What is used to account for the differences in ionizing
characteristics of various radiations, when determining their effect
on biologic material?1. Radiation weighting factors ( W r
)2. Tissue weighting factors ( W t )3. Absorbed
doseA1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3
only D1, 2, and 3

A 1 only

13

The law of Bergonié and Tribondeau states that cells are more
radiosensitive if they are

highly proliferative highly differentiated immature

A1 only B1 and 2 only C1 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

C 1 and 3 only

14

Which of the following types of radiation is (are) considered electromagnetic?

X-ray Gamma Beta

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

B1 and 2 only

15

Which of the following is (are) possible long-term somatic effects of
radiation exposure?

Blood changes Cataractogenesis Embryologic effects

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

C 2 and 3 only

16

The dose of radiation that will cause a noticeable skin reaction is
referred to as theALET BSSD CSED DSID

C SED

17

Which of the following radiation exposure responses exhibit a
nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship?1. Skin
erythema2. Hematologic depression3.
LethalityA1 only B1 and 2 only C2
and 3 only D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

18

Which of the following has(have) been identified as source(s) of
radon exposure?

Indoors, in houses Smoking cigarettes Radiology departments

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

B 1 and 2 only

19

The photoelectric effect is more likely to occur with

absorbers having a high Z number high-energy incident
photons positive contrast media

A1 and 2 only B1 and 3 only C2 and
3 only D1, 2, and 3

B1 and 3 only

20

Stochastic effects of radiation are those that

have a threshold may be described as “all-or-nothing”
effects are late effects

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

C2 and 3 only

21

Which of the dose–response curves seen in Figure 3–4 represents
possible genetic effects of ionizing radiation?

a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the
rate at which radiation energy is transferred to soft tissue
absorption of polyenergetic radiation

A1 only B1 and 2 only C1 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

B 1 and 2 only

26

Which of the following cells is the least
radiosensitive?AMyelocytes BMyocytes
CMegakaryocytes DErythroblast

B Myocytes

27

Which of the following types of adult tissues is (are) relatively
insensitive to radiation exposure?1. Muscle tissue2. Nerve
tissue3. Epithelial tissueA1 only B1 and
2 only C2 and 3 only D1, 2, and 3

B 1 and 2 only

28

If 600 rad or more is received as a whole-body dose in a short period
of time, certain symptoms will occur; these are referred to
asAshort-term effects. Blong-term effects.
Clethal dose. Dacute radiation syndrome.

Dacute radiation syndrome.

29

Which of the following dose-response curve characteristics represent
genetic and some somatic responses to radiation?1.
Linear2. Nonthreshold3. SigmoidalA1 only
B1 and 2 only C1 and 3 only D1, 2,
and 3

B 1 and 2 only

30

Which of the dose-response curves pictured in Figure A illustrate(s)
a linear threshold dose effect?

Figure A.

1.Curve number 12.Curve number
23.Curve number 3

A 1 only

B 3 only

C 2 and 3 only

D 1, 2, and 3

B 3 only

31

Which of the following is (are) considered especially radiosensitive tissues?

Bone marrow Intestinal crypt cells Erythroblasts

A1 and 2 only B1 and 3 only C2 and
3 only D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

32

Which of the following anomalies is (are) possible if an exposure
dose of 40 rad (400 mGy) were delivered to a pregnant uterus in the
third week of pregnancy?

Skeletal anomaly Organ anomaly Neurologic anomaly

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

B 1 and 2 only

33

Which of the following statements is (are) true with respect to the
dose–response curve shown in Figure 3–6?The quantity of radiation is
directly related to the dose received.No threshold is required
for effects to occur.A minimum amount of radiation is required
for manifestation of effects.

A 1 only

B 1 and 2 only

C
1 and 3 only

D 2 and 3 only

C 1 and 3 only

34

The skin response to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is
known asAdry desquamation Bmoist desquamation
Cerythema Depilation

D epilation

35

If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period
of time, its effectAwill be greater than if it were
delivered over a long period of time. Bdepends solely on
the distance factor. Chas no relation to how it is
delivered in time. Ddepends solely on the radiation quantity.

Awill be greater than if it were delivered over a long period
of time.

36

The interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule
that is most likely to occur is theAdirect effect
Bindirect effect Ctarget effect
Drandom effect

The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all the
following exceptAcentral nervous system
Bgastrointestinal Cneonatal Dhematologic

C neonatal

39

Which of the following interactions between x-ray photons and matter
is most responsible for patient dose?AThe photoelectric
effect BCompton scatter CClassic scatter
DThompson scatter

A The photoelectric effect

40

Which of the following are considered most
radiosensitive?ALymphocytes BOva
CNeurons DMyocytes

ALymphocytes

41

For exposure to 1 rad of each of the following ionizing radiations,
which would result in the greatest dose to the
individual?AExternal source of 1-MeV x-rays
BExternal source of diagnostic x-rays
CInternal source of alpha particles DExternal
source of beta particles

CInternal source of alpha particles

42

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total
absorption of the incident photon?APhotoelectric effect
BCompton scattering CCoherent scattering
DPair production

APhotoelectric effect

43

Which of the following expresses the gonadal dose that, if received
by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the
same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses
received by each of the individuals?AGenetically
significant dose BSomatically significant dose
CMaximum permissible dose DLethal dose

The dose–response curve that appears to be valid for genetic and some
somatic effects is the

linear nonlinear nonthreshold

A1 only B1 and 3 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

B 1 and 3 only

49

Late radiation-induced somatic effects include

thyroid cancers cataractogenesis skin cancers

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

50

Which of the following defines the gonadal dose that, if received by
every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same
total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received
by each of the individuals?AGenetically significant dose
BSomatically significant dose CMaximum
permissible dose DLethal dose

A Genetically significant dose

51

How are LET and biologic response related?AThey are
inversely related. BThey are directly related.
CThey are related in a reciprocal fashion.
DThey are unrelated.

