Criminal Justice: Mainstream And Crosscurrents

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Building upon John Fullerrs"s experience as a criminal justice practitioner, scholar and teacher,Criminal Justice: Mainstream & Crosscurrentsencourages readers to think critically about the goals and processes of the criminal justice system and introduces them to important ethical dilemmas faced by criminal justice professionals. This highly readable, interesting, contemporary book offers a comprehensive introduction to criminal justice supported with empirical work. Itrs"s narrative style explains legal concepts in a clear and comprehensible manner without losing the reader in legal jargon.Features a full chapter on crime theory-highlighting the various sociological, psychological and biological theories of crime causation. A unique chapter on emerging trends in criminal justice (Chapter 16) considers contemporary topics like restorative justice and peacemaking criminology.For criminal justice practitioners.

Preface

xix

Acknowledgments

xxiii

About the Author

xxv

Part One Crime: Problems, Measurement, Theories, and Law

1

(142)

The Problem of Social Control

3

(38)

What Is Crime?

4

(4)

Social Control

8

(2)

Crime in the United States

9

(1)

Crosscurrents: Tweety Bird Is a Thug: Zero Tolerance and the School

10

(3)

Crosscurrents: American Kids Are All Right

13

(2)

News Flash: White Collar Crime

15

(1)

The Criminal Justice System

15

(6)

Levels of Government

15

(3)

Criminal Justice Process

18

(3)

News Flash: Secret Service Finds Children

21

(2)

Case in Point: Mapp v. Ohio

23

(1)

Case in Point: Escobedo v. Illinois

24

(3)

Focus on Ethics: A Balance of Interests

27

(5)

Problem with the System Metaphor

30

(2)

Focus on Ethics: A Kid in Trouble

32

(2)

It All Begins with the Family

32

(2)

Crosscurrents: Pass or Fail

34

(2)

System of Last Resort

35

(1)

Summary

36

(1)

Key Terms

37

(1)

Review Questions

37

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

38

(1)

Endnotes

38

(3)

The Nature and Measurement of Crime

41

(34)

Categories of Crime and Criminals

42

(6)

Crimes against the Person

42

(3)

Crimes against Property

45

(3)

Crimes against the Public Order

48

(1)

Measurement of Crime

48

(2)

Focus on Ethics: To Report or Not to Report

50

(4)

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

52

(2)

New Flash: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics

54

(6)

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

56

(2)

Victimization Surveys

58

(2)

Crosscurrents: Some Problems with Victimization Surveys

60

(3)

Self-Report Studies

62

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Crime Wave

63

(2)

Fear of Crime

65

(1)

Crosscurrents: Elderly Crime Victims

66

(1)

Focus on Ethics: If It Bleeds, It Leads

67

(1)

News Flash: Fear

68

(1)

Summary

69

(1)

Key Terms

70

(1)

Review Questions

71

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

71

(1)

Endnotes

71

(4)

Theories of Crime

75

(32)

Demonology

76

(1)

Classical School of Criminology

77

(4)

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

77

(3)

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

80

(1)

Positivist School of Criminology

81

(1)

Biological Theories of Crime

81

(1)

Crosscurrents: Charles Whitman, The Texas Tower Sniper

82

(2)

Crosscurrents: The Skull of the Marquis de Sade

84

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Physical Graffiti

85

(2)

Crosscurrents: The Jukes and Richard Dugdale

87

(2)

Case in Point: Robinson v. California

89

(2)

Psychological Theories of Crime

89

(2)

News Flash: Lies, Lies, Lies

91

(3)

Sociological Theories of Crime

91

(3)

Focus on Ethics: With Friends Like These

94

(4)

Critical Sociological Theories of Crime

98

(1)

Case in Point: Gideon v. Wainwrigh!

