Send the Gift of Lifelong Learning!

Theories of Human Development

Gifting Information

Frequently Asked Questions

With an eGift, you can instantly send a Great Course to a friend or loved one via email. It's simple:

Find the course you would like to eGift.

Under “Choose a Format,” click on Video Download or Audio Download.

Click ‘Send e-Gift’

Fill out the details on the next page. You will need the email address of your friend or family member.

Proceed with the checkout process as usual.

Once you have paid for your order, your friend or loved one will receive an email letting them know that they have a gift waiting for them at TheGreatCourses.com. That gift will be added to their My Digital Library when they log in and click to redeem it.

Why do I need to specify the email of the recipient?

We will send that person an email to notify them of your gift.

If they are already a customer, they will be able to add the gift to their My Digital Library and mobile apps.

If they are not yet a customer, we will help them set up a new account so they can enjoy their course in their My Digital Library or via our free mobile apps.

How will my friend or family member know they have a gift?

They will receive an email from The Great Courses notifying them of your eGift. The email will direct them to TheGreatCourses.com.

What if my friend or family member does not receive the email?

If the email notification is missing, first check their Spam folder. Depending on your email provider, it may have mistakenly been flagged as spam. If it is not found, please email customer service at (customerservice@thegreatcourses.com) or call 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

How will I know they have received my eGift?

When the recipient clicks on their email and redeems their eGift, you will automatically receive an email notification.

I don’t want to send downloads. How do I gift DVDs or CDs?

eGifting only covers digital products. To purchase a DVD or CD version of a course and mail it to a friend, please call customer service at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Oops! The recipient already owns the course I gifted. What now?

Great minds think alike! We can exchange the eGifted course for another course of equal value. Please call customer service at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Can I select a date in the future to send my eGift?

Sorry, this feature is not available yet. We are working on adding it in the future.

What if the email associated with eGift is not for my regular Great Course account?

Please email customer service at (customerservice@thegreatcourses.com) or call our customer service team at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance. They have the ability to update the email address.

When purchasing a gift for someone, why do I have to create an account?

This is done for two reasons. One is so you can track the purchase of the order in your ‘order history’ section as well as being able to let our customer service team track your purchase and the person who received it if the need arises.

Can I return or Exchange a gift after I purchase it?

Because the gift is sent immediately, it cannot be returned or exchanged by the person giving the gift. The recipient can exchange the gift for another course of equal or lesser value, or pay the difference on a more expensive item

Frequently Asked Questions

With an eGift, you can instantly send a Great Course to a friend or loved one via email. It's simple:
1. Find the course you would like to eGift.
2. Under "Choose a Format", click on Video Download or Audio Download.
3. Click 'Send e-Gift'
4. Fill out the details on the next page. You will need to the email address of your friend or family member.
5. Proceed with the checkout process as usual.

Q: Why do I need to specify the email of the recipient?

A:
We will send that person an email to notify them of your gift. If they are already a customer, they will be able to add the gift to their My Digital Library and mobile apps. If they are not yet a customer, we will help them set up a new account so they can enjoy their course in their My Digital Library or via our free mobile apps.

Q: How will my friend or family member know they have a gift?

A:
They will receive an email from The Great Courses notifying them of your eGift. The email will direct them to TheGreatCourses.com. If they are already a customer, they will be able to add the gift to their My Digital Library and mobile apps. If they are not yet a customer, we will help them set up a new account so they can enjoy their course in their My Digital Library or via our free mobile apps.

Q: What if my friend or family member does not receive the email?

A:
If the email notification is missing, first check your Spam folder. Depending on your email provider, it may have mistakenly been flagged as spam. If it is not found, please email customer service at (customerservice@thegreatcourses.com) or call 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Q: How will I know they have received my eGift?

A:
When the recipient clicks on their email and redeems their eGift, you will automatically receive an email notification.

Q: What if I do not receive the notification that the eGift has been redeemed?

A:
If the email notification is missing, first check your Spam folder. Depending on your email provider, it may have mistakenly been flagged as spam. If it is not found, please email customer service at (customerservice@thegreatcourses.com) or call customer service at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Q: I don't want to send downloads. How do I gift DVDs or CDs?

