Introduction

It is from "think-tanks" that the new understandings
of the challenges of world society and global governance are now widely assumed
to emerge. As the working environments of the "best and the brightest",
they are the source of new policy options valued by governments. In particular
right-wing think-tanks
have been the source of the policy inspiration for the emergent American
Empire and the strategies to ensure its predominance. Concerns expressed regarding
the "intellectual failure" suggested by the recourse to force in Iraq
presumably reflect their inability to formulate viable alternatives -- a weakness
shared by all think-tanks from within the Coalition of the Willing. [more]

Think-tanks are often created, or linked to, more conventional
institutions -- typically universities, corporations, governments, political
parties or other bodies. In the status competition between institutions, creation
of a think-tank may well signal a capacity to act as an attractor for intellectual
excellence. think-tanks tend to pride themselves on their interdisciplinarity
-- in contrast to universities -- and possibly their intercultural and international
qualities.

The web provides many resource pages linking to such bodies [more;
more;
more; more;
more].
In particular, NIRA's World
Directory of Think Tanks provides a systematic introduction to the
world's most prominent and innovative public policy research institutes, better
known as think-tanks. The 2002 edition contains information on 320 selected
think-tanks from 77 countries and regions.

Such environments may well have been carefully designed to optimize certain
processes -- and may do so successfully in the light of quantitative criteria
of productivity: titles published, patents, value of contracts or grants, awards,
etc. The concern here however is whether there is a particular quality to the
think-tank environment that, beyond political affiliations, may limit or distort
conceptual processes relevant to global governance.

Work on the role of metaphor, notably by George Lakoff and colleagues
(Metaphors We Live By, 1980), explores in particular the unforeseen cognitive
effects of use of the "container metaphor". Given that "tank"
is indeed a form of container, there is a case for exploring how the term "think-tank" may inadvertently be affecting the way in which conceptualization
is sought, undertaken and delivered from such environments. It is however important
to recognize the degree to which "think-tank" may be an externally
applied label to a range of institutions that may not perceive or define themselves
in terms of "tank". This does not detract from the consequences of
such bodies being treated by their clients as "think-tanks" -- imposing
upon them a requirement to think "within the tank" rather than "out
of the box", as some might otherwise believe to be necessary if the
much-sought "new thinking" is to become available.

The work of Gareth Morgan (Images of Organisation, 1986)
has also proved to be seminal in describing the 8 metaphors through which organizations
tend to be viewed: Machine, Organism, Brain, Culture, Political System, Psychic
Prison, Flux and Transformation, and Instrument of Domination. In
this light, operating in any one of these metaphors of course reveals its own
truth. The question is what are the truths revealed by operating in relation
to the metaphors associated with a "think-tank"?

The concern here is that, with whichever interpretation, a "tank"
is merely a form of box filled with water. Whether their occupants or clients
desire it or not, a "think-tank" will then tend to produce "tank
thoughts" that are very much "in the box" rather than "out
of the box".

Branding Thintanks

There are two main types of thinktank brand. Those that favour the Greco-Roman
effect of classical names - Localis, Politeia, the Fabian Society, Civitas,
Demos - in a bid to conjure the image of ancient systems of governance
and wise philosophers. And those that have adopted the prefix "new". Gravitas
by name In the world of thinktanks, the really serious brainpower
goes into the right branding Ellie Levenson The Guardian, 28 June
2004

Fish tank (Aquarium, Vivarium)

There seems to be some uncertainty as to the origins of the term
"think-tank". One of the most obvious is by association with a fish
tank or aquarium for fish. This perspective is reinforced by the conference
"fish bowl" technique in which participants, possible seated in a
circle, view the process of an interacting panel seated together in the centre
of the circle.

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then
derive from:

containment: as with all tank-related metaphors, there is a primary
sense of containment, namely of a controlled, if not protected, environment.
This is one of the attractive dimensions for researchers in a think-tank

concentration: a fish tank can be used to bring together a variety
of exotic species which might otherwise be sparsely dispersed in a natural
environment. This too is important in the case of researchers, especially
when the variety is imposed to a degree beyond the comfort zones of participants
-- in a spirit of cross-fertilization. Concentration may also be understood
in the sense of an intellectual concentration camp.

function: five functions may be distinguished:

decorative: this is the most obvious reason for an aquarium (populated
by gold fish, exotic varieties, or as in a traditional carp pond). The
only requirement is that the occupants look elegant, interesting or fierce.
A think-tank may be created as a "decorative" adjunct to a university
to contribute to its prestige and distinction. The researchers selected,
or invited temporarily, may also be primarily for decorative purposes
-- to the advantage of eccentrics..

auspicious:an aquarium may be set up and positioned primarily
to focus subtle energies, according to the principles of feng shui,
to the benefit of the environment. Similarly such choices may be made
by the sponsoring institution of a think-tank (eg university or corporation).
Just as with an aquarium the occupants of the think-tank may then be selected
for their colour. In feng shui terms, there may not even be any need to
nourish them since as they die of starvation they can be replaced.

research: an aquarium may have as its prime function the research
on its occupants, as for marine research laboratories or for children
at home. This internally-directed function is seldom a prime focus in
the case of think-tanks, rather the research focus is directed onto external
phenomena.

transitional: the fish tank may primarily function as a holding
tank (see below), whether in a fish market or a restaurant
(awaiting consumption). Fish would be moved in and out according to need.
This function is also evident in the case of think-tanks that may simply
used as a holding place for researchers until required elsewhere -- possibly
as a graceful retirement process.

breeding: fish tanks may also be used to breed fish for sale
and distribution (see breeding tank below). This function
can also be seen in the case of think-tanks that effectively "breed"
people of a particular mindset that can then be used in other policy contexts.

supportive environment: fish tanks are necessarily supportive environments
in which the occupants are typically nourished and cared for. This is also
the case with the occupants of think-tanks -- whatever their ultimate fate.
But as with fish, removing them from the tank can be fatal.

freedom of movement: fish are usually provided with a reasonable
degree of movement in aquaria, notably since it is their movement which ensures
the fulfilment of their functions. Occupants of think-tanks also welcome the
degree of intellectual freedom of movement that the environment offers, whatever
the constraints.

harmonious and congenial: it serves little purpose to copulate an
aquarium with fish that are radically deferent in disposition and have irreversible
designs on each other. Predators and prey tend to be kept in different tanks,
unless prey are deliberately introduced for the purpose of nourishing the
predators. Think-tank occupants are selected on a similar basis, namely for
their complementarity, rather than for the propensity to attack each other.
Those holding radically different perspectives usually gravitate to congenial
settings in other think-tank environments.

transparency: namely the suggestion that everything in the tank is
transparent to outside view; there is also a suggestion that within the tank
all activities by other inhabitants are visible. It is this zone of transparency
which for those serving the intelligence services implies a common level of
security clearance.

difference in medium: a striking feature of aquaria is the contrast
between the liquid medium within the tank and the medium that surrounds it
(whether air or solid). This is also the case with think-tanks which provide
an environment quite different from their surrounds. The difference may derive
from the manner in which they visibly move according to the constraints of
a contrasting medium -- the ability to hang around suspended in knowledge
space. They have no need to be grounded as with other media.

movement: the movement of fish is a prime reason for the existence
of aquaria, whatever their function. Aquaria are valued for the calm associated
with their rhythm of movement and its gracefulness as they weave their way
through the decorative features of the tank environment inserted to make it
visually interesting and to permit a modest degree of territorial behaviour.
They represent an antithesis to stress. Think tanks are also the epitome of
the notion of an intellectual "retreat", away from the stresses
of normal environments. The occupants are not expected to move rapidly and
tend to develop a rhythm which is significantly more meditative than the pace
of external environments. They too may develop preferences for patterns of
movement and locales within the shared conceptual space that they inhabit.

maintenance issues: ensuring the stability of the fish tank environment
is a major concern and calls for particular skills and care. Issues include
food, cleaning, decorative features, accumulation of algae, use of complementary
species (eg plants, cleaning snails), lighting, and oxygenation. They also
involve the general management issues of population level, introduction and
replacement of fish. These various concerns are also evident in the case of
think-tanks. The environment of a think-tank can easily become problematic
through the accumulation of unresolved issues and a lack of any sense of coherence
in its functions.

diseases: fish are subject to many diseases in an aquarium environment
-- some of them fatal. Occupants of a think-tank are also vulnerable to what
might be termed intellectual and behavioral diseases that call for remedial
action.

oxygenation: a key factor in the viability of a fish tank is the
appropriate oxygenation of the water (whose circulation is assisted by the
process). This is usually achieved through the aid of an external pumping
device. Few fish tanks are self-oxygenating. Think tanks also require a form
of oxygen supply (recognized by a French phrase manquer d'oxygène)
that is used to describe any sense of intellectual "claustrophobia"
or "asphyxia". Such "oxygene" must also then be fed into
the think-tank from outside, since few think-tanks are independent in this
respect.

productivity: in aquaria with a decorative or auspicious purpose
"productivity" is associated with moving elegantly to put on a show,
suitably enhanced by occasional bubble production by the fish through the
kind of mouth movement typical of goldfish. In think-tanks the "movement"
takes the form of activity in seminars, whereas the "bubbles" are
associated with production of ideas -- possibly to take the form of papers
or studies. In both cases this activity tends to be viewed from outside a
glass barrier. This "glass wall" suggests an intellectual equivalent
to the "glass ceiling" that has proven to be the fundamental unstated
obstacle to the integration of women into the top strategic and executive
positions of institutions. This may suggest a fundamental unstated obstacle
to the relevance of the "tank thoughts" produced within a "think-tank" to global governance of the real world.

