Saturday, April 15, 2017

Sorry Snowflake, You Are Not Unique

From KQED, San Francisco:

Identical Snowflakes? Scientist Ruins Winter For Everyone | Deep Look

California’s historic drought is finally over, thanks largely to a
relentless parade of powerful storms that have brought the Sierra Nevada
snowpack to the highest level in six years, not to mention guaranteed
skiing into June. All that snow spurs an age-old question — is every
snowflake really unique?

“It’s one of these questions that’s been around forever,”
said Ken Libbrecht, a professor of physics at the California Institute
of Technology in Pasadena. “I think we all learn it in elementary
school, the old saying that no two snowflakes are alike.”

Libbrecht spends most of his time thinking about things like black
holes and gravitational waves. But for years the North Dakota native
has also delved into the mystery of how snowflakes grow into such a
dizzying variety of shapes, all based on the same ingredient — water.

So is it possible to find two snowflakes that are exactly the same?

They can be made in a lab. But when it comes to nature, it’s
possible, but you’re not likely to find two that match exactly,
Libbrecht said.

“It goes back to how they’re made in the clouds,” he said.
Snow crystals form when humid air is cooled to the point that molecules of water vapor start sticking to each other.

A hexagonal ring forms the base structure of the snow crystal (Teodros Hailye/KQED)

Water molecules are each made out of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Good ‘ol H2O!
The molecules fit together in the shape of a hexagonal ring with
bonds forming between hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of another
molecule.

As more molecules join the growing crystal, they fit into that
repeating shape, which is why you tend to find snowflakes with six arms.

In a refrigerated chamber at his lab, Libbrecht built a device that mimics the conditions found in the clouds.

In the bottom of the chamber, Libbrecht keeps a container of hot
water. As the water evaporates, it fills the chamber with water vapor.
When the air is as humid as it can get, Libbrecht triggers a puff of
condensed air that drops the temperature in the chamber suddenly.

That blast of cold air causes the water molecules to stick to each
other, forming tiny ice crystals about the same diameter as a human
hair.

In the clouds, crystals usually start forming around a tiny
microscopic dust particle. But if the water vapor is cooled quickly
enough the crystals can form spontaneously from water molecules alone.

“At this point they they’re just little tiny hexagons,” says Libbrecht. “We call them seed crystals.”

After a few moments of floating around the chamber, the tiny crystals
grow big and heavy enough to fall. Libbrecht catches them on a small
refrigerated slide.

He adjusts the humidity and temperature and, using a microscope, watches the crystals grow....MORE