Revolution in Egypt led to President Mubarak being removed from power after nearly 30 years of authoritarian rule. In 2012, Islamist President Mohamed Morsi took up the reins, promising a progressive constitution and effective government. But his actions raised fears of a return of dictatorship when plans were announced to change the constitution and gain more presidential power.

Outside the presidential palace in Cairo, protests by anti-Islamists groups, secularists, Christians and women activists resulted in violence. Clashes with pro-government supporters left at least ten dead and hundreds injured. Helped by police, pro-Morsi crowds arrested and tortured protesters on the streets.

On December 15, Egyptians voted in favour of the new constitution. Opponents criticised the Muslim Brotherhood government for favouring Islamists and not protecting the rights of women and religious minorities.