Lynx Users Guide v2.7

Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web (WWW) client
for users running cursor-addressable, character-cell display devices (e.g.,
vt100 terminals, vt100 emulators running on PCs or Macs, or any other
character-cell display). It will display Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) documents containing links to files on the local system, as
well as files on remote systems running http, gopher,
ftp, wais, nntp, finger, or
cso/ph/qi servers, and services accessible via
logins to telnet, tn3270 or rlogin accounts (see
URL Schemes Supported by Lynx).
Current versions of Lynx run on Unix and VMS.

Lynx can be used to access information on the WWW, or to build
information systems intended primarily for local access. For example, Lynx
has been used to build several Campus Wide Information Systems
(CWIS). In addition, Lynx can be used to build systems isolated
within a single LAN.

Online help is available while viewing any document. Press the
'?' or 'H' key (or the 'h key if vi-like
key movement is not on) to see a list of help topics. See the section
titled Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx for
information on navigating through the help files.

In addition, a summary description of all the Lynx keystroke commands
and their key bindings is available by pressing the 'K' key (or
the 'k' key if vi-like key movement is not on).
[ToC]

Lynx can be started by entering the Lynx command along with
the name of a file to display. For example these commands could
all be used to display an arbitrary ASCII text or HTML file:

UNIX

lynx filename

lynx /home/my-dir/filename

lynx ~/filename

VMS

lynx filename

lynx dua5:[my-directory]filename

lynx /dua5/my-directory/filename

lynx ~/filename

lynx sys$login:filename

lynx /sys$login/filename

When executed, Lynx will clear the screen and display as much of the
specified file as will fit on the screen. Pressing a down-arrow
will bring up the next screen, and pressing an up-arrow will bring
up the previous screen. If no file is specified at startup, a default file
will be displayed. (The default is configured by the system administrator
when the command is installed.)

Lynx will display local files written in the HyperText Markup
Language (HTML), if the file's name ends with the characters
.html, .htm, .shtml, .htmlx,
.html3, or .ht3. HTML is a file format that allows users
to create a file that contains (among other things) hypertext links to other
files. Several files linked together may be described as a
hypertext document. If the filename does not have one of the
suffixes mapped by Lynx to HTML, the -force_html command line
option can be included to force treatment of the file as hypertext.

When Lynx displays an HTML file, it shows links as "bold face"
text, except for one link, which is shown as "highlighted" text.
Whether "boldface" or "highlighted" text shows up as reverse
video, boldface type, or a color change, etc. depends on the
display device being used (and the way in which that device has
been configured). Lynx has no control over the exact presentation
of links.

The one link displayed as "highlighted" text is the currently
"selected" link. Lynx will display the file associated with the
selected link when a right-arrow or a Return key is
pressed. To select a particular link, press the up-arrow or
down-arrow keys until the desired link becomes "highlighted,"
and then press the right-arrow or Return key to view
the linked information. Information included in the HTML file tells Lynx
where to find the linked file and what kind of server will provide it
(i.e. HTTP, Gopher, etc.).

Lynx renders HTML files and saves the rendition, not the source,
for initial display and should you select the link again. If you do
select a link again and have reason to desire a new fetch and rendering
of the file, use the NOCACHE command, normally mapped to 'x' and
'X', instead of the right-arrow or Return key
when positioned on the link. You also can force a new fetch and rendering
of the currently displayed document via the RELOAD command, normally mapped
to Control-R.

When a binary file is encountered Lynx will ask the user if he/she
wishes to download the file or cancel. If the user selects 'D'
for download, Lynx will transfer the file into a temporary location and
present the user with a list of options. The only default option is
Save to disk, which is disabled if Lynx is running in anonymous
mode. Any number of additional download methods may be defined in the
lynx.cfg file by the system administrator. Programs like kermit, zmodem
and FTP are some possible options. [ToC]

To exit Lynx use the 'q' command. You will be asked whether
you really want to quit. Answering 'y' will exit and 'n'
will return you to the current document. Use 'Q' or
Control-D to quit without verification. [ToC]

If you wish to view a remote file (that is, a file residing on
some computer system other than the one upon which you are running
Lynx) without first viewing a local file, you must identify that
file by using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). URLs take the
general form:

PROTOCOL :// HOST / PATH

where

PROTOCOL

identifies the communications protocol (scheme) used
by the server that will provide the file. As mentioned earlier,
Lynx (and any WWW client) can interact with a variety of servers,
each with its own protocol.

HOST

is the Internet address of the computer system on which the
server is running, and

PATH

is a scheme-specific field which for some schemes may
correspond to a directory path and/or filename.

Here are some sample URLs.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

http://www.crl.com/~subir/lynx.html

Gopher

gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu/11/

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/lynx/README

WAIS (Wide Area Information Service protocol)

wais://cnidr.org/directory-of-servers

A URL may be specified to Lynx on the command line, as in:

lynx http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/kufacts_start.html

Lynx also will attempt to create a complete URL if you include adequate
portions of it in the startfile argument. For example:wfbrwill be expanded to:http://www.wfbr.edu/and:ftp.more.net/pubwill be expanded to:ftp://ftp.more.net/pub
See URL Schemes Supported by Lynx for
more detailed information. [ToC]

There are also a few other keyboard commands to aid in navigation. The
Control and Function keys used for navigation within the current document
are described in Scrolling and Other useful commands. Some
additional commands depend on the fact that Lynx keeps a list of each
link you visited to reach the current document, called the History Page, and a
list of all links visited during the current Lynx session, called the Visited Links Page. The
HISTORY keystroke command, normally mapped to Backspace or
Delete, will show you the History Page of links leading to
your access of the current document. Any of the previous documents shown in
the list may be revisited by selecting them from the history screen. The
VLINKS keystroke command, normally mapped to uppercase 'V', will
show the Visited Links Page, and you similarly can select links in
that list. The MAIN_MENU keystroke command, normally mapped to 'm'
and 'M', will take you back to the starting document unless you
specified the -homepage=URL option at the command line. Also, the
LIST keystroke command, normally mapped to 'l' and L',
will create a compact list of all the links in the current document, and
they can be selected via that list.

The 'i' key presents an index of documents. The default index
is usually a document pointing to servers around the world, but the index
can be changed by the system administrator or on the command line using
the -index=URL switch, and therefore depends on how the Lynx
program you are using was configured.

If you choose a link to a server with active access authorization, Lynx
will automatically prompt for a username and a password. If you give the
correct information, you will then be served the requested information.
Lynx will automatically send your username and password to the same server
if it is needed again. [ToC]

Rendered HTML documents, and plain text files, may be printed using the
'p' command while viewing the document. After pressing the
'p' key a menu of Print Options will be displayed. The
menu will vary according to several factors. First, some sites set up
special accounts to let users run Lynx to access local information systems.
Typically these accounts require no passwords and do not require users to
identify themselves. As a result such accounts are called "anonymous"
accounts, and their users are considered "anonymous" users. In most
configurations, all Lynx users (including anonymous users) are able to
mail files to themselves and print the entire file to the screen.

Additional print options are available for users who are using
Lynx from their own accounts (that is, so-called "non-anonymous
users"). In particular, the Save to a local file
option allows you to save the document into a file on your disk
space. Any number of additional print options may also be
available as configured by your system administrator.

Some options, such as Save to a local file, involve prompting
for an output filename. All output filename entries are saved in a
circular buffer, and any previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by
pressing the up-arrow or down-arrow keys at the prompt.

Note that if you want exact copies of text files without any expansions
of TAB characters to spaces you should use the Download
options. [ToC]

When viewing HTML documents it is possible to retrieve and display the
unrendered (i.e., the original HTML) source of the document by pressing
the '\' (backslash) key. The document must be reloaded from the
server or disk to be displayed on the screen unrendered, since Lynx
originally rendered what it received and does not still have it as source.
When viewing unrendered documents you may print them as any normal document.

Selecting the Print to a local file option from the Print Menu,
makes it possible to save the source of the document to disk so that you
may have a local copy of the document source, but it is better to Download the source.

NOTE: When saving an HTML document it is important to name the
document with a .html extension, if you want to read it with
Lynx again later.

