Main objective of this course is to trace the development of the Cultural and Creative Industries as an idea and as concept and to identify the key points of changes within it in relations with contemporary digital connected world. Another important task of this course is to provide the deep understanding of the difference between cultural and symbolic meaning products (such as films, recorded music, book and periodicals, online media content etc) and other kind of goods.
This course will help you to:
- Identify main peculiarities of cultural and symbolic goods in their difference with other branches of economy in terms of production chain, risks, relationship between different stages of production.
- Be able to analyze cultural products and symbolic goods from the organizational, economic, business model point of view.
- Be able to invent new business models and analyze cultural products in terms of their productions risk.
- Be able to analyze cultural policies and creative industries/clusters policies.
Main prerequisite to this course is to be able to produce analytical texts in humanities. Normally the course addresses all students of master level interested in peculiarities of media and cultural economy and management. This course is strongly not recommended for those who:
- Analyse any market or industry only in microeconomic terms (supply and demand, level of competitions etc). This course is not about market but about peculiarities of symbolic goods;
- Try to interpret culture only in terms of marketing and management (i.e. culture is considered like a simple good to be sold to the consumer). This course considers it more broadly like a human agency to produce meanings of everyday life. That’s why cultural goods are different and can not be interpreted exclusively in terms of consuming and need more or less state support;
- Try to interpret culture like pure “art” and consequently are absolutely not preoccupied by organizational aspect of its working.
This course uses a large number of concepts coming from different fields of science: political economy of communications, cultural studies, sociology etc. Some aspects of the course are commented by known scholars in this field such as David Hesmondhalgh (University of Leeds), Phillipe Bouquillion (University Paris 13 Nord), Bernard Miege (Grenoble Alpes University).
Do you have technical problems? Write to us: coursera@hse.ru

Преподаватели

Iliya Kiria

Текст видео

Now let's take a look on few examples of such particular role of the state in different cases. First case is the audiovisual spectrum regulation. Historically, the broadcasting especially radio broadcasting and television broadcasting, was based on the idea that was based on the physical principle of the radio spectrum. So it means that you have a particular part of the global radio spectrum, which could be physically used to the radio broadcasting and television broadcasting. The main problem of the spectrum is that the spectrum is non-renewable. You can't place inside the spectrum more channels than you can do it physically. So you'll have some physical limits on number of channels you can broadcast, inside the particular part of the spectrum. Spectrum is very huge. So inside the spectrum we have some parts which cannot be used to radio broadcasting. You have some part which are specially reserved to, for example, emergency calls in what we call the military field or to the civil aviation radio calls for example et cetera et cetera. So it means that inside these big spectrum starting from infra waves and infra red waves et cetera you have a particular spectrum which can be used to radio and television broadcasts. So, it means that since their a source of spectrum is not renewable, you can't and the state understood it initially that you can distribute these frequencies for free, for any company which would like to organize the broadcasting. Because after doing that, you will be able to change their set of broadcasters. So and means that only the first company penetrating into the market, will obtain the frequencies and no other players cannot be inside it. So finally, it provoked the situation well, in a majority of states including United State. State is playing a crucial role in distributing such frequencies. According concessions or open competitions when a few companies can apply to the particular frequency and obtain it for a particular money and of course the state since is deciding which company should obtain the frequencies for the particular period, is doing such decision according to a principle for example, the principle of what kind of well, say the magic sure these radio station will provide to the audiences et cetera et cetera. So, of course actually this most important issue of spectrum management is a digital broadcasting, because these broadcasting allows to find more available frequencies for organizing the other forms of radio communication. Mobile broadband for example, communication et cetera. It's what we call the digital dividend in the field of radio broadcasting. How it works; The traditional analog broadcasting for example, we'll take a look at television. Traditional analogue broadcasting in the field of television, is based on the idea that you have a few channels, each channel has a separate frequency and you cannot place one channel very close to another channel in the radio spectrum because it will be interference between them. And finally, you the television viewer will be able to obtain the good signal over the television. So if you'll take a look on VHF, very high frequency. Inside VHF spectrum, you can place on the three television channels physically not more. If you will take a look on UHF spectrum inside. UHF you can place about ten. There are some different will say exclusions. There are some different will say options how it works, but the general principle was like this. It means that historically in the terrestrial broadcasting, terrestrial television broadcasting, the number of television channel was physically quite limited until 1980's especially in the European countries and even in the United States. Why until 1980's? Because after 1980's we can see the proliferation of cable broadcasting, satellite broadcasting and other forms of broadcasting where you can resolve this problem. Because in satellite broadcasting, in a cable broadcasting you can place a lot of channels inside the particular cable platform will say. So it means that there what this so-called liberalization of the sector of audiovisual communication in Europe for example, it means that the allowance to the private companies to have a frequencies then to have a television transmitters, to have a television broadcast is coming to the European policy in the middle of 1980's just because the spirit alternative ways of broadcasting are really developing. How the digital terrestrial broadcasting is working right now. And in the majority of European countries actually the Digital broadcasting was launched and the analogue broadcasting has been shut off. The digital broadcasting permit to you, to place inside one frequency about 10 television channels inside one frequency channel. It means that you can increase the number of channels a few dozen times. To do so, the television transmitter, antenna will say, before before spreading out the signal, is multiplexing few television channel into one frequency. And at the recipient site the signal which was received by viewer, you should have a set top box or you should have a digital television, digital TV set, which has the multiplexes of special technology, which allow to take this frequency and to decode this digital signal into few, in this case 10 television channels. Of course from this point of view, one of their central policy of European states and a lot of states during last 20 years, was the will say moving to these digital broadcasting because it permit to use the radio spectrum at the more effective manner. More effective manner because it permit to economize the number of places for the channels. And to place more channel in open access to the population according to the principle of terrestrial broadcasting. But as we we can see, it was the state policy also. Why? Because the state is managing the spectrum. Because a spectrum eats something which cannot be regulated purely by the market forces.