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1 Criteria for Echocardiography Echocardiography Criteria (by ) Table 1. TTE for General Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function Suspected Cardiac Etiology General With TTE 1. Symptoms or conditions potentially related to suspected cardiac etiology including but not limited to chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, TIA, stroke, or peripheral embolic event 2. Prior testing that is concerning for heart disease or structural abnormality including but not limited to chest X-ray, baseline scout images for stress echocardiogram, ECG, or cardiac biomarkers Arrhythmias With TTE 3. Infrequent APCs or infrequent VPCs without other evidence of heart disease 4. Frequent VPCs or exercise-induced VPCs 5. Sustained or nonsustained atrial fibrillation, SVT, or VT 6. Asymptomatic isolated sinus bradycardia Lightheadedness/Presyncope/Syncope With TTE 7. Clinical symptoms or signs consistent with a cardiac diagnosis known to cause lightheadedness/presyncope/ syncope (including but not limited to aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HF) 8. Lightheadedness/presyncope when there are no other symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease 9. Syncope when there are no other symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease Evaluation of Ventricular Function With TTE 10. Initial evaluation of ventricular function (e.g., screening) with no symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease 11. Routine surveillance of ventricular function with known CAD and no change in clinical status or cardiac exam 12. Evaluation of LV function with prior ventricular function evaluation showing normal function (e.g., prior echocardiogram, left ventriculogram, CT, SPECT MPI, CMR) in patients in whom there has been no change in clinical status or cardiac exam Perioperative Evaluation With TTE 13. Routine perioperative evaluation of ventricular function with no symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease 14. Routine perioperative evaluation of cardiac structure and function prior to noncardiac solid organ transplantation Pulmonary Hypertension With TTE 15. Evaluation of suspected pulmonary hypertension including evaluation of right ventricular function and estimated pulmonary artery pressure 16. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known pulmonary hypertension without change in clinical status or cardiac exam 17. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known pulmonary hypertension without change in clinical status or cardiac exam 18. Re-evaluation of known pulmonary hypertension if change in clinical status or cardiac exam or to guide therapy Table 2. TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Hypotension or Hemodynamic Instability With TTE 19. Hypotension or hemodynamic instability of uncertain or suspected cardiac etiology 20. Assessment of volume status in a critically ill patient Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction With TTE 21. Acute chest pain with suspected MI and nondiagnostic ECG when a resting echocardiogram can be performed during pain 22. Evaluation of a patient without chest pain but with other features of an ischemic equivalent or laboratory markers indicative of ongoing MI 23. Suspected complication of myocardial ischemia/infarction, including but not limited to acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, free-wall rupture/tamponade, shock, right ventricular involvement, HF, or thrombus

2 1134 JACC Vol. 57, No. 9, 2011 Criteria for Echocardiography Table 2. Continued Evaluation of Ventricular Function after ACS With TTE 24. Initial evaluation of ventricular function following ACS 25. Re-evaluation of ventricular function following ACS during recovery phase when results will guide therapy Respiratory Failure With TTE 26. Respiratory failure or hypoxemia of uncertain etiology 27. Respiratory failure or hypoxemia when a noncardiac etiology of respiratory failure has been established Pulmonary Embolism With TTE 28. Suspected pulmonary embolism in order to establish diagnosis 29. Known acute pulmonary embolism to guide therapy (e.g., thrombectomy and thrombolytics) 30. Routine surveillance of prior pulmonary embolism with normal right ventricular function and pulmonary artery systolic pressure 31. Re-evaluation of known pulmonary embolism after thrombolysis or thrombectomy for assessment of change in right ventricular function and/or pulmonary artery pressure Cardiac Trauma With TTE 32. Severe deceleration injury or chest trauma when valve injury, pericardial effusion, or cardiac injury are possible or suspected 33. Routine evaluation in the setting of mild chest trauma with no electrocardiographic changes or biomarker elevation Table 3. TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Murmur or Click With TTE 34. Initial evaluation when there is a reasonable suspicion of valvular or structural heart disease 35. Initial evaluation when there are no other symptoms or signs of valvular or structural heart disease 36. Re-evaluation in a patient without valvular disease on prior echocardiogram and no change in clinical status or cardiac exam 37. Re-evaluation of known valvular heart disease with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam or to guide therapy Native Valvular Stenosis With TTE 38. Routine surveillance ( 3 y) of mild valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 39. Routine surveillance ( 3 y) of mild valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 40. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 41. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam Native Valvular Regurgitation With TTE 42. Routine surveillance of trace valvular regurgitation 43. Routine surveillance ( 3 y) of mild valvular regurgitation without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 44. Routine surveillance ( 3 y) of mild valvular regurgitation without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam U (4) 45. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular regurgitation without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 46. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular regurgitation without change in clinical status or cardiac exam Prosthetic Valves With TTE 47. Initial postoperative evaluation of prosthetic valve for establishment of baseline 48. Routine surveillance ( 3 y after valve implantation) of prosthetic valve if no known or suspected valve dysfunction 49. Routine surveillance ( 3 y after valve implantation) of prosthetic valve if no known or suspected valve dysfunction 50. Evaluation of prosthetic valve with suspected dysfunction or a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 51. Re-evaluation of known prosthetic valve dysfunction when it would change management or guide therapy

3 Criteria for Echocardiography 1135 Table 3. Continued Infective Endocarditis (Native or Prosthetic Valves) With TTE 52. Initial evaluation of suspected infective endocarditis with positive blood cultures or a new murmur 53. Transient fever without evidence of bacteremia or a new murmur 54. Transient bacteremia with a pathogen not typically associated with infective endocarditis and/or a documented nonendovascular source of infection 55. Re-evaluation of infective endocarditis at high risk for progression or complication or with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 56. Routine surveillance of uncomplicated infective endocarditis when no change in management is contemplated Table 4. TTE for Evaluation of Intracardiac and Extracardiac Structures and Chambers 57. Suspected cardiac mass 58. Suspected cardiovascular source of embolus 59. Suspected pericardial conditions 60. Routine surveillance of known small pericardial effusion with no change in clinical status 61. Re-evaluation of known pericardial effusion to guide management or therapy 62. Guidance of percutaneous noncoronary cardiac procedures including but not limited to pericardiocentesis, septal ablation, or right ventricular biopsy A indicates appropriate; and I, inappropriate. Table 5. TTE for Evaluation of Aortic Disease 63. Evaluation of the ascending aorta in the setting of a known or suspected connective tissue disease or genetic condition that predisposes to aortic aneurysm or dissection (e.g., Marfan syndrome) 64. Re-evaluation of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection to establish a baseline rate of expansion or when the rate of expansion is excessive 65. Re-evaluation of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam or when findings may alter management or therapy 66. Routine re-evaluation for surveillance of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam when findings would not change management or therapy A indicates appropriate; and I, inappropriate. Table 6. Hypertension With TTE 67. Initial evaluation of suspected hypertensive heart disease 68. Routine evaluation of systemic hypertension without symptoms or signs of hypertensive heart disease 69. Re-evaluation of known hypertensive heart disease without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam U (4)

4 1136 JACC Vol. 57, No. 9, 2011 Criteria for Echocardiography Table 6. Continued HF With TTE 70. Initial evaluation of known or suspected HF (systolic or diastolic) based on symptoms, signs, or abnormal test results 71. Re-evaluation of known HF (systolic or diastolic) with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam without a clear precipitating change in medication or diet 72. Re-evaluation of known HF (systolic or diastolic) with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam with a clear precipitating change in medication or diet 73. Re-evaluation of known HF (systolic or diastolic) to guide therapy 74. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of HF (systolic or diastolic) when there is no change in clinical status or cardiac exam 75. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of HF (systolic or diastolic) when there is no change in clinical status or cardiac exam Device Evaluation (Including Pacemaker, ICD, or CRT) With TTE 76. Initial evaluation or re-evaluation after revascularization and/or optimal medical therapy to determine candidacy for device therapy and/or to determine optimal choice of device 77. Initial evaluation for CRT device optimization after implantation 78. Known implanted pacing device with symptoms possibly due to device complication or suboptimal pacing device settings 79. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of implanted device without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 80. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of implanted device without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam Ventricular Assist Devices and Cardiac Transplantation With TTE 81. To determine candidacy for ventricular assist device 82. Optimization of ventricular assist device settings 83. Re-evaluation for signs/symptoms suggestive of ventricular assist device-related complications 84. Monitoring for rejection in a cardiac transplant recipient 85. Cardiac structure and function evaluation in a potential heart donor Cardiomyopathies With TTE 86. Initial evaluation of known or suspected cardiomyopathy (e.g., restrictive, infiltrative, dilated, hypertrophic, or genetic cardiomyopathy) 87. Re-evaluation of known cardiomyopathy with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam or to guide therapy 88. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known cardiomyopathy without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 89. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known cardiomyopathy without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 90. Screening evaluation for structure and function in first-degree relatives of a patient with an inherited cardiomyopathy 91. Baseline and serial re-evaluations in a patient undergoing therapy with cardiotoxic agents U (4) Table 7. TTE for Adult Congenital Heart Disease 92. Initial evaluation of known or suspected adult congenital heart disease 93. Known adult congenital heart disease with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 94. Re-evaluation to guide therapy in known adult congenital heart disease 95. Routine surveillance ( 2 y) of adult congenital heart disease following complete repair X without a residual structural or hemodynamic abnormality X without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 96. Routine surveillance ( 2 y) of adult congenital heart disease following complete repair X without residual structural or hemodynamic abnormality X without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 97. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of adult congenital heart disease following incomplete or palliative repair X with residual structural or hemodynamic abnormality X without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 98. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of adult congenital heart disease following incomplete or palliative repair X with residual structural or hemodynamic abnormality X without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam

5 Criteria for Echocardiography 1137 Table 8. TEE TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test General Uses 99. Use of TEE when there is a high likelihood of a nondiagnostic TTE due to patient characteristics or inadequate visualization of relevant structures 100. Routine use of TEE when a diagnostic TTE is reasonably anticipated to resolve all diagnostic and management concerns 101. Re-evaluation of prior TEE finding for interval change (e.g., resolution of thrombus after anticoagulation, resolution of vegetation after antibiotic therapy) when a change in therapy is anticipated 102. Surveillance of prior TEE finding for interval change (e.g., resolution of thrombus after anticoagulation, resolution of vegetation after antibiotic therapy) when no change in therapy is anticipated 103. Guidance during percutaneous noncoronary cardiac interventions including but not limited to closure device placement, radiofrequency ablation, and percutaneous valve procedures 104. Suspected acute aortic pathology including but not limited to dissection/transsection 105. Routine assessment of pulmonary veins in an asymptomatic patient status post pulmonary vein isolation TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test Valvular Disease 106. Evaluation of valvular structure and function to assess suitability for, and assist in planning of, an intervention 107. To diagnose infective endocarditis with a low pretest probability (e.g., transient fever, known alternative source of infection, or negative blood cultures/atypical pathogen for endocarditis) 108. To diagnose infective endocarditis with a moderate or high pretest probability (e.g., staph bacteremia, fungemia, prosthetic heart valve, or intracardiac device) TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test Embolic Event 109. Evaluation for cardiovascular source of embolus with no identified noncardiac source 110. Evaluation for cardiovascular source of embolus with a previously identified noncardiac source 111. Evaluation for cardiovascular source of embolus with a known cardiac source in which a TEE would not change management TEE as Initial Test Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter 112. Evaluation to facilitate clinical decision making with regard to anticoagulation, cardioversion, and/or radiofrequency ablation 113. Evaluation when a decision has been made to anticoagulate and not to perform cardioversion Table 9. Stress Echocardiography for Detection of CAD/Risk Assessment: Symptomatic or Ischemic Equivalent Evaluation of Ischemic Equivalent (Nonacute) With Stress Echocardiography 114. Low pretest probability of CAD ECG interpretable and able to exercise 115. Low pretest probability of CAD ECG uninterpretable or unable to exercise 116. Intermediate pretest probability of CAD ECG interpretable and able to exercise 117. Intermediate pretest probability of CAD ECG uninterpretable or unable to exercise 118. High pretest probability of CAD Regardless of ECG interpretability and ability to exercise

10 1142 JACC Vol. 57, No. 9, 2011 Criteria for Echocardiography 8. Echocardiography Criteria (by Rating) Table 19. Appropriate s (Median Score 7 9) TTE for General Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function Suspected Cardiac Etiology General 1. Symptoms or conditions potentially related to suspected cardiac etiology including but not limited to chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, TIA, stroke, or peripheral embolic event 2. Prior testing that is concerning for heart disease or structural abnormality including but not limited to chest X-ray, baseline scout images for stress echocardiogram, ECG, or cardiac biomarkers TTE for General Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function Arrhythmias 4. Frequent VPCs or exercise-induced VPCs 5. Sustained or nonsustained atrial fibrillation, SVT, or VT TTE for General Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function Lightheadedness/Presyncope/Syncope 7. Clinical symptoms or signs consistent with a cardiac diagnosis known to cause lightheadedness/presyncope/ syncope (including but not limited to aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HF) 9. Syncope when there are no other symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease TTE for General Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function Pulmonary Hypertension 15. Evaluation of suspected pulmonary hypertension including evaluation of right ventricular function and estimated pulmonary artery pressure 17. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known pulmonary hypertension without change in clinical status or cardiac exam 18. Re-evaluation of known pulmonary hypertension if change in clinical status or cardiac exam or to guide therapy TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Hypotension or Hemodynamic Instability 19. Hypotension or hemodynamic instability of uncertain or suspected cardiac etiology TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction 21. Acute chest pain with suspected MI and nondiagnostic ECG when a resting echocardiogram can be performed during pain 22. Evaluation of a patient without chest pain but with other features of an ischemic equivalent or laboratory markers indicative of ongoing MI 23. Suspected complication of myocardial ischemia/infarction, including but not limited to acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, free-wall rupture/tamponade, shock, right ventricular involvement, HF, or thrombus TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Evaluation of Ventricular Function After ACS 24. Initial evaluation of ventricular function following ACS 25. Re-evaluation of ventricular function following ACS during recovery phase when results will guide therapy TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Respiratory Failure 26. Respiratory failure or hypoxemia of uncertain etiology TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Pulmonary Embolism 29. Known acute pulmonary embolism to guide therapy (e.g., thrombectomy and thrombolytics) 31. Re-evaluation of known pulmonary embolism after thrombolysis or thrombectomy for assessment of change in right ventricular function and/or pulmonary artery pressure TTE for Cardiovascular Evaluation in an Acute Setting Cardiac Trauma 32. Severe deceleration injury or chest trauma when valve injury, pericardial effusion, or cardiac injury are possible or suspected TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Murmur or Click 34. Initial evaluation when there is a reasonable suspicion of valvular or structural heart disease 37. Re-evaluation of known valvular heart disease with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam or to guide therapy

11 Criteria for Echocardiography 1143 Table 19. Continued TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Native Valvular Stenosis 39. Routine surveillance ( 3 y) of mild valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 41. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular stenosis without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 46. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of moderate or severe valvular regurgitation without change in clinical status or cardiac exam TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Prosthetic Valves 47. Initial postoperative evaluation of prosthetic valve for establishment of baseline 49. Routine surveillance ( 3 y after valve implantation) of prosthetic valve if no known or suspected valve dysfunction 50. Evaluation of prosthetic valve with suspected dysfunction or a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 51. Re-evaluation of known prosthetic valve dysfunction when it would change management or guide therapy TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Infective Endocarditis (Native or Prosthetic Valves) 52. Initial evaluation of suspected infective endocarditis with positive blood cultures or a new murmur 55. Re-evaluation of infective endocarditis at high risk for progression or complication or with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam TTE for Evaluation of Intracardiac and Extracardiac Structures and Chambers 57. Suspected cardiac mass 58. Suspected cardiovascular source of embolus 59. Suspected pericardial conditions 61. Re-evaluation of known pericardial effusion to guide management or therapy 62. Guidance of percutaneous noncoronary cardiac procedures including but not limited to pericardiocentesis, septal ablation, or right ventricular biopsy TTE for Evaluation of Aortic Disease 63. Evaluation of the ascending aorta in the setting of a known or suspected connective tissue disease or genetic condition that predisposes to aortic aneurysm or dissection (e.g., Marfan syndrome) 64. Re-evaluation of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection to establish a baseline rate of expansion or when the rate of expansion is excessive 65. Re-evaluation of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam or when findings may alter management or therapy Hypertension 67. Initial evaluation of suspected hypertensive heart disease HF 70. Initial evaluation of known or suspected HF (systolic or diastolic) based on symptoms, signs, or abnormal test results 71. Re-evaluation of known HF (systolic or diastolic) with a change in clinical status or cardiac exam without a clear precipitating change in medication or diet 73. Re-evaluation of known HF (systolic or diastolic) to guide therapy Device Evaluation (Including Pacemaker, ICD, or CRT) 76. Initial evaluation or re-evaluation after revascularization and/or optimal medical therapy to determine candidacy for device therapy and/or to determine optimal choice of device 78. Known implanted pacing device with symptoms possibly due to device complication or suboptimal pacing device settings Ventricular Assist Devices and Cardiac Transplantation 81. To determine candidacy for ventricular assist device 82. Optimization of ventricular assist device settings 83. Re-evaluation for signs/symptoms suggestive of ventricular assist device-related complications 84. Monitoring for rejection in a cardiac transplant recipient 85. Cardiac structure and function evaluation in a potential heart donor

17 Criteria for Echocardiography 1149 Table 21. Continued TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Prosthetic Valves 48. Routine surveillance ( 3 y after valve implantation) of prosthetic valve if no known or suspected valve dysfunction TTE for Evaluation of Valvular Function Infective Endocarditis (Native or Prosthetic Valves) 53. Transient fever without evidence of bacteremia or a new murmur 54. Transient bacteremia with a pathogen not typically associated with infective endocarditis and/or a documented nonendovascular source of infection 56. Routine surveillance of uncomplicated infective endocarditis when no change in management is contemplated TTE for Evaluation of Intracardiac and Extracardiac Structures and Chambers 60. Routine surveillance of known small pericardial effusion with no change in clinical status TTE for Evaluation of Aortic Disease 66. Routine re-evaluation for surveillance of known ascending aortic dilation or history of aortic dissection without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam when findings would not change management or therapy Hypertension 68. Routine evaluation of systemic hypertension without symptoms or signs of hypertensive heart disease HF 74. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of HF (systolic or diastolic) when there is no change in clinical status or cardiac exam Device Evaluation (Including Pacemaker, ICD, or CRT) 79. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of implanted device without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam 80. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of implanted device without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam Cardiomyopathies 88. Routine surveillance ( 1 y) of known cardiomyopathy without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam TTE for Adult Congenital Heart Disease 95. Routine surveillance ( 2 y) of adult congenital heart disease following complete repair X without a residual structural or hemodynamic abnormality X without a change in clinical status or cardiac exam TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test General Uses 100. Routine use of TEE when a diagnostic TTE is reasonably anticipated to resolve all diagnostic and management concerns 102. Surveillance of prior TEE finding for interval change (e.g., resolution of thrombus after anticoagulation, resolution of vegetation after antibiotic therapy) when no change in therapy is anticipated 105. Routine assessment of pulmonary veins in an asymptomatic patient status post pulmonary vein isolation TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test Valvular Disease 107. To diagnose infective endocarditis with a low pretest probability (e.g., transient fever, known alternative source of infection, or negative blood cultures/atypical pathogen for endocarditis) TEE as Initial or Supplemental Test Embolic Event 111. Evaluation for cardiovascular source of embolus with a known cardiac source in which a TEE would not change management TEE as Initial Test Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter 113. Evaluation when a decision has been made to anticoagulate and not to perform cardioversion Stress Echocardiography for Detection of CAD/Risk Assessment: Symptomatic or Ischemic Equivalent Evaluation of Ischemic Equivalent (Nonacute) 114. Low pretest probability of CAD ECG interpretable and able to exercise Stress Echocardiography for Detection of CAD/Risk Assessment: Symptomatic or Ischemic Equivalent Acute Chest Pain 123. Definite ACS

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