1Class 8 Africa and the New World 2The institution of human slavery Through the centuries, slavery has existed as an acceptable practice until the present. In Latin America abolition did not come to some countries as Cuba in 1886. Many ancient cultures such as the Romans depended on slavery as an essential economic base. Romans purchasing a slave from Gaul (modern France) 3Remember the reading regarding Senecas call for the humane treatment of Roman slaves (from The Voices of Latino Culture Lucius Annaeus Seneca, On the Treatment of Slaves).Seneca, the Stoic 4BC - AD 65 4After the fall of Rome, slavery declined in Western Europe with the rise of feudalism and the presence of serfs. In the 15th century, Portugal began importing black slaves from Africa for work in Europe, particularly Spain and Portugal (in 1455 Pope Nicolas V gave Portugal the right to enslave Africans who resisted Christianity). By 1492, numerous black slaves were working in industry and as domestic servants especially in the cities of Lisbon and Seville (some sections of Seville were 50 black). 5Also, in Precolumbian America, slavery existed. In the Aztec empire, for example, a father could sell his family into slavery in return for food and lodging. However, the children of the slave parents would eventually be given their freedom. Slaves in the Aztec Empire had to wear unique clothing that identified their status in society. Family of slaves in Aztec lands (Florentine Codex) 6When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they soon realized that the indigenous people were not effective workers in mines, plantations, or pearl fishing. Also, European diseases and abuse had reduced their numbers greatly. To solve the problem, King Ferdinand approved the first importation of black slaves for a key industry sugar.

King Ferdinand 1510 -First approves African Slaves for the Americas 7The Wanderer Last ship to bring slaves to North America in 1859 8Africans such Estebanico, Cabeza de Vacas servant, accompanied the Spanish during the conquest of new lands. Were Africans present in the New World prior to Columbus, however? Ivan Van Sertimas The African Presence in Ancient America They Came Before Columbus advances the theory that western trade winds from Africa might have aided sailors from that continent, as they did Columbus. Atlantic Currents 9Van Sertima also connects the giant heads of the Olmec culture (1000 B.C.) with Africa because of their Negroid features. However, no definitive proof exists to verify such theories. Giant Olmec Heads 10Slaves, servants, and the free Africans and the Conquest The first blacks arrived in the New World shortly after 1492. These men may have been born outside Africa or born in that continent (large numbers of black women began to arrive later with the slave trade). 11

The first black men who arrived in the Americas generally were one of three social categories

slaves,

servants (free men who served a Spaniard),

free men who were soldiers and leaders of the armed forces.

12A Black ConquistadorJuan Garrido was a free black man and a conquistador in his own right. He was a captain who served under Cortés during the conquest of Mexico. According to his memoirs, Garrido was the first man to plant wheat in the New World. He wrote that he was the first to plant and harvest wheat in this land, the source of all that there is now, and that he had brought many vegetable seeds to New Spain. 13Slavery in the Americas King Ferdinand allowed the first importation of black slaves to the Americas, specifically for sugar cane plantations. Thus was begun the linkage of slavery and sugar that lasted until the 19th century In all, slaves in Spanish America were used in at least seven areas of production sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice, mining, and domestic service. Before the end of the slave trade in the 19th century, over 11,000,000 people had been forcibly removed from Africa to the Americas, with the Spanish Caribbean receiving 43 all black slaves.Slaves working at a sugar plantation, 19th century 14Through the Spanish colonial period there were numerous slave revolts, from Mexico to Perú. Most were unsuccessful, but one slave rebellion, which began on board the ship Amistad, off the coast of Cuba, achieved the freedom of the slaves. The slaves, led by Cinque, ended up in the United States and ultimately the U.S. Supreme Court granted their freedom and permission to return to Africa.Slave Revolts The Amistad Incident 1839 Slaves aboard the Amistad kill the Ships Captain 15The film Amistad by Steven Spielberg captured this incident and, though not a good film according to critics, poignantly portrays the plight of the Spanish slaves aboard the Cuban ship 16The abolishment of slavery came late in the 19th century in the Americas, but several countries did away with the institution of slavery shortly after their independence from Spain (for example, Argentina, 1813 Perú, 1854). An interesting case is that of Mexico, where slavery was abolished by President Vicente Guerrero in 1829. Most of the slaves at that time in Mexico were held by American immigrants in Texas. President Guerrero hoped to reduce the influx of U.S. citizens to Texas (then Mexican territory), especially since many of these recent American arrivals were illegal immigrants living in Mexican soil. 17Many aspects of their cultural heritage were brought by the black slaves to the Americas, especially to those nations that have large communities with links to Africa in the Caribbean, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico (U.S. Commonwealth) in central America, along the Atlantic coast Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and the South American countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Perú. 18The strong cultural heritage of Africa, brought by the slaves to the Americas, was especially strong in the areas of music (with dance), and religion, two elements intricately bound in African cultures. Much of the Latin sound of music today, can be traced back to Africa. Playing the Marimba 19An Afro-American Dance The Puerto Rican Bomba

The Bomba developed in Loíza, Puerto Rico, a town with a large concentration of African descendants. It developed from ritual dance slave celebrations in the 17th century. The name was inspired by a fairly large wooden drum or barril covered with goatskin called the "bomba." The barril were made using empty codfish barrels. The barril is the main "drum" and rhythm instrument. The musicians also use two small sticks to beat a secondady pattern on the side of the drums. Maracas are also part of the bomba percussion instruments.

