"One generation passeth away, the passage from Ecclesiates began, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever. The sun also ariseh "(Baker 122). A Biblical reference forms the title of a novel by Ernest Hemingway during the 1920s, portraying the lives of the American expatriates living in Paris. His own experience in Paris has provided him the background for the novel as a depiction of the 'lost generation'.

Hemingway's writing career began early; he edited the high school newspaper and, after graduation, got a job as reporter on a local newspaper. After that he was turned down by the Kansas City draft boards. He wanted to get to Europe and managed to there by volunteering as an ambulance driver. After being wounded, he recalled that life slid from him, "like you'd pull a silk handkerchief out of a pocket by a corner"(Villard 53), almost fluttered away, then returned. This was a period in his life when he became 'lost' and searched to overcome his own suffering and test his courage. His experiences in finding himself provided the background for The Sun Also Rises, which is one of the most famous novel ever written about the 'lost generation'. "It is Jake's narrative, his story, but behind Jake is Hemingway, the artist, manipulating the action"(Reynolds 73). Soon after the war, Hemingway married and he with his wife moved to Paris. There his bride gave him a letter of introduction to Gertrude Stein. When they met, she commented that "You are all a lost generation," a

casual remark, yet one which became world famous after Hemingway used it as an epigraph to his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises.

The term 'lost generation' means a great deal to Hemingway's readers. It reflects the attitudes of the interwar generation, especially those of the literatures produced by the young writers of the time. These writers believed that their lives and hopes had been shattered by the war. They had been led down by a glory trail to death not for noble, patriotic ideas, but for the greedy, materialistic gains of the power groups. In his novels

"Hemingway recorded the changes in the moral atmospheric pressure. Home, family, church and family gave this war-wounded generation no moral support. The old valueslove, honor, duty, truthwere bankrupted by a war that systematically killed off a generation of European men and permanently scarred Americans like Jake, who fought during the last months of the debacles"(Reynold 63).

The high-minded ideas of their elders were not to be trusted; the only reality was truth and that was harsh. Life was futile and often meaningless. According to "President Harding's 'back to normalcy' policy, subject seemed to its members(the lost generation) to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren"("Lost Generation" 487). This demonstrates why this generation was in search of its own values. "The moral hypocrisy of Prohibition that so irritated Hemingway's generation produced exactly the reaction that Hemingway documents in his novel"(Reynolds 62).

The term 'lost generation' embraces Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane, and may other writers who made Paris the

center of their literary activities in the 1920s. Although they never worked together as a group, their work was at times similar:

Hemingway's world is one in which things do not grow and bear fruit, but explode, break, decompose, or are eaten away. It is saved from total misery by visions of endurance, by what happiness the body can give when it does not hurt, by interludes of love which

cannot outcast the furlough and by a pleasure in the landscapes of countries and cafés one can visit. A man has dignity only as he can walk with a courage that has no purpose beyond itself among the fellow wounded, with an ear alert for the sound of the shell that really has his number on it. It is a barren world of fragments...

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...The SunAlsoRises
Ernest Hemingway’s The SunAlsoRises demonstrates elements of weakened masculinity throughout the novel. The lasting effects of WWI on the characters, Jake Barnes’ insecurities, and Lady Brett Ashley’s non-conformity all contribute to the minimized presence of masculinity.
Hemingway began writing The SunAlsoRises in 1925 and it was later completed in 1926. Much like the novel’s protagonist, he too resided in Paris working as a journalist, after fighting in WWI. Hemingway began to use his journalism expertise to write fiction. He believed that a good work of fiction was rooted in real life experiences and events. If one were to take a look at Hemingway’s life, a parallel can be drawn between his life and The SunAlsoRises, as well as many of his other works. Other similarities from this period of Hemingway’s life and The SunAlsoRises include: the group of American expatriates and the relationships within the group, the trip to Pamplona, and the bullfighting.
The SunAlsoRises is set in the mid-1920’s, which leads to the centralization of the post-WWI generation. World War I had a lasting effect on this generation and more specifically, the characters in The SunAlso...

