Figure-skating movements are performed on either the inside (the edge nearer the inside of the foot) or the outside edge of the blade while moving forward or backward. Most movements are based on what are called school figures, the elements of which are curves and turns performed in a precise manner to form two or three connected circles. Figures have many degrees of difficulty and develop edge......

Another approach to inducing cooperation in PD and other variable-sum games is the theory of moves (TOM). Proposed by the American political scientist Steven J. Brams, TOM allows players, starting at any outcome in a payoff matrix, to move and countermove within the matrix, thereby capturing the changing strategic nature of games as they evolve over time. In particular, TOM assumes that players......

...The Emperor’s military prowess is recounted in considerable detail, with choral imitations of swords clashing and guns firing. His qualities as a leader are also referred to in the ballet Movete al mio bel suon (Move to my Beautiful Sound), which extols him also as a just and equitable monarch in time of peace—although the Thirty Years’ War did not in fact come to an......

series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement....

any of various complex photographic cameras that are designed to record a succession of images on a reel of film that is repositioned after each exposure. Commonly, exposures are made at the rate of 24 or 30 frames per second on film that is either 8, 16, 35, or 70 mm in width....

...a big-budget romantic adventure set during Prohibition with Burt Reynolds, Gene Hackman, and Liza Minnelli as scheming rumrunners. It failed dramatically at the box office. In Movie Movie (1978) Donen and a cast that included George C. Scott, Eli Wallach, and Art Carney lovingly parodied two of the most popular genres of the 1930s—the backstage musical and the......

the means for the production and showing of motion pictures. It includes not only the motion-picture camera and projector but also such technologies as those involved in recording sound, in editing both picture and sound, in creating special effects, and in producing animation....

In 1952 a radical attack was made on wide-screen projection in the form of the Cinerama, which used three projectors and a curved screen. The expanded field of view gave a remarkable increase in the illusion of reality, especially with such exciting and spectacular subjects as a ride down a toboggan slide. There were technical problems, including the necessity of carrying three cameras bolted......

trust of 10 film producers and distributors who attempted to gain complete control of the motion-picture industry in the United States from 1908 to 1912. The original members were the American companies Edison, Vitagraph, Biograph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, and Kalem; and the French companies Pathé, Méliès, and Gaumont. The company, which was sometimes called the Movie Trust, possessed most of the av...

novel by Walker Percy, published in 1961. It won a National Book Award. The story is a philosophical exploration of the problem of personal identity, narrated by Binx Bolling, a successful but alienated businessman. Bolling undertakes a search for meaning in his life, first through an obsession with the movies and later through an affair....

...sound-on-film system (whose similarity to De Forest’s Phonofilm was the subject of subsequent patent litigation) and formed the Fox-Case Corporation to make shorts under the trade name Fox Movietone. Six months later he secretly bought the American rights to the German Tri-Ergon process, whose flywheel mechanism was essential to the continuous reproduction of optical sound. To cover......

Orthodox monk and theologian of Moldavian origin who served as metropolitan of Kiev and who authored the Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church. He reformed Slavic theological scholarship and generally set doctrinal standards for Eastern Orthodoxy that endured until the 19th century....

Brazilian dramatist and fiction writer, the prime mover in the Movimento Armorial (“Armorial Movement”) in northeastern Brazil, an intellectual and folkloric group devoted to the discovery and re-creation of the historic roots of Luso-Brazilian culture in that region....

...wars in Africa could not be settled by force of arms and advocated negotiated autonomy for the colonies and an alternative to Caetano’s leadership. Some 200 to 300 officers calling themselves the Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas; MFA), led by Francisco da Costa Gomes and other officers, planned and implemented the coup of April 25, 1974, which came to be known as the......

...depict the impact of colonialism on the Angolan people. Born in Portugal, the poet Tomaz Vieira da Cruz both struggled with and embraced a sense of exile during the decades he spent in Angola. The Movimento dos Jovens Intelectuais (Movement of Young Intellectuals) in 1947 and 1948 emphasized Angolan traditions and folklore, influencing such writers as Agostinho Neto, Mário Pinto de......

Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian families live in its land-occupation settlements in an effort to redistribute land to rural workers for small-scale farm...

Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian families live in its land-occupation settlements in an effort to redistribute land to rural workers for small-scale farm...

...translated into other languages) retained its reputation for political and economic stability and appeared high on all performance indexes for African countries. The two main political parties, the Movement for Democracy (MpD) and the African Party for the Independence of Cabo Verde (PAICV), continued to share power....

Unhappiness with the 1970 election gave rise in 1973–74 to another guerrilla group, the 19th of April Movement (Movimiento 19 de Abril, or M-19), named for the date that the group asserted the election was “stolen” from Pinilla. The M-19 launched itself to national attention when its members stole a sword that had belonged to Simón Bolívar. The group tended to......

revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba (1959). Its name commemorates an attack on the Santiago de Cuba army barracks on July 26, 1953. The movement began formally in 1955 when Castro went to Mexico to form a disciplined guerrilla force. The leaders of the movement remaining in Cuba to carry out sabotage and political act...

On Dec. 18, 2005, amid continuing protests, Juan Evo Morales Ayma was elected as Bolivia’s first Indian president. A founder of the left-wing political party Movement Toward Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo; MAS) and a former coca-growers’ union leader, Morales fought for more rights for indigenous communities, for less-harsh restrictions on coca farmers, and for more taxes on the wealthy.......

...many countries, barely managing to survive. Las imprecaciones (1955; “Imprecations”), a collection of poems, won him literary honours in Peru in 1956. That year he also joined the Movimiento Comunal and supported a peasant revolt that was raging in the Cerro de Pasco. He became secretary of the movement and wrote its political manifestos....

...prisoners were freed later that year under a general amnesty. The Tupamaro joined the leftist coalition known as the Broad Front (Frente Amplio; FA) and reorganized as a legal political party, the Movement of Popular Participation (Movimiento de Participación Popular; MPP), for the 1989 elections. Mujica became one of the MPP’s leading voices. Meanwhile, he moved to a farm outside......

...by his control of the armed forces and by his ability to play off the groups that supported him, in particular the Falange, the monarchists, and the church. Ultimately, the Falange lost power in the National Movement, the sole legal political organization; its attempts to create a Falangist one-party state were defeated in 1956, though tensions between the Falange and the conservative elements....

in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan Perón, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista; PJ), or an adherent of the populist and nationalistic policies that Perón espoused. Peronism has played an important part in Argentina’s history since the mid-1940s....

...dissident groups finally began to organize themselves into powerful national opposition parties in the 1940s. The two most important of these were the middle-class and initially fascist-oriented Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario; MNR) and the Marxist and largely pro-Soviet Party of the Revolutionary Left (Partido de la Izquierda Revolucionaria; PIR).......

...of collaborating with the PRI led to the secession of former PRD presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. López Obrador and his followers then proceeded to found the National Renovation Movement (MORENA), a grassroots leftist party that might sap national electoral support for the PRD....

...with postgraduate studies at Georgetown University and the University of Chile. Returning to Colombia from voluntary exile in Mexico in 1958, he organized a new party of dissident Liberals, the Liberal Revolutionary Movement (MRL), to oppose the National Front. The National Front was a coalition of Liberals and Conservatives established in 1957 to end a decade of violent civil strife. The......

Peruvian revolutionary group. Founded in 1983, the group is best known for holding 490 people hostage in the Japanese embassy in Lima (1996) in an effort to gain the release of jailed comrades. After a standoff of several weeks, Peruvian troops stormed the embassy and killed all the guerrillas. Defections have apparently since decreased its membership. The group takes its name from the Indian revo...

...(1993), Joel continued to produce well-received albums. Fantasies and Delusions, featuring classical compositions by Joel, was released in 2001. Movin’ Out, a dance-focused musical based on two dozen songs by Joel and conceived, choreographed, and directed by Twyla Tharp, premiered in 2002. In 2006, having earlier undergone treatment......

