Thursday, February 19, 2015

Extracting the SuperFish certificate

I extracted the certificate from the SuperFish adware and cracked the password ("komodia") that encrypted it. I discuss how down below. The consequence is that I can intercept the encrypted communications of SuperFish's victims (people with Lenovo laptops) while hanging out near them at a cafe wifi hotspot. Note: this is probably trafficking in illegal access devices under the proposed revisions to the CFAA, so get it now before they change the law.

I used simple reversing to find the certificate. As reported by others, program is packed and self-encrypted (like typical adware/malware). The proper way to reverse engineer this is to run the software in a debugger (or IDApro), setting break point right after it decrypts itself. The goal is to set the right break point before it actually infects your machine -- reversers have been known to infect themselves this way.

The ghetto way is to just to run this on a machine, infecting yourself, and run "procdump" (by @markrussinovich) in order to dump the process's memory. That's what I did, by running the following command:

procdump -ma VisualDiscovery.exe super.dmp

The proper reversing is to actually tear apart the memory structures, such as using VisualStudio:

The ghetto reversing is to run strings. This is an ancient (mid-1980s) program that simply extracts human readable strings out of a binary file, discarding the rest. It's really a stupid simple program.

strings super.dmp > super.txt

At that point, I load the file super.txt into a text editor and searched for the string "PRIVATE KEY". Sure enough, it popped right up. It's actually located several times in the memory dump.

At this point, I copied/pasted the certificate into a file super.pem. I then attempted to look at it using OpenSSL. However, I was presented with a password prompt. This file has been encrypted with a password.

Okay, that's annoying, but that just means we need to crack the password. However, I can't find a password cracker on the Internet that handles SSL PEM files, so I wrote my own certificate password cracker. It's pretty bad, using the OpenSSL decrypt API in a single thread, so it's not pretty. But it's sufficient for my needs.

The encryption is actually pretty good, meaning I can only do a couple hundred guesses per second. This means that there is no chance of brute-forcing any password longer than 5 characters (brute-force means to try all possible combinations), it'd take billions of years. Instead, I want to do a dictionary attack. This is where I load a file of common words and test them one-by-one to see if they work.

I tried the small dictionary john.dict that comes with John-the-Ripper, and it didn't find anything. But of course, I don't need a real dictionary. The password is probably also in the clear in the memory dump. I could just use the file super.txt as my dictionary! I tried this, but it was taking a long time, with 150k unique lines of text. It'd take many hours to complete. To speed things up, I filtered the list for just lower-case words

grep "^[a-z]*$" super.txt | sort | uniq > super.dict

This leaves a dictionary of only 2203 words. I ran my cracking tool, and found the password in 10 seconds, "komodia".

Armed with this password, I continued where I left off with the openssl command-line tool and successfully decoded the certificate. I can now use this to Man-in-the-Middle people with Lenovo desktops (in theory, I haven't tried it yet).

Note that the password "komodia" is suggestive -- that's a company that makes an SSL "redirector" for doing exactly the sort of interception that SuperFish is doing. They market it as security software so you can spy on your kids, and stuff. A description of this component, their "SSL Digester", is here. They market it for "ad injection" here. That site teaches us a lot about what SuperFish can do.

(BTW, thanks to @chigley101 for linking a download of the software. Also note that @supersat and @paul_pearce found the password before I did, though as far as I know they haven't published it. Note that it's Chris Palmer (@fugueish) that first noticed the implications of these certificates).

The password needs to be available to the software in order for it to sign certificates with the private key. It could be somewhat obfuscated, but there's really nothing the authors could do to prevent someone with moderate reverse engineering skills from learning it fairly quickly.

The password needs to be available to the software in order for it to sign certificates with the private key. It could be somewhat obfuscated, but there's really nothing the authors could do to prevent someone with moderate reverse engineering skills from learning it fairly quickly.

Good job! I do not understand why the password was stored in cleartext in memory. I mean if they went through the trouble of hiding a malware deep within the hardware, why did they store the password in plaintext in memory?

Anyone up for decoding the cert used by GoGo Inflight WiFi Service? https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150105/09344429597/gogo-inflight-wifi-service-goes-man-in-the-middle-issues-fake-google-ssl-certificates.shtml

"The consequence is that I can intercept the encrypted communications of SuperFish's victims (people with Lenovo laptops) while hanging out near them at a cafe wifi hotspot."

How? By just passively reading and decrypting or by providing a MITM proxy that uses that certificate yourself?

The first case would mean that the connections between the infected laptops and "the internet" already use that key, i.e. the superfish https MITM proxy is somewhere in the internet. Why would they even need the private key in the software then?

If their MITM proxy runs on the infected machines then the connections to the actual websites should use the real certificates - and you'd have to run your own MITM proxy, so just passive snooping wouldn't be enough.(Not that running such a proxy is very hard...)

Just wondering, I haven't read much about the technical details of superfish yet :-)

If they "hide" the password on the binary in plain text, they should at least use something like "m cannot be run in D" as password, as half-jokingly suggested at http://stackoverflow.com/a/5316925/371250. At least the reverser will have some good laughs.

not that it matters, but there is already a shitty pkcs8 wordlister out there: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xenocons/pkcs8-wordlist/master/main.c i used this with your wordlist and it wordlisted the password in <4 seconds on debian 1GB ram VM.

@Peter Pezaris:Sorry, but just working around the problem with a tag was (and is) irresponsible.

It basically makes it harder for someone to notice that his PC is infected.

Glip should have made the problem public back then.Ideally they would have tried to detect if the superfish JS was injected and warn affected users that they seem to be "infected" with "superfish" and should get rid of it.

I don't know 100% if that's possible from the JS-side, though (I'm not a web developer), but https://filippo.io/Badfish/ has found a way to test it by trying to load an image from a https server that uses a certificate signed by the SuperFish certificate.

So now that a way to detect superfish is known, one *really* shouldn't try to work around it (so your costumers think they have a working machine), but either try to detect superfish and display a warning, or at least do nothing so that the user hopefully notices that something is wrong and that he may have a malware problem.

By the way, this tag will *not* make superfish go away or anything, the traffic still is intercepted by them, the only difference is that their javascript (to show their ads) is not executed anymore.

Is it not that Komodia is a MIM tool which executes in memory of a workstation, between the network interface and the browser? So the traffic between the workstations NIC and the web server is still encrypted with the domain SSL certificate. Then Komodia acts like a browser, using the public key to decrypt the content for instpection. To fool the browser, it re-encrypts the content again with it's own certificate so the browser won't show a warning to the user.

I believe that it will not be possible to snoop https traffic in an internet cafe just because you have the komodia certificate. You'd have to be breaking into the computer and hook in between komodia and the browser.

@Matt: Even if that were true, it would still be a very bad thing. Lenovo / Superfish / Komodia would be installing software with the capability to read every bit of encrypted web traffic from a customer's computer (credentials, banking information, etc.) They have no business doing that, for ANY reason. Any vendor who feels they can or should do this, can fuck off.

However, this situation is worse. Not only were they malicious, they were incompetent. By installing the same root certificate and key pair (easily stolen) on every computer, now anyone who wants to put in about 60 seconds of effort can forge a trusted SSL certificate for any website on the planet. They can execute MITM attacks against these vulnerable computers and steal all of the same information, without needing to run any malicious code on the vulnerable PC itself. (Lenovo, Superfish and Komodia have taken care of installing the malicious code already; thanks!) These MITM attacks would be tricky to detect; there could be nothing alarming about the site at first glance, unless you went out of your way to examine the SSL certificate and saw that it was issued by Superfish, Inc instead of some trusted, established CA.

> I have to ask, but couldn't they generate the SSL certificate upon install.

