Pacific Science Volume 50, Number 1, 1996http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1121
Tue, 31 Mar 2015 21:23:33 GMT2015-03-31T21:23:33ZEtymology of Some Common Names for New Zealand Freshwater Fisheshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2610
Three vernacular names for New Zealand freshwater fishes have
phonetic similarities that might suggest related etymologies: "kokopu" (family
Galaxiidae), "cockabully" (family Tripterygiidae), and "bully" (family Eleotridae).
That "k6kopu" has authentic roots in New Zealand Maori can be shown
by its use in traditional Maori myth and legend, and also by the use of the same
or similar words for fish elsewhere in Polynesia (e.g., "kokopu" in the Cook
Islands and "o'o'pu" in Hawai'i). The etymology of "cockabully" can be traced
back through "cockabulla" to an origin in "k6kopu," though the name "cockabully"
is now applied to a group of fish that no evidence suggests were ever
known to Maori as "kokopu." "Bully," although appealing as a contraction of
"cockabully," and thus with origins in "k6kopu," almost certainly had its origins
in the English "bullhead," even though the Maori "k6kopu" was probably
sometimes used for fish now known as "bully."
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26101996-01-01T00:00:00ZMcDowall, RMA New, Distinctively Colored Snake Eel (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from Northeastern New Zealandhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2609
Quassiremus polyclitellum, n. sp., described from three specimens
line-fished at island outliers in 35-58 m represents the first record of Quassiremus
Jordan & Davis, 1891, for the Indo-West Pacific. It has regularly spaced,
mid-brown to orange, vertically rectangular saddles of pigment along body, tail
longer than preanal length, and 166-168 vertebrae. It thus differs from East
Pacific Q. nothochir (Gilbert), which has hourglass-shaped spots ringed with
brown and 138-142 vertebrae, Galapagos endemic Q. evionthas (Jordan & Bollman)
with small oblong spots and 149-153 vertebrae, and western Atlantic Q.
ascensionis (Studer) with large, round spots above, alternating with similar
spots below and 129-136 vertebrae; all three species have the tail shorter than
the preanal length. The strong New World associations of Quassiremus are
noted and the possible extralimital origins as larvae of the holotype and paratypes
are discussed.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26091996-01-01T00:00:00ZCastle, PHJReproductive Biology and Egg Abundance of the Yellowtail Scad or 'Omaka, Atule mate (Carangidae), in Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'ihttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2608
Yellowtail scad or 'omaka, Atule mate (Cuvier & Valenciennes),
spawn mostly between March and September or October, but there is considerable
interannual variation in length of the season and egg density in Kane'ohe
Bay. Spawning occurs principally in open areas of the bay, with highest egg
abundances in the southern section. Almost all adult 'omaka taken in the bay
were reproductively active. More than two-thirds were males, which also routinely
reached sizes larger than the largest female. Sex ratio and proportion of
impending or recent spawners among females differed between day and night
samples; all females in day samples were actively spawning. Adults probably
move into the bay only for spawning and thus represent a biased sample of the
sex ratio and spawning frequency of the population associated with the bay at
any given time. Batch fecundity of females 188-232 mm standard length ranged
from 63,000 to 161,000; mean relative fecundity was 741 eggs per gram. The
standing stock of 'omaka associated with the bay during the peak spawning
season is probably at least 800-1600 kg or 5000-10,000 adults. Current annual
catch of 'omaka in the bay is a large fraction of the estimated standing stock,
but the latter could be much higher if spawning frequency were underestimated
or individual fish did not spawn throughout the entire season.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26081996-01-01T00:00:00ZClarke, Thomas AAtlantid Heteropods as Living Substrata for Eggs of Halobates sericeus (Heteroptera: Gerridae)http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2607
Atlantid heteropods are collected occasionally in Hawaiian waters
with yellow, narrowly elliptical objects attached to their shells. Examination of
139 of these objects from 72 atlantids showed that they consisted of an outer,
clear capsule whose contents were usually yellow, although 16 were empty and
four contained brown insects at an advanced stage of development. The latter
were identified as preemergent nymphs of the Pacific pelagic seaskater or ocean
strider, Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz. The maximal number of attached capsules
was four, although most shells (79%) had one or two. Capsules averaged
0.93 mm long and 0.36 mm wide and were deposited on either the right, left, or
both sides of the shell. All 72 atlantids with egg capsules were adult males. Exclusive
usage of males by H sericeus is suggested to result from swarming behavior
by male atlantids at the water surface. Although egg capsules were recorded
from eight species of atlantids, most (86%) were on Atlanta turriculata
d'Orbigny and A. fusca Souleyet, two of the most strongly pigmented species.
Hypothetically, these two species would be the most visually conspicuous to H
sericeus at the ocean surface.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26071996-01-01T00:00:00ZSeapy, Roger RJohan Emanuel Wikstrom, with Historical Notes on the Genus Wikstroemiahttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2606
This paper is a biography of the Swedish botanist Johan Emanuel
Wikstrom (1789-1856), professor at the Bergius Botanic Garden, Stockholm,
after whom the plant genus Wikstroemia Endl. (Thymelaeaceae) is
named. A short history of the Hawaiian taxa of this genus is given.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26061996-01-01T00:00:00ZPeterson, BoStatus of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), a Dominant Invasive Tree in the Society Islands (French Polynesia)http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2605
Since its introduction to Tahiti in 1937 as an ornamental, Miconia
calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) has become the most important plant
pest in the Society Islands. Its ecological characteristics allow it to thrive and
spread in a wide range of habitats, including native forest, where it forms dense
monotypic stands. Miconia calvescens now dominates over two-thirds of Tahiti
and has spread to the surrounding islands of Moorea and Raiatea. This species
represents an immediate threat to the native flora of all the high islands of
French Polynesia and a potential danger to many tropical oceanic islands.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/26051996-01-01T00:00:00ZMeyer, Jean-YvesEvolution of Rhaphithamnus venustus (Verbenaceae), A Gynodioecious Hummingbird-Pollinated Endemic of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chilehttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2586
Rhaphithamnus Miers. (Verbenaceae) consists of two species restricted
to southern South America. Rhaphithamnus spinosus (A. L. Juss.) Mold.
occurs in mainland Chile and adjacent Argentina; R. venustus (philippi) Robinson
is endemic to the two islands (Masatierra and Masafuera) of the Juan
Fernandez Archipelago. Both species are related to Citharexylum Miller, a genus
distributed from Peru northward along the Andes. Youthful geological ages
of the Juan Fernandez Islands (1-4 myr) and occurrences of the sister group
also on the con.tinent suggest that R. venustus evolved from R. spinosus rather
than the reverse. Morphologically the two species differ primarily in corolla
length and color and stem armament, with R. spinosus with shorter (ca. 12 mm)
and bluish flowers and usually with axillary thorns in contrast to longer (ca. 25
mm) and purple flowers and lack of thorns for R. venustus. Studies of pollinators
reveal bees, flies, beetles, and infrequently hummingbirds for R. spinosus
and exclusively hummingbirds for R. venustus. Rhaphithamnus spinosus is hermaphroditic
and partially self-compatible, whereas R. venustus is gynodioecious
and with an unknown compatibility system. In the latter species female flowers
appear to be in an early stage of evolution because anthers are still fully
formed, but usually without pollen grains. Embryological studies reveal breakdown
of pollen mother cells (and tapetal cells) during meiosis. We hypothesize
that evolution of floral features in R. venustus is a result of a change from primarily
insect to hummingbird pollination; loss of thorns may result from absence
of herbivores in the Islands. Gynodioecy in Rhaphithamnus may have as
its selective basis reduction of inbreeding depression otherwise brought on by
geitonogamy in scattered individuals of small populations.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/25861996-01-01T00:00:00ZSun, Byung Y; Stuessy, Tod F; Humana, Ana M; Riveros G, Magaly; Crawford, Daniel JStream Macroalgae of the Fiji Islands: A Preliminary Studyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2585
Twenty-seven stream segments sampled in August 1994 on the
three largest Fiji Islands ranged considerably in channel size (maximum width
1-20 m, maximum depth 20->100 cm) and mean current velocity (1-118 cm
sec-1 ). Water temperatures tended to be warm (23-30°C), pH was neutral to
slightly alkaline (7.2-8.6), and specific conductance was quite variable (40-510
mS cm-1 ). Mean number of species per stream segment was 2.6 and ranged
from one to five. In the 71 populations of stream macroa1gae sampled, only 15
species were identified: seven Cyanophyta, six Chlorophyta, and two Rhodophyta.
All of these species represent new records for the freshwater algal flora of
Fiji. Macroalgal cover ranged from <1 to >76% (mean ca. 36%) of the stream
bottom and was positively correlated to maximum depth and mean current
velocity. The most widespread species that occurred on all three islands were
the cyanophytes Phormidium retzii (C.Ag.) Gom. and P. subfuscum Klitz. and
the chlorophyte Spirogyra sp. 2 (17, 9, and 19 segments, respectively). Morphological
forms included nine mats, three free filaments, and one each of
gelatinous colonies, crusts, and tufts. Eleven of the 15 species were in the
vegetative state. There were nine species of stream macroalgae on Vitu Levu
and eight each on Vanua Levu and Taveuni. The Sorenson's similarity index
was highest for the last two islands and lowest for the first two islands.
Thu, 01 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/25851996-02-01T00:00:00ZSheath, Robert G; Cole, Kathleen MArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Hawaiian Sand Dunes: Island of Kaua'ihttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2584
Fourteen species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were
isolated from the roots of plants growing on sand dunes of Kaua'i. The dominant
AM fungal species included Scutellospora hawaiiensis Koske & Gemma,
Glomus 807 (an undescribed species), G. intraradices Schenck & Smith, and G.
spurcum Walker ined. Species richness per sample was low and ranged from 0
to 6 (avg. 2.0). Mean abundance of live spores was 8.9 spores per 100 cm3, and
many more dead or parasitized spores were present. The AM fungal community
of the dunes of Kaua'i was very similar to that of the dunes of the island of
Hawai'i. The long-distance dispersal mechanisms and similarity of habitats that
have resulted in a relatively uniform angiosperm flora on dunes of the tropical
Pacific may have produced a corresponding AM fungal community in these
sites.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/25841996-01-01T00:00:00ZKoske, RE; Gemma, JNLand Misuse and Hydrologic Response: Kaho'olawe, Hawai'ihttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2375
DEDICATION: This paper is dedicated to "Ka'imipono" Rendell D. Tong
(13 September 1959-4 January 1995). In his lifetime Rendell supported many
environmental efforts in Hawai'i, especially the work reported in this paper,
with a passion that was contagious. About Kaho'olawe he once wrote: "I'm
looking forward to our continued work to restore Hakioawa ahupua'a [watershed]
and to gain a comprehensive scientific observation and understanding of
the hydrologic cycle on Kaho'olawe. We are invigorated and proud to be practicing
that foundation of Hawaiian cultural values, miilama 'iiina [take care of
the land]. So we keep working for the land, physically, spiritually ... for the
people of the earth-e kupono e ka po'e honua." The spirit of Ka'imipono lives
on in Hawai'i, especially on the island of Kaho'olawe, forever!
ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with the characterization of near-surface
hydrologic response for the Hawaiian island of Kaho'olawe, where erosion
caused, in part, by surface runoff is the major factor in landscape denudation.
New sets of saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity data from 110 sites
across Kaho'olawe are presented and analyzed for spatial structure using statistical
methods and land cover classification. At a regional scale there was no
statistically characterizable spatial structure in either of the new data sets; we
characterized the spatial distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity and
sorptivity based upon land cover. Also presented is a suite of runoff simulations
for the entire island of Kaho'olawe, based upon the near-surface soil hydraulic
property interpretations reported, for 10 separate rainfall events. The hydrologic
response simulator used provides a relatively realistic representation of
Hortonian overland flow. This study consisted of 700 deterministic-conceptual
rainfall-runoff simulations, based upon the 10 rainfall events applied to 70 catchments
that were divided into 1529 overland flow planes. Our simulations suggest,
for the large events selected for this study, that the maximum island average
surface runoff by the Horton mechanism is ca. 20% of rainfall.
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/23751996-01-01T00:00:00ZLoague, Keith; Lloyd, D'Artagnan; Giambelluca, Thomas W; Ngyuen, Anh; Sakata, Burt50:1 Table of Contents - Pacific Sciencehttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/2374
Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/23741996-01-01T00:00:00Z