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1 25 Years On: The Federal Ministry for Women From women s policy to a sustainable policy of fair opportunities for women and men

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3 Contents I. Introduction... 7 II. Demands on a policy for women and men from the point of view of the public Gender equity for social cohesion Current opinions of the public regarding central aims of gender equality policy What the public expects of politics regarding the goal of Equal pay regarding the goal of More women in management positions III. A sustainable policy of fair opportunities for women and men Wide range of tasks Priorities of a policy of fair opportunities for women and men IV. From gender equality policy to a policy of fair opportunities V. Appendix Chronology of women s and gender equality policy Life-course perspective in social milieus Study design... 58

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5 25 Years On: The Federal Ministry for Women From women s policy to a sustainable policy of fair opportunities for women and men

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7 I. Introduction It was in 1986 that the then Federal Ministry for Youth, Family Affairs and Health was reorganised to form the Federal Ministry for Youth, Family Affairs, Women and Health, acquiring a new department in the pro cess: the Women s Policy Department. This department superseded the Directorate on Women s Affairs established in 1979 and was given comprehensive responsibility for coordinating women s issues. 14 years later in 2000 the Women s Policy Department in what was by then the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth was renamed, subsequently operating as the Gender Equality Department a reaction to societal challenges that made it appear necessary to develop women s policy into gender equality policy with the aim of actually implementing equal rights for women and men as a cross-sectional task. In 2011, we can look back on 25 years of policies for women and for men. This is a good occasion to take stock and examine some key questions: Which goals were achieved by the women s policy of the 1980s/1990s, and by the gender equality policy of the 1990s/2000s that emerged from it? Where does women s and gender equality policy stand today? What are the old and new topics of crucial importance, and what does this mean for future developments? Not the views of the political players will be presented in this respect. Rather, the public itself is asked to strike a balance, stating its opinions in the framework of a representative survey of the population on past and future topics, and outlining the range of tasks to be tackled by gender equality policy today and tomorrow. Two things become clear in this context: 1. Women s policy for supporting the emancipation and self-determination of women, for protecting women against violence and discrimination, and for enforcing equal rights for women and men, was a first major stage. After achieving significant goals, women s policy had developed further since the mid-1990s, turning into gender equality policy for women and for men, where women and men were no longer to form fronts and be seen as opponents. The elimination of unjust structures and mechanisms, and the change of traditional role patterns towards equality of women and men in the partnership, the family and the working world, was no longer to be misconceived as being work against men, but as a political, social, cultural and economic task involving solidarity and support for women and men and in favour of a society of fair opportunities for all sexes. Gender equality in the various spheres of life was and is in the interests of both

8 women and men. Topics such as equal pay and occupational reintegration following family-related interruptions of employment are like women in management positions, men as educators in the family and in child day-care centres topics that appear equally important to women and men today. Women and men agree that the emergence of new perspectives for women also means complementary, new perspectives for men, such as their relief from the role of sole principal earner and family breadwinner. In the year 2011, after 25 years of women s policy and gender equality policy, we can see that we are heading into a new, third stage, whose outlines and programmes are becoming increasingly clear: fair opportunities for women and men is no longer considered to be only and primarily a cross-sectional task, but also a longitudinal one. Modern gender equality policy is a sustainable policy of fair opportunities that is not limited to snapshots. In our society of longevity, in a pluralistic society, fair opportunities for women and men can only be achieved sustainably, and thus credibly, if the short- and longterm consequences of decisions taken individually and in partnership are consistently considered, and if politics ensures that the opportunities and risks associated with these decisions are not distributed structurally unequally between the sexes in the life course. 2. Women and men take decisions in the context of their partnership, family and occupational ties. At the same time, they can only partly, if at all, foresee the long-term effects, the direct principal consequences and the indirect secondary and late consequences of their decisions and arrangements. Consequently, a policy that hopes to enable, and sustainably safeguard, the fair distribution of resources and possibilities, opportunities and risks for women and men must combine short-term analyses of the current situation with long-term life-course perspectives The development from women s policy and gender equality policy to a sustainable policy of fair opportunities for women and men has been accompanied by a substantial change in its importance in society. From the point of view of the general public, women s policy in the 1980s and 1990s was more of a group-related topic of interest to specific groups of the population. The job of women s policy was to correct unfair structures and fight openly or latently discriminatory rules and institutions: women s policy was necessary niche policy. Today, however, the public considers it perfectly natural that gender equality policy for women and men is a central element of modern social policy. As a policy that targets gender equity, it is of elementary importance for the social cohesion of our society. As a result, the range of topics covered has also become broader, meaning that old topics are seen and tackled in a new light (violence, discrimination), new topics are necessary and programmatic from the point of view of the public (cf. Chapter 3.1) in an understanding of politics that balances the responsibility of state and civil-society players between solidarity and subsidiarity. 1 First Report on Gender Equality in Germany: New Pathways Equal Opportunities. Gender Equality over Women s and Men s Life Courses. Bundestag printed paper 17/6240, dated , p. 29 ff.

