Contents

The Sambro lighthouse was built during the Seven Years' War by the very first act passed by Nova Scotia's House of Assembly on October 2, 1758 which placed a tax on incoming vessels and alcohol imports to pay for the lighthouse.[3] An earlier attempt by the colonial officials in 1752 to finance the lighthouse with a lottery was unsuccessful. With funding secured by the Assembly, construction began in the fall of 1758. Masonry work was completed by November 3, 1758 and a temporary light was first lit while construction continued. Construction was completed in 1759 and Joseph Rous (son of Captain John Rous) was appointed as the first keeper.The lighthouse was first automated on 1988. Cannons were used to provide fog warnings beginning in the late 18th century until the 1870s when a steam fog whistle was installed.

The island's location at the mouth of busy Halifax Harbour, surrounded by many rocks and shoals made it the setting of many shipwrecks over the years. One of the worst was the sinking of the liner SS Daniel Steinmann in 1884. Only nine people of the 130 aboard survived to be rescued by keepers of the lighthouse.[4]

The lighthouse grew 22 feet higher in the fall of 1906, when the octagonal tower was extended by two extra stories. A new first order Fresnel lens from Barbier, Benard & Turenne in Paris was installed to complete the work in November 1906. Acetylene was first tested and then manufactured for the light in a specially constructed "gas house" in the cove below the lighthouse. Red stripes were added to the tower in 1908 to make the tower more visible against the snow. Sambro served as the departure point from North America for Joshua Slocum's famous solo navigation around the world in 1895. After an extended visit to his boyhood home at Brier Island and old haunts on the coast of Nova Scotia, Joshua Slocum departed on his around the world voyage from Sambro Island Lighthouse on July 3, 1895. "I watched light after light sink astern as I sailed into the unbounded sea, till Sambro, the last of them all, was below the horizon. The Spray was then alone..."[5]

As the landfall light for the major strategic port of Halifax, Sambro has witnessed many shipwrecks and sea battles. During the American Revolution, on 10 July 1780, the British privateer brig Resolution (16 guns) under the command of Thomas Ross engaged the American Privateer ship Viper (16 guns) off of Halifax at Sambro Light. Described as “one of the bloodiest battles in the history of privateering”, the two privateers began a “severe engagement”[6] during which both pounded each other with cannon fire for about 90 minutes.[7]Resolution was eventually captured by the American Viper but at a cost of 33 American lives versus 18 aboard the Resolution.[8]

Another battle during the American Revolution fought near the island was the 28 May - 29 May 1782 Naval battle off Halifax, an engagement between the American privateer Jack and the British transport Observer. In a battle that lasted all night and into the next day, the 12-gun Observer captured the 14 gun Jack.

During the War of 1812, the American privateer Young Teazer captured two vessels in May 1813 right off Sambro Island Light before the privateer was pursued and trapped by British warships near Chester, Nova Scotia where Young Teazer was blown up with heavy loss of life to prevent capture.

In World War I and World War II, German submarines torpedoed a number of allied ships near Sambro. For example, in WW2, while mine sweeping near Sambro Light Vessel on 24 December 1944 while preparing to escort a convoy, HMCS Clayoquot was hit by a torpedo aft fired by U-806.[9] She sank quickly and eight lives were lost.[10] A large search force was sent out to deal with the U-boat however they were not successful in finding it.[11]

In 1966, the First Order Fresnel lens was replaced by a DCB rotating electrical beacon powered by an underwater electrical cable. The lens was supposed to be scrapped but was rescued and preserved by Niels Jannasch of the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.[12] The last lightkeepers at Sambro were J.G. Fairservice and Kelly Fairservice Brown.[13] The lightstation was destaffed in 1988 and the island is now uninhabited. Just before the light was destaffed, the Sambro Island Light served as the setting for several memorable seafood commercials for National Sea Products featuring "Captain Highliner" portrayed by Canadian actor Bob Warner,[14] which made the Captain Highliner persona a pop culture reference in Canada.[15]

Of the three keeper's houses, built in the 1960s, one was demolished for salvage in 1989. Another was burned in 2007 and the third has been abandoned to the elements. The Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society has lobbied to protect the buildings on Sambro and succeeded in getting the tower declared as a Classified federal heritage building and the Gas House as a Recognized heritage building in 1996.[16] Major repairs to the lighthouse followed in 1998 when the lighthouse was reshingled and repainted. In 2003, Hurricane Juan caused major damage to the Gas House. Despite the fact that it is a recognized federal building and donors have offered to assist in repairs, the Canadian Coast Guard has refused to repair the historic building.[17] Many have accused the Canadian Coast Guard of essentially abandoning Canada's oldest lightstation to the elements, despite its historic status and proximity to Halifax. In addition to the unrepaired heritage gas house, the two keeper's dwellings have been left as gutted ruins. In October 2007, after the underwater cable supplying power to the island was damaged, the Canadian Coast Guard turned off the fog horn, ending over 200 years of fog warnings from the island with plans for a solar system with just enough power for the lighthouse beacon. The move triggered a protest move to protect the navigational role and heritage value of the light station.[18] Mariners and heritage groups have petitioned the Coast Guard and the Nova Scotia House of Assembly passed a resolution in November 2007 labeling the neglect of the island as "a careless disregard for the nation's Maritime and its history of responsible government."[19] In the wake of these concerns, an enlarged solar system was installed in the spring of 2008 with enough power to run both the light and a foghorn. The tower was also repainted. On August 16, 2008, the community of Sambro Harbour and the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society celebrated the lighthouse's 250th birthday by bringing 150 people to the island for talks and tours. One of the derelict keeper's houses was destroyed by a suspicious fire on September 14, 2008, raising fears about the fate of the other neglected heritage structures on the island such as the Gas House.[20]

The lighthouse is located at the summit of the half kilometre square Sambro Island. It is located on the western approaches to Halifax Harbour, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southeast of Sambro Harbour. It is surrounded by a maze of dangerous shoals. The lighthouse and island are owned and maintained by the Canadian Coast Guard. In addition to the 18th century stone tower, the light station includes the endangered 19th century wooden building known as the Gas House as well as a fog horn shed which is in poor condition. Ruins on the island include the basement of one abandoned keeper's house, the burned out ruins of another and a partially dismantled keeper's dwelling, all from the 1960s. Several cannons used as fog signals can be found near the tower. A narrow sheltered cove runs into the centre of the island. The island is granite, covered by a thin layer of topsoil.

A unique geological formation, an intrusion dike, called "The Devil's Staircase" can be seen near the lighthouse. The massive First Order Fresnel Lens used at the lighthouse until 1968 can be seen at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax. Good views of the site are obtained from Crystal Crescent Beach and Sandy Cove near Ketch Harbour. The Canadian Coast Guard has discouraged regular tours of the island, but starting in 2008, the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society and the community of Sambro presented day-long open house tours of the island once a year and a charter company run by a semi-retired local fisherman in Sambro Head began in 2008 to offer visits to the island by appointment.[21]

The Sambro lighthouse was declared a National Historic Event in 1937, marked by a plaque and cairn mounted beside the United Church in nearby Sambro Harbour. The First order Fresnel lens which operated at Sambro from 1906 until 1968 is displayed at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, along with the DCB electrical beacon which lit the tower from 1968 until 2007. The tower was declared as a Classified federal heritage building and the Gas House was declared a Recognized heritage building in 1996.[22] A $20 silver coin featuring the lighthouse was issued in 2004 by the Royal Canadian Mint.[23] Canada Post announced a permanent stamp honouring the Sambro lighthouse in December 2007.

1.
Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations

2.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians

3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

4.
Solar power
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Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics, or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam, Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect. Most solar installations would be in China and India, Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Qinghai, commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world, long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies, Photovoltaic systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms, concentrated solar power plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect, the first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery, following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4. 5–6%, the array of a photovoltaic power system, or PV system, produces direct current power which fluctuates with the sunlights intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current, multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the voltage, and for AC. Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available, in these grid-connected PV systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups, such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight. Concentrated solar power, also called concentrated solar thermal, uses lenses or mirrors, contrary to photovoltaics – which converts light directly into electricity – CSP uses the heat of the suns radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam-driven turbines. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists, among the best known are the trough, the compact linear Fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish. Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light, in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-hour electricity generation, a parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflectors focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the mirror and is filled with a working fluid

5.
Light characteristic
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The graphic indicates how the real light may be identified when looking at its actual light output type or sequence. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing, while light characteristics can be described in prose, e. g. Flashing white every three seconds, lists of lights and navigation chart annotations use abbreviations. The abbreviation notation is different from one light list to another, with dots added or removed. An abbreviation of the type of light, e. g. Fl. for flashing, the color of the light, e. g. W for white, G for green, R for red, Y for yellow. If no color is given, a light is generally implied. The cycle period, e. g. 10s for ten seconds, additional parameters are sometimes added, The height of the light above the chart datum for height. The range in which the light is visible, e. g. 10M for 10 nautical miles, an example of a complete light characteristic is Gp Oc W 10s 15m 10M. A fixed light, abbreviated F, is a continuous and steady light and it is most commonly used for a single-flashing light which exhibits only single flashes which are repeated at regular intervals, in which case it is abbreviated simply as Fl. It can also be used with a group of flashes which are regularly repeated, in which case the abbreviation is Fl. or Gr Fl. for a group of two flashes. Another possibility is a group, in which successive groups in the period have different numbers of flashes. A specific case sometimes used is when the flashes are longer than two seconds, such a light is sometimes denoted long flashing with the abbreviation L. Fl. If the frequency of flashes is large the light is denoted as a quick light, an occulting light is a rhythmic light in which the duration of light in each period is longer than the total duration of darkness. In other words, it is the opposite to a flashing light where the duration of darkness is longer than the duration of light. It has the appearance of flashing off, rather than flashing on, an isophase light, abbreviated Iso, is a light which has dark and light periods of equal length. The prefix derives from the Greek iso- meaning same, a quick light, abbreviated Q, is a special case of a flashing light with a large frequency. If the sequence of flashes is interrupted by regularly repeated eclipses of constant and long duration, group notation similar to flashing and occulting lights is also sometimes used. Another distinction sometimes made is between quick, very quick and ultra quick. This can be combined with notations for interruptions, e. g. I. U. Q. for interrupted ultra quick, or grouping, e. g. V. Q. for a very quick group of nine flashes

6.
United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
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The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is located in Taunton, Somerset on Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1,000 staff. The UKHO is the UKs agency providing hydrographic and geospatial data to mariners and they are a trading arm of the Ministry of Defence. They are responsible for support to the Royal Navy and other defence customers. Supplying defence and the shipping industry, they help ensure Safety of Lives at Sea, protect the marine environment. Together with other national hydrographic offices and the International Hydrographic Organisation, they work to set and raise standards of hydrography, cartography. Their market-leading portfolio of ADMIRALTY Maritime Products & Services is found on over 90% of the ships trading internationally. Relied upon by mariners for over 200 years, their portfolio provides the most comprehensive range of SOLAS-compliant charts, publications and digital services to crews, cargo. The Admiraltys first Hydrographer was Alexander Dalrymple, appointed in 1795 on the order of King George III, the first chart Dalrymple published as Hydrographer to the ADMIRALTY brand did not appear until 1800. He also issued sailing directions and Notices to Mariners, Dalrymple was succeeded on his death in 1808 by Captain Thomas Hurd, under whose stewardship the department was given permission to sell charts to the public in 1821. In 1819 Captain Hurd entered into an agreement with Denmark to exchange charts. This is thought to be the earliest formal arrangement for the supply of information between the British and any foreign Hydrographic Office. Hurd developed the specialism of Royal Navy hydrographic surveyors, Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry was appointed Hydrographer in 1823 after his second expedition to discover a Northwest Passage. In 1825 some 736 charts and coastal views were being offered for sale by the Hydrographic Office, in 1828 Captain Parry and the Royal Society organised a scientific voyage to the South Atlantic, in collaboration with the Hydrographers of France and Spain, using HMS Chanticleer. In 1829, at the age of 55, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort became Hydrographer, during his time as Hydrographer, he developed the eponymous Scale, saw the introduction of official tide tables in 1833 and instigated various surveys and expeditions. Several of these were by the HMS Beagle, including one to Tierra del Fuego, in 1831 Captain Beaufort informed Captain FitzRoy that he had found a savant for the latters surveying voyage to South America, Charles Darwin. After completing extensive surveys in South America she returned to Falmouth, Cornwall via New Zealand, by the time of Beauforts retirement in 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts and 64,000 copies of them had been issued to the Royal Navy. In the 1870s the Hydrographic Service supported the Challenger expedition, an exercise that made many discoveries. The cruise was named after the vessel, HMS Challenger

