The film received mixed reviews, with critics especially divided about the plausibility and payoff of the ending,[3][4] the film gave composer James Newton Howard his fourth Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.

Contents

Residents of the small, isolated Pennsylvania village of Covington, seemingly in the 18th or 19th century, live in fear of nameless creatures in the surrounding woods and have constructed a large barrier of oil lanterns and watch towers that are constantly manned to keep watch, after the funeral of a seven-year-old boy, Lucius Hunt (Joaquin Phoenix) asks the village elders for permission to pass through the woods to get medical supplies from neighboring towns. However, his request is denied. Later, his mother Alice (Sigourney Weaver) scolds him for wanting to visit the neighboring towns which the villagers describe as wicked, the Elders also appear to have secrets of their own and keep physical mementos hidden in black boxes, the contents of which are reminders of the evil and tragedy they left behind when they left the towns. After Lucius makes a short venture into the woods, the creatures leave warnings in the form of splashes of red paint on all the villagers' doors.

Ivy Elizabeth Walker (Bryce Dallas Howard), the blind daughter of the chief Elder Edward Walker (William Hurt), informs Lucius that she has strong feelings for him and he returns her affections. They arrange to be married, but Noah Percy (Adrien Brody), a young man with an apparent developmental and learning disability, stabs Lucius with a knife, because he is in love with Ivy himself. Noah is locked in a room until a decision is made about his fate.

Edward goes against the wishes of the other Elders, agreeing to let Ivy pass through the forest and seek medicine for Lucius, before she leaves, Edward explains that the creatures inhabiting the woods are actually members of their own community wearing costumes and have continued the legend of monsters in an effort to frighten and deter others from attempting to leave Covington. He also explains that the costumes are based upon tales of real creatures who once lived in the woods. Ivy and two young men (unaware of the Elders' farce) are sent into the forest, but both protectors abandon Ivy almost immediately, believing the creatures will kill them, but spare her out of pity. While traveling through the forest, one of the creatures suddenly attacks Ivy, she tricks it into falling into a deep hole to its death. However, the creature is actually Noah wearing one of the costumes found in the room where he had been locked away after stabbing Lucius.

Ivy eventually finds her way to the far edge of the woods, where she encounters a high, ivy-covered wall, after she climbs over the wall, a park ranger named Kevin (Charlie Hofheimer) spots Ivy and is shocked to hear that she has come out of the woods. The woods are actually the Walker Wildlife Preserve, named for Ivy's family, and it is actually the modern era instead of the 19th century as the villagers believe. Ivy asks for help and gives Kevin a list of medicines that she must acquire, also giving him a golden pocket watch as payment.

During this time, it is revealed that the village was actually founded in the late 1970s. Edward Walker, then a professor of American history at the University of Pennsylvania, approached other people he met at a grief counseling clinic following the murder of his father and asked them to join him in creating a place where they would sustain themselves and be protected from any aspect of the outside world. When they agreed, Covington was built in the middle of a wildlife preserve purchased with Edward's family fortune, the head park ranger Jay (M. Night Shyamalan) tells Kevin that the Walker Estate pays the government to keep the entire wildlife preserve beneath a no-fly zone and also funds the ranger corps who ensure no outside force disrupts the preserve. Kevin secretly retrieves medicine from his ranger station and Ivy returns to the village with the supplies, unaware of the truth of the situation.

During her absence, the Elders secretly open their black boxes, each containing mementos from their lives in the outside world, including items related to their past traumas, the Elders gather around Lucius's bed when one of the townsfolk informs them that Ivy has returned and that she killed one of the monsters. Edward points out to Noah's grieving mother that his death will allow them to continue deceiving the rest of the villagers that there are creatures in the woods, and all the Elders take a vote to continue living in the village. Ivy comes in and tells Lucius that she has returned.

The film was originally titled The Woods, but the name was changed because a film in production by director Lucky McKee, The Woods (2006), already had that title.[5] Like other Shyamalan productions, this film had high levels of secrecy surrounding it, to protect the expected twist ending that was a known Shyamalan trademark, despite that, the script was stolen over a year before the film was released, prompting many "pre-reviews" of the film on several Internet film sites[6][7] and much fan speculation about plot details. The village seen in the film was built in its entirety in one field outside Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. An adjacent field contained an on-location temporary sound stage.[8] Production on the film started in October 2003, with delays because some scenes needing fall foliage could not be shot because of a late fall season. Principal photography was wrapped up in mid-December of that year; in April and May 2004, several of the lead actors were called back to the set. Reports noted that this seemed to have something to do with a change to the film's ending,[9][10] and, in fact, the film's final ending differs from the ending in a stolen version of the script that surfaced a year earlier; in the original version, the film ends after Ivy climbs over the wall and it is revealed to the audience that the film takes place in the present day.[11]

The Village polarized critics. It earned a "rotten" certification at Rotten Tomatoes with only 43% giving it a positive appraisal, based on 206 reviews and an average score of 5.5/10. The consensus reads, "The Village is appropriately creepy, but Shyamalan's signature twist ending disappoints."[4] At Metacritic, the film holds a score of 44 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[3]

Roger Ebert gave the film one star and wrote: "The Village is a colossal miscalculation, a movie based on a premise that cannot support it, a premise so transparent it would be laughable were the movie not so deadly solemn ... To call the ending an anticlimax would be an insult not only to climaxes but to prefixes. It's a crummy secret, about one step up the ladder of narrative originality from It was all a dream. It's so witless, in fact, that when we do discover the secret, we want to rewind the film so we don't know the secret anymore." The film is listed on Ebert's "Most Hated" list.[12] There were also comments that the film, while raising questions about conformity in a time of "evil," did little to "confront" those themes.[13]Slate's Michael Agger commented that Shyamalan was continuing in a pattern of making "sealed-off movies that [fall] apart when exposed to outside logic."[14]

The movie had a number of admirers. Critic Jeffrey Westhoff commented that though the film had its shortcomings, these did not necessarily render it a bad movie, and that "Shyamalan's orchestration of mood and terror is as adroit as ever".[15] Philip Horne of The Daily Telegraph in a later review noted "this exquisitely crafted allegory of American soul-searching seems to have been widely misunderstood".[16]

Simon & Schuster, publishers of the 1995 young adults' book Running Out of Time by Margaret Peterson Haddix, claimed that the film had taken ideas from the book.[18] The book had a plot which features a village whose inhabitants are secretly forced to live in the 1830s when the year is actually 1996, the plot of Shyamalan's movie had several similarities to the book. They both involve a village, which is actually a park in the present day (Shyamalan uses a late nineteenth-century village), have young heroines on a search for medical supplies, and both have adult leaders bent on keeping the children in their village from discovering the truth; in Haddix's novel, the truth is that the village is a tourist attraction; in the movie, that the adults had decided to withdraw from the outside world.

The film was released on VHS and DVD on January 11, 2005, this is currently the only M. Night Shyamalan film that does not have a Blu-ray version. The Village was also the last Shyamalan film to be released on VHS.

