Lift Strut
In aeronautics, bracing comprises additional structural members which
stiffen the functional airframe to give it rigidity and strength under
load. Bracing may be applied both internally and externally, and may
take the form of strut, which act in compression or tension as the
need arises, and/or wires, which act only in tension.
In general, bracing allows a stronger, lighter structure than one
which is unbraced, but external bracing in particular adds drag which
slows down the aircraft and raises considerably more design issues
than internal bracing. Another disadvantage of bracing wires is that
they require routine checking and adjustment, or rigging, even when
located internally.
During the early years of aviation, bracing was a universal feature of
all forms of aeroplane, including the monoplanes and biplanes which
were then equally common
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AeronauticsAeronauticsAeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ὰήρ āēr, which means
"air", and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation", i.e.
"navigation into the air") is the science or art involved with the
study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and
the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the
atmosphere
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Curtiss JN-4
The
Curtiss JN-4Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" was one of a series of "JN" biplanes built by
the Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York, later the
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. Although the Curtiss JN series
was originally produced as a training aircraft for the U.S
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Richard Fairey
Sir
Charles Richard FaireyCharles Richard Fairey MBE, also known as Richard Fairey FRAeS (5
May 1887 – 30 September 1956) was an English aircraft manufacturer.Contents1 Early life
2 Career
3 Honours
4 References
5 BibliographyEarly life[edit]Ardingly CollegeCharles Fairey was born on 5 May 1887 in Hendon,
MiddlesexMiddlesex and
educated at the
Merchant Taylors' School, NorthwoodMerchant Taylors' School, Northwood and Ardingly
College, and later as an apprentice at the Finsbury Technical College
where he studied City & Guilds courses in electrical engineering
and chemistry. Fairey’s father had died when he was aged 11 and
although from a middle-class background this dramatic change in the
families circumstances led to Fairey taking a job, aged 15 with the
Jandus Electric Company of London, who manufactured arc lamps
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J.W. Dunne
John William Dunne FRAeS (1875–1949) was a British soldier,
aeronautical engineer and philosopher. As a young man he fought in the
Second Boer War, before becoming a pioneering aeroplane designer in
the early years of the 20th century. Dunne worked on automatically
stable aircraft, many of which were of tailless swept wing design, to
achieve the first certified stable aircraft
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SUGAR VoltSUGAR Volt is a hybrid aircraft concept proposed by a team led by
BoeingBoeing Research & Technology, a division of Boeing. It is one of a
series of concepts put forward in response to a request for proposals
for future aircraft issued by NASA. It is proposed that SUGAR Volt
would use two hybrid turbofans that burn conventional jet fuel when
taking off, then use electric motors to power the engines while
flying. SUGAR stands for Subsonic Ultragreen Aircraft Research, the
"volt" part of the "SUGAR Volt" name suggests that it would be at
least partly powered by electricity.
Environmental Impact[edit]
SUGAR Volt would have emissions about 70 percent lower than average
airliners today. Noise pollution will also be lower than airliners
today. This hybrid-electric approach however remains to be balanced
against increased complexity, large electric engine and battery size
and weight
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Box Girder
A box or tubular girder is a girder that forms an enclosed tube with
multiple walls, rather than an I or H-beam. Originally constructed of
riveted wrought iron, they are now found in rolled or welded steel,
aluminium extrusions or prestressed concrete.
Compared to an I-beam, the advantage of a box girder is that it better
resists torsion. Having multiple vertical webs, it can also carry more
load than an
I-beamI-beam of equal height (although it will use more
material than a taller
I-beamI-beam of equivalent capacity).
The distinction in naming between a box girder and a tubular girder is
imprecise. Generally the term box girder is used, especially if it is
rectangular in section
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Sesquiplane
A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one
above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the
Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in
the early years of aviation. While a biplane wing structure has a
structural advantage over a monoplane, it produces more drag than a
similar unbraced or cantilever monoplane wing. Improved structural
techniques, better materials and the quest for greater speed made the
biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s.
Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional cantilever
monoplane designs: they permit lighter wing structures, low wing
loading and smaller span for a given wing area
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Chord (aircraft)
In aeronautics, chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining
the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil. The chord length is the
distance between the trailing edge and the point on the leading edge
where the chord intersects the leading edge.[1][2]
The point on the leading edge that is used to define the chord can be
defined as either the surface point of minimum radius,[2] or the
surface point that will yield maximum chord length[citation needed].
The wing, horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer and propeller of
an aircraft are all based on aerofoil sections, and the term chord or
chord length is also used to describe their width
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Handley Page V/1500
The
Handley PageHandley Page V/1500 was a British night-flying heavy bomber built
by
Handley PageHandley Page towards the end of the First World War. It was a large
four-engined biplane, which resembled a larger version of Handley
Page's earlier O/100 and O/400 bombers, intended to bomb
BerlinBerlin from
East Anglian airfields. The end of the war stopped the V/1500 being
used against Germany, but a single aircraft was used to carry out the
first flight from
EnglandEngland to India, and later carried out a bombing
raid on
KabulKabul during the Third Anglo-Afghan War. It was colloquially
known within the fledgling
Royal Air ForceRoyal Air Force as the "Super Handley". The
V/1500 which was shipped to Canada to attempt a transatlantic flight
was flown in the USA beyond its flight to New York
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Albatros B.I
The
Albatros B.IAlbatros B.I was a German military reconnaissance aircraft
designed in 1913 and which saw service during World War I.[1]Contents1 Design and development
2 Operational history
3 Operators
4 Survivors
5 Specifications (B.I)
6 See also
7 ReferencesDesign and development[edit]
The B.I was a two-seat biplane of conventional configuration that
seated the observer and the pilot in separate cockpits in tandem. The
wings were originally of three-bay design, but were later changed to a
two-bay, unstaggered configuration
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Spruce
About 35; see text.A spruce is a tree of the genus
PiceaPicea /paɪˈsiːə/,[1] a genus of
about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae,
found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the
Earth. Spruces are large trees, from about 20–60 m (about
60–200 ft) tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their
whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruces
are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle
on a small, peg-like structure. The needles are shed when 4–10 years
old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs (an easy means
of distinguishing them from other similar genera, where the branches
are fairly smooth).
Spruces are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera
(moth and butterfly) species, such as the eastern spruce budworm
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DFW B.I
The
DFW B.IDFW B.I (factory designation MD 14), was one of the earliest
German aircraft to see service during World War I, and one of the
numerous "B-class" unarmed, two-seat observation biplanes of the
German military in 1914, but with a distinctive appearance that
differentiated it from contemporaries.[1] Though a biplane, its
crescent-shaped three-bay wings were inspired by that of the earlier
Rumpler TaubeRumpler Taube monoplane, and led to the DFW aircraft being named the
Fliegende Banane ("Flying Banana") by its pilots.
The B.II was similar but was built as a trainer
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Girder
A girder /ˈɡɜːrdər/ is a support beam used in construction.[1] It
is the main horizontal support of a structure which supports smaller
beams. Girders often have an
I-beamI-beam cross section composed of two
load-bearing flanges separated by a stabilizing web, but may also have
a box shape, Z shape and other forms. A girder is commonly used to
build bridges.
In traditional timber framing a girder is called a girt.
Small steel girders are rolled into shape. Larger girders (1 m/3
feet deep or more) are made as plate girders, welded or bolted
together from separate pieces of steel plate.[2]
The Warren type girder replaces the solid web with an open latticework
between the flanges. This truss arrangement combines strength with
economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light
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