7.
Canadian Hydrographic Service
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CHS also represents Canada in the International Hydrographic Organization. Prior to Confederation, responsibilities for hydrographic survey and chart production in British North America rested with the Royal Navy, in 1882, the loss of the steamship SS Asia on an uncharted shoal in Georgian Bay resulted in 150 fatalities and was Canadas worst maritime disaster at the time. In 1904, a Privy Council order renamed the Georgian Bay Survey to the Hydrographic Survey of Canada with some modified responsibilities, in 1913 one of Canadas most famous hydrographic survey vessels, CSS Acadia was commissioned for use on the Atlantic coast. In 1928, the organization was renamed to the current name Canadian Hydrographic Service, CHS has been a world leader in the adoption of hydrographic survey technology, as well as in research and development. With responsibility for charting the worlds longest coastline as well as 6.55 million square kilometres of continental shelf, DEW Line also necessitated innovative surveying techniques throughout remote northern areas in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in support of ships carrying logistics and construction material. CHS is one of the only hydrographic offices in the world with the capability to undertake Arctic surveying, CHS has migrated from single-beam sonar to becoming a major user of multibeam echo sounder sonar systems coupled with GPS to achieve improved survey accuracies. CHS was also one of the first organizations in the world to develop airborne LiDAR technology, CHS demonstrates international leadership in Crowd-Source Bathymetry, Satellite-Derived Bathymetry and Marine Spatial Data Infrastructurce. Unlike most nations, the CHS is not part of Canadas navy, most of the survey vessels employed by CHS are nominally crewed and operated by the Canadian Coast Guard, also part of DFO

8.
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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NGA was known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency until 2003. NGA headquarters is located at Fort Belvoir in Springfield, Virginia, the NGA campus, at 2.3 million square feet, is the third-largest government building in the Washington metropolitan area after The Pentagon and the Ronald Reagan Building. U. S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until World War I, using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis. The Engineer Reproduction Plant was the Army Corps of Engineerss first attempt to centralize mapping production, printing and it was located on the grounds of the Army War College in Washington, D. C. Previously, topographic mapping had largely been a function of individual field engineer units using field surveying techniques or copying existing or captured products, in addition, ERP assumed the supervision and maintenance of the War Department Map Collection, effective April 1,1939. With the advent of the Second World War aviation, field surveys began giving way to photogrammetry, photo interpretation, during wartime, it became increasingly possible to compile maps with minimal field work. Out of this emerged AMS, which absorbed the existing ERP in May 1942 and it was located at the Dalecarlia Site on MacArthur Blvd. just outside Washington, D. C. in Montgomery County, Maryland, and adjacent to the Dalecarlia Reservoir. AMS was designated as an Engineer field activity, effective July 1,1942, by General Order 22, OCE, the Army Map Service also combined many of the Armys remaining geographic intelligence organizations and the Engineer Technical Intelligence Division. The agencys credit union, Constellation Federal Credit Union, was chartered during the Army Map Service era and it has continued to serve all successive legacy agencies employees and their families. After the war, as capacity and range improved, the need for charts grew. The Army Air Corps established its map unit, which was renamed ACP in 1943 and was located in St. Louis, ACP was known as the U. S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from 1952 to 1972. A credit union was chartered for the ACP in 1948, called Aero Chart Credit Union and it was renamed Arsenal Credit Union in 1952, a nod to the St. Louis sites Civil War-era use as an arsenal. Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center, lundahl, combining Central Intelligence Agency, Army, Navy, and Air Force assets to solve national intelligence problems. NPIC was a component of the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology, NPIC first identified the Soviet Unions basing of missiles in Cuba in 1962. The Defense Mapping Agency was created on January 1,1972, dMAs birth certificate, DoD Directive 5105.40, resulted from a formerly classified Presidential directive, Organization and Management of the U. S. Foreign Intelligence Community, which directed the consolidation of mapping functions previously dispersed among the military services, DMA became operational on July 1,1972, pursuant to General Order 3, DMA. On Oct.1,1996, DMA was folded into the National Imagery, DMA was first headquartered at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C, then at Falls Church, Virginia

9.
Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society
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Founded in 2000 by Jim Weidner, K2JXW, the Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society is devoted to maritime communications, amateur radio, lighthouses, and lightships. Its members travel to lighthouses around the world where they operate amateur radio equipment at or near the light, collecting lighthouse QSLs is popular for some amateur radio operators. ARLHS is a organization with over 1665 members worldwide as of July 2009. A convention is held in October each year, in 2010 the gathering was in Biloxi, Mississippi. In earlier years it has held in Solomons, Maryland, St. Simons, Georgia, Port Huron, Michigan. The ARLHS has been featured in magazines, such as CQ. Jim Weidner is its founding President, and Jim Buffington, K5JIM, is Vice President, the club call sign is W7QF and the website is The ARLHS maintains a catalog of lighthouses called The World List of Lights. Its main feature is a short, and easily transmitted identification number for each lighthouse, the WLOL lists any lighthouse that is or was an Aid to Navigation and can reasonably accommodate an amateur radio operation. Lights that are no longer in existence, but were once an ATN, also show up on the list, with over 15,000 entries, the WLOL is one of the most complete lighthouse catalogs in existence. Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society Website ARLHS Convention web site Indias First ARLHS activation in Mahaballipuram, Chennai, India Aug 2008 Kadalur Lighthouse Centenary and ILLW operation Aug 2009

10.
Canadian Coast Guard
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The Canadian Coast Guard is the coast guard of Canada. The coast guard operates 119 vessels of varying sizes and 22 helicopters, the Canadian Coast Guard is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario and is a Special Operating Agency within Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Unlike armed coast guards of some nations, the CCG is a government marine organization without naval or law enforcement responsibilities. Naval operations in Canadas maritime environment are exclusively the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Navy, enforcement of Canadas maritime-related federal statutes may be carried out by peace officers serving with various federal, provincial or even municipal law enforcement agencies. The CCGs responsibility encompasses Canadas 202, 080-kilometre long coastline, the longest of any nation in the world and its vessels and aircraft operate over an area of ocean and inland waters covering approximately 2.3 million square nautical miles. Canadian Coast Guard services support government priorities and economic prosperity and contribute to the safety, accessibility and security of Canadian waters, the CCG’s mandate is stated in the Oceans Act and the Canada Shipping Act. The Canada Shipping Act gives the powers, responsibilities and obligations concerning, aids to navigation, Sable Island, search and rescue, pollution response. As a special operating agency within the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, however, the CCG is one of several federal departments and agencies that have been granted heraldic symbols. The CCG badge was approved in 1962. Blue symbolizes water, white represents ice, and dolphins are considered a friend of mariners, the motto Saluti Primum, Auxilio Semper translates “Safety First, Service Always”. In addition to the Coast Guard Jack, distinctive flags have been approved for use by senior CCG officials including the Honorary Chief Commissioner, the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary was granted a flag and badge by the Canadian Heraldic Authority in 2012. Originally a variety of departments and even the navy performed the work which the CCG does today. Lifeboat stations had been established on the east and west coasts as part of the Canadian Lifesaving Service and these stations maintained, sometimes sporadically in the earliest days, pulling lifeboats manned by volunteers and eventually motorized lifeboats. After the Department of Marine and Fisheries was split into separate departments, during the inter-war period, the Royal Canadian Navy also performed similar duties at a time when the navy was wavering on the point of becoming a civilian organization. Laws related to customs and revenue were enforced by the division of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A government reorganization in 1936 saw the Department of Marine and its Marine Service, along several other government departments and agencies. Following the Second World War, Canada experienced an expansion in ocean commerce. One of the more notable inheritances at the time of formation was the icebreaker Labrador, a period of expansion followed the creation of the CCG between the 1960s and the 1980s

11.
Lighthouse
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Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors, and can assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance, before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the fire would improve the visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse. In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as a marker to ports than as a warning signal for reefs and promontories. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the Pharos of Alexandria, coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and Laodicea in Syria also exist. The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses shifted toward the provision of a warning against shipping hazards. The Eddystone Rocks were a major hazard for mariners sailing through the English Channel. The first lighthouse built there was a wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been exposed to the open sea. The civil engineer, John Smeaton, rebuilt the lighthouse from 1756–59, his tower marked a step forward in the design of lighthouses. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree and he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime, a form of concrete that will set under water, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels. This profile had the advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers. One such influence was Robert Stevenson, himself a figure in the development of lighthouse design. His greatest achievement was the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1810 and this structure was based upon Smeatons design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white. Stevenson worked for the Northern Lighthouse Board for nearly fifty years during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and he also invented the movable jib and the balance crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction. Alexander Mitchell designed the first screw-pile lighthouse – his lighthouse was built on piles that were screwed into the sandy or muddy seabed, construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the Thames and was known as the Maplin Sands lighthouse, and first lit in 1841

12.
Halifax Harbour
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Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mikmaq first nation, anglicized as Chebucto and it runs in a northwest-southeast direction. Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is located approximately one hours sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections, the harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The harbour includes the geographic areas, Northwest Arm Another drowned river valley now largely used by pleasure boats. The Narrows A constricted passage to Bedford Basin, Bedford Basin A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour. The harbour is home to small islands. The harbour limit is formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the limits is Georges Island. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford, in the Northwest Arm, there is a small peninsula known as Deadmans Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. Just 200 m west of Deadmans Island is the equally small Melville Island, Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Cove is also the name of the adjacent residential community, although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area. The harbour is marked by a network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches. Deep draught vessels must use the channel into the harbour. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head. Shallow draught vessels may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island, however, large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near RCN facilities and anchorages, but the new Intercolonial Railway took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canadas winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICRs own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, the war at last boosted Halifaxs harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic

13.
Sambro, Nova Scotia
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Sambro is a rural fishing community on the Chebucto Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the head of Sambro Harbour, Sambro is located at the end of Route 306. Sambro Island is located within the community southeast of the harbour and is home to the Sambro Island Lighthouse and it stands 62 feet on the top of the rocky island. The original lens from the lighthouse is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Sambro Harbour also has a small pepperpot style lighthouse located at the harbour entrance. The community has evolved into a fishing and tourist community over the centuries, during the American Revolution, Sambro witnessed numerous naval battles, such as the Naval battle off Halifax. On 10 July 1780, the British privateer Resolution under the command of Thomas Ross engaged the American privateer Viper off of Halifax at Sambro Light, there was another engagement, described as “one of the bloodiest battles in the history of privateering”. The two privateers began a “severe engagement”, during which both pounded each other with cannon fire for about 90 minutes, the death toll was 18 British and 33 Americans. During the American Civil War, Sambro played a role in the Chesapeake Affair. A Northern vessel was stolen by a crew Southern sympathisers who were loading the vessel with coal at Sambro for the journey to the southern states, Northern American warships arrested the vessel and eventually took it to Halifax. List of communities in Nova Scotia HRM Civic Address Map Lighthouse

