A sign on the Boyne River provides information on how passersby can contribute to a research project that uses crowdsourced data to help monitor river conditions. Credit: Damon Hall

A simple stream gauge that the project team installed on the Boyne River. Citizen scientists use the gauge to read water levels, and then text the information to researchers. The set-up is simple, but the data is a valuable way to help monitor the health of the stream. Credit: Damon Hall

BUFFALO, N.Y. — A cellphone and a few seconds of time.

That’s all residents of northern Michigan need to take part in a new project designed to improve management and conservation of a vital natural resource: fresh water.

The idea behind the endeavor is simple but impactful. Fishermen, boaters and other outdoor enthusiasts text data on river levels and temperature to scientists. Then, the project team feeds this and other information into a computer model that generates a 7-day forecast of water conditions.

The pilot location is the Boyne River in Michigan, where researchers have set up five citizen science stations that feature stream height gauges, with temperature gauges to be installed in the fall. Three additional state-of-the-art gauges will collect similar data at other spots along the Boyne.

“People who are outside a lot — fishermen, hikers, bird watchers — have access to all this local knowledge, and we want to tap into that,” says researcher Chris Lowry, PhD, associate professor of geology in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences. “If we’re successful at the Boyne River, we could expand the system to other locations and other watersheds.”

“A forecast is useful for a lot of reasons,” Lowry adds. “If we can predict when the water will be high, we can anticipate floods, or tell factories when they can draw water from a river with the least harm. We can forecast the best fishing conditions, and also advise fishermen on when to stay away. When streams are warm, for example, we don’t want to even do catch and release, because coldwater fish like trout are already being taxed and are less likely to survive.”

Lowry is leading the project, along with Darren Ficklin, PhD, assistant professor of geography at Indiana University. Damon Hall, PhD, assistant professor in the Center for Sustainability at Saint Louis University, and Jason Knouft, PhD, professor of biology at Saint Louis University, are also partners.

The power of citizen science

Chris Lowry (University at Buffalo) and Darren Ficklin (Indiana University) install a pressure transducer to automatically monitor the water level in the Boyne River. This pressure transducer system measures water levels every 15 minutes and sends these data back to UB once a day. Credit: Damon Hall

The scientists received funding from the National Science Foundation this summer to start the project, and they anticipate having a forecast up and running in about a year.

The forecast will predict stream flow, water temperature and which sections of the waterway will be good and poor habitats for fish on different days. Initially, the predictions will look three and seven days out, but the system should be capable eventually of generating information for every day of the week.

The forecast will be based on data — including texts from citizen scientists — that show how water levels and temperature responded to past weather conditions (like rainfall).

“By using crowdsourcing, we’ll be able to create a model that is constantly improving itself, with new data coming in all the time,” Ficklin says. “That’s what’s transformative about this project.”

A new way to monitor fresh water

Kristin Thomas, aquatic ecologist for Michigan Trout Unlimited, an organization that has been supportive of the new project, measures stream discharge along the lower section of the Boyne River. Credit: Damon Hall

Local residents, including members of the Friends of the Boyne River, have been highly active in texting data to researchers for a project that uses crowdsourced information to help monitor water levels at the Boyne River. Credit: Damon Hall

Crowdsourcing could help fill gaps in knowledge at a time when traditional methods of monitoring fresh water are on the decline, Lowry says.

He explains that in recent years, tight budgets have forced the U.S. Geological Survey to stop recording water levels at many streams the agency has watched for decades. And most monitoring focuses on large rivers of importance to urban communities, he says.

To compensate, Lowry and colleagues have been using crowdsourcing to collect data on smaller streams since 2010. That effort, called CrowdHydrology, is active in 11 states.

The Boyne River has been part of CrowdHydrology since 2014, and locals — including the Friends of the Boyne River — have been highly active in texting data from the beginning. That’s one reason scientists chose the Boyne River as the pilot site for the new modeling project.

“Knowing what our river is doing is a great step forward if we ever need to defend it,” says area resident Ed Strzelinski, a former board member and current longtime member of Friends of the Boyne River. “If industries like bottling plants decide to start drawing more groundwater and it impacts our Boyne River, how would we know about it if we didn’t have easily accessible baseline data? What if fracking, which takes huge quantities of water, begins to impair our watershed?

“If we notice that something is changing, we could actually have some data and objectively say to the responsible agencies, ‘Something is going on with the river, and here are the data to show what’s happening.’”

Of the plans to develop a stream forecasting model based on data from the Boyne, Strzelinski says, “I think it’s an excellent project. If lessons we learn within our watershed could be expanded to sustain water resources and ecosystem management elsewhere, this is a win-win for everyone.”