his contemporaries and his greatest merit, however, was the guardianship he exercised over the king. On the death of Queen Louisa, the king would have married one of Moltkes daughters had he not peremptorily declined the dangerous honor, on the death of Frederick, who died in his arms on 14 January 1766, Moltkes influence came to an end. The new king, Fredericks son, Christian VII, could not endure him, at that time Moltke was also unpopular, because he was, wrongly, suspected of enriching himself from the public purse. Therefore, in July 1766, Moltke was dismissed all his positions. On 8 February 1768, through the interest of Russia, to whom he had always been sympathetic, he regained his seat in the council, as Christian VIIs reign was marked by mental illness, he was heavily influenced by his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee. Streunesee had risen steadily in power and from 1770 to 1772, was de facto regent of the country, on 10 December 1770, Moltke was again dismissed without a pension for refusing to have anything to do with the liberal Struensee. He was married to Christiane Frederikke von Brüggemann, after her death, he married Sophie Hedevig von Raben, the daughter of Christian Frederik von Raben, the Gouverneur of the Diocese of Lolland–Falster from 1737 to 1763. Between his two wives, Moltke was said to have had 22 sons, five of whom became cabinet ministers, four who became ambassadors, Christian Frederik Moltke Catharine Sophie Wilhelmine Caroline Moltke, who married Count Hannibal Wedell in June 1752 married at Hirschholm Palace. From 1748 to 1749, the district of Frederiksstaden was built by King Frederick V to commemorate the tercentenary of the Oldenburg familys ascent to the throne of Denmark. The project consisted of four identical mansions, built to house four distinguished families of nobility from the royal circles, moltke’s mansion, which was erected in 1750–54, was the most expensive of the four palaces at the time it was built, and had the most extravagant interiors. The mansion formally opened on 30 March 1754, the King’s thirtieth birthday, on 26 February 1794, the Royal Family found itself homeless after the Christiansborg Palace fire. The family occupied the new residence December 1794 and these mansions form the modern palace of Amalienborg

50.
Charlottenlund Palace
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Charlottenlund Palace is a former royal summer residence in Charlottenlund, some 10 km north of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The palace was named after Charlotte Amalie, who was responsible for the construction of the original palace and it was later extended and adapted for Crown Prince Frederick VIII to a design by Ferdinand Meldahl in the early 1880s. From 1935 to 2015, the building has housed the Danish Biological Station, later renamed Danish Fishery Survey and it is now a cultural event venue. The Great Hall is occasionally used for classical concerts, in 1622, King Christian IV established a new deer park at the site, which was to replace Rosenborg Deer Park at Rosenborg Castle just outside Copenhagen. It was referred to variously as Kongens nye dyrehave ved Skovshoved, Gentofte dyrehave ved stranden, Den lille dyrehave ved Ibstrub, in 1663, King Frederick III ceded the deer park to one of his courtiers, Jacob Petersen. With Henrik Ruse, he opened an inn at the site, due to a dispute at the court, Jacob Petersen had to leave the country. After his property was taken over by Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve. He renovated the buildings as well as the ponds and constructed a new summer residence in the grounds. The exact location of the new house is not known but it is assumed that it was located at the site of the current palace, Gyldenløve had owned Gyldenlund for some ten years when Frederick III claimed it back in exchange for Skjoldenæsholm at Ringsted. The king used the house as a retreat and for hunting. Christian V constructed Jægersborg Allé in 1706, originally as a private road, in 1730, Crown Prince Christian gave Gyldenlund to his sister, Princess Charlotte Amalie. She replaced the house with a new building in the Baroque style, the construction took place under supervision of Engineer Officer H. H. Scheel, probably to a design by Johan Cornelius Krieger. Many of the materials came from Copenhagen Castle which was under demolition. In the middle of the 19th century, Charlottenlund Palace was for years the home of Louise Charlotte. Quite atypically for a residence, the park remained open to the public. Throughout the century, on and off, it was an excursion spot for Copenhageners on Sundays. In 1869, Crown Prince Frederick and his wife Lovisa of Sweden took over the palace, both Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway were born in the building. In 1880–81, Ferdinand Meldahl undertook a major rebuilding of the palace, the queen dowager Louise lived there until her death in 1926