A “sacred expedition” in which twenty-one Spanish Catholic missions were established, spaced to be a single days travel apart on El Camino Real (the Royal Road)

Californios

Residents of the rancho system in California just before the Mexican-American War, mainly comprised of Mexican citizen who idetified more as Californios than Mesicans

Capitalism

An economic system regulated by the state that encourages the accumulation of weath and property by individuals

Caste

A division of society based on differences of wealth, inherited rank or privledge, profession, or occupation, not allowed to move from one caste to another

Central Valley Project (CVP)

A federal water project undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 as a long-term plan to effectively use water in California’s central valley

Check and Balances

Written into the Constitution, this concept is one of the cornerstones of our republic, encompassing three branches of governement and a system for them to act as watchdogs for the others

Circumnavigate

To sail completely around the earth

Code of Hammurabi

The first known written legal code, developed in ancient Babylong, predated the justinian Code by about 2,000 years

Communism

An economic system in which the state controls the means of production and distributes the profits

Conquistadores

Spanish exploreres that sought the riches of Central and South America, establishing colonies along the way

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lord

Democratic-Republican Party

One of the first two political parties in the United States, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; opposed the Federalist party and was strongly in favor of individual rights

Economics

A social science deaing with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Emancipation Proclamation

A proclamation made by President Lincoln in1863 freeing all slaves in regions still fighting against the Union

Executive Branch

A branch of the system of checks and balances that sees that the country’s laws are executed

Federalism

A system of government consisting of self-regluating regions (states) united by a central (federal) government

Federalist Papers

A series of articles written in 1787 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution

Feudalism

A social economic, and political system in which power is decentralized, and a varying number of lords hold land on which they allow others to live and work in return for loyalty and service

Fief

Land held by lorders under the feudal system

Forty-niners

Nickname for the influx of people that arrived in California, staring in 1849, in search of gold

Free-soliders

A minor but influential political party int he pre-Civil War period that opposed the extention of slavery into the western territories

Gentleman’s Agreement

A 1907 treaty with Japan that allowed wives to joing their husbands in the U.S. on the condition that the Japanese government deny exit visas to any men wishing to emigrate to the United States

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the colonies during the first part of the 18th century

Great Compromise

A decision made by the Constitutional Congress splitting Congress into two houses, one based on population (House of Rep) and the other based on equal representations (Senate)

Hunter/Gatherer Societies

An early society in which men hunted for meat and women gathered more readily available food

Initiative

A process that gives individual citizens, or groups of citizens, the power to place a proposed law on the ballot

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

British reaction to the Boston Tea Party, including more rigid restrictions on colonial town meetins and other harsh penalties

Judicial Branch

A branch of the system of checks and balances that interprets Congressional laws

Justinian Code

Consdiered to be the basis for the justice system in use throughout much of the Western world, including the United States

Land Commission

Established to settle the Californio’s land claims during the first few years of California’s statehood

Law of Supply and Demand

The basic economic principle stating that is suppply is greater than demand, the value of the product is lower, if demand is greater than supply, the value is higher

Legislative Branch

The branch of the system of checks and balances that makes Congressional laws

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson that essentially doubled the United States territory

Manifest Destiny

An 1845 phrase encapsulating the American version of the Western Expansion

Mercantilism

The practice of state regulation and control of an economy

Missouri Compromise

The 1820 legislation that tried to resolve the conflicts reaised by the addition of new territories as either slave or non-slave owning areas

Monotheism

The worship of only one god

Nullification

A concept espoused by southerners following the Missouri Compromise that would have given southern states the right to refuse to obey laws that they did not agree with

Octopus

A term used to describe the Central Pacifics Railroad’s monopoly for having an arm in practically every sector of California’s commerce

Pilgrims

A religious group who had broken away from the Church of England, first relocating to Holland to escape persecution, then setting sail in the fall of 1620 to become the first settlers to arrive in Massachusetts

Popular Sovereignty

the idea that political authority belongs to the people

Presidio

Forts build by the Spanish to offer protection to california’s missionaries and settlers during periods of violent revolt by native workers

Pueblos

Towns based around California’s missions and presidios, built around a church and a town square

Rancho System

A land allotment system defined by a few large landowners and many landless workers

Recall

A mechanism fo rending an elected official’s tenure before its scheduled completion

Reconstruction

President Lincoln’s first priority after the Civil War to reconcile the warring sides and rebuild areas affected by the war