A:
eGifting only covers digital products. To purchase a DVD or CD version of a course and mail it to a friend, please call customer service at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Q: Oops! The recipient already owns the course I gifted. What now?

A:
Great minds think alike! We can exchange the eGifted course for another course of equal value. Please call customer service at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance.

Q: Can I update or change my email address?

A:
Yes, you can. Go to My Account to change your email address.

Q: Can I select a date in the future to send my eGift?

A:
Sorry, this feature is not available yet. We are working on adding it in the future.

Q: What if the email associated with eGift is not for my regular Great Course account?

A:
Please please email customer service at (customerservice@thegreatcourses.com) or call our customer service team at 1-800-832-2412 for assistance. They have the ability to update the email address so you can put in your correct account.

Q: When purchasing a gift for someone, why do I have to create an account?

A:
This is done for two reasons. One is so you can track the purchase of the order in your ‘order history’ section as well as being able to let our customer service team track your purchase and the person who received it if the need arises.

Q: Can I return or Exchange a gift after I purchase it?

A:
Because the gift is sent immediately, it cannot be returned or exchanged by the person giving the gift. The recipient can exchange the gift for another course of equal or lesser value, or pay the difference on a more expensive item

What are priority codes?

Priority Codes are on the back of the catalog, mail promotion, or within an advertisement. To ensure that the pricing on the website is the same as what is in your catalog or advertisement, please enter the priority code provided.

What are priority codes?

Priority Codes are on the back of the catalog, mail promotion, or within an advertisement. To ensure that the pricing on the website is the same as what is in your catalog or advertisement, please enter the priority code provided.

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1. A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed;

2. Identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple copyrighted works at a single online site are covered by a single
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Transfer of Rights and Obligations

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Waiver

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Severability

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Notice and Consent to Electronic Communications.

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satisfy any legal requirement for enforceability purposes, including the enforcement of electronic signatures.

Law and Jurisdiction

Contracts for the purchase of Products and Services through our Site and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with them or their subject
matter or formation (including non-contractual disputes or claims) will be governed by governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state
of New York, without regard to conflict of laws provisions. and shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of New York, New York.

Entire Agreement

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any Contract and supersede any prior agreement, understanding, or arrangement between us, whether oral or in writing.

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(unless such untrue statement was made fraudulently) and the other party's only remedy shall be for breach of contract as provided in these Terms

Protecting your privacy

The Great Courses Privacy Policy Effective Date:

July 15, 2014

Welcome to thegreatcourses.com (“The Great Courses”) Website (“Website”). The Great Courses, its subsidiaries and affiliates, or other members of our
family of companies value your participation and loyalty. We are committed to the protection of member and community privacy. The Great Courses has created
this Privacy Policy in order to demonstrate its commitment to the privacy and protection of your personal information. To better protect your privacy, The
Great Courses provides this notice explaining our information practices and the choices you can make about the way your information is collected and used.

Information about Us

Our Website is operated by The Teaching Company, LLC, 4840 Westfields Blvd., Suite 500, Chantilly, VA 20151-2299 (under the trading name of The Great
Courses). If you would like information on how to contact us, click Contact Us.

1. What Information Is Collected

The following are the types of information we may collect:

The Great Courses may collect personal information like name, telephone number, email address, date of birth, home or business mailing address, and details
regarding your mode of payment, e.g., credit/debit card or account information, when you access certain areas of the Website that require
registration or payment for products and services, or if you require more information about those services.

Non-Personal Information

At other times, The Great Courses may collect information that cannot be used to directly identify you, such as browser type, Dynamic Internet Protocol
(IP) address, “click stream” data, and similar non-personally identifiable information. For example, we may aggregate non-personal information about you
and other customers who visit certain areas of our Website. Aggregated information will not contain any information that can be linked directly back to
you.

