Gifted Learners and the Middle School: Problem or Promise?

Historically, tension has existed between gifted education and middle school education
(Tomlinson, 1992), leaving some advocates of each educational practice suspicious of
the other, and leaving middle school students who are advanced in one or more
dimensions of learning in a sort of educational no-man's-land. While some legitimate
areas of disagreement are likely to persist, there are enough areas of shared belief to
bridge the practice between gifted education and middle school education. This digest
provides an overview of
(1) some areas of agreement between the fields,
(2) some areas of tension, and
(3) some promising directions that could engage educators in mutual planning of appropriate services for all middle school students, including those we sometimes call "gifted."

SHARED BELIEFS OF GIFTED EDUCATION AND MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION

There are at least three areas of common concern shared by gifted education and
middle school education.

First, when it comes to articulated beliefs about what
constitutes appropriate instruction for early adolescents, both groups are proponents of
instruction that:

is theme based,

is interdisciplinary,

fosters student self-direction and independence,

promotes self-understanding,

incorporates basic skills,

is relevant to the learner and thus based on study of significant problems,

Second, few educators of the gifted would argue with the core tenets set forth in
"Turning Points" (Carnegie Task Force on the Education of Young Adolescents, 1989)
that middle school programs should:

create small communities of learning within larger school settings,

teach a solid academic core,

ensure success for all students,

enable educators closest to students to make important decisions about teaching and learning,

staff middle schools with teachers trained to work effectively with early adolescents,

promote health and fitness,

involve families in the education of learners, and

connect schools with communities.

Third, both groups of educators share a deep concern for the cognitive and affective
welfare of early adolescent learners. Both groups also understand that there is great
variability in the academic, social, emotional, and physical development of the early
adolescent group. Both also subscribe to the reality that early adolescents are subject to
change, including spurts in physical growth, new interests, and intellectual awareness.
And both believe that all middle school students should take part in challenging learning
experiences.

GIFTED EDUCATION AND MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND PROMISE

The following issues have concerned educators in gifted education and
middle level education. But emerging dialogue offers promise and some evident next
steps for moving ahead into a more collaborative future (Clews, 1995).

EXCELLENCE VS. EQUITY

Problem: Gifted education exists to foster development of high-end excellence.

It therefore stresses practices that are most likely to promote "expertise" in learners with
advanced performance and/or potential. Middle school education, on the other hand,
views education through an equity lens, where all students have an equal opportunity to
succeed. In a country that has struggled with the competing values of equity and
excellence throughout its history (Gardner, 1961), it is not surprising that both groups
continue to struggle with mechanisms for balancing the belief that all people should
have equal opportunity with the belief that each individual should be assisted in
developing his or her maximum capacity. The tension is heightened in the face of
scarce resources for education.

Promising Directions:

Understand the advantages of emphasizing both equity and excellence.

Plan for both personal excellence and equity of access to advancement for all learners
who are at risk, including those who are gifted.

Emphasize raising the floors and eliminating the ceilings of educational performance.

Emphasize both personal excellence and "apex" or "high-end" excellence.

EMPHASIS ON HETEROGENEITY

Problem: Because middle school educators emphasize the negative impact of
homogeneous grouping on at-risk learners, heterogeneity has become a hallmark
descriptor of "good" middle schools (Carnegie Task Force on the Education of Young
Adolescents, 1989).

But educators of the gifted value the benefits of ability grouping for
advanced learners. The availability of some forms of homogeneous grouping for these
learners has been strongly advocated by proponents of gifted education (Allan, 1991).
Educators of the gifted are also concerned about a lack of emphasis on differentiated
instruction for academic diversity in heterogeneous classrooms in the literature of
middle school, and reject a one-size-fits-all approach to educating students as varied as
those who inhabit middle schools.

Use heterogeneous teams, but group and regroup within a team and across teams for
instructional purposes.

Offer a variety of classes that allow for student choice.

Emphasize use of gifted/talented resource specialists as part of interdisciplinary teams.

