Abstract:

Method for obtaining physiological muscle values of a user by means of a
programmable accelerometer, wherein the method comprises the following
operations: selection, by the user, of the type of test to be carried
out; measurements of a sequence of acceleration data during the test;
emission of sound signals at the beginning, during and at the end of the
test. The end of the test is determined by verifying a condition
dependent on the type of test selected. The sound signals can indicate
the beginning of a test, an action to be carried out during the test, or
an error condition during the test; displaying of a value calculated on
the basis of said successive measurements of the acceleration and
dependent on the type of test selected.

Claims:

1. A method for obtaining physiological muscle values of a user by means
of an accelerometer, wherein the method comprises the following
operations:selection by the user of the type of test to be carried
out;measurements of a sequence of acceleration data during the
test;emission of a sound signal at the end of the test, the end of the
test being determined by verifying a condition dependent on the type of
test selected;displaying a value calculated on the basis of said
successive measurements of the acceleration and dependent on the type of
test selected.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the accelerometer is programmable.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the end of the test depends for certain
tests on the lapsing of a determined period of time,wherein for other
tests the end depends on the execution of a determined number of
movements,and wherein for further other tests the end depends on the
execution of a determined number of movement with variable loads.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein for at least certain tests the end of
the test depends on the lapsing of a period of time dependent on the
selected test.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein for at least certain tests the end of
the test depends on a number of executed movements, a signal being
emitted between each movement to invite the user to execute each
movement.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency of acquisition of the
acceleration depends on the type of test selected.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein an error signal is emitted when a value
obtained from the sequence of measured acceleration values does not
correspond to a pattern dependent on the type of text selected.

8. The method claim 1, wherein a calculation dependent on the type of test
selected is performed from said acceleration data,and wherein a value
dependent on the type of test selected is displayed during or at the end
of the test.

9. The method of claim 1, including a step during which at least one
parameter dependent on the type of selected test is required from the
user or read from a memory position.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein a sequence of speed data is determined
during the test by integration of said sequence of acceleration data,the
speed being re-initialized at least once during the test when the
accelerometer determines that the speed is zero.

11. The method of claim 10, said test including several movements
separated by phases of standstill, the speed being re-initialized during
said at least one standstill phase.

12. The method of claim 1, including a step of determining the maximum
force or the average force from said acceleration data multiplied by a
mass parameter entered by the user.

13. The method of claim 12, including a step of determining the maximum
power or the average power from the strength and the speed.

14. The method of claim 1, including a step of determining the height of a
jump and/or the duration of a flight from said sequence of acceleration
data.

15. The method of claim 1, including a step of determining the muscle
explosiveness from said sequence of acceleration data.

16. A method for obtaining physiological muscle values of a user by means
of an accelerometer, wherein the method comprises the following
operations:inviting the user to perform a number of successive
jumps;measurements of a sequence of acceleration data during each of said
jumps;determination of a sequence of speed data by integrating said
acceleration data;emission of a first sound signal after the execution of
each of said jump, in order to invite the user to execute the next
jump;re-initializing the speed during at least one phase of standstill
between two jumps;automatic determination of the end of the test after a
predetermined number of jumps;emission of a second sound signal different
from the first signal, in order to indicate the end of the test;
anddisplaying a plurality of values calculated on the basis of said
sequence of acceleration data.

17. The method of claim 16, said values comprising the force and power of
the user.

18. Portable accelerometer for measuring tri-axial physiological values,
having:an acceleration sensor (14);a display (11);an electric battery
(15);elements (13, 13A, 13B) enabling parameters and/or commands to be
entered manually;a programmed device (16) for inviting the user to
select, by means of said elements, a type of test from among several
predefined tests, for emitting a signal at the end of the test determined
according to the type of test selected, and for performing calculations
from a sequence of acceleration data obtained during the test.

19. The accelerometer of claim 18, said acceleration sensor (14) enabling
the acceleration to be measured along several axes, only the acceleration
in a privileged direction determined when the accelerometer is immobile
being used for said calculations.

20. The accelerometer of claim 18, having an interface (19,22) for
connecting it to an external computer in order to load new tests.

21. A portable accelerometer for measuring physiological muscle values of
a user, comprising:computer program means for inviting the user to
perform a number of successive jumps;an accelerometer digitally
controlled for measuring a sequence of acceleration data during each of
said jumps;a digitally controlled loudspeaker arranged for generating a
first sound signal after each jump, and a second sound signal different
from said first signal at the end the test; anda digitally controlled
display arranged for displaying a plurality of values calculated on the
basis of said sequence of acceleration data.

Description:

[0001]This application is a continuation of international application
PCT/EP2008/060950, filed on Aug. 21, 2008, the content of which is
enclosed by reference. It claims priority from European Patent
Application EP07114873 filed on Aug. 23, 2007, the content of which is
enclosed by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002]The present invention relates to an accelerometer used for measuring
physiological muscle parameters based on short tests.

STATE OF THE ART

[0003]There are many documents describing accelerometers for measuring
sport performances. Most of the existing accelerometers are designed for
exercises lasting a longer period of time, for example to evaluate the
traveled distance or the calorie expenditure during a jogging session or
a cycling tour. Other accelerometers connected for example to a gyroscope
are linked to a device whose trajectory one wishes to determine, for
example to practise a golf swing or a backhand in tennis. Furthermore,
there are accelerometers used for measuring an impact in a combat sport.
There are also fairly similar devices for detecting elderly people
falling, the time they spend sitting, standing or lying down, etc.

[0004]None of these devices allows basic physiological muscle parameters
such as strength, speed or power of a muscle group to be obtained.

[0005]U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,655 (Omron) describes a device designed to be
fastened onto the body and provided with an accelerometer and with an
LCD. The device continuously measures the wearer's movements to determine
his level of physical activity and other values depending on the
metabolism, such as the user's daily calorie intake. This type of device
is useful for measuring more objectively the level of inactivity of
patients. It is however not adapted for muscle training and for measuring
short efforts, and does not allow for example the maximum power of a
muscle group of the athlete to be measured.

[0006]WO2005074795 (Nokia) describes a measurement terminal provided with
an accelerometer and fastened onto the body of an athlete. The
measurement data are assessed to supply a value representative of the
intensity of the exerted effort. Again, the aim is to determine the level
of activity over a long period, for example a day or a week.

[0007]WO03/032826 (Philips) describes a comparable system provided with a
three-axis accelerometer for determining the level of physical activity
of a patient. The proposed device displays values such as the daily
metabolic rate, the daily energetic output or the energy output induced
by exercise. This device is thus useful for measuring accelerations over
a period of several hours or even of several days.

[0008]U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,083 describes a system designed to monitor the
load-lifting movements of a patient. The system uses electrodes for
measuring the activity of the patient's muscles during the movement, as
well as a load movement detector. An alarm is triggered in case of
inappropriate movement. This system is useful for preventing accidents
caused by incorrect load lifting or for having people practise lifting
loads without injury. It is however not suited for measuring the
athlete's muscular performance. Furthermore, the use of electrodes makes
it inconvenient to use.

[0009]U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,280 (Virtual Technologies) describes a device
provided with accelerometers and gyroscopes placed on the whole body of
an athlete. The data supplied by several sensors are transmitted to a PC
that allows the trajectory and other features of the movement to be
analyzed. This system is complex, since it makes use of several sensors,
including expensive and relatively fragile gonometers. The connection of
the sensors to one another and with the external computer increases the
cost of the device and makes it difficult to install. It is adapted for
training precise movements, for example a golf swing, but does not allow
the muscle power developed by the athlete during this movement to be
determined directly.

[0010]DE446302 describes an accelerometer used in combat sports for
measuring the acceleration of the strike surface. The apparatus is not
portable and is suited only to combat sports such as boxing, karate, etc.
An external computer must be used to assess and display the results of
the measurement. It is not programmable and can be used only for a single
type of exercise.

[0011]US2006191335 describes a portable accelerometer intended notably for
measuring the muscular force of the legs. One button enables the device
to operate according to three distinct modes. In endurance mode, the
device emits a series of beeps spaced in time; at each beep, the subject
must walk faster, until the fastest walking speed is achieved. The device
then determines the endurance of the subject, as well as other
parameters, on the basis of acceleration data measured during the test.

[0012]In training mode, the device of US2006191335 proposes muscle
training exercises by having the subject walk at variable speeds. There
is no measurement of physiological muscle values in this mode.

[0013]In the final, leg-strength mode, the device of US2006191335 allows
the subject's leg strength to be calculated by a walking exercise. The
user starts this exercise by pressing on the START/STOP button and
interrupts it by pressing on the same button. The end of the test is thus
determined by the user and is not signaled by the device.

[0014]The patent application EP1834583 in the name of the applicant
describes a portable accelerometer allowing the type of test to be
carried out to be selected. After a calibration phase enabling the
vertical position to be calibrated, an acoustic beep is emitted to invite
the user to carry out the test. The sound signal can depend on the
selected test and can furthermore be accompanied by a message on the
device's display. The acquisition of a sequence of acceleration data then
starts and ends after a predetermined duration, when the device's memory
is full or when the user presses on a button on the device. It is also
possible to interrupt the data acquisition automatically according to the
measured data, for example when the device determines that the athlete
has touched ground again after a jump. The athlete must however check the
screen of the device to know whether the test is finished and if the
movement can be stopped. Depending on the test carried out, such a visual
verification is impossible or at any rate inconvenient.

[0015]WO2007036611 describes a bracelet provided with an accelerometer for
measuring the muscular strength when lifting loads. This device allows a
single type of test to be carried out, without emitting any sound signals
to help the user during the test.

[0016]Other accelerometers used for measuring muscular parameters are also
described in GB2422790 and in WO20005055815.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017]One aim of the invention is to propose a versatile accelerometer,
suitable for different tests and for calculating different values, as
well as a control method adapted for this accelerometer.

[0018]One aim of the present invention is also to propose an improved
accelerometer enabling physiological muscle values such as strength,
power, speed etc. to be measured very easily, with simple and short
tests.

[0019]In this text, a short test is understood as being a test lasting
typically several minutes, for example a test including one or several
jumps or load lifts, the total duration of the test preferably lasting at
most several minutes. The inventive accelerometer must in particular be
suitable for measuring physiological muscle parameters from tests
involving several movements, for example a sequence of jumps, lifts, etc.
according to a test program determined by the device and depending on the
type of test.

[0020]The invention is based notably on the observation that most users do
not know exactly what the procedure is for the different selectable tests
and that they are for example unaware at which point they must or can
execute a new movement (for example a new jump) and when the exercise is
finished. It is thus necessary to aid the users during and at the end of
the exercise, in order to ensure that the test is conducted correctly and
that useless additional movements are avoided.

[0021]According to the invention, these aims are achieved notably by means
of a method for obtaining physiological muscle values of a user by means
of an accelerometer, wherein the method comprises the following
operations: [0022]selection, by the user, of the type of test to be
carried out; [0023]measurements of a sequence of acceleration data during
the test; [0024]emission of a sound signal at the end of the test, the
end of the test being determined by verifying a condition dependent on
the type of test selected; [0025]displaying of a value calculated on the
basis of said successive measurements of the acceleration and dependent
on the type of test selected.

[0026]This method notably has the advantage of using a single programmable
accelerometer for determining several values by means of highly diverse
tests. Furthermore, the end of a test is determined automatically, with
the aid of criteria that depend on the selected test. It is thus possible
to avoid the constraints of devices that force the user to perform a
manipulation to signal to the accelerometer that the acquisition of data
must be interrupted and that the measured or computed values are to be
displayed. The end of the test corresponds for example to the moment when
the accelerometer has acquired sufficient acceleration data, depending on
the type of test selected, for calculating and displaying the
physiological values required depending on the type of test.

[0027]The device preferably enables at least two types of distinct tests
to be carried out, the end of each type of test being signaled by an
acoustic signal and being determined by verifying conditions dependent on
the type of test.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0028]Examples of embodiments of the invention are indicated in the
description illustrated by the attached figures in which:

[0029]FIG. 1 illustrates an accelerometer for assessing the muscle power
by means of short tests.

[0030]FIG. 2 is a block-diagram of the main electronic components of the
accelerometer of FIG. 1.

[0031]FIG. 3 illustrates the strength, speed and power an athlete can
produce according to the load moved.

[0032]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the initial steps of the program
executed by the inventive accelerometer.

[0033]FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of the program executed by the inventive
accelerometer depending on the test selected.

EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0034]An example of accelerometer 1 according to the invention is
illustrated in FIG. 1. The device 1 comprises a case 10, for example a
plastic or eloxed aluminum case weighing less than 100 grams (including
the contents) that the athlete can fasten, depending on the test carried
out, on his body or on the lifted load with fastening means, for example
a hook and loop tape, a strap etc., or by sliding it in a pocket or
pouch. The case is preferably watertight and allows outdoor use and
resistance to the athlete's sweat. A flexible protection 10A all around
the case makes it shock-proof.

[0035]The device further includes a display 11, for example a matrix LCD,
that allows the menu positions 51 to 54, the memory state 55, the battery
state 56 as well as alphanumerical indications before, during or after
the test to be displayed. Control elements 13 make it possible to
navigate in the displayed menus, to select the options, to enter data and
to select the results displayed. In the preferred embodiment illustrated,
the control elements have four navigation buttons 13 A
(up-down-left-right) and a button 13B for confirming the choices made.

