Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children

What is ADHD in children?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) is a behavior disorder. It's also called attention deficit disorder.
It's often first diagnosed in childhood. There are 3 types:

ADHD, combined. This is the most
common type. A child is impulsive and hyperactive. He or she also has trouble paying
attention and is easily distracted.

ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive. This is
the least common type of ADHD. A child is impulsive and hyperactive. But he or she
doesn't have trouble paying attention.

ADHD, inattentive and distractible. A
child with this type is mostly inattentive and easily distracted.

What causes ADHD in a child?

The exact cause of ADHD is unknown. But research suggests that it is genetic. It is a brain-based problem. Children with ADHD have low levels of a brain chemical (dopamine). Studies show that brain metabolism in children with ADHD is lower in the parts of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement.

Which children are at risk for ADHD?

ADHD tends to run in families. Many parents of children with ADHD had symptoms of ADHD when they were younger. The condition is often found in brothers and sisters within the same family. Boys are more likely to have ADHD of the hyperactive or combined type than girls.

Other things that may raise the risk include:

Cigarette smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy

Exposure to lead as a young child

Brain injuries

Low birth weight

What are the symptoms of ADHD in a child?

Each child with ADHD may have different symptoms. He or she may have trouble paying attention. A child may also be impulsive and hyperactive. These symptoms most often happen together. But one may happen without the others.

Below are the most common symptoms of ADHD.

Inattention

Has a short attention span for age

Has a hard time listening to others

Has a hard time attending to details

Is easily distracted

Is forgetful

Has poor organizational skills for age

Has poor study skills for age

Impulsivity

Often interrupts others

Has a hard time waiting for his or her turn in school or social games

Tends to blurt out answers instead of waiting to be called on

Takes risks often, and often without thinking before acting

Hyperactivity

Seems to always be in motion; runs or climbs, at times with no clear goal except motion

Has a hard time staying in a seat even when it is expected

Fidgets with hands or squirms when in a seat

Talks a lot

Has a hard time doing quiet activities

Loses or forgets things repeatedly and often

Is not able to stay on task and shifts from one task to another without completing any

These symptoms may look like other health or behavior problems. Keep in mind that many of these symptoms may happen in children and teens who don’t have ADHD. A key part in diagnosis is that the symptoms must greatly affect how the child functions at home and in school. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is ADHD diagnosed in a child?

A pediatrician, child psychiatrist, or a mental health expert may diagnose ADHD. To do so, he or she will talk with parents and teachers and watch the child’s behavior. Diagnosis also depends on results from physical, nervous system, and mental health testing. Certain tests may be used to rule out other health problems. Others may check thinking skills and certain skill sets.

How is ADHD treated in children?

Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.

Treatment for ADHD may include:

Psychostimulant medicines. These
medicines help balance chemicals in the brain. They help the brain to focus and may
reduce the major symptoms of ADHD.

Non-stimulant medicines. These
can help decrease the symptoms of ADHD and are often used in conjunction with
stimulant medicines for even better results.

Behavior management training for parents. Parenting
children with ADHD may be hard. It can cause challenges that create stress within the
family. Classes in behavior management skills for parents can help lower stress for
all family members. This training often happens in a group setting that encourages
parent-to-parent support. Behavior management techniques tend to improve targeted
behaviors in a child, such as completing school work.

How can I help prevent ADHD in my child?

Experts don’t know how to prevent
ADHD in children. But spotting and treating it early can lessen symptoms and enhance
your child’s normal development. . It can also improve your child’s quality of life.

How can I help my child live with ADHD?

Here are things you can do to help your child:

Keep all appointments with your
child’s healthcare provider.

Talk with your child’s healthcare
provider about other providers who will be involved in your child’s care. Your child
may get care from a team that may include counselors, therapists, social workers,
psychologists, school psychologists, school counselors, teachers, and psychiatrists.
Your child’s care team will depend on your child’s needs and how serious the ADHD
is.

Adhere to behavioral and educational treatment plans. Work with
your team to adjust the plan if it's not working.

Give medicines as prescribed

Tell others about your child’s ADHD.
Work with your child’s healthcare provider and schools to develop a treatment
plan.

Reach out for support from local
community services. ADHD can be stressful. Being in touch with other parents who have
a child ADHD may be helpful.

Key points about ADHD in children

ADHD is a behavior disorder. It's
often first diagnosed in childhood.

There are 3 major types. They are based on a child’s symptoms.

A child with ADHD may have trouble paying attention. He or she may also be impulsive and hyperactive.