1.
1811 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1811 in Ireland. Kildare Place Society founded as an organisation by a group of Dublin philanthropists. 4 December - Royal Navy frigate HMS Saldanha is driven in a gale onto rocks in Lough Swilly with no survivors from the estimated 253 aboard, James Sheridan Knowles play Brian Boroihme, or, The Maid of Erin is performed in Belfast. 21 January - James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, politician,10 March - Yankee Sullivan, bare knuckle fighter and boxer. 11 March - Lady Katherine Sophia Kane née Baily, botanist,11 November - John Egan, businessman and politician in Ottawa. Robert Brooke, soldier, Governor of St Helena

3.
1809 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1809 in Ireland. October - Completion of the Military Road across the Wicklow Mountains,21 October - Nelsons Pillar opened in Sackville Street, Dublin. The first Roman Catholic Magdalene asylum in Ireland is opened in Cork, jonah Barringtons Historic Anecdotes and Secret Memoirs of the Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland is published. Edward Buntings A General Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland is published,1 May - Samuel Blackall, soldier, politician and second Governor of Queensland, Australia. 8 October - Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran, politician

4.
1808 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1808 in Ireland. 2 February - Daniel Delany, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin,15 February - laying of the foundation stone for Nelsons Pillar in Dublin 6 June - The Bank of Ireland moves its premises to the former Irish Houses of Parliament on College Green, Dublin. 12 July - Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley embarks troops at Cork to join the Peninsular War in Portugal,15 August - Seven men, including Edmund Rice, take religious promises under John Power, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, as the Presentation Brothers. 22 August - The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne in Cork is dedicated, rev. Charles Maturins novel The Wild Irish Boy published under the pseudonym Dennis Jasper Murphy. Thomas Moores A Selection of Irish Melodies published,15 May - Michael William Balfe, composer. 10 February - Hugh Douglas Hamilton, artist,30 September - Peter Russell, gambler, government official, politician and judge in Upper Canada

5.
1807 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1807 in Ireland. March - Sir Arthur Wellesley is appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland,20 November - Sinking of the Rochdale and the Prince of Wales, The British troopships Rochdale and Prince of Wales sink in a storm in Dublin Bay with the loss of around 400 lives. Actor Edmund Kean plays leading parts in the Belfast theatre with Sarah Siddons,7 March - John McCaul, educator, theologian, and the second president of the University of Toronto. 10 March - James Fintan Lalor, revolutionary, journalist and writer,9 September - Richard Chenevix Trench, né Richard Trench, Archbishop of Dublin. 27 September - John T. Mullock, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Johns,23 October - Baroness Tautphoeus, née Jemima Montgomery, novelist. 14 December - Francis Hincks, politician in Canada, robert Cane, doctor, member of the Repeal Association and the Irish Confederation, Mayor of Kilkenny. Sir Henry Thomas, police magistrate in London,8 February - Dorcas Blackwood, 1st Baroness Dufferin and Claneboye. 5 June - Boyle Roche, politician

6.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

7.
1813 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1813 in Ireland. 26 July - Battle of Garvagh, County Londonderry, Four hundred Catholic Ribbonmen attempt to destroy a tavern in Garvagh where the Orange Lodge meet and are repelled by Protestants with muskets and this was commemorated in the song The Battle of Garvagh. 10 September - The largest meteorite ever to fall on the British Isles lands at Adare, now held in the Limerick Museum Poetical Attempts by Hugh Porter, a County of Down weaver published in Belfast. The Patron, or The Festival of Saint Kevin at the Seven Churches,6 January - Charles Lanyon, architect. 3 February - Thomas Mellon, entrepreneur, lawyer, and judge founder of Mellon Bank,2 June - Daniel Pollen, politician, ninth Premier of New Zealand. 7 June - Sir Thomas Burke, 3rd Baronet, landowner,6 September - Isaac Butt, Irish Conservative Party MP and founder of the Home Rule League. 10 November - Patrick Duggan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert,14 November - Benjamin Lett, bomber and arsonist in America and Canada. 19 December - Thomas Andrews, chemist and physicist, undated Margaret Haughery, baker and philanthropist in New Orleans. 28 May - Edmund Garvey, painter, autumn - Henrietta Battier, poet, satirist and actress

8.
1814 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1814 in Ireland. 1 February - Royal Belfast Academical Institution opened as a school,18 June - Improved navigation of River Shannon between Limerick and Killaloe opens. 25 December - Inauguration of Chapel Royal, Dublin, designed by Francis Johnston, apprentice Boys of Derry Club formed. William Shaw Masons A Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland,27 May - Harriet Smithson makes her stage debut at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, as Albina Mandeville in Frederick Reynoldss The Will. Sydney, Lady Morgan, publishes her novel ODonnell,10 January - Aubrey Thomas de Vere, poet and critic. 9 May - John Brougham, actor and dramatist,28 August - Sheridan Le Fanu, writer. 3 September - Richard Graves MacDonnell, lawyer, judge and colonial governor,14 October - Thomas Osborne Davis, lawyer and writer, author of the song A Nation Once Again. 3 December - William Fitzgerald, Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe, Daniel Devlin, businessman and City Chamberlain in New York. Mary OConnell, nurse during the American Civil War, charles OHea, Catholic Priest, baptised Ned Kelly and ministered to him before he was hanged in 1880. John Purcell, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India,8 May - William Nelson Gardiner, eccentric engraver and bookseller. 17 June - Henry Tresham, historical painter,9 July - Daniel Delany, Bishop of Kildare and Leighton, founder of two Catholic religious congregations and St Patricks College, Carlow. 10 August - George Ogle, politician,21 November - Juan Mackenna, soldier of fortune. 9 December - Arturo ONeill, soldier of fortune,20 December - Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald, lawyer, soldier and politician

9.
1815 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1815 in Ireland. March 28 - Laying of the stone of the Metropolitan Chapel, Marlborough Street. March - Poet William Drennans Fugitive pieces in verse and prose published in Belfast, June 4 - Lighthouse on Tuskar Rock first illuminated. July 6 - Charles Bianconi runs his first car for conveyance of passengers, the river paddle steamer City of Cork is launched at Passage West, the first steamboat built in Ireland. The Religious Sisters of Charity are founded by Mary Aikenhead in Dublin, the Dublin Society purchases Leinster House, home of the Duke of Leinster, and founds a natural history museum there. Tenter House erected in Cork Street, Dublin, financed by Thomas Pleasants, st. Brendans Hospital officially opened as the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, a national institution. 11 June - Hans Crocker, lawyer and Wisconsin politician,24 July - Arnaud-Michel dAbbadie, geographer. 24 July - John Thomas Ball, lawyer, politician and Lord Chancellor of Ireland,1875 -1881, august - Edmond Burke Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy, politician. 3 November - John Mitchel, nationalist activist, solicitor and journalist,31 December - Chartres Brew, Gold commissioner, Chief Constable and judge in the Colony of British Columbia. William Wilde, surgeon, author and father of Oscar Wilde,31 December - Thomas Burke, artist

