Abstract Many factors put Mongolians at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Despite low levels observed in Mongolian children and pregnant women, there are few data published on the vitamin D status of non-pregnant adults. Between summer 2011 and winter 2013, paired summer and winter blood samples were collected from 320 healthy men and women 20–58 years living in eight Mongolian provinces. Mean serum 25OHD concentrations were 22.5 ng-mL 95% CI: 14.5, 32.5 in summer and 7.7 ng-mL 95% CI: 4.6, 10.8 in winter, with a distribution <10-10–20-20–30-≥30 ng-mL of 3.1%-39.3%-39.6%-17.9% in summer and 80.1%-19.5%-0.3%-0.0% in winter. Residents of the capital, Ulaanbaatar, had lower levels in both seasons than any other region, whereas residents of the Gobi desert had the highest. In summer, indoor workers had significantly lower levels than outdoor workers −2.3 ng-mL; 95% CI: −4.1, −5.7 while levels in males exceeded those in females 4.0 ng-mL; 95% CI: 2.3, 5.7. Effects of region, occupation, and sex were also significant in multivariable regression. In conclusion, Mongolian adults had extremely low serum 25OHD, particularly in winter, when 80.1% had concentrations below 10 ng-mL. These results indicate a need for effective vitamin D interventions for the Mongolian adult population, particularly among women and residents of Ulaanbaatar. View Full-Text