Book sources

This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10- or 13-digit ISBN number. Spaces and dashes in the ISBN number do not matter; in Wikipedia, numbers preceded by "ISBN" link directly to this page.

This page links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you will be able to search for the book by its International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

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Spaces and dashes in the ISBN do not matter. Also, the number starts after the colon for "ISBN-10:" and "ISBN-13:" numbers.

An ISBN identifies a specific edition of a book. Any given title may therefore have a number of different ISBNs. See xISBN below for finding other editions.

An ISBN registration, even one corresponding to a book page on a major book distributor database, is not definite proof that such a book actually exists. A title may have been cancelled or postponed after the ISBN was assigned. Check to see if the book exists or not.

Online text

Google Books and Amazon.com may be particularly helpful if you want to verify citations in Wikipedia articles, because they often enable you to search an online version of the book for specific words or phrases, or you can browse through the book (although for copyright reasons the entire book is usually not available).

Important: Google Books and Amazon.com provide valuable information about a book, but they might not give you the specifics you need. Consult the resources below for other ways to locate the source.

Online databases

Find this book at Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog, a metasearch engine addressing many of the databases linked here and also some major commercial booksellers.

Luxembourg

Montenegro

Netherlands

Find this book in the Dutch-Union Catalogue that searches simultaneously in more than 400 Dutch electronic library systems (including regional libraries, university libraries, research libraries and the Royal Dutch library)

Book-swapping websites

Non-English book sources

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Find other editions

You can look up ISBNs for different editions of the same book, hardback or paperback, first print or a reprint, even re-editions where the title has changed using xISBN. xISBN's linkages are determined algorithmically, based on the concepts of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.

1.
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 2014 OReilly Media acquired Pearsons stake, making Safari Books Online a wholly owned subsidiary of OReilly Media, Safari has a variety of subscription plans for individuals and institutions. Professional Societies like IEEE Computer Society and ACM provide access as part of their membership benefits, Safari purchased PubFactorys Electronic Platform, an electronic publishing platform, from RDW Group in 2012

Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online

2.
National Library of South Africa
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The National Library of South Africa is the agency of the government of South Africa which maintains a national library of all published materials relating to the country. In 1818, Lord Charles Somerset, the Cape Colonys first civil Governor, issued a proclamation to control the wine trade, in 1820 the board of trustees decided to donate the Dessinian Collection to the new library. In 1873 the South African Public Library became a legal library for the Cape Colony. The Library continued as a deposit library until 1954, when this function was taken over by the City of Cape Town. Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited the library, then called the South African Library around 1833 and described it as once the pride and he noted that the library had approximately 10,000 volumes and called it a highly creditable place. The Staats-Bibliotheek der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek came into being thanks to a donation of books from the Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde and these books consisted of a complete library of Dutch works, mainly Dutch literature and language, to the Transvaal Republics government. The first consignment of eight chests of books arrived in 1883, on 21 September 1887 the Transvaal government approved the constitution of the Staats-Bibliotheek. As Pretoria began to grow in size, there arose a need for a public library, the first Pretoria Public Library had opened its doors in 1878, but because of ongoing financial problems was closed down in 1890. In 1893 strong public support and a collection of 700 saw another public library arise, from that time onward until 1964, the State Library performed a dual role as public library and national library. The first national librarian, the Afrikaans poet Jan Celliers, saw exchange agreements as a means of enriching the State Librarys collections, the first exchange agreement was entered into in 1898 with the Smithsonian Institution of Washington in the United States. In terms of the agreement the State Library would receive all American official publications in exchange for two copies of each publication of the South African republic. Until 1 November 1999, for reasons, South Africa had two national libraries, the South African Library, founded in 1818, in Cape Town. In South Africa legal deposit, in form or another. As a result, extensive collections of material of great scholarly value have been built up in the national libraries. During the 1990s the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology began a review of all legislation under its jurisdiction, including the National Libraries Act, No 56 of 1985. The Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in 1996 appointed a Working Group on the National Libraries of South Africa to advise him on the future of the two national libraries. The most important recommendation of the Working Group was that the two national libraries be amalgamated to form a national library, to be known as the National Library of South Africa. History of libraries in South Africa Official website Site by South African National Library, Cape Town, at SAHRA

National Library of South Africa
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National Library of South Africa, Cape Town campus (old postcard)

3.
University of South Africa
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The University of South Africa is the largest university on the African continent and attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. The university has over 300,000 students, including African and international students in 130 countries worldwide, Unisa is a dedicated open distance education institution. Open distance learning entails a student-centred approach that gives students flexibility and choice over what, when, where, and how they learn, and provides them with extensive student support. In 1946, it was given a new role as a distance education university and today it offers certificate, diploma, in January 2004, Unisa merged with Technikon Southern Africa and incorporated the distance education component of Vista University. The combined institution retained the name University of South Africa, unlike other merged institutions and it is now organised by college and by school, see below. Unisas Muckleneuk Campus is located in Pretoria and is a landmark of the capital city. It was in 1972 that Unisa moved into its new home on Muckleneuk Ridge having vacated the old quarters in central Pretoria, the most striking feature is the long projection from the brow of the hill, supported by a giant steel girder resting on a massive column. Also in Pretoria is the Sunnyside campus, the area of student activity. The Florida campus in Johannesburg is Unisas science campus, the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and some departments of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology is housed here. The science campus contains 12 buildings, a library, two auditoriums and a study area. The university has seven regional centres in South Africa, servicing students in all nine provinces, the largest portion of these students are South African, being 91. 4% of the sum of the student enrollments. The College of Economic and Management Sciences is the largest of the eight colleges, according to the same HEMIS submission, Unisa had 5,575 staff members in 2013. The staff complement consisted of 3,261 females and 2,593 males,2011 figures from the Department of Institutional Statistics and Analysis at the university show that the majority of the staff employed are non-professional administrative staff, being 56. 8%. The number of professionals are 33. 2% of the sum of the staff employed. As an Open Distance Learning institution, and one of the world’s mega universities, in 2015, the University of South Africa was ranked the 6th best university in South Africa by the Times Higher Education. This makes the university the 6th best university in Africa, out of 30, Unisa received a Royal Charter in 1877. Its qualifications are registered with the South African Qualifications Authority, in other cases the publication of an institution’s name in specific authoritative publications forms the basis of accreditation. Students must however enquire from the specific foreign country/university whether Unisa’s qualifications are accredited/recognised, internationally, Unisa is listed in the Commonwealth Universities Handbook of 1999 and also in the International Handbook of Universities of 1998

University of South Africa
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Unisa Muckleneuk campus at night
University of South Africa
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University of South Africa

4.
University of Zimbabwe
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The University of Zimbabwe in Harare, is the oldest and formerly largest university in Zimbabwe. It was founded through a relationship with the University of London. The university has ten faculties offering a variety of degree programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher, english is the language of instruction. Although once a successful university, UZ has been facing challenges since 2008. Major work is being done to uplift the status of the University, refurbishments are being carried out on the Main campus and many facilities are being upgraded to make the university an International Academic Brand. The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime particularly the obscure PhD given to Grace Mugabe. In 1945, Manfred Hodson formed the Rhodesia University Association, inspired by the promise of £20,000 by J. F. Kapnek for establishing such a university, the Governor of Southern Rhodesia established the Rhodesia University Foundation Fund in 1947. The Legislative Assembly accepted an offer of land in Mount Pleasant from the City of Salisbury for the construction of the campus in 1948, four years later a bill was enacted for the incorporation and constitution of the university. First classes began for some 68 students on a site at 147 Baker Avenue. In 1955 the British government formally adopted the institution, establishing the University College of Rhodesia, the college was admitted to the privilege of Special Relation with the University of London the following year and in 1957 all activities were transferred to the Mount Pleasant campus. The following year the college was granted pieces of land upon which the college farm, in 1963 the Medical School opened and was affiliated to the University of Birmingham. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the University College continued as an independent institution of education and research. In 1981, the first black Principal, Prof Walter Kamba was appointed, student numbers rose from 1,000 in 1980 to 2,000 by 1985. The University of Zimbabwe Act was controversially amended in 1990, giving the government more powers and, according to faculty, students and observers. The late 1980s and most of the 1990s saw a rise in student protest, resulting in several closures, despite the ongoing tensions, the university continued to grow and the student population had reached 8,000 by 1995 and 10,139 by 2001. As the 2000s began, the university struggled to meet lecturers and professors expectations on salary levels, many donors, including the Government of Sweden, which had previously been a major financer of UZ, cut or cancelled their aid. As the economic crisis grew in Zimbabwe, UZ began to fail to recruit lecturers and professors to fill vacancies, by 2007, the shortage of staff was preventing the teaching and examination of some programmes

University of Zimbabwe
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Council room of the University of Zimbabwe. Portraits of former Vice-Chancellors from left to right: Robert Craig, Leonard Lewis, Walter Kamba and Gordon Chavunduka.
University of Zimbabwe
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University of Zimbabwe
University of Zimbabwe
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Social gathering on the edge of the College Green, University of Zimbabwe
University of Zimbabwe
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Faculty of Engineering graduation ceremony, University of Zimbabwe, August 2005.

5.
Library and Archives Canada
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Library and Archives Canada is a federal institution tasked with acquiring, preserving and making Canadas documentary heritage accessible. LAC reports to Parliament through Mélanie Joly, the Minister of Canadian Heritage since November 4,2015, the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953. Freda Farrell Waldon contributed to the writing of the brief which led to the founding of the National Library of Canada, in 2004, Library and Archives Canada combined the functions of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. It was established by the Library and Archives of Canada Act, a subsequent Order in Council dated May 21,2004 united the collections, services and personnel of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. Since inception LAC has reported to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage, LAC is expected to maintain effective recordkeeping practices that ensure transparency and accountability. Some of this content, primarily the collection, university theses. Many items have not been digitized and are available in physical form. As of May 2013 only about 1% of the collection had been digitized, representing about 25 million of the more popular, genealogists account for 70% of LACs clients. The building at 395 Wellington Street in downtown Ottawa is the physical location where the public may access the collection in person. The building was opened on June 20,1967. With the de-emphasis on physical visits, in-person services have been curtailed, for example since April 2012 reference services are by appointment only, there are also administrative offices in Gatineau and preservation and storage facilities throughout Canada for federal government records. It was built at a cost of CDN$107 million, and the opening took place on June 4,1997. It is a building containing 48 climate-controlled preservation vaults and state-of-the-art preservation laboratories. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada named it one of the top 500 buildings constructed in Canada during the last millennium. A Nitrate Film Preservation Facility on the Communications Research Centre campus in Shirleys Bay, on the outskirts of Ottawa, the collection contains 5,575 film reels dating back to 1912, including some of the first Canadian motion pictures and photographic negatives. The film material is sensitive and requires precise temperatures for its preservation. The facility will feature a high bay metal shelving system with an environment to better protect Canadas published heritage. RSS feeds provide links to new content on the LAC website, a new modernized website is being developed and is scheduled for completion in 2013, with both new and old websites accessible during the transition period. e

6.
CISTI
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The National Science Library, formerly known as the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information or CISTI, began in 1917 as the library of the National Research Council of Canada. NRC is the Government of Canada’s premier research and technology organization, working with clients and partners to provide support, strategic research, scientific. The library took on the role of national science library unofficially in 1957, the National Science Library is located in Ottawa, Ontario, and houses one of the worlds most comprehensive collections of publications in science, technology, engineering and medicine. It is part of NRC’s Knowledge Management Branch and provides NRC and Canada’s research community with information and information services to accelerate discovery, the NRC Research Press joined the Library in 1992. On September 1,2010, NRC Research Press became a company called Canadian Science Publishing and is no longer directly affiliated with CISTI or the NRC. The Library currently provides services to four federal departments/agencies, including licensing and acquisitions, cataloguing, reference, library website and it also provides all technical library support services to Health Canada as part of a partnership that began in 2010. A three-year FSL implementation project was launched in October 2014, with the NSL serving as the technical lead. WorldWideScience Alliance- the Library has been a member of global science search engine since June 2008. DataCite- NRCs National Science Library is a member of this worldwide consortium for allocating DOIs to datasets. In June 2011 the Library launched the CISTI Mobile website which provides location and search services to mobile devices including Android, Blackberry. The mobile website provides federated searching across several science and technology information sources at, the site was likely the first Canadian federal library mobile website. NRC researchers are able to combine searches with these and other publisher sites and databases that the NSL licenses on their behalf. It contains tens of thousands of freely available scientific articles, technical reports, book chapters, in May 2012, the Library launched DataCite Canada, a data registration service that allows Canadian data centres to register research data sets and assign Digital Object Identifiers. From the late 1990s until 2010, the Library was one of the largest providers of documents in the areas of science technology, in 2009 the Library announced that document delivery services would be provided in partnership with Infotrieve. As of June 2010, access to the National Science Library and they are also responsible for onsite access to the Library collection at NRC’s main library, located in Ottawa Ontario. To order documents, users must have a CCC account, ordering through Canadian National Science Library - Order documents

CISTI
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NRC National Science Library

7.
Calgary Public Library
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The Calgary Public Library is a distributed library system featuring 18 branch locations including the Central Library. It is the second most used system in Canada and the sixth most used system in North America. This is despite the fact that the Calgary Public Library has one of the lowest per capita funding in the country, the Calgary Public Library Board of Trustees was established on May 18,1908. Bennett, who would serve as Prime Minister of Canada, was among the five people appointed to the board. The first public library opened on January 2,1912, thanks in part to the generosity of Scottish / American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie funded $80,000 of the $100,000 cost of Calgary’s Central Library, pressuring City Hall to fund the rest. The building was the first purpose-built public library in Alberta and it was designed by Boston architects McLean & Wright, and built out of local Paskapoo Sandstone. This library branch is a copy of a library in Attleboro, in 1929 the formal Victorian-style park surrounding the Central Library was dedicated to the honour of those who had died in the Great War. During construction of the building, the Calgary Library Board sought out a librarian to oversee the opening of its new library. In January 1911, Alexander Calhoun, a graduate of Queens University, was appointed Calgarys Librarian. Calhoun served as the head of the Calgary Public Library until his retirement in 1945, when a new downtown central library was constructed in the early 1960s, the original branch was renamed the Memorial Park branch, and still operates today. An addition to the 1960s Central Library was built in 1974, preliminary planning and public consultation for a new central library have been completed, and the project is expected to cost between C$225 million and C$250 million. City Hall has allocated C$175 million to the project, in 2013, CNOOC subsidiary Nexen donated 1. 5M dollars to the Calgary Public Library. The company has secured the rights for high tech learning commons of the New Central Library. CNOOC CEO Li Fanrong reiterated the gesture was motivated by the companys corporate responsibilities to Calgary, there have been concerns of censorship as CNOOC is a Chinese state run company, however McIntyre Royston library foundation head assures that the librarys collection wont be censored. The location of the new library will be in the Downtown East Village, on February 25,2013, City Hall has approved the master plan to have the new library be built at the forementioned location at Downtown East Village at the overall cost of C$245 million. The planned 286, 000-square foot complex is slated to be completed by 2018, list of Carnegie libraries in Canada Official Website Annual reports and other publications Branch locations and hours Canadian Library Association - A Pocket History of Calgary

Calgary Public Library
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Calgary Public Library

8.
Ottawa Public Library
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The Ottawa Public Library is the library system of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and is the largest bilingual library in North America. The library was founded in 1906 with a donation from the Carnegie Foundation, in January 2005, it upgraded three branches to Windows XP. The rest received that operating system by April of that year, in March 2014, Windows 7 was rolled out and the software was upgraded to Office 2007, but WordPerfect is now absent. Children accounts are filtered, while adults have the option of choosing unfiltered or filtered Internet access, later, they added Wi-Fi hotspots at their branches. It is also possible to free downloadable e-books, Zinio magazines, audiobooks. The citys active Local Council of Women took up the cause of a library for all. They announced, just before the election of 1896, that the mansion of George Perley, however, the city voted down the motion to build a library, as well as another motion to build a firehall, the city just didnt have any money to spare for luxuries. Only in 1901, when letters were mailed to Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie replied that he would offer $100,000 to the city to build the library if they provided a site and a pledge of $7,500 a year to maintain it. They eventually agreed in January 1903, and within a few years the library was built, several of the Corinthian columns from the old Carnegie library survive in the Rockeries in Rockcliffe Park, a rock garden maintained by the National Capital Commission. The library now has branches spread throughout urban and rural Ottawa. Today, the library is divided into district branches Nepean Centrepointe, Cumberland and Greenboro, community branches such as Sunnyside, Ruth E. Dickinson and Carlingwood and several rural branches. Patrons throughout the new city have greatly benefited from the 2001 merger as they can now easily order almost items from another branch, ordering items via the library website for pickup at a local branch has been very popular, with over 5 million visitors to the website in 2007. The new system is centralized, which has meant a loss of decision-making power in many ways, including the choice of books for purchase. Patrons can however suggest items for the library to purchase, the current CEO of OPL is Danielle McDonald. The OPL is governed by a board of fourteen members appointed by the City of Ottawa, six city councillors. The Library is funded mainly by the city through local tax revenues, some revenue also comes from the province, and traditional library sources of fees, fines, and fundraising. The library system has 2.3 million items,91. 7% percent of which are books, the library also has a large audio-visual collection including DVDs, CDs, VHS tapes and downloadable books and music. Since Ottawa has a significant francophone population, a portion of the collection is in French

9.
Thunder Bay Public Library
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The Thunder Bay Public Library serves the citizens of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada and surrounding areas. Membership fees were $20.00 for life or $2.00 per year, the present building at 285 Red River Road opened on June 1,1951 as the Port Arthur Public Library. Fees were $1.25 per year for CPR employees, non-employees were required to pay $1.25 for use of the tub. With the assistance of a $50,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation, the Fort William Library moved to its new location at 216 South Brodie Street in 1912, with Mary J. L. Black as the librarian. The Fort William Library saw its first major change when an addition was added to the side of the building in 1955. In 1966 the front entrance was rebuilt, when the Westfort branch library at 151 West Brock Street opened in 1938, it was named for Black, who had also been the first woman president of the Ontario Library Association. The present Thunder Bay Public Library officially came into being in 1970, after the amalgamation of the Port Arthur and Fort William branches. The inaugural meeting of the Library Board was held in January,1970 and it was also deemed essential that a logo should be created for use on stationary, posters, signs and cards. A contest was held requesting designs from the public, and in March,1971 the first prize design was adopted, the logo was revised in March 1992 by Barry Smith to reflect a more modern outlook. Although the service was popular with users, the prohibitive cost of the vehicle. In 1980 the Brodie Street Library received a renovation, and in 1981, its collection was rearranged with the adult fiction materials. The branch, which opened on June 25,1981, housed fiction, a small collection of childrens materials. On February 27,1982, the citys Local Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee designated the Brodie Street Library as a significant building. Over the next few years, work focused on the automation project, the GEAC online circulation system was launched on June 4,1986, and in 1994, the library upgraded its automation system to the GEAC Advance system. Meanwhile, circulation of materials at Victoriaville did not reach the levels that the library had expected, at this time the fiction collection was returned to Brodie, which was again renovated in order to make room for these materials. In December 1995, the County Park Branch Library, located in County Fair Mall, customer service is an ongoing priority for Thunder Bay Public Library with training for all staff members and development of standards based on customer feedback. Public libraries in Ontario Ask Ontario Thunder Bay Public Library Ontario Public Libraries Book a Library Computer Online Online fine payment Social Web Sites FaceBook Page

10.
Toronto Public Library
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Toronto Public Library is a public library system in Toronto, Ontario. Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors compared to other large urban systems. Established as the library of the Mechanics Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries and has over 12 million items in its collection, in 1830, a library was established in the York Mechanics Institute. In 1884, the became the Toronto Public Library. James Bain was the first chief librarian and he supplemented the collection with $15,000 worth of books purchased on a trip to England in late 1883, between 1907 and 1916, ten libraries were built with funds from the Andrew Carnegie Trust. Several of these Carnegie libraries continue to be used by the library, one. Henry Cummings Campbell was Chief Librarian of the Toronto Public Library from 1956 to 1978, and he is credited for having contributed to the expansion of the library and its adaptation to an increasingly dynamic and multicultural city. Prior to the Amalgamation of Toronto in 1998, each of the municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto operated their own public libraries. The merger caused the Toronto Public Library to become the largest library system in North America, in 2004, a new library was opened in the St. James Town neighbourhood of Toronto, bringing the total number of branches to 99. New branches are scheduled to open on Fort York Boulevard at Bathurst Street, the Municipal Affairs branch closed in September 2011, bringing the number of branches to back to 98. The Toronto Public Library is governed by a Board appointed by Toronto City Council, the Board is composed of eight citizen members, four Toronto City Councillors and the Mayor or his designate. The librarys collection count is approximately 11 million items, the Toronto Public Library technology services include public access computers and free wireless internet access in all branches. The Library also provides access to e-books and other electronic collections, the Toronto Public Library website allows users to reserve materials and have them transferred to the users preferred branch. The TPL operates two Bookmobile buses, targeting communities who lack access to a neighbourhood branch. There are 32 regular Bookmobile stops in Toronto, including one on Wards Island, the bookmobile concept was previously used in the library systems of the former municipalities of North York and Scarborough as well as in Toronto as far back as 1955. Since April 2016, the Parkdale branch has a collection of musical instruments you can borrow for free with your library card, the residents of Toronto can borrow museum passes with their library card. Each pass allows maximum 2 adults and 4 kids entering one site, for those popular sites, such as Toronto Zoo, ROM and Ontario Science Centre, you need to stay in line as early as possible. They are given out on a first-come, first-served basis, List of public libraries in Ontario List of Carnegie libraries in Canada Childrens Books History Society Myrvold, Barbara

Toronto Public Library
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Yorkville Library, one of several Carnegie libraries in Toronto
Toronto Public Library
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TPL Bookmobile

11.
Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand further in the 1960s, consistent with government policy that saw increased access to education as a social good. Carleton is a university that offers more than 65 academic programs across a wide range of disciplines. It is named after the former Carleton County, Ontario, which included the city of Ottawa at the time Carleton was founded, Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, an early Governor-General of British North America. As of 2016, Carleton has enrollment of more than 22,000 undergraduate, the university is represented in U Sports by the Carleton Ravens. I learned very early the lesson that it is people, not buildings. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile, – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, was founded in 1942 at the height of the Second World War by the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning. It began in a building and only offered night courses in public administration. When the war ended in 1945, the college began expanding to meet the needs of veterans coming home, the Faculty of Arts and Science was established, which included courses in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the moved to First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its programs in Journalism, for nearly a decade the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. During the war, student fees were low and Carleton gave special grants to veterans returning home who wished to continue their studies. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the Public Service, however, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1952 the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing its name to Carleton College. Carleton thus became the provinces first private, non-sectarian college, in the same year, the 62-hectare property nestled between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River on which the current campus is located was acquired. Some of the land was donated by a prominent Ottawa businessman Harry Stevenson Southam, construction began on the new campus in 1953. In 1957 the Carleton University Act,1952 was amended, granting Carleton status as a public university, Carletons motto, Ours the Task Eternal, is taken from Walt Whitmans poem, Pioneers

Carleton University
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Henry Marshall Tory, first President of Carleton College
Carleton University
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Coat of arms of Carleton University
Carleton University
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Lester Pearson, Chancellor, Prime Minister, Nobel Laureate
Carleton University
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A portrait of Guy Carleton

12.
McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Honourable William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator, McMaster University was incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1887, merging the Toronto Baptist College with Woodstock College. It opened in Toronto in 1890, inadequate facilities and the gift of land in Hamilton prompted the institution to relocate in 1930. McMaster was controlled by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec until it became a privately chartered, the university is co-educational, and has over 25,000 undergraduate and over 4,000 post-graduate students. Alumni and former students of the university can be found all across Canada, notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, one Rhodes Scholar, and two Nobel laureates. The McMaster athletic teams are known as the Marauders, and are members of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport, McMaster University resulted from the outgrowth of educational initiatives undertaken by Baptists as early as the 1830s. It was founded in 1881 as Toronto Baptist College, in 1887 the Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College was granted royal assent, and McMaster University was officially incorporated. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies College, Toronto, were maintained in close connection, the new university, housed in McMaster Hall in Toronto, was sponsored by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec as a sectarian undergraduate institution for its clergy and adherents. The first courses—initially limited to arts and theology leading to a BA degree—were taught in 1890, as the university grew, McMaster Hall started to become overcrowded. By the 1920s, after previous proposals between various university staff, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign to bring McMaster University to Hamilton, as the issue of space at McMaster Hall became more acute, the university administration debated the future of the university. The university nearly became federated with the University of Toronto, as had been the case with Trinity College, instead, in 1927, the university administration decided to transfer the university to Hamilton. The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec secured $1.5 million, the lands for the university and new buildings were secured through gifts from graduates. Lands were transferred from Royal Botanical Gardens to establish the campus area, the first academic session on the new Hamilton campus began in 1930. McMasters property in Toronto was sold to the University of Toronto when McMaster moved to Hamilton in 1930, McMaster Hall is now home to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Professional programs during the period were limited to just theology. By the 1940s the McMaster administration was under pressure to modernize, during the Second World War and post-war periods the demand for technological expertise, particularly in the sciences, increased

McMaster University
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McMaster Hall, located in Toronto, was the original location of the university. The building is currently used as the headquarters for The Royal Conservatory of Music.
McMaster University
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McMaster University
McMaster University
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Hamilton Hall was constructed in 1926 in preparation for the university's move to Hamilton and now houses the Department of Mathematics & Statistics
McMaster University
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Panoramic view of McMaster University from the southwest, taken on June 2008

13.
Simon Fraser University
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Simon Fraser University, commonly referred to as SFU, is a public research university in British Columbia, Canada with campuses in Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver. The 1.7 km2 Burnaby campus on Burnaby Mountain, located 20 km from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and comprises more than 30,000 students and approximately 950 faculty members. Undergraduate and graduate programs at SFU operate on a year-round tri-semester schedule, SFU is the first Canadian research university with U. S. accreditation and is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. SFU is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Canada, placing first in Macleans annual University Rankings in 1993, 1996–1998,2000. To date, SFU faculty and alumni have won 43 fellowships to the Royal Society of Canada, Simon Fraser University was founded upon the recommendation of a 1962 report entitled Higher Education in British Columbia and a Plan for the Future, by John B. He recommended the creation of a new university in the Lower Mainland, the university was named after Simon Fraser, a North West Company fur trader and explorer. The original name of the school was Fraser University, but was changed because the initials FU evoked the profane phrase fuck you, in May of the same year, Gordon M. Shrum was appointed as the universitys first Chancellor. From a variety of sites which were offered, Shrum recommended to the government that the summit of Burnaby Mountain,365 meters above sea level. Architects Arthur Erickson and Geoffrey Massey won a competition to design the university, the campus faces northwest over Burrard Inlet. Eighteen months later, on September 9,1965, the university began its first semester with 2,500 students, the resolution to the crisis included the dismantling of the department into todays separate departments. In 2007, the university decided to both the old coat of arms and the revised coat of arms featuring the books. In 2007, a new marketing logo was unveiled, consisting of letters on block red. SFUs president is Andrew Petter, whose term began on September 1,2010, Petter succeeded Dr. Michael Stevenson, who held a decade-long post as President from 2000 to 2010. In 2009, SFU became the first Canadian university to be accepted into the National Collegiate Athletic Association, starting in the 2011-2012 season, SFU competed in the NCAAs Division II Great Northwest Athletic Conference and has now transitioned all 19 Simon Fraser Clan teams into the NCAA. On September 9,2015, SFU celebrated its 50th anniversary, over its 50 years, the university educated over 130,000 graduates. SFU has been rated as Canadas best comprehensive university in the rankings of Canadian universities in Macleans magazine since 1991. The Higher Education Strategy Associates ranked Simon Fraser University 6th in Science and Engineering, Research Infosource, Canadas leading provider of research intelligence evaluation, named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for publication effectiveness in 2006. Similar to most Canadian universities, SFU is a university, with more than half of funding coming from taxpayers

Simon Fraser University
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The newly constructed university in 1967, with the Academic Quadrangle as a centre of the campus.
Simon Fraser University
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Simon Fraser University coat of arms
Simon Fraser University
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Gordon M. Shrum, the University's first chancellor.
Simon Fraser University
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The Maggie Benston Centre, home to many of the administrative activities at SFU

14.
University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location

University of Guelph
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The Johnston Clock Tower at the main campus
University of Guelph
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University of Guelph
University of Guelph
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Engineering building
University of Guelph
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Atrium in science complex

15.
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University is a Canadian public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Laurier has several campuses, including in Toronto, Ontario, Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, the University offers a full range of undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields, with more than 17,000 full-time undergraduate students. The twin cities of Kitchener, Ontario and Waterloo, Ontario have the largest concentration of companies in North America apart from California. In 1910, the Lutheran Synod established a seminary, which opened to students in 1911, in 1914 the seminary developed non-theological courses under the name the Waterloo College School. In 1924, the Waterloo College of Arts was established, Waterloo College of Arts became affiliated with the University of Western Ontario in 1925 and soon began to offer honours degree programs in the arts. In 1960, the Lutheran church relinquished its sponsorship of Waterloo College, the seminary obtained a revised charter changing the name of the institution to Waterloo Lutheran University. On November 1,1973, Wilfrid Laurier University was established with Royal Assent by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Ross Macdonald, while Lauriers colours remain, it ended its affiliation with Western in 1960. Laurier opened a campus, in Brantford, Ontario, in 1999. The Brantford campus is centred on a number of properties in the downtown area which have been restored for university use. They include a former Carnegie library, Brantfords 1880 post office, and 1870 mansion, the Kitchener campus is located in the historic and fully renovated former St. Jeromes high school building. The university has enrollment of about 17,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students,781 full-time and part-time graduate students, Laurier has been transitioning from a primarily undergraduate university to a mid-size research university. In the 2016 Macleans magazine survey of Canadian universities, Laurier was ranked 10th out of 15 comprehensive universities in Canada, among Ontario universities, Laurier was behind Waterloo, Guelph, York, and Ryerson but ahead of Windsor and Brock. In addition, Laurier is home to the Penderecki String Quartet - an internationally recognised group playing largely new compositions, the music faculty boasts two performance spaces, the Theatre Auditorium and the Maureen Forrester Recital Hall. The faculty also attracts a greater percentage of students from outside Ontario than any faculty at Laurier. Lauriers Music program offers the only degree in Music Therapy. Laurier is the headquarters of the Academic Council of the United Nations System which has been hosted by Yale, Brown, the ACUNS goal is to strengthen the study of international organizations and to create strong ties between the academic community and diplomats within international organizations. Laurier is also a prominent partner in the new Balsillie School of International Affairs, the school offers three programs, a masters in arts in global governance, a masters in international public policy and a PhD program in global governance

Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Laurier landmark sign, at the corner of King Street North and Bricker Avenue
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Laurier Food Court

16.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept

University of Waterloo
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Constructed in 1958, the Douglas Wright Engineering Building is the oldest building that was erected for use by the university.
University of Waterloo
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University of Waterloo
University of Waterloo
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The Dana Porter Library holds the university's main collection for humanities and social science.
University of Waterloo
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The Mackenzie King Village residences, constructed in 2002, are the latest set of residences constructed by the university.

17.
Trinity Western University
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Trinity Western University is a private Christian liberal arts university in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. It is accredited by the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, founded in 1962, it enrolls approximately 3,500 students and sits on a suburban-rural 157-acre campus near the historic village of Fort Langley, British Columbia. Trinity Western is Canadas largest privately funded Christian university and it has a broad-based liberal arts, sciences, and professional studies curriculum, offering 45 undergraduate majors and 17 graduate and post-graduate programs. It has a student to faculty ratio of 16,1 with an average class size of 37. Trinity Western is a member of the Royal Society of Canada and its varsity teams, known as the Spartans, are members of Canadian Interuniversity Sport. According to Universities Canada, the national organization that represents Canadian universities and colleges. The committee decided on a location between Vancouver and Seattle in rural British Columbia, in what is now the Township of Langley, after 20 years as a transfer college, Trinity Western began awarding baccalaureate degrees in 1980. In 1985 the British Columbia Provincial Government legislated the institution to its current position as a privately funded Christian university and it became known as Trinity Western University. It is the fourth-oldest university in the province of British Columbia after the University of British Columbia, the University of Victoria, Trinity Western Universitys motto is Turris Fortis Deus Noster. The Latin motto is translated as A Mighty Fortress is Our God, the universitys colours are gold and blue. Trinity Western University is an independent, privately supported institution, offering a liberal arts education, since its founding in 1962, it has identified as a Christian institution, although it has always been governed independently from any church or religious organization. It is currently administered by a 14-member Board of Governors, to which the President reports, the current president, Robert Kuhn, was the interim president before his inauguration in 2014. Undergraduates fulfill general education requirements, choose among a variety of elective courses. Students usually take classes through the semester system, with three semesters taking place each year. The fall semester lasts from September to December, and the spring semester from January to April, for students wishing to take classes over summer, the university offers several courses on campus as well as travel studies through its summer semester programming, which runs from May to August. Graduate students take courses through the Faculty of Graduate Studies and ACTS Seminaries, masters degree programs are available in the humanities, education, linguistics, psychology, business, nursing, and theology. Trinity Westerns students are from all 10 provinces,37 U. S. states, the student body is 72% Canadian, 12% American, and 13% are from overseas. The university employs a faculty of approximately 250 instructors and professors, enabling a student to faculty ratio of 11,1, over 85% of Trinity Westerns professors have doctorates

Trinity Western University
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Trinity Western University
Trinity Western University
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Northwest Building - School of Business
Trinity Western University
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Norma Marion Alloway Library at sunset
Trinity Western University
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McMillan Lake

18.
University of Alberta Libraries
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The University of Alberta is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta and its enabling legislation is the Post-secondary Learning Act. The university comprises four campuses in Edmonton, the Augustana Campus in Camrose, the original north campus consists of 150 buildings covering 50 city blocks on the south rim of the North Saskatchewan River valley, directly across from downtown Edmonton. 39,000 students from Canada and 150 other countries participate in 400 programs in 18 faculties, the University of Alberta is a major economic driver in Alberta. The university’s impact on the Alberta economy is an estimated $12.3 billion annually, with more than 15,000 employees, the university is Albertas fourth-largest employer. According to the 2014 QS World University Rankings the top Faculty Area at the University of Alberta is Arts and Humanities, the University of Alberta is also a leading institution for the study of Ukraine and is home to the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. The university was modelled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and perform institutional leadership. Heated wrangling took place between the cities of Calgary and Edmonton over the location of the capital and of the university. It was stated that the capital would be north of the North Saskatchewan River, the city of Edmonton became the capital and the then-separate city of Strathcona on the south bank of the river, where Premier Alexander Rutherford lived, was granted the university. When the two cities were amalgamated in 1912, Edmonton became both the political and academic capital, with Henry Marshall Tory as its first president, the University of Alberta started operation in 1908. Under Torys guidance, the years were marked by recruitment of professors. Percy Erskine Nobbs & Frank Darling designed the plan for the University of Alberta in 1909–10. Nobbs designed the Arts Building, laboratories and Power House, with Cecil S. Burgess, Nobbs designed the Provincial College of Medicine. Architect Herbert Alton Magoon designed several buildings on campus, including St. Stephens Methodist College, the University of Alberta awarded its first degrees in 1912, the same year it established the Department of Extension. The Faculty of Medicine was established the year, and the Faculty of Agriculture began in 1915. Despite these setbacks, the university continued to grow, by 1920, it had six faculties and two schools. There were 851 male students and 251 female students, and 171 academic staff, in the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, in 1929, the university established a College of Education

University of Alberta Libraries
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Old Arts Building, University of Alberta campus, designed by Percy Erskine Nobbs & Frank Darling 1909–10.
University of Alberta Libraries
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University of Alberta
University of Alberta Libraries
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Henry Marshall Tory Building at the University of Alberta
University of Alberta Libraries
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Rutherford House, on the northeast corner of the University of Alberta campus.

19.
University of Manitoba
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The University of Manitoba is a public university in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Located in Winnipeg and founded in 1877, it was Western Canada’s first university, the university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region. It is the largest university both by total student enrollment and campus area in the province of Manitoba, and the 17th largest in all of Canada. The universitys raised admissions standards, wide array of professional disciplines, the campus includes both Faculties of Law and Medicine, and boasts hundreds of degree programs. As of 2010, there have been 96 Rhodes Scholars from the University of Manitoba, the University of Manitoba has three main locations, the Bannatyne Campus, the Fort Garry Campus and the William Norrie Centre. The downtown Bannatyne campus of the university comprises a complex of ten buildings located west of the Health Sciences Centre between McDermot Ave and William Ave in Central Winnipeg and this complex houses the medical and dental instructional units of the university. The Faculty of Dentistry, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Medical Rehabilitation, the Faculty of Pharmacy officially joined the Bannatyne campus with the opening of the 95,000 sq ft Apotex Centre on October 16,2008. The Brodie Center is known as the flagship which connects all three faculties as well as the Neil John MacLean Health Sciences Library and the Joe Doupe Fitness Centre and it is located on 727 McDermot Avenue. The main Fort Garry campus comprises over 60 teaching and research buildings of the University, in addition, Smartpark is the location of seven buildings leased to research and development organizations involving university-industry partnerships. The address is 66 Chancellors Circle, the William Norrie Centre on Selkirk Avenue is the campus for social work education for inner-city residents. The university operates agricultural research stations near Glenlea and Carman, Manitoba, the Ian N. Morrison Research Farm near Carman is a 406 acres facility located 70 km from Winnipeg, while the Glenlea facility is approximately 1,000 acres and located 20 km from Winnipeg. The University of Manitoba provides services to urban Aboriginal people, the University of Manitoba Native Studies summer course brings first-year Aboriginal students to campus before the start of the school year for some campus orientation. Aboriginal Elders are present on campus at University of Manitoba to provide social supports, tutoring services are available within the University of Manitoba’s Medicine, Engineering and Social Work ACCESS Programs. The University of Manitoba is a university, founded by Alexander Morris. It officially opened on June 20,1877 to confer degrees on students graduating from its three founding colleges, St. Boniface College, St Johns College and Manitoba College, the University of Manitoba granted its first degrees in 1880. The University was the first to be established in western Canada, alan Beddoe designed the university coats of arms. The university has added a number of colleges to its corporate, in 1882 the Manitoba Medical College, which had been founded by some physicians and surgeons, became a part of the University. Charles Henry Wheeler designed the Bacteriological Research Building, part of the Manitoba Medical College, george Creeford Browne designed the Science Building, 1899-1900

University of Manitoba
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Administration Building
University of Manitoba
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University of Manitoba
University of Manitoba
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Tier Building
University of Manitoba
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Biological Laboratories

20.
University of New Brunswick
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The University of New Brunswick is a public university with two primary campuses, located in Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick. It is the oldest English-language university in Canada, and among the oldest public universities in North America, UNB was founded by a group of seven Loyalists who left the United States after the American Revolution. UNB has two campuses, the original campus, founded in 1785 in Fredericton, and a smaller campus which opened in Saint John in 1964. In addition, there are two satellite health sciences campuses located in Moncton and Bathurst, New Brunswick, and two offices in the Caribbean and in Beijing. UNB offers over 75 degrees in fourteen faculties at the undergraduate and graduate levels with a student enrollment of approximately 11,400 between the two principal campuses. In the fall of 2010, UNB partnered with Dalhousie University, UNB was named the most entrepreneurial university in Canada at the 2014 Startup Canada Awards. In 1783, Loyalist settlers began to build upon the ruins of a former Acadian village called Ste-Anne-des-Pays-Bas, the new settlement was named Fredericks Town in honour of Prince Frederick, son of King George III and uncle of Queen Victoria. Initially modelled on the Anglican ideals of older, European institutions, John Coffin, Ward Chipman, and Adino Paddock. By an 1800 provincial charter, signed by Jonathan Odell, the Academy of Liberal Arts, the College was succeeded by Kings College, which was granted by royal charter in December 1827. In 1866, Mary Kingsley Tibbits became the first regularly admitted female student of UNB, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to provide institutional leadership. By 1867, the University of New Brunswick had two faculties, Arts and Applied Science and it awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Science. The latter was awarded only in the fields of engineering, electrical engineering. At this time, the university had 156 male students,21 female students, and only academic staff. In the 1960s, University policies changed in response to social pressure, in 1964, a second, smaller campus was established in Saint John, New Brunswick. The growth of the UNBSJ campus is notable, for the campus began with only 96 students spread throughout various buildings in Saint Johns central business district. In 1968, UNBSJ moved to its new home at Tucker Park, in 1959, the Faculty of Law moved from Saint John to Fredericton following a report on the status of legal education in Canada by Professor Maxwell Cohen from McGill University. In his report, Cohen stated that the Saint John Law School was only nominally a faculty of UNB and this prompted Lord Beaverbrook, as Chancellor, and UNB President Colin B. Mackay, to move the Saint John Law School to the UNB Fredericton campus

University of New Brunswick
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The Old Arts Building on the Fredericton campus is the oldest university building in the country that is still in regular use for school operations.
University of New Brunswick
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University of New Brunswick
University of New Brunswick
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Lord Beaverbrook served as Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and became the university's greatest benefactor.
University of New Brunswick
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Grounds of UNB Fredericton.

21.
University of Ottawa
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The University of Ottawa is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 42.5 hectares in the neighbourhood of Sandy Hill. The university offers a variety of academic programs, administered by ten faculties. It is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. The University of Ottawa was first established as the College of Bytown in 1848 by the first bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, Joseph-Bruno Guigues. Placed under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, it was renamed the College of Ottawa in 1861, on 5 February 1889, the university was granted a pontifical charter by Pope Leo XIII, elevating the institution to a pontifical university. The University was reorganized on 1 July 1965 as a corporation, as a result, the civil and pontifical charters were kept by the newly created Saint Paul University, federated with the university. The remaining civil faculties were retained by the reorganized university, the university is co-educational and enrolls over 35,000 undergraduate and over 6,000 post-graduate students. The university has more than 195,000 alumni, the universitys athletic teams are known as the Gee-Gees and are members of U Sports. The university was established on 26 September 1848 as the College of Bytown by the first Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa and he entrusted administration to the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The college was located in Lower Town, housed in a wooden building next to the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica. However, space became an issue for administrators, triggering two moves in 1852 and a final move to Sandy Hill in 1856. The Sandy Hill property was donated by Louis-Theodore Besserer, where he offered a parcel from his estate for the college. The college was renamed College of Ottawa in 1861, following the name change from Bytown to Ottawa. By 1872 the university had begun to confer undergraduate degrees, with masters degrees coming in 1875. On 5 February 1889, the university was granted a charter from Pope Leo XIII. The university faced a crisis when fire destroyed the building on 2 December 1903. After the fire, the university hired New York architect A. O. Von Herbulis to design its replacement and it was among the first Canadian structures to be completely fireproof, built of reinforced concrete

University of Ottawa
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Arts Building projection, 1904
University of Ottawa
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Crest of the University of Ottawa
University of Ottawa
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Tabaret Hall was named after Joseph-Henri Tabaret and houses the university's central administrative offices
University of Ottawa
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Morisset Library is the main library for the university and houses the majority of its special collections.