10.
1816 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1816 in Ireland. The Year Without a Summer - Famine and typhoid kills 65,000 people January - Belfast Savings Bank opens for business,30 January - Wrecking of the Sea Horse, Boadicea and Lord Melville off the coast of Ireland in a gale with the loss of around 570. 17 March - Richmond Bridge, designed by James Savage, is opened over Dublins River Liffey, may - The Hapenny Bridge is opened over Dublins River Liffey. 18 May - The National Institution for the Education of Deaf, june - St. Georges Church, Belfast, is opened, the oldest in the city built for the United Church of England and Ireland. 29–30 October - Wildgoose Lodge Murders, eight people are burned to death by a gang in County Louth, templemore Market House is built in County Tipperary. 6 February - John Joseph Lynch, Bishop of Toronto,1 March - Charles Magill, member of the 1st Canadian Parliament and mayor of Hamilton. 14 March - Anthony OGrady Lefroy, government official in Western Australia,8 April - Frederick William Burton, painter. 12 April - Charles Gavan Duffy, nationalist and Australian colonial politician,31 July - Trevor Chute, British Army officer. 17 September - John Hawkins Hagarty, lawyer, teacher and judge in Canada,30 October - Richard Quain, physician. John Drummond, early settler and explorer in Western Australia, first Inspector of Native Police there, John OMahony, a founding member of the Fenian Brotherhood. 24 April - James Orr, rhyming weaver poet,3 May - James McHenry, signer of the United States Constitution from Maryland, third United States Secretary of War. 7 July - Richard Brinsley Sheridan, playwright and statesman, robert Fagan, painter, diplomat and archaeologist

11.
1817 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1817 in Ireland. 26 May - Completion of Royal Canal throughout from Dublin to the River Shannon at Tarmonbarry,31 May - First stone of new pier at the port of Dunleary is laid. 17 June - First stone of Wellington Testimonial, Dublin, is laid in Phoenix Park,11 July - An Act to provide for the establishment of asylums for the lunatic poor in Ireland. July - Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe,7 August - First stone of Wellington Column is laid in Trim, County Meath. 30 September - National fever committee appointed to distribute government relief to victims of the typhus epidemic, edward OReillys Irish-English Dictionary is published. 19 April - Charles Wolfes poem The Burial of Sir John Moore at Corunna is first published in the Newry Telegraph,27 May - Thomas Moores poem Lalla-Rookh, an Oriental romance is first published in London. June - Maria Edgeworths novel Ormond, a tale is first published in London together with Harrington,6 January - J. J. McCarthy, architect. 10 March - Patrick Neeson Lynch, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston,26 May - Denis Florence MacCarthy, poet, translator and biographer. 3 June - Robert Warren, lawyer and politician,12 July - William Henry Gregory, politician and writer. 19 September - Charles Joseph Alleyn, lawyer and political figure in Quebec,11 October - Walter Shanly, civil engineer, author, businessman and politician in Canada. 12 November - John T. Mills, lawyer and Supreme Court Justice for the Republic of Texas,22 November - Sir William Ewart, 1st Baronet, manufacturer and politician. 7 December - William Keogh, lawyer and politician, John Willoughby Crawford, politician and third Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. Frederick McCoy, palaeontologist and museum administrator in Australia, arthur McQuade, farmer and politician in Ontario. 23 May - John Prendergast Smyth, 1st Viscount Gort, politician,13 June - Richard Lovell Edgeworth, politician, writer and inventor. 5 September - Charles Osborne, lawyer and politician,14 October - John Philpot Curran, orator and wit, lawyer and MP.13 November - John Keogh, merchant and political activist

12.
1812
–
As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch enters into force in the Austrian Empire, february 7 The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8. Novelist Charles Dickens is born in Portsmouth, England, february 12 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system. February 13 – First Chilean newspaper Aurora de Chile is dealing with political philosophy, february 27 Argentine War of Independence, Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina in the city of Rosario for the first time. English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris March 15 – Luddites attack the wool-processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire. March 16–April 6 – Siege of Badajoz, The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz in Spain, March 19 – The Cádiz Cortes create the first modern Spanish constitution. The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, april 4 – U. S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U. S. state, may 11 – John Bellingham assassinates British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the British House of Commons. May 16 – Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War, may 25 – Felling mine disaster, A mine explosion at the Felling colliery near Jarrow, England leaves 96 dead. June 1 – War of 1812, U. S. President James Madison asks the U. S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom. June 4 – Following Louisianas admittance as a U. S. state, june 16 – New York State charters City Bank of New York, which later became Citibank. June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins, june 24 – Napoleons Grande Armée crosses the Neman River and invades Russia. July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario, july 18 – Russias Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy, Kulnev defeats Oudinot but sustains a mortal wound. July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca, British forces led by Lord Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca in Spain, august 5 – War of 1812, Tecumsehs Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Hornes 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat. August 12 – Peninsular War, The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid following the Battle of Salamanca, august 15 – War of 1812, Battle of Fort Dearborn – Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory. August 16 – War of 1812, American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army, august 19 – War of 1812, The USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off the Constitutions sides, september 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino, The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone, september 14 – French invasion of Russia, Napoleons troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin

13.
English people
–
The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age

14.
James Sadler (balloonist)
–
James Sadler was the first English balloonist, as well as a chemist and pastry chef. Sadler worked as a chef in the family business, The Lemon Hall Refreshment House. However, James Sadler was the first English Aeronaut having made his ascent during the month after on 4 October 1784 from Christ Church Meadow, the balloon rose to about 3,600 feet and landed near Woodeaton, around six miles away. His second ascent on 12 November, this time in a hydrogen-filled balloon, Sadler made two further ascents in May 1785, the first of which was from a field behind a gentlemans garden on the site of what is now Balloon Street in Manchester. On this flight he was accompanied by a cat and landed in Radcliffe, on his second ascent he travelled alone and having risen to 13,000 ft. travelled 50 miles before landing near Pontefract, West Yorkshire. On this occasion, he sustained bad injuries after being dragged for around 2 miles by the balloon and he was appointed Chemist in 1796 in the newly created Naval Works Department under Sir Samuel Bentham. Although the post was abolished in 1807, he had major disagreements with Bentham. His most important invention was that of the steam engine. He was responsible for improvements to design, from the barrel to the shot used, to improve accuracy. He resumed his ballooning activities although he was devastated by the death of his son, Windham Windham Sadler. He is buried at the church of St Peter-in-the-East in Oxford, although a celebrity in his own time, Sadler is largely unknown today. This has been attributed to his lack of writing any works and partly to class prejudice, he was only a pastry chef. Despite being a resident of Oxford and an accomplished scientist, the university mostly ignored him and academics looked down on him. While obituaries for Sadler were written elsewhere on his death, the universitys own newspaper wrote simply, Mr James Sadler, elder brother of Mr Sadler of Rose Hill, Oxford, has died. A public square in Manchester was named after Sadler on 8 September 2015 by NOMA, the square is named Sadlers Yard and is near to Balloon Street. 7 July 1810, at Oxford, on the occasion of the installation of Lord Grenville as Chancellor at Oxford University, September 1810, from Bristol, with the chemist William Clayfield, landing safely near Combe Martin in the Bristol Channel. 29 August 1811, from Hackney to East Thorpe in Essex, with Henry Beaufoy,7 October 1811, a speed record during a gale, travelling over a hundred miles in about 1 hour 20 minutes

