Biology is the study of life. It solves the mysteries of life, and shows how these small miracles are performed every day in every living thing. This is true when biology delves into the creation of energy, metabolism and the individual cells working together to create life. However biology also shows how outside factors affect life and the necessities of things such as sunlight, food and water in order to survive. For example many years ago dinosaurs roamed these lands until a catastrophe occurred (Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers, B., 2008). The sun’s light was blocked from the crust of the earth with dust and debris from a giant meteor, or with sulfur dioxide and ash from increased volcanic activity. About 70 percent of the living organisms on earth perished from the lack of sun (Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers, B., 2008). Humans albeit very different from dinosaurs cannot live without the sun’s light, or its heat. More importantly photosynthesis cannot occur without the sun. Furthermore, without photosynthesis no plant life can grow and feed the food chain on this planet (Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers, B., 2008). However if one does not understand the processes that occur within the body one cannot see the dangers that lurk around every corner.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

It is important to understand photosynthesis as a process before one can understand what it does for the planet. Photosynthesis is described as an ability to store sunlight into energy, using water from the ground that is soaked up through the roots, the carbon dioxide in the air and using the sun’s light to process these two into a product like glucose and oxygen (Editorial Board, 2011). Therefore, photosynthesis produces both oxygen and glucose, which are things necessary for life . The cells that preform photosynthesis contain chlorophyll,...

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...Graystreete
AIU
Energy, Metabolism, and Cells- Unit 2-IP
April 1, 2012
Professor Kelli Roberts
Energy, Metabolism, and Cells
Photosynthesis is the process that pretty much every organism on earth needs, because of the nutrients produced which is needed in order to live. Plants capture the energy from the sun and converts it into food that is needed by all plants and animals (including us as humans). In this process the chemical reaction which is known as photosynthesis, it takes the sun’s energy and chlorophyll found in chloroplasts in the green leaves of plants, to turn inorganic carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) to make oxygen which we all need to live.
So, when animals eat the plants, and take the carbon in the sugars, inside their cells they take the energy from the food, this is cellular respiration, which takes oxygen (product of photosynthesis) and makes carbon dioxide (also used in photosynthesis) , it then gives energy by breaking down the food molecules, this is the link between the two. There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. Both use the same steps, where the sugar created during photosynthesis is broken down. (Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers, B. (2008) A process known as glycol sis occurs. However they differ in that one uses oxygen and more energy and one uses less...

...﻿Metabolism
Donna Pote
Western Governors University
METABOLISMMetabolism is a complex process of chemical, as well as, physical changes that occur in living cells and are necessary to maintain life. Enzymes are the catalysts for metabolism. A catalyst is any agent that can speed up a reaction, but will remain unchanged. Enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up a reaction in a cell. This reaction requiresenergy. The enzyme, acting as a catalyst in this reaction, lowers the amount of energy required to start the reaction .In order to obtain the energy of a reaction, it must be activated. Once the energy is supplied, called activation energy, the reaction can go ahead on its own. Since enzymes are a protein, they have a specific shape. The shape is extremely important in this process, the shape is what lowers the amount of energy required. The enzymes have what is called an active site. The active site is the location on the enzyme where a substrate can bond. The active site is very important to an enzyme’s function and can be altered by a multitude of factors, such as high temperatures, changes in pH and cofactors. Enzymes tend to work better in increased temperatures because the molecules move faster, but if the temperature gets too high, the enzyme may stop working because the high temperature can...

...
Metabolism
By:
Who ever
Enzymes
Enzymes act as a catalyst by speeding up or slowing down processes in the body.
A protein enzyme has a particular shape that contains an active site.
An active site is where a substrate fits into place to have its bonds either built or broken.
At which time the products or product produced are released.
The enzyme remains to continue to act on any available substrate.
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
AldolaseB is found mainly in the liver.
The second step in fructose metabolism is where aldolaseB breaks down fructose-1-phosphate into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
If there is a deficiency in aldolaseB, it slows down the metabolism of fructose allowing for a buildup in the liver.
A toxic build up of fructose in the liver can cause the death of liver cells.
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
If fructose-1-phosphate is not being broken down by aldolaseB its products (glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate) are not available to perform glycolysis in which the end product is ATP.
Also, the phosphate is bound to the Fructose-1-Phosphate and not available to the cells to produce ATP reducing the available ATP for the cells to use even more.
Also fructose-1-phosphate signals for glucokinase to stay in the cytoplasm of the cell, this does not allow for the liver to release glucose to help stabilize low blood sugars.
Fructose Metabolism
Fructose has...

...Biochemistry - Metabolism
Enzyme Function and Activation Energy
(Chapter 6 - Enzyme function and activation energy, n.d.)
Induced Fit Model
(Hudon-Miller, Enzymes, 2013)
Why Does Aldolase B Deficiency Lead to HFI?
• Understanding what happens to Glucose and Fructose in the liver is the first step.
• Glucose enters the liver cell and Glucokinase is in the cytoplasm and adds a Phosphate (Pi) to
make G-6-P to keep the glucose in the liver cell, which then becomes G-1-P and can be stored as
glycogen or move onto the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) to make ATP or fatty acids.
• Fructose enters the liver, fructokinase adds a Pi to make F-1-P (the substrate of Aldolase B) to
form Aldolase B forming the products DHAP and glyceraldehyde which can then go to glycolysis or
onto the (CAC) to make ATP or fatty acids.
• The Lock and Key Model (slide 3) and the Activation Engery Ea (slide 2) will help to explain how
Aldolase B is the catalyst to convert F-1-P in the liver.
• The Lock and Key Model shows how an enzyme and substrate attach, the enzyme then converts
the substrate to the product and then releases the product. One of the important factors is that
the enzyme then continues on without being changed.
• The Ea shows how the substrate on its own requires a certain amount of free energy but with an
enzyme the amount of free energy in the Ea is decreased. The enzyme is the catalyst that...

...Metabolism
“Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments” (Metabolism). Metabolism breaks down the food that we eat, transforming it into energy for our bodies. Metabolism is broken down into two categories Anabolism and Catabolism, which help aid in the chemical reaction process. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions (Dowshen). Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're born and ends when we die. It is a vital process for all life not just humans, and if it were to stop or we did not have metabolism we could not be alive.
Metabolism generally deals eating and our digestive system. After food is eaten, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into amino acids, fats into fatty acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). In addition to sugar, both amino acids and fatty acids can be used as energy sources by the body when needed. These compounds are absorbed into the blood, which then transports them to our cells throughout the body. After they enter the cells, other enzymes...

...Quiz
Chapter 13: How Cells Obtain Energy From Food
.
The energy released by oxidizing glucose is saved in high energy bonds of: ATP and other activated carrier molecues
2.
Sugars derived from food are broken down by: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
3.
Catabolism: a breakdown process in which enzymes degrade complex molecules into simpler ones
4.
The digestion of polymeric food molecules into monomeric subunits occurs in: extracellular space (i.g. lumen of the intestines) and in lysosomes
5.
The oxidative breakdown of food molecules occur in the MITOCHONDRIA in eukaryotic cells
6.
The electron transport chain generates the largest amount of ATP
7.
The end products of glycolysis are: pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
8.
NAD+, ATP, and ADP are required for glycolysis to occur, O2 is NOT
9.
The synthesis of ATP in glycolysis occurs by substrate level phosphorylation
10.
2 ATP are invested during the first part of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose broken down
11.
From one glucose molecule, 2 ATP and 2 NADH is produced during glycolysis
12.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway responsible for the principle source of ATP in anaerobic microorganisms
13.
Under anaerobic conditions Fermentation is the metabolic pathway that regenerates the supplu of NAD+ for glycolysis
14.
For a bond to be “high energy” such as between phosphate groups in ATP, The hydrolysis of such a...

...systems in relation to energymetabolism in the body
In this task I am going to discuss the three systems involved in energymetabolism in the body.
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + O2 = E + CO2 + H2O
OR
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
In order to release energy we need glucose which is a simple carbohydrate that is produced after digestion of food and we also need oxygen. Once the food has been broken down it then needs to be transported throughout the body. For this reason, there are three systems involved in cellular respiration. These three systems are known to be the digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular system.
Energymetabolism is generally defined as “The entirety of an organism's chemical processes. These chemical processes typically take the form of complex metabolic pathways within the cell, generally categorized as being either catabolic or anabolic. In humans, the study of how energy flows and is processed in the body is termed bioenergetics, and is principally concerned with how macromolecules such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates break down to provide usable energy for growth, repair, and physical activity.” (Gore, 2014)
Digestive System
This system is made up of the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and large...

...Unit 5
Outcome 2 – EnergyMetabolism Booklet
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. These provide a passageway to allow air in and out of the body. Every cell in the body requires oxygen to survive.
The primary function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases. The respiratory system allows oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, this is necessary to sustain life. During the process of breathing air is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled, this change of gases occurs in the alveoli. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses into arterial blood. The waste rich blood from the veins releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli which is released through exhaling.
Air enters through nostrils which contain coarse hairs. The pharynx is shared between the digestive and respiratory system and extends between the nostrils and the larynx. The larynx joins the pharynx to the trachea; it consists of cartilages and is also known as the voice box. The trachea divides to form the primary bronchi, the left and right bronchi which the bronchi are two tubes that carry air into the lungs and they .break down into smaller branches which are called bronchioles. At the end of these are air sacs called alveoli which absorb oxygen from the air. The diaphragm is a muscle which is directly below the lungs, during inhalation the diaphragm contracts to allow...