Insulin is a key hormone that elicits complex responses in the body to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis. Impaired sensitivity to insulin is present throughout a spectrum of inter-related disorders ranging from obesity and metabolic syndrome to hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes, which promotes atherogenesis and mortality. Remarkable strides have been achieved in the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of insulin resistance that has been associated with a chronic inflammatory state and an activation of cellular stress responses. In particular, the activation of cellular stress by elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and cytokines, via upstream protein Ser/Thr kinases, increase the serine phosphorylation of critical molecules involved in insulin signaling pathway (e.g. IR, IRS and p85) and leads to decreased insulin response. However, most of the investigators have limited their works to stress-activated kinases capable of altering the cellular insulin responsiveness. Conversely, limited data are available on upstream Protein Ser/Thr phosphatases (PS/TPs), even if it is well established that the activity of stress-activated kinases is tightly regulated by a delicate balance between the opposing activities of both Ser/Thr kinases and PS/TPs.
Among the PS/TPs associated with insulin resistance conditions, PPM1A (also known as PP2Cα) is of particular interest in the regulation of lipid metabolism and cellular stress. Based on our recent findings and preliminary data, we postulate that PPM1A plays a significant role in insulin resistance via dephosphorylation and lessening of FFA-activated stress kinases, mainly in the liver, an important organ in glucose and lipid metabolism. More specifically, we hypothesize that increasing PPM1A activity might improve the insulin responsiveness by down regulating the activity of stress-activated kinases and by improving lipid metabolism in the hepatocyte. Thus, to reveal the physiological role of PPM1A in whole animal, we generated an animal model that overexpresses PPM1A specifically in the liver.
In the present research report, we describe our work to generate this animal model as well as the initial analyses to characterize the phenotype of these mice. Accordingly, we first noticed that overexpression of PPM1A in C57BL/6J mice has no effects on weight gain over a long period. Secondly, we observed that PPM1A has subtle effects on glucose homeostasis. However and more importantly, we showed that overexpression of PPM1A has a significant effect on both glycogen and triglycerides homeostasis. Indeed, we observed that the liver of PPM1A transgenic mice had less glycogen and triglycerides than their littermates’ wild type mice. Our results suggest that these effects might reflect the impact of PPM1A on lipids synthesis and secretion since we observed that overexpression of PPM1A leads to increase the triglyceridemia in the transgenic mice.
En conclusion, our results pinpoint PPM1A as an important modulator of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. However, further analyses are needed to confirm these results, to decipher the molecular impact of PPM1A and particularity to identify its substrates.