1.
M. Night Shyamalan
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Manoj M. Night Shyamalan is an Indian-American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor known for making movies with contemporary supernatural plots and surprise endings. His other films include The Village, Lady in the Water, The Happening, The Last Airbender and he is also known for producing Devil, as well as being instrumental in the creation of the Fox science fiction series Wayward Pines. Shyamalan is also known for filming and setting his films in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was raised, most of his commercially successful films were co-produced and released by the Walt Disney Studios Touchstone and Hollywood film imprints. In 2008, Shyamalan was awarded the Padma Shri by the government of India, Shyamalan was born in Mahé, a town in the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. The son of Indian parents, his father, Nelliate C, Shyamalan, is a Malayali from Mahé and graduated with a medical degree from JIPMER, while his mother, Jayalakshmi, is a Tamil Indian who is an obstetrician and gynecologist by profession. Shyamalan spent his first six weeks in Puducherry, and then was raised in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania and he attended the private Roman Catholic grammar school Waldron Mercy Academy, followed by the Episcopal Academy, a private Episcopal high school located at the time in Merion, Pennsylvania. Shyamalan earned the New York University Merit Scholarship in 1988, Shyamalan is an alumnus of New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts, in Manhattan, graduating in 1992. It was while studying there that he adopted Night as his second name, Shyamalan had an early desire to be a filmmaker when he was given a Super 8 camera at a young age. Though his father wanted him to follow in the practice of medicine. By the time he was seventeen, the Steven Spielberg fan had made forty-five home movies, on each DVD release of his films, he has included a scene from one of these childhood movies, which he feels represents his first attempt at the same kind of film. Shyamalan made his first film, the semi-autobiographical drama Praying with Anger, while still a student at NYU, using money borrowed from family and he wrote and directed his second movie, Wide Awake. His parents were the associate producers. The drama dealt with a ten-year-old Catholic schoolboy who, after the death of his grandfather, the films supporting cast included Dana Delany and Denis Leary as the boys parents, as well as Rosie ODonnell, Julia Stiles, and Camryn Manheim. Wide Awake was filmed in a school Shyamalan attended as a child and earned 1999 Young Artist Award nominations for Best Drama, only in limited release, the film grossed $305,704 in theaters, against a $6 million budget. That same year Shyamalan co-wrote the screenplay for Stuart Little with Greg Brooker, in 2013, he revealed he was the ghostwriter for the 1999 film Shes All That, a teen comedy starring Freddie Prinze Jr. and Rachel Leigh Cook. However, this statement has come into question as the screenwriter for the film. In July 2000, on The Howard Stern Show, Shyamalan said he had met with Steven Spielberg and was in talks to write the script for the fourth Indiana Jones film. This would have given Shyamalan a chance to work with his longtime idol, after the film fell through, Shyamalan later said it was too tricky to arrange and not the right thing for him to do

2.
Joaquin Phoenix
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Joaquín Rafael Phoenix, known formerly as Leaf Phoenix, is a Puerto Rican–born American actor, producer, music video director, musician and activist. For his work as an artist, Phoenix has received a Grammy Award, Phoenix started acting in television shows with his brother River Phoenix and sister Summer Phoenix. His first major release was in the comedy-drama film Parenthood. During his period as an actor he was credited as Leaf Phoenix. He received international attention for his portrayal of Commodus in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, to this date, he and River Phoenix hold the distinction of being the first and only brothers to be nominated for acting Academy Awards. Aside from his career, he has also ventured into directing music videos, as well as producing films. He has recorded an album, the soundtrack to Walk The Line, Phoenix is a social activist, lending his support to a number of charities and humanitarian organizations. He is also known for his animal rights advocacy. He has been a vegan since the age of three, and actively campaigns for PETA and In Defense of Animals, Phoenix was born Joaquín Rafael Bottom in the Río Piedras district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, to parents from the U. S. mainland. He is the third of five children, including River, Rain, Liberty and Summer and he also has a half-sister named Jodean from a previous relationship of his fathers. Phoenixs father, John Lee Bottom, originally from Fontana, California, was a lapsed Catholic, of English, Phoenixs mother, Arlyn, was born in the Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents whose families emigrated from Russia and Hungary. Arlyn left her family in 1968 and moved to California, later meeting Phoenixs father while hitchhiking and they married in 1969, then later joined a religious group, the Children of God, and began traveling throughout South America. His parents eventually became disenchanted with the Children of God, they made the decision to leave the group and they changed their last name to Phoenix, after the mythical bird that rises from its own ashes, symbolizing a new beginning. Around this time, Joaquín began calling himself Leaf, desiring to have a name like his siblings. Leaf became the name he used as a actor, until at age 15. He first used it as a credit in his big comeback film To Die For. In order to provide food and financial support for the family, in Los Angeles, his mother started working as a secretary for NBC, and his father worked as a landscaper. He went on to himself as a child actor before deciding to withdraw from acting for a while and travel to Mexico

3.
Adrien Brody
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Adrien Brody is an American actor. Brody is also the only male American actor to receive the French César Award, other successful films that Brody have starred in are Bread and Roses, the 2005 version of King Kong, The Village, Predators, New York Stories, and The Thin Red Line. He is a frequent collaborator of Wes Andersons he has starred in two of Andersons both of which were major successes they are The Grand Budapest Hotel and The Darjeeling Limited. Brody was born in Woodhaven, Queens, New York, the son of Sylvia Plachy, a photographer, and Elliot Brody, Brody was raised without a strong connection to Judaism or Catholicism. As a child, Brody performed magic shows at childrens parties as The Amazing Adrien. He attended the I. S.145 Joseph Pulitzer middle school and New Yorks Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and his parents enrolled him in acting classes to distance him from the dangerous children with whom he associated. He attended summer camp at Long Lake Camp for the Arts in the Adirondacks in upstate New York, Brody attended Stony Brook University before transferring to Queens College for a semester. Taking acting classes as a child, by age thirteen he appeared in an Off-Broadway play and he received widespread recognition when he was cast as the lead in Roman Polanskis The Pianist. To prepare for the role, Brody withdrew for months, gave up his apartment and his car, broke up with his then-girlfriend, learned how to play Chopin on the piano, and lost 29 lbs. The role won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, making him, at 29, the youngest actor ever to win the award and he also won a César Award for his performance. Brody appeared on Saturday Night Live on May 10,2003, his first TV work, other TV appearances include NBCs The Today Show and on MTVs Punkd after being tricked by Ashton Kutcher. After The Pianist Brody appeared in four different films. In Dummy he portrayed Steven Schoichet, a socially awkward aspiring ventriloquist in pursuit of a love interest and he learned ventriloquism and puppetry for the role convincingly enough to perform all of the voice stunts and puppet manipulation live on set in real time, with no subsequent post dubbing. King Kong was both a critical and box office success, it grossed $550 million worldwide and is Brodys most successful film to date in monetary terms, additionally, Brody played a detective in Hollywoodland. He has also appeared in Diet Coke and Schweppes commercials as well as Tori Amos music video for A Sorta Fairytale, on January 5,2006, Brody confirmed speculation that he was interested in playing the role of The Joker in 2008s The Dark Knight. However, Christopher Nolan and Warner Bros. decided instead to cast Heath Ledger in the role and he was also in talks with Paramount to play Spock in J. J. Abrams Star Trek XI, but it ultimately went to Zachary Quinto. In 2010, he starred in Splice, a fiction film written. Originally a Sundance film, Splice was adopted by Dark Castle Entertainment, most recently, he played the star role of Royce in Predators, directed by Nimród Antal and produced by Robert Rodriguez

4.
Bryce Dallas Howard
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Bryce Dallas Howard is an American film actress, director, producer, and writer. Howard attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, and her performance in Kenneth Branagh’s film adaptation of As You Like It earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2006, she co-wrote and directed the short film Orchids, Howard became more recognizable to audiences as Victoria in The Twilight Saga, Eclipse. This project, as well as Terminator Salvation, was financially successful, in 2011, she had supporting roles in 50/50 and The Help. She is signed to reprise her role in the two films in the franchise. Howard was born in Los Angeles, California, to writer Cheryl Howard Crew and actor-director Ron Howard and she has two younger sisters, twins Jocelyn and Paige, and a younger brother named Reed. Through her father, she is a granddaughter of actors Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard and her godfather is actor Henry Winkler, who co-starred on Happy Days with her father. All of the Howard children were raised away from the world of show business and their parents did not allow them access to television and instead encouraged outdoor activities and hobbies. At the age of 7, however, she was allowed to be an extra in her fathers movies, in an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, she mentioned that she and her siblings were babysat by family friend Tom Cruise on several occasions. She was raised in Westchester County, New York and on a farm in Greenwich, Howard attended Stagedoor Manor, a performing arts camp in upstate New York, with actress Natalie Portman. During her schooling, she took part in the recording of the Broadway-bound musical A Tale of Two Cities. She graduated with her BFA in Drama in 2003, Howard is also an alumna of the Steppenwolf Theatre Companys School at Steppenwolf in Chicago, and of The Actors Center in New York City. During her time in New York, Howard was also a member of theater company Theater Mitu, in residence at New York Theatre Workshop. For several years, Howard appeared in New York plays, among these were House & Garden, a 2002 Alan Ayckbourn production held at the Manhattan Theatre Club, in which she portrayed a disdainful, flirtatious teen. While performing as Rosalind in the critically acclaimed 2003 William Shakespeare comedy production As You Like It at The Public Theater, Howard was cast in Shyamalans fantasy thriller The Village two weeks later without having to audition. Its story is about a village whose residents live in fear of the creatures inhabiting the woods beyond it. She plays the lead, the chiefs blind daughter and love interest to Joaquin Phoenixs part. Her performance was applauded by critics and Howard was nominated for several awards, the Village did well commercially, but had a mixed reception

