133 Russian Aristocracy’s Lives in Exile in China after October Revolution

147 How Was Soviet Union Disintegrated by Populism

Summary of Issue 79 of the Magazine Leaders

African Futures: Horizon 2025

There exists, however, no strict path dependency in the challenges identified in this Report. Understanding causality in mechanistic terms would lead to ill-adapted responses that are highly likely to lay the ground for tomorrow’s problems. The growing youth bulge, for instance, does not inherently or inevitably lead to increased unrest and violence, nor does religious mobilisation necessarily lead to violent extremism.

Competition for Pipeline Export Routes in the Caspian Region: The New Great Game or the New Silk Road?

In the case of the Caspian energy resources, it has been demonstrated that the energy cooperation was beneficial for both exporters and importers of oil and gas. Moreover, the global powers cooperate with each other in numerous joint ventures such as Kashagan project in Kazakhstan, and the South Caucasus pipeline consortium where, for example, Iranian and Western companies are members. In another set of examples, the U.S. companies collaborated with Russia in order to build the CPC pipeline. … The Great Game concept presupposes that the territories where the Game is taking place have little or no impact on the outcome. However, same cannot be said about the NIC states, as in many cases, their strategic moves predetermined the dynamics of the processes.

Ukrainian Nationalism: In the Past, Present and Future

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the need for new vectors of identity formation, and ideological disorientation, in the former union republics, stimulated an appeal to the legacy of that historical moment that was, as it were, paused as a result of the emergence of the Soviet state. So, in Russia this moment was the era of the late empire, in the Baltic states - a brief period of interwar independence. In Ukraine, again, for certain reasons, no less than one or two similar reference points were identified. So, in 1992, a symbolic transfer of the signs of power from Ukraine within the framework of the USSR to its historical opponent, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was organized in the modern form. The introduction in Ukraine of the national currency (hryvnia), depicting both the princes of Kiev and the Cossack hetmans, appealed to even earlier times.

133 Russian Aristocracy’s Lives in Exile in China after October Revolution

147 How Was Soviet Union Disintegrated by Populism

Summary of Issue 79 of the Magazine Leaders

African Futures: Horizon 2025

There exists, however, no strict path dependency in the challenges identified in this Report. Understanding causality in mechanistic terms would lead to ill-adapted responses that are highly likely to lay the ground for tomorrow’s problems. The growing youth bulge, for instance, does not inherently or inevitably lead to increased unrest and violence, nor does religious mobilisation necessarily lead to violent extremism.

Competition for Pipeline Export Routes in the Caspian Region: The New Great Game or the New Silk Road?

In the case of the Caspian energy resources, it has been demonstrated that the energy cooperation was beneficial for both exporters and importers of oil and gas. Moreover, the global powers cooperate with each other in numerous joint ventures such as Kashagan project in Kazakhstan, and the South Caucasus pipeline consortium where, for example, Iranian and Western companies are members. In another set of examples, the U.S. companies collaborated with Russia in order to build the CPC pipeline. … The Great Game concept presupposes that the territories where the Game is taking place have little or no impact on the outcome. However, same cannot be said about the NIC states, as in many cases, their strategic moves predetermined the dynamics of the processes.

Ukrainian Nationalism: In the Past, Present and Future

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the need for new vectors of identity formation, and ideological disorientation, in the former union republics, stimulated an appeal to the legacy of that historical moment that was, as it were, paused as a result of the emergence of the Soviet state. So, in Russia this moment was the era of the late empire, in the Baltic states - a brief period of interwar independence. In Ukraine, again, for certain reasons, no less than one or two similar reference points were identified. So, in 1992, a symbolic transfer of the signs of power from Ukraine within the framework of the USSR to its historical opponent, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was organized in the modern form. The introduction in Ukraine of the national currency (hryvnia), depicting both the princes of Kiev and the Cossack hetmans, appealed to even earlier times.