The Judgement interprets the EU Enforcement Directive in terms of how it should be applied to offline businesses. That is, the Enforcement
Directive is not limited to electronic commerce. Consequently, CJEU has found that market traders are an "intermediary" within the meaning of the
Enforcement Directive and are equivalent to online sellers (as considered in the CJEU's landmark decision for online sellers C-324/09 (L'Oréal v eBay).

Therefore, the operator of a physical market place may be forced to put an end to trade mark infringements by market traders and take measures to prevent
new infringements.

Furthermore, the CJEU has stated that the conditions for granting an injunction against an intermediary in a market place is the same as granting an
injunction against an online seller. The leading legal authority on this requirement is Cartier vs BSkyB, whichhas just been upheld by the Court of Appeal in a further judgement ([2016] EWCA Civ 658).

So, considering a parallel situation for a physical marketplace in the UK and applying the UK injunction provisions, we observe that a market
holder/intermediary cannot be required to exercise general and permanent oversight over market traders. In contrast, the market holder may be forced to act
to avoid similar, repeat infringements by the same market-trader.

With respect to injunctions, these must be effective and dissuasive, but must also be equitable and proportionate. Accordingly, they must not be
excessively expensive and must balance protection of intellectual property rights (trade mark rights in this case) against erecting barriers to legitimate
trade.

In conclusion, trade mark holders have confirmed the existence of a powerful right in enforcing their trade mark rights. On the other hand, it seems that a
compliance regime similar to that for operators of online marketplaces is now likely to be applicable to operators of physical market places. In the case
of internet service providers who are the 'intermediaries' in the case of e-commerce, the costs of bearing such compliance regulations fall on them. We
would expect the same to be the case for physical market places but might expect the difficulty and cost of compliance to be more onerous. Accordingly we
would therefore expect UK courts to take a proportionate view when granting an injunction for a market holder.