Abstract

Background: The importance of the treatment of osteoporosis is increasing in countries where the population age is rapidly advancing. A prospective study was planned for the purpose of determining the cost-effectiveness of various drugs for the prevention of incident vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Method and Findings: Two hundred and forty women aged 65 to 75 years old who started treatment with various therapeutic drugs for primary postmenopausal osteoporosis were included in this study. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine estimated by the percent value of the young adult mean (%YAM) was less than 60% and all subjects were diagnosed with severe osteoporosis. Eight therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis were estimated of costeffectiveness to protect against incident vertebral fracture. The cost invested in our hospital to suppress one incident of vertebral fracture was 930,792 yen for daily parathyroid hormone (PTH), 872,004 yen for weekly PTH, 142,196 yen for denosumab, 195,4499 yen for monthly intravenous ibandronate, 192,234 yen for monthly minodronic acid hydrate,232,727 yen for monthly risedronate, 229,943 yen for weekly alendronate, and 352,639 yen for raloxifene. Denosumab was the most cost-effective drug, as seen from the suppression of incident vertebral fracture in severe osteoporotic patients with YAM value of less than 60% between 65 -75 years old.

Conclusion: Cost-effectiveness should be evaluated when choosing a therapeutic drug for patients with osteoporosis.

Keywords

Introduction

Osteoporotic vertebral fracture is the leading cause of disability and morbidity in elderly women [1-3]. The importance of the treatment of osteoporosis is increasing in countries where the population age is rapidly advancing. Most drugs for osteoporosis currently available are estimated to have a suppressive effect on vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients [4-12], and the choice of therapeutic agents is largely due to the physician's discretion. Meanwhile, medical expenses have been steadily increasing and have a major impact on the national economy. However, little consideration has been given to the cost-effectiveness of drug therapy, which is an important treatment tool for osteoporosis patients. A prospective study on a single hospital was planned to determine the cost-effectiveness of various drugs for the prevention of incident vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Materials and methods

Two hundred and forty women 65 to 75 years old (mean age 69.7) with primary postmenopausal osteoporosis who visited our hospital during the 36 months from January 2012 to December 2014 and started treatment with various therapeutic drugs were included in this study. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine estimated by the percent value of the young adult mean (%YAM) was less than 60% and all subjects were diagnosed with severe osteoporosis [13,14]. Patients with previous osteoporotic fractures of the vertebral body, hip and upper extremities and patients already taking drugs for osteoporosis were excluded from this study. Patients with a burst fracture of the vertebral body due to a high-energy injury were also excluded. Eight therapeutic drugs, rh-paratyyroid hormone (PTH)1-34 (daily PTH), teriparatide acetate (weekly PTH), denosumab, monthly intravenous ibandronate, monthly minodronic acid hydrate, weekly oral alendronate, monthly oral risedronate and raloxifene were prescribed for the prevention of incident vertebral fracture of the patients. Patients were divided into eight drug groups by randomized allocation with patients’ agreement. If a patient dropped out during the follow-up period, additional cases were registered. Finally, 30 patients were collected for each drug. There was no bias in patient allocation in age or BMD between each group (Tables 1 and 2). When an incident vertebral fracture occurred, the drug was changed to weekly PTH, and patients wore a brace following hospitalization for 2 weeks. The total of the presence or absence of incident vertebral fracture occurrence and the cost required for treatment was calculated during the observation period of 72 weeks, which is the use restriction period for weekly PTH injections. For the total expense, drug expenses, first visit / reassessment fee, injection technique fee, self-injection management guidance fee, trunk orthosis cost and 2-week hospitalization fee due to fracture occurrence were calculated. Costs related to imaging and bone metabolism markers were excluded from expenses because they were executed uniformly in the preceding example. This study was performed with the approval of patients and the ethics committee of our hospital.

