Introduction/ Iranian LandscapeSeyed AmirMansouriAssistant Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Tehranauthortextarticle2011per1. Manzar magazine staff would sincerely like to thank Dr. "Mohammad Atashinbar" for his exemplary help and cooperation
during his studying opportunity trip to France. We value your expertise, strength and patience in creating a valuable position for
Manzar magazine among international experts and academies. His endeavors in registering the magazine as an ISI indexed
journal is an outcome of his proceedings. We hope success and prosperity for him and his successors
2. Iranian Landscape: High Sanctity
There are several shrines located on heights all over Iran. Since pre – Islamic era, numerous pergolas were built on heights
of these soils and some of them; named "Ghalee Dokhtar", still exist from the achaemenian era or earlier when Mehr and
Anāhita were worshiped. The most famous of them are the castles built in Firoozabad and in Kerman cities. They are located
on mountains with the castles same name.
Today, there still exist some holy shrines on the heights of various villages and towns in Iran which are still visited by the local
people. They are usually named "Bibi Shahr Banoo", "Bibi Zobeideh", "Zobeideh Khatoon" and some other female names.
There is a possibility that some Imams or elders of the Islamic era were buried on the mountains and hills visited by local
people for they were holy ancient places. Burial of the dead on a high and far distance place and in solitary was not a tradition
in Islam, unless there is a prior reason for the sanctity of these places.
The "Height"s gain some kind of sanctity and dignity from the ancient Iranian religions; they believe that Anāhita is a tall lady
standing on the high mountains to protect the water and rain on earth.
The shrines and temples are also built over the mountains to monitor plains, rivers and cities.
The high dignity which was closer to the mountains and the sky eventually defined the sacred place in Iran; therefore the
most significant element in Iranian landscape was gradually located on the heights, not in the center.
Ivan, portico, patio and platform are some examples of high positions created in Iranian architecture to magnify the significant
position of the viewer to a noble scene of the nature.
The Khalid Ibn Nabi Shrine near the Kalāleh Village in Golestan province is a good example of Iranian landscape approach
in locating sacred and holy elements on the heights. It is a symbol of sanctity and holiness of Iranian landscape on the high
peaks overlooking the mountains and plains.
"Majid Torkian" has beautifully depicted the identity of the landscape which is an elegant combination of “the view and the
viewer" from his predominant point of view in this photo.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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201145http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_442_1e101362915af01ff087da803f286369.pdfThe Totality of the Garden and the “Evergreenery” SecretHasantaghvaeichair of landscape department, Shahid Beheshti Universityauthortextarticle2011perThe affiliation of man with nature has always been accompanied with spirituality, although there are some variations and reductions in various conditions but it has also been mysterious and symbolic. In many cultures, the human and nature are considered as a whole and the recognition of human interact with the natural environment is based on it. This relationship of human and nature has resulted in the creation of multiple arts and the formation of Iranian garden, especially the ones that were influenced by the Islamic values in Iran. The existing studies indicate that the creators of the Iranian gardens relied on their religious beliefs and the mysterious language of signs and symbols to combine these elements simultaneously. The result of this convergence is a mysterious whole that showcases many facts of life, as well as deliberating the profound layers of naturism in Iran and in different parts of the world. This paper tries to discuss the increasing effects of the garden and some hidden symbols in the “totality of the Iranian garden”. The Iranian garden is derived from the environmental – cultural values that can respond to the materialistic and spiritual demands of the human in connection to the nature in various shapes and in different scales in each environment. There is also a question asked: what is the secret for the survival of the pattern of Iranian garden and how can it be conducive to every climate and environment? One of the most significant facts learned from the Iranian garden is the role of the vegetation and evergreen trees and the “evergreen “secret in people beliefs and “the totality of the Iranian garden”. The manifestation of this totality is a symbolic language for expression and development of the patterns in the field of landscape architecture.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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2011611http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_443_bc35c5725ea5378e7418587413985328.pdfPark or Garden?! The Contrast of Definitions in Two Various LanguagesNasserBaratiStaff member of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iranauthortextarticle2011perGarden and gardening has been an opposed matter in literature as well as architecture and urbanism text for many years. This is a fortunate matter, but in contrary to that the general known “Iranian garden” has been ignored in the city environment insignificantly each day. Apparently, it has been replaced by “parks”. The “Iranian garden” is not just an architectural model in comparison to its mere models. The pattern, elements and the spatial structure of it is a summary of Iran and being Iranian in a way that ignoring the pattern of the Iranian garden leads to a cultural disaster. The Iranian garden is a miniature if Iran and being Iranian. After victimizing the “Iranian house” in return for “economic profits”, while there were chances of preserving the traditional houses in many ways and for multiple excuses, there is the same destiny for the Iranian garden. While there were many opportunities offered for the designers to organize the private, public and semi public zones and to create green spaces, they chose the contrary way. The Iranian garden is a considerable part of our cultural - linguistic life, but not just a place for spending the leisure time. This article tries to discuss whether there are any conceptual or methodological differences in gardening and creating parks and to see that is it possible for Iranian garden to be replaced by parks and is that correct? What are the main ideas behind these beliefs in the society? Can we forget an environmental - historical element such as gardens and how will these decisions impact our nation? The hypothesis in this article mentions that not only Iranian garden is a multi dimensional cultural case, but also an artistic one. The culture of every society has two subjective (meaning - symbolism) and objective (physical) unit. These two units can be permanent in the case of unity and cognitive adaption in the field of language. The garden and its other synonyms are the best examples of this allegation. This conformity forms the cognitive historical – cultural - linguistic subjectivity of a society. Therefore, the elimination of the “garden” and “gardening” can be used as a metaphor for disappearance of some of the major memories of a person caused by a clash.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20111215http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_444_c2ff3a17fea80dd5ea6138074cfb0253.pdfA Research on the developmpents of Urban Landscape conceptYannNussaumeprofessor in Lavillette ecole,
Paris, Franceauthortextarticle2011perWhen one consults the catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, it is quickly apparent that many works, dating from the beginning of the 1980s, make wide use of the term “urban landscape” in their titles. The use of the term in both a theoretical and a familiar context, continued to increase after the year 2000. Its widespread use in daily speech and in the scientific community would seem to transcend the mere idea of “living and environmental space,” or “general representation of a city or one of its districts.” However, in France, the expression retains an association with the esthetic origins of the largely pictorial connotation which the term “landscape” carries here. One of the hypotheses which I’ll advance in this article is that one of the meanings and actual use of this expression demonstrates an increased awareness of the dualities inherent in our culture between the concepts of city and countryside, nature and culture, and architecture, urbanism and landscape. They reflect a perception of the world which is distinctly our own. The evolution of urban zones which are spreading, as well of our own society and our comprehension of other “milieu” (“the relations that link societies to their environment,” according to the definition of Augustin Berque1), resulting from the multiplicity of exchanges and the advancement of research, invites us to reflect upon other models which challenge these divisions and dualities. We are currently experiencing a more global awareness of cities which take into account not only forms, but their origins, what lurks behind those forms, the surrounding environmental factors (the sky, the climate, etc.); liminal elements (empty spaces, plant life); reliefs, the inhabitants, the functions of exchange, production, places of power; interactions (between city and countryside, hierarchical). On the whole, we strive to understand the complexity that produces the uniqueness, on varying scales, of each urban structure, each district, each space. There is an overall questioning on the essence and diversity of the elements of urban structures, as well as of the varied ways of living with and in them and perceptions of them. This evolution is linked to our increased knowledge, the information available through various media, our ability to travel easily, which also invites us to perceive and experience other cities, other distant places, other "milieu". Understanding these differences nevertheless remains a challenge, because, although we can traverse distances with greater ease, we are still used to deciphering these distant places through our own local referents. The manner in which these "foreign" worlds speak to us depends upon how we decide to listen. Enforcing a hermeneutical reading of these spaces, which forces us to decenter ourselves, to attempt to understand these urban landscapes within the context of their milieu, is not an easy task. Although the expression “urban landscape” might seem to refer, at first glance, to an idealized image, a perfect prototype, by the same token, it invites us, on the contrary, to consider other perceptions of the city. The evolution of the meaning of the notion of the term “urban landscape” is also linked to the development and transformation of urban links – as buildings spread out, the limits between city and countryside begin to blur. For a long time, we have had the tendency to differentiate architecture (a building and its immediate surroundings), city planning and landscaping (often combined with green spaces), the extension of the urban and peri-urban fabric; suburbs that are extensive, sporadic, heterogeneous, and multipolar confronted with planet-wide environmental issues, from the issues of creating "green" cities and metropolitan