List is a non-trivial constant-factor faster for operations at the head (cons and head), making it a mre efficient choice for stack-like and stream-like access patterns. Data.Sequence is faster for every other access pattern, such as queue and random access.

Contents

1 Introduction

In most cases it is possible to write a Haskell program that performs as well as, or better than, the same program written in [insert language here]. There's a big caveat though: you may have to modify your code significantly in order to improve its performance. Compilers such as GHC are good at eliminating layers of abstraction, but they aren't perfect, and often need some help.

There are many non-invasive techniques: compiler options, for example. Then there are techniques that require adding some small amounts of performance cruft to your program: strictness annotations, for example. If you still don't get the best performance, though, it might be necessary to resort to larger refactorings.

Sometimes the code tweaks required to get the best performance are non-portable, perhaps because they require language extensions that aren't implemented in all compilers (e.g. unboxing), or because they require using platform-specific features or libraries. This might not be acceptable in your setting.

If the worst comes to the worst, you can always write your critical code in C and use the FFI to call it. Beware of the boundaries though - marshaling data across the FFI can be expensive, and multi-language memory management can be complex and error-prone. It's usually better to stick to Haskell if possible.

2 Basic techniques

The key tool to use in making your Haskell program run faster is profiling. Profiling is provided by GHC and nhc98. There is no substitute for finding where your program's time/space is really going, as opposed to where you imagine it is going.

Another point to bear in mind: By far the best way to improve a program's performance dramatically is to use better algorithms. Once profiling has thrown the spotlight on the guilty time-consumer(s), it may be better to re-think your program than to try all the tweaks listed below.

Another extremely efficient way to make your program snappy is to use library code that has been Seriously Tuned By Someone Else. You might be able to write a better sorting function than the one in Data.List, but it will take you much longer than typing import Data.List.

We have chosen to organise the rest of this resource first by Haskell construct (data types, pattern matching, integers), and then within each category to describe techniques that apply across implementations, and also techniques that are specific to a certain Haskell implementation (e.g. GHC). There are some implementation-specific techniques that apply in general - those are linked from the General Implementation-Specific Techniques section below.

6 More information

7 Specific comparisons of data structures

Data.Sequence vs. lists

Data.Sequence has complexity O(log(min(i,n-i))) for access, insertion and update to position i of a sequence of length n.

List has complexity O(i).

List is a non-trivial constant-factor faster for operations at the head (cons and head), making it a mre efficient choice for stack-like and stream-like access patterns. Data.Sequence is faster for every other access pattern, such as queue and random access.