Referendum

A statute or amendment that has passed the state legislature, which is then placed the proposed law on the ballot for approval by the electorate, allows the California electorate to rescind legislatin that has already become law

Reincarnation

A religious beleif in which, after physical death, a rebirth in another body occurs, a central tenet of Hinduism, among other religions

Relocation Camp

Interment camps that held people of Japanese descent durin World War II

Renaissance

A French word meaning, rebirth, the name given to the flowering of European culture at the end of the medieval period

Secession

That self-given right of seven states to the lower South to leave the Union is they so desired

Seperate but Equal

A philosophy, along with election rules, that was designed to deny blacks the right to vote after reconstruction ended

Serf

Peasants who work on land in a feudal system

Shogun

In Feudal Japan, the equivalent of a medieval Eupopean king

Silicon Valley

A nickname for the Southern part of San Francisco Bay Area in the northern California, originally referring to the concentration of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually referring to the concentration of all types of high-tech businesses

Socialism

An economic system in which workers control the means of production and share in the profits for their labors

Ten Percent Plan

A plan created by President Lincoln before his assassination, and carried out by the successor, Andrew Johnson, stating that a state could be readmitted to the Union if ten percent of the former Confederates in the state who had voted in the 1860 election vowed loyalty to the union

Three-Fifths Compromise

An initial rule in the constituion stating that in state population counts, each slave would count for three-fifths of one person

Vassal

The equivilent of a knight in the feudal system

1450-1763

The start and end of the Age of Discovery

Spain, France, England, Portugal, Netherlands

Countries that competed for land

New England Colonies

Shipbuilding and Commerce

Middle Colonies

Farming and Commerce

Southern Colonies

Tobacco, cotton and slavery

House of Burgesses

An early colonial attempt at representative self-government (1619), first legislative assembly of the colonies

The Mayflower Compact

Basis of government by the consent of the governed

Major Popluation Groups

Europeans and Africans

Benjamin Franklin

Philosopher, inventor, politician who had great influence over many years

Northwest Ordinance

Defined the Northwest Territory and the way the US would be set up

John Adams

Leader of the movement towards Independence, very outspoken

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States of America

Thomas Jefferson

Responsible for writing most of the Declaration of Independence

Federalism

A division of government powers between a strong central government and the state governments

Bicarmeral

Like the English Parliment, the new state legislatures were…

Parliment Repealed the Act

Reaction of the English Government to the colonial protest against the stamp act

Intolerable Acts

Reaction of the British Government to the Boston Tea Party

Boycotting Britsh Goods

The colonists strongest weapon against the unpopular British Tax measures

The Jamestown Colony

Settled by gentleman adventurers, landless and poor men who wanted to improve finances, in the original settlement, no women, first slaves were brought here from Africa, tobacco was first cultivated as a moneymaking crop by this settlement, first representative of government

18th Century

Three fourths of white population was middle class, more social equality than in England, hired farmhands and indentured servants were in lower class, lawyers and merchants were upper class.

Townshend Acts

The law the Bostonians protested when soldiers fired on the mobs in the Boston Massacre

The Plymouth Colony

Success of the colony sparked a huge migration to the New World from England, signed an agreement among themselves they would have a government based on the church’s teachings, came to America seeking freedom from religous persecution

Virginia

Nathanial Bacon lead this colony in a rebellion against the colonial government protesting the Government’s Indian policy

Great Britain

Sought to control colonial trade because it did not want competition with it’s own manufacturers

The Great Awakening

The colonist gained a sense of independence because they challenged church beliefs, they felt unified because of a common religion, ties between church and state weakened, a greater sense of equality because preachers stressed equality of all

Daniel Shays

Led an armed uprising of 1,200 farmers

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense

Order of Acts

Stamp, Declatory, Townshend, Boston Massacre

The French Indian War

Turning point in England’s domination over North America (1756- 1763)

1763-1776 – Tension Built between America and England

English Mercantile policy discouraged economic independence, Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom, Colonies used boycotts and other measures, Declaration of Independence stated the purposes for the Colonial break with England

Stamp Act

(1765) – The first direct tax to be levied on the American colonies, it required that all newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers issued in the colonies bear a stamp. The act was denounced in the colonies by those it most affected: businessmen, merchants, journalists, lawyers, and other powerful persons

