A scientist and a waterman examine oysters hauled up from the Potomac River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay.

Pamela D'Angelofor NPR

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Originally published on July 16, 2013 6:00 pm

The Chesapeake Bay once supplied half the world's oyster market. But pollution, disease and over-harvesting have nearly wiped out the population. It's a dire situation that's united former adversaries to revive the oyster ecosystem and industry.

Scientists and watermen have joined forces to plant underwater farms in the bay with a special oyster bred in a lab. Called triploid oysters, they have been selected for attributes like disease tolerance and fast growth.

The oysters are sterile, which means that instead of using their energy to reproduce, they use all of it to grow. That allows them to reach market size twice as quickly and be harvested year-round.

"It stays fat all the time," notes Tucker Brown, one of about two dozen oystermen collaborating with scientists on the project.

And when it comes time to plant these lab-bred oysters, says Dave White, a Maryland state biologist, "the watermen have a great input in it, because they're more familiar with the bottom than most of the researchers."

A few years ago, scientists like White might have found themselves fighting with watermen over the best way to manage the oyster. And indeed, decades ago, watermen used to be able to harvest hundreds of thousands of bushels of oysters a year from the Potomac River. But these days, they're lucky to harvest a few thousand, says Jim Wesson, the lead scientist on the project from Virginia.

That's led to collaborations like this underwater farm, one of several ongoing projects that officials in Virginia and Maryland hope will help restore Chesapeake Bay oyster populations. As NPR has previously reported, some projects have focused on using man-made reefs to attract wild baby oysters; others have created oyster sanctuaries where harvesting would be banned.

Brown and other watermen are each paying $1,500 to participate in the project. The money goes to pay for things like equipment and oyster larvae — since the triploid oysters can't reproduce, new ones need to be grown each year in giant tanks before they can be planted in the bay. The Potomac River Fisheries Commission kicked in another $150,000.

The collaboration, says Brown, just made sense. "We don't have the education that the scientists have," he says. "They don't have the education that we have out here."

It took about a year for 20 watermen to commit to the three-year project. They planted the first four acres of river bottom last year. "Once all of us got to the table," Brown says, "and everybody looked at one another and when we started talking, everybody knew, nobody had to say a word, that we were going to be a team."

On a recent morning, Brown and other watermen joined White and Wessel as they navigated the Potomac River, looking for a good spot to plant this year's baby oysters. When they anchored their research vessel at one spot, they lowered a giant claw-like scoop to check on oyster populations below. The spot proved to be a graveyard — nothing but empty oyster shells came back up.

"There's not a single live oyster in it," Wesson says, shaking his head. "Nothing's going to happen here if you don't do something like this."

The shells are a reminder of the bad times that have struck oysters, but they also offer hope: Oyster babies need old shells to anchor themselves as they grow.

The scientists selected five acres where they will plant their specially bred oysters. But the site won't be marked in any way on the water. "We don't want anybody poaching on these oysters," explains Ellen Cosby, who oversees the project for the Fisheries Commission. "We know where it is with the GPS coordinates."

With a bushel — roughly 300 to 325 oysters — wholesaling for about $40, Cosby says "oyster pirates" can be a "real problem down in Virginia. We're hoping that everybody is kind of keeping an eye on things up here."

The scientists also checked on last year's oyster plantings: A majority survived but aren't market size. Still, as the group headed to shore, they remained optimistic.

If all goes well, the oysters will be ready in time for the big demand of the holidays. Until then, the team will worry about predators, poachers and weather.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

From NPR News this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish.

MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:

And I'm Melissa Block. In the late 19th century, Chesapeake Bay was the site of the world's largest oyster industry. But pollution, disease and over-harvesting have nearly wiped out the oyster population. Virginia and Maryland are trying new ways to resurrect the industry. Pamela D'Angelo has this story about an oyster farm and the team of former rivals who are working on it.

PAMELA D'ANGELO, BYLINE: On a recent morning a group of scientists and watermen share coffee and donuts as they navigate the Potomac River. A few years ago, they would've been arguing over how best to manage the oyster. A century ago, they might've even shot each other. But today, they're working together searching for the perfect spot to plant baby oysters. Captain Dave White, a Maryland state biologist, steers the research boat Miss Kay as he plots sites on a trio of screens above his wheel.

DAVE WHITE: The watermen have a great input in it because they're more familiar with the bottom than most researchers.

D'ANGELO: Decades ago, watermen took hundreds of thousands of bushels of oysters a year from the Potomac. Jim Wesson, the lead scientist from Virginia, says now they're lucky to get a few thousand. But that might change. The group is planting a special oyster created in a lab. Instead of reproducing, the oyster uses all its energy to grow. It reaches market size twice as fast and can be harvested year round.

JIM WESSON: And those oysters are selected for disease tolerance, fast growth. They're beginning to select them for nice cups, but they're just like selecting for a Holstein cow.

D'ANGELO: About two dozen oystermen are working with state scientists. And it's more than just a partnership. The fishermen are each paying $1,500, along with $150,000 put up by the Potomac River Fisheries Commission. One of the oystermen is 74-year-old Tucker Brown from Maryland.

TUCKER BROWN: And this oyster stays fat all the time. And this is the beauty part especially whether you eat it on a half shell or however you want to see it.

D'ANGELO: Anchored over a graveyard of oyster shells, Wesson and the other scientists paw through empty shells brought up by a giant claw-like scoop. Wesson shakes his head.

WESSON: There's not a single live oyster in it. Nothing's going to happen here if you don't do something like this.

D'ANGELO: Captain White plots five acres but it won't be marked on the water. With a bushel wholesaling for about $40, Ellen Cosby is nervous about modern day pirates. She oversees the project for the Fisheries Commission.

ELLEN COSBY: We don't want anybody poaching on these oysters, so their location is not marked. We know where it is with the GPS coordinates but they have a real problem down in Virginia. We're hoping that everybody's kind of keeping an eye on things up here.

D'ANGELO: Back in the old days, you'd be like what, shooting cannons off the top...

(LAUGHTER)

D'ANGELO: It took about a year for 20 watermen to commit to the three-year project. They planted the first four acres of river bottom last year. Brown was there from the beginning.

BROWN: Once all of us got to the table and everybody looked at one another and when we started talking, everybody knew, nobody had to say a word, that we were going to be a team.

D'ANGELO: Wesson and Cosby measure samples of last year's plantings. A majority survived but aren't market size. Still, as the group heads to shore, they remain optimistic.

BROWN: We don't have the education that the scientists have. They don't have the education that we have out here, too.

D'ANGELO: If all goes well, the oysters will be ready in time for the big demand of the holidays. Until then, the team will worry about predators, poachers and the weather. For NPR News, I'm Pamela D'Angelo. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.