This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Sciences at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division II FacultyPublications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact vgillispie@wesleyan.edu.Gay Shame’s antimarriage stencil, 2004 (www.gayshamesf.org/images_endmarriage.html)Gay Shame and BDSM Pride:Neoliberalism, Privacy, and Sexual Politics

Margot D. Weiss

I was riding the bus over the Castro Hill during the summer of 2004, in the midst ofmy ethnographic fieldwork with bondage/dominance/sadomasochism (BDSM) prac-titioners in the San Francisco Bay Area.1 Two men boarded at the corner of Marketand 18th Streets and sat down near me. “Disgusting,” one said to the other, shakinghis head. He was responding to a slogan stenciled on the sidewalk by the bus stop:“End Marriage [heart] Gay Shame.” In February of that year, San Francisco mayorGavin Newsom had begun issuing marriage licenses to gay and lesbian couples. GayShame, a radical queer activist organization, responded by stenciling sidewalks inseveral San Francisco neighborhoods with antimarriage slogans. In a city with alarge, well-organized gay constituency, Newsom’s move — only twelve days into hismayoral reign — was widely understood as a stand for gay and lesbian equality orcivil rights and a rallying point in the national same-sex marriage debate.2 In March,however, the California Supreme Court halted the marriages, and by August of thatyear, it nullified all 3,955 marriages. As images of rain-soaked, gleeful couples onthe steps of City Hall faded into nostalgia, Gay Shame’s public critique of marriagestruck many as perverse. Gay Shame is one of several new radical queer organizations formed in thelate 1990s. Resurrecting the direct action not widely used since ACT-UP, thesegroups use humor, satire, and camp to stage street protests, blending theatrical stylewith a radical political message. Gay Shame’s critique of marriage weds queer and

Radical History Review

Marxist-feminist arguments: “Marriage is the central institution of that misogynist,

racist system of domination and oppression known as heterosexuality. Don’t get uswrong — we support everyone’s right to fuck whomever they want — we’re just notin favor of supporting the imperialist, bloodthirsty status quo.”3 Accusing Newsomof “pandering to the privileged gay vote,” Gay Shame’s radical opposition to homo­normative gay and lesbian rights activism refuses to accept “gay marriage as thepenultimate achievement on the road to ‘equality’ or ‘rights.’ ”4 A year before, in October 2003, “concerned citizens” and religious leaders inOcean City, Maryland, organized a protest campaign against “Free to Be Bound,”Black Rose’s annual BDSM conference. Black Rose (a Washington, DC – basedBDSM organization) had planned to hold its seventh annual conference in OceanCity and had booked the Princess Royale hotel in preparation. When residentslearned that “upwards of 2,000 kinky people” would be descending on their town,some staged a protest campaign, prompting the county’s Alcohol Beverage LicenseBoard to remind the host hotel’s manager that the law prohibits public nudity, flag-ellation, and sex — simulated or otherwise — in places where alcohol is sold. As thecrisis developed, Jon Tremellen, the manager of the hotel, regretfully canceled hiscontract with Black Rose. He explained to the press that the conference would havebeen a “tremendous boost to the local economy” and that “they have a right to behere. Most of what they do involves married couples just trying to spice up theirrelationships.”5 Tremellen’s defense here dovetails the approach taken by the National Coali-tion for Sexual Freedom (NCSF). An advocacy and lobby group that represents theBDSM, swing, and polyamorous communities, the NCSF provides legal and mediaassistance to local BDSM organizations embroiled in public controversy. In thiscase, the NCSF coordinated media efforts for Black Rose, urging BDSM activistsand practitioners within the greater DC area to send letters to the editors in defenseof the conference and its attendees. As explained on its Web page, the NCSF’sgoal is to create “a political, legal, and social environment in the United States thatadvances equal rights of consenting adults who practice forms of alternative sexualexpression,” a goal they pursue through mainstream media, lobbying, legal case-work, and policy advising.6 Thus, in the Black Rose case, they explained to the localmedia that the conference was “going to be a lot of sitting in chairs and . . . lecturingon how to better your relationship,” and “more than 75% of the people are couples,most of them married.”7 Marriage figures in both of these conflicts as a key site of contemporarysexual activism. Gay Shame’s critique in the face of citywide support for marriageequality and the NCSF’s deployment of married, heterosexual normalcy to defend akink conference represent differing strategies available to activists in the neoliberalUnited States today. Both groups utilize a flexible network model of activism, rely-ing on Internet technologies and collective articulation.8 Yet their goals, methods, Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 89

