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Final Project Report

GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

ABSTRACT
GPS tracking systems are used in a variety of applications from civilian to military. Our design focuses on civilian applications, specifically vehicle tracking systems. The motivation for our GPS tracking system is to internetenable the GPS device, while simplifying its operation and user interface. Our connection to the Internet will be established via the GPRS protocol, which provides good coverage and sufficient data transmission speeds. Our prototype system will comprise of a Sony-Ericsson Cell Phone (GPRS Device), a GARMIN eTrex GPS device, and a PIC Microcontroller, The basic concept of this system is to be able to track a vehicle over the Internet; this is accomplished using software and hardware that was designed for this reason alone. The software component of this design project is fairly substantial while all the hardware was built out of necessity to make the end product portable.

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GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

CONTRIBUTIONS
The philosophy that guided our design team was to work together as much as possible. We were fortunate that the all group members were able to get along well enough to have group meetings at the rather demanding frequency this project called for. This project from beginning to end has been conceived, designed and implemented as a team. Due the unique manner in which this project was accomplished it is almost impossible to assign accurate credit to any individual group members

1.1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 - Purpose
The main purpose of this whole project was to create a web GPS enable vehicle tracking system while maintaining a very high level of usability so that the end user would not need to have any background knowledge of GPS systems at all. The only thing the end user would have to worry about is being able to have access to the Internet. We have assumed that this is not

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a problem because almost everyone has an Internet enabled computer these days. Once online, the user would only have to enter a specified username and password to gain access to the GPS data.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

1.1.2 - Problem
The concept of tracking a vehicle is by no means something that is new in the world of GPS tracking systems. This design project brings a new twist to this application by web enabling the entire system. After a brief research stint into the world of vehicle tracking, it was found that there aren’t any available systems in the market place that actually provide online GPS tracking that can be done by a single user without the assistance of a third party company. Due to the fact that with the installation of this system, the user is capable of tracking his/her vehicle over the Internet might be a deterrent to possible car thieves. This system could also be used to help track down vehicles that have been stolen and thus increase the possibility of vehicle recovery. Currently, car rental companies do track their vehicles, but this service is being provided by a third party, with the installation of this system into their vehicles, these rental car companies could track their vehicles on their own. This would definitely reduce their overhead cost and this in turn would reduce the prices that they charge for car rentals. On a lighter note, this device when installed in a vehicle could be used to track family members. One of the many future implementations of this system would be to reduce its size considerably and then it can be placed in cell phones and other devices so that individual human beings could be tracked.

1.1.3 - Scope
This project was divided up into two basic categories which consisted of hardware and software components. The hardware component was limited to mainly building the necessary RS-232 and power circuits that were used to integrate with the microcontroller. The main components that were used for this project was a GPS device, a GPRS device and a microcontroller.

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GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Software design was the main concern of this design project. The entire software set was programmed using Vb.net/ Asp.net, which is one of the most famous and powerful computer languages today. C was chosen because it was the programming language that was needed to program the microcontroller that was selected for this project. All the software was designed to be completely modular thus making it easier to do verification and testing.

1.2 – PROJECT DIAGRAM

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GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

1.3. PROJECT OVERVIEW
(Summery with Technologies) We are using different types of devices and services in our project which are explained as under i. ii. GPS Device (GPS Receiver) Microcontroller
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Also there are two types of users that will use this system according to there rights. These are • • Administrator User

GPS Device (GPS Receiver) As we know that the GPS is known as the Global Positioning System, this system is basically used to track and locate the humans, Vehicles, ships, Planes Submarines etc. So to track and locate anything we have to use a device through which anything can be located. GPS devices are of many kinds and the basic functionality is to provide the coordinates about your position and these coordinates are of the form of Longitude and Latitude. Other functionalities include a compass that provides you the direction that in which direction you are moving whether it is South, East etc. It also provides us the speed of the vehicle if we are moving in a vehicle. We can also make a track using the option of waypoints, for this we have to mark the waypoints at different positions of the way through where we are going so when we complete our journey then at the end of the journey there is track showing us the way through which we have come and following these way points we can reach where we get started. So in our project we use the two coordinates which are Longitude and Latitude, these coordinates are send to the Microcontroller and then the Microcontroller do the necessary processing on to the received data Microcontroller Broadly speaking a Microcontroller is a single chip microprocessor which contains data and program memory, serial and parallel port I/O lines (Pins),
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timers, external and internal interrupts, all integrated into a single chip that can be purchased for a very low price. We will use the Microcontroller to get the data from the GPS device and send that data to the GPRS enabled device. The Microcontroller sends and receives the data with the help of “TX” and “RX” Modules. The TX Module is used to transmit the data to the GPRS enabled device which is transmitted with the help of AT commands i.e. used to handle the mobile device. We can do any function which we are doing on our mobile phone; normally for this we will use serial communication where the data is stored on to a buffer before it is sent to the GPRS enabled mobile. With respect to RX module it is used to receive the data from the GPS device. The GPS device automatically sends the data through the serial port after regular intervals and the Microcontroller get that data using the RX Module. In order to get data continuously, we will get the data from the buffer; leave it empty in order to get the data again for the transmittion. GPRS Enabled Device (Cell Phone) Basically we are using the modem of the cell phone with the help of the AT command set because we have to communicate with the GRPS Device(mobile) using some sorts of commands which are standard AT commands. Also we are using service of the GPRS which is provided by the service provider, we are using the services of the TELENOR. So with the help of AT commands we send our data to a web server where the data is stored and then we used this data to point out the location on a digital map.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

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We are using GPRS because it provide us high speed data rates at low price rather than the if we use sms as it is costly and it also did not give us the real time data transfer. Web Server Web server is used to host our site which contains the User modules and the Administrator module and for this we need a static IP which is used in order to interact our site, it also include a digital map. So the Microcontroller gets the data from the GPS receiver and send data with the help of AT commands through the mobile phone towards our website where the data is stored in database, that data consists of Longitude, Latitude, time and date, and then coordinates from the database are plotted on the map. As our web server has two modules so in Administrator module we basically handle the data base and the users. In user module user can only see the location where it is and where it was, it did not have access to the user management module and to the data base.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Vehicle Unit

Chapter No. 2

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GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Global Positioning System

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM - INTRODUCTION

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The GPS is currently the only fully-functional satellite navigation system. More than 24 GPS satellites are in medium Earth orbit, transmitting signals allowing GPS receivers to determine the receiver's location, speed and direction. Since the first experimental satellite was launched in 1978, GPS has become one of the important devices for navigation around the world and an important tool for map-making and land surveying. GPS also provides a precise time reference used in many applications including scientific study of earthquakes, and synchronization of telecommunications networks.[1] Developed by the United States Department of Defense, it is officially named NAVSTAR GPS. The satellite constellation is managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing. Although the cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of aging satellites, GPS is free for civilian use as a public good. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. [1]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

How It Works
GPS satellites revolve around the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.[2]

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed,
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Some Limitations
GPS can provide worldwide, three-dimensional positions, 24 hours a day, in any type of weather. However, the system does have some limitations. There must be no obstruction between the GPS antenna and four or more satellites. Objects, such as buildings, overpasses, and other obstructions, that shield the antenna from a satellite can potentially weaken a satellite's signal such that it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These difficulties mostly prevail in urban areas. The GPS signal may bounce off nearby objects causing another problem called multipath interference.

The GPS Satellite System
The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.[2] GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. In the event of solar eclipse they are backed by the batteries onboard. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path. Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR2, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

• • •

The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit.
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•

A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. [2]

GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

•

- APPLICATIONS OF GPS SYSTEMS
2.2.1 - Tracking Devices
One of the easiest applications to consider is the simple GPS tracking device; which combines the possibility to locate itself with associated communications technologies such as radio transmission and telephony. [6] Tracking is useful because it enables a central tracking centre to monitor the position of several vehicles or people, in real time, without them needing to relay that information explicitly. This can include children, criminals, police and emergency vehicles, military applications, and many others. The tracing devices themselves come in different flavors. They will always contain a GPS receiver, and GPS software, along with some way of transmitting the resulting coordinates. GPS watches, for example, tend to use radio waves to transmit their location to a tracking center, while GPS phones use existing mobile phone technology. [6] The tracking centre can then use that information for co-ordination or alert services. One application in the field is to allow anxious parents to locate their children by calling the tracking station - mainly for their peace of mind. [6] GPS vehicle tracking is also used to locate stolen cars, or provide services to the driver such as locating the nearest petrol station. Police can also benefit from using GPS tracing devices to ensure that parolees do not violate curfew, and to locate them if they do. [6]

2.2.2 - Navigation Systems
Once we know our location, we can, of course, find out where we are on a map, and GPS mapping and navigation is perhaps the most well-known of all

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the applications of GPS. Using the GPS coordinates, appropriate software can perform all manner of tasks, from locating the unit, to finding a route from A to B, or dynamically selecting the best route in real time. [6] These systems need to work with map data, which does not form part of the GPS system, but is one of the associated technologies that we spoke of in the introduction to this article. The availability of high powered computers in small, portable packages has lead to a variety of solutions which combines maps with location information to enable the user to navigate. [6] One of the first such applications was the car navigation system, which allows drivers to receive navigation instructions without taking their eyes off the road, via voice commands. Then there are handheld GPS units, such as those from Garmin and Magellan and a dozen other manufacturers, which are commonly used by those involved in outdoor pursuits, and only provide limited information such as the location, and possibly store GPS waypoints. A waypoint being a location that is kept in memory so that the unit can retrace the same path at a later time. More advanced versions include aviation GPS systems, which offer specific features for those flying aircraft, and marine GPS systems which offer information pertaining to marine channels, and tide times, etc. [6] These last two require maps and mapping software which differ vastly from traditional GPS solutions, and as such can often be augmented with other packages designed to allow the user to import paper maps or charts. [6] There are even GPS solutions for use on the golf course. Golf GPS systems help the player to calculate the distance from the tee to the pin, or to know exactly where they are with relation to features such as hidden bunkers, water hazards or greens. Again, specific maps are needed for such applications.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

- GPS TRACKING AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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Being able to pinpoint the location of a device on planet Earth raises some interesting ideas and applications. Primarily, GPS (Global Positioning System) was intended to be released to the consumer market as a way to aid navigation. [6] However, since the price of the GPS technology has fallen, many companies have found new ways to apply it. Indeed, the price of associated technologies has also fallen dramatically since the inception of GPS, which has led to many innovations, amongst them “GPS tracking”.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

2.3.1 - GPS Tracking
In fact, it is this use which represents the simplest form of GPS tracking. The user is able, using a portable GPS device, to keep a track of where they have been, in order to be able to either retrace their steps, or follow the same path again in the future. [6] When combined with other technologies such as GPS phones, this also gives the possibility for other users of GPS to follow in the footsteps of the initial user; which can be a useful application of GPS tracking for field activities. Where GPS tracking comes into its own, however, is when it is combined with other broadcast technologies such as radio. GPS watches, for example, can be fitted with a GPS receiver which is capable of calculating its position, whilst also broadcasting that using a miniature radio transmitter. [6] The signal is relayed to a central command centre equipped with GPS software systems which can track the position of the wearer, and either store it as a path, or relay that information to a third party. [6] That third party could be an anxious parent, or the police. In fact there are a variety of GPS phones and wristbands which are sold in conjunction with a service which enables third parties to find out where their charges are at any time of the day or night. [7]

