How s Life in Denmark?

Transcription

1 October 2015 How s Life in Denmark? Additional information, including the data used in this country note, can be found at:

2 HOW S LIFE IN DENMARK IN 2015? In general, Denmark performs well across the different well-being indicators and dimensions. In Denmark, only 2% of employees regularly work very long hours compared to the OECD average of 12.5%. Regarding social network support, 95% of individuals report having friends or relatives that they can count on in times of trouble compared to the OECD average of 88%. Denmark s voter turnout stands at 87.7% and is among the highest in the OECD. Denmark also performs relatively well in terms of personal safety: the Danish death due to assault rate is among the lowest in the OECD area. Denmark has the highest life satisfaction in the OECD. Average earnings are comparatively high in Denmark, and the long-term unemployment rate (1.66%) is lower than the OECD average, but Danes have a higher risk of becoming unemployed (the indicator used to assess job security), relative to the OECD average. Denmark performs comparatively poorly on housing affordability: the average household in Denmark spends 24% of its disposable income on housing costs, which is higher than the OECD average of 20.4%. Life expectancy in Denmark only recently rose above the OECD average (79.9 years): between 2009 and 2013, it increased by 1.4 years to 80.4 years. Current well-being in Denmark SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING INCOME AND WEALTH CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE SOCIAL CONNECTIONS EDUCATION AND SKILLS PERSONAL SECURITY Voter turnout Social support Cognitive skills Adult skills Life satisfaction Selfreported victimisation Deaths due to assault Educational attainment HEALTH STATUS Perceived health Life expectancy Air quality This chart shows areas of well-being strengths and weaknesses in Denmark, based on a ranking of all OECD countries. Longer lines show areas of relative strength, while shorter lines show areas of relative weakness. For more details, see Household income Financial wealth Employment Earnings Job security Long-term unemployment Working hours Time off Rooms per person Housing affordability Basic sanitation Denmark Water quality ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY HOUSING JOBS AND EARNINGS WORK-LIFE BALANCE Resources for future well-being in Denmark Beyond measuring well-being today, How s Life? 2015 looks at some of the resources (or capital stocks ) that will shape people s well-being in the future. These include aspects of natural capital, human capital, social capital and economic capital. For example, trust in other people is an important component of social capital. In Denmark trust in others is by far the highest among European OECD countries: on a scale from 0 ( you do not trust any other person ) to 10 ( most people can be trusted ), the average score given by the Danish is 8.3, while the European OECD average stands at

3 HOW S LIFE FOR CHILDREN IN DENMARK? Giving children a good start in life is important both for well-being today, and in the future. Overall child well-being is high in Denmark. Danish children tend to live in families with good material and environmental wellbeing conditions. Denmark is one of only four countries in the OECD where child poverty rates are lower than overall poverty rates. Child health outcomes are mixed: only 1.4% of Danish children are obese, but 16.8% of Danish children report their health to be fair or poor, compared to the OECD average of 13.6%. With regard to civic engagement, 88.8% of Danish 14-year olds intend to vote when they become adults, the largest share in the OECD. However, only 22.4% of 14-year olds report having participated in organisations, groups or clubs in the last 12 months. Denmark ranks towards the top of the OECD in terms of personal security for children. Life satisfaction of Danish children is close to the OECD average. Child well-being in Denmark Ranking of Denmark compared to other OECD countries top third middle third bottom third Income Disposable income of households with children and Wealth Child income poverty Jobs and Children in workless households Earnings Children with a long-term unemployed parent Housing Average rooms per child conditions Children in homes that lack basic facilities Enviromental Children in homes with poor environmental conditions quality Infant mortality Low birth weight Health status Self-reported health status Obesity Adolescent suicide rate Teenage birth rate Education and Skills Civic engagement Social and family environment Personal security Subjective well-being Reading skills among 15 year olds (PISA) Creative problem solving among 15 year olds (PISA) Youth neither in employment nor education/training Educational deprivation Intention to vote Civic participation Children who find it easy to talk to their parents Students reporting having kind classmates Students feeling a lot of pressure from schoolwork Students liking school Sense of belonging in school at 15 years old (PISA) Time children spend with parents Child homicide rate Bullying Life satisfaction Inequalities in child well-being Across all OECD countries there are large inequalities in child well-being. Children from wealthier households enjoy both better material living conditions, and a higher quality of life, on average. In Denmark, children from low socio-economic backgrounds are far more likely to report their health as fair or poor and to feel a lot of pressure from schoolwork, relative to children from high socio-economic backgrounds. Inequalities in health status Percentage of children aged 11, 13 and 15 with self-perceived fair or poor health Inequalities in social and family environment Percentage of children aged 11, 13 and 15 who report that they feel a lot of pressure from schoolwork 25% 20% % 12% % 10% 15.0 Denmark 11.0 OECD 10% 8% 9.0 Denmark 10.5 OECD High socio-economic status Low socio-economic status National average * For more information (including definitions), see: 3

