In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers,[7] including its regional airline, ANA Wings and charter carrier, Air Japan. Additional smaller carriers include Air Do, a low-cost carrier operating scheduled service between Tokyo and cities in Hokkaido; Vanilla Air, a low-cost carrier serving resort and selected international destinations; and Allex Cargo (ANA Cargo), the freighter division operated by Air Japan. ANA is also the largest shareholder in Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group. In October 1999, the airline became a member of Star Alliance. On 29 March 2013, ANA was named a 5-Star Airline by Skytrax. On 27 April 2018, ANA announced ANA Business Jet Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Sojitz to offer private jet charter flights. [8]

History

Formation

ANA's earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company(日本ヘリコプター輸送,Nippon Herikoputā Yusō) (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952.[9] Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's International Air Transport Association (IATA) airline code, NH.[10]

NH began helicopter services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a de Havilland Dove, JA5008.[9] This was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the same route began on 1 February 1954, and was upgraded to a de Havilland Heron in March.[11] In 1955, Douglas DC-3s began flying for NH as well,[9] by which time the airline's route network extended from northern Kyūshū to Sapporo. In December 1957 Nippon Helicopter changed its name to All Nippon Airways Company.[12]

ANA's other ancestor was Far East Airlines(極東航空,Kyokutō Kōkū).[13] Although it was founded on 26 December 1952, one day before Nippon Helicopter, it did not begin operations until 20 January 1954, when it began night cargo runs between Osaka and Tokyo, also using a de Havilland Dove. It adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima.[11]

Far East Airlines merged with the newly named All Nippon Airways in March 1958. The combined companies had a total market capitalization of 600 million yen, and the result of the merger was Japan's largest private airline.[9] The merged airline received a new Japanese name (全日本空輸 Zen Nippon Kūyu; Japan Air Transport). The company logo of the larger NH was selected as the logo of the new combined airline, and the new carrier operated a route network combined from its two predecessors.[9]

As ANA grew it started to contract travel companies across Japan to handle ground services in each region. Many of these companies received shares in ANA as part of their deals. Some of these relationships continue today in different forms: for instance, Nagoya Railroad, which handled ANA's operations in the Chūbu region along with other partnerships,[14] maintains a permanent seat on ANA's board of directors.[15] By 1974, ANA had Japan's largest domestic airline network.[13]

While ANA's domestic operations grew, the Ministry of Transportation had granted government-owned Japan Airlines (JAL) a monopoly on international scheduled flights[9] that lasted until 1986. ANA was allowed to operate international charter flights: its first was a 727 charter from Tokyo to Hong Kong on 21 February 1971.[16]

ANA bought its first widebody aircraft, six Lockheed L-1011s, in November 1971, following a lengthy sales effort by Lockheed which had involved negotiations between US president Richard Nixon, Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka and UK prime minister Edward Heath (lobbying in favor of engine maker Rolls-Royce). Tanaka also pressed Japanese regulators to permit ANA to operate on Asia routes as part of the package.[17] The aircraft entered service on the Tokyo-Okinawa route in 1974. The carrier had ordered McDonnell Douglas DC-10s but cancelled the order at the last minute and switched to Lockheed. It was later revealed that Lockheed had indirectly bribed Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka to force this switch: the scandal led to the arrest of Tanaka and several managers from ANA and Lockheed sales agent Marubeni for corruption.[18]

Boeing 747-200s were introduced on the Tokyo-Sapporo and Tokyo-Fukuoka routes in 1976[9] and Boeing 767s in 1983[19] on Shikoku routes. The carrier's first 747s were the short-range SR variant, designed for Japanese domestic routes.[16]

International era

In 1986, ANA began to expand beyond Japan's key domestic carrier to become a competitive international carrier as well.[9] On 3 March 1986, ANA started scheduled international flights with a passenger service from Tokyo to Guam.[20] Flights to Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. followed by year's end, and ANA also entered a service agreement with American Airlines[9] to feed the US carrier's new flights to Narita.

