The 500 Family Study [1998-2000: United States] (ICPSR 4549)

Principal Investigator(s):
Schneider, Barbara, University of Chicago. National Opinion Research Center (NORC). Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children and Work;
Waite, Linda J, University of Chicago. National Opinion Research Center (NORC). Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children and Work

Summary:

The 500 Family Study was designed to obtain in-depth
information on middle class, dual-career families living in the United
States. To understand the complex dynamics of today's families and the
strategies they use to balance the demands of work and family, over
500 families from 8 cities across the United States were studied. To
address different issues facing parents with older and younger
children, families with adolescents and families with kindergartners
were included in the sample. Working mothers and fathers are now
splitting their time between their responsibilities to their family,
and to their respective occupations. This study of 500 families
explores how work affects the lives and well-being of parents and
their children. The study's data allows researchers to explore
a broad range of questions:
How do dual-career families manage and organize their resources and time
between family and work? How do work conditions, including
characteristics of the job and workplace environment, affect the
quality of relationships among household members? How do
dual career parents manage the moral and social development and
learning experiences of their children? How do the
work-related responsibilities of working parents affect their child's
moral, social, and educational development? What effect is
consumerism and technology having on how working families direct the
moral and social development of their children? What do
parents believe is their role regarding the child-care of their
children and how they should fulfill that role both in terms of time
and in the allocation of economic and social resources? What are some
of the resources in the community that parents use to supervise their
children? How do families regard the "free time" of
adolescents and how they allocate adolescent "free time" in
maintenance of the household? What is the quality of
relationships among family members? To obtain a
detailed picture of work and family life, mothers, fathers, and their
children were asked to complete a series of instruments including
surveys, in-depth interviews, and time diaries. These instruments
were designed to provide information about work, marriage, child care
and parental supervision, management of household tasks, time
allocations, coping strategies, and psychological well-being.
The four datasets associated with this data collection are
summarized below:
The Cortisol Data contains information for a
subsample of families that elected to participate in a study of
psychological stress. Parents and teenagers who agreed to participate
completed an additional two days of ESM data collection. The health
survey that was administered reported on a variety of health and
lifestyle issues that might affect cortisol (stress hormone) levels
such as medication use, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, use of
nicotine, timing of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, presence of chronic
illness, and respondent's height and weight. Additionally, parents
reported on the health of the children (teenagers and kindergartners)
participating in the study. The
Experience Sampling Method (ESM) Data contains a
variety of information related to how individuals spend their time,
who they spent it with, and what activities they were engaged in over
the course of a typical week. Respondents wore programmed wrist
watches that emitted signals (beeps) throughout the day. When
possible, family members were placed on identical signaling schedules
to provide information on a range of family activities. At the time of
each beep, participants were asked to complete a self-report form
which asked them to answer a number of open-ended questions about
their location, activities, who they were with, and psychological
states. Several Likert and semantic-differential scales were used to
assess participants' psychological states. The
Parent Data contains basic demographic
information from respondents as well as detailed information about
parents' occupation job duties, income, work schedule, benefits (e.g.,
medical care, flexible work schedules, and family leave), and the
consequences of their jobs (e.g. long hours, job stress, having to
work weekends). Additionally, the data contain information about the
extent to which parents experienced work-family conflict and what
changes might help with better balance of the demands of work and
family (e.g., more flexible work hours, more help from spouses with
household and child care responsibilities, improved child care, and
after-school care arrangements). Parental attitudes toward traditional
arrangements, how household tasks were actually divided among family
members, and how often the family paid for services (e.g., cleaning,
yard work, meal preparation) were also captured. The data also contain
information about how children are socialized in families with two
working parents. Topics about the frequency with which parents engaged
in various activities with their children (e.g., talking, eating meals
together, attending religious services), how frequently parents
monitored their teenager's activities, and how often they talked with
their teenager about school activities, plans for college, career
plans, friendships, and peer pressure. The
Adolescent Data contains data for sixth through
twelfth graders, which focuses on family relationships and
experiences, school experiences, paid work, psychological well-being
and behavioral problems, and plans for the future (e.g., college,
career, and marriage -- including expectations regarding spouses'
sharing of responsibility for child care, cooking, chores, and paid
work). To allow for comparison of parents' and adolescents' responses
to similar questions, several items appear in both the adolescent and
parent data. These items include the frequency with which parents and
adolescents discuss school events, college and career plans,
participation in religious and other activities, gender role attitudes
and the division of household tasks within the family, and items
measuring depression, stress, and anxiety.
Qualitative Data -- Interviews The main
purpose of the interviews was to explore topics addressed in the
parent and adolescent surveys in greater detail. Parent interviews
were designed to examine how working parents cope with the demands of
work and family life. Adolescent interviews touched on similar themes
but altered questions to gauge the adolescent's perceptions of their
parents work and family lives. Kindergartner interviews were brief and
focused on children's after-school and child care arrangements and
time spent with parents.