A number of instructive approaches have been taken to simulating
fish tanks:

The construction of such models for fish tanks suggests the possibility
of analogous models for think-tanks. The following report points in that direction:

We have developed a virtual fish tank in which computer users are represented
by animated fish. The actions and interactions of the fish in the tank are
meant to reflect the actions of users in the real world. Our first attempt
at creating a programming environment that allowed people to customize their
own fish did not work very well because users did not want to explicitly write
programs to control their fish. Maintaining the fish tank metaphor, we attempted
to solve this problem by having users teach fish rather than write code. We
borrowed ideas from the literature on programming by demonstration and developed
a method of programming by conditioning in which users demonstrate behaviors
and also reward (or feed) fish that are behaving appropriately. Rewards give
users the ability to define high-level behaviors (sets of specific movements)
and complex relationships between situations and responses. [more]

The challenges for think-tanks, perceived in terms of the fish
tank metaphor, are perhaps admirably captured by the following tale:

A prominent zoo had a highly specialized aquarium of which it was especially
proud. Therein was a fish tank with an exceedingly rare species. The problem
for the management was that, despite every form of precaution and costly expertise,
the special fish remained morose and unmoving in their tank -- with the scales
peeling in a manner clearly indicative of disease. By chance one day, a new
tank cleaner -- unaware of the value of the fish -- scooped them into a neighbouring
tank to enable theirs' to be cleaned. The second tank happened to contain
a predator of those temporarily moved there -- forcing the displaced fish
to move dramatically to protect themselves -- including setting up a small
protective barrier of pebbles. The director of the aquarium happened by an
recognized that the problem of the special fish, in their beautifully designed
environment, was that they were exposed to no meaningful level of challenge.
He therefore arranged for a competing species to be placed in their tank with
them. The new dynamics ensured that the special fish maintained a healthy
tone and finally engaged in reproductive behavior.

Battle tank

The association of a "think-tank" and a "battle
tank" is not new. Thus the US Center for Security Policy declares itself
to be a non-profit, non-partisan organization that believes in the philosophy
of American military might as the surest guarantee of international peace and
security. Its 2001 annual report, says that the CSP "isn't just a 'think-tank'
-- it's an agile, durable and highly effective 'main battle tank' in the war
of ideas on national security." [more].
An interesting contrast is however offered by Chad Parmet: "The M1
Abrams is the antithesis of a think-tank; it is the nemesis of a thought.
Tanks destroy things that think. Tanks are designed to homogenize the stuff
inside skulls." [more]

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then
derive from:

cannon: as its major weapon, this is the most obvious feature of
a battle tank. It is designed to deliver high impact, highly destructive,
charges over large distances. Status in battle tank operation is partly determined
by the accuracy of targeting such shots. Curiously a think-tank may also be
considered to have a "canon" -- a canon of collected works, appropriately
ordered to provide a context through which new works are projected into the
world. Periodically a think-tank fires off reports and studies -- usually
targeted to destroy any opposing intellectual structures and perspectives,
possibly associated with some other think-tanks. Perhaps there is a case for
reflecting on the possibly parallels between the skills of a "gunnery
officer" of a battle tank and the guidance skills governing the use of
the canon of works of the think-tank -- "canon law"?

munitions: a cannon can make use of a variety of munitions. An auxiliary
cargo hold can hold a cobalt-nosed nuclear warhead. Much interest is currently
focused on the efficacy and dangers of depleted uranium (DPU) "armour-piercing"
shells. Think tanks also have at their disposal a variety of munitions.

machine guns: battle tanks are also equipped with heavy caliber machine
guns to threaten and destroy opponents encountered from other directions,
or where the cannon is not appropriate. Occupants of think-tanks are also
equipped to deal with smaller-scale opponents, without calling upon its canon.

powerful engine: battle tanks benefit from extremely powerful engines
(up to 1500 horsepower) to ensure that they can surmount or crush any obstacle,
as well as enabling them to move at speed (up to 60 kph). The power of think-tanks is usually measured by a combination of the intellectual caliber of
the occupants and the budget (through which they are paid). Typically these
far exceed, on a per capita basis, those of ordinary academic institutions.

armour: battle tanks are typically heavily armoured to resist the
attacks of opponents. Armour may be designed to ensure that incoming missiles
are deflected. The armour may even be reactive, namely responding explosively
to any armour piercing shell. Think tanks are also typically heavily armoured
against missives from opposing perspectives. This intellectual armour may
also be reactive -- responding explosively to any attempts to pierce it.

all-terrain: a battle tank is designed to function in a wide variety
of terrains, from desert to thick woodland, crossing rivers and gullies. Its
treads are typically highly destructive of the natural and built environments
in which the tank is used. A think-tank typically prides itself on its ability
to take on a task in any intellectual environment. Arguably the activities
of a think-tank are highly destructive to the environments in which they are
used.

use of weight: a battle tank typically makes use of its own considerable
weight to push down, or crush beneath its tracks, any opposition. Think tanks
similarly take advantage of the intellectual weight they can bring to bear
against opponents who may be either brushed aside or crushed in the process
without any need to engage intellectually with them.

