The city of Jerusalem today faces a contested reality to balance the needs of its multiple identities and geo-political stature in the midst of the ongoing conflict in Israel-Palestine. Yet this very city is unique in its diverse religious and ethnic cultures, seeped in monumental history, and situated at the crossroads of eastern traditions and western ideals. In this proposal, we seek to demonstrate the critical role of arts and culture in sustaining both the distinct identities and social cohesion among residents of Jerusalem’s diverse neighborhoods, despite the severe strains on the social fabric of the city from the ensuing military Occupation, construction of barriers and settlements, and disenfranchising of neighborhoods.

We describe a large-scale civic and artistic initiative to engage youth and the city residents in creative expression and understanding of unique identities, narratives and experiences through the media arts. We focus on the development of interconnected "Media Barrios" established in impoverished areas of East Jerusalem and disenfranchised neighborhoods cut off from the city by the separation barrio (or Wall). We consider new mechanisms for civic engagement in Jerusalem through festivals, public media spaces, and online activities, with ongoing research and evaluation.

Through novel cultural and artistic interventions, our approach seeks to integrate these neighborhoods to the cultural and socio-economic body fabric of the city, while leveraging them as bridges to residents in West Bank neighborhoods. We initially consider development of two pilot Media Barrios in the Jerusalem neighborhoods of Kafr Aqab and Shuafat RC, which uniquely share the unfortunate distinction of being cut-off from the city by the route of the Wall today. Within the UN framework of Corpus Separatum, we envision the expansion of Media Barrios throughout Metropolitan Jerusalem (as currently defined) and beyond in Israel/Palestine through the year 2050.

Hummus – East Mediterranean City Belt 2050

East Mediterranean City Belt 2050 is an alliance of about 20 cities in the region thus forming a corridor of urbanization along the coast from Turkey to Egypt. Including the corresponding desert hinterland, a high concentration of people, money, services and production will create a strong backbone for the area. The population will approach or exceed the number of 200 million inhabitants.

Jerusalem in the region – the region in Jerusalem
Jerusalem has very specific problems which are not to be solved in a micro or macro scale. Being a symptom of the whole region, we consider it necessary to think of Jerusalem in the region and the region in Jerusalem: without a peaceful and economically thriving east Mediterranean region there can be no vital city.

New Defined Geographical Figure
The new defined geographical figure implies a tight focus on developing existing and "new" cities as well as their close alliance and cooperation. This metropolitan governance can be understood as the development of historical precedents or as the consequence of the existing accumulation and connecting of economic capital. It also incorporates the major trend of urbanization and urban concentration as well as raising the importance of metropolitan regions on state policies. East Mediterranean City Belt 2050 is by the way not a discovery, but something easily predictable to anyone with an interest in the region and a feel for spatial properties. Successful European metropolitan regions constitute a model.

Constructing an Image – Collective Imagination
The actual Middle East – and therefore Jerusalem – lacks positive connotation and confidence. What the region definitely also lacks is an overall image of the future; an almost emblematic visualization, easy to communicate and robust enough not to lose its message through different interpretations. The map of East Mediterranean City Belt intends to create such an image of the far future allowing orientation and collective identification. Thought of as Leitbild, the map offers in a universal language a new vision and new terms thus becoming far more than a description: in reciprocal action complex coherences are communicated to a wide public.

"Grand Questions" We Hope this Project will Answer:
Where do we want to be in 40 years? In what environment shall our grandchildren live? How can we communicate a confident vision to an inhomogeneous region of about 140 million inhabitants?
Can we skip the close future and think backwards from the remote future?Can we practice archaeology of the future?How can such a process and Leitmotiv be governed? What role/identity can/will Jerusalem take in the region in 2050?How does an international Jerusalem fit in with the regional alliance of cities? What could be the economic specificity of the future East Mediterranean City Belt?

Children’s Village for Jerusalem

Wai Lai Chan (University of Technology, Malaysia)

This project is inspired by the word ‘share,’ an idea that resonates with the writings of Gershon Baskin. The starting premise is that only through sharing will Jerusalem become a city of peace. Without raising awareness of the need for sharing, energies devoted to constructing iconic architecture or designing beautiful buildings do not make sense. To achieve new and true peace, we must solve the problems of man, not of buildings, facilities or land division -- because all these problems come from man alone. My view is that true peace can only be found by educating the new generation correctly. The aim of this project, then, is to produce a new generation in 40 years, who can start the work of changing the face of Jerusalem and bring it a brighter future. There might be failure along the path toward fulfilling this vision, but I believe if children can be educated to become a terrorist who do not fear to die in a given mission, they also can be educated to become peace-makers which will stand firm in the concept of love and peace in any situation. Terrorist are not born, they are taught. It is the same for a peace-maker. I have tried to bring these ideas to life by designing an environment as well as a place for specific users from Israel and Palestine to come together. This group of users will be defined by common needs which enable them to live together and become educated around the concept of love and peace. The proposed buildings are children’s village and children’s gallery.

Look Up: Rainwater Harvesting

Michael Lin, Ann Davis, James Orwig, Amanda Zazycki (Miami University of Ohio, Program in International Studies) Oxford, USA

This project offers an innovative approach for addressing the impending water crisis in Israel, specifically Jerusalem. It builds on two main premises. One is that water scarcity owes to climatic and geological peculiarities of the region as well as to the "man-made" actions of urban overpopulatio and over-pumping of principal water sources. Another is that there already exist significant conflicts over water, leading to the possibility that war over water maybe inevitable in the future, if the water scarcities are not addressed. With these concerns in mind we sought a viable solution that would also fulfill the following criteria: a) it must have long term benefits, b) it mustbe cost effective, c) it mustwork in an arid climate, d) it mustreplenish the water sources in Israel, e) it should not be dependent on actions in another countryand f) it must address Jerusalem directly. Our proposal was to develop a new system of rainwater harvesting, an idea that we saw as superior to the steps for dealing with water already under taken in Jerusalem has put in place and explained why each did not fit within our criteria. In promoting rainwater harvesting, we argued that this process has been used for centuries all over the world such as Gansu, China and Sri Lanka. In an effort to work toward implementation, we also call for the involvement of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) to implement Rainwater Harvesting in the agricultural areas around Jerusalem. With the UNEP’s expertise of implementing rainwater harvesting systems around the world, we feel that they would be a great mediating organization to work with both the Israeli and Palestinian people and governments to help implement this project.

HONORABLE MENTIONS

Land Walker – The Messenger in Jerusalem

As one of the most segregated cities, Jerusalem has been a place between the competition of religions and polities. In our vision, the 2050 Jerusalem should be a capital of two states, a peaceful and sustainable city. The central feature of our project is the development of a series of kinetic structures which demonstrate characteristics of a walking machine, with the potential of moving themselves across the land in a manner similar to mobile houses. We named it as Land Walker, a solar energy driven building, which, according to the changing internal requirements and external stimuli, can produce potentially infinite scenarios. The entire building can be assembled on the individual unit level, compatible with the dynamic changing cultures.

Rather than designing a permanent structure in a shared land of multi-ethnic societies, Land Walker does not claim land property. It is a kind of sustainable development of complex adaptive systems that self-regulate, in opposition to the static building-site principles. It questions the struggle for land ownership among Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the past thousands of years. As a messenger, it provides a gesture to the public that the key issue of understanding the conflictions between the Palestinians and the Israelis is the ownership of land, rather than religion, ethnicity, or ideology.

Resource Recovery in Jerusalem: From Waste-land to Nourishing Terrain

Kirsten Miller (University of Melbourne) Melbourne, Australia

Jerusalem’s urban morphology of hilltop settlements and valleys as green space, while typical of its region, has been pushed to extremes through the widespread vacation of the valley space. Many agricultural terraces, orchards and natural areas have been cleared and deserted and barriers constructed, reinforcing the polarization of communities through the erasure of the middle ground. Jerusalem’s valleys – currently a wasteland avoided by the general population where illegal dumping and burning of rubbish is rife, through slow and careful nurturing could be transformed from the city’s barriers to its middle ground. As they both define the boundaries between the city’s hilltop enclaves and are important environmental spaces, they offer the potential for the creation of physical connections between communities and a place to acknowledge the unavoidable co-dependence of all Jerusalem’s residents, regardless of the city’s political status.

The nurturing process would begin with the establishment of six community recovery centers in different parts of the city, and by 2050 would have grown to become a city-wide network of shared space and facilities. Each recovery centre is set within a specific community and its program is tailored to meet the needs within that community. My example scheme in the Shu’afat Refugee Camp focuses on the development of craft-based enterprise to facilitate social and economic exchange. Each center also nourishes the shared valley space, providing resources and activity within the valleys in order to normalize them as space rather than boundaries. The recovery centers create a framework for addressing residents’ needs throughout the city, while recognizing that those needs vary greatly between neighborhoods. The network allows communities to capture their own waste resources and apply them to their own needs, while also alleviating the health and environmental burden shared by Jerusalemites due to current haphazard waste collection and recovery services.

Jerusalem Olympics: An International City, An International Event

Rival religions, warring social classes and conflicting nationalities will unite and rise together on the global stage by communally hosting the Olympics in their city, Jerusalem. By having a common, non-religious, unifying goal, all citizens of the city will be able to unite to entertain the world. All people of Jerusalem regardless of social status, economic background and ethnicity will unite around the prospect of being placed on a global stage. Justice will arise as transparency to the world will make all people of Jerusalem accountable for their actions.

Four main sites throughout Jerusalem, Teddy Stadium, Hebrew University, The YMCA, and Mount Scopus will receive extensive revisions and civic improvements. Utilizing these sites for the games, and then afterwards as upgrades to the city, renewed economic interest and support for more tourism will be facilitated. To support this rapid growth, roads will be widened and improved to allow for ease of maneuverability through the city. A light rail system will also aid in alleviating congestions.

After hosting the 2048 Games, the Olympics will leave in their wake improved civic structures, upgraded infrastructure, and the spirit of community and unity. Non-religious sites, both tourist and community in nature will continue to help Jerusalem, and the world to focus on non-divisive issues. The Games will bring the city together in their preparation, execution and even after they have left.

