Abstract:
The impact of exogenously applied bioregulators, Indole acetic
acid (IAA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on antioxidant
enzyme activity and some phytochemicals was investigated in
three pepper species namely Capsicumannuum var.
grossum, Capsicumannuum var.
accuminatum and Capsicumchinense (big sun).Seeds of these pepper species were respectively treated with
40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mg/L concentrations of the bioregulators
and a control was set up for each of them. The treatments were
replicated three times in a completely randomized pattern and
the seeds were then planted in standard polythene bags in a
screen house. The plants were watered on alternate days. At
maturity, their leaves were collected and used for analyses.
Results showed low activity for catalase and peroxidase while
the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid were
significantly increased (p<0.05) in the grossum and
accuminatum species at 60mg/L IAA; 40 and 80mg/L NAA. The
highest level of photosynthetic pigments was obtained at 40mg/L
NAA in the Capsicum chinense species. The high
concentration of 120mg/L NAA generally caused a decrease in the
level of phytochemicals in the three pepper species relative to
control. Though IAA and NAA have been reported to induce many
physiological and biochemical processes in plants, this study
revealed the negative effects of these compounds on the
biochemical contents of pepper, especially at high
concentrations.

Abstract: The study was
designed to determine the types of Clostridium perfringens and
their toxins in sheep with suspected enterotoxemia in Al- Ahsa
province, KSA. Out of 240 intestinal content samples collected
from dead sheep with suspected enterotoxemia, 34 Clostridial
strains were isolated. Diagnosis was based on classical
diagnostic tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the types
and toxins of C. perfringens. All isolates exhibited
characteristics of Clostridium perfringens. Subsequently,
molecular typing of the bacterial isolates was performed by
multiplex PCR. Genotyping of isolated strains revealed that, 18
(52.94%) were type A, 2 (5.8 %), were type B, 6 (17.64 %), were
type C and 8 (23.52%) were type D. Based on the ELISA results,
73 (30.41%) intestinal content samples were positive for the
toxins produced by C. perfringens. Clostridium perfringens type
A and D were the dominant types in cases of enterotoxemia in
sheep in Al- Ahsa province detected by ELISA and multiplex PCR
tests. The enterotoxaemia causes considerable economic loss to
the sheep industry. Therefore, it is recommended that a proper
vaccination schedule against enterotoxemia should be implemented
for sheep flocks in Ahsa province. These vaccines should provide
adequate protective immunity against all C. perfringens types
specially types A and D.

ABSTRACT:
The proximate compositions (Protein, carbohydrate, lipids,
moisture, fibre and ash content) of freshwater crabs (Cardisoma
armatum) and marine crab (Callinectes amnicola),
mineral contents and anti-nutrient factors were determined. The
crabs’ samples were collected from Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Samples were separated into sexes and each sex separated into
walking legs exoskeleton and tissues. The samples were analysed
according to the standard methods of AOAC. The protein, fibre
and carbohydrate were found to be higher in both male and female
of the two crab species. But C.amnicola samples are
richer in protein, fibre and carbohydrate than C.armatum.
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphorus are predominant
elements in both male and female C.armatum and
C.armnicola. Copper was not detected in any of the two
crabs’ samples. The anti-nutrients: tannin, phytin and oxalate
were recorded in the two species of crabs but not as high as to
impair the nutritional qualities of the crabs. The proximate
composition, mineral content, and low anti-nutrient values will
make C.armatum and C.amnicola the best substitutes
to catfishes and mackerel where they could not be afforded.

Abstract:
The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of
chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers combination along with
vermicompost on andrographolide content of Andrographis
paniculata.The experiment was laid out in a randomized block
design (RDB) with 8 treatments using chemical fertilizers (NPK),
vermicompost and biofertlizers (Azotobacter and
Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria ) in different combinations
including one control treatment. The analysis revealed
significant variation in andrographolide content at different
stages of life cycle of plant. After 45DAS, 75DAS, 105DAS and
135DAS, maximum increased % andrographolide was observed 0.749%,
0.764%, 0.834%, 0.893% in T8 plot plants treated with
BF+CF+VC in combination in an interval of 30 days. From these
results it can be concluded that integrated nutrient treatment
facilitate increase % andrographolide content in A.paniculata.
Thus INM can be an alternative to chemical fertilizers for
sustainable quality crops.

Abstract:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem in
Sub-Saharan Africa and have contributed to lowering the life
expectancy among those infected. Several factors have been
attributed to causing the infection and its prevalence as well
as the quality of life of those infected. The aim of this study
was to determine the socio – economic factors influencing the
quality of life of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Kogi State,
Nigeria. A descriptive Cross-sectional study was carried out.
The sample included 252 PLWHA from five health care centers
recruited through Treatment Support Specialist, themselves PLWHA.
The WHOQOL-HIV bref was used to assess each study respondents.
Of the 252 respondents, 178 (70%) were in the age group 18 – 35
years, 158 (62.7%) were females, 98 (38.9%) had secondary school
education, and 126 (58.3%) had no monthly income. Four variables
which included occupation, income, education, and
discrimination, showed significant association in relation to at
least three of the six quality of life domains. Higher
educational levels and income were associated with higher score
for quality of life on the Physical health, Psychological
health, Level of Independence and Spirituality/religion/personal
beliefs domains while those who reported not been discriminated
scored higher in all domains. The implication of this study is
hinged on the fact that the quality of life of PLWHA as
important as it is could be influenced by these factors which
could be appropriated to the advantage of improving the quality
of life of PLWHA in Nigeria.

Abstract:In laboratory study the impact of rynaxypyr (coragen) and
spinetoram (radiant) on the activity of acetylcholine E and
non-specific esterase's (α and β esterase), carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes (amylase, trehalase and invertase),
chitinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and on major
biochemical components was studied when Spodoptera littoralis,
5th instar larvae of the laboratory strain was
treated by LC50 of both insecticides. The effect of
LC50 of both insecticides on major biochemical
component of 4th larval instar after 24 hours showed
that, the amount of total carbohydrates, total protein, total
lipids, carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (invertase, trehalase
and amylase) were significantly decreased, where spinetoram
resulted in slight increase in α–esterase and rynaxypyr resulted
in moderate increase in activity AcgE. In contrast bath
insecticides induce pronounced increase % in activity of
chitinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Abstract:
Beta lactamase enzymes production in gram negative bacteria
(GNB) grouped into four Ambler classe: A – D, remains a
formidable threat to therapeutic interventions and impact
negatively on the course and outcome of infections in patients
worldwide. Routine β -lactamase screening is a standard for
clinical bacteriology laboratories especially for gram negative
pathogens of extra-intestinal origin medicated often with third
and fourth generation cephalosporins. However, routine
phenotypic screening methods (DDT and DDST) as recommended by
CLSI for class A and B respectively have been found not
sustainable in resource poor settings such as Nigeria, as a
result of cost and cumbersomeness. This study was designed to
study the occurrence and evaluate the performance of a modified
DDT and DDST methods for phenotypic identification of Ambler
class A and B - β-lactamase production in GNB for routine use in
the clinical laboratories. A total of 63 consecutive
non-repetitive gram-negative bacterial isolates from
urino-genital specimens of men attending fertility clinic were
studied. There were 10 different species of bacteria: with E.
coli 23/63 (36.5%) and Enterobacter spp. 12/63 (19%)
having the highest occurrence. Groups A and B β-Lactamases were
screened with CLIS recommended phenotypic methods (DDT and DDST
respectively) for Enterobacteriaceae and a modified agar plate
(co-detection in a single lawn culture plate) and the results
were compared. Of the 63 bacteria screened, 18 (29%) produced
Ambler group A and 7 (11%) demonstrated hetero-resistant
sub-population. Eleven (17.5%) were Ambler group B positive. One
(1.5 %) strain showed hetero-resistant subpopulation and
negative for Metallo β-Lactamase production. Out of the 18 group
A and 11 group B ESBLs producing isolates by standard methods,
16 (89 %) and 10 (91%) were positive on the modified method
respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 88.9 % and
100% for group A and 91% and 100% for group B β-Lactamases,
respectively. The positive predictive values of 100% were
recorded for both. The highest co-production of both enzymes was
amongst Serratia spp. 2/3. The result has demonstrated 29
% group A and 17.5 % group B ESBLs occurrence and that the
modified method (less expensive, time saving and less
cumbersome) is comparatively sensitive with the standard DDT and
DDST methods recommended by CLSI and is equally recommended.

Abstract: Background:
There is no uniform strategy about the optimal implant yet. The
foundation of implant success is osseointegration, the quality,
quantity and rate of which is of importance.
Aim:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of growth hormone
and melatonin mixture on osseointegration around immediate
implants after 3,6 and 9 months in human. Material and
methods: Five patients were included in this study, to whom
eight immediate implants were inserted in their posterior
mandible. They were divided into two groups, test group
including five implants and control group including 3 implants.
The test group received the growth hormone and melatonin mixture
before implant incersion, while the control group was not.
Results as regard bone density were statistically non
significant in all test periods, while the transition period 3-6
months was statistically significant in test and control. In
conclusion, Growth hormone and melatonin mixture in a single
large dose at time of surgery did not affect bone density of the
new bone formed around an immediate implant.

Abstract: Background:
About 150 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis
C virus and more than 350 000 people die every year from
hepatitis C-related liver diseases.
HCV glomerulonephritis is well documented as the most important
extrahepatic manifestation of HCV infection. Renal
manifestations are usually associated with long standing HCV
infection (i.e. more than 10 years). At this time it will be
associated with concurrent clinical and laboratory features of
chronic active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. Other authors
claimed that it can occur earlier and it might be the presenting
feature of HCV infection while the patient is hepatic symptoms
free. So, we aimed to study renal involvement of
HCV infection in hepatic symptoms free patients. Patients and
methods: One hundred HCV +ve cases with asymptomatic
compensated liver were collected from the outpatient clinic of
internal medicine in Ain Shams University Hospital
(Group A)
and were compared to 25 healthy control subjects
(Group B)
for: clinical examination, abdominal U/S, FBG, diagnostic tests
for hepatitis virus C and B including quantitative PCR for virus
C, serum bilirubin, aminotransferases (ALT and AST), albumin, PT
and INR, eGFR, urea, creatinine and complete urinalysis
including P/C ratio. Results: AST and ALT were higher
(p<0.001) and PT and INR were more prolonged
(p<0.01) in patients group than in the control group
with mean levels within normal reference range. There was no
significant correlation between Liver function tests and viral
load. There was a significant negative correlation between age
of patients and AST (p<0.05), ALT (p<0.001)
and serum albumin (p<0.001). There was also a
significant negative correlation between age and viral load (p<0.01). Creatinine (p<0.01) and P/C
ratio (p<0.001) were higher while eGFR was lower
(p<0.001) in patients than in the control group with
mean levels within normal reference range. There was no
significant correlation between kidney function tests and viral
load. There was a significant correlation between creatinine and
age of patients (p<0.01). Also, eGFR correlated
inversely significantly to age of patients (p<0.001).
Abnormal urinary sediments were significantly more encountered
in patients group than in control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Both liver and kidney are involved early in the
course of HCV infection with deterioration of liver and kidney
functions. The deterioration is not apparent by current
laboratory tests except when compared to normal subjects.
Ultrasonography is also invaluable, age of the disease is
difficult to be determined, viremia is misleading and the
problem is great because of the huge population of patients. We
recommend more sensitive tests for early diagnosis of HCV and
scheduled score sheets for better interpretation of laboratory
tests. Early treatment should be considered. We recommend, also,
performing this study on larger sample size to have more
reliable information.

Abstract: Background:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common problem affecting
more than 3% of the world population. The problem is more
pronounced in hemodialysis centers. Insulin resistance
is frequently seen in patients with HCV infection. Numerous
studies indicated a link of insulin resistance to iron overload.
In our study, we aimed to evaluate serum iron parameters as
predictors of insulin resistance in non-diabetic HCV+ve patients
on hemodialysis. Subjects and methods: 60 non-diabetic
patients on chronic hemodialysis in Ain Shams university
hospital were chosen and divided into 2 groups, Group 1
consisted of 30 HCV +ve cases and Group 2: consisted of
30 HCV -ve cases. All cases were subjected to full history
taking and clinical examination with determination of age, sex,
BMI and duration of hemodialysis. Serum liver enzymes AST and
ALT, FBS, serum fasting insulin were measured with calculation
of insulin resistance using the standard homeostatic model
assessment (HOMA). Typically, a HOMA-IR>2 is used to identify
significant insulin resistance.
Serum iron parameters including serum iron, serum
ferritin, TIBC, TSAT and hemoglobin content were measured for
all cases. Results: Prevalence of IR in HCV +ve cases on
chronic hemodialysis was 86.67% and 33.33% in HCV-ve cases. FBS
showed insignificant difference between group 1 and group 2
(p>0.05). Meanwhile, insulin and HOMA-IR showed significant
increase in group 1 in comparison to group 2 (p<0.001).
Both liver enzymes (AST and ALT) were significantly higher in
group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.001 for ALT and =0.001
for AST). S. iron (p<0.01), ferritin (p<0.05),
TSAT (p<0.05) and hemoglobin (p=0.001) were higher
in group 1 than in group 2. In group 1, HOMA-IR had a
highly significant correlation to both AST (p<0.01) and
ALT (p<0.001). HOMA-IR, also, significantly correlated to
serum iron (p<0.01) and TSAT (p<0.01) but not to
serum ferritin, TIBC or hemoglobin (all p values>0.05).
Also, in group 1 there was a significant correlation between
serum iron and both ALT (p<0.01) and AST (p<0.01).
TSAT had a significant correlation only with ALT (p<0.05)
but not with AST (p>0.05). Conclusion: it was
observed that using HOMA-IR at a cutoff point of > 2, the
prevalence of IR in HCV +ve cases on chronic hemodialysis was
86.67% and was 33.33% in HCV-ve cases. Severity of insulin
resistance is proportional to the activity of HCV marked by AST
and ALT. Serum iron and TSAT are better predictors of insulin
resistance than serum ferritin. There is a close relationship
between serum iron and (ALT and AST) that might be a complex
associate of insulin resistance in HCV +ve cases on chronic
hemodialysis.

Abstract:
Introduction: missed abortion has been defined as retention of
the products of conception after death of the embryo or the
fetus. Surgical evacuation using vacuum aspiration has been
currently the standard management however it associated with
major and minor morbidities. Cervical priming has been shown to
result in a shorter operative time, less blood loss and easier
mechanical dilation. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin
e1analogue has been used for this purpose in the
form of tables 200mg
each. Aim of the Work: was to compare the effect of sublingual
versus vaginal administration of misoprostol for preoperative
cervical priming before surgical termination of pregnancy in
first trimester missed abortion. Patients and methods: 120
patients were recruited for this study. Group I (60 cases)
cervical priming with 2 tablets of vaginal misoprostol and
sublingual placebo. Group II: (60 cases) cervical priming with 2
tablets of sublingual misoprostol and vaginal placebo. Results:
There was no significant difference between both groups as
regards the baseline cervical dilation and the ease of cervical
dilation. There was no significant difference between both
groups as regards the main operative time and operative blood
loss. There was no significant difference between both groups as
regards side effects as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Conclusion: The use of sublingual misoprostol to induce cervical
priming in first trimester abortion was efficient and as
effective as vaginal misoprostol with more convenience to the
patient and avoided the need of
the doctor to insert it.

Abstract:
The physico-chemical parameters (water temperature, electrical
conductivity, transparency, pH value, oxygen studies and
nutrient salts) were carried out at El Kanater El-Khayria and
discharge point of El-Rahawy drain at Rosetta branch of the
River Nile seasonally from spring 2011 to winter 2012. In
addition, liver, spleen and kidney samples of Clarias
gariepinus fish were examined histopathologicaly. The
results showed decrease in transparency and nitrite as well as
depletion of dissolved oxygen at discharge point of El Rahawy
drain.
On the other hand, the increase in BOD, COD, ammonia
and nitrate at discharge point of El-Rahawy drain was observed.
The liver was characterized
by vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, hemorrhage, hemolysis,
hemosidrin and parasite cysts. The kidney alterations were
necrosis, degeneration, dilation of capillaries in the
glomerulus and reduction of Bowman´s space.
Hemorrhage, hemosidrinosis, degeneration, hemolysis, parasitic
forms and necrosis were the most changes in spleen tissue.
The collected samples of
fish from discharge point of El-Rahawy area were suffered from
more pathological changes than those collected from El-Kanater
El-Khayria. It was concluded that the discharge of different
types of wastes deteriorates the water quality in the River Nile
and consequently effect on fauna and fish production. It is
recommended to treat the different wastes before discharging to
the River Nile stream.

Abstract:
Geo-chemical analysis was carried out on complex basement rock
samples serving as host rocks for tantalite, tourmaline and
beryl, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The AAS
was used for the determination of major oxides, trace and rare
earth elements. The results revealed the various mineral
compositions of these rock samples both in part per million (ppm)
and weight percentage (wt. %). The analyses revealed tourmaline
to be a complex compound with high proportion of Boron (B),
silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3
), Iron (Fe2O3), Barium (Ba) and Titanium
oxide (TiO2 ) with little proportion of Mg2O,
Ca2O, K2O, Li, Mn, Cr, Co, V, Zr, Th, Ra,
etc. Tantalite analysis revealed the presence of Iron oxide (Fe2O3),
Tantalum oxide, Copper oxide, Niobium, Boron, and Barium with
little proportion of Li, V, Ti and Cr. Beryl analysis also
revealed high content of beryllium and iron with little
proportion of Ti, Cr, B, Ni and Ba but with no content of Nb.
Cr, Ni, V and Fe. This paper x-rayed the qualities of tantalite,
tourmaline and beryl samples analyzed to be of low qualities but
more importantly, it has revealed the host rock of the
tourmalines and beryl to be gneissic-schist.

Abstract:
Creativity is considered as a problem solving in the world,
especially in translation, but it has been neglected and no
course is taught in the university as a creativity course in the
world. This study attempts to discover the relationship between
creativity and translation especially translations from English
to Persian. Since there will be different for and against ideas
and theories about necessity of creativity or lack in
translation process to reach translation product. In the present
study, it has been tried to use the creative questionnaire (CQ)
and a general text includes two paragraphs. 60MA translation
students participated in the study to show their capabilities in
translation. The results of the current paper explores that
creative students have a capability to choose, find and generate
new novel equivalences. The creative lexical show the importance
and quality of the translated text accordingly.

Abstract: Background:
The effect of mobile phone radiation (electromagnetic
field; EMFs) on the human
health is a subject of recent interest and study, as a result of
the enormous increase in its usage
throughout the world. Concerns have been expressed about the
possible interactions of this radiation with the human organism
and, in particular, the brain. Aim of the work:studying the
histological and immunohistochemical changes in the hippocampus
after prenatal and postnatal mobile exposure and also in adult
albino rats. Material and Methods:Twenty adult
and thirty 4-week aged offspring male and female albino rats
were divided into; group I (4-week aged control), group II
(offspring exposed prenatally for 3
weeks and postnatal for 4 weeks); group III (adult control): and
group IV (adult exposed for 12 weeks). EMFs exposure occurred
from centrally placed mobile among the cages of animals and the
mobile phone ringed for120 min/day. Results:
examination of both limbs of the dentate gyrus of mobile-exposed
animals revealed degenerative changes in some nerve cells
especially in the granule layer. These changes were in the form
of deeply stained nuclei, or intranuclear vacuolation in some
granule cells. The dark cells which were wedged between the
granule cells in control groups were absent, while the granule
cells itself were apparently increased with decreasing in their
diameter.The pyramidal cells
in the CA3 region of the hippocampus proper were widely
separated with loss of their normal arrangement. Most of them
became irregular in shape, are surrounded with pericellular
haloes and showed intranuclear vacuoles. There was a loss of the
dark cells which were seen among the pyramidal cells in the
control sections.As regards
GFAP immunohistochemical results, a positive reaction in the
form of thin regular brown fibers was present in the astrocytes
of the dentate gyrus and the hippocampus proper of both control
groups. After mobile exposure, there was an apparent increase in
their intensity and became irregular, thickened and twisted.Conclusion: it could be concluded that the
electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone induced
histological and immunohistochemical changes in the hippocampus
of adult and young rats. These results might reflect the
well-known affection in the memory, cognitive function and in
the neural activity in CNS.

Histological and Ultrastructural Evaluation of the Protective
Effect of Ginseng on Gamma-Irradiated Rats' Salivary Glands

Amal A. El- Batouti

Lecturer, Health Radiation Research Department, National Centre
for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo. molashosho@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective:
Radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction has a major
deleterious effect on oral health. Aim: This study was
conducted to evaluate the effect of ginseng on radiation induced
oxidative stress in salivary glands. Design: Forty-eight
Albino rats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was the
control group received vehicle (0.5 ml of DDW) by gavage for 7
consecutive days. The second group was administered ginseng (100
mg /kg, by gavage) for 7 consecutive days. Group 3 was
administered vehicle by gavage for 7 consecutive days, then
exposed to single dose γ-irradiation (6 Gy). Group 4 received
ginseng (100 mg /kg, by gavage) for 7 consecutive days and
exposed one hour later to single dose γ-irradiation (6 Gy).
Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands were collected at
the third and tenth day after the end of treatment and were
subjected to light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Results:
The submandibular gland of the group 4 revealed less
intracytoplasmic vacuolization, slight alteration of acinar
architecture and almost even size nuclei as compared to the
irradiated group. TEM revealed marked dilation of rough
endoplasmic reticulum and fusion of several secretory granules
within the acinar cytoplasm of group 3, with less obvious
alterations in group 4. Conclusion: ginseng ameliorated
the deleterious effects of gamma irradiation in rats’ salivary
glands.

Abstract:
The root bark of Terminalia laxifloraEngl. & Diels is used
traditionally as gastric stimulant to prevent and cure diarrhea
in infants and children, aids digestion and relieves
constipation in adults. As quality antibiotics are rarely
possessed, human pathogens are fast developing resistance to
synthetic drugs yet medicinal plants are scantily validated.
This has necessitated the investigation of T. laxiflora
root bark for its phytochemical and antimicrobial values.
Petroleum ether, aqueous and ethanoic extracts of Terminalia
laxiflora root bark were tested using agar well diffusion
technique on the following selected microorganisms: Shigella
sonnei, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium
chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, Lasidiophobia discorea and
Saccharomyces cerevisae. Terminalia laxiflora showed the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides
as its non nutritive metabolites. Ethanoic and aqueous extracts
of the plant root were found to be potent on all the bacteria
used at minimum inhibitory concentration of 58mg/ml and 54mg/ml
respectively. Besides, ethanoic extract also reacted with
Penicillium sp and Aspergillussp while the
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts were non reactive on all of
the fungi used. The pharmaceutical use of this extract may be
found to be bactericidal and weakly fungistatic in properties.
This finding will help a long way to complement the worldwide
efforts of providing safe, potent and cheap antibacterial drug
of natural origin for all and sundry.