And the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources recently announced that the entire state was free of drought conditions for the first time in nearly two years.

Experts struggle to define drought, but Deke Arndt, chief of the climate monitoring branch of the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, said drought simply is a period “when there’s not enough water to meet demand.”

Arndt said the balance depends on the amount of water available and the amount of water expected at any point in time. But the main determinate of drought conditions, he said, “is tied to the climate of a place.”

“Those kinds of impacts haven’t been observed, reported or communicated widely from the region,” he said.

Western North Carolina tends to have an overall drier climate, Arndt said. But the region’s climate is complicated and some individual counties and regions receive more precipitation than others. For example, while Brevard tends to be a very wet region, Ardnt said Weaverville is comparatively very dry.

When looking at climate in the short term, storm systems and other transient conditions contribute to the day-to-day weather and are enhanced through the warm and largely unpredictable summer months.

“It’s the hit-or-miss nature of precipitation,” Arndt said. “Rain patterns by and large are ‘splotchy.’”

Farmers cope with water challenges

For Polk County organic farmer Lee Mink, water retention and conservation is imperative to a successful crop. He said he employs various practices to ensure steady production and the development of what he calls a “healthy living soil.”

Mink grows more than 20 species of tomatoes, a variety of squashes and zucchinis, and a diverse selection of lettuces, peppers, okras, cucumbers, blueberries, figs, peaches, apples and sunflowers.

A walk around Mink’s Leap Farm reveals his water retention methods. He uses a cover crop, such as rye or wheat straw, to cover the soil and beds around his plants. Mink said this reduces the soil temperature and also protects the soil from drying out in the sun.

But some of Mink’s techniques hide within and beneath the soil. He plants his crops low to the ground to encourage vertical root growth, which allows the plants to soak up more water from below. Mink also uses compost as a fertilizer.

“Compost is the life blood of farming and water retention,” he said.

Mink said scientists have found that there are more than “a billion life forms in a handful of healthy living soil.” When you have that energetic of a soil, he said, there is a significantly reduced need for water.

“I’m not a great farmer,” Mink said. “I’m just good at building soil.”

At the herb garden at the Mill Spring Agricultural Development and Community Center, a clover cover crop protects the soil beneath the herbs and sunflowers growing in a bed from drying up in the hot sun. Katie Bailey/Carolina Public Press

Lynn Sprague, director of the Polk County Office of Agricultural Economic Development, who was a force behind creating the Mill Spring Agricultural Development and Community Center, works with farmers in the area to encourage water conservation and healthy production. However, he said it’s difficult to conserve in such a typically dry region as Polk County.

“A lot of our farmers irrigate out of the streams,” Sprague said. “(But) down here it’s almost impossible to grow without irrigation.”

Polk County Extension Director John Vining said the county’s “pastures have really taken a beating. We’ve had four drought years out of five.”

Drought conditions impact pastures because the groundwater isn’t replenished enough to recharge the grass and pasture, Vining said, so livestock raisers end up having to buy hay or reseeding their land so their animals have enough to eat. The lack of rainwater also means the ground isn’t wet enough for seeds to germinate, he said.

Vining also said stream flow in Polk County is less than what it was 10 years ago, which has a direct effect on many farmers in there since they hydrate their crops with stream water.

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