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TOOLS USED BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE CHANGING THE REQUIRED RESERVE RATIO (% OF DEPOSITS, OR RESERVES) KEPT IN THE VAULT CHANGING THE INTEREST RATES THE “FED” CONTROLS CHANGING THE MONEY SUPPLY

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TO FIGHT A RECESSION, THE FED WOULD: LOWER THE REQUIRED RESERVE RATIO – GIVES BANKS MORE RESERVES TO LOAN LOWER THE FED’S TWO INTEREST RATES IT CONTROLS * borrowing from the Fed * interbank lending BOTH MOVES DESIGNED TO STIMULATE BORROWING AND SPENDING

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BUT THE FED’S BIGGEST TOOL IS MONEY CREATION FED WILL PRINT MONEY IN HOPES PEOPLE WILL SPEND IT – THEREBY INCREASING SALES FOR BUSINESSES AND MOTIVATING BUSINESSES TO HIRE MORE WORKERS

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ISSUES WITH MONETARY POLICY FED CAN MOVE QUICKLY IN IMPLEMENTING ITS POLICIES BUT POLICIES TAKE TIME TO HAVE AN IMPACT – ANYWHERE FROM 12 TO 18 MONTHS REASON – WORKS THROUGH THE LENDING PROCESS

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ALSO, FED POLICIES CAN “BACKFIRE” “EASY” MONEY POLICY CAN LEAD TO HIGHER INFLATION AND INVESTMENT “BUBBLES * EASY MONEY IN EARLY 1970S LEAD TO HIGH INFLATION OF LATE 1970S * EASY MONEY OF EARLY 2000s LED TO HOUSING BUBBLE ?

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ALSO, A “TIGHT” MONEY POLICY CAN: RAISING INTEREST RATES AND CUTTING THE MONEY SUPPLY CAN LEAD TO A RECESSION * VOLCKER AND RECESSION OF EARLY 1980S * GREEENSPAN/BERNANKE BEGAN RAISING INTEREST RATES IN LATE 2004 – CAUSED HOUSING BUBBLE TO “POP”?

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BOTTOM LINE: MONETARY POLICY IS VERY POWERFUL BUT, FED HAS TO WORRY ABOUT WINNING THE CURRENT BATTLE YET LOSING THE NEXT NOBEL PRIZE WINNING ECONOMIST MILTION FRIEDMAN OFTEN SAID THE FED’S BACK AND FORTH POLICIES (EASY FOLLOWED BY TIGHT, ETC) LED TO MORE VOLATILE BUSINESS CYCLES

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ISSUES HAVE COME TO FOREFRONT WITH “TOO BIG TO FAIL” “Moral Hazard” – if banks know will be “bailed out”, will take more risk? Possible solutions? * let them fail – but brings down entire economy? * restrict lending and investments - but hinders economic growth? * restrict size of banks – but lose some advantages; business goes to foreign banks?