Do Police Profile? Should They?

Does the New York Police Department profile for potential terrorists  meaning, does it stop, arrest, search, or otherwise investigate a person on the assumption that his racial or ethnic identity makes him more likely to commit a certain type of crime?

The NYPD, like every Western law enforcement agency, indignantly denies profiling. Its spokesman, Paul Browne, stated in August that “Racial profiling is illegal, of doubtful effectiveness, and against department policy.”

But it does, in fact, profile.

For proof, note evidence produced in the trial of Shahawar Matin Siraj, a 23-year-old illegal Pakistani immigrant, convicted on May 24 of planning to blow up the Herald Square subway station in New York City. The NYPD knew about his hatred for the United States and his predilection to violence only because it had intensively monitored city mosques.

Osama Eldawoody, a 50-year-old Egyptian immigrant, paid police informant, and the central witness against Siraj, explained under cross-examination how he had rooted about mosques in Brooklyn and Staten Island, making about 575 visits during 13 months in 2003-04. His instructions, he testified, were to keep “his eyes and ears open for any radical thing.” The detective running him, Stephen Andrews, confirmed under oath how Eldawoody “was supposed to be on the lookout for whatever was going on. His eyes and ears were to be open.”

Eldawoody wore a wire and took notes on such topics as the number of people who attended a religious service, the duration of the service, the imam’s name, an imam’s search to buy a house, and the license plate numbers of worshipers’ cars outside mosques. (Although Andrews testified that he eventually told Eldawoody to stop collecting these numbers, he did run them through a database.)

Likewise, an undercover Muslim NYPD detective of Bangladeshi origins, known pseudonymously as “Kamil Pasha,” testified in the Siraj case about having been sent to Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, to be a “walking camera” among Muslims living there, to “observe, be the ears and eyes.”

Significantly, the NYPD has no comparable program to surveil cathedrals, churches, chapels, synagogues, nor the religious buildings of Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Shintoists, animists, or anyone else.

Profiling worked brilliantly in this instance; Kamil Pasha had contact with Siraj 72 times. As, a result, Joseph Goldstein writes in the New York Sun, “Before police knew of a plot, the department already possessed detailed reports of Siraj’s political views and his often violent and inflammatory statements, which recorded his satisfaction at the loss of the space shuttle Columbia and his support for Osama bin Laden.”

Even after this information came out, NYPD spokesman Browne claimed his department “does not engage in profiling.”

When law enforcement lies, as it constantly does about profiling, public trust erodes. Profiling is an obviously useful tool, so the solution lies in passing laws to permit the police to do so overtly and legally.

On the very day of Siraj’s conviction, an intrepid Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, Dov Hikind, proposed such a law in the New York State Assembly. Bill A11536 would authorize law enforcement personnel “to consider race and ethnicity as one of many factors which could be used in identifying persons who can be initially stopped, questioned, frisked and/or searched.”

In a clever act of political jujitsu, Hikind notes that in Grutter v. Bollinger, a major case concerning affirmative action in college admissions, the US Supreme Court permitted making governmental decisions on the basis of race and ethnicity on two conditions: that doing so serves a “compelling governmental interest” and that these are not the only factors used in reaching decisions.

Hikind argues that preventing terrorist attacks “is an even more compelling governmental interest” than education, making it therefore acceptable to factor race and ethnicity into what he calls “terrorist profiling.” Former New York City police commissioner Howard Safir, columnist Clarence Page, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee all agree with Hikind.

So do I, but with a caveat: While permitting racial and ethnic externals to be factored into snap decisions is a clear common-sense imperative, the ultimate goal is to know a person’s world view. As I put it in 2004, “Islamism…prompts Islamist terrorism, not speaking Arabic.”

For now, however, the Hikind bill does a great public service by establishing the legitimacy of profiling. It needs urgently to be passed.

Daniel Pipes is director of the Middle East Forum and the author of several books, including Militant Islam Reaches America and In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (Transaction Publishers), from which this column derives. You may visit his website by clicking here and purchase his books by clicking here.

Daniel Pipes is director of the Middle East Forum and the author of several books, including Militant Islam Reaches America and In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (Transaction Publishers), from which this column derives.

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