The Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA), located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, is an art museum that was founded in 1914. The BMA is home to an internationally renowned collection of art that ranges from ancient Antioch mosaics to cutting-edge contemporary art. While founded with a single painting, today the BMA has over 95,000 works of art—including the largest public holding of works by Henri Matisse. Collection highlights include an outstanding selection of American and European painting, sculpture, and decorative arts; works by established and emerging contemporary artists; significant artworks from China; stunning Antioch mosaics, and an exceptional collection of art from Africa. The BMA’s galleries showcase examples from one of the nation’s finest collections of prints, drawings, and photographs and exquisite textiles from around the world.The museum also has a beautifully landscaped 2.7-acre sculpture garden. The museum encompasses a 210,000 sq. ft. building that was originally built in 1929, in the "Roman Temple" architectural style, under the design of famous American architect John Russell Pope. The museum is located between Charles Village, to the east, Remington, to the south, Hampden, to the west; and south of the Roland Park neighborhoods, immediately adjacent to the Homewood campus of The Johns Hopkins University, though the museum is an independent institution that is not affiliated with the University.

The BMA is currently led by Director Christopher Bedford, who was appointed in May 2016, after a year-long search. Prior to joining the BMA, Bedford led the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University in Massachusetts for 4 years, he helped the Rose Art Museum out of international controversy it sparked in 2009 when, during the economic recession, the museum proposed selling off their top-notch art collection to help with its struggling finances.[1][2]

Since October 2006, The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum (formerly Walters Art Gallery), have offered free general admission year-round as a result of grants given by Baltimore City and Baltimore County, as well as several foundations.[3]

The Baltimore Museum of Art is the site of Gertrude's Restaurant, owned and operated by chef John Shields.

In February, 1904, a major fire destroyed much of the central part of the downtown business district of the city of Baltimore; in response, the municipal government established a City-Wide Congress to develop a master plan for the city's recovery and future growth and development. The congress, headed by Dr. A.R.L. Dohme, decided among other things that a major deficiency of the city was the lack of an art museum, this decision led to the formation of an 18-person Committee on the Art Museum led by art dealer and industrialist Henry H. Wiegand as the Chairman. Ten years later, the museum was officially incorporated on November 16, 1914.[4] Along with Minneapolis and Cleveland, Baltimore's museum was "modeled after two prominent 1870s predecessors, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston".[5] According to a booklet published at the time of incorporation, it was stated that Baltimore lagged behind other cities “in regard to matters of aesthetic interest.”

Still without a permanent site, the fledgling museum was founded with but a single painting, William-Sergeant Kendall's "Mischief", which was donated by Dr. Dohme himself, as the museum's founders were confident more art would eventually be acquired, the nearby Peabody Institute agreed to hold the museum's collection for a time until a permanent home was established.[6] At this time, the committee began planning a permanent home for the museum's holdings.

In 1916, a building was purchased on the southwest corner of North Charles and West Biddle Streets as a possible location for the museum, although an architect was employed to remodel it, it was never occupied. In 1915 the group had by then decided to permanently house the museum in the Wyman Park area, west of the then named Peabody Heights, (later Charles Village) neighborhood. By 1917, the group had received a promise from The Johns Hopkins University for the land further south of the new Georgian Revival architecture-Federal styled campus they were in the process of moving to. This prospective plot was near the old Homewood Mansion of 1800 and the later Italianate style mansion of "Wyman Villa" of a Hopkins donor and trustee, William Wyman, which would see them leave their downtown site at North Howard Street and West Centre, which they had occupied since 1876. However, before finally moving into its permanent home in 1929, the Museum was temporarily moved in July 1922 to the former home of their prime benefactor and foundress, Mary Elizabeth Garrett, (1857-1915) at 101 West Monument Street, on the southwest corner with Cathedral Street, (facing West Mount Vernon Place and the Washington Monument). Miss Garrett, a famous philanthropist in her own right who also further endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, was the only daughter of John Work Garrett (1820-1884), the famous Civil War-era President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, supporter of President Abraham Lincoln and scion of the noted Robert Garrett banking firm in the city. In 1923, the museum’s inaugural exhibition opened there with attendance topping 6,775 during its first week,[7] the house was offered by Miss M. Cary as a home for the "collections" and a meeting place for the board of trustees, the old Garrett mansion was acquired in 1925 by the group of art enthusiasts who bought the property for the purpose of keeping the museum intact. Despite having limited space, the museum offered accommodations to art associations and a hall for meetings.

Meanwhile, back at Wyman Park, prominent architect John Russell Pope, (1874-1937), was engaged to design the museum's permanent home, with his years of study in Europe, John Russell Pope is considered to be the main examplar of the classical revival style that proved so popular with traditional American architects. He's credited with a number of major buildings along the American east coast and abroad including the National Archives Building in Washington, New York's American Museum of Natural History, and the Tate Gallery Sculpture Hall in London,[8] his distinct brand of classicism, both serene and monolithic at once, was perhaps the perfect choice for such an ambitious project.

The cornerstone was laid on October 20, 1927, facing the future Art Museum Drive running diagonally from North Charles Street, the systems engineering for the building's original design was completed by Henry Adams, noted local mechanical engineer. The building consists of three floors and includes several rooms that were reconstructed and/or replicated from six local Maryland historic houses before their loss or razing,[9] the building phase was marked by controversy over its location, cost, and the quality of workmanship, but on April 19, 1929, it opened on schedule without much fanfare. The first visitors were greeted by Rodin's"The Thinker" in the Sculpture Court and most of the objects on display were lent by Baltimore and Maryland collectors. An average of 584 visitors attended the museum each day during the first two months of its opening.

The "Eltonhead Manor Room" is one of six rooms at the Baltimore Museum of Art that replicates a historic Maryland house.

By the 1930s, the public reception was such that then-director Roland McKinney, in a letter to board chairman Henry Treide, noted, “People seem to feel that the Museum belongs to them and show that they are sincerely proud of it and its activities.” Unfortunately, these “people” were mostly upper- crust, privileged, and white, a fact duly noted in a 1937 Carnegie Corporation report. “[Baltimore] cultural institutions (outside of the library and the schools) have appealed to, been intended for, and been supported by a pretty small minority. . . .they need to be opened up, for the viewpoint of the entire community and its needs” it concluded. Local artists were feeling slighted, as well. “We, the living, resent being left to work in a vacuum of indifference and neglect while so much of the dead past is exhausted [by the BMA],” the president of the Artists’ Union of Baltimore complained to The Evening Sun in 1937. The writer of the letter was Morris Louis, whose work, decades later, would be in the BMA’s contemporary collection. Treide responded with an extensive community outreach survey and, in 1939, presented the city’s first exhibition of African-American art, the show drew over 12,000 visitors in two weeks.[6]

Many of the objects lent to the museum when it opened were eventually donated to The Baltimore Museum of Art, among the generous donors who have shaped the museum's collection are Blanche Adler, Dr. Claribel Cone and Miss Etta Cone, Jacob Epstein, Edward J. Gallagher, Jr., John W. and Robert Garrett, Mary Frick Jacobs, Ryda H. and Robert H. Levi, Saidie Adler May, Dorothy McIlvain Scott, Elsie C. Woodward, and Alan and Janet Wurtzburger, the growing collection is reflected in the three major expansions: the Saidie A. May Wing in 1950, the Woodward Wing in 1956, and the Cone Wing in 1957, the three additions were all designed by local architects Wrenn, Lewis and Jencks to harmonize with the original Pope Building.

Today, Baltimore Museum of Art's collection includes more than 95,000 objects, making it the largest art museum in Maryland, it is governed by a private Board of Trustees and receives funding from the City of Baltimore; Baltimore County, Carroll, and Howard counties; the State of Maryland; various corporations and foundations; federal agencies; individual Trustees; and many private citizens. The BMA welcomes more than 200,000 visitors annually; in addition to its impressive art collection, it organizes and hosts traveling exhibitions and serves as a major arts center for the region through its programs.

The BMA recently completed a $28 million multi-year renovation (2012-2015) that dramatically improved galleries for contemporary, American, African, and Asian art collections; improved essential infrastructure, and created more welcoming spaces with more visitor amenities.

The first phase of the BMA’s ambitious renovation was completed in November 2012 with the successful reopening of the Contemporary Wing [1]; in November 2014, after being closed for almost 30 years, the neoclassical Merrick Historic Entrance was reopened to the public to coincide with the museum's 100 year anniversary.[10] The next phase encompassed the Dorothy McIlvain Scott American Wing, comprising the first and second floors of the BMA’s original 1929 building designed by the acclaimed American architect John Russell Pope; the 1982 East Wing Lobby and Zamoiski East Entrance designed by Bower, Lewis & Thrower; and critically important upgrades to the museum’s infrastructure. The architect for this phase of the renovation was the Baltimore-based architecture firm Ziger/Snead with construction completed by Whiting-Turner Contracting Company of Towson, Maryland, and the project manager was Synthesis, Inc., of Columbia, Maryland. The BMA also greatly expanded galleries for its African and Asian art collections, which opened in April 2015,[11] the culmination of the renovation was the opening of the new $4.5 million, 5,000 sq. ft. Patricia and Mark Joseph Education Center in October 2015.[12]

The renovation was funded by the Museum's extraordinarily successful and ambitious philanthropic campaign, In a New Light: The Campaign for The Baltimore Museum of Art, which raised $80.7 million and added more than 4,000 artworks to the museum’s collection during the decade leading up to the BMA’s 100th anniversary thanks to the generosity of hundreds of donors from Baltimore and beyond.

