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Tag Archives: Brute Force

The coexistence of the Exchange 2013 Administration Console (EAC) with the other Exchange website virtual directories represents a considerable security vulnerability for any organization that installs it using the out-of-box defaults. Since most organizations need Outlook Anywhere and EWS to be Web-facing, and usually OWA too, the EAC will also end up being publicly accessible – inadvisable security practice in itself, even more so for another important reason that I will explain. The EAC uses the IIS Virtual Directory /ecp which has other non-admin functions for normal email users, so it is not really desirable to try to limit access to it. Besides, an Exchange Service Pack or Cumulative Update is quite likely to reset the Virtual Directory settings and permissions later anyway. Now that the Exchange Management Console application has been retired, it is not practical to completely disable EAC unless you especially enjoy PowerShell, so we need to find a way to harden the server.

The problem is that the Domain’s built-in Administrator account does not have the Active Directory account lockout policy applied to it, so the EAC can simply be brute-force attacked if this account has access to the EAC or indeed OWA. One mitigation against this vulnerability is to make sure that the domain’s built-in Administrator account has all Exchange remote access disabled, and that a separate user account is used for day-to-day management. It is probably best to also disable the mailbox entirely to reduce the chance of someone accidentally re-enabling any of this in the EAC later.

Note that merely disabling the Administrator mailbox (without the first step of amending the access) offers no protection – the ECP can still be accessed and you won’t be able to use the Set-CASMailbox cmdlet, since no mailbox object exists.

There is still a big security problem though. Since the authentication is being handled by IIS the usernames are not being screened, and so a user encounters an HTTP 403 error when they are barred from using ECP but have been authenticated successfully (even if you remove the Administrator account from the ‘Organization Management’ Exchange Security Group), so the brute-force attacker can saturate the server with logon requests and precisely determine when they have cracked the Domain Admin credentials. Although these credentials cannot be used remotely if the above mitigation steps have been taken, the attacker can still use them later to fully penetrate the organization via other means: social engineering, physically entering the building etc.

Microsoft’s recommended solution is to use Powershell to designate a whole CAS server’s ECP Virtual Directory for Internal use only (keeping ECP disabled on the public facing CAS servers). This is totally unworkable for most small-to-medium enterprises though.

The only valid mitigation therefore is to restrict access to the ECP virtual directory to local subnets – something that we had wanted to avoid, and which on first sight looks impossible (since it’s a Virtual Directory, not a Website that we can re-bind to a new IP address and firewall more restrictively). In order to do this you will need to install the IIS Security Feature ‘IP and Domain Restrictions’:

For the Default Web Site’s /ecp Virtual Directory (which is the public one), configure IP Address and Domain Restrictions:

In there, click Edit Feature Settings… (in the right-hand pane) and set ‘Access for unspecified clients’ to Deny. Then use Add Allow Entry to define your permitted IP ranges.

As I mentioned in the opening paragraph though this will need to be checked after Service Packs and Cumulative Updates are applied to the Exchange Server, in case this configuration is lost.

In fact the same precautions against brute force attack of the Administrator account would also apply to earlier versions of Exchange, and for VPN connectivity – i.e. when AD accounts are being used for any public facing authentication, the built-in Administrator should never be granted remote access.