True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .

Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:

- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........

A combination deflection circuit and switching mode power supply uses only a single switching element. Across certain diodes in this circuit is a stable voltage. A capacitor and a transformer primary are series coupled to each other and together parallel coupled across at least one of the diodes. A rectifier is coupled to the transformer secondary to provide power to other portions of a television set.

1. A line deflection circuit for generating from a direct voltage source a sawtooth current flowing through a deflection coil, said circuit comprising a parallel resonant circuit comprising said coil, a trace capacitor coupled to said coil, and a retrace capacitor coupled to said coil; a first diode coupled to said retrace capacitor, the deflection current flowing during a first part of the trace period through said first diode and during a second part of the trace period through a controllable switch, energy being applied from said direct voltage source during the trace period to a first winding arranged between said direct voltage source and the switch, and being applied through a second diode conducting during the retrace period from a second winding to the parallel resonant circuit which is connected to the switch through a third diode conducting during the second part of the trace period, at least one of the second and third diodes being shunted by the series arrangement of a capacitor and a primary winding of a current supply transformer, and means for rectifying coupled to said transformer for the direct current supply to other stages of the device. 2. A circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein said switch comprises a transistor. 3. A circuit for generating from a direct voltage source a sawtooth current having trace and retrace periods through a deflection coil, said circuit comprising a trace capacitor, means for coupling said trace capacitor to said coil, a retrace capacitor coupled to said trace capacitor, diode coupled to said retrace capacitor, a first diode means coupled to said retrace capacitor for conveying said current during a first part of said trace period, a first winding having a first end means for coupling to said source and a second end, a controllable switch means coupled to said second end for conveying said current during a second part of said trace period, a second winding, a second diode means coupled between said first diode and said second winding for conducting during said retrace period, a third diode means coupled between said first diode and said switch for conducting during said second part of said trace period, and means for supplying direct current power comprising a transformer having primary and secondary windings, a capacitor series coupled to said primary, said primary and capacitor being parallel coupled to at least one of said second and third diodes, and a rectifier coupled to said secondary. 4. A circuit as claimed in claim 3 wherein said switch comprises a transistor.

Description:

The invention relates to a line deflection circuit for a device comprising a cathode-ray tube particularly a television receiver display tube, for generating a sawtooth current flowing through a deflection coil in which the deflection coil constitutes part of a parallel resonant circuit comprising also a trace capacitor, a retrace capacitor and a first diode, the deflection current flowing during a first part of the trace period through said first diode and during a second part of the trace period through a controllable switch, for example, a transistor, energy being applied from a direct voltage source during the trace period to a first winding arranged between said direct voltage source and the switch, and being applied through a second diode conducting during the retrace period from a second winding to the parallel resonant circuit which is connected to the switch through a third diode conducting during the second part of the trace period.

Such a circuit arrangement is known from "IEEE Transaction on Broadcast and Television Receivers", August 1972, vol. BTR-18, No. 3, pages 177 to 182. The known circuit arrangement is the combination of a transistorized line deflection stage for a television receiver and a stabilised switch mode power supply, whereby one single switching element, the above mentioned transistor is both the switching transistor and the line deflection transistor.

An object of the invention was to further develop this circuit arrangement. It was found that an alternating voltage is present at the above mentioned second and third diode, which voltage is stabilized. The object according to the invention was to utilize this available and unilaterally stabilized rectangular voltage in a particularly advantageous manner.

This object is solved in that in a line deflection circuit of the kind described in the preamble the second and/or third diode is shunted by the series arrangement of a capacitor and a primary winding of a current supply transformer serving via rectifying for the direct current supply to other stages of the device.

An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings and will be further described hereinafter.

FIG. 1 shows the circuit improved according to this invention.

FIG. 2 shows different voltage variations as a function of time.

For the description of FIG. 1 the description of the Figures of the previously cited known circuit may be essentially used as a reference. A transformer is denoted by T1, a primary winding is L1; it is connected through a coupling capacitor CK to a secondary winding L2. A direct voltage source is UB. Furthermore a winding L3 is provided on the transformer secondary side which may serve for the high voltage generation UH through the diode Db.

The switching transistor is TR; rectangular pulses with the line frequency and originating from a driver stage (not represented) are applied to this transistor. The entire circuit arrangement thus serves for generating a sawtooth current flowing through a deflection coil L. The deflection coil L is part of a parallel resonant circuit consisting of a retrace capacitor C2, the deflection coil L itself and a trace capacitor C3.

In the operative condition a first diode D2 which is parallel connected to the said resonant circuit conducts during a first part of the trace period and conveys the negative part of the deflection current I 2 during the period from t1 to t3 (compare FIG. 2d). During this period the switching transistor TR is separated from the deflection circuit consisting of D2, L, C2, C3 by a third diode Dd biassed in the blocking direction.

At the instant t2 which is adjustable via the width of the rectangular pulses (compare FIG. 2f) at the base of TR, TR is rendered conducting. As a result a current can flow through L1 and TR which stores until the switch-off instant t4 the energy required for operating the circuit in L1. This energy is applied to the deflection circuit at the initiation of the retrace period t4 so as to compensate for losses. This energy storage is ended at the instant t1 of the new period.

Meanwhile the zero crossing of the deflection current occurs at instant t3. D2 is blocked. Due to the polarity change of the current I L the third diode Dd becomes conducting and the deflection current may be taken over by the switching transistor TR. This current is superimposed uninterfered on the part of the collector current originating from the power supply function of TR.

Thus the deflection function of the circuit in addition to the power supply function is ensured. This function may be influenced by shifting the instant t2. The limits of the control range are at t1 and t3. By comparison, for example, of the voltage UA over the diode D2 in the retrace period with a reference voltage a control magnitude for t2 can be derived. A stabilisation of the deflection in case of mains voltage and beam current fluctuations is then possible.

