The context of this discussion is not just the rise of groups such UKIP in Britain, the Front National in France, the Sweden Democrats, but also the panic about it within mainstream circles. And if there is one point I want to make, it is that the panic can be as dangerous as populism itself.

In one sense, the problem with the debate about populism is that there is both too much panic and not enough. The roots of the current panic lie in the electoral threat that populist parties, and in particular their views on immigration, pose to the mainstream. But it’s a shallow kind of panic, because what it expresses is fear of what politicians and commentators see on the surface, rather than of what truly lies below. As a result what we should truly worry about, and engage with, are all too often ignored.

Populism is one of those terms easier to use than to define. What populism means today is different from what populism meant a century ago. And across Europe, populist parties vary greatly today, ranging from organizations of the far right to those of the far left, from nationalist movements to conspiracy theorists. What defines a populist party today is not so much what it is as what it is not. It is not part of the mainstream. Not part of the establishment. Outside the liberal consensus. And it is for what they are not that populist parties garner support. What attracts people to the populists is not simply the policies but also the attitude, the sense of ‘sod them all’.

At the heart of populism, of whatever kind, is disengagement with traditional politics, a disconnect between the public and the political class. The consequence of disengagement is rising support for parties that self-consciously place themselves outside the political mainstream, that often promote themselves as anti-politics.

But what is its cause? The panicky answer is immigration. Anxieties about the impact of immigration, so the argument runs, has lead people to distrust and reject the mainstream parties and policies. And the panicky response has been to ramp up the anti-immigration rhetoric. To imagine that such policies as refusing to fund rescue missions for drowning migrants in the Mediterranean are necessary to win back disgruntled voters. Not only does this demean the public’s moral sense, it also gets cause and effect back to front. It is not fear of immigration that has led to political disengagement. Rather it is that political disengagement has come to be expressed through fear of immigration.

The background to disengagement is the transformation of politics in recent decades, the erasure of the broad ideological divides that once characterized politics. In this post-ideological age, politics has been turned into a question more of technocratic management rather than of social transformation. One way in which people have felt this change is as a crisis of political representation, as a growing sense of being denied a voice, a sense that has been most acute within the traditional working class. Economic and social changes – the decline of manufacturing industry, the crumbling of the welfare state, the coming of austerity, the atomization of society, the growth of inequality – have combined with political shifts – the erosion of trade union power, the decline of traditional social movements, the transformation of social democratic parties, and so on – both to undermine the old sense of identity and solidarity and to create in certain sections of the electorate a sense of political isolation and abandonment.

The key factors driving these changes have been economic and political. But many have come to see their marginalization primarily as a cultural loss. The same social and economic changes that have led to the marginalization of sections of the electorate have also made it far more difficult to view that marginalization in political terms. As the politics of ideology has given way to the politics of identity, as people have become disenchanted with politics, so culture has become more important as a lens through which to make sense of society and social relations.

And as economic and political change has come to be perceived as cultural loss, so those regarded as culturally different have come to be viewed as threats. Hence the growing hostility to immigration. Immigration has become the means through which many sections of the electorate perceive their sense of loss of social status. It has become both a catch-all explanation for unacceptable social change and a symbol of the failure of the liberal elite to understand the views of voters.

This takes us back to the issue of panic. In panicking about immigration, mainstream politicians are dealing merely with the expression of the problem. And in furthering anti-immigration rhetoric they are deepening the underlying problem, confirming the belief that the populists were right all along, increasing cynicism about mainstream politicians. And since immigration has not been primarily responsible for the ‘left behind’ being left behind, targeting immigration will do nothing to assuage the sense of marginalization and voicelessness that many feel. Indeed, by stoking new fears about immigration, it merely deepens the sense of grievance. That is why the panic is as bad as the problem. That is also why it is a shallow kind of panic, one that ignores the real problem.

So, how to challenge populism? How to win the debate on immigration? There is no easy answer – part of the problem is the pretence that there is one. The pretence by mainstream politicians that by adopting populist rhetoric and policies, somehow the populists can be stopped. The reality is that such easy answers only furthers the populist cause.

So, let me finish by making four broad points. First, we should be wary about how we use the term ‘populist’. It may be a useful term if used carefully, but can also become a means of deligitimising certain viewpoints and certain sections of the electorate. It can become, in other words, a means of defending the elite view against the masses.

Second, we need to stop being so obsessed populist parties themselves, and start dealing with the issues that lead many voters to support them. Obsessing about populist parties and politicians only feeds the myth that they have the answers to our problems.

Third, not being obsessed with populist parties does not mean not engaging with voters’ concerns. But engaging with concerns does not mean caving into reactionary arguments or pandering to prejudices. It means, to the contrary, challenging them openly and robustly; challenging the idea, for instance, that immigration is responsible for the lack of jobs, or that lower immigration would mean a lower crime rate, or that Muslims constitute a social problem. It means also challenging mainstream rhetoric on these issues. It is the anti-immigration rhetoric and policies of the mainstream parties that make people receptive to the anti-immigration rhetoric of the populists.

Finally, the immigration debate cannot be won simply by debating immigration. Anxieties about immigration are an expression of a wider sense of political voicelessness, abandonment and disengagement. Until that underlying political problem is tackled, there can be no proper challenge to the populists.

The book European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate is published by the European Liberal Forum and Fores, and available free online from both organisations.

The images are details form Edvard Munch’s ‘The Scream’ and the poster of the Wes Craven film, ‘Scream 4’.

4 comments

In the USA there’s no panic, just the cool, calm realization that solving Mexico’s economic and population problems are not our responsibility. Further more, working civilizations, countries, nations and states’ first order of business is safety and security for their citizens. Rescue, welfare and opening borders is some where further down the list of “responsibilities” and does not illustrate racism but does support common sense and a real commitment to one’s own core concern. A family doesn’t need to adopt children at the expense of their own kids; quite the opposite. Ensuring the success, integrity and security of one’s own is the first order of priority.

Yes, I agree that immigration is a wrong enemy if we want to understand the phenomenon at large. But then, what is the real – acceptable and (liberally) legitimate – cause for the aforementioned social and economic problems and challenges? I regard immigration not as a separate or detached issue – neither as the only cause of problems nor as a great solution to them – but a necessary and integral part of these “global” or “post-something” negative phenomena. (I’m not saying there are no positive effects)

Politics which is detached from the “left behind” needs immigration, desperately – it is fed, amongst other things, by immigration. Economy that is global and borderless requires cheap labour – immigration and specifically a right kind of immigration. Elites and middle classes need new under classes to retain and strengthen their position, both pragmatically and ideologically. Furthermore, the contest within societies and between them – dictated and demanded by markets, neoliberalist policies and “efficient” states – is very much kept alive and kicking with the help of compliant and resilient immigrants. In traditional welfare states (like here in Finland), the state is practically giving benefits to many firms because the money they pay for their immigrant workers is a way below the national social standard – people get too little salary to live here. If you criticise this, are you criticising immigration or market economy or just poor terms and conditions of employment within the cleaning branch (for instance)?

Hence, if immigration is not a good explanation, what is? What is the root cause that dissenting politicians and citizens are allowed to point at? Global capitalism or what?

I often very much like your analyses. But sometimes I’m a bit baffled – what comes after the critique? What is your alternative, what do you suggest? I understand that you oppose multiculturalism as a directive ideology but again, it is only one element of the whole issue. Even if we didn’t have multiculturalism, many of its problems would remain. Even if we didn’t have “populists” who blame immigration, we would have these problems. They are not here accidentally, they have been made, systematically or otherwise.

The transformation of societies and states is a multidimensional and complex matter to discuss and analyse, but one has to start somewhere. Immigration is a relevant part of this complex – even if it’s not the main part, nor a cause, it needs serious examination, both within the national and global frameworks. It’s a pity if “populists” are the only ones to do that.