1. Certain private investment fund clients of Bulldog Investors, LLC are the beneficial owners of these shares. Bulldog Investors, LLC disclaims beneficial interest in such shares except to the extent of any pecuniary interest therein. Andrew Dakos, Steven Samuels and Phillip Goldstein are the owners of Bulldog Investors, LLC. Each of Messrs. Dakos, Samuels and Goldstein also is a Principal of the general partner of certain of such private investment fund clients of Bulldog Investors, LLC, and a limited partner in certain of such private fund clients.

/s/ Phillip Goldstein on behalf of Bulldog Investors, LLC

05/14/2015

/s/ Phillip Goldstein

05/14/2015

/s/ Andrew Dakos

05/14/2015

/s/ Steven Samuels

05/14/2015

** Signature of Reporting Person

Date

Reminder: Report on a separate line for each class of securities beneficially owned directly or indirectly.

* If the form is filed by more than one reporting person,
see
Instruction
4
(b)(v).