Lynx can allow users to edit documents that reside on the local
system. To enable editing, documents must be referenced using a
"file:" URL or by specifying a plain filename on the command line as
in the following two examples:

Command

lynx file://localhost/FULL/PATH/FILENAME

lynx path/filename.html

In addition, the user must also specify an editor in the
Options Menu so that Lynx knows which editor to use. If the
file is specified correctly and an editor is defined, then you may edit
documents by using the 'e' command. When the 'e'
command is entered your specified editor is spawned to edit the file.
After changes are completed, exit your editor and you will return to Lynx.
Lynx will reload and render the file so that changes can be immediately
examined. [ToC]

If the DOWNLOAD keystroke command ('d' or D) is used
when positioned on a link for an HTML, plain text, or binary file, Lynx
will transfer the file, without rendering or modification, into a temporary
location and present the user with a list of options, as when a link for a
binary file of a type for which no viewer has been mapped is activated.
As described above, the only default Download option is
Save to disk, which is disabled if Lynx is running in
anonymous mode, and any number of additional download methods such as
kermit and zmodem may be defined in the lynx.cfg file by the
system administrator. Downloading the sources of HTML and plain text
files, instead of toggling to display the source
('\') and then using Printing options, ensures
that no modifications of the source (e.g., expansions of TAB characters
to a series of spaces) will occur.

Some options, such as Save to disk, involve prompting for an
output filename. All output filename entries are saved in a circular buffer,
and any previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by pressing the
up-arrow or down-arrow keys at the prompt.
[ToC]

The RELOAD (Control-R) command will reload and re-render the file
that you are currently viewing. The REFRESH (Control-L or
Control-W) command will refresh or wipe the screen to remove or
correct any errors that may be caused by operating system or other messages.

The NOCACHE ('x' or 'X') command can be used in lieu
of ACTIVATE (Return or right-arrow) to request an uncached
copy and new rendition for the current link, or resubmission of a FORM, if a
cache from a previous request or submission exits. The request or submission
will include Pragma: no-cache and Cache-Control: no-cache
in its headers. Note that FORMs with POST content will be resubmitted
regardless of whether the NOCACHE or ACTIVATE command is used (see Lynx and HTML Forms). [ToC]

While viewing a normal document use the '/' command to find a
word or phrase within the current document. The search type will depend on
the search option setting in the Options Menu. The search
options are case sensitive and case insensitive. These searches are entirely
local to Lynx.

Some documents are designated index documents by virtue of an
ISINDEX element in their HEAD section. These documents can be used to
retrieve additional information based on searches using words or phrases
submitted to an index server. The Lynx statusline will indicate that you
are viewing such a document, and if so, the 's' key will invoke a
statusline prompt to enter a query string. The prompt can be specified via
a PROMPT attribute in the ISINDEX element. Otherwise, Lynx will use an
internally configured prompt. The address for submitting the search can be
specified via an HREF or ACTION attribute. Otherwise, Lynx will use the
current document's URL and append your query string as a ?searchpart
(see Supported URLs).

All search words or strings which you have entered during a Lynx session
are saved in a circular buffer, and can be retrieved for re-use by pressing
the up-arrow or down-arrow keys at the prompt for a search
word or string. Also, you can use the 'n'ext command to repeat a
search with the last-entered search word or phrase, starting from the current
position in the document. The word or phrase matches will be highlighted
throughout the document, but such highlighting will not persist for new
documents, or if the current document is reloaded. The search cycles to the
top of the document if the word or phrase is not located below your current
position.

Although HTML Forms have largely replaced index
documents for searches via http servers, they are still useful for performing
searches directly via WAIS or Gopher servers in conjunction with the internal
gateways for such servers. For example, an HTML index document can act as a
cover page describing a WAIS database and how to formulate query
strings for searching it, and include an element such as:<ISINDEX PROMPT="Enter WAIS query:"HREF="wais://net.bio.net/biologists-addresses">
for submitting a search of the Biologist's Addresses database directly
to the net.bio.net WAIS server. [ToC]

An option can be changed by entering the capital letter of the option
you want to change (i.e. 'E' for Editor). For fields where text
must be entered, simply enter the text by typing on the keyboard. The
Line Editor can be used
to correct mistakes, and Control-U can be used to erase the whole
line. When you are done entering a change press the Return key
to get back to the Command? prompt.

For fields where you must choose from a list of choices, press any key
to toggle the choices and press the Return key to finish the
change.

When you are done changing options use the 'r' command to
return to Lynx or the '>' command to save the options to a
.lynxrc file and return to Lynx.

The following table describes the options available on the
Options Menu:

Editor

The editor to be invoked when editing browsable files, and
sending mail or comments. The full pathname of the editor
command should be specified when possible.

DISPLAY variable

This option is only relevant to X Window users. The DISPLAY
(Unix) or DECW$DISPLAY (VMS) variable is picked up automatically
from the environment if it has been previously set.

Multi-bookmarks

Lynx supports a default bookmark file, and up to 26 total
bookmark files (see below). When multi-bookmarks is OFF,
the default bookmark file is used for the 'v'iew
bookmarks and 'a'dd bookmark link commands. If
multi-bookmark support is available in your account, the
setting can be changed to STANDARD or ADVANCED. In STANDARD
mode, a menu of available bookmarks always is invoked when
you seek to view a bookmark file or add a link, and you select
the bookmark file by its letter token (see
Bookmark file, below) in that menu. In ADVANCED mode,
you instead are prompted for the letter of the desired bookmark
file, but can enter '=' to invoke the STANDARD selection
menu, or RETURN for the default bookmark file.

Bookmark file

When multi-bookmarks is OFF, this is the filename and location
of your default personal bookmark file. Enter 'B' to
modify the filename and/or location via the Line Editor.
Bookmark files allow frequently traveled links to be stored in
personal easy to access files. Using the 'a'dd bookmark
link command (see Lynx bookmarks) you may save
any link that does not have associated POST content into a
bookmark file. All bookmark files must be in or under your
account's home directory. If the location specified does not
begin with a dot-slash (./), its presence will still be assumed,
and referenced to the home directory. When multi-bookmarks is
STANDARD or ADVANCED, entering 'B' will invoke a menu
of up to 26 bookmark files (associated with the letters of the
English alphabet), for editing their filenames and locations
(filepath), and descriptions. Lynx will create bookmark
files, if they don't already exist, when you first 'a'dd
a bookmark link to them. However, if you've specified a
subdirectory (e.g., ./BM/lynx_bookmarks.html), that subdirectory
must already exist. Note that on VMS you should use the URL
syntax for the filepath (e.g., not
[.BM]lynx_bookmarks.html).

FTP sort criteria

This option allows you to specify how files will be sorted
within FTP listings. The current options include
"By Filename", "By Size",
"By Type", and "By Date".

Personal mail address

This mail address will be used to help you send files to
yourself and will be included as the From: address in any mail
or comments that you send. It will also be sent as the From:
field in all HTTP get requests if inclusion of that HTTP header
has not been disabled via the NO_FROM_HEADER definition in
lynx.cfg or via the -nofrom command line option.

Searching type

Searching type has two possible values: CASE INSENSITIVE
(default) and CASE SENSITIVE. The searching type effects
inter-document searches only, and determines whether searches
for words within documents will be done in a case-sensitive or
case-insensitive manner.

Display Character set

This option allows you to set up the default character set for
your specific terminal. The character set provides a mapping
of 8-bit ISO Latin character entities and/or Asian (CJK)
characters into viewable characters and should be set in
relation to your terminal's character set if you will be
viewing such characters with Lynx. You must have the selected
character set installed on your terminal.

Raw 8-bit or CJK Mode

Whether 8-bit characters are are assumed to correspond with
the selected character set and therefore are processed without
translation via the ISO Latin 1 conversion tables. Should be
ON by default when the selected character set is ISO Latin 1,
or is one of the Asian (CJK) sets and the 8-bit characters are
Kanji multibytes. Should be OFF for the other character sets,
but can be turned ON when there's a match, e.g., the document's
charset is ISO-8859-2 and ISO Latin 2 has been selected. Should
be OFF when an Asian (CJK) set is selected but the document is
ISO-8850-1. The setting also can be toggled via the RAW_TOGGLE
command, normally mapped to '@', and at startup via the
-raw switch.

Preferred Document Language

The language you prefer if multi-language files are available
from servers. Use MIME abbreviations, e.g., en for English,
fr for French, etc. Can be a comma-separated list in descending
order of preferences.

Preferred Document Charset

The character set you prefer if sets in addition to ISO-8859-1
and US-ASCII are available from servers. Use MIME notation
(e.g., ISO-8859-2) and do not include ISO-8859-1 or US-ASCII,
since those values are always assumed by default. Can be a
comma-separated list in descending order of preferences.

VI keys

If set to ON then the lowercase h, j, k, and l keys will be
mapped to left, down, up, and right arrow, respectively. The
uppercase H, J, K, and L keys remain mapped to their configured
bindings (normally HELP, JUMP, KEYMAP, and LIST, respectively).

Emacs keys

If set to ON then the CTRL-P, CTRL-N, CTRL-F, and CTRL-B keys
will be mapped to up-arrow, down-arrow, right-arrow, and
left-arrow, respectively. Otherwise, they remain mapped to
their configured bindings (normally UP_TWO lines, DOWN_TWO
lines, NEXT_PAGE, and PREV_PAGE, respectively).

Show dot files

If display/creation of hidden (dot) files/directories is
enabled, you can turn the feature on or off via this setting.

Popups for select fields

Lynx normally uses a popup window for the OPTIONs in form
SELECT fields when the field does not have the MULTIPLE attribute
specified, and thus only one OPTION can be selected. The use of
popup windows can be disabled by changing this setting to OFF, in
which case the OPTIONs will be rendered as a list of radio buttons.
Note that if the SELECT field does have the MULTIPLE attribute
specified, the OPTIONs always are rendered as a list of checkboxes.

Keypad as arrows or numbered links

This option gives the choice between navigating with the arrow
keys or having every link numbered so that the links may be
selected by numbers as well as using the arrow keys.

Line edit style

This option allows you to set alternate key bindings for the
built-in line editor, if your system administrator has installed
alternates. Otherwise, Lynx uses the Default Binding.

List directory style

Applies to Directory Editing. Files and directories can be
presented in the following ways:

Mixed style

Files and directories are listed together in alphabetical
order.

Directories first

Files and directories are separated into two alphabetical
lists. Directories are listed first.

Files first

Files and directories are separated into two alphabetical
lists. Files are listed first.

User Mode

There are three possible choices: Novice, Intermediate, and
Advanced.

Novice

In Novice mode two lines of help are displayed at the
bottom of the screen.

Intermediate

Intermediate mode turns off the help lines.

Advanced

Advanced mode displays the URL of the currently selected
link at the bottom of the screen.

User Agent

The header string which Lynx sends to servers to indicate the
User-Agent is displayed here. Changes may be disallowed via
the -restrictions switch. Otherwise, the header can be
changed temporarily to a string such as L_y_n_x/2.7
for access to sites which discriminate against Lynx based on
checks for the presence of "Lynx" in the header. If
changed during a Lynx session, the default User-Agent header can
be restored by deleting the modified string in the
Options Menu. Whenever the User-Agent header is
changed, the current document is reloaded, with the no-cache
flags set, on exit from the Options Menu. Changes of
the header are not saved in the RC file.

NOTE that Netscape Communications Corp. has claimed
that false transmissions of "Mozilla" as the User-Agent are a
copyright infringement, which will be prosecuted. DO NOT
misrepresent Lynx as Mozilla. The Options Menu issues
a warning about possible copyright infringement whenever the
header is changed to one which does not include "Lynx"
or "lynx".

Local execution scripts or links

Local execution can be activated by the system administrator.
If it has not been activated you will not see this option
in the Options Menu.

When a local execution script is encountered Lynx checks the
users options to see whether the script can be executed. Users
have the following options:

Always off

Local execution scripts will never be executed

For Local files only

Local execution scripts will only be executed if the
script to be executed resides on the local machine,
and is referenced by a URL that begins with
file://localhost

Always on

All local execution scripts will be executed

If the users options permit the script to be executed Lynx will
spawn a shell and run the script. If the script cannot be
executed Lynx will show the script within the Lynx window and
inform the user that the script is not allowed to be executed
and will ask the user to check his/her options.
[ToC]

At any time while viewing documents within Lynx, you may use the
'c' command to send a mail message to the owner of the current
document if the author of the document has specified ownership. If no
ownership is specified then comments are disabled. Certain links called
mailto: links will also allow
you to send mail to other people. Using the mail features within Lynx is
straightforward.

Once you have decided to send a comment or have selected a
mailto: link a new screen will appear showing you to whom you
are sending the message. Lynx will ask for your name, your e-mail
address, and the subject of the message. If you have filled in the
"personal mail address" field in the Options Menu, your e-mail
address will be filled in automatically. After entering the above
information, if you have an editor defined in the Options Menu
and you are not an anonymous user then your specified editor will be
spawned for you so that you can enter your message. If you do not have
an editor defined or you are an anonymous user, a simple line mode input
scheme will allow you to enter your message.

To finish sending the message, exit your spawned editor or, if you are
using the simple line mode input scheme, type a '.' (period) on
a line by itself. You will be asked a final time whether to send the
message. If you press 'y', you will be prompted whether to
append your signature file if one was defined in lynx.cfg and is accessible,
and then the message will be sent, whereas if you press 'n' the
message will be deleted. Entering Control-G in response to any prompts
also will cancel the mailing.[ToC]

While reading *news articles with Lynx you should see a link that says
Reply to: user@host and, if the nntp server from which you
received the article supports posting from your site, a link that says
Followup to: newsgroup(s)

Reply to user@host

user@host will correspond to the mail address of the
person who posted the news article. Selecting the link will
allow you to send a message to the person who wrote the message
you are currently viewing. You will be given the option of
including the original message in your reply.

Followup to newsgroup(s)

Selecting this link will allow you to post back to the
newsgroup that you are currently reading and any newsgroups
to which the message was cross-posted. You will be given
the option of including the original message in your reply.
Once you have typed in your message, you will be asked for
confirmation of whether to proceed with the posting, and
whether to append your signature file if one was defined in
lynx.cfg and is accessible. See Supported URLs for more
information about the URL schemes for posting or sending
followups (replies) to nntp servers with Lynx.
[ToC]

It is often useful to place a bookmark to aid in returning quickly to
a document. To use the bookmark feature you must first use the
Options Menu to specify a bookmark filename.

To save a bookmark to the document you wish to place in the
bookmark file press the 'a' key and you will be asked:

Save D)ocument or L)ink to bookmark file or C)ancel? (d,l,c):

Answer 'd' to save a link to the document you are currently
viewing or 'l' to save the link that is currently selected on
the page. Selecting 'c' will cancel without saving anything to
your bookmark file.

Use the 'v' command to view the list of bookmarks you have
saved. While viewing the bookmark list you may select a bookmark as you
would any other link. You can remove a link from the bookmark list by
pressing the 'r' key when positioned on that link.

When multi-bookmarks (see Options Menu) is OFF,
you will always view or add links to the default bookmark file. When
it is STANDARD, a menu of up to 26 bookmark files will be invoked,
and you select the bookmark file by entering its letter token. When
it is ADVANCED, you will be prompted for the letter token, but can
enter '=' to invoke the STANDARD selection menu, or
RETURN for the default bookmark file.
[ToC]

A feature similar to the Lynx bookmarks is the jump command. The jump
command allows you to enter a shortcut name to access a URL. If the jump
feature is active, typing 'j' will produce a prompt where you may
enter the shortcut name. Type '?' at the jump prompt for a list
of shortcut names available.

All jump shortcut entries are saved in a circular buffer, and any
previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by pressing the
up-arrow or down-arrow keys at the prompt.

Note to System Administrators: Read the lynx.cfg file on how
to set up the jump command for your system and how to define shortcut names.
[ToC]

Lynx offers extended DIRED support on Unix (on VMS the more powerful
CSwing program is recommended for character cell terminals, and can be
offered via Lynx as a jump shortcut or execution link). When a local
directory is accessed using a URL of the form
file://localhost/path/, a new set of commands is available.
With DIRED support you can create, edit, delete, copy, and move files
on your local system. The commands available in DIRED mode are

C)reate

Type 'c' to create a new file. New file will be empty.

D)ownload

Type 'd' to download selection using one of the options defined
by your system administrator.

E)dit

Type 'e' to spawn the editor defined in Options Menu
and load a selected file for editing.

F)ull Menu

Type 'f' to show full menu of options available for selection.
Menu may vary according to type of file selected and compression
facilities available.

M)odify

Type 'm' to modify the name or location of file. Then type
'n' to rename the file or 'l' to move the file to
a different location.

R)emove

Type 'r' to remove the selected file or directory.

T)ag

Type 't' to tag highlighted file. Further operations will be
performed on tagged files instead of highlighted ones.

U)pload

Type 'u' to upload a file to the present directory. Upload
methods are defined by your system administrator.

A summary of all the keystroke commands and their key bindings can
be invoked via the KEYMAP command, normally mapped to 'k' and
'K'. The following describes some of the most commonly used
commands.

^A

Control-A jumps you to the beginning of the current
document. It is a synonym for the Keypad Home key, and
can be used when Links are numbered mode is on. The
Find Function key also is a synonym, and ideally the
latter has been mapped to the Function key labeled Home
if you are using an IBM Enhanced Keyboard.

^E

Control-E jumps you to the end of the current document.
It is a synonym for the Keypad End key, and can be used
when Links are numbered mode is on. The Select
Function key also is a synonym, and ideally the latter has been
mapped to the Function key labeled End if you are using
an IBM Enhanced Keyboard.

^B

Control-B normally jumps you to the previous page of
the current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad and
Function Page-Up keys. However, Control-B
acts as right-arrow when emacs-like key movement is
enabled (see Lynx Options Menu).

^F

Control-F normally jumps you to the next page of the
current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad and
Function Page-Down keys. However, Control-F
becomes right-arrow when emacs-like key movement is
enabled.

^N

Control-N normally jumps you forward two lines in the
current document. The Remove Function key (labeled
Delete on IBM Enhanced keyboards, and distinct
from their Backspace key) is a synonym.
Control-N becomes down-arrow when emacs-like
key movement is enabled.

^P

Control-P normally jumps you back two lines in the
current document. The Insert Function key is a synonym.
Control-P becomes up-arrow when emacs-like
key movement is enabled.

)

The ) command jumps you forward half a page in the
current document.

(

The ( command jumps you back half a page in the
current document.

#

The '#' command jumps you to the pseudo Toolbar or
Banner if present in the current document. Use
left-arrow to return from there to your previous
position in the document.

!

When '!' is pressed your default shell will be spawned.
When you quit or exit the shell you will return to Lynx (usually
exit under Unix and logout under VMS). This
command is usually disabled for anonymous users. On VMS,
'$' normally is a synonym.

g

The 'g' command allows any URL to be viewed. Pressing
the 'g' command will bring up a prompt asking for a URL.
Type in the URL that you wish to view. All previously entered
goto URLs are saved in a circular buffer, and can be accessed at
the prompt by pressing the up-arrow or
down-arrow keys.

G

The 'G' command allows you to edit the URL of the
current document and then use that as a goto URL. Pressing
the 'G' command will bring up a prompt asking you
to edit the current document's URL. If you do not modify
it, or completely delete it, or enter Control-G, the command
will be cancelled. If the current document has POST content
associated with it, an Alert will be issued. If you do edit
that URL, and it does not simply involve a fragment change
(for seeking a position in the current document), the modified
URL will be submitted with method GET and no POST content. If
a modification of the current document's URL results in a
submission, that modified URL will be entered into the circular
buffer for goto URLs, and can be accessed for further
modification via the 'g' command.

=

The '=' command shows information about the current
document and the currently selected link if there is one. The
number of lines in the file, URL, title, owner, and type are
shown.

^T

Control-T toggles trace mode on and off. This is useful
for diagnosing bad html. If you get a Bad HTML
statusline message when loading a document, enter
Control-T and then Control-R to reload the
document in trace mode. You also can submit the document for
validation via links in the online help menu. If you are able
to diagnose the problem, send a message about it to the
document's author.

*

The '*' command toggles image_links mode on and off.
When on, links will be created for all images, including inlines.
If you have an image viewer mapped to the image's MIME type, you
can activate such links to view an inline image. You should
normally have this mode toggled off.

@

The '@' command toggles raw 8-bit or CJK mode on and off.
When on, the charset is assumed to match the selected character
set and 8-bit characters are not reverse translated with respect
to the ISO-8859-1 conversion tables.

[

The '[' command toggles pseudo_inlines mode on and off.
When on, inline images which have no ALT string specified will
have an [INLINE] pseudo-ALT string inserted in the Lynx
display. When off, they will be treated as having ALT="" (i.e.,
they'll be ignored). If image_links mode is toggled on, the
pseudo-ALT strings will be restored, to serve as links to the
inline images' sources.

]

The ']' command is used to send HEAD requests for the
current document or link. It applies only to documents or links
(or form submit buttons) of http servers. A statusline message
will notify you if the context for this command was inappropriate.
The HEAD requests always are sent to the http server, i.e., Lynx
does not retrieve any previous server replies from its cache.
Note that for form submissions, http servers vary in whether
they'll treat HEAD requests as valid and return the CGI script's
headers, or treat it as invalid and return an error message.

Lynx supports completely interruptible I/O processes. Press the
'z' key at any time during a connect or transfer process
and the process will be halted. If any data was transferred
before the interrupt, it will be displayed.
[ToC]

This section describes the Lynx Forms Interface. HTML gives document
providers the ability to create on-line forms which may be filled out
when the document is viewed. When a form is submitted the information
on the form can be used to search a database or complete a survey.

An HTML Form provides for the use of buttons to perform an action
(such as submit), checkboxes, radio buttons or popups to select
options from a list, and fields for entering text.

Buttons:

Buttons are displayed in the same way that Lynx displays links in
a document. To "push" the button press the right-arrow or
Return key. If it is a form submission button, you also can
use the RESUBMIT ('x') or DOWNLOAD ('d') keystroke
commands to "push" the button (see below).

Checkboxes and Radio buttons

Checkboxes are displayed as square brackets: [ ] and radio
buttons are displayed as parenthesis: ( ). When a box is
checked or a button selected, an x appears in the brackets:
[x] or an asterisk appears within the parenthesis:
(*). To check a box or select a radio button press the
right-arrow or Return key.

Selection Fields

Selection fields are displayed as brackets with the default option
displayed between them: [default__]. To select an option
press the right-arrow or Return key. A box with
a border of asterisks (or line-drawing characters) will pop up with
the list of possible options listed within the box. Use the
up-arrow, down-arrow, page-up,
page-down, and other navigation keys to move the cursor
among options, and the right-arrow or Return key to
select an option. You also can use the '/' and 'n'ext
searching commands for navigating to options which
contain particular strings. NOTE that the popup menu
feature can be disabled via compilation and/or configuration options,
or via the Options Menu, in which case the selection
field options will be converted to a list of radio buttons. The default
setting for use of popups or radio button lists can be toggled via the
-popup command line switch.

Text Entry Fields

Text entry (INPUT) fields are displayed as a row of underscores the
length of the entry field: _______. You may enter text directly
by typing at the keyboard. Use the Line Editor keys to
correct errors. If you try to input more text than the field can hold,
the line editor will not accept the additional characters. If you fill
a text field the cursor will not move off the field but remain at the
last field position. Use the up-arrow, and down-arrow,
TAB or Return keys to move up, or down from the text
entry field. NOTE, however, that Return also will submit the form if the text entry field is the
only non-hidden field in the form.

TEXTAREA fields are handled as if they were a series of text entry
(INPUT) fields for which successive lines imply a newline at the end of
the preceding line. You enter text on each line to construct the overall
message. Any blank lines at the bottom of the TEXTAREA field will be
eliminated from the submission. The up-arrow, and
down-arrow or Return keys move you to the preceding,
or next line of the overall message, as for INPUT fields, and the
TAB key will move you down beyond the bottom of the TEXTAREA
field, or to the first line on the next page if the overall field
extends beyond the currently displayed page.

In general, you can move around the form using the standard Lynx navigation
keys. The up-arrow and down-arrow keys, respectively,
select the previous or next field, box, or button. The TAB key
selects the next field (or next page of a TEXTAREA if it extends onto the
next page), box, or button.

NOTE: If you have a text input field selected you will not
have access to most of the Lynx keystroke commands, because they are
interpreted by the Line Editor as either text entries or editing commands. Select a
button or box when you want to use Lynx keystrokes.

To submit the form press
right-arrow or Return when positioned on the form's
submit button. If you've submitted the form previously during the Lynx
session, have not changed any of the form content, and the METHOD was
GET, Lynx will retrieve from its cache what was returned from the
previous submission. If you wish to resubmit that form to the server with
the same content as previously, use the RESUBMIT command ('x') when
positioned on the submit button. The right-arrow and Return
keys also will invoke a no-cache resubmission if the reply from a form
submission included a META element with a no-cache Pragma or Cache-Control
directive:<META HTTP-EQUIV="Pragma" CONTENT="no-cache"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Cache-Control" CONTENT="no-cache">
or the server sent a "Pragma" or "Cache-Control" MIME header with a
no-cache directive.

You also can use the DOWNLOAD ('d') keystroke command when
positioned on a form submit button if you wish to download the server's
reply to the submission instead of having Lynx render and display it.

Inlined images can be used as submit buttons in forms. If such
buttons are assigned NAMEs in the markup, for graphic clients they can
also serve as image maps, and the x,y coordinates of
the graphic client's cursor position in the image when it was
clicked are included in the form content. Since Lynx cannot
inline the image, and the user could not have moved a cursor from the
origin for the image, if no alternatives are made available in the
markup Lynx sends a 0,0 coordinate pair in the form content. Document
authors who use images as submit buttons, but have at least some concern
for text clients and sight-challenged Webizens, should include VALUEs for
the buttons in such markup. Lynx will then display the string assigned
to the VALUE, as it would for a normal submit button. Some document
authors incorrectly use an ALT instead of VALUE attribute for this purpose.
Lynx "cooperates" by treating ALT as a synonym for VALUE when present in
an INPUT tag with TYPE="image". If neither a VALUE nor an ALT attribute
is present, Lynx displays "[IMAGE]-Submit" as the string for such buttons.
If clickable images is set, the "[IMAGE]" portion of the string is a link
for the image, and the "Submit" portion is the button for submitting the
form. Otherwise, the entire string is treated as a submit button. If
a VALUE or ALT attribute is present and clickable images is set, Lynx
prepends "[IMAGE]" as a link for the image, followed by '-' and then
the attribute's value as the displayed string for the submit button.
Note that earlier versions of Lynx would send a name=value pair instead of
a 0,0 coordinate pair if a TYPE="image" submit button was NAME-ed, had a
VALUE attribute in the INPUT tag, and was used to submit the form. The
script which analyzes the form content thus could be made aware whether
the submission was by a user with a graphic client and had image loading
turned on, or by a user who did not see the image nor make a conscious
choice within it. However, requests that this be included in HTML
specifications consistently have fallen on deaf ears, and thus Lynx now
"fakes" a 0,0 coordinate pair whether or not a VALUE or ALT attribute is
present in the INPUT tag. Ideally, the script which analyzes the submitted
content will treat the 0,0 coordinate pair as an indicator that the user
did not see the image and make a conscious choice within it.

Forms can have hidden INPUT fields, which are not displayed,
but have NAMEs and VALUEs included in the content. These often are used
to keep track of information across a series of related form submissions,
but have the potential for including information about the user that might
be considered to represent an invasion of privacy. NOTE, in this regard,
that Lynx has implemented the *HTML 3.0DISABLED attribute for all of its form fields. These
can be used to keep track of information across submissions, and to cast
it unmodifiable in the current form, but keep the user aware that it will
be included in the submission.

Forms most commonly are submitted to http servers with the content encoded
as ENCTYPE="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" for analysis by a
script, and Lynx treats that as the default if no ENCTYPE is specified in the
FORM start tag. However, you can specify a mailto URL as the form's ACTION to
have the form content sent, instead, to an email address. In such cases, you
may wish to specify ENCTYPE="text/plain" in the form markup, so that
the content will not be encoded, but remain readable as plain text.

Lynx also supports ENCTYPE="application/sgml-form-urlencoded"
for which all reserved characters in the content will be hex escaped, as
with application/x-www-form-urlencoded, but semicolons
(';') instead of ampersands ('&') will be used as
the separator for name=value pairs in the form content. The use of
semicolons is preferred for forms with the GET METHOD, because
the GET METHOD causes the encoded form content to be appended
as a ?searchpart for the form's ACTION, and if such URLs are used
in text/html documents or bookmark files without conversion
of the ampersands to SGML character references (&amp; or
&#38;), their being followed by form field NAMEs which might
correspond to SGML entities could lead to corruption of the intended URL.

NOTE, in this regard, that Lynx converts ampersands to &amp;
when creating bookmarks, and thus the bookmark links will not be vulnerable
to such corruptions. Also NOTE that Lynx allows you to save links in your
bookmark file for documents returned by forms with the GET METHOD,
and which thus have the content appended as a ?searchpart, but not
if the METHOD was POST, because the content would be lost and the
link thus would be invalid.

Lynx supports ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data" for sending form
content with name=value pairs encoded as multipart sections with individual
MIME headers and boundaries. However, Lynx does not yet support INPUTs
with TYPE="file" or TYPE="range" and
will set the DISABLED attribute for all of the form's fields if
any INPUTs with either of those two TYPEs are present, so that the form
can't be submitted. Otherwise, Lynx will submit the form with the multipart
ENCTYPE.

A Content-Disposition: file; filename=name.suffix
header can be used by CGI scripts to set the suggested filename offered
by Lynx for 'd'ownload and 'p'rint menu options to save
or mail the body returned by the script following submission of a FORM.
Otherwise, Lynx uses the last symbolic element in the path for the FORM's
ACTION, which is normally the script, itself, or a PATH_INFO field, and
thus might be misleading. This also can be done via a META element in
any document:
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Disposition"CONTENT="file; filename=name.suffix">
[ToC]

HTML includes markup for creating tables structured as arrays of
cells aligned by columns and rows on the displayed page.

Lynx recognizes the TABLE element and all of its associated elements
as described in *ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1942.txt
and will process any ID attributes in the start tags for handling as NAME-ed
anchors, but does not create actual tables. Instead, it treats
the TR start tag as a collapsible BR (line break), and inserts a collapsible
space before the content of each TH and TD start tag. This generally makes
all of the content of the table readable, preserves most of the
intra-cell organization, and makes all of the links in the table
accessible, but any information critically dependent on the column and row
alignments intended for the table will be missed.

If inherently tabular data must be presented with Lynx, one can use PRE
formatted content, or, if the table includes markup not allowed
for PRE content, construct the table using HTML Tabs. An example table using TAB
elements is included in the test subdirectory of the Lynx distribution.
[ToC]

Lynx implements the *HTML 3.0
TAB element only when LEFT alignment is in effect. If the alignment is
CENTER or RIGHT (JUSTIFY is not yet implemented in Lynx, and is treated
as a synonym for LEFT), or if the TAB element indicates a position to the
left of the current position on the screen, it is treated as a collapsible
space. For purposes of implementing TAB, Lynx treats en units as
half a character cell width when specified by the INDENT attribute, and
rounds up for odd values (e.g., a value of either 5 or 6 will be treated
as three spaces, each the width of a character cell). See the example
table using TAB elements in the test subdirectory of the Lynx
distribution as a model for using this functionality.

Note that this Users Guide and the Supported URLs page include TAB markup in
a manner which degrades gracefully for WWW browsers which do not
support it. Toggle to display of source and search for <tab to examine the use of TAB markup
in these documents. [ToC]

Some implementations of HTML include markup, primarily designed for graphic
clients, that is intended to create an array of simultaneously displayed,
independently scrolling windows. Such windows have been termed
frames.

Lynx recognizes the Netscape and MicroSoft Explorer FRAME, FRAMESET,
and NOFRAMES elements, but is not capable of windowing to create the
intended positioning of frames. Instead, Lynx creates labeled
links to the frame sources, typically positioned in the upper
left corner of the display, and renders the NOFRAMES section. If the
document provider has disregard for text clients and sight-challenged
Webizens, and thus does not include substantive content in the NOFRAMES
section or a link in it to a document suitable for text clients, you
can usually guess from the labeling of the frame links which
one has the substantive material (if there is any), or you can try each
of those links to see if anything worthwhile is returned.
[ToC]

Some implementations of HTML markup include provisions for creating a
non-scrolling window to be positioned at the top of each page, containing
links with brief, descriptive link names, analogous to a Windows toolbar.
Such windows have been termed banners.

Lynx recognizes and processes all of the *HTML 3.0
REL attribute tokens in LINK elements for creating a banner, and
a number of others which have subsequently been proposed. These
banner tokens are Home, ToC, Contents,
Index, Glossary, Copyright, Up,
Next, Previous, Prev, Help,
Search, Top, Origin, Navigator,
Child, Disclaimer, Sibling, Parent,
Author, Editor, Publisher, Trademark,
Meta, URC, Hotlist, Begin,
First, End, Last, Pointer,
Translation, Definition, Chapter,
Documentation, Biblioentry, Bibliography,
Bookmark and Banner. Any LINK elements with those
tokens as the REL attribute value, and an HREF attribute value in the LINK,
will invoke creation of a banner at the top of the first page,
with the element's HREF as the link, and the token as the default link
name. If a TITLE attribute is included in the LINK, it's value will be
used as the link name instead of the default. Bookmark and
Banner are intended to be accompanied by a TITLE attribute,
which in effect makes the namespace for REL banner tokens
infinite.

If the special token Help is used as the REL value and no HREF
is included in the LINK, Lynx will use it own HELPFILE URL for that
link. For the special token Home without an HREF, Lynx will use
the default STARTFILE (i.e., derived from the configuration files
or the WWW_HOME environment variable, not the command line
startfile if one was used). However, if a -homepage=URL
was specified on the command line, it's URL will be used as the HREF.
For the special token Index without an HREF, Lynx will use the
DEFAULT_INDEX_FILE derived from the configuration files, or if an
-index=URL was specified on the command line, it's URL will be used
as the HREF.

Lynx does not waste screen real estate maintaining the banner at
the top of every page, but the Lynx TOOLBAR keystroke command ('#')
will, any time it is pressed, position you on the banner so that
any of its links can be activated, and pressing the left-arrow when
in the banner will return you to where you were in the current
document. The toolbar is indicated by a '#" preceding its first
link when present on the screen, that is, when the first page of the
document is being displayed. The availability of a toolbar is indicated by
a '#' at the top, left-hand corner of the screen when the second
or subsequent pages of the document are being displayed.

Lynx also recognizes the *HTML 3.0
BANNER container element, and will create a banner based on its
content if one has not already been created based on LINK elements. Lynx
treats the MicroSoft MARQUEE element as a synonym for BANNER (i.e.,
presenting it's markup as a static banner, without any horizontal
scrolling of its content). Lynx does not prefix the BANNER or MARQUEE
content with a '#' because the content need not be only a series
of links with brief, descriptive links names, but does add a '#'
at the top, left-hand corner of the screen when the content is not being
displayed, to indicate it's accessibility via the TOOLBAR keystroke command.
[ToC]

Lynx implements the *HTML 3.0
FN element similarly to a named Anchor within the current document,
and assumes that the footnotes will be positioned at the bottom of the
document. However, in contrast to named Anchors, the FN container
element is treated as a block (i.e., as if a new paragraph were indicated
whether or not that is indicated in its content) with greater than normal
left and right margins, and the block will begin with a FOOTNOTE:
label. For example, if the document contains:See the <A
HREF="#fn1">footnote</A>.
activating that link will take you to the labeled rendering of:

i.e., position it at the top of the page. Then, upon reading the footnote,
you can return to your previous position in the document by pressing the
left-arrow key. The content of an FN element can be any HTML
markup that is valid in the BODY of the document.
[ToC]

Lynx implements the *HTML 3.0
NOTE element (Admonishment) as a labeled block, i.e., as if a new
paragraph were indicated whether or not paragraphing markup is included
in its content, with greater than normal left and right margins, and with
the type of note indicated by an emphasized label based on the value of its
CLASS or ROLE attribute. If no CLASS or ROLE attribute is included, the
default label NOTE: will be used. Lynx recognizes the values
caution and warning, for which, respectively, the labels
CAUTION: or WARNING: will be used. The NOTE element can
have an ID attribute, which will be treated as a named Anchor, as
for HTML Footnotes, but the NOTE block need not be placed
at the bottom of the document. The content of a NOTE block can be any HTML
markup that is valid in the BODY of the document. This is an example:<NOTE CLASS="warning" ID="too-bad"><p>The W3C vendors did not retain
NOTE in the HTML 3.2 draft.</p></NOTE>
It will degrade gracefully for WWW browsers which do not support
NOTE, except for recognition of the ID attribute as a named Anchor.
[ToC]

Lynx implements the *HTML 3.0
list elements UL (Unordered List), OL (Ordered List),
and DL (Definition List), and their associated attributes, and
elements (LH, LI, DT, and DD) for the most part as described in that
specification. The lists can be nested, yielding progressively greater
indentation, up to six levels. The *HTML 2.0 MENU and DIR elements both are treated as synonyms
for UL with the PLAIN attribute (no bullets, see below). Note,
thus, that neither DIR nor MENU yields a series of columns with 24-character
spacing. A single nesting index is maintained, so that different types of
List elements can be used for different levels within the nest. Also, the
*HTML 3.0
FIG, CAPTION and CREDIT elements are treated as valid within list blocks.
They will be rendered with indentation appropriate for the current nesting
depth, and the CAPTION or CREDIT elements will have a CAPTION: or
CREDIT: label beginning the first line of their content. The
content of any APPLET or OBJECT elements in the lists also will be indented
appropriately for the current nesting depth, but those will not invoke line
breaks unless indicated by their content, and it should not include markup
which is inappropriate within the list.

Lynx also supports the TYPE attribute for OL elements, which can have
values of 1 for Arabic numbers, I or i for
uppercase or lowercase Roman numerals, or A or a for
uppercase or lowercase letters, that increment for successive LI elements
in the list block. The CONTINUE attribute can be used to continue the
ordering from the preceding list block when the nesting depth is changed.

Lynx treats the OL attributes START and SEQNUM as synonyms for specifying
the ordering value for the first LI element in the block. The values should
be specified as Arabic numbers, but will be displayed as Arabic, Roman, or
alphabetical depending on the TYPE for the block. The values can range from
-29997 to the system's maximum positive integer for Arabic numbers.
For Roman numerals, they can range from 1 (I or i)
to 3000 (MMM or mmm.). For alphabetical orders,
the values can range from 1 (A or a) to
18278 (ZZZ or zzz). If the CONTINUE attribute is
used, you do not need to specify a START or SEQNUM attribute to extend the
ordering from a previous block, and you can include a TYPE attribute to
change among Arabic, Roman, or alphabetical ordering styles, or their casing,
without disrupting the sequence. If you do not include a START, SEQNUM or
CONTINUE attribute, the first LI element of each OL block will default to
1, and if you do not include a TYPE attribute, Lynx defaults to
Arabic numbers.

For UL blocks without the PLAIN attribute, Lynx uses *,
+, o, #, @ and - as
bullets to indicate, progressively, the depth within the six
nesting levels.

Lynx treats UL, OL, DIR, and MENU blocks as having the COMPACT attribute
by default, i.e., single spaces between LH and LI elements within those
blocks. For DL blocks, double spacing will be used to separate the DT and
DD elements unless the COMPACT attribute has been specified.
[ToC]

The *HTML 3.0 and
later specifications provide for two classes of quotation in HTML documents.
Block quotes, designated by the BLOCKQUOTE element (or it's abbreviated
synonym BQ in HTML 3.0), have implied paragraph breaks preceding and following
the start and end tags for the block. Character level quotes, designated by
the Q element, in contrast are simply directives in the markup to insert an
appropriate quotation mark.

Lynx renders block quotes with a greater than normal left and right
indentation. Lynx does not support italics, and normally substitutes
underlining, but does not underline block quotes so as not to obscure any
explicit emphasis elements within the quotation. The BLOCKQUOTE or BQ
block can include a CREDIT container element, whose content will be rendered
as an implied new paragraph with a CREDIT: label at the beginning of
its first line.

Lynx respects nested Q start and end tags, and will use ASCII double-quotes
(") versus grave accent (`) and apostrophe
('), respectively, for even versus odd depths in the nest.

Any ID attributes in BLOCKQUOTE, BQ or Q elements will be treated as
named Anchors. [ToC]

HTML includes markup, designed primarily for graphic clients, that treats
inlined images as maps, such that areas of the image within which a mouse
cursor was positioned when the mouse was clicked can correspond
to URLs which should be retrieved. The original implementations
were based on the client sending an http server the x,y coordinates
associated with the click, for handling by a script invoked by
the server, and have been termed server-side-image-maps. Lynx
has no rational way of coping with such a procedure, and thus simply
sends a 0,0 coordinate pair, which some server scripts treat as an
instruction to return a document suitable for a text client.

Newer HTML markup provides bases for the client to determine the
URLs associated with areas in the image map, and/or for a text client
to process alternative markup and allow the user to make choices based
on textual information. These have been termed
client-side-image-maps.

Lynx recognizes and processes the MAP container element and its AREA
elements, and will create a menu of links for the HREF of each AREA when
the link created for the IMG element with a USEMAP attribute is activated.
The menu uses the ALT attributes of the AREA elements as the link names,
or, if the document's author has disregard for text clients and
sight-challenged Webizens, and thus did not include ALT attributes, Lynx
uses the resolved URLs pointed to by the HREF attributes as the link names.
Lynx uses the TITLE attribute of the IMG element, or the TITLE attribute of
the MAP, if either was present in the markup, as the title and main header
of the menu. Otherwise, it uses the ALT attribute of the IMG element. If
neither TITLE nor ALT attributes were present in the markup, Lynx creates
and uses a [USEMAP] pseudo-ALT. The MAPs need not be in the same
document as the IMG elements. If not in the same document, Lynx will fetch
the document which contains the referenced MAP, and locate it based on
its NAME or ID attribute. All MAPs encountered in documents during a
Lynx session are cached, so that they need not be retrieved repeatedly
when referenced in different documents.

If the IMG element also indicates a server-side-image-map
via an ISMAP attribute, Lynx will create a link for that as well, rather
than ignoring it, and will submit a 0,0 coordinate pair if that link is
activated. However, the client-side-image-map is much more
useful for a client such as Lynx, because all of the URLs associated
with the image map can be accessed, and their nature indicated via ALT
attributes.

Lynx also recognizes the *HTML 3.0
FIG and OVERLAY elements, and will handle them as intended for text clients.
These are the ideal way to handle client-side-image-maps, because
the FIG content provides complete alternative markup, rather than relying
on the client to construct a relatively meager list of links with link
names based on ALT strings.

The presently experimental OBJECT element encompasses much of the
functionality of the FIG element for client-side-image-maps.
Lynx will render and display the content of OBJECT elements which have
the SHAPES attribute equivalently to its handling of FIG. Lynx also
handles OBJECT elements with the USEMAP and/or ISMAP attributes
equivalently to its handling of IMG elements with
client-side-image-maps and/or server-side-image-maps.
[ToC]

HTML includes provision for passing instructions to clients via directives
in META elements, and one such instruction, via the token Refresh,
should invoke reloading of the document, fetched from a server with the
same URL or a new URL, at a specified number of seconds following receipt
of the current document. This procedure has been termed
client-side-pull. An example of such an element is:<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="3;
URL="http://host/path">
which instructs a client to fetch the indicated URL in 3 seconds after
receiving the current document. If the URL= field is omitted,
the URL defaults to that of the current document. A no-cache
directive is implied when the Refresh if for the same URL.

Lynx recognizes and processes Refresh directives in META
elements, but puts up a labeled link, typically in the upper left corner
of the display, indicating the number of seconds intended before a
refresh, and the URL for the refresh, instead of making the request
automatically after the indicated number of seconds. This allows
people using a braille interface any amount of time to examine the
current document before activating the link for the next URL. In
general, if the number of seconds indicated is short, the timing
is not critical and you can activate the link whenever you like.
If it is long (e.g., 60 seconds), a server process may be generating
new documents or images at that interval, and you would be wasting
bandwidth by activating the link at a shorter interval.
[ToC]

HTTP provides a means to carry state information across successive
connections between a browser and an http server. Normally, http servers
respond to each browser request without relating that request to previous
or subsequent requests. Though the inclusion of INPUT fields with
TYPE="hidden" can be used as a sort of state management by HTML Forms, a more general approach involves exchanges of MIME
headers between the server and browser. When replying to a request,
the server can send a Set-Cookie MIME header which contains
information (cookies) relevant to the browser's request, and in
subsequent requests the browser can send a Cookie MIME header
with information derived from previously received cookies.

State Management via cookie exchanges originally was implemented by
Netscape, and such cookies are now designated as Version 0. A
more elaborate format for cookies, designated as Version 1, is
being standardized by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Lynx
supports both Version 0 and Version 1 cookie exchanges.
This support can be disabled by default via the SET_COOKIES symbol in the
compilation (userdefs.h) and/or run time (lynx.cfg)
configuration files, and that default setting can be toggled via the
-cookies command line switch.

When cookie support is enabled, Set-Cookie MIME headers
received from an http server invoke confirmation prompts with possible
replies of 'Y'es or 'N'o for acceptance of the cookie,
'A'lways to accept the cookie and to allow all subsequent
cookies from that domain (server's Fully Qualified Domain Name,
or site-identifying portion of the FQDN) without further confirmation
prompts, or ne'V'er to never allow cookies from that
domain to be accepted (silently ignore its Set-Cookie
MIME headers). All unexpired cookies are held in a hypothetical
Cookie Jar which can be examined via the COOKIE_JAR keystroke
command, normally mapped to Ctrl-K, for invoking the Cookie Jar Page. The
Cookie Jar, and any 'A'lways or ne'V'er
'allow' settings, do not presently outlast the Lynx session.

A common use of cookies by http servers is simply to track the
documents visited by individual users. Though this can be useful to the
site's WebMaster for evaluating and improving the organization of links
in the various documents of the site, if the user has configured Lynx
to include a From MIME header with the user's email address in
http requests, or has passed personal information to the server via a
form submission, the tracking might be used to draw inferences, possibly
incorrect, about that user, and may be considered by some as an invasion
of privacy.

An example of worthwhile State Management via cookies is the setting
of personal preferences, typically via a form submission to the site,
which will then apply to all documents visited at that site.

If you accept cookies when accessing a site, but are given no indication
about how they will be used in subsequent requests to that site, nor can
infer how they will be used, you can Gobble (delete) the cookies
and/or change the 'allow' setting for its domain via the Cookie Jar Page.
[ToC]

A summary of the Lynx command line options (switches) is returned to
stdout if Lynx is invoked with the -help switch. A description
of the options also should be available via the system man (Unix) pages
or help (VMS) libraries. The basic syntax of the Lynx command line can
be represented as one of the following:

Command

lynx [options]

lynx [options] startfile

where

startfile

is the file or URL that Lynx will load at start-up.

If startfile is not specified, Lynx will use a default
starting file and base directory determined during
installation.

If a specified file is local (i.e., not a URL) Lynx
displays that file and uses the directory in which that
file resides as the base directory.

If a URL is specified, the file will be retrieved,
and only the server base directory will be relevant
to further accesses.

options

can be selected from the following list, where items in
all-caps indicate that a substitution must be made.

-

If the only argument is '-' (dash), then Lynx
expects to receive the arguments from stdin. This is to
allow for the potentially very long command line that can
be associated with the -get_data or
-post_data arguments (see below). On VMS, it
must be encased in double-quotes ("-") and the
keyboard input terminated with Control-Z or the
command file input terminated by a line that begins
with '$'.

-anonymous

used to specify the anonymous account.

-auth=ID:PW

id and password for protected pages.

-base

prepend a request URL comment and BASE tag to text/html
outputs for -source or -mime_header dumps.

-book

use the bookmark page as the startfile. The default or
command line startfile is still set for the Main screen
command, and will be used if the bookmark page is
unavailable or blank.

-buried_news

toggles scanning of news articles for buried references,
and converts them to news links. Not recommended because
email addresses enclosed in angle brackets will be
converted to false news links, and uuencoded messages can
be trashed.

-cache=NUMBER

set the NUMBER of documents cached in memory.
The default is 10.

-case

enable case-sensitive string searching.

-cfg=FILENAME

specifies a Lynx configuration file other than the default
lynx.cfg.

-child

exit on left-arrow in startfile, and disable save to disk.

-cookies

toggles handling of Set-Cookie headers.

-crawl

with -traversal, output each page to a file.
with -dump, format output as with
-traversal, but to stdout.

-display=DISPLAY

set the display variable for X rexe-ced programs.

-dump

dumps the formatted output of the default document
or one specified on the command line to standard out.
This can be used in the following way:lynx -dump http://www.w3.org/

-editor=EDITOR

enable edit mode using the specified
EDITOR. (vi, ed, emacs, etc.)

-emacskeys

enable emacs-like key movement.

-enable_scrollback

toggles behavior compatible with the scrollback keys in
some communications software (may be incompatible with
some curses packages).

-error_file=FILENAME

the status code from the HTTP request is placed in this
file.

-locexec

enable local program execution from local files only
(if lynx was compiled with local execution enabled).

-fileversions

include all versions of files in local VMS directory
listings.

-force_html

forces the first document to be interpreted as HTML.

-ftp

disable ftp access.

-get_data

properly formatted data for a get form are read in from
stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by a
line that starts with '---'.

-head

send a HEAD request for the mime headers.

-help

print this Lynx command syntax usage message.

-historical

toggles use of '>' or '-->' as a terminator for
comments.

-homepage=URL

set homepage separate from start page. Will be used
if a fetch of the start page fails or if it is a
script which does not return a document, and as the
URL for the 'm'ain menu command.

-image_links

toggles inclusion of links for all images.

-index=URL

set the default index file to the specified URL

-link=NUMBER

starting count for lnk#.dat files produced by
-crawl.

-localhost

disable URLs that point to remote hosts.

-mime_header

include mime headers and force source dump.

-minimal

toggles minimal versus valid comment parsing. When
minimal, any '-->' serves as a terminator for a
comment element. When valid, pairs of '--' are
treated as delimiters for series of comments within
the overall comment element. If historical is set,
that overrides minimal or valid comment parsing.

-newschunksize=NUMBER

number of articles in chunked news listings.

-newsmaxchunk=NUMBER

maximum news articles in listings before chunking.

-nobrowse

disable directory browsing.

-noexec

disable local program execution. (DEFAULT)

-nofilereferer

disable transmissions of Referer headers for file URLs.

-nofrom

disable transmissions of From headers.

-nolist

disable the link list feature in dumps.

-nolog

disable mailing of error messages to document owners.

-nopause

disable forced pauses for statusline messages.

-noprint

disable print functions.

-noredir

don't follow URL redirections

-noreferer

disable transmissions of Referer headers.

-nosocks

disable SOCKS proxy usage by a SOCKSified Lynx.

-nostatus

disable the retrieval status messages.

-number_links

force numbering of links.

-popup

toggles handling of single-choice SELECT options via
popup windows or as lists of radio buttons.

-post_data

properly formatted data for a post form are read in from
stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by a
line that starts with '---'.

-print

enable print functions. (default)

-pseudo_inlines

toggles pseudo-ALTs for inlines with no ALT string.

-raw

toggles default setting of 8-bit character translations
or CJK mode for the startup character set.

-realm

restricts access to URLs in the starting realm.

-reload

flushes the cache on a proxy server
(only the first document affected).

-restrictions

allows a list of services to be disabled
selectively and takes the following form:

lynx -restrictions=[option][,option][,option]...

This list is printed if no options are specified.

all

restricts all options.

bookmark

disallow changing the location of the bookmark
file.

bookmark_exec

disallow execution links via the bookmark file.

change_exec_perms

disallow changing the eXecute permission on
files (but still allow it for directories) when
local file management is enabled.

default

same as command line option -anonymous.
Disables default services for anonymous users.
Currently set to all restricted except for:
inside_telnet, outside_telnet, inside_news,
inside_ftp, outside_ftp, inside_rlogin,
outside_rlogin, jump, mail and goto. Defaults
are settable within userdefs.h.

dired_support

disallow local file management.

disk_save

disallow saving binary files to disk in the
download menu.

download

disallow downloaders in the download menu.

editor

disallow editing.

exec

disable execution scripts.

exec_frozen

disallow the user from changing the local
execution option.

file_url

disallow using G)oto, served links or bookmarks
for file: URLs.

goto

disable the 'g' (goto) command.

inside_ftp

disallow ftps for people coming from inside your
domain.

inside_news

disallow USENET news posting for people coming
from inside you domain.

inside_rlogin

disallow rlogins for people coming from inside
your domain.

inside_telnet

disallow telnets for people coming from inside
your domain.

jump

disable the 'j' (jump) command.

mail

disallow mailing feature.

multibook

disallow multiple bookmarks.

news_post

disallow USENET News posting.

options_save

disallow saving options in .lynxrc.

outside_ftp

disallow ftps for people coming from outside your
domain.

outside_news

disallow USENET news posting for people coming
from outside you domain.

outside_rlogin

disallow rlogins for people coming from outside
your domain.

outside_telnet

disallow telnets for people coming from
outside your domain.

print

disallow most print options.

shell

disallow shell escapes.

suspend

disallow Control-Z suspends with escape
to shell on Unix.

telnet_port

disallow specifying a port in telnet G)oto's.

useragent

disallow modifications of the User-Agent header.

-resubmit_posts

toggles forced resubmissions (no-cache) of forms with
method POST when the documents they returned are sought
with the PREV_DOC (left-arrow) command or from
the History Page.

-rlogin

disable recognition of rlogin commands.

-selective

require .www_browsable files to browse directories.

-show_cursor

If enabled the cursor will not be hidden in the right hand
corner but will instead be positioned at the start of the
currently selected link. Show cursor is the default for
systems without FANCY_CURSES capabilities. The default
configuration can be changed in userdefs.h or lynx.cfg.
The command line switch toggles the default.

-soft_dquotes

toggles emulation of the old Netscape and Mosaic bug which
treated '>' as a co-terminator for
double-quotes and tags.

-source

works the same as dump but outputs HTML source instead of
formatted text.

-startfile_ok

allow non-http startfile and homepage with
-validate.

-telnet

disable recognition of telnet commands.

-term=TERM

tell Lynx what terminal type to assume its talking to.
(This may be useful for remote execution, when, for
example, Lynx connects to a remote TCP/IP port that starts
a script that, in turn, starts another Lynx process.)

-trace

turns on WWW trace mode.

-traversal

traverse all http links derived from startfile. When
used with -crawl, each link that begins with the
same string as startfile is output to a file, intended for
indexing. See CRAWL.announce for more information.

Lynx grew out of efforts to build a campus-wide information system
at The University of Kansas. The earliest versions of Lynx provided a
user-friendly, distributed hypertext interface for users connected to
multiuser (Unix and VMS) systems via curses-oriented display devices.
A custom hypertext format was developed to support hypertext links to
local files and files on remote Gopher servers. Using Gopher servers
for distributed file service allowed information providers to publish
information from a wide variety of platforms (including Unix, VMS,
VM/CMS and Macintosh). In addition, Lynx became the most user-friendly
Gopher client, although that was only an ancillary capability.

This distributed approach let providers retain complete control
over their information, but it made communication between users
and providers somewhat more difficult. Following the lead of Neal
Erdwien, of Kansas State University, the Lynx hypertext format was
extended to include links for including ownership information with
each file. This information made it possible for users running
Lynx clients to send comments and suggestions via e-mail to the
providers.

This early version of Lynx was also augmented to support hypertext
links to programs running on remote systems. It included the ability
to open a Telnet connection, as well as the ability to start programs
via rexec, inetd, or by direct socket connects. These capabilities were
included to allow users to access databases or custom program interfaces.

A subsequent version of Lynx incorporated the World Wide Web libraries
to allow access to the full list of WWW servers, along with the option to
build hypertext documents in HTML, rather than the native Lynx format.
HTML has become far more widely used, and the native format has been phased
out. With the addition of the WWW libraries, Lynx became a fully-featured
WWW client, limited only by the display capabilities offered in the curses
environment.

Lynx was designed by Lou Montulli, Charles Rezac and Michael Grobe
of Academic Computing Services at The University of Kansas. Lynx was
implemented by Lou Montulli and maintained by Garrett Arch Blythe and
Craig Lavender.

Foteos Macrides and members of the
lynx-dev list have
developed and supported Lynx since release of v2.3 in May 1994. The
Lynx2-3FM code set was released as v2.4 in June 1995. The Lynx2-4FM
code set was released as v2.5 in May 1996. The Lynx2-5FM code set was
released as v2.6 in September 1996. The Lynx2-6FM code set was released
as v2.7 in February 1997.

Lynx has incorporated code from a variety of sources along the
way. The earliest versions of Lynx included code from Earl Fogel
of Computing Services at the University of Saskatchewan, who
implemented HYPERREZ in the Unix environment. Those versions also
incorporated libraries from the Unix Gopher clients developed at
the University of Minnesota, and the later versions of Lynx rely
on the WWW client library code developed by Tim Berners-Lee (and
others) and the WWW community.

Information on obtaining the most current version of Lynx is available
via *Lynx links.