Category: Finance and Economics

Sometimes time-series data derive from an underlying system which can exist in multiple distinct states. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are a popular approach in this situation. In a particular state, the data fluctuate with variance…

In stock market investing, beta is a widely used empirical measure of the riskiness of a particular stock or sector relative to the market as a whole. For example, an advertising stock has beta > 1 if…

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