14.
Halifax Regional Municipality
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations

15.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands

16.
Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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To be designated, an event must have occurred at least 40 years previous, events that continue into the more recent past are evaluated on the basis of what occurred at least 40 years ago. As of March 2017, there were 473 designated Events of National Historic Significance, there are related federal designations for National Historic Sites and National Historic Persons. Events, Sites, and Persons are each marked by a federal plaque. The Welland Canal is an Event, while the Rideau Canal is a Site, the cairn and plaque to John Macdonell does not refer to a National Historic Person, but is erected because his home, Glengarry House, is a National Historic Site. Similarly, the plaque to John Guy officially marks not a Person, Events have been designated in all 10 provinces and three territories, as well as foreign countries, Belgium, China, France, Italy, Netherlands, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States. As of March 2017 there were 473 National Historic Events, heritage Minutes List of years in Canada List of Events of National Historic Significance

17.
Seven Years' War
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The Seven Years War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain on one side and the Kingdom of France on the other. Meanwhile, in India, the Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, faced with this sudden turn of events, Britain aligned herself with Prussia, in a series of political manoeuvres known as the Diplomatic Revolution. Conflict between Great Britain and France broke out in 1754–1756 when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America, meanwhile, rising power Prussia was struggling with Austria for dominance within and outside the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe. In 1756, the major powers switched partners, realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe, because of Austrias alliance with France to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war, Prussia formed an alliance with Britain. Reluctantly, by following the diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austrias cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states, Sweden, seeking to re-gain Pomerania joined the coalition, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France, the Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussias ambition on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with the Franco-Spanish alliance, like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain and the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Saxony, Austria and Prussia, in 1763. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement, a subsequent conflict, Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia its military prowess was noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e. g. Cuba and the Philippines, France and Spain avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britains dominance once and for all. The Seven Years War was perhaps the first true world war, having taken place almost 160 years before World War I and it was characterized in Europe by sieges and the arson of towns as well as open battles with heavy losses

18.
Nova Scotia House of Assembly
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The assembly is the oldest in Canada, having first sat in 1758, and in 1848 was the site of the first responsible government in the British Empire. Originally, the Legislature consisted of the Crown represented by a governor, in 1838, the council was replaced by an executive council with the executive function and a legislative council with the legislative functions based on the House of Lords. In 1928, the Legislative Council was abolished and the members pensioned off, there are 51 Members of the Legislative Assembly representing 51 electoral districts. The assembly meets in Province House, located in Halifax Province House is a National Historic Site and Canadas oldest and smallest legislative building. It opened on February 11,1819, the building was also the original home to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, and the location of the Freedom of the Press trial of Joseph Howe. Its main entrance is found on Hollis Street in Halifax

19.
John Rous
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John Rous was a privateer and then an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during King Georges War and the French and Indian War, Rous was also the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutres War. Rous daughter Mary married Richard Bulkeley and is buried in the Old Burying Ground, Rous was born in Charlestown, Middlesex, Massachusetts on 21 May 1702, to William Rouse and Mary, née Peachie. He became a privateer during King Georges War, part of the War of the Austrian Succession carried out in the North American colonies of Britain and he appears to have been in the navy in April and May 1740, serving as masters mate aboard the 50-gun HMS Ruby. ON the ship Young Eagle, he made raids on the French fishing fleets and ports on the shore of Newfoundland. He went on to command his own ship, the 20-gun snow Shirley. On 19 May 1745 he came to the assistance of HMS Mermaid and he was the first to render assistance, and the French ship was duly captured. Rous was rewarded for his efforts by Rear-Admiral Sir Peter Warren, who ordered Vigilante be purchased for the navy, Rous remained as captain of the Shirley and was sent to London in July, carrying Warrens dispatches. Warren purchased the Shirley on her return, and on 24 September 1745 Rous was appointed a captain and he was present at the Battle at Port-la-Joye. In September 1746 with Annapolis Royal under threat of attack by the remnants of Duc dAnvilles fleet, Captain Rous, commanding the Shirley, was ordered to assist in the defence of the fort. There he along with Captain Richard Spry agreed to haul their ships under the Fort upon the arrival of the fleet and land their men and guns for the defence of it. In 1747, after the Battle of Grand Pré, Rous sailed for the Minas Basin with a detachment under the command of Captain John Winslow, the Shirley was paid off in June 1747, and on 7 May 1749 he took over the 14-gun HMS Albany. Rous was also the naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutres War. The main officer under his command was Silvanus Cobb and he made a significant contribution to the preservation of Halifax and the defeat of the French, Acadian and Mikmaq resistance. As the admiralty did not provide effective naval forces for the defence of Nova Scotia, Rous improvised to establish and protect the new British settlements at Halifax, Lunenburg, and Lawrencetown. He also worked to protect the long established British settlements at Canso and Annapolis Royal, as well as the new British forts in the Acadian communities of Grand Pre, Pisiquid and Chignecto. Under his command were three 14-gun sloops of the Royal Navy, the occasional man-of-war from England, and several New England coasting vessels, in 1753, Rous was a member of the Nova Scotia Council. He took command of the 14-gun HMS Success in 1753, and he saw further service during the Seven Years War, joining the preparations for an attack on Louisbourg in 1757

20.
Fresnel lens
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A Fresnel lens is a type of compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses. The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass, a Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can capture more light from a light source. The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc. The Marquis de Condorcet proposed grinding such a lens from a thin piece of glass. French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of the lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian magazine, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary, scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing the United Kingdom to adopt these lenses in their lighthouses. The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have many such sections. In each section, the thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature. In some lenses, the surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a fashion, with steeper prisms on the edges. In the first Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism, single-piece Fresnel lenses were later produced, being used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment might be used to more complex lenses. Fresnel lenses are made of glass or plastic, their size varies from large to medium to small. In many cases they are thin and flat, almost flexible. Modern Fresnel lenses usually consist of all refractive elements, however many of the lighthouses have both refracting and reflecting elements, as shown in the photographs and diagram

21.
Acetylene
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Acetylene is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne and this colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities, as an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the straight line. Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, who identified it as a new carburet of hydrogen and it was rediscovered in 1860 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, who coined the name acétylène. Berthelots empirical formula for acetylene, as well as the alternative name quadricarbure dhydrogène were incorrect because chemists at that used the wrong atomic mass for carbon. Berthelot was able to prepare this gas by passing vapours of organic compounds through a red-hot tube and he also found acetylene was formed by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. Berthelot later obtained acetylene directly by passing hydrogen between the poles of a carbon arc, commercially available acetylene gas could smell foul due to the common impurities hydrogen sulfide and phosphine. However, as purity increases it will become odourless, since the 1950s, acetylene has mainly been manufactured by the partial combustion of methane or appears as a side product in the ethylene stream from cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes were produced by method in 1983. Its presence in ethylene is usually undesirable because of its explosive character and it is selectively hydrogenated into ethylene, usually using Pd–Ag catalysts. Until the 1950s, when oil supplanted coal as the source of reduced carbon. In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the hydroelectric power project at Niagara Falls. In terms of valence bond theory, in each carbon atom the 2s orbital hybridizes with one 2p orbital thus forming an sp hybrid, the other two 2p orbitals remain unhybridized. The two ends of the two sp hybrid orbital overlap to form a strong σ valence bond between the carbons, while on each of the two ends hydrogen atoms attach also by σ bonds. The two unchanged 2p orbitals form a pair of weaker π bonds, since acetylene is a linear symmetrical molecule, it possesses the D∞h point group. At atmospheric pressure, acetylene cannot exist as a liquid and does not have a melting point, the triple point on the phase diagram corresponds to the melting point at the minimum pressure at which liquid acetylene can exist

22.
Joshua Slocum
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Joshua Slocum was the first man to sail single-handedly around the world. He was a Nova Scotian born, naturalised American seaman and adventurer, in 1900 he wrote a book about his journey Sailing Alone Around the World, which became an international best-seller. He disappeared in November 1909 while aboard his boat, the Spray, Joshua Slocum was born on February 20,1844 in Mount Hanley, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, a community on the North Mountain within sight of the Bay of Fundy. Part of the Loyalist migration to Nova Scotia, the Slocombes were granted 500 acres of farmland in Nova Scotias Annapolis County, Joshua Slocum was born in the familys farm house in Mount Hanley and learned to read and write at the nearby Mount Hanley School. His earliest ventures on the water were made on coastal schooners operating out of the ports such as Port George and Cottage Cove near Mount Hanley along the Bay of Fundy. When Joshua was eight years old, the Slocombe family moved from Mount Hanley to Brier Island in Digby County, Slocums maternal grandfather was the keeper of the lighthouse at Southwest Point there. His father, a man and strict disciplinarian, took up making leather boots for the local fishermen. However, the boy found the scent of air much more alluring than the smell of shoe leather. He yearned for a life of adventure at sea, away from his demanding father and his increasingly chaotic life at home among so many brothers and sisters. He made several attempts to run away from home, finally succeeding, at age fourteen, by hiring on as a boy and cook on a fishing schooner. In 1860, after the birth of the eleventh Slocombe child and he and a friend signed on at Halifax as ordinary seamen on a merchant ship bound for Dublin, Ireland. From Dublin, he crossed to Liverpool to become a seaman on the British merchant ship Tangier. During two years as a seaman, he rounded Cape Horn twice, landed at Batavia in the Dutch East Indies, and visited the Maluku Islands, Manila, Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore, and San Francisco. While at sea, he studied for the Board of Trade examination, Slocum quickly rose through the ranks to become a Chief Mate on British ships transporting coal and grain between the British Isles and San Francisco. His first blue-water command, in 1869, was the barque Washington, which he took across the Pacific, from San Francisco to Australia, and home via Alaska. He sailed for thirteen years out of the port of San Francisco, transporting mixed cargo to China, Australia, the Spice Islands, between 1869 and 1889, he was the master of eight vessels, the first four of which he commanded in the employ of others. Later, there would be four others that he himself owned, shortly before Christmas 1870, Slocum and the Washington put in at Sydney. There, in about a time, he met, courted

