Less frequently, AIDS may involve retinal infection caused by herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, Toxoplasma gondii, or Pneumocystis carinii. The diagnosis of a viral retinal infection in AIDS is confirmed by attempting to obtain positive serum cultures and by resistance testing.

Differential diagnosis: Inflammatory retinal changes due to other causes should be excluded by serologic studies.

Treatment: Microangiopathy does not require treatment. Viral retinitis is treated with ganciclovir or foscarnet. Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses are treated with acyclovir.

Prophylaxis: Ophthalmologic screening examinations are indicated in the presence of known viral infection.

Clinical course and prognosis: The prognosis for microangiopathy is very good. Infectious retinitis will lead to blindness if left untreated. Visual acuity can often be preserved if a prompt diagnosis is made.

Diabetes is a disease that affects the way your body uses food. Normally, your body converts sugars, starches and other foods into a form of sugar called glucose. Your body uses glucose for fuel. The cells receive the glucose through the bloodstream. They then use insulin a hormone made by the pancreas to absorb the glucose, convert it into energy, and either use it or store it for later use. Learn more...