On 2 September 2015, beset by corruption allegations and having been stripped of his immunity by Congress the day earlier, Pérez presented his resignation.[5][6] He was arrested on 3 September 2015.[7]

In the wake of that event, Guatemala's human rights ombudsman, Ramiro de León Carpio, succeeded as president, according to the constitution. He appointed Pérez as his presidential chief of staff, a position he held until 1995. Considered a leader of the Guatemalan Army faction that favored a negotiated resolution of the 30-year-long Guatemalan Civil War,[15] Pérez represented the military in the negotiations with guerrilla forces. They achieved the 1996 Peace Accords.[16]

During the 2007 presidential campaign, several members of the Patriotic Party were killed by armed assailants. Victims included Aura Marina Salazar Cutzal, an indigenous woman who was secretary to the party's congressional delegation and an assistant to Pérez.[20][21]

Presidency

Pérez was finally elected in the November 2011 presidential election with 54% of the vote, and took office on 14 January 2012.[22] Pérez was the first former military official to be elected to the presidency since Guatemala's return to democratic elections in 1986.[23]

Corruption charges and arrest

In April 2015, international prosecutors, with help from the UN, presented evidence of a customs corruption ring ("La Línea") in which discounted tariffs were exchanged for bribes from importers; prosecutors learned of the ring through wiretaps and financial statements.[25] Vice President Roxana Baldetti resigned on 8 May, and was arrested for her involvement on 21 August.[26] On 21 August, Guatemalan prosecutors presented evidence of Pérez's involvement in the corruption ring.[5] Congress, in a 132–0 vote,[5] stripped Pérez Molina of prosecutorial immunity on 1 September 2015, and, on 2 September, he presented his resignation from the Presidency.[25]

On 3 September, after a court hearing in which charges and evidence against him were presented, he was arrested and sent to the Matamoros prison in Guatemala City.[25] Vice President Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre was appointed to serve the remainder of Pérez's 4-year term in office (due to end on 14 January 2016).[27]

On 27 October 2017,[28] Judge Miguel Ángel Gálvez of Guatemala City ordered Perez, Baldetti, and another 26 people, including former senior officials from Guatemala's customs duty system, were ordered to stand trial on charges related to bribes channeled to officials helping businesses evade customs duties and Perez has remained in custody since his 2015 arrest.[29]

Accusations of human rights abuses

Civil war misconduct

In 2011 reports were made, based on United States' National Security Archives, that Pérez was involved in the scorched earth campaigns of the 1980s under the military dictator Efraín Ríos Montt.[30] Pérez commanded a counterinsurgency team in the Ixil Community in 1982-3 and is accused of ordering the mass murder of civilians, destruction of villages and resettlement of the remaining population in army-controlled areas.[31][32] Investigative journalist Allan Nairn interviewed Pérez Molina in Ixil in 1982, and reported that Pérez Molina had been involved in the torture and murder of four suspected guerrillas.[33][34]

In July 2011, the indigenous organization Waqib Kej presented a letter to the United Nations accusing Pérez of involvement in genocide and torture committed in Quiché during the civil war.[35][36][37] Among other evidence, they cited a 1982 documentary in which a military officer whom they claim is Pérez is seen near four dead bodies. In the following scene, a subordinate says that those four were captured alive and taken "to the Major" (allegedly Pérez) and that "they wouldn't talk, not when we asked nicely and not when we were mean [ni por las buenas ni por las malas]."[38]

Although it is clear that Pérez Molina actively participated in a particularly dirty counterinsurgency campaign, he has denied any involvement in atrocities. Declassified US documents present him as one of the more progressive Guatemalan military officers, who had a hand in the downfall of General Ríos Montt.[31][39]

Allegations of involvement in the killing of Efraín Bámaca

In 1992, the guerrilla leader Efraín Bámaca Velásquez disappeared. His wife, American lawyer Jennifer Harbury, has presented evidence that Pérez, who was Director of Military Intelligence at the time, probably issued the orders to detain and torture the commandante.[40][41][42]

In 2011, he became the subject of a new investigation into the disappearance of Bámaca.[43]

Allegations of involvement in the murder of Catholic bishop Gerardi

In his book The Art of Political Murder: Who Killed the Bishop?, American journalist Francisco Goldman argues that Pérez Molina may have been present, along with two other high officials, a few blocks from the April 1998 murder of Juan José Gerardi Conedera, a Roman Catholic bishop.[44] Prosecutors in the subsequent trial said that Pérez and the other two men were there to supervise the assassination.[45] Gerardi was murdered two days after the release of a human rights report he helped prepare for the United Nations' Historical Clarification Commission.[46]

Personal life

Pérez is married to Rosa María Leal.

On 21 February 2000, shortly before Pérez planned to launch his new political party, his daughter Lissette was attacked by a gunman.[47] The same day, a woman named Patricia Castellanos Fuentes de Aguilar was shot and killed after meeting with Pérez's wife, Rosa María Leal.[47] On 11 November 2000, Pérez's son, Otto Pérez Leal, was attacked while driving; Pérez Leal's wife and infant daughter were also in the vehicle.[47] Human rights groups[which?] said that the attacks were politically motivated.[47][48]