While we take all reasonable steps to protect the privacy of our Website visitors, we cannot promise that the current limitations of our online
applications programming will address every browser setting or honor every personal browser preference. In particular, we have not implemented the
necessary program changes to honor “Do Not Track” or “DNT” browser signals. As our online applications programming is refined, we will take all reasonable
steps to honor such requests in the future. Please return to this Privacy Policy for further updates on this topic.

Further, our online service providers or business partners may implement technologies that allow for the collection of personally identifiable information
over time and across Websites. We recommend that you review each privacy policy posted on the Websites that you visit to better understand privacy
practices on those Websites.

Electronic Communications

When you open emails from us or engage in SMS or MMS communications, we may log and store such information. We may also keep records of various
communications regarding the types of products and services that you indicate are of interest to you via your response to email and text messaging. You
will always have the option to opt-out of such communications by clicking an “unsubscribe” link or replying “STOP” to our text messages.

2. How Do We Collect Information

We may collect information from you in several different areas on the Website, including, without limitation, those described below:

Registration

You may be asked to complete a registration form and provide personally identifiable information; you may also be asked to choose a user ID and password in
order to take advantage of certain features on the Website or digital messaging services, such as newsletters or contests. Your decision to register is
voluntary and you will have the opportunity to decide whether or not to disclose information to us and what communications you would like to receive;
however, please be advised that many products and services available on the Website require registration and if you elect not to provide such information,
you will not be able to take advantage of those products and services.

Contests or Sweepstakes

We periodically operate contests and sweepstakes through the Website and messaging services that will require registration or the submission of personal
information. Your personally identifiable information may be used to contact you for winner notification, prize delivery confirmation or other related
purposes (see the rules of each contest for details about how your personal information will be used, including postings to the Website).

Surveys and Games

From time-to-time we may request personally identifiable information from you in conjunction with a survey or games, such as quizzes. Participation is
voluntary, and you will have the opportunity to decide whether or not to disclose information to the Website. At times, you may have to register to vote or
to take part in a survey. When you register to play games on our Website, you may be asked to provide personally identifiable information.

Cookies and Tracking Technology

We may use any number of tools to collect information about you, your computer access points, and the web browser that you use to connect to our Website.
For example, “cookies” are tiny text files that we place on your computer’s hard drive when you visit our Website. We may use cookies to personalize your
Website experience. You do not have to accept our cookies and you may delete them after they have been placed on your hard drive. If you do not accept or
delete our cookies, some areas of our Website that you access may take more time to work, or may not function properly. For more information about cookies,
visit: http://www.allaboutcookies.org.

The Great Courses may also collect additional information from your web browser each time you visit our Website. We may collect information on the pages
that you visit, the promotions or advertisements that you click on, and other actions that you take while using our Website. This information may include
your IP address, the type of browser, the time that your browser was used to access our Website, and the referring Website address.

Our Internet Service Providers (defined below) may also use other standard web-based technologies to analyze your movements while accessing our Website.
The technologies include analytic solutions, web “beacons,” “pixel tags,” and “clear gifs.” These technologies help us ascertain the effectiveness of our
product and service campaigns and marketing programs, allow us to customize the services offered on or through our Website, and help determine the best use
for Website content, and product and service offerings. Some of this information, including the IP address, may be stored on our Internet service
provider’s server logs, and may be available for extended periods of time.

Transaction Information

If you conduct a financial or other transaction with the Website, such as subscribe to a Subscription Product or other products/services offered on the
Website, we will ask you to complete an order form that will request certain information from you, including contact information, demographic information
and/or financial information. Even though the collection form may have the look and feel of thegreatcourses.com, please be aware you may be giving your
information directly to the third party Internet Service Provider, and that in some instances such third party Internet Service Provider's Privacy Policy
will govern the collection of your personal information. Please reference the privacy policies available from these pages for any privacy related concerns.

We and/or our Internet Service Providers will use this information to complete the financial or other transaction that you have requested, i.e.,
to deliver the information, products or other services that you request or purchase, to invoice you, and in a manner consistent with this Privacy Policy.
For your protection, financial information is collected and stored through encrypted means.

