Tourism in a mountainous region – Machu Picchu, Peru Physical attractions Human attractions The Inca Trail: •Machu Picchu, the 'Lost City of the Incas' is the • 10 climatic zones and sub- best-known and most spectacular site in South zones, from deserts to tropical America. Andean cloud forest • Hiking the quot;Inca Trail“ = Royal Highway to the •Exotic plants & animals - > 400 Sacred City of the Incas. varieties of orchids, begonias, trees & The Trail is paved with blocks of stone, bushes plus condor, pumas & 32 km long ending at the Holy City. miniature deer. • The nearby town of Aguas Calientes has thermal • Stunning scenery with the snowy baths. peaks of the Andes (over 6,000 • Pisac is the main craftwork centre metres), fast flowing rivers and deep The main square has a colourful market valleys. on Sunday mornings. • Rafting trips on the Urubamba River − the physical and human attractions of the area − the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative − the effects on different groups of people.

Tourism in a mountainous region – Machu Picchu, Peru Benefits Costs Social • outside dollars to support community • visitors may conflict with the community's. • May facilities. • ↑ civic involvement and pride. change family relationships. • Overloading of • Cultural exchange• Preservation & porters• ↓ traditional values and culture through celebration of local culture• Facilities & imitation• Crowding & congestion• Tourists compete infrastructure supported by tourism (e.g. the with residents for available services and facilities• ↑ in railway)• Encourages the learning of new crime in the area. • Desecration of the Indian spiritual skills. heritage. Environmental • Fosters conservation and preservation of • 2,000 visit the Machu Picchu daily – erosion • eroded natural, cultural and historical resources. by heavy rains /landslides - recovery of the terraces, • Could be considered a clean industry. stabilises slopes – conservation at a price. • Wood cutting for fuel/cooking threatened Machu − the physical and human attractions of the area • Plans for a road from Cuzco + cable car • Visitors 6,000 − the economic, social and environmental in 1984 to 82,000 in 2000. Litter • Urban ↑- human impacts of tourism, both positive and negative waste direct into the Urubamba river. • Helicopters – − the effects on different groups of people. ↓peace & damaging sites/fauna – Andean Condor Economic • High-spending tourists = higher socio- • Inflates property values & prices • Employment tends economic groups. • Governments gain taxes to be seasonal. - accommodation /restaurant, airport, sales, • Tourist numbers vary affected by events beyond the entrances , income tax - $6 mil pa for Peru, control of the destination e.g. terrorism, economic + $3 mil pa for Machu Picchu Management. recession. This is a problem in Peru for the country is • Local jobs & businesses : direct related to over-dependent upon tourism. tourism (hotel and tour services) + indirectly • leakage- money used to pay for imports required by (such as food production and housing tourists. − the physical and human attractions of the area• Is construction). • The multiplier effect • The jobs provided are usually poorly paid. − the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative labour-intensive. • Earns valuable foreign − the effects onexchange. groups of people. different

Machu Picchu Effects on different groups of people Groups that benefit • Businesses and workers linked directly to tourism E.g. Porters on Inca Trail • Cultural groups that receive government support and funding. E.g. Inca traditional dancers • Tour operators. - local and international • Local Public bodies from taxes paid. E.g. School groups – may lead to long term Q of L improvement • Conservationists. Machu Picchu is preserved as a tourist attraction – amenity value leads to preservation. • Local residents due to range of services supported by tourism. E.g. Sewage removal systems + roads • Local thieves who view tourists as an easy source of income. • Alternative Inca Trails - popular with travellers unable to book a slot three to six months in advance - treks can be booked a day in advance - costing < 50% as a hike on the Inca Trail - spreading the economic benefits of tourism Groups that do not benefit • Numbers of visitors to Machu Picchu are taking the pleasure out of their trip. There are no quiet places left for reflection. • Travellers unable to book a slot three to six months in advance are unable to walk the trail. • Environmentalists - developments destroy not only the beauty of the site but enable far greater numbers of visitors, which would increase the physical impact on the environment. Tourist trampling erodes footpaths and reduces biodiversity. • Conservationists. Poorly planned tourist developments can destroy buildings of historic/cultural value. • Workers unemployed in the winter season. • Indigenous people : “Since ancient times, this land has been preserved as sacred. The guardian spirits do not want roadways or industry, or people who pollute the land. These are sacred areas. It was there the deities built the ancient city of Machu Picchu.” The costs associated with visiting the site, which are geared toward foreign tourists’ income levels, make it practically inaccessible to the Inca’s descendants. − the physical and human attractions of the area − the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative − the effects on different groups of people.

A3: The Economic World A study of the factors attracting one transnational corporation to a particular country. FIAT, Brazil - TNC It opened in 1976, and Fiat in 64 countries Brazil is at Betim employed 10,000 workers and produced 130,000 cars a year. In 1990, Fiat invested $1.5 million into the 2008 employs 12,000 plant to make Palio and workers and produces Tipo cars. 650,000 cars a year.

Why did Fiat locate in Brazil? A study of the factors attracting one transnational corporation to a particular country. The Brazilian Government wanted a car industry = offered incentives to Large TNCs (Trans-National-Companies). Betim in Minas Gerais - Fiat located there because the state gave them 50% of the start up costs. Brazil’s increasing market for cars. 1970 – 255,000 2000 – 2,800,000 Cheap labour: $7 an hour. (cf UK $18) Ltd Union strength :strikes are very unlikely so no production time would be lost Fiat expanded in 1990 – Why?: The state of Minas Gerais gave Fiat $135 million = new factory – >50% of costs. Fiat are expecting a large increase in local demand. If they are in the country, they will save money on transport costs and import duties.

Cyclone One Bravo 1997 LEDC Tropical Storm For each event, study − the impact of the storm on people and the environment − how the state of development of the country influenced the storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected the LEDC and the MEDC Aid/Relief Overview •One Bravo formed in Bay of •Aid from NGO’s e.g. Oxfam Bengal, landfall in Eastern •Provided temporary housing + food + Bangladesh 19th May 1997 fresh water to deaths from water- •Wind speed upto 250 kmh bourne disease e.g. cholera •Are inhabited by 4 million people •Medical supplies •111 deaths (fewer than the 1991 •Food as aid = 500 families given 32kg of rice for 2 months. storm 140,000) •National aid relief fund was set up to •Ltd deaths due to “Bangladesh Red cover the cost of relief and rehabilitation. Crescent Society; Cyclone •Prime Minister developed a relief fund in Preparedness programme” 1997 to cover relief and rebuilding •Plus – Government quicker response + low tide (ltd storm surge) Impacts •Largest impact = 200km between Short Term Long Term Impacts Chittagong (major port) and Teknaf • Crops destroyed • 111 deaths, 7000 •Storm surge of 2m on Bay of Bengal • Electricity supply was injuries (30, 000 ha of crops lost • 500000 homeless disrupted • Destruction of buildings •Diseases including Protection Schemes • Communication lines cut diarrhoea affected many Earth embankments to flooding  • Water supplies • Few people had Cyclone shelters constructed above floodwater level have  contaminated with salt insurance been built in most frequently affected areas • Agricultural industry water Education programmes have been implemented so the  • Fishing boats destroyed ruined due to flooding • Destruction of • 608 education inhabitants know what to do in the event of another infrastructures. institutions damaged. cyclone

Hurricane Andrew (Impacts) August 24, 1992. • Berry islands in Bahamas. • Damage in Bahamas was @ $250 million. • Looting in Florida • agricultural loss in Florida @ $1.04 billion • 182 million fish killed in the (Florida) basin = $160 million • In Dade County 90% of homes roof damage • About 152,000 electricity customers lost their power. • 4 killed in Louisiana. • Deaths of migrant workers initially went uncounted − the impact of the storm on people and the environment − how the state of development of the country influenced the storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected the LEDC and the MEDC.

Precautions and Responses • Evacuations were ordered, residents throughout the region of Bahamas and Florida were warned to take precautions to protect life and property. • 1500 National Guard troops were deployed to Florida to prevent looting. • Sandbag walls were created in the in New Orleans. Floodgates were also closed throughout New Orleans Levees. Sandbags for the public ran out. Planes headed to and from New Orleans were cancelled. • About 6,200 people had to be housed in 36 separate shelters. The Salvation Army sent in 37 mobile food storage faculties, • slow response of federal aid in Florida, President Bush crumbles under pressure; mobile tents and kitchens are supplied. • Federal aid generators and pre-packaged meals sent to Louisiana. 1,279 National Guard were deployed to Louisiana, to cook to patrol. • Louisiana imposed a curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Alcohol sales were also banned immediately after the storm − the impact of the storm on people and the environment − how the state of development of the country influenced the storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected the LEDC and the MEDC.

describe and explain the characteristics and locations of the CBD, twilight zone, industrial areas and different residential zones. The Cubbon Park, officially known as Sri. Chamarajendra Park, is an historic park, located in the heart of city in the CBD = skyscrapers of companies Central Administrative Area. such as Sun Microsystems + Mahatma Gandhi Road (MG Road) runs through the middle of it In 1947, India gained Independence from Pre 1940, Bangalore built Britain. After around a fort, with two main this, Bangalore expanded roads: Chickkapētē Street, substantially, owing to which ran E-W, & Doddapētē the influx of immigrants Street, which ran N-S. Their from northern Karnataka. intersection formed the Bangalore now 6th largest Doddapētē Square — the city in India. heart of Bangalore. Industry is BIG in Because poverty is so high in Bangalore, owing to the Bangalore, shanty towns have Bangalore boom in 1980s & 90s, spurred by capital investors from cheap labour, the fleet of sprung up throughout the city – within India converted large plots & colonial bungalows to multi- trained personnel ready communities of lean-to storied apartments. to work, and the rate of constructions which are often 1985, Texas Instruments became the first TNCl to set up in unemployment bulldozed by the government. Bangalore. Other IT companies followed = by the end of the 20th Inhabited by (usually unemployed) century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon poor people. Valley of India.

Waterfalls Niagara Falls -Niagara river, between Ontario & New York State. -Most powerful waterfall in North America, -Two distinct areas, the Horseshoe Falls (57m) and American Falls (55m) -Formed 12,000 BP by glacial retreat -Tourism plays a massive part in its upkeep, attracting millions per annum.

Floodplains Definition -A flat, undulating terrain subject to periodic overbanking. -Deposition of load occurs in the floodplain, creating levees. The River Nile -Floods seasonally and fertilizes land for farming. “Gift of the Nile”. -So large, it is discernable from space.

Glaciers I II • The Arete Rochefort in the Alps (I) • Pyramidal Peak-the Matterhorn (II) • Lake Windermere in the lake district is a Ribbon lake. (III) • Truncated Spur-The Devil’s Point in the Dee Valley. (IV) IV III

Coasts Bays and headlands at San Sébastian in Spain (right) Old Harry is a stack in Dorset (below) In the bottom right is a wave cut platform at Southerndown in Wales

describe and explain the characteristics and Characteristics of an urban area in a MEDC locations of the CBD, twilight zone, industrial Reading areas and different residential zones. Region Land Uses + Properties Central / Zone of constant renewal and development / Tall buildings (Bid-Rent) / Most important shops, offices and public facilities. / All public transport converges in CBD. E.G. COMMERCE/INDUSTRY Oracle redevelopment – leisure plus retail – VUE cinema, House of Fraser plus bars and CBD 1 nightclubs HOUSING – Brownfield site, apartments inside IDR, next to Kennet & Avon canal High density housing (mainly built 1850-1914 – industrial era) / Grid iron road structure – workers homes. Quick to build, max density, easy access and all lead on to arterial route ways. Built near industrial areas (East of main city) allowing quick commute. Uniform terraced houses, cramped roads, no off street parking therefore traffic management – one way streets Inner city E.G. HOUSING “New Town”, large Asian migrant community inc. Sikh temple & Halal butchers, plus student accommodation. area2 INDUSTRY “Sutton Business Park” – small industrial units built in late 1980s for lightweight distribution, packaging and business start ups – close to centre cheap start up cost – on site of old gas works Lower density, semi detached housing built from 1914 onwards. / Not for industrial workers as influx of industries had stopped. Big houses for cheaper prices / Gardens owing to lower density and garages / Green spaces: Parks, communal greens, schools and hospitals. Suburbs3 E.G. HOUSING “Whitley” – crescent shaped road patterns, front and back gardens, uniform housing, some council housing – after redevelopment of inner city in 1950s, some infilling INDUSTRY - “Gillette” assembly plants taking advantage of the access road from CBD to M4 junctions, light manufacturing, more space than inner city location Higher priced, detached housing / Housing for commuters into London (excellent road –M4, A4 and rail connections. Only 40 miles from London) / Garages and gardens / Out of town shopping centres have appeared in the last decade on Green Field sites Commute E.G. HOUSING - “Earley” private housing, mix of styles, cul de sacs, front and back gardens, detached housing, r zone4 INDUSTRY – modern business parks (“Green Park”) with high quality working environments and good access to M4 plus Retail/Leisure (“Madejski”) inc stadium, hotel, nightclub, retail parks inc PC World Moving away from central Reading

Ecotourism in the Galapagos − the physical and human attractions of the area − the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative − the effects on different groups of people. • The archipelago of the volcanic Galapagos Islands is located to the West of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. It is home to 30000 people and is one of the few places in the world lacking an indigenous population. The Galapagos receive 100000 visitors every year which cause several issues. • Issues 1. Visitors introduce new animals such as cats and dogs which affect the food chains and disrupt the ecological balance by eating endangered animals such as iguanas. 2. Only 3% of the islands are set aside for human settlement and there is continuously new immigration from Ecuador resulting in overcrowding. The population has increased by 400% over the past decade. 3. Apart from the tourist industry, the only practical profession is fishing (sharks and sea cucumber) which damages marine fauna and creates conflict between fishermen and conservationalists. 4. Unwanted by-products of tourism: oil spills, boat paint/engine pollution, overused sites and water supply. 5. Tourists leave litter in on the islands and also the many hotels use vast amounts of electricity and waste is carelessly released into the sea damaging marine life. 6. Tourists pick flowers, sometimes rare and scare animals which may be endangered. 60% of 1880 plant species in the Galapagos are now endangered.

− the physical and human attractions of the area − the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative • Solutions − the effects on different groups of people. In order to protect the Galapagos, measures have been taken, most notably the introduction of ecotourism. 1. President Correa decided to limit tourist traffic, overhead flights and residence permits. 2. Legal protection of flora and fauna extended by the government in 1986. 3. Galapagos Marine Resource Reserve placed limits on the number, size and location of fish caught by fishermen. 4. Rules enforced by park rangers and naturalist guides banning drinking alcohol, eating and smoking on the islands. Also they are asked to refrain from touching, feeding, chasing or using flash photography to take pictures of the animals. 5. Water skiing and jet skiing forbidden to prevent marine damage. 6. Voluntary organisations such as Galapagos ICE educate locals about how to protect the local wildlife and work towards sustainability. 7. Initiatives by ICE tourism to develop hotels and transport on the islands to return money to the economy rather that it escaping to the mainland.

to consider changes affecting farm systems. Rice farming in Asia Maximo Casiendo’s Farm Barangay Busay, Negros Occidental, Philippines History • Physical Characteristics Originally part of a sugar plantation. • In 1996 was given to Casiendo under the Land Reform Act • Receives 1800 mm of rain a year • 70 m above sea level • Average temperature of 25°, mostly between June and nt December • Worked on by Casiendo and his 7 children • Produces 2 (sometime three) crops a year • Owns a rice thresher, charges villagers to use it Produce • Produces 2500 kg of rice per hectare per harvest • Hires water buffalos when needed (£28 /hect.) • Produces 26 tonnes of rice per year • Uses 8 bags of nitrogen, 3 bags of NPK, 2 bags of PK, all per hect. • Mostly for the families consumption • Uses 2 litres of pesticides per hectare used 3 days after sowing (subsistence), but in good years some can be sold • Uses 30 litres of diesel per hectare for the thresher.

Kobe Earthquake – 5.46 am 17th January 1995 − evaluate measures to predict and take precautions, including reasons for the decisions made − study short-term responses and long-term recovery − contrast the responses in the chosen LEDC and MEDC − evaluate the sources of aid. • Precautions: – many of the buildings were built to 1960s earthquake standards and they collapsed or were heavily damaged in the earthquake • Impacts and Effects: – 7.3 on the Richter Scale – 6,434 dead – High density of the population in the suburbs led to far worse loss of life there – Older structures with heavy wooden roofs collapsed this led to around 4,000 of the deaths – Power plants collapsed causing power loss to 900,000 people, reduced to 400,000 the next day – Running water cut off, returned the next day – Telephone communications lost – Transport links were destroyed (these led to fires reigning unchecked long after the earthquake) – Wide scale loss of homes – Emergency shelters were set up – Japanese government refused medicine from other countries as it had not passed through the correct channels this led to secondary deaths – Large scale unemployment due to loss of infrastructure • Aid: – $200 (US) billion provided by Japanese government – Motorola provided free telephone communications the next day – Local people helped with recovery effort – Aid was slow to reach certain people due to poor response by emergency services and how they struggled to reach people in the city • Recovery/Management/Relief: – Some buildings torn down and rebuilt to fit modern standards of earthquake safety – Buildings were retro fitted with bas isolators – Destroyed buildings rebuilt without wooden supports and heavy roofs – Gas pipes made rubber not metal – 6 months after the earthquake train links restored – In 4 years majority of housing rebuilt (it took until 2004 for all the homeless to be returned to their houses)

The Amazon Rainforest covers over 5 million square kilometres. Up to 3,000 square kilometres a day are being lost. As the world becomes richer, more meat is consumed. As oil prices rise, people increasingly turn to biofuels e.g. sugar cane. Interest Group Interest in the rainforest Impact •220,000 people from more than180 nations. Traditionally low impact Indigenous people •Hunter-gatherer and subsistence farming Brazil has so many landless and poor people that it cannot afford to provide indigenous people with their rights •From drought-ridden NE of Brazil. Given land by Medium impact Landless settlers government - must farm to attract subsidies. Farmers not familiar with climate or traditional farming •To get the money, these settlers clear forest using slash- methods/crops/seed-type. Much land returns to secondary forest – not productive. Many work in near-slavery conditions on sugar and-burn techniques. Little understanding of traditional farming methods cane plantations (biofuels) •Timber for construction + hardwoods (e.g. mahogany) for High impact Loggers furniture. Mostly illegal – take out high-value hardwoods. Burn everything •Also require roads (e.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway) to get else in path. Do not replace trees goods to market •Resources can be extracted from rainforest, such as High impact Miners bauxite, iron and gold. Open-cast mining impacts highly on environment. Large projects •Also require roads (e.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway) to get (Carajas) are sustainable. Smaller, illegal ones are not goods to markets. Road opens up area and causes damage •Soya is a valuable cash crop mainly used for animal feed. High impact Soya farmers •Also require ports (e.g. Santarem) to get Soya to Large areas cleared for Soya cultivation. Controlled by international markets multinationals. Quickly exhausts soil. As world food prices rise, so does world price of Soya, increasing cultivation of Soya •Raising beef to be sold as processed meat to the rest of the High impact Cattle ranchers world Land cleared quickly erodes. New pastures needed. Rising food prices since 2007 mean more land cleared •Balance required between resources to meet needs of Negligible Government growing population below poverty line and preserving In developing country government lacks resources to police rainforest to maintain biodiversity, reduce greenhouse effect means of preventing illegal loggers, miners, Soya farmers and and safeguard interests of future generations cattle ranches •Other countries want Brazil to reduce its level of Variable International community deforestation to reduce global warming by the greenhouse 2004 - Greenpeace persuade McDonalds to halt buying of effect and to keep a variety of plant species potentially useful Amazon Soya-fed chickens for Chicken McNuggets. However, for medical research not sustainable whilst global population increases and world food prices rise the ideas of conservation, exploitation and sustainable development, and the roles of different interest groups and the conflicts between them.

Conservation – The wise use of natural resources to provide the greatest social and economic value for the present and future Sustainable Development - Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations Government support of traditional farming methods and protection of rights of indigenous Indigenous people people. Expanding protected areas allows indigenous people to work with government and also, if protected areas are prioritised, maintains a high level of biodiversity Taught how to adapt traditional farming methods to suit the climate and space of the Landless settlers rainforest (e.g. taught about medicinal plants that grow in the rainforest) Clearance has affected rainfall pattern, and unprotected soils have led to soil erosion. Loggers Commercial forestry schemes have proved disappointing with high pest and disease problems because trees of one single species planted together. Increased legislation to reduce illegal logging also required. Restricting the trade on certain rainforest species (e.g. mahogany in 2004) could also discourage illegal logging Severe environmental damage. Miners Legislation and enforcement required to prevent illegal operations and to ensure resources are maintained for future generations Large-scale farming for animal feed to be generally discouraged. Introduction of indigenous Soya farmers subsistence farming methods allows forest soils to recover their fertility whilst negating the need for machinery and artificial fertilisers. Reduces soil erosion and eutrophication Removal of forest = increased soil erosion & land degradation + increased risk of flooding. Cattle ranchers Over-grazing causes erosion of soil. Eliminating tax incentives can limit these things. Productivity can also be increased by introducing techniques such as intercropping - the strategy of planting trees on pasture land – ranchers can diversify their income while maintaining higher soil quality. At the same time these patches gain higher levels of biodiversity than empty fields. the ideas of conservation, exploitation and sustainable development, and the roles of different interest groups and the conflicts between them.

Ayia Napa •− the physical and human attractions of the area •− the economic, social and environmental •impacts of tourism, both positive and negative •− the effects on different groups of people. . Located on the south coast, in Greek territory, near the dividing line with the Turkish section of Cyprus. . Tourist numbers have risen steeply – from 47,000 in 1975 to 2.25 millions in 2000 . In 1988 tourist income estimates at £880 millions Cyprus Tourist Office has encouraged this growth, including resorts becoming specialist – Ayia Napa is a young person’s resort

•− the physical and human attractions of the area •− the economic, social and environmental •impacts of tourism, both positive and negative •− the effects on different groups of people. . Climate here is 30 deg C in August with just 10mm of rain, in January 17 deg. C & 75mm of rain . Ayia Napa is a purpose-built resort, catering for young people Nearby waterpark opened 1996 . Nearby marine park – swimming with dolphins Local historical and archaeological features . Tourism in Cyprus provides 20% of GDP (income) and employs 40,000 people. . In winter hotel occupancy is down to 30%, so the CTO is trying to promote the island for all seasons

Effects and Results on Local People and Wild Life • Local people have moved away from the noise and bad behaviour to a site at the top of the hill – leaving their home village to the tourists • Massive building programmes have changed the nature of the area and put a strain on services, such as sewage and electricity • Developments have threatened beach turtle habitats and they have moved away • CTO trying to market island for agro-tourism (sustainable), golfing. Conference and business destinations, upmarket resorts and are building marinas •− the physical and human attractions of the area •− the economic, social and environmental •impacts of tourism, both positive and negative •− the effects on different groups of people.

Bracknell: Modern high-tech industry in an MEDC Red star indicates location of Bracknell consider the specific factors affecting its location.

Factors that allows hi-tech industries to be located in Bracknell •Excellent communication networks. •Bracknell is close to the M4 and M3. It is 20 miles from Heathrow airport and 50 miles from Gatwick airport. Also has access to Britain’s rail network •Highly skilled workforce. •Large population in surrounding areas. There has been a large increase in the number of people aged 25-44, showing an increase in skilled workers. •Good nearby universities such as Reading, Surrey, Royal Holloway, Brunel. •Degrees in computer technology are available, and are very useful for the work done at high-tech firms •Leisure areas and facilities. •Many sport and entertainment facilities •Dry ski slope, bowling, various sports clubs, swimming pool •South Hill Park Arts Centre •Surrounded by beautiful countryside areas and woodland, such as Windsor Great Park, the Chilterns, Salisbury Plain, and the Wiltshire Downs consider the specific factors affecting its location.

Costa Del Sol, unsustainable? • Mass tourism has been brought upon the Costa del Sol for several reasons: • It has a favorable climate, • huge sandy beaches • land access to France • a government scheme which encourages tourism and holiday resorts • regional modern airports • mass invasion of large scale developers and the package holiday industry. • However, this has led to problems: • Serious marine pollution • physical degradation • congestion of human and economic resources • high crime rates • competition for water resources causing other industries to suffer e.g the farming industry.

Sustainability means tourism that can use resources without destruction but is this the case of the Costal del sol. • Costa del Sol seems unsustainable in its present state and so its future is questionable… • The future of the tourism within this region will have to depend upon: • Restricting further growth. • Refurbishing and replacing hotels from the first generation. • Providing more open spaces. • Implementing more conservation policies to ensure retention of the historical individuality. • Developing more controlled tourism: people who want local food and resources. • Building of new marinas and golf courses. • Creation of private all inclusive resorts that are self contained areas of self-catering houses and flats in secured walled complexes. • Encouragement of time share developments to spread tourism throughout the year. • Encouraging development inland and making use of the existing village framework for quieter tourism, • REBRANDING THE AREA IS ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL!

Responses to Pinatubo SHORT TERM LONG TERM •PHILVOLCS called in to monitor the •Rehabilitation camps PHILLIPINE GOVRNMENT •Some attempts to provide volcano •Accurate prediction given compensation to those worst hit •Evacuation procedures and camps (Philippine Department Of Social set up Welfare and Development) •Area 30km evacuated •USGS sent to help predictions •Took part in clean up of area US GOVERNMENT •Progressives sequence of upgrading around Clark air base (helped revive volcano alert level through 1,2,3,4 economy as many people were and eventually five employed in the cleanup •Approx $300,000 immediately sent •None requested UN in aid (temporary shelters and money) •USAID provided aid in the forms of •In 2001 Oxfam pressured for the NGO food, shelters and medicine (to cope draining of the crater which had with the subsequent disease in began to fill with water •NGO’s encouraged tourism to the refugee camps) •This was temporary surrounding area to kick start the •Oxfam and CAFOD Also brought economy. temporary aid − evaluate measures to predict and take precautions, including reasons for the decisions made − study short-term responses and long-term recovery − contrast the responses in the chosen LEDC and MEDC − evaluate the sources of aid.

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