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The United States has implemented an aggressive campaign to strengthen its "Homeland Security". New safety-oriented programs at federal agencies, regional governments, and commercial enterprises have heightened the demand for visual mapping databases. GIS applications, topographic base maps, remote sensing data, and vector layers (i.e. roads, rivers, buildings) are now the basis for assessing security risks and modeling emergency scenarios.

The ability of GIS to search databases and perform geographic queries has revolutionized many areas of science and business. It can be invaluable during a decision-making process.

The information can be presented succinctly and clearly in the form of a map and accompanying report, allowing decision makers to focus on the real issues rather than trying to understand the data. Because GIS products can be produced quickly, multiple scenarios can be evaluated efficiently and effectively. For this reason, in today’s world, the ability to use GIS is increasingly important.

Important objects in health databases are patients, doctors, infrastructural facilities, and health services. Nevertheless, all these objects have spatial dimensions and mutual interaction in their inheritance. The understanding of these dimensions and interactions are the key for health planning and management.

The spatial contexts in accurate format are vital for integrating health attributes in the form of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) especially at the micro-scale. There are many potential users, but the major users will include National and Provincial health departments, Planning Commissions, researchers, etc.

1. The ability to strike first, strike deep and strike effectively is of paramount importance for gaining success in operations of war. The manifestation of this ability in a battlefield requires not only firepower in terms of lethal and long-range weapon system but also an effective command and control system, which is essential for accurate and timely application of firepower.

Aim 3. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of GIS and related technologies in the field of Battlefield Surveillance.

Battlefield Transparency. The battlefield surveillance would play a major role in the decision making in the future battles. Employment of satellites and aerial assets would prove to be a decisive factor. GIS technologies would be employed extensively for processing the large amount of information and delivering it to the decision makers in the desired format in acceptable time frame.

Civil Engineering projects involve the management, analysis and integration of large amounts of geographic information to ensure success. This can include a wide range of information such as detailed design drawings originating from CAD solutions, detailed mapping, air photography, geological investigations, population information, traffic flows and environmental models.

GIS – the intelligent platform for civil ITWith increasingly complex projects, the interaction of often international multidisciplinary functions requires the introduction of effective and efficient data management and sharing solutions.

GIS provides the civil engineer with tools for creating, managing, analysing and visualising all types of geographic information. GIS is now being used by Civil Engineers in every application domain and throughout every aspect of the enterprise, be it on the desktop, in the field, or in collaboration with others.

ArcGIS is recognised by today’s civil engineers as the intelligent choice for work in site development, hydraulics, hydrology, surveying, transportation, planning and public works. ArcGIS provides the rich set of databases and spatial tools needed to manage civil information for design, modeling and maintenance. Data is taken from many different sources and file formats and integrated into a single application platform to support complex civil engineering workflows.

Effective and realistic emergency management programs depend on data from various sources which should be collected, analyzed, displayed, disseminated and used in an organized manner.

It is therefore desirable to have the right data in the right place at the right time. The data should be organized in a usable format for stakeholders to respond and take action in case of an emergency.

Most of the emergency data requirements are of spatial nature hence a need for a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Disaster management starts with locating and identifying potential emergency problems and how they relate to the existing environment.

What facilities exist in impact zones, location of mitigation facilities such as fire stations, potential refugee and IDP camps, spread of spills, location of medical facilities, extent of damage and infestation, water sources and any humanitarian intervention.

GIS provides a mechanism to integrate data from a variety of sources, analyze it and present it to planners and decision makers in a time and reliable manner.