1. Introduction

VIC in the name of the cluster stands for virtual instrument cluster — in a nutshell this device is a high-performance embedded graphics processor.
From its startup to shutdown the performance is a primary concern for this unit. Flash with high access rate, wide memory access busses, highest available frequencies —
all the aspects are taken to their extremes for excellence in driving experience.

As result of the performance optimization the cluster starts up in a fraction of a second and renders 60 freshly built frames per second. Precision graphics algorithms are catching differences
of a fraction of a pixel and delivering a new frame in 1/60 of a second to provide smoothest possible animation.

Despite its impressive performance the device stays cold even at peak load due to “cold design” — a set of special solutions used for every stage of the cluster hardware. These solutions
ensure every part of the instrument cluster uses minimum power for its operation.

Fig. 2. VIC Laplace Z in race mode. Graphical design — Bruno Prata.

Originally Laplace Z was developed as a digital LCD dashboard for Prato Orage supercar.
In Prato Orage it renders two modes: sport and race — see fig. 1
and fig. 2.

2. Display

The cluster is equipped with rugged, high-brightness and high-contrast LCD — liquid-crystal display — of 1280×480 resolution. The aspect ratio of the display is 8:3 — wide format.

Display data

View area size

293.76 mm×110.16 mm

Resolution

1280×480

Aspect ratio

8:3

Color resolution

18 bit

Brightness

1000 cd/m2

Contrast ratio

800

Refresh rate

60 Hz

Operating temperature

−30°C…+80°C

Table. 1. VIC Laplace Z display technical specification.

The display has square pixels of 0.23 mm size. Naked eye average angular resolution is 1′ — which means, that approximately from distance of
80 cm the pixels are getting indiscernible.

Display refresh rate is 60 Hz — that is every second the displayed image is updated 60 times.

3. Sound

The cluster has two sound sources on-board. First one is a high-pressure — 85 dB/10 cm — sounder, which produces alert chimes. Second sound source is a relay,
which makes audible turn and hazard clicks.

4. Hardware

The heart of the digital cluster is a SoC — system on chip — with Arm core at 400 MHz. The SoC has an embedded graphics engine capable of 2D and 3D scene building.

Due to its performance graphics engine can render 60 mixed 2D and 3D scenes per second. That guarantees every displayed frame is freshly built, which leads to the smoothest possible animation.

Hardware data

Processor architecture

Arm at 400 MHz

Graphics engine

2D and 3D

Frame rate

60 Hz

Flash memory

64 MB

DDR memory

128 MB

MRAM memory

256 kB

Operating temperature

−40°C…+85°C

Table. 2. VIC Laplace Z hardware technical specification.

The cluster has three types of memory on-board: flash, DDR and MRAM. Flash is a memory which keeps the processing code and graphics in off state. DDR is a dynamic memory with fast access —
here processor makes calculations and builds frames for display. MRAM is a magnetoresistive memory — like flash it can keep data in off state, but has unlimited number of rewrite cycles,
while flash has a limit. MRAM is a convenient storage for dynamic data which should be kept in off state — like settings, trip counters and odometer.

Image of 1280×480 space resolution and 16 bit color resolution occupies 1.2 MB of memory. In terms of full-screen images flash can keep more than 50 and DDR more than
100 scenes — more than enough for the most demanding graphics.

5. Housing

The cluster has black hard-anodized housing milled of avionic aluminum. There are several advantages in metal housing.

Aluminum housing advantages

precision

rigidity

EME protection

EMI immunity

environment friendly

The cluster housing is milled from an aluminum block with ±0.1 mm precision. The precision provides excellent surface planarity, which guarantees no stress is maintained
inside high-frequency printed circuit board in the assembled state.

Fig. 3. VIC Laplace Z has a precision aluminum housing.

As well aluminum housing serves as a rigid frame both for display and printed circuit board — high frequency board is sensitive to deformation, especially twists and bends —
and rigid hosing protects it from mechanical stress.

EME stands for electromagnetic emission. The point is at high frequencies every signal conductor gets an emitting antenna. That is why it is a good practice to encase computers into
metal housing. In our case aluminum housing makes the cluster as radio silent as possible.

On the other hand metal housing prevents radio waves not only from getting out but as well from getting in. So, the aluminum housing increases EMI —
electromagnetic interference — immunity.

Unlike plastic aluminum alloy can be easily recycled — just melt it to create new thing. It is true that aluminum is more energy consuming at production stage than steel, but at recycle
stage aluminum is less energy consuming than steel due to its low melting temperature.

