Abstract

Background

The activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed monoclonal antibody cetuximab combined with oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil (FUFOX) was assessed in first-line metastatic gastric and oesophago-gastric junction (OGJ) cancer in a prospective phase II study showing a promising objective tumour response rate of 65% and a low mutation frequency of KRAS (3%). The aim of the correlative tumour tissue studies was to investigate the relationship between EGFR gene copy numbers, activation of the EGFR pathway, expression and mutation of E-cadherin, V600E BRAF mutation and clinical outcome of patients with gastric and OGJ cancer treated with cetuximab combined with FUFOX.

Methods

Patients included in this correlative study (n = 39) were a subset of patients from the clinical phase II study. The association between EGFR gene copy number, activation of the EGFR pathway, abundance and mutation of E-cadherin which plays an important role in these disorders, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome of patients was studied. EGFR gene copy number was assessed by FISH. Expression of the phosphorylated forms of EGFR and its downstream effectors Akt and MAPK, in addition to E-cadherin was analysed by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of mutant V600E BRAF was evaluated by allele-specific PCR and the mutation profile of the E-cadherin gene CDH1 was examined by DHPLC followed by direct sequence analysis. Correlations with overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP) and overall response rate (ORR) were assessed.

Results

Our study showed a significant association between increased EGFR gene copy number (≥ 4.0) and OS in gastric and OGJ cancer, indicating the possibility that patients may be selected for treatment on a genetic basis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was shown between activated EGFR and shorter TTP and ORR, but not between activated EGFR and OS. No V600E BRAF mutations were identified. On the other hand, an interesting trend between high E-cadherin expression levels and better OS was observed and two CDH1 exon 9 missense mutations (A408V and D402H) were detected.

Keywords

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Abbreviations

CBR

Clinical benefit rate

CC

Correlation coefficient

CI

Confidence interval

CT

Computed tomography

DHPLC

Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography

ECOG

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor

FUFOX

Oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil

HER2

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HR

Hazard ratio

UICC

International Union Against Cancer

MAPK

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

NCBI

National Center for Biotechnology Information

OGJ

Oesophago-gastric junction

ORR

Overall response rate

OS

Overall survival

pAKT

Phosphorylated Akt/protein kinase B

pEGFR

Phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor

PI3K

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

pMAPK

Phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

RR

Relative risk

TTP

Time to progression

TNM

Tumour node metastasis

ULN

Upper limit of normal

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-509) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background

Gastric cancer was estimated to be the fourth most common cancer and second leading cause of death from cancer worldwide in 2008 [1]. During recent decades, the incidence of oesophago-gastric junction (OGJ) cancer has increased continuously [2]. Metastatic gastric and OGJ adenocarcinomas are characterised by poor prognosis and modest response to chemotherapeutic treatment [3]. Despite recent improvements in the diagnostics and therapy of these dismal diseases, new treatment options are urgently needed to achieve clinical benefits for the patients and improve their survival.

Recent advances in targeted therapy demonstrate the advantage of a combination of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in HER2-positive advanced gastric or OGJ cancer [4]. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the same family of receptor tyrosine kinases that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of tumour cell growth and survival. Aside from HER2, EGFR may also be a promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Several studies have linked EGFR expression with advanced clinical stage or the presence of distant metastasis and provided evidence that EGFR may have a central role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of gastric and OGJ cancer [5, 6].

Cetuximab is a monoclonal human-mouse chimeric antibody that interacts with domain III of the extracellular region of EGFR with a high specificity and inhibits ligand-induced activation [7]. Cetuximab has been approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer and for use in combination with chemotherapy and with radiotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In the first-line treatment of advanced gastric and OGJ cancer, several phase II studies assessed cetuximab in combination with different chemotherapy regimens, most of them showing promising results with objective response rates ranging from 41 to 65% [8, 9, 10, 11].

