McGuinness: from IRA leader to peacemaker

Martin McGuinness, who has died aged 66, was an IRA commander who became friends with his most implacable enemy.

His partnership at the top of Stormont's power-sharing administration with fundamentalist unionist leader the Rev Ian Paisley would have been unthinkable in the days when republican bombs were ripping Northern Ireland and Great Britain's cities to shreds and costing thousands of lives.

Ex-first minister Dr Paisley who vowed to smash Sinn Fein but eventually said yes to sharing power with his foe in an often jovial partnership.

McGuinness was the extremist who once defended the slaughter of police and soldiers for a united Ireland but finally offered the hand of friendship to Britain and to unionists and toasted the Queen.

His partnership with the DUP leader as deputy first minister at Stormont was a shining example of peacemaking and in 2009 he dubbed dissident republicans who killed a police officer as traitors to Ireland.

McGuinness' own version of Irish patriotism evolved from gunboat diplomacy to a ballot box struggle which was to see Sinn Fein become pre-eminent among nationalists and demolish a century-old unionist majority at Stormont following a party vote surge in 2017.

The Saville Inquiry into Bloody Sunday in 1972 said he "probably" carried a sub-machine gun during the massacre of 13 unarmed civil rights protesters by soldiers in Londonderry. He admitted to being second-in-command of the Provisionals that day.

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The steely-eyed and bluntly-spoken young man was a ruthless proponent of republican violence, which caused more than half of the 3,600 killings between 1969 and 1998, in opposition to British rule in Northern Ireland but became a senior member of Sinn Fein as the conflict neared its end.

He was integral to nearly every major decision taken by the republican movement over the last 30 years, promising to lead it to a united Ireland. He did not succeed.

The former butcher from the Bogside in Derry, who was a man of action during the street fighting of the 1970s and once defended the spilling of copious amounts of blood in pursuit of his political Shangri La, ended up toasting the Queen at Windsor Castle and shaking her hand in a remarkable gesture of reconciliation with Britain after a long career of peace-making.

McGuinness negotiated the 1998 Good Friday peace agreement, secured IRA arms decommissioning in 2005 and shared government with former enemies in Belfast as deputy first minister.

He felt the 2012 handshake with the Queen could help define "a new relationship between Britain and Ireland and between the Irish people themselves".

But critics argued that just as the IRA should have halted the violence a lot sooner, McGuinness could have met the British head of state earlier.

His final significant act was to resign as deputy first minister and take first minister Arlene Foster with him, ending a decade of testy coalition government with the DUP.

McGuinness was born in 1950 in a terraced house in Londonderry's Bogside housing estate, a one-time no-go area for soldiers and hotbed of IRA planning and activity.

He was educated at the local Christian Brothers school. Unlike Gerry Adams, who came from a traditional hard-line republican family, Mr McGuinness showed little interest in politics before the start of the Troubles.

Nor did he join the IRA until after the British Army had been sent to Northern Ireland in August 1969 to restore order after a pitched battle between the RUC and inhabitants of the Bogside.

He was sufficiently highly regarded to be one of the IRA delegation flown to London to talk to Willie Whitelaw, the first-ever Northern Ireland secretary.

McGuinness has said he left the IRA in 1974. Other accounts suggested he was made chief of staff of the organisation in 1978 and streamlined it into an urban guerilla force based on small, tightly-controlled cells.

But his membership or otherwise of the IRA was irrelevant since he was regarded as having more influence than anyone over the men of violence.

He was instrumental in helping secure the IRA's first cessation of violence in 1994, while in secret contact with the British, and later reflected: "In 1994, dialogue offered the only way out of perpetual conflict."

In 1997 he was elected Mid Ulster MP but did not take his seat as he would not swear an oath to the Queen.

As Sinn Fein's chief negotiator of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement he helped establish the power sharing institutions and renounced violence.

By 2009 McGuinness described dissident republicans who murdered two soldiers and a police officer as "traitors to Ireland".

In 2012 he shook hands with the Queen at a Belfast theatre and McGuinness said the encounter was "a result of decades of work constructing the Irish peace process".

In 2014 he attended a banquet at Windsor Castle as part of a state visit by the Irish president and joined in a toast to the monarch.

But he enjoyed more strained relationships with Paisley's successor as First Minister at Stormont, Peter Robinson, as the joint office was embroiled in controversy over property dealings.

Difficulties also surfaced over welfare reform, investigating thousands of conflict deaths and a green energy scheme which is predicted to be STG490 million ($A786 million) overspent.

After McGuinness gave first minister Foster an ultimatum to step aside, which was ignored, he announced his resignation in January.