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A set is a well-defined group of objects or elements. Counting, in this section, means determining all the possible ways the elements of a set can be arranged. One way to do this is to list all the possible arrangements and then count how many we have.

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Example: List and count the ways the elements in the set A,B,C can be arranged. ABC, ACB BAC, BCA CAB, CBA There are 6 ways A,B, and C can be arranged

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If there are more than 3 elements in the set, the procedure by listing becomes more challenging.

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To determine the number of ways for arranging a specific number of items without repetition: Determine the number of slots to be filled. Determine the number of choices for each slot. Multiply the numbers from step 2.

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Probability is a number that describes the chance of an event occurring if an activity is repeated over and over. A probability of zero means the event cannot occur while a probability of one means the event must occur. Otherwise the probability can be expressed as a fraction, decimal or percent.

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The Vocabulary of Probability The possible outcomes of an experiment are all of the different results that can occur, although usually only one outcome occurs for each experiment. An experiment or event is the act of doing something to create a result. A success is the outcome we’re most interested in occurring. The probability of an event is a ratio, abbreviated as P(event), and is calculated A random selection is the act of choosing something so that each possible outcome has an equal chance of being selected and is equally likely to be selected.

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What is an event? An event is an experiment or collection of experiments. Examples: The following are examples of events. 1) A coin toss.(2) Rolling a die. (3) Rolling 5 dice. 4) Drawing a card from a deck of cards. 5) Drawing 3 cards from a deck. 6) Drawing a marble from a bag of different colored marbles. 7) Spinning a spinner in a board game.

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The following are possible outcomes of events. 1) A coin toss has two possible outcomes. The outcomes (sample space) are "heads" and "tails". 2) Rolling a regular six-sided die has six possible outcomes. You may get a side with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 dots. 3) Drawing a card from a regular deck of 52 playing cards has 52 possible outcomes. Each of the 52 playing cards is different, so there are 52 possible outcomes for drawing a card.

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The Vocabulary of Probability Example: The following spinner is divided equally into 4 pieces. There are 4 possible outcomes – the spinner can land on 1, 2, 3, or 4. What is the probability the spinner will land on 2? 12 43 Procedure: 1.Identify the experiment or event. 2.Identify the total number of possible outcomes. 3. Identify the number of successes described in the event. The experiment is spinning the spinner; there is a total of 4 possible outcomes; this event has only one success (landing on a 2).

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Bar Graphs and Probability Example: The following bar graph represents the 50 final grades in Mr. Miller’s Statistics class last semester. Number of Grades A BDCF 0 5 10 15 20 6 10238 3 Grades Number of Grades 25 If one student is randomly selected, find the probability that the student received a final grade of an “A” on the final. Procedure: Use the bar graph to find the probability a student received an “A”.

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Suppose there are 10 balls in a bucket numbered as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, and 6. A single ball is randomly chosen from the bucket. What is the probability of drawing a ball numbered 1? There are 2 ways to draw a 1, since there are two balls numbered 1. The total possible number of outcomes is 10, since there are 10 balls. The probability of drawing a 1 is the ratio 2/10 = 1/5.

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Suppose there are 10 balls in a bucket numbered as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, and 6. A single ball is randomly chosen from the bucket. What is the probability of drawing a ball with a number greater than 4? There are 3 ways this may happen, since 3 of the balls are numbered greater than 4. The total possible number of outcomes is 10, since there are 10 balls. The probability of drawing a number greater than 4 is the ratio 3/10. Since this ratio is larger than the one in the previous example, we say that this event has a greater chance of occurring than drawing a 1.

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Suppose there are 10 balls in a bucket numbered as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, and 6. A single ball is randomly chosen from the bucket. What is the probability of drawing a ball with a number greater than 6? Since none of the balls are numbered greater than 6, this can occur in 0 ways. The total possible number of outcomes is 10, since there are 10 balls. The probability of drawing a number greater than 6 is the ratio 0/10 = 0.

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Suppose there are 10 balls in a bucket numbered as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, and 6. A single ball is randomly chosen from the bucket. What is the probability of drawing a ball with a number less than 7? Since all of the balls are numbered less than 7, this can occur in 10 ways. The total possible number of outcomes is 10, since there are 10 balls. The probability of drawing a number less than 7 is the ratio 10/10 = 1. Note in the last two examples that a probability of 0 meant that the event would not occur, and a probability of 1 meant the event definitely would occur.

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Suppose a card is drawn at random from a regular deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card is an ace? There are 4 different ways that the card can be an ace, since 4 of the 52 cards are aces. There are 52 different total outcomes, one for each card in the deck. The probability of drawing an ace is the ratio 4/52 = 1/13.

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Suppose a card is drawn at random from a regular deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card is a face card?

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Suppose a card is drawn at random from a regular deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card is a “one-eyed jack”?

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Suppose a card is drawn at random from a regular deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card is red?

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Suppose a regular die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a 3 or a 6? There are a total of 6 possible outcomes. Rolling a 3 or a 6 are two of them, so the probability is the ratio of 2/6 = 1/3.

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A class has 13 male and 15 female students. If a student is randomly selected, what is the probability the student is a male?