Chancellor
CHANCELLOR (Latin : _cancellarius_) is a title of various official
positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors
were the _cancellarii _ of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat
at the _cancelli_ or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court,
which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A
chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery . The word is
now used in the titles of many various officers in all kinds of
settings (government, education, religion, etc.). Nowadays the term is
most often used to describe: * The head of the government
* A person in charge of foreign affairs
* A person with duties related to justice
* A person in charge of financial and economic issues
* The head of a universityCONTENTS* 1
Head of government * 1.1 Austria
* 1.2 Germany
* 1.3
Switzerland * 2
Foreign minister
* 3 Functions related to justice and the law * 4 Other * 4.1 Ecclesiastical
* 4.2 Educational usage * 5 Historical uses
* 6 See also
* 7 References HEAD OF GOVERNMENTAUSTRIAThe
Chancellor of Austria , also titled _Bundeskanzler_, is the head
of government in Austria.
Christian Kern is the current
_Bundeskanzler_ of Austria. GERMANYThe CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY or _BUNDESKANZLER_ (official German title
which means "FEDERAL CHANCELLOR"), is the title for the head of
government in Germany
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Executive (government)
The EXECUTIVE is the organ exercising authority in and holding
responsibility for the governance of a state . The executive executes
and enforces law . In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers ,
authority is distributed among several branches (executive,
legislative , judicial ) — an attempt to prevent the concentration
of power in the hands of a small group of people. In such a system,
the executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or
interpret them (the role of the judiciary). Instead, the executive
enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the
judiciary. The executive can be the source of certain types of law,
such as a decree or executive order . Executive bureaucracies are
commonly the source of regulations . In the Westminster political system , the principle of separation of
powers is not as entrenched. Members of the executive, called
ministers , are also members of the legislature, and hence play an
important part in both the writing and enforcing of law. In this context, the executive consists of a leader(s) of an office
or multiple offices. Specifically, the top leadership roles of the
executive branch may include: * head of state —often the supreme leader , the president or
monarch , the chief public representative and living symbol of
national unity. * head of government —often the _de facto _ leader, prime minister
, overseeing the administration of all affairs of state
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Head Of State
A HEAD OF STATE (or CHIEF OF STATE) is the public persona that
officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign
state . Depending on the country's form of government and separation
of powers , the head of state may be a purely ceremonial figurehead
with limited or no executive power or concurrently the head of
government . In countries with parliamentary system , the head of state is
typically a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide
day-to-day government activities and may not be empowered to exercise
any kind of secular political authority (e.g., Queen Margrethe II of
Denmark ). In countries where the head of state is also the head of
government, the head of state serves as both a public figurehead and
the actual highest-ranking political leader who oversees the executive
branch (e.g., the
President of the United States ). Former French president
Charles de Gaulle , while developing the
current
Constitution of France (1958), said the head of state should
embody _l'esprit de la nation_ ("the spirit of the nation")
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Monarch
A MONARCH is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy . A monarch
may exercise the highest authority and power in the state , or others
may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Typically a monarch
either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's
sovereign rights (often referred to as _the throne_ or _the crown _)
or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort
eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual
may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means.
A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication . If a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed
to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule.
Monarchs' actual powers vary from one monarchy to another and in
different eras; on one extreme, they may be autocrats (absolute
monarchy ) wielding genuine sovereignty; on the other they may be
ceremonial heads of state who exercise little or no power or only
reserve powers , with actual authority vested in a parliament or other
body (constitutional monarchy ). A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously. For
example, the monarchy of
CanadaCanada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom
are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal
union
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Supreme Leader
A SUPREME LEADER typically refers to the person among a number of
leaders of a state , organization or other such group who has been
given or is able to exercise the most – or complete – authority
over it. In a religion, this role is usually satisfied by a person
deemed to be the representative or manifestation of a god or gods on
Earth. In politics, a supreme leader usually has a cult of personality
associated with them, such as below: *
Adolf Hitler (_
Führer _) in Germany
*
Benito Mussolini (_
Duce _) in
Italy
*
Emperor Hirohito (_
Tenno _) in
Japan
*
Joseph Stalin (_Vozhd _) in the
Soviet Union
* The
Supreme Leader of Iran
* The Supreme Leader of
North Korea
* The
Paramount leader of
China
*
General Secretary of the Communist Party in
Communist states There have been many dictators and political party leaders who have
assumed such personal and/or political titles to evoke their supreme
authority.
World War II , for example, saw many fascist and other far
right figures model their rule on Hitler's _Führer_ or Mussolini's
_Duce_ personae. On the far left , several communist leaders adopted
"Supreme"-styled titles and/ or followed Stalin's _Vozhd_ example
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President
In politics, PRESIDENT is a title given to leaders of republican
states . In the modern world, it is a common title for the head of
state in most republics. The functions exercised by a president vary according to the form of
government. In parliamentary and semi-presidential republics, they are
limited to those of the head of state, and are thus largely
ceremonial. In presidential republics , the role of the president is
more prominent, encompassing also (in most cases) the functions of the
head of government . In authoritarian regimes, a dictator or leader of
a one-party state may also be called a president, often
charismatically
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President Of The Council Of State
The official title PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE, or CHAIRMAN OF
THE COUNCIL OF STATE is used to describe the head of the states of
Cuba , and formerly communist states in the
East Germany ,
Poland ,
Romania ,
Bulgaria ,
Cambodia and
Vietnam . *
President of the Council of State of Republic of
Cuba
*
President of the Council of State of Socialist Republic of Vietnam * Chairman of the State Council of
German Democratic Republic
* Chairman of the Council of State of Polish People\'s Republic
* President of the State Council of Socialist Republic of
Romania
* Chairman of the State Council of People\'s Republic of
Bulgaria
* Chairman of the Council of State of People\'s Republic of
Kampuchea _
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Wikipedia by
expanding it ._ * v
* t
* e _
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Wikipedia by expanding it ._ * v
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* e Retrieved from
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additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms
of Use and Privacy Policy .® is a registered trademark of
the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
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Forms Of Government
A government is the system by which a state or community is
controlled. In the
Commonwealth of NationsCommonwealth of Nations , the word "government" is
also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people
that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is
analogous to what is called an "administration " in
American EnglishAmerican English .