...Today’s society has defined masculinity as how many women a man has, how much money he has and how brave and strong he is. People who are masculine have a large quantity of all these. Men were seen as physically strong and not as emotional beings, while women were seen as weak and emotional. Ernest Hemingway reverses this thinking in his novel The SunAlsoRises. He uses bulls and steers as symbols for the truly strong and the more feminine characters. The characters that would be assumed to be the least masculine, Brett Ashley, a woman, and Jake Barnes, the impotent narrator, are indeed the most bull-like characters. While the boxer, Robert Cohn and soldier, Mike Campbell, who are physically bulls, are more like steers. In reevaluating the stereotypical masculinity, one begins to question society's traditions, and more specifically war, in general.
Although Jake is impotent, and therefore not physically considered one of the bulls, he is much stronger emotionally than Robert and Mike. Jake has been in love with Brett longer than Mike or Robert, he shows his strength in that, he is the only one who can stand to see her with other men. He is always there for her to fall to when she is at a point where she needs help. However, he is constantly tortured by the thought that he is the one person in Brett's life with whom she could be content. He admits that he is torn up by his love for Brett. Jake is strong because he lacks the...

...﻿ENGLISH
Please analyze and comment upon this extract from The SunAlsoRises by Ernest Hemingway.
The SunAlsoRises is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway that was published in 1926. The author is a very famous American writer and journalist whose style had an important influence on XXth century's authors. He also won a Pulitzer for Fiction in 1953 and a Nobel prize in Literature in 1954. The SunAlsoRises is his first fictional novel, it describes the travel from Paris to Pamplona of a group of British and American expatriates.
This excerpt from The SunAlsoRises comes from the fourteenth chapter of the novel. It is about a man who struggles with his own thoughts and his idea of life and of the world, while he is trying to sleep, after he drank too much. This man is drunk, at first he gets to bed and starts to read a book he had already read, but he is distracted by some of his roommates who are coming back home. He then starts to close his eyes and wants to sleep, but he cannot, so he begins to think, about women, about himself, and then about some aspects of his life which leads him to indicate his vision of the world to the reader.
Therefore we can ask ourselves how this excerpt shows a man fighting against his own fears and struggling with the reality of...

...War damages all, and sometimes dealing with physical pain or even death is much easier than to be forced to endure emotional strife. In Hemingway’s novel, The SunAlsoRises, Lady Brett Ashley is a woman who must deal with not only the physical wounds of others but also the harsh emotional consequences of The War to End All Wars. Like the chaps in her circle, Lady Brett Ashley has been damaged by the war. While modernity has brought her new-found independence, she has been rendered impotent in the ways of the heart. Brett is a part of the “lost generation,” but this new modern woman is incapable of realizing true love. Throughout this book, the reader becomes aware how much Brett truly despises herself. Brett cannot love anyone until she starts loving herself, because without loving herself first Brett seeks love in shallow men to feel complete.
One of the first things to note about Lady Brett Ashley is her capability to seem so happy yet be so miserable. She spends her nights out drinking with the chaps, but later she tells Jake as soon as they are alone that she suffers. “Oh, darling, I’ve been so miserable” (Hemmingway 32). Despite Brett’s socializing and drinking just before this intimate cab ride, she opens up to Jake as soon as they become alone, and she tells him how she has really been feeling. Whenever Brett and Jake are together the mood seems intimate, not physically but emotionally. Brett...

