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modeling techniques. Toxicity and
physical properties may also be a ssessed
at this stage through the use of rapid,
low-cost computer modeling. is
initial computer modeling assessment
is useful for comparing compounds and
identifying potential areas of human
and environmental health concern. e
modeling assessment is also valuable in
prioritizing testing later in development.
As small quantities (i.e., fewer than 10
grams) of the new substance become
available in the synthesis and testing
phases, relatively low-cost in vitro assay
techniques can be used to predict likely
toxic endpoints, such as acute oral toxicity,
aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity. e
researcher usually has down-selected to
two or three possible candidates by this
point in the development process.
Candidates chosen for further develop-
ment and formulation will proceed to
the demonstration and validation phase,
involving the rst, more de nitive whole-
animal testing such as acute oral toxicity
studies (to determine the median lethal
dose, LD50), 90-day oral subchronic
studies or inhalation toxicity testing.
us, longer-term studies take place only
after considerable preliminary screening
and assessment.
e phased approach to toxicity assess-
ment has enabled researchers to select
more environmentally sustainable ener-
getic materials for the 2.75-inch Hydra
rocket, one of the most extensively used
munitions in the Army, a signi cant
source of toxic constituents released
on training ranges and one of the most
environmentally problematic munitions
in its current con guration. e M274
training warhead for the rocket con-
tains perchlorate, and the M275 rocket
motor propellant contains lead as a
burn-rate modi er.
e phased approach to environmental
assessment was used during the e ort
to evaluate and replace the various com-
ponents of the Hydra rocket, with the
components now entering the nal stages
of RDT&E. New formulations were
evaluated based on ESOH data, show-
ing empirically that the new materials are
more environmentally sustainable than
the current ones.
Meanwhile, perchlorate-containing
simulators ---the M115A2 Ground
Burst Artillery and M116A1 artillery
and hand grenade simulators, and the
M117/M118/M119 family of booby trap
simulators---were identi ed as one of
the largest sources of potential perchlo-
rate contamination on Army training
ranges. In fact, in 1997, the Environ-
mental Protection Agency ordered a
training shutdown at the Massachusetts
Military Reservation (MMR) and Camp
Edwards because of perchlorate and other
munition-constituent conta mination of
the primary aquifer beneath MMR, the
main source of drinking water for the
residents of Cape Cod.
To maintain operations and elimi-
nate a source of future environmental
contamination, OEP o cials, in con-
junction with the assistant chief of sta
of the Army for installation manage-
ment and the U.S. Army Environmental
Command, initiated the perchlorate
elimination program that continues to
this day. OEP investigators developed
environmentally benign substitutes for
the perchlorate-based fuels in the simu-
lators. Final formulations were selected
based on performance, cost and poten-
tial environmental impact, as evaluated
using the ASTM process.
In a measure of the success of this program,
a replacement for the M116 hand grenade
simulator was approved for use at MMR
ASTM Standard E2552, "Standard Guide for Assessing the Environmental and Human Health
Impacts of New Energetic Compounds," is a useful tool with applicability well beyond the develop-
ment of energetic materials. The standard calls for various types of toxicity testing, matched here
with the various stages of development. (SOURCE: AIPH)
FIGURE 3
ASC.ARMY.MIL 55
ACQUISITION