5.
William Hurt
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William McChord Hurt is an American actor. He received his training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his debut as a troubled scientist in the science-fiction feature Altered States. He subsequently played a role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner. In 1985, Hurt garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards, including an Academy Award and he received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in Children of a Lesser God and Broadcast News. Hurt remained a stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions, including Henry V, Fifth of July, Richard II. Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of Hurlyburly, other notable films in recent years have included A. I. Artificial Intelligence, The Village, Syriana, The Good Shepherd, Mr. Brooks, Into the Wild, The Incredible Hulk, Robin Hood and Captain America, Civil War. Hurt was born in Washington, D. C. the son of Claire Isabel, who worked at Time, Inc. and Alfred McChord Hurt, with his father, he lived in Lahore, Mogadishu and Khartoum. After his parents divorced, his mother married Henry Luce III during Hurts childhood, Hurt graduated from Middlesex School in 1968 where he was vice president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. His high school yearbook predicted, With characteristics such as these, Hurt attended Tufts University and studied theology, but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School. Two of his classmates there were the late actors Christopher Reeve, Hurt began his career in stage productions, only later acting in films. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the company at Circle Repertory Company. He won an Obie Award for his appearance there in Corinne Jackers My Life, and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in Fifth of July, Ulysses in Traction. In 1979, Hurt played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and his first major film role was in the science-fiction film Altered States where his performance as an obsessed scientist gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdans neo-noir classic Body Heat elevated Hurt to stardom and he appeared in the thriller Gorky Park opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and he has received three additional Oscar nominations, Best Actor for Children of a Lesser God and Broadcast News and Best Supporting Actor for A History Of Violence. Hurt also starred in Tuck Everlasting as Angus Tuck, also in 2005, Hurt played a mysterious government operative in Stephen Gaghans ensemble drama about the politics of big oil, Syriana

6.
Sigourney Weaver
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Susan Alexandra Sigourney Weaver is an American actress and film producer. Following her film debut as a character in Annie Hall. She reprised the role in three sequels, Aliens, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, Alien 3 and she is also known for her starring roles in the box-office hits Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, and Avatar. Weaver was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for the 1980 Off-Broadway play Das Lusitania Songspiel and she also received Academy Award nominations for both films. For her role in the 1997 film The Ice Storm, she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, additionally, she has received three Emmy Award nominations and won two Saturn Awards. Weaver acquired the nickname of the Sci-Fi Queen for her numerous contributions to film history. Other popular works she has appeared in include Galaxy Quest, Futurama, WALL-E, Paul, The Cabin in the Woods, Finding Dory and she returned to Broadway in 2013 to star in Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike. Weaver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of Elizabeth Inglis, an actress, and her uncle, Doodles Weaver, was a comedian and actor. Her mother was English, from Colchester, Essex, and her father, who was American, had English, Scottish, Weaver began using the name Sigourney Weaver in 1963 after a minor character in Chapter 3 of F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby. Weaver attended the Ethel Walker School, a preparatory school in Simsbury. She also attended The Chapin School and The Brearley School, Sigourney was reportedly 5 10½ tall by the age of 14, although she only grew another inch during her teens to her adult height of 5 11½. In 1967, at the age of 18, Weaver visited Israel, Weaver later acted in original plays by her friend and classmate Christopher Durang. She later appeared in an Off-Broadway production of Durangs comedy Beyond Therapy in 1981, weavers first role is often said to be in Woody Allens 1977 comedy Annie Hall playing a minor role opposite Allen. She reprised the role in the three sequels of the Alien movie franchise, Aliens, Alien 3 and Alien, Resurrection. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe states, One of the pleasures of Alien is to watch the emergence of both Ellen Ripley as a character and Sigourney Weaver as a star. She followed the success of Alien appearing opposite Mel Gibson in The Year of Living Dangerously released to critical acclaim, by the end of the decade, Weaver appeared in two of her most memorable and critically acclaimed performances. In 1988, she starred as Dian Fossey in Gorillas in the Mist, the same year she appeared opposite Harrison Ford in a supporting role as Katharine Parker in the film Working Girl. Weaver won Golden Globe awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her two roles that year and she gave birth to her daughter Charlotte Simpson taking a few years break from the movie business and focusing on her family

7.
Brendan Gleeson
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Brendan Gleeson is an Irish actor. He is the recipient of three IFTA Awards, two BIFA Awards, one Emmy Award and has been nominated twice for a BAFTA Award and he won an Emmy Award in 2009 for his portrayal of Winston Churchill in the television film Into the Storm. He is also the father of actors Domhnall Gleeson and Brian Gleeson, Gleeson was born in Dublin, the son of Pat and Frank Gleeson. Gleeson has described himself as having been a reader as a child. He received his second level education at St. Josephs CBS in Fairview, after training as an actor, he worked for several years as a secondary school teacher of Irish and English at the now defunct Catholic Belcamp College in North County Dublin, which closed in 2004. He was working simultaneously as an actor while teaching, doing semi-professional and professional productions in Dublin and he left the teaching profession to commit full-time to acting in 1991. In an NPR interview to promote Calvary, he revealed that he was abused by a Christian Brother, saying and it wasn’t very traumatic and it wasn’t at all sustained, it was just one of these things where something odd happened. As a member of the Dublin-based Passion Machine, Gleeson appeared in several of the companys early and highly successful plays such as Wasters, Brownbread. He has also written three plays for Passion Machine, The Birdtable and Breaking Up, both of which he directed, and Babies and Bathwater in which he acted, among his other Dublin theatre work are Patrick Süskinds one-man play The Double Bass and John B. Keanes The Year of the Hiker, Gleeson started his film career at the age of 34. He first came to prominence in Ireland for his role as Michael Collins in The Treaty, a film broadcast on RTÉ One. He has acted in films as Braveheart, I Went Down, Michael Collins, Gangs of New York, Cold Mountain,28 Days Later, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven, Lake Placid. Artificial Intelligence, Mission, Impossible II, and The Village and he won critical acclaim for his performance as Irish gangster Martin Cahill in John Boormans 1998 film The General. In 2003, Gleeson was the voice of Hugh the Miller in an episode of the Channel 4 animated series Wilde Stories, Gleeson later went on to portray Winston Churchill in Into the Storm. Gleeson won an Emmy Award for his performance, Gleeson played Hogwarts professor Mad-Eye Moody in the fourth, fifth and seventh Harry Potter films. His son Domhnall played Bill Weasley in the seventh film, Gleeson starred in the short film Six Shooter in 2006, which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. This film was written and directed by Martin McDonagh who also wrote, the film, and Gleesons performance, enjoyed huge critical acclaim, earning Gleeson several award nominations, including his first Golden Globe nomination. In the movie, Gleeson plays a figure for Colin Farrells hitman

