Abstract:
Action needed urgently to ensure public and market confidence in safety

EPA Foregoes Opportunity to Improve Nanotechnology Oversight

Washington, DC | Posted on July 12th, 2007

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released its current thinking on whether a nanoscale material is a new or existing chemical substance under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). In the document, TSCA Inventory Status of Nanoscale Substances-General Approach, EPA states that it will maintain its practice of determining whether nanoscale substances qualify as new chemicals under TSCA on a case-by-case basis.

According to former EPA official and Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) senior advisor J. Clarence Davies, The agencys current practice is inadequate to deal with nanotechnology. It is essential that EPA move quickly to recognize the novel biological and ecological characteristics of nanoscale materials. It can do this only by using the new uses provisions of TSCA, a subject not mentioned in the EPAs inventory document. With the approach outlined by EPA and because of the weaknesses in the law, the agency is not even able to identify which substances are nanomaterials, much less determine whether they pose a hazard.

Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies science advisor Andrew Maynard underlined that EPAs approach ignores the scientific research evidence to date that different nanostructures with the same molecular identity present different hazards. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing sector of the economy that will represent an estimated $2.6 trillion in manufactured goods by 2014, or about 15 percent of global manufactured goods output.

In addition to the TSCA document, the agency issued papers for public comment pertaining to a proposed voluntary industry Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program (NMSP)-an effort to encourage industry to provide the agency on a voluntary basis with scientific information about the risk management practices now used by manufacturers of existing nanomaterials.

Starting the Stewardship program will be a positive step toward filling in some of the information gaps facing the agency. But there should be an interplay between modifying TSCA, such as promulgating a significant new use rule for nanomaterials, and the voluntary program. A sequential approach will leave nanomaterials unregulated for far too long, and will also be less productive than if the two efforts proceed in tandem, said Davies.

This voluntary program for nanomaterials is already behind schedule. The British government put in place a Voluntary Reporting Scheme in September 2006, and appears to be on a faster track to develop appropriate controls and to give a predictable nanotechnology regulatory environment for industry and consumers, he continued.

The first generation of nanotechnology applications and products is here. In an inventory maintained by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, there are now over 500 manufacturer-identified nanotechnology consumer products being sold, said Dr. Maynard; see: http://www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts . This figure does not include nanotechnology products on the market but not identified as such, or the hundreds of nano raw materials, intermediate components, and industrial equipment items used by manufacturers today. In addition, second generation uses-in electronics, sensors, targeted drugs and active nanostructures-have already begun.

In May 2007, Davies authored the first in-depth analysis of EPAs nano-tech readiness, EPA and Nanotechnology: Oversight for the 21st Century. This Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies report is available at http://www.nanotechproject.org/124/ .

The report recommends more than 25 actions that need to be taken-by EPA, Congress, the President, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, and the nanotech industry-to improve the oversight of nanotechnologies.

In an opinion piece published in the Boston Globe on Saturday (July 7, 2007), Davies and EPAs first administrator William Ruckelshaus wrote, Todays smallest materials pose a big opportunity and huge challenge for the Environmental Protection Agency.But what do we know about nanotechnology, about its effects on human health and the environment? Not much. What are we doing to get these answers? Not enough. Can the existing regulatory system protect the public from potential problems with nanotechnology? Not adequately. It is time for the EPA to step into the breach and develop a research and regulatory framework for nanotechnology that helps us achieve its promise while avoiding or greatly minimizing any possible dangers. See:http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/07/07/an_epa_for_the_21st_century/

About Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the ability to measure, see, manipulate and manufacture things usually between 1 and 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter; a human hair is roughly 100,000 nanometers wide.

J. Clarence (Terry) Davies is a senior advisor at the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies and Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future. Dr. Davies served during the administration of the first President Bush as Assistant Administrator for Policy, Planning and Evaluation at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Earlier, as a senior staff member at the Council on Environmental Quality, he wrote the original version of what became the Toxic Substances Control Act. In 1970, he co-authored the plan that created EPA.

William D. Ruckelshaus, who served as the EPAs first administrator from 1970-1973 and again from 1983-1985, is chairman of the Partnership for Puget Sound.

Andrew Maynard serves as the science advisor to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. He is an internationally recognized expert on nanotechnology environmental, safety and health risks. His Ph.D. is from Cambridge University (UK).

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About The Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesThe Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies is an initiative launched by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and The Pew Charitable Trusts in 2005. It is dedicated to helping business, government and the public anticipate and manage possible health and environmental implications of nanotechnology. For more information about the project, log on to http://www.nanotechproject.org .

The Pew Charitable Trusts (www.pewtrusts.org) is driven by the power of knowledge to solve todays most challenging problems. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public and stimulate civic life. We partner with a diverse range of donors, public and private organizations and concerned citizens who share our commitment to fact-based solutions and goal-driven investments to improve society.

The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (www.wilsoncenter.org) is the living, national memorial to President Wilson established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. It is a nonpartisan institution, supported by public and private funds and engaged in the study of national and international affairs.