These new comers need to get familiar with regulatory bodies concerned with worker & public safety such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration) and the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).This will ensure that risks are mitigated at proven knowledge levels as employed to industry practitioners. Thus safe workpractices should be clearly communicated and become part of the corporate culture where the focus should continue to be on recognition of safety and health hazards in their workplace.

In recent years, OSHA has stepped up adherence to this standard via rigorous inspections enforced by its National Emphasis Program (NEP) on Process Safety Management regulatedindustries which include the eco-friendly ammonia refrigeration facilities. This means that owners and operators of large ammonia systems in excess of 10,000 pounds now have the addedresponsibility and expense of continuous record keeping in preparation for NEP inspections. Additionally OSHA requires that employers keep records on employee training so that whenemployers conduct mandatory audits of the program, any inconsistencies can be detected and corrected. In this manner the facility under inspection ensures the protection of workersfrom work-related injuries, illness and deaths.

To partially reduce the regulatory burden, the following safety services are also recommended for implementation:• Modern cold storage applications call for bigger systems to support increasing low temperature requirements. Many are opting to prevent bumping up against the 10,000lbs ammonia threshold and are evaluating cascade system by combining R717 with CO2 (R744) in system architectures by removing the ammonia circuit of the system from occupied spaces.

• Recommended practices for proper ventilation of plant rooms to manage ammonia leaks , is of crucial importance in the design & safety standards set forth in the IIAR-2-2014 standards.

• Installation of ammonia detection system ( to activate emergency exhaust fans for continuous ventilation) with properly installed , maintained and strategically located sensors which are the essential element in preserving the safety of employees and products in any cold store facility.

• Installing of remote monitoring systems can be a valuable safety tool, as it would cover from detection of leaks and high liquid levels to a change in system pressure and can beanalyzed 24/7/365 by an expert in-house technician.

• The use of analytics technology (sensors and software) to identify trends and patterns is another practice that can be implemented. Therefore, facilities that want to operate safely and wish to comply with internationally recognized codes and standards should rely on what is called RAGAGEP or (Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices) applicable to ammonia refrigeration systems. These lists, though not representative or inclusive for each country and state, are a good basis for understanding what programs a facility should have to operate safely and yet comply with outside agencies or local chapters with jurisdictions over their facility.

IF THE FACILITY HAS LESS THAN 10,000 lbs – (LIGHTER CHARGE OF AMMONIA)When a facility has less than 10,000 pounds of ammonia charge in its refrigerating system, both OSHA’s PSM and EPA’s RMP use their respective General Duty Clause (GDC) and RAGAGEP getsinvolved to inspect and generate citations . These clauses describe responsibilities owners and operators have to be diligent in preventing chemical releases. This includes both an employer’s recognition of hazards and most importantly the industry’s recognition of hazards! The prominent ammonia refrigeration consensus standards are issued by IIAR and ANSI/ASHRAE-15 Standard.

The General Duty Clause (GDC) compliance basically involves the following:• Identification and assessment of process hazards.• Maintaining a safe process system• Minimizing consequences of any ammonia release• MOST IMPORTANT! – adhering to industry codes and standards.(NOTE: This is commonly referred to as “Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practice” – RAGAGEP.)

Compiling and updating the following information are essential to GDC compliance:• Process Safety Information (PSI) including current P&ID’s(NOTE: A crucial standard to be considered is in IIAR Bulletin 110 -Section 4: Records)

• Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) with a discussion of potential release scenarios and their impacts.

Operating Procedures• Training• Pre-Start up Procedures• Mechanical Integrity and Preventive Maintenance• Hot Work Permit• Incident Investigation• Emergency actions, planning, and responseNOTE: Under OSHA and EPAs General Duty Clauses, if one has multiple facilities and the majority of the facilities are under RMP, then RMP can be applied to the ones whoseammonia charge are under the 10,000 pounds. Once the facility goes over 10,000 lbs – PSM goes into effect The following two programs need to be developed and implemented when the amount of ammonia charge in any facility is greater than 10,000 pounds:• OSHA’s PSM program has 14 elements that must be addressed by Employers:• Employee Participation• Process Safety Information (PSI)• Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)• Operating Procedures• Training• Contractor Management• Pre-Startup Safety Review• Mechanical Integrity (B109’s)• Hot Work Permit• Management of Change• Incident Investigation• Emergency Planning and Response• Compliance Audits• Trade SecretsEPA – Risk Management Program ( in compliance with 40 CFR Part68)• EPA’s RMP supports the Management System & defines following major components:• Hazard Assessment – This assessment has specific requirements. It includes such items as a “worst-case release scenario”, dispersion modeling, potentially affected population and environmental impact, etc.• Prevention Program – This component is essentially identical to OSHA’s PSM elements. (Note exception: Trade Secrets are not included, and Emergency Response is handled as aseparate component.)• Emergency Preparedness & Response Program – Although EPA’s program follows OSHA’s requirements for HAZWOPER (1910.120(q) and /or Emergency Action Plans (1910.38) – it also requires this component to be integrated with the community response plan. NOTE: CFR denote Code of Federal Regulations ; for instance OSHA1910 are used to designate the health safety regulations in the Federal CFR. For further guidance OSHA and EPAuse following standards to qualify citations:

As stated TRAINING becomes an essential practice for recognition, avoidance, and prevention where a number of methods are recommended and must be available on-site & ondemand.These include classroom, online and self-taught social media based training which has the benefit of access anywhere in the world and can includevariety of areas thus :• Ammonia Safety• Auditing• Effective Operating Procedures• Incident Investigation/RCA• Process Hazards Analysis• Management of Change/PSSR• Mechanical Integrity• Safe Work Practices• OSHA General Safety & Compliance

In order to arrange for training classes in any country, it is advisable that a “train-the-trainer” approach is followed where employers arrange for training of their senior staff to coordinatewith relevant inspection companies in the US. In addition it is important that the trainers continue to keep their certifications up to date by taking relevant training courses on a periodic or yearly basis.

“This article published in AAR Newsletter of June 2017 is being reproduced herein with permission of Mr Mehdizadeh , MD of Roxara Engineering , Houston , Tx (USA)”