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Consequences of Koshi Flood 2008 in Terms of Sedimentation Characteristics and Agricultural Practiceshttp://lib.icimod.org/record/34609
Kafle, K. R.;
Khanal, S. N.;
Dahal, R. K.;
Background: Koshi flood of August 2008 in eastern lowlands of Nepal affected around 2.64 million people in India and Nepal, including 65,000 people and 700 ha fertile land in Nepal. It was calculated that 25% of the affected cultivated land of Shreepur, Haripur and western Kushaha villages in Sunsari district are still barren and remain filled with flood sediment of sizes from clay to sand even after 8 years. The issues of land change from fertile to barren because of flooding and characteristics of the sediments in terms of cultivation are the foci of this research. Results: Field measurement and information from questionnaire survey showed that the depth of the flood sediment are highly variable in impacted zones. They are divided into central red, red, yellow and green zones as per the thickness of the sediments. The sediments from sieve analysis has also shown that the degree of fineness is greater towards the green zones and texture has shown function of distance : T = f (d). The average thickness varies from 0.10 m in green zone to 4.5 m in central red zone in new channel area of the flood. The crop yield is also 50–75% greater in green zones than in the other zones. Changing in cultivation practice from traditional crops to cash crops have increased income up to 200–300% in the aggraded land. Changing in cultivation practices and removing layer of flood sediment in shallow sedimentation area are the major overcomes against the flood sediments. Conclusion: The study concluded that the agricultural practices in aggraded land depends on sediment textures, composition, and thickness of the sediments.Kafle, K. R.Mon, 26 Aug 2019 10:33:04 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/346092017http://lib.icimod.org/record/34609
Future Changes in Hydro-Climatic Extremes in the Upper Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra River Basinshttp://lib.icimod.org/record/34035
Wijngaard, R. R.;
Immerzeel, W. W.;
Khanal, S.;
Lutz, A. F.;
Nepal, S.;
Pradhananga, S.;
Shrestha, A. B.;
Future hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, may pose serious threats for the livelihoods in the upstream domains of the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra. For this reason, the impacts of climate change on future hydrological extremes is investigated in these river basins. We use a fully-distributed cryospheric-hydrological model to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes and force the model with an ensemble of 8 downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs) that are selected from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model is calibrated on observed daily discharge and geodetic mass balances. The climate forcing and the outputs of the hydrological model are used to evaluate future changes in climatic extremes, and hydrological extremes by focusing on high and low flows. The outcomes show an increase in the magnitude of climatic means and extremes towards the end of the 21st century where climatic extremes tend to increase stronger than climatic means. Future mean discharge and high flow conditions will very likely increase. These increases might mainly be the result of increasing precipitation extremes. To some extent temperature extremes might also contribute to increasing discharge extremes, although this is highly dependent on magnitude of change in temperature extremes. Low flow conditions may occur less frequently, although the uncertainties in low flow projections can be high. The results of this study may contribute to improved understanding on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of future hydrological extremes in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region.Wijngaard, R. R.Thu, 23 Aug 2018 10:50:10 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/340352017http://lib.icimod.org/record/34035
Future changes in hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra River basinshttp://lib.icimod.org/record/33684
Wijngaard, R. R.;
Lutz, A. F.;
Nepal, S.;
Khanal, S.;
Pradhananga, S.;
Shrestha, A. B.;
Immerzeel, W. W. ;
Future hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, may pose serious threats for the livelihoods in the upstream domains of the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra. For this reason, the impacts of climate change on future hydrological extremes is investigated in these river basins. We use a fully-distributed cryospheric-hydrological model to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes and force the model with an ensemble of 8 downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs) that are selected from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model is calibrated on observed daily discharge and geodetic mass balances. The climate forcing and the outputs of the hydrological model are used to evaluate future changes in climatic extremes, and hydrological extremes by focusing on high and low flows. The outcomes show an increase in the magnitude of climatic means and extremes towards the end of the 21st century where climatic extremes tend to increase stronger than climatic means. Future mean discharge and high flow conditions will very likely increase. These increases might mainly be the result of increasing precipitation extremes. To some extent temperature extremes might also contribute to increasing discharge extremes, although this is highly dependent on magnitude of change in temperature extremes. Low flow conditions may occur less frequently, although the uncertainties in low flow projections can be high. The results of this study may contribute to improved understanding on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of future hydrological extremes in the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region.Wijngaard, R. R.Tue, 09 Jan 2018 06:35:38 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/336842017http://lib.icimod.org/record/33684/files/journal.pone.0190224icimod.png?subformat=iconhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/33684
http://lib.icimod.org/record/33684/files/journal.pone.0190224icimod.png?subformat=icon-600Synergizing Community-Based Forest Monitoring with Remote Sensing: A Path to an Effective REDD+ MRV System.http://lib.icimod.org/record/33668
Murthy, M. S. R.;
Gilani, H.;
Karky, B. S.;
Sharma, E.;
Sandker, M.;
Koju, U. A.;
Sandker, M.;
Koju, U. A.;
Khanal, S.;
Poudel, M.;
Background The reliable monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of carbon emissions and removals from the forest sector is an important part of the efforts on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Forest-dependent local communities are engaged to contribute to MRV through community-based monitoring systems. The efficiency of such monitoring systems could be improved through the rational integration of the studies at permanent plots with the geospatial technologies. This article presents a case study of integrating community-based measurements at permanent plots at the foothills of central Nepal and biomass maps that were developed using GeoEye-1 and IKONS satellite images. Results The use of very-high-resolution satellite-based tree cover parameters, including crown projected area (CPA), crown density and crown size classes improves salience,&nbsp;reliability and legitimacy of the community-based survey of 0.04% intensity at the lower cost than increasing intensity of the community-based survey to 0.14% level (2.5 USD/ha vs. 7.5 USD/ha). Conclusion The proposed REDD+&nbsp;MRV complementary system is the first of its kind and demonstrates the enhancement of information content, accuracy of reporting and reduction in cost. It also allows assessment of the efficacy of community-based forest management and extension to national scale. Murthy, M. S. R.Wed, 06 Dec 2017 08:20:35 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/336682017http://lib.icimod.org/record/33668/files/icimodREDD-Spr.png?subformat=iconhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/33668
http://lib.icimod.org/record/33668/files/icimodREDD-Spr.png?subformat=icon-600Lumbini Chokes as Pollution Levels Cross Safe Limits - National - the Kathmandu Posthttp://lib.icimod.org/record/33585
Khanal, S.;
Khanal, S.Wed, 29 Nov 2017 04:20:28 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/335852017http://lib.icimod.org/record/33585
Traditional Practice and Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities in Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal: ICIMOD Working Paper 2017/1http://lib.icimod.org/record/32538
Chaudhary, R. P.;
Bhattarai, S. H.;
Basnet, G.;
Bhatta, K. P.;
Uprety, Y.;
Bhatta, L. D.;
Kotru, R.;
Oli, B. N.;
Sharma, L. N.;
Khanal, S.;
Sharma, U. R.;
The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) is a transboundary landscape (area: 31,252 sq.km) around Mount Kailash. KSL is exceptionally rich in cultural and ecological diversity and has its own traditional systems of resource use and management. KSL Nepal comprises approximately 42.5% of the total landscape area, and covers Baitadi, Darchula, Bajhang and Humla districts. This study was conducted in different representative villages of four districts of KSL Nepal with the aim of documenting the traditional practice and knowledge of the indigenous and local communities regarding natural resource use and management. Resources like agriculture, forest, pastureland and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been managed by indigenous and local communities since time immemorial. People have been growing various crops depending on the location, climate and culture. Similarly, they decide the breed and number of livestock to be raised based on their access to pastureland, purpose, religious belief and location. Pasturelands are managed in two ways in KSL Nepal, either as open access or controlled access. Social institutions/communities decide the timing, duration, and area of grazing communally. Management structure of highland pasture is better regulated than that of lowland pasture. Forests in KSL Nepal are managed as government-managed forest, religious forest, community forest and leasehold forest. Local people develop rules and regulations to conserve the forest as a community forest and local authorities decide the time for collecting firewood and punish people involved in violating the rules. In some areas of KSL Nepal, forests are conserved as sacred forest where grazing and collection of timber, fodder, NTFPs, etc. are restricted. NTFPs have become major economic products in the region. The production of NTFPs is gradually decreasing due to unsustainable harvesting practices.Chaudhary, R. P.Fri, 10 Mar 2017 04:15:05 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/32538urn:ISBN:978 92 9115 464 7 (printed)urn:ISBN:978 92 9115 465 4 (electronic)International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)2017http://lib.icimod.org/record/32538/files/WP 2017-1.jpg?subformat=iconhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/32538
http://lib.icimod.org/record/32538/files/WP 2017-1.jpg?subformat=icon-600Lessons from Nepal Earthquake for the Indian Himalayas and the Gangetic Plainshttp://lib.icimod.org/record/32068
Singh, S. P.;
Khanal, S. C.;
Joshi, M.;
(eds);
This book is a compilation of the papers presented in the seminar “Lessons From Nepal's Earthquake For The Indian Himalayas And The Gangetic Plains”. The seminar, was largely based on the participation of experts and practitioners from Nepal. Singh, S. P.Tue, 12 Jul 2016 06:57:28 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/32068Central Himalayan Environment Association (CHEA)2016http://lib.icimod.org/record/32068/files/EarthquakeBook.png?subformat=iconhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/32068
http://lib.icimod.org/record/32068/files/EarthquakeBook.png?subformat=icon-600Energy, Forest, and Indoor Air Pollution Models for Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepalhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/15957
Salerno, F.;
Viviano, G.;
Thakuri, S.;
Flury, B.;
Maskey, R. K.;
Khanal, S. N.;
Bhuju, D.;
Carrer, M.;
Bhochhibhoya, S.;
Melis, M. T.;
Giannino, F.;
Staiano, A.;
Carteni, F.;
Mazzoleni, S.;
Cogo, A.;
Sapkota, A.;
Shrestha, S.;
Pandey, R. K.;
Manfredi, E. C.;
This paper presents the results of management-oriented research on energy, forest, and human health issues in a remote mountain area, the Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ), Nepal. The research was based on a broader, integrated participatory framework ultimately intended for use in adaptive management. The present study focused on the application of a participatory modeling framework to address problems related to energy demand and consumption, forest condition, and indoor air pollution, which were defined by the stakeholders as important issues to be addressed. The models were developed using a generalizing design that allows for user-friendly adaptation to other contexts (free download at Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.. Moreover, we simulated management scenarios in collaboration with all modeling actors with the aim of building consensus on the understanding of the system as well as supporting decision-makers' capacity not only to respond to changes, but also to anticipate them. Importantly, the system dynamics assessment found that the SNPBZ forests are affected by an increasing demand for fuelwood (occurring due to tourism growth), as one of the main sources of energy. Selected forests show an average reduction of 38 in forest biomass from 1992 to 2008. This shows that the business-as-usual scenario is unlikely to result in the preservation of the current forest status; in fact, such preservation would require 75 of fuelwood to be replaced with alternative energy sources. At the same time, a 75 reduction of fuelwood use (and an 80 reduction of dung use) would reduce indoor carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations to the standard limits for CO exposure set by the World Health Organization.Salerno, F.Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:02:22 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/159572010http://lib.icimod.org/record/15957
Solid Waste and Water Quality Management Models for Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepalhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/15956
Manfredi, E. C.;
Flury, B.;
Viviano, G.;
Thakuri, S.;
Khanal, S. N.;
Jha, P. K.;
Maskey, R. K.;
Kayastha, R. B.;
Kafle, K. R.;
Bhochhibhoya, S.;
Ghimire, N. P.;
Shrestha, B. B.;
Chaudhary, G.;
Giannino, F.;
Carten, F.;
Mazzoleni, S.;
Salerno, F.;
The problem of supporting decision- and policy-makers in managing issues related to solid waste and water quality was addressed within the context of a participatory modeling framework in the Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone in Nepal. We present the main findings of management-oriented research projects conducted within this framework, thus providing an overview of the current situation in the park regarding solid waste and water quality issues. We found that most of the solid waste generated in the park is composed of organic matter, paper, and minor reused waste that is mainly reused for cattle feeding and manure, while disposal of other nondegradable categories of collected waste (glass, metal, and plastic) is not properly managed. Particularly, burning or disposal in open dumps poses a great hazard to environmental, human, and animal health, as most dump sites situated close to water courses are prone to regular flooding during the rainy season, thereby directly contaminating river water. Pollutants and microbiological contamination in water bodies were found and anthropogenic activities and hazardous practices such as solid waste dump sites, open defecation, and poor conditions of existing septic tanks are suggested as possibly affecting water quality. Collection of these data on solid waste and water quality and compilation of management information on the targeted social-ecological system allowed us to develop consensus-building models to be used as management supporting tools. By implementing such models, we were able to simulate scenarios identifying and evaluating possible management solutions and interventions in the park. This work reveals insights into general dynamics that can support the quest for solutions to waste and water quality management problems in other protected areas and mountain landscapes where traditional livelihood and land use patterns are changing under the influence of a growing population, changing consumption patterns, and international tourism.Manfredi, E. C.Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:02:22 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/159562010http://lib.icimod.org/record/15956
Change assessment of forest cover in Ghodaghodi lake area in Kailali district of Nepalhttp://lib.icimod.org/record/14598
Khanal, S.;
Ghodaghodi Lake in Far-West Nepal has been listed as a Ramsar Site due to its significance as a habitat for several endangered species of flora and fauna. The wetland and its surrounding area is facing deforestation, forest degradation and encroachment. In this case study, unsupervised and finally supervised classification of multi-temporal Landsat imagery covering the wetland area was applied. A post-classification comparison approach was used to derive forest cover change maps. The results depicted the loss of forest cover over a thirty- one year period, in three time slices. The highest rate of loss was observed in the 1990 to1999 time slice.Khanal, S.Wed, 21 Dec 2011 11:46:11 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/145982010http://lib.icimod.org/record/14598
Decentralisation and state-sponsored community forestry in Asiahttp://lib.icimod.org/record/13209
Khanal, S.;
This book is the outcome of the study on the transitions in forest governance in seven countries viz. India, Nepal, Cambodia, the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and China conducted by the Forest Conservation Project of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). It includes eight chapters : Chapter 1 is all about the introduction while the rest of the chapters deal with the individual studies in the seven countries. The Introductory Chapter on &ldquo;Forest Governance in a State of Transition&rdquo; by Henry Scheyvens, Kimihiko Hyakumura, and Yoshiki Seki has been categorized into three parts viz. Part A, Part B and Part C. Part A describes historical context of forest governance transition, provides a concept of good governance, explains the elements of the transition and finally illustrates rationale and research methodology of the study. Similarly, Part B provides summary of the individual country studies. Likewise, Part C highlights the progress and shortcomings of the approach in seven country studies as well as suggests recommendations.Khanal, S.Wed, 21 Dec 2011 11:44:23 GMThttp://lib.icimod.org/record/13209Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 1, 49: http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BANKO/article/view/660/6252007http://lib.icimod.org/record/13209