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2 Appendix A. Adaptive Best Responding in FT s Experiments and Our Revised Experiments Section 1. Statistical Analysis of Adaptive Best Response and Adjustment Asymmetries in FT s Experiments At the aggregate level participants prices are well described by adaptive best responding (ABR) in FT s original experiments. After the first post-shock period, 45 percent of all prices in the NH are exactly equal to the ABR price, and 77 percent deviated by no more than one price increment. For the RH treatment, 40 percent of prices equaled the ABR and 77 percent were within one price increment. 1 We test the hypothesis that participants played their ABR more formally with the following random effects regression model: (A1) where NH equals one for observations in the NH and zero otherwise, is the ABR price of participant i in period t and is assumed to be distributed normally with zero mean and constant variance. We clustered the standard errors by group because participants within a group were responding to one another s prices. If participants systematically followed the ABR strategy in both treatments, we would expect to find coefficient estimates of 1 and 0. These expectations are upheld for all three beta coefficients, and the estimate is very close to (but statistically distinct from) our expectation for. The regression estimates a coefficient of (p < 0.001), with a 95 percent confidence interval from the estimate (see Table A1). Notice that 1 lies within this interval. The estimated constant of (p = 0.016) is statistically significant, but close to zero. Overall, the regression results indicate that participants in the RH set their prices slightly above the ABR. Nevertheless, the ABR strategy comes very close to describing participant behavior. Moreover, the coefficients for NH and NH are statistically insignificant, implying that adjustment behavior was identical across the RH and NH treatments after the initial post-shock period. 1 These percentages exclude observations for which a participant was in equilibrium in the previous period, because in equilibrium firms play their ABR by definition. Including these observations would have biased the results in favor of the ABR hypothesis. We also exclude these observations from our regression models in this section and Section 2. 2

3 Regressing model (A1) on the price data from the last T-1 periods of the positive shock experiments we find that participants also followed the ABR strategy in FT s RH + and NH + (see Table A2). The coefficients for NH + and are statistically insignificant at the 5 percent level, implying that participants adjustment behavior was identical in the NH + and RH + treatments. The coefficient for is (p < 0.001) and not significantly different from 1 at the 5 percent level. Finally, the estimated constant is statistically insignificant. The adjustment processes in the NH and NH + were so similar that it is hard to believe that the asymmetry in adjustment speed was primarily due to the natures of the monetary shocks. We look instead at the underlying economic environments in these treatments. Figure A1a shows the best responses of type x and type y firms to the average price of other firms in the post-shock phase of the negative shock experiments. For any, the vertical distance between a best response function and the 45-degree line indicates the amount by which a firm of that type should submit a price above (or below) the average price of his opponents. These vertical distances drive the dynamics of price adjustment. To see this, assume four firms who employ the ABR strategy and, in period, each face their own,. By definition, the average price of the group in that period,, is equal to 1 4,. Let represent the difference between, and the best response of firm to, (i.e., the vertical distance between the 45-degree line and firm s best response function). In period 1 each firm will submit a price equal to,, so that 1 4,. It follows that the difference in average prices between periods and 1 will be equal to, the average of the. Consequently, asymmetries in the absolute values of the will determine the rate at which a group of firms will reach the equilibrium if they follow the ABR strategy. When the are symmetrical (i.e., 0) the firms have reached the Nash equilibrium. For the majority of the set of in the post-shock phase of the negative shock experiments, the best response of type x firms is given by 5, while for type y firms it is 3. The net effect, in this range of, is that the average price will fall by one increment per period, provided participants are playing their ABR. This is in stark contrast to the best response functions in the positive shock experiments (see Figure A1b). In those experiments, for 3

