Tales of the expected

April 17, 2007By Philip BallThis article courtesy of Nature News.

A recent claim of water on an extrasolar planet raises broader questions about how science news is reported, says Philip Ball

'Scientists discover just what they expected' is not, for obvious reasons, a headline you see very often. But it could serve
for probably a good half of the stories reported in the public media, and would certainly have been apt for the recent reports
of water on a planet outside our Solar System.

The story is this: astronomer Travis Barman of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, has claimed to have found a fingerprint
of water vapour in the light from a Sun-like star 150 light years away, as it passes through the atmosphere of the star's
planet HD 209458b. That would be the first detection of water on an extrasolar planet.

The claim is tentative and may be premature — the data are scant and instrumental artefacts cannot yet be ruled out. But more
to the point, at face value it confirms precisely what was expected for HD 209458b. Earlier observations of this Jupiter-sized
planet had failed to see signs of water — but if it were truly absent, something would be seriously wrong with our understanding
of planetary formation.

Stuff of life

The reason that the detection might be interesting (as quickly grasped by the media) is because water is widely considered
by planetary scientists to be the prerequisite for life.

But if water is necessary for that, it is almost certainly not sufficient. There is water (as vapour or ice) on most of the
other planets in our Solar System, as well as several of their moons and indeed in the atmosphere of the Sun itself. But as
yet there is no sign of life on any of them, presumably because to support life as we know it water must be in the liquid
state. That may be the case on Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto, as it surely once was (and may still be, sporadically)
on Mars. But this detection on HD 209458b is only of vapour; the planet would not be expected to have liquid water.

And in fact we don't even know for sure that water is a necessary condition for life: there is no reason to think, apart from
our unique experience of terrestrial life, that other liquid solvents could not sustain living systems (see 'Titanic life may bloom without water').

Water, water, everywhere

All of this makes Barman's discovery — which he himself reported with such impeccable restraint that it could have gone unnoticed
if not for the efforts of press departments — intriguing, but very modestly so.

Yet it has been presented as revelatory. "There may be water beyond our solar system after all," exclaimed the New York Times. "First sign of water found on an alien world," said New Scientist (nice to know that, in defiance of interplanetary xenophobia, Mars is no longer alien).

The plain fact is that there is water in the Universe almost everywhere we look — certainly, it is a major component of the
vast molecular clouds from which stars and planets condense. And so it should be, given that its component atoms hydrogen
and oxygen are respectively the most abundant and the third most common in the cosmos. Relatively speaking, ours is a 'wet'
Universe (although yes, liquid water is perhaps rather rare).

No news is good news

This isn't to dismiss the interest of the story. The truth is that scientists work awfully hard to verify what lazier types
might be happy to take as proven. Few doubted that Arthur Eddington would see, in his observations of a solar eclipse in 1919,
the bending of light predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. But it would seem churlish in the extreme to begrudge
the headlines that discovery generated.

Similarly, it would be unfair to suggest that we should greet the inevitable sighting of the Higgs boson (the so-called 'God'
particle thought to give other particles their mass) with a shrug of the shoulders, once it turns up at the billion-dollar
particle accelerator constructed at CERN, the centre for particle physics in Geneva, Switzerland.

These painstaking experiments are conducted not to generate front-page news but because they test how well, or how poorly,
we understand the Universe. Both relativity and quantum mechanics emerged partly out of a failure to find the expected.

In the end, journalists may always struggle with the fact that the excitement of science lies not necessarily in what an experiment
found, but in why we looked. Barman's result, if true, tells us nothing we did not know before, except that we did not yet
know it. Which is why it is still news.