-avoid being married to your own ideas-progress reports-outside auditors-change managers

Availability Bias

the tendency of decision makers to give preference to recent information, vivid images that evoke emotions, and specific acts and behaviors that they personally observed

Representative Bias

when decision makers judge the likelihood of an event's occurrence based on its similarity to previous events and their likelihood of occurrence

Anchoring and Adjusting bias

tendency of decision makers to use an initial value or experience as a basis of comparison

Groupthink

occurs in highly cohesive groups when members feel intense pressure not to disagree with each other

Groupthink Conditions

-the group is insulated from others with different perspectives-the group leader begins by expressing strong preference for a particular decision-there is no established procedure for systematically defining problems and exploring alternatives-group members have similar backgrounds

Devil's Advocacy

creates c-type conflict by assigning an individual or a subgroup the role of critic

Steps to establish a Devil's Advocacy Program

1) generate potential solution2) assign a devil's advocate to criticize and questions3) present the critique of the solution to key decision makers4) gather useful information5) decide whether to use, change, or not use the originally proposed solution

Dialectical Inquiry

creates c-type conflict by forcing decision makers to state the assumptions of a proposed solution (thesis) and then to generate a solution that is the opposite (antithesis) of the proposed solution

Steps to establish a Dialectical Inquiry Process

1) generate a potential solution2) identify the assumptions underlying the potential solution3) generate a conflicting counterproposal based on opposite assumptions4) have advocates of each position present their arguments and engage in a debate in front of decision makers5) decide whether to use, change, or not use the originally proposed solution

Nominal Group Technique

begins by having group members act as individuals and come up with ideas, which they share until all ideas have been shared; group members then individually rank the ideas, and the idea with the highest average rank wins

Delphi Technique

panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue

Multivariable testing

-systematic approach of experimentation to analyze and evaluate potential solutions-improves decision making by:*conducting experiments and letting the data decide*saving time and money by using a mathematical shortcut to test variables