→ (1) The release of HCl (hydrochloric acid) is influenced by histamin, gastrin and acetylcholine. Peptic ulcers occur when there is a hypersecretion of HCl (and pepsin) from the parietal cells of the stomach.

→ Gastrin is a hormone released bt the stomach and duodenum for digestion.

→ These influencers act as proton pumps to move the HCl.

→ Aprox 2L of gastic juice a day

→ (2) Pepsin, a digestive enzyme, is activated at pH=2 and the pepsin-acid complex of gastric secretions can cause mucosal damage leading to ulcerration within hours.