Fundamental properties of asphalts and modified asphalts(
Book
)5
editions published
in
2001
in
English
and held by
132 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The Superpave binder specification developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHR)) from 1987-1993 classifies
construction grade asphalts into rheologically similar groups. All asphalts in a given grade have the same rheological properties
to within 6 deg C. The mission of this project was to improve the understanding of the expected performance of petroleum asphalts
under service conditions. These conditions include physical behavior of thin asphalt films in contact with aggregate, rheology
and oxidative aging of wet asphalt, behavior of asphalt after extended aging, and propensity of asphalt films to reconsolidate
("heal") after microcracking. These phenomena are not described by the current binder specification. The results of said exposures
are included in Volume I and have been used to produce a comprehensive chemical model of petroleum asphalt. Finally, the results
have been used to develop new analytical methods that improve the capability to predict performance of asphalt in roadway
service. These 16 new tests are described in Volume II

Microdamage healing in asphalt and asphalt concrete(
Book
)2
editions published
in
2001
in
English
and held by
116 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The primary objectives of the study were to: (1) Demonstrate that microdamage healing occurs and that it can be measured in
the laboratory and in the field, (2) Confirm that the same fracture properties that control propagation of visible cracks
control the propagation of microcracks, (3) Identify the asphalt constituents which influence microdamage and microdamage
healing, (4) Establish appropriate correlations between microdamage and microdamage healing in the laboratory and in the field,
and (5) Predict the effect of microdamage healing on pavement performance and develop the appropriate constitutive damage
models that account for the effects of microdamage healing on the performance of asphalt concrete pavement layers

Chemical composition of asphalt as related to asphalt durability : state of the art by J. Claine Petersen(
Book
)3
editions published
in
1984
in
English
and held by
70 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The literature relating asphalt chemical composition and asphalt durability was reviewed and interpreted. Two major chemical
factors affecting asphalt durability are 1) compatibility of the interacting asphalt components and 2) resistance to change
from oxidative aging

Chemical properties of asphalts and their effects on pavement performance by Raymond E Robertson(
Book
)1
edition published
in
2000
in
English
and held by
55 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The purpose of this Circular is to familiarize the asphalt user with the source of asphalt, the variable chemistry of asphalt,
why variable performance should be expected when asphalt is used in roadways and what is currently missing from the specification
process. Several areas are identified where refinements in the specification process would improve the ability to classify
asphalts by their expected performance. This Circular summarizes more than 2,500 pages written during the past 20 years on
the effects of fundamental chemistry on the rheological properties of asphalt. This Circular should be especially useful to
civil engineering students who intend to work in some highway construction-related business

Microdamage healing in asphalt and asphalt concrete by Robert L Lytton(
Book
)2
editions published
in
2001
in
English
and held by
23 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
"Volume 3 documents the development of a micromechanics fracture and healing model for asphalt concrete. This model can be
used to calculate the density and growth of microcracks during repeated direct tensile controlled-strain loading. The model
is based on a relationship among stiffness changes in the mixture as damage occurs, the rate of change in dissipated pseudo
strain energy as loading are applied to the samples and as damage occurs and mixture properties including crack length changes
upon loading and mixture cohesive surface energies. The report demonstrates that microcrack growth is the dominate mode of
distress at temperatures below 25C and that microcrack healing is the dominate mode of recovery of dissipated pseudo strain
energy at these test temperatures. However, at temperatures above about 25C, the predominate mode of distress is plastic damage.
Cracking rates during fatigue damage are related to de-wetting cohesive surface energy measurements of the bitumen whereas
microcracking healing rates are related to wetting cohesive surface energy measurements of the bitumen. Surface energies of
five bitumens with widely different chemical compositions were found to correlate strongly with healing properties as defined
by viscoelastic fracture and healing theory."

