Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Central African Republic

Central African Republic

Moderate Advancement

In 2017, the Central African Republic made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government acceded to the UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict and convened representatives from 14 armed groups as part of the follow-up to the Bangui Forum Agreement, during which the groups agreed to participate in a pilot disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration project. The government appointed several members to the Special Criminal Court, which investigates serious human rights abuses including the use of children in armed conflict; created a coordinating group for the Rapid Intervention and Repression of Sexual Violence; and established the Ministry of the Promotion of Women, Family, and Protection of Children to improve coordination on programs related to women, family, and children. However, children in the Central African Republic engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in diamond mining and armed conflict, sometimes as a result of forced or compulsory recruitment by non-governmental armed groups. An estimated 1.4 million children lacked access to education as a result of ongoing instability, and limited resources hampered the government’s implementation of policies and programs to address child labor.

Children in the Central African Republic (CAR) engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in illicit activities and armed conflict, sometimes as a result of forced or compulsory recruitment by non-governmental armed groups. (1; 2; 3; 4) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in CAR.

Table 1. Statistics on Children’s Work and Education

Children

Age

Percent

Working (% and population)

5 to 14

31.0 (373,742)

Attending School (%)

5 to 14

63.1

Combining Work and School (%)

7 to 14

28.0

Primary Completion Rate (%)

42.2

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2012, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2018. (5)Source for all other data: Understanding Children’s Work Project’s analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2010. (6)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children’s work by sector and activity.

Table 2. Overview of Children’s Work by Sector and Activity

Sector/Industry

Activity

Agriculture

Working in agriculture, activities unknown (7)

Working in forestry, including carrying tools (8)

Fishing, activities unknown (7)

Industry

Diamond and gold mining† (7; 9; 10; 11; 12)

Working in sawmills, forges, and foundries, including sharpening sawblades and maintaining fires (7; 8)

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

CAR experienced a surge of violence in 2017, almost doubling the number of internally displaced persons (IDP) to 688,700, and militias controlled much of the country beyond the capital of Bangui. (14; 17; 23; 24; 25; 3; 26; 27; 12) Although the government worked with the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in CAR (MINUSCA), UNICEF, and other partner agencies to demobilize and reintegrate children into community life, there were allegations of abuse and commercial sexual exploitation lodged against UN peacekeepers. (2; 24; 4; 3) Non-state armed groups intensified the forcible recruitment of children during the reporting period as a result of the increase in violence. (2; 28; 12) UNICEF estimated between 6,000 and 10,000 children were associated with armed groups in 2017. (28)

The Ministry of Education has attempted to improve access to education by providing free school admission to children from IDP camps, waiving school exam fees for children affected by conflict, and expanding programs to provide birth registration which may be required for school enrollment. (15; 29; 30; 31; 15) However, children continued to experience difficulties accessing education due to school fees, an absence of teachers, security concerns, destruction or looting of school materials and buildings by armed groups, and unavailability of schools, especially in rural areas or IDP camps. (15; 19; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 16; 26) Although many schools have reopened, some were temporarily closed due to attacks or occupation by armed groups, occupation by peacekeeping troops or internally displaced persons, or the close proximity of armed groups. (34; 35; 37; 38; 32; 36; 17; 3; 4; 12) The UN estimates that 25 percent of school-age children are not in school and at least 500,000 children have had their education disrupted. (26)

In 2017, the government ratified the UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict. (39)

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in CAR’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the minimum age for work.