USE OF LABELS

Problem: Middle school advocates often reject labeling students as "learning disabled"
or "gifted" (George, 1993).

Such labeling, they believe, favors some students and
stigmatizes others. Advocates of gifted education believe that identifying high potential
and performance is necessary if awareness of and planning for talent development is to
occur (Coleman & Gallagher, 1995).

Work to balance emphasis on student differences and student similarities.

Use the term "gifted" as part of a phrase that describes students as gifted in
mathematics, science, writing, visual arts, music, etc.

AMBIGUITY ABOUT APPROPRIATE MIDDLE SCHOOL CURRICULA

Problem: For much of its 30-year history, middle school education has attended more to
issues such as student affect, scheduling, detracking, teaming, and school climate than
to what constitutes effective and appropriate curricula in middle school classes (Beane,
1990).

Educators of the gifted, who place strong value on challenging opportunities for
advanced learners in their area(s) of strength, have been concerned about middle level
education, including a basic skills approach to instruction. On the other hand, middle
school educators argue that what has been called "gifted education" (e.g., enrichment,
high level thinking, problem-solving) is good education for all learners, and should not
be reserved for any single group of middle school students. They believe that energies
of educators should be focused on establishing that sort of "good education" in
heterogeneous classrooms and that the proliferation of such classrooms would serve all
middle school students well.

Promising Directions:

Disavow theories that present middle school students as incapable of high level
thought and complex learning.

Abandon practices that couch middle school as a place for drill and skill.

Educators of the gifted find that overuse of some cooperative learning strategies,
particularly those focused on learning of basic information and skills, results in a lack of
challenge for advanced learners, inordinate use of these learners as "junior teachers,"
and inappropriate pressure for these learners to solve instructional problems (Robinson,
1990).

Promising Directions:

Acknowledge the appropriateness of collaborative learning for early adolescents.

Use various grouping patterns in cooperative groups, based on instructional purpose.

AFFECTIVE NEEDS OF EARLY ADOLESCENTS

Problem: Middle school educators stress development of school environments in which
early adolescents can belong to a nurturing group and have consistent access to adults
who know and care about them (George & Shewey, 1994).

Most educators of the gifted
have concerns that affective experiences of advanced learners, which sometimes take
on "a different spin," are overlooked in middle schools where advanced learning is
deemphasized and where few teachers are trained to understand advanced learners.
For example, peer pressure to conform may be experienced in a somewhat different
context by many academically talented females and minority students than by other
agemates (Ford, 1994; Kerr, 1985).

Promising Directions:

Recognize that early adolescents share common affective needs, but experience them
in differing ways.

Plan for both achievement and belonging for advanced learners, with special
emphasis on females and culturally diverse learners.

GENERAL TENSION

Problem: The result of strongly held and often divergent views about educating early
adolescents has led to some tension between the two groups of educators.

Leaders of each group have not always attempted to build bridges. Publications, conferences, team
meetings, and informal dialogues among educators have only recently begun to break
ground in listening and attempting to find solutions.

Promising Directions:

Acknowledge strengths and contributions of both practices.

Use constructive language when discussing the issues.

Communicate, cooperate, and collaborate at every level of educational practice.

Carol Ann Tomlinson is Assistant Professor, Curry School of Education, the University
of Virginia, Charlottesville.

ERIC Digests are in the public domain and may be freely reproduced and disseminated.
This publication was prepared with funding from the Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, under contract no. RR93002005. The
opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of
OERI, or the Department of Education.

REFERENCES

Allan, S. (1991). Ability grouping research reviews: What do they really say to the
practitioner? Educational Leadership, 48(6), 60-65.

Beane, J. (1990). A middle school curriculum: From rhetoric to reality. Columbus, OH:
National Middle School Association.

Carnegie Task Force on the Education of Young Adolescents. (1989). Turning points:
Preparing American youth for the 21st century. Washington, DC: Carnegie Council on
Adolescent Development.