The BMA was one of the first museum's in the United States to obtain a collection of African Art. A large part of the collection was donated by Janet and Alan Wurtzburger in 1954, the collection contains more than 2,000 objects that range from ancient Egypt to contemporary Zimbabwe and includes works from many other cultures including Bamana, Yoruba, Kuba, Ndebele, and others. The collection includes many different forms of art including headdresses, masks, figures, royal staffs, textiles, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, and pottery. Several of the pieces are known for their use in royal courts, performances, and religious contexts, and many are internationally known.

Highlights of the collection include works by carvers Zlan and Sonzanlwon and several figures by the legendary brasscaster Ldamie. Also on display are a Lozi throne (c. 1900) most likely carved in the court of King Lewanika of western Zambia, a 20th-century Hausa Koranicprayer board, and a 2006 video work by Theo Eshetu. At least everal of the masks and figurative sculptures are recognized internationally as the best of their type.[13]

The BMA has one of the best collections of American Art in the world with works spanning from the colonial era to the late 20th century, the exhibit contains American paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts. The museum contains several works of Art from the Baltimore area including portraiture by Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, and other members of the renowned Peale family; silver from Baltimore's prominent silver manufacturing company Samuel Kirk & Son; American Baltimore album quilts; and painted furniture by John Finlay and Hugh Finlay of Baltimore.

The BMA has a long and distinguished record of collecting works by African-American artists that began in 1939 with one of the first exhibitions of African-American art in the country, this collection has grown substantially in recent years with the addition of more than 50 historical and contemporary works. Joshua Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Horace Pippin, and Henry Ossawa Tanner are included among the 19th- and 20th-century African-American artists.

The BMA’s holdings of American decorative arts include an extensive furniture collection that represents the major historic cabinetmaking centers of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. Many of these objects came from Miss Dorothy McIlvain Scott, a generous Baltimore philanthropist and collector.

A remarkable gift in 1933 by Mrs. Miles White, Jr. of over 200 stunning pieces of Maryland silver formed the nucleus of an impressive silver collection that now embraces objects by leading 18th- and early 19th-century silversmiths in Annapolis and Baltimore, as well as elegant examples of early English silver owned by Maryland families during the Federal era. Among them is the Annapolis Subscription Plate, made by Annapolis silver smith John Inch and the oldest surviving silver object made in Maryland. Later masterworks by artists from Louis Comfort Tiffany to Georg Jensen are also on view.

Other notable aspects of the decorative arts collection include a rare set of five clerestory windows and two brilliant mosaic-clad architectural columns that represent Tiffany's lasting contribution to 20th-century ornament. Period rooms from six historic Maryland houses, along with architectural elements from other historic buildings, illustrate town and country building styles from the 18th and 19th centuries, and a dozen miniature rooms made by Chicago miniaturist Eugene Kupjack invite scrutiny of a variety of decorative styles at close range.

The BMA exhibits a distinguished collection of Antioch mosaics, the result of its participation in excavations of this ancient city, known today as Antakya in southeastern Turkey, near the border of Syria.

With the support of BMA Trustee Robert Garrett, The Baltimore Museum of Art joined the Musées Nationaux de France, Worcester Art Museum, and Princeton University during the excavations of 1932 to 1939, discovering 300 magnificent mosaic pavements in and around the lost city. The BMA received some of the finest mosaics from the excavation, totaling 34 pavements, 28 of which are on display in the Museum’s sunlit atrium court.

Discovered in the affluent suburb of Daphne and the nearby port city of Seleucia Pieria, the mosaics date from the days of the emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century A.D. to the Christian empire of Justinian in the 6th century, bridging the Classical world and the early Middle Ages. The mosaics illustrate how the classical art of Greece and Rome evolved into the art of the early Christian era and tell the story of how people lived in this ancient city prior to its destruction by catastrophic earthquakes in 526 and 528 A.D. The mosaics are notable for their grand scale and elaborately patterned borders, and the brilliance of their decorative and naturalistic effects.

A Mexican stone waist belt in the form of a saurian monster (6th–10th-century).

This collection contains works from 59 distinct artistic traditions from Aztec and Maya of Mesoamerica, Chimú and Muisca of AndeanSouth America, and Nicoya and Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica. The collection includes works from 2500 BC to AD 1521, the core collection of 120 objects was given to the museum by Alan Wurtzburger in 1958, which significantly expanded the scope of the existing collection and provided momentum for a traveling exhibition of Peruvian ceramics titled Myths of Ancient Peru (1969).

The collection is particularly admired for its West Mexico ceramics, including an important Nayarit house model and an enthroned chief. Also on display is a unique assemblage of 23 figures in dance regalia which celebrates ancient performance and highlights the diversity of Colima art.

Other notable pieces include a finely worked serpentine figure of Olmec mastery, elegant portrayals of Maya and Aztec noblewomen showcasing the integral roles women played in the social, political, economic, and spiritual realms of society, and miniature gold votives in the Muisca tradition.

This exhibit includes artwork from several cultural traditions of the Pacific Islands including those of Melanesia and Polynesia. Works in collection include a cross section of objects such as jewelry, ornaments, and tapa cloths.

Other highlights of the collection include a breast ornament embellished with small birds and stars that figured as insignia of prestige for the Tonga of the Fiji Islands. Featuring whale ivory and pearl shell design, it is recognized as one of the largest of its kind.

The museum's Asian art collection includes works from China, Japan, India, Tibet, Southeast Asia, and the Near East. The collection is particularly known for its Chinese ceramics, with a particular depth in mortuary wares from the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and utilitarian stonewares from the 11th through the 13th centuries, although more than 1,000 objects are comprised in this collection, because of limited space, only a portion of the pieces are on display at one time. Works are on view in rotating installations in the museum's Julius Levy Memorial Gallery.

Some notable works in the collection include the life-sized early-15th-century bronze Guanyin, known widely as "Goddess of Mercy"; the robust figure of a horse from a Han dynasty tomb; a 39-piece mortuary retinue, a rare example of the quantities of clay figures that were placed in tombs during the early Tang dynasty; and an outstanding foliate-shaped brush washer that represents the mastery of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain. Asian art is also represented in other areas of the museum's collection, including 475 Japanese prints and 1,000 textiles from across Asia.

The European Art collection at the BMA contains works from the 15th through 19th centuries. Most of the collection was formed through generous donations made by private citizens of the city of Baltimore, notably Mary Frick Jacobs, George A. Lucas, and Jacob Epstein, the collection contains a large selection of 19th-century French art including more than 140 bronze animal sculptures by Antoine-Louis Barye and several paintings by Barbizon artists such as Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and impressionist Camille Pissarro. The collection also includes a wide array of decorative arts, including jeweled snuff boxes, porcelain, and silver, the museum also exhibits a large collection of works on paper from the 15th through the 19th century.

Highlights of the European art exhibit include Sir Anthony van Dyck's Rinaldo and Armida (1629) which was commissioned by King Charles I of England, it is considered one of the world’s finest paintings by the artist. Other masterworks of northern European and French art include Frans Hals’ portrait Dorothea Berck (1644), Rembrandt van Rijn’s painting of his son Titus (1660), Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin’s portrayal of a lovely maiden tossing a ball in The Game of Knucklebones (c. 1734), and French court portraitist Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun’s exotic Princess Anna Alexandrovna Galitzin (c. 1797). Medieval and Renaissance works include a 14th-century Burgundian Virgin and Child carved of limestone and Titian’s Portrait of a Gentleman (1561). There are also late-medieval and Renaissance paintings by Giovanni Dal Ponte, Biagio D'Antonio, Sandro Botticelli and Workshop, Bernardino Luini, Francesco Ubertini, and Master of View of Saint Gudule.

In 2012, a Renoir that was stolen from the museum resurfaced after being lost for 63 years, the Renoir went on to become the subject of a dramatic legal dispute involving the FBI, the woman who said she found the painting, an insurance company's rights to the artwork and the intentions of Saidie May, an art collector who bought the painting in Paris in 1925 and lent it to the Baltimore museum. A judge later deemed it to be the property of the museum after reviewing related documentation from its archives, at the time of its theft, Fireman's Fund Insurance Co., paid the museum about $2,500 for the loss in 1951. The company considered whether to make a claim for the painting when it resurfaced but decided "it belonged" at the museum, said the insurer's general counsel.[14]

The Cone Collection was the work of the Cone sisters, Claribel and Etta Cone, who in the early 20th century set out to acquire as much as they could of the work of artists such as Matisse and Picasso especially, and also Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh, and Renoir among other major artists of the era.

The BMA's Contemporary Wing was built and opened in 1994, closed in January 2011 for renovations, and reopened in November 2012 with state-of-the-art lighting and new wall and floor finishes; a gallery dedicated to light, sound, and moving image-based art; a dedicated gallery for prints, drawings and photographs; and BMA Go Mobile, a brand new mobile website guide.

The newly renovated Contemporary Wing also houses a two-part architectural intervention that made the BMA the very first museum in the United States to commission and acquire a site-specific installation by award-winning artist Sarah Oppenheimer, it also showcases works by Olafur Eliasson, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Franz West, Yayoi Kusama, Donald Judd and other eminent artists alongside thrilling new acquisitions from 21st-century artists such as Guyton\Walker, Josephine Meckseper, Sarah Sze, and Rirkrit Tiravanija. There are also contemporary works by Oliver Herring, Phillip Guston, Sarah Oppenheimer, Ed Ruscha, and Olafur Eliasson at this art museum, the works of celebrated American artist Bruce Nauman, known for his work with neon lights, can be seen both in the contemporary collection and adorning the outside of the museum itself, as is the case with his piece entitled "Violins, Violence, Silence".[15] The Baltimore Museum of Art has the second largest collection of Warhol's work in the U.S.

1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

2.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House

3.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state

4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

5.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside

6.
Henri Matisse
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Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is primarily as a painter. Although he was labelled a Fauve, by the 1920s he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. His mastery of the language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century. Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in the Nord department in northern France and he grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France. In 1887 he went to Paris to study law, working as an administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during a period of following an attack of appendicitis. He discovered a kind of paradise as he described it. In 1891 he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau, initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in a traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired, as an art student he made copies of four of Chardins paintings in the Louvre, in 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh and he later said Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me. In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, with the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre, the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean and Pierre, Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on the advice of Camille Pissarro, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica. Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain, Jean Puy, Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, in Cézannes sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisses paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signacs essay and his paintings of 1902–03, a period of material hardship for the artist, are comparatively somber and reveal a preoccupation with form. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910

7.
Romanesque Revival architecture
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Romanesque Revival is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, however, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches, an early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson, in the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl’s castle at Inverary, started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean, Oxenfoord, Dalquharran and it was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817 Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation and it was now realised that ‘round-arch architecture’ was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an archaeologically correct Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper and his first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837, however, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. It was Thomas Penson, a Welsh architect, who would have been familiar with Hopper’s work at Penrhyn, Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. At St David’s Newtown, 1843–47 and St Agatha’s Llanymynech,1845, he copies the tower of St. Salvators Cathedral, other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, during the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Some of the examples of this Romanesque architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer, after about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture. Two of Canadas provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is a chief example of the Romanesque Revival style. The building, designed by Frederic Cumberland and William G. Storm, was intended to be Gothic in style but was rejected by the governor general. Construction of the design began on 4 October 1856. The facade of University College has thick walls, incorporating layers of both stone and brick. The building possesses a number of round arches characteristic of the Roman Revival style, the arches are configured in arcades, most notably on the south side of the building. There is a deal of ornamentation on both the interior and exterior of University College

8.
John Russell Pope
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Pope was born in New York in 1874, the son of a successful portrait painter. He studied architecture at Columbia University and graduated in 1894 and he was the first recipient of the Rome Prize to attend the newly founded American Academy in Rome, a training ground for the designers of the American Renaissance. He would remain involved with the Academy until his death, Pope was one of the first architectural students to master the use of the large-format camera, with glass negatives. Pope attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1896, honing his Beaux-Arts style, after returning to New York in 1900, he worked for a few years in the office of Bruce Price before opening his own practice. He also designed the extension of the Henry Clay Frick mansion in New York City that created the Garden Court, in 1919, he developed a master plan for the future growth of Yale University. Popes original plan is a document in the City Beautiful movement in city planning. Pope won a Silver Medal in the 1932 Summer Olympics for his design of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium and his firms designs alternated between revivals of Gothic, Georgian, eighteenth-century French, and classical styles. Pope designed the Henry E. Huntington mausoleum on the grounds of The Huntington Library and later used the design as a prototype for the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D. C. The Jefferson Memorial and the National Gallery of Art were both neoclassical, modeled by Pope on the Roman Pantheon. C, the National City Christian Church, Constitution Hall, American Pharmacists Association Building, Ward Homestead, and the National Archives Building. In 1932, he constructed the house for Alpha Delta Phi at Cornell University in Ithaca. He designed additions to the Tate Gallery and British Museum in London, an honor for an American architect. Pope was also responsible for alterations to Belcourt, the Newport residence of Oliver. The Georgian Revival residence he built in 1919 for Thomas H. Frothingham in Far Hills, Pope was a member of the U. S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1912 to 1922, serving as chairman from 1921 to 1922. He also served on the Board of Architectural Consultants for the Federal Triangle complex in Washington, a 1991 exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, John Russell Pope and the Building of the National Gallery of Art, spurred the reappraisal of his work. For some time, it had been scorned and derided by many critics influenced by International Modernism, 1911–15, House of the Temple, Washington, D. C. C. 1930, National City Christian Church, Washington, D. C. C, 1938–41, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Eggers & Higgins Bedford, Steven McLeod, John Russell Pope, Architect of Empire, New York,1998

9.
Charles Village, Baltimore
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Charles Village is a neighborhood located in the north-central area of Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It is an area with many single-family homes that is in proximity to many of Baltimores urban amenities. The neighborhood began in 1869 when 50 acres of land were purchased for development, the land was divided and turned over to various builders who constructed home exteriors, leaving the interiors to be custom built according to buyer specifications. The area was first developed as a suburb in the early 20th century. The neighborhood history has been researched and published by Gregory J. Alexander and Paul K. Williams in their book Charles Village, Charles Village in a strict sense consists of the area immediately to the east and south of the Johns Hopkins University Homewood campus. However, smaller neighborhoods to the east of this area — including Abell and Harwood, are considered by residents and this area contains over 14,000 people and 700 businesses. The Charles Village Community Benefits District Management Authority is an entity that provides services within the CVCBD. One of the Charles Villages defining features is its proximity to Johns Hopkins Homewood Campus, many of the universitys staff and students live in the neighborhood, particularly in the areas immediately adjacent to the campus. Perhaps as a result, Charles Village has for the past several decades attracted a population of artists. The area also has a reputation for being one of the racially diverse neighborhoods in a city that was largely segregated for decades. The neighborhood in general becomes more affluent as you travel south to north. Though there are a number of apartment buildings, much of Charles Villages housing stock consists of two- and three-story rowhouses built in the early 20th century. Many of the houses have been maintained and, along with the rest of the city. Some of the larger rowhouses have been converted into apartment houses in more recent decades. In 1998, Charles Village residents were challenged to take up a paint brush and choose vividly uncommon colors for the facades, within five years, residents had enlivened more than 100 homes, including several which the owners have repainted more than once. More was at stake, though, than just neighborly relations, and as the painters increased, so did the number of competitions, to up to three times a year with new prizes. City blocks, best railings, and entire homes were up for judging, the contests ended in 2003, but Charles Village homeowners say they are looking for the funding to restart the contest. The contests lasting result is that the neighborhood is now part of iconic Baltimore, with pictures of the Painted Ladies, as the homes are known, appearing on travel guides, the neighborhood includes several small commercial districts and is within walking distance to the well-attended Waverly farmers market

10.
Hampden, Baltimore
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Hampden is a neighborhood located in northern Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University is a distance to the east. Many of its residents came to the area from the Appalachian hill country of Kentucky, West Virginia and this influx cemented the image of the neighborhood for the decades that followed as both primarily white and working-class. Beginning in the early 1990s, the neighborhood was discovered by artists and others, many new residents were attracted by the creation of an artist studio and office space known as the Mill Centre, located in the southernmost region of Hampden between Falls Road and Mill Road. The community of Wyman Park, as well as the park, are located to the east. The Woodberry station on the Baltimore Light Rail system is just on the side of the Jones Falls Expressway and is within walking distance of much of the neighborhood. A new, high-end mixed-use development at Clipper Mill, directly in front of the Woodberry Light Rail station, has spurred additional economic activity in the area, Baltimore has in recent years embraced certain aspects of old Hampdens traditional culture. The neighborhood is home to the annual Hon Festival and named after the term Hon, honFest features attendees who tease their hair into the enormous beehive hairdos of the 1960s. The festival also features a contest to find the best Bawlmerese and this accent is also more commonplace in areas like Dundalk and Essex. In March 2011, the Special English service of Voice of America broadcast Hey, Hon, and An Extended Lesson in Bawlmerese by Baltimore native Steve Ember. Another great Christmas street is Roland Avenue, one house in particular,3548 has an extraordinary Nightmare Before Christmas themed display that actually has lights synchronized to music. This house is known around the neighborhood as The Halloween House, Hampden received perhaps its most prominent nationwide exposure in 1998, when Baltimore native John Waters filmed his movie Pecker there. Additionally, the novelist Philipp Meyer grew up on Hampdens 36th Street during the late 1970s and 1980s, as Hampden was originally a center of mills and factories, much of its original structures were built to house workers. Small two story row houses, made out of brick or stone, were built to hold families of mill workers, larger houses, many built with stone, were built for managers and upper level staff. One can find modern housing were built around the edges of the Hampden area. In the 20th century, apartment complexes were built around Roland Avenue, there are few areas amenable to further development in the neighborhood, a factor in the rising housing costs in the area. Hampden was forecasted to see the most home value appreciation in 2013 in the city and this has led to many rehab projects of existing housing stock. However, a very large mixed-use development began construction in late 2013 in North Hampden, Hampden first came into being in 1802 as a cluster of houses built for workers who manned the newly erected flour and cotton mills along the Jones Falls Stream Valley

11.
Roland Park, Baltimore
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Roland Park is the first planned suburban community in North America, located in Baltimore, Maryland. It was developed between 1890 and 1920 as a streetcar suburb. Not long after, the Panic of 1893 forced Jarvis and Conklin to sell the Roland Park Company to the firm of Stewart, despite the dire economics after 1893, Stewart and Young continued investment in the development. The Roland Park Company hired Kansas City developer Edward H. Bouton as the general manager and they hired the Olmsted Brothers to lay out the second tract, and installed expensive infrastructure, including graded-streets, gutters, sidewalks, and constructed the Lake Roland Elevated Railroad. The company consulted George E Waring, Jr. to advise them on the installation of a sewer system, Bouton placed restrictive covenants on all lots in Roland Park. These included setback requirements and proscriptions against any business operations, Bouton and some Baltimore investors purchased the interests of Roland Park and reorganized the company in 1903. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. cited Roland Park as a residential subdivision to his Harvard School of Design students. Duncan McDuffie, developer of St. Francis Wood in San Francisco, jesse Clyde Nichols had found inspiration in Roland Park when he was planning the Country Club District of Kansas City. Nichols continued to refer to Roland Park as a residential development when he counselled other residential developers. Roland Park Shopping Center is a single building strip of stores which opened in 1907 to serve the community, located at the corner of Upland Road and it has been credited by Guinness World Records as the worlds first shopping center. In addition, St. Marys Seminary and University is located in Roland Park, there is also a branch of the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Roland Park. The Baltimore Light Rails Cold Spring Lane Station is within walking distance of much of the neighborhood, just across the Jones Falls Expressway to the west

12.
Homewood Museum
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The Homewood Museum is a historical museum located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore, Maryland. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1971, noted as a home of Marylands Carroll family. It, along with Evergreen Museum & Library, make up the Johns Hopkins University Museums, the Homewood Estate was offered as a wedding gift in 1800 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the longest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. It occupied 140 acres acres in northern Baltimore and was first known as Merrymans Lott, Carroll had purchased the parcel of land in 1794. Charles Carroll Jr. began construction on a stately and modern home of his own design in 1801 and had mostly finished by 1808. It cost $40,000, four times the budgeted expense, for reasons both personal and political, Homewood led to a severe breach in relations between father and son. Ultimately, Carroll bought the house from his son in 1824, the house then passed to Charles Carroll III, who lived there until he inherited the rural landmark family estate, Doughoregan Manor, from his grandfather. The house was the birthplace of John Lee Carroll in 1830, second son of Charles Carroll, III, in 1839, Charles Carroll III sold Homewood to Samuel Wyman, a Baltimore merchant, who lived there with his family until 1865. During the Wyman familys tenure, Wymans son William commissioned Richard Upjohn to build an Italianate mansion on the grounds, named Homewood Villa. The Villa was demolished by Johns Hopkins University in 1954, however, the gatehouse to the estate remains, on Samuel Wymans death the property was divided between his sons. In 1897, Homewood House became the first Gilman School, known at its founding as The Country School for Boys, in 1902 the property was reassembled and given to Johns Hopkins University. In 1916 the mansion became the University Faculty Club, in 1936, Homewood was converted to administrative offices. Homewood exhibits a Palladian-inspired five-part plan, that reflects harmony in the proportions, the five-part plan is based on a central block comprising the main residence, with flanking pavilions or dependencies linked to the center by hyphens. The house, while planned and massed in the Georgian style, while Georgian architecture has significant surface relief, the Federal style is flatter, with smaller-scale details, as seen at Homewood. The four-columned portico dominates the main elevation, the 1½ story central block was the center for formal entertainment, with a reception room, dining room and drawing room on the south side. The west wing was devoted to services, such as kitchens, while the east wing was for family use, unlike many five-part houses in the area, the central block did not have a full second floor, causing bedrooms and family areas to move into the wings. Homewood is furnished today as it would have been in the 19th century and it is home to the Homewood Museum, which features period furnishings that complement its architecture. MD-35, Homewood, North Charles & Thirty-fourth Streets, Baltimore, Independent City, mD-35-A, Homewood, Privy,10 photos,1 measured drawing,1 photo caption page

13.
Johns Hopkins University
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The Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist and his $7 million bequest—of which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospital—was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that time. Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institutions first president on February 22,1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U. S. by integrating teaching and research. Adopting the concept of a school from Germanys ancient Heidelberg University. Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington, D. C. with international centers in Italy, China, and Singapore. The two undergraduate divisions, the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering, are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimores Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school, the school, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. Johns Hopkins was a member of the American Association of Universities. Over the course of almost 140 years, thirty-six Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Johns Hopkins, founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men’s lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles and joined the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member in 2014. On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore, the first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins, Samuel named one of his sons for his father and that son would become the universitys benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as President of John Hopkins. Eisenhower retorted that he was glad to be here in Pittburgh, the original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany. Building on the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt, it dedicated to research. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the discovery of new knowledge. The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents – Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, Noah Porter of Yale College and they each vouched for Daniel Coit Gilman to lead the new University and he became the universitys first president

14.
Cone sisters
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The Cone sisters were Claribel Cone and Etta Cone of Baltimore, Maryland. Together they gathered one of the finest collections of modern French art in the United States and they were active as collectors, travelers, and bons vivants during the first decades of the 20th Century. Their parents were Herman Cone and Helen Cone, who were German-Jewish immigrants, until 1871 the family lived in Jonesboro, Tennessee, where they had a successful grocery business. This is where the first five of twelve children were born, including Claribel and they then moved to Baltimore, Maryland. The eldest Cone brothers, Moses and Ceasar, later relocated to Greensboro and they established a textile business they named Proximity Manufacturing Company. During World War I the textile mills that Brother Moses started would again increase their fortunes and they both graduated from Western Female High School. Claribel attended Womens Medical College of Baltimore and graduated in 1890, to become a physician, Etta was a pianist and managed the family household, more as an implementer of Dr Claribels ideas. They traveled extensively to Europe together almost yearly on long trips starting in 1901, the Cone sisters were friends of literary illuminati like Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Their social circle included Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso and it was Etta who began purchasing art in 1898, when she was given $300 to decorate the family home by an older brother. Her start with five paintings by Theodore Robinson became a lifetime of collecting and her tastes at first tended toward the conservative, but one day in 1905, while the Cone sisters were on a European holiday, they visited the Steins in Paris. Etta was introduced to Picasso and then to Matisse the next year, Etta made small acquisitions to help up-and-coming artists like Matisse, Picasso, and at home, students of the Maryland Institute College of Art. She also bought at low prices from the Steins, who were perpetually in need of money and were known to get discarded drawings in Picassos studio for $2 or $3 apiece. Claribel, by contrast, purchased much more avant-garde works and she purchased Matisses Blue Nude and Paul Cézannes Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen From the Bibemus Quarry for their collection. Etta was much more conservative and commonly spent an average of 10,000 francs for a painting or a group of drawings, the Cone sisters had a special interest in Matisses Nice period. However, after Claribels death, Etta became more adventurous in her purchases, for instance, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo Stein were orphaned and moved to Baltimore to live with an aunt. They soon became part of the Cone sisters social crowd, during Claribels time at the Womens Medical College of Johns Hopkins University, Gertrude was also studying there. There was a big age gap between Claribel and Gertrude and these unconventional women were drawn to each other, however, by their common interest in music, fine arts, and sociable conversations. Etta credited Leo for helping her develop an eye for modern art and she was awe struck by Gertrudes Bohemian lifestyle, and there are even hints that they were very likely lovers at some point

15.
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment

16.
Edgar Degas
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Edgar Degas was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance, more than half of his works depict dancers and he is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers, racecourse subjects. His portraits are notable for their complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation. At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, in his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life. Degas was born in Paris, France, into a wealthy family. He was the oldest of five children of Célestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, Louisiana, and Augustin De Gas and his maternal grandfather Germain Musson, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti of French descent and had settled in New Orleans in 1810. Degas began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and his mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth. Degas began to paint early in life, by the time he graduated from the Lycée with a baccalauréat in literature in 1853, at age 18, he had turned a room in his home into an artists studio. Upon graduating, he registered as a copyist in The Louvre Museum, Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In April of that year Degas was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts and he studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres. In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunts family in Naples and he also began work on several history paintings, Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 1859–60, Sémiramis Building Babylon in 1860, and Young Spartans around 1860. In 1861 Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinçon in Normandy and he exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of Édouard Manet, upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, after the war, Degas began in 1872 an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother René and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue, Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degass New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, Degas returned to Paris in 1873 and his father died the following year, whereupon Degas learned that his brother René had amassed enormous business debts

17.
Giambattista Pittoni
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Giambattista Pittoni or Giovanni Battista Pittoni was an Italian painter of the late Baroque or Rococo period. He was among the founders of the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice, of which in 1758 he became the second president, Pittoni was born in Venice on 6 June 1687.383 The theory of Rodolfo Pallucchini that Pittoni studied under Antonio Balestra is now generally discounted. However, in 1720 he may have travelled to France with his uncle Francesco, together with Rosalba Carriera, Antonio Pellegrini and he was elected to the Accademia Clementina of Bologna in 1727.28 Pittoni died in Venice on 6 November 1767. His tomb is in the church of San Giacomo dellOrio, Venice.384 The catalogue raisonné by Franca Zava Boccazzi of Pittonis paintings lists 247 extant and 117 lost, missing or destroyed works. The catalogue raisonné by Alice Binion of his drawings includes 304 items.91 Pittoni had a reputation during his lifetime. He was a restorer of older paintings, he was often selected as restorer or inspector of the quadri pubblici. He sold nine paintings to the soldier-turned-collector Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, Pittoni was successful, well liked and well respected. His reputation rapidly faded after his death, and by the end of the century he was totally forgotten. Interest in him was revived in the century by the publications of Laura Coggiola Pittoni, beginning with Dei Pittoni. Compendio delle vite de pittori veneziani istorici più rinomati del presente secolo con suoi ritratti tratti dal naturale, della pittura veneziana e delle opere pubbliche de veneziani maestri libri V. Venezia, Stamperia di G. Albrizzi. Pittoni Firenze, Istituto di edizioni artistiche, ——— Pseudo influenza francese nellarte di Giambattista Pittoni. Die Tätigkeit der Venezianer Maler Piazzetta und Pittoni für den Kurfürsten Clemens August von Köln, westfalen, Hefte für Geschichte, Kunst und Volkskunde 19, 364–72. Muzeum i twórca, Studia z historii sztuki i kultury ku czci Stanisława Lorentza, per il catalogo di Giambattista Pittoni, Proposte e inediti. Nota sulla grafica di Antonio Kern, pitture mitologiche di Giambattista Pittoni in rapporto a Sebastiano Ricci. Atti del Congresso internazionale di studi su Sebastiano Ricci e il suo tempo 1, la vicenda dei Tombeaux des princes, Matrici, storia e fortuna della serie Swiny tra Bologna e Venezia. Saggi e memorie di storia dellarte 10,79, 81-102, due nuove micropitture di Giambattista Pittoni. In. Per Maria Cionini Visani, Scritti di amici, münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 32, 182–206. Three New Mythological Paintings by Giambattista Pittoni, Piazzetta, Pittoni and Tiepolo at Parma

