Re-FORM: Towards Human-Scale Urbanism in Chinese Cities

Re-FORM

Towards human-scale urbanism in Chinese cities

Masters of Urban Planning Thesis (Urban Planning Thesis Prize Winner)

Harvard University Graduate School of Design

Advisor: Andres Sevtsuk

China’s urbanization has enabled millions to move from poverty to middle class lifestyles over the last forty years. However, in 2014, the country’s leaders unveiled a plan for a “new type of urbanization” that would prioritize people over GDP growth alone. There is growing concern that the urban landscape, based largely on the repetitive superblock of identical high-rise apartment slabs, is locking China’s cities into entrenched patterns of social isolation, reduced walkability, and a lack of diversity within the built environment.

Re-FORM explores how Chinese cities can plan for more flexibility and diversity, given the country’s unique system of state land ownership. There have been many architects who have proposed perfected forms of the superblock as an antidote to urban ills. But, given the reality of city governments relying on leasing large pieces of land to developers to fund city budgets, it is unlikely that design proposals alone will create more humane cities.

Re-FORM looks at the city of Shenzhen, the birthplace of China’s “reform and opening” movement in the 1980s, as a site for new planning and design strategies that can be implemented to foster more accessible, diverse, and adaptable urban neighborhoods. Using Rhino’s urban network analysis tool, I test infill strategies to improve accessibility within different neighborhoods of the city. Due to the city’s early partition into enclaves developed by various state-owned companies, urban transformation remains contingent upon cooperation between firms, the municipal government, and residents. Thus, Re-FORM is not a search for the perfect model, but rather for more flexible processes of city building that could be adapted to the unique land ownership conditions in China and other rapidly developing countries.

Urban Network Analysis tools in Rhino were used to predict pedestrian volume in gated neighborhoods in Shenzhen. Then, these patterns were used to locate public space insertions in strategic areas to facilitate interaction between formerly closed neighborhoods.

The Evolution of the Superblock

The Superblock

Urban Design Problems and Solutions

Urban Grids and Accessibility

City Comparison at Scale

Design Strategies for Improving Gravity: Infill

Principles for Integrated Human-scale neighborhoods

A vision for two plazas located at the intersection of two gated communities. The plazas, which create linkages across roads between gated communities provide for community space and retail and would ultimately be part of a network of linked plazas and pathways that would knit the city together (see above).