Abstract

The invention provides methods of determining a consensus sequence from multiple raw sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target. The nucleic acid target includes an anchor segment of known sequence and an adjacent segment of unknown sequence. The anchor segment provides a means to assess the quality of a raw target sequencing read. Raw target sequencing reads meeting or exceeding a threshold are assigned to an accepted class. The consensus sequence of the adjacent segment can be determined from raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class. Successive polling steps determine successive consensus nucleobases in a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. Raw target sequencing reads can be removed or reintroduced from the accepted class depending on their correspondence to the most recently determined consensus nucleobase and/or the nascent sequence.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001]

The present applications is a nonprovisional and claims the benefit of 61/539,440 filed Sep. 26, 2011 incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

[0002]

Over the past decade, DNA sequencing throughput has increased over 50-fold. Advances in DNA sequencing have revolutionized the fields of cellular and molecular biology. High-throughput sequencing platforms include the 454 FLX™ or 454 TITANIUM™ (Roche), the SOLEXA™ Genome Analyzer (Illumina), the HELISCOPE™ Single Molecule Sequencer (Helicos Biosciences), the SOLID™ DNA Sequencer (Life Technologies/Applied Biosystems) instruments), SMRT™ technology developed by Pacific Biosystems, as well as other platforms still under development by companies such as Intelligent Biosystems.

[0003]

Although such sequencing platforms generate vast amounts of sequencing data including multiple reads of the same target sequence, difficulties remain in deducing correct sequences present in a sample due to errors introduced by the high-throughput sequencing methods. With the high error rate, it is difficult to identify the majority species consistently and reliably. It is even more difficult to identify the minority species that differ little from the majority species and to determine their prevalence. Most sequence alignment-based methods alone cannot overcome high frequencies of error.

SUMMARY OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION

[0004]

The invention provides computer-implemented methods of developing a consensus sequence from a plurality of sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target. Such methods involve (a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors; (b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment; (c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment; (d) polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment; (e) assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class; (f) optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and (g) repeating steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

[0005]

In some methods, step (f) is performed at least once. In some methods, step (g) is performed at least 20 times and step (f) at least 5 times. In some methods, step (g) is performed at least 100 times and step (f) at least 20 times. In some methods, the threshold for step (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read. In some methods, the threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment. In some methods the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment. In some methods, the nucleic acid target includes a nucleobase variation at a position and when step (g) polls the position it determines two consensus nucleobases for the position, wherein the nascent sequence is branched into two nascent sequences differing between the two consensus nucleobases and the consensus nucleobase determined in further repetitions of step (g) is assigned to both nascent sequences. In some methods, the nucleic acid target comprises first and second anchor segments at opposing ends of the nucleic acid target and the raw target sequencing reads include a first group of raw target sequencing reads of the first anchor segment and an adjacent segment and a second group of raw target sequencing reads of the second anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the first and second groups being raw sequencing reads of opposing strands of the nucleic acid target and the method is performed on the first and second groups of raw target sequencing reads to determine consensus sequences of opposing strands of the target nucleic acid.

[0006]

In some methods, the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment. In some methods, the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments. In some methods, the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide. In some methods, the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments. In some methods, the raw sequencing reads comprising raw sequence reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments. In some methods, a strand of the anchor segment is a primer or primer binding site incorporated into the nucleic acid target. In some methods, a strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases, or 8-30 nucleobases. In some methods, the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced. In some methods, the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature. In some methods, the anchor segment is a repeat sequence.

[0007]

Some methods also involve outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment. Some methods also involve synthesizing a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence comprising at least part of the adjacent segment. Some methods also include experimentally determining the population of raw target sequencing reads of the target nucleic acid.

[0008]

In some methods, the population of raw target sequencing reads is determined by a sequencing-by-synthesis method. In some methods, the sequencing method is single-molecule sequencing. In some methods, the sequencing method is single-molecule real time sequencing. In some methods, the nucleic acid target is in the form of a circular template. In some methods, the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule.

[0009]

In some methods the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules. In some methods, the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus. In some method, the virus is HIV or HCV. In some methods, the variants are allelic variants. In some methods, the nucleic acid target is a circular DNA molecule and the raw target sequencing reads comprise alternating reads of the anchor segment and the adjacent segment. In some methods, the reads of the adjacent segment comprise reads of alternating strands of the adjacent segment. In some methods, the circular DNA molecule is formed by ligating first and second hairpin anchor segments to the adjacent segment. In some methods, the first and second hairpin anchor segments are the same. In some methods, the first and second hairpin anchors are different and the raw target sequencing reads comprise alternating reads of the first and second hairpin anchor segments.

[0010]

Some methods also involve designating a segment of the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment as a new anchor segment and repeating the method to determine a consensus sequence of an adjacent segment adjacent the new anchor segment.

[0011]

The invention further provides a computer program product for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising (a) code for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors; (b) code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing the raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment; (c) code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment; (d) code for polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment; (e) code for assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class; (f) code for optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and (g) code for repeating steps coded in (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

[0012]

In some computer program products, the threshold in (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read. In some computer program products, the threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment. In some computer program products, the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment. In some computer program products, the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment. In some computer program products, the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments. In some computer program products, the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide. In some computer program products, the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments. In some computer program products, the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments. In some computer program products, the strand of the anchor segment is a primer incorporated into the nucleic acid target. In some computer program products, the strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases, or 8-30 nucleobases. In some computer program products, the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced. In some computer program products, the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature. In some computer program products, the anchor segment is a repeat sequence. Some computer program products further comprise code for outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment. In some computer program products, the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule. In some computer program products, the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules. In some computer program products, the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus. In some computer program products, the virus is HIV or HCV. In some computer program products, the variants are allelic variants.

[0013]

The invention further provides a system for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising: (1) a system bus; (2) a memory coupled to the system bus; and (3) a processor coupled to the system bus operatively disposed to: (a) receive a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors; (b) evaluate the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment; (c) assign a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment; (d) poll nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment; (e) assign raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class; (f) optionally reassign a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and (g) repeat steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

[0014]

In some systems, the threshold in (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read. In some systems, the threshold level of accuracy of sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment. In some systems, the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment. In some systems, the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment. In some systems, the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments. In some systems, the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide. In some systems, the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments. In some systems, the raw sequencing reads comprising raw sequence reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments. In some systems, the strand of the anchor segment is a primer incorporated into the nucleic acid target. In some systems, the strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases. In some systems, the strand of the anchor segment has 8-30 nucleobases. In some systems, the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced. In some systems, the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature. In some systems, the anchor segment is a repeat sequence. In some systems, the processor is operatively disposed to outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment. In some systems, the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule. In some systems, the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules. In some systems, the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus. In some systems, the virus is HIV or HCV. In some systems, the variants are allelic variants.

[0015]

The invention further provides methods of differentially treating a patient population. Such methods involve sequencing samples from members of the patient population; wherein for each sample the sequencing comprises: (a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors; (b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing read of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment; (c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment; (d) polling nucleobases at a position adjacent the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment; (e) assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class; (f) optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and (g) repeating steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. Different members of the patient population receive different treatment regimes depending on the determined sequence for the sample from each member.

[0016]

The invention further provides computer-implemented methods of analyzing a nucleic acid target. Such methods involve (a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors; (b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment; (c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in the raw target sequencing reads; and (d) determining a sequence of the anchor segment from raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class.

[0017]

In some methods, step (d) comprises polling nucleobases at corresponding positions in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment and wherein step (d) is repeated and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. Some methods also involve assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to a rejected class. Some methods also involve designating a segment of the sequence of the adjacent segment as a new anchor segment and repeating the method to determine a sequence of an adjacent segment adjacent the new anchor segment.

[0018]

The invention further provides a computer program product for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising code for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors; code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment; code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences; code for aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and code for determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences.

[0019]

The invention further provides a system for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising: (a) a system bus; (b) a memory coupled to the system bus; and (c) a processor coupled to the system bus for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors; evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing the raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment; assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences; aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences.

[0020]

The invention further provides methods of differentially treating a patient population. Such methods involve sequencing samples from members of the patient population; wherein for each sample the sequencing comprises receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors; evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment; assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences; aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences; wherein different members of the patient population receive different treatment regimes depending on the determined sequence for the sample from each member.

DEFINITIONS

[0021]

Brief descriptions of some of the terms used in this application appear below. Some of these terms are further described in the rest of the specification.

[0022]

A nucleobase is the base component of a nucleotide including any of the natural bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) (for DNA) and A, C, G, and uracil (U) (for RNA) or analogs thereof subjectable to a sequencing reaction (e.g., support template-dependent incorporation of a complementary nucleobase). Nucleobases are sometimes referred to simply as bases.

