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Summary

Biology: A Guide to the Natural World remains the only book written and illustrated from the ground up for those with little knowledge of biology. The Third Edition retains its best features--rich, full-color art, an accessible writing style, and a full complement of digital resources--while substantially updating the content throughout to emphasize the relevancy of biology to readers' lives. A seven-part organization covers essential parts: atoms, molecules, and cells; energy and its transformation; how life goes on: genetics; life's organizing principle: evolution and the diversity of life; a bounty that feeds us all: plants; what makes the organism tick? animal anatomy and physiology; and the living world as a whole: ecology and behavior. For the promotion of biological literacy--to make individuals aware that they need it to participate in the workforce, make everyday decisions, and make informed choices at the ballot box.

Table of Contents

Preface

xxiii

Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Learning: A Guide to the Natural World

2

(16)

1.1 How Does Science Impact the Everyday World?

3

(3)

What Do Americans Know about Science?

5

(1)

1.2 What Is Science?

6

(4)

Science as a Body of Knowledge

6

(1)

Science as a Process: Arriving at Scientific Insights

7

(2)

From Hypothesis to Theory

9

(1)

1.3 The Nature of Biology

10

(3)

Life Is Highly Organized, in a Hierarchical Manner

12

(1)

1.4 Special Qualities of Biology

13

(2)

Biology's Chief Unifying Principle

14

(1)

1.5 The Organization of This Book

15

(1)

Chapter Review

16

ESSAY Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Statistics in Science

10

Unit 1 Essential Parts: Atoms, Molecules, and Cells

Chapter 2 The Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry and Life

18

(16)

2.1 The Nature of Matter: The Atom

20

(1)

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

20

(1)

Fundamental Forms of Matter: The Element

21

(2)

2.2 Matter Is Transformed through Chemical Bonding

23

(1)

Energy Always Seeks Its Lowest State

24

(1)

Seeking a Full Outer Shell: Covalent Bonding

24

(1)

Reactive and Unreactive Elements

25

(1)

Polar and Nonpolar Bonding

25

(1)

Ionic Bonding: When Electrons Are Lost or Gained

27

(1)

A Third Form of Bonding: Hydrogen Bonding

29

(1)

2.3 Some Qualities of Chemical Compounds

29

(1)

Molecules Have a Three-Dimensional Shape

29

(1)

Molecular Shape Is Very Important in Biology

29

(1)

Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions

30

(1)

On to Some Detail Regarding Water

30

(2)

Chapter Review

32

ESSAYS Notating Chemistry

26

(4)

Free Radicals

30

(4)

Chapter 3 Life's Components: Water, pH, and Biological Molecules

34

(34)

3.1 The Importance of Water to Life

35

(1)

Water Is a Major Player in Many of Life's Processes

35

(1)

Water's Structure Gives It Many Unusual Properties

36

(1)

Two Important Terms: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

38

(1)

3.2 Acids and Bases Are Important to Life

38

(1)

Acids Yield Hydrogen Ions in Solution; Bases Accept Them

38

(1)

Many Common Substances Can Be Ranked According to How Acidic or Basic They Are

40

(1)

The pH Scale Allows Us to Quantify How Acidic or Basic Compounds Are

40

(1)

Some Terms Used When Dealing with pH

40

(1)

Why does pH Matter?

40

(2)

3.3 Carbon Is a Central Element in Life

42

(1)

Carbon as a Starting Ingredient

42

(3)

3.4 Functional Groups

45

(1)

3.5 Carbohydrates

46

(1)

Carbohydrates: From Simple Sugars to Cellulose

46

(3)

3.6 Lipids

49

(1)

One Class of Lipids Is the Glycerides

49

(1)

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids: A Linkage with Solids and Liquids and with Health

50

(1)

Energy Use and Energy Storage via Lipids and Carbohydrates

51

(1)

A Second Class of Lipids Is the Steroids

52

(1)