Drug

Subject (n)

Median BMD

95% confidence

Daily PTH

30

69.0

67.0-72.9

Weekly PTH

30

68.5

67.0-72.9

Denosumab

30

68.5

67.0-73.0

Ibandronate

30

70.0

66.1-74.0

Minodronic acid hydrate

30

71.0

67.0-73.0

Risedronate

30

69.0

67.0-73.0

Alendronate

30

69.0

66.1-72.0

Raloxifene

30

69.5

67.0-73.0

Table 1: Age at the first visit of each drug group.

Drug

Subject (n)

Median BMD

95% Confidence

Daily PTH

30

54

54.0-55.0

Weekly PTH

30

54.5

54.0-56.0

Denosumab

30

54.5

54.0-56.0

Ibandronate

30

54

54.0-55.0

Minodronic acid hydrate

30

54

54.0-56.0

Risedronate

30

55

54.0-56.0

Alendronate

30

55

54.0-56.0

Raloxifene

30

54.5

54.0-56.0

BMD=Bone mineral density, BMD shows by the value of young adult mean

Table 2: Bone mineral density of each drug group.

Statistical analysis

The distribution of age and BMD (% YAM) between drug groups wastested using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis method [15].

Results

Incident vertebral fracture occurred during the observation period of 72 weeks in a total of 19 cases: 1 case with denosumab, 2 cases with monthly intravenous ibandronate, 2 cases with monthly minodronic acid hydrate, 4 cases with monthly risedronate, 4 cases with weekly alendronate and 6 cases with raloxifene. No incident vertebral fracture occurred in the groups of daily PTH and weekly PTH. The drug expense details for each group are summarized in Table 3 and Table 4.

Drug

Unit Price (yen)

Unit Needed

Cost of 72 weeks (yen)

No. of Completion

A (yen)

Daily PTH

43334

18

780012

30

23,400,360

Weekly PTH

10832

72

779904

30

23,397,120

Denosumab

29296

3

87888

29

2,548,752

Ibandronate

5059

17

86003

28

2,408,084

Minodronic acid hydrate

3476

18

62568

28

1,751,904

Risedronate

2771

17

47107

26

1,224,782

Alendronate

591

72

42552

26

1,106,352

Raloxifene

109

504

54936

24

1,318,464

A shows total drug cost of 72 weeks for patients without incident vertebral fracture.

Out-patient treatment fee such as first visit/reassessment fee, injection technique fee, and self-injection management guidance fee was showed in Table 5. Additional cost due to incident vertebral fracture which includes cost of trunk orthosis and hospitalization was showed in Table 6.

Drug

First visit/reassessment fee (yen)

Injection technique fee (yen)

self-injection guidance fee (yen)

C (yen)

Daily PTH

473,400

0

40,50,000

4,523,400

Weekly PTH

1,639,800

1,123,200

0

2,763,000

Denosumab

216,620

226,200

0

442,820

Ibandronate

586,920

302,640

0

889,560

Minodronic acid hydrate

581,960

0

0

581,960

Risedronate

683,080

0

0

683,080

Alendronate

686,800

0

0

686,800

Raloxifene

685,000

0

0

685,000

C is the sum of cost of first visit/reassessment fee and injection technique/self-injection guidance fee.

Table 5: Cost of outpatient treatment.

Drug

Number of case

Cost of trunk orthosis (yen)

Hospitalization Fee

D (yen)

Daily PTH

0

0

0

0

Weekly PTH

0

0

0

0

Denosumab

1

64,556

410,000

474,556

Ibandronate

2

129,112

820,000

949,112

Minodronic acid hydrate

2

129,112

820,000

949,112

Risedronate

4

258,224

1,640,000

1,898,224

Alendronate

4

258,224

1,640,000

1,898,224

Raloxifene

6

387,336

2,460,000

2,847,336

D is the sum of cost of trunk orthosis and hospitalization fee.

Table 6: Cost of trunk orthosis and hospitalization.