and orientations are markedly different. Gay Shame, on the one hand, emphasizesa more radical approach, stages more visible public performances (e.g., street-levelprotests), and attempts to make connections across marginalized groups workingtoward collective action. The NCSF, on the other hand, embraces a more assimila-tionist style, enacts less visible, behind-the-scenes forms of activism (e.g., politicallobbying), and represents a more narrow niche identity. In this essay, I emphasize these distinctions to consider how these groupsarticulate sexual rights in the context of U.S. neoliberalism. Taking up these twoiterations of rights and equality, I argue that the contrast between these organiza-tions highlights the tension between equality as sameness with normativity (hetero-or homo-) and equality as freedom for difference from the norm. These tensionspoint to new relationships between equality and rights, between individual and col-lective action, and between privatization and public claims, relationships that havebeen transformed by a broader culture of neoliberalism. As Lisa Duggan has noted,“Neoliberalism in fact has a sexual politics.”9 Neoliberalism is typically understoodas a global economic doctrine, developed and implemented in the United States(and elsewhere) in the late 1970s and early 1980s. David Harvey (among others)observes that neoliberalism “proposes that human well-being can best be advancedby liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutionalframework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and freetrade.”10 There are cultural components to this ostensibly economic framework, ofcourse, components that in the United States map onto social configurations ofglobal capital, as well as onto particularly American cultural values: privatization,personal responsibility, agentic individualism, autonomy, and personal freedom.As an ideology, the supposedly free, unfettered market is understood as the reso-lution to social problems, and individual freedom becomes market choice.11 WhatDuggan terms the “culture of neoliberalism” has transformed citizenship into con-sumption, rights, and family values.12 Politics has retreated from the public sphereinto the domestic, the intimate. In this newly privatized setting, it is the relation-ship within families, structured through consumption, rather than a civic relation-ship between individuals and the state, that serves as the locus for engagement:consumer citizenship.13 In this context, sexuality emerges as a highly contestedand conflicted zone. As the public sphere itself is increasingly accessed, debated,and imagined in private, personal, intimate terms, sexuality grafts the culturalto the economic. Neoliberalism’s privatization and personal privacy dismantle asocial imaginary of collective redress, public good, or what Michael Hardt andAntonio Negri term “the common.”14 In its place, the private — figured with muchif not total overlap as the personal or the domestic — is newly invigorated as thesite for action or belonging. These complex relationships between the economicand the sexual, the body and the social body, and individual private life and the90 Radical History Review

collective management of resources are the frameworks within which sexual poli-tics under U.S. neoliberalism must operate. I focus here on a comparison between Gay Shame’s and the NCSF’s visionof sexual freedom based on particular conceptions of privacy, equality, and activ-ism. As Duggan argues in her discussion of the Independent Gay Forum (IGF),new “homonormative” gay politics define equality as “access to the institutions ofdomestic privacy, the ‘free’ market, and patriotism.”15 In her example, the IGF andother mainstream gay and lesbian rights organizations are both responsive to anddriven by neoliberal governmentality. In this short piece, I extend this concern tothe NCSF, a mostly heterosexual, professional BDSM lobby organization, and GayShame, a radical, queer street-protest group. There are other organizations — gayand lesbian, queer, and kinky — that produce less strikingly oppositional activistlanguages, and my discussion of the NCSF and Gay Shame is intended neither tocollapse the state of queer activism into these two examples nor to claim that eitherfully represents the sexual practices, experiences, or desires of their myriad con-stituents.16 However, the juxtaposition of the politics of these two groups does drawour attention to the ways in which homonormativity is a politics not confined toLGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) activism, but rather one deeply informedby neoliberalism in a variety of guises.

Gay Shame: Performing Difference in Public

Gay Shame emerged in New York in 1998. Conceived to protest the corporate spon-sorship and commercialization of Gay Pride parades, the group’s local versions orga-nized counter-Pride celebrations in New York, San Francisco, Barcelona, Seattle,London, and Stockholm, chanting “it’s a movement, not a market.”17 With this anti-consumer beginning, Gay Shame has moved toward a broader social justice agenda.In New York, for example, the group’s protests linked Mayor Rudolph Giuliani’sso-called quality-of-life campaign, the closure of public sex spaces, and the harass-ment of homeless people, sex workers, and youth of color. In San Francisco, the firstGay Shame event featured speeches critiquing gentrification and the U.S. coloniza-tion of Vieques, Puerto Rico, and tried to bridge antiprison, youth, and trans activ-ism. The San Francisco group’s statement of purpose reads:GAY SHAME is a Virus in the System. We are committed to a queerextravaganza that brings direct action to astounding levels of theatricality. Wewill not be satisfied with a commercialized gay identity that denies the intrinsiclinks between queer struggle and challenging power. We seek nothing lessthan a new queer activism that foregrounds race, class, gender, and sexuality,to counter the self-serving “values” of gay consumerism and the increasinglyhypocritical left. We are dedicated to fighting the rabid assimilationistmonster with a devastating mobilization of queer brilliance. GAY SHAME is acelebration of resistance: all are welcome.18 Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 91

Every Saturday evening at 5:30 p.m., Gay Shame San Francisco gathers inthe back room of the Modern Times bookstore to plan events and discuss strategy.Some of their recent actions include (1) spray-painting sidewalks with antimarriageand antigentrification messages; (2) organizing a protest to the “Cutest of the Castro”beauty pageant; (3) participating in the city’s large Iraq war protests; and (4) hold-ing two award ceremonies, targeting “institutions and individuals who should beashamed of their disservice to the queer community, progressive politics, and socialjustice.”19 In 2002, for example, Mary Cheney (Dick’s daughter) won the “Help-ing Right-Wingers Cope” award for acting as a liaison between the gay and lesbiancommunity and Coors Brewery. The same year, the Pottery Barn at the intersectionof Market and Castro Streets won the “Making More Queers Homeless” award forcontributing to population displacement in the ongoing gentrification of the queerneighborhood. Gay Shame reserves special ire for San Francisco’s Mayor Newsom. Dur-ing his 2002 mayoral campaign (while Newsom was serving as a city supervisor),Newsom proposed a ballot measure called “Care Not Cash,” or Proposition N.Proposition N would have reduced the city’s welfare payments to homeless residentsfrom $395 to $59 a month, with the promise to replace this loss with (nonexistentor overburdened) social services.20 Gay Shame marched on Newsom’s campaignheadquarters in the wealthy Marina neighborhood, holding a street rally. This actionmarked the first time the group had explicitly rallied around the privatization ofsocial services for the city’s poor. As Mattilda, a key Gay Shame “instigator,” notes,these campaigns illustrate the group’s shifting focus from Gay Pride, assimilation,and consumerism to broader class and race concerns.21 The event that has garnered the most attention for the group, however, wasGay Shame’s 2003 protest of Newsom’s fund-raiser at the LGBT Center in San Fran-cisco. Members of Gay Shame stood on the sidewalk outside the center handing outanti-Newsom flyers that attempted to, as they put it, “call attention to his racist andclassist policies, and to ask the Center why they would accept this influence fromsomeone who is obviously merely trying to exploit the powerful gay vote.”22 Accord-ing to San Francisco Independent Media, the action turned ugly when protestorstried to follow Newsom into the center. The police, who had been guarding thedoor, charged the activists, pushing several members of Gay Shame into the streetand hitting others with nightsticks.23 “Gays bashed at Gay Center,” the group’s pressrelease stated. This action epitomizes Gay Shame’s constellation of issues. In the group’sview, the fund-raiser — a $125-a-plate affair — simultaneously pandered to the gayvote and defined the gay community as those privileged enough to afford this sort ofpolitical contribution. As Gay Shame points out in its press release, the tickets “costmore than twice the monthly income of San Francisco’s neediest under Newsom’snew ‘Care Not Cash’ plan.” By targeting the LGBT Community Center, Gay Shameprotested the construction of the LGBT community as these particularly privileged92 Radical History Review

gays, defined in opposition to the excluded poor, homeless, trans, or queer constitu-encies left out of mainstream, homonormative gay and (to a lesser extent) lesbianactivism. Gay Shame’s actions rely on public spectacle and strategies of humiliation: per-formative activism through street action, drag and costuming, or public stenciling.Like the Radical Cheerleaders, Billionaires for Bush, or the Church of Stop Shop-ping, Gay Shame emphasizes “confrontational, fun, and participatory” actions thatdraw attention and create spectacle. This spectacular visibility is intended to offera “critique of the dominant culture,” as well as of the racism, classism, sexism, andtransphobia inherent in those systems. For example, in 2005, when the San Fran-cisco Department of Public Health papered the Castro neighborhood with postersfeaturing a shirtless, muscular black man with the caption “Don’t be a bitch — Use acondom,” Gay Shame produced a counterposter, retorting, “Be a bitch.” The posterread, in part: “By reasserting stereotypical notions equating femininity with passivity,the Department of Public Health is rolling back decades of bitches fiercely confront-ing male power . . . this ad campaign makes effeminate, queer black men, gendernon-conformists, and trannies invisible or powerless. . . . masculinity doesn’t protectanyone from HIV. What we need is a sexual culture that encourages respect, opencommunication, flamboyance, gender transgression, creativity, collective pleasure, cel-ebration, experimentation, and transformation. Turn it out, honey. BE A BITCH.”24Gay Shame’s performative campaign draws attention to the coconstruction of sexualcitizenship with racialized, gendered, and classed positionality. The celebration ofeffeminate flamboyance — femininity in the face of “male power” — is precisely whatis excluded from homonormative gay activisms. By spectacularizing the intersectionsof gender, race, class, and sexuality, this campaign showcases Gay Shame’s strategyof “turning it out”: building a loud sexual culture that is inclusive of and responsiveto these vectors of difference. This open, accessible culture does not rely on a stableconstituency or the privileging of sexuality as an axis of identity. Rather, in directopposition to more mainstream gay activism (advocating the accrual of rights to awhite, male, masculine, privileged subject), Gay Shame holds out the promise of a newpublic with the central purpose of fighting capitalism and its attendant inequalities ofrace, sex, gender, sexuality, and body.25 Stressing the interlinkage of the economy and culture, Gay Shame’s actionsattempt to make visible precisely the relations obscured by neoliberal ideology,including the role of class privilege in constructing multiple kinds of social mar-ginality. Deemphasizing individuality (e.g., all members of Gay Shame are publiclyidentified as “Mary”) and instead making public claims for the social good, GayShame focuses on the neoliberal collapse of public sexual culture, the privatiza-tion of care, and the (hetero- and homo-) normalization of privileged relationshipsbetween citizens and the state (like marriage and docile consumerism). As Mattildaexplained in an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 93

I moved here [to San Francisco] in 1992 and was absolutely terrified . . . justa few years ago, when activists first tried to set up a shelter for queer homelessyouth in the Castro, residents argued it would bring down property values! Talkabout values. . . . People need to step back and challenge . . . everything thatis normal. That’s the gift that queers have. But all that’s being thrown away,discarded, just for a taste of straight privilege.26

In short, Gay Shame combats assimilation and an increasingly homonormative

BDSM Pride: Professionalization, Privacy, and Sameness

If heteronormativity describes the normalization of institutional relations betweenparticular practices, citizens, and the state,27 and not heterosexuality as practiced byindividuals, then homonormativity must also describe an array of privileged rela-tionships, not particular homosexualities. Yet normativity is not always organizedaround homo- or hetero- identities. The National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, founded in 1997 to “fight forsexual freedom and privacy rights for all adults who engage in safe, sane, and con-sensual behavior,” is an advocacy and PR group representing BDSM practitioners,swingers, and polyamorous people. As the group explains on its Web page, theNCSF is:• A nationwide advocacy coalition• A member of the National Policy Roundtable• A national outreach organization, educating law enforcement, health care, and psychiatric professionals• A media advocacy and training organization working to change negative portray- als of normal, alternative sexual practices among consenting adults• A resource you can contact when discrimination or persecution related to sexual practices among consenting adults threatens you or your community28

Like Gay Shame, the NCSF relies on new forms of networked coalitional activismsuch as using the Internet as a medium of communication. Unlike Gay Shame, how-ever, the NCSF uses the mainstream media, lobbying, legal casework, and policyadvising to advance its goals. For example, the coalition issues a “media watch,” aweekly e-mail that lists news coverage of these alternative sexualities along with thecontact information of the editor so that individuals can voice their support of or,more often, opposition to these representations. They also provide legal assistance toindividuals in custody, divorce, and job discrimination cases where BDSM practices94 Radical History Review

or polyamory factors as an issue. The NCSF responds to zoning regulations espe-

cially relevant to swingers’ parties, BDSM conferences, and clubs; they have alsobeen involved in national lawsuits. For example, in 2001, the NCSF filed a lawsuitagainst the United States of America, challenging the constitutionality of the Fed-eral Communications Decency Act’s obscenity statutes on free speech grounds. Thecase drew to a close in March 2006 when the Supreme Court refused to hear theirappeal of a lower court’s dismissal.29 Neoliberal-libertarian in outlook, the NCSF ismost concerned with protecting individual freedom and privacy from the interfer-ence of the state. Providing legal and media assistance to local BDSM organizations like BlackRose makes for a large part of the NCSF’s work. The conference “Free to Be Bound”was the first BDSM conference cancelled due to protest, although in 2002 and 2003at least eight conferences throughout the Midwest were similarly targeted.30 Thisselective enforcement of local zoning, liquor, and decency regulations is one facet ofthe discrimination directed toward BDSM practitioners, who also face widespreadpublic condemnation, phobia, and legal risks such as job and custody loss.31 In the aftermath of the Black Rose cancellation, I received over two hundrede-mails from BDSM-related e-mail lists to which I subscribed. One of the first wasfrom the NCSF, acting as Black Rose’s media representative. The message urgedactivists and practitioners within the greater DC area to send a letter to the editorusing the following as a guide:Dear Editor, In regards to your recent article on the BR conference, this is a privateevent for adults only. The attendees are just like you — they are parents,friends, coworkers, and married couples. The attendees are participating in thiseducational conference to get safer sex information, and to learn more aboutthemselves and their relationships. They are responsible, law-abiding citizenswho have the right to privacy.

This e-mail models the rhetorical strategies of neoliberal address. Directed to the“normal” subject, it claims that BDSM practitioners are “just like you”: “Respon-sible, law-abiding,” married adult “citizens who have the right to privacy.” TheNCSF’s public relations discourse pursues BDSM rights by attempting to shift thepublic’s counteridentification against practitioners (described, in attacks, as trash,deviants, and perverts who practice sexual torture) to an identification with parents,friends, coworkers, and married couples. This is an argument on behalf of privateindividuals (not groups) who should have access to normal/good citizenship on the Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 95