It is often essential to provide further stages in the television display apparatus with a stabilized voltage. Conventionally such supply voltages are obtained by trace rectification on an auxiliary winding of the line transformer. In this circuit this simple possibility is not given due to the connection with the power supply function. As can be seen in FIG. 2a the secondary voltage US consists of a rectangular voltage on which the flyback pulse of the deflection circuit is superimposed. When the trace part of US is rectified no stabilized direct voltage can be obtained due to the duty cycle variations caused by the control since the value of the voltage US between the instants t 2 and t 4 depends on that of the voltage UB.

A flyback rectification is feasible in this case. However, due to the small conduction angle an inadmissibly high internal resistance of the obtained supply voltage is to be taken into account.

According to the invention a rectangular voltage present alternatively across the diodes D1 and D2, respectively is used. These voltages do not contain a flyback pulse FIG. 2c shows the voltage variation UN on the secondary side L5 of a transformer T2 introduced for potential separation. A primary winding L 4 thereof is arranged in series with a capacitor C 4 and this series arrangement shunts the diode D1. The capacitor C 4 prevents a dc short circuit of the diode D1 by the winding L 4 and has a capacitance which is large enough for preventing an influence upon the variation of UN. The voltage across the capacitor C 4 is thus equal to the dc-component of the voltage across the capacitor C 3 , which component is stabilised since the voltage UA is. The voltage across the winding L 4 is equal to the difference between that across the diode D1 and that across the capacitor C 4 , the first mentioned voltage being equal to U A -U S . The voltage UN across the winding LS, which winding has the indicated winding sense, has the variation shown in FIg. 2c and between the instants t o and t 2 it is equal to the stabilised dc-component of the voltage present across the capacitor C 3 . The voltage UN is rectified with the aid of a diode DN and smoothed with the aid of a capacitor CN. The rectified voltage UL is applied to the parts of the apparatus using a low voltage which in this case are represented by a load resistor RL.

DN must have such a polarity that it conveys current during the time t o -t 2 . Then the rectified voltage is stabilised to the same extent as the deflection voltage. The conduction angle is large so that the internal impedance of the voltage source is low. The primary side L4 of the transformer T2 is connected to D1 as is shown in FIG. 1. D1 and DN are then conducting simultaneously so that the internal resistance of UN is further reduced. In the same manner the series arrangement of L4 and C4 in parallel with Dd is alternatively possible.

The transformer T2 may be formed with a relatively small core due to the high operating frequency. On account of the switching properties (Dd and D1 alternately conducting) the rectangular voltage cannot become larger than the direct voltage on CK (corresponds to the voltage UB). Overvoltages as a result of for example picture tube flash-overs are thus prevented.

MIVAR TV24" T54 Circuit arrangement for generating a sawtooth deflection current through a line deflection coil:

1. Circuit arrangement for generating a sawtooth deflection current flowing through a line deflection coil in an image display apparatus, which circuit arrangement comprises a deflection network including trace and retrace capacitor means coupling to said coil, and a first diode coupled to said retrace capacitor through which the deflection current flows during part of the trace interval, means for conveying the deflection current during the remainder of the trace interval including a second diode and a controllable switch coupled to said diode, said switch and second diode together being coupled in parallel with the first diode, the circuit arrangement further comprising an inductive element coupled to the switch, a third diode coupled to the deflection network and to said inductive element, a transformer having a core of a magnetic material and a winding, and a capacitor coupled to said winding and to the deflection network, characterized in that the inductive element is coupled via the third diode to the series combination of the above-mentioned series capacitor and part of the transformer winding less than all of said winding.

2. Circuit arrangement as claimed in claim 1, in which the inductive element comprises a winding, characterized in that the winding of the inductive element is wound on the transformer core.

3. Circuit arrangement as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a first capacitor is coupled in parallel with the said part of the transformer winding and a second capacitor is coupled in parallel with the remainder of the winding, the ratio between the reactances of the said capacitors being equal to the ratio between the number of turns of the said parts of the winding.

4. Circuit arrangement as claimed in claim 1 in which the inductive element has a primary winding and a secondary winding which are coupled with one another, characterized in that the ratio of the number of turns of the secondary winding to that of the primary winding is substantially equal to ##EQU19## where m is the ratio of the turns number of the part of the transformer winding between the connection to the third diode and the series capacitor to the turns number of the entire winding, α is the ratio of the amplitude of the retrace voltage to the trace voltage, and δmax is the value of that ratio of the conduction time of the switch to the line period which is associated with the maximum value of a voltage supply source which supplies energy to the circuit arrangement.

5. A circuit arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein said core has two limbs, a tapped transformer winding and at least one high-voltage winding wound on one limb, a primary winding and a secondary winding wound on the other limb, the ratio of the number of turns of the secondary winding to that of the primary winding being greater than the ratio of the number of turns of the part of the transformer winding between the tapping and an end adapted to be connected to a series capacitor to the number of turns of the entire winding and being less than 1.