[0023]

A nucleobase attached to a sugar, can be referred to as a nucleobase unit, or monomer. Sugar moieties of a nucleic acid can be ribose, deoxyribose, dideoxyribose or similar compounds, e.g., with 2′ methoxy or 2′ halide substitutions. Nucleotides and nucleosides are examples of nucleobase units.

[0024]

A nucleic acid target is the nucleic acid unit that is the subject of a sequencing reaction and gives rise to a sequencing read. A nucleic acid target comprises an anchor segment of known sequence and an adjacent sequence whose sequence is to be determined.

[0025]

A raw target sequencing read is a contiguous sequence of nucleobases assigned during a sequencing reaction on a nucleic acid target. A raw target sequencing read may contain sequencing error(s). Thus raw target sequencing reads of the same nucleic acid target can differ from one another by virtue of sequencing errors.

[0026]

Raw target sequencing reads can be assigned into an accepted class or rejected class. Raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class have passed a quality control measure. The quality control measure can be that the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment at least reaches a defined threshold, or that a raw target sequencing read contains a consensus nucleotide at an immediately previously polled position or a raw target sequencing read exceeds a threshold level of sequence similarity with the nascent sequence. Conversely raw target sequencing reads in the rejected class have failed a quality control measure. Typically, this quality control measure is failure to contain a consensus nucleobase at a polled position. Raw target sequencing can be assigned from the accepted class to the rejected class and vice versa as described below.

[0027]

Polling compares the nucleobase occupying corresponding positions among raw target sequencing reads to determine a consensus nucleobase for that position.

[0028]

A nascent sequence refers to a string of contiguous nucleobases identified by repeated polling cycles. The nascent sequence is the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment of a nucleic acid target.

[0029]

A threshold relates to one or more criteria for evaluating a nucleotide sequence, such as a raw target sequencing read. Such a threshold can be stored as code or provided by user input, or selected from a menu of possible thresholds when the method is performed.

[0030]

In pairwise comparisons between two nucleic acid sequences, the nucleic acids are maximally aligned when the number of nucleobase matches is greatest. Percentage sequence identity can be defined as the number of matched nucleobases between aligned sequences divided by the number of nucleobases in one of the sequences (usually the known sequence if one sequence is known and the other is not). Extra nucleobases in an unknown sequence flanking the part of the unknown aligned with a known sequence are not scored.

[0031]

Some or all of a raw target sequence read corresponds with the nucleic acid target (i.e., has the same sequence as a strand of the nucleic acid target other than sequence errors). The portion of a raw target sequencing read corresponding to an anchor segment of a nucleic acid target is the portion of the raw target sequencing aligned with the known sequence of the anchor segment when the raw target sequencing read is maximally aligned with the anchor segment. A portion of the raw targeting sequencing read adjacent to the segment corresponding to the anchor segment corresponds with the adjacent segment of the nucleic acid target.

[0032]

A corresponding position in two or more nucleic acid sequences is a position aligned between the sequences when the sequences are maximally aligned over their entire length or at least a defined window thereof including the corresponding position (e.g., at least 10 or 20 nucleotides).

[0033]

A “primer” is an oligonucleotide, typically between about 10 to 100 nucleotides in length, capable of selectively binding to a specified nucleic acid or “template” by hybridizing with the template. The primer provides a point of initiation for polymerase-mediated template-directed synthesis of a nucleic acid complementary to the template. Primers hybridizing to opposing strands of a double-stranded sequence are referred to as forward and reverse primers. An oligonucleotide primer used to initiate a sequencing reaction is referred to as a sequencing primer.

[0034]

A “sequence variation” refers to a point or region of variation between two related nucleic acid molecules (e.g., at least 50% sequence identity and usually, at least 75%, 90, 95 or 99% sequence identity). A variation can be an insertion, deletion or substitution of one or more nucleobase differences between two nucleic acid molecules. A variation can be natural, such as allelic, or between species, strains or isolates or induced. Variations can be between different molecules of viral nucleic acids in a sample. Variations can be germline or somatic. A variation in nucleotide sequence can have no effect on an encoded amino acid sequence due to degeneracy of the code or can result in a corresponding amino acid change. If there is an amino acid change, the change may or may not affect the function of the encoded protein. If the change is to a stop codon, the encoded protein becomes prematurely truncated.

[0035]

A copy of an anchor segment or adjacent segment or read thereof means an identical copy or substantially identical copy (e.g., at least 80% sequence identity) differing as a result of nucleobase unit misincorporations in template-dependent extension or sequencing errors.

[0036]

Description of a range by integers representing the boundaries of the range also refers to all subranges defined by integers within the range.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037]

FIG. 1 shows a sequence determination algorithm.

[0038]

FIG. 2 shows a configuration of a device for analyzing a nucleic acid target.

[0039]

FIGS. 3A-F show sequencing using hairpin anchor segments.

[0040]

FIGS. 4A-D show determining a consensus sequence by nucleobase polling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONI. General

[0041]

The invention provides methods of determining a consensus sequence from multiple raw sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target. The nucleic acid target includes an anchor segment of known sequence and an adjacent segment of unknown sequence. The anchor segment provides a means to assess the quality of a raw target sequencing read. Because the anchor segment is of known sequence, comparison of the portion of the raw target sequencing read corresponding to the anchor segment provides a measure of quality of the raw target sequencing read. Raw target sequence reads exceeding a threshold level of accuracy are used in determining a consensus sequence for the adjacent target sequence. Raw target sequencing reads not meeting the threshold level of accuracy can be excluded from subsequent analysis.

[0042]

The consensus sequence of the adjacent segment can be determined from raw target sequencing reads passing the threshold test by polling the target sequence reads at a corresponding position starting with a position adjacent the anchor segment. Successive polling steps can determine successive consensus nucleobases in a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. Raw target sequencing reads can be removed or reintroduced from the accepted class depending on their correspondence to the most recently determined consensus nucleobase and/or the nascent sequence.

II. Nucleic Acid Target and Sequencing Read Thereof

[0043]

The nucleic acid unit that is subject of a sequencing reaction and gives rise to a sequencing read (or two sequencing reads from opposing strands) is referred to as a nucleic acid target. A nucleic acid target can be single- or double-stranded, RNA or DNA. A nucleic acid target can be linear or circular. A nucleic acid target includes an anchor segment of known sequence and an adjacent segment whose sequence is to be determined. The adjacent segment can have a single unique sequence, can be a simple mixture of two variants (e.g., bi-allelic variants) or a complex mixture of variant sequences (e.g., a particular mRNA from a viral sample in which multiple viral strains are represented). The nucleic acid target can be of any length but preferably less than 200%, more preferably from 50% to 200%, of the maximum length of raw target sequencing read obtainable with whatever methodology is used. For example, the length of the nucleic acid target is sometimes from 20-50,000 nucleobases or by for a double stranded nucleic acid target. The nucleic acid target or its adjacent segment can be part of a larger target molecule, such as a gene, viral genome, chromosome or full genome. In this case, as in other sequencing methods, the larger target molecule can be broken down into fragments each of which can constitute a nucleic acid target or an adjacent segment of a nucleic acid target for purposes of the present methods. The sequences of multiple nucleic acid targets or adjacent segments thereof can be compiled from overlaps to provide the sequence of a larger nucleic acid molecule.

[0044]

The anchor segment refers to a segment of known sequence present in the nucleic acid target. Anchors can be or various lengths, e.g., 8-30, 4-10, 4-20, 4-30, 4-50, or 4-120 nucleobases or base pairs). Anchor segments can be formed from deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides or in some cases nucleotide analogs that can be subject of sequencing reactions.

[0045]

Anchor segments can be nucleic acid sequences that are heterologous (i.e., not naturally associated with adjacent segment). Examples of heterologous anchor segments include primers or portions thereof used in amplifying adjacent segments, binding sites for sequencing primers, oligonucleotides ligated or otherwise attached to adjacent segments, such as SMRT Bell™ hairpin structures. Such ligated oligonucleotides including SMRT Bell structures can also serve as primer binding sites. Anchor segments can also be nucleic acid sequences naturally associated with the adjacent nucleic acid segment. Examples of anchor segments that are endogenous to the nucleic acid template include portions of a gene of known sequence, regulatory sequences, and repetitive sequences. The anchor segment preferably has a single (i.e., without sequence variation) completely known sequence. However, anchor segments which are of substantially completely known sequences, i.e., at least 80, 95, or 99% of nucleobases are known and without nucleobase variation can also be used.

[0046]

Many sequencing methods already incorporate a segment that can serve as an anchor segment in the course of preparing a sequence template. In SMRT™ technology, a nucleic acid to be sequenced is ligated to hairpin structures (the same or different from each other), which can serve as anchor segments, one anchor segment joining at each end, forming circular template. The circular template includes strands of the nucleic acid to be sequenced (adjacent segment) and the hairpin anchor segments. Such a circular template can be sequenced in a single well to generate a sequencing read including alternating target strand and anchor segments (e.g., anchor segment 1, first strand of adjacent segment, anchor segment 2, second strand of target segment, anchor segment 1, first strand of adjacent segment, anchor segment 2, second strand of target segment and so forth) Oligonucleotide anchors can be ligated to libraries of nucleic acids to be sequenced (Illumina, Inc., 454 Corporation, SOLiD). Primers for the extension of a polynucleotide complementary to a nucleic acid to be sequenced e.g., poly (T) oligonucleotides, can also be used as anchors. Target nucleic acids can contain one, two or more copies of an anchor segment, each copy interspersed between copies of the adjacent segment (and/or its complement).

[0047]

Performing a sequencing reaction on a nucleic acid target gives rise to a population of raw target sequencing reads of the nucleic acid target. A raw target sequencing read includes sequence of both the adapter segment and adjacent segment. The length of raw target sequencing of the same target can show some variation. A raw target sequencing read of an anchor segment and an adjacent segment can include the complete anchor segment or a designated portion of at least 10, 15, 20 or 30 nucleotides thereof abutting an adjacent sequence, and at least some, and preferably at least 25, 50, 75, 95 or 100% of the adjacent segment. A raw target sequence read refers to a contiguous nucleobase sequence assigned during a sequencing reaction performed on nucleic acid target. If the nucleic acid is double-stranded, the raw target sequencing read can correspond to either strand of the nucleic acid target. If the nucleic acid target is single-stranded, the raw target sequencing read can correspond to the nucleic acid target strand or its complement. The sequencing reaction can be performed using any type of sequencing methodology. Depending on the type of sequencing methodology used, the reaction provides a series of signals that are individually interpreted to mean one of A, C, T, G or U (or analogs thereof). This initial assignment of contiguous nucleobases forming the raw target sequence read may contain one or more errors (i.e., insertions, deletions, substitutions and combinations thereof). Different raw target sequences of the same nucleic acid target typically contain errors in different positions. Errors can result from misincorporation of nucleotides in amplification or sequencing, reading errors associated with instrumentation and the enzymatic sequencing process, and errors introduced in base-calling.

[0048]

Raw target sequencing reads can be in the form first generated by a sequencing reaction without any processing to remove errors or can have been subject to partial processing to remove some errors but in which some sequencing errors remain.

[0049]

A population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target can be generated by repeatedly sequencing the same nucleic acid target molecule, sequencing a nucleic acid containing multiple copies of the nucleic acid target (e.g., repeats generated by rolling circle replication), or by sequencing multiple individual copies of the nucleic acid target or larger molecule containing some or all of the nucleic acid target. Examples of methods of generating replicate sequence information from a single molecule are provided, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,503; US 2009/0298075, 2010/0075309, 2010/0075327, 2010/0081143. For example, a circular template can be used to generate replicate sequence reads of the target sequence by allowing a polymerase to synthesize a linear concatemer by continuously generating a nascent strand from multiple passes around the template molecule. The nascent strand can contain alternating reads of an anchor segment and adjacent segment. Optionally, the anchor segment itself alternates between first and second anchor segment and the adjacent segment alternates between its two strands. The population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target may or may not begin and end at the same position as each other. However, a nucleic acid read should include at least sufficient numbers of nucleobases of the anchor segment to permit evaluation of accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment, and at least some of the adjacent segment. Preferably raw target sequencing reads of the same target nucleic acid begin at the same point, include all of an anchor segment and as much of an adjacent segment as is compatible with the sequencing technology. Often there is some variation in the read length of different raw sequencing reads, which is preferably reflected in variation of the length of adjacent segment included in the read. The read lengths of different sequencing technology vary widely. Thus, the amount of adjacent sequence included in a read length can vary from e.g., 10 nucleobases to 50,000 nucleobases.

[0050]

Raw target sequencing reads may or may not be provided with additional information as well as pure sequence data. Additional information can include estimations of per-position accuracy, features of underlying sequencing technology output (e.g., trace characteristics, integrated counts per peak, shape/height/width of peaks, distance to neighboring peaks), signal-to-noise ratios, power-to-noise ratio, signal strength, and the like.

III. Generation of a Population of Raw Target Sequencing Reads of a Nucleic Acid Target(a) Template Preparation

[0051]

Nucleic acid targets can be amplified before sequencing, or not amplified and used directly in sequencing. Amplification can be performed with a pair of forward and reverse primers as in conventional PCR. Optionally the forward and reverse primers include 5′ tails lacking complementary to the nucleic acid being amplified. Such tails can serve to provide a binding site for sequencing primers. Some or all of the forward and/or reverse primer can be used as the anchor segment of the nucleic acid target. The forward and reverse primers can serve as anchor segments for the opposing strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid target.

[0052]

In other methods, after fragmenting a nucleic acid and repairing fragment ends, if needed, hairpin anchors can be ligated onto the ends of these fragments therefore forming a circularized template for sequencing. FIG. 3A shows a sample preparation using two hairpin anchors termed anchors I and II.

[0053]

A DNA polymerase can be used to open the anchor-ligated fragments into circularized templates. The anchors serve as binding sites for sequencing primer(s) as well as their role in assessing quality of sequencing reads in the present methods. FIG. 3B shows generation of continuous reads of both strands of a fragment interspersed with anchors I and II. The reads, then, include multiple reads of the same fragment by the polymerase reading around the circular template multiple times. In FIG. 3B, four reads of forward strand and three reads of reverse strand have been generated before the sequencing reaction is terminated.

[0054]

For analysis, the different sequencing reads can be segregated by an anchor segment. In this example, raw target sequences can be grouped into four subsets. In the first set, anchor I segments are aligned to provide a framework for base-polling sequences of forward strands adjacent to the 3′ end of the anchor I segment (FIG. 3C). In the second set, anchor II segments are aligned to provide a framework for base-polling sequences of reverse strands adjacent to the 3′ end of the anchor II (FIG. 3E). In the third and fourth sets, anchor I or II segments are aligned to provide frameworks for base-polling sequences of forward strands (FIG. 3F) and reverse strands (FIG. 3D) adjacent to the 5′ end of the anchor I and II. Anchors I and II can be the same or different from one another in terms of sequence.

[0055]

Some amplification methods amplify many nucleic acid molecules in parallel. One such method is amplification on beads using emulsion PCR methods (see, e.g., US US2005/0042648, US2005/0079510, and US2005/0130173 and WO 05/010145). Another such method is amplification on a surface using bridge amplification to form nucleic acid clusters. Methods of generating nucleic acid clusters for use in high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing have been described (see, e.g., US No. 7,115,400, US 2005/0100900 and 2005/0059048, and WO 98/44151, WO 00/18957, WO 02/46456, WO 06/064199, and WO 07/010251. Bridge amplification refers to a solid phase replication method in which primers are bound to a solid phase, e.g., flow cell, microarray, and the like. The extension product from one bound primer forms a bridge to the other bound primer.

(b) Sequencing

[0056]

One class of sequencing reactions that can be used are sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) methods. Sequencing by synthesis refers to the sequencing of a nucleic acid sequence by synthesis of the complementary strand (see US 2007/0166705, 2006/0188901, 2006/0240439, 2005/0100900, 2006/0281109; U.S. Pat. No. 7,057,026; WO 05/065814, WO 06/064199 and WO 07/010251).

[0057]

SBS techniques can utilize nucleotide monomers that have a label moiety or those that lack a label moiety. If a label is present, the monomers can have the same or different label as each other. If present, incorporation events can be detected based on a characteristic of the label(s), such as fluorescence of the label(s); a characteristic of the nucleotides such as molecular weight or charge; a byproduct of incorporation of the nucleotides, such as release of pyrophosphate or a hydrogen ion; or the like.

[0058]

In some methods, the incorporation of nucleobase units is detected by measuring the release of a label from the nucleobase unit being incorporated. A preferred approach as with SMRTbell™ template sequence is to use nucleobase units fluorescently labeled on the terminal phosphate of the nucleobase unit. (Korlach et al., Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 27:1072-1083, 2008. The label is cleaved from the nucleotide monomer on incorporation of the nucleotide into the polynucleotide. Accordingly, the label is not incorporated into a nascent nucleic acid, increasing the signal:background ratio.

A hydrogen ion released on incorporation of a nucleotide can be detected as a change in voltage by for example the Ion Torrent machine (Life Technologies, Inc).

[0061]

In another example, cycle sequencing is accomplished by stepwise addition of reversible terminator nucleotides containing, for example, a cleavable or photobleachable dye label. The technique was commercialized by Solexa (now Illumina Inc.), and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,427,67, 7,414,163 and 7,057,026, and WO 91/06678 and WO 07/123744. The availability of fluorescently-labeled terminators in which both the termination can be reversed and the fluorescent label cleaved facilitates efficient cyclic reversible termination (CRT) sequencing. Polymerases can also be co-engineered to efficiently incorporate and extend from these modified nucleotides. In cases where two or more different nucleotides are present in a sequencing reagent, the different nucleotides can be distinguishable from each other. For example, the different nucleotides present in a sequencing reagent can have different labels and they can be distinguished using appropriate optics as exemplified by the sequencing methods developed by Solexa (now Illumina, Inc.).

