Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
occurs in the thylakoids, uses photosysten 1 and 2, there is noncyclic photophosphorillation, uses H20 as reducing power

Noncyclic System : Photosystem I and II

Occurs when cells produce both ATP and reducing power
Electron can go from reduced to oxidized spontaneously, can't start again until has another electron, so splits water to get one
P680-P700 most efficient

Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria: Cyclical System

Purple: light comes in and goes to a reduced state, then recycled down to pigment and goes back again to do photophosphorilation and make ATP
Green: light does the same thing but at a lower wavelength
*when it needs reducing power the e is given out

Photosystem II:

Energy comes in and goes to all chlorophylls, last is rxn center, goes to excited chloropyll, the electron goes from reduced to oxidized, electron carrier takes it to proton pump and H is expelled to form proton gradient

Tandem vs. Single Photosystem

Tandem is cyanobacteria and plants
Single is purple and green bacteria (more efficient)

Photophosphorilation

analogous to oxidative phosphorilation; electrons are excited by rxn center chlorophylls and pass to the ETC which generates the proton motive force

Thylakoids

The photosystems are embedded in the membranes of stacked structures called thylakoids which are located within the cell

Antennae Pigments

Make up the antennae complex which acts as a funnel to caputre energy of light and hten transfer to the rxn center pigments

Reaction Center Pigments

Function as electron donors in photosynthetic processes
The molecule emits an electron which is hten passed to the ETC

Accessory Pigments

Includes carotenoids - protects pigments when there is too much light
Mammals only use beta carotene
Phycobilins are unique to cyanobacteria to increase the efficiency of light capture

Bacteriochlorophylls

Absorb wavelegnths that are not absorbed by chlorophylls
Found in purple NS, green NS and purple S

Chlorophylls

found in plants, algae and cyanobacteria, htey are light capturing pigments

How do chemolithotrophs respire?

Use organics, electrons are picked up by NAD, fermentation gives pyruvate end product, if respiration then goes to ETC
*Always use O2 to make H20 at ETC
Do not require a source of carbon but incorporate CO2 to an organic form

Substrate level: 2ATP from glycolysis, 2ATP from TCA
Oxidative: 6ATP from reducing power of glycolysis
6ATP from transition step
22ATO from TCA

ATP Yeild of Oxidative Phosphorilation

For each pair electrons transfered 2-3ATP are generated
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, but the ETC is on the mitochondria
Glycolysis:2NADH->6ATP
Transition: 2NADH -> 6ATP
TCA: 6NADH -> 18ATP, 2FADH2 -> 4ATP

Directly produces ATP by oxidative phosphorilation
Permits protons to glow back into the bacterial cell
One molecule ATP with every three protons

ETC and Respiration

The rotation of the flagella is powered by protons
Protons are pumped out at various points on the ETC, get higher concentration outside the cell but want to get back in, all controlled by ATP synthase

ETC: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

In prokaryote it is located on the cytoplasmic membrane, in eukaryote is on the mitochondria
Carriers: flavoproteins, iron-sulfur, quinones, cytochromes

TCA: Step 1

COa transfers acetyl to initiate the cycle - forms citrate

TCA: STep 2

Citrate is rearranged to form isocitrate

TCA: Step 3

Isocitrate is oxidized and CO2 is removed, NADH IS GENERATED AND ALPHAKETOGLUTERATE IS FORMED

TCA: Step 4

Alpha ketogluterate is oxidized, CO2 is removed and CoA is added, producing SCoa

TCA Step 5

ATP is released when Coa is removed

TCA: step 6

Oxidation releases FADH2

TCA: Step 7

H20 is added to make molate

TCA: Step 8

Malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate, and NADH is produced

TCA General

Used in aerobic and anaerobic, ATP produced later by oxidative phosphorilation, goes around twice

Radient energy -> harvest and use it to synthesize organic compounds -> organic compounds are degraded by chemoorganotrophs -> generate ATP and produce ATP and CO2 and H20

Anabolism

use energy from ATP to assemble subunits of macromolecules making up the cell

Catabolism

Harvests energy during the breakdown of compounds and uses it to synthesize ATP

Substrate Level Phosphorilation

Intermediates with high energy phosphate bonds generate ATP
Used in glycolysis and the TCA cycle
*Uses energy released in exergonic reactions to add phosphate to ADP*

Fermentation

Have an organic, and takes the pyruvate, NAD picks up the electron but does not use the ETC; takes the pyruvate with the electron acceptor from NAD to make ethanol, only in glycolysis
ATP by substrate level

Anaerobic Respiration

Organic is converted to CO2, use NAD to take the electron to ETC, no O2 to take used organic so use NO3 and keep reducing it until have N2 - also called denitrification

Aerobic Respiration

Have organic and respires it and pulls off electrons to make CO2, electrons packed by NAD/NADH, NADH goes to ETC and gives off electrons
Electron is picked up by O2 to make H20