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Abstract

We introduce a realistic model for the impact of atmospheric phase and amplitude fluctuations on free-space links using
either synchronous or nonsynchronous detection. We compare options for atmospheric compensation, including active
modal methods and diversity combining techniques. We consider the effects of log-normal amplitude fluctuations and
Gaussian phase fluctuations, in addition to local oscillator shot noise. We study the effect of various parameters,
including the ratio of receiver aperture diameter to wavefront coherence diameter, the scintillation index, the number of
modes compensated, and the number of independent diversity branches combined at the receiver. We analyze outage
Shannon capacity, placing upper bounds on the achievable spectral efficiency and enabling the performance of specific
system designs to be predicted.

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Advanced PhotonicsJournal of Applied Remote SensingJournal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and SystemsJournal of Biomedical OpticsJournal of Electronic ImagingJournal of Medical ImagingJournal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMSJournal of NanophotonicsJournal of Photonics for EnergyNeurophotonicsOptical EngineeringSPIE Reviews