8.
James Newton Howard
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James Newton Howard is an American composer, conductor, music producer and musician. He has scored over 100 films and is the recipient of a Grammy Award, Emmy Award, and eight Academy Award nominations. He has collaborated with directors M. Night Shyamalan, having scored nine of his films since The Sixth Sense, James Newton Howard was born in Los Angeles. He came from a family, his grandmother was the Pittsburgh Symphonys concertmaster. Howard began studying music as a child, taking piano lessons at the age of four. He went on to attend the Thacher School in Ojai, California, after Howard left college, he joined a short-lived rock band, then worked for a couple of years as a session musician with artists including Diana Ross, Ringo Starr, and Harry Nilsson. In the early 70s, he described himself as being dirt poor and he joined Eltons band and toured with them as keyboardist during the late 70s and early 80s. He was part of the band that played Central Park, New York, in 1982, Howard was featured on Toto IV as the strings conductor and orchestrator for I Wont Hold You Back, Afraid of Love, and Lovers in the Night. A year later, he released the live album James Newton Howard and Friends, which featured Totos David Paich, Steve Porcaro, Jeff Porcaro, in 1983, Howard was co-producer, musician, and orchestrator of Riccardo Cocciantes album Sincerità. After briefly touring with Crosby, Stills and Nash, he took an opportunity brought to him by his manager to write a score for a small-time movie. This career move would lead to his becoming a film music composer. He conducted both his own and Paul Buckmasters arrangements during the half of the set, which focused on orchestrated performances of selected songs from the Elton John catalog. When delving into his history, twenty-five years after the death of his father. He later became a practicing Reconstructionist Jew, Howard scored the surprise blockbuster romantic comedy Pretty Woman and received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for Barbra Streisands drama The Prince of Tides. Night Shyamalans The Village, and Michael Clayton, in addition, Howard scored the Western epic Wyatt Earp, Kevin Costners Waterworld, and Primal Fear. His collaborations on songs for One Fine Day and Junior garnered Oscar nominations for Best Song and he has also scored three Disney animated feature films, Dinosaur, Atlantis, The Lost Empire and Treasure Planet. On October 14,2005 Howard replaced Howard Shore as composer for King Kong, the resultant score earned Howard his first Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score. His work on Michael Clayton earned him an Oscar nomination and he followed in 2008 with his eighth Oscar nomination for Edward Zwicks Defiance

9.
Roger Deakins
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Roger Alexander Deakins, CBE, ASC, BSC is an English cinematographer best known for his work on the films of the Coen brothers, Sam Mendes, and Denis Villeneuve. Deakins is a member of both the American and British Society of Cinematographers and he received the 2011 American Society of Cinematographers Lifetime Achievement Award. Deakins has received thirteen nominations for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Deakins was born in Torquay in the English county of Devon, the son of Josephine, an actress, and William Albert Deakins, a builder. He attended Torquay Boys Grammar School, while growing up in Torquay, Deakins spent most of his time in and out of school focusing on his primary interest, painting. Several years later he enrolled in the Bath School of Art, while studying in Bath, he discovered his love of photography. He proved to be a talented photographer, and this led to his being hired to create a photographic documentary of his home town. About a year later, Deakins transferred to the National Film, shortly after graduating, Deakins found work as a cameraman, assisting in the production of documentaries in various locations abroad for approximately seven years. During this seven-year stint, his first project involved a trip as one of the entrants of a round-the-world yacht race called Around the World with Ridgeway. This project captured the lives and growing tensions between several of the yachts crewmen, Deakins received high praise for his work out at sea showing the parallels between these teammates and shipmates. After completing Around the World with Ridgeway, Deakins was immediately hired by studios to film several documentaries in Africa. His first, Zimbabwe, was a powerful and informative depiction of the genocide that had been going on there and his second, Eritrea – Behind Enemy Lines, was another depiction of conflict, this time within the borders of Sudan, Ethiopia and Djibouti. From the time of his work in Africa until the early 1980s, Deakins continued his cinematographic and his early work as both a director and cinematographer of music videos including a lot of the early Madness videos. Carl Perkins Blue Suede Shoes and the concert film Van Morrison in Ireland, subsequently, he worked on Towers of Babel, Sid and Nancy, The Kitchen Toto, and Pascalis Island. Deakins first feature film in America as cinematographer was Mountains of the Moon and he began his collaboration with the Coen brothers in 1991 on the film Barton Fink. Since then, Deakins has been the Coens main cinematic collaborator and has been their principal cinematographer, the U. S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures honored him with an award for Career Achievement in Cinematography in 2007. In 2008, Deakins became the first cinematographer in history to receive dual ASC nominations for his works The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the latter won the BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography and he received Academy Award nominations for both films. In 2009, he was double-nominated for the ASC Award again for Revolutionary Road, in 2011 he was nominated again for his work on True Grit and also received an ASC Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2012 he won another ASC Award for outstanding achievement in cinematography for his work on Skyfall, his ninth ASC Award nomination, Deakins signed on as cinematographer for Skyfall, having previously worked with director Sam Mendes on Jarhead and Revolutionary Road

10.
Touchstone Pictures
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Touchstone Pictures is an American film distribution label of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Previously, Touchstone operated as an film production banner of Walt Disney Studios. Touchstone Pictures merely serves as a brand, not a business operation. In 2009, Disney entered into a 5-year, 30-picture distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures by which DreamWorks productions would be released through the Touchstone banner, Touchstone then distributed DreamWorks films from 2011 to 2016. Due to increased public assumption that Disney films were aimed at children and families, in late 1979, Disney Productions released The Black Hole, a science-fiction movie that was the studios first production to receive a PG rating. Over the next few years, Disney experimented with more PG-rated fare, tron was considered a potential Star Wars-level success film by the film division. A loss of $33 million was registered by the division in 1983 with the majority resulting from Something Wicked This Way Comes. Never Cry Wolf, a 1983 PG release that featured male nudity did well as the studio downplayed the films association with the Disney brand. Touchstone Films was started by then-Disney CEO Ron W. Miller on February 15,1984 as a label for their PG films with an expected 3 to 4 movies released under the label. Touchstones first film was Splash, a hit for grossing $68 million at the domestic box office was released that year. Incoming Disney CEO Michael Eisner and film chief Jeffrey Katzenberg considered renaming the label to Hollywood Pictures, following in 1986, Down and Out in Beverly Hills was another early success for Touchstone and is noted as Disneys first R-rated film. Allowing the momentum to increase with films with Ruthless People, Outrageous Fortune, Tin Men. In April 1985, Touchstone Films were licensed to Showtime/The Movie Channel for five years starting in 1986, Touchstone Films was renamed Touchstone Pictures after the film Ruthless People in 1986. With the Touchstone movies, Disney moved to the top of box office receipts beating out all the major film studios by 1988. In April 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed president Ricardo Mestres, on October 23,1990, The Walt Disney Company formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios primary funding source. Mestres was appointed president of Hollywood, in 2006, Disney limited Touchstones output to 2 or 3 films in favor of Walt Disney Pictures titles due to an increase in film industry costs. Two Touchstone co-productions flopped at the box office minimized by its co-producers financial contributions to the movies, Disney revived Touchstone in 2009 to serve as a distribution label for DreamWorks Studios films. DreamWorks was expected to allow Disney to release additional family fare that could be used at its parks and on its channels, Disney has been financing DreamWorks productions with an $90 million more available under its agreement if DreamWorks cannot get additional equity funding