basis of their similarity to the norm. Attempting to position BDSM practitioners

within dominant constructions of responsible citizens, the NCSF’s strategy groundssexual rights and equality in sameness. As good citizens, according to this neolib-eral strategy, practitioners should be free to engage in private sexual expressionsand remain free from state interference as they pursue their educational opportuni-ties and better themselves and their relationships. The e-mail — and the NCSF ingeneral — understands privacy as that which shields both personal, intimate sexualrelations and the activities taking place on nonpublic property.32 Stressing sameness, individual rights, and autonomy, the NCSF attempts,in the wake of the June 2003 decision in Lawrence and Garner v. State of Texas(establishing that consensual sex in private is protected under due process),33 toclaim a right to sexual privacy historically denied to sexual minorities and practi-tioners of nonprocreative sex. At the same time, this case takes place in the contextof a neoliberal privatization of politics and sociality. And so, just as homonorma-tive gay and lesbian rights pursue the privatization of social care through same-sexmarriage campaigns, the kink-normativity at work in the NCSF’s rhetoric positionsrights and equality as a form of sexual citizenship organized around a particularlyclassed, privatized consumer-citizen. As Daniel Bell and Jon Binnie argue, when sexual dissidents make use ofrights-based political strategies to demand citizenship, they must conform to a pre-vailing model of acceptability that they describe as “privatized, de-radicalized, de-eroticized, and confined.”34 The NCSF’s sample letter argues that the attendees are“just like you” — regular, normal citizens. In an effort to correct the public’s nega-tive perception of BDSM, the NCSF is advancing a new public face: white, profes-sional, married, heterosexual, and middle-class. As a letter to the editor of a localpaper, prompted by this campaign, argues, Ocean City should expect “sober, cleanand polite” middle-aged people, “many driving mini-vans” who “look and dress likeyour neighbors.”35 In a media tip sheet available on its Web page, the NCSF gives advice on howto talk to the press about SM, fetish, or polyamorous lifestyles. Among the tips areUniversalize the questions.If the reporter says something like, “you people who beat each other up . . .” or“You people who have sex with other people . . .” then respond with, “We, likeyou and everyone else in America, believe we have First Amendment rights toexpress our sexuality in any way that is safe and consensual.”

Don’t do anything sexual on camera.

. . . Don’t let reporters take pictures of your polyamory family sitting on thebed. Don’t do an SM scene in front of a camera. We need activists who willspeak up for the SM-Leather-Fetish communities and explain the serious issuessuch as discrimination and violence against our people.96 Radical History Review

Wear appropriate attire.

This means business or casual wear, such as an activist t-shirt. Don’t wearrevealing fetish wear or lingerie . . . if our communities want to be takenseriously, we must present an image that the average person can relate to.36

Stressing sameness with the norm, professionalization, and middle-class status andbearing, the NCSF rhetorically reproduces a neoliberal relationship between indi-vidual class privilege and freedom. In this reckoning, equality is sameness, rightsare rights to privacy, and sexual freedom is an individual’s right to be free fromstate interference in exchange for and as long as that individual occupies a certainrelationship to privilege. There are many points of contrast between the NCSF and Gay Shame: busi-ness suits versus costumes, cooperation versus confrontation, and professionals ver-sus provocateurs. Gay Shame is amateurish; its members stress difference (raced,classed, gendered, that of sexual practices) from norm and are “in your face,” relyingon spectacle, visibility, and performance. The NCSF is professional; it stresses same-ness (raced, classed, gendered, that of sexual “lifestyle”) to norm and is retracted,assimilated, and accommodationist. Unlike Gay Shame, which protests neoliberal-ism by attempting to create an inclusive, public, collective sexual culture and con-testing the privatization and commodification of citizenship, the NCSF relies oniterations of citizenship derived from the social politics of neoliberal governance,what Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner describe as privatized citizenship. 37 AsBerlant and Warner argue, these cultural forms organize citizenship around a “zoneof heterosexual privacy” that serves to protect and privilege the family form by sepa-rating it from, and demonizing, queer sex/culture that is supposedly promiscuouslypublic.38 Privacy, here, guarantees rights and freedom, while removing public sexualculture from the activist agenda.

In Conclusion: Sexual Rights

For members of Gay Shame, sexual rights are the freedom to create collective, pub-lic spaces of transgression, pleasure, and experimentation. They seek what Duggancalls “privacy-in-public.”39 According to the NCSF, sexual rights are the ability tobe free from state interference in the bedroom and to have personal privacy in adomestic, personal space understood as outside the collective public or the politicalcommons. This is why the NCSF distances itself from the public antics of groupslike Gay Shame and from representations of sexual difference and desire that areless easily recuperated into the norm. What bears recalling here is that these visionsare of rights not of sex; they are representations of sexual citizenship. Thus while many, even most, who attend the pansexual Black Rose confer-ence are indeed middle-aged, heterosexually married, and suburban, the produc-tion of this image perpetuates and reinforces the same discursive oppositions (good, Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 97

