The Maasai welcome new arrivals from Penn State and the Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST).

Image: Mary Hudson

Undergraduate students from Penn State will also be traveling to Tanzania in June to conduct fieldwork with the rest of the multidisciplinary research team.

For African herders and farmers, vector-borne diseases such as trypanosomiasis and malaria have long been a serious issue, and are expected to worsen as a result of changes in climate and land-use. The semi-nomadic Maasai pastoralists inhabiting the Maasai Steppe ecosystem of northern Tanzania and southern Kenya are particularly vulnerable to the combined effects of climate change and zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be passed from animals to humans) because they live close to large wildlife populations that can act as reservoirs of infection, and with which they may compete for access to water and forage for their cattle.

Climate Change and Disease

Agricultural encroachment and changes in the availability of water and grazing land are forcing the Maasai to change their traditional movement patterns; they have become more sedentarized in order to cultivate crops to supplement their nutritional needs, but at the same time they must also move in a greater area with their herds — lessening their ability to adapt to climate change and increasing their vulnerability to vector-borne diseases.

The researchers plan to work with the Maasai to better understand the ways in which they currently respond to disease risk and climate adaptation, and then use that knowledge to introduce culturally relevant innovations.

"We chose to focus on the Maasai Steppe because of its semi-arid climate and increasing pressure from both increasing agricultural expansion and climate change," explained Anna Estes, who has been conducting ecological research in Tanzania for nearly two decades. "Both of these factors can threaten the livelihoods of the Maasai by restricting the areas where they can access grazing land and water for their cattle, which puts increasing pressure on the resources that do remain, and has in some cases forced the Maasai to move much farther in order to keep their herds alive."

She continued: "We intend to use intensive field sampling and modeling to map current infection risk and predict where the hotspots of infection are likely to occur in the future, given climate and land-use changes."

The researchers plan to work with the Maasai to better understand the ways in which they currently respond to disease risk and climate adaptation, and then use that knowledge to introduce culturally relevant innovations to reduce vector-borne infections. The majority of the research will be undertaken by graduate students at NM-AIST, co-advised by experts on the research team.

"There are two overarching goals in our study," said Dr. Estes. "The first is to use the outputs of our study to work with the Maasai to introduce and adopt appropriate control measures for vector-borne diseases; the second is to train a cohort of students in trans-disciplinary approaches to predicting and controlling vector-borne diseases in order to meet the future challenges of climate adaptation."

Among the researchers from the Huck Institutes are Peter Hudson, Director; Vivek Kapur, Associate Director for Strategic Initiatives; Anna Estes, Research Coordinator for Tanzania Programs; Doug Cavener, Professor and Head of Biology at Penn State; Matt Thomas, Professor of Entomology; Rachel Smith, Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences; and Isabella Cattadori, Assistant Professor of Biology. Robert Crane, Director of Penn State's Alliance for Education, Science, Engineering and Development in Africa (AESEDA), is also involved in the project, as are Paul Gwakisa, Penn State adjunct professor and Dean of the School of Life Sciences and Biongineering at NM-AIST, and Burton Mwamila, Vice Chancellor of NM-AIST.

"We are absolutely thrilled to have received this grant with NM-AIST," said Dr. Hudson. "It solidifies our emerging collaboration and will provide many more opportunities for faculty and students from both universities to interact. This project is truly interdisciplinary — involving climate, land use, and social science with disease ecology in a holistic EcoHealth approach that we hope will improve health outcomes in vulnerable communities in the Maasai Steppe. We are particularly pleased that this grant will fund graduate students at NM-AIST, helping to create the next leaders in the fields of climate change adaptation and disease ecology in sub-Saharan Africa."

Penn State New Kensington will hold its annual "Holocaust, in Remembrance" program from noon to 1 p.m. Wednesday, April 8, in the campus' Forum Theatre. Lois Rubin, associate professor of English, annually arranges for guest speakers in an effort to educate students about the atrocities of the Holocaust. The program is free to the public. Two survivors of Nazi concentration camps, Shulamit Bastacky of Pittsburgh and Sam Weinreb of White Oak, a suburb of Pittsburgh, will talk about their extraordinary experiences and give first-hand accounts of the atrocities of the Holocaust. They previously spoke at the campus in 2011.

Elena Joshi and Jeya Chandra, faculty members in Penn State's Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, are globetrotting this semester in an effort to expand and enhance study abroad and student exchange opportunities for students in their department.

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