Starting from Witten’s eleven dimensional M-theory, the present work develops in an analogous way a corresponding dimensional fractal version where. Subsequently, the new fractal formalism is utilized to determine the measured ordinary energy density of the cos- mos which turns out to be intimately linked to the new theory’s fractal dimension via non-integer irrational Lorentzian-like factor: where is Hardy’s probability of quan- tum entanglement. Consequently, the energy density is found from a limiting classical kinetic en- ergy to be Here, is ‘tHooft’s renormalon of dimensional regularization. The immediate logical, mathematical and physical im- plication of this result is that the dark energy density of the cosmos must be in astounding agreement with cosmic measurements and ob- servations.

Quantum mechanics implies a fundamentally discrete micro universe which could not be more different from both the continuous and smooth 3D space of classical mechanics nor the equally smooth and continuous 4D spacetime of relativity whether flat or curved as in the special and the general theory respectively [1] - [11] . This situation is not resolved by noting that orthodox quantum mechanics is in general not formulated in spacetime and the dilemma is noted long ago by no one less than Albert Einstein himself [1] - [30] . There are of course many theories which are developed especially to overcome the above difficulties, notably superstrings [21] - [23] , noncommutative geometry [24] and related theories [20] - [27] . In particular, Witten’s M-theory had the special merit of unifying the various known string theories [22] [23] . Apart from this mainstream cutting edge research activity, there is at least one direction which may appear at first glance as too radical but we hope to show in the present work that even though it looks radical, it is actually simpler to use in a complex situation like the one at hand when both the large scale and the micro scale structure of space, time and energy are all relevant [13] - [20] .

In the present work, we introduce E-infinity theory in which we can, in a manner of speech, “differentiate” and “integrate” the non-differentiable and non-integrible, namely geometrical structures made up entirely from transfinite point set of higher dimensional Cantor sets [12] - [16] . At a minimum, this is shockingly unconventional at least in the first few moments. However noting the use of non-standard analysis in the context of Nottale’s theory of scale relativity as well as similar tools used in the work of the great French mathematical physicist A. Connes, the inventor of noncommutative geometry [24] [28] , the situation may start appearing slowly but surely in a different light. On this optimistic note, we will give in the present paper some more detail and explanation of the essential tools of the E-infinity Cantorian spacetime trade [20] - [34] before embarking upon applying our theory to the major problem of the discrepancy between the measured energy density of the cosmos as compared to the theoretical expectations. We are of course not divulging prematurely any secret when we say that one of our main tools in reaching our exact result is the fractal version of Witten’s eleven dimensional theory as it is clear from the title of the present work and it goes without saying that this fractal M-theory [18] [19] is as much the central piece of the work as it is the accurate determination of the ordinary and the dark energy density of this cosmos which turns out to be quite a surprise connected to what is probably the most famous equation in the history of theoretical physics, namely Einstein’s E = mc2 where E is the energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light [30] - [33] . The basic idea is that the fundamentally classical relativity theory E = mc2 consists of two fundamentally non-classical quantum components that when added together, produce Eins

tein’s beauty in the following manner: where E(O) is the ordinary energy and E(D) is the dark energy density of the cosmos [30] - [33] .

Readers who are interested in the foundation of the theory and not only the results may find consulting refs. [30] - [49] quite useful.

2. The Semi Calculus of Cantorian Geometry

The following example is the simplest way to illustrate our E-infinity semi calculus. Let us take of the electromagnetic field. This is the inverse Sommerfeld fine structure constant. The integer part is the famous prime number 137 [12] - [20] . In addition we have leading to the experimentally well founded value. Now in E-infinity theory the theoretical value is an exact transfinite number, which we give here without justification which will be given a posteriori [14] - [16] [40] - [46]

(1)

Here and is Hardy’s quantum entanglement probability for two particles. Now we scale using as scaling exponent and find [14] - [17] , [36]

(2)

where is ‘tHooft’s renormalon and is Hardy’s probability or Hardy’s entangleon as we refer to it frequently [43] . Now we claim that this down scaling of is the E-infinity counterpart of

differentiation. Consequently scaling up, being the opposite operation is the counterpart of integration [14] - [20] [36] - [39] . Of course a claim is no proof but our present aim is to introduce the reader to the method and familiarize him with it and let it sink in first before showing it using more than plausible arguments.

Let us next ponder the meaning of our down scaling-differentiation [36] . First 42 + k is the exact inverse coupling constant of non-super symmetric, i.e. grand unification of all fundamental forces except gravity. The 26 + k is on the other hand the same as above but for super symmetric theory. Alternatively it is the exact dimension of the bosonic sector of string theory or Heterotic strings. Then we have 16 + k which is the exact fractal number of the extra 16 dimensions of Heterotic strings running in the opposite direction to the 26 + k. Subsequently we have the ten integer dimensions of superstrings which is a neat subtraction of 16 + k from 26 + k giving exactly 10 as it should be. Our Heterotic strings now go on to the next 6 + k compactified spacetime dimension of our basic D = 10 and that leads to a ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson dimensional regularization fractal space-time with ‘tHooft’s dimension where is the ‘tHooft renormalon as mentioned earlier on [20] [30] . Thus the elegance and interconnectivity of all the vital topological invariant of Heterotic string theory with the bonus of being “differentiation” of the inverse electromagnetic constant of a Cooper pair is mind boggling and almost surreal to believe it to be rational science, but it is a rational science and it will become increasingly so as we go on with our exposition of this theory which is without any false modesty, a new way of doing theoretical physics [33] - [48] . Now it is instructive to look at a remarkable and revealing case of up scaling

of D = 4 topological dimensionality of spacetime. In this case we have as an exponent replacing:

(3)

Let us examine the last value of the above. This could actually be rewritten as [32] [33]

(4)

where E8E8 is the 496 dimensional Lie symmetry group of superstring theory and is its transfinite correction where. In other words, we could scale down our fundamental topological invariance

of the basic symmetry group of our spacetime symmetry after subtracting the topological dimensionality of Einstein’s spacetime, then times only to find this dimensionality again. That means [37]

(5)

or

(6)

How could this intricate web of delicately balanced interrelations exist without a firm “belief” in a single basic assumption namely that E-infinity and the associated golden mean transfinite computer is what nature has chosen to base itself upon [40] - [46] . The universe is indeed a gigantic transfinite Turing machine but we have to show much more to be truly convincing and there is indeed far more to come when we consider the transfinite

version of superstring, i.e. the number of the first massless level of particle-like quantum states. We recall that as shown in [23] can easily be obtained as the product of the instant number n = 24 with

the degrees of freedom of |SL(2,7)| = 336 of the holographic boundary of Susskind and ‘tHooft which means (24)(336) = 8064. On the other hand, we know from E-infinity theory that 24 should be 26 + k and 336 should be 336 + 16k when transfinitely corrected to present perfect simplistic tiling of the compactified holographic boundary modelled by the compactified Klein modular curve [35] - [40] . Now, we examine the down scaling of the exact value of No, namely

(7)

Remarkably this is and proceeding in the familiar way, one finds [47]

(8)

This means after 16 “steps” we found the exact dimension found for the first time by Ambjorn, Loll and their team for the emerging quantum gravity of their causal triangulation theory [47] .

3. Further Evidence for Grand Connectivity between Number Theory and Physics

The reader is asked to permit the Author to close the circle of interrelations for the time being in order to continue the main task of the present paper. We need to point out three facts behind the preceding demonstration and the belief that behind nature as a whole there is an average Lie symmetry group made up of all symmetry groups known in our present presumably exhaustive classification [37] [41] giving rise to what we observe in high energy physics experiments as well as cosmic measurement and observation. For this purpose we need the following [37] :

a) The fundamental equation of conserving the dimensions of the symmetry groups [37]

(9)

where accounts for Einstein’s gravity, |SL(2,7)| + |SU(2)| accounts for the particles physics on the holographic boundary and is the electromagnetic inverse constant. The transfinite exact values for the above are even more revealing and show that ‘tHooft’s renormalon enters into the situation via E8E8 as follows:

(10)

b) Furthermore and remarkably so, E8E8 emerges as follows [37]

(11)

which is a well known value in Heterotic string theory. Then adding |SU(5)| we find the value for Witten’s 5 Brane in 11 dimensions theory, namely [37]

(12)

where 528 is the number of killing vector fields given otherwise by the well known formula [19] [23] [32]

(13)

c) Finally when noting that adding the standard model and 8 extra messenger particles leads to 528 + 20 = 548 gives us exactly, it then appears not all that strange to find out that the sum of all the seventeen two and three Stein spaces dimensions [38] comes to exactly all apart from that associated result where 26 + k =26.18033989 is the curvature of Cantorian spacetime and [37] [38] .

With that we think the reader can see that there are sufficient reasons to suspect that allegations of numerology is just a colossal misunderstanding of the depth of the role that transfinite number theory plays in physics and

that the universe may be indeed likened to a gigantic transfinite Turing computer. In fact our basic could be constructed exactly only when setting, , and in the following renormalization-like equation [41] - [43]

(14)

where while as well as, are all theoretical values but very close to the experimental ones. The only value which cannot be measured experimentally is. This is actually a very good reason to believe in our theory because without consistency is lost. In other words we must have [30] - [33] [41] [42]

(15)

and this quasi dimensionality in turn could be portioned into D = 4 for Einstein’s spacetime, D = 22 for the compactified dimensions of Bosonic D = 26 string theory leaving D = 74 being related to pure dark energy [48] . Thus the dark section of our 100 would be 22 + 74 = 96 or 96% of the total leaving only 4% for ordinary energy. This is almost exactly what we find from applying Dvoretzky’s theorem to our universe and more profoundly this is almost the result of the extensive cosmological measurements and observations which were found via COBE, WMAP and type 1a supernova [41] [48] . Consequently this is physics and cannot be dismissed using cheaply using words like numerology [36] [39] [49] . The Author notes what no one less than G. ‘tHooft told him, namely that normally is never taken into reconstructing. This is, as said earlier on, a point for and not against our present analysis and theory.

4. The Fractal Witten Spacetime M-Theory

The exceptional mathematical physicist E. Witten started his derivation of M-theory [32] [49] with the crucial point, namely its super gravity-like eleven dimensionality by correctly noting that one needs a minimum of seven dimensions [32] to embed the standard Model SU(3) SU(2) U(1). Similarly we start by noting that in E- infinity theory the corresponding space needs a transfinitely corrected value equal to [33]

(16)

Next Witten added to these 7 dimensions the four dimensionalities of Einstein’s relativity and that gave him then his 7 + 4 = 11 dimensionality [32] [49] . Again we proceed in an analogous way and add to our not the topological dimensionality D = 4 but the Hausdorff dimensionality. That way we find

(17)

which has a remarkable self-similar continued fraction expansion [33]

(18)

In the following section, we will see how this subtle plays a crucial role in reaching an exact solution for the major problem of cosmic dark energy [48] .

5. Dark Energy Density via Fractal Cantorian Witten’s M-Theory

Let us start with a well established fact, namely that unlike a completely smooth isotropic space, a Penrose fractal tiling, i.e. Cantorian universe [28] [34] has an isomorphic length given by half the Hausdorff dimension of E- infinity spacetime, i.e. divided by 2. This is thus [19] [34]

(19)

where is the radius of the universe. This theorem is basically saying that one has to move a distance at most equal to 2.118033989 for in order to find the surrounding of the point of departure reproduced again as if one would not have moved at all. For Einstein’s isotropic spacetime while for E-infinity like Penrose-Connes’ universe where is ‘tHooft’s renormalon and is Hardy’s entanglement [40] [41] . For the purpose of the present analysis this would be sufficient for a realistic model of the universe because is a bosonic spinless universe deprived from fermions. On the other hand D of a

corresponding space is easily found from adding to an extra one degree of freedom for the spin half fermion and that leads us to dimensional spacetime. Now, we insist upon both boson and fermion and this could be found only via the intersection of and which gives us . The corresponding isomorphic length is consequently

(20)

which is nothing else but the dimensionality of our fractal Cantorian M-theory. Noting all the preceding results it becomes obvious that Einstein’s maximal energy “density”

(21)

only needs to be scaled by the ratio of the isomorphic length of Einstein space, i.e. 1/2 and the isomorphic length of the super symmetric fractal M-theory, namely and find that way the following Lorentzian factor [18] [19]

(22)

and the ordinary energy density

(23)

as found using other methods and in full agreement with cosmic measurements and observations [30] [48] . The physical meaning of the analysis, although relatively obvious, would benefit and become clearer from the following elucidation: Unlike classical particles a quantum particle is both a particle and a wave. In E-infinity, the

particle aspect is modelled by the zero set as given by von Neumann-Connes’ formula [24]

(24)

or \the equivalent bijection formula [14] - [17]

(25)

which we used earlier on.

The quantum wave on the other hand, is modelled by the empty set and it is easily reasoned that is the surface of [30] [31] [41] [44] . That is the way the quantum particle is inse-

parable from its cobordism, namely the quantum wave and visa versa. Now, energy and volume at this level is also two sides of the same coin and that is why we aim at determining the volume of the particle and the area of its surface. Of course we know that for a hyper volume the hyper surface could be a volume rather than an area but we will keep the distinction for a very good reason. The reason is that volume is a multiplicative product while surface is an additive process. Thus noting that a maximal volume is given for n = 5 dimensions and that

for D(O) can be taken as a topological “length” then we can say that the topological volume of the zero set particle is simply [30] [31] . Now as for the surface of this volume we know that the length must be the of and since this is an additive process then we find.

Now the ratio between any of the two values to the sum would give us the corresponding percentage of the energy. Since the sum is [16] [18] [19]

(26)

it follows then that for the particle we have the ordinary energy density [18] - [20]

(27)

while for the wave we have the dark energy density [18] - [20]

(28)

The corresponding energy in terms of Einstein’s famous formula is thus [30] [33]

Some minimalistic derivations of dark energy and ordinary energy of the cosmos based on Witten-Duff 5-D Brane in eleven dimensional models, the degree of freedom of the vacuum and ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson regularization space.

In the following, we give in a nutshell a few minimalistic derivations of E(D) and E(O) confirming the preceding result. The analysis is tailored mainly to the connoisseurs of the subject and goes as follows:

a) The vital five indices term in the total of 528 states in Witten-Duff theory is the dive dimensional 462 super charges. A little thinking makes it immediately clear that the dark energy density must be the ratio of the 462 to the total 528 minus 44 degrees of freedom of the D-11 vacuum or pure gravity [23] [32] . Consequently

(31)

exactly as we found earlier on.

b) We could argue in a similar way but using a pure gravity vacuum. For Einstein’s D = 4 pure gravity degrees of freedom is while for Witten’s M-theory this is [23] [32] . Consequently, we have:

(32)

and thus

(33)

also as before.

c) Next, we look at the fact that Einstein’s smooth space is D = 4. However, ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson fractal spacetime is where. Consequently, it is intuitively obvious that must be given by

(34)

while exactly as expected.

d) Finally, for whatever its worth, the Author feels that the fractal Kaluza-Klein [3] theory with is a remarkable theory leading to an analogous result to that of ‘tHooft’s fractal renormalization spacetime, namely that.

6. Conclusion

Using the E-infinity methodology, we transferred in the present work the essence of Witten’s M-theory to a fractal-Cantorian setting. Subsequently, the theory is used to give an exact solution to the problem of the missing dark energy and on route we give a deeper insight into how E-infinity theory is a concerted method which utilizes topology as well as number theory reinforced by traditional theoretical and experimental results to give a simple analysis for complex problems. Our theory is basically a simplistic theory for complex quantum cosmology and high energy physics.

Acknowledgements

As usual, the author is truly and genuinely indebted to all the authors of the cited papers, not withstanding his own.

Cite this paper

Mohamed S. El Naschie, (2016) On a Fractal Version of Witten’s M-Theory. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics,06,135-144. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2016.62011

40. M.S. El Naschie: On a new elementary particle from the disintegration of the Symplectic ‘t Hooft-Veltman-Wilson fractal spacetime. World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 4(4), 2014, pp. 216-221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2014.44027

42. M.S. El Naschie: Dark energy and its cosmic density from Einstein’s relativity and gauge fields renormalization leading to the possibility of a new ‘tHooft quasi particle. The Open Journal of Astronomy, 8, 2015, pp. 1-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101508010001