18.
Paul Gauguin
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Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a French post-Impressionist artist. Underappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his use of color. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many artists, such as Pablo Picasso. Many of his paintings were in the possession of Russian collector Sergei Shchukin and he was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. He was also a proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms. Gauguin was born in Paris, France to Clovis Gauguin and Alina Maria Chazal on June 7,1848 and his birth coincided with revolutionary upheavals throughout Europe that year. His father, a 34-year-old liberal journalist, came from a family of petit-bourgeoisie entrepreneurs residing in Orléans and he was compelled to flee France when the newspaper for which he wrote was suppressed by French authorities. Gauguins mother, the 22-year-old Aline Marie Chazal, was the daughter of Andre Chazal, an engraver, and Flora Tristan and their union ended when Andre assaulted his wife Flora and was sentenced to prison for attempted murder. Paul Gauguins maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan, was the daughter of Thérèse Laisnay. Details of Thérèses family background are not known, her father, Don Mariano, was a Spanish nobleman, members of the wealthy Tristan Moscoso family held powerful positions in Peru. Nonetheless, Don Marianos unexpected death plunged his mistress and daughter Flora into poverty, when Floras marriage with Andre failed, she petitioned for and obtained a small monetary settlement from her fathers Peruvian relatives. She sailed to Peru in hopes of enlarging her share of the Tristan Moscoso family fortune and this never materialized, but she successfully published a popular travelogue of her experiences in Peru which launched her literary career in 1838. An active supporter of early socialist societies, Gauguins maternal grandmother helped to lay the foundations for the 1848 revolutionary movements, placed under surveillance by French police and suffering from overwork, she died in 1844. Her grandson Paul idolized his grandmother, and kept copies of her books with him to the end of his life. In 1850, Clovis Gauguin departed for Peru with his wife Alina and he died of a heart attack en route, and Alina arrived in Peru a widow with the 18-month-old Paul and his 2 ½ year-old sister, Marie. Gauguins mother was welcomed by her granduncle, whose son-in-law would shortly assume the presidency of Peru. To the age of six, Paul enjoyed an upbringing, attended by nursemaids. He retained a vivid memory of period of his childhood which instilled indelible impressions of Peru that haunted him the rest of his life

19.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography

20.
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir, was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, it has said that Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau. He was the father of actor Pierre Renoir, filmmaker Jean Renoir and he was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir, son of Pierre. Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France, in 1841 and his father, Léonard Renoir, was a tailor of modest means, so in 1844, Renoirs family moved to Paris in search of more favorable prospects. The location of their home, in rue d’Argenteuil in central Paris, although the young Renoir had a natural proclivity for drawing, he exhibited a greater talent for singing. His talent was encouraged by his teacher, Charles Gounod, who was the choir-master at the Church of St Roch at the time. However, due to the financial circumstances, Renoir had to discontinue his music lessons. Although Renoir displayed a talent for his work, he tired of the subject matter. The owner of the factory recognized his apprentice’s talent and communicated this to Renoir’s family, following this, Renoir started taking lessons to prepare for entry into Ecole des Beaux Arts. When the porcelain factory adopted mechanical reproduction processes in 1858, Renoir was forced to other means to support his learning. Before he enrolled in art school, he also painted hangings for overseas missionaries, in 1862, he began studying art under Charles Gleyre in Paris. There he met Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, and Claude Monet, at times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Renoir had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting Lise with a Parasol, although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the Paris Salon in 1864, recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the Franco-Prussian War. This loss of a favorite painting location resulted in a change of subjects. Renoir was inspired by the style and subject matter of modern painters Camille Pissarro. Although the critical response to the exhibition was largely unfavorable, Renoirs work was well received. That same year, two of his works were shown with Durand-Ruel in London, hoping to secure a livelihood by attracting portrait commissions, Renoir displayed mostly portraits at the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876. He contributed a diverse range of paintings the next year when the group presented its third exhibition, they included Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette

21.
Rose Art Museum
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The Rose Art Museum, founded in 1961, is a part of Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, US. Named after benefactors Edward and Bertha Rose, it offers temporary exhibitions, the museums collection includes about 6,000 works, including paintings by such artists as Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol. The Rose Art Museum has the collection of modern and contemporary art in New England. With approximately 13,000 square feet of space in three galleries, the Rose Art Museum offers 9-12 exhibitions a year, most of which are organized by the Rose Art Museum curatorial team. Thirteen thousand annual Rose Art Museum visitors represent the Brandeis community, the greater Boston area, in 1991, Brandeis announced a plan to sell fourteen works of art from the Rose, including three by Renoir, two by Daumier, two by Vuillard, and one by Toulouse-Lautrec. Arnold L. Lehman, President of the Association of Art Museum Directors called it like selling one of children to feed the others. Mary Gardner Neill of the Yale University Art Gallery said We still oppose what theyre doing, if a museum sells art, the proceeds must go to replenish the collection with other works of art. University spokesman Dennis Nealon called the announcement a hard decision, but said, The bottom line is that the students. Trustees had to look at the colleges assets and came to a decision to maintain that fundamental commitment to teaching, the move was criticized by the museums director and board, numerous art-world figures and some donors to the museum. An early estimate of the value of the collection was in the $350–400 million range. The universitys endowment was $700 million before being hit by the drop in financial markets, several of the universitys large donors were reportedly particularly hard hit due to investment with Bernard Madoff. On July 27,2009, three of the museums overseers filed a lawsuit in Massachusetts to halt the closing and sale of works, ironically, a major new book was to be published in 2009 by Abrams, anticipating the upcoming 50th anniversary of the Rose Museum. The lead contributor to the book was the director, Michael Rush. Rush later helped to organize opposition to the proposed closing and his contract with Brandeis was not renewed in June 2009, effectively forcing him out. In December 2010, Rush secured a position as director of the new Eli, the museum remains open, and no works of art were sold to support university operations. The controversy became the subject of a book by Francine Koslow Miller, Cashing in on Culture, after a brief closing period to undergo major renovations, the Rose Art Museum reopened October 25,2011. This coincided with the 50th anniversary of the museum, which was celebrated, including speeches by President Frederick M. Lawrence. Deaccessioning Effects of the Great Recession on museums Judith H. Dobrzynski, The Art Newspaper Dobrzynski, June 20,2011 Koslow Miller, Francine

22.
Walters Art Museum
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The Walters Art Museum, located in Mount Vernon-Belvedere, Baltimore, Maryland, is a public art museum founded and opened in 1934. It holds collections established during the mid-19th Century, located across the back alley, a block south of the Walters mansion on West Monument Street/Mount Vernon Place, on the northwest corner of North Charles Street at West Centre Street. The following year, The Walters reopened its original building after a dramatic three-year physical renovation and replacement of internal utilities. The Archimedes Palimpsest was on loan to the Walters Art Museum from a collector for conservation. This was one of the largest and most comprehensive such releases made by any museum, the Walters collection of ancient art includes examples from Egypt, Nubia, Greece, Rome, Etruria and the Near East. In 1911, Henry Walters purchased almost 100 gold artifacts from the Chiriqui region of western Panama in Central America, the museum owns the oldest surviving Chinese wood-and-lacquer image of the Buddha. It is exhibited in a gallery dedicated solely to this work, the Museum holds one of the largest and finest collections of Thai bronze, scrolls, and banner paintings in the world. Islamic art in all media is represented at the Walters, the Walters Museum owns an array of Islamic manuscripts. Walters Art Museum, MS W.613 contains five Mughal miniatures from a very important Khamsa of Nizami made for the Emperor Akbar, Henry Walters assembled a collection of art produced during the Middle Ages in all the major artistic media of the period. This forms the basis of the Walters medieval collection, for which the Museum is best known internationally. Considered one of the best collections of art in the United States, the Museums holdings include examples of metalwork, sculpture, stained glass, textiles, icons. Sculpted heads from the royal Abbey of St. Denis are rare surviving examples of sculptures that are directly connected with the origins of Gothic art in 12th Century France. An ivory casket covered with scenes of jousting knights is one of about a dozen such objects to survive in the world, many of these works are on display in the Museums galleries. Works in the collection are the subject of active research by the curatorial and conservation departments of the museum. The collection of European Renaissance and Baroque art features holdings of paintings, sculpture, furniture, ceramics, metal work, arms, the museum has one of ten surviving examples of the Sèvres pot-pourri vase in the shape of a ship from the 1750s and 1760s. William and Henry Walters collected works by late 19th Century French academic masters, Henry Walters was particularly interested in the courtly arts of 18th Century France. The museum’s collection of Sèvres porcelain includes a number of pieces that were made for members of the Royal Bourbon Court at Versailles Palace outside of Paris. Portrait miniatures and the examples of works, especially snuffboxes and watches, are displayed in the Treasury, along with some exceptional 19th-

