Saturday, 18 June 2016

The Twin Tilts of Mars and the Earth

The Twin Tilts of Mars and the Earth

by Donald W. Patten and Samuel Windsor

MARCELLUS;

It faded on the crowing of the cock.Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comesWherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,The bird of dawning singeth all night long:And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad;The nights are wholesome; THEN NO PLANETS STRIKE,No fairy takes, nor witch hat power to charm;So hallow'd and so gracious is the time.

As recently
as Shakespeare's time in England, less than 400 years ago, apparently there
still remained the tradition of ancient planetary catastrophes. They even
included details about the ancient appearance of a planet - and perhaps its two
satellites - "leashed hounds, crouching at his heels." [Perhaps
this is a reference to Phobos and Deimos.]

Another
question is, "Where would Shakespeare get the idiom of "the
port" of Mars?" The American Heritage dictionary says that
"port" is an archaic term for the cover of a porthole. How
would Shakespeare conceive that Mars was seen through some sort of a covered
window, or porthole?

The Hamlet
passage talks of the legend that when "no planets strike," it was a
wholesome time. The converse is implied, that when planets do strike, it
is not "a wholesome time." Horatio, Hamlet's friend, agrees
with Marcellus, suggesting that he, too, was aware of ancient catastrophic
legends, or traditions.

The Earth's
rate of rotation is very similar to that of Mars. They are 98.2% alike.

There
are three pairs of twin spins in this Solar System, which was treated in
Volume I, Chapter 4, entitled "The Acquisition of Planetary Spin
Rates." This acquisition occurred during the primordial period
when both the Earth and Mars orbited Little Brother, and were very distant
from the Sun. That was the era of the "First Orbit of Mars."

The two spin
axis tilts of Mars and the Earth also are very similar. They are 97.7%
alike.

Earth
Spin Axis Tilt 23.44°Mars Spin Axis Tilt 23.98°Similarity 97.7%

These
pairs of similarities have been known since the time of the famous
astronomer, Frederick Wilhelm Herschel. In 1781, the same year he
discovered Uranus, Herschel discovered the axial tilt of Mars. Herschel
proceeded to compare the similarity of the Mars tilt to that of our
planet. He concluded that Mars had a climate much like our own.
In this bit of wistful thinking, Herschel became the forerunner of Percival
Lowell.

Traditional
astronomers have come up with an inadequate explanation as to why Mars has two
tiny asteroid-like satellites. There is a difference between having a bad
explanation and having no explanation at all. There has been no
explanation at all for the twin spin rates of Mars and the Earth until that one
was advanced in "The Recent Organization of the Solar System," Volume
I of this series.

Though the
twin tilts of Mars and the Earth have been known for over 200 years, to date,
traditional astronomers have given no reason at all for this condition, other
than "Coincidence." "Coincidence" and
"chance" have been somewhat acceptable as reasons; actually they are
admissions of ignorance. But ignorance is a fair response. No
reason at all is better than a bad reason.

The Earth As A
Gyroscope

The
properties of a gyroscope first were studied in the early 19th century in Germany by
Bohnenberger and in England by Lang. Gyros have properties that seem
strange to people unfamiliar with their unique behavior. For instance, if
a ball at rest is pushed, it retreats from the force at an angle of 180°.

If it is a
spinning ball, a gyro is pushed sideways, 90° to the torque, at right
angles. A torque applied to a gyro also will cause tiny change in its
speed of rotation. That change in spin rate is always minute, and however
little, it is always an increase. Thus, it requires a long series of many
repeating torque's to create a significant increase in spin of a gyro.

Foucault, a
French physicist and a showman, demonstrated the famous Foucault Pendulum in
Paris in the 1851. It created a circus-like atmosphere, to the amazement
and delight of the citizens of Paris. Then a curiosity, modern society
has since found numerous practical applications for gyroscopes.

Before
understanding the cause of the twin tilts of these two spin axes, it is
necessary to identify Mars and the Earth for what they actually are. They
are a just a pair of gyroscopes, orbiting at tens of thousands of miles per
hour in space. The smaller gyro has an equatorial diameter of 4,212 miles
and a spin rate of 1477 minutes. The larger gyro has an equatorial
diameter of 7,927 miles, and rotates a bit faster, in 1436 minutes.

A gyroscope
is an object that spins about an internal axis. In industry, usually they
are made of a metal such as steel. But gyros also may be made of glass,
wood or plastic. A plastic top, spinning on a table, is a gyro, as is a
merry-go-round at a carnival, a rotating wheel on a car or motorcycle or a
bicycle, the armature of a motor, etc. Even a spinning pair of dice are gyros.
These gyros all function within the Earth's field of gravity, which is always a
significant force.

In the Solar
System, in space, gyros function independent of the Earth's gravity, and do not
necessarily have crusty surfaces. Jupiter is a rapidly-spinning gyro
composed of hot gases, a 87,000-mile diameter and a 590-minute spin rate.
Saturn is a gas gyro also, with a diameter of 71,500 miles and a spin rate 602
minutes. Both of these gas gyros have no crusty, solid parts at
all. (Like Mars and the Earth, Saturn and Jupiter also have twin spin
rates).

Torsion

Torsion is
the process of applying two opposing forces to an object where the forces are
not "in line."
This 8th chapter involves a study of "torsion past" on the gyro Earth
and on the gyro Mars. When there was a flyby, the angle between the two
planets was a moving angle, and the angle to one was the same angle to the
other. In a flyby scene, the gravity of Mars put a torque on the Earth,
and at a similar angle, the gravity of the Earth put a torque on Mars.