Cetuximab combined with FUFOX showed a high response rate of 65% in first-line metastatic gastric and OGJ cancer in a prospective phase II study [10]. The expression level of EGFR on tumour cells was not correlated with therapeutic response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between EGFR gene copy status, activation of the EGFR pathway, and the BRAF mutation status with clinical outcome. Understanding the molecular basis of therapy response may require the analysis of additional markers such as the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, which regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and has been associated with cetuximab response in preclinical models [12]. Therefore, the abundance of E-cadherin was determined and E-cadherin gene (CDH1) mutations were analysed.

Methods

Patient selection

The multicentre clinical study with the European Clinical Trials Database number 2004-004024-12 enrolled 52 patients from seven active centres recruited from April 2005 until March 2006 [10].

Pretherapeutic tumour material (formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded) was obtained from 39 patients. Patients presented with advanced disease not amenable to a curative therapeutic approach. Patients gave written informed consent for translational investigations including tumour genetic analyses concerning EGFR pathway-linked genes. Data were acquired with approval from the ethics committee of the Technische Universität München.

Treatment

As reported earlier in detail [10], cetuximab was administered at an initial dose of 400 mg/m2 on day 1 over 120 mins, followed by weekly doses of 250 mg/m2 over 60 mins. Oxaliplatin 50 mg/m2 was given i.v. over 120 min followed by folinic acid 200 mg/m2 i.v. over 120 min and 5-fluorouracil 2,000 mg/m2 i.v. over 24 h on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, every 5 weeks (1 cycle). Treatment continued until best response, or until there was evidence of disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal of patient consent. Toxicity was graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC, version 3.0).

Response

Clinical response was determined by computer tomography according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) as reported earlier [10].

Immunohistochemical analysis

EGFR expression was determined using a standardised immunohistochemistry assay (EGFR pharmDx Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) as reported earlier [10]. A manual staining protocol was used for pEGFR, pAkt, pMAPK and E-cadherin as described in Additional file 1.

Reactivity score and interpretation of the immunohistochemical staining

Evaluation of the immunhistochemical biomarker staining was performed by at least two investigators (A.W. and B.L.) who were unaware of clinical features and survival. The reactivity score and the interpretation of the staining are described in Additional file 1.

DNA extraction

The protocol for DNA extraction is available in Additional file 1.

BRAF mutation analysis

The BRAF hotspot mutation V600E was analysed using allele-specific PCR following an established protocol [16]. Positive and negative controls which had been determined by direct sequencing were included in this analysis.

CDH1mutation analysis

Structural alterations of exons 2-16 of the CDH1 gene were analysed in the tumours of 22 patients by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) as described previously [17]. Upon detection of aberrant DHPLC patterns, DHPLC analysis was followed by direct sequencing of the PCR products. Additional information is available in Additional file 1.

Statistical analysis

As reported earlier [10], the primary study endpoint was the proportion of patients who responded to cetuximab-FUFOX. The study was designed as a two-stage trial assuming a response rate of ≤ 30% as not being of further interest (null hypothesis) and a response rate of ≥ 50% as interesting (alternative hypothesis). The best observed response was taken as a basis for determination of the primary endpoint and confirmed responses were also reported. Treatment with cetuximab plus FUFOX induced objective tumour responses in 65% of treated patients which was clearly above the threshold for accepting the alternative hypothesis.

The calculation of TTP, OS, duration of treatment and follow-up is explained in Additional file 1. Kaplan-Meier survival time analysis was used to correlate the investigated markers with TTP and OS. Differences in survival between subgroups were compared by log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was performed correlating the biomarkers with TTP and OS. Hazard ratios (HR) calculated by the Cox proportional hazards model were reported with 95% CIs. The association between the biomarkers and ORR or clinical benefit rate (CBR), respectively, was studied using Fisher's exact and χ2 tests when appropriate. Correlation analysis between the investigated markers was performed using the Pearson test and Spearman's rho test. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS V17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Patient and tumour characteristics and clinical outcome

Patients with advanced gastric and OGJ cancer were a subset of 52 patients who were enrolled in the clinical trial between April 2005 and March 2006. Pretherapeutic tumour material was available from 39 patients. The location of the primary tumour was the OGJ in 22 (56%) patients and other parts of the stomach in the remaining 17 (44%) patients (Table 1). As reported previously, all patients presented with metastatic disease, with lymph nodes, liver, peritoneum and lung as the predominant metastatic sites [10]. The Laurén classification of the tumours was intestinal in 22 (56%) cases and non-intestinal (diffuse or mixed type) in 17 (44%) cases.

Relationship between EGFRgene copy numbers and therapy response

EGFR gene copy numbers and CEP7 copy numbers were determined by three-dimensional image-based FISH in gastric and OGJ tumours from 36 patients. The range of EGFR gene copy numbers was 2.0-8.2 (signals per nucleus). Tumours were classified into four categories with respect to their mean EGFR gene copy numbers. The majority of tumours revealed EGFR low level copy number gain (56%), while high level copy number gain was less frequent (19%), and amplification was rare (3%) (Figure 1, Table 2). The CEP7 copy numbers (signals per nucleus) were in the range of 2.0-6.0. In most of the tumours, low copy number changes for CEP7 (≥ 2.5- < 4.0) were observed (61%). The EGFR/CEP7 ratio was within the range 0.7-1.5. The majority of patients were in the group < 1.1 (61%).

Copy numbers of the EGFR gene and CEP7 per se were not associated with TTP (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S4). In contrast, the EGFR/CEP7 ratio was significantly related to TTP using the Kaplan-Meier method (log-rank P = 0.045), while the significance level was not reached in univariate Cox regression analysis (HR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1-1.0; P = 0.056). No association was found between EGFR and CEP7 gene copy number and EGFR/CEP7 ratio with ORR or CBR (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S5).

Correlation between activation of the EGFR signalling pathway and clinical outcome

Expression levels of the phosphorylated forms of EGFR (pEGFR, Y1086), Akt kinase (pAkt, Ser473) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK, Thr202/Tyr204) were determined by means of immunohistochemistry (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S8). The examination of the EGFR expression level was performed and previously reported [10]. The results obtained by this analysis were included in the present study to search for correlations with the presently analysed biomarkers and clinical outcome. In total, pretherapeutic biopsies of 28 patients were available for the immunohistochemical study. Staining of pEGFR was interpretable in 26 cases (93%), pAkt in 28 cases (100%), pMAPK in 25 cases (89%) and E-cadherin in 25 cases (89%).

No statistically significant association between EGFR, pEGFR, pAkt or pMAPK expression levels and OS was found (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S3). A significant correlation was shown between pEGFR and shorter TTP (log-rank P = 0.018; HR 4.0, 95% CI: 1.2-13.9, P = 0.027), but not between EGFR, pAkt or pMAPK and TTP (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S4). The pEGFR expression level was associated with ORR but not with CBR (Table 3, Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S5): ORR was 31% in patients with pEGFR-positive tumours and 92% in patients with pEGFR-negative tumours (P = 0.004), clinical benefit (CR, PR and SD) was achieved in 92% of patients who presented with pEGFR-negative tumours and 62% of patients with pEGFR-positive carcinomas (P = 0.160). Median TTP was 121 days in patients with pEGFR-positive tumours and 291 days in patients with pEGFR-negative tumours (P = 0.018). Median OS of patients suffering from pEGFR positive tumours was 285 days and 490 days in patients with pEGFR-negative tumours (P = 0.619).

Table 3

Clinical outcome according to pEGFR immunohistochemistry

pEGFR detectable

pEGFR non detectable

P value

Overall response rate

(CR and PR)

31%

92%

0.004*

Clinical benefit rate

(CR, PR and SD)

62%

92%

0.160*

Median time to progression

121 days

291 days

0.018**

Median overall survival

285 days

490 days

0.619**

*Fisher's exact test, two-sided

**log-rank P

Oncogenic activation of EGFR downstream effectors in the RAS-RAF-MAPK signalling pathway can negatively influence cetuximab therapy. As reported earlier, KRAS mutations were examined by direct sequencing of exon 2 [10]. One single KRAS mutation at nucleotide position 35 (G > A, Patient 36) that changes codon 12 from glycine to aspartic acid (G12D) was detected in 1 of 32 patients (3%, Table 4). The clinical benefit of the therapy was stable disease, which means that the patient was, by definition, a non-responder (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S10). This KRAS mutation was previously described in gastric cancer [18]. In addition, the hotspot mutation V600E of the BRAF protein was analysed in the present study using allele-specific PCR. No V600E BRAF mutation was found in 32 patients (Table 4). Together, the mutation frequency of key signalling molecules of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway in this patient cohort was very low.

Table 4

Summary of mutation analysis

Gene

No. of patients

No. of mutations

%

KRAS

32

1

3

BRAF

32

0

0

CDH1

22

2

9

Influence of the E-cadherin expression level or mutation status on treatment outcome

To determine the contribution of expression or mutation of E-cadherin to clinical outcome, immunohistochemical detection of E-cadherin protein expression and mutation profiling of exons 2-16 of the E-cadherin gene CDH1 were performed.

CDH1 missense mutations in exon 9 were detected in 2 of 22 tumours (9%), and several polymorphisms were found in 4 of 22 tumours (18%) (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S9). In total, 15 of 22 analysed tumours were of the non-intestinal type (diffuse or mixed type). The CDH1 missense mutations occurred in 2 out of 15 tumours (13%) of these histological subtypes and were diffuse-type signet cell ring gastric carcinomas. Both mutations were confirmed by sequencing and not detected in the adjacent normal tissues from the same patients (Figure 4).

The first tumour showed a CDH1 missense mutation in exon 9 (Patient 27) at nucleotide position c1204 that changes codon 402 from aspartic acid to histidine, thereby affecting the putative calcium-binding motif DAD (DAD > DAH). The second tumour harboured a novel CDH1 missense mutation in exon 9 (Patient 11) at nucleotide position c1223 that changes codon 408 from alanine to valine.

Both tumours (with CDH1 missense mutation in exon 9) occurred in two female patients with peritoneal carcinogenesis. Due to early disease progression, their survival times after first infusion with cetuximab were very short (only 27 days for Patient 11 and 29 days for Patient 27). Consequently, the response rate of Patient 11 was not evaluable (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S10). Patient 27 was classified as a non-responder.

Discussion

Here, we report the results of a correlative research program from a multicentre phase II study of cetuximab plus weekly oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in first-line advanced gastric and OGJ cancer.

Predictive value of EGFRgene copy number gain

In gastric and OGJ cancer, the optimal cut-off points to study an association between EGFR gene copy number and clinical outcome during cetuximab treatment have not been established. This fact explains the requirement of a statistical search for the best cut-offs by correlating the EGFR status with overall patient survival using the log rank test. We found that the optimal cut-off value that separated patients with favourable and unfavourable prognosis was a mean number of 4.0 EGFR signals per nucleus.

We provide evidence that increased EGFR and CEP7 copy numbers were associated with better OS of patients with metastatic gastric or OGJ cancer treated with cetuximab and chemotherapy, but it was not possible to define a cut-off point that showed a relationship between EGFR/CEP7 ratio and OS. Although tumour growth in responsive patients may be closely linked to an increase in EGFR/CEP7 ratio, the literature in other tumour entities, especially in metastatic colorectal cancer demonstrates the experimental difficulties in finding a valid cut-off [19].

Several studies have shown a relationship between specific molecular alterations of the EGFR gene, including somatic mutations and copy number variations, and the clinical activity of anti-EGFR drugs. Somatic EGFR mutations have been reported to be the genetic events underlying responsiveness of non-small cell lung cancer to the small molecular EGFR-inhibitor gefitinib [20]. Increased copy number of the EGFR gene is associated with response to cetuximab in colorectal cancer patients [21]. However, in gastric cancer, EGFR gene amplification only occurs in a subset of patients in the range of 2-9% [22, 23, 24]. In accordance with these studies, we found a low frequency of EGFR gene amplification (3%). Interestingly, we detected a high frequency of EGFR low copy gain (56%), which can only be reliably detected by image-based three-dimensional FISH in thick (16 μm) sections and not by standard FISH in thin (4 μm) sections, as was used in previous studies [15]. Notably, we found that diploid cases in our study were predominantly of the intestinal type, and in contrast to the situation in colorectal cancer, the diploid genotype was not predictive of therapy response. In accordance with the low prevalence of genetic amplification of the EGFR gene in this type of cancer, none of the 38 patients exhibited increased EGFR gene copy number in a recent phase II trial of cetuximab in combination with mFOLFOX6 in gastric and OGJ cancer [25].