11.
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
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Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American film distributor owned by The Walt Disney Company. The division took on its current name in late 2007, which before that had been Buena Vista Pictures Distribution since 1987, before 1953, Walt Disneys productions were distributed by Columbia Pictures, United Artists and RKO Radio Pictures. The name Buena Vista came from the street in Burbank, California, Buena Vistas first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature The Living Desert on November 10,1953 along with Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, Buena Vistas first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the film, Yang Kwei Fei, released in US theaters in September 1956, The Missouri Traveler in March 1958. In April 1960, the company dropped Film from its name, in 1961, Disney incorporated Buena Vista International, distributing its first PG rated film, Take Down, in January 1979. The low-budget movie was not produced by the Disney studios and was acquired from an independent studio, in July 1987, Buena Vista changed its name to Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a stake in one of Pacific Theatres chain leading to Disneys Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre. The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19,1991, the corporation purchased a 12. 8% share in Cinergi with its initial public offering in 1994. Soon, BVPD signed a 25 picture distribution deal with Cinergi, the Gaumont Film Company and Walt Disney formed Gaumont Buena Vista International, their joint venture French distribution company, in 1993. In August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten Publishing agreed that Disney would distribute internationally Studio Ghibli animated films, in September 1996, following Disneys acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. was merged into ABC, Inc. the parent company of that group. In July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution purchased the Hollywood Masonic Temple building to continue using it as a promotional venue, by 1997, BVPDs share in Cinergi dropped to 5%.4 million and other loans. In 2002, Disney signed a four animated film deal with Vanguard Animation, however, since 2004, BVI and Gaumont dissolved their French distribution joint venture, Gaumont Buena Vista International. Buena Vista International agreed to a deal with MegaStar Joint Venture Company Limited in April 2006 for the Vietnam market. In April 2007, Disney discontinued using the Buena Vista brand in its distribution branding, the distribution deal ended in 2016, after DreamWorks and Disney decided to not renew their agreement in December 2015, with Universal replacing Disney as DreamWorks distributor. By the end of the deal, Disney had distributed 14 of DreamWorks original 30-picture agreement, Disney took complete ownership of the DreamWorks II film library in exchange for loans made to that company. In addition, Disney is the first of three studios that have released at least two billion-dollar films in the same year. Furthermore, Disney is the studio that has achieved this four times, in 2010,2013,2015, and 2016—that latter year of which included four $1 billion releases. Four of the top five highest-grossing animated films have been released by Disney, in addition, four of the top-five opening weekends were Disney releases

12.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years

13.
Village
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A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings, however, transient villages can occur, further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. In the past, villages were a form of community for societies that practise subsistence agriculture. In Great Britain, a hamlet earned the right to be called a village when it built a church, in many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in numbers to work in mills and factories. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and development of many trades, the trend of urbanization continues, though not always in connection with industrialization. Although many patterns of life have existed, the typical village was small. Homes were situated together for sociability and defence, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed, Traditional fishing villages were based on artisan fishing and located adjacent to fishing grounds. The soul of India lives in its villages, declared M. K. Gandhi at the beginning of 20th century, according to the 2011 census of India,68. 84% of Indians live in 640,867 different villages. The size of these villages varies considerably,236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10, 000+. Most of the villages have their own temple, mosque, or church, auyl is a Kazakh word meaning village in Kazakhstan. According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan,42. 7% of Kazakhs live in 8172 different villages, to refer to this concept along with the word auyl often used the slavic word selo in Northern Kazakhstan. Peoples Republic of China In mainland China, villages 村 are divisions under township Zh, 乡 or town Zh, Republic of China In the Republic of China, villages are divisions under townships or county-controlled cities. The village is called a tsuen or cūn under a rural township, japan South Korea In Indonesia, depending on the principles they are administered, villages are called Kampung or Desa. A Desa is administered according to traditions and customary law, while a kelurahan is administered along more modern principles, Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions. A village head is respectively called kepala desa or lurah, both are elected by the local community. A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan, in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten or kota, the same general concept applies all over Indonesia

14.
Park ranger
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A park ranger, park warden, or forest ranger is a person entrusted with protecting and preserving parklands – national, state, provincial, or local parks. Parks may be defined by some systems in this context, and include protected culturally or historically important built environments. Different countries use different names for the position, Warden is the favored term in Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Within the United States, the National Park Service refers to the position as a park ranger, the U. S. Forest Service refers to the position as a forest ranger. Other countries use the park warden or game warden to describe this occupation. The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers are required to be proficient in more than one. In medieval England, rangers were officials employed to range through the countryside providing law and their duties were originally confined to seeing that the Forest Law was enforced in the outlands, or purlieus, of the royal forests. Their duties corresponded in some respects with that of a mounted Forester, the term ranger seems to correspond to the Medieval Latin word regardatores which appeared in 1217 in the Charter of the Forest. Regardatores was later rendered as rangers in the English translations of the Charter, however, others translate regardatores as regarders. A regard is considered to be an inspection of the forest, the earliest letters patent found mentioning the term refer to a commission of a ranger in 1341. Documents from 1455 state that England had “all manner and singular Offices of Foresters and Rangers of our said Forests”. One of the first appearances of ranger in literature is in Edmund Spensers poem The Shepheardes Calendar from 1579, walk not widely, as they were wont, for fear of rangers, the office of Ranger of Windsor Great Park appears to have been created in 1601. In North America rangers served in the 17th through 18th-century wars between colonists and Native American Indian tribes, Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by colonial governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. During offensive operations, they acted as scouts and guides, locating villages, during the Revolutionary War, General George Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to select an elite group of men for reconnaissance missions. This unit was known as Knowltons Rangers, and was the first official Ranger unit for the United States, considered the historical parent of the modern day Army Rangers. The word was resurrected by Americans in the 19th and 20th centuries from the old British use for the Wardens - royally appointed - who patrolled the deer parks and hunting forests in England. There is much debate among scholars about which area was the world’s first national park, clark served as the Guardian of Yosemite for 24 years. Others point to Harry Yount who worked as a gamekeeper in Yellowstone National Park in 1880-1881

15.
University of Pennsylvania
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The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees

16.
Nature reserve
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Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws, early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the evil forest areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by ancient cultures worldwide. The worlds first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall and he spent £9000 on the construction of a 3 mile long,9 ft tall wall to enclose his park from poachers. He tried to encourage birdlife by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for owls to nest in and he also invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, jackdaws and sand martins and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy. Drachenfels was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany, in Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia. The term “nature reserve” is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a national statute. As of 2014,1767 out of a total of 10339 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term “nature reserve in their names, in Brazil, nature reserves are classified as ecological stations or biological reserves by the National System of Conservation Units. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the balance, biological diversity. Ecological stations are allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits for the purpose of scientific research. A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, there are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no, 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to protect the natural resources. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba in the southeast, denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 and is part of Thy National Park, in Sweden there are 29 national parks. The first of them were established in 1909, in fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks. There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden and they comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Enironmental Code

17.
No-fly zone
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This article is about the prevention of flight in a region of airspace by the application or threat of military power. For information on prevention of flight ordinarily enforced by civil regulation or legal means, a no-fly zone is a territory or an area over which aircraft are not permitted to fly. Such zones are set up in a military context, somewhat like a demilitarized zone in the sky. Aircraft that break the no-fly zone may be shot down, depending on the terms of the NFZ, no-fly zones are a modern phenomenon. They can be distinguished from traditional air power missions by their coercive appropriation of another nation’s airspace only, during the Cold War, the risk of local conflict escalating into nuclear showdown dampened the appeal of military intervention as a tool of U. S. statecraft. Perhaps more importantly, air power was a blunt instrument until the operational maturation of stealth. However, the demise of the Soviet Union and the rise in aerospace capabilities engendered by the revolution made no-fly zones viable in both political and military contexts. The intent of the zone was to prevent possible bombing. The initial operations were dubbed Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Provide Comfort II and were followed by Operation Northern Watch, while the enforcing powers had cited United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 as authorizing the operations, the resolution contains no explicit authorization. The Secretary-General of the UN at the time the resolution was passed, in southern Iraq, Operation Southern Watch was established in 1992 to protect Iraqs Shia population. It originally extended to the 32nd parallel but was extended to the 33rd parallel in 1996, in 1992, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone and this led to Operation Deny Flight. NATO later launched air strikes during Operation Deny Flight and during Operation Deliberate Force, the papers findings were, 1) A clear, unified command structure is essential. A lack of support from Turkey for the 1996 Iraq no-fly zone ultimately constrained the ability to effectively enforce it. As part of the 2011 military intervention in Libya, the United Nations Security Council approved a no-fly zone on 17 March 2011, the resolution includes provisions for further actions to prevent attacks on civilian targets. NATO seized the opportunity to take the offensive, bombing Libyan government positions during the civil war, the NATO no fly zone was terminated on 27 October after a unanimous vote by the UNSC. Air supremacy List of airliner shootdown incidents Bass, Frank, Solomon, Prohibited Flights Not Unusual – Preventing Terrorism on Capital Poses Challenge. No-Fly Zones, Strategic, Operational, and Legal Considerations for Congress Congressional Research Service Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers – Humanitarian Intervention in International Society