THE BOMARC
MISSILE: On the Earth, so far, all but one gyro has been solid.
There is one exception to solid gyros of which we are aware. It was the
Bomarc Missile, a fluid-fueled projectile. It was a projectile in flight,
like a spinning bullet or a rotating artillery shell. With respect to its
explosive charge, its casing and its guidance system, the Bomarc missile
functioned as a solid gyro.

But when
spinning, it kept missing the target, badly. It turned out that its
liquid fuel did not function like normal, solid components of a gyro. The
molecules in fluid gyros function according to an entirely different set of
principles than do the molecules in solid gyros.

Liquid Gyros: A New
Field For Research

When a
torque is put on a gyro, its response is to "precess." If it is a
fluid, one effect is that its spin axis relocates on the gyro, as well as
toward surrounding space. This is not true of solid gyros.

An effect is
that its spin axis shifts, not 180° away from a push, or torque, but rather, it
shifts 90°, which is perpendicular to the push, or torque. In the case of
gyros rotating in the counter-clockwise mode, like Mars and the Earth, shifts
of tilt were 90° to the right. For clockwise spin, the shifts are 90° to
the left.

In solid
gyros, when they precess, the entire gyro shifts as a unit. All molecules
retain their pre-torque partner molecules, and all molecules shift in lock
step.

It has been
discovered that when fluid gyros precess, the molecules therein do not shift in
lock step. Rather, all molecules retain their original velocities, but
they change places with other molecules. Instead, fluid molecules
relocate.

For
instance, the motions of fluid molecules, when flowing in pipes around
90-degree ells, are instructive. When flowing around a 90-degree turn, do
some of the molecules increase in velocity and others decrease so as to make a
smooth turn? Do the molecules play "crack the whip" and some in
making a turn go faster than others? No, not at all.

In the case
of water flowing around a turn in a pipe, all water molecules want to maintain
their original, uniform velocities. To do this, going around a 90-degree
turn, EACH MOLECULE MUST SHIFT POSITION. They spiral around the 90-degree
turn, and in so doing, each molecule ends up surrounded by new molecules.
In this way, the laws of energy and momentum conservation are met.

But for
solid gyros, all molecules maintain lock step with each other. This is
why the Bomarc missiles required a different set of equations for its liquid
fuel.

Figure 17
illustrates the motion of molecules, flowing in a pipe, making a 90°
turn. Fluid gyros, and the motion of their molecules, essentially have
yet to be studied, and especially in an environment independent of the Earth's
gravity.

Figure 18
illustrates what is expected, from engineering principles, in flow patterns of
magma inside a planet's crust. For molecules of magma, whatever their
individual velocities before the spin axis shift, those same velocities will be
maintained both during and after the flyby event.

Molecules
near the spin axis have low velocities. Molecules in the Earth's magma
just under the equator have high velocities. For instance, molecules
under the equatorial crust of the Earth rotate at velocities of 1,030
mph. Other molecules within a mile of the spin axis rotate at velocities
of .3 mph or less. Liquid molecules inside Mars or the Earth display a
wide variety of velocities. Their velocity depends on the spin rate of the
gyro and their distance from the spin axis.

In the case
of the Earth or Mars, complexities ensue from the fact that bulges try to form
in the liquid mantle, stressing the under side of the crust. The bulges
form quickly because the meat of the approach of Mars is only four hours or
less long. And the meat of its retreat is of similar duration.
(Mars advanced about 120,000 miles upon the Earth in a four hour span of time.)

Figure 17 - Molecules of a Fluid Twisting
Through a Turn

Figure 18 - Molecules of Fluid Magma in Flyby
Conditions

A bulge
forms within the Earth, facing Mars; the bulge stresses the crust just above
the bulge. The "flat" formed directly opposite the bulge also
stresses the crust. Both the bulge and the flat moved at rapid rates due
to two reasons, (1) to the rapid approach of Mars, and (2) to the Earth's
internal spin rate.

That rate of
bulge increase is eight fold for each halving of the distance between Mars and
the Earth. It is the tidal ratio, mass over distance CUBED. Thus
the pressure under the bulge on the Earth at 30,000 miles was 64 times (8 x 8)
as great as that subcrustal pressure at 120,000 miles, only three hours
earlier.

The bulge
rapidly expanded facing Mars during the close approaches of Mars, but the bulge
also relocated 30° of longitude per hour due to the Earth's spin. Both
bulge-moving functions occurred simultaneously. Next, the bulge
contracted just as rapidly as it expanded when Mars departed and the flyby was
over.

The Earth is
part fluid gyro, magma, and part solid gyro, the crust. The crust is
0.006% of the total Earth mass. The fluid magma and mantle are about
99.39%. In addition the Earth mass is about 0.00002% water, its sloshing,
uncapped, tide-traveling oceans. This is merely an introduction to the
complexities involved on a planet like the Earth with a resisting, but flexible
crust. That crust was "tortured" - pressured with suddenness,
rinsed from on top by oceans and flexed from underneath by fluid magma.

The elastic
crust of the Earth has an elastic-plastic threshold. When that threshold
is exceeded by sudden pressures from subcrustal magma tides, the crust shears,
or rifts, or tears, or up thrusts. Hours later, it collapses back, only
in part after the uplifts, shears, rifts and tears.

In short,
the result was sudden crustal deformation. The formation of mountain
ranges tended to be in arcs, which followed a great circle. Uplifts were
followed by a partial collapse of both mountain uplifts and intermontane
basins, under which magma had evacuated. The behavior of the Earth's thin
crust was a response to the need for sudden, temporary relief from equally
sudden internal distresses deep under our planet's crust.