[0036]FIG. 2 is a block-diagram illustrating the main electronic
components of the device 1. In addition to the external elements already
described in relation with FIG. 1, it includes an acceleration sensor,
preferably a tri-axial sensor 14. The sensor is executed in the form of
MEMS components and connected to an analog-to-digital converter 21 or
integrating directly such a converter, to supply sequences of
acceleration measurements along three axes. The sensor 14 can include one
or several privileged axes, affording a measurement accuracy or
resolution greater than the other axes. This privileged axis will for
example be aligned approximately vertically when the device is in its
normal position of use, in order to improve the measurement precision
along the vertical direction. Using a triple-axis accelerometer makes it
however possible to be free from the necessity of accurately adjusting
the measuring axis with the privileged direction of acceleration.

[0037]Preferably, the accelerometer is further calibrated during its
production in order to check offsets and other systematic errors along
each axis and to introduce corresponding corrective factors into the
accelerometer and/or in a software processing the accelerometer's data.

[0038]The device preferably lacks a gyroscope in order to reduce its cost,
its energy consumption and the volume of generated data; using a
single-axis or even a triple-axis gyroscope could however be considered
for certain types of muscle power tests, for example in order to follow a
movement in a three-dimensional space and comprising rotations.

[0039]The device 1 is preferably electrically autonomous and powered for
example with the aid of a preferably rechargeable battery 15, for example
through the USB port 19 or by removing it from its case. The battery 15
powers notably a microprocessor 16 or a microcontroller provided with a
RAM and/or EEPROM memory 23. The microprocessor executes a program
(firmware) preferably loaded in EEPROM, which can be replaced through the
interface 19 or via a storage medium reader, for analyzing the
measurement data supplied by the accelerometer 14 and control the display
11 in order to display the desired values. The accelerometer is thus
programmable, by means of programs executed by the microprocessor 16.

[0040]The device 1 further comprises a real time clock (RTC) 20 that
allows notably the time intervals Δt to be measured. The sampling
period and the time intervals must be sufficiently short to measure jumps
in a dynamic manner. Generally, intervals of 5 milliseconds are
sufficient for relatively slow load tests, whilst intervals of 1 to 2
milliseconds maximum are preferable for jump tests that have much greater
dynamics.

[0041]The device 1 also has a sound transducer 17 (buzzer 17 or
loud-speaker) for generating control signals, error signals or other
sounds. The transducer 17 allows instructions to be communicated to the
athlete even when not looking at the screen; the signals emitted can be
short signals (beeps, beep-beep, beeeep, etc.), polyphonic signals or
voice signals pre-recorded or generated by a voice synthesizer. The
acoustic signals can also be transmitted by a wireless interface towards
headphones or a music player.

[0042]An input-output module (UART, Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter) 22 allows the microprocessor 16 to exchange data
with external devices, for example for reprogramming the firmware or for
transmitting measurement results or user parameters to a PC, a mobile
phone or another external data processing device. The module 22 also
makes it possible to enter at any time the parameters of new types of
tests or to reprogram existing tests.

[0043]The module 22 is connected to an interface 19, for example a USB
port, a wireless interface of the Bluetooth or other type, etc.

[0044]The accelerometer 1 makes it possible to measure accelerations along
three axes, in particular the value of the acceleration in the assumed
direction of the load displacement.

[0045]The sequence of acceleration data obtained during a test allows
other values to be easily determined, in particular: [0046]The force
F=m(g+a), g being the acceleration due to gravity and a the acceleration
delivered by the athlete. [0047]The speed v=∫adt. [0048]The power

[0048] P = E t = F v = m a v , ##EQU00001## for
example the pulse power, thrust/pumping power, braking power, etc.
[0049]A distance, for example the height of a jump, by integrating the
speed. [0050]The duration of certain phases of a test, for example a
contact time, a flight time, etc. [0051]The index of reactivity.
[0052]The index of rigidity. [0053]Other examples are given in the rest
of the description or can be conceived by those skilled in the art.

[0054]The formulas above are valid in the case where the acceleration and
the speed are parallel, for example during purely vertical displacements.
In the case of non-parallel vectors, the calculation must be performed
vectorially, or preferably by performing scalar products that take into
account only the projection of the acceleration along the axis of
displacement, for example along the vertical axis.

[0055]Furthermore, it is also possible to compute maximum or average
forces, speeds and powers during a test, a movement or a phase of each
movement. Thus, from a simple sequence of acceleration measurements, it
is possible to deduce an entire series of physiological parameters, to
compare them in time and to compare them between different athletes.

[0056]The calculations are preferably performed immediately after the
acceleration data acquisition phase during the test. In one embodiment,
at least some of the calculations are performed during the tests and/or
during the pauses between two movements, for example in order to reduce
the calculation time at the end of the test. In a preferred embodiment,
the calculations necessary for determining the error conditions or the
acoustic or visual signal emitted during the test are performed without
awaiting the end, whilst the calculation of the other physiological
muscle values is performed after the end of each test or of each movement
in a test comprising several movements.

