Spain’s Iberdrola recently announced it had completed a blockchain project that guarantees that 100 percent of the electricity delivered to a consumer, Kutxabank, comes from renewable energy resources. In a first proof-of-concept test, Kutxabank was able to track the energy from various points of origin — Iberdrola wind farms and a hydroelectric power plant — to their points of consumption — Kutxabank’s headquarters in Spain’s Basque Country and Cajasur in Cordoba, according to Iberdrola.

This innovation shows us that it is a crucial catalyst in the process of ‘decarbonizing’ the economy, allowing traceable, secure and rapid transactions. In this case, the supply of green energy is more efficient, flexible and transparent, which ‘incentivizes’ the production and consumption of 100% renewable energy.

— Iberdrola states

Iberdrola, the Energy Web Foundation (EWF) and EWF affiliate FlexiDAO collaborated in the development of FlexiDAO’s Spring, the distributed, renewable energy blockchain used in the Iberdrola-Kutxabank proof-of-concept. “FlexiDAO’s Spring software helps energy retailers sell a new energy service in addition to their current energy supply: selection and time-based certification of local green energy,” FlexiDAO co-founder and CEO Simone Accornero told Solar Magazine.

“For the first time, consumers can benefit from a certification mechanism that truly demonstrates renewable energy ‘additionality,’ and therefore they are empowered to impact generation of green energy with their consumption by selecting the type of source they desire — solar, wind, hydro, etc. — and the geographic distance. A Web app allows them to track every hour or day that this selected renewable generation matches 100 percent of their consumption. In addition, corporate consumers can use the Web app as a powerful Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) communication and reporting tool for their sustainability metrics through which they can build transparent, trusted brand equity,” Accornero explained in an interview.

FlexiDAO’s EWF-based Spring renewable energy blockchain

The renewable energy FlexiDAO’s blockchain software system tracks and accounts for is generated by Iberdrola wind farms in the Oiz area of Spain’s Biscay province and in Maranchón, Guadalajara province in the Castile-La Mancha region. Adding to that is electricity from the San Esteban hydroelectricity plant from Orense province in the Galicia region. Solar Magazine spoke with EWF and FlexiDAO to learn more.

Barcelona-based FlexiDAO used EWF’s Origin as a framework to develop Spring. EWF saw to project negotiations and coordination, while the API and data collection was carried out by Iberdrola with the support of EWF. FlexiDAO subsequently integrated the API with its Spring software and deployed the application, Accornero added.

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The data streams flowing across the FlexiDAO system’s EW Blockchain can be grouped into five categories, Accornero explained.

Private meta-data: “Salted” hash of the assets’ and consumers’ data stored in a Retailers’ database. The hashes are used as secure on-chain data proof for off-chain data validation.

Certificate claim data: Certificate claim data describes which anonymous identity and for which period of time the certificate has been utilized/consumed.

FlexiDAO’s Spring forms the application layer of the system, integrating all the data from these disparate sources with the EW Blockchain. “The interaction with the retailer’s IT system is extremely easy since all the logic happens behind simple APIs (application programming interfaces),” Accornero added.

The first API is embedded in Spring’s metering module, which connects to the energy retailer’s SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system in order to keep track of generation data. Consumption data is gathered through the system’s DSO (Distribution System Operator) or directly from consumers’ smart meters, Accornero explained.

The software then uses smart contracts to define a set of rules for the automatic matching of generation and consumption based on a set of consumer preferences, such as location, type of energy and frequency. The smart contracts automate all the back-end processes associated with management of the renewable energy certificates, which include on-boarding of assets, certificate issuance, trades and claims.

A second API is part and parcel of an application module that manages all administration tasks, such as registration of new users and assets, the creation of digital identities and storage of the retailer’s private keys.

Screenshot: FlexiDAO

Front-end data visualization and interaction is taken care of via a white-label Web app that enables any consumer or generator to interact with, track and select the origin of their renewable energy, Accornero continued. “The user experience for both the retailer and the consumer is made extremely easy and user-friendly by a set of cloud-based services offered by FlexiDAO,” he said.

It simultaneously ensures transparency, traceability and GDPR compliance; and

Provides identity recovery in case the user loses the private key;

FlexiVault:

Provides a safe decentralized environment for users’ private key local storage and management, which is always stored on users’ premises; and

provides blockchain “connectivity” without running a local blockchain node, or instance.

The scalability, transaction processing and energy efficiency of blockchain distributed ledger systems, and hence their feasibility, has been called into doubt. The EW Chain upon which the Iberdrola-Kutxabank distributed ledger system is based is still in development. Tests conducted on EWF’s test network show that it can support 100-plus transactions per second at present, EWF’s Mario Pavlovic told Solar Magazine.

“We achieve this through a number of approaches,” Pavlovic explained. “For example, rather than the Proof-of-Work consensus used by blockchains such as Bitcoin, the EW Chain uses a Proof-of-Authority approach that speeds block time. Through developing technologies such as Polkadot, we also foresee near-infinite scalability through parallel chains that overcome the transaction throughput limitations of individual blockchains.”

Furthermore, Accornero pointed out that Spring is fully compatible with current certification mechanisms, such as GoO, which provide an additional layer of transparency, while at the same time automating the processing certificates registration and retirement for regulatory certification. That can reduce costs as much as 3 FTEs for both the retailer and the consumer, he highlighted.

New opportunities for distributed, renewable energy producers and consumers

The roots of FlexiDAO’s Spring reach back to a blockchain-distributed, renewable energy “hackathon” EWF, Iberdrola and Swisspower organized in Bern, Switzerland last December. FlexiDAO developed a prize-winning registry for equipment and devices feeding into electricity based on EWF’s open-source, distributed energy blockchain platform during the competition. Out of that came the working relationship between FlexiDAO and Iberdrola that lead to the proof-of-concept distributed ledger’s development, Pavlovic recounted. “EWF is proud of our ever-growing Affiliate ecosystem, and this project is a testament to the synergy that comes from it,” he said.

For Kutxabank, the renewable, distributed energy blockchain offers the banking and financial services group another means of realizing its clean energy and broader-based sustainability goals.

Kutxabank numbers among the growing ranks of corporations aiming to “decarbonize” the energy it uses in an effort to contribute to the global drive to stem the tide of rising atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), global warming and broader-based degradation of natural resources and ecosystems.

The distributed, renewable energy blockchain project presents the banking and financial services group with “a new opportunity to keep advancing in the sustainability criteria which guides our activity, as we have spent years developing multiple actions, both directly and indirectly, to minimize our environmental footprint,” management stated.

New technologies are proving to be a powerful ally when it comes to improving knowledge about the source of the energy we consume as we aspire to become completely renewable in the near future.

Solar Magazine is an online solar PV magazine comprised of various aspects of the solar energy industry. We share news, technologies, developments and insights. We’re integrating forces to help better promote the development of the industry. And we seek the universalization of solar lifestyle.