The 500 Family Study was designed to obtain in-depth
information on middle class, dual-career families living in the United
States. To understand the complex dynamics of today's families and the
strategies they use to balance the demands of work and family, over
500 families from 8 cities across the United States were studied. To
address different issues facing parents with older and younger
children, families with adolescents and families with kindergartners
were included in the sample. Working mothers and fathers are now
splitting their time between their responsibilities to their family,
and to their respective occupations. This study of 500 families
explores how work affects the lives and well-being of parents and
their children.

The study's data allows researchers to explore
a broad range of questions:

How do dual-career families manage and organize their resources and time
between family and work?

How do work conditions, including
characteristics of the job and workplace environment, affect the
quality of relationships among household members?

How do
dual career parents manage the moral and social development and
learning experiences of their children?

How do the
work-related responsibilities of working parents affect their child's
moral, social, and educational development?

What effect is
consumerism and technology having on how working families direct the
moral and social development of their children?

What do
parents believe is their role regarding the child-care of their
children and how they should fulfill that role both in terms of time
and in the allocation of economic and social resources? What are some
of the resources in the community that parents use to supervise their
children?

How do families regard the "free time" of
adolescents and how they allocate adolescent "free time" in
maintenance of the household?

What is the quality of
relationships among family members?

To obtain a
detailed picture of work and family life, mothers, fathers, and their
children were asked to complete a series of instruments including
surveys, in-depth interviews, and time diaries. These instruments
were designed to provide information about work, marriage, child care
and parental supervision, management of household tasks, time
allocations, coping strategies, and psychological well-being.

The four datasets associated with this data collection are
summarized below:

The Cortisol Data contains information for a
subsample of families that elected to participate in a study of
psychological stress. Parents and teenagers who agreed to participate
completed an additional two days of ESM data collection. The health
survey that was administered reported on a variety of health and
lifestyle issues that might affect cortisol (stress hormone) levels
such as medication use, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, use of
nicotine, timing of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, presence of chronic
illness, and respondent's height and weight. Additionally, parents
reported on the health of the children (teenagers and kindergartners)
participating in the study.

The
Experience Sampling Method (ESM) Data contains a
variety of information related to how individuals spend their time,
who they spent it with, and what activities they were engaged in over
the course of a typical week. Respondents wore programmed wrist
watches that emitted signals (beeps) throughout the day. When
possible, family members were placed on identical signaling schedules
to provide information on a range of family activities. At the time of
each beep, participants were asked to complete a self-report form
which asked them to answer a number of open-ended questions about
their location, activities, who they were with, and psychological
states. Several Likert and semantic-differential scales were used to
assess participants' psychological states.

The
Parent Data contains basic demographic
information from respondents as well as detailed information about
parents' occupation job duties, income, work schedule, benefits (e.g.,
medical care, flexible work schedules, and family leave), and the
consequences of their jobs (e.g. long hours, job stress, having to
work weekends). Additionally, the data contain information about the
extent to which parents experienced work-family conflict and what
changes might help with better balance of the demands of work and
family (e.g., more flexible work hours, more help from spouses with
household and child care responsibilities, improved child care, and
after-school care arrangements). Parental attitudes toward traditional
arrangements, how household tasks were actually divided among family
members, and how often the family paid for services (e.g., cleaning,
yard work, meal preparation) were also captured. The data also contain
information about how children are socialized in families with two
working parents. Topics about the frequency with which parents engaged
in various activities with their children (e.g., talking, eating meals
together, attending religious services), how frequently parents
monitored their teenager's activities, and how often they talked with
their teenager about school activities, plans for college, career
plans, friendships, and peer pressure.

The
Adolescent Data contains data for sixth through
twelfth graders, which focuses on family relationships and
experiences, school experiences, paid work, psychological well-being
and behavioral problems, and plans for the future (e.g., college,
career, and marriage -- including expectations regarding spouses'
sharing of responsibility for child care, cooking, chores, and paid
work). To allow for comparison of parents' and adolescents' responses
to similar questions, several items appear in both the adolescent and
parent data. These items include the frequency with which parents and
adolescents discuss school events, college and career plans,
participation in religious and other activities, gender role attitudes
and the division of household tasks within the family, and items
measuring depression, stress, and anxiety.

Qualitative Data -- Interviews The main
purpose of the interviews was to explore topics addressed in the
parent and adolescent surveys in greater detail. Parent interviews
were designed to examine how working parents cope with the demands of
work and family life. Adolescent interviews touched on similar themes
but altered questions to gauge the adolescent's perceptions of their
parents work and family lives. Kindergartner interviews were brief and
focused on children's after-school and child care arrangements and
time spent with parents.

