Conditioning and LearningFrom the moment any living being is born to the moment it dies, they are constantly learning. Learning is a change in behavior based on previous experiences. It may involve processing and interpreting many different types of information. Learning functions are performed by different brain learning processes, which depend on the dynamic mental capacities of the learning subject. There are three main forms of learning for the human mind: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Classical conditioning is the simple learning process where a neutral stimulus is able to evoke a response because it has been paired with another stimulus that originally elicits that response. This can also refer to a predictable sequence of events in which one responds to a first event in anticipation of the next. In classical conditioning, the subject learns to make a reflex response to a stimulus that is different from the original, natural stimulus that would normally produce that response. For classical conditioning to occur, several elements must be present: an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response, an unconditioned response (UCR) is an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus, a neural stimulus (NS) is stimulus that has no effect on the desired response, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is a stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus, and a conditioned response (CR) is a learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Ivan Pavlov contributed to this theory by performing an experiment that involved ringing a bell (NS) and giving food (UCS) to dogs so they begin to salivate (UCR). Later, when he rang the bell (CS) again, the dogs automatically salivation (CR) without any food even being given. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is another form of learning that is based on the reaction of one in a very forced situation. Its conditioning arises through a sequence of rewards or punishments after a behavior. This learning process is based from the consequence of any behavior that then affects the degree in which that behavior is likely to occur. The main concepts in operant conditioning include shaping, extinction, reinforcement, and spontaneous recovery. Shaping is the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that leads to a desired behavior. Extinction is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response after the removal of the unconditioned response. Reinforcement is any stimulus which can be positive or negative. Spontaneous recovery is the recurrence of a conditioned response after extinction. Edward Lee Thorndike first developed the general idea, called the Law of Effect, for studying operant conditioning during an experimental procedure in which initially random behaviors of cats leading to their release had eventually become reinforced by the positive consequences. Later, the behaviorist B.F. Skinner developed and broadened this theory by explaining that any behavior that is voluntary is operant behavior, but if the behavior is reinforced, the behavior is more likely to be repeated. Another type of learning is social learning which occurs when a behavior is observed and mimicked. People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. Albert Bandura applied the principles of classical and operant conditioning to social learning. Basically, people learn behaviors through observation of other’s behavior, also known as modeling. "Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling. From observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and then that information serves as a guide for action" (Bandura). The social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous interaction between cognitive, behavioral, social, and...

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...Conditioning and Learning
1
INTRODUCTION
"Learning, acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives." (Gregory, 1961)
Conditioning is the term used to designate the types of human behaviorallearning. Since the 1920s, conditioning has been the primary focus of behavior research in humans as well as animals. There are four main types of conditioning:
 Classical Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 Multiple-Response Learning
 Insight LearningConditioning and Learning
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Classical Conditioning
"Classical conditioning, also called associative learning, is based on stimulus-response relationships. A stimulus is an object or situation that elicits a response by one of our sense organs, like how a bright light makes us blink. Associative learning allows us to associate two or more stimuli and change our response to one or more of them as a result of simultaneous experience." (Moore, 2002)
"According to classical conditioning, learning...

...LearningLearning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes.
"Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146)." By learning how to use a computer you will change from being someone who could not operate a computer to being one who can. Learning anything new involves change. You learned how to use a computer through experience with the machine. Once you have learned to use a computer, the skill usually does not leave you. Similar to learning how to drive a car, you do not have to go through the process again at a later time. There are three main types of learning are classical conditioning (responding), operant conditioning (acting), and observational learning (observing).
It is a nice spring day. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is badly stung by the bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her...

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Operant Conditioning
PSY390
April 28, 2014
Operant Conditioning
From the time humans are born, they begin the process of learning. Learning can occur by means of experience, conditioning, and environmental factors. There are different types of learning such as classical conditioning through association, modeling or observational through observation, and operant conditioning through consequences. Over a period of time, if a certain outcome is consistently followed by a particular behavior, this may affect the incidence of future behaviors (Charles, 2014). Through the use of positive and negative reinforcement, a behavior may increase or decrease. Using reinforcement schedules may also ensure a productive outcome because of the consistency that it offers.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is the method of learning through a system of rewards (Charles, 2014). and punishments system to change a behavior. This type of conditioning can result in behavioral changes. The rewards or punishments applied may depend on what the desired outcome is, for example; positive input given may reinforce good behavior. When a person does something that produces a good outcome, it is likely that the good behavior will be repeated in the future. When it is followed by a less than favorable outcome, the behavior...