Table 4. Laws and Regulations on Child Labor

Standard

Meets International Standards: Yes/No

Age

Legislation

Minimum Age for Work

No

14

Article 259 of the Labor Code (40)

Minimum Age for Hazardous Work

Yes

18

Article 263 of the Labor Code (40)

Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children

No

Articles 261 and 262 of the Labor Code; Article 190 of the Mining Code (40; 41)

Prohibition of Forced Labor

Yes

Article 7 of the Labor Code; Article 151 of the Penal Code (40; 42)

Prohibition of Child Trafficking

Yes

Article 151 of the Penal Code (42)

Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

Yes

Article 262 of the Labor Code; Articles 90–92 and 110–111 of the Penal Code (40; 42)

Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities

Yes

Article 262 of the Labor Code (40)

Prohibition of Military Recruitment

State Compulsory

Yes*

18

Article 22 of the Constitution; Articles 262 and 393 of the Labor Code (40; 43)

In 2017, the Ministry of Justice announced its intention to reinforce the Labor Code’s prohibition of the use of children in armed conflict by non-state armed groups through additional legislation. (28) A draft of the Child Protection Code is still pending adoption by the National Assembly. (31; 45) Despite a 2016 study on hazardous work, CAR has not determined by national law or regulation the types of hazardous work prohibited for children. (40; 46; 47) Although the Labor Code prohibits work by children under age 14, the law does not apply to children outside of formal employment relationships, which does not conform to international standards that require all children be protected under the law establishing a minimum age for work. (40; 48)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Public Service, Modernization of Administration, Labor, Employment and Social Protection (MOL) that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement

Organization/Agency

Role

Ministry of Public Service, Modernization of Administration, Labor, Employment and Social Protection (MOL)

Monitor and enforce laws related to child labor. (7)

Internal Security Forces Police and Gendarmes

Enforce all laws, including those related to the worst forms of child labor. (28)

Ministry of Justice

Protect the rights of the child through its Rapid Response for Child Protection team and combat the worst forms of child labor through its courts and tribunals. (31; 13)

Ministry of Social Affairs, Promotion of Gender, and Humanitarian Action (MSA)

Oversee child soldier issues and lead the government’s anti-trafficking policy efforts through the National Council on Child Protection. Refer victims of child trafficking to NGOs and maintain an orphanage for children at risk of child trafficking. (13)

Special Criminal Court

Investigate serious human rights abuses committed since 2003, including the use of children in armed conflict. Hybrid court comprising international and national judges and prosecutors. (49; 25) In 2017, the President and Minister of Justice appointed a chief prosecutor, a deputy prosecutor, and five judges. (25)

Victims of child labor may be referred to the Ministry of the Promotion of Women, Family, and Protection of Children, which was created in 2017 to improve government coordination on relevant programs. (31) A total of 19 new magistrates were appointed throughout CAR; those who were unable to be deployed to the regions due to threats by armed groups or continued insecurity assisted with a backlog of cases in Bangui. (50; 4) However, judicial authorities lacked the staff and resources to conduct investigations, and government authority was largely absent outside Bangui. (10; 50; 15; 51; 26) The Special Criminal Court is funded for only the first 14 months of its 5-year mandate, and only the juvenile court in the capital is functional. (11; 25) Cases were widely resolved outside of formal legal proceedings due to a lack of public trust, access, or knowledge about the justice system. (52; 53; 54; 26)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2017, labor law enforcement agencies in CAR took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the MOL that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including adequate financial resource allocation.

Table 6. Labor Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Labor Law Enforcement

2016

2017

Labor Inspectorate Funding

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Number of Labor Inspectors

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties

Yes (55)

Yes (55)

Training for Labor Inspectors

Initial Training for New Employees

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor

N/A (7)

N/A (31)

Refresher Courses Provided

Yes (7)

Unknown (31)

Number of Labor Inspections Conducted

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Number Conducted at Worksites

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Number of Child Labor Violations Found

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties were Imposed

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that were Collected

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Routine Inspections Conducted

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Routine Inspections Targeted

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Unannounced Inspections Permitted

Yes (7)

Yes (31)

Unannounced Inspections Conducted

Unknown* (7)

Unknown* (31)

Complaint Mechanism Exists

Yes (7)

Yes (31)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services

Yes (56)

Yes (56)

* The government does not publish this information.

Research indicates that violations were common in all sectors of the economy, but government efforts to combat child labor were hindered by a lack of Labor Inspectorate capacity and inadequate financial and material resources, including transportation, office facilities and supplies, and computers. (57; 55; 48; 58; 31) Although child labor violations may be reported in person to the Labor Inspectorate in Bangui, there is no mechanism to report child labor violations in other parts of the country. (55) The MOL is supposed to work with other ministries and UNICEF to provide assistance to victims of child labor; however, due to a lack of resources, the government relies primarily on NGOs to provide social services to victims. (19; 56)

Although the exact number of inspectors is unknown, research indicates that the existing number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of CAR’s workforce, which includes almost 2.2 million workers. (59) According to the ILO’s technical advice ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed economies, CAR should employ about 55 labor inspectors. (59; 60; 61)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2017, criminal law enforcement agencies in CAR took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including human resources.

Table 7. Criminal Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement

2016

2017

Training for Investigators

Initial Training for New Employees

Unknown (7)

Unknown (31)

Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor

N/A (7)

Unknown (31)

Refresher Courses Provided

No (52)

Yes (28)

Number of Investigations

39 (7; 29; 30)

Unknown (31)

Number of Violations Found

1,404 (62)

3,105 (28)

Number of Prosecutions Initiated

0 (1)

Unknown (31)

Number of Convictions

0 (52)

Unknown (31)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services

Yes (56)

Yes (63)

There is only 1 police officer for every 1,300 Central Africans, and government authority is largely absent outside the capital. (64; 28) However, with the support of MINUSCA, the Internal Security Forces began recruiting 500 police and gendarmes in 2017. This marks the first recruitment since 2010 and 2011, respectively. (64; 4) Government officials outside of the capital may lack the resources and knowledge to enforce the law, including lack of access to copies of relevant laws. (51) Research found evidence that law enforcement officers may subject children to violence during criminal investigations, which may amount to inhumane treatment. (19) Additionally, there is evidence that children released from non-state armed groups are detained, interrogated by state law enforcement agencies, and denied access to humanitarian assistance and social service providers. (50) Furthermore, juvenile criminal offenders are regularly imprisoned with adults despite a 2016 decree that prohibits this practice, as no separate juvenile cells or juvenile prisons exist. (19; 30; 2)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efforts to address all forms of child labor.

Secure the release of children used in armed conflict and provide appropriate care with the support of UNICEF. (2; 31) As of June 2017, removed 2,456 children from armed groups. (65) Formerly listed as the Disarmament, Demobilization, Reinsertion, and Repatriation Committee. (31)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including coverage of all forms of child labor.

Table 9. Key Policies Related to Child Labor

Policy

Description

Bangui Forum Agreement

Formal agreement signed by 10 armed groups and the Transitional Government on May 5, 2015, to end the recruitment and use of children in armed combat and to facilitate the separation of children from the ranks of armed groups. (10; 66; 67; 4) In 2017, convened the fourth meeting of the Consultative Follow-up Committee on Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Repatriation with representatives from 14 armed groups, who agreed to participate in a pilot disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration project involving 560 participants. (4; 12)

Child Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Policy

Based on the Bangui Forum Agreement, MSA policy that aims to facilitate initiatives to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate child soldiers in cooperation with UN agencies, other ministries, and armed groups. (7; 54; 68; 14; 30) Through its National Strategy for Community Reinsertion of Children Formerly Associated with Armed Groups, provides temporary care to children separated from armed groups and establishes child protection networks (RECOPE) throughout the country. (68; 69; 29) In 2017, UNICEF provided support to 420 children released from armed groups, and MINUSCA conducted a weeklong campaign to raise awareness about the impact of armed conflict on children. (4)

National Recovery and Peacebuilding Plan (RCPCA) (2017–2021)

Aims to re-establish peace and security, and support reconciliation by disarming and reintegrating children associated with armed groups, promoting legal reform, seeking justice for victims, and improving access to education. Aims to construct 218 schools and 1,200 school canteens, to train 1,000 teachers, and to distribute 150,000 school kits. (14; 15) In 2017, with the assistance of UNDP, convened the first meeting of the advisory board and established two local peace and reconciliation committees. (4)