Townshend Act

(1767) – taxed many products such as paper, glass and tea

Boston Massacre

(1770) – British troops fire on crowd of Bostonians

Tea Act

(1773) – The Tea Act, passed by Parliament in May of 1773, would launch the final spark to the revolutionary movement in Boston. The act was not intended to raise revenue in the American colonies, and in fact imposed no new taxes. It was designed to prop up the East India Company which was floundering financially and burdened with eighteen million pounds of unsold tea. This tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and sold at a bargain price. The Townshend Duties were still in place, however, and the radical leaders in America found reason to believe that this act was a maneuver to buy popular support for the taxes already in force. The direct sale of tea, via British agents, would also have undercut the business of local merchants

Boston Tea Party

(1773) – A group of colonists, led by Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and others, disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded English ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773, and threw the tea into the harbor

Intolerable Acts

(1774) – Britain attempts to gain control of the colonies in response to Boston Tea Party by closing the Boston Harbor, enforcing quartering, closing town meetings and trying British citizens in Britain

British Army marches on Concord and Lexington

(1775) – Paul Revere, “British are coming…”, “Shots heard around the world”. The Revolution had begun

Colonial Armies were underequipped, widespread opposition to fixed military terms

George Washington

His leadership turned the tide of the battle

The French Alliance

1778 – Brought needed men, equipment and money to American cause

Defeat of Cornwallis of Yorktown

1781 – This defeat brought victory to the colonies

Articles of Confederation Dates

1781 – 1789

Article of Confederation Weaknesses

National Government did not have the power to regulate foreign trade, had no court system, no independent taxing power, could not enforce national laws

Constitutional Convention Major Issue

Conflicting interest of small vs large states

Antifederalists

Feared a strong central government

Articles of Confederation

Were not ratified for four years because Maryland refused to ratify them

Northwest Ordinance

Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory

Hamilton, Jay and Madison

Wrote the Federalist Papers

1789

The need for a strong central government led to the framing of the constituion in what year

Constituion Did (four things)

Federal system which divided fedeal and state power, seperation of powers, and checks and balances to limit power of central government, legislative, executive and judicial branch created to divide power, bill of rights added to protect the people

Concurrent Powers

Refers to powers shared by the national government and state governments

Reserved Powers

Powers set aside for state governments

Delegated Powers

Powers assigned the National Government

Amendment to the Constituion Requires

Two thirds vote of Congress and then three fourths vote of the states to ratify

Elastic Clause of the Constitution

Allows congress to make laws on issues not mentioned in the Constitution

26th Amendment

Gave 18 year olds the right to vote

17th Amendment

Senators to be directly elected by the people

15th Amendment

Guaranteed black americans the righ to vote

2nd & 3rd Amendment

Gave people the right to stand up to Government

Preamble

States that the people have the power to establish and change rules

War of 1812

War fought between US and Great Britain over neutrality and impressment of US Sailors – US victory, resulted in National pride, self sufficiency, and foreign credibility

The New Nationalism – 1816 – 1823

Scope and authority of Supreme Court, The Era of good feelings (political success of the Republican party), The Monroe Doctrine, development of a new American culture

1787 – 1823

The New Nation – Alexander Hamilton was part of this era

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

National Govt paid back state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate credibility; National Govt encouraged American Business expansion by passing excise tax and a tariff; National Government raised revenue by a tax on domestic whiskey

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Parties

Federalist Party – Strong central government ruled by manufacturing interests (Hamilton). Favored rich and wealthy
Antifederalist Party – limited federal power based on farming interests (Jefferson) believed in worth of the individual

Weak

Strength of foreign policy during the early national period

Louisiana Purchase

Greatest Real Estate Purchase in U.S. history (1803)

Jacksonian Democracy

The rise of the common man. War against the bank and tariff were key issues for the new democratic party; Jackson initiated the spoils system (political enemies are replaced by political friends); Jackson pursued nationalistic policies

Whig Party

They opposed the democrats belief in states’ rights and instead favored a strong national government.

