A surface electrocardiogram (EKG) is emulated using signals detected by the internal leads of an implanted device. In one example, the emulation is performed using a technique that concatenates portions of signals sensed using different electrodes. In another example, the emulation is performed using...http://www.google.com/patents/US7933643?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7933643 - System and method for displaying an emulated surface EKG using an external programming device

System and method for displaying an emulated surface EKG using an external programming deviceUS 7933643 B1

Abstract

A surface electrocardiogram (EKG) is emulated using signals detected by the internal leads of an implanted device. In one example, the emulation is performed using a technique that concatenates portions of signals sensed using different electrodes. In another example, the emulation is performed using a technique that selectively amplifies or attenuates portions of a single cardiac signal sensed using a single pair of electrodes. The surface EKG emulation may be performed by the implanted device itself or by an external device, such as a programmer, based on cardiac signals transmitted thereto. The external device then displays the emulated surface EKG along with an intracardiac electrogram (IEGM) and set of event markers. Alternatively, the external device displays an entire set of emulated EKGs that had been generated based on the same patient input data but using different emulation techniques. The emulated EKGs are displayed along with an actual surface EKG for the patient so that a physician may easily identify the optimal emulation technique for that patient.

Images(31)

Claims(14)

1. A method for emulating and displaying a surface electrocardiogram (EKG) of a patient in which an implantable cardiac stimulation device is implanted, the method comprising:

sensing first and second cardiac signals;

emulating the surface EKG of the patient by identifying a pair of baseline points in each of the first and second cardiac signals and selectively concatenating that portion of the first cardiac signal that lies between the pair of baseline points with that portion of the second cardiac signal that lies outside the pair of baseline points, using the baseline points as concatenation points; and

displaying the emulated surface EKG using a device external to the patient.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising displaying, along with the emulated surface EKG, a corresponding intracardiac electrogram (IEGM) sensed by the implantable device.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein displaying the corresponding IEGM is performed to display one or more of an atrial IEGM, a ventricular IEGM and a cross-chamber IEGM.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising displaying, along with the emulated surface EKG, corresponding event markers representative of events sensed by the implanted device.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein emulating the surface EKG is performed by the implanted device and wherein displaying the emulated surface EKG is performed by the external device based on emulated surface EKG data received from the implanted device.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein emulating the surface EKG is performed by the external device based on cardiac signals sensed by the implanted device and transmitted to the external device.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein emulating the surface EKG is performed to generate a plurality of emulations of the surface EKG using separate emulation techniques and wherein displaying the emulated surface EKG is performed to display each of the plurality of separate emulations for comparison.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising receiving a user input selection specifying a particular emulation technique for use in subsequent surface EKG emulation for the patient.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein generating a plurality of emulations using separate emulation techniques comprises performing both a selective concatenation of separate cardiac signals and a selective adjustment of relative amplitudes of portions of a single cardiac signal.

identifying near-field ventricular signals within the ventricular channel signals; and

concatenating the near-field atrial signals and the near-field ventricular signals to yield the emulated surface EKG.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/735,948, filed Dec. 12, 2003, entitled “System And Method For Emulating a Surface EKG Using Internal Cardiac Signals Sensed by an Implantable Medical Device”, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to implantable medical devices, such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (“ICDs”), and to external programmers for use therewith and, in particular, to techniques for emulating a surface electrocardiogram (EKG) using internal electrical cardiac signals.

BACKGROUND

A pacemaker is an implantable medical device that recognizes various arrhythmias such as an abnormally slow heart rate (bradycardia) or an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia) and delivers electrical pacing pulses to the heart in an effort to remedy the arrhythmias. An ICD is an implantable device that additionally recognizes atrial fibrillation (AF) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and delivers electrical shocks to terminate fibrillation. Pacemakers and ICDs detect arrhythmias by sensing internal electrical cardiac signals using leads implanted within the heart. The internal signals comprise an intracardiac electrogram (IEGM). Within the IEGM, the normal contraction of atrial heart muscle tissue appears as a P-wave whereas the normal contraction of ventricular muscle tissue appears as an R-wave (sometimes referred to as the “QRS complex”). More specifically, the P-wave corresponds to the electrical depolarization of atrial tissue and the R-wave corresponds to the depolarization of ventricular tissue. The subsequent electrical repolarization of the ventricular tissue appears within the IEGM as a T-wave. Strictly speaking, P-waves, R-waves and T-waves are features of a surface electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). For convenience, the terms P-wave, R-wave and T-wave are also used herein to refer to the corresponding internal signal component.

Pacemakers and ICDs are often configured to be used in conjunction with a programmer that allows a physician to program the operation of the implanted device to, for example, control the specific parameters by which the device detects arrhythmia and responds thereto. For example, the programmer may allow the physician to specify the sensitivity with which the implanted device senses electrical signals within the heart and to further specify the amount of electrical energy to be employed for pacing the heart. Additionally, the programmer may be configured to receive and display a wide variety of diagnostic information detected by the implanted device, such as graphs of the IEGM. In addition, the programmer may operate to analyze data received from the device to assist the physician in rendering diagnoses as to possible arrhythmias and to then assist the physician in programming the device to provide appropriate therapy.

Current state of the art implantable cardiac stimulation devices may have dozens or hundreds of programmable parameters that can be individually programmed using the external programmer. The programmable parameters permit the operation of the cardiac stimulation device to be tailored to the needs of the particular patient to provide optimal therapy while minimizing the risk of any unnecessary therapy. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to predict the effect within a given patient to a selected set of parameter settings. Hence, a potentially viable set of parameters is chosen by the physician, the implantable cardiac stimulation device is programmed using the selected set of parameters and then the patient is sent home. Weeks or months later the patient returns to the physician's office for a follow-up appointment so that they physician may evaluate the effect of the selected parameters. Typically, the follow-up evaluation consists of the physician making judgments based upon a review of diagnostic information provided by the implanted device (including the IEGM) in combination with a surface EKG provided by a separate surface EKG unit. As part of the review, the physician may also compare new surface EKGs with recorded surface EKGs from previous sessions. In any case, the physician adjusts the programming parameters of the implanted device to improve therapy delivered to the patient. Again, the patient is sent home for several more weeks or months until another follow-up visit. This cycle may be repeated numerous times before optimal device settings are determined by the physician.

To obtain a surface EKG, typically, ten electrodes are manually attached the skin of the patient in the configuration shown in FIG. 1. The surface EKG derived from the ten electrodes is referred to as a “12-lead” EKG because twelve signals are derived from the ten electrodes—including signals from each of the individual electrodes plus signals between certain pairs of electrodes. More specifically, the ten electrodes include four limb electrodes and six “chest” electrodes. The chest electrodes are labeled: V1-V6. The limb electrodes are: RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg) and right leg (RL), the last of which is optional. The chest electrodes provide one signal per electrode, referred to as the V1-V6 signals. The RA, LA and LL limb electrodes also provide one signal per electrode, referred to as the aVR, aVL and aVF signals (with F signifying foot as opposed to leg.) Finally, the difference between each pairing of the RA, LA and LL limb electrodes is considered a separate “lead” (referred to as the Einthoven leads I, II and III) and hence provide the last three signals of the surface EKG. The twelve signals of the surface EKG are summarized in TABLE I, along with the electrodes from which the signals are derived.

TABLE I

SURFACE EKG

PHYSICAL LEADS

SIGNALS

V1

V1

V2

V2

V3

V3

V4

V4

V5

V5

V6

V6

LA-RA

I

LL-RA

II

LL-LA

III

RA

aVR

LA

aVL

LL

Avf

The twelve signals are combined to yield a single surface EKG, an example of which is shown in FIG. 2. It is particularly important for the physician to review the surface EKG during follow-up programming sessions. See: “The Paced Electrocardiogram Should No Longer Be Neglected in Pacemaker Follow-Up”, by S. Serge Barold; Paul A. Levine; I. Eli Ovsyshcher, PACE 2001; 24: 1455-1458. However, the need to manually attach and remove each of the surface EKG electrodes from the patient during each follow-up session is a burden to the physician (or his or her staff) and a considerable inconvenience to the patient. In many cases, the skin of the patient must be shaved and sanded in the locations where the electrodes are to be attached to provide adequate electrical conduction. This can be quite uncomfortable and, in some cases, embarrassing for the patient. Moreover, the time required to attach and then remove the electrodes adds to the overall cost of the follow-up session. Also, from one follow-up session and another, the electrodes may not be placed at the exact same locations on the patient, thus resulting in somewhat different surface EKGs and making it more difficult for the physician to properly identify actual differences in cardiac signals of the patient from one session to the next.

As can be appreciated, it would be desirable to eliminate the need for attaching the electrodes of the surface EKG to patients during follow-up sessions to thereby reduce the cost and inconvenience to the patient and to eliminate problems resulting from differing electrode placement. One proposed solution is to emulate the surface EKG using internal electrical cardiac signals sensed by the implanted device so that, during a follow-up session, a separate surface EKG system is not required and external electrodes need not be attached to the patient. One effective technique for emulating a surface EKG using internal electrical signals is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/334,741 to Kroll et al., entitled “System and Method for Emulating a Surface EKG Using Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Device”, filed Dec. 30, 2002, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated by reference herein. With the technique of Kroll et al., each of the separate signals of the 12-lead EKG are individually emulated based on IEGM signals derived from implanted electrodes.

Although Kroll et al. provides a powerful technique for emulating all twelve signals of the EKG, in many cases, it is not always necessary for the physician to separately review the individual signals and only a combined surface EKG is needed. Hence, rather than separately emulating individual 12-lead EKG signals and then combining the signals into single surface EKG, it would instead be desirable to provide simpler and more direct techniques for emulating a combined surface EKG.

It should be noted that there are some existing techniques that serve to directly emulate a single combined surface EKG. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,811 to Hedberg et al., entitled “Device and Method for Generating a Synthesized ECG”. With the technique of Hedberg et al., a neural network is employed to convert electrical signals derived from implanted electrodes into a single emulated or “synthesized” surface EKG. Although the technique of Hedberg et al. directly emulates a single combined surface EKG, it appears to be computationally intensive. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide improved techniques for emulating a single combined surface EKG that are not computationally intensive.

The parent application (i.e. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/735,948) provided just such improvements. Briefly, the parent application set forth various techniques, also described herein below, for emulating a surface EKG using only one or two internal electrical cardiac signals. In one example, the emulation is performed using a technique that concatenates portions of signals sensed using different electrodes, such as by combining far-field ventricular signals sensed in the atria with far-field atrial signals sensed in the ventricles or by combining near-field signals sensed in the atria with near-field signals sensed in the ventricles. In another example, the emulation is performed using a technique that selectively amplifies or attenuates portions of a single signal sensed using a single pair of electrodes, such as by attenuating near-field portions of an atrial unipolar signal relative to far-field portions of the same signal or by attenuating atrial portions of a cross-chamber signal relative to ventricular portions to the same signal. The surface EKG emulation may be performed by the implanted device itself or by an external programmer based on cardiac signals transmitted thereto.

