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As Dalrymple (1994) points out, available techniques give us more than the accuracy we need. How can we figure out the amount of the daughter element originally present?

The answer is that in many cases (if we choose the right element for the right rock) we have excellent reasons for believing that D and they have to rule out the possibility that additional quantities of the daughter element have been added since the time the rock was formed.

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For a man who does not believe in a miracle, a slow miracle would be just as incredible as a swift one."*G. Chesterton (1925)."The theory of evolution gives no answer to the important problem of the origin of life and presents only fallacious solutions to the problem of the nature of evolutive transformations . We are condemned to believe in evolution, but we will always search for a suggestion concerning the methods of transformations . Perhaps we are now in a worse position than in 1859 because we have searched for one century and we have the impression that the various hypotheses [of how evolution could have occurred] are now exhausted.

Presently, nature appears to be more steady, more firm and more refractory [resistant] to changes than we thoughtbefore we had made a clear distinction between hereditary variability [within species] and acquired characteristics [DNA characteristics fixing each species]. Salet, Hasard et Certitude: Le Transformisme devant la Biologie Actuelle (1973), p. Several methods for dating ancient materials have been developed.

This will be covered in the chapters, Primitive Environment (chapter 9), and DNA (chapter 10).

Third, evolution of living organisms into more advanced life forms by natural selection or mutations.

A second, independent, astronomical method is to use standard techniques to measure some parameters of stars (mass, luminosity, compositor, and surface temperature), from which a well-confirmed theory of the life histories of stars enables physicists to compute their. Finally, considerations of radioactive decay make it possible to calculate the time at which certain heavy elements were formed.

These techniques are somewhat similar to the radiometric methods of dating rocks, which I shad consider in a little more detail.

So the so-called absolute radiometric dating methods themselves are not absolute.

It is a misleading term which is much used by evolutionists in order to seemingly prove the unobservable old age of the earth.

If a radioactive isotope (the parent element) was originally present in a rock at the time of its formation, then that isotope would give rise, by radioactive decay, to decay products (daughter elements). Then, by the assumption that parent and daughter atoms neither entered nor exited, we know that the extra daughter atoms that are now present must come from decay of the parent.

So we can conclude can both be calculated by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes found in the present rock.

(For an excellent overview of the various ways of assigning an age to the universe, and an exposition of the radioactive decay method, see Schramm 1974.)Although the clear consensus of physical techniques is that the universe is billions of years old, and although this result controverts the claims of at least some contemporary Creationists, the principal Creationist attack has been directed against the standard geological claim that the earth is about 4.5 billion years old.