Drug

A+B+C+D (yen)

Number of case with goal (n)

Cost-effectiveness ratio

Daily PTH

27,923,760

30

930,792

Weekly PTH

26,160,120

30

872,004

Denosumab

4,123,680

29

142,196

Ibandronate

5,473,689

28

195,449

Minodronic acid hydrate

5,382,544

28

192,234

Risedronate

6,050,906

26

232,727

Alendronate

5,978,516

26

229,943

Raloxifene

8,463,346

24

352,639

Cost-effectiveness ratio means A+B+C+D/n

Table 7: Cost-effectiveness ratio on the eight drug groups.

According to the results, the cost-effectiveness ratio invested in our hospital to suppress one incident vertebral fracture was 930,742 yen for daily PTH, 872,004 yen for weekly PTH, 142,196 yen for denosumab, 195,449 yen for monthly intravenous ibandronate, 192,234 yen for monthly minodronic acid hydrate, 232,727 yen for monthly risedronate, 229,943 yen for weekly alendronate, and 352,639 yen for raloxifene. In this study, denosumab was the most cost-effective drug, as seen from the suppression of incident vertebral fracture in severe osteoporotic patients 65 -75 years old with a YAM value of less than 60%.

Discussion

Medical care is not business. However, considering the current national finances of Japan, it is impossible to ignore the increase in medical expenses. Even drugs that are extremely effective at suppressing incident vertebral fractures do not necessarily have an appropriate medical price. Recently, cost-effectiveness analysis has been used to compare and examine the therapies for various disease [16,17]. Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of drugs for patients with osteoporosis is essential for national finance. Cost-effectiveness has generally been estimated by the analysis of the number needed to treat (NNT) [18,19] or the expense per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) [20,21]. However, these studies require a large-scale collection of cases, and this is impossible for a single center to perform. We designed a prospective study on a single hospital to evaluate the cost efficacy of drugs for osteoporosis by calculating the cost-effectiveness ratio. This study was performed to determine a real-world cost efficacy of drugs for osteoporosis.

The risk of subsequent vertebral fracture in patients with an incident fracture is increasing by the domino effect [22]. It is very important to prevent incident vertebral fracture in patients with osteoporosis. The authors of the current study subjected the patients without any osteoporotic fracture who showed severe osteoporosis. The data give us valuable information for clinician who treats osteoporotic patients without osteoporotic fracture.

In our current study, daily PTH and weekly PTH were most effective to suppress incident vertebral fracture for patients with severe osteoporosis. However, both drugs are very expensive, incurring a high cost to suppress one incident vertebral fracture. Denosumab was the most cost-effective out of eight drugs for osteoporosis to suppress incident vertebral fracture. However, there are no patients with incident vertebral fracture occurrence who are treated with daily and weekly PTH. If both drugs were less expensive, PTH would become the most cost-effective one for the prevention of incident vertebral fracture.

The limitation of the current study is the number of subjects. We need a large-scale collection of cases to determine where denosumab is the most cost-effective drug to suppress incident vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mori et al. [23] recently reported the cost-effectiveness of denosumab versus oral alendronate for elderly osteoporotic women in Japan using a Markov microstimulation model [24]. They concluded that denosumab is superior to alendronate from the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness. However, their study was performed not in a real-world but among hypothetical community-dwelling cohorts. We prospectively calculated the costs for each drug to suppress incident vertebral fracture in 30 elderly patients with severe osteoporosis in the real-world. The expenses for each case included additional therapeutic fee for incident vertebral fracture. Clinician should consider the total cost of treatment including the drug fee and additional medical fee following vertebral fracture. The followup period after prescribing drugs was only 72 weeks in this study because of limitation of the weekly use of PTH. Patients in this study might encounter incident vertebral fracture after 72 weeks. A longer follow-up survey is necessary to determine the true cost-effectiveness of the drugs evaluated in this study.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest on this study.

Approval code issued by the IRB: No 86 of Ethical institution of Imakiire General Hospital

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

References

Bączyk G, Samborski W, Jaracz K (2016) Evaluation of the quality of life of postmenopausal osteoporotic and osteopenic women with or without fractures. Arch Med Sci 12: 819-827.