Lecture 6
The 12th century & Second Crusade, 1145-9
First Crusade- established bridgehead at Antioch, Syria, Jerusalem, Palestine
kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291), principality of Antioch (1098-1268), country of
Edessa (1098-1144), county of Tripoli (1102

Lecture 3
Over following century- writers in western Europe began to describe as "crozeia, croza,
crozada"- appropriation of Christanity's most numinous symbol as badge, banner, talism
followed from pope's conception of enterprise to liberate "Holy City o

Lecture 2
Paradox- Middle Age existed no single word for what is now known as Crusades
called different things, activities described through analogies, euphemism, metaphor,
journey, cross, business
let target & ideology be flexible- matched by concentrati

Discussion 3
The end of crusading
traditional terminal date for Crusades- loss of Acre in 1291
at least until outbreak of 100 Years' War in 1330s- recovery of Holy Land seemed viable
if difficult & expensive
appeal lingered
Chapter 4: the impact of the Cr

Discussion 2
w/drawal in early April- disease, fatigue, superior enemy
it just failed- Louis was captured w/ dysentary etc etc - in the end he remained in Holy
Land trying to rally forces again but it didn't work
Louis IX's new projected eastern expeditio

Discussion 1
Baldwin of Flanders- appointed & territorial annexation of Greek Empire begins- year
later- hopes of continuing crusade to Eygypt were abandoned
Latin empire of Constantinople lasted until 1261- western occupation of parts of Greece
for centu