Cotton

Contributed to the growth of slavery

The Missouri Compromise

1820 – Limited the spread of slavery

The Annexation of Texas

1837 – Added potential slave territory to the United States

The Mexican War

1848 – Was criticized as a proslavery, expansionist war

The Rise of the New West created…

Transportation, education, politics, mining and agriculture

California Geographic Features

Coasts (trading, transportation, Presidio military protection); Mountains: Smaller Valleys: Vast Lands (huge cattle ranches large game in over 1/2 state); Many streams and Rivers (fish were abundent, fertile for crops)

Manifest Destiny

This ideology encouraged U.S. expansion to the Pacific

1837

Texas annexed to the United States

1846

Oregon annexed to the United States

Mexican American War

1848 – California, parts of the southwest were gained

Sugar Plantations in the West Indies

16th Century – Benefited most from slavery

1861 – 1865

Years of the Civil War

Reason for Civil War

Individual state rights, slavery, cotton, and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president

Civil War – North Power

Manpower, firepower, economic resources

Civil war – South Power

Leadership, territory

Union Strategy

Isolating the South

Battle of Gettysburg

1863 – This battle ended the souths chance of foreign recognition

Robert E. Lee

General who commanded the Confederate Army during the Civil War

Ulysses S. Grant

General who led the Union Army to victory in the Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run

President Lincoln realized the war would be long and hard

The Draft

The New York City Riots were protest against

Richmond

Capitol of the South

Atlanta Victory

Help turned the tide so that Lincoln was able to win a second term in 1864

Antietam

Victory gave Lincoln the right moment to make the Emancipation Procolomation

Appomatix Courthouse

Lee surrendered to Grant

Vicksburg Battle

Meant that the union controlled the entire Mississippi River

Washington

Capitol of the North

George McClellan

Little Napoleon, suffered several defeats, replaced, put back in command, and replaced again

Robert E. Lee surrendered because…

…his troops were trapped by Grant’s Army

Antietam Battle

Battle that followed the second Bull Run

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the war

France, Britain

The south asked these two countries for help during the Civil War

Chickamauga

Not a victory for Grant

Gettysburg

Farthest north the confederates were able to get, called the “High water mark of confederacy”

Reconstruction of the South

Presidential plan emphasized tolerance for the defeated South (congress won with radical plan)

Reconstruction of the South

Congressional (Radical) plan emphasized the use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory (congress won over presidential plan)

Radical Reconstruction Years

1868 – 1876

Bills Passed During Reconstruction

Civil Rights Bills Passed 14th & 15th Amendment

President Johnson

Impeached for opposing Radical Reconstruction

Setback at the end of Reconstruction

Social justice for blacks, National committment to equal opportunity

Sharecroppers

Framers who were provided some land, housing and supplies by white landowners in return for giving landowners a portion of their crops

End of Reconstruction

A result of the presidential election of 1876

Scalawags

Native white southerners who had opposed secession and who had cooperated with the Republicans during reconstruction

Military Reconstruction Acts

Dissolved the government of all the Confederate States except Tennessee and divided the remaining Southern States into five districts

Aids to settlement of the West

Homestead Act (1862); Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

Western Industrial Base

Mining, cattle, and grain. Farmers and ranchers settled the Great Plains

Aided in Industrial Growth of America

Communcation and Transportation

Fostered Expansion of Industry

New methods of production (assembly line, mass production); inventions; Expanding markets at home and abroad; Development of steel, mining, electrical, petrolium, textile and food processing industries

Rabbits and other small game, bows and arrows or nets and snares. Accorns, mequite pods, pinon nuts, and other fruit of cacti. Planeted crops when water sufficient, pottery by coiling narrow ropes of clay.

Small rainfall, vegetation scarce, bands were migratory, shifting from place to place in search of water and food. Men hunted, women gathered seeds, nuts and fruits. Distinctive form of acgricutlre based on communal labor. Created ditches and dams to irrigate various wild plants.

Hupa

Social rank on basis of wealth. Retained privledges passing fortunes to next generations. Salmon and acorn diet. Rituals like White Deerskins and Jumping Dances. Dance done to ward off disease and famin. Recite long narratives and display wealthy objects.

Tubatulabl

Led by a headman or timiwal. Appointed by council and served for life. Primary counselor, arbritator. Diet of acorns, six differenct species of oaks and pinon nuts. Gathereed from eastern slopes of Sierra Nevada. Small seeds and berries were gathered. Fish were caught in the mountain streams and rivers. Also deer, bear, mountain lion, mounain sheep and antelope.

Chumas

Largest villages in CA, some 2000 people. Home of poles driven into the ground and arched in the center, with thatch of interwoven graases and ferns. Brilliant rock paintings, found in caves and on rocks in Southern CA, abstract and highly stylized and imaginative.

