Direction of the Fatal Shot
and the
Jet Effect

The following evidence indicates
the President was shot from the grassy knoll and the Warren Commission
covered it up:

1. The
Conservation of Momentum tells us that the President was propelled
back and to the left by a bullet striking him in the head fired from
the right front.

2. The
Warren Commission did not disclose that the fatal shot propelled
President Kennedy backward to the left rear of the limousine. Instead,
the Commission reported that when struck in the head,
"The President fell to the left into Mrs. Kennedly's lap."
(WR3)

3. The
Warren Commission had a scientist Larry Sturdivan at the Aberdeen
Proving Grounds shoot ten skulls with the Mannlicher-Carcano. All
ten skulls moved away from the rifle and moved in the direction of
the bullet. The results of this test were suppressed and were not
revealed until fifteen years later during the HSCA investigation.
(1HSCA404)

4. The
Zapruder film was not shown on television until 12 years after the
assassination.

5. The
Warren Commission ignored at least seven witnesses who claimed they
saw a puff of smoke on the grassy knoll during the assassination.

Dr. Luis Alvarez's Melon Experiment:

Jet
Effect
Proponents of the lone assassin theory claim a jet effect, a forward
jet stream of blood and brain matter, caused the President to be propelled
backward. An experiment by Noble Prize winner Dr. Luis Alvarez shows
that a melon shot by a high-velocity frangible bullet produces a retrorecoil
that sends the melon flying back towards the shooter. (See frames from the Alvarez experiment at http://jfklancer.com/galanor/jet_effect.html)

Three characteristics of a jet effect seen
in Alvarez's experiment are:

1. Duration of a jet stream: In Dr. Alvarez's experiment
the stream of melon matter is seen over six frames.

2. Dimensions of a jet stream: The stream can attain a height
6 times the diameter of the melon and a length 15 times the melon's
diameter.

3. Direction of a jet stream: Stream moves predominantly in
one direction. If the inner matter of the melon had moved in several
directions, their forces would act to canceled each other out. If half
of the stream had moved forward and half backward, for example, then
the forces ofthe two streams would have cancelled each other out and
the melon would not have moved. Now to the evidence.

Evidence
No jet stream is seen in the Zapruder film that even remotely resembles
the stream in Alvarez's experiment.

1. Duration: No
stream is seen to exist over five frames or even over two.

2. Dimensions: No jet stream is seen attaining anywhere
near a height of 6 times the melon's diameter or a length of
15 times the melon's diameter.

3. Direction: Blood and brain matter went in all directions:
left front over Mrs. Kennedy and the Connallyís; right rear
over motorcycle officer James Chaney; left rear over Bobby Hargis and
B. J. Martin. (Hargis was struck so hard that he said,
"I thought at first I had been hit.")

4. Hargis and Martin: If
we assume a jet stream of brain matter propelled the President
to the left rear of the limousine, then that stream must have traveled
to the right front of the limousine. (Newton's third law of motion)
But Bobby Hargis and B. J. Martin, riding to the left rear, were
splattered with blood and brain matter. (Hargis and Martin at the
left rear, jet stream at the opposite side of the limousine moving
to the right front.) The jet effect does not account for Hargis
and Martin being splattered with blood and brain matter.

5. Other Experiments: In
separate experiments performed by Dr. Doug DeSalles and physicist
Art Snyder, the jet effect did not occur on melons shot with Mannlicher-Carcano
bullets.

6. Firing Squad: People
executed by a firing squad are placed between the firing squad
and the grave, not beyond the grave.

What must have propelled the President backward
was the force imparted by a high-velocity bullet shot from the right
front.

What follows are responses to other
challenges, made over the years, to the relevance and credibility
of this evidence indicating a shot from the grassy knoll:

Car
Accelerated
An acceleration of the Presidential limousine caused the President
to be thrown backward.

Evidence
The force of acceleration does not play favorites. If Kennedy
was propelled backward by the sudden acceleration of the limousine,
then Mrs. Kennedy and the Connally's would have reacted the
same way. The Zapruder film does not show that the limousine
accelerated at the time of the fatal shot.

President
went Limp
The President went limp and the limousine continued forward
giving the impression that he was propelled backward.

Evidence
If you throw a ball up in the air in a moving car it will not
fly back into your face. You are protected by the law of inertia
discovered by Galileo around 1600: Unless an object is acted
upon by a force, it will continue to move in a straight line
with constant velocity.

Wind
ResistanceThe wind pushed the President backward.

Evidence
If a ball is thrown above the windshield of a convertible moving at
50 miles per hour, wind resistance (a force acting on the ball) will
force the ball to slow down (decrease its velocity) and will appear
to be propelled backward relative to the car. (Relative to the ground
the ball continues to move forward.) However, at 11 miles per hour
wind resistance is negligible and the ball will not fly backward over
the car's trunk. You don't need a convertible to confirm these facts.
Just run at 11 mph and throw a ball up in the air, it will keep moving
with you. Try it. Practically any one can do this experiment: running
at 11 mph is equivalent to running 100 yards in approximately 20 seconds.
You can skip 100 yards in 20 seconds.

"Cover-Up"
by Stewart Galanor

This book presents the evidence that there was a conspiracy
to assassinate President Kennedy and documents the disturbing measures
taken by our government and major news media to cover it up. Virtually
all of this evidence was gathered by the Dallas Police and agencies of
the United States Government and is published in the Warren Commission's 26
Volumes of Testimony and Exhibits or stored in the National Archives.