98

(2)

News Flash: Crime and the Economy

100

(2)

Summary

102

(1)

Key Terms

103

(1)

Review Questions

103

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

103

(1)

Endnotes

104

(3)

Criminal Law

107

(36)

Focus on Ethics: Changing the Substantive Law

108

(2)

Development of Criminal Law

110

(4)

Code of Hammurabi

110

(1)

The Magna Carta

111

(1)

Common Law

111

(3)

Sources of Law

114

(3)

Constitutions

114

(1)

Statutes

114

(1)

Administrative Rules

114

(3)

Types of Law

117

(4)

Criminal Law

117

(1)

Criminal versus Civil Law

118

(2)

Substantive Law

120

(1)

News Flash: Rodney King and Double Jeopardy

121

(1)

Crosscurrents: Liable, but Not Guilty

122

(1)

Procedural Law

122

(1)

Case Law

123

(1)

Types of Crime

123

(3)

Felonies

123

(1)

Misdemeanors

124

(2)

Inchoate Offenses

126

(1)

Features of Crime

126

(2)

Actus Reus

126

(1)

Mens Rea

127

(1)

Concurrence

127

(1)

Strict Liability

127

(1)

Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Defense

128

(1)

Case in Point: Durham v. United States

129

(6)

News Flash: No Pass for Murder

135

(1)

Focus on Ethics: A Change of Heart

136

(1)

Crosscurrents: Why the ``Twinkle Defense'' Gets a Bad Rap

137

(2)

Case In Point: People v. Aphaylath

139

(1)

Summary

139

(1)

Key Terms

140

(1)

Review Questions

140

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

141

(1)

Endnotes

141

(2)

Part Two Enforcing the Law

143

(106)

History and Organization of Law Enforcement

145

(34)

A Brief History of the Police

146

(6)

Police in Ancient Times

146

(1)

Policing in Early England

146

(3)

Policing in the United States

149

(3)

Focus on Ethics: Righteous Vengeance?

152

(2)

Introduction of Police Professionalism

153

(1)

Crosscurrents: Frontier Justice

154

(2)

Case in Point: Miranda v. Arizona

156

(1)

Reference: Analyzing the Police

157

(1)

Modern Police Organization

158

(5)

Problem of Jurisdiction

162

(1)

Levels of Law Enforcement

163

(1)

Federal Level

163

(1)

Reference: Partial List of Federal Police Agencies

164

(2)

Case in Point: Weeks v. United States

166

(4)

State Level

167

(2)

Local Level

169

(1)

Innovations in Policing

170

(1)

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

170

(1)

News Flash: Candid Cop Cameras

171

(3)

Rand Study of Detectives

172

(1)

Dare Program

173

(1)

Reference: Why Detectives Don't Wear Uniforms

174

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Do You Dare Dump Dare?

174

(1)

Summary

175

(1)

Key Terms

176

(1)

Review Questions

176

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

176

(1)

Endnotes

176

(3)

Controlling the Police

179

(34)

News Flash: Police Indiscretion

180

(1)

Police Discretion

180

(2)

Focus on Ethics: It's Only Marijuana

182

(1)

Expectations of Law Enforcement

183

(1)

Crosscurrents: Life in a Police State

184

(2)

Quasi-Military Nature of Police Organizations

186

(1)

Variety of Policing Styles

187

(2)

Watchman Style

188

(1)

Legalistic Style

188

(1)

Service Style

188

(1)

News Flash: Seized Assets

189

(1)

Police Subculture and Police Corruption

189

(5)

Police Corruption

192

(1)

Knapp Commission

192

(2)

Procedural Laws and Policing

194

(1)

Crosscurrents: ``We Don't Need No Stinking Fourth Amendment''

195

(1)

Procedural Laws and Policing: The Fourth Amendment

196

(1)

Search

196

(1)

Case in Point: Illinois v. Gates

197

(2)

Case in Point: Terry v. Ohio

199

(4)

Special-Needs Searches

200

(2)

Seizures

202

(1)

Stop and Frisk

202

(1)

Case in Point: Florida v. Bostick

203

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Improbable Cause

204

(2)

Arrests

204

(1)

Interrogation, Confessions, and the Exclusionary Rule

205

(1)

News Flash: Watch Your Car

206

(1)