22.
University of Prince Edward Island
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The University of Prince Edward Island is a public liberal arts university in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, and the sole university in the province. Founded in 1969, the legislation is the University Act. The university traces its roots back to 1804, when Lt, governor Edmund Fanning and the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island called for the establishment of Kent College. By 1820, the first Kent College building, known as the National School, later succeeded by Central Academy, which received a Royal Charter in 1834. The Colleges were renamed for the Prince of Wales in honour of the future King Edward VII in 1860, Holland College was later created to fill the void left by the merger of Prince of Wales College into the university. The first student to enrol was Elizabeth Rollins Epperly, who would become president. Its predecessor institutions ceased to operate although St. Dunstans still retains its charter, UPEI is located on the former St. Dunstans campus. On 8 May 2004 Canada Post issued University of Prince Edward Island, the stamp was based on a design by Denis LAllier and on a photograph by Guy Lavigueur. The 49¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, uPEIs campus, located at the corner of Belvedere and University Avenues in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Islands capital city, is built on 134 acres of land. The Confederation Trail runs alongside its eastern boundary, original SDU buildings in the central quadrangle have been renovated to retain integrity of their exterior aesthetic design while meeting modern standards. Main Building, built in 1854, and Dalton Hall, built between 1917 and 1919, are on the registry of Historic Places of Canada, the War Memorial Hall is a landmark building on the campus of UPEI. Built as a residence building in 1946, Memorial Hall honours alumni who had enlisted and died in the First World War. The most recent addition is the Health Sciences Building, home to the School of Nursing, the current President is Dr. Alaa Abd-El-Aziz, installed July 1,2011. The current chancellor is Dr. Don MacDougall, UPEI offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs in four faculties — Arts, Science, Education, and Veterinary Medicine — and two schools — Business and Nursing. Bachelors degree programs, in cases including honours options, are available in Arts, Science, Business Administration, Education. Co-op programs have established in Business Administration, Computer Science, Physics. One new faculty, Veterinary Medicine, and two schools, Business Administration and Nursing, were added as the university expanded. Masters and Doctoral degree programs were first introduced through the Atlantic Veterinary College and, beginning in 1999, in that same year the first students were admitted to the universitys new Master of Education program

University of Prince Edward Island
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University of Prince Edward Island

23.
University of Saskatchewan
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The University of Saskatchewan is a Canadian public research university, founded in 1907, and located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. An Act to establish and incorporate a University for the Province of Saskatchewan was passed by the legislature in 1907. The University of Saskatchewan is the largest education institution in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and it is also the only Canadian University that has a partnership agreement with University of Oxford. The University of Saskatchewan is one of Canada’s top research universities and is a member of the U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities, the university began as an agricultural college in 1907 and established the first Canadian university-based department of extension in 1910. There were 120 hectares set aside for university buildings and 400 ha for the U of S farm, in total 10.32 km2 was annexed for the university. The main University campus is situated upon 981 ha, with another 200 ha allocated for Innovation Place Research Park, the University of Saskatchewan agriculture college still has access to neighbouring urban research lands. The University of Saskatchewans Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization facility, develops DNA-enhanced immunization vaccines for both humans and animals, the University is also home to the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, which is considered one of the largest and most innovative investments in Canadian science. Since its origins as a college, research has played an important role at the university. Discoveries made at the U of S include sulphate-resistant cement and the cobalt-60 cancer therapy unit, the university offers over 200 academic programs. McColl was appointed as the first registrar, establishing the first convocation from which Chief Justice Edward L. Wetmore was elected as the first chancellor, Walter Charles Murray became the first president of the universitys board of governors. The institution was modelled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work, the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, was granted a provincial charter on April 3,1907. A provincial statute known as the University Act and it provided for a publicly funded, yet independent institution to be created for the citizens of the whole province. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership, Saskatoon was chosen as the site for the University on April 7,1909 by the board of governors. On October 12,1912 the first building opened its doors for student admission and it awarded its first degrees in 1912. In the early part of this century, professional education expanded beyond the fields of theology, law. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, battleford, Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Regina, and Saskatoon all lobbied to be the location of the new university. Walter Murray preferred the provincial capital, Regina, in a politically influenced vote, Saskatoon was chosen on April 7,1909. A stone wall bears inscriptions of the names of the sixty seven university students, the hallways of the Old Administrative Building at the University of Saskatchewan are decorated with memorial scrolls in honour of the University of Saskatchewan alumni who served in the World Wars

University of Saskatchewan
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Lilium "University of Saskatchewan" – the University of Saskatchewan centennial lily by plant breeder Donna Hay
University of Saskatchewan
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The eastern façade of the Academic Health Sciences Building prior to the construction of the D Wing
University of Saskatchewan
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Plaque commemorating World War I veterans: "1914–1918 In Memory of All Ranks of the 46th Battalion C.E.F. They are too near to be great, but our children shall understand when and how our fate was changed, and by whose hand."
University of Saskatchewan
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Nobel Plaza, University of Saskatchewan

24.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house

University of Toronto
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A painting by Sir Edmund Walker depicts University College as it appeared in 1858.
University of Toronto
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University of Toronto
University of Toronto
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A Sopwith Camel aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during World War I.
University of Toronto
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Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell carillon.

25.
National Agricultural Library
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Located in Beltsville, Maryland, it is one of five national libraries of the United States. It is also the coordinator for the Agriculture Network Information Center, NAL was established on May 15,1862, by the signing of the Organic Act by Abraham Lincoln. It served as a library until 1962, when the Secretary of Agriculture officially designated it as the National Agricultural Library. The first librarian, appointed in 1867, was Aaron B, grosh, one of the founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. NAL was established as the U. S. Department of Agriculture Library on May 15,1862, in 1863, the librarys collection comprised 1,000 volumes that had been transferred from the U. S. By 1889, the collection had increased to 20,000 volumes. At this time, the library was located on the floor of the Department of Agricultures main building. In 1893, William Cutter was hired as Librarian of the Department, by 1900, the librarys collection contained 68,000 volumes, and in 1915, the library was moved to a larger facility in the Bieber Office Building at 1358 B Street SW, Washington, DC. The library moved again in 1932 to facilities in the USDAs South Building on Independence Avenue, during World War II, the Department of Agriculture underwent reorganization to address wartime needs. The library, which had been decentralized since 1920, was consolidated into a facility under the direction of Department Librarian Ralph R. Shaw. In 1964, funds were appropriated by Congress to begin planning for a new facility in Beltsville, Maryland. Construction on the new facility began in 1965, and it first opened in 1969, in 2000, Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman designated the building as the Abraham Lincoln Building. The main library is housed in the Abraham Lincoln Building, a facility on the grounds of the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville. NAL also operates a Washington, D. C. branch known as the DC Reference Center, at its launch on January 13,2015, PubAg made over 40,000 publications by USDA scientists available, and provided access to an additional 300,000 citations. Ag Data Commons is a repository and catalog for scientific datasets that are associated with publications by the USDAs agricultural research service, the repository is currently in beta release. Hosted by the National Agricultural Library, the U. S, life Cycle Assessment Commons is a collaboration among federal agencies, private industry, and academic researchers. The intention of LCA Commons is to aggregate and archive life cycle inventory data that represent US economic activities, the i5k Workspace@NAL provides genome projects resulting from the i5k initiative with a space to display and share genome assemblies and gene models. In particular, the Workspace is geared towards groups that do not have the resources to display the genome assembly

National Agricultural Library
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NAL's Abraham Lincoln Building in Beltsville, Md.
National Agricultural Library
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U.S. National Agricultural Library
National Agricultural Library
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Exterior of the Abraham Lincoln Building.

26.
Jefferson County, Alabama
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Jefferson County is the most populous county in the state of Alabama, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 658,466 and its county seat is Birmingham, which is also the most populous city in the state. Its growth as a city in the 20th century established its dominance. Jefferson County is included in the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 2011 Jefferson County was $4 billion in debt and declared bankruptcy. The financial problems were related to costs of a sewer project. Corruption was found among six county commissioners and 15 other officials who were convicted of accepting bribes and this was the largest Chapter 9 bankruptcy in the United States, until it was surpassed by that of Detroit, Michigan in 2013. Jefferson County emerged from bankruptcy in December 2013, following the approval of a plan by the United States bankruptcy court for the Northern District of Alabama. Jefferson County was established on December 13,1819, by the Alabama Legislature and it was named in honor of President Thomas Jefferson. The county is located in the portion of the state. It is in the center of the iron, coal, Jefferson County has a land area of about 1,119 square miles. Early county seats were established first at Carrollsville, then Elyton, founded about 1871, Birmingham was named for the industrial English city of the same name in Warwickshire. That city had long been a center of iron and steel production in Great Britain, Birmingham was formed by the merger of three towns, including Elyton. It has continued to grow by annexing neighboring towns and villages, as Birmingham industrialized, its growth accelerated, particularly after 1890. It attracted numerous rural migrants, both black and white, for its new jobs, despite the citys rapid growth, for decades it was underrepresented in the legislature. Legislators from rural counties kept control the legislature and, to avoid losing power, Birmingham could not get its urban needs addressed by the legislature. Racial tensions increased in the city and state in the late 19th century as whites worked to maintain white supremacy, the white, conservative Democrat-dominated legislature passed a new constitution in 1901 that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, excluding them totally from the political system. Economic competition among the new workers in the city also raised tensions, in a study of lynchings in the South from 1877 to 1950, Jefferson County is documented as having the highest number of lynchings of any county in Alabama. White mobs committed 29 lynchings in the county, most around the turn of the century at a time of political suppression of blacks in the state

Jefferson County, Alabama
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Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham during 2011
Jefferson County, Alabama
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Tannehill Valley Covered Bridge near McCalla.
Jefferson County, Alabama
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Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority Station in Birmingham.

27.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females

Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California

28.
Marin County, California
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Marin County /məˈrɪn/ is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 252,409 and its county seat is San Rafael. Marin County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, Marin County is one of the wealthiest localities in the United States, known for its affluence. In May 2009, Marin County had the fifth highest income per capita in the United States at about $91,480, the county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors. The county is well known for its natural beauty and liberal politics. San Quentin Prison is located in the county, as is George Lucas Skywalker Ranch, autodesk, the publisher of AutoCAD, is also located there, as well as numerous other high-tech companies. The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch, in 1994, a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby. Marin Countys natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest, the Marin Headlands, Stinson Beach, the Point Reyes National Seashore, the United States oldest cross country running event, the Dipsea Race, takes place annually in Marin County, attracting thousands of athletes. Mountain biking was invented on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais in Marin, According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name Californias counties, the county was named for Marin, great chief of the tribe Licatiut. Marin had been named Huicmuse until he was baptized as Marino at about age 20, Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that Chief Marin had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish, starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. The Coast Miwok Indians were hunters and gatherers whose ancestors had occupied the area for thousands of years, about 600 village sites have been identified in the county. The Coast Miwok numbered in the thousands, today, there are few left and even fewer with any knowledge of their Coast Miwok lineage. Efforts are being made so that they are not forgotten, francis Drake and the crew of the Golden Hind was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as Nova Albion. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drakes claim to the new lands and this so-called Drakes Plate of Brass was revealed as a hoax in 2003. In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the San Agustin, the Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 828 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area

Marin County, California
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Marin County Civic Center
Marin County, California
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The Mission San Rafael Arcángel
Marin County, California
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The view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands
Marin County, California
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Stinson Beach is one of the most popular beaches in West Marin

29.
Oakland Public Library
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The Oakland Public Library is the public library in Oakland, California. Opened in 1878, the Oakland Public Library currently serves the city of Oakland, along with neighboring smaller cities Emeryville, the Oakland Public Library has the largest collection of any public library in the East Bay, featuring approximately 1.5 million items. It consists of a library located in downtown Oakland, and 16 branch libraries throughout the city. The poet Ina Coolbrith was hired as librarian in 1873, in 1878, the library was reformed as the Oakland Free Library, the second public library created in California under the Rogers Free Library Act. With her personal style, Coolbrith nurtured the reading habits of many young Oakland students including Jack London, coolbriths nephew Henry Frank Peterson replaced Coolbrith in 1892, greatly expanding the librarys circulation as well as improving accessibility by completing a card catalog system. Charles S. Greene, poet and former editor of the Overland Monthly, became librarian in 1899, the Main Library has occupied its present location at 125 14th Street near Lake Merritt since 1951. It is one of the largest public library facilities in the Bay Area and it features popular reading materials, business resources, government publications, videos/DVDs/CDs, maps, and a computer lab for the public. It is also houses the Oakland History Room, including primary materials and unique books that explore the history of the East Bay, a large and active Children’s Room, adaptive technology is available for persons with disabilities at this and other sites. As of 2014 the Oakland Public Library has 17 branches, dates listed in the following list of current branches indicate the year the branch was established and, if the branch has since moved, the year the current location opened. 81st Avenue,1021 81st Avenue This branch is operated with the Oakland Unified School District. Construction funding included grants through the California Reading and Literacy Improvement, in 1970, it was replaced by a new facility, which is the present library. It features a history collection, containing books written by or about people of African descent. Among the more than 160 collections in the library are archives relating to Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, Africa, materials include photographs, manuscripts, letters, diaries, newspapers, recorded oral histories, videos, and microfilms. AAMLO’s two galleries host changing exhibitions of art, history, and culture

Oakland Public Library
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Oakland Public Library
Oakland Public Library
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The Oakland Public Library's main library is in Downtown Oakland.
Oakland Public Library
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The African American Museum & Library at Oakland.

30.
Los Angeles Public Library
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The Los Angeles Public Library system serves the residents of the City of Los Angeles. With more than six million volumes, it serves the largest population of any publicly funded system in the United States. The system is overseen by a Board of Library Commissioners with five members appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles in staggered terms in accordance with the city charter, Library cards are free to California residents. Circulating books, periodicals, computer access and audiovisual materials are available to patrons, Library materials are loaned for 3 weeks. Fines are charged only if materials are returned late, there is a loan limit of 10 books,10 magazines, and 4 DVDs or videos at one time up to maximum of 30 items on the patron’s record. Items checked out from Los Angeles Public Library may be returned to any of its 72 branches or to the Central Library, most items may be renewed a maximum of two times. Entertainment DVDs and videos may be renewed one time, the Los Angeles Public Library has many community support organizations which work with the library to raise funds and sponsor programs to enhance library service throughout the community. The Librarys Rare Books Department is located in its downtown Los Angeles location, there is also an extensive selection of databases covering a wide variety of topics, many of which are available to remote users who hold an LAPL library card. Examples include full-text databases of periodicals, business directories, and language learning tools, the library also offers an online program that allows adult patrons who have not completed high school to earn their high school diploma. Aggressive expansion and growth of the began in the 1920s. Under Library Board of Commissioners Chairman Orra E. Monnette, the system was improved with a network of branch libraries with new buildings. Thelma Jackman founded the Business & Economics section of the library prior to 1970. The historic Central Library Goodhue building was constructed in 1926 and is a Downtown Los Angeles landmark, the Richard Riordan Central Library complex is the third largest public library in the United States in terms of book and periodical holdings. The new wing of Central Library, completed in 1993, was named in honor of former mayor Tom Bradley, the complex was subsequently renamed in 2001 for former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, as the Richard Riordan Central Library. The Los Angeles Public Library received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service, City Librarian John F. Szabo and community member Sergio Sanchez accepted the award on behalf of the library from First Lady Michelle Obama during a White House Ceremony on May 20,2015. Architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue designed the original Los Angeles Central Library with influences of ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Revival architecture, the central tower is topped with a tiled mosaic pyramid with suns on the sides with a hand holding a torch representing the Light of Learning at the apex. Other elements include sphinxes, snakes, and celestial mosaics and it has sculptural elements by the preeminent American architectural sculptor Lee Lawrie, similar to the Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, Nebraska, also designed by Goodhue. The building is a designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it included an enormous, eight-story atrium wing dedicated to former mayor Tom Bradley

31.
San Francisco Public Library
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The San Francisco Public Library is the public library system of the city of San Francisco. The Main Library is located at Civic Center, at 100 Larkin Street, in 1877 a residents meeting was called by Andrew Smith Hallidie who advocated the creation of a public library for San Francisco. A board of trustees for the Library was created in 1878 through the Rogers Act, signed by Governor of California William Irwin, the San Francisco Public Library opened in 1879 on Bush Street at Kearny Street and hired Albert Hart as the first librarian. In 1888 the Library moved to the Larkin Street wing of City Hall at Civic Center, the first three branches opened from 1888 to 1889, in the Mission, in North Beach, and in Potrero Hill. In 1889 the Library became a Federal depository by nomination of Senator George Hearst, in 1906, architect Daniel Burnham presented his plans for a new Civic Center for San Francisco, including a new library building. These plans were put on hold after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the library moved to temporary quarters while a new building was designed and built. In 1917, the new library building, designed by George W. Kelham. Ten major murals by California Tonalist Gottardo Piazzoni were installed in 1931-1932, four more were completed in 1945, but left uninstalled until the 1970s. In 1986, a force was set up to complete the design of the Civic Center, including the use of Marshall Square, next to the main library at the time. Construction on the current Main Library began on March 15,1993, the building was completed in 1995 and opened a year later on April 18,1996. The old main library, which was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, was rebuilt as the new Asian Art Museum. At over 376,000 square feet and with six floors above ground and one below, the new library features over 300 computer terminals, room for 1100 laptops, and a new wing for children. The city spent $104.5 million on the new library. San Francisco Public Library/Other Facts about the Building, Library visitations doubled in its first year open, from 1.1 million to 2.1 million, and the number of library card holders nearly tripled. Nonetheless, the Main Library has its critics, in October 1996 author Nicholson Baker wrote a scathing article in The New Yorker about the weeding of books from the library as it moved to the new building. He was also critical about the elimination of the catalog when the computerized catalog was introduced. Due to this publicity, the library released an official response to Nicholsons New Yorker article. Later, under pressure that included then Mayor Willie Brown, City Librarian Ken Dowlin whose policy it was to weed. The library was used in the 1998 film City of Angels

San Francisco Public Library
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San Francisco Public Library
San Francisco Public Library

32.
Santa Clara, California
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Santa Clara is a city in Santa Clara County, California, named after the Spanish mission that was established there in 1777. The citys population was 116,468 at the 2010 United States Census, located 45 miles southeast of San Francisco, the city was founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852. The city is the site of the eighth of 21 California missions, Mission Santa Clara de Asís, the Mission and Mission Gardens are located on the grounds of Santa Clara University. Saint Clare is the saint of Santa Clara. Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several companies such as Intel. It is also home to Santa Clara University, the oldest institution of learning in the state of California. It is bordered by San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Cupertino, the first European to visit the valley was José Francisco Ortega in 1769. He found the area inhabited by Native Americans, whom the Spanish called the Costanos, coast people, the Spanish began to colonize California with 21 missions and the Mission Santa Clara de Asis was founded in 1777. In 1846, the American flag was raised over Monterey and symbolized the transfer of the sovereignty of the California Republic over to the United States of America, in 1851, Santa Clara College was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town, it became state-chartered by 1862, for the next century the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had reached 5,000, in 1905, the first public high-altitude flights by humans were made over Santa Clara in gliders designed by John J. Montgomery. The semiconductor industry, which sprouted around 1960, changed the city and surrounding Valley of Hearts Delight, Santa Claras first medical hospital was built in 1963. This structure, on Kiely Boulevard, was replaced in 2007 with the new Kaiser Permanente medical center located on Lawrence Expressway at Homestead Road, Santa Clara was also home to a major mental health facility, Agnews State Hospital. According to the National Park Service, more than 100 persons were killed at this site in the 1906 earthquake, the site is the former home to Sun Microsystems and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Santa Clara is drained by three creeks, all of which empty into the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, these creeks are San Tomas Aquino Creek, Saratoga Creek. This owl uses burrows created by ground squirrels and prefers generally level grasslands, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of 18.4 square miles, all of it land. The average daily temperatures in July range from 82 °F to 53 °F, winters are mild, with the mean daily temperatures in January ranging from 58 °F to 38 °F. Most of the rainfall comes in the winter months, the summer months are generally rainless

33.
Santa Clara County Library
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The Santa Clara County Library District is a public library system headquartered in Campbell, California. The library serves the communities and cities of Campbell, Cupertino, Gilroy, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Milpitas, Morgan Hill, Saratoga, San Jose, the county seat, is served by its own municipal library system. The Santa Clara County Library District has been recognized as a library by Library Journal. As of 2015, the Santa Clara County Library had a collection totaling 1.9 million items. Member libraries include Campbell Library, Cupertino Library, Gilroy Library, Los Altos Library, Woodland Branch Library, Milpitas Library, Morgan Hill Library, there is also a Bookmobile to serve residents who may experience difficulty traveling to a community library. The system formerly had its headquarters in Los Gatos, the Santa Clara County Library District is an open forum promoting knowledge, ideas, and cultural enrichment. The library provides access to informational, educational, and recreational materials. In response to community needs, the library provides resources on a wide variety of subjects and viewpoints. The library is committed to a positive patron experience, the library respects the individual and provides quality services in a non-judgmental way. The library promotes the love of books and the importance of reading, the library ensures equal and open access to one relevant, diverse, and substantial collection for the entire community. The library fosters lifelong learning, promotes cultural enrichment, and supports education, the library recognizes and respects staff as valuable and essential to quality library services today and into the future. The library welcomes volunteers and appreciates their contributions of time and talent, the library ensures that physical spaces are welcoming, safe, clean, and accessible. The library is committed to freedom and the privacy rights of all patrons. In July 1914, Santa Clara County began operating a county library, stella Huntington was appointed the first County Librarian and to begin operations, she purchased a typewriter, dictionary, and a desk with two chairs. In the first year of service the collection consisted of 6,127 books, two years earlier, a one-cent tax had been levied for the purpose of supporting a county library. It provided $3,700 for the first year of operation, seventeen branches were opened, the population of Santa Clara County at that time was approximately 90,000. Miss Elizabeth Stevens, later Mrs. Elizabeth Singletary, was appointed as the second County Librarian, by 1932, the Library operated on a budget of $25,000 and had a total of 30 branch libraries. In December 1932, the County Library assumed responsibility for service to all County schools except those in San Jose, Palo Alto

34.
Santa Clara County, California
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Santa Clara County, California, officially the County of Santa Clara, is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,781,642, the county seat is San Jose, the tenth-most populous city in the United States. Santa Clara County is part of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, located at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay, the highly urbanized Santa Clara Valley within Santa Clara County is also known as Silicon Valley. Santa Clara is the most populous county in the San Francisco Bay Area region, Santa Clara County is named after Mission Santa Clara, which was established in 1777, and is also named for Saint Clare of Assisi. Santa Clara County was one of the counties of California. The original inhabitants included the Ohlone, residing on Coyote Creek, part of the countys territory was given to Alameda County in 1853. In 1882, Santa Clara County tried to levy taxes upon property of the Southern Pacific Railroad within county boundaries. The result was the U. S. Supreme Court case of Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad,118 U. S.394, in which the Court extended Due Process rights to artificial legal entities. In the early 20th Century, the area was promoted as the Valley of the Hearts Delight due to its natural beauty, the first major technology company to be based in the area was Hewlett-Packard, founded in a garage in Palo Alto in 1939. IBM selected San Jose as its West Coast headquarters in 1943, varian Associates, Fairchild Semiconductor, and other early innovators were located in the county by the late 1940s and 1950s. The U. S. Navy had a presence in the area. The term Silicon Valley was coined in 1971, the trend accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s, and agriculture has since then been nearly eliminated from the northern part of the county. And Hewlett-Packard, and internet companies eBay, Facebook, Google, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,304 square miles, of which 1,290 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. The San Andreas Fault runs along the Santa Cruz Mountains in the south, as of 2012, an estimated 400 tule elk roam 1,875 square kilometres in northeastern Santa Clara County and southeastern Alameda County. The vast majority of these Superfund sites were caused by associated with the high tech sector located in Silicon Valley. As of 2013, Santa Clara County has the highest median income of any county in California at $84,741. The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Clara County had a population of 1,781,642. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 479,210 persons,22. 5% Mexican,0. 4% Puerto Rican,0. 1% Cuban,3. 8% Other Hispanic

35.
Napa County, California
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Napa County is a county located north of San Pablo Bay in the northern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 136,484, the county seat is the City of Napa. Napa County was one of the counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. Parts of the territory were given to Lake County in 1861. Napa County comprises the Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland. It is one of four North Bay counties, in prehistoric times, the valley was inhabited by the Patwin Native Americans, with possible habitation by Wappo tribes in the northwestern foothills. Most villages are thought to have been constructed near the floodplains of watercourses that drain the valley and their food consisted of wild roots, acorns, small animals, earthworms, grasshoppers, and bread made from crushed California buckeye kernels. In winter they would construct huts made of tree branches, in summer they camped near rivers and streams. In winter months, they were clad in wild animal skins. The maximum prehistoric population is not to have exceeded 5000 persons. In 1776, a fort was erected by the Spanish Governor, Felipe de Neve a short distance northwest of Napa, francis Castro and Father Jose Altimura were the first Europeans to explore the Napa Valley in 1823. When the first white settlers arrived in the early 1830s, there were six tribes in the valley speaking different dialects, the Mayacomos tribe lived in the area where Calistoga was founded. The Callajomans were in the area near where the town of St. Helena now stands, further south, the Kymus dwelt in the middle part of the valley. The Napa and Ulcus tribes occupied part of the area where the City of Napa now exists while the Soscol tribe occupied the portion that now makes up the end of the valley. Many of the native peoples died during an epidemic in 1838. Settlers also killed several over claims of cattle theft, during the era between 1836 and 1846, when California was a province of independent Mexico, the following 13 ranchos were granted in Napa County, George C. Yount was a settler in Napa County and is believed to be the first Anglo-Saxon resident in the county. In 1836 Yount obtained the Mexican grant Rancho Caymus where he built what is said to be the first log house in California, soon afterward, he built a sawmill and grain mill, and was the first person to plant a vineyard in the county

Napa County, California
Napa County, California
Napa County, California
Napa County, California

36.
Boulder Public Library
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The Boulder Public Library is the public library of Boulder, Colorado in the United States. The main branch and the Carnegie Branch Library for Local History are located in downtown Boulder, while the George Reynolds and Meadows Branches are in south Boulder. The Boulder Public Library was originally housed in the Carnegie library on Pine Street, built in 1906, the original 1906 library was initially built with $15,000 donated by Andrew Carnegie. In late 2013, the library will temporarily house the Boulder City Council while renovations are made to the main council building. As of 2012, the collection was composed of 333,432 items including 94,352 e-books. The circulation in 2012 was 1,446,816, the Boulder Public Library system comprises four branches. The main branch is in downtown Boulder near Boulder Creek with an area of 92,164 square feet, an enclosed walkway spans the creek between the two library sections. The Carnegie Branch Library for Local History is also located in downtown Boulder with an area of 4,000 square feet and this branch focuses on the history of Boulder and the surrounding area. The George Reynolds and Meadows branches are in south Boulder, with areas of 9,680 square feet and 7,800 square feet respectively, renovations funded by municipal bonds are planned to begin in January 2014. The renovations will cover expansion and repairs to the main branch, the renovations will also expand other areas of the library and address other repairs. The renovations will be funded by $2.45 million in municipal bonds, approved as part of a larger bond initiative by Boulder voters in a 2011 referendum

Boulder Public Library
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Boulder Public Library main branch at night

37.
Wyoming
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Wyoming /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ is a state in the mountain region of the western United States. The state is the tenth largest by area, the least populous, Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, the state population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015, which is less than the population of 31 of the largest U. S. cities. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were some of the inhabitants of the region. Southwestern Wyoming was included in the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to Congress in 1865 to provide a government for the territory of Wyoming. The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, with the name ultimately being derived from the Munsee word xwé, wamənk, the mineral extraction industry—especially coal, oil, natural gas, and trona—along with the travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyomings economy. Agriculture has historically been an important component of the economy with the main commodities being livestock, hay, sugar beets, grain. The climate is generally semi-arid and continental, being drier and windier in comparison to the rest of the United States, except for the 1964 election, Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s, with the Republican party winning every presidential election. Wyoming is one of three states to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, from the north border to the south border it is 276 miles, and from the east to the west border is 365 miles at its south end and 342 miles at the north end. The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming, the state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet, to the Belle Fourche River valley in the states northeast corner, at 3,125 feet. In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River, in the north central are the Big Horn Mountains, in the northeast, the Black Hills, and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges. The Snowy Range in the central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains

38.
Pinellas County
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Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542 and its county seat is Clearwater, and its largest city is St. Petersburg. Pinellas County is included in the Tampa–St, the modern site is protected and can be visited as part of the Countys Philippe Park. During the early 16th century Spanish explorers discovered and slowly began exploring Florida, in 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez landed in Pinellas, and 10 years later Hernando de Soto is thought to have explored the Tampa Bay Area. By the early 18th century the Tocobaga had been annihilated, having fallen victim to European diseases from which they had no immunity. Later Spanish explorers named the area Punta Piñal, after trading hands multiple times between the British and the Spanish, Spain finally ceded Florida to the United States in 1821, and in 1823 the U. S. Army established Fort Brooke. In 1834 much of west central Florida, including the Pinellas peninsula, was organized as Hillsborough County, the very next year Odet Philippe became the first permanent, non-native resident of the peninsula when he established a homestead near the site of the Tocobaga village in Safety Harbor. It was Philippe who first introduced both citrus culture and cigar-making to Florida, the new fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clear Water Harbor, which later became part of an early 20th-century residential development called Harbor Oaks. University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1977 after Alfred C, wyllie discovered an underground ammunition bunker while digging a swimming pool on his estate. Clearwater would later become the first organized community on the peninsula as well as the site of its first post office. The Armed Occupation Act, passed in 1842, encouraged further settlement of Pinellas, like all of Florida, by offering 160 acres to anyone who would bear arms and cultivate the land. Pioneer families like the Booths, the Coachmans, the Marstons, during the American Civil War, many residents fought for the Confederate States of America. Brothers James and Daniel McMullen were members of the Confederate Cow Cavalry, driving Florida cattle to Georgia, John W. Marston served in the 9th Florida Regiment as a part of the Appomattox Campaign. Many other residents served in other capacities, otherwise the peninsula had virtually no significance during the war, and the war largely passed the area by. Tarpon Springs became West Hillsboroughs first incorporated city in 1887, Railroad owner Peter Demens named the town that grew near the railroads terminus St. Petersburg in honor of his hometown. The town would incorporate in 1892, other major towns in the county incorporated during this time were Clearwater, Dunedin, and Largo. Construction of Fort De Soto, on Mullet Key facing the mouth of Tampa Bay, was begun in 1898 during the Spanish–American War to protect Tampa Bay from potential invading forces. The fort, a subpost of Fort Dade on adjacent Egmont Key, was equipped with artillery, even into the early years of the 20th century, West Hillsborough had no paved roads, and transportation posed a major challenge

Pinellas County
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View from the top of the Tocobaga mound at Philippe Park
Pinellas County
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Logo
Pinellas County
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Marker at site of 1528 Narvaez landing, Jungle Prada, St. Petersburg
Pinellas County
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The original span of the Gandy Bridge

39.
Des Moines, Iowa
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Des Moines /dᵻˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County, a small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22,1851, as Fort Des Moines and it is located on and named after the Des Moines River, which likely was adapted from the French colonial name, Rivière des Moines, meaning River of the Monks. The citys population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census, the five-county metropolitan area is ranked 91st in terms of population in the United States with 599,789 residents according to the 2013 estimate by the United States Census Bureau. Des Moines is a center of the U. S. insurance industry and has a sizable financial services. The city was credited as the one spot for U. S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article. The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group, the Meredith Corporation, Ruan Transportation, EMC Insurance Companies, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield. Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo, Voya Financial, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, ACE Limited, Marsh, Monsanto, in recent years Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Facebook have established data processing and logistical facilities in the Des Moines metro. Forbes magazine ranked Des Moines as the Best Place for Business in both 2010 and 2013, in 2014, NBC ranked Des Moines as the Wealthiest City in America, according to its criteria. Des Moines is an important city in U. S. presidential politics, as the capital of the state, many presidential candidates set up campaign headquarters in Des Moines. Des Moines takes its name from Fort Des Moines, which was named for the Des Moines River and this was adopted from the name given by French colonists. Des Moines translates literally to either from the monks or of the monks, the historian Virgil Vogel claimed that the name was derived from Moingona, the Algonquian clan name for Loon, one of the clans of the local Native American people. Some historians and researchers lacking linguistic or Algonquianist training concluded that Moingona meant people by the portage or something similar and this was the site of the earliest known encounters between the Moingona and European explorers took place. This was some 200 miles from the Des Moines River, based on archeological evidence, the juncture of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers has attracted humans for at least 7,000 years. Several prehistoric occupation areas have been identified by archeologists in downtown Des Moines, discovered in December 2010, the Palace is an expansive 7, 000-year-old site found during excavations prior to construction of the new wastewater treatment plant in southeastern Des Moines. It contains well-preserved house deposits and numerous graves, more than 6,000 artifacts were found at this site. State of Iowa archaeologist John Doershuk was assisted by University of Iowa archaeologists at this dig, at least three Late Prehistoric villages, dating from about AD1300 to 1700, stood in or near what developed later as downtown Des Moines. In addition,15 to 18 prehistoric American Indian mounds were observed in area by early settlers

40.
Johnson County, Kansas
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Johnson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 544,179 and its county seat is Olathe, and its most populous city is Overland Park. In the mid-19th century, this was part of the Shawnee Reservation after their removal from east of the Mississippi River, the people were later forced to move to Indian Territory in present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma. This was part of the territory of the Osage people. The Santa Fe Trail and Oregon-California Trail, which pass through nearby Independence, Missouri, Johnson County was established in 1855 as one of the first counties in the newly organized Kansas Territory, it was named for American missionary Thomas Johnson. The renowned gunfighter Wild Bill Hickok settled for a time in the county, in 1862 during the American Civil War, Confederate guerrillas from nearby Missouri, led by William Quantrill, raided the Johnson County communities of Olathe and Spring Hill. They killed half a dozen men and destroyed homes and businesses. The county was rural until the early 20th century, when housing subdivisions were developed in the northeastern portion of the county adjacent to Kansas City. Developer J. C. Nichols spurred the boom in 1914 when he built the Mission Hills Country Club to lure upscale residents who previously had been reluctant to move from Missouri to Kansas, suburban development continued at a steady pace until the close of World War II. The US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregation of schools was unconstitutional. From the mid-1980s the pace of growth increased significantly, with the county adding 100,000 residents each decade between the 1990 census and 2010 census. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 480 square miles. The natural topography of the county consists of rolling terrain. The Kansas River forms a portion of the northwest boundary of the county, the elevation generally increases from north to south as the distance from the Kansas and Missouri rivers increases. The county is drained by the watersheds of the Kansas, Blue, located in northeastern Kansas, the county receives plentiful rainfall. The county contains numerous small streams, including Kill Creek, Mill Creek, Turkey Creek, Indian Creek, Brush Creek, Tomahawk Creek, Kill Creek begins in the southwest portion of the county and flows northward into the Kansas River at DeSoto. Mill Creek begins in the portion of the county in Olathe. Turkey Creek and Brush Creek each begin in northeast Johnson County, Turkey Creek flows northeastward into Wyandotte County and joins the Kansas River just before its confluence with the Missouri River at Kaw Point

Johnson County, Kansas
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Johnson Courthouse in Olathe
Johnson County, Kansas
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Olathe City Hall
Johnson County, Kansas
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Entrance to BV Southwest in south Overland Park
Johnson County, Kansas
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Central city

41.
Louisville Free Public Library
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The Louisville Free Public Library is the largest public library system in Kentucky. Officially opened in 1908, the main branch is sited at Fourth and York streets. Additional branches were added over time, including the Western Colored Branch, in 1950 the library became the first library in the nation to put its own FM-radio station on the air—WFPL. A second station, WFPK, joined it a few years later, then in 1969, a $4 million north building was added to the classicizing Carnegie structure. This provided an additional 110,000 square feet of floor space, at one time LFPL had over 30 branches, but because of lack of funding a number of branches were forced to close. Currently, there are 17 branches, in addition to the library site. Internet services and inter-library loan have helped to make up for fewer branches, in 2007, a proposed tax increase to pay for Louisville Free Public Library improvements and ongoing costs was soundly defeated in spite of strong support by many political and business leaders. In early August 2009 the main branch was flooded when a storm dropped 7 inches of water on the city in 75 minutes, the library servers, bookmobiles, offices, and processing rooms were under 6 feet of water. 50,000 books were destroyed, and the severely damaged with a total estimate of $5 million. Structural, mechanical, electrical, and computer systems damage were near complete forcing the library to close for several weeks. Other branches in the system in hard hit areas were closed for a few days while damage was assessed, overall, however, the library system itself remained open for business throughout the event. The last time the main building flooded was in the Ohio River flood of 1937, three other branches of the library system were damaged or affected in the flooding as well, Bon Air Regional Branch, Iroquois Branch, and Shawnee Branch libraries. Despite the level of damage, library services at all branches, the August 2009 flooding dumped 3 feet of water into the basement of the Louisville Free Public Librarys Main Library the damages to the facility and its holdings amounted to nearly $8 million. By the end of 2010, the library expects to have spent about $12 million on renovations, Louisville Free Public Library Mayor Greg Fischer Joins to Open New $2

Louisville Free Public Library
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Louisville Free Public Library

42.
Boston Public Library
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The Boston Public Library is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, founded in 1848. In fiscal year 2014, the library held over 10,000 programs, all free to the public, and lent 3.7 million materials. According to its website, the Boston Public Library has a collection of over 23.7 million items, the vast majority of the collection – over 22.7 million volumes — is held in the Central Branch research stacks. Between July 2012 and June 2013, the circulation of the BPL was 3.69 million. The New York Public Library is the other public library that is a member of the ARL. The library has established collections of distinction, based on the depth and breadth, including subjects such as Boston history. In addition, the library is both a federal and state depository of government documents, included in the BPLs research collection are more than 1.7 million rare books and manuscripts. There are large collections of prints, photographs, postcards, the library, for example, holds one of the major collections of watercolors and drawings by Thomas Rowlandson. In the mid-19th century, several people were instrumental in the establishment of the Boston Public Library, George Ticknor, a Harvard professor and trustee of the Boston Athenaeum, raised the possibility of establishing a public library in Boston beginning as early as 1826. At the time, Ticknor could not generate enough interest, in 1839, Alexandre Vattemare, a Frenchman, suggested that all of Bostons libraries combine themselves into one institution for the benefit of the public. The idea was presented to many Boston libraries, however, most were uninterested in the idea, at Vattemares urging, Paris sent gifts of books in 1843 and 1847 to assist in establishing a unified public library. Vattemare made yet another gift of books in 1849, josiah Quincy, Jr. anonymously donated $5,000 to begin the funding of a new library. Quincy made the donation while he was mayor of Boston, indirectly, John Jacob Astor also influenced the establishment of a public library in Boston. At the time of his death, Astor bequeathed $400,000 to New York to establish a library there. Because of the cultural and economic rivalry between Boston and New York, this bequest prompted more discussion of establishing a library in Boston. In 1848, a statute of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enabled the creation of the library, the library was officially established in Boston by a city ordinance in 1852. Mayor Benjamin Seaver recommended to the city council that a librarian be appointed, in May 1852 the city council adopted the recommendations of the mayor and Edward Capen was chosen to become Boston Public Librarys first librarian. Eager to support the library, Edward Everett collected documents from both houses of Congress, bound them at his own expense, and offered this collection to establish the new library

Boston Public Library
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Looking down at the entrance stairway to the McKim Building (2014)
Boston Public Library
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Public Library, Boylston Street, 1858–1895 (demolished 1899).
Boston Public Library
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Bust of George Ticknor
Boston Public Library
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Reading Room in 1871 at the first Boylston Street building, the library's location between 1858 and 1895.

43.
St. Louis Public Library
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The St. Louis Public Library is a municipal public library system in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. It operates sixteen locations, including the main Central Library location, although similarly named, the St. Louis Public Library is unrelated to the St. Louis County Library system. In 1865, Ira Divoll, the superintendent of the St. Louis Public School system, Divoll believed that library should work in tandem with the public education system and offer citizens an opportunity for self-improvement and culture. By 1869, Divoll’s the subscription library moved to the Board of Education building, the library consisted of 4 staff members who offered reference services 12 hours a day. The library also encouraged children visit the library and had no age restrictions like most libraries of the day, due to rapid growth of the library collection, which grew from 1500 volumes in 1865, to 90,000 volumes by 1893, the library required more space. In 1893, the moved into a new space on the top floors of the new Board of Education building. Also in 1893, the citizens of St. Louis voted to move the administration of the Library to an independent board and this vote enabled to library to offer a library free of subscription fees and be open to all St. Louis residents. The Library occupied the board of building from 1893 until 1909. This buildings size wasn’t large enough to accommodate the growing collection. It was during time, the library began its role as a lending library, allowing the public to ‘check out’. In 1901, Andrew Carnegie made a donation which was used for expansion. By this time the collection included 90,000 books, by 1938 the collection included 900,000 items, and by 2014,4,600,000 items The St. Louis Public Library operates 17 libraries, including the main Central Library. Branches include Baden, Barr, Buder, Cabanne, Carondelet, Carpenter, Central Express, Charing Cross, Compton, Julia Davis, Divoll, Kingshighway, Machacek, Marketplace, Schlafly, and Walnut Park. In addition to the Central Library building, Barr, Cabanne, Carpenter, the Central Library building at 13th and Olive was built in 1912 on a location formerly occupied by the St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall and was designed by Cass Gilbert. The main library for the public library system has an oval central pavilion surrounded by four light courts. The outer facades of the building are of lightly rusticated Maine granite. The Olive Street front is disposed like an arcade, with contrasting marble bas-relief panels. A projecting three-bay central block, like a triumphal arch

St. Louis Public Library
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The Central Library
St. Louis Public Library
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Inside the Humanities and Social sciences room of the Central Library on 26 May 2010.

44.
Omaha Public Library
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Omaha Public Library is the public library system of the city of Omaha, Nebraska. A library association was founded in 1857, but the board was not appointed until 1877. In 1895, the library one of the first six in the nation to create a childrens section. There are 12 libraries in the system, in 1857, the Omaha Library Association was formed, folding after three years. In 1872, a library was opened on the second floor of the Simpson Carriage factory at 14th & Dodge Street. In 1877, the Omaha City Council appointed a library board and they immediately accepted 4,500 books from the disbanded association as a gift. A year later, Omaha Public Library became one of the first six public libraries in the nation to create a separate children’s section, a new central library called the W. Dale Clark Library opened at 14th and Farnam Streets in 1977 across from the Gene Leahy Mall. The Omaha Public Library is governed by a board of directors. These people are appointed by the mayor of Omaha and confirmed by the Omaha City Council, terms are for three years with the next appointment occurring May 31,2012. The Board of Directors meet every third Wednesday of the month at different branches throughout the system, meetings are open to the public and the agenda and minutes are posted on the Omaha Public Library website. The Friends of Omaha Public Library is a non-profit, volunteer run organization which helps to fund literacy and community programs for Omaha Public Library. FOPL raises money through membership support and sales of used books, general book sales are held quarterly at the W. Clarke Swanson Branch. The Friends of Omaha Public Library can also be found online on AbeBooks as the Omaha Library Friends, history of Omaha Omaha Public Library official website. Friends of the Omaha Public Library Director Gary Wasdin on Omaha. net Nebraska Library Commission website

Omaha Public Library
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Friends of the Omaha Public Library
Omaha Public Library
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Omaha Public Library

45.
Brooklyn Public Library
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The Brooklyn Public Library is the public library system of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City. It is the fifth largest public library system in the United States, in Fiscal Year 2009, Brooklyn Public Library had the highest program attendance of any public library system in the United States. The library currently promotes itself as Bklyn Public Library, in 1852, several prominent citizens established the Brooklyn Athenaeum and Reading Room for the instruction of young men. Its collections focused on the arts and the humanities such as biography, economics, history, literature, philosophy. The Librarian-in-Charge was Stephen Buttrick Noyes, who went to the Library of Congress in 1866. He later commenced developing the extensive catalog for the collections which he completed in 1888, the two collections were merged in 1869 and later moved to a headquarters building on Montague Street. In 1878, the Library Associations were renamed the Brooklyn Public Library, the first free public library in Brooklyn was that of Pratt Institute, a collegiate institute founded by Charles Pratt in 1888. Available not only for its own students and faculty, the library was open to the general public at that early time. The Brooklyn Public Library system was approved by an Act of Legislature of the State of New York on May 1,1892. The Brooklyn Common Council then passed a resolution for the establishment of the Brooklyn Public Library on November 30,1896, the library was re-incorporated in 1902. The first main branch moved among various buildings, including a mansion at 26 Brevoort Place. There are 58 neighborhood branches throughout the borough, of many are Carnegie libraries. The library has four bookmobiles, including the Kidsmobile, which carries childrens materials, and the Bibliobús, the Brooklyn Collection holds the manuscripts and archives for the Brooklyn Public Library and is located at the Central Branch. The Bookmobile is a 32-foot -long,11. 5-foot -high vehicle housing a mobile library, carrying up to 6,000 books, the Bookmobile serves communities whose local branches are closed for renovation. The Bookmobile offers many of the available at other branches. The Kidsmobile is a smaller, more colorful version of the Bookmobile, during the school year, the Kidsmobile visits schools, day care centers, Head Start, after-school programs and community events. In the summer, the Kidsmobile also travels to parks and camps, in addition to books, the Kidsmobile offers storytelling and arts and crafts. The Bibliobús is a mobile Spanish-language library and it brings books and other media to Spanish-speaking communities in Brooklyn

Brooklyn Public Library
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Brooklyn Central Library
Brooklyn Public Library
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Brooklyn Public Library's Central Library in January 1941 shortly before it opened.
Brooklyn Public Library
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The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza in October 2005, during construction of a new entrance plaza and underground auditorium.