We use your personal information to send you order confirmations. In such cases, you should receive via e-mail an order confirmation within moments of
placing your order. Designed to supplement your learning experience, you will receive course starter materials for every course you purchase. These
materials include the professor's summary of the course, links to recommended websites, and recommended readings. Occasionally, you will receive
interesting and compelling articles of interest on the subjects covered by our courses. From time-to-time you may receive e-mail surveys to vote for The
Great Courses you want us to make, to rate the quality of The Great Courses you have purchased, to tell us what improvements to make to The Great Courses
and our services, and to tell us which professors we should choose to make the next Great Course. We may also use your personal information to notify you
of special offers. You will receive e-mails notifying you when courses featured in our print catalogs and newsletters go on sale. These e-mails also make
ordering extremely simple—if you see courses that interest you, simply click on the links in the e-mail to find out more.

We may also use your IP address to help protect us and our Internet Service Providers from fraud. Additional uses of your non-personal and personal
information will allow us to tailor products and services specific to your needs, to help organize and manage your customer relationship and our business,
to conduct business, to provide you with customer and member support, to perform functions that are described to you at the time of collection, and to
enforce our Website’s Terms and Conditions of Use.

We may also use non-personal aggregate information to improve our Website. For example, our Internet Service Providers may report to us that there were a
particular number of visitors to a certain area of our Website, or that a certain number of men or a certain number of women completed our registration
form in particular areas of our Website. Such information may also be used to analyze the effectiveness of our business and advertising models.

4. Shared Information

We may share your personal information with the Internet Service Providers as appropriate. For personal information collected after the effective date of
this Privacy Policy, we may also share personally identifiable information with outside, non-affiliated third parties that offer products and services that
are complementary to our product lines. However, such collection and use of personal information will not be retroactively applied to personal information
collected before the effective date of this Privacy Policy, without your consent. We may also disclose your personal information as is necessary to: (a)
comply with a subpoena or court order; (b) cooperate with law enforcement or other government agency; (c) establish or exercise our legal rights; (d)
protect the property or safety of our company and employees, contractors, vendors, and suppliers; (e) defend against legal claims; (f) help with internal
and external investigations; or (g) as otherwise required by law or permitted by law. We may disclose your information in connection with the sale or
merger of The Great Courses or any transaction that involves the sale or assignment of some or all of our assets.

Third-Party ad serving, analytics, and audience and traffic measurement services: We may use a third-party network advertiser to serve the advertisements
on the Website or may use a traffic measurement service to analyze the traffic on the Website. Network advertisers are third parties that display
advertisements based on your visits to this Website and other Websites you have visited. Third-party ad serving enables us to target advertisements to you
for products or Websites you might be interested in. audience and traffic measurement services allow us to collect anonymous traffic and behavior
information from the Website by monitoring anonymous visitor activity. Although advertisers or other companies do not have access to the Website cookies,
the Website's advertisers, sponsors and/or traffic measurement services may themselves set and access their own cookies on your computer if you choose to
have your cookies enabled in your browser. Cookies allow third-party advertisers to show you advertisements or content you might be interested in. Note
that any images (or any other parts of a web page) served by third parties in association with third-party cookies may serve as web beacons, which enable
third parties to carry out the previously described activities. Other companies' uses of their cookies are subject to their own privacy policies, not this
one. Please visit http://www.networkadvertising.org/optout_nonppii.asp in order to learn more about the information collection practices and "opt-out"
procedures of third-party ad servers we may use.

With regard to name and postal address only, from time to time, we may make our mailing list available to carefully screened companies. If you prefer we
don’t share your name and postal address, please call our Customer Care team at 1-800-832-2412 or write to us at The Great Courses, 4840 Westfields Blvd.,
Suite 500, Chantilly, VA, 20151-2299. (However, because this reflects a change in practice, the new policy applies only to the names and postal addresses
of new customers added to our mailing list after October 1, 2013.)

