In this appeal, the Court considers the proper scope of the plain-view
exception to the warrant requirement under Article I, Paragraph 7 of the New
Jersey Constitution and whether inadvertent discovery of contraband or evidence
of a crime should remain a predicate for a plain-view seizure.

The constitutional question in this case arises out of defendant Xiomara
Gonzales’s appeal from the denial of her motion to suppress evidence seized by
police from the vehicle she was driving on February 7, 2009. Pursuant to their
ongoing investigation of a drug-distribution scheme, the police learned that
Gonzales and a codefendant were going to retrieve a package that day that the
Prosecutor’s Office suspected would contain a large quantity of heroin. After
Gonzales and the codefendant made two stops in separate cars, the codefendant
placed two blue plastic bags on Gonzales’s back seat, and Gonzales headed
toward the Garden State Parkway.

Two officers followed Gonzales. They saw her speed, turn left on a red
light, and pass through a toll on the Garden State Parkway without paying. The
officers pulled Gonzales over to the shoulder of the Parkway.

As Officer Perez approached Gonzales’s car, he saw that items had spilled
from the blue bags onto the rear floorboard. He “immediately identified” the
spilled items as “bricks of heroin.” Gonzales was arrested and the bags sealed.
At a secure site, it was determined that the bags contained 270 bricks of
heroin.

Gonzales was charged with first-degree distribution of more than five
ounces of heroin, first-degree possession of heroin with the intent to
distribute, third-degree possession of heroin, and second-degree conspiracy to
commit racketeering. Gonzales moved to suppress the evidence.

The trial court denied the motion to suppress, determining that the
plain-view exception to the warrant requirement justified the warrantless
seizure of the heroin because Officer Perez (1) was lawfully present beside
Gonzales’s car; (2) discovered the heroin “inadvertently” due to the spillage;
and (3) had specialized training and experience in narcotics detection that
made the incriminating nature of the packaged heroin “immediately apparent” to
him. The trial court therefore upheld the constitutionality of the search.

The Appellate Division reversed. Adhering to the plain-view test
established in State v. Bruzzese, 94 N.J. 210, 236–38 (1983), cert.
denied, 465 U.S. 1030, 104 S. Ct. 1295, 79 L. Ed. 2d
695 (1984), the appellate panel concluded that, because the motor-vehicle stop
was a pretext to enable police to seize drugs they knew to be present in
Gonzales’s car, Officer Perez’s discovery of the heroin did not meet the
inadvertence prong of the plain-view exception. In reaching this conclusion,
the panel did not address the fact that, since Bruzzese, the United
States Supreme Court has expressly held that the “inadvertent” discovery of
incriminating evidence is not a prerequisite for plain-view seizure. The panel
also found that exigent circumstances did not justify the search because the
police had time to obtain a warrant while pursuing Gonzales’s car. The panel
thus remanded the case for further proceedings.

HELD: The Court now excises
the inadvertence requirement from the plain-view doctrine. Because it is
setting forth a new rule of law, the Court will apply the reformulated
plain-view doctrine prospectively. Nevertheless, the Court holds that the trial
court’s finding of inadvertence is supported by credible evidence in the
record. The Court therefore reverses the judgment of the Appellate Division and
reinstates the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress.

1. The Court notes that both the New Jersey and Federal Constitutions
protect against “unreasonable searches and seizures” and forbid the issuance of
a warrant absent “probable cause.” N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 7; seeU.S.
Const. amend. IV. Warrantless searches are prohibited unless an exception
to the warrant requirement applies such as the plain-view doctrine, which
authorizes an officer to seize evidence or contraband that is in plain view.

2. The United States Supreme Court established the factual predicates
necessary to satisfy the plain-view exception in Coolidge v. New Hampshire,
403 U.S. 443, 465-72, 91 S. Ct. 2022, 2037-41, 29 L. Ed.
2d 695, 582-87 (1984). In that decision, a plurality of the Court established
three requirements for the exception: (1) The officer must be lawfully in the
viewing area when making the observation; (2) the evidence must be discovered
inadvertently; and (3) the incriminating nature of the evidence to be seized
must be immediately apparent to the officer. The purpose of the inadvertence
requirement was to ensure that police obtain warrants when they have advance
knowledge of incriminating evidence or contraband subject to seizure. The
requirement was never adopted by a majority of the Court.

3. In Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 110 S. Ct.
2301, 110 L. Ed. 2d 112 (1990), the United States Supreme Court interred
the inadvertence requirement as a predicate for a plain-view seizure of
evidence. The majority of the Court found that other aspects of
search-and-seizure jurisprudence protect against the concerns that the
inadvertence requirement aimed to address. The Court also rejected the
inadvertence requirement because it necessitated a subjective inquiry into the
officer’s state of mind. The Court thus explicitly stated that inadvertence was
not a necessary predicate to a plain-view seizure, a position that a majority
of states have since adopted.

4. Before Horton was decided, this Court adopted the Coolidge
plurality’s formulation of plain view in Bruzzese. Even in espousing the
three-prong plain-view standard, however, the Court expressed the view that the
standard of objective reasonableness governs the validity of a search or
seizure. This Court continued to apply the three-part test in the post-Horton
era, but without occasion to assess whether a plain-view seizure would pass
muster in the absence of inadvertence.

5. The Court stresses the preference for objective standards over
subjective inquiries in both federal and New Jersey search-and-seizure
jurisprudence

6. The Court now excises the inadvertence requirement from the plain-view
doctrine. The Court finds subjective inquiry into an officer’s motives to be at
odds with the standard of objective reasonableness that applies to a police
officer’s conduct under the New Jersey Constitution. The Court notes that the
constitutional limiting principle of the plain-view doctrine is that the
officer must lawfully be in the area where he observed and seized the item, and
that it must be immediately apparent that the seized item is evidence of a
crime. Because the Court sets forth a new rule of law, the Court will apply the
reformulated plain-view doctrine prospectively.

7. Thus, the Court applies the now-defunct three-part plain-view test to
the facts of this case. The Court concludes that all three parts of the test
were met. The motor-vehicle violations gave the officers a reasonable and
articulable suspicion to stop Gonzales’s car, and Officer Perez’s training made
the nature of the spilled items “immediately apparent.” Finally, the trial
court’s finding that the discovery was inadvertent was supported by sufficient
credible evidence in the record, and the appellate panel should have deferred
to that finding.

8. The Court observes that the appellate panel also erred in finding that
the police lacked exigent circumstances to act, stressing that the officers
were not required to watch helplessly as Gonzales drove away with what the
authorities reasonably believed was a cache of drugs. Here, again, the
plain-view observation of the spilled heroin provided the basis for the seizure
of the contraband.

9. The Court provides guidance as to the limits of the plain-view exception
and the continuing need to obtain a warrant when there is sufficient time to do
so.

The judgment of the Appellate Division is REVERSED and the trial
court’s denial of the motion to suppress is REINSTATED. The matter is REMANDED
to the Appellate Division for consideration of the remaining sentencing issue.