BIOS

In this photo distributed by the Belgian Federal Police, a surveillance camera shows a man shooting at the Jewish museum in Brussels, Belgium, on Saturday, May 24, 2014. (AP / Belgian Federal Police, File)

PARIS -- The suspect in the recent killings at the Jewish Museum in Brussels provides a textbook example of a longstanding fear in the West -- the threat posed by radicalized citizens returning from the battlefields of Syria.

Since Syria became a magnet for Westerners, European nations have been slowly fortifying themselves with measures to detect potential jihadi fighters and counter any plots. But French-born Mehdi Nemmouche -- the first Western citizen returning from Syria to be implicated in a major attack -- was caught by chance, in a spot check for drugs by a customs official, making a mockery of efforts to counter the threat.

The suspect had slipped through a handful of countries from Asia to Europe in the three months after leaving Syria, a French prosecutor said, a clear sign of the difficulties of tracking returnees.

Belgium is seeking the extradition of Nemmouche, whose detention for questioning was prolonged on Tuesday for 24 hours, four days after his arrest, the Paris prosecutor's office said.

Whether or not he was the Brussels shooter, the portrait provided by authorities of Nemmouche, 29, is that of a dangerous man. They say when he was arrested Friday at the Marseille bus station he was heavily armed, carrying a large supply of ammunition and a banner of Syria's most notorious fighting group, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

They added that his camera contained a video showing weapons and clothes appearing to match those of the killer in the furious minute-long May 24 museum attack, which left three people dead and one seriously injured. A voice said the video was made because a camera meant to broadcast the killings live failed to function.

Nemmouche, who has spent seven years behind bars, had been radicalized in prison, Paris Prosecutor Francois Molins said in announcing the arrest.

Between 1,000 and 1,500 Europeans may currently be fighting in Syria against President Bashar Assad, according to Charles Lister, an analyst with Brookings Doha Center, who drew the estimate from governments and other sources. Each one who returns represents a potential threat, according to official European thinking, and the challenge to track them all is huge. The arrest of the French suspect in the Belgian attack also opens the possibility that a returnee could choose to attack a country other than his homeland.

Thomas Hegghammer, an expert on foreign fighters at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, says that attacks by one person are far harder to thwart than large-scale operations.

European governments "are quite well positioned to thwart larger plots involving several people," Hegghammer said. "They're not able to stop all the smaller, simpler attacks like the one in Brussels, with one person and a gun."

In its annual report issued last month, The EU's police organization Europol said radicals who travel to fight alongside militants in conflicts like the Syrian civil war are "posing an increased threat to all EU member states on their return."

A leading French criminologist who advised former President Nicolas Sarkozy said that a lack of co-ordination and data-sharing among nations -- even within the EU -- stunts measures to counter the threat.

"The task is not impossible," said Alain Bauer. "You need greater and better co-ordination."

A major issue, he said, is that nations are concerned that sharing information will endanger sources.

Bauer underscored the importance of catching the traveller before he embarks. And this means "early intelligence, early warning, early detection. That is something we don't do," he said.

France feels particularly vulnerable because it has the highest estimated number of youths heading to Syria or fighting there -- about 700. It rolled out new measures in April to prevent its citizens and legal residents from joining the jihad and protect against potential threats posed by returnees, including cancelling French passports and deporting foreign residents.

The Dutch government has already cancelled the passports of 11 people where authorities provided good reason to suspect an individual may harm Dutch national interests while abroad. Britain has also withdrawn passports under a "Royal Prerogative." It doesn't release figures, but according to the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Home Secretary Theresa May in 2013 removed the citizenship of 20 individuals, including many who were suspected of planning trips to Syria.

However, softer approaches also are on the books in Britain and elsewhere.

FRANCE: A series of tough-love measures introduced in April includes a hotline for parents who fear their children are at risk of taking up jihad in Syria. In conjunction with European partners, France plans to increase monitoring of Web sites that post videos and other messages inciting jihadi activities.

NETHERLANDS: The Dutch have an elaborate program to counter the jihadi phenomenon that sent about 100 youths to Syria, of whom 10 were killed and 20 have so far returned. Beside cancelling passports, an unspecified number of minors have been stopped from leaving, some placed in juvenile detention.

BELGIUM: Belgium, which says about 150 of its citizens are in Syria, has set up programs in sensitive towns to improve co-operation among authorities, and designated a "prevention specialist" in 29 towns. A national prevention cell brings together police, experts and social workers in an outreach similar to France's proposals.

BRITAIN: The long-standing Prevent program liaises with schools, volunteer agencies and other local groups to detect a potential extremist. It recently encouraged women to reach out to other women concerned about potential jihadi on the home front.

GERMANY: Some 320 extremists from Germany are currently in Syria, and some 50 have returned, but the authorities maintained a hands-off approach until recently, allowing them to fly out and return without being stopped because terrorism in Syria is difficult to prove. More recently, those suspected of plans to join Syrian jihadi groups are being stopped at airports before they fly out and are tracked upon return, but land routes remain open.

Associated Press writers Lori Hinnant in Paris, Gregory Katz in London, Frank Jordans and David Rising in Berlin, Toby Sterling in the Netherlands and Matti Huuhtanen in Helsinki contributed to this report.