New targeted lung cancer drug produces 'dramatic' symptom improvement

BOSTON – A clinical trial of a potential new targeted treatment drug has provided powerful evidence that it can halt or reverse the growth of lung tumors characterized by a specific genetic abnormality. In their report in the October 28 New England Journal of Medicine, a multi-institutional research team reports that daily doses of the investigational drug crizotinib shrank the tumors of more than half of a group patients whose tumors were driven by alterations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. In another one-third of study participants, crizotinib treatment suppressed tumor growth. Preliminary results of this study were reported at the June 2010 meeting of the American Society for Clinical Oncology.

"Traditionally phase 1 trials have been used to determine the safety of drugs that have never been given to people before," explains Eunice Kwak, MD, PhD, of theMassachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, corresponding author of the study. "In this trial we were always looking for patients whose tumors might be more likely to respond to this drug, since we knew it inhibited the cancer-related proteins ALK and MET. Fortunately, once the first stage of the trial had established the maximum tolerated dose, we had the flexibility to enroll additional patients whose tumors had these molecular abnormalities."

In recent years, cancer researchers have found that genetic abnormalities which spur uncontrolled cellular proliferation underlie several types of cancer. About 12 percent of the cases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., are driven by mutations in a protein called EGFR, and several drugs that target the molecular pathway controlled by EGFR have halted or reversed tumor growth, at least temporarily. In 2007 it was discovered that a rearrangement involving the ALK gene, already associated with several other types of cancer, was behind 2 to 7 percent of NSCLC cases.

Laboratory studies at the MGH and other centers had shown that crizotinib could inhibit activity of both ALK and the MET oncogene, so the current study was designed in two parts. In the first stage patients with any solid tumor that had not responded to standard therapies received increasing daily oral doses of crizotinib to establish the highest dose that would not cause intolerable side effects. Two of the participants in that stage of the trial had ALK-altered NSCLC, and both of them showed what the investigators characterized as 'dramatic' symptom improvement. Based on those results, the second stage was expanded from three to a total of seven sites to enroll additional NSCLC patients with ALK-rearranged tumors.

Of 82 patients with ALK-altered tumors who eventually enrolled in the trial, crizotinib treatment reduced tumor size in at least 47 and halted tumor growth in 27. Among those participants, 63 have continued receiving the drug, some for more than two years. "This therapy is allowing patients to function without pain or a constant cough," Kwak explains. "The most rewarding thing about treating patients with this drug is watching them change from being completely controlled by their cancer to resuming a very normal life."

While results of the current study are promising, additional trials are required to confirm the effectiveness of crizotinib for NSCLC. A phase 3 clinical trial has started enrolling patients, and more information on that trial is available by calling the MGH Cancer Center at 877 789-6100. Kwak, an instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School, notes that the fact that the phase 3 trial started only three years after the phase 1 trial began – a process that took a decade for the first EGFR inhibitor – reflects the power of prospective tumor genotyping.

"The MGH already had the infrastructure in place to screen tumors for molecular abnormalities, so we were poised to test for ALK rearrangement," she explains. "We were actually able to identify the first patient with such a lung cancer and enroll him in the initial stage of this study four months after the original report of ALK-altered NSCLC was published. Then it was amazing to see his symptoms improve within a matter of weeks. These results are just one more compelling example of what we can do for our patients if we just learn more about their tumors."

"Innovative diagnostic testing of cancer tumors is leading to profound changes in patient treatment," adds John Iafrate, MD, of the MGH Pathology Service and the MGH Cancer Center, senior author of the study and co-director of the MGH Translational Research Lab. "Improvements in testing are allowing us to determine an individual's potential responsiveness to a treatment based on known mutations. This will allow clinicians to improve decision making on courses of treatment, leading to improved clinical outcomes and more effective patient care."

The study was supported by Pfizer, which is developing crizotinib for clinical application, and by grants from the Aid for Cancer Research Foundation, the National Cancer Institute, the American Society for Clinical Oncology and other funders. Co-authors of the NEJM report include Alice Shaw, MD, PhD, Jeffrey Clark, MD, and John Iafrate, MD, PhD, MGH Cancer Center; Yung-Jue Bang, MD, PhD, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea; D. Ross Camidge, MD, PhD, University of Colorado Cancer Center; Benjamin Solomon, MB, BS, PhD, MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Ravi Salgia, MD, PhD, University of Chicago; Robert Maki, MD, PhD, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Sai-Hong Ou, MD, PhD, University of California, Irvine; Keith Wilner, PhD, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; and Geoffrey Shapiro, MD, PhD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Additional co-authors are based at the institutions named above and at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Massachusetts General Hospital, established in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $600 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine.