Finite-state Markov chains obey Benford's law

Abstract

A sequence of real numbers (xn) is Benford if the significands, i.e., the fraction parts in the floating-point representation of (xn), are distributed logarithmically. Similarly, a discrete-time irreducible and aperiodic finite-state Markov chain with transition probability matrix P and limiting matrix P* is Benford if every component of both sequences of matrices (P

abstract = "A sequence of real numbers (xn) is Benford if the significands, i.e., the fraction parts in the floating-point representation of (xn), are distributed logarithmically. Similarly, a discrete-time irreducible and aperiodic finite-state Markov chain with transition probability matrix P and limiting matrix P* is Benford if every component of both sequences of matrices (P",

N2 - A sequence of real numbers (xn) is Benford if the significands, i.e., the fraction parts in the floating-point representation of (xn), are distributed logarithmically. Similarly, a discrete-time irreducible and aperiodic finite-state Markov chain with transition probability matrix P and limiting matrix P* is Benford if every component of both sequences of matrices (P

AB - A sequence of real numbers (xn) is Benford if the significands, i.e., the fraction parts in the floating-point representation of (xn), are distributed logarithmically. Similarly, a discrete-time irreducible and aperiodic finite-state Markov chain with transition probability matrix P and limiting matrix P* is Benford if every component of both sequences of matrices (P