Are WBCs that are present during allergic reactions, and are rare in appearance

Granulocyte WBC

Granulocyte WBC

Are WBCs that contain granules (neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils)

PCV

PCV

(packed cell volume) measures the percentage of red blood cells in the total volume of blood

What are the two microhematocrit tubes?

What are the two microhematocrit tubes?

Plain (blue) and heparinized (red)

Where is the plasma obtained?

Where is the plasma obtained?

from the top of a microhematocrit heparin tube after being centrifuged

What is the anatomy of a spun down microhematocrit tube from top to bottom?

What is the anatomy of a spun down microhematocrit tube from top to bottom?

Air, plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells, clay

Hemolysis

Hemolysis

Is when red blood cells have broken down and spilled hemoglobin into the sample, rendering most blood chemistry tests inaccurate

Monocytes

Monocytes

(macrophage) appear on a blood smear as circular white blood cells, much larger than red blood cells, wih a vey large nucleus. They are non-specific responders that help consume invaders. They mature to a moacrophage in tissue.

Serum

Serum

Is the noncellular portion of whole blood after clotting (the resulting fluid from clotted blood). Serum has no fibrinogen (protein in plasma, responsible for clotting), and is the preferred sample for most blood chemistry tests

are RBCs with a membrane abnormally with multiple, irregularly speed projections on the cell surface

Agglutination

Agglutination

are clumps of RBC's in a cluster usually present in animals with autoimmune disorders

Schistocytes

Schistocytes

Are fragments of ruptured and broken RBC's

If an animalhas an untreated condition of diabetes, what chemistry levels in both blood and urine would be elevated?

If an animalhas an untreated condition of diabetes, what chemistry levels in both blood and urine would be elevated?

Glucose

Does routine venipuncture require a sterile field?

Does routine venipuncture require a sterile field?

No

What is used to cleanse the area prior to the blood draw?

What is used to cleanse the area prior to the blood draw?

Isopropel Alcohol

If a client was to free catch urine, and bring it into the clinic for analysis, how should it be stored until they can get it to the clinic?

If a client was to free catch urine, and bring it into the clinic for analysis, how should it be stored until they can get it to the clinic?

The sample should be refridgerated order to preserve the sample, as much as possible. Changes start to occur immediately, such as bacteria in the urine with multiply, cells will degenerate, casts will dissolve

Specific Gravity

(SG) is the concentration of the fluid in relation to the weight / concentration of distilled water

A refractometer is used in order to measure this. SG can be determined with either spun down, or intact urine, and requires only 1 drop on the refractomer

Chemical reagent strp analysis:

Chemical reagent strp analysis:

(multistix) plastic stick with pads that are impregnanted with chemicals that react to urine by changing color. The change in color is read in order to measure PH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilingen, blood, WBC, and nitrites.

Carnivorous animals urine is:

Carnivorous animals urine is:

is normally more acidic and low PH scale

Urinary casts

Urinary casts

are elongated structures composed of protein from plasma and mucoprotein from the renal tubules, they can consist of many substances such as tissue cells, minerals, blood cells, etc.

Reddish brown tinged urine can indicate what?

Reddish brown tinged urine can indicate what?

Blood in the urine or elevated bilirubin

Cytocentesis

Cytocentesis

Is extracting urine directly from the bladder using a sterile needle and syringe.

Hematuria

Hematuria

is the presence of blood in the urine

Dysuria

Dysuria

Difficult/painful urination usually caused by bladder stones,cystits, and urethritis

Anuria

Anuria

absence of, or inability to urinate, this can be caused by a urethral bloackage, or ethylene glycol toxicity

Uremia

Uremia

ia unfiltered urine re-circulating in the bloodstream

What tube is used when sending a urine sample out to a lab?

What tube is used when sending a urine sample out to a lab?

red top tube with no additive

Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis

the type of crystal formed by the ingestion of antifreeze

Fecal Floatation

Fecal Floatation

the principal basis for fecal floatatioin is that the eggs of parasites are lighter than the floatationsolution and will float to the surface where they can be stuck to cover slip placed on top of the vial

Direct fecal smear

Direct fecal smear

done by adding a drop of saline to the sample on the slide

Trematode

Trematode

Are commonly called flukes, and are a parasite worm that can effect most systems (blood, eye, liver, and respiratory tract)

Cestode

Cestode

tapeworm; sheds proglottids that contain eggs

Dipylidium

Dipylidium

is known as the common tapeworm that infects cats and dogs

Toxocara roundworms

Toxocara roundworms

a nematode type endoparasite that is transmitted to neomates through mothers milk

Hookworm and threadworm

Hookworm and threadworm

can enter their hosts by burrowing through the skin

Isospora and Cryptosporidium

Isospora and Cryptosporidium

Coccidia

Giardiasis (Giardia)

Giardiasis (Giardia)

a genus of lagellate protozoa parasite in the intestines of most infected animals. signs are diarrhea, blood in the stool, and lethargy. Caused by contaminated water.

head is pointed and much narrower than thorax. Has piercing/sucking mouthparts that penetgrate the skin in order to continually feed

Biting Lice

Biting Lice

head is broad, or boarder than thorax, and has chewing/biting mouthparts used to feed on dead skin, hair, and body secretions

Cheyletiella

Cheyletiella

mites that are larger than demodex or sarcoptes, white in color, and can be seen with the naked eye. They are commonly referred to as "walking dandruff"

sarcoptes spp.

sarcoptes spp.

cause of scabies

Demodex spp. mites

Demodex spp. mites

cause puppy/red mange in dogs, and are usually collected by doing a skin scraping into the dermal follicles.