[0062]

SBS can utilize nucleotide monomers that have a terminator moiety or those that lack any terminator moieties. For SBS techniques that utilize nucleotide monomers having a terminator moiety, the terminator can be effectively irreversible under the sequencing conditions used as is the case for traditional Sanger sequencing which utilizes dideoxynucleotides, or the terminator can be reversible as is the case for sequencing methods developed by Solexa (now Illumina, Inc.). Methods utilizing nucleotide monomers lacking terminators include, for example, pyrosequencing and sequencing using γ-phosphate-labeled nucleotides. In methods using nucleotide monomers lacking terminators, the number of different nucleotides added in each cycle can be dependent upon the template sequence and the mode of nucleotide delivery. Reversible terminators/cleavable fluors can include fluor linked to the ribose moiety via a 3′ ester linkage (Metzker, Genome Res. 15:1767-1776 (2005). Other approaches have separated the terminator chemistry from the cleavage of the fluorescence label (Ruparel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 5932-7 (2005). Ruparel et al. described the development of reversible terminators that used a small 3′ allyl group to block extension, but could easily be deblocked by a short treatment with a palladium catalyst. The fluorophore was attached to the nucleobase via a photocleavable linker that could easily be cleaved by a 30 second exposure to long wavelength UV light. Thus, either disulfide reduction or photocleavage can be used as a cleavable linker. Another approach to reversible termination is the use of natural termination that ensues after placement of a bulky dye on a dNTP. The presence of a charged bulky dye on the dNTP can act as an effective terminator through steric and/or electrostatic hindrance. The presence of one incorporation event prevents further incorporations unless the dye is removed. Cleavage of the dye removes the fluor and effectively reverses the termination (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,427,673 and 7,057,026).

Another class of sequencing reactions is sequencing by ligation (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,488, U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,218, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,597). A target nucleic acid is hybridized to an oligonucleotide and contacted with several probes and a ligase. Only a probe complementary to the target nucleic acid can be ligated to the oligonucleotide. The identity of the probe indicates part of the sequence of the target nucleic acid.

(c) Sequencing Platforms

[0065]

Examples of sequencing platforms include the Genome Sequencer FLX System (Roche) that employs pyrosequencing to provide long read lengths and very high single-read accuracy, 454 FLX™ or 454 TITANIUM™ (Roche), the SOLEXA™ Genome Analyzer (Illumina), the HELISCOPE™ Single Molecule Sequencer (Helicos Biosciences), the SOLID™ DNA Sequencer (Life Technologies/Applied Biosystems) instruments) which performs sequencing by ligation, SMRT™ technology (Pacific Biosystems), Ion Torrent (LifeTech) as well as other platforms still under development by companies such as Intelligent Biosystems. Other sequencing platforms include OmniMoRA (Reveo, Inc. (Elmsford, N.Y.)), VisiGen® (VisiGen Biotechnologies, Inc. (Houston, Tex.), now Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.)), SBS technology (Intelligent Bio-Systems (Waltham, Mass.)), or Hybridization-Assisted Nanopore Sequencing (HANS; NABsys Inc. (Providence, R.I.)), or the target fragment isolated may be sent to a third party for further analysis and/or sequencing (e.g., Really Tiny Stuff, Inc., Cohasset, Mass.).

[0066]

A sequencing platform provided by Helicos Biosciences Corp. uses TRUE SINGLE MOLECULE SEQUENCING (tSMS)™ technique (Harris et al., Science 320:106-109 (2008). The tSMS™ technique uses a library of target nucleic acids prepared by the addition of a 3′ poly(A) tail to each target nucleic acid. The poly(A) tail hybridizes to poly(T) oligonucleotides anchored on a glass cover slip. The poly(T) oligonucleotide can be used as a primer for the extension of a polynucleotide complementary to the target nucleic acid.

[0067]

Sequencing platforms implementing real-time monitoring of DNA polymerase activity can be used. For example, nucleotide incorporations can be detected through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) interactions between a fluorophore-bearing polymerase and γ-phosphate-labeled nucleotides as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,329,492 and 7,211,414. Nucleotide incorporations can also be detected with zero-mode waveguides as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,019 and using fluorescent nucleotide analogs and engineered polymerases as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,281 and US 2008/0108082. The illumination can be restricted to a zeptoliter-scale volume around a surface-tethered polymerase such that incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides can be observed with low background (Levene et al., Science 299:682-686 (2003); Lundquist et al., Opt. Lett. 33:1026-1028 (2008); Korlach et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:1176-1181 (2008).

[0068]

Single-molecule, real-time (SMRT™) DNA sequencing technology is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,181,122, 7,302,146, and 7,313,308. SMRT chips and similar technology can be used in association with nucleotide monomers fluorescently labeled on the terminal phosphate of the nucleotide (Korlach et al., Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 27:1072-1083, 2008). The label is cleaved from the nucleotide monomer on incorporation of the nucleotide into the polynucleotide. Accordingly, the label is not incorporated into the polynucleotide, increasing the signal:background ratio.

(d) Multiplexing

[0069]

As already described, some amplification methods amplify multiple nucleic acids in parallel. Sequencing reactions can also be carried out in multiplex formats such that multiple different nucleic acid targets are manipulated simultaneously. For example, different nucleic acid targets can be treated in a common reaction vessel or on a surface of a particular substrate. This allows convenient delivery of sequencing reagents, removal of unreacted reagents and detection of incorporation events in a multiplex manner. Nucleic acid targets can also be in an array format in a spatially distinguishable manner. The target nucleic acids can be bound by direct covalent attachment, attachment to a bead or other particle or binding to a polymerase or other molecule that is attached to the surface. The array can include a single copy of a nucleic acid target at each site (also referred to as a feature) or multiple copies having the same sequence can be present at each site or feature.

[0070]

In deep sequencing a plurality of related or identical nucleic acids are attached to the surface of a reaction platform (e.g., flow cell, microarray, and the like) (see e.g., Bentley et al., Nature 2008, 456:53-59). The attached DNA molecules can be amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing (i.e., sequencing by synthesis) using a detectable label (e.g. fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotide). Representative reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides include 3′-O-azidomethyl-2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphates of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, each labeled with a different recognizable and removable fluorophore, optionally attached via a linker. When fluorescent tags are employed, after each cycle of incorporation, the identity of the inserted base may be determined by excitation (e.g., laser-induced excitation) of the fluorophores and imaging of the resulting immobilized growing duplex nucleic acid. The fluorophore, and optionally linker, can be removed by conventional methods, thereby regenerating a 3′ hydroxyl group ready for the next cycle of nucleotide addition.

IV. Determining a Consensus Sequence

[0071]

The present methods can be used to provide a consensus sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment in a nucleic acid target from a population of raw target sequencing reads of the target. If an initial population of raw target sequences do not all contain the same anchor segment, the population can be sorted to give a population of raw target sequencing reads in which part of the sequencing read is of the same anchor segment. The members of this population are then evaluated for accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment. Members of the population in which the accuracy at least reaches (and preferably exceeds) a threshold value are carried forward for subsequent consensus sequence determination. The raw target sequencing reads carried forward are designated in a class of accepted raw sequencing reads and can be literally or conceptually assigned to an accepted class. This class is usually in the form of stored information in computer system. Members of the population failing to reach the threshold value are typically discarded and not further used in the analysis. The threshold value can be based on the percentage sequence identity between the segment of a raw target sequencing read and corresponding known sequence of an anchor segment and/or the location of matched and mismatched nucleotides between. Sequence identity is preferably determined over the full length of the known sequence of the anchor segment maximally aligned with the raw target sequencing read. Sequence identity is scored as the number of matched nucleotides divided by the number of nucleotides in the anchor segment. The sequence identity is preferably at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or 100%. The threshold can additionally or alternatively be defined by the location of matched nucleotides. The nucleotide immediately adjacent to the first nucleobase of the portion of the sequencing read corresponding to the adjacent segment is particularly significant. Thus, the threshold can require this nucleobase to be accurately determined. The threshold can require a contiguous segment of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleobases adjacent the first nucleobase of corresponding to the adjacent segment to be correctly determined.

[0072]

Having selected a subset of raw target sequencing reads in which the accuracy of the portion of the read corresponding to an anchor segment exceeds a threshold, a consensus of the portions of the sequencing reads corresponding to the adjacent segment can be determined by a method including any or all of the polling, discarding or reassigning steps described below.

