Using Debug 1 INTRODUCING DEBUG

Transcription

1 Using Debug Copyright Prentice-Hall Publishing, All rights reserved B.1 Introducing Debug B.2 Debug Command Summary Command Parameters B.3 Individual Commands? (Help) A (Assemble) C (Compare) D (Dump) E (Enter) F (Fill) G (Go) H (Hexarithmetic) I (Input) L (Load) M (Move) N (Name) P (Ptrace) Q (Quit) R (Register) S (Search) T (Trace) U (Unassemble) W (Write) B.4 Segment Defaults B.5 Using Script Files With Debug 1 INTRODUCING DEBUG As you begin to learn assembly language programming, the importance of using a program called a debugger cannot be stressed too much. A debugger displays the contents of memory and lets you view registers and variables as they change. You can step through a program one line at a time (called tracing), making it easier to find logic errors. In this appendix, we offer a tutorial on using the debug.exe program that is supplied with both DOS and Windows (located in the \Windows\Command directory). From now on, we will just call this program Debug. Later, you will probably want to

2 2 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) switch to a more sophisticated debugger such as Microsoft CodeView or Borland Turbo Debugger. But for now, Debug is the perfect tool for writing short programs and getting acquainted with the Intel microprocessor. You can use Debug to test assembler instructions, try out new programming ideas, or to carefully step through your programs. It takes supreme overconfidence to write an assembly language program and run it directly from DOS the first time! If you forget to match pushes and pops, for example, a return from a subroutine will branch to an unexpected location. Any call or jump to a location outside your program will almost surely cause the program to crash. For this reason, you would be wise to run any new program you've written in Debug. Trace the program one line at a time, and watch the stack pointer (SP) very closely as you step through the program, and note any unusual changes to the CS and IP registers. Particularly when CS takes on a new value, you should be suspicious that your program has branched into the Twilight Zone. Debugging functions. Some of the most rudimentary functions that any debugger can perform are the following: Assemble short programs View a program's source code along with its machine code View the CPU registers and flags Trace or execute a program, watching variables for changes Enter new values into memory Search for binary or ASCII values in memory Move a block of memory from one location to another Fill a block of memory Load and write disk files and sectors Many commercial debuggers are available for Intel microprocessors, ranging widely in sophistication and cost: CodeView, Periscope, Atron, Turbo Debugger, SYMDEB, Codesmith-86, and Advanced-Trace-86, to mention just a few. Of these, Debug is the simplest. The basic principles learned using Debug may then be applied to nearly any other debugger. Debug is called an assembly level debugger because it displays only assembly mnemonics and machine instructions. Even if you use it to debug a compiled C++ program, for example, you will not see the program's source code. Instead, you will see a disassembly of the program's machine instructions. sample.exe debug.exe DOS

3 B.2 DEBUG COMMAND SUMMARY 3 To trace or execute a machine language program with Debug, type the name of the program as a command line parameter. For example, to debug the program sample.exe, you would type the following command line at the DOS prompt: debug sample.exe If we could picture DOS memory after typing this command, we would see DOS loaded in the lowest area, debug.exe loaded above DOS, and the program sample.exe loaded above Debug. In this way, several programs are resident in memory at the same time. DOS retains control over the execution of Debug, and Debug controls the execution of sample.exe. Printing a Debugging Session (local printer only). If you have a printer attached directly to your computer, you can get a printed copy of everything you're doing during a debugging session by pressing the Ctrl-PrtScrn keys. This command is a toggle, so it can be typed a second time to turn the printer output off. Printing a Debugging Session (network printer). If your computer is attached to a network and there is a printer on the network, printing a debugging session is a bit challenging. The best way we've found is to prepare a script file containing all the debug commands you plan to type. Run Debug, telling it to read its input from the script file, and have Debug send the output to another file. Then, print the output file in the same way you usually print on the network. In Windows, for example, the output file can be loaded into Notepad and printed from there. See the section later in this appendix entitled Using Script Files with Debug. Using the Mark and Copy Operations in a DOS Window. Under Windows, when you run Debug in a window, a toolbar has commands that you can use to mark a section of the window, copy it to the clipboard, and paste it into some other application (such as Notepad or Word):