...The SunAlsoRises Thought Paper
The SunAlsoRises directly mirrors the life of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway lived a particularly interesting life, and he tended to reflect aspects of his life into his pieces of work.
The biography on Ernest Hemingway disclosed that Hemingway seemed to be putting up a masculine front, as a defense for his insecurity over a lack of masculinity. He was strong, handsome, a great outdoorsman, and could drink a lot, but unfortunately the cruel and condescending judgement from his father made Hemingway feel as if he was incapable of living up to the masculine example set forth for him. What stemmed from this harsh judgement, was Hemingway’s insecurity about masculinity, which he expressed in The SunAlsoRises, by creating men who were also continuously bothered by their lack of masculinity. Robert Cohn, a rich Jewish man that graduated from Princeton University was by far the most insecure in his relationships. Cohn’s persistent failure with boxing, creating prosperous novels, and social relationships left him feeling inferior and insecure. Frances, Cohn’s long term girlfriend stated to Jake, “Oh, he told everyone that we were going to be married, and now he doesn’t want to do it.”
“What’s the matter?” asked Barns.
“He says he hasn’t lived enough” replied Frances (53, Hemingway).
Cohn’s feelings...

...built on the experience of war. War has a tendency to divide some people and bond others together. There is always hatred for the enemy but there is no greater bond than that of comrades in war. This experience creates a culture of its own in which some people are included and others are outsiders. Those who fight in war, indeed mourn for those who have fallen, but also have a sense of pride and accomplishment for having survived while serving their nation. Veterans of World War One created such a culture. Those who fought felt they earned a superior status and role when they returned home than those who didn’t. Many veterans of WWI considered those who didn’t fight to be cowards. However, many of those veterans also returned home aimless, no longer able to rely on the traditional beliefs that had given life meaning in the past. The war had undercut traditional notions of morality, faith, and justice. The men and women who experienced the war became psychologically and morally lost, and they wandered in a world that appeared meaningless. This is what author Ernest Hemingway explores in his novel “The SunAlsoRises”. The World War One generation is referred to as “The Lost Generation” by Gertrude Stein in the novels epigraph.
The characters Jake, Brett, Cohn and others give dramatic life to the concept of the “Lost Generation”. Their lives are empty because they no longer truly believe in anything, so...

...Ernest Hemingway’s The SunAlsoRises
A Transformation Of Values
Mara L. Tyler
American Literature II
In The SunAlsoRises, during the transition of society from World War I to post-war, values transformed from the “old-fashioned” system of what was morally acceptable to a system that held the basic belief that anything of value, whether tangible or intangible, could be exchanged for something of equal value. This novel specifically pinpoints the transformation of the values of money, alcohol, sex and passion (aficion), friendships and relationships, and even one’s pain.
An Introduction To The “Lost Generation”
In the pages prior to Book I of The SunAlsoRises, Hemingway quoted Gertrude Stein: “You are all a lost generation”, which, Hemingway used to identify his post-war generation in this novel. Jim Potter more appropriately defines this roaring twenties generation as “All in all it can be said that the bread-and-butter problems of survival of the earlier decades were now replaced for a majority by the pursuits of wine, women, and song” (Potter, 48).
This transformation of the economy served as a heavy influence as to why values drastically changed. During the roaring twenties this post-war generation intentionally dismissed traditional values, as they concluded the values of which they were raised did not allow them to avoid...

...F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway's The SunAlsoRises both define the culture of the 1920s through the behaviors and thoughts of their characters. The characters in both novels have a sense of sadness and emptiness, which they resolve through sex and alcohol. This can be attributed to the disillusionment surrounding the Great War, better known as World War I. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby represents the Jazz Age and high life of the 1920s, in contrast to Brett Ashley as the New Woman of the 1920s and Jake Barnes's embodiment of the Lost Generation in Hemingway's The SunAlsoRises. The Great Gatsby illustrated people reaching for the "American Dream." The SunAlsoRises instills a "permanent emotion," what many members of the "Lost Generation" searched for, into the reader by presenting a sense of nostalgia for the better past.
Fitzgerald's 1920s was full of life, flappers, money, alcohol and jazz. It was a time of happy spirits, never ending wealth and the American Dream. Many believed that through hard work and perseverance one could be as rich as they wanted. One could own a mansion and a car and the latest fashions and live the high life. The flapper, a major symbol of the 1920s, wore their hair short and bobbed, make-up that was applied in public, and baggy short dresses that exposed skin. She thought fast, talked...