Karger Terms and Conditions

General

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

1. All payments are by credit card only. The transaction is
secure: standard-procedure SSL or SET are used and all data are
encrypted. No separate invoice is issued/sent, only a
confirmation/receipt message with key details of the transaction. The
payment process will be operated by our partner SaferPay. Your credit
card data is not stored, copied or downloaded to Karger servers nor is
it passed on to third parties. None of this data will be used for
mailings or other promotional activities. Please see also the Karger Privacy Policy.

2. Please note that for security reasons, SaferPay may
refuse to accept more than 3 transactions per card per 24 hours, which
includes deductions from your Karger Pay-per-View account.

3. Purchases of online products (articles, book chapters in
electronic format) cannot be cancelled once the transaction is approved
and the confirmation sent. Such online items cannot be returned for
credit either.
Please note that these access rights cannot be transferred to another article/chapter or book online.

4. Ensure that you type in your e-mail address correctly (it
is also your User ID) and that your mailbox is ready to receive the
automatically generated confirmation and information messages from ppv@karger.com, e.g. one that includes your User ID and the password you created for reaccess.

5. Pay-per-view online access is for personal,
non-commercial use only. Items may be downloaded to one personal
computer and/or printed out for your convenience. Any distribution of
online items or the User ID/password to access them online is a
violation of the copyright.
Please see also the Karger Site Licenses for related information. Librarians, research assistants etc. who use this service on behalf of others are entitled to pass on the item to their client.

Direct Payment

6. The regular fee for pay-per-view online access to a single item
ranges from USD 28.00 to USD 38.00 depending on the length of
the article/chapter and permits 48-hours online access to the selected
item.
The fee for pay-per-view online book access (serial and
non-serial books, special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger
ActiveBooks) equals the USD price for the same publication in print and
permits online access during 24 months to all articles/chapters of the
selected title. Access to entire titles is via direct payment only: it
is not possible to use your Karger pay-per-view account for pay-per-view
online book access.

Karger Pay-per-View Account / Payments from the Account

7. This option applies only to single journal and book
articles/chapter. Online access to entire books,
special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger ActiveBooks is not
covered.

8. Your are entitled to purchasing online items at a special
reduced rate as long as your account is active and the balance shown is
more than or equals the reduced price of the item.

9. To open the account a deposit payment of at least USD 150 is required.

10. You can refill your account (with payments of at least USD 150) any time.

11. There are no refunds.
Deposits have to be used within two years of payments (down payment or last refill). Dormant accounts will be terminated irrespective of balance after a final reminder has been sent to the e-mail on file for the account.

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

Karger Terms and Conditions

General

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

1. All payments are by credit card only. The transaction is
secure: standard-procedure SSL or SET are used and all data are
encrypted. No separate invoice is issued/sent, only a
confirmation/receipt message with key details of the transaction. The
payment process will be operated by our partner SaferPay. Your credit
card data is not stored, copied or downloaded to Karger servers nor is
it passed on to third parties. None of this data will be used for
mailings or other promotional activities. Please see also the Karger Privacy Policy.

2. Please note that for security reasons, SaferPay may
refuse to accept more than 3 transactions per card per 24 hours, which
includes deductions from your Karger Pay-per-View account.

3. Purchases of online products (articles, book chapters in
electronic format) cannot be cancelled once the transaction is approved
and the confirmation sent. Such online items cannot be returned for
credit either.
Please note that these access rights cannot be transferred to another article/chapter or book online.

4. Ensure that you type in your e-mail address correctly (it
is also your User ID) and that your mailbox is ready to receive the
automatically generated confirmation and information messages from ppv@karger.com, e.g. one that includes your User ID and the password you created for reaccess.

5. Pay-per-view online access is for personal,
non-commercial use only. Items may be downloaded to one personal
computer and/or printed out for your convenience. Any distribution of
online items or the User ID/password to access them online is a
violation of the copyright.
Please see also the Karger Site Licenses for related information. Librarians, research assistants etc. who use this service on behalf of others are entitled to pass on the item to their client.

Direct Payment

6. The regular fee for pay-per-view online access to a single item
ranges from USD 28.00 to USD 38.00 depending on the length of
the article/chapter and permits 48-hours online access to the selected
item.
The fee for pay-per-view online book access (serial and
non-serial books, special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger
ActiveBooks) equals the USD price for the same publication in print and
permits online access during 24 months to all articles/chapters of the
selected title. Access to entire titles is via direct payment only: it
is not possible to use your Karger pay-per-view account for pay-per-view
online book access.

Karger Pay-per-View Account / Payments from the Account

7. This option applies only to single journal and book
articles/chapter. Online access to entire books,
special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger ActiveBooks is not
covered.

8. Your are entitled to purchasing online items at a special
reduced rate as long as your account is active and the balance shown is
more than or equals the reduced price of the item.

9. To open the account a deposit payment of at least USD 150 is required.

10. You can refill your account (with payments of at least USD 150) any time.

11. There are no refunds.
Deposits have to be used within two years of payments (down payment or last refill). Dormant accounts will be terminated irrespective of balance after a final reminder has been sent to the e-mail on file for the account.

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

Abstract

The association between low or lowered cholesterol and impulsivity, aggressive behaviours and suicide remains controversial. In the present study, cholesterol and leptin levels of patients with borderline personality disorder in whom impulsivity, aggressive behaviours and suicide attempts are clearly established have been compared with those of healthy controls. The study group consisted of 16 patients with borderline personality disorder and 16 healthy controls. All patients were assessed with the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Fasting serum cholesterol and leptin levels were measured. The mean cholesterol and leptin levels of the patient group were significantly lower than those of the controls. Likewise, the patients with current suicidal thoughts and a history of suicide attempt had statistically significantly lower cholesterol and leptin levels compared with the patients without those features. There was an inverse correlation between both cholesterol and leptin levels, and impulsivity as determined by the BIS or aggression as determined by the BDHI, but no correlation between both cholesterol and leptin levels and the HDRS was found in the patients. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the patients with borderline personality disorder have lower cholesterol and leptin levels than healthy controls. Low serum cholesterol and leptin levels are associated with all dimensions of the disorder – impulsivity, aggression and suicidality – but are not associated with the presence and the severity of comorbid depression.

Author Contacts

Article Information

Number of Print Pages : 5 Number of Figures : 2, Number of Tables : 0, Number of References : 30

Publication Details

Neuropsychobiology (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research in Biological Psychiatry, Pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography)
Founded 1975 by J. Mendlewicz (Brussels)
Official Journal of the International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG)

Copyright / Drug Dosage

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or, in the case of photocopying, direct payment of a specified fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in goverment regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.