Influence of the EGFR signalling cascade on patient outcome

Because cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR, the obvious assumption was that the presence of EGFR on gastric cancer cell membranes would be predictive for response to cetuximab. However, the expression level of EGFR on tumour cells per se, as determined by immunohistochemistry, was not predictive of therapeutic response in gastric and OGJ cancer in various phase II trials of cetuximab in combination with chemotherapeutic agents [8, 10, 25]. This observation is reminiscent of the situation found in colorectal cancer, where immunohistochemical measurement of EGFR expression may not be an accurate predictive factor for response to cetuximab therapy [26]. Notably, advanced gastric cancer patients with EGFR expression in their tumours together with low serum levels of the ligands EGF and transforming growth factor-α showed better response in one study [25]. Recent data on EGFR expression and clinical outcome of patients treated with cetuximab plus irinotecan/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil showed that tumour response was more commonly found in advanced OGJ cancer patients whose tumours expressed EGFR, although EGFR expression was not associated with improved progression-free survival or overall survival [11]. Taken together, the reports on EGFR expression and clinical outcome of gastric and OGJ cancer patients treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy are not consistent.

Activation of EGFR triggers a signalling cascade that comprises essentially two downstream pathways: the RAS-RAF-MAPK axis is mainly involved in cell proliferation, and the PI3K-Akt axis primarily controls cell survival [27]. The results of the present study suggest that the pEGFR expression level was associated with clinical outcome. We found that in patients with pEGFR-positive tumours, TTP was significantly shorter compared with those patients without detectable pEGFR in their tumours and that the pEGFR expression level was associated with the ORR. However, pEGFR expression was not significantly correlated with OS. Differences in OS may have been blurred by subsequent therapies not containing EGFR-antagonists. In an attempt to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors, cell lines resistant to EGFR inhibitors were reported to reveal elevated levels of pEGFR, pAkt and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which were associated with reduced apoptotic capacity [28]. In our study, pEGFR expression was not correlated with pAkt or pMAPK expression, suggesting that activation of the PI3K-Akt cascade and the MAPK pathway occurred independently of EGFR.

Colorectal cancers lacking oncogenic alterations in genes encoding EGFR downstream effectors such as KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and PTEN have the highest probability of response to anti-EGFR therapies [27, 29]. In contrast to colorectal cancer, the prevalence of KRAS mutations in gastric cancer is low [22] and consequently, a relationship between KRAS mutations and therapy response is difficult to establish. The frequency of KRAS mutations was between 0 and 9% in several phase II trials of cetuximab in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in advanced gastric or OGJ adenocarcinoma [9, 10, 11, 25]. We did not detect any V600E BRAF mutations in our study while the frequency of BRAF mutations was 12% in the aforementioned study of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in advanced OGJ cancer patients [11]. Together, in contrast to the situation in colorectal cancer, oncogenic alterations in genes encoding signalling molecules of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway are rare in gastric and OGJ cancer.

Predictive role of E-cadherin expression and somatic CDH1gene mutations

Activation of EGFR is negatively influenced by E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion [30]. Therefore, we hypothesised that E-cadherin affects the response to cetuximab plus chemotherapy of gastric and OGJ cancer patients. We found that patients with high expression of E-cadherin in their tumours have an overall survival advantage compared to patients with moderate or low expression. However, this result did not reach statistical significance, presumably due to the low number of investigated patients. In several studies, cancer cell lines with high E-cadherin expression levels were found to be more susceptible to cetuximab or other anti-EGFR agents than cell lines with low E-cadherin levels [12, 31].

Because E-cadherin mutations are frequently detected in somatic and germline diffuse-type gastric cancer [17, 32], we also decided to assess whether the CDH1 mutation status is crucial to predict clinical outcome. We have previously shown that certain CDH1 mutations have a negative influence on survival of gastric carcinoma patients [33] and that CDH1 mutations are associated with enhanced EGFR activation [34, 35].

We detected the CDH1 mutations D402H and A408V in diffuse-type signet cell ring gastric carcinomas, confirming previous observations that CDH1 mutations are associated with diffuse- or mixed-type gastric cancer but not with intestinal gastric carcinoma [32]. The first of these mutations has been described previously at the amino acid level but at a different nucleotide position [36]. The second mutation has not been previously described. The total frequency of CDH1 mutations in exons 2-16 that were observed in our study was 9% for all investigated tumours and 13% when only diffuse and mixed-type gastric carcinomas were taken into account. CDH1 mutation frequencies for advanced diffuse-type gastric carcinomas reported from other studies are 28% [37], 50% [32] and 70% [38]. Due to the low mutation frequency and early disease progression observed here, a correlation between the occurrence of CDH1 mutations and clinical outcome cannot be calculated.

The prognostic significance of E-cadherin expression in gastric carcinoma is under controversial discussion [39, 40]. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the abundance and genetic mutation of E-cadherin as biomarkers of response to EGFR-targeted therapy. Larger studies are required to assess the contribution of E-cadherin expression and CDH1 mutations to clinical outcome of gastric and OGJ cancer patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy.

Conclusions

Specific alterations of the EGFR gene, including copy number variations, and oncogenic activation of EGFR downstream effectors such as KRAS and BRAF had been previously reported as the genetic events underlying the response to cetuximab plus chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Our study showed an association between EGFR gene copy number and survival in gastric and OGJ cancer, suggesting that patients may be selected for treatment on a genetic basis. A significant correlation was shown between pEGFR and shorter TTP, but not between pEGFR and OS. On the other hand, an interesting trend between high E-cadherin expression levels and better OS was observed and two CDH1 missense mutations in exon 9 (A408V and D402H) were identified. However, due to the low mutation frequency and early disease progression, the relationship between the occurrence of CDH1 mutations and clinical outcome could not be assessed.

Taken together, we consider the EGFR gene copy status, activated EGFR and E-cadherin as promising candidate biomarkers. Due to the small number of patients studied, this trial has to be considered as a hypothesis-generating study and the results need to be confirmed in independent randomized clinical trials.

The efficacy of cetuximab plus capecitabine and cisplatin in advanced gastric and OGJ cancer is currently being investigated in the multinational "Erbitux in combination with Xeloda and cisplatin in advanced esophago-gastric cancer" (EXPAND) phase III trial (NCT00678535).

Notes

Acknowledgements

We thank Christine Hermannstädter, Susanne Plaschke, Birgit Geist, Ulrike Buchholz and Claudia-Mareike Pflüger from the Institutes of Pathology of the Technische Universität München and the Helmholtz Zentrum München for their excellent technical assistance, Tibor Schuster from the Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology of the Technische Universität München for counselling in statistical data analysis and Nadine Röthling from the Munich Center for Clinical Studies for her support in conducting the clinical study and obtaining the clinical data. This correlative research project was supported by Merck Darmstadt KGaA Germany by an unrestricted grant. Merck KGaA has reviewed the publication and the views and opinions in the publication do not necessarily reflect those of Merck KGaA.

Competing interests

Florian Lordick has received research support and lecture honoraria from Merck KGaA and from Sanofi-Aventis GmbH Germany. Gunnar Folprecht has received honoraria for advisory boards from Merck KGaA, Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers-Squibb and Roche, lecture honoraria from Merck KGaA, Novartis and Amgen and a study grant from Merck KGaA.

Authors' contributions

FL was the principal investigator of the clinical phase II trial. BL and FL designed the molecular analysis. JD carried out the mutation screening. GK supervised the mutation analysis and participated in the sequence alignment. AW, RL and FF were involved in the immunohistochemical analysis, AW and RL evaluated the stainings. AW, SR and ME carried out and interpreted the FISH analysis. SHB, GF, EW, TD, EE, SL, FF, CP and HH were involved in the phase II study, in the collection of tissue samples and in the acquisition and interpretation of clinical data. BL performed the statistical analysis. BL and FL drafted the manuscript. All authors read and improved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history

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