Eric Foner, "The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New
Directions," Civil War History 20 ( September 1974): 197-214; Richard D. Brown, Modernization: The Transformation of American Life, 1600-1865 ( New York: Hill and Wang, 1976); James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction ( New York: Knopf, 1982), 5-22; James B. Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and
Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in
Kraut, Crusaders and Compromisers, 26-30; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party
Before the Civil War ( New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970); Michael F. Holt, The Political
Crisis of the 1850's ( New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978).

4.

While them are recent biographies of abolitionists and of antislavery politicians, Bailey's
career links the two groups. Owen Lovejoy's career also spanned all the manifestations of the
antislavery movement. But Lovejoy did not enjoy Bailey's stature as an abolitionist or Liberty
spokesman. See Kraut, Crusaders and Compromisers, 6; Edward Magdol, Owen Lovejoy: An
Abolitionist in Congress ( New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1967), 3-70.

5.

For example Joel Goldfarb regards Bailey as a "practical abolitionist," who rather
abruptly changed his emphasis from moral reform to political action in 1941. Ronald G. Walters
sees Bailey as an abolitionist who viewed political action as a means of moral reform. Frederick
J. Blue sees him as a Free-Soiler whose opposition to the extension of slavery rested on his moral
opposition to slavery everywhere. David R. Bard portrays Bailey as a "conservative antislavery
editor" who after 1847 clashed with "radical abolitionists" over the Free-Soil and Republican
party platforms and deemphasized moral opposition to slavery. Lawrence J. Friedman and Eric
Foner class Bailey respectively with political antislavery "radicals" and with the Radical Republicans of the 1850s. See Goldfarb, "The Life of Gamaliel Bailey Prior to the Founding of the
National Era: The Orientation of a Practical Abolitionist" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University
of California, 1958), 245-50; Antislavery Appeal, 15-16; Blue, The Free Soilers: Third
Party Politics, 1848-1854 ( Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1973), 88-90; Bard, "Gamaliel
Bailey and the National Era: A Conservative Antislavery Editor in the Crisis Years, 1847-1859"
(unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Maine, 1974); Friedman, Gregarious Saints, 227-28; Foner, Free Soil, 114.

6.

Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery ( Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve Univ., 1969), 45-49; James B. Stewart, Holy Warriors:The Abolitionists and American Slavery

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