Monday, August 15, 2016

Top: Gamma rays (magenta lines) coming from a
bright source like NGC 1275 in the Perseus galaxy cluster should form a
particular type of spectrum (right). Bottom: Gamma rays convert into
hypothetical axion-like particles (green dashes) and back again when
they encounter magnetic fields (gray curves). The resulting gamma-ray
spectrum ((lower curve at right) would show unusual steps and gaps not
seen in Fermi data, which means a range of these particles cannot make
up a portion of dark matter. Credits: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Chris Smith.Download additional visuals at NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

Dark matter, the mysterious substance that constitutes most of the
material universe, remains as elusive as ever. Although experiments on
the ground and in space have yet to find a trace of dark matter, the
results are helping scientists rule out some of the many theoretical
possibilities. Three studies published earlier this year, using six or
more years of data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, have
broadened the mission's dark matter hunt using some novel approaches.

“We've looked for the usual suspects in the usual places and found no
solid signals, so we've started searching in some creative new ways,"
said Julie McEnery, Fermi project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "With these results, Fermi has
excluded more candidates, has shown that dark matter can contribute to
only a small part of the gamma-ray background beyond our galaxy, the
Milky Way, and has produced strong limits for dark matter particles in
the second-largest galaxy orbiting it."

Dark matter neither emits nor absorbs light, primarily interacts with
the rest of the universe through gravity, yet accounts for about 80
percent of the matter in the universe. Astronomers see its effects
throughout the cosmos -- in the rotation of galaxies, in the distortion
of light passing through galaxy clusters, and in simulations of the
early universe, which require the presence of dark matter to form
galaxies at all.

The leading candidates for dark matter are different classes of
hypothetical particles. Scientists think gamma rays, the highest-energy
form of light, can help reveal the presence of some of types of proposed
dark matter particles. Previously, Fermi has searched for tell-tale
gamma-ray signals associated with dark matter in the center of our galaxy and in small dwarf galaxies
orbiting our own.

Although no convincing signals were found, these
results eliminated candidates within a specific range of masses and
interaction rates, further limiting the possible characteristics of dark
matter particles.

Among the new studies, the most exotic scenario investigated was the
possibility that dark matter might consist of hypothetical particles
called axions or other particles with similar properties. An intriguing
aspect of axion-like particles is their ability to convert into gamma
rays and back again when they interact with strong magnetic fields.
These conversions would leave behind characteristic traces, like gaps or
steps, in the spectrum of a bright gamma-ray source.

Manuel Meyer at Stockholm University led a study to search for these
effects in the gamma rays from NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the
Perseus galaxy cluster, located about 240 million light-years away.
High-energy emissions from NGC 1275 are thought to be associated with a
supermassive black hole at its center. Like all galaxy clusters, the Perseus cluster is filled with hot gas
threaded with magnetic fields, which would enable the switch between
gamma rays and axion-like particles. This means some of the gamma rays
coming from NGC 1275 could convert into axions -- and potentially back
again -- as they make their way to us.

"While we don't yet know what dark matter is, our results show we can
probe axion-like models and provide the strongest constraints to date
for certain masses," Meyer said. "Remarkably, we reached a sensitivity
we thought would only be possible in a dedicated laboratory experiment,
which is quite a testament to Fermi."

Another broad class of dark matter candidates are called Weakly
Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). In some versions, colliding WIMPs
either mutually annihilate or produce an intermediate, quickly decaying
particle. Both scenarios result in gamma rays that can be detected by
the LAT.

Regina Caputo at the University of California, Santa Cruz, sought
these signals from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), which is located
about 200,000 light-years away and is the second-largest of the small
satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way. Part of the SMC's appeal for a
dark matter search is that it lies comparatively close to us and its
gamma-ray emission from conventional sources, like star formation and
pulsars, is well understood. Most importantly, astronomers have
high-precision measurements of the SMC's rotation curve, which shows how
its rotational speed changes with distance from its center and
indicates how much dark matter is present. In a paper
published in Physical Review D on March 22, Caputo and her colleagues
modeled the dark matter content of the SMC, showing it possessed enough
to produce detectable signals for two WIMP types.

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), at center, is the
second-largest satellite galaxy orbiting our own. This image
superimposes a photograph of the SMC with one half of a model of its
dark matter (right of center). Lighter colors indicate greater density
and show a strong concentration toward the galaxy's center. Ninety-five
percent of the dark matter is contained within a circle tracing the
outer edge of the model shown. In six years of data, Fermi finds no
indication of gamma rays from the SMC's dark matter. Credits: Dark matter, R. Caputo et al. 2016; background, Axel Mellinger, Central Michigan University

"The LAT definitely sees gamma rays from the SMC, but we can explain
them all through conventional sources," Caputo said. "No signal from
dark matter annihilation was found to be statistically significant."

In the third study, researchers led by Marco Ajello at Clemson University in South Carolina and Mattia Di Mauro at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
in California took the search in a different direction. Instead of
looking at specific astronomical targets, the team used more than 6.5
years of LAT data to analyze the background glow of gamma rays seen all
over the sky.

This animationswitches between two images of the
gamma-ray sky as seen by Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), one using
the first three months of LAT data, the other showing a cumulative
exposure of seven years. The blue color, representing the fewest gamma
rays, includes the extragalactic gamma-ray background. Blazars make up
most of the bright sources shown (colored red to white). With increasing
exposure, Fermi reveals more of them. A new study shows blazars are
almost completely responsible for the background glow.Credits: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration

Some models predict that EGB gamma rays could arise from distant
interactions of dark matter particles, such as the annihilation or decay
of WIMPs. In a detailed analysis
of high-energy EGB gamma rays, published April 14 in Physical Review
Letters, Ajello and his team show that blazars and other discrete
sources can account for nearly all of this emission.

"There is very little room left for signals from exotic sources in
the extragalactic gamma-ray background, which in turn means that any
contribution from these sources must be quite small," Ajello said. "This
information may help us place limits on how often WIMP particles
collide or decay."

Although these latest studies have come up empty-handed, the quest to
find dark matter continues both in space and in ground-based
experiments. Fermi is joined in its search by NASA's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a particle detector on the International Space Station.

NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is an astrophysics and
particle physics partnership, developed in collaboration with the U.S.
Department of Energy and with important contributions from academic
institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden and
the United States.

For more information about NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, visit:www.nasa.gov/fermi