[0057]In one embodiment, the momentary speed for example is computed
throughout the test in order to react, for example with an error signal,
if the user moves a load in the wrong direction or does not execute the
expected movement. The computations during the test also enable the
different movements of a test and/or the different phases of a movement
to be distinguished. Generally, the accelerometer can use an a priori
knowledge of the measured or calculated values according to the test to
aid the user and/or generate error signals if the values obtained do not
correspond to a pattern depending on the test (for example if the speed
is positive instead of being negative, if the accelerometer is not
immobile, etc.).

[0058]It is also possible to approximate the speed, or other values,
during the test and to recalculate these values more accurately at the
end of the test, or between two movements.

[0059]FIG. 3 illustrates diagrammatically a possible evolution of the
force F, the speed V and the power P expended by an athlete lifting
different loads of variable mass m. The gravitational force (m×g)
exerted on the load used increases linearly with the load's mass. On the
other hand, the lift speed V diminishes when the lifted mass increases;
the athlete lifts light masses more quickly.

[0060]The power P during the effort thus goes through an optimum for a
given value of the lifted mass m. The relation P=f (m) can be obtained
for example by interpolation or extrapolation calculations from a series
of tests (profile) carried out with variable loads, allowing the curve P
to be obtained from the measurement results 60 illustrated.

[0061]This power curve that can be calculated or taken into account by the
accelerometer is particularly useful in order to determine the load with
which the athlete must train to obtain different types of results. A
maximum power gain can be achieved by training with the mass value
corresponding to Pmax. An athlete wishing to improve speed will
preferably train within the training zone V, i.e. with a light mass
lifted with less than 10% of the maximum power. The zone PV (power and
speed) corresponds to lighter masses than the optimum mass and require at
least 90% of the maximum power. PF (power force) also requires between 90
and 100% of the maximum power, but with heavier masses. A muscular
hypertrophy for body-building enthusiasts will be achieved by lifting
heavy loads slowly, the developed power being then lower than 90% of the
maximum power (value range Hyp).

[0062]It can thus be seen that determining the power developed for lifting
different masses makes it possible to determine the optimum training
conditions for an athlete.

[0063]The software's architecture thus allows the user to choose between
several simple tests that are quick to execute and that supply
physiological information enabling athletes or coaches to improve the
training regimen. The software makes it possible to calculate and display
values obtained from simple tests regardless of the type of sport for
which the athlete is training.

[0064]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the initial steps executed by
the programmed device 16 after the accelerometer has been powered up.
During the step 100, the device 16 executes a start-up routine that leads
to the menu illustrated in FIG. 1 being displayed. The user can select
during the following steps 102 to 108 one of the menu positions 51 to 54
to execute an action. The menu positions illustrated in the Figure can be
replaced by corresponding icons.

[0065]By selecting, during the step 102, the menu position 51, the user is
invited to select a test and then to carry out this test. The
corresponding routine 110 will be described in more detail in relation to
FIG. 5.

[0066]The choice of the menu position 52 (step 104) allows the previously
saved measurement results to be inspected. The user can thus check his
previous performances or those of other users recorded in the system.

[0067]The menu position 53 (selected during the step 106) allows the
general parameters of the accelerometer to be entered or modified, for
example the menu language, the date, the time, the choice of unit (metric
or ounces/pounds), etc. The modifications are preferably effected by
entering a choice from a list by means of the elements 13A, 13B.

[0068]The menu position 54 (step 108) allows the parameters specific to
the users to be entered and modified. The system preferably enables
several users with their associated parameters to be recorded; the users
are identified before each use and the measurement results are associated
and saved in relation to each user. During the step 108, the user can
enter parameters specific to each user such as: [0069]User's name,
pseudonym or number [0070]Sex [0071]Weight [0072]Height [0073]Category
(amateur, beginner, professional, etc.) [0074]Possibly other preferences
(weight of the barbells, etc.)

[0075]These parameters are preferably independent of the tests and can be
stored in memory positions, for example in a Flash memory, then used for
calculations associated to different types of tests.

[0076]When the user chooses the menu position 51 to perform a test, he is
invited during the step 110 to select, from a list and by means of the
elements 13A, 13B, the type of test he wishes to carry out. FIG. 5
illustrates in more detail the procedure for the tests the user is
invited to perform after having chosen the menu position 51.

[0077]Step 120 is initiated when the user selects the general training
test. The sensor is connected to the athlete or to the displaced load in
a manner that depends on the test actually performed. This menu position
is intended notably for measuring several not very specific physiological
parameters from tests that are not the object of a specific menu.