5. Links To Third-party Websites

Links of this Website may allow you to directly access Websites operated by third parties, including, without limitation, our service providers (such as
third-party shopping cart service provider) or marketing providers. Some of these third-party marketing channels may be “co-branded” with our logo; even
so, these third-party channels are not operated, controlled or maintained by The Great Courses. These channels or links are provided for your convenience
only and should be used with your discretion and prudent judgment. Links from our Website to third-party Websites do not constitute sponsorship,
endorsement, or approval of the content, policies or practices of such third-party Websites. The collection and use of your information by such co-branding
third parties is the responsibility of the co-branding partner, and they may use your personal information for their direct marketing purposes. We are not
responsible for any information these Websites or digital channels may obtain and we do not oversee their policies or practices. This Privacy Policy does
not apply to information provided to or gathered by the third parties that operate them. The privacy policies of these third-party Websites may differ from
ours. These Websites may ask you for Personal Information. Please review the privacy policy on third-party channels before submitting information, because
we do not have control over the use of information collected on these Websites. Please review the privacy policies and practices of these digital channels
before providing any Personal Information.

6. Information Security

The Great Courses makes reasonable efforts to ensure that our Internet Service Providers have implemented physical, electronic, and procedural security
measures to assist with safeguarding your personal information, and to help protect against unauthorized access and disclosure. Only our authorized
personnel and our Internet Service Providers who perform legitimate business functions for The Great Courses are authorized to access your personal
information.

Notwithstanding our efforts, the Internet and online services have inherent security risks. The Great Courses cannot promise, and you should not expect,
that your personal information, personal searches, and other communications will always remain secure. You should take care with regard to how you handle
and disclose your personal information or any username or password that you are required to use to access services on this Website or online service.

7. Data Retention Periods

We will retain your personally identifiable information for as long as your account is active or as needed to provide you services. If you wish to cancel
your account or request that we no longer use your information to provide you services contact us at customerservice@thegreatcourses.com. We will retain and use your information as necessary to
comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements.

8. Other Social Media Websites, Blogs, Message Boards

The Website and The Great Courses Mobile application ("The Great Courses Mobile") may make chat rooms, forums, commenting and message boards available to
you and other users. You are not required to provide any personal information when using these areas but you may choose to do so. If you post personal
information online, it will be publicly available and you may receive unsolicited messages from other parties. In addition, when you post a comment to The
Great Courses Mobile, the user name with which you registered for the Website and your current location will be made publicly available on the Website and
through The Great Courses Mobile. By using the commenting features of the Website and The Great Courses Mobile, you acknowledge that your user name and
location information will be disclosed. We cannot ensure the security of any information you choose to make public in a chat room, forum, or message board.
Also, we cannot ensure that parties who have access to such publicly available information will respect your privacy. Please exercise caution when deciding
to disclose personal information in these areas. To request removal of your personal information from our blog or community forum, contact us at: customerservice@thegreatcourses.com. In some cases, we may not be able to remove your personal
information, in which case we will let you know if we are unable to do so and why.

9. General Audience Website Not Directed Toward Children

This Website is a general audience Website. Our content is neither directed toward minors nor children who are under the age of 13. We do not knowingly
collect personal information from children under the age of 13. If The Great Courses or our Internet Service Providers become aware that a minor or a child
under the age of 13 has provided us with personal information without the parental consent, that information will be deleted from our databases. Parents
who have questions about personal information that may have been submitted by a child under the age of 13 should email us at: customerservice@thegreatcourses.com.

10. Consent to Privacy Policy

By using the Website, you signify your agreement to the terms of this Privacy Policy. We may amend this Privacy Policy at any time. If we make a material
change to the way in which we collect, use, and/or share your personal information, we will post a notice on the Website and/or send an email to users who
have provided an email address. Please note that you should always update your personal information to provide us with a current email address.

11. Access to Personal Information and Consent to Transfer

The first time that you provide us with registration information through our Website, you may be offered the opportunity to subscribe to and receive
additional information about our products and services. After your first use, you can make changes to your personal information and your initial choices by
accessing your account or by contacting customer service e-mail at customerservice@thegreatcourses.com.