23.
Naval battle off Halifax
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The Battle off Halifax took place on 28 May 1782 during the American Revolutionary War. It involved the American privateer Jack and the 14-gun Royal Naval brig HMS Observer off Halifax, captain David Ropes commanded Jack, and Lieutenant John Crymes commanded Observer. The battle was a long and severe engagement, during the American Revolution, Americans regularly attacked Nova Scotia by land and sea. American privateers devastated the economy by raiding many of the coastal communities, such as the numerous raids on Liverpool. The engagement between Jack and Observer was one of several in the region, on 10 July 1780, the British privateer brig Resolution under the command of Thomas Ross engaged the American privateer Viper off Halifax at Sambro Light. The engagement resulted in the surrender of the British ship and the death of up to 18 British and 33 American sailors, Jack herself was involved in a previous naval engagement. Jack was originally a Massachusetts privateer commissioned in September 1779, after three successful cruises in which she captured a number of prizes, HMS Pandora and HMS Danae captured her in July 1780 in the St. Lawrence River. The British took Jack into the Quebec Provincial Marine, though she was commissioned out of Nova Scotia and she then served as a patrol vessel for the fisheries and the St. Lawrence River. In an engagement off Cape Breton with two French frigates at Spanish River, near Cape Breton Island in 1781 two French frigates captured her and they took Jack back to Boston, where her previous owners purchased her and sent her to sea again as a privateer. Observer was herself a former Massachusetts privateer, originally built as a merchantman, the Amsterdam, the British sent Amsterdam into Halifax to be condemned as a prize, where the Royal Navy bought her. Observer was returning to Halifax, having rescued from American privateer Noah Stoddard ten crew members of HMS Blonde after Blonde wrecked on Seal Island off Cape Sable Island. On 28 May 1782, as Observer arrived at the Sambro Island Light near the mouth of Halifax Harbour, when Jack discovered her quarry was a British naval vessel, the Americans tried to escape. Observer chased Jack for two hours before catching her, the British immediately killed the American captain David Ropes as a result of the cannon fire. Both ships had numerous holes shot through their sails, and the British sailors attempted to climb the rigging of their ship in an effort to board the American privateer, the Americans repulsed this initial boarding attempt, but the British were ultimately successful. Jack struck her colours on the afternoon of 29 May, American privateers remained a threat to Nova Scotian ports for the rest of the war. The following month, after an attempt to raid Chester, Nova Scotia. Gwyn, Julian, Ashore and afloat Gwyn, Julian, Frigates and Foremasts, murdoch, Beamish, A History of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie. Primary Sources Nova Scotia Gazette of June 4,1782

24.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations

25.
History of Halifax (former city)
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Halifax, Nova Scotia was originally inhabited by the Mikmaq Peoples. The first European settlers to arrive in the future Halifax region were French, in the early 1600s, the British settled Halifax in 1749, which sparked Father Le Loutres War. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Bedford, Dartmouth, and Lawrencetown. St. Margarets Bay first got settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, all of these regions were amalgamated into the Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996. While all of the regions of HRM developed separately over the last 250 years, the City of Halifax was an incorporated city in Nova Scotia, Canada, which was established as the Town of Halifax in 1749, and incorporated as a city in 1842. The city was the capital of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County and it was also the largest city in Atlantic Canada. The Town of Halifax was founded by the Kingdom of Great Britain under the direction of the Board of Trade under the command of Governor Edward Cornwallis in 1749, the British founding of Halifax initiated Father Le Loutres War. During the war, Mikmaq and Acadians raided the capital region 13 times, Halifax was founded below a drumlin that would later be named Citadel Hill. The outpost was named in honour of George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, in its early years, Citadel Hill was used as a command and observation post, before changes in artillery that could range out into the harbour. After a protracted struggle between residents and the Viceroys of Nova Scotia, the City of Halifax was incorporated in 1842, the area is administered as two separate community planning areas by the regional government for development, Halifax Peninsula and Mainland Halifax. It forms a significant part of the Halifax urban area, residents of the former city are called Haligonians. The Halifax area has been territory of the Mikmaq since time immemorial, before contact they called the area around the Halifax Harbour Jipugtug, meaning Great Harbour. There is evidence that bands would spend the summer on the shores of the Bedford Basin, examples of Mikmaq habitation and burial sites have been found from Point Pleasant Park to the north and south mainland. Despite the Conquest of Acadia in 1710, no attempts were made by Great Britain to colonize Nova Scotia, aside from its presence at Annapolis Royal. The peninsula was dominated by Catholic Acadians and Mikmaq residents, the British founded Halifax in order to counter the influence of the Fortress of Louisbourg after returning the fortress to French control as part of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The first European settlement in the HRM was an Acadian community at present-day Lawrencetown and these Acadians joined the Acadian Exodus when the British established themselves on Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the British Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War

26.
History of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
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Dartmouth founded in 1750, is a Metropolitan Area and former city in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Dartmouth and the metropolitan area of Halifax form the urban core of the Halifax Regional Municipality. Both cities, along with the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved on April 1,1996 when they were amalgamated into HRM. Establishing a Protestant settlement on shores of Chebucto was a strategic British manoeuver to control Acadia, the claims the Mikmaq had to the land were virtually ignored. The Mikmaq occupied the region for millennia, the Mikmaq called the area Ponamogoatitjg, which has been varyingly translated as Tomcod Ground or Salmon Place in reference to the fish which were presumably caught in this part of Halifax Harbour. There is evidence that bands would spend the summer on the shores of the Bedford Basin, from Dartmouth Cove, the Mikmaq would have followed an important canoe route inland via the Dartmouth lakes to the Sipeknekatik waterway. The Mikmaq resisted the settlement of Dartmouth by the British, one of Halifaxs last surviving Mikmaq communities was located at Turtle Grove near present-day Tufts Cove but was devastated in the December 6,1917 Halifax Explosion. Today the Millbrook First Nation has a small reserve in Cole Harbour on the eastern edge of Dartmouth. Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, the British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Bedford, Dartmouth, Lunenburg, during Father Le Loutre’s War, there were 8 raids on Dartmouth. In August 1750, the sailing ship Alderney arrived with 353 immigrants, municipal officials at Halifax decided that these new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. The community was given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge. The Mikmaq saw the founding of Halifax without negotiation as a violation of agreements with the British. On 24 September 1749 the Mikmaq formally declared their hostility to the British plans for settlement without more formal negotiations, on September 30,1749, about forty Mikmaq attacked six men who were in Dartmouth cutting trees at the saw mill which was under the command of Major Gilman. Four of them were killed, two of whom were scalped, the heads of two were cut off, one was taken prisoner and one escaped giving the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the party and cut off the heads of two Mikmaq and scalped one. This raid was the first of eight against Dartmouth, the result of the raid, on October 2,1749, Cornwallis offered a bounty on the head of every Mikmaq

27.
Bedford, Nova Scotia
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Bedford is a suburban community of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was an independent town from 1980-1996, Bedford lies on the northwestern end of Bedford Basin, an extension of the Halifax Harbour and ends just before Nova Scotia Highway 102 and Bedford Bypass next to Lower Sackville. Bedford is located at the junctions of Trunks 1,2, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, the British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Bedford, Dartmouth, Lunenburg, to protect it, he hired John Gorham and his Rangers to erect a fort on the shore of Bedford Basin. It was named Fort Sackville after Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, the area around the fort became known as Sackville until the mid-1850s when it became Bedford. In 1752, among the first to receive a land grant was military officer George Scott in the Fort Sackville area. George Scott later participated in the Expulsion of the Acadians, specifically the St. John River Campaign, George Scotts brother Joseph, was paymaster at the Halifax Garrison in the 1760s received two grants in 1759 and 1765. He built Scott Manor House in 1770, anthony Holland established the Acadian Paper Mill on the Basin around 1819 to provide paper to produce the Halifax newspaper Acadian Recorder. When the railway went through the station named Millview, the Moirs, Son, the Moirs Mill generating station built in the early 1930s to supply the necessary electricity required to run the factory. The village adopted the name Bedford around 1850, the name is in honour of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford and Secretary of State for the colonies in 1749. In 1896 the name became official by an Act of Legislation, Bedford was incorporated as a town on July 1,1980. On April 1,1996, Bedford was amalgamated with Halifax, Dartmouth, the place name still exists, however, for 911, mail, legal and other services. The mayor of Bedford at the time of amalgamation, Peter J. Kelly, would serve as mayor of HRM. The first mayor of Bedford was Francene Cosman, macleans magazine rated Bedford as being the Best Community to Live in Canada, in an issue dated March 23,1997. Median household income in 2000 was $64,963, unemployment rate in 2001 was 6.7. Average house value in 2001 was $179,881, there is an outdoor 25m pool and smaller splash pool located at the Lions Park on Shore Drive. In the summer there are numerous lakes suitable for swimming, the topography of the area limits the possible locations for soccer and football fields

28.
Halifax County, Nova Scotia
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Halifax County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Municipality of the County of Halifax was the government of Halifax County, apart from the separately incorporated towns. The Municipality was dissolved in 1996, together with those town and city governments, deriving its name from George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax Halifax County was established by Order-in-Council on August 17,1759. Following the Seven Years War, Cape Breton Island was formally annexed to Nova Scotia, for a time it formed part of Halifax County. The boundaries of Halifax County were modified in 1822 and that part of St. Marys Township which had been in Halifax County was annexed to and included within Sydney County. The dividing line between the Districts of Halifax and Colchester was confirmed and established on May 3,1828, in 1835, Halifax County was divided and the Counties of Colchester and Pictou County were created out of parts of what had previously been Halifax County. Eventually in 1880 the boundary between the Counties of Halifax and Colchester was fixed. 3% from its 2011 population of 390,328, with a land area of 5,496.31 km2, it had a population density of 73. 4/km2 in 2016

29.
Citadel Hill (Fort George)
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The first two and the fourth and current fort, were simply called the Halifax Citadel. The Citadel is the summit of Citadel Hill, a National Historic Site of Canada in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year the town of Halifax was founded and those fortifications on the hill were successively rebuilt to defend the town from various enemies. A series of four different defensive fortifications have occupied the summit of Citadel Hill, the construction and levelling resulting in the summit of the hill being dropped by ten to twelve metres. Whilst never attacked, the Citadel was long the keystone to the defence of the strategically important Halifax Harbour, today the fort is operated by Parks Canada as the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada and is restored to the Victorian period. The war began shortly after Edward Cornwallis arrived on June 21,1749 to establish Halifax with 13 transports, the Mikmaq felt that the British settlement at Halifax violated earlier treaties which were signed after Father Rales War in 1726. On 11 September 1749, Cornwallis wrote to the Board of Trade and these squares are done with double picquets, each picquet ten foot long and six inches thick. They likewise clear a Space of 30 feet without the Line, when this work is compleated I shall think the Town as secure against Indians as if it was regularly fortifyd. The first fort was simply a small redoubt which stood near the summit with a flagstaff and it was part of the western perimeter wall for the old city which was protected by five stockaded forts. The others were Horsemans Fort, Cornwallis Fort, Fort Lutrell, during Father Le Loutres War, the soldiers guarding Halifax were in a constant state of alert. The Mikmaq and Acadians raided the capital region 12 times, the worst of these raids was the Dartmouth Massacre. Four of these raids were against Halifax, the first raid was in July 1750, in the woods on peninsular Halifax, the Mikmaq scalped Cornwallis gardener, his son, and four others. They buried the son, left the body exposed. In 1751, there were two attacks on blockhouses surrounding Halifax, Mikmaq attacked the North Blockhouse and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse, at a saw-mill on a stream flowing out of Chocolate Lake into the Northwest Arm. In 1753, when Lawrence became governor, the Mikmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, the Mikmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps. Prominent Halifax business person Michael Francklin was captured by a Mikmaw raiding party in 1754, the stockaded forts were also instrumental to the British during the French and Indian War. The Fort was used to help faciltate the Expulsion of the Acadians, during the war, the Mikmaq and Acadians resisted the British throughout the province

