The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis, which means "good, or true, whale of the ice") is a
baleen whale, one of three
right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena,[1] all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast, and their high
blubber content (which makes them float when they are killed, and which produced high yields of
whale oil), right whales were once a preferred target for
whalers.
At present, they are among the most endangered whales in the world,[6] and they are protected under the U.S.
Endangered Species Act and
Marine Mammal Protection Act and Canada's
Species at Risk Act. There are about 400 individuals in existence in the western
North Atlantic Ocean—they migrate between feeding grounds in the
Labrador Sea and their winter calving areas off
Georgia and
Florida, an ocean area with heavy shipping traffic. In the eastern North Atlantic, on the other hand—with a total population reaching into the low teens at most—scientists believe that they may already be
functionally extinct.[6]Vessel strikes and
entanglement in fixed fishing gear, which together account for nearly half of all North Atlantic right whale mortality since 1970,[7] are their two greatest threats to recovery.[8][9]

Description

Like other
right whales, the North Atlantic right whale, also known as the northern right whale or black right whale,[2] is readily distinguished from other
cetaceans by the absence of a
dorsal fin on its broad back, short, paddle-like pectoral flippers and a long arching mouth that begins above the eye. Its coloration is dark grey to black, with some individuals occasionally having white patches on their stomachs or throats. Other unique features include a large head, which makes up a quarter of its total body length, narrow tail stock in comparison to its wide fluke and v-shaped blowhole which produces a heart shaped blow[10][11].

The most distinguishing feature for right whales is their
callosities, rough, white patches of
keratinized skin found on their heads. The right whale's callosities provide habitat for large colonies of
cyamids or
whale lice, which feed on the right whale's skin as these small crustaceans cannot survive in open water.[12] The relationship between cyamids and right whales is
symbiotic in nature but is poorly understood by scientists. Callosities are not caused by the external environment and are present on fetuses before birth[12]. However, Cyamids near the blowhole have been linked to chronic entanglement and other injuries; their presence in this area has been used as measure of individual health in visual health assessments. [13][14]

Adult North Atlantic right whales average 13–16 m (43–52 ft) in length and weigh approximately 40,000 to 70,000 kg (44 to 77 short tons), they are slightly smaller on average than the North Pacific species.[15] The largest measured specimens have been 18.5 m (61 ft) long[16] and 106,000 kg (234,000 lb).[citation needed] Females are larger than males.

Up to forty five percent of a right whale's body weight is
blubber.[17] This high percentage causes their body to float after death due to the low density of blubber.

There is little data on their lifespan, but it is believed to be at least 70 years age. However, individuals in species closely related to right whales have been found to live more than 100 years. Currently, female North Atlantic Right whales live on average 45 years and males 65 years. Age of right whales can be determined by examining their ear wax postmortem.[11]

Behavior

Surface activities

Aside from mating activities performed by groups of single female and several males, so called SAG (Surface Active Group), North Atlantic right whales seem less active compared to
subspecies in southern hemisphere. However, this could be due to intense difference in number of surviving individuals especially calves that tend to be more curious and playful than adults, and small amount of observations. They are also known to interact with other baleen whales especially with
Humpback whales[18] or
Bottlenose dolphins.[19]

Vocalization

North Atlantic right whales recordings are available online.[20][21] Many effective automated methods, such as signal processing, data mining, and machine learning techniques are used to detect and classify their calls.[22]

Reproduction

North Atlantic right whales are
promiscuous breeders.[23] They first give birth at age nine or ten after a year-long gestation; the interval between births seems to have increased in recent[when?] years and now averages three to six years. Calves are 13–15 feet (4.0–4.6 m) long at birth and weigh approximately 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg).[24]

Feeding

Right whales feed mainly on
copepods and other small
invertebrates such as
krill,
pteropods, and larval
barnacles, generally by slowly skimming through patches of concentrated prey at or below the ocean surface.[2]Sei whales and
basking sharks (sometimes
minke whales as well) are in positions as food competitors and are known to feed in the same areas, swimming next to each other,[25] but there have not been any conflicts observed between these species.

Taxonomy

North Atlantic right whale skeleton found on the Thames in 2010 at Bay Wharf,
Greenwich

The
cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between
taxa. The point where a node branches off is analogous to an evolutionary branching – the diagram can be read left-to-right, much like a timeline. The following cladogram of the family Balaenidae serves to illustrate the current scientific consensus as to the relationships between the North Atlantic right whale and the other members of its family.

