The Internet.

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Presentation on theme: "The Internet."— Presentation transcript:

2 Definition of InternetFederal Networking Council (FNC) – Oct. 24, 1995“Internet” refers to the global information system that:Logically linked IP addressesSupports communications using TCP/IPProvides services publicly and privatelySimple version:“The Internet is a global system of networked computers together with their users and data.”“Network of Networks”Internet = inter-networked networksOn 10/24/95 FNC passed resolution defining “Internet”No centralized managementCollection of individual networks and organizations that cooperate so that info can be passed along

3 History of Internet 1957 USSR launches Sputnik1958 US forms ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within DOD (Dept. of Defense) to establish US lead in military science and technology1961Len Kleinrock at MIT writes first paper on packet-switching theoryPacket-switching is developed by Paul Baran and Donald Davies at Rand Corp.1962 Cuban Missile Crisis1963 President Kennedy is assassinated1964 The Beatles come to AmericaPacket-switching = essential concept to development of Internet – Data is divided into small packets to be transmitted with labels to identify sender and recipientPacket-switching vs. circuit-switching – line was held open to send data

4 History of Internet – cont.1965 Ted Nelson gives ACM presentation called “A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate”Concept was called “docuverse,” used term “hypertext”Never had a working model1968 ARPA mails out 140 requests for proposals to prospective contractor to build first 4 IMPs (Interface Message Processors)1969Apollo 11 – Neil Armstrong is first man to walk on moon 7/20/69Original Woodstock is held at Max Yasgar’s farm in NY 8/15/69Docuverse was similar in concept to today’s WWW but on a grander scale; hyperlinks connected portions of documents and copyrights were managed to protect intellectual property of contributors; whole thing was called Xanadu

5 History of Internet – cont.ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) is created by BBN (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman) for DODGoals:Maintain communications in the event of attackEnable researchers to share “supercomputing” power4 nodes (hosts) initially:Stanford Research Institute (SRI)University of UtahUniversity of California Los Angles (UCLA)University of California Santa BarbaraLater ARPANET is known as Internet

6 History of Internet – cont.ARPANET (cont.)Features:“Open architecture’Allowed sharing of resourcesFacilitated communicationsDesigned to withstand damage1970’sLANs become prevalentARPANET is used by military, universities, larger companies – not by general populationBeatles break up1971 Michael Hart begins Project GutenbergProject Gutenberg – goal was to make available literary works that are in the “public_domain” so they can be easily accessed, read, and searched on-line. To accomplish this Michael Hart used “plain Vanilla ASCII;” started with Declaration of Independence (only 5K in size). This was followed by the Bill of Rights-- then the whole US Constitution, as space was getting large (at least by the standards of 1973). Then came the Bible, as individual books of the Bible were not that large, then Shakespeare (a play at a time), and then into general work in the areas of light and heavy literature and references. Currently about 6400 works have been converted to e-texts, goal was to have 10,000 works by the end of 2001.

7 History of Internet – cont.1972ARPANET nodes increase to 23; becomes internationalis introduced by Ray Tomlinson at BBN; he uses symbol to distinguish between the sender’s name and the network name in the addressTelnet specification for terminal emulation: allows a user at a remote computer to log on to another computer over a network and enter commands at a prompt as if they were directly connected to the remote computer

8 History of Internet – cont.1973FTP (File Transfer Protocol) specification was developed; allows users to log onto a remote computer, list the files on that computer, and download files from that computerPink Floyd releases Dark Side of the Moon1976Queen Elizabeth sends her first and is the first state leader to do soPres. Candidate Jimmy Carter and running mate Walter Mondale use to plan eventsUUCP (Unix to Unix CoPy) is developed and distributed with Unix – allowed file transfer and remote command execution

9 History of Internet – cont.1977Apple Computer popularized personal computing; sneakernet is used to share infoSaturday Night Fever becomes best-selling album1979USENET (User Network) is developed – newsgroups emerged from this; first connection was between Duke and Univ. of NC at Chapel HillFirst walkman is made available by SonyNewsgroups: large, distributed bulletin board system with specific discussion groupsSneakernet – individuals did their work on their own computers and then transported disks back and forth to share info

10 History of Internet – cont.1980CSNET (Computer Science Network) is created – connects US university CS departments; joins ARPANET in 1981John Lennon is murdered in front of his apt in NYC (12/8/80)USA beats USSR in ice hockey1981BITNET (Because It’s Time Network) connects City Univ of NY and Yale; mailing lists originate from thisMailing list – like electronic newsletter

11 History of Internet – cont.IBM introduces the IBM personal computerMTV launches its music video channel providing commercials for songs1982“Internet” is used for the first timeScott Fahlman starts the smiley culture by using :-) to suggest emotions in s (9/19/1982)IBM – world’s largest computer vendorScott Fahlman at CMU