30.
St. Paul's Church (Halifax)
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St. Pauls Church is an evangelical Anglican church in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, within the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is located at the end of the Grand Parade. Built during Father Le Loutres War, it is the oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada, there is also a crypt below the church and the St. Pauls Church Cemetery. The official chapel of the church was the Little Dutch Church, saint Pauls was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981. The construction was begun in 1750 and is based on the plan of Gibbs Marybone Chapel in London. Reverend William Tutty opened the church on September 2,1750, Rev William Tutty was the first minister, followed by Rev John Breynton and Rev. Thomas Wood, who served at the same time. The church also served as the site for the congregation of St. Matthews United Church until this church was built. During the French and Indian War, the church was the site of the burials of two prominent Nova Scotians, Governor Charles Lawrence, and Catholic Priest Pierre Maillard, the latter ceremony was attended by a large number of Mikmaq people. Soon after the war, Vice-Admiral Philip Durell was buried after having participated in the Siege of Louisbourg and the Siege of Quebec. After the American Revolution, with the creation of the Diocese of Nova Scotia in 1787, St. Pauls was given the Bishops seat and it served as the cathedral from 1787-1864. The diocese included Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, St. Johns, and across Quebec and Ontario to Windsor, for many decades it was one of the only places of worship in Halifax, and other denominations would thus hold services in the building. The most valuable art in the Church is the monument of Richard John Uniacke, Jr. by John Gibson, Via Fontanella Studio, Roma, c. During the Halifax Explosion of 1917, a piece of window frame from another building was lodged into the wall of St. Pauls Church. The crypt contains the remains of 20 congregants which are listed below, also indicated below are those that have been commemorated in the church through a plaque, a hatchment or a window. 1785, 3rd Chief Justice Lieutenant General William Gardiner, d,1806, commander of the army in Halifax, Nova Scotia Lieutenant Colonel David Meredith, d.1809 Stanley Banfield, d. 1901, son of John Wimburn Laurie The family of Richard John Uniacke dominates the plaques, henry Newton, d.1802 Charles Francis Norton, d. Sarah Mudge, d.1818 Susan Hardy, d.1799 George Bertie Maitland, a pictorial history of St. Pauls Anglican Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia 1 edition Appendix 2,1993 Thomas, C. E. Tutty, William. In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, memorials at St. Pauls Church, Acadiensis, p.58 History of St. Pauls Church

31.
Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
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The town was protected by a blockhouse on Blackburn Hill with William Claphams Rangers and British regulars from the 45th Regiment of Foot. This raid was one of seven the Natives and Acadians would conduct against the town during the war, despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mikmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mikmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day Shelburne, a generation later, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mikmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a history of the Wabanaki Confederacy protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine. The British quickly began to other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Bedford, Dartmouth, Lunenburg, there were numerous Mikmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the Raid on Dartmouth. There was a raid on those in the Dartmouth area in 1749, in response to the raids, Governor Edward Cornwallis offered a bounty on the head of every Mikmaq. The British military paid the Rangers the same rate per scalp as the French military paid the Mikmaq for British scalps, as well, to carry out this task, two companies of rangers were raised, one led by Captain Francis Bartelo and the other by Captain William Clapham. These two companies served alongside that of John Gorhams company, the three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Mikmaq. In July 1750, the Mikmaq killed and scalped 7 men who were at work in Dartmouth, in August 1750,353 people arrived on the ship Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was out in the autumn of that year. The following month, on September 30,1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the Mikmaq and five more residents were killed. In October 1750 a group of eight men went out to take their diversion, and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians. With a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, in March 1751, the Mi’kmaq attacked on two more occasions, bringing the total number of raids to six in the previous two years. Three months later, on May 13,1751 before sunrise, Broussard led sixty Mikmaq, the raiding party came down the Shuebenacadie River from Chignecto. Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers and more were taken prisoner, Captain William Clapham and sixty soldiers were on duty and fired from the blockhouse, which was located at the point overlooking Dartmouth Cove. The raiding party tortured and mutilated the sergeant and wounded three other soldiers, Captain Alexander Murray along with about 40 soldiers left Halifax in three vessels and tried to track them down for miles but most of the raiding party had dispersed

32.
Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax
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Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax was a Royal Navy base in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1759 to 1905. The Halifax Yard was the headquarters for the Royal Navys North American Station for sixty years, Halifax Harbour had served as a Royal Navy seasonal base from the founding of the city in 1749, using temporary facilities and a careening beach on Georges Island. The British purchased Gorham Point for the Naval Yard, which had named after its previous owner ranger John Gorham. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased in 1758, the Yard served as the main base for the Royal Navy in North American during the Seven Years War, the American Revolution, the French Revolutionary Wars and the War of 1812. In 1818 Halifax became the base for the squadron which shifted to the Royal Naval Dockyard. The Halifax yard did not have a dry dock until 1887 so it was called the Halifax Naval Yard when first established. The graving-dock, coaling facilities and torpedo boat slip were added between 1881 and 1897, the station closed in 1905 and sold to Canada in 1907 becoming Her Majestys Canadian Dockyard, a function it still serves today as part of CFB Halifax. The Yard was located on the shores of Halifax Harbour to the north of Citadel Hill. Masts cut all over British North America were collected and stored in Halifax to be shipped to British Dockyards in wartime with heavily escorted mast convoys, the site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923. Only one residence from 1814 and the Admirals Residence from 1816 survived, the Admirals residence in now the Maritime Command Museum. Marilyn Gurney, The Kings Yard, Maritime Command Museum, Halifax, research guide B5, Royal Naval Dockyards CFB Halifax Officers Mess Brent Raymond, Tracing the Built Form of HMC Dockyard, Nova Scotia Museum,1999

33.
Impressment (Nova Scotia)
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Impressment by the Royal Navy in Nova Scotia happened primarily during the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Guard boats patrolled Halifax harbour day and night and they boarded all incoming and outgoing vessels, the Navy always struggled with desertion in Nova Scotia, and it often threatened to use impressment as a punishment for communities that harboured and assisted deserters. The Navy used guard boats as floating press gangs, conscripting every fiftieth man out of ships entering the harbour and it even pressed Americans from cartels and prison hulks. Warships shot at vessels to bring them to, damaging their sails and rigging, British warships sent armed press gangs into Halifax, where they fought with townspeople. The incidents were frequently violent and people killed, the press gangs would drive all before them in the streets. The press gangs would bind recruits’ hands behind their backs and marching them through the street like criminals, Impressment caused socio-economic problems to Nova Scotia. For sailors, it was often a violent and life-altering experience and they potentially faced years in the service, forced separation from their families and friends, and death through disease and combat. Civil and personal liberties were suspended for the good of the British war effort, generally, impressment victims were young men from poor and middle-class backgrounds. Sailors and fishermen, they supported family members and widowed mothers, dozens of families in Liverpool alone were torn apart by impressment during the Napoleonic Wars. Planters and other Nova Scotians were exempted from service during the 1760s. By August 1775, the Nova Scotia government received a petition from Halifax merchants complaining about impressment, the issue came to a head in October when the Assembly petitioned Governor Francis Legge to put a stop to impressment in Nova Scotia. By 1776 the Navy used guard boats as floating press gangs and it even pressed Americans from cartels and prison hulks. Still in need of men, warships sent armed press gangs into Halifax, in 1778, Lieutenant-Governor Richard Hughes lashed out at the Navy for press gang incidents that were frequently attended with quarrels and bloodshed and the loss of life. Hughes complained that press gangs caused social unrest in Halifax and he banned them from shore unless they had colonial permission, the press gangs would drive all before them in the streets. The Royal Navy pressed approximately 200 Liverpool residents in the 18th and 19th centuries, Liverpool experienced more of these naval intrusions than other regional ports in British North America. At least two dozen of Liverpool’s pressed sailors died in the British fleet or were never heard from again, Impressment took a serious toll on Liverpool. Outside of Halifax, during the American Revolution the Navy concentrated its recruitment efforts on coastal shipping, in one instance, the HM sloop Senegal was in Liverpool for about for months and impressment loomed as a threat the entire time. It pressed almost 3 men there and in the villages of Port Medway, Port Mouton

34.
Capture of USS Chesapeake
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The Chesapeake was captured in a brief but intense action in which over 80 men were killed. This was the only action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side. Chesapeake suffered early in the exchange of gunfire, having her wheel and fore topsail halyard shot away, Lawrence himself was mortally wounded and was carried below. The American crew struggled to carry out their captains last order, but the British boarding party overwhelmed them. The battle was intense but of short duration, lasting ten to fifteen minutes. Shannons Captain Philip Broke was severely injured in fighting on the forecastle, Chesapeake and her crew were taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where the sailors were imprisoned, the ship was repaired and taken into service by the Royal Navy. She was sold at Portsmouth, England in 1819 and broken up, surviving timbers were used to build the nearby Chesapeake Mill in Wickham and can be seen and visited to this day. Shannon survived longer, being broken up in 1859 and he had dispart sights fitted to his 18-pounder long guns, which improved aiming as they compensated for the narrowing of the barrels from the breech to the muzzle. The carronades were similarly treated, but the screws on these cannon were marked in paint. As the decks of contemporary ships curved upwards towards the stern and bows, fire from the whole battery could also be focused on any part of an enemy ship. Broke drilled his crew to a high standard of naval gunnery, he regularly had them fire at targets. Often these drills would be made into competitions to see which gun crew could hit the target and how fast they could do so. He even had his gun fire at targets blindfold to good effect. This constituted an early example of director firing. In addition to these gunnery drills, Broke was fond of preparing hypothetical scenarios to test his crew, for example, after all hands had been drummed to quarters, he would inform them of a theoretical attack and see how they would act to defend the ship. Though the use of cutlasses in training was avoided a method of training called singlestick was regularly practised. It soon developed quickness of eye and wrist, many of the crew became very expert. Commander Lawrence of the United States Navy returned from a successful war cruise having defeated the sloop HMS Peacock and he was promoted to captain for his victory, and received orders to take command of USS Chesapeake

35.
Halifax School for the Deaf
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The Halifax School for the Deaf was an institution in Halifax, Nova Scotia that was founded in January 1856. It was the first school of the deaf in Atlantic Canada, the first principal of the school was James Scott Hutton, who remained with the school 34 years. William Cunard eventually built a school, which was completed in 1896 and was attended by 90 students, a monument marks the location of the home, which was erected by Eastern Canada Association of the Deaf. History of Nova Scotia History of Halifax, Nova Scotia Alexander Graham Bell James Cuppaidge Cochran Texts Halifax School for the Deaf History of Halifax School for the Deaf Fearon, History of Halifax School for the Deaf. J. Scott Hutton, Deaf-Mute Education in the British Maritime Provinces, American Annals of the Deaf, Volume 14, J. Scott Hutton, Language Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb

36.
Halifax Volunteer Battalion
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Not to be confused with Halifax Provisional Battalion The Halifax Volunteer Battalion included six companies that were raised in present-day Halifax Regional Municipality. The six companies included the Scottish Rifles, Chebucto Grays, Mayflower Rifles, Halifax Rifles, Irish Volunteers, the upper ranks of the battalion was made up of distinguished people from the community filling the ranks of officers. The battalion served ceremonial functions, raised money for charities as well as defended the city against possible military threat during the Fenian Raids, the present-day The Halifax Rifles descended from the 63rd regiment of the Halifax Volunteer Battalion. In the wake of the Crimean War, there developed a Volunteer Force in Britain, as part of this movement, in Nova Scotia, thirty-two Volunteer companies were raised in the Province, with a total strength of two thousand three hundred and forty-one. In Halifax there were eleven companies with a strength of eight hundred. The First Battalion, Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada, Montreal, organized November 17,1859, eighteen days later, the Halifax Volunteer Battalion was raised – the third battalion to be raised in all of British North America. On May 14,1860, six of the volunteer companies qualified to form the Halifax Volunteer Battalion. Sir William Fenwick Williams, a Nova Scotian hero of the Crimean War, was requested to accept the position of honorary colonel, capt. William Chearnley of the Chebucto Greys was appointed commander of the whole battalion. Companies of the battalion drilled in various locations around present-day Halifax, some of the companies mustered on Grand Parade for morning drill at 6 am. One company of the battalion – the Halifax Rifles – conducted drills during the winter in the hall of the Provincial Building, during the summer the companies proceeded to a rifle range at Point Pleasant Park to go through their regular course of position drill and rifle practice. The Scottish and the Greys encamped on the ground, while the other companies marched down each day, regular target practice took place at the Fort Needham range. Every fine day in Halifax, from daylight, the crack of the rifles could be heard, the Welsford-Parker Monument was inaugurated on July 17,1860. Present to mark the occasion were both the 62nd and 63rd with their bands, there were also companies for the Halifax Volunteer Battalion, the Mayflower Rifles, the Halifax Rifles and the Chebucto Grays. One prominent member of the Chebucto Grays in attendance was the man who carved the lion, the oration at the inauguration was given by Rev. Hill. Numbering in your ranks the very flower of the land, in age, position, strength and form, your country may well be proud of you. … On you we look as the guardians of our land and the best ramparts of our coast, to you we look to uphold and cherish that loyalty which characterized your forefathers, colours were presented to the Battalion on November 10,1862, by the Halifax City Council. To protect Nova Scotia from a possible Fenian Raid, the Battalion was put on alert from March 27,1866 until April 14,1866. They were called out for duty and drilled on Grand Parade, all ball practice was prohibited and no member of the battalion was allowed beyond the city limits without special leave