Another so-called species of right whale, the "Swedenborg whale" as proposed by
Emanuel Swedenborg in the 18th century, was by scientific consensus once thought to be the North Atlantic right whale. However, the 2013 results of
DNA analysis of those fossil bones revealed that they were in fact those of the bowhead whale.[27]

Whaling

Whaling in small wooden boats with hand
harpoons was a hazardous enterprise, even when hunting the "right" whale.

As the "right" whale continued to float long after being killed, it was possible to 'flense' or strip the whale of blubber without having to take it onboard ship. Combined with the right whale's lack of speed through water, feeding habits, and coastal habitat, they were easy to catch, even for whalers equipped only with wooden boats and hand-held
harpoons.[28]

Basques were the first to commercially hunt this species. They began whaling in the
Bay of Biscay as early as the eleventh century.[29] The whales were hunted initially for
whale oil, but, as
meat preservation technology improved, their value as food increased. Basque whalers reached eastern
Canada by 1530.[30] The last Basque whaling voyages were made prior to the commencement of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). A few attempts were made to revive the trade, but they failed. Shore whaling continued sporadically into the 19th century. It had previously been assumed that Basque whaling in eastern Canada had been the primary cause for the depletion of the sub-population in the western North Atlantic, but later genetic studies disproved this.[31][32]

Setting out from
Nantucket and
New Bedford in Massachusetts and from
Long Island, New York, Americans took up to one hundred right whales each year, with the records including one report of 29 whales killed in
Cape Cod Bay in a single day during January 1700.[34] By 1750, the North Atlantic right whale population was, for commercial purposes, depleted. Yankee whalers moved into the South Atlantic before the end of the 18th century. The population was so low by the mid-19th century that the famous Whitby whaler Rev. William Scoresby, son of the successful British whaler William Scoresby senior (1760–1829), claimed to have never seen a right whale (although he mainly hunted bowhead whales off eastern Greenland, outside the normal range of right whales).[35]

Based on back calculations using the present population size and growth rate, the population may have numbered fewer than 100 individuals by 1935.[34] As it became clear that hunting right whales was unsustainable, international protection for right whales came into effect, as the practice was banned globally in 1937. The ban was largely successful, although violations continued for several decades.
Madeira took its last two right whales in 1967.[36] After the fall of the iron Curtain, it was discovered that from the 1950s to the 1970s the Soviet Whaling fleet had actually killed several thousands, with little regard to the IWC's regulations. The actual numbers that were killed was kept a close secret but the scandal came to light when Western Whale researchers asked their Russian counterparts for data on the species.[citation needed]

Threats

For the period 1970 to October 2006, humans have been responsible for 48% of the 73 documented deaths of the North Atlantic right whale.[7] A 2001 forecast showed a declining population trend in the late 1990s, and indicated a high probability that North Atlantic right whales would go extinct within 200 years if the then-existing
anthropogenic mortality rate was not curtailed.[37] The combined factors of small population size and low annual reproductive rate of right whales mean that a single death represents a significant increase in mortality rate. Conversely, significant reduction in the mortality rate can be obtained by preventing just a few deaths. It was calculated that preventing the deaths of just two females per year would enable the population to stabilize.[37] The data suggests, therefore, that human sources of mortality may have a greater effect relative to population growth rates of North Atlantic right whales than for other whales. The principal factors known to be retarding growth and recovery of the population are
ship strikes and entanglement with
fishing gear.[34][38]

Ship strikes

Skeleton of "Stumpy",[39] a North Atlantic right whale whose death by ship strike[40] helped lead to laws that require slower cargo ship speeds in whale migration routes.

The single greatest danger to this species is injury sustained from
ship strikes.[41] Between 1970 and October 2006, 37% of all recorded North Atlantic right whale deaths were attributed to collisions.[7][28] During the years 1999–2003, incidents of mortality and serious injury attributed to ship strikes averaged 1 per year. For the years 2004–2006, that number increased to 2.6.[2] Additionally, it is possible that the official figures actually underestimate the actual ship-strike mortality rates, since whales struck in offshore areas may never be sighted due to low search effort.[7] In 2017, twelve North Atlantic right whales were found dead in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada.[38]