It would also be desirable to display a surface EKG that has been emulated using one of these improved techniques alongside an otherwise conventional IEGM so that a physician can review and examine both together. It would also be desirable to additionally display corresponding event markers, i.e. icons representative of specific cardiac electrical events such as P-waves, R-waves, etc. so as to particularly identify pertinent events within the IEGM and surface EKG. Moreover, it would be desirable to display a set of surface EKGs emulated using different emulation techniques alongside one another so that the physician may select a preferred one of the emulation techniques. It is to these ends that aspects of the present application are directed.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one illustrative embodiment, techniques are provided for emulating and displaying a surface EKG of a patient in which an implantable medical device is implanted. Briefly, the surface EKG of the patient is emulated by performing either a selective concatenation of separate cardiac signals or a selective adjustment of relative amplitudes of portions of a single cardiac signal, or both. Selective concatenation may be performed, for example, by combining far-field ventricular signals sensed in the atria with far-field atrial signals sensed in the ventricles or by combining near-field signals sensed in the atria with near-field signals sensed in the ventricles. Selective adjustment may be performed, for example, by adjusting the amplitudes of near-field portions of an atrial unipolar signal relative to far-field portions of the same signal or by adjusting the amplitudes of atrial portions of a cross-chamber signal relative to ventricular portions to the same signal. The emulated surface EKG is then displayed using an external programmer, preferably along with a corresponding IEGM sensed by the implantable device and along with a corresponding set of event markers.

By emulating the surface EKG using either the concatenation technique or the selective adjustment technique, a reasonably accurate surface EKG may be generated without requiring computationally-intensive emulation techniques. By displaying the emulated surface EKG along with the IEGM, a physician reviewing the dual display can thereby advantageously examine both types of cardiac signal displays side-by-side. This is particularly desirable if the physician may be somewhat unfamiliar with IEGM displays, as the dual display allows the physician to view the IEGM in the context of the more familiar surface EKG. Moreover, of course, the generation of an emulated surface EKG eliminates the need to provide a separate surface EKG lead system.

In one example, the emulation is performed by the external programmer (or other device external to the patient) based on IEGM data previously stored within the implanted device, such as IEGM data originally recorded during an episode of arrhythmia. The implanted device transmits the recorded IEGM data along with recorded event marker data to the programmer, which displays the IEGM and event marker data alongside an emulated surface EKG generated based on the IEGM data. In this manner, a physician can view an emulated surface EKG corresponding to a previous episode of arrhythmia even though no surface EKG was generated or recorded at that time. In another example, the emulation is performed by the external programmer based on real-time IEGM data sent by the implanted device. The implanted device transmits real-time IEGM data along with corresponding event marker data to the programmer, which displays the IEGM and event marker data substantially in real-time alongside an emulated surface EKG generated based on the IEGM data. In this manner, the physician can view the current cardiac activity of the patient in both the format of an IEGM and the format of a surface EKG, without requiring an actual surface EKG system. Note that transmission of data or signals from the implanted system to the external programmer (or other external device) may be performed using any suitable transmission technique. A relay device may be employed to relay signals or data from the implanted device to a remote system, such as a centralized computing system. The relay device may include, for example, a bedside monitor, a remote transmitter, a remote monitor, a remote interrogator, a transtelephonic monitor, a wireless relay device, or any form of world wide web (WWW)-based data relay system (e.g. systems exploiting the Internet).

In yet another example, the emulation is performed by the implanted device as cardiac signals are detected, with the emulated surface EKG then stored within the device along with IEGM data and event marker data for subsequent transmission an external programmer (or other device external to the patient). The programmer eventually displays the emulated surface EKG along with the IEGM and the event marker data. In this manner, even if the programmer is not equipped to emulate a surface EKG, the programmer can nevertheless still display an emulated surface EKG originally generated by the implanted device. In still yet another example, the emulation is performed by the implanted device substantially in real-time as cardiac signals are detected. The implanted device transmits the real-time emulated surface EKG along with real-time IEGM data and event marker data to the programmer for display thereon. In this manner, even thought the external programmer may not be equipped to perform EKG emulation, the physician can nevertheless view the current cardiac activity of the patient in both IEGM-format and the surface EKG-format, again without requiring an actual surface EKG system.

Thus, in the exemplary embodiments described herein, the invention provides simple but effective techniques for emulating and displaying surface EKGs based on internally-detected cardiac signals. Herein, the term “emulation” as applied to the surface EKG refers to the generation of a suitable surrogate, substitute or proxy for an actual surface EKG. The use of the term is not intended to imply that an exact copy of the surface EKG necessarily be generated. Rather, it is typically sufficient that the emulated surface EKG be sufficiently similar to the actual surface EKG to aid the physician during a follow-up programming session. In other words, the emulated EKG provides a suitable “visualization” of the actual surface EKG.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the illustrative embodiments may be more readily understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a system of electrodes for use in generating a surface EKG in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating an exemplary combined surface EKG derived from the electrodes of FIG. 1, also in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating an implantable stimulation device in electrical communication with at least three leads implanted into a patient's heart for delivering multi-chamber stimulation and shock therapy;

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of the multi-chamber implantable stimulation device of FIG. 3 illustrating the basic elements of a stimulation device which can provide cardioversion, defibrillation and pacing stimulation in four chambers of the heart and particularly illustrating an on-board surface EKG emulation system for emulating a single combined surface EKG based on far-field signals sensed using the implanted leads of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating components of a programmer for use in programming the implantable device of FIG. 3, and in particular illustrating a programmer-based surface EKG emulation system for emulating a single combined surface EKG based on far-field signals transmitted from the implanted device of FIG. 4 (and particularly for use with implantable devices that do not include an on-board surface EKG emulation system);

FIG. 6 is a flow chart providing an overview of an exemplary concatenation-based technique for emulating a surface EKG for use either by the on-board surface EKG emulation system of FIG. 4 or the programmer-based surface EKG emulation system of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart summarizing a far-field-based concatenation technique, which is an example of the general concatenation technique of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating separate ventricular and atrial channel signals and an emulated surface EKG derived from the separate signals using the far-field technique of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart providing details of the exemplary far-field-based technique of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating exemplary concatenation points identified using the technique of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating far-field atrial and ventricular signals concatenated using the technique of FIG. 9 and in particular showing slight discontinuities at concatenation points;

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the smoothing of concatenated signals in accordance with the technique of FIG. 9;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart summarizing a near-field-based concatenation technique, which is another example of the general concatenation technique of FIG. 6;

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating separate ventricular and atrial channel signals and an emulated surface EKG derived from the separate signals using the near-field concatenation technique of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart providing details of the exemplary near-field-based technique of FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart providing an overview of an exemplary single signal-based technique for emulating a surface EKG for use either by the on-board surface EKG emulation system of FIG. 4 or the programmer-based surface EKG emulation system of FIG. 5;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart summarizing an atrial unipolar-based technique, which is an example of the general single signal-based technique of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an atrial unipolar signal and an emulated surface EKG derived from the unipolar signal using the technique of FIG. 17;

FIG. 20 is a flow chart summarizing a cross-chamber-based technique, which is another example of the general single signal-based technique of FIG. 16;

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a cross-chamber signal (A-ring to V-ring) and an emulated surface EKG derived from the cross-chamber signal using the technique of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a flow chart providing details of the exemplary cross-chamber-based technique of FIG. 20;

FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a system implementation applicable to any of the emulation techniques described herein wherein the implanted device of FIG. 4 generates the emulated EKG for transmission to the external programmer of FIG. 5;

FIG. 24 is a flow chart illustrating a system implementation applicable to any of the emulation techniques described herein wherein the implanted device of FIG. 4 transmits internal cardiac signals to the external programmer of FIG. 5, which then generates the emulated surface EKG based on the signals;

FIG. 25 is a flow chart providing an overview of an exemplary technique for displaying a surface EKG emulated using any of the emulation techniques of FIGS. 1-24 along with a corresponding IEGM and/or set of event markers;

FIG. 26 is a graph illustrating an exemplary display generated in accordance with the techniques of FIG. 25 of an emulated surface EKG along with the corresponding IEGM and event marker display;

FIG. 27 is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an implementation wherein the implanted device transmits previously recorded IEGM data and event markers to the external programmer, which generates an emulated surface EKG for display alongside the recorded IEGM and event markers, in accordance with the general techniques of FIG. 25;

FIG. 28 is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an implementation wherein the implanted device transmits real-time IEGM signals and event markers to the external programmer, which generates the emulated surface EKG for display alongside the real-time IEGM and event markers, again in accordance with the general techniques of FIG. 25;

FIG. 29 is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an implementation wherein the implanted device transmits previously recorded IEGM data, event record data, and surface EKG emulation data to the external programmer, which displays the emulated surface EKG alongside the IEGM data and event markers, again in accordance with the general techniques of FIG. 25;

FIG. 30 is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an implementation wherein the implanted device transmits real-time IEGM data, event record data, and surface EKG emulation data to the external programmer, which displays the real-time emulated surface EKG alongside the IEGM data and event markers, again in accordance with the general techniques of FIG. 25;

FIG. 31 is a flow chart providing an overview of an exemplary technique for displaying multiple surface EKG emulations generated using each of the main emulation techniques of FIGS. 1-24 along with an IEGM for use in selecting a preferred emulation technique;

FIG. 32 is a graph illustrating an exemplary display generated in accordance with the techniques of FIG. 31 of four different surface EKGs emulations generated using different emulation techniques, along with the corresponding IEGM and event marker display;

FIG. 33 is a functional block diagram illustrating an alternative implementation of the programmer of FIG. 5, and in particular illustrating a display controller for displaying an emulated surface EKG alongside an IEGM and an emulation technique selection controller for coordinating user selection of a preferred emulation technique; and

FIG. 34 is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an implementation wherein the implanted device transmits real-time IEGM signals and event markers via an external relay device to a remote computing system, which generates the emulated surface EKG for display alongside the real-time IEGM and event markers, again in accordance with the general techniques of FIG. 25.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description includes the best mode presently contemplated of the described system and method. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the system and method. The scope of the invention should be ascertained with reference to the issued claims. In the description that follows, like numerals or reference designators will be used to refer to like parts or elements throughout.

Implantable Device Overview

As shown in FIG. 3, there is a stimulation device 10 in electrical communication with a patient's heart 12 by way of three leads, 20, 24 and 30, suitable for delivering multi-chamber stimulation and shock therapy. To sense atrial cardiac signals and to provide right atrial chamber stimulation therapy, the stimulation device 10 is coupled to an implantable right atrial lead 20 having at least an atrial tip electrode 22, which typically is implanted in the right atrial appendage and an atrial ring electrode 23. To sense left atrial and ventricular cardiac signals and to provide left chamber pacing therapy, the stimulation device 10 is coupled to a “coronary sinus” lead 24 designed for placement in the “coronary sinus region” via the coronary sinus os for positioning a distal electrode adjacent to the left ventricle and/or additional electrode(s) adjacent to the left atrium. As used herein, the phrase “coronary sinus region” refers to the vasculature of the left ventricle, including any portion of the coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, left posterior ventricular vein, middle cardiac vein, and/or small cardiac vein or any other cardiac vein accessible by the coronary sinus. Accordingly, an exemplary coronary sinus lead 24 is designed to receive atrial and ventricular cardiac signals and to deliver left ventricular pacing therapy using at least a left ventricular tip electrode 26, left atrial pacing therapy using at least a left atrial ring electrode 27, and shocking therapy using at least a left atrial coil electrode 28. A ring electrode 29 is also provided in the left ventricle on lead 24 to allow for bipolar left ventricular sensing. Additionally, although not specifically shown, epicardial electrodes, transseptal electrodes or other coronary sinus coil electrodes may be provided.

The stimulation device 10 is also shown in electrical communication with the patient's heart 12 by way of an implantable right ventricular lead 30 having, in this embodiment, a right ventricular tip electrode 32, a right ventricular ring electrode 34, a right ventricular (RV) coil electrode 36, and a superior vena cava (SVC) coil electrode 38. Typically, the right ventricular lead 30 is transvenously inserted into the heart 12 so as to place the right ventricular tip electrode 32 in the right ventricular apex so that the RV coil electrode will be positioned in the right ventricle and the SVC coil electrode 38 will be positioned in the superior vena cava. Accordingly, the right ventricular lead 30 is capable of receiving cardiac signals, and delivering stimulation in the form of pacing and shock therapy to the right ventricle. Although not show, the system of leads may also include one or more RA rings in the proximal coronary sinus, one or more LV rings and an LV coil

As illustrated in FIG. 4, a simplified block diagram is shown of the multi-chamber implantable stimulation device 10, which is capable of treating both fast and slow arrhythmias with stimulation therapy, including cardioversion, defibrillation, and pacing stimulation. While a particular multi-chamber device is shown, this is for illustration purposes only, and one of skill in the art could readily duplicate, eliminate or disable the appropriate circuitry in any desired combination to provide a device capable of treating the appropriate chamber(s) with cardioversion, defibrillation and pacing stimulation.

The housing 40 for the stimulation device 10, shown schematically in FIG. 4, is often referred to as the “can”, “case” or “case electrode” and may be programmably selected to act as the return electrode for all “unipolar” modes. The housing 40 may further be used as a return electrode alone or in combination with one or more of the coil electrodes, 28, 36 and 38, for shocking purposes. The housing 40 further includes a connector (not shown) having a plurality of terminals, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56 and 58 (shown schematically and, for convenience, the names of the electrodes to which they are connected are shown next to the terminals). As such, to achieve right atrial sensing and pacing, the connector includes at least a right atrial tip terminal (AR TIP) 42 adapted for connection to the atrial tip electrode 22 and a right atrial ring (AR RING) electrode 43 adapted for connection to right atrial ring electrode 23. To achieve left chamber sensing, pacing and shocking, the connector includes at least a left ventricular tip terminal (VL TIP) 44, a left ventricular ring terminal (VL RING) 45, a left atrial ring terminal (AL RING) 46, and a left atrial shocking terminal (AL COIL) 48, which are adapted for connection to the left ventricular tip electrode 26, the left atrial ring electrode 27, and the left atrial coil electrode 28, respectively. To support right chamber sensing, pacing and shocking, the connector further includes a right ventricular tip terminal (VR TIP) 52, a right ventricular ring terminal (VR RING) 54, a right ventricular shocking terminal (RV COIL) 56, and an SVC shocking terminal (SVC COIL) 58, which are adapted for connection to the right ventricular tip electrode 32, right ventricular ring electrode 34, the RV coil electrode 36, and the SVC coil electrode 38, respectively. Additional terminals may be provided for use with an LV coil or transseptal or epicardial electrodes.

At the core of the stimulation device 10 is a programmable microcontroller 60, which controls the various modes of stimulation therapy. As is well known in the art, the microcontroller 60 typically includes a microprocessor, or equivalent control circuitry, designed specifically for controlling the delivery of stimulation therapy and may further include RAM or ROM memory, logic and timing circuitry, state machine circuitry, and I/O circuitry. Typically, the microcontroller 60 includes the ability to process or monitor input signals (data) as controlled by a program code stored in a designated block of memory. The details of the design and operation of the microcontroller 60 are not critical to the embodiments described herein. Rather, any suitable microcontroller 60 may be used that carries out the functions described herein. The use of microprocessor-based control circuits for performing timing and data analysis functions are well known in the art.

As shown in FIG. 4, an atrial pulse generator 70 and a ventricular pulse generator 72 generate pacing stimulation pulses for delivery by the right atrial lead 20, the right ventricular lead 30, and/or the coronary sinus lead 24 via an electrode configuration switch 74. It is understood that in order to provide stimulation therapy in each of the four chambers of the heart, the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 70 and 72, may include dedicated, independent pulse generators, multiplexed pulse generators or shared pulse generators. The pulse generators, 70 and 72, are controlled by the microcontroller 60 via appropriate control signals, 76 and 78, respectively, to trigger or inhibit the stimulation pulses.

The microcontroller 60 further includes timing control circuitry 79 which is used to control the timing of such stimulation pulses (e.g., pacing rate, atrio-ventricular (AV) delay, atrial interconduction (A-A) delay, or ventricular interconduction (V-V) delay, etc.) evoked response windows, alert intervals, marker channel timing, etc., which is well known in the art. The switch 74 includes a plurality of switches for connecting the desired electrodes to the appropriate I/O circuits, thereby providing complete electrode programmability. Accordingly, the switch 74, in response to a control signal 80 from the microcontroller 60, determines the polarity of the stimulation pulses (e.g., unipolar, bipolar, combipolar, etc.) by selectively closing the appropriate combination of switches (not shown) as is known in the art.

Atrial sensing circuits 82 and ventricular sensing circuits 84 may also be selectively coupled to sense voltages between any of the electrodes of the right atrial lead 20, coronary sinus lead 24, and the right ventricular lead 30, and the can, through the switch 74 for sensing the presence of cardiac activity in each of the four chambers of the heart. Accordingly, the atrial (ATR. SENSE) and ventricular (VTR. SENSE) sensing circuits, 82 and 84, may include dedicated sense amplifiers, multiplexed amplifiers or shared amplifiers. The switch 74 determines the “sensing polarity” of the cardiac signal by selectively closing the appropriate switches, as is also known in the art. In this way, the clinician may program the sensing polarity independent of the stimulation polarity.

Each sensing circuit, 82 and 84, preferably employs one or more low power, precision amplifiers with programmable gain and/or automatic gain control, bandpass filtering, and a threshold detection circuit, as known in the art, to selectively sense the cardiac signal of interest. The automatic gain control enables the device 10 to deal effectively with the difficult problem of sensing the low amplitude signal characteristics of atrial or ventricular fibrillation. The outputs of the atrial and ventricular sensing circuits, 82 and 84, are connected to the microcontroller 60 which, in turn, are able to trigger or inhibit the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 70 and 72, respectively, in a demand fashion in response to the absence or presence of cardiac activity in the appropriate chambers of the heart. The sensing circuits, 82 and 84, in turn, receive control signals over signal lines, 86 and 88, from the microcontroller 60 for purposes of controlling the gain, threshold, polarization charge removal circuitry (not shown), as is known in the art.

Microcontroller 60 includes a concatenation-based surface EKG emulation system 101, which operates to emulate a surface EKG based on signals received from the implanted electrodes, in accordance with a concatenation-based technique to be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 6-15. Microcontroller 60 also includes a single signal-based surface EKG emulation system 103, which operates to emulate a surface EKG in accordance with a technique to be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 16-22. Both systems are illustrated for the sake of completeness, though a typical implanted device will only be configured with one or the other. If both systems are provided, programming signals provided by the external programmer are employed to activate one or the other. Alternatively, the two systems can be combined into a single system. Also, although shown as components of the microcontroller, the emulation systems may be separate components.

For arrhythmia detection, the device 10 utilizes cardiac event detection unit 101 to sense cardiac signals to determine whether a rhythm is physiologic or pathologic. As used herein “sensing” is reserved for the noting of an electrical signal, and “detection” is the processing of these sensed signals and noting the presence of an arrhythmia. The timing intervals between sensed events (e.g., P-waves, R-waves, and depolarization signals associated with fibrillation which are sometimes referred to as “F-waves” or “Fib-waves”) are then classified by the microcontroller 60 by comparing them to a predefined rate zone limit (i.e., bradycardia, normal, low rate VT, high rate VT, and fibrillation rate zones) and various other characteristics (e.g., sudden onset, stability, physiologic sensors, and morphology, etc.) in order to determine the type of remedial therapy that is needed (e.g., bradycardia pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing, cardioversion shocks or defibrillation shocks, collectively referred to as “tiered therapy”).

Cardiac signals are also applied to the inputs of an analog-to-digital (ND) data acquisition system 90. The data acquisition system 90 is configured to acquire intracardiac electrogram signals, convert the raw analog data into a digital signal and store the digital signals for later processing and/or telemetric transmission to an external device 102. The data acquisition system 90 is coupled to the right atrial lead 20, the coronary sinus lead 24, and the right ventricular lead 30 through the switch 74 to sample cardiac signals across any pair of desired electrodes.

The microcontroller 60 is further coupled to a memory 94 by a suitable data/address bus 96, wherein the programmable operating parameters used by the microcontroller 60 are stored and modified, as required, in order to customize the operation of the stimulation device 10 to suit the needs of a particular patient. Such operating parameters define, for example, pacing pulse amplitude, pulse duration, electrode polarity, rate, sensitivity, automatic features, arrhythmia detection criteria, and the amplitude, waveshape and vector of each shocking pulse to be delivered to the patient's heart 12 within each respective tier of therapy.

Advantageously, the operating parameters of the implantable device 10 may be non-invasively programmed into the memory 94 through a telemetry circuit 100 in telemetric communication with the external device 102, such as a programmer, transtelephonic transceiver or a diagnostic system analyzer. The telemetry circuit 100 is activated by the microcontroller by a control signal 106. The telemetry circuit 100 advantageously allows intracardiac electrograms and status information relating to the operation of the device 10 (as contained in the microcontroller 60 or memory 94) to be sent to the external device 102 through an established communication link 104.

In the preferred embodiment, the stimulation device 10 further includes a physiologic sensor 108, commonly referred to as a “rate-responsive” sensor because it is typically used to adjust pacing stimulation rate according to the exercise state of the patient. However, the physiological sensor 108 may further be used to detect changes in cardiac output, changes in the physiological condition of the heart, or diurnal changes in activity (e.g., detecting sleep and wake states). Accordingly, the microcontroller 60 responds by adjusting the various pacing parameters (such as rate, AV Delay, V-V Delay, etc.) at which the atrial and ventricular pulse generators, 70 and 72, generate stimulation pulses.

In addition, the stimulation device may be configured to perform Automatic Mode Switching (AMS) wherein the pacemaker reverts from a tracking mode such as a VDD or DDD mode to a nontracking mode such as VVI or DDI mode. VDD, DDD, VVI and DDI are standard device codes that identify the mode of operation of the device. DDD indicates a device that senses and paces in both the atria and the ventricles and is capable of both triggering and inhibiting functions based upon events sensed in the atria and the ventricles. VDD indicates a device that sensed in both chambers but only paces in the ventricle. A sensed event on the atrial channel triggers a ventricular output after a programmable delay, the pacemaker's equivalent of a PR interval. VVI indicates that the device is capable of pacing and sensing only in the ventricles and is only capable of inhibiting the functions based upon events sensed in the ventricles. DDI is identical to DDD except that the device is only capable of inhibiting functions based upon sensed events, rather than triggering functions. As such, the DDI mode is a non-tracking mode precluding its triggering ventricular outputs in response to sensed atrial events. Numerous other device modes of operation are possible, each represented by standard abbreviations of this type.