Chemical properties of asphalts and their relationship to pavement performance by Raymond E Robertson(
Book
)2
editions published
in
1991
in
English
and held by
12 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The study considers the chemistry of petroleum asphalt at the molecular and intermolecular levels. Thousands of molecular
species exist within any particular asphalt. The polarity among asphalt molecules varies widely and the physical properties
are governed by the balances of polars and nonpolar components. Several speculations on the effects of chemical composition
on pavement performance are offered. In general, the mechanical or structural properties of asphalt are related to the intermolecular
structuring among the polars. This report describes the current status of the Strategic Highway Research Program chemical
studies of petroleum asphalt. It is intended to be instructive to the non-chemist, and is a speculative effort to correlate
some of the known chemical properties of asphalts with pavement performance characteristics

Bell Pole CROW pilot test results and evaluation(
)2
editions published
in
1992
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
Beginning in 1990, efforts were initiated to implement an in situ remediation project to address the creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP) contaminated surficial aquifer at the Bell Lumber and Pole Company (Bell Pole) Site. The remediation project involves
the application of the Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW{trademark}) process which consists of hot-water injection to
displace and recover the non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Based on the results from the pilot test the following conclusions
can be made: (1) The pilot test provided sufficient hydraulic information to design the full-scale CROW remediation system.
The pumping test portion of the pilot test indicated uniform aquifer properties. The entire thickness of the aquifer reached
the target temperature range and containment of the injected hot water was achieved. (2) Pretest injection and production
rate predictions were achieved. (3) The post test soil boring data indicated hot-water injection displaced greater than 80%
of the NAPL near the injection well. The data indicates that a NAPL saturation of approximately 19% (pore volume basis) and
a 500 fold decrease in PCP concentration can be achieved with 20 pore volumes of flushing. (4) The treatment system used during
the pilot test was effective in reducing PCP and PAH compounds to concentrations acceptable for sanitary sewer discharge.
(5) The microbial assay of the post test samples found an encouraging increase in microbial population compared to earlier
data collected before the pilot test

An evaluation of some innovative fragmentation systems for oil shale(
)2
editions published
in
1991
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
This report describes a large-scale underground mining method, large-hole stoping, using some innovative fragmentation systems
(buffer blasting, continuous loading/hauling, and mechanical miners for development). This study includes a literature review
and an experimental study of one of the key design factors--buffer blasting. The purpose of the buffer-blasting experiments
is to examine the swell that is necessary to achieve satisfactory fragmentation results. The study also includes a technical
and economic evaluation of the new mining method compared with conventional room and pillar mining. The purpose of this study
is to examine innovative methods that exist today and may provide a more efficient mining system than that currently used.
Note that this is a conceptual study, and that the mining for the two mine designs were compared using a daily production
rate of 75,000 tones per day. This amount was chosen because it is the maximum amount possible for a rubber-tired room and
pillar operation with only a one-shaft complex

Characterization of the WRI entrained-flow reactor(
)2
editions published
in
1991
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The ultimate goal of the current research has been to obtain kinetic and stoichiometric data on the high-heating-rate pyrolysis
of a western oil shale. To accomplish this, a reactor system had to be chosen that could attain the high heating rates observed
in fluid beds, but avoid some of their limitations. one of the most favorable high-heating-rate systems for accurate reaction
research is an entrained-flow reactor. With proper design, heating rates can equal and surpass those observed in fluid-bed
reactors, and product recovery is simpler and more efficient. To obtain the larger amounts of solid and liquid products needed
for detailed chemical and physical analyses, the system need only be run for a longer time. Western Research Institute has
designed, constructed, and begun operating a high-heating-rate, pressurized, entrained-flow reactor system. This reactor system
was developed to provide kinetic and stoichiometric data on the high-heating-rate pyrolysis of oil shale and to optimize operating
conditions for the scale-up of a proprietary commercial process. This report describes the reactor system and its performance
characteristics

Providing solutions to energy and environmental problems. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1997(
)3
editions published
in
1997
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The Jointly Sponsored Research Program emphasizes technology commercialization and continues to be highly successful and supported
strongly and enthusiastically by WRI's industrial clientele. All of the available Department of Energy (USDOE) funding for
each of the first seven years has been committed to projects. This report provides a description of projects and expenditures
on fossil projects and environmental monitoring

