3 What should we look for? Risk assessment should include Ethnicity,Smoking habit history,Family history of CVD andMeasurements of weight, waist circumference,Blood pressure,Lipids (total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol)Glucose.The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines also recommend recording the pulse rate and rhythm to screen for atrial fibrillation Once all risk factors have been identified, cardiovascular risk charts or calculator should be used to estimate the total risk of developing CVD over the following 10 years. A total CVD risk of over 20% over 10 years is defined as high-risk.

4 What blood tests are recommended for cardiovascular disease risk?When an individual has been prioritized for formal risk assessment, they will need the following tests:Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol (average of at least two tests, at least one of which should be on a fasting sample).Blood glucose.Renal function with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to screen for chronic kidney disease.Creatine kinase may be useful before starting statin treatment if the person is at increased risk for muscle toxicity.

5 Which Risk calculator should I use?NICE recommends that the modified Framingham year risk equations (as used in the JBS 2 risk calculator) should be used to assess CVD risk.The JBS 2 tool is based on the following risk factors: age, sex, smoking habit, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. Recent versions can adjust risk on the basis of central obesity, South Asian ethnic origin, and impaired fasting glucose.The JBS 2 calculator is less accurate for certain population groups, e.g. women, ethnic minority groups andsocial deprivation. The QRISK®2 calculator adjusts for some of these factors (e.g. deprivation - using postcode), and is gaining increased acceptance in the UK (as it uses UK rather than Framingham (USA) data);For Scotland, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) recommend use of the ASSIGN calculator (www.assign-score.com)

6 Who needs a cardiovascular risk assessment?Primary care is ideally placed for primary prevention, and this should be done in patients at increased risk:Hypertensives,Diabetics,Familial hyperlipidaemiaStrong family history of CVDOpportunistically - The Joint British Societies' (JBS 2) guidelines recommend that all adults from age 40 years onwards should be considered for an opportunistic comprehensive CVD risk assessment in primary care

7 Who does not need a cardiovascular risk assessment?Risk assessment is not required in those whose 10-year risk can be assumed to be at least 20%People 75 years of age or older, or withEstablished cardiovascular disease, or withPeripheral vascular disease, or withFamilial hypercholesterolaemia, or withPolycythaemia vera, or withType 2 diabetes mellitus and older than 40 years of age, with or without any additional risk factor.

8 How do we reduce the risk of CVD?Lifestyle modificationsDrug treatmentsEffective management of any underlying medical conditionDiabetesHypertensionHyperlipidaemia.

9 Lifestyle ModificationAdvise about a healthier diet:Total fat intake is 30% or less of total energy intake.Saturated fats are 10% or less of total energy intake.Dietary cholesterol is less than 300 mg/day.Saturated fats are replaced by monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.Advise eating at least:Five portions of fruit and vegetables per day.Two portions of fish per week, including a portion of oily fish.Do not routinely recommend omega-3 fatty acid supplements or plant sterols and stanols for primary prevention.Physical activity:Advise people to take 30 minutes of at least moderate-intensity exercise a day, at least 5 days a week. such as brisk walking, using stairs and cycling.Tell people that they can exercise in bouts of 10 minutes or more throughout the day.Take into account the person's needs, preferences and circumstances.Agree goals and provide written information about the benefits of activity and local opportunities to be active.

10 Lifestyle factors 2 Weight management: Alcohol consumption:Offer people who are overweight or obese advice and support to work towards achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.Alcohol consumption:Advise men to limit their alcohol intake to 3-4 units a day.Advise women to limit their alcohol intake to 2-3 units a day.Advise everyone to avoid binge drinking.Smoking cessation:Advise all people who smoke to stop.If people want to stop:Provide structured advice and support, with use of medication to help smoking cessation when appropriate.

11 Drug treatmentHypertension: screen for hypertension and treat appropriately according to British Hypertension Society (BHS) guidelinesAspirin: although use of aspirin is widely accepted for secondary prevention, results in primary prevention are inconclusive. Recent studies have found that aspirin doubles the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and current opinion is that this outweighs any benefits which might be conferred in reducing the onset of CVD.Lipid-lowering drugs: Statin treatment is recommended as part of primary prevention for adults with a 10-year risk of 20%.Usual treatment should be with simvastatin 40 mg. Higher-dose statins should not be used as there are no RTCs comparing high and low dose statins in relation to cardiovascular outcomes in people without CVD.Do not set a target concentration for total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in primary prevention.Once a patient has started taking a statin, repeat lipid measurement is unnecessary. Clinical judgment and the patient's preference should guide the review of drug treatment and whether to review the lipid profile.

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