Best known as CA basketmakers, twined and coilded ware in many shapes. Otlined with brightly colored feathers, plumes, beads, and shells.

Tongva (Gabrielino)

Distinct social class, elite were wealthy individuals and headmen Marriage only in same class.

Shasta

River valley villages, families owned their hunting and fishing ground, tobacco plots and oak trees. Real estate passed on through the males. Money was clamshell disks and dentalia.

Atsugewi

High value or hard work. Trout and fish gathered with nests in rivers and lakes. Rabbits hunted in groups. Larger game by individuals, trned over kill to village for general use. Sixth days set for rest, Big annual celebration autumnal pakapi or “big time” enoto celebrate enough food for coming winter.

Miwok

One of most popular in CA, from Pacific Coast to Sierra nevada. Earth covered homes, in Sierra Nevada houses were three or four layers of bark. Homes near coast were interlocking poles of willow or driftwood. Bunchess of grass or reeds tied in rows to frame.

Achumawi

Deer in Noorthern CA, plentfiu. venison and deerskin for clothing. Shamans played a key role, had healing ability from tamakomi, “medicine or power. Half of shamans were women.

Maidu

Cluster of three to five small villages around a centraly village. Lands were held in common. Each tribe servered as part of a political organization. the Leader played a fairly minor role exept during time of war or talk of peace.

Northwestern Indian Culture

California to Alaska, dense woodlands of redwoods. Great rainfall, social status dertmined by objects, Rich men led, tribes include Yurok , Hupa and Shasta

Northeastern Indian Culture

Desolate areas, scare food, hunting small game and seeds and roots. Thinly settled, tribues include Achumawi and Atsugewi.

Central Indian culture

Central coast throughout Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley, mild climate and plants and animals abundant. Tribal dress and housing relfected climate. Best basket skills of all, tribes include Yokuts, Miwodk, Maidu, and Pomo.

The Great Basin

Most lands along the eastern border of the state. Food and water scacre, tribes had to move frequently in search of food like rats and rabbits. Tribes include, Tubatulabal, and the Owens Valley Paiute.

Some of most popular tribes in CA, villags along the souther coast, sustained by sea life, as many as two thousand redisents each. Tribes are Kumeyaay (Diegueno), Cahuilla, Tongva, (Gabrielino) and Chumash

Miranda vs Arizona – 1966

Criminal supsects must be informed of their miranda rights

Marbury vs Madison – 1803

Created Judicial Review, ability to reivew a law for viloations

Gideon vs Wainwright – 1963

State courts are required by the 6th and 14th amendments, right to speedy process, counsel

Eastablished that the constitution grants to conress implied powers inherent in the nature of the Constitution as a blueprint for a practical functioning government, and the state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal Government

Plessy vs Ferguson – 1896

Approved racial segregation, seperate but equal

New York Times co. vs Sullivan – 1964

Enacted the “malice” standard allowed free reporting

Gibbons vs Ogden – 1824

The power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved to congress and trumps the power of the state

California Constitution

12 Year term for Supreme Court justices, greater details, greater degree of voter control, in both Houses, representation is based on districts that are determined by size of population, senators serve four year terms

Ignored by European Invaders

American Indians agriculture and medical wisdonm

Mosiac Law

Greatest contribution of ancient Hebrew civilation to modern western civilation

Scalawags

Southern whites who allied with the radicals

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who went South to assist in Reconstruction

Islam

Most common religion of Arabian civilization

Ceremonial Centers in Mesoamerican Cultures

To win favors of the gods, who according to their beleifs, governed the life of mankind and the cycles of nature

Philip IV

Christ’s own words render taxes to Caesar and delcared to continue resistance to taxes would equal betraying the State and aiding enemies of the state

China

Ancient Civiliation that Confucianism originated

Copernicus

Proposed the beginning of Europe’s Scientific Revolution, that Earth revolved around the sun

Fall of rome

Common reason given for the development of Feudalism

Billeting Act of 1765

Required colonies to provide quarters and supplies for Royal troops

Completion of the Railroad in California

Merchants and manufacturers found themselves suddenly exposed to intense competition for those of eastern cities, loss of jobs with railroad done

Comprised of Near East

Tigres, Euphrates Valley, Fertile Crescent, and Nile Vallyez

Sugar Act of 1764

Forbade import of rum, duty on molasses , wines, silks, coffee and number of luxury items

Postclassic period (800 AD)