A Third Class of Lipids Is the Phospholipids

55

(1)

3.7 Proteins

56

(1)

Proteins Are Made from Chains of Amino Acids

56

(1)

A Group of Only 20 Amino Acids Is the Basis for All Proteins in Living Things

57

(1)

Shape Is Critical to the Functioning of All Proteins

58

(1)

There Are Four Levels of Protein Structure

58

(1)

Proteins Can Come Undone

58

(1)

Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins

58

(2)

3.8 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

60

(1)

DNA Provides Information for the Structure of Proteins

60

(1)

The Structural Unit of DNA Is the Nucleotide

60

(1)

On to Cells

60

(3)

Chapter Review

63

ESSAYS Acid Rain: When Water Is Trouble

42

(12)

From Trans Fats to Omega-3's: Fats and Health

54

(12)

MEDIALAB You Are What You Eat: Food and the Molecules of Life

66

(2)

Chapter 4 Life's Home: The Cell

68

(30)

4.1 Cells Are the Working Units of Life

69

(1)

4.2 All Cells Are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

70

(1)

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Differences

70

(5)

4.3 The Eukaryotic Cell

75

(1)

The Animal Cell

75

(1)

4.4 A Tour of the Animal Cell Along the Protein Production Path

75

(1)

Beginning in the Control Center: The Nucleus

76

(1)

Messenger RNA

76

(1)

Ribosomes

77

(1)

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

78

(1)

A Pause for the Nucleolus

78

(1)

Elegant Transportation: Transport Vesicles

79

(1)

Downstream from the Rough ER: The Golgi Complex

79

(1)

From the Golgi to the Surface

80

(1)

4.5 Outside the Protein Production Path: Other Cell Structures

80

(1)

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

80

(1)

Tiny Acid Vats: Lysosomes and Cellular Recycling

80

(1)

Extracting Energy from Food: Mitochondria

81

(1)

4.6 The Cytoskeleton: Internal Scaffolding

82

(1)

Microfilaments

83

(1)

Intermediate filaments

84

(1)

Microtubules

84

(1)

Cell Extensions Made of Microtubules: Cilia and Flagella

84

(1)

In Summary: Structures in the Animal Cell

85

(1)

4.7 The Plant Cell

86

(1)

The Cell Wall

87

(1)

The Central Vacuole

88

(1)

Plastids

89

(1)

4.8 Cell-to-Cell Communication

90

(1)

Communication among Plant Cells

90

(1)

Communication among Animal Cells

90

(1)

How Did We Learn?

90

(1)

On to the Periphery

91

(2)

Chapter Review

93

ESSAYS The Size of Cells

72

(12)

The Stranger within: Endosymbiosis

84

(8)

How Did We Learn? First Sightings: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

92

(4)

MEDIALAB Would we miss them If they were gone? Organelles

96

(2)

Chapter 5 Life's Border: The Plasma Membrane

98

(20)

5.1 The Nature of the Plasma Membrane

100

(1)

First Component: The Phospholipid Bilayer

100

(1)

Second Component: Cholesterol

100

(1)

Third Component: Proteins

101

(1)

Fourth Component: The Glycocalyx

103

(1)

The Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model

103

(1)

5.2 Diffusion, Gradients, and Osmosis

103

(1)

Random Movement and Even Distribution

104

(1)

Diffusion through Membranes

104

(1)

5.3 Moving Smaller Substances in and Out

105

(1)

Passive Transport

106

(1)

Active Transport

106

(2)

5.4 Getting the Big Stuff in and Out

108

(1)

Movement Out: Exocytosis

108

(1)

Movement In: Endocytosis

108

(3)

How Did We Learn?

111

(1)

Onto Energy

111

(1)

Chapter Review

112

ESSAY How Did We Learn? The Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

110

(6)

MEDIALAB Balancing Your Imports and Exports: Membrane Transport

116

(2)

Unit 2 Energy and Its Transformations

Chapter 6 Life's Mainspring: An Introduction to Energy

118

(14)

6.1 Energy Is Central to Life

119

(1)

6.2 What Is Energy?

120

(1)

The Forms of Energy

120

(1)

The Study of Energy: Thermodynamics

120

(1)

The Consequences of Thermodynamics

121

(1)

6.3 How Is Energy Used by Living Things?

122

(1)

Up and Down the Great Energy Hill

122

(1)

Coupled Reactions

123

(1)

6.4 The Energy Currency Molecule: ATP

123

(1)

How ATP Functions

124

(1)

The ATP/ADP Cycle

124

(1)

ATP as Money

124

(1)

Between Food and ATP

124

(1)

6.5 Efficient Energy Use in Living Things: Enzymes

125

(1)

Accelerating Reactions

125

(1)

Specific Tasks and Metabolic Pathways

125

(1)

6.5 Lowering the Activation Barrier through Enzymes

126

(1)

How Do Enzymes Work?

126

(1)

An Enzyme in Action: Chymotrypsin

127

(1)

6.7 Regulating Enzymatic Activity

127

(1)

Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes

128

(1)

On to Energy Harvesting

128

(1)

Chapter Review

129

(3)

Chapter 7 Vital Harvest: Deriving Energy from Food

132

(20)

7.1 Energizing ATP

134

(1)

7.2 Electrons Fall Down the Energy Hill to Drive the Uphill Production of ATP

134

(1)

The Great Energy Conveyors: Redox Reactions

135

(1)

Many Molecules Can Oxidize Other Molecules

135

(1)

7.3 The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain

136

(1)

Glycolysis: First to Evolve, Less Efficient

138

(1)

7.4 First Stage of Respiration: Glycolysis

138

(1)

7.5 Second Stage of Respiration: The Krebs Cycle

138

(1)

Site of Action Moves from the Cytosol to the Mitochondria

141

(1)

Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, an Intermediate Step

141

(1)

Into the Krebs Cycle: Why Is It a Cycle?

142

(1)

7.6 Third Stage of Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain

143

(1)

Where's the ATP?

144

(1)

Bountiful Harvest: ATP Accounting

145

(1)

Finally, Oxygen Is Reduced, Producing Water

146

(1)

7.7 Other Foods, Other Respiratory Pathways

146

(1)

Alternate Respiratory Pathways: Fats as an Example

146

(1)

What Happens When Less Energy Is Needed?

146

(1)

On to Photosynthesis

147

(1)

Chapter Review

147

ESSAYS When Energy Harvesting Ends at Glycolysis, Beer Can Be the Result

Chapter 31 An Interactive Living World: Populations and Communities in Ecology

676

(34)

31.1 The Study of Ecology

678

(1)

Ecology Is Not Environmentalism

678

(1)

Path of Study

678

(1)

31.2 Populations: Size and Dynamics

679

(1)

Estimating the Size of a Population

680

(1)

Growth and Decline of Populations over Time

680

(2)

Calculating Exponential Growth in a Population

682

(1)

Logistical Growth of Populations: Reality Makes an Appearance

683

(1)

31.3 r-Selected and K-Selected Species

684

(1)

K-Selected, or Equilibrium, Species

685

(1)

r-Selected, or Opportunist, Species

685

(1)

Survivorship Curves: At What Point Does Death Come In the Life Span?

685

(1)

31.1 Thinking about Human Populations

686

(1)

Survivorship Curves Are Constructed from Life Tables

686

(1)

Population Pyramids: What Proportion of a Population Is Young?

686

(1)

The World's Human Population: Finally Stabilizing

687

(1)

Human Population and the Environment

688

(1)

31.5 Communities: Looking at the Interactions of Many Populations

689

(1)

Large Numbers of a Few Species: Ecological Dominants

690

(1)

Importance beyond Numbers: Keystone Species

690

(1)

Variety in Communities: What Is Biodiversity?

691

(1)

31.6 Types of Interaction among Community Members

692

(1)

Two Important Community Concepts: Habitat and Niche

692

(1)

Competition among Species in a Community

692

(2)

Other Modes of Interaction: Predation and Parasitism

694

(2)

Parasites: Making a Living from the Living

696

(1)

The Effect of Predator-Prey Interactions on Evolution

696

(2)

Beneficial Interactions: Mutualism and Commensalism

698

(1)

Coevolution: Species Driving Each Other's Evolution

698

(1)

31.7 Succession in Communities

699

(1)

An Example of Primary Succession: Alaska's Glacier Bay

700

(1)

Common Elements in Primary Succession

701

(1)

Lessons in Succession from Mount St. Helens

701

(2)

On to Ecosystems and Biomes

703

(1)

Chapter Review

704

ESSAYS Purring Predators: Housecats and Their Prey

695

(7)

Why Do Rabid Animals Go Crazy?

702

(6)

MEDIALAB Can Earth Support All of Us? Population Growth Patterns

708

(2)

Chapter 32 An Interactive Living World: Ecosystems and the Biosphere

710

(40)

32.1 The Ecosystem Is the Fundamental Unit of Ecology

711

(1)

32.2 Abiotic Factors Are a Major Component of Any Ecosystem

712

(1)

The Cycling of Ecosystem Resources

712

(6)

32.3 How Energy Flows through Ecosystems

718

(1)

Producers, Consumers, and Trophic Levels

719

(2)

Accounting for Energy Flow through the Trophic Levels

721

(2)

Primary Productivity Varies across the Earth by Region

723

(1)

32.4 Earth's Physical Environment

723

(1)

Earth's Atmosphere

723

(2)

The Worrisome Issue of Ozone Depletion

725

(1)

The Worrisome Issue of Global Warming

725

(3)

Earth's Climate: Why Are Some Areas Wet and Some Dry, Some Hot and Some Cold?

728

(1)

The Circulation of the Atmosphere and Its Relation to Rain

729

(1)

Mountain Chains Affect Precipitation Patterns

730

(1)

The Importance of Climate to Life

730

(1)

32.5 Earth's Biomes

731

(1)

Cold and Lying Low: Tundra

731

(1)

Northern Forests: Taiga

732

(1)

Hot in Summer, Cold in Winter: Temperate Deciduous Forest

732

(1)

Dry but Sometimes Very Fertile: Grassland

733

(1)

Chaparral: Rainy Winters, Dry Summers

734

(1)

The Challenge of Water: Deserts

734

(1)

Lush Life, Now Threatened: Tropical Rain Forests

735

(1)

32.6 Life in the Water: Aquatic Ecosystems

735

(1)

Marine Ecosystems

735

(4)

Freshwater Systems

739

(3)

Life's Largest Scale: The Biosphere

742

(1)

On to Animal Behavior

742

(1)

Chapter Review

743

ESSAYS A Cut for the Middleman: Livestock and Food

724

(12)

Good News about the Environment

736

(3)

Our Overfished Oceans

739

(9)

MEDIALAB El Niņo and the Greenhouse Effect: How Climate Affects Our Weather, Food, and Water Supplies

748

(2)

Chapter 33 Animals and Their Actions: Animal Behavior

750

33.1 The Field of Animal Behavior

752

(1)

Animal Behavior Asks What, Why, and How

752

(1)

Proximate and Ultimate Causes

753

(1)

Ultimate Cause and Natural Selection

754

(1)

33.2 The Web of Behavioral Influences

754

(1)

33.3 Internal Influences on Behavior

755

(1)

Reflexes

755

(1)

Action Patterns

755

(1)

Orientation Behavior: Taxis

756

(1)

Biological Rhythms: The Internal Clock

757

(1)

Longer Internal Cycles: Annual Clocks

757

(1)

The Effects of Hormones

758

(1)

33.4 Learning and Behavior

759

(1)

Establishing Relationships: Imprinting

759

(1)

The Sensitive Period

760

(1)

Other Forms of Learning

760

(1)

33.5 Behavior in Action: How Birds Acquire Their Songs

761

(4)

33.6 Social Behavior

765

(1)

Why Live Alone-or Together?