4 THE VALUE OF GIVING: VOLUNTEERING AND WELL-BEING Volunteering makes an important hidden contribution to well-being, producing goods and services that are not captured by conventional economic statistics. When you add up the value of the time people spend on volunteering in OECD countries, it amounts to roughly 2% of GDP per year. Volunteering in Denmark and the OECD The main sector of volunteering activity in Denmark is education and culture, followed by sports. Volunteering through an organisation (termed formal volunteering ) is very common in Denmark. 44.1% of the Danish working-age population report that they engaged in formal volunteering during the past 12 months. The share lies above the OECD average of 34.2%. How often do people volunteer? 45.4% of Danish people who participate in formal volunteering do so less than once a month. The share of Danish volunteers who volunteer every day is 4.2% and lies slightly below the OECD average of 4.7%. Who volunteers? Across the OECD area, people with a university degree are more likely to participate in formal volunteering than those with lower levels of education. Similarly, people who are in employment are more likely to volunteer than those who are unemployed. Participation in formal volunteering also increases with people s level of household income. Where do people volunteer in Denmark? Formal volunteers (aged 15 above) by field of activity Who volunteers in the OECD? Percentage of the working-age population reporting that they volunteered through an organisation during the past 12 months Social movements 6% Others 8% 33% Education and culture 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% Social and health services 24% 29% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Primary Tertiary Education level Unemployed Full-time employed Employment status Lower Middle Higher Household income Sports OECD average Volunteering brings benefits for volunteers themselves, as well as for the people and communities they help. For example, people who engage in volunteering are more likely to have higher literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills and receive higher wages, on average, relative to non-volunteers. In OECD countries, older people who volunteer formally are more likely to report a better health status than non-volunteers. Furthermore, formal volunteers in the OECD, on average, also report higher life satisfaction than non-volunteers. 4

5 GOING LOCAL: MEASURING WELL-BEING IN REGIONS Where people live has an important impact on their opportunities to live well. There can be large differences in average levels of well-being in different regions within the same country. How s Life in your Region? and the OECD regional well-being web-tool assess performance across 9 dimensions of well-being in the 362 OECD large regions 5 of which are in Denmark. Drawing on this work, How s Life? 2015 includes a special focus on measuring well-being in regions. Regional well-being in Denmark Performance of Danish regions across selected well-being indicators relative to the other OECD regions Ranking of OECD regions bottom 20% middle 60% top 20% 1 Southern Denmark Zealand Central Jutland Southern Denmark, Northern Jutland Northern Jutland Central Jutland Southern Denmark Level of household Relative Unemployment Educational Air quality Broadband income poverty attainment connection Income Income Income Jobs Education Environment Access Access to services to * For more information (including data for other regions), see: Regional gaps in material living conditions Compared to other OECD countries regional inequalities in income and jobs are small in Denmark. Average household adjusted disposable income is less than 10% higher in the Capital region than in Southern Denmark. Regarding relative income poverty, while 5% of people in Zealand have an income of less than half of the Danish median income, the share is 6.9% in the Capital region. Unemployment rates range from 6.2% in Central Jutland to 7.3% in the Capital region. This gap (1.1 percentage points) is the second smallest regional difference in unemployment rates in the OECD. Regional differences in people s quality of life Regarding educational attainment, 81.8% of the labour force has at least a secondary education in the Capital region, while this share is only 73.6% in Southern Denmark and Northern Jutland. This gap (8.2 percentage points) is smaller than regional differences in Norway and Finland, but larger than in Sweden. The regional variation of air quality in Denmark is larger than in Norway and Finland, but smaller than in Sweden. The share of households with a broadband connection ranges from 90% in Central Jutland to 85% in Southern Denmark. μg/m Regional disparities in air pollution Regions with the lowest and highest average exposure to PM 2.5 levels Capital Northern Jutland Sweden Denmark Norway Finland Max Country average Min 5