Fishing gear entanglement

The next greatest source of human-induced mortality is entanglement in fixed fishing gear such as bottom-set
groundfishgillnet gear,
cod traps and
lobster pots. Between 1970 and October 2006, there have been 8 instances where entanglements have been the direct cause of death of North Atlantic right whales. This represents 11% of all deaths documented during that period. From 1986 to 2005, there were a total of 61 confirmed reports of entanglements, including the aforementioned mortalities. It is likely that official figures underestimate the actual impacts of entanglement. It is believed that chronically entangled animals may in fact sink upon death, due to loss of buoyancy from depleted blubber reserves, and therefore escape detection.[7]

Beyond direct mortality, it is believed that a whale that survives an entanglement episode may suffer other negative effects that may weaken it, reduce fertility, or otherwise affect it so that it is more likely to become vulnerable to further injury. Because whales often free themselves of gear following an entanglement event, scarring may be a better indicator of fisheries interaction than entanglement sightings. A 2012 analysis of the scarification of right whales showed that through 2009, 82.9% of all North Atlantic right whales have experienced at least one fishing gear entanglement; 59.0% have had more than one such experience. In all, from 1980–2009, an average of 15.5% of the population are entangled in fishing gear annually.[47]

In 2007, so as to protect northern right whales from serious injury or mortality from entanglement in gillnet gear in their calving area in Atlantic Ocean waters off the southeast United States, the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) revised regulations implementing the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan (ALWTRP). This plan expands the restricted area to include the waters off of South Carolina, Georgia, and Northern Florida. It also prohibits gillnet fishing or even gillnet possession in those waters for a period of five months, beginning on November 15 of each year, which coincides with the annual right whale calving season.[48]

When entanglement prevention efforts fail, disentanglement efforts occasionally succeed, despite the fact that such efforts are more frequently impossible or unsuccessful. Nevertheless, they do in fact make a significant difference because saving a few whales in a population of only 400 has a large positive effect against mortality rates. During the period 2004–2008 there were at least four documented cases of entanglements for which the intervention of disentanglement teams averted a likely death of a right whale.[34] For the first time in 2009 and again in 2011, scientists successfully used chemical sedation of an entangled whale to reduce stress on the animal and to reduce the time spent working with it. After disentangling the whale, scientists attached a satellite tracking tag, administered a dose of antibiotics to treat entanglement wounds and then another drug to reverse the sedation.[8] Despite concerns that the trauma might impair reproduction, researchers confirmed in January 2013 that three disentangled whales had given birth.[49]

Due to recently increased presences of right whales in
Cape Breton to St. Lawrence regions, increases in entanglements and possible ship strikes have been confirmed[50][51][52] as well including serious fatal cases[53] involving three whales between June 24 and July 13, 2015.[54]

Noise

A 2011 analysis of data collected in the
Bay of Fundy has shown that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic physiological stress in North Atlantic right whales.[55]

Naval training near calving grounds

The US Navy proposed plans to build a new undersea naval sonar training range immediately adjacent to northern right whale calving grounds in shallow waters off the Florida/Georgia border. In September 2012, legal challenges by 12 environmental groups were denied in federal court, allowing the Navy to proceed.[56][57]

Climate change

Climate change poses a threat to the North Atlantic right whale as global temperatures increase and ocean processes change. Long migratory periods, gestations, and time gaps between calves results in slow-growing right whale populations.[58] A brief change in food availability (in particular Calanus finmarchicus) can affect right whale populations for years after. Females must have access to plenty of food to successfully make it through pregnancy and produce enough milk to rear a calf. To illustrate the species’ sensitivity to food availability, in 1998 zooplankton populations dropped dramatically following a climate shift. Even though zooplankton abundance began to rise again in 1999, right whales have such a long reproduction and migratory cycle that the population was greatly affected by the minimal food availability from the year before. In 1999, only one right whale calf was born, compared to the 21 that were born in 1996, before the climate shift. In 2001, after the zooplankton populations greatly recovered, 30 calves were born.[59]

Zooplankton abundance has been found to be associated with the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the most influential climate force in the Northern Hemisphere.[60] Periodically, pressure anomalies in the system shift from positive to negative as determined by the NAO Index, affecting temperatures and wind patterns. Abundant zooplankton populations have been linked to a positive NAO Index. As global temperatures increase, the NAO is predicted to shift more often and to greater intensities (so called marine heatwaves).[61] These shifts will likely greatly affect the abundance of zooplankton, posing a great risk for right whale populations that cannot rapidly adapt to a new food source.