areas. The current situation invites us to reexamine these divisions, to modify our perceptions, and to propose new perspectives that encompass both the global and the local. The use of the expression "urban landscape" reflects that change, where the site once again dictates the nature of the project, where cities are transformed based upon an assessment of the existing spaces on geographical, historical and symbolic levels, and where a blueprint for the future is created at the crossroads of the disciplines of architecture, landscape gardening, and city planning, while also taking into account the perspective of local inhabitants. These evolutions in terms of the comprehension of the notions of "landscape" and "urban" are not merely confined to the French culture and language, as a reading of the articles of the European Landscape Convention, adopted October 20th, 2000 in Florence, amply demonstrate. Article 1, Paragraph a defines the term "landscape" thus: "an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. "2 Additionally, in the terms of the application of Article 2, it is underlined that the Convention "applies to the entire territory of the Parties and covers natural, rural, urban and peri-urban areas.” 3 Thus, the notion of “urban landscape” as perceived by the general population is well-defined and is no longer limited to rural areas.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20111621http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_445_05c6583fd716fee94fb2849ea9e3285d.pdfPostindustrial Landscape, a New Field of Landscape Architecture/ Review on theories and approachesErfanFarahmandM.A in Landscape Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University.authortextarticle2011perThe natural process of a city is like a living organism, whose parts are in the process of growth and progress. These parts and cells are deteriorated over this process and exchanged over time. The waste landscape emerges out of two primary processes: first, from rapid horizontal urbanization (urban “sprawl”) and second, from the living behind of land and detritus after economic and production ending. This has resulted in the combination of industrial sites in the process of city developments, which were once out of the city structure; therefore, new evacuated areas found within the city structure that brings out a new definition of landscape. The vast areas evacuated by the physical movement of city structure that has caused decentralized manufacturing which are also known as (Brownfield) provide precious opportunities in city renovations and promoting the quality of urban spaces despite their contaminated context that can detect problems. Optimistically, it could be argued that as deindustrialization proliferates, and as an industry relocates from central cities to peripheral areas, the cities will enjoy a net gain in the total landscape and (buildings) available for other uses such as ecological revitalization, cultural and social spaces and economic growth. Creating these features requires the perception of dross cape as a remained area in the process of the city structure development and as a part of cultural landscape of the civilized man. A matching reclamation of these wasted landscapes, as wide parts of contemporary cityscape, has been the most fundamental challenge for the landscape designers. These sites have been landscape architecture projects all over the world in the past three decades. The landscape architects have gone through lots of efforts in rehabilitation of these sites that have resulted in new approaches in landscape architecture and new methods in creating city parks. This new generation of parks, unlikely to their mere ones in the industrialized cities of the past two decades which were created opposed to their city movements, not only have been a treatment for contaminated city environments but also a corresponding aspect to the city process. Basically, three general approaches are detected in these projects: the heritage landscape approach, the social and cultural approach and finally the environmental and ecological approach. Although the special conditions and the context of each project explains the project strategies, the environmental and ecological approaches have been mostly the dominant strategy in the time of environmental and sustainability concerns. This paper tries to answer the following questions: what is the process of the waste landscape emersion in relationship with the urbanization of societies? How can a true perception of these cases be gained and how should they be faced? What is the landscape approach in dealing with the post-industrial cities? Eventually, with a phenomenological view to the waste land and post industrial landscapes, the different approaches to these landscapes are discussed and criticized to find out their successfulness in responding to the new city development demands.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20112225http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_453_656b2d810a0dffdb7cd6189bc75a6def.pdfA Review on Peter Latz Post Industrial ApproachSaraRadaeiM.A in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehranauthortextarticle2011perAs the efforts were increased by the environmental movements for scorning the industries in destroying the life and the ecosystem, the art was celebrating its reborn. Some tried to show the beauty of the violent and dead masses that were expired in history, in order to claim that the beauty is not hidden in the bodies and simplicities alone. The “upcycled art “is a new artistic approach which was formed as a framework in the process of reducing the expenses and conserving the environment. This kind of art makes the used and expired ones lively again. In the time where the music was played by the iron bars and metal bins, and the sculptures were created by the metal chains and gears, new changes were taking place in the field of architecture and landscape architecture. The ruined sites where once used to be the economical pulse of the city and showcased the big gap between the bourgeois and proletarians have been apart from the city life now. “Peter Latz” made these sites, which told their story of time, the main context of his design by using the potential qualities in altering these evacuated areas to interesting and popular places in the city. Although the upcycling process of the waste dates back in the early 90s and the tendencies of other approaches in the upcycling appeared in the early years in 2002, Peter Latz has showcased his ideas of reclamation of the derelict sites few years earlier in Buergerpark Hafeninsel and his reputable project, the Duisburg-Nord Park in 1985. His techniques of landscape are new interpretations in the landscape language. The rusty and useless elements of the factories and the harbors that cause demolition to the nature, which require extra budgets to be recycled, are upcycled in his landscape design. Latz do not prepare any special procedure for the derelict sites, his methods are self - evident. Despite this, he redevelops procedures and methods for every project so that they become identical with the project. Analysis also includes working through the clichés that exist for that particular type of task, to define the layers of intervention and to specify the elements that are available to work with. His designs are multi – dimensional. In some places, which he calls bad places, his sharp mind gets the context information and information syntax is provided as a result. His profession is not valuated timeless; they represent a period of painful industrial history. He uses the open – ended planning technique to let public participation and to create a sense of affiliation. He generates a unique scene of the live and dead elements together by putting the green grass by the rotten iron bars. As well as an understanding of the past, the present is also understood with some conception of the future, however vague. Eventually, he presents the beauty in his terms of aesthetics. Now the ones, who praised Olmsted and were against Latz ideas, will admire him for his successfulness for sure.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20112633http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_454_d41a5bd6dff1ba42c669cf3b8079aefb.pdfAesthetical analysis of Duisburg- Nord parkMehdiPartarM.A in Landscape Architecture, university of Tehranauthortextarticle2011perSince the information era took over the industrial revolution and its resulted products, more attention was payed to the left over industrial landscape and the peripherals. The industrial pieces, which were once known as the vital parts of the city, have transformed to big obstacles in the ecological development of the living space and the potential of huge large – scale projects. The lands which were high potentiated in creating new and exploring spaces has gained a new identity in terms of cityscape aesthetics. These derelict spaces may seem unfavorable; however they have reformed the routines of aesthetics of form, spatial organization and also hierarchy and space performance in contrast to the ambivalent and traditional opinions in beauty. In the post-industrial field, every man-orientated element is revised with another environmental dimension and results in unanticipated landscapes that are put together unexpectedly. In this case, the man made order is completely disarranged with no explicit boundary of color, pattern and things, just like the hybrid forms in phenomenology that will create non – uniform and strange terms of aesthetics. Peter Latz deliberately tries to create multiple references for the object so that each visitor is allowed to experience the park in their own way and create their own story. He describes the Duisburg Nord Park a mental based landscape for the multiplicity of perception and chaos in his project. As a result, “Latz” have detected every contributing layers and components of the site and put them together in order to introduce the industrial structures as the most significant elements in the landscape. Getting free from any self – imposed mentality leads to free interpretation and perception of more structures and layers of the context, without the interference of historical functions. In this case, new vistas of contemporary cityscapes are shown.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20113441http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_455_eae612cdf5df23d0168a2ad96be62942.pdfThe Assessment of Metamorphosis Process in Peter Latz Approaches in “Saarbrücken” and “Dora” ParkReyhanehHojjatiM.A. in Landscape Architecture,
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.authorZohrehShiraziM.A. in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.authortextarticle2011perPeter Latz is a German landscape architect who is best known for his emphasis on reclamation and conversion of former industrialized landscapes and replacing the contaminated industrial sites with a place for recreation with special aesthetics. He tries to keep the main structures and to incorporate them into a postmodern landscape design for creating an innovative space for the users while preserving the memories and signs, structures and sites in the city. Latz has showcased his ideas in conversion of a contaminated site to a recreation space in 1980 by designing the Saarbrücken harbor which was a coal mine in the past. In this project, which considered as his first experience, an obvious track of classic aesthetics can be seen that diminishes thoroughly in his other projects such as Parco Dora