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Reproduced with permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library and William Huxley Darwin.

Gleanings of Science Vol III. p 320. Mr Hodgson on Musk Deer — young
spotted like in "prettty much as we see in the young of the wild hog & of
several species of deer, which are altogether immaculate when grown up".

Saw at Mr Bell's at Hornsey the offspring of a black & white duck of pecu drake with the penguin duck. it took after the Penguin in the form of its body & in the manner of walking but not waddling; its colour was darker than the
penguin & the bright feathers on its wing resembled the drake. — another of
same half breed resembled the plumage of drake still more. — So Penguin
impresses its form both on vars & species
The male swan-gander with common goose produce full as many eggs as
pure bred common. — the half of the cross, as above, take generally after the
swan-gander.
one of these half-bred ganders. crossed with common goose to has
produce offspring with so much of the swan-goose in appearance
Bell at
Hornsey

(though only ¼ of blood). that it appears about half way between swan-goose & common goose. — the stripe down back pretty plain in in these half ¾
bred ones —
The brothers & sisters half-breed showed no sexual inclination for each
other —

Aug. 20th
The Echnida & Hedgehog Tenrec both having spines, is the effect, partly of
the same external conditions (ie. analogical structure) & partly the laws of
organization (ie those laws which prevent infinite variation in every possible
way. — the laws which determine the kinds of monstrosity, & determine the
kind of variation & sporting in flowers & domestication of animals

Aug. 26th —
When it is said that there is evidence in the organic world of infinite &
growing complexity from a few types, it must not be supposed that this refers
to time. — Marsupial in Oolite. — insects, of do orders — cheiroptera &
cætacea in Eocene — dicot. plants in coal measures. — Shells in Cambrian &
Crust show how long since present forms existed, but if it be asked how this
complexity from a few types originated, we must go to the first origin of the
world. — our present organic beings are the descendants, slightly a good
deal modified & Many Forms lost; if of this old stock (which from action & reaction grew more complex) some perhaps rendered more complex &
some simplified. —

Annals of Natural History. no. XII. Vol. 2. p. 96 1 & p. 451. 1839 —
Translation of P. Fries most curious paper on the Pipe-fish — which he divides
into two divisions, one of which are marsupial & the other have young which
undergo metamorphosis & are provided with fins, & hence do not require
sac. — but the male in these hatch young — are there not some. Marsup.
Mammalia, which do have not sack, — Most curious facts & this paper
deserves fresh study & whole order of the fish. — Embryology

I presume, from my theory, as long as any structure can be handed down
without being absolutely injurious (or requiring nutrition) to a certain
amount it will be so handed down (. as mammae of men callosities on
Camels & Horses —. —) & therefore probably any structure would rather
become accomodated to new circumstances than it would be eliminated, &
hence, the application of structure to purpose after purpose would tend to
render complex the series. —
Ch 6

Sept 31. The identity of (or only closeness) of some species — (especially of
mammifers) in old beds & existing species is valuable because it shows no
innate power of change & it also shows, what enormous changes of conditions,
some species will undergo & yet remain adapted. — it does away with
difficulty of rabbits of England remaining same (if so) with those of Spain &
such facts — This unequal duration is exactly same as some species extending much
further geographically than others.

Hensleigh objects to transmut. theory, on the grounds of similarity in
condition in Java & Sumatra & dissimilarity of forms — yet how valueless
this objection, when one thinks of different kinds of cattle in every part of
England. &c &c

NB. In botanical geography, there can be no sharp division of partition as
between Mammalia in cases such as that of Java & Sumatra

Nov 15th
Waterhouse showed me the component vertebræ of the head of Snake
wonderful!! distinct!! — He would not allow such series showed passages — yet
in talking, constantly said as the brain spinal marrow expands, so do the
bones are created expand — instead of saying as brain is created &c &c
Bats are a great difficulty not only are no animals known with an intermediate
structure, but it is not possible to imagine what habits an animal could have
had with such structure. — perhaps greatest

difficult — yet suggested. (vipers tooth also a difficult), the whole mind is
constituted that a difficulty makes greater impression, than the grouping of
many facts with laws & their explanation will probably reject this theory —
(I must answer it by rooting out curious cases of intermediate structure, &
supposing much extinction. give a parallel case)
Waterhouse remarked, that any argument for transmut, from one organ
graduating into other is lost, be (as vertebræ into skull, two bones of tibia
into one. —) because if the animals were taken from which these series were
drawn they would not be intermediate, but this is not required. —

Cuvier has grand sentence about the Animaux fossiles — being a mere
fragment of the discoveries to come — Owen in his description of my fossils
makes same such remark & before the conclusion of his work — Lund makes his wonderful discoveries = negative facts are valueless = monkeys =

Owen has described a greatt Struthonidous Bird from New Zealand — so
not an Apteryx, yet it shows the Apteryx is not quite isolated in its present
locality — there have been at least other birds, with small wings, & surely the
Apteryx is more closely allied to the Struthonidae than any other forms —

In S. America. it appears from Lund more Mammals, than at present
in
Europe we know there has been several successions of Mammals. —
yet only
two monkeys, there are now have been found fossil in S. America, there are
now — — species in S. America. — so see what a mere vestige, is preserved
in this country — same argument to India & Europe — & Africa!, — any
negative argument against — monkey-man, valueless. —
May not several
generations have been confounded in the caves?
It is highly important, to bear in mind that enormous periods may elapse,
even in situations apparently favourable for the preservation of shells; where
land broken, rivers entering. — & yet no shells — now look

at Scotland — coasts of Chile, excepting Concepcion — Patagonia — Beds of
La Plata. (except close to B. Ayres). — If we may take this as guide, the shells
preserved must be as much a casualty as, bones of Mammalia in caves: —
argue first case of bones (New Red Sandstone) & then go on to shells —

A profound consideration of method by which races of men have been
exterminated (see Pritchards paper) (Ed. Phil. Journ. end of 1839) very
important. it seems owing to immigration of other races, so it is with domestic
breeds. (though in this case crossing has had somewhat to do with it. mem.
dogs & pigs in Polynesia; & dogs in S. America Rengger.
— now it is
this very immigration which tends to make the destroyers vary; so that we
here see reasons — why no perfect gradation can be expected in any one
country. — in a descending series of strata
This again shows how much forms
depend on other forms

Maer June /41/
Rhododendrum — nectary marked by orange freckles on
upper petal; bees &
flies seen directed to it — The Humbles in crawling out brush over anther &
pistil & one I saw impregnate by pollen with which bees a bee was
dusted over. [sketch]
Stamens & pistils have curve upwards, so that anthers & stigma lie in fairway to
nectary. — Is not this so in Kidney Bean. How is it generally. —
In Azalea do it is so Though I saw no Bees several visiting it. — In yellow day
lily, the Bees visit base of upper petal, though not differently coloured — & stamens
bend up a little

In a wild purple Geranium, I see Bees visit always base
of (a) upper petal from
facility of alighting? which is not differently coloured & to which stamen &
pistils have no relation. In Monk's Hood, a bee entering long nectary, would
necessary cross directly over the bunch of anthers & pistils, but these do
do not bend up — In Lark-spur, if Bees put proboscis within nectary they do
they must disturb all anthers, wh otherwise lie protected by the hairy black lip
of lower division of nectary: wh. itself resembles a Bee, but does not prevent
bees visiting it. In Columbine nectaries are placed all round flower as they are
in Crown-Imperial Lily & many other flowers —

My view of variety acquiredcharacter of characters being inherited
at corresponing age & sex, opposed by cantering horses having colts which
can canter — & dogs trained to pursuit having puppies with the same powers
instinctive & doubtless not confined to sex. — Is not cantering a congenital
peculiarity improved. Probably every such new quality becomes associated
with some other, as pointing with smell. = These qualities have been given to
fœtus fr before sex developed — Double flowers & colours breaking only hereditary
characters, wh. come on in

