Early merchant and diverse other vessels - Naval warfare and warships - Ancient and Medieval - Mediterranean and Indian Ocean - Atlantic and Pacific.

Sunday, July 26, 2015

Sailing Rig

In sailing vessels, the manner in which masts and sails are
carried. The two basic types of rig are square and fore-and-aft. When combined,
a vessel is said to be square-rigged. The two basic types can be subdivided
into more specific vessels such as cutter, barque, and brig. Toward the end of
the commercial sailing-ship era, the tendency was to do away with square sails
in favor of fore-and-aft rigs because of the lower labor costs.

The square sail, set on a transverse yard but without a boom
to stiffen its lower edge, was probably still the commonest sailing rig,
although it has been suggested that it was used in the manner of a fore-and-aft
sail as much as for simply running before the wind. To suit wind conditions,
sail area could be reduced by tying tucks in the canvas with reefing points, or
increased by lacing on additional strips of canvas, later called bonnets. The
triangular fore-and-aft lateen sail, familiar in the Mediterranean continuously
from antiquity to the present day, was adopted in Europe for the carrack, the
foremost trading vessel of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This was
square rigged on foremast and mainmast, with the lateen sail on the mizen
(stern) mast, and with a cog hull.

Quite suddenly, and by a chain of development which it has
not yet been possible to trace fully, the three-masted square-rigged ship
succeeded the carrack in the mid-fifteenth century. The additional masts and
increased sail area made them more manoeuvrable than their single-masted
predecessors and better able to sail to windward, square sterns provided
improved accommodation, and they became progressively larger. They offered the
technical conditions for oceanic voyages, and opened up the great age of
discovery.

The original form of the three-masted ship never changed
fundamentally, although it was greatly modified over the course of time. It
carried a fore- and mainmast set with square sails only, the fore usually
slightly shorter than the main, and a much shorter mizen with one square sail
(later more) and a fore-and-aft sail set aft of the mizen and later known as a
spanker. Forward there was a bowsprit, inclined at about 30° and projecting
beyond the stem, carrying headsails. Originally the headsails were square, set
on a yard under the bowsprit and on a small mast rigged in a perilous-looking
way at its end. Towards the end of the seventeenth century these were replaced
by triangular fore-and-aft sails set on stays running from bowsprit to foremast,
which did their work far more effectively; later, similar sails were set
between the masts.

Other improvements came with the increasing size of ships,
and with the need to carry more sails for greater speed; individual sails
became larger and increased from one or two to three or four on each mast by
1800. The masts themselves, becoming loftier and more square in proportion,
soon outran the average tree and had to be assembled from two or three
sections, one above the other; often, too, the largest sections had to be
‘made’ from smaller timbers. Sails were cut better and set more tautly to
obtain the best from the wind: blocks, containing pulleys to increase manual
capacity when hauling on ropes, appeared at an early stage, and multiple blocks
with metal sheaves and bearing made running rigging easier to work.