The stimulation device additionally includes a battery 110, which provides operating power to all of the circuits shown in FIG. 4. For the stimulation device 10, which employs shocking therapy, the battery 110 must be capable of operating at low current drains for long periods of time, and then be capable of providing high-current pulses (for capacitor charging) when the patient requires a shock pulse. The battery 110 must also have a predictable discharge characteristic so that elective replacement time can be detected. Accordingly, the device 10 preferably employs lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries, as is true for most (if not all) current devices. As further shown in FIG. 4, the device 10 is shown as having an impedance measuring circuit 112, which is enabled by the microcontroller 60 via a control signal 114. The impedance measuring circuit 112 is not critical to the embodiments described herein and is shown for only completeness.

In the case where the stimulation device 10 is intended to operate as an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) device, it must detect the occurrence of an arrhythmia, and automatically apply an appropriate electrical shock therapy to the heart aimed at terminating the detected arrhythmia. To this end, the microcontroller 60 further controls a shocking circuit 116 by way of a control signal 118. The shocking circuit 116 generates shocking pulses of low (up to 0.5 joules), moderate (0.5-10 joules) or high energy (11 to 40 joules), as controlled by the microcontroller 60. Such shocking pulses are applied to the patient's heart 12 through at least two shocking electrodes, and as shown in this embodiment, selected from the left atrial coil electrode 28, the RV coil electrode 36, and/or the SVC coil electrode 38. As noted above, the housing 40 may act as an active electrode in combination with the RV electrode 36, or as part of a split electrical vector using the SVC coil electrode 38 or the left atrial coil electrode 28 (i.e., using the RV electrode as a common electrode).

Cardioversion shocks are generally considered to be of low to moderate energy level (so as to minimize pain felt by the patient), and/or synchronized with an R-wave and/or pertaining to the treatment of tachycardia. Defibrillation shocks are generally of moderate to high energy level (i.e., corresponding to thresholds in the range of 5-40 joules), delivered asynchronously (since R-waves may be too disorganized), and pertaining exclusively to the treatment of fibrillation. Accordingly, the microcontroller 60 is capable of controlling the synchronous or asynchronous delivery of the shocking pulses.

External Programmer Overview

FIG. 5 illustrates pertinent components of an external programmer for use in programming an implantable medical device such as a pacemaker or ICD. Briefly, the programmer permits a physician or other user to program the operation of the implanted device and to retrieve and display information received from the implanted device such as IEGM data and device diagnostic data. Depending upon the specific programming of the external programmer, programmer 102 may also be capable of processing and analyzing data received from the implanted device to, for example, render preliminary diagnosis as to medical conditions of the patient or to the operations of the implanted device.

Now, considering the components of programmer 102, operations of the programmer are controlled by a CPU 202, which may be a generally programmable microprocessor or microcontroller or may be a dedicated processing device such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or the like. Software instructions to be performed by the CPU are accessed via an internal bus 204 from a read only memory (ROM) 206 and random access memory 230. Additional software may be accessed from a hard drive 208, floppy drive 210 and CD ROM drive 212, or other suitable permanent mass storage device. Depending upon the specific implementation, a basic input output system (BIOS) is retrieved from the ROM by CPU at power up. Based upon instructions provided in the BIOS, the CPU “boots up” the overall system in accordance with well-established computer processing techniques.

Once operating, the CPU displays a menu of programming options to the user via an LCD display 214 or other suitable computer display device. To this end, the CPU may, for example, display a menu of specific programming parameters of the implanted device to be programmed or may display a menu of types of diagnostic data to be retrieved and displayed. In response thereto, the physician enters various commands via either a touch screen 216 overlaid on the LCD display or through a standard keyboard 218 supplemented by additional custom keys 220, such as an emergency VVI (EVVI) key. The EVVI key sets the implanted device to a safe VVI mode with high pacing outputs. This ensures life sustaining pacing operation in nearly all situations but by no means is it desirable to leave the implantable device in the EVVI mode at all times.

Typically, the physician initially controls the programmer 102 to retrieve data stored within the implanted medical device. To this end, CPU 202 transmits appropriate signals to a telemetry subsystem 222, which provides components for directly interfacing with the implanted device. Telemetry subsystem 222 includes its own separate CPU 224 for coordinating the operations of the telemetry subsystem. Main CPU 202 of programmer communicates with telemetry subsystem CPU 224 via internal bus 204. Telemetry subsystem additionally includes a telemetry circuit 226 connected to a telemetry wand 228, which, in turn, receives and transmits signals electromagnetically from a telemetry unit of the implanted device. The telemetry wand is placed over the chest of the patient near the implanted device to permit reliable transmission of data between the telemetry wand and the implanted device. Typically, at the beginning of the programming session, the external programming device controls the implanted device via appropriate signals generated by the telemetry wand to output all previously recorded patient and device diagnostic information. Patient diagnostic information includes, for example, recorded IEGM data and statistical patient data such as the percentage of paced versus sensed heartbeats. Device diagnostic data includes, for example, information representative of the operation of the implanted device such as lead impedances, battery voltages, battery recommended replacement time (RRT) information and the like. Data retrieved from the implanted device is stored by external programmer 102 either within a random access memory (RAM) 230, hard drive 208 or within a floppy diskette placed within floppy drive 210. Additionally, or in the alternative, data may be permanently or semi-permanently stored within a compact disk (CD) or other digital media disk, if the overall system is configured with a drive for recording data onto digital media disks, such as a write once read many (WORM) drive.

Once all patient and device diagnostic data previously stored within the implanted device is transferred to programmer 102, the implanted device may be further controlled to transmit additional data in real time as it is detected by the implanted device, such as additional IEGM data, lead impedance data, and the like. Thus, the programmer receives data both from the implanted device. Data retrieved from the implanted device includes parameters representative of the current programming state of the implanted device. Under the control of the physician, the external programmer displays the current programming parameters and permits the physician to reprogram the parameters. To this end, the physician enters appropriate commands via any of the aforementioned input devices and, under control of CPU 202, the programming commands are converted to specific programming parameters for transmission to the implanted device via telemetry wand 228 to thereby reprogram the implanted device. Prior to reprogramming specific parameters, the physician may control the external programmer to display any or all of the data retrieved from the implanted device, including displays of IEGMs and statistical patient information. Any or all of the information displayed by programmer may also be printed using a printer 236.

CPU 202 includes a concatenation-based surface EKG emulation controller 250 for use in either controlling on-board concatenation-based system 101 to perform EKG emulation or for directly performing the EKG emulation itself based on signals detected by the implanted device using one of the concatenation techniques of FIGS. 6-15. The CPU also includes a single signal-based surface EKG emulation system 251 for use in either controlling on-board emulation system 103 to perform EKG emulation or for directly performing the EKG emulation itself based on signals detected by the implanted device using one of the single signal-based techniques of FIGS. 16-22. Systems 250 and 251 are both illustrated for the sake of completeness, though external programmers may be provided that include only one or the other. If both systems are provided, commands entered by the physician are employed to activate one or the other. Alternatively, the two systems can be combined into a single integrated system. Also, although shown as components of the microcontroller, the emulation systems may be separate components.

FIG. 23 illustrates the operation of the external programmer and the implanted device for an embodiment wherein the implanted device performs the actual surface EKG emulation. FIG. 24 illustrates the operation of the external programmer and the implanted device for an embodiment wherein the external programmer performs the actual surface EKG emulation.

Programmer 102 also includes a modem 238 to permit direct transmission of data to other programmers via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other interconnection line, such as a T1 line or fiber optic cable. Depending upon the implementation, the modem may be connected directly to internal bus 204 or may be connected to the internal bus via either a parallel port 240 or a serial port 242. Other peripheral devices may be connected to the external programmer via parallel port 240 or a serial port 242 as well. Although one of each is shown, a plurality of input output (IO) ports might be provided. A speaker 244 is included for providing audible tones to the user, such as a warning beep in the event improper input is provided by the physician. Telemetry subsystem 222 additionally includes an analog output circuit 246 for controlling the transmission of analog output signals, such as emulated EKG signals output to an EKG machine or chart recorder.

With the programmer configured as shown, a physician or other user operating the external programmer is capable of retrieving, processing and displaying a wide range of information received from the implanted device and to reprogram the implanted device if needed. The descriptions provided herein with respect to FIG. 5 are intended merely to provide an overview of the operation of programmer and are not intended to describe in detail every feature of the hardware and software of the device and are not intended to provide an exhaustive list of the functions performed by the device.

The operations of the implanted device of FIG. 4 and the external programmer of FIG. 5 for emulating surface EKG signals will now be described with references to the remaining figures, which include various flow-charts. In the flow charts, the various algorithmic steps are summarized in individual “blocks”. Such blocks describe specific actions or decisions that must be made or carried out as the algorithm proceeds. Where a microcontroller (or equivalent) is employed, the flow charts presented herein provide the basis for a “control program” that may be used by such a microcontroller (or equivalent) to effectuate the desired control of the stimulation device or external programmer. Those skilled in the art may readily write such a control program based on the flow charts and other descriptions presented herein.

FIG. 6 provides an overview of the concatenation-based technique wherein portions of at least two separate internal cardiac signals are concatenated together to yield an emulated surface EKG. As noted above, the general technique can be performed either by the on-board concatenation-based emulation system of the implanted device (system 101 of FIG. 4) or by the concatenation-based emulation controller of the external programmer (system 250 of FIG. 5). In the following, it will be assumed that the emulation is performed by the on-board system of the implanted device but the description is generally applicable to the programmer-based system of the external programmer. Briefly, at step 300, separate cardiac signals are sensed using electrodes implanted within the patient (such as an atrial channel signal sensed between atrial tip electrode 22 and the device housing and a separate ventricular channel signal sensed between ventricular tip electrode 32 and the device housing.) Then, at step 302, portions of the separate cardiac signals sensed are selectively concatenated to yield an emulated surface EKG. After the surface EKG has been emulated then, at step 304, the implanted device records the emulated EKG within its internal memory and/or outputs the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon. In addition, depending upon the implementation, certain functions of the implanted device itself may be controlled, in part, based on the features of the emulated surface EKG. In this regard, device functions are preferably controlled by the microcontroller based primarily on IEGM signals. However, circumstances may arise wherein the analysis of IEGM signals fails to allow the microcontroller to unambiguously determine the appropriate therapy to deliver to the patient (such as to determine, for example, whether the patient is undergoing atrial fibrillation for purposes of triggering delivery of a cardioversion shock) and further analysis of the emulated surface EKG can help the system select the correct course of therapy.

Herein, two specific examples of concatenation-based emulation are described. The first, based on concatenating far-field signals, is described with reference to FIGS. 7-12. The second, based on concatenating near-field signals, is described with reference to FIGS. 13-15.

Emulation Based on Concatenated Far-Field Signals

The far-field-based technique is summarized in FIGS. 7-8. Briefly, the technique operates to emulate a surface EKG by combining far-field ventricular signals sensed in the atria with far-field atrial signals sensed in the ventricles. Simultaneously, at steps 306 and 308 of FIG. 7, the implanted device senses far-field ventricular signals using atrial leads and senses far-field atrial signals using ventricular leads. This may be achieved by sensing both near-field and far-field signals then extracting only the far-field signals. FIG. 8 illustrates an atrial channel IEGM signal 309 sensed using a unipolar lead implanted in the atria and also illustrates a ventricular channel IEGM signal 311 sensed using a unipolar lead implanted within the ventricles. As can be seen, the atrial and ventricular IEGM signals both include near-field and far-field signal portions. More specifically, atrial IEGM signal 309 includes a first portion 310 corresponding to near-field signals generated in the atria and a second portion 312 corresponding to far-field signals generated in the ventricles. The near-field signals sensed in the atrial are representative of local electrical activity in tissue near the atrial electrode; whereas the far-field signals are representative of the global electrical activity of the ventricles. Conversely, ventricular IEGM signal 311 includes a first portion 314 corresponding to near-field signals generated in the ventricles and a second portion 316 corresponding to far-field signals generated in the atria. The near-field signals sensed in the ventricles are representative of local electrical activity in tissue near the ventricular electrode; whereas the far-field signals are representative of the global electrical activity of the atria. Note that, although embodiments are described herein wherein a pair of separate atrial and ventricular channels is employed, this is merely exemplary. The implanted device may have more or fewer channels, which may be reassigned as needed.