heterosexual family versus bad, kinky SM) that are mobilized in the political Right’shysterical descriptions of wild perverts.40 When the NCSF neuters BDSM play andstraightens up diverse practitioners, it reproduces the view that flogging, bond-age, and play piercing are shameful and that sissy maids, pushy bottoms, and dykedaddies should keep their erotic lives out of view. The rights claimed by the NCSFare based on a new, more vigorously guarded private populated by good, neoliberalsexual subjects. On the other hand, by spectacularizing sexual difference — playedout in terms of class, race, gender, and body — Gay Shame attempts to publicly “cre-ate a home for the culturally homeless,” a space in which radical queers contestnot only sexual marginalization but also the very hierarchies that produce thesesubjects.41 This space is metaphoric but also literal: it is, for example, the Tenderloinneighborhood’s “femmes, drug dealers, runaways, freaks, welfare cheats, hustlers,and homeless people” evacuated — erased — from the landscape by conferenceorganizers promoting San Francisco’s hotels.42 For Gay Shame, rights are “strategiesfor survival and celebration” produced in dialogue and grounded in an open, sharedpublic populated by defiant queer subjects. Yet tactically, the visions of sexual citizenship produced by both these activ-ist organizations offer possibilities as well as pitfalls. The professionalism and prag-matism of the NCSF’s approach does breed a certain success. In the Black Rosecontroversy, for example, after three weeks of debate, the board decided to movethe conference back into the DC metropolitan area, where it proceeded as planned.On the other hand, many people, like the men on my bus, see the street activism ofGay Shame as unfocused, annoying, and unorganized: “Just kids cutting up in thestreets.”43 Perhaps the normalized sexual citizen, just as much as the more romanticrowdy queer, is a necessary “stumbling-block” in our ongoing political struggles.44Given these limitations, I am left wondering what strategies redress, or make thebest use of, an increasingly pervasive neoliberalism. For better or worse, sexual rights in the United States are about more thangay and lesbian equality: they are about the culture and economics of neoliberal-ism. For this reason, rather than parse the divergence between heteronormativity,homonormativity, and what could be characterized as kink-normativity, scholarlywork on sexual activism must take up neoliberalism’s particular forms of normaliza-tion outside, or in addition to, homo- and hetero-identity frames. Homonormativityas a key term asks us to think through the ways that sexuality structures relationshipsamong individuals, groups, and the state. Tropes such as exclusion, erasure, pathol-ogy, recognition, or visibility point to shifting understandings of equality, freedom,and difference, and these refigured landscapes must be addressed in our activismand our scholarship. What kinds of sexual rights should we be fighting for? Is thegoal a more inclusive private life or a public sexual culture that might be shared byall? If we contest the privatization at the heart of American neoliberalism, the waysin which the public is increasingly policed and controlled by corporations, we must98 Radical History Review

also recognize that our claims to citizenship are grounded in this shrinking privatesphere. At the same time, the obfuscation of some differences (e.g., class privilege)and the hypervisibility of others (e.g., perverts); the constriction of a defensible sexu-ality combined with the rapid expansion of media-saturated, marketable identitiesand practices; and the possibilities of new forms of alliance and social networkingthat carry with them many of the (same old) problems of access and privilege allcreate new potentials and possibilities. In this context, because sexuality is a crucialpoint of mediation between the intimate and the social, the private and the public,and bodies and body politics, these new forms of queer activism might point a pathout of the social imaginary of U.S. neoliberalism itself.

NotesPortions of this essay were presented at the American Anthropological Association, the Societyfor the Anthropology of North America, and the National Women’s Studies Association meetings.I am grateful for the feedback I received from conference attendees and panel participants. Iwould also like to thank Mattilda, of Gay Shame San Francisco, as well as Naomi Greyser, whosesupport, generous assistance, and critical interlocution have been crucial to this project.1. I use the acronym BDSM (bondage and discipline, domination/submission, and sadomasochism) to connote a diverse community that includes consensual bondage, power exchange, pain/sensation play, leathersex, role-playing, and fetish.2. That same year, for example, same-sex marriages were authorized in Massachusetts, but eleven states banned same-sex marriage in constitutional amendments.3. Gay Shame, “Gay Shame Opposes Marriage in Any Form,” www.gayshamesf.org/ endmarriage.html (accessed May 12, 2007).4. Ibid. Lisa Duggan understands “the new homonormativity” as “a politics that does not contest dominant heteronormative assumptions and institutions but upholds and sustains them while promising the possibility of a demobilized gay constituency and a privatized, depoliticized gay culture anchored in domesticity and consumption.” Lisa Duggan, “The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism,” in Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics, ed. Russ Castronovo and Dana D. Nelson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 179.5. Joe E. Carmean, “Black Rose Cancelled,” Daily Times (Salisbury, MD), October 7, 2003.6. National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, “Why Should You Care?” www.ncsfreedom.org/ whycare.htm (accessed May 12, 2007).7. Joe E. Carmean, “Black Rose Protest,” Daily Times (Salisbury, MD), September 26, 2003.8. Many theorists of contemporary activism argue that the 1999 World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle marked a new kind of activism. As Michael Hart and Antonio Negri put it, “the magic of Seattle was to show that these many grievances [agribusiness, prisons, African debt, IMF, war] were not just a random, haphazard collection, a cacophony of different voices, but a chorus that spoke in common” against global capital (Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire [New York: Penguin, 2004], 288). These new antiwar, anti-IMF/WTO, and anticonsumerism activisms are coalitional, networked, a “movement of movements” (Hardt and Negri, Multitude, 86). See also Benjamin Shepard and Ronald Hayduk, eds., From ACT-UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization (London: Verso, 2002); and Bad Subjects’s special issue (no. 65, January 2004) on “Protest Cultures,” eds. Cynthia Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 99