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2.3.2 - GPS Vehicle Tracking
This is particularly useful when using GPS units attached to vehicles which have distinctive identification such as chassis numbers. The same principle applies as for a GPS tracking device designed to be worn by a human, except that the GPS is integrated within the vehicular electronics. [6] This serves two purposes. On the one hand, it provides the driver with an integrated GPS system, without the necessity to purchase a car navigation system, or a PDA-based GPS system, whilst also offering the possibility to relay that information via a radio or mobilephone transmitter. [6] In fact, these systems have already been tried in the field, primarily as a vehicle locator in the event that the vehicle to which the GPS vehicle tracking system is attached is stolen. The police, once informed, can find out from the control centre where the vehicle is, and proceed to track it physically. [6] A useful consequence of being able to use GPS vehicle tracking to locate a vehicle is that the manufacturer can also use the information to alert the driver as to when they near a service centre. If, along with the GPS coordinates, the system relays telemetry information such as the status of the engine, time since the last service, or even information not relating to defects, the receiver of this information can make a decision as to what kind of alert to pass on to the driver.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

2.3.3 - Coordinated Tracking
This also opens up the possibility to allow for coordinated vehicle tracking, in which GPS tracking is used to share location information between several vehicles, all pursuing the same end goal. [6] It is an approach that has been used successfully in conjunction with GPS fishfinder units which help fisherman to locate, track and catch schools of fish. These units are more sophisticated than the average GPS unit, having other features such as depth gauges, tide time information and so forth. [6]

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The basic GPS functionality is the same however, and units can either share that information with each other, or a central point. The central point can also be one of the fishing vessels, and it has on-board computer systems capable of reconciling all the locator information along with a map, thus allowing the different vessels to coordinate their actions. This also has military applications, of course, where units can share, in real time, information about their location, even when line-of-sight is no longer possible. In the past, this was done by relaying often inaccurate map coordinate estimations; now the locations can be called in with high absolute accuracy.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

2.3.4 - Consumer GPS Tracking [6]
Despite its’ hitech military and commercial fishing applications, as well as use in aviation GPS, the principal application of GPS tracking will be in providing an enabling technology to augment existing systems. These systems will include cell phones and vehicles, usually in conjunction with a central point of service designed to keep track of the location. The reason for this is to keep the cost of the actual GPS unit down as much as possible in order to supply a useful technology to consumers at an attractive price.

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GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

2.1
GPS System Segments

- TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user segment (US).

Space Segment
The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites or Space Vehicles (SV) in GPS parlance. The GPS design includes 24 SVs to be distributed equally among six circular orbital planes. The orbital planes are centered on the Earth, not rotating with respect to the distant stars. The six planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator) and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node (angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). [1] Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers (12,600 miles or 10,900 nautical miles; orbital radius of 26,600 km (16,500 mi or 14,400 NM)), each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day, so it passes over the same location on Earth once each day. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of sight from almost anywhere on Earth. [1] As of January 2007, there are 29 actively broadcasting satellites in the GPS constellation. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a non uniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail. [1]

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Control Segment
The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by US Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, along with monitor stations operated by the (NGA). The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command's master control station at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado, which is operated by the 2d 2 SOPS of the USAF. 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update (using the ground antennas at Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein, and Colorado Springs). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within one microsecond and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a Kalman Filter which uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations, space weather information, and other various inputs. [1]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

User Segment
The user's GPS receiver is the user segment (US) of the GPS system. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highlystable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2006, receivers typically have between twelve and twenty channels. [1] GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the RTCM SC-104 format. This is typically in the form of a RS-232 port at 4,800 bps speed. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even low-cost units commonly include WAAS receivers. [1]

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Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183 protocol. NMEA 2000 is a newer and less widely adopted protocol. Both are proprietary and controlled by the US-based NMEA. References to the NMEA protocols have been compiled from public records, allowing open source tools like GPSd to read the protocol without violating intellectual property laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the SiRF protocol. Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, USB or Bluetooth. [1]

Navigation Signals
GPS1 satellites broadcast three different types of data in the primary navigation signal. The first is the almanac which sends coarse time information along with status information about the satellites. The second is the ephemeris, which contains orbital information that allows the receiver to calculate the position of the satellite. This data is included in the 37,500 bit Navigation Message, which takes 12.5 minutes to send at 50 bps. [1] The satellites also broadcast two forms of clock information, the Coarse / Acquisition code, or C/A which is freely available to the public, and the restricted Precise code, or P-code, usually reserved for military applications. The C/A code is a 1,023 bit long pseudo-random code broadcast at 1.023 MHz, repeating every millisecond. Each satellite sends a distinct C/A code, which allows it to be uniquely identified. The P-code is a similar code broadcast at 10.23 MHz, but it repeats only once a week. In normal operation, the so-called "anti-spoofing mode", the P code is first encrypted into the Ycode, or P(Y), which can only be decrypted by units with a valid decryption key. Frequencies used by GPS include: [1]

L4 (1379.913 MHz) - Being studied for additional ionospheric correction. L5 (1176.45 MHz) - Proposed for use as a civilian SoL8 signal (see GPS modernization). This frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no interference under all circumstances.

•

Calculating Positions
The coordinates are calculated according to the WGS84 coordinates system. To calculate its position, a receiver needs to know the accurate time. The satellites are equipped with extremely accurate atomic clocks, and the receiver uses an internal crystal oscillator-based clock that is continually updated using the signals from the satellites. The receiver identifies each satellite's signal by its distinct C/A code pattern, and then measures the time delay for each satellite. To do this, the receiver produces an identical C/A sequence using the same seed number as the satellite. By lining up the two sequences, the receiver can measure the delay and calculate the distance to the satellite, called the pseudorange. [1] The orbital position data from the Navigation Message is then used to calculate the satellite's precise position. Knowing the position and the distance of a satellite indicates that the receiver is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered on that satellite and whose radius is the distance to it. When four satellites are measured simultaneously, the
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intersection of the four imaginary spheres reveals the location of the receiver. Earth-based users can substitute the sphere of the planet for one satellite by using their altitude. Often, these spheres will overlap slightly instead of meeting at one point, so the receiver will yield a mathematically mostprobable position (and often indicate the uncertainty). [1] Calculating a position with the P(Y) signal is generally similar in concept, assuming one can decrypt it. The encryption is essentially a safety mechanism; if a signal can be successfully decrypted, it is reasonable to assume it is a real signal being sent by a GPS satellite. In comparison, civil receivers are highly vulnerable to spoofing since correctly formatted C/A signals can be generated using readily available signal generators. [RAIM] features will not help, since RAIM only checks the signals from a navigational perspective. [1]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Accuracy And Error Sources
The position calculated by a GPS receiver requires the current time, the position of the satellite and the measured delay of the received signal. The position accuracy is primarily dependent on the satellite position and signal delay. [1] To measure the delay, the receiver compares the bit sequence received from the satellite with an internally generated version. By comparing the rising and trailing edges of the bit transitions, modern electronics can measure signal offset to within about 1% of a bit time, or approximately 10 nanoseconds for the C/A code. Since GPS signals propagate nearly at the speed of light, this represents an error of about 3 meters. This is the minimum error possible using only the GPS1 C/A signal. [1] Position accuracy can be improved by using the higher-speed P(Y) signal. Assuming the same 1% accuracy, the faster P(Y) signal results in accuracy of about 30 centimeters. [1]

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Electronics errors are one of several accuracy-degrading effects outlined in the table below. When taken together, autonomous civilian GPS horizontal position fixes are typically accurate to about 15 meters (50 ft). These effects also reduce the more precise P(Y) code's accuracy. [1] Sources of errors Source Effect
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Atmospheric Effects Changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS signals as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. Correcting these errors is a significant challenge to improving GPS position accuracy. These effects are minimized when the satellite is directly overhead, and become greater for satellites nearer the horizon, since the signal is affected for a longer time. Once the receiver's approximate location is known, a mathematical model can be used to estimate and compensate for these errors. [1] Because ionospheric delay affects the speed of radio waves differently based on frequency, a characteristic known as dispersion, both frequency bands can be used to help reduce this error. Some military and expensive survey-grade civilian receivers compare the different delays in the L1 and L2 frequencies to measure atmospheric dispersion, and apply a more precise correction. This

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can be done in civilian receivers without decrypting the P(Y) signal carried on L2, by tracking the carrier wave instead of the modulated code. To facilitate this on lower cost receivers, a new civilian code signal on L2, called L2C, was added to the Block [IIR-M] satellites, first launched in 2005. It allows a direct comparison of the L1 and L2 signals using the coded signal instead of the carrier wave. [1] The effects of the ionosphere are generally slow-moving, and can be averaged over time. The effects for any particular geographical area can be easily calculated by comparing the GPS-measured position to a known surveyed location. This correction is also valid for other receivers in the same general location. Several systems send this information over radio or other links to allow L1 only receivers to make ionospheric corrections. The ionospheric data are transmitted via satellite in Satellite Based Augmentation Systems such as WAAS, which transmits it on the GPS frequency using a special (PRN) 10, so only one antenna and receiver are required. [1] Humidity also causes a variable delay, resulting in errors similar to ionospheric delay, but occurring in the troposphere. This effect is much more localized, and changes more quickly than the ionospheric effects, making precise compensation for humidity more difficult. Altitude also causes a variable delay, as the signal passes through fewer atmospheres at higher elevations. Since the GPS receiver measures altitude directly, this is a much simpler correction to apply. [1] Multipath Effects GPS1 signals can also be affected by multipath issues, where the radio signals reflect off surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls, hard ground, etc. These delayed signals can cause inaccuracy. A variety of techniques, most notably narrow correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. For long delay multipath, the receiver itself can recognize the wayward signal and discard it. To address shorter delay multipath from the signal reflecting off the ground, specialized antennas may be used. Short
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delay reflections are harder to filter out since they are only slightly delayed, causing effects almost indistinguishable
[1]

GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

from routine fluctuations in

atmospheric delay.