12 History of Internet – cont.1983CDs start to appear on store shelvesTCP/IP is required for all ARPANET hostsTCP/IP – rules for how networks making up the ARPANET communicateNo charge; open system – all computers are now “speaking the same language”Allowed growth; central administration not necessary

13 History of Internet – cont.1984DNS (Domain Name System) is established with network addresses identified by extensions like .com, .edu, .org; developed by Sun Microsystems“Neuromancer” by William Gibson is published introducing the term “cyberspace”1985NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) is formed to connect the NSF’s 5 super-computing centers1987CDs outsell records

14 History of Internet – cont.1988Virus called the Internet Worm was written by Robert Morris, a grad student at Cornell, and temporarily shuts down 10% of Internet hostsIRC (Internet Relay Chat) is developed by Jarkko Oikarinen; provided real-time chatting1989NSF takes over control of ARPANETHosts on Internet > 100,0001990Archie, an archive of FTP sites, is created

15 History of Internet – cont.1991Gopher is developed at Univ of Minnesota; allows you to “go for” files using menu-based systemNSF decides Internet should not only be used for educational entitiesWWW – Tim Berners-Lee at CERN1992WWW publicly availableUS Rep Rick Boucher from VA authors law which allows first commercial traffic on InternetUniv. of Minnesota mascot = Golden GophersCERN – European Laboratory for Particle Physics1992 – Commercial access was limited to Internet by NSF’s AUP (Acceptable Use Policy)Signed into law on 11/23/92 by President Bush

16 History of Internet – cont.1993MosaicReleased by Marc Andreessen and several other students at the Univ of Illinoisfirst Web browser to provide easy-to-use point and click GUISometimes called NCSA Mosaic (National Center for Supercomputing Applications)Becomes primary navigating tool for the WWW which accounts for 1% of Internet traffic1994Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark form Netscape Communications and release Netscape NavigatorWhite House launchesCommercial sites are coming on-line; spamming starts

17 History of Internet – cont.David Filo and Jerry Yang start Yahoo! as “Jerry Yang’s Guide to the WWW”Tim Berners-Lee starts W3C: an organization dedicated to developing technologies for the WWW1995Vatican launches its Website:Java programming language is developed by Sun MicrosystemsCompuServe, America Online, Prodigy provide dial-up Internet accessBrowser wars begin as Microsoft introduces MIE in summer of 1995Jeff Bezos launches AmazonYahoo! – originally “Jerry Yang’s Guide to the WWW” – moved to Netscape and called it Yahoo!; went public in April of 1996 and stock shot up 154% on first day of trading; by 1995 Yahoo! starts displaying adsDavid Filo and Jerry Yang – Stanford grad students who develop an Internet directoryTim Berners-Lee – one goal of W3C: Make the Web universally accessible 10/1994Java – a programming language that enabled mini-programs (“applets”) to be downloaded and run on a Web page; adds animation

18 History of Internet – cont.1996Approx 45 million people are using the Internet with about 30 million in North AmericaBrowser wars continue – two most powerful are left: Netscape and MIEPlug-ins and helper applications emerge for multimediaeBay is launchedFree speech issues are addressed; an attempt to regulate content on the Internet is termed an affront to the First Amendment (06/1996)ICQ, AIM, MSN Messenger provides Instant Messaging

19 History of Internet – cont.1997MIE is integrated into the desktopInternet traffic records are broken on 07/08/1997 when the NASA Website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars (46 million hits)Princess Diana dies in car crash; Elton John’s musical tribute to her, Candle in the Wind, is best selling single of all time

20 History of Internet – cont.1998Netscape Navigator source code is releasedGoogle is launched; uses links to assess a site’s popularity (09/27/2005)Consumers over the age of 30 purchase more music than those under 30 for the first time ever1999Northeastern student Shawn Fanning creates Napster, an application that allows sharing music filesThe number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million (beginning of 1999); more than 50% in the USDavid Bowie’s newest album becomes the first by a major artist to be made available by Internet downloadUnder 30s – more likely to download for free when they listen to in the form of MP3 sound files.Shawn Fanning – figured “there should be a way to combine the breadth of search engines like Google with the ‘presence awareness’ of systems like instant messaging which know who is signed on at any given time”

21 History of Internet – cont.2000Dotcom bust – Internet bubble burstsMusic file sharing is very popular at sites like MP3.com using Napster softwareLove Bug virus2002Napster folds when the court rules that the company is violating copyright laws2003CAN-SPAM Act is signed by Pres. BushSpam accounts for about 50% of all sApple introduces Apple iTunes Music Store offering 99 cent downloadsLove Bug virus – example of self-replicating viruses that send themselves to people listed in a computer user’s address book. Many infected companies had to shut down their infected networks because of the heavy volume of .CAN-SPAM Act – Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 December2004 – Internet worm called MyDoom or Novarg spreads through Internet servers; about 1 in 12 messages is infectedOnline spending reaches a record high $117 billiion in > a 26% increase over 2003