[Comment] Immunoscore for (colorectal) cancer precision medicine

Immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints such as CTLA4, PDCD1 (PD-1), and CD274 (PD-L1) have revolutionised oncology.1 High-level microsatellite instability (MSI-high) caused by mismatch repair deficiency is routinely used as a biomarker to predict response to immune-checkpoint blockade.2 MSI-high status in colorectal carcinoma correlates with tumour neoantigen loads, which in turn correlate with immune response.3 Combined analysis of tumoural and immune factors (eg, the so-called Tumour Immunity in the MicroEnvironment [TIME] classification) could be a new cancer classification system.

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ImmunologyAllergies
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Vaccine
Immunology is the study of immunity and the defence mechanisms of the body. A greater understanding of immunology is needed to develop vaccines, understand ...