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The result: thousands of people have been able to receive kidneys who otherwise might not have been able to get them.

It was a leap that earned Shapley and Roth the Nobel Prize in 2012.

In 2015 its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States. It is 50% owned by the English branch of the Rothschild family and by the Agnelli family through its holding company Exor.

The frequency of these life-saving procedures was limited by a simple, heartbreaking problem: Many people are willing to donate a kidney to a loved one but they cannot because blood type and other factors make them incompatible.

The Gale-Shapley algorithm also proved useful in helping large urban school districts assign students to schools.

New York, like many cities, enables students to select a high school by ranking their preferred choices from among all its schools.

(David Gale passed away in 2008.)The formula is now being employed for other uses, such as helping kids in foster care find adoptive parents.

It has even found 21st century applications in romance, influencing approaches to online dating and speed dating.