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Unit D Chapter 2Chemical Bonds and CompoundsBy Jerry Mullins :

Principle :

Principle Matter changes form and moves from place to place
The properties of compounds depend on their atoms and chemical bonds

Sections 2.1 Elements Combine to Form Compounds :

Sections 2.1 Elements Combine to Form Compounds Compounds have different properties from the elements that make them
Atoms combine to predictable numbers

Section 2.1 Objective :

Section 2.1 Objective The Student will:
Define Key vocabulary
Describe how compounds are made from combinations of atoms
Explain how chemical formulas represent compounds
Model a compound in an experiment

Warm-Up :

Warm-Up Draw a diagram of a neutral carbon atom. A neutral carbon atom has six protons in its nucleus. On you diagram, label the nucleus and electron cloud and indicate the total positive or negative charge on each
T12 Overhead

Vocabulary :

Vocabulary Chemical formula
Subscript
Compounds
Chemical bonds
Bonds

Explore Lab :

Explore Lab “Compounds”
Question:
How are compounds different from elements?
Material:
Carbon *Water *Sugar *Test tubes *Test-tube holder *Candle
Procedure:
Examine the lump of carbon, the beaker of water, and the sugar. Record your observations.
Pour some sugar into a test tube and heat it over a candle for several minutes. Record you observation
What do you think?:
The sugar is made up of atoms of the same elements that are in the carbon and water. How are sugar, carbon, and water different from one another?
Does heating the sugar give you and clue that sugar contains more than one element?

Compounds :

Compounds Compound: a combination of two or more elements
What makes a compound different from a mixture is that atoms of the elements in a compound are held together by chemical bonds
Chemical bonds: can hold atoms together in large networks or in small group (think of it as “glue”)
Bonds: help determine the properties of a compound
The proportion of atoms are always fixed

Slide 9:

Compounds Most elements do not exist by themselves
Readily combine with other elements in a predictable fashion

Compounds :

Compounds The properties of a compound depends not only on which atoms the compound contains, but also on how the atoms are arranged.
Example: atoms of Carbon 6 (C) and Hydrogen 1 (H) can combine to form many thousands of different compounds, such as:
Natural gas;
Components of automobile gasoline;
Hard waxes in candles; and
Many plastics.

Compounds :

Compounds Remember: the properties of compounds are often very different from the properties of the elements that make them, another example:
Water is made from two atoms of hydrogen bonded to one atom of oxygen.
at room temperature, Hydrogen 1 (H) and Oxygen 8 (O) are both colorless, odorless gases, and they remain gases down to extremely low temperatures.
Water (H2O) is a liquid at temperatures up to 100° C (212° F) and a solid below 0° C (32° F)

What melts the ice on our roads? :

What melts the ice on our roads? Calcium Chloride: is nonpoisonous white solid, which melts the ice that form on streets in the wintertime this compound is made up of the elements:
Calcium 20 (Ca): soft, silvery metallic solid
Chlorine 17 (Cl): greenish-yellow gas that is extremely reactive and poisonous to humans + = Calcium + Chlorine = Calcium Chloride

Atoms combine in predictable numbers :

Atoms combine in predictable numbers A given compound always contains atoms of elements in a specific RATIO
Example: Ammonia always has 3 Hydrogen atoms for every 1 Nitrogen atom—3 to 1 ratio of Hydrogen to Nitrogen (3:1).
However: if we change the above ratio we get Hydrazoic acid, which also contains atoms of hydrogen and nitrogen but in a different ratio. Hydrazoic acid has a ratio of 1 hydrogen atom to 3 nitrogen atoms (1:3).

Chemical Formulas :

Chemical Formulas Chemical formula shows the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that occurs in a particular compound
Remember that atoms of elements can be represented by their chemical symbols.
Therefore, a Chemical Formula uses these chemical symbols to represent the atoms of the elements and their ratios in a chemical compound

What is a “subscript” :

What is a “subscript” Simple put, it is a number written to the right of a chemical symbol and slightly below it.
Used in writing a chemical formulas
The subscript of “1” is never written, only number “2” or more

Writing a chemical formula :

Writing a chemical formula Carbon Dioxide for example, consist of 1 atom of Carbon attached by chemical bonds to two atoms of oxygen.
This is how we would write this:
Find the symbols for Carbon (C) and oxygen (O) on the periodic table. Write these symbols side by side
To indicate that there are two oxygen atoms for every carbon atoms, place the subscript “2” to the right of the oxygen atom’s symbol
Because there is only one carbon in carbon dioxide, you need no subscript for carbon.
CO2 means 1:3 ratio

Investigative Lab :

Investigative Lab “Element Ratios”
Question:
How can you model a compound?
Materials:
nuts and bolts
Procedure:
Collect a number of nuts and bolts. The nuts represent hydrogen atoms. The bolts represent carbon atoms.
Connect the nuts to the bolts to model the compound methane. Methane contains four hydrogen atoms attached to one carbon atoms. Make as many of these models as you can
Count the nuts and bolts left over
What do you think?:
What ratio of nuts to bolts did you use to made a model of a methane atom?
How many methane models did you make? Why couldn’t you make more?
Challenge:
The compound ammonia has one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. How could you use the nuts and bolts to model this compound?

