WASHINGTON -- Nearly
a year after announcing the discovery of water molecules on the
moon, scientists Thursday revealed new data uncovered by NASA's
Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, and Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter, or LRO.

The missions found evidence that the lunar soil within shadowy craters
is rich in useful materials, and the moon is chemically active and
has a water cycle. Scientists also confirmed the water was in the
form of mostly pure ice crystals in some places. The results are featured
in six papers published in the Oct. 22 issue of Science.

"NASA has convincingly confirmed the presence of water ice and
characterized its patchy distribution in permanently shadowed regions
of the moon," said Michael Wargo, chief lunar scientist at NASA
Headquarters in Washington. "This major undertaking is the one
of many steps NASA has taken to better understand our solar system,
its resources, and its origin, evolution, and future."

The twin impacts of LCROSS and a companion rocket stage in the moon's
Cabeus crater on Oct. 9, 2009, lifted a plume of material that might
not have seen direct sunlight for billions of years. As the plume
traveled nearly 10 miles above the rim of Cabeus, instruments aboard
LCROSS and LRO made observations of the crater and debris and vapor
clouds. After the impacts, grains of mostly pure water ice were lofted
into the sunlight in the vacuum of space.

"Seeing mostly pure water ice grains in the plume means water
ice was somehow delivered to the moon in the past, or chemical processes
have been causing ice to accumulate in large quantities," said
Anthony Colaprete, LCROSS project scientist and principal investigator
at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif. "Also,
the diversity and abundance of certain materials called volatiles
in the plume, suggest a variety of sources, like comets and asteroids,
and an active water cycle within the lunar shadows."

Volatiles are compounds that freeze and are trapped in the cold lunar
craters and vaporize when warmed by the sun. The suite of LCROSS and
LRO instruments determined as much as 20 percent of the material kicked
up by the LCROSS impact was volatiles, including methane, ammonia,
hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The instruments
also discovered relatively large amounts of light metals such as sodium,
mercury and possibly even silver.

Scientists believe the water and mix of volatiles that LCROSS and
LRO detected could be the remnants of a comet impact. According to
scientists, these volatile chemical by-products are also evidence
of a cycle through which water ice reacts with lunar soil grains.

LRO's Diviner instrument gathered data on water concentration and
temperature measurements, and LRO's Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector
mapped the distribution of hydrogen. This combined data led the science
team to conclude the water is not uniformly distributed within the
shadowed cold traps, but rather is in pockets, which may also lie
outside the shadowed regions.

The proportion of volatiles to water in the lunar soil indicates
a process called "cold grain chemistry" is taking place.
Scientists also theorize this process could take as long as hundreds
of thousands of years and may occur on other frigid, airless bodies,
such as asteroids; the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, including Europa
and Enceladus; Mars' moons; interstellar dust grains floating around
other stars and the polar regions of Mercury.

"The observations by the suite of LRO and LCROSS instruments
demonstrate the moon has a complex environment that experiences intriguing
chemical processes," said Richard Vondrak, LRO project scientist
at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "This
knowledge can open doors to new areas of research and exploration."

By understanding the processes and environments that determine where
water ice will be, how water was delivered to the moon and its active
water cycle, future mission planners might be better able to determine
which locations will have easily-accessible water. The existence of
mostly pure water ice could mean future human explorers won't have
to retrieve the water out of the soil in order to use it for valuable
life support resources. In addition, an abundant presence of hydrogen
gas, ammonia and methane could be exploited to produce fuel.

LCROSS launched with LRO aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral,
Fla., on June 18, 2009, and used the Centaur upper stage rocket to
create the debris plume. The research was funded by NASA's Exploration
Systems Missions Directorate at the agency's headquarters. LCROSS
was managed by Ames and built by Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach,
Calif. LRO was built and is managed by Goddard.

For more information about LCROSS, a complete list of the papers
and their authors, visit:

The first figure shows the total radiance (total light)
seen by the ultraviolet-visual and near infared spectrometers on LCROSS,
which monitored the light scattering from the impact debris cloud,
as a function of time relative to impact. The time of impact can be
seen by the increasing level of light as dust makes its way into sunlight,
reaching its brightest point at about 20-30 seconds after impact.

The next image show the debris cloud in the visible
camera at approximately 20 seconds after impact. At this time, the
debris cloud is approximately six miles across filling the spectrometer
fields of view.

The next
series of images shows how data from the near infrared spectrometer
can be analyzed by modeling various compounds to the data. The
first compound included is water ice, followed by water vapor. Other
compounds shown in this example include hydroxyl and sulfur dioxide
and methane.

The next image show another example of a data showing
strong water ice features.

The last frame provides a table summarizing
the estimates of water vapor, ice and impact debris cloud mass
in the spectrometers fields of view, and the resulting estimate
of water fraction in the debris cloud. It is this analysis that returns
an average concentration of water equal to 5.6% in the soil at
the Centaur impact site.
Video credit: NASA/Ames