...Classical ConditioningLearning Experience
My Learning Experience
As early as I can remember, my house growing up was always free of bell peppers. My mother is allergic to them; even the smell makes her sick to her stomach. I always wondered if I was allergic to them as well, but never took any chances as a child and didn’t eat them either. Even to this day when dining out with my parents my mother always asks “are there bell peppers in this” her face would always have that crinkled up nose, that look of disgust on her face when she says it, as would anyone who has a food allergy especially to a common food like bell peppers. From this experience I learned not to like bell peppers either, as a young a child develops that sense of acceptance he or she want to be just like them, my sister is exactly the same way about bell peppers. This experience was learned primarily without intention by classical conditioning.
Classical Conditioning is process of behavior modification in which a subject learns to respond in a desired manner such that a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented in association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that elicits a natural response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the same response (now called the conditioned response). For example, in Pavlov's experiments, food is the unconditioned...

...Organizational Behavior
Assignment 1
Examples of Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Social Learning
1. Classical Conditioning
It is a process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response; e.g. conditioned fear and anxiety - many phobias that people experience are the results of conditioning, like the "fear of bridges" in the following example. While a child rides in a car over a dilapidated bridge, his father makes jokes about the bridge collapsing and all of them falling into the river below. The father finds this funny and so decides to do it whenever they cross the bridge. Years later, the child has grown up and now is afraid to drive over any bridge. In this case, the fear of one bridge is generalized to all bridges which now evoke fear.
2. Operant Conditioning
It is the basic process by which an individual's behavior is shaped by reinforcement or by punishment. A good example is the study by Pedalino & Gamboa (1974). To help reduce the frequency of employee tardiness, the researchers implemented a game-like system for all employees that arrived on time. When an employee arrived on time, they were allowed to draw a card. Over the course of a 5-day workweek, the employee would have a full...

...Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs. Because you associated the dog with pain, and the pain caused you to have anxiety, therefore you brain associated seeing a dog with feelings of anxiety. Same thing applies to getting a text message. Let’s say you’re sitting around doing nothing an all of the sudden your phone vibrates. You’ll probably go and check to see what message you got. This relates to a classical conditioning experiment because you have associated your phone vibrating with getting a message.
Operant conditioning, although similar to classical conditioning, has many different aspects. Operant conditioning is another behavioral training technique that was...

...you learned in chapter 5, explain what is meant by the term “conditioning” and describe and distinguish between classical and operant conditioning. Finally, discuss how research into the effects of biology and cognition on conditioning has changed psychology’s understanding of the conditioning process
Classical ConditioningConditioning is an associative learning, which occur when we make a connection or an association with two events. Classical conditioning is when two stimuli becomes associated with each other. As a result of this association organisms are able to anticipate event between them. For example in the early 1900’s, Pavlov found that dogs salivated when meat powder was given to them or that they also responded to other stimulus that was associated with food, such as putting the food in the dish. As Pavlov examined why the dogs salivated in response to various sites and sounds before eating the meat powder, he noticed that the dog’s behavior included both learned and unlearned components. He found that the unlearned part of classical conditioning stem from some stimuli that are automatically produce by certain responses that is innate, such as reflexes. For example when you see someone is going to hit you, your reflex kick in and tells you to block yourself. Innate reflexes relates to unconditioned stimulus (US) which is a stimulus...

...Learning Through Conditioning: How to Stop Begging Dog Behavior
You sit down for hot delicious dinner. Your mouth salivates as you cut into your thick, juicy steak. As you’re about to eat your first bite you hear a small, innocent whimpering sound. You look down. There, at your feet, is a little dog looking up at you with puppy eyes, just begging for scrap… or two… or three.... You give in and drop your little companion a treat, only to have the begging continue again. Does this scenario sound familiar? If you’re like millions of other dog owners out there you’ve probably experienced a similar situation.
My dog, Rocky, is a persistent beggar. He’ll sit and stare at first, watching me with his big pug eyes while I eat, quietly “begging” at my feet. If that doesn’t work he’ll start whimpering, quietly at first, then louder. If that behavior doesn’t get him some food, he’ll step it up a notch and start pawing at my legs. On a few occasions he has even began jumping and barking, changing from a begging behavior to outright demanding! If I give in, and drop a scrap or two for the little guy, he’ll just start the cycle all over again. This gets annoying in a hurry, and leads me to yelling at the dog, telling him to “Go away and stop begging!” Despite all my shouts and pleas, he doesn’t listen. He continues on with his begging behavior.
But what causes this unpleasant behavior? And who is really at fault here, Rocky or me, the...