Step 3: Either run in interactive mode using --interactive flag or pass an input file using --input_file argument as described later. Use --unconditional for generating text without any conditioned text.

Important Notes

Methodology

XLNet is a novel permutation based language model. In current implementation of XLNet-gen, we generate texts from left to right.

XLNet is trained using num_predict=85, which means 85 tokens out of 512 in a single example are predicted at a time. More importantly rest of the 512-85 = 427 tokens can attend to each other in the attention mechanism (bidrectional attention). This creates problems with conventional causal attention mechanism during language generation. Following problems were faced:

Use of small context leads to gibberish predictions. Currently a hard-coded random text is included as a leading text followed by <eod>, the end of document token, along with the desired context. This helps with small prompts.

Due to the nature of pretraining, context tokens attend to each other in bi-directional way. And the context is spread throughout the input of the model. Because of this generating tokens left to right in causal way leads to suboptimal output. Recalculating hidden states each step allows us to have bidirectional attention to each new generated token which substantially improve the generation. To do the same use --bidirectional_eachstep flag

Explanation of flags (specific to XLNet-gen)

--max_mem_length Max sequence length used for prediction. NOTE: number of tokens to be predicted can be greater than this, but the context gets truncated at the beginning. For --autoregressive case, this sets the size of the 'memory'.

--num_toks_pred Number of tokens to predict. This can be as large as we want, however the context is truncated if longer than max_mem_length for the default case.

--num_samples For each prompt the number of samples to generate.

--interactive Command line prompt input.

--input_file path to the file which is used for conditional prompts. Prompts are separted by an empty line. The output is generated in the same location in a new file with the same file name appended with ".xlnet".

--top_p top_p paramter for nucleus sampling. Set this 0 if you want to use top_k sampling process.

--top_k top_k parameter for top_k sampling. Only top_k most probable tokens are considered for sampling. Set top_p=0 if you want to use this.

--bidirectional_eachstep leads to much better output at the expense of computation. Explanation in methodology.

Sampling schemes

top-k sampling: use --top_k flag, ensure --top_p=0

Nucleus sampling: use --top_p flag

Permutation sampling

Notes on quality of the samples

There is a vast difference in quality with and without bidirectional_eachstep flag, which turns on re-calculation of hidden states with bidirectional attention everytime a new token is generated. This is probably due to the way XLNet was pretrained--with sparse masks and bidrectional context. However, I am currently investigating this issue and this could be an area of improvement for XLNet.

Generation of artifacts like empty quotes "", " ", multiple hyphens ---, and combination of them ""-" can all be attributed to bad training data. Specifically, there seems to be bugs in https://github.com/attardi/wikiextractor which leads to generation of empty quotes and other such artifacts. This is probably the same library that was used by the authors.

Wikipedia has a lot of ellipses in its articles which is reflected in the generation. The wiki data dump has it in the form with and without spaces: both . . ., and ....

The XLNet can only predict end of paragraph and end of documents, but not new line characters or tabs, so it doesn't generate good structure of the documents

Vocabulary is limited to English and not all Unicode characters are in the vocabulary. Other language characters and emojis can't be generated are decoded as .

Samples

We’ve trained a large-scale unsupervised language model which generates coherent paragraphs of text, achieves state-of-the-art performance on many language modeling benchmarks, and performs rudimentary reading comprehension, machine translation, question answering, and summarization tasks in our lab using automated translation/text analysis with an automated computer system, Pro (Pro Text Analysis). From this training we have developed an automated translation tool, Pro Translation. Our system is known as the Pro Translation Suite, and is designed for translation between text, computer documents, and web pages. All of the tools in the Pro Translation Suite provide both text and "real time" translation. The program also features extensive user-friendly interfaces for user-directed development and customization of the software. The Pro Translation Suite features a number of features which offer new and innovative translation tasks. In addition, the Pro Translation Suite offers enhanced support for "realtime" translation systems, such as translation for Web pages, "real time" translation of language models, and machine translation.

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