18.
Cherry Jones
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Cherry Jones is an American actress. A five-time Tony Award nominee for her work on Broadway, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the 1995 revival of The Heiress and for the 2005 original production of Doubt. She won the 2009 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Allison Taylor on the FOX television series 24 and she has also won three Drama Desk Awards. Jones made her Broadway debut in the 1987 original Broadway production of Stepping Out, other stage credits include Prides Crossing and The Glass Menagerie. Her film appearances include The Horse Whisperer, Erin Brockovich, The Village, Amelia, in 2012, she played Dr. Judith Evans on the NBC drama Awake. Jones was born in Paris, Tennessee, to her mother who was teaching high school and she is a 1978 graduate of the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama. While at CMU, she was one of the earliest actors to work at City Theatre, Jones may be best known for her role as U. S. President Allison Taylor on the Fox series 24, for which she won an Emmy. However, most of her career has been in the theatre and her Broadway performances include Lincoln Centers 1995 production of The Heiress, and also a 2005 production of John Patrick Shanleys play Doubt at the Walter Kerr Theatre. For both roles she earned a Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Play and she is considered to be one of the foremost theater actresses in the United States. In recent years, Jones has ventured into feature films and her screen credits include Cradle Will Rock, The Perfect Storm, Signs, Oceans Twelve and The Village. Jones played President Taylor on the Fox series 24, a role for which she won an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. She played the role in the season as well as eighth season. In 2012, Jones starred in the NBC drama series Awake as psychiatrist Dr. Judith Evans, also in 2012, she portrayed Amanda Wingfield in the Loeb Drama Centers revival of Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie alongside Zachary Quinto, Brian J. Smith and Celia Keenan-Bolger. In 2014, Cherry Jones was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, in 2015 and 2016 Jones had a recurring role on the Primetime Emmy Award-winning Amazon comedy-drama series Transparent in its second and third seasons. She was nominated for the Critics Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series for her work in the 2015 season, in 2016, she appeared in Nosedive, an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. In 1995, when Jones accepted her first Tony Award, she thanked her then-partner, architect Mary OConnor and she started dating actress Sarah Paulson in 2004. When she accepted her Best Actress Tony in 2005 for her work in Doubt, she thanked Laura Wingfield, in 2007, Paulson and Jones declared their love for each other in an interview with Velvetpark at Womens Event 10 for the LGBT Center of New York. Paulson and Jones ended their relationship amicably in 2009, in mid-2015, Jones married her girlfriend, filmmaker Sophie Huber

19.
Celia Weston
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Celia Weston is an American character actress. On television, she is best known for her role as Jolene Hunnicutt in the CBS sitcom Alice, Weston began her career on stage, making her Broadway debut in 1979. After recurring role on the ABC daytime soap opera, Ryans Hope, Weston later said that her role in Alice hindered her film career. Although she had rejected the role, she admitted that the money became so phenomenal that I just had to do it. In later years, Weston acted in the independent films and stage productions and she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her role as Mary Beth Percy in 1995 crime drama film, Dead Man Walking opposite Susan Sarandon. She also received her Tony Award nomination for her performance in the comedy The Last Night of Ballyhoo, Weston had many supporting roles in films during her career. In 2000s, she had guest starring roles on Law & Order, Special Victims Unit, Frasier, from 2010 to 2011 she co-starred alongside Jason Lee and Alfre Woodard in the TNT comedy-drama, Memphis Beat. She later had recurring roles on Modern Family and American Horror Story, Weston was born in Spartanburg, South Carolina. She is a graduate of Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Celia Weston at the Internet Movie Database Celia Weston at the Internet Broadway Database Celia Weston biography, as part of Alice cast member

20.
Jayne Atkinson
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Jayne Atkinson is an English-American actress who has worked in film, theatre, and television. She is perhaps best known for the role of Karen Hayes on 24, as well as her Tony Award-nominated roles in The Rainmaker and Enchanted April. She has also appeared in the CBS drama Criminal Minds as BAU Section Chief Erin Strauss, jayne Atkinson was born in Bournemouth, Dorset, England, but her family moved to the United States in 1968 when she was 9 years old. She grew up in Hollywood, Florida, and graduated from Pine Crest School and she attended Northwestern University, where she was initiated as a member of Alpha Chi Omega and a sorority sister of Laura Innes, and the Yale Drama School. After working in theatres, Atkinson appeared off-Broadway in the Manhattan Theatre Clubs production of Bloody Poetry in 1987. She made her Broadway debut the year in a revival of Arthur Millers All My Sons. Subsequently, she landed roles in more stage productions, which include Henry VIII, Tru. She earned a Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in The Skriker in 1996 and she has appeared in such films as Free Willy, Free Willy 2, The Adventure Home,12 and Holding, Blank Check, The Village and Syriana. Her performance in the made-for-TV movie Our Town garnered her a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, Atkinson is married to actor Michel Gill, with whom she has one son. Atkinson and Gill met when they appeared together in a 1989 production of The Heiress at the Long Wharf Theater in New Haven and they both appeared in House of Cards

21.
Judy Greer
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Judy Greer is an American actress, model and author, known for several television and film roles. In film, Greer is known for supporting roles in romantic comedies, with appearances in What Women Want, The Wedding Planner,13 Going on 30,27 Dresses and Love. Her other film appearances include roles in The Descendants, Carrie,2014 also saw the publication of her first book, I Dont Know What You Know Me From, Confessions of a Co-Star. Greer was born in Detroit, Michigan and her mother, Mollie Ann, is a hospital administrator and former nun, and her father, Rich Evans, is a mechanical engineer. She was raised as a Catholic and grew up in Redford Township, Greer attended Churchill High School and graduated from The Theatre School at DePaul University in 1997. Greer had a role on the Fox comedy series Arrested Development, playing Kitty Sanchez in 10 episodes total. In an August 2009 interview, Greer said that she is most recognized for this role and she had supporting roles in Jawbreaker, What Women Want, The Wedding Planner, Adaptation,13 Going on 30, The Village, Elizabethtown,27 Dresses, and Love Happens. Greer has made guest appearances on Just Shoot Me, CSI, Miami, My Name Is Earl, Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Californication, ER, House, Modern Family, The Big Bang Theory, How I Met Your Mother and Warren the Ape. She took on a role in the ABC sitcom Miss Guided. She also starred in the indie satire Visioneers, in April 2008, Greer appeared as a yoga instructor in the Get a Mac ad series featuring John Hodgman and Justin Long. Greer starred in a CBS sitcom entitled Mad Love, which premiered in February 2011 as a mid-season replacement, the show was canceled after the first season. Greer has also portrayed two characters on Two and a Half Men, Bridget Schmidt the ex-wife of Walden Schmidt, Myra a love interest of Charlie Harper, and she is the first actress to be honored with the award. She played the gym teacher Miss Desjardin in the 2013 film adaptation, Carrie, alongside Chloë Grace Moretz and Julianne Moore, in 2014, Greer made her directorial debut, with a short film for AOL, Quiet Time. Greer stars with Nat Faxon in the FX comedy series Married, in 2015, Greer co-starred in the films Tomorrowland, Jurassic World and Ant-Man, among others. In 2016, she debuted in the voice role of Beep in the Netflix childrens animated programs. She will reprise her role of the chimp Cornelia in War for the Planet of the Apes, Greer is married to Dean E. Johnsen, an executive producer of Real Time with Bill Maher. During an interview, Greer stated that she is no longer a practicing Catholic, in 2014, she told Glamour, I had been wanting to try and learn how to meditate, and I did research on the different types of meditation. TM seemed the easiest, and I liked that it wasnt religious in any way, I Dont Know What You Know Me From, Confessions of a Co-Star

22.
Fran Kranz
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Francis Elliott Fran Kranz is an American film, television and Broadway actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Topher Brink in the fiction drama series Dollhouse. He had prominent roles in the films The Cabin in the Woods, in 2012, he played Bernard in Death of a Salesman beginning a career on Broadway that continued with 2014s You Cant Take It with You. Kranz was born and raised in Los Angeles, California and he started acting in third and fourth grade, and knew from a very young age that he wanted to become an actor. He graduated from Harvard-Westlake School in 1999 and later from Yale University in 2004, in 2015, Kranz married actress Spencer Margaret Richmond, daughter of Charlies Angels actress Jaclyn Smith and filmmaker Tony Richmond. In 2016, their daughter was born, Fran Kranz at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Kranz - Fran Kranz on theater, film, and his haircut Fran Kranz at the Internet Broadway Database

23.
Michael Pitt
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Michael Carmen Pitt is an American actor, model and musician. Pitt is known in film for his roles in Bernardo Bertoluccis The Dreamers, Gus Van Sants Last Days, Michael Hanekes Funny Games and he has also appeared in the films Hedwig and the Angry Inch, Bully, Silk, Seven Psychopaths and I Origins. His most recent appearance is in the film Ghost in the Shell, in 2001, Pitt earned a breakout role as the lover of a transgender rock star named Hedwig in the film adaptation of John Cameron Mitchells Tony Award-winning production Hedwig and the Angry Inch. One of Pitts more notable roles was as the lead in Bernardo Bertoluccis The Dreamers, Pitt attributes his success in films to a combination of hard work and the presence of a few angels in my life. The films that Ive made have been very, very bold choices, as the years go by, I think my work is going to come more and more in context. The truth is that you cant take what people say too seriously, if I cared what people think about my career, I would have not done—just look at my work. Dont look at me, look at what Ive done, every movie that Ive picked, from my first film on, has been considered by everyone to be career suicide. And I have an amazing life and he performed all of the songs, which closely resembled Cobains guitar and singing styles. On the set of Last Days, he met Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth, the pair formed a close bond, with Moore writing, wanted me to hang out with Michael and talk about his character, and let him be in character. We ended up spending a lot of time together and my daughter Coco still relates to Michael as Blake from Last Days. In 2006, he starred in the romantic comedy Delirious as a young homeless man who befriends a celebrity photographer. The movie appeared at the Sundance Film Festival, Pitt made his Off-Broadway debut in 1999 in the play The Trestle at Pope Lick Creek at the New York Theatre Workshop. During his theater debut, an agent whom Pitt had mistaken for a police officer attempting to arrest him noticed him. He played Henry Parker in 15 episodes, in 2010, Pitt was cast as Jimmy Darmody in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, as the protégé of Delirious co-star Steve Buscemi. He appeared in the shows first two seasons and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Criticss Choice Award for his performance. In 2014, he was cast in the role of Mason Verger in the NBC series Hannibal but dropped out late that year. Pitt sang and played guitar in his band, Pagoda, whose self-titled debut album was released by Universal/Fontana/Ecstatic Peace in 2007, under the title Jimi Pitt and the Twins of Evil, Pitt performed Hey Joe with the Twins of Evil for The Dreamers soundtrack. In January 2015, Pitt made his directorial debut with a campaign film for Rag

24.
Jesse Eisenberg
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Jesse Adam Eisenberg is an American actor, author and playwright. Born and raised in New York City, Eisenberg began acting in plays at an early age, in 2006, Eisenberg won the Vail Film Festival Rising Star Award for his role in The Living Wake. In 2009, he starred in the comedy-drama film Adventureland with Kristen Stewart and the horror comedy Zombieland with Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Woody Harrelson. He then played Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg in the 2010 film The Social Network, for which he received nominations for awards, including the BAFTA, Golden Globe. He also starred in Holy Rollers, which was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. Since then, he has gone on to voice the character, Blu, a male Spixs macaw, in the animated films Rio and Rio 2. Eisenberg then starred in two films by Woody Allen, To Rome with Love and Café Society, and the magician heist film Now You See Me, Eisenberg has contributed pieces to The New Yorker and McSweeneys websites. He has written and starred in three plays for the New York stage, Asuncion, The Revisionist, and The Spoils, Eisenbergs first book, Bream Gives Me Hiccups, and Other Stories, a short story collection, was released in September 2015. Eisenberg was born in Queens, New York, and grew up in East Brunswick and his mother, Amy, who now teaches cross cultural sensitivity in hospitals, previously worked as a clown at childrens parties and choreographer for a Catholic high school for 20 years. His father, Barry Eisenberg, drove a taxicab, then owned and worked at a hospital, Jesse Eisenberg is Jewish and was brought up in a secular Jewish family that originated in Poland and Ukraine. He attended the East Brunswick Public Schools at Frost School, Hammarskjold Middle School, and Churchill Junior High School, Eisenberg then transferred to the High School of Performing Arts in New York. When he was a senior, he received his role in the independent comedy-drama film Roger Dodger. His work in the film prevented Eisenberg from enrolling at New York University, Eisenberg struggled to fit in at school due to an anxiety disorder, and began acting in plays at an early age. At 13, he understudied the role of Young Scrooge in a version of A Christmas Carol starring Tony Randall. Eisenberg made his first professional role in Arje Shaws off-Broadway play, The Gathering and he stated, When playing a role, I would feel more comfortable, as youre given a prescribed way of behaving. Pre-fame, Eisenberg got into trouble with Woody Allens lawyers, as a teenager he penned a play about how Allen came to change his name and managed to get the script to Allens people. Instead of a seal of approval, Eisenberg received two cease and desist letters, ironically, Eisenberg went on to star in two films directed by Allen, To Rome with Love, and Café Society. Eisenberg made his debut in the series Get Real, from 1999 to 2000

25.
Lucky McKee
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Edward Lucky McKee is an American director, writer, and actor, largely known for the cult 2002 film May. McKee was born in Jenny Lind, California and he has directed Sick Girl, the tenth episode of the first season of the popular Showtime TV series Masters of Horror. He directed the film The Woods, which was released on DVD October 3,2006, Lucky McKee also co-directed the hard-to-find horror film All Cheerleaders Die, which is not currently in print. McKee optioned Jack Ketchums novel The Lost and produced the film directed by Chris Sivertson. McKee also adapted Ketchums Red, and co-directed the film, which premiered out of competition at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, shooting was halted when Red was almost completed, with McKee as director, in December,2006. Shooting resumed in Maryland following a hiatus of more than six months, with a different director, no explanation has been offered for the shared directing credit. In 2013 a remake of All Cheerleaders Die was written and directed by McKee and he also directed and wrote the segment Ding Dong of the anthology film Tales of Halloween. All Cheerleaders Die May The Woods Red The Woman All Cheerleaders Die Sick Girl Blue Like You Ding Dong Evil Demon Golfball from Hell

26.
The Woods (2006 film)
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The Woods is a 2006 American supernatural horror film directed by Lucky McKee and starring Agnes Bruckner, Patricia Clarkson, Rachel Nichols, Lauren Birkell and Bruce Campbell. The headmistress, Ms. Traverse, accepts Heather in spite of her fathers bad financial condition, the displaced Heather becomes close friends with Marcy Turner, while they are maltreated by their abusive classmate Samantha Wise. During the night, Heather has a nightmare of a student named Ann, covered in blood, the next day, Marcy tells Heather that Ann was taken to a mental institution after attempting to commit suicide, and that shed been covered in blood. With the help of Marcy, Heather eventually learns to adjust to her new school, even having fun at times, Ms. Traverse subjects Heather to special tests to see if she is gifted, telling her that it is all part of her scholarship to the academy. Meanwhile, Samantha continues to torment Heather, who comes to despise her, Ann returns from the mental institution, and Heather finds her one day, rocking in her bed. Ann reveals that she is afraid she will be taken by the witches and she says she is cold, so Heather climbs on a trunk to try and close the open window over Anns bed. A low fog rushes into the room and knocks Heather down, twisting her ankle, the next day, Heather finds Anns bed empty, her place filled with dead leaves. She witnesses the headmistress lying to the police about Anns disappearance and this leads her to become suspicious and she tries to talk to Marcy about it. But Marcy acts strangely, and is shadowed by one of the teachers, soon after, Heather finds Marcys bed empty and covered in leaves. Later, she is confronted in the woods by Samantha, who reveals that she has actually been trying to protect Heather with her antics and she tells Heather that the school is led by a coven of witches who want to take all of the girls away. Samantha explains that she has called Heathers father to help her escape, the girls are both caught by a school mistress, who promptly takes Samantha away. Samantha is later hanging from a long noose in the cafeteria. When a police officer comes to investigate, Heather tells him of the missing students, the officer confronts the headmistress, but she claims that the girls ran away. Another mistress leads the officer into the woods to find the girls, Heathers parents show up to take her home, though the headmistress tries to persuade them otherwise. On the way home, their car is flipped and Heather is knocked unconscious. Alice is dragged out of the car by a vine and kicks Joe in the head. Heather and Joe wake up in a nearby hospital, before they can reach each other, Ms. Traverse has Heather dragged away, then slits her own hand and forces her black blood down Joes throat, which puts him into a catatonic state. Heather returns to the school in despair and she drinks the milk that evening, but later vomits it back up, finding tree bark in it