Description:

The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for generating a sawtooth deflection current through a line deflection coil in an image display apparatus, which circuit arrangement comprises a deflection network including the deflection coil, a trace capacitor and a retrace capacitor and a first diode through which the deflection current flows during part of the trace interval whilst during the remainder of the trace interval this current flows through a second diode and a controllable switch, which switch and which second diode are connected in parallel with the first diode, the circuit arrangement further comprising an inductive element which is connected to the switch and is coupled to the deflection network via a third diode, and a transformer which has a core of a magnetic material and a winding of which is coupled, in series with a capacitor, to the deflection network.
Such a circuit arrangement is described in "IEEE Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers," August 1972, volume BTR-18, Nr. 3, pages 177 to 182, and is a combination of a line deflection circuit and a switched-mode supply voltage stabilizing circuit, the controllable switch being used to perform both the said functions. This known circuit arrangement has the advantage that it can be fed with an unstabilised supply voltage and is capable of supplying a satisfactorily stabilized deflection current, a stabilized high voltage and, if desired, auxiliary voltages, the stabilization being obtained by control of the conduction time of the swtich.
When such a circuit arrangement is to be designed, amongst other problems the three following ones arise. Firstly care must be taken to ensure that the maximum voltage set up across the switch (a transistor) during the retrace interval does not exceed the permissible limit value for this element. Secondly the variation of the conduction time of the transistor must be capable of accommodating the supply voltage variations to be expected. Thirdly the (stabilized) trace capacitor voltage applied to the deflection coil during the trace interval must be selectable at will, for with a given deflection coil this voltage determines the intensity of the deflection current produced. The said problems are not independent of one another. If, for example, the trace voltage is low, the maximum collector voltage of the transistor also is low; it may be further reduced by making the conduction time of the transistor as short as possible. It will therefore be clear that several degrees of freedom are required. One degree of freedom is available to a certain extent, namely the transformation ratio between two windings of the inductive element, one winding being connected between a terminal of the supply voltage source and the junction point of the collector and the second diode, whilst the other winding, which is coupled to the first one, is connected to the third diode, for the choice of the said ratio enables a freer choice of the trace voltage. However, the two other problems, specifically that of maximum collector voltage, are not solved thereby.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a circuit arrangement having one more degree of freedom, permitting the maximum permissible collector voltage to be freely determined, and for this purpose the circuit arrangement according to the invention is characterized in that the inductive element is connected via the third diode to the series combination of the abovementioned series capacitor and part of the transformer winding.
The introduction of a new parameter not only enables the maximum collector voltage to be reduced without the trace voltage being affected but also proves to enable a larger range of supply voltage variations to be accommodated. Hence, the step according to the invention permits of designing a circuit arrangement in which conflicting requirements can simultaneously be satisfied.
In a possible embodiment in which the inductive element has a winding the circuit arrangement is characterized in that the winding of the inductive element is wound on the transformer core.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing schematically the basic elements of an embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the invention,
FIG. 2 shows waveforms of voltages produced in said embodiment,
FIGS. 3a and 3b show graphs which may be used in the selection of the parameters, and
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a modified part of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 1. The circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 1 includes a driver stage Dr to which signals from a line oscillator, not shown, are applied and which delivers switching pulses to the base of a switching transistor Tr. One end of a primary winding L 1 of a transformer T 1 is connected to the collector of the transistor Tr, which is of the n-p-n type, the other end of the winding L 1 being connected to the positive terminal of a direct-voltage source B to the negative terminal of which the emitter of the transistor Tr is connected. This negative terminal may be connected to the earth of the circuit arrangement.
A trace capacitor C t is connected in series with a line deflection coil L y of the image display apparatus, not shown further, of which the circuit arrangement of FIG. 1 forms part, the resulting series combination being shunted by a diode D 1 having the conductive direction shown and by a retrace capacitor C r . The capacitor C r may alternatively be connected in parallel with the coil L y . The said four elements represent the schematic circuit diagram including the basic elements of the deflection section only. This section may, for example, in known manner be provided with one or more transformers for mutual coupling of the elements, with devices for centering and linearity correction and the like.

A secondary winding L 2 of the transformer T 1 is connected to the anode of a diode D 3 , and the anode of a diode D 2 is connected to the junction point A of the elements D 1 , C r and L y . The cathode of the diode D 2 is connected to the collector of the transistor T r whilst the cathode of the diode D 3 is connected to a tapping Q on a winding L 3 of a transformer T 2 . One end of the winding L 3 is connected to the point A, the other end being connected to earth via a capacitor C 1 . The core of the transformer T 2 carries further windings across which voltages are produced which serve as supply voltages for other components of the image display apparatus. FIG. 1 shows one of said windings, the windings L 4 , which by means of a rectifier D 4 produces a positive direct voltage across a smoothing capacitance C 2 . One of said windings, for example the winding L 4 , is the high voltage winding, so that the voltage set up across the capacitor C 2 is the high voltage for the final accelerating anode of the display tube (not shown). The free ends of the windings L 2 and L 4 are connected to earth, and the winding senses of the windings shown are indicated in the Figure by polarity dots.

