The autumn leaves are falling like rain. Although my neighbors are all barbarians and you, you are a thousand miles away, there are always two cups at my table.

T’ang Dynasty poem

Ten thousand flowers in spring, the moon in autumn, a cool breeze in summer, snow in winter. If your mind isn't clouded by unnecessary things, this is the best season of your life.

~ Wu-men ~

Thursday, October 22, 2015

The History of Xingyiquan and Yiquan

Today we have a guest post from Jonathan Bluestein on the history of Xingyiquan and Yiquan.

Xing Yi
and Yi Quan – The Real Story

By Jonathan
Bluestein

Throughout the ages, many martial artists created
their own fighting systems, usually based on older styles they have studied
prior. Over the course of the 20th century, several of these
teachers became famous and notable, due to a useful combination between their

charismatic personalities and the rise of mass-media. Westerners are usually
only familiar with one Chinese person to have achieved such fame – Bruce Lee. In
China however, there are quite a few more people who carved their own unique
path into the annals of martial history during that same century. One of these
people is Wang Xiang Zhai王薌齋 (1885-1963), the creator of Da Cheng Quan (also known
as ‘Yi Quan’).

Wang’s wonderful martial art
is nowadays considered a standalone style, and people discuss it as if its
qualities and essence are rather new. Yet in truth, Da Cheng Quan only one of
the latest evolutions in a long martial arts lineage, going back over 350
years. To gain a real understanding of what this art is about, how it came to
be and why it was created the way it did, we ought to therefore examine the
history of it predecessors, and the life of the man who created it.

In the picture:Wang Xiangzhai.

Whence it came

While Da Cheng Quan finds its
origins in the prominent, huge metropolis of Tianjin city, the source for its
gongfu was in the remote rural regions of Shanxi province. There, during the 17th
century, lived man whose name was Ji Longfeng, also known as Ji Jike (in
the years 1602-1683 or 1588-1682). He is the first individual to have practiced
what later Wang modified into Da Cheng Quan. The art likely existed before Ji
Longfeng in one form or another, but no prior record of it remains.

At that time, only one branch of the art existed, and was known as Xin-Yi Liu-He
Quan (Heart-Mind Six-Harmonies Fist). This martial art was and still is
primarily passed on within the Chinese Hui – a Muslim minority. Back in the
day, the Hui were not keen on sharing their art, which is why Xin Yi Liu He
Quan remained almost unknown until they started teaching it publicly several
decades ago.

In the following video –
very good explanations and demonstrations of traditional Xin Yi Liu He methods
and techniques:

A second evolution

In an unusual turn of events under these circumstances, Ji Longfeng’s student,
whose name was Cao Jiwu曹繼武, taught the art to the Dai clan. These people the Dai were a
large family-based farming community, also from Shanxi. They mixed the Xin Yi
Liu He Quan they learned with their already existing eclectic knowledge of
martial arts, to create the system known as Dai style Liu He Xin Yi Quan.Like the Hui, they preferred to keep the art
to themselves.

Two generations passed. With their new skills and booming vegetable business,
the fame of the Dai clan grew. Of their abilities then heard one Li Luoneng 李洛能 (1807–1888),
a martial artist from Hebei province (a few hundred miles away). Back in the
day, it was often very difficult to locate a great master of the martial arts
and have him teach you. Li was seeking such men, and upon hearing of the great
Dai gongfu, sought instruction from them. This was challenging though, since Li
wasa stranger from a faraway province, likely with a
different accent. He was not a family member, and neither did he have a formal
introduction of any sort from someone they knew. He then approached the
situation with great patience, and settled alongside the Dai clan, either
working for or with them in the vegetable business. Within a few years he was
able to convince the Dai family to teach him, and he gradually studied their
entire art.

In the picture:Late master
Wang Yinghai 王映海 -
famous exponent of Dai Xin Yi during the 20th century.

After finishing his studies with the Dai clan, ‘old farmer Li’ as he was called
left Taigu county, and wandered around the the Shanxi and Hebei provinces,
teaching many individuals. Li was a superb teacher, and quite a few of his
students gained mastery and fame with his art. But Li was in fact no longer
teaching exactly what he was learning with the Dai clan. He created a new style,
called Xing Yi Quan (Shape and Intention Fist). Because Li taught a lot of
people, and quite a few of them became serious teachers themselves across broad
geographic areas in two different provinces, his art became widespread and
famous across all of China, and is very common worldwide today.

Li did several things that distinguished his art. Firstly, he systematized it.
Secondly, he added much content to it – many new methods. The original Xin Yi
Liu He Quan is a very broad and diverse style, with a lot of techniques and
forms. Dai Xin Yi is in comparison more concise and concentrated, with a
smaller curriculum. Xing Yi was created based on the Five Fists and Twelve
Animals – movements that existed before but underwent modifications, additions
and re-classifications. There are also seven major additional, specific
modifications that made Xing Yi stand out when compared to its predecessors:

1.Zhan Zhuang, the
standing methods for developing Structure, Nei Gong and Dan Tian methods, were
now of the foremost importance for the training. These were not practiced in
Dai Xin Yi, and not nearly as important in Xin Yi Liu He. The main structure
and dan tian development method of the Dai clan, known as ‘Dun Hou Shi’
(Squatting Monkey posture), was omitted.

