Copyright & Fair Use

Copyright and Fair Use Policy

Gateway Community College encourages its faculty, staff and students to use multimedia and text resources to enhance teaching and learning while abiding by copyright and intellectual property law, including the U.S. Copyright Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the TEACH Act.

GCC Faculty and Staff Copyright and Fair Use Guidelines

Introduction

Copyright and fair use are complex legal issues. It is impossible to create guidelines that will answer every question. Each use of copyrighted material must be evaluated to determine fair use.

The intent of these web pages is to provide information to help faculty make informed choices when selecting materials protected by copyrights for use in a classroom, whether traditional, web-enhanced, hybrid, or online.

Below are highlighted important portions of copyright law, checklists that faculty and staff can use when deciding how to use copyrighted material, and resources for more detailed information.

Copyright

Copyright protects “original works of authorship, including literary dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works fixed in any tangible means of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated directly or with the aid of a machine or device.” Excerpt from the U. S. Copyright Act

For this factor…

It is more likely to be fair use if it is…

It is less likely to be fair use it if is…

-Not for money
-An educational use
-A transformation rather than a mere reproduction of the original work

-For money
-Not an educational use
-A transformation but a reproduction of the original work

Nature

(Is it creative or factual?)

-A more factual work

-A more creative and/or original work

Amount

(What is the proportion used in relation to the entire work?)

-Only small portions relative to the whole work that are used
-Directly relevant to the educational purpose

-Substantial portions or the entirety of the work that are used
-The heart of the work
-Not directly relevant to educational objectives

Market

(What will the effect be on the value of the work?)

-Of little economic impact

-Of direct economic impact on an existing or potential market for the work

Classroom Use Guidelines

Generally acceptable classroom uses

Single copying

Multiple copies for classroom use

Educational uses of music

Use of audio visual works

Coursepacks may not be duplicated as a form of fair use

Guidelines are not law

Fair Use “Rules of Thumb”

In general, the faculty member should limit the copies produced to only what is needed for class and the usage should be spontaneous. Under the conditions described below and passing the Four Factor Fair Use Test, the college will support the fair use of copyrighted materials. These “Rules of Thumb” apply to a single semester of use.

Art, photographs, images, charts, diagrams, cartoons – Can use up to five images of a particular author or photographer or 10 percent of a collected body of work

Books – Can use entire book for critical analysis, otherwise use up to 10 percent

Film and videos - Can use up to 3 minutes or 10 percent, whichever is less

Music – Can use entire song, album or composition for critical analysis, otherwise use up to 10 percent of the work.

Newspapers, magazines, online articles –Can use full articles for critical analysis, otherwise use up to 10 percent

Poems – Can use full poem for critical analysis, otherwise 10 percent

Web or television broadcasts – can use up to 10 percent for the current semester only; for News, use the entire broadcasts for the current semester only

Fair Use Checklist

The following Checklist for Fair Use is based on a document created by Professor Kenneth Crews and the staff of the Copyright Management Centers at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Based on the four factors of fair use – purpose, nature, amount and effect – the checklist was created to help educators, librarians and others evaluate content uses to determine if fair use applies. This tool provides an important means for recording your fair use analysis, which is critical to establishing “reasonable and good-faith” attempts to apply fair use. For more information on the Copyright Management Center at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, visit www.copyright.iupui.edu

PURPOSE

Favoring Fair Use

Opposing Fair Use

Directly related to classroom use
Research
Scholarship
Nonprofit educational institution
Criticism
Comment
News reporting
Transformative or productive use (changes the work for new utility)
Restricted access (to students or other appropriate group)
Parody

Commercial Activity
Profiting from the use
Entertainment
Bad-faith behavior
Denying credit to original author

NATURE

Favoring Fair Use

Opposing Fair Use

Published work
Factual or nonfiction based
Important to favored educational objective

AMOUNT

Small quantity
Portion used is not central or significant
Portion used is central to work or significant to entire work “heart of the work”

Large portion or whole work used
Amount is appropriate for favored educational purpose

EFFECT

Favoring Fair Use

Opposing Fair Use

User owns lawfully acquired or purchased copy
One or few copies made
No significant effect on the market or potential market for copyrighted work
No similar product marketed by the copyright holder work

Could replace sale of copyrighted work of original work
Impairs market or potential market for Copyrighted work or derivative
Available licensing mechanism for use of the copyrighted work
Permission available for using work copyright holder work
Numerous copies made
You made it accessible on Web or in other public forum
Repeated or long term use

Digital Media and Online

What is the TEACH Act?

In 2002, Congress enacted the Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization

Ac t— or TEACH Act — that expanded the scope of the copyright exception applicable to distance education transmissions (e.g., over the air or over the Internet), as well as to the use of online materials in the context of face-to-face teaching.

The TEACH Act revises Section 110(2) in an effort to permit the use of copyrighted materials in real time and asynchronous digital distance education on much the same terms as in live face-to-face teaching. The exception applies to any copyrighted work other than a work produced or marketed primarily for performance or display as part of “mediated instructional activities” using digital networking (i.e., materials expressly created for use during online distance education classes), subject to certain limitations.

The TEACH Act applies to:

Non-profit, accredited educational institution and government bodies

Mediated, instructional activities

Students enrolled in a specific class, or government employees as part of official duties or employment

“Live” or asynchronous class sessions

The use of “reasonable and limited portions”

The TEACH Act does not apply to:

Textbook materials

Materials “typically purchased or acquired by students”

Works developed specifically of online uses

The TEACH Act requires

Technological measure to prevent retention of works after a course has ended and prevention of further distribution of works

Dissemination of the institution’s copyright policy to students, faculty and staff

Notification of students that materials used in connection with their courses may be subject to copyright protection

The TEACH Act allows:

Performance of non-dramatic literary or musical works and/or reasonable portions of any other work

Display of any work in an amount that is typical in a classroom situation

Disallows tampering with encryption systems designed to prevent copying

Effects the sharing of files via the internet (ie. Napster).

GCC Copyright Procedures

Obtaining permission for use of copyrighted material

If the use of copyrighted material exceeds fair use, a faculty or staff member must obtain written permission from the copyright holder. If you have questions regarding the holder of the copyright, the Copyright Clearing House (www.copyright.com) can assist in identifying the holder. There is a fee for this service. Authorization for use of this service should be obtained from your department head or division director.

If there is a cost associated with the use of the copyrighted material, authorization for payment must be obtained in advance from the department head or division director.

Proof of authorization of use or compliance with fair use must be provided to college staff (ie Media, ETDL, Library, Webmaster) prior to requests for duplication or online dissemination. A copy of this authorization should be maintained by the faculty or staff member’s department.