Multipath effects are much less severe in moving vehicles. When the GPS antenna is moving, the false solutions using reflected signals quickly fail to converge and only the direct signals result in stable solutions. [1] Ephemeris and Clock Errors The navigation message from a satellite is sent out only every 12.5 minutes. In reality, the data contained in these messages tend to be "out of date" by an even larger amount. Consider the case when a GPS satellite is boosted back into a proper orbit; for some time following the maneuver, the receiver’s calculation of the satellite's position will be incorrect until it receives another ephemeris update. The onboard clocks are extremely accurate, but they do suffer from some clock drift. This problem tends to be very small, but may add up to 2 meters (6 ft) of inaccuracy. [1] This class of error is more "stable" than ionospheric problems and tends to change over days or weeks rather than minutes. This makes correction fairly simple by sending out a more accurate almanac on a separate channel. [1] Selective Availability The GPS includes a feature called (SA) that introduces intentional errors between 0 meters and up to a hundred meters (300 ft) into the publicly available navigation signals, making it difficult to use for guiding long range missiles to precise targets. Additional accuracy was available in the signal, but in an encrypted form that was only available to the United States military, its allies and a few others, mostly government users. [1] SA typically added signal errors of up to about 10 meters (30 ft) horizontally and 30 meters (100 ft) vertically. The inaccuracy of the civilian signal was deliberately encoded so as not to change very quickly, for instance the entire eastern U.S. area might read 30 m off, but 30 m off everywhere and in the
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same direction. In order to improve the usefulness of GPS for civilian navigation, (Differential GPS) was used by many civilian GPS receivers to greatly improve accuracy. [1] In the 1990s, the (FAA) started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually "discontinued"; the amount of error added was "set to zero" in 2000 following an announcement by U.S. President Bill Clinton, allowing users access to an undegraded L1 signal. Per the directive, the induced error of SA was changed to add no error to the public signals (C/A code). Selective Availability is still a system capability of GPS, and error could be in theory reintroduced at any time. In practice, in view of the hazards and costs this would induce for US and foreign shipping, it is unlikely to be reintroduced, and various government agencies, including the FAA have stated that it is not intended to be reintroduced. [1] The US military has developed the ability to locally deny GPS (and other navigation services) to hostile forces in a specific area of crisis without affecting the rest of the world or its own military systems. [1] GPS Jamming Jamming of any radio navigation system, including satellite based navigation, is possible. The U.S. Air Force conducted GPS jamming exercises in 2003 and they also have GPS anti-spoofing capabilities. In 2002, a detailed description of how to build a short range GPS L1 C/A jammer was published in Phrack issue 60 by an anonymous author. There has also been at least one well-documented case of unintentional jamming, tracing back to a malfunctioning TV antenna preamplifier. If stronger signals were generated intentionally, they could potentially interfere with aviation GPS receivers within line of sight. According to John Ruley, of AVweb, "IFR pilots should have a fallback plan in case of a GPS malfunction". (RAIM), a feature of some aviation and marine receivers, is designed to provide a warning to the user if
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jamming or another problem is detected. GPS signals can also be interfered with by natural geomagnetic storms, predominantly at high latitudes. [1] Relativity For GPS satellites, General Relativity predicts that the atomic clocks at GPS orbital altitudes will tick faster by about 45,900 ns/day because they are in a weaker gravitational field than atomic clocks on Earth's surface. Special Relativity (SR) predicts that atomic clocks moving at GPS orbital speeds will tick slower by about 7,200 ns/day than stationary ground clocks. Rather than have clocks with such large rate differences, the satellite clocks are reset in rate before launch to compensate for these predicted effects. [1] For GPS satellites, this discrepancy is 38 microseconds per day. To account for this, the frequency standard on-board the satellites are given a rate offset prior to launch, making it run slightly slower than its desired frequency on Earth, at 10.22999999543 MHz instead of 10.23 MHz, a difference of -4.465 parts in 1010. The atomic clocks on board the GPS satellites are precisely tuned, making this a practical engineering application of the scientific theory of relativity in a real-world system. [1] Another relativistic effect to be compensated for in GPS observation processing is the Sagnac effect.. The Lorentz transformation between the two systems modifies the signal run time, a correction having opposite algebraic signs for satellites in the Eastern and Western celestial hemispheres. Ignoring this effect will produce an East-West offset in the absolute position solution on the order of tens of meters. [1] The error introduced by relativistic effects can be as much as 15 meters. The GPS system also makes adjustments for the relativistic drift of the atomic clocks in the satellites. Parts of this correction are carried out in the satellites and parts in the receiver.
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GPS Time and Date
While most clocks are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the Atomic clocks on the satellites are set to "GPS time." The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain leap seconds or other corrections which are periodically added to UTC. GPS time was set to match Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1980, but has since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains synchronized with the International Atomic Time (TAI). [1] The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC, which is 14 seconds as of 2006. Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and 'local' time. New GPS units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits) which, at the current rate of change of the earth's rotation, is sufficient to last until the year 2330. [1] The GPS date is expressed as a week number plus a day-of-week number, as opposed to the year, month, and day format of the Gregorian calendar. The week number is transmitted in a ten-bit field, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.7 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980 and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999 (00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). In order to determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate Gregorian date (to within 3,584 days) in order to correctly translate the GPS date signal. [1]
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GPS Time Transfer
GPS is at the present time the most competent system for time transfer, the distribution of Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI). The system uses time of arrival (TOA) measurements for the determination of user position. A precisely timed clock is not essential for the user because time is obtained in addition to position by the measurement of TOA of FOUR satellites simultaneously in
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view. If altitude is known (i.e. for a surface user), then THREE satellites are sufficient. If time is being kept by a stable clock (say, since the last complete coverage), then TWO satellites in view are sufficient for a fix at known altitude. If the user is, in addition, stationary or has a known speed then, in principle, the position can be obtained by the observation of a complete pass of a SINGLE satellite. This could be called the "transit" mode, because the old TRANSIT system uses this method. In the case of GPS, however, the apparent motion of the satellite is much slower, requiring much more stability of the user clock.[4]
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2.2

DIFFERENTIAL GPS

Differential correction techniques are used to enhance the quality of location data gathered using global positioning system (GPS) receivers. Differential correction can be applied in real-time directly in the field or when postprocessing data in the office. Although both methods are based on the same underlying principles, each accesses different data sources and achieves different levels of accuracy. Combining both methods provides flexibility during data collection and improves data integrity. [4]

Picture 2.1 Real-Time Differential GPS (Source

[4])

The differential GPS (DGPS) requires that a GPS receiver, which is known as the base station, should be set up on a precisely known location. The base station receiver calculates its position based on satellite signals and compares this location to the known location. The difference is then applied to the GPS data recorded by the roving GPS receiver.

Real-Time DGPS
Real-time DGPS occurs when the base station calculates and broadcasts corrections for each satellite as it receives the data. The correction is received by the roving receiver via a radio signal if the source is land based or via a satellite signal if it is satellite based and applied to the position it is calculating.
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As a result, the position displayed and logged to the data file of the roving GPS receiver is a differentially corrected position.[4] A nonprofit scientific and educational organization, Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM), that serves all aspects of radio communications, radio navigation, and related technologies, defined the differential data protocol for relaying GPS correction messages from a base station to a field user. Its Special Committee 104 (RTCM SC-104) format recommendations define the correction message format. Each correction message includes data about the station position and health, satellite constellation health, and the correction to be applied.
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Satellite Differential Services
Another method for obtaining real-time differential correction data in the field is by using geostationary satellites. This system obtains corrections from more than one reference station. Reference stations collect the base station GPS data and relay this data in RTCM SC-104 format to a Network Control Center, which sends the information to a geostationary satellite for verification. The verified information is sent to the roving GPS receiver to ensure it obtains GPS positions in real time. [4] The Wide Area Augmentation System, or WAAS, is being developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide precision guidance to aircraft at airports and airstrips that currently lack these capabilities, using a system of satellites and ground stations that provide GPS signal corrections. Although not yet approved for aviation use, it is available to civilian users. WAAS is broadcast from geostationary satellites so the signal is often available in areas where other DGPS sources are not available. Two commercial satellite differential service providers, Thales Survey LandStar (formerly Racal LandStar) and OmniSTAR Inc., use a control hub where reference station data is checked, formatted, and uploaded to a geostationary satellite for rebroadcasting to subscribers. [5]

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DGPS radio beacon systems operate in many parts of the world. These stations—part of a large network that covers coastal areas, navigable rivers, and, more recently, inland agricultural areas—are used for marine navigation. However, these beacons have a range of a few hundred kilometers inland and can provide free real-time differential accuracy in the one-meter range, depending on the GPS receiver and the distance from the radio beacon. [4]
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Reprocessing Real-Time Data
Some GPS manufacturers provide software that can correct GPS data that was collected in real time. This is important for GIS data integrity. When collecting real-time data, the line of sight to the satellites can be blocked or a satellite can be so low on the horizon that it provides only a weak signal, which causes spikes in the data. Reprocessing real-time data removes these spikes and allows real-time data that has been used in the field for navigation or viewing purposes to be made more reliable before it is added to a GIS [5]

Postprocessing Correction
Differentially correcting GPS data by post processing uses a base GPS receiver that logs positions at a known location and a rover GPS receiver that collects positions in the field. The files from the base and rover are transferred to the office processing software, which computes corrected positions for the rover's file. This resulting correct file can be viewed in or exported to a GIS. [6] There are many permanent GPS base stations currently operating throughout the world that provide the data necessary for differentially correcting GPS. Depending on the technology preferred by the base station owner, this data can be downloaded from the Internet or via a bulletin board system (BBS). Because base station data is consistent and very reliable because base stations usually run 24 hours, seven days a week, it is ideal for many GIS and mapping applications. Sources of base station data for postprocessing fall into four categories—public sources, commercial sources, Web-based services, and base station ownership. Before purchasing a GPS receiver, it is best to identify the source of base station data. [5]
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Public Sources
Government agencies worldwide collect and store base data. However, there are different laws for public to access the government data. These laws vary from country to country as well as between different government agencies in the same country. Agencies that collect differential data have legitimate concerns, such as legal liability and cost recovery, which may affect the decisions regarding offering this data to the public.

Commercial Sources
Some consulting firms and universities collect base data. Generally, this data is purchased at per hour or daily rates. By browsing the Internet, by calling local base station distributors, or by talking to a local GPS sales representative the information on these services can be obtained. This can often be the most cost-effective way to obtain data.

Web-Based Services
In this the GPS data is given to a service with some processing criteria. The GPS data is processed and then returned back. This is an easy and economical way to process GPS data. This approach is very helpful when there is no time to train GPS users that how to processes data. So instead training the users this approach is being used.

Base Station Ownership
This is the most flexible way to obtain base data for post processing but it has additional setup costs because two GPS receivers must be purchased and managed. If large amounts of data will be collected, the investment is often worthwhile.

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Summary
To attain accuracy levels on the order of one to 10 meters, differential correction is essential. The three main methods currently used for ensuring data accuracy are real-time differential correction, reprocessing real-time data, and post-processing. Each method will achieve similar levels of accuracy, so the decision regarding which technique is appropriate will depend on factors such as project specifications, the end use of the data, and the sources available for differential correction.

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CONTENTS RECEIVED FROM GPS RECEIVER
Text Mode Text-out Interface I/O format is used to get the required data from the GPS device. So when the GPS receiver attach to the serial port of PC, the data seen on HyperTerminal is in the following format.

But we will retrieve the selected area of the out put as coordinates for our use. This whole string will further divide in to two parts N and E which are our latitude and longitude. An example is shown below shows the output in text-out format. @07 02 19 14 33 55 N3126446 E07417081 G 007 +00214 E0000

Final Project Report
Each item is of fixed length making parsing by just counting the number of characters an easy task. It is grouped by use permitting a digital camera, for example, to just read the first 30 characters and report the time and position. A more formal description of the fields is: FIELD DESCRIPTION: Sentence start Year Month T I Day M Hour E Minute Second Latitude hemisphere Latitude position
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WIDTH: 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 7

NOTES: Always '@' Last two digits of UTC year UTC month, "01".."12" UTC day of month, "01".."31" UTC hour, "00".."23" UTC minute, "00".."59" UTC second, "00".."59" 'N' or 'S' WGS84 ddmmmmm, with an implied decimal after the 4th digit 'E' or 'W' WGS84 dddmmmmm with an implied decimal after the 5th digit 'd' if current 2D differential GPS position 'D' if current 3D differential GPS position 'g' if current 2D GPS position 'G' if current 3D GPS position 'S' if simulated position '_' if invalid position

MICROCONTROLLER
What Is A Microcontroller?
A MCU is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor that can be purchased for a very low price. A typical MCU contains all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these functions. A MCU is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following features: [7] • • • • • • Central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors Input/output interfaces such as serial ports Peripherals such as timers and watchdog and signal conversion circuits RAM for data storage ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage Clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit MCU have traditionally been programmed using assembly language of the target chip. Different MCU’S from different manufactures have different assembly languages. Assembly language consists of short mnemonic descriptions of instruction sets. These mnemonics are difficult to remember the program developed for one MCU cannot be used for MCU from any other company. The solution for this problem is to use high level languages. This makes a programming much simpler task and the programs are usually more readable, portable and easier to maintain. We use C language to program our
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MCU as we are quite familiar with the syntax and it’s easy as compared to assembly. [7]
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PIC16F877
PIC16F877 is a 40 pin MCU. The device contain a serial port,32 I/O lines, interrupt capability up to 14 sources, two timers,8k* 14 words of flash memory, 368*8 bytes of data memory, 256*8 bytes of EEPROM data memory, dedicates pins for 12C protocols following devices, 10 A/D built in converters and built in PWM pins for analogue outputs. There are many reasons to choosing the PIC16F877, including the compatibility with the family and the ease of erasing and reprogramming the device. [38] All the necessary support components are included, together with a Power and Programming LED for easy status indication. Plus a reset switch for program execution and a RS232 connection for data transfer to and from a standard RS232 port, available on most computers. [38] The PIC16F877 Controller is the ideal solution for use as a standard controller in many applications. The small compact size combined with easy program updates and modifications makes it ideal for use in machinery and control systems, such as alarms, card readers, real-time monitoring applications and much more. Save time and money, by simply building your ancillary boards and monitoring circuits around this inexpensive & easy to use controller. [38]

