A generalization of Benford’s Law and its application to images

Abstract: We present a generalization of Benford's law for the first significant digit. This generalization is based on keeping two terms of the Fourier expansion of the probability density function of the data in the modular logarithmic domain. We prove that images in the Discrete Cosine Transform domain closely follow this generalization. We use this property to propose an application in image forensics, namely, detecting that a given image carries a hidden message.

Bibtex:@inproceedings{,
title={A generalization of Benford’s Law and its application to images},
author={P{\'e}rez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Fernando and Heileman, G and Abdallah, Chaouki T},
booktitle={European Control Conference},
year={2007},
}