Delmar's Dental Assisting

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This exciting full-color comprehensive resource is designed to prepare dental assisting learners to pass the DANB certification exam, as well as to manage the challenges of working in the dental office. All of the learning elements that were so successful in the first edition have been retained in the new edition. New Web activity boxes, new and updated content, and additional teaching supplements have been added to make this dynamic learning system even better. Also brand new and completely updated are an Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, a workbook, (sold separately) and practice software (included), all designed to reinforce essential competencies needed to enter the field of dental assisting. This comprehensive and integrated learning package provides a complete approach to dental assisting knowledge and skills.

List of Procedures

vi

Preface

xviii

How to Use this Text

xxii

How to Use the Practice Software

xxiv

How to Use the Interactive Skills and Procedures Software

xxvi

Section I: INTRODUCTION

1

(18)

Introduction to the Dental Profession

3

(16)

Introduction

4

(1)

History of Dentistry

4

(1)

Later Progress of Dentistry

5

(1)

Progress of Dentistry in the United States

5

(1)

Education and Organized Denistry

6

(2)

American Dental Association

7

(1)

The Dental Team

8

(4)

Dentists

8

(1)

Dental Hygienists

9

(1)

Dental Laboratory Technicians

10

(1)

Dental Assistants

10

(1)

Other Members of the Dental Team

11

(1)

Psychology and Understanding Individual Paradigms

12

(1)

Communication

12

(1)

The Message

12

(1)

Receiving the Message

13

(1)

Providing Feedback

13

(1)

Listening Skills

13

(1)

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

13

(2)

Territoriality or Spatial Relation

14

(1)

Posture and Position

14

(1)

Facial Expression

14

(1)

Gestures

14

(1)

Perception

14

(1)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

15

(1)

Defense Mechanisms

15

(1)

Multi-Cultural Interaction

15

(1)

Chapter Summary

16

(3)

Section II: Basic Dental Sciences

19

(140)

Oral Health and Nutrition

20

(30)

Introduction

21

(1)

Preventive Dentistry

21

(3)

Plaque Formation

21

(1)

Patient Motivation

22

(1)

Age Characteristics

22

(1)

Home Care

23

(1)

Oral Hygiene Aids

24

(3)

Disclosing Agents

24

(1)

Dentifrice

24

(1)

Mouth Rinses

25

(1)

Chewing Gum

26

(1)

Interdental Aids

26

(1)

Toothbrushes and Techniques

27

(4)

Manual Toothbrushes

27

(1)

Mechanical Toothbrushes

27

(1)

Brushing Techniques for the Manual Toothbrush

28

(3)

Tongue Brushing

31

(1)

Dental Flossing

31

(4)

Types of Floss

31

(1)

Hygienic Care of Prosthetic Devices

32

(3)

Oral Hygiene for Patients with Special Needs

35

(1)

Pregnant Patients

35

(1)

Patients with Cancer

36

(1)

Patients with Heart Disease

36

(1)

Older Patients

36

(1)

Additional Preventive Procedures Performed in the Dental Office

36

(1)

Fluoride

36

(5)

History of Fluoride in Dentistry

36

(1)

Fluoridation

36

(1)

Effects of Fluoride

37

(1)

Tooth Development

37

(1)

Fluoride in Dental Plaque

37

(1)

Fluoride Toxicity

37

(1)

Benefits of Fluoride

38

(1)

Forms of Fluorides

38

(1)

Topical Fluoride

39

(2)

Fluoride Rinses

41

(1)

Nutrition

41

(1)

Nutrients

41

(7)

Fats and Lipids

42

(1)

Proteins

42

(1)

Balancing Energy

43

(1)

Vitamins

43

(1)

Minerals

44

(2)

Water

46

(1)

Nutrition Labels

46

(2)

Diet, Culture, Religion, and Group

48

(1)

Chapter Summary

48

(2)

General Anatomy and Physiology

50

(21)

Introduction

51

(1)

Body Structure

51

(3)

Body Systems

51

(1)

Body Planes and Directions

51

(1)

Body Cavities

51

(2)

Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell

53

(1)

Skeletal System

54

(2)

Functions of the Skeleton System

54

(1)

Divisions of the Skeleton System

54

(1)

Composition of the Bones

55

(1)

Types of Joints

55

(1)

Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System

56

(1)

Muscular System

56

(3)

Functions of the Muscular System

56

(1)

Types of Muscles

56

(1)

Muscle Characteristics

57

(1)

Muscle Attachments

57

(1)

How Muscles Work and Function

57

(1)

Conditions and Diseases of the Muscular System

57

(2)

Nervous System

59

(2)

Functions of the Nervous System

59

(1)

Structure of the Nervous System

59

(1)

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

59

(1)

The Brain and the Cranial Nerves

60

(1)

Diseases of the Nervous System

60

(1)

Endocrine System and Reproductive System

61

(1)

Functions of the Endocrine System

61

(1)

Parts of the Endocrine System

61

(1)

Reproductive System

61

(1)

Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

61

(1)

Circulatory System

62

(2)

Functions of the Circulatory System

62

(1)

Parts of the Circulatory System

62

(2)

Diseases and Conditions of the Circulatory System

64

(1)

Digestive System

64

(2)

Functions of the Digestive System

64

(1)

Parts of the Digestive System

65

(1)

Diseases and Conditions of the Digestive System

66

(1)

Respiratory System

66

(2)

Functions of the Respiratory System

66

(1)

Parts of the Respiratory System

67

(1)

Diseases of the Respiratory System

68

(1)

Lymphatic System and Immune System

68

(1)

Functions of the Lymphatic System

68

(1)

Parts of the Lymphatic System

68

(1)

Functions of the Immune System

69

(1)

Diseases and Conditions of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

69

(1)

Chapter Summary

69

(2)

Head and Neck Anatomy

71

(18)

Introduction

72

(1)

Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

72

(3)

Landmarks of the Face

72

(1)

Landmarks of the Oral Cavity

72

(1)

The Palate Area of the Oral Cavity

73

(1)

The Tongue

73

(1)

The Floor of the Mouth

73

(1)

The Salivary Glands

74

(1)

Bones of the Head

75

(2)

Bones of the Cranium

75

(1)

Bones of the Face

75

(2)

Temporomandibular Joint

77

(1)

Muscles of the Head and Neck

78

(5)

Muscles of Mastication

79

(1)

Muscles of Facial Expression

79

(2)

Muscles of the Tongue

81

(1)

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth

82

(1)

Muscles of the Soft Palate

82

(1)

Muscles of the Neck

83

(1)

Nerves of the Head and Neck

83

(2)

The Maxillary Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve

83

(1)

The Mandibular Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve

84

(1)

Circulation of the Head and Neck

85

(2)

Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity

85

(1)

External Carotid Artery

86

(1)

Veins of the Face and Oral Cavity

86

(1)

Chapter Summary

87

(2)

Embryology and Histology

89

(15)

Introduction

90

(1)

Embryology

90

(4)

Primitive Facial Development

91

(1)

Stages and Features of Pregnancy

91

(1)

Developmental Disturbances

92

(2)

Life Cycle of the Tooth

94

(2)

Bud Stage

94

(1)

Cap Stage

95

(1)

Bell Stage

95

(1)

Maturation Stage

95

(1)

Histology

96

(1)

Tooth Structure

96

(6)

Enamel

96

(1)

Dentin

97

(1)

Pulp

98

(1)

Components of the Periodontium

98

(1)

Cementum

98

(1)

Alveolar Bone

99

(1)

Periodontal Ligament

99

(2)

Gingiva

101

(1)

Chapter Summary

102

(2)

Tooth Morphology

104

(26)

Introduction

105

(1)

Dental Arches

105

(1)

Dental Quadrants

106

(1)

Types of Teeth and Their Functions

106

(2)

Primary Teeth

106

(1)

Permanent Teeth

107

(1)

Eruption Schedule

108

(1)

Divisions of the Tooth

108

(2)

Surfaces of the Teeth

110

(1)

Anterior Teeth

110

(1)

Posterior Teeth

110

(1)

Anatomical Structures

111

(4)

Permanent Teeth Descriptions

115

(11)

Maxillary Central Incisor

115

(1)

Maxillary Lateral Incisor

116

(1)

Maxillary Canine (Cuspid)

117

(1)

Maxillary First Premolar (Bicuspid)

118

(1)

Maxillary Second Premolar (Bicuspid)

118

(1)

Maxillary First Molar

119

(1)

Maxillary Second Molar

120

(1)

Maxillary Third Molar

120

(1)

Mandibular Central Incisor

121

(1)

Mandibular Lateral Incisor

122

(1)

Mandibular Canine (Cuspid)

122

(1)

Mandibular First Premolar (Bicuspid)

123

(1)

Mandibular Second Premolar (Bicuspid)

123

(1)

Mandibular Molars

124

(1)

Mandibular First Molar

124

(1)

Mandibular Second Molar

125

(1)

Mandibular Third Molar

125

(1)

Deciduous (Primary) Teeth Descriptions

126

(2)

Maxillary Deciduous Central Incisor

127

(1)

Maxillary Deciduous Lateral Incisor

127

(1)

Maxillary Deciduous Canine (Cuspid)

127

(1)

Maxillary Deciduous First Molar

127

(1)

Maxillary Deciduous Second Molar

127

(1)

Mandibular Deciduous Central Incisor

127

(1)

Mandibular Deciduous Lateral Incisor

127

(1)

Mandibular Deciduous Canine (Cuspid)

127

(1)

Mandibular Deciduous First Molar

127

(1)

Mandibular Deciduous Second Molar

128

(1)

Chapter Summary

128

(2)

Dental Charting

130

(17)

Introduction

131

(1)

Dental Charts

131

(1)

Numbering Systems

131

(2)

Universal/National System for Numbering

131

(1)

Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) System for Numbering

132

(1)

Palmer System for Numbering

132

(1)

Cavity Classifications

133

(1)

Class I

133

(1)

Class II

133

(1)

Class III

133

(1)

Class IV

134

(1)

Class V

134

(1)

Class VI

134

(1)

Abbreviations of Tooth Surfaces

134

(1)

Commonly Used Abbreviations

135

(1)

Basic Charting Terms

135

(1)

Charting Color Indications and Symbols

136

(6)

Chapter Summary

142

(5)

Microbiology

147

(12)

Introduction

148

(1)

Important People in Microbiology

148

(1)

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

148

(1)

Louis Pasteur

148

(1)

Robert Koch

148

(1)

Groups of Microorganisms

148

(1)

Bacteria

149

(2)

Baceteria's Need for Oxygen

149

(1)

The Morphology of Bacteria

149

(1)

Disease Examples Caused by Bacteria

150

(1)

Protozoa

151

(1)

Disease Examples Caused by Protozoa

151

(1)

Rickettsiae

151

(1)

Disease Examples Caused by Rickettsiae

151

(1)

Yeasts and Molds

152

(1)

Disease Examples Caused by Yeasts and Molds

152

(1)

Viruses

153

(1)

Disease Examples Caused by Viruses

153

(1)

Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant

154

(2)

Herpes Simplex

154

(1)

Viral Hepatitis

154

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

155

(1)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

155

(1)

How the Body Resists Diseases

156

(1)

Infection

156

(1)

Immunity

156

(1)

Normal Routes of Microorganism Exposure in the Dental Office

156

(1)

Direct Contact

157

(1)

Indirect Contact

157

(1)

Inhalation

157

(1)

Chapter Summary

157

(2)

Section III: PRECLINICAL DENTAL SKILLS

159

(90)

Infection Control

160

(29)

Introduction

161

(1)

Rationales and Regulations

161

(3)

Rationale of Infection Control

161

(1)

Regulations and Recommendations for Infection Control in the Dental Office

161

(2)

OSHA-Mandated Training for Dental Office Employees

163

(1)

Cross-Contamination Pathways

164

(1)

Routes of Microbial Transmission

164

(1)

Infection Control in the Dental Office

165

(7)

Immunizations

165

(1)

Medical History

165

(1)

Handwashing

165

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment

166

(5)

Barriers

171

(1)

Disinfection

172

(4)

Cleaning the Area

172

(1)

Environmental Protection Agency Approval

172

(1)

Chemical Disinfectants

173

(1)

Ultrasonic Cleaning

174

(1)

Packaging and Loading Sterilizers

175

(1)

Sterilization

176

(3)

Types of Sterilization

176

(2)

Equipment Maintenance

178

(1)

Handpiece Sterilization

179

(1)

Instrument Storage

179

(1)

Sterilization Monitoring

179

(1)

Biological Monitors

179

(1)

Process Indicators

179

(1)

Dosage Indicators

179

(1)

Techniques and Aids for Infection Control

180

(1)

Preprocedure Antiseptic Mouth Rinses

180

(1)

High Volume Evacuation

180

(1)

Dental Dam Usage

180

(1)

Disposable Items

180

(1)

Clinical Asepsis Protocol

181

(6)

Treatment Area Protocol for Disinfecting and Cleaning

181

(1)

Dental Unit Waterlines

181

(6)

Dental Radiography Room and Equipment

187

(1)

Dental Laboratory

187

(1)

Chapter Summary

187

(2)

Management of Hazardous Materials

189

(16)

Introduction

190

(4)

OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Revision

194

(1)

Exposure Control Plan Additions

194

(1)

OSHA's Compliance Directive

195

(1)

Engineering/Work Practice Controls

195

(1)

Sharps

195

(3)

Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens

196

(2)

Employee Work Site

198

(1)

Hazardous Chemicals

198

(5)

Material Safety Data Sheets

199

(4)

Chapter Summary

203

(2)

Preparation for Patients Care

205

(12)

Introduction

206

(1)

Patient History

206

(1)

Personal Information

206

(1)

Medical Information

206

(1)

Dental Information

206

(1)

Clinical Observation

207

(1)

Clinical Evaluation

207

(2)

Vital Signs

209

(6)

Body Temperature

209

(2)

Pulse

211

(1)

Respiration

212

(1)

Blood Pressure

212

(3)

Chapter Summary

215

(2)

Pharmacology

217

(11)

Introduction

218

(1)

Drug Names

218

(1)

Brand Names

218

(1)

Generic Names

218

(1)

Prescriptions

218

(3)

Parts of a Prescription

219

(2)

Drug Laws

221

(1)

Drug Schedule for the Comprehensive Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970