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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTURE& CONTENT ORGANIZATIONOrganizing functionality and content into a structure that people are able to navigate intuitively doesn’t happen by chance. 5 /56Organizations must recognize the USER INTERACTION DESIGN importance of information architecture* or else they run the risk of creating great content and functionality that no one can ever ﬁnd.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTURE& CONTENT ORGANIZATIONThe incredible amount of functionality and information has become the new problem: the challenge facing organizations is how to guide people through the vast amount of 8 /56 information on oﬀer, so they can USER INTERACTION DESIGN successfully ﬁnd the information they want and thus ﬁnd value in the system?

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREwhat is it?Information architecture take into account the information itself -- content --, the people using the information -- users --, and the business issues -- context* -- in which the information is being presented. 11/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREcontext | 背景While designing the information architecture, the context is the information that lets the user know where they are, where have they just been, when where can they go to. 13/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN在设计信息构架时，指让用户知晓他 们在 里，去过 里和何时、他们 去何处的信息。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREhelping people find informationInformation architecture organize content and design navigation systems* to help people ﬁnd and manage information, based in the context of use of the system/product. 15/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSA well designed navigation system is critical to a good interactive product. Whether or not people can ﬁnd their way around is what will most commonly make or break a Web site, for example. 17/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

17.
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSmost common elementsThe most common navigation element is a menu* of some kind, but navigation elements can also be include inline links*, tables of contents*, search engines*, site maps*, and most any way of organizing 18/56 connections between documents that can USER INTERACTION DESIGN be though of.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSmenu | 菜单A component of a user interface that allows the user to make choices from a preset list, each of which performs a desired action such as choosing a command or to navigate within a system/product. 19/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN允许用户从预先设置列单中选择的用 户界面的一个组成部分，其中每一 项执行一个期望的命令，例如选择 一个命令，或者在一个系统或者产 品内导航等。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSlinks | 链接A graphic, line of text, or both on a web- page that connects to another page on the same website or to one in another website located anywhere in the world. 21/56在网页上一个图片、文字行或 者与 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 同一网站上的另一页网页链接，或 与位于其他网站上的网页链接。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMStable of contents | 目录An organized list of titles for quick information on the summary of a book or document and quickly directing the reader/user to any topic or part of the document. 23/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN一个有条理性的主题列单，提供书本 或文件内容的快速检索及向读者或 者用户引导文件中的任何主题或者 部分。

23.
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSsite map | 网站地图Overview of the navigational structure of a website, acting like a Table of Contents, and used to orient users and show them the scope of the site. 29/56网站的导航结构的概况，好比一个目 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 录，用来导向用户，展示网站范 围。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSpurposeThe purpose of a good navigation system goes beyond just getting people from one place to another. They should provide three elements to assist in moving around within a interactive system: 30/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN• Structure• Flexibility• Context

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSstructureInteractive products with a good navigation system allows the user to understand its structure in a way that facilitates navigation. 31/56This is why the navigation system should grow USER INTERACTION DESIGN out of the scheme and structure of the product. If it grows out of the underlying structure then it will ﬁt that structure and reﬂect it in what is hopefully a comprehensible way.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSflexibilityAs well as having structure, navigation systems should also be ﬂexible. They should allow diﬀerent people to use them in diﬀerent ways to get to the same information. 33/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSflexibilityThe information structure the site is built upon should be rigidly structured. The navigation system is where you put in the exceptions and the additional tools to facilitate navigating around. A well 34/56 designed navigation system can actually USER INTERACTION DESIGN reinforce the site structure by eﬀectively working around it.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMScontextContext is information that lets the user know where they are, where have they just been, when where can they go to. Any element that provides context can be seen as part of the navigation system. 35/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGNFor instance, page and section titles tell the user where they are, links such as previous or next.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMScontextAlso, organizing links into menus of like topics allows people to see relationships between links and the information behind them, such as breadcrumb navigation* menus. 36/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONNAVIGATION SYSTEMSbreadcrumb navigation | 面包屑导航A textual representation of where and how information is located within a system/ product. It displays how major categories of information are linked along a sequential order. 37/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 于网站内部信息定位位置和方式的 有 描述；它展示了各 主要类型 的信息是如何通过一个连续顺序而 链接起来的。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREA very important step of thinking through the structure of your interactive product are the labels* used in the navigation system. 40/56 USER INTERACTION DESIGN

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTURElabels | 标签In information architecture, labels are the names used to identify the links, the names of the pages and section headings, or the names of the features of a system. 41/56在信息构架中，指用来识 链接的名 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 称、页面的名字和章节的标题，或 者某一系统各特征的名称。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTURElabels | 标签They help to orient the user and keep them on track, as well as to inform them about the contents of the section they are in.它们可帮助用户定位，使其保持在正 42/56 常状态，通告他们所在章节的内 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 容。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREbuilding a good labeling systemThe most important rule of building a good labeling system is to think like a user.If your Website is designed for the end user, do not include engineering or marketing 43/56 jargon in the copy -- this will only serve to USER INTERACTION DESIGN alienate your users (at best). Labeling must also be clear and consistent throughout the site.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONBUILDING A GOOD LABELING SYSTEMsources of labelingYour Site Create a table of the existing labels and what they represent;Comparable & Competitive Sites 44/56 Find the labeling pattern that is already in USER INTERACTION DESIGN place in the industry/competition;Controlled vocabularies and thesauri Seek out focused vocabularies that help speciﬁc audience (e.g.. medical, engineering)

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONBUILDING A GOOD LABELING SYSTEMsources of labelingContent Analysis Focus on things like titles, summaries, and abstracts;Content Authors 45/56 Make their own suggestions; USER INTERACTION DESIGNUser Advocates and Subject Matter Experts Work with librarians and the like who can speak on behalf of the user - those who know what the users want;

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONBUILDING A GOOD LABELING SYSTEMsources of labelingUsers Learn how the sites users will use the information - card sorting* exercises where users are asked to cluster labels of existing content into their own categories and then 46/56 label the categories or where they are given USER INTERACTION DESIGN existing categories and asked to sort content into those categories

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONBUILDING A GOOD LABELING SYSTEMcard sorting | 卡片排序A technique for exploring how people group items, so that you can develop structures that maximize the probability of users being able to ﬁnd items. 47/56拓展人们如何将项目成组的一 技 USER INTERACTION DESIGN 法，你可以设计各 结构，将用 户找到项目的概率最大化。

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONCARD SORTINGbenefitsIs easy and cheap to conduct;Enables you to understand how real people are likely to group items; 48/56Identiﬁes items that are likely to be USER INTERACTION DESIGN diﬃcult to categorize and ﬁnd;Identiﬁes terminology that is likely to be misunderstood.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONCARD SORTINGhow is it conducted?1. Names of items to be categorized are printed on individual cards: Cards should be large enough to accommodate the names in a font that participants can read easily when 49/56 spread out on a desk or table–at least USER INTERACTION DESIGN 14 point.2. Participants are asked to group items in a way that makes sense to them.

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE & CONTENT ORGANIZATIONACTIVITY #06card sorting1. Using post-it note cards, write down all the features (特征) of your interactive product (one feature per card);2. Allow another team to group the 51/56 features in a way to make sense to USER INTERACTION DESIGN them;3. Analyze the grouping and create a navigation system based on that organization;