The corridor from Providence, Rhode Island west into New York was originally chartered as three companies. The Providence and Plainfield Railroad, chartered in June 1846, would run from Providence to the Rhode Island/Connecticut state line. The Hartford and Providence Railroad, incorporated in May 1847, would continue west to Hartford, Connecticut, and the New York and Hartford Railroad, chartered and incorporated in May 1845, would continue to the New York and Harlem Railroad at Brewster, New York. In 1849, the two Connecticut companies merged to form the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, with a modified charter to continue past Brewster to Fishkill, New York on the Hudson River, and in 1851 the Rhode Island company was merged into it. Later that year the first section opened, from Hartford east to Willimantic. Extensions opened east to Providence in 1854 and west to Waterbury in 1855. The HP&F went bankrupt on January 1, 1858, and was run by the trustees until 1863, when it was leased by the newly formed Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad.

On May 1, 1849 the Southbridge and Blackstone Railroad was incorporated to extend the line west from Blackstone to Southbridge. On its way to Douglas, this railroad passed through Ironstone, where there was a factory that made Kentucky Blue Jeans, and a nearby iron forge. The Midland Railroad was incorporated May 2, 1850 to build a new entrance to Boston, merging with the existing one south of Dedham. The two companies were consolidated with the Norfolk County Railroad on December 12, 1853 to form the Boston and New York Central Railroad, which had the intent of continuing southwest through Connecticut all the way to New York City. The first section of this extension was incorporated in May 1853 as the East Thompson Railroad, forming the Connecticut portion of the Southbridge and Blackstone.

The extension from Blackstone southwest to Mechanicsville, Connecticut on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad was completed in 1853. In January 1855 the new main line to Boston was opened, but was closed six months later until December 1856 because of an injunction due to the danger of the numerous grade crossings. The new line ran to a terminal at the foot of Summer Street in downtown Boston via South Boston. The full line was first operated as one on June 1, 1855, but again failed quickly. On August 6 operations were restarted on only the original Dedham-Blackstone line, operated by the Boston and Providence Railroad as a branch. On March 2, 1857 the trustees took repossession, ending the operation by the B&P. The East Thompson Railroad leased the line, reopening it again in full for about a year before another failure. At that time, all but the original Dedham-Blackstone line and Medway Branch were closed until 1867. The closed lines were sold in November 1858 to the Midland Railroad, but were not operated due to bad condition. The Midland Land Damage Company tried again in 1862, changing its name to the Southern Midland Railroad in 1863 without success.

New York and New England Railroad's White Train between New York and Boston, c. 1890

In May 1863, the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad was chartered to take over operations of the failed lines and continue the line west to Fishkill, New York, with a car float from there to the Erie Railroad at Newburgh. It quickly leased the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad from its trustees, giving it a line from Providence west to Waterbury. In September of that year it acquired the former Boston and New York Central Railroad, but did not operate it yet; the old Norfolk County Railroad continued operations by its trustees.

On February 11, 1867 the BH&E leased the Norfolk County Railroad, finally reopening the full line from Mechanicsville to Boston. That same year, the branch to Southbridge (part of the original Southbridge and Blackstone charter) opened. The Norwich and Worcester Railroad was leased in 1869, finally giving it a route to Boston, using the N&W from the Providence line at Plainfield north to the old Norfolk County Railroad at Mechanicsville. In August 1872 a direct connection from Willimantic on the line to Providence northeast to Mechanicsville opened, completing the direct line to Boston.

Note: Various sources note the Boston Hartford & Erie as failing and falling into receivership in 1870, yet it was during the Panic of 1873 that 89 of the country's 364 railroads went bankrupt. The New York and New England Railroad Company was chartered by special act of the Massachusetts legislature on April 17, 1873. Such was the mess of the Boston Hartford & Erie's mortgages and land titles that the NY&NE did not enter into possession of any of the BH&E "system" until sometime in 1875. Alvin F. Harlow in Steelways of New England states that the NY&NE did not get possession of the Hartford Providence & Fishkill line until 1877.

Through its entire existence (1873–1895) the NY&NE was always bedeviled by uncertainty in its land titles. Symptomatic of this: the $20 million common stock of the NY&NE originated as the $20,000,000 principal amount of the "Berdell Bonds"; the chartering legislation said the NY&NE was to "succeed to the rights of the Berdell Bondholders". There was a 10% assessment levied on the Berdell Bondholders as part of the chartering legislation, which also appropriated the necessary monies for the state to pay its assessment on its $3,000,000 of Berdell Bonds. For some reason $1000 of Berdell bonds were never issued so for years the NY&NE had $19,999,000 of common stock outstanding.

Through all this the receivers of the BH&E and the later management of the NY&NE continued to hold on to the BH&E's Norwich & Worcester lease which was a major part, if not the principal prop to the entire system's existence. The N&W and its related Norwich Line steamers (passenger and freight) made money, enough that the NY&NE could afford to pay 8% (reduced from 10% by negotiation ca. 1885) on the N&W's capital stock.

There was a December 31, 1883/January 1, 1884 receivership that got referred to at the time as the "Midnight Receivership" which featured the NY&NE officers trying to find a federal judge to issue a receivership order before the end of the year. This receivership was over by 1886.

Cyrus W. Field had become a major figure behind the NY&NE by 1886 but after the state of Massachusetts refused to sell him the $3 million in stock it held (instead disposing of the shares to a rival group because of concern about Field's close association with Jay Gould) Field sold his holdings in the NY&NE. The Massachusetts sale of NY&NE stock was part of a deliberate policy on the part of Massachusetts to get out of owning railroads; the sale of the Hoosac Tunnel line to the Fitchburg in 1887 was also done under this policy, a declared policy of Massachusetts Governor Andrew.

The new NY&NE President in 1887 was Jabez A. Bostwick, a Standard Oil partner of John D. Rockefeller. Interestingly, Rockefeller's brother William sat on the board of the New Haven. With Rockefeller lieutenants in both camps one wonders whether the NY&NE-NYNH&H "rivalry" may have been a Standard Oil "Divide & Conquer" policy to get low rates and other benefits out of both roads who together controlled nearly all rail business in New England south of the Boston & Albany.

The final bankruptcy of the NY&NE happened on December 27, 1893 and the company was reorganized on August 26, 1895 as the New England Railroad; Stuart Daggett in Railroad Reorganization states the 1895 NY&NE reorganization featured a hefty 20% assessment on NY&NE common. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the company for 99 years from July 1, 1898 at 3% on the preferred (normal dividend) and common stock. The New England Railroad was merged into the New Haven in 1908.

Many sources state that most of the NE stock had early on been acquired by the New Haven, probably bought in 1895 when NY&NE stockholders who did not want to forfeit their shares for non-assessment dumped their shares on the market. Baker in Formation of the New England Rail Systems claims there was a mini-Northern Pacific type corner in 1894 in NY&NE common when parties "Friendly" to the Boston & Albany tried to buy controlling influence in the NY&NE and the New Haven had to buy a large position in NY&NE common. Both parties apparently wound up together buying more NY&NE common than actually existed; worse, the New Haven had had to pay high prices for near worthless shares.

The most well-known and prestigious train of the New York & New England Railroad was the New England Limited of 1891, a crack Boston - New York passenger train. In 1891, the Pullman Palace Car Company refitted the train with luxurious new cars decorated in white and gold, inspiring the advertising department to call it the White Train and folks along the line to call it the Ghost Train as it sped through their towns after dark. It caught the romantic imagination of New Englanders and even after it was long gone, Lucius Beebe, a Bostonian and noted railroad writer, felt compelled to memorialize it.[2] Famed author Rudyard Kipling memorialized the train in a popular verse:

The original Boston line ended at Dedham with a connection to the Boston and Providence Railroad. In 1883 what had become a branch to Dedham was abandoned. Prior to that, a new branch just to the east had been built in 1881, and was supplemented in 1890 by a connection to the south.

The Rockville Railroad was incorporated in 1857 and opened and leased to the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad in 1863. It was a short branch from the main line at Vernon north and east to Rockville.

Within the last 10 years, funds have been set aside for a rails to trails conversion. As January 2014, the easternmost segments spanning from Garfield Avenue/Cranston Street (near Amtrak's Northeast Corridor), West Warwick (former Riverpoint/Hope Railway spur point) and Coventry have continuous pavement totaling to approximately 14.2 miles[7]

1.
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
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Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903, New York banker J. P. By 1912, the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles of track, with 120,000 employees and this quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers, alienated public opinion, resulted in high prices for acquisitions, and increased construction costs. Debt soared from $14 million in 1903 to $242 million in 1913, even as the advent of automobiles, trucks, also in 1913, the federal government filed an anti-trust lawsuit that forced the NH to divest its trolley systems. S. Until the Enron Corporation superseded it in 2001, the majority of the system is now owned publicly by the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad was formed on July 24,1872, through the consolidation of the New York and New Haven Railroad and Hartford and New Haven Railroad. It owned a line from New York City to Springfield, Massachusetts via New Haven and Hartford, Connecticut. The company later leased more lines and systems, eventually forming a monopoly in New England south of the Boston. The New York and New Haven was built later, as it ran parallel to the Long Island Sound coast and it opened in 1848, using trackage rights over the New York and Harlem Railroad from Woodlawn in the Bronx area south to New York. From 1913 on, Grand Central Terminal served as the New Havens New York City terminal, about the beginning of the 20th century, New York investors led by J. P. Morgan gained control, and in 1903 installed Charles S. Mellen as President. Morgan and Mellen achieved a monopoly of transportation in southern New England, purchasing other railroads and steamship. More than 100 independent railroads eventually became part of the system before and during these years, substantial improvements to the system were made during the Mellen years, including electrification between New York and New Haven. But the Morgan-Mellen expansion left the company overextended and financially weak, under the stress of the Great Depression the company became bankrupt in 1935, remaining in trusteeship until 1947. Common stock was voided and creditors assumed control, after 1951 both freight and passenger service lost money. The earlier expansion had left NH with a network of low-density branch lines that could not pay their own maintenance, the freight business was short-haul, requiring switching costs that could not be recovered in short-distance rates. They had major commuter train services in New York and Boston, the demise of the New Haven may have been hastened by the opening of the Connecticut Turnpike in 1958 and other interstate highways. With decades of investment, the New Haven could not compete against automobiles or trucks. In 1954 the flashy Patrick B, McGinnis led a proxy fight against incumbent president Frederic C. Buck Dumaine Jr. vowing to return more of the companys profit to shareholders. McGinnis won control of the railroad and appointed Arthur V. McGowan, McGinnis attempted to accomplish many of his financial goals by deferring maintenance

2.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide

3.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in

4.
New York State
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

5.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State

6.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities

7.
Boston, Massachusetts
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies

8.
MBTA
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,200, making it the fourth-busiest subway system in the United States. Further, the Green Line and Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line comprise the busiest light-rail system in the U. S. with a ridership of 255,100. The MBTA is the largest consumer of electricity in Massachusetts, in 2007, its CNG bus fleet was the largest consumer of alternative fuels in the state. The MBTA operates an independent law enforcement agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police, development of mass transportation both followed and shaped economic and population patterns. This marked the beginning of the development of American intercity railroads, which in Massachusetts would later become the MBTA Commuter Rail system, starting with the opening of the Cambridge Railroad on March 26,1856, a profusion of streetcar lines appeared in Boston under chartered companies. Despite the change of companies, Boston is the city with the oldest continuously working streetcar system in the world, many of these companies consolidated, and animal-drawn vehicles were converted to electric propulsion. Streetcar congestion in downtown Boston led to the subways in 1897, the Tremont Street Subway was the first rapid transit tunnel in the United States. Grade-separation added capacity and avoided delays caused by cross streets, various extensions and branches were added at both ends, bypassing more surface tracks. As grade-separated lines were extended, street-running lines were cut back for faster downtown service, however, the Green Lines Causeway Street Elevated remained in service until 2004, when it was relocated into a tunnel with an incline to reconnect to the Lechmere Viaduct. The Boston Elevated Railway started replacing trains with buses in 1922, in 1936, it started replacing rail with trackless trolleys. The last Middlesex & Boston Street Railway streetcar ran in 1930, by the beginning of 1953, the only remaining streetcar lines fed two tunnels—the main Tremont Street Subway network downtown and the short tunnel in Harvard Square. The old elevated railways proved to be an eyesore and required several sharp curves in Bostons twisty streets, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed in 1938 amidst declining ridership and was demolished in 1942. As rail passenger service became unprofitable, largely due to rising automobile ownership. The MTA purchased and took over subway, elevated, streetcar, in the 1950s, the MTA ran new subway extensions, while the last two streetcar lines running into the Pleasant Street Portal of the Tremont Street Subway were substituted with buses in 1953 and 1962. While the operations of the MTA were relatively stable by the early 1960s, the 1945 Coolidge Commission plan assumed that most of the commuter rail lines would be replaced by shorter rapid transit extensions, or simply feed into them at reduced service levels. Passenger service on the entire Old Colony Railroad system serving the part of the state was abandoned by the New Haven Railroad in 1959

9.
Franklin Line
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Most Franklin Line trains connect to the Providence/Stoughton Line at Readville, though some weekday trains use the Dorchester Branch to access South Station. Most weekday trains, and all trains, bypass Hyde Park and Plimptonville. Several weekday trains originate at Norwood Central, trains only serve Foxboro from Boston during special events at Gillette Stadium. The earliest predecessor to the Franklin Line began in 1835 when the Boston and Providence Railroad built a branch from Dedham to Readville and this was followed, in 1848, by the Norfolk County Railroad, which ran from Dedham to Walpole. The bridge was never repaired, and the line was abandoned between Willimantic and Putnam in 1959, between 1973 and 1976, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts bought almost all track assets in Southeastern Massachusetts, including the Franklin Branch, from the Penn Centrals bankruptcy trustees. From the start of MBTA operations, Franklin/Dean College was the terminus of the line, service was extended to Forge Park/495 Station on June 2,1988, although the line retained its original name. Forge Park/495 is not on the former NY&NE main line to Woonsocket, but instead on the former Milford & Woonsocket Railroad, in September 2010, the MBTA completed a study to determine the feasibility of extending regular commuter rail service to Foxboro via the Franklin Line. The study looked at extending some Fairmount Line service to Foxboro, running trains from Foxboro to Walpole. No determination has made as to if or when this service would begin. The MBTA plans to purchase prior to restoring service. In July 2011, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization began studying the viability of extending Franklin Line commuter rail service to Hopedale, the study would update a 1997 MBTA evaluation that concluded costs outweighed the benefits of a possible expansion. Local officials believe increased population and track upgrades to the Grafton and Upton Railroad may increase the viability of an extension,8 miles of track from Franklin Junction to Milford were leased by the MBTA from Conrail for the extension and to establish the possibility of future service to Milford. A2004 analysis determined that the extension would cost $70.5 million and attract about 1,800 additional riders per weekday

10.
South Station
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It is used by thousands of commuter rail and intercity rail passengers daily. Connections to the rapid transit Red Line and Silver Line are made through the adjacent subway station, the station was renamed for former Massachusetts governor Michael S. Dukakis in November 2014, though maps and station signs continue to use the shorter South Station. When the railroads serving Boston were first laid out and built, the Old Colony Railroad had a long passenger terminal on the east side of South Street, stretching from Kneeland Street south to Harvard Street. This site is now part of the South Bay Interchange, near the South Station bus terminal, the Boston and Albany Railroads passenger terminal was in the block bounded by Kneeland Street, Beach Street, Albany Street and Lincoln Street. The Boston Terminal Company, established in 1897, was charged with the task of combining the four terminals into one consolidated terminal, South Station combined the four terminals in one spot. South Station opened as South Central Station on January 1,1899 at a cost of $3.6 million, the architects were Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston, with the actual construction undertaken by the engineering firm of Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co. It became the busiest station in the world by 1913, a stop on the Atlantic Avenue Elevated served South Station from 1901 to 1938, what is now the Red Line subway was extended from Park Street to South Station in 1913. The train shed, originally one of the largest in the world, was eliminated in a 1930 renovation due to corrosion caused by the nearby oceans salt air. In the original configuration, two came off each approach to join into a four-track line and then run under the main platforms in a two-track loop. These tracks were never put into service, and later became a parking lot, while the station handled 125,000 passengers each day during World War II, post-war passenger rail traffic declined in the US. In 1959, the Old Colony Railroad, which had served the South Shore and Cape Cod, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad went bankrupt in 1961. South Station was sold to the Boston Redevelopment Authority in 1965, portions of the station were demolished and the land was used to build the Boston South Postal Annex and the Stone and Webster building. The plan was never realized, and South Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, in 1978, the BRA sold what was left of the station to the MBTA, though the BRA retained air rights over the station. Funding was obtained for a renovation of the station that was completed in 1989. A total of 13 tracks became available, all high level platforms. Piers were installed for the construction of an office building. This renovation also added access to the Red Line subway station from inside the surface station lobby, previously. The new bus terminal has direct connections to I-93 and the Massachusetts Turnpike

11.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies

12.
Connecticut Southern Railroad
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It is a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming. The line is headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut and interchanges with CSX at West Springfield, Massachusetts and New Haven, pan Am Railways exercises trackage rights to access its line at Berlin, Connecticut connecting to Waterbury, Connecticut. The railroad began operations in 1996 and was acquired by RailAmerica in 2000, Genesee & Wyoming acquired the railroad as part of its acquisition of RailAmerica in 2012. Traffic comes mainly from construction materials, as well as food products, the CSO hauled around 23,000 carloads in 2008. The tracks are shared with Amtrak passenger trains

13.
East Hartford
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East Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 51,252 at the 2010 census, the town is located on the east bank of the Connecticut River, directly across from Hartford, Connecticut. The town includes the neighborhoods of Burnside and Hockanum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.7 square miles, of which 18.0 square miles is land and 0.73 square miles. Of these tribes the Podunks occupied territory now lying in the towns of East Hartford and South Windsor, and numbered, by differing estimates, from sixty to two hundred bowmen. They were governed by two sachems, Waginacut and Arramamet, and were connected in some way with the Native Americans who lived across the Great River, in what is now Windsor. In 1659, Thomas Burnham purchased the tract of land now covered by the towns of South Windsor and East Hartford from Tantinomo, Burnham lived on the land and later willed it to his nine children. The town of Hartford once included the now occupied by the towns of East Hartford, Manchester, Bolton, Vernon. In 1783, East Hartford became a town, which included Manchester in its city limits until 1823. As of 2010, there were 51,252 people,20,206 households, the population density was 3,200 people per square mile. There were 21,328 housing units at a density of 1,180.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 38. 4% White,25. 9% Black or African American,0. 03% Native American,5. 9% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 1. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28. 3% of the population,30. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $41,424, and the median income for a family was $50,540. Males had an income of $36,823 versus $29,860 for females

14.
Manchester, Connecticut
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Manchester is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 58,241. The urban center of the town is the Manchester census-designated place, Manchester was settled by colonists around 1672 as a farming community, although at the time it was known just as Orford Parish. The many rivers and brooks provided power for paper, lumber and textile industries, the town of Hartford once included the land now occupied by the towns of Manchester, East Hartford, and West Hartford. In 1783, East Hartford became a town, which included Manchester in its city limits until 1823. The Pitkin Glassworks operated from 1783-1830 as the first successful glassworks in Connecticut, the Pitkin Glassworks Ruin have been preserved by a historical society. In 1838, the Cheney family started what became the worlds largest silk mill, eventually, Manchester became an ideal industrial community. The mills, houses of the owners, and homes of the workers are now part of the Cheney Brothers Historic District, also of note are the E. E. Hilliard Company Woolen Mills. Founded ca.1780 by Aaron Buckland and later sold to the Hilliard family, The Hilliard Mills are the oldest woolen mill site in the country. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 27.7 square miles, of which 27.4 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. The Manchester census-designated place consists of the center of the town and has a total area of 6.5 square miles. 6.4 square miles of the CDP is land, and 0.039 square miles, as of the census of 2000, there were 54,740 people,23,197 households, and 14,010 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,008.2 people per square mile, there were 24,256 housing units at an average density of 889.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 82. 77% White,8. 42% African American,0. 20% Native American,3. 15% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,3. 12% from other races, and 2. 31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 54% of the population, of all households,31. 1% were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was out with 22. 8% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,33. 0% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 91.2 males

15.
Rail trail
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A rail trail is the conversion of a disused railway into a multi-use path, typically for walking, cycling and sometimes horse riding. The characteristics of abandoned railways—flat, long, frequently running through historical areas—are appealing for various developments, the term sometimes also covers trails running alongside working railways, these are called rails with trails. Some shared trails are segregated, with the segregation achieved with or without separation, many rail trails are long-distance trails. A rail trail may still include rails, such as light rail or streetcar, by virtue of their characteristic shape, some shorter rail trails are known as greenways and linear parks. The development of trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the gold rushes of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic Octopus Act, decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in form, like the 37 kilometres Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail. Progress is frequently hampered by trestle bridges in unsafe condition, easements that have sold off to farmers. Funding is typically contributed in equal parts from federal, state. The latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in victoria is The Great Victorian Rail Trail and is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering 134 km and it has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The only carrier to exist in Bermuda folded in 1948 and was converted to a trail in 1984. Some of the right of way has been converted for automobile traffic. The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected Hamilton to St. Georges and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, the Kettle Valley Rail Trail in British Columbia uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now-abandoned Kettle Valley Railway. The trail was developed during the 1990s after the Canadian Pacific Railway abandoned train service, the longest rail trail in Canada is the Newfoundland TRailway that covers a distance of 883 km. The rail corridor stretches from Channel-Port aux Basques in the west to St. Johns in the east with branches to Stephenville, Lewisporte, Bonavista, Placentia and Carbonear. Following the abandonment of the Prince Edward Island Railway in 1989, in Quebec, Le Ptit Train du Nord runs 200km from St. Jerome to Mont Laurier. In Toronto, there are two trails, the Beltline Trail and the West Toronto Railpath. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the months, and walking, cycling

16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

17.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island

18.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront

19.
New York and Harlem Railroad
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The New York and Harlem Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States, and was the worlds first street railway. Designed by John Stephenson, it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem, initially using horses, the line was partially converted to use steam engines and then electricity, using a battery-powered Julien electric traction car. In 1907 the then leaseholders of line, New York City Railway went into receivership, following a further receivership in 1932 the New York Railways Corporation converted the line to bus operation. The Murray Hill Tunnel now carries a lane of road traffic, the line became part of the New York Central Railroad system with trackage rights granted to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad into Manhattan. It is now part of the Metro-North Railroad system, and the only Manhattan trackage of that system, the company was incorporated on April 25,1831 as the New York and Harlem Railroad, to link New York City with suburban Harlem. Among the companys founders was John Mason, a wealthy banker and they decided to build their railroad on the eastern side of Manhattan Island, convinced that their railroad would never be able to compete with steamboat traffic on the Hudson River. The first section, along Bowery from Prince Street north to 14th Street, between 1847 and 1856, a track was built in Grand Street between Centre Street and Bowery for northbound trains. Southbound trains continued to use the old route, in 1864 or 1865, a branch was added for trains between downtown and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing, running along 32nd Street, Lexington Avenue and 34th Street. This was the start of separate horse car service, running between Astor House and the ferry, Grand Central Depot opened just north of 42nd Street in October 1871, and intercity passenger trains from the north were ended there. Freight trains continued to operate along the south of Grand Central. As of 2016, Metro-North operates commuter service from Grand Central Terminal, via Southeast. The trackless right-of-way from Wassaic to Chatham is being converted to the Harlem Valley Rail Trail, as in other early railroads, the dominant propulsion in the railroads early years was horse power. In 1837, steam engines were introduced, but their use was limited to areas outside of the settled parts of the city - then. Before that, the locomotives had run to 32nd Street. When the ordinance took effect, the NY&H had not done anything, after much debate, including an injunction issued preventing the city from enforcing the ordinance, the courts struck down the injunction on July 30,1858. On July 2,1870, horsecars started to run not only to the 34th Street Ferry and these trains ran through the Murray Hill Tunnel and turned west on 42nd before going north on Madison. The line was extended to 86th Street and then to Harlem. On April 1,1873, the NY&H leased its lines to the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad

20.
Brewster, New York
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Brewster is a village within the town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, United States. Its population was 2,390 at the 2010 census, the village is the most densely populated portion of the county. The village is named for two early farmer landowners, Walter and James Brewster, the village of Brewster derives its name from the landowner, Walter Brewster, who invited New York and Harlem Railroad to build a depot on his property. Brewsters Station, New York, appeared on maps, on postcards, although referred to as a village since it formed in 1849, it officially incorporated as the Village of Brewster, New York, in 1894. In 1886, historian William Smith Pelletreau published The History of Putnam County, a portion of it afterward passed into the possession of Bailey Howes, his grandson, who sold 98 acres to Gilbert Bailey, April 1st 1833. Two other tracts containing 39 acres were sold to Gilbert Bailey, by William P. Downs and Frederick Parks in 1838. On the 17th of February,1848, Gilbert Bailey sold the tracts, estimated at 134 acres, to James and Walter F. Brewster. At the time of the purchase, the New York and Harlem Railroad was finished and trains were running as far as Croton Falls. The road was surveyed as far as Pawling, and the prospect of its being continued to that point seemed certain, previous to this the firm of Crosby and DeForest had run a line of four horse stages to Croton Falls, from Danbury. The first new house in the place was built by Walter F. Brewster, in 1850 and that house, now listed as the Walter Brewster House on the New York State and national historic registers, is owned by the Landmark Preservation Society of Southeast. The Harlem Railroads extension of its mileage in 1849 proved advantageous to Mr. Brewster, large shipments were billed simply to Brewsters Station for lack of better designation. This is the apparent origin of the name, which many years ago was shortened to Brewster. Frost was the first Postmaster of the Brewsters Station post office, during this period in American history, post offices were frequently located in the stores or businesses owned by the individuals who served as postmasters. This held true in the village of Brewster for the next century, in 1863 the Brewster Station post office relocated to the A. F. Lobdell General Store, across from the railroad station, the present location of the Avery Building at 12-18 Main Street. The Brewster post office began operation on April 28,1883, removing the word Station in its identity, in 1887, the post office relocated to the Brewster Standard building, the present location of the Sprague Building at 31 Main Street. In 1886, Emerson W. Addis, publisher of the Brewster Standard weekly newspaper, became the postmaster and held that position until 1916. In 1916, the post office moved to new quarters on Park Street, in 1923, Ralph Diehl, proprietor of the Brewster Bakery, became postmaster, and the post office was moved to his baking plant on Progress Street in 1927. Howard Tuttle later became the postmaster, holding the position until 1934 when Seth Howes was appointed, in 1936, the post office relocated to the building now occupied by the Eagle Eye Thrift Shop at 65 Main Street

21.
Fishkill, New York
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Fishkill is a village within the town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The village population was 2,171 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The village is in the part of the town of Fishkill on U. S. Route 9. It is north of Interstate 84, NY52 is the main street. Fishkill is located in the territory of the Wappinger people. It was part of the Rombout Patent granted to Francis Rombouts, Gulian VerPlanck, the name Fishkill evolved from two Dutch words, vis and kil. In 1714, Dutch immigrants settled in the area, the village of Fishkill was a significant crossroads in the overland transportation network in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Kings Highway, connecting Albany to New York City, intersected with an overland route from New England to the Hudson River. Among the first to occupy the land now within the limits were Johannes Ter Boss. By 1716 the settlers wanted their own Dutch Reformed church so they would not have to cross the river to Kingston or New Paltz to worship, a congregation was established and the church building was finished in 1731. The first Dominie who arrived from the Netherlands in 1731 served churches in Poughkeepsie, the church was used as a military prison during the American Revolution. The fourth New York Provincial Congress met in the church in 1776, making Fishkill the state capital, Fishkill became part of one of the largest colonial military encampments during the Revolutionary War. General Washingtons aide-de-camp Alexander Hamilton took residence here, the Trinity Church, on Hopewell Avenue in the village, was organized in 1756 and the structure built in 1760. It was used as a hospital during the Revolutionary War, in 1871, construction began for a schoolhouse on Church Street. The site used for the schoolhouse belonged to the Fishkill Reformed Church and was used as pasture land for the pastors cow. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.89 square miles. U. S. Route 9 leads north 5 miles to Wappingers Falls, north 12 miles to Poughkeepsie, New York State Route 52 leads west 5 miles to Beacon and east 7 miles to the Taconic State Parkway in East Fishkill. Interstate 84 passes 1 mile south of the village, with access from Exit 12, via I-84 it is 7 miles west to Newburgh across the Hudson and 31 miles southeast to Danbury, Connecticut

22.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River

23.
Willimantic, Connecticut
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Willimantic is a census-designated place, former city and borough, and special-services district. Its located in the town of Windham in Windham County, Connecticut, the population was at 17,737 at the 2010 census. It is home to Eastern Connecticut State University, as well as the Windham Textile, Willimantic was incorporated as a city in 1893, the city was superseded in 1983 by the Willimantic Special Services District/Willimantic CDP. It is also the birthplace of former U. S Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, Willimantic is an Algonquian term for land of the swift running water. Prior to 1821, the village was known as Willimantic Falls, home to twenty families. In 1822, Charles Lee erected a factory on Main Street made of stone quarried from the Willimantic River, although small shops and manufacturers had been built on the banks of the Willimantic before, this was the beginning of industrialized Willimantic. In 1825, the three Jillson brothers built a factory along the Willimantic River, and in 1827, they built a second building, by 1828, there were six cotton factories in Willimantic, all built within a seven-year span. Its factory was the first in the world to use electric lighting, in 1833, Willimantic was a borough of Windham, in 1893, it would become a city. From the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of World War II, Willimantic was a center for the production of silk, immigrants from Europe arrived to work in the mills—Irish, Italians, Poles, Germans and French Canadians. Later, Estonian, Ukrainian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Puerto Rican immigrants moved to the town in search of mill jobs. Railroads added to the growth of Willimantic, the town was one of only a handful of stops between Boston and New York on the high-speed White Train of the 1890s, in the early 20th century, between 50 and 100 trains ran through Willimantic daily. More than 800 ornate Victorian homes multiplied in the towns Prospect Hill section, the town prospered, growing from a population of less than 5,000 in 1860 to more than 12,100 by 1910. But hard times followed, American Thread moved to North Carolina in 1985 and without it, in 1983, the city and the town consolidated and became one town again. The unemployment rate in Windham, the town that contains Willimantic was 7. 8% as of December,2014, in 2002, The Hartford Courant ran an investigative series called Heroin Town describing rampant heroin use in Willimantic, disproportionate to the towns small size. The articles roiled local residents, a force was appointed by the state to study the issue. In addition, The Hotel Hooker, once known for drug use, the Hotel was later renamed Windham house, and now has been closed. Today, several projects aiming to revitalize the town are under way, the Willimantic Whitewater Partnership plans to reclaim the towns riverfront by developing a whitewater park and research facility. Some of the towns distressed factory buildings have turned into residential space for artists by Artspace

24.
Waterbury, Connecticut
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Waterbury is a city in the U. S. state of Connecticut on the Naugatuck River,33 miles southwest of Hartford and 77 miles northeast of New York City. Waterbury is in New Haven County, Connecticut and it was noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks. The city is along Interstate 84 and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connections to Grand Central Terminal, the original settlement of Waterbury in 1674 was in the area now known as the Town Plot section. In 1675, the turbulence of King Philips War caused the new settlement to be vacated until the resumption of peace in 1677, the original Algonquin inhabitants called the area Matetacoke meaning the interval lands. Thus, the name was Anglicised to Mattatuck in 1673. At that time, it included all or parts of what became the towns of Watertown, Plymouth, Wolcott, Prospect, Naugatuck, Thomaston. Growth was slow during Waterburys first hundred years, the lack of land due to the constant flooding of the Naugatuck River in particular. Furthermore, the residents suffered through a flood in 1691. After a century, Waterburys population numbered just 5,000, the new brass industry attracted many immigrant laborers from all over the world, leading to an influx of diverse nationalities. Waterbury was incorporated as a city in 1853 and, as the Brass Capital of the World, Brass and copper supplied by Waterbury was notably used in Nevadas Boulder Dam and found myriad applications across the United States, as well. Another famous Waterbury product of the century was Robert H. Ingersolls one-dollar pocket watch. After this, the industry became as important as Waterburys famed brass industry. Evidence of these two important industries can still be seen in Waterbury, as numerous clocktowers and old factories have become landmarks of the city. In June 1920, labor unrest occurred in the town, with striking workers fighting with police on the street, over 30 were arrested, mostly Lithuanians, Russians, Poles, and Italians. The strikers numbered some 15,000, with most being employed at Scovill, Chase Rolling Mill, one striker was shot to death by police. At its peak during World War II,10,000 people worked at the Scovill Manufacturing Co, the citys metal manufacturing mills occupied more than 2 million square feet and more than 90 buildings. Michael J. McGivney founded the Knights of Columbus in New Haven, Connecticut, though the first councils were all in Connecticut, the Order spread throughout the United States in the following years. Established in 1894, St. Josephs Church holds the distinction of being the first Lithuanian worshiping community in Connecticut, the first Unico Club was founded in Waterbury in 1922

25.
Bankrupt
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Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, bankruptcy is limited to individuals, in the United States, bankruptcy is applied more broadly to formal insolvency proceedings. In France, the cognate French word banqueroute is used solely for cases of fraudulent bankruptcy, in Ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a man owed and he could not pay, he and his wife, children or servants were forced into debt slavery, until the creditor recouped losses through their physical labour. Many city-states in ancient Greece limited debt slavery to a period of five years, debt slaves had protection of life and limb, which regular slaves did not enjoy. However, servants of the debtor could be retained beyond that deadline by the creditor and were forced to serve their new lord for a lifetime. An exception to rule was Athens, which by the laws of Solon forbade enslavement for debt, as a consequence. The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency, Bankruptcy is also documented in East Asia. According to al-Maqrizi, the Yassa of Genghis Khan contained a provision that mandated the death penalty for anyone who became bankrupt three times, a failure of a nation to meet bond repayments has been seen on many occasions. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557,1560,1575 and 1596, at the edge of Europe, Egypt, Russia, and Turkey have histories of chronic default as well. For private households, it is argued to be insufficient to merely dismiss debts after a certain period and it is important to assess the underlying problems and to minimize the risk of financial distress to re-occur. In most EU Member States, debt discharge is conditioned by a partial payment obligation, in the United States, discharge is conditioned to a lesser extent. The spectrum is broad in the EU, with the UK coming closest to the US system, the Other Member States do not provide the option of a debt discharge. It is almost impossible to discharge student loan debt by filing bankruptcy, unlike most other debtors, the individual with student debt must give a series of reasons and tests to prove that the debtor could not pay the debt. If the person were to file bankruptcy, he or she is encouraged to do so under Chapter 13. In order to avoid bankruptcy, one could negotiate with the lender to lower monthly payments, student loan bankruptcy is considered a last resort. However, some find themselves being forced to file bankruptcy, as the lender refused to lower payments