[0078]During the step 121, a message on the display 11 invites the user to
wait until the reference to the vertical axis given by gravitation has
been correctly taken. The test then starts by pressing on the button 13B
(step 123). The tests starts after pressing this button only if the
accelerometer is held still during at least three seconds in a vertical
position, used for orienting the accelerometer correctly in space in
order to determine the vertical direction. In the opposite case, an error
signal is emitted if the athlete does not remain still for at least three
seconds.

[0079]The beginning of the measurement is signaled to the user by an
acoustic signal, for example a long beep, that invites him to begin the
appropriate test. Using acoustic signals makes it possible to forgo the
necessity of looking at the screen during the exercises.

[0080]In this test, acceleration data along the vertical direction are
obtained at a rate of 200 or 500 Hertz (step 125), the rate being
possibly modifiable in the general parameters or adapted to the available
memory. The end of the measurements is signaled by an acoustic signal,
for example a repeated beep. In this test, the accelerometer determines
that the test is finished when the user presses again on the button 13B
or at the latest after a determined period of time, for example 30
seconds during a sampling at 500 Hertz or 60 seconds during a sampling at
200 Hertz (according to the parameters chosen by the user). The test is
also interrupted with an error signal if the accelerometer detects
improbable accelerations.

[0081]At the end of the measurements (step 126), the values calculated
during and/or at the end of the measurements are displayed on the screen
11. This test can use the weight of the identified user, or the lifted
mass, to compute the concentric force, the speed of the movement and the
power expended by the user during the test, and for then displaying the
maxima of these three values. Indications as to the progress possibly
achieved since the last saved tests can be displayed, as well as grades
or appreciations on the athlete's performance (good level, experienced,
etc.).

[0082]As for the other tests, the program then asks during step 220
whether the user wishes to save (step 221) the measurement results. In a
preferred embodiment, only the calculated results are saved in order to
cut down on memory space. It is however also possible to save the
complete sequence of acceleration data, obtained during the test, and/or
the results of intermediate calculations. Storing all the acceleration
values makes it possible for example to transfer these data towards an
external computer and perform new calculations or a more elaborate
processing, or to display graphically the sequence of acceleration data
or other values obtained.

[0083]The steps 130 to 136 correspond to the selection of the bench-press
test. In this test, the user lies on the back and uses the arms to lift
weights once or several times. The accelerometer is preferably fastened
on the barbell's bar.

[0084]After selection of the test 130, indications are displayed during
step 131 to invite the user to position the accelerometer correctly and
then to enter the mass of the lifted weights (step 132). The mass is
preferably selected by means of the buttons 13A, 13B from a
pre-established multiple-choice list. In a variant embodiment, the user
can increment or decrement the value of the proposed mass with the
buttons 13A, then confirm the selected value by means of the button 13B.

[0085]The test then starts during step 133 when the user presses on the
button 13B and provided the accelerometer then detects a movement (when
the user grasps the barbell) followed by three seconds of remaining
motionless.

[0086]The beginning of the data acquisition is signaled to the user by
displaying a message of instructions inviting the user to grasp the bar
and then remain still. An error message is emitted after 5 seconds if the
accelerometer did not remain motionless during at least three consecutive
seconds. In the contrary case, an acoustic signal, for example a long
beep, is emitted to invite the athlete to begin the proposed test and to
lift and then put down the weights five times in succession. Appropriate
instructions are displayed.

[0087]The orientation of the accelerometer relative to the vertical is
determined during the three seconds of inaction.

[0088]An acoustic signal is preferably emitted between each movement,
while the user has put down the bar during one second, as an invitation
to execute the next movement.

[0089]In this test, the acceleration data along the vertical direction are
preferably obtained at a rate of 200 Hertz (step 135). The end of the
measurements is signaled after the last movement has been completed by
means of an acoustic signal, for example a repeated beep. The test is
interrupted before the end of the test with an error signal for example
if the user leaves the weights motionless for more than five seconds
during two movements or if the displacements are not directed in the
expected direction (for example because the test did not start from the
low position) or if the number of cycles is less than 5 or also if the
displacement takes more than five seconds.

[0090]Once the measurements have been completed (step 136), values
computed during and/or at the end of the measurement are displayed on the
screen 11. This test uses the weight of the barbells for calculating and
displaying the pulse power, the average speed of movement and the average
concentric force used by the athlete during the test. In a preferred
embodiment, the averages are calculated over the three best movements in
a series of five, i.e. the three movements during which maximum pulse
power has been used. Trends can be displayed, for example by means of
arrows, to indicate the progress as compared with the recorded results of
previous tests. The user can store these results.