ANA expanded its international services gradually: to Beijing, Dalian, Hong Kong and Sydney in 1987; to Seoul in 1988; to London and Saipan in 1989; to Paris in 1990 and to New York in 1991.[21][22] Airbus equipment such as the A320 and A321 was added to the fleet in the early 1990s, as was the Boeing 747-400 jet. ANA joined the Star Alliance in October 1999.[23]

2004 saw ANA's profits exceed JAL's for the first time. That year, facing a surplus of slots due to the construction of new airports and the ongoing expansion of Tokyo International Airport, ANA announced a fleet renewal plan that would replace some of its large aircraft with a greater number of smaller aircraft.[24]

Air Transport World named ANA its 2007 "Airline of the Year." In 2006, the airline was recognized by FlightOnTime.info as the most punctual scheduled airline between London and Tokyo for the last four consecutive years, based on official British statistics.[28]Japan Airlines took over the title in 2007. In 2009, ANA announced plans to test an idea as part of the airline's "e-flight" campaign, encouraging passengers on select flights to visit the airport restroom before they board.[29][30] On 10 November of the same year, ANA also announced "Inspiration of Japan", ANA's newest international flight concept, with redesigned cabins initially launched on its 777-300ER aircraft.[31]

In July 2011, All Nippon Airways and AirAsia agreed to form a low-cost carrier, called AirAsia Japan, based at Tokyo's Narita International Airport. ANA held 51 percent shares and AirAsia held 33 percent voting shares and 16 percent non-voting shares through its wholly owned subsidiary, AA International.[32] The carrier lasted until October 2013, when AirAsia withdrew from the joint venture; the carrier was subsequently rebranded as Vanilla Air.

In March 2018, All Nippon Airways announced the integration of its two low cost carrier subsidiaries Peach Aviation and Vanilla Air into one entity retaining the Peach name; starting in the second half of FY2018 and to be completed by the end of FY2019.[33]

Corporate affairs and identity

Headquarters

In the late 1960s ANA had its headquarters in the Hikokan Building in Shinbashi, Minato.[36] From the 1970s through the late 1990s All Nippon Airways was headquartered in the Kasumigaseki Building in Chiyoda, Tokyo.[37][38][39][40] Before moving into its current headquarters, ANA had its headquarters on the grounds of Tokyo International Airport in Ōta, Tokyo.[41] In 2002 ANA announced that it was taking up to 10 floors in the then under-construction Shiodome City Center. ANA announced that it was also moving some subsidiaries to the Shiodome City Center.[42]Shiodome City Center, which became ANA's headquarters, opened in 2003.[43]

Subsidiaries

ANA Group is a group of companies which are wholly or primarily owned by ANA. It comprises the following:[44]

Cargo services

As of November 2016 ANA operates twelve Boeing 767-300 freighter aircraft.[45]
ANA's freighters operate on 18 international routes and 6 domestic routes. ANA operates an overnight cargo hub at Naha Airport in Okinawa, which receives inbound freighter flights from key destinations in Japan, China and Southeast Asia between 1 and 4 a.m., followed by return flights between 4 and 6 a.m., allowing overnight service between these regional hubs as well as onward connections to other ANA and partner carrier flights. The 767 freighters also operate daytime flights from Narita and Kansai to various destinations in East and Southeast Asia.[46] ANA also operates a 767 freighter on an overnight Kansai-Haneda-Saga-Kansai route on weeknights,[47] which is used by overnight delivery services to send parcels to and from destinations in Kyushu.[48]

ANA also has a long historical relationship with Nippon Cargo Airlines, a Narita-based operator of Boeing 747 freighters. ANA co-founded NCA with shipping company Nippon Yusen in 1978, and at one time held 27.5% of NCA's stock. ANA sold its stake to NYK in 2005, but retained a technical partnership with NCA.[54] ANA announced in July 2013 that it would charter NCA's 747 freighter aircraft for an overnight cargo run between Narita and Okinawa, doubling capacity between ANA's key cargo hubs and freeing up 767 aircraft to operate new routes from Okinawa to Nagoya and Qingdao.[55]

Destinations

ANA has an extensive domestic route network that covers the entirety of Japan, from Hokkaido in the north to Okinawa in the south. ANA's international route network extends through China, Korea, Southeast Asia, United States, Mexico, and Western Europe. Its key international hub is Narita International Airport, where it shares the South Wing of Terminal 1 with its Star Alliance partners.[56]

ANA's international network currently focuses on business destinations; its only remaining "resort" routes are its routes from Haneda and Narita to Honolulu; past resort routes such as Narita-Guam, Kansai-Honolulu and Nagoya-Honolulu have been cancelled, although ANA plans to expand resort service in the future through its low-cost subsidiary Vanilla Air.[57]

Fleet

As of August 2018, the ANA passenger fleet (excluding subsidiaries) consists of the following aircraft:[45][62] ANA's Boeing customer code is 81 for all Boeing aircraft except the Boeing 787. For example, a Boeing 777-200ER ordered new by ANA will bear the model number 777-281ER.

