Anatomy Test Review #1

What is made of many similar cells with a structral closeness and relatonship that allows a function that no single cell can preform?

Tissue

Formed when the two nearest neighboring atoms have a large difference in electronegativity.

Ionic Bond

What is the overall charge of an atom?

Zero

The number of protons in an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons plus the numberof neutrons.

Mass number

What does it mean when water is a polar molecule?

It has a partial positive charge and partial negative charge regions.

True/False

Hydrogen bonds only exist between seperate molecule.

False

A (what) is a weak acid and a weak base in a single compound.

Buffer

Buffers tend to keep a certain ratio or concentration of H+ s around them.

What are buffers two main attributes?

1. Maintain the pH of a solution, resisting changes in the pH when acids or bases are added, or when more H+ s enter the solution the buffer absorbs the "extra" H+s, up to a point, keeping the free [H+], or pH, the same.

2. Buffers also tend to make weak acids out of strong ones, and weak bases out of strong one.

What class do steroids belong to?

Lipids

What kind of molecule makes the core of enzymes?

Protein molecules

Where the action of the effector enhances the effect of a stimulus that provokes effector action. Wherein the error signal gets larger and larger as time passes. Used when a large, quick change from a value is needed. e.g., blood clotting, uterine contractions during labor, ion flow through membranes during electrical signals called action potentials. These mechanisms are momentary, and are turned on and off by electrical or chemical signals.

Positive feedback

Where the action of the effectors opposes the effectors opposes the effect of a stimulus that provokes effector action. The most common kind of control. The error signal gets smaller and smaller as the negative feedback operation continues. Used to maintain steady values, e.g., concentration of substances, pressures. They operate continuously and have a tone.

Negative feedback

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal enviroment of vital structures in which cells bathe.

Homeostasis

What are the 2 mechanisms for regenerating ATP?

1. Substrate phosphorilation

2. Oxidative phosphorilation

What is a rate limiting step?

The slowest step where you have a chain of steps found usually in the beginning.

What is anatomy?

The study of structure.

What is physiology?

The study of functions of life.

What does it mean when there is an even number of electrons?

It is inert meaning it cannot react or bond.

At the end of glycolysis, what do you have?

2 pyruvic acids & 2 ATPs

If you go beyond glycolysis, what else do you get?

30 more ATP's generated and heat.

What is common between organic molecules?

They are carbon based.

Your knee's are ( ) to your ankles.

Proximal

Where do you find electrons in an atom?

Orbit or energy level

Links the nearest neighboring atoms to form a molecule. They are formed when the two nearest neighboring atoms have zero, minimal, or moderate differences in electronegativities.

Covalent bonds

What is the most important part of an atom?

Valence electrons

In an atom, what is it about protons and electrons that make atoms electrically neutral?

There must be an equal number of electrons and protons.

What do enzymes do for a chemical reaction?

Lowers the activation energy

Your thumb's are pointed ( ).

Laterally

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as ( ).

Saturated

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are said to be ( ).

Unsaturated

What is the cavity above your diaphragm?

Thoracic cavity

What cavity is below your diaphragm?

Abdominal cavity

What is an enzyme?

Protein based catalyst

If the covalent bond is made up of two atoms with a zero difference in electronegativity, or between two atoms with a minimal difference, then the bond will be a ( ) covalent bond.

Non-polar

If the covalent bond is made of two atoms with a moderate difference in electronegativity the bond will be a ( ) covalent bond.

Polar

T

True/False

All hydrogen bonds seperate molecules.

False

What are salts made of?

A bunch of ions.

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Superior

Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Inferior (caudal)

Ex: The navel is inferior to the chin

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Ventral (anterior)

Ex: The breastbone is anterior to the spine

Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

Dorsal (posterior)

Ex: The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Medial

Ex: The heart is medial to the arm

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Lateral

Ex: The arms are lateral to the chest

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Intermediate

Ex: The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.

Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Proximal

Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.