formations be studied when a ground source isbeing considered.It may be necessary to consider numerousother factors that may affect the reliability of thesource. For one example; Lake Bonnie Rose, U.S.Naval Station, Adak, Alaska, is an ample sourceof cool, clear water, being distributed by gravity.However, the relatively high elevation of thelake results in excessive pressure at the station.Pressures are controlled by pressure-reducingvalves. The valves sometimes fail in service,resulting in damage to the water system.Reliability of the source is further increasedas the requirements for items that are subject tobreakdown decrease (pumps, treatment plants,and so on).Legal advice may be necessary when selectinga water source as the laws regulating and con-trolling water rights may vary considerably. Thetitle to ground and surface water in the UnitedStates is usually regulated at the state level.Navigable waters having interstate traffic areunder federal control. Some difficulty wasexperienced in Vietnam by SEABEES in securingwater rights to surface streams. These waters wereused for flooding of rice fields, and local controldenied the use of these sources as water supplies.Legal advice may also be required in securingthe right for waterlines or powerlines to crossproperty. To cite one example, a waterline servinga naval air facility in Sicily was completed,except for a section crossing an irrigation ditch.Final completion of the waterline was delayed forFigure 9-4.Limitation of water by rock formation.9-72 months, waiting to obtain the right for thewaterline to cross the ditch.DEVELOPMENT OF WATERSOURCESDevelopment of a water source includes allwork that increases the quantity and improves thequality of the water, or makes it more readilyavailable for treatment and distribution. Thedevelopment of surface water sources, springs,and seawater sources is considered in this section.In developing a source, dams, floats, galleries,and similar improvements may be used to increasethe quantity and quality of the water. Elaboratedevelopments should be avoided; simplicity bringsmore rapid results. A temporary water sourceshould not be converted into a permanent oneuntil the area has been reconnoitered for a sourcerequiring less development. All intake hoses orpipes should be equipped with an intake strainerregardless of the clearness of the water source.Suction strainers should be protected fromfloating debris that may damage, clog, or un-necessarily pollute them. Proper anchorage ofsuction lines and strainers prevents (1) loss ofprime, (2) punctured or kinked lines, and (3)damage to strainers. Water at the intake pointshould be as clear and deep as possible. Thestrainer on the suction hose is placed at least 4inches below the water level. This precautionreduces the possibility of the strainer becomingclogged with floating debris, or the prime beinglost because of air getting into the suction line.SURFACE WATER DEVELOPMENTOf the total amount of rainwater that fallsupon the land surface of the earth, only a com-paratively small part is absorbed by the soil. Byfar the greater part of it runs off the surface ofthe ground and is carried out to the sea by wayof streams and rivers or remains stored in naturallakes and ponds and in artificial lakes andimpounded reservoirs. The methods by whichwater supply is derived from the surface are (1)by damming of streams or rivers, (2) by using theflow from streams, (3) by pumping directly fromsurface streams, (4) by collecting water from theroofs of buildings, (5) by providing catchmentareas for the collection of rainwater into speciallyconstructed cisterns, (6) by solar distillation,(7) by power distillations, (8) by freezing, and(9) by electrodialysis.For normal field water supply, surface wateris the most accessible type of water source. This