26.
Trustee
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Trustee is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also refer to a person who is allowed to do certain tasks, in all cases, the trustee may be a person or company, whether or not they are a prospective beneficiary. However, a trustee may act otherwise than in accordance with the terms of the trust if all beneficiaries, being sui juris and together absolutely entitled, direct the trustee to do so. If any question arises as to the constriction of the provisions of the trust, account for actions and keep beneficiaries informed, these include a duty to inform beneficiaries as to their entitlements under the trust and other matters concerning the trust. As trustees as not under a duty to disclose their reasoning in applying a trust power, protection of confidentiality has been described as one of the most important limitations on the right to disclose of trust documents. Memoranda or letter of wishes do not necessarily need to be disclosed to a beneficiary if they are of a number of potential beneficiaries, corporate trustees, typically trust departments at large banks, often have very narrow duties, limited to those the trust indenture explicitly defines. A trustee carries the responsibility and liability to use the trust assets according to the provisions of the trust instrument. The trustee may find himself liable to claimants, prospective beneficiaries and it is common for lawyers to draft will trusts so as to permit such payment, and to take office accordingly, this may be an unnecessary expense for small estates. In an exception to the duties outlined above, sabbatical officers of unions who are also trustees of these organisations they work for do have the right to a salary. This is an exception explicitly granted in the 1993 act The broadest sense of the term applies to someone held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee proper. For example, the directors of a bank may be trustees for the depositors, directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders, many corporations call their governing board a board of trustees, though in those cases they act as a board of directors. Many UK charities are also limited liability companies registered with Companies House, in case the trustees are also directors of the company. This is the model if the charity owns property or employs people. The law on this in England changed considerably with the Charities Act of 2006, an account of the main changes can be found in Charities Act 2006 A guide to the new law by Michael King and Ann Phillips. One of the key changes made was that it introduced the Charitable Incorporated Organisation which is basically a limited liability charity, there are thus now two main aspects of corporate management of charities. One is the way in which a corporation is a corporate trustee of a given charity. The second is the new way, in which the charity itself is incorporated as a CIO, the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods is a complicated matter. According to King and Philips, many of the advantages of incorporating as a CIO are obtained if the trustees are not individuals but a corporate entity

27.
Boston and Providence Railroad
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The Boston and Providence Railroad was an early US Railroad in New England, connecting Boston and Providence and is now part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor. The Boston and Providence Railroad was incorporated June 21,1831, the first section, from Boston to Canton with a branch to Dedham, opened in 1834, and the rest on July 28,1835 with the completion of the Canton Viaduct. Stations in Jamaica Plain allowed the development of one of the first commuter suburbs in America. Until 1899, when South Station opened, the Boston terminal was at Park Square, with a crossing at grade of the Boston, a ferry across the Providence River connected Fox Point to the South Providence terminal of the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad. In 1847, the Providence and Worcester Railroad opened between downtown Providence and Worcester, Massachusetts, at the same time, the B&P built a connection west from its main line in southern Attleboro to the P&W in Central Falls. The B&P and P&W jointly owned the south of Central Falls into downtown Providence. On April 1,1888, the Old Colony Railroad leased the B&P for 99 years, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the Old Colony on March 1,1893, and assumed the lease. The New Haven used the B&P as part of its main Boston - New York City Shore Line, when Bostons South Station opened in 1899, a new line was built along the south side of the Boston and Albany Railroad to it, near the B&As terminal. The old line to Park Square was abandoned, the East Side Railroad Tunnel opened in 1908 between East Providence and downtown Providence. This provided a route into Providence, using the old alignment to East Providence. The tunnel is no longer in use, having been disconnected on the side, with its entrance underneath the What Cheer Building. The Penn Central Transportation Company was created in 1968 through a merger that included the New York, New Haven, the Penn Central bankruptcy in the early 1970s coincided with the creation of Amtrak. Penn Central merged the Boston and Providence Railroad into itself in 1972 and it hosts the Acela Express, the only high-speed rail service in North America. In 1973, the MBTA purchased the portion of the B&P main line in Massachusetts, including the Stoughton Branch, the portion in Rhode Island was sold to Amtrak in 1976. Dedham The first branch was the Dedham Branch to Dedham from Readville, the Norfolk County Railroad opened in 1849, continuing from Dedham to the southwest. In 1850, a branch to Dedham opened from Forest Hills. Another outlet for the Dedham Branch opened in 1906, with a connection west to the New England Railroad at Needham Junction. The Dedham Branch from Forest Hills to that connection is still in use as the Needham Branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail, Stoughton The Stoughton Branch Railroad was incorporated April 16,1844 as a branch of the B&P from Canton Junction to Stoughton

28.
Dedham, Massachusetts
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Dedham /ˈdɛdəm/ is a town in and the county seat of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 24,729 at the 2010 census and it is located on Bostons southwest border. On the northwest it is bordered by Needham, on the southwest by Westwood, the town was first settled in 1635. Settled in 1635 by people from Roxbury and Watertown, Dedham was incorporated in 1636 and it became the county seat of Norfolk County when the county was formed from parts of Suffolk County on March 26,1793. When the Town was originally incorporated, the wanted to name it Contentment. The Massachusetts General Court overruled them and named the town after Dedham, Essex in England, the boundaries of the town at the time stretched to the Rhode Island border. At the first public meeting on August 15,1636, eighteen men signed the town covenant, in November 1798, David Brown led a group in Dedham protesting the federal government, they set up a liberty pole, as people had before the American Revolution. Brown was arrested in Andover but because he could not afford the $4,000 bail, Brown was tried in June 1799. Although he wanted to plead guilty, Justice Samuel Chase urged him to name those who had helped him or subscribed to his writings in exchange for freedom, Brown refused, was fined $480, and sentenced to eighteen months in prison. It was the most severe sentence up to then imposed under the Alien, Dedham is home to the Fairbanks House, the oldest surviving timber-frame house in the United States, scientifically dated to 1637. On January 1,1643, by vote, Dedham authorized the first taxpayer-funded public school. Its first schoolmaster, Rev. Ralph Wheelock, a Clare College graduate, was paid 20 pounds annually to instruct the youth of the community, descendants of these students would become presidents of Dartmouth College, Yale University and Harvard University. The first man-made canal in North America, Mother Brook, was created in Dedham in 1639 and it linked the Charles River to the Neponset River. Although both are slow-moving rivers, they are at different elevations, the difference in elevation made the canals current swift enough to power several local mills. In 1818, though citizens were taxed for the support of ministers and other public teachers of religion, Dedham set a precedent toward the separation of church. Residents selected a different than that chosen by the church selectmen. The shift in power to the congregation led to the rise of the Congregational Churches, the local Endicott Estate burned to the ground in 1904 after the local volunteer fire department, responding to three separate fires burning simultaneously, reached the Endicott fire last. By the time arrived, only ashes remained

29.
Walpole, Massachusetts
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Walpole Town, as the Census refers to the actual town, is located about 13 miles south of Downtown Boston and 23.5 miles north of Providence, Rhode Island. The population was 24,070 at the 2010 census, Walpole was first settled in 1659 and was considered a part of Dedham until officially incorporated in 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole, de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain and it started out as a territory that was claimed by the Neponset Native American tribe. The Neponset tribe officially claimed the area that is now Walpole, the town of Dedham was not included in this claim, so they began to negotiate with the Neponset tribe to gain land. In 1636, a deal was made between the town of Dedham and the Neponsets to grant Dedham lands that now comprise the towns of Walpole, Norwood, Westwood, Medfield, Norfolk, the land given to Dedham in this deal currently includes parts of 16 different towns. After the territory was bought from Dedham, the saw mill began to rise in the area. The first saw mill in Walpole was built near what is now School Meadow Brook and it was located in the area that is now the Walpole Town Forest. The mill was built and later owned by Joshua Fisher and Major Eleazer Lusher, Walpole soon wanted to sever its ties with Dedham, so its residents began to petition at Dedham town meetings to become a completely separate town. The request was granted by the town of Dedham in 1724, after its incorporation, Walpole had a role in the events leading up to the American Revolutionary War. The citizens agreed that the taxes imposed by the British government were unfair and they sent a representative, Joshua Clapp, to the state meetings at Faneuil Hall in Boston. These meetings were to discuss how Massachusetts was going to keep its residents safe, in 1775, Walpole sent 157 men to the Battle of Lexington and Concord. These men were led by Captain Seth Bullard, in December 1777, a British fleet of ships came into Narragansett Bay and anchored in Newport Harbor in Rhode Island. Walpole sent two groups of minutemen, consisting of 65 men in total, to help with the situation and these men were led by Joshua Clapp, and Oliver Clapp. They stayed in Rhode Island to defend the port for three weeks, Walpole began to grow after the Revolutionary War. By 1860, the town had 1,935 residents, starting around this time, several mills began to be built, largely on the Neponset River in order to harness the power of falls. Over the years, these mills grew and mainly manufactured products such as cotton, lumber, the most notable of these was the Bird Company, which comprised a large complex on the river in East Walpole. The Neponset River was also used for transport between the towns of Sharon, Foxborough and Medfield. It was also used as a supply and for water power

30.
Providence and Worcester Railroad
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The Providence and Worcester Railroad is a Class III railroad owned by Genesee & Wyoming. The railroads connection between New Haven, Connecticut and New York City and onto Long Island is via trackage rights over the Hell Gate Bridge, the two companies were merged November 25,1845 as the Providence and Worcester Railroad. The company bought the Blackstone Canal, also running between Providence and Worcester, and began construction, partly on its banks, in 1845, the line opened in two sections, the part south of Millville on September 27,1847, and the rest on October 20. The line from Providence to Central Falls was shared with the Boston and Providence Railroad, on July 1,1892, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the P&W for 99 years. The New Haven merged into Penn Central on January 1,1969, on April 6,1970, the P&W announced its intention to separate from the merger. After a legal battle, the Interstate Commerce Commission approved the request on August 25,1972, the P&W cancelled the lease on February 3,1973. Since then, the P&W has taken many other lines from the former Penn Central in addition to several from the Boston. On March 17,2013, a freight derailed in New Haven, Connecticut, on August 15,2016, Genesee & Wyoming Inc. announced that it will buy Providence and Worcester Railroad Company for $25.00 per share, or approximately $126 Million. The acquisition was completed on November 1,2016, and the Surface Transportation Board approved the acquisition on December 16,2016, the P&W operates occasional passenger excursions on its own lines and sometimes over the Amtrak Northeast Corridor. It owns several ex-Amtrak passenger cars for that purpose, the East Providence Branch Railroad was the only branch built by the P&W. The East Providence Branch was also the P&Ws only branch when it was leased to the NYNH&H, the Milford and Woonsocket Railroad was incorporated in 1855 and opened in 1868 from Milford to Bellingham. Soon after, the P&W leased it, despite it not being connected directly to the P&W, the Hopkinton Railway was leased in 1870 and opened in 1872, continuing the M&W north from Milford to Ashland. It too was leased to the P&W, on completion, both leases expired in 1883 and were not renewed. The M&W bought the Hopkinton in 1884, and in 1897 the New England Railroad leased them, Railroad History Database PRR Chronology Historic American Engineering Record No. RI-3, Providence & Worcester Railroad, Freight House, Canal Street, Providence, Providence County, RI,22 photos,5 measured drawings,3 data pages,1 photo caption page

31.
Blackstone, Massachusetts
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Blackstone is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 9,026 at the 2010 census and it is formally a part of the Providence metropolitan area. This region was inhabited by the Nipmuc. Blackstone was first settled in 1662 and was incorporated in 1845. Initially, the town was part of Mendon, Massachusetts, before becoming a separate municipality, prior to 1915, Blackstone contained the area to the west that would break away and become Millville, Massachusetts. Blackstone is within the area of the John H. Chaffee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 11.2 square miles, of which 10.9 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. The Blackstone River, birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the United States, meanders west to southeast, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,804 people,3,235 households, and 2,355 families residing in the town. The population density was 807.4 people per square mile, there were 3,331 housing units at an average density of 305.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 39% White,0. 33% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 76% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 24% from other races, and 1. 03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 03% of the population,22. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the family size was 3.20. In the town, the population was out with 27. 7% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,33. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $55,163, and the median income for a family was $61,633. Males had an income of $42,100 versus $27,448 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,936, about 1. 8% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 2% of those under age 18 and 12. 0% of those age 65 or over. The school mascot is the Charger, 54% of graduating students have attended a 4-year college or university, while another 26% have attended a junior college or other institution

32.
Southbridge, Massachusetts
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The Town of Southbridge has a city form of government with a city council legislative body, but via a statute calls itself a Town. It is located in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, the population was 16,719 at the 2010 census. Southbridge is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, the area was initially inhabited by the Nipmuck and Mohegan tribes, with the Quinebaug River dividing their territories. As early as 1638, John Winthrop, Jr. purchased Tantiusques a tract for mining lead centered at what is now Leadmine Road in Sturbridge, in fact the mineral deposit was graphite which the Winthrops commercialized employing Nipmuck miners. Southbridge was first settled by Europeans in 1730, in 1816 this parish was incorporated to become the township of Southbridge. Among the first settlers was Moses Marcy, who owned a home on the site of what is now Notre Dame church and was elected to Congress, and the Dennison family. Water power from the Quinebaug River made Southbridge a good location for sawmills and gristmills in the 18th century, and textile mills in the 19th century. After the Civil War, many immigrants of Irish and French Canadian descent came to work and live there, by the 1930s they had joined by Poles, Greeks, Italians. Southbridge has a history of manufacturing optical products, earning it the unofficial title Eye of the Commonwealth. Under the Wells family, the American Optical Company became the worlds largest manufacturer of ophthalmic products, many of its workers were exempted from the draft during World War II since they were doing vital defense work, including making Norden bombsights and even some work on the atomic bomb. By the early 1960s, the town had a movie theatre, an AM radio station. New immigrants from Puerto Rico, Laos, and Vietnam began arriving in the 1970s and 1980s, the American Optical Company shut down in 1984, and Southbridge is still struggling from the loss of these and other manufacturing jobs. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.9 square miles, of which 20.4 square miles is land and 0.5 square miles. Southbridge is drained by the Quinebaug River, the principal road in Southbridge is Route 131, known as Main Street through downtown and East Main Street past the AO Rotary and through Sandersdale, a village on the towns east side. North-south roads include Eastford Road and Elm Street, and Worcester Street-Mechanic Street-North Woodstock Road, Southbridge was formed out of portions of three of its neighboring towns, Sturbridge to the west, Charlton to the north, and Dudley to the east. The other neighboring towns are Woodstock, Connecticut, and Eastford, as of the census of 2010, there were 16,719 people,7,077 households, and 4,522 families residing in the city. The population density was 858.9 people per square mile, there were 7,511 housing units at an average density of 368.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 2% White,2. 6% Black or African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 6% of the population

33.
Douglas, Massachusetts
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Douglas is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 8,471 at the 2010 census and it includes the sizable Douglas State Forest, managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The name of Douglas was first given to the territory of the town in the year 1746, New Sherburn or New Sherburn Grant had previously been its designation, since its first occupancy by the English settlers which was as early as 1715. The original settlers came primarily from Sherburn, although many hailed from Natick as well, New Sherburn was removed from Suffolk County to Worcester County at its formation on April 2,1731. Douglass forests gave rise to an industry and the Douglas axe company. A woolen manufacturing company, on the Mumford River in East Douglas, General Lafayette, of France, stopped here during the Revolutionary War, to change horses, on his way to Boston to join General Washington. Lafayette was a hero of the American Revolution and the French Revolution, from a very early period reaching beyond 1635, bands of Native Americans, principally the Nipmuc tribe, dominated this region of Worcester County. The Blackstone River was once called the Nipmuc River, most of Douglas is part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor. The underlying geology consists of rich in quartz, feldspar. Boulders are plentifully scattered all over town, and gold and silver ores are said to be found in some localities, large quantities of building and ornamental stone are quarried from the granite ledges found in the center of town which is shipped to almost every section of New England. Police Chief Patrick Foley of Douglas was elected Vice President of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, at the convention in Denver, Colorado. A common misconception in Douglas is in regard to the New England Trunkline Trail, many believe that railroad tracks were laid here for commuting from northern Connecticut to northern Massachusetts. In fact, they were used to ice from Wallum Lake as interstate commerce. Today you can hike trails through Massachusetts and Connecticut. The New England Trunkline was originally planned as a railroad, Jenckes store and museum sits on Main Street in the village of East Douglas. Ebenezer Balkcom opened a store at the corner of Main and Pleasant streets during the 1830s. The store changed hands until he retired and sold the building to Edward L. Jenckes, after Jenckes death in 1924 is daughters E. Mialma and Helen R. continued to run the show until the store closed its doors in 1964. The store remained closed until 1972 when the property was donated to the Douglas Historical Society, where it was carefully restored to its original general store appearance of 100 years ago

34.
Ironstone, Massachusetts
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Ironstone is an historic village, in the township of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, United States. It derived its name from plentiful bog iron found here which helped Uxbridge to become a center for three iron forges in the towns earliest settlement, South Uxbridge has historic sites, picturesque weddings, hospitality, industrial and distribution centers, and the new Uxbridge High School. This community borders North Smithfield, and Burrillville, Rhode Island, South Uxbridge receives municipal services from Uxbridge, for fire, police, EMS, School district, public works, and other services. There is a South Uxbridge fire station of the Uxbridge fire department, worcesters Judicial District includes Uxbridge District Court. Ironstone appears on the Blackstone U. S. Geological Survey Map, Worcester County is in the Eastern time zone and observes DST. In the early beginnings of Americas industrial revolution, a mill, mill village, a national historic site marks the Ironstone Mill and Cellar Hole, one of several examples of Mill worker housing and a mill village in the upper Blackstone Valley. For a complete listing of the National Historic Register listings in Uxbridge, the original Mill, built in 1814 by William Arnold, later burned and was rebuilt by David and Seth Southwick in the 1850s. It burned again, and all that remains is the cellar hole, Historic photos remain and are published in a book Uxbridge, Images of America, by Mae Edwards Wrona, published in 2000, by Arcadia, Tempus Publishing Inc, p56. The mill is a forerunner of Americas Industrial Revolution which began here in the Blackstone Valley in 1793 with Samuel Slater and his mill, at Pawtucket, Pawtucket is about 17 miles to the SE of Ironstone. The Ironstone mill housing at 135 Ironstone Street was built by the Ironstone Cotton Manufacturing Company which produced cotton yarns, William Arnold built this mill in 1814 to make yarn from raw cotton which was then woven into fabric by area families operating as cottage industries. Around 1820, Arnold added this housing when he increased the production by increasing water power. The earliest power looms in America included those used in Uxbridge, due to goods needing transport, Ironstone became an important stopover for various transportation carriers - the stagecoach and the train. A post office and store were established on the mill property. In the 1850s this mill under management by Seth and Daniel Southwick, in the 1870s, David Southwick created Conestoga wagon wheels in his blacksmith shop in nearby south Uxbridge and Ironstone, which were used by pioneers traveling west. The mill, was finally lost after it burnt down in 1875 after two earlier fires had led to rebuilding the mill, the village of Ironstone was one of the first settlements of Uxbridge, in the early 1730s. The Blackstone Valley Daily describes the influence that Ironstone had in the life of this community, the Ironstone School is an historic building that was used as recently as 1948 as a traditional one room schoolhouse. The original building dated from 1797 and had eight grades and one teacher, Ironstone was influential in Uxbridges transformation from agriculture to manufacturing. The Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad served the Ironstone area in the 1860s for shipping goods to the markets west and east, Buxton Street in South Uxbridge, and the Captain James Buxton fife and drum corps, are both named for him

35.
Norwich and Worcester Railroad
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The New York and New England Railroad was a major railroad connecting southern New York State with Hartford, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston, Massachusetts. It operated from 1873 to 1893, prior to 1873 it was known as the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad, which had been formed by several smaller railroads dating back to 1846. The Connecticut Southern Railroad operates freight service on a portion of the former NY&NE line near East Hartford and Manchester. Other portions in Connecticut and Rhode Island have been converted to rail trails, the corridor from Providence, Rhode Island west into New York was originally chartered as three companies. The Providence and Plainfield Railroad, chartered in June 1846, would run from Providence to the Rhode Island/Connecticut state line, later that year the first section opened, from Hartford east to Willimantic. Extensions opened east to Providence in 1854 and west to Waterbury in 1855, the HP&F went bankrupt on January 1,1858, and was run by the trustees until 1863, when it was leased by the newly formed Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad. At the Boston end, the earliest predecessor was the Norfolk County Railroad, the company went bankrupt soon after. The short Medway Branch Railroad was leased in 1851, opening December 29,1852, on May 1,1849 the Southbridge and Blackstone Railroad was incorporated to extend the line west from Blackstone to Southbridge. On its way to Douglas, this passed through Ironstone, where there was a factory that made Kentucky Blue Jeans. The Midland Railroad was incorporated May 2,1850 to build a new entrance to Boston, the first section of this extension was incorporated in May 1853 as the East Thompson Railroad, forming the Connecticut portion of the Southbridge and Blackstone. The extension from Blackstone southwest to Mechanicsville, Connecticut on the Norwich, in January 1855 the new main line to Boston was opened, but was closed six months later until December 1856 because of an injunction due to the danger of the numerous grade crossings. The new line ran to a terminal at the foot of Summer Street in downtown Boston via South Boston, the full line was first operated as one on June 1,1855, but again failed quickly. On August 6 operations were restarted on only the original Dedham-Blackstone line, operated by the Boston, on March 2,1857 the trustees took repossession, ending the operation by the B&P. The East Thompson Railroad leased the line, reopening it again in full for about a year before another failure, at that time, all but the original Dedham-Blackstone line and Medway Branch were closed until 1867. The closed lines were sold in November 1858 to the Midland Railroad, the Midland Land Damage Company tried again in 1862, changing its name to the Southern Midland Railroad in 1863 without success. It quickly leased the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad from its trustees, in September of that year it acquired the former Boston and New York Central Railroad, but did not operate it yet, the old Norfolk County Railroad continued operations by its trustees. In the meantime, the New York and Boston Railroad had built a line from Brookline, Massachusetts southwest to Woonsocket, Rhode Island, on January 4,1865 the BH&E absorbed that company, making its Woonsocket Division. On December 13 of the year, various Erie Railway men were elected to the BH&E board

36.
Grade crossing
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A level crossing, or grade crossing, is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel. The term also applies when a rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway crossing, road through railroad, railroad crossing, early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later introduced, intended to be a barrier against intrusion of any road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic was horsedrawn or included livestock, when opened to allow road users to cross the tracks, the gates were swung across the width of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto the tracks. The first US patent for such crossing gates was awarded on 27 August 1867, to J. Nason and J. F. Wilson, later, as motor vehicles appeared, this type of barrier became less effective, while the need for a barrier to livestock diminished dramatically. Many countries therefore replaced the fully gated crossings with weaker but more-visible barriers, Railroad trains have a much larger mass relative to their braking capability, and thus a far longer braking distance than road vehicles. In general, trains do not stop at level crossings but rely on vehicles, Level crossings constitute a significant safety concern internationally. On average, each year 400 people are killed in the European Union, collisions can occur with vehicles as well as pedestrians, pedestrian collisions are more likely to result in a fatality. Among pedestrians, young people, older people and males are considered to be high risk users, fewer collisions take place at level crossings with active warning systems. Modern radar sensor systems can detect if level crossings are free of obstructions as trains approach and these improve safety by not lowering crossing barriers that may trap vehicles or pedestrians on the tracks, while signalling trains to brake until the obstruction clears. At railway stations, a level crossing is sometimes provided to allow passengers to reach other platforms in the absence of an underpass or bridge. Level crossings in Thailand, and Malaysia are largely manually operated, a significant number of crossings are without barriers. But there are some that are used on the line between Port Klang - Westport. However, it seems like only the crossing near Port Klang Komuter Station has the barrier. Speed up campaigns have largely eliminated many crossings on heavily used main lines though some still do exist. Most at-grade crossings in China are for smaller industrial spur and access lines which may or may not have crossing gates, chinas level crossing barriers are the fastest in the world. Most of Hong Kongs railway network is either underground or on elevated viaducts, however, level crossings continue to exist on the MTR Light Rail network, and one such level crossing was the site of a level crossing accident in 1994

37.
Summer Street (Boston)
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Summer Street in Boston, Massachusetts, extends from Downtown Crossing in the Financial District, over Fort Point Channel, and into South Boston to the southeast. In the mid-19th century it was also called Seven Star Lane, along the route is Dewey Square, which is formed by the intersection of Atlantic Avenue, Summer, Federal, and Purchase Streets with the Surface Artery of the Boston Central Artery. The intermodal transit terminal South Station is also located along the road, with Amtrak and MBTA Commuter Rail services, as well as Red Line subway trains, in South Boston, Summer Street goes past the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center. Page & Company James Sullivan Trinity Church Dewey Square Downtown Crossing Great Boston Fire of 1872 City of Boston, Church Green Buildings Study Report,1979 Library of Congress. Photos of Summer Street Retractile Bridge, Spanning Fort Point Channel at Summer Street, Boston, Suffolk County, photos of Summer Street Bridge, Spanning Reserved Channel, Boston, Suffolk County, MA,1996

