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What is human factors/ergonomics and why is it relevant? STEVEN SHORROCK explains with a stove analogy, and challenges HS practitioners to engage with the subject.

MARK OGILVIE describes how teaching all staff a simplified version of bow tie analysis has promoted a common understanding of risk.

Jane Devonshire, aged 19, was killed at work in August 2015 when the rubbish truck she was working on crashed on a steep suburban street in Birkenhead, Auckland. Four parties – rubbish contractors Veolia (formerly Onyx), truck owner Truck Leasing Ltd, mechanics NP Dobbe Maintenance, and Auckland Council – were charged under the HSE Act in relation to the accident. Three defendants admitted the charges; TLL pleaded not guilty but was convicted in October last year. JACKIE BROWN-HAYSOM talked to Jane’s mother, Rona Topia.

As well as News (Alert24 Safeguard Update, online and in print) and Inspiration/Best Practice (Safeguard magazine in print and online) we have
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, your Compliance toolkit containing two online modules.

We also have a range of other related health and safety and accident compensation products. Please browse the tables of content or search a topic to retrieve a list of relevant items from all these publications resources.

LED bulbs have come along, though, and introduced the lumens rating. Lumens and watts are different, which can make it harder to figure out what type of bulb to buy.

Luckily, it's simple enough to sort out any confusion.

When buying an incandescent bulb, the watts rating gives consumers a good indication of how bright a bulb is. The more watts, the brighter the bulb.

The rules have changed, though. An LED that uses 60 watts is in no way comparable to an incandescent bulb that uses 60 watts. In fact, a 60-watt LED just may blind you. LEDs are designed to use less energy and naturally have a lower watt rating. This means it's useless to use watts to determine brightness.

To fix the problem, bulb companies have started using lumens to rate bulbs. This gives you a more accurate indication of how much light to expect from an LED.

Measuring in lumens isn't a new concept designed just for LEDs. It's a rating that's been used for decades as a measurement of how much light a bulb (or anything else) emits. It just hasn't been predominantly displayed on packaging until recently. In 2011, the US
Federal Trade Commission
started requiring manufacturers of compact fluorescent, incandescent and LED bulbs to use lumens as an indication of how bright a bulb will be.

"While watt measurements are familiar to consumers and have been featured on the front of light bulb packages for decades, watts are a measurement of energy use, not brightness,"
the FTC said in a press release
. "As a result, reliance on watt measurements alone make it difficult for consumers to compare traditional incandescent bulbs to more efficient bulbs, such as compact fluorescents."

On packaging, the lumen rating is indicated by a number followed by "lm," the abbreviation for lumens. The higher the lumen rating, the brighter the bulb will be.

The easiest way to figure out what bulb you need is by using an incandescent/LED conversion cart.

Say you normally use a 60-watt incandescent bulb, for example. You would probably want to choose an LED bulb that uses 8 to 12 watts and has a lumen rating of 800 to get the same illumination. This conversion chart will help you find an LED bulb similar to the incandescent you've been using:

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