37.
CSS Tallahassee
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The CSS Tallahassee was a twin-screw steamer and cruiser in the Confederate States Navy, purchased in 1864, and used for commerce raiding off the Atlantic coast. Co. to the design of Capt. T. E. Symonds, Royal Navy and she was previously the blockade runner Atalanta and made the Dover-Calais crossing in 77 minutes on an even keel. She had made several blockade runs between Bermuda and Wilmington, N. C. before the Confederates bought her, after the Tallahassee was commissioned and prepared for sea she was placed under Commander John Taylor Wood, CSN. Wood was a grandson of President Zachary Taylor and a nephew of Jefferson Davis, the officers and crew were all volunteers from the Confederate gunboats on the James River and North Carolina waters. The Tallahassee went through the blockade on August 6,1864 from her port of Wilmington. Her first day out, four cruisers chased the Tallahassee without incident and she made a spectacular 19-day raid off the Atlantic coast as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Tallahassee destroyed 26 vessels and captured 7 others that were bonded or released, Wood sailed the Tallahassee into Halifax Harbour on August 18 to take on bunker coal and water. Neutrality laws limited her stay in Halifax to 24 hours, Tallahassee was granted an extra 12 hours to fix a broken mast but was only allowed to load enough coal to take her to the nearest Confederate port. Two Federal war ships, the USS Nansemond and USS Huron, had chased her north and were believed to be waiting for the Tallahassee at the harbour entrance, Tallahassee succeeded in negotiating the passage out of the harbour, although no Northern warships were in fact waiting. The first Northern warship, the gunboat USS Pontoosuc, arrived at the harbour entrance several hours after the Confederate cruiser departed, being unable to procure enough coal to continue, Wood was forced to return to Wilmington where he arrived safely on August 26. The schooner Sarah A. Boice of Great Egg Harbor, N. J and her crew and their personal effects were brought on board, and she was scuttled. The Boice failed to sink, however, presumably because she was in ballast and she came ashore at Fire Island Inlet on Long Island, where she was salvaged and was reclaimed by her owners and was put back into service. The pilot-boat schooner James Funk, No.22 of New York, Robert Yates, was turned into a tender of the Tallahassee using 20 of the Tallahassees crew. The bark Bay State of Boston, Thomas Sparrow, master, bound from Alexandria to New York, with wood,199 tons, burned. The brigantine Carrie Estelle of Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Mark Thurlow, master, bound from Grand Manan to New York, with logs,248 tons, burned. The brigantine A. Richards of Boston, Charles Dunovant, master, from Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island to New York, with coal,274 tons, burned. The schooner Carroll of East Machias, Maine, ____ Sprague, master, ___ tons, taken by the Tallahassees tender James Funk, bonded in the sum of $10,000 and released. The pilot-boat schooner William Bell, No.24 of New York, James Callahan, master,123 tons, the packet ship Adriatic of New York, from London, England to New York, with emigrants,989 tons, burned

38.
Mic-Mac hockey stick
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The Mic-Mac hockey stick was made originally by the Mikmaq people of Nova Scotia, who dominated the international ice hockey market in the early twentieth century. It was first marketed by the Starr Manufacturing Company of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, the Mikmaq practice of playing hockey appears in recorded colonial histories beginning in the 18th century, and beginning in the 19th century they were credited with inventing the ice hockey stick. The oldest known hockey stick, now owned by the Canadian Museum of History, dates to the mid-1830s and is made of maple wood. (In 2006, a made by Mikmaq in the 1850s, at the time the oldest known, was sold at auction for $2.2 million. In 1863, the Starr Manufacturing Company in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Hockey became a popular sport in Canada in the 1890s, and through the first decade of the 20th century, the Mic-Mac was the best-selling hockey stick in Canada. By 1903, apart from farming, producing them was the occupation of the Mikmaq on reserves throughout Nova Scotia, particularly Shubenacadie. In 1927 the department of Indian Affairs for Nova Scotia noted that the Mikmaq remained the experts at making hockey sticks, Mikmaq continued to make hockey sticks until the 1930s, when the product was industrialized

39.
Halifax Provisional Battalion
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Not to be confused with Halifax Volunteer Battalion The Halifax Provisional Battalion was a military unit from Nova Scotia, Canada, which was sent to fight in the North-West Rebellion in 1885. The battalion was command of Lieutenant-Colonel James J. The battalion left Halifax under orders for the North-West on Saturday,11 April 1885, the battalion was assigned garrison duty along the CPR main line that stretched across the prairies. After a short stay in Winnipeg, the battalion was broken into four components and sent to Moose Jaw, Swift Current, Saskatchewan Landing, soldiers had to remain on high alert because of possible raids on their positions. Prior to Nova Scotias involvement in the Rebellion, Canadas first war, the celebration that followed the Halifax Provisional Battalions return by train across the county ignited a national patriotism in Nova Scotia. Prime Minister Robert Borden, stated that up to this time Nova Scotia hardly regarded itself as included in the Canadian Confederation, the rebellion evoked a new spirit. The Riel Rebellion did more to unite Nova Scotia with the rest of Canada than any event that had occurred since Confederation, similarly, in 1907 Governor General Earl Grey declared, This Battalion. Went out Nova Scotians, they returned Canadians, the wrought iron gates at the Halifax Public Gardens were made in the battalions honour. AFter eleven days on the train, the arrived at Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 22 April. On the 29th the battalion received orders to go to Swift Current, District of Assiniboia, the battalion arrived at Swift Current at 8 p. m. on the 30th, and next day it camped beside the 7th Battalion and a portion of the Midland Battalion. On 5 May a telegram was received to hold the 63rd contingent of the Halifax Provisional Battalion in readiness to repel an uprising of the Blackfoot, further, the battalion was warned of a possible attack on Medicine Hat, District of Assiniboia. As a result, the headquarters of the Halifax Provisional Battalion with the 66th contingent was ordered to Medicine Hat, also encamped on the South Saskatchewan River was a company of Stuarts scouts, a body of mounted cowboys. All the parties remained at Medicine Hat until the end of the rebellion, one company of the 63rd and the Halifax Garrison Artillery remained at Swift Current whilst it continued to be the base of supplies. The troops moved to Moose Jaw when it became the base, the men expected that their work was the prelude to being allowed to take part in the fighting at the front, as other corps preceding them had been relieved in due order. To the disappointment of many of the battalion, the war finished before they were required to go to the frontline. The headquarters of the Halifax Provisional Battalion left Medicine Hat on the night of 30 June, and arrived at Moose Jaw early on 2 July, the battalion being now re-united entire. After remaining at Moose Jaw a week the battalion was ordered to Winnipeg, where it arrived on 10 July, the battalion left Winnipeg on 10 July for Halifax. Along the entire route the battalion was met with “continued ovation, the kindness of the people of the towns of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec being beyond description”

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Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts
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The Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts is a Canadian performing arts school in Halifax, Nova Scotia that offers courses in higher education in music, dance, and theatre. It is the largest and the oldest of such organizations for education in the performing arts east of Montreal, when the school was founded by Reverend Robert Laing in 1887, it was named the Halifax Conservatory of Music. In 1954 the Halifax Conservatory of Music bought the assets of the Maritime Academy of Music, in its initial years, the school awarded degrees through Dalhousie University, but became an independent institution in 1962. In 1998 the school changed its name again to the Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts to reflect the expansion into other performance mediums beyond music. The Conservatory acquired its campus and designated heritage site, the former Chebucto Road School, the agreement with the municipality came with the stipulation that close to half a million dollars be spent on renovations, and that obligation has been completed. The current mandate is to offer an accessible and comprehensive program of dance and music instruction accommodating students of all ages, students receive a quality education designed to inspire a lifelong interest in the arts, whether for their personal enjoyment or a professional career

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Local Council of Women of Halifax
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The Local Council of Women of Halifax is an organization in Halifax, Nova Scotia devoted to improving the lives of women and children. One of the most significant achievements of the LCWH was its 24-year struggle for right to vote. The core of the trained and progressive leadership was five women, Anna Leonowens, Edith Archibald, Eliza Ritchie, Agnes Dennis. Halifax business man George Henry Wright left his home in his will to the LCWH, educator Alexander McKay also was a significant supporter of the Council. In 1851 women were excluded from the vote in Nova Scotia, in 1870, Hannah Norris began to mobilize women into the public sphere through establishing the Woman’s Baptist Missionary Aid Society across the Maritimes. Following Frances Willards visit to Halifax in 1878, Nova Scotia women organized local unions, in 1884, the WCTU successfully lobbied for married women’s property legislation. In 1891 the WCTU officially endorsed the suffrage cause, the first major organization to support womens suffrage. Edith Archibald became the leader of the Maritime chapter of the WCTU the following year, two years later, in 1893, Edith Archibald and others made the first official attempt to have a suffrage bill for women property holders passed in Nova Scotia. The bill was passed by the legislature but quashed by Attorney General James Wilberforce Longley, the year following the defeat of the first suffrage bill, the Local Council was established in 1894 as the local chapter of the National Council of Women of Canada. On August 30,1894, the committee met for the first time at Government House. Emma MacIntosh serving as the first president, between 1892 and 1895, thirty-four suffrage petitions were presented to the Nova Scotia legislature, and six suffrage bills were introduced, the final one in 1897. On 22 February 1917 the LCWH presented a petition endorsed by forty-one womens organizations. When the Liberal Premier ignored the issue, irate members introduced a private member bill and its defeat marked the birth of the Nova Scotia Equal Franchise League in the spring of 1917. Veer, “Feminist Forebears, The Womans Christian Temperance Union in Canadas Maritime Provinces, prohibition and the Social Gospel in Nova Scotia. Mothers of the Municipality, Women, Work and Social Policy in Post-1945 Halifax edited by Judith Fingard, the Ritchie Sisters and Social Improvement in Early 20th Century Halifax. Journalof the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol.13,2010

42.
South African War Memorial (Halifax)
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The South African War Memorial is a memorial located in the courtyard of Province House in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada On October 19,1901, the Prince of Wales laid the cornerstone for the monument. The Prince also gave medals to returning soldiers, two weeks later, on November 1, the heroes of Paardeberg returned and marched triumphantly down George Street. The statue was made by Hamilton MacCarthy, at the base of the statue are four panels. These panels were meant to honour the three Canadian Services that fought in the war, the infantry, mounted rifles and artillery. The Nova Scotia Princess Louise Fusiliers and the Nova Scotia Highlanders participated in the war, for two decades afterwards, Canadians would gather on February 27 around memorials to the South African War to say prayers and honour veterans. This continued until the end of the First World War, when Armistice Day began to observed on November 11, South African War Memorial Boer War Memorial Military history of Nova Scotia Canadian Anglo Boer War Museum South African War Memorial