765

(1)

Dominance Hierarchies

766

(1)

Territoriality

766

(1)

Eusociality: Life in Animal Societies

766

(2)

33.7 Altruism in the Animal Kingdom

768

(2)

Inclusive Fitness at Work

770

(1)

Reciprocal Altruism

771

(1)

On to...the Rest of Life

771

(3)

Chapter Review

774

ESSAYS Biological Rhythms and Sports

758

(4)

Are Men "Naturally" Promiscuous and Women Reserved?

762

(10)

How Did We Learn? How Do Sea Turtles Find Their Way?

772

Appendix

AP-1

Answers to Multiple-Choice and Brief Review Questions

A-1

Glossary

G-1

Photo Credits

PC-1

Index

I-1

Excerpts

From the Author Book titles may be the first thing any reader sees in a book, but they're often the last thing an author ponders. Not so withBiology: A Guide to the Natural World.The title arrived fairly early on, courtesy of the muse, and then stuck because it so aptly expresses what I think is special about this book. Flip through these pages, and you'll see all the elements that student and teachers look for in any modern introductory textbook--rich, full-color art, an extensive study apparatus, and a full complement of digital learning tools. When you leaf slowly through the book and start to read a little of it, however, I think that something a little more subtle starts coming through. This second quality has to do with a sense of connection with students. The sensibility that I hope is apparent inA Guide to the Natural Worldis that there's a wonderful living world to be explored; that we who produced this book would like nothing better than to show this world to students; and that we want to take them on an instructive walk through this world, rather than a difficult march. All the members of the teams who produced the three editions ofA Guide to the Natural Worldworked with this idea in mind. We felt that we were taking students on a journey through the living world and that, rather like tour guides, we needed to be mindful of where students were at any given point. Would they remember this term from earlier in the chapter? Had we created enough of a bridge between one subject and the next? The idea was never to leave students with the feeling that they were wandering alone through terrain that lacked signposts. Rather, we aimed to give them the sense that they had a companion--this book--that would guide them through the subject of biology.A Guide to the Natural World,then, really is intended as a kind of guide, with its audience being students who are taking biology but not majoring in it. Biology is complex, however, and if students are to understand it at anything beyond the most superficial level, details are necessary. It won't do to make what one faculty member called "magical leaps" over the difficult parts of complex subjects. Our goal was to make the difficult comprehensible, not to make it disappear altogether. Thus, the reader will find in this book fairly detailed accounts of such subjects as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, immune-system function, and plant reproduction. It was in covering such topics that our concern for student comprehension was put to its greatest test. We like the way we handled these subjects and other key topics, however, and we hope readers will feel the same way. What's New in the Third Edition? The third edition of theGuidehas been substantially revised. Readers of this edition will find: Increased coverage of the diversity of the living world. Where once we had two chapters devoted to this subject, we now have three: one on animals, one on fungi and plants, and a third on microorganisms. This change has significantly increased our coverage of fungi and microorganisms. A new stand-alone chapter on the immune system. A general revision to the human anatomy and physiology unit that makes its coverage clearer and more relevant to the lives of students. All the major senses are now covered, whereas previously only vision was. A revamping of our biotechnology chapter, such that it now focuses on four sharply defined areas: transgenic biotechnology, reproductive cloning, forensic biotechnology, and personalized medicine. Substantially expanded coverage of human evolution. Information that has been updated, or that is new altogether, on such news-related subjects as oncogenes, dietary fats, human population growth, and global warming. As is apparent from this list, the relevance of biology to students was never far from