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Summary

As aquaculture continues to grow at a rapid pace, understanding the engineering behind aquatic production facilities is of increasing importance for all those working in the industry. Aquaculture engineering requires knowledge of the many general aspects of engineering such as material technology, building design and construction, mechanical engineering, and environmental engineering. In comprehensive book now in its second edition, author Odd-Ivar Lekang introduces these principles and demonstrates how such technical knowledge can be applied to aquaculture systems.

Author Biography

Odd-Ivar Lekang is Associate Professor of Aquaculture Engineering at the Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Aas.

Table of Contents

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Aquaculture engineering 1

1.2 Classification of aquaculture 1

1.3 The farm: technical components in a system 2

1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm 2

1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm 4

1.4 Future trends: increased importance of aquaculture engineering 5

1.5 This textbook 6

References 6

2 Water Transport 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Pipe and pipe parts 7

2.2.1 Pipes 7

2.2.2 Valves 11

2.2.3 Pipe parts: fittings 12

2.2.4 Pipe connections: jointing 12

2.2.5 Mooring of pipes 13

2.2.6 Ditches for pipes 14

2.3 Water flow and head loss in channels and pipe systems 15

2.3.1 Water flow 15

2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines 16

2.3.3 Head loss in single parts (fittings) 18

2.4 Pumps 19

2.4.1 Types of pump 19

2.4.2 Some definitions 19

2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy 22

2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps 23

2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps 26

2.4.6 Change of water flow or pressure 28

2.4.7 Regulation of flow from selected pumps 29

References 31

3 Water Quality and Water Treatment: An Introduction 32

3.1 Increased focus on water quality 32

3.2 Inlet water 32

3.3 Outlet water 33

3.4 Water treatment 35

References 36

4 Fish Metabolism, Water Quality and Separation Technology 37

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Fish metabolism 37

4.2.1 Overview of fish metabolism 37

4.2.2 The energy budget 38

4.3 Separation technology 39

4.3.1 What are the impurities in water? 39

4.3.2 Phosphorus removal: an example 41

References 42

5 Adjustment of pH 43

5.1 Introduction 43

5.2 Definitions 43

5.3 Problems with low pH 44

5.4 pH of different water sources 44

5.5 pH adjustment 45

5.6 Examples of methods for pH adjustment 45

5.6.1 Lime 45

5.6.2 Sea water 47

5.6.3 Lye or hydroxides 47

References 48

6 Removal of Particles: Traditional Methods 50

6.1 Introduction 50

6.2 Characterization of the water 51

6.3 Methods for particle removal in fish farming 51

6.3.1 Mechanical filters and microscreens 52

6.3.2 Depth filtration: granular medium filters 55

6.3.3 Settling or gravity filters 58

6.3.4 Integrated treatment systems 60

6.4 Hydraulic loads on filter units 62

6.5 Purification efficiency 62

6.6 Dual drain tank 63

6.7 Local ecological solutions 64

References 64

7 Protein Skimming, Flotation, Coagulation and Flocculation 66

7.1 Introduction 66

7.1.1 Surface tension, cohesion and adhesion 68

7.1.2 Surfactants 70

7.2 Mechanisms for attachment and removal 71

7.2.1 Attachment of particles to rising bubbles by collision, typically