Magnetic permeability

Magnetic permeability, relative increase or decrease in the resultant magnetic field inside a material compared with the magnetizing field in which the given material is located; or the property of a material that is equal to the magnetic flux density B established within the material by a magnetizing field divided by the magnetic field strengthH of the magnetizing field. Magnetic permeabilityμ (Greek mu) is thus defined as μ = B/H. Magnetic flux density B is a measure of the actual magnetic field within a material considered as a concentration of magnetic field lines, or flux, per unit cross-sectional area. Magnetic field strength H is a measure of the magnetizing field produced by electric current flow in a coil of wire.

In empty, or free, space the magnetic flux density is the same as the magnetizing field because there is no matter to modify the field. In centimetre–gram–second (cgs) units, the permeability B/H of space is dimensionless and has a value of 1. In metre–kilogram–second (mks) and SI units, B and H have different dimensions, and the permeability of free space (symbolized μ0) is defined as equal to 4π × 10-7weber per ampere-metre so that the mks unit of electric current may be the same as the practical unit, the ampere. In these systems the permeability, B/H, is called the absolute permeability μ of the medium. The relative permeability μr is then defined as the ratio μ/μ0, which is dimensionless and has the same numerical value as the permeability in the cgs system. Thus, the relative permeability of free space, or vacuum, is 1.

Materials may be classified magnetically on the basis of their permeabilities. A diamagnetic material has a constant relative permeability slightly less than 1. When a diamagnetic material, such as bismuth, is placed in a magnetic field, the external field is partly expelled, and the magnetic flux density within it is slightly reduced. A paramagnetic material has a constant relative permeability slightly more than 1. When a paramagnetic material, such as platinum, is placed in a magnetic field, it becomes slightly magnetized in the direction of the external field. A ferromagnetic material, such as iron, does not have a constant relative permeability. As the magnetizing field increases, the relative permeability increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. Purified iron and many magnetic alloys have maximum relative permeabilities of 100,000 or more.

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Magnetization effects in matter are discussed in some detail below. The permeability μ is often used for ferromagnetic materials such as iron that have a large magnetic susceptibility dependent on the field and the previous magnetic state of the sample; permeability is defined by the equation B = μH. From equations (8) and (9), it follows that μ =...

In this equation, μ0 is the permeability of free space and has the value of 4π × 10−7 newton per square ampere. This equation is illustrated in Figure 2 for a small segment of a wire that carries a current so that, at the origin of the coordinate system, the small segment of length dl of the wire lies along the x axis.

...rubber to give either individual moldings or extruded strips, or sheets, that are semiflexible and can be cut with knives. This material has been used as a combination gasket (to make airtight) and magnetic closure for refrigerator doors.