43.
Sir Sandford Fleming Park
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Sir Sandford Fleming Park is a 95-acre Canadian urban park located in the community of Jollimore in Halifax Regional Municipality. It is also known as Dingle Park which means wooded valley, the park was donated to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. The centrepiece of the park is a tower that commemorates Nova Scotias achievement of representative government in 1758. He called his retreat The Dingle, the name that is used today. The park contains two walking trails passing through forests, heath barrens, saltwater marsh, and a large pond, as well, the park also hosts a small sandy beach. The water quality of the beach had been a long, contentious issue due to decades of raw sewage being dumped into the Northwest Arm, following the completion of new sewage treatment facilities in 2008, many of these concerns were allayed. Swimmers should check the website, and note that users should not swim at the Dingle beach for three days after heavy rainfall. An ardent imperialist, Fleming also intended the tower to serve as a memorial to the development of parliamentary institutions in the British Empire. The Memorial Tower is architecturally important because it combines Italianate influences with local construction methods, the ten-storey stone Dingle Memorial Tower plan was accepted by the City of Halifax and the local Canadian Club undertook a fundraising drive to pay for construction. Donations were received throughout the British Empire and plaques commemorating the contributions. It was formally dedicated in a ceremony in August 1912 by Canadas Governor General the Duke of Connaught who was also Queen Victorias son Prince Arthur. The presence of members of the Royal Family and dignitaries from parts of the Empire emphasized the importance of the occasion. In 1913, two bronze lions at the foot of the tower were donated by the Royal Colonial Institute of London. Designed by British sculptor Albert Bruce-Joy, they are similar to Sir Edwin Landseers lions at Nelsons Column in Trafalgar Square, the Memorial Tower was restored between 2010 and 2013. It was partially reopened at the beginning of August 2012 when the 100th Anniversary was celebrated at the opening ceremony, the bulk of the restoration was done by Coastal Restoration and Masonry with the involvement of a number of other specialist firms. The total cost was approximately $2.3 million, the Dingle Memorial Tower is open to the public in the summer months and offers spectacular views of the city and Northwest Arm. Historical Register One hundred and fifty years of government, proceedings of celebration at Halifax. The Halifax Memorial Tower HalifaxTrails. ca - Fleming Park

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Halifax Explosion
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The Halifax Explosion was a maritime disaster in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the morning of 6 December 1917. SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship laden with explosives, collided with the Norwegian vessel SS Imo in the Narrows. A fire on board the French ship ignited her cargo, causing an explosion that devastated the Richmond district of Halifax. Approximately 2,000 people were killed by blast, debris, fires and collapsed buildings, the blast was the largest man-made explosion prior to the development of nuclear weapons, releasing the equivalent energy of roughly 2.9 kilotons of TNT. Mont-Blanc was under orders from the French government to carry her cargo of explosives from New York via Halifax to Bordeaux. At roughly 8,45 am, she collided at low speed – approximately one knot – with the unladen Imo, the resulting fire aboard the French ship quickly grew out of control. Approximately 20 minutes later at 9,04,35 am, nearly all structures within an 800-metre radius, including the entire community of Richmond, were obliterated. A pressure wave snapped trees, bent iron rails, demolished buildings, grounded vessels, hardly a window in the city proper survived the blast. Across the harbour, in Dartmouth, there was widespread damage. A tsunami created by the blast wiped out the community of Mikmaq First Nations people who had lived in the Tufts Cove area for generations, Relief efforts began almost immediately, and hospitals quickly became full. Rescue trains began arriving from across eastern Canada and the north-eastern United States, construction of temporary shelters to house the many people left homeless began soon after the disaster. The initial judicial inquiry found Mont-Blanc to have responsible for the disaster. There are several memorials to the victims of the explosion in the North End, the community of Dartmouth lies on the east shore of Halifax Harbour, while Halifax is on the west shore. After 1906, the Canadian Government took over the Halifax Dockyard from the Royal Navy and this dockyard later became the command centre of the Royal Canadian Navy upon its founding in 1910. Just before the First World War, the Canadian government began to make a determined, costly effort to develop the harbour, the outbreak of the war brought Halifax back to prominence. The population of Halifax/Dartmouth had increased to between 60,000 and 65,000 people by 1917, convoys carried soldiers, men, animals and supplies to the European theatre of war. The two main points of departure were in Nova Scotia at Sydney in Cape Breton and Halifax, Hospital ships brought the wounded to the city, and a new military hospital was constructed in the city. The success of German U-boat attacks on crossing the Atlantic Ocean led the Allies to institute a convoy system to reduce losses while transporting goods

45.
Halifax Riot
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The Halifax VE-Day riots, 7–8 May 1945 in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia began as a celebration of the World War II Victory in Europe. This rapidly evolved into a rampage by several thousand servicemen, merchant seamen and civilians, although a subsequent Royal Commission chaired by Justice Roy Kellock blamed lax naval authority and specifically Rear-Admiral Leonard W. By 1945, Halifax had become a bustling, overcrowded, underserviced port city, during the war, Halifaxs population doubled, its facilities did not. Landlords charged top rents for what amounted to closets, merchants would take one look at a man in uniform and jack up their prices. There were huge lineups to get into the few restaurants. There was no legal place anyone could go to buy a drink, fear, in fact, dominated planning for the celebration of the Allied victory. Organizers decided that on VE Day tram service would stop for the day, liquor commission outlets, restaurants, retailers and movie theatres all decided to shut and shutter their premises, ostensibly to prevent trouble. Rear Admiral Leonard W. Murray believed his sailors had won the peace, by midnight, downtown Halifax was filled to bursting with more than 12,000 celebrants who had no place to eat or relax. Without licensed bars to go to, they rioted instead, setting ablaze tramcars, on Barrington Street, there was so much broken glass in the street it spilled over the top of the curb. One reporter who wandered through the downtown devastation the next morning compared it to London after a blitz, the riots might have ended that morning as hungover sailors and civilians, many clutching their ill-gotten booty, stumbled home to sleep off their night before. But Admiral Murray was not informed of the events of the night before until he opened his morning papers at 0945 on 8 May, sixty-five thousand quarts of liquor,8,000 cases of beer and 1,500 cases of wine had been liberated from liquor commission shelves. The total price tag, more than $5 million, including the cost of replacing 2,624 sheets of plate glass. Once started, the development and continuance of the disorders were due to the failure of the Naval Command to put down the initial disorders on each of the two days, May 7 and 8. The following year, Rear Admiral Leonard W. Murray resigned in protest of the Board of Inquirys findings, open Gangway, The Story of the Halifax Navy Riot, Lancelot Press 1981, ISBN 0-88999-150-2 Report of the Kellock Commission

46.
Bedford Magazine Explosion
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The Bedford Magazine explosion was a conflagration resulting in a series of explosions from July 18 to 19,1945, in Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada. During World War II, the adjacent cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, not long after VE-Day, on the evening of Wednesday, July 18, a fire broke out on the jetty of the Bedford Magazine, now CFAD Bedford on the Bedford Basin, north of Dartmouth. A chain reaction of fires, explosions and concussions ensued, continuing for more than 24 hours, Halifax, having been previously devastated by the Halifax Explosion, had emergency plans in place for such an incident, leading to an orderly and widespread evacuation of Halifaxs northern half. The damage resulting from this incident was far less than that of the Halifax Explosion, however the blasts shattered windows, crumpled roofs, very few injuries were reported, with none severe. Patrolman Henry Raymond Craig, a seaman on watch that night, was the lone casualty, having rushed to the pier upon noticing a fire. The barge responsible for starting the explosion presently lies on the seabed near the eastern shoreline adjacent to the CFAD Bedford magazine dock

Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an e

Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inha

Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Solar power
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Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics, or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam, Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using th

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A solar PV array on a rooftop in Hong Kong

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The first three concentrated solar power (CSP) units of Spain's Solnova Solar Power Station in the foreground, with the PS10 and PS20 solar power towers in the background

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CPV modules on dual axis solar trackers in Golmud, China

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Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load during February 2014, with the Clark Mountain Range seen in the distance

Light characteristic
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The graphic indicates how the real light may be identified when looking at its actual light output type or sequence. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing, while light characteristics can be described in prose, e. g. Flashing white every three seconds, lists of l

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Symbols and abbreviations for light characteristics

United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
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The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is located in Taunton, Somerset on Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1,000 staff. The UKHO is the UKs agency providing hydrographic and geospatial data to mariners and they are a trading arm of the Ministry of Defence. They are responsible for support to the Royal Navy and other defence custom

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Headquarters building

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United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

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Alexander Dalrymple, engraving by Conrad Westermayr.

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HMS Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell

Canadian Hydrographic Service
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CHS also represents Canada in the International Hydrographic Organization. Prior to Confederation, responsibilities for hydrographic survey and chart production in British North America rested with the Royal Navy, in 1882, the loss of the steamship SS Asia on an uncharted shoal in Georgian Bay resulted in 150 fatalities and was Canadas worst mariti

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Retired Canadian Hydrographic Service logo or crest

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Canadian Hydrographic Service crest

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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NGA was known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency until 2003. NGA headquarters is located at Fort Belvoir in Springfield, Virginia, the NGA campus, at 2.3 million square feet, is the third-largest government building in the Washington metropolitan area after The Pentagon and the Ronald Reagan Building. U. S. mapping and charting efforts rema

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NGA Campus East, the headquarters of the agency, features trapezoidal windows and color-coded interior sections.

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Seal of the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

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The U.S. national security team gathered in the Situation Room to await the outcome of Operation Neptune's Spear. A document from NGA can be seen on the table, although it has been obscured.

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New Headquarters of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society
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Founded in 2000 by Jim Weidner, K2JXW, the Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society is devoted to maritime communications, amateur radio, lighthouses, and lightships. Its members travel to lighthouses around the world where they operate amateur radio equipment at or near the light, collecting lighthouse QSLs is popular for some amateur radio operators. ARL

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Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society

Canadian Coast Guard
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The Canadian Coast Guard is the coast guard of Canada. The coast guard operates 119 vessels of varying sizes and 22 helicopters, the Canadian Coast Guard is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario and is a Special Operating Agency within Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Unlike armed coast guards of some nations, the CCG is a government marine organization wit

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CCGS Cap Aupaluk assist the Royal Canadian Air Force in a training exercise

Lighthouse
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Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors, and can assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance, before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the

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The lighthouse of Aveiro, west coast of Portugal

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Graphic reconstruction of the Pharos according to a 2006 study

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Winstanley's lighthouse at the Eddystone Rocks marked the beginning in a new phase of lighthouse development.

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John Smeaton 's rebuilt version of the Eddystone Lighthouse, 1759. This represented a great step forward in lighthouse design.

Halifax Harbour
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Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mikmaq first nation, anglicized as Chebucto and it runs in a northwest-southeast direction. Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is located approximately one hours sailin

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Nautical chart of Halifax Harbour in the 1880s

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Map of Halifax Harbour

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Entrance to Halifax Harbour as seen from Georges Island

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Sambro Island from the northwest

Sambro, Nova Scotia
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Sambro is a rural fishing community on the Chebucto Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the head of Sambro Harbour, Sambro is located at the end of Route 306. Sambro Island is located within the community southeast of the harbour and is home to the Sambro Island Lighthouse and it

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Sambro Island Light, built 1758, with 18th-century fog cannons

Halifax Regional Municipality
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an e

North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Car

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Map of North America, from 1621.