2.The body
mechanics of the art were heavily influenced by the usage and wielding of the
Chinese spear. This weapon existed in the previous arts but did not affect
their empty-handed practice as much. Without training with the spear, it is
challenging to grasp the correct mechanics of Xing Yi Quan.

3.San Ti Shi became
the most important training and fighting stance in the art, commonly replacing
Gong Bu. This stance barely existed in the practice of the previous styles, and
was used more commonly in transitioning between movements. Gong Bu remained in
practice and application to a lesser extent.

4.A lot of the
intricate, internal body mechanics became smaller and hidden, while many external
movements became larger, compared with Dai Xin Yi.

5.The Five Fists,
and especially Pi Quan, became the core of the art.

6.Dai Xin Yi had 10
animal movements and methods. In Xing Yi there were now 12 of them. These were
extended to include more material from Li’s broader knowledge of the arts, and
some animals which were prior just a single combination or pattern became short
forms.

7.The Si Ba (Four
Grasps) form of Dai Xin Yi, which was inherited (and modified) from Liu He Xin
Yi, disappeared from the art. Later, Li Luoneng’s students added many forms of
their own.

All of the changes noted
above, and several others, are key for defining Xing Yi Quan. They manifest in
all the subsequent branches of this art, of which there are many. Therefore, it
is safe to say that a sub-style of Xing Yi Quan ought to at least include
some variety of the Zhang Zhuang, usage of San Ti Shi, the Five Fists, Twelve
Animals, and Spear training. Later, many additional weapons and forms were
added to the art by Li Luoneng’s students, and these differ between schools.

Traditional Shanxi-style
Xing Yi Quan by various teachers from that province:

How the art came to
Wang Xiang Zhai

One of Li Luoneng’s most well-known students was Guo Yunshen. His name
spread far and wide, and he was good friends with other notable martial arts
masters of his day. Guo spent 3 years in prison for killing a man with his bare
hands. He used that time productively to hone his skills in the art, and came
out of prison as an even more formidable practitioner.

Wang Xiangzhai is claimed to
have been Guo’s disciple, but this is unlikely. The date of Guo’s death is
disputed. However, he either passed away either a short while before Wang was
born, or when Wang 13 (1898). Either way, Wang could not have studied seriously
with him. The version that assumes Guo was alive has Wang becoming his student
in 1893, when Wang was 8 years old. Xing Yi Quan is a very sophisticated and
advanced Internally-oriented system, and children do not possess the cognitive
ad physical requirements for learning such a style. This truth is so known and
obvious, that my own teachers rightfully refused to teach people under the age
of 18. Furthermore, some say that due to old age, Guo could no longer effective
demonstrate his art (though he was not very old, merely in his 60s). Also, it is acknowledged that Wang was a sickly child, was learning only method for improving his health in the beginning.

An even more contradictory version of the events is given to us by Wang Xuanjie, who was one of Wang Xiangzhai’s last disciples. In his book, Wang Xuanjie claimed that his teacher Wang Xiangzhai was born in 1890 (also supported by Xiangzhai’s daughter in a book from 1982), and that Wang Xiangzhai began studying with Guo Yunshen in 1904 (age 14). Yet the simple math easily shows, Guo Yunshen was resting underground for quite a while already in 1904 (depending on whom you ask, he either passed in 1898 or 1901).

The real teacher of Wang Xiangzhai had been a disciple of Guo Yunshen, whose
name was Li Bao (Li Zhenshan). It is possible that because of some technical or
cultural reasons, Wang was listed officially as Guo’s student instead of Li’s.
Such a thing happened commonly in traditional martial arts culture in China, and was also the norm in Guo's village. It
could also be that Wang later sought to associate himself with the more famous
and popular Guo. There are accounts by Wang’s disciple, a certain ‘Mr. Pan’,
that Wang indeed went through the Bai Shi ceremony in front of Guo’s grave
(meaning he was not really Guo’s disciple).

I am of the opinion that
because Wang began studying at young age and left for the army either as a
teenager or in his early 20s, he did not manage to study fully the complete
curriculum of the art. Wang himself told an interviewer that “he left his
teacher in 1907” - supposedly when he was 17 or 22 (though we know Guo actually passed away in 1898 or 1901, so he either left Li Bao age 17 / 22 or 'left' Guo Yunshen much earlier, as a young child, when Guo passed away). There is much evidence to this hypothesis I made (of partial instruction) later in Wang’s life. He never cares to mention the spear of Xing Yi, though it
is very important and was known to Guo, or any other weapons for that matter.
He never taught movement forms (taolu) beside, perhaps, some of the animal
forms (it should be noted that many animals variations are single movements and
combinations, not complete forms). The all-important Chicken Stepping of Xing
Yi, crucial for its fighting abilities, was not something Wang taught. In his
teachings there quite a few other things ‘missing’ as well from the original.
Yet because Wang later acknowledged to have changed the art, it is difficult to estimate what he never studied, and what he intentionally omitted. Only the end
result can be appreciated, and of that I shall write later.

In the picture: Xin Yi Liu He Quan master Jung Yung-Hwan (Korean
name). This typical Xin Yi Liu He posture has him standing in Gong Bu - a
stepping method now absent from Da Cheng Quan.

