Palmerton Zinc

Fact Sheet - April 1997

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT EPA'S UPCOMING GROUND WATER STUDY

Q: If drinking water wells currently are not contaminated, why
is EPA planning to install monitoring wells?

In order for EPA to characterize ground water in the Palmerton area, as well
as ensure that current and future residential drinking water wells are not
in danger of becoming contaminated, additional monitoring wells will have
to be installed at the site. By installing these monitoring wells, EPA will
be able to gather information about the types and amounts of any contamination
in ground water, the direction that the ground water flows, and other relevant
details.

EPA also believes that although most drinking water wells are very deep,
they could potentially be affected by contamination in the ground water. This
is due to the fact that contaminated ground water can enter a well depending
upon:

the nature of the material in which the well is installed

the depth of the well, and

the depths of the openings to that well.

Samples from the monitoring wells will help EPA determine if contamination
has the potential to move into or already has moved into the deep aquifer,
from which most residents draw their water. During past investigations, EPA
has found contamination in the shallow aquifer. Studies conducted in 1986
and 1987 showed site contamination in the shallow aquifer in the area surrounding
the site at varying depths down to approximately 90 feet.

GROUND WATER WELLS

Later this year, EPA will begin installing monitoring wells at the East and
West plants at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site. EPA will use samples from
the monitoring wells to determine the types and amounts of contaminants in
the aquifers beneath the surface of the site and in the surrounding area.
EPA believes that contamination has not been found in residential drinking
water supply wells in the area because these wells draw water from a deep
aquifer that lies below the contaminated shallow aquifer.

As part of the area's ground water study, EPA is investigating the types
of wells used to supply drinking water to area residents. This fact sheet
describes, in general, the types of wells used for this purpose and the type
of monitoring wells EPA plans to install at the site.

According to Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP)
records, most area public drinking water wells extend to depths of approximately
300 feet or deeper. However, well casings installed within the holes drilled
for these wells may only extend down between 30 and 97 feet from the surface.
A well casing is a solid tube, usually of steel or plastic, that lines the
hole where a well was drilled. Although these drinking water wells may be
very deep, many are essentially open holes below the well casings, leading
into the deep aquifer.

Theoretically, site contamination can enter a well hole at any depth below
the bottom of the well casing. Although a well hole may be very deep, water
can enter a well hole either at the bottom of the well casing, or at any openings
along the entire depth of the well below the casing. General descriptions
of two types of ground water wells follow:

A 50-foot well casing installed in a well hole 200 feet deep will allow
water to enter the well hole anywhere along the 50- to 200-foot levels.
Any water that enters the well hole between 50 and 200 feet will be drawn
upwards into the bottom of the well casing at the 50-foot level. See the
picture titled Example 1 for more information. Palmerton public drinking
water wells most closely resemble this type of well.

A perforated screen installed on a section of the well casing will allow
water to enter the well hole only along the length of the well screen at
the depth that the well screen is installed. The depth and length of the
well screen determines where the water enters the well casing. For example,
a well that is drilled 100 feet deep can be screened at a depth of 90 to
95 feet by placing a five-foot long section of well screen in the casing
between the 90- to 95-foot depth level, and closing the bottom of the well
casing. Thus, ground water will enter the well casing only at a depth between
90- to 95-feet. This is a basic design for a monitoring well, installed
to sample water from specific depths only, and not necessarily for water
production. See the picture titled Example 2 for more information.

EPA believes that the Palmerton public drinking water wells, though deep,
could potentially be affected by ground water contamination far above the
bottom of these individual wells, depending upon the depth of the well casing
of each and the presence of contamination in ground water. By installing monitoring
wells, EPA will be able to sample the ground water to determine if any contamination
exists anywhere in or near the deep aquifer. If contamination of the deep
aquifer presents a threat to area residents, EPA will develop a plan to best
protect residents from the contamination.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

If you have any questions about the information in this fact sheet, please
contact one of the EPA representatives below: