Several people have commented that posing the question
about cosmic fluctuations is not answerable using scientific methodology, and
therefore should not have been asked in research gate. These people may be
underestimating the potential discovery power of cumulative knowledge achieved
through a series of many small gains. This method is often referred to as trial
and error. Before a discovery, some problems seem insurmountable; but after a
discovery the common expression is “Why didn’t I think of that.” It may be
tedious at times; however, as an analogy from my many years of cave exploration
have demonstrated, checking all leads, even unpromising ones, is necessary to
find the interesting passages and to reach major discoveries.

In the quest to understand the Big Bang, the three most
relevant disciplines have all experienced rapid scientific progress in recent
years. They are quantum physics, M theory, and astrophysics. Each could lead to
a plausible explanation of the cause of the Big Bang. Here I give examples of
proposals for the cause of the Big Bang that could be discovered by scientist
working in each specialty discipline.

1. As the
knowledge base in quantum mechanics continues to grow it may be possible to
either confirm or falsify quantum fluctuations as the cause of the Big Bang. It
is my understanding that proponents such as Lawrence Krauss and others maintain
that the uncertainly principle applies everywhere including outside of our
universe and presumably outside all universes. Therefore, as quantum articles
go in and out of existence and under very rare conditions they form a massive
quantum article outside a universe that causes a big bang to form a new
universe. This concept complicates the meaning of “universe” which brings up a
different problem for later discussion. Other related quantum mechanics models are
Loop quantum cosmology and Penrose'sConformal
Cyclic Cosmology.

2. M theory (string theory) presents models such as
M-Brane collisions (Steinhardt–Turok or Baum–Frampton) or other interactions
among prior universes as the cause of the Big Bang.

3. Astrophysics and the advances in accurately measuring
the cosmos have substantially influenced cosmology. This information has falsified
many cosmological models, the most famous being the Steady State theory. The Big
Crunch in which the entire universe collapses into a giant blank hole and then
explodes into another universe has also been falsified. Astrophysics has given
us an entirely new prospective with the discovery that dark energy is driving the expansion of the universe and
separating everything that is not gravitationally bound. This means that the
galaxies in most galaxy clusters will merge forming giant galaxies that will eventually
be isolated over the event horizon from each other and the remaining universe.
(Kentaro Nagamine andAbraham Loeb, 2002) Although
our entire universe will not consolidate to form a new universe, the
possibility that part of it might do so has not been eliminated. This idea states
that the gravitationally bound galaxies in a cluster will consolidate into a
single galaxy with an ultra supermassive black hole at its center and by some
undiscovered process form a new universe. It would be interesting if someone
would run a computer simulation to determine what will happen to these giant
galaxies in the next several hundred billion years. If it is plausible that a
very large galaxy in our universe could cause a future big bang then one might
generalize that this is the method that caused the Big Bang.

4. Confluence of these disciplines could result in some
other proposal not yet conceived.