At step 318 of FIG. 7, the implanted device combines far-field ventricular signals 312 with far-field atrial signals 316 to yield an emulated surface EKG 320 (shown in FIG. 8.) An actual surface EKG 322 is also provided in dashed lines for comparison. As can be seen, the emulated surface EKG provides a reasonably accurate approximation of the surface EKG, which is at least sufficient to allow easy identification of major features, such as P-wave 324, QRS complex 326 and T-wave 328. (Note that the R-wave portion of emulated EKG 320 is slightly offset from the corresponding R-wave portion of atrial channel signal 309 and the P-wave portion of emulated EKG 320 is slightly offset from the corresponding P-wave portion of ventricular channel signal 311 due to slight timing differences caused by sensing signals using different electrodes.) In the example, of FIG. 8, the polarity of the P-wave is reversed between the emulated surface EKG and the actual surface EKG. If desired, at step 318 of FIG. 7, the polarity of either far-field ventricular signals 312 or far-field atrial signals 316 can be reversed to ensure that the P-wave and R-wave peaks of the emulated surface EKG have the same polarity. In addition, preferably, the relative amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions are adjusted to achieve a predetermined ratio of peak amplitudes, such as a ratio of 1:4 or 1:10 of average P-wave peak to average R-wave peak. To this end, the peaks amplitudes of the P-wave and R-waves are calculated and a running average is maintained so that the relative amplitudes may be automatically adjusted to maintain the desired ratio. As shown in FIG. 6, after the surface EKG has been emulated then, the implanted device can record the emulated EKG within its internal memory, output the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon and/or control certain functions of the implanted device including delivery of therapy.

By selectively combining far-field atrial signals sensed using ventricular leads with far-field ventricular signals sensed using atrial leads, a reasonably accurate emulation of a surface EKG is thereby quickly and easily generated. No sophisticated signal processing techniques are needed and no significant memory or computational resources are required. Hence, the technique allows surface EKG emulation to be provided within implanted devices that do not have sufficient memory or computational resources to permit the incorporation of more complex surface EKG emulation algorithms. Note that, in some implementations, when the technique is performed by the implanted device it does so only while in communication with the external programmer. In other words, the on-board emulation system only emulates the surface EKG signals while in telemetry contact with the external programmer. Hence, in those implementations, the implanted device need only transmit the emulated surface EKG signals to the external programmer and need not store the emulated EKG within memory. However, in other implementations, the on-board emulation system operates to emulate the surface EKG at all times. The emulated surface EKG is stored within the memory of the implanted device for subsequent transmission to the external programmer, perhaps during a follow-up session with the physician. In this manner, a diagnostic record of the emulated surface EKG of the patient is recorded within the implanted device (limited only by the memory constraints of the implanted device) for subsequent review by the physician.

Referring to FIGS. 9-12, the far-field concatenation-based emulation technique will now be described in greater detail and, in particular, specific techniques for identifying concatenation points and for smoothing the resulting concatenated signal will be described. Referring first to FIG. 9, simultaneously, at steps 402 and 404, the emulation system inputs right atrial (RA) signals and right ventricular (RV) signals. The right ventricular signals may be sensed in using any of electrodes 32, 34 or 36 (FIG. 3) in unipolar sensing mode. That is, voltage differences between the electrode and the device can are sensed. Right atrial signals are sensed using leads 22 or 23 in unipolar sensing mode. At step 402 and 404, the RA and RV signals may be filtered using a high pass filter. Then, at step 406, the right ventricular channel signals are processed to detect the peaks of near-field R-waves and T-waves therein, using otherwise conventional event detection techniques. Alternatively, the system can be configured to detect the R-wave and T-wave within the atrial channel signals in unipolar mode. In order to identify concatenation points for concatenating far-field portions of the atrial and ventricular channel signals, step 408 is then performed wherein the RA channel signals preceding the R-wave peak and following the T-wave peak are scanned to identify baseline points. That is, the RA channel signal is scanned within a pre-R-wave window and is also scanned within a post-T-wave window to identify points at which the RA channel signal crosses a baseline voltage, such as 0.0 V. Other techniques for identifying baseline points may be employed as well. For example, a baseline point may be specified based on some amount of time following detection of an event, such as 300 milliseconds (ms) following detection of an R-wave. In one specific example, to determine the second baseline point, the device looks at the duration of the previous R-R interval and then calculates a delay value based on the R-R interval. The delay value specifies the time delay from the R-wave to the second baseline point. The delay value is calculated by multiplying the R-R interval by a programmable factor (such as 0.4) to yield, in one example, a delay value of 400 ms.

FIG. 10 again illustrates exemplary RA channel signal 309 (also shown in FIG. 8) and specifically shows a first baseline point 410, found within a pre-R-wave window 411, and a second baseline point 412, found within a post-T-wave window 413. Once the baseline points have been identified within the RA channel signals for a given heart beat, corresponding points in time within the RV channel signals are identified, at step 414. Then portions of the RA channel signals occurring between the pair of baseline points are extracted, at step 416. Simultaneously, portions of the RV channel signals occurring outside of the baseline points are extracted, at step 418. At step 420, the extracted portions of the RA and RV signals for the given heart beat are combined using the baseline points as concatenation points. At step 421, the relative polarities and the relative amplitudes of the signals may be adjusted. As noted, the polarities may be adjusted to ensure that both P-waves and the R-waves and the same polarity and the relative amplitudes may be adjusted so as to achieve a programmed ratio of average peak P-wave to average peak R-wave amplitudes.

An exemplary resulting concatenated signal, 422, for a single heart beat is shown in FIG. 11. As can be seen, slight discontinuities appear at concatenation points 410 and 412, which arise from signal voltage differences between the RA and RV cannel signals at those points. The concatenated signal is smoothed, at step 424 of FIG. 9, to eliminate any such discontinuities. To this end, portions of the combined signal derived from the RV channel are increased or decreased as needed to provide for smooth concatenation. For the specific example of FIG. 11, wherein the signals derived from the RV channel are all offset by equal amounts, the signals can merely be shifted upwardly or downwardly by equal amounts. That is, for a given heart beat, the amplitude of the signal on the RV channel at the concatenation point is determined and then this amount is subtracted from the far-field RV channel signals that used to form the emulated surface EKG. The resulting, smoothed concatenated signal is shown in FIG. 8 as solid line 320. In other cases, the RV channel signals may not all be shifted by equal amounts. Rather, the amount of offset at one concatenation point may be greater than the offset at an adjacent concatenation point. This is illustrated in FIG. 12 by exemplary RV far-field signal segment 426, which includes a far-field P-wave. As can be seen, opposing ends of the segment vary from the baseline voltage by differing amounts. In this case, a linear function is determined based on the RV signal amplitudes at the adjacent concatenation points and the linear function is then used to adjust the amplitudes of individual points along the segment to eliminate discontinuities at both ends points. The adjusted RV signal segment is shown in FIG. 12 as segment 428.

In other embodiments, more sophisticated smoothing techniques may be employed to eliminate discontinuities. For example, an exponential decay function with the same time constant as that of a high pass filter through which the IEGM signals are processed (at steps 402 and 404) may be employed to remove any distortion associated with the filter. A starting amplitude of the exponential decay is set equal to the difference between the starting and ending amplitudes of the RV channel signal segment such that the transformation assures that the adjusted segment begins and ends at baseline voltage values. Note however, that techniques that exploit voltage differences at both ends of the RV channel segment cannot be performed in real-time because of the smoothing cannot be accomplished until the end points of the segment have been identified. Hence, a slight delay occurs between the heart beat of the patient and the emulated surface EKG. In still another embodiment, the starting amplitude of the exponential decay is set equal to the amplitude at the start of the RV channel signal segment relative to baseline and the adjustment is applied in real-time. However, with this technique, there is no assurance that the end of the adjusted RV signal segment will necessarily be reset exactly to the baseline value. In many cases, the adjustment is sufficient to remove most of the discontinuity at the end point and hence is suitable for surface EKG emulation purposes.

In an alternative technique, rather than examine discontinuities in the concatenation points and then adjust the RV channel signal segment, an equalizer is employed. The equalizer has a transfer function that is substantially the reciprocal of the high pass characteristic of the filter employed at steps 402 and 404. Its function is to restore low-frequency content removed by the filter so as to bring the pre-R wave and post-T wave concatenation points of both atrial and ventricular signals closer together.

An exemplary transfer function is:
H(jw)={((1+jw/w1)/(jw/w1))((jw/w2)/(1+jw/w2))}2
where w1=2π*1 Hz is an upper frequency breakpoint corresponding to the high pass filter cutoff frequency of the channel and w2=2π*0.2 Hz is a lower frequency breakpoint to provide limited gain at direct current (DC), and below which there is not expected to be significant information in an 8-bit system (such as those currently employed). The equalizer boosts the gain from 1 Hz to 0.2 Hz with a 40 dB/decade slope. The gain at 0.2 dB applies to all frequencies below and up to DC. These parameters are appropriate for use with currently available pacemakers and ICDs and are merely exemplary. Routine experimentation may be provided for other devices to identify parameters suitable for restoring as much low frequency content as possible with minimal distortion within those devices.

Another exemplary equalizer transfer function is:
H(jw)={((1+jw/w1)/(jw/w1))((jw/w2)/(1+jw/w2))}2((jw/w2)/(1+jw/w2))
where the additional factor provides for attenuated gain below 0.2 Hz, thus eliminating the gain at DC that could otherwise cause a large DC offset of the output with only a small DC offset at the input, which may be unavoidable.

This latter equalizer technique has the advantage in that it enables the surface EKGs to be emulated substantially in real-time. Other smoothing techniques maybe employed as well, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Emulation Based on Concatenated Near-Field Signals

The near-field-based technique is summarized in FIGS. 13-14. Briefly, the technique operates to emulate a surface EKG by combining near-field atrial signals sensed in the atria with near-field ventricular signals sensed in the ventricles. Simultaneously, at steps 506 and 508 of FIG. 13, the implanted device senses near-field atrial signals using atrial leads and senses near-field ventricular signals using ventricular leads. This may be achieved by sensing both far-field and near-field signals then extracting only the near-field signals. FIG. 14 illustrates an atrial channel IEGM signal 509 sensed using a unipolar lead implanted in the atria and also illustrates a ventricular channel IEGM signal 511 sensed using a unipolar lead implanted within the ventricles. As before, the atrial and ventricular IEGM signals both include far-field and near-field signal portions. Atrial IEGM signal 509 includes a first portion 510 corresponding to near-field signals generated in the atria and a second portion 512 corresponding to far-field signals generated in the ventricles. Conversely, ventricular IEGM signal 511 includes a first portion 514 corresponding to near-field signals generated in the ventricles and a second portion 516 corresponding to far-field signals generated in the atria.