Cargo

Fleet history

The NAMC YS-11 was an important aircraft for All Nippon Airways, although most of them were used under the name of ANK, or Air Nippon, a subsidiary of All Nippon Airways. The final YS-11 in operation was retired in 2006.[75] A number of YS-11s are in museums, or otherwise scrapped or taken apart. After a final retirement process through September 2006, all YS-11s were grounded, obligated to retire, unless privately owned and were privately restored. The YS-11 was a big part of All Nippon Airways from the 1970s to the early 1990s, when it was used on domestic operations.[75]

ANA flew its last flight of an Airbus A321-100 on 29 February 2008. This marked the end of almost ten years of operation of the Airbus A321-100, of which ANA was the only Japanese operator.[76]

ANA was the launch customer for the new Boeing widebody, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, ordering 50 examples with an option for 50 more during April 2004. ANA split the order between 30 of the short-range 787-3 and 20 of the long haul 787-8. However, ANA later converted its -3 orders to the -8 variant.[77]

Deliveries finally began in late 2011 when ANA received its first Boeing 787 on 21 September, the first ever Dreamliner to be delivered in the world. ANA flew its first Boeing 787 passenger flight on 26 October 2011, which operated as a charter flight from Tokyo Narita to Hong Kong.[78] ANA also became the second airline to receive the Boeing 787-9–on 28 July 2014. Despite being second, the airline preceded launch customer Air New Zealand for the first commercial flight on the 787-9, a special sightseeing charter for Japanese and American school children on 4 August.[79][80]

Fleet plans

On 31 July 2014, ANA firmed up an order for 7 Airbus A320neos, 23 Airbus A321neos, 20 Boeing 777-9Xs, 14 Boeing 787-9s and 6 Boeing 777-300ERs, which will be used for its short and long-haul fleet renewal. Boeing valued ANA’s order at approximately $13 billion at list prices.[88]

On 2 February 2015, ANA placed orders with Airbus and Boeing worth $2.2bn for three Boeing 787-10s, five Boeing 737-800s and seven Airbus A321s.[89]

In late July 2015, ANA entered into a secret agreement with Airbus to make additional orders in the future (number and model(s) of aircraft unidentified) in exchange for Airbus support of ANA plans to invest in bankrupt Skymark Airlines.[90]

On 29 January 2016, ANA signed a purchase agreement with Airbus, covering the firm orders for three Airbus A380s, which are planned to be delivered from fiscal 2018. This will make ANA the only Japanese airline to operate the Airbus A380 and will be used on the Tokyo to Honolulu route.

In 2019, all Airbus A380-800 aircraft will be painted in three different ANA’s Flying Honu livery.[93]

Services

New cabin

Introduced in 2009, the "Inspiration of Japan" cabin features included fully-lie-flat-bed business class seats, nearly enclosed first class suite seats, fixed shell back seats in both of its economy classes, a new AVOD in-flight entertainment system (based on Panasonic Avionics Corporation's eX2 IFE system with iPod connectivity, in-seat shopping and meal ordering as well as cabin touchscreen consoles) as well as improvements to its in-flight service. ANA will also introduce a new lounge (which opened on 20 February 2010, supposed to be in coincidence with the introduction of new aircraft interiors but delayed [see below]) and check-in concept (later in autumn 2010) at Narita for first class and ANA Mileage Club's Diamond Service elite members.

The introduction of the concept also discontinued the use of the name "Club ANA", which was used for its international business class seats (changing into a generic business class name) as well as the name of the lounges (all lounges for both first class and business class are named "ANA Lounge", with the first class lounge called the "ANA Suite Lounge" and its arrival lounge the "ANA Arrival Lounge").

This "Inspiration of Japan" concept was originally set to debut on 20 February 2010 with the delivery of its new Boeing 777-300ER prior to that date, followed by the introduction of the concept on that date on the Narita-New York route. However, due to delays to the new premium economy seats, the debut was pushed back to 19 April. (The delay was due to the failure of a safety test in Japan of a new seat design axle, made by seat manufacturer Koito Industries Ltd. This safety test failure also affected deliveries of aircraft to be operated by three other fellow Star Alliance members - Singapore Airlines for its A380s, Thai Airways' A330s, and Continental Airlines for new 737-800 deliveries.[94][95])

