International Anti-Corruption Day was observed across the world on 9 December 2015 . The theme for International Anti-Corruption Day 2015 was 'break the corruption chain'.This day has been observed annually, on 9 December, since the passage of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption on 31 October 2003.

On this day anti-corruption all the Governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, the media and citizens around the world organize events to engage the general public to effectively fight against corruption and fraud in communities.

Corruption in India

In 2015, India was ranked 85th out of 175 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, compared to its neighbors Bhutan (30th), Bangladesh (145th), Myanmar (156th), China (100th), Nepal (126th), Pakistan (126th) and Sri Lanka (85th). Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government.

Every year 10 December is observed as Human Rights Day. he Day marks the anniversary of the Assembly's adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. In 1950, the Assembly passed resolution 423 (V), inviting all States and interested organizations to observe 10 December of each year as Human Rights Day.

Theme for Human Rights Day 2015 :- The theme for Human Rights Day 2015 is 'Our Rights Our Freedoms Always'. The theme for the year 2015 aims to promote and raise awareness of the two Covenants on their 50th anniversary. The two Covenants are International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both adopted in 1966.

Events organised : It is on 10 December that the five-yearly United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and Nobel Peace Prize are awarded. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the human rights field also schedule special events to commemorate the day,

The United States imposed new sanctions on North Korea over its alleged weapons proliferation activities. The sanctions target the North Korean army's Strategic Rocket Force, as well as two banks and three shipping companies allegedly involved in arms trade.

The sanctions bar American citizens or companies from engaging in transactions with the designated individuals and companies, and freezes any US-based assets they may have. The North already faces sanctions from several other countries and the UN.

Among the targets was the Tanchon Commercial Bank, the financial arm of the Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation, which is responsible for North Korea arms exports.

Five of the individuals added to the blacklist:

Five of the bank's representatives - two of whom were based in Syria and two others in Vietnam - were also hit with sanctions. Also blacklisted was the North Korean representative in Russia of the Foreign Trade Bank, North Korea's primary foreign exchange bank. The three blacklisted shipping companies were accused of transporting weapons.

Venezuela's opposition party Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) has won the 2015 Parliamentary elections of Venezuela. MUD coalition won a majority of 99 out of 167 seats in the state legislature thus defeating ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) led by President Nicolas Maduro. PSUV won 46 seats and remaining candidates from different parties have won 22 seats. With this victory of Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) 17 years of socialist ruling regime came to an end which was founded by former President Hugo Chavez in 1999.

Electoral system of Venezuela :-

Electoral system of Venezuela is based on mixed majoritarian system under which 113 members are elected by First-past-the-post voting in 87 constituencies. A total of 51 seats are elected by closed list proportional representation based on the 23 states and the Capital District. Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method. The remaining three seats are reserved for indigenous peoples, and are elected by the community.

Britain has launched airstrikes against Islamic State (IS)-controlled oil fields in Syria just hours after the government secured an overwhelming parliamentary vote in the House of Commons for military action against the Islamic State in Syria.

The Commons voted 397 to 223 in support of the motion with 66 Labour Members of Parliament voting in support, and seven Conservatives voting against it. Fifty three of the Scottish National Party MPs voted against the motion. The mandate resulted in a 174 majority, which gave Prime Minister David Cameron the clear support to launch the air strike on ISIS

Royal Air Force Tornado jets from their base in Akrotiri in Cyprus carried out air strikes on Omar oil fields in east Syria under the control of the rebels. Britain aims to strike oil fields and revenue on which ISIS depends.

The union cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved signing and ratification of Protocol between India and Japan for amending the Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC) in order to facilitate tax-related exchange of information.

DTAC was signed between the two countries in 1989 for avoidance of double taxation and prevention of fiscal evasion through a protocol. The protocol will facilitate information exchange on tax payments, including bank transactions and on those without domestic tax interest

A provision has also been made in the protocol for sharing information from Japan with authorisation of the its competent authority and vice versa in respect of an Indian resident with other law enforcement agencies.

The protocol facilitates both the countries to assist each other in revenue collection and exempting interest income from taxes in the source country on debt-claims insured by the government or state-run financial institutions.

What is double taxation avoidance pact ?

Double taxation is levying of tax by two or more countries/ jurisdictions on the same declared income, asset, or financial transaction. This double liability is often eliminated by tax treaties between countries such treaty between two countries is known as double taxation avoidance pact.

Dec 03, 2015December 2 - International Day for the Abolition of Slavery

The International Day for the Abolition of Slavery organized by the United Nations General Assembly is observed yearly on December 2 to raise awareness about slavery and its impact on the society.

On December 2, 1949 the United Nations General Assembly approved "The Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others". The celebration of International Day for the Abolition of Slavery on December 2, also marks the date of adoption of the resolution.

Dec 02, 2015Roch Marc Christian Kabore elected as president of Burkina Faso

Roch Marc Christian Kabore, a former prime minister, of Burkina Faso has been elected as President of Burkina Faso as he secured 53.5 per cent of the vote In the presidential election. His main rival, former Economy and Finance Minister Zephirin Diabre secured 21.6 per cent of the vote. Kabore is the second civilian to become President since the West African country became independent in 1960 from France.

The elections were the first national elections in the country since the 2014 Burkinabé uprising and the departure of President Blaise Compaoré, who had ruled Burkina Faso for 27 years.

Key Facts about Roch Marc Christian Kabore :-

Roch Marc Christian Kabore was born on 25 April 1957 in Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso.He had served as Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 1994 to 1996 and also was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 2002 to 2012.

He also served as President of the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). In January 2014, he left the ruling CDP and founded a new opposition party, the People's Movement for Progress.

About Burkina Faso :-

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa surrounded by six countries Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ivory Coast. Its capital is Ouagadougou

Burkina Faso was formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta but the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara.It was ruled by French till 1960 after independence it underwent many governmental changes and violence

Dec 01, 2015World AIDS Day 2015: This year's theme is "Getting to zero, End Aids by 2030"

World AIDS Day is observed every year on 1 December, to unite people in the fight against HIV, and expand antiretroviral therapy to all people living with HIV, so that it does not get transferred to next generation.

The day is also a way to demonstrate international solidarity for people living with HIV and to commemorate the spirit of those who have died battling the deadly disease.

World AIDS Day was observed for the first time in 1988 and the year 2015 marks the 28th edition, of the World AIDS Day. It is run by WHO as one of its global public health campaign.

Theme for the year 2015 :- The theme of World Aids Day 2015 is: Getting to zero; end Aids by 2030.

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS aims at averting 21 million Aids-related deaths, 28 million new HIV infections and 5.9 million new infections among children by 2030.

Dec 01, 2015India again elected as Member of International Maritime Council

India has been unanimously re-elected to the Council of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under Category “B” at the 29th session of the Assembly of the IMO held in London on 27 November, 2015.

The 29th Session of the IMO Assembly is being held at IMO Headquarters London from 23 November to 2 December, 2015. The session is attended by a high level Indian delegation led by Secretary (shipping) Rajive Kumar.

India’s overseas seaborne EXIM trade, which is presently about 600 million tonnes per annum, is expected to be quadrupled to about 2,200 million tons by the year 2020

India ranks amongst the top twenty ship owning countries of the world in terms of Gross Tonnage as well as Deadweight and holds status as one of the countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade.

Indian Shipping tonnage has been growing steadily and it is about 10.38 Million GT now, with 1,210 ships under its flag for both the international voyages and coastal voyages.

India has been one of the earliest members of the IMO, having ratified its Convention and joined it as a member-state in the year 1959. India has had the privilege of being elected to and serving the Council of the IMO, ever since it started functioning, and till date, except for two years for the period 1983-1984.

About International Maritime Council :-

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping.

Established :- The IMO was established in Geneva in 1948 and came into force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959.

Headquartered :- It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom, the IMO has 171 Member States and three Associate Members

Function :- To develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remits including safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical co-operation, maritime security and the efficiency of shipping.

IMO Council :- IMO Council consist of 40 member countries who are elected by the IMO Assembly. The council plays a crucial role in deciding various matters related to global shipping industry.

Dec 01, 2015Saudi Arabia allows women to vote and contest polls for first time

For the first time in the history of Saudi Arabia women have been allowed to vote and contest polls in the male dominated kingdom. More than 900 women are among 6,140 Saudis standing in the local elections due to be held on 12 December 2015.

In September 2011, King Abdullah granted women the right to vote and stand in the 2015 municipal elections. About 7,000 people are contesting for seats on 284 municipal councils.

Country's registered voters are estimated at 1.5 million, in which 136,000 are women . Despite the growing female representation on government bodies, women still required to use a male guardian to transact official business.

Background :-

The country's first municipal elections were held in 2005, followed by another vote in 2011. In both cases, only men were allowed to participate following which Saudi Arabian women campaigned for the right to participate in the 2011 elections by organising (My Country) and Saudi Women's Revolution campaigns for women's right to participate. A few days before the 2011 election took place, King Abdullah announced that women would be able to participate as voters and candidates in the 2015 election

Comment :-

The absolute monarchy, which applies its strict interpretation of Islam, has faced widespread criticism for its lack of equal rights and Saudi Arabia is the only country where women are not allowed to drive so by allowing participation of women in the municipal elections Saudi Arabian government apparently is showing other countries that social participation of its women is expanding.