20Santería Slaves brought their faith from the Yoruba culture of West Africa. Prohibited by the Catholic Church to worship in their traditional manner, Africans used the Catholic Churchs own saints as a symbol of their traditional divinities. For example, the Catholic figure of Santa Barbara also represented Shangó, the Lord of Lightning. Today this practice has been popularly called Santería. Peruvian saint San Martín de Porres (born a slave in Lima) 21Cultures of Diaspora in Spanish America the Garífunas Today, many blacks living in Spanish America maintain their African roots as well as reflect aspects of their new home in the Americas. One such community is the Garífuna, now thriving in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (with some 100,000 in the U.S.).The Garífuna culture of Guatemala 22The history of the Garífuna started in 1635 in slave ships from West Africa. Arriving in the Americas, the ships were wrecked near the Island of St. Vincent. Freed, the slaves mixed with the local indigenous Carib population their descendants became know as Garífuna or Black Caribs.St. Vincent Island 23When the British arrived on the island of St. Vincent in 1796, they exiled the Garífuna to Roatán Island, off the coast of Honduras (today the Garífuna celebrate this date as Arrival Day.). Later in 1797, the Garífuna moved to Trujillo, Honduras, and from there established communities in Belize, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. Roatán Is.Honduras 24A large Garífuna community can be found today in Livingston, Guatemala. There, they have maintained both their African roots (dance, music, storytelling) and their American heritage (language, national identity as Guatemalan citizens). In 1996, President Alvaro Irigoyen Arzú of Guatemala visited Livingston to give official recognition to this group.GuatemalaLivingstonLivingston,Guatemala 25Prof. Oswaldo Estero teaching the Garífuna language 26

Scenes from Livingston, Guatemala (Garífuna culture) Approach to city is only by water 27

A strong influence of Africa can be found throughout the Caribbean region, especially in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico (due to the large number of slaves imported to this region for the sugar industry up to the nineteenth century). Two of our readings from The Voices of Latino Culture deal with the black heritage of Cuba (The Biography of a Runaway Slave, and On the Morning of his Arrest). 28The African Presence TodayAn Afro Puerto Rican Website (check it outI defy you to remain still)http//www.elboricua.com/AfroBorinquen_Culture.html 29

In South America, in addition to a strong connection with Africa for many families in Colombia and Venezuela, Perú maintains several communities whose ancestors were slaves in the Andean region of the continent.Today, such towns as El Carmen (south of Lima) maintain the dance and music of the Peruvian black people. Especially noteworthy is the family Ballumbrosio, whose members have a national reputation in the areas of Afro-Peruvian music, song, and dance. The family Ballumbrosio 30Que Viva ChangóA typical son is "Que Viva Chango" by noted música campesina composer Celina González. The song's lyrics explore the duality of Cuba's religious traditions, Catholicism and Santeria, the West African--based rites that evolved among the island's slave community. Forced by their Spanish masters to observe Catholic rituals, Cuba's African slaves maintained their own religious beliefs by the practice of what Cubans call sincretismo, in which African deities were matched with corresponding Catholic saints. In this song, Saint Barbara and Chango, the god of fire, are both praised. Que viva Changó! (4 times) Santa Bárbara Bendita/Para tí surge mi lira/Y con emoción se inspira/Ante tu imagen bonita Con voluntad infinita/ Arranco del corazón/ La melodiosa expresión/ Pidiendo que desde el cielo/ Nos envíes tu consuelo/ Y tu santa bendición Virgen venerada y pura/ Santa Bárbara bendita/ Nuestra oración favorita/ 31

A young member of the family playing the Afro-Peruvian cajón, a box that serves as a drum the cajón dates from the time of slavery, when the blacks who worked for the fishing industry looked for percussion instruments and were allowed to keep the boxes that served for fish storage.The family Ballumbrosio 32The following questions should be answered concerning Biography of A Runaway Slave, by Miguel Barnet, from The Voices of Latino Culture (135-140).

What is a barracoon?

Describe briefly the living conditions in a typical Cuban Barracoon.

33The following questions should be answered concerning On the Morning of His Arrest, by Margarita Engle, from The Voices of Latino Culture (141-146).

What incidents does Gabriel remember in the lives of black slaves in Cuba?

34The following questions should be answered concerning The Ballad of the Two Grandfathers and Two Kids, by the Afro-Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén, from The Voices of Latino Culture (147-151).Nicolás Guillen 1902-1989

Summarize the relationship between the narrator and his two grandfathers in The Ballad of the Two Grandfathers.

In Two Kids, what aspects connect these two boys from different ethnic groups in modern-day Cuba?

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