46.
Broome County, New York
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Broome County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,600 and its county seat and largest city is Binghamton. The county was named in honor of John Broome, who was lieutenant governor in 1806 when Broome County was established, Broome County is part of the Binghamton, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The current county executive is Jason T. Garnar, Broome County is also home to Binghamton University, one of four university centers in the SUNY system. When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. In 1791, Tioga County split off from Montgomery County, along with Herkimer, Tioga County was at this time much larger than the present county and included the present Broome and Chemung Counties and parts of Chenango and Schuyler Counties. In 1798, Tioga County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Chemung County, in 1806, the present-day Broome County was split off from Tioga County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 716 square miles. Broome County is located in south-central New York, directly north of the border with Pennsylvania in a section of the called the Southern Tier. The Chenango River joins the Susquehanna River, which flows through the county, the western half of the county is hilly but has wide valleys that accommodate Binghamton and its suburbs. In the northern portion Interstate 81 takes advantage of another glacial valley, to the east, however, the terrain becomes much more rugged as the land tilts up to the Catskills. The highest elevation is a U. S. National Geodetic Survey benchmark known as Slawson atop a hill in the Town of Sanford. It is approximately 2087 feet above sea level, an area due east on the Delaware County line in Oquaga Creek State Park also lies within the same elevation contour line. The lowest point is 864 feet above sea level, along the Susquehanna at the Pennsylvania state line, the population density was 284 people per square mile

Broome County, New York
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Broome County Courthouse

47.
Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola

48.
New York Public Library
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The New York Public Library is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States and it is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing. The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island, the City of New Yorks other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are served by the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library, respectively. The branch libraries are open to the public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four libraries which are open to the general public as well. At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 for the creation of a public library. After Astors death in 1848, the board of trustees executed the wills conditions. The library created was a reference library, its books were not permitted to circulate. An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870, the library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 40th and 42nd streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, at its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items. Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially, although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees. On May 23,1895, Bigelow and representatives of the two agreed to create The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. The plan was hailed as an example of philanthropy for the public good. The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901, the trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries. The notable New York author Washington Irving was a friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. They saw their role as protecting the librarys autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials, at the time, the military drew extensively from the librarys map and book collections in the world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the Map Divisions chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the section of the War Departments New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945

New York Public Library
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The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park, Manhattan
New York Public Library
New York Public Library
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The New York Public Library main building during late stage construction in 1908, the lion statues not yet installed at the entrance
New York Public Library
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Lenox copy of the Gutenberg Bible in the New York Public Library

49.
Ithaca, New York
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Ithaca /ˈɪθəkə/ is a city in the Southern Tier-Finger Lakes region of New York. It is the seat of Tompkins County, as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area and this area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca, the village of Cayuga Heights, and other towns and villages in Tompkins County. The city of Ithaca is located on the shore of Cayuga Lake. It is named for the Greek island of Ithaca, Ithaca is home to Cornell University, an Ivy League school of over 20,000 students, most of whom study at its local campus. Ithaca College is located just south of the city in the Town of Ithaca, nearby is Tompkins Cortland Community College. These three colleges bring tens of thousands of students who increase Ithacas seasonal population during the school year, some students settle in the area after graduation. The citys voters are more liberal than those in the remainder of Tompkins County or in upstate New York. In 2010, the population was 30,014. Namgyal Monastery in Ithaca is the North American seat of Tenzin Gyatso, indigenous people occupied this area for thousands of years. At the time of European contact, this area was controlled by the Cayuga Indians, jesuit missionaries from New France are said to have had a mission to the Cayuga as early as 1657. Saponi and Tutelo Indians, Algonquian-speaking tribes, later occupied lands at the end of Cayuga Lake. Remnants of these tribes had been forced from North Carolina by tribal conflicts, during the Revolutionary War, four of the then six Iroquois nations were allied with the British, although bands made decisions on fighting in a highly decentralized way. Conflict with the colonists was fierce throughout the Mohawk Valley. In retaliation for conflicts to the east, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition was conducted against the Iroquois peoples in the west of the state, destroying more than 40 villages and stored winter crops. It destroyed the Tutelo village of Coregonal, located near what is now the junction of state routes 13, most Iroquois were forced from the state after the Revolutionary War, but some remnants remained. The state sold off the former Iroquois lands to development and settlement by European Americans. Within the current boundaries of the City of Ithaca, Native Americans maintained only a temporary hunting camp at the base of Cascadilla Gorge, in 1788 eleven men from Kingston, New York came to the area with two Delaware people guides, to explore what they considered wilderness. The following year Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond, and Peter Hinepaw returned with their families and that same year Abraham Bloodgood of Albany obtained a patent from the state for 1400 acres, which included all of the present downtown west of Tioga Street

50.
Cleveland Public Library
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The Cleveland Public Library was founded in 1869 and is located in Cleveland, Ohio. Librarian William Howard Brett opened the librarys first stand-alone childrens room on February 22,1898, effie Louise Power was appointed Clevelands first childrens librarian. In 1915, the Cleveland architectural firm of Walker and Weeks won a competition to design a new library building, construction of their classical Renaissance design, delayed by the First World War, began in 1923 under Linda Anne Eastman. Eastman was the first woman to head a major U. S. city library system and she opened bookshelves to patrons, replacing the New York Public Library system in which a librarian fetched the books. The Main Library consists of two buildings, the older wing, completed on May 6,1925 and renovated between 1997 and 1999, has five stories, each as high as two stories in most buildings. The renovations included the restoration of a mural painted by Ora Coltman in 1934 for the Federal Arts Project. The work was done by the Intermuseum Conservation Association, the second building, named after former U. S. Congressman Louis Stokes, was dedicated in 1997, in 2002, the Cleveland Public Library had annual attendance of 804,692 and an annual circulation of 1,698,928 items. In 2014, the collection totaled 3,721,300 items. The Cleveland Public Library is a member of CLEVNET, a consortium of 43 public libraries throughout northern Ohio, in 1947, it became a depository library for the United Nations Library network, holding documents for the state of Ohio. There are only 400 UN depository libraries worldwide, in 2012, the Library released a strategic plan focusing on communities of learning and preparing for its 150th anniversary in 2019. Main Building 1st Floor, Popular Library magazines, newspapers, circulation is also available on this floor. 2nd Floor, Literature includes fiction, film, comics, and television 3rd Floor, Fine Arts includes art, architecture, and music. This floor also houses Special Collections which includes the John G. White Collection of Folklore, Orientalia, and Chess, the Cleveland Digital Public Library opened on this floor on February 14,2015. 4th Floor, Youth Services and Foreign Literature 5th Floor is book storage Basement Walkway to Louis Stokes Wing Louis Stokes Wing Lower Level, the librarys Auditorium is also on this level. This floor also houses the Sports Research Center, 6th Floor, History and Geography also includes an extensive genealogy collection. The Map Collection is also on this floor, United Nations documents are deposited here too. H

51.
Dayton Metro Library
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Dayton Metro Library is a multi-branch library system serving 476,000 residents of the Dayton Metropolitan Area. It has 21 locations across the area, over 7.6 million items were checked out in 2008. The Dayton Metro Library ranks in the top ten best libraries in the United States serving a population of over 250,000 by HAPLR. All are serviced by libraries of their own, save Riverside, various parts of which are close to Dayton Metro Library locations, including Burkhardt. Library service in Dayton began in 1805 with the Social Library Society of Dayton, the Society was also the first library to be incorporated in Ohio. The Society was dissolved in 1821 and books were sold at auction, in 1847, the Dayton Library Association was established. This lasted until 1860 when it merged with the Public School Library, in 1887 it was organized as a school district library. A new building was opened in Cooper Park in January 1888, bookmobile service began in October 1923. In 1948, the changed in legal form from a school district library to a county district library. In November 1956, the officially changed its name to the Dayton. A new $2.3 million building was constructed for the Main Library in 1960, the new building, adjacent to the old building, opened on March 26,1962, and is still in use today. The Dayton and Montgomery County Public Library name stayed on until June 19,2002, a new logo and website were unveiled in January 2003. Another new website was unveiled in December 2014, featuring a new logo, overall new design and a number of new functionalities. In November 2012, Dayton, Ohio area voters passed Issue 70, as such, it was determined that the Brookville, Miamisburg, New Lebanon, Northmont and Trotwood Branches would all be moved to new buildings, rather than being renovated/expanded. Belmont Branch,1041 Watervliet Ave. Brookville Branch,120 Blue Pride Drive, east Branch,2008 Wyoming St. Electra C. Doren Branch,701 Troy St. Genealogy Center,359 Maryland Ave Huber Heights Branch,6160 Chambersburg Rd. Huber Heights Kettering Moraine Branch,3496 Far Hills Ave, madden Hills Branch,2542 Germantown St. Main Library,215 E. Third St. Temporary Main Library,120 S. Patterson Blvd, miami Township Branch,2718 Lyons Rd. Miamisburg Miamisburg Branch,35 S. Fifth St. Miamisburg New Lebanon Branch,715 W. Main St, New Lebanon Northmont Branch,333 W. National Rd. Englewood Northwest Branch,2410 Philadelphia Dr. Operations Center,120 S. Patterson Blvd

52.
Eugene, Oregon
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Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 160,561 by the US Census. Eugene is home to the University of Oregon and Lane Community College, the city is also noted for its natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and focus on the arts. Eugenes official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors and it is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town, USA. The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene, in 2021, the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships. The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans and they made seasonal rounds, moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village, when crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading. They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived Chifin, other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and they were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans were related to the Pee-you and it is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene. According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years, French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, by 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, in July,1830, intermittent fever struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U. S. ship, Owyhee, intermittent fever is thought by researchers now to be malaria. In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841 and this catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations, though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856. Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society

53.
Carnegie Library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival

54.
Ocean State
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island

55.
Richardson, Texas
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Richardson is a principal city in Dallas and Collin counties in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 99,223. In 2014 the population was estimated to be 108,617, Richardson is an affluent inner suburb of Dallas and home of The University of Texas at Dallas and the Telecom Corridor with a high concentration of telecommunications companies. Richardson is also the home to the BlueCross-BlueShield of Texas headquarters in the healthcare industry, settlers from Kentucky and Tennessee came to the Richardson area in the 1840s. Through the 1850s the settlement was located around the site of Richland College. After the Civil War a railroad was built northwest of the original settlement, Richardson was chartered in 1873, and the town was named after the secretary of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, Alfred S. Richardson. In 1908, the Texas Electric Railway an electric railway known as the Interurban, connected Richardson to Denison, Waco, Corsicana, in 1910 the population was approximately 600. A red brick schoolhouse was built in 1914, the schoolhouse is now the administrative office for the Richardson Independent School District. In 1924 the Red Brick Road, the present-day Greenville Avenue, was completed, the completion of the road brought increased traffic, population and property values. The town incorporated and elected a mayor in 1925, in 1940 the population was approximately 740. After World War II the city experienced major increases in population, throughout the 1950s the city continued to see growth including the opening of the Collins Radio Richardson office, Central Expressway, a police department, shopping centers and many homes. Texas Instruments opened its offices in Dallas on the border of Richardson in 1956. This was followed by significant gains in land values, population, in the 1960s Richardson experienced additional growth including several new parks, facilities and the creation of the University of Texas at Dallas within the city limits. By 1972 the population was approximately 56,000, residential growth continued through the 1970s and slowed in the 1980s. Commercial development increased throughout the 1980s, Richardson had a population of 74,840 according to the 1990 census. Population increases throughout the 1990s was primarily from development of the northeast part of the city, the city of Buckingham, after being completely surrounded by Richardson, was annexed into the city in 1996. Richardson had a population of 91,802 as of the 2000 census, Richardson was a dry city with no alcohol sales until November 2006, when the local option election passed to allow the sale of beer and wine in grocery and convenience stores. Richardson received local attention for removing its rocket slide, space age

56.
Round Rock, Texas
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Round Rock is a city in the U. S. state of Texas, located in Williamson County, which is a part of the Greater Austin, Texas metropolitan area. The population was 99,887 at the 2010 census, located about 20 miles north of downtown Austin, Round Rock shares a common border with Austin at Texas State Highway 45. In August 2008, Money magazine named Round Rock as the seventh-best American small city in which to live, Round Rock was the only Texas city to make the Top 10. In a CNN article dated July 1,2009, Round Rock was listed as the second fastest-growing city in the country, Round Rock has a strong public education system. According to the 2008 ratings from the Texas Education Agency, the Round Rock Independent School District ranks among the best in the state, of 42 schools within it, twelve were rated exemplary and eleven are recognized. Round Rock is perhaps best known as the headquarters of Dell. Round Rock and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9,200 BC. One of the most important discoveries in recent times is that of the ancient skeletal remains dubbed The Leanderthal Lady because of its age and proximity to Leander, Texas. The site is 4 miles west of Round Rock and was discovered by accident by Texas Department of Transportation workers while drilling core samples for a new highway. The site has been studied for many years and samples carbon date to this particular Pleistocene period at approximately 10,500 years ago. These archeology dig sites show a greater volume United Sates of America evidence of Archaic Period inhabitants based on relics. During the 18th century they made the transition to a horse culture, there also appear to have been small numbers of Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni, and Mayeye Native-Americans living in the county at the time of the earliest Anglo settlements. After they were crowded out by white settlement, the Comanches continued to raid settlements in the county until the 1860s, in the late 19th century, Native Americans were being pushed out of Central Texas. As the area developed into a rural Anglo community, some of the paved roads actually followed the original Native-American pathways. One famous immigration route passed through Round Rock and is called the Double File Trail because the path was wide enough for two horsemen to ride side-by-side. It is part of a trail from north Texas that crossed the San Gabriel River in Georgetown, Brushy Creek in Round Rock. An elementary school in the Round Rock school district is named for the trail, in 1851, a small community was formed on the banks of Brushy Creek, near a large round and anvil-shaped rock located in the middle of the creek. This round rock marked a convenient low-water crossing for wagons, horses, the first postmaster called the community Brushy, and the creek was called Brushy Creek

Round Rock, Texas
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This Clovis point is from a period of habitation of approximately 11,500 years ago (image courtesy of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources).
Round Rock, Texas
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Round Rock, Texas
Round Rock, Texas
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The "round rock" of Round Rock, Texas, located in Brushy Creek along the historic Chisholm Trail
Round Rock, Texas
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The Palm House Museum in Round Rock, Texas

57.
San Antonio Public Library
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The San Antonio Public Library is a collection of a Central Library,29 branch libraries, and a library portal owned by the City of San Antonio in the U. S. state of Texas. The Central Library is a 240, 000-square-foot, six-story structure that opened in 1995 in Downtown San Antonio and it is easily recognized by its bright-colored, striking Mexican Modernist design. The primary color of the exterior is popularly referred to by San Antonians as Enchilada Red. The architect for the building was selected by a competition held by the city in July 1991. The winning design is by renowned Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta in partnership with Sprinkle Robey Architects, unique features of the library include a multi-story, bright yellow atrium and several outdoor plazas with landscaping and fountains intended to be used as outdoor reading rooms. In Legorretas own words, I wanted to break the concept that libraries are imposing, the library was financed through a $28 million bond to build a new Central Library. The bonds were approved by San Antonio voters in 1989, the centerpiece of the library is a two story glass blown sculpture named Fiesta Tower. It was created by Dale Chihuly in 2005, since its inauguration in May 1995, the new Central Library attracted a great deal of attention in architectural and library circles. After the new facility opened, circulation more than doubled from the previous year, the Central Library currently holds about 580,300 volumes. The previous Central Library building at 203 S St. Marys Street was renovated and reopened in 1998, the building, which is located on the River Walk, was renamed the International Center and is primarily used as office space. In 2006, it was leased to the National Western Art Foundation and is undergoing renovation preparatory to housing the Dolph and Janie Briscoe Western Art Museum

58.
Salt Lake City Public Library system
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The Salt Lake City Public Library system is a network of public libraries funded by Salt Lake City. The Free Public Library of Salt Lake City first opened on February 14,1898, the system is under the direction of a library board and circulates more than three million items each year. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints oversaw many of the libraries in early Salt Lake City, while many locals tried to promote public lending libraries, private libraries were the most prosperous in early Salt Lake. For many years private libraries were the ones accessible to the people of the city. Over these territorial years several groups attempted to establish a public library, including a small group of women called the Ladies Library Association. By 1891, the two organizations had acquired a stock of over 10,000 books, but lack of funding forced the two to donate their collections to the newly formed Pioneer Library Association. By 1898, another group of women called the Ladies Literary Society had successfully promoted a bill in the legislature giving a levy on property tax to public libraries in the state. Because of this law, the Free Public Library of Salt Lake City and its temporary location was on the top floor of the Salt Lake City and County Building, and the collection consisted mainly of a stockpile of 11,910 books donated by the Pioneer Library Association. The Pioneer Library Association also provided a librarian for the new library, Annie E. Chapman, by 1900 the library had outgrown its housing, and attention was turned to acquiring a larger, more permanent location. Again the Ladies Literary Society helped out by persuading the mining millionaire John Quackenbos Packard to donate land, the new location was at 15 South State Street in a building that cost $100,000 at the time. The new library opened in 1905 with a new librarian, Joanna Sprague and this building would serve as the main branch library until October 1964, when a new library was built at 209 East 500 South. During this librarys service, the system was expanded to include eight branches. The new Chapman branch opened on May 28,1918, the Sprague branch in the Sugar House District opened in 1914, originally at 1035 East 2100 South, but moved to its present location at 2131 South 1100 East in 1928. In 1935 the American Library Association dubbed the branch the Most Beautiful Branch Library in America, the Main Branch library on State Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and the Sprague Branch was listed in 2003. When this library began to outgrow its home in the 1960s, the groundbreaking ceremony occurred on December 28,1962, and the building was finished on October 30,1964. Though many old library branches were closed down during the half of the 20th century. The Rose Park Branch opened in 1965, and the Corinne and Jack Sweet Branch in The Avenues, in 1996 the Rose Park Branch was replaced by the Day-Riverside Branch. After celebrating the library systems 100th anniversary in 1998, taxpayers were asked to fund the building of a new Main Branch library building in downtown, sixty-eight percent of voters approved an $84 million bond to build the new library

Salt Lake City Public Library system
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The Main Branch of the Salt Lake City Public Library system

59.
Seattle Public Library
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The Seattle Public Library is the public library system serving Seattle, Washington. It was officially established by the city in 1890, though there had been efforts to start a Seattle library as early as 1868, there are 26 branches in the system, most of them named after the neighborhoods in which they are located. Also included are Mobile Services and the Central Library, the Seattle Public Library also founded, and until July 2008 administered, the Washington Talking Book & Braille Library. All but one of Seattles early purpose-built libraries were Carnegie libraries, although the central Carnegie library has now twice been replaced, all the early 20th century purpose-built branches survive, although some have been subject to significant alterations. Ballards former Carnegie library has held a number of restaurants, antique stores, etc. but the others have been modernized, the Seattle Public Library system consists of the Central Library and 26 branches and a mobile library system. As of 2011 the Central Location of the library contained about 930,000 books, the 26 branches have roughly one million cataloged physical items including Books, CDs, DVDs. In addition all locations have uncatalogued collections of books that can be borrowed without a library card, Seattles first attempt to start a library association occurred at a meeting of 50 residents on July 30,1868, but produced only minimal success over the next two decades. The Ladies Library Association began a more focused attempt to put together a library in 1888. They had raised funds and had even obtained a pledge of land from Henry Yesler. Nonetheless, encouraged by their ideas, the revised October 1890 city charter established the Public Library as a branch of the city government. The ladies influence can be seen in that the charter required that at least two of the five library commissioners be women, the library was funded by a 10% share of city fines, penalties, and licenses. The first library opened April 8,1891 as a room on the third floor of the Occidental Block—later the Seattle Hotel—supervised by librarian A. J. Snoke. By December 1891 when books were first allowed to be borrowed, Snoke was succeeded in 1893 by John D. Atkinson, who was succeeded in 1895 by Charles Wesley Smith, who remained in the position until 1907. Smith took over a library that, like all of Seattle, had been impacted by the Panic of 1893. In its first decade or so, the library developed the traveling habit. In June 1894 it moved across Second Avenue to the Collins Block, as the city grew out, that building was later occupied by the Frederick and Nelson department store. At the Rialto, the library for the first time moved to an open-stacks policy, in 1898 the library moved again to the former Yesler Mansion, a forty-room building on the site that would later become the King County Courthouse. Meanwhile, in 1896, the established a bindery

Seattle Public Library
Seattle Public Library
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Central Library (looking south on Fifth Avenue).
Seattle Public Library
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The Occidental Block in 1900. Peeking out behind it at left is a corner of the Collins Block, which, unlike the Occidental Block, is still standing as of 2008.
Seattle Public Library
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The public library in Henry Yesler 's former home downtown at Third and James, burned on the night of January 1–January 2, 1901

60.
Tacoma Public Library
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The Tacoma Public Library system serves residents of Tacoma, Washington. It operates eight library branches, which include a library in downtown Tacoma. The Tacoma library has nearly 150,000 registered users, Tacoma Public Library System serves a population of 198,100 people. The Main, or central, library is one of 43 Carnegie libraries built in the state of Washington, Carnegie libraries are those built with money donated by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. This particular library was built in 1903, the Main library has been expanded since the original building was erected, and the Carnegie portion of the building now houses the Northwest Room and the Handforth Gallery. The Northwest Room holds a collection of information on Tacoma. It includes photography, genealogy, rare books, and newspapers, the Handforth Gallery displays the work of local artists year round. The Tacoma Public Library system offers the use of computers, databases, books, DVDs, music, downloadable audio books, as well as programming for children, teens, the library director is Susan Odencrantz. Downtown Tacoma Library Fern Hill Branch Library Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

Tacoma Public Library
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Main library, Tacoma, 2015

61.
Arizona State University
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Arizona State University is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2016 university ratings by U. S. News & World Report rank ASU No.1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the year in a row. ASU is the largest public university by enrollment in the U. S and it had approximately 82,060 students enrolled in 2014, including 66,309 undergraduate and 15,751 graduate students. ASUs charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Crow, ASU is classified as a research university with very high research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The Center for Measuring University Performance ranks ASU 31st among top U. S. public research universities, ASU was classified as a Research I institute in 1994, making it one of the nations newest major research universities. Students compete in 25 varsity sports, the Arizona State Sun Devils are members of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 23 NCAA championships. Along with multiple clubs and recreational facilities, ASU is home to more than 1,100 registered student organizations. To keep pace with the student populations growth, the university continuously renovates, the demand for new academic halls, athletic facilities, student recreation centers, and residential halls is being addressed with donor contributions and public-private investments. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George, classes began with 33 students on February 8,1886. The school accepted high school students and graduates, and awarded high school diplomas, in 1923 the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925 the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates, in 1929, the legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College. Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews the school was given all-college student status, the first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use, Matthews envisioned an evergreen campus, with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of Palm Walk, now a landmark of the Tempe campus. His legacy is being continued to this day with the campus having been declared a nationally recognized arboretum. During the Great Depression, Ralph W. Swetman was hired as president for a three-year term, although enrollment increased by almost 100 percent during his tenure due to the depression, many faculty were terminated and faculty salaries were cut. In 1933, Grady Gammage, then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of ASU, like his predecessor, Gammage oversaw construction of a number of buildings on the Tempe campus. He also oversaw the development of the graduate programs. The schools name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, at the time, two other names considered were Tempe University and State University at Tempe

Arizona State University
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President Theodore Roosevelt addresses a crowd of students on the steps of the Old Main at Arizona State University, March 20, 1911.
Arizona State University
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Seal of Arizona State University
Arizona State University
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Old Main on the Arizona State University campus, circa 1890
Arizona State University
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ASU's Gammage Auditorium, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

62.
Auburn University
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Auburn University is a public research university in Auburn, Alabama, United States. Auburn was chartered on February 1,1856, as East Alabama Male College, in 1872, under the Morrill Act, it became the states first public land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. In 1892, it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama, in 1960, its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university. In 1964, under Federal Court mandate, AU admitted its first African American student, Auburn is among the few American universities designated as a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research center. The Alabama Legislature chartered the institution as the East Alabama Male College on February 1,1856 and its first president was Reverend William J. Sasnett, and the school opened its doors in 1859 to a student body of eighty and a faculty of ten. Auburns early history is linked with the Civil War and the Reconstruction-era South. Classes were held in Old Main until the college was closed due to the war, the campus was a training ground for the Confederate Army, and Old Main served as a hospital for Confederate wounded. It sits today on the next to Samford Hall. The school reopened in 1866 after the end of the Civil War, in 1872, control of the institution was transferred from the Methodist Church to the State of Alabama for financial reasons. Alabama placed the school under the provisions of the Morrill Act as a land-grant institution and this act provided for 240,000 acres of Federal land to be sold to provide funds for an agricultural and mechanical school. As a result, in 1872 the school was renamed the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, under the Acts provisions, land-grant institutions were also supposed to teach military tactics and train officers for the United States military. In the late 19th century, most students at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama were enrolled in the program, learning military tactics. Each county in the state was allowed to nominate two cadets to attend the free of charge. The universitys original curriculum focused on engineering and agriculture and this trend changed under the guidance of William Leroy Broun, who taught classics and sciences and believed both disciplines were important for growth of the university and the individual. In 1892, two events occurred, women were admitted to the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. Eventually, football replaced polo as the sport on campus. The college was renamed the Alabama Polytechnic Institute in 1899, largely because of Brouns influence, on October 1,1918, nearly all of Alabama Polytechnic Institutes able-bodied male students 18 or older voluntarily joined the United States Army for short-lived military careers on campus. The student-soldiers numbered 878, according to API President Charles Thach, the vocational section was composed of enlisted men sent to Auburn for training in radio and mechanics

Auburn University
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"Old Main", the first building on Auburn's campus, was destroyed by fire in 1887
Auburn University
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Auburn University
Auburn University
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Samford Hall in the 1890s
Auburn University
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API Cadets drill on Ross Square in 1918.

63.
Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus

Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young, the school's eponym.
Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University
Brigham Young University
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The Brigham Young Academy building circa 1900
Brigham Young University
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The Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building

64.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular

65.
Chapman University
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Chapman University is a private, non-profit university located in Orange, California, United States. It is affiliated with the Christian Church, Chapman also operates Brandman University as a separate, fully accredited university within the Chapman University System. Founded as Hesperian College, in Woodland, California, the school classes on March 4,1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincolns first inauguration, Hesperian admitted students of both sexes and all races. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, in 1934, the school was renamed Chapman College, after the chairman of its board of trustees, C. C. In 1954, Chapman College moved to its present campus in the city of Orange, Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958. This evolved into the Chapman University College, Chapman University is the largest private university in Orange County, and is ranked in the U. S. News and World Reports top-tier of western region colleges and universities. It comprises four schools and five colleges, including the Dale E and it offers 46 undergraduate and 17 graduate majors. Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991, in that year, Dr. James L. Doti became president of Chapman University. Dr. Doti has received the Horatio Alger Award and the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and he was honored by the Council for Advancement of Education as 2003 CEO of the Year. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, Doti earned $1,542,270, Schmid College of Science and Technology has a plan for a 140,000 sq. ft. Center for Science & Technology on Chapmans main campus in Orange, opening in fall 2018. In 1959 Chapman University broke ground for Braden Hall, a dormitory on campus. It later became a co-ed dorm and was best known for its basketball court and it was torn down in 2007 and replaced in 2009 by the Sandhu Residence Center, which includes a cafeteria and rock climbing wall for students. Chapman co-produces the OC Channel in a partnership with KOCE, founded in 1977, the school is named after George L. Argyros, a Chapman alum and former U. S. Ambassador to Spain. Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, the business school was renamed in Argyros honor in 1999. The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, the MBA program has three lines, Executive, Professional, and Full Time. Chapmans Professional MBA Program is ranked #48 by Bloomberg/Businessweek and the Full Time program is currently ranked #83, building on its strength in undergraduate accounting, the school recently launched a one-year Master of Science in Accounting degree. In 2008, The Princeton Review ranked Chapman Business Schools undergraduate and graduate programs among its Top 25 programs in the country, the Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014

Chapman University
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Williams Mall, with Memorial Hall (left) and Smith Hall (right)
Chapman University
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Chapman University
Chapman University
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Schmid Gate, built in 2005.

66.
Christopher Newport University
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Christopher Newport University, or CNU, is a public liberal arts university located in Newport News, Virginia, United States. CNU is the youngest comprehensive university in the commonwealth of Virginia, the college was founded as an extension of the College of William & Mary and offered extension courses that had already been available in the area for some time. In 1964 the college was relocated to its current location, a 75-acre tract of land purchased and donated by the city, in this same year, the colleges first permanent building was dedicated as Christopher Newport Hall. In 1971, CNC became a college, however, it remained an extension of William & Mary until 1977 when it attained its independence. In 1992, the became a university under the leadership of President Anthony R. Santoro. In 1996, CNU made plans to more competitive. Those plans included the expansion of University property, several new buildings and residence halls, as well as overhauling academic programs,2011 – No.4 nationally for Best colleges for minorities in STEM. 2011 – U. S. News & World Report named CNU one of the schools to watch. 2011 – The Princeton Review chose CNU for the annual best colleges guidebook,2012 – No.3 up-and-coming regional university in the South. 2012 – No.8 among top regional universities in the South. 2013 – No.7 among top regional universities in the South. 2014 – No.7 among top regional universities in the South. 2014 – No.2 up-and-coming regional university in the South,2016 – No.5 among top public regional universities in the South, and No.14 on the overall regional university list for the South. Christopher Newport University offers a variety of bachelor of science. It ensures the highest quality of faculty achievement by preferentially hiring members of Phi Beta Kappa, graduate programs in applied physics and computer science, environmental science and teaching are also available in five-year bachelors to masters, as well as traditional formats. The School of Business is accredited by the AACSB and offers degrees in Accounting, Finance, Management. Worldwide, only one in six business schools has AACSB international accreditation, the Joseph W. Luter, III School of Business scored at the 90th percentile for the 2009–10 academic year in the ETS Major Field Test in Business. The English Department offers the major in English, with concentrations including literature, the History department offers degrees in History

Christopher Newport University
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Statue of Sir Christopher Newport
Christopher Newport University
Christopher Newport University
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The Great Lawn of Christopher Newport University, featuring the David Student Union and the McMurran and Forbes academic buildings.
Christopher Newport University
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Potomac River Hall

67.
College of Southern Nevada
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The school is the largest public higher education institution in Nevada. It is part of the Nevada System of Higher Education, founded in 1971 as Clark County Community College, the school became Community College of Southern Nevada in 1991. On March 16,2007, the Board of Regents of the Nevada System of Higher Education voted to change the name of the school to its current name College of Southern Nevada on July 1,2007. College of Southern Nevada has three campuses in the Las Vegas Valley, the Charleston Campus, North Las Vegas Campus and Henderson Campus. There are also located in Moapa Valley, Summerlin, and Mesquite, as well as Nellis Air Force Base. The current president of CSN is Dr. Michael Richards, Richards was appointed leader of the college by the Nevada Board of Regents in May 2008 after serving as interim president since August 2007. CSN provides job training in more than 75 career fields with more than 200 degree, the majority of students,74.1 percent or 28,880, attend part-time and 25.9 percent or 10,110 students attend full-time. CSNs undergraduate degrees have received accreditation from Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities since 1975. In fall 2007,44.8 percent of students were Caucasian,20.8 percent Hispanic,10.8 percent Asian and 10.1 percent African American, nationally the college enrolls students from 48 states in more than 3,000 classes each semester. The College of Southern Nevada Coyotes compete in the Scenic West Athletic Conference of the NJCAAs Division I, the school currently has four athletic programs—baseball, softball, volleyball, and soccer. Baseballs first season was in 2000, and softball began its first season in 2004, men and Womens Soccer are now returning to CSN and campus-wide improvements will be coming to all three campuses. The Coyotes baseball team was the first intercollegiate athletics program at CSN, the Coyotes home field, William R. Morse Stadium, is located at CSNs Henderson campus in Henderson, Nevada. But, before Fairless would even conduct his first baseball practice at CSN, he stepped down on May 4,1999, Fairless would be replaced by another local veteran coach, Tim Chambers, on July 8,1999. The Coyotes played their game on February 1,2000, against Scottsdale Community College. Since joining the SWAC, CSN has won six conference championships, on May 31,2003, the Coyotes made history, defeating the heavily favored San Jacinto-North Gators 4-1 to win the 2003 National Junior College World Series in only their fourth year of existence. It is CSNs only national championship in any sport to date and he was selected as an outfielder. On June 11,2010, just one week after the Coyotes had been eliminated from the JUCO World Series, longtime head coach Tim Chambers took the head coaching job at UNLV. There would be no vacancy for long though, as CSN hired former Bishop Gorman High School baseball coach Chris Sheff on July 9,2010, Sheff would become the second baseball coach in CSN history to never coach a game

College of Southern Nevada
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Cheyenne campus
College of Southern Nevada
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College of Southern Nevada
College of Southern Nevada
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Henderson campus

68.
Colorado State University
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Colorado State University is a public research university located in Fort Collins, in the U. S. state of Colorado. The university is the land grant university, and the flagship university of the Colorado State University System. The current enrollment is approximately 32,236 students, including resident and non-resident instruction students, the university has approximately 1,540 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments. Bachelors degrees are offered in 65 fields of study, with degrees in 55 fields. Colorado State confers doctoral degrees in 40 fields of study, in addition to a degree in veterinary medicine. In fiscal year 2012, CSU spent $375.9 million on research and development, ranking 60th in the nation overall, Colorado State University is a land-grant institution classified as a Carnegie Doctoral/RU/VH, Research Universities. CSU was founded as Colorado Agricultural College in 1870, six years before the Colorado Territory gained statehood and it was one of 68 land-grant colleges established under the Morrill Act of 1862. Doors opened to a class of 1 student in 1879. Arising from the Morrill Act, the act to create the university was signed by the Colorado Territory governor Edward M. McCook in 1870, however, during its first years the university existed only on paper. The first 30-acre parcel of land for the campus was deeded in 1871 by Robert Dazell, in 1872, the Larimer County Land Improvement Company contributed a second 80-acre parcel. The first $1000 to erect buildings was finally allocated by the legislature in 1874. The funds were not, however, and trustees were required to find a matching amount, among the institutions which donated matching funds was the local Grange, which was heavily involved in the early establishment of the university. After Colorado achieved statehood in 1876, the law establishing the college was required to be reauthorized. In 1877, the legislature created the eight-member State Board of Agriculture to govern the school. Early in the 21st century, the board was renamed the Board of Governors of the Colorado State University System. Enrollment grew to 25 by 1880, during Colorado Agricultural Colleges first term in fall 1879, the school functioned more as a college-prep school than a college because of the lack of trained students. Consequently, the first course offerings were arithmetic, English, U. S. history, natural philosophy, horticulture, Students also labored on the college farm and attended daily chapel services. The spring term provided the first true college-level instruction, despite his accomplishments, Edwards resigned in spring 1882 because of conflicts with the State Board of Agriculture, a young faculty member, and with students

Colorado State University
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Colorado Agricultural College Campus, 1920 with the Oval, Physics Building, and Guggenheim Hall showing.
Colorado State University
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Colorado State University
Colorado State University
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The Oval today, leading towards the Administration Building
Colorado State University
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Colorado Agricultural College advertisement

69.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university

70.
Concordia College (Minnesota)
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Concordia College is a private college located in Moorhead, Minnesota, United States. Founded by Norwegian settlers in 1891, the school is associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Concordia is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and has a total student enrollment of 2,531. It offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Music, and Master of Education degrees, since Concordia was founded, it has articulated a Christian and global curriculum. Students are required to take courses in health, communication, religion, the university maintains athletic teams in 22 sports and carries 19 music ensembles, including The Concordia Choir and The Concordia Band. Concordia College was dedicated as an academy on Oct.31,1891, by a group of approximately one dozen Norwegian pastors. The school was founded on the property of the former Episcopalian Bishop Whipple School, Grose of St. Olaf College was asked to preside over the academy, which then offered mixed-sex education in English literature, natural sciences, mathematics, piano, and organ. The school opened with three faculty and twelve students, in 1892, Rasmus Bogstad, a Norwegian pastor, raised funds to build a male dormitory on campus grounds. His efforts lead to the construction of Academy Hall, in 1893, Grose resigned and recently hired business professor Hans Aaker took his place. Aaker became mayor of Moorhead in 1900 and left two years later when that job compromised his dedication to the school, Bogstad was appointed Concordias next president and established its liberal tradition. Under Bogstad, Concordia constructed a new building, now called Old Main. Rev. Henry O. Shurson held the presidency after Bogstad resigned in 1910, under Aasgaard, the nearby Park Region College and Bruflat Academy were merged with Concordia, and a new library was built in what is now called Grose Hall. In 1925, Rev. John N. Brown became president, eleven years later, a female dormitory was built, named Fjelstad Hall, and in 1947, a male dormitory was built, later called Brown Hall. Rev. Joseph Prexy Joe Knutson became president in 1951, and presided over the construction of 16 buildings, under his leadership, the Concordia Annual Fund was established to raise money for the colleges interests, which still continues today. Dr. Paul J. Dovre took the presidency in 1975, construction on the Offutt School of Business was completed in late 2012, and hosted students in the fall semester of 2013. Today, the school is led by Dr. William J. Craft, Concordia is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. It holds 2,531 students and offers 61 majors and 12 pre-professional programs, Master of Education degrees are offered, and the most popular majors are business, education, and communication. The college upholds a curriculum that centers on a Christian and global perspective, affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Concordia practices the liberal arts from the Lutheran theological tradition. Faculty are encouraged to retain Becoming Responsibly Engaged in the World as a focus in their instructions

Concordia College (Minnesota)
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Old Main, constructed in 1906, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Concordia College (Minnesota)
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Concordia College
Concordia College (Minnesota)
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The Campanile (bell tower) is a campus landmark.
Concordia College (Minnesota)
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Jake Christiansen Stadium.

71.
Kenyon College
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Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, United States, founded in 1824 by Philander Chase. Kenyon College is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges, the acceptance rate for the Class of 2019 was 23. 8%, the most selective year to date. After becoming the first Episcopal Bishop of Ohio in 1818, Philander Chase found a lack of trained clergy on the Ohio frontier. He planned to create a seminary to rectify this problem, undeterred, he sailed to England and solicited donations from Lord Kenyon, Lord Gambier, and the writer and philanthropist Hannah More, and the College was incorporated in December,1824. Dissatisfied with the location of the College in Worthington, Chase purchased 8,000 acres of land in Knox County. There is a legend that Bishop Chase exclaimed, Well, this will do upon reaching the crest of the hill, Kenyon requires students to take classes in each of the four academic divisions, Fine Arts, Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences. In addition, students must show a basic competence in a foreign language, the Gund Gallery, a 31,000 square feet visual arts center and exhibition space, was founded in 2011. It hosts lectures, public programming and temporary exhibitions that are free, Kenyon is also home to the Beta of Ohio Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Kenyons sports teams, which compete in the North Coast Athletic Conference, are referred to as the Lords and Ladies, and their colors are purple, white, and black with gold often added as an accent. The colleges mens swimming team is notable in NCAA Division III, for winning, the womens swimming team is also considered among the best, winning 23 titles of its own since 1984. Former Swim Coach Jim Steen has coached the most conference titles in any sport in NCAA history, in 2013, under Head Coach Jess Book, the mens team won the national title and the womens team took second. Field hockey, football and mens lacrosse are played at McBride Field which has a capacity of 1,762. In the 2017 U. S. News & World Report rankings, forbes magazine in 2016 ranked Kenyon 48th overall, and 7th in the Midwest, out of the 650 colleges and universities on its list of Americas Best Colleges. In 2006 Newsweek selected Kenyon College as one of twenty-five New Ivies on the basis of admissions statistics as well as interviews with administrators, students, faculty and it was also listed in Greenes list of Hidden Ivies in 2000. Kenyons campus also garners acclaim for its beauty, for example, for the class of 2019, Kenyon received 7,077 applications and accepted 1,689. The number enrolling for the class of 2018 was 452 making the yield rate 27. 2%, in terms of class rank, 62% of enrolled freshmen were in the top 10% of their high school classes. The mean ACT Composite score was 30.1, the middle 50% range was 28-32, as Ohios oldest private college, Kenyon has upheld some traditions for more than 180 years. All students in each entering class are expected to take the Matriculation Oath, another tradition is the First-Year Sing

Kenyon College
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Philander Chase was the founder and first president of Bexley Hall and Kenyon College, and later became Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church
Kenyon College
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The Kenyon College Coat of Arms
Kenyon College
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Ransom Hall, home of the Admissions Department
Kenyon College
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"Old Kenyon" (1827-29), a dormitory known for its Gothic revival architecture, has a steeple designed by architect Charles Bullfinch.

72.
Ohio Wesleyan University
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Ohio Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college in Delaware, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution, Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles. The 200-acre site is 27 miles north of Columbus, Ohio and it includes the main academic and residential campus, the Perkins Observatory, and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve. In 2010, Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year. In its 2015 edition of U. S. college rankings, U. S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U. S. liberal arts colleges in its 2017 edition. In 1841, Ohio residents Adam Poe and Charles Elliott decided to establish a university of the highest order in central Ohio, to that end, they purchased the Mansion House Hotel, a former health resort with its Sulfur Spring, using funds raised from local residents. Poe and Elliott wrote a charter emphasizing the democratic spirit of teaching, early in the following year they opened the college preparatory Academy and formed a Board of Trustees. Ohio Wesleyans first president, Edward Thomson, stated in his address on August 5,1846 that the school was a product of the liberality of the local people. This liberal philosophy contributed to Ohio Wesleyans vocal opposition to slavery in the 1850s, in the annual celebration for George Washingtons birthday in 1862, second president Frederick Merrick endorsed Ohio Wesleyans ideals of democracy during his oration. During the mid-19th century, Ohio Wesleyan focused on attracting students, adding fields of study, sturges Hall was constructed as the Universitys first library in 1855. In 1873, the added the Department of Natural History housed in Merrick Hall. The Ohio Wesleyan Female College, established in 1853, merged with the university in 1877, between 1876 and 1888, enrollment tripled and music education greatly increased, yet no major buildings were built in this time. By the end of the 19th century, Ohio Wesleyan had added a School of Music, School of Fine Arts, School of Oratory, and Business School to the original College of Liberal Arts. To address the need for new departments and specialized instruction, the administration improved the facilities and courses to make them on par with OWUs new academic position, University Hall, Slocum Library, extensions to the Monnett campus, and athletic facilities were all constructed during that period. Between 1891 and 1895, Ohio Wesleyan specialized the curriculum by establishing departments for physics, zoology, geology, speech, history, French, English, and economics. This specialization encouraged undergraduates to continue studies at level, allowed professional preparation for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Two professional schools for law and medicine were formed in 1896, in 1905, the Board of Trustees decided to keep Ohio Wesleyan a college, despite the expansion of the curriculum and campus and the word university in the institutions name. The Bachelor of Science degree was abolished, which only the Bachelor of Arts

Ohio Wesleyan University
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The Sulphur Spring, renovated in 2005, was a major vacation spot for health seekers in the 1830s.
Ohio Wesleyan University
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Ohio Wesleyan University
Ohio Wesleyan University
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Elliott Hall, the first college building on campus, was renovated in 2000 and is Ohio 's oldest collegiate Greek Revival building.
Ohio Wesleyan University
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An early baseball game at Edwards Field, with Edwards Gymnasium in the background.

