Tips on Coping with Mouth, Gum, and Throat Problems Related to Radiation Therapy

If you are undergoing radiation therapy to treat cancer, you and your doctor may have discussed the different problems that may occur due to treatment. For instance, problems in the oral area (teeth, gums, and throat) are common with radiation therapy to nearby areas. While your cancer care team will manage any oral health problems that may occur from treatment, there are also actions you can take.

Understanding the Problem

Cancer occurs when cells in the body divide without control or order. Radiation treats cancer by killing these out-of-control cells. However, since normal cells also divide (but do so in a regulated manner), they too are killed. This can prevent tissues in the oral area from repairing themselves during normal wear and tear.

Cancer treatment can also disturb the balance of good and bad bacteria in the mouth, as well as affect the lining and saliva. This can eventually lead to infection, sores, and tooth decay. Other oral side effects that may occur are:

Mucositis—inflammation of mucous membranes in the mouth

Esophagitis—inflammation of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach

Problems using the mouth or jaw caused by bone loss or noncancerous tumors

Some of these problems, like mouth sores, will go away once treatment stops, but others may last months or years.

Using Coping Strategies

Before Treatment

Think about your overall health before treatment. The healthier you are, the better able your body will be to prevent problems and fight potential side effects. Being healthy includes following a well-balanced diet. Talk with your doctor or dietitian about a diet plan that is right for you.

Also, if you are having radiation therapy to your head or neck, see a dentist two weeks beforehand. The dentist will take care of any existing oral health problems you may have to ensure that you are as healthy as possible before treatment.

Self-care Tips

Once treatment begins, your doctor may prescribe medications to treat any problems that occur. In addition to medications, here are other ways to maintain a healthy mouth during treatment:

Check your mouth every day to detect problems, such as mouth sores or white patches. Report any problems to your doctor.

Keep your mouth moist. You can do this by:

Sucking on ice

Sipping water or spraying your mouth with water often throughout the day

Chewing sugar-free gum or sucking on hard candy

Taking medication prescribed by your doctor to increase saliva

Brush your teeth, gums, and tongue after eating and before going to bed. Use a soft toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Also, floss gently once a day.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

Epstein JB, Murphy BA. Late effects of radiation treatment on oral health for patients with head and neck cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology website. Available at: http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/53-65. Accessed October 14, 2013.

Radiation therapy to the head and neck. American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/radiation/understandingradiationtherapyaguideforpatientsandfamilies/understanding-radiation-therapy-radiation-to-head-and-neck. Updated January 24, 2013. Accessed October 14, 2013