Evaluation of a subsurface oxygenation technique using colloidal gas aphron injections into packed column reactors(
)2
editions published
in
1991
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
Bioremediation may be a remedial technology capable of decontaminating subsurface environments. The objective of this research
was to evaluate the use of colloidal gas aphron (CGA) injection, which is the injection of micrometer-size air bubbles in
an aqueous surfactant solution, as a subsurface oxygenation technique to create optimal growth conditions for aerobic bacteria.
Along with this, the capability of CGAs to act as a soil-washing agent and free organic components from a coal tar-contaminated
matrix was examined. Injection of CGAs may be useful for remediation of underground coal gasification (UCG) sites. Because
of this, bacteria and solid material from a UCG site located in northeastern Wyoming were used in this research. Colloidal
gas aphrons were generated and pumped through packed column reactors (PCRS) containing post-burn core materials. For comparison,
PCRs containing sand were also studied. Bacteria from this site were tested for their capability to degrade phenol, a major
contaminant at the UCG site, and were also used to bioaugment the PCR systems. In this study we examined: (1) the effect of
CGA injection on dissolved oxygen concentrations in the PCR effluents, (2) the effect of CGA, H[sub 2]O[sub 2], and phenol
injections on bacterial populations, (3) the stability and transport of CGAs over distance, and (4) CGA injection versus H[sub
2]O[sub 2] injection as an oxygenation technique

The use of solid-state NMR techniques for the analysis of water in coal and the effect of different coal drying techniques
on the structure and reactivity of coal ; Quarterly report, September 1--November 30, 1993(
)3
editions published
between
1991
and
1993
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The overall objectives of this study are to develop an NMR method for measuring the water in coal, to measure the changes
in coal structure that occur during coal drying, to determine what effect water has on retrograde/condensation reactions,
and to determine the mechanism by which water may enhance coal reactivity toward liquefaction. Different methods of drying
will be investigated to determine if drying can be accomplished without destroying coal reactivity toward liquefaction, thereby
making coal drying an attractive and economical method for coal pretreatment. Coal drying methods will include thermal drying
under different atmospheres and temperatures, drying with microwave radiation, and low-temperature chemical dehydration. The
objective for this quarterly report were (1) to determine the limit of detection of water by NMR, (2) to determine the reproducibility
of the NMR integration method using the Lab Cal {sup {trademark}} PC software, (3) to determine the amount of water in standard
solutions, and (4) to determine the amount of water in a coal sample. The studies performed this last quarter have shown that
the ¹H NMR method for determining water in a coal sample via the reaction with 2,2-dimethoxypropane will be suitable for determining
the water content in coals. The method should be most suitable for coals having low moisture content; that is, those coals
which have been subjected to other drying techniques. 9 refs., 1 tab

An investigation of the role of water on retrograde(
)5
editions published
between
1992
and
1993
in
English
and held by
0 WorldCat member
libraries
worldwide
The overall objectives of this work are to conduct research that will provide the basis for an improved liquefaction process,
and to facilitate our understanding of those processes that occur when coals are initially dissolved. Changes in coal structure
that occur during coal drying and steam pretreatments will be measured in order to determine what effect water has on retrograde/condensation
reactions, and to determine the mechanism by which water enhances coal reactivity toward liquefaction. Different methods for
coal drying wig be investigated to determine if drying can be accomplished without destroying coal reactivity toward liquefaction,
thereby making coal drying a relatively economical and efficient method for coal pretreatment. Coal drying methods will include
conventional thermal drying, microwave drying, and chemical drying at low temperature. State-of-the-art solid-state nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques using combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy (CRAMPS) and cross polarization
with magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) will be employed: (1) to measures changes in coal structure brought about by the different
methods of drying and by low temperature oxidation, and (2) to obtain direct measurements of changes in the aromatic hydrogen-to-carbon
ratio of the solid/semisolid material formed or remaining during pretreatment and the initial stages of liquefaction