They cant. Windows does not allow software to add certificates to the Windows certificate store without prompting the user. The operation occurs in isolated code, isolated in the same way that passwords prompts are isolated.

The only way they can get the extra certificate into the certificate store without prompting a user is to pre-install it on the factory image.

The problem is manyfold:- The SuperFish Proxy *doesn't* do SSL validation for the endpoint certs (the ones from the site). Someone infected with SuperFish can be tricked into entering a site using a selfsigned cert and the user wouldn't even know about this.- If you removed/disabled the SuperFish proxy, you still have the SuperFish CA in your trusted certstore. Someone can pose as Google, Bank of America, whatever.Any of these things can easily happen if you are using public wifi hotspots, as it is common for some to set up "free hotspots" that actually do MITM attacks if they can.

Good article. One that provides technical details instead of lot of Superfish articles out there with scary messages.

If I understand correctly, Lenovo is installing a https proxy to intercept traffic (vs common proxies you find in enterprises that use http CONNECT verb to proxy https traffic). The proxy is creating self signed certs for every https site the browser is visiting, but signed by the root CA inside the proxy. The browser’s root cert store is updated with proxy’s root CA chain. But the proxy still communicates to destination over https doing usual https validations (like checking for self-signed certs vs Verisign signed ones etc).

I don’t think someone out there in the wild can decrypt data even if they have root CA private key as the proxy to destination site is https session which is protected by destination site’s private/public key pair. I saw articles claiming that they could decrypt https traffic if they are at a Cafe by having the root CA. But how?The https traffic that gets affected by this proxy is the one from browser to localhost:proxy port. It beats me how someone outside the box can sniff that traffic.

Am I missing something here?

But someone out there can create a site that looks like say bankofamerica.com site with self signed cert signed by above root CA and start a phishing attack. If a customer with the Superfish software press that link and go to that site, the browser won’t warn that it is a phishing site.

This is far fetched and the impact is lot less than what most of the Superfish articles are portraying. Neverthless it is a bad business decision by Lenovo to install something like this at factory. I bet they will have a challenge selling into enterprises with the -ve press that this caused.

Two references in the article, labeled, [i]here[/i] are not available now possibly due to a DDOS attack happening as I write.

No prob!. The Products tab at this archived Komodia page [i]https://web.archive.org/web/20141221102728/http://www.komodia.com/[/i] takes you to the first reference, for [b]SSL Digestor[b/] (note this is the "correct" spelling in that it matches the web site, although it is only correctly [English usage].

The description of the [b]Ad Injector[/b] is also reachable from this tab. The Ad Injector product is interesting to me as it gives the mechanism for Javascript injection that can co-exist with global proxy injection.

For example, There is a call to the .exe with install flags, and it can intercept a browser, then inspect it using the DLL or COM framework and decide to inject Javascript or a HTML component.

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(1) If you want your ex back.(2) If you want to be promoted in your office.(3) If you want a child.(4) If you want to be rich.(5) if you have any sickness like ( H I V/AIDS ),(CANCER) or any sickness.

once again make sure you contact him if you have any problem he will help you. his email address is(benedictsolutioncentre@gmail.com}

An amazing testimony on a spell caster who brought my wife back to me.. My name is Andy Sowers,i live in Australia,and I'm happily married to a lovely and caring wife,with two kids.A very big problem occurred in my family seven months ago,between me and my wife.so terrible that she took the case to court for a divorce.she said that she never wanted to stay with me again,and that she didn't love me anymore.So she packed out of my house and made me and my children passed through severe pain. I tried all my possible means to get her back,after much begging,but all to no avail.and she confirmed it that she has made her decision,and she never wanted to see me again. So on one evening,as i was coming back from work,i met an old friend of mine who asked of my wife.So i explained every thing to her,so she told me that the only way i can get my wife back,is to visit a spell caster,because it has really worked for her too.So i never believed in spell,but i had no other choice,than to follow her advice. Then she gave me the email address of the spell caster whom she visited.{benedictsolutioncentre@gmail.com}. So the next morning,i sent a mail to the address she gave to me,and the spell caster assured me that i will get my wife back the next day.What an amazing statement!! I never believed,so he spoke with me,and told me everything that i need to do. Then the next morning, So surprisingly, my wife who didn't call me for the past seven {7}months,gave me a call to inform me that she was coming back.So Amazing!! So that was how she came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and she apologized for her mistake,and for the pain she caused me and my children. Then from that day,our relationship was now stronger than how it were before,by the help of a spell caster DR benedict. So.So,if you are in a similar problem or any kind of problems you can also contact him via his email(benedictsolutioncentre@gmail.com}he is the solution to all your problems and predicaments in life.his email again is{benedictsolutioncentre@gmail.com}.

HE ALSO SPECIALIZE IN THE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS;

(1) If you want your ex back.(2) If you want to be promoted in your office.(3) If you want a child.(4) If you want to be rich.(5) if you have any sickness like ( H I V/AIDS ),(CANCER) or any sickness.

once again make sure you contact him if you have any problem he will help you. his email address is(benedictsolutioncentre@gmail.com}

Hello to everyone here, I'm here to share the unexpected miracles that happened to me three days ago how i was help by dr clement, My Name is sanjeeta I live in United State, and I `m happily married to a lovely and caring husband, two children, a very big problem has occurred in the family seven months ago, between me and my husband so terrible that they took the case to court for divorce, he said that he never again to stay with me, and urging me not as he made the house and grabbed me and my children are passed through a lot of pain. I have tried all my possible means to get him back, after much begging, but all to no avail, and he confirmed that he made ??his decision, and he never wanted me to see her again. So one evening when I returned from work, I met an old friend of mine who asked my husband So I explained everything to her, so she told me that the only way I can get my husband back it is, visit a spell caster, because it really worked for them too so I never believed in spell, but I had no choice but to follow their advice. Then they gave me the email address of the caster, they visited. (drakugbespellhome@gmail.com}, so the next morning I sent an email to the address they gave me, and the spell caster assured me that I get my husband back the next day, what an astonishing statement, I have never believed, so that he spoke to me and told me everything I need to do. then the next morning, so suddenly, that my husband, who has not called me for the past {7} seven months, gave me a call to tell me that he come back So Amazing! So that was how he came back on the same day, with lots of love and joy, and they apologized for their mistake, and for the pain she has me and my children. then from that day, our relationship was stronger than now, as it were before, with the help of a spell caster. So, I'm going to visit to advise there please the same site drakugbespellhome@gmailcom if you are in a state like this, or you have problems that bring on "your ex back. So many thanks to Dr. clement return for my husband and brought back great joy, my family.(drakugbespellhome@gmail.com} Thank you .. you can contact him fore you own help

What a beautiful and wonderful testimony. Sometime things you don't believe can just happen. My name is Adams BERCHAR . Am 25 years old i got married at the age of 24 i have only one child and i was living happily. After one year of my marriage my husband behavior became so strange and i don't really understand what was going on, he packed out of the house to another woman i love him so much that i never dream's of losing him, i try my possible best to make sure that my husband get back to me but all to no avail i cry and i cry seeking for help. i discussed it with my best friend and she promise to help me he told me of a man called Dr. PAUL , he is a very great man and a real man that can be trusted and there is nothing concerning love issues he cannot do that is why they call him Dr. PAUL . I contacted his email address.And i told him everything that happen all he told me that i should not worry that all my problems will be solved immediately. He told me what to do to get my husband back and i did, he said after One hour my husband will come back to me and start begging, it really happen i was very surprise and very, very happy our relationship was now very tight and we both live happily again. So my advice for you now is to contact this same email address is salvationlovespell@gmail.com or visit his web site http://salvationlovespellforallnation.webs.com/

my name is Monica After being in relationship with kelly for 3 years,he broke upwith me, I did everything possible to bring him back but all was invain, I wanted him back so much because of the love I have for him, Ibegged him with everything, I made promises but he refused. Iexplained my problem to someone online and she suggested that I shouldrather contact a spell caster that could help me cast a spell to bringhim back but I am the type that never believed in spell, I had nochoice than to try it, I mailed the spell caster, and he told me therewas no problem that everything will be okay before three days, that myex will return to me before three days, he cast the spell andsurprisingly in the second day, it was around 4pm. My ex called me, Iwas so surprised, I answered the call and all he said was that he wasso sorry for everything that happened, that he wanted me to return tohim, that he loves me so much. I was so happy and went to him, thatwas how we started living together happily again. Since then, I havemade promise that anybody I know that have a relationship problem, Iwould be of help to such person by referring him or her to the onlyreal and powerful spell caster who helped me with my own problem andwho is different from all the other ones out there. Anybody could needthe help of the spell caster, his email is dr.areghanspellhome@gmail.comyou can email him if you need his assistance in your relationship orany other problem

I am MISS TRACY FROM UNITED STATE, and email is tracydesmond144@gmail.com.I just want to share my experience andtestimony here.. i was married for 6 years tomy husband and all of a sudden, another womancame into the picture.. he started halting meand he was abusive. but i still loved him with allmy heart and wanted him at all cost…then hefiled for divorce. my whole life was turningapart and i didn’t know what to do .he movedout of the house and abandoned the kids.. sosomeone told me about trying spiritual means toget my husband back and introduced me to aspell caster…so i decided to try it reluctantly.although i didn’t believe in all those things…then when he did the love and return spell,after 2days, my husband came back and waspleading. he had realized his mistakes. I justcouldn’t believe it..anyways we are backtogether now and we are happy. in case anyoneneeds this man, his email address is drogbefunspelltemple@gmail.com

I am MISS TRACY FROM UNITED STATE, and email is tracydesmond144@gmail.com.I just want to share my experience andtestimony here.. i was married for 6 years tomy husband and all of a sudden, another womancame into the picture.. he started halting meand he was abusive. but i still loved him with allmy heart and wanted him at all cost…then hefiled for divorce. my whole life was turningapart and i didn’t know what to do .he movedout of the house and abandoned the kids.. sosomeone told me about trying spiritual means toget my husband back and introduced me to aspell caster…so i decided to try it reluctantly.although i didn’t believe in all those things…then when he did the love and return spell,after 2days, my husband came back and waspleading. he had realized his mistakes. I justcouldn’t believe it..anyways we are backtogether now and we are happy. in case anyoneneeds this man, his email address is drogbefunspelltemple@gmail.com

THE GREAT Dr OBEHI INEGBEDION WHO BROUGHT MY HUSBAND BACK TO ME . My name is Mandy Buyukolme. My husband and I have been living a very happy and lovely life. So as time went on, I began to notice this strange attitude that he was possessing. He was now having another girl friend called Jane, to the extent that he was no longer picking up my calls, and he was not even sleeping in my house anymore because of this new girl friend. I became confused and didn’t know what to do . So i became worried and stranded, , because I have never experienced a thing like this before in my life. So I decided to visit a spell caster online, to see if he can help me out. So immediately I went to the internet, where I saw an amazing testimony of a spell caster who brought someone’s ex lover back Dr.OBEHI INEGBEDION so I email him with his email: drobehiinegbedionspellhome102@gmail.com immediately and I explained to him all my problems and immediately he reply to me that it will be very easy for him to solve, i have been helping people with situation like the one i have. And he also gave me some proof to be really sure of his work, and he assured me that my husband will come back to me immediately he is through with the spell casting. And also he told me to put all my trust in him, and I really believe him. So it was 9:00 am on the next morning, when I was about going to work, when i received my husband’s call, and he told me that he was coming back home , and he apologized to me, and told me that he is very sorry for the pain that he has cost me. And after some minutes later, he really came back home, and that was how we continued our marriage with lots of love and happiness again, and our love was now stronger than how it were before. And he also told me that once my heart desire has been granted unto me that i should go and testify of his work right here on the internet. Right now I am the happiest woman on earth today as I am writing this testimony, and I want to really thank ” Dr OBEHI INEGBEDION” for bringing back my husband, and for bringing joy and love to my life. My advice for you out there who your husband or your wife is acting strange or behaving the same way like this, or you have any problem with your relationship or anything related to do with spell casting, is for you to go and visit this VIA email: drobehiinegbedionspellhome102@gmail.com , and i assure you that he will be of help to you, and I am 90% sure that he will solve it out. Email him: drobehiinegbedionspellhome102@gmail.com

What a beautiful and wonderful testimony. Sometime things you don't believe can just happen. My name is tanya willians . Am 25 years old i got married at the age of 24 i have only one child and i was living happily. After one year of my marriage my husband behavior became so strange and i don't really understand what was going on, he packed out of the house to another woman i love him so much that i never dream's of losing him, i try my possible best to make sure that my husband get back to me but all to no avail i cry and i cry seeking for help. i discussed it with my best friend and she promise to help me he told me of a man called Dr. PAUL , he is a very great man and a real man that can be trusted and there is nothing concerning love issues he cannot do that is why they call him Dr. PAUL . I contacted his email address.And i told him everything that happen all he told me that i should not worry that all my problems will be solved immediately. He told me what to do to get my husband back and i did, he said after One hour my husband will come back to me and start begging, it really happen i was very surprise and very, very happy our relationship was now very tight and we both live happily again. So my advice for you now is to contact this same email address is salvationlovespell@gmail.com or visit his web site http://salvationlovespellforallnation.webs.com/

My name is williams martinez.I do not know how to thank Dr. Trust for bringing happiness back to my family. i do really wanna tell the whole world that there is a spell caster called Dr.Trust that is so real and genuine. I never believed in any of these things but when i lose my wife for 4 years, i required help until i found a great spell caster, and he cast a love spell for me, and he assured me that I will get my wife back in just 48hours but i was in doubt, and after the spell has been cast, 48hours later, just as the spell caster said, my phone rang, and surprisingly it was my wife who has not called me for the past 4 years, and she made an apology for the pain she has caused me and she told me that she is ready to come back home for me. Dr.Trust really made her to know how much i loved and needed her. And he also opened her eyes to picture how much love we have to share together. With this testimony right now i am the happiest man on earth and our love is now stronger than how it was even before. I will keep sharing this testimony all over the world. All thanks goes to Dr.Trust for the good work that he has done for me and people he has helped. Believe him and do all he ask you to do and never doubt him in any way.via Ultimatespellcast@yahoo.com or Ultimatespellcast@hotmail.com tel: +2348156885231

My name is williams martinez.I do not know how to thank Dr. Trust for bringing happiness back to my family. i do really wanna tell the whole world that there is a spell caster called Dr.Trust that is so real and genuine. I never believed in any of these things but when i lose my wife for 4 years, i required help until i found a great spell caster, and he cast a love spell for me, and he assured me that I will get my wife back in just 48hours but i was in doubt, and after the spell has been cast, 48hours later, just as the spell caster said, my phone rang, and surprisingly it was my wife who has not called me for the past 4 years, and she made an apology for the pain she has caused me and she told me that she is ready to come back home for me. Dr.Trust really made her to know how much i loved and needed her. And he also opened her eyes to picture how much love we have to share together. With this testimony right now i am the happiest man on earth and our love is now stronger than how it was even before. I will keep sharing this testimony all over the world. All thanks goes to Dr.Trust for the good work that he has done for me and people he has helped. Believe him and do all he ask you to do and never doubt him in any way.via Ultimatespellcast@yahoo.com or Ultimatespellcast@hotmail.com tel: +2348156885231