Privacy in the Private Law

Main points

We talked about Warren and Brandeis’s case for a right to privacy. Specifically, we noted the following:

They claim the right to privacy is recognized in the common law, that is, by judges without specific legislation (Warren and Brandeis, 195).

They think privacy consists in having control over some combination of the following: (a) publication of one’s thoughts and feelings (pp. 198, 205) (b) publication of information about one’s private life (p. 201), and (c) publication of images of oneself (p. 211).

They claim that an invasion of privacy in these areas causes psychological distress and assert that we need “some retreat from the world” (p. 196).

While they maintain that judges decide cases in ways that protect privacy, they also argue that the judges have erred in relying on property rights or contracts in their decisions. The bulk of the article is devoted to showing that property and contract law do not provide adequate protection for privacy.

DistinctionsAdded April 5

I said that we would profit from distinguishing the following from one another.

What is private or done in private.

When privacy is valuable.

What rights to privacy we have.

It is obvious that the boundaries between what is private and what is not are rapidly changing. There is a lot of information about ourselves that was formerly under our exclusive control but will not be in the near future. That fact makes many of us cranky and apprehensive: social change does that.

But while we’re clearly losing privacy, it isn’t obvious that everything that we’re losing is valuable or that we have a right to keep it private.

One thing that we discussed in talking about the first category, namely, what is private, is the relationship between anonymity and privacy. I commute to work on a series of trains. While my journey is in public, there’s a sense in which it’s private: no one knows who I am or the course of my complete journey. The fact that the phone company can track my journey through the phone in my pocket means that I’m losing this bit of privacy: now someone else really does know who I am and my complete itinerary.

Michael had an interesting case that also raised a question about the relationship between anonymity and privacy. Suppose someone published a letter I had written but without any of the information needed to link it to me. Is that an intrusion on my privacy or not? I think Warren and Brandeis would say that it is, since it is a communication of my thoughts without my permission (and I’m not a public official, my letter is not on a matter of public importance, and so on). But it’s a less clear-cut case since it is anonymous.

Looking ahead

Warren and Brandeis were chiefly concerned with the private (or civil) law. This is the part of the law that individuals use to press claims against one another. Next week, we’ll read some Supreme Court cases that touch on privacy in Constitutional law. In those cases, the right to privacy governs the relationship between individuals and the state.

Then we’ll read an author who is skeptical of Warren and Brandeis’s approach, Judith Jarvis Thomson. She will argue that privacy should not have ever been separated from property and other rights in the first place.

Looking back

Here’s the reference to the story behind the article that I mentioned.

IN THE YEAR 1890 Mrs. Samuel D. Warren, a young matron of Boston, which is a large city in Massachusetts, held at her home a series of social entertainments on an elaborate scale. She was the daughter of Senator Bayard of Delaware, and her husband was a wealthy young paper manufacturer, who only the year before had given up the practice of law to devote himself to an inherited business. Socially Mrs. Warren was among the elite; and the newspapers of Boston, and in particular the Saturday Evening Gazette, which specialized in “blue blood” items, covered her parties in highly personal and embarrassing detail. It was the era of “yellow journalism,” when the press had begun to resort to excesses in the way of prying that have become more or less commonplace today;’ and Boston was perhaps, of all of the cities in the country, the one in which a lady and a gentleman kept their names and their personal affairs out of the papers. The matter came to a head when the newspapers had a field day on the occasion of the wedding of a daughter, and Mr. Warren became annoyed. It was an annoyance for which the press, the advertisers and the entertainment industry of America were to pay dearly over the next seventy years.William L. Prosser, “Privacy,” California Law Review 48 (1960): 383.

Warren and Brandeis were also concerned that “the latest advances in photographic art have rendered it possible to take pictures surreptitiously” (211). They weren’t exactly wrong: that was possible.