Archive

Mobility

Once again, the Dutch are doing some really impressive things wrt to implementing new technologies to assist cyclists. This feature article by Bicycle Dutch looks at the new Dynamic parking guidance system in operation in Utrecht. You can read more here, and check out the videos.

For those living in Brisbane, we have one of these already, which links Dutton Park to the UQ St Lucia campus. We definitely need more of these “green” river crossings in Brisbane, as it is a river city and has a great impact on cyclists and pedestrians wanting to get from one side of town. A lack of river crossings forces many people to use a car to drive around the long way, who would otherwise walk or cycle across a green bridge.

This is another example of a green bridge in Portland which is fantastic to see.

This is a great article on The Conversation regarding bikeshare schemes and their pricing mechanisms. This piece is published by academics based in the USA. It is interesting to note the confusion and difficulties faced by both the users and operators of the bikeshare pricing policy.

Bikeshare pricing could slow trend’s rapid expansion

Bikesharing has boomed in Europe and North America in recent years following decades of slow growth since its introduction on the streets of Amsterdam in 1965.

Like any industry undergoing rapid expansion, it is experiencing growing pains. Specifically, it’s the confusing pricing structure that has recently taken the heat.

The pricing system, dubbed the “buffet model,” allows riders to take as many bike trips as they want for a flat initial fee for a designated period of time, as long as each trek does not exceed 30 minutes in length (the time limit can vary from city to city). Trips that last longer than the limit accrue overage fees at rates ranging from US$1 to US$7 per half hour.

Amsterdam was the first city to launch a bikesharing program back in 1965.Shutterstock

Dependence on casual users and overages

The model, first implemented by Velo’v in Lyon, France, in 2005, was designed to encourage the short-term use of bicycles, according to the Bike-sharing Blog. While it has been relatively effective at keeping trips short, it has also created confusion among users and difficulties for operators.

In North America, casual users who purchase a 24-hour pass often believe they are free to use the shared bicycle as much as they want for the entire period. As a result, many have racked up overages that can total more than US$100 per day.

This, coupled with the proportionally low revenue generated by annual users, has made bikesharing operators increasingly dependent on casual users to remain financially viable. Annual members, who typically make up a majority of the riders, pay a commensurately lower rate per trip and incur fewer overages per user, and thereby generate considerably less revenue than casual users. Research by the University of California, Berkeley’s Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) has found that while casual users normally account for less than half of a system’s total use, they can bring in as much as 67% of a bikesharing system’s revenue.

Lyon’s Velo’v is one of the largest bikesharing programs, and the first to implement the buffet pricing model.Shutterstock

The percent of revenue coming specifically from overages remains unclear for most programs. But The New York Post recently reported that Citi Bike has accrued US$4 million in revenue from such overages since the program’s inception in May 2013. On the other hand, the Post did not report how much those overages actually cost the operator, such as staff time spent fielding customer calls and processing reimbursement. The paper also did not tally any losses resulting from dissatisfied customers whose negative experience would discourage them from renting again.

Alternative ways to price bikesharing

These problems have led some cities to explore alternative pricing models that are more intuitive and could potentially relieve casual users from paying some of the additional fees.

While some programs have secured public funding or major system sponsors to facilitate equitable growth and maintain financial stability, DecoBike in Miami Beach managed to secure private funding and has operated an economically sustainable bikesharing program since 2011. Its pricing structure requires that casual users purchase a finite pool of bike usage time – 30 minutes, one hour, two hours, and so on. This time can be used all at once or spread out over multiple trips.

The buffet model is represented here on a Bay Area Bike Share kiosk in San Francisco.

Similarly, programs featuring Social Bicycles equipment in Hamilton, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York are also offering users, both annual and casual, finite pools of daily riding time. This pricing structure will probably be implemented in Orlando, Tampa, Phoenix, and Atlanta, which are all expected to feature Social Bicycles’ equipment.

These pricing structures are more intuitive for first-time users but lead to other challenges for operators and cities. In some cases, they encourage riders to use bikes for longer durations (for instance, one hour or more), decreasing the turnover rate and limiting the total number available at any given moment.

They also cause the system to function more as an automated bike rental system than a way to navigate between destinations and transportation modes. This may deviate from what the city or local government initially intended when launching its bikesharing program. Furthermore, this pricing model may also infringe upon established bike rental companies, which rely on tourists who tend to rent bikes for extended trips.

The pay-per-trip option

Another alternative would be to include a pay-per-trip option, similar to how buses and subways operate. For example, a user could purchase a one-way bikesharing pass for US$1 or US$2. Rather than replacing the dominant buffet model, this idea could simply augment it to capture a larger number of users.

It would also likely strengthen bikesharing’s role as a mode of public transport and a first/last mile solution, seamlessly integrating it into the system through a joint fare card or smartphone access point. While this option has been proposed in cities like Chicago, and it has been discussed by Paul DeMaio and others, Broward B-cycle is the only operator that we are aware of that offers a pay-per-trip option in North America.

As for the buffet model, it is important to note that its problems may disappear as people get used to the structure. In a TSRC survey of Bay Area Bike Share casual users, 100% of those who had previously used a bikesharing system understood the pricing structure.

But with so many casual users presumably being first- or one-time users, does it make good business sense to operate with a pricing structure that at least half the customers may not understand? Perhaps the solution will come in the way of altering how the information is being displayed, which has recently been done by several programs, including Citi Bike and Hubway.

However, as companies like Social Bicycles launch programs with a different approach, the future of the buffet model remains questionable, and bikesharing’s pricing structure will likely evolve to become standardized as the industry continues to grow and mature.

This article has been amended to remove reference to a TSRC survey that hasn’t been published yet.

Both Matthew Christensen and Susan Shaheen receive funding from the Federal Highway Administration. Professor Shaheen also receives bikesharing research funding from the Mineta Transportation Institute.

This proposed light rail network through the Sydney CBD and south east areas is quite impressive. Check out the following video. The streets which the light rail operates have become more pedestrianised and also enhances the visual impact of the area. I am not aware of the progress of this proposal but I seriously hope for the people of Sydney that it does go through and in the future I am able to visit Sydney and use this light rail network.

This is not new to the thousands of cyclists who have been advocating for safer cycling infrastructure in cities but another study from NYC has come up with the same conclusion, that cycling paths protected from motor vehicles does indeed generate more business for local shops.

The findings of the study show that protected bikeways had a significant positive impact on local businesses in the area of the protected bike lanes. For example, after the construction of protected lanes in NYC’s 9th Avenue, it resulted in a 49% increase in retail sales for the local businesses whereas other local businesses in other areas of Manhattan saw just a meagre 3% increase. There are plenty of other studies and research which end up with the same outcome, and that is that when cities invest in cycling infrastructure, people will ride more. It’s the same principle of induced demand which applies to vehicular traffic, when you build more roads you generate more traffic. So simply, when there is infrastructure to make travelling by bike easy and safe, you will see a growth in the number of cyclists.