USE OF MICROCONTROLLER IN VTS
Gps Interfacing With Microcontroller
The GPS receiver has an output serial port at its hack. The output of digital data from the serial port is of RS232 nature. So it can be directly connected to the serial port of PC. Due to excellent input output capabilities of USART of

One of the most popular forms of communication between electronic devices is serial communication. There are two major types of serial communication asynchronous and synchronous. The RSIN, RSOUT, SERIN and SEROUT commands are used to send and receive asynchronous serial data. While the SHIN and SHOUT commands are for use with synchronous communications. The term asynchronous means to ‘no clock’. ‘More specifically, asynchronous serial communication’ means data is transmitted and received without the use of separate ‘clock’ line. Data can be sent using as few as two wires, one for data and one for ground. The PC’s serial ports (also call COM ports or RS232 ports) use asynchronous serial communication. The other kind of serial communication, synchronous, uses at least three wires, one for clock, one for data and one for ground. RS232 is the electrical specification for the signals that PC serial ports use. Unlike standard TTL logic, where 5 volts is a logic1 and 0 volts is logic 0, RS232 uses-12volts for logic 1 and +12 volts for logic 0. This specification allows communication over longer wire lengths without amplification. Most circuits that work with RS232 use a line driver/receiver (transceiver). This component does two things. • • Converts the ± 12 volts of RS232 to TTL compatible 0 to 5 volt levels Invert the voltage levels, so that 5 volts= logic 1 and 0 volts = logic 0

By far, the most common line driver device is the MAX232 from MAXIM. Semiconductor, because of the excellence IO capabilities of the PIC micro range of devices, and the adoption of TTL levels on most modern PC serial port, a line driver is often unnecessary unless long distance are involved between the transmitter and the receiver. Instead a simple current limiting resistor is all that’s required.
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It should be remembered that when using line transceiver such as the MAX232, the serial mode (polarity) is inverted in the process of converting the signal levels, however, if using the direct connection, the mode is untouched. This is the single most common cause of errors when connecting serial devices. Asynchronous serial communication relies on precise limiting. Both the sender and receiver must be set for identical timing. This is commonly expressed in bps called BAUDRATE. Beside the baud rate parity bit, data bits and stop bit are the other attributes, which are required to agree on both receiving and transmitting end. Parity is a simple error checking feature. On Transmitter End Even parity (Compiler Default) means that it counts the no of 1s in the outgoing byte and using the parity bit to make that number even. For example, if it is sending the 7-bit value: %0011010 it sets the parity bit to 1 to make an even numbers of 1s (four). The receiver also counts the data bits to calculate what the parity bit should be. If it matches the parity bit received, the serial receiver assumes that the data was received correctly. Of course, this is not necessarily true, since two incorrectly received bits could make parity seem correct when the data was wrong, or the parity bit itself could be bad when the rest of the data was incorrect. Parity errors are not detected on the receiver side. Normally, the receiver determines how to handle an error. In a more robust application, the receiver and transmitter might be set up in such that the receiver can request a re-send of data that was received with the parity error. Because of its complexity, the serial communication can rather difficult to work with at times.

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Data Flow Broadly speaking a MCU is a single chip microprocessor which contains data and program memory, serial and parallel port I/O lines (Pins), timers, external and internal interrupts, all integrated into a single chip that can be purchased for a very low price. We will use the MCU to get the data from the GPS device and send that data to the GPRS enabled device. The MCU sends and receives the data with the help of “TX” and “RX” Modules. The TX Module is used to transmit the data to the GPRS enabled device which is transmitted with the help of AT commands i.e. used to handle the mobile device. We can do any function which we are doing on our mobile phone; normally for this we will use serial communication where the data is stored on to a buffer before it is sent to the GPRS enabled mobile. With respect to RX module it is used to receive the data from the GPS device. The GPS device automatically sends the data through the serial port after regular intervals and the MCU get that data using the RX Module. In order to get data continuously, we will get the data from the buffer; leave it empty in order to get the data again for the transmittion.

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

ARCHITECTURE OF PIC16F87X FAMILY
PIC MCU’S use Harvard architecture. That simply means that the memory on the PIC is divided into program memory and data memory. The device uses separate buses to communicate with each memory type. [38] The data memory in the PIC can be divides into general purpose RAM and special functional REGISTERS. [38] There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16f87X MCU’S. The Program memory and Data memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. The PIC16F87X devices have a 13-bit program counter
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capable of addressing an 8k x 14 program memory space. The PIC16F877/76 devices have 14 words of Flash Program memory that work above the physically implemented address that will cause a wraparound. [38]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as the external interrupt. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. Low voltage ICSP programming (LVP) is enabled by default, which disables the RB3 I/O function. LVP must be disabled to enable RB3 as an I/O pin and allow maximum compatibility to the other 28-pin and 40-pin mid-range devices.

4.1 - GPRS
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network is an "always on", private network for data. It uses the existing GSM network to transmit and receive TCP/IP based data to and from GPRS mobile devices. Private IP addresses are typically dynamically assigned within the network to mobile devices. However, Access Point Names (APN's) provide a gateway route to other networks such as the Internet, WAP services or private corporate networks. Firewalls typically reside at the APN to isolate the public and private networks.

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IP addresses allocated to mobile GPRS devices are therefore not addressable from outside the GPRS network (e.g. from the Internet) without specialized services or infrastructure. [9]
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Gprs Features
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service (SMS).GPRS is not related to GPS (the Global Positioning System), a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. GPRS has several unique features which can be summarized as: [8]

Speed
Theoretical maximum speeds up to 171.2 kilobits per second (kbps) are achievable with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same time. This is about three times as fast as the data transmission speeds possible over today's fixed telecommunications networks and ten times as fast as current Circuit Switched Data services on GSM networks. By allowing information to be transmitted more quickly, immediately and efficiently across the mobile network, GPRS may well be a relatively less costly mobile data service compared to SMS and Circuit Switched Data. [8]

Immediacy
GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dialup modem connection is necessary. This is why GPRS users are "always connected". Immediacy is one of the advantages of GPRS when compared to Circuit Switched Data. High immediacy is a very important feature for time
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critical applications such as remote credit card authorization where it would be unacceptable to keep the customer waiting for even thirty extra seconds.
[8]

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New Applications, better Applications
GPRS facilitates many new applications that have not previously been available over GSM limitations in speed of Circuit Switched Data (9.6 kbps) and message length of the SMS (Characters). GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you are used to on your desktop from web browsing to chat over the mobile network. Other applications for GPRS, profiled later, file transfer and home automation the ability to remotely access and control inhome appliances & machine. . [8]

Service Access
To use GPRS, users specifically need: [8]


a mobile phone or terminal that supports GPRS (existing GSM phones do NOT support GPRS) a subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports GPRS Use of GPRS must be enabled for that user. Automatic access to the GPRS may be allowed by some mobile network operators, others will require a specific opt-in knowledge of how to send and/ or receive GPRS information using their specific model of mobile phone, including software and hardware configuration (this creates a customer service requirement) A destination to send or receive information through GPRS. Whereas with SMS this was often another mobile phone, in the case of GPRS, it is likely to be an Internet address, since GPRS is designed to make the Internet fully available to mobile users for the first time. From day one,

 





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GPRS users can access any web page or other Internet applicationsproviding an immediate critical mass of uses.
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Key Network Features Of GPRS
GPRS involves a packet based air interface on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives the user an option to use a packet-based data service. To supplement circuit switched network architecture with packet switching is quite a major upgrade. However lately the GPRS standard is delivered in a very elegant manner- with network operators needing only to add a couple of new infrastructure and upgrade software to some existing network elements with GPRS. [8]

Spectrum efficiency
Packet switching means that GPRS radio resources are used only when users are actually sending or receiving data. Rather than dedicating a radio channel to a mobile data user for a fixed period of time, the available radio resource can be concurrently shared between several users. This efficient use of scarce radio resources means that large numbers of GPRS users can potentially share the same bandwidth and be served from a single cell. The actual number of users supported depends on the application being used and how much data is being transferred. Because of the spectrum efficiency of GPRS, there is less need to build in idle capacity that is only used in peak hours. GPRS therefore lets network operators maximize the use of their network resources in a dynamic and flexible way, along with user access to resources and revenues. [8] GPRS should improve the peak time capacity of a GSM network since it simultaneously: [8]

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

Allocates scarce radio resources more efficiently by supporting virtual connectivity Immigrates traffic that was previously sent using Circuit Switched Data to GPRS instead, and reduces SMS Center and signaling channel loading by migrating some traffic that previously was sent using SMS to GPRS instead using the GPRS/ SMS interconnect that is supported by the GPRS standards.

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

Internet Aware
For the first time, GPRS fully enables Mobile Internet functionality by allowing inter-working between the existing Internet and the new GPRS network. Any service that is used over the fixed Internet today- File Transfer Protocol (FTP), web browsing, chat, email, telnet- will be as available over the mobile network because of GPRS. In fact, many network operators are considering the opportunity to use GPRS to help become wireless Internet Service Providers in their own right. [8] The WWW becoming the primary communications interface- people access the Internet for entertainment and information collection, the intranet for accessing company information and connecting with colleagues and the extranet for accessing customers and suppliers. These are all derivatives of the World Wide Web aimed at connecting different communities of interest. There is a trend away from storing information locally in specific software packages on PCs to remotely on the Internet. When you want to check your schedule or contacts, instead of using something like "Act!", you go onto the Internet site such as a portal. Hence, web browsing is a very important application for GPRS. [8] Because it uses the same protocols, the GPRS network can be viewed as a sub-network of the Internet with GPRS capable mobile phones being viewed as mobile hosts. This means that each GPRS terminal can potentially have its own IP address and will be addressable as such. [8]

Supports TDMA and GSM
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It should be noted right that the General Packet Radio Service is not only a service designed to be deployed on mobile networks that are based on the GSM digital mobile phone standard. The IS-136 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) standard, popular in North and South America, will also support GPRS. This follows an agreement to follow the same evolution path towards third generation mobile phone networks concluded in early 1999 by the industry associations that support these two network types. [8]

Limitations Of Gprs
It should already be clear that GPRS is an important new enabling mobile data service which offers a major improvement in spectrum efficiency, capability and functionality compared with today's non-voice mobile services. However, it is important to note that there are some limitations with GPRS.

i.

Limited Cell Capacity for all Users

GPRS does impact a network's existing cell capacity. There are only limited radio resources that can be used for different uses- use for one purpose precludes simultaneous use for another. For example, voice and GPRS calls both use the same network resources. The extent of the impact depends upon the number of timeslots, if any, that are reserved for exclusive use of GPRS. However, GPRS does dynamically manage channel allocation and allow a reduction in peak time signaling channel loading by sending short messages over GPRS channels instead. [9]

ii.

Speed much lower in reality

Achieving the theoretical maximum GPRS data transmission speed of 172.2 kbps would require a single user taking over all eight timeslots without any error protection. Clearly, it is unlikely that a network operator will allow all timeslots to be used by a single GPRS user. Additionally, the initial GPRS terminals are expected be severely limited- supporting only one, two or three

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timeslots. . The reality is that mobile networks are always likely to have lower data transmission speeds than fixed networks. [9] Relatively high mobile data speeds may not be available to individual mobile users until Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or Universal Mobile Telephone System (3GSM) are introduced. [9]
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iii.

