International System of Units

International System of Units (SI), French Système Internationale d’Unités, international decimal system of weights and measures derived from and extending the metric system of units. Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960, it is abbreviated SI in all languages.

Rapid advances in science and technology in the 19th and 20th centuries fostered the development of several overlapping systems of units of measurements as scientists improvised to meet the practical needs of their disciplines. The early international system devised to rectify this situation was called the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system. The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) added three new units (among others) in 1948: a unit of force (the newton), defined as that force which gives to a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second per second; a unit of energy (the joule), defined as the work done when the point of application of a newton is displaced one metre in the direction of the force; and a unit of power (the watt), which is the power that in one second gives rise to energy of one joule. All three units are named for eminent scientists.

The 1960 International System builds on the MKS system. Its seven basic units, from which other units are derived, are currently defined as follows: for length, the metre, defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 second; for mass, the kilogram, which equals 1,000 grams as defined by the international prototype kilogram of platinum-iridium in the keeping of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, France; for time, the second, the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation associated with a specified transition of the cesium-133 atom; for electric current, the ampere, which is the current that, if maintained in two wires placed one metre apart in a vacuum, would produce a force of 2 × 10−7 newton per metre of length; for luminous intensity, the candela, defined as the intensity in a given direction of a source emitting radiation of frequency 540 × 1012hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683watt per steradian; for amount of substance, the mole, defined as containing as many elementary entities of a substance as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12; and for thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin.

The CGPM in 2011 agreed to a proposal to begin to redefine the kilogram, the ampere, the mole, and the kelvin in terms of fundamental physical constants. For the kilogram, the constant chosen was Planck’s constant, which would be defined to be equal to 6.6260693 × 10−34joule second. One joule is equal to one kilogram times metre squared per second squared. Since the second and the metre were already defined, the kilogram would then be determined by accurate measurements of Planck’s constant. The ampere would be redefined such that the elementary charge would be equal to 1.60217653 × 10−19coulomb. The kelvin would be redefined such that the Boltzmann constant would be equal to 1.3806505 × 10−23 joule per kelvin, and the mole such that the Avogadro constant would be equal to 6.0221415 × 1023 per mole.