PREFACEEnergy and water are the prime movers of human life. Though deficient in oil and gas, Pakistan has abundant water and other energy sources like hydel power, coal, wind and solar power. The country situated between the Arabian Sea and the Himalayas, Hindukush and Karakoram Ranges has great political, economic and strategic importance. The total primary energy use in Pakistan amounted to 60 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2006-07. The annual growth of primary energy supplies and their per capita availability during the last 10 years has increased by nearly 50%. The per capita availability now stands at 0.372 toe which is very low compared to 8 toe for USA for example. The World Bank estimates that worldwide electricity production in percentage for coal is 40, gas 19, nuclear 16, hydro 16 and oil 7. Pakistan meets its energy requirement around 41% by indigenous gas, 19% by oil, and 37% by hydro electricity. Coal and nuclear contribution to energy supply is limited to 0.16% and 2.84% respectively with a vast potential for growth. The Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is vigorously carrying out feasibility studies and engineering designs for various hydropower projects with accumulative generation capacity of more than 25000 MW. Most of these studies are at an advance stage of completion. After the completion of these projects the installed capacity would rise to around 42000 MW by the end of the year 2020. Pakistan has been blessed with ample water resources but could store only 13% of the annual flow of its rivers. The storage is fast depleting due to sedimentation. In contrast US has developed 497% storage capacity of annual flow of River Colorado; Egypt possesses 281% of River Nile and India 35% on Sutlej-Bias Basin. All these statistics warrant construction of number of reservoirs to enhance availability of water which stands at 1070 cubic meter per capita. Anything below 1000 cubic meter tantamount to a crisis situation. The hydropower potential in Pakistan is over 100,000 MW with identified sites of 59000 MW. Currently, studies under way include Diamer Basha (4500 MW), Bunji (7100 MW) and Kohala (1100 MW) amongst many others. Pakistan with 185 billion tons of coal reserves, the fourth largest in the world, is under utilizing this resource. In the overall energy mix, the share of coal power is only 7% as compared to world average of 40%. Coal is the main source for producing cheaper electricity and the Government has decided to enhance the share of coal in the overall energy mix of upto 18% in 2030. The Government is striving hard to minimize the gap between consumption and generation of electricity at affordable rate. The Government Power Policies of 1995 and 2002 have encouraged many private sector foreign and local investment through the Independent Power Producers (IPPs).

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...Overview of water resources in Pakistan
The total land area of Pakistan is approximately 310,322 square miles or 88 million hectares of land, of which approximately 20 million heaters are used for agriculture purposes.
The river system of Indus and its tributaries provides Pakistan some of the most fertile land in the Indian subcontinent.
Under the Indus Water Basin Treaty of 1960 three eastern rivers namely: Sutlej, Beas and Ravi were allocated to India for its exclusive use. The Treaty gives Pakistan control over the western rivers namely: the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. India has also been allowed to develop 13,43,477 acres of irrigated cropped area on the western rivers without any restriction on the quantum of water to be utilised.
India has already developed 7,85,789, acres for which 6.75 MAF has been used. Thus, for the remaining area of 5,75,678 acres, 4.79 MAF would be required on pro rata basis.
The water availability in our rivers is highly erratic and unreliable. The highest annual water availability in the recorded history 1922 todate was 186.79 MAF (million acre feet) in the year 1959-60 as against the minimum of 95.99 MAF in the year 2001-2002.
This includes the Kabul River contribution. The Kabul River contributes a maximum of 34.24 MAF and a minimum of 12.32 MAF with an annual average of about 20.42 MAF to Indus main....

...Solutions for Power Crisis in Pakistan
Introduction
Pakistan is in the grip of a serious energy crisis that is affecting all sectors of the economy and the various segments of the society. As the situation stands to-day, there are hardly any immediate solutions to resolve the issue. A change of attitude and a change of life style is needed at the national level which should be triggered by the ruling elite and followed by all segments of the society that have access to electricity. At best there could be some short, medium and long-term solutions to the crisis but they need immediate planning and execution with an enormous investment. None of the previous rulers of the country solved the issue due to which the energy crisis kept on increasing regularly.
In this assignment we have presented some short-term, medium-term and long-term solutions for energy crisis in Pakistan.
Short-Term Solutions
* An immediate solution for power crisis is a change in lifestyles. It would begin with the acknowledgement that the country is facing a national disaster and every citizen has to pitch in to overcome it. The nation has to draw a clear line between necessities (lighting, fans, TVs, computers, etc) and luxuries (air conditioners, microwaves, etc). There is not enough electricity to meet both requirements. We should utilize daylight as possible, and our government has already taken steps about it. An...

...PowerResourcesResources used for producing energy or power are known as powerresources. There are many types of powerresources like fossil fuels, oil and gas, wood and coal, solar power, hydro power, nuclear, wind power, etc.
Importance ofPowerResources
I. Powerresources are use for producing energy for running machines in industries.
II. Powerresources are use to running agricultural machines.
III. Powerresources are use for transportation.
IV. Powerresources are use for running communication machines.
V. Powerresources are use in defence to run several weapons.
VI. Powerresources are use for cooking and heating.
VII. Powerresources are use for generating electricity.
Role of PowerResources in our life
I. Powerresources are use to run industries which produce various useful things which helps in meeting the demand and needs of the people.
II. Powerresources are use to run various agricultural machines...

...them about it and find out their opsand then write a report for me? Any information or suggestions about this proposed scheme would be welcome.” Proposed Incentive Scheme Terms of reference Mr Jules Laval, Office Manager, has asked me to write this report on a proposed incentive scheme offering rewards, possibly financial, to members of staff for money-saving or ways to improve work practices.
Proceedings
A sample of workers were questioned individually and asked for their opinions.
Findings
Most workers thought an incentive scheme was a good idea.
The majority of these preferred financial reward as an incentive.
Some workers suggested time off instead.
A few thought it was the job of management to come up with new ideas
Conclusions
In general most workers were in favour of an incentive scheme offering financial rewards.
Ⅰ
Brief Introduction
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20 minutes
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1.
Business English Writing: ESP: English for special purpose
EVP: English for
vocational
purpose
V
ocational: To deal with matters concerning business.
To sum up: Business English Writing is practical in business circle.
2.
Writing is a two-way process.
For
every
writer
there
must
be
a
reader.
The
major
portion
of
business
is
transacted
by
or
through the written letter, memo, bulletin, or report. For...

...﻿Pakistan and natural resources
Synopsis
1. Introduction
2. The available natural resources
3. The bottlenecks in exploiting available natural resources
4. Valuable strategies to clinch benefits from the endowed natural resources
5. Conclusion
I. Introduction
Resources are defined as a means of meeting a need, particularly an economic or social need, of the people. The term usually refers to natural resources like land, water, air. Natural resources are largely unchanged materials of the land that are valuable to people and used in variety of ways
Natural capital is one of the important pillars of good economic performance and development. It has been strongly believed from the time of Adam Smith and David Ricardo that the countries endowed with natural resources have an edge over countries those do not.
Natural resource endowments can help countries to grow and diversify
Pakistan is situated in a region where bulk of natural resources is found in its
surroundings.
Pakistan is one of those countries which are endowed by the natural
Resources
But unfortunately, owing for being underdeveloped state, Pakistan has not yet got the benefits as it has to be.
This answer will also present some strategies to exploit the natural recourses.
2. The...

...Agriculture RESOURCES OF Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Agriculture accounts for about 21.2% of GDP and employs about 43% of the labor force. In Pakistan, the most agricultural province is Punjab where wheat and cotton are the most grown. Some people also have mango orchards but due to some problems like weather, they're not found in a big range.
Agriculture and land use in Pakistan. (Only major crops)
Agriculture and land use in Pakistan. (Only major crops)
Early History
Mango Orchard in Multan, Pakistan
Mango Orchard in Multan, Pakistan
Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goat-was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000–6000 BCE. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BC to 2600 BC) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BC.
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization (see also Mohenjo-Daro) by around 4500 BCE. The size and...

...PAKISTAN AS A SUPER POWER
In a recent article,
“Turning Challenges into Opportunities”
we argued that Pakistanis are a brave, resilient, and highly intelligent people who, under a strong, determined, and patriotic leadership, can surmount any crisis. Furthermore, there are many reasons that Pakistan could become a global superpower within few decades.
Of course, in the sublime sense, the only superpower is the Almighty Allah. However, in more mundane terms, a superpower can be defined as having the ability to influence events and project power on a worldwide scale. Unfortunately, the traditional definition of a superpower represents a raw and crude psyche that only exacerbates violence, environmental decay, inequality, tyranny, and instability.
We must then redefine “superpower” to emphasize morality, international cooperation, world peace, clean and healthy environment, eradication of poverty, and promotion of equality among nations. Pakistan can take up the challenge under a two-pronged doctrine, namely possessing an effective and successful deterrence against aggression and the will and the means to enhance international cooperation, peace, and prosperity.
The defeatists, uttering doomsday scenarios, will question our proposition. These elements have always infused distress, despondency, and despair among the masses. Pakistan has survived many odds since its birth. To the...

...PakistanPower 100 Gala
By; Imran Shaikh
An occasion of pride with sense of triumph and feeling of respect and euphoria for every patriotic Pakistani, domestically and internationally - ‘PakistanPower 100 gala’ - Launched by Carter-Anderson the British Pakistan Trust, a group of young professional men and women who strive to improve Pakistan’s image abroad and connect inspiring individuals so they can work for the betterment of all Pakistanis. Khalid Darr, a veteran who founded the PakistanPower 100 Awards and won applauses for highlighting the role of Pakistanis in Britain; the prestigious award ceremony hosted by PakistanPower 100 in London on September 29, attended by hundreds of prominent personalities from the international Pakistani community and a multitude of non-Pakistani invitees who came to show their support and to appreciate the achievements by Pakistanis and the British Pakistani community. It was a preeminent gala projecting a real and sanguine image of a progressive Pakistan and not only the award winners but the whole 33,000+ nominated power leaders were also being projected as the brand ambassadors of the ‘Brand Pakistan’.
In my view just those 100 awardees are not the only power leaders representing Pakistan but the 33,000 nominated and many more who...