Support for GPRS Mobile Terminate by Terminals is not ensured

At the time of writing, there has been no confirmation from any handset vendors that mobile terminated GPRS calls (i.e. receipt of GPRS calls on the mobile phone) will be supported by the initial GPRS terminals. Availability or not of GPRS MT is a central question with critical impact on the GPRS business case such as application migration from other non-voice bearers. By originating the GPRS session, users confirm their agreement to pay for the delivery of content from that service. This origination may well be performed using a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) session using the WAP micro browser that will be built into GPRS terminals. However, mobile terminated IP traffic might allow unsolicited information to reach the terminal. Internet sources originating such unsolicited content may not be chargeable. A possible worse case scenario would be that mobile users would have to pay for receiving unsolicited junk content. This is a potential reason for a mobile vendor NOT to support GPRS Mobile Terminate in their GPRS terminals.

iv.

Suboptimal Modulation

GPRS is based on a modulation technique known as Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that allows a much higher bit rate across the air interface- this is called eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK) modulation. Since 8 PSK will also be used for 3GSM, network

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operators will need to incorporate it at some stage to make the transition to third generation mobile phone systems. [9]
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v.

Transit Delays

GPRS packets are sent in all different directions to reach the same destination. This opens up the potential for one or some of those packets to be lost or corrupted during the data transmission over the radio link. The GPRS standards recognize this inherent feature of wireless packet technologies and incorporate data integrity and retransmission strategies. However, the result is that potential transit delays can occur. [9] Because of this, applications requiring broadcast quality video may well be implemented using High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD). HSCSD is simply a Circuit Switched Data call in which a single user can take over up to four separate channels at the same time. Because of its characteristic of end to end connection between sender and recipient, transmission delays are less likely. [9]

vi.

No Store and Forward

Whereas the Store and Forward Engine in the Short Message Service is the heart of the SMS Center and key feature of the SMS service, there is no storage mechanism incorporated into the GPRS standard, apart from the incorporation of interconnection links between SMS and GPRS. [9]

Applications For Gprs
A wide range of corporate and consumer applications are enabled by nonvoice mobile services such as SMS and GPRS. This section will introduce those that are particularly suited to GPRS. [9]

vii.

Chat

Chat can be distinguished from general information services because the source of the information is a person with chat whereas it tends to be from an

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Internet site for information services. The "information intensity"- the amount of information transferred per message tends to be lower with chat, where people are more likely to state opinions than factual data. In the same way as Internet chat groups have proven a very popular application of the Internet, groups of likeminded people- so called communities of interest- have begun to use non-voice mobile services as a means to chat and communicate and discuss. [9]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Because of its synergy with the Internet, GPRS would allow mobile users to participate fully in existing Internet chat groups rather than needing to set up their own groups that are dedicated to mobile users. Since the number of participants is an important factor determining the value of participation in the newsgroup, the use of GPRS here would be advantageous. GPRS will not however support point to multipoint services in its first phase, hindering the distribution of a single message to a group of people. As such, given the installed base of SMS capable devices, we would expect SMS to remain the primary bearer for chat applications in the foreseeable future, [9]

viii.

Text and Visual Information

A wide range of content can be delivered to mobile phone users ranging from share prices, sports scores, weather, flight information, news headlines, prayer reminders, lottery results, jokes, horoscopes, traffic and location sensitive services and so on. This information need not necessarily be textualit may be maps or graphs or other types of visual information. [9] The length of a short message of 160 characters suffices for delivering information when it is quantitative. When the information is of a qualitative nature however, such as a horoscope or news story, 160 characters is too short. GPRS will likely be used for qualitative information services when end users have GPRS capable devices, but SMS will continue to be used for delivering most quantitative information services. Interestingly, chat applications are a form of qualitative information that may remain delivered
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using SMS, in order to limit people to brevity and reduce the incidence of spurious and irrelevant posts to the mailing list that are a common occurrence on Internet chat groups. [9]
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ix.

Still Images

Still images such as photographs, pictures, postcards, greeting cards and presentations, static web pages can be sent and received over the mobile network as they are across fixed telephone networks. It will be possible with GPRS to post images from a digital camera connected to a GPRS radio device directly to an Internet site, allowing near real-time desktop publishing.

x.

Moving Images

Over time, the nature and form of mobile communication is getting less textual and more visual. The wireless industry is moving from text messages to icons and picture messages to photographs and blueprints to video messages and movie previews being downloaded and on to full blown movie watching via data streaming on a mobile device. [9] Sending moving images in a mobile environment has several vertical market applications including monitoring parking lots or building sites for intruders or thieves, and sending images of patients from an ambulance to a hospital. Videoconferencing applications, in which teams of distributed sales people can have a regular sales meeting without having to go to a particular physical location, is another application for moving images. [9]

xi.

Web Browsing

Using Circuit Switched Data for web browsing has never been an enduring application for mobile users. Because of the slow speed of Circuit Switched
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Data, it takes a long time for data to arrive from the Internet server to the browser. Alternatively, users switch off the images and just access the text on the web, and end up with difficult to read text layouts on screens that are difficult to read from. As such, mobile Internet browsing is better suited to GPRS. [9]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

xii.

Document Sharing / Collaborative working

Mobile data facilitates document sharing and remote collaborative working. This lets different people in different places work on the same document at the same time. Multimedia applications combining voice, text, pictures and images can even be envisaged. These kinds of applications could be useful in any problem solving exercise such as fire fighting, combat to plan the route of attack, medical treatment, advertising copy setting, architecture, journalism and so on. Even comments on which resort to book a holiday at could benefit from document sharing to save everyone have to visit the travel agent to make a decision. [9]

xiii.

Audio

Despite many improvements in the quality of voice calls on mobile networks such as Enhanced Full Rate (EFR), they are still not broadcast quality. Leaving a mobile phone on, or dictating to a mobile phone, would simply not give sufficient voice quality to allow that transmission to be broadcast or analyzed for the purposes of background noise analysis or voice printing, where the speech autograph is taken and matched against those in police storage. Since even short voice clips occupy large file sizes, GPRS or other high speed mobile data services are needed. [9]

xiv.

Job dispatch

Non-voice mobile services can be used to assign and communicate new jobs from office-based staff to mobile field staff. Customers typically telephone a
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call center whose staffs take the call and categorize it. Those calls requiring a visit by field sales or service representative can then be escalated to those mobile workers. Job dispatch applications can optionally be combined with vehicle positioning applications- such that the nearest available suitable personnel can be deployed to serve a customer. GSM non-voice services can be used not only to send the job out, but also as a means for the service engineer or sales person can keep the office informed of progress towards meeting the customer’s requirement. The remote worker can send in a status message such as "Job 12complete, on my way to 11”. [9] The 160 characters of a short message are sufficient for communicating most delivery addresses such as those needed for a sale, service or some other job dispatch application such as mobile pizza delivery and courier package delivery. However, 160 characters do require manipulation of the customer data such as the use of abbreviations such as "St" instead of "Street". Neither does 160 characters leave much space for giving the field representative any information about the problem that has been reported or the customer profile. The field representative is able to arrive at the customer premises but is not very well briefed beyond that. This is where GPRS will come in to allow more information to be sent and received more easily. With GPRS, a photograph of the customer and their premises could, for example, be sent to the field representative to assist in finding and identifying the customer. As such, we expect job dispatch applications will be an early adopter of GPRS-based communications. [9]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

xv.

Corporate E-mail

With up to half of employees typically away from their desks at any one time, it is important for them to keep in touch with the office by extending the use of corporate email systems beyond an employee's office PC. Corporate email systems run on Local Area computer Networks (LAN) and include Microsoft Mail, Outlook, Outlook Express, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes and Lotus cc:Mail. [9]

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Since GPRS capable devices will be more widespread in corporations than amongst the general mobile phone user community, there are likely to be more corporate email applications using GPRS than Internet email ones whose target market is more general. [9]
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xvi.

Internet E-mail

Internet email services come in the form of a gateway service where the messages are not stored, or mailbox services in which messages are stored. In the case of gateway services, the wireless email platform simply translates the message from SMTP, the Internet email protocol, into SMS and sends to the SMS Center. In the case of mailbox email services, the emails are actually stored and the user gets a notification on their mobile phone and can then retrieve the full email by dialing in to collect it, forward it and so on. Upon receiving a new email, most Internet email users do not currently get notified of this fact on their mobile phone. When they are out of the office, they have to dial in speculatively and periodically to check their mailbox contents. However, by linking Internet email with an alert mechanism such as SMS or GPRS, users can be notified when a new email is received. [9]

xvii.

Vehicle positioning

This application integrates satellite positioning systems that tell people where they are with non-voice mobile services that let people tell others where they are. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a free-to-use global network of 24 satellites run by the US Department of Defense. Anyone with a GPS receiver can receive their satellite position and thereby find out where they are. Vehicle positioning applications can be used to deliver several services including remote vehicle diagnostics, ad-hoc stolen vehicle tracking and new rental car fleet tariffs. [9]

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The Short Message Service is ideal for sending Global Positioning System (GPS) position information such as longitude, latitude, bearing and altitude. GPS coordinates are typically about 60 characters in length. GPRS could alternatively be used. [9]
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xviii.

Remote LAN Access

When mobile workers are away from their desks, they clearly need to connect to the Local Area Network in their office. Remote LAN applications encompasses access to any applications that an employee would use when sitting at their desk, such as access to the intranet, their corporate email services such as Microsoft Exchange or Lotus Notes and to database applications running on Oracle or Sybase or whatever. The mobile terminal such as handheld or laptop computer has the same software programs as the desktop on it, or cut down client versions of the applications accessible through the corporate LAN. This application area is therefore likely to be a conglomeration of remote access to several different information types- email, intranet, and databases. This information may all be accessible through web browsing tools, or require proprietary software applications on the mobile device. The ideal bearer for Remote LAN Access depends on the amount of data being transmitted, but the speed and latency of GPRS make it ideal. [9]

xix.