A solid gyro
precesses by moving its plane of spin. That is, in a solid gyro, the
"North Pole" always remains in the same place on the spinning
surface. It is not so on a liquid gyro. A liquid gyro precesses by
the molecules moving so that the "North Pole" shifts to a different
"place" within the liquid, and hence a different place on the thin
external crust also.

The Earth is
two gyros, one is solid one, the crust surrounding the liquid gyro. The
liquid aspect dominates the solid one, 99:1. This means that not only
does the tilt of the spin axis change relative to the ecliptic. The
equator and the two flat spots on the crust with zero rotational velocity (the
North and South Poles) also relocate. [n2]

Yet another
aspect is that the crust is mostly (72%) covered by oceans. Salt water
tides were not capped, and were not as easily constrained as were subcrustal
tides. The oceanic tides overflowed, creating vast, sudden layers of
strata, usually on the continents where silts, sediments and rocks could be
first entrained.

When the
waters drained off, the sediments became strata, sometimes rich in marine
fossils such as fossil silted in fishes. And the strata often was rich in
terrestrial fossils such as dinosaurs, trees in petrification, etc.

For individual
molecules in the subcrustal region, under flyby conditions they began to surge
around inside the crust. The sudden, new bulges, and other molecules
flowed across the two suddenly enhanced polar flat spots. Meanwhile the
bulges were changing location, on an east to west, due to the west-to-east
rotation of the Earth.

For
individual molecules, as they traveled around the bulges and away from the flat
spots, molecule positions shifted in great catastrophic surges, while yet
maintaining original velocity. The crust was tortured both from within
(surging magma tides) and from without (vast, sudden oceanic tidal swells.)

The crust
under flyby conditions, especially under the closer flybys, came under great
stresses, especially where it was thinnest and weakest. As was just
mentioned, the crust is elastic, but there is a threshold, or limit to its
flex. When that threshold was exceeded, mountain ranges were thrust up as
the crust split. Crustal deformation is just one of the responses of the
crust to flyby torture. It is merely a response to sudden internal
distress. Immense external oceanic tides occurred simultaneously.

Great
bleedings occurred on the Earth's surface; geologists call them basaltic traps
(but without understanding their origin.) One such basaltic trap, the
Deccan Trap, outflowed suddenly over 160,000 sq. miles of Central India.
At the same time, oceanic surges came into play. In places, oceanic fish
were fossilized in Central India, along with various terrestrial vegetation, as
cool salt water, entrained silts and sediments, and hot magma all mixed.

For the
Pacific Northwest, the Columbia Plateau is another basaltic trap, perhaps the
third largest on our planet. It is intermontane, and extends from the
edges of British Columbia to the edges of Utah and Nevada. Eastern
Washington, Eastern Oregon and much of Southern Idaho were engulfed in this
original basaltic outflow. Lava outflowed up to 70 mph at the time.

Arizona is
marked by many smaller "piles of basalt stone", erupting through
smaller rips in the crust. Like crustal deformation and oceanic tides,
basaltic traps were another mechanism to assist the Earth in badly needed
relief of its sudden, internal distress.

Evidence
indicates lava flows forming the Deccan and the Columbia Plateau flowed at
velocities up to 70 mph as they bled out onto our planet's surface. This
is merely a reflection of suddenness and the intensity of the gravitational
crisis during the crisis flyby hours.

In addition
to the planetary gravitational crisis, there was a second crisis, one for the
Earth's geomagnetic field. The two planetary magnetic fields of Mars and
the Earth briefly UNITED in space, Earth's north pole field and the Martian
south pole field.

Hours later
they were quickly torn apart, leaving both planets with
"paleomagnetic" polarity reversals. The geomagnetic north pole
and the geomagnetic south pole of the Earth switched places within a matter of
hours. When a basaltic trap flowed, or a volcanic eruption was renewed,
the magnetic polarity of that hour was recorded for posterity (us) in the
cooling iron in the virgin lava flow. When the next eruption occurred,
that polarity reversal also was recorded for posterity (20th century
geologists.)

This chapter
merely touches on the edges of the complexities involving the Earth's responses
to Mars flybys. More important to this chapter is what happened to the
Earth's and the Martian two spin axes, and how they attained their two twin
tilts. One is at 23.44° and the other is 23.98°.

The sum of
the relocation of the molecules of magma produced the spin axis
precession. As each molecule was forced to find a new path, the average
plane of spin changed. The new Earth's spin axis was simply the center
line about which the new average of the molecules of magma spun. So, in
an over all sense, it was rather simple in consequence, even if it was complex
in its process.

The Earth
and Mars suffered spin axis shifts in free (frictionless) space. This is
not like a top rotating on a table, suffering a sudden torque or two. In
our mundane world, in the environment of the Earth's gravity, the table top
applies friction, slowing the rotating top. In the Mars-Earth Wars, there
was no table top to slow the process down, or to exert a drag.

Mixing Silanes,
Carbides And Water

During Mars
flybys, much blending occurred in the magma's chemistry due to sudden, volatile
mixing of magma molecules.
Sometimes the blend in the mix was (a) silanes and (b) carbides in the presence
of (c) water. Carbides are compounds of carbon and another metal.
Silanes in the magma are silicon hydrides, complex compounds of silicon and
hydrogen, of the general formula Sin H2 n+2.

When they
mix, there is a chemical reaction, producing new compounds. The silane's
silicon abandons the hydrogen in favor of binding with oxygen. That
reaction produces (1) silica, (2) silicon dioxide, (3) more crust.
Water's oxygen ions also abandon hydrogen to bind with silicon, more silica
yet.