15.
Belvedere House and Gardens
–
Belvedere House and GardensBelevedere House and Gardens is a country house located approximately 8km from Mullingar Ireland on the north-east shore of Lough Ennell. It was built in 1740 as a lodge for Robert Rochfort, 1st Earl of Belvedere by architect Richard Cassels. Belvedere House, although not very large, is significant because of its Diocletian windows. The landscaped demesne boasts the largest and most spectacular folly in the country, The Jealous Wall, there is also Victorian walled garden and many hectares of forest. The house has been restored and the grounds are well maintained. The house was built by Robert Rochfort as a retreat, having incarcerated his wife in their previous home at Gaulstown. Arthur was later put on trial and fined £20,000 which he could not pay, Arthur spent 18 years in debtors prison in Dublin but was released upon Roberts death. Robert built the Jealous Wall after falling out with his brother George and his wife was only released on his death in 1774. The estate passed to his son George Augustus Rochfort, the 2nd Earl and he was MP for Westmeath from 1761 to 1776 and High Sheriff of Westmeath for 1762. He left for England in 1798 and died in 1814, when his widow died in 1828, Belvedere passed to her grandson Brinsley Butler, 4th Earl of Lanesborough. He rarely visited Belvedere and it was inherited on his death by his cousin Charles Brinsley Marlay in 1847. Charles moved into the house and during his time there was responsible for the alteration of the Diocletian windows on the upper façade and he commissioned Ninian Niven, curator of the Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin, to draw up plans for the Victorian walled garden. In the period following the world war, Charles Howard-Bury. He never married and on his death in 1963, the estate was inherited by Rex Beaumont, Rex had been Howard-Burys friend and companion for 30 years and sold the estate to Westmeath County Council in 1982 for £250,000. Following a multimillion-pound restoration, the house and gardens have been opened to visitors, Belvedere also hosts weekend music festivals and intimate garden theatre performances. Belvedere House Gardens & Park website Belvedere House Gardens & Park website

16.
Mullingar
–
Mullingar is the county town of County Westmeath in Ireland. The Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act of 1543, proclaimed Westmeath a county, Mullingar became the administrative centre for County Westmeath. The town was originally named Maelblatha, and takes its name from a mill noted in the legend of Colman of Mullingar. Traditionally a market town serving the agricultural hinterland, Mullingar remains a significant commercial location. It had a tradition of cattle-trading up until 2003, when its market was closed for development of a mixed commercial and residential scheme called Market Point. However, in 2014 the local County Council have allowed an annual Christmas Market to take place on Mount Street, Mullingar is famous for the neighbouring lakes, Lough Owel, Lough Ennell and Lough Derravaragh, which attract many anglers. Lough Derravaragh is also known for its connection with the Irish legend of the Children of Lir, the town of Mullingar is linked to Lough Ennell via Lacys Canal and the River Brosna. Another waterway of significance is the Royal Canal, which loops around Mullingar, among Mullingars major exports are items of pewterware produced by Mullingar Pewter. Also associated with Mullingar is Genesis Fine Art, which produces gift items, two print newspapers serve the community, the Westmeath Examiner and the Westmeath Topic together with a blog, Mullingar News and Views. Westmeath County Council is the authority for Westmeath. The county council comprises two constituencies or “municipal districts”, Mullingar town is in the Mullingar Municipal District which comprises thirteen members. The current mayor is Councillor Ken Glynn, the town is part of the Longford–Westmeath constituency for elections to Dáil Éireann. The Mullingar Town Band was founded in 1879 by Father Polland as a Holy Family Confraternity Band, the local Military Barracks supplied many of the early members who themselves were serving members of the British Regimental bands stationed in Mullingar. Many of the members of these settled in the town. And thus it remained until membership had dwindled to 3 or 4 members by 1957, in 1979, the centenary was celebrated with a membership of 100 – one member for every year of the bands existence. The band has a role of marching band – The Celtic Crusaders –. It has won some of the top awards in Ireland, Northern Ireland and England, entirely voluntary, it is maintained financially by membership fees and fundraising. Every four years since 1974 both the Celtic Crusaders and Concert Band attend the International Youth Band Festival in Purmerend, the Netherlands, in 2004 the band completed a successful exchange with the Cardinal Gibbons High School Band, Raleigh, North Carolina

17.
Irish Sea
–
The Irish Sea, separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St Georges Channel, anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea, the sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping and transport, fishing, and power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear power plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and 17 million tonnes of traded goods, the Irish Sea has undergone a series of dramatic changes over the last 20,000 years as the last glacial period ended and was replaced by warmer conditions. At the height of the glaciation the central part of the sea was probably a long freshwater lake. As the ice retreated 10,000 years ago the lake reconnected to the sea, becoming brackish, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Irish Sea as follows, On the North. The Southern limit of the Scottish Seas, a line joining St. Davids Head to Carnsore Point. It is connected to the North Atlantic at both its northern and southern ends, to the north, the connection is through the North Channel between Scotland and Northern Ireland and the Malin Sea. The southern end is linked to the Atlantic through the St Georges Channel between south eastern Ireland and Pembrokeshire in Wales, and the Celtic Sea. The Irish Sea is composed of a channel about 300 km long and 30–50 km wide on its western side. The western channels depth ranges from 80 metres up to 275 m in the Beauforts Dyke in the North Channel, the main embayments – Cardigan Bay in the south and the waters to the east of the Isle of Man – are less than 50 m deep. The Sea has a water volume of 2,430 km3, 80% of which is to the west of the Isle of Man. The largest sandbanks are the Bahama and King William Banks to the east and north of the Isle of Man, the Irish Sea, at its greatest width, is 200 km and narrows to 75 km. Unlike Great Britain, Ireland has no tunnel or bridge connection to continental Europe, thus the vast majority of heavy goods trade is done by sea. The Port of Liverpool handles 32 million tonnes of cargo and 734 thousand passengers a year, Holyhead port handles most of the passenger traffic from Dublin and Dún Laoghaire ports, as well as 3.3 million tonnes of freight. Ports in the Republic handle 3,600,000 travellers crossing the sea each year and this has been steadily dropping for a number of years, probably as a result of low cost airlines. There is also a connection between Liverpool and Belfast via the Isle of Man or direct from Birkenhead, the worlds largest car ferry, Ulysses, is operated by Irish Ferries on the Dublin Port–Holyhead route, Stena Line also operates between Britain and Ireland. The Port of Barrow-in-Furness, despite being one of Britains largest shipbuilding centres, a ferry crossing used to run between Swansea and Cork, but given the geographical limits defined above, this route crosses the Celtic Sea rather than the Irish Sea