limited visibility: due to the all-encompassing nature of their protective
armour, battle tanks typically have limited visibility as well as a range
of blindspots. They may have to rely on periscope-type viewers. Think tanks
are similarly constrained by their protective armour and ma have a remarkably
limited view of their environment. This may be tantamount to a form of tunnel
vision.

limited maneuverability: although battle tanks can orient their cannon
in any direction, they can be severely constrained in their maneuverability,
especially if they are moving at speed. They are especially handicapped in
some terrains. Think tanks have similar constraints, notably if they have
significant momentum in response to a particular objective. Just as battle
tanks are severely handicapped in muddy, wetland environments, think-tanks
are severely challenged by environments characterized by high emotions and
"mud".

vulnerability: typically battle tanks are vulnerable to more maneuverable
and smaller opponents, if these are appropriately equipped. This vulnerability
is also typical of think-tanks whose forces tend to be committed to particular
objectives (contracts, or budget lines) and cannot be easily switched to other
priorities. Their limited windows on the external environment, the tunnel
vision to which this tends to commit them, offer considerable advantages to
smaller opponents.

unhygienic: battle tanks in hostile territory are notable for the
challenges to hygiene within them (odours, sweat, urine, etc, possibly accompanied
by blood) because of their insulation from the outside environment.

protection of infantry: battle tanks are typically used to protect
and facilitate advancing foot-soldiers. This is also the case with think-tanks
whose advance is used to prepare the way for unprotected intellectual foot-soldiers
equipped with lower caliber weapons..

transportation difficulties: the size and weight of battle tanks
makes their transportation to where they are needed highly problematic. This
may require considerable delay. Transportation of think-tank capacity from
one field of activity to another may be similarly problematic and demanding
of time.

logistics: battle tanks are highly dependent on their external supply
lines for fuel and munitions which they tend to use in large quantities. Think
tanks are similarly dependent on the continuing supply of funds from the external
environment. Unlike battle tanks, the munitions of think-tanks are not supplied
ready made -- they have to be configured to a much higher degree within the
think-tank from the raw data and intelligence obtained through appropriate
supply lines.

all-male crew: battle tanks are typically crewed by men only, the
main historical exception having been in the Soviet tank corps (notably during
the Battle of Kursk, 1943). Think tank occupants tend to be male, but with
an increasing proportion of exceptions

filtration: inadequate air filters cause battle tanks to be disabled,
especially in desert conditions. In the case of think-tanks, it might be argued
that think-tanks are disabled by intake of an excess of detail.

As suggested by the quote at the beginning of this section, there
is an intimate relationship between battle tanks and think-tanks. Recommendations
regarding the former may come from the latter. Given the above similarities,
it is to be expected that the logic of battle tank strategy may also influence
the mindsets of those in think-tanks. This raises the old question, if all one
has is a hammer, do all problems look like nails?

Reservoir tank (Gas tank, Water tank, Air
tank)

The notion of a gas tank -- as a source of fuel -- may have powerful
associations for a think-tank seen as a source of intellectual power. Similarly,
other forms of reservoir for water or air may be associated with vital resources
of survival and nourishment important to the community which the think-tank
serves. Much more pejoratively, such a reservoir may be seen as a source of
"hot air". The gas tank metaphor has also been applied in motivation
workshops with reference to "emotional tanks", namely the need to
ensure the self-esteem of a group -- such as a think-tank.

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then
derive from:

storage: clearly a gas tank is a container in which fuel can be stored for
future use, as required. A think-tank can be similarly understood as a place
where intellectual expertise is stored to fuel initiatives for the advances
of knowledge, whether in anticipation of special needs or to deal with emergencies.
It may be understood as a reservoir of ideas.

fuel supply: a prime concern with a storage tank is that it should not be
depleted -- "running out of gas", and "running on empty".
This is a prime concern of think-tanks in relation to their funding and by
extension to the quality of expertise they are able to retain. The intellectual
resources of a think-tank can become so depleted that it can also be described
as "running on empty". The notion of "fuel" applies also
to water and air tanks necessary to the survival of a think-tank when understood
as a biological organism

replenishment: the reservoir association is especially relevant to
think-tanks formulating policy for the Middle East when the countries in which
they are based are dependent on that region as an oil reservoir. Just as they
have to consider the "fuel" vital to their own institutional survival,
so their mindset will be reflected onto their policy priorities with respect
to oil..

tankers: reservoirs tend to be replenished from larger tanks, or mobile
tanks ('"tankers"). Think tanks may similarly be dependent on sponsors
(whether individuals or institutions) as a source of funding or intellectual
resources

tanked up: when the process of replenishing a reservoir is complete, the
reservoir may be described as tanked up. This term can be applied to think-tanks, but more pejoratively to the people therein.

