Cast iron is a brittle material and it is advantageous to process it in such a way to improve its ductility. The brittleness is partially due to the graphite flakes which act as nucleation sites for cracks. Therefore it is an advantage to have the graphite present as spheres. This can be achieved by a heat treatment regime or by the addition of a small amount of Mg which poisons the graphite growth directions.

Image from ?Story of the Rear Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition ? Edited by Mrs. J. S. Jameson. [With a preface by Andrew Jameson.] With ? map and illustrations, etc. (Natural-History appendix. The Ornithological work of J. S. Jameson. By R. B. Sharpe. List of Coleoptera collected by Mr. Jameson on the Aruwimi. By H. W. Bates. Lepidptera Rhopalocera by F. D. Godman and O. Salvin. Lepidoptera Heterocera by H. Druce.)?, 001848459
Author: JAMESON, James S.
Page: 422
Year: 1890
Place: London
Publisher: R. H. Porter
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Image from ?With the Beduins. A narrative of journeys and adventures in unfrequented parts of Syria ? Illustrations and a map?, 001683828
Author: HILL, Gray.
Page: 139
Year: 1891
Place: London
Publisher: T. F. Unwin
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Image from ?A Handbook of Gold Milling?, 002267356
Author: LOUIS, Henry.
Page: 172
Year: 1894
Place: London
Publisher: Macmillan & Co.
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Image from ?One Year in Sweden; including a visit to the Isle of Go?tland ? Map and illustrations?, 002391572
Author: MARRYAT, Horace.
Volume: 01
Page: 238
Year: 1862
Place: London
Publisher:
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Image from ?Rambles round London Town?, 002419445
Author: MATE?AUX, Clara L.
Page: 114
Year: 1884
Place: London
Publisher: Cassell & Co.
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Is marriage a patriarchal institution? Much feminist scholarship has characterized it that way, but now in the context of the recent Massachusetts Supreme Court decision legalizing gay marriage, the meaning of marriage itself demands serious re-examination. This course will discuss history, literature, film, and legal scholarship, making use of cross-cultural, sociological, anthropological, and many other theoretical approaches to the marriage question from 1630 to the present. As it turns out, sex, marriage, and the family have never been stable institutions; to the contrary, they have continued to function as flash points for the very social and cultural questions that are central to gender studies scholarship. Is marriage a patriarchal institution? Much feminist scholarship has characterized it that way, but now in the context of the recent Massachusetts Supreme Court decision legalizing gay marriage, the meaning of marriage itself demands serious re-examination. This course will discuss history, literature, film, and legal scholarship, making use of cross-cultural, sociological, anthropological, and many other theoretical approaches to the marriage question from 1630 to the present. As it turns out, sex, marriage, and the family have never been stable institutions; to the contrary, they have continued to function as flash points for the very social and cultural questions that are central to gender studies scholarship.

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

Image from ?[Our Earth and its Story: a popular treatise on physical geography. Edited by R. Brown. With ? coloured plates and maps, etc.]?, 000495550
Author: BROWN, Robert M.A., Ph.D
Volume: 01
Page: 371
Year: 1893
Place: London
Publisher:
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Boring to fit the disc, rough and finish facing at the National Projectile Factory, Birtley, 14 June 1916 (TWAM ref. 1027/271).
These images belong to an album of photographs taken in the National Projectile Factory, Birtley (near Gateshead) during the First World War.
The photographs were taken by Sir W.G. Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd, who built the factory. The images date from June 1916, shortly after the factory became operational.
What makes the factory (and these photographs of it) so special is that all the management and workers there were Belgian. The factory and the nearby village of Elisabethville (built to accommodate them) were like a little corner of Belgium transplanted to the North East of England.
More information about the factory and the village of Elisabethville can be found in the blog, which accompanies this set.
(Copyright) We're happy for you to share these digital images within the spirit of The Commons. Please cite 'Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums' when reusing. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions and commercial use of the original physical version apply though; if you're unsure please email archives@twmuseums.org.uk

A Genuine Gold DollarIn recent years an increasing number of economists have understandably become disillusioned by the inflationary record of fiat currencies. They have therefore concluded that leaving the government and its central bank power to fine tune the money supply, but abjuring them to use that power wisely in accordance with various rules, is simply leaving the fox in charge of the proverbial henhouse. They have come to the conclusion that only radical measures can remedy the problem, in essence the problem of the inherent tendency of government to inflate a money supply that it monopolizes and creates. That remedy is no less than the strict separation of money and its supply from the state.The best known proposal to separate money from the state is that of F.A. Hayek and his fo A Genuine Gold DollarIn recent years an increasing number of economists have understandably become disillusioned by the inflationary record of fiat currencies. They have therefore concluded that leaving the government and its central bank power to fine tune the money supply, but abjuring them to use that power wisely in accordance with various rules, is simply leaving the fox in charge of the proverbial henhouse. They have come to the conclusion that only radical measures can remedy the problem, in essence the problem of the inherent tendency of government to inflate a money supply that it monopolizes and creates. That remedy is no less than the strict separation of money and its supply from the state.The best known proposal to separate money from the state is that of F.A. Hayek and his fo The fiat money-fueled global economy continues to unravel — just as Austrian economists have long predicted. In A Genuine Gold Dollar vs. the Federal Reserve, Murray Rothbard masterfully picks apart the arguments made by Keynesians and Monetarists of both parties. The fiat money-fueled global economy continues to unravel — just as Austrian economists have long predicted. In A Genuine Gold Dollar vs. the Federal Reserve, Murray Rothbard masterfully picks apart the arguments made by Keynesians and Monetarists of both parties.