18.
Tuskar Rock, Ireland
–
Tuskar Rock is a group of rocks topped by a lighthouse 11 kilometres off the southeast coast of County Wexford, Ireland. It has probably destroyed more ships than any other Irish coastal feature, one hundred and seventy-six wrecks are listed for the Tuskar Rock area at Irish Wrecks Online. It is mentioned in the Irish ballad Tales of Loch Achray as the place where the clipper Loch Achray dropped her tug, the Tuskar Rock lighthouse, built from granite and standing 120 feet tall, was built over a period of years beginning in 1812. The surviving workers clung to the slippery rocks for two full days before being discovered and rescued. Work resumed, and the lighthouse was completed, entering into operation on 4 June 1815. The Tuskar Rock air disaster occurred near the rock on 24 March 1968 when Aer Lingus flight 712, en route from Cork to London, the name Tuskar rock has no foundation in the Irish language but actually came from the Vikings. It is one of many Viking place names found in the south of Wexford, List of islands of Ireland List of lighthouses in Ireland Coastal landforms of Ireland Commissioners of Irish Lights

19.
Robert Peel
–
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, FRS, PC, a British statesman and member of the Conservative Party, served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and twice as Home Secretary. He is regarded as the father of modern British policing and as one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party and he entered the House of Commons in 1809 under the tutelage of his father and of Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. Peel was widely seen as a star in the Conservative Party and served in various junior ministerial offices, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland. He cut tariffs to stimulate trade, to replace the lost revenue he pushed through a 3% income tax and he played a central role in making free trade a reality and set up a modern banking system. In 1830 the Whigs finally returned to power and Peel became a member of the Opposition for the first time, Peel then issued the Tamworth Manifesto, laying down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based. His first ministry was a minority government, dependent on Whig support, after only four months, his government collapsed and he served as Leader of the Opposition during the second government of the Viscount Melbourne. Peel declined to head another minority government in May 1839, prompting a political crisis and he finally became Prime Minister again after the 1841 general election. His second government ruled for five years - its major legislation included the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, the Income Tax Act 1842, the Factories Act 1844, Peels government was weakened by anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment following the controversial Maynooth Grant of 1845. After the outbreak of the Great Irish Potato Famine, his decision to join with Whigs, Peel remained an influential backbench MP and leader of the Peelite faction until his death in 1850. Peel often started from a traditional Tory position in opposition to a measure, then reversed his stance, Peel, a Conservative, achieved repeal with the support of the Whigs in Parliament, overcoming the opposition of most of his own party. Many critics accordingly saw him as a traitor to the Tory cause, or as a Liberal wolf in sheeps clothing, taylor says, Peel was in the first rank of 19th century statesman. He carried Catholic Emancipation, he repealed the Corn Laws, he created the modern Conservative Party on the ruins of the old Toryism. Peel was born at Chamber Hall, Bury, Lancashire, to the industrialist and parliamentarian Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet and his father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution. Peel was educated briefly at Bury Grammar School, at Hipperholme Grammar School, then at Harrow School and finally Christ Church, Oxford and he was a law student at Lincolns Inn in 1809 before entering Parliament. Peel saw part-time military service as a Captain in the Manchester Regiment of Militia in 1808, Peel entered politics in 1809 at the age of 21, as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary. With a scant 24 electors on the rolls, he was elected unopposed and his sponsor for the election was the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peels political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his speech at the start of the 1810 session. His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker, Charles Abbot, as chief secretary in Dublin in 1813, he proposed the setting up of a specialist police force, later called peelers

20.
Chief Secretary for Ireland
–
The Chief Secretary for Ireland was a key political office in the British administration in Ireland. The Chief Secretary was ex officio President of the Local Government Board for Ireland from its creation in 1872, British rule over much of Ireland came to an end as the result of the Irish War of Independence, which culminated in the establishment of the Irish Free State. In consequence the office of Chief Secretary was abolished, as well as that of Lord Lieutenant, the dominant position of the Lord Lieutenant at Dublin Castle had been central to the British administration of the Kingdom of Ireland for much of its history. The appointment of a Secretary was intended to both improve Irish administration, and to keep the Lord Lieutenant in line. The role of Secretary of State for Ireland and Chief Secretary of Ireland were originally distinct positions, while the Irish administration was not responsible to the parliament, it nevertheless needed to manage and influence it in order to ensure the passage of key legislative measures. In 1800 the Act of Union was passed by the Irish parliament, merging the kingdom into the new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with effect from 1 January 1801. The Chief Secretaryship was of importance in the run-up to the eventual enactment, on the second attempt, of the Act of Union. The Chief Secretarys exercise of patronage and direct bribery were central to delivering a majority for the Union. Upon the Union the Irish parliament ceased to exist, however, the existing system of administration in Ireland continued broadly in place, with the offices of Lord Lieutenant and Chief Secretary retaining their respective roles

21.
Yeomanry
–
Yeomanry is a designation used by a number of units or sub-units of the British Army Reserve, descended from volunteer cavalry regiments. Today, Yeomanry units serve in a variety of different military roles, in the 1790s, the threat of invasion of the Kingdom of Great Britain was high, after the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. To improve the defences, volunteer regiments were raised in many counties from yeomen. These regiments became known collectively as the Yeomanry, members of the yeomanry were not obliged to serve overseas without their individual consent. In 1827 it was decided for reasons to reduce the number of yeomanry regiments. A number of independent troops were also dissolved, following these reductions the yeomanry establishment was fixed at 22 corps receiving allowances and a further 16 serving without pay. During the 1830s the number of yeomanry units fluctuated, reflecting the level of civil unrest in any region at any particular time. The Irish Yeomanry, which had played a role in suppressing the rebellion of 1798, was completely disbanded in 1838. For the next thirty years the Yeomanry Force was retained as a line of support for the regular cavalry within Britain. Recruiting difficulties led to serious consideration being given to the disbandment of the force in 1870. These included requirements that individual yeomanry troopers attend a number of drills per year in return for a permanent duty allowance. While these reforms improved the professionalism of the Yeomanry Force, numbers remained low, in 1876 the role of the Yeomanry Force was fixed as that of light cavalry. These supernumerary units were now abolished, during the Second Boer War companies of Imperial Yeomanry were formed to serve overseas from volunteers from the Yeomanry. In 1901 all yeomanry regiments were redesignated as Imperial Yeomanry, in 1908 the Imperial Yeomanry was merged with the Volunteer Force to form the Territorial Force, of which it became the cavalry arm. The Imperial title was dropped at the same time, on the eve of World War I in 1914 there were 55 Yeomanry regiments, each of four squadrons instead of the three of the regular cavalry. Upon embodiment these regiments were brought together to form mounted brigades or allocated as divisional cavalry. For purposes of recruitment and administration the Yeomanry were linked to counties or regions. Some of the still in existence in 1914 dated back to those created in the 1790s while others had been created during a period of expansion following on the Boer War