6. Dimensions

7. Interface

Cluster interface is purely digital — it includes two CAN busses and Enable line.

Interface

CAN1

Up to 1 Mb/s

CAN2

Up to 1 Mb/s

Enable

4 V–80 V

Table. 3. VIC Laplace Z interface.

CAN stands for controller area network — automotive data bus built on principles
similar to Ethernet, where signal is passed on a twisted pair. That is why every bus consists of a signal pair CAN+ and CAN−. Two buses could be used as data bus and control bus — on
data bus cluster gets real-time status data for display and on control bus it gets commands for changing the display mode, brightness adjustment, trip counter reset, etc.

Enable line is used to switch on and off the cluster. The cluster has hold function implemented and it switches off not immediately but after performing house-keeping functions — like
storing temporary data, dimming the display and switching off its backlight. In other words it switches off gracefully.

8. Connector

The cluster features aerospace subminiature connector of Tri-Start series — the same connectors are used in aircraft and artificial satellites. Tri-Start are heavy duty sealed connectors
with gold plated contacts.

Fig. 5. VIC Laplace Z aerospace plug and its backshell.

The connector has B99 shell with 7 pins of AWG 20 size.

Pin

Function

A

CAN2−

B

CAN2+

C

Enable

D

Power +12 V

E

CAN1+

F

CAN1−

G

Power −12 V

Table. 4. VIC Laplace Z connector pinout.

9. Power and protection

Due to the robust power stage the digital cluster Laplace Z can work from a power source of 6 V–80 V. But in automotive environment there are extra issues to be taken into account. The point is
automotive power is not ideal: battery plus and minus could be swapped, for engine startup another battery could be connected in series with the on-board one, another devices can cause voltage
spikes and there could happen most dangerous event — power dump.

Plus and minus swap is the simplest thing could happen — in this case every device powered gets into state which is called reverse battery.

Condition, when another battery connected in series with the on-board one is called double battery — in this case every powered device gets 24 V instead of nominal 12 V.
Similar condition emerges when the battery is overcharged — it is not that severe as double battery, but devices are anyway powered with much higher voltage than nominal.

Spikes caused by other devices are called transients — usually it is a consequence of different loads switching, like motor starting and stopping or solenoid activation and
deactivation. Though these spikes could have high voltage, their power is quite low and transients could be effectively filtered out.

Fig. 6. Voltage transients.

But there is a transient, which cannot not be filtered out, because of its high energy — and that is why it is so dangerous. This powerful spike is called power dump. It
happens, when the battery charged by the alternator gets disconnected. Charging current could be very high because the battery has very low resistance, and when it gets disconnected, alternator windings, being
just big coils, are still pushing that amount of current into the power network. Since the power network cannot absorb that amount of current, voltage goes through the roof. Basically the power network
gets an intense current shock.

The digital instrument cluster Laplace Z has protection against everything from above. Against reverse battery it is protected by ideal diode — it is a smart solution,
which does not dissipate power. Against double battery it is protected by special design of the power stage — at higher voltage cluster intakes less current still consuming the same power
from the battery. Against transients it is protected by input filters. And for power dump it has on-board a surge stopper, which limits the input voltage.

Power

Nominal power

12 V

Operating range

6 V–80 V

Reverse battery protection

yes

Double battery protection

yes

Power transient protection

IV level of ISO 7673-2

Power dump protection

IV level of ISO 16750-2

Table. 5. VIC Laplace Z power specification.

There are standards ISO 7637-2 and ISO 16750-2, which specify automotive device power protection — according to these standards the digital cluster Laplace Z has
the highest IV level of protection.

10. Options

This product comes with a number of options to customize its appearance and behavior.

VIC Laplace Z options

Here is a sample how options from above work in practice. Let us say, you have a list of parameters to display, maybe with hints how that should behave and look, or maybe
your design is already drawn and just waits for its implementation. In any case we will bring it to the point it is ready for embedded real-time graphics.

Fig. 7. VIC Laplace Z custom graphics.

Next point is housing. Every vehicle is different and has its own aesthetical and mechanical requirements. So, we modify housing shape, color and mounting accordingly for easy integration into the
vehicle interior.

Fig. 8. VIC Laplace Z custom face.

Maybe you are wondering what those two protrusions on the housing face are. They are holders for ambient light sensors. Two sensors provide stereo ambient light sensing for display brightness
adjustment, so that in different lighting conditions display looks the same. This feature is optional — if removed cluster will rely on data provided by HVAC ambient light sensor or just
on brightness settings.