Transcription

1 Page 23 Chapter 6 The Problems that England Faced after the French and Indian War In 1759, thirty-one-year-old General James Wolf led a small but determined band of British soldiers up the steep cliff before the French capital of Canada, and captured the city of Quebec. This daring victory climaxed the triumph of British soldiers in North America. It was followed by equally stunning victories in Europe, the West Indies, and Asia. By 1763, the French were thoroughly defeated and ready to discuss terms at the peace table. As a result of the peace treaty, France surrendered her claims to Canada and most of India, but kept her "sugar islands." England now could claim all of America north of Florida and east of the Mississippi, the West Indies (including Haiti), as well as India. As he lay dying, James Wolfe received word that the French had surrendered The colonies rejoiced at this victory and the advantageous peace treaty that seemed to promise that all the lands east of the Mississippi were now open to them. However, despite the rejoicing on both sides of the Atlantic, three major problems confronted the British following their notable victories. The newly acquired territories were inviting to settlers, speculators, traders, and trappers. But who would occupy and govern them? Nine years of warfare had exhausted the British treasury and saddled England with huge debt. How would it be paid, and by whom? Finally, the war, combined with lax enforcement, had encouraged widespread smuggling to avoid British trade laws. What should be done about the mercantile regulations? This chapter examines these problems, challenges readers to find sensible solutions, and asks them to evaluate the solutions proposed by the British government. Problem 1: Western Lands In the Ohio River Valley, Chief Pontiac realized that the defeat of his French allies meant his ancestral lands would soon be overrun by English settlers. Resolving to fight the intruders while he still might win, Pontiac gathered the tribes of the Ohio Valley under his leadership and attacked the British forts in the West. Soon every English outpost but Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) and Detroit fell. Hundreds of pioneers were killed, and many of the survivors were forced to abandon their homesteads. Pontiac's warriors were finally defeated, but not by colonial soldiers. British redcoats were dispatched to crush the Native American fighters who wished to expel all foreigners from their homelands. The conclusion officials in London drew from this episode was that the colonists could or would not defend themselves. This conclusion was reinforced by the failure of colonists to supply men, supplies, or revenues to help the British war effort during the French and Indian War. Fearing renewed fighting with

2 Page 24 the Native Americans, the French, and the Spanish, British field commanders suggested permanent garrisons along the Ohio River Valley, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi. English policy makers also began to plan for the development of the Ohio Valley and other Western territories. They were faced with several problems. First, there were conflicting claims over the Ohio area between Pennsylvania and Virginia. Second, decisions had to be made whether and what lands had to be set aside for sale, for farming, and for hunting and trapping. Third, the competing claims of colonial speculators (such as George Washington's Ohio Company) and British land agents had to be resolved. Finally, the claims of Native Americans, some of whom had signed treaties with England in exchange for their war-time cooperation, had to be resolved. Possible Solutions: 1. Station several regiments of British troops in the colonies to defend the West against the French and the Native Americans. 2. Temporarily close Western lands until sound plans for their future could be drawn up. 3. Allow settlers to move west at their own risk without defending them against the Native Americans. Problem 2: Trade Regulations While the colonists were expected to obey the mercantile laws regulating their trade with England and the rest of the world, they in fact frequently avoided both the laws and the tariffs required at colonial ports. During the war with France, colonial shippers coolly smuggled goods past British men-of-war supposedly blockading enemy ports in the French West Indies. Indeed, smuggling had become a way of life for many American merchants. Several colonial fortunes, including that of John Hancock, were earned at the expense of British trade regulations. So widespread was the smuggling, the British customs service in America collected less than 2,000 per year although it cost four times that amount to run the service. The British estimated that goods worth some 700,000 each year were imported illegally by colonists who avoided paying the required duties. If these gross violations continued, the British reasoned, England would be denied the major benefits that her colonies were supposed to bring her. One of the great difficulties in preventing smuggling seemed to rest with the British customs service. Its officials were usually inefficient, corrupt, or both. They often took care of themselves by accepting bribes rather than collecting the revenues due the King. Even in the rare case that smugglers were caught, however, they frequently escaped punishment. The problem, in part, was that the accused would be made to stand trial before a jury of their peers who did not believe that smuggling was a crime. Possible Solutions: 1. Pass strong laws to enforce existing trade regulations, i.e. eliminate jury trial for people accused of smuggling and eliminate the need for search warrants. 2. Repeal all trade regulations. 3. Allow smuggling to continue.