4 4 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) 2 DEBUG COMMAND SUMMARY Debug commands may be divided into four categories: program creation/debugging, memory manipulation, miscellaneous, and input-output: Program Creation and Debugging A Assemble a program using instruction mnemonics G Execute the program currently in memory R Display the contents of registers and flags P Proceed past an instruction, procedure, or loop T Trace a single instruction U Disassemble memory into assembler mnemonics Memory Manipulation C Compare one memory range with another D Dump (display) the contents of memory E Enter bytes into memory F Fill a memory range with a single value M Move bytes from one memory range to another S Search a memory range for specific value(s) Miscellaneous H Perform hexadecimal addition and subtraction Q Quit Debug and return to DOS Input-Output I Input a byte from a port L Load data from disk O Send a byte to a port N Create a filename for use by the L and W commands W Write data from memory to disk

5 B.3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS 5 Default Values. When Debug is first loaded, the following defaults are in effect: 1. All segment registers are set to the bottom of free memory, just above the debug.exe program. 2. IP is set to 0100h. 3. Debug reserves 256 bytes of stack space at the end of the current segment. 4. All of available memory is allocated (reserved). 5. BX:CX are set to the length of the current program or file. 6. The flags are set to the following values: NV (Overflow flag clear), UP (Direction flag = up), EI (interrupts enabled), PL (Sign flag = positive), NZ (Zero flag clear), NA (Auxiliary Carry flag clear), PO (odd parity), NC (Carry flag clear). 2.1 Command Parameters Debug's command prompt is a hyphen ( ). Commands may be typed in either uppercase or lowercase letters, in any column. A command may be followed by one or more parameters. A comma or space may be used to separate any two parameters. The standard command parameters are explained here. Address. A complete segment-offset address may be given, or just an offset. The segment portion may be a hexadecimal number or register name. For example: F000:100 Segment, offset DS:200 Segment register, offset 0AF5 Offset Filespec. A file specification, made up of a drive designation, filename, and extension. At a minimum, a filename must be supplied. Examples are: b:prog1.com c:\asm\progs\test.com file1 List. One or more byte or string values: 10,20,30,40 'A','B',50 Range. A range refers to a span of memory, identified by addresses in one of two formats. In Format 1, if the second address is omitted, it defaults to a standard value. In Format 2, the value following the letter L is the number of bytes to be processed by the command. A range cannot be greater than 10000h (65,536): Syntax Examples Format 1: address [,address] 100,500 CS:200,

6 6 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) Format 2: address L [value] 100.) 100 L 20 (Refers to the 20h bytes starting at location Sector. A sector consists of a starting sector number and the number of sectors to be loaded or written. You can access logical disk sectors Using the L (load) and W (write) commands. String. A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single or double quotes. For example: 'COMMAND' "File cannot be opened." Value. A value consists of a 1- to 4-character hexadecimal number. For example: 3A 3A6F 3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS This section describes the most common Debug commands. A good way to learn them is to sit at the computer while reading this tutorial and experiment with each command. 3.1? (Help) Press? at the Debug prompt to see a list of all commands. For example: Figure 1. Debug's List of Commands. assemble compare dump enter fill go hex input load move name output proceed quit register A [address] C range address D [range] E address [list] F range list G [=address] [addresses] H value1 value2 I port L [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number] M range address N [pathname] [arglist] O port byte P [=address] [number] Q R [register]

