The observations were made by the Chinese scholar Xie Zhaozhe (謝肇淛, 1567–1624) and recorded in his work Wu Za Zu (五雜俎, ca. 1592), or "Five-Fold Miscellany". Elvin writes [p. 375]:

Xie Zhaozhe was a Fujianese born in Hangzhou sometime in the middle of the sixteenth century. He gained the highest degree in the civil-service examinations, held office as a vice-minister in the Ministry of Works, and wrote on hydraulics, the province of Yunnan, and other topics. ... One of his motives [in writing Wu Za Zu] was to prove that the universe was a more complicated place than the neo-Confucians allowed for with their simplistic invocation of 'pattern-principle' [lǐ (理)], or the traditional metaphysicians with their straightjacketed categories ...

Xie Zhaozhe was, for his time, a skeptic: he didn't necessarily trust recorded events or interpretations, he wanted precise observations from people he could trust. He tested a number of sayings or principles by personal observation, and wasn't afraid to say that something "everybody knows" might not be true. He wasn't a scientist, but he wasn't less "scientific" than most Europeans writing natural history at that time.

And he writes that he saw dragons, on an occasion when other people saw them, too.

The event took place when he was approximately twelve years old, in the East China Sea, probably en route to Okinawa:

I journeyed in 1579 with my paternal grandfather, ...when he was in charge of the official travel arrangements [for the commissioner to the Liuqui Islands]. We were halfway there when a typhoon arose. Thunder, lightning, rain, and hailstones all fell upon us at the same time. There were three dragons suspended upside down to the fore and aft of the ship. Their whiskers were interwound with the waters of the sea and penetrated the clouds. All the horns on their heads were visible, but below their waists nothing could be seen. Those in the ship were in a state of agitation and without any plan of action, but an old man said, "This is no more than the dragons coming to pay court to the commissioner's document bearing the imperial seal." He made those attending on the envoy have the latter write a document in his own hand bringing the court audience to an end. The dragons complied with the time so indicated and withdrew. [1]

In another account of the same experience, Xie Zhaozhe says that the dragons were

suspended upside down from the edges of the clouds, and still more than a thousand feet above the water, which rose boiling like steam or smoke to conjoin with the clouds, the people seeing the dragons with minute particularity. [2]

Obviously this account is extremely useful for writers of fantasy and science fiction. I don't know if the (vast) Chinese literature contains any other first-person accounts of dragons, much less ones recorded by such a careful and specific observer. I'm pretty sure there are no good first-person descriptions from the other end of Eurasia.

Then there's the question of what Xie Zhaozhe "actually" saw. To me it reads as though he's describing waterspouts, as in this image taken on the Great Lakes:

It is certainly true that if you expect to occasionally see dragons in storm clouds, you will see them. For instance, this oncoming storm in the Baltic Sea near Öland, Sweden:

Most interesting to me is the question of when did educated people in China *stop* seeing dragons, and why. Which dragons disappeared first, river dragons or storm-cloud dragons, or did it happen at the same time? Did officials in the provinces stop forwarding reports of dragons to the capital because the capital became less likely to believe them, or did the provincial officials get fewer reports to forward? These questions have the advantage of being answerable, if someone is willing to dig through the enormous number of surviving gazetteers and other reports from the Ming and Qing dynasties.

don’t care about what Dragon Tablet is. Instead, their concern is "is Dragon Tablet efficacious?" To them, it is enough to know that Dragon Tablet is an efficacious deity.

So my guess is that at some point in the last 100-150 years Chinese people stopped thinking of dragons as efficacious. And, as the trope goes, Gods Need Prayer Badly: if people don't pray to them, do gods and other supernatural creatures fade away?

Or are dragons different? In another culture, J.R.R. Tolkien said that in his youth, "I desired dragons with a profound desire." He desired them *because* they weren't efficacious, they weren't practical or useful:

I never imagined that the dragon was of the same order as the horse. And that was not solely because I saw horses daily, but never even the footprint of a worm. The dragon has the trademark Of Faërie written plain upon him. In whatever world he has his being it was an Other-world. Fantasy, the making or glimpsing of Other-worlds, was the heart of the desire of Faërie. I desired dragons with a profound desire. [3]

For thoughts about the difference that magic makes in an individual's moral world, you could do worse than reading Rosalie H. Wax (11 pg. pdf). Writing about the shift in perspective between the moment of representation in the Icelandic sagas and the moment of construction two centuries later she says:

The difference between the magical point of view and the saga writers is profound; within the former view all of the crucial phenomena of man's experience are morally and socially explicable, while within the latter the coherence is troubled by rationalistic disenchantment.