3 Page 25 Problem 3: Finances Officials in London estimated that 10,000 British soldiers would be needed to defend the American colonists from Native Americans and a possible French attempt to re-establish their base in Canada. The cost of maintaining such a large army would be 300,000 per year. The British thought the colonists should help pay for the cost of their own protection. Furthermore, the French and Indian War had cost the British treasury 70,000,000 and doubled their national debt to 140,000,000. Compared to this staggering sum, the colonists' debts were extremely light, as was their tax burden. Not counting the mercantile regulations, the colonists paid only about 1/20th of the taxes that were paid by the British. Attempts to raise taxes in Great Britain had resulted in the famous cider riots. The British had already reimbursed the colonists with 275,000, for their share of the costs of the French and Indian War. Now, taxpayers in England thought it was about time that their counterparts in the New World should ante-up. The colonists saw no reason for paying England to fight a war to keep them in the British Empire. They had never paid direct taxes to England, and had no intention of paying for a war they claimed they hadn't started and didn't need, especially since they had no say in the government which might be asking them to pay what it thought was their "fair share." Possible solutions 1. Increase taxes on people living in England. 2. Put taxes on articles of everyday use on people living in the colonies. 3. Have colonists pay the same taxes as people living in England. Grenville Takes Charge With the ending of the French and Indian War, finally, the British were free to address themselves to the most pressing problems of the Empire. Some of the problems, of course, were raised by the war itself. But, most of them had been of long standing, and the war had only called attention to them. The new British Prime Minister, George Grenville, was a no-nonsense businessman eager to restore England's finances. Historians have accused him of being more concerned with balancing a budget than saving an Empire, but the problems he faced were real enough.

4 Page 26 Suggested Student Exercises: 1. Define or identify and briefly show the importance to the chapter of each of the following: a. James Wolfe and Quebec d. competing claims b. Chief Pontiac e. British debt c. problem of western lands f. problem of finances g. Americans' smuggling h. problem of trade regulations i. colonists' and British standard of living 2. As your teacher directs, select one or two of the three major problems facing Grenville and decide on a fair solution to the problem by selecting one of the possible solutions listed after the problem. (Do not make up any other solution.) Then state the value assumption underlying your decision. For example, you may wish to pass strong laws to enforce trade regulations because you believe adherence to the law is the most important value. Then write a short paragraph connecting your decision to your value. 3. Form groups with other students who have proposed solutions to the same problem. Discuss your solution with these students and prepare to share your decision with the entire class.

5 Page 27 Epilogue: Solutions to the Problems of Empire Facing the same problems you were asked to consider, Parliament and the Crown made the following decisions: Western Lands 1. The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited American colonists from settling west of the ridge running across the Appalachian Mountains or from purchasing lands in that area. All colonists who had already crossed this divide and settled in Ohio, Kentucky and other regions in the west were ordered to return and all land sales in that area were canceled. Only Native Americans would be permitted to live in these regions until the British decided on a permanent solution. 2. The British decided to station 10,000 soldiers in North America to protect the colonists from attacks by Spain, France, or Native American tribes. The annual cost was estimated at 300, The Quartering Act of 1765 provided that colonists help support troops stationed in America by supplying living quarters, candles, and rum. Colonies in 1763 showing lands set aside for Native Americans

6 Page 28 Trade Regulations 1. The Writs of Assistance, 1761, gave customs agents the right to search for smuggled goods in private homes and other places without first securing a search warrant. 2. The Sugar Act, 1764, reduced the tax on molasses from 6 to 3 pence per gallon because the British hoped to make smuggling less profitable and thereby collect more money. 3. With the expansion of the jurisdiction of Admiralty (military) courts to include cases involving trade regulations, colonist accused of smuggling could be tried before a judge rather than a jury. The judge was entitled to 5 per cent of the ship's cargo, if the accused was convicted. 4. The British navy was ordered to aid the customs officials in their efforts to enforce trade regulations. Taxation 1.The Sugar Act, 1764, lowered tax on molasses, but stated for the first time that the purpose of the tax was to raise revenue rather than regulate trade. 2. The Stamp Act, 1765, patterned after a similar law in England placed taxes on legal documents, newspapers, dice, and playing cards. Designed to raise about 100,000 annually, about 1/3 the cost of stationing troops in America. Do you think these decisions on the whole were statesmen-like solutions to the problems faced by the British, or were they narrow and self-serving, with no serious concessions to colonial interests?

