Primordial fluctuations grow by gravitational instability: overdense
fluctuations expand linearly, at a retarded rate relative to the
Universe as a whole, until eventually they reach a maximum size and
collapse non-linearly to form an equilibrium (or `virialized') object
whose radius is approximately half the physical size of the
perturbation at maximum expansion. The theory of fluctuation growth is
lucidly explained by
Peebles (1980).

Although gravitational instability is now widely accepted as the primary
growth mechanism responsible for the formation of structure, it is only
very recently that firm empirical evidence for this process was
found. Gravitational instability causes inflow of material around overdense
regions. From the perspective of a distant observer, this flow gives rise
to a characteristic infall pattern which is, in principle, measurable in a
galaxy redshift survey by comparing the two-point galaxy correlation
function along and perpendicular to the line-of-sight. In this space, the
infall pattern resembles a butterfly
(Kaiser 1987).
This pattern has been clearly seen for the first time in the 2dFGRS
(Peacock et al. 2001)
(3)

After decades of debate, the values of the fundamental cosmological
parameters are finally being measured with some degree of precision. The
main reason for this is the accurate measurement of the acoustic peaks in
the CMB temperature anisotropy spectrum whose location, height and shape
depend on the values of the cosmological parameters. Some parameter
degeneracies exist but some of these can be broken using other data, for
example, the distant Type Ia supernovae or the 2dFGRS (eg.
Efstathiou et al. 2002).
The CMB data alone do not constrain the Hubble constant, but there
is a growing consensus from the HST key project
(Freedman et al. 2001),
and other methods, that its value, in units of 100 km s-1
Mpc,-1 is
h = 0.70±0.07. In addition to h and the other
parameters listed in
Table 1, the other important number in
studies of large-scale structure is
the amplitude of primordial density fluctuations which is usually
parametrized by the quantity
8 (the
linearly extrapolated value of
the top-hat filtered fluctuation amplitude on the fiducial scale of
8 h-1 Mpc). The best estimate of this quantity comes
from the observed abundance of rich galaxy clusters which gives
80.6 = 0.5,
with an uncertainty of about 10%
(Eke, Cole & Frenk
1996,
Viana & Liddle 1996,
Pierpaoli et al. 2001).

3 Strictly speaking the `butterfly'
pattern does not prove the
existence of infall since the continuity equation would ensure a similar
pattern even if velocities were induced by non-gravitational
processes. However, it can be shown that such velocities, if present, would
rapidly decay.
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