38.
South Boston
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South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. South Boston, most popularly known as Southie, was once a working class Irish Catholic community. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate during the American Revolutionary War, South Boston has undergone gentrification, and consequently, its real estate market has seen property values join the highest in the city. South Boston has also left its mark on history with Boston busing desegregation, South Boston is also home to the St. Patricks Day Parade, a celebration of the Irish-American culture and the Evacuation Day observance. Geographically, Dorchester Neck was an isthmus, a strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of Dorchester with Dorchester Heights. South Boston gained an identity separate from Dorchester, but the two were annexed by Boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870. During the American Revolutionary War, George Washington placed a cannon on Dorchester Heights, the British evacuated Boston and Fort William and Mary for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fort William and Mary was replaced with a fortification known as Fort Independence. That fort was replaced by a granite fortification prior to the American Civil War, edgar Allan Poe was stationed at Castle Island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write The Cask of Amontillado based on an early Castle Island legend. During the 1970s, South Boston received national attention for its opposition to court-mandated school desegregation by busing students to different neighborhoods. In the early 21st century, property values, especially in the City Point neighborhood near Castle Island, the City Point area of South Boston, labeled East Side by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown Boston and gentrification. Additionally, the West Side is home to the first green residence in Boston — the Macallen Building which was featured in the movie The Greening of Southie. The City of Boston is investing in the West Side through developments like the ~150, the Harrison house is a mansion located in Southie. It was used as a residence until 1913. At that time it was purchased by the Roman Catholic Church to use the space as a convent, since 1987, its current owner has converted it into apartment style housing. The house located at 789 East Broadway is full of rich history and it is associated with Harrison Loring, who owned and operated one of the first South Boston shipyards. The history behind the South Boston, Saint Patricks Day Parade is General John Henry Knox brought 55 cannons captured at Fort Ticonderoga, in March, the troops positioned the cannons on Dorchester Heights. They had cut trees to cannon size, hollowed them out

39.
Car float
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A railroad car float or rail barge is an unpowered barge with rail tracks mounted on its deck. It is used to move railroad cars across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go, as such, the car float is a specialised form of the lighter, as opposed to a train ferry, which is self-powered. During the Civil War Herman Haupt used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable trains to cross the Rappahannock River in support of the Army of the Potomac. The ferry operation ended in 1906, the B&O operated a carfloat across the Baltimore Inner Harbor until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. the operation was discontinued after the opening of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1895. Carfloat service was provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities by the above-mentioned railroads. At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 tugboats between New Jersey and New York City. A complete list can be here, Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor The only remaining carfloat service currently in operation in New York Harbor is operated by New York New Jersey Rail. This company, operated by the government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Carfloat service operates between Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York and Greenville Yard in Jersey City and it has been proposed that carfloat service be transferred from Bush Terminal 50th float bridge to 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard float bridges. Freight cars do not run in the East River Tunnels nor the North River Tunnels, between 1912–1936 the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois. Santa Fe Railroad, San Francisco Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Western Pacific Railroad, San Francisco Chicago, Milwaukee, the rail ferries Pere Marquette 12 and Pere Marquette 10 were converted to barges and used until 1995 to carry dangerous cargoes and oversize cars. Windsor, Ontario – Detroit, Michigan BC Rail. until 1955 railcars were barged from North Vancouver to Squamish, a large number of isolated BC pulp mills had chemicals and freight moved by car floats. The Alaska Railroad provides the Alaska Rail Marine rail barge service from downtown Seattle, additionally, CN Rail provides the Aqua Train rail barge service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Whittier. The only remaining carfloat service currently in operation in the Port of New York and this company, operated by the bi-state government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York and Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey and it has been proposed that carfloat service be transferred from Bush Terminal 50th float bridge to 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard float bridges. Bay Coast Railroad currently operates a 2-barge car float connecting Virginias Eastern Shore with the city of Norfolk, Prince Rupert – Whittier Delta – Nanaimo, British Columbia Matane, Quebec – Baie-Comeau, Quebec Railroad ferry, Hudson River, New York, Andreas Feininger,1940. Still Photograph Archive, George Eastman House, Rochester, NY, NYNJ Rail – official site Industrial & Offline Terminal Railroads of Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx & Manhattan

40.
Erie Railroad
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It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Hornell, and were Hornells largest employer, Hornell was also where Eries main line split into two routes, one north to Buffalo and the other west to Cleveland. On October 17,1960, the Erie merged with the former rival Delaware, the Hornell repair shops were closed, and repair operations moved to the Lackawannas Scranton facility, this had a devastating effect on Hornell from which it has never recovered. Most of the former Erie line between Hornell and Binghamton was destroyed in 1972 by the floods of Hurricane Agnes, what was left of the Erie Lackawanna became part of Conrail in 1976. In 1983, Erie remnants became part of New Jersey Transit rail operations, today, most of the surviving Erie Railroad routes are operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway. The New York and Erie Rail Road was chartered April 24,1832 by Governor of New York, Enos T. Throop to connect the Hudson River at Piermont, north of New York City, west to Lake Erie at Dunkirk. On February 16,1841 the railroad was authorized to cross into the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on the west side of the Delaware River, construction began in 1836, and it opened from Piermont to Goshen on September 23,1841. After some financial problems, construction resumed in August 1846, further extensions opened to Binghamton December 27,1848, Owego January 1,1849, and the full length to Dunkirk May 19,1851. At Dunkirk steamboats continued across Lake Erie to Detroit, Michigan, the line was built as 6 ft wide gauge, this was believed to be a superior technology to standard gauge, providing more stability. In 1848 the railroad built the Starrucca Viaduct, a railroad bridge over Starrucca Creek in Lanesboro. The viaduct is 1,040 feet long,100 feet high and 25 feet wide at the top and it is the oldest stone rail bridge in Pennsylvania still in use. The Eries charter was amended April 8,1845 to allow the building of the Newburgh Branch, running from the line near Harriman north-northeast to Newburgh. The branch opened January 8,1850 and it was later used as a connection to the New York and New England Railroad via a car float operation across the river to Beacon, New York. Through ticketing began in 1851, with a change of cars at Ramapo due to the gauge break. In 1852 the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, part of the New York Central Railroad system, the alignment from Buffalo to Attica was sold to the Eries Buffalo and New York City Railroad, a reorganization of the Attica and Hornellsville Railroad, and converted to the Eries wide gauge. The extension from Attica southeast to Hornellsville opened on November 17,1852, giving the Erie access to Buffalo, the Erie began operating the Chemung Railroad in 1850, this provided a branch from Horseheads north to Watkins. The Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad opened in 1851 as an extension from Watkins to Canandaigua and was operated by the Erie until 1853

41.
Newburgh, New York
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Newburgh /ˈnuːbərɡ/ is a city located in Orange County, New York, United States,60 miles north of New York City, and 90 miles south of Albany, on the Hudson River. Newburgh is a part of the New York metropolitan area, the Newburgh area was first settled in the early 18th century by the Germans and British. During the American Revolution, Newburgh served as the headquarters of the Continental Army, prior to its chartering in 1865, the city of Newburgh was part of the town of Newburgh, the town now borders the city to the north and west. East of the city is the Hudson River, the city of Beacon, New York across the river, the entire southern boundary of the city is with the town of New Windsor. Most of this boundary is formed by Quassaick Creek, in May 2016, the city requested help for its PFOS contaminated water supply under Superfund. At the time of European contact the area of Newburgh was occupied by the Waoranek, the area that became Newburgh was first explored by Europeans when Henry Hudson stopped by during his 1609 expedition up the river that now bears his name. Around 1683 provincial governor Thomas Dongan purchased the land from the Woaranek, the first settlement was made in the spring of 1709 by fifty-four Palatine refugees, sponsored by Queen Anne of Great Britain. The settlers named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic, in 1743 a ferry at the foot of First Street had been established between Newburgh and Fishkill Landing. In 1752 the land had been surveyed by Cadwallader Colden and named Newburgh after Newburgh in his native Scotland, shipyards were established and docks and warehouses lined the waterfront. Newburgh was the headquarters of the Continental Army from March,1782 until the part of 1783. While the army was camped at Newburgh, some of its senior officers began the Newburgh conspiracy to overthrow the government, General George Washington was able to persuade his officers to stay loyal to him. The army was disbanded here in 1783, Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Lewis Nicola proposing that he become king here. It drew a rebuke from Washington. In honor of his refusal of that suggestion, Kings Highway, the year 1793 saw Newburghs first newspaper, The Newburgh Packet. The hamlet of Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800, at the time of its settlement it was in Ulster County and was that countys seat. When Rockland County was split from Orange County in 1798, Newburgh, Newburgh thus lost its status as the county seat to Goshen. The former Ulster County courthouse still stands as Newburghs old city courthouse building, by 1793 there were four sloop lines operating out of Newburgh. As new turnpikes opened trade extended into the interior, passenger coaches and farm wagons raveled as far west as Canandaigua

42.
Providence (RI)
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities

43.
Brookline, Massachusetts
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Brookline /ˈbrʊkˌlaɪn/ is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, in the United States, and is a part of Greater Boston. Brookline borders six of Bostons neighborhoods, Brighton, Allston, Fenway–Kenmore, Mission Hill, Jamaica Plain, the city of Newton lies to the west of Brookline. At the 2010 census, the population of the town was 58,732, Brookline was first settled in 1638 as a hamlet in Boston, but was incorporated as a separate town in 1705. Brookline is especially notable as the birthplace and hometown of John F. Kennedy, Brookline was known as the hamlet of Muddy River and was considered part of Boston until the Town of Brookline was independently incorporated in 1705. It is said that the name derives from a farm once owned by Judge Samuel Sewall. According to the United States Census Bureau, Brookline has an area of 6.8 sq mi. The northern part of Brookline, roughly north of the D-line tracks, is urban in character, as highly walkable, Brookline borders Newton to the west and Boston in all other directions, it is therefore non-contiguous with any other part of Norfolk County. Brookline separates the bulk of the city of Boston from its westernmost neighborhoods of Allston–Brighton, Brookline falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone. As of the census of 2010, there were 58,732 people,24,891 households, the population density was 8,701.0 people per square mile. There were 26,448 housing units at a density of 3,889.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 73. 3% White,3. 4% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,15. 6% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 01% from other races, and 3. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 0% of the population,36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 16. 6% under the age of 18,11. 7%, from 18 to 24,37. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $66,711, and the median income for a family was $92,993. Males had an income of $56,861 versus $43,436 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,327

44.
Woonsocket, Rhode Island
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Woonsocket is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 41,186 at the 2010 census, making it the sixth largest city in the state, Woonsocket lies directly south of the Massachusetts state line. The city is the headquarters of CVS Health, a pharmacy services provider. It is home to Landmark Medical Center, the Museum of Work and Culture, in 1661, the English theologian Roger Williams purchased the area from the Coweset and Nipmucks, and in a letter referred to modern day Woonsocket as Niswosakit. Other possible derivations to the name include several Nipmuc geographic names from nearby Massachusetts and these include Woonksechocksett, from Worcester County meaning fox country, and Wannashowatuckqut, also from Worcester County, meaning at the fork of the river. Another theory states Woonsocket derives from thunder mist, in reference to the largest waterfall on the Blackstone River, yet another theory proposes that the city was named after Woonsocket Hill in neighboring North Smithfield. Woonsocket Falls Village was founded in the 1820s and its fortunes expanded as the Industrial Revolution took root in nearby Pawtucket. With the Blackstone River providing ample power, the region became a prime location for textile mills. Woonsocket as a town was not established until 1867 when three villages in the town of Cumberland, namely Woonsocket Falls, Social and Jenckesville, officially became the town of Woonsocket, by this time the beginnings of the French Canadian emigration had definitely been felt. In 1871, three additional industrial villages in Smithfield, Hamlet, Bernon and Globe, were added to the town establishing its present boundaries, Woonsocket was incorporated as city in 1888. During the Great Depression the local textile industry closed, causing high unemployment, at this point 75 percent of the population was of French-Canadian descent. French-language newspapers were published and sold here, and radio programs, most conversations in public were also in French. The citys fortunes were revived in World War II, when it became a center of manufacturing for the war effort. In the postwar years, the Woonsocket economy adjusted to a mix of manufacturing, retail, technology, however, in the early 1980s Woonsocket was again plagued by high unemployment rates. In 1980 seventy percent of Woonsockets population was French-Canadian descent, beginning in 1979, Woonsocket became home to Autumnfest, an annual cultural festival that takes place on Columbus Day Weekend, at World War II Veterans Memorial State Park. It has become one of the citys most popular events, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.0 square miles, of which 7.7 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles is water. Woonsocket is drained by the Blackstone River, adjacent communities include Blackstone and Bellingham, Massachusetts, along with Cumberland and North Smithfield, Rhode Island. At the 2010 census Woonsocket had a population of 41,186

45.
Erie Railway
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It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Hornell, and were Hornells largest employer, Hornell was also where Eries main line split into two routes, one north to Buffalo and the other west to Cleveland. On October 17,1960, the Erie merged with the former rival Delaware, the Hornell repair shops were closed, and repair operations moved to the Lackawannas Scranton facility, this had a devastating effect on Hornell from which it has never recovered. Most of the former Erie line between Hornell and Binghamton was destroyed in 1972 by the floods of Hurricane Agnes, what was left of the Erie Lackawanna became part of Conrail in 1976. In 1983, Erie remnants became part of New Jersey Transit rail operations, today, most of the surviving Erie Railroad routes are operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway. The New York and Erie Rail Road was chartered April 24,1832 by Governor of New York, Enos T. Throop to connect the Hudson River at Piermont, north of New York City, west to Lake Erie at Dunkirk. On February 16,1841 the railroad was authorized to cross into the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on the west side of the Delaware River, construction began in 1836, and it opened from Piermont to Goshen on September 23,1841. After some financial problems, construction resumed in August 1846, further extensions opened to Binghamton December 27,1848, Owego January 1,1849, and the full length to Dunkirk May 19,1851. At Dunkirk steamboats continued across Lake Erie to Detroit, Michigan, the line was built as 6 ft wide gauge, this was believed to be a superior technology to standard gauge, providing more stability. In 1848 the railroad built the Starrucca Viaduct, a railroad bridge over Starrucca Creek in Lanesboro. The viaduct is 1,040 feet long,100 feet high and 25 feet wide at the top and it is the oldest stone rail bridge in Pennsylvania still in use. The Eries charter was amended April 8,1845 to allow the building of the Newburgh Branch, running from the line near Harriman north-northeast to Newburgh. The branch opened January 8,1850 and it was later used as a connection to the New York and New England Railroad via a car float operation across the river to Beacon, New York. Through ticketing began in 1851, with a change of cars at Ramapo due to the gauge break. In 1852 the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, part of the New York Central Railroad system, the alignment from Buffalo to Attica was sold to the Eries Buffalo and New York City Railroad, a reorganization of the Attica and Hornellsville Railroad, and converted to the Eries wide gauge. The extension from Attica southeast to Hornellsville opened on November 17,1852, giving the Erie access to Buffalo, the Erie began operating the Chemung Railroad in 1850, this provided a branch from Horseheads north to Watkins. The Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad opened in 1851 as an extension from Watkins to Canandaigua and was operated by the Erie until 1853

46.
Plainfield, Connecticut
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Plainfield is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 15,405 at the 2010 census, the town comprises four villages, Plainfield, Moosup, Wauregan, and Central Village. Each village has their own respective United States Post Office and fire department, the entire town is serviced by the 860 area code. Plainfield was incorporated in 1699 as the town of Quinebaug and renamed the year to its current name. Combined with the mills, Plainfield had incredible commerce for a town because four railways from Hartford, New York, Boston. There was also a highly acclaimed school on Academy Hill, which is how the present Academy Hill Road got its name.6775 N,71.9220 W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 43.0 square miles. From the southernmost point, Plainfield is 20 miles inland of the Long Island Sound, Plainfield is the southernmost town of Windham County. The Quinebaug River generally forms the border of the town. The Moosup River feeds the Quinebaug and runs across the portion of town. Plainfield is bisected by the Connecticut Turnpike and is serviced by three exits, Lathrop Road at exit 87, CT 14A at exit 88, and CT14 at exit 89, all exits are off the I-395 portion of the Turnpike, which runs north and south. Exit 90 off I-395 North is in Plainfield, but does not offer access to any Plainfield streets, CT12 generally runs parallel to the west of the Turnpike, and is less than one-half mile from all three Turnpike exits. Providence, RI is the closest major city,30 miles to the East, Boston, MA is 60 miles Northeast, New York City, NY is 120 miles Southwest. The closest domestic airport is T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, nearby Amtrak passenger rail stations include New London and Providence, both are roughly 40 minute drives. New London is also served by the Shore Line East commuter railroad, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,619 people,5,444 households, and 3,908 families residing in the town. The population density was 345.9 people per square mile, there were 5,676 housing units at an average density of 134.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 15% White,0. 78% African American,0. 53% Native American,0. 60% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 63% from other races, and 1. 29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 63% of the population,21. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older

47.
Dutchess and Columbia Railroad
–
The Dutchess and Columbia Railroad was chartered September 4,1866. It was to run from Fishkill northeast and north to meet the New York, Millbrook resident, George H. Brown, was elected president. The road was promoted largely by New York bankers who had interests in the town of Washington. Several Dutchess County towns along the proposed route bonded themselves to aid in the construction of the road and it was also extended to State Line to connect with the Connecticut Western. Bridges were built over Fishkill Creek and Sprout Creek, after this section was in place more rails would be hauled by trains to complete the line. The line reached north to Pine Plains by July 1,1869, construction reached Millerton in the northeast corner of the county in November 1871. A short four-mile connecting Railroad called the Clove Branch was chartered in 1868, the CB connected with the D&C near Old Hopewell, and its main purpose was to haul iron ore out of the mine at Sylvan Lake. Later the CB was extended four miles and ran passenger and freight service to a few customers. The president was the same George H. Brown who was President of the D&C RR, operations were suspended in 1897 and it was abandoned in 1898. In 1849, the two Connecticut companies merged to form the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, with a charter to continue past Brewster to Fishkill. In 1851 the Rhode Island company was merged into it, later that year the first section opened, from Hartford east to Willimantic. Extensions opened east to Providence in 1854 and west to Waterbury in 1855, the HP&F went bankrupt on January 1,1858, and was run by the trustees until 1863, when it was leased by the newly formed Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad. On December 1865 a number of Erie Railway men were elected to the BH&E board, the BH&E planned to connect New England cities with a shipping terminal on the Hudson River, and purchased property at Dennings Point adjacent to the Dutchess Junction starting point of the D&C RR. The D&C RR continued building the line and bought a used locomotive from a railroad in Pennsylvania naming it Tioronda and it was a 4-4-0 wood burner that had been built in 1856. It arrived at Dutchess Junction on 8 February 1869, later it purchased two more from New Haven. These were named Washington and Pine Plains for the towns which the D&C/BH&E ran through, the chocolate brown coaches were lettered BH&E Railroad. The station at Plum Point/Dutchess Junction was not yet completed so on Monday,21 June 1869 the first trip on the line left Fishkill Landing and they ran south along the Hudson River line to Plum Point/Dutchess Junction and then ran east on the new rail line. Trains used this route for a time in 1869 until the station was finished at Dutchess Junction

New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
–
Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903, New York banker J. P. By 1912, the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles of track, with 120,000 employees and this quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers, alienated public opinion, resulted in high prices for acquisitions, and increased construction costs. Debt soared from $14 millio

1.
General offices of the company, New Haven, about 1905

2.
NH system map

3.
Train over the Norwalk River (1914 postcard).

4.
Common stock issued during 1967.

Track gauge
–
In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or n

1.
Indian Narrow and Broad gauge tracks

2.
Track gauge

3.
Fish-belly cast-iron rails from the Cromford and High Peak Railway

4.
An early Stephenson locomotive

Standard gauge
–
The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC

1.
Track gauge

New York State
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Hartford, Connecticut
–
Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicate

Providence, Rhode Island
–
Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan a

1.
From top left: Downtown Providence skyline and the Providence River from the Point Street Bridge, Federal Hill, University Hall at Brown University, Roger Williams Park, the First Baptist Church in America, WaterFire at Waterplace Park, and the Rhode Island State House.

2.
First Baptist Church in America, founded 1638, present building occupied in 1776, is the oldest Baptist congregation in America

3.
Providence in the mid-nineteenth century

4.
Market Square was the center of civic life in the 19th Century, and Market House was home to the city council before City Hall was built.

Boston, Massachusetts
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Comb

1.
From top to bottom, left to right: the Boston skyline viewed from the Bunker Hill Monument; the Museum of Fine Arts; Faneuil Hall; Massachusetts State House; The First Church of Christ, Scientist; Boston Public Library; the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum; South Station; Boston University and the Charles River; Arnold Arboretum; Fenway Park; and the Boston Common

2.
State Street, 1801

3.
View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841

4.
Scollay Square in the 1880s

MBTA
–
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,2

1.
The MBTA provides services in five different modes (boat not pictured) around Greater Boston.

2.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

3.
Steam railroads in Boston in 1880. From the US Census Bureau.

4.
Park Street station in Boston on the Green Line soon after opening, circa 1898

Franklin Line
–
Most Franklin Line trains connect to the Providence/Stoughton Line at Readville, though some weekday trains use the Dorchester Branch to access South Station. Most weekday trains, and all trains, bypass Hyde Park and Plimptonville. Several weekday trains originate at Norwood Central, trains only serve Foxboro from Boston during special events at Gi

1.
Norwood Central station

2.
Historic Union Station in Walpole

3.
The line was extended to Forge Park/495 station in 1988

4.
Foxboro station, the terminus of a proposed branch of the Franklin Line

South Station
–
It is used by thousands of commuter rail and intercity rail passengers daily. Connections to the rapid transit Red Line and Silver Line are made through the adjacent subway station, the station was renamed for former Massachusetts governor Michael S. Dukakis in November 2014, though maps and station signs continue to use the shorter South Station.

1.
The historic South Station headhouse facing Atlantic Avenue

2.
Map showing Boston railroad terminals in 1880, before the construction of South Station

3.
An early 1900s view of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated in front of South Station; the elevated station was at far right.

4.
Looking north at the merge of the two approaches, with the two pairs of tracks approaching the lower-level loop at right; the terminal is in the background. (c. 1904)

Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Comb

1.
From top to bottom, left to right: the Boston skyline viewed from the Bunker Hill Monument; the Museum of Fine Arts; Faneuil Hall; Massachusetts State House; The First Church of Christ, Scientist; Boston Public Library; the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum; South Station; Boston University and the Charles River; Arnold Arboretum; Fenway Park; and the Boston Common

2.
State Street, 1801

3.
View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841

4.
Scollay Square in the 1880s

Connecticut Southern Railroad
–
It is a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming. The line is headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut and interchanges with CSX at West Springfield, Massachusetts and New Haven, pan Am Railways exercises trackage rights to access its line at Berlin, Connecticut connecting to Waterbury, Connecticut. The railroad began operations in 1996 and was acquired by Ra

1.
Connecticut Southern Railroad

East Hartford
–
East Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 51,252 at the 2010 census, the town is located on the east bank of the Connecticut River, directly across from Hartford, Connecticut. The town includes the neighborhoods of Burnside and Hockanum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an a

1.
Main Street at the intersection with Burnside Avenue

2.
Flag

3.
Seal

4.
Hanmer Street near Stone Academy

Manchester, Connecticut
–
Manchester is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 58,241. The urban center of the town is the Manchester census-designated place, Manchester was settled by colonists around 1672 as a farming community, although at the time it was known just as Orford Parish. The many rivers and

1.
Seal

2.
Location in Hartford County, Connecticut

3.
Cheney Brothers Mills, South Manchester, 1920

4.
Child labor at Cheney Brothers Mills, 1924. Photo by Lewis Hine.

Rail trail
–
A rail trail is the conversion of a disused railway into a multi-use path, typically for walking, cycling and sometimes horse riding. The characteristics of abandoned railways—flat, long, frequently running through historical areas—are appealing for various developments, the term sometimes also covers trails running alongside working railways, thes

New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Rhode Island
–
Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusett

1.
Verrazzano Monument, Providence, Rhode Island.

2.
Flag

3.
Terrain Map of Rhode Island

4.
Shoreline in Newport, Rhode Island

Connecticut
–
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartfo

New York and Harlem Railroad
–
The New York and Harlem Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States, and was the worlds first street railway. Designed by John Stephenson, it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem, initially using horses, the line was partially converted to use steam engines and then electricity, us

1.
An 1847 map of Lower Manhattan; the only railroad in Manhattan at that time was the New York and Harlem Railroad

2.
New York and Harlem Railroad (red) and New York Central system (orange) as of 1918

3.
Abandoned Port Morris Branch.

Brewster, New York
–
Brewster is a village within the town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, United States. Its population was 2,390 at the 2010 census, the village is the most densely populated portion of the county. The village is named for two early farmer landowners, Walter and James Brewster, the village of Brewster derives its name from the landowner, Walt

1.
Walter Brewster House

2.
View of village from train station

3.
Red chondrodite and black magnetite from the old Tilly Foster Mine in Brewster

Fishkill, New York
–
Fishkill is a village within the town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The village population was 2,171 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The village is in the par

1.
Village entrance on Main Street, with the First Reformed Church to the right.

2.
Main Street in Fishkill.

3.
Van Wyck Municipal Hall on Main Street

Hudson River
–
The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York

1.
The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain

2.
The river from the Poughkeepsie Bridge

3.
The river between Midtown Manhattan (foreground) and Weehawken, New Jersey (background)

4.
The bulk carrier Nord Angel breaking ice on the Hudson

Willimantic, Connecticut
–
Willimantic is a census-designated place, former city and borough, and special-services district. Its located in the town of Windham in Windham County, Connecticut, the population was at 17,737 at the 2010 census. It is home to Eastern Connecticut State University, as well as the Windham Textile, Willimantic was incorporated as a city in 1893, the

1.
Willimantic Town Hall

2.
Old American Thread Company mill

3.
Bird's-eye view in 1908

4.
Main Street c. 1906

Waterbury, Connecticut
–
Waterbury is a city in the U. S. state of Connecticut on the Naugatuck River,33 miles southwest of Hartford and 77 miles northeast of New York City. Waterbury is in New Haven County, Connecticut and it was noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks. The city is along Interstate 84 and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connect

1.
Waterbury skyline from west, with Union Station clock tower at left

2.
St. Anne's Church, Waterbury

3.
South Main Street, about 1910

4.
Downtown on East Main Street in 1954

Bankrupt
–
Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency. In some countries, including the Unite

1.
Notice of closure attached to the door of a Computer Shop outlet the day after its parent company declared "bankruptcy" (strictly, put into administration) in the United Kingdom

2.
Insolvency

3.
Bankruptcy according to Salvation Army, Switzerland.

4.
In 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history.

Trustee
–
Trustee is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also refer to a person who is allowed to do certain tasks, in all cases, the trustee may be a person or company, whether or not they are a prospective benefic

1.
Chart of a trust

Boston and Providence Railroad
–
The Boston and Providence Railroad was an early US Railroad in New England, connecting Boston and Providence and is now part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor. The Boston and Providence Railroad was incorporated June 21,1831, the first section, from Boston to Canton with a branch to Dedham, opened in 1834, and the rest on July 28,1835 with the completi

1.
The Boston and Providence Railroad built the Canton Viaduct in 1835. Revere Copper Mill can be seen in the background

Dedham, Massachusetts
–
Dedham /ˈdɛdəm/ is a town in and the county seat of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 24,729 at the 2010 census and it is located on Bostons southwest border. On the northwest it is bordered by Needham, on the southwest by Westwood, the town was first settled in 1635. Settled in 1635 by people from Roxbury and Waterto

1.
First Church and Parish

2.
Flag

Walpole, Massachusetts
–
Walpole Town, as the Census refers to the actual town, is located about 13 miles south of Downtown Boston and 23.5 miles north of Providence, Rhode Island. The population was 24,070 at the 2010 census, Walpole was first settled in 1659 and was considered a part of Dedham until officially incorporated in 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Wal

1.
Main Street

2.
Sir Robert Walpole, the town's namesake.

3.
Blackburn Hall in Walpole was built by Harriet Nevins as a memorial to her parents

4.
Walpole High School, which is one of two public high schools in Walpole.

Providence and Worcester Railroad
–
The Providence and Worcester Railroad is a Class III railroad owned by Genesee & Wyoming. The railroads connection between New Haven, Connecticut and New York City and onto Long Island is via trackage rights over the Hell Gate Bridge, the two companies were merged November 25,1845 as the Providence and Worcester Railroad. The company bought the Bla

1.
Providence & Worcester GP38-2 #2009

2.
Providence and Worcester GE Locomotive #4006 seen in Baltic, CT with the Northbound portion of the Mass Bay Rail Enthuiasts Excursion Train "Advance Willimantic Special" on Saturday, October 13, 2012 at about 3:30 PM

Blackstone, Massachusetts
–
Blackstone is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 9,026 at the 2010 census and it is formally a part of the Providence metropolitan area. This region was inhabited by the Nipmuc. Blackstone was first settled in 1662 and was incorporated in 1845. Initially, the town was part of Mendon, Massachusetts, before b

1.
Rolling Dam on the Blackstone River

Southbridge, Massachusetts
–
The Town of Southbridge has a city form of government with a city council legislative body, but via a statute calls itself a Town. It is located in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, the population was 16,719 at the 2010 census. Southbridge is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, the area was initially in

1.
Southbridge Town Hall

2.
View of Southbridge c. 1905

Douglas, Massachusetts
–
Douglas is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 8,471 at the 2010 census and it includes the sizable Douglas State Forest, managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The name of Douglas was first given to the territory of the town in the year 1746, New Sherburn or New Sherburn Gra

1.
Second Congregational Church

2.
Reenactors of Malma & Helen during Octoberfest. On right from pickwick players is donna bishop

3.
Jenckes Store as it appeared in the 1800s

4.
Jenckes Store & Museum 2013

Ironstone, Massachusetts
–
Ironstone is an historic village, in the township of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, United States. It derived its name from plentiful bog iron found here which helped Uxbridge to become a center for three iron forges in the towns earliest settlement, South Uxbridge has historic sites, picturesque weddings, hospitality, industrial and distribution centers

Norwich and Worcester Railroad
–
The New York and New England Railroad was a major railroad connecting southern New York State with Hartford, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston, Massachusetts. It operated from 1873 to 1893, prior to 1873 it was known as the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad, which had been formed by several smaller railroads dating back to 1846. Th

1.
1871 Map of New England railroads

2.
1867 New Haven, Middletown and Boston Railroad map

3.
New York and New England Railroad's White Train between New York and Boston, c. 1890

4.
Poughkeepsie Bridge

Grade crossing
–
A level crossing, or grade crossing, is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel. The term also applies when a rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway cro

1.
A manually-operated level crossing in India

2.
A level crossing at Chertsey, England (UK) as the barriers rise

3.
Most crossings in Europe and around the world are marked by some form of saltire (St. Andrews Cross) to warn road users that these level crossings have no barriers whatsoever. This level crossing design is used in Slovenia.

Summer Street (Boston)
–
Summer Street in Boston, Massachusetts, extends from Downtown Crossing in the Financial District, over Fort Point Channel, and into South Boston to the southeast. In the mid-19th century it was also called Seven Star Lane, along the route is Dewey Square, which is formed by the intersection of Atlantic Avenue, Summer, Federal, and Purchase Streets

South Boston
–
South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. South Boston, most popularly known as Southie, was once a working class Irish Catholic community. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate

1.
South Boston from the air

2.
Dorchester neck can be seen on this early map of Boston in the lower right.

3.
South Boston in 1888 ("Süd Boston" on this German map.)

4.
New convention center

Car float
–
A railroad car float or rail barge is an unpowered barge with rail tracks mounted on its deck. It is used to move railroad cars across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go, as such, the car float is a specialised form of the lighter, as opposed to a train ferry, which is self-powered. During the Civil War Herman Haupt used h

1.
A railroad car float in the Upper New York Bay, 1919. A tugboat (towboat) stack is visible behind the middle car.

2.
1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing

3.
Woodfibre, British Columbia

4.
The car float docks at Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York.

Erie Railroad
–
It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Horn

1.
1834 plan

2.
Erie system map, circa 1884

3.
Formerly Erie Railroad tracks pass through Nutley, New Jersey. Track on left is out of service

4.
Railway switch in Nutley, New Jersey

Newburgh, New York
–
Newburgh /ˈnuːbərɡ/ is a city located in Orange County, New York, United States,60 miles north of New York City, and 90 miles south of Albany, on the Hudson River. Newburgh is a part of the New York metropolitan area, the Newburgh area was first settled in the early 18th century by the Germans and British. During the American Revolution, Newburgh s

1.
Downtown Newburgh from Beacon, across the Hudson River

2.
Woodcut of Newburgh skyline from Hudson in 1842, with Dutch Reformed Church, then with its original dome and lantern.

3.
Christopher Columbus Statue on Newburgh's Waterfront

4.
View of Newburgh from the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge

Providence (RI)
–
Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan a

1.
From top left: Downtown Providence skyline and the Providence River from the Point Street Bridge, Federal Hill, University Hall at Brown University, Roger Williams Park, the First Baptist Church in America, WaterFire at Waterplace Park, and the Rhode Island State House.

2.
First Baptist Church in America, founded 1638, present building occupied in 1776, is the oldest Baptist congregation in America

3.
Providence in the mid-nineteenth century

4.
Market Square was the center of civic life in the 19th Century, and Market House was home to the city council before City Hall was built.

Brookline, Massachusetts
–
Brookline /ˈbrʊkˌlaɪn/ is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, in the United States, and is a part of Greater Boston. Brookline borders six of Bostons neighborhoods, Brighton, Allston, Fenway–Kenmore, Mission Hill, Jamaica Plain, the city of Newton lies to the west of Brookline. At the 2010 census, the population of the town was 58,732, Brookli

1.
Brookline, Massachusetts

2.
1858 map of north-central Norfolk County, showing Brookline (upper left) along with Dorchester, Roxbury and West Roxbury, all three of which were later annexed by Boston.

3.
Overlooking Leverett Pond in Olmsted Park from the Brookline, MA side

Woonsocket, Rhode Island
–
Woonsocket is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 41,186 at the 2010 census, making it the sixth largest city in the state, Woonsocket lies directly south of the Massachusetts state line. The city is the headquarters of CVS Health, a pharmacy services provider. It is home to Landmark Medical Center, the Muse

1.
Downtown Woonsocket

2.
Woonsocket from the East. 1886 engraving.

3.
Woonsocket Medical Corporation, founded in 1839 by Dr. Seth Arnold

4.
Woonsocket in 1855

Erie Railway
–
It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Horn

1.
1834 plan

2.
Erie Railroad

3.
Formerly Erie Railroad tracks pass through Nutley, New Jersey. Track on left is out of service

4.
Railway switch in Nutley, New Jersey

Plainfield, Connecticut
–
Plainfield is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 15,405 at the 2010 census, the town comprises four villages, Plainfield, Moosup, Wauregan, and Central Village. Each village has their own respective United States Post Office and fire department, the entire town is serviced by the 860 area code. Plainfield was i

1.
Seal

2.
Location in Windham County and the state of Connecticut.

3.
Moosup Free Public Library, about 1908

Dutchess and Columbia Railroad
–
The Dutchess and Columbia Railroad was chartered September 4,1866. It was to run from Fishkill northeast and north to meet the New York, Millbrook resident, George H. Brown, was elected president. The road was promoted largely by New York bankers who had interests in the town of Washington. Several Dutchess County towns along the proposed route bon

1.
Montage of New Haven. Clockwise from top left: Downtown New Haven skyline, East Rock Park, summer festivities on the New Haven Green, shops along Upper State Street, Five Mile Point Lighthouse, Harkness Tower, and Connecticut Hall at Yale.

2.
Seal

3.
The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant New Haven Green at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown