The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[139] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[143] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[142][144] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[145]

jesus the stah owe

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[126] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[126] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,514,876.599 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi),[127] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[11] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.[128] Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator while having contiguous territory outside the tropics.
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[129] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[129] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[129]

the city of brazil

Main article: Climate of Brazil
Snow in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina (South) and tropical climate in Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco (Northeast).
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[11] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[131] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[132][133]
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[131] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[133] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[132]
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[132] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[131] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[134] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[135] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[132] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever recorded in Brazil,[136] caused approximately half a million deaths.[137] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[138]

the statchow

Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil
The Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[139] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[140] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[140] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.[140]
Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[140][141] Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[142]
Environment
See also: Conservation in Brazil
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[139] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[143] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[142][144] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[145]

jesus the stah owe

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[126] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[126] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,514,876.599 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi),[127] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[11] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.[128] Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator while having contiguous territory outside the tropics.
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[129] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[129] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[129]

the city of brazil

Main article: Climate of Brazil
Snow in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina (South) and tropical climate in Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco (Northeast).
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[11] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[131] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[132][133]
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[131] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[133] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[132]
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[132] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[131] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[134] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[135] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[132] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever recorded in Brazil,[136] caused approximately half a million deaths.[137] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[138]

the statchow

Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil
The Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[139] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[140] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[140] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.[140]
Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[140][141] Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[142]
Environment
See also: Conservation in Brazil
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[139] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[143] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[142][144] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[145]

Brazilian forces (in blue uniform) engage the Paraguayan army (some in red uniform and other shirtless) during the Paraguayan War.

After the Portuguese military had successfully repelled Napoleon's invasion, João VI returned to Europe in April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil. The Portuguese government, guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution of 1820, attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808. The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.

On 12 October 1822, he was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822. At that time most Brazilians were in favour of a monarchy and republicanism had little support. The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions.The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824 and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,514,876.599 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi), including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water. It spans three time zones; from in the western states, to in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and in the Atlantic islands.[128] Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator while having contiguous territory outside the tropics.

Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[129]