METHODS

Design:

Allocation:

Blinding:

Follow up period:

7 months.

Setting:

a diabetes clinic in a tertiary care children’s hospital in Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Patients:

127 English speaking adolescents who were 10–17 years of age (mean age 13 y, 51% girls, 63% African-American) and had type
1 diabetes for ⩾1 year (mean 5 y), an average HbA1c concentration ⩾8% in the previous year, and a most recent HbA1c concentration ⩾8%. Adolescents with moderate to severe mental retardation or psychosis were excluded.