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2 9.3 City Building and ArchitectureDevelopment of new cities developed Muslim landsNew architectureJobs

3 City of BaghdadCaliph al-Mansur moved capital from Damascus to BaghdadCloser to his empireToday, Baghdad located between Tigris & Euphrates RiverCrossroads of trade roots connecting the empire

4 City of Baghdad Glorious Muslim cities 4 years to build new capital100,000 architects, workers and craftspeopleCalled “the round city”

5 The Mosque Muslim house of worship Inside is a prayer roomWorshippers sit on carpets on the floorImam gives the sermon from a raised pulpit called the minibarNiche in the wall to show direction of prayer toward Makkah

6 9.4 Scholarship & LearningHighly valuedArabic was accepted language of IslamShared language and love of learning allowed scholars (students) in Europe, North Africa & the Middle East to exchange ideas

7 Scholarship & Learning: House of WisdomBaghdad became a major center of learningCaliph al-Ma’mun founded the House of Wisdom (830)Scholars from many lands gather there to do researchTranslated texts from Greece, Persia, India & China

8 Scholarship & Learning: Great Centers of LearningFatimid dynasty built the Cairo capital in Egypt (similar to Baghdad)Most advanced university in the Muslim worldHall of Wisdom – scholars and ordinary people can visit their library to readMuslim capital, Cordoba in Spain became a large and wealthy cityJews, Christian, & Muslims studied there

10 Scholarship & Learning: Al-KindiAl-Kindi – a 9th century Arab philosopherSaid “Humans had two sources of knowledge: reason & revelation by God”Use reason to understand faithSome truths are knows only through God’s wordneed to be belief in things that cannot be proven

11 Scholarship & Learning: Ibn SinaIbn Sina – Persian who is Islam’s most famous philosopherKnown as Avicenna in EuropeBelieved all knowledge came from GodTruth can be known through revelation & reasonBelieved soul was immortal (able to live forever)Translated & influenced many medieval European thinkers

12 9.5 Science & TechnologyQur’an instructed Muslims to learn more about the world God madeMuslims advanced in science & technology

13 Science & Technology: ZoologyEvolution – slow process of change in plants and animals from simpler forms to more complex formsZoology – scientific study of animalsBooks written on structure of animals’ bodiesStudied how to make medicines from animals’ partsal-Jahiz presented theories about the evolution of animalsCreated zoos

14 Science & Technology: AstronomyAstronomy – study of objects in the universeMuslims wanted to learn about the universeNavigational tools created to locate the direction of MakkahWorshippers far from the holy city can pray facing the right directionFound accurate times for prayer and the length of the month of RamadanRealized Earth rotates rather than the Earth being the center of the universe