benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) age-associated enlargement of the prostate resulting from proliferation of glandular and stromal elements, beginning generally in the fifth decade of life; it may cause urethral compression and obstruction. Called also benign prostatic hyperplasia and nodular hyperplasia of the prostate.

cardiac hypertrophy enlargement of myocardial cells and hyperplasia of nonmuscular cardiac components due to pressure and volume overload and sometimes to neurohumoral factors.

compensatory hypertrophy that which results from an increased workload due to some physical defect, such as in an organ where one part is defective, or in one kidney when the other is absent or nonfunctional.

functional hypertrophy hypertrophy of an organ or part caused by its increased activity.

ventricular hypertrophy hypertrophy of the myocardium of a ventricle, due to chronic pressure overload; it is manifest electrocardiographically by increased QRS complex voltage, frequently accompanied by repolarization changes.

cardiac hypertrophy

an abnormal enlargement of the heart muscle, often associated with increased afterload. It frequently accompanies long-standing hypertension and congestive heart failure.

cardiac hypertrophy

Compensatory enlargement of the heart, which may be physiologic, as occurs in athletes, or pathological, due to underlying cardiac disease—e.g., congestive heart failure, valve disease, hypertension.

cardiac hypertrophy

Cardiac enlargement Compensatory enlargement of the heart, which may be pathologic, due to underlying cardiac disease–eg, CHF, valve disease, HTN, or physiologic, as in athletes. See Athlete's heart syndrome, Congestive heart failure.

cardiac hypertrophy

thickening of the myocardium, particularly the left ventricle. This may occur physiologically as a result of athletic training and is usually a uniform increase in thickness of the ventricular wall. Pathologically it may be the result of hypertension, secondary to outflow tract obstruction (e.g. aortic valve stenosis) or to congenital abnormalities. See alsoathlete's heart, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

an uncommon clinical procedure. May be performed via thoracotomy or with a biopsy catheter introduced intravenously.

cardiac catheterization

the insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery and guiding it into the interior of the heart for purposes of measuring cardiac output, determining the oxygen content of blood in the heart chambers, and evaluating the structural components of the heart.

cardiac compensation

in cardiac disease the compensation for the inefficiency of the heart's pump action by enlisting the various reserves of the heart such as hypertrophy, enlargement, increase in rate, so as to maintain circulatory equilibrium and prevent the appearance of signs of congestive heart failure.

cardiac compression

an emergency measure to empty the ventricles of the heart in an effort to circulate the blood, and also to stimulate the heart so that it will resume its pumping action. Involves the application of pressure through the thoracic wall. More commonly used in animals than other forms of cardiac massage.

cardiac conducting cells

specialized cardiac fibers modified to conduct impulses from the A-V node via the septum to the ventricles. Called also Purkinje fibers.

cardiac conducting system

the cardiac tissue responsible for electrical conduction, made up of the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the atrioventricular bundle and cardiac conducting fibers.

cardiac depressor nerve

a branch of the vagus nerve composed of afferent nerve fibers which arise around the base of the heart; called also aortic nerve.

cardiac dilatation

the heart volume is increased but the effective mass of cardiac muscle is not. A dilated heart has lost some of its reserve.

cardiac dullness

the area of the chest wall over which a dull sound, indicating the position of the heart, can be elicited by percussion.

in the cardiac region of the gastric wall; branched, tubular, coiled, mucus-secreting.

cardiac glycosides

the glycosides of Digitalis purpurea (digitoxin, gitalin and gitoxin) and digoxin (from D. lanata). Strophanthin and ouabain are glycosides found in Strophanthus spp. Other cardiac glycosides are present in the skin of toads (Bufo maritimus, B. vulgaris), but are of toxicological rather than therapeutic interest.

enlargement of the heart coincident with an increase in muscle mass; an indication of response to an increase in load which may or may not be associated with disease. It is an expression of cardiac compensation but some of the cardiac reserve has been lost.

the volume of blood pumped per unit of time. May be calculated by oxygen consumption measurement or determined by dilution of indocyanine green or cold saline, using catheters with thermistors placed intravenously (thermodilution method). It can be estimated clinically by measuring heart rate, pulse quality or pressure, and assessment of tissue perfusion, e.g. capillary refill time.

cardiac pacing

employing cardiac pacemakers to control heart rate.

cardiac preload

ventricular end-diastolic volume.

cardiac pressure load

the stress of working against an elevated blood pressure in the arterial circuit; one of the two major groups of causes of heart disease; the other is flow load.

cardiac racing syndrome

a disease of companion birds manifested by a sudden increase in heart rate, up to 1000/min, in the period immediately after being restrained. Death occurs within a few seconds.

cardiac reserve

the reserve mechanisms in the heart to compensate for defects which could make the heart's pumping action ineffective. The reserve mechanisms include hypertrophy, enlargement, increase in heart rate and an increase in stroke volume, a result of the increase in muscle mass and the enlargement of the ventricles.

right-sided cardiac enlargement

may involve either the right ventricle or atrium. Occurs in heartworm disease in dogs.

cardiac rupture

penetration of the myocardium by a reticular foreign body in cows, or rupture of a patch of chronic fibrotic myocarditis in horses, causes cardiac tamponade and sudden death.

cardiac size

may increase as a result of hypertrophy, dilatation or a combination of the two. A common belief with some scientific support is that performance of horses in sprint races is closely related to heart size.

includes effective work—that needed for the onward propulsion of blood through the correct channels against arterial pressure, total work—includes all of the work performed by the heart including some involved in moving blood in the wrong direction.

Previous studies have verified that ER stress is a pathological characteristic of cardiac hypertrophy, and the expression of related molecules such as GRP78, ATF6, CRT, and CHOP is increased significantly during cardiac hypertrophy [36].

The swimming protocols tested here promoted cardiac development compatible with physiological cardiac hypertrophy, but the manner in which the remodeling happened varied according to the intensity, volume, and frequency of the physical exercise, which was eccentric in the MI training and concentric in the HI training.

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