Apartheid

Middle East
Apartheid
Today
Neda Soltani
Killed on June 20, 2009, for opposing
Ahmadinajad’s repressive regime
Produced by StandWithUs
Apartheid
Definition: Apartheid
(“separation”) was the name
for South Africa’s legal system
of segregation, discrimination,
and domination based on race.
Apartheid South Africa:
Legally Enforced
Segregation
These signs, in public spaces all over South Africa,
were a constant reminder of white legal
domination and control over South Africa’s
black population.1
Apartheid South Africa:
Legally Enforced
Segregation
By apatheid law, South Africans of color were
segregated in every aspect of daily life—
train stations, beaches, restrooms, schools,
and restaurants—except for churches.
Segregated seating at a sports event
Apartheid law prohibited sexual relations and
marriage between whites and non-Europeans
in the “Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act”
(1949) and the “Immorality Act” (1950).
Apartheid South Africa:
Denial of Civil and
Social Rights
A black South African displays his passbook.
It designated him a “colored” and denied him
access to white schools, hospitals,
2
and even entire cities.
Apartheid South Africa:
Denial of Political
and Civil Rights
South Africans of color were legally denied the
right to vote and denied equality before the law.
Apartheid South Africa:
Enforcing Inequality
Through Violent Repression
South African blacks who protested and
demanded equal political and civil rights
met police violence, indefinite detention,
torture, and even execution.
Apartheid Today:
Definition: Legal systems that
institutionalize segregation, discrimination,
and oppression on the basis of political
views, race, gender, sexuality, or religion.
Women are the most vulnerable members of
Palestinian society as the law and order in the
region does not provide them with a safe and
comfortable environment.3
Apartheid Today:
Gender Apartheid
Definition: A system of legally
sanctioned segregation and/or
oppression based on gender.
Women in Arab League countries “suffer from
unequal citizenship and legal entitlements, often
evident in voting rights and legal codes [and] from
inequality of opportunity, evident in employment
status, wages and gender-based occupational
segregation.” Their “political and economic
participation remains the lowest in the world.”
4
–UN Human Development Report, 2002 p. 22
Saudi women and men walk on
separate sidewalks. Women in
Saudi Arabia are not allowed to
drive. Iran, Jordan, Syria, and Egypt
are some of the Middle Eastern Women in
countries that restrict women’s many Islamic
right to travel without “permission” countries are
from a male guardian.5 forced to cover
their faces.
Apartheid Today:
Gender Inequality
No laws protect women against
domestic violence.
Rape is blamed on women, even if they are
young children. Rapists can escape legal
punishment by marrying their victims.
In Iran and Saudi Arabia, the female victims
are often punished for “immorality.”
Women’s court testimony is worth less
than men’s, especially in cases of rape
and domestic violence.
Family law requires wives’ “obedience”
to husbands, who are legally
“heads of the household.”
Women can be forced into
arranged marriages.
Apartheid Today:
Honor Killings
Under the Palestinian Authority
Definition: Sanctioned murder of
women. When women are raped or
suspected of flirtations or sexual relations
with men who are not their husbands,
they are often murdered by relatives to
preserve family “honor.”
Fifteen-year-old Rofayda
Qaoud from the Palestinian
village of Abu Qash was
raped and impregnated
by her brothers. When she
refused to kill herself to
save her family’s honor,
her mother Amira (left)
suffocated, stabbed, and
beat her to death the night
6
of January 23, 2003.
She received a light
sentence, as “honor killing” is a mitigating factor
in the Palestinian judicial system.
Gaza 2009: Mother of five
bludgeoned to death
with an iron chain.
In Gaza, a 27-year-old mother of five was
bludgeoned to death with an iron chain.
According to police in Gaza, her father, Jawdat
al-Najar, heard his daughter Fadia, who had
divorced in 2005, speaking on the phone with a
man. He believed she was having a relationship
with him. Police say al-Najar became enraged
and beat her to death.
Source: www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/07/30/mide-
ast.honor.killings/
Apartheid Today:
Honor Killings
Outside of the Middle East
Murdered in 2005: Guilty father: Mahmod
20-year-old Banaz Mahmod Mahmod ordered his
was “let down by police” daughter’s death.
despite begging for help.
Banaz Mahmod was raped, tortured, and
murdered, and her body was found buried
in a suitcase in a garden in Birmingham, UK,
three months after she contacted police.
Read more: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-554588/Police-
let-honour-killing-victim-face-sack.html#ixzz0fMUPYjFy
October 2008, Amina (left) and Sarah Said,
allegedly murdered by their father
Sarah Said, 17, and her sister Amina, 18, were
found dead in the back seat of a taxicab in Texas.