4 most the best responses for the type x and type y firms are 1 and 7 respectively. This implies an adjustment rate of three price increments per period. Closer to the equilibrium the best responses are 2 and 6 for an adjustment rate of two increments per period. Thus, we would expect participants playing their ABR to converge to the equilibrium at a rate of two to three times that in the negative shock treatments. Section 2. Statistical Analysis of Adaptive Best Response in Our Revised Experiments Examination of the participant-level data suggested two main pricing strategies in the post-shock phase of our experiments. The most common was to roughly follow the ABR strategy, but a minority of participants (9 of 128) repeatedly chose their equilibrium price, even when doing so was not the best response to the average price in the prior period. (Of these nine participants, only one participated in the RH treatment; the remaining eight were divided evenly between the NH and NH +.) We refer to this practice as anchoring on the equilibrium. We categorize a participant as anchoring if, for a majority of the periods 1 in which his group was not in equilibrium in period 1, the participant set his price equal to the equilibrium when it was not the ABR to do so. We fit the data from our three treatments with human opponents to regression model A1, adding a third dummy variable, NH +, so that all three treatments may be analyzed simultaneously. The pricing data from those who anchored on the equilibrium was largely invariant with respect to the ABR. This tends to inflate the constant terms and depress the slope coefficients, despite the fact that only about 7 percent of participants could be described as anchoring. As a result, we report results from two models, the first using data from all participants (the full sample model) and the second excluding observations from participants who anchored on the equilibrium (the restricted sample model). In both models we exclude three observations in which the participant chose no price by the end of the period and a random price was generated for him. Table A3 displays the estimates. Both models fit the data extremely well, with R 2 statistics exceeding 0.88 in both cases. The hypothesis that participants in the RH followed the ABR strategy is well supported. When all data is included the constant term is statistically significant (p = 0.048) but very small. Excluding data from the anchoring participants renders the constant statistically insignificant (p 4

5 = 0.715). The estimated coefficient for is not significantly different from one whether we use the full sample ( 0.934, p < 0.001) or the restricted sample ( 1.001, p < 0.001). None of the interaction variables are statistically significant in either model, and except for the coefficient of NH + in the full sample model ( 3.280, p = 0.001), no dummy variables in either model are significant. Moreover, the significant coefficient for NH + in the full sample model is due to the fact that participants had different equilibrium prices to anchor on in the NH + than in the RH and NH. As a result, including data from the anchoring participants exaggerates differences in prices between the positive shock and negative shock treatments. Consequently, we are satisfied that price adjustment behavior was the same across all three treatments with human opponents. 5

10 Appendix B. Software and Procedures Participants were seated in a computer laboratory and given a set of written instructions explaining the rules of the experiment, as well as a pencil and scratch paper. An experimenter read the instructions aloud, while screenshots highlighting the functions of the computer interface were shown on all participants computer screens. The experimenter paused at several pre-determined points in the instructions to answer questions. We used a computer interface to display participants income tables and allow them to enter their decisions. Features of the interface common to all treatments were as follows. The income table for each firm type was shown on a separate tab of the display window, and participants could switch between tabs to compare them. Payoffs in the income tables were designated by a white background for the table of a given participant s firm type, and a green background for the table of the opposite firm type. The prices a participant could charge were designated with a grey background in the first column of the table, and the 30 possible average prices of the other firms, which were also given a grey background, were displayed in the top row of the table. We provided participants in the nominal payoff treatments with an income converter on their computer displays. If a participant entered a hypothetical and, the income converter would display the real payoff from the income table that was currently displayed. This established a sort of parity in the difficulty of deflating nominal payoffs between FT s experiments and our revised versions, which employed a more complex nominal mapping. In the original study participants could find the real payoff by entering two numbers into an ordinary calculator: the nominal payoff and the average price of other firms. In our experiments participants also had to enter two numbers into the income converter to find the real payoff: their own price and the expected average price of the other three firms. Section 1. Computer Interface for Experiments with Human Opponents Participants selected a price by clicking on one of the prices in the first column of their own income table, which also highlighted the payoffs in the corresponding row in blue. They were allowed to switch prices as often as they liked within a period before finalizing their decision. The computer interface showed each participant the average price of the other firms in 10

11 his group at the end of the period by highlighting payoffs in the appropriate column in yellow. The income cell at the intersection of the blue highlighting from the participant s price row and the yellow highlighting of the average price column was highlighted in green, and this cell contained the participant s period earnings. This gave them a clear visual cue of the results of the period. Once all participants had indicated a readiness to advance to the next period, the blue, yellow and green highlighting was removed from their screens. An experiment history could be accessed on a third tab. It listed the,, and for each period that had been completed. Section 2. Computer Interface for Experiments with Computerized Opponents We followed FT s design in disclosing to participants the exact that the other three firms would charge in response to every possible. However, while they distributed this information in tables on sheets of paper, we provided it visually on their computer screens. The computer display highlighted each payoff cell that corresponded with one of the thirty possible, combinations in yellow. When a participant clicked on a price in his income table, the highlighting of the cell containing the payoff he would receive was changed from yellow to green, and the other 29 payoffs in the price row were highlighted in blue. This minimized the possibility that a participant would make a mistake about the payoff (real or nominal) that he would earn for setting a given price. We considered this an important detail of the design, because participants in the NC treatment of FT s study had some trouble adjusting to the postshock equilibrium even though their equilibrium prices generated the highest nominal and real incomes. We surmised that requiring them to look up the best replies, infer the proper income cell, and deflate the nominal income may have generated some confusion. Section 3. Computer Interface for Experiments with Self as Opponent In the self-opponent treatments participants chose four prices rather than one. Accordingly, it used the same basic interface as the human opponent treatments but provided a set of text boxes (labeled First Type X firm, First Type Y Firm, etc.) for the participants to enter their pricing decisions. Additionally, the history tab was removed from the interface, as the participants chose prices only once in each phase. Section 4. Procedures for Experiments with Computerized and Human Opponents 11