73.
Cornell University Library
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The Cornell University Library is the library system of Cornell University. As of 2014, it holds over 8 million printed volumes, more than 90 percent of its current 120,000 periodical titles are available online. It is the sixteenth largest library in North America, ranked by number of volumes held, the library is administered as an academic division, the University Librarian reports to the university provost. The John M. Olin Library is the research library for the social sciences and humanities. The Albert R. Mann Library specializes in agriculture, the life sciences, the Carl M. Kroch Library includes the universitys Rare & Manuscript Collections as well as its extensive Asia Collections. The Southeast Asia Collection at the Kroch Library, named in honor of John M. Initially, daniel Willard Fiske, Cornells first librarian, donated his entire estate to the university upon his death, as did President Andrew Dickson White. Under Fiskes direction, Cornells library introduced a number of innovations, including allowing undergraduate students to browse through the books, by 1885, the library had installed electric lights and stayed open 12 hours per day, which allowed students to use it as a reference library. The library plays an role in furthering online archiving of scientific. It provides stewardship and partial funding for arXiv. org e-print archive, arXiv has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the eprint a viable and popular form for announcing new research. The Project Euclid initiative creates one resource joining commercial journals with low-cost independent journals in mathematics and statistics, the project is aimed at enabling affordable scholarly communication through the Internet. Besides archival purposes, primary goals of the project is to facilitate journal searches, the Cornell Library Digital Collections are online collections of historical documents. The library houses several rare manuscripts and it also holds a copy of The Birds of America, which is considered the most expensive book in the world. The library also has first editions of Darwins Origin of Species, the Book of Mormon, Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art is a research repository for new media art. It was founded in 2002 by Timothy Murray, Professor of Comparative Literature and English, the collection contains work ranging from the 1960s up to the present day. Apart from the collection, the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art houses many special collections. Some of them are the following, The Renew Media Fellowships in New Media and it contains works by artists from both the contemporary and first generation of video art. It is the repository for the Turbulence. org archive, a project of New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc. the Computerfinearts. com. In addition, the Archive serves as a repository for the online journal of net. art, CTHEORY Multimedia

74.
Dartmouth College
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Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817

Dartmouth College
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The Charter of Dartmouth College on display in Baker Memorial Library. The Charter was signed on December 13, 1769, on behalf of King George III of Great Britain.
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College
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The earliest known image of Dartmouth appeared in the February 1793 issue of Massachusetts Magazine. The engraving may also be the first visual proof of cricket being played in the United States.
Dartmouth College
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Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, Dartmouth Hall, and Wentworth Hall, circa 1834

75.
Gettysburg College
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Gettysburg College is a private, four-year liberal arts college founded in 1832, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the famous battlefield. The 225-acre campus is located at 300 North Washington Street in the Northwest corner of the town, known as the Bullets, the school hosts 24 NCAA Division III mens and womens teams, with a large number of club, intramural, and recreational programs. Gettysburg College has about 2,700 students, with equal numbers of men and women. Gettysburg students come from 43 states and 35 countries, in 2012, U. S. News & World Report ranked it 46th among Best Liberal Arts Colleges. In 2015, the Princeton Review ranked Gettysburg College as the 11th in its list of the Best Schools for Internships and its also consistently rated as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States, due to its close proximity to the Gettysburg Battlefield National Park. The college is the home of The Gettysburg Review, a literary magazine, Gettysburg College was founded in 1832, as a sister institution for the Lutheran Theological Seminary. Both owe their inception to Thaddeus Stevens, a Radical Republican, the colleges original name was Pennsylvania College, it was founded by Samuel Simon Schmucker. The school had money troubles within four years, forcing all founding members to leave their posts, after a failed agreement to combine with the Philadelphia College of Medicine in 1858, the college was forced to close the medical school in 1861. Students from the southern states had withdrawn to return home. In June 1863, southern Pennsylvania was invaded by Confederate forces during the Gettysburg Campaign, many local militia forces were formed around the area between Chambersburg and Philadelphia to face the oncoming foe. Among these units was Gettysburgs 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Militia Regiment, composed mostly of students from the College and Seminary, the 26th PEMR was mustered into service on June 22,1863. Four days later, the students saw combat just north of town, casualties were light on both sides, but about 100 of the militiamen were captured and paroled. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Hall, or Old Dorm, was used as both a signal station and field hospital. Due to the position it held, it was used by both Confederate and Union troops during the battle for signal work and surgery. On November 19,1863, College President Henry Louis Baugher gave the benediction at the opening the National Soldiers’ Cemetery at Gettysburg. Classes were canceled at the college as students and faculty to hear the now famous Address, Henry Baugher was the president of Gettysburg College from 1850 until his death in 1868. Early in his career, Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie. Both were fond of the town, so decided to retire to a working farm adjacent to the battlefield after he left the army

Gettysburg College
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Gettysburg College sign
Gettysburg College
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Glatfelter Hall Renovation building
Gettysburg College
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The campus as seen from a GoPro mounted to a drone. From left to right in the foreground: College Union Building, Plank Gym, Master's Hall, Science Center Complex.
Gettysburg College
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Gettysburg College campus November 4, 2001

76.
Grinnell College
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Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, U. S. known for its rigorous academics and tradition of social responsibility. It was founded in 1846, when a group of New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College, in 1843, eleven Congregational ministers, all of whom trained at Andover Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, set out to proselytize on the frontier. Each man pledged to gather a church and together the group or band would seek to establish a college, when the group arrived in Iowa later that year, each selected a different town in which to establish a congregation. In 1846, they collectively established Iowa College in Davenport, a few months later, Iowa joined the Union. The first 25 years of Grinnells history saw a change in name, however, Greeley vehemently denied ever saying this to Grinnell, or to anyone. The name of the corporation The Trustees of Iowa College remained, in its early years, the College experienced setbacks. Although two students received bachelor of arts degrees in 1854, within 10 years the Civil War had claimed most of Grinnells students, in 1882, Grinnell College was struck by a tornado — then called a cyclone, after which the college yearbook was named. The storm devastated the campus and destroyed both College buildings, rebuilding began immediately, and the determination to expand wasnt limited to architecture, the curriculum was again extended to include departments in political science and modern languages. Grinnell became known as the center of the Social Gospel reform movement, as Robert Handy writes and its leading figures were Professor George D. Herron and President George A. Gates. Other firsts pointed to the side of college life, the first intercollegiate football and baseball games west of the Mississippi were played in Grinnell. Concern with social issues, educational innovation, and individual expression continue to shape Grinnell, as an example, the school’s 5th year travel-service program, preceded the establishment of the Peace Corps by many years. Other recent innovations include first-year tutorials, cooperative programs, and programs in quantitative studies. In its 2016 edition of Americas Best Colleges, U. S. Grinnell College is located in the town of Grinnell, Iowa, about halfway between Des Moines and Iowa City. The main campus is bounded by 6th Avenue on the south, 10th Avenue on the north, East Street on the east, the 120-acre campus contains sixty-three buildings ranging in style from Collegiate Gothic to Bauhaus. Goodnow Hall and Mears Cottage are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the residential part of campus is divided into three sections, North Campus, East Campus, and South Campus. North and South Campus dormitories are modeled explicitly after the colleges of Oxford. The East Campus dormitories were designed by William Rawn Associates and feature a modern design Upon completion East Campus was awarded LEED certification, the four East Campus dorms are made out of Iowa limestone which helped in securing the LEED certification. All three campuses feature dormitory buildings that are connected by a loggia, a signature of the college

Grinnell College
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Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: founder of Grinnell, Iowa and benefactor of Grinnell College.
Grinnell College
Grinnell College
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Blair Hall: Constructed between 1882 and 1886 and razed in 1961.
Grinnell College
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East Campus dormitories connected by Grinnell's distinctive loggia.

77.
Indiana University
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Indiana University is a multi-campus public university system in the state of Indiana, United States. The core campuses of Indiana University are located in Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Bloomington is the flagship campus of Indiana University. Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis is the urban campus of Indiana University. The campus is operated in cooperation with Purdue University, but is administered by Indiana University, in addition to its two core campuses, Indiana University comprises seven smaller campuses and two extensions spread throughout Indiana. The smaller campuses are, Indiana University East is located in Richmond, Indiana University Kokomo is located in Kokomo, Indiana. Indiana University Northwest is located in Gary, Indiana, Indiana University South Bend is located in South Bend, Indiana. Indiana University Southeast is located in New Albany, Indiana, Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne is located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. IPFW is operated in cooperation with, and is administered by, Indiana University – Purdue University Columbus is located in Columbus, Indiana. The centers/extensions are, The Danielson Center is located in New Castle, the Elkhart Center is located in Elkhart, Indiana. Future projects include, A medical school complex near downtown Evansville, according to the National Association of College and University Business Officers, the value of the endowment of the Indiana University and affiliated foundations is over $1.57 billion. Mark Cuban Brad Stephens Indiana University has three medals to recognize individuals, the University Medal, the only IU medal that requires approval from the Board of Trustees, was created in 1982 by then IU President John W. Ryan and is the highest award bestowed by the University. It honors individuals for singular or noteworthy contributions, including service to the university and achievement in arts, letters, science, the first recipient was Thomas T. Solley, former director of the IU Art Museum. Indiana University Presidents Medal for Excellence, a reproduction in silver of the symbolic jewel of office worn by the president at ceremonial occasions, is rich in meaning. The first recipients were member of the Beaux Arts Trio on September 20,1985, Thomas Hart Benton Mural Medallion recognizes individuals who are shining examples of the values of IU and the universal academic community. President Ryan was the first to award this honor and it was first awarded to the president of Nanjing University on July 21,1986. Indiana University has a number of ways to recognize the accomplishments of faculty, the recipient is also the IU nominee for the national Campus Compact Thomas Ehrlich Award for Service Learning. The Mace, a symbol of authority dating back to medieval times and it later would be used in processions of city mayors and other dignitaries, and became an emblem of order and authority during academic ceremonies. The staff of IUs Mace is 30 inches long and made of polished ebony encircled with four brass, gold-plated collars, atop the staff is a globe of plated brass with four flat sides

Indiana University
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Indiana University

78.
Kansas State University
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Kansas State University, commonly shortened to Kansas State or K-State, is a public doctoral university with its main campus in Manhattan, Kansas, United States. Kansas State was opened as the states land-grant college in 1863 – the first public institution of learning in the state of Kansas. It had a high enrollment of 24,766 students for the Fall 2014 semester. Branch campuses are in Salina and Olathe, the Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus in Salina is home to the College of Technology and Aviation. The university is classified as a university with highest research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Kansas States academic offerings are administered through nine colleges, including the College of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate degrees offered include 65 masters degree programs and 45 doctoral degrees. The school was the first land-grant college created under the Morrill Act, K-State is the third-oldest school in the Big 12 Conference and the oldest public institution of higher learning in the state of Kansas. The effort to establish the school began in 1861, the year that Kansas was admitted to the United States, one of the new state legislatures top priorities involved establishing a state university. That year, the delegation from Manhattan introduced a bill to convert Blue Mont Central College into the state university, in 1862, another bill to make Manhattan the site of the state university failed by one vote. When the college opened for its first session on September 2,1863, enrollment for the first session totaled 52 students,26 men and 26 women. Twelve years after opening, the university moved its campus from the location of Blue Mont Central College to its present site in 1875. The original site is now occupied by Central National Bank of Manhattan, the early years of the institution witnessed debate over whether the college should provide a focused agricultural education or a full liberal arts education. During this era, the tenor of the school shifted with the tenure of college presidents, for example, President John A. Anderson favored a limited education and President George T. Fairchild favored a liberal education. Fairchild was credited with saying, Our college exists not so much to make men farmers as to make farmers men. During this era, in 1873, Kansas State helped pioneer the academic teaching of economics for women. In November 1928, the school was accredited by the Association of American Universities as a school whose graduates were deemed capable of advanced graduate work, the name of the school was changed in 1931 to Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. Milton S. Eisenhower served as president of the university from 1943 to 1950, several buildings, including residence halls and a student union, were added to the campus in the 1950s

Kansas State University
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The college circa 1860s, from a mural at the U.S. Capitol
Kansas State University
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Kansas State University
Kansas State University
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The college in 1878, three years after moving to its current location
Kansas State University
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Dickens Hall, from a 1907 postcard

79.
Le Moyne College
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Le Moyne College, named after Jesuit missionary Simon LeMoyne, is a private Jesuit college in Syracuse, New York, enrolling over 3,500 undergraduate and graduate students. Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1946, Le Moyne is the first Jesuit college to be founded as a co-educational institution. The College is the second-youngest of the twenty-eight Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, Le Moyne Colleges 160-acre campus is located in the Town of DeWitt, in a suburban residential neighborhood. It borders the Salt Springs neighborhood of Syracuse, facilitating partnerships with the city of Syracuse and regional businesses, the Le Moyne College campus consists of 35 major and minor buildings comprising close to one million gross square feet across roughly 160 acres. Six major residence halls and 12 smaller residential buildings range from traditional corridor style through suite, townhouse, other major campus buildings are the campus center, the Noreen Reale Falcone Library, and three main academic buildings, including Coyne Science Center. The campus also includes the Panasci Family Chapel, the W. Carroll Coyne Performing Arts Center, the college lands encompass a 5. 4-acre parcel with a reservoir, for student and faculty research on biodiversity and insect life. A retail plaza added in Summer 2010 includes a bookstore, coffee shop, construction on the $20 million,48, 000-square-foot LEED-Gold certified science complex was completed in 2012. Angled toward the south in order to capture sunlight, this complex accommodates the colleges engineering and health programs, providing classrooms, laboratories. Le Moyne College students access the network, the Librarys system. Teaching facilities include classrooms, with multimedia capabilities. An athletic turf field located next to the Rec Center is used for multiple sports, the Noreen Reale Falcone Library was constructed in 1981. It houses about 900,000 materials and maintains its own public access catalog. 577,468 microforms 10,935 video and audio titles, student-directed activities, athletics, clubs, and service organizations are available to all Le Moyne students. Students are represented by a Student Senate and have representation through the senate on most College-wide committees involved in decision making. Approximately 80 percent of live in residence halls and townhouses on campus. Le Moynes theater program hosts at least two each year, housed in the W. Carroll Coyne Performing Arts Center. The Office of Campus Ministry arranges alternative breaks and service and retreat opportunities, students participate in Syracuse arts through collaborations with the Syracuse International Film Festival, the Syracuse Symphony, and the Everson Museum of Art. Le Moyne is home to The Dolphin, a student newspaper founded in 1947, in 2005, a dispute emerged between the administration and the newspapers staff

80.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing

81.
North Carolina State University
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North Carolina State University is a public research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land, sea, the university forms one of the corners of the Research Triangle together with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now NC State, on March 7,1887, Today, NC State has an enrollment of more than 34,000 students, making it the largest university in the Carolinas. NC State has historical strengths in engineering, statistics, agriculture, life sciences, textiles and design, the graduate school offers 104 masters degrees,61 doctoral degrees, and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. The North Carolina General Assembly founded NC State on March 7,1887 as a land-grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture, in the segregated system, it was open only to white students. As a land-grant college, NC State would provide a liberal and practical education while focusing on tactics, agriculture. Since its founding, the university has maintained these objectives while building on them, after opening in 1889, NC State saw its enrollment fluctuate and its mandate expand. In 1918, it changed its name to North Carolina State College of Agriculture, during the Great Depression, the North Carolina state government, under Governor O. Max Gardner, administratively combined the University of North Carolina, the Womans College, and NC State. This conglomeration became the University of North Carolina in 1931, following World War II, the university grew and developed. Bill enabled thousands of veterans to college, and enrollment shot past the 5,000 mark in 1947. State College created new programs, including the School of Architecture and Landscape Design in 1947, the School of Education in 1948. In the summer of 1956, following the US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v, in 1962, State College officials desired to change the institutions name to North Carolina State University. Consolidated university administrators approved a change to the University of North Carolina at Raleigh, frustrating many student, in 1963, State College officially became North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina. The at Raleigh part is omitted even on official documents such as diplomas. In 1966, single-year enrollment reached 10,000, in the 1970s enrollment surpassed 19,000 and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences was added. Celebrating its centennial in 1987, NC State reorganized its internal structure, also in this year, it gained 700 acres of land that was developed as Centennial Campus. Since then, NC State has focused on developing its new Centennial Campus and it has invested more than $620 million in facilities and infrastructure at the new campus, with 62 acres of space being constructed. Sixty-one private and government agency partners are located on Centennial Campus, NC State has almost 8,000 employees, nearly 35,000 students, a $1.01 billion annual budget, and a $984 million endowment

North Carolina State University
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First freshman class at North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1889.
North Carolina State University
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North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University
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Panoramic photo of campus taken around 1909
North Carolina State University
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Holladay Hall, the first building built on NC State's campus in 1889, now houses the Chancellor's Office.

82.
Oberlin College
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Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. The college was founded as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute in 1833 by John Jay Shipherd and it is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States and the second oldest continuously operating coeducational institute of higher learning in the world. The Oberlin Conservatory of Music, part of the college, is the oldest continuously operating conservatory in the United States, the College of Arts & Sciences offers more than 50 majors, minors, and concentrations. Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium, both the college and the town of Oberlin were founded in northern Ohio in 1833 by a pair of Presbyterian ministers, John Jay Shipherd and Philo Stewart. The College was built on 500 acres of land donated by the previous owners, Titus Street, founder of Streetsboro, Ohio, and Samuel Hughes. Shipherd and Stewert named their project after Jean-Frédéric Oberlin, an Alsatian minister whom they both admired, the ministers vision was for both a religious community and school. Oberlins founders bragged that Oberlin is peculiar in that which is good, asa Mahan accepted the position as first President of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute in 1835, simultaneously serving as the chair of intellectual and moral philosophy and a professor of theology. The college had some difficult beginnings, and Rev. John Keep, a nondenominational seminary, Oberlins Graduate School of Theology, was established alongside the college in 1833. Oberlins role as an educator of African-American students prior to the Civil War, in 1844, Oberlin College graduated its first black student, George B. Vashon, who one of the founding professors at Howard University. The African Americans of Oberlin and those attending Oberlin College have experienced intense challenges and its African American and other students of color have used education and activism to influence the college, the town, and beyond. Their efforts have helped Oberlin remain committed to its values of freedom, social justice, the Colleges approach to African Americans was by no means perfect. Intensely anti-slavery, Oberlin was the college to admit black students in the 1830s. By the 1880s, however, with the fading of evangelical idealism, nonetheless, Oberlin graduates accounted for a significant percentage of African-American college graduates by the end of the 19th century. The college was listed as a National Historic Landmark on December 21,1965, for its significance in admitting African Americans, Oberlin is also the oldest coeducational institution in the United States, having admitted four women in 1837. These four women, who were the first to enter as full students, were Mary Kellogg, Mary Caroline Rudd, Mary Hosford, Mary Jane Patterson graduated in 1862 as the first black woman to earn a B. A. degree. Soon women were integrated into the college, and comprised from a third to half of the student body. The religious founders, especially evangelical theologian Charles Grandison Finney, saw women as morally superior to men

Oberlin College
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Students passing through the Memorial Arch in front of Peters Hall. The arch is dedicated to the memory of 15 missionaries of the Oberlin Band who were killed in the Boxer Rebellion.
Oberlin College
Oberlin College
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Peters Hall, the Oberlin Administration Building, in 1909.
Oberlin College
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Peters Hall, home of the language departments, in 2010.

83.
Old Dominion University
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Old Dominion University, also known as ODU, is a public, co-educational research university located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, with two satellite campuses in the Hampton Roads area. Its campus covers over 251 acres straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont, Highland Park, Old Dominion University is classified as a Carnegie Doctoral, Higher Research Activity University. Old Dominion University provides nearly $2 billion annually to the regional economy, the university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nations largest providers of online distance learning courses. Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries, the foundations of Old Dominion University began in the minds of administrators and officials at the College of William and Mary in the first decades of the twentieth century. Notable among these men were Robert M. Hughes, a W&M Board of Visitors member from 1893–1917, Chandler, the 18th president of that school. In 1924 after becoming the director of the William and Mary extension in Norfolk, Joseph Healy began organizing classes and finding locations for faculty and he along with the collective efforts of Robert M. Hughes, Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, and A. H. Foreman, a two-year branch division was established on March 13,1930, on September 3,1930 H. Edgar Timmerman becomes the Divisions first director. The Division, as it was called, which started out in the old Larchmont School building. Tuition for the first year was 50 USD, the following September, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, more commonly known as Virginia Tech, began offering classes at The Division, expanding the number of courses taught. Old Dominion began educating teachers and engineers, created in the first year of the Great Depression, the college benefited from federal funding as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. The Public Works Administration provided funds for the Administration Building, now Rollins Hall, and Foreman Field, named after A. H Foreman, lewis Warrington Webb first joined the faculty in 1932 as an instructor of engineering and would later be called the Father of Old Dominion. After serving 10 years as an instructor at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary and he also served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program at the college from 1940-1944. Through its defense and training classes, the Norfolk Division makes a contribution to the war effort. The program also allows the school to open during a period when most young men were serving their country. The program attracts many women, who learn aircraft repair, drafting, in 1946 Webb was appointed Director of the Norfolk Division. Dr. Webbs dream was to see the Norfolk Division become an independent institution, the two-year Norfolk Division rapidly evolved into a four-year institution, and he saw that dream fulfilled in 1962 when the Norfolk Division gained its independence from William and Mary. On February 16,1962, the William and Mary system was dissolved under General Assembly legislation which was signed by Gov. Albertis S. Harrison, later that year the Norfolk Division was renamed to the Old Dominion College. Dr. Webb served as the first President of Old Dominion College from 1962-1969 and he held the position of rector until 1970 and the College of Engineering was named in his honor in 2004

Old Dominion University
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JAC Chandler
Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University
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Original sign from the Norfolk Division
Old Dominion University
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Old Larchmont School Building were the first classes were held

84.
Portland Community College
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Portland Community College is the largest community college in the U. S. state of Oregon. Located in Portland, it serves 1.9 million residents in the five-county area of Multnomah, Washington, Yamhill, Clackamas, PCC enrolls over 83,000 students annually in this area of 1,500 square miles in northwest Oregon. Voters approved the establishment of an independent district for the college in 1968, amo DeBernardis, former assistant superintendent of Portland Public Schools, was the founding president of the school, serving from 1961 to 1979. The Cascade Campus opened in Northeast Portland in 1971, and the Rock Creek Campus opened in Washington County in 1976, the district passed a $374 million bond measure in 2008. PCCs $25 million Willow Creek Center opened in 2009 and earned a platinum LEED certification the next year, the Newberg Center opened in October 2011, replacing a temporary arrangement in use for the 2010–11 school year, in which PCC courses were offered at the Chehalem Cultural Center. The centers 13, 000-square-foot building is a LEED platinum-designed building, Rock Creek, a 256-acre suburban campus, opened in 1976, near Hillsboro, it is also home to the Washington County Museum. It is about 12 miles west of downtown Portland, Cascade, an urban campus, opened in 1971, and is located in North Portland. Southeast, newly expanded and upgraded to a campus in fall of 2014. Willow Creek Center, opened in 2009 in Hillsboro and it is located immediately adjacent to TriMets Willow Creek Transit Center. Hillsboro Center, which serves about 500 students and moved to the Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility in 2010, Newberg Center, opened in fall 2011 and serving about 650 students. PCC operates one of the largest non-credit lifelong learning programs in the nation through its community education program, every year, PCC Community Education offers more than 4,000 non-credit and continuing education courses and enrolls over 30,000 students in those courses. Courses are offered in five subject areas, Creative Arts, Home and Garden, Language and Culture, Recreation and Wellness. Hundreds of classes are held online

Portland Community College
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Portland Community College
Portland Community College
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The Technology Classroom Building at PCC Sylvania

85.
Princeton University Library
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Princeton University Library is the main library system of Princeton University. Firestone Library opened in 1948, as the first large American university library constructed after World War II, roughly 1.5 million volumes were moved during the summer of 1948 from East Pyne Hall, which until then had served as the Universitys main library. The library building was expanded in 1971 and again in 1988 and currently has more than 70 miles of bookshelves, though not the largest university library in the world, the library has more books per enrolled student than that of any other university in the United States. Firestone has four smaller above-ground floors, princetons book collection has outgrown Firestones present capacity. Therefore, volumes relating to academic subjects are no longer housed at Firestone. Firestone contains many spaces, most prominently the Trustee Reading Room. It contains a number of the original carrels reserved for faculty, graduate students. Many academic departments also maintain seminar and study rooms within Firestone and this marks the largest gift in Universitys history. It also includes the Cotsen Childrens Library, an extensive collection presented to the library by its owner Lloyd E. Cotsen in 1997. Also included in collections are the autographed manuscript of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Mario Vargas Llosas Papers, Toni Morrisons Papers. In early 2015, the Digital Archive of Latin American and Caribbean Ephemera became available, thanks to a grant from the Council on Library and this expands access to some of the items not previously catalogued in sub-collections and microfilmed. The library also contains a social science center, and a variety of library services. In addition, ReCAP and two annexes, the Forrestal Annex and are located in the Princeton University Forrestal campus are used to store volumes, lewis Science Library, designed by Frank Gehry, is the campus newest library building, having opened in the Fall of 2008. Lewis consolidates research collections and staff for the physical and life sciences, as well as maps, patrons of the Princeton Public Library may borrow daily access to Firestone. In general, non-university patrons may use the library for research but are not given borrowing privileges and must purchase a card in order to enter

86.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a private research university and space-grant institution located in Troy, New York, with two additional campuses in Hartford and Groton, Connecticut. Numerous American colleges or departments of applied sciences were modeled after Rensselaer, built on a hillside, RPIs 265-acre campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River and is a blend of traditional and modern architecture. The institute operates a business incubator and the 1, 250-acre Rensselaer Technology Park. Today, Rensselaer is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business and management, information technology, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Rensselaer is ranked 39th among all colleges and universities in the U. S. News & World Report rankings. Stephen van Rensselaer established the Rensselaer School on November 5,1824 with a letter to the Rev. Dr. Samuel Blatchford, within the letter he set down several orders of business. He appointed Amos Eaton as the schools first senior professor and appointed the first board of trustees, the school opened on Monday, January 3,1825 at the Old Bank Place, a building at the north end of Troy. Tuition was around $40 per semester, the fact that the school attracted students from as far as Ohio and Pennsylvania is attributed to the reputation of Eaton. Fourteen months of successful trial led to the incorporation of the school on March 21,1826 by the state of New York, in its early years, the Rensselaer School strongly resembled a graduate school more than it did a college, drawing graduates from many older institutions. Under Eaton, the Rensselaer School, renamed the Rensselaer Institute in 1832, was a small, the first civil engineering degrees in the United States were granted by the school in 1835, and many of the best remembered civil engineers of that time graduated from the school. Important visiting scholars included Joseph Henry, who had studied under Amos Eaton, and Thomas Davenport. In 1847 alumnus Benjamin Franklin Greene became the new senior professor, earlier he had done a thorough study of European technical schools to see how Rensselaer could be improved. In 1850 he reorganized the school into a polytechnic institute with six technical schools. In 1861 the name was changed to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a severe conflagration of May 10,1862, known as The Great Fire, destroyed more than 507 buildings in Troy and gutted 75 acres in the heart of the city. The Infant School building that housed the Institute at the time was destroyed in this fire, columbia University proposed that Rensselaer leave Troy altogether and merge with its New York City campus. Ultimately, the proposal was rejected and the left the crowded downtown for the hillside. Classes were temporarily held at the Vail House and in the Troy University building until 1864, one of the first Latino student organizations in the United States was founded at RPI in 1890. The Club Hispano Americano was established by the international Latin American students that attended the institute at this time, in 1904 the Institute was for the fourth time devastated by fire, when its main building was completely destroyed

87.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions

San Jose State University
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An 1880s lithograph of the original California State Normal School campus in San Jose.
San Jose State University
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San José State University seal
San Jose State University
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The California State Normal School Bell, forged in 1881, still graces the San Jose campus.
San Jose State University
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Aerial view of San Jose State campus.

88.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail

89.
State University of New York
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The State University of New York is a system of public institutions of higher education in New York, United States. Led by Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher, the SUNY system has 88,000 faculty members and some 7,660 degree and certificate programs overall, SUNY includes many institutions and four University Centers, Albany, Buffalo, Binghamton, and Stony Brook. SUNYs administrative offices are in Albany, the capital, with satellite offices in Manhattan and Washington. SUNYs largest campus is the University at Buffalo, which also has the greatest endowment, the Commission was chaired by Owen D. Young, who was at the time Chairman of the General Electric Company. The system was expanded during the administration of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Apart from units of the City University of New York, which is funded by New York City. The first colleges were established privately, with some arising from local seminaries, but New York state had a long history of supported higher education prior to the creation of the SUNY system. The oldest college that is part of the SUNY System is SUNY Potsdam, the St. Lawrence Academy received this distinction and designated the village of Potsdam as the site of a Normal School in 1867. On May 7,1844, the State legislature voted to establish New York State Normal School in Albany as the first college for teacher education. In 1865, the privately endowed Cornell University was designated as New Yorks land grant college, from 1889 to 1903, Cornell operated the New York State College of Forestry, until the Governor vetoed its annual appropriation. The school was moved to Syracuse University in 1911 and it is now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. In 1908, the State legislature began the NY State College of Agriculture at Alfred University, in 1946-48 a Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University, chaired by Owen D. Young, Chairman of the General Electric Company, studied New Yorks existing higher education institutions. It was known that New Yorks private institutions of education were highly discriminatory. Noting this need, the commission recommended the creation of a state university system. In 1948 legislation was passed establishing SUNY on the foundation of the schools established in the 19th century. On October 8,1953, SUNY took a step of banning national fraternities and sororities that discriminated based on race or religion from its 33 campuses. Various fraternities challenged this rule in court, as a result, national organizations felt pressured to open their membership to students of all races and religions. SUNY is governed by a State University of New York Board of Trustees, the sixteenth member is the President of the SUNY Student Assembly

90.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a metropolitan public research university located in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927 and it returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including certificates, masters degrees. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities, UALR provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four halls on the eastern side of the campus. Six learning communities focusing on justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers. UALRs 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football, UALR last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rocks main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center and that team instead competes in the Missouri Valley Conference. On July 1,2014, the UALR Collections and Archives division was created. S. S

University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR Student Services Center
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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University of Arkansas at Little Rock
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR homecoming boat regatta
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR Trojan Grill

91.
University of Colorado at Boulder
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The University of Colorado Boulder is a public research university located in Boulder, Colorado, United States. It is the university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876. In 2015, the university consisted of nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs, twelve Nobel Laureates, nine MacArthur Fellows, and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students, researchers, or faculty members in its history. The university received nearly $454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, the Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference. The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships,20 in skiing, seven total in mens and womens cross country, approximately 1,500 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well. Two cities competed for the site of the University of Colorado, Boulder, the consolation prize for the losing city was to be home of the new Colorado State Prison. Cañon City was at a disadvantage as it was already the home of the Colorado Territorial Prison, the cornerstone of the building that became Old Main was laid on September 20,1875. The doors of the university opened on September 5,1877, at the time, there were few high schools in the state that could adequately prepare students for university work, so in addition to the University, a preparatory school was formed on campus. In the fall of 1877, the student body consisted of 15 students in the proper and 50 students in the preparatory school. There were 38 men and 27 women, and their ages ranged from 12–23 years, during World War II, Colorado was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a navy commission. The main CU Boulder campus is located south of the Pearl Street Mall and it consists of academic and residential buildings as well as research facilities. The East Campus is about a mile from the main campus and is composed mainly of athletic fields. CU Boulders distinctive architecture style, known as Tuscan Vernacular Revival, was designed by architect Charles Klauder. A month or so after approval, however, Klauder updated his design by sketching in a new wrap of rough, textured sandstone walls with sloping, multi-leveled red-tiled roofs and Indiana limestone trim. This formed the basis of a style which was used in the design of fifteen other buildings between 1921 and 1939. The sandstone used in the construction of all the buildings on campus was selected from a variety of front range mountain quarries. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named the Boulder campus as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States. Currently Freshmen and others attending the University of Colorado Boulder have an option of 24 on-, Residence halls have 17 varieties of room types from singles to four-person rooms and others with apartment style amenities

University of Colorado at Boulder
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The CU-Boulder campus.
University of Colorado at Boulder
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University of Colorado Boulder
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Old Main
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Sewall Hall

92.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood

93.
University of Delaware
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The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware. The main campus is in Newark, with campuses in Dover, Wilmington, Lewes. It is considered an institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students. UD is a privately governed university which receives funding for being a land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant and urban-grant state-supported research institution. UD is classified as a university with very high research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. It is one of four schools in North America with a major in art conservation. In 1923, UD was the first American university to offer a study abroad program, the school from which the university grew was founded in 1743, making it one of the oldest in the nation. However, UD was not chartered as an institution of learning until 1833. Its original class of ten students included George Read, Thomas McKean, the University of Delaware traces its founding to 1743, when Presbyterian minister Francis Alison opened up his Free School in his home in New London, Pennsylvania. The school changed its name and location several times, ending up as the Academy of Newark in 1769, since Delaware was part of the Pennsylvania colony until 1776, the academy was denied charter as a college in order to prevent its competing with the University of Pennsylvania. In 1833, the Delaware General Assembly passed An Act to Establish a College at Newark, and it changed its name in 1843 to Delaware College and it merged with the Academy of Newark. The school closed from 1859 until 1870 and it reopened in 1870 due to the support of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts. In 1921, Delaware College was renamed the University of Delaware, plans call for this facility to be repurposed into a world-class research facility. Initial plans include the new home of the College of Health Science, in 2010–2011, the university conducted a feasibility study in support of plans to add a law school focused on corporate and patent law. At its completion, the study suggested that the addition was not within the universitys funding capability given the nations economic climate at the time. Capital expenses were projected at $100 million, and the deficit in the first ten years would be $165 million. The study assumed an initial class of two hundred students entering in the fall of 2015, widener University has Delawares only law school as of 2011. S. News & World Report ranked UDs undergraduate program tied for 79th among national universities, the Bloomberg Businessweek review of the Best Undergraduate B-Schools ranked UDs Lerner College of Business and Economics 96th among the 187 U. S. programs reviewed

University of Delaware
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The University of Delaware Green
University of Delaware
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University of Delaware
University of Delaware
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The south green with Memorial Hall in the background and Magnolia Circle in the foreground.
University of Delaware
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Memorial Hall, Home of UD's English Department

94.
University of Maine
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The University of Maine is a public research university in Orono, Maine, United States. The university was established in 1865 as a land grant college and is the university of the University of Maine System. The University of Maine is one of only nine land, sea, the University of Maines athletic teams, nicknamed the Black Bears, are Maines only Division I athletics program. The University of Maine was founded in 1862 as a function of the Morrill Act, established in 1865 as the Maine College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, the Maine College opened on September 21,1868 and changed its name to the University of Maine in 1897. By 1871, curricula had been organized in Agriculture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station was founded as a division of the university in 1887. Gradually the university developed the Colleges of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Engineering and Science, in 1912 the Maine Cooperative Extension, which offers field educational programs for both adults and youths, was initiated. The School of Education was established in 1930 and received college status in 1958, the School of Business Administration was formed in 1958 and was granted college status in 1965. Women have been admitted into all curricula since 1872, the first masters degree was conferred in 1881, the first doctors degree in 1960. Since 1923 there has been a graduate school. Near the end of the 19th century, the university expanded its curriculum to place emphasis on liberal arts. As a result of this shift, faculty hired during the early 20th century included Caroline Colvin, chair of the history department and the nations first woman to head a major university department. On April 16,1925,80 women met in Balentine Hall — faculty, alumnae and this organization was called The All Maine Women because only those women closely connected with the University of Maine were elected as members. On April 22,1925, the new members were inducted into the honor society, when the University of Maine System was incorporated, the school was renamed by the legislature over the objections of the faculty to the University of Maine at Orono. This was changed back to the University of Maine in 1986, the University of Maine is the flagship of the University of Maine System. The president of the university is Susan J. Hunter, the senior administration governs cooperatively with the Chancellor of the University of Maine system, James H. Page and the sixteen members of the University of Maine Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees has full responsibility and authority for the university system. It appoints the Chancellor and each university President, approves the establishment and elimination of programs, confers tenure on faculty members. UMaine is also one of a handful of colleges in the United States whose Student Government is incorporated, Student Government was formed in 1978 and incorporated in 1987

University of Maine
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Brick Hall (1871), later renamed Oak Hall, burned in 1936
University of Maine
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The University of Maine
University of Maine
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Stevens Hall
University of Maine
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A tree-lined path through the Lyle E. Littlefield Ornamental Gardens

95.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them

University of Notre Dame
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The Very Rev.Edward Sorin, founder of the University, arrived at Notre Dame in 1842
University of Notre Dame
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Seal of the University of Notre Dame
University of Notre Dame
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The University's historic center comprising the Basilica, the Golden Dome and Washington Hall, were built in the early years of the University
University of Notre Dame
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The current Main Building, built in 1879.

96.
University of Pennsylvania
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The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees

University of Pennsylvania
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"House intended for the President of the United States" (if Philadelphia remained the National Capital of the United States) from " Birch's Views of Philadelphia " (1800). Home of the College of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania. from 1801 to 1829.
University of Pennsylvania
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Arms of the University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
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Benjamin Franklin, (1705/06-1790), was the primary founder, President of the Board of Trustees, and a trustee of the Academy and College of Philadelphia, which merged with the University of the State of Pennsylvania to form the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. (Charles Willson Peale, 1785)
University of Pennsylvania
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Ninth Street Campus (above Chestnut Street): Medical Hall (left) and College Hall (right), both built 1829-1830.

97.
University of Pittsburgh
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The University of Pittsburgh is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War, it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the Pittsburgh Academy and it developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. For most of its history, Pitt was a private institution, the university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania, Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District, most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece, the university has an annual operating budget of approximately $2 billion, which includes nearly $900 million in research and development expenditures. It is the second-largest non-government employer in the Pittsburgh region behind UPMC, Pitt is ranked among the top public universities in the United States in both domestic and international rankings, and has been listed as a best value in higher education by several publications. Pitt students have access to arts programs throughout the campus and city. Pitts varsity athletic teams, collectively known as the Pittsburgh Panthers, compete in Division I of the NCAA, primarily as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is one of the few universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U. S. west of the Allegheny Mountains, the school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, possibly as early as 1770 in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier. A brick building was erected in 1790 on the side of Third Street. The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, within a short period, more advanced education in the area was needed, so in 1819 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania amended the schools 1787 charter to confer university status. The school took the name the Western University of Pennsylvania, or WUP, by the 1830s, the university faced severe financial pressure to abandon its traditional liberal education in favor of the state legislatures desire for it to provide more vocational training. The decision to remain committed to liberal education nearly killed the university and it was also during this era that the founder of Mellon Bank, Thomas Mellon, graduated and later taught at WUP. The universitys buildings, along with most of its records and files, were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1845 that wiped out 20 square blocks of Pittsburgh, classes were temporarily held in Trinity Church until a new building was constructed on Duquesne Way. Only four years later, in 1849, this also was destroyed by fire. Due to the nature of these fires, operations were suspended for a few years to allow the university time to regroup. By 1854, WUP had erected a new building on the corner of Ross and Diamond streets, langley was professor of astronomy and physics and remained at WUP until 1891, when he was succeeded by another prominent astronomer, James Keeler. Growing quickly during this period, WUP outgrew its downtown facilities, the university eventually found itself on a 10-acre site on the North Sides Observatory Hill at the location of its Allegheny Observatory

University of Pittsburgh
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Hugh Henry Brackenridge, founder of Pittsburgh Academy, the precursor to the University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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The University in 1833 at its location on 3rd Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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The Cathedral of Learning, the centerpiece of Pitt's campus and the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere

98.
University of Washington
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The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, the university has three campuses, the oldest and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked among the top 15 universities in the world by a variety of international publications. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and its athletic teams are called the Huskies. Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the new Washington Territory, in 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley and they convinced early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, in 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and this tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened on November 4,1861, as the Territorial University of Washington, the following year, the legislature passed articles incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times, in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially, enrollment increased from 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created to find a new campus able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, the university relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, the University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of estate in Seattle. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UWs first building are four 24-foot, white, hand-fluted cedar and they were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the Universitys first graduates and the former head of the history department

University of Washington
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The original University of Washington building on Denny's Knoll, c. 1870
University of Washington
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University of Washington
University of Washington
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Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward Mount Rainier in 1909
University of Washington
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Aerial view of campus, circa 1922

99.
Vassar College
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Vassar College is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, in the United States. Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, it was the first degree-granting institution of education for women in the United States. It became coeducational in 1969, and now has a ratio at the national average. The college offers B. A. degrees in more than 50 majors, Vassar also offers many extracurricular organizations including student theater, a cappella groups, club sports, volunteer and service groups, and a circus troupe. Vassar Colleges varsity sports teams, known as the Brewers, play in the NCAAs Division III as members of the Liberty League. Vassar tied for the 12th best liberal arts college in the nation in the 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report, for the freshman class entering fall 2016, the college had an acceptance rate of 26. 9%. The total number of attending the college is around 2,450. The Vassar campus comprises over 1,000 acres and more than 100 buildings, a designated arboretum, the campus features more than 200 species of trees, a native plant preserve, and a 400-acre ecological preserve. Vassar was founded as a school under the name Vassar Female College in 1861. The college became coeducational in 1969, Vassar was the second of the Seven Sisters colleges, higher education schools that were formerly strictly for women, and historically sister institutions to the Ivy League. It was chartered by its namesake, brewer Matthew Vassar, in 1861 in the Hudson Valley, the first person appointed to the Vassar faculty was the astronomer Maria Mitchell, in 1865. However, immediately following World War II, Vassar accepted a small number of male students on the G. I. Because Vassars charter prohibited male matriculants, the graduates were given diplomas via the University of the State of New York and these were reissued under the Vassar title after the school formally became co-educational. In its early years, Vassar was associated with the elite of the Protestant establishment. E. Digby Baltzell writes that upper-class WASP families educated their children at such as Harvard, Princeton, Yale. A select and elite few of Vassars students were allowed entry into the secret society Delta Sigma Rho. Before becoming President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Trustee, roughly 2,450 students attend Vassar, and 98% live on campus. About 60% come from high schools, and 40% come from private schools

Vassar College
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Matthew Vassar
Vassar College
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Vassar College
Vassar College
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Main Building, built in 1861 by architect James Renwick, Jr., had the most interior space of any building in the United States, until the U.S. Capitol was completed in 1868.
Vassar College
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The Vassar College Observatory is one of two National Historic Landmarks on the college's campus, along with Main Building.

