No,
it doesn't.
cpanfile is a simpler way to declare CPAN dependencies,
mainly for your application rather than CPAN distributions.

However,
while CPAN distributions do not need to switch to cpanfile,
you can certainly manage the dependencies in cpanfile,
then export them into META.json files when shipping to CPAN,
using tools such as Dist::Milla or Module::Install::CPANfile

First of all,
it is annoying to write (a dummy) Makefile.PL when what you develop is not a CPAN distribution,
just so that installation like cpanm --installdeps . would work.

It gets more painful when you develop a web application that you want to deploy on a different environment using version control system (such as PaaS/cloud infrastructure),
because it requires you to often commit the META file or inc/ directory (or even worse,
both) to a repository.

Many web application frameworks generate a boiler-plate Makefile.PL for dependency declaration and to let you install dependencies with cpanm --installdeps .,
but that doesn't always mean they are meant to be installed.
Things can be often much simpler if you run the application from the checkout directory.

With cpanfile,
dependencies can be installed either globally or locally using supported tools such as cpanm or Carton.
Because cpanfile lists all the dependencies of your entire application and will be updated over time,
it makes perfect sense to commit the file to a version control system,
and push the file for a deployment.

This is a new file type,
but the format and syntax isn't entirely new.
The metadata it can declare is exactly a subset of "Prereqs" in CPAN Meta Spec.

The syntax borrows a lot from Module::Install.
Module::Install is a great way to easily declare module metadata such as name,
author and dependencies.
cpanfile format is simply to extract the dependencies into a separate file,
which means most of the developers are familiar with the syntax.

cpanfile basically allows you to declare CPAN::Meta::Spec prerequisite specification using an easy Perl DSL syntax.
This makes it easy to declare per-phase dependencies and newer version 2 features such as conflicts and version ranges.

First of all,
most distributions on CPAN are not required to update to this format.

If your application currently uses Makefile.PL etc.
for dependency declaration because of the current toolchain implementation (e.g.
cpanm --installdeps .),
you can upgrade to cpanfile while keeping the build file based installation working for the backward compatibility.

If you are an author of CPAN module and want to manage CPAN module prerequisites using cpanfile you can use one of the following tools:

Dist::Zilla::Plugin::Prereqs::FromCPANfile provides a way to merge dependencies declared in cpanfile into META files as well as build files.
You can combine them using other prerequisite scanners like AutoPrereqs.

ExtUtils::MakeMaker has no direct support for cpanfile yet,
but you could use Module::CPANfile's merge_meta method to update MYMETA.json files with the contents in cpanfile,
or convert the structure to appropriate options with PREREQ_PM and META_MERGE for WriteMakefile.