Her argument (in the out-of-print book from which the chapter is an excerpt if not in the chapter itself) is that it is difficult to re-enchant a world once the rationalistic viewpoint has taken hold.

Side note: I would be remiss if I did not mention that my wife has another novel coming out this October from Daw, which features a world where magic and science are not opposing paradigms. You can see it (and read the first chapter) over at Hypable. How Rory Thorne Destroyed the Multiverse .

My favorite dragon in literature isn't Smaug, nor the Earthsea dragons : it's the unnamed dragon in John Gardner's strange novel _Grendel_, a retelling of the Beowulf story from the monster's point of view. (Turns out the monster is intelligent and thoughtful, and the dragon is a very cynical philosopher.)

My only defense, such as it is, is that I read all the GoT books as they came out,
re-reading the first three a couple times to refresh my memory before undertaking a new volume, and so every character and plotline was already engraved in my mind before I ever saw the first trailer for the first episode.

"One of my less pleasant chores when I was young was to read the Bible from one end to the other. Reading the Bible straight through is at least 70% discipline, like learning Latin. But the good parts are, of course, simply excellent. God is an extremely uneven writer, but when he's good, nobody can touch him."
-- John Gardner, NYT Book Review Jan '83

I watched the first season of GoT Tues and Wedn night. I will watch three more (four if I can get out of work early tomorrow)this weekend and polish them off next week. I felt I should be ready to watch the end.

On GOT, I got sick of the books. The show is mostly good, but has stretches that I can’t watch. The first four seasons were great ( except for the horrifying bits) , the last three have been uneven, though, not, I think, because of getting ahead of Martin. He is overrated and some of the changes in the first four seasons improved on him. Can’t say more because I will spoil it for Marty.

I don’t quite get the reconstructions. The new estimates are that they weighed about 550 lbs., but even allowing for light bone structure you would think this giraffe sized thing would be at least half the weight of a giraffe or more. Looking at the model I would guess over 1000 lbs but I am wrong.

Like birds, a lot of their respiratory system was inside their bones. Also like birds, their respiratory system is thought to have been flow-through, not the super-inefficient in-out method mammals use.

In Polynesia, dragons had lots of magic powers but mainly went for water destruction rather than fire. In Hawaii, there are an awful lot of rock formations said to be pieces of dead giant lizards. https://www.mauimagazine.net/the-sacred-spine/

Can't wait for the Sunday night dragon fights. I have been following GoT since the books came out and am looking forward to at least seeing how the TV series ends.

In the books, it seems to me that Martin loses the momentum with Arya in Bravos, with the subplots in Dorne, and at The Citadel.

I actually haven't watched all of the most recent two seasons of the TV show,
and will catch up sometime when work is less pressing (perhaps after I retire in July).

I think that Martin's "prequel", _A_Knight_Of_The_Seven_Kingdoms_, is more tightly written than all but the best parts of _A_Song_Of_Ice_And_Fire_,
and recommend it as a starting place for those daunted by getting involved in a six-volume trudge. And I very much like Dunc and Egg.

Charon Dunn: ...am looking forward to at least seeing how the TV series ends.

Off topic, I know, but that reminds me of my second-favorite Samuel Johnson quip: "I am always glad to hear of a poet dying, for then I can be sure I have all of him on my shelf."

My nephew, 14, has got hooked on GoT. His mother (my kid sister, who is a Downton Abbey addict herself) was afraid when she told me that I'd make fun of the kid for it. I reassured her that although I've never watched a single minute of the show, it's only because I have to control my media diet carefully -- even if I won the lottery tomorrow, I'd still only have 24 hours in a day to "consume" entertainment, and I'm already cutting into my beauty sleep as it is. So I would no more scoff at my nephew for watching Game of Thrones than I would scoff at his father for binge-watching Premier League football (soccer, IOW), or at myself for re-reading the Jeeves and Wooster stories on a regular basis. To each his own.

To tell the whole truth, my sister had cause for her trepidation: some years ago, my brother-in-law and my nephew both enthused about the movie "300" to a revolting extent, and I did ridicule them a bit for going nuts over a gay sword-and-sandal flick. Can't say I regret that. To each his own all right, but there are limits.

Anyway, I'm surprised nobody has brought up Puff in all this commentary on dragons.

According to Snopes, Puff is not a secret encoded reference to mary jane.

I loved 300. The look, the pacing, the comic-bookishness, the dead sliding rhino, the ships at sea. It was just gorgeous, like an ink drawing in dark strokes come to life. Then I ran into the criticism and thought, "that's probably right, but I wasn't watching it with that part of my brain." I tend to fail purity tests though, I even still like a few Michael Jackson songs.