Japan conducted its first dedicated commercial satellite launch by launching Canadian communications spacecraft, Telstar 12V, into the orbit. The satellite was launched aboard an H-IIA rocket that blasted off from Pad 1 of the Yoshinobu Launch Complex at Japan’s Tanegashima Space Centre. In 2012, Japan had launched South Korea’s commercial satellite Arirang-3 as a secondary payload to the Shizuku (GCOM-W) climate observatory.

The rocket, manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency conducted the launch. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency spent 9.2 billion yen ( USD 74.9 million) on the modification. The launch was the first using the H-IIA upgraded second stage and the first commercial launch for the platform.

Turkish fighter jets have shot down a Russian warplane near the Syrian border after repeated warnings over air space violations, but Moscow said it could prove the jet had not left Syrian air space.

Russian President Vladimir Putin denounced what he called a "stab in the back" and warned of "significant consequences." It was the first time a NATO member's armed forces have downed a Russian or Soviet military aircraft since the 1950s and Russian and Turkish assets fell on fears of an escalation between the former Cold War enemies.

Conservative opposition candidate Mauricio Macri has won Argentina's presidential election, ending 12 years of leftist rule. Mr Macri had secured more than 53 per cent votes defeating his rival Daniel Scioli of ruling Peronist Party who secured 47 per cent votes. Macri becomes only the third non-Peronist leader since the end of military rule in 1983. Macri's win ends a political era dominated by Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner and her late-husband Nestor Kirchner.

Facts about Mauricio Macri :-

Born on 8 February 1959 in Tandil, Argentina. Mauricio Macri is an Argentine civil engineer, businessman and politician. He is son of Francisco Macri who is one of Argentina’s richest man Francisco Macri.

He gained recognition as president of one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina, Boca Juniors. He was elected in 1995 and reelected in 1999 and 2003, to complete one of the most successful periods of the club, winning several international competitions.

Earlier in October 2015, Mr. Macri who is the mayor of Buenos Aires had lost to Mr.Scioli who is the governor of Buenos Aires province in the first round of voting.

A personalised postage stamp featuring Prime Minister Narendra Modi was issued by Turkey in remembrance of the just concluded G20 Leaders Summit. The stamp of 2.80 Turkish lira bears a picture of Modi and the Indian national flag. It has 'Narendra Modi - Prime Minister of Republic of India' written at the bottom. Personalised stamps of G20 Turkey Summit Leaders were presented by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in remembrance of G20 Turkey Leaders Summit. In all, 33 stamps including of the leaders of the 19 biggest and most powerful economies of the world and the European Union were issued.

Other world leaders featured include US President Barack Obama, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, UK Prime Minister David Cameroon, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Brazilian President Dilma Roussef, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Japanese Prime Minister Sinzo Abe and European Council President Donald Tusk. Even though French President Fran ois Hollande cancelled his visit to the Summit due to the Paris killings, a stamp in his honour too was issued.

President of Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keita has declared 10 day state of emergency following terrorist attack in country’s capital city Bamako that killed 19 people. Three days of national mourning has also been declared to condemn this terrorist attack.

Background :-

On 20th November 2015, Islamist militants took 170 hostages and killed 19 of them in a mass shooting at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, the capital and largest city in Mali. Malian commandos raided the hotel and freed the surviving hostages. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its affiliate, al-Murabitoun, said they carried out the attack.

Al-Murabitoun (militant group) :-

Al-Mourabitoun is an African militant jihadist organisation formed by merger of various jihadist organisation. Its area of operations is in the north of Mali, near towns such as Tessalit and Ansongo.

Al-Mourabitoun is composed mostly of Tuaregs and Arabs from the northern Mali regions of Timbuktu, Kidal and Gao, but also includes Algerians, Tunisians and other nationalities.

The U.S. House of Representatives has passed legislation to tighten security screenings for Syrian and Iraqi refugees and suspend President Barack Obama's program to admit 10,000 of them in the next year. The bill follows the attacks in Paris that left 129 people dead, claiming to the be the work of Islamic State.

The bill was overwhelmingly voted by 289 in favour to 137 opposed and bill now needs to be passed by the Senate.The seeks to impose more stringent security provisions on already robust screening of Iraqi and Syrian refugees entering US.The legislation suspend the entry of Syrian and Iraqi refugees into the U.S. for months or years.