27.
Autumn leaf color
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The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English. In some areas of Canada and the United States, leaf peeping tourism is a contribution to economic activity. A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, thus, the leaves of summer are characteristically green. Chlorophyll has a function, it captures solar rays and uses the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plants food — simple sugars which are produced from water. These sugars are the basis of the plants nourishment — the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth, in their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls breaks down, thus are being continually used up. During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high, as this cork layer develops, water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. During this time, the chlorophyll begins to decrease, often, the veins are still green after the tissues between them have almost completely changed color. Much chlorophyll is in photosystem II, the most abundant membrane protein on earth, LHC II captures light in photosynthesis. It is located in the membrane of the chloroplast and it is composed of an apoprotein along with several ligands. In the fall, this complex is broken down, chlorophyll degradation is thought to occur first. This is believed to destabilize the complex, at which point breakdown of the apoprotein occurs, an important enzyme in the breakdown of the apoprotein is FtsH6, which belongs to the FtsH family of proteases. Chlorophylls degrade into colorless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites, as the chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow xanthophylls and orange beta-carotene are revealed. These pigments are present throughout the year, but the red pigments, carotenoids are present in leaves the whole year round, but their orange-yellow colors are usually masked by green chlorophyll. As autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up, during this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the masking effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present in the cells all during the leafs life begin to show through and these are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the pigments, in tiny structures called plastids. Sometimes, they are in abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas

28.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa

29.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017

30.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year

31.
Climax (narrative)
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The climax or turning point of a narrative work is its point of highest tension and drama, or it is the time when the action starts during which the solution is given. The climax of a story is a literary element. e. to construct a dramatization, in the play Hippolytus, by the famous Greek playwright, Euripides, the climax arrives when Phaedra hears Hippolytus react badly because of her love for him. That is the moment that Aphrodites curse is fulfilled. An anticlimax is a situation in a plot in which something which would appear to be difficult to solve is solved through something trivial. Another example could involve the protagonist faced with insurmountable odds and ultimately being killed without accomplishing his goal, dramatic structure Literary element Climax as a rhetorical device

32.
Slate (magazine)
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Slate is an online liberal / progressive magazine that covers current affairs, politics and culture in the United States. It was created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Kinsley, on 21 December 2004, it was purchased by The Washington Post Company, later renamed the Graham Holdings Company. Since 4 June 2008, Slate has been managed by The Slate Group, Slate is based in New York City, with an additional office in Washington, DC. A French version was launched in February 2009 by a group of four journalists, including Jean-Marie Colombani, Eric Leser, among them, the founders hold 50% in the publishing company, while The Slate Group holds 15%. In 2011, slate. fr started a separate site covering African news, Slate Afrique, in July 2014, Julia Turner replaced David Plotz, who had been editor of Slate since 2008. Plotz had been the deputy editor to Jacob Weisberg, Slates editor from 2002 until his designation as the Chairman, the Washington Post Companys John Alderman is Slates publisher. Slate, which is updated throughout the day, covers politics, arts and culture, sports, as of mid-2015, it publishes about 1500 stories per month. Slate is also known for adopting contrarian views, giving rise to the term Slate Pitches and it is ad-supported and has been available to read free of charge since 1999, but restricted access for non-US readers via a metered paywall in 2015. Slate features regular and semi-regular columns such as Explainer, Moneybox, Spectator, Transport, many of the articles are short and argument-driven. Around 2010, the magazine began running long-form journalism. Many of the stories are an outgrowth of the Fresca Fellowships. In the context of a 2014 reader discussion, it was stated that the magazine is perceived to have left-liberal leanings, in 1998, Slate introduced a paywall-based business model that attracted up 20,000 subscribers but was abandoned afterwards. A similar subscription model would later be implemented by Slates independently owned competitor, Salon. com, on November 30,2005, Slate started a daily feature ”Todays Pictures”, featuring fifteen to twenty photographs from the archive at Magnum Photos that share a common theme. The column also features two flash animated ”Interactive Essays” a month, in June 2006, on its tenth anniversary, Slate unveiled a redesigned website. In 2007, it introduced Slate V, a video magazine with content that relates to or expands upon their written articles. In 2013, the magazine was redesigned under the guidance of Design Director Vivian Selbo, in 2011, Slate was nominated for four digital National Magazine Awards and won the NMA for General Excellence. In the same year, the laid off several high-profile journalists, including co-founder Jack Shafer. At the time, it had around 40 full-time editorial staff, the following year, a dedicated ad sales team was created

33.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

34.
Allegory
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As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor whose vehicle may be a character, place or event, representing real-world issues and occurrences. Many ancient religions are based on astrological allegories, that is, allegories of the movement of the sun, in classical literature two of the best-known allegories are the Cave in Platos Republic and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa. One of the examples of allegory, Platos Allegory of the Cave. In this allegory, Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained in an all of their lives. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows, using language to identify their world. He tries to tell the people in the cave of his discovery, also allegorical is Ezekiel 16 and 17, wherein the capture of that same vine by the mighty Eagle represents Israels exile to Rome. Allegory has an ability to freeze the temporality of a story, Mediaeval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as the facts of surface appearances, if, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ. This text also demonstrates the frequent use of allegory in religious texts during the Mediaeval Period, following the tradition, since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories which the author may not have recognised. This is allegoresis, or the act of reading a story as an allegory. S, lewis and A Kingdom Far and Clear, The Complete Swan Lake Trilogy by Mark Helprin. The story of the apple falling onto Isaac Newtons head is another famous allegory and it simplified the idea of gravity by depicting a simple way it was supposedly discovered. It also made the scientific revelation well known by condensing the theory into a short tale. According to Henry Littlefields 1964 article, L. Yet, George MacDonald emphasised in 1893 that, A fairy tale is not an allegory, I much prefer history – true or feigned– with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse applicability with allegory, but the one resides in the freedom of the reader, and this further reinforces the idea of forced allegoresis, as allegory is often a matter of interpretation and only sometimes of original artistic intention. Like allegorical stories, allegorical poetry has two meanings – a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning, some unique specimens of allegory can be found in the following works, Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene, The several knights in the poem actually stand for several virtues. Nathaniel Hawthorne – Young Goodman Brown, The Devils Staff symbolises defiance of God, the characters names, such as Goodman and Faith, ironically serve as paradox in the conclusion of the story. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter, The scarlet letter symbolises many things, the characters, while developed with interiority, are allegorical in that they represent ways of seeing the world. George Orwell – Animal Farm, The pigs stand for political figures of the Russian Revolution, lászló Krasznahorkai - The Melancholy of Resistance and the film Werckmeister Harmonies, It uses a circus to describe an occupying dysfunctional government

The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP ) is an American not-for-profit performance-rights …

ASCAP and Manhattan School of Music summer campers participate in daily symphonic band rehearsals. Since 1999, the two institutions have partnered with to offer a free music camp for students who attend New York City's public schools.