Octopus investigators: From left to right, Dr. Nir Nesher (standing), Dr. Guy Levy and Prof. Benny Hochner at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have discovered how octopuses don't tie themselves in knots. An octopus's arms are covered in hundreds of suckers that will stick to just about anything, with one important exception: those suckers generally won't grab onto the octopus itself, otherwise the impressively flexible animals would quickly find themselves all tangled up.

Now, researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem report that they discovered how octopuses manage this feat, even as the creatures' brains are unaware of what their arms are doing. A chemical produced by octopus skin temporarily prevents their suckers from sucking.

"We were surprised that nobody before us had noticed this very robust and easy-to-detect phenomenon," says Dr. Guy Levy, who carried out the research with co-first author Dr. Nir Nesher in the Department of Neurobiology at the Hebrew University's Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences. "We were entirely surprised by the brilliant and simple solution of the octopus to this potentially very complicated problem."

Prof. Binyamin (Benny) Hochner, Principal Investigator in the Hebrew University's Octopus Research Group, and his colleagues had been working with octopuses for many years, focusing especially on their flexible arms and body motor control. Prof. Hochner is a researcher at the Department of Neurobiology at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences and the Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Hochner explains there is a good reason that octopuses don't know where their arms are the same way that people or other animals do. "Our motor control system is based on a rather fixed representation of the motor and sensory systems in the brain in a formant of maps that have body part coordinates." That works for us because our rigid skeletons limit the number of possibilities.

"It is hard to envisage similar mechanisms to function in the octopus brain because its very long and flexible arms have an infinite number of degrees of freedom," Hochner adds. "Therefore, using such maps would have been tremendously difficult for the octopus, and maybe even impossible."

Indeed, experiments have supported the notion that octopuses lack accurate knowledge about the position of their arms. And that raised an intriguing question: How do octopuses avoid tying themselves up in knots?

To answer that question, the researchers observed that octopus arms remain active for an hour after amputation. Those observations showed that the arms never grabbed octopus skin, though they would grab a skinned octopus arm. The octopus arms didn't grab Petri dishes covered with octopus skin, either, and they attached to dishes covered with octopus skin extract with much less force than they otherwise would.

"The results so far show, and for the first time, that the skin of the octopus prevents octopus arms from attaching to each other or to themselves in a reflexive manner," the researchers write. "The drastic reduction in the response to the skin crude extract suggests that a specific chemical signal in the skin mediates the inhibition of sucker grabbing."

In contrast to the behavior of the amputated arms, live octopuses can override that automatic mechanism when it is convenient. Living octopuses will sometimes grab an amputated arm, and they appear to be more likely to do so when that arm was not formerly their own.

Hochner and his colleagues haven't yet identified the active agent in the animals' self-avoidance behavior, but they say it is yet another demonstration of octopus intelligence. The self-avoidance strategy might even find its way into bio-inspired robot design.

"Soft robots have advantages [in] that they can reshape their body," Nesher says. "This is especially advantageous in unfamiliar environments with many obstacles that can be bypassed only by flexible manipulators, such as the internal human body environment."

The researchers are sharing their findings with European Commission project STIFF-FLOP, which aims to develop a flexible surgical manipulator in the shape of an octopus arm. "We hope and believe that this mechanism will find expression in such new classes of robots and their control systems," Hochner says.