[0073]

Preferred methods assign successive nucleobases to a nascent sequence of the adjacent sequence by a process referred to as polling. Polling compares nucleobases occupying a corresponding position among raw target sequencing reads to determine a consensus nucleobase at the corresponding position. A consensus nucleobase is the most represented nucleobase in the different raw target sequencing reads being polled at the polled position. If two or more nucleobases are tied for most represented, any of the tied bases can be regarded as the consensus nucleobase. The other tied nucleobases can be treated as non-consensus or can be treated as potential sites of sequences variations as discussed in more detail below. Nucleobases that are not tied, but less represented, can also be treated as potential sites of sequences variations. In most cases, the sites for sequence variations are not tied bases. The position for the initial polling step is defined by reference to the anchor segment so the position is equidistant from the sequence of the anchor segment in the raw target sequencing being polled. Typically the position is immediately adjacent the sequence of the anchor segment in the direction in which the sequencing read is performed (typically beginning at the adapter segment and moving into the adjacent segment). Polling determines the consensus nucleobase at this position and this nucleobase is assigned as a nucleobase of a sequence of the adjacent segment, typically the first base. Raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase at the position polled are retained as accepted sequences. Raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase at the position polled are designated as rejected raw target sequencing reads. The rejected sequencing reads can literally or conceptually be assigned to a rejected class. The rejected class, like the accepted class, is typically electronic information in computer memory. At this point, some rejected raw target sequencing reads may be reassigned as accepted sequences in a process that will be described in more detail below.

[0074]

For raw target sequencing reads polled in the previous step and retained as accepted sequences, a further polling step is performed on the next nucleobase (adjacent the nucleobase polled in the previous step). The directionality is usually the same as that in which the raw target sequencing read is developed beginning at or before the anchor segment and moving into the adjacent segment. Thus, for a sequencing-by-synthesis method, the raw target sequencing read is determined in a 5′-3′ direction and nucleobases in successive polling steps also usually move along the raw targeting sequences in a 5′-3′ direction. However, successive polling steps can also be performed in the opposite directed to that of synthesis (i.e., 3′-5′). Again, a consensus nucleobase is determined at a corresponding position between the accepted raw target sequencing reads, and this nucleobase is assigned as the next nucleobase of the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. Again, raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase at the polled position are retained as accepted sequences. Raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase at the polled position are designated as rejected sequences.

[0075]

Further iterations of the poling step can be performed. A repetition polls a position adjacent the position polled in the previous polling step for accepted raw target sequencing read. The determined consensus nucleobase in successive repetitions form successive nucleobases in the nascent segment of the adjacent segment. After a polling step, raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase at the polled position are retained as accepted and raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase are designated as rejected.

[0076]

As mentioned above, in any cycle of the above methods, rejected raw target sequencing reads can be considered for reassignment as accepted raw target sequencing reads. Usually, reassignment, if performed, occurs after the polling step and after any raw target sequencing reads not having the consensus nucleobase in the polling step are assigned as rejected sequencing reads. Reassignment allows the consensus sequence determination to make use of information from raw target sequencing reads that do not conform to the consensus sequence of the adjacent segment in one region but do in one or more other regions. Such lack of conformity may be the result of a sequencing error, a polymorphism, deletions of part of the adjacent segment of the nucleic acid target or a heterogeneous mixture of nucleic acid targets in which adjacent segments do not necessarily begin and end at the same point of a large molecule. Rejected raw target sequencing reads are reassigned based on overall sequence identity with the nascent sequence and/or the location of matched nucleobases between the rejected raw target sequencing read and the nascent sequence. A rejected raw target sequencing read is aligned with the nascent sequence to maximize matched nucleotides. The alignment can be performed over the entire length of the nascent sequence or a window of e.g., the last 10 or 20 nucleobases. Percentage sequence identity can be calculated as the number of matched nucleobases with the nascent sequence minus deletions or insertions divided by the number of nucleobases of the nascent sequence. The calculation can be performed over the entire nascent sequence or a window thereof, for example, the last 20 or 10 nucleobases. The threshold for sequence identity can be defined as at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or 100% over the defined window. Additionally, or alternatively, the threshold can require identity between the last nucleotide determined for the nascent sequence and the corresponding nucleotide of the rejected raw target sequence. The threshold can alternatively require identity between the last 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 determined nucleotides of the nascent sequence and the corresponding nucleotides of the raw target sequencing read. An exemplary criterion for reassigning a rejected raw target sequencing read to be an accepted raw target sequencing read is an overall sequence identity of at least 80% and identity between the last determined nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw target sequencing read.

[0077]

Rejected raw targeting sequencing reads can be assessed for reassignment to accepted status in any iteration of the method. The fact that rejected raw targeting sequencing are assessed may or may not result in one or more of them being found to meet the threshold for reassignment to accepted status. In some methods, a reassignment is made in at least one cycle. In some methods, a reassignment is performed at least 5 times in at least 20 cycles. In some methods, a reassignment is performed at least 20 times in at least 100 cycles. Reassignment or at least assessment of rejected raw target sequencing reads for reassignment can also performed at regular intervals, e.g., every 5 or 10 polling steps, or after the first 20 polling steps, and then after each 5 or ten polling steps thereafter.

[0078]

The interval between a raw target sequencing read being assigned from the accepted to rejected class and then back to accepted can be as short of one cycle. For example, a raw target sequencing read having a single nucleobase insertion can be assigned from accepted to rejected because the inserted nucleobase is not the consensus nucleobase at the relevant position being polled. However, the same raw target sequencing read can then be immediately reassigned because its next nucleobase is the last polled nucleobase in the consensus sequence and it overall meets the threshold criteria for reassignment to accepted status. In this case, the raw target sequence read effectively misses only one nucleobase being read corresponding to the nucleobase insertion. For raw target sequencing reads having a single nucleobase substitution, when the nucleobase occupied by the substitution is polled, the raw target sequencing read does not have the consensus nucleobase and is assigned to the rejected class. However, after the next round of polling, the raw target sequencing read does have a nucleobase the same as the most recently determined nucleobase of the nascent sequence and can be returned to the accepted class (assuming other threshold criteria are met). In this case, the raw target sequencing read has effectively missed two nucleobases being read in determining the consensus sequence, the substituted nucleobase and the next adjacent nucleobase. Other raw target sequencing reads are present in the rejected class of sequences for longer periods or may never be returned to the accepted raw target sequencing reads.

[0079]

Returning raw target sequencing reads either were not polled in the previous polling cycle, of if polled, yielded a non-consensus nucleobase. In the polling cycle immediately after a raw targeting sequencing read is returned to the accepted class of sequencing reads, the position polled is that immediately adjacent to the position aligned with the last nucleobase determined in the nascent sequence so as to permit assessment of the next nucleobase in the nascent sequence Immediately returning raw sequencing reads are polled together with raw target sequences already having accepted status to determine a consensus nucleobase. If a returning raw target sequencing read remains in the accepted category following its initial return, positions for subsequent polling can be determined as for other raw targeting reads in the accepted category. That is, the position for one polling cycle is the position adjacent that in the previous polling cycle preserving a directionality throughout polling such that successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence are determined. For raw sequencing reads generated in a 5′-3′ orientation, the directionality of polling successive nucleobases is also usually 5′-3′ but can also be 3′-5′.

[0080]

The steps of polling, and assigning raw target sequencing reads are continued assigning successive nucleobases to the nascent sequence until a sufficient length of nascent sequence has been determined or the complete length of the adjacent segment has been determined or the number of raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class falls below a threshold limit. The accuracy of raw target sequencing reads typically reduces further along the read. As the accuracy is reduced, more raw target sequencing reads are designated as rejected sequencing reads and fewer, if any, are returned to the accepted class. The number of cycles of polling (and auxiliary assigning and reassigning steps) depends on the length of the adjacent segment and the length of reasonably accurate sequencing read, which in turn depends on the sequencing technique. Depending on the sequencing technique, the number of polling cycles can be e.g., at least 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 1000, 10,000 or 50,000.

[0081]

The process described above identifies the consensus nucleobases occupying successive positions of the nascent sequence. The process can be varied or extended to determine variants of the consensus sequence as well. The variations can be allelic variations, variations between isolates, strains or species, or sequence variations between a population of viral molecules in a clinical sample, among others. Such variations can be identified by forming branched consensus sequences as the method described above is performed or by repeating the method on raw target sequencing reads that have been rejected at one or more cycles of the method. Branching starts by identifying two (or more) consensus nucleobases in a polling step. The nucleobases may have the same or similar representation in the accepted raw target sequencing reads, or one nucleobase may have higher representation than the other but both nucleobases still have a representation exceeding a threshold. In this situation, the nascent sequence is branched into two nascent sequences with the two consensus nucleobases being the first nucleobases in the two branched arms of the nascent sequence. Raw target sequencing reads having either of the consensus nucleobases are retained in the accepted class. Subsequent consensus nucleobases are assigned to both branched nascent sequences. A branched nascent sequence can itself be subject of further branching at a further position of sequence variation.

[0082]

Alternatively of additionally, a consensus sequence of the adjacent segment can be determined without branching and the process repeated using raw targeting sequences that have been rejected in at least one cycle and preferably returned to the accepted class subsequently. These sequences are a likely source of sequence variants because a raw targeting sequencing read will be rejected if it includes one or more nucleobase differing from the consensus but can then be returned to the accepted class based on identity between one or more subsequently determined nucleobases and the consensus nucleobase. Performing further iterations of the method on raw targeting sequencing reads that have returned to the accepted class can thus be used to identify one or more variants of the initially determined consensus sequence of the adjacent segment.

[0083]

Once the sequence of an unknown adjacent segment has been determined by repeated polling and discarding subreads as described above, the process can be repeated starting with raw target sequencing reads in the rejected class after performing the process. If the initial population of raw target sequencing reads including sequencing reads of multiple nucleic acid targets includes the same anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments, repeating the method can be used to determine the sequence of a different adjacent segment. The method initially determines the sequence of the predominant adjacent segment in such a mixture, with nucleic acid targets containing other adjacent segments being designated as rejected sequences. Repeating the method on the rejected sequences, thus allows determination of a consensus sequence for a second and different adjacent segment. The method can be repeated multiple times to determine the consensus sequence of multiple different adjacent segments.

[0084]

An initial population of raw target sequencing reads sometimes includes sequencing reads of nucleic acid target incorporating different anchor segments. Different anchor segments can be used to distinguish reads of opposing strands of an adjacent segment or different adjacent segments. If different segments, the segments can be overlapping or part of the same larger nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a genome or chromosome). In this case, the raw target sequencing reads can usually be segregated by anchor segment so as to be in groups in which the read is that of the same anchor segment. The above methods can be applied separately to the raw target sequencing reads in the same group.

[0085]

In a further variation, after determining a consensus sequence of an adjacent segment, part of the consensus sequence is itself used as an anchor segment in an additional iteration of the method. The additional iteration can start with sequences in the rejected class and/or any sequences remaining in the accepted class. The adjacent segment for the new anchor segment can overlap in full, in part or not at all with adjacent segment from the first iteration. If the adjacent segment overlaps completely, then the additional iteration provides a check and possible identification and correction of errors in the consensus sequence. If the adjacent segment is completely beyond the prior adjacent segment, then an additional consensus sequence is determined contiguous with the consensus sequence initially determined. If the additional adjacent segment is partially within and partially beyond the prior adjacent segment, then it both checks and extends the consensus read from the prior adjacent segment.

[0086]

The result of the above method is at least a consensus sequence of a part of an adjacent segment. Sometimes alternative consensus sequences including a sequence variation are also provided. Sometimes consensus sequences for both strands of an adjacent segment are provided. Sometimes consensus sequences of multiple adjacent segments are provided. If consensus sequences are provided for both strands of an adjacent segment and there are any discrepancies, the discrepancies can be rechecked, optionally using an alternative sequencing method. As already noted forward and reverse sequences can be readily generated using certain sequencing platforms such as SMRT technology. Discrepancies sometimes arise from reading a particular nucleobase but not its complementary nucleobase. If consensus sequences are provided for multiple adjacent segments that are part of the same larger nucleic acid molecule the sequences can be combined based on overlaps by conventional methods.

[0087]

Determining sequence variations requires distinguishing between sequencing errors and true sequence variations. Such a distinction can be made by setting certain filtering criteria, or by setting a rank threshold such as a quality score. One example of a filter for identifying error or variant at any given position is to quantify the number of times each nucleobase appeared at a given position. The nucleobase that occurs the majority of the time is likely the correct residue for that position. For the remaining non-majority nucleobases that appeared at a given position, if their occurrence is relatively even meaning about 33% for each, then is can be determined that for this given position, the mismatches were errors. On the other hand, should one of the remaining non-majority nucleobases appear more frequently than the others, then that nucleobase is likely the correct nucleobase of a minority species variant. Of course, quantifying the relative occurrence of the non-majority nucleobases should take into account the statistical significance of any differences in occurrences. An example of a quality metric is a Phred score (Hillier et al., Genome Res. 8(3):175-185, 1998). for Sanger sequencing, which is calculated based on fluorescent signal characteristics for the 4 nucleobase channels at a given position. A high Phred score for a predominant non-majority nucleobase at a given position would be an indication that the variant is present in a legitimate minority species. It is often useful to calculate a log odds ratio based on quality scores for each potential nucleobase. The log odds ratio is the natural log of the ratio of odds that a nucleobase is present based on experimental data, and represents the likelihood that a particular nucleobase was correctly read at a given position. Thus, a high log odds ratio for the predominant non-majority nucleobase at a given position suggests that it is a valid nucleobase at that position in a legitimate minority species.

[0088]

Sequencing errors and true sequence variations can be further distinguished by comparing determined sequences of multiple adjacent segments. For example, adjacent segments covering different but partially overlapping regions of a larger nucleic acid molecule suspected of having the sequence variations can be compared. True sequence variations are more likely to appear in most, if not all, partially overlapping sequences. Special care should be taken, however, when phasing multiple SNPs within chromosomes. For example, when phasing multiple SNPS within chromosomes, it is possible that all SNPs are located in only one allele. In these cases, data generated from each allele should not be combined. Preferably, determined sequences from each allele should be compared against each other to phase multiple SNPs.

[0089]

FIG. 1 provides an overview of an exemplary analysis schema for analyzing a target nucleic acid. At step 1, raw target sequencing reads were selected to create a class of raw target sequencing reads having high-quality reads of the anchor segment. Different criteria can be applied in extracting such raw target sequencing reads. For examples, raw target sequencing reads preferably include only reads having sequences that are 100% identical to the known, correct anchor segment sequence. Optionally, reads can be filtered to create a class of raw target sequencing reads having sequences that are at least 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, or 70% identical to the known, correct anchor segment sequence. Filtering criteria are used for evaluating the accuracy of the sequencing, and can be adjusted based on various parameters, e.g., the number of subreads having high-quality reads of the anchor segment. Raw target sequencing reads that meet pre-determined criteria are accepted for base-polling (see step 2 of FIG. 1).

VII. Computer Implementation

[0090]

The present methods can be computer-implemented, such that at least one or more (e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8), or all steps of the method are carried out by a computer program (except wet chemical steps). The present methods can be implemented in a computer program stored on computer-readable media, such as the hard drive of a standard computer. A computer program for analyzing a nucleic acid target can include one or more of the following codes: (a) code for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment, (b) code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment, (c) code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment, (d) code for polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment, (e) code for assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class, (f) code for optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity, and code for repeating steps coded in (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. A computer program for analyzing a nucleic acid target can also include one or more of the following codes: code for receiving a population of raw target sequences of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment, code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the anchor segment, code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences, code for aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class, code for determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences, and a computer-readable storage medium comprising the codes.

[0091]

The present methods can be implemented in a system (e.g., a data processing system) for analyzing a nucleic acid target. The system can also include a processor, a system bus, a memory coupled to the system bus, wherein the processor is coupled to the system bus for one or more of the following: (a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment, (b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment, (c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment, (d) polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment, (e) assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class, (f) optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity, and repeating steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment. The system can also include a processor, a system bus, a memory coupled to the system bus, wherein the processor is coupled to the system bus for one or more of the following: receiving a population of raw target sequences of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment, evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence for the anchor segment, assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences, aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class, and determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences.

[0092]

Various steps of the present methods can utilize information and/or programs and generate results that are stored on computer-readable media (e.g., hard drive, auxiliary memory, external memory, server; database, portable memory device (e.g., CD-R, DVD, ZIP disk, flash memory cards), and the like. For example, information used for and results generated by the methods that can be stored on computer-readable media include raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target, the sequence of an anchor segment, the accepted class, the rejected class, the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment, the threshold level of similarity, the threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing the anchor segment, and one or more consensus nucleobase(s). Information used for and results generated by the methods that can be stored on computer-readable media also include raw target sequences of a nucleic acid target, the adapter segments, the accepted class, the partially or fully determined sequences of the unknown segments (i.e., the nucleobases in the adjacent segment adjacent the adapter segment), the discarded raw target sequences, the discarded raw target sequences reassigned to the accepted class, the sequence variations at each position.

[0093]

The present invention also includes an article of manufacture for analyzing a nucleic acid target that includes a machine-readable medium containing one or more programs which when executed implement the steps of the present methods.

[0094]

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a representative example of a configuration of a device for analyzing a nucleic acid target in which various aspects of the invention may be embodied. The invention can be implemented in hardware and/or software. For example, different aspects of the invention can be implemented in either client-side logic or server-side logic. The invention or components thereof can be embodied in a fixed media program component containing logic instructions and/or data that when loaded into an appropriately configured computing device cause that device to perform according to the invention. A fixed media containing logic instructions can be delivered to a viewer on a fixed media for physically loading into a viewer's computer or a fixed media containing logic instructions may reside on a remote server that a viewer accesses through a communication medium in order to download a program component.