Aztecs are from this period in Mesoamerican History

Mexican American War

Ended Feb 2, 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Transcontinental Railroad

Solved the problem of isolation in California 1969

Indians

In 1763 a royal proclomation reserved all Western territory between Alleghencies, the Florida’s and the Mississippi, and Quebec to be used by the

Sun

Central figure in the ancient Inca religion

Greece

Epics of Illiad and Odyssey come from

Chandragupta Maurya

Created the first unified state in Inida (Indian) history

Constantine

In Medieval Europe, the legalization and imperialization of the Christian Faith forever changed the form and function of Christianity by whom

3500 – 3000 BC

Mesopotamian Civilization Period

Magna Carta

Placed limitations on the Crown

Dust Bowl Regugees of 1930’s

Grapes of Wrath

Nile Valley (3000 BC)

Egyptian Civilation began

Sierra Nevada

California’s two major mountain ranges are the Coast Ranges and…

Declaration of Independence – July 4th 1776

Constitutes legitimate government and under what conditions men were justified in resorting to armed revolution to change it

Chinese Confucian Morality

Japan feudalism had as its basis

Feudalism, Europe Middle Ages Hiearchial Structure

King, Baron, Bishop, Lord, Peasant

Mojave Desert

Largest desert in Calfornia

Tories

Political party that wanted close ties with England

Plato

Created the first written philosophy

Polytheistic

Kushite Religion, Egyptian Religion

Rancheros

California 1821 – 1846 dominant institutions were

Money, Econcomy

Sounded the Death knell of feudalism

Manors

Economic and social units of life in early Middle Ages

Mercantilism

Earliest form of Capitalism

Japan

A series of Islands

Diversity of Native Americans

European settlers to the New World in the 16th & 17th Century often failed to recognize the

Buddhism

Religon of ancient Indian (India) civilization

Agriculture

Primary economic activity in Arabia

Andrew Jackson

In 1829 inaugural address, he set a policy to relocate Eastern Indians

Created Great Wall of China, use of currency, weight and measure standardized, tomb of terra-cotta army

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Europe

Division of defined classes, merchant middle class

The counter-Reformation

Founding of the Society of Jesus, revival of the inquisition, estblishment of the Index of Prohibited Book, Adherence to the Council of Trent

Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam

Religions established in China as a result of the cross-cultural contact associated with the Silk Road

Geographical factors that accounted for emergence of Byzantium as a powerful trading empire

Constantinople controlled both the Mediterranan Sea and the Black Sea trade routes

Influence of Islamic scholarship development of European civilization during the middle ages

Introduction of new math concepts such as algebra and calculus

Positive result of the war in 1812

American industry propspered when trade was restricted by the British during the war

Central focus of lewis and clark expedition

to gain an accurate sense of the resources being exchanged in the Louisiana Purchase

Mechanisms by which Islam has spread throughout history

Military conquest and trade incentives

Renaissance

Period of European hisotry that produced advances in science that revolutionalized of Earths’s place wtihin the universe

Taoism

Chinese philosophical system that emphasizes living in balance with the natural world, everything has its place yin and yang

Buddhism

Emphasizes mindfulness of an orderly society

Hinduism

Practiced primarily in India and very little in China

Economics

Law of supply and demand

Search of a Sea route to Asia

Driving force of explorations of Americas

Mercantilism

Practiced by European nations in an effort to assure properity by regulating and coordinting the production of goods, while protecting domestic economies from foreign competition.

Socialism

Economic philosophy espoused by Karl Marx that distributes wealth to the workers that produce it

Communism

Extends socialistic redistribution of wealth by the state to include government control in social and political areans as well

Barter

An informal system of the exchange of goods and services among individuals

The Steam Engine

Invention that launched the industrial age

Mayflower Compact

First declaration of self-government in the new world

No taxation without representation

Washington D.C. shares this complaint

Democratic-Republicans

George Mason in objections to the constituion represented which group

Slavery

Missouri Compromise of 1820 was designed to resolve conflict in this area

Blockade Southern ports

Union used Naval force most effectively to

Amerindians

The Homestead Act of 1862 led to a displacement of this group

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Restrict growth of corporations

Advances in transportation and communication

Greatest effect on the growing political, economic and social cohesion of the US during the last half of the 19th century

Bowl and Basket Weaving

Shared by geographically seperated native California people in pre-columbian times

Hydraulic Mining

Enviornmentally destructive mining process in the Gold Rush and wound down in 1853

Work on the Transcontinental Railroad

Attracted the largest number of Chinese immigrants to US after gold rush

Popular Sovereignty

1911 new California State Legislation inspired by the national progressive movement

Angel Island

California’s “Ellis Island” entry point for many European immigrants to US

Dust Bowl

Caused a wave of immigration into California in the 1930’s

Salton sea

Imperial Valley water flow from Colorado River, tried to increase water flow and the flood created the

Lake Shasta, Lake Arrowhead

Manmade lakes

Mono Lake

Natural lake that has been threatened by the water needs of L.A.

