Ethanol most commonly which is produced through the fermentation of glucose by yeast cells. Fermentation is an energy-yielding process that cells carry out in the absence of oxygen. Although fermentation does not provide much usable energy for the cell, it is sufficient for yeast cells. Yeast cells produce ethanol and CO 2 as byproducts, and the ethanol produced valuable energy source. There is much interest in ethanol as an energy alternative which are nonrenewable and contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. Ethanol also helps to address concerns about greenhouse gas emissions (mainly in the form of CO 2 ). Unlike petroleum, ethanol is ‘carbon neutral’, which means that the CO 2 released when it is burned is balanced by the uptake of CO 2 from the atmosphere by plants growing to produce more grain. In light of its advantages, world production of ethanol has increased dramatically in recent years. As grain will continue to be used for biofuel production, it is appropriate that we should seek to maximize the yield of ethanol. One way to do this is to study the effects of various factors on the rate of fermentation. Ethanol and CO 2 are produced by yeasts during fermentation is what. Although measuring ethanol would be the most direct and useful, measuring ethanol released by the yeast cells is too involved for an intro biology lab. However, CO 2 production can be measured quickly and accurately, and it affords an acceptable means of studying the relationship between cell, substrate and product in growth of yeast. Yeast cells are used to ferment glucose into ethanol. Measurements of glucose, cell concentration and carbon dioxide production are performed throughout the fermentation. Fermentation processes are used extensively in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries. Typically, fermentations utilize microorganisms (bacteria, yeast) to produce a desired product from a substrate. Citric acid, hydrogen, and beer are...

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...WASTE TO PRODUCE ETHANOL
I Introduction
Due to increasing demand for energy, renewable energy sources particularly waste products like banana peel waste can be utilized to produce ethanol, as the vitality of ethanol are well known in science world, besides the methods of producing it is incomplex and it can give big impact to the world.
II Body
A Ethanol is widely recognized these days as a very promising alternative source
of energy (Low & Isserman, 2009)
1 Ethanol produced from waste products is blended with gasoline to
produce bio-fuels and it is broadly used nowadays
(Rangasamy et al,2011)
a Ethanol can reduce our dependence on fossil fuel oil (Pacheco,2006)
i Enormous usage of fossil fuel energy imposes environmental costs
by releasing carbon dioxide,therefore development of clean
energy is eagerly required (Hall,1991 as cited in Panwar et al,2010)
ii Ethanol will increase sustainability of the natural resources base
(Dercan et al, 2012)
Ethanol made from banana peel waste can be replenished as there are continuing sources of banana plant in the world thus...

...﻿EthanolProductionEthanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer. Its chemical formula is: C2H5OH. Glucose from plant material is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by fermentation.
The enzymes found in yeast (single-celled fungi) are the natural catalysts that can make this process happen. Here is the word equation: Sugar → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Fermentation of glucose using yeast
You measure 15ml of yeast solution in a conical flask and add 25ml of sucrose solution. The yeast is used to act as a catalyst and therefore speed up the reaction. This solution is then placed into a beaker of warm water between 25-37 degrees Celsius. You then place a bung into the fermenting solution, and the delivery tube into a boiling tube of lime water. This is to show that CO₂ is present when the limewater turns cloudy, indicating that Ethanol is being formed. To make sure no CO₂ escaped the boiling tube, we filled the opening with cotton wool.
Percentages of various alcoholic drinks:
Many alcoholic drinks have different percentages of Ethanol meaning they will have a different effect on the consumer.
Percentages of Ethanol in:
Vodka – 35-40% (In the UK)
Beer – 4-5%
Cider – 5-8.5%
Wine – 9-14%
Fortified...

...Introduction:
Ethanol is a form of a alcohol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3–CH2–OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH3–) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (–CH2–), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (–OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is the systematic name defined by the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry for a molecule with two carbon atoms, having a single bond between them, and an attached -OH group. Is also produced from ethylene. It is also used as solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reactions employed by humanity. The history of ethanol first was obtained pure ethanol by filtering distilled ethanol, then described ethanol as a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Later on the scientists determined ethanol’s chemical formula and published the structural formula of ethanol....

...USA over a Barrel
The cost of a barrel of oil this summer reached a record high of nearly $100. How has this happened and how much higher could oil go? The United States dependence on foreign oil is at an all time high. Nations supplying this oil are pumping at a record pace and maximum capacity. If any of these nations fail to supply the U.S. because of a terror attack or bad relations, the economy would be negatively impacted. How can the U.S. reduce dependence on imported fuels and diversify our energy supply?
In recent months, the new focus is the investment in research and development of alternative or renewable energy. Google has announced its plans to spend tens of millions of dollars in 2008 on the project known as Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal (Reuters, 2007). The U.S. government also has put in place two programs called, Solar Energy Technologies Program and The Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. These programs will research, develop and organize solar and wind energy supply potential (Department of Energy, 2006).
Alternative Energy
What is Renewable Energy? Renewable energy means it comes from a source that's constantly renewed. For instance, the wind keeps blowing, the sun keeps shining, and the Earth keeps heating underground rocks. This energy will be around for as long as the Earth is, so we don't have to worry about running out of it. Solar and wind power is leading the way as the fastest growing technologies among countries committed to...

...Ethanol: Good or Bad?
In the pursuit of a cleaner renewable resource to fossil fuels, many scientist have found alternatives. Examples include solar, wind, biogas, geothermal, biomass energy and cellulosic ethanol. In the last twenty years, efforts have been made to reduce our dependency on foreign oil and ethanol has been an option. Ethanol is nothing new; in fact, it was first used in a motor built by Samuel Morey in 1826 (Ethanol History). Since the 1980s, the government started having oil companies add ethanol into gasoline to replace the previous lead additives to cut the carbon footprint it was creating. However, ethanol has brought on several debates regarding whether or not it is affecting our environment and economy negatively.
One topic that has been discussed is the idea that the use of ethanol in America is causing deforestation in South American countries such as Brazil. Pressure on the world’s forests from the renewable energy sector also continues to grow. Forests are being replaced with biofuel crops such as sugarcane and other ethanol feedstocks to meet growing global renewable energy demand. Dr. Daniel Nepstad of the Woods Hole Research Center insists that.
The growing demand for corn ethanol means that more corn and less soy is being planted in the United States. Brazil, the world's largest producer of...

...Luke Fancy
Pro/Con Paper: Pros of Ethanol
Due: 12/07/11
Ethanol was first used in 1908 on Henry Ford's Model T. The Model T was designed so that it could be run on either gasoline or pure alcohol. When asked why he wanted to run the Model T on alcohol, Henry Ford replied by saying, “It is the fuel of the future.” The use of ethanol continued through the 1920's and 1930's in an effort to keep a United States ethanol program alive. Although the effort was unsuccessful, oil supply problems in the Middle East and environmental issues and concerns on the use of lead as an octane booster in gasoline brought focus back on to ethanol in the late 1970's. Ethanolproduction in 1998 was at 1.4 billion gallons compared to 175 million gallons in 1980. The Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 made a contribution to an economic crisis that revealed our dependence on imported oil. Lines at gas stations lengthened, stock markets slowly started to decline, and our nation was faced with an economic recession. Congress then passed the Energy Tax Act of 1978. This act provided made the 4 cents to the gallon federal fuel tax on gasoline exempt if the fuel was 10 percent ethanol. Congress continued to show and reveal Acts to promote fuel development in the domestic sector and energy conservation. Through the Clean Air Amendments of 1990, Congress acknowledged changes in fuels and their...

...When a human subject follows instructions to make a specific response as soon as he can after the presentation of a specific signal, the latency of the response is called reaction time (RT). Average values of between 150 and 250 milliseconds (msec.) are typically found, for example, where the subject must press a telegraph key when a light is flashed; however, under some conditions, RTs even shorter than one hundred msec. and even longer than one second may occur. The term “RT,” is also applied to the continuous lag of responses to the stream of ongoing events.
Beginnings of the RT experiment are found in two sources. One is Helmholtz’ study of the speed of neural transmission. In an unsuccessful attempt, reported in 1850, to adapt the nerve muscle preparation technique to the intact human organism, he measured the latency of voluntary hand responses to light electric shocks applied to different areas of the skin. It may be supposed that Helmholtz did not appreciate what could be learned through this approach as he did not proceed with it. However, it was not long before many others were actively experimenting and theorizing on the problem.
The other source is the astronomer Friedrich Bessel’s analysis in 1822 of differences among observers in their estimates of the instant, within a series of clock ticks, in which a star passed a cross wire, the “eye and ear” method. With the interest thus aroused in the variability of human behavior, and with the concurrent...