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Extrusion is an efficient hot working process to aluminum production and AISI H13 (4Cr5MoSiV1) as the main material of extrusion tool suffers from fatigue and creep damage due to its extreme working condition. A new mean plastic strain life prediction has been proposed based on the energy method. In addition, statistical analysis is also taken into consideration to complement this physic-based model due to other unmeasured and unknown exogenous influences. To validate the model, a series of AISI H13 fatigue and fatigue–creep tests were conducted at 500 °C close to the practical aluminum extrusion process. The strain-controlled tests were used for obtaining the parameters, while the stress-controlled tests were utilized for validating the proposed model. It shows that the model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Rice is the main food for most of the human population, so sustainable rice production is very important for food security. The fertility of the soil in paddy fields is the key factor controlling rice growth and production. Steel slag amendment is becoming an effective method to increase the soil fertility, stabilize rice production and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions in Asiatic paddy fields (i.e. Korea, Japan, Bangladesh and China). We studied the relationships of steel slag amendment with plant–soil nutrient allocation, stoichiometry and rice yield in a paddy field in subtropical China. Amendment was associated with higher soil N and P availability, lower available-N:available-P ratio and higher available Ca and Si concentrations. Increases in P, Ca and Mg availability were correlated with high yields. High yields under steel slag amendment were also associated with high foliar and stem N and P concentrations and lower N:P ratios and with high shoot/root N and P concentration ratios, traits that are typically associated with productive ecosystems able to support species with high growth rates. The positive correlation between steel slag application and yield was partially due to an indirect effect (35% of the total effect) of enhancement of soil Ca, Si and P availability, which were positively correlated with yield. Steel slag amendment in this paddy field increased plant growth and yield by enhancing nutrient availability, altering soil and plant stoichiometry and shifting stem:root nutrient allocation.

Reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from paddy fields is crucial both for the sustainability of rice production and mitigation of global climatic warming. The effects of applying industrial and agricultural wastes as fertilizer on the reduction of GHG emissions in cropland areas, however, remain poorly known. We studied the effects of the application of 8 Mg ha−1 of diverse wastes on GHG emission and rice yield in a subtropical paddy in southeastern China. Plots fertilized with steel slag, biochar, shell slag, gypsum slag and silicate and calcium fertilizer had lower total global-warming potentials (GWP, including CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions) per unit area than control plots without waste application despite non-significant differences among these treatments. Structural equation models showed that the effects of these fertilization treatments on gas emissions were partially due to their effects on soil variables, such as soil water content or soil salinity. Steel slag, biochar and shell slag increased rice yield by 7.1%, 15.5% and 6.5%, respectively. The biochar amendment had a 40% lower GWP by Mg−1 yield production, relative to the control. These results thus encourage further studies of the suitability of the use waste materials as fertilizers in other different types of paddy field as a way to mitigate GHG emissions and increase crop yield.

After a period of life-threatening experience in Iraq, the patient developed persistent reexperience, avoidance, and increased arousal symptoms, that did not present before the trauma. The symptoms caused significant distress. The duration of symptoms is more than 3 months. The onset of symptoms is more than 6 months after the stressor. Th e diagnosis is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic, with delayed onset.

The symptoms are prominently anxiety spectrum, and closely related to his traumatic experience. The depressive symptoms actually are not significant. Panic disorder with agoraphobia could not explain the flashback symptoms. Though there may be some degree of confusion, which is likely dissociative symptoms, there are no clear cut psychotic symptoms. Nightmare is only part of the PTSD, it dose not warrant a separate diagnosis.

2. Answer: A.

Nondeclarative memory is also known as implicit memory. It deals with skills, habits, and nonassociative learning. It does not require conscious awareness and concentration. Nondeclarative memory usually remains intact after brain injury. Brain structures involved in nondeclarative memory are – basal ganglia, limbic system, and perceptual cortex.

Declarative memory is also known as explicit memory. It deals with facts, events, and associative learning. It requires conscious awareness and concentration. Declarative memory is often impaired after brain injury. Brain structures involved in declarative memory are – hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus.

Psychotropics are no longer easy to be sorted in single-functioning slots. Most antidepressants, some anticonvulsants, and even antipsychotics, have been used for the treatment of anxiety. This chapter focuses chiefly on the large family of benzodiazepines, which serves as the most frequently used anxielytics and hypnotics. Nonbenzodiazepine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding agents are also reviewed here, along with a few other relevant anxielytics and hypnotics.

Benzodiazepines were first developed by Roche Laboratories in 1950s. The first benzodiazepine introduced was chlordiazepoxide (Librium), followed by diazepam (Valium) in a few years. Continued laboratory study developed a large group of agents, which share the same core structure (Figure 30–1) and broad spectrum of clinical effects as hypnotics, muscle relaxants, sedatives, anxielytics, and anticonvulsants. All the benzodiazepines have the same mechanism of action, and all bear risk of addiction. The difference between one benzodiazepine and another lays mainly on the half-life. The rate of absorption and lipophilicity also play important roles in these agents' individual personality. Benzodiazepines have their naturally occurring receptors in human brain. Some fungi may be able to synthesize benzodiazepine. However, at this point, no endogenous ligands for benzodiazepine receptors have been found. Commonly used benzodiazepines include

▶ Alprazolam (Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam)

▶ Midazolam (Versed)

▶ Oxazepam (Serax)

▶ Triazolam (Halcion)

▶ Lorazepam (Ativan)

▶ Estazolam (ProSom)

▶ Temazepam (Restoril)

▶ Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

▶ Clonazepam (Klonopin, Klonopin Wafers)

▶ Clorazepate (Tranxene SD, Tranxene T-Tab)

▶ Diazepam (Valium)

▶ Flurazepam (Dalmane)

A new group of nonbenzodiazepine, selective GABA-binding hypnotics has been gaining popularity with relative safety and probable less tendency of abuse.

Treating mental illness with physical technologies provides effective alternatives to psychopharmacology. Physical technologies were used before and around the birth of psychopharmacology to bring impact on impaired brain function. Though considered by some to be antiquated, several of these treatments have gone through continuous technical refinement and remain active in mainstay psychiatry. New technologies have been developed in recent years and offered hope for more powerful and safer treatment.

Among the old treatments, the most prominent and publicized one is the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). ECT is also probably the most controversial treatment in psychiatry. The negative perception of ECT may be traced to its historical stages of crude technology, and further, largely influenced by motion pictures that rarely depicted ECT in reasonable resemblance to modern practice. The use of anesthesia, muscle relaxant, and brief pulse are among the technical advancements that have made ECT a much safer procedure. Research has proved ECT the most effective treatment for major depression, a rapidly effective treatment for a spectrum of life-threatening psychiatric conditions, and under many circumstances a safer option of treatment.

Psychosurgery, though not a brain stimulation therapy, bore similar scrutiny as ECT did, and remains active because of its efficacy in a small group of severe cases.

New developments described here include vagus nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, both are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments for depression, and deep brain stimulation, which is FDA approved for treatmentresistant, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Parkinson's disease.

The world of psychiatry started from the medical concern of “psyche” – the mind, soul, or spirit in its Greek roots. The only syndrome in psychiatry that remains a linguistic link to psyche, psychosis is one of the most intriguing phenomena of human mind, the most impairing mental deficiencies, and the primary topic of psychiatric research.

The clinical features of psychosis are centered in the impairment of reality test. Psychotic symptoms include disorganized thought, disturbing behavior, and, most memorably, the formation of hallucinations and delusions, which are often peculiar and bizarre.

The DSM-IV-TR allows nine diagnoses of psychotic disorders

▶ Schizophrenia

▶ Schizophreniform disorder

▶ Schizoaffective disorder

▶ Delusional disorder

▶ Brief psychotic disorder

▶ Shared psychotic disorder

▶ Psychotic disorder due to general medical condition

▶ Substance-induced psychotic disorder

▶ Psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS)

The diagnosis of psychosis relies on clinical assessment and exclusion of general medical conditions that may also cause psychotic symptoms. Neurological abnormalities have been reported, primarily in limbic system, basal ganglia, and thalamus; however, these changes are not significant enough to have diagnostic value. Schizophrenia is considered by many the prototype of psychotic disorders, and is subjected to extensive research. The etiology of schizophrenia is not yet completely unveiled. Accumulated evidence traces down the contributing factors of both genetic and environmental nature. Regarding the nature of the process of the disease, there seems to be more evidence to support the assumption of neurodegenerative than neurodevelopmental. Schizophrenia may also be the manifestation of more than one disease process.