Copper Floatation Process (Fig. 1): Crushed ore (containing 1 to 2% copper), along with water and a lime slurry, is fed into a ball mill. This rotating drum contains steel balls that further crush the ore to a fine powder. When the ore/lime slurry emerges from the mill, it is fed to a rake classifier.

What is conductivity? Conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer an electric charge from one point to another. Resistance is the inverse of conductance. The units used from this property are Mhos OR more commonly used Siemens. Mhos and Siemens can be used interchangeably. Materials that are in the liquid phase and conduct

What is ORP? ORP stands for oxidation-reduction potential, which is a measure, in milli-volts, of the tendency of a chemical substance to oxidize OR reduce another chemical substance. OXIDATION: Oxidation is the loss of electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion. REDUCTION: Reduction is the net gain of electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion.

Flow is generally measured inferentially by measuring velocity through a known area. With this indirect method, the flow measured is the volume flow rate ”Q” stated in its simplest terms. Volume flow rate: It is expressed as a volume delivered per unit time and typical units are gallons/min, m3/hr,ft3/hr. Q = A * V Where

What is Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved oxygen is the term used for the amount of gaseous oxygen, which is dissolved or trapped in liquid medium. The solubility of oxygen changes for different liquid substances and different temperatures. When a liquid solution holds all the dissolved oxygen it can hold at a given temperature, it is said

Continued from part 1 of this article…..click here to go to part 1….Converting Voltage to pH: E(T) = E°(T) – 0.1984 T pH E(T): Cell voltage at temperature T. E°(T) is the sum of the following The potential of the reference electrode inside the glass electrode. The potential at the inside surface of the glass

What is pH? The concentration of the hydrogen ion in a solution, is a measure of its acidity or basicity. This concentration is expressed in terms of the pH of the solution. ie: the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH = -log[H+] pH Measurement: Electrochemical cell: The cell consists of an sensing electrode

The hotness or coldness of a piece of plastic, wood, metal, or other material depends upon the molecular activity of the material. Kinetic energy is a measure of the activity of the atoms which make up the molecules of any material. Therefore, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the material under measurement.

DIAPHRAGM (Continued from part-1, click here to go to part-1): It uses the deflection of a flexible membrane that separates regions of different pressure. The amount of deflection is repeatable for known pressures so the pressure can be determined by using calibration. The deformation of a thin diaphragm is dependent on the difference in pressure

Importance of Thermowells: Thermowells play a crucial role in the successful measurement of temperature in industrial processes. They Protect the sensor. Ensure that process temperature is passed to the sensor (proper heat transfer). Improved heat transfer, results in better accuracy. Thermowells can be of following types: Pipe Fabricated. Bar stock thermowells. Shape: Straight, Stepped, Tapered