The girls’ great-aunt, Gail Gartrell, says the girls’
Egyptian-born father killed them both because
he felt they disgraced the family by dating non-
Muslims and acting too Western, and she called
the girls’ murders an honor killing from the start.
Source: www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,437502,00.html
Apartheid Today:
Sexual Apartheid
Definition: A system of legally and
culturally enforced discrimination
and/or persecution against people
based on their sexual behaviors, with
severe repression of sexual freedom.
Homosexuality is
a crime punished
by imprisonment,
flogging, stoning,
hanging, or
beheading in Iran,
Saudi Arabia,
Sudan, Syria,
and others.
In Iran, practicing homosexuality is a capital
offense. Those “convicted” of homosexuality are
publicly executed, usually hanged.
A reported 4,000 homosexuals were executed
in Iran between 1979 and 1999.7
Apartheid Today:
State-sanctioned Discrimination
and Persecution of Homosexuals
In most Middle Eastern countries, no laws
prevent anti-gay discrimination, and gays
face severe ostracism. Though homosexuality is not
illegal everywhere, gays are often arrested under laws
against “lewd conduct” (Egypt) and experience police
harassment and torture (Egypt and the Palestinian
Authority). Recent reports indicate that murderers
of gays may be prosecuted under the lenient
category of “honor killings.”8
Apartheid Today:
Religious Apartheid
Definition: A system of legal
repression, segregation,
and persecution based on religion.
Public practice of non-Muslim religions
prohibited: Saudi Arabia.9
Conversion from Islam is punishable by death
(Iran, the Palestinian Authority, and Saudi Arabia) or by
loss of civil and inheritance rights, imprisonment, or
torture (Jordan, Egypt, Oman, and northern Sudan).10
Blasphemy of Islam prohibited or punishable
by death: Saudi Arabia and Oman.
Special religious police persecute Muslims
and non-Muslims: Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Legal, social, and economic discrimination
against non-Muslims and minority Muslim
sects: Saudi Arabia,11 Egypt,12 and Iran.
Christian numbers have dwindled as a result
of religious persecution: Palestinian Authority.
Persecution, violence, property
expropriations, and intimidation of
Christians, Ba’hai, or other minority
religions: the Palestinian Authority, Egypt,
Saudi Arabia, and Iran.13
Anti-Jewish persecution, discrimination,
and/or incitement: Palestinian Authority, Egypt,
Jordan, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Libya,
Sudan, UAE, and the Gulf States.14
“Muslim only” roads
“Christians are being persecuted
not only in Iraq, but in most Arab
countries…. They are subjected to
every possible kind of discrimination,
as well as expulsion.“
–Abd Al-Nasser Al-Najjar, Palestinian
daily Al-Ayyam, October 25, 2008.
A Christian in Saudi Arabia is publicly
flogged after being “convicted” of
15
practicing Christianity, 2007.
Saudi Police Stopped
Rescue of 15 Girls
The Governor of Mecca
looks at the charred
remains of the
school fire.
In 2002 fifteen girls
burned to death when
Saudi police refused to
allow them to evacuate
because their clothes
violated the Kingdom’s
“decency” laws
(no headscarves/black
robes).
One witness said he saw
three policemen “beating young girls to prevent
them from leaving the school because they were
not wearing the abaya.”16
Apartheid Today:
Racism
Definition: A system of legally or
culturally enforced discrimination and/
or persecution based on a person’s
race or national or ethnic identity.
“I’m sad to say that we Arabs are the epitome of
racism….If Obama was in an Arab country…under
no circumstances … would they have given him
citizenship. They’d say to him: You are a slave, you
are black, you need a ‘guarantor,’ you are a
Kenyan, and your origins are unknown.”
–Abd Al-Bari ‘Atwan, editor-in-chief of the London
daily Al-Quds Al-Arabi, BBC interview,
November 7, 2008
Enslavement of blacks: Sudan.
Persecution and discrimination against
native Berber tribes and their culture:
Morocco and Libya.17
Persecution of Jews
In 1948, 850,000 Jews lived in Arab lands.
Today only a few thousand remain because
of persecution, discrimination, and expulsions.
Selling land to Jews was a capital offense in
Jordan until 1995. It remains illegal in Jordan
and in the Palestinian Authority.
Clerics and government-controlled schools
and media continually demonize Jews and recycle in
print and film anti-Semitic forgeries such as
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.18
Map of origins of Jewish refugees who
were forced to flee to Israel from
Middle Eastern countries after 1948.
Examples of Declining Jewish Population
in Middle Eastern Countries
1948 2004
Algeria 140,000 Less than 100
Egypt 75,000 Less than 100
Libya 38,000 0
Apartheid Today:
Based on National Identity
Definition: A system of legally or
culturally enforced discrimination
and/or persecution based on a
person’s race or national identity.
Arab League states continue to discriminate
and exclude Palestinians because of their
national identity.
Palestinian refugees have been denied citizenship
for two generations or more (Syria, Egypt,
Lebanon, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq).
Palestinians have been expelled from many
Middle Eastern countries
(Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, and Iraq).
Palestinians must live in designated areas,
cannot own homes, and are barred from 70
occupations (Lebanon).
Misuse of the Term “Apartheid”
Israel and the Palestinians do not have
an apartheid relationship.
Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza
are self-governing. The Palestinians have never
been Israeli citizens and do not wish to be. They
have their own national movement and formed their
own government, the Palestinian Authority (PA),
after signing the Oslo Accords with Israel in 1993.
The PA has its own elections and legislative council
and runs all aspects of civil society, from education
to police forces, law courts, and health care.
Unfortunately, the PA still uses many of the
apartheid practices described in the booklet
on their own people.
Palestinian honor guard The Palestinian
escorts Mahmoud Abbas, police force.
president of the
Palestinian Authority.
Apartheid Today:
Enforcing Inequality
Through Violent Repression
Peaceful demonstrators opposed to the regime
face imprisonment, torture, and execution.
2009: Baton-wielding Iranian police fired tear gas
and arrested protesters mourning Neda Soltani,
the young woman (pictured on the cover of this
booklet and to the right) who was killed in
post-election violence and has become a symbol
for the opposition to Iran’s hardline leaders.
Neda Soltani
Killed on June 20, 2009, for opposing
Ahmadinajad’s repressive regime.
Neda has become a symbol
of the struggle for human rights in Iran.
The Struggle to End Apartheid
in the Middle East
Today, many groups throughout the region are trying
to end this system of oppression and apartheid and
embark on a future of freedom and human rights.
Palestinian women demonstrate against violence
directed at women.
Copts demonstrate in the US against repression in Egypt.
Copts demonstrate in Cyprus against Egyptian persecution.
First Lady Suzanne Mubarak at Cairo
conference to protect children.
Apartheid in the Middle East
Causes Untold Suffering.
Here are ways you and your friends
can help:
Educate yourself and others
about apartheid in the Middle East.
Publicize the little-known facts
about conditions in the region.
Encourage the US to support
the courageous few who challenge
the oppression.
Support policies that encourage reform.
Start activist campaigns
that educate the public
and demand reforms.
Learn more at various Web sites,
including www.freedomhouse.org,
www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mid.html
www.nohonor.org
Sources
1
www.gre.ac.uk/__data/assets/image/0003/82974/
Apartheid-sign.jpg
2
home.mindspring.com/~katrap/LAGAI/passbook.jpg
3
www.wethewomen.org/entry/rights-group-law-and-order-
doesnt-protect-palestinian-women-from-violence/
4
www.pogar.org/publications/other/ahdr/ahdr2002e.pdf
5
www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=163
6
www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_
ID=35663
7
www.iranian.com/BTW/2005/August/London/index.html
8
www.irinnews.org/report aspx?reportid=26110
9
www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108492.htm
10
anselmic.wordpress.com/2007/08/29/egyptian-muslim-
seeks-legal-right-to-convert-to-christianity/
11
www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71431.htm
12
www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm
13
news.bahai.org/story/681
14
Dr. Meir Litvak, “The Development of Arab Anti-Semitism,”
Institute for Global Jewish Affairs, Feb. 2003 at www.jcpa.org/
JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&T
MID=111&FID=624&P ID=0&IID=741&TTL=The_Development_
of_Arab_Anti-Semitism and “MKs Study Arab Anti-Semitism,”
Jerusalem Post, May 23, 2000 at www.pmw.org.il/getresults/
media/i208521.html
15
www.holycrime.com/images/ChristanFlog.jpg
16
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1874471.stm
17
Morocco--Nick Pelham, “Berbers Demand Native Rights,” BBC,
May 2, 2000 at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/733403.stm . Libya-
-“Libya’s Berbers Come in from the Cold?” Aug. 27, 2007 at
www.ordoesitexplode.com/me/2007/08/libyas-berbers-.html
18
Palestinian Media Watch: www.pmw.org.il
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