[0095]

FIG. 2 shows an information appliance (or digital device) that may be understood as a logical apparatus that can read information (e.g., instructions and/or data) from auxiliary memory 212, which may reside within the device or may be connected to the device via, e.g., a network port or external drive. Auxiliary memory 212 can reside on any type of memory storage device (e.g., a server or media such as a CD or floppy drive), and can optionally comprise multiple auxiliary memory devices, e.g., for separate storage of raw target sequences, determined sequences of the segments adjacent the adapter sequence, sequence variations information, and/or other information. The device can thereafter use that information to direct server or client logic to embody aspects of the invention.

[0096]

One exemplary type of logical apparatus is a computer system as illustrated in FIG. 2, containing a CPU 201 for performing calculations, a display 202 for displaying an interface, a keyboard 203, and a pointing device 204, and further comprises a main memory 205 storing various programs and a storage device 212 that can store the raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target 213 and the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment 214 and the consensus nucleobase 215. The device is not limited to a personal computer, but can be any information appliance for interacting with a remote data application, and can include such devices as, for example, a digitally enabled television, cell phone, or personal digital assistant. Information residing in the main memory 205 and the auxiliary memory 212 can be used to program such a system and can represent a disk-type optical or magnetic media, magnetic tape, solid state dynamic or static memory, or the like. For example, the invention may be embodied in whole or in part as software recorded on this fixed media. The various programs stored on the main memory can include a program to receive a population of raw target sequences of a nucleic acid target, a program 206 to receive a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment, a program 207 to evaluate the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing the anchor segment of a raw target sequencing read with the known sequence for the anchor segment, a program 208 to assign a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment, a program 209 to poll nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, a program 210 to assign raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class, and a program 211 to reassign a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity. The lines connecting CPU 201, main memory 205, and auxiliary memory 212 can be any type of communication connection.

[0097]

Raw target sequences and parameters required for the present methods can be specified by the display 202 (also referred to as a “screen”), the keyboard 203, and the pointing device 204. The CPU 201 can then execute a program stored in the main memory 205 and the sequence of a segment adjacent the adapter sequence including sequence variations, if present, can be determined by the present methods. The raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target 213 can be read from the storage device 212. The output result of the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment 214 and the consensus nucleobase 215 can be stored into the storage devices 212. The progress of this processing can be displayed on the display 202. After completing this processing, the result of the processing can be also displayed on the display 202, saved to an additional storage device (e.g., ZIP disk, CD-R, DVD, floppy disk, flash memory card), or displayed and/or saved in hard copy (e.g., on paper). The result of the processing can be stored or displayed in whole or in part, as determined by the user.

VIII. Applications

[0098]

The nucleic acid target or adjacent segment thereof can be derived from any of a number of sources, for example, viruses, prokaryotes, or eukaryotes (e.g., plants, fungi, and animals). These sources can include biological samples including patient and environmental samples (agricultural, water, soil), research samples, and industrial samples. A biological sample is a composition or mixture in which a nucleic acid molecule of interest may be present, including plant or animal materials, waste materials, materials for forensic analysis, environmental samples, and the like. A biological sample includes any tissue, cell, or extract derived from a living or dead organism which may contain a target nucleic acid, e.g., peripheral blood, bone marrow, plasma, serum, biopsy tissue including lymph nodes, respiratory tissue or exudates, gastrointestinal tissue, urine, feces, semen, or other body fluids. Samples of particular interest are patient tissue samples (including body fluids) from a human or an animal having or suspected of having a disease or condition, particularly infection by a virus. The nucleic acid target of interest in a patient sample can be from a pathogenic microorganism, such as a virus, bacteria or fungus, or can be endogenous to a patient, or both types of target can be of interest. Other samples of interest include industrial samples, such as for water testing, food testing, contamination control, and the like. Sample components may include nucleic acids to be sequenced and other nucleic acids, and other materials such as salts, acids, bases, detergents, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and other organic or inorganic materials.

[0099]

Nucleic acid targets or adjacent segments thereof can be isolated from samples using any of a variety of conventional procedures, for example target capture using a target-capture oligomer and a solid support (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,678, EP 1778867, WO 2008/016988 & WO 2009/140374), the Applied Biosystems ABI Prism™ 6100 Nucleic Acid PrepStation, and the ABI Prism™ 6700 Automated Nucleic Acid Workstation, Boom et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,809, or mirVana RNA isolation kit (Ambion). Nucleic acids can be cut or sheared prior to analysis, including the use of such procedures as mechanical force, sonication, restriction endonuclease cleavage, or other conventional methods to produce nucleic acid targets or adjacent segments from which nucleic acid targets can be formed.

[0100]

The nucleic acid target or adjacent segment thereof can be DNA (genomic or cDNA), RNA (e.g., viral RNA, micro RNA, mRNA, cRNA, rRNA, hnRNA, transfer RNA, siRNA), and can comprise nucleic acid analogs or other nucleic acid mimics subjectable to sequence determination. The nucleic acid target or adjacent segment thereof can also be fragmented genomic DNA (gDNA), micro RNAs (miRNAs) or other short RNAs, or a short target nucleic acid is a short DNA molecule derived from a degraded source, such as can be found in for example forensics samples (see for example Butler, 2001, Forensic DNA Typing: Biology and Technology Behind STR Markers). The target can be methylated, non-methylated, or both. The target can be bisulfite-treated and have non-methylated cytosines converted to uracil.

[0101]

A target nucleic acid can be synthetic or naturally occurring. Reference to a nucleic acid target can mean the nucleic acid target itself or s surrogates thereof, for example amplification products.

Analysis of viral nucleic acids is particularly useful for analyzing drug resistance and the emergence of drug resistant viral strains presenting as minor variants in a virus population. Viruses mutate rapidly so that a patient is often infected with a heterogeneous population of viral nucleic acids, which changes over time. Some of the mutations differentiating species of the heterogeneous population may be associated with resistance to a drug that the patient has been treated with or may be treated with in the future. Deconvolution of the population to detect individual variants allows detection of drug resistant mutations and their change over time, thus allowing treatment regimes to be customized to take into account the drug resistance of strains infecting a particular patient. Because drug-resistant or other mutations may present as only a small proportion of viral nucleic acid molecules, sequencing of a large number of molecules in the viral nucleic population may be required to provide a high likelihood of identifying all drug resistant mutations or at least all, whose representation as a percentage of the total viral nucleic acid population exceeds a threshold.

[0104]

The present methods can also be used for detecting SNP and somatic mutations. For example, the methods can be used to detect and characterize rare variants and identify unknown causative mutations in human diseases. The improved detection of rare sequence variants by the methods of the invention can also be applied to the discovery of novel somatic mutations, e.g., in cancers. Comprehensive genomic analysis of a variety of cancers can be performed, including acute myeloid leukemia, lung cancer, and melanoma. The present methods can be used to detect expression products of specific alleles, haplotype analysis and phasing of multiple SNPs within chromosomes, and copy number variation of DNA segments.

[0105]

Human nucleic acids are useful for diagnosing diseases or susceptibility towards disease (e.g., cancer gene fusions, BRACA-1 or BRAC-2, p53, CFTR, cytochromes P450), for genotyping (e.g., forensic identification, paternity testing, heterozygous carrier of a gene that acts when homozygous, HLA typing), determining drug efficacy on an individual (e.g., companion diagnostics) and other uses. Sequence variations information obtained from the present methods can be used to treat the subjects differentially. For example, samples from members of the patient population can be sequenced. The sequencing can provide information about a pathogenic microorganism infecting a patient (for example, type of organism and/or drug resistance). The sequencing can alternatively or additionally provide information about a patient gene associated with genetic disease, susceptibility or response to infection or response to treatment. Different members of the patient population can receive different treatment regimes (including no treatment) depending on the determined sequence for the sample from each member.

[0106]

The present methods can also be used for epigenetics studies. For example, the methods can be used for detecting DNA methylation, such as aberrant methylation associate with various diseases such as cancers. The methods can also be used to select patients for demethylation therapies and to monitor the therapeutic response to demethylation agents.

[0107]

The present methods can also be used for RNA analysis. Analysis of rRNA is particularly useful for detecting and/or typing pathogenic bacteria. Examples of such bacteria include chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, treptocci, pneumonococci, meningococci and conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, legionella, diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, Lymes disease bacteria, streptococci, or neisseria. Ribosomal RNAs in these various organisms typically have conserved sequences and variant sequences that are unique to one or a few different organisms. A conserved sequence can be used to identify an rRNA and a variant sequence to identity an organism of which the variant sequence is characteristic. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,739 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,308 disclose conserved and variable rRNA sequences in a plurality of bacteria. Similarly, many diseases are associated with aberrant mRNA expression. The present methods can be used for transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) such as small RNA mapping and transcriptome mapping.

