Charles Darwin: The founder of the theory of natural selection declared that he was a believer till 1859, when his well-known book The Origin of Species was published. After his death, in 1882, he was honoured by a burial in the Westminster Abbey. However, as his notes prove, he had never thought of betraying science for the sake of religious reasons. He had already written in 1838 that: “The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution”. This “great break” between men and animals, between Civilization and Natural Selection: this is what we shall make an effort to bridge over in this book.

How the species became extinct is easy to explain; how they appeared, however, is difficult. Were they created only once? Personally I cannot imagine the mechanism for creating new species, except in terms of the primary creation of the Meccano set, as understood by François Jacob, as a result of zero probability:The living world is, rather, like a sort of Meccano set. Equally, I cannot imagine the creation of inanimate matter except the primary creation of the Big Bang, again because of zero probability (the principle of the conservation of matter). And species that have managed to slip out of natural selection (man), they exist and will exist! Will today’s ten million animal and plant species have the same fate?The ordinary questions of the scientists interested in this field are lying in the search for common causes and patterns that may lead to a general theory of extinction. The most frequent arguments are related either to bad genes or to bad luck. Whatever were the causes, it is logic to give an idea on each of the five major mass extinctions in the fossil record. That is the purpose of the book – to identify and explain life and death, origin and extinction. But the main purpose is to explain the mass extinctions with one hypothesis and one common pattern, one common impact.

I started writing this book with only one purpose – to define all civilizational concepts. What is the meaning of civilization, art, religion or language? These concepts have been discussed in thousands of books, hundreds of different definitions, but till today there has been no accepted general definition of any of them. Not even for the concept of civilization! There was only one way to set about defining these concepts – to trace their origins, to understand how and why each of them, separately, arose. Why has art become a necessity for humanity? Why were people forced to speak? Why, why and why? At the beginning I was thinking with my brain, an ordinary, Homo sapiens brain, about what I would do if I were living in the conditions of prehistoric people. Why would I speak, why would I draw, why would I cook? And all this led me to the same dead end that I had read about in the books. It was then I understood there had been a mistake. I realized that my way of thinking was the wrong way round. None of the primitive people decided to tame animals, because nobody knew what a tame animal was. None of the primitive people decided to talk, because nobody knew what a language was. None of the primitive people decided to cook, to draw, to get dressed, to formulate religions, because nobody knew what food preparation, art, clothes or religion were. So, how has man created these conditions? The answer is very simple: unconsciously!

I started writing this book with only one single purpose – What is the meaning of Gender? On this question are written thousands of books, but till present day there is no conventional answer.Nature has created many ways for reproduction of the species. Some of them have disappeared along with the species, some still exist today. But in practice, species that reproduce bisexually have conquered the planet with man as its chief representative. And not only this. According to Darwin, the existence of the sexes, male and female, is so important that it leads to “sexual selection,” which dominates even over the “natural selection”:

How did language begin? The question, then, is how the properties of human language got their start. Obviously, it couldn’t have been a bunch of cavemen sitting around and deciding to make up a language, since in order to do so, they would have had to have a language to start with! Intuitively, one might speculate that hominids (human ancestors) started by grunting or hooting or crying out, and “gradually” this “somehow” developed into the sort of language we have today. (Such speculations were so rampant 150 years ago that in 1866 the French Academy banned papers on the origins of language!) The problem is in the “gradually”' and the “somehow”. Chimps grunt and hoot and cry out, too. What happened to humans in the 6 million years or so since the hominid and chimpanzee lines diverged, and when and how did hominid communication begin to have the properties of modern language?

I started writing this book with only one question – What is the meaning of sex? On this question there are thousands of books, but until the present day there has been no answer.Nature has created many ways for the reproduction of species. Some have disappeared along with the species, some still exist today. But in practice, species that reproduce bisexually have conquered the planet, with man as its chief representative. And not only this. According to Darwin, the existence of the sexes, male and female, is so important that it leads to “sexual selection”, which dominates even “natural selection”:

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