9 Sustainable policy of equal opportunities for women and men Gender equity Women s policy Gender equality policy (for women and men) Goals: Expansion of role patterns, equal access in various areas Perspective: Gender balance Motive: Realisation of equality ƒ Present-oriented, equalising Cross-sectional task Participation and equal status Goals: Prevention of secondary/longterm consequences of joint decisions Perspective: Fair opportunities Motive: Fair distribution of opportunities and risks in a complex, dynamic society with open life courses ƒ Future-oriented, enabling Longitudinal perspective 1986 Rights for women, protection and acknowledgement Goals: Recognise and scandalise injustice Perspective: Abolition of gender hierarchy Motive: Correct, catch up ƒ Present-oriented, protective Topics: - Equal rights for women (as for men) - Women s independence - Women s employment - Protection against violence and discrimination Additional topics: - Equal pay - Re-entry into the labour market following family-related interruption of employment - More women in management positions - Reconcilability of family and career - What comes after the breadwinner model? - Men as fathers - Gender mainstreaming - Girls Day Additional topics: - Partnership and marriage in the life course (e. g. matrimonial property law) - Boys Day: new avenues for boys - Men as educators in child day-care centres - Intertemporal and interpersonal distribution of time and money ( linked lives ) - Reflexive policy (preventive and remedial) The successive development from women s policy and gender equality policy to a policy of fair opportunities in the life course for women and men is a logical development and a reaction to changing societal framework conditions, and also to the changing needs of women and men resulting from the change in values, lifestyles and life perspectives. The risks and consequential effects of decisions taken individually or in a partnership today are not the same as they were just a few decades ago. In this context, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that these topics are interrelated, that there are complex conditional and reciprocal relationships between them, and that politics must not address them in isolation, but rather give consideration to their direct and indirect principal, secondary and long-term consequences. A holistic and farsighted policy for women and men is called for: a policy of fair opportunities, geared to the life courses of women and men.

10 II. Demands on a policy for women and men from the point of view of the public 2.1 Gender equity for social cohesion The equality of women and men is today a social norm that is in principle unconditionally accepted in almost all age, educational and occupational groups, as well as in all social milieus. This finding, obtained in studies 2 conducted on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth in 2006 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Federal Ministry for Women, has been confirmed by several studies, most recently by the results of a current representative survey in The various topics of gender equality policy and life-course policy for women and men have reached, and been accepted by, all segments of the population. In addition to which, the following point becomes clear: I The topics and goals of this policy are not viewed in isolation or as niches by the public. On the contrary, they are seen as being very closely related to two central topics that relate to the foundations of our society and impose demands on politics: I Social justice I Social cohesion of society From the point of view of the public, the continuation of the gender inequities that still exist is a threat to the cohesion of society in the long term. Conversely, a policy of gender equity contributes to promoting and strengthening the cohesion of society. In the public s opinion, overcoming gender inequity is a key task for politicians, who are called upon to take positive action. 2 Wippermann, Carsten/Wippermann, Katja: 20 Year Old Women and Men Today Life Plans, Role Models, Attitudes to Gender Equality. Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. Berlin/ Heidelberg Wippermann, Carsten/Wippermann, Katja: Wege zur Gleichstellung heute und morgen. Sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchung vor dem Hintergrund der Sinus-Milieus. Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. Berlin/Heidelberg 2007.