A few clusters are known as moving clusters because the convergence of the proper motions of their individual stars toward a “convergent point” is pronounced. The apparent convergence is caused by perspective: the cluster members are really moving as a swarm in almost parallel directions and with about the same speeds. The Hyades is the most-prominent example of a moving cluster.......

...to the latter because their commonality of motion enables astronomers to determine accurately (for the nearer examples) the distance of each individual member. Together with nearby parallax stars, moving-group parallaxes provide the basis for the galactic distance scale. Astronomers have found the Hyades moving cluster well suited for their purpose: it is close enough to permit the reliable......

...chamber to start heating. Successively, the various chambers are brought to optimum firing and cooling temperatures, until all bricks have been fired and cooled. This arrangement is known as the moving fire zone. In the more modern fixed fire zone, dried bricks are placed on cars carrying as many as 3,000 or more bricks; the cars start at the cool end of a long tunnel kiln and move slowly......

A few clusters are known as moving clusters because the convergence of the proper motions of their individual stars toward a “convergent point” is pronounced. The apparent convergence is caused by perspective: the cluster members are really moving as a swarm in almost parallel directions and with about the same speeds. The Hyades is the most-prominent example of a moving cluster.......

In 1945 Wright’s poetry began to appear in magazines. The first of her several books of poetry, The Moving Image (1946), was followed by Woman to Man (1949), The Gateway (1953), The Two Fires (1955), The Other Half (1966), and Alive (1973). Much of her poetry was marked by restrained and......

series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement....

...to 256 colours. A greater range of colours can be used with the JPEG (joint photographic experts group) formatting standard, which uses both lossless and lossy techniques, as do various standards of MPEG (moving picture expert group) for videos....

Moving ramps or sidewalks, sometimes called travelators, are specialized forms of escalators developed to carry people and materials horizontally or along slight inclines. Ramps may have either solid or jointed treads or a continuous belt. Ramps can move at any angle of up to 15°; beyond this incline the slope becomes too steep and escalators are favoured....

American detective-mystery film, released in 1966, that starred Paul Newman in one of his most popular antihero roles. The film was based on the novel The Moving Target (1949) by Ross Macdonald, and the screenplay was written by William Goldman....

...in a coherent form, and creating the modern, integrated, mass production operation, belongs to the U.S. industrialist Henry Ford and his colleagues at the Ford Motor Company, where in 1913 a moving-belt conveyor was used in the assembly of flywheel magnetos. With it assembly time was cut from 18 minutes per magneto to five minutes. The approach was then applied to automobile body and......

About 1930 the Swedish chemist Arne Tiselius introduced the use of electrophoresis as an analytic technique. Tiselius originated the moving-boundary method of observation, in which a layer of pure (i.e., without particles) fluid is placed over a quantity of the same fluid containing colloidal particles; the boundary between two layers of fluid is visible and moves at the speed of......

An example of a simple electrically resonant circuit is a moving-coil meter. In one version, this device possesses two coils tuned to different frequencies and connected at right angles to one another in such a way that the whole element, with attached pointer, can move. Frequencies in the middle of the meter’s range cause the currents in the two coils to be approximately equal and the pointer......

...to the diaphragm. When a sound wave causes the diaphragm of the microphone to vibrate, the relative motion of the magnet and coil creates an electrical signal by magnetic induction. Either a moving-coil or a moving-magnet system may be employed, depending on which element is connected to the moving diaphragm; the moving coil is used more often. The dynamic microphone is rugged and has......

...When a sound wave causes the diaphragm of the microphone to vibrate, the relative motion of the magnet and coil creates an electrical signal by magnetic induction. Either a moving-coil or a moving-magnet system may be employed, depending on which element is connected to the moving diaphragm; the moving coil is used more often. The dynamic microphone is rugged and has reasonably good......

...which was installed throughout the world during the war; later versions were carried on U.S. aircraft, on ships, and by military vehicles. After the war, he participated in the development of moving-target indication (MTI) radar, which allows detection of a moving object, such as an aircraft, when its echo is masked by large, unwanted echoes from land or sea clutter. Busignies retired......

...combines several of the above functions and enables the editor to run sound and picture synchronously, separately at sound speed, or at variable speeds. For decades the Hollywood standard was the Moviola, originally a vertical device with one or more sound heads and a small viewplate that preserves much of the image brightness without damaging the film. Many European editors, from the 1930s......

May 12, 1921Belleville, Ont.May 6, 2014Port Hope, Ont.Canadian environmentalist and author who informed readers about the ecology of the Canadian north and the corruption and exploitation visited by the Canadian government upon the native peoples there. His most famous book, Never Cry Wo...

With federation, Canada West became the province of Ontario, and its capital was located at Toronto, while Ottawa became the federal capital. For a generation Ontario’s government was headed by Oliver Mowat, the Liberal premier who won a boundary dispute with Manitoba and the federal government that doubled the size of Ontario and helped to confirm the supremacy of provincial governments within......

The first large-scale manufacture of nitroglycerin in the United States is attributed to George Mowbray, a chemist of considerable ability who had followed the work of Sobrero and others in Europe with great interest. Mowbray published an advertisement offering to supply nitroglycerin. This led to an invitation to manufacture it for completion of the Hoosac Tunnel at North Adams, Massachusetts.......

English lord whose quarrel with Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford (later King Henry IV, reigned 1399–1413), was a critical episode in the events leading to the overthrow of King Richard II (reigned 1377–99) by Bolingbroke. The quarrel dominates the first act of William Shakespeare’s play Richard II....

...by Henry during his reign, ended when the king’s forces killed the rebel in battle near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in July 1403. In 1405 Henry had Thomas Mowbray, the eldest son of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry’s political troubles were over, he then began to......

traditional medical practice that originated in China and thence spread to Japan and other Asian countries. It is performed by burning small cones of dried leaves on certain designated points of the body, generally the same points as those used in acupuncture....

...a low, terraced platform with a wide stairway on which stands a feline head and paws, modeled from stone and mud, and painted. By the paws was buried a woman, believed to have been sacrificed. At Moxeke and Pallca in the Casma Valley to the south, there are terraced, stone-faced pyramids with stone stairways. The first has niches containing clay-plastered reliefs of mud, stone, and conical......

traditional medical practice that originated in China and thence spread to Japan and other Asian countries. It is performed by burning small cones of dried leaves on certain designated points of the body, generally the same points as those used in acupuncture....

...the falls the river flows about 190 miles to its relatively narrow mouth on the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles northeast of Aracaju. In its lower section the São Francisco is joined by the Moxotó River and forms the border between the states of Sergipe to the south and Alagoas to the north....

The moya, or main room of the shinden, was surrounded by a secondary roofed veranda, or hisashi. The moya was not partitioned, privacy being secured by low portable screens. Mats on the floor served for seating. Across the court from the moya was the pond garden, forming the enclosure’s southern limit. Mountain shapes, trees, and rocks combined in a landscape......

Her first collection, Struna (“The Harp String”), appeared in 1962. The long poem Moya rodoslovnaya (1964; “My Family Tree”), the title of which alludes to a poem by Aleksandr Pushkin from 1830, is marked by ambitious but assured experimentation in both theme and technique. The creative act was a recurring theme in her work. Subsequent volumes......

Spain’s first comprehensive public education plan was contained in the Moyano Law of 1857. It remained basically unchanged until 1970, when the General Law on Education was passed. Since then many other education reforms have taken place....

the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and on other factors). The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian humanists with invidious int...

mountain range in central Morocco, Africa, lying between a plateau and plain region (northwest) and the main part of the Atlas Mountains (southeast). Many peaks exceed 8,000 feet (2,400 metres), with the highest being Mount Bou Nasser (Bou Naceur; 10,958 feet [3,340 metres]). Covered by cedar forests, the mountains form a fishing, hunting, and skiing area....

(French: “Middle Congo”), one of the four territories comprising French Equatorial Africa, the origins of which derive from the establishment in 1880 by the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza of a station at Ntamo. From 1934 Moyen-Congo was directly administered by the governor-general of French Equatorial Africa. It was granted independent status as the Congo Republic in 1960...

town, southern Lesotho. The surrounding area, which borders South Africa (southeast and west) and the Orange River (north), is predominantly agricultural (with subsistence farming of wheat, corn [maize], and sorghum) and pastoral. Livestock (sheep, cattle, and goats) raised in the area produce wool and mohair for export. Nearby tourist attractions include preserved dinosaur trac...

American journalist. Moyers originally trained for the Baptist ministry. He served as special assistant and press secretary to Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963–67. He created and hosted the public affairs program Bill Moyers Journal on public television (1972–76, 1979–81, 2007–10) and served as a news analyst for CBS News (1981–86). In 1987 he formed Public Affairs TV, Inc...

district, Northern Ireland. Formerly within County Antrim, in 1973 Moyle was established as a district along the northern coast of Ireland and includes Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland’s only populated island. The district has 42 miles (68 km) of bays, headlands, and sheer, basalt cliffs dissected by wooded glens. The Antrim Mountains extend through eastern Mo...

A series of labour disturbances throughout the British West Indies in the 1930s spurred the creation of a royal commission (popularly known as the Moyne Commission) to examine social and economic conditions in the islands. The commission advocated political and social reforms, and its findings hastened the democratization of the political process. Anguilla was granted universal adult suffrage......

...of the Iroquois Confederacy, was visited by explorers Samuel de Champlain in 1615 and Pierre Esprit, sieur de Radisson (while a captive of the Mohawks), in 1651. The Jesuit missionary Father Simon Le Moyne in 1654 was the first European to note the site’s brine springs (later the basis of a salt industry). A mission and Fort Sainte Marie de Gannentaha were established nearby in......

...by killing Stern in his apartment in February 1942; many of the gang’s leaders were subsequently arrested. The group’s terrorist activities extended beyond Palestine: two members assassinated Lord Moyne, British minister of state in the Middle East, at Cairo (November 1944). Later the Stern Gang attacked airfields, railway yards, and other strategic installations in Palestine, usually......

During the 1960s Moynihan was in Washington, D.C., and, while serving in the Department of Labor, cowrote The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, popularly called the Moynihan Report, which held that many of the educational problems of American blacks resulted from the instability of black urban families. The report caused a storm of controversy and made......

Zambian economist and writer whose books, articles, and public lectures centre on the creation of wealth and the perpetuation of poverty in a global economy. Much of her writing focuses on the dynamic interrelationships between impoverished states of her native Africa, emerging economies such as China, and established wealthy societies such as the United States....

city, north-central Peru. The city sits on a bluff overlooking the Mayo River, at 2,820 feet (860 metres) above sea level, in the humid, tropical region known as the selva (jungle). The second oldest Spanish town east of the Andes, Moyobamba (from the Quechua mayupampa, meaning “a circular plain”) was founded on the ...

Feb. 12, 1923Moyola Park, Castledawson, County Londonderry, N.Ire.May 17, 2002London, Eng.Northern Irish politician who was the moderate Unionist prime minister of Northern Ireland who, in August 1969, reluctantly called in the first British troops in an attempt to stem rising sectarian vio...

mythical plain in Ireland, which was the scene of two important battles. The first battle was between the Fir Bolg and the Tuatha Dé Danann, or race of gods. In this battle the Dé Danann overcame the Fir Bolg and won Ireland for themselves, but Nuadu, the king of the gods, lost his hand in the battle. Because of this flaw, he was no longer permitted to be king...

He spent his last years as a night watchman in Munich. Der Fall Cicero (1950; Operation Cicero) was written by L.C. Moyzisch, who transmitted all communications between Cicero and Papen. A motion picture, Five Fingers (1952), was based on this book. Ich war Cicero (1962; I Was Cicero) was written by Bazna himself (under his real name) in collaboration with......