BThey are directly related.

52

Which of the following statements regarding the human gonadal cells
is (are) true?

The female oogonia reproduce only during fetal life. The
male spermatogonia reproduce continuously. Both male and female
stem cells reproduce only during fetal life.

A1 only B2 only C1 and 2 only
D3 only

C1 and 2 only

53

In 1906, Bergonié and Tribondeau theorized that undifferentiated
cells are highly radiosensitive. Which of the following is (are)
characteristic(s) of undifferentiated cells?

Young cells Highly mitotic cells Precursor cells

A1 only B1 and 2 only C1 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

D1, 2, and 3

54

Which of the following terms refers to the period between conception
and birth?AGestation BCongenital
CNeonatal DIn vitro

AGestation

55

The interaction between x-ray photons and matter shown in Figure 3–1
is associated withtotal energy transfer from photon to
electronan outer-shell electronCompton scatter

A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3
only D 2 and 3 only

A 1 only

56

Biologic material is most sensitive to radiation exposure under which
of the following conditions?AAnoxic BHypoxic
COxygenated DDeoxygenated

COxygenated

57

Examples of stochastic effects of radiation exposure include

radiation-induced malignancy genetic effects leukemia

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

58

The symbols 130/56 Ba and 138/56 Ba are examples of which of the
following?AIsotopes BIsobars
CIsotones DIsomers

A Isotopes

59

Which of the following is (are) considered long-term somatic
effect(s) of exposure to ionizing radiation?

Life-span shortening Carcinogenesis Cataractogenesis

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

D1, 2, and 3

60

Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to
have the longest latent period?ALeukemia
BTemporary infertility CErythema
DAcute radiation lethality

ALeukemia

61

Biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of
the following conditions?AAnoxic BHypoxic
COxygenated DHyperbaric

A Anoxic

62

The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several
factors. If a large quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over
a short period of time, the effectAwill be greater than if
it were delivered in increments Bwill be less than if it
were delivered in increments Chas no relation to how it is
delivered in time Dsolely depends on the radiation quality

The most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract is
theAupper esophagus Bstomach
Csmall bowel Dcecum and ascending colon

C small bowel

72

Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are
manifestedAin the descendants of the exposed individual
Bduring the life of the exposed individual Cin
the exposed individual and his or her descendants Din the
reproductive cells of the exposed individual

B during the life of the exposed individual

73

Which of the following cell types has the lowest
radiosensitivity?ANerve cells BMuscle cells
CSpermatids DLymphocytes

A Nerve cells

74

Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result in

main-chain scission cross-linking point lesions

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

75

Possible responses to irradiation in utero include

spontaneous abortion congenital anomalies childhood malignancies

A1 only B1 and 2 only C2 and 3 only
D1, 2, and 3 only

D 1, 2, and 3 only

76

The skin response to radiation exposure, which appears as reddening
of the irradiated skin area, is known asAdry desquamation
Bmoist desquamation Cerythema Depilation

If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body in a short period
of time, its effectAwill be greater than if it were
delivered over a long period of time. Bwill be less than
if it were delivered over a long period of time. Chas no
relation to how it is delivered in time. Dis solely
dependent on the radiation quality.

Awill be greater than if it were delivered over a long period
of time.

87

Which of the following contributes most to patient
dose?AThe photoelectric effect BCompton
scatter CClassical scatter DThompson scatter

AThe photoelectric effect

88

Irradiation of water molecules within the body and their resulting
breakdown is termedAepilation Bradiolysis
Cproliferation Drepopulation

Bradiolysis

89

The symbols 130/56 Ba and 138/56 Ba are examples of which of the
following?AIsotopes BIsobars
CIsotones DIsomers

A Isotopes

90

Which of the dose–response curves shown in Figure 6–2 illustrate(s)
illustrates a linear relationship between dose and response?Curve
number 1Curve number 2Curve number 3

A 1 only

B 2 only

C
1 and 3 only

D 1, 2, and 3

C 1 and 3 only

91

The effect of ionizing radiation on tissue depends on which of the following?

Isotopes are atoms that have the sameAmass number but a
different atomic number Batomic number but a different
mass number Cmass number but a different neutron number
Datomic number and mass number

Batomic number but a different mass number

93

The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several
factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long
period of time, the effectAwill be greater than if it were
delivered all at one time Bwill be less than if it were
delivered all at one time Chas no relation to how it is
delivered in time Ddepends solely on the radiation quality

Bwill be less than if it were delivered all at one time

94

Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure are generally
represented by which of the following dose-response
curves?ALinear threshold BLinear nonthreshold
CNonlinear threshold DNonlinear nonthreshold

BLinear nonthreshold

95

Which of the following factors can affect the amount or the nature of
radiation damage to biologic tissue?

Radiation quality Absorbed dose Size of irradiated area

A1 only B2 only C1 and 2 only
D1, 2, and 3

D 1, 2, and 3

96

What is likely to occur if 25 rad is accidentally delivered to a
recently fertilized ovum?ASkeletal anomalies
BCNS anomalies CSpontaneous abortion
DChildhood malignancy

CSpontaneous abortion

97

Which of the following cell types has the greatest
radiosensitivity?ANerve cells BMuscle cells
CSpermatids DLymphocytes

DLymphocytes

98

Late effects of radiation, whose incidence is dose related and for
which there is no threshold dose, are referred to
asAnonstochastic Bstochastic
Cchromosomal aberration Dhematologic depression