100.
National Library of Brazil
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The Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil is the depository of the bibliographic and documentary heritage of Brazil. It is located in Rio de Janeiro, at Cinelândia square, the largest library in Latin America and the 7th largest in the world, its collections include about 9 million items. It organized the first library science courses in Latin America and its staff has led the modernization of library services, the history of the National Library began on 1 November 1755, when Lisbon suffered a violent earthquake. The Royal Library was considered one of the most important libraries in Europe at that time and this irreparable loss to the Portuguese was the impetus for moving many of its contents to Brazil. The collection was brought in three stages, the first being in 1810 and two in 1811. The library of 60,000 books was accommodated initially in the rooms of the Hospital of the Third Order of Carmel. The facilities, however, were considered inadequate and could jeopardize valuable collection as well, in 1911 Manoel Cicero Peregrino da Silva Started a national union catalog for all Brazilian libraries. He set up the first library science course in South America, many librarians went on to study in European and North American universities. In 1907, presidential Decree no.1825 established the duty of all publishers to send one copy of each publication to then-called Bibliotheca Nacional, in 2004, this decree was revoked by congressional Law no. 10,994, still in force, upholding the same mandate, among the significant collections of the National Library of Brazil is the Teresa Cristina Maria photograph collection, which includes 21,742 photographs dating from the nineteenth century. These photographs were left to the Library by Emperor Pedro II in 1891 and this collection has been inscribed on UNESCOs Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 in recognition of its world significance and outstanding universal value. It features images related to Brazils history and people from the 19th century, there are also photographs from Africa, North America, and Europe. Legal deposit National library Minuscule 2437 Official site Encarta

National Library of Brazil
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Aerial view of library
National Library of Brazil
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Main entrance to the Library
National Library of Brazil
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Photograph of the National Library, c. 1920
National Library of Brazil
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Facade

101.
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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The University of Campinas, commonly called Unicamp, is a public research university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and one of the best universities in the country and in Latin America. It also offers several non-degree granting open-enrollment courses to around 8,000 students through its extension school and it also has satellite campuses in Limeira, Piracicaba and Paulínia, and manages two technical high schools located in Campinas and Limeira. Funding is provided almost entirely by the government and, like other Brazilian public universities. Unicamp is responsible for around 15% of Brazilian research, a high number when compared to much larger and older institutions in the country such as the University of São Paulo. It also produces more patents than any other organization in Brazil, being second only to the state-owned oil company. In parallel, a school was being planned in Campinas. The School of Medicine of Campinas was created by law in 1959, the new university was created by law on December 28,1962, but effective functioning begun in 1966. Before that, only the School of Medicine functioned, in April 1963 the first vestibular, the general admissions exam, happened, with 1,592 candidates competing for 50 spots in the medicine program. The first lecture in the newly created University of Campinas took place on May 20 of the same year, by 1965, the organizing commission for the new university started looking for a location for a new campus. Until then, Barão Geraldo was a village surrounded by farmland. The new development brought dramatic change to the district, resulting in new neighborhoods being zoned, planned and built. Work on the new campus begun on October 5,1966, in the same year, Zeferino Vaz was nominated the rector. In parallel to the new campus, new units were opened in other cities, the Dental School of Piracicaba was absorbed in 1967, and in 1969 the Engineering School of Limeira. Over the following two decades, the new university expanded rapidly, the campus quickly grew to 19 institutes and schools, and after Zeferino Vaz died in 1981 was named after him. Expansion on the campus continued rapidly, with new buildings, institutes, but by the late 1970s, the university faced a crisis. The rector introduced new rules reducing the power of the General Coordinator, as retaliation, the States government removed 6 members of the Directive Council, replacing them with people from the states Education Council, loyal to the governor, Paulo Maluf. Following the dismissal of several institute heads and members of the administration, with activities in the university frozen by the strike, the governor declared a formal intervention in the university in October 1981. Despite the police-backed intervention, the university continued on strike, the appointed institute heads failed to break the stalemate between internal and external forces, and by early 1982, discussions begun on a new list of candidates to the rectorship

Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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Main entrance of the Campinas campus
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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University of Campinas
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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Yellow tabebuia trees in a Barão Geraldo avenue
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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In the background, teaching laboratories of the Institute of Chemistry

102.
Pontifical Xavierian University
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The Pontifical Xavierian University is a private higher education institution founded in 1623. It is one of the oldest, most traditional, and prestigious Colombian universities, directed by the Society of Jesus, with its facilities in Bogotá. La Javeriana, as it is known by its students, has traditionally educated the Colombian elite and it is one of the 33 universities entrusted to the Society of Jesus in Latin America and one of 167 around the world. The Javeriana University in Bogotá has 18 schools comprising 61 departments and 181 academic programs catering to areas of knowledge and it has 45 buildings in 445 acres. The Javeriana University in Cali offers 18 schools in four faculties and it is located in Pance, Cali. Its Law School recently received a high quality accreditation by Resolution 68086 August 2010, the campus in Cali has sectional divisions of the Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, Temple Universitys Fox School of Business, and others. The university has 21 undergraduate programs with high quality accreditation, in graduate programs, quality is acknowledged through the Qualified Registries. The university has 87 graduate programs with Qualified Registries and has presented another 29 to these processes, in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings Javeriana is ranked in the 501 to 600 range worldwide. The College of the Society of Jesus was established in Santafé de Bogotá in 1604 as part of the San Bartolome School, in 1623, the Audience and the Archbishop recognized the academic degrees conferred by the college. The students at that time received their degree, including Pedro Claver and that is the origin of what was known as the University and Academy of Saint Francis Xavier. In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish colonies, then 163 years after the university closed, an act of restoration was signed. In 1937 the School of Economics and Legal Sciences was founded, in 1970, after multiple petitions from the community of Cali, the university started a programme in that city. The Universidad Javeriana in Cali took the name of Cali Branch, offering degrees in business, engineering, the university offers 40 undergraduate programs,69 professional specializations,45 medical and surgical specializations,8 dentistry specializations,22 masters, and 8 PhDs. Institutes are academic units responsible for research and consulting in areas requiring a special interdisciplinary approach, to provide technological support to research, education, service and administrative processes, the University has next-generation network services. It also has 130 laboratories and workshops, la Javeriana is among the leading universities researching the Muisca people and culture. The Xavierian University has two libraries, the General Library and the Mario Valenzuela, S. J, the latter library specializes in philosophy and theology, and is rated as the best in these disciplines in Latin America. It has seven document and resource centers in the fields of knowledge, bio-ethics, political science, architecture, law, insurance, social communication. The library stock numbers 418,008 titles among books, magazines, journals, thesis and dissertation papers, music scores, maps, VHS and DVD film recordings, slides, sound videos, and sound recordings

Pontifical Xavierian University
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Old University gate, today Museum of Colonial Art
Pontifical Xavierian University
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Xavierian University
Pontifical Xavierian University
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A hall in the second floor of the library.

103.
Independent University, Bangladesh
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Independent University, Bangladesh or IUB is a university in Bangladesh. Its permanent campus is in Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka, the university was established in 1993 by the Private University Act,1992. Available areas of concentration are accounting, finance, general management, human management, international business, management information systems. The school offers an MBA degree, students are allowed up to five years from the date of initial enrollment to complete the degree requirements. It is possible to finish the program within five semesters by taking the course load. Available areas of concentration are, banking, finance, human resources management, independent Business Review is the official journal of the School of Business. It was established in 2008, and is published bi-annually and it accepts papers about application of theory to real life business administration or management activities

104.
National Library of China
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The National Library of China or NLC in Beijing is the national library of the Peoples Republic of China. With a collection of over 35 million items, it is the largest library in Asia and it holds the largest collections of Chinese literature and historical documents in the world. The forerunner of the National Library of China, the Imperial Library of Peking, was founded on 9 September 1909 by the government of the Qing dynasty and it was first formally opened after the Xinhai Revolution, in 1912. In 1916, the library received depository library status, in July 1928, its name was changed to National Peiping Library and was later changed to the National Library. Dai Hongci, a member of another Qing mission sent abroad to study modern constitutions, in 1906, the governor of Hunan province Pang Hongshu memorialized to the throne to announce he had completed preparations for the creation of a provincial library in Changsha. In response, on 2 May 1909, the Qing Ministry of Education announced plans to open libraries in every province of the empire, foundation of the library was approved by imperial edict that same day. The institution was called the Imperial Library of Peking or Metropolitan Library. Lu Xun and other scholars have made great efforts for its construction. Philologist and bibliographer Miao Quansun, who had overseen the founding of Jiangnan Library in Nanjing two years earlier, was called in to administer the new establishment, as in Jiangnan, his assistant Chen Qingnian took charge of most of the management. A private proposal made by Luo Zhenyu in the early 1900s stated that the library should be located in a place protected from fire and floods, and at some distance from noisy markets. Following these recommendations, the Ministry of Education first chose the Deshengmen neighborhood inside the city wall. But this plan would have required purchasing several buildings, for lack of funds, Guanghua Temple was chosen as the librarys first site. Guanghua Temple was a complex of Buddhist halls and shrines located near the bank of the Shichahai, but inconveniently located for readers. The Imperial Library of Peking would remain there until 1917, the National Peking Library opened to the public on 27 August 1912, a few months after the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. From then on, it was managed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China, in June 1913, such a Branch Library was opened outside Xuanwumen Gate, and more than 2,000 books were transferred there from the main library. On 29 October 1913, because Guanghua Temple proved too small and inaccessible, the Library charged one copper coin as a reading fee, whereas the Tianjin Library charged twice as much and the Shandong public library charged three coins. At first, readers could not borrow books, but sometime before 1918 borrowing became allowed, in 1931, the new library house in Wenjin Street near the Beihai Park opened. After the Peoples Republic of China was officially established in October 1949 and Peking became its capital, in 1951, the Ministry of Culture declared that its official English name would now be Peking Library

National Library of China
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National Library of China
National Library of China
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The original main buildings of the library, now (since 1987) the NLC Ancient Books Library that houses historical and ancient books, documents and manuscripts
National Library of China
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Night view of the NLC South Area
National Library of China
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NLC North Area

105.
South China Agricultural University
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South China Agricultural University commonly referred to as SCAU, is a public university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Main campus settles in Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China, South China Agricultural University was selected as one of the 7 Cultivated High-Quality Universities of Guangdong Province in 2015. SCAU is considered to have an advantage in the field of agricultural science, the university has 26 colleges/department and more than 40,000 students, including international students from 27 countries. 1909 - Guangdong provinces agricultural experiment station and Affiliated Institute of Agriculture was founded,1926 - College of Agriculture, National Sun Yat-sen University. 1952 - The nationwide readjustments of university and college resources took place in 1952,1979 - It was selected as one of National Key Universities. 1984 - The University was renamed as South China Agricultural University in 1984,2000 - The university was transferred under the administration of Guangdong Province in 2000 during the reform of the management system of higher learning institutions. 2015 - Selected as a Cultivated High-level University of Guangdong Province, the campus of South China Agricultural University is located in Tianhe District, Guangzhou, it used to be part of the old National Sun Yat-sen University campus. The university enjoys beautiful scenery and pleasant environment, the main campus covers an area of over 4407 mu, and the teaching and research base in Zengcheng covers an area of over 3863 mu. By the development in recent years, the SCAU Library have developed into 4 branches including the library, the east branch, the yuejin branch. The total paper-based collections have been over 2.42 million items/volumes in 2016 and those collections cover agriculture, engineering, liberal arts, basic sciences, economics, management, law, education, history, philosophy and other subjects. South China Agricultural University has 26 colleges, offering 94 undergraduate programs,107 masters degree programs and 59 Ph. D degree programs, SCAU also offers 9 Professional Master Degrees and Professional Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine. The university ranked 962th according to the US News Best Global Universities 2017, in particular, its Agricultural Sciences was ranked 177th, and its Plant and Animal Science was ranked 228th. The total enrollment of students is over 43,000, comprising 37,820 undergraduates,5,394 graduates and 89 foreign students from 27 countries. There are a lot of student organization in the university including the Student Union, Student Association Union, the Modern Educational Technology Center is installed with visual-audio and multi-media input-output equipment.42 million copies. 19 on-campus fieldwork bases and 339 off-campus fieldwork bases are open to students and it has established inter-institutional ties with twenty-three universities from thirteen countries in Europe, America, Asia and Oceania. There are more and more academic exchanges between SCAU and universities in HongKong and Macao, up to now, the university has trained around 1000 overseas students and numerous research and government officials from over 50 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, America, and Oceania

South China Agricultural University
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South entrance of South China Agricultural University
South China Agricultural University
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South China Agricultural University
South China Agricultural University
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The school name was named by Mao Zedong who was the first chairman of China
South China Agricultural University

106.
National Library of India
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The National Library on the Belvedere Estate in Alipore, Kolkata, is the largest library in India by volume and Indias library of public record. It is under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, the library is designated to collect, disseminate and preserve printed material produced in India. The library is situated on the scenic 30-acre Belvedere Estate and it is the largest in India with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books. Before independence, it was the residence of Lt. The history of the National Library began with the formation of the Calcutta Public Library in 1836 and that was a non-governmental institution and was run on a proprietary basis. People contributing ₹300 in subscription became the proprietors, prince Dwarkanath Tagore was the first proprietor of that Library. ₹300 at that time was a significant amount, so poor students, Lord Metcalfe, the Governor General at that time, transferred 4,675 volumes from the library of the College of Fort William, Kolkata to the Calcutta Public Library. This and donations of books from individuals formed the nucleus of the library, both Indian and foreign books, especially British, were purchased for the library. Donations were regularly made by individuals as well as by the government, the Calcutta Public Library had a unique position as the first public library in this part of the world. Such a well-organized and efficiently run library was rare even in Europe during the first half of the 19th century, because of the efforts of the Calcutta Public Library, the present National Library has many extremely rare books and journals in its collection. The Imperial Library was formed in 1891 by combining a number of Secretariat libraries in Calcutta, but the use of the library was restricted to the superior officers of the Government. In 1903, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, the Viceroy of India and he noticed both the libraries—Imperial Library and Calcutta Public Library—were under-utilized for the want of facilities or restrictions. He decided to amalgamate the rich collection of both of these libraries, the new amalgamated library, called Imperial Library, was formally opened to the public on 30 January 1903 at Metcalfe Hall, Kolkata. After the independence the Government of India changed the name of the Imperial Library as the National Library, on 1 February 1953 the National Library was opened to the public. In 2010, the Ministry of Culture, the owner of the library, while taking stock of the library building, the conservation engineers discovered a previously unknown room. The ground-floor room, about 1000 sq. ft. in size, the ASI archaeologists tried to search the first floor area for a trap door, but found nothing. Since the building is of historical and cultural importance, ASI has decided to bore a hole through the wall instead of breaking it, there are speculations about the room being a punishment room used by Warren Hastings and other British officials, or a place to store treasure. In 2011, the announced that the room was filled entirely with mud

National Library of India
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National Library
National Library of India

107.
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
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The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Sdn Bhd is a franchise of the University of Nottingham. The university is situated in Semenyih, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, the university has been ranked as excellent or tier 5 in a scale of tier 1-6 and is classified as a private institution, by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education. The University of Nottinghams other overseas campus is in Ningbo, China, the Malaysia campus was established in 2000 when the first batch of students were enrolled, students were then taught in a rented building. The idea for the university to open a branch was suggested as early as 1992. It is the first purpose-built UK university campus in a foreign country, formerly, the university was known as the University of Nottingham in Malaysia or UNMC. The campus incumbent chairman is Ahmad Rithauddeen, an honorary Nottingham graduate, the present campus at Semenyih was officially opened by then Deputy Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak, an alumnus himself, on 26 September 2005. The University operates as a company called The University of Nottingham in Malaysia Sdn Bhd. where Boustead Holdings Bhd has the majority shareholding. Prior to the opening of the campus in Semenyih, the university operated at the former Majestic Hotel building near Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Following the opening of the Semenyih campus, most of the departments were moved to Semenyih. In 2007 the campus reopened a Kuala Lumpur branch in Chulan Tower on Jalan Conlay, the Malaysia campus is primarily based on a 101-acre plot situated in Semenyih, Selangor. A students association building forms the connection between housing and the teaching buildings. The campus has two research centres, besides the main campus in Semenyih, a city teaching facility is maintained in Chulan Tower in Kuala Lumpurs central business district. Postgraduate programmes, such as applied psychology, business and management, are taught at the KL Teaching Centre, upon completing a degree at the Malaysia campus, students are awarded a University of Nottingham degree certificate which is indistinguishable from the certificates awarded at the Nottingham campus. The degrees that are awarded are accredited by professional bodies such as the Association of MBAs. The Engineering Degree courses are accredited by the Board of Engineering Malaysia, students at this campus are required to pass additional courses that are not required by UK students. These courses include Bahasa Malay and Asian Civilisation, the universitys career office and the Wall Street Society co-organized numerous company talks and at least one career fair each year. The career office also organised workshops to students how to present themselves during interviews. In recent years, there is also a number of its students going to the United States for further studies

University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
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Block E
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
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People

108.
National Library of the Philippines
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The National Library of the Philippines is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M, kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the National Historical Commission. Like its neighbors, it is under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture, the library is notable for being the home of the original copies of the defining works of José Rizal, Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi último adiós. The National Library of the Philippines can trace its history to the establishment of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas, established by a royal order of the Spanish government on August 12,1887. Romero resigned in 1893 and was replaced by Tomas Torres of the Escuela de Artes y Ofícios in Bacolor, Pampanga. By that time, the library had moved to a site in Quiapo near the present site of the Masjid Al-Dahab, later on, Paterno published the first issue of the Boletin del Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas on January 15,1895. The Museo-Biblioteca was abolished upon the onset of the American colonization of the Philippines, by the time of its abolition, the library held around 1,000 volumes and averaged around 25–30 visitors a day. As the Philippine–American War died down and peace returned to the Philippines. The ACL opened on March 9,1900 with 1,000 volumes donated by the Red Cross Society of California, by 1901, the ACLs collection grew to 10,000 volumes, consisting mostly of American works of fiction, periodicals and newspapers. The Philippine Commission formalized the acceptance of the ACLs collections on March 5,1901 through Act No,96, today observed as the birthdate of both the National Library and the Philippine public library system. With the ACL now a Philippine government institution, a board of trustees, egbert, were appointed by the colonial government. At the same time, the moved to Rosario Street in Binondo before its expansion warranted its move up the street to the Hotel de Oriente on Plaza Calderón de la Barca in 1904. On June 2,1908, Act No.1849 was passed, subsequently, Act No.1935 was passed in 1909, renaming the ACL the Philippine Library and turning it into an autonomous body governed by a five-member Library Board. At the same time, the Act mandated the division of the library into four divisions, robertson would later abolish the librarys subscription fees for books in general circulation in 1914. In addition, the Philippine Library and Museum was placed under the supervision of the Department of Justice, however, on December 7,1928, Act No.3477 was passed, splitting the Philippine Library and Museum into the National Library and the National Museum. The newly formed National Library was placed under the supervision of the Philippine Assembly, subsequently moving to the Legislative Building on Padre Burgos Street in Ermita and this arrangement continued with the convocation of the National Assembly at the dawn of the Commonwealth era in 1935. However, supervision of the National Library would return to the Department of Public Instruction in 1936, two weeks later, however, Japanese troops also moved to occupy that building as well, with the same commanding officer giving library officials only until that afternoon to vacate the premises. All collections of the National Library were moved into a 1. 5-cubic meter vault under the Manila City Hall, however, most of the librarys Filipiniana collection, having been overlooked by moving staff and due to time constraints, was left behind at the Philippine Normal School

National Library of the Philippines
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The facade of the library facing T.M. Kalaw Avenue
National Library of the Philippines
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The Legislative Building on Padre Burgos Street in Ermita would serve as the National Library's home from 1928 to 1944.
National Library of the Philippines
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The Philippine Declaration of Independence was among one of thousands of items pilfered from the National Library's collections.
National Library of the Philippines
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The National Library's Filipiniana Reading Room.

109.
Department of Agriculture (Philippines)
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The Philippine Department of Agriculture, is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth. It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue, Diliman, the department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture, nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet, the current Secretary of Agriculture is Manny Piñol. The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture, jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary. This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture and this bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No.271. It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910, the first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez, who was himself a practicing farmer. The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No,2666, otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands, on November 18,1916, and was implemented on January 1,1917. By virtue of another act in 1932, the DANR became the Department of Agriculture. The Bureau of Commerce, which used to be under the Department of Commerce, in 1942, while the Commonwealth Government was in exile, the Department was re-organized again, becoming the Department of Finance, Agriculture and Commerce. In 1947, it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Commerce, among others, was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry. On September 14,1959, the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman, by virtue of Presidential Decree 461, signed into law by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments, the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources, after the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978, all departments were changed to ministries. Thus, the became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987. Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No.116, guided by the principle that agriculture is business, the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets, enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices. These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes, reforms in the agricultural credit system, such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme, was also initiated. In May 2014, pursuant to Executive Order No and this was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam. The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President, where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization. A

110.
University of the Philippines
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The University of the Philippines is a public university system in the Philippines. Founded by the American colonial government on June 18,1908, UP has institutional autonomy as the countrys national university as mandated by Republic Act No.9500. The University of the Philippines has 8 constituent universities, and 4 basic education schools located in 15 campuses across the country. The first UP opened in Manila in 1909 with the Colleges of Fine Arts,6 other constituent universities have since been established, the latest since 2016 is UP Cebu, despite being formed 98 years earlier. UP Diliman, the fourth CU which was established in 1949, is the flagship campus, UP, as a whole, is often cited as the Philippines top university. As of 2012,7 Philippine Presidents,13 Chief Justices of the Philippine Supreme Court,36 National Scientists and 40 National Artists of the Philippines have been affiliated with UP. On June 18,1908, the University of the Philippines was established through an act of the First Philippine Legislature. The University began with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School in 1905, which started operating in 1907, a year ahead of the rest of the U. P. A few years later, the university opened the College of Law, the Board of Regents approved the decision to look for a larger site, and a 493-hectare lot was acquired by the university in Diliman, Quezon City, then a town in the province of Rizal. Construction of the Quezon City campus began in 1939, during World War II, most of its colleges had to be closed except the Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Engineering. Meanwhile, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied three Diliman campus buildings, the College of Liberal Arts Building and the Colleges of Law, the Japanese also occupied the campus of the College of Agriculture in Los Baños. Gonzalez sought a grant of ₱13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission, a massive rehabilitation and construction effort was executed during the post-war years. For the first time, an extensive Diliman campus master plan, most colleges and administration offices were temporarily housed in huts and shelters made of sawali and galvanized iron. During U. P. s 40th anniversary in February 1949, administrative offices and its regional units in Manila, Los Baños, Baguio, and Cebu were all housed in the Diliman campus. General commencement exercises were held in Diliman for the first time in 1949. In the 1950s, new units and degree programs were established. Another major reform, the General Education Program, was introduced in 1959, Program became a series of core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. Most of these courses were being taught at the then College of Liberal Arts, President Vicente Sinco saw fit to reorganize the college into a University College, which would offer the core subjects to be taken during the first two years of the undergraduate program

University of the Philippines
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UP Baguio
University of the Philippines
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University of the Philippines seal
University of the Philippines
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UP Diliman
University of the Philippines
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UP Los Baños

111.
De La Salle University
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De La Salle University is a Roman Catholic, Lasallian research university in Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, Philippines. It was founded in 1911 by De La Salle Brothers as the De La Salle College in Paco, the educational institution moved on September 1921 to its present location to facilitate the increase in enrollment. The university started as an elementary and high school. It started offering in 1920 a two-year Associate in Arts in Commerce programme, the university, currently under the administration of President Raymundo Suplido FSC, is a member of several international university associations as well as local organizations. DLSU is identified by the Philippine Commission on Higher Education as a Center of Excellence in six of its programmes, the university is also among the 40 institutions granted autonomous status by CHED as of 2010. Likewise, it is the first of the two institutions granted the highest-level accreditation by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities. The university ranks 151-160th and 601-650th in the 2013 Asian University Rankings and 2013 World University Rankings, respectively, Research is mainly funded by the De La Salle University Science Foundation. Since 2000, DLSU has been the CHED Zonal Research Center for 10 cities in southern Metro Manila, as such, it evaluates research proposals for recommendation for CHED funding, monitors CHED-funded research papers, among others. DLSU research has focused on affective computing and renewable energy, DLSU has three official student publications, including the Ang Pahayagang Plaridel, The LaSallian and Green & White, the university yearbook publication. The De La Salle University Chorale has won awards from different international choir competitions, including the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod. DLSU traces its founding to Manila Archbishop Jeremiah James Harty and his request would be later endorsed in 1907 by Pope Pius X. An envoy of Lasallian Brothers arrived in 1910, together with Harty, the Brothers searched for a suitable campus. A13,000 m2 property in Paco, Manila was purchased for this purpose, De La Salle College was established as an elementary school and high school for boys on June 16,1911 by the three Lasallian Brothers who arrived in Manila in March 1911. Classes started on the day with 125 students. This number would reach 175 by July 10, on February 12,1912, the college was incorporated under the sole ownership of the college director, who was then Eilenbecker. The college was permitted to confer commercial high school diplomas in the same year, meanwhile, it received a charter from the Governor-General of the Philippines, allowing the college to confer associate degrees in commerce. It started offering the degree as a program in 1920. The college already had 425 students by 1921, due to the lack of space in the Paco campus, and the growing population of its student and faculty, the college moved to its present location in Malate, Manila on February 12

De La Salle University
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The facade of DLSU looms over Taft avenue and features the statue of St. La Salle atop a cornicegable straddling Greek style columns.
De La Salle University
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De La Salle University
De La Salle University
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St La Salle Hall ca 1925
De La Salle University
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St La Salle Hall in 2014 (with Henry Sy, Sr. Building)

112.
University of San Carlos
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The University of San Carlos is a private research and Catholic university in Cebu City which is administered and managed by the Society of the Divine Word since 1935. USC is the largest university in Cebu in terms of population, USC is also one of the 8 universities in the country ranked by the International/World Quacquarelli Symonds Rating among the Top 350 Universities in Asia as of 2016. USCs claims as the oldest educational institution or school in Asia has been a time subject of disputes from the University of Sto. Tomas who on the other claims to be the oldest university in Asia. USC consists of five campuses in different areas of Metro Cebu – the Downtown Campus along P. del Rosario St. the Talamban Campus along Gov. M. Cuenco Ave. Brgy. Talamban, the North Campus along Gen. Maxilom Ave. the South Campus along corners J. Alcantara St. and V. Rama Avenue, and it was closed in 1769 at the expulsion of the Jesuits. In 1783, the initiative of the Bishop Mateo Joaquin de Arevalo opened the Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos. In 1852, the management of the college was entrusted to the Dominican fathers, replaced in 1867 by the Vincentian Fathers then, in 1935, the Second World War led to the interruption of the courses in 1941 because several buildings suffered various amounts of destruction. The buildings reopened as repairs were made over the course of 1945 and 1946, the Colegio de San Carlos was granted its university charter in 1948. The University was named after St. Charles Borromeo, however, this position is contested by some scholars. Jose Casarramona welcomed the first lay students to classes at the Seminario de San Carlos. According to him there is “no visible and clear link” between Colegio de San Ildefonso and USC, San Carlos was specifically for the training of diocesan priests, and it simply took over the facility of the former, a Jesuit central house with an attached day school. In 1924, San Carlos split into two under a Vatican decree that seminaries should only be for priestly training, in the 1930s, the San Carlos college moved to a different location, P. Del Rosario Street, while the seminary remained at Martires Street. The Society of the Divine Word took over the college in 1935, the Second World War saw the closure and occupation of CSC by Japanese troops. Shortly before Liberation, in 1944, bombs from US planes fell on San Carlos, San Carlos became a university in 1948, three years after it reopened. The seminary, meanwhile, was returned to control in 1998. Following Communist persecution of the clergy in China in 1949. This accidental émigré culture in USC spawned pioneering research in anthropology, physics, engineering, philosophy and this would have tremendous impact on the nation’s Post-War reconstruction

University of San Carlos
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Aerial view of the University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus
University of San Carlos
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University of San Carlos
University of San Carlos
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Old facade of the University of San Carlos - Downtown Campus

113.
National Library of Australia
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In 2012–2013, the National Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, and an additional 15,506 metres of manuscript material. In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia, from its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. The present library building was opened in 1968, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden. The foyer is decorated in marble, with windows by Leonard French. In 2012–2013 the Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, the Librarys collections of Australiana have developed into the nations single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers, editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented—whether published in Australia or overseas, approximately 92. 1% of the Librarys collection has been catalogued and is discoverable through the online catalogue. The Library has digitized over 174,000 items from its collection and, the Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson, the Library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts, including dance. The Librarys considerable collections of general overseas and rare materials, as well as world-class Asian. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings, the Library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. The Library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers, williams Collection The Asian Collections are searchable via the National Librarys catalogue. The National Library holds a collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 meters of shelf space, the collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the Pacific. The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have received as part of formed book collections. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin, Sir John Latham, Sir Keith Murdoch, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Monash, Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer, A. D. Hope, Manning Clark, David Williamson, W. M. The Library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations and they include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A. L. P, the Democrats, the R. S. L. Finally, the Library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian, the National Librarys Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, media represented in the collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts

National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia
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National Library of Australia as viewed from Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra
National Library of Australia
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The original National Library building on Kings Avenue, Canberra, was designed by Edward Henderson. Originally intended to be several wings, only one wing was completed and was demolished in 1968. Now the site of the Edmund Barton Building.
National Library of Australia
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The library seen from Lake Burley Griffin in autumn.

114.
State Library of New South Wales
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The State Library of New South Wales is a large reference and research library open to the public. It is the oldest library in Australia, being the first established in New South Wales in 1826, the library is located on the corner of Macquarie Street, Sydney and Shakespeare Place, adjacent to the Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The library is a member of the National and State Libraries Australasia consortium, the first library collections were part of the Australian Subscription Library which was started by a group of wealthy Sydney citizens in 1826. It was then purchased for £5100 by the New South Wales Government in 1869, in 1895 it was renamed the Public Library of New South Wales until its most recent name change in 1975, when it became the State Library of New South Wales. The Australian Subscription Library was established in 1826 at a meeting at the Sydney Hotel chaired by barrister John Mackaness, Library membership was subject to committee approval. Dr James Mitchell, father of David Scott Mitchell, was a member from 1832 to 1853. Fortunately for the later negotiations with the government were more successful. The foundation stone for new building, on the corner of Bent and Macquarie Streets, was laid by Alexander Macleay. Financial difficulties continued, and by 1869 the subscription library was in serious debt, the New South Wales Government was persuaded to buy it for £5100. In September 1869, the Sydney Free Public Library opened its doors with a stock of 20000 volumes, over 60,000 people visited the library in its first year of operation as the Free Public Library. Robert Cooper Walker was appointed Principal Librarian and he, in collaboration with the Trustees, worked to expand the educational role of the library both through collection expansion and the production of printed catalogues of the librarys collection. The library expanded its operations, opening a branch in 1877. This lending branch was handed to the Sydney Municipal Council in 1909, the librarys collection continued to grow, causing continual storage and overcrowding problems, new additions included a First Folio in 1885 and the papers of William Bligh in 1902. Australiana was a focus for the library and David Scott Mitchells collecting activities came to the attention of Henry Charles Lennox Anderson. Andersons stated aim of making the library a National, and not a Municipal, Anderson realised that the library did not have the budget or contacts to compete with Mitchell, and attempted to build a working relationship with Mitchell. In 1898, Mitchell announced his intention to leave his collection to the people of New South Wales, although his offer was quickly accepted, construction of a new building to house the collection was delayed for several years. Construction commenced in 1906, one year before Mitchells death, following Andersons resignation in 1907, Frank Murcott Bladen was appointed Principal Librarian. In 1909, Hugh Wright was appointed to the newly created position of Mitchell Librarian, nita Kibble was another early member of the library staff

State Library of New South Wales
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State Library of New South Wales
State Library of New South Wales
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State Library of New South Wales, Mitchell Wing, exterior
State Library of New South Wales
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Portrait of David Scott Mitchell in the Mitchell Library
State Library of New South Wales
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Portrait of Sir William Dixson

115.
State Library of Western Australia
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The State Library of Western Australia is a research, reference and public lending library located in the Perth Cultural Centre in Perth, Western Australia. It is an agency of the Western Australia Department of Culture and the Arts. The State Library has particular responsibility for collecting and preserving Western Australias documentary heritage, the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History is the section of the library dedicated to West Australiana. In 1886, the Western Australian Legislative Council allocated £5000 to be spent in celebrations for Queen Victorias golden jubilee, of this, it was decided that £3000 would be used to establish a free public library in Perth. A foundation stone was laid at a site in St Georges Terrace in 1887, instead, books to the value of £1000 were ordered from England, and the library found temporary accommodation in a building opposite the site. The Victoria Public Library, named in honour of Queen Victoria, the first managers of the library were the clerks to the management committee, W. C. The first Chief Librarian, James Sykes Battye, was appointed in 1894, by 1896, construction had begun on a site at the corner of James and Beaufort Streets, and in 1897 the library moved to the new James Street site. In 1904, the word Victoria was removed from the name of the library, a new addition to the site was opened in 1913. It was called Hackett Hall after Sir John Winthrop Hackett, the President of the Trustees of the Library, Museum, the library shared this building with the Art Gallery and Museum, and the Western Australian Museum still occupies the building today. The Library Board of Western Australia was established with the passing of the Library Board of Western Australia Act 1951, appointing the first State Librarian, Francis Aubie Sharr. The purpose of the Board was to assist local authorities in establishing public libraries throughout the state. However, James Battye successfully resisted having the Board take over control of the Public Library of Western Australia and it was only after Battye died in office in 1954 that the Library Board gained control of the library. It was closed for a year for renovations, then reopened in 1956 as the State Library of Western Australia and this included a section dedicated to collecting Western Australian material – the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History and State Archives, between 1964 and 2002 the organisation was known as the Library and Information Service of Western Australia. This reflected the Library Boards broader operations beyond the walls of the library, in July 2002, the library once again became known as the State Library of Western Australia. By the late 1970s, the library had grown sufficiently that staff were working from ten different sites and annexes in the city, planning was undertaken for a new building as part of the development of the Perth Cultural Centre. In 1985 the library’s current home, the Alexander Library Building, was opened and it is named after Professor Fred Alexander, the first chairman of the Library Board of Western Australia. Responsibility for the collection and management of records was transferred to SRO

State Library of Western Australia
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State Library of Western Australia, Alexander Library Building
State Library of Western Australia
State Library of Western Australia
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Hackett Hall, home of the Public Library of Western Australia, in 1913
State Library of Western Australia
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Inside the Public Library of Western Australia, 1913

116.
Northern Territory
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The Northern Territory is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, to the north, the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite its large area—over 1,349,129 square kilometres, the Northern Territorys population of 244,000 makes it the least populous of Australias eight major states and territories, having fewer than half as many people as Tasmania. The archaeological history of the Northern Territory begins over 40,000 years ago when Indigenous Australians settled the region, makassan traders began trading with the indigenous people of the Northern Territory for trepang from at least the 18th century onwards. The coast of the territory was first seen by Europeans in the 17th century, the British were the first Europeans to attempt to settle the coastal regions. After three failed attempts to establish a settlement, success was achieved in 1869 with the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin. Today the economy is based on tourism, especially Kakadu National Park in the Top End and the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in central Australia, the capital and largest city is Darwin. The population is not concentrated in regions but rather along the Stuart Highway. The other major settlements are Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy, residents of the Northern Territory are often known simply as Territorians and fully as Northern Territorians, or more informally as Top Enders and Centralians. With the coming of the British, there were four attempts to settle the harsh environment of the northern coast. The Northern Territory was part of colonial New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a time from February to December 1846. It was part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911, under the administration of colonial South Australia, the overland telegraph was constructed between 1870 and 1872. A railway was built between Palmerston and Pine Creek between 1883 and 1889. The economic pattern of raising and mining was established so that by 1911 there were 513,000 cattle. Victoria River Downs was at one time the largest cattle station in the world, gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burrundi, and copper was found at Daly River. On 1 January 1911, a decade after federation, the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia, alfred Deakin opined at this time To me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation. In late 1912 there was growing sentiment that the name Northern Territory was unsatisfactory, the names Kingsland, Centralia and Territoria were proposed with Kingsland becoming the preferred choice in 1913

Northern Territory
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Thomas Baines with Aborigines near the mouth of the Victoria River.
Northern Territory
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Flag
Northern Territory
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Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863
Northern Territory
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The northern coast of Australia is on the left with Melville Island in the lower right.

117.
Federation University Australia
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Federation University Australia is a dual-sector university with multiple campuses in Victoria, Australia. The Ballarat and Mount Helen campuses offer traditional university programmes, a few of which are Business, Engineering, Mining, Education, Nursing, in 2013 the Federation University Australia came into being, after the University of Ballarat merged with Monash University, Gippsland campus. Tertiary education at Ballarat began in 1870, making it Australias third oldest tertiary institution, the university merged with Monash Universitys Gippsland campus in 2013, and the merged schools are now the Federation University Australia. The name change was made as the result of the passage of the amended University of Ballarat Act 2010 bill through the states parliament and its name no longer carries the name of Ballarat, because the intention is not to be limiting geographically. It also wanted to reflect its intention to continue offering education to domestic, the name change went into effect on 1 January 2014. New students commencing their studies at the Gippsland campus from 2014 will study under Federation University Australia, current students at the campus will be able to complete their degree as a Monash University student. Students of the University of Ballarat that were enrolled at the time of the merger, University of Ballarat achieved a maximum five-star rating for teaching quality in the Good Universities Guide consecutively from 2010-2014. FedUni has been ranked four-stars for graduate placement by the Good Universities Guide and this placed the University in the top tier of Australian regional universities. Monash Universitys Gippsland Campus also contributed to Monash University being ranked as sixth in the world for Education, according to the universitys records as of 2011, there were 23,101 students consisting of 11,651 higher education students and 12,773 Technical and Further Education students. The report states that 11,737 students study in Ballarat, in terms of higher degrees, there were 2,246 masters students, compared to 7,420 bachelor students. In addition to the campuses, the university also had joint-degree programmes with international colleges. Camp Street Campus - located in central Ballarat, this houses the Arts Academy. The campus consists of the Old General Post Office Building, the Old Courthouse, SMB Campus - located in central Ballarat and incorporates the original School of Mines Ballarat and the Old Ballarat Gaol. The campus offers training from Certificate level through to Advanced Diploma, horsham Campus - offers TAFE courses and a Higher Education course in Nursing. Located in Mount Helen,15 km south of Ballarat The universitys largest campus and its programs include the School of Education and Arts, School of Health Sciences, School of Science, Information Technology and Engineering, and the Business School. The Gippsland Campus is located in the township of Churchill in the foothills of the Strzelecki Ranges, the university has a technology park with the mission to facilitate the development of technology based companies or companies that benefit from the technological resources of the university. The following organisations operate in the park, more than 1350 people are employed by tenants at the technology park and approximately half of those holding Federation University Australia qualifications. Recently IBM decided to expand its workforce with the construction of a new $10 million building on the park

Federation University Australia
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Heritage buildings and former Ballarat Gaol at the School of Mines and Industry. Lydiard Street, Ballarat CBD
Federation University Australia
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SMB campus is set among the heritage buildings of Lydiard Street Sth including the former School of Mines and Industry (left), former Supreme Court and former Ballarat Gaol (rear)

118.
Australian National University
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The Australian National University is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, founded in 1946, it is the only university to have been created by the Parliament of Australia. ANU enrolls 10,052 undergraduate and 10,840 postgraduate students, the universitys endowment stood at A$1.13 billion in 2012. ANU is ranked 22nd in the world by the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings, ANU was named the worlds 7th most international university in a 2017 study by Times Higher Education. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Global Employability University Ranking, a ranking of university graduates employability. ANU is ranked 100th in the CWTS Leiden ranking, ANU counts six Nobel laureates and 49 Rhodes scholars among its faculty and alumni. The university has educated two prime ministers,30 current Australian ambassadors and more than a dozen current heads of Government departments of Australia, calls for the establishment of a national university in Australia began as early as 1900. After the location of the capital, Canberra, was determined in 1908. A group of eminent Australian scholars returned from overseas to join the university, including Sir Howard Florey, Sir Mark Oliphant, Sir Keith Hancock, economist Sir Douglas Copland was appointed as ANUs first Vice-Chancellor and former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce served as the first Chancellor. ANU was originally organised into four centres—the Research Schools of Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Pacific Studies, the first residents’ hall, University House, was opened in 1954 for faculty members and postgraduate students. Mount Stromlo Observatory, established by the government in 1924. The first locations of the ANU Library, the Menzies and Chifley buildings, the Australian Forestry School, located in Canberra since 1927, was amalgamated by ANU in 1965. Canberra University College was the first institution of education in the national capital, having been established in 1929. Its founding was led by Sir Robert Garran, one of the drafters of the Australian Constitution, CUC was affiliated with the University of Melbourne and its degrees were granted by that university. Academic leaders at CUC included historian Manning Clark, political scientist Finlay Crisp, in 1960, CUC was integrated into ANU as the School of General Studies, initially with faculties in arts, economics, law and science. Faculties in Oriental studies and engineering were introduced later, Bruce Hall, the first residential college for undergraduates, opened in 1961. The Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art were amalgamated by ANU in 1992, ANU established its Medical School in 2002, after obtaining federal government approval in 2000. On 18 January 2003, the Canberra bushfires largely destroyed the Mount Stromlo Observatory, ANU astronomers now conduct research from the Siding Spring Observatory, which contains 10 telescopes including the Anglo-Australian Telescope

119.
Central Queensland University
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Central Queensland University is an Australian dual sector university based in Queensland. Its main campus is in North Rockhampton, Queensland, on 31 October 2014, CQUniversity announced that it would open a full campus in the Townsville CBD in 2015. It has metropolitan campuses in Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane, as of 2012 the metropolitan campuses hosted both international and domestic students. In 1994, it adopted the name Central Queensland University, in 2008, it became CQUniversity in recognition of the institutions expansion beyond the Central Queensland region. CQUniversity’s antecedent institution, the Queensland Institute of Technology, was established in Rockhampton in 1967 as a branch of the Queensland Institute of Technology. However, the first steps to establish a university in Rockhampton were taken as early as the 1940s, rockhampton’s university campaign resumed in the 1950s as Central Queensland became an emerging heavy industry base, with developing coal mines and Gladstone emerging as a light metals centre. When the QITC first opened in February 1967, there was no extensive campus to greet the handful of staff and initial intake of 71 full-time and part-time students. While building progressed at Parkhurst, the first classes held on the top floor of the Technical College in Bolsover Street were a makeshift affair with no laboratories, some students slept temporarily on mattresses in the canteen while waiting for the first residential college to open. A highlight of the decade was the construction in 1976–77 of an impressive, designed by architect Stephen Trotter, the building’s striking external feature was a sculpted facade created by artist Kevin Brereton. CIAE Director, Dr Arthur Appleton, proclaimed the Library to be a “milestone” which confirmed that the Institute had “come of age as a public institution”, between 1978 and 1989, the CIAE established branch campuses in Central Queensland at Gladstone, Mackay, Bundaberg and Emerald. The CIAE became the University College of Central Queensland in 1990, at that time it was known as the University of Central Queensland. The name was changed in 1994 to Central Queensland University, in 2001, the university appointed Queensland’s first female Vice-Chancellor, Professor Glenice Hancock, who retired in 2004. The university restructured its activities in the period 2006 to 2009 and rebranded its image in 2008. The technique known as Mask-Ed™ has since been available to educators across a range of disciplines globally. Professor Midmore stated stevia may become “a significant tool/ingredient for community use in the fight against obesity, Ben is also responsible for a range of effluent treatment plants. One of the systems has been used at the Woodford Folk Festival venue, Dr Scott Wilson’s research into ‘mutant’ toads has also achieved much acclaim with the project airing on Channel 10’s Totally Wild program. Dr Wilson has tracked abnormalities in toads as an indicator for environmental changes, the project has been praised for its carbon smart properties. CQUniversity is also home to an Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, in September 2012, Queensland Premier Campbell Newman announced the States in-principle support for the CQUniversity-CQIT merger

Central Queensland University
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CQUniversity

