Eusociality is characterized by a specialized non-reproducing class that works for the reproductive members within a colony. Rather than allocate their energy towards reproduction, the non-reproducing caste performs other functions such as foraging for food, defending the nest, or caring for juvenile relatives. Three contingencies are common among all eusocial species: reproductive division of labor, cooperative care of young, and overlapping of generations. Eusociality characterizes all ants and termites, and many bees and wasps. Previously believed to just exist just in Hymenoptera and Isoptera, marine eusocial species were found in the sponge-dwelling shrimp Synalpheus of the order Decapoda by Emmett Duffy. Through the sampling of un-manipulated colonies, data show the Synalpheus colonies’ reproductive yield increases with increasing group size. Therefore, group social living is reproductively beneficial for the sponge-dwelling shrimp Synalpheus—showing eusocial behavior is under positive selection in this species. Of the two kinds of eusociality, fortress defense or life insurance, Synalpheus is considered to be a fortress defender since it lives entirely inside sponges, using them as a source of protection, food, and as a site of reproduction. The sponges are very scarce on the ocean floor, making solitary living very difficult due to lack of shelter. The importance and scarcity of sponges induce eusociality in the species of Synalpheus, more specifically in the species Synalpheus regalis.

Author: Esra Deniz Gumuser

Introduction

The major measure of success of an organism’s fitness is that the extent to which its genes are propagated through reproduction. Why, then, would an organism forgo the chance to spread copies of their genes by never reproducing? Several answers to this question have been formulated through experiments and observations of eusocial species found in the insect orders Hymenoptera and Isoptera (Wilson et al. 2005, Robinson 1992). One explanation is that
ecological constraints create situations where eusociality is advantageous for both the reproductive individual and the non-reproducers (Buckle 1980). For instance, nests are difficult and dangerous to come by for most eusocial species, reducing the chances that a solitary individual could find another unoccupied nest, which is necessary for juveniles’ survival (Michener et al. 1974). Even if a nest is found, the solitary individuals are unable to defend their nests while foraging for food, resulting in a low survivorship of young due to predation (Batra 1966). In simple social species such as
Liostenogaster flavolineata , adult worker females have a chance of becoming queen when the current one dies; thus becoming the sole reproductive individual (Bridge et al 2007). By remaining in natal nests to assist the development of juvenile siblings, adults forgo their opportunity to reproduce but still increase their
fitness (copies of genes in future generations) through
indirect measures and kin selection (
[link] ). Overall, in most social species including the sponge-dwelling shrimp
Synalpheus regalis , eusociality arises due to ecological factors of limited food resources and shelter. These situations can be combated through the creation of castes that chiefly forage, defend, or reproduce—leading to the formation of
eusociality (Crespi et al. 1995).

In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field .
1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc
2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc
3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc.
and may other field for details you can check at Google

Azam

anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world

Prasenjit

after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change .
maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments

Azam

name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world

Prasenjit

how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?

At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.