- Simplex Transmission: This type of data transmission involves data to be moved only in one direction. In this no data can be sent back using the same channel. A
good example of this form of transmission can be found in a keyboard.

- Half Duplex Transmission: This type of transmission allows data to be transferred in both directions but not at the same time. One end transmits while the other
receives.

- Full Duplex Transmission: In this type of transmission data can be sent and received at the same time. There are no two different modes such as transmit and
receive.

- Internal Data Bus: As its name suggests the internal data bus only works inside a CPU that is internally. It is able to communicate with the internal cache memories of

the CPU. Since they are internally placed they are relatively quick and are now affected by the rest of the computer.

- External Data bus: This type of bus is used to connect and interface the computer to its connected peripheral devices. Since they are external and do not lie within the
circuitry of the cpu they are relatively slower.

- The 8088 processor in itself contains a 16-bit internal data bus coupled with a 20-bit address register. This allows the processor to address to a maximum of 1 MB
memory.

- The division of address space into logical sections is known as segmentation and each such space is known as a segment.

- In order to access a specific memory location, a program must specify both the segment number and the offset contained in that segment. Segment memory addressing divides the memory into many segments.

- One of the advantages of memory segmentation is that only 16 bit registers are
required to both store segment base address as well as offset address. Due to this the designing of the memory is simple.

- By using segmentation there is the advantage of relocability as well.

- By adding a paging unit and a new system in the memory system the management of it has been improved upon.

- Paging Unit: The paging mechanism works on 4KB memory pages or with a
new extension available to the Pentium with 4MB memory pages.

- Memory-management mode: The system memory-management mode (SMM) is on
the equal levels such as the protected mode, real mode, and virtual mode. Still the memory management mode function as a manager. High-level system functions
such as power management and security are taken care of by it.