Chikungunya disease

This disease is an acute febrile illness followed by more chronic polyarthritis. It is transmitted by
Aedes mosquitoes and is common in Africa, India, Guam, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, China, Mexico, Central America, islands in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Pacific, and limited areas of Europe. Local transmission has been identified in Florida, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.

Prevention of chikungunya disease involves avoiding mosquito bites.

Mayaro disease

This dengue-like disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is common in Brazil, Bolivia, and Trinidad.

Prevention of Mayaro disease involves avoiding mosquito bites.

Tick-borne encephalitis

In northern Asia, Russia, and Europe, this infection is caused by 3 subtypes of flaviviruses: a far-eastern subtype, a Siberian subtype, and a European subtype. In the US, tick-borne encephalitis is caused by Powassan virus, a flavivirus.

Initially, a mild flu-like illness occurs, accompanied by leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, which clears up within a few days. About 30% of patients develop more severe symptoms (eg, meningitis, meningoencephalitis).

A vaccine is available in Europe and Russia.

California encephalitis

The California encephalitis virus belongs to the
Bunyaviridae family. This encephalitis and related infections are transmitted by mosquitoes and occur in the US Midwest and probably worldwide.

Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur Forest disease

These infections are transmitted by ticks or by direct contact with an infected animal (eg, rodent, monkey). Omsk hemorrhagic fever is caused by a flavivirus; it occurs in Russia, including Siberia; Kyasanur Forest disease, also caused by a flavivirus, occurs in India.

MSD and the MSD Manuals

Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Manual was first published in 1899 as a service to the community. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.