Jerusalem is an ethnically-diverse city beset by tremendous tensions and poverty. TheMosaic Projectaims to improve the psycho-social infrastructure and economicsituation by using the many advantages of diversity and establishing ongoing citizen-involved multicultural festivals. Jerusalem will become a lively multicultural festival attracting tourists yearlong. By supporting communities in reviving ethnictraditions, we motivate them to take an activerole in creating the cultural-face of Jerusalem and support inter-community tolerance.
The project focuses on a unique two-fold scheme, combining economic, cultural and educational tools:
1. In-Depth Mosaic Empowerment Program: Offering youth and adults courses in business, craft-preservation, communication-skills and cultural-diversity—for ethnic-groups as Ethiopian-Jews, Bukhara Muslims, Christians, Gypsies.
2. Urban-Representation: The Mosaic Crafts & Communities Fair: The empowerment-program will lead participants to setup their unique section in the yearly two-week fair, familiarizing the general public with the diverse communities located in Jerusalem (their customs, history, art and uniquemerchandise). Communities will sell traditional merchandise and improve their cultural-pride.Smaller ongoing fairs will be established in future-years.

The Mosaic Project empowers communities to fulfill their needs and take responsibility for their life-conditions while respecting the needs of neighboring communities. It also appeals to governmental needs, as economic well-being, tourism and sustainable inter-community ties. Such an interdisciplinary project can minimize conflict and create sustainable psycho-social infrastructure for change. Since June 2007 a Jewish/Arab, and religious/secular staff of volunteers, experienced in multicultural-work and reconciliation-techniques, is being compiled. Staff includes people of different expertise as management, economics, social-work, craft-preservation, and neighborhood-development. We are raising funds for this social-change project focusing first on empowerment courses and mentorship offered to selected communities and on overhead expenses. Additional funding will be raised for the multicultural fair, once several communities have prepared their unique crafts.

The New Zidonians

The modern story of Jerusalem is a story of borders. In this submission, borders are investigated not as a division, but as a spatial structure of negotiation. This project proposes borders that would not divide space into two distinct and sovereign states, but rather would have to connect, to bring together two different communities in a single homeland. As Michael Sorkin describes:

‘Such a condominium would form a ‘third state’ defined as the territory of cooperation between Israel and Palestine‘

This ‘Third State,’ which lays at the heart of the narrative offered in this entry, is what we need to project in architectural projects and visions. But few have tried to formulate its basic dimensions.. What would the spatial characteristics of a `Third State be? What forms would its public spaces take? How it would realize a status of a coexistence of singularities in space? This entry answers these questions.The ‘New Zidonians’ is a narrative and a project of a Jerusalem’s imagined future. This future forms neither a vision nor a nightmare. It rather tries to imagine a future of a Jerusalem that has accepted its differential character and permit a space were the differences would coexist in an immanent relationship.

Station

Yair Wallach (Birkbeck College) London, UK

Through a performance in the derelict Ottoman Railway Station of Jerusalem, a new vision for Jerusalem is suggested – not so much of its future, but of its past. Why? Because, in a place where history is the fuel for politics, any attempt to break free from vicious cycles will remain locked to the rail tracks of an over-determined history of bigotry, hatred and zealousness – unless we are able to give a different reading of history. And we can – by looking at the pre-history of the conflict, the modern Jerusalem that came into being between the 1850s and 1917. Late Ottoman Jerusalem presented possibilities that were later blocked by British and Israeli policies, and by the emergence of the Zionist-Palestinian conflict. That Jerusalem – pluralist and aspiring - is the playground that is recalled to imagine options for the city in 2050.

That Jerusalem is still with us, by and large – the buildings, the neighbourhoods, the streets, they make what is today the core of the city. Yet their meaning was wholly transformed: upper-class neighbourhoods where once Muslims, Christians and Jews lived side by side turned into slums; seedy Jewish shanty-neighbourhoods were gentrified; and the symbols of co-operation towards a vision of modern Jerusalem – most notably the train station – left in ruins. The task, therefore, is to bring Ottoman Jerusalem to the surface. It lies dormant beneath it; yet it can be spelled out, celebrated, laughed at – rescued! What is necessary is not so much an urban transformation, but rather a new vision – literally, a new observation of things that are already there. Through interspersed fragments of dialogue, slide lecture and interventions - the performance invokes an image of a new past, and of an old future.

Pilgrimage on the Seam

From the diary of the Pilgrimage on the Seam Foundation’s Third Commissioner:

October 15, 2046Our mission is again in jeopardy. Not since the destruction of the first monument in 2012 and the boycott in 2027 when Grandfather stood resolute, have we witnessed such a challenge to our mandate. The world wants this vision completed as outlined in 2008 and to which the Commission has held steadfast. As Commissioner I now face similar challenges as Father and Grandfather to my responsibility to impel this jury to choose between the two controversial finalists. The deadlock is paralyzing, and while it is not my task to make the final decision, it will be my job to shepherd its execution, an ironic phrasing for this Commission’s final act.

Pilgrimage on the Seam envisions a series of quadrennial international competitions held through the year 2048 to design ten public art installations ("Monuments") with optional and accompanying interpretive programming at designated sites within the "Seam Zone". That land currently surrounds three sides of Jerusalem and lies amorphously between the Green Line, the Jerusalem Municipal Boundary including annexed East Jerusalem, and the Separation Barrier. Each Monument becomes the focal point and identifying character of a "Pilgrimage" site. Because of its contemporaneous nature, each project and site records, interprets and honors the current history of the struggle for a peaceful, just and sustainable Jerusalem. Over the duration of the project, the entire assemblage of Monuments, sites and programming becomes the infrastructure for the Pilgrimage on the Seam route. This proposal consists of the descriptions of the Pilgrimage Foundation and its Commission formed to define, manage and administer the Competitions, the criteria for the Marker and Monuments, and selected entries from the Diaries of the third and final Commissioner documenting the history and personal struggles of the Commission to execute the ten competitions. The digital submission, Pilgrimage on the Seam presents the comprehensive proposal as an interactive Flash file.

