DH

I gained a deeper understanding and greater appreciation for how my body works. Thank you to the Teams at Duke and Coursera for making such a wide body of information available to the motivated.

WL

Apr 01, 2016

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Lectures are very concise. This course can help you grasp the most important core concepts and key woking mechanisms of human physiology. But I don't know why it do not have the immune system.

Aus der Unterrichtseinheit

The Senses and the Somatic Nervous System

In this module, we consider two types of cells: one that relays information to the central nervous system (brain) for interpretation and a second set, motor neurons which relay information away from the central nervous system to govern voluntary movement. The input pathway to the brain is mediated by specific cells called senses. The senses convert energy (such as light or heat) into an energy form (electrical potentials) recognized by neurons in the brain. The brain, in turn, interprets this information (as vision or pain) and then sends out a motor response via the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system to effector cells in the body. The motor neurons activate skeletal muscle to control breathing and the movement of the limbs.
The things to do this week are to watch the 5 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the problem set. It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you and to try the problems sets. The problem sets are not graded. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

Unterrichtet von

Jennifer Carbrey

Assistant Research Professor

Emma Jakoi

Associate Research Professor

Skript

Welcome back, we're going to finish the senses with the chemical senses, so we're going to talk about the last of the special senses. So we're going to be dealing with chemoreceptors, molecules that are going to bind certain chemicals and then eventually lead to a graded potential, which will lead to an action potential. So we'll be obviously talking about taste and the sense of smell. But then keep in mind, as we've mentioned before, there are going to be other chemicals that our body is also monitoring and responding to. Such as detecting osmolarity in the brain which we'll talk about when we talk about the kidney. And then talking about the amounts of oxygen and CO2 and the pH of the blood, which we'll be talking about when we get to the respiratory system. Let's consider taste first where you're going to have along the surface and kind of in recesses of your tongue, you're going to have taste buds which are going to be made up of taste cells. Which you can think of kind of like segments in an orange that are forming this sphere kind of around a central channel, which is called the taste pore. So you can see that because this taste pore is kind of recessed from the surface of the oral cavity and because it's going to be really small, the substances, the molecules that we taste are going to have to be dissolve in liquids. So that's fine because we pretty much constantly have saliva in our mouth and certainly we have it when we're eating. But that doesn't mean that in order just taste something, it needs to be dissolved. So, that it can enter this little taste pore and expose the tops of these taste cells to the molecule. Then these taste cells will form graded potentials, that is they're strong enough will affect the afferent neurons leading from the taste bud. And to send action potential into the central nervous system. We can taste different flavours or different tastes modalities. We've already said how these substances are going to have to be dissolved in saliva. And no matter what we're tasting,the results is that we're going to increase intracellular calcium. That is going to cause the release of neurotransmitters by these taste cells. That are going to cause graded potential that if they are great enough or strong enough will cause action potentials in that post-synaptic neuron. That neuron that's leading away from the taste bud. And we have a couple of major types of channels that are going to be activated. So when we're tasting something that's sour it's because we are detecting protons, we're detecting something that's acidic. And often when we're tasting something that's salty what we're detecting is sodium, also it can be potassium as well. But in any case, these are going to be ions. And so, they're going to act on ion channels that are then going to cause an increase in intracellular calcium in the cell versus sweet tasting substances, which are going to be sugars. Bitter, which are compounds which are often going to be plant alkaloids. And then, a fifth taste modality is umami which is meaty flavor. So, it what makes meat taste like meat but, also causes is what mushrooms to taste like meat. Which is when we are sensing Amino acids like glutamates. So sugars, bitter molecules and amino acids like glutamate are going to be detected by G protein-coupled receptors. So this tastants will bind the G protein-coupled receptors and then the G protein-coupled receptors will cause a signal transduction pathway to initiate that will increase intracellular calcium and cause the release of neurotransmitter. We're going to finish up with smell, which is going to be unique compared to most of the other systems that we've talked about, especially of the special senses. Because it is actually the neurons themselves, the primary afferent neurons themselves, that are going to be expressing olfactory receptors and actually binding to the odorants. So in the epithelium covering the nasal cavity is where we have these neurons that are sending out cilia that have receptors on them that can bind the odorants. And these are again going to be G-protein coupled receptors. So each near ion will express a specific type of G-protein coupled receptors that can combine a certain type of molecule. We have several hundred olfactory receptor types. So, we're going to have several hundred neuron types that are expressing a certain receptor, but yet we can discriminate about 10,000 odors. So when these odorants bind they're going to cause a graded potential which when great enough or big enough can lead to an action potential. And it's going to be which neurons are activated and how much they are activated by binding a certain molecule that let's us convert that to a smell. So if we have a certain molecule. Let's say that there are two or three different odorant neurons that combine different portions of that odorant molecule. And so which neurons are activated and how much they're activated is what we translate into smelling that molecule. And so again it's very similar to our ability to see color where we don't have a different receptor type and a different neuron type for each color or for each molecule we can smell. But instead it's the matter of which neurons are activated and how much in combination that allows us to detect so many colors and so many different different odors. So we've talk about the two special senses that involve chemoreception. Taste, where we're going to have taste receptors in the tongue that are going to be associated with our five basic taste modalities. Umami, salt, sour, sweet, and bitter. And again, when we're sensing a taste, it's going to be combinations of taste receptor activation that's going to give us certain tastes. And we're going to be interpreting those in terms of perceiving what we are tasting. And then in smell, we're going to be activating olfactory receptors, which themselves are going to be the primary afferent neurons leading in sending information into the central nervous system.