A Biography of Robert Morris 1734-1806

Morris was born at or near Liverpool, England, in 1734. When he reached 13 years of age, he
emigrated to Maryland to join his father, a tobacco exporter at Oxford, Md. After brief
schooling at Philadelphia, the youth obtained employment with Thomas and Charles Willing's
well-known shipping-banking firm. In 1754 he became a partner and for almost four decades was
one of the company's directors as well as an influential Philadelphia citizen. Wedding Mary
White at the age of 35, he fathered five sons and two daughters.

During the Stamp Act turmoil in 1765, Morris joined other merchants in protest, but not until the
outbreak of hostilities a decade later did he fully commit himself to the Revolution. In 1775 the
Continental Congress contracted with his firm to import arms and ammunition, and he was elected
to the Pennsylvania council of safety (1775-76), the committee of correspondence, the provincial
assembly (1775-76), the legislature (1776-78), and the Continental Congress (1775-78). In the
last body, on July 1, 1776, he voted against independence, which he personally considered
premature, but the next day he purposely absented himself to facilitate an affirmative ballot by his
delegation.

Morris, a key congressman, specialized in financial affairs and military procurement. Although he
and his firm profited handsomely, had it not been for his assiduous labors the Continental Army
would probably have been forced to demobilize. He worked closely with
General Washington,
wheedled money and supplies from the states, borrowed money in the face of overwhelming
difficulties, and on occasion even obtained personal loans to further the war cause.

Immediately following his congressional service, Morris sat for two more terms in the
Pennsylvania legislature (1778-81). During this time, Thomas Paine and others attacked him for
profiteering in Congress, which investigated his accounts and vindicated him. Nevertheless, his
reputation suffered.

Morris embarked on the most dramatic phase of his career by accepting the office of
Superintendent of Finance (1781-84) under the Articles of Confederation. Congress, recognizing
the perilous state of the nation's finances and its impotence to provide remedies, granted him
dictatorial powers and acquiesced to his condition that he be allowed to continue his private
commercial enterprises. He slashed all governmental and military expenditures, personally
purchased army and navy supplies, tightened accounting procedures, prodded the states to fulfill
quotas of money and supplies, and when necessary strained his personal credit by issuing notes
over his own signature or borrowing from friends.

To finance Washington's Yorktown campaign in 1781, in addition to the above techniques, Morris
obtained a sizable loan from France. He used part of it, along with some of his own fortune, to
organize the Bank of North America, chartered that December. The first
government-incorporated bank in the United States, it aided war financing.

Although Morris was reelected to the Pennsylvania legislature for 1785-86, his private ventures
consumed most of his time. In the latter year, he attended the
Annapolis Convention, and the
following year the Constitutional Convention, where he sympathized with the Federalists but was,
for a man of his eminence, strangely silent. Although in attendance at practically every meeting,
he spoke only twice in debates and did not serve on any committees. In 1789, declining
Washington's offer of appointment as the first Secretary of the Treasury, he took instead a U.S.
Senate seat (1789-95).

During the later years of his public life, Morris speculated wildly, often on overextended credit, in
lands in the West and at the site of Washington, DC. To compound his difficulties, in 1794 he
began constructing on Philadelphia's Chestnut Street a mansion designed by Maj. Pierre Charles
L'Enfant. Not long thereafter, Morris attempted to escape creditors by retreating to The Hills,
the country estate along the Schuylkill River on the edge of Philadelphia that he had acquired in
1770.

Arrested at the behest of creditors in 1798 and forced to abandon completion of the mansion,
thereafter known in its unfinished state as "Morris' Folly," Morris was thrown into the
Philadelphia debtor's prison, where he was nevertheless well treated. By the time he was released
in 1801, under a federal bankruptcy law, however, his property and fortune had vanished, his
health had deteriorated, and his spirit had been broken. He lingered on in poverty and obscurity,
living in a simple Philadelphia home on an annuity obtained for his wife by fellow-signer
Gouverneur Morris.

Robert Morris died in 1806 in his 73d year and was buried in the yard of Christ Church.