Furthermore, especially in American English, the concepts of "the
state" and "the government" may be used synonymously to refer to the
person or group of people exercising authority over a politically
organized territory. Finally, government is also sometimes used in
English as a synonym for governance . In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally
consists of legislators , administrators , and arbitrators .
Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as
the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of
government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of
political systems and institutions that make up the organisation of a
specific government. Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many
important ways. For this reason, political scientists generally argue
that government should not be studied by itself; but should be studied
along with anthropology , economics , environmentalism , history ,
philosophy , science and sociology
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Head Of Government
HEAD OF GOVERNMENT is a generic term used for either the highest or
second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state ,
a federated state , or a self-governing colony , (commonly referred to
as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a
cabinet , a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive
departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated
from the term "head of state ", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties , article 1 of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected
Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol
list), as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles
depending on the country. The authority of a head of government, such as a president, or prime
minister and the relationship between that position and other state
institutions, such as the relation between the head of state and of
the legislature , varies greatly among sovereign states, depending
largely on the particular makeup of the government that has been
chosen, won, or evolved over time. In parliamentary systems , including constitutional monarchies , the
head of government is the _de facto _ political leader of the
government, and is answerable to one chamber or the entire
legislature
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Chief Executive (gubernatorial)
CHIEF EXECUTIVE is a term used for certain gubernatorial offices,
expressing the nature of their job being analogous to a head of
government. Commonly used to refer to Presidential powers given by the
constitution
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Chief Minister
A CHIEF MINISTER is the elected head of government of a sub-national
(e.g., constituent federal) entity. Examples include: Provinces
Governor of Federal states in
Nepal ; a state (and sometimes a union
territory ) in
India ; a territory of
Australia ; provinces of Sri
Lanka or
Pakistan ; Philippine autonomous regions ; or a British
Overseas Territory that has attained self-governance. It is also used
as the English version of the title given to the heads of governments
of the
Malay states without a monarchy. The title is also used in the
Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man
(since 1986), in
Guernsey (since 2004), and in
Jersey (since 2005)
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First Minister
A FIRST MINISTER is one of a variety of terms for the leader of a
government cabinet , which is a term currently used to refer to the
political leader of a devolved national government, such as the
devolved administrations of
Scotland ,
Wales , and
Northern Ireland ,
or of a dependent territory. CONTENTS * 1
Canada
* 2 Norway
* 3 United Kingdom
* 4 Other
* 5 References CANADA Further information:
Premier (Canada) In
Canada , "_first ministers_" is a collective term that refers to
all of the Canadian first ministers of the Crown , otherwise known as
heads of government , including the
Prime Minister of
Canada and the
provincial and territorial premiers . It is used in such formulae as
"first ministers\' meetings ". In
Newfoundland and Labrador , the
Inuit self-governing region of
Nunatsiavut provides for a first minister responsible to the
Nunatsiavut Assembly. NORWAYThe head of government of Norway was called _first minister_
(Norwegian : _førstestatsråd_) between 1814 and 1873, while it was
in personal union with Sweden . In 1893, 12 years prior to the
dissolution of the union , it was changed to prime minister
(_statsminister_)
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Premier
PREMIER is a title for the head of government in some countries,
states and sub-national governments. A second in command to a premier
is designated as a VICE-PREMIER or deputy premier . CONTENTS * 1 Examples by country
* 2 By jurisdiction
* 3 See also
* 4 References EXAMPLES BY COUNTRYIn many nations, "premier" is used interchangeably with "prime
minister ". In the People\'s
Republic of China , "premier" is more common and
official, but "prime minister" is still used (see
Premier of the
People\'s
Republic of China ). In four of the
British overseas territories (
Bermuda , the Cayman
Islands , the
Turks and Caicos Islands , and the British Virgin
Islands ), the elected heads of government are styled as "Premier". In
other overseas territories the equivalent post is styled as Chief
Minister . "Premier" is also the title of the heads of government in
sub-national entities , such as the provinces and territories of
Canada , states of the
Commonwealth of Australia , provinces of South
Africa , the island of
Nevis within the Federation of Saint Kitts and
Nevis , and the nation of
Niue . In some of these cases, the formal
title remains "Prime Minister" but "Premier" is used to avoid
confusion with the national leader. In these cases, care should be
taken not to confuse the title of "premier" with "prime minister"
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Prime Minister
A PRIME MINISTER is the most senior minister of cabinet in the
executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or
semi-presidential system . In many systems, the prime minister selects
and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to
members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is
the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of
systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime
minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service
and execute the directives of the head of state . In parliamentary systems fashioned after the
Westminster system , the
prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head
of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the
head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president,
or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position,
although often with reserve powers . The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the
Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other
ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . In
some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known
as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the
crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament
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