At step 518 of FIG. 13, the implanted device combines near-field atrial signals 510 with near-field ventricular signals 514 to yield an emulated surface EKG 520 (shown in FIG. 14.) An actual surface EKG 522 is also provided in dashed lines for comparison. As with the far-field technique described above, the emulated surface EKG generated by the near-field technique provides a reasonably accurate approximation of the surface EKG, which is again sufficient to allow easy identification of major features, such as P-wave 524, QRS complex 526 and T-wave 528. Again, if warranted, the polarity of either near-field atrial signals 510 or near-field ventricular signals 514 can be reversed to ensure that the P-wave and R-wave peaks of the emulated surface EKG have the same polarity. In addition, the relative amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions may be adjusted to achieve a predetermined ratio of peak amplitudes, such as a ratio of 1:4 or 1:10 of average P-wave peak to average R-wave peak. By selectively combining near-field atrial signals sensed using atrial leads with near-field ventricular signals sensed using ventricular leads, a reasonably accurate emulation of a surface EKG is thereby quickly and easily generated without requiring sophisticated signal processing techniques and without placing significant demands on memory or computational resources. In any case, as shown in FIG. 6, after the surface EKG has been emulated then, the implanted device can record the emulated EKG within its internal memory, output the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon and/or control certain functions of the implanted device including delivery of therapy.

Referring to FIG. 15, the near-field concatenation-based emulation technique will now be described in greater detail wither reference to a specific technique for identifying concatenation points and for smoothing the resulting concatenated signal. Simultaneously, at steps 602 and 604, the concatenation-based emulation system inputs RA signals and RV signals. The RV signals may be sensed in using any of electrodes 32 or 34 (FIG. 3) in unipolar sensing mode. RA signals are sensed using leads 22 or 23 in unipolar sensing mode. At step 602 and 604, the RA and RV signals may be filtered using a high pass filter. Then, at step 606, the right ventricular channel signals are processed to detect the peaks of near-field R-waves and T-waves therein. In order to identify concatenation points for concatenating near-field portions of the atrial and ventricular channel signals, step 608 is then performed wherein the RV channel signals preceding the R-wave peak and following the T-wave peak are scanned to identify baseline points. That is, the RV channel signal is scanned within a pre-R-wave window and is also scanned within a post-T-wave window to identify points at which the RV channel signal crosses a baseline voltage, such as 0.0 V. In this regard, the technique described above with reference to FIG. 10 may be applied to the RV signals. Other techniques may be employed as well. Then portions of the RA channel signals occurring outside the pair of baseline points are extracted, at step 616. Simultaneously, portions of the RV channel signals occurring within the baseline points are extracted, at step 618. At step 620, the extracted portions of the RA and RV signals for the given heart beat are combined using the baseline points as concatenation points. At step 621, the relative polarities and the relative amplitudes of the signals may be adjusted to ensure that both P-waves and the R-waves and the same polarity and to ensue that the relative amplitudes of P-waves and R-waves are with a predetermined range. The concatenated signal is smoothed, at step 624, to eliminate any such discontinuities using any of the smoothing techniques discussed above.

Overview of Single Signal-Based Amplitude Adjustment Techniques for Emulating a Surface EKG

FIG. 16 provides an overview of the amplitude adjustment-based technique wherein amplitudes of portions of a single internal cardiac signal are selectively adjusted to yield an emulated surface EKG. As with the concatenation-based techniques, the amplitude adjustment technique can be performed either by the on-board amplitude adjustment-based emulation system of the implanted device (system 103 of FIG. 4) or by the amplitude adjustment-based emulation controller of the external programmer (system 251 of FIG. 5). In the following, it will be assumed that the emulation is performed by the on-board system of the implanted device but the description is generally applicable to the programmer-based system of the external programmer. Briefly, at step 700, a cardiac signal is sensed using one or more electrodes implanted within the heart of the patient (such as an atrial unipolar signal sensed between atrial tip electrode 22 and the device case or a cross-chamber signal sensed between atrial tip electrode 22 and ventricular tip electrode 32.) Then, at step 701, the cardiac signal is analyzed to distinguish between signals generated in the atria and signals generated in the ventricles. At step 702, the amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions are selectively adjusted so as to emulate a surface EKG, typically by attenuating or amplifying one of the single portions relative to the other so as to achieve a preprogrammed ratio of average P-wave and R-wave peak amplitudes. As before, after the surface EKG has been emulated then, at step 704, the implanted device: records the emulated EKG within its internal memory; outputs the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon; and/or controls certain functions of the implanted device based on the features of the emulated surface EKG.

Herein, two specific examples of single signal-based emulation are described. The first, based on an atrial unipolar signal, is described with reference to FIGS. 17-19. The second, based on a cross-chamber signal, is described with reference to FIGS. 20-22.

Emulation Based on Atrial Unipolar Signals

The atrial unipolar-based technique is summarized in FIGS. 17-18. Briefly, the technique operates to emulate a surface EKG by attenuating near-field signals relative to far-field signals appearing within an atrial unipolar signal. At step 802 of FIG. 17, the implanted device senses an atrial unipolar signal. FIG. 18 illustrates an atrial unipolar IEGM signal 804. As can be seen, the atrial unipolar IEGM signals both include near-field and far-field signal portions. More specifically, atrial unipolar signal 804 includes a first portion 806 corresponding to near-field signals generated in the atria and a second portion 808 corresponding to far-field signals generated in the ventricles. The near-field signals are representative of local electrical activity in tissue near the atrial unipolar electrode; whereas the far-field signals are representative of the global electrical activity of the ventricles.

At step 810 of FIG. 17, the single signal-based emulation system analyzes the atrial unipolar signal to distinguish between the near-field and far-field portions. Then, at step 812, the device adjusts the amplitudes of the near-field signals 806 relative to the far-field signals 808 to yield an emulated surface EKG 814 (shown in FIG. 18.) In this example, the amplitudes of the near-field signals are attenuated by an amount sufficient so that the ratio of the P-wave to the R-wave is about 1:10. An actual surface EKG 816 is also provided in FIG. 18 for comparison. As can be seen, the emulated surface EKG provides a reasonably accurate approximation of the surface EKG, at least sufficient to allow easy identification of major features, such as P-waves, QRS complexes and T-waves. Unlike the concatenation techniques described above, the relative polarities of the near-field and far-field portions are typically not reversed since they are derived for the same signal and hence have the same polarity. Again, the relative amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions are adjusted to achieve a predetermined ratio of peak amplitudes, such as a ratio in the range of 1:4 or 1:10 of average P-wave peak amplitude to average R-wave peak amplitude. By selectively attenuating or amplifying near-field and far-field portions of an atrial unipolar signal, a reasonably accurate emulation of a surface EKG is thereby quickly and easily generated. Again, no sophisticated signal processing techniques are needed and no significant memory or computational resources are required. In any case, as shown in FIG. 16, after the surface EKG has been emulated then, the implanted device can record the emulated EKG within its internal memory, output the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon and/or control certain functions of the implanted device including delivery of therapy.

Referring to FIG. 19, the atrial unipolar amplitude adjustment technique will now be described in greater detail and, in particular, specific techniques for identifying the near-field and far-field portions and for smoothing the resulting signal will be described. Initially, at step 902, the single signal-based emulation system inputs an atrial unipolar signal. The atrial unipolar signal is sensed using leads 22 or 23. That is, voltage differences between either electrode 22 or 23 and the device case are sensed. In addition, at step 902, the atrial unipolar signal may be filtered in accordance with otherwise conventional techniques. Then, at step 906, the atrial unipolar signal is processed to detect the peaks of P-waves, R-waves and T-waves therein, using otherwise conventional event detection techniques: In order to distinguish between near-field and far-field portions of the atrial unipolar signal, step 909 is performed wherein signals preceding the R-wave peak and following the T-wave peak are scanned to identify baseline points. That is, the atrial unipolar signal is scanned within a pre-R-wave window and is also scanned within a post-T-wave window to identify points at which the signal crosses a baseline voltage, such as 0.0 V. Other techniques may be employed as well. Then portions of the atrial unipolar signal occurring outside the pair of baseline points (i.e. portions corresponding to the near-field signals) are attenuated or amplified, at step 916, relative to the portions occurring between the pair of baseline points so as to generate the emulated surface EKG. As noted, the attenuation or amplification is preferably performed to yield a predetermined ratio of average P-wave peak amplitude to average R-wave peak amplitude. Alternatively, of course, the far-field portion may be instead amplified or attenuated relative to the near-field portion.

The adjusted EKG signal is then smoothed, at step 918, if necessary to eliminate any discontinuities using any of the smoothing techniques discussed above. In this regard, if all portions of the near-field signals are amplified or attenuated by a fixed amount, then a discontinuity may occur at the baseline points. Other amplification or attenuation techniques may be employed that do not require subsequent smoothing. For example, the near-field portion may be multiplied by a smooth amplification or attenuation function that is zero at the baseline points but non-zero in the middle of the near-field section, so that the amplitude of the near-field portion at the baseline points is not affected whereas the P-wave is amplified or attenuated as needed. As can be appreciated, a wide range of techniques may be employed for use in amplifying or attenuating selected portions of the atrial unipolar signal so that smoothing is not required or for performing smoothing is circumstances where its is required and no attempt is made herein to itemize all possible techniques.

Emulation Based on Cross-Chamber Signals

The cross-chamber-based technique is summarized in FIGS. 20-21. Briefly, the technique operates to emulate a surface EKG by attenuating atrial signals relative to ventricular signals appearing within a cross-chamber signal sensed between at atrial electrode and a ventricular electrode, such as A-tip to V-tip. At step 1002 of FIG. 20, the implanted device senses a cross-chamber signal using a pair of leads—one in the atria and one in the ventricles. At step 1004, the single signal-based emulation system analyzes the cross-chamber signal to distinguish between atrial and ventricular portions. Then, at step 1006, the emulation system adjusts the amplitudes of the atrial signal portion relative to the ventricular signal portion to generate an emulated surface EKG 1008 (shown in FIG. 21.) In this example, the emulated EKG is derived from an A-ring to V-ring signal and the relative amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions are attenuated by an amount sufficient so that the ratio of the P-wave to the R-wave is about 1:10. An actual surface EKG 1010 is also provided in FIG. 21 for comparison. As can be seen, the emulated surface EKG provides an accurate approximation of the surface EKG. The relative amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular portions are adjusted to achieve a predetermined ratio of average P-wave peak amplitude to average R-wave peak amplitude. By selectively attenuating or amplifying atrial and ventricular portions of a cross-chamber signal, a reasonably accurate emulation of a surface EKG is thereby quickly and easily generated. Again, no sophisticated signal processing techniques are needed and no significant memory or computational resources are required. In any case, as shown in FIG. 16, after the surface EKG has been emulated then, the implanted device can record the emulated EKG within its internal memory, output the emulated EKG to an external programmer for display thereon and/or control certain functions of the implanted device including delivery of therapy.