12 At the outset, the experimenter explained that the experiment would consist of two phases, each of which would last for T periods and use a distinct set of income tables. Participants completed a practice period using the pre-shock tables before commencing the first of the 2T periods for which they were paid. Each period lasted up to 2 minutes with the exception of the practice period, which lasted up to 5 minutes. A period ended when all participants had submitted their prices or when the time ran out. If any participant had not selected a price prior to the end of the period, the computer software randomly chose a number from a discrete uniform distribution with support 1,,30 and submitted that as the participant s price for the period. After period T, the income tables on participants screens were populated with the post-shock payoffs. They were given 10 minutes to examine the new tables prior to the start of period T+1. A button on their computer display allowed participants to toggle between the pre- and post-shock tables in order to compare them. This button was disabled prior to period T+1. Section 5. Procedures for Experiments with Self as Opponent The procedures for our self-opponent experiments were the same as above with three exceptions. First, there were only two periods (one pre-shock and one post-shock), each of which allowed participants 15 minutes to select their prices. Second, the practice period was replaced with an instructions comprehension task that required the participants to calculate the, real income and (if appropriate) nominal income for a set of pre-determined prices from four firms. This task employed a novel set of income tables distinct from the pre- and post-shock tables used in the experiment. Finally, the time limit was not enforced by submitting random prices. Participants who had not submitted their prices within 15 minutes simply received a reminder on their screens to finalize their prices immediately. Shortly thereafter a lab monitor observed each computer terminal to ensure that each participant had chosen his prices. Section 6. Screenshots of the Computer Interface 12

17 Appendix C: Instructions for Experiments with Nominal Payoff Framing and Human Opponents General instructions for participants You are participating in a scientific experiment which is funded by Chapman University. The purpose of this experiment is to analyze decision making in experimental markets. If you read these instructions carefully and make appropriate decisions, you may earn a considerable amount of money. At the end of the experiment all the money you earned will be immediately paid out in cash. Each participant is paid $7 for attending. During the experiment your income will not be calculated in dollars, but in points. The total amount of points you collect during the experiment will be converted into dollars by applying the following exchange rate: 50 points = $1.00 During the experiment you are not allowed to communicate with any other participant. If you have any questions, the experimenter(s) will be glad to answer them. If you do not follow these instructions you will be excluded from the experiment and deprived of all payments aside from the minimum payment of $7 for attending. [Questions?] Overview of the experiment The following is a brief description of the experiment. A more detailed description is given below. The experiment will last for a number of rounds. All participants are in the role of firms, selling some product. In this experiment, there are two types of firms: firms of type x and firms of type y. Each firm has to choose a selling price in every round. The income you earn depends on the price you choose and on the prices the other firms within your group choose. [Questions?] Detailed description of the experiment The image on your screen is a screenshot of the computer display you will use to make your pricing decisions. We will refer to this screenshot several times through the course of these instructions. The experiment is divided between two phases, the first of which consists of 15 rounds plus a practice round. You are not paid for the practice round. You should nevertheless take the practice round seriously since you may gain experience in this round. This experience helps you to make decisions in the other rounds in which you are paid. The second phase consists of an additional 15 rounds, but no practice round. 17