What are the three main types of chemical bonds? :

What are the three main types of chemical bonds? Metallic
Ionic
Covalent

Section 2.2 Objective :

Section 2.2 Objective THE STUDENT WILL:
Define Key vocabulary;
Explain how electrons are involved in chemical bonding;
Describe what the different types of chemical bonds are;
Determine how chemical bonds affect structure; and
Observe how a crystal grows in an experiment.

Warm-Up :

Warm-Up Match each definition to a term
T12 Overhead

Teacher Demo :

Teacher Demo TE 49
Demonstrate how opposite charges attract

Misconceptions :

Misconceptions TE 48

Vocabulary :

Vocabulary Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Molecule
Polar covalent bond

Explore Lab :

Electron role in forming compounds :

The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their atoms.
Atoms are most stable when their outer most energy level is filled Electron role in forming compounds

Why do atoms naturally combine into compounds? :

Most atoms are not stable in their natural state
Tend to react (combine) with other atoms in order to become more stable (undergo chemical reactions)
In chemical reactions bonds are broken; atoms rearranged and new chemical bonds are formed Why do atoms naturally combine into compounds?

Remember why chemical bonds form? :

Remember why chemical bonds form? Atoms form bonds in order to become more stable.
According to the Octet Rule, atoms will form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing valence electrons in order to obtain an octet (8 valence electrons).

Atoms transfer electrons :

Atoms transfer electrons Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons
Gaining electrons changes an atom into a negative ion
Losing electrons changes an atom into a positive ion
Individual atoms do not form ions by themselves
Ions are typically formed in pairs when one atom transfers one or more electrons to another
Periodic table can give us clues as to the type of ions the atoms will form

Metal Ions :

Metal Ions All metals lose electrons to form positive charges (cation)
Group 1: metals commonly lose only one electron to form ions with a single positive charge
Na+
Group 2: metals commonly lose two electrons to form ions with two positive charges
Ca2+
Transition metals Group 3-12: also form positive charges but the number of electrons given away varies

Nonmetal Ions :

Nonmetal Ions Form ions by gaining electrons to form negative charges (anion)
Group 17 nonmetals gain one electron to form ions with a 1- charge
Cl-
Group 16 nonmetals gain two electrons to form ions with 2- charge
O2-

Noble gases :

Noble gases Do not normally gain or lose electrons and so do not normally form ions

What are the three main types of chemical bonds? :

What are the three main types of chemical bonds? Ionic
Covalent
metallic

Ionic Bonds :

Ionic Bonds Ionic Bonds: the force of attraction between positive and negative ions. Therefore, An ionic bond is formed when an electron is transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.
When the ions are created, therefore, they are drawn toward one another by electrical attraction
Electrical forces act in all directions, each ion attracts all other nearby opposite charge ion

Sodium chlorideexample of ionic bond :

Sodium chlorideexample of ionic bond Notice that both ions now have 8 valence electrons.
Each positive ion is surrounded by six negative ions, and each negative ion is surrounded by six positive ion this regular arrangement gives sodium chloride a crystal characteristic cubic shape
Rock salt viewed through a magnifying glass

Rules for naming Ionic Compounds :

Rules for naming Ionic Compounds Based on the names of the ions it is made of
The name for a positive ion is the same as the name of the atom from which it is formed
Ammonia (NH3)
Water (H2O)
The name of a negative ion is formed by dropping the last part of the name of the atom and adding the suffix “-ide”
Sodium Chloride
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Rules for naming Ionic Compounds :

Rules for naming Ionic Compounds The name of an ionic compound will always have the positive ion name first, followed by the name of the negative ion
Example the name of salt: sodium chloride

Example: :

Example: Naming the chemical formula BaI2:
take the name of the positive metal element: barium
take the name of the negative, nonmetal element, iodine, and give it the ending –ide: iodide
combine the two names: barium iodide
As a lab group class write out these:
KBr
MgF2

Covalent Bonding :

Covalent Bonding A covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared between two nonmetals. Neither atom gains nor loses an electron, therefore, no ion is formed
The overlapping orbitals create the chemical bond.
Covalent bonds often are represented via models:
Electron cloud model
Ball-and-stick model
Notice that both atoms now have 8 valence electrons

Determining the number of Covalent Bonds an atom can form :

Determining the number of Covalent Bonds an atom can form The number of covalent bonds that an atom can form depends on the number of electrons that it has available for sharing
Halogen group and hydrogen can contribute only one electron to a covalent bond, therefore only one covalent bond can be formed
Group 16 elements can form two covalent bonds
Group 15 can form three covalent bonds
Carbon and silicon in Group 14 can form four bonds. For example
Carbon forms four covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms to produce CH4 (methane)

How to we represent covalent bonds? :