National Strategy for the Community-Based Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Groups in CAR

Aims to coordinate the reintegration of ex-combatant children into communities as civilians and prevent re-recruitment by armed groups. (70) In 2017, participated in Bangui Forum Agreement’s pilot program and worked with UNICEF to combat child labor. (13)

Although the Government of CAR has adopted the Bangui Forum Agreement, which seeks to address child soldiering, the Child Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Policy has yet to be fully implemented due to a lack of funding and ongoing instability. (71; 3) In addition, research found no evidence of a policy on other worst forms of child labor, and a draft of a national policy addressing the elimination of child labor has yet to be adopted. (48; 13) Furthermore, the government has not included child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the National Strategy for the Education Sector (2008–2020). (72)

In 2017, the government funded and participated in programs that may contribute to preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the problem in all sectors.

Table 10. Key Social Programs to Address Child Labor

Program

Description

Awareness Raising Programs†

MOL program that aims to raise awareness of child labor and international conventions. (7; 29; 30) In 2017, participated in an awareness-raising campaign on trafficking in persons, organized by IOM. (28)

Shelters for Unaccompanied Children†

MSA- and UNICEF-supported centers that provide immediate care, food, and psychosocial support to vulnerable children and former child soldiers. (2) In 2017, continued to provide services to children. (13)

Education Programs

Programs to restore educational infrastructure. Includes: $23.4 million EU-funded Education Program to rehabilitate and equip more than 300 schools in 4 prefectures and the capital; Bangui Ministry of Mines and Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research program to construct schools in mining zones; and UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs’ Education Clusters led by UNICEF and in collaboration with the Ministry of Education (MOE) to provide access to education in conflict-affected areas. (29; 30; 33; 73; 74; 75; 31; 27) In 2017, UNICEF worked with the MOE to hold end-of-year exams for over 10,000 internally displaced children. (27) MINUSCA supported the government in deploying 410 civil servants throughout the country, the majority of whom were from the MOE. (4)

Birth Registration Campaign†

In support of the 2014 decree mandating free birth registration to children born during the 2012–2014 conflict, re-opens civil registration centers in areas affected by conflict and provides registration to children. (30) Although the program remains ongoing, no new registrations took place in 2017 due to administrative issues. (13)

† Program is funded by the Government of CAR.

Although the government participates in a program that assists former child soldiers, coordination with non-government actors is weak and the scope of this program is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem. (54; 11; 69; 31) The absence of resources and government authority through much of the country significantly hindered the government’s ability to combat child labor, and research found no evidence that the government has programs to assist children engaged in other worst forms of child labor. (31)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in CAR (Table 11).

Table 11. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor

Area

Suggested Action

Year(s) Suggested

Legal Framework

Ensure that all children are protected by law, including children working outside of formal employment relationships.

2017

Determine the types of hazardous work prohibited for children, in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, and ensure that the types of hazardous work prohibited for children are comprehensive.

2013 – 2017

Publish the legal source that establishes a minimum age for voluntary military service.

2015 – 2017

Enforcement

Ensure that courts are allocated sufficient resources to be fully operational and that citizens can report violations and access formal judicial processes throughout the country.

2016 – 2017

Publish information on the Labor Inspectorate’s funding level, number of labor inspectors, type of training provided to inspectors and investigators, and data related to enforcement efforts, including the number and type of investigations conducted, violations found, penalties imposed and collected, prosecutions initiated, convictions obtained, and whether routine and unannounced inspections were conducted.

2014 – 2017

Ensure that enforcement agencies have sufficient staff, resources, and funding to enforce laws related to child labor and provide services to victims throughout the country.

2009 – 2017

Significantly increase the number of labor inspectors in accordance with the ILO’s technical advice and ensure enforcement officers have the resources necessary to fulfill their mandate.

2009 – 2017

Ensure that children are not subject to violence during criminal investigations, are not kept in detention centers with adults, and are granted access to social services providers and humanitarian assistance when released from armed groups.

