History

Plymouth Unitarian Church can trace its origins back to 1662, two years after the Restoration, when George Hughes,
the puritan vicar of St Andrews, was ejected from that living, like many others elsewhere for refusing to assent to the
Act of Uniformity. Such 'founding fathers' were roughly Presbyterian in outlook at first, but imposed no Articles of Faith,
as is still the case to this day.

The congregation became firmly Unitarian in its beliefs during the ministry of Henry Moore who died in 1762. Being Unitarian
in the 18th Century meant, essentially, believing in God as a unity rather than as a trinity of 'Father, Son and Holy Ghost',
which is the doctrine enshrined in the Creed used by the Church of England. Our forbears maintained that nowhere in the New
Testament could they find sufficient evidence for believing that Jesus claimed to be God.

The chapel then was in Treville Street, roughly where Bretonside bus station now stands. This building was pulled down and
a larger, more imposing building erected on the same site in 1832, when the Rev. W.J. Odgers began his long ministry.
At this time Unitarians were conspicuous as pioneers of health reform in the city, and in the forefront of its civic,
cultural and political life. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the literal truth of the Bible was increasingly
questioned by biblical and archaeological scholars. Unitarians gradually came to regard their own conscience and rational
powers as sufficient authority for their beliefs, thus paving the way for the liberal outlook of Unitarians today.
The second Treville Street chapel was destroyed in the 1941 blitz and the congregation rented a house in Houndiscombe Road
in which to meet until the present chapel was build and opened in 1958 by the Rt. Hon. Chuter Ede. The church hall
was added in 1966. It was subsequently named the Burgess Hall to mark the contribution of the Burgess family to
the life of the church.

A History of Unitarianism

The word Unitarian first appeared in Britain in 1673. Protest against the Trinity arose as soon as this view of the
Christian God became a creed in the early centuries of the Church. However it was the upheaval created by the Reformation
which made Unitarian thinking into a movement in Italy, Poland and Transylvania (modern Romania and Hungary).
Apart from Transylvania it went under the name of Socinianism, after one of its early leaders, Faustus Socinus, a 16th
century Italian. Many who insisted on maintaining radical religious views suffered persecution and even death, like Michael
Servetus, a Spanish doctor, burnt at the stake in 1553.

The Unitarian approach to looking at God as one became widespread in the Church of England in the 17th century. John Biddle,
a Gloucester school-master often called the father of English Unitarianism, wrote and spoke extensively on his views and
died in prison in 1662. Samuel Clarke, Rector of St James' Piccadilly, came under severe censure when his book,
The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, appeared in 1712 in which he argued that supreme honour should be given only to God,
the Father.

For the rest of the century Unitarianism spread, not only in the Church of England but most significantly amongst the
dissenters from the Established Church, later known as nonconformists. They refused to accept Anglican practice though
their churches had hitherto been orthodox in theology. It was then that Unitarian thinking in this country began to express
itself in a church organisation. Some English Presbyterians, whose churches were amongst the oldest in dissent, adopted
Unitarianism in the second half of the 18th century, to be followed by the old General Baptists, whose Assembly had been
formed in 1653. Not that it was called Unitarianism, as this belief was specifically proscribed by the Toleration Act
of 1689; Unitarianism did not become legal until 1813. The term applied to erstwhile Unitarians at this time was Rational
Dissenters.

Joseph Priestley, the famous scientist and discoverer of oxygen, was the organiser of modern Unitarianism although not
before Theophilus Lindsey, Vicar of Catterick, Yorkshire, left the Church of England to found the first avowed Unitarian
congregation in Essex Street, near the Strand in London in 1774. The site remains to this day the headquarters of
Unitarianism in Britain. It is from the late 18th century that modern Unitarianism can be said to date. A capital U has
been used here for consistency but a lower case letter is more appropriate before this time when it was more a way of
thinking, an approach to religious questions than a church organisation.
Unitarianism has always been a reform movement both in religion and in politics. Its opposition to the state church
was not popular in Britain, nor was its support for the principles of the French Revolution. These affirmations led
to renewed persecution in the 1790s which disappeared with the arrival of the nineteenth century, the age of confidence
and influence for Unitarianism with its strong belief in individual liberty.

In America, Unitarianism was a growing force in New England in the late 18th century, where it had evolved out of
Congregationalism. The USA was to provide the most potent exemplars of Unitarian thinking and leadership in the
first half of the 19th century.

In Britain, James Martineau revolutionalised the sterile thinking associated with traditional Unitarian reliance
on Biblical texts, taking it forward to a new faith based on reason and the enlightened conscience. Unitarian
churches were still attacked by orthodox Christians. Long running legal disputes centring on the illegality of
Unitarian belief before 1813 nearly deprived Unitarians of most of their older chapels in the 1840s. However,
for the first time ever, the government came to their aid and passed the Dissenters' Chapels Act of 1844 which
secured the right of Unitarians to ownership of these buildings. Unitarianism was possibly the only church
organisation within the 19th century Christian fold not blown off course by the Darwinian revolution; indeed
the movement embraced the new thought, as it has, in the main, subsequent scientific advances.
Alan Ruston