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Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 1. People from all social classes are discontented. 2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt. 3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. 4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. 5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.

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Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. 7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. 8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups. 9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. 10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.

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Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1 st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2 nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès

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Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

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“The Third Estate Awakens”  The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”  They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

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“The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

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Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

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Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789  A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.  18 died.  73 wounded.  7 guards killed.  It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

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Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to Take 1. Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. 2. Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries. 3. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. 4. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. 5. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.

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Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to Take 6. Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. 7. A strong man emerges and assumes great power. 8. The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their opponents. 9. A period of terror [extreme violence] occurs. 10. Moderate groups regain power. THE REVOLUTION IS OVER!

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Night Session of August 4, 1789  Before the night was over:  The feudal regime in France had been abolished.  All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices. Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!

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The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789  Liberty!  Property!  Resistance to oppression!  Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas 1. Did women have equal rights with men? 2. What about free blacks in the colonies? 3. How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? 4. Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?

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March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

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The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

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How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

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2. Print Assignats  Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.  Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

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New Relations Between Church & State  Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches.  The church was reorganized:  Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies.  Bishops  named by the department assemblies.  The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy.  It transformed France’s Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI [ ]

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Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

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The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government  The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].  He could not pass laws.  His ministers were responsible for their own actions.  A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.  Had the power to grant taxation.  An independent judiciary.

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The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government  “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen.  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.  Domestic servants were also excluded.  A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL  Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

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The Royal Family Attempts to Flee  June, 1791  Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].  Headed toward the Luxembourg border.  The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border

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The First Coalition & The Brunswick Manifesto (August 3, 1792) FRANCE AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT Duke of Brunswick  if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

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French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie!  The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict.  ½ of the officer corps had emigrated.  Many men disserted.  New recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained.  French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.

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The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House  They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.  Started as a debating society.  Membership mostly middle class.  Created a vast network of clubs.

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The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class  Small shopkeepers.  Tradesmen.  Artisans. They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government!

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The Sans-Culottes Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

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The Storming of the Tuilieres: August 9-10, 1792 This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.

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The September Massacres, 1792 (The dark side of the Revolution!)  Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.  Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”]  over 1000 killed!  It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

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The National Convention (September, 1792)  Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22,  The Year I of the French Republic.  The Decree of Fraternity  it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments. When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!

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The “Purifying” Pot of the Jacobin

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Louis XVI as a Pig c For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor. c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

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Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) c The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. c They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

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Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

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Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

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Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

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Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 1.Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris  try suspected counter-revolutionaries. A.Representatives-on-Mission esent to the provinces & to the army. ehad wide powers to oversee conscription. B. Watch Committees [comité de surveillance] ekeep an eye on foreigners & suspects. C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés, should they ever return to France.

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Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 2.T he printing of more assignats to pay for the war. 3.C ommittee of Public Safety [CPS] eteteteto oversee and speed up the work of the government during this crisis. 4.C ommittee of General Security [CGS] ererereresponsible for the pursuit of counter-revolutionaries, the treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters.

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The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day! c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months. c The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000!

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Religious Terror: De-Christianization ( )  The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution.  Religion was associated with the Ancien Régime and superstitious practices.  Very popular among the sans-culottes.  Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

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The De-Christianization Program 1.The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: eabolished Sundays & religious holidays. emonths named after seasonal features. e7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. ethe yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

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The De-Christianization Program 2.The public exercise of religion was banned. 3.The Paris Commune supported the: edestruction of religious & royal statues. eban on clerical dress. eencouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4.The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” 5.The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

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The Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday

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Backlash to the De-Christianization Program  It alienated most of the population (especially in the rural areas).  Robespierre never supported it.  he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious toleration.  Decree on the “Liberty of Cults” was passed  December 6,  BUT, it had little practical effect!