Accounts of Caravaggio's life are filled with suggestions of murder and intrigue. But does knowing more about this dark artist's experiences help us to interpret his art? Or does understanding his motivations cloud their true meaning? This free course, Helen Langdon's 'Caravaggio', explores the biographical monograph, one of the most common forms of art history writing. First published on Mon, 08 Feb 2016 as Helen Langdon's ‘Caravaggio’. To find out more visit The Open University's Openlearn website. Creative-Commons 2016 Accounts of Caravaggio's life are filled with suggestions of murder and intrigue. But does knowing more about this dark artist's experiences help us to interpret his art? Or does understanding his motivations cloud their true meaning? This free course, Helen Langdon's 'Caravaggio', explores the biographical monograph, one of the most common forms of art history writing. First published on Mon, 08 Feb 2016 as Helen Langdon's ‘Caravaggio’. To find out more visit The Open University's Openlearn website. Creative-Commons 2016

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see http://www.open.ac.uk/conditions terms and conditions), this content is made available under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

Image from ?Picturesque England, etc?, 001874423
Author: JEWRY, afterwards VALENTINE, Laura.
Page: 287
Year: 1894
Place: London
Publisher: F. Warne & Co.
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Image from ?Our Earth and its Story: a popular treatise on physical geography. Edited by R. Brown. With ? coloured plates and maps, etc?, 000495549
Author: BROWN, Robert M.A., Ph.D
Volume: 01
Page: 285
Year: 1887
Place: London
Publisher: Cassell & Co.
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Image from ?A Text-Book of Coal-Mining ? Second edition, etc?, 001758763
Author: HUGHES, Herbert W.
Page: 242
Year: 1893
Place: London
Publisher: Griffin & Co.
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Give advice to a friend in Finnish using the sinun taytyy 'you have to' construction. Contains 21 situations that can be used in class to stimulate conversation and consolidate learning. The exercise is suitable for levels A2 and B1. It is a good idea to let the students prepare answers to the questions at home before class. (FAVOR project.)

Image from ?[Our own country. Descriptive, historical, pictorial.]?, 002732646
Author:
Volume: 03
Page: 62
Year: 1885
Place: London
Publisher: Cassell & Co.
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Image from ?[The Student?s Elements of Geology ? With ? illustrations.]?, 002293127
Author: LYELL, Charles Sir, Bart
Page: 578
Year: 1878
Place: London
Publisher: J. Murray
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Image from ?A History of Tong, Shropshire ? with notes on Boscobel ? Second edition, with additions?, 001514398
Author: GRIFFITHS, George of Weston-under-Lizard
Page: 218
Year: 1894
Place: Newport
Publisher: Horne & Bennion
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Image from ?[A Manual of Elementary Geology. ? Third and entirely revised edition.]?, 002293120
Author: LYELL, Charles Sir, Bart
Page: 473
Year: 1852
Place: London
Publisher: J. Murray
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Image from ?[Days near Rome ? With illustrations.]?, 001594459
Author: HARE, Augustus John Cuthbert.
Volume: 01
Page: 192
Year: 1884
Place: London
Publisher: Smith, Elder & Co.
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Rob Knox, PhD candidate in Law at the London School of Economics, gives a talk on 9th Feb 2012 for the Historical Materialism and International Relations seminar series. The Historical Materialism and International Relations seminar series seeks to explore and develop the multiple points of contact between Marxist theory and international relations, most broadly defined. It does so with the double aim of investigating the critical and explanatory potentials of Marxism in the domain of international relations, as well as to probe what an engagement with 'the international' might contribute to Marxist theory. The seminar series is associated with the journal of Historical Materialism: Research in Critical Marxist Theory and its forthcoming 'Historical Materialism and International Relatio Wales; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Image from ?The Rogue. A novel?, 002672114
Author: Norris, W. E. (William Edward)
Volume: 03
Page: 158
Year: 1888
Place: London
Publisher: R. Bentley & Son
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In this free course, Entrepreneurial impressions reflection, you will be encouraged to unpack your own experiences of, and perceptions about, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. You will also take a look at the relevant research evidence on entrepreneurial personality and on the role of informal ties with family and friends. There are still many unresolved questions about the nature of entrepreneurship, and as a consequence you can find people with radically different experiences and opinions. First published on Mon, 18 Jan 2016 as Entrepreneurial impressions – reflection. To find out more visit The Open University's Openlearn website. Creative-Commons 2016 In this free course, Entrepreneurial impressions reflection, you will be encouraged to unpack your own experiences of, and perceptions about, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. You will also take a look at the relevant research evidence on entrepreneurial personality and on the role of informal ties with family and friends. There are still many unresolved questions about the nature of entrepreneurship, and as a consequence you can find people with radically different experiences and opinions. First published on Mon, 18 Jan 2016 as Entrepreneurial impressions – reflection. To find out more visit The Open University's Openlearn website. Creative-Commons 2016

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see http://www.open.ac.uk/conditions terms and conditions), this content is made available under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University