The "Inspiration of Japan" concept has been refitted on its existing 777-300ERs for service on all the airline's North American routes,[96] and may be refitted on its European routes. Parts of it may eventually be phased into its existing Boeing 767-300ERs in service as well as the upcoming Boeing 787s in order.[31][31][97][98][99]

Since February 2010 ANA offers women's only lavatories on international flights.[100] The first Boeing 787 the airline received have the bidets in both economy and business class lavatory.[101]

Inflight Magazine

ANA's inflight magazine is named 'Wingspan' and is available both on board and as a freely downloadable application for Apple's iPad. The iPad version is named 'Virtual Airport' and includes content from Wingspan as well as links to airline booking and online check-in pages.[102]

Bus shuttle services

Previously ANA had a dedicated shuttle bus from Düsseldorf to Frankfurt Airport so passengers may board ANA flights at that airport, but the bus service was discontinued after ANA began its Düsseldorf flights;[103] the dedicated Düsseldorf flights began in 2014.[104]

On 5 June 1963, DC-3-201E JA5027 swerved off the runway on takeoff at Osaka-Itami Airport and struck the rear of a second DC-3 (JA5078); JA5078 was written off while JA5027 was repaired with parts from DC-3 JA5039.[113]

On 4 February 1965, DC-3 (former R4D-1) JA5080 struck Mount Nakanoone at 2,200m (7,200ft), killing both pilots; the wreckage was located on 29 December 1966.[114]

On 4 February 1966, Flight 60, operated by Boeing 727-81 JA8302, was on approach to Tokyo Haneda Airport when it crashed into Tokyo Bay for reasons unknown, killing all 133 passengers and crew. Following this accident, all passenger aircraft operating in Japan were required to be equipped with cockpit voice recorders and flight data recorders.[115]

On 13 November 1966, Flight 533 operated by a YS-11, crashed in the Seto Inland Sea off Matsuyama following an unexplained loss of altitude while attempting to go-around, killing all 50 on board.[116]

On 30 July 1971, Flight 58, operated by a Boeing 727-281 (JA8329), collided with JASDF F-86F Sabre92-7932 that was on a training flight; the right wing of the F-86 struck the left horizontal stabilizer of the 727 and both aircraft crashed out of control, killing all 162 on board the 727; the F-86 pilot ejected and survived.[117]

On 22 June 1995 a man calling himself "Fumio Kujimi" and registered with ANA as "Saburo Kobayashi" hijacked Flight 857, a Boeing 747SR, after it took off from Tokyo. The plane landed in Hokkaidō and police stormed the aircraft, arresting the hijacker.[118] Police stated that the hijacker was 53-year-old Fujio Kutsumi;[119] he had demanded the release of Shoko Asahara.[120] The hijacking incident lasted 16 hours.[119]

On 23 July 1999, a man hijacked Flight 61 and killed the captain. He was subdued by other crew members, and no passengers or other crew were killed or injured.[121]

On 13 March 2007, Flight 1603 departed Itami Airport to Kochi Airport, where the Bombardier DHC-8-402 landed without its nose landing gear, causing damage toward the front of the plane as well as the runway. None of the 60 passengers and crew on board were injured. The failure for the landing gear to extend was determined to be from the landing gear doors not opening due to missing parts.[122][123][124]

On 6 September 2011, Flight 140, operated by a 737-700 traveling from Naha to Tokyo with 117 passengers and crew, banked over 90 degrees in mid-air and rapidly descended as the First Officer accidentally hit the rudder trim switch instead of the door unlock button as the captain returned from the lavatory. The First Officer eventually regained control and leveled the plane. There were minor injuries to two flight attendants.[125]

On 8 December 2012 an ANA Boeing 737 slid 80 meters (262 feet) off the end of the runway at Shonai Airport when landing during a snowstorm. There were no injuries to passengers and crew and the aircraft was not seriously damaged.[126]

On 16 January 2013, Flight 692, a Boeing 787 flying from Yamaguchi Ube Airport to Tokyo Haneda Airport reported a battery problem while climbing to FL330. The pilots made an emergency landing at Takamatsu Airport. No casualties were reported during the evacuation. However, after this incident, all 787s were subsequently grounded by respective aviation authorities until the battery issue was resolved.

↑ "ANA to move HQ to central Tokyo to gear up for competition." Japan Transportation Scan. 26 August 2002. Retrieved on 12 February 2010. "The officials said the ANA group will take up 10 floors of the 43-story Shiodome City Center building, now under construction and expected to be completed." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-11.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)