7 B.3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS 7 search trace unassemble write S range list T [=address] [value] U [range] W [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number] 3.2 A (Assemble) Assemble a program into machine language. Command formats: A A address If only the offset portion of address is supplied, it is assumed to be an offset from CS. Here are examples: Example A 100 A A DS:2000 Description Assemble at CS:100h. Assemble from the current location. Assemble at DS:2000h. When you press Enter at the end of each line, Debug prompts you for the next line of input. Each input line starts with a segment-offset address. To terminate input, press the Enter key on a blank line. For example: a :0100 mov ah,2 5514:0102 mov dl, :0104 int :0106 (bold text is typed by the programmer) 3.3 C (Compare) The C command compares bytes between a specified range with the same number of bytes at a target address. Command format: C range address For example, the bytes between DS:0100 and DS:0105 are compared to the bytes at DS:0200:

8 8 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) C The following is displayed by Debug: 1F6E: F6E:0200 1F6E: C3 1F6E:0201 1F6E:0102 F6 0E 1F6E:0202 1F6E:0103 C7 1F 1F6E:0203 1F6E: E8 1F6E:0204 1F6E: D2 1F6E: D (Dump) The D command displays memory on the screen as single bytes in both hexadecimal and ASCII. Command formats: D D address D range If no address or range is given, the location begins where the last D command left off, or at location DS:0 if the command is being typed for the first time. If address is specified, it consists of either a segment-offset address or just a 16-bit offset. Range consists of the beginning and ending addresses to dump. Example D F000:0 D ES:100 D 100 Description Segment-offset Segment register-offset Sffset The default segment is DS, so the segment value may be left out unless you want to dump an offset from another segment location. A range may be given, telling Debug to dump all bytes within the range: D A (Dump DS:0150 through 015A) Other segment registers or absolute addresses may be used, as the following examples show:

10 10 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) 1CD6:3BB F CD6:3BC0 4C IF.P..FOR.h..C LS.S E (Enter) The E command places individual bytes in memory. You must supply a starting memory location where the values will be stored. If only an offset value is entered, the offset is assumed to be from DS. Otherwise, a 32-bit address may be entered or another segment register may be used. Command formats are: E address Enter new byte value at address. E address list Replace the contents of one or more bytes starting at the specified address, with the values contained in the list. To begin entering hexadecimal or character data at DS:100, type: E 100 Press the space bar to advance to the next byte, and press the Enter key to stop. To enter a string into memory starting at location CS:100, type: E CS:100 "This is a string." 3.6 F (Fill) The F command fills a range of memory with a single value or list of values. The range must be specified as two offset addresses or segment-offset addresses. Command format: F range list Here are some examples. The commas are optional: Example Description F ,' ' Fill locations 100 through 500 with spaces. F CS:300 CS:1000,FF Fill locations CS:300 through 1000 with hex FFh. F 100 L 20 'A' Fill 20h bytes with the letter 'A', starting at location G (Go) Execute the program in memory. You can also specify a breakpoint, causing the program to stop at a given address. Command formats: G G breakpoint

11 B.3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS 11 G = startaddr breakpoint G = startaddr breakpoint1 breakpoint2... Breakpoint is a 16- or 32-bit address at which the processor should stop, and startaddr is an optional starting address for the processor. If no breakpoints are specified, the program runs until it stops by itself and returns to Debug. Up to 10 breakpoints may be specified on the same command line. Examples: Example Description G Execute from the current location to the end of the program. G 50 Execute from the current location and stop before the instruction at offset CS:50. G=10 50 Begin execution at CS:10 and stop before the instruction at offset CS: H (Hexarithmetic) The H command performs addition and subtraction on two hexadecimal numbers. The command format is: H value1 value2 For example, the hexadecimal values 1A and 10 are added and subtracted: H 1A 10 2A 0A (displayed by Debug) 3.9 I (Input) The I command inputs a byte from a specified input/output port and displays the value in hexadecimal. The command format is: I port Where port is a port number between 0 and FFFF. For example, we input a byte from port 3F8 (one of the COM1 ports), and Debug returns a value of 00: -I 3F L (Load) The L command loads a file (or logical disk sectors) into memory at a given address. To read a file, you must first initialize its name with the N (Name) command. If address is

12 12 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) Table 1. Examples of the Load Instruction. Example Description L L DS:0200 L A 5 L Load named file into memory at CS:0100 Load named file into memory at DS:0200 Load five sectors from drive C, starting at logical sector number 0Ah. Load two sectors into memory at CS:100, from the disk in drive A, starting at logical sector number 0. omitted, the file is loaded at CS:100. Debug sets BX and CX to the number of bytes read. Command format: L L address L address drive firstsector number The first format, with no parameters, implies that you want to read from a file into memory at CS:0100. (Use the N command to name the file.) The second format also reads from a named file, but lets you specify the target address. The third format loads sectors from a disk drive, where you specify the drive number (0 = A, 1 = B, etc.), the first logical sector number, and the number of sectors to read. Examples are shown in Table 1. Each sector is 512 bytes, so a sector loaded at offset 100 would fill memory through offset 2FF. Logical sectors are numbered from 0 to the highest sector number on the drive. These numbers are different from physical sector numbers, which are hardwaredependent. To calculate the number of logical sectors, take the drive size and divide by 512. For example, a 1.44 MB diskette has 2,880 sectors, calculated as 1,474,560 / 512. Here is a disassembly of sector 0 read from a floppy disk, using Debug. This is commonly called the boot record. The boot record contains information about the disk, along with a short program that is responsible for loading the rest of the operating system when the computer starts up: 1F6E:0100 EB34 JMP F6E:0136 FA CLI 1F6E: C0 XOR AX,AX 1F6E:0139 8ED0 MOV SS,AX 1F6E:013B BC007C MOV SP,7C00

13 B.3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS M (Move) The M command copies a block of data from one memory location to another. The command format is: M range address Range consists of the starting and ending locations of the bytes to be copied. Address is the target location to which the data will be copied. All offsets are assumed to be from DS unless specified otherwise. Examples: Example M M CS: CS:110 Description Move bytes in the range DS: to location DS:110. Same as above, except that all offsets are relative to the segment value in CS. Sample String Move. The following example uses the M command to copy the string 'ABCDEF' from offset 100h to 106h. First, the string is stored at location 100h; then memory is dumped, showing the string. Next, we move (copy) the string to offset 106h and dump offsets 100h-10Bh: -E 100 "ABCDEF" -D EB: M D B 19EB: ABCDEF ABCDEFABCDEF 3.12 N (Name) The N command initializes a filename (and file control block) in memory before using the Load or Write commands. Comand format: N [d:][filename][.ext] Example: N b:myfile.dta 3.13 P (Proceed) The P command executes one or more instructions or subroutines. Whereas the T (trace) command traces into subroutine calls, the P command simply executes subroutines. Also,

15 B.3 INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS Q (Quit) The Q command quits Debug and returns to DOS R (Register) The R command may be used to do any of the following: display the contents of one register, allowing it to be changed; display registers, flags, and the next instruction about to be executed; display all eight flag settings, allowing any or all of them to be changed. There are two command formats: Data registers R R register Here are some examples: Example Description R Display the contents of all registers. R IP Display the contents of IP and prompt for a new value. R CX Same (for the CX register). R F Display all flags and prompt for a new flag value. Once the R F command has displayed the flags, you can change any single flag by typing its new state. For example, we set the Zero flag by typing the following two commands: Stack pointer R F [Press Enter] ZR Base pointer Source index Destination index The following is a sample register display (all values are in hexadecimal): AX = 0000 BX = 0000 CX = 0000 DX = 0000 SP = FFEE BP = 0000 SI = 0000 DI = 0000 DS = 1CC0 ES = 1CC0 SS = 1CC0 CS = 1CC0 IP = 0100 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC Flags Data segment Extra segment Stack segment Code segment Instruction pointer