18 [Questions?] Every participant is in a group with three other firms. There are two firms of type x and two firms of type y in every group. Your firm type will be displayed at the top left of your screen, and you will remain a firm of that type for the entire experiment. In the example on your screen, the participant is a firm of type x. Consequently, there would be one more firm of type x and two other firms of type y in her group. If she were a firm of type y, there would be two other firms of type x and one more firm of type y in her group. No participant knows which persons are in his or her group. However, you will be grouped with the same participants throughout the experiment. The decisions made by other groups are irrelevant for your group. [Questions?] Earning points In every round all firms simultaneously decide which selling price they wish to set for the current period. Every firm has to choose an integer price from the interval 1 < selling price < 30. How much you earn depends on the price you choose and on the average price of the other three firms in your group. Independent of the firm type, the average price for every firm is calculated by the following formula: Average price = (Sum of selling prices of other 3 firms) / 3 Consequently, the average price will be in the interval 1 < average price < 30 and will be rounded to the nearest integer number. Your computer display contains two income tables: one for firms of type x on the Type X Income Table tab, the other for firms of type y on the Type Y Income Table tab. The income tables are color coded. The income table with a white background shows the nominal income in points if you (or the other firm of your type in your group) choose a specific price and a specific average price results in that round. In the example on your screen, the participant is a firm of type x, so the Type X Income Table has a white background. The income table with a green background shows the nominal income in points that one of the firms of the other type will earn if he or she chooses a specific price and a specific average price results. In the example on your screen, the Type Y Income Table has a green background, because the participant is a firm of type x. [Questions?] Both income tables display nominal points. However, your income at the end of the experiment is not based on nominal point income, but on real point income. The following relation between the two holds: 18

19 Real income = (Nominal income / Average price of other firms) Average price of other firms This formula holds for all firms. Because this formula may be difficult to calculate mentally, your computer display provides you with a tool to quickly calculate real income from the income tables. We will discuss this tool later in the instructions. Notice that on both tables, some of the incomes are displayed in bold, red font. These are the highest real incomes that can be earned in a given round. [Questions?] Let s consider an example. The participant in the example on your screen is a firm of type x. Suppose she chose a price of 2. Suppose the average price chosen by the three other firms in her group was 4. In this case her nominal point income would be 108 points. Her real income would be 23 points; that is, (108/4) 4. [Questions?] When you decide which price to choose, you do not yet know which average price will actually result in this period. Your white income table can consequently help you to calculate your real point income given your expectation of the average price of other firms. Given your expectation of the average price, you can read off the white table the income you would get by choosing different selling prices. Suppose the participant in the example on your screen expects an average price of 30. If she chose a price of 17 her expected nominal income would be 2040 points, and her expected real income would be 38 points; that is, (2040/30) 30. If she chose a price of 10, her expected nominal income would be 1740 points, and her expected real income would be 28 points; that is, (1740/30) 30. [Questions?] Using the computer display to set your price You may select a price from the income table by clicking on one of the prices in the far left column, labeled Your Price. Clicking on a price in the white income table will highlight all of the incomes in its row in blue. The highlighted incomes show you what your earnings would be for the round for each average price the other firms in your group might set. In the example on your screen, the participant has selected a price of 15. If you want to revise your decision, you may click on a different price in the far left column. [Questions?] You may also click on a price when you are looking at the green income table. Doing so will highlight all of the incomes in the corresponding row in light yellow. However, be aware that 19

20 clicking on a price in the green income table will have no impact on the prices that the other participants in your group will choose. You should also be aware that clicking on a price in the green income table does not count as setting a price for your firm. To set your price, you must click on a price in the white income table. [Questions?] In addition to setting your own price each round, please indicate the average price that you expect the other three firms in your group to set. This price must be an integer between 1 and 30. Your forecast of the average price does not affect your income and will not be known to the other firms. Your payoff will be determined by the actual average price. Please try to indicate an expectation that is as exact as possible since this may help you to make your own price decision. Along with your forecast of the average price, please select a number from 1 to 6 to indicate how confident you are that the actual average price will be equal to your forecast. The numbers stand for: 1 = I am not at all confident that my forecast will be correct 2 = I have little confidence that my forecast will be correct 3 = I am somewhat confident that my forecast will be correct 4 = I am quite confident that my forecast will be correct 5 = I am very confident that my forecast will be correct 6 = I am absolutely confident that my forecast will be correct In the example on your screen, the participant has entered a forecast of 16 and a confidence of 4. This means that she expects the average price of the other three participants in this round to be 16, and she is quite confident in this expectation. [Questions?] When you have selected a price, entered a forecast and chosen your level of confidence, you may click the button labeled Submit Price in the upper middle portion of your screen. (The Submit Price button will be disabled until you have completed those three tasks.) Once you have submitted your price, you cannot revise your decision until the following round. After all participants have submitted their prices, you will receive information on the average price set by the other three firms in your group. The column corresponding to the actual average price will be highlighted in yellow. Where this yellow highlighting intersects the blue highlighting from the price you have chosen for the round the income cell will be shaded green. This cell will contain the nominal point income that you have earned for the round. In the example on your screen, the participant had chosen a price of 20, while the average price of the 20

