Thursday, April 24, 2008

List Coloring of Planar Graphs

I have been reading some papers on list-coloring of planar graphs. Here's a quick overview of this topic.

A propercoloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices receive the same color. A graph is k-colorable if it can be properly colored with k colors. For example, the famous Four Color Theorem (4CT) states that "Evey planar graph is 4-colorable". This is tight, since K4 is 4-colorable but not 3-colorable. Deciding if a graph is 3-colorable is NP-hard. It is natural to ask which planar graphs are 3-colorable. Grotzsch's Theorem states that "Every triangle-tree planar graph is 3-colorable".

Given a graph and given a set L(v) of colors for each vertex v, a list coloring is a proper coloring such that every vertex v is assigned a color from the list L(v). A graph is k-list-colorable (or k-choosable) if it has a proper list coloring no matter how one assigns a list of k colors to each vertex.

If a graph is k-choosable then it is k-colorable (set each L(v) = {1,...k}). But the converse is not true. Following is a bipartite graph (2-colorable) that is not 2-choosable (corresponding lists are shown).A graph is k-degenerate if each non-empty subgraph contains a vertex of degree at most k. The following fact is easy to prove by induction :

A k-degenerate graph is (k+1)-choosable

Are there k-degenerate graphs that are k-choosable ? Following are some known results and open problems :

Every bipartite planar graph is 3-choosable [Alon & Tarsi]. It is easy to prove that every bipartite planar graph is 3-degenerate.

Every planar is 5-choosable [Thomassen'94]. Note that every planar graph is 5-degenerate. There are planar graphs which are not 4-choosable [Voigt'93].

Every planar graph of girth at least 5 is 3-choosable. This implies grotzsch's theorem in a very cute way [Thomassen'03]. There are planar graphs of girth 4 which are not 3-choosable [Voigt'95].

Conjecture : Every 3-colorable planar graph is 4-choosable.

Note : A recent paper [DKT'08], presents a very short proof of Grotzsch's theorem and a linear-time algorithm for 3-coloring such graphs.