Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology allows nearly anything to be tracked without human intervention, using transceiver tags and an electronic reader with radio communication. It is often used in inventory management, theft prevention, and vehicle identification.

Reverend Thomas Bayes (1702-1761) was the mathematician who first used probability inductively and established a mathematical basis for probability inference, a means of calculating, from the number of times an event has not occurred, the probability that it will occur in future trials.