in Torino, Italy. He has been successful in making a low quality and contaminated industrial site to a city park without cleaning the industrial remanant. He claims that considering the structure is the key element in his projects. He also considers himself a structuralist landscape architect. This point of view that has offered a special term of aesthetics in landscape architecture is a resulted matter in structuralism philosophies theorized by Klaude Levi Strauss and Ferdinand de Saussure. This paper tries to find out the structuralist theories and his points of view behind the projects of “Saarbrücken” harbor and “Dora” Park. In the reclamation of former industrialized landscapes, the site can be ruined and a new landscape with the classic principals can be implied that is generally accepted. In a case where we consider landscape design a process started by subjective matters, it will lead to objective and formal terms. Ignoring the real value of a place or person and designing based on constant principals will not be valuable especially in structuralism where the user is the most important element of design. Peter Latz has created a new style in the reclamation of former industrialized landscapes that embodies the relationship of the site and city structure as well as creating a unique space with various and attracting functions. His treatment of post-industrial landscapes seems to accept the formal and aesthetic nature of the existing, which derived from his ideas in structuralism. His approach has been significant from the beginning of his first experiences and it has been developing since his last projects.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20114251http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_456_97d0188f0a1820e588b2e213d7657218.pdfPost industrial by Peter Latz, The hole to the dark landscapeMehrdadIravanianLandscape Architectauthortextarticle2011perMANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20115253http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_457_76a6a01436325a7b7974fbf91d2a2b16.pdfMANZAR’s interview with Peter LatzArsalanDamghaniDirector of the Voice of Architecture, Darmstadt, Germanyauthortextarticle2011perMANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

20115858http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_446_0de68010f7c72d49c76f2aebc0444dc5.pdfUrban Sustainable Ecosystem, Paradigm or paradox?Mohammad RezaMasnaviAssociate Professor in Environmental
Design Engineering Department, University
of Tehran, Tehran, Iranauthortextarticle2011perThe double role of the cities in creating environmental tensions and their potentials in shifting toward sustainable development makes them supersensitive and considerable centers where numerous challenges are faced. For instance, the citizens and city managers and the planners are all concerned about the environmental challenges. The rapid growth of the urban communities and the uncontrolled urban settlements is obtained through destruction and devastation of natural potentials and the nature of the context. The natural land and water habitats, biodiversity, vegetation and animals are strongly endangered and at the risk of distinction. A wise confrontation to this challenge requires an accurate and systematic perception of the concept and the function of the environment as a predefined productive natural system and of the city as an environmental related and a manmade consumer system. Therefore it is essential to perceive and understand the profound relations of the built phenomenon (city) and natural context (environment) in order to resolve the problems of the environment and city and also synthesize and optimize the multiple human and natural systems and processes. In this case the citizens and theorists look for sustainable solutions that will provide sustainable development with environmental quality increase and an improvement in performances of municipal entities simultaneously, while this case will be fulfilled by applying the holistic approach and benefiting from the use of scientific and technical expertise and managerial and engineering experience in resolving the sustainability and planning problems successfully. The development system and the physical – spatial development of the city should be adapted to the environmental capacities as a context and a natural infrastructure and it must take place in the framework of sustainable urban development as well. The natural environment as a natural infrastructure of the city - compared to built and manmade infrastructures – requires a holistic approach in planning and conversation. The following elements are the providing sources of the city that require planning, design and implementation to provide the city ecosystem and the environment benefits simultaneously within the sustainable urban development framework.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20115963http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_447_77acfd24c1db6fea187d683e81e69d99.pdfRevelation of Natural Infrastructure, Ecological City Development StrategyShadiBaratiM. A. in Landscape Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranauthorShinaSad BerenjiM. A. in Landscape Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iranauthortextarticle2011perOne-dimensional development of human systems in the modern society has greatly changed the relations of human and the nature especially in the urban environments. The separation of natural and human systems has resulted in alienation of the human society and natural processes. Accordingly finding the proper integration of city and nature is a challenging concern in different fields of environmental design. As a response, the revelation of natural processes contributes in the human perception and appreciation of the natural environment which is discussed under the title of eco-revelatory design attitude. Accordingly the eco-revelation approach in the new literature of urban landscape is introduced in order to achieve the true perception of natural infrastructures in the human realms. This perception would enrich the human life through attachment to the nature of place and fulfills the inherent inclination of human being to the natural world. Due to the experience which is gained by the extinction of nature by the urban dwellers, actual experiences of the natural processes are necessary in order to foster an ecologically literate of society in spite of the novel environmental crisis. This paper argues that the experience of the dynamic ecological processes, excluding the static and visual arrangement of components, should be considered in an eco-revelatory design approach and demonstrated in the physical structure of urban landscape. According to the new researches of this field, understanding and participation in the functional dimensions of one’s surroundings plays a critical role in the formation of personal affiliations to a place .Thus the new concept of “experience aesthetic” calls upon the designers to create dynamic relationships instead of static patterns of natural elements. Consequently this study explores how a design process, consisted of the principals of eco-revelatory design in urban landscape, can help to plan a sustainable development which will use and reveal natural systems. An emphasis on the opportunity of deriving actual, not only visual, values from their ecological context would provide the essential basis for the integration of natural processes for landscape users in the perceptible urban landscape and plays a significant role in the realm of environmental education. Some case studies of revelation of natural infrastructures such as combining the green drainage network and connection networks are discussed and some strategies are proposed for city Tehran based on the potentials that can be provided in the following. As a result this paper demonstrates how an eco-revelatory approach to urban landscape can help to create a multifunctional design that enriches the ecological culture of urban societies.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20116467http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_448_a0568b1aa90b64657afb78400353603b.pdfThe Transportation Network and Urban Landscape InfrastructuresAlessandracesarisPh.D in Architecture, Professor at Sapienza University of
Romeauthortextarticle2011perThe contemporary city presents itself more and more as a dispersed and fragmented organism inside which infrastructures, specifically transportation networks, cover a strategic role in moving people and goods; a mobility that has become an integrating part of society and one of the founding elements of contemporary urbanism. Moreover mobility, the set of fluxes, of persons and goods, material and immaterial, has become a founding element of contemporary urbanity and an organizing principle of our society. It guarantees access to goods and services, it guarantees the springing-up and strengthening of social relations, it represents the inexorable condition for economic development. In its becoming an inalienable condition for liberty of man, in contemporary society it represents something more than a mere functional need. It also no more sees only commuter traffic on pre-arranged routes, but articulates in trajectories with constantly changing destinations following unpredictable fluxes and directions. Such elements, taken together, demand a rethinking of the ways to conceive what up to only a few years ago was an exclusively technical space. They pretend a greater articulation of design solutions in order to give responses to the type of flux, trying to confer to the abstract space of mobility new figurations, new identities and a sense of meaning. Often the construction of these infrastructures, where accessibility-related questions are privileged and size is relevant, has a devastating and dividing effect on the surrounding territory, opening the way to urban and suburban decay. Since it implies a complex series of issues tied both to regeneration of urban patterns and to a broader process of land transformation, in this scenario infrastructure design cannot be taken as a mere technical item. Nowadays a crucial point for a sustainable urban development is given by shaping infrastructure so that this is able to integrate with the complex layering of the landscapes that they cross and to conceive it as a fundamental element in the process of regenerating urban environment. Among contemporary infrastructures, the road network with its numerous lanes and intersections to other grids of the network is, spatially, the potentially most invasive one. It is also essential to the life of the city. In time it has always organized territory and built urban space. In its connecting more or less distant points – longitudinal connectivity – it organizes and structures a cradle of variable dimensions at its margins. A series of elements link to these margins ensuring, or not, transversal connectivity. The spatial and figurative quality of this cradle and its capacity to connect is crucial for the social use of the street. The endless search for greater speed and fluid traffic fluxes, wanting to define longitudinal connections evermore efficient, brought to the construction of a series of high speed axes that, in enhancing speed, reduced links to the overall network, thus to transversal connectivity. The result is an evident detachment of the street from crossed territories, a detachment that caused in some cases a strong cut within urban systems, the generation of many unresolved spaces and a reduction, if not the complete cancellation, of the social value of the street. After years in which infrastructure design was distant from the form of the city, today a series of experimental project are bringing to light the high potentials of infrastructure design in improving quality of life in functional, social and aesthetic terms. In Europe the construction of infrastructural corridors, airports and high speed train stations, imposed transformations both at a urban and territorial scale; this can represent a great opportunity to reorganize and regenerate many unresolved spaces. Furthermore, many cities have to deal with a series of high speed motorways badly absorbed by the forma urbis because they were built without taking care of urban measure and rhythm. They need to be reintegrated through a new strategic thinking and the inventive capacity of architects. The potential of multi-level infrastructures reconciling high speed travelling and the civic value of the street are experimented by Arriola e Fiol in the design for Gran via the Llevant in Barcelona while the research entitled “The design of the connection of the GRA in Rome to urban networks”, conducted by Department of Architecture (Sapienza University of Rome) inquires the strategies to redefine a motorway into an urban boulevard. Moreover nowadays several projects are investigating the possibility to reformulate a new and contemporary solution of inhabited bridges looking for a mix of functions and activities. And finally in the regeneration of contemporary overcrowded city a real challenge is to conceive the construction of the subway as an element of an urban regeneration programme. Some subway stations opportunely selected, in relation with their strategic location, may be a simple crossing point with functional meaning, or it may be a junction exchange of some complexity, or a reference point for an urban design project, able to associate transport and authentic public space.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20116873http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_449_96f332d83d8981eb307c4a240ba2ec0e.pdfThe Common Duct Utility Role in Organizing CityscapeMahdiZandiehAsociate Professor at Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Ghazvin, IranauthorSaharArdanehM. A. in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iranauthortextarticle2011perThe city utilities and equipments are the foundations of the city services such as water, electricity and other power lines and the people’s peace would be certainly disturbed in their shortage; it is the reason for considering the city infrastructures one of the most basic elements in forming a city. Therefore their management is essential for the city in order to reduce the insufficiencies of the environment and to satisfy the citizens. The infrastructures not only are necessary in meeting daily public needs, but they are also necessary in meeting other needs. As a result the infrastructure development will meet a wider range of public needs as well as being the source for economic and industrial activities. In some developed countries, besides their basic role in meeting technical needs they are also designed to accommodate people in the natural crisis. The life of the infrastructures is tied to the physical life of the societies for their existence is essential for the maintenance and sustainability of public life in the city. City utilities and equipments can be considered a sub – system that forms the city alongside the route and housing sub –systems. Despite their fundamental role in the material life of the city, mismanagement of them can cause visual pollution and a disturbed landscape. Constructing a common utility duct is a wise act in aggregation of city services and an easy way for repair and maintenance which can also provide a delicate and an undisturbed cityscape for citizens.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463

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20117477http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_450_ccfa00c799bf6b3e0be27d66cf0a3931.pdfOrganizational Supervision on Urban Landscape Infrastructures, Case Study: LondonMehrdadKarimi MoshaverPh.D. in Architectureauthortextarticle2011perIn urban language of the city, the cityscape is referred to the combination of city elements which are placed together to create a vision for the city that introduces the city utterly. As a result the influential and essential infrastructures of each city are to be controlled for further profitability of the cityscape. Focusing on the decisions that leads to the development and shaping of a city is the foundation of achieving a high quality cityscape. Hence, accentuating the cityscape infrastructure will eventually lead to cityscape profitability. Differences exist in the infrastructures of every city which are mainly caused by the characteristics, goals and visions and multiple views of every cityscape. Despite the differences in infrastructures in various cities, the fixed term in the field of architecture and urbanism is that the main infrastructures include the cases which are “ seen ” and “ viewed ” more. These cases include multiple natural and built elements that should be under supervision of an organization that can coordinate the influential elements on city forms. In addition to that, physical situation (of the sight) and mental situation (of the vision) should be considered in the coordination of new city elements. Furthermore, since achieving a profitable landscape could be provided through coordination of different city elements, a powerful organization is needed for controlling the city development, design and construction and the three dimensional growth as well as cityscape infrastructures generally.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74463