Access Notes

One or more files in this data collection have special restrictions
; consult the
restrictions note to learn more.

This data collection may not be used for any purpose other than statistical reporting and analysis. Use of these data to learn the identity of any person or establishment is prohibited.

Due to the sensitive nature of the data and to protect respondent confidentiality, the 500 Family Study Qualitative Interview Data (DS5) are restricted from general dissemination. Currently, these data are accessible only via the ICPSR physical data enclave and may only be accessed at ICPSR's location in Ann Arbor, MI. Users wishing to view these data must first contact Research Connections (contact@researchconnections.org), complete an Application for use of the ICPSR Data Enclave (available here), and receive permission to analyze the files before traveling to Ann Arbor. More information may be found at ICPSR's Enclave Data Web site.

Completed forms should be returned to: Director, Research Connections, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Institute for Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, or by fax: 734-647-8200.

Any public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public.
Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.

Study Description

Citation

Schneider, Barbara, and Linda J Waite. The 500 Family Study [1998-2000: United States]. ICPSR04549-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2008-05-30. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04549.v1

Data used for
these analyses were collected using multiple methods, including
surveys, qualitative interviews, standardized child assessments, and
the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Parents of teenagers were given
slightly different versions of the instruments than parents of
kindergartners so that each instrument asked questions that were
appropriate for the age of the children in the family.In general, Cortisol and Parent Data variables are derived
from the Survey for Moms of Adolescents. This may or may not be
indicated with the word "teen" in the variable label. If an item is
taken from the Survey for Moms of Young Children, it should be have a
"tot" designation.To ensure confidentiality,
respondents were assigned ID numbers and their names were removed from
all original study materials. Individually assigned pseudonyms appear
in the interview transcripts rather than actual names or
locations. Additionally, to prevent family members from influencing
one another's responses, researchers asked that individuals keep their
responses to themselves.

Methodology

Sample:
The 500 Family Study sample is purposive (nonrandom) and
is comprised of data collected from communities throughout the United
States (five in the Midwest, one in the Southeast, one in the
Northeast, and one on the West Coast). These communities were largely
urban or suburban, with only one rural site. Participants were
solicited through local public high schools and elementary schools via
advertisements that appeared in local newspapers, and through snowball
recruitment. Of the 500 families that were studied, 300 families had
teenaged children and 200 families had kindergarten-aged children.
Seven of the eight communities studied were also studied in the SLOAN
STUDY OF YOUTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1992-1997 [UNITED STATES]
(ICPSR 4551). Sixty-three families who participated in SSYSD
consented to participate in the current study.

Response Rates:
Of the 512 families who participated in the study,
327 were families with teenagers, 157 families had kindergartners, and
28 had both teenagers and kindergartners.

Presence of Common Scales:

Depression

Depression was assessed with the 20-item Center for Epidemiological
Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The scale measures the frequency of
depressive symptoms experienced by respondents over the course of the
previous week.

Marital Satisfaction

Marital satisfaction was measured with the 15-item ENRICH Marital
Satisfaction Scale. This scale asks couples to assess their
satisfaction with key aspects of their marriage such as communication,
financial management, and parenting.

Time Use and Management

Respondents' day-to-day lives were captured using the Experience
Sampling Method (ESM). This is a unique method for examining how
individuals spend their time, who they spend it with, and what
activities they are engaged in over the course of a typical week.

Parent Surveys

To assure comparability with national datasets, several questions
that were used in the parent survey were drawn from other surveys
including the 1990 United States Census, the Current Population
Survey, the National Survey of Families and Households, the General
Social Survey, the Quality of Employment Survey, and the National
Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) of 1988-2000. Additional items
measuring anxiety, anger, self-esteem, and stress were drawn from
Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Taylor's Anxiety and Anger Inventories,
and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale. Mothers and fathers of
kindergartners were asked to complete a 20-item Parenting Hassles
Scale, which assesses the degree of stress or difficulty parents
experience in dealing with conflicts that routinely occur in families
with young children.

Adolescent Surveys

To ensure comparability with national surveys of adolescents,
survey items were drawn from several previous studies, including NELS
1988-2000, the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development, the
General Social Survey, and the Families in Communities Study. A
modification of items from the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment
was also included as a measure of adolescent attachment.

Standardized Child Assessments

Three sets of standardized assessments were used to assess young
children's cognitive and social competence, school readiness, and
behavioral problems. These assessments included the Peabody Picture
Vocabulary Test, the Harter Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence
and Social Acceptance for Young Children, and the Child Behavior
Checklist.

Extent of Processing: ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of
disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major
statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to
these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: