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Edited By Keith Allan and Kasia M. Jaszczolt

This book "fills the unquestionable need for a comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on the fast-developing field of pragmatics" and "includes contributions from many of the principal figures in a wide variety of fields of pragmatic research as well as some up-and-coming pragmatists."

It has already been widely acknowledged that Englishhas become the lingua franca of Europe as the languageof international communication, the language of themedia and the Internet, popular culture, entertainmentand fashion that is enthusiastically embraced by youngpeople all over Europe. English is also widely used asone of the working languages of internationalorganizations; it is commonly spoken at internationalconferences and it is the language of the largestnumber of scientific publications today.

The first waves of interest in the English languageand culture in Europe can be traced back to the 18thcentury, but the massive impact began to be felt afterthe World War II. It can be said that English inEurope spread from the north to the south, which isreflected in the levels of language proficiency andfrequency of use. After the fall of the Berlin WallEnglish is spreading very fast throughout EasternEurope. It should be noted, however, that even duringthe communist period the impact of English was notheld up by the Iron Curtain. In East Europeancountries, English loanwords were often used with ahigher degree of intentionality than in the West.Generally speaking, purist efforts of differentideological persuasions have only had a limited effectin trying to stop the spread of English.

The ways in which English loanwords have enteredEuropean languages could be quite intricate: languagesin closer contact with English, such as French andGerman often took on the role of intermediaries, withFrench transferring the English borrowings to otherRomance languages and German to languages of CentralEurope. Today, due to the wide access to English andthe growing language proficiency, the role ofintermediary languages has sharply diminished.

As a result of massive lexical borrowing, a largenumber of European anglicisms have acquired the statusof internationalisms. Once adopted in a language,English loanwords often start life of their own,sometimes becoming unintelligible to native speakersof English due to various changes in form or meaning.

In a world of rapid change and unprecedentedtechnological progress, new words have to be coined onan almost daily basis, most of them coming into beingin English-speaking countries, primarily the U.S.A. Itis often the case that general dictionaries and evendictionaries of anglicisms or neologisms can hardlyfollow this pace, so that new editions have to bepublished within short spans of time in an attempt tokeep up to date.

In addition, a number of popular and scholarlyarticles and books have appeared discussing variousaspects of the English influence on individualEuropean languages. Bibliographies recording thesedevelopments exist for some European languages. Apartfrom the annotated bibliography edited by late RudolfFilipovic (1996) recording the research results ofnumerous contributors at his international project"The English Element in European Languages" there hasbeen no comprehensive bibliography containing the datafor a large number of European languages. The bestapproximation are references included in books andarticles (such as the impressive list for German inCarstensen and Busse (1993-6).

OVERVIEW"An Annotated Bibliography of European Anglicisms"edited by Manfred Gorlach, certainly fills this gap.It is a companion volume to "A Dictionary of EuropeanAnglicisms" and "English in Europe", also edited by M.Görlach and published by the Oxford University Press.It covers roughly the same range of languages as thetwo companion volumes: Albanian, Bulgarian, Croatian,Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek,Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Polish,Romanian, Russian, Spanish and Catalan. The selectioncomprises four Germanic languages (Icelandic,Norwegian, Dutch, and German), four Slavic (Russian,Polish, Croatian, and Bulgarian), four Romance(French, Spanish, Italian, and Romanian) and fourother languages (Finnish, Hungarian, Albanian, andGreek) This selection allows the analysis of a numberof contrasts, such as purist vs. open speechcommunities, Western vs. Eastern countries, regionalcomparisons (Scandinavia, the Balkans), and the impactof mediating languages (French and German inparticular).

The bibliography records an international range offoreign-word dictionaries, etymological dictionaries,and general dictionaries, books and articles devotedto the influence of English on the language inquestion, works restricted to individual levels ofinfluence (e.g. phonology, morphology, graphemes,etc.), works dealing with English in specific fields,in individual styles, regions, or social classes,corpus-oriented studies, such as major studies ofanglicisms in newspaper or advertising language andmajor works documenting earlier influences of Englishand the cultural background. References which have notbeen taken into consideration comprise ephemeralarticles in newspapers and magazines or discussions ofindividual words, entries in general encyclopaedias,papers written in languages neither easily understoodnor accessible to the general user, and papers devotedto related topics whose focus is outside the properfield (etymology, language contact, pidginization,historical linguistics, non European languages,general aspects of cultural history, the developmentof individual disciplines and general dictionaries)since they do not belong in a specializedbibliography.

In addition, the selection of bibliographical items was rigorous for languages such as German which has alarge number of titles to choose from, whereas forlanguages lacking an extensive scholarly tradition,the admission of titles was more liberal, which meansthat the criteria of inclusion could not be the samefor all the languages. All chapters were written by "ADictionary of European Anglicisms" (DEA) contributorsor scholars closely associated with the project. Somelanguages, however, do not correspond to thoseincluded in the DEA volume. Thus, since theliterature for Albanian was very scarce, a section onDanish was additionally included. (To my knowledge,some additional articles and MA theses could be foundfor the English influence on Albanian related to lateR. Filipovic^Òs project "The English Element inEuropean Languages"). Swedish, Czech and Portuguesehave not been included either, although I must say Ifind it difficult to believe that "there is not enoughevidence available to justify a separate section onthese languages" (These languages, however, were notincluded in "A Dictionary of European Anglicisms"either).

The active collection of titles for the bibliographyended in 1995 (as for the dictionary data in "ADictionary of European Anglicisms"); as a result, onlya small number of more recent entries have beenincluded.

The first section is devoted to general discussionsand monographs comparing the English influence in morethan one language. The sections that follow aredevoted to anglicisms in individual languages listedin the alphabetical order. The annotations providevery useful information about the contents of theincluded bibliographical items.They are of varyinglength and structure, probably due to the fact thatthey were written by a large number of contributors.Regrettably, annotations are completely lacking forsome of the items.

A system of cross- references is used for collectionsof papers comprising several articles on differentlanguages. The same system is used for generaldiscussions comparing the influence in more than onelanguage, with cross-references from the chaptersdevoted to the individual language.

The Bibliography is supplemented by an "Index ofTopics" and an "Index of Words", quoted by page andentry number. The former is a very useful indicatorof the fields of interest concerning the Englishinfluence on European languages. Among the topics withthe largest number of bibliographical items are thoseon dictionaries and lexicography, which indicates thatthe focus of interest of most publications has beenthe lexical impact of English on individual languages.A large number of titles is devoted to morphology,phonology, spelling and meaning showing the interestin the adaptation of loanwords on the main linguisticlevels. Historical studies are also prominent, as wellas those dealing with different aspects of purism. Itcan be noted that most works are devoted to borrowing,with only two studies focusing on code switching, forinstance. Sociolinguistics is not represented veryextensively in terms of the number of bibliographicalitems. A number of units are devoted to topics suchas journalese and sports as the fields traditionallyexposed to English influence. "The Index of Words"lists frequent individual anglicisms discussed in theincluded items, such as baby, budget, design,handicap, jeans etc.

To conclude: with its wealth of information, thebibliography is an invaluable research tool forscholars interested in various aspects of the Englishinfluence on European languages, as well as forlexicographers, language planners and anyoneinterested in the topic. Since new publications on thetopic appear in large numbers on an almost dailybasis, it is to be hoped that new updated and revisededitions of this important work will be published inyears to come.

ABOUT THE REVIEWER:
ABOUT THE REVIEWER Lelija Socanac is a researcher at the Linguistic Research Institute, Zagreb, Croatia. She has a PhD in linguistics. She has worked on the project "The English Element in European Languages" which was directed by late Rudolf Filipovic. She is currently directing the project "Croatian in Contact with European Languages". Her research interests include contact linguistics, sociolinguistics and lexicography.