[0091]The steps 140 to 146 correspond to the selection of the half-squat
test that allows the muscle groups of the legs and pelvis to be tested.
The athlete must bend his knees and rise again with an upright back five
times; the accelerometer is fastened against the torso or on a barbell
lifted by the athlete. The test is performed in a manner similar to that
of the bench-press described in connection with the elements 130 to 136
of FIG. 5. Similar results are calculated and then displayed during step
146, taking into account the athlete's weight and any additional weight
lifted by the athlete.

[0092]The steps 150 to 156, 160 to 166 and 160' to 166' illustrate three
jump tests. The steps 150 to 156 correspond to the selection of a
plyometric (reactivity) test in order to measure the athlete's abilities
of explosive power and elastic strength. The user must for example
execute a vertical jump without bending the knees and from an upright
standing position.

[0093]The steps 160 to 166 correspond on the other hand to the selection
of a vertical countermovement jump: the user is allowed to bend the knees
before the extension that will propel him vertically.

[0094]The steps 160' to 166' by contrast serve to measure the
non-plyometric standing jump of a user who begins the test with knees
bent at 90° and then maximum upwards thrust. The hands rest on the
hips to avoid using the arms. This test is called "squat jump".

[0095]Other kinds of jumps can be provided.

[0096]In all jump tests, the frequency of acquisition is preferably high,
for example 500 Hertz. The type of selected jump is displayed during the
step 151, 161 resp. 161'. During the step 152 (resp. 162; 162'), the
user's previously recorded weight is displayed; the user is given the
possibility of incrementing or decrementing it with the buttons 13A, 13B.
The user is then invited to press on a button to start the test (step
153/163/163'), which then begins with an acoustic signal as soon as a
period of inaction of three seconds has been detected (154/164/164').

[0097]The user is then invited to execute five vertical jumps in the
conditions corresponding to each test (155/165/165'). The test is
interrupted with an error message if the number of jumps is less than
five, or if the accelerometer remains immobile for several seconds
between two jumps, or if the duration of the jumps is too long.
Furthermore, in the countermovement jump test, an error message is also
emitted if no vertical downward movement is detected when the user is
supposed to gain momentum at the beginning of each movement. By contrast,
in the squat jump test, an error message is emitted if a vertical
downward movement is detected before the jump. In the plyometric test,
another error message is generated if the contact time on the ground is
greater than 0.25 seconds. Furthermore, an acoustic signal can be emitted
between each movement.

[0098]The test results are calculated and displayed during the steps 156
resp. 166 or 166'. The accelerometer computes and possibly displays the
following parameters: [0099]Number of executed movements (jumps); as
mentioned, an error signal is emitted if the athlete does not perform the
required number of jumps during the given predetermined time.

[0100]For the plyometric test, the accelerometer computes and preferably
also displays the following values: [0101]Flight time between each
jump/average flight time/maximum flight time [0102]Contact time on the
ground between each jump [0103]Height achieved, averaging the heights
over the five jumps [0104]Average over three to five movements of
muscular stiffness S, defined as being:

[0104]S=(force at zero speed)divided by the distance of the downward
movement [0105]Average over three to five movements of the reactivity
index R, defined as being:

[0105]R=(flight time)2/duration of contact on the ground

[0106]In the case of a vertical jump with momentum, the following values
will be computed and preferably displayed: [0107]The maximum speed and
height of flight and the average of these values over all or only the
three best jumps [0108]The braking power BP for each jump and the average
of the braking power over all or only the three best jumps [0109]The
upward pumping power PP for each jump and the average of the pumping
power over all or only the three best jumps [0110]The power ration
PR=PP/BP

[0111]Other values can be displayed for each type of jump, including
average or maximum speed, trends, etc. Averages and maxima can be
calculated on the basis of the better jump(s), of all the jumps or of all
the jumps except the first and/or last.

[0112]In the case of vertical squat jump, the following values will
preferably be calculated: [0113]The maximum speed and flight height and
the average of these values over all or only the three best jumps
[0114]The impulse power IP for each jump and the average of the impulse
power over all or only the three best jumps [0115]The upward pumping
power PP for each jump and the average of the pumping power over all or
only the three best jumps [0116]The power ratio PR=PP/BP

[0117]Other values can be displayed for each type of jump, including
average or maximum speed, trends, etc. Averages and maxima can be
calculated on the basis of the better jump(s), of all the jumps or of all
the jumps except the first and/or last.

[0118]The steps 170 to 176 illustrate a more complex test performed to
obtain a bench-press profile in order to measure physiological values on
muscle groups linked to the arms. In this test, the user executes several
(for example eight) weight-lifting movements as in the test 130-136 but
using a variable weight between each movement. The initial weight and the
variation in weight between each movement depend on the users' level
(determined for example by means of previous tests), of their gender and
possibly their weight or other parameters.

[0119]The steps 170 to 174 correspond respectively to the steps 120 to 124
of the ordinary bench-press test, only the indications displayed during
the step 171 are different. During step 175, the user must lift the
weight only once instead of the five times required in test 125. It is
also possible to lift the weight several times in test 175.

[0120]At the end of the movement 175, instead of displaying the results
immediately, the user is invited to modify the weight (172'), to confirm
the replacement value with the button 13B (173') and to execute the
exercise again (175') after the acoustic signal 174'. The complete
process is repeated several times, for example eight times, with weights
that vary each time. The results of the complete test are then computed
and displayed during the step 176.

[0121]The computed and/or displayed results include for example:
[0122]The number of executed movements [0123]The maximum power PMax,
obtained for example by means of an interpolation by polynomial
approximation of the average or maximum power values of each movement
[0124]The optimum weight with which the athlete should train in order to
develop the power PMax according to the curve illustrated in FIG. 3
[0125]The maximum weight the athlete would be able to lift at a given
minimum speed, for example 10 cm/s [0126]The maximum resistance [0127]The
limits of the ranges V, PV, PF, Hyp in FIG. 3 [0128]Etc.

[0129]The steps 180 to 186 correspond to the selection of the "half-squat
profile" in order to measure physiological values on muscle groups linked
to the legs. The test is conducted in a manner similar to that described
in relation with the steps 170 to 176, but the user is invited to execute
several half-squat movements by lifting variable weights, instead of a
series of bench-presses. The results computed and then displayed are for
example the same as for the bench-press profile.

[0130]The steps 200 to 216 correspond to the execution of tests defined by
the user and loaded for example via an interface from an external
computer. New tests can be programmed by the user by means of an
appropriate program on a PC and/or downloaded from Internet. The
definition of the tests is determined for example by an XML file or by
another data structure suitable for defining the emitted visual and
acoustic messages, the computed and displayed values, etc. In one
embodiment, tests can also be created and modified from the accelerometer
1.

[0131]After having made the selection 200, the user is invited to choose
which of the programmed test from a list of previously installed tests is
to be performed. In the example, the choice is between two additional
tests starting with the steps 202 and 212. The following steps will
depend on the programming but typically ends with the results being
displayed during the steps 206 resp. 216, with the computed and displayed
values being also determined by the file downloaded from the external
computer.

[0132]In the above examples, the end of the test and the switch to the
calculation and display of the results is determined automatically after
execution of a number of movements (for example a weight lift or a jump)
depending on the test. The complete execution of a movement can be
determined from the data obtained by the accelerometer (for example by
detecting that the accelerometer is immobile) or after a predetermined
lapse of time that can also depend on the test. It is possible to provide
tests of predetermined duration, for example tests consisting in
performing the maximum number of jumps, lifts or core muscle
strengthening exercises within a given time.

[0133]Most of the tests described by way of example here above comprise
several movements preceded and separated by intervals during which the
accelerometer is immobile. An error signal can be emitted if the
accelerometer is not immobile. It is also possible to use these phases to
calibrate the vertical position of the accelerometer in order to
calculate accelerations and other values exclusively in the vertical
direction or in the direction of displacement of the weight. In a
preferred embodiment, these phases of inaction are also used for
re-initializing the speed and/or the position of the accelerometer in
order to avoid the accumulation of errors due to integration.

[0134]The initial selection of the type of test the user wishes to perform
determines for example the following parameters: [0135]Acquisition rate
of the acceleration data as well as number of bits used [0136]Initial
indications displayed to the user at the beginning of the test and/or
during the test and/or between different movements [0137]Parameters that
need to be entered by the user and/or read from a memory area
[0138]Acoustic signals reproduced at the beginning of the test and/or
during the test and/or between different movements [0139]Conditions for
starting the acquisition [0140]Conditions that will generate an error
and/or interrupt the acquisition during a test [0141]Conditions that will
determine the end of a test and/or the end of a movement in a test
comprising several movements [0142]Profile of measured or computed values
during the test, this profile being usable for example to generate errors
if the acquired data do not match expectations [0143]Values calculated
during the tests and/or between two movements of a test and/or at the end
of a test [0144]Values displayed during a test and/or at the end of a
test [0145]Values stored in the memory [0146]Etc.

[0147]None of these parameters is essential. It is thus possible to
implement procedures in which any kind of subcombination of parameters
depends on the selected test.