17 B.4 SEGMENT DEFAULTS T (Trace) The T command executes one or more instructions starting at either the current CS:IP location or at an optional address. The contents of the registers are shown after each instruction is executed. The command formats are: T T count T =address count Where count is the number of instructions to trace, and address is the starting address for the trace. Examples: Example T T 5 T = Description Trace the next instruction. Trace the next five instructions. Trace 16 instructions starting at CS:105. This command traces individual loop iterations, so you may want to use it to debug statements within a loop. The T command traces into procedure calls, whereas the P (proceed) command executes a called procedure in its entirety U (Unassemble) The U command translates memory into assembly language mnemonics. This is also called disassembling memory. If you don't supply an address, Debug disassembles from the location where the last U command left off. If the command is used for the first time after loading Debug, memory is unassembled from location CS:100. Command formats are: U U startaddr U startaddr endaddr Where startaddr is the starting point and endaddr is the ending address. Examples are:

18 18 USING DEBUG (IRVINE) Example U U 0 U Description Disassemble the next 32 bytes. Disassemble 32 bytes at CS:0. Disassemble the bytes from CS:100 to CS: W (Write) The W command writes a block of memory to a file or to individual disk sectors. To write to a file, its name must first be initialized with the N command. (If the file was just loaded either on the DOS command line or with the Load command, you do not need to repeat the Name command.) The command format is identical to the L (load) command: W W address W address drive firstsector number Place the number of bytes to be written in BX:CX. If a file is 12345h bytes long, for example, BX and CX will contain the following values: BX = 0001 CX = 2345 Here are a few examples: Example N EXAMPLE.COM R BX 0 R CX 20 W W 0 W W DS:0200 Description Initialize the filename EXAMPLE.COM on the default drive. Set the BX and CX registers to h, the length of the file. Write 20h bytes to the file, starting at CS:100. Write from location CS:0 to the file. Write named file from location CS:0100. Write named file from location DS:0200. The following commands are extremely dangerous to the data on your disk drive, because writing sectors can wipe out the disk's existing file system. Use them with extreme caution! W A 5 W Write five sectors to drive C from location CS:100, starting at logical sector 0Ah. Write two sectors to drive A from location CS:100, starting at logical sector number 0.

19 B.5 USING SCRIPT FILES WITH DEBUG 19 Table 2. Default Segments for Debug Commands. Command Description Default Segment A Assemble CS D Dump DS E Enter DS F Fill DS G Go (execute) CS L Load CS M Move DS P Procedure trace CS S Search DS T Trace CS U Unassemble CS W Write CS 4 SEGMENT DEFAULTS Debug recognizes the CS and DS registers as default segment registers when processing commands. Therefore, the value in CS or DS acts as a base location to which an offset value is added. Table 2 lists the default segment register for selected Debug commands. The Assemble command, for example, assumes that CS is the default segment. If CS contains 1B00h, Debug begins assembling instructions at location 1B00:0100h when the following command is typed: -A 100 The Dump command, on the other hand, assumes that DS is the default segment. If DS contains 1C20h, the following command dumps memory starting at 1C20:0300h: -D USING SCRIPT FILES WITH DEBUG A major disadvantage of using Debug to assemble and run programs shows up when the programs must be edited. Inserting a new instruction often means retyping all subsequent instructions and recalculating the addresses of memory variables. There is an easier way: All of the commands and instructions may first be placed a text file, which we will call a script file. When Debug is run from DOS, you can use a redirection symbol (<) to tell it to

20 B.5 USING SCRIPT FILES WITH DEBUG read input from the script file instead of the console. For example, assume that a script file called input.txt contains the following lines: a 100 mov ax,5 mov bx,10 add ax,bx int 20 (blank line) Q (Always remember to put a Q on a line by itself at the end of your script file. The Q command returns to the DOS prompt.) Debug can be executed, using the script file as input: debug < input.txt If you are running in a task-switching environment such as Windows, you can edit and save the script file with the Notepad editor or DOS Edit (in a separate window). Then switch back to a window in which you are running Debug. In this way, a program may be modified, saved, assembled, and traced within a few seconds. If you would like the output to be sent to a disk file or the printer, use redirection operators on the DOS command line: debug < input.txt > prn debug < input.txt > output.txt (printer) (disk file)

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