by Angela RandolphandJoycelyn LeighZPDVygotsky's constructivist theory placed more emphasis on meaningful, collaborative activities to promote learning (Schunk, 2012, pg.240)."Instructional scaffolding has five major functions: provide support, function as a tool, extend the range of the learner, permit the attainment of tasks not otherwise possible, and use selectively only as needed" (Schunk, 2012, p. 246).