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Psychodynamic Approach

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PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO THERAPY

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Psychodynamic Approach <ul><li>focused on unconscious thought processes, which manifest themselves in an individual's behavior </li></ul><ul><li>patient explores unresolved issues and conflicts from the past that are believed to affect them in the present </li></ul><ul><li>centered around the concept that some maladaptive functioning is in play, and that this maladaption is, at least in part, unconscious. </li></ul><ul><li>Psychodynamic therapies focus on revealing and resolving these unconscious conflicts that are driving their symptoms </li></ul>

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Psychodynamic therapy vs. Psychoanalysis <ul><li>Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. </li></ul><ul><li>Psychodynamic therapy does not include all of the different analytical techniques and is not conducted by psychoanalytically trained analysts. </li></ul>

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History <ul><li>Sigmund Freud </li></ul><ul><ul><li>sexual desires and impulses </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>emotional problems originate in childhood </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>unconscious thoughts emerge during therapy </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Psychoanalysis </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Carl Jung </li></ul><ul><ul><li>de-emphasis of the importance of sexuality and aggression as motives </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>obstacles to prospective striving to be as important as childhood conflicts </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>division of the unconscious into the personal and the collective (the archetypes) </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Alfred Adler </li></ul><ul><ul><li>also disagreed with the emphasis Freud put on sexuality as a motive </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>the most important motive is the feeling of inferiority, originating in the sense of dependence and helplessness which infants experience </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>focus on striving for superiority seems less abstract than Jung's concept of individuation as the goal of growth </li></ul></ul>

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Criticism <ul><li>The greatest criticism of the psychodynamic approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour. Psychodynamic perspective is unfalsifiable as the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Freud's theories are subjective and as much impossible to scientifically test. Case studies are based on studying only one person in detail. </li></ul>

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features that distinguish Psychodynamic therapy: <ul><li>Focus on affect and expression of emotion </li></ul><ul><ul><li>encourages exploration and discussion of the full range of a patient’s emotions </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>recognition that intellectual insight is not the same as emotional insight </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings </li></ul><ul><li>deals with avoidance (defense and resistance) </li></ul><ul><li>may take subtle forms that are difficult to recognize, such as: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>subtle shifts of topic when certain ideas arise </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>focusing on incidental aspects of an experience rather than on what is psychologically meaningful </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>attending to facts and events to the exclusion of affect </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>focusing on external circumstances rather than one’s own role in shaping events </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Identification of recurring themes and patterns </li></ul><ul><li>recurring themes and patterns in patients’ thoughts, feelings, self-concept, relationships, and life experiences. </li></ul><ul><li> a patient may be acutely aware of recurring patterns that are painful or self-defeating but feel unable to escape them </li></ul><ul><ul><li>OR </li></ul></ul><ul><li>the patient may be unaware of the patterns until the therapist helps him or her recognize and understand them </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Discussion of past experience (developmental) </li></ul><ul><li>psychodynamic therapists explore early experiences </li></ul><ul><li>past and present, and the ways in which the past tends to “live on” in the present. </li></ul><ul><li>how the past sheds light on current psychological difficulties. </li></ul><ul><li>free patients from the bonds of past experience </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Focus on external relations </li></ul><ul><li>object relations and attachment </li></ul><ul><li>aspects of personality and self-concept in the context of attachment relationships </li></ul><ul><li>psychological difficulties arise when problematic interpersonal patterns interfere with a person's emotional needs </li></ul><ul><li>Focus on the therapy relationship. </li></ul><ul><li>greater flexibility in interpersonal relationships and an enhanced capacity to meet interpersonal needs. </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Exploration of fantasy life. </li></ul><ul><li> </li></ul><ul><li>encourages patients to speak freely about whatever is on their minds </li></ul><ul><li>rich source of information </li></ul><ul><li>how the person views self and others </li></ul><ul><li>interprets and makes sense of experience </li></ul><ul><li>avoids aspects of experience </li></ul><ul><li>interferes with a potential capacity to find meaning in life. </li></ul>

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CASE STUDY <ul><li>D's Personal Background </li></ul><ul><li>member of Breslow Orthodox Sect (Judaism) </li></ul><ul><li>grew up in American suburb </li></ul><ul><li>father is an academic, mother is an artist, has 3 siblings </li></ul><ul><li>family life is important-go to camping trips every summer </li></ul><ul><li>immigrated to Israel and settled in Breslow </li></ul><ul><li>set up high-level computer companies and gave jobs to religious colleagues </li></ul><ul><li>due to his parents’ dismay about what he did, his mother carried out a mock funeral ceremony for him </li></ul>

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<ul><li>D's Traumatic Experiences </li></ul><ul><li>a man threw a brick at D's car </li></ul><ul><li>he was driving home with his children when two men raised pistols at him and narrowly missed </li></ul><ul><li>he was on his way home when there was gunfire. He dove to the floor and saw blood covered bodies around him </li></ul><ul><li>Palestinians attacked his car with stones </li></ul>