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clever debating as a substitute for wisdom. For Lao Tzu, true knowledge is not theanalytical study of facts or logical argumentation, but the intuitive synthesis of factsbased on experience and Tao.Truthful words are not beautiful; beautiful words are not truthful. Goodwords are not persuasive; persuasive words are not good. He who knowshas no wide learning; he who has wide learning does not know.56The Simple Life in Deep Ecology LiteratureArne Naess's Deep Ecology platform and accompanying list of attitudesemphasize many elements of "the simple life." These goals include the following:1. Use of simple means to reach an end or goal-avoid unnecessary orcomplicated means2. Appreciation of accessible and plentiful goods3. Absence of "novophilia"-the love of what is merely new-cherish old andwell-worn things4. Depth and richness of experience instead of intensity5. Cultivating life in a community rather than a larger society6. Participation in primary production of goods7. Satisfaction of vital needs rather than desires.8. Non-violence9. Reduction in population10. Anti-consumerism and minimization of possessions.57There is a striking similarity between Naess's list and the idealized lifestyle promoted byLao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. Whereas Lao Tzu says to "reduce the size and population ofthe state"58 Naess states, "Deeper positions opt for a population sufficient to sustaincultural, economic and other activities, and diversity.... All that is sought is a largeenough population to provide sufficient variety in significant respects, but not excess."59Contrary to some interpretations, Naess does not advocate the "culling" or mass56 Ibid., p. 143.Naess, "Deep Ecology and Lifestyle," pp. 259-60.58 Lao Tzu, Tao te Ching, p. 142.59 Naess from Sylvan and Bennett, Greening of Ethics, p. 118.55