Holding tank (Holding pen, Decompression tank,
Cryogenic tank)

Distinct from the notion of a reservoir as a source of vital reserves,
is that of the holding tank as a transitional storage facility to allow adjustment
with respect to the external environment to take place. Most common is the holding
tank used for the detention of those arrested, prior to being interrogated,
placed on remand, or sentenced. Think tanks may also be used as a holding facility
for people who may be transferred to more active policy roles in government
or alternatively as a graceful transition to retirement. The term holding "pen"
is used in a similar way for animals (or humans so-defined). Think tanks may
also be used to "pen" individuals with problematic views as a form
of confinement in anticipation of disposing of them more permanently.

Decompression tanks are essential to the survival of divers moving
from high pressure work (typically underwater) to normal environmental pressure
-- in order to avoid the "bends" due to absorption of nitrogen by
the blood. Think tanks may perform a similar function by providing an environment
in which those working in high pressure institutional contexts can go to "unwind",
perhaps before transferring to some "low pressure" context.

Cryogenic tanks are facilities in which human bodies are stored
in frozen form after death in anticipation of technological breakthroughs permitting
their resuscitation -- as a means of prolonging the life span of those with
the resources to cover the cost of such storage. From this perspective a think-tank might be considered as an environment in which non-viable perspectives
are conserved in anticipation of their revival. Pejoratively, a think-tank may
also be seen, or used, as an environment to which the "brain dead"
may retire (or be retired) in anticipation of a recovery of their creative capacities.

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then
derive from:

provisional character: in contrast to the reservoir tank, there is
a sense of anticipating a subsequent process. This is also the case with respect
to think-tanks which are effectively being used to "park" people
provisionally.

term: again, in contrast to the reservoir tanks, the focus may be
on how long people will be held, the length of their term "in the tank".
For those "parked" in a think-tank, this concern may also predominate.

confinement: there is a definite sense of constraint to a holding
tank, whether imposed or voluntarily accepted for personal survival (as with
the decompression and cryogenic tanks). Similarly people map be held within
a think-tank by career and economic security priorities, or because their
knowledge is dangerous to the outside environment or exposes them to retribution
(as with certain defectors)

recalcitrant: a holding tank tends to be used in police facilities
to allow problematic occupants to "cool off" and "come to their
senses". Similarly problematic intellectuals may be transferred by their
institutions to think-tanks to "cool off" before continuing their
careers.

vociferous protest: occupants of police holding tanks tend to be
vociferous in objecting to their incarceration and in protesting their innocence.
This results in a particular power dynamic with the responsible authority.
Similarly intellectuals transferred to think-tanks may protest the injustice
of their treatment by their former institution.

poor conditions: typically holding tanks are not designed as congenial
environments. Occupants may be exposed to other individuals they perceive
to be particularly unsavoury with which they do not perceive themselves to
be associated, and which they do not wish others to understand them to be
associated. The conditions in some think-tanks may similarly not correspond
to the sense of self worth of the occupants. Nor may they wish to be considered
by their colleagues elsewhere as closely associated with others with whom
they are obliged to share the facility

violence: relations between occupants of a holding tank may be characterized
by abuse, intimidation and even physical violence (including rape) to which
the incarcerating authority may well be completely indifferent. The relations
between occupants of a think-tank may also be characterized by abuse and intimidation,
although any violence is liable to be structural rather than physical. Whilst
physical rape may occur exceptionally in association with sexual harassment,
it is conceptual "rape" which tends to be of greater concern. Typically
such violence would be of little concern to the think-tank authority structure.

statements: occupants of holding tanks are typically required to
make signed statements following lengthy interrogation (often "under
duress") concerning the facts with which they are associated. The papers
produced by occupants of a think-tank may also result from what amounts to
interrogation by colleagues under a form of non-physical duress to clarify
the appropriate selection and treatment of "facts" and the most
appropriate conclusions to present for the judgement of superiors and the
outside world.

Septic tank (Wastewater disposal system)

Another common form of tank emphasizes the kind of independence
often promoted in relation to think-tanks. In this case it is the "septic
tank" vital to the wastewater disposal system of isolated dwellings that
cannot be serviced by an urban sewage network [more;
more; more].
The septic tank component is an enclosed watertight container designed to collect
wastewater and segregate settlable solids from floating solids. Up to 50% of
the solids retained in the tank decompose -- facilitated in unsealed water treatment
systems by reed beds. The remaining solids accumulate as sludge in the bottom
of the tank and must be periodically removed. Such systems are common: one in
four homes in the USA is on a septic system. Many think-tanks dealing with problematic
and negative consequences of policies can be considered to be processing the
conceptual waste of social institutions. Individual think-tanks may be set up
by institutions to this end -- effectively as their conceptual "septic
tanks". In this respect it is amusing that think-tanks may well provide
an environment for "sceptics".

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then
derive from:

duration and exhausted life expectancy: conventional septic systems
are designed to operate over a specified period of time. At the end of the
expected life span, replacement is generally necessary. Homeowners may be
unaware of this issue or unable to afford a replacement. Well-built systems
septic tanks can last 20 years or more when properly maintained. A think-tank
producing conceptual models to reframe negative consequences of policies in
a positive light, or recommend remedial programmes, can usefully be understood
as having a limited life. No matter how well-designed the intellectual framework
of the think-tank, it is likely to be overtaken by events and by the problematic
consequences of policies to which it was designed to respond. Those responsible
may be unaware of this issue. Typically a think-tank will respond to such
conceptual failures by initiating new programmes and abandoning the old ones
-- as is done with septic tanks.

pollution: septic system failures are a major source of groundwater
pollution, cause waterborne illnesses, such as dysentery and hepatitis, and
are expensive for a homeowner to replace or repair. They can can act as sources
of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and bacterial and viral pathogens.
Failure of think-tanks to generate remedial policies, or to contain a problem
conceptually (if only by effectively denying it), is a major source of the
"pollution" of social space -- allowing a sense of negativity to
accumulate.

inadequate design: perhaps the greatest design inadequacy in conventional
septic systems is associated with failure to remove nitrogen effectively.
In the case of think-tanks, the corresponding design failure may perhaps be
associated with failure to deal effectively with processes of denial in responding
to policy consequences.

inappropriate installation: in the case of septic tanks, this often
involves improper siting, including locating in areas with inadequate separation
distances to ground water, inadequate absorption area, fractured bedrock,
sandy soils (especially in coastal areas), inadequate soil permeability, or
other conditions that prevent or do not allow adequate treatment of wastewater
if not accounted for. In the case of think-tanks, siting is often such that
it is very distant from the policy consequences that call for its attention.
And, once engaged in the process, it may be sited in communication space such
that its efforts merely pass on (back into society) a high proportion of that
which it was purportedly designed to process transformatively.

neglectful operation: in terms of system operation, as many as 75 percent
of all septic tank system failures have been attributed to hydraulic overloading.
Also, regular inspection and maintenance is necessary and often does not occur.
Many of the problems associated with improper use of septic systems may be
attributed to lack of user knowledge on operation and maintenance. Think tanks
also typically fail through overloading which does not become apparent from
appropriate inspection -- often because of ignorance in their management.

removal of sludge: septic tanks require pumping to remove accumulating sludge
approximately every 3 to 5 years. The frequency can vary depending on tank
size, family size, and garbage disposal use. Failure to remove sludge periodically
results in reduced tank settling capacity and eventual overloading of the
soil absorption system, which is more expensive to remedy. ****

improper use: septic tanks are vulnerable to improper use as a means
of garbage disposal that can significantly increase the loading of suspended
solids and nutrients, as well as increasing the buildup of solids in septic
tanks, thus increasing the necessary pumping frequency. ***

cleansers: organic solvents are used as septic system cleaners and sometimes
as substitutes for sludge pumping, however there is little evidence that such
cleaners perform any of the advertised functions, and can instead exterminate
useful microbes, resulting in increased discharge of pollutants. In addition,
the chemicals themselves, halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons, can easily
contaminate receiving waters; common cleaner constituents may even be priority
pollutants. ***

underground: septic tanks tend to be buried underground to facilitate the
drainage process from associated buildings. It is not clear whether some think-tanks are effectively "buried" in order to facilitate their processing
of societal waste products.

odour: well-maintained septic tanks are virtually odourless, especially
if they are sealed. This is not the case if they are poorly maintained. Some
think-tanks may be usefully recognized as having a severe "odour"
problem.

Sensory deprivation tank (Float tank)

A sensory deprivation tank is an enclosed chamber in which the user lays in
ten inches of water in which a large quantity of Epsom salts is dissolved so
ensuring that the user floats like a cork. The chamber is sound proof, opaque,
and both water and air are kept at skin temperature. The user's senses of sight,
sound, and touch are eliminated and the senses of taste and smell become irrelevant.
Over ninety-five percent of a person's mental activity is reportedly spent on
interpreting information from these senses. Free of external stimulation, this
mental capacity creates its own pictures and patterns -- enhancing the rich
dream-like quality of the experience. Time seems to vanish. Such tanks are used
for deep relaxation, meditation, self observation, prayer, creativity, visualization,
solitude, rejuvenation, personal therapy, rest, and relaxation. This can produce
a subtle shift in awareness away from the normally dominant "left-brain" thought
patterns (logical, linear, analytical, detailed) towards the more intuitive,
synthetic and large-scale thought modes of the "right-brain". The tank does
not inhibit the left hemisphere, but simply changes its role from one of dominance
to one of partnership with the other hemisphere, enabling floaters to use all
their mental powers. [more;
more]

Think tanks may be designed to severely reduce external input by emphasizing
their isolation from the normal cares and concerns of the world. Such isolation
permits the occupant to focus freely and creatively -- even speculatively. Free
association with other occupants may be part of the pattern. The merits of "right-brain"
modes of thought may be explicitly recognized. This aspect of think-tanks may
be partly associated with that of an academic "retreat" involving
a more relaxed approach to more profound or fundamental challenges.

