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When you hear the word “diabetes,” your first thought is likely about high blood sugar. Blood sugar is an often-underestimated component of your health. When it’s out of whack over a long period of time, it could develop into diabetes. Diabetes affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin, a hormone that allows your body to turn glucose (sugar) into energy. Here’s what symptoms may occur to your body when diabetes takes effect.

Diabetes can be effectively managed when caught early. However, when left untreated, it can lead to potential complications that include heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and nerve damage.

Normally after you eat or drink, your body will break down sugars from your food and use them for energy in your cells. To accomplish this, your pancreas needs to produce a hormone called insulin. Insulin is what facilitates the process of pulling sugar from the blood and putting it in the cells for use, or energy.

If you have diabetes, your pancreas either produces too little insulin or none at all. The insulin can’t be used effectively. This allows blood glucose levels to rise while the rest of your cells are deprived of much-needed energy. This can lead to a wide variety of problems affecting nearly every major body system.

Types of diabetes

The effects of diabetes on your body also depends on the type you have. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.

Type 1 – also called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is an immune system disorder. Your own immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, destroying your body’s ability to make insulin. With type 1 diabetes, you must take insulin to live. Most people are diagnosed as a child or young adult.

Type 2 – is related to insulin resistance. It used to occur in older populations, but now more and more younger populations are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. This is a result of poor lifestyle, dietary, and exercise habits.

With type 2 diabetes, your pancreas stops using insulin effectively. This causes issues with being able to pull sugar from the blood and put it into the cells for energy. Eventually, this can lead to the need for insulin medication.

Earlier phases like prediabetes may be effectively managed with diet, exercise, and careful monitoring of blood sugars. This can also prevent the full development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can be controlled. In some cases it can even go into remission if proper lifestyle changes are made.

Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy. Most of the time, you can control gestational diabetes through diet and exercise. It also typically resolves after the baby is delivered. Gestational diabetes can increase your risk for complications during pregnancy. It can also increase risk of type 2 diabetes development later in life for both mother and child.

Endocrine, excretory, and digestive systems

If your pancreas produces little or no insulin – or if your body can’t use it – alternate hormones are used to turn fat into energy. This can create high levels of toxic chemicals, including acids and ketone bodies, which may lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a serious complication of the disease. Symptoms include extreme thirst, excessive urination, and fatigue.

Your breath may have a sweet scent that’s caused by the elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood. High blood sugar levels and excess ketones in your urine can confirm diabetic ketoacidosis. If untreated, this condition can lead to loss of consciousness or even death.

Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) occurs in type 2 diabetes. It involves very high blood glucose levels but no ketones. You might become dehydrated with this condition. You may even lose consciousness. HHS is most common in people whose diabetes is undiagnosed or who haven’t been able to control their diabetes. It can also be caused by a heart attack, stroke, or infection.

High blood glucose levels may cause gastroparesis — when it’s hard for your stomach to completely empty. This delay can cause blood glucose levels to rise. As a result, you may also experience nausea, vomiting, bloating, and heartburn.

Kidney damage

Diabetes can also damage your kidneys and affect their ability to filter waste products from your blood. If your doctor detects microalbuminuria, or elevated amounts of protein in your urine, it could be a sign that your kidneys aren’t functioning properly.

Kidney disease related to diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. This condition doesn’t show symptoms until its later stages. If you have diabetes, your doctor will evaluate you for nephropathy to help prevent irreversible kidney damage or kidney failure.

Circulatory system

Diabetes raises your risk of developing high blood pressure, which puts further strain on your heart. When you have high blood glucose levels, this can contribute to the formation of fatty deposits in blood vessel walls. Over time, it can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the blood vessels.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, diabetes doubles your risk of heart disease and stroke. In addition to monitoring and controlling your blood glucose, good eating habits and regular exercise can help lower the risk of high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels.

You should also consider quitting smoking if you’re at risk for diabetes. Diabetes and smoking are a very bad mix. It increases your risk for cardiovascular problems and restricted blood flow.

Lack of blood flow can eventually affect your hands and feet and cause pain while you’re walking. This is called intermittent claudication. The narrowed blood vessels in your legs and feet may also cause problems in those areas. For example, your feet may feel cold or you may be unable to feel heat due to lack of sensation. This condition is known as peripheral neuropathy, which is a type of diabetic neuropathy that causes decreased sensation in the extremities. It’s particularly dangerous because it may prevent you from noticing an injury or infection.

Diabetes also increases your risk of developing infections or ulcers of the foot. Poor blood flow and nerve damage increases the likelihood of having a foot or leg amputated. If you have diabetes, it’s critical that you take good care of your feet and inspect them often.

Integumentary system

Diabetes can also affect your skin, the largest organ of your body. Along with dehydration, your body’s lack of moisture due to high blood sugar can cause the skin on your feet to dry and crack. It’s important to completely dry your feet after bathing or swimming. You can use petroleum jelly or gentle creams, but avoid letting these areas become too moist.

Moist, warm folds in the skin are susceptible to fungal, bacterial, or yeast infections. These tend to develop between fingers and toes, the groin, armpits, or in the corners of your mouth. Symptoms include redness, blistering, and itchiness.

High-pressure spots under your foot can lead to calluses. These can become infected or develop ulcers. If you do get an ulcer, see your doctor immediately to lower the risk of losing your foot. You may also be more prone to boils, folliculitis (infection of the hair follicles), sties, and infected nails.

digital sclerosis, which causes thick skin, most often on the hands or feet

diabetic dermopathy, which can cause brown patches on the skin

For diabetic dermopathy, there’s no cause for concern and no treatment is necessary.

These skin conditions usually clear up when you get your blood sugar under control.

Central nervous system

Diabetes causes diabetic neuropathy, or damage to the nerves. This can affect your perception of heat, cold, and pain. It can also make you more susceptible to injury. The chances that you won’t notice these injuries and let them develop into serious infections or conditions increases, too.

Diabetes can also lead to swollen, leaky blood vessels in the eye, called diabetic retinopathy. This can damage your vision. It may even lead to blindness. Symptoms of eye trouble can be mild at first, so it’s important to see your eye doctor regularly.

Reproductive system

The changing hormones during pregnancy can cause gestational diabetes and, in turn, increases your risk of high blood pressure. There are two types of high blood pressure conditions for pregnant women to watch out for, preeclampsia or eclampsia.

In most cases, gestational diabetes is easily controlled and glucose levels return to normal after the baby is born. Symptoms are similar to other types of diabetes, but may also include repeated infections affecting the vagina and bladder.

If you develop gestational diabetes, your baby may have a higher birth weight. This can make delivery more complicated. You’re also at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes several years following your baby’s delivery.

How Do I Manage My Blood Sugar When I’m Sick?

What Should I Eat? When Should I Call the Doctor?

When you have diabetes, sick days often mean more than a runny nose and sneezing. An illness like a cold, the flu, or any condition that makes you throw up or gives you diarrhea can also boost your blood sugar. So can an infection.

That means you have to stay on top of your blood sugar levels. Here are some guidelines:

Check your blood sugar every 4 hours;

Test for ketones if you have type 1 diabetes and your sugar level is above 240mg/dL — or if your doctor tells you to. Ketones are a form of waste that people with type 1 make when they’re under stress (like an illness). Call the doctor if you find ketones in your urine. Depending on how sick you are, he may suggest you go to the emergency room;

Check your temperature regularly;

Drink liquids if you can’t keep solid food down. Have one cup of liquid every hour while you’re awake to prevent dehydration. If you can’t hold down liquids, you may need to go to the emergency room or hospital;

Don’t stop taking insulin, even if you can’t eat solid food. You may need to eat or drink something with sugar so that your blood sugar doesn’t drop too low;

You may need to stop taking medicines by mouth for type 2 diabetes while you’re sick. Check with your doctor if you’re not sure what to do;

If you need an over-the-counter drug to control symptoms like cough and nasal congestion, ask your doctor or pharmacist for a list of sugar-free products.

