Race to the Moon: The Days of Project Gemini

Gemini was America's second manned space program. Third part of an eight-part series on the history of the American space program. Transcript of radio broadcast:

EXPLORATIONS -- a program in Special English by the Voice
of America.

(MUSIC)

Today, Harry Monroe and Tony Riggs report about America's
second manned space program, Gemini. Two astronauts flew on each flight. Gemini's
purpose was to bring the United States closer to its goal of landing astronauts on the moon.

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VOICE ONE:

The astronauts of America's first manned program, Project Mercury, made six successful flights. They proved that people could survive the hostile environment of space.

In nineteen sixty-five America's space agency, NASA, was
ready to begin its second manned program. NASA called it Gemini. The program was named for the two stars Castor and Pollux in
the star group Gemini. The
Gemini program would send two astronauts at a time into space.

Gemini would test the men's ability to live and work in
space. Gemini, it was hoped, would move America closer to its
goal of landing astronauts on the moon.

VOICE TWO:

The first Gemini spacecraft would carry astronauts Virgil
Grissom and John Young. Its Titan rocket could lift three times as much weight into space as the Atlas rocket used for the
Mercury flights. The
launch took place without a problem on March twenty-third, nineteen sixty-five.

Grissom and Young orbited the Earth only three
times. But they did something that the Mercury astronauts had not been
able to do. They changed
their orbit while in space. The Gemini astronauts were developing the control that would be
needed for a trip to the moon.

Less than two months later, James McDivitt and Ed White
went into space on the second Gemini flight. Their flight included several experiments. But
one seemed almost unbelievable -- a space walk.

Ed White would leave the protection of the spacecraft and
move out into the unknown emptiness of space.

VOICE ONE:

When it was time for him to leave the spacecraft, this is
what the world heard: "Roger, Flight, we're GO." Those were the words from the flight director on the ground.

Then a voice came down from space. "He is ready to leave right now," called McDivitt. The astronauts had removed all air pressure from the spacecraft. Only their special space clothing would provide the air pressure they needed to stay alive.

VOICE TWO:

Slowly, Ed White moved out the open door. He was tied to the spacecraft by a long rope. He floated out and away from the spacecraft. Millions of people listened as he said: "This is the greatest experience. I am looking down right now. And
it looks like we are coming up on the coast of California."

At space agency headquarters, doctors studied his medical condition as the information was being sent back to
Earth. They said that being outside the spacecraft did not seem to
affect him.

VOICE ONE:

It was time for Ed White to end his space walk. James McDivitt had to beg him to return. White was having a wonderful time. He wanted to stay out longer. Finally, he climbed back inside. He had floated around in the emptiness of space for twenty-one minutes.

Then a problem developed. The door of the spacecraft refused to shut tightly. The
astronauts' clothing protected them during the flight. But what
would happen during re-entry? James
McDivitt had to try to repair the door.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Scientists always knew it would not be easy for humans to
work in the weightlessness of space. Each time an astronaut puts pressure in one direction, their body moves in the
opposite direction. There
is no gravity to hold them in place.

NASA scientists had tried to solve the problem by
designing new tools for use in space. McDivitt tried one of the new tools. It worked. He was
able to repair the broken door so it shut tightly.

VOICE ONE:

Solving this problem, however, created a new one. The astronauts had planned to re-open the door during their four-day
flight. They had planned to throw away materials they no longer
needed, including uneaten food. But now they decided it would not be wise to re-open the door.

Soon, the inside of the spacecraft began to fill up with
all kinds of junk. McDivitt and White had to learn to sleep and work as things floated around their heads.

VOICE TWO:

On the sixty-second orbit, the astronauts prepared to
return to Earth. They fired
the spacecraft's control rockets. The spacecraft slowed and began to re-enter the
atmosphere. It landed safely in the Atlantic Ocean.

Rescue helicopters reached McDivitt and White within
seven minutes of landing. The two American astronauts were in excellent condition. They had made the first space walk. And they had proved that people could both live and work in
space.

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VOICE ONE:

The next Gemini launch was planned for just two months
later. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad were to spend a record
eight days in space.

Soon after the launch, Cooper and Conrad noted a problem
that almost ended their flight early. They discovered a drop in pressure in the fuel cells that supplied
electricity. These fuel cells powered the communications and computer systems. And they were very important to the environmental control systems
in the spacecraft.

VOICE TWO:

Gemini's flight director decided to reduce the use of
power on the spacecraft, instead of ending the flight early. Cooper and Conrad turned off the radar, radio, computer and even
some environmental control systems. The spacecraft floated silently through space.

Suddenly the power began to increase. The astronauts turned the systems back on. By the third day in orbit, all was normal again.

Then another problem developed with the same fuel
cells. The cells created electricity by mixing hydrogen with
oxygen. The process also produced some water. But the fuel cells were producing too much water. Containers that held the water were filling up too fast.

NASA was worried that the extra water could destroy the
power supply needed for the spacecraft's return to Earth. So, Cooper and Conrad again turned off most of the power in the
spacecraft.

VOICE ONE:

Again, the spacecraft floated almost silently above the
Earth. Communications were few. Cooper and Conrad could not do any of the planned experiments. But each day, they set another record for surviving in space.

Eight days after their launch, Cooper and Conrad fired
the control rockets and re-entered the atmosphere. They had circled the Earth one hundred twenty times. They had seen one hundred twenty sunrises and sunsets. They had traveled more than five million kilometers. They had proved that people could live and work in space for the time it would take to get
to the moon and back.

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VOICE TWO:

Now, it was time for Gemini Six to make its mark in
history. Walter Schirra and Thomas Stafford were the
astronauts. Schirra had been the pilot on an almost perfect Mercury flight three years before. Stafford was from the second group of American astronauts.

They were to make the first effort at a space chase. The two men would chase another object orbiting Earth, a
satellite. They would try to move their spacecraft as close as possible
to the satellite. This
move had to be successful before any moon landing could be attempted.

But things did not go as planned. The satellite that Schirra and Stafford were supposed to chase apparently exploded after
it was launched. NASA
postponed the flight of Gemini Six.

VOICE ONE:

Space agency officials had to find the reason for the
failure of the target satellite. That would take valuable time. So, they decided to launch the next flight, Gemini Seven, instead
of waiting.

The astronauts for that flight were Frank Borman and
James Lovell. They
planned to set another record -- fourteen days in space. It would be
the longest, most difficult flight yet.

Then NASA considered another plan.

There was nothing wrong with the Gemini Six
spacecraft. So, NASA announced that Gemini Seven would lift off on December
third, nineteen sixty-five. Then, if everything else was ready, Gemini Six would be launched a few days later. It would attempt to meet in space with the orbiting Gemini Seven.

VOICE TWO:

NASA quickly added a warning to its plan. There was less than a fifty percent chance of success. But Americans were hopeful. If the plan succeeded, it would be the greatest space act
since manned flights began.

We will continue our story of America's Gemini space
program next week.

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ANNOUNCER:

This VOA Special English program, EXPLORATIONS, was
written by Marilyn Rice Christiano. Your narrators were Tony Riggs and Harry Monroe. This
is Shirley Griffith.

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Editor's Note: Ed White was the United States' first spacewalker, on June 3, 1965. But the
world's first spacewalker was Alexei Leonov of the Soviet Union, on
March 18, 1965.