21 other three firms in her group was 17. Her nominal income of 476 points can be found in the green shaded cell, in row 20, column 17 of the white income table. [Questions?] Round information and the History Tab Your computer display will provide you with some important information throughout the experiment. The upper left portion of the display contains the following information: Round: The current round of the experiment. Note that Round 0 is the practice round. Time: The number of seconds remaining in the round. During the practice round you will have 300 seconds (5 minutes) to submit your price. During all other rounds you will have 120 seconds (2 minutes) to do so. You should be aware of two things regarding the time. First, when all participants have submitted their prices, the round will end regardless of how many seconds are remaining. Second, if time runs out before you have clicked the Submit Price button, the software will automatically submit the last price you clicked on during that round. If you have not clicked on any prices during that round, the software will choose a random number between 1 and 30, and submit that as your price. Round Income: The income, in real points, that you have earned in the current round. In the example on your screen, the participant s nominal point income is 476, and the average price of the other firms in her group is 17. The Round Income box displays her real income of 11 points; that is (476/17) 17. Total Income: The total income, in real points, that you have earned up to this point in the experiment. In the example on your screen, the Total Income box displays zero points. This is because the participant is in the practice round, Round 0, the results of which do not affect her earnings. [Questions?] In addition to this information, you can click on the History tab to find information from previous rounds. This includes the following: Round: The round in which you chose a price. Your Price: The price you set in that round. Average Price of Others: The average price set by the other three firms in your group in that round. Income: The income, in real points, that you earned in that round. 21

22 You may access the History at any time during the experiment. [Questions?] Advancing the experiment to the next round At the end of each round, a green button labeled Ready to Continue will appear in the upperright of your screen. Click it to indicate that you are ready to go on to the next round of the experiment. After all participants have clicked the Ready to Continue button, the experiment will advance to the next round. The income highlighting from the price you set in the previous round will disappear, as will the average price from the previous round. [Questions?] Cell shading, income conversion and calculator Your computer display contains three tools that you can use in the experiment. The first of these tools is cell shading. By default, the background of your firm type s income table is white, while the background of the other firm type s income table is green, but you may change these background colors. To shade a cell, first click on it. A black box, or halo, will appear around the cell. In the upper portion of your screen are four colored squares: the default color (white or green, depending on which income table is visible), red, light blue and grey. Clicking on one of these squares will assign its color to the selected income cell. In the example on your screen, the participant clicked the red square. You may also shade multiple cells at once. First, select a set of income cells in the table in the same manner you would in a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet: click on one cell and, holding down the left mouse button, drag your cursor to another cell; then release the left mouse button. Next, click on one of the colored squares to assign that color to all of the income cells within the halo. You may shade cells in both of the income tables. Any cells that you shade in a given color will remain that color for the remainder of the experiment unless you choose to change it. Cell shading does not reset at the end of a round. [Questions?] The second tool at your disposal is the income converter. You may access the converter by clicking the button labeled Income Converter in the upper middle portion of your screen. The income converter can be used to quickly find the real income that will result from any combination of your price and the average price of the other firms in your group. Once you have 22

23 entered these prices in the appropriate boxes, click the button labeled Calculate Income to see what your income would be in real points. When you are using the income converter, the software assumes that you want to find real incomes from the income table you are currently viewing. In the example on your screen, you can see that Type: X is printed at the top of the income converter because the Type X Income Table is currently visible on the participant s computer display. If you click on the Type Y Income Table tab the income converter will reset to display real point incomes from the Type Y Income Table. The income converter will only show you the real point incomes for the income table that is visible on your computer display. It will not show you any real point incomes when the History tab is selected, because neither income table will be visible. [Questions?] The third and final tool on your computer display is a four-function calculator. You may access the calculator by clicking on the button labeled Calculator in the upper middle portion of your screen. The calculator functions very similarly to the standard Microsoft calculator application. [Questions?] Changing the income tables in Phase 2 As stated above, the experiment will be divided between two phases. The only difference between Phase 1 and Phase 2 will be the income tables that are used. In Phase 1 the income tables will be identical to the two that you have seen in the examples on your screen. You will use these income tables for rounds After round 15 has concluded, the income tables on your screen will be replaced by new income tables. As with the original tables, the cells with the highest real incomes will have a bold, red font. (Note that these may be different real incomes than the highest real incomes from Phase 1.) You will have up to 600 seconds (10 minutes) to review these new tables before we begin Phase 2, consisting of rounds At any time during this review period, you may click the Ready to Continue button to indicate that you are ready to proceed to round 16, and do not need the full 10 minutes for review. If all participants indicate that they are ready to continue before 10 minutes have elapsed, we will end the review period early and move immediately on to round 16. [Questions?] You may find it useful to compare the new income tables to the original ones. In the upper portion of your screen, beneath the colored cell shading squares, is a button labeled Prior Tables. At any time during the review period or in rounds 16 30, you may click this button to see the original income tables. Any cell shading that you performed in Phase 1 will be preserved on the original tables. Additionally, you may use the payoff converter on the original income tables as well as the new ones. 23

24 To return to the new income tables, click the same button (now labeled New Tables ) a second time. Keep in mind that in Phase 2 you cannot set your price using the original income table of your firm type. You must have the new table for your firm type visible in order to set the price for your firm. 24

25 Appendix D: Income Tables for All Firms in All Treatments Left Column Represents Firm s Price; Top Row Represents Average Price of Other Firms 25

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"Step Sheet: Creating an Excel Spreadsheet with Bar Graph" Using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets with Data This step sheet will help you create a data table and bar graph in Excel. Opening Microsoft Excel

July 2014 A note on stochastic public revelation and voluntary contributions to public goods JOHN M. SPRAGGON * LUCIA ANDREA VERGARA SOBARZO JOHN K. STRANLUND Department of Resource Economics University

Excel Shortcuts Make Excel Work Hard So You Don t Have To This document provides a variety of shortcuts for working in Excel 2010. Creating a Chart Excel provides a keyboard shortcut (F11) for creating

In this chapter Find out what tables are and why you should use them Learn how to create tables and put information in them Discover how easy it is to format columns and rows Learn how to customize table

Changing the Appearance of Your Worksheet Cell Alignment Excel will automatically align numbers on the right and text on the left. If you wish to change this, first select the cell or range of cells that

ECDL European Computer Driving Licence BCS ITQ Level 1 Using Microsoft Excel 2010 Syllabus Version 1.0 This training, which has been approved by BCS, includes exercise items intended to assist learners

Data analysis Data analysis in Excel using Windows 7/Office 2010 Open the Data tab in Excel If Data Analysis is not visible along the top toolbar then do the following: o Right click anywhere on the toolbar

The Center for Teaching Excellence Table of Contents Basics... 1 What is a spreadsheet... 1 Why on a computer... 1 Basics of a spreadsheet... 1 Types of data... 1 Formatting... 1 Organize content in rows

PA Payroll Exercise for Intermediate Excel Follow the directions below to create a payroll exercise. Read through each individual direction before performing it, like you are following recipe instructions.

MAT140: Applied Statistical Methods Summary of Calculating Confidence Intervals and Sample Sizes for Estimating Parameters Inferences about a population parameter can be made using sample statistics for

Excel Lab This document serves as an introduction to Microsoft Excel. Example 1: Excel is very useful for performing arithmetic operations. Suppose we want to add 2 + 3. We begin by entering the number

: Manipulating Display Parameters in ArcMap Symbolizing Features and Rasters: Data sets that are added to ArcMap a default symbology. The user can change the default symbology for their features (point,

wazmac QuickStart Getting Started with Google Sheets Background Google provides an office suite of software with a difference - you don t install it on your computer. All the software is accessed online,

Designing a Worksheet with Excel Introduction Microsoft Office Excel 00 offers several tools that make your worksheets look attractive and professional. Without formatting, a worksheet can look confusing

1. Introduction Microsoft FrontPage is a full featured HTML editor. A Web site is a group of HTML pages and graphics that are interconnected with hyperlinks. A FrontPage Web site is a site created in FrontPage.

Simple Linear Regression in SPSS STAT 314 1. Ten Corvettes between 1 and 6 years old were randomly selected from last year s sales records in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The following data were obtained,

Excel 102 Once you are comfortable with the basic parts of Excel, the next step is to figure out how the more advanced tasks can be accomplished. Microsoft Excel can be used to do advanced functions, have

Lecture Notes on MS Excel 2007 Edited by: Abbas Vattoli What is Excel? Excel is all about numbers. There s almost no limit to what you can do with numbers in Excel, including sorting, advanced calculations,

To complete this technology assignment, you should already have created a scatter plot for your data on your calculator and/or in Excel. You could do this with any two columns of data, but for demonstration