The
abandoned hydrogen ions wandered around, like new divorcees, along with some
newly wandering carbon ions, that also were new divorcees. As leftovers
from previous marriages, they also considered uniting in the presence of (a)
high pressures and (b) high temperatures. They decided to go ahead and to
unite in a second go around at pressures similar to a cracking plant. It
was simple. Those left over ions remarried (polymerized) and became
viable, virgin hydrocarbons, in pools, also known as petroleum pools.

PETROLEUM
POOLS. The primary result of this kind of mix is more silicon dioxide,
which is silica, which is more crust, and a thicker crust. The byproduct
is the polymerization of hydrogen ions and carbon ions into hydrocarbons, which
is done at temperatures similar to cracking plants. The byproduct is
hydrocarbons ... petroleum ... which gathered in pools. [n3]

Those
chemical mixes resulted in "interesting" chemical reactions. To
modern industry, the byproduct is of more interest than is the primary product,
plain old silica. The byproducts gathered to form pools of petroleum at
the upper side of the mantle. At the present, neither oil company
executives nor petroleum geologists have yet to understand the genesis of pools
of petroleum (Hunt and his listeners excepted).

For
petroleum geologists, an understanding of recent planetary catastrophism might
result in drilling fewer dry holes, in increasing discovery of petroleum pools,
and in producing surpluses, good for increasing corporate dividends.
Planetary catastrophism, Mars flybys, is (are) what created the high velocity mixing
of the silanes, the carbides and water at the molecular level.

The Earth
has a polar radius of 3,950 miles, of which an average of 10 to 12 miles is
crust. Approximately 99.4% of the Earth's mass is hot magma and mantle,
below the thin crust. Such was the potential of chemical reactions in the
mantle during Mars flybys in fluid gyros. What happened to the Earth
happened to Mars also. Petroleum may well be pooled under the thick crust
of Mars.

VENUS.
Venus has an even thinner crust than the Earth. By this same
carbide-hydride-mix theory, and including Mars flybys, it is probable that
Venus also experienced much internal mixing at the molecular level. Hence
it is probable that within and just below the crust of Venus also lie large
pools of hydrocarbons, or petroleum.

Some of that
petroleum apparently has found its way through its thin crust and to the
surface of Venus, and then into its atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure,
from a thicker atmosphere, at the surface of Venus is 90 times what it is at
the surface of the Earth.

On Venus,
97% of its thick atmosphere is carbon dioxide. The Earth's thinner
atmosphere is .00035 CO2. These facts are supportive of the
carbide-hydride mix theory for creating silica and hydrocarbons for Venus as
well as for the Earth. Hence it must be suspected that the thick carbon
dioxide composition in the atmosphere of Venus is just one more of the many
scars of Mars. Petroleum pools on the Earth also are scars of Mars
flybys.

Spin Axis Shift And
The Final Flyby

Four aspects
should be kept in mind to understand why the Mars gyro and the Earth gyro
ended up with similar spin axis tilts. They are:

1.
RECIPROCAL TORSION. Mirror angles occurred between the two planets
regardless of their velocities.

2.
REPEATED TORSION. In Volume III, a foundation will be laid that Mars
flybys occurred once every 54 years. March Passovers were always followed
by October case flybys. In 5400 years, there were 100 flybys, and 100
instances of repeated torsion to reset the spin axis tilt.

3.
ALTERNATING TORSION. Evidence points to the first original Mars flyby as
being a March case. Thus all odd-numbered flybys were March
"Passovers" and all even-numbered flybys were October cases.
This model of planetary catastrophism specifies precisely this.
Alternating torque's are essential to the maintenance of planet orbit
resonance's.

Mars is
modeled as having been in 6:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter, in 1:2 resonance
with the Earth, and in near 15:1 resonance with Saturn. In addition, but
of less consequence, Mars was in 1:24 orbital resonance with the Moon.
Yet another orbital resonance was Venus and the Earth in a virtual 8:5 orbit
resonance 1:.626).

4.
SOFT, FLUID GYROSCOPES. Fluid gyroscopes produce volatile spin axis
shifts, much more so than do solid gyros. The Earth, with 98.2% of its
mass below the crust, is a fluid gyro. The responses of fluid gyros to
torque's in space or on the Earth have yet to be studied by scientists.F4

There are various indications in ancient literature of ancient spin axis
shifts, and the resulting changes. This was the reason ancients
constructed sun dials, sun spirals, sun caves, etc. During some flybys,
the shadow of the Sun at zenith (high noon) lengthened measurably, and the
cardinal directions shifted. During other flybys, the shadow of the Sun
at zenith shortened measurably. And once again, the cardinal directions
shifted a few degrees.

The champion
of the Hebrew cosmologists was the prophet Isaiah. He described the Final
Flyby in some detail. Some aspects were crustal disturbances. Some
were electrical disturbances, including interplanetary discharges. One
involved a recorded spin axis shift.

Central to
his description was a shift of the shadow of the Jerusalem obelisk. No
doubt records were kept of the shadow's length on the floor at zenith, at high
noon. Note in the following citation "by which degrees it was gone
down." Isaiah 38:8b.

Isaiah had
experienced an earlier shift as a child (in 756 B.C.E.). In their
national memory, it had been different; it involved a lengthening of the
shadow. This shift in 701 B.C.E. was different; it was a shortening of
the shadow. This is why Isaiah is quoted as having said "the shadow
of the SUN "RETURNED" TEN DEGREES". Below, the spin axis
shift aspect of Isaiah's account is cited.

The Shortened
Shadow Of The Sun Dial Of Ahaz

And
this shall be a sign unto thee from the Lord, that the Lord will do this thing that he
hath spoken; behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is
gone down in the Sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the Sun
RETURNED ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:7-8

The Sun dial of Ahaz is somewhat deceptively entitled. It probably was an
Egyptian obelisk, a spire like the Washington Monument. Probably, it was
a part of the package of benefits for King Solomon when he accepted the
Egyptian princess (with her retinue) as one of his wives, in the 960's B.C.E.

Egyptian
engineers constructed and manufactured many obelisks in Egypt. The higher
end of the range was 100 to 115 feet, as is measured from still existing
ones. The shorter range was likely from 50 to 80 feet high. We have
no way of knowing whether the Jerusalem Obelisk (the sun dial) was in the high
range, mid range or shorter range of their Egyptian productions. It is
assumed the obelisk had a height of 75 feet, a height in the mid range.

It was
entitled "the sun dial of Ahaz" because around its base were
calibrations according to the current path of the Sun's shadow.
Recalibrations were needed on the ground, where the shadow was measured, after
every spin axis shift. One had occurred In October, 756 B.C.E.
Another more severe one occurred in 864 B.C.E. Apparently there was a recalibration
of the base after each flyby. The last one was done during the reign of
Ahaz, thus "Ahaz' sun dial." It was essentially a recalibration
by Ahaz' mathematicians.

In the
account of Isaiah, the shift was reported, and translated into English as
"10°" and in the direction of a shortening of the shadow, at zenith,
at high noon. The phrase "10°" occurs only one other place in
the Bible, in the Psalms.

The Jews
lost their Hebrew language while in the Babylonian Captivity. Probably,
they exchanged their ancient standard of measures for the more widespread, more
modern Chaldean standard of measures. So, after they returned, two or
three generations later, the precise meaning of the ancient Hebrew standards of
measure had been lost.

"Ma'alah" is derived from "ma'alah" (4608) and that from
"alah" (5927.) The context of these words is measuring in the
vertical direction. Surveyors (then and now) measure in the vertical direction
by first measuring accurately in the horizontal direction. Then the angle
is measured precisely (trigonometry). Thus, in a sense,
"degrees" as a translation into English is somewhat on target;
degrees do relate to angles.

The studied
conclusion of this staff is first, that the height of the obelisk, or sun dial
of Ahaz, (or Solomon), whatever its height may have been, was between 8.5 and
8.6 times greater than the distance the shadow shortened.

Second, the
Hebrews used five kinds of cubits. If the "short cubit" was
used here as their standard of measure, a "degree" was 10.7 inches,
or three palms. Ten short cubits were 107 inches, or 8.92 feet. See
Figure 19.

Figure 19 - The Shift of the Shadow of theSun Dial of Ahaz March 21, 701 B.C.E.

The obelisk
was approximately 8.55 times as high as the shadow shortened. 8.92 feet x
8.55 = 76.3 feet. It is suspected that the obelisk of "Solomon's
Egyptian queen" was 76 feet high, +/- 2 feet.

Next it is
then concluded that the distance of shortening of the shadow was 8.92 feet, or
107 inches, also 10 short cubits, which also was 20 tophechs or 30 palms.
(70,000,00 palms approximated one polar radius). See Figure 19. But
first, other shifts in direction of many ancient foundations of Mediterranean
temples merits a review.

The Orientation Of
30 Foundations Of AncientTemples Of The Mediterranean Region

The data
from Isaiah about a shift in the shadow of the Jerusalem Sun Dial is of
literary quality.
It also has some scientific quality. Isaiah was an eye witness. But
there is another source of data, which is of modern scientific quality.

Dr. Rafael
Kazmann, engineering professor, now retired, at LSU has made an analysis of
other studies of orientations of foundations of 30 temples in the Mediterranean
region. One of his sources, Dr. Asher Kaufman, discovered the foundations
of the First Temple and the Second Temple in Jerusalem.

The first
foundation of the First Temple was designed about 965 B.C.E. A study was
made of the foundation of the First Temple, Solomon's Temple, in Jerusalem and
it is found to be oriented 6° north of the true east according to the cardinal
directions of the modern our age.

Kaufman also
found, and measured the orientation of the Second Temple, Herod's Temple,
designed in the early part of the first century B.C.E. The foundation of
the Second Temple matched precisely modern cardinal directions.

After
many years of field work, Kaufman, a member of the physics faculty of the
Hebrew University in Jerusalem whose hobby was archaeology, finally established
the location of the first (Solomon's) and the second (Herod's) temples and
calculated the orientation of each. Both temples were built on the same
spot, one set of foundations overlying the other with the same location for the
holy of holies. In response to a letter of inquiry, he stated that the
first temple was oriented 6° North of East and the second temple was oriented
exactly East-West. He estimated his error of measurement to be about
0.2°, more or less. [n5]

Kazmann also cited the conclusion of G. E. Wright, who excavated Shechem.

It
is clear now that the Israelite structure's exterior walls had simply followed
the outline of what remained of the Late Bronze Age temple 2. Yet the
first and most inexplicable fact about temple 2 is that the axis shifted.
Whereas temple 1 was oriented 28° South of East, temple 2 was oriented 33°
South of east.... Why the axis was shifted 5° farther south is an
unsolved mystery.... A rather striking parallel to the structures
unearthed at Shechem is found in level VII of Alalakh in Northern Syria dating
from the Seventeenth or early Sixteenth Century. [n6]

What has happened to the cardinal directions in the Near East during the first
millennium B.C.E.? Before giving our conclusion, it is appropriate to
cite the 30 temple foundations which Kazmann listed in the Mediterranean
region, two of which were in Asian Minor.

From the
data concerning the shift in orientation during the Flyby of 701 B.C.E., it was
concluded that Jerusalem shifted south about 4°, or about 275 miles. Or,
a new equator shifted northward toward Jerusalem in that same amount. And
the North Pole shifted some 275 miles toward Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia
and Seattle, putting them into somewhat more northerly climates. Europe
and Asia Minor shifted southward also 4°.

When temples
were built, it was customary that the foundation be aligned with the cardinal
directions as of the time of design. The foundation of the First Temple
(Solomon's) was designed about 965 B.C.E. and was built during the ensuing
fifteen years. Raphael Kazmann quotes Kaufman who discovered the
foundation of the First Temple. It is offset 6° from true east of the
modern era.

From data to
be presented in Volume III, it is known that there were five flybys in the era
965 B.C.E. to the Final Flyby of 701 B.C.E. There were two March case
flybys in 809 B.C.E. and in 9l7 B.C.E. Both seem to have been light, and
their effect would have been to pull Jerusalem northerly.

There were
October flybys in 864 B.C.E., coinciding with the Trojan War, and in 756
B.C.E., coinciding with the prophetic careers of Jonah, Joel and Amos.
Josephus recorded some of the damage done to the First Temple structurally
during the flyby of 756 B.C.E.

...
in the mean time, a great earthquake shook the ground, and a rent was made in
the temple, and the bright rays of the sun shone through it, and fell upon the
king's face, ... [n7]

And before
the city, at a place called Eroge, half the mountain broke off from the rest on
the west, and rolled itself four furlongs, and stood still at the east
mountain, till the roads, as well as the king's gardens, were spoiled by the
obstruction. [n8]

The catastrophe of October, 756 B.C.E. seems to have been middling in
intensity. The flyby of October 864 B.C.E., coinciding with the Trojan
War, was a megacatastrophe, as was the Final Flyby of March 701 B.C.E. A
megacatastrophe is one in which the two planets were within 30,000 miles of
each other at perigee.

This
analysis is that the flybys of 864 B.C.E., 756 B.C.E., and 701 B.C.E. shifted
the North Pole away from Asia Minor and Europe, and toward Alaska and the
Yukon. Israel shifted closer to the equator, and its latitude
lowered. On the other hand, the flybys of March 809 B.C.E. and 917 B.C.E.
shifted the North Pole toward Asia Minor and Europe, and away from Alaska and
Canada.

The data
from Kazmann and Kaufman indicate Jerusalem shifted southward 6°, or 410 miles
as a consequence of the combination of all of the last five flybys. If
the 701 B.C.E. event shifted Jerusalem south by 4°, then the combination of the
other four shifted Jerusalem south by another 2°, totaling 6°.

On the basis
of Kazmann's data, the conclusion here is that the latitude of Jerusalem
slipped south by a total of 6° between 965 B.C.E. and 701 B.C.E. During
this time span there were five Mars flybys, three of the March case and two of
the October case.

If this
interpretation of Kazmann's data is correct, the latitude of Jerusalem shifted
southward by some 400 miles. Simultaneously the North Pole (spin axis)
shifted some 400 miles in the Arctic Basin. If so, the North Pole net
shift was away from Scandinavia and toward Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia
(and Seattle.) As Jerusalem shifted southward 6°, or 410 miles, Seattle,
Vancouver, Anchorage, Fairbanks and Point Barrow shifted northward a similar
distance and their climates became cooler.

BETWEEN 1450
B.C.E. AND 965 B.C.E. There was a spread of other catastrophes between
the time of Moses (1450 B.C.E.) and the building of Solomon's Temple.
They occurred in October of 972 B.C.E., 1080 B.C.E., 1188 B.C.E., 1296 B.C.E.
and the famous Long Day of Joshua, 1404 B.C.E. Others occurred in March
of 1025 B.C.E., 1133, B.C.E., 1241 B.C.E., 1349 B.C.E. and of course the Exodus
Catastrophe, 1445 B.C.

In the 1400s
B.C.E., Moses described, from his Egyptian vantage point, that the land of
Israel was a land of "milk and honey." But he had never been
there so far as is known, although Moses was well read. Today, San Diego
has a latitude of 32° 30 minutes, much like the latitude and the climate of
coastal Israel in this era.

Perhaps in
1450 B.C.E., Jerusalem had a latitude of 43 to 45°, like in this age, Eugene
and Salem, Oregon, in the verdant Willamette Valley. In the Willamette
Valley today, westerly wind systems bring an abundance of rain in the winter
and spring. In Western Oregon, there is an abundance of green grass, of
cattle, of milk, of flowers, bees and of honey.

But it is
not so in arid, sunny Southern California. It is suspected that the
description by Moses of the land of Israel, and its abundance of milk and
honey, was a literal description for his age, and not figurative one, AS IS
USUALLY ASSUMED.

Today,
Israel is far too south and far too dry for an abundance of dairy cattle and
springtime grass and flowers. Moses' description of a verdant land of
Israel seems to be one more indication of spin axis shifts during the
Catastrophic Era. Snows reported in Arabia in the Book of Job suggest
Arabia also formerly was farther north.

Table X
provides data on the orientation of the foundations of thirty ancient
Mediterranean Region temples. Wright's three temples at Shechem 11,
Shechem 2 and Alalakh in Northern Syria tell a similar story. Why were
the location of the spin axis, and the cardinal directions not settled?

The reason
is that the Earth experienced a long series of Mars flybys. Each flyby
did something to the spin axis. October flybys produced opposite changes
compared to March flybys. All in all, this situation left ancient
engineers and architects a bit confused. What would be the next
appropriate orientation for the structures they designed? Upon what could they
depend? The only settled thing was the positions of the fixed stars,
their constellations and the 30-degree sectors therein, in short, the ancient
zodiac.

The Biblical
accounts of catastrophism, interleaved with chronicles, supports alternating
torque's for the spin axis of both Mars and the Earth. Kazmann's list of
the orientation of the foundations of ancient, Mediterranean region temples
suggest the same thing. The spin axis was not secure in that era of
Mars-Earth Wars.

Ancient Traditions
Of CatastrophismOf The Indians Of North America

There is yet
another category of research, although research in depth has not been
undertaken. That category is the fabric of stories of ancient times that
is preserved in Indian traditions of tribes from across North America.

The Innuit
(Alaskan Eskimos) have an account when once a living was easily made by their
distant ancestors. Then the earth quaked. Volcanoes erupted.
And the path of the Sun in the sky suddenly went low. A cold, harsh
climate insured that a living became difficult to achieve.

There is an
organization, AISES, the American Indian Society for Engineering and Science
(Boulder, Colo.), which addresses the need for American Indian elders to
preserve their various ancient traditions from all over the North American
continent, from Alaska to Mexico, and from Labrador to California.

Indian
elders have found it difficult to preserve their ancient traditions, and in
many cases their ancient language, and pass them on to later generations.
Then comes the reservation's anthropologists with no concept of ancient
catastrophism, and no respect for Indian traditions. They end up
competing with, rather than supporting the Indian elders. Thus, on the
reservations, young, elitist, white intellectuals have created needless
friction between the palefaces and Indian elders, trying to maintain ancient
traditions and lore.

Based on
data presented in the 1995 AISES convention, Boulder, Colo., it is clear that
numerous Indian tribes have heritages of ancient, catastrophic times when the
path of the Sun in the sky changed, when they lived longer, and when they
fought larger animals.

PREDICTION
VIII.
It is predicted that when research is completed among the Indian tribes of
North America, and collated, no less than thirty different Indian tribes will
be found with stories of ancient catastrophic ages, interrupted by catastrophes
featuring a change in the Sun's path across the sky.

This all
includes sudden climatic changes and sudden latitude shifts. In Volume
III, data is cited suggesting that during the closest of all of the Mars
flybys, the North Pole shifted 3,000 miles from the North Pacific to the Arctic
Basin. Particularly rich will be data in the form of ancient traditions
of the Innuit (Alaskan Eskimos), the Mayans, the Hopi, the Algonquins and the
Sioux.

The ancient
Indian traditions span 5,000 years and go back to what the Greeks called
"the golden age." Our data concerning thirty foundations of
ancient Mediterranean temples in this chapter spans only the last 750 years of
the Catastrophic Era.

The Third Orbit Of
Mars And Alternating Torques

The
preceding Figures 20 and 21 illustrate what happened to the Earth's spin axis
in a long series of Mars flybys. Figure 23 in chapter 9, illustrates what happened to
the Earth's orbit during only the Final Flyby.

It is
concluded that on this occasion, the Earth's final waltz with Mars, Jerusalem
shifted south by about 4° of latitude. There is 68 miles to a degree of
latitude. Jerusalem shifted closer to a new equator, and farther from the
North Pole, by about 275 miles.

When
gyroscopes receive repeated torques on one side, the most restful angle for the
gyro's spin axis is 90° to the torque's, perpendicular. The LEAST RESTFUL
ANGLE is neither 0° nor 180°. The LEAST RESTFUL ANGLE for gyros happens
to be 45°.

Mars and the
Earth experienced alternating torques on the opposite sides of their
orbits. They were in March and October in 54-year intervals. See
Figure 21. UNDER ALTERNATING TORQUE CONDITIONS, THE MOST RESTFUL
COMPROMISE IS 22.5°.

The Earth's
spin axis tilt leans at 23.44° to the orbit plane. The spin axis tilt of
Mars is a very similar, tilting at 23.98°. They are "twin
tilts." Both tilts are within l.5° of the ideal compromise of 22.5°
for alternating torques. This pair of twin tilts for gyros is logical
under, and only under alternating torque conditions.

The twin
tilts of Mars and the Earth have been known for 200 years, since the era of
Herschel. Never has an explanation for their similar spin axis tilts been
made in the literature of astronomy to our knowledge. This is the first
explanation for this phenomena in the history of astronomy. Many have
wondered why the Earth's tilt is 23.5°, but answers have not been forthcoming,
until now.

In the
gradualist paradigm, an explanation of this twin phenomenon is
impossible. In the planetary catastrophist paradigm, the explanation of
"alternating torques" addresses all of the data. This
explanation is logical, it is consistent with the data, it is consistent with
engineering principles, and it is consistent with celestial mechanics.

THE DURATION
OF THE MODERN ORBITS FOR MARS, VENUS AND THE EARTH. As of March 20, l995,
the modern era is 2,699 years old. The count is as follows. (a)
From 701 B.C.E. to 1 B.C.E. = 700 years. (b) Add four years which
medieval monks overlooked, when sequencing the years of history. This
error is at the root of the humorous anachronism that Christ was born in the
year 4 B.C. (c) Add 1,995 for from 1 AD to 1996. 700 + 4 + 1995 =
2699.

This time
span of 2,699 years is compared with the time span gradualist astronomers cite
for the Earth being in its present 365.256-day orbit, at its present
tilt. Four billion years? 4.6 billion years??? 11 billion
years of gradualism? The span of time since the Earth's orbit last
shifted is .000000675 of four billion years. One of these two paradigms
is a mistake, and a bad mistake it is. .000000675 is also a reasonable
assessment as to how close the theory of gradualism is to the theory of
planetary catastrophism. Not close.

Every
traditional astronomer believes that Mars has never been closer than 30,000,000
miles to the Earth. When Volume III is completed, The Flood of Noah, this
planetary catastrophic analysis will be that Mars has never been closer to the
Earth than 14,500 miles (planet center to center.)

JAMES
CLERK-MAXWELL. It is appropriate to end this chapter with the same words
that James Clerk-Maxwell read one evening, 130 years ago. Clerk-Maxwell
had been wondering for years what kind of an organization atoms might
possess. He was deeply puzzled. That evening he read Job chapter
38.

Just hours
later, as he slept and as his sub-conscious took over, he had an inspired dream
that the structure of the atom, which nobody understood, resembled the
structure of a Solar System. The Sun was a nucleus; electrons were the
planets. With that dream coupled with Clerk-Maxwell's reputation and his
expertise in physics, science was prepared to take another leap forward.
Here are the words Clerk-Maxwell read that evening.

The
Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, Who is this that darkeneth
counsel by words without knowledge?
Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou
me.
Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast
understanding.
Who hat laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hat stretched the
line upon it?
Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner
stone thereof;
WHEN THE MORNING STARS SANG TOGETHER, AND ALL THE SONS OF GOD SHOUTED FOR
JOY.

-Job
38:l-7

Conclusion

The purpose
of Chapter 8 is to lay the basis for understanding the old orbits of Mars and
the Earth, in the Catastrophic Era. This model portrays a long series of
alternating torques, Mars-Earth skirmishes, some of which were all out wars.

With
gyroscopes, the perpendicular angle to the torque, or series of torques, is the
most restful angle. The most chaotic angle is 45° (not 90°.) With
alternating torques, the most restful angle is a compromise, 22.5°.

Mars
suffered two heavy flybys in the year 701 B.C.E. The foundation for this
statement is in Chapters 9 to 11. One was in January, 701 B.C.E., the
Last Polka of Mars and Venus. It was followed some 55 or 56 days later by
the Last Waltz of Mars and the Earth.

Considering
this catastrophic close to the Catastrophic Era, Mars has done exceptionally
well. Despite the last Polka and the Last Waltz, it still has a spin axis
tilt of 23.98°. This is still close to the most restful compromise, the
22.5° angle.

The Earth's
spin axis has done even better; after the last furious flyby in 701 B.C.E., its
axis is 23.44°. It is within 1° of the most restful ideal angle.

Story 20 is
HOW THE EARTH AND MARS CAME TO HAVE TWIN TILTS. Both tilts approximate
the most restful angle for gyros with alternating torques. The only model
that explains the twin tilts of the spin axes of Mars and the Earth is the
model in this chapter of this book. In the past 200 years of astronomy
since the tilt of Mars was first ascertained, to our knowledge no other
explanation for the twin tilt phenomenon has ever been offered.

Planets,
which rotate in space, respond like gyros to external torques. Mars,
Venus and the Earth are fluid gyros, with thin solid crusts. But mostly,
these gyros are composed of fluids. The molecules of fluid gyros respond
very differently than do the molecules of solid gyros. Soft, fluid gyros
have yet to be made projects of scientific research.

Story 21 is
that changes in the spin axes of both Mars and the Earth after ancient flybys
merely reflect THE NEW AVERAGE PLANE OF THE MOTION OF THEIR MOLECULES.

Story 22 is
that magmas mixed broadly under the Earth's crust in flyby scenes. If the
materials were silanes, carbides and water, the results were (1) MORE SILICA,
OR CRUST, AND (2) THE BYPRODUCT, MORE POOLS OF PETROLEUM.

The silicon
and oxygen ions teamed up, the first team, leaving the carbon and hydrogen ions
as the second team. They polymerized under conditions of high
temperatures and pressures, and formed hydrocarbons, which pooled. The
petroleum generally pooled at the top of the mantle.

Much
petroleum still exists; it is not caused by dinosaurs dying or vegetation
rotting. It was a chemical reaction in the mixing magma during Mars
flybys. Much is there; it is just rather difficult to get at for modern
industry. The Earth is not running out of petroleum; it is just running
out of known petroleum pools that are readily accessible for pumping.

An alcove on
story 22 is that the carbon in the atmosphere of Venus likely has a similar
origin as does the petroleum on our planet. It too was formed by the
mixing of silanes, water and carbides.

Story 23 is
that the Final Flyby caused A LATITUDE SLIPPAGE, SOUTHWARD FOR JERUSALEM, OF
APPROXIMATELY 4°. This conclusion is based on Isaiah's account.

Story 24 is
that the composite spin axis shifts and North Pole relocations OF LATITUDE FOR
THE PERIOD 965 B.C.E. THROUGH 701 B.C.E., WAS SIX°, A NET SLIPPAGE SOUTH FOR
JERUSALEM. The latitude of the holy city shifted from 38° to its present
3l° 45 minutes. This is based, in part, on the 6-degree offset of due
east for the foundation of the First Temple (Solomon's) compared to modern
cardinal directions.

In comparison,
the orientation of the foundation of the Second Temple, (Herod's) agrees with
modern cardinal directions. It was laid in the first century B.C.E., in
the modern era, and on top of the earlier temple foundation.

Story 25 is
that THE SHADOW OF THE SUN DIAL OF AHAZ BECAME SHORTER BY ABOUT 105 INCHES OR
8.75 FEET in Isaiah's account, Isaiah chapter 38. This shadow shift was
the equivalent of 4° of latitude for Jerusalem on this occasion. The
direction for Jerusalem was a shift southward.

With story
25, the reader is 60% of the way to the penthouse of planetary catastrophism.

Ancient
literatures and architectures indicate an abundance of ancient spin axis
shifts. The score now has become ancient writing catastrophists 3, modern
20th century gradualists, 0.

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