1.
Essentialism
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Essentialism is the view that for any specific entity there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. In Western thought the concept is found in the work of Plato, Platonic idealism is the earliest known theory of how all things and concepts have an essential reality behind them, an essence that makes those things and concepts what they are. Aristotles Categories proposes that all objects are the objects they are by virtue of their substance and this view is contrasted with non-essentialism, which states that, for any given kind of entity, there are no specific traits which entities of that kind must possess. Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning, in gender studies, essentialism continues to be a matter of contention. French structuralist feminism was often accused of subscribing to an essentialism, an essence characterizes a substance or a form, in the sense of the Forms or Ideas in Platonic idealism. It is permanent, unalterable, and eternal, and present in every possible world, Classical humanism has an essentialist conception of the human being, which means that it believes in an eternal and unchangeable human nature. The idea of a human nature has been criticized by Kierkegaard, Marx, Heidegger, Sartre. In Platos philosophy, things were said to come into being in this world by the action of a demiurge who works to form chaos into ordered entities, many definitions of essence hark back to the ancient Greek hylomorphic understanding of the formation of the things of this world. According to that account, the structure and real existence of any thing can be understood by analogy to an artifact produced by a craftsman. The craftsman requires hyle and a model, plan or idea in his own mind according to which the wood is worked to give it the indicated contour or form, Aristotle was the first to use the terms hyle and morphe. According to his explanation, all entities have two aspects, matter and form and it is the particular form imposed that gives some matter its identity, its quiddity or whatness. Plato was one of the first essentialists, believing in the concept of ideal forms, Platos forms are regarded as patriarchs to essentialist dogma simply because they are a case of what is intrinsic and a-contextual of objects — the abstract properties that makes them what they are. For more on forms, read Platos parable of the cave, karl Popper splits the ambiguous term realism into essentialism and realism. He uses essentialism whenever he means the opposite of nominalism, Popper himself is a realist as opposed to an idealist, but a methodological nominalist as opposed to an essentialist. For example, statements like a puppy is a dog should be read from right to left, as an answer to What shall we call a young dog. Essentialism, in its broadest sense, is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of Essence, unlike Existentialism, which posits being as the fundamental reality, the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective. Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a universe whose components. Thus, for the scientist, reality is explored as a system of diverse entities

2.
Haecceity
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Haecceity is a persons or objects thisness, the individualising difference between the concept a man and the concept Socrates. Haecceity is a translation of the equivalent term in Aristotles Greek to ti esti or the what is. Charles Sanders Peirce later used the term as a reference to an individual. Haecceity may be defined in some dictionaries as simply the essence of a thing, however, such a definition deprives the term of its subtle distinctiveness and utility. While terms such as haecceity, quiddity, noumenon and hypokeimenon all evoke the essence of a thing, they each have subtle differences, haecceity thus enabled Scotus to find a middle ground in the debate over universals between Nominalism and Realism. Harold Garfinkel is the founder of ethnomethodology, and teacher of Harvey Sacks and he used the word haecceity in his seminal Studies in Ethnomethodology, to enhance the indexical inevitable character of any expression, behavior or situation. According to him, the display the social order they refer to within the settings of the situation they contribute to define. In his famous paper generally referred to as Parsons Plenum, Garfinkel used the term Haecceities to indicate the importance of the infinite contingencies in both situations and practices, Garfinkel was drawing on phenomenology and Edmund Husserl, logic and Bertrand Russell, and perception theory and Nelson Goodman. Phenomenology is the field of studying the phenomena as such, Gilles Deleuze uses the term to denote entities that exist on the Plane of Immanence. The usage was likely chosen in line with his concept of difference and individuation. Gerard Manley Hopkins drew on Scotus — whom he described as “of reality the rarest-veined unraveller” — to construct his theory of inscape. James Joyce made similar use of the concept of haecceitas to develop his idea of the secular epiphany, james Wood refers extensively to haecceitas in developing an argument about conspicuous detail in aesthetic literary criticism. E. Gilson, The Philosophy of the Middle Ages A. Heuser, The Shaping Vision of Gerald Manley Hopkins E. Longpre, duns Scotus Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. London and New York, Continuum,2004, vol.2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. ISBN Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, New York, Columbia University Press,1994. Harold Garfinkel, Evidence for Locally Produced, Naturally Accountable Phenomena of Order, Logic, Meaning, Method, etc

3.
Naomi Schor
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Naomi Schor was a noted literary critic and theorist. A pioneer of feminist theory for her generation, she is regarded as one of the foremost scholars of French literature, naomis younger sister is the artist and writer Mira Schor. At the time of her birth, Naomi Schors Polish-born parents Ilya, Ilya Schor was a painter, jeweler and artist of Judaica, and Resia Schor was a painter who later worked in silver and gold and mixed media on sculptural jewelry and Judaica. The Schors lived among a community of émigrés, among them musicians, intellectuals. Naomi Schor’s first language was French, and she went to the Lycée Français de New York where she received her Baccalauréat in 1961, the year, sadly. Schor received her B. A. in English Literature from Barnard College then received her PhD in French Literature from Yale, there Schor occasionally wrote her scholarly essays in French. Schor was one of the proponents of French psychoanalytic and deconstructive theory in American literary studies. An area of Schor’s expertise was the work of the feminist psychoanalytic theorist Luce Irigaray, with Carolyn Burke and Margaret Whitford, she edited Engaging with Irigaray, which included essays by Rosi Braidotti, Elizabeth Weed, and Judith Butler. With differences co-founder and co-editor Weed, Schor edited a number of books, including The Essential Difference in 1994. Reading in Detail, Aesthetics and the Feminine is considered one of Schor’s most influential books. Schor taught at Columbia, Brown where she held the Nancy Duke Lewis Chair from 1985 to 1989, Duke where she was the William Hanes Wannamaker Professor of Romance Studies Chair, at the time of her death Schor was the Benjamin F. Barge professor of French at Yale, Naomi Schor’s papers are part of the Pembroke Center Archives Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers collection, held at the John Hay Library at Brown University. At the time of her death she was married to R. Howard Bloch, Sterling Professor of French, a first marriage, to Breton poet Paol Keineg, ended in divorce. Bad Objects, Essays Popular and Unpopular, Duke University Press,1995, George Sand and Idealism, Gender and Culture Series, Columbia University Press,1993. Reading in Detail, Aesthetics and the Feminine, originally published by Methuen Press,1987, reissued by Taylor & Francis,2006, breaking the Chain, Women, Theory, and French Realist Fiction, Columbia University Press,1985. Zola’s Crowds, Johns Hopkins University Press,1978, decadent Subjects, The Idea of Decadence in Art, Literature, Philosophy and Culture of the Fin de Siècle in Europe, by Charles Bernheimer, eds. Jason Kline and Naomi Schor, Johns Hopkins University Press,2002, Queer Theory Meets Feminism, Indiana University Press,1997. Engaging with Irigaray, Columbia University Press,1994, the Essential Difference Naomi Schor and Elizabeth Weed, eds

Essentialism
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Essentialism is the view that for any specific entity there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. In Western thought the concept is found in the work of Plato, Platonic idealism is the earliest known theory of how all things and concepts have an essential reality behind them, an essence that makes those things and

1.
Paul Bloom attempts to explain why people will pay more in an auction for the clothing of celebrities if the clothing is unwashed. He believes the answer to this and many other questions is that people cannot help but think of objects as containing a sort of "essence" that can be influenced.

Haecceity
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Haecceity is a persons or objects thisness, the individualising difference between the concept a man and the concept Socrates. Haecceity is a translation of the equivalent term in Aristotles Greek to ti esti or the what is. Charles Sanders Peirce later used the term as a reference to an individual. Haecceity may be defined in some dictionaries as s

Naomi Schor
–
Naomi Schor was a noted literary critic and theorist. A pioneer of feminist theory for her generation, she is regarded as one of the foremost scholars of French literature, naomis younger sister is the artist and writer Mira Schor. At the time of her birth, Naomi Schors Polish-born parents Ilya, Ilya Schor was a painter, jeweler and artist of Judai