Fleas

Fleas

wingless, lumping reddish brown insects that live on host animals in order to have access to nutrients (blood).

Which is larger the tick or the mite?

Which is larger the tick or the mite?

Tick

Ixodes spps.

Ixodes spps.

(common wood deer tick) is the vector for the bacteria that causes lyme disease

Borrelia

Borrelia

is the gram negative spirilla that causes lyme disease

The Amercian Dog Tick

The Amercian Dog Tick

transmits potentially fatal diease, rocky mnt. spotted feaver

Pathogen

Pathogen

is a microorganism capable of causing disease

Viruses

Viruses

pathogenic microorganisms are obligated intracellular parasites, that are very difficult to elimate, and are not free living

Salmonella bacteria

Salmonella bacteria

is likely to be determined to humans by handling, or eatng undercooked poultry

Salmonella in reptiles

Salmonella in reptiles

is the normal flora in reptiles

Tetanus bacteria

Tetanus bacteria

is usually transferred to humans by would contact with contaminated soil

Cat Scratch Feaver

Cat Scratch Feaver

Is usually a benign infectious disease most commonly found in children 1-2 weeks following a cat scratch. Can not be caught from cleaning a litter box

Keratoconjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis

is also known as pink eye, and is inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. The onset of this is caused by bacterial infection

Brucellosis

Brucellosis

A zoonotic threat that causes abortion

Psittacosis

Psittacosis

caused by birds

Clostridium Tetani

Clostridium Tetani

Gram positive bacilli causing severe infections that can be treated with anti-toxin injections (a kind of antibody produced in the body of another animal in responcse to the presence of a toxin), whereas the vaccine creates an antibody to the toxin & does not prevent infection

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

is a gram positive cocci, causing various infections and mastitis in some animals

Pseudomonas aeruginose

Pseudomonas aeruginose

Gram negative bacilli causing severe infection in wounds. One of the characteristics of this type of infections is a strong odor

Escerichia (E.) Coli

Escerichia (E.) Coli

Is normal part of the GI flora

Bacterial cultures are incubated at what temperature?

Bacterial cultures are incubated at what temperature?

Body temperature

How should potentially anareobic bacteria be stored?

How should potentially anareobic bacteria be stored?

in containers that protect them from expoure to air like a culturette

Mycology

Mycology

Fungal culture (DTM) are generally incubated at room temperature

Tease Mount

Tease Mount

is referred when transferring fungal samples to a slide by lightly touching the surface of a fungal growth with a sterile loop being careful not to disturb the space

Yeast

Yeast

is a unicellular (made up of a single cell) fungi that can be aerobic or anaerobic and can reproduce sexualy or asexually. When gram stained, yeast appears as gram negative, and is purple or blue in color

Ringworm

Ringworm

is a fungal infection of the skin and is highly contagious.

Gram stain

Gram stain

is a staining procedure in which bacteria/fungi are stained with crystal violet, treated with strong iodine solution, and counter stained with contrasting dye, usually safranin. Gram positive items will retain the crystal violet stain and will appear purple/blue. Gram negative items will los the crystal violet stain and will appear red/pink in color

What is a gram strain considered?:

What is a gram strain considered?:

a differential stain

cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid

is obtained by performing a spinal tap; insertion of a spinal needle between the meninges

Spinning the oil immersion lens:

Spinning the oil immersion lens:

when spinning the oil immersion lens the oil must be cleaned from the oil immersion lens and the slide because it can damage the lower power lenses and cause visibility problems on the low power fields

what size clippers should you use for shaving patients?

what size clippers should you use for shaving patients?

#10 for course hair and #40 for fine hair

when setting up for surgical excision of a cancerous tumor you should clip how?:

when setting up for surgical excision of a cancerous tumor you should clip how?:

clip an extra wide area around the site and follow the DVMs instructions for scrubbing and washing

Where should a tumor sample be taken after surgery?:

Where should a tumor sample be taken after surgery?:

should be sealed in a formalin vial for outside lap biopsy

Formalin

Formalin

presents a highly toxic threat to veterinary practice and must be handled with care

From where and how would a DVM order a sample for identification of a respiratory virus?:

From where and how would a DVM order a sample for identification of a respiratory virus?:

A scraping or swab from the nasal passages

Determining Viral Pathogens

Viral Pathogens

when testing for presnce of viral the preferred sample to use is serum (derived from clotted blood, usually a tiger top tube is used for collection)

Attenuated Vaccines

Attenuated Vaccines

refer to pathogenic microbes that have been significantly weakened, but are alive (modified live virus vaccines)

Feline Distemper

Feline Distemper

is caused by a viral pathogen. Is also referred to as PanLeokopenia and feline parvo virus

Feline Infectious anemia

Feline Infectious anemia

is a hemolytic anemia caused by the red blood cell parasite, Haemobartonella felis. Cats with this disease DO NOT have to be placed in isolation ward.

When an animal does not show clinical signs of a vial disease, yet tests positive for the antigen, the virus is said to be what?

When an animal does not show clinical signs of a vial disease, yet tests positive for the antigen, the virus is said to be what?