22.
Ulster
–
Ulster is a province in the north of the island of Ireland. In ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a rí ruirech, the definition of the province was fluid from early to medieval times. It took a shape in the reign of King James I of England when all the counties of Ireland were eventually shired. This process of evolving conquest had been under way since the Norman invasion of Ireland, particularly as advanced by the Cambro-Norman magnates Hugh de Lacy, Ulster was a central topic role in the parliamentary debates that eventually resulted in the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Under the terms of the Act, Ireland was divided into two territories, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland, with the passing through the province. While these six counties and two boroughs were all in the province of Ulster, three other counties of the province – Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan – were assigned to the Irish Free State. Ulster has no function for local government purposes in either country. However, for the purposes of ISO-3166-2, Ulster is used to refer to the three counties of Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan only, which are given country sub-division code IE-U. It has also suggested to have derived from Uladh plus the Norse suffix ster. The Irish name, Cúige Uladh, means the province of the Ulaid, the Ulaidh were a group of tribes who dwelt in the region. Ulaidh has historically been anglicised as Ulagh or Ullagh and Latinised as Ulidia or Ultonia, the latter two have yielded the terms Ulidian and Ultonian. Words that have used in English are Ullish and Ulsterman/Ulsterwoman. Northern Ireland is often referred to as Ulster, despite including only six of Ulsters nine counties and this usage is most common amongst people in Northern Ireland who are unionist, although it is also used by the media throughout the United Kingdom. Most Irish nationalists object to the use of Ulster in this context, Ulster has a population of just over 2 million people and an area of 21,552 square kilometres. About 62% of the area of Ulster is in the UK while the remaining 38% is in the Republic of Ireland. Ulsters biggest city, Belfast, has an population of over half a million inhabitants, making it the second-largest city on the island of Ireland. Three Ulster counties – Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan – form part of the Republic of Ireland, about half of Ulsters population lives in counties Antrim and Down. 8% to 42. 7%. While the traditional counties continue to demarcate areas of government in the Republic of Ireland

23.
Orange Order
–
The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has a significant presence in the Scottish Lowlands and lodges throughout the Commonwealth, the Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style brotherhood sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798 and its name is a tribute to the Dutch-born Protestant king William of Orange, who defeated the army of Catholic king James VII & II in the Williamite War in Ireland. Its members wear orange sashes and are referred to as Orangemen, the Order is best known for its yearly marches, the biggest of which are held on or around 12 July. Politically, the Orange Order is a conservative British unionist organisation with links to Ulster loyalism and it campaigned against Scottish independence in 2014. The Order sees itself as defending Protestant civil and religious liberties, whilst critics accuse the Order of being sectarian and it has also been criticised for associating with loyalist paramilitary groups. As a Protestant society, it does not accept non-Protestants as members unless they convert and adhere to the principles of Orangeism, Orange marches through mainly Catholic and nationalist neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland are controversial and have often led to violence. In particular, the Institution remembers the victories of William III and his forces in Ireland in the early 1690s and these followed a tradition started in Elizabethan England of celebrating key events in the Protestant calendar. By the 1740s there were organisations holding parades in Dublin such as the Boyne Club, throughout the 1780s, sectarian tension had been building in County Armagh, largely due to the relaxation of the Penal Laws. Here the number of Protestants and Catholics were of equal number. Drunken brawls between rival gangs had by 1786 become openly sectarian, in September 1795, at a crossroads known as The Diamond near Loughgall, Defenders and Protestant Peep o Day Boys gathered to fight each other. When a contingent of Defenders from County Tyrone arrived on 21 September, however, the Peep o Day Boys quickly regrouped and opened fire on the Defenders. According to William Blacker, the battle was short and the Defenders suffered not less than thirty deaths. After the battle had ended, the Peep o Days marched into Loughgall, and in the house of James Sloan they founded the Orange Order, the principal pledge of these lodges was to defend the King and his heirs so long as he or they support the Protestant Ascendancy. At the start the Orange Order was an organisation to the Defenders in that it was a secret oath-bound society that used passwords. One of the few landed gentry that joined the Orange Order at the outset. He says that a determination was expressed to driving from this quarter of the county the entire of its Roman Catholic population, with notices posted warning them to Hell or Connaught. Other people were warned by notices not to inform on local Orangemen or I will Blow your Soul to the Low hils of Hell And Burn the House you are in, within two months,7,000 Catholics had been driven out of County Armagh

24.
Roman Catholic
–
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services

25.
Scholarly method
–
It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a given scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is noted by its significance to its particular profession, and is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, the primary purpose of scholasticism is to find the answer to a question or to resolve a contradiction. It was once known for its application in medieval theology but was eventually applied to classical philosophy. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research, the question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology. History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work require external criticism, internal criticism, the empirical method is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a hypothesis or derive a conclusion in science. It is part of the method, but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is contrasted with the precision of experiments. The experimental method investigates causal relationships among variables, an experiment is a cornerstone of the empirical approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both natural sciences and social sciences. An experiment can be used to solve practical problems and to support or negate theoretical assumptions. The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, to be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, there are numerous examples of ethical concerns, including, Confidentiality of information used, Participants’ anonymity, Consent by participants, Security and benefits to individuals

26.
1880 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1880 in Ireland. 2 February - Charles Stewart Parnell addresses the United States Congress,31 March –27 April - United Kingdom general election in Ireland produces a majority for the Irish Parliamentary Party in Irish seats. 27 April - Charter founding the Royal University of Ireland, allowing the Catholic University of Ireland to re-form as University College Dublin,17 May - Parnell elected chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party. May - Irish National Land League of the United States founded, September - November - Boycotting of Captain Charles Boycott. 18 October - Ballycastle Railway opened between Ballymoney and Ballycastle, December - Trial of Parnell and others for conspiracy begins. 9 February - The Theatre Royal, Dublin, burns to the ground,18 November - Irish Football Association is founded at the Queens Hotel, Belfast. Irish Cup knock-out competition instituted on an all-Ireland basis,3 January - Francis Browne, Jesuit priest and photographer. 9 February - Thomas Kettle, writer, barrister, Nationalist politician,20 February - James J. Walsh, Sinn Féin MP, member of 1st Dáil, a founder-member of Cumann na nGaedheal and Cabinet Minister. 29 March - Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne, British politician and businessman, born at Iveagh House,30 March - Seán OCasey, dramatist and memoirist. 26 April - Joseph Lynch, cricketer,6 June - W. T. Cosgrave, first President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. 13 June - John Dignan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert,2 July - Mary Elizabeth Byrne, literary scholar. 19 August - Augusta Crichton-Stuart, Marchioness of Bute,24 August - William Kenny, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1914 near Ypres, Belgium. 23 October - Una OConnor, actress,3 November - Edward Barrett, athlete, wrestler and hurler, Olympic medallist. Hugo Flinn, Fianna Fáil TD. Sim Walton, Kilkenny hurler,26 February - Charles William Russell, Roman Catholic clergyman and scholar. 2 March - John Benjamin Macneill, railway engineer,16 April - Edward Vaughan Hyde Kenealy, barrister and writer. 7 June - John Brougham, actor and dramatist,12 September - Frederic Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown, peer. 20 December - Joshua Spencer Thompson, Liberal-Conservative politician in Canada, myles William Patrick OReilly, Catholic soldier and writer