The Great Depression

WPA Central Valley Project irrigated large portions of the central valley at expense of wetlands to the north, US government response to which event

WPA (Works Projects Administration)

Federal Government response to the Great Depression, overwhelming unemployment and need for public works. Many dams and large sclae projects, Central Valley Project, Shasta Dam (second largest dam in the US, after Hoover dam – also WPA project)

Greeks

Credited with first implementation of democracy into government (citizens held public meetings, pass law, choose officials) No slaves, women or foreigners

Egyptians

Hieroglyphics

Sumerians

First written language

Babylonians

Hammurabi – The first written code of law

American civilizations in chronological order

Olmec, Mayan, Toltec, Aztec

Sale of indulgences

Caused the Protestant Reformation

Buddhism

Belief in reincarnation, belief that through meditation one can frind freedom from suffering and enter Nirvana, respect for all living creatures

Religious book of Islam

Koran

Vasco da Gama

First European explorer to reach Inida by sea

Juan Cabrillo

First European explorer to reach coastal California (1542)

Ferdinand Magellan

First European explorer to circumnavigate the globe

Francisco de Coronado

Explored area that was to become the southwest of US (1540)

Ponce de Leon

Explored Florida in 1513, claimed area for spain

Puritan

Most closely associated with the development of a theocracy in America

Agean civilization developed a flourishing culture as a direct result of trade and commerce on the Aegean Sea

China

Yellow river

Mesopotamiia

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Egypt

Nile River

Hellenistic age

Fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures, increase in international trade and commerce, end of the Greek city-state system as a major political setting

Russia’s desire to expand in the direction of the Ottoman Empire

Gain permanent access to the Mediterranean Sea

Feudalism in the early Middle Ages

No formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power

Europe referred to as Christendom during Middle Ages

Church became the preserver of civilization in both political and religious life

Scientist that supported heliocentric (sun centered) theory of solar system

Galileo

Industrial Revolution in England

Large quanitites of coal and iron, rapid increase in middle class, large supply of cheap labor

John Locke’s assumption of natural laws contrasted

Absolutism

Economic system facilitates Darwinism

Capitalism

Spain

Initial control of Southwest of N. America and Florida

France

Initial control of Mississippi River, Louisiana Territory, Great Lakes, Canada

No founded as a result of religious persecution

Georgia

Founded as a result of religious persecution

Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania

Why French aidid the English during American Revolution

France viewed the revolution as a means to gain territory at the expense of Britain, France wanted to limit the economic growth of England, France and England were already at war on the European continent

Declaration of Independence

Ideals of social contract borrowed heavily from John Locke

Federalism practiced in early Republic

Local governments are sovereign in matters of local concern

Northeast section of the U.S. opposed to 1812 war

Because of the expansionist goals of the West

Fundamental concept of Magna Carta in American law

The concept of religious freedom

Major military strategy of North based on dividing the south

Mississipppi River

True of Andrew Johnson’s presidency during reconstruction

Vetoed numerous Radical Republican congressional acts

Emergence of National Parties in US

Federalist, Democratic, Whig, Republican

Economic development of American west during 19th century

Barbed wire

Main immigrants to US from 1840 – 1880

Northern and Western Europe

Northeast industrial expansion before Civil War

Abundant natural resources, access to Great Lakes and ports of foreign shipments, availability of cheap labor

CA Indians prior to European contact

CA had greatest concentration of Indians in N. America

Gold rush created statehood, impacted landscape of US because

Temprary resolution to the free/slave state controversey

Majority of native Californians lived in or near

Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada

Cesar Chavez – Political reforms in

Unionization of migrant farm workers

Hiram Johnson as governor of CA, progessive movement failed to ahceive these reforms

Adding amendments to the CA constitution to protect workers rights, passage of initiative, referendum, and recall, establishing a railroad commision