The operation of the circuit arrangement is similar to that described in the abovementioned paper and may be summarized as follows. During a first part of the line trace interval the diode D 1 is conducting. The voltage across the capacitor C t is applied to the deflection coil L y through which a sawtooth deflection current i y flows. At a given instant the transistor TR becomes conducting. When in about the middle of the trace interval the current i y reverses direction the diode D 1 is cut off, so that the current i y then flows through the diode D 2 and the transistor Tr. At the end of the trace interval the transistor Tr is cut off. As a result an oscillation, the retrace pulse, is produced across the capacitor C r whilst the energy derived from the source B and stored in the winding L 1 causes a current to flow through the diode D 3 . When the voltage across the capacitor C r has become zero again, the diode D 1 becomes conducting: this is the beginning of a new trace interval. The diode D 3 remains conducting until the transistor Tr is rendered conducting, the energy stored in the winding L 2 being transferred to the winding L 1 . Stabilisation is provided, for example, by feeding back the voltage across the capacitor C t to the driver circuit Dr, in which a comparison stage and a modulator ensure that the conduction time of the transistor Tr is varied so that the said voltage and hence the amplitude of the deflection current remain constant. Compared with the known case in which the cathode of the diode D 3 is connected to the point A instead of to the tapping Q operation is different, the difference being as follows. In the known case the current passed by the diode D 3 flows to earth via the diode D 1 during the first part of the trace interval. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, during this same part energy is stored in the series combination L 3 , C 1 . The voltage v A across the capacitor C r , the voltage v c at the collector of the transistor T r and the voltage v 1 across the winding L 1 are plotted against time in FIGS. 2 a, 2b and 2c respectively. The symbol T indicates the line period, τ 1 indicates the retrace interval, τ 2 that part of the period T in which the transistor Tr is non-conducting, and τ 3 = δ T indicates the part of the period T in which this transistor is conducting. The number δ is the ratio between the time τ 3 and the period T.
The voltage v A consists of the retrace pulse of amplitude V during the time τ 1 and is zero during the time τ 2 . At the instant at which the transistor Tr is rendered conducting, i.e. the instant of transition t 1 between τ 2 and τ 3 , the voltage v C becomes substantially zero. Thus the volage V B of the source B is set up across the winding L 1 .
In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 1 two ratios are significant, namely the transformation ratio between the windings L 1 and L 2 , i.e. the ratio between the number of turns of the winding L 1 and that of the winding L 2 , which is equal to 1 : p, and the ratio of the turns number of the entire winding L 3 and that of the part of this winding between the tapping Q and the end connected to the capacitor C 1 , which ratio is 1 : m. First it will be assumed that the points Q and A coincide (m = 1).
During the time τ 3 the voltage cross the winding L 2 is equal to -pV B . During the time τ 1 the voltage v c is equal to V/p + V B . Let V o be the direct voltage across the capacitor C t , if the capacitance of this capacitor is large enough, or the direct voltage component of the voltage across this capacitor, if it has a comparatively small capacitance for the purpose of the S correction; in either case it is equal to the mean value of the voltage v A , for no direct-voltage component can be set up across the coil L y . The capacitor C 1 has a large capacitance, so that a direct voltage equal to V o is set up across it. The following equation applies: ##EQU1##
The mean value of the voltage across the winding L 3 also is zero, so that the equation applies: ##EQU2## In this formula the integral can be substituted, Yielding V o T = pV B . τ 3 , that is; V o = pδ. V B (1)
At given values of the ratios δ and p the diode D 2 will conduct during the time τ 1 . Because during this time the diode D 3 is conducting, the windings L 1 and L 2 will be short-circuited by the diodes D 2 and D 3 , causing the retrace pulse across the capacitor C r to be clipped and the deflection current to be distorted. U.S. Pat. Application No. 443,863 filed Feb. 19, 1974 describes steps for avoiding such an effect, for example by including in series with the diode D 2 a transistor which is cut off during the time τ 1 . A capacitor C 3 is connected between the ends of the windings L 1 and L 2 or between tappings thereon for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of parasitic oscillations which may be produced by the leakage inductance between the said windings in a manner such that no line-frequency voltage is set up across the capacitor C 3 . FIG. 1 shows the case where p <1.

The maximum value of the collector voltage v c of the transistor is equal to ##EQU3## where α is the ratio V/V o which depends upon the retrace ratio Z = τ1/T. The maximum value of V c is obtained when V B has its maximum value V B max, for which δ has the value δ min , for from the relationship (1) it follows that δ and V B are inversely proportional to one another because the voltage V o is maintained constant.
The voltage V o can be chosen by choosing the ratio p, so that the deflection current y is determined for a given deflection coil L y . However, from the above it follows that the maximum value of the voltage V c , which is highly critical for the transistor, is not controllable. Moreover, the relationship (1) can be written:
V o = p δ min . V B max = p δ max . V B min, where V B min is the minimum value of V B for which δ = δ max , and from which follows: ##EQU4## The ratio δ min has its minimum value δ 1 if the instant t 1 coincides with the middle of the trace interval, and δ max has its maximum value δ 2 if the instant t 1 coincides with the beginning t o of the trace interval. Hence the above ratio cannot exceed 2, so that the arrangement cannot accommodate larger variations of the voltage V B . According to the invention the points A and Q do not coincide. The voltage across the winding L 3 is equal to v A - V o so that the voltage v Q in the point Q is equal to v Q = V o + m(v A - V o ) = mv A + (1 - m) V o . With the aid of the waveform of the voltage v A of FIG. 2a the waveform of the voltage v 1 across the winding L 1 between the positive terminal of the source B and the collector of the transistor Tr can be plotted (FIG. 2c), allowing for the fact that the diode D 3 is conducting during the times τ 1 and τ 2 .
Thus we have: ##EQU5## during time τ 3 : v 1 = - V B . Writing the condition for the mean value of the voltage v 1 being zero after some calculations yields. ##EQU6## The maximum value of the collector voltage v c is ##EQU7## from which follows: ##EQU8## after substitution of the formula (2). It can be shown that this function steadily decreases with decrease of the ratio m. It is plotted in FIG. 3a for z = 0.2, from which follows α ≉ π/2z ≉ 7,8, and with δ min = δ 1 = 1/2 (1 - z) = 0.4. The Figure shows that by making m less than 1 a reduction of the maximum collector voltage is obtained and that this result is independent of the ratio p.
From the formula (2) the following relationship can be derived: ##EQU9## ##EQU10## This function also is independent of the ratio p and it increases as m decreases. It is plotted in FIG. 3b for δ min = δ 1 = 0.4 and δ max = δ 2 = 0.8 (Z = 0.2), so that the entire δ range is used, whilst the Figure shows that a larger range of supply voltage variations can be accommodated, for when m is less than 1 the ratio V B max /V B min exceeds 2.
Similarly to the preceding case, the voltage V o can be determined by the choice of the ratio p. If the means described in the abovementioned U.S. Pat. Application No. 443,863 are to be dispensed with, it is found that an upper limit can be set to p. The diode D 2 will just be conducting during the time δ 1 if the lowest value of the voltage V c which is found in practice, that is ##EQU11## is equal to the voltage V. In the above expression, according to the formula (2), ##EQU12## from which we can derive: ##EQU13##
The above will be explained by means of two numerical examples. If the voltage V B can vary between 230 volts and 345 volts (with a mains voltage of 220 volts) V B max /V B min is less than 2, so this does not provide difficulty. If the transistor Tr is not capable of withstanding a voltage exceeding 1200 volts, it will be seen from FIG. 3a that m = 0.64. From the formula (2) it follows that ##EQU14## with δ min = δ 1 and ##EQU15## so that δ max = 0.56 < δ 2 . The formula (5) yields: ##EQU16## so that V o = 0.87 times 161 = 140 volts.

If now the voltage V B can vary between 115 volts and 345 volts (the mains voltage is 110 volts or 220 volts), then V B max /V B min = 3. FIG. 3b shows that m = 0.38, for which FIG. 3a yields V c max = 2.9 times 345 = 1000 volts. Formula (2) yields: ##EQU17## whilst ##EQU18## so that V o = 0.54 times 183 volts = 99 volts. Because m cannot be increased, a higher V o if desired requires p to exceed 0.54, and hence the step according to the abovementiond Patent Application must be used.
Similarly to what is the case in U.S. Pat. Application No. 473,771, filed June 1, 1973, the cores of the transformers T 1 and T 2 of FIG. 1 may be one and the same core, that is to say the windings L 1 , L 2 and the winding L 3 may be coupled to one another in spite of the fact that voltages of different waveforms are set up across the said windings. This is possible because the said voltage waveforms are not affected by the coupling, since the voltages V o and V B are "hard," that is to say they are externally impressed, and hence are not affected by the coupling. The currents flowing through the windings, however, are affected. In the lastmentioned Patent Application it is shown that the operation of the circuit arrangement is not adversely affected thereby, but on the contrary important advantages are obtained. It should be mentioned that instead of the tapping Q an additional winding may be wound on the same core as the winding L 3 , which additional winding has a smaller number of turns than the winding L 3 and is included between the cathode of the diode D 3 and the junction point of L 3 and the capacitor C 1 .

Formula (5) shows that the ratio m should not be excessively small, because in this case the ratio p also is small, with the result that large currents flow on the secondary side of the transformer T 1 . In addition, large currents then will flow through the leakage inductance of the said transformer, which gives rise to ringing at the instant t 1 . Furthermore difficulties will arise in designing the abovementioned embodiment using a single transformer. If for these reasons the formula (5) is not complied with, that is to say if p is made greater than the preferred value p max , the steps according to the abovementioned U.S. Pat. Application No. 443,863 have to be employed. This requires an additional transistor, which is expensive, or an additional diode, which does not prevent the production of a high V c max, whilst it was the very purpose of using a low m to obtain a low V c max.
In practice there is a leakage inductance between the two parts of the winding L 3 . In FIG. 4, which shows only part of the circuit arrangement, this leakage inductance is shown as an inductance L 5 between the point Q and an imaginary tapping Q' on the winding L 3 . The inductance L 5 prevents abrupt current transistions which in conjunction with the stray capacitances may give rise to ringing. This can be avoided by connecting a capacitor C 4 between points A and Q and a capacitor C 5 between the point Q and the junction point of the winding L 3 and the capacitor C 1 . If the ratio between the reactances of C 4 and C 5 is equal to that between the numbers of turns of the upper and lower parts of the winding L 3 , no alternating voltage is set up across the inductance L 5 so that no ringing can occur. The parallel connection of the capacitor C r and of the network C 4 , C 5 together with the inductive components of the circuit arrangement results in a resonant frequency the period of which is about equal to twice the time τ 1 .
Hereinbefore it has been assumed that the capacitance of the capacitor C 1 is sufficiently large to enable the voltage across it to be regarded as constant (= V o ). It should be mentioned that this is necessary only if one or more of the auxiliary voltages produced by means of windings of the transformer T 2 are obtained by means of trace rectification.

MIVAR TV24" T54 CHASSIS TV1454/1 + 1413/1 + 1416/2 Self-regulating deflection circuit with resistive diode biasing:
"A New Horizontal Output Deflection Circuit" by Peter L. Wessel,
A self-regulating deflection circuit includes a first inductor and switching transistor coupled across the unregulated voltage supply. A damper diode, retrace capacitor and second inductor are coupled in parallel, and the parallel combination is coupled across the transistor by a first rectifier poled to prevent current from flowing from the first inductor to the second inductor. A second rectifier is coupled between the first and second inductors for transferring energy from the first inductor to the second during the retrace interval. A control circuit coupled to the second inductor and to the base of the switching transistor controls the time during the first half of the trace interval during which the transistor conducts to allow energy to be stored in the first inductor. A storage capacitor is coupled in series with the second rectifier. Charge accumulation on the storage capacitor and resultant blocking of the second rectifier is prevented by a resistor coupled across the storage capacitor.

1. A self-regulating deflection circuit adapted to be energized from a source of unregulated direct voltage, said deflection circuit including
first inductance means;
controllable switch means including a unidirectional main current conducting path and a control electrode, said main current controlling path being serially coupled with said first inductance means across the source of unregulated direct voltage thereby forming a first series path for storing energy in said first inductance means during those intervals in which said main current conducting path is conductive;
first rectifier means;
a parallel combination of elements coupled by said first rectifier means across said main current conducting path, said parallel combination including second inductance means, damper diode means and retrace capacitance means, said first rectifier means being poled for current conduction in the same direction as said main current conducting path;
control means coupled with said second inductance means and with said control electrode for recurrently switching said main current conducting path for promoting current flow in said second inductance means during recurrent trace and retrace intervals and for maintaining the peak value of said current flow at a constant level;
second capacitance means;
second rectifier means coupled by said capacitance means with said parallel combination of elements and to a point on said first series path for transferring energy from said first inductance means to said parallel combination of elements during said retrace intervals;
wherein the improvement comprises
resistance means coupled with said second capacitance means for equalizing charge on said second capacitance means during said trace interval.2. A circuit according to claim 1 wherein said resistance means is coupled in parallel with said second capacitance means. 3. A circuit according to claims 1 or 2 wherein said capacitance means is serially coupled with said second rectifier means. 4. A circuit according to claim 3 wherein said point on said first series path is a point along said first inductance means. 5. A circuit according to claim 4 wherein said point along said first inductance means is an end of said first inductance means. 6. A circuit according to claims 1 or 2 wherein said second rectifier means is coupled by said capacitance means with said second inductance means in said parallel combination of elements. 7. A circuit according to claims 1 or 2 wherein said second inductance means is a winding of a transformer and said second inductance means is paralleled by a deflection winding.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to self-regulating horizontal deflection circuits with diode steering in which one of the diodes is biased.

Horizontal deflection circuits are used in conjunction with television picture tubes in television display devices. Typically, the horizontal deflection circuit includes a magnetic winding associated with the picture tube and a switching circuit by which energy from a dc voltage source is coupled to the winding and its associated reactances. The switching circuit is synchronized with synchronizing signals associated with the information content of the video to be displayed on the picture tube. In order to avoid distorted images on the displayed raster, the size of the horizontal scanning line and the peak deflection or scanning current must be maintained constant over substantial periods of time.
Many conditions can cause the size of the horizontal scanning line to vary. If the direct energizing voltage for the horizontal deflection circuit varies, the scanning energy and hence the width of the horizontal scanning line may vary. It has in the past been customary to regulate the direct voltage applied to the horizontal deflection circuit by the use of a dissipative regulator. Requirements for low power consumption in television receivers is reducing the use of such dissipative regulators in favor of nondissipative types. Another approach to regulating the scan width involves the use of a self-regulating deflection circuit, such as is described in the article "A New Horizontal Output Deflection Circuit" by Peter L. Wessel, which appeared in the IEEE Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers, August, 1972, Vol. BTR-18, No. 3, pages 117-182. The Wessel deflection circuit may be energized from an unregulated direct voltage, and uses a single switching transistor to perform the switching function for the horizontal deflection and for nondissipative switching regulation. In the Wessel circuit, the unregulated direct voltage is applied across the primary winding of a transformer by the switching transistor. The deflection winding, retrace capacitor and damper diode associated with the horizontal deflection are coupled across the collector-emitter path of the switching transistor by a first diode poled for conduction in the same direction as the collector-emitter path. A secondary winding of the transformer is coupled across the deflection winding by a second diode poled to conduct and transfer energy from the primary to the deflection winding during the retrace interval. It is desirable to eliminate the secondary winding, and thereby reduce the total number of windings.
A horizontal deflection circuit in which the secondary winding is eliminated is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,906,307 issued Sept. 16, 1975 in the name of J. Van Hattum. However, in the Van Hattum arrangement, an additional inductor and capacitor are used. The necessity for the additional inductor negates the advantage of elimination of the secondary winding.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A self-regulating deflection circuit includes a first inductor and controllable switch serially coupled across a source of unregulated direct voltage to form a first series path for storing energy in the first inductance during the intervals in which the switch is conductive. A first rectifier couples a parallel combination of elements across the switch, the parallel combination including a second inductance, a damper diode and retrace capacitor. The first rectifier is poled for current conduction in the same direction as the switch. A control circuit coupled to the second inductance and with the switch recurrently operates the switch for promoting current flow in the second inductance during recurrent trace and retrace intervals, and maintains the peak value of the current flow at a constant level. A second rectifier is coupled by a second capacitance with the parallel combination of elements and to a point on the first series path for transferring energy from the first inductance to the parallel combination of elements during the retrace intervals. A resistance is coupled to the second capacitance for equalizing charge on the second capacitance during the trace interval.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 illustrates partially in block and partially in schematic form a portion of the deflection circuit of a television display device embodying the invention; and
FIG. 2 illustrates voltage-and current-time waveforms occurring in the arrangement of FIG. 1 during operation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1, a power supply designated generally as 10 includes a rectifier represented by a diode 16 and a filter capacitor 18 coupled to terminals 12 and 14 adapted to be coupled to the alternating-current power mains. Unregulated direct voltage appearing across capacitor 18 energizes a horizontal deflection circuit designated generally as 20. Deflection generator 20 includes an inductor 22 connected at one end to capacitor 18 and at the other end to the collector of an NPN switching transistor 24, the emitter of which is connected to ground. The cathode of a diode 26 is connected to the collector of transistor 24, and its anode is connected to the cathode of a damper diode 32, the anode of which is connected to ground. A retrace capacitor 28 is coupled in parallel with diode 32. A deflection winding 34 is serially coupled with an S-shaping capacitor 36, and the serial combination is coupled in parallel with capacitor 28. A primary winding 38a of a transformer 38 is coupled at a terminal 37 with the anode of diode 26. The other end of primary winding 38a is connected at a terminal 39 with one end of a storage capacitor 40, the other end of which is grounded. A high-voltage secondary winding 38b of transformer 38 has one end grounded and the other end connected to an ultor rectifier represented as a diode 44 for producing high voltage for application to the ultor of a kinescope, not shown. Another secondary winding 38c of transformer 38 has a grounded center-tap and the ends connected to rectifier diodes 46 and 48 for producing operating voltages for the low-voltage portions, not shown, of the television device.
A dc blocking capacitor 52 is serially connected with a diode 50, and the serial combination is coupled between the collector of transistor 24 and a point on winding 38a. The cathode of diode 50 is connected to winding 38a, and the anode is coupled to the collector of transistor 24. A resistor 54 has one end connected to capacitor 52 at a circuit point 56, and the other end is coupled to the end of capacitor 52 remote from point 56 so as to form a parallel connection.
A synchronized pulse-width modulator illustrated as a block 60 is coupled to capacitor 40 for sampling the voltage appearing thereacross. Modulator 60 receives horizontal synchronizing pulses illustrated as 64 at an input terminal A. Modulator 60 produces pulses in known manner, the time duration or width of which are controlled in response to the voltage across capacitor 40, and the pulses are applied by way of a conductor B to a driver circuit illustrated as a block 66. Driver 66 replicates or, if desired, shapes the pulses in a known manner and applies them to the base of switching transistor 24 to control its collector-emitter conduction in a switching manner.
The waveforms of FIG. 2 in the intervals T0-T5, T5-T10 and T10-T15 exemplify operation for low, correct, and excessive deflection energy, respectively. The interval T4-T10 is representative and will be used to describe details of the circuit operation.
In operation during the last half of the horizontal scanning or trace intervals preceding time T5, the collector-emitter path of transistor 24 is conductive, and current is increasing in inductor 22 as illustrated by waveform I22 of FIG. 2f in the interval following time T4. The current in inductor 22 flows through the collector-emitter path of transistor 24. During this same interval immediately following the time T4, which is the time of the center of the horizontal trace interval, current is flowing in deflection winding 34 as illustrated by waveform I34 of FIG. 2d, and is increasing under the impetus of the voltage on capacitor 36. The current in winding 34 flows through diode 26 and adds to the collector-emitter current flowing in transistor 24, as illustrated by waveform I24 of FIG. 2h. A current flows through winding 38a under the impetus of the voltage on capacitor 40, which current adds to the deflection current flowing through diode 26 and transistor 24. Winding 38a is in parallel with winding 34 and they may be viewed as being a single inductor through which a single current proportional to the deflection current flows. In the interval between times T4 and T5, diode 50 is reversed-biased by a voltage, poled as shown, on capacitor 52.
The deflection current and the current in inductor 22 continues to increase until a time such as T5 at which a horizontal synchronizing pulse 64 as illustrated in FIG. 2a is applied to modulator 60. Modulator 60 responds by producing a transition of voltage V60 on conductor B as illustrated in FIG. 2b. Voltage V60 causes driver 66 to render the collector-emitter path of transistor 24 nonconductive. This initiates the retrace interval, which extends from time T5 to T7. During the first portion T5-T6 of the retrace interval, winding 34 (together with winding 38a) transfers the energy stored in its magnetic field to capacitor 28 in a resonant manner, causing the voltage at circuit point 37 to rise as illustrated by V37 of FIG. 2c.

The voltage at terminal point 39 remains substantially unchanged during the retrace interval because of the filtering effect of capacitor 40. Consequently, the voltage at a point along winding 38a will rise during the retrace interval in an amount depending upon how remote the point is from circuit point 39. Thus, the voltage at the cathode of diode 50 will depend upon the exact point on winding 38a at which the cathode is connected.
When transistor 24 is rendered nonconductive at time T5, the voltage across inductor 22 rises so as to maintain the current of transistor 24 therefore rises and forces the current through capacitor 52 and forward-biased diode 50 to winding 38a and capacitor 40, resulting in an energy transfer thereto. The voltage across inductor 22 during the retrace interval determines the rate at which energy is transferred during this interval from winding 22 to winding 38a and the remainder of the deflection circuit. The voltage across winding 22 during this interval is the algebraic sum of the voltage which is then on capacitors 18, 40 and 52, the voltage produced by the inductance of winding 38a, and the forward voltage drop of diode 50. During this retrace interval, voltage is coupled from winding 38a to windings 38b and 38c for rectification and energization of the remainder of the television device.
The first half of the retrace interval ends at a time T6 as the current in windings 34 and 38a is reduced to zero and the voltage on retrace capacitor 28 peaks. Voltage V37 represents the voltage across the retrace capacitor. During the second half of the retrace interval, diode 50 continues to conduct a decreasing current as illustrated by I50 of FIG. 2i as energy is transferred to winding 38a and capacitor 40 from winding 22. Also during the second half of the retrace interval, the current in windings 34 and 38a reverses and increases to a peak at a time 27 as illustrated by I34. As the current in winding 34 increases to a peak in the negative direction, the voltage at circuit point 37 decreases towards zero as illustrated by V37 of FIG. 2c. The retrace interval ends at a time T7 as V37 reaches zero and damper diode 32 conducts.
During the first half T7-T9 of the following trace interval, the current in winding 34 decreases as its energy is transferred to capacitor 36. During a first portion T7-T8 of the trace interval, transistor 24 is maintained nonconductive. The remaining energy in winding 22 continues to cause current to flow through capacitor 52 and diode 50. The collector voltage VC24 of transistor 24 during this interval is maintained at a voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the voltage on capacitors 40 and 52, the voltage caused by winding 38a, and the forward junction potential of diode 50, as illustrated in FIG. 2e.
At a time T8, modulator 60 produces a gating pulse V60 which is coupled to transistor 24 to render it conductive. When transistor 24 becomes conductive, its collector goes to ground potential, coupling winding 22 across capacitor 18 to commence the energy storage portion of the deflection cycle. At the same time, the positive end of capacitor 52 is coupled to ground, placing a negative potential as illustrated by V56 of FIG. 2g on the anode of diode 50, which cuts it off. During the remainder of the trace interval, the increasing current in winding 22 flows through the collector-emitter path of transistor 24.
At a time T9, the deflection current in winding 34 reaches zero, and capacitor 36 has reached its maximum potential. Diode 32 becomes nonconductive. The voltage at junction point 37 rises until diode 26 becomes conductive, and current begins to flow through deflection winding 34 under the impetus of the voltage on capacitor 36. This current flows through diode 26 and the collector-emitter path of transistor 24, as illustrated by I24. The currents in windings 22 and 34 continue to increase until the end T10 of the deflection interval, at which time transistor 24 is rendered nonconductive to create a retrace voltage pulse at circuit point 37 and cause energy transfer from winding 22 to winding 38a.
In the interval between times T5 and T10, modulator 60 produces a gating pulse V60 rendering transistor 24 conductive at times during the first half of trace interval. During the interval T5-T8 in which transistor 24 is nonconductive, current in inductor 22 decreases and energy is transferred therefrom into winding 38a and capacitor 40. In the interval T8-T10 in which transistor 24 is conductive, current increases in winding 22 as it stores energy derived from the unregulated direct voltage. Time T8 is selected as that time which results in the peak value of current I22 being equal from one horizontal cycle to the net so as to maintain substantially the same transfer of energy from winding 22 to the deflection components in order to compensate for the losses during the deflection cycle. These losses include dissipative losses and energy transferred to the kinescope ultor. In the event that the losses during successive deflection cycles exceed the energy transferred from inductor 22, less energy than desired will circulate through deflection system during each cycle, resulting in reduced raster width. The voltage across capacitor 40 will decrease as a result of this decreased energy and modulator 60 will produce a gating waveform V60 at a time T3 occurring earlier during the deflection cycle than corresponding time T8. This reduces the time T0-T3 in which current I22 decreases, and increases the interval T3-T5 in which voltage is applied to inductor 22 in a polarity to increase the current. Consequently, at a time T5 at the end of the deflection interval, the energy stored in the magnetic field of inductor 22, as measured by current I22, will exceed that at time T0. This results in an increased energy transfer which restores the circulating energy and the voltage across capacitor 40.
Similarly, when the loads on winding 38a decrease and the circulating energy increases, the voltage on capacitor 40 will increase, and modulator 60 will gate transistor 24 into conduction at a time T13 which is later relative to the deflection cycle than time T8. This allows a greater time T10-T13 in which current I22 can decrease and reduces the time T13-T15 in which the current can increase, thereby resulting in reduced current in inductor 22 at the end of the deflection cycle and reduced energy available for transfer to the deflection components, thereby restoring the voltage across capacitor 40 and maintaining the raster width. Time T13 at which transistor 24 is rendered conductive cannot be selected later than time T14 of the center of scan, because of the resulting raster distortion.
The point on winding 38a at which the cathode of diode 50 is connected may be selected at the end of winding 38a corresponding to circuit point 39. Substantial regulation results at all points along winding 38a to which the cathode of diode 50 may be connected. However, some changes in the waveforms occur. Current I222 of FIG. 2f represents the current in winding 22 when the cathode of diode 50 is coupled to circuit point 37, and current I250 of FIG. 2i represents the corresponding current in diode 50.

In the absence of resistor 54, the unidirectional current flow through capacitor 52 and diode 50 will tend to raise the voltage across capacitor 52 to a very high value in the polarity shown. If charge is allowed to accumulate on capacitor 52 in this manner, the voltage across capacitor will soon equal the maximum voltage which can occur at the collector of transistor 24, and diode 50 will cease to conduct during the retrace intervals, no energy will be transferred to the deflection components to compensate for the losses during the deflection cycle, and the circuit will cease to operate.
Resistor 54 is provided as a path for preventing accumulation of excess charge across capacitor 52. As the voltage across capacitor 52 increases, the rate at which charge is drained away through resistor 54 also increases. The end of resistor 52 remote from circuit point 56 can be coupled to any point of reference potential, such as B+ or ground, in order to achieve the desired discharge of capacitor 52. Reduced power dissipation results from coupling resistor 54 in parallel with capacitor 52, as illustrated in FIG. 1. With this arrangement, circuit point 56 takes on a negative potential during those portions of the horizontal scanning interval in which transistor 24 is conductive as illustrated by V56.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In particular, the positions of serially coupled diode 50 and capacitor 52 may be interchanged. Impedance-matching considerations may require either the collector of transistor 24 or the serial combination of diode 50 and capacitor 52 to be coupled to a tap on winding 22.

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IMPORTANT NOTE: - FRANK SHARP obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.comwas founded as a public free WEB Museum to all kind of people and amateur and professional CRT TELEVISION Lovers who enjoy using and/or preserving - restoring vintage CRT Televisions sets, or only curious public who was unaware of that kind of technolgy of the past. The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way. Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only. Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards. It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery. The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site. No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

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Safety Hazards:

------------------------------------------------------Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,------------------------------------------------------

People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRTbut the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected.This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.

SAFETY guidelines:

These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.

Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.

Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.

Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.

Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.

Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.

Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!

If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.

If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.

For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)

Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.

If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.

Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).

Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.

The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.

When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!

Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.

Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!

Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Think for yourself. Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.A fool speaks, because he has to say something.A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

Resist or regretWork for what's good for our people

Help stem the dark tideStand tall or be beat downFight back or die

The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.* The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

Television history

At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.

Using TV 24H

TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.

Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.

At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

Girl Looking TV.

Happy Times:

Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly? When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ? First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone. All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience. So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them....... If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

Digital TV in Brief.

Digital TV:

Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

DVB-T for terrestrial broadcastsDVB-S for satelliteDVB-C for cable TV

Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

Digital TV system in use in USA

The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

Digital TV in Europe

Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).

Obsolete Technology Tellye ! Visitors From 15/May/2012:

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