27.
1871 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1871 in Ireland. 1 January – Church of Ireland disestablished, st Patricks Cathedral, Dublin, becomes the National Cathedral. 15 April – Ormeau Park is opened to the public by Belfast City Council,16 June – The Westmeath Act is enacted allowing arrest and detention without trial. J. P. Mahaffy appointed to the Chair of Ancient History at Trinity College, waterloo Cup won by Master McGrath for the third time. 8 January – James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland,14 January – A. M. Sullivan, lawyer. 16 January – Valentine McEntee, 1st Baron McEntee, Labour MP in the United Kingdom,19 January – Frederick Barton Maurice, soldier, military correspondent, writer and academic, founded the British Legion in 1920. 13 February – Joseph Devlin, Nationalist politician and MP in the British House of Commons,16 April – John Millington Synge, dramatist, poet and writer. 18 April – Frederick Field, Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, may – Elinor Darwin, née Monsell, engraver and portrait painter. 17 July – John Miller Andrews, second Prime Minister of Northern Ireland,30 August – James Nathaniel Halbert, entomologist. 30 November – Thomas ODonnell, barrister, judge, Irish Nationalist, November – Thomas Moles, Ulster Unionist politician and journalist. 2 January – Samuel Blackall, soldier, politician and second Governor of Queensland,3 February – James Sheridan Muspratt, research chemist and teacher. 20 February – Paul Kane, painter in Canada,1 March – Anthony Coningham Sterling, British Army officer and historian. 4 July – James Duffy, author and publisher,2 October – Sir Thomas Deane, architect. 6 October – Edwin Wyndham-Quin, 3rd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl,30 November – John T. Mills, lawyer and Supreme Court Justice for the Republic of Texas. 8 December – James Murray, physician 15 December – John George, politician, judge and in 1859 Solicitor-General for Ireland

28.
Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan
–
Thomas OHagan, 1st Baron OHagan KP, PC, QC, was an Irish lawyer and judge. He served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1868 to 1874, OHagan was born in Belfast, the son of a trader. He was educated at Royal Belfast Academical Institution, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1836, between 1838 and 1841 OHagan was the editor of the Newry Examiner. In 1840 he moved to Dublin, where he appeared for the party in many political trials. In 1865 he was appointed a judge of common pleas, OHagan was the first Roman Catholic to hold the chancellorship since the reign of James II, an Act of Parliament admitting Roman Catholics to the position having been passed in 1867. In 1870 he was created Baron OHagan, of Tullahogue in the County of Tyrone, in 1880 he again became Lord Chancellor on Gladstones return to office, but resigned in 1881. OHagan on his side seems to have regarded Christian as little more than a nuisance, on his retirement from office Lord OHagan was in 1882 appointed a Knight of St Patrick, having become Vice Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland the previous year. He was president of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland between 1867 and 1870, Lord OHagan died at Hereford House, London, in February 1885, aged 72, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Thomas, oHagans sister Mary was Abbess of the Poor Clare convent at Newry and later at Kenmare. Her biography was written by her protege MF Cusack the Nun of Kenmare and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. OHagan, Thomas OHagan, 1st Baron. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Lord OHagan

29.
1885 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1885 in Ireland. 24 January – Irish terrorists damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London with dynamite,2 August – William Walsh is consecrated as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, an office he will hold until his death in 1921. 23 November – The 1885 general election in Ireland is the first election following the Representation of the People Act 1884, the Home Rule Party, led by Charles Stewart Parnell, wins 85 seats. In the U. K. Parliament, Liberals under Gladstone hold the largest number of seats, the Munster & Leinster Bank, a constituent of Allied Irish Banks, begins operations following the collapse of the Munster Bank. The Railway Tavern in Belfast is renovated and reopened as the Crown Liquor Saloon, the distinctive twin spires are added to St Peters Cathedral, Belfast, which had been dedicated in 1860. Jacobs open a bakery in Waterford. 2-year-old Éamon de Valera is brought from the United States to live with his family in County Limerick following the death of his father. Katharine Tynan publishes Louise de la Valliere, and Other Poems,12 January – Maire ONeill, actress. 18 January – George Meldon, cricketer,19 January – Joseph Connolly, Fianna Fáil politician. 8 February – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium,27 February – Bethel Solomons, obstetrician and rugby player. 28 February – Robert Quigg, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme,25 May – Gerald Boland, founder-member of Fianna Fáil, served as Minister for Posts & Telegraphs, Minister for Lands and Minister for Justice. 30 May – Thomas Hughes, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1916 at Guillemont,9 June – William Coffey, cricketer. 24 September – Shane Leslie, diplomat and writer,25 December – Jimmy Gardner, boxer. Patrick Belton, Fianna Fáil and Cumann na nGaedheal TD, President of the anti-communist Irish Christian Front, Charles Campbell, 2nd Baron Glenavy, peer. C. Morton Horne, musical comedy performer Michael Staines, Sinn Féin TD, member of 1st Dáil,1 February – Thomas OHagan, 1st Baron OHagan, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 13 February – Barry Yelverton, 5th Viscount Avonmore, nobleman,30 July – John OKane Murray, physician and author. 18 August – Francis Hincks, politician in Canada,31 October – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, politician and twice Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 26 November – Thomas Andrews, chemist and physicist

30.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu

31.
1883 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1883 in Ireland. April - The narrow gauge Castlederg and Victoria Bridge Tramway opens in County Tyrone,23 October - The Society of Jesus takes over University College Dublin. 30 October - Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, next day the British Home Secretary, William Vernon Harcourt, introduces the Explosives Bill. 1 November - Mater Infirmorum Hospital in Belfast admits its first patients, george Moores first novel, the realist A Modern Lover, is published. 14 January - Bulmer Hobson, nationalist, a leader of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. 15 January - Helena Molony, fought in the 1916 Easter Rising,24 January - Denis McCullough, Irish Volunteers and elected to the 4th Dáil Éireann. 29 January - Billy McCracken, footballer and football manager,28 February - Seán Mac Diarmada, nationalist, rebel and Easter Rising leader, executed. 1 May - Thomas J. Moore, actor,13 May - Jimmy Archer, Major League baseball player. 23 June - Eva McGown, Official Hostess of Fairbanks and Honorary Hostess of Alaska,15 July - Denny Barry, Irish Republican, died during hunger strike, shortly after the Irish Civil War. 2 August - Sam Irving, footballer and football manager,2 September - Alexander Haslett, independent TD.12 December - Peadar Kearney, Irish Republican and songwriter who wrote the lyrics to The Soldiers Song. St. John Greer Ervine, author and dramatist, rory OConnor, Irish republican activist, captured at the fall of the Four Courts and executed. Lorcán Ó Muireadais, priest and Irish language promoter, T. F. ORahilly, linguist and Irish language scholar Louisa Watson Peat, writer and lecturer 9 February - Henry John Stephen Smith, mathematician. 26 May - Edward Sabine, astronomer, scientist, ornithologist,25 July - Frederick Edward Maning, writer and judge in New Zealand. 22 October - Thomas Mayne Reid, novelist,24 November - William Fitzgerald, Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe. Robert Dwyer Joyce, music collector and writer

