General Science and Philosophy

The Errors of Statistical Hypotheses and Scientific Theories

The process of error recognition is explored first in statistics, and then in science. The
Type II error found in statistical hypothesis testing is found analogous to Karl Popper's "logical
probability" that is intended to measure the likelihood that a scientific theory can avoid its
refutation. Nevertheless, Popper's reliance on deductive thinking is found detracting from his
demarcation that separates science and metaphysics. An improved critical logic for science is
presented that permits error recognition more broadly: for induction by Popper's falsification
principle; but also for deduction and emotionality. The reality of induction creates a limitation for
a science that has not accommodated a fuller menu of error recognition. The reality of induction
places limits of what can be known from empiricism, and this has philosophical implications.

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