Summary

207

(1)

Key Terms

208

(1)

Review Questions

208

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

209

(1)

Endnotes

209

(4)

Issues in Policing

213

(36)

Police Use of Force

214

(2)

Case in Point: Tennessee v. Garner

216

(4)

Police as Soldiers

216

(2)

Police Use of Force and Swat Teams

218

(1)

Proactive Policing and Force

219

(1)

News Flash: Ruby Ridge, Idaho

220

(1)

News Flash: Waco, Texas

221

(1)

Gender and Race

222

(1)

Women as Police Officers

222

(1)

Crosscurrents: Proactive Police and Surveillance

223

(3)

Minorities as Police

225

(1)

Crosscurrents: Israel Brooks, Jr

226

(1)

News Flash: A New Face on Racial Profiling

227

(1)

Challenges to Traditional Policing

227

(6)

Community Policing

228

(2)

Problem-Oriented Policing

230

(2)

Zero-Tolerance Policing

232

(1)

News Flash: Computers Add New Twist to Police Learning Curve

233

(3)

Broken Windows and Police Problems

234

(2)

Case in Point: Chimel v. California

236

(1)

Police Stress and Burnout

236

(2)

Police and Alcohol

237

(1)

Crosscurrents: Suicide by Cop

238

(2)

Family Problems and the Police

239

(1)

Focus on Ethics: My Best Cop, But . . .

240

(1)

Police and Suicide

240

(1)

Crosscurrents: Police Stress

241

(1)

Dealing with the Stress of Policing

241

(1)

Crosscurrents: A Closer Look at Police Suicide

242

(1)

Focus on Ethics: To Trust a Partner

243

(1)

Summary

244

(1)

Key Terms

244

(1)

Review Questions

245

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

245

(1)

Endnotes

245

(4)

Part Three Role of the Courts

249

(104)

History and Organization of Courts

251

(32)

Courts in History

254

(1)

Before There Were Courts: The Blood Feud

254

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Modern Day Blood Feud

255

(1)

Courts in England

256

(1)

Crosscurrents: The Hatfields and the McCoys

256

(2)

Trial by Compurgation

257

(1)

Trial by Ordeal

257

(1)

Trial by Battle

258

(1)

Development of the Jury

258

(1)

Grand Jury

258

(1)

Crosscurrents: The Leopard-Skin Chief

259

(3)

Jury Trial

259

(2)

The Magna Carta

261

(1)

Court of the Star Chamber

261

(1)

Courts in Colonial America

262

(2)

Slavery and the Law

262

(1)

Our Heritage of Due Process

263

(1)

Case in Point: Duncan v. Louisiana

264

(1)

Changing Nature of the Court

264

(2)

News Flash: Capital Trials Are Costly

266

(1)

Organization of the Courts

267

(6)

Nature of Jurisdiction

267

(2)

Structure of the Federal Courts

269

(4)

Case in Point: Powell v. State of Alabama

273

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Judicial Selection

274

(1)

State Courts

275

(1)

Reference: State Attorneys General

275

(2)

News Flash: So Help Me Who?

277

(1)

Summary

278

(1)

Crosscurrents: Notes of a Court TV Junkie

279

(1)

Key Terms

279

(1)

Review Questions

279

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

280

(1)

Endnotes

280

(3)

Working in the Courtroom

283

(38)

The Courtroom Work Group

284

(2)

The Participants

284

(2)

Crosscurrents: Bounty Hunters: A Step Ahead of the Law

286

(3)

Prosecutor

288

(1)

Crosscurrents: How Much Justice Can You Afford?

289

(1)

Reference: American Bar Association

290

(2)

Reference: Oath of Attorney

292

(1)

News Flash: Whose Side Are You On?