The Causes of the French and Indian War The End of the French Threat 1. relations between England & the colonies had been positive until the 1760s 2. England & France were the two main rivals for leadership

The Making of a Nation: The French and Indian War During the eighteenth century, Spain, France, and Britain controlled land in North America. Spain controlled Florida. France was powerful in the northern

The American Revolution was a war that was fought for: Liberty o Religious o Political o Economic These are the 3 reasons people came to the Colonies in the 1 st place American Colonists want to expand

Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and Indians. English surrounded by hostile neighbors Indians, everywhere outside settled boundaries Spanish Florida region French along Great Inland System of Rivers St.

Chapter 3 The English Colonies Section Notes The Southern Colonies The New England Colonies The Middle Colonies Life in the English Colonies Conflict in the Colonies History Close-up Plymouth Colony Quick

Chapter 5: The Road to the Revolutionary War British Domination through Trade Laws Trade Laws The major powers of Europe: Britain, France, and Spain In order to make sure that Britain had more money coming

No Taxation Without Representation U N I T 3, N O T E S 3 Results of the French and Indian War Britain became the leading European power in North America English language and traditions became the status

BUILDING BACKGROUND As the British colonies grew and became prosperous, the colonists got used to running their own lives. Britain began to seem very far away. At the same time, officials in Britain still

No Taxation Without Representation!! Actions that led to the Revolutionary War Raising Taxes The French and Indian War had caused the British to be in a great deal of debt. They decided to keep a standing

Unit 2 Review Game 1. Two part question: (a) What caused the French & Indian War? (b) Name the two European nations that fought in the French & Indian War. 2. Two part question: (a) What was the name of

No Taxation without Representation After the French and Indian War, England was broke. They had spent a lot of money to protect the colonists in America. England thought that America should help to pay

Causes of the Revolution War Test (Do not write on this Test) 1) Which group supported Patrick Henry, a famous American colonist who said, Give me liberty or give me death? a) Loyalist b) Patriots c) Tories

1 2 3 4 5 6 Imperial Breakdown 1763 1774 The Crisis of Imperial Authority What new challenges did the British government face in North America after 1763? Republican Ideology and Colonial Protest How did

Causes of the American Revolution SWBAT Explain the causes of the American Revolution Do Now The Townshend Act fixed taxes on which item: A.Tea B. Glass C. Lead D.All of the Above The Albany Conference

Title: Patriot, Loyalist, or Neutral? You Decide By Lynne Fuller, Carusi Middle School Historical Background: During the American Revolution, the American colonists had to decide to support the War for

Road to the American Revolution 1 BASIC CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR Mercantilism and British economic control of the colonies Colonies were to only buy from the mother country. Colonies were to sell

GEORGIA in the AMERICAN REVOLUTION AMERICA HEADS TOWARD INDEPENDENCE: Until 1763, independence was unthinkable!!! Great Britain was the greatest, most powerful nation on earth, and the American colonists

The Americans (Survey) Chapter 6: TELESCOPING THE TIMES Launching the New Nation CHAPTER OVERVIEW As the new government takes hold, the United States sees the growth of political parties. A land purchase

The Causes of the American Revolution I. Effects of the French & Indian War (Seven Years' War) A. Proclamation of 1763 1. War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. 2. Boundary drawn. American colonists

Name Date Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. American Revolution 1. Before 1760, which statement best describes the colonies? A. The colonies had assemblies that passed laws.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION OR WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE VS 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GREAT BRITAIN 1 Steps to the American Revolution: REVOLUTION 13. Colonists react 12. Battle of Bunker Hill 11. 2 nd Continental

Warm up: Using your notes from last class and the posters you created answer the following question: Were the American colonists justified in rebelling against British rule? Ideas of the Revolution Natural

Ch. 3 Section 5: Conflict in the Colonies Great Britain Raises Taxes Great Britain had won the French and Indian War, but Parliament still had to pay for it. The British continued to keep a standing, or

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Part II FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Last of a series of wars fought between Britain and France Fighting over land and fur trade in N. America. George Washington gains military

Problems After the War War increased tensions between British & the Colonists. 1. England becomes more involved in the running of the colonies. 2. Proclamation Line of 1763 3. Standing Army 4. How to pay