File Transfer

As this generic term suggests, file transfer applications encompass any form of downloading sizeable data across the mobile network. This data could be a presentation document for a traveling salesperson, an appliance manual for a service engineer or a software application such as Adobe Acrobat Reader to read documents. The source of this information could be one of the Internet communication methods such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), telnet, http or Java- or from a proprietary database or legacy platform. Irrespective of source and type of file being transferred, this kind of application tends to be

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bandwidth intensive. It therefore requires a high speed mobile data service such as GPRS, EDGE or 3GSM to run satisfactorily across a mobile network.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Optimal Bearer By Application
Currently, corporate applications that use the Short Message Service are few and far between. The reasons are the relatively older age of corporate mobile phone users and their lower price sensitivity, particularly since the employer usually pays mobile phones bills. Corporate users are less willing to learn how to and make the effort to send a short message- they tend to use voice as their primary communications method. Instead, the vast majority of SMS usage is accounted for by consumer applications. It is not uncommon to find 90% of the total SMS traffic accounted for by the consumer applications that have been described. Until GPRS terminals are consumer oriented, SMS will continue to be bearer for most consumer applications. However, since GPRS will be incorporated into high end mobile phones initially, it will be used more for corporate applications. [9] Whatever the application, interface. the Internet will become the primary wrote

communications

Previously,

application

developers

proprietary applications that worked with proprietary host terminals and often proprietary rugged terminal operating systems. For example, instead of corporate applications such as service engineering using platform and software specific interfaces, the mobile workers such as service engineers will access an intranet page using their GPRS capable terminal and fill in an electronic form. People increasingly use a web browser to access publicly available data on the Internet itself, the extranet for access to the data of business partners and other external collaborators and the intranet to access

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internal employee information. As such, all work will be carried out through the web interface. [9] Often, by designing applications to minimize the effects of the limitations of existing mobile services- such as the length of a short message or the speed of a Circuit Switched Data call- existing non-voice mobile services can be successfully used for mobile working. However, many non-voice applications are graphics intensive and the new faster data services will allow BETTER VERSIONS of today's existing non-voice applications. For example, instead of occasional information messages with SMS, information services via GPRS or 3GSM will be more akin to the "push" Internet channels we see on Active PC Desktops today. Instead of the slow transmission of small video images, realtime broadcast quality images will be transmittable. Instead of using SMS to notify Internet users of new email, the whole email will be sent, and full-blown Internet access will be possible. The same applications will be more immediate and convenient for users. [9] The use of SMS has prepared customers for nonvoice applications using GPRS and other nonvoice services and most of the applications envisaged for GPRS already exist in some form today. It is therefore an important question to consider what the preferred bearer for each application will be- GPRS, Circuit Switched Data or SMS. [9] Ranking of Initial GPRS Traffic Generators With any new service, it is an important part of the business case to estimate what the applications for that technology will be. We believe that the business case for any network operator for GPRS is compelling- it confers a huge increase in capability for a relatively small investment. The more popular applications using GPRS are expected to be: [9] Ranking 1 2 3 Application Corporate email Internet email Information Services- Qualitative Bearer GPRS GPRS/ SMS GPRS
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The first of the applications listed will be popular partly because they are widespread over fixed telephone networks but have previously not been readily or fully available over GSM networks. The Internet and email are already in place today- GPRS will allow them to be made fully wire free and available everywhere. The applications ranked further down the list lack current popularity in the fixed communications world and lack widespread availability of specific software solutions. [9] Whilst these applications are technically feasible or high speed mobile data services such as GPRS, the volume of usage is dependent upon commercial factors such as pricing. It is expected that GPRS will incorporate volumebased charging such that only the data sent will be charged for, paving the way for widespread usage amongst customers with GPRS capable devices.

GPRS Network Nodes
Enabling GPRS on a GSM network requires the addition of two core modules, the Gateway GPRS Service Node (GGSN) and the Serving GPRS Service Node (SGSN). As the word Gateway in its name suggests, the GGSN acts as a gateway between the GPRS network and Public Data Networks such as IP and X.25. GGSN also connect to other GPRS networks to facilitate GPRS roaming. The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) provides packet routing to and from the SGSN service area for all users in that service area. [9]
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In addition to adding multiple GPRS nodes and a GPRS backbone, some other technical changes that need to be added to a GSM network to implement a GPRS service. These include the addition of Packet Control Units; often hosted in the Base Station Subsystems, mobility management to locate the GPRS Mobile Station, a new air interface for packet traffic, new security features such as ciphering and new GPRS specific signaling. [9]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

4.2 - GPRS DEVICE
What is a GPRS Modem?
A GPRS modem is a GSM modem that additionally supports the GPRS technology for data transmission. We already discuss GPRS above. It is a packet-switched technology that is an extension of GSM. (GSM is a circuitswitched technology.) A key advantage of GPRS over GSM is that GPRS has a higher data transmission speed. [10] GPRS can be used as the bearer of SMS. If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute. A GPRS modem is needed to send and receive SMS over GPRS. Note that some wireless carriers do not support the sending and receiving of SMS over GPRS. [10] If you need to send or receive MMS messages, a GPRS modem is typically needed.

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Public Internet Access To GPRS Devices
GPRS devices are not addressable from the internet. The Internet and GPRS are designed for client driven applications and are therefore directly supported by a gprs router or gprs modems dial out mode of operation. Due to APN firewalls, remote GPRS server devices can only be addressed by a private network solution or via more complex VPN technology. [10]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Private Network Access To GPRS Devices
Although client GPRS devices can communicate with ease over Public and Private networks, GPRS server devices require a static IP address. Network Operators offer private APN's to corporate networks over Leased Lines or VPN's, where IP address assignment is managed by the customer's corporate Network e.g. using a radius server. Alternatively, Wireless Operators in some countries offer private APN's with static IP address support thereby creating customers their own private network within the GPRS network. These are supported by the GPRS modem or GPRS routers "Always on" mode of operation. [10]

GPRS Mobile Device
There are a number of GPRS devices, each of which can offer GSM services too, such as voice calls and SMS. [10]
• • • •

A GPRS Mobile Phone A GPRS Radio Card for a PC A Hand held PC with an in-built GPRS Mobile A remote machine enabled with a Comtech GPRS M2M device.

GPRS Classes Of GPRS Device
There are 3 classes of GPRS device being developed, of which only class B is currently available: - [10]

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•

Class A - Operates in GSM and GPRS modes at the same time, and hold simultaneous voice and data sessions. Class B - Operates in GSM and GPRS modes at the same time, and but cannot hold simultaneous calls. Class C - Can be active in either GSM or GPRS mode, but not at the same time.

GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

•

•

4.3 - AT COMMANDS
A series of machine instructions used to activate features on an intelligent modem. Developed by Hayes Microcomputer Products and officially known as the Hayes Standard AT Command Set, it is used entirely or partially by most every modem manufacturer. AT is a mnemonic code for ATtention, which is the prefix that initiates each command to the modem At commands are used by Terminal Equipment to connect to the mobile phone. The Terminal equipment‘s can be a microcontroller, computer etc. These are the set of commands described by RFC’s (required for commands) of the Hayes‘s compatible modem. Some AT commands are not supported by all Samsung GSM products or by all operators. Giving a command that is not supported by a product cause an error response. All products do not support all command parameters and using those parameters causes an error response. Computer use AT commands to communicate with modems, most communications applications, however, have a user friendly interface that hides these AT command s for the users. We can issue the AT commands through our communication application. “AT” or “at” must be included at the beginning of each command line. These AT commands can be issued to a mobile phone using a utility in Microsoft Windows, Which is called
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HyperTerminal. In AT commands jargon that is called Terminal Adapter (TA). HyperTerminal is used to issue the AT commands to the mobile which is connected to the serial port of the computer. Hyper Terminal can be configured to send data to the special at different baud rates e. g 110, 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 921600 Bits per Second. Some AT commands are not supported by our mobile phone. Giving a command, which is not supported by the mobile, gives error response.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

4.3.1.
GPRS Commands

Important AT Commands

1. AT*EAPP (Application Function) Requests the MT to perform an application function specified by <app> and <subfunc>. The <subfunc> parameter specifies which function within the specified application to call. Syntax AT*EAPP=<app1>[,<subfunc1>[,<text1>[,<text2>]]] and so on until the desired level app and sub functions are used Parameters: <app>:

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We are using app=3, web application to send data to the web server

2. AT+CGDCONT Define Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Specifies the PDP context parameter values for a PDP context. This command is used in conjunction with the +CGDATA command. Syntax: +CGDCONT=<cid>,<PDP_type>,<APN>,<PDP_addr>,<d_comp>,<h_c omp>, <pd1>[,…[,<pdN>]] Defined values: <cid>: (PDP Context Identifier) a numeric parameter (1-4) which specifies a particular PDPcontext definition. The parameter is local to the TE-MT interface and is used in other PDP context-related commands. <PDP_type>: (Packet Data Protocol type) a string parameter which specifies the type of packet data protocol. • • IP Internet Protocol PPP Point to Point Protocol

<APN>: (Access Point Name) a string parameter, which is a logical name that is used to select the GGSN or the external packet data network. If the value is null or omitted, then the subscription value will be requested.

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<PDP_address>: a string parameter that identifies the MT in the address space applicable to the PDP. If the value is null or omitted, then a value may be provided by the TE during the PDP startup procedure or, failing that, a dynamic address will be requested. <d_comp>: a numeric parameter that controls PDP data compression • • • 0 - off (default if value is omitted) 1 – on Other values are reserved.

<h_comp>: a numeric parameter that controls PDP header compression • • • Example AT +CGDCONT=1, "IP", "internet"; +GCDCONT=2, "IP", "abc.com" OK 3. AT+CGQREQ Quality of Service Profile (Requested) Used to specify a Quality of Service Profile that is used when the MT sends an Activate PDP Context Request message to the network. Syntax: +CGQREQ=<cid>,<precedence>,<delay>,<reliability>,<peak>,<mean> Defined values: <cid>: a numeric parameter which specifies a particular PDP context definition. <precedence>: a numeric parameter which specifies the precedence class.
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0 - off (default if value is omitted) 1 – on Other values are reserved.

4. AT+CGQMIN Quality of Service Profile (Minimum Acceptable) Used to specify a minimum acceptable profile that is checked by the MT against the negotiated profile returned in the Activate PDP Context Accept message. Syntax: +CGQMIN=<cid>,<precedence>,<delay>,<reliability>,<peak>,<mean> Defined values: <cid>: a numeric parameter which specifies a particular PDP context . <precedence>: a numeric parameter which specifies the precedence class. <delay>: a numeric parameter which specifies the delay class. <reliability>: a numeric parameter which specifies the reliability class. <peak>: a numeric parameter which specifies the peak throughput class. <mean>: a numeric parameter which specifies the mean throughput class. Example: AT +CGQMIN=1,1,4,5,2,31 OK

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5. AT+CGATT GPRS Attach or Detach The execution command is used to attach the MT to, or detach the MT from, the GPRS service. Any active PDP contexts will be automatically deactivated when the attachment state changes to detached. Syntax: +CGATT= [<state>]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Defined values: • • • • <state>: indicates the state of GPRS attachment 0 – detached 1 – attached Other values are reserved and will result in an ERROR

5.1 - INTRODUCTION
Digital Map is a computer-readable representation of a geographic area that can be displayed or analyzed by a digital computer. This is in contrast to an analog "paper" map.[11] Digitization is used where the dimensions are not present or where it is not having importance. Digitization is also used in the mapping field as on of the first step to get the base map. [11] The drawing has to be scanned with more accuracy as to minimize the error factor. It might require a cleaning process if it is blue print, sepia or in the old drawings where there are lot of stains. [11] Digitization process looks simple but it in reality it requires more accuracy as there no dimension present so picking up the points is very important. With our vast experience in digitization we have developed our own methodology where we make use of the automatic software as well as the manual method.

