4 Games

INTRODUCTION

Board-Games have been what children and adults have been playing for ages other than outdoor games and nothing compares to sitting in at the kitchen table across from your brother, sister, mom, dad, or friend and looking them in the eye and competing in a game of chance or skill to pass the time and make memories.

The first Board-Game of history is hard to determine, much like most things that are pre 1900, or simultaneously invented or created across the globe — who owns the creative status?

History of Board-Games

In many countries today, Board-Games are drawn in the sand with a stick and played with pebbles as counters and flat sticks instead of dice. There is no reason to believe that at the beginning of civilisation, our ancestors did not play the same games.

The first recorded use of Board-Games goes back to prehistoric times over 7000 years to an inlaid games board found in Ur (Iran 5500BC).

Many old games have been found in tombs. Rich grieving parents often buried their children with their favourite toys and games. The early Egyptians used mud gaming boards (3000BC). A board and peg game found in an Egyptian tomb of about 2800BC shows 2 players with pegs headed with either dogs or wolfs. Dice were used with this game, so both luck and skill were involved. It had a drawer underneath for storing the pieces. Chess is the oldest surviving game, it was played by the Egyptians.

Palamedes of Greece was said to have invented the dice in about 1400BC. Cubical stones and clay die (plural of dice) from this period have been found with numbers pitted or inlaid on their faces.On ‘modern’ dice, the sum of each pair of opposite faces add upto seven. This was suggested by Eastanthius, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Greece in 1193BC to stop cheats who made dice with two number ‘ones’.Dice have not always been made in the shape of a cube. Stone dice used in Egypt in about 250BC were 10 sided. A tubular dice made from Ivory has been found with marks of the numbers one, two, and three on the sides, spaced apart with ornamental lines. Prior to the use of dice, flat sticks were used marked with numbers. Sometimes the dice were marked with symbols or colours.

The story of games in Britain begins with the arrival of the Romans in 43AD. For the next 400 years Britain was part of the Roman Empire. Unlike earlier peoples in Britain, the Romans wrote books which described children’s games and artists made carvings, mosaics and wall paintings showing scenes of daily life. The Romans played the game of ‘Tabula’ which is similar to the modern game of Backgammon.

Few Board-Games exist from the period after the Romans left. The invasions by the Anglo-Saxons from Germany, Vikings from Scandinavia and the Normans from France destroyed much. Anglo-Saxon draughts pieces have been found made from horse’ teeth. The Vikings introduced the board-game of Hnefatafl in 400AD. Draughts was probably invented in the south of France in about 1100AD, using Backgammon playing pieces on a chequered chess board.

In 1120AD Bartholomew’s Fair started in London. Between 1133 and 1300AD, people played Board-Games sitting under the trees in the Pirory Churchyard in Smithfields, London. Lords and courtiers played chess and dice in their castles.The first proper toy shops appeared in 1720. Before that, games would be sold at local fairs and markets and by peddlers travelling around the country. When Queen Victoria’s reign started in 1837, toys and games were made by hand and were very expensive. The toymakers usually worked from home. Many children made a living making toys, working 70 hours per week. They never attended school. In 1870 a law was passed saying all children had to go to school. Few went as many parents could not afford the fees. After 1891 most schools became free.

The first Board-Game to be manufactured in the USA was "The Mansion of Happiness" issued in 1843. Improved printing and production techniques and better distribution methods together with increased prosperity and greater leisure time combined to make Board-Games big business. Halma was invented in England in 1854. The old Indian game of Pachisi was brought to England in 1896 and called Ludo.J.W.Spears formed his company in 1878. Their 1910 catalogue listed 114 different Board-Games. The Parker Brothers started up in 1883 and Chad Valley was formed in 1897. By the beginning of this century, hundreds of thousands of Board-Games were being made each year. Many games were educational or moral, even the early Snakes and Ladders had a moral significance. The little pictures showed good and bad deeds. A child who carried a load for an old woman would go up the ladder, but the one who was greedy and over-ate would go back down the body of the snake. Virtue being rewarded and vice punished.

The end of the 1920’s brought the Great Depression. Many were out of work throughout the world. There were no Social Services to fall back on. Many died of hunger. One of the millions out of work was Charles Darrow, a heating engineer from Pennsylvania. In 1930, he improvised a game, writing the street name of Atlantic City around the edge of the board. He spent evenings playing at property speculation. His friends wanted copies of his game so he started to make a few. He also sold some to a department store. In 1935 Parker Brothers sold over a million sets. The game is called ‘Monopopy’.‘Sorry’ is another successful game from this time, produced by Waddington’s in Britain in 1934.After the Second World War the Board-Games had to fight competition from other forms of leisure interests such as Radio and Television. Manufacturers produced Board-Games based on well known Comics, Radio and TV programs. Scrabble was invented in 1950.

Board-Games have been used as free gifts by various manufacturers to promote and advertise their products.In 1926 Huntley and Palmer gave away a game of checkers using actual "Ginger Nuts & Butter Osbourns" biscuits as the checkers. Today Cereal Manufacturer print Board-Games on their packets and they are played with the printed ‘Teetotums’

Nuclear Escalation Card Game

NUCLEAR ESCALATION CARD GAME: intended as the `expansion set' for Nuclear War, this game can be played separately or shuffled in with Nuclear War to make a bigger game. It brings the devastation up to date with cruise missiles, MX missiles, new Special cards, sneaky Spies, and Space Platforms. (And don't forget `Skippy' the feared SuperVirus). This game won the H G Wells Award for best SF Boardgame of 1983 awarded at Origins 1984 even though it is a card game!