The United States may not have data privacy laws that are deemed to afford an equal level of protection for your Personal Information as those laws
legislated at the direction of the European Union or similar geopolitical, national or regional legislative bodies. However, please be assured that The
Great Courses will continue to adhere to the principles stated in this Privacy Policy and will make reasonable efforts to comply with applicable
international, national, regional, territorial, and provincial laws in connection with any information collected through the Website. The Great Courses
will endeavor to preserve the integrity, confidentiality, and security of personal information and afford such personal information reasonable level of
protection.

For those Website users located outside the United States, we advise you that your information may at times be accessible by individuals who are located
worldwide including in countries that the European Commission or other geopolitical regions have not been determined to provide the same level of data
protection as in your country, province, territory or geopolitical region. By providing us with your Personal Information, you consent to our use of it in
accordance with The Great Courses’ Privacy Policy, including the transfer of your information across international boundaries to jurisdictions anywhere in
the world as permitted by local law.

12. Your California Privacy Rights

Other than as is stated by this Privacy Policy, the Great Courses will not share any personal information about you with outside third-parties for their
direct marketing purposes to the extent prohibited by California law, unless you agree otherwise as authorized by your prior written consent.

California residents have the right to request information from The Great Courses regarding the manner that we may share personal information with
affiliated companies and third parties for their direct marketing purposes. To find out what and how we share such information, you may send us an e-mail
request at: customerservice@thegreatcourses.com or mail a request to: Privacy Officer, The Great
Courses 4840 Westfields Blvd. Suite #500 Chantilly, VA 20151-2299, and receive the following information:

A. The categories of information we disclosed to third parties for their direct marketing purposes during the preceding calendar year, if any;

B. The names and addresses of the third parties who received information for their direct marketing purposes; and

C. Examples of the products and services subject to the third-parties’ direct marketing programs, if the nature of the third parties’ business cannot be
determined from their names.

Course Overview

Have you ever wondered where the terms "terrible twos'' and "identity crisis" come from?

Did you know that the notion that children are different from adults, and require special care, is only about 200 years old?

Did you know we can trace most of our modern ideas about children to just two renowned thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries?

These are just a few of the fascinating aspects of the field of "human development": the science that studies how we learn and develop psychologically, from birth to the end of life. To a large extent, the study of human development is the study of child development, because the most significant changes take place from infancy through adolescence. This very young science not only enables us to understand children and help them develop optimally, but also gives us profound insights into who we are as adults.

In Theories of Human Development, Professor Malcolm W. Watson introduces you to the six theories that have had perhaps the greatest influence on this field. You will meet the people who formulated each theory, become familiar with their philosophical backgrounds and the historical contexts in which they worked, and study the specific processes of human development that each theory describes.

Along the way, you will evaluate the strength and weaknesses of each theory. How do these six great theories complement or contradict one another? What do they tell us, as a whole, about human development?

Six Theories of How We Become Who We Are

The six major theories have had a pervasive impact on the way we, both scientists and the general public, see ourselves. They are:

Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Theory. The lectures discuss this theory, the earliest of the six, including such concepts as the Oedipus Complex and Freud's five stages of psycho-sexual development. Although now widely disputed, Freudian thinking is deeply imbedded in our culture and constantly influences our view of human nature.

Erik Erikson's Psycho-Social Theory. This is the theory that gave rise to the term "identity crisis." Erikson was the first to propose that the "stages" of human development spanned our entire lives, not just childhood. His ideas heavily influenced the study of personality development, especially in adolescence and adulthood.

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's Integrated Attachment Theory.This was the first theory to focus primarily on the formation of parent-child relationships. It explains the connection between relationships that occur early in our lives and those that happen later, including romantic ones. Attachment theory has generated thousands of scientific studies, and has led to changes in many childcare policies, such as those allowing parents to stay with their children in hospitals.

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory. This theory modified traditional learning theory developed by such behaviorists as B. F. Skinner, which was based on stimulus-response relationships. It considered learning to be no different among infants, children, adults, or even animals. Bandura's approach is influential in such areas as the effect of media violence on children, and the treatment of problem behaviors and disorders.