Wang goes travelling

A major problem we have with Wang’s life is that much of it is accounted for by
himself. Wang was by no means an objective autobiographer however, and what he
had written and said of himself in various articles and interviews was always
clearly intended for self-promotion for him and his art – again making it
difficult to judge truth from fiction.

After his short period in the military, we know that Wang went travelling
across China, in his early 30s. He could have returned to study with Li Bao or
other teachers of Xing Yi Quan, but opted not to do so. In fact, he seemed more
eager to fight people than study from them at that point in his life. His
articles proudly tell us that “he had fought many people across China, but was
only matched in fighting by two and a half of them” (he was writing of three
people, one of which he considered his equal – hence, “two and a half). He also
said: "Those who understand me are wise people, those who condemn meshould sit alone in the still of night to listen to their hearts". In modern times, such arrogant expressions would
have been met with much skepticism and uproar, and a fellow such as Wang would
have subsequently been visited by a multitude of hoodlums looking to test him. I
assume though that since Wang was a very skilled martial artist after all, he
was willing to take such chances. But back in his day, during the first part of
the 20th century, with the newspaper still being a ‘fresh’ medium,
people very more gullible and willing to be fed such fantastic stories. He was
not criticized openly then for his somewhat outrageous claims (some of which
may have been true), and incredibly even today, many are willing to turn a
blind eye to his bold writing style. He himself admits that, “to his dismay”,
no teacher in his city of Beijing came to challenge (‘teach’) him following his
public statements.

So who were supposedly
(according to Wang) the people who defeated Wang Xiang Zhai? He wrote:"I have traveled across the country in
research, engaging over a thousand people in martial combat, there have been
only 2.5 people I could not defeat, namely Hunan's Xie Tie Fu, Fujian's Fang Yi
Zhuang and Shanghai's Wu Yi Hui”.

1.
Hunan's Xie Tie Fu 湖南解鐵夫 - In Hubei Province, Wang met Xie Tie Fu, known as
“the madman”, who was a practitioner of Xin Yi Chuan 心意拳. They fought 10 times and Wang was defeated each
time. Wang then suggested trying again using weapons, to which Xie replied,
“Weapons are only an extension of the body. You couldn’t defeat me without a
weapon, with a weapon the result will be the same.” Wang insisted and they
fought again, this time using staffs. Just as Xie predicted Wang again was
defeated. Ashamed he turned to leave when Xie said, “And what? You will
practice three years, and then come back to fight with me again? Better stay
with me. We can teach each other. I met many good fighters, but you are best of
them." Wang stayed and learned from Xie for over a year, and it was very
important for further development of Wang's martial art. When Wang was leaving,
Xie said that he was not sure about south (because he didn’t travel there), but
north of the Yangtze river there was nobody who could equal Wang.

Yet there is no Liu He Xin Yi in Da Cheng Quan today. Also, although Wang mentions
weapons (plural), and they supposedly fought with staffs, Wang only taught the
use of the staff in later years, and only to some students.

2. Wu Yihui - of Liu He Ba
Fa fame. Possibly had some influence over Wang. But frankly - can anyone claim
a connection between Liu He Ba Fa and Wang's teachings? I doubt it. Wang did
not mention who won in their fights. However, since there are three people and
the other two amount to 1.5 against Wang, then Wu Yihui was likely the ‘other
1’ to make it

In
the following videos – good examples of Southern White Crane (Bai He Quan):

Allow
me to explain such stories (of fighting the masters) to those not versed in the
little social intricacies of Chinese culture. The culture that Wang lived in
was and still is today one that strives for social harmony. The best, most
preferable solution to any social issue is to have an outcome where everyone is
pleased, happy and content (better have solidarity than ‘winners’ – everybody
wins is the goal). The Chinese have no trouble lying if it means that this
important goal is achieved, and social harmony is obtained. In writing the
accounts of the masters above, Wang Xiangzhai achieved that goal in a very
typical Chinese way. He mentions the name of a Chinese master as someone who
beat him on a public newspaper to help that teacher gain fame and fortune. At
the same time, he himself gains respect by associating his own name with ‘the
great other teacher’, and claiming to have studied from him. Both sides receive
honourary mentions and publicity. Everyone are content. That is, regardless of
the fact that in truth, we see nothing from the arts practiced by these gentlemen
in the art later taught by Wang.

Even more ironic is that all of the teachers who were hailed by Wang practiced
and taught martial arts which include a very broad curriculum, with countless
techniques and forms (or few extremely long forms). These broad curriculums and
their forms are the same things which Wang later heavily criticized, and
omitted completely from his own art. Much like Bruce Lee, Wang was all too keen
on condemning and ruling out such fixed training methods, even though they were
used by people under whom he claimed to have studied.
After his travels, which lasted about a decade, Wang finally settled in the already booming metropolis of Shanghai. This is likely where he came to know and interact with Liu He Ba Fa master Qu Yihui, whom I had mentioned a few paragraphs ago. At the time in China, prior to the 1930s, good martial arts teachers were far and in-between, and were difficult to locate since there were hardly any phones, newspapers or other means of mass communication and media. Such teachers were highly valued for their transmission of useful survival skills and traditional culture, and were often sought after by rich families to personal tutoring. A martial artist could have earned an incredible salary working for such people, and indeed it was during his time in Shanghai that Wang became a rich man.
He used his money wisely. At one point he went to late Guo Yunshen's village and built a new and fancy tombstone for him, in order to pay his respects, and also cement to view that he was Guo's disciple. The tombstone was unfortunately taken during the Cultural Revolution to be used as construction material. Later a new one was erected during the 1980s.

Wang's public declarations about his art, his lineage and the lesser qualities of other arts and teachers did not go unnoticed among the Xing Yi exponents of his day, even if they did not usually care to challenge him to fights directly. Some were not appreciative of the fact that Wang named his art 'Yi
Quan' - a synonym for Xing Yi. He received a 'hint' (likely from Song Shirong) that
he better pick another name (or else…), and that is how the art's real name,
'Da Cheng Quan', was conceived and found common usage. However, few in the West
are aware of these events, which is why the art is still commonly referred to
as 'Yi Quan'.

It is implied by some that Wang’s approach got him in trouble
more than once. This we can see, for instance, in the following passages, taken
from the book ‘Taijiquan and the Search for the Little Old Chinese Man’,
by Adam D. Frank (pages 65, 164-165). These quote two teachers’ account of Wang being kicked out
the Shanghai martial arts scene: “…On
this particular summer evening, we found ourselves engrossed in a discussion of
Yu Pengshi and the practice of yiquan, or “mind-intent boxing.” A disciple of
yiquan’s founder Wang Xiangzhai, Yu Pengshi had been the Lu family’s neighbor.
Yu introduced yiquan to martial artists in the San Francisco Bay Area in the
early 1980s. His wife continued to live and teach there. When we walked through
Teacher Lu’s old neighborhood, he occasionally pointed out the vifilla where Yu
Pengshi had lived. “His gongfu was just OK,” said Lu. “He was a disciple of
Wang Xiangzhai. But Wang Xiangzhai was a braggart. While he was living in
Shanghai in the thirties, he bragged a lot, but he was finally invited to leave
town by some of the other teachers.” The sort of criticism that Lu directed at
Wang Xiangzhai and Yu Pengshi often colored our practice sessions. I usually
refrained from criticizing other arts and teachers; Lu simply spoke his mind…… one
JTA member who grew up next to the disciple of Wang’s who brought yiquan to the
United States simply says, “Wang Xiangzhai chui niu” (literally, “to blow like
a cow”; to brag). This teacher went on to say that Wang was basically hounded
out of Shanghai in the 1930s by some of the other martial arts teachers”.

In the picture:Wang Xiangzhai (center) with his
disciple Li Jianyu (left) 李见宇 and their friend Zhou
Bingqian 周秉谦 (right).

One of the few people who did
challenge Wang openly was Kenichi Sawai from Japan, at the time said to
have been a Judo 5th dan and Kendo 6th dan – certainly
skilled in those arts. He was soundly defeated by Wang, and accepted as his
student afterwards. But Wang did not care to teach Sawai himself, and for the
most part Sawai learned the art from his student, Yao Zongxun. A few
years later Kenichi returned to Japan, where he taught that art as his
interpretation, called ‘Tai Ki Ken’. At the time, Wang and Yao’s association
with Sawai, who was a colonel in the Japanese military, gave them social and
physical immunity from harm. But such links were also heavily frowned upon by
most Chinese, and consequently Yao spent some time in prison in the following
years because of such connections. Others in the community even went as far as to refer to Wang's art as 'Traitor Fist' (Hànjiān Quán 汉奸拳) - an extremely negative and insulting derogatory term. This is despite the fact it is not known whether Wang simply accepted Sawai into his school, chose to cooperate with the Japanese or was coerced into such actions against his will. Given the horrendous acts of Japan against China during World War II, it was to be expected that anyone even remotely suspected of having ties with the Japanese to have angered a lot of people. Personally, I think Wang cannot be harshly judged on this account.

After
Wang left Shanghai for either this or that reason, he came to Tianjin, another
metropolis, in close proximity to Beijing the capital. Both these cities hosted
the greatest number of famous masters in China at the time. One of the first
things Wang did in Tianjin was to host a big banquet in honor of Zhang Zhaodong
- a very well known teacher of Xing Yi Quan and Bagua Zhang. This was another
smart financial and political move on Wang's behalf. Zhang was thankful for the
way Wang treated him and for the money Wang bestowed upon him. In return for
Wang's kindness, Zhang did a few things to repay him. Firstly, he openly
declared that he supported Wang's claim of having been Guo Yunshen's disciple
(Guo was technically Zhang's gongfu uncle). Secondly, he took a few pictures
with Wang alongside other teachers to solidify his show of support. Thirdly,
since Wang had no students in his new place of residence, Zhang sent ten of his
students to study under him. Their names were:
Zhao Enqing, Gu Xiaochi, Ma Qichang, Deng Zhisong, Miao Chunyu, Zhang
Zonghui, Zhang Entong, Qiu Zhihe, Zhao Fengyao, Zhao Zuoyao. Only three of them
persisted with Wang in the long run, and received customary names from
him: Zhao Daoxin (Zhao Enqing), Zhang
Daode (Zhang Entong) and Zhao Dahong (Zhao Fengyao). Zhao Daoxin and Qiu Zhihe
(the latter never got a special name from Wang), are often praised as great
examples for masters 'groomed' by Wang, especially since they created they own
martial arts systems (Xin Hui Zhang and Luo Xuan Quan, respectively). However,
it has been pointed out that the creation of 'systems' with 'forms' and a fixed
curriculum is in great contradiction with the teachings of Wang, who wanted to
"emphasize the Yi (Intent and Nei Gong) and do away with the Xing (excess
of shapes, forms and fixed techniques). Like many things relating to Wang, this
subject too is highly controversial. There are those who claim that these two
people actually told their students they did not learn much from Wang (Zhang
Zhaodong was their main teacher), while others consider them to be prime
example of Wang's teachings.

In the following videos – Cui Fushan (the older gentleman), grand-student of Wang Xiangzhai and student of Bu Enfu, demonstrating good gongfu. Please read the video descriptions for some context:

The art changes a
fourth time

Initially Wang went about with his
Xing Yi like any other traditionalist in the art. However, since he liked to
pick up fights he soon found out that despite his talent, and perhaps because
he was not taught the whole thing, it not always worked combatively the way he
hoped for. Being practical he looked at his own personal weaknesses and went
through a long and slow evolution. In the beginning he still taught Xing Yi the
way he learned it, Five Fists and Twelve Animals included. But over the years,
and especially following his experiences with the masters mentioned before, his
own practice and teaching began to change.

Because Wang was already skilled in his art, having trained in it for decades,
he did not need to work on developing his structure. His body already contained
the essence of the style, to the level that he had learned and understood it.
His own practice was then focused on the general movement-vectors and the momentum
of various movements, with the patterns being more casual and less strict. In
Wang's words, emphasizing the Yiat the
expense of the Xing. However, the original art was called Xing Yi for a reason!
That both aspects of the art were equally important.

Late master Wang Xuanjie
performing a Jian Wu of Da Cheng Quan:

Wang does not tell us what he felt
did not work for him, personally. But he was enthusiastic on sharing and
proclaiming “what was wrong” with others who studied, practiced and taught the
art.

The name Xing Yi is comprised of two characters:Xing 形 – Shape, and Yi 意 – Intent or Will. The Xing refers to the external bodily
postures, the many techniques and the forms. The Yi refers to the use of intention and the nei gong. Wang strongly felt that “people became too focused on
the practice of Xing, and neglected to work on their Yi”. Hence the art’s first
name – ‘Yi Quan’ (omitting the Xing). In saying that, he was referring to his
own students as well. He uses this argument to justify the many changes he made
to the art, most notable among them being:

- The practice of Zhan Zhuang became
more important than anything else, and the length of time spent standing had
been extended to the upwards of two hours. This was rarely if ever done before
in Xing Yi. In fact, many Xing Yi teachers advocated reducing the amount of
time spent standing as one’s skill increases.

- In Xing Yi there is the minor
practice of Shi Li 試力 (‘Feeling the Power’) – several movement patterns that
represented general and simplified circles and vectors of power. These were
used to teach one to transition the martial structure developed with Zhan
Zhuang into combative usage, and ease the learning of more intricate mechanics
contained within the 12 Animals. The Shi Li are concept-based rather than
techniques based, meaning they teach how to move and react, and not necessarily
how to apply a specific fighting method. Wang made the Shi Li the focal point
of the art’s moving practice.

- The Five Fists and Twelve Animals
were all reduced into simplified forms of Shi Li themselves. Combinations and
Forms were completely eliminated, and turned into repetitive Shi Li drills that
captured what Wang considered ‘the essence’ of the fist or animal. Later in his
life, even the Shi Li of the animals were done with, as Wang gradually took on
an even more reductionist approach to his training and teaching. Some of Wang’s
students and grand-students had to later re-add their own versions of the 12
animals Shi Li, since the originals were lost.

Like many teachers, Wang made the choice
of teaching what he felt worked for him at his level of understanding and
martial development. However, we should remember that Wang eventually acquired
his excellent skills by practicing traditional Xing Yi Quan most of his life.
For better or worse, most of Wang’s students did not receive the instruction he
himself had gotten, but were taught Wang’s idea how the art will be best
manifested. In doing this, Wang was the exception in the Xing Yi Quan
community. As can be seen in the following lineage chart which I created, the art survived through many lineages for at least 7 generations
since Li Luoneng, usually with far less pronounced modifications than those
Wang made.

When people discuss the
changes Wang had done to his original art, often another key element is missed.
The art was greatly affected by Wang’s eventual omission of the Santi posture,
and shifting the preference to wider combative stances. This is because:

1. San Ti Shi makes Xing Yi
Quan a style that specializes in attacking the opponent’s center of mass and
gravity through a narrow corridor of motion. Shifting to wider stances changed
this quality.

2. As a result, the elbows,
which Xing Yi prefers to keep closer to the center much of the time, were now
often raised and went sideways in practice and application; to accommodate for
the new combative positions.

3. Also changing was the
hallmark of Xing Yi, of using vertical forward-driven circles – the power
vector of Xing Yi’s most essential method, Pi Quan. This trait was Xing Yi’s
legacy from the body method of wielding a spear. With both Santi and the old Pi
Quan gone, these circles were altered as well, becoming less forward-driven,
and used more for manipulating the opponent’s structure and less for hitting.

While it is true that in Da
Cheng Quan, a shorter San Ti is used for Zhan Zhuang and some applications, it
is not the core of the style, but rather is Hun Yuan Zhuang (Cheng Bao Zhuang).

Some of Wang’s students are
credited as having been influenced by Western Boxing (Bu Enfu and Yao Zongxun). It was actually Wang that sent them to learn Boxing and compete in it. This art was considered a novelty in China during the 19th
and 20th centuries, and was often a representation, together with
Wrestling, as a representation of the ‘white man’s strength’. Thus, many
glorification stories were told of Chinese masters defeating Western boxers and
wrestlers. Various Chinese practitioners who came from styles wherein footwork
was slightly lacking were astounded by the mobility of boxers and inspired by
them. Such was the case later with Bruce Lee, who incorporated boxing footwork
and concepts into his Jeet Kune Do. I tend to believe that Wang himself was
also at least moderately influenced by the footwork and rhythm of Western
Boxing, even though he never cared to admit it. He certainly received some other influences from boxing as well, as described here by his student (such as adopting a 'guard position' with the hands in fighting). Wang's daughter, Yufang, confirmed this influence in private conversations with my friend, master Yang Hai, when she was alive (she passed away in 2013).

This influence is seen to the largest extent in the Da Cheng practice method known as
Jian Wu 健舞 (literally:
‘Health Dance’). That practice is essentially what a boxer would call ‘Shadow
Boxing’. The practitioner would move spontaneously between any of the postures
known to him, reflecting either natural flow of energy without the body or
going through an imaginary fight with an opponent. Not only is the method
itself and the rhythm in it reminiscent of Boxing, but also the wider, higher
and more ‘square’ footwork, which often floats around on the balls of one’s
feet. Although the two methods obviously differ in their mechanics and in some of their purposes, the general movement concept is very similar.

This is further easily witnessed in Da Cheng’s preference for diagonal stepping
lines, versus Xing Yi’s liking of linear stepping. Also, in Wang’s changing of
Xing Yi’s forward Plow-Stepping to the diagonal, higher and less rooted
but more mobile Friction-Stepping (Mócā Bù 摩擦步).

In the following video –
one of the best exponents of the art in our time, master Cui Ruibin, performing
a Jian Wu:

Speaking of which - there
are also claims that Wang was influenced by Bagua Zhang, and those who would go
as far as to claim that “there is Bagua in Da Cheng Quan”. There is little to
support that idea, apart from minor similar stepping methods. Wang himself
never mentioned it as far as I know. He even admits to have only met Dong Haichuan and Cheng Tinghua (the founder of Bagua and one his his disciples) when he was a child. Even that claim is problematic, since Wang was born in 1885 and Dong passed away about 3 years prior. Those who claim Wang may have studied Bagua with Cheng Tinghua will be disappointed to find out that he died in 1900, when Wang was only 15 years old.

It should be noted and re-emphasized
that by the time Wang made those profound changes and essentially created his
own style, he was likely over 40 years old, have trained since childhood and
travelled across China, testing his skills. There is no question that he was
enough of an authority over his own material to be making such decisions. The art had also proven itself, at least in terms of fighting, beyond Wang’s own tales, since several of his students and grand-students such as Zhao Daoxin and members of the Yao family were known as fighters. Later on, through Yu Yongnian’s medical research (and fine book), the methods of Wang were also shown to be very beneficial for the treatment of various illnesses.

Wang Binkui 王斌魁 performs Xingyi Quan and Yi quan:

A grand legacy

In 1962, following the death of his
wife, Wang became ill from grief. The illness increased in severity, and in
1963 he was no longer teaching. That year, he suffered from cerebral vascular
rupture (brain hemorrhage) as a side-effect of medicine he used to receive
regularly. Soon after another delivery of the medicine by his grandson, he fell dying into his arms. He was 78 years old.

Even though I believe it is likely
that Wang did not study Xing Yi Quan fully, that does not detract from his
great achievement. On the contrary. From a limited based in his mother art he
continued to evolve, studying under more teachers and expanding his skills and
understanding, until his efforts yielded a fantastic system for fighting and
health cultivation. Wang’s case is similar to the Okinawans, who had originally
studied southern-Chinese martial arts, usually to a limited extent, but were
able to make the most of what they learned and turn it into the immensely
successful traditions of Karate. Like them, Wang proved that one needs not
necessarily learn a full curriculum in order to come up with substance and
quality. These may differ from the original, but can be no less worthy.

Wang’s open teachings of Zhan Zhuang
methods helped spread his art far and wide, and consequently raised the
interest in Xing Yi, Dai Xin Yi and Xin Yi Liu He as well. Previously, though
very beneficial for one’s health and the healing of diseases, Zhang Zhuang were
only known to Daoist monks and a relatively small group of martial artists
across China. From Wang’s teachings they became a folk health practice, and
eventually entered countless parks, communities and even hospitals. Wang’s
grand-student, late master Yu Yongnian, was a doctor, and conducted many
studies of the medical benefits of Zhan Zhuang, of which he published a book.
In recent decades, many other martial arts have begun adopting Zhan Zhuang
methods as well. I have seen practitioners and teachers of styles as varied and
diverse as Chen and Yang styles of Taiji Quan, Bak Mei and Pak Hok Pai
practicing them and claiming them as their own, although historically such
methods were never a part of their curriculum. There are also countless ‘Qi
Gong teachers’ who instruct on Zhan Zhuang (often poorly) as part of what they
teach.

In the picture:Dr. Yu Yongnian,
one of Wang’s notable students, teaching Zhan Zhuang to a group of people.

During Wang’s life but mostly following
Wang’s death, his art also re-influenced many practitioners of Xing Yi Quan,
who used its more Yi-focused approach to training and fighting to augment the
understanding of what they were already practicing. My own Xing Yi lineage
bears such influences.

Several of Wang’s students and
grand-students were known as fighters, and Da Cheng is becoming increasingly
popular among exponent of MMA and San Da as a practice to augment and hone
their fighting skills. Practitioners of Da Cheng, following in Wang’s
footsteps, were also among the first among the Chinese traditionalists to fight
in modern rings and cages during the late 20th and early 21st
centuries.

Today, Da Cheng Quan is more popular
than ever, essentially being taught worldwide. Though I feel that some schools
of it have an almost cultish quality to the way in which they approach their
practice, nonetheless he majority of that community is made of a very positive
crowd. Often, the art succeeds in attracting people who otherwise may have not
considered the martial arts at all, due to its unique character and greater
focus on meditation. Indeed, not everyone are willing to take on a ‘complete
package’ such as offered by a traditional style, like Xing Yi, which demands
much in terms of the extensive curriculum.

Wang was not foolish in his actions, and he was a skilled
martial artists and teacher. The system he created based on very personal and
perhaps 'lacking' interpretation of Xing Yi, with the addition of insight from
much research and experience, yielded a very robust and excellent style, useful
for fighting and health-promotion alike. His approach to martial arts was sound
and practical, and albeit his arrogance he managed to teach well quite a few

distinguished teachers and pass on to them a great deal of knowledge. His version
of Xing Yi reverberated among many schools of the Internally-oriented arts in
China, and inspired and added to many schools of Xing Yi later down the road. Wang
and many of his students and grand-students have also taken the practice of
Zhan Zhuang to a high level not commonly achieved by teachers of Xing Yi, and
had shown through their perseverance what may be achieved with such methods.
Overall, I have a lot of appreciation for his art and teachings. I just wish
that its history and promotion were more accurate, and not so reliant on
newspaper accounts written by the man of himself. Had Wang lived today, I would
have definitely gone studying with him, but perhaps would not have made him a
role model as a human being. Regardless, the name of his art - Da Cheng Quan 大成拳 – ‘Great
Achievement Boxing’ - befits what he had achieved in his lifetime and what came
about through the decades based on what he had taught.______________________________________________The author of this article, Jonathan Bluestein, can be contacted directly at:jonathan.bluestein@gmail.com . Shifu Bluestein is a practitioner and teacher of Xing Yi Quan, Pigua Zhang and Jook Lum Southern Mantis. These arts are taught by him at his academy in Israel, and also in seminars abroad. Shifu Bluestein is also a best-selling author on the martial arts. Be sure to check out his popular books:Research of Martial Artsand The Martial Arts Teacher.

You may also subscribe to shifu Bluestein's youtube channel, which is regularly update with rare and fascinating martial arts videos:

9 comments:

Anonymous
said...

Calling a Wang Xiang Zhai a liar? And claiming a superior understanding of Chinese culture as your 'evidence'? You don't know the facts, so you shouldn't hypothesise in a such a way. Wang's history is probaby over egged, but that's not the issue. Who the fuck are you to cast aspersions - you, the great fraud of IMA.

As for what 'Yi quan is really about', again, this article presents a trivial level of insight. Yi quan is not a historically time limited concept. Yi quan is simply principles and a structure. The structure is designed to help people to explore and unfold their native ability to employ those principles. The structure is the least relevant aspect - the structure evolves over time, changes from person to person, and is adaptive to new insights. The structure is symbiotic with insight and level.

It wouldn't have mattered if Wang had learned from nobody at all. It wouldn't matter if he'd just unfolded yi quan by himself in the mountains. Anyone with a sufficient understanding and dilligence coulad have. You could, if you wanted to. But you don't - you want kudos, even though it's false kudos. Just as, even now, no one can teach you Yi quan. No lineage means anything. All your teacher does is make life easier by providing a more useful structure for you to learn from. Your one of those people who thinks a petty - and in your case poor - structure is 'what matters'.

Having said that, it would be better if almost everyone claiming to practice yi quan, and indeed IMA, and CMA per se in the West, now just fucked off into their fantasy world and didn't come back. You too. If, in some future dark ages, the 'tapes are erased' and the structures of Yi quan are lost, nevertheless, the thing itsef survives and gets re-found, because it's the most basic, and profound, method of all: the principles of wushu, combined with the qualities, dilligence, capabilities and understanding of the practitioner. That would be better - to start again. Just give up. Stop, sit in the dark, and ask yourself, what the fuck do you really know? Nothing. Start again. Stop misleading people - it makes it harder for them to find real wushu.

Everyone is entitled to their opinion. Some write it politely in the form of serious articles and books. Others just throw profanities about. I do not know who you are, but you likely have a good background in the arts. It is a shame you chose to use this venue as a personal attack against me rather than as a useful platform for discussing the points raised in the article.

Given that I have also praised Wang and his art in the article, and have referred readers to some lineages that came down from him, I would not worry about people's ability to "find real wushu". ;-) Cui Ruibin is one excellent modern teacher of the art that I have put a video of above, and generally speaking I think the art is nowadays thriving more than ever and it is easy to find those who will teach it.

Really? Your writing, from your articles to your book is written in an extremely opinionated and arrogant manner regardless of whether or not that style reflects your true feelings. And they are not 'serious' in the way you appear to imply, they are far more often than not conjecture and personal opinion.

There is some very real irony in calling Wang arrogant and being critical of strong self-promotion through the media of his day given your own endeavors to have people see you as an expert in IMA, and even Chinese arts you don't study, and lets not forget Chinese culture too!

Your article presumes a lot, and is lacking any great depth of understanding not only about the history of the time, but also of Yi Quan, it's influences and reasons for becoming and being what it was.

Again, what a pity that we cannot seem to be able to discuss the article and its contents.

I have never referred to myself as an 'expert', but I thank you for the compliment. Surely, others know much better than I with regard to the arts. As I have written many times in my articles and book, my understandings are merely the result of standing on the shoulders of giants.

You seem to be a knowledgeable person. How about you write better books and articles? I would very much like to learn from your experience. Since you have a lot to share, please do. I will be the first to read your materials, despite what you have written of me on the personal level. In my book I have referred to over 250 sources, in orderly footnotes and a broad bibliography. Not everyone I referenced or quoted necessarily agrees with my opinions, but I respect anyone who can make a sound argument that is helpful for creating a better understanding of the arts. In the event that you indeed possess a superior understanding and can demonstrate that in writing, then I would be happy to make an example of your fine literary achievements and present these to my readers.

I have read Wang's book/translations of articles by him: "Wang Xiangzhai Discusses the essence of combat science" and the "Right Path of Yiquan" translated by Timo Heikkila and Li Jiong. He reminds me of Bruce Lee and criticized kungfu in the same tone. Considering the lack of fighting abilities in most of today's internal martial artists I would say that he was right to criticize it.

Mr. Wang does not seem like an arrogant guy. He stress over and over that he wants to advance Chinese martial arts and improve on it. He comes across as someone who was truly interested in getting at the truth. "I do not dare to say that I have introduced something new, I just follow and spread the tradition of the predecessors..."

"I just wish that my fellow boxes would be willing to advocate, discuss, and investigate combat science ... However, if nobody does this, I wish to start from myself... Even if my body be full of cuts and bruises, my utmost will come true if combat science can be promoted."

And here's the full line to one of your quote: "Those who understand me are wise people, those who condemn me should sit alone in the still of night to listen to their hearts. Anyhow, let them laugh who will, I will not mind. If the true essence of combat science will prosper again, how could personal praise or blame make any difference?"

And he continues "What I worry about is that the famous masters do not inspect and learn from each other and discuss the problems. I fear it is hardly possible to gain the hope of combat science. Anyways, I hope combat science will advance, polish up the goal of the martial way of our society, and wash off the deep rooted bad habits."

He greatly criticize TaiChi and considered most of it to be watered down except for the Yang brothers, whom he considered to be great martial artists. He comes across as some one who is tired of the secrecy and closed-mindedness of the masters of his time. He wants to test, discuss and get at the core of true fighting skill. I wish there was more like him. Kungfu would be better for it.

This article is not impartial.......In origin Xing Yi wasn't a system of Santishi, 5 elements and 12 animals.....so why the hell the Xing part of Xing Yi should be so important? We have to understand that in origin taolu and concatenations didn't exist. We have to mantain an open mind and (with time of course) get rid of all these mental restrictions.....this is what I think. Of course I don't take for granted to being right, I hope is the same for you all.

Oooooooooook, I finished reading all the article and I have to change my previous comment :DThe article is impartial and what I said previously, You already said it in this LOOOOOOONG story.Anyway, It is a very good story, a well thought article and it is evident that you didn't stop at the superficiality of your style, but that you digged through it. You made me understand even a bit more of what I already knew, so......really good job, man.Keep up the good work! Bye!

I thought this was an excellent article. Putting things in an historical contex is very interesting. It is a pity that you have to put up with an over-zealous yi-chaun enthusiast. I have met yi-chaun practitioners and they seem very proud of their art and its effectiveness. I am also in the process of reading your book and I find it interesting and I think it makes good points but there is a bit of beating around the bush. Hinting at things rather than stating them directly. The internal arts are very straight forward in many ways and can be expressed clearly in English. You are a good writer and I am sure you could do it. I was asked to explain what you ment by dragon. As an example I pulled him directly down towards me and told him resist. He easily resisted. I then pulled spiralling down and he shot pass. Simple. You may disagree with my understanding, and if you say why we may learn something.