Progesterone is one of the two primary female hormones. As the name implies, progesterone prepares ("pro") the uterus for pregnancy (gestation). Progesterone works in tandem with
estrogen
; indeed, if estrogen is taken as a medication without being balanced by progesterone (so called unopposed estrogen), there is an increased risk of uterine cancer.

However, progesterone is not well absorbed orally. For this reason, pharmaceutical manufacturers developed "progestins," substances similar to progesterone which are more easily absorbed. Most of the time, a woman prescribed "progesterone" is really being given a progestin. Two of the most commonly used progestins are medroxyprogesterone and norethindrone. However, it has
been suggested that actual progesterone may offer benefits over progestins, such as fewer side effects.

Progesterone can be absorbed through the skin to some extent, and some alternative practitioners have, for years, promoted the use of progesterone creams. Such progesterone creams are typically, but misleadingly, said to contain "natural" progesterone. This is an oddly chosen term, as the progesterone in these creams is actually produced in a laboratory, just like other synthetic hormones. To avoid confusion in this article, we will call progesterone "true" progesterone, or just "progesterone."

Besides creams, a special form of true progesterone that can be absorbed orally, micronized progesterone, has recently become available as a prescription drug.

Inconsistent evidence suggests that progesterone cream might help reduce menopausal symptoms. However, it does not appear to be strong enough to balance the effects of estrogen, thus reducing the risk of uterine cancer. (Oral micronized progesterone
is
strong enough for this purpose.) Contrary to numerous books and magazine articles, there is no more than weak, inconsistent evidence that progesterone cream offers any benefits for osteoporosis.

Requirements/Sources

Progesterone is synthesized in the body and is not found in appreciable quantities in food. For use as a drug or dietary supplement, progesterone is synthesized from chemicals found in
soy
or
Mexican yam
.

Note:
Another aspect of the widespread misinformation involving progesterone cream is the concept that Mexican yam itself contains progesterone, or substances that the body can convert into progesterone. This is incorrect. Industrial chemists can convert a constituent of Mexican yam (diosgenin) into progesterone, but only by using chemical pathways not found in the body.

Therapeutic Dosages

The usual dose of progesterone in cream form is 20 mg daily. Although this dose might decrease
menopausal hot flashes
(see below), most studies found that even doses as high as 64 mg daily do not provide enough progesterone to protect the uterus from the effects of estrogen.
2,20,21
However, one study found that use of micronized progesterone cream at 80 mg daily produced similar progesterone levels in the body as an oral dose of 200 mg daily;
23
oral micronized progesterone taken at a dose of 200 to 400 mg daily is approximately as effective as the standard dosage of the more commonly used progestins.

Therapeutic Uses

Progesterone cream was widely promoted in the 1990s a treatment for
osteoporosis
, on the basis of meaningless “studies” whose designs were too poor to establish anything at all.
4-6
When properly designed studies were performed, the results were at best inconsistent.
7,20

Like progestins, oral progesterone protects the uterus from the stimulating effects of unopposed estrogen. However, standard doses of progesterone cream probably provide too little progesterone to serve for this purpose (see next section).

What Is the Scientific Evidence for Progesterone?

Osteoporosis

Despite widespread reporting that true progesterone is effective for treating or preventing osteoporosis, the evidence for such an effect is at best inconsistent.

This notion began with test tube and other preliminary studies suggesting that progesterone or progestins can stimulate the activity of cells that build bone.
10,11
Subsequently, a poorly designed and uncontrolled study (really, a series of case histories from one physician's practice) purportedly demonstrated that progesterone cream can slow or even reverse osteoporosis.
12-14

However, a 1-year, double-blind trial of 102 women given either progesterone cream (providing 20 mg progesterone daily) or placebo cream, along with calcium and multivitamins, found no evidence of any improvements in bone density attributable to progesterone.
15
A smaller, short-term trial found that progesterone cream has no effect on bone metabolism.
20

In contrast to these negative results, benefits
were
seen in a small 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 22 women were given progesterone cream.
8
(Interestingly, in this study, use of progesterone cream plus soy isoflavones produced inferior benefits to those of progesterone cream alone.) It is, therefore, at least possible that progesterone cream is helpful for osteoporosis if taken for a long enough period; however, more research is needed.

Menopausal Symptoms

In the 1-year, double-blind trial of 102 women described above, use of progesterone cream was found to significantly reduce hot flashes and related symptoms.
16
However, a slightly smaller 12-week, double-blind trial failed to find progesterone cream helpful for reducing menopausal symptoms.
20
The authors of this second study point out that the first study was statistically flawed.

Opposing Estrogen

Unless you have had a hysterectomy, if you take estrogen you need to take progesterone too, or run the risk of uterine cancer. Two 12-week, double-blind studies enrolling a total of about 100 women found that progesterone cream (at doses up to 64 mg) did not have the required protective effect on the cells of the uterus.
2,20

One study, however, did find benefit at dosages of either 15 or 40 mg daily.
21
The explanation for these disparate results may lie in the results of two other studies, which suggest that progesterone cream is erratically absorbed.
3,22

Safety Issues

You will see progesterone is sold as a dietary supplement, but it is a
hormone
, not a food.

Like progestins, true progesterone causes side effects. In one study, oral micronized progesterone at a dose of 400 mg per day was associated with dizziness, abdominal cramping, headache, breast pain, muscle pain, irritability, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and viral infections.
17

Though progesterone is an over-the-counter product, it is important to periodically test blood levels of the hormone. Progesterone should only be used under the supervision of your doctor. You and your doctor can decide the best option for testing.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.