Population and distribution

It is not known how many populations of North Atlantic right whales existed prior to whaling, but the majority of studies usually consider that there were historically two populations, one each in the eastern and western North Atlantic. There are however two other hypotheses which claim, respectively, one super-population among the entire North Atlantic (with mixing of eastern and western migratory routes occurring at locations in relatively high latitudes such as in the
Denmark Strait), and three sub-populations of eastern, western, and central Atlantic right whales (with the central stock ranging from
Greenland's Cape Farewell in summer to the
Azores,
Bermuda, and
Bahamas in winter,[62][63] although recent study indicates that the Azores had probably been a migratory corridor rather than a wintering ground).[64]

Recent studies revealed that modern counterparts of the eastern and western populations are genetically much closer to each other than previously thought.[65] Right whales' habitat can be affected dramatically by climate changes along with Bowhead whales.[66]

Western population

Continuous callosities are visible which are distinctive to the Atlantic species.

In spring, summer and autumn, the western North Atlantic population feeds in a range stretching from
Massachusetts to
Newfoundland[citation needed]. Particularly popular feeding areas are the
Bay of Fundy, the
Gulf of Maine and
Cape Cod Bay.[67] In winter, they head south towards
Georgia and
Florida to give birth. According to census of individual whales identified using photo-identification techniques, the latest available stock assessment data (August 2012) indicates that a minimum of 396 recognized individuals were known to be alive in the western North Atlantic in 2010, up from 361 in 2005.[6][34] Distributions within other parts of Bay of Fundy is rather unknown, although whales are occasionally observed at various locations in northern parts such as in
Baxters Harbour[68] or at
Campobello Island.[69]

Though their numbers are still scarce, some right whales migrate regularly into the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, notably around the
Gaspé Peninsula[70][71] and in the
Chaleur Bay,[72][73][74][75] and up to
Anticosti Island,
Tadoussac and in the
St. Lawrence River[76][77][78] such as at Rouge Island.[79] Until 1994, whales were regarded as rather vagrant migrants into St. Lawrence region, however annual concentrations of whales were discovered off
Percé in 1995 and sightings in entire St. Lawrence regions have been shown gradual increases since in 1998.[80] For example, in the survey conducted by the Canadian Whale Institute in 2006, three whales were detected off the peninsula.[81] Some whales including cow and calf pairs also appear around
Cape Breton Island with notable increasing regularities in recent years, notably since in 2014, and about 35 to 40 whales were confirmed around
Prince Edward Island and Gaspe Peninsula in 2015.[51] Further, the whales' regular range is known to reach up to off
Newfoundland and the
Labrador Sea, and several have been found in a former whaling ground east of Greenland's southern tip.[82]

In early 2009, scientists recorded a record number of births among the western North Atlantic population. 39 new calves were recorded, born off the Atlantic coast of Florida and Georgia:

"Right whales, for the first time in a long time, are doing their part: they're having the babies; they're having record numbers of babies. We need to be vigilant and still do our part to prevent the whales from being killed."

— Monica Zani, New England Aquarium, Endangered right whales appear to be on the rebound, CNN.com[24]

In contrast, 2012 was the worst calving season since 2000, with only seven calves sighted – and one of those was believed to have died. This is significantly below the annual average of 20 calves per year over the last decade.[6] As the gestation period for right whales is a year long, researchers believe that a lack of food in the whales' summer feeding grounds in the Bay of Fundy during the summer of 2010 may be linked to the poor season in 2012.[98]

There were 411 of these animals left in 2019, when calves were born after a barren 2018.[99]

The right whale was purported to have reached a population of 500 in the North Atlantic, which was assumed to have been achieved for the first time in centuries, when counted in 2013.[100] The population of the whale has been increasing at about 2.5 percent per year, but this is below the optimal goal of 6 or 7 percent that researchers were hoping to attain.[100]

Sightings in recent years
Aerial and shipboard surveys are conducted annually to locate and record seasonal distribution of North Atlantic right whales along the northeast and southeast United States coast. Researchers identify individual right whales, document whale behavior, monitor new calves, and respond to entangled whales.[101] The surveys have been used to produce seasonal maps showing the density of right whales (number of animals per square kilometer) throughout the U.S. east coast and Nova Scotia.[102]

Eastern population

In the eastern North Atlantic, the right whale population probably numbers in the low double digits at best, with little information known about their distribution and migration pattern. Scientists believe that this population may be functionally extinct.[6] The last catch occurred in February 1967 from a pod of three animals including a cow-calf pair: one escaped in Madeira and one was taken in the Azores.[103]

