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4 ExampleThis example has two levels for the alcohol factor ( factor A) and three levels for the caffeine factor ( factor B), and can be described as a 2X3 ( read as “ two by three”) factorial designThe total number of treatment conditions can be determined by multiplying the levels for each factor.

5 Main effectThe mean differences among the levels of one factor are called the main effect of that factor.

7 InteractionAn interaction between factors ( or simply an interaction) occurs whenever two factors, acting together, produce mean differences that are not explained by the main effects of the two factors.

8 Example 1- Main effect only+50+25+25+25+25Example 1- Main effect only

10 Alternative Definitions of an InteractionWhen the effects of one factor depend on the different levels of a second factor, then there is an interaction between the factors. A second alternative definition of an interaction focuses on the pattern that is produced when the means from a two- factor study are presented in a graph.

11 When the results of a two- factor study are graphed, the existence of nonparallel lines ( lines that cross or converge) is an indication of an interaction between the two factors. ( Note that a statistical test is needed to determine whether the interaction is significant.)

14 ImportantIf the analysis results in a significant interaction, then the main effects, whether significant or not, may present a distorted view of the actual outcome.

15 Types of Mixed DesignsA factorial study that combines two different research designs is called a mixed design.Both Experimental – Both betweenBoth Experimental –Both WithinBoth Experimental - One between- subjects factor and one within- subjects factor.Both factors are non-manipulated (pre existing)One experimental & one non-experimental

16 Example (between/Within)The graph shows the pattern of results obtained by Clark and Teasdale ( 1985). The researchers showed participants a list containing a mixture of pleasant and unpleasant words to create a within- subjects factor ( pleasant/ unpleasant). The researchers manipulated mood by dividing the participants into two groups and having one group listen to happy music and the other group listen to sad music, creating a between- subjects factor ( happy/ sad). Finally, the researchers tested memory for each type of word.

17 Quasi- independent variablesIt also is possible to construct a factorial study for which all the factors are non-manipulated, quasi- independent variables.

19 One Experimental one non-experimentalIn the behavioral sciences, it is common for a factorial design to use an experimental strategy for one factor and a quasi- experimental or non-experimental strategy for another factor.

21 Higher- Order Factorial DesignsThe basic concepts of a two- factor research design can be extended to more complex designs involving three or more factors; such designs are referred to as higher- order factorial designs. A three- factor design, for example, might look at academic performance scores for two different teaching methods ( factor A), for boys versus girls ( factor B), and for first- grade versus second- grade classes ( factor C).

22 Group DiscussionExplain what it means to say that main effects and interactions are all independent.Describe how a second factor can be used to reduce the variance in a between-subjects experiment.