Jean Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory. Piaget's influence created a revolution in human development theory. He proposed the existence of four major stages, or "periods," during which children and adolescents master the ability to use symbols and to reason in abstract ways. This has been the most influential of the six major theories. In the 1970s and 1980s, it completely dominated the study of child development.

Lev Vygotsky's Cognitive-Mediation Theory. Alone among the major theorists, Vygotsky believed that learning came first, and caused development. He theorized that learning is a social process in which teachers, adults, and other children form supportive "scaffolding" on which each child can gradually master new skills. Vygotsky's views have had a large impact on educators.

Early Theorists: Locke, Rousseau, and even Darwin

To give you the best understanding of these theories, this course also explores the general history of the study of child development. It touches on the work of other important researchers, such as John Watson of Johns Hopkins University, who developed behaviorism, and Arnold Gesell of Yale, from whose work sprang such well-worn phrases as "just going through a stage" and "the terrible twos."

Professor Watson also discusses the era of observational research on children, which marked the beginnings of child study as a true science. This period was pioneered by scientists who began publishing detailed accounts of the development of their own children. These early "baby biographers" included Alfred Binet, who first developed intelligence testing in France, and even Charles Darwin.

You may be struck not only by how much we have learned about child development, but also by how much our attitudes toward children have changed. Until the beginning of the 19th century, there was no interest in child study and, in fact, no concern for children. Such factors as poverty and high infant mortality created an atmosphere in which children were barely tolerated, or used for labor.

In Paris in 1750, 33 percent of all newborns were left in foundling homes or on doorsteps; most died. In England, boys and girls as young as four were often sent to work in mines.

You will see how attitudes toward children gradually improved, due mostly to the efforts of physicians and religious leaders. And you will appreciate the tremendous contribution that two renowned philosophers, John Locke (1632–1704) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), have made to the field of child development. Their ideas about children—whether they are inherently good or bad, or whether they actively shape their environments or passively react to stimuli—still form much of the basis of our modern theories.

The lessons of this course are not simply about learning, behavior, and relationships in youth, but at any age. Taken as a whole, they provide our best answers to the questions of human nature—how we learn, adapt, and become who we are at every stage in life.

Hide Full Description

24 lectures

| 30 minutes each

Year Released: 2002

1

Introduction—The Value of Theories

This lecture introduces the major objectives of the course. It allows students to assess where they stand on major issues regarding human development. The lecture then discusses the value of scientific theories for understanding development, and the criteria for judging whether a theory is valuable. x

2

The Early History of Child Study

Prior to and during the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America, people often showed a lack of humane concern for children. This translated into an absence of systematic study of child development. Concern for, and evaluation of, children resulted in part from the influence of a few physicians and religious leaders. x

3

Two Worldviews—Locke vs. Rousseau

Two major philosophers, both concerned with humane child rearing and education, changed the prevailing perception of children. John Locke espoused the "mechanistic" worldview: children are neutral ("blank slates") and function like machines. Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed the "organismic" worldview: children are good, and function like organisms. x

4

Later History—Becoming Scientific

This lecture traces the application of scientific method and theory to the study of human development. The first scientists to study children functioned like naturalists, simply observing and describing children's development. x

5

Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

Freud's psychodynamic theory caused a revolution in thinking about human development. We discuss his history, theory, and his reliance on such concepts as psychic energy. x

6

How We Gain Contact with Reality—The Ego

Our discussion of Freud's theory continues by focusing on the nonadaptive nature of the unconscious id, the development of the ego and its accompanying secondary process thinking, and the subsequent development of the superego. x

7

Freud's Psycho-Sexual Stages

This final lecture on Freud discusses his concept of erogenous zones, the five psychosexual stages—oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital—and the fixations that may occur during each, and the Oedipus complex and its resolution. x

8

Erikson's Psycho-Social Theory

We first discuss neo-Freudian revisions in Freud's theory. We then discuss Erikson's history, including his experience with his own identity crisis, and describe how his stages of development are based on the need to develop mastery and personal identity through a series of crises in one's life cycle. x

9

Erikson's Early Stages

The first four stages of Erikson's theory provide the foundation of development for the child: developing trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority. x