32.
1890 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1890 in Ireland. 20 June - The newly covered St Georges Market in Belfast is opened to the public, July - The new Guildhall in Derry, financed by The Honourable The Irish Society, is opened. 17 November - Captain Willy OShea divorces his wife, Kitty, Charles Stewart Parnell is named as the co-respondent. 25 November - Despite his personal problems Parnell is re-elected as leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, Parnell is left with only 28 supporters in the Irish National League. Dublin Museum of Science and Art opens, the parish church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Ennis becomes pro-cathedral for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe. The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland is founded, a study finds that the most common Irish surnames are Murphy, Kelly, OSullivan and Walshe. July - Oscar Wildes novel The Picture of Dorian Gray first published, yeats poem The Lake Isle of Innisfree first published, in The National Observer. Douglas Hydes Beside the Fire first published, solitude football ground in Belfast, the home of Cliftonville, is opened, making it the oldest football ground in Ireland. Bohemian Football Club is founded in Dublin,12 February - Conn Ward, Fianna Fáil politician. 23 March - James Gogarty, took part in Easter Rising, casualty of the Irish War of Independence. 17 May - David P. Tyndall, businessman,1 June - Edward Hutchinson Synge, theoretical physicist 11 July - William ODwyer, judge, District Attorney and 100th Mayor of New York City. 6 September - Brinsley MacNamara, born John Weldon, novelist,16 October - Michael Collins, Revolutionary and Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Free State Army, Cabinet Minister, shot and killed. 30 October - Arthur Bateman, cricketer,1 December - The Hon. Mary Westenra, later Mary Bailey, aviator. 25 December - Robert Burgess, rugby union player, jack Finlay, Laois hurler and TD. Seamus Robinson, member of Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Army,12 January - Anthony Lefroy, Irish Conservative Party MP for Longford in the United Kingdom Parliament. 14 March - C. P. Meehan, priest, poet,4 April - Charles Joseph Alleyn, lawyer and political figure in Quebec. 29 May - Samuel Mullen, bookseller,20 July - Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet, art collector and MP.10 August - John Boyle OReilly, poet and novelist. 18 September - Dion Boucicault, actor and playwright, James P. Boyd, businessman and politician in Ontario

33.
James Alipius Goold
–
James Alipius Goold was an Australian Augustinian friar and the founding Roman Catholic Bishop and Archbishop of Melbourne in Australia. Born in Cork, Ireland, Goold was sent to Perugia, in Perugia he studied with the Augustinians. Goold was ordained on 9 July 1835, aged 23, Ullathorne was in Rome recruiting priests for Australia, and Goold was convinced by Ullathorne to commit himself to seven years of missionary work in Australia, subject to his orders approval. In 1838, Goold arrived in Australia aboard the Upton Castle, also on board were Governor George Gipps and Lady Gipps. He worked initially with Archbishop John Bede Polding in Sydney, becoming parish priest at Campbelltown, New South Wales, where he built, and subsequently opened, St Johns Church in 1841. Pope Pius IX appointed him Bishop of Melbourne, and he was consecrated bishop by John Bede Polding on 6 August 1848 in old St Marys Cathedral Sydney. He transferred to Melbourne, travelling overland in 19 days, being installed on 8 October 1848 in his first Cathedral, Goold was only the second Roman Catholic bishop in Australia. He arrived in his new town to only two Catholic church buildings, four priests in the diocese, no religious sisters or brothers. The discovery of gold in this year enormously increased the population of Melbourne and it was decided to build a great cathedral – St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne. In 1858 William Wardell, then government architect, was asked to draw up the plans, for the remainder of Goolds life he was much occupied with the raising of funds for the cathedral. Within thirteen years of arriving in Melbourne, the capable and determined Goold had increased the number of buildings in Melbourne to 64. Under Australian law Goold was found to have right to the title. He attempted to persuade his home Irish province of the Augustinians to establish a seminary, though the Irish province agreed to Goolds requests in principle, the plan did not come to fruition in his lifetime. The first Australian Augustinian was not ordained until 1940, and the Australian Province was not formally established as separate from its Irish founding province until 1952. The Irish province was already sending missionaries to the USA, India and England, nevertheless, Goold commenced the building of Melbournes St Patricks Cathedral on 8 December 1858. In order to expand Catholic education, in 1857 Bishop Goold succeeded in bringing the Mercy Sisters from Perth into the diocese and he also introduced the Irish Christian Brothers to Melbourne in 1865. In 1870 Goold attended the First Vatican Council in Rome, where he met with three other Augustinian and Irish bishops. On 10 May 1874, while still in Rome, Goold was made Archbishop of Melbourne, towards the end of his life his health began to suffer but it was difficult to persuade him to relax from his duties

34.
Bishop
–
A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1

35.
Archbishop
–
In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, like the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is the denomination leader title, an archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which the bishop who is the ordinary of one of them has certain powers and he is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. As well as the more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Roman Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco. In others, the title of archdiocese is for reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese, an example is the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, Another such example is the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese and these are usually aggregated to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, the ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop, however, especially in the Anglican Communion, not all archbishops dioceses are called archdioceses. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient, the rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head, the bishop transferred is then known as the Archbishop-Bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009, the title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones, the Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the title of archbishop. They are usually referred to as Archbishop of the see, not as its Archbishop-Bishop, until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several Archbishops Emeriti of the see, the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living Archbishops Emeriti of Taipei. There is no Archbishop Emeritus of a see, an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see