A UK-based Syrian journalist, Zaina Erhaim has won the prestigious 2015 Reporters without Borders Prize for her defence of press freedom.She went to war-torn Syria and reported about the inhuman torture faced by innocent Syrians and trained over 100 citizen reporters.Her efforts have led to the emergence of a number of independent newspapers and magazines.

Facts about Reporters without Borders Prize :-

Reporters Without Borders (RWB) prize is an annual award established in 1992 by Paris (France) based NGO Reporters Without Borders (RWB).The prize is bestowed upon journalists who have made a significant contribution to the defence and promotion of press freedom.

The Chinese navy has conducted drills in the South China Sea, employing major destroyers and frigates, carrier-based helicopters and new submarines.The exercise was based out of the Sanya training base of the People's Liberation Army Navy, focusing on anti-submarine warfare.

Naval forces from three fleets conducted "fierce rivalry" in several different waters and have achieved projected objectives and the the drill has vigorously improved the navy's anti-submarine combat abilities based on informationalized systems.

Strategic importance of the drill :-

China claims sovereignty over south china sea which is challenged by U.S,Japan and other super powers. China is building artificial island in south china sea but United States has called for a halt to China's artificial island building, and in recent weeks has tried to signal its determination to challenge Beijing over the disputed sea by sending military ships and planes near the islands.

Through this drill forces have shown "enormous restraint" in the face of U.S. provocations in the South China Sea, while warning they stand ready to respond to repeated breaches of Chinese sovereignty.

Boko Haram has been named as the world’s most deadly extremist group in the Global Terrorism Index. The new report on global terrorism by the Institute of Economics and Peace reveals that Boko Haram murdered 6,664 people last year in comparison to ISIS's 6,073 victims.

Recently a suicide bomber exploded killing at least 34 people in Yola, a town packed with refugees from Nigeria’s Islamic uprising. Later that day, two more suicide bombers killed at least 15 people in the northern city of Kano and injured 53 people.

Corrupt military officials are balmed for military’s failures to combat the deadliest extremist group. Several high-ranking officials allegedly are linked to fraudulent and fictitious arms contracts totaling $5.4 billion.

Boko Haram, which was founded in 2002 as an Islamist movement against Western education and morphed into an armed insurgency in 2009, has rapidly expanded its scope and ambitions over the past two years, achieving international notoriety in the spring of 2014 by kidnapping more than 200 schoolgirls. Much like ISIS, the organization controls territory in Nigeria, and has declared a caliphate in that territory

For the first time ever, the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year is a pictograph: was chosen as the ‘word’ that best reflected the ethos, mood, and preoccupations of 2015.

This year Oxford University Press have partnered with leading mobile technology business SwiftKey to explore frequency and usage statistics for some of the most popular emoji across the world, and was chosen because it was the most used emoji globally in 2015.

SwiftKey identified that made up 20% of all the emojis used in the UK in 2015, and 17% of those in the US: a sharp rise from 4% and 9% respectively in 2014.

The word emoji has seen a similar surge: although it has been found in English since 1997, usage more than tripled in 2015 over the previous year according to data from the Oxford Dictionaries Corpus.

Word of the Year :-

The word(s) of the year refers to any of various assessments as to the most important word(s) or expression(s) in the public sphere during a specific year. The oldest of these, and the only one that is announced after the end of the calendar year, determined by a vote of independent linguists, and not tied to commercial interests, is the American Dialect Society's Word of the Year.

Top Teams: Mercedes, Red Bull, Ferrari and Force India.

Tripura Governor Tathagata Roy has been sworn in as acting Governor of Arunachal Pradesh.

He has been given the additional charge of Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the leave of absence of incumbent Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa.

Roy was administered the oath of office by Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court, Justice Ajit Singh as per the provisions of Article 159 of Constitution of India. He is the 18th Governor to be sworn in as Governor of this Himalayan State.

About Tathagata Roy :

Tathagata Roy born on 14 September 1945 in Kolkata, West Bengal is politician, engineer and author. He studied Civil Engineering in Bengal Engineering College Sibpur and joined Indian Railways Service of Engineers.

He took voluntary retirement in 1990 and Jadavpur University as professor and founder head of the Department of Construction Engineering. He was attracted towards Hindutva and became a Swayamsevak in 1986. After leaving government service he joined the BJP in 1990.

He has authored two books :

The Life and Times of Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee.

My People, Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal.

Constitutional provisions of Governor :

Article 153: There shall be a Governor for each State. The 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 provides that nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States.

Article 156: The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office. Governor is appointed by President and hold office during the pleasure of President.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has signed Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with IIT-Bombay and Madras to establish a bi-nodal ‘Centre of Propulsion Technology’ (CoPT) at the two institutions.

The initiative is aimed at achieving synergy between DRDO and Indian Institutes of Technology for channelising the research efforts towards developing products and related critical aerospace technologies.

CoPT will evolve mechanisms to facilitate execution of programs related to propulsion technology and will engage the primary Research Nodes (IIT Bombay and IIT Madras) and other research institutions.

It will facilitate and undertake multidisciplinary directed research in the focused areas of futuristic aero engines, hypersonic propulsion for long duration flight.

Captain Radhika Menon, first woman captain of the Indian Merchant Navy recently became the first woman in the world to receive the Award for Exceptional Bravery at Sea for the year 2016 from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).

The award was bestowed upon her for her role in the dramatic rescue of seven fishermen from a sinking fishing boat in tumultuous seas in the Bay of Bengal in June last year.

She rescued all seven fishermen from the fishing boat Durgamma, which was adrift following engine failure and loss of anchor in severe weather. For this bravery she was nominated for the award by the Government of India.

Facts about Radhika Menon :

She is the first Indian women captain of a merchant navy ship. She joined the Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) as a trainee radio officer in 1991. Her job in navy was to look after the communication system of the ship.

She continued appearing for exams and kept excelling in her career. She cleared her master's certificate exam in 2010 and sailed in MT Suvarna Swarajya twice before she took charge of the ship as captain.

It is very difficult to find successful women in merchant navy as despite being good in their jobs women usually have to quit their jobs as they need to take of their families but Radhika Menon is an exception.

The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is now critically endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The declaration was based on IUCN assessment which considers past, current and future rates of species loss.

The combined impacts of habitat loss, habitat degradation and illegal hunting equate to an 86 per cent population reduction between 1973 and 2025.

Observing the the current human behaviour toward wildlife it has been predicted that population will further decline to 47,000 animals by 2025.

Facts about Bornean orangutan :

The Bornean orangutan is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan, it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia.

Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying advanced tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97 per cent of their DNA with humans.

Cause of decline in Population :

Deforestation: About 40 per cent of Borneo’s forests has been lost due to palm oil plantations and cutting down of trees for furniture. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching, habitat destruction, and the illegal pet trade.

Slow Breeding: They are slow breeders as females only reproduce once every six to eight years (the longest birth interval of any land mammal).

Nimi Sunilkumar, cookbook author and food blogger, has won the Gourmand World Cookbook Award for 2015-16. Her book 4 o’clock Temptations of Kerala has been chosen for the award in the ‘Best Indian Cuisine Cookbook’ section.

The cookbook is enriched with photos and details of 54 recipes from Kerala and each of these recipes are said to be specific to each district. She has won the award for the second time, earlier she had won the award in 2013.

Her Lip-smacking Dishes of Kerala was selected third ‘Best Local Cuisine Book in the World’ in 2013. She is a culinary teacher and dietician at Tata High Range School, Munnar.

Gourmand World Cookbook Award:

The award was founded in 1995 by Edouard Cointreau. It is free competition and open to publishers in all languages and countries. The Gourmand Awards celebrate global cookbook and wine book publishing and feature many world-renowned chefs each year.

India and South Africa have inked four Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs) in four areas of co-operation including Information and Communication technology, Tourism, Grass root innovation and 'art, culture' sport.

These MoUs were signed in presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and South African President Jacob Juma in Pretoria, South Africa.

Agreements signed are :

MoU on Tourism.

MoU on Grass root innovation (Science and Technology).

MoU on Information and Communication technology (ICT).

Programme of Cooperation in Arts and Culture.

The visit by Prime Minister Narendra Modi marks another glorious chapter in India-South Africa relations, which have travelled from the fight against racial prejudice to a resolve to join hands and realize potential in trade and commerce ties. India also thanked the South African President for support to India’s NSG membership.

A Bench of Supreme Court led by Justices Madan B. Lokur and U.U. Lalit said in an 85-page judgment that "every death caused by the armed forces in a disturbed area, whether the victim is a dreaded criminal or a militant or a terrorist or an insurgent, should be thoroughly enquired into." This is to address any allegation of use of excessive or retaliatory force beyond the call of duty.

The judgment came on a plea by hundreds of families in the north-eastern State of Manipur for a probe by a Special Investigation Team into 1,528 cases of alleged fake encounters involving the Army and the police.

This judgment of Supreme Court is a blow to the immunity enjoyed by security personnel under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of 1958 (AFSPA) against criminal action for acts committed in disturbed areas.

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