Cintra Bay[104] and Bahia Gorrei,[105] about 150 kilometers south of
Villa Cisneros in the
Western Sahara, the only known historical calving ground for this group, host no animals (or if any, then likely very few) nowadays, holding a situation similar to the Bay of Biscay area where many whales once congregated throughout years. Although there were several sightings in the late 20th century (see
Bay of Biscay) and catch records indicate whales historically used the bay for both feeding and wintering, it is still unclear whether or not the Biscayne coasts were ever used as calving grounds. Other parts of coastlines or oceanic islands from
Iberian Peninsula and
Portugal to
Morocco in north to south possibly reaching even
Mauritania to
Senegal.[106] Locations such as
Dakhla Peninsula and
Bay of Arguin had been served potentially as wintering grounds similar to the Cintra and Gorrei Bays region. Historic presence of any summering or wintering grounds within the
Mediterranean Basin including
Black and
Azov Sea is unknown although it has been considered to be feasible.[107]

Entire European regions including
French coasts,
Hebrides,
North Sea and
Baltic Seas, and further north up to
Swedish, Norwegian and
Svalbard areas were once ranged by whales.
Phenology of catch records in the early twentieth century in
Nordic countries shows that whale presences in northern waters was at peak in June.[103] In Ireland, catches were concentrated in the first half of June until 1930s and preceded catch in the
Scottish bases of the Hebrides[108] which were concentrated in the second half of June and July, and this indicates that those whales were likely to migrate along Irish coasts. Of all modern whaling grounds in European waters,
Hebrides and the
Shetland Islands were the center of whaling in the early 20th century, and any records afterwards these catches became scarce in eastern Atlantic where only two cow-calf pairs had been documented.[103]

Any calm waters in north such as
Porth Neigwl, the
Wadden Sea region,[109]Cornwall coasts,
Moray Firth and in
Irish Sea[110] could have been migratory colliders/feeding or resting grounds, or seasonal habitats to stay for less-migrating or resident (fully or partially) individuals. Some might have reached to entrance of
Baltic Sea and
northern Scandinavian. Based on historical records, Scandinavian waters once had been a potential feeding area,[110] and this idea corresponds with behaviors of the below mentioned vagrant individual "Porter"[111] recorded in 1999 when he stayed in the fjord for several weeks, indicating the area provided to him a feasible condition for summering. Historical records suggest that summering grounds could have reached further north to northern coasts of Scandinavian Peninsula, and some might have turned up at the mouth of
Hudson Bay.[112]

Predicted summering range models suggest that small numbers of right whales could have been present year-round in the Mediterranean Sea although it is unclear whether whales ever penetrated
Turkish Straits to
Marmara,
Black, and
Azov Seas (historical presences at northern
Aegean Sea were considered in this study which didn't include the northernmost basins in study areas).[113]

Few recent sightings have also been recorded from pelagic waters such as off Hebrides[119] and on
Rockall Basin[120] as late as in 2000s.

Right whales have also on rare occasion been observed in the
Mediterranean Sea.[107] Since the two records of a stranding (Italy) and a capture of one of a pair seen (
Algeria) in early 20th century, one sighting recorded in Dutch sighting scheme possibly between 1954 and 1957,[103] only one possible sighting have been confirmed. In May 1991, a petty officer of the Italian Navy happened to be in the water with his camera about 13 km (8.1 mi) off the small island of Sant' Antioco (southwestern
Sardinia), when a right whale happened to swim by[121] – his photos comprise the only confirmed sighting in the 20th century; on the other hand however, reliability of the record have been questioned due to failures to contact the photographers. Earlier known occurrences of right whales in the basin include the stranding of a juvenile near
Taranto (southeastern Italy) in 1877 and the sighting of two (one of which was later captured) in the bay of
Castiglione (Algiers) in 1888[122][123] and Portugal.[124] The Norway sightings appear to be of
vagrants, or strays from the western Atlantic stock.[125]
Catch records at
Cape Verde Islands in spring-summer seasons are highly doubtful.[62]

Below is a list of some of recent records of right whales in eastern North Atlantic (not all of above-mentioned records and excluding vagrant records, according to the Spanish edition of this article). Records and confirmations close to Newfoundland, Iceland, and Cape Farewell are also excluded.