10

Identity and Intimacy

Erikson was the first to propose two pivotal stages of development after childhood. During adolescence, Stage 5 is a crisis of developing identity versus role confusion. Stage 6, in young adulthood, is a crisis of developing intimacy versus isolation. The lecture concludes with differences between women and men in developing identity and intimacy. x

11

Erikson's Later Stages—Adult Development

Erikson's last two stages occur in adulthood and old age. Stage 7 is a crisis of developing generativity versus stagnation, and Stage 8 is a crisis of developing ego integrity versus despair. The last stage connects all the issues with which a person has already dealt. x

12

Bowlby and Ainsworth's Attachment Theory

This lecture introduces attachment theory by describing the personal histories and research of its creators. We continue with a "secure base," for which the theory was famous, and an attachment system for the adaptation of the species. x

13

How Nature Ensures That Attachment Will Occur

Bowlby rejected Freudian psychodynamic theory as inadequate to explain attachment. He turned instead to ethology theory, and its concept of innate releasing mechanisms. We discuss the allure of babyish features and their role in attachment, and attachment in the first year of life. x

14

Development of Secure and Insecure Attachments

This lecture describes the normal development of a secure attachment, and Ainsworth's "strange situation" task—the most popular assessment for secure attachment. We examine insecure attachments: what they are, how they may predict several psychopathological problems in development, and causes. x

15

Early Attachments and Adult Relationships

Our discussion concludes with relations between early attachment and later relationships. Bowlby developed the "internal working model" of a child's attachment, which provides constant security, and influences subsequent attachments. Early attachments influence adult romantic relationships. x

16

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

A fourth major theory, Albert Bandura's social learning theory, added a cognitive focus to learning theory. It showed how the influence of what one expects to happen is more important than what does happen. This focus led to the concept of "vicarious reinforcement." x

17

Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory

Bandura extended the cognitive focus of his theory by arguing that a person's development of self-efficacy (or belief that one can have an effect on one's environment) determines the tasks one attempts and the skills one develops. x

18

Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory

This lecture introduces the most important theorist in the field of child development, Jean Piaget. It describes Piaget's history and his attempt to combine naturalist biology and philosophy to create a field called genetic epistemology (how we come to know what we know). x

19

Piaget's Early Stages

Piaget's sequence of four major stages describes how we progress from infant to adult intelligence. Symbol use emerges by the end of infancy, the sensory-motor period. Preschoolers master symbolic skills in the pre-operational period. x

20

Concrete Operations

The discussion of Piaget's theory continues by focusing on what preschoolers can and can't do, and how the five-to-seven year shift is a pivotal transition to Piaget's third stage, the concrete-operational period. x

21

Piaget's Last Stage

This lecture begins with a description of Piaget's Stage 4, the formal-operational period. This is a time of "idealistic" thinking. We consider examples of formal-operational logic, abstraction, and hypothetical thinking. x

22

Vygotsky's Cognitive-Mediation Theory

Lev Vygotsky was practically unknown to Western thinkers until recently, but his theoretical influence on development and education is constantly increasing. As a Russian theorist he believed that Marxism could provide a foundation for a better theory of psychological development. x

23

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky argued that a person's level of development is not a specific point but a range or zone. This "zone of proximal development" shifts over time. We examine examples of "scaffolding," an important notion in education. x

24

Conclusions—Our Nature and Development

This concluding lecture uses the allegory of blind men describing an elephant to illustrate how different theories might give a partial or even false understanding of human nature and development. We discuss ways to integrate the major theories, using the example of gender role development. We end with a reprise: Where does the student now stand regarding major issues of human development? x

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About Your Professor

Malcolm W. Watson, Ph.D.

Brandeis University

Dr. Malcolm W. Watson is George and Frances Levin Professor of Psychology at Brandeis University, where he has been teaching for over 25 years. He earned his B.A. in psychology from the University of Utah and pursued his graduate education in developmental psychology at the University of Denver, where he earned his Ph.D. Professor Watson was the recipient of the first Michael Laban Walzer Award for Excellence in Teaching at...