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then derive from:

fears of using: many potential users fear exposure to the freedom of the
float tank [more].
Similarly, in the case of think-tanks, academics may have considerable reluctance
to exposing themselves to a supportive environment because of what it may
make apparent regarding their capacities.

interrogation: sensory deprivation is of course one of the techniques used
in disorienting prisoners, whether for interrogation or "re-education".
A think-tank might also be used to this end through the disorienting nature
of a supportive environment free from external stimuli.

detachment: a float tank is designed to sustain a sense of detachment. In
the case of a think-tanks (as with their religious analogues), it is precisely
this sense of detachment that may result in their being perceived as ill-informed,
insensitive and irrelevant to the challenges of the real world.

Cultivation tank (Breeding tank, Vat)

Cultivation tanks are a characteristic feature of biotechnology and pharmaceutical
technology, preceded by the processes through which yeast was cultivated for
beer and bread. The term tends to be applied to vessels containing micro-organisms.

Breeding tanks are particularly used with respect to aquaculture and fisheries.
Science fiction focuses especially on the use of such tanks to genetically modify
and clone humans (as in the movie Matrix). Such fanatastic scenarios
can be usefully compared with the Nazi Lebensborn breeding houses where
carefully selected unmarried teenage Aryan girls were matched with carefully
selected young Aryan men (from the SS). As part of the eugenic programme to
build up the Herrrenvolk, it has been estimated that some 0.3 million
children were kidnapped by the Nazis at birth throughout European countries
and then given to "Good Nazis." After the war, a secretive organization of ex-SS
men and Lebensborn breeders began searching for the children they made. [more;
more]

It is worth considering the extent to which the contemporary concern with "centres
of excellence", notably including think-tanks, is based on what might be
considered memetic
engineering, and a memetic equivalent of a eugenic programme (tentatively
termed eumemics).
In the case of think-tanks, much is made of their vital role in promoting the
cross-fertilization of ideas and in cultivating excellence -- breeding a new
generation of thinkers, etc. Such concerns are also associated with education
of the super-gifted.

The associated notion of an "incubator" is extensively used with
respect to business
incubators of innovations -- possibly derived from think-tanks.

Simulation tank (Simulators)

Simulators are used for a wide variety of training purposes, typically to facilitate
learning to handle a vehicle (airplane, automobile, helicopter, spacecraft,
oil tanker, etc). Some of these are distributed as home computer games. For
training purposes however, users are placed in a "simulation tank"
in which information is fed to them via appropriate audio-visual devices. The
tank as a whole may be moved by hydraulic rams to provide feedback on the nature
of corrective measures to the challenge of driving / piloting the vehicle. Simulation
tanks also exist to facilitate learning to drive a battle tank under hostile
conditions -- although full size "simulation tanks" also exist in
rubberized material as decoys.

Possible framing and conditioning effects of this metaphor then derive from:

adequacy of model: the value of a simulator depends on the adequacy of the
underlying model which simulates the reality with which the users must become
familiar. Weak models fail to take account of real world situations which
may prove disastrous to the unprepared user. Think tanks may be seen as operating
within a model simulating external reality. Typically these would be of an
econometric nature, perhaps extended to include dimensions from a variety
of disciplines to constitute a world model. Policies can be generated in the
light of such models which fail to address real world factors, possibly with
the consequence that real world problems are exacerbated if the policy recommendations
are implemented.

adequacy of computer support: a complex model requires computers of adequate
power to operate the simulation realistically. Think tanks may develop models
that cannot be effectively run.

"visibility": as with a battle tank, a simulation may have relatively
restricted view of the environment over which it must operate. Think tanks
operating within particular models may have a similarly restricted view of
their environments.

A think-tank may be understood to be a learning community whose activities
can be facilitated and enhanced by interactive computer support. Although there
is a Think
Tank: Simulation Game to Promote Creative Thinking and a variety of "student
think-tank simulations", there does not appear to be any effort to simulate
the operation of a think-tank. However this may be considered a feature of the
many groupware and collaborative software packages. But whether these effectively
simulate a think-tank as a whole or merely the handling of a particular set
of problems is another matter.

Integrative perspective: configuring the set of tank metaphors

(very tentative)

As an exercise it may be assumed that the individual tank metaphors identified
above can be interrelated in a framework to highlight patterns of commonality
and complementarity in think-tank operation.

Each of the eight institutional configurations (A to H) is identified by
a unique pattern of lines. An indication of the significance of the elements
making up each pattern :

continuous or broken lines

outer, middle or inner position of a line in the pattern is given in
the table above.

The arrows indicate transformation between patterns that involve the modification
of one element of a pattern only, namely those changeswhich are probably
more easy to bring about.

Conclusion

The prime characteristic common to all these variations on the use of the tank
metaphor is that of a closed system. In each case the tank is a separator from
the external world -- however the tank relates to that world. A tank is about
as far from an open system (ecosystem) perspective that it is possible to get.
Closed-system thinking reinforces binary thinking. Either one is operating within
the tank environment or outside it -- and anything outside it can often be usefully
perceived as a threat to the integrity of the think-tank environment.

This closed perspective is replicated in thinking that emerges from the think-tank
mindset:

gated communities

group think

fortress America

nuclear shields

"you are either with us or against us" (cf Afghanistan, Iraq)

Another interesting feature is the manner in which variety is excluded from
a controlled system. In the case of think-tanks, dissent may be considered intellectually
inappropriate. Like the religious orders, even networks of think-tanks may be
distinguished by particular characteristics and interact with little enthusiasm.

Also interesting is the way in which tanks can be linked together in arrays
or networks with appropriate communication systems. Variety is then achieved
through separation into distinct tanks. In a sense the tank medium becomes
the overriding closed-system message. The replication of this pattern by
think-tanks in society typically gives rise to networks of elite centres whose
emergence individual think-tanks seek to facilitate -- as with the historical
parallel of the networks of monasteries (ashrams, convents, etc) of religious
orders.

Means are sought to facilitate movement between such centres in networks of
excellence. Communication and "movement" between centres may become
increasingly virtual. As with the religious orders, there is a real challenge
to ensure appropriate contact with open society -- especially if there is no
question of adopting a vow of poverty! One interface curiously, is through the
use of public "seminars" -- not "ovulars" (as remarked by
feminists) through which those in closed systems inseminate the wider world
with their memes, possible via the use of missives (as missile substitutes).
From a biological perspective, these networks represent the emergence of the
ganglia of primitive nervous systems (ganglionic networks) found in arthropods
and other non-vertebrate groups. This perspective is important to ongoing explorations
of the significance of a global brain (see for example Simulating
a Global Brain: using networks of international organizations, world problems,
strategies, and values. 2001)

The exercise in exploring the complementarity between the 8 different kinds
of think-tank suggests that further exploration might lead to a richer understanding
of think-tank potential in response to different challenges -- and notably in
relation to the kind of thinking regarding global governance. Of particular
relevance in relation to emergence of collective intelligence is the capacity
of such a network of think-tanks to represent itself. Inability to do so in
more than a directory listing is an indication of the failure of the self-representation
process at a level below that normally considered a requirement for human intelligence.

Whether their occupants or clients desire it or not, will a "think-tank"
then tend to produce "tank thoughts" -- "canned thoughts"
from "canned thinkers" -- that are necessarily very much "in
the box" rather than "out of the box"? Given the politico-economic
realities of ensuring the viability of such vehicles of knowledge-making and
their occupants, is the process of using them to be usefully thought of in the
light of the "rent-a-car" business model -- "rent-a-tank"?
Is this not consistent with the marked "rent-a-prof" tendency to fund
researchers in support of particular commercial or political agendas? [more;
more]

In response to the critical approach offered here, an immediate question might
be what kind of metaphor would be more appropriate than a "tank" --
or could appropriately complement the "tank" metaphor. Aspects of
this question have been explored in a separate paper (Renaissance
Zones: experimenting with the intentional significance of the Damanhur community,
2003). The kind of possibility to be considered is, for example, a "knowledge
garden" -- in that it offers a richer panoply of approaches to considering
and elaborating knowledge ecosystems. Aspects of this metaphor have been explored
elsewhere (see Knowledge
Gardening through Music: patterns of coherence for future African management
as an alternative to Project Logic, 2000). This effectively associates
"think-tank" conceptualization with "Project Logic" as having
been proven to be inappropriate to the conditions of cultures such as those
in Africa. But perhaps "knowledge oasis" might be even more appropriate
for the Arab world. The contrast between a "tank" and and an "oasis"
stresses many useful points in relation to thinking regarding sustainable development
-- especially at a time when pumping oil into tanks in the desert has become
such a focus. With the emergence of interest in "knowledge
ecosystems" pioneered by George Por, another interesting possibility
is the use of "knowledge ecostery"
to reflect a greater sensitivity to relationship to the environment.

Alternation between Variable Geometries: a brokership
style for the United Nations. Presentation to a Workshop on the Adapation of
Structures and Methods at the United Nations (The Hague, November 1985) organized
by the Hague Academy of International Law and the United Nations University.
Published in Daniel Bardonnet (Ed): The Adapation of Structures and Methods
at the United Nations. Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, pp. 243-247 [text]

University of Earth: Meta-organization for post-crisis
action. 1980 [text]

Transnational network of research and service
communities: organizational hybrid. 1974 [text]

George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University
of Chicago Press, 1980 [review]

George Lakoff. Women, Fire And Dangerous Things: what categories
reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press, 1987

Gareth Morgan:

Imaginization: New Mindsets for Seeing, Organizing
and Managing. Berrett-Koehler, 1997