6 BETTER LIFE INDEX The Better Life Index is an interactive web application that invites citizens to compare well-being across OECD countries and beyond on the basis of the set of well-being indicators explored in How s Life?. Users chose what weight to give to each of the eleven dimensions shown below and then see how countries perform, based on their own personal priorities in life. Users can also share their index with other people in their networks, as well as with the OECD. This allows the OECD to gather valuable information on the importance that users attach to various life dimensions, on how these preferences differ across countries, and on the demographic characteristics of users. WHAT MATTERS MOST TO PEOPLE IN DENMARK? Since its launch in May 2011, the Better Life Index has attracted over seven million visits from just about every country on the planet and has received over 15 million page views. To date, over 65,000 people in Denmark have visited the website making Denmark the 26th country overall in traffic to the website. The top cities are Copenhagen (36% of visits), Arhus, Odense, Aalborg and Frederiksberg. The following country findings reflect the ratings voluntarily shared by 620 website visitors in Denmark. Findings are only indicative and are not representative of the population at large. For Danish users of the Better Life Index, work-life balance, life satisfaction and health are the three most important topics (shown below). 1 Up to date information, including a breakdown of participants in each country by gender and age can be found here: 12% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 7.4% 7.9% 8.0% 8.5% 8.5% 9.1% 9.3% 10.1% 10.2% 10.9% 11.2% 1 User information for Denmark is based on shared indexes submitted between May 2011 and April

7 The OECD Better Life Initiative, launched in 2011, focuses on the aspects of life that matter to people and that shape the quality of their lives. The Initiative comprises a set of regularly updated well-being indicators and an in-depth analysis of specific topics, published in the How s Life? report. It also includes an interactive web application, the Better Life Index, and a number of methodological and research projects to improve the information base towards a better understanding of well-being trends and their drivers. The OECD Better Life Initiative: Helps to inform policy making to improve quality of life. Connects policies to people s lives. Generates support for needed policy measures. Improves civic engagement by encouraging the public to create their own Better Life Index and share their preferences about what matters most for well-being Empowers the public by improving their understanding of policy-making. This brochure presents selected findings for Denmark from the How s Life? report (pages 2-5) and shows what Danish users of the Better Life Index are telling us about their well-being priorities (page 6). A supporting Excel file with the data underlying the graphs shown in this note and further information is available here: HOW S LIFE? How s Life?, published every two years, provides a comprehensive picture of well-being in OECD countries and other major economies by bringing together an internationally comparable set of well-being indicators that the OECD considers as essential to a good life. It looks at people s material conditions and quality of life across the population in eleven dimensions including: income and wealth; jobs and earnings; housing; health status; work-life balance; education and skills; social connections; civic engagement and governance; environmental quality; personal security; and subjective well-being. The How s Life? 2015 report includes for the first time a set of indicators to measure the stocks of resources that help to support well-being over time. The report also contains three special chapters focusing on child well-being, volunteering and regional well-being. 7

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