2016 – 2017

Coordination

Ensure that coordinating mechanisms are functional and combat all forms of child labor, including its worst forms.

2011 – 2017

Government Policies

Implement established policies related to child labor, including its worst forms.

2013 – 2017

Adopt a policy that addresses all relevant worst forms of child labor.

2014 – 2017

Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the National Strategy for the Education Sector.

2009 – 2017

Social Programs

Ensure that children affected by conflict are not subject to the worst forms of child labor by peacekeeping forces.

2016 – 2017

Improve access to education by eliminating school-related fees, making additional efforts to provide all children with birth registration, establishing an adequate number of teachers and classrooms throughout the country, and ensuring that schools are safe spaces and free from armed groups.

2009 – 2017

Expand programs to assist former child combatants and children associated with armed groups and improve coordination among relevant actors.

2013 – 2017

Allocate sufficient resources and implement programs to address the worst forms of child labor throughout the country.

3. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict. August 24, 2017: Report No. A/72/361–S/2017/821. http://undocs.org/en/S/2017/821.

4. —. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Central African Republic. Geneva. June 2,2017: Report No. S/2017/473. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2017/473.

5. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed January 4, 2018. http://data.uis.unesco.org/. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.

6. UCW. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2010. Analysis received January 12, 2018. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.

9. Amnesty International. Chains of Abuse: The global diamond supply chain and the case of the Central African Republic. September 30, 2015. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr19/2494/2015/en/.

10. —. Amnesty International Report 2015/16: The State of the World's Human Rights. February 23, 2016. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/2552/2016/en/.

11. African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Mission Report of the ACERWC to Assess the Situation of Children Affected by the Conflict in Central African Republic. Addis-Ababa, ACERWC. December 2014. http://www.acerwc.org/?wpdmdl=9478.

12. UN Security Council. Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to Security Council resolution 2339 (2017). December 6, 2017: S/2017/1023. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2017/1023.

15. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Committee on the Rights of the Child Examines the Report of the Central African Republic. Geneva. January 20, 2017: Report No. CRC/C/SR.2171. http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/C077C21F39478306C12580AE004957F0?OpenDocument.

16. Human Rights Watch. “They Said We Are Their Slaves”: Sexual Violence by Armed Groups in the Central African Republic. October 2017. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/car1017_web_1.pdf.

19. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Concluding observations on the second periodic report of the Central African Republic. Geneva. March 8, 2017: Report No. CRC/C/CAF/CO/2. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCAF%2fCO%2f2&Lang=en.

21. UN General Assembly. Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse: Report of the Secretary-General. Geneva. February 16, 2016: Report No. A/70/729. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1604056.pdf.

22. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of the Central African Republic. Geneva. July 19, 2016: Report No. CRC/C/CAF/Q/2. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCAF%2fQ%2f2&Lang=en.

29. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of the Central African Republic: Addendum - Replies of the Central African Republic to the list of issues. Geneva. December 27, 2016: Report No. CRC/C/CAF/Q/2/Add.1. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FCAF%2FQ%2F2%2FAdd.1&Lang=en.

37. République Centrafricaine Cluster Education. Education Cluster Assessment on the State of Education in Central African Republic: End of the First Semester. April 2015. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/car_ec_-_assessment_report_on_the_state_of_education_-_2015-04%20%281%29.pdf.

54. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Central African Republic. February 12, 2016: Report No. S/2016/133. http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/2016/133.

59. CIA. The World Factbook. Accessed January 2018. https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.

60. UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 Statistical Annex. New York. 2017. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report[YF.

61. ILO, Committee on Employment and Social Policy. Strategies and Practice for Labour Inspection. November 2006. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb297/pdf/esp-3.pdf. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.

75. UNICEF. The UNICEF Response to the Crisis in the Central African Republic. New York. March 2016: Evaluation Report. http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/CAR_UNICEF_Eval_Final_English_LR_2016-002.pdf.