36.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize

37.
1886 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1886 in Ireland. January - Ulster Protestant Unionists begin to lobby against the Irish Home Rule Bill,30 January - SS Fulmar sinks off Kilkee with the loss of all 17 aboard. March - Prime Minister William Gladstone announces his support for Irish Home Rule,8 April - Gladstone introduces the Irish Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons. Lord Randolph Churchill voices his opposition with the slogan Ulster will fight,8 June - The First Home Rule Bill fails to pass the British Parliament on a vote of 343-313. June - Protestants celebrate the defeat of the Home Rule Bill, leading to renewed rioting on the streets of Belfast and the deaths of seven people, with many more injured. 12 June - In a statement to Parliament, Gladstone calls for an election and, with the dissolution of Parliament. Thirteen people are killed in a weekend of rioting, with an official death toll of 31 people over the period. October - The first tenant farmers are evicted during the first year of the Plan of Campaign,15 October - The SS Great Eastern begins a 5-month period on display at the North Wall Quay, Dublin. 30 November - Maud Gonnes father dies leaving her a substantial inheritance ensuring her financial independence, st Marys Pro-Cathedral in Dublin is officially elevated to Pro-cathedral status. Eason & Son, booksellers and stationers, established in Dublin, the 1886 Tramways Act allows the Board of Works to grant loans to railway companies including £54,400 to the West Clare Railway one of the first railways to be built in western Ireland. Charles Cunningham Boycott, who gave rise to the eponymous word. J. M. Synge joins the Dublin Naturalists Field Club,17 January - The Anglo-Irish writers cousins Somerville and Ross first meet, at Castletownshend. Yeats poem The Stolen Child is published, yeatss verse play Mosada Edward Dowdens The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley is published. George Moores Confessions of a Young Man and A Drama in Muslin are published, T. P. OConnors The Parnell Movement is published. Dublin University professor G. T. Stokes Ireland and the Celtic Church is published, rev. J. A. Wylies History of the Scottish Nation, a valuable resource of Celtic Ireland, begins publication. Dublin Lodge of the Theosophical Society is founded, December - The Dublin University Harriers Club is founded in an effort to promote cross country running. March 18 - The Irish Chess Association is invited to a match against the Belfast Chess Club in an advertisement in the Belfast Newsletter, March - Linfield F. C. is formed in Belfast. Polo player John Watson wins the Irish Dublin Cup, the British polo team, including two players from the All Ireland Polo Club, win the American International Polo Cup

38.
George Allman (natural historian)
–
George James Allman FRS FRSE was an Irish ecologist, botanist and zoologist who served as Emeritus Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh University in Scotland. Allman was born in Cork, Ireland, the son of James C, Allman of Bandon, and received his early education at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast. For some time he studied for the Irish Bar, but ultimately gave up law in favour of natural science and this position he held for about twelve years until he removed to Edinburgh as Regius Professor of natural history. There he remained until 1870, when considerations of health induced him to resign his professorship and retire to Dorset, the scientific papers which came from his pen are very numerous. Biological science is indebted to him for several convenient terms which have come into daily use. He contributed articles to the Irish Naturalist and he became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received a Royal medal in 1873. He received the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1878, for several years he was president of the Linnaean Society, and in 1879 he presided over the Sheffield meeting of the British Association. He died in Ardmore, Parkstone in Dorset and is buried in Poole Cemetery, George Allmans family ran the Allman Bandon Distillery, his brother was the Liberal MP Richard Allman, was partner in the Distillery. On a new genus of terrestrial gasteropod, works by or about George Allman at Internet Archive

39.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls

40.
1898 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1898 in Ireland. By March - Dr. John F. Colohan of Dublin imports the first petrol driven car into Ireland,6 July - Guglielmo Marconi conducts a test radio telegraph transmission for Lloyds between Ballycastle, County Antrim, and Rathlin Island. 12 August - James Connolly launches the first issue of the Workers Republic newsletter, september - Tom Clarke released after serving 15 years in Pentonville Prison. The Local Government Act is introduced and it establishes popularly elected local authorities and gives qualified women a vote for the first time. County Tipperary is divided administratively into North Tipperary and South Tipperary, the Mary Immaculate College in Limerick is founded to train Roman Catholic national school teachers. The Gaelic League holds its first feis at Macroom, County Cork, work starts on the building of Belfast City Hall. Eleanor Hull publishes The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature, being a collection of stories relating to the hero Cuchullin, peadar Ua Laoghaires story Séadna begins serialisation as the first Irish language novel. Oscar Wilde publishes The Ballad of Reading Gaol,7 February - Reginald N. Webster, businessman in America and Thoroughbred racehorse owner. 13 February - Frank Aiken, Fianna Fáil TD and founding member, Cabinet Minister,28 February - Hugh OFlaherty, Catholic priest, saved about 4,000 Allied soldiers and Jews in the Vatican during World War II. 18 April - Patrick Hennessy, industrialist,6 June - Ninette de Valois, founder of the Royal Ballet. 4 October - Charles McCausland, cricketer,1 November - James Foley, cricketer. 29 November - C. S. Lewis, novelist and author of The Chronicles of Narnia, liam Deasy, Irish Republican Army officer in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. 12 January - Daniel Connor, convict transported to Western Australia,25 January - Frederick Dobson Middleton, British general noted for his service particularly in the North-West Rebellion. 14 February - Arthur Gwynn, cricketer and rugby player,13 March - Richard Quain, physician. 17 March - John Thomas Ball, lawyer, politician and Lord Chancellor of Ireland,1875 -1881,24 March - George Thomas Stokes, ecclesiastical historian. 1 April - Samuel Davidson, biblical scholar,11 May - Dalton McCarthy, lawyer and politician in Canada. 29 June - William Knox Leet, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Inhlobana, Zululand,13 August - Charles Frederick Houghton, soldier and politician in Canada. 24 November - George James Allman, naturalist, Emeritus Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh,1 December - Charles Magill, member of the 1st Canadian Parliament and mayor of Hamilton

41.
Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)
–
The Great Industrial Exhibition in 1853 was held in Dublin, Ireland. In its day, it was the largest international event to be held in Ireland, the Irish Industrial Exhibition Building, located on the grounds of Leinster House, housed the entire fair. It lasted from the 12 May to 31 October, Queen Victoria accompanied by the Prince Consort and it was entirely funded by William Dargan, head and developer of the Irish Railroad. He had planned to donate $100,000 to the effort, the intent of the exhibition was to introduce the industrial revolution to Ireland, which was behind some other European countries. Visitors were struck with the richness and splendor of the more than by any of the objects that it contained. Critics described the exhibition building and the rapidity with which it was erected, and the sufficiency of its plans. This in an apartment of 425 feet in length, and 100 feet in height, covered by a semicircular roof trellis robs. On each side of the Centre upon trellis ribs, in one span of 100 feet. On each side of the Centre Hall, and running parallel to it for the length, are two halls 50 feet wide, with domed roofs, similar to that which covers the main nave or hall of the building. The Height from the floor to the roof of each of these halls is 65 feet and they are approached through passages from the Centre Hall. To the south of the Central Hall, left of the spectator, is a devoted to foreign contributions, adjacent to which is the Fine Arts Court. The northern and southern courts have galleries running round them, from which the spectator also looks into the Central Court. The ceiling of the halls being divided into panels formed by the ribs. Light is admitted from above in one unbroken and equally distributed body, the construction of the building is strongly marked on the elevation, and forms in fact the ornamental character of the design. There are also galleries which are attractive features. The materials of the building are iron, timber, and glass, on May 12,1853, when the exhibition opened, the architect, John Benson, was granted a knighthood. Part of the roof blew off during a storm on Christmas Eve, some limited Irish furniture industry was shown, including the linen and lace industry which the Irish could identify with. Also Bog wood carvings and Celtic Revival jewellery and other items were showcased, including the Tara Brooch, however none of this inspired new Irish Industry

The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England who speak the English language. The English identity is …

"The Arrival of the First Ancestors of Englishmen out of Germany into Britain": a fanciful image of the Anglo-Saxon migration, an event central to the English national myth. From A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence by Richard Verstegan (1605)