June 1st 1841. Maer Examined the Lemon-thyme. — equally abortive as it was
in autumn: filaments united in whole length to corolla —anthers minute, distinctly doubled, brown, but with no pollen. —
Common Thyme growing close by is equally abortive —and both growing within
Kitchen Garden. — As we see in Hybrids that although anther nor filaments
shrivel, yet stigma does not, so we may feel somewhat but little less surprised
at Henslow's remark that pistil does not become abortive.

Examined in microscope — some of the stigmas of
[sketch] shape of ordinary Labiatæ —the chief part with ordinary divisions, & a few
with one lobe again divided Have dried some. — some with no division in
young flowers. The abortive stamen are of useful height. —

In Lupine, Bees frequent & seem to act, something like on Kidney Bean,
they go to nectar at foot of upper petal standing on
I saw Bee go to two
species of Lupine,
two wings. & when the Lupine flower is perfectly ripe &
pollen abundant filaments & stamens all protrude there is a brush at end of
stigma, which forces out from extremity pollen, or pollen comes out with
anthers & stigma in slit — As I think they do in Broom & certainly when
over-ripe & half withered — I saw Bees going to clover & once this
happened. — (a) And in common Beans it is wonderful
how the Humbles force
down the wings most violently: in Beans the wings seem beautifully to protect
sheath

In all these nectar seems to be at base of upper petal & the curvature of
an pistil, &c lies in gangway = In Lotus corniculatus saw Humble press
down wings which ejects pollen from tip of sheath. — Also in Lathyrus
pratensis yellow saw stigma project In common Pea saw Humble so press
down sheath, that stigma covered with pollen was pressed & rubbed along
whole breast —
pressing either one or both of Pea's wings, stigma & mass of yellow pollen
protrudes at sheath. — At last I saw Bee collecting pollen from sheath Keel of
Lupine —
Seen Bees on Potato &c several times on Beans

Rough. — green-cabbage in flower — swarmed with meligethes & small
Staphylinidæon all their bodies pollen — on a sulphur Broccoli not many do —
pollen not very abundant. not very small — Saw one small Bee; saw another on
Cabbage — white Butterflies suck nectar:
Maer June 41
Rhubarb. pollen very minute — not excessively abundant flowers not
attractive, very small — stigma rather large & rough — flowers common —
many winged thrips, covered with pollen — Thrips about as large as bit of
chopped horse hair with legs & take flight — Yet we have crosses — I see Bees
almost

Saw Humble go from great Scarlet Poppy to Rhododendron — from Larkspur
to Lupine two species of Larkspur — two varieties of Cistus Speedwell to
Rhododendron — Loasa Anchusa — speedwell Iris — Azalea.
Rhodendron. Fraxinella to Anchusa never once
P on Fraxinella
Heartease small. Humble alighted on base of filaments & reached nectar
= again = between them, hence quite below stigma. & so avoided it.
On certain days Humble seem to frequent certain flowers, to day early, the
great scarlet Poppy —

So that, finally Fraxinella. with respect to nectary is same case as Azalea or
Rhododendron

[sketch]

xx after several gloomy days. hot one, Bees almost P every minute to
Fraxinella & from flower plant to plant. — to my grt surprise — I found
all, stamens straightened pollen profusely shed; lengthened &turned up more
than stamens, so that all were brushed by Bees & especially stigma after bee
had brushed over the anthers of long stamens
as stamens grow old & shed some pollen. they turn upwards & bend over
stigma: — but stigma is almost roofed by united filaments. —
This flower hostile to intermarriage!! xx

In Phil Transact. about year 1778. Paper by Camper on Ourang-outang, has
examined 7 says one specimen had on one foot, a toe-nail & two joints — as it
is on one foot probably monstruous & not a second species. —

Saw Maer. June 15./41/. Watched plants of Fraxinella, with seven flower
stalks for ten minutes, it was visited by 13 Bees — & each examined very
many flowers. = 22d — /during several succeeding days many most
numerous bees visited this same bunch & on this day in five minutes eleven
Humbles came & each visited many flowers —
Saw Bees frequent these flowers
till late in evening — On rough calc. 280 flowers — allowing each Bee visits 10
flowers in minute
each flower will be visited in 28 minutes — say then each
flower is visited 30 times a day is considerably under mark, & this has now
gone on 14 days. (except some wet ones/ & wd go on longer —

Woodfords Marrow fat, Early frame, Groom's Dwarf. planted in rows close to
each other & seeds gathered al» came up in 1840 true. Shrewsbury. —
Abberley —
Early Magazine — &c. double-blossomed & dwarf-fan Bean bean, were
planted in rows, & seeds gathered same year came up true in 1840: All in
together blossomed together
The seeds of these plants will be collected & resown. —

Humble 22 flowers of Egg Tree in one minute Great Humble 17 flowers of Larkspur on two plants in do
Humble 24 flowers of small Linaria in do
Domestic do 6 Campanula (two species) — in do —
do 3 of do in about in ¾ of minute
These latter were pollen gatherers & they seem slow =

Maer 1840
My Father formerly planted Turkey or Palmated and English, planted
within few yards of each other actually produced hybrids — My Father
remembered when in the gardens, he knew there was none but English, — the
Palmated was introduced about 65 years ago — & soon after mules
abounded — so that palmated has now nearly disappeared. & old English But these mules in our garden show no trace of palmation !!?

In Spanish Broom by pulling back Wings, pollen is ejected with violence in shower
On many Papilionaceous; all wh. are in flower I saw Bees; — on Monk's
Hood, brushing over stamen Egg Tree — I think never on the Galeum saxatile & other common kind — I think not on Phlox though they examine it. — Little
Dusty & Blue Butterflies at Clover, — Veronica —, Ranunculus in numbers
= what insect can get honey out of long, curved nectar of Butterfly Orchis &
Listera?
Bryony saw common Bee on:

Gleanings of Sciences. Vol. III p. 83. Paper translated from Meckel. Comp.
Anat. — From Buffon cross of he-goat & sheep, it seems male gives form.
admitted by Linnæus. — seems to doubt its applicability to common mule &
hinnus — in one case bastard of wolf & dog had more form of male, & another
of both progenitors — the hinnus, resembles horse in its head ears, tail
limbs — in the mules, these parts resemble ass. (& part of body mare) — —
this may be, perhaps. squeezed into Mr Walker's law

Linn. Trans. 18. p. 163. "D. Dod on two new genera of coniferæ". — referring
to the 3 main divisions & speaking of their similarity in structure he says
"indeed it w d be difficult to point out a family so completely natural & one
whose groups pass so insensibly into each other".

Athenæum 1839 p. 772 — A curious theoretical French book review on politics
in relation to the different races of men, some more intellectual than others —
is incidentally said that a mongrel man may lose all traces of his parentage in
about seven 7generations. — so many!!

Linn. Trans 18. p. 133 Westwood on the Fulgoridæ enumerates the strange
forms which the thorax & head displays. — most fantastic & use unknown. —
"when we find such an endless variety of form in the same organ "manifestation of divine power"?. — "of their use difficult to conceive any
idea"

Lund's Antilope in Brazil another point of agreement with. N. America & S.,
( ؟ is the peculiar. N. American form) — ؟ Hunting leopard, how strange, anyone,
would have thought isolated species Mr Blyth, however, believes in the existence of
Molina's Pudu — or goat

There is ibex of Alp Pyrenees &c — (see Blyth's work on Ruminants, — these
species must have migrated to these mountains, when the cold was intense
just like the alpine plants —