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This information is meant to help college students and prospective biologists to review for key concepts in Biology.
The information is also great for 200 level Biology students.
The information emphasizes on evolution, the evolution of populations, the origin of species (or speciation), systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenies.

Mutation

Biogeographical evidence and Direct Observation of Change

When Darwin traveled around the world on the H.M.S. Beagle, he discovered a vast array of finch species living on the Galapogos Islands. These finches provided what two kinds of evidence for evolution?

Polyphyletic Taxon

Endler's Guppy Experiment

This experiment was conducted by a professor from California University in Santa Barbara, California. He studied a species of fish that were preyed upon by Pike cichlids and Killifish living in rivers in Trinidad, a Caribbean Island.

Evolution

Paraphyletic Taxon

A taxon containing the common ancector of a chosen few descendants is considered to be this. (Think of chunking).
In cladisitics, it is more reliable than polyphyletic taxons. However, it is sparingly used by experienced taxonomists.

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Sympatric Speciation

Unlike speciation by separation, this kind of speciation takes place when two populations of the same species exist in the same area. Reproduction and gene flow eventually taper off between the two populations, respectively.

Archipelago

Natural Selection

This mechanism of change cannot venture away from the laws of nature. It requires "raw" genetic material. In other words, pigs can't fly. If the mechanism could select a trait from scratch, the evolution of species would be discordant.

Infanticide

This kind of behavior is seen in new alpha male Langurs. The new male langur kills the offspring of the previous alpha male to increase the chances that only their offspring will succeed, thus increasing the fitness of the genes they put into the next generation of langurs.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Convergent Evolution

This kind of evolution is characterized by the appearance of the same trait in different species. The change occurs within the same time frame, and the change also occurs under the same prevailing environmental conditions.

Erosion

Fossil

Ancient life is often discovered in this preserved state. It results from many years of heat and pressure in sediments beneath the earth's surface. Weathering and/or human activities bring them back to the surface.

Morphological Species Concept

Parsimony

Alfred Russel Wallace

He was a British naturalist at the time Charles Darwin was developing his theory on evolution. Ironically, this man was also investigating on the same subject, and he urged Darwin to make his views heard. He is known as Darwin's right-hand man.