Felix Baumgartner just completed his breathtaking free-fall skydiving jump from $120,000\,\text{feet} = 39\,\text{km}$ above the Earth, breaking the speed of sound during the process.

I was wondering if the next step could be jumping from the international space station. The person would have to overcome the orbital velocity of the station, re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, and land on the Earth with their feet, assisted by a parachute.

Would such a stunt be survivable by a human?

Could the person wear a space suit like the one depicted in the movie "Sunshine"? Is such a space suit possible?

UPDATE:

I came across an interesting news article about a company that is working on a skydiving suite that would survive freefall from outer space.

There have been many science fictional speculations on just what kind of kit you would need to handle a re-entry on a terrestrial planet. The consensus seems to be either "a lot" or "some really spiffy unobtainium".
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dmckee♦Oct 15 '12 at 19:13

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@dmckee Not to be to facetious, but the kit would probably look a lot like the Mercury space capsule
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Hal SwyersOct 15 '12 at 19:36

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Is the question about jumping from the altitude of the ISS, about 400 km, starting at zero ground-relative velocity (say, jumping off a space elevator), or jumping from the ISS itself? The former gives you less velocity to kill, but also less atmosphere to use for braking; the latter gives you a shallow re-entry angle. I don't know which would be easier. Ignoring air resistance, a straight fall from 400 km would take about 5 minutes, with an impact speed of 2800 meters/sec -- much less that the station's orbital speed of 7700 meters/sec.
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Keith ThompsonOct 16 '12 at 0:38

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Rule of thumb, if you find yourself referring to Sunshine (worst movie ever) at any point in order to make something possible, the answer is "ya, it's about as possible as restarting the Sun with a bomb"
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JimnospermJun 6 '13 at 15:14

6 Answers
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As other answers say, if someone just jumps off of the international space station(ISS), they would still be in orbit around the earth since the ISS is traveling at 17,000 miles per hour (at an altitude of 258 miles).

Instead of just jumping, imagine the astronaut had a jet pack that could cancel that speed of 17,000 miles per hour in a very short time (that would take 77 seconds at 10 Gs of deceleration). So, there the astronaut is, at 258 miles above the earth's surface, stationary and starting to accelerate at 1 G towards the earth. From the web I find that many meteors burn up at around 30 miles above the earth where the atmosphere gets thick enough to decelerate the meteor due to the air compression in front of the meteor and air friction - this compression and friction also heats up the meteor and melts it. Note that this is approximately the height that Felix jumped from!

How fast will the astronaut be going when he gets to 30 miles? The answer is he would be traveling at about 6000 miles per hour (assuming no air friction till he gets to 30 miles). Now, that is roughly 1/3 of orbital velocity and when satellites de-orbit, they need extensive heat shielding to avoid being incinerated. So that is the first problem - an ordinary space suit would not protect the astronaut - he would need very significant heat shielding - such as a Mercury capsule used by America's first manned space program. So it would not be someone just "jumping off" the ISS for sure.

For now, assume he is not burned up somehow. What about the G forces of deceleration? When satellites de-orbit they have to carefully control the angle at which they are coming in - too shallow and they could skip off back into orbit, too steep and the heat load would be too high and the deceleration would also be too high to survive. But our astronaut is falling straight in - perpendicular to the atmosphere!

This is just a guess, but if he has to decelerate from 6000 MPH to a terminal velocity of something like 600 MPH within about 5 miles or so, the G forces would be something like 30 Gs, so he would not survive and there is no way to protect yourself from that many Gs. Felix started at 0 MPH at about that height which is why he survived.

I think this answer is best for figuring out the g force needed to decelerate. Nothing can be done to solve that problem.
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Mathew FoscariniOct 15 '12 at 20:26

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@FrankH Not to dispute your analysis, I think the question is too ambiguous to give a good answer and one has to make too many assumptions about the specifics of the design. That being said, since astronauts re enter the atmosphere all the time in their spacecraft, which at a certain point are glorified spacesuits, the G-force argument really doesn't hold water.
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Hal SwyersOct 15 '12 at 20:38

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@HalSwyers - regarding reentry in their spacecraft, if you read my answer you would understand that they have to control the very shallow angle at which they hit the atmosphere so that the G forces and heat generated can be spread over a long time. Whereas this astronaut is coming perpendicular and will very quickly pass from tenuous atmosphere to denser and denser atmosphere. The G forces will be orders of magnitude larger than entering at a shallow angle. Check out this for example: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle#Re-entry_and_landing
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FrankHOct 16 '12 at 0:51

@FrankH I think your example is fine, but I also think that lifting bodies are scalable, so if we wanted to design an advanced suit we could principally use a modified lifting body approach. Suitable foam insulation and cooling could be utilized and the diver could use a similar re entry program as the Space Shuttle. All I wanted to get at is the question was too ambiguous to arrive at a definitive answer.
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Hal SwyersOct 16 '12 at 10:42

Humans have re-entered the atmosphere from the International Space Station many times, by riding in either a Space Shuttle or a Soyuz capsule.

Someone re-entering without a spacecraft of some sort would obviously have to wear some kind of pressure suit (as Felix Baumgartner did in his jump). How elaborate is the pressure suit allowed to be?

A pressure suit is in effect a self-contained spacecraft. A Mercury or Vostok capsule (the only one-person re-entry vehicles I'm aware of) could be thought of (rather loosely) as a very large pressure suit with an odd shape.

You'd just need to design a pressure suit with heat shielding similar to the ablative shielding used by most space capsules, or to the tiles used by the Space Shuttle, plus a parachute. This would undoubtedly change the shape of the suit. So the question becomes: is a pressure suit with sufficient heat shielding to survive re-entry still a pressure suit?

Thanks to mmc in comments, the proposed MOOSE comes close, but it's still more a capsule than a suit; in fact, the astronaut would have worn a space suit while using it.

The answer is clearly yes if you're willing to define "pressure suit" loosely enough. It's more a matter of problem definition than of physics and engineering.

Depends how much fuel you have.
The space shuttle and other craft need such large heat shields because they use it to dump all their kinetic energy 'for free'. The shuttle only uses it's engines for takeoff and has only some small thrusters available in orbit.

If you also had some form of propulsion as well as a space suit and could generate all the thrust you needed you could float down to earth as slowly as you wanted - like an extraterrestrial Mary Poppins

UPDATE 2: If allowed to freely design the spacesuit the answer is yes.(see below)

Initial answer before clarification

The short answer is no. (SEE UPDATE)

The longer answer is that there are a few key obstacles. One is that the person on the space station is in a relatively stable orbit around the planet. So while jumping from the space station would impart a slightly different momentum, in principle they would wind up in just a slightly different orbit around the earth, depending on how they jumped. In that case they would have to rely upon the slow decay of their orbit brought on by things like friction in the rarefied (but still present) atmosphere and impacts of micro-meteors etc. In most cases this would not be adequate for a sufficient bleeding of velocity to cause the person to fall to earth before their air supply ran out. In fact they might be in orbit for quite some time (e.g. years) before they actually re-entered the atmosphere.

Since the question states that the person could overcome the orbital velocity, assuming they could reduce their velocity sufficiently, they would reenter the atmosphere at sufficiently high speeds that friction of the atmosphere would burn off their suit fairly quickly and leave them exposed to similarly harsh conditions.

UPDATE: Since the rules have changed after the initial question was asked, and we are considering some sort of advanced technology, then I will change the answer to yes with reservation. This question is no longer about a person jumping from the space station, but about the specific design of the reentry vehicle. If the goal is to have an articulating suit when one is complete with the jump, then there is nothing physically impeding this. It is no longer a physics question but an engineering question. Of course the biggest obstacle is heat shielding and mass of the heat shield. Re-entry angle etc would also be a key factor, but the technology is feasible as demonstrated by MOOSE

UPDATE 2: Now I am even more convinced that given free design criteria the answer is yes. Reposting my comment to FrankH:

I think your example is fine, but I also think that lifting
bodies are scalable, so if
we wanted to design an advanced suit we could principally use a
modified lifting body approach. Suitable foam insulation and cooling
could be utilized and the diver could use a similar re entry program
as the Space
Shuttle.
All I wanted to get at is the question was too ambiguous to arrive at
a definitive answer.

To clarify, when I say ambiguous I mean the person asking the question has left too many undefined constraints.

Even though our International Space Station is in a Low-earth orbit, It's at an altitude of about 350-400 kms (which lies in the exosphere). In order to overcome the orbital velocity, one needs some special thrusters in addition to their pressurized spacesuit. Because he has to drop out and decelerate from ISS which is swirling at a velocity of about some 7000 m/s.

Re-entry: Before jumping from such a high velocity, the jumper has to decelerate himself. Successful re-entries could be made if the space-suite manages to perform either some kinda aerodynamic braking stunts (Capsules or small portable cockpits would be better for drags) or use a thruster (I think I'm upgrading the suit) for maneuvering in the atmosphere. The only challenge for re-entry is fighting the thermosphere in the exosphere. As the density of air is also too low there, he'll soon break the sound barrier more easier than Felix (thereby rank above him). Air friction would also be very low, thereby making him to reach high velocities ('cause only $mg$ acts here). Once he enters into stratosphere, he experiences some air-friction which steadily increases as he traverse across different layers and at last he'd attain the terminal velocity 50 m/s and then deploy his parachute to braise himself.

If all the above works good, then he'd definitely survive. The main challenge is the re-entry where it's better to use drags. Even NASA has declined the re-entry altitude to be 76 mile where air friction would be easily noticeable.