[0108]

Nucleic acids having sequences determined by present methods can be synthesized by conventional methods, including solid state synthesis and primer extension.

EXAMPLESExample 1Sequence Determination by Base-Polling

[0109]

FIGS. 4A-D provides an illustrative example of sequence determination using the base-polling methods as described in the present invention. The example illustrates the sequence determination algorithm using an initial set of 9 raw target sequences (SEQ ID NOs:1-9). Raw target sequences that meet certain criteria (e.g., sequences being polled or reassigned) were placed into an “Accepted” class, and those that fail the same criteria were placed into a “Rejected” class. For illustration purposes, a total of four iterations of base-polling are provided for determining a sequence of four nucleotides.

Iteration 1

[0110]

Raw target sequences 1-9 were chosen based on the quality of an adapter sequence (not shown), and aligned over the region of the adapter sequence. These sequences were placed into the accepted class and were used as the initial population of raw target sequences for base-polling. As illustrated in Iteration 1, the dominant nucleobase at the first nucleobase position is nucleotide C. The raw target sequences were accordingly polled and the first nucleobase of the sequence determined is C. Sequences 1-4, and 6-9, having C as the first base, remain in the accepted class. Sequence 5, having a T at the first base, were placed in the rejected class. The vertical bar in the accepted set indicates that the sequence segment before the bar is the sequence determined so far. The nucleobase after the vertical bar would be the next nucleobase for polling.

[0111]

The sequences in the rejected class (e.g., sequence 5) were then compared with the determined sequence (e.g., a sequence comprising the first nucleobase C). In Iteration 1, sequence 5 was not reassigned into the accepted class because the first nucleobase of in sequence 5 is not the first nucleobase determined in the polling step, and there is not enough sequence similarity between the first nucleobase determined in the polling step and the first nucleobase of in sequence 5.

Iteration 2

[0112]

The polling action at the second nucleobase generated the second polled base, T. Sequences 1, 2, and 4 were placed into the rejected class because the second nucleobase in these sequences is not T. Sequence 5 in the rejected class is carried over from the last iteration.

[0113]

The sequences in the rejected class were then compared with the determined sequence CT. Both the first (C) and the second nucleobase (T) were found in sequences 4 and 5, even though they appear at the second and third positions by sequential numbering due to a single-base insertion. Therefore, sequence comparison found sequences 4 and 5 as good matches with the determined sequence CT. These two sequences were reassigned to the accepted set, leaving only sequences 1 and 2 in the rejected set.

Iteration 3

[0114]

The polling action at the third nucleobase generated the third polled base, G. Sequence 7 was placed into the rejected class because the third nucleobase in sequence 7 is not G. All three sequences (1, 2, and 7) were not found to be similar to the determined sequence CTG. Sequences 1, 2, and 7 were not reassigned into the accepted class because there is not enough sequence similarity between the determined sequence CTG and these sequences.

Iteration 4

[0115]

The polling action generated the fourth polled base, C. Sequences 6 and 8 were placed into the rejected class because the fourth nucleobase in these sequences is not C.

[0116]

The sequences in the rejected class were then compared with the determined sequence CTGC. The fourth nucleobase C was found in these sequences, even though it appears at the third position of sequence 1 by sequential numbering due to a single-base deletion, and at the fifth positions of sequences 6 and 8 by sequential numbering due to a single-base insertion. These three sequences were reassigned to the accepted set because their overall sequences were highly similar to the consensus sequence.

The sequencing was carried out on a PacBio RS sequencer using the following protocols.

[0000]

TABLE 1

Protocols used in sequencing and primary analyses

Protocol

RS_CircCons_HCv1a3bUTR.1

Collection protocol

Standard Seq 2-Set v1

Primary protocol

BasecallerV1

[0120]

There are two videos of 45 minutes long. Data from the two videos are combined for the subsequent analyses.

[0000]

TABLE 2

Per video sequencing statistics

Video 1

Video 2

Reads of productivity = 0

2031 (2.7%)

5033 (6.7%)

Reads of productivity = 1

44625 (59.38%)

44098 (58.69%)

Reads of productivity >1

28497 (37.92%)

26008 (34.61%)

Mean Quality Score

0.79

0.8

(productivity = 1)

Mean Read Length (productivity =

1398.67

1569.75

1)

Pass Filter

59.73%

58.85%

Active ZMWs

97.30%

93.30%

IPD

0.22

0.26

Poly. Speed

2.21

2.05

[0000]

TABLE 3

The combined sequencing statisticsare listed below.

Total Bases

391035620

Total Reads

150292

Total Reads of productivity = 0

7064

Total Reads of productivity = 1

88723

Total Reads of productivity >1

54505

Total Active ZMWs

143228

Mean Quality Score

0.79

(productivity = 1)

Mean Read Length

1483.7

(productivity = 1)

[0121]

From the large number of files generated in PacBio's primary analysis, we only used the raw FastA file for all the ZMWs as our input.

[0122]

On the PacBio platform, the sequenced molecule is in a SMRT™Bell format with a double stranded insert and a hairpin adapter at each ends. That produces a read of alternating forwarding and reversed strand of the insert interspersed with the adapter sequence.

[0123]

The adapter sequence is

[0000]

(SEQ ID NO: 11)

ATCTCTCTCAACAACAACAACGGAGGAGGAGGAAAAGAGAGAGAT

Example 3The Workflow of the Polling Algorithm

[0124]

(1) Subread Extraction:

[0125]

(a) Identify the adapter sequences and generate the subreads from each read.

[0126]

(b) This process also offers some local sequencing quality information that can be used to further filter out low quality regions. That includes the spatial quality (the particular ZMW) and the temporal quality (the adjacent bases have a higher probability to be more similar than distant ones).

[0127]

(c) Filter the subread set using certain criteria.

[0128]

(2) Run Polling Algorithm:

[0129]

(a) Assign all subreads with good adapter quality and sufficient length to the initial accepted set.

[0130]

(b) A single base polling step: (i) Poll the most dominant base from the next base (the base immediately after the consensus matched segment of the subread in the accepted set, and initially it is the first base of the subread) of all the subreads in the accepted set. (ii) Assign the dominant base to be the next base in the growing consensus; (iii) Move the subreads with different bases to the rejected set (the newly rejected); (iv) Use the Overlap Matching pairwise-alignment algorithm that does not penalize overhanging ends to score the subreads in the rejected set with the consensus sequence. (v) Return the good matches to the accepted set (the returned).

[0131]

(c) Repeat step b until a stop condition is met. The stop condition can be a pre-defined consensus length, the minimum size of the accepted set at that step, or a significant increase of the terminated subread at that step.

[0132]

(3) After finishing one consensus, step 2 can be repeated with all the subreads in the rejected set. Iterate through to generate more consensuses until there is not enough subreads left.

Example 4The Identification of the Adapters, Generation of Subreads and Quality Scores

[0133]

From the primary data, the FastA files, all the adapter sequences in the raw sequence from each ZMW were identified using the algorithm described herein. We used the Overlap Matching alignment to align adapter sequence with the raw read. A score was computed from the alignment as

The score served as the quality score of the adapter. The alignment generated two unmatched fragments, occasionally one fragment from the read. The process was repeated recursively over the newly generated fragment until no more adapter matches could be found for the cutoff value 0.2 per base. In other words, for an alignment with a full-length adapter of 45 bases, the maximum allowed differences, mismatches and indels, was nine. The lower bound for the length of the matched portion of the adapter sequence was also set to be 24. Furthermore, the acceptable subreads were limited to the length between 60%-140% of the length of the amplicon that was 98-230, and there must be at least three subreads in a read.

[0135]

124343 (83%) raw reads were removed due to short inserts (possibly adapter dimers) and poor quality adapters from further analyses. In the remaining 24836 reads, 179001 subreads were generated according to the adapter locations.

[0136]

The matched sequences are normally not perfectly matched to the adapter sequence. For example, there can be some long regions without a good match indicating the quality was too poor for the adapter to be matched. Below is an example of removed low quality raw read. Notice the short length and long stretches like “AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA (SEQ ID NO:12)”.

[0000]

>m110510_124258_sherri_c100084032555500001215005706031134_s1_p0/54

(SEQ ID NO: 13)

TGCAGCAGGGCGGCTGCTGAGAGTGATGGTCGCGACACTTGACTCGCAGGGTGACAAGAAAG

CGCCTCTCCCCCATTGCCTCTTGTAAAATCCACGAGAACAAGACCGCCATCCGACCCAAACA

AAAACGACACTCAAAAAACAGCCACCAAAAAAACAAGCACAGAAGCAACCAAAAGAAACCAC

CAACCACACCCAGGAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAACCACAC

CCACACATCATCTACAAACAACAAAAAAGACCGAAAAAAