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1 RADIATION IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE and the SAHEL SURFACE HEAT BALANCE by Peter J. Lamb Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies and School of Meteorology The University of Oklahoma NCAR/ISP Summer Colloquium African Weather and Climate: Unique Challenges and Applications of New Knowledge Boulder, Colorado August 2011

13 LONGWAVE RADIATION DURING 2006 Changes in the cooling at the TOA are caused by changes at the surface. from: Mark Miller (Rutgers University) Surface Divergence Longwave Flux and Longwave Divergence Wm -2 LW Divergence relatively constant Wet Season Day of the Year, 2006 OLR (Longwave Flux) As CWV increases, the atmosphere loses longwave minimum energy cooling to at the surface surface at TOA with maximum about cooling the same at surface increasing and efficiency TOA with which it traps OLR. -surface temperature is the highest, CWV lowest Slingo, A., H.E White, N.A. Bharmal, G.J. Robinson (2008)

14 SHORT WAVE + LONGWAVE RADIATION DURING 2006 The atmosphere continually loses radiative energy to space at a steady rate of approximately 75 Wm -2. from: Mark Miller (Rutgers University) Total Divergence Wm -2 Surface Divergence TOA Divergence Wet Season Day of the Year, 2006 Small positive net gain of radiation at the TOA during the course of the year region gains energy during summer and loses energy in winter Surface gains radiative energy at all times of the year Slingo, A., H.E White, N.A. Bharmal, G.J. Robinson (2008)

19 VEGETATION-EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LINK Evaporation anomalies following rainfall suggest a link to vegetation. Evaporation anomaly following rainfall (The anomaly is computed relative to the five days prior to the rain event.) Early in the rainy season (red), the evaporation rate increases temporarily following the occurrence of precipitation. At the height of the rainy season, the evaporation rate becomes independent of the precipitation produced by recent precipitation events (blue). from: Mark Vegetation growth in July helps evaporation to decorrelate with Miller precipitation roots tap moisture deep within the soil that was (Rutgers possibly stored during the previous rainy season. University) Miller, R. L., A. Slingo, J. C. Barnard, and E. Kassianov (2009)

ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun

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August 1999 NF-207 The Earth Science Enterprise Series These articles discuss Earth's many dynamic processes and their interactions Clouds and the Energy Cycle he study of clouds, where they occur, and

CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect

Section 3 What Is Climate? Key Concept Earth s climate zones are caused by the distribution of heat around Earth s surface by wind and ocean currents. What You Will Learn Climate is the average weather

Atmosphere SECTION 11.1 Atmospheric Basics In your textbook, read about the composition of the atmosphere. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. 1. Most of Earth s atmosphere

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These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139

Chapter 6 Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation The Hydrosphere Hydrosphere water in the earth-atmosphere atmosphere system Oceans and Salt Lakes 97.6% Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.9% (Not available for humans)

Electromagnetic Radiation Energy that comes to us from the sun is transported in the form of waves known as electromagnetic energy. This combines electricity and magnetism such that setting up an electric

CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere

SATELLITE USES FOR PURPOSE OF NOWCASTING Kedir, Mohammed National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia Introduction The application(uses) of satellite sensing data deals to obtain information about the basic

Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditions

Indo-French Workshop on Atmospheric Sciences 3-5 October 2013, New Delhi (Organised by MoES and CEFIPRA) Indian Ocean and Monsoon Satheesh C. Shenoi Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services

Diurnal and Semi-diurnal Variations of Rainfall in Southeast China Judy Huang and Johnny Chan Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong

Seasonal and Daily Temperatures Fig. 3-CO, p. 54 Seasonal Temperature Variations What causes the seasons What governs the seasons is the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground What two primary factors

376 THE SIMULATION OF TROPICAL CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS William M. Frank and Charles Cohen Department of Meteorology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16801 -U.S.A. ABSTRACT IN NUMERICAL

Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.

On the relative humidity of the Earth s atmosphere Raymond T. Pierrehumbert The University of Chicago In collaboration with Remy Roca, LMD 1 The Many Roles of Water in Climate IR radiation, heat transport,

THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui Outline Introduce the warm early Pliocene Recent Discoveries in the Tropics Reconstructing the early Pliocene SSTs

Select the be answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this te. 1. Weather is be defined as the A. changes that occur in cloud formations from day to day. B. amount of rain or snow that

J.D. McAlpine ATMS 611 HMWK #8 a) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes. These sides of the slopes will tend to have less average solar

Humidity, Condensation, Clouds, and Fog or Water in the Atmosphere The Hydrologic Cycle Where the Water Exists on Earth Evaporation From the Oceans and Land The Source of Water Vapor for the Atmosphere

Ok, so if the Earth weren't tilted, we'd have a picture like the one shown below: 12 hours of daylight at all latitudes more insolation in the tropics, less at higher latitudes Ok, so if the Earth weren't

1 Basics of Climate The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale To appreciate the role of the ocean in climate, we need to have a basic understanding of how the climate

EARTH S ANNUAL ENERGY BUDGET (ECOLOGY) BY NASIF NAHLE SABAG* Submitted to Review on 10 May 2007. Published on 12 May 2007. The author is grateful to TS for his kind assistance with the text. To quote this

Weather can have a big impact on our day-to-day lives. On longer timescales, climate influences where and how people live and the lifecycles of plants and animals. Evidence shows us that our climate is

1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitude

TUESDAY: air & water & clouds Water, Phase Changes, Clouds How can freezing make something warmer? 'warm air can hold more water' why? How do clouds form? The (extraordinary) properties of Water Physical

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Drought in the Czech Republic in 2015 A preliminary summary October 2015, Prague DISCLAIMER All data used in this preliminary report are operational and might be a subject of change during quality control.

SOLAR ENERGY How much strikes the earth? How much can my building get? When is it too much? The sun: friend of foe? Drawing by Le Corbusier ENGS 44 Sustainable Design Benoit Cushman-Roisin 14 April 2015

Introduction to parametrization development Anton Beljaars (ECMWF) Thanks to: The ECMWF Physics Team and many others Outline Introduction Physics related applications Does a sub-grid scheme have the correct

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Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have

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