Abstract

The accumulation of sand particles on a horizontal glass surface is found to exponentially reduce the available area for transmission of incident photons. This experimental result is confirmed by numerical and analytical modelling which provides insight relating to the clustering of sand particles on the glass. The results can be used to qualitatively explain photovoltaic field performance data beyond existing theoretical treatments and are the basis of an engineering tool to assist building designers engaged in photovoltaic projects in dry climates.