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In order for a map to be recognizable from a computer, it has to be transformed from the analogical to a digital format. This transformation is called Digitization and it can be performed in two formats: vector and raster. In a vector format the map is divided in parts, which are appointed to vectors. These vectors are defined by an x,y coordinate system, according to which every point of the analogical map is assigned to one of the digital format. In a raster format the map is a raster/table consisting of pixels1. In this way every pixel of the map is described by its location and the intensity of radiation of light . With this method, we are able to know about thematic information, like names, symbols, colors etc. [11] According to the method of transformation, vector or raster, different digitizing devices are used. The one used in vector formats is called a Digitizer, the other used in raster formats is called a Scanner. [11]
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Digitizer A digitizer is a hardware device connected to a computer, so as to transform an analog map to a digital map in vector format. It consists of a tablet with dimensions according to the type (A4 to A0) and a pointing device (mouse).The map is placed firmly on the tablet and the pointing device is dragged on the areas to be digitized. By clicking on the pointing device, the coordinates of the element are transferred in the computer, through a metal grid. The accuracy of the coordinates transferred through digitization varies according to the device and lies between 0,5mm to 0,125mm. [11] Scanner A scanner is also a hardware device connected to a computer in order to transform a map in raster format. The digitizing process is as follows: a map, design or photo to be scanned is placed steadily on the scanner surface. During the scanning, radiation is applied to the area scanned. The transmitted radiation is either reflected or penetrated through the map (depending on the material from which it is constructed). Then it is recollected from a sensor, which counts the wavelength or the intensity of radiation, and in this way it analyses the map into pixels. The result is the perception of different colors, in a scale from 0 to 255. [11]
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Besides the different format .vector or raster. in which the map is transformed according to the device, the digitizer allows the selective digitizing of specific parts of the map, for instance roads, unlike the scanner, which scans the entire surface placed on it but has the advantage of colors’ Recognition and speed of scanner. [11]

5.1.2 - GPS Maps
GPS systems do not work by magic, even if it might seem so at times. In fact, each one contains special GPS maps controlled by mapping software which allows it to match the global position of the unit, in real time, against a map of the vicinity in which it finds itself. As you might expect, there are a few sources if you need GPS maps or mapping software for the purpose of navigation, not all of them free, and not all of them reliable. Therefore it pays to be careful in making the right choices when it comes to navigation.
[6]

The first source is your old map cupboard. With the right software, you can create GPS maps from a real one. This will involve scanning the mapping software into your computer, and using an appropriate software package to convert the picture into a series of co-ordinates, heights and other information needed to build a digital version for navigation. [6] If you do not have a scanner, or a suitable map, then you will have to purchase GPS maps for navigation with your particular brand of GPS receiver. Prices will vary according to the base map used, and the amount of information or mapping software that the supplier has put on the digital map. [6] For example, GPS maps designed for use with urban and highway navigation systems, including cities, roads, and other features will be comparatively expensive when put alongside those which have only the key geographic features – heights, rivers and lakes. So it all depends on the content in the mapping software. [6]

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This may be enough for the hiker or climber, after all they will not need GPS maps with every possible detail for navigation, and so can opt for the freely available, or cheaper variety. Usually this is not an option available to owners of vehicle based GPS systems, such as aviation, maritime or highway vehicles, who will need to buy the mapping software from their GPS manufacturer. [6]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

5.1.3 - Digitization of Maps
This process is extremely appealing, there is a downside to the scanning of maps: low levels of resolution; lack of standards; the size of memory required to store the files; and, the impermanence associated with the software and hardware used in the process. [16] Maps and digital imaging Digital imaging technology is a relatively new process, with its widespread use coming only in the 1990s with improvements in high resolution scanning; lower costs for the scanning and storage of images; the spread of high-speed, high-bandwidth networks; and, the emergence of the World Wide Web. The basic tools needed to digitize a document are a computer, scanner, and software to control the scanner and manipulate the images once they are scanned. If the image is going to be put online for wider access, additional software may be required. [16] The importance of getting a good scan from a document on the initial scan cannot be emphasized strongly enough. In some cases, an item may only be available for one scan, or, the document may be so fragile that it cannot afford to be scanned multiple times. Additionally, a quality scan saved in an archival quality format helps justify future migration costs. From a high-quality scanned image, information can then be transferred to other formats as desired. [16] Following are the key determinants in obtaining a high-quality scan: 1) Resolution
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Resolution: The number of pixels used to represent an image; often measured as dots per square inch (dpi). In grayscale and color scanning both resolution and bit depth combine to play significant roles in image quality. Resolution is a measurement of clarity, or detail, and can refer either to an image file, or, the device, such as a monitor, used to display an image. Central to image quality is not the capturing of a document at the highest resolution possible, but rather, to scan at a level that ensures adequate capture of the information content of the original document and the creation of a moderately sized file. [16] Bit Depth/Dynamic Range: Bit depth is the number of colors or shades of gray (grayscale) that can be represented in a digital image. Dynamic range is a measurement of the number of bits used to represent each pixel in an image and is used to express the full range of tonal variations between the lightest and darkest areas of a document. A scanner's capability to capture a complete range of tones is dependent upon its bit depth and dynamic range. The greater the bit depth, the greater number of grayscale or color tones that can be represented. Black and white images are usually scanned using eight or sixteen bits, while twenty-four bits and higher are used for color images. [11] Image enhancement: The use of software programs to improve image capture. Standard enhancement software allows the user to rotate; crop; alter brightness or
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contrast; and stitch together Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) images for large documents requiring multiple scans. While the use of some of enhancement features is necessary to provide a suitable image, too much dependence on image altering software raises questions concerning the authenticity and fidelity of an image. [11]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Compression: The reduction of file size in order to save storage space. Digital images captured at high resolutions produce large files. To counter this, several steps are commonly followed to help reduce file size. First is the scanning of an image at the highest feasible resolution and then saving the scanned image to a lossless compression mechanism file, such as TIFF, to create an archival image. Then, from the archival image, a lossy compression mechanism, such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) can be used to reduce the size needed for a file's processing, storage, and transmission. A determining factor in defining an appropriate level of compression is the balancing of file size and resulting storage requirements with quality needs and the limits of the display hardware and network speeds. The greater the image quality, the more storage space it will occupy; the scanning process will be costlier and longer; and, more memory will be required to display the image. [11] The level of compression used may affect the quality of the image. An image decompressed and viewed after lossless compression will be identical to its original compression. Lossy compression results in some loss of data, and therefore image quality are reduced. Images do not respond to compression in an identical way. As an image is compressed, particular kinds of visual characteristics, such as subtle tonal variations, or unintended visual effects may appear. In other instances, no noticeable change results from the use of lossy compression. A point to consider when determining resolution and compression ratios is that the monitor a user views the image with will not be

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calibrated the same as the monitor used when the image is digitized; thus, any resolution finer than the resolution of the user's monitor is wasted. [16]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Metadata: Data that describes an information resource and which assists in the locating and accessing of information about the resource. Metadata includes a number of elements, such as title, author, and date and place of creation. [11]

5.1.4 - Map Projections
Once a reference datum has been determined the elevation of any point can be accurately determined, and it will correlate to the elevation of any point on the earth's surface that has the same elevation and is using the same datum. But…how do we accurately represent the X and Y coordinates of that point? This question leads to one of the fundamental problems of mapmaking…how do we represent all or part of an ellipsoid object on a flat piece of paper? The answer to this question is a bit complicated, but understanding it is fundamental to understanding what maps actually represent [14] In order to represent the surface of the earth on a flat piece of paper, the map area is projected onto the paper. There are many different types of projections, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. [14] The simplest (and easiest to visualize) projection is a planar projection. To understand this type of projection, imagine inserting a piece of paper through the earth along the equator. Now imagine that the earth is semi-transparent and we could shine a flashlight oriented along the (geographic) polar axis through the earth. [14]

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5.1.5 - Distortions
Each of the different types of projections has strengths and weaknesses. Knowledge of these different advantages and disadvantages for a particular map projection will often help in which map to choose for a particular project. The basic problem inherent in any type of map projection is that it will result in some distortion of the ‘ground truth’ of the area being mapped. [15] There are four basic characteristics of a map that are distorted to some degree, depending on the projection used. These characteristics include distance, direction, shape, and area. The only place on a map where there is no distortion is along the trace of the line that marks the intersection of our ‘paper’ with the surface of the earth. [15] Any place on the map that does not lie along this line will suffer some distortion. Fortunately, depending on the type of projection used, at least one of the four characteristics can generally be preserved. [15] A conformal projection primarily preserves shape, an equidistant projection primarily preserves distance, and an equal-area projection primarily preserves area. [15]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

5.1.6 - Map Scale
Individual topographic maps are commonly referred to as quadrangles (or quads), with the name of the quadrangle giving an idea of the amount of area covered by the map. The largest area covered by most topographic maps used for scientific mapping purposes (i.e. geologic mapping, habitat studies, etc.) are two degrees of longitude by one degree of latitude. [12] A map of this size is referred to as a ‘two degree sheet’. One, two degree sheet can be divided into four smaller quadrangles, each covering one degree of longitude and 1/2 degree of latitude (‘one degree sheet’). [12] Each one degree sheet is subdivided into eight ‘fifteen minute quadrangles’, measuring fifteen minutes of latitude and longitude.
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We can determine what type of quadrangle we are looking at by subtracting the longitude value printed in the upper (or lower) left corner of the map from the longitude printed in the upper (or lower) right corner of the map. This can also be done using latitude values, just remember that a two degree sheet only covers one degree of latitude and and one degree sheet only covers thirty minutes of latitude. This information is also commonly printed in the upper right hand corner of a map, under the title of the map. [12]
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

5.1.7 - Problems in the digitization of Maps
Maps are considered one of the most difficult items to scan. It is suggested that beginning a scanning project not "begin with oversize maps, as the combination of large dimensions and fine detail will challenge the best of scanning systems and will defy effective presentation on the highest resolution monitors available today." Many maps are too large to capture with one scan and it is often difficult to scan a map in sections and then paste it together. Regarding the fine detail of maps, contour lines and text are sometimes as small as 1mm, meaning little contrast between the print and the background. Another major difficulty is that maps usually lose their scale when digitized and, as a result, the viewer is left without a firm understanding of the distance between points on the map. [17] It cannot be denied that the potential for the digital imaging of maps is great. However, the technology is still relatively new and in the experimental phase, and there exist a number of drawbacks that curb its use as a means of preservation. Among some of the primary downsides with digital imaging are: the lack of standards, and, a quickly changing technological base that necessitates a migration policy and a financial commitment for future transfer of files Despite the problems, there are currently an amazing array of digital maps available via the Web and digital imaging holds great potential for capturing maps in the future. What follows below is an overview of the imaging systems used to digitize maps. [17]

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5.1.8 Conclusion: The Future of Map Reproduction
What does the future hold for the imaging of maps? Is it too early to proclaim "microcartography" dead? Digitization offers color and an improved range of access options. Images of maps captured at high resolution with 24-bit color or 8-bit black and white provide a detailed copy of the map, which can be saved in lossless TIFF format as an archival record. A wide variety of uses can then be derived using JPEG compression or other space saving compression methods. Once a file is placed on a server, anyone with a computer and a modem can have access to a map. [17] Despite their impressive traits, digital images cannot yet be considered the clear choice for digitizing maps. Shortcomings still exist with cost, resolution, and the always troubling question of permanence. However, headway is being made with the above problems. The cost of memory is decreasing; methods of compression are improving; and advances are continuously being made with scanning and resolution. In the future it could very well be possible to use digital cameras to image maps. [17] With the increase in the digital imaging of library and archival collections has come the lament that money is being diverted from a proven preservation media (microforms) and rerouted to less-stable digital technologies. While the microfilming of maps offers considerable advantages as a means of preservation, is it that much of an advantage when it is an image that is missing essential detail such as color? Digital imaging captures color and via the Web raises awareness of the existence of older maps, which, as a result, could increase the chances that heightened efforts will be made to preserve the original map. Maps that would never be microfilmed, or, made the focus of preservation efforts, are being digitized and, at least for the present, their images are being saved. Despite shortcomings with digitization, the technology will continue to be the choice for capturing the intricate detail found on maps. [17]
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5.2 - MAP DIGITIZATION PROCESS
For Digitizing the Map we have get a Map from Google Earth Which is of very high Resolution and that is Required for the Map Digitization Because when any Point is Plotted on to the Map only that area is highlighted that tell us that where we are now for this we have to get a Map With high resolution other wise the Position will be Blur and it will be problematic for the viewers of the map to see where are they Now at the Moment We have taken the resolution of 4800* 4026 from the premium version of the Google Earth. The other way to get a high resolution image is not very difficult Process. For this you have to get a very large Map and then cutting that Map into Small Pieces that can be scanned and after scanning joining of the images with each other as they are cut off from each other

Figure. The use of digital map in Vehicle Tacking System

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5.2.1 - Process To Digitize The Map
We will start digitizing the Map with the help of software which is called GPS Tools SDK Step 1 In the step one we will load a BITMAP image because it gives support to the BITMAP images only

Step 2 When the Map is loaded then there is the step to give name to your Map and this Name will be used in our application in which the Map handling is done

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Step 3
In this step you need to specify which coordinate system your raster map is using (for map projection). i. Select a Country / Region. ii. Select if the coordinates are specified in lat/lon or easting/northing iii. Select the grid or datum. The coordinate system chosen is that in which the map is conformal. Because so as we are using the Longitude and Latitude so we will select that Datagram and the Country Region is selected the International and the Datum is selected accordingly

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Step 4
In this step you must enter the geographic position which represents the X, Y position on the raster map. In total you need to specify 3 coordinates the coordinate should be as far apart as possible for the best results. Try to place them in opposite corners.