What Should I Eat?

Eat or drink 30 to 50 grams of carbohydrates every 3 to 4 hours. That will keep your body nourished, stop if from making ketones, and prevent your blood sugar from dropping too low.

If you’re having trouble eating, try bland foods like the ones listed below. Each equals one carbohydrate choice.

1 cup clear soup or broth

1/2 cup regular gelatin

1/2 cup regular soft drink, like 7-up or Sprite

1/2 Popsicle

1/2 cup unsweetened applesauce

1/3 cup apple juice

1/2 cup sports drink, like Gatorade

Choose calorie-free liquids like water and 1/2 cup of broth or bouillon.

Maintaining a healthy body weight can protect you from a variety of illnesses. By assessing your body’s healthy weight and maintaining it as much as possible, you will be armed with an additional tool to stay in shape!

In order to reach optimum health, it is recommended that you calculate your healthy body weight using the Body Mass Index (BMI) in combination with your waist circumference.

Calculation method

To calculate your BMI, you must divide your weight in kilograms by your height in square metres. Let’s take the example of a person weighing 68 kg and measuring 1.65 metres tall:

Weight (kg) ÷ height (m)2 = 68 kg ÷ (1.65 m)2 = 24.97

Thus, this person has a BMI of 25.

To calculate your waist circumference, you must measure your abdomen at hip height with a tape measure.

Optimal BMI should be between 18.5 and 24.9 if you do not have any other conditions that influence the results (for example, if you are pregnant). Your waist circumference should be approximately 80 cm for women and 94 cm for men.

Reaching and maintaining a healthy weight can be beneficial to you in the long term. Below are some of the benefits of maintaining a healthy weight:

Weigh yourself on a regular basis using a bathroom scale on a flat surface, preferably at the same time of day and without clothing.

Here’s why BMI may not matter

It’s important to recognize that BMI itself is not measuring “health” or a physiological state (such as resting blood pressure) that indicates the presence (or absence) of disease. It is simply a measure of your size. Plenty of people have a high or low BMI and are healthy and, conversely, plenty of folks with a normal BMI are unhealthy. In fact, a person with a normal BMI who smokes and has a strong family history of cardiovascular disease may have a higher riskof early cardiovascular death than someone who has a high BMI but is a physically fit non-smoker.

And then there is the “obesity paradox.” Some studies have found that despite the fact that the risk of certain diseases increases with rising BMI, people actually tend to live longer, on average, if their BMI is a bit on the higher side.

Should we stop giving so much “weight” to BMI ?

That’s exactly what’s being asked in the discussion generated by a new study. For this study, researchers looked at how good the BMI was as a single measure of cardiovascular health and found that it wasn’t very good at all:

Nearly half of those considered overweight by BMI had a healthy “cardiometabolic profile,” including a normal blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar.

About a third of people with normal BMI measures had an unhealthy cardiometabolic profile.

The authors bemoaned the “inaccuracy” of the BMI. They claim it translates into mislabeling millions of people as unhealthy and also overlooking millions of others who are actually unhealthy, but are considered “healthy” by BMI alone.

Actually, this should come as no surprise. BMI, as a single measure, would not be expected to identify cardiovascular health or illness; the same is true for cholesterol, blood sugar, or blood pressure as a single measure. And while cardiovascular health is important, it’s not the only measure of health! For example, this study did not consider conditions that might also be relevant to an individual with an elevated BMI, such as liver disease or arthritis.

Bottom line

As a single measure, BMI is clearly not a perfect measure of health. But it’s still a useful starting point for important conditions that become more likely when a person is overweight or obese. It’s a good idea to know your BMI but it’s also important to recognize its limitations.

after all…

Once we learn about all the benefits to be had from reaching a healthy weight, we understand the importance of adopting measures to avoid obesity, as much among children and adolescents as among adults. If you feel you could stand to lose some weight or are concerned about the effects that excess weight could have on your health, speak to your pharmacist or doctor.

