I asked this question on the NMBRTHRY mailing list on
17 February 2014, but it remains unsolved as far as I know.
Recall that a "powerful
number" is a positive integer whose prime factorizations
$m = ...

Let $S_n=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ be natural numbers up to $n$.
Say that a subset $S \subseteq S_n$
square-represents $S_n^2$ if every
square $1^2,2^2,\ldots,n^2$ can be represented by adding or subtracting
...

Let $\mathbb{Q}^{\text{ab}}$ be the compositum of all finite abelian extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$. Explicitly, $\mathbb{Q}^{\text{ab}}$ is the field obtained from $\mathbb{Q}$ by adjoining all roots of ...

Let $f,g \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ be quadratic and neither square.
For $x,y,z \in \mathbb{Z}$ what is the maximal number
of solutions to $f(x)=z^2,g(y)=(z+1)^2$?
Solutions are integral points on the genus ...

Let $k \in \mathbb{N}$. Given an algorithm $\mathcal{A}$ which takes
as argument a polynomial $P \in \mathbb{Z}[x_1,\dots,x_k]$ and either
returns true or false, we say that $\mathcal{A}$ works for ...

"A polygon is said to be rational if all its sides and diagonals are rational, and I. J. Schoenberg has posed the difficult question, ‘Can any given polygon be approximated as closely as we like by ...

In this MSE question/thread, I have been discussing the equation
$$
(x^2+ay^2)(u^2+bv^2) = p^2+cq^2, \tag{$\star$}
$$
where $x,a,y,u,b,v,p,c,q$ are integers. I posed a conjecture which turned out to ...

The heuristic from circle method for integral points on diagonal cubic surfaces $x^3+y^3+z^3=a$ ($a$ is a cubic-free integer) seems to fit well with numerical computations by ANDREAS-STEPHAN ELSENHANS ...

Suppose $n$ air molecules (infinitesimal points) are bouncing around in
a unit $d$-dimensional cube, with perfectly elastic wall collisions.
Let $k=n^{\frac{1}{d}}$.
For example, in 3D, $d=3$, with ...

Let $a,b \in \mathbb{N}$. Is there a possibility to characterize the solutions of $a N(\alpha) - b N(\beta)=1$ where $\alpha,\beta \in \mathbb{Z}[i]$? In particular I am interested in the case $a=1$ ...

Let $k$ be a number field, $S$ a finite set of places of $k$ including the infinite ones and $F(X_1,\dots,X_n)$ a polynomial in $k[X_1,\dots,X_n]$.
I am looking for notes, books or surveys detailing ...

What is it, in Mihailescu's proof of Catalan conjecture, that uses explicitly the fact that there is a 1 on the right hand side of $x^p - y^q = 1$? In other words, why can't we extend his argument to ...

I have a large, under-determined system (60 equations and 116 unknowns) of linear Diophantine equations. I am aware of the algorithms typically used to solve these systems, which is not my question.
...