Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Pakistan, one of the largest Muslim states in the world, is a living and exemplary monument of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With his untiring efforts, indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the banner of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them, despite stiff opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Government. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947 and Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India. Jinnah later advocated the Two-Nation Theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state as per the Lahore Resolution. The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnah called for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. The direct action by the Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus. As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India.

Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai in Wazir Mansion, Karachi District, of lower Sindh. Sindh had earlier been conquered by the British and was subsequently grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to form the Bombay Presidency of British India. Although his earliest school records state that he was born on October 20, 1875, Sarojini Naidu, the author of Jinnah's first biography, gives the date as ”December 25, 1876”. Jinnah was the eldest of seven children born to Mithibai and Jinnahbhai Poonja. His father, Jinnahbhai (1857–1901), was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who had moved to Sindh from Kathiawar, Gujarat before Jinnah's birth. His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji, was a Hindu Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu Rajputs who had converted to Islam. Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam, though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shia Islam. The first-born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings, Brothers Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Rahmat Ali, and sisters Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was Gujarati; in time they also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English. The proper Muslim names of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the consequence of the family's immigration to the Muslim state of Sindh. As a kid, he lived a comfortable life but he lacked interest in studies and education and hence attended several schools until the age of fifteen. When he was six years old, he was admitted at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam; at the age of ten years, Jinnah was sent to Bombay and there he studied in the “Gokul Das Tej Primary school”. A year later, at the age of eleven, he went to the “Sindh Madarassah High school” in Karachi. Finally at the age of fifteen, he went to a more disciplined “Christian Missionary school” where he was highly influenced by the traditions and beliefs of Christians and was excited by Christmas and its celebrations. Soon, he wished to change his date of birth to December 25, 1876 and...

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...Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law-violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of. Unlike most Congress leaders, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothes, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted to Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's support of the Khilafat Movement, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry.[28] By 1920, Jinnah resigned from the Congress, with a prophetic warning that Gandhi's method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two communities.[26] Becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into a conflict between a pro-Congress faction and a pro-British faction.
In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly. He showed great gifts as a parliamentarian, organized many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. He was so active on a wide range of subjects that in 1925 he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading when he retired as Viceroy and Governor General. Jinnah replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr. Jinnah".[29]
In 1927,...

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MuhammadAliJinnah
Introduction
MuhammadAliJinnah was born on 25 December 1876 in Karachi.
He was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.
He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam and Baba-i-Qaum.
His birthday is observed as a national holiday.
Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913
until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947,
and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence
until his death.
Struggle for Separate State for Muslims
The Allahabad Address by Allama Iqbal at the 25th session of
All India Muslim League on December 19, 1930 spelled out the
“Concept of Pakistan”.Here Allama Iqbal boldly presented the idea
of a “separate homeland” for Indian Muslims.
Jinnah, while admitting his efforts to foster Hindu-Muslim unity had
fallen apart, remained fully sympathetic to serve the Indian Muslims.
Allama Iqbal’s concept rapidly caught Jinnah’s attention.
He returned to India in 1934 buoyant with highest levels of
confidence and started to collect the Indian Muslims under
the singular banner of All India Muslim League.
Jinnah and Allama Iqbal conferred regularly on strategic matters.
Jinnah used Allama Iqbal’s concepts in his speeches.
Under Jinnah’s wise leadership, the Muslim League expressed
reservations about the weak...

...﻿Introduction:
MuhammadAliJinnah, who later known as Quaid-e-Azam born on December 25, 1876 in Karachi. He received his early education from Karachi and then sailed to England for higher studies. He accomplished his study of law from there and became to be known as a renowned lawyer. After the completion of his study, he returned to India with ideals of liberalism and self-government in his mind. He was keenly interested in politics and during his stay in London he perceived the world politics especially of Britain thoroughly. In a short span of time, he held a close approach of understanding of pros and cons of the politics. He intended to flourish liberal democracy in India across the board.
Jinnah’s political career was pertained on three main phases. He started his career as a liberal leader who was ready to accept the presence of other communities. In initial, He was a torch bearer of Hindu-Muslim Unity and he zealously worked to achieve his aim. At the end of second decade of 20th century, the indifferent behavior of Congress forced Jinnah to change his political approach toward sub-continent. Thereafter he emerged as an auspicious leader of the Muslim community in India. In addition, the deplorable attitude of Congress and British enforced him to be a separatist leader to protect the rights of Muslim community.
He was keenly interested in politics and started his political career by joining the...

...QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMADALIJINNAH:
Quaid-E-Azam MuhammadAliJinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948).He was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader) and Baba-i-Qaum (Father of the Nation). His birthday is observed as a national holiday.
By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to separate independence for a predominately Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan.
As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from...

...﻿JINNAH-THE FOUNDING FATHER
INTRODUCTION
1. MuhammadAliJinnah, born Mohamed AliJinnah bhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader) and Baba-i-Qaum (Father of the Nation).In the early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, a party in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims should a United British India become independent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of Satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, advocated by the influential leader, Mohandas Gandhi.
2. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second...

...QUAID-E-AZAM (The nation leader)
Muhammad Umair Bin Khalid 9-C
Qasim House
Think 100 times before you take a decision, but once that decision is taken, stand by it as one man.
Honorable president respected teachers and my dear fellows. Today I have got an ability to share my views about the great leader Quaid-e-azam
Quaid-e-Azam, MuhammadAliJinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England.
While in London Jinnah suffer two severe bereavements the death of his mother and his wife.
When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father's business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.
It was...

...﻿FAMILY
Father: Jinnah Poonja. One of eight children. Married Emibai in 1892 (she died 1893). Married Ratanbai 'Ruttie' Petit, daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a wealthy Bombay Parsee, in 1918. Ruttie died in 1929. Daughter: Dina Wadia (married to Neville Wadia, a Christian).
EDUCATION
Sindh Madrasstul Islam, Karachi
Gokal Das Tej Pal School, Bombay
Christian Missionary Society High School, Karachi, 1891
Bar-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London, 1895
POSITIONS HELD
Legal practice, Bombay, 1897
Imperial Legislative Council, 1910-1919
Elected member of All-India Muslim League, 1915
Participates in Round Table Conference(s), 1930
(Settles in London, 1931-34)
President, League's Lucknow Session, 1937
President, League's Lahore Session; 'Lahore Resolution' adopted, 1940
Pakistan's first Governor-General, 1947
Earlier Life
Quaid-e-Azam, MuhammadAliJinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister....

...JINNAH 14 POINTS
INTRODUCTION
In 1928,an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the constitutional problems of India.A committee was set up under Pandit Lal Nehru.That committee prepared a report which is known as "Nehru Report".This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India.Separate electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was rejected.In this report,not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld.
Since Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus therefore Mr.Jinnah was authorized to draft in concise term the basis of any future constitution that was to be devised for India.Originally these demands were Fourteen in number and so they popularly came to be known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points".
In March 1929 ,at the annual session of All india Muslim league,he declared his famous fourteen points.
JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS -1929
1.Federal System
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces.
2.Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3.Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
4.Number of Muslim Representative
In the central legislative ,Muslims...