Referring to FIG. 22, the cross-chamber amplitude adjustment technique will now be described in greater detail and, in particular, specific techniques for identifying the atrial and ventricular portions and for smoothing the resulting signal will be described. Initially, at step 1102, the single signal-based emulation system inputs a cross-chamber signal. The cross-chamber signal is sensed between an atrial electrode and a ventricular electrode such as between any of the following electrode pairs: A tip-V tip, A tip-V ring, A tip-RV Coil (i.e. the right ventricular coil electrode), A ring-V tip, A ring-V ring, A ring-RV Coil. If other electrodes are provided, other combinations may be employed. In addition, at step 1102, the cross-chamber signal may be filtered in accordance with otherwise conventional techniques. Then, at step 1106, the cross-chamber signal is processed to detect the peaks of P-waves, R-waves and T-waves therein, using otherwise conventional event detection techniques. In order to distinguish between atrial and ventricular portions of the cross-chamber signal, step 1109 is performed wherein signals preceding the R-wave peak and following the T-wave peak are scanned to identify baseline points at which the signal crosses a baseline voltage, such as 0.0 V. Again, other techniques may be employed as well. Then portions of the cross-chamber signal occurring outside the pair of baseline points (i.e. portions corresponding to the atrial signals) are attenuated or amplified, at step 1116, relative to the portions occurring between the pair of baseline points so as to generate the emulated surface EKG. The attenuation or amplification is preferably performed to yield a predetermined ratio of average P-wave peak amplitude to average R-wave peak amplitude. Alternatively, the ventricular portion may be instead amplified or attenuated relative to the near-field portion.

The adjusted EKG signal is then smoothed, at step 1118, if necessary to eliminate any discontinuities using any of the smoothing techniques discussed above.

Programmer/Implanted Device Interface

Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, two separate techniques for generating an emulated surface EKG under the control of an external programmer will now be described. In the example of FIG. 23, the conversion of internal voltage signals to emulated surface EKG signals is performed by the implanted device under the control of the external programmer and the emulated signals are transmitted to the external programmer for display and further processing. In the example of FIG. 24, the conversion of internal signals into emulated EKG signals is performed by the external programmer using RA and RV channel signals transmitted from the implanted device. In both figures, steps performed by the external programmer are shown on the left whereas steps performed by the implanted device are shown on the right.

Referring first to FIG. 23, at step 1200, the external programmer, pursuant to commands entered by the physician or other trained medical personnel, transmits signals to the implanted device controlling the implanted device to emulate a surface EKG. At step 1202, the implanted device receives the control signals and begins to emulate surface EKG signals using internal electrical cardiac signals in accordance with either the multiple-single concatenation techniques of FIGS. 7-12 or the single signal techniques of FIGS. 13-22. At step 1204, the implanted device continuously transmits the emulated surface EKG signals to the external programmer. The surface EKG signals are received by the external programmer, at step 1206, and displayed for review by the physician, who can additionally control the external programmer to printout, store, or manipulate the emulated surface EKG as desired. At step 1208, again subject to control by the physician, the external programmer controls the implanted device to terminate emulation of the surface EKG. The termination control signals are received and processed by the implanted device at step 1210, which then deactivates the on-board surface EKG emulation system.

Referring to FIG. 24, the alternative technique wherein the external programmer performs the actual conversion of internal cardiac electrical signals into emulated surface EKG signals will now be briefly described. At step 1300, control signals are transmitted from the external programmer to the implanted device, which, at step 1302, responds by sensing RA and RV channel signals. The signals are transmitted continuously from the implanted device to the external programmer beginning at step 1304. The external programmer receives the RA and RV channel signals, at step 1306, and, using any of the techniques described, generates the emulated surface EKG signals. At step 1308, the surface EKG is displayed. Eventually, under the control of the physician, the surface EKG emulation is terminated at steps 1310 and 1312.

Although not shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, in the alternative, the implanted device may be configured to emulate the surface EKG at all times and to record the EKG in internal memory (in a circular buffer) for subsequent transmission to the external programmer. Also, rather than using an external programmer to review the emulated surface EKG, other external devices may alternatively be employed, such as dedicated EKG display devices, bedside monitors, etc.

What have been primarily described thus far are techniques for generating emulated surface EKGs. In the following, techniques for displaying the emulated surface EKGs, alone or in combination with IEGMs and event markers, will now be described.

EKG/IEGM Display Techniques

FIG. 25 provides an overview of the technique for emulating surface EKGs and then displaying the emulated EKGs along with IEGMs or sets of event markers. Briefly, at step 1400, a surface EKG is emulated by selectively concatenated portions of separate cardiac signals using the techniques described above with reference to FIGS. 6-15. Additionally, or alternatively, at step 1402, surface EKG is emulated by selectively adjusting relative amplitudes of portions of a single cardiac signal, in accordance with techniques described above with reference to FIGS. 16-22. Then, at step 1404, one or more of the emulated EKGs are displayed, preferably along with the corresponding IEGM and a set of event markers for identifying individual events within the surface EKG or the IEGM. Typically, the displays are generated by an external programmer device, such as one described below with reference to FIG. 33. However, any suitable display device may be used, such as display devices incorporated within a bedside monitor, a remote transmitter, a remote monitor, a remote interrogator (i.e. a programmer that only downloads data from the implanted device but is not capable of programming the device), a transtelephonic monitor, any generalized computing system (such as a personal computer (PC)), an Internet-only computer, a handheld display device, or a centralized computing system networked to any of the above, etc. Networking techniques particularly for use with implantable medical systems are set forth, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,705 to Snell, entitled “Distributed Network System for Use with Implantable Medical Devices.” As already explained, the actual emulation of the surface EKG may be performed either by the external device or by implanted device, depending upon the particular implementation. The actual emulation may also potentially be performed by an external relay device equipped to relay data from the implanted system to a remote computing system, which will be described in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 34.

FIG. 26 provides an exemplary display 1408 of an emulated surface EKG 1410 displayed alongside separate atrial and ventricular IEGM signals, 1412 and 1414, respectively. A set of event markers, 1414, are provided along with the IEGM displays for identifying individual events within the IEGMs. In the example, an “A” identifies paced atrial events and an “R” identifies sensed ventricular events. Although not shown, typically, a “P” is used to identify sensed atrial events and a “V” is used to identify a paced ventricular events. Alternative icons may be used. Additionally, a wide variety of other events may be identified by event markers, such as premature atrial contractions (PACs), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and atrial and ventricular refractory periods. Techniques for displaying event markers are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,748,274 to Levine, et al., entitled “Method and Apparatus for Generating and Displaying Location-Specific Diagnostic Information Using an Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Device and an External Programmer”.

By displaying otherwise conventional IEGMs along with emulated service EKGs, a physician (or other clinician) may thereby conveniently view both side-by-side. This is particularly advantageous if the physician is more familiar with surface EKGs than with IEGMs, as is often the case since physicians are typically trained to recognize various cardiac rhythms based upon the appearance of the surface EKG, not the IEGM. Moreover, by displaying both the emulated surface EKG and the IEGMs side-by-side, the physician can thereby gain familiarity with the appearance of IEGMs while analyzing the EKG, thus aiding in physician training.

In the specific example of FIG. 26, only a single emulated surfaced EKG is shown, which has been generated using the above-described concatenation technique. In other examples, two or more emulated surfaced EKG signals may be shown, generated using differing techniques. As will be explained below in connection with FIG. 31, the physician is then prompted to select a particular emulation technique to be used for generating further surfaced EKG emulations for the particular patient. In addition, whereas the exemplary display of FIG. 26 provides both the atrial and ventricular IEGMs, alternatively, only a single combined IEGM pattern may be displayed. This may be appropriate if the surface EKG is emulated based upon selective adjustment of portions of a single cardiac signal rather than based upon selective concatenation of two separate signals. In addition, whereas the event markers are displayed alongside the IEGMs, event markers may alternatively be displayed adjacent the emulated surface EKGs. In some implementations, only the event markers and the emulated surface EKGs are displayed, without corresponding IEGMs. In other implementations, only surface EKGs and IEGMs are displayed, without the corresponding event markers. In still other implementations, two or more surface EKG emulations are displayed, without either IEGMs or event markers. As can be appreciated, a wide variety of display strategies may be provided in accordance with the general principles invention and no attempt is made herein to list all possible variations.

Turning now to FIGS. 27-30, various techniques will be described for generating and displaying emulated surface EKGs during follow-up sessions between patient and physician, based upon the capabilities of the implanted device and the external programmer. In particular, FIGS. 27-28 illustrate techniques wherein the external programmer is capable of generating the emulated surface EKG based upon the IEGM data provided by implanted device. FIGS. 29-30 illustrate techniques wherein the implanted device generates the emulated surface EKG for transmission to, and display on, an external programmer. Referring first to FIG. 27, at step 1500, the external programmer, under the control of the physician, transmits signals to the implanted device via otherwise conventional telemetry techniques for controlling the device to begin transferring IEGM data and event marker data stored therein. The physician may, for example, specify that the implanted device is to transmit only stored data representative of a previous episode of arrhythmia of particular interest to the physician or the physician may specify that the implanted device is to transmit all previously stored IEGM data and event marker data for review. In any case, at step 1502, the implanted device retrieves the requested IEGM data and corresponding event markers from its internal memory and, at step 1504, transmits the data to the external programmer. The data is received at step 1506 and, at step 1508, the external programmer generates an emulated surface EKG based upon the IEGM data using one or more of the emulation techniques already described herein, such as one of the concatenation techniques or one of the single signal selective adjustment techniques.

The physician then reviews the emulated surface EKG along with the IEGM and event marker data to, for example, analyze and diagnose heart conditions within the patient or to determine how best to optimize pacing control parameters for the benefit of the particular patient. Although not specifically shown in FIG. 27, a new or adjusted set of pacing control parameters may be input into the external programmer by the physician, then transmitted to the implanted device for reprogramming the device. In any case, by controlling the external programmer to generate emulated surface EKGs based upon recorded IEGM data, the physician is thereby able to conveniently review the cardiac rhythm of the patient in the familiar format of a surface EKG for a previous period of time, even though no actual surface EKG was detected or stored at that time. Moreover, by generating the emulation within the external programmer, the emulation may be generated based upon data received from an otherwise conventional pacemaker or ICD.

Note that the particular emulation performed by the external programmer may depend upon the particular types of IEGM data provided by the implanted device. For example, if the device provides only a single IEGM signal, such as a single atrial unipolar signal or a single cross-chamber signal, the external programmer thereby uses one of the aforementioned selective adjustment techniques for emulating the surface EKG based upon that data. If the device instead provides a pair of atrial and ventricular IEGM signals, each containing both near-field and far-field portions, then the external programmer uses one of the aforementioned selective concatenation techniques for emulating the surface EKG. Circumstances may arise where the particular device implanted in the patient does not provide IEGM data within a format that allows the external programmer to emulate the surface EKG using one of the techniques described herein. If so, the external programmer presents a display to the physician indicating that an external surface EKG system will be required to display the surface EKG. However, state-of-the-art cardiac rhythm management devices typically provide at least one form of IEGM data from which an emulated surfaced EKG may be generated, such as an atrial unipolar IEGM or a pair of atrial and ventricular unipolar IEGMs, so that a surface EKG emulation can usually be generated. Insofar as cross-chamber signals are concerned, many implanted device are not specifically configured to sense or record cross-chamber signals. However, depending upon the data that is provided by the implanted device, the external programmer may nevertheless be capable of reproducing a cross-chamber signal from the data, even though no cross-chamber signal was originally sensed or recorded. For example, the programmer can potentially generate a cross-chamber IEGM based upon a comparison of separate atrial and unipolar IEGM signals so that the cross-chamber concatenation technique may then be used to generate the emulated surface EKG. Finally, with regard to FIG. 27, event marker data need not be originally generated and recorded by the implanted device. Rather, the event marker data may be generated by the external programmer based upon the IEGM signals received from the implanted device (or based upon the emulated surface EKG itself).