Hoffman, Joe Lockard, J. C. Meyers, and Scott Schafer. As many have noted, the chorus in Seattle did not include many voices of sexual activists, who tend to be analyzed in terms of gay/lesbian versus queer political strategies. This essay attempts a different reading of sexual activism in an age of neoliberalism.9. Duggan, “New Homonormativity,” 177.10. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 2.11. Neoliberalism is contradictory: it simultaneously separates the economic realm from the political, cultural, or social realm; obscures critical connections between these realms; and “organizes material and political life in terms of ” these relationships (Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy [Boston: Beacon, 2003], 3). This is, in part, what accounts for the rise of neoliberalism as commonsense, so that other ways of understanding or ordering the world are seen as impractical, even silly.12. Ibid., 12.13. See Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997); Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner, “Sex in Public,” in Intimacy, ed. Berlant (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); and Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff, Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001).14. In Hardt and Negri’s work on the multitude and the common, they ask us to imagine “a conception of privacy that expresses the singularity of social subjectivities (not private property) and a conception of the public based on the common (not state control)” (Hardt and Negri, Multitude, 203 – 4). Whether these conceptions work as praxis is precisely the question of this essay.15. Duggan, “New Homonormativity,” 179.16. My thanks to the anonymous reviewer who pointed out that although the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom is, perhaps, sexually conservative, BDSM practices are anything but. Unpacking the links between representation (activist discourses) and practice (what this reviewer termed the “steamy sexual jungle” of eros) is beyond the scope of this essay. However, I do address some of the tensions between a narrow definition of sexual normalcy and a broader range of what might be called queer practices briefly below and, at length, elsewhere (Margot Weiss, “Techniques of Pleasure, Scenes of Play: SM in the San Francisco Bay Area” [PhD diss., Duke University, 2005]).17. See George Sanchez, “A Question of Pride,” Mother Jones, June 28, 2002, www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2002/06/gay_shame.html; and Rusty Dornin and the Associated Press, “Gay Pride Parade Attracts Gay Protesters,” CNN.com, June 29, 1998, www.cnn.com/US/9806/29/gay.parade.18. Gay Shame, “About,” www.gayshamesf.org/about.html (accessed May 12, 2007).19. Gay Shame, “2003 Awards,” www.gayshamesf.org/awards2003.html (accessed May 12, 2007). All subsequent references to the awards were taken from this Web page.20. See Ilene Lelchuk, “ ‘Care Not Cash’ Thrown Out,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 2003.21. Mattilda, aka Matt Bernstein Sycamore, “Gay Shame: From Queer Autonomous Space to Direct Action Extravaganza,” in That’s Revolting! Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation (Brooklyn, NY: Soft Skull, 2004), 237 – 62.22. Gay Shame, “Hot Pink Protest,” www.gayshamesf.org/hotpink.html (accessed May 12, 2007). All subsequent references to the protest and attendant press releases were taken from this Web page.10 0 Radical History Review

23. See “Queer Anti-capitalist Protestors Attacked by SFPD,” San Francisco Independent Media (online media collective), February 8, 2003, www.publish.indymedia.org/en/ 2003/02/107227.html; and David Moisl, “Shame on the SFPD,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 12, 2003, www.sfbg.com/37/20/news_shame.html.24. Gay Shame, “Be a Bitch,” www.gayshamesf.org/beabitch.html (accessed January 15, 2007). The ways Gay Shame uses creative reappropriation as a strategy to reveal how sexuality, race, class, and gender are not just interlinked in the production of subjects but can also be strategically expropriated by these same subjects is beyond the scope of this essay. The “Don’t Be a Bitch” campaign can be viewed at www.homoboy.org/crunk.html (accessed July 13, 2007).25. Gay Shame, “Points of Unity,” www.gayshamesf.org/about.html#unity (accessed May 12, 2007).26. Annie Nakao, “Rejecting ‘Normal’ in Favor of a Distinct Gay Identity,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 19, 2004.27. Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner offer a clear definition of heteronormativity as “the institutions, structures of understanding, and practical orientations that make heterosexuality seem not only coherent — that is, organized as a sexuality — but also privileged” in their “Sex in Public,” 312.28. National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, “Why Should You Care?”29. The National Coalition for Sexual Freedom worked with Barbara Nitke, a BDSM photographer, and argued that the Communications Decency Act would “violate the free speech of Internet content providers and inhibit the discussion of sexual issues on the Internet among consenting adults.” A New York court had dismissed the case in 2005. See National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, “Communications Decency Act,” www.ncsfreedom .org/CDA/index.htm (accessed May 12, 2007).30. The right-wing organizations AFA (American Family Association) and CWA (Concerned Women of America) have campaigned against BDSM conferences in Chicago; Southfield, Michigan; Oklahoma City, Okalahoma; and St. Louis. The St. Louis event (“Beat Me in St. Louis”) also generated legislative action; the Missouri Republican state senator John Loudon introduced a resolution calling for an ongoing investigation of the legality of such events in April 2002. Two weeks after the Black Rose cancellation, perhaps building on the success of the Ocean City protests, organizers canceled a New Orleans – based BDSM conference (“Fetish in the Fall”) after the police chief urged local hotels to refuse to host the event.31. The NCSF reported that in 2001, it responded to 461 complaints regarding child custody or divorce proceedings and 392 cases of job discrimination. A survey the NCSF conducted in 1998 and 1999 indicated that among the 1,017 respondents, 36 percent had experienced violence or harassment and 30 percent had experienced discrimination because of BDSM practices (National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, “Violence and Discrimination Survey,” www.ncsfreedom.org/library/viodiscrimsurvey.htm [accessed May 12, 2007]).32. This is a reminder of the dense historical relationship between privacy and private property.33. In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the court decided that sodomy (an act) was not protected because homosexuals (an identity) did not deserve the right to privacy, thus erroneously equating sodomy (historically, nonprocreative sexuality) with homosexuality. For more on the legal history of sodomy and Bowers v. Hardwick, see Nan Hunter, “Life after Hardwick,” in Sex Wars, ed. Lisa Duggan and Hunter (New York: Routledge, 1995), 85 – 100; and Janet Halley, “Reasoning about Sodomy: Act and Identity in and after Bowers v. Hardwick,” Virginia Law Review 79 (1993): 1721 – 1780. Lawrence reversed Bowers, Weiss | Gay Shame and BDSM Pride 101