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 The French and Indian War (1754 1763) altered the relationship between Britain and its North American colonies. Assess this change with

Causes of the American Revolution SS4H4: The students will explain the causes, events and the results of the American Revolution. The Taxation Acts The King of England started taxing the colonists in the

Ch. 5 : The Federalist Era Main Idea George Washington The First Congress Thomas Jefferson Details/Notes The first President of the United States. As president, he issued a Proclamation of Neutrality and

Jefferson Charts a New Course CREATE A TWO COLUMN *Jefferson s first goal limit the federal gov t s power over states and citizens. *Jefferson thought the federal gov t under Washington and Adams had become

Name Causes of the American Revolution 1763-1776 Introduction Key Terms Parliament Proclamation Duty Tariff As often happens after wars, peace that settled the French and Indian War brought new problems

Name: Period: Date: Dean - U.S. History Crisis in the Colonies & The American Revolution Unit Assessment 1. What date was the Declaration of Independence written? a. September 17, 1774 b. January 4, 1776

End of Spanish Rule Spanish Texas 1763-1819 Treaty of Paris of 1763: Great Britain gained Canada and all of French land east of the Mississippi River (except New Orleans) Treaty of Paris of 1763: Boundary

Hear Ye! Hear Ye! Summative Assessment A for Independent- To Be or Not To Be? Table of Contents Item Page Description of Summative Activity 2 Teacher Directions 2 The following day Student Directions 3

Creating America (Survey) Chapter 7: The American Revolution, 1776-1783 Section 1: The Early Years of the War Main Idea: The American desire to gain rights and liberties led them to fight for independence

America Revolution Battles Paul Revere s Ride American Patriots Paul Revere and two other riders were dispatched and gave warning to towns around Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts to form militias that

The American Colonies Declare Independence Copy the notes in red. Write the notes in blue in your own words. The words in black are for your information. As taken from: mrkash.com/activities/independence.ppt

Mr. Long Anderson High School Cincinnati, Ohio THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION 1756-1775 A4W 10.9.17 TWO REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA 4 ROAD TO REVOLUTION, 1754-1775 (Ch 4) A. Relationship with Britain B. The French and

The Road To The American Revolution, 1750s - 1776 French and Indian War 1754-1763 France & Native Americans vs. British and Colonists British & Colonists victorious Expensive to Fight Britain wanted colonists

Chapter 8, Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase Pages 272-277 American Settlers Move West By the early 1800s, thousands of Americans settle in the area between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River. Kentucky,

Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Department of State, Department of Treasury, Department of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General : 5 government departments established

Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. AP US History Blizzard Bag 2014-2015 Era of American Revolution 1. Lord Cornwallis did which of the following? A. He organized French assistance. B. He commanded

The Stamp Act The twelve years following the conclusion of the French and Indian War were vital in creating an independent drive in the colonies that ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Revolution.

NAME: DATE: CLASS: DBQ FOCUS: French and Indian War Document-Based Question Format Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents (The documents have been edited for the purpose

Chapter 6: The Revolutionary War The Final Steps Toward Independence A Review of the Intolerable Acts Britain tries to take rights away from colonists The Intolerable Acts mainly affected the Massachusetts

Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward Chapter 2.4: France and the Netherlands in North America Section Focus Question What impact did the establishment of French and Dutch colonies in North America have on Native

Unit 2 American Revolution Chapters 5-7 Essential Questions (EQs) What is a revolution? When is a revolution appropriate? Were the Americans justified in their actions? Revolution (as defined by dictionary.com)

Test - Social Studies Grade 8 Unit 03: American Revolution 2013-2014 A. I 1. In 1776, thirteen colonies in North America did which of the following? A. established the United States of America B. ratified

Fight for North America: The Emergence of Colonial and Native Societies (1607-1754) Essential Question #1 If the goal of colonization was to create new empires for the European powers, why did the Europeans

USHC 2.2: Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny affected the United States relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the United States in the Texan Revolution

Name: KEY Hour: Use complete sentences if needed. American Revolution Webquest Type in the following web address http://amrevmuseum.org/timeline/ Feel free to look at the pictures, watch podcasts, click

The American Revolution, 1763-1783 [excerpt] The American Revolution, 1763-1783 [excerpt] By Pauline Maier This essay excerpt is provided courtesy of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. INDEPENDENCE