In at least three contemporary novels, Dragons are depicted as underwater inhabitants of major rivers(The Magicians, Liz WIlliams, Jacka) I don't know if underwater dragons is a new thing or an old thing that I just recently learned about. The concept is that they lurk down there waiting for opportunities either to eat people or impart wisdom to them).

I don't like it when authors present any magical creature as having no existence other than waiting around for the main characters to show up and interact. I prefer to think of the magical characters as having places to go and things to do and agendas of their own.

Russel, just by coincidence I recently read two books about dinosaurs. Both books empathized the close relationship between birds and dinosaurs, based on similarities of bone structure and respiration. I can't remember the details, though.

I found this very brief primer on avian respiration. The unidirectional flow is in the lungs, which don't expand or contract. Air still goes both in and out through the trachea, with air sacs doing the pumping.

"I am always glad to hear of a poet dying, for then I can be sure I have all of him on my shelf."

For the longest time, and without even realizing it was the case for many years, I never started listening to bands until they had broken up. The only exception I can think of is Drive By Truckers. It's probably just laziness.

I read the first 3 or so GOT books a few years before the series, got sick of waiting for the next as far as I remember, and just never cared enough to commit to the series. I'm not ruling it out for the future though: I like dragons and sorcery if well done, and machiavellian machinations combined with a bit of soft porn can be fun too. But with something so long and involved, you have to keep caring what happens, and from what I hear I'm not sure I will. We'll see, when I next need a spot of televisual escapism - currently (and as usual) I'm getting it from books.

I tend to think that he got sick of all these people who felt like they were entitled to him writing at their pace. And any kind of push/shove to get things finished that the TV series would have given him probably got lost in all the Sad/Rabid Puppy crap that came up at the Hugos.

I just finished the first screen season of GOT, after failing at the books (my son gave me the set .. he read them cover to cover twice; I'm willing to sort out the characters' names and identities in Dostoyevsky, but couldn't bring myself to do it for Martin), after a friend browbeat me into watching it.

It took me awhile to get through the first season, but the white walkers interested me, and then the dragons (pretty amazing screen dragons as these things go) showed up in the suttee scene in the last show of season I, and now I'm on my way.

As happens with these multiyear serial shows (I watch Netflix, don't have a TV) I can't STOP watching, but then after binging on a few years' worth I find myself growing sick of the main protagonists (wait, you are going to make the same mistake and get sucked into the maelstrom yet again -- I picture the scriptwriters sitting around trying to figure out how to squeeze one more iteration out of the material. By the next to last season of Ray Donovan I was rooting for the Chechens to once and for all wipe the entire recividist Donovans and Ray's shallow celebrity airhead clients off the face Earth).

It's as if you had a night-after night recurring nightmare in real life that some celebrity lout and his entire sketchy family and crime associates won the Presidency and took up residency in the White House.

You think, well, now bad can nuclear holocaust be, if it ended this show and any chance of sequels once and for all.

I'm not into fantasy at all, but remember reading "The Neverending Story" as a child in one go over a few days and being completely mesmerized by it - especially by the army of nothingness or whatever it was called exactly that made the world vanish bit by bit and had to be stopped.

I've been watching GoT mainly because my wife likes it. I don't like the structure (i.e. cutting back and forth between the different tribes / locations) but there's no other way to tell such a story (same with Lord of the Rings) and it's well done of course. I mainly enjoy the more seasoned character actors, some witty dialogue and the occasional complete outrageousness.

“By the end of it all, I felt like Martin just didn't really give a crap anymore and was basically just phoning it in.”

Books 4 and especially 5 struck me that way. The most charitable interpretation is that he had killed off so many of the interesting characters he had to throw new ones in, but he also had to fill time until the dragons got bigger and... well, honestly, I think he got tangled up in all the plot lines. He has sort of admitted that.

The TV show is better, for all its flaws, because it cut out some of the crap and it also improved on the characters. TV Shae is a more interesting character than book Shae, for instance. Also, while I vaguely remember liking Tyrion in the book, Peter Dinklage really does a superb job.

I didn't know about GOT until late--all of the books were written SO I read them all very quickly one after the other. I liked the way he made individual scenes and locale so densely realized. I even got a map and read the series a second time while marking places on the map. I never felt like any of it was phoned in.

But he didn't finish it. And I am not waiting for the end anymore. Also I donnt go back and reread, I think because it is such a fundamentally dark and depressing series. I am very much into escapism these days

I am enjoying the TV version because I dontthink the writers are going to kill off the main characters and I think there will be a conventional happy ending of sorts. That meets my escapism need.