Mutiny in the Yemeni Military

A member of Yemen's newly formed Special Security Forces is stationed at a checkpoint in Sana'a, May 2013 (Reuters)

The Yemeni military has long been weakened by corruption, fragmentation, and instances of insubordination, but in the past year and a half its soldiers have been bucking orders and casting out commanders at an increasingly faster rate. Even elite units placed in sensitive areas, for instance in territory where al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) is known to operate, have left their posts. If this trend continues to accelerate, it risks knocking out a vital pillar of U.S. counterterrorism strategy.

The United States relies on the Yemeni security forces to conduct counterterrorism operations against al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) as part of America’s strategy to combat the virulent Yemen-based al Qaeda affiliate. The partnership with the Yemeni government previously ran through Ali Abdullah Saleh, who carefully managed the counterterrorism relationship and channeled American military assistance to members of his family and patronage network. Former president Saleh was an unreliable partner: his prioritization of limited security resources created a permissive environment for al Qaeda to re-establish itself in Yemen. Political unrest sparked by the Arab Spring in 2011 forced Saleh into a negotiated transition of power to his vice president, Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi. The transition deal, inked under the auspices of the Gulf Cooperation Council, included a mandate for Hadi to restructure Yemen’s security sector. Hadi’s efforts to dismantle entrenched patronage networks and to professionalize a force long accustomed to personal rule have met resistance, however. Though the U.S. may now have a willing partner in Yemen, that partner is currently handicapped by regular instances of insubordination within the ranks of its military.

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President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi inherited a military controlled in part by political rivals. The Yemeni military, never a cohesive unit, fragmented in 2011 along political lines. The restructuring of the military into a professionalized force has been backed internationally, but it has been met with resistance internally as Hadi chips away at standing power structures. Since Hadi assumed office on February 25, 2012, at least 22 brigades and one battalion have rebelled. The stream of mutinies picked up in August 2012, soon after a group of presidential decrees struck at the personal networks of Saleh and of political rival General Ali Mohsen al Ahmar by removing brigades from under the command of the Republican Guard and the First Armored Division, respectively.[1] Saleh’s son, Ahmed, had been the commander of the Republican Guard at the time. The frequency of mutinies further increased after decrees on December 19, 2012 finally disbanded the two organizations. The next round of reforms in April 2013 appointed Brigadier General Ahmed Saleh and General al Ahmar to new posts and further purged individuals in their respective networks from command positions in the military.[2]

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One of the most concerning aspects of the continued instances of insubordination within Yemen’s military is that it appears to be concentrated within what should be the more-elite units. More than half of the brigades that have rebelled to date are former Republican Guard units, which were the best-trained and best-armed military units in Yemen. The appointment of a new brigade commander or transfer to a new command generally prompted soldiers to rebel. Concessions from the government, often in the form of a change in leadership, have resolved these instances quickly. Of less concern, but equal import, are the regular reports that units are rebelling because troops’ salaries have not been paid or because of questions of unit management. These mutinies are not confined to the military alone, but also occur within units of Yemen’s security organizations. The Yemeni press has reported incidents of unrest once or twice a week. The cost of mutinies across Yemen’s security forces comes in the form of distraction from task in an environment where security resources are already limited.

Mutinies have occurred across Yemen, sometimes on highly sensitive fronts like Abyan and Ma’rib governorates.[3] The northeastern region of Abyan has been a historical safe haven for al Qaeda in Yemen, and in 2011, AQAP’s insurgent arm seized control of most of Abyan governorate. Military units in Abyan currently serve as the frontline against AQAP’s insurgency, which has not yet been fully put down. Ma’rib, the governorate east of Sana’a, the capital, has also had a historical al Qaeda presence. Its tribes work with AQAP and grant members of the organization safe passage and refuge. Tribesmen in Ma’rib have also repeatedly targeted national energy infrastructure to protest against the government, causing widespread power outages. Troops in Ma’rib provide security for repairs on the damaged power stations and oil pipelines, as well as limit AQAP’s freedom of movement in the governorate.

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One of the worst cases of mutiny occurred in Ma’rib governorate, and actually ended in the effectual disbandment of an entire brigade. The soldiers in the Third Mountain Brigade, a former Republican Guard unit, rose up in February 2013 and appointed their own commander.[4] The soldiers acted out consistently in the months since: scrapping with local merchants, blocking a main road, and even clashing with military police.[5] After months of violence, the Defense Ministry sent in a mediation committee that decided to give the rebelling brigade six months’ leave, whereupon its soldiers sold their weapons on the local marketplace and left the governorate.[6] A June 25 report indicated that a brigade of soldiers from the former First Armored Division, only now in the process of disbanding and vacating its Sana’a-based headquarters, would be deployed to Ma’rib to replace the dissolved Third Mountain Brigade.[7] The failures here are many, and include the original acceptance of a commander appointed outside the chain-of-command; negotiations with troops that added legitimacy to their protest; and the chaotic dissolution of an elite unit in an area already suffering from instability.

A mutiny does not often translate to a case of true dysfunction, as occurred in the case of the Third Mountain Brigade. Though it may undermine the strength of a centralized command long term, the tactic of negotiating with rebelling soldiers has been moderately effective at maintaining stability within the military. Mediation committees or senior military officers negotiate terms with the protest leaders and will frequently agree to meet the troops’ demands. For example, a committee sent by the Defense Ministry to negotiate with the 22nd Brigade in Taiz after a month of protest acquiesced to the soldiers’ request to change the brigade commander.[8] There is also the case of the 29th Mechanized Brigade. Its soldiers and officers expelled their commander, Brigadier General Hafezullah al Sadmi, and his staff on January 8, 2013 in a deadly attack on the brigade headquarters in Amran governorate, which is north of the capital.[9] Protesting soldiers then barricaded the government’s mediation committee, headed by Brigadier General Hamid Qushaybi, in the brigade’s headquarters on January 11.[10] A counter-protest seeking the return of al Sadmi to brigade commander resolved the issue.[11] Another example is the 102nd Brigade protest in Bani Hushaysh, Sana’a, on May 25.[12] The unit, formerly of the Republican Guard, had been transferred to the Defense Reserve Forces by order of one of the April 10 decrees, which also appointed Major General Ali al Jaifi as commander of the unit. Jaifi conceded to the unit’s demands by appointing a new brigade commander, and thus restored order.

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The lingering existence of Saleh’s and General al Ahmar’s patronage networks remain a concern in Yemen, even as Hadi attempts to separate those networks from the military’s command structure. On June 15 and 16, 2012, an especially troubling sign of dissent was reported.[13] Soldiers still identified in the local press as members of the Republican Guard and First Armored Division mutinied by cutting off roads in Sana’a and al Hudaydah, respectively. The persistence of soldiers bearing these identities is worrying as it contradicts the decrees that dissolved these organizations – on December 19, 2012, and again on April 10, 2013.[14] It remains to be seen whether the official force restructuring ends Saleh’s and General al Ahmar’s influence, or whether personal loyalties continue to divide the military.

America’s strategy to counter AQAP rests on the reliability of its partner in Yemen to combat that group on the ground. The Yemeni security forces, and the military in particular, must be both able and willing to fight AQAP for this strategy to succeed. It is not at the point of failure yet: the mutinies in the military are of concern, but there remain units that follow orders and continue to pursue AQAP. It is likely that the change of partners from Saleh to Hadi will allow U.S. military assistance to enable these units, and that the distribution of resources to units will be based less on personal politics and more on merit. Moreover, there is evidence that the military forces are now resuming a role in providing security in key regions that had been temporarily filled by local tribal militias.[15] At the moment, however, the mutinies are straining the limited capabilities of an already weak fighting force, and if they continue, may drive Yemen’s military to a point of paralysis. These instances of insubordination place the overall reliability of Yemen as an effective counterterrorism partner against AQAP now and in the long term into question.

The author would like to thank Katherine Zimmerman for her insight and editing.