3 Contemporary Industrialization (1915 - Present)China, Brazil, Parts of the Middle East, South Africa, Remainder of RussiaCarsLarge Household GoodsCommunication TechnologyWhy Great Britain? (Competing Theories)Cultural DeterminismEconomic DeterminismThe Atlantic WorldImpact of the Enlightenment:Society of the Arts in BritainThe Lunar Society (1765 - 1813)The Royal Institution in London (Founded 1799)Birmingham Philosophical Institution (Founded ca 1800)British Coffee-Houses (1700s)Geographic DeterminismCulture of EnlightenmentPurpose of the Royal Institution in London

"…diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life.”Adam Smith & CapitalismDo beliefs & attitudes matter in economic outcomes?The change from Mercantilism to Capitalism.Creation of joint stock companies (British East India Company) & stock markets.Allow people to invest their money more freely.Incentive for people to start businesses - entrepreneurial spirit.Political DeterminismGovernment PoliciesPatents & Property Rights1624 - First British Patent Laws

Diffusion of Knowledge - Patentees required to publish details of new inventions (patents were part of the public record), making them available for public study.Historian Joel Mokyr (Northwestern University) On Patents:"It seems that the main effect of the patent system on innovation was to goad potential inventors into believing that they, too, could make as much money as...James Watt. In point of fact, precious few ever did, but the expectation may have been enough for many."Cost of Taking Out British PatentPatent Fee - 100 Pounds.Travel ExpensesRoom & Board During Application Process (Several Weeks)France, Netherlands, Venice had all established patents by the mid-1600s.Number of scholarly periodicals published in all of Europe:1700 to 1710 - Avg of 21 per year1720s - Avg of 34 per year1740s- Avg of 77 per year1790s - Avg of 531 per year