Joseph Hume, (born Jan. 22, 1777, Montrose, Angus, Scot.—died Feb. 20, 1855, County of Norfolk, Eng.), British radical politician responsible for a number of social reforms.

After making his fortune in India, he returned to England and, in 1812, purchased a seat in the House of Commons, where he voted as a Tory. Parliament dissolved, and six years elapsed before Hume returned to the House; during that time he adopted the doctrines of James Mill and the philosophical radicals. When Hume returned to Parliament, he became the self-appointed guardian of the public purse by challenging and bringing to a direct vote every single item of public expenditure. He was responsible for adding the word retrenchment to the radical “peace and reform” program. A believer in free trade, Hume was largely responsible for the repeal of the laws prohibiting the export of machinery and of the act preventing the emigration of workmen; he also fought the Combination Acts, which made trade unionism illegal. An energetic and tireless reformer, he also protested against flogging in the army, the impressment of sailors, and imprisonment for debt; he advocated Catholic emancipation and the admission of dissenters to the universities; and he advocated the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and parliamentary reform.