You can also call upon the expertise of other professionals, such as a nutritionist, to help you establish an action plan to maintain your healthy weight.

Weight loss is a long journey with many misconceptions attached to it. So, let us talk about more in detail about some common myths, facts and logic behind weight loss.

First Myth

Exercise is enough, no need of dieting

Logic

Exercise is beneficial for many reasons but when it comes to weight loss, a proper weight loss diet plays a vital role. If you eat 1 chicken sandwich, you consume 400 to 500 calories, you need to burn these calories by working out for at least for an hour. Now imagine a scenario where you would have made a healthier choice. In that case, a half an hour workout would have been enough. Get to know how much exercise you need to lose weight?

Fact

Exercise is not enough, proper dieting is absolutely essential.

Second Myth

Fasting and Skipping meals help you to lose weight fast

Logic

Fasting and skipping meals slow down the metabolism due to which you shed weight slowly. Besides that, later in the day, you feel really hungry and binge on unhealthy stuff. Learn to get more information on Increase body metabolism to lose weight.

Fact

Fasting and Skipping meals never help you to lose weight fast.

Third Myth

Carbohydrates make you gain weight. So, cut down carbs in your diet

Logic

Carbohydrates never make you gain weight. It is the calories that make you gain weight. The sugar and fat that carbohydrates often contain make you fat. Opt for other good carbs like whole grains.

Fact

Carbohydrates never make you gain weight. You have to avoid bad carbs like Sugar, added sugar, refined flours. Learn to know more about good and bad carbohydrates.

Fourth Myth

A fruit- only diet is best for weight loss

Logic

Fruits also have calories. However, if you live only on fruits, you deprive your body of variety of nutrients and can face long-term health problems

Fact

Fruit only diet is not good at all.

Fifth Myth

Fad diet helps you to lose weight faster

Logic

Fad diets are comprised of only 800 to 1000 calories which is difficult to follow. It has many adverse effects in the long run. One should always avoid this kind of diet.

Fact

Fad diet is that kind of weight loss diet which actually results in weight gain

Fad Diets

There are many different diets that promote weight loss. Unfortunately, not all diets help you over time. Learn how to identify a fad diet.

What are fad diets?

Hundreds of diets are being promoted as the best approach to losing weight. Unfortunately, many of these diets involve eliminating foods that contain necessary nutrients. Some diets even cut entire food groups. These are fad diets.

For example, fad diets may include those that are fat-free, very-low-carbohydrate, or high protein. Some fad diets focus on a particular food, such as grapefruit or cabbage. Some have you eliminate certain foods at specific times of the day. Others allow you certain foods, as long as you eat them along with certain other foods.

Many of these diets may lack major nutrients, such as dietary fiber and carbohydrates, as well as selected vitamins, minerals, and protective phytochemicals. By not receiving the proper amounts of these nutrients, you can develop serious health problems later in life.

For the food groups that these diets do permit, the amounts are either well above or well below those recommended by major health organizations like the American Heart Association, American Diabetes Association, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics — as well as the Surgeon General and the United States Department of Agriculture.

Common claims these diets make include blaming particular hormones for weight gain, suggesting that food can change body chemistry. Or they may hype or ban a particular food.

However, all have one thing in common: a temporary solution to what for many people is a lifelong problem. Once the diet is stopped, the lost weight is usually regained quickly, since none of the diets teach behavior modification (changing how you eat).

How do I spot a fad diet?

While there is no set approach to spotting a fad diet, the following guidelines can help. Fad diets tend to have:

Recommendations that promise a quick fix.

Claims that sound too good to be true.

Simplistic conclusions drawn from a complex study.

Recommendations based on a single study.

Dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable scientific organizations.

Lists of “good” and “bad” foods.

Recommendations made to help sell a product.

Recommendations based on studies published without peer review.

Recommendations from studies that ignore differences among individuals or groups.

Elimination of one or more of the five food groups (fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy).

What is still the best method to lose weight and keep it off? Exercise regularly and eat a variety of foods with moderate portions dear LLET friend.