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Hello, thank you for an interesting idea, I was trying to figure out the circuit, and I still can't seem to understand why the pnp transistor is wired that way... Every tutorial in the web points that emitter (marked with an arrow) should be connected to Vcc, while here it is grounded. Can you please provide some insight on this? Thank you very much :)

The two wires in the rain sensor are not connected which means the circuit is in open loop state. Since we know water conducts electricity. So, when the water gets collected in the cap the wire gets connected through water as the medium and circuit becomes closed loop and triggers the alarm..

In image 2 have you finished cutting the second bottle? I cannot tell from the photo, but it looks like it is inverted with the threaded portion removed to accept the inverted portion of the first bottle?