Long Essay Question 2 Note: As explained in the Preface, the instructions shown here are the ones that students will be given beginning with the 2016 AP U.S. History Exam. 2016 The College Board Return

Revolutionary War Review HMS 2014 Social Studies 8 ??? First battle of the Revolutionary War Shot heard round the world 8 colonial militiamen killed The British are coming Paul Revere Lexington First battle

one best answer for each of the following questions. 1. During the seventeenth century, America established the precedent of [A] starting wars in Europe. [B] staying out of European wars if possible. [C]

Colonization and the Revolutionary War Introduction to the Revolutionary War As the colonies took root, they grew used to mostly governing themselves. Great Britain decided it wanted more control. It began

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials resistance to British rule and their commitment

Creating America (Survey) Chapter 3: The English Establish 13 Colonies, 1585 1732 Section 1: Early Colonies Have Mixed Success Key Idea: Two early English colonies failed, but Jamestown survived. In the

FLORIDA BECOMES A U.S. TERITORY By Laura Harder and Toni Migliore Summary: After the British returned Florida to Spain, Florida came under Spanish rule for a second time. During this second period, which

Events Leading up to the American Revolution What initially caused discontent among the colonies toward Britain? Great Britain had been fighting costly wars with the French and Indians in North America

Timeline of the American Revolution 1763 February 10 October 7 1764 April 5 1765 March 22 March 24 1766 March 18 The French and Indian War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Great Britain defeated

THE JEFFERSON ERA CHAPTER 10 ELECTION OF 1800 FEDERALISTS- JOHN ADAMS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS- JEFFERSON JEFFERSON ARGUED THAT GOVERNMENT WAS GETTING OUT OF CONTROL (EX: ALIEN SEDITION ACTS) FEDERALISTS

Note Cards 101. John Peter Zenger trial Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press

1 Factors that Handicapped the British Overview: At the outreach of fighting between England and the colonists in 1775, the British military was considered the strongest in the world. Britain had defeated

The Road to the American Revolution: Events of Conflict French and Indian War British Taxes Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party American Revolution Proclamation of 1763 First Continental Congress Lexington

Chapter 3: European Exploration and Colonization Trade Route to Asia in the 1400s European Trade With Asia Traders - people who get wealth by buying items from a group of people at a low price and selling

Chapter 2, Section 4: Launching the New Nation With George Washington the first president, the United States begins creating a working government for its new nation. Opening Activity: In a paragraph discuss

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION American Strengths and Weaknesses Patriotism Help from French George Washington Small army and short of soldiers Few trained for battle Army plagued by shortage of guns, gunpowder,

American Revolution DBQ Packet Name: Directions for DBQ (Causes and Effects of Exploration) PRE ESSAY Checklist (Do the following things before you write your essay) 1. Read what the essay is about historical

Exploring South Carolina Rose Capell Lander University Rosemary_81@hotmail.com Overview This lesson is based on South Carolina: An Atlas. Students will use the atlas to compare the regions in which the

SM Francis Marion was born in 1732 in Berkeley County, South Carolina. His family owned a plantation in Berkeley County, and Francis was the youngest of the children. At age 15, young Francis Marion joined

By the end of the 18th century the Army had become the single biggest purchaser of slaves. Slave account, 1801. NAM 1975-08-55-3 War with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France spread to the Caribbean, and

Chapter 3: The English Colonies Section 1: The Southern Colonies Settlement in Jamestown In 1605 a company of English merchants asked King James I for the right to found, or establish, a settlement. In

The American Revolution During the second half of the eighteenth century, North American colonists of the British Empire became increasingly frustrated and disillusioned with being subjected to monarchical

THE FORMING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA INTRODUCTION The population of the US grew quickly in the 100 years after the American Revolution. Cities and farms in the northeast continued to grow and expand,

Unit: Westward Expansion Lesson #2 US 1 st Taste of Expansion Essential Questions: How did the United States attempt expansion after the Revolutionary War? What part of the country did they embark on this

Grade 7 History (Part II) British North America after the Fall of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 The American Revolution/War of Independence The Loyalists War of 1812 Expectations

Westward Expansion and Conflict When the United States won its independence from Great Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783, the country nearly doubled in size. After 1783, the United States

Name: American Revolution 1. The Tea Act was passed by British Parliament. It said that... a. colonists in America were not allowed to drink tea b. colonists in America must produce more tea for Britain