293

(1)

Case in Point: Argersinger v. Hamlin

294

(4)

Defense Attorney

297

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Difficult Decisions for the Defense

298

(1)

Case in Point: United States v. Leon

299

(2)

Crosscurrents: Cooling the Mark in the Criminal Court

301

(1)

News Flash: It's a Tough Job, but Someone Has to Do It

302

(3)

Judge

304

(1)

Reference: American Bar Association Guidelines for Reviewing Qualifications of Candidates for State Judicial Office

305

(2)

Reference: Threats to Judicial Independence

307

(4)

Defendants, Victims, and Witnesses

310

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Where to Try a Sniper?

311

(3)

Pretrial Release Decisions

314

(1)

Summary

315

(1)

Key Terms

316

(1)

Review Questions

316

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

317

(1)

Endnotes

317

(4)

The Disposition: Plea Bargaining, Trial, and Sentencing

321

(32)

Plea Bargaining

322

(1)

News Flash: Their Day in Court

323

(4)

Other Benefits of Plea Bargaining

325

(1)

Should Plea Bargaining Be Abolished?

326

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Letting the Big Ones Get Away

327

(1)

The Trial

327

(2)

Pretrial Motions

328

(1)

Crosscurrents: Evidence That Can't Be Used: The Exclusionary Rule

329

(4)

Opening Arguments

329

(1)

Presentation of Witnesses and Evidence

330

(1)

The Case Goes to the Jury

331

(2)

Case in Point: Batson v. Kentucky

333

(2)

Evidence

334

(1)

News Flash: Seeing Things

335

(3)

The Defense Doesn't Rest

336

(2)

Rights and Wrongs in the Courthouse

338

(1)

``I Know My Rights''

338

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Maximum Mel

339

(1)

Case in Point: United States v. Salerno

340

(1)

Victims' Rights

340

(1)

Sentencing the Offender

341

(1)

Case in Point: Furman v. Georgia

342

(5)

Indeterminate Sentencing

342

(2)

Determinate Sentencing

344

(3)

Crosscurrents: Special Interest Laws

347

(2)

Mandatory Minimum Sentences

348

(1)

Case in Point: Gregg v. Georgia

349

(1)

Summary

349

(1)

Key Terms

350

(1)

Review Questions

350

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

351

(1)

Endnotes

351

(2)

Part Four From Penology to Corrections and Back

353

(108)

History of Control

355

(38)

Before There Were Prisons

356

(3)

Corporal Punishment

356

(3)

News Flash: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child, Save the Inmate

359

(2)

Economic Punishment

360

(1)

Crosscurrents: Transportation to the Fatal Shore

361

(1)

Prisons in America

362

(1)

Control in the Colonies

362

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Transportation in a Contemporary World

363

(4)

Development of the Penitentiary: 1780--1860

364

(2)

Age of Reform: 1860--1900

366

(1)

Case in Point: Hope v. Pelzer

367

(3)

Prison Labor and Public Works: 1900--1930

369

(1)

News Flash: Federal Prison Industries

370

(1)

Reference: Prison Labor Systems

371

(4)

Age of Rehabilitation: 1930--1970

372

(1)

Retributive Era: 1970s to the Present

373

(2)

Capital Punishment

375

(1)

Case in Point: Ford v. Wainwright

376

(1)

Case in Point: Atkins v. Virginia

376

(3)

Capital Punishment in Historical Perspective

377

(1)

Arguments Supporting Capital Punishment

377

(2)

Crosscurrents: Killing Them Softly

379

(5)

Focus on Ethics: Capital Punishment: Some Immodest Proposals

384

(1)

Arguments against Capital Punishment

384

(1)

Reference: States/Jurisdictions without a Death Penalty

385

(2)

Summary

387

(1)

Key Terms

388

(1)

Review Questions

388

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

389

(1)

Endnotes

389

(4)

The Contemporary Prison

393

(34)

Prison Life

394

(3)

News Flash: Bad Food for Bad Behavior

397

(4)

Inmate Subculture

398

(2)

Prison Gangs

400

(1)

Focus on Ethics: Conned by the Cons

401

(5)

Pelican Bay State Prison

403

(1)

Prison Riots and Violence

404

(2)

Reference: The Demands Collected by the Inmates During the Attica Prison Riot