1.4 predictions of inheritance: 1) leave more to kin and spouse then non relatives 2) leave more to close kin than distant kin 3) leave more to offspring than siblings 4) wealthy parents leave more to sons poor parents leave more to daughters

2.4 year itch: just long enough to raise a child

3.1970s sociobiology (evolutionary biology and sexism): called sexist because of use of words :queen, slave, rape= imprecise metaphors.

6.adaptation for increased male parents investment: concealed ovulation forced men into monogamous relationships, increased investment based on assumption of paternity certainty, selected for sensitivity to cues of infidelity

7.adaptive behavior: context sensitive, what will work in one environment may not work well in another, circumstances change, cost/benefit ratios shift, strategies/preferences adjust accordingly

13.anti contraceptive hypothesis: prevents females from consciously being able to avoid getting pregnant, concealed ovulation evolved after females were capable of associating copulation and conception, theory is WEAK

14.anti symmetry: when 1 side of a trait is developed more than the other with no particular bias (fiddler crab claws)

15.application of evolutionary biology to say one sex is better than another (evolutionary biology and sexism): ---innaccurate except for surrogacy, wet-nursing, sperm donation

29.bridewealth: traditional view of women as property, purchasing of women done by Kipsigis- bride wealth value determined by reproductive potential, earlier the onset of menstruation, correlates with # of cattle received

40.concept of reciprocity: emotions and feelings associated with trust, commitment, punishment, guilt, forgiveness...the donation of assistance in the expectation that favors will be returned at some future date

41.Conclusions of Kohlberg's ideas: 1) people rarely do stage 5&6 2) people move between levels 3) kin directed altruism, mutualism, and indirect reciprocity coincide with stage 1,2,3 4) people who identify with society and contribute operate on level 4

42.conflict: parents are only related to their offspring by 50%. divides loyalty. offspring demand more investment than parents are willing to give

43.conflict in 2nd marriage with step children: they are cited as the reason, while children in 1st marriages are reason to stay together

47.Culture: as defined by Cartwright: knowledge, ideas, beliefs, values- distinct form that stored in the human genome and are socially transmitted

48.Culture as autonomous: weak gene-culture interaction, focus on variability of cultural practices,emphasize there has been little genetic change but major cultural change, culture is in domain of social sciences and humanities--little role for science...........TOO DISMISSIVE OF THE POWER OF EVOLUTIONARY THINKING

49.culture as extended phenotype: Dawkins-- the effects of genes can extend beyond the vehicles that carry them through time
Wilson- ethical norms are the way our genes persuade us to cooperate (serve their best interest)

50.culture as sexual display: geoffrey miller- creative arts and culture result of sexual selection, like the beers that birds build to attract mates --- artists have large number of sexual partners, sought after MICK JAGGER

51.Culture divided into three components: 1) metaculture- universal components that are product of natural selection (language, grief, association with kin) 1) evoked culture- different environments act upon human nature results in diff types of cultural adaptations to diff local environmental conditions (food sharing) 3) adopted culture- when one culture spreads to another (similar to spreading of disease)

52.Culture evolution as natural selection of MEMES: set of conditions
a) non-genetic entities capable of self-replication i.e. silly bands
b) copies may not be identical
c) number of copies depends on their structure and who they interact with the world
d) these entities experience differential reproductive success

53.daddy at home hypothesis (alexander and noonan): strategy to get men to invest in monogamy, increased paternity certainty, stick around to copulate and mate guard since they never know when female is fertile

54.Daly and wilson 1988: applied sociobiological thinking to violence in human families, examined statistics, applied predictions from evolutionary logic to look for trends that could explain

55.Darwin (evolutionary biology and sexism): he proposed woman had choice so they exert power over men--looked at as skeptical, did not match current social expectations

56.Darwinian approach to morality: 1) may have a heritable component 2) research on primates may yield homologous systems in place for moral feelings and actions 3) sex differences in morality (value of chastity) 4) moral values change over lifetime 5)moral reasoning differs with location 6)rapidly chaining environment- customs and convictions of the past no longer relevant--slavery, women's rights

60.depression: 1-reactive due to catastrophic eveny
ex: death of loved one
2- endogenous depression out of the blue, lasts longer

61.developmental stability: production of phenotype predetermined by adaptive design under given environmental and genetic conditions, capacity to resist accidents and perturbations during growth--depends on amount of FA

63.Difficulties with eugenics: scientific, ethical, and practical issues. state altering gene frequencies in population lead to legislating evolution

64.directional asymmetry: when 1 side of a trait tends to develop more than other (90% right handed)

65.distribution of inheritance: data shows how cultural practice can be related to genetic self-interest. in most western cultures freedom of choices in distribution of wealth allocation of resources inclusive fitness

71.Eugenics: the desire to intervene and control the quality of offspring to prevent low socioeconomic status, and discourage spread of inferior- (lead of movement rich white dudes thought they were superior, rich and powerful)

72.Eugenics movement: was not political, not like social darwinism -- flourished in edwardian Britain, first inter nation congress of eugenics Churchill_EnglishVP Eliot(president of harvard)_ AmericanVP

75.Evolutionary biology and racism: racism form of inclusive fitness because it is displaying preference for those who share genes+ ethnicity= a group you identify with, but most conflict is within group (resource competition)

77.Evolutionary Theory used to emphasize equality: 50% equal genetic contribution, no way to infer one is superior, takes both genes to be passed on, evolved to fill different niches

78.experiment of ratine while opposite sex smiles: womens attractiveness to male increased when another female was looking (other females interest increases attractiveness) male attractiveness goes down when they see female smiling at another man because it promotes competition

79.Experiment with self morphs: created morphs of individual face w. child, men more likely to pick self morphs

80.extended juvenile period: humans have extended period to allow for acquisition of cultural skills and knowledge, later sexual maturation than other primates --when climate selects behavioral flexibility

103.Gene-culture coevolution: culture has autonomy from genes but on a elastic leash, culture can apply force that drags genetic change but can't drift far from interests of genes before being pulled back

104.genomic-imprinting and autism: hyper-masculization of the brain, reduced decoding of emotion and social cues, paternally-biased stype of perception and cognition,, view of world in patterns and routines

106.gestational diabetes: during pregnancy reduced ability of woman to control insulin production, best interest for fetus to extract more sugar and blood for itself but is harmful to mother. war in the placenta

115.human are same species but: diff environments lead to biological differences (skin tone, body fat distribution, height and build) --main reason hey survive is due to cultural knowledge tuned to their ecology

117.human immune system: leads to the conclusion that humans are marginally polygynous and marginally monogamous

118.human penis size: larger than expected, adaptive significance?

119.hunter gatherers: HADZA-- large part of human evolutionary history until 10,00 years ago b.c advent of agriculture, contemporary HGs restricted to marginal environments, all best land has been co-opted, colonization and development

120.Ideas (evolutionary biology and sexism): they were accepted as long as they matched social expectations at the time

121.Imitation in humans: we are good at it, important for learning, rapid and cheap way to acquire new skills....innovation necessary to move forward if not culture would be stagnant

122.immunological evidence: study of 41 primate species revelaed that the greater number of mating partners higher the white blood cell count-- promiscuous species have higher risk of STParasites, requires complex immune system

123.infanticide: common in animals i.e.. big cats and primates

124.infanticide (cont): infanticide for population control is wrong, infanticide as a male reproductive strategy happens when new male takes over group. he 1) kills nursing infants 2) ends lactational amenorrhea 3) mates with mothers to increase his RS

125.infanticide and reproductive value of offspring: as child ages investment builds, infanticide decreases as offspring age

134.investment and step children: woman wants more investment in her offspring, stepfather unwilling to invest, step children then leave the home earlier receive less financial support and college tuition

135.jazz: form of sexual display

136.Kung San: mild polygyny, males have higher variance in RS than females, availability of resources plays key role in strategies

137.lactose intolerance: domestication of cattle and consumption of milk, absorption of vitamin D and calcium, more important in higher altitude, less suns--cooking, decrease in size of jaw and detention

138.large game hunting: dangerous risky, requires operation and skill, not done by females because they have to care for children, cooperation and meat sharing, not high levels of polygyny in HG groups, too much male male competition and prevents cooperation needed for hunting

139.lesbian gulls: produce eggs and can be seen when there is a overpopulation

146.males parental investment and resemblance: they have a higher degree of uncertainty,mother and maternal relatives comment on how much baby resembles father, investment influenced by possibility of infidelity, will invest more if child resembles them

148.Margaret Mead: student of Boaz, purported a utopian society in Samoa, stayed for 5 months and was duped by subjects, girls told lies, lesson: look hard and you will always find what you are looking for even if you must invent it

150.masculinity/femininity: used average composites and morphed them to look more feminine or masculine

151.matching experiment: 10 men and 10 women, random numbers, try to pair with highest number, accepted or rejected, tend to pair up with similar numbers , aim high but receive signals about attractiveness from others, 10s understand they have expanded reproductive opportunities

152.maternal-fetal conflict: fetus and mother only share 50% of genes, fetal genes may be selected to extract more investment than the mother is selected to give in terms of withholding resources to invest in future offspring-- Haig

163.Nazi Eugenics: used as a model, hitler read the principles of heredity and race hygiene by eugene fisher while in prison-- obsessed with racial purity ---limited laws on who could mary and mixed raced marriages were outlawed

164.nazi movement and eugenics: movement was not based on eugenics but influenced by 1) hegel's philosophy of state 2) nietzsche's concept of superman 3) intense german nationalism

170.Paradox of religious beliefs: people subscribe to beliefs that
1) are inconsistent with other fervently held systems
2) require believers to suspend natural laws of the universe
3) place a great strain on their biological inclinations and desires
4) are held in spite of contradictory, little, or at best ambiguous empirical support

175.pleiotropy: gene that can have more than one effects
example: bipolar people may be highly creative/hyper sexua

176.pleuralistic mating strategies (boss and schmoitt): sexual strategies theory- different long and short term mating strategies, 1) long term mating- heavy investment by both partners, loving feelings, prolonged courtship period 2) short term mating strategies- brief encounter, one night stand 3) epcs- gene only investment by male, female seeking superior gees then those of her partner

177.political agenda: to justify colonialism, impearialism, laissez-faire capitalism, disparities of wealth, social inequities (power, wealth and fame flow easily to able and those without are inferior)

178.polyandrous mating: females have more than one husband at a time, penis size of humans suggest that females are polyandrous for high sperm competition

179.polygamous mormons: social doctrine= all children treated equal regardless of full or half sibling status, study revealed more affection towards (full) despite doctrine

182.prairie voles: brains of monogamous moles have high levels of vasopressin

183.preference for faces: 81% of men prefer more feminized women and women prefer more masculinized male faces

184.preferences for feminized male faces: study morphed faces of males and females, predicted females preferred masculinized male faces, females preference for feminized faces decreases during ovulation-- suggest when not ovulating want male investment(look more like female) but when they are they want good genes

185.primary psychopathology: primary, obligate predisposition

186.primitive area: involved with competition and desire

187.problems with memetics: analogy with DNA isn't perfect, we know how DNA works, changes in DNA are random and undirected, changes in memes are goal directed

191.puberty and body changes: reshaping of female waist which makes it smaller, ratio of hips/waist, .7 preferred cross culturally and in art through history

192.puberty and faces: faces change at puberty, males-> high testosterone females-> high progesterone and estrogen

193.quasi-normal behavior (-/+): would have reduced fitness in past but became tolerated in modern times--ethical reasons
examples: adoption, philanthropy, fidelity, birth control

194.questionares: reflect cultural norms and are influenced by socialization, not representative of universal constants

195.race and intelligence: used for evidence of racial superiority when controlled for socioeconomic and environmental instances but there is NO CLEAR ASSOCIATION

196.Racists use biology to support agendas: they also use religion however concept of race is relatively meaningless, same species, 10 out of 50000 genes account for variation, son color has to do with latitude and exposure to uv radiation by ancestors

202.Runaway trolley experiment: make choice between killing various combinations of people. people end up choosing the lesser of the two evils that will: save greater # of people, save humans over animals, save kin and friends, psychopaths sacrificed

204.schizophrenia (fragmented mind): occurs about 1%, involves speech/thought/emotion/delusions/hallucinations/disorganized speech/lack of emotion/speaking little or nonsense/social and or occupational dysfunction/hear voices, there is a genetic component

205.schizophrenia is disadvantageous byproduct of brain evolution: Crow (2000)- due to selection for lateralization of the brain, failure to be able to distinguish ones thoughts from speech input/output, price humans pay for language

209.self report data: ways to test hypothesis that men are looking for signs of youth and fertility and women are looking for status and access to resources.

210.sex for food theory (hill): allowed females to barter food for sex, prevents males from withholding resources when female is not fertile, evidence from HG societies

211.sexual dimorphism in human sexual attractiveness: Symons and Ellis- predict men benefit from sexual novelty, more often self report, willing in engage in casual sex

212.sexual jealousy and violence: women get more upset by emotional infidelity (do not want resources diverted to other women), men get more upset over sexual infidelity (have more to lose from being cuckolded)

218.Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer- survival of the fittest-- the use of evolutionary biology to teach political lesson and the use of DARWINIAN LOGIC (selection of traits in individuals) and applied it to the social world

219.social placenta: human brain links into wider social networks to extract resources for the individual to flourish

220.sociobiology: backlash because of misapplication of biological theories of human behavior

225.Stages of morality- Level 3: Post-Coventional (principled conscience)
Stage 5- fulfilling social obligations pursuing the greatest good for the greatest number, concern of the welfare of all
Stage 6- treating people as ends in themselves, respect for the equality of human rights, following universal principles of justice

233.true pathologies (-/-): fitness consequences in ancestral environment also reduces fitness in modern times caused by malfunctions of otherwise adaptive mechanisms, mutations not eliminated by NS
examples: autism, PKU, incest

234.unimale group males: exclusive access to females, only sperm in female reproductive tract

235.use and abuse of evolutionary theory: good ideas have been neglected and bad idea pursued to tragic end, used to justify social values, promote evil agendas

236.vasopressin: kidney function and water retention in brains of monogamous men

237.ventral tegmental area: dopamine produced here

238.vetral tegmental are: dopamine---keep it fresh

239.voice and attractiveness: Hadza- HGs men with lowest pitch voices have higher RS and better at story telling and singing, men chose women with higher pitched voices= higher estrogen levels, women want men with lower pitched voices= amount of testosterone at puberty

240.when females prefer the smell of males: 1) when fertile 2) when males have diff MHC-combination of immunity genes to avoid inbreeding with closely related males

241.WHR: in image studies men preferred even more extreme hip/waist ratio that is not realistic in nature because brain judges how body will look when moving not statically

242.WHR at ovulation: reaches lowest, during this time women are more likely to club, show skin, engage in sex

243.Why do moral dilemmas arise: conflict of values, conflict with others of different values, novel environments---things have changed and are changing