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.

Step 5
Now you have to enter the scaling coordinate 2 of 3.As it is told earlier that for best results the points should be in opposite Direction for good Results

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Step 6
Now you have to enter scaling coordinate 3 of 3

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Step 7

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When you are done with the above procedure, ‘Scanning Completed’ message will appear. Click ok to confirm it.
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Step 8

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After that, we will have to verify our map. For this we have to click on to the known Position of the Map for Confirmation

Step 9
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The last step is to save your map. Go to the ‘File’ menu and then click on ‘Save Map as MPlib’ and your map will be saved. Because the application only support this format

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CHAPTER NO.6

VEHICAL TRACKING WEBSITE DEVELOPMET

DEFINITION
A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on a Web server, usually accessible via the Internet or a LAN.
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A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the user's Web browser. All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the "World Wide Web". The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites. [37]

OVERVIEW
Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software program called a Web browser, also known as an HTTP client. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer based and Internet enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs and cell phones. [37] A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these system and that retrieves and delivers the Web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used Web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used. [37]

INTRODUCTION
The WWW becoming the primary communications interface- people access the Internet for entertainment and information collection, the intranet for
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accessing company information and connecting with colleagues and the extranet for accessing customers and suppliers. These are all derivatives of the World Wide Web aimed at connecting different communities of interest. There is a trend away from storing information locally in specific software packages on PCs to remotely on the Internet. When you want to check your schedule or contacts, instead of using something like "Act!", you go onto the Internet site such as a portal. You should always remember that a web site is designed for visitors NOT for yourself or your boss. And why do people come to your web site? They come in search of information. Hence it is very important that you structure your site in such a manner that visitors are able to locate information quickly. Put yourself in the visitors' shoes.
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WEBSITE ARCHITECTURE
One of the very first steps in developing a website is designing its architecture. Like the blueprints of a building, the architecture outlines the overall site. For our system web server is used to host our site which contains the User modules and the Administrator module and for this we need a static IP which is used in order to interact our site, it also include a digital map. So the Microcontroller gets the data from the GPS receiver and send data with the help of AT commands through the mobile phone towards our website where the data is stored in database, that data consists of Longitude, Latitude, time and date, and then coordinates from the database are plotted on the map.

In Administrative Module we basically handle the data base and the users. Other then that, different functionalities are provided in this module which will only be performed by the administrator and user will have no right or access to those functionalities. In User Module user can only see the location where it is and where it was, it did not have access to the user management module and to the data base. Other then that some limited functionalities are provided to the user to make the website more user friendly.

MAPPING

THE

LATITUDE & LONGITUDE

To plot the position on the digitized map the latitude and the longitude are required. The coordinates are taken from the GPS device, which then send these coordinates to the microcontroller. The microcontroller gets the data from GPS device and sends the data to the mobile phone using AT commands. The mobile phone using GPRS sends the data to the web server where the data is stored in the database. The data which is sent from the microcontroller consist of longitude, latitude, date and time. After receiving the data at web server the data is being separated. The date and time are separated from the received data. Longitude and latitude are then plotted on the digital map which is placed on the web server. That plotted longitude and latitude will show the current position of the vehicle. There are three main pages along with the dlls provided by SDK that make tracking possible on the digital map according to our requirement.

STRING SEPARATION (GPSSTR.ASPX)

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The string which is send to our web server consists of the longitude, latitude, date and time. At the web server we are separating all these things. All the process is done through following code: The string which is send through microcontroller is received by the “QueryString” method which then store the string in “gpsData” which is string type variable. The microcontroller is also sending the Vehicle ID which is store in the “user” which is a string type variable.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

The string which is send by the micro controller may also contain the dirty data. Usually in start the data received contains the garbage data. To remove that dirtiness or garbage data we perform some checks to ensure the validity of the data. “Index of “is basically used to check the occurrence of any specific character i.e. at what position that character lies in the string.
len = gpsData.Length Dim at As String at = gpsData.IndexOf("@", 0) Dim n As String n = gpsData.IndexOf("N", 0) Dim ee As String ee = gpsData.IndexOf("E", 0) Dim g As String g = gpsData.IndexOf("G", 0) Dim gg As String gg = gpsData.IndexOf("g", 0)

Here the “If” condition ID applied to check the validity of the string. If the string which is stored in the “gpsData” variable is valid then the further processing is

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done on it. But if the string is invalid then the string will remain in the “gpsData” variable and will be over write by the strings send by the micro controller. As the string fulfills the “if” condition the further processing is done on it.
If (len = 30 And at = -1 And n > 0 And ee > 0 And (g > 0 Or gg > 0)) Then

Similarly latitude and longitude is being separated from the string. We are converting the longitude to the “toDecimal” function in order to make our data in a readable format by our digitized map.
Dim lat As String lat = gpsData.Substring(13, 7) Dim latitude As Double latitude = toDecimal(lat) Dim lon As String lon = gpsData.Substring(21, 8) Dim longitude As Double longitude = toDecimal(lon)

This is the function of “toDecimal” which is used in the conversion of the longitude and latitude to the decimal format. A standard format which is understandable to the map digitizes via Franson GPS.Net SDK
Private Function toDecimal(ByVal Pos As String) As Double Dim Result As Double = (CDbl(Pos) / 1000) Dim Deg As Double = Math.Floor(Result / 100) Dim DecPos As Double = Math.Round(Deg + ((Result - (Deg * 100)) /60), 6) Return DecPos End Function

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MAP (map.aspx)
After the separation of longitude and latitude then these longitude and latitude are marked on the digitized map. Which show the current position of the vehicle. Most of the code of this page is the code provided by the SDK. In order to use SDK code workable with our website we have to include two DLL files provided by the sdk. • • GpsToolsNet.dll GpsViewNet.dll
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

IMAGE RENDER (imagerender.aspx)
Image render basically show the small area of map around the marked point in the image box instead of showing the whole map. To upload full map huge amount of time is required so image render only show the small portion of the map. This page use all the code provided by the SDK.

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FUNCTIONS
Login
On the main page of the website their will be the login form. You can login as an administrator or as a client by selecting any one of the choice. The access to the next page will be granted on right login and password.
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Administrative Functions
By giving login and password on the main page of website the administrator will be logged on and move on the next page where the administrator is provided on with different functionalities.
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Other than this if there will be any incomplete vehicle profile then the message will be displayed about the incomplete profile.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Add Client
In add client form the administrator will first check the NIC. If the NIC number is found in the database its mean that client already exist in the database. But if NIC does not found then the administrator will proceed.

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Change Password
In this form the administrator is given the option of changing his/her password. Administrator can change the old password and can setup a new password.
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Edit Client
The administrator can first search the client by vehicle no or by name. After the searched result the administrator can edit the client information.

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Change Profile Information
In this form all the changed profiles will be shown. So the administrator can have the record of all the changed profiles.
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Search Client
The administrator can search the client by vehicle no or by name. After the searched result the administrator can edit the client information.

Ownership Transfer

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In this form the administrator will transfer the ownership of one vehicle to the other. The ownership will be transferred on the request of the client. If a client wants to change the ownership then the client will send the request to the administrator and administrator on client request will change the ownership and save the changes.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Track Client

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The administrator can track the client vehicle through three different ways. The client can be tracked through Real Time, by static or track by the date. Its up to the administrator that through which mean he/she wants to track the client.
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Client Functions
By giving login and password on the main page of website the client will be logged on and move on the next page where the client is provided on with different functionalities.
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Real Time Tracking
In this form the current position of the client will be shown on the map. The client can even zoom or can rotate the map within the given range according to his/her own desire.
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View Profile
The form will show the user profile which includes the user information and the vehicle information. On this form the user can change the password and can edit the user or vehicle information.

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Change Password
In this form the client is given the option of changing his/her password. Client can change the old password and can setup a new password.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

Edit Profile
The client has the option to make changes in his/her profile. Through this form the client can make changes in his/her profile and update them in the database.

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Static Tracking
In static tracking the client can view or search the previous record. A calendar is given on the form through which the user can select the desired date.
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Tracking by History
In this all the tracking record of the specific user will be shown along with date and time. And the user can track any of the record.

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CHAPTER NO.7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

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REFRENCES

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GLOSSARY
Datum A datum is a network of monuments and reference points defining a mathematical surface from which geographic computations can be made.
GPS Vehicle Tracking & Security System

AUC Authentication Center. It is responsible for generating random key, and computes a signed response using ciphering algorithm. BTS Base Transceiver Station. It handles the radio signals received from mobile stations.

DGPS A system to precisely determine the location of the Differential GPS receiver. This system uses a known stationary GPS receiver to track the same GPS signals as those picked up by adjacent receivers. Using FM radio transmissions, the system transmits error corrections to those receivers. [Section 1.4] GPS Global Positioning System is a system designed by the United States Department of Defense, using satellites to locate one’s position on the earth. [Section 1.1] Multipath Errors caused by the interference of a signal that has reached Error the receiver antenna by two or more different paths. This is usually caused by one path being bounced or reflected. RS-232 is a standard defined an asynchronous serial communication method. Data is transferred to and from the computer through a comm (communication) port that uses this RS-232 method of communication. [Section 6.1.3] A Route is made up from a number of waypoints, which break up the route into smaller segments. [Section 3.1.4.1]

HLR Home Location Register. It holds information of registered users and activity status. HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data. It also builds on existing GSM network, and supports data rates up to 57.6kbit/s

PCU Packet Control Unit. It is responsible for extracting and inserting packet data into the radio network PPP Point-to-Point Protocol: A protocol that provides a serial line connectivity (that is, a dial-up with a modem) between two computers, between a computer and a network, or between two networks. PPP can handle several protocols simultaneously. Protocol TCP Rules and message formats for communication between computers in a network.

Transmission Control Protocol: One of the two principal components of a TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP puts data into packets and provides reliable packet delivery across a network (packets arrive in order and are not lost).

UDP User Datagram Protocol: A TCP/IP protocol found at the network (internet) layer, along with the TCP protocol. UDP sends data down to the internet layer and to the IP protocol. Unlike TCP, UDP does not guarantee reliable, sequenced packet delivery. If data does not reach its destination, UDP does not retransmit as TCP does. IP Internet Protocol: One of the two main parts of the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP delivers TCP and UDP packets across a network.

IP Address A 32-bit unique numeric address used by a computer on a TCP/IP network. Port A number used by TCP and UDP to indicate which application is sending or receiving data. SIM Subscriber Identity Module. A microchip that stores information of the subscriber.

SMS Short Message Service. It allows mobile users to send short alphanumeric messages through cell phones. MSC Mobile service Switching Center. It acts as a switching node, switching from BSC to public fixed networks. It also provides authentication and security for GSM network.
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SGSN Serving GPRS Service Node. It provides authentication and security for GPRS network. It also handles packet data passing from PCU. UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. A 3G technology that will boost up the data transfer rate to approximately 2Mbit/s VLR Visitor Location Register. It stores information of mobile users that are currently located in the geographical service area.