23.
Great Baltimore Fire
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The Great Baltimore Fire raged in Baltimore, Maryland, United States on Sunday, February 7 and Monday, February 8,1904. It destroyed much of central Baltimore, including over 1,500 buildings covering an area of some 140 acres. From North Howard Street in the west and southwest, the flames spread north through the shopping area as far as Fayette Street and began moving eastward. The fires wide swath burned as far south as the wharves and piers lining the side of the old Basin of the Northwest Branch of the Baltimore Harbor. It is considered historically the third worst conflagration in an American city, surpassed only by the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, and the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906. Other major urban disasters that were comparable were the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and most recently, Hurricane Katrina that hit New Orleans, One reason for the fires long duration involved the lack of national standards in firefighting equipment. Much of the area was rebuilt in relatively short order. Perhaps the greatest legacy of the fire was the impetus it gave to efforts to standardize firefighting equipment in the United States, in centuries past, fires regularly ravaged cities, frequently destroying large areas within. Close living quarters, lax, unenforced, or non-existent building codes, the rapid expansion of American cities during the nineteenth century contributed to the danger. In addition, firefighting practices and equipment were largely unstandardized, each city had its own system, as time passed, these cities invested more in the systems that they already had, increasing the costs of any conversion. In addition, early equipment was often patented by its manufacturer, by 1903, over 600 sizes and variations of fire hose couplings existed in the United States. Fire was reported first at the John Hurst and Company building on West German Street at Hopkins Place in the part of downtown Baltimore at 10,48 a. m. on Sunday, February 7. Soon, it became apparent that the fire was outstripping the ability of the firefighting resources to fight it. By 1,30 p. m. units from Washington, D. C. were arriving on the Baltimore, to halt the fire, officials decided to use a firebreak, and dynamited buildings around the existing fire. Not until 5,00 p. m. the next day was the fire brought under control, One reason for the fires duration was the lack of national standards in firefighting equipment. Fire crews and fire came from as far away as Philadelphia. The crews brought their own equipment, most could only watch helplessly after discovering that their hoses could not connect to Baltimores gauge size of water hydrants. High winds and freezing temperatures further contributed to the fires extent, as a result, the fire burned over 30 hours, destroying 1,545 buildings spanning 70 city blocks—amounting to over 140 acres

24.
William Kendall (painter)
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William Sergeant Kendall, was an American painter, most famous for his evocative scenes of domestic life, his wife and three young daughters were frequent subjects in his early work. Kendall began an affair with a pupil, Christine Herter. Kendall began his training at the Brooklyn Art Guild and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts as a student of Thomas Eakins and he returned to New York City in 1886 to study at the Art Students League. He moved to Europe in 1888 for further study, including a period at the École des Beaux-Arts, like many American artists in France, Kendall spent his summers in Brittany and frequently painted the local peasantry. In 1892 he returned to New York and established his studio, Kendall and his family eventually moved to Newport, Rhode Island, and then to New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a professor and head of the School of Fine Arts at Yale from 1913 to 1922. In 1901 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and he left Yale in 1922 and relocated to rural Bath County, Virginia, where he continued to paint until his death. Kendall was the recipient of prizes and awards for his work, he was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Commission of Fine Arts from 1920 to 1921 and his papers from 1900 to 1936 are housed at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art. Although mainly a painter, Kendall also modeled and carved sculptures throughout his career and his work is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Baltimore Museum of Art. His home at Hot Springs, Garth Newel, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 and it is home to the Garth Newel Music Center

25.
Peabody Institute
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The Peabody Institute was founded in 1857 by philanthropist George Peabody, and is the oldest conservatory in the United States. Its association with JHU allows students to do research across disciplines, George Peabody founded the Institute with a bequest of about $800,000 from his fortune made in Massachusetts and Baltimore. Completion of the Grecian-Italian west wing building housing the Institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War, the library was created and endowed by Peabodys friend and fellow Bay-Stater, Enoch Pratt. In 1978, the Institute began working with The Johns Hopkins University under an affiliation agreement, in 1985, the Institute became a division of the university. Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts Degree, Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties, Downtown, Towson, Annapolis and Howard County. The Peabody Childrens Chorus is for children ages 6 to 18 and it is divided into three groups, Training Choir, Choristers, and Cantate, grouped by age in ascending order. They practice weekly in Towson or Columbia, Maryland, and sing in concerts biannually under the instruction of Doreen Falby, Bradley Permenter, tori Amos, singer, songwriter, at age five, Amos was the youngest student ever admitted to the Institute

26.
Charles Street (Baltimore)
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Charles Street, known for most of its route as Maryland Route 139, runs through Baltimore City and through the Towson area of Baltimore County. On the north end it terminates at an intersection with Bellona Avenue near Interstate 695, Charles Street is one of the major routes through the city of Baltimore, and is a major public transportation corridor. For the one-way portions of Charles Street, the street is functionally complemented by the parallel St. Paul Street, Maryland Avenue, Cathedral Street, and Liberty Street. Though not exactly at the west–east midpoint of the city, Charles Street is considered to be the division between the west and east sides of Baltimore, the entire length of Charles Street is a National Scenic Byway known as Baltimores Historic Charles Street. Maryland Route 139 begins at US 1/US40 Truck in Baltimore, MD139, as mentioned before, follows Charles Street northbound, the southbound lanes of MD139 are carried by Saint Paul Street. Charles Street is a part of the National Highway System from Pratt Street to its terminus in Lutherville. Charles Street begins at an end one block south of Wells Street in the South Baltimore neighborhood of Baltimore. Charles Street heads north as a street through residential South Baltimore. The street becomes commercial as it passes between the Federal Hill and Sharp Leadenhall neighborhoods, Federal Hill contains the Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church on West Street and the Cross Street Market on the eponymous street. Sharp Leadenhall contains the Little Montgomery Street Historic District, Charles Street enters the Otterbein neighborhood, where it becomes one-way northbound at Lee Street. Charles Street continues north as a street through the Inner Harbor neighborhood on the south side of downtown Baltimore. Charles Street passes to the west of the M&T Bank Building, the street passes to the east of Charles Center and the Charles Center station of the Baltimore Metro Subway. Charles Street continues north into the Cathedral Hill Historic District, where the street passes St. Mulberry and Franklin streets carry US40 eastbound and westbound, respectively. Charles Street enters the Mount Vernon neighborhood at Centre Street, which contains the Walters Art Museum, the street splits into a pair of two-lane roadways separated by park squares known as Washington Place. South of the east–west portion of the park, Charles Street passes the equestrian Lafayette Monument within the park and the Peabody Institute on the east and the Walters Art Museum on the west. The street meets the westbound and eastbound halves of Mount Vernon Place, the eastern leg of the park contains the George Peabody Sculpture and one of Severn Teackle Wallis facing St. Paul Street to the east. The bifurcated Charles Street continues past the Roger B, the two halves of Charles Street converge as a three-lane street at Madison Street. Charles Street continues through Midtown, which contains the Belvedere Hotel, the street passes along the east side of the University of Baltimore and University of Baltimore School of Law before meeting I-83 at the northern end of the neighborhood

27.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable

28.
Federal architecture
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Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c.1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815. This style shares its name with its era, the Federal Period, the name Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period. The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Regency architecture in Britain, in the early American republic, the founding generation consciously chose to associate the nation with the ancient democracies of Greece and the republican values of Rome. Grecian aspirations informed the Greek Revival, lasting into the 1850s, American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes. It also had a flatter, smoother façade and rarely used pilasters and it was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture, fashionable after the unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The bald eagle was a symbol used in this style. 1800, men such as Charles Bulfinch, architect of the Massachusetts State House, Boston, the two brothers, Robert Adam and James Adam, were Scottish architects who never visited America, but through their books were leading influences. Young Modern reassessment of the American architecture of the Federal period began with Fiske Kimball, Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies, Adam style Federal furniture Lyre arm Craig, Lois A. The Federal Presence, Architecture, Politics and National Design

29.
Italianate architecture
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The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. The style of architecture that was created, though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance, was essentially of its own time. The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash and this small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barrys Italianate style drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, the style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved popularity in the United States. A late intimation of Nashs development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor, unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and his most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden. Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, on occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, the Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunels atmospheric railway pumping houses. An example that is not very known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christophers Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis, upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed an industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style, the influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time

30.
Howard Street (Baltimore)
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Howard Street is a major north-south street through the central part of the city of Baltimore, Maryland. About 2½ miles long, the street begins at the end of I-395 near Oriole Park at Camden Yards and ends near Johns Hopkins University. To the right, it becomes Artmuseum Drive, the home of the Baltimore Museum of Art. To the left, it becomes San Martin Drive, which winds road along the perimeter of the Johns Hopkins University campus. Howard Street is named in honor of former Maryland governor John Eager Howard, two other streets in Baltimore, John and Eager Streets, are also named after him. At one time, Howard Street was a two-way street throughout its entire route, the Light Rail operates along Howard Street within this area, which is most of Downtown Baltimore, and alongside Howard Street for much of the remainder of the streets route within the downtown area. This tunnel was first proposed in the 1880s and built in the 1890s as part of the Baltimore, Antique Row is a chain of antique shops located along the 800 block of North Howard Street of Downtown Baltimore City. This area of treasurable memorabilia has dated back as far as the late 19th century as a cabinetmaking center, in the 1950s Antique Row was at its great’s height, when there was over 50 shops open due to the busy nature of Howard Street. In the 1960s, the expansion of Maryland General Hospital hauled away shops that were on the west side of the street, Antique Row also took to a decline when the department stores along Howard street closed. The last one to close was the Hutzlers in 1989, the construction of the Baltimore Light Rail that same year also slowed down business for the shops for three consecutive years. Afterwards the light rail aided in the shops gaining back its momentum because people were now able to travel, the shops ultimately take the plunge because they are not getting sales which results in them having to close up shop or relocate. Amongst the many other dealers on the block, Jimmy Judd, Antique Row is an advocate for the appreciation of the Arts. As a result, Antique Row has become the home for other honorable art attractions, for, instance the Eubie Blake National Jazz Institute and Cultural Center was at 847 N. Howard Street in 2000. The inclusion of art based institutions are hopefully going to aid in the return of customers. One of Howard Streets unique features is the twin steel arch-style bridge that crosses over the Jones Falls Expressway, the CSX and Northern Central Railway, at times, there has been debate over what colors to paint the bridge. Request has been made from citizens to get involved in making the decision, polling has been used as a method to determine the color the bridge should be painted. On November 17,2011, Occupy Baltimore protesters marched on the Howard Street Bridge, the bridge was chosen by the protesters because they said it was a symbol of the citys decaying infrastructure and the need to get Americans back to work. During the 1980s, a series of decorative arches were installed along the part of Howard Street in order to add a unique style to the area

31.
Mary Garrett
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Mary Elizabeth Garrett was an American suffragist and philanthropist. Mary Garrett was the daughter of John W. Garrett, a philanthropist and president of the Baltimore and she became the wealthiest spinster woman in the country with demise of her father. She also enriched Bryn Mawr College, donating $10,000 per year to help the college and she also endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and secured the rights of women to attend thus making it the first co-educational, graduate-level medical school in the United States. Garrett was also involved in the Womens Suffrage Movement, organizing the National American Woman Suffrage Associations national convention in 1906. She continued to donate heavily to the movement until her death. At her death, she gave $15,000,000 to M. Carey Thomas and she is buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, MD. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed

32.
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
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The Washington Monument is the centerpiece of Mount Vernon Place, an urban square in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first major monument begun to honor George Washington, the Monument, a colossal column, was designed by American architect Robert Mills, who also designed the Washington Monument in Washington, D. C. Construction began in 1815 on land donated by John Eager Howard, the 178 foot 8 inch doric column holds a ground-floor gallery offering digital exhibits about the construction of the Monument and the history of Mount Vernon Place. Climbing the 227 steps to the top provides an excellent view of the city from the neighborhood where it is located. Its neighbors include the Peabody Institute and The Walters Art Museum, the glorification of Washington began long before his death in December 1799. Congress had first announced a desire for a sculpture in his honor in 1783 and, after his death, however, these expressions of honor in the national capital floundered and would not be realized for decades. In 1810, the first lottery authorized by the Maryland General Assembly, was held, in 1813 an architectural competition was announced with a $500 prize to design and build the Monument at a cost of $100,000. Millss design was chosen in 1814, the architect having taken pains to demonstrate to the Board of Managers that he was the first native born American with architectural training, the cornerstone was laid on July 4,1815. An interior spiral staircase led to the top, where surmounting the column Washington was depicted in a quadriga, concerns over the expense of this design, as well as its projected height caused changes in not only its design, but location. By the time the Monuments cornerstone was laid in Howards Woods in 1815, the design of the completed column is very similar to the Colonne Vendôme, which ultimately derived from Trajans Column and was adopted in this time of Neoclassicism in American architecture. The dignified cornerstone ceremony was overseen by the Monument’s Board of Managers. ”Following speeches, the entire proceedings were printed in the local newspaper, picked up by newspapers in other major cities, and published in a souvenir booklet with illustrations. Almost from the moment the cornerstone was laid, and particularly as the structure began to rise out of the ground, the Monument was a destination, in June 1817, during President James Monroe’s visit to the city, his itinerary included a visit to the Monument. Construction sites in the nineteenth century were not what they are today. As early as 1819 guests were leaving evidence of their visit in the Monument’s subterranean vaults, by shortly after 1820 with the column proper largely complete with its integral interior staircase, visitors were climbing to the top. New York newspaper editor Nathaniel H. Carter visited in February 1823 and climbed to the top, escorted by a boy with a candle, to take in the views of the city. The marble was sourced from three quarries, the base from General Charles Ridgelys quarry, the column and other details from Scotts quarry, and the statue from the quarry of Mrs. Frances D. T. Taylor. Washington is depicted on the top of the Monument resigning his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, the statue was carved by Italian-born sculptor Enrico Causici, who previous to his work on the Monument had been employed carving reliefs for the United States Capitol. William Rusk, in his book Art in Baltimore, Monuments, tradition recalls a prodigy occurring when the statue was raised to the summit of the monument - a shooting star dashed across the sky and an eagle lit on the head of the settling general

33.
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
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The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. is the academic medical teaching and research arm of Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins has consistently been among the top medical schools in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Its major teaching hospital, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was ranked the #1 hospital in the United States for 22 years by U. S. News & World Report. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is located in the East Baltimore campus of Johns Hopkins University together with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, together they form an academic health science center. For years, Johns Hopkins has been among the top medical schools in the number of competitive research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. According to U. S. News and World Report, Johns Hopkins has always ranked in the top 3 research-oriented medical schools. Its major teaching hospital, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was ranked the top hospital in the United States every year from 1991 to 2011 by U. S. News & World Report, according to the Flexner Report, Hopkins has served as the model for American medical education. It was the first medical school to require its students to have a degree and was also the first graduate-level medical school to admit women on an equal basis as men. Mary Elizabeth Garrett, head of the Womens Medical School Fund, was a force behind both of these firsts. Sir William Osler became the first Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins, Osler was responsible for establishing the residency system of postgraduate medical training, where young physicians were required to reside within the hospital to better care for their patients. The Colleges were established to foster camaraderie, networking, advising, mentoring, professionalism, clinical skills, students are assigned to faculty advisors within their colleges. Each advisor has a group of five students each of the four years. They instruct these same five students in Clinical Skills, a core first-year course, every year, the Colleges compete in the “College Olympics. ”The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is led by Ronald J. Daniels, the president of Johns Hopkins University, Paul B. Rothman, CEO and dean of the faculty, and Ronald R. Peterson, president of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The CFO of Johns Hopkins Medicine is Richard A. Grossi, vice deans preside over specific administrative task areas. The deans office also includes over twenty administrators in the position of associate or assistant dean, sixteen Nobel laureates associated with the School of Medicine as alumni and faculty have won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Chemistry. S. S. In the television drama Private Practice, the character Charlotte King is a graduate of Hopkins Med, in the Fox television program House, Dr. Gregory House is a world-famous diagnostician who attended Johns Hopkins University for his undergraduate degree. He was expelled from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine for cheating, neurologist Dr. Eric Foreman also attended Hopkins

34.
John W. Garrett
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John Work Garrett, was an American banker, philanthropist, and president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1855, he was named to the board of the B. & O. and in 1858, became its president, several places are named in his honor. His father Robert, had come from Ireland as a boy in 1801 with his parents and family. When his brother stayed in Baltimore, John Work headed west to expand the business over the mountains, like his father before him, he learned the geography with first-hand travels through Virginia into Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and beyond. This taught him that the importance for Baltimores port lay in the western states, the brothers sponsored new projects, building warehouses and hotels such as the Howard House and the Eutaw House on the westside. The company added to its fleet and expanded its mercantile and financial business to South America, Garrett married Rachel Ann Harrisson and had four children. Of the 30 members of the B&Os board of directors,18 were selected by the State of Maryland, in 1854, the Baltimore City Council extended a five million dollars emergency loan to the struggling railroads growing construction debt as the line pushed westward over the Appalachian Mountains. With the advent of the economic depression known as the Panic of 1857, brother Henry Garrett had been serving as a B&O director for some time and in 1847, John Work joined him. By a vote of 16 to 14, Garrett was elected over incumbent executive Chauncy Brooks of Cloverdale, the Garrett Company and the B&O interests also had strong ties to the London-based George Peabody & Company, and through their business interests, financier George Peabody. The B&O got a taste of the Civil War during abolitionist John Browns raid on the Federal armory in Harpers Ferry. Garrett learned that raiders had stopped a train at Harpers Ferry, marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee, from Arlington House, Virginia across the river from the Capital, were sent to put down the rebellion on a special B&O train. Garrett had previously considered the B&O to be a Southern railroad, and had originally pro-South sympathies. C. Garrett is particularly remembered for his part in the July 1864 Battle of the Monocacy through Frederick, Maryland, War Department and to Major General Lew Wallace, who commanded the department that would be responsible for defense of the area. As preparations for the battle progressed, Garrett provided transport for Federal troops and munitions, though Union forces lost this battle, the two-day delay allowed Ulysses S. Earlys corps on Washington at the Battle of Fort Stevens on the northwestern outskirts of the capital two days later. Garrett was a confidant of President Lincoln, and often accompanied him on his visits to battlefields in Maryland, Garrett was president of the B&O during widespread unrest that occurred as part of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. On July 20,1877 he requested that Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll move troops from Baltimore, Maryland to Cumberland, Maryland and this troop movement erupted in riots in Baltimore, which continued to spread throughout much the country. He was also associated with several telegraph companies, in 1870 Garrett purchased 1,400 acres in northeast Baltimore and built a summer home that he named Montebello. It was a Victorian-style wood-frame turreted mansion in what is now the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello neighborhood, following the massive nationwide labor strife in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Garrett was one of the organizers of the B&O Employees Relief Association in 1880

35.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

36.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
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The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad. At first this railroad was located entirely in the state of Maryland with a line from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook. At this point to continue westward, it had to cross into Virginia over the Potomac River, adjacent to the confluence of the Potomac, from there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX Transportation network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the USA, the B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U. S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto, Linking 13 Great States with the Nation, the B&O Warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. At the end of 1970 B&O operated 5552 miles of road and 10449 miles of track, not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit or the Reading and its subsidiaries. The fast-growing port city of Baltimore, Maryland faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in 1820. In 1827, twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and their answer was to build a railroad—one of the first commercial lines in the world. Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad and they spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held a meeting on February 12,1827, including about twenty-five citizens. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer, the capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars, but the B&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Virtually every citizen of Baltimore owned a share, as the offering was oversubscribed, construction began on July 4,1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking. The initial tracks were built with granite stringers topped by iron rails. The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicotts Mills, opened on May 24,1830. Developers decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parrs Ridge, a later compromise allowed the two companies to share the right of way. The State of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D. C. in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct. This line was funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s

