This view from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope shows a close-up of the sky around a very unusual green object called J224024.1−092748 (J2240). It is a bright example of a new class of objects that have been nicknamed green bean galaxies. Green beans are entire galaxies that are glowing under the intense radiation from the region around a central black hole. J2240 lies in the constellation Aquarius the Water Bearer, and its light has taken about 3.7 billion years to reach Earth. // Credit: CFHT/ESO/M. Schirmer

A new galaxy class has been identified using observations from the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT), the Gemini South Telescope, and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Nicknamed “green bean galaxies” because of their unusual appearance, these galaxies glow in the intense light emitted from the surroundings of monster black holes and are among the rarest objects in the universe.

Many galaxies have a giant black hole at their center that causes the gas around it to glow. However, in the case of green bean galaxies, the entire galaxy is glowing, not just the center. These new observations reveal the largest and brightest glowing regions ever found, thought to be powered by central black holes that were formerly very active but are now switching off.

Astronomer Mischa Schirmer of the Gemini Observatory in Hilo, Hawaii, had looked at many images of the distant universe, searching for clusters of galaxies, but when he came across one object in an image from the CFHT, he was stunned — it looked like a galaxy, but it was bright green. It was unlike any galaxy he had ever seen before, something totally unexpected. He quickly applied to use ESO’s VLT to find out what was creating the unusual green glow.

“ESO granted me special observing time at very short notice, and just a few days after I submitted my proposal, this bizarre object was observed using the VLT,” said Schirmer. “Ten minutes after the data were taken in Chile, I had them on my computer in Germany. I soon refocused my research activities entirely as it became apparent that I had come across something really new.”

The new object has been labeled J224024.1-092748 (J2240). It lies in the constellation Aquarius the Water Bearer, and its light has taken about 3.7 billion years to reach Earth.

After the discovery, Schirmer’s team searched through a list of nearly a billion other galaxies and found 16 more with similar properties, which were confirmed by observations made at the Gemini South Telescope. These galaxies are so rare that there is on average only one in a cube about 1.3 billion light-years across. This new class of galaxies has been nicknamed green bean galaxies because of their color and because they are superficially similar to, but larger than, green pea galaxies.

In many galaxies, the material around the supermassive black hole at the center gives off intense radiation and ionizes the surrounding gas so that it glows strongly. These glowing regions in typical active galaxies are usually small, up to 10 percent of the diameter of the galaxy. However, the team’s observations showed that in the case of J2240 and other green beans spotted since, it is truly huge, spanning the entire object. J2240 displays one of the biggest and brightest such regions ever found. Ionized oxygen glows bright green, which explains the strange color that originally caught Schirmer’s attention.

“These glowing regions are fantastic probes to try to understand the physics of galaxies — it’s like sticking a medical thermometer into a galaxy far, far away,” said Schirmer. “Usually, these regions are neither very large nor very bright and can only be seen well in nearby galaxies. However, in these newly discovered galaxies, they are so huge and bright that they can be observed in great detail despite their large distances.”

The team’s further analysis of the data soon revealed another puzzle. J2240 appeared to have a much less active black hole at its center than expected from the size and brightness of the glowing region. The team thinks that the glowing regions must be an echo from when the central black hole was much more active in the past, and that they will gradually dim as the remnants of radiation pass through them and out into space.

These galaxies signal the presence of a fading galactic center, marking a fleeting phase in a galaxy’s life. In the early universe, galaxies were more active, growing massive black holes at their centers that swallowed up surrounding stars and gas and shining brilliantly, easily producing up to 100 times more light than all the stars in the galaxy together. Light echoes like that seen in J2240 allow astronomers to study the shutdown processes of these active objects to understand more about how, when, and why they halt — and why we now see so few of them in younger galaxies. This is what the team aims to do next by following up on this research with further X-ray and spectroscopic observations.

“Discovering something genuinely new is an astronomer’s dream come true, a once-in-a-lifetime event,” said Schirmer. “It’s very inspiring!”