How to we represent covalent bonds? Ball-and-stick model
The lines, helps to indicate the type of bond
Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond
Space-filled model
Helps to show general shape of the bonded atom and takes up less space

ball-and-stick diagram of covalent bonds :

ball-and-stick diagram of covalent bonds Double bond
Triple bond

What is a molecule? :

What is a molecule? Molecule: are a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Can contain from two to many thousand atoms
Most contain the atoms of two or more elements
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)
However some molecules only contain one kind of atoms. These element exist as two-atom molecules
Hydrogen H2
Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2

Polar covalent bonds :

Polar covalent bonds Is a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally
Word polar refers to anything that has two extremes like a magnet.
Water molecule (H2O) oxygen atoms attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen atoms do. Oxygen nucleus has 8 protons, hydrogen nucleus has 1 proton. Therefore the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons more strongly toward it
oxygen side has slightly more negative charge then hydrogen which has slightly positive charge

Ionic COMPOUNDS :

Ionic COMPOUNDS Chemical bonds give all materials their structure. Look around you at the different properties
Have regular crystals structures, such as, NaCl (salt)
Crystals are responsible for bending rays of light, metals shine, and medications attach certain diseases in the body because their atoms are arranged in specific ways
One consequence of such rigid structures is that, when enough force is applied to the crystal, it shatters rather than bends.

Ionic COMPOUNDS :

Ionic COMPOUNDS Dissolve easily in water, separating into positive ions and negative ions
Separated ions can move freely so solutions of ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity.
Your body uses ionic solutions to transmit impulses between nerve and muscle cells
Exercise rapidly deplete the body of these ionic solutions, so a good sports drink contains ionic compounds like potassium chloride

Investigative Lab :

Investigative Lab “Crystals”
Question:
How does a crystal grow?
Materials:
Crystal-growing substance *2 glass beakers *Hot tap water *Stirring stick *Cotton string *Paper clip
Pencil *Hand lens
Procedure:
Add a small amount of the crystal-growing substance to a beaker of hot tap water. Stir until it mixes completely with the water. Keep adding the substance and stirring until no more will dissolves
Pour the mixture into another beaker
Tie one end of the string to the paper clip and the other end to a pencil. Lower the paper clip into the solution and lay the pencil across the top of the beaker. The paper clip should hand at about the middle of the beaker
Use a hand lens to observe the paper clip several times a week for three weeks
What do you think?
Describe the crystals you see forming on the paper clip. Do the crystals look different as they get larger?
Compare your crystals to those of other groups. What similarities do you see among them? What differences?

Covalent COMPOUNDS :

Covalent COMPOUNDS Exist as individual molecules.
Chemical bonds give each molecule a specific three dimensional shape called its molecular structure
Molecular structure can influence everything from how a specific substance feels to the touch to how well it interacts with other substances.

Basic structure of covalent compounds :

Covalent COMPOUNDS :

Covalent COMPOUNDS Have almost the exact opposite properties of ionic compounds
The atoms are organized as individual molecules, melting or boiling a covalent compound does not require breaking chemical bonds.
Therefore they often melt and boil at lower temperatures
The molecules stay together when dissolved in water
Therefore poor conductors of electricity
Table sugar

Sections 2.3Substances’ properties depend on their bonds :

Sections 2.3Substances’ properties depend on their bonds Metals have unique bonds
Ionic and covalent bounds give compounds certain properties
Bonds can make the same element look different

Section 2.3 Objective :

Section 2.3 Objective THE STUDENT WILL:
Define Key vocabulary;
Describe how metal atoms form chemical bonds with one another;
Analyze how ionic and covalent bonds influence substances’ properties; and
Identify different forms of the same element.

Warm-Up :

Warm-Up Decide if these statements are true. If they are not true, correct them
T13 Overhead

Vocabulary :

Vocabulary Metallic bonds

Explorative Lab :

Explorative Lab “Bonds in Metals”
Question:
What objects conduct electricity?
Materials:
Masking tape * 3 pieces of copper wire (15cm)
D cell battery * light bulb and holder
Objects to test (paper clip, penny, pencil, eraser, etc)
Procedure:
Tape on end of a copper wire to one terminal of the battery. Attach the other end of the copper wire to the light bulb holder. Attach a second wire to the holder. Tape the third wire to the other terminal of the batter
Touch the ends of both wires to objects around the classroom. Notice if the bulb light or not
What do you think?
Which objects make the bulb light?
How are these objects similar?

Metallic Bond :

Metallic Bond A metallic bond is formed when metal atoms share all of their valence electrons to form an “electron sea.” Magnesium

Metallic Bond :

Metallic Bond The attraction between the loose electrons and the positively charged metal cations creates the chemical bond. Magnesium

Properties of Metallic Bond :

Properties of Metallic Bond Properties of metals are determined by metallic bonds.
One common property is that they are good conductors of electric current
Due to the electrons ability to flow through the material and carrying the electric current
The free movement of electrons also means that metals are good conductors of heat
they typically have high melting points except for mercury
Metals are solid at room temperature
Easily shaped by pounding and can be drawn into wire