120.
Deakin University
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Deakin University is an Australian public university with approximately 50,644 higher education students in 2014. Established in 1974, the University was named after the leader of the Australian federation movement and it has campuses in Geelong, Warrnambool and Burwood, Melbourne and learning centres in Dandenong, Craigieburn and Werribee, all in the state of Victoria. It was formally established in 1974 with the passage of the Deakin University Act 1974, the sale of Stonnington Mansion by Deakin provoked public outrage as it involved the mansion which was at risk of redevelopment by property developers. Deakin is one of Australias fastest growing research universities and its combined research funding had increased from A$4.5 million in 1997 to A$43.4 million in 2014. Deakin University was formally established in 1974 with the passage of the Deakin University Act 1974, Deakin was Victorias fourth university, the first to be established in regional Victoria and the first to specialise in distance education. Deakin Universitys first campus was established at Waurn Ponds, the University was the result of a merger between State College of Victoria, Geelong and the higher education courses of the Gordon Institute of Technology. Deakin enrolled its first students at Waurn Ponds in 1977, the Burwood campus is on the site of the former Burwood Teachers College, and also takes in the former sites of the Bennettswood Primary School and the Burwood Secondary School. The teachers college conducted two-year training courses for Primary School teachers and it provided live-on-site accommodation for country students. The Rusden Campus was closed in 2003 and all courses were transferred to the Melbourne campus at Burwood, Rusden subsequently acquired by Monash University for its student accommodation purposes. The former Toorak Campus, located in Malvern, was offered for sale in 2006 as the University considered the surplus to its requirements. The courses and resources were relocated to the Melbourne campus at Burwood in November 2007, the main building on the site is the 116-year-old historic Stonnington Mansion It is located amongst traditional gardens. The Stonnington Stables art gallery and the Universitys contemporary art collection were located here, the universitys action of offering the campus, including the mansion, provoked public outrage over the potential privatization of what had been public space. In December 2006, the three-mansion was sold for $33 million to a joint venture between Hamton Property Group and Industry Superannuation Property Trust, the Deakin University Council is the governing body of the University and is chaired by the Chancellor, David Morgan. Council is responsible for the direction and oversight of the University and is publicly accountable for the Universitys actions. The Vice-Chancellor is the Chief Executive Officer of the university and is responsible to Council, Professor Jane den Hollander is Vice-Chancellor and President of Deakin University and is Deakins 6th Vice-Chancellor. Professor den Hollander is a cellular biologist turned university administrator and was previously Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Curtin University in Western Australia, the university is divided into four faculties, covering arts and education, business and law, health, and science, engineering and the environment. Within the arts faculty, the three schools cover education, social sciences, humanities, communication and the creative arts, along with the research institutes, there are 13 strategic research centres, Deakin Motion. Originally built as the Dalgetys Woolstores in 1893, the buildings have been renovated to create a modern campus centre

Deakin University
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Deakin University Geelong Waterfront Campus. Cunningham Pier is in the foreground.
Deakin University
Deakin University
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Deakin University Melbourne Burwood Campus

121.
Gordon Institute of TAFE
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The Gordon Institute of TAFE is the TAFE institute servicing Geelong since 1888. It has 26,000 students studying on-campus, off-campus and in business or industry, the Gordon has campuses in Geelong, Warrnambool, Victoria, Colac, Victoria, East Geelong, Victoria, Waurn Ponds, Victoria and Werribee, Victoria. It was named after General Charles George Gordon after his death at the Siege of Khartoum, the Gordon Institute of TAFE was opened in 1888 as the Gordon Memorial Technical College. The college had its beginnings in 1885, when 500 people met at the Geelong Town Hall to decide upon a memorial to General Charles George Gordon, william Humble and George link decided that a school of art be erected in his honour. The foundation stone was laid in July 1887 for the first building, the land selected for the school was originally part of Johnstone Park, Geelong. January 16,1888 saw the first term at the Gordon Memorial Technical College commence, there were 63 students enrolled, in subjects ranging from mechanical drawing, to architecture, and languages. In 1890 the two storey trade engineering and chemistry buildings opened on Fenwick Street, April 1891 saw the three storey administration building open next door. Behind this building a capsule was laid. Opened in 1987, the capsule contained copies of Geelong and Melbourne newspapers of the time, the northern Fenwick Street building was added in 1916, and the Hitchcock art studio in 1910. In November 1921 the college changed its name to the Gordon Institute of Technology and it was also at this time that the Lascelles chemistry laboratory opened on Gordon Avenue, followed by the Bostock lecture hall next door in 1928. 1927 saw the first buildings at the Moorabool Street campus built, the 1960s saw the first of the modern multi storey buildings built on the site. In 1969 the Gordon expanded yet again, with land being purchased at Waurn Ponds, a building for the Applied Sciences was first built, followed by a library and student lodgings in 1975. On 1 April 1976, Deakin University was established by merging the Gordon Institute of Technologys higher education courses, the Moorabool St campus and the vocational courses now became Gordon Technical College. At this time this campus was expanded, and the East Geelong campus opened, Geelong - The First 150 Years. ISBN 0-9592863-5-7 The Gordon Institute of TAFE Gordon Historic Photo Archive on Flickr

122.
James Cook University
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James Cook University is a public university and is the second oldest university in Queensland, Australia. JCU is a teaching and research institution, the Universitys main campuses are located in the tropical cities of Cairns, Singapore and Townsville. JCU also has centres in Mount Isa, Mackay and Thursday Island. A Brisbane campus, operated by Russo Higher Education, delivers undergraduate and postgraduate courses to international students, the University’s main fields of research include marine sciences, biodiversity, sustainable management of tropical ecosystems, genetics and genomics, tropical health care, tourism and engineering. In 1957, Professor J. D Story, Vice Chancellor of the University of Queensland proposed a regional university college be established to cater to the people of North Queensland, at that time, the only higher education providers were located in the state capital Brisbane. On 27 February 1961, the University College of Townsville was opened, after being proclaimed on 20 April 1970 as an Act of Queensland Parliament, the University College of Townsville became James Cook University of North Queensland on 29 April 1970. The official opening of the university was conducted by Queen Elizabeth II, the namesake is British sea captain James Cook, who is best known for discovering Australia. A year after JCUs proclamation, Cyclone Althea struck the Townsville region and this, together with the destruction caused by Cyclone Tracy in Darwin 1974, prompted the establishment of a cyclone research facility. The Cyclone Testing Station started out as a project of Professor Hugh Trollope. On 1 January 1982, JCU amalgamated with The Townsville College of Advanced Education located adjacent to the campus in Douglas. The university established a presence in Cairns in 1987 and moved to its current location in the suburb of Smithfield in 1995, on 1 January 1991, the School of Art and Design of the Townsville College of TAFE was transferred to JCU. The current name of James Cook University became official on 1 January 1998, in 2003 the University opened an international campus in Singapore. The university further expanded its presence by establishing another campus in Brisbane, JCU Singapore moved campuses in February 2015. Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister of Australia officially opened the new JCU Singapore campus at 149 Sims Drive on 28 June 2015, as a corporate body, James Cook University bears arms comprising four main elements – shield, crest, supporters, and motto. The University motto is Cresente Luce, which means light ever increasing and this motto was first proposed by Professor FW Robinson, professor of English at the University of Queensland, in 1962 for the then University College of Townsville. The university college was established as a college of the University of Queensland, adopted in 1963, the motto remained unchanged after James Cook University of North Queensland was established and incorporated in April 1970, and later became James Cook University. James Cook University operates three campuses, located in the tropical cities of Cairns and Townsville in Australia. Russo Higher Education delivers JCU courses at its Brisbane centre on behalf of the University, the University also operates study centres in Mackay, Mount Isa and Thursday Island

James Cook University
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James Cook University, Cairns
James Cook University
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Coat of Arms of James Cook University
James Cook University
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The library at Douglas Campus
James Cook University
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University Drive at Douglas Campus

123.
Monash University
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Monash University is an Australian public research university based in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1958, it is the second oldest university in the State of Victoria, Monash is one of two Australian universities to be ranked in the École des Mines de Paris ranking on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies. Monash is in the top 20% in teaching, top 10% in international outlook, top 20% in industry income, Monash enrolls over 48,000 undergraduate and almost 21,000 graduate students, It also has more applicants than any university in the state of Victoria. In 2014, its revenue was over $2.2 billion. The university has a number of campuses, five of which are in Victoria, Monash also has a research and teaching centre in Prato, Italy, a graduate research school in Mumbai, India and a graduate school in Jiangsu Province, China. Since December 2011, Monash has had an alliance with the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. Monash University courses are delivered at other locations, including South Africa. The Clayton campus contains the Robert Blackwood Hall, named after the universitys founding Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, in 2014, the University ceded its Gippsland campus to Federation University. On 15 July 2016, Monash confirmed that Federation University Australia would take over the operations of the Berwick campus prior to the end of 2018, the university was named after the prominent Australian general Sir John Monash. This was the first university in Australia to be named after a person, rather than a city, the original campus was in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Clayton. The first University Council, led by Monashs first Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, selected Sir Louis Matheson, to be the first Vice-Chancellor of Monash University, the University was granted an expansive site of 100 hectares of open land in Clayton. The 100 hectares of land consists of the former Talbot Epileptic Colony, in its early years, it offered undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in engineering, medicine, science, arts, economics, politics, education, and law. It was a provider for international student places under the Colombo Plan. In its early years of teaching, research and administration, Monash was not disadvantaged by entrenched traditional practices, Monash was able to adopt modern approaches without resistance from those who preferred the status quo. A modern administrative structure was set up, Australias first research centres, from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, Monash became the centre of student radicalism in Australia. It was the site of mass student demonstrations, particularly concerning Australias role in Vietnam War. By the late 1960s, several student organisations, some of which were influenced by or supporters of communism, turned their focus to Vietnam, with numerous blockades, in the late 1970s and 1980s, some of Monashs most publicised research came through its pioneering of in-vitro fertilisation. Led by Professors Carl Wood and Alan Trounson, the Monash IVF Program achieved the worlds first clinical IVF pregnancy in 1973, in 1980, they delivered the first IVF baby in Australia

Monash University
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The Robert Menzies Building at the Clayton Campus
Monash University
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Coat of Arms of Monash University
Monash University
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One of the lakes at the University's main campus, Clayton
Monash University
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A panoramic view of the Robert Menzies Building in Clayton Campus

124.
Victorian College of the Arts
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The Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music is a faculty of the University of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. Both campuses offer programs including certificates and diplomas, and research and coursework awards at the masters. The library on the Southbank campus is known as the Lenton Parr Music, Visual and Performing Arts Library, the Faculty of the VCA and Music was created in 2009 from the amalgamation of the Universitys Faculty of Music and Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts. Founded in 1972, the VCA integrated into the University of Melbourne in 2007 as a separate faculty, the appointment of a new Dean under this new structure, occurred in 2011. This was not the first time, however, that sharing of resources across two institutions had been attempted, in 1974, at the time of the establishment of the VCA School of Music, the original entity called the University Conservatorium was finally unincorporated. Symbolically as well as in practice, the place of instrumental tuition at the Faculty was removed to the new VCA. Between 1975 and 1981, the teaching of most woodwind, some brass, double bass, the new organisation was known as the Faculty of Music, Visual and Performing Arts. John Poynter was appointed as Dean of the new super faculty, in September, Warren Bebbington was appointed to the vacant Ormond Chair and, at the urging of staff on both sides, worked to reverse the amalgamation, which was effected in 1994. On 1 January 2012 the Facultys name was changed to reflect the two operating divisions and is now known as the Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music. Sharman Pretty, 2009–2010 Warren Bebbington,2010 Barry Conyngham,2011 – present The teaching of music at the University of Melbourne has been undertaken under a number of administrative structures, through the efforts of the first Ormond Professor, G. W. L. The Conservatorium became the Faculty of Music within the University of Melbourne in 1926, and this was to be the administrative structure for the next 65 years. Marshall-Hall, 1891–1900 Franklin Peterson, 1901–1914 G. W. L, marshall-Hall,1915 William Laver, 1915–1925 Sir Bernard Heinze, 1926–1957 George Loughlin, 1958–1979 Michael Brimer, 1980–1989 Warren Bebbington, 1991–2008 Gary McPherson, 2009–present G. W. L. The National Gallery of Victoria Art School, founded in 1867 to teach art, was the VCAs foundation school. This was followed by the establishment of the School of Music in 1974, the School of Drama in 1976, in March 1981, the Minister for the Arts Norman Lacy had the Victorian College of the Arts Act passed through the Victorian Parliament. It also represents a most significant development for the Victorian Arts Centre, to the extent that artistic education is separated from normal professional practice it is so much less effective. Secondly, the related to the adjacent location of the VCA campus to the National Gallery of Victoria. He said that this Greater Arts Centre concept is central to the Governments decision to reconstitute the college by statute as well as to the development of the arts in general. It represents a simple, readily achievable and highly effective means of creating a milieu of continuous professional activity of the highest standards

125.
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff

126.
University of Wollongong
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As of 2014 the university has an enrolment of over 30,000 students, an alumni base of over 112,000 and over 2,000 academic related staff. As of 2015, Wollongong consistently ranks among the top 2% of universities in the world, in 1951 a division of the New South Wales University of Technology was established at Wollongong for the conduct of diploma courses. In 1961 the Wollongong University College of the University of New South Wales was constituted, in 1975 the University of Wollongong was established as an independent institution. Since its establishment, the university has conferred more than 100,000 degrees, diplomas and its students, originally predominantly from the local Illawarra region, are now from over 140 countries, with international students accounting for more than 30 percent of total. The University of Wollongong has fundamentally developed into an institution, three of which are in the Illawarra, one in Sydney and one overseas in Dubai. In addition, there are university education centres in Bega, Batemans Bay, Moss Vale, the university also offers courses equally based on the Wollongong campus in collaboration with partner institutions in a number of offshore locations including in Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong. The University of Wollongong traces its origins to 1951, the foundation of the university was in 1951 when a division of The New South Wales University of Technology was established in Wollongong. In 1962, the became the Wollongong College of the University of New South Wales. In 1976, Justice Robert Marsden Hope was installed as chancellor of the university, in 1951, a foundation of the University of Wollongong was founded as a division of the New South Wales University of Technology in Wollongong, New South Wales. A decade later, the became the Wollongong College of the University of New South Wales. In 1975, the University of Wollongong gained its autonomy as an independent institution of learning by the New South Wales Parliament. In 1977, the Faculty of Computer Science developed a version of Unix for the Interdata 7/32 called UNSW01, in the late 70s, Tim Berners-Lee sourced TCP/IP software, an integral element of the World Wide Web, from the University of Wollongong. In 1981, Ken McKinnon was appointed chancellor, overseeing the amalgamation of the university with the Wollongong Institute of Education in 1982. The Wollongong Institute of Education had originated in 1971 as the Teachers College This merger formed the basis of the contemporary university, in 1983, the Faculty of Commerce was established along with the School of Creative Arts, followed by the creation of the Faculty of Education in 1984. In 1993, the University of Wollongong Dubai Campus in Dubai, in 2000, the Shoalhaven Campus was opened at Nowra on the New South Wales south coast. In 2008, the university opened the first building at Wollongong Innovation Campus on a 20-hectare site at Brandon Park in Wollongong, in August, the Faculty of Science dean, Rob Whelan, took up a new role as president of the University of Wollongong in Dubai. In 2009, the chancellor, Mike Codd AC, announced his retirement after three four-year terms and his replacement, effective on 1 October, was Jillian Broadbent AO. She became the third Chancellor after Justice Robert Hope and Mr Michael Codd, in 2010, the New South Wales Health Minister, Carmel Tebbutt, opened the $30 million Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute in July

University of Wollongong
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The Innovation Campus at night
University of Wollongong
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The science buildings at the Wollongong Campus
University of Wollongong
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The McKinnon Building at the Wollongong Campus, named after former Vice-Chancellor Ken McKinnon
University of Wollongong
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The SMART Infrastructure Facility at the Wollongong Campus

127.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads

128.
Christchurch Public Libraries
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Christchurch City Libraries are operated by the Christchurch City Council and are a network of 19 libraries and a mobile book bus. The library was known as the Canterbury Public Library. Following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake a number of libraries have closed including the Christchurch Central Library. Two temporary central libraries have been set up and are located in Peterborough Street and Manchester Street, the library began as the Mechanics Institute in 1859, when 100 subscribers leased temporary premises in the then Town Hall. The collection consisted of a few hundred books.10.0 and this site was to remain the home of the library until 1982. Debt, dwindling subscribers and other problems forced the Institute to hand over the building to the Provincial Government in 1873, by this time the collection numbered some 5,000 volumes, and was placed by the Province under the control of the new Canterbury College. With the abolition of the provinces in 1876, the became the property of the College. Canterbury College controlled the library for over 70 years, despite continual financial problems the bookstock and service continued to develop during most of the time. Francis Stedman was the first official librarian, although he divided his time between the library and the College, where he was also registrar, by 1881 Stedman had increased the bookstock to 15,000 volumes. By 1898 when Alexander Cracroft Wilson was librarian the stock had increased to nearly 30,000, ten years later, under Howard Strong, the stock numbered over 40,000 volumes. This dramatic growth was due to the gift of James Gammack. This enabled the college to demolish the original wooden Mechanics Institute building in 1901, truly modern library service began under the librarianship of E. J. Bell. Bell classified the entire collection under the new Dewey Decimal system by 1914, in 1918, with the support of the Canterbury Progress League, a Technical Library was opened. Two years later a library service to country districts began. In 1924 a new wing of the library was opened including a separate children’s room, a new heating unit was installed that same year. The 1930s saw a decline in the service to the due to the Great Depression. If in 1940 some 1,500 people a day were using the library, Canterbury College was finding it increasingly difficult to maintain the library in any form. In 1936 the council agreed in principle to take over the library, control of the library was passed to the council by the Canterbury Public Library Act 1948, and ownership was formally transferred in late 1948

129.
Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Palmerston North, commonly referred to by locals as Palmerston, or colloquially Palmy, is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. Palmerston North is located inland, in the eastern Manawatu Plains, the city is 35 km from the rivers mouth and 12 km from the end of the Manawatu Gorge. It is about 140 km north of the capital, Wellington, the city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres. The citys location was once more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of indigenous Māori. In the mid 19th century, it was discovered and settled by Europeans, on foundation, the settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston, in honour of Viscount Palmerston, a former Prime Minister of Great Britain. The suffix North was added in 1871 by the Post Office to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island, the Māori transliteration of Palmerston North, is Pamutana. However, Te Papaioea is the preferred Māori name, Palmerston North is the countrys seventh-largest city and eighth largest urban area, with an urban population of 84,300. Ngāti Rangitāne were the local Māori iwi living in the known as Te Ahu-ā-Tūranga. He came on a ship and explored possibly as far inland as the site of Woodville. He reported his discovery on arrival back to Porirua, colonel Wakefield heard of the potential that the Manawatu had for development and visited in 1840. In 1846 Stephen Charles Hartley, another trader, heard from tangata whenua of a clearing in the Papaioea forest and he proceeded through the bush and forest. In 1858, the Government began negotiations with local iwi to purchase land in Manawatu, there was a dispute at the time between rival iwi Ngāti Rangitāne and Ngāti Raukawa as to who has the right to sell. The dispute is resolved in favour of Rangitāne, in 1864, Te Ahu-a-Turanga Block was sold by Rangitāne to the Government for £12,000, in an effort to open the Manawatu to settlement. Stewart returned in 1866 on behalf of the Wellington Provincial Council and made the original survey, the focal point was an open space of 17 acres subsequently known as The Square. On 3 October 1866, Palmerston was formally endorsed after Isaac Earl Featherston signed a proclamation defining the boundaries of the settlement, the first sections were sold after. Among the first settlers included Scandinavians, who arrived in 1871 and they established settlements at Awapuni and Whakarongo/Stoney Creek. Later the same year, the suffix North was added to distinguish the settlement of the name in the South Island. In 1872 a petition was launched to change the name of the settlement, a public meeting in 1873 ends with no clear decision on the name

Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Clockwise from top: The Square, Central Business District, All Saints Church, City Library, The Square Clock Tower
Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Looking SE towards Palmerston North city centre from Palmerston North Hospital. In the distance is Tararua Range.
Palmerston North, New Zealand
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New Zealand Police Central District is shown in orange.
Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, Palmerston North

130.
Lincoln University, New Zealand
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Lincoln University is a New Zealand university that was formed in 1990 when Lincoln College, Canterbury was made independent of the University of Canterbury. Lincoln University has a student population more than 60 countries. Its primary campus is situated on 50 hectares of land located about 15 km outside the city of Christchurch in Lincoln, in 2015 Lincoln University had 5,819 students or nearly 3,000 Equivalent Full-time students, and a total Full time equivalent staff count of 682. Lincoln University began life in 1878 as a School of Agriculture, from 1896 to 1961 it served students under the name Canterbury Agricultural College, and offered qualifications of the University of New Zealand until that institutions demise. From 1961 to 1990, it was known as Lincoln College and it is the oldest agricultural teaching institution in the Southern Hemisphere. It remains the smallest university in New Zealand and one of the 8 government universities, the University is a member of the Euroleague for Life Sciences. In March 2009 AgResearch announced that it planned to merge with Lincoln University, on 18 June 2013, a new blue-print for the Selwyn campus was announced which included the Lincoln Hub concept previously announced by the Government on 29 April 2013. Lincoln University Students Association also referred to as LUSA has been active on campus since 1919, LUSA acts as a representative for students on university policy, as well as providing advocacy services to students and running campus events such as the annual Garden Party and O-Week. LUSA is central in organising, supporting and funding the clubs on campus, Lincoln University has six Halls of Residence, the oldest of which is Hudson Hall, built in 1953. Colombo Hall, Lowrie Hall and Stevens Hall all opened in 1970, with Centennial Hall opening in 1978, the newest Hall of Residence is Southland Hall, built in 1993. Faculty of Agribusiness and Commerce, accounting, business management, economics, farm management, finance, marketing, the NZ Tertiary Education Commissions first Performance Based Research Fund ranking exercise in 2003—equivalent to the UKs RAE—ranked the quality of Lincoln Universitys research at sixth place. It also received highest percentage increase in research funding, for 2016/17 Lincolns ranking is 343, released by Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings. Lincoln also has QS Five Stars rating, Lincoln ranks in the top 100 in the field of agriculture and forestry. Lincoln is ranked in the 401-500 bracket according to the 2016/17 Times Higher Education world university rankings, the First 50 Years, A History of the New Zealand National Party

131.
Massey University
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Massey University is a university based in Раlmеrstоn Nоrth, Nеw Zеаlаnd, with significant campuses in Аlbаny and Wellington. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, and more than 3,000 international students from over 100 countries study at the university, Massey University is the only university in New Zealand offering degrees in aviation, dispute resolution, veterinary medicine, and nanoscience. Masseys veterinary school is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association and is recognised in the United States, Australia, Canada and its agriculture programme is the highest-ranked in New Zealand, and 19th in Quacquarelli Symonds world university subject rankings. It drew from the departments of Victoria University College in Wellington. In 1927 the college was renamed Massey Agricultural College after former New Zealand Prime Minister William Fergusson Massey who died in 1925 and had been vigorous in land reform efforts. The Massey Agricultural College Committee first met on 1 February 1927, the college was officially opened for tuition on 20 March 1928 by O. J. Hawkin. Women were admitted from 1932, with Enid Hills being the first, with the demise of the UNZ in 1961, it became Massey College, part of Victoria University of Wellington. In 1960 a branch of VUW was established in Palmerston North to teach students by distance education, inaugurated in 1993, classes began at Masseys Albany campus in 1994. In December 2010 Massey announced that the Wellington campus would close its School of Engineering, in December 2016, the Chancellor of the University, Chris Kelly, caused outrage by making several comments in a rural newspaper regarding the gender of those in the veterinarian profession. Whereas men find out about booze and all sorts of things during their first year. That’s fine, but the problem is one woman graduate is equivalent to two-fifths of a full-time equivalent vet throughout her life because she married and has a family. These remarks caused outrage, with Kellys apology via Twitter. Kelly resigned as Chancellor on 14 December 2016, and was replaced promptly by then Pro Chancellor Michael Ahie, Massey University has campuses in the Manawatu at Palmerston North, at Wellington and on Aucklands North Shore at Albany. In addition, Massey offers most of its degrees extramurally within New Zealand and it has the nations largest business college. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, New Zealands first satellite, KiwiSAT is currently being designed and built by New Zealand Radio Amateurs with the support of Massey, especially in space environment testing. The Manawatu campus in Palmerston North is based at the Turitea site, the campus has around 9,000 students. The Turitea site houses the administrative units of Massey University as well as the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the College of Sciences. The Turitea site is home to the only Veterinary School in New Zealand, in 2013 the College of Education became the Institute of Education and is part of College of Humanities and Social Sciences

132.
University of Waikato
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The University of Waikato, informally Waikato University, is a comprehensive university in Hamilton, New Zealand, with a satellite campus located in Tauranga. Established in 1964, it was the first university in New Zealand to be designed from a blank canvas. The University of Waikato owes its existence to a group of Hamilton locals. The group was led by Douglas Seymour, a barrister, and subsequently Anthony Rufus Rogers and their campaign coincided with a shortage of teachers in the 1950s that prompted the New Zealand government to consider plans for a teachers’ college in the region. Where there was a college, there needed to be a university to give students access to undergraduate courses. In 1964, the two moved to their new home, and the following year the University of Waikato was officially opened by then Governor-General Sir Bernard Fergusson. The first Vice-Chancellor, Dr Don Llewellyn, was keen to develop the campus as one and build a single academic programme. But even the idea of co-location flew in the face of established practice, at this time the University comprised a School of Humanities and a School of Social Sciences. In 1969, Dr Llewellyn succeeded in persuading the authorities to fund the establishment of a School of Science. This was followed by the creation of Waikato Management School in 1972, Computer Science and Computing Services in 1973, a separate School of Māori and Pacific Development was formally established in 1996. In 1999, the original Schools of Humanities and Social Sciences were merged to form the School of Arts, in 1998, the University formed an alliance with the Bay of Plenty Polytechnic to facilitate teaching in the Western Bay of Plenty. The first students from the University of Waikato at Tauranga graduated at a ceremony held in Tauranga in 2001, in 2014, the University became smoke-free, disallowing smoking on campus and in University-owned vehicles. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1990 and is one of seven faculties that make up the University, the Faculty is located in the on the south east side of the Hillcrest Campus in Hamilton, which is accessible from Hillcrest Road. The Law Faculty is also located in Tauranga at the Tauranga University of Waikato campus, the Law Faculty adopted the principles of professionalism, biculturalism and the study of law in context. One of the key founders of the Waikato Faculty of Law was the 27th Speaker of the House Margaret Wilson who returned to faculty as a professor in January 2009. Margaret helped create the Law Faculty from just a dream to reality, the Faculty of Law annually takes in up to 400 full and part-time students into its LLB course, however in 2010 this number was deliberately decreased. The Faculty of Law focuses on Alternative Dispute Resolution as opposed to an adversarial approach. This gives them professional status when conducting these activities and is globally recognised, in September 2009, Professor Bradford W. Morse was welcomed to the University of Waikato, commencing the position as the new Dean of Law at the Law Faculty

University of Waikato
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The village green is the social hub of the University of Waikato's Hamilton campus.
University of Waikato
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Coat of Arms of the University of Waikato
University of Waikato
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One of three lakes on the University of Waikato's Hamilton campus.
University of Waikato
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Waikato University Student Centre.

133.
The European Library
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The European Library is an Internet service that allows access to the resources of 49 European national libraries and an increasing number of research libraries. Searching is free and delivers metadata records as well as digital objects, the objects come from institutions located in countries which are members of the Council of Europe and range from catalogue records to full-text books, magazines, journals and audio recordings. Over 200 million records are searchable, including 24 million pages of full-text content, thirty five different languages are represented among the searchable objects. The European Library ceases operation on 2016-12-31, the European Library of today has evolved from a number of earlier projects. Its starting point was in 1997 when the GABRIEL project set out to establish a joint web portal of European national libraries, at a basic level, the portal provided information about each librarys collections and access to their online public access catalogues. GABRIEL was followed by the TEL project, which ran from 2001–2004 and created a framework for access to key national, the project was part-funded under the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission. The national libraries involved in the TEL project were those of Finland, Germany, Italy, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland and this led to the launch of TheEuropeanLibrary. org portal on 17 March 2005. Between 2005–2007, the TEL-ME-MOR project helped to incorporate 10 more national libraries from new European Union member states as full partners of The European Library. By the beginning of 2008, a further nine national libraries within the European Union, the European Library took a further step towards its enlargement with the EDLproject, during which national libraries continued to join The European Library. The project also focused on multilingualism, undertook the first steps towards a European Metadata Registry, work began on a prototype in 2007 and Europeana was launched in November 2008. Europeana now operates independently but The European Library continues to work closely with Europeana, the European Library is the aggregator of digital content from national libraries for Europeana and delivers digital content from national libraries on a monthly basis to Europeana. As of July 2012, The European Library was the second biggest content provider to Europeana, some human and technical resources are also shared between Europeana and The European Library. In addition to its engine, The European Library pulls together themes from the collections of Europes national libraries. These exhibitions unite geographically disparate objects in an online space. Travelling Through History, Centuries worth of memorabilia from 13 European libraries, including photographs, sounds, maps. Reading Europe, Almost 1,000 books selected by national libraries, with curatorial information, a Roma Journey, Texts, photographs, paintings and recordings of traditional songs showing the heritage of the Romani people in Europe. Napoleonic Wars, A selection of portraits, military maps, city plans, letters, books, treasures of Europes National Libraries, A collection of objects selected by Europes national libraries as some of the most outstanding items in their collections. National Library Buildings, Images of the National Libraries that are partners of The European Library, the European Library is financed by its owners, the Conference of European National Librarians

The European Library
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The European Library

134.
University of Innsbruck
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The University of Innsbruck is a public university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded in 1669. Significant contributions have made in many branches, most of all in the physics department. Further, regarding the number of Web of Science-listed publications, it occupies the third worldwide in the area of mountain research. In 1562 a Jesuit grammar school was established in Innsbruck by Peter Canisius and it was financed by the salt mines in Hall in Tirol, and was refounded as a university in 1669 by Leopold I with four faculties. In 1782 this was reduced to a lyceum, but it was reestablished as the University of Innsbruck in 1826 by Emperor Franz I. The university is named after both of its founding fathers with the official title Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck. In 1991 Lauda Air Flight 004 crashed in Thailand, killing all aboard, the passengers included professor and economist Clemens August Andreae, another professor, six assistants, and 13 students. Andreae had often led field visits to Hong Kong, in 2005, copies of letters written by the emperors Frederick II and Conrad IV were found in the universitys library. They arrived in Innsbruck in the 18th century, having left the charterhouse Allerengelberg in Schnals due to its abolishment. In the 1850s, the Habsburgs gradually closed the University of Olomouc as a consequence of the Olomouc students and professors participation in the 1848 revolutions, the ceremonial equipment of the University of Olomouc was then transferred to the University of Innsbruck. The original Olomouc ceremonial maces from the 1580s are now used as the maces of Innsbruck University, since the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Czechs have been unsuccessfully requesting the return of the University of Olomoucs original ceremonial equipment. As of 1 January 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was sectioned off from the university to become a university in its own right. This is now called the Innsbruck Medical University, the university buildings are spread across the city and there is no university campus as such. The most important locations are, Theology faculty was opened 1562 as a Jesuit School in 1766, in 1924, main building and the university library opened. 1969 the scientific faculty and the faculty in Hotting west was opened. 1976 construction began on Geiwi tower for the former Philosophy faculty,1997 The Social Science faculty was opened. 2012 Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine was opened, several university clinics of the medical university in the area became Tyrolian national hospitals. He also succeeded in explaining the constitution of chlorophyll, fischer held chairs in Innsbruck, Vienna and Munich

University of Innsbruck
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University of Innsbruck
University of Innsbruck
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In the main building of the University of Innsbruck
University of Innsbruck
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1998 copy of Olomouc University Rector's Mace - the original from ca. 1572 is as of 2015 still held by the Innsbruck University
University of Innsbruck
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Main building

135.
University of Salzburg
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Founded in 1622, the university has around 18,000 students and 2,800 employees and is largest educational institution in the Land Salzburg. Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, was founded by Prince Archbishop Paris von Lodron in 1622, five years earlier had established a Gymnasium. The University was initially built and maintained by a federation of Benedictine abbeys from Salzburg, Switzerland, in its early years, courses taught were theology, divinity, philosophy, law, and medicine. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Salzburg University was secularized, with Prince Ferdinand, after Bavaria annexed Salzburg in 1810, the university was closed on 24 December and replaced by a Lyzeum. The Lyzeum had sections for divinity, philosophy, and medicine, in 1816 Salzburg became part of the Austrian Empire again. Austria converted the divinity section to a Faculty and closed the Lyzeum in 1850, the University of Salzburg was formally re-established in 1962 with a Faculty of Catholic Theology and a Faculty of Philosophy. Classes resumed in 1964, with a Faculty of Law added the following year, in 1975, a new federal law regulated the organisation of all Austrian universities. Salzburg University created four divisions, the Faculty of Catholic Theology, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Humanities. A fifth division, the Faculty of Medicine was not realized, in 1995, the organisation of Austrian universities was further restructured with more faculty autonomy. The university gradually incorporated new academic programs through 2004 into 32 Fachbereiche or departments, Salzburg University has no central campus, occupying several buildings in the Altstadt, former parts of the Residenz Palace, the Toskanatrakt and in the Kapitelgasse. The university library is between the Kollegienkirche and the Festival Halls, attached to it is the “Große Aula”, or ceremonial hall, the traditional faculty building of Humanities is located by the Rudolfskai, only 100 metres from Mozartplatz and Papagenoplatz. The Faculty of Sciences is housed in the second largest building in Salzburg after the Hohensalzburg Fortress, completeted in 2011, the Unipark Nonntal is home to the departments of modern languages, and cultural and social sciences. The building is 17,000 square metres in size, with 5500 students and 300 academic staff, there is a library and an Audimax. Financing for the construction of the Unipark Nonntal was enabled by successful negotiations between Landeshauptmann Franz Schausberger and the ministry, originally designed in 2002 by architects Storch Ehlers Partners and constructed in three years. Smaller university offices and institutes are scattered throughout the city, with the arts and music taught at the Mozarteum Art University

University of Salzburg
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University of Salzburg
University of Salzburg
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The Faculty of Natural Science
University of Salzburg
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Several departments are located at the historic city center
University of Salzburg
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University building

136.
University of Vienna
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The University of Vienna is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich history, the University of Vienna has developed one of the biggest universities in Europe. It is associated with 15 Nobel prize winners and has been the home of a large number of figures both of historical and academic importance. The University was founded on 12 March 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, the University of Vienna was modelled after the University of Paris. However, Pope Urban V did not ratify the deed of foundation that had been sanctioned by Rudolf IV and this was presumably due to pressure exerted by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who wished to avoid competition for the Charles University in Prague. Approval was finally received from the Pope in 1384 and the University of Vienna was granted the status of a full university, the first university building opened in 1385. It grew into the biggest university of the Holy Roman Empire, in its early years, the university had a partly hierarchical, partly cooperative structure, in which the Rector was at the top, while the students had little say and were settled at the bottom. The Magister and Doctors constituted the four faculties and elected the academic officials from amidst their ranks, the students, but also all other Supposita, were divided into four Academic Nations. Their elected board members, mostly graduates themselves, had the right to elect the Rector and he presided over the Consistory which included procurators of each of the nations and the faculty deans, as well as over the University Assembly, in which all university teachers participated. Complaints or appeals against decisions of faculty by the students had to be brought forward by a Magister or Doctor, being considered a Papal Institution, the university suffered quite a setback during the Reformation. In addition, the first Siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces had devastating effects on the city, leading to a sharp decline, with only 30 students enrolled at the lowest point. For King Ferdinand I, this meant that the university should be tied to the church to a stronger degree. It was only in the Mid-18th century that Empress Maria Theresa forced the university back under control of the monarchy. Her successor Joseph II helped in the reform of the university. Big changes were instituted in the wake of the Revolution in 1848, with the Philosophical Faculty being upgraded into equal status as Theology, Law and Medicine. Led by the reforms of Leopold, Count von Thun und Hohenstein, the current main building on the Ringstraße was built between 1877 and 1884 by Heinrich von Ferstel. The previous main building was located close to the Stuben Gate on Iganz Seipel Square, current home of the old University Church, women were admitted as full students from 1897, although their studies were limited to Philosophy

University of Vienna
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Crowned bust of Rudolf IV von Habsburg, Duke of Austria on a 50 Schilling coin of the Republic of Austria, commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the University of Vienna
University of Vienna
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University of Vienna
University of Vienna
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University of Vienna, main building, seen from across the Ringstraße
University of Vienna
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Main Ceremonial Chamber (Großer Festsaal) in the Main Building

137.
Helsinki University of Technology
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The Helsinki University of Technology was a technical university in Finland. It was located in Otaniemi, Espoo in the area of Greater Helsinki. The university was founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I and it moved from Helsinki to Otaniemi campus area in 1966. It was merged into Aalto University in 2010 and briefly had the name Aalto University School of Science, much of the universitys Otaniemi campus was designed by Alvar Aalto. As the proportion of matriculation diploma holders in the student intake gradually increased, in 1908, TKK was given university status along with its present name, thus becoming the second university to be founded in Finland. In 1955, building of the new campus started with the housing village. In 1966, TKK moved from Helsinki to the new campus in Otaniemi, in 2010, TKK was merged with Helsinki School of Economics and University of Art and Design Helsinki into Aalto University. All engineering programmes offered by TKK led to the degree of diplomi-insinööri, the only exceptions to this were the architecture programmes that lead to the masters degrees of architecture and landscape architecture. From 2005, according to the Bologna process, all students also complete an intermediate degree before the DI or architects degree. This degree is considered a degree and enables enrollment in foreign universities where a bachelors degree is required. TKK did not offer programs terminating in a degree, a student might only be accepted to study for the Masters level degree. TKK required a degree from foreign students studying in English. Apart from numerous programs in Finnish language, various international Masters programs were offered exclusively for studies in English, the university was organized in four faculties, each consisting of departments and separate laboratories, and separate units not operating under any faculty. More recently, the university has invested in the research of nanotechnology, operating the largest cleanroom facility in Northern Europe. TKK was located in Otaniemi, Espoo, several high-tech companies, the Finnish forest industrys joint experimental laboratory KCL, and business incubators Innopoli and Technopolis are also situated there. It is also adjacent to Keilaniemi, with Life Science Center. The area is connected by a 15-minute bus ride to the center of Helsinki, TKK was known for its active student community and technology students are highly noticeable, as they wear a distinctive hat and often brightly colored overalls to many of their public events. The community has also organised important charity events, TKK students are also famous for, and Finlands leading practitioners of, student pranks, similar in principle to MIT hacks

Helsinki University of Technology
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Alvar Aalto 's landmark auditorium of the main building. The amphitheatre -like structure contains the main auditoriums, while its exterior can be used for plays and other activities.
Helsinki University of Technology
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Logo of the Helsinki University of Technology
Helsinki University of Technology
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The main library of the university, designed by Alvar Aalto and built in 1970.
Helsinki University of Technology
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A lecture of mathematics for undergraduates inside the main building.