Vagrants from the Western Population

Some eastern sightings have been officially confirmed to be of vagrants from the western population. A right whale seen off Cape Cod in May 1999 was later seen in the
Kvænangen fjord in
Troms, Northern Norway in September 1999. This individual was later confirmed to be "Porter", an adult male in the catalog (No.1133). He was seen again back in Cape Cod in winter 2000, having traveled for over 7,120 miles (11,460 km), making this the longest ever traveling record of right whales.[138][139] The area vicinity to
Scandinavian Peninsula was once in the historical "North Cape Ground", one of the major whaling grounds for this species in the 17th century.

In January 2009, one animal was sighted off
Pico Island,
Azores, the first confirmed appearance there since 1888. This animal was later identified as a female from the western Atlantic group, and nicknamed as "Pico" according to this event.[140]

Some individuals are known to show interesting patterns of movements which may possibly help researchers to deepen understandings of future re-colonization to eastern Atlantic, if possible.[141]

Possible central population

As above mentioned, the existence of a possible third population, ranging from near Iceland or Greenland in the north to Bermudas or Bahamas in the south, has been mentioned by several biologists.[62] Some right whales are now said to live primarily in Icelandic waters and occasionally join to the western population.[142] In July 2003, during a search for the possibility of right whales inhabiting the historical Cape Farewell region carried out by the research team of the
New England Aquarium with Jean Lemire and a
Quebec film company, a female right whale – later named "Hidalgo" due to a scar mark on her head resembling a horse – was recorded in the
Irminger Sea, southwest of the Iceland coast.[143]

In 2009, right whales appeared in waters around
Greenland[144] although their origin was not confirmed.[145] Prior to this, no right whales had been killed or confirmed present off the coast of Greenland for around 200 years[146] except for the sighting of "1718", a unique animal seen only twice (off Cape Farewell in July 1987 and at the
Nova Scotian Shelf in June 1989). Several sightings in the area made in the 1970s may or may not be of right whales, as the critically endangered population of Bowhead whales are also present in the area.

For southward migration, the sighting of two whales displaying courtship behaviors in the Bermuda was recorded by a team of researchers including
Roger Payne in April, 1970.[62]

On a global level, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (
CMS, or the "
Bonn Convention") is a
multilateral treaty specializing in the conservation of migratory species, their habitats and migration routes. CMS has listed the North Atlantic right whale on
Appendix I, which identifies it as a migratory species threatened with extinction.[149] This obligates member nations to strive towards strict protection of these animals, habitat conservation or restoration, mitigation of obstacles to migration, and control of other factors that might endanger them.[citation needed]

Additionally, CMS encourages concerted action among the
range states of many Appendix I species.[150] To that end, a small portion of the eastern Atlantic population's range is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (
ACCOBAMS).[151] The Atlantic area bounded on the west by a line running from
Cape St. Vincent in southwest Portugal to
Casablanca,
Morocco, and on the east by the
Straight of Gibraltar.

Another multilateral treaty, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, (
CITES, or the “Washington Convention”), also lists the North Atlantic right whale on its own Appendix I. Being so listed prohibits international trade (import or export) in specimens of this species or any derivative products (e.g. food or drug products, bones, trophies), except for scientific research and other exceptional cases with a permit specific to that specimen.[3]

With their low profile on the water, right whales can be difficult to spot, so all fishermen and boaters transiting through potential right whale habitat should keep a sharp lookout. Boaters should be advised that NOAA Fisheries has a "500-yard rule", prohibiting anyone from approaching within 500 yards (1,500 ft; 460 m) of a North Atlantic right whale.[152] The regulations include all boaters, fishing vessels (except commercial fishing vessel retrieving gear), kayakers, surfers, and paddleboarders,[153] and agencies such as the
United States Coast Guard and the
Massachusetts Environmental Police have been authorized to enforce it.[154]

Right whale sightings can be valuable to researchers, who recommend all sightings be reported.[155] In Florida, the Marine Resources Council maintains a volunteer sighting network to receive sighting information from the public and verify sightings with trained volunteers.[156]

Due to the species' status, as of 2014, there is no whale watching location in eastern and mid Atlantic, and oceanic islands feasible to observe right whales regularly. Among these, only off Iceland right whales have been encountered during watching tours (save for expeditions and land-based observations targeting for birds and other faunas), and several observations were made in Iceland during the 2000s.

^
abAguilar A. (1986). "A review of old Basque whaling and its effect on the right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) of the North Atlantic". Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 10): 191–99.

^Reeves R.R. (2001), "Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa", Journal of Cetacean Research and Management.2: 187–192.

^"Appendices I and II"(PDF). Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011. 2012. p. 1. Archived from
the original(PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.