11 I The public equates the subject of gender equity with fair opportunities for men and women. 3 The empirical survey reveals that people in Germany consider the two concepts fair opportunities and gender equity to be virtually synonymous. 4 Gender equity and fair opportunities for women and men are a sociopolitical topic that occupies people today. Women and men in Germany are deeply convinced that gender equity is a necessary factor for the cohesion of society. For them, fair opportunities for women and men are an indispensable basic element of a democratic, just society. Gender equity/fair opportunities for women and men : These problems need to be resolved for the cohesion of society! Total Women Yes 89 Yes 86 No 9 Don t know 2 % No 12 Men Yes 83 Don t know No 14 Don t know 2 % % % of the population (89 % of women and 83 % of men) are adamant that the deficits and problems still existing today in relation to gender equity in society must be resolved. The widespread conviction is that social cohesion can only be lastingly secured if women and men have fair opportunities. Policies geared to gender equity and fair opportunities today no longer split the population into camps of opposing interests and philosophies. Rather, there is a great consensus of opinion throughout the population among women and men, in all age groups, in all educational and income groups, in urban centres and rural areas, and among voters of all parties: 5 3 Justice as fairness Gender equity as equality of opportunities: In this respect, there are close links to the findings of social philosopher John Rawls: A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass Cf. also: Habermas, Jürgen: Die Einbeziehung des Anderen. Studien zur politischen Theorie. Frankfurt/Main 1997, p (Kapitel II: Politischer Liberalismus Eine Auseinandersetzung mit John Rawls). Sen, Amartya: Globale Gerechtigkeit. Jenseits internationaler Fairness. In: Beck, U./Poferl, A. (eds.): Grosse Armut, grosser Reichtum. Zur Transnationalisierung sozialer Ungleichheit. Frankfurt/Main 2010, p This was examined by using differently formulated questions: one-half of the respondents were given a list of statements using the formulation gender equity, while the statements for the other half of the respondents used the formulation fair opportunities for women and men. The responses of the two groups to the individual statements are almost identical, as revealed by statistical significance tests (the percentage differences were no greater than two percentage points). This is an indicator that people see the concepts gender equity and fair opportunities for women and men as being largely synonymous. Consequently, the terms are also used synonymously below. 5 The public has a great and common understanding regarding where the individual problems lie that need to be resolved in order to achieve more gender equity. See Chapter 3 in this context.

12 Gender equity/fair opportunities for women and men : These problems need to be resolved for the cohesion of society! Women Men Aged up to Aged up to Aged Aged Aged Aged % % Gender equity/fair opportunities for women and men : These problems need to be resolved for the cohesion of society! Education Net household income Grammar school (A-levels) Secondary school (O-levels) Over 2, ,000 2, ,500 2, ,000 1, Secondary 84 general school Under 1, % %

13 Gender equity/fair opportunities for women and men : These problems need to be resolved for the cohesion of society! Region Occupational group Western Germany 87 Self-employed, freelancer 89 Civil servant 94 White-collar worker 90 Blue-collar worker 83 Eastern Germany Trainee, student Housewife/ house husband 83 Retired 84 % % Gender equity/fair opportunities for women and men : These problems need to be resolved for the cohesion of society! Region size classes Party preference Over 500,000 inhabitants 87 CDU/CSU ,000 to 500,000 inhabitants 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants FDP 79 SPD 88 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants 83 Bündnis 90/ Die Grünen 92 Under 5,000 inhabitants 86 Die Linke 89 % % The charts make it perfectly clear: regardless of the criterion used for differentiation, the vast majority is in favour of a policy of fair opportunities for women and men.

14 2.2 Current opinions of the public regarding central aims of gender equality policy The gender equality policy agenda adopted by the Federal Government when entering the phase in which the aim was to expand women s policy into gender equality policy for women and men, is expressed at least as regards the field of working life in the agenda of the Agreement on Equal Opportunities signed in This agreement between the Federal Government and the central associations of German business focused on four fields of action: 6 1. Improved participation of women and girls in vocational training 2. Better reconcilability of family and career 3. More women in management positions 4. Equal pay for women and men Taking these four target dimensions as a basis, it is found that public perception of goal achievement in gender equality policy is highly differentiated. For each of these sectors, people sensitively and specifically identify whether and to what extent there has been a change (improvement, stagnation, steps backwards). In general, the public perception is that only slight progress has tended to be made as regards the four topics of the agreement. Above all, the fact that pay differences between women and men continue to exist, and the low percentage of women in management positions, are seen as being frozen states. Progress between 2001 and 2011 regarding the key goals of gender equality policy for working life % Equal pay for women and men Higher percentage of women in management positions Better reconcilability of family and career Better vocational training opportunities for girls and women Major progress Minor progress No change/steps backwards 6 In this context, cf. the Fourth Assessment of the Agreement Erfolgreiche Initiativen unterstützen Potenziale aufzeigen, published to mark its 10th anniversary. Published by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Berlin 2011, p. 9.

15 Just under two-thirds of the population (61 %) see neither minor nor major progress in the field of action More women in management positions. On the subject of Equal pay, even three-quarters of the population (74 %) are of the opinion that nothing has happened in the past 10 years. Regarding the goal of Reconcilability of family and career, half of the population sees at least some progress although 50 % also only see stagnation. The public has noticed the greatest change in connection with the subject of Better vocational training opportunities for girls and women, where the starting level in 2001 was already good compared to the other fields of action: 56 % of the population can see progress in this quarter, 44 % seeing no change. A sensitive group of currently or potentially affected persons establishes that there have even been steps backwards in certain areas in the last 10 years: for example, in connection with the subject of Reconcilability of family and career, 10 % of women between the ages of 30 and 39 perceive that the situation has even deteriorated. It is particularly in this phase of life that couples who started on an equal footing, and with the perspective of a partnership based on equality, experience that, owing to seemingly rational decisions (who is going to interrupt their gainful employment when the first child is born; who does so when the second/third child arrives and for how long? Who is then to assume the tasks in the home, who is responsible for the family income? Who is to be in Tax Bracket 3, who in Bracket 5?), they get caught in the trap of gender role retraditionalisation although both partners originally began with a (life course) perspective based on equality and wanted to live a role model based on partnership (family and career for both!). It is often not until women are already living in a retraditionalised division of roles that they painfully experience the obstacles and barriers that emerge when attempting to return to their occupation, that career and family are, after all, more difficult to reconcile than they had previously assumed, and that the financial consequences of a lengthy interruption of gainful employment, or of a reduced number of working hours after returning to work, will have a noticeable, lifelong impact. The structures are often resistant. In fact, however, more than half of the women returning to work still have more than 20, 25 or even 30 years of employment biography before them with the motives of earning money to secure the family s livelihood and to make provision for their own old age, and also of setting themselves ambitious goals, and possibly also making a career for themselves, as thoroughly qualified specialists. The reconcilability of family and career is an insufficient but necessary condition in this respect. Very many women returning to work currently underestimate their partner s potential for relieving the burden on them and are cautious about demanding this renewed redistribution of family responsibilities in the phase of returning to work. On the subject of Equal pay, 5 % of the population in Western Germany and 11 % of that in Eastern Germany diagnosed steps backwards in 2011, compared to The unadjusted pay gap in Germany i. e. the simple comparison of the gross hourly wages of women and men, disregarding different qualifications, occupations or employment biographies has for some time remained almost constant at 23 %. The adjusted pay gap (disregarding familyrelated interruptions of employment) is still roughly 8 %. Women are particularly sensitive to the subject of unequal pay: because the pay gap gets ever bigger in the course of their

16 lives and careers (especially following family-related interruptions of employment), women in the middle and later phases of employment are particularly critical, being affected themselves, and can see no improvements in this respect. However, as a result of the critical, public debate on the subject in the context of the gender equality policy of recent years, younger women are also equally sensitised today: 74 % of women under the age of 30 can perceive no change towards equal pay, and a further 9 % are even of the opinion that steps backwards are to be seen. Progress between 2001 and 2011 regarding the key goals of gender equality policy for working life % % 4 % 2 % 6 % Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Equal pay for women and men Higher percentage of women in management positions Better reconcilability of family and career Better vocational training opportunities for girls and women Major progress Minor progress No change Steps backwards The majority of men (over 90 %) arrive at the same diagnosis as women as regards the four surveyed goals for achieving equal opportunities: no steps backwards. Roughly 5 to 10 % of men display the reflex of globally perceiving changes in society in all sectors as being only to the benefit of women, expressing the view: that ought to be enough! But these men are a minority: it is worth noting that women and men generally have the same perception as regards the successes and deficits of gender equity, and that, when it comes to gender equality issues, women have the solidarity of men in all age groups. At the levels of the normative principle (equality between women and men) and of concrete goals (equal pay, women in management positions, reconcilability of family and career, equal vocational training and career opportunities for girls and boys), men do not set up a front against women (and vice versa). This is a success of modern gender equality policy, which has developed from originally pure (and initially necessary) women s policy into gender equality policy for women and men.

17 But: These successes of a change of awareness in the hearts and minds of women and men have not yet been fully implemented in the structures of the labour market, in everyday life in the private setting, and in new role patterns. In the male-dominated boardrooms in industry, firmly rooted, self-reproducing mentality patterns act as the guardians of the glass ceiling and as a barrier to women; for women returning to work, mini-jobs (low-paid, part-time work) frequently prove to be no bridge on the way to regular employment, but far too often a dead end they encourage unequal pay, consolidate the traditional division of roles, are unsuitable for securing the family s financial livelihood and increase women s risk of poverty in old age. The diagnosis is dramatic when comparing town and country the difference is substantial: in the opinion of people in rural regions, the vocational training opportunities for girls and women have not improved in the last 10 years (no change: 50 %) and that is the good news. There has been no change for 60 % as regards the obstacles to the reconcilability of family and career, for 67 % as regards access to management positions, and for 83 % as regards unequal pay. Progress between 2001 and 2011 regarding the key goals of gender equality policy for working life 100 % % % % % 42 0 Country Town Country Town Country Town Country Town Equal pay for women and men Higher percentage of women in management positions Better reconcilability of family and career Better vocational training opportunities for girls and women Major progress Minor progress No change/steps backwards

18 2.3 What the public expects of politics regarding the goal of Equal pay Women and men are almost unanimously (96 %) of the opinion that the goal of equal pay may not be abandoned. In this context, two-thirds of women put their hopes in statutory requirements (e. g. for the parties to collective bargaining agreements). Paths to equal pay 100 % Statutory requirements should be introduced 20 It should be left to voluntary agreements 2 5 The goal of equal pay should be abandoned Women Men Question: Statistics show that the pay gap between women and men in Germany continues to be 23 % (EU average: 15%). Should the matter be left to voluntary agreements, or should new statutory requirements be introduced (e. g. for the parties to collective bargaining agreements)? Or would you say the goal of equal pay for equivalent work should be abandoned? Basis: Respondents by gender (women: 1,020 cases; men: 980 cases); figures in per cent. regarding the goal of More women in management positions Although the demand for More women in management positions has a far less direct effect on women and men in the great mass of the population than the pay gap between the sexes, the public s views in relation to this goal are again surprisingly unanimous. The subject undisputedly belongs in the catalogue of important topics for gender equality policy (cf. Chapter 3.1). In order to increase the proportion of women in management positions, there is a need and the majority of the public is convinced of this for further improvement of the reconcilability of family and career and additionally (!) for statutory regulations. The conviction is that the reconcilability of family and career must be ensured; however, that alone is not an effective instrument and not powerful enough to break through the glass ceiling. With an eye to the results of gender equality policy since 2001 and the importance attached to a society where gender equity prevails, 70 % of the German population expect politicians to come up with a combination of intensified efforts to achieve reconcilability of family and

19 career with targeted statutory regulations in gender equality policy. Moreover, 32 % would like to see politicians additionally take action to support the change of the role of men in society (e. g. assumption of family tasks). One-third of men (32 %) believes that the key to solving the problem lies solely in the reconcilability of family and career. However, almost two-thirds of men (62 %) are today convinced that this falls short of the target and that, in order to really achieve anything, statutory measures are a necessary step in the efforts to offer women fair career prospects. Eighteen per cent of women (predominantly over-60s; singles, no children) are of the opinion that improving the reconcilability of family and career is sufficient for achieving the goal of better career opportunities for women. In contrast, 79 % of women are convinced that, in addition to family-friendly framework conditions, statutory measures are necessary today to promote equal participation of women in top management. This is a conviction of women (with a family) in all age groups, occupational groups, educational strata, and also across party boundaries: among women who vote CDU/CSU, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and SPD. 7 7 Women and men with a preference for the FDP are a slight exception in this context: among them, more than one-third is of the opinion that the goal of career promotion can be achieved without statutory regulations, solely by promoting the reconcilability of family and career; 29 %, however, advocate additional statutory measures, a further 32 % are in favour of statutory measures plus support of a change in the role of men.

20 The best approach for increasing the percentage of women in management positions 60 % 70 % Politics concentrates entirely on improving the reconcilability of family and career. Politics does more for the reconcilability of family and career, but also prescribes by law that the percentage of women in top management positions must rise. Politics does more for the reconcilability of family and career, passes a law for promoting women in management positions and supports the change in the role of men in society (e. g. assumption of family tasks). None of these. The best approach for increasing the percentage of women in management positions 60 % 79 % 62 % Politics concentrates entirely on improving the reconcilability of family and career. Politics does more for the reconcilability of family and career, but also prescribes by law that the percentage of women in top management positions must rise. Politics does more for the reconcilability of family and career, passes a law for promoting women in management positions and supports the change in the role of men in society (e. g. assumption of family tasks). None of these. Women Men

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