Hyaline Cartilage

Lots of collagen fibers, but you can't see them on a stained slide. Used for firm support but pliable for cushioning. Most abundant type of cartilage in the body; found in the articular cartilage of the joints, tip of the nose, coastal cartilage of the ribs, the rings of the trachea, and the embryonic cells.

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Very thick bands of collagen fibers going in the same direction, forming collagen bundles. Compressible, good at resisting tension and stretching. Strong support. Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee joint.

Organic components of bone

Osteoid

Part of the organic portion of the matrix of the bone. Composed of ground substance and cartilage fibers, like collagen. Collagen fibers extend up through bone in different directions, like concrete or fiberglass, which allows bones to be stronger and resist breaking.

Ossification

Osteogenesis

Intramembranous ossification

In the skull and clavicle, like the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.. These continue to grow after birth up until 2 years old. This allows the baby's head to flex/expand during childbirth, and helps with expansion/growth of skull.

Endochondral ossification

All long bones (besides clavical), vertebrae, and facial bones. Cartilage replaces bone. Starts in the middle of the diaphysis then continues to the ends. Epiphysis ossifies independently, leaving a cartilage gap.

Bone Changes timeline

Bone Remodeling Unit

Travels along the surface of the bone, finds damage, fixes and replaces it. Osteoblasts deposit bone where strength is needed or where there is damage. Bone deposition is stimulated by activity; the elderly move less, so they have weakening bones

Comminuted fracture

Spiral fracture

Compression

Epiphyseal fracture

Weak spot in the growth plates; fracture in children that occurs in the growth plate. 15% of all childhood fractures. Usually heals without lasting effects. When blood flow to epiphyseal plate is disrupted, then retardation of bone growth occurs. Also, if there is severe damage to the plate (shifted, shattered, etc.), it could lead to a deformity in bone growth.

Stress fracture

Overuse injuries, exceeding body's ability to deal with stress. Micro fractures start to add up, exceeding the body's ability to repair. Often seen in the military (marching). This can also lead to muscle fatigue, which is a contributing factor to stress fractures because they are stress absorbers. When the muscles become tired, bones are forced to do more shock absorbing. These fractures are painful, but are non-displaced and can heal easily.

Closed reduction

Open reduction

Osteomalacia and Rickets

They are "soft bones"; cannot mineralize organic bone once made. Produces pain when weight is put on the bones and causes bending (bow legs). Rickets are a bigger problem in kids because they are still growing. At epiphyseal plate, the cartilage can't be mineralized on the bottom, which is a point of weakness on the bone. It is caused by malnutrition, insufficient calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, improper absorption, or inadequate sunlight in the diet.

Osteoporosis

Group of diseases where resorption of bone happens faster than deposition, leading to bone loss. Fractures very easily because it is weak. Commonly found in the vertebrae, hips of the elderly (lack of activity) and post-menopausal women

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

Genetic weakening of the bones. Bones are very easily fractured from little applied force. Other symptoms: early hearing loss, bluish coloration to the whites of the eyes. Victims ay have hundreds of fractures over their lifetime. About 20,000 people in the U.S. have it (rare). Cause - genetic mutation affecting the production of collagen fibers; bones are like glass. They either have less collagen that they should have, or the collagen is not structured properly

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

Rare genetic disorder where bones form in places they shouldn't - replaces muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues, and soft tissue. Makes the victim immobile and look like a statue. Big toe points inward. Normal life for the first few years, then the symptoms begin before age 10. Manifests itself at site of injuries and bruises (appears in response to tissue damage).

Fibrous joint

Suture

Fibrous joint; connection between flat portions of the skull. Collagen fibers anchor to the periosteum of adjacent bones. Synarthroses because the fibers are very short. Protects the brain from compression. Synostosis - bony connection

Synostosis

Synovial joints

Distinct articular joint capsule filled with fluid. Most joints fall into this category. Highly mobile. Richly supplied by nerves, which monitor joint position. Reflexes are present. Also richly supplied with blood, which makes up most of the fluid in the cavity.

Bursa

Tendo-sheaths

Bony articulation

Fits bones tightly together, creating a tight connection. The shape has influence of the movement. Large articular surface that connects very snuggly, like the acetabulum of the hip. However, most joints do not rely on this for stability.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone but it could limit the movement if too tight. Bear excessive strain and stretch and might break. Can only stretch 6% of the resting length. Should not be used in isolation because they are not very effective by themselves.

Knee joint

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Cleft Palate

Easily fixed in surgery. Developmental issue where the 2 sides of the hard palate don't connect. In a baby breast feeding, the milk can aspirate through the nose into the lung, which can cause pneumonia, Surgery is done in the first year of life; before the surgery you can use a prosthetic to prevent milk inhalation.

Shoulder separation

Sprain

stretching and tearing of the ligaments in a joints; most common in the knee, ankle, and lower back. Mild will heal on its own with no permanent damage, though they are slow to heal because of poor blood supply. A complete tear of ligaments requires surgical procedure. Lots of inflammation can degenerate tissue.

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa. Due to impact or friction. Symptoms : pain, swelling. Treatments: anti-inflammatory drugs, rest, icing will all deal with the pain. To deal with the cause (friction), physical therapy can correct it.

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon sheath due to rubbing or friction. Treatments: anti-inflammatory drugs, rest, icing will all deal with the pain. To deal with the cause (friction), physical therapy can correct it.

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

most common form, chronic, degenerative, and progressively gets worse. Most common in the elderly. 85% of the U.S. will develop this. The breakdown of cartilage is faster than the repair process, so we lose articular cartilage (covers bone ends). Bones begin to get exposed, causing pain and immobility because the bones rub against each other and erode.

osteophytes

crepitus

Rheumatoid Arthritis

inflamed disease of joints. Appears around age 40-50 or older. 3x more common in women. Tender, stiff, swollen joints. Affects both sides of body at the same time. Flare ups and remissions. Autoimmune. Infection may trigger this disease. Inflammation in the synovial membrane causes excess fluid to gather and swells the joints. Synovial membrane adheres to and erodes the cartilage and the bone. Scare tissue forms, binding the bone together. Creates a bony connection and fuses the bone.

Ankylosis

Gouty Arthritis (gout)

caused by uric acid. If you produce too much of it, it will accumulate in the blood. Gets deposited in the joints as urate crystals. More common in males because they have more uric acid in the blood. Can lead to fusion of the joint.