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Cane Sugar Processing Extraction Separation of the sugared juice from the bagasse (fiber +water+ ) Purification Separation of non desirable substances from juice; colloidal Evaporation Separation of most of the water Cristallization Separation of sucrose from different classes of molasses Centrifugation Separation of sugar crystals Steam and Power Generation Extraction Separation of the sugared juice from the bagasse (fiber +water+ ) Purification Separation of non desirable substances from juice; colloidal Evaporation Separation of most of the water Cristallization Separation of sucrose from different classes of molasses Centrifugation Separation of sugar crystals Steam and Power Generation

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COMMON NOMENCLATURE IN EXTRACTION COMMON NOMENCLATURE IN EXTRACTION Cane Raw material fed to the milling station Imbibition water Absolute juice Fibre Water added in the exhaust section for washing out and recovering most of the sucrose in cane Common numbers are 20 to 35 % on cane Total weight of cane minus the weight of present fibre. A common relation between both is 86 to 14 % on cane The lignocellulosic structure giving strength to the cane to keep itself erected. Common values are 12 to 14 % on cane.

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Mixed juice ; Juice coming off the milling station and going into the purification station. The weight of mixed juice produced per unit time, is quite similar to that of cane ground per same unit time, in many healthy installations. Bagasse; Is the lign ocellulosic residue left frrom cane after the juice extraction in the milling station. Most of its components are fibre, between 45 and 47 % on wet bagasse, and moisture, between 49 and 51 % on wet bagasse. From 2 % to 4 % may be soluble solids, mainly sucrose. Fundamental Equationof milling is Cane + Imbibition Water = Mixed Juice + Bagasse.

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CANE SUGAR; AN ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRY Cane sugar industry is an insdustry with strong involvements with energy. ~ The raw material, sugar cane, bring its own fuel for processing, and even more. ~It shows high thermal (steam) demand for processing, while its demand of mechanical energy is low, allowing high cogeneration. Cane sugar industry is an insdustry with strong involvements with energy. ~ The raw material, sugar cane, bring its own fuel for processing, and even more. ~It shows high thermal (steam) demand for processing, while its demand of mechanical energy is low, allowing high cogeneration.

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Energy in Processing (Main Elements) ~Steam generation efficiency ~Efficient use of steam ~Efficiency in the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical ~Steam generation efficiency ~Efficient use of steam ~Efficiency in the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical

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Bagasse It is the natural fuel in processes of production of sugar and etha-nol. Enough for fulfilling whole demands. Reaching in practice, in addition, a balance between produced and burned bagasse, through control of boilers effi-ciency. Surplus bagasse without a goal, is as bad as not enough bagasse.

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Bagasse In Cuba, when producing in a campaign, 6 million ton of sugar, there are ground 50 mil-lion ton of cane, with a bagasse production of 15 million ton, out of which, 95 % is burned, going the difference to derivatives. This 15 million ton bagasse, are equivalent to 3 million ton fuel oil.

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Bagasse..and the most interesting fact..!! While in producing cane sugar, it is spent the whole energy freed by the 2.5 kg of bagasse coming along with 1.0 kg of sugar, i.e. 4500 kcal, in beet sugar proces- sing, there are spent per kg produ-ced not more than 2000, that is, potentially, there exists about 50 % surplus bagasse. Why it is not so in practice?..and the most interesting fact..!! While in producing cane sugar, it is spent the whole energy freed by the 2.5 kg of bagasse coming along with 1.0 kg of sugar, i.e. 4500 kcal, in beet sugar proces- sing, there are spent per kg produ-ced not more than 2000, that is, potentially, there exists about 50 % surplus bagasse. Why it is not so in practice?

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~ Up to the seventies there were no possibilities, 1.0 bb of “fuel” costed less than US $ 4 00 ~ Current policy ; to avoid surplus without goal. They cost money. ~ Seasonal fashion of sugar pro- duction ~Different kinds of bussiness, laws and regulations. ~ Up to the seventies there were no possibilities, 1.0 bb of “fuel” costed less than US $ 4 00 ~ Current policy ; to avoid surplus without goal. They cost money. ~ Seasonal fashion of sugar pro- duction ~Different kinds of bussiness, laws and regulations. Bagasse

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Generation and use of energy Sales to the grid 32-36 kW-h /tc for fulfilling whole demand of the factory. For 3000-3500 tc per day, 150 (ton/hour), power generation is of the order of 5000 kw (inclu-ding the mills). Energy reser-ves due to co-generation plus surplus bagasse may grow up to 10000 kw (70 kw-h/tc) as per Mauritius Island experience 32-36 kW-h /tc for fulfilling whole demand of the factory. For 3000-3500 tc per day, 150 (ton/hour), power generation is of the order of 5000 kw (inclu-ding the mills). Energy reser-ves due to co-generation plus surplus bagasse may grow up to 10000 kw (70 kw-h/tc) as per Mauritius Island experience

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Generation and Use of Energy Sales to the Grid Through changes in steam generation parameters, and with efficient use of steam in process, which in general mean investments, there are reached surplus of the order of 70-80 kw-h per ton of cane, i.e. for a factory grinding 150 ton per hour, it is not impossible to deliver to the grid 12000 kw with proved technologies (Mauricio Island and Hawaii).

