Syndicate

From Copenhagen and Cancun to Bonn and Durban, climate meetings are conferences of polluters

By
Patrick Bond, Durban

June
21, 2011 – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal -- Judging by what transpired
at last week’s global climate negotiations in the former West German capital,
Bonn, it appears certain that in just over five months’ time, the South African
port city of Durban will host a conference of climate procrastinators, the COP 17
(Conference of Parties), dooming the Earth to the frying pan. Further inaction
on climate change will leave our city’s name as infamous for elite incompetence
and political betrayal as is Oslo’s in the Middle East.

It
appears certain that Pretoria’s alliance with Washington, Beijing, New Delhi
and Brasilia, witnessed in the shameful 2009 Copenhagen Accord, will be extended
to other saboteurs of the Kyoto Protocol, especially from Ottawa, Tokyo and
Moscow, along with Brussels and London carbon traders.

What
everyone now predicts is a conference of paralysis. Not only will the Kyoto
Protocol be allowed to expire at the end of its first commitment period (2012).
Far worse, Durban will primarily be a conference of profiteers, as carbon
trading – the privatisation of the air, giving rich states and companies the
property-right to pollute – is cemented as the foundation of the next decade’s global
climate malgovernance.

Indeed,
a telling diplomatic move in Bonn was when Pretoria’s negotiators, weighed down
by team members from South Africa’s maxi-polluters Eskom, Sasol and the
National Business Initiative, tried to break African solidarity against
European Union plans for opening up new carbon markets (in exchange for Europe
emitting much more greenhouse gas pollution) – instead of doing the honourable
thing by paying the EU’s vast climate debt to Africa straight up.

A
local alignment is now approaching in which on the one hand Pretoria’s bantustan-type
politicians and officials will legitimise “climate apartheid” once the COP17
begins at the Durban International Convention Centre, at the same time they
support every homegrown, climate-destroying action in sight, including:

building two of the world’s four largest
coal-fired powerplants for $20 billion each at Kusile and Medupi (not to
mention new nuclear powerplants too);

digging a vast new $14 billion port in
South Durban, announced last week;

constructing a new $12 billion heavy-oil
refinery in Port Elizabeth; and

offering shale-gas fracking exploration
rights to South African, Norwegian and US firms in the fragile Drakensburg
mountain range (just revealed on June 17 by Durban’s two excellent green journalists,
Tony Carnie and Colleen Dardagan).

To
top it off, the promised $100 billion a year Green Climate Fund, far larger
than any other financing source ever assembled, is co-chaired by another global
North-pliant Pretoria politician, national planning minister Trevor Manuel, a
man who takes his responsibilities so lackadaisically that he offered no
visible objection to these eco-catastrophic investments.

Indeed
as finance minister, Manuel repeatedly gave South Africa’s state power
corporation Eskom the green light to continue supplying the world’s cheapest electricity
to BHP Billiton and the Anglo American Corporation, while raising poor people’s
power prices to unaffordable heights so as to pay for the expensive plants.

Green Climate Fund

Manuel
apparently thought so highly of the Green Climate Fund that in late April he preferred
to stay home in Cape Town, unsuccessfully seeking votes for the ruling party
(it lost to the conservative opposition in mid-May municipal elections),
instead of going to the Mexico City conference where in absentia Manuel was given
Green Climate Fund co-leadership. In all the talk of his joining the EU-rigged race
for International Monetary Fund managing director, which Manuel quit on the
last day, June 10, not a word was uttered about climate or his Green Climate
Fund co-chair responsibilities.

The
Green Climate Fund may do far more harm than good, especially if Manuel’s team
authorises the financing of “false solutions” such as biotech, genetically modified
trees and plants, timber plantations, nuclear energy, carbon capture and
storage, or seeding the air with the coolant SO2 and the sea with iron filings
to create algae blooms. He has already pronounced that the Green Climate Fund
should raise up to half its funds through carbon trading.

But
Manuel will fail, not only because of periodic carbon market collapses but
because, as Third World Network director Meena Raman complained, “Only a few [6]
days of negotiations have been set aside for the Green Climate Fund Technical
Committee between now and Durban, while there are many complex issues to
resolve… [How can they] execute the difficult and important task in such a
short period of time?” At the May 30 GCF workshop in Bonn, only co-chair Kjetil
Lund of Norway attended parts of the session, but Manuel and the third
co-chair, Mexico’s Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, were no-shows.

This
typifies the disrespect that state and business elites show for climate
negotiations.

African civil society

Because
Pretoria can’t be trusted to lead the world in December, says Michele Maynard
of the Pan African Climate Justice Alliance, “African civil society is calling
on the South African government to have an open, democratic and accountable
process. That means saying when, where and who they are meeting and how they
will let the people actually impacted by climate change have their say.”

Maynard
continued, “This is all the more urgent as we hear that New Zealand and the US
are driving the introduction of ‘soil carbon’ markets into the negotiations.
These markets are false solutions that will only fuel the land-grab in Africa
and seriously undermine the ability of poor Africans to feed themselves.”

The
Kyoto Protocol will be the first casualty of Durban, everyone predicts. The global
North wants a voluntary “political commitment” sometimes called “pledge and
review” to replace the binding emissions reductions requirements made in 1997
in Kyoto.

To
be sure, the civil society movement Climate Justice Now! is disgusted by
Kyoto’s

lack of sanctions against big polluters
for not participating (the US and Australia) or for missing even weak
targets (nearly everyone);

failure to penalise corporate
beneficiaries of vast coal operations in sites like South Africa; and

reliance on carbon markets to make
emissions cuts more palatable to big capital, thanks to the sleazy deal
done by Al Gore in 1997 in exchange for official US support (but the
Senate vote against Kyoto was
95-0!).

Still,
a binding global deal is ultimately needed, and replacing Kyoto with a
voluntary ‘

“Durban
Package” would be disastrous given the US, EU and Japanese track record on underfunding,
cheating and bribery. Thanks to last December’s release of US State Department
cables by Wikileaks’s Julian Assange and Bradley Manning (presumably, as he
remains uncharged in Leavenworth prison in Kansas), it is undeniable that
Clinton underlings Todd Stern and Jonathan Pershing are bullies who should be
banned from all future negotiations. The EU’s Connie Hedegaard happily joined
them to plot defunding the GCF in February 2010, according to WikiLeaks.

Binding deal needed

To
meet scientific requirements for planet-saving emissions cuts requires a binding
UN effort like that made in 1987 in Montreal to ban CFCs, the chemical that was
widening the deadly ozone hole. But given the rise of neoliberalism (1990s),
neoconservatism (2000s) and their subsequent fusion as the dominant ideologies
within the United Nations, a repeat of the Montreal Protocol is not possible
anytime soon.

So
at the last two climate COPs, in Copenhagen (2009) and Cancún (2010), Pretoria
lined up squarely with the worst environmental wreckers. The result, according
to Bolivia’s ambassador to the United Nations Pablo Sólon at a Bonn press
conference, are “commitments of emissions reductions that leads us to a
scenario of [a temperature increase of] 4 degrees Celsius. And that is
absolutely unacceptable. We need to come out of South Africa with commitments
of emissions reductions that will put us in a scenario of between 1 to 1.5
degrees Celsius in order to preserve our planet and life as we know it.”

Sólon,
one of the few negotiators brave enough to speak truth to power inside UN’s
dead space, concluded that “South Africa is the place to fight against the new
apartheid against Mother Earth and its vital systems”.

Local
activists will join this fight knowing their politicians and officials are terribly
destructive. One reason Durban will be regarded in future as the city that
amplified climate apartheid, is the elites’ hunger to codify and even celebrate
market-based environmental governance, including the Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) program.

According
to Sólon, “There is a proposal in the Cancún agreement that focuses everything
on … guidelines in the capacity of forests to capture CO2. We must not focus on
how to prepare forests for a market mechanism, we must fight deforestation
now.”

REDD’s
most dogmatic advocate has been the World Bank, which is also the trustee for
the Green Climate Fund, leading to civil society demands for its repulsion.
“The World Bank is part of the climate problem, not the climate solution”,
Sebastian Valdomir of Friends of the Earth International said at Bonn. “It’s
appalling social and environmental track record should immediately disqualify
it from playing any role whatsoever in designing the Green Climate Fund, and in
climate finance more generally.”

Case
in point: the World Bank’s $3.75 billion loan to Eskom last year, mainly to
fund the Medupi plant in spite of well-known conflicts of interest (the ruling African
National Congress’ investments in Hitachi boiler construction) and worsening
inability to pay for electricity by poor South Africans, who continue “service
delivery protests’ at among the highest rate in the world.

Rather
than expect the dubious bankers to tackle our greatest challenge, Sólon
proposed an international financial transactions tax to fund climate aid. The global
North’s existing commitments, such as the supposed $30 billion in fast-track
funding pledged by Hillary Clinton at Copenhagen through 2012, is proving to be
just as reliable as the G8’s Gleneagles Summit 2005 financing pledges to
Africa.

Conferences
of promisers are a dime a dozen, as they say in the US, and conferences of
empty pledges, such as Hillary Clinton’s, as unveiled at Bonn by her own colleagues
on June 7 (“there will not be $100 billion a year in the GCF”), have one main
purpose: to deflect the world’s justified anger at how Northern pollution
threatens us all.

Closed doors

There
is another deflection trick we can expect in Durban, just as at the
Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, when Third World
Network’s Martin Khor condemned the host chair (Thabo Mbeki) for importing the
exclusionary methodology of the World Trade Organization’s “Green Rooms”. Venezuela’s
negotiators in Bonn last week criticised Pretoria’s “proliferation of innovative
ideas” that were hashed out beyond closed doors.

Against
top-down disasters like these, can activists change the balance of forces? On
June 17 as Bonn was drawing to a desultory close, the Durban-born leader of
Greenpeace International Kumi Naidoo showed exactly the spirit required, while attempting
to deliver a 50,000-strong petition to an offshore drilling rig run by Cairn
Energy near Greenland.

As
Naidoo approached the rig, the Leif
Eriksson (named after a Scandinavian Viking, renowned for looting,
pillaging and raping), he was hit by near-freezing water cannon blasts and then
arrested “indefinitely” for violating a court injunction.

Said
Naidoo: “Arctic oil drilling is one of the defining environmental battles of
our age. I’m an African but I care deeply about what’s happening up here. The
rapidly melting cap of Arctic sea ice is a grave warning to all of us, so it’s
nothing short of madness that companies like Cairn see it as a chance to drill
for fossil fuels that got us into this climate change mess in the first place.
We have to draw a line and say no more.”

The
same line will have to be drawn against the Durban Conference of Polluters, and
it appears Saturday, December 3, 2011, will be a global day of action when in
Durban and your hometown, the strongest possible stance will be needed to
finally address the mess.

[Patrick
Bond directs the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Centre for Civil Society in
Durban and is author of the forthcoming book, Politics of Climate Justice, for UKZN Press.]