1.
1599 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1599 in Ireland. March 12 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth I of England, march 27 - Essex leaves London with a large force to pursue a military campaign in Ireland. May 29 - Nine Years War, Essex captures Cahir Castle in Munster, august 15 - Nine Years War, Irish victory over the English at the Battle of Curlew Pass. September 8 - Essex in Ireland, Essex signs a truce with Hugh ONeill, died in the Tower of London in 1641

2.
1598 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1598 in Ireland. Early June - Nine Years War, Lord Treasurer Thomas Butler backs the claim of the exiled Tadhg ORourke for the kingship of West Breifne, June 7 - Nine Years War, The temporary ceasefire agreed between the Irish rebel lordships and the English in October 1597 expires. August 14 - Nine Years War, Hugh ONeill, Earl of Tyrones victory over an English expeditionary force under Henry Bagenal, October - Nine Years War, Edmund Spensers castle at Kilcolman, near Doneraile in North Cork, is burned down by ONeills native Irish forces. Spenser leaves for London shortly afterwards, patrick DArcy, nationalist who wrote the constitution of Confederate Ireland. August 14 - Henry Bagenal, Marshal of Ireland, is killed at Yellow Ford, august 14 - Maelmora OReilly, pretender to the kingship of East Breifne, is killed at Yellow Ford

3.
1595 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1595 in Ireland. Ongoing - Nine Years War, Rebellion of Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, March 25–27 - Battle of Clontibret in County Monaghan, Tyrones forces achieve victory over English troops led by Sir Henry Bagenal in the first major action of the Nine Years War. September 4 - Lieutenant Colonel Richard Wingfield is wounded in a clash with Tyrones troops in Ulster and he is knighted by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir William Russell, in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 9 November before returning to England. Daniel ODaly, diplomat and historian Approximate date - John Barnewall, Franciscan friar March 2 - John Garvey, Archbishop of Armagh Seamus Ó hÉilidhe, Archbishop of Tuam

4.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

5.
1601 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1601 in Ireland. January - Nine Years War, John Óge Burke is captured, october 2 - Siege of Kinsale begins. November 30 - Prince Hugh Roe ODonnell, on his way to the Battle of Kinsale, visits and venerates a relic of the True Cross on the Feast of St. Andrew, april - Emon OReilly, King of East Breifne June - John Óge Burke, rebel soldier. November - James FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, exiled noble Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde, John Chardon, Church of Ireland Bishop of Down and Connor

6.
1602 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1602 in Ireland. January 3 - Nine Years War, The English defeat Irish rebels, january 12 - Juan del Águila surrenders the Spanish troops in Ireland. June 5–18 - Nine Years War, The English defeat Irish rebels at the Siege of Dunboy, the Jesuit chaplain Dominic Collins is arrested, tortured and hanged by the English at Youghal. June - Hugh ONeill, Earl of Tyrone abandons and burns his capital Dungannon, the first New Testament translation into Irish, completed by William Daniel, Prebendary of St Patricks Cathedral, Dublin, is published. Sir Edmund Butler of Cloughgrenan, rebel Edmund Butler, 2nd Viscount Mountgarret, nobleman

7.
1603 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1603 in Ireland. March 24 - James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England and Ireland upon the death of Elizabeth I in England. March 31 - The Nine Years War is ended by the submission of Hugh ONeill, Earl of Tyrone, to the English Crown, sir Edmund Pelham, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer since 1602, holds the first assizes in Ulster, at Donegal. Approximate date - Audley Mervyn, lawyer, politician and soldier March 24 - Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland William Piers, Governor of Carrickfergus

8.
1605 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1605 in Ireland. February 3 - Sir Arthur Chichester is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, march 11 - A proclamation declares all people of Ireland to be the direct subjects of the British Crown and not of any local lord or chief. July 4 - A proclamation commands all Roman Catholic seminary priests and Jesuits to leave the country by 10 December, october 14 - Thomas Jones is appointed to succeed Adam Loftus as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. November 8 - Thomas Jones is appointed to succeed Adam Loftus as Archbishop of Dublin, november - Scottish adventurer James Hamilton is granted the lordship of Upper Clandeboye and the Great Ardes in the north of County Down by King James VI and I. The Irish College in Paris is co-founded by John Lee, an Irish priest, refugee French Huguenot merchants begin to settle in Dublin and Waterford

9.
1600
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As of the start of 1600, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Scotland adopts January 1 as New Years Day, January – Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands. February 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome, february 19 – Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America. March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath, Public execution by decapitation of five Swedish nobles, april 19 - First Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan. The ship, called Liefde, anchored in Sashifu, in the Bungo area, july 2 – Battle of Nieuwpoort in the Eighty Years War between the Dutch and the Spanish. August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during an attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home. October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan, granting Tokugawa Ieyasu nominal control over the whole country, december 31 – East India Company granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England on trades in Asia Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan. William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is first performed and his play The Merchant of Venice is published, william Gilbert publishes De Magnete, which describes the Earths magnetic field and is the beginning of modern Geomagnetism. Fabritio Carosos Nobiltà de dame is published, ulster chieftains, with the lead of Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, resist the English reconquest of Ireland. A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II, martin Möller is appointed chief pastor of Görlitz. The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies to reinforce the Book of Concord, spielvogel – Western Civilization – Volume II, Since 1500, p.401

10.
Nine Years' War (Ireland)
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The Nine Years War or Tyrones Rebellion took place in Ireland from 1594 to 1603. It was fought between the forces of Gaelic Irish chieftains Hugh ONeill of Tír Eoghain, Hugh Roe ODonnell of Tír Chonaill and their allies, the war was fought in all parts of the country, but mainly in the northern province of Ulster. It ended in defeat for the Irish chieftains, which led to their exile in the Flight of the Earls, the war against ONeill and his allies was the largest conflict fought by England in the Elizabethan era. At the height of the more than 18,000 soldiers were fighting in the English army in Ireland. By contrast, the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time. The Nine Years War was caused by the clashes between the Gaelic Irish chieftain Hugh ONeill and the advance of the English state in Ireland, from control over the Pale to ruling the whole island. In resisting this advance, ONeill managed to rally other Irish septs who were dissatisfied with English government, Hugh ONeill came from the powerful Ó Néill clan of Tyrone, which dominated the centre of the northern province of Ulster3. His father, Matthew ONeill, Baron Dungannon, was the son of Conn ONeill the Lame. Matthew ONeill was killed, and Seán An Díomais Ó Néill banished the child Hugh ONeill from Ulster, the Hovenden family brought Hugh up in the Pale, and the English authorities sponsored him as a reliable lord. In 1587 Hugh ONeill persuaded Queen Elizabeth I to make him Earl of Tyrone, the English title his grandfather had held. However, the power in Ulster lay not in the legal title of Earl of Tyrone. This position commanded the obedience of all the ONeills and their dependents in central Ulster, in 1595, after much bloodshed, from Hugh Roe ODonnell, his ally, Hugh ONeill enlisted Scottish mercenaries. Within his own territories, ONeill was entitled to limited service from his sub-lords or uirithe. He also pressed his tenants and dependants into military service and tied the peasantry to the land to increase food production, in addition, he hired large contingents of Irish mercenaries under leaders such as Richard Tyrell. To arm his soldiers, ONeill bought muskets, ammunition and pikes from Scotland and England, from 1591, ODonnell, on ONeills behalf, had been in contact with Philip II of Spain, appealing for military aid against their common enemy and citing also their shared Catholicism. With the aid of Spain, ONeill could arm and feed over 8,000 men, unprecedented for a Gaelic lord, and so was well prepared to resist any further English attempts to govern Ulster. By the early 1590s, the north of Ireland was attracting the attention of Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, there was an outcry, with several sources alleging corruption against Fitzwilliam, but the same policy was soon applied in Longford and East Breifne. Any attempt to further the same in the ONeill and ODonnell territories was bound to be resisted by force of arms, the most significant difficulty for English forces in confronting ONeill lay in the natural defences that Ulster enjoyed

11.
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone
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Hugh ONeill, was an Irish Gaelic lord, Earl of Tyrone and was later created The Ó Néill. ONeill came from a line of the ONeill dynasty - derbfine - that the English authorities recognized as the successors to the chieftainship of the ONeills. He was the son of Matthew ONeill, reputed illegitimate son of Conn. In the ensuing conflict for the succession Matthew was killed by the Ó Donnaile followers of Shane and Conn, placing his sons Brian and Hugh in a precarious situation. ONeill succeeded his brother, Brian, as baron of Dungannon, ONeill was brought up in London, but after the death of Shane he returned to Ulster in 1567 under the protection of Sir Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland. In Tyrone, Hughs cousin, Turlough Luineach ONeill had succeeded Shane ONeill as The ONeill, or chieftain, the crown therefore supported Hugh ONeill as the rightful claimant and as an ally in Gaelic controlled Ulster. Hugh was subsequently inaugurated as The ONeill at Tullahogue in the style of the former Gaelic kings, in keeping with the practice common at the time, he bribed officials both in Ireland and at Elizabeths court in London. In the early 1590s, English government in Ulster took the form of a Provincial Presidency, to be headed by the colonist, after Mabels death, ONeill gradually fell into a barely concealed opposition to the crown and sought aid from Spain and Scotland. ONeill was instantly proclaimed a traitor at Dundalk, the war that followed is known as the Nine Years War. ONeill followed Shanes policy of arming the people, rather than relying as Turlough had done upon Scots mercenary soldiers and he and other clan chiefs then offered the crown of Ireland to Philip II of Spain who refused it. In April 1596, ONeill received promises of help from Spain and this policy was a success and, even though Sir John Norris sought to bring him to heel, ONeill managed to defer English attempts on his territory for more than two years. In 1598, a cessation of hostilities was arranged and a pardon granted to ONeill by Elizabeth. It was the greatest of all setbacks to English arms in Ireland, but Tyrone, who possessed but little generalship, procrastinated until the golden opportunity was lost. Eight months after the battle of the Yellow Ford, a new Lord Lieutenant, Essex found that ONeill had been waiting to see what might be attempted against him. At this point the controversial Jesuit, James Archer, was operating as his representative at the Spanish court. A large reward was offered for the capture, dead or alive. In October 1601, the aid from Spain appeared in the form of an army} under Don Juan de Aguila. They gained little support en route, at Bandon they joined together, and then blockaded the English army that was laying siege to the Spanish

12.
Munster
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Munster is one of the provinces of Ireland situated in the south of Ireland. In early Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a king of over-kings Irish, following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties, Munster has no official function for local government purposes. For the purposes of the ISO, the province is listed as one of the provincial sub-divisions of the State, geographically, Munster covers a total area of 24,675 km2 and has a population of 1,246,088 with the most populated city being Cork. Other significant urban centres in the province include Limerick and Waterford, in the early centuries AD, Munster was the domain of the Iverni peoples and the Clanna Dedad familial line, led by Cú Roí and to whom the king Conaire Mór also belonged. In the 5th century, Saint Patrick spent several years in the area and founded Christian churches, during the Early Middle Ages, most of the area was part of the Kingdom of Munster, ruled by the Eóganachta dynasty. Prior to this, the area was ruled by the Dáirine and Corcu Loígde overlords from the early 7th century onwards, later rulers from the Eóganachta who would dominate a greater part of Ireland were Cathal mac Finguine and Feidlimid mac Cremthanin. Notable regional kingdoms and lordships of Early Medieval Munster were Iarmuman, Osraige, Uí Liatháin, Uí Fidgenti, Éile, Múscraige, Ciarraige Luachra, Corcu Duibne, Corcu Baiscinn, around this period Ossory broke away from Munster. The 10th century saw the rise of the Dalcassian clan, who had earlier annexed Thomond and their leaders were the ancestors of the OBrien dynasty and spawned Brian Boru, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland, and several of whose descendants were also High Kings. By 1118 Munster had fractured into the Kingdom of Thomond under the OBriens, the Kingdom of Desmond under the MacCarthy dynasty, the three crowns of the flag of Munster represent these three late kingdoms. The OBrien of Thomond and MacCarthy of Desmond surrendered and regranted sovereignty to the Tudors in 1543 and 1565, the impactful Desmond Rebellions, led by the FitzGeralds, soon followed. By the mid-19th century much of the area was hit hard in the Great Famine, the province was affected by events in the Irish War of Independence in the early 20th century, and there was a brief Munster Republic during the Irish Civil War. The Irish leaders Michael Collins and earlier Daniel OConnell came from families of the old Gaelic Munster gentry, noted for its traditions in Irish folk music, and with many ancient castles and monasteries in the province, Munster is a tourist destination. During the fifth century, St. Patrick spent seven years founding churches and ordaining priests in Munster, but a fifth century bishop named Ailbe is the patron saint of Munster. In Irish mythology, a number of goddesses are associated with the province including Anann, Áine, Grian, Clíodhna, Aimend, Mór Muman, Bébinn, Aibell. Each is historically associated with certain septs of the nobility, the druid-god of Munster is Mug Ruith. The province has long had trading and cultural links with continental Europe, the tribe of Corcu Loígde had a trading fleet active along the French Atlantic coast, as far south as Gascony, importing wine to Munster. The Eóganachta had ecclesiastical ties with Germany, which show in the architecture of their capital at the Rock of Cashel

13.
Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore
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Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore was a leading English-born soldier and statesman in early seventeenth-century Ireland. He is often called the founder of Derry, due to his role in establishing that city and he was born at Chamberhouse Castle, Crookham, near Thatcham, Berkshire, into a minor gentry family, the Docrwas, who came originally from Yorkshire. He was the son of Edmund Docwra MP and his wife Dorothy Golding. The familys lack of money may be the reason why his son pursued a military career, Henry seems to have had no influential relatives and this was to be a considerable difficulty to him throughout his career, in an age when such connections were of great importance. After serving for years as a professional soldier in the Netherlands and France. He was made the constable of Dungarvan Castle, and served under Sir Richard Bingham, Bingham besieged Annis Castle near Ballinrobe, and used Ballinrobe as a base from which to attempt to pacify County Mayo. He was unable to subdue the powerful Burke clan, the dominant power in Mayo, and the campaign ended inconclusively. Like many ambitious young officers and courtiers of the time, he entered the service of the Earl of Essex, the royal favourite. He took part in the Siege of Rouen in 1591-2, and he was knighted by Essex in person for unspecified acts of valour at Cadiz. He saw military service with Maurice of Nassau in Maurices campaigns in Brabant and he did not take part in Essexs ill-fated Islands Voyage expedition to the Azores in 1597. In 1599, to his unspeakable contentment, he was sent back to Ireland to serve with Essex during the Nine Years War, during Essexs disastrous attempts to pacify Ireland, Docwra was mainly occupied with attempting to subdue the OByrne clan in County Wicklow. The Queens understandable reaction was to tell Essex sharply that if she had wanted to abandon Ireland altogether, it would hardly have been necessary to send him there. Docwra had returned to England with Essex in the autumn of 1599 and in 1600 was sent back to Ireland as commander of an army of 4000 men and captured the ruined site of Derry in May 1600. From the Cessation there followed quickly Essexs disgrace, and his rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I and his biographer remarks that if he was not highly regarded as a politician, Docwra did at least have the true politicians gift for survival. In April 1600 Docwra was given an army of 4200 men to subdue Ulster and he landed at Carrickfergus, and proceeded to Culmore where he fortified both the ruined castle there, and Flogh, near Inishowen, Donegal. Proceeding to what is now the city of Derry, he fortified the hill, further up the River Foyle he fortified Dunnalong, a position dividing Donegal and Tyrone, in July 1600. He constructed Dutch-inspired star-shaped bastion forts, each with an earthen rampart, surrounded by a ditch. His most notable coup was to win for the Crown, at least for a time

14.
Lough Foyle
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Lough Foyle, sometimes Loch Foyle, is the estuary of the River Foyle, on the north coast of Ireland. It lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland, sovereignty over these waters has been in dispute since the Partition of Ireland. The Lough Foyle Ramsar site, is 2204.36 hectares in area, at latitude 550524 N and it was designated a Ramsar site on 2 February 1999. The site consists of a shallow sea lough which includes the estuaries of the rivers Foyle, Faughan. It contains extensive areas of mudflats and sandflats, salt marsh. It also qualified under Ramsar criterion 2 as it supports a number of rare, vulnerable or endangered species of plant. A range of fish species have been recorded for the Lough Foyle estuary. These include allis shad, twait shad, smelt and sea lamprey, important populations of Atlantic salmon migrate through the system to and from their spawning grounds. Nationally important wader species include Eurasian oystercatcher, Eurasian golden plover, grey plover, lapwing, red knot, dunlin, Eurasian curlew, a survey of Lough Foyle was made between March 1937 and June 1939 by H. Blackler. In this a map shows the distribution of species of algae in the lough. The list included, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, lichens, the marine algae of Lough Foyle are also included in Morton. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has a reserve at the lough, in 1792 the four-mile Strabane Canal was constructed from the tidal waters of Lough Foyle at Leck, to Strabane. The canal fell into disuse in 1962, in June 2006 the Strabane Lifford Development Commission awarded a £1. 3m cross-border waterways restoration contract. The project involves the restoration of one and a half miles of canal, work began on the Lough Foyle side of the canal in the summer of 2006 but by 2010 the partial restoration was deemed unsatisfactory and the local council refused to continue to maintain the canal. The Broharris Canal was constructed in the 1820s when a cut and it served both as a drainage channel and a navigation with goods being brought from the Londonderry Port, and shellfish and kelp from the sand banks along the shore. In the summer time, a service operates between Greencastle and Magilligan across Lough Foyle. From Londonderry railway station the next stop is Bellarena followed by Castlerock then Coleraine en route to Belfast, the main character of Alfred Besters famous science-fiction novel, The Stars My Destination, is named Gulliver Foyle. Bester took the names of his characters from various locations in Ireland, the United States Navy established a naval air station on 1 July 1918 to operate seaplanes during World War I

15.
River Foyle
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From here it flows to the city of Derry, where it discharges into Lough Foyle and, ultimately, the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the River Foyle is 129 km, the river separates part of County Donegal from parts of both County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The district of County Donegal that borders the bank of the River Foyle is traditionally known as the Laggan. This district includes the villages of St. Johnston and Carrigans, the river is home to a number of sporting clubs and a small mooring facility has been recently added for small yachts outside the Derry City Council offices in the heart of Derry. The main sports on the river are canoeing, sailing and rowing, people partake in water-skiing and jet-skiing in the summer. The River Foyle is also the river in Europe for its size. In Derry, the crossing point, there are three bridges. The southernmost bridge, the oldest of the three, is Europes only road traffic double-decker bridge and is known as the Craigavon Bridge. However, this proved unnecessary as the port was moved several miles north of the city. The Foyle Bridge was planned originally by the Londonderry Development Commission and was intended to alleviate the congestion on the existing Craigavon Bridge. However, political prevarication meant that it was not constructed until the 1980s, derrys third bridge, the Peace Bridge, is situated behind the Guildhall Square, north of the Craigavon Bridge. The pedestrian and cycle bridge was opened in 2011, intended as a symbol of union between the two sides of the city, the tidal Foyle is navigable from the coast to approximately 10 miles inland. The derelict Strabane Canal continued from this point a further four miles to Strabane, traffic on the Foyle further south than the northern bridge is now more or less restricted to pleasure boats with the occasional tanker coming in the refinery at the northern end of the town. However, because of a lack of funding from various sources, due to the presence of three bridges over the river in Derry, some people choose to attempt suicide by jumping into the deep and fast moving Foyle. Between 1993 and 2008 it dealt more than 1000 people in distress. Prior to the Plantation of Ulster the fishing rights on the River would have been owned by the O’Neill’s and the O’Donnell’s, the Chieftain’s of Tyrone and Donegal respectively. When the Plantation of Ulster started in 1609 a body called The Honourable The Irish Society had been set up by Royal Charter in 1613 to administer the affairs of the Plantation. The Society was then given the rights to the fishing on the river and on the River Bann, in 1944 an action for trespass was taken by the Society against a fisherman from Porthall who they deemed to be fishing illegally

16.
Tyrone
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County Tyrone is one of the six historic counties of Northern Ireland. It is also one of the traditional counties of Ireland. It is no used as an administrative division for local government. Adjoined to the south-west shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,155 km² and has a population of about 177,986, with its county town being Omagh. The name Tyrone is derived from Irish Tír Eoghain, meaning land of Eoghan, historically, it was anglicised as Tirowen or Tyrowen, which are closer to the Irish pronunciation. Historically Tyrone stretched as far north as Lough Foyle, and comprised part of modern-day County Londonderry east of the River Foyle. The majority of County Londonderry was carved out of Tyrone between 1610–1620 when that went to the Guilds of London to set up profit making schemes based on natural resources located there. Tyrone was the stronghold of the various ONeill clans and families. In 1608 during ODohertys Rebellion areas of the country were plundered, however, ODohertys men avoided the estates of the recently fled Earl of Tyrone around Dungannon, fearing Tyrones anger if he returned from his exile. With an area of 3,155 square kilometres, Tyrone is the largest county in Northern Ireland, the length of the county, from the mouth of the River Blackwater at Lough Neagh to the western point near Carrickaduff hill is 55 miles. The breadth, from the corner, southeast of Fivemiletown, to the northeastern corner near Meenard Mountain is 37.5 miles. Annaghone lays claim to be the centre of Northern Ireland. Tyrone is connected by land to the county of Fermanagh to the southwest, Monaghan to the south, Armagh to the southeast, Londonderry to the north, across Lough Neagh to the east, it borders County Antrim. It is the eighth largest of Irelands thirty-two counties by area and it is the second largest of Ulsters nine traditional counties by area and fourth largest by population. It is one of four counties in Northern Ireland which currently has a majority of the population from a Catholic community background, in 1900 County Tyrone had a population of 197,719, while in 2011 it was 177,986. The major sports in Tyrone are Gaelic games, association football, Gaelic football is the most popular sport in the county with Gaelic football being more widely played than hurling. The Tyrone GAA football side has had success since 2000. They have also won fourteen Ulster titles and two National League titles, association football also has a large following

17.
Tyrconnell
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Tyrconnell or Tirconnell was a political state in northwest Ireland until 1601. According to Geoffrey Keating, it included the baronies of Carbury, Rosclogher, as such it had a size varying between that of Corsica and Lebanon. It was founded in the century by a son of Niall of the Nine Hostages, Conall Gulban. His descendants of the ODonnell dynasty ruled the kingdom till the Flight of the Earls in September 1607, see index entry for Tír Chonaill The Life of Hugh Roe ODonnell, Prince of Tyrconnell by Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh. Edited by Fr. Paul Walsh and Colm Ó Lochlainn, Dublin, Educational Company of Ireland,1948. Blood Royal – From the time of Alexander the Great to Queen Elizabeth II, by Charles Mosley, published for Ruvigny Ltd. London,2002 Vicissitudes of Families, by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, published by Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, Paternoster Row, London,1861. The Fate and Fortunes of the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel, their flight from Ireland and death in exile, by the Rev. C. P. Meehan, MRIA, 2nd edition, James Duffy, London,1870. Erins Blood Royal – The Gaelic Noble Dynasties of Ireland, by Peter Berresford Ellis, Constable, vanishing Kingdoms – The Irish Chiefs and their Families, by Walter J. P. Curley, with foreword by Charles Lysaght, published by The Lilliput Press, Dublin,2004

18.
Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy
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Mountjoy commanded the Crowns forces during the final years of Tyrones Rebellion. He was able to defeat Tyrone at the Battle of Kinsale and he was MP for St Ives, Cornwall in 1584 and for Bere Alston in 1586 and 1593. Between 1586 and 1598 Charles spent a lot of time on the continent, serving in the Netherlands and he joined Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh in their expedition to the Azores in 1597, along with his distant cousin, Sir Christopher Blount. In July 1601 he had ordered an amphibious landing at Lough Foyle, near Derry. In the following December he defeated the rebels at the battle of Kinsale, the downfall of Essex did no damage to Mountjoys career. Following Kinsale Mountjoy and his forces made increasingly successful incursions into Tyrones Ulster heartlands, in 1602 Tyrone ordered the burning of his capital at Dungannon and retreated into the woods where he continued to evade capture. Mountjoy occupied the ruins of Dungannon, and symbolically destroyed the ONeills traditional inauguration site at Tullyhohue, on 30 March 1603, six days after the death of Elizabeth and the accession of James I, ONeill made peace with Mountjoy, signing the Treaty of Mellifont. Mountjoy continued in office with the distinguished title of Lord-Lieutenant. He declared an amnesty for the rebels and granted them honourable terms and he was one of the founder members of the Spanish Company re-founded by royal charter in 1605. Mountjoys long-term successor in Ireland was Arthur Chichester, in 1607, a year after Mountjoys death, the Flight of the Earls took place. The following year a former government ally Sir Cahir ODoherty attacked and burned Derry, the flight and the rebellion led to the Plantation of Ulster, something that had not been envisaged by Mountjoy when he had made peace in 1603. After the execution of her brother in 1601, Lord Rich divorced her in the ecclesiastical courts, the marriage was carried out in defiance of canon law, and resulted in the disgrace of both parties, who were banished from the royal court by King James. The couple continued to live together as husband and wife with their children until his death a few months later. Mountjoy left no children, and so the hereditary titles became extinct at his death. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Mountjoy, Barons. Berleth, Richard, The Twilight Lords,1978, reissued 1994, Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 1-56619-598-5

19.
County Armagh
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County Armagh is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland and one of the 32 traditional counties of Ireland, situated in the northeast of the island. Adjoined to the shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 1,326 km² and has a population of about 174,792. It is within the province of Ulster. County Armagh is known as the Orchard County because of its apple orchards. The name Armagh derives from the Irish word Ard meaning height and Macha, together meaning height, the River Blackwater marks the border with County Tyrone and Lough Neagh otherwise marks out the Countys northern boundary. There are also a number of uninhabited islands in the section of Lough Neagh, Coney Island Flat, Croaghan Flat, Padian, Phil Roes Flat. Despite lying in the east of Ireland, Armagh enjoys a climate strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream with damp mild winters. Overall temperatures rarely drop below freezing during daylight hours, though frost is not infrequent in the months November to February, snow rarely lies for longer than a few hours even in the elevated south-east of the County. Summers are mild and wet and although with sunshine often interspersed with showers, ancient Armagh was the territory of the Ulaid before the fourth century AD. It was ruled by the Red Branch, whose capital was Emain Macha near Armagh, the site, and subsequently the city, were named after the goddess Macha. The Red Branch play an important role in the Ulster Cycle, however, they were eventually driven out of the area by the Three Collas, who invaded in the 4th century and held power until the 12th. The Clan Colla ruled the known as Airghialla or Oriel for these 800 years. The chief Irish septs of the county were descendants of the Collas, the OHanlons and MacCanns, and the Uí Néill, Oneilland East was the territory of the OGarveys, who were also displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland West, like Oneilland East, was once ONeill territory, until it was held by the MacCanns. Upper and Lower Orior were OHanlon territory, miscellaneous tracts of land were ruled by OKelaghan. The area around the base of Slieve Guillion near Newry also became home to a number of the McGuinness clan as they were dispossessed of hereditary lands held in the County Down. Armagh was the seat of St. Patrick, and the Catholic Church continues to be his see, County Armagh is presently one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census. South Armagh is predominantly nationalist, with most of the population being opposed to any form of British presence, see Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade for further information

20.
Mountnorris
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Mountnorris is a small village and townland in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It lies about six miles south of Markethill and it is within the Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon local government area. It had a population of 155 people in the 2011 Census, the townland of Mountnorris was historically called Aghnecranagh and Aghenecranagh. In 1600 Lord Mountjoy built a fort and left a garrison of 400 men under the command of Captain Edward Blaney in Mountnorris. The area took its name by combining the names of Mountjoy and his commander in the Low Countries. By 1620, the no longer had a garrison and in the 18th century passed into the hands of the Cope family of Loughgall. The village was the intended site of the Royal School but due to instability at the time in Ulster. On 31 May 1991, during The Troubles, the Provisional IRA carried out a truck bomb attack against the British Army base at nearby Glenanne. It killed three soldiers and wounded another ten and it is often called the Glenanne barracks bombing. He was knighted in 1616, created a Baronet, of Newport Pagnell in the County of Buckinghamshire, in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1620, in 1642, on the death of his kinsman Henry Power, he became Viscount Valentia. Andrew Trew Wood, a Canadian businessman and parliamentarian, was born in Mountnorris, Sir John Hall Magowan, British Ambassador to Venezuela 1948–1951 Billy Wright, the loyalist paramilitary leader, was raised in Mountnorris. He founded the Loyalist Volunteer Force in 1996 and was assassinated in 1997 by the Irish National Liberation Army, Mountnorris Primary School St. Teresas Primary School Visit Armagh List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland

21.
West Breifne
–
The Kingdom of West Breifne or Breifne ORourke was an historic kingdom of Ireland that existed from 1256 to 1605, located in the area that is now County Leitrim. It took its present boundaries in 1583 when West Breifne was shired and renamed Leitrim, after the village of Leitrim, the kingdom was ruled by the ORourke clan and lasted until the early 17th century, when their lands were confiscated by England. In 1172, Tighearnán Ua Ruairc, the longtime Lord of Breifne and Conmaice, was betrayed and killed at Tlachtgha during negotiations with Hugh de Lacy, Tighearnán was beheaded, and his head and body was conveyed to the Anglo-Normans in Dublin, where it was put on display. This time of turbulence in the kingdom caused a rift between the various branches of clan ORourke, with regular fighting between rival members. The turbulent decades that saw the OReilly switch allegiance to the Norman de Burghs. By 1250 the OReilly had been pushed out of western Breifne as Connacht advanced into their eastern homeland. In 1256 the devastating Battle of Magh Slecht was fought between Connacht and the ORourke clan against the OReilly, as a result, Breifne was left permanently divided into East Breifne and West Breifne. After successfully repelling de Burgh and the OReilly, the kings of Connacht, Tír Eoghain, at these talks, which the ORourke lords of Breifne were excluded from, it was agreed that the king of Connacht was the rightful ruler of all of Breifne from Kells to Drumcliff. Consequently, Aedh OConor saw Breifne as an part of Connacht rather than an independent kingdom and. This put Aedh in direct confrontation with Conchobar ORuairc, king of West Breifne, according to the Annals of Connacht, the two men had been good comrades till now. To assert West Breifnes independence, Conchobar made peace with the de Burghs without the permission of the king of Connacht, in 1257, after a brief war, Conchobar submitted to OConor and signed a peace treaty offering OConor any lands of his choice in Breifne. OConor obtained the stone-castle on Cherry Island in Garadice Lough and put a garrison into it, later that year, Conchobar violated the terms of the treaty and forced OConors garrison out of the castle before razing it. This led to Domnalls arrest and imprisonment and Aedh OConor resumed raids on West Breifne, Amlaib was chosen to succeed Sitric, however the kingdom was in disarray and, like his predecessor, his authority as king was nominal. Art O’Ruairc, son of Cathal Riabach, ruled the east in opposition to Amlaib, after his fathers death, Domnall was released from prison and instated as king of West Breifne. However, shortly after his appointment as king, Domnall killed Magrath Mac Tiernan, chieftain of Tellach-Dunchada, as a result of this killing, Domnall was deposed as king by the major clans of West Breifne, including Tellach-Dunchada, who executed Domnalls brother Cathal in retaliation. After Domnall was deposed, Art ORuairc was supported by the clans as the effective ruler of the entire kingdom. Connacht continued to vie for control of Breifne and supported Art bec, Amlaib’s brother, evidently a rift emerged between the two as Aedh OConor killed Art bec, his own candidate for the kingship, that same year and met with Domnall. After peace between the two kingdoms was agreed, kingship was returned to Domnall, an attempt by Connacht to depose Art ORuairc and regain control of Breifne in 1261 failed when their army was defeated at Drumlahan by the OReilly and forced to retreat

22.
Bishop of Clogher
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The Bishop of Clogher is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Following the Reformation, there are now parallel apostolic successions, one of the Church of Ireland, frequently in the Irish annals the Bishop of Clogher was styled the Bishop of Oirialla. 1190, County Louth was transferred from the see of Armagh to the see of Clogher, during this period the Bishop of Clogher used the style Bishop of Louth. The title Bishop of Clogher was resumed after 1193, when County Louth was restored to the see of Armagh. In the Roman Catholic Church The former Roman Catholic bishop is the Most Reverend Dr Joseph Duffy who was appointed by the Holy See on 7 July 1979 and ordained bishop on 2 September 1979. Bishop Duffys resignation was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 6 May 2010 who also named Monsignor Liam MacDaid to be his successor, mgr MacDaid received Episcopal Ordination on 25 July 2010. The Roman Catholic bishops seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Macartin, on October 1,2016, MacDaid retired due to ill health. Diocese of Clogher Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher

23.
1650 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1650 in Ireland. March 27 - Confederate Irelands besieged capital Kilkenny is surrendered to Cromwell, april 27 - Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Oliver Cromwell joins the Siege of Clonmel in person. May 1 - Charles II repudiates his alliance with Irish Catholics in favour of one with Scottish Covenanters in the Treaty of Breda, most English Royalists in Ireland surrender to the Parliamentarians after this point. May 10 - Battle of Macroom, Irish force defeated by English Parliamentarians, may 17 - Siege of Clonmel, Cromwells troops storm the walls, taking up to 2,500 casualties. Although they are unable to take the town by force, the garrison, without supplies, may 26 - Cromwell leaves Ireland from Youghal and passes his command to Henry Ireton. October 25 - Battle of Meelick Island, English Parliamentarians rout the Irish Connaught Army, december - The Duke of Ormonde, erstwhile Royalist commander in Ireland, gives up his command and leaves for France. Andrew Marvell writes An Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland, may - William King, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin and author May 11 - Boetius MacEgan, Catholic Bishop of Ross, hanged by the English Parliamentarians after the Battle of Macroom. July 21 - Henry ONeill, son of Owen Roe ONeill, july - Heber MacMahon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher, executed by English Parliamentarian forces under Charles Coote

24.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services

25.
Bishop
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A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1

26.
Emly
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Emly or Emlybeg or The Marsh is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is a parish in the historical barony of Clanwilliam. It is also an Ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and it is situated on the R515 Regional Road which goes west from Tipperary Town to Abbeyfeale, County Limerick. Emly lies 14 km west of Tipperary town and had a population of 278 in the 2002 census, the parish, which includes the surrounding countryside, has a population of about 1,000. The yew tree references pre-Christian history of Emly, Emly is one of the oldest centres of Christianity in Ireland and pre-dates the coming to Ireland of the National Apostle, St. Patrick. Up until the early Middle Ages Emly was the diocese in the south of Ireland. St. Ailbe is Patron Saint of the Archdiocese of Cashel, the Protestant cathedral functioned with a Chapter until the mid - 19th century when it was dismantled and its materials sold for construction purposes. The site of Emly was in ancient times known as Medón Mairtine, after they appear to vanish from the Irish landscape, the powerful Eóganachta are later found using the site for their chief church in early historical times. The large Catholic St Ailbes Church was built in the 1880s, Emly was the site of a monastery founded by Saint Ailbe, which became famous for its school. Emly was established as a see in 1118 by the Synod of Ráth Breasail. In the Catholic Church, the diocese was merged in 1715 with the Archbishopric of Cashel, the merged entity is today known as the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. In the Church of Ireland, the diocese, having formerly been united with Cashel, is now part of the United Dioceses of Limerick, Ardfert, Killaloe, Kilfenora, Clonfert, Kilmacduagh, see Annals of Inisfallen AI708.1 Kl. Conamail son of Carthach, abbot of Imlech Ibuir, rested, cellach, abbot of Imlech Ibuir, rested. Tríchmech, abbot of Les Mór, rested, and Abnér, aI771.1 Brócán, son of Aduar, from Imlech. Repose of Flann son of Fairchellach, abbot of Les Mór, Imlech Ibuir, Repose of Dainél, abbot of Les Mór and Corcach. The slaying of Eógan son of Cenn Faelad, abbot of Imlech Ibuir, Repose of Mescell son of Cumascach, abbot of Imlech Ibuir, and Flann, son of Conall, took the abbacy after him. Repose of Flann son of Conail, abbot of Imlech Ibuir, Repose of Tipraite son of Mael Finn, abbot of Imlech Ibuir. AI914.2 Eochu, son of Scandán, took the abbacy of Imlech lbuir, Repose of Mac Lenna, abbot of Imlech Ibuir

27.
1651 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1651 in Ireland. January - Edmund Ludlow lands in Ireland as lieutenant-general of horse, june - Restart of the Siege of Limerick by English Parliamentarian troops under Ireton. Irish force trying to relieve Limerick is routed, august - Start of the Siege of Galway, an English Parliamentarian army under Charles Coote blockades the city. October 27 - Siege of Limerick, Hugh Dubh ONeill surrenders Limerick after part of the English Royalist garrison mutinies, the soldiers are permitted to march unarmed to Galway but some leaders are executed. November 26 - Henry Ireton dies of fever and is succeeded in command by Edmund Ludlow, october 31 - executions by the English Parliamentarians after the surrender of Limerick, Terence Albert OBrien, Roman Catholic Bishop of Emly Dominic Fanning, Alderman. November 26 - Henry Ireton, English Parliamentarian commander Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, landowner and former Irish Confederate military commander

28.
1677 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1677 in Ireland. August 24 - James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, is sworn in as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford, is created 1st Earl of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland, richard Jones, Viscount Ranelagh, is created 1st Earl of Ranelagh in the Peerage of Ireland. Laurence Parsons is created Sir Laurence Parsons, 1st Baronet, of Birr Castle in the Kings County, froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidhs Grammatica Latino-Hibernica nunc compendiata, the first printed grammar of the Irish language, is published by the Congregation of Propaganda Fide in Rome. December 31 - Theobald Taaffe, 1st Earl of Carlingford, Royalist soldier and courtier Francis de Bermingham, froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh, Franciscan monk and linguist Probable date - John Lynch, Roman Catholic priest and historian

29.
John Colgan
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John Colgan, O. F. M. was an Irish Franciscan friar noted as a hagiographer and historian. Colgan was born c.1592 at Priestown near Carndonagh and he joined the Franciscan Order and was sent to study in the Irish Franciscan College of St. Anthony of Padua in Leuven in present-day Belgium in 1612. He was ordained as a priest in 1618, here he is said to have acted as professor of theology for some time, but he soon forsook the professorial chair to devote himself to the Irish studies for which that college was famous. Father Hugh Ward had projected a complete history of the Irish saints, Ward died before he could make any progress in his work, but the materials that had been gathered remained. Colgan, being a competent master of the Irish language, had thus ready at hand an excellent collection of manuscripts of Irish hagiology and he undertook a great work, to be published in six volumes, dealing with the whole range of Irish ecclesiastical history and antiquities. In 1645 he published at Louvain the third volume of this series, containing the lives of the Irish saints whose feasts occur in the calendar for the months of January, February, and March. The lives of the saints whose feasts occur in the months were to have been published in the last three volumes of the series. The second volume of the series, entitled Trias Thaumaturga, etc. appeared at Louvain in 1647 and it deals with the three great national saints of Ireland, Patrick, Brigid, and Columbcille. In it are contained seven of the ancient lives of St. Patrick, five of St. Columba, and six of St. Brigid. For a long time the Trias Thaumaturga was nearly the only source of information on St. Patrick, Colgan gives a Latin version of the Vita Tripartita which represents a different text from that edited by Stokes, Colgans manuscript seems to have entirely disappeared. In 1655 he published at Antwerp a life of Duns Scotus, in which he undertook to prove that this great Franciscan doctor was born in Ireland, and not in Scotland, as was then frequently asserted. In the Bibliotheca Franciscana Colgan is said to have died in 1647, in 1652 Colgan resigned as a professor, dying at St. Anthonys, Leuven, on 15 January 1658. Colgans work on Irish hagiology is of undoubted value, though unfortunately of very weak constitution, he was a man of great ability and industry, and with a sound critical sense. Colgan, though a fluent Irish speaker, had not, and from the nature of things could not have, hence his judgments about the dating of the manuscripts and about the meaning of certain difficult expressions ought not to be put forward as irreversible. In other words, Colgan should be judged by the criteria of his time, but his opinions are not decisive. The Colgan Heritage Weekend is held annually in Carndonagh, Co, donegal, his home place, at the end of June. His principal works are, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, long title, Acta Sanctorum veteris et majoris Scotiae seu Hibernix, Sanctorum Insulae, partim ex variis per Europam MS. Codicibus exscripta, partim ex antiquis monumentis et probatis Auctoribus eruta et congesta, tomus primus qui de Sacris Hiberniae Antiquitatibus est tertius, Januarium, Februarium et Martium complectens

30.
Hagiography
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A hagiography /ˌhæɡiˈɒɡrəfi/ is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader. The term hagiography may be used to refer to the biography of a saint or highly developed spiritual being in any of the spiritual traditions. Hagiographic works, especially those of the Middle Ages, can incorporate a record of institutional and local history, and evidence of popular cults, customs, and traditions. Hagiography constituted an important literary genre in the early Christian church, providing some informational history along with the inspirational stories. A hagiographic account of a saint can consist of a biography, a description of the saints deeds and/or miracles. The genre of lives of the saints first came into being in the Roman Empire as legends about Christian martyrs were recorded, the dates of their deaths formed the basis of martyrologies. In Western Europe hagiography was one of the important vehicles for the study of inspirational history during the Middle Ages. The Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine compiled a great deal of medieval hagiographic material, Lives were often written to promote the cult of local or national states, and in particular to develop pilgrimages to visit relics. The bronze Gniezno Doors of Gniezno Cathedral in Poland are the only Romanesque doors in Europe to feature the life of a saint. The life of Saint Adalbert of Prague, who is buried in the cathedral, is shown in 18 scenes, the Bollandist Society continues the study, academic assembly, appraisal and publication of materials relating to the lives of Christian saints. Many of the important hagiographical texts composed in medieval England were written in the vernacular dialect Anglo-Norman, with the introduction of Latin literature into England in the 7th and 8th centuries the genre of the life of the saint grew increasingly popular. When one contrasts it to the heroic poem, such as Beowulf. Both genres then focus on the figure, but with the distinction that the saint is of a spiritual sort. Imitation of the life of Christ was then the benchmark against which saints were measured, in Anglo-Saxon and medieval England, hagiography became a literary genre par excellence for the teaching of a largely illiterate audience. Hagiography provided priests and theologians with classical handbooks in a form that allowed them the tools necessary to present their faith through the example of the saints lives. Of all the English hagiographers no one was more prolific nor so aware of the importance of the genre as Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham and his work The Lives of the Saints comprises a set of sermons on saints days, formerly observed by the English Church. The text spans the entire year and describes the lives of many saints, there are two known instances where saints lives were adapted into vernacular plays in Britain. These are the Cornish-language works Beunans Meriasek and Beunans Ke, about the lives of Saints Meriasek and Kea, Irish hagiographers wrote primarily in Latin while some of the later saints lives were written in the hagiographers native vernacular Irish

31.
Confederate Ireland
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Confederate Ireland or the Union of the Irish refers to the period of Irish self-government between 1642 and 1649, during the Eleven Years War. During this time, two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation and it was formed by Irish Catholic nobles, clergy and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The Confederation had what were effectively a parliament, an executive, and it pledged allegiance to Charles I. The remaining Protestant-controlled enclaves in Ulster, Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists, throughout its existence, the Confederation waged war against the parliamentarians. In 1648, it allied itself with the royalists, however, in 1649 a parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland. It defeated the Confederates and royalists and brought the Confederation to an end and it was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French, and they put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as Viscount Gormanston, Viscount Mountgarret and Viscount Muskerry. These men would commit their own armed forces to the Confederation, the declared aims of the Confederates were similar to those of Sir Phelim ONeill, the leader of the early stages of the rebellion in Ulster, who issued the Proclamation of Dungannon in October 1641. On 17 March 1642 these nobles signed the Catholic Remonstrance issued at Trim, on 22 March, at a synod in nearby Kells chaired by Hugh OReilly, Archbishop of Armagh, a majority of the Catholic bishops proclaimed that the rebellion was a just war. On 10 May 1642, Irelands Catholic clergy held a synod at Kilkenny, present were the Archbishops of Armagh, Cashel and Tuam, eleven bishops or their representatives, and other dignitaries. They drafted the Confederate Oath of Association and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take the oath and those who took the oath swore allegiance to Charles I and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics. The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates, the synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a just war. It called for the creation of a council for each province and it vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fights against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Supreme Council, and a General Assembly was fixed for October that year. The first Confederate General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, the Assembly was a parliament in all but name. Present at the first Assembly were 14 Lords Temporal and 11 Lords Spiritual from the Parliament of Ireland, the Confederates constitution was written by a Galway lawyer named Patrick DArcy. The Assembly resolved that each county should have a council, overseen by a council made up of two representatives from each county council. The Assembly agreed orders to be observed as the model of their government, the Assembly elected an executive known as the Supreme Council