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Extraction- Condensing Turbines Extraction- Condensing Turbines A main drawback is the sea- sonal character of cane sugar processing all over the world and the scale economy of Ran- kine cycle. Possible sizes are not enough efficient, and very expensive per kw to operate 60 to 70 per cent time with fossil fuels. It is possible only in very small countries and where very efficient cane harvest wastes use are reached or with energy canes A main drawback is the sea- sonal character of cane sugar processing all over the world and the scale economy of Ran- kine cycle. Possible sizes are not enough efficient, and very expensive per kw to operate 60 to 70 per cent time with fossil fuels. It is possible only in very small countries and where very efficient cane harvest wastes use are reached or with energy canes

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Combined Cycle Present status Combined Cycle Present status -Following bagasse gasification; It is almost ripe the technology. After this, semi or commercial tests. It will be ready in a few years. Through bagasse hydrolysis, the fuel can be fed directly to the combustor. It is now at bench scale level, then semi or com mertial tests. May be ready in ten years. -Following bagasse gasification; It is almost ripe the technology. After this, semi or commercial tests. It will be ready in a few years. Through bagasse hydrolysis, the fuel can be fed directly to the combustor. It is now at bench scale level, then semi or com mertial tests. May be ready in ten years.

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Combined Cycle Economy Combined Cycle Economy Operation plus maintennance cost of a hydroelectric plant in Brazil is of the order of US $0.001/kw-h, while capital cost US$ 0.06/kw-h In a conventional fossil fuel plant these costs are 0.005 and 0.025 respectively and that of fuel 0.02 for a total of US $ 0.05 per kw-h Operation plus maintennance cost of a hydroelectric plant in Brazil is of the order of US $0.001/kw-h, while capital cost US$ 0.06/kw-h In a conventional fossil fuel plant these costs are 0.005 and 0.025 respectively and that of fuel 0.02 for a total of US $ 0.05 per kw-h

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……..LAST COMMENTARIES AFTER STOICHIOMETRY, IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD MOLAR AND ENERGY BALANCES, AND AFTR THIS, ADDING DETAILS OF CONFIGURATION, TO BUILD THE WHOLE MODEL OF STEAM GENERATION AFTER THE ADDEQUATE PROCEDURES THE REST OF THE WHOLE PROCESS ENGINEERING MAY BE MODELED, REACHING THE WHOLE PROFILE OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS.

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Liquids transportation in the factory Mixed and clarified juice to their tanks, syrup and molasses to their tanks, injection water to condensers and from batches (barometric leg seal) to spray pond. General purpose water from source to tank. Imbibition and recirculation of juices in mill, etc. Liquids transportation in the factory Mixed and clarified juice to their tanks, syrup and molasses to their tanks, injection water to condensers and from batches (barometric leg seal) to spray pond. General purpose water from source to tank. Imbibition and recirculation of juices in mill, etc.

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Another example; pumping cooling water to vacuum pans condensers. Evaporation in pans 18% cane = 180 kg / ton cane, need of cooling water 60 times, head 20 m, taking to English system =180*60 *20 *2.204 *3.28 *300/3600/550 = 237 hp or 176 kW. 176/300 = 0.6 kW-h/tc Efficiencies has not been taken in consideration nor densities in pumping of fluids other than water Another example; pumping cooling water to vacuum pans condensers. Evaporation in pans 18% cane = 180 kg / ton cane, need of cooling water 60 times, head 20 m, taking to English system =180*60 *20 *2.204 *3.28 *300/3600/550 = 237 hp or 176 kW. 176/300 = 0.6 kW-h/tc Efficiencies has not been taken in consideration nor densities in pumping of fluids other than water

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Total Mechanical Energy Demand (different of installed power) is of the order of 32 to 36 kW-h ( 115 to 130 mJ) per ton (metric) of cane Irrelevant of type of prime mover; steam or electric, it is a number slightly different Note: metric ton may be identified also by Tonne. Total Mechanical Energy Demand (different of installed power) is of the order of 32 to 36 kW-h ( 115 to 130 mJ) per ton (metric) of cane Irrelevant of type of prime mover; steam or electric, it is a number slightly different Note: metric ton may be identified also by Tonne.