DIRECTOR’S AWARD

West Bank Barrier Crossing

Matthew Rajcok, Alex Zimmer (King Open School) Cambridge, USA

We have designed a crossing over the West Bank Barrier to address the problems we have identified in Jerusalem. Our crossing would accommodate people of all Faiths, Nationalities, Cultures, and Ethnicities, and would replace a current border crossing between Abu Dis, on Palestine, and Jerusalem, in Israel. The design of our building reflects the dominant religions of Jerusalem by incorporating the symbolism that would seek to make each visitor feel welcome. We believe that by creating a crossing over the West Bank Barrier we are addressing a need, and therefore providing a purpose as architects, and also providing a beautiful design that could become a symbol of the city. Our building would include a constantly updated museum of opinions, reflections, and emotions of Jerusalemites, that would ease the transition between cities, cultures, and countries. Our submission seeks to get away from the common attitudes of the West towards the Middle East, by recognizing that the people of Jerusalem have all they need to coexist, and that by using our design they would speed up the process of finding it.

Press Release

Cambridge, Mass, March 21, 2008--MIT’s Jerusalem 2050 Program, a joint initiative sponsored by the Department of Urban Studies and Planning and the Center for International Studies, announced today the winners of its global Just Jerusalem competition. The open contest sought proposals that addressed different aspects of urban life in a futurist Jerusalem. Participants were asked to look beyond the current nation-state conflict and, instead, focus on ‘just’ the city as a place where, by mid-century, its citizenries co-exist in peace.

More than 1,150 people representing 85 countries registered for the competition. Of that number, more than 125 eligible proposals were submitted by the Dec. 31, 2007, deadline. The proposals were blind-reviewed by a world-class jury that convened at MIT this past weekend.

Four winning entries and seven honorable mentions were selected. Students, professionals, practitioners and others who care about Jerusalem were among the winners. The selected proposals, or the authors, hail from all over the world: Malaysia, Austria, the United States, India, Israel, Palestine, China, England, Australia, and Greece.

The top winners will receive visionary fellowships at MIT where they will engage in interdisciplinary discussion about the implementation of their ideas.

Also awarded today was a director’s prize to two local middle school students in recognition of their enthusiasm and the quality of their entry.

"The Just Jerusalem competition addresses one of the greatest challenges of our times: the elusive peace between Israelis and Palestinians. To that end, the winning entries offer hopeful, creative, and passionate ideas for potentially altering daily life in Jerusalem in small and large-scale ways," said Diane Davis, director of Jerusalem 2050, professor of political sociology, and head of the International Development Group in the Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT.

Co-directing the Jerusalem 2050 Program with Davis is Leila Farsakh, a research affiliate at the Center for International Studies at MIT, and assistant professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts/Boston. It was a presentation by Farsakh at a local public school that inspired the two middle school students to enter the competition.

"The geographic and substantive dispersion of our winners was especially pleasing. I take this as evidence of the deep importance of the problem we are addressing and as validation of the way we went about attacking it-- as an independent research university dedicated to generating creative solutions for some of the world's most intractable problems," said Richard Samuels, member of the Jerusalem 2050 Steering Committee, Ford International Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for International Studies at MIT.

About Jerusalem 2050
Jerusalem 2050 is a uniquely visionary and problem-solving project, jointly sponsored by MIT’s Department of Urban Studies & Planning and the Center for International Studies with the participation of Palestinian and Israeli scholars, activists, business leaders, youth and others. It seeks to understand what it would take to make Jerusalem, a city also known as Al Quds, claimed by two nations and central to three religions, "merely" a city, a place of difference and diversity in which contending ideas and diverse citizenries can co-exist in benign, yet creative, ways.

The project is made possible through the generous financial support of Mr. Jeffrey Silverman, an alumnus of MIT; and the following individuals and institutions: Mr. Rick Tavan; the Boston Foundation; the Graham Foundation; the Office of the MIT Provost; Dean's Office, MIT School of Architecture and Planning; Dean's Office, MIT School of the Humanities and Social Sciences; MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning; MIT Center for International Studies.

Director's Statement

The Jerusalem 2050 project, a joint initiative sponsored by MIT’s Department of Urban Studies and Planning and the Center for International Studies, takes great pleasure in announcing the winners of the Just Jerusalem Competition, both its top prize winners and the honorable mentions. The Just Jerusalem Competition was designed to generate innovative, untested, and out-of-the box ideas from global civil society about how to generate a just, peaceful, and sustainable Jerusalem. As a university-based academic project, it was intended to offer a new methodology for producing and generating knowledge that could potentially redress real world problems. We sought novel ideas from anyone and everyone, both within and outside the ivory towers of academe, both here and abroad. When we started this project more than three years ago, we did not know what would be produced, or how receptive the world would be to this challenge. Now that the results are in, we are thrilled to see what the competition has wrought.

In a blind review of more than 125 entries, an international jury with representation from the worlds of history, geography, governance, diplomacy, architecture, art, and journalism selected a set of 4 winners and 7 honorable mentions who, to our delight, collectively embody our pedagogic and practical aims far beyond original expectations, not only in their wide-ranging national origins, their diverse institutional locations, their distinctive disciplinary backgrounds, but also in their wide-ranging form and content of their ideas.

The winning and honored entries -- or their authors -- came from countries all over the world: Malaysia, Austria, the US, India, Israel, Palestine, China, England, Australia, Cyprus, and Greece. All offer hopeful, creative, and passionate ideas for potentially altering daily life in Jerusalem in small and large-scale ways. Some of the winning entries were produced by teams of students who were inspired to turn their classroom work into concrete proposals, and who labored under the premise that their ideas could make a difference, thus making it worth spending months in the classroom working out the kinks before submitting to the competition. Other winning entries came from professionals, practitioners, and others who cared about Jerusalem, whether working in firms or at home, all of whom were motivated to apply their skills and imagination to a problem whose scope was immense and whose solution has remained elusive. As a group, the winners built on their divergent disciplinary skills in design, architecture, arts, politics, economics, and geography. They produced beautiful drawings, technologically sophisticated designs, economically vibrant commercial projects, comprehensive environmental schemas, geographically expansive urban networks, novel reformulations of the landscape, and an array of literary forms (both a short story and a play), each seeking to create the conditions that might enable peace, prosperity, and/or sustainability in Jerusalem. Seen as a group, the winning entries address some of the main challenges and contradictions of Jerusalem, and together they reinforce the need to think about this city as a multiplicity of activities, individuals, and meanings, all of which must be recognized as central to the objectives of peace.

From our perspective, it is both fitting and rewarding to see that that so many of the entries came from young students, or student teams. This suggests that a project constructed around hope for the future, with a target date of 2050, clearly resonates with the young people who will be living at that time, and it shows how committed the younger generation is to take responsibility for their future, to think positively about constructive change and possibilities, and to courageously seek to remedy some of the problems produced by their progenitors. Among the youngest exemplifying these ideas are Matthew Rajcok and Alex Zimmer, two middle school students from local public schools who submitted an entry to the competition after hearing a presentation about the project from project co-director Leila Farsakh. The enthusiasm and commitment showed by these two young men, coupled with the high quality of their entry, inspired us to grant a Director’s Award to them both.

This announcement brings to a close several years of preparation, even as it opens the door to a new stage of the project: the hosting of winners here at MIT and the larger global dissemination of their ideas. The consensus of the jury was that the winning entries all held the potential to make a difference, but that this would only be accomplished through more critical discussion about implementation, about the logical premises underlying the ideas, and about the grounded institutional, political, social, economic, and physical conditions of the city and region. We are eager to host the winners and start this conversation, through academic and public seminars at MIT next fall. We have a great set of innovators and ideas, and we are confident that they will "incubate" well in our midst, moving from "start up" ideas to more well developed projects that just might capture world attention and the imagination of Jerusalemites in the months and years to come.

Just Jerusalem Jury

Two jury members, William Mitchell and Sadako Ogata, deliberate

Meron Benvenisti is a political scientist and former Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem (under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978) during which time he was responsible for the administration of East Jerusalem. He founded the West Bank Database Project in 1982 and is presently a columnist for Haaretz, Israel's largest newspaper. He is also the author of many books, including Jerusalem, The Torn City (1976), City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem (1998), Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948 (2002), and Son of the Cypresses: Memories, Reflections and Regrets from a Political Life (2007).

Amy Dockser Marcus is a staff reporter for The Wall Street Journal based out of Boston. She was awarded the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting for a series of stories that she wrote about the physical, monetary, and emotional costs of living with cancer.

From 1991 to 1998, she was based in Israel as the Journal’s Middle East correspondent, and has written two books that grew out of her reporting about the region. Her first book, The View From Nebo: How Archaeology is Rewriting the Bible and Reshaping the Middle East, was named one of the top nonfiction books of the year by the Los Angeles Times. Her most recent book, Jerusalem 1913: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, was published by Viking in 2007.

Herman Hertzberger, a strong proponent of education, taught at the Academy of Architecture in Amsterdam (1965-69), the Technical University of Delft (1970-99), the University of Geneva (1983-93), and various universities and architectural institutes around the world. In 1960, he established an architectural practice, Architectuurstudio HH Architects and Urban Designers. His designs include the Centraal Beheer head office, Apeldoorn, the Music Centre Vredenburg in Utrecht and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment office, The Hague.

In addition to his time as on of the editors of FORUM, a Dutch magazine (1959-63), he has written several books, including Space and the Architect (2000), Herman Hertzberger: Articulations (2002), Shelter for Culture (2004), Herman Hertzberger Lessons for Students in Architecture (2005), and Waternet Double Tower (2006).

Ute Meta Bauer is the director of the Visual Arts Program and an associate professor at MIT. She has served as professor of theory, practice and mediation of contemporary art at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1996 – 2006) and as founding director of the Office for Contemporary Art Norway in Oslo (2002 - 2005). Additionally, she was artistic director for the 3rd Berlin Biennial for Contemporary Art (2003-2004) and was co-curator of Documenta11 (2000 - 2002) in the team of Okwui Enwezor.

Professor Bauer has done work as a free-lance curator and was editor of several art periodicals such as META (Stuttgart), case (Barcelona, Porto) and Verkstedt (Oslo). She is advisor of a number of high profiled cultural boards such as the chairwomen of the Art Advisory Board of the Goethe Institute, a member of the International Board of the Bauhaus Foundation in Dessau and most recently was nominated as a member of the Curatorial Advisory Team of the 3rd Yokohama Triennale 2008.

William J. Mitchell, holds the Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Jr. (1954) Professorship and directs the MIT Design Laboratory and the Smart Cities group at the Media Laboratory. He was formerly Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning and Head of the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, both at MIT. During the recent period of extensive construction of major projects on the MIT campus, he served as Architectural Advisor to the President of MIT.

Before coming to MIT, he was the Travelstead Professor of Architecture and director of the Master in Design Studies program at the Harvard Graduate School of Design; he has also served as head of the Architecture/Urban Design program at UCLA's Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, and he has taught at Yale, Carnegie-Mellon, and Cambridge universities. Mitchell holds degrees from the University of Melbourne, Yale University, and Cambridge. He is a Fellow of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Mitchell's research focuses upon new technologies in architecture, urban design, and product design. His books include City of Bits, E-topia, Me++, Placing Words: Symbols, Space and the City, and most recently Imagining MIT: Designing a Campus for the 21 Century. His latest, World’s Greatest Architect, is forthcoming from the MIT Press. He writes a monthly column for Building Design in London, and has also served as a regular columnist for the Royal Institute of British Architects Journal.

Sadako Ogata assumed office as one of the Co-chairs of the Commission on Human Security in June 2001. While operating in New York, she was also appointed as the Special Representative of Prime Minister of Japan on Afghanistan Assistance in November 2001. In 2002, she served as co-chair at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan (Tokyo, Japan). Dr. Ogata served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1991 to 2000.

Before her career as UNHCR, she was the Independent Expert of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation in Myanmar (1990), the Representative of Japan on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1982-1985), and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations (1978-79). From 1976 to 1978, Dr. Ogata served as Minister of the Permanent Mission of Japan to the UN.

A prominent academic figure, Dr. Ogata is a Scholar in Residence of The Ford Foundation since 2001. Additionally, she was Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Studies at Sophia University in Tokyo (1989) and Director of the Institute of International Relations (1987-1988). She has also taught International Relations at International Christian University in Tokyo (1965-76) and the University of the Sacred Heart in Tokyo (1965-1974).

Suha Özkan has undertaken extensive research on the theory and history of architecture, design, vernacular form and emergency housing, and has published numerous articles and monographs. At METU, he has taught architectural design and design theory for fifteen years, and became Associate Dean of the Faculty of Architecture in 1978; he was appointed Vice-President of the University in 1979. He has taught and lectured extensively in North America, Europe, Central-, South-, and South-East Asia, and throughout the Middle East. He has served as jury members for many architectural competitions, and as an external examiner for diploma and doctoral assessments at the Schools of Architecture at the Universities of Paris, Lausanne, York and Trondheim. With the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in Geneva, Dr. Özkan served as Deputy Secretary General from 1983 to 1990, and has been the Secretary General since 1991. On behalf of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, he has organized two international architectural competitions for the Revitalization of Samarkand, Uzbekistan (1991), and for the new Museum of Islamic Arts in Doha, Qatar (1997).

Salim Tamari is director of the Institute of Jerusalem Studies and professor of sociology at Birzeit University. He was also a visiting professor at University of California at Berkeley (2005, 2007), New York University (2001-2003); Cornell (1997), and University of Chicago (1991-92).

Tamari is the editor of Hawliyyat al Quds and Jerusalem Quarterly. He is also the author of several works on urban culture, political sociology, biography and social history, and the social history of the Eastern Mediterranean. Recent publications in English include: Jerusalem 1948: The Arab Neighbourhoods and their Fate in the War (2002); Mandate Jerusalem in the Memoirs of Wasif Jawahariyyeh (with Issam Nassar, 2005); The Mountain against the Sea: Studies in Palestinian Urban Culture (2005); Pilgrims, Lepers, and Stuffed Cabbage: Essays on the Cultural History of Ottoman and Mandate Jerusalem (editor) (IJS, 2005).

Originally, Drs. Manuel Castells and Harvey Cox, Jr. were members of the jury; however, due to scheduling problems, they were unable to join the jury in their deliberations.

We at Jerusalem 2050 sincerely thank them for their help and continued support.

Manuel Castells, Professor Emeritus of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley; Annenberg Professor of Communication, University of Southern California.

Harvey Cox, Hollis Professor of Divinity, Harvard University.

Jerusalem 2050 Steering Committee

Project Co-Director Diane Davis is professor of political sociology, and head of the International Development Group in the Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT. She served as acting director (2003-2004) of the Program on Human Rights and Justice at MIT.

Davis’s research and teaching interests include the politics of urban policy, cities in conflict, the relationship between cities and national development, and the political conflicts among competing territorial jurisdictions in metropolitan areas (mainly in the developing world).
Recent research, supported by both the MacArthur Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation, examines the relationship between police impunity, deteriorating rule of law, and changing patterns and priorities of urban governance in countries undergoing democratic transition. A current project, undertaken with Jo Beall (Institute for Development Studies at the London School of Economics) is a comparative study of the development and urban policy challenges in cities wracked by conflict.

Her book publications include: Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2004); Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Policies and State Formation, co-edited with Anthony Pereira (Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century (Temple University Press, 1994). She has been editor of the research annual Political Power and Social Theory (Elsevier Ltd.) for the past 15 years.

Project Co-Director Leila Farsakh is assistant professor in political science at the University of Massachusetts Boston and research affiliate at the Center for International Studies at MIT. She holds a PhD from the University of London (2003), and an MPhil from the University of Cambridge in the UK (1990). She has worked with a number of international organizations, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris (1993-1996) and the Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute in Ramallah (1998-1999). Between 2003 and 2004 she undertook post-doctoral research at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. She has published various articles and studies on issues related to the Palestinian labour migration and the Oslo Process, international migration and regional integration. Her Book, Palestinian Labor Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation, has been published by Routledge Press in fall 2005. In 2001 she won the Peace and Justice Award from the Cambridge Peace Commission, in Cambridge Mass.

Tali Hatuka, is an architect, urban designer and research fellow in MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning. Hatuka works primarily on social and architectural issues, and on the relationships between urban form, violence, everyday life and modern society. Her awards for research include the European Community Marie Curie Fellowship (2005-2008) and a Fulbright Postdoctoral Fellowship (2004-2005).

Hatuka is co-editor of Architectural Culture: Place, Representation, Body (2005 [Hebrew]) and the author of the Hebrew edition of her book Revisionist Moments: Violent Acts and Urban Space in Contemporary Tel Aviv (forthcoming). She has also been published in a wide range of journals including the Journal of Urban Design International, Journal of Architecture and Planning Research, and Planning Perspectives. Currently, she is writing a book entitled Architecture and Civil Participation as part of a large project and exhibition funded by the European Community.

She received her PhD from the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion, Haifa, in 2005.

Philip S. Khoury is Ford International Professor of History and Associate Provost at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is a political and social historian of the Middle East. Among his publications are Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism (Cambridge University Press); Syria and the French Mandate (Princeton University Press), which received the George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association; Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East (University of California Press); The Modern Middle East: A Reader (Palgrave/MacMillan); and Recovering Beirut: Urban Design and Post-war Reconstruction (Brill).

Professor Khoury is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a past President of the Middle East Studies Association (MESA). He serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History and the advisory board of Historical Abstracts. In 1985, he established the Emile Bustani Middle East Seminar at MIT, a leading public forum for the examination of contemporary Middle Eastern affairs. He is Chairman of the World Peace Foundation, Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American University of Beirut, Trustee of Trinity College, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the National Humanities Center, and the Toynbee Prize Foundation, and Overseer of Koç University in Istanbul.

Professor Khoury has been awarded fellowships from the Fulbright-Hays Foundation, Social Science Research Council, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, and Thomas J. Watson Foundation. He has been a Visiting Associate of St. Antony's College in the University of Oxford, and a Faculty Associate of Harvard University's Center for Middle Eastern Studies.

Jennifer Klein was the Program Coordinator for the Jerusalem 2050 Project during 2005-2006. She is presently a law student at Boston University, and received her BA in international studies from the University of Chicago. She is also the National Vice President for Brit Tzedek V'Shalom (The Jewish Alliance for Justice and Peace).

Everett Mendelsohn is professor of the history of science at Harvard University, where he has been on the faculty since 1960. He has worked extensively on the history of the life sciences as well as on aspects of the social and sociological history of science and the relations of science and modern societies. He is the founder and former editor of the Journal of the History of Biology and a founder of the yearbook Sociology of the Sciences. He has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Social Science and Medicine, Social Epistemology, Social Studies of Science, and Fundamenta Scientiae, among others. He is past president of the International Council for Science Policy Studies and has been deeply involved in the relations between science and modern war as a founder of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Committee on Science, Arms Control, and National Security, and the American Academy of Arts and Science's Committee on International Security Studies. He was a founder and first president of the Cambridge based Institute for Peace and International Security. He was awarded the Gregor Mendel Medal of the reorganized Czechoslovak Academy of Science in 1991. During 1994 he held the Olaf Palme Professorship in Sweden. He received recognition for his teaching when awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Teaching Prize in 1996.

John de Monchaux is professor of architecture and urban planning at MIT. He was dean of the School of Architecture and Planning from 1981 to 1992, and is interested in urban design, site planning, housing design and policy, and the institutional and organizational processes that result in good architecture and good cities. In private practice as an architect and planner from 1960 to 1981, he participated in architectural, urban design and planning projects in Australia, Canada, Colombia, Indonesia, the Philippines, United Kingdom, and the United States. An active member of the local design community, de Monchaux has served on the boards of the Boston Society of Architects, the Boston Architectural Center, and the Boston Civic Design Commission, of which he was the founding chair. He has been a trustee of the Boston Foundation for Architecture and a trustee and overseer of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In 1988, he chaired the jury for the "Boston Visions" competition and in 1990, he was on the panel selecting an architect for the new World Bank building in Washington, DC. From 1992 to 1996 he served as general manager of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture in Geneva. With Mark Schuster he recently co-edited Preserving the Built Heritage: Tools for Implementation published in 1996 by the New England University Press. He currently serves as a member of the Advisory Committee to the architecture program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. De Monchaux, who was named a Life Fellow of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1988, received his BArch from Sydney University in 1960 and MArch in urban design from the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University in 1963. He was a Loeb Fellow at Harvard University in 1971. He is a member of the Royal Australian Planning Institute and an honorary member of the Boston Society of Architects.

Zeina Saab graduated from the University of California, San Diego in June 2006. She received her B.A. in International Studies and minored in Middle Eastern Studies. She is currently pursuing her Masters degree in City Planning at MIT, with a focus on international development. She hopes to combine her interest in conflict resolution with development by working on reconciliation initiatives in the Middle East using urban planning strategies.

Richard J. Samuels is Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for International Studies. He is also the Founding Director of the MIT Japan Program. In 2001 he became Chairman of the Japan-US Friendship Commission, an independent Federal grant-making agency that supports Japanese studies and policy-oriented research in the United States. In 2005 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Samuels' latest book, Machiavellis Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2003), a comparative political and economic history of political leadership in Italy and Japan, won the 2003 Marraro prize from the Society for Italian Historical Studies and the 2004 Jervis-Schroeder Prize for the best book in International History and Politics, awarded by the International History and Politics section of the American Political Science Association. His articles have appeared in International Organization, Foreign Affairs, International Security, The Journal of Modern Italian Studies, The Journal of Japanese Studies, Daedalus, and other scholarly journals. In 2001 he became a columnist for Newsweek Japan. Dr. Samuels received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980.

Bishwapriya Sanyal is Ford International Professor of Urban Development and Planning and Director, Special Program in Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Studies & Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sanyal is former Vice-President of the American Planning Association, International Division. He trained as an Architect Planner with a doctorate from University of California at Los Angeles. Prof. Sanyal has also advised bilateral and multi-national donors including the Ford Foundation, World Bank, International Labour Organization, United Nations Center for Human Settlements, United Nations Development Program, and the United States Agency for International Development. He has conducted research in India, Bangladesh, Zambia, Kenya, Jordan, Lebanon, Brazil, and Curaçao. Most recent publications include: The Profession of City Planning: Changes, Successes, Failures and Challenges (1900-2000) (co-edited with L. Rodwin), Rutgers University Press; High Technology and Low-Income Communities: Prospects for the Positive Use of Advanced Information Technology (edited with W. Mitchell and D. Schön), MIT Press, 1998, and the forthcoming Comparative Planning Cultures, Routledge, May 2005.

Richard Sennett is School Professor of Sociology at the LSE and Bemis Visiting Professor of Social Sciences at MIT. In the LSE, he teaches in the Cities Programme and trains doctoral students in the sociology of culture. At MIT, he teaches urban studies and runs a workshop on craftsmanship. His three most recent books are studies of modern capitalism: The Culture of the New Capitalism [Yale, 2006], Respect in an Age of Inequality, [Penguin, 2003] and The Corrosion of Character, [Norton, 1998]. He is currently writing a book on craftsmanship. Professor Sennett has been awarded the Amalfi and the Ebert prizes for sociology. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Society of the Arts, and the Academia Europea. He is past president of the American Council on Work and the former Director of the New York Institute for the Humanities.

Amy Spelz, Jerusalem 2050 program coordinator, holds a M.A. in peace and conflict studies from the European University Center for Peace Studies and a B.A. in international relations from St. Joseph’s University in Philadelphia. In 2003 and 2005, she spent time volunteering at the Camas, an outdoor adventure-learning center on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, where she worked primarily with at-risk youth. Prior to joining Jerusalem 2050, Ms. Spelz taught at a college preparatory school in Maryland.

John Tirman is Executive Director of MIT's Center for International Studies. A political scientist, Tirman is author, or coauthor and editor, of six books on international security issues, including the Fallacy of Star Wars (1984), the first important critique of strategic defense, and Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade (1997). In addition, he has published more than 100 articles in periodicals such as the New York Times, Washington Post, World Policy Journal, Esquire, Wall Street Journal, Boston Review, and International Herald Tribune. Before coming to MIT in 2004, he was program director of the Social Science Research Council. From 1986 to 1999, Tirman was executive director of the Winston Foundation for World Peace, a leading funder of work to prevent nuclear war and promote non-violent resolution of conflict. He is recipient of the U.N. Association's Human Rights Award, and serves as a trustee of several NGOs, including International Alert (London). In 1999-2000, Tirman was Fulbright Senior Scholar in Cyprus and produced an educational Web site on the conflict (http://www.cyprus-conflict.net).

Lawrence Vale is a Professor of Urban Design and Planning, and Head of the Urban Studies and Planning department at MIT. He has taught in the school since 1988. He holds degrees from Amherst College, M.I.T., and the University of Oxford. His research and teaching center on urban design and housing. His books include four volumes examining government-sponsored environments, including Architecture, Power, and National Identity (1992), which received the 1994 Spiro Kostof Book Award for Architecture and Urbanism from the Society of Architectural Historians. His most recent work has examined the history, politics, and design of American public housing. He served as a consultant to the National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing in 1992, and his articles about the past, present, and future of low-income housing have appeared in numerous journals and edited books. In 1995, he served as Guest Editor of the Journal of Architectural and Planning Research for a special issue on "Public Housing Transformations." His book, From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors (Harvard University Press, 2000) received the 2001 "Best Book in Urban Affairs" Award from the Urban Affairs Association. The book traces American cultural attitudes toward the spatial isolation of the poor all the way back to the time of the 17th-century Puritans. A second volume, Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods, was published by Harvard University Press in December 2002. This community-focused research has been supported by a Guggenheim Fellowship, and has received both the 1997 Chester Rapkin Award from the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, a 1999 Place Research Award from the Environmental Design Research Association and the journal Places, and the 2004 John M. Corcoran Award for Community Investment. He is also Co-Editor, with Sam Bass Warner, Jr., of Imaging the City: Continuing Struggles and New Directions (Center for Urban Policy Research Press, 2001) and Co-Editor, with Thomas J. Campanella, of The Resilient city: How Modern Cities Recover From Disaster (Oxford University Press, 2005), which explores the ability of cities to cope with major disasters of all kinds.