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North America

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The El Castillo pyramid, at Chichén Itzá, Mexico.

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Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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To be designated, an event must have occurred at least 40 years previous, events that continue into the more recent past are evaluated on the basis of what occurred at least 40 years ago. As of March 2017, there were 473 designated Events of National Historic Significance, there are related federal designations for National Historic Sites and Natio

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The years of triumphs and tribulations of the Montreal Canadiens, seen here during the 1912-3 season, were designated the Club de hockey Canadien National Historic Event in 2008

Seven Years' War
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The Seven Years War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coal

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Clockwise from top left: The Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757); The Battle of Carillon (6–8 July 1758); The Battle of Zorndorf (25 August 1758); The Battle of Kunersdorf (12 August 1759).

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Leibgarde battalion at Kolin, 1757

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Battle of Kolin

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Battle of Leuthen by Carl Röchling

Nova Scotia House of Assembly
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The assembly is the oldest in Canada, having first sat in 1758, and in 1848 was the site of the first responsible government in the British Empire. Originally, the Legislature consisted of the Crown represented by a governor, in 1838, the council was replaced by an executive council with the executive function and a legislative council with the leg

John Rous
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John Rous was a privateer and then an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during King Georges War and the French and Indian War, Rous was also the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutres War. Rous daughter Mary married Richard Bulkeley and is buried in the Old Burying Ground, Rous was born in Charlestown, Middlesex

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HMS Sutherland sailed by John Rous during the Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

Fresnel lens
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A Fresnel lens is a type of compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses. The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass, a Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A

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First-order lighthouse Fresnel lens, on display at the Point Arena Lighthouse Museum, Point Arena Lighthouse, Mendocino County, California

Acetylene
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Acetylene is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne and this colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities, as

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Acetylene fuel container/burner as used in the island of Bali

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Acetylene

Joshua Slocum
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Joshua Slocum was the first man to sail single-handedly around the world. He was a Nova Scotian born, naturalised American seaman and adventurer, in 1900 he wrote a book about his journey Sailing Alone Around the World, which became an international best-seller. He disappeared in November 1909 while aboard his boat, the Spray, Joshua Slocum was bor

Naval battle off Halifax
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The Battle off Halifax took place on 28 May 1782 during the American Revolutionary War. It involved the American privateer Jack and the 14-gun Royal Naval brig HMS Observer off Halifax, captain David Ropes commanded Jack, and Lieutenant John Crymes commanded Observer. The battle was a long and severe engagement, during the American Revolution, Amer

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Battle off Halifax

Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an e

History of Halifax (former city)
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Halifax, Nova Scotia was originally inhabited by the Mikmaq Peoples. The first European settlers to arrive in the future Halifax region were French, in the early 1600s, the British settled Halifax in 1749, which sparked Father Le Loutres War. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortificati

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Downtown Halifax

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1749 sketch of Halifax from the top of a masthead.

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Plaque to Raid on Dartmouth (1749) and the blockhouse that was built in response (1750), Father Le Loutre's War, Dartmouth Heritage Museum

History of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
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Dartmouth founded in 1750, is a Metropolitan Area and former city in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Dartmouth and the metropolitan area of Halifax form the urban core of the Halifax Regional Municipality. Both cities, along with the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved on April 1,1996 when they were am

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Eastern Battery Plaque, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

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Blast cloud from the Bedford Magazine Explosion

Bedford, Nova Scotia
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Bedford is a suburban community of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was an independent town from 1980-1996, Bedford lies on the northwestern end of Bedford Basin, an extension of the Halifax Harbour and ends just before Nova Scotia Highway 102 and Bedford Bypass next to Lower Sackville. Bedford is located at the junctions of Trunks 1,2, Father Le L

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Waterfront development in Bedford, NS at the tip of the Bedford Basin

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Scott Manor House (built 1770)

Halifax County, Nova Scotia
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Halifax County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Municipality of the County of Halifax was the government of Halifax County, apart from the separately incorporated towns. The Municipality was dissolved in 1996, together with those town and city governments, deriving its name from George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax Halif

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Location of Halifax County in Nova Scotia

Citadel Hill (Fort George)
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The first two and the fourth and current fort, were simply called the Halifax Citadel. The Citadel is the summit of Citadel Hill, a National Historic Site of Canada in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year the town of Halifax was founded and those fortifications on the hill were successively rebuilt to defend the town

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Citadel Hill

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Citadel Hill during Father Le Loutre's War (1750)

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Citadel Hill, The British Squadron going off to Louisbourg Expedition (1757)

St. Paul's Church (Halifax)
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St. Pauls Church is an evangelical Anglican church in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, within the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is located at the end of the Grand Parade. Built during Father Le Loutres War, it is the oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada, there is also a crypt below the ch

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St Paul's Church

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Captain Philip Durell, buried at St. Paul's (d.1786)

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Charles Lawrence (British Army officer). d.1760

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Michael Francklin, d. 1782

Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
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The town was protected by a blockhouse on Blackburn Hill with William Claphams Rangers and British regulars from the 45th Regiment of Foot. This raid was one of seven the Natives and Acadians would conduct against the town during the war, despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians an

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Joseph Broussard, known as "Beausoleil".

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Blockhouse overlooking Dartmouth Cove

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Citadel Hill

Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax
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Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax was a Royal Navy base in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1759 to 1905. The Halifax Yard was the headquarters for the Royal Navys North American Station for sixty years, Halifax Harbour had served as a Royal Navy seasonal base from the founding of the city in 1749, using temporary facilities and a careening beach on Georges I

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HMS Asia at the Halifax Naval Yard, 1797

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Citadel Hill

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HMS Charybdis at the Halifax Dockyard Coaling Wharf, circa 1901

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Admiralty House, Halifax

Impressment (Nova Scotia)
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Impressment by the Royal Navy in Nova Scotia happened primarily during the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Guard boats patrolled Halifax harbour day and night and they boarded all incoming and outgoing vessels, the Navy always struggled with desertion in Nova Scotia, and it often threatened to use impressment as a punishment for commun

Capture of USS Chesapeake
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The Chesapeake was captured in a brief but intense action in which over 80 men were killed. This was the only action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side. Chesapeake suffered early in the exchange of gunfire, having her wheel and fore topsail halyard shot away, Lawrence himself was mortally wounded and was carried

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The Brilliant Achievement of the Shannon... in boarding and capturing the United States Frigate Chesapeake off Boston, 1 June 1813 in fifteen minutes by W. Elmes.

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Captain Philip Broke

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Captain James Lawrence

Halifax School for the Deaf
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The Halifax School for the Deaf was an institution in Halifax, Nova Scotia that was founded in January 1856. It was the first school of the deaf in Atlantic Canada, the first principal of the school was James Scott Hutton, who remained with the school 34 years. William Cunard eventually built a school, which was completed in 1896 and was attended b

Halifax Volunteer Battalion
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Not to be confused with Halifax Provisional Battalion The Halifax Volunteer Battalion included six companies that were raised in present-day Halifax Regional Municipality. The six companies included the Scottish Rifles, Chebucto Grays, Mayflower Rifles, Halifax Rifles, Irish Volunteers, the upper ranks of the battalion was made up of distinguished

CSS Tallahassee
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The CSS Tallahassee was a twin-screw steamer and cruiser in the Confederate States Navy, purchased in 1864, and used for commerce raiding off the Atlantic coast. Co. to the design of Capt. T. E. Symonds, Royal Navy and she was previously the blockade runner Atalanta and made the Dover-Calais crossing in 77 minutes on an even keel. She had made seve

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CSS Tallahassee

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John Taylor Wood

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Citadel Hill

Mic-Mac hockey stick
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The Mic-Mac hockey stick was made originally by the Mikmaq people of Nova Scotia, who dominated the international ice hockey market in the early twentieth century. It was first marketed by the Starr Manufacturing Company of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, the Mikmaq practice of playing hockey appears in recorded colonial histories beginning in the 18th cen

Halifax Provisional Battalion
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Not to be confused with Halifax Volunteer Battalion The Halifax Provisional Battalion was a military unit from Nova Scotia, Canada, which was sent to fight in the North-West Rebellion in 1885. The battalion was command of Lieutenant-Colonel James J. The battalion left Halifax under orders for the North-West on Saturday,11 April 1885, the battalion

Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts
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The Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts is a Canadian performing arts school in Halifax, Nova Scotia that offers courses in higher education in music, dance, and theatre. It is the largest and the oldest of such organizations for education in the performing arts east of Montreal, when the school was founded by Reverend Robert Laing in 1887, it

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Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts

Local Council of Women of Halifax
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The Local Council of Women of Halifax is an organization in Halifax, Nova Scotia devoted to improving the lives of women and children. One of the most significant achievements of the LCWH was its 24-year struggle for right to vote. The core of the trained and progressive leadership was five women, Anna Leonowens, Edith Archibald, Eliza Ritchie, Agn

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George Henry Wright House - Wright bequeathed his home to the Local Council of Women, Halifax Nova Scotia (1912)

South African War Memorial (Halifax)
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The South African War Memorial is a memorial located in the courtyard of Province House in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada On October 19,1901, the Prince of Wales laid the cornerstone for the monument. The Prince also gave medals to returning soldiers, two weeks later, on November 1, the heroes of Paardeberg returned and marched triumphantly down Geor

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Boer War Monument, Province House

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Departing Halifax

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Battle of Witpoort, Boer War Monument, Province House, Nova Scotia

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Battle of Paardeberg

Sir Sandford Fleming Park
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Sir Sandford Fleming Park is a 95-acre Canadian urban park located in the community of Jollimore in Halifax Regional Municipality. It is also known as Dingle Park which means wooded valley, the park was donated to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. The centrepiece of the park is a tower that commemorates Nova Scotias achievement of repr

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Dingle Memorial Tower seen over the Northwest Arm

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Sir Sandford Fleming: Introduced Standard Time to North America

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John Cabot departing Bristol, England for Atlantic Canada (1497)

Halifax Explosion
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The Halifax Explosion was a maritime disaster in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the morning of 6 December 1917. SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship laden with explosives, collided with the Norwegian vessel SS Imo in the Narrows. A fire on board the French ship ignited her cargo, causing an explosion that devastated the Richmond district of Halifax

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A view of the pyrocumulus cloud

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Looking north from a grain elevator towards Acadia Sugar Refinery, circa 1900, showing the area later devastated by the 1917 explosion

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SS Imo aground on the Dartmouth side of the harbour after the explosion

Halifax Riot
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The Halifax VE-Day riots, 7–8 May 1945 in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia began as a celebration of the World War II Victory in Europe. This rapidly evolved into a rampage by several thousand servicemen, merchant seamen and civilians, although a subsequent Royal Commission chaired by Justice Roy Kellock blamed lax naval authority and specificall

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Citadel Hill

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East side of Göttingen Street between Falkland and Cornwallis Streets after the riots

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Looted shoe store after the riots.

Bedford Magazine Explosion
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The Bedford Magazine explosion was a conflagration resulting in a series of explosions from July 18 to 19,1945, in Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada. During World War II, the adjacent cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, not long after VE-Day, on the evening of Wednesday, July 18, a fire broke out on the jetty of the Bedford Magazine, now CFAD Bedford on th

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Clockwise from top: damage to the US Capitol after the Burning of Washington; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ends the Indian armed struggle in the American Midwest; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans.

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Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme, Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11

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Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908.

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This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.

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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing, Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad

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The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

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Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar, October 1930

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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War