Turning now to FIG. 28, the generation of an emulated surface EKG based upon real-time data received from an implanted device will now be described. Many of the steps of FIG. 28 or similar to those of FIG. 27 and will not be described again in detail. Briefly, beginning at step 1520, a physician inputs commands into the external programmer for controlling the implanted device to transfer real-time IEGM data and event markers to the external programmer, which are representative of the current ongoing cardiac rhythm of the patient. The programmer forwards the commands to the implanted device, which, at step 1522, responds by transmitting real-time IEGM data and event markers to the external programmer. The real-time data is received by the external programmer at step 1524. At step 1526, the external programmer generates one or more emulated surface EKGs using the above-described techniques for display, at step 1528, along with the corresponding IEGM data and event markers. In this manner, the IEGM of the patient, the set of event markers and the emulated surface EKG are all displayed substantially in real-time, i.e. the current, ongoing cardiac rhythm of the patient is graphically displayed in both IEGM and surface EKG formats. This allows the physician to observe the emulated surface EKG substantially in real-time while also observing the patient. The technique is advantageously employed, for example, while patient is undergoing a stress test. Of course, by “real-time”, is not meant that the data is displayed exactly simultaneous with the corresponding cardiac rhythm. Slight transmission and data processing delays occur. However, by employing the surface EKG emulation techniques described herein, which do not require elaborate mathematical processing steps, the emulated surface EKG can be generated quite promptly so the resulting displays can be effectively provided in real-time or near real-time.

As noted, FIGS. 29-30 illustrate techniques wherein the implanted device generates the emulated surface EKG. These techniques will now briefly be described. Again, many of the steps are similar to those already described with reference to FIGS. 27-28. Briefly, at step 1540 of FIG. 29, the physician inputs commands into the external programmer for controlling the implanted device to retrieve IEGM data, event markers and emulated surface EKGs already generated and stored within the implanted device, such as the data stored in response to a previous episode of arrhythmia. Techniques for efficiently storing IEGMs of interest are set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/782,684 of Kroll, entitled “System and Method for Controlling the Recording of Diagnostic Medical Data in an Implantable Medical Device”, filed Feb. 18, 2004. In one example, the implanted device for use with FIG. 29 is equipped to automatically generate an emulated surface EKG for storage along with any IEGM data to be stored—using one of the aforementioned emulation techniques to perform the emulation. At step 1542, the device retrieves the stored IEGM, event markers and emulated surface EKG and transmits the data to the external programmer, at step 1544. Alternatively, the implanted device is configured to generate the surface EKG emulation just prior to transference of IEGM data to the external programmer, as this reduces the amount of data to be stored within the device. In either case, at step 1546, the external programmer receives the IEGM data, event markers and corresponding emulated surface EKG data, for display at step 1548.

By configuring the implanted device to perform the surface EKG emulation itself, an emulated surface EKG may be a displayed on an external programmer not equipped to perform the emulation itself. In addition, in some circumstances, it may be desirable to configure the implanted device to automatically adjust its operation based, in part, upon the emulated surface EKG. For example, it may be desirable to deliver certain forms of therapy only if an automatic analysis of the surface EKG emulation corroborates the results of an automatic analysis of the IEGM. For such an implementation, the implanted device is configured to perform the surface EKG emulation continuously in response to newly sensed IEGM signals so that the device may utilize the emulated surface EKG to help control device functionality. Otherwise, it is sufficient that the implanted device generates the surface EKG emulation just prior to transmission to the external programmer for display thereon.

Turning now to FIG. 30, a real-time display technique will now be described for use with an implanted device capable of performing the surface EKG emulation. Briefly, at step 1560, the external programmer generates and transmits control signals to the implanted device for controlling the device to transfer real-time IEGM data, event markers and emulated surface EKGs, i.e. data representative of the current cardiac rhythm of the patient. In response, at step 1562, the implanted device generates IEGMs and event markers based upon ongoing electrical cardiac signals. At step 1564, the implanted device generates a corresponding emulated surface EKG based upon the IEGM signals using one of the aforementioned techniques and, at step 1566, the device transmits the real-time data to the external programmer. The data is received at step 1568 and displayed at step 1570. In this manner, IEGMs, emulated surface EKGs, and event markers are displayed substantially in real-time. As already explained, due to processing and transmission delays, the data will not be displayed exactly in real-time, but subject to some relatively small time delay.

With reference to FIG. 31, a technique for allowing a physician to select a preferred surface EKG emulation technique for use with a particular patient will now be described. A variety of emulation techniques have been described herein and, for a particular patient, one of the techniques may provide a more faithful emulation of the actual surface EKG than the others. Accordingly, the technique of FIG. 31 allows the physician to identify and select the preferred emulation technique for use with a particular patient. Preferably, the steps of FIG. 31 are performed during an initial programming session following device implant but may instead be performed during a subsequent follow-up session. In any case, at step 1600, IEGM data and event markers are input for a particular patient and, at step 1602, multiple surface EKG emulations are generated based upon the IEGM data using different emulation techniques. Preferably, each of the above-described emulation techniques is employed to generate a separate surface EKG emulation. This assumes, of course, that the IEGM data input at step 1600 incorporates each of the types of cardiac signal data needed to perform the various emulations, such as cross-chamber IEGM data, atrial unipolar IEGM data, etc. If any particular emulation technique cannot be performed due to lack of appropriate IEGM data, then only the other emulation techniques are performed.

At step 1604, an actual surface EKG is input corresponding to the same IEGM data from which the emulated surface EKGs were generated. At step 1606, each of the emulated surface EKGs is displayed along with the actual surface EKG for comparison. This permits the physician (or other clinician) reviewing the data to visually compare each of the surface EKGs against the actual surface EKG to identify the emulation that is most effective for the particular patient. If desired, at step 1606, IEGM data and event record data may additionally be displayed. At step 1608, the physician selects the particular emulation technique to be employed for use in generating additional surface EKG emulations for the patient. The selection may be made, for example, based upon a simple visual comparison of the various emulations with the actual surface EKG. Alternatively, the system may automatically compare each emulated surface EKG against the actual surface EKG using otherwise conventional pattern matching techniques to determine the emulation that most closely approximates the actual EKG. In any case, at step 1610, the programmer is then set to employ the selected technique for generating any additional surface EKG emulations for that particular patient or the implanted device of the patient is programmed to employ the selected technique, depending upon which device is equipped to perform the EKG emulation. Even if the implanted device is not equipped to perform the surface EKG emulation itself, it may nevertheless be desirable to store data therein identifying the preferred emulation technique, so that other external programmers used to retrieve data from the implanted device will be able to access that information and utilize the preferred emulation technique when generating an emulated surface EKG based on data sent from the implanted device.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary display of four separate surface EKG emulations, denoted 1612-1618, generated using four different emulation techniques, along with a surface EKG, 1620, from a surface EKG system. In the example, the last of the surface EKG emulations (1618) most closely approximates the actual surface EKG 1620 and hence would be selected for use in generating additional emulations for the particular patient. Note that the data shown in the figure is hypothetical data provided to illustrate the features of the invention and should not be construed as representing actual clinical data.

Thus, FIGS. 31-32, illustrate a procedure for selecting a preferred emulation technique for use with a particular patient. In addition, it may be desirable to collate information from a variety of external programmers pertaining to the emulation techniques that are deemed to be most effective within various patients. Using the data, it may be feasible to identify optimal emulation techniques for use with particular classes of patients based, for example, upon gender, weight, height, etc., or based upon particular types of heart conditions. Using such data, an external programmer may then be programmed to recommend a particular emulation technique for a given patient based upon the physical characteristics of that patient and the patient's medical condition, thus potentially eliminating the need for the physician to compare individual surface EKG emulations against actual surface EKG for the patient.

Finally, FIG. 33 illustrates an alternative version 1702 of the external programmer of FIG. 5, specifically illustrating internal components of the main CPU directed toward controlling the generation of emulated surface EKG displays. Most of the components of FIG. 33 are the same is in FIG. 5 and are identified by like reference numerals. These components will not be described again. In addition to those components, the main CPU includes a display controller 252 for generating displays of emulated surface EKGs along with IEGMs and event markers, such as shown in FIG. 26. Depending upon the implementation, the surface EKGs are generated by the emulation controllers 250 and 251 or are received directly from the implanted device via telemetry wand 228. IEGMs and event markers are also received from the telemetry wand. Actual graphic images are displayed using LCD display 214.

The main CPU also includes a surface EKG comparison controller 253 for generating displays of various emulated surface EKGs, generated using differing emulation techniques, along with an actual surface EKGs, as shown in FIG. 32. The actual surface EKG is received via a surface EKG input circuit 243 from EKG leads 232. As with data retrieved from the implanted device itself, signals received from the EKG leads are stored within one or more of the storage devices of the external programmer. Typically, EKG leads output analog electrical signals representative of the EKG. Accordingly, EKG input circuit 243 includes analog to digital conversion circuitry for converting the signals to digital data appropriate for further processing within programmer. The displays of emulated surface EKGs along with the actual surface EKG are also presented using the LCD display. As already explained in connection with FIG. 31, a physician operating the programmer then examines the various emulated EKG displays along with the actual surface EKG to determine which emulation technique is optimal for the particular patient. The descriptions provided herein with respect to FIG. 33 are intended merely to provide an overview of the certain functions of the programmer and are not intended to describe in detail every feature of the hardware and software of the device and are not intended to provide an exhaustive list of the functions performed by the device.

The external display system (such as the external programmer of FIG. 33) need not receive signals directly from the implanted device but may instead receive signals relayed by an external relay device. In other words, the external display system may be a remote system (i.e. located at a position remote from the patient while the internal cardiac signals are generated.) The relay device may be, for example, a bedside monitor, a remote transmitter, a remote monitor, a remote interrogator, a transtelephonic monitor, a wireless relay device, or any form of world wide web (WWW)-based data relay system (e.g. systems exploiting the Internet). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,622,045 of Snell, et al., “System and Method for Remote Programming of Implantable Cardiac Stimulation Devices.”

The relay technique is illustrated by way of the flowchart of FIG. 34 for an example wherein the generation of an emulated surface EKG is based upon real-time data. Many of the steps of FIG. 34 or similar to those of FIG. 28 and will not be described again in detail. Briefly, beginning at step 1800, the patient activates the relay device, which generates signals for controlling the implanted device to transfer real-time IEGM data and event markers to the relay device representative of the current ongoing cardiac rhythm of the patient. The implanted device transmits IEGM data and device markers, at step 1802. The relay device then forwards the data, at step 1804, to the remote system. Transmission from the relay device to the remote system may be performed via any suitable technique, such as transmission via the Internet. The real-time data is received by the external programmer at step 1806. At step 1808, the remote system generates one or more emulated surface EKGs using the above-described techniques for display, at step 1810, along with the corresponding IEGM data and event markers. In this manner, the IEGM of the patient, the set of event markers and the emulated surface EKG are all displayed at the remote system for review, for example, by a physician at that site. This allows the physician to observe the emulated surface EKG A9Ione or in combination with the IEGM) without needing to visit the patient or vice versa. Alternatively, the relay system may be used to relay an emulated surface EKG generated by the implanted device. In still another alternative, the relay device may be equipped to perform the emulation based on IEGM data received from the implantable system.

What have been described are various techniques for generating and displaying an emulated surface EKG. In general, the embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is to be interpreted in accordance with the claims that follow.