37.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father

38.
Robert Garrett
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Robert Garrett was an American athlete. He was the first modern Olympic champion in discus throw and shot put, Robert S. Garrett was born in Baltimore County, Maryland into one of the most prominent and wealthiest families in Maryland. He was the son of Thomas Harrison Garrett and Alice Dickerson Whitridge Garrett, the younger Robert Garrett studied at Princeton University. He excelled in track and field athletics as an undergraduate, and was captain of the Princeton track team in both his junior and senior years, Garrett was primarily a shot-putter, though he also competed in the jumping events. When he decided to compete in the first modern Olympic games being revived and held in Athens, Greece, in 1896 and they consulted classical authorities to develop a drawing and Garrett hired a blacksmith to make a discus. It weighed nearly 30 pounds and it was impossible to throw any distance, Garrett paid for his own and three classmates (Francis Lane, Herbert Jamison, and Albert Tyler way to Athens to compete in the games. When he discovered that a real discus weighed less than five pounds, the Greek discus throwers were true stylists. Each throw, as they spun and rose from a classical Discobolus stance, was intended to be beautiful, Garrett, who seized the discus in his right hand and swinging himself around and around, the way the hammer is usually thrown, threw the discus with tremendous force. Garretts first two throws were clumsy, instead of sailing parallel to the ground, the discus turned over and over and narrowly missed hitting some of the audience. Both foreigners and Americans laughed at his efforts and he joined in the general merriment and his final throw, however, punctuated with a loud grunt, sent the discus sailing 19 centimetres beyond the second-place throw mark at 29.15 metres. American spectator Burton Holmes wrote, All were stupefied, the Greeks had been defeated at their own classic exercise. According to James Connolly, in five of the track and field events won by Americans, Garrett also won the shot put with a distance of 11.22 metres and finished second in the high jump and second in the long jump. In the 1984 NBC television multi-episode miniseries, The First Olympics, Athens 1896, in the second episode, Garrett was incorrectly portrayed as being a participant in the first Olympic Marathon. In the 1900 Olympics, Garrett placed third in the shot put and his bronze medal in the shot put was unusual, as he refused to compete in the final due to it being held on a Sunday. His qualifying mark was enough to place him in third. He also competed in the discus throw again, but due to a planned course was unable to set a legal mark as his discus throws all hit trees. Garrett was also a member of the Tug-of-War team at the 1900 Olympics that was forced to withdraw because three of its six members were engaged in the hammer throw final, Garrett later became a banker and financier at his grandfathers historic mercantile firm Robert Garrett and Sons in Baltimore. Garrett had an early intensive interest in science, especially in history and archeology and he helped to organize and finance an archaeological expedition to Syria, led by Dr. John M. T. Finney

39.
Auguste Rodin
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François Auguste René Rodin, known as Auguste Rodin, was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past and he was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Pariss foremost school of art. Sculpturally, Rodin possessed an ability to model a complex, turbulent. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime and they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodins most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, modeled the human body with realism, Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community, by 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodins work after his Worlds Fair exhibit and he married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community. Rodin was born in 1840 into a family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin. He was largely self-educated, and began to draw at age ten, between ages 14 and 17, Rodin attended the Petite École, a school specializing in art and mathematics, where he studied drawing and painting. His drawing teacher, Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran, believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes, Rodin still expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. It was at Petite École that he first met Jules Dalou, in 1857, Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the École des Beaux-Arts in an attempt to win entrance, he did not succeed, and two further applications were also denied. Given that entrance requirements at the Grande École were not particularly high, Rodins inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges Neoclassical tastes, while Rodin had been schooled in light, 18th-century sculpture. Leaving the Petite École in 1857, Rodin earned a living as a craftsman, Rodins sister Maria, two years his senior, died of peritonitis in a convent in 1862. Rodin was anguished and felt guilty because he had introduced Maria to an unfaithful suitor, turning away from art, he briefly joined a Catholic order, the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. Saint Peter Julian Eymard, founder and head of the congregation, recognized Rodins talent and, sensing his lack of suitability for the order and he returned to work as a decorator, while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye. The teachers attention to detail – his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion – significantly influenced Rodin, in 1864, Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret, with whom he would stay – with ranging commitment – for the rest of his life. The couple had a son, Auguste-Eugène Beuret and that year, Rodin offered his first sculpture for exhibition, and entered the studio of Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, a successful mass producer of objets dart

40.
The Thinker
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The Thinker is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought and is often used as an image to represent philosophy. Rodin first conceived the figure as part of work in 1880. Originally named The Poet, The Thinker was initially a figure in a commission, begun in 1880. Rodin based this on The Divine Comedy of Dante, and most of the figures in the work represented the main characters in the epic poem. The sculpture is nude, as Rodin wanted a heroic figure in the tradition of Michelangelo and this detail from the Gates of Hell was first named The Thinker by foundry workers, who noted its similarity to Michelangelos statue of Lorenzo de Medici called Il Penseroso. Rodin decided to treat the figure as an independent work, at a larger size, the figure was designed to be seen from below, and is normally displayed on a fairly high plinth, though the heights chosen by the various owners for these vary considerably. The Thinker has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world, about 28 monumental-sized bronze casts of the sculpture are in museums and public places. In addition, there are sculptures of different study size scales, some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production. Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880, the first large-scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904. It became the property of the city of Paris thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers, in 1922, it was moved to the Hôtel Biron, which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum. The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, made in Paris, it was first displayed at the St. Louis Worlds Fair in 1904 and was then given to the city. This sculpture was the only cast created by the casting method. Gerald Cantor Collection, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which material on The Thinker The Penseur. Link to The Thinker at the official Web site of the Musée Rodin, the Thinker Inspiration, Analysis and Critical Reception The Thinker project, Munich. Discussion of the history of the casts of this artwork. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, Object Number 1988.106, bronze cast No

41.
History of Maryland
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The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with John Cabot in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers, Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Catholics. In 1778, during the American Revolution, Maryland became the seventh state admitted to the United States, after the war, numerous planters freed their slaves as the economy changed. Baltimore grew to one of the largest cities on the eastern seaboard. Although Maryland was still a state in 1860, by that time nearly half the African American population was already free. Maryland was among the states that remained in the Union during the American Civil War. It appears that the first humans to arrive in the area that would become Maryland appeared around the 10th millennium BC and they were hunter-gatherers organized into semi-nomadic bands. With the increased variety of sources, Native American villages and settlements started appearing. By about 1000 BC pottery was being produced, with the eventual rise of agriculture more permanent Native-American villages were built. But even with the advent of farming, hunting and fishing were still important means of obtaining food, the bow and arrow were first used for hunting in the area around the year 800. They ate what they could kill, grow or catch in the rivers, by 1000 CE, there were about 8,000 Native Americans, all Algonquian-speaking, living in what is now the state, in 40 different villages. The following Piscataway tribes lived on the bank of the Potomac, from south to north, Yaocomicoes, Chopticans, Nanjemoys, Potopacs, Mattawomans, Piscataways, Patuxents. The area in which the Nacotchtank lived is now the District of Columbia, on the west bank of the Potomac river in what is now Virginia were the related tribes of the Patawomeck and the Doeg. Further west in the Appalachian Mountains, the Shawnee lived near Oldtown at a site abandoned around 1731, the Tockwogh tribe lived near the headwaters of the Chesapeake near what is now Delaware. When Europeans began to settle in Maryland in the early 17th century, early exposure to new European diseases brought widespread fatalities to the Native Americans, as they had no immunity to them. Communities were disrupted by such losses, in 1498 the first European explorers sailed along the Eastern Shore, off present-day Worcester County. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing under the French flag, in 1608 John Smith entered the bay and explored it extensively. His maps still exist today, and although technically crude they are surprisingly accurate given the technology of those times, the region was depicted in a map by Estêvão Gomes and Diego Gutiérrez, made in 1562, in the context of the Spanish Ajacán Mission of the sixteenth century

42.
Mary Frick Garrett Jacobs
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Mary Frick Garret Jacobs was a Baltimore socialite, philanthropist, and art collector. Born in Baltimore in 1851, Mary Frick Garrett Jacobs was one of three children and her father was a prominent attorney, and her mother was a descendant of Sir George Yeardly, who had been appointed governor of Virginia and was knighted by James VI and I in 1618. Throughout her childhood, she was educated by governesses and tutors and was not permitted to leave home without the accompaniment of a tutor or family member. In 1872, Mary wed Robert Garrett, the oldest son of John W. Garrett, after suffering from years of mental and physical breakdowns, Robert Garret died in 1896 of kidney failure. His widow Mary married Robert Garret’s longtime, personal physician, Henry Barton Jacobs and she remained childless and died in 1936 leaving an estate of $5.5 million to her husband, Henry Barton Jacobs. She established the Robert Garrett Hospital for Children at 27 North Carey Street as well as a school for nurses attached to the hospital. She paid for the children to recuperate in Mount Airy, Maryland during the summer months and provided the railway fares for mothers to visit their children whenever they wished. While the hospital was turned over to the city in 1923, Jacobs continued to maintain the facility with her own funds, in 1928, she built and equipped the Hospital for Tuberculosis Children on the grounds of the Eudowood Sanitarium. With her fortune, Mary Frick Garrett Jacobs amassed a collection of paintings, tapestries, miniatures, porcelain, in 1934 Jacobs offered her art collection to the Baltimore Museum of Art under several conditions. One of the conditions was that John Russell Pope would be the architect to design the wing in which her collection would be displayed, cary Powers, “Height limitation on Mt. Vernon Place” Maryland Historical Magazine 79,3, 197-219