138.
Helsinki School of Economics
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The Aalto University School of Business, is the largest business school in Finland. Founded in 1911, it is the second oldest business school in Finland, the school became part of Aalto University as of 1 January 2010. It has been known as Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration. Consisting of about 3,500 students and 500 researchers, the Aalto University School of Business is conducting research with relations with the business community. The Aalto University School of Business was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Nevertheless, the school has remained autonomous in its administration and internal affairs, since the foundation in 1911,23,000 students have graduated from different programmes. The school is also a member of the CEMS and PIM. Since 2005 the Financial Times has ranked the CEMS program among the top Masters in Management programs in the world, the Aalto University School of Business is an active member of this joint program. Financial Times ranked Aalto University School of Business 29th in the European Business school rankings in 2013, 78th in Global MBA program, 43rd in Master in Management program. In its degree programmes, the school has a two-step program structure, accordingly with the Bologna Treaty, new students start by studying towards the BSc in Economics and Business Administration degree and on completion, are eligible to continue to study for the masters degree. A doctoral degree takes four additional years. From 2013, the School offers the following Bachelors Programmes, Economics & Business Management International Business, there is a tuition fee in the MBA program unlike in the BSc/MSc degree programs. Each year, around 400 students are admitted into the Bachelors Programmes, Bachelors admissions are based mainly on an admissions test and the nationwide matriculation examination. Non-Finnish speakers and international students have the opportunity to gain admission through the SAT conducted in English, applicants with an appropriate bachelors degree may apply in the Master’s admissions to take only the degree of Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration. More information on School of Business admissions is available at aalto. fi/studies, the Aalto University School of Business has exchange partnerships with over 150 universities in six different continents. Each year, close to 400 students go abroad on their exchange, the School of Business is collaborating with the leading business schools in Europe within the CEMS Community. In the CEMS network, partner schools include HEC Paris, ESADE in Spain, the CEMS includes 30 academic institutions from 5 continents, over 70 corporate partners and 4 social partners from around the globe

Helsinki School of Economics
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Aalto University School of Business
Helsinki School of Economics
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Main building in Töölö
Helsinki School of Economics
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Chydenia building

139.
Tampere
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Tampere is a city in Pirkanmaa, southern Finland. It is the most populous city in any of the Nordic countries. The city has a population of 223,292 growing to 313,058 people in the urban area, Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in the country, after Helsinki and Espoo municipalities. Its also the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area and inner Finlands major urban, economic, Tampere is between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. Since the two differ in level by 18 metres, the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history. Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the center of Finnish industry. Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres south of Tampere, and can be reached in 1.5 hours by train and 2 hours by car, the distance to Turku is roughly the same. Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is Finlands third-busiest airport, with over 400,000 passengers annually, there have been many debates on the origin of the name Tampere. One theory is that it comes from the Swedish word damber, other suggestions have been the Swedish tamper-dagar, fasting days, and also the Finnish word tammi. Although the name Tampere or its Swedish counterparts Tammer- part cannot be completely confirmed, Tampere was founded as a market place on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1775 by Gustav III of Sweden and four years later,1 October 1779, Tampere was granted full city rights. At this time, it was a small town, consisting of only a few square kilometres of land around the Tammerkoski. Tampere grew as a market town and industrial centre in the 19th century. The towns industrial nature in the 19th and 20th centuries gave it the nickname Manchester of the North, Tampere was the centre of many important political events of Finland in the early 20th century. On 1 November 1905, during the strike, the famous Red Declaration was proclaimed on the Keskustori. In 1918, when Finland had recently gained independence, Tampere also played a major role, Tampere was a red stronghold during the war, with Hugo Salmela in command. White forces captured the town after the Battle of Tampere, seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918, prevalent in Tamperes post-World War II municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis. From 2007 on, Tampere switched to a new model of having a mayor and four deputy mayors, timo P. Nieminen was elected by the city council as the first mayor of Tampere for the years 2007–09. He was re-elected in 2009 and was succeeded by Anna-Kaisa Ikonen in 2013, after World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas

140.
Tampere University of Technology
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Tampere University of Technology is Finlands second-largest university in engineering sciences. The university is located in Hervanta, a suburb of Tampere, the universitys statutory duty is to pursue research and give the highest education in its field. The research, conducted by some 1,800 staff and faculty members, mostly focuses on applied science, located next to the university campus is a Technology Centre Hermia, including a large Nokia research facility. The yearly budget of the university is some 147 million euros, TUT is one of the only two Finnish universities which operate as foundation. Close to 50% of its budget is external funding, according to Times Higher Education, TUT ranks 11th in the world, and 4th in Europe, for industry collaboration. From the late 19th century, Tampere had been the most important industrial center in Finland, the Technical Institute of Tampere had provided engineers for its industries since 1911, but all higher technological education in Finland took place in Helsinki University of Technology. In the 1950s, the city of Tampere started actively remedying the situation, a few years later, this university changed its name to University of Tampere. The founding of the Tampere University of Technology was one of the steps of the city, the university was founded in 1965 as a branch of Helsinki University of Technology and became an independent university status in 1972. The Student Union of Tampere University of Technology was also established alongside the university, as a part of the Finnish university reform, Tampere University of Technology chose to become one of the two Finnish universities operating as foundations in the beginning of 2010. The university hopes that compared to the form of state agency. The university has one Finnish Center of Excellence, the Signal Processing Laboratory, in addition, it participates in two other Finnish Centers of Excellence. Among other things, the university has been developing the worlds first, biodegradable joint implant, communicator, yellow laser, in 2014, the researchers of TUT published 1586 papers in peer-reviewed international publications, meaning an average of a more than one article per researcher. The university has 133 full professors,193 tenured lecturers, and 754 researchers, an international independent team made an assessment of research quality in TUT in 2011. The Assessment Scale was, Outstanding International Level, Very Good International Level, Good International Level, Fair International Level, when comparing the results between different faculties, the results are not comparable as the assessment was done by different group of people for different faculties. Intra-faculty comparisons however can be based on the results. Furthermore, the evaluations were accompanied with the verbal assessments. Overall, the results were mostly in the range of Very Good and Good International Level, the university awards undergraduate degrees of tekniikan kandidaatti (Bachelor of Science in Technology or Architecture, diplomi-insinööri (Master of Science in Technology, and arkkitehti. The recommended time for the completion of degree is five years to complete

Tampere University of Technology
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Festia viewed in front of the Päätalo building
Tampere University of Technology
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Päätalo
Tampere University of Technology
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Konetalo
Tampere University of Technology
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Sähkötalo

141.
University of Helsinki
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The University of Helsinki is a university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but was founded in the city of Turku in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo, at that time part of the Swedish Empire. It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available, around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes. As of August 1,2005, the University complies with the structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor, Master, Licenciate. Admission to degree programmes is determined by entrance examinations, in the case of bachelors degrees. It has been ranked a top 100 university in the according to the 2016 ARWU, QS. The university is bilingual, with teaching officially provided both in Finnish and Swedish, generally speaking, however, the university is monolingual Finnish, as courses taught in Swedish are very few and far apart. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master, Licentiate, remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos, the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard. It is a member of various prominent international university networks, such as Europaeum, UNICA, the Utrecht Network, the first predecessor of the university, The Cathedral School of Åbo, was presumably founded in 1276 for education of boys to become servants of the Church. It was the university founded in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University. The second period of the Universitys history covers the period when Finland was a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, as Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1809, Emperor Alexander I expanded the University and allocated substantial funds to it. In the capital the primary task of the University was to educate the Grand Duchy’s civil servants, the University became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The Alexander University was a centre of life that promoted the birth of an independent Finnish State. The great men of 19th century Finland, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Elias Lönnrot, in the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines, as the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government. The third period of the universitys history began with the creation of the independent Republic of Finland in 1917, once Finland gained her independence in 1917 the University was given a crucial role in building the nation state and, after World War II, the welfare state. Members of the community promoted the international relations of the new state. Furthermore, they were involved in national politics and the struggle for equality. In the 20th century, scholarly research at the University of Helsinki reached the level of the European elite in many disciplines. I, virtanen and the Nobel Prize in Medicine shared by Professor Ragnar Granit

University of Helsinki
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Queen Christina of Sweden, University Founder and Patron
University of Helsinki
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University of Helsinki
University of Helsinki
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University of Helsinki (Main Building)
University of Helsinki
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National Library of Finland/Kansalliskirjasto

142.
University of Turku
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The University of Turku, located in Turku in southwestern Finland, is the second largest university in the country as measured by student enrollment, after University of Helsinki. It was established in 1920 and also has faculties at Rauma, Pori, the university is a member of the Coimbra Group. The first university to be established in Turku was The Royal Academy of Turku, in 1640, three famous Finns began their studies in Turku in 1822. These were Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Elias Lönnrot, and Johan Ludvig Runeberg who have a statue on University Hill, another reminder of the Royal Academy is the Old Academy Building near the Universitys campus. The modern University of Turku was founded in 1920, the Finnish intelligentsia wanted a purely Finnish university, the first of its kind in Finland. 22,040 people contributed to the fund-raising campaign, newly gained independence and the campaign are reflected in the motto of the University about a free peoples gift to free science. To honour the memory of these donors, the University has named its specially created liqueur 22040, developed by the Universitys own food chemists, the liqueur does homage to some of the distinctive fruits of the Finnish landscape, the cloudberry, the rowan and the sea buckthorn. The first premises of the University of Turku were in the centre of the city, in the 1950s a new campus was built on Ryssänmäki. In the 1960s the University started to rapidly, a process that still continues. The University was made a public institution in 1974, since 1995 the University of Turku has been a member of Coimbra Group. In January 2010, Turku School of Economics merged with the University of Turku, the University has approximately 18,000 students, of which 5,000 are postgraduate students having completed their MSc or MA. The largest faculties are the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Mathematics, the university is governed by three bodies, the Board of Directors, The Rector and the Chancellor. The Board is the highest decision-making organ of the University and is made up of 19 individuals both from academia, politics and studentship, the Rector directs the activities and processes of the University and solves any issues concerning its general management. The Rector represents the University and uses the Universitys right to speak in courts of law, prof Kalervo Väänänen is currently the elected Rector. The Chancellor confirms the standing orders and other corresponding general regulations of the University, the most visible task of the Chancellor is the appointment of the Professors and the Docents of the University. Professor Pekka Puska currently holds this position, the university is divided into seven faculties. Some of the departments are listed under the faculty header, the area also encompasses Turku University Hospital and the Student Village. The Administration Building and the complex was built in the fifties on what became to be known as the University Hill

University of Turku
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Natural Science Building I (left) and Main Building (right)
University of Turku
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The grand opening of the University of Turku in 1922. On the left is Artturi H. Virkkunen, the first rector of the university
University of Turku
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ICT Building
University of Turku
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Department of History

143.
Vaasa
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Vaasa is a city on the west coast of Finland. It received its charter in 1606, during the reign of Charles IX of Sweden and is named after the Royal House of Vasa, today, Vaasa has a population of 67,495, and is the regional capital of Ostrobothnia. The city is bilingual with 69. 8% of the population speaking Finnish as their first language and 24. 8% speaking Swedish, the surrounding Ostrobothnia municipalities have a Swedish-speaking majority. Over the years, Vaasa has changed its name several times, due to alternative spellings, political decisions and language condition changes. At first it was called Mustasaari or Mussor after the village where it was founded in 1606, Mustasaari or Korsholm remains as the name of the surrounding mostly rural municipality, which since 1973 surrounds the city. In 1611, the town was chartered and renamed after the Royal House of Vasa, thanks to the sea connections, ship building and trade, especially tar trade, Vaasa flourished in the 17th century and most of the inhabitants earned their living from it. In 1683, the three-subject or Trivial school moved from Nykarleby to Vaasa, the first library in Finland was founded in Vaasa in 1794. In 1793, Vaasa had 2,178 inhabitants, and in the year of the town fire of 1852 the number had risen to 3,200. During the Finnish War, fought between Sweden and Russia in 1808–1809, Vaasa suffered more than any other city, in June 1808, Vaasa was occupied by the Russian forces, and some of the local officials pledged allegiance to the occupying force. On June 25,1808, the Swedish colonel Johan Bergenstråhle was sent with 1,500 troops, there was heavy fighting in the streets and in the end the Swedish forces were repelled and forced to retreat back the way they came. The massacre in Vaasa was exceptional during the Finnish war as the Russian forces had avoided that kind of cruelty that far and it was probably a result of the frustration the Russians felt because of intensive guerilla activity against them in the region. On June 30, the Russian forces withdrew from Vaasa, and all officials that had pledged allegiance to Russia were discharged, and some were assaulted by locals. On September 13, the Russian forces returned and on the day the decisive Battle of Oravais. By winter 1808, the Russian forces had all of Finland. Vaasa would now become a part of the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire, the mainly wooden and densely built town was almost utterly destroyed in 1852. A fire started in a barn belonging to district court judge J. F. Aurén on the morning of August 3, at noon the whole town was ablaze and the fire lasted for many hours. By evening, most of the town had burned to the ground, out of 379 buildings only 24 privately owned buildings had survived, among them the Falander–Wasastjerna patrician house which now houses the Old Vaasa Museum. The Court of Appeal, some Russian guard-houses along with a gunpowder storage, the ruins of the greystone church, the belfry, the town hall and the trivial school can still be found in their original places

Vaasa
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Vaasa Vaasa – Vasa
Vaasa
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Old Vaasa in the 1840s by Johan Knutsson
Vaasa
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The Court of Appeal, nowadays the Church of Korsholm, survived the fire of 1852
Vaasa
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Korsholm castle as a detail on a map made after 1752. The picture might depict a drawing from the 17th century, but is unreliable as a source. The detailed portal might have some equivalence with reality.

144.
German National Library
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The German National Library is the central archival library and national bibliographic centre for the Federal Republic of Germany. The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on a national and international level, for example, it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining bibliographic rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international library standards. The cooperation with publishers is regulated by law since 1935 for the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig, duties are shared between the facilities in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main, with each center focusing its work in specific specialty areas. A third facility has been the Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin, which deals with all music-related archiving, since 2010 the Deutsches Musikarchiv is also located in Leipzig as an integral part of the facility there. During the German revolutions of 1848 various booksellers and publishers offered their works to the Frankfurt Parliament for a parliamentary library, the library, led by Johann Heinrich Plath, was termed the Reichsbibliothek. After the failure of the revolution the library was abandoned and the stock of books already in existence was stored at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the Kingdom of Saxony, starting January 1,1913, all publications in German were systematically collected. In the same year, Dr. Gustav Wahl was elected as the first director, the Federal state representatives of the book trade in the American zone agreed to the proposal. The city of Frankfurt agreed to support the planned archive library with personnel, the US military government gave its approval. The Library began its work in the room of the former Rothschild library. As a result, there were two libraries in Germany, which assumed the duties and function of a library for the later GDR. Two national bibliographic catalogues almost identical in content were published annually, with the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig and the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main were merged into a new institution, The German Library. The Law regarding the German National Library came into force on 29 June 2006, the expansion of the collection brief to include online publications set the course for collecting, cataloguing and storing such publications as part of Germanys cultural heritage. The Librarys highest management body, the Administrative Council, was expanded to include two MPs from the Bundestag, the law also changed the name of the library and its buildings in Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main and Berlin to Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. In July 2000, the DMA also assumed the role as repository for GEMA, Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte, since then, music publishers only have to submit copies to DMA, which covers both national archiving and copyright registration. The 210,000 works of printed music previously held by GEMA were transferred to DMA, additionally included in the project were 30 German-language emigrant publications German-language exile journals 1933–1945, consisting of around 100,000 pages. These collections were put online in 2004 and were some of the most frequently visited sites of the German National Library, in June 2012 the German National Library discontinued access to both collections on its website for legal reasons. The digitised versions are then available for use in the reading rooms of the German National Library in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main only

German National Library
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The German National Library in Frankfurt
German National Library
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Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library)
German National Library
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The German National Library in Leipzig
German National Library
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4th extension

145.
Maastricht University
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Maastricht University is a public university in Maastricht, the Netherlands. Founded in 1976, the university is the second youngest of the 13 Dutch universities, in 2013, nearly 16,000 students studied at Maastricht University, 47% of whom were foreign students, with over 3,200 employees. About half of the programmes are fully offered in English. Most of the masters and doctoral programmes are in English, besides traditional programmes, Maastricht University also has an honours liberal arts college, University College Maastricht and a Maastricht Science Programme in the same liberal arts tradition. The satellite University College Venlo opened in 2015, Maastricht University was officially established in 1976. This academic institution would be vital to sustain the life of the city. About 50 students enrolled in the first academic year, by the end of 1975, the Dutch Parliament eventually passed the statute needed for the institution to acquire national educational funds and to be able to award academic degrees. Sjeng Tans became the universitys first president, soon after its establishment, the university gained political support to increase its funding and to expand into other academic fields. The Faculty of Law was created in 1981, followed by the Faculty of Economics in 1984, in 1994, the Faculty of Arts and Culture and one year later the Faculty of Psychology were established. The Faculty of Humanities and Sciences started in 2005, containing a variety of units, such as the Department of Knowledge Engineering. Together with the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University currently has six faculties, the university was renamed Universiteit Maastricht in 1996 and added its English-language name in 2008. As of 2010, Maastricht University consists of six faculties offering 17 bachelor programmes,56 master programmes, at the central level, the university is governed by the Executive Board, consisting of a President, a Vice-President and a Rector. The Executive Board appoints faculty deans, other administrators and professors and has general management responsibilities and it is advised by the Supervisory Council that vets for instance the budget. Maastricht Universitys teaching and research programmes are carried out along the lines of faculties. Within faculties, teaching and research activities may be further decentralised through departments, schools, the names of organisational units, however, do not necessarily indicate their position within the university’s organisational hierarchy. In 2009, for example, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration was renamed School of Business and Economics, the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences was established in 2007 as a merger between the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine. The latter was the first faculty to be established at Maastricht University, in 1980 the Faculty of Health Sciences was founded. The broad range of disciplines it offered in healthcare sciences, made the faculty unique, not only in the Netherlands, the format allowed students to integrate their discipline and research work into all areas related to society, health and disease

Maastricht University
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The university's executive building at Minderbroedersberg
Maastricht University
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Sjeng Tans, founder of UM
Maastricht University
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Gate of former Jesuiet monastery. Lectures started here in 1974
Maastricht University
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Former Minorite Church, now the main administrative building of UM

146.
Utrecht University
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Utrecht University is a university in Utrecht, the Netherlands. It is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands, established March 26,1636, it had an enrollment of 30,449 students in 2012, and employed 5,295 faculty and staff. In 2011,485 PhD degrees were awarded and 7,773 scientific articles were published, the 2013 budget of the university was €765 million. The universitys motto is Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos, which means Sun of Justice and this motto was gleaned from a literal Latin Bible translation of Malachi 4,2. Utrecht University is led by the University Board, consisting of prof. dr, bert van der Zwaan and Hans Amman. This section incorporates text translated from the Dutch Wikipedia article Utrecht University was founded on March 26,1636, the influential professor of theology Gisbertus Voetius delivered the inaugural speech, and Bernardus Schotanus became the universitys first rector magnificus. Initially, only a few dozen students attended classes at the university, seven professors worked in four faculties, philosophy, which offered all students an introductory education, and three higher-level faculties. Utrecht University flourished in the century, despite competition with the older universities of Leiden, Franeker and Groningen. Leiden, in particular, proved a strong competitor and made further improvement necessary, a botanical garden was built on the grounds of the present Sonnenborgh Observatory, and three years later the Smeetoren added an astronomical observatory. The university attracted students from abroad. They witnessed the intellectual and theological battle the proponents of the new philosophy fought with the proponents of the strict Reformed theologian Voetius, Leiden, Louvain, Groningen, Utrecht and Ghent were the five universities of the new state, and Leiden received the title of eerste hoge school. Two of the universities became part of the new Belgian state after it separated from the northern Netherlands in 1830 and this left Utrecht one of only three Dutch universities. Utrecht played a prominent role in the age of Dutch science. Around 1850 the Utrechtian School of science formed, with Pieter Harting, Gerardus J. Mulder, buys Ballot and Franciscus Donders among the leading scientists. They introduced the educational laboratory as a learning place for their students. The University is represented in the Stichting Academisch Erfgoed, a foundation with the goal of preserving university collections, the other five faculties and most of the administrative services are located in De Uithof, a campus area on the outskirts of the city. University College Utrecht is situated in the former Kromhout Kazerne, which used to be a Dutch military base, University College Roosevelt is located off-campus in the city of Middelburg in the south-west of the Netherlands. Utrecht University counts a number of distinguished scholars among its alumni and faculty, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities list, the University of Utrecht was ranked 56th in the world and the highest in the Netherlands

Utrecht University
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Academiegebouw
Utrecht University
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Utrecht University
Utrecht University
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De Uithof (Utrecht University modern campus)
Utrecht University
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University College Utrecht

147.
University of Salamanca
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The University of Salamanca is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It was founded in 1134 and given the Royal charter of foundation by King Alfonso IX in 1218 and it is the oldest founded university in Spain and the third oldest university in the world in continuous operations. The formal title of University was granted by King Alfonso X in 1254 and its origin, like all older universities, was a Cathedral School, whose existence can be traced back to 1130. The university was founded in 1134 and recognized as a General School of the Kingdom by the Leonese King Alfonso IX in 1218, granted Royal Chart by King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, as the University of Salamanca this established the rules for organization and financial endowment. On the basis of a bull by Alexander IV in 1255, which confirmed the Royal Charter of Alfonso X. The historical phrases Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non praestat, in the reign of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the Spanish government was revamped. Contemporary with the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims, and this involved the massive employment of letrados, i. e. bureaucrats and lawyers, who were licenciados, particularly, of Salamanca, and the newly founded University of Alcalá. While Columbus was lobbying the King and Queen for a contract to seek out a route to the Indies. In the next century, the morality of colonization in the Indies was debated by the School of Salamanca, along with questions of economics, philosophy, by the end of the Spanish Golden Age, the quality of academics in Spanish universities declined. The frequency of the awarding of degrees dropped, the range of studies shrank, the centuries-old European wide prestige of Salamanca declined. Like Oxford and Cambridge, Salamanca had a number of colleges and these were founded as charitable institutions to enable poor scholars to attend the University. By the eighteenth century they had become closed corporations controlled by the families of their founders, most were destroyed by Napoleons troops. Today some have turned into faculty buildings while others survive as halls of residence. In the 19th century, the Spanish government dissolved the universitys faculties of canon law and they were later reestablished in the 1940s as part of the Pontifical University of Salamanca. The faculty of this university discussed the feasibility of Christopher Columbuss project and it was the period when some of the brightest minds attended the university and it was known as the School of Salamanca. The schools members renovated theology, laid the foundation for law, international law, modern economic science. The schools mathematicians studied the reform, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII. By 1580,6,500 new students had arrived at Salamanca each year, Salamanca draws undergraduate and graduate students from across Spain and the world, it is the top-ranked university in Spain based on the number of students coming from other regions

University of Salamanca
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Close up of the plateresque facade of the University of Salamanca.
University of Salamanca
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Seal of the University of Salamanca
University of Salamanca
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Plateresque facade of the University facing a statue of Fray Luis de León.
University of Salamanca
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School Courtyard in the University.

148.
University of Seville
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The University of Seville is a university in Seville, Spain. Founded under the name of Colegio Santa María de Jesús in 1505, it has a present student body of over 65,000, Seville is the 2000-year-old artistic, cultural, and financial capital of Andalusia in southern Spain. The University of Seville dates to the 15th century when the Catholic Monarchs recovered the area from the Moors, today, the University of Seville is known for research in technology and science. In the middle of the 13th century, the Dominicans, in order to prepare missionaries for work among the Moors and Jews, organised schools for the teaching of Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek. To cooperate in this work and to enhance the prestige of Seville, Alfonso the Wise in 1254 established general schools of Arabic and Latin in Seville. Alexander IV recognized this foundation as a generale litterarum studium by the Papal Bull of 21 June 1260, later, the cathedral chapter established ecclesiastical studies in the College of San Miguel. The Catholic Monarchs and the granted the power to confer degrees in logic, philosophy, theology. The influence of the University of Seville, from the point of view, was considerable, though not equal to that of the Universities of Salamanca. The University of Seville had a influence on the development of the fine arts in Spain. During the period of secularization and sequestration the University of Seville passed into the control of the State, at the same time that the royal university was established, the Universidad de Mareantes was developed. This establishment was of importance, for it was here that the expeditions to the Indies were organised. This form of school, which, according to Eden, Bourné. The university enjoys the independence afforded by self-governance, which gives it a certain flexibility that may work to advantage in the hiring of professors and lecturers, the ancient motto of the university is, Equality, Liberty, Justice and Pluralism. The universitys stated mission is to educate students who will do the research and development necessary to scientific, in 2004 it had 73,350 students spread on different campuses, being second in number of students among Spanish universities. The University of Seville has had a partnership with the Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard University since 2015, the University of Seville comprises, Governed by the Department Council, The Departments Governed by Centre Council, consists of Faculties, Technical Sciences Schools, and University Schools. The main building of the University of Seville is known as the Old Tobacco Factory, built in the 18th century, Sevilles tobacco factory was the largest industrial building in the world at the time and remained a tobacco factory until the 1950s. This beautiful building is also the setting for the opera, Carmen. Carmen was a worker in the tobacco factory, the original story being a novella by Prosper Mérimée

University of Seville
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University's main building
University of Seville
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Seal of the University of Seville
University of Seville
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Economy and Business School (Facultad de Economía y Empresariales)
University of Seville
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Facade of the building of the Rectorate of the University of Sevilla.

149.
Swedish Royal Library
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The National Library of Sweden is the national library of Sweden. As such it collects and preserves all domestic printed and audio-visual materials in Swedish, being a research library, it also has major collections of literature in other languages. The collections of the National Library consist of more than 18 million objects, including books, posters, pictures, manuscripts, the audio-visual collection consists of more than 7 million hours of recorded material. The National Library is also a research library, with collections of foreign literature in a wide range of subjects. The library holds a collection of 850 broadsides of Sweden dating from 1852, the National Library also purchases literature about Sweden written in foreign languages and works by Swedes published abroad, a category known as suecana. The National Library has been collecting floppy disks, CR-ROMs, and other storage media since the mid-1990s, along with e-books, e-journals, websites. In 1953, the National Library purchased considerable amounts of Russian literature from Leningrad and these books were to form the basis of a Slavonic library in Stockholm. According to the Swedish Legal Deposit Act publishers of printed material must send one copy of every object to the National Library, publishers of music, film, radio and TV must similarly submit copies to the library. In some cases only a sample of broadcast material has to be submitted, in 2012 the Legal Deposit Act for Electronic Material was passed. It states that starting in 2013, publishing companies and public authorities must deliver digitally published content to the National Library, the obligation to collect all printed works in Swedish was laid down in 1661 in an ordinance from the Swedish Privy Council Chancery. The ordinance ordered all printers in Sweden to send two copies of every publication printed to the Chancery before the material was distributed, one copy was to go to the Swedish National Archives, the other to the National Library. The motive for this provision stemmed not from a desire to preserve publications for posterity, the library is responsible for coordinating all Swedish libraries, including public libraries. The National Library developed and maintains LIBRIS, the library database system. LIBRIS is freely available to the public via the Internet and contains more than five million titles held in 300 Swedish libraries, the Swedish ISBN Agency is a unit within the National Library. It is responsible for assigning ISBNs having Swedens country prefix of 91-, the library is a partner of the World Digital Library. Anyone may use National Library services, but people must be at least 18 to request, items in the Swedish collection cannot be borrowed for home use and must be read in one of the reading rooms. The National Library is located in Humlegården in central Stockholm, the correct written form of the name is “The National Library of Sweden” or in Swedish, Kungliga biblioteket. The roots of what we now know as the National Library go back to the days of King Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, the king collected books on a variety of subjects including history, science, and theology, as well as maps

150.
British Library
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The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued. It holds well over 150 million items from many countries, as a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. The Library is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. The Librarys collections include around 14 million books, along with holdings of manuscripts. In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland, the Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres of new shelf space. Prior to 1973, the Library was part of the British Museum, the Euston Road building is classified as a Grade I listed building, of exceptional interest for its architecture and history. The British Library was created on 1 July 1973 as a result of the British Library Act 1972. Prior to this, the library was part of the British Museum. In 1983, the Library absorbed the National Sound Archive, which holds many sound and video recordings, with over a million discs, the core of the Librarys historical collections is based on a series of donations and acquisitions from the 18th century, known as the foundation collections. From 1997 to 2009 the main collection was housed in this new building. Construction work on the Newspaper Storage Building was completed in 2013, the collection has now been split between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The British Library Document Supply Service and the Librarys Document Supply Collection is based on the site in Boston Spa. Collections housed in Yorkshire, comprising low-use material and the newspaper and Document Supply collections, the Library previously had a book storage depot in Woolwich, south-east London, which is no longer in use. The new library was designed specially for the purpose by the architect Colin St John Wilson, facing Euston Road is a large piazza that includes pieces of public art, such as large sculptures by Eduardo Paolozzi and Antony Gormley. It is the largest public building constructed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century, in December 2009 a new storage building at Boston Spa was opened by Rosie Winterton. The building was Grade I listed on 1 August 2015, in England, Legal Deposit can be traced back to at least 1610. The other five libraries are, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the University Library at Cambridge, the Trinity College Library at Dublin, in 2003 the Ipswich MP Chris Mole introduced a Private Members Bill which became the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003. The Act extends United Kingdom legal deposit requirements to electronic documents, such as CD-ROMs, the Library also holds the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections which include the India Office Records and materials in the languages of Asia and of north and north-east Africa

British Library
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from the concourse
British Library
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The British Library at Boston Spa (on Thorp Arch Trading Estate), West Yorkshire
British Library
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The British Library and St Pancras
British Library
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Interior of the British Library, with the smoked glass wall of the King's Library in the background.

151.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s

152.
Cranfield University
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Cranfield University is a British postgraduate and research-based public university specialising in science, engineering, technology and management. It contains two campuses, the campus is at Cranfield, Bedfordshire, and the second is the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom at Shrivenham. The main campus is unique in the United Kingdom for having an airport on campus. The airport facilities are used by Cranfield Universitys own aircraft in the course of aerospace teaching, Cranfield was founded as the College of Aeronautics in 1946, and became a university in its own right as the Cranfield Institute of Technology in 1969. Cranfield University was formed in 1946 as the College of Aeronautics, on the former Royal Air Force base of RAF Cranfield, together with other individuals, Stafford Cripps was instrumental in the foundation of the original college in 1946, from which the university developed. The Vice-Chancellors building is known as Stafford-Cripps, between 1955 and 1969 a period of diversification took place. In 1967 the college presented the Privy Council with a petition for the grant of a Royal Charter along with a charter for a new institution to be called Cranfield Institute of Technology. The Cranfield Institute of Technology was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1969, since then the former National College of Agricultural Engineering established at Silsoe near Luton, Bedfordshire, in the 1960s, was incorporated. This was relocated to the Cranfield campus and closed for teaching undergraduates in 2007 whilst retaining some postgraduate courses, an academic partnership with the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham was formed in 1984. RMCS became wholly postgraduate in c.2007 with undergraduate courses moved elsewhere, in 1993 the institutions Royal Charter was amended to change its name to Cranfield University. A decade later in 2003, Cranfield became wholly postgraduate and the Shrivenham site admitted its last undergraduates, in 2006, it was decided that activities on the Silsoe site would be relocated to the main campus at Cranfield. Cranfield campus is approximately 50 miles north of central London and adjacent to the village of Cranfield, the nearest large towns are Milton Keynes and Bedford, the centres of which are both about 8 miles away. Cambridge is about 30 miles east, Shrivenham is about 73 miles west of London, adjacent to Shrivenham village,7 miles from the centre of the nearest town, Swindon, and around 23 miles from Oxford. Bedford, Milton Keynes, Oxford and Swindon all have fast rail services to central London terminuses, good access to the motorway network. There are a number of companies located on the Cranfield University Technology Park ranging from international companies to small start-ups. Major companies on the park include, The Nissan Technical Centre Europe, the NTC Europe facility occupies 19,700 square metres of the Technology Park, representing an investment of £46m by Nissan. Invar Systems Limited, a supplier of Warehouse Control Systems and Warehouse Management Systems to clients in the UK, Europe. The company occupies modern air-conditioned offices with excellent facilities for clients, innovation Centre, the Technology Park is also the location for a large number of smaller companies

Cranfield University
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Cranfield University Crest
Cranfield University
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Cranfield University
Cranfield University
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The new School, 'Cranfield Health' prior to official opening, May 2008, viewed from the Library
Cranfield University
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Cranfield University Library

153.
University of Dundee
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The University of Dundee is a public research university based in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee on the east coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland. It is consistently ranked within the Top 250 universities in the world, following significant expansion, the University of Dundee became an independent body in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure. Since its independence, the university has grown to become a recognised centre for research. The main campus of the university is located in Dundees West End and consists of a mixture of Victorian, Edwardian and postmodern architecture. Dundee has developed a significant reputation for students entering the professions, most notably law, medicine and dentistry as well as emerging areas such as life sciences. The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier University college based in Dundee, at the same time, the University of St Andrews was, as were the other universities in Scotland at the time, suffering from significant financial problems. Moreover, St Andrews position, isolation and small size contributed to a significant decline, finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, Dr John Boyd Baxter, no religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, University College, Dundee was established as an academic institution, when opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties, Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later and this move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews after which all students would undertake their studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the University generally, by session 1909-10234 students were studying at University College,101 of whom were female. Attempts were made to raise income, kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. In 1947, the Principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the Wimberley Memo, in 1954, after a Royal Commission, University College was renamed Queens College and the Dundee-based elements of the University gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queens College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics, Queens Colleges size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part

University of Dundee
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Ellenbank: the former Students' Union and one of the longest-used buildings of the university.
University of Dundee
University of Dundee
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The Harris Building on the Geddes Quadrangle
University of Dundee
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The Old Medical School, an example of expansion into the professions and purpose-built university structures from the turn of the century

154.
Durham University
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Durham University is a collegiate public research university in Durham, North East England, with a second campus in nearby Stockton-on-Tees. It was founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and granted a Royal Charter in 1837 and it was one of the first universities to commence tuition in England for more than 600 years and claims to be the third oldest university in England, although this is disputed. The Durham University estate includes 63 listed buildings, ranging from the 11th-century Durham Castle to a 1930s Art Deco Chapel, the university also owns and manages the Durham World Heritage Site in partnership with Durham Cathedral. The universitys ownership of the World Heritage Site includes Durham Castle, Palace Green, the chancellor of the University is Sir Thomas Allen, who succeeded Bill Bryson in January 2012. As a collegiate university, its functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and 16 colleges. The university is a member of the Russell Group of leading UK universities after previously being a member of the 1994 Group, Durham is also affiliated with several university groups including the N8 Research Partnership, the Matariki Network of Universities and the Coimbra Group. The university is currently ranked 4th to 6th by recent national league tables of the British universities, in terms of average UCAS points of new entrants in 2014, Durham ranked 4th with the average entrant amassing 524 UCAS points. Long established as the rival to Oxford and Cambridge, the university attracts a largely middle class student body according to The Timess Good University Guide. In 2014, Durham had the fifth highest proportion of educated students at 36. 6%. The university was Sunday Times University of the Year for 2005, also making the shortlist for the 2004 and 2016 awards, Durham graduates have long used the Latin post-nominal letters Dunelm after their degree, from Dunelmensis. However, there was concern expressed by Oxford and Cambridge that the awarding of degree powers could hinder their position. The act received Royal Assent from King William IV on 4 July 1832, the University opened on 28 October 1833. In 1834 all but two of the bishops of the Church of England confirmed that they would accept holders of Durham degrees for ordination, accommodation was provided in the Archdeacons Inn from 1833 to 1837. On the accession of Queen Victoria an order of the Queen-in-Council was issued granting the use of Durham Castle to the university, in 1846, Bishop Hatfields Hall was founded, providing for the opportunity for students to obtain affordable lodgings with fully catered communal eating. Those attending University College were expected to bring a servant with them to deal with cooking, cleaning, elsewhere, the university expanded from Durham into Newcastle in 1852 when the medical school there became a college of the university. This was joined in 1871 by the College of Physical Sciences and these merged to form a mixed college in 1975. From 1896 these were associated with the university and graduates of St Hilds were the first female graduates from Durham in 1898, during the expansion phase the University also became the first English university to establish relationship with overseas institutions. Firstly in 1875 with Codrington College, Barbados, and secondly in early 1876 with Fourah Bay College, under the arrangements the two colleges became affiliated colleges of the university with their students sitting examinations for and receiving Durham degrees

155.
University of Gloucestershire
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The University of Gloucestershire is a public university based in Gloucestershire, England. It is located over three campuses, two in Cheltenham and one in Gloucester, namely Francis Close Hall, Park and Oxstalls, the university is the recent successor of a large number of merged, name-changed and reformed institutions of further and higher education. Its history spans two centuries. It originates from the merger of two strands of educational provision in Gloucestershire being that provided by Local Government and that founded by the Anglican Church. Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education was created in 1990 from the two distinct strands, in October 2001, the college was awarded University status. A 10-year Memorandum of Understanding exists between the university, Gloucestershire College and South Gloucestershire and Stroud College to support access to higher education. The University has announced a £57 million investment programme for its estates including a new £38m 794 bed village in Cheltenham, three key publications provide a definitive statement of the historical background of the educational provision which led to university status. The statement is supported by a timeline, the University of Gloucestershire timeline was reproduced by artist Josie Brown. The work is hung in the building of the Park Campus. In 2001, the University of Gloucestershire was awarded university status, until September 2011, Foundation Fellows played a significant role in the governance of the university. Following a review of governance by the university in 2010/11, it was agreed that Council should be responsible for appointing all its external members, Foundation Fellows are still eligible to apply to Council to become external members. In February 2012 Rennie Fritchie was announced as the new Chancellor succeeding Lord Carey of Clifton, sir Henry Elwes and the former Bishop of Gloucester Michael Perham are Pro-Chancellors. As of August 2011, Stephen Marston holds the post of Vice-Chancellor, in 2009/10 several formerly senior figures in the university resigned. In November 2009, Paul Bowler, the deputy vice-chancellor resigned shortly after being suspended from his post only seven months after joining the institution. Paul Bowler, an investment banker who joined Gloucestershire in May 2009, was on a weeks leave when he was told not return to work. On 7 December, a university spokesperson said, The deputy vice-chancellor Paul Bowler, has resigned, financial benefits have not been sought by Mr Bowler, who is leaving of his own accord to pursue other interests. In December 2009 Dr Sharp, Dean and Associate Pro Vice-chancellor, following his resignation, the Vice-Chancellor, Patricia Broadfoot, resigned in March 2010, during conflicting views on the financial health of the institution. In May 2010, the Chancellor Lord Carey resigned, in September 2010, Paul Bowler was a witness in an employment tribunal case brought by a member of staff of the university under the ‘whistleblowing’ legislation - the Public Interest Disclosure Act

University of Gloucestershire
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Park Campus - Elwes Reception
University of Gloucestershire
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University of Gloucestershire
University of Gloucestershire
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Main Entrance to Francis Close Hall Campus
University of Gloucestershire
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Chapel at Francis Close Hall Campus

156.
University of Hull
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The University of Hull is a public university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull, the main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union, the Universitys Brynmor Jones Library was the workplace of the poet Philip Larkin who served as its Head Librarian for over thirty years. The Philip Larkin Society organises activities in remembrance of Larkin including the Larkin 25 festival which was organised during 2010 in partnership with the University, andrew Motion, another prominent poet, and former poet laureate, also worked at the university. Lord Wilberforce was chancellor of the University from 1978 until 1994, robert Armstrong was the chancellor from 1994 to 2006. Virginia Bottomley was installed as the current chancellor in April 2006, alumni of the University of Hull are especially prominent in the fields of politics, academia, journalism and drama. The foundation stone of University College Hull, then a college of the University of London, was laid in 1927 by Prince Albert. The college was built on donated by Hull City Council. A year later the first 14 departments, in pure sciences, the college at that time consisted of one building, now named the Venn building. The building now houses the centre of the university. Other early buildings include the Cohen Building, which housed the college library. Another early structure was the Chemistry Building, built in 1953, Hull, with its origins in the 1920s, has been categorised as a younger civic university and it is placed between the redbricks and the plateglass universities founded in the 1960s. The universitys expansion in recent decades has seen the addition of a variety of building styles, from the older buildings, through 1960s teaching blocks. The first principal of the college was Arthur E. Morgan, the second was John H Nicholson, the university coat of arms was designed by Sir Algernon Tudor-Craig in 1928. These symbols were later reused to create the current university logo, the motto, Lampada Ferens, incorporates the name of the universitys founding father within a Latin pun. The college gained its Royal Charter in 1954, which empowered it to award degrees of its own, making it the university in Yorkshire. Within a year of the charter being granted applications to study at the new university had doubled, the academic authority and autonomy of the university is symbolically embodied in the ceremonial mace. Made of gilt silver, and incorporating devices from the Hull University coat of arms, as a gift from the city it also reflects the close relationship between town and gown existing in Hull

University of Hull
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Thomas Ferens, the major benefactor financing the foundation of the University College of Hull
University of Hull
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The University of Hull
University of Hull
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The Venn Building
University of Hull
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"Moving Matter" by Joseph Hillier

157.
Imperial College London
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Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area comprised of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall, the Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the foundation stone in 1888. Imperial College London was granted a charter in 1907. In the same year, the joined the University of London. The curriculum was expanded to include medicine after merging with several medical schools. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School, Imperial is organized through faculties for Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Business. The main campus is located in the part of South Kensington in the City of Westminster, the universitys emphasis is on emerging technology and its practical application. Imperials contributions to society include the discovery of penicillin, the development of fibre optics, Imperial is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world. In 2015, Imperial was also ranked the most innovative university in Europe, staff and alumni include 15 Nobel laureates,2 Fields Medalists,70 Fellows of the Royal Society,82 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. The Great Exhibition in 1851 was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington encouraging culture and education for everyone. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area composed of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall. Several royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London, as a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor, William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. It is considered the highest honour given in the chemical industry. The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology and he created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. The Royal College of Science was established in 1881, the main objective was to support the training of science teachers and to develop teaching in other science subjects alongside the Royal School of Mines earth sciences specialities. Imperials Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was signed on 8 July 1907

Imperial College London
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The Imperial Institute
Imperial College London
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Imperial College London
Imperial College London
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The Natural History Museum
Imperial College London
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The Royal School of Mines building

158.
University of Leeds
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The University of Leeds is a redbrick university located in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, established in 1831. In 1904, a charter, created in 1903, was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII. The Leeds University Business School hold the Triple Crown accreditations from AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS, the university has 31,790 students, the seventh largest university in the UK. From 2006 to present, the university has consistently ranked within the top 5 in the United Kingdom for the number of applications received. Leeds had an income of £634.9 million in 2015/16. The university has financial endowments of £67.7 million, ranking outside the top ten British universities by financial endowment, for 2016-17, Leeds is ranked nationally between 13th and 16th. Internationally, the university is ranked as the 32nd best in Europe, Leeds was ranked top three in the UK and top 20 in the world for graduate employability, also ranked as the 5th most targeted British university by the UKs top graduate employers in 2016-17. Leeds was ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the best result in the Yorkshire, the university was named the 2017 Sunday Times University of the Year, having been runner-up in 2016. Notable alumni include former Secretary of State Jack Straw, former co-chairman of the Conservative Party Sayeeda Warsi, American actor Chris Pine, Piers Sellers and six Nobel laureates. The universitys history is linked to the development of Leeds as a centre for the textile industry. The universitys roots can be traced back to the formation of schools of medicine in English cities to serve the general public, prior to 1900, only five universities had been established in England and one in Wales. These consisted of the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of London, Durham University, and the federal Victoria University, Owens College was the sole college of Victoria University from 1880 to 1884, in 1887 Yorkshire College was the third to join the university. In 1831, the Leeds School of Medicine was established with the aim of serving the needs of the five institutions which had been established in the city. In 1874, the Yorkshire College of Science was created to provide education for the children of middle-class industrialists and merchants, financial support from local industry was crucial in setting up the College and aiding the students. The university continues to recognise these elements of its history, for example, the religious qualification ceased in the 1850s but the classics-based education continued at Oxford and Cambridge. When classics, modern literature and history went on offer a few years later, in 1884, the Yorkshire College absorbed the Leeds School of Medicine and subsequently joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November 1887. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London, Leeds was given its first university in 1887 when the Yorkshire College joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November. The Victoria University had been established by charter in 1880

159.
University of London
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The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies. The university moved to a structure in 1900. The specialist colleges of the university include the London Business School, Imperial College London was formerly a member before leaving the university in 2007. City is the most recent constituent college, having joined on 1 September 2016, in post-nominals, the University of London is commonly abbreviated as Lond. or, more rarely, Londin. From the Latin Universitas Londiniensis, after its degree abbreviations, University College London was founded under the name London University in 1826 as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In response to the controversy surrounding such educational establishment, Kings College London was founded and was the first to be granted a royal charter. Yet to receive a charter, UCL in 1834 renewed its application for a royal charter as a university. In response to this, opposition to exclusive rights grew among the London medical schools, the idea of a general degree awarding body for the schools was discussed in the medical press. And in evidence taken by the Select Committee on Medical Education, in 1835, the government announced the response to UCLs petition for a charter. Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the university started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of William IV in June, however, resulted in a problem – the charter had been granted during our Royal will and pleasure, queen Victoria issued a second charter on 5 December 1837, reincorporating the university. The university awarded its first degrees in 1839, all to students from UCL, the university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, in medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. Beyond the right to students for examination, there was no other connection between the affiliated colleges and the university. In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at Somerset House following a petition to the senate from the graduates, about 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The London academic robes of this period were distinguished by their rich velvet facings, the list of affiliated colleges grew by 1858 to include over 50 institutions, including all other British universities. In that year, a new charter effectively abolished the affiliated colleges system by opening up the examinations to everyone whether they attended a college or not. The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the number of students at the provincial university colleges

University of London
University of London
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University of London Coat of Arms The file above's purpose is being discussed and/or is being considered for deletion. Consult image description page for details.
University of London
University of London

160.
University of Nottingham
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The University of Nottingham is a public research university based in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom. It was founded as University College Nottingham in 1881, and was granted a Royal Charter in 1948, Nottinghams main campus and teaching hospital are situated on the outskirts of the City of Nottingham, with a number of smaller campuses and sites located elsewhere in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. Outside the United Kingdom, the University has campuses in Semenyih, Malaysia and Ningbo, Nottingham is organised into five constituent faculties, within which there are more than 50 schools, departments, institutes and research centres. Nottingham has about 44,000 students and 9,000 staff, for 2009 entry, the University was ranked 5th in England in terms of the absolute number of students and 15th for the proportion of students who achieved AAB+ at A-level. In 2011, the University was listed as one of 12 elite institutions that accommodated the top achieving students in England, the 2014 High Fliers survey stated that Nottingham was the most targeted university by the UKs top employers between 2013-14. In 2012, Nottingham was ranked 13th in the world in terms of the number of alumni listed among CEOs of the Fortune Global 500 and it is also ranked 2nd in the 2012 Summer Olympics table of British medal winners. Moreover, in 2015, Nottingham was listed as the 9th largest European producer of entrepreneurs, in the 2011 and 2014 GreenMetric World University Rankings, University Park was ranked as the worlds most sustainable campus. The institutions alumni have been awarded a variety of accolades, including 3 Nobel Prizes, a Turner Prize. In 1881, there were four professors – of Literature, Physics, Chemistry, the university college underwent significant expansion in the 1920s, when it moved from the centre of Nottingham to a large campus on the citys outskirts. The original University College building on Shakespeare Street in central Nottingham, known as the Arkwright Building, built it most grand and cakeily out of the noble loot derived from shrewd cash-chemistry by good Sir Jesse Boot. During this period of development, Nottingham attracted high-profile lecturers, including Albert Einstein, H. G. Wells, the blackboard used by Einstein during his time at Nottingham is still on display in the Physics department. Apart from its physical transfer to surroundings that could not be different from its original home. The Department of Slavonic Languages was established in 1933, the teaching of Russian having been introduced in 1916, however, further advances were delayed by the outbreak of war in 1939. University College Nottingham students received their degrees from the University of London, however, in 1948, the University was granted its Royal Charter, which endowed it with university status and gave it the power to confer degrees in its own name as The University of Nottingham. In 1970, the university established the UKs first new school of the 20th century. In 1999, Jubilee Campus was opened on the site of the Raleigh Bicycle Company. Nottingham then began to expand overseas, opening campuses in Malaysia, in 2005, the Kings Meadow Campus opened near University Park. The University has used several logos throughout its history, beginning with its coat of arms, later, Nottingham adopted a simpler logo, in which a stylised version of Nottingham Castle was surrounded by the text The University of Nottingham

University of Nottingham
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University College Nottingham in 1897; the building is now known as the Arkwright Building and is part of Nottingham Trent University
University of Nottingham
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Art students from Goldsmith's College at University College Nottingham in 1944
University of Nottingham
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Trent Building – Originally housed the entire university when it moved to University Park in 1928
University of Nottingham
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Jubilee Campus in 2012. On the left is the Sir Harry and Lady Djanogly Learning Resource Centre, a library which has the form of an inverted cone.

161.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected

University of Oxford
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Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
University of Oxford
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University of Oxford seal
University of Oxford
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Aerial view of Merton College 's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378
University of Oxford
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In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map)

162.
University of Southampton
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The University of Southampton is a public research university located in Southampton, England. The origins of the university back to the founding of the Hartley Institution in 1862 following a legacy to the Corporation of Southampton by Henry Robinson Hartley. In 1902, the Institution developed into the Hartley University College awarding degrees from the University of London, on 29 April 1952, the institution was granted a Royal Charter to give the University of Southampton full university status, allowing it to award its own degrees. The university has seven teaching campuses, in addition, the university operates a School of Art based in nearby Winchester and an international branch in Malaysia offering courses in Engineering. Each campus is equipped with its own library facilities, the University of Southampton currently has 17,485 undergraduate and 7,390 postgraduate students, making it the largest university by higher education students in the South East region. The university owns and operates a sports ground at nearby Wide Lane for use by students, besides being recognised as one of the leading research universities in the UK, Southampton has also achieved consistently high scores for its teaching and learning activities. It additionally has one of the highest proportions of income derived from activities in Britain. As of 2015, Southampton is one of the few universities to achieve a top 20 UK position in the most established national and international rankings, in the 2016 edition of U. S. News & World Report, Southampton is placed in the top 10 of British Universities. Southampton is a member of the European University Association, the Association of Commonwealth Universities and is an institution of the Worldwide Universities Network. The university consistently ranks in the top 5 in Engineering programs in England, the University of Southampton has its origin as the Hartley Institution which was formed in 1862 from a benefaction by Henry Robinson Hartley. Hartley had inherited a fortune from two generations of successful wine merchants, at his death in 1850, he left a bequest of £103,000 to the Southampton Corporation for the study and advancement of the sciences in his property on Southamptons High Street, in the city centre. Hartley was a straggler, who had little liking of the new age docks. He did not desire to create a college for many but a centre for Southamptons intellectual elite. After lengthy legal challenges to the Bequest, and a debate as to how best interpret the language of his Will. On 15 October 1862, the Hartley Institute was opened by the Prime Minister Lord Palmerston in a civic occasion which exceeded in splendor anything that anyone in the town could remember. After initial years of struggle, the Hartley Institute became the Hartley College in 1883. This move was followed by increasing numbers of students, teaching staff, in 1902, the Hartley College became the Hartley University college, a degree awarding branch of the University of London. This was after inspection of the teaching and finances by the University College Grants Committee, an increase in student numbers in the following years motivated fund raising efforts to move the college to greenfield land around Back Lane in the Highfield area of Southampton

University of Southampton
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The arrival of Prime Minister Lord Palmerston for the opening of the Hartley Institute on 15 October 1862
University of Southampton
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Front of the Hartley Library, constructed in the 1930s after the move to Highfield Campus, with the support of private donors.
University of Southampton
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Toast rack, a 1929 Dennis GL that has been owned by the University of Southampton Engineering Society since 1958.
University of Southampton
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The Gardens on the west half of Highfield Campus were landscaped by Basil Spence.

163.
University of Sussex
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The University of Sussex is a public research university situated in Falmer, near Brighton in Sussex. The university received its Royal Charter in August 1961, and was a member of the 1994 Group of research-intensive universities promoting excellence in research. Sussex counts three Nobel Prize winners,14 Fellows of the Royal Society, six Fellows of the British Academy, in the latest rankings, the university was placed 62nd in Europe and 140th in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015–16. The Guardian University Guide 2016 placed Sussex 19th in the United Kingdom, the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities placed the university within the top 18-21 in the United Kingdom and in the top 151-200 internationally. The University was established as a company in 1959, with a Royal Charter being granted on 16 August 1961, the Universitys organisation broke new ground in seeing the campus divided into Schools of Study, with students able to benefit from a multidisciplinary teaching environment. Sussex came to be identified with student radicalism, in 1973 a mob of students physically prevented United States government adviser Samuel P. Huntington from giving a speech on campus, due to his involvement in the Vietnam War. In an attempt to appeal to an audience, the university chose in 2004 to cease using its coat of arms. The then Vice-Chancellor of the University described the new identity as the starting point for what will be a fresh look. It is based on the vision and values, themselves a statement of what it aspires to be, pioneering, creative, international, excellent. Sussex has been noted to have an attractive location, the university is situated in undulating parkland on the edge of Brighton, and the campus architecture itself has been praised. The campus is surrounded by the South Downs National Park, but relatively close to Brighton, Hove, the campus, designed by Sir Basil Spence, is in the village of Falmer, next to its railway station, and accessed by car from the A27 road. It is situated close to the South Downs, which influenced Spences design of the campus, the campus is self-contained with facilities and shops. Spences designs were appreciated in the community, with many of the buildings on the Universitys campus winning awards. The gatehouse-inspired Falmer House won a medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects. Another campus building, The Meeting House, won the Civic Trust award in 1969, Sussex laid claim to being the only English university located entirely within a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is now surrounded by the newly founded South Downs National Park. The Gardner Arts Centre, another of Basil Spences designs, was opened in 1969 as the first university campus arts centre. It had a 480-seat purpose built theatre, an art gallery and studio space and was regularly used for theatre

University of Sussex
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University of Sussex
University of Sussex
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A picture of Meeting House and Library Square
University of Sussex
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Essex House
University of Sussex
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Falmer House, home to the Students' Union.

164.
University of Warwick
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The University of Warwick is a research university in Coventry, England. It was founded in 1965 as part of a government initiative to expand access to higher education, Warwick Business School was established in 1967 and Warwick Medical School was opened in 2000. Warwick merged with Coventry College of Education in 1979 and Horticulture Research International in 2004, Warwick is primarily based on a 290 hectare campus on the outskirts of Coventry with a satellite campus in Wellesbourne and a London base at the Shard in central London. It is organised into four faculties—Arts, Medicine, Science and Social Sciences—within which there are 32 departments. Warwick has around 23,600 full-time students and 1,800 academic and research staff and had an income of £573.6 million in 2015/16. Warwick Arts Centre, an arts complex in the universitys main campus, is the largest venue of its kind in the UK outside London. It was ranked 7th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality of its research, entrance is competitive, with around 7 applicants per place for undergraduate study. Warwick has been ranked as the worlds 20th best university based on employer reputation, Warwick is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, EQUIS, the European University Association, the M5 Group, the Russell Group and Universities UK. It is the only European member of the Center for Urban Science and Progress, the university has extensive commercial activities, including the University of Warwick Science Park and Warwick Manufacturing Group. The idea for a university in Warwickshire was first mooted shortly after the Second World War, a partnership of the city and county councils ultimately provided the impetus for the university to be established on a 400-acre site jointly granted by the two authorities. There was some discussion between local sponsors from both the city and county over whether it should be named after Coventry or Warwickshire. The name University of Warwick was adopted, even though the County Town of Warwick itself lies some 8 miles to its southwest, the establishment of the University of Warwick was given approval by the government in 1961 and received its Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1965. Since then, the university has incorporated the former Coventry College of Education in 1979 and has extended its holdings by the continuing purchase of adjoining farm land. The university also benefited from a donation from the family of Jack Martin. The university initially admitted a small intake of students in 1964. Since its establishment Warwick has expanded its grounds to 721 acres with modern buildings and academic facilities, lakes. In the 1960s and 1970s, Warwick had a reputation as a radical institution. More recently, the university was seen as an institution of the Labour government which was in power from 1997 to 2010

University of Warwick
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Warwick Arts Centre at night
University of Warwick
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The University of Warwick
University of Warwick
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Ian Davenport 's Everything (2004) in the Warwick Mathematics Institute.
University of Warwick
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L to R: International Manufacturing Centre (IMC), Department of Computer Science (DCS), Zeeman Building (Maths and Statistics)

165.
University of York
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The University of York is a research-intensive plate glass university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres. In the 2014 Research Assessment Exercise, York was named as the 14th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university also places among the top 20 in the country, top 50 universities in Europe, York is described as a genuinely world class institution by The Times and The Sunday Times. In 2012 York joined the Russell Group, which some of the UKs most prestigious universities. Situated to the south-east of the city of York, the university campus is about 200 acres in size, incorporating the York Science Park and its wildlife, campus lakes and greenery are prominent, and the institution also occupies buildings in the city of York. In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus, the second campus, known as Heslington East, opened in 2009 and now hosts three colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces, sports village and a business start-up incubator. York is a university and every student is allocated to one of the universitys nine colleges. The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I, there are plans to build two new colleges in the near future. The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to James I in 1617, in 1641 a second petition was drawn up but was not delivered due to the English Civil War in 1642. A third petition was created in 1647 but was rejected by Parliament, in the 1820s there were discussions about the founding of a university in York, but this did not come to fruition due to the founding of Durham University in 1832. In 1903 F. J. Munby and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, amongst others, oliver Sheldon a director of Rowntrees and co-founder of York Civic Trust, was a driving force behind the campaign to found the university. Morell and the history of the foundations, in 1963 the university opened with 216 undergraduates,14 postgraduates, and 28 academic and administrative staff. The university started with six departments, Economics, Education, English, History, a year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus, which now forms the main part of the university. Due to the influence of Graeme Moodie, founding head of the Politics Department, students are involved in the governance of the university at all levels, and his model has since been widely adopted. Yorks first two Colleges, Derwent and Langwith were founded in 1965, and were followed by Alcuin and Vanbrugh in 1967, in 1972 this was followed by Wentworth College. The university was noted for its approach to teaching. It was known for its adoption of joint honours degrees which were often very broad such as history

University of York
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The Yorkshire Philosophical society
University of York
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Coat of arms of the University of York
University of York
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Constantine College is the newest college and was founded in 2014.
University of York
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The campus from the air looking south

166.
BookFinder.com
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BookFinder. com is a vertical search website that helps readers buy books online. The sites meta-search engine scans the inventories of over 100,000 booksellers located around the world, the search engine is focused primarily on Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish language titles. BookFinder. com was founded in 1997 by Anirvan Chatterjee, then a student at the University of California, Berkeley, originally known as MX BookFinder, it was relaunched as BookFinder. com in 1998 and established as a standalone company based in Berkeley, California in 1999. In 2005, BookFinder. com was acquired by AbeBooks, which itself was purchased by Amazon. com on August 1,2008, BookFinder. com started operating in Europe under the JustBooks brand in 2006. There are currently JustBooks/BookFinder. com portals for France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK

BookFinder.com
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BookFinder.com

167.
AbeBooks
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AbeBooks is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven national domains that offers books, collectible art, and ephemera from sellers in 50+ countries. On August 1,2008, Amazon. com acquired AbeBooks, in 2016, Arkady Vitrouk was appointed CEO. He was previously the Director of Kindle Content in Amazon’s European headquarters in Luxembourg, prior to joining Amazon, he was the CEO of the Azbooka-Atticus Publishing Group in Russia. As of Oct 2016, AbeBooks is headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, with its European office in Düsseldorf, the company manages regional websites for North America, France, Germany, Italy, the UK and Spain. Millions of items are listed for sale, most books listed are used, many are rare, signed, 1st editions or out of print, and a growing number are new. In 2010, AbeBooks launched the AbeBooks Channel Program in May to provide its booksellers with the opportunity to list their books for sale on Amazon. com, the Channel Program was permanently closed on June 16,2014. AbeBooks has been named one of BCs Top Employers every year since 2008, in 2008, AbeBooks announced that it would be acquired by Amazon. com on the 1st of August. The deal gave Amazon. com a stake in both LibraryThing via AbeBooks 40% owning, and competitor Shelfari, in which Amazon. com had invested separately, in 2008, AbeBooks acquired Chrislands in April, a company that hosts websites for over 1000 booksellers. In May 2013, AbeBooks sold ChrisLands back to one of its original founders, in 2006, AbeBooks purchased a 40 per cent stake in LibraryThing in May, a social networking and book cataloging website for bibliophiles. In 2006, AbeBooks acquired Fillz in February, a book-inventory, in 2005, AbeBooks acquired BookFinder. com in November, an American book price comparison metasearch shopping service site. In 2004, AbeBooks purchased IberLibro. com in October and its inventory was integrated into the AbeBooks database in December 2006, in 2004, AbeBooks expanded its model to include new books, and acquired the Spanish company IberLibro, to better serve Spanish language markets. In 2002, the partners were bought out by German media company Hubert Burda Media. In 2001, AbeBooks acquired Germanys JustBooks GmbH online book marketplace, AbeBooks currently only has a reseller agreement with Amazon. com. In 1995, AbeBooks was founded by Rick and Vivian Pura and it was incorporated in 1995 and launched its websites in 1996, initially including listings for only four bookstores. AbeBooks is also known as a marketplace where rare and collectible items changed hands. In February 2015, AbeBooks recorded the most expensive sales ever at the time, the website periodically reports their recent high value sales. AbeBooks users can search across the listings of many independent bookstores, thereby allowing small, some of the member bookstores offer their books online only, while others also maintain a regular storefront. Booksellers upload their data to the AbeBooks database, specifying information about each book including condition

AbeBooks
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AbeBooks

168.
Google Shopping
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Originally, the service listed prices submitted by merchants, and was monetized through AdWords advertising like other Google services. However, in May 2012, Google announced that the service would shift in late-2012 to a model where merchants would have to pay the company in order to list their products on the service. As with Google Search, Froogle was instead monetized using Googles AdWords keyword advertising platform, with its re-branding as Google Product Search, the service was modified to emphasize integration with Google Search, listings from the service could now appear alongside web search results. Google justified the move by stating that it would allow the service to deliver the best answers for people searching for products, the change proved controversial, some small businesses showed concern that they would not be able to compete with larger companies that can afford a larger advertising budget. Google also revealed plans to integrate Google Catalogs with Google Shopping, to users more ways to find ideas and inspiration as you shop. Google Shopping was originally known as Froogle, a pun on the term frugal, on May 31,2012, the product was renamed to Google Shopping. The URL froogle. com remains as a redirect to Google Shoppings website

Google Shopping
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Google Shopping

169.
Better World Books
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Better World Books is an online for-profit bookseller of used and new books founded in 2002 by Christopher “Kreece” Fuchs, Xavier Helgesen and Jeff Kurtzman. It is a B Labs-certified B corporation, which donates books or a percentage of its profit to literacy programs around the world, by 2013, the company has donated an estimated $14 million under this program. The company discloses information about funds raised, books re-used or recycled, the company has distribution warehouses in Mishawaka, Indiana, Reno, Nevada, and Dunfermline, Scotland. In 2001, shortly after their graduation from the University of Notre Dame, Better World Books founders Christopher Fuchs, Xavier Helgesen, the three then formulated a business plan using their experience selling books online. In 2002, Fuchs and Helgesen held a book drive benefiting the Robinson Community Learning Center in South Bend, during the drive they collected and sold 2,000 books, which raised $20,000. Half of the proceeds went to support literacy initiatives at the community center. They won the competition and competition’s grand prize of $7,000 and mentorship from entrepreneur, Murphy served as Better World Books president and CEO from 2004-2011 before leaving to direct Notre Dames Master of Entrepreneurship program. Better World Books acquired a US Small Business Administration-backed credit line in 2004, in April 2008 Better World Books secured an additional $4.5 million in venture capital via Good Capital, LLC and 18 private investors. In 2008, the opened an operation in Dunfermline, Scotland. In 2016, the opened a new distribution center in Reno, Nevada. Better World Books donates one book to Feed the Children, Books for Africa, room to Read also publishes books for children in multiple languages

Better World Books
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Better World Books

170.
The Book Depository
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Book Depository is a UK-based online book seller with a large catalogue offered with free shipping to over 160 countries. The store was founded by a former Amazon. com employee, in 2011 it was acquired by Amazon. The company was founded in 2004 by Andrew Crawford and current Chief Operating Officer Stuart Felton, on 4 July 2011, Amazon reached an agreement to acquire Book Depository. In 2007, it was a finalist for the Retail/Leisure business of the Year Fast Growth Business Award, in 2008, it was ranked 5th in the Sunday Times Fast Track 100. In 2009 and 2010 it won Direct Bookselling Company of the year at the Bookseller Industry Awards. and the Queens Award For Enterprise Official website

The Book Depository
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Book Depository

171.
Books-A-Million
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Books-A-Million, Inc. also known as BAM. is an American company that owns and operates the second largest bookstore chain in the United States. It is headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, the company operates over 200 stores in the South, Midwest, and Northeastern United States. As of 2010, the company had about 5,500 employees, in addition to its flagship Books-A-Million superstore division, the company also operates the stores branded Books & Company and book and greeting card stores under the name Bookland. The companys stores mainly operate within either shopping malls or lifestyle centers, most Books-A-Million stores feature Joe Muggs cafés. In 2011, Books-A-Million became the second largest book retailer in the United States, trailing only Barnes & Noble, after the demise of their larger rival, the Books-A-Million superstore is the main retail entity of the Books-A-Million corporation. The first superstore was opened in 1988, though the company did not post on the NASDAQ until 1992, today there are over 200 Books-A-Million superstores. The stores range in size from 8,000 to 36,000 square feet and they sell a range of goods including books, periodicals, gifts, and food offered in the Joe Muggs newsstands. Many BAM stores have Joe Muggs-branded cafes included, Books-A-Million began including Joe Muggs cafes in their superstores in 2001. Books-A-Million owns and operates the brand, the cafe is similar to the Starbucks chain, offering coffee and pastries. In April 2010, BAM paid $3 million for shares in Yogurt Mountain, soon after, in October 2010, Yogurt Mountain locations began appearing inside Books-A-Million superstores, beginning in Lakeland, Florida. Bookland was the precursor to Books-A-Million and it began as a newsstand on the corner of Court Street and Tennessee Street in Florence, Alabama, started by Clyde W. Anderson. The profits from the stand allowed him to buy a bookstore and they opened new stores and incorporated them under the name Bookland in 1964. BooksAMillion. com is the website for the Books-A-Million superstore chain, launched in 1998, the site offers online dealings in essentially what the superstore also offers, including books, ebooks, toys, gifts, audio, magazines, movies, and music. By 2000, the price had returned to $3. NetCentral was acquired by Books-A-Million in 1998, in order to manage their recently opened website, the company is classified in On-Line Data Base Information Retrieval and located in Nashville, Tennessee. Upon acquisition, NetCentral designed and developed the newly refurbished web site for Books-A-Million, the unit designed the current logos for Books-A-Million. 2nd & Charles is a division of Books-A-Million that specializes in trading used books, audio books, CDs, DVDs, video games, game systems, vinyl records and it opened on September 25,2010, in Hoover, Alabama, across from Riverchase Galleria. They buy and sell based on the condition and popularity of the product, bulk quantities of discounted remaindered books and magazines are not part of the in-stock inventory, unlike its competitor with a similar product mix in the used media space, Half Price Books

172.
Chapters
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Chapters is a Canadian big box bookstore banner owned by Indigo Books and Music. Formerly a separate company competing with Indigo, the company has continued to operate both banners since their merger in 2001. As of March 2013, it had 97 superstores and 134 small format stores, Chapters Inc. was created in 1994 when founder and CEO, Lawrence Stevenson led the buyout and merger of Canadas two largest book chains at the time, Coles and SmithBooks. SmithBooks was acquired from Federal Industries and Coles was acquired from Southam Inc, Canadian General Capital and Pathfinder Capital bought these two chains to build large-format book superstores comparable to those of the American bookstore chains Barnes & Noble and Borders. The new company was created in April 1995 and the first two book superstores were opened in November 1995, the original superstores were in Burlington, Ontario and Burnaby, British Columbia. Chapters quickly changed the face of Canadas book selling industry, previously, companies like Coles and Smithbooks had many small stores. Chapters built large box stores with a larger product selection. Chapters provided chairs and couches for their customers, as well as Starbucks coffee shops, however, the SmithBooks, the Book Company, and Classic Bookshops names have been gradually phased and locations rebranded as Coles stores in recent years. Canadas first book superstore, Torontos Worlds Biggest Bookstore, once part of the Coles chain, was owned by Chapters and had continued to operate under its original name. It was criticized, however, for several reasons and it was blamed for the demise of several independent bookstores across Canada, especially alternative stores carrying obscure or controversial titles. Although it was said that Chapters also built its business around moving massive numbers of a few bestsellers, as the companys market share grew it represented the lions share of many publishers sales. Chapters did not keep the box book store market to itself, however, headed by Heather Reisman, Indigo began to compete with Chapters in select markets and opened 14 stores. Chapters aggressively expanded into online bookselling with chapters. ca to compete with Amazon and also was a majority investor in Pegasus, Pegasus was needed to be able to serve the online sales but the business was resisted by Canadian publishers and was not successful. In the autumn of 2000 Indigo launched a hostile takeover, by early 2001, Indigo had been successful in purchasing Chapters, but kept both the Chapters and Indigo brands, subsequently a number of Chapters stores near Indigo locations were closed. In some cases, Coles and SmithBooks stores were shut down if they were too close to a Chapters site, although there are still some aesthetic differences between the store designs of the Chapters and Indigo banners, they now share many common elements. Moreover, aside from Indigos larger focus on music, product selection, Reisman and Schwartz head the HESEG Foundation, which provides scholarships for discharged lone-soldiers who served in the Israel Defense Forces. The book Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler was removed from the shelves of Chapters, there was controversy in the fact that the book is sometimes used in a historical context and some university or high school courses have the book on their syllabus

173.
EBay
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EBay Inc. is a multinational e-commerce corporation, facilitating online consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales. It is headquartered in San Jose, California, eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble. Today it is a business with operations in about 30 countries. The company manages eBay. com, an auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods. It previously offered online money transfers, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay from 2002 until 2015, the website is free to use for buyers, but sellers are charged fees for listing items and again when those items are sold. The AuctionWeb was founded in California on September 3,1995 by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a personal site. One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained, Im a collector of broken laser pointers and this was revealed in Adam Cohens book, The Perfect Store, and confirmed by eBay. Reportedly, eBay was simply a hobby for Omidyar until his Internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase forced him to start charging those who used eBay and it resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBays first employee to handle the number of checks coming in for fees. Jeffrey Skoll was hired as the first president of the company in early 1996, growth was phenomenal, in January 1997 the site hosted 2,000,000 auctions, compared with 250,000 during the whole of 1996. The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997, originally, the site belonged to Echo Bay Technology Group, Omidyars consulting firm. Omidyar had tried to register the domain name echobay. com, but found it already taken by the Echo Bay Mines, in 1997, the company received $6.7 million in funding from the venture capital firm Benchmark Capital. Meg Whitman was hired as eBay President and CEO in March 1998, at the time, the company had 30 employees, half a million users and revenues of $4.7 million in the United States. EBay went public on September 21,1998, and both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires, eBays target share price of $18 was all but ignored as the price went to $53.50 on the first day of trading. As the company expanded product categories beyond collectibles into almost any saleable item, in February 2002, the company purchased iBazar, a similar European auction web site founded in 1998, and then bought PayPal on October 3,2002. By early 2008, the company had expanded worldwide, counted hundreds of millions of registered users,15, after nearly ten years at eBay, Whitman decided to enter politics

174.
Flipkart
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Flipkart is an electronic commerce company headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. It was founded in 2007 by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal, the company is registered in Singapore. Flipkart has launched its own product range under the name DigiFlip with products including tablets, USBs, according to Morgan Stanley the current market value of Flipkart is $5.54 billion as of November 2016. Flipkart was founded in 2007 by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal and they worked for Amazon. com, and left to create their new company incorporated in October 2007 as Flipkart Online Services Pvt. Ltd. The first product sold was the book Leaving Microsoft To Change The World to a customer from Hyderabad. Flipkart now employs more than 33,000 people, after the success of its 2014 Big Billion Sale, Flipkart carried out a second Big Billion Sale. where it is reported that they saw a business turnover of $300 million in gross merchandise volume. In 2012 Flipkart co-founders sold WS Retail to a consortium of investors led by Rajeev Kuchhal,2010, WeRead, a social book discovery tool. 2011, Mime360, a content platform company. 2011, Chakpak. com, a Bollywood news site that offers updates, news, Flipkart acquired the rights to Chakpaks digital catalogue which includes 40,000 filmographies,10,000 movies and close to 50,000 ratings. Flipkart has categorically said that it not be involved with the original site. 2012, Letsbuy. com, an Indian e-retailer in electronics, Flipkart has bought the company for an estimated US$25 million. Letsbuy. com was closed down and all traffic to Letsbuy has been diverted to Flipkart,2014, Acquired Myntra. com in an estimated ₹20 billion deal. 2015, Flipkart acquired a mobile marketing start-up Appiterate as to strengthen its mobile platform,2016, Flipkart’s Myntra acquires rival fashion shopping site Jabong for $70 million. 2016, In April, Flipkart acquired payment start-up PhonePe,2017, In January, Flipkart funded Parenting Network Tinystep With $2 Million. In 2015, Flipkart bought a minority stake in a Navigation, initially, they had spent ₹400,000 only for making the website to set up the business. Flipkart has later raised funding from venture capital funds Accel India, on 24 August 2012, Flipkart announced the completion of its 4th round of $150 million funding from MIH and ICONIQ Capital. The company announced, on 10 July 2013, that it has raised an additional $200 million from existing investors including Tiger Global, Naspers, Accel Partners, Flipkarts reported sales were ₹40 million in FY 2008–2009, ₹200 million in FY 2009–2010 and ₹750 million for FY 2010–2011. In FY 2011–2012, Flipkart is set to cross the ₹5 billion mark as Internet usage in the country increases, Flipkart projects its sales to reach ₹10 billion by year 2014

Flipkart
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Sachin Bansal co-founder of Flipkart

175.
Half.com
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Half. com is a subsidiary of eBay, in which sellers offer items at fixed prices, usually items that have a UPC, ISBN, or other kind of SKU, rather than rare, old or collectible items. The items available on half. com are limited to books, textbooks, music, movies, video games, Half provides a platform where sellers competitively bid against one another, based on Universal Product Code. The seller can see the sale price and most recent sale price for any particular item to determine the selling price desired. A potential buyer sees the available inventory for any particular item and this is the opposite of eBay where buyers bid against one another. The Pre-order feature allows buyers to set a price and quality rating of an item they would like to buy. Sellers see the pre-order listed when they put an item up for sale, there are no fees to list items on Half. com, but rather the company takes a commission of every completed sale. The seller is responsible for shipping any item within three days of a sale and paying the actual shipping costs. Half. com was founded in 1999 by American entrepreneur Josh Kopelman and Sunny Balijepalli. As an advertising gimmick, in December of the same year, eBay purchased Half. com in 2000 for roughly $350 million, integrating its user management system, buyer/seller feedback, and account information into eBay. Like its parent company, Half. com is not a site and has no physical stock or inventory. Unlike its parent, Half. com is not an auction site, like Amazon. com, Half. com plays a large role in the used textbook and CD markets. EBay planned to integrate Half. com into eBay and eventually close down Half. com, Half. com began accepting PayPal in January 2013, ten and a half years after eBay acquired PayPal. Sellers are paid by pre-arranged deposits into a designated personal checking account, on November 17,2016, it was announced that Half. com commission rates would increase significantly, with lower-priced item rates going from 15% to 25%. The rates go into effect on December 16,2016, with the notification to sellers being sent out less than a month prior. The move is being seen as an attempt by eBay to force the closure of Half. com in the near future, Half provides a platform where sellers competitively bid against one another, based on Universal Product Code. The seller can see the sale price and most recent sale price for any particular item to determine the selling price desired. A potential buyer sees the available inventory for any particular item and this is the opposite of eBay where buyers bid against one another. The Pre-order feature allows buyers to set a price and quality rating of an item they would like to buy

Half.com
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Half.com

176.
MPH Group
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Its bookstore chain, MPH Bookstores Sdn Bhd, headquartered in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, is among the largest in Malaysia after Popular. Captain W. G. Shellabear is recognized as the founder of MPH, in 1890, he established the Amelia Bishop Press in Singapore, publishing Christian literature. The company eventually began publishing secular works as well, changing its name to the American Mission Press in 1893, in the 1900s, Rev. William T. Cherry expanded the activities to printing, publishing, bookselling. He changed the name to Methodist Publishing House in 1906, giving rise to the acronym MPH. MPH underwent further name changes between the 1920s and 1960s but the acronym remained, the company also changed ownership multiple times, being acquired by an Indonesian consortium in 1966, then a Hong Kong group in 1972 and finally by Singaporean entrepreneur Simon Cheong in 1999. In 2002, Malaysian businessman Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary, through Jalinan Inspirasi Sdn Bhd and this was the first time MPH became a wholly Malaysian-owned company. MPH Bookstores currently has 32 outlets in Malaysia and four in Singapore and it has a heavy presence in the Klang Valley, operating in major shopping outlets including Nu Sentral, Subang Parade, Giant Stadium Shah Alam, KLIA2,1 Utama and The Curve. In Singapore, MPH bookstores are located in Raffles City, PARCO Millenia and along Robinson Road

MPH Group
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The Triglot Vocabulary, Sixth Edition (1913): published by the Methodist Publishing House and originally compiled by its founder William Girdlestone Shellabear with the Rev. B. F. West, not credited in this edition.
MPH Group
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An MPH book store at Alamanda Putrajaya

177.
National Book Store
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National Book Store is a bookstore and office-supplies store chain based in the Philippines. The history of National Book Store can be traced back to the 1930s, with a starting capital of ₱211, the Ramoses set up their first retail bookstore selling GI novels, text books and supplies. During World War II, the store shifted to selling sold candies, soap, in 1948, the store was destroyed by a Typhoon Gene but a new two storey building with a mezzanine was built to host National Book Store. National Book Store began selling greeting cards in the 1950s depicting Philippine subjects to showcase local culture, the book store also launched a publishing program with international publishers such as McGraw-Hill, Prentice Hal, Lippincott, Addison-Wesley. National Book Store accumulated enough capital after some years to acquire rights to reprint foreign brand greeting cards for the Philippine market. The book store had rights to reprint cards by Gibson for a few years, in 1973, outbid a more established competitor for a Philippine franchise of the greeting card brand, Hallmark. The Ramoses children proposed expanding the scope of national bookstore, and a branch along Recto Avenue was opened, in the 1970s, branches were opened in shopping malls in Makati and Cubao, Quezon City. For the next decades since the opening of the Recto branch, the National Bookstore became one of the top 100 Philippine corporations in 1988, registering profits of $1 million on gross revenues of $34.7 million. The book store also became one of the Top 500 of the list by Retail Asia-Pacific. In 2015, National Book store captures the majority of the Philippine book market having a share amounting to 80 percent and it also operates Metrobooks, which opened in Hong Kong in 2007, a subsidiary based in the former British crown colony. Among National Bookstore subsidiaries are Powerbooks, a specialty store, and Metrobooks, anvil Publishing serves as the publishing arm of the book store. The brand name of National Book Store was thought by Socorro Ramos, Ramos first came up with a logo by placing the stores name in a striped wrapper with her children finding the logo satisfactory. A new logo was adopted in 1996 following a proposal from Ramos children and grandchildren which features the name in a more modern font in a red background. In a voting made within the company,15 voted for adopting the new logo with only Ramos herself voting against the change, the new logo design was a commissioned work by a Singapore-based company which also came up with a new store lay-out design. Official website National Book Store on Facebook National Book Store on Instagram National Book Store on Twitter

178.
Strand Bookstore
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In addition to the main location, the stores Central Park kiosk is open on fair weather days at the corner of Fifth Avenue and East 60th Street. The companys slogan is 18 Miles Of Books, as featured on its stickers, T-shirts, in 2016, The New York Times called The Strand the undisputed king of the city’s independent bookstores. The Strand was opened by Benjamin Bass in 1927 on nearby Fourth Avenue, in what was known as Book Row, which was established as early as 1890, and which had at the time 48 bookstores. Basss son Fred took over the business in 1956 and soon moved the store to the present location at the corner of East 12th Street, freds daughter Nancy is co-owner of the store, and is also married to U. S. The store occupies three and a half floors, using half a floor for offices and one floor as warehouse space. As of July 2016, the store had 2.5 million books, besides the main store and Central Park kiosk, an additional location, the Strand Book Annex, opened in the 1980s and was originally located on Front Street in the South Street Seaport complex. It moved in 1996 to Fulton and Gold Streets in the Financial District, the Strand is a family-owned business with more than 200 employees. On April 5,2012, unionized workers at the store rejected a new contract, further talks were planned between the two parties. On June 15,2012, workers ratified a new contract with the store, the Strand has been featured in films such as Six Degrees of Separation, Julie & Julia and Remember Me, starring Robert Pattinson, who played a Strand employee. The Strand is featured in the episode of the miniseries Flesh. The band Steely Dan name-checks the Strand in their song What A Shame About Me from the album Two Against Nature, joyce Carol Oates short story, Three Girls, takes place at the Strand. The Strand was referenced on Gilmore Girls in the four episode Ballrooms and Biscotti. The Strand was a backdrop for part of the novel Dash & Lilys Book of Dares by David Levithan, notes Official website In Depth tour of Strand Bookstore, September 5,2004

179.
Waterstones
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Waterstones, formerly Waterstones, is a British book retailer that operates 275 stores and was employing around 3,500 staff in the UK and Europe in February 2014. Established in 1982 by Tim Waterstone, after whom the company was named, bought again in 1998 by Waterstone, EMI & Advent International, the company was taken under the umbrella of HMV Group, which later merged the Dillons and Ottakars brands into the company. Following several poor sets of results for the group, HMV put the chain up for sale, in May 2011, it was announced that A&NN Capital Fund Management, owned by Russian billionaire Alexander Mamut, had bought the chain and appointed James Daunt as managing director. As well as the Waterstones brand, the company owns the London bookseller Hatchards, an average sized Waterstones store sells a range of approximately 30,000 individual books, as well as stationery and eBook readers. The bookseller has concession agreements with Costa Coffee, Paperchase and Starbucks in some stores and since 2012, has introduced its own Café W brand. On May 23,2016, Waterstones announced it had sold its business to Rakuten Kobo Inc. and as of June 14,2016. The chain was founded by Tim Waterstone after he was fired by WHSmith, Waterstone had failed to establish WHSmith in the United States. He used literary authors in front of store displays and employed highly literate staff, the model proved successful and the chain set about expanding its store portfolio. By 1989 however, WHSmith had taken a stake in the chain. WHSmith took over control in 1993 for £9 million. By 1997, the agreement had collapsed and been declared illegal and this included high street brands HMV and rival Dillons, creating an international entertainment retailer. Waterstone was appointed chairman of the group but stood down in 2001 and he was replaced by Alan Giles. A year later, all Dillons stores were rebranded as Waterstones, the chain had also begun pulling out of its US overseas venture. Waterstones launched the Waterstones Books Quarterly magazine in 2001, containing book reviews, in the same year the booksellers online operation, Waterstones. co. uk was franchised to Amazon. com, with the company expressing a desire to concentrate on its high street and campus stores. The move resulted in the loss of 50 jobs, in 2003, Waterstones announced it was supporting Dyslexia Action as its chosen charity, helping to raise awareness and understanding for dyslexia. In 2006 Giles stepped down from his position and was replaced by Gerry Johnson as managing director of Waterstones, a strategic review in September saw Waterstones pull out of its franchise agreement with Amazon to re-launch its online business, Waterstones. com, independently. The chain also began to pilot a loyalty programme in South West England, the scheme was successful, launching nationally as The Waterstones Card across its entire store portfolio. Waterstones piloted a brand refresh exercise in selected stores, beginning with Manchesters Arndale Centre in 2007, on 19 November 2007, the chain closed its first branch on Old Brompton Road

180.
ISBN
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

ISBN
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

181.
APA style
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APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is described in the guide of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia. Along with AMA Style and CSE Style, it is one of the styles for such work. APA Style was first developed in 1929, in response to the growing complexities of scientific reporting, subsequent editions were released in 1974,1983,1994,2001, and 2009. Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style, the Publication Manual also established standards for use that had far-reaching effects. The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the most current and it was released in July 2009 after four years of development. The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals. The sixth edition is accompanied by a website, apastyle. org as well as the APA Style Blog. Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors, APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1,2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry. All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009, APA Style uses an author-date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. Example narrative citation, Schmidt and Oh described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real, example parenthetical citation, In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real. In the reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, if a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies slightly depending on the document type, but broadly speaking always follows the pattern of author, date, title. Note that the title of a reference may be italic or not italic. If the work alone, italicize the title, if it is part of a greater whole. Citation Comparison of reference management software The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. APA Formatted Paper Template at Indian River State Colleges Library site, generate APA citations based on DOI, ISBN and URL

182.
The Chicago Manual of Style
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The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its sixteen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles used in publishing. It is one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States, CMOS deals with aspects of editorial practice, from American English grammar and use for document preparation. The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online, the Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the content of the Manual. The Chicago Manual of Style is used in social science publications. It remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association, many small publishers throughout the world adopt it as their style. The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and it is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabians A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear, two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed, first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source, and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location. Using author-date style, the text is indicated parenthetically with the last name of the author. Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly, when page numbers are used, they are placed along with the authors last name and date of publication after an interposed comma. Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly, if the authors name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically. Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly, in-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to rule is for block quotations, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation. The full citation for the source is included in a references section at the end of the material. As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication following the author name

The Chicago Manual of Style
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Style guides
The Chicago Manual of Style
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Title page of the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906)

183.
BibTeX
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BibTeX is reference management software for formatting lists of references. The BibTeX tool is used together with the LaTeX document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as B I B T E X, the name is a portmanteau of the word bibliography and the name of the TeX typesetting software. In the words of the author, Here’s how BibTeX works. LaTeX will use the. bbl file, perhaps edited by the user, BibTeX was created by Oren Patashnik and Leslie Lamport in 1985. Version 0. 98f was released in March 1985, with version 0. 99c, a stationary state was reached for 22 years. In March 2010, version 0. 99d was released, during the period following BibTeXs implementation in 1985, several reimplementations have been published, BibTeXu A reimplementation of bibtex that supports the UTF-8 character set. Taco Hoekwater of the LuaTeX team has criticized it, bibtex8 A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets. CL-BibTeX A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in Common Lisp, capable of using bibtex. bst files directly or converting them into human-readable Lisp. lbst files, cL-BibTeX supports Unicode in Unicode Lisp implementations, using any character set that Lisp knows about. MLBibTeX A reimplementation of BibTeX focusing on multilingual features, by Jean-Michel Hufflen and it redesigns the way in which LaTeX interacts with BibTeX at a fairly fundamental level. With biblatex, BibTeX is only used to sort the bibliography, instead of being implemented in BibTeXs style files, the formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by TeX macros. It uses the bibliography processing program Biber and offers full Unicode, bibulous A drop-in BibTeX replacement based on style templates, including full Unicode support, written in Python. BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based file format for lists of items, such as articles, books. BibTeX bibliography file names usually end in. bib, a BibTeX database file is formed by a list of entries, with each entry corresponding to a bibliographical item. Entry types correspond to various types of sources such as article, book. The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying \cite commands, if the command \cite appears inside a LaTeX document, the bibtex program will include this book in the list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code. When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this, Abramowitz, Milton and Irene A. Stegun, Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. Depending on the file, BibTeX may rearrange authors last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the. bib file, format text in italics, add punctuation

BibTeX
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BibTeX

184.
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
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It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules or International Standard Bibliographic Description, FRBR comprises groups of entities, Group 1 entities are work, expression, manifestation, and item. They represent the products of intellectual or artistic endeavor, Group 2 entities are person, family and corporate body, responsible for the custodianship of Group 1’s intellectual or artistic endeavor. Group 3 entities are subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s intellectual endeavor, Group 1 entities are the foundation of the FRBR model, Work is a distinct intellectual or artistic creation. For example, Beethovens Ninth Symphony apart from all ways of expressing it is a work, when we say, Beethovens Ninth is magnificent. We generally are referring to the work, expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is realized. An expression of Beethovens Ninth might be each draft of the score he writes down. Manifestation is the embodiment of an expression of a work. As an entity, manifestation represents all the objects that bear the same characteristics. The performance the London Philharmonic made of the Ninth in 1996 is a manifestation and it was a physical embodiment even if not recorded, though of course manifestations are most frequently of interest when they are expressed in a persistent form such as a recording or printing. When we say, The recording of the London Philharmonics 1996 performance captured the essence of the Ninth, item is a single exemplar of a manifestation. The entity defined as item is a concrete entity, each copy of the 1996 pressings of that 1996 recording is an item. When we say, Both copies of the London Philharmonics 1996 performance of the Ninth are checked out of my local library, Group 1 entities are not strictly hierarchical, because entities do not always inherit properties from other entities. The distinction between Works and Expressions is also unclear in many cases, FRBR is built upon relationships between and among entities. Examples include reproductions such as copies, issues, facsimiles and reprints, photocopies, derivative relationships exist between a bibliographic work and a modification based on the work. Descriptive relationships also includes annotated editions, casebooks, commentaries, BIBFRAME Functional Requirements for Authority Data FRSAD FRBRoo Karen Coyle, FRBR Before and After, online, CC-BY license. ISBN 978-0-8389-1364-2 IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, Functional requirements for bibliographic records, final report. The IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, International Standards for Universal Bibliographic Control, FRBR, A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe

185.
MediaWiki
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MediaWiki is free and open-source wiki software. Originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker, it runs on many websites, including Wikipedia, Wiktionary and it is written in the PHP programming language and stores the contents into a database. Like WordPress, which is based on a licensing and architecture. The first version of the software was deployed to serve the needs of the Wikipedia encyclopedia in 2002, Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects continue to define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki. The software is optimized to handle large projects, which can have terabytes of content. Because Wikipedia is one of the worlds largest websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching, the software has more than 900 configuration settings and more than 2,200 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed. On Wikipedia alone, more than 1000 automated and semi-automated bots and this was done to eliminate legal issues arising from the help pages being imported into wikis with licenses that are incompatible with the Creative Commons license. MediaWiki development has generally favored the use of media formats. MediaWiki has a volunteer community for development and maintenance. There is also a group of paid programmers who primarily develop projects for the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimedia participates in the Google Summer of Code by facilitating the assignment of mentors to students wishing to work on MediaWiki core, as of early November 2012, there were about two hundred developers who had committed changes to the MediaWiki core or extensions within the past year. MediaWiki also has a bug tracker, phabricator. wikimedia. org. The site is used for feature and enhancement requests. When Wikipedia was first launched in January 2001, it ran on the wiki software UseModWiki. This software soon proved limiting, both in its functionality and its performance and this software was written in PHP and stored all its information in a MySQL database. It launched on the English Wikipedia in January 2002, and was deployed on all the Wikipedia language sites of that time. This software was referred to as the PHP script and as phase II, increasing usage soon caused load problems again, and soon afterward, another rewrite of the software began, done by Lee Daniel Crocker, which was first known as phase III. This new software was written in PHP with a MySQL backend, and kept the basic interface of the phase II software

MediaWiki
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Brion Vibber in 2012
MediaWiki
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Official logo with slogan
MediaWiki
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Wikia also makes use of MediaWiki.
MediaWiki
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A screenshot of a wiki using MediaWiki with a customized skin