Valves presentation

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Fundamentals of Valves

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 What is valve? Classification of valves Valve types. Methods of controlling flow through a valve. Basic Parts of the valve. Valve types

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What is valve? A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.Valve Functions  Stopping and starting fluid flow.  Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.  Controlling the direction of fluid flow.  Regulating downstream system or process pressure.  Relieving component or piping over pressure.

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Classification of ValvesThe following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based onmechanical motion:•Linear Motion Valves. The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe,diaphragm, pinch moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.•Rotary Motion Valves. When the valve-closure member travels along an angular orcircular path, as in butterfly, ball, plug valves.•Quarter Turn Valves. Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn,0 through 90 , motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed position orvice versa. Classification of valves based on motion Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn Gate Valve x Globe valve x Plug valve x x Ball valve x x Butterfly valve x x Diaphragm valve x Pinch valve x

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Methods of controlling flow through a valve.1. Move a disc, or plug into or against an orifice globe or needle type valve) globe valve Needle valve

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Methods of controlling flow through a valve.2. Slide a flat, cylindrical, or spherical surface across the orifice. plug valve gate valve

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Methods of controlling flow through a valve.3. Rotate a disc or ellipse about a shaft extending across the diameter of an orifice. ball valve butterfly valve

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Methods of controlling flow through a valve.4. Move a flexible material into the flow passage. diaphragm valve pinch valve

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Basic Parts of the valveBodyIt is called the shell, is the primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves as theprincipal element of a valve assembly because it is the framework that holdseverything together.

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Basic Parts of the valveBonnetThe cover for the opening in the valve body.Bonnets Features• bonnet is the second principal pressure boundary of a valve.• It is cast or forged of the same material as the body and is connected to the body by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint.• the attachment of the bonnet to the body is considered a pressure boundary. This means that the weld joint or bolts that connect the bonnet to the body are pressure- retaining parts.• Valve bonnets, although a necessity for most valves, Welded Bonnet represent a cause for concern, • Bonnets can complicate the manufacture. • Increase valve size. • Represent a significant cost portion of valve cost. • Bonnets are a source for potential leakage. Bolted Bonnet

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Basic Parts of the valveValve TrimThe internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valves trim.The trim typically includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide thefluid. A valves performance is determined by the disk and seat interface andthe relation of the disk position to the seat. Because of the trim, basicmotions and flow control are possible. Valve Trim

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Basic Parts of the valveInternal parts of the valveDiskDisk is the third primary principal pressure boundary. Itprovides the capability for allowing and stopping fluid flow.The disk is a pressure-retaining part. Disks are typicallyforged and, in some designs, hard-surfaced to provide goodwear characteristics. Most valves are named, in part,according to the design of their disks.Seat or seal ringsprovide the seating surface for the disk. Toimprove the wear-resistance of the seal rings, thesurface is often hard-faced by welding and thenmachining the contact surface of the seal ring.

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Basic Parts of the valveActuator (hand wheel)Operates the stem and diskassembly. An actuator may beoperated manually orautomatically. ActuatorPackingIt is used to prevent leakage fromthe space between the stem andthe bonnet. Packing

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 Seat and Valve Disk Materials The valve seat and valve disk are sometimes referred to as the valve trim and are usually constructed of the same material selected to meet the service requirements. Valve stem material should be selected to meet service conditions. Stainless steel is commonly used for most HVAC applications, and bronze is commonly used in ball valve construction.

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 Threaded ends ◦ Used for small application up to 4 in. they are cheap but can be stripped and leak, for this reason they are used when leakage is not a problem. Threaded ends should not be used with corrosive processes, since the threads can either fail or become inseparable. Threaded end

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 Welded ends ◦ When zero leakage is required for environmental, safety, or any efficiency reasons the piping can be welded to the valve, providing one piece construction. Many users insist that high-pressure Welded end application requires a permanent end especially if they involve high temperatures Flanged ends ◦ The most expensive but are the best from an installation and removal standpoint. The main advantage of flanges is that the valve can be removed easily from the line Flanged end

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Globe ValvesA globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop,start, and regulate fluid flow. The three primarybody designs for globe valves are Z-body, Y-body,and Angle.Advantageso Recommended for throttling applications.o Good for frequent operation.o Easy to repair.Disadvantageso Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.o Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves. Globe_Valve_-_FBV. mp4

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Gate ValvesFlow is controlled by raising or lowering the valvingelement. Gate valves are not usually used toregulate flow because the valving element can bedamaged when in the partially open position.Similarly, they also limit the pressure drop acrossthe valve when fully open.

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Advantages• Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which prevents fluid hammer and subsequent damage to the piping system.• They need long operation time since setting the valve to the fully open or closed position requires the handle to be turned many times.• Good choice for on-off service.• Full flow, low pressure drop.• Bidirectional.Disadvantages• It is not suitable for throttling applications.• It is prone to vibration in the partially open state.• It is more subject to seat and disk wear.• Repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are generally more difficult to accomplish.

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Diaphragm Valves A diaphragm valve is a linear motion valve that is used to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. The name is derived from its flexible disk, which mates with a seat located in the open area at the top of the valve body to form a seal. Advantages - valve components can be isolated from the process fluid. - Valve construction prevents leakage of the fluid without the use of a gland seal (packing) Disadvantages - The diaphragm becomes worn more easily and regular maintenance is necessary. - These types of valves are generally not suited for very high temperature fluids and are mainly used on liquid systems.

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Pinch ValveA pinch valve is the simplest valve design. It is a linear motion valve thatis used to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. It uses a rubber tube (pinchtube) to control the fluid.Advantages- They are ideally suited for the handling of slurries, liquids with large amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey solids pneumatically.- Can be used for application where corrosion or metal contamination of the fluid might be a problem.- The flow passage is straight without any crevice.- There are no internal moving parts in contact with the fluid.- Low maintenance due to wear or pressure.- Minimum items to change. Tube ONLY.Disadvantages- Cannot be used in high temperature/ pressure applications- Cannot be used with gas media

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Check Valves Check valves are designed to prevent the reversal of flow in a piping system. These valves are activated by the flowing material in the pipeline. The pressure of the fluid passing through the system opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Closure is accomplished by the weight of the check mechanism, by back pressure, by a spring, or by a combination of these means. The general types of check valves are swing, tilting-disk, piston, , and stop.