arguing that consenting adults have the right to sexual privacy in their homes. See Bernard E. Harcourt, “ ‘You Are Entering a Gay and Lesbian Free Zone’: On the Radical Dissents of Justice Scalia and Other [Post-]Queers,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 94 (2003): 503 – 49, for an analysis of the Lawrence decision in the context of queer critique. Also see Richard Green, “(Serious) Sadomasochism: A Protected Right of Privacy?” Archives of Sexual Behavior 30 (2001):543 – 550, for a discussion of the 1987 UK play party arrest case (“Spanner”) in terms of UK law on privacy, consensuality, and sex acts.34. David Bell and Jon Binnie, The Sexual Citizen: Queer Politics and Beyond (Cambridge: Polity, 2000), 3.35. Nick Economidis, “Black Rose Not a Big Deal,” Maryland Coast Dispatch, October 2003.36. NCSF, “Media Tips,” www.ncsfreedom.org/library/mediatips.htm (accessed January 15, 2007).37. Berlant and Warner, “Sex in Public.” See also Berlant, Queen of America.38. Berlant and Warner, “Sex in Public,” 313 – 14.39. Duggan, “New Homonormativity,” 181. Work on the restriction of sexuality in the public sphere includes Patrick Califia, “Public Sex,” in his Public Sex (Pittsburgh, PA: Cleis, 1994); Samuel Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue (New York: New York University Press, 1999); and Dangerous Bedfellows, eds., Policing Public Sex (Boston: South End, 1996).40. This normalizing mode of SM politics is not, of course, the only discourse produced. Indeed, on the mailing list SM-ACT, some people expressed dismay at the denial of sexuality that forms the basis of the NCSF’s defense. They pointed out that conferences were times to play, to revel in SM sexuality with other practitioners, and to celebrate SM sex, not only to sit around in rooms listening to panel presentations. As Susan Wright asks, “Why can’t I wear my collar in public? Why do I have to be ashamed of my affectionate embraces or the clothes I wear? Because it makes you uneasy?” (Susan Wright, “The Joy of S/M,” Lesbian and Gay New York, September 10, 1999). At the same time, some on the list suggested that the way to counter the public’s hostility was by stamping bills with “BR” to show how much money the conference was bringing to the local economy. A more defiantly neoliberal strategy is hard to fathom.41. Gay Shame, “Points of Unity.”42. Gay Shame, “Where Is This the Tenderloin,” www.gayshamesf.org/index2.php (accessed May 8, 2007).43. Andrew Boyd (“Phil T. Rich” of Billionaires for Bush [or Gore]), describing the Seattle protests, notes that “to some it’s just kids cutting up in the streets. To others this brand of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) street politics represents a new kind of anti-corporate movement distinguished by creativity, self-organization, coalition building, and the will to take on global capitalism.” (Andrew Boyd, “Irony, Meme Warfare, and the Extreme Costume Ball,” in Shepard and Hayduk, From ACT-UP to the WTO, 245).44. For Michel Foucault, “discourse can be both an instrument and an effect of power, but also a hindrance, a stumbling-block, a point of resistance and a starting point for an opposing strategy” (Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, trans. Robert Hurley [New York: Vintage, 1990], 101). See also Judith Butler, “Imitation and Gender Insubordination,” in Inside/Out, ed. Diana Fuss (New York: Routledge, 1991), 13 – 31.