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(1918–2011). In the wake of the Watergate scandal, Betty Ford—wife of the 38th president of the United States, Gerald R. Ford—understood that Americans demanded more honesty from their public figures. Already having a reputation for candor, she gained respect for her openness about her battle with breast cancer and her willingness to express controversial opinions that sometimes differed from those of her husband. She was equally forthright in later years when she publicly discussed her treatment for addiction to prescription painkillers and alcohol.

Elizabeth Anne Bloomer was born on April 8, 1918, in Chicago, Ill., and grew up in Grand Rapids, Mich. At age 8 she started dance lessons, reflecting an interest that she would maintain throughout her life. After graduating from public high school in 1936, she studied modern dance at Bennington College, in Vermont, and later at Martha Graham’s dance school in New York City. To augment her meager earnings as a dancer, Betty modeled with the John Robert Powers agency. Although Betty performed with Graham’s secondary troupe, she realized she would have a hard time being a professional dancer, so she returned to live in Grand Rapids, where she worked as a fashion consultant and taught dance.

In 1942 Betty met and married William Warren, but they divorced five years later. Soon afterward she met Ford, a local lawyer. They became engaged in February 1948, but they delayed the ceremony so that he could devote more time to his campaign for a seat in the United States House of Representatives. He arrived for his wedding on Oct. 15, 1948, after a morning of greeting voters. His victory in November sent the young couple to Washington, D.C., where they lived for the next three decades. Between 1950 and 1957 Betty gave birth to four children—Michael, Jack, Steven, and Susan. Because Ford was away campaigning or speaking to Republican groups much of the time, the responsibilities of parenting fell mostly to her.

In the mid-1960s, when Betty developed a pinched nerve and spinal arthritis, doctors prescribed pain medicine, to which she became addicted. Her own physical discomfort, combined with the stress of raising young children, prompted her to seek psychiatric treatment, which she later described as enormously helpful.

Her life as the inconspicuous wife of a congressman ended in October 1973 when Vice-President Spiro Agnew resigned and President Richard Nixon named Ford to the job, the first time that the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which permits the president to fill a vacancy in the office of vice-president (subject to confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress), was invoked. After Nixon was forced to resign over his involvement in the Watergate affair on Aug. 9, 1974, Ford became the first president who had never been elected president or vice-president.

On Sept. 28, 1974, just weeks after she moved into the White House, doctors performed a mastectomy on Betty, removing her cancerous right breast. Previous presidents’ wives had concealed their illnesses, but she and her husband decided to disclose the facts. Moved by her example, women across the United States went to their physicians for examinations; Betty said it was then that she recognized the first lady’s enormous power to make a difference. Although chemotherapy followed, she continued to perform her duties as first lady.

Betty sometimes said that she admired Bess Truman for her down-to-earth style and Eleanor Roosevelt for her independence, and she sought to emulate both former first ladies. Only days after moving into the White House she met with reporters and surprised them by announcing that some of her views, including her support for Roe vs. Wade—the Supreme Court decision that held unduly restrictive state regulation of abortion to be unconstitutional—resembled those of liberal Republicans more than those of her husband. She also vigorously supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), then up for ratification in several state legislatures, and lobbied wavering representatives in phone calls and meetings; the amendment ultimately failed.

Betty gained national attention in August 1975 when she appeared on the television news program 60 Minutes and openly spoke about such issues as abortion and premarital sex. Although Republicans worried she might cost her husband votes in the next election, Betty’s popularity soared, and Time magazine later named her Woman of the Year. Although she gave no support to such efforts, buttons appeared promoting her candidacy for national office.

Unable to erase the tarnish of the Nixon years, Ford narrowly lost the election of 1976 to Jimmy Carter. The Fords retired in 1977 to Rancho Mirage, Calif., where Betty’s dependence on prescription drugs continued. Under pressure from her family, she agreed to enter a treatment center in Long Beach, Calif. She founded the Betty Ford Center for Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation in 1982 to help others with similar addictions; the center received a great deal of attention because some of the patients were celebrities, but it served people from all walks of life. She published a book about her recovery, Betty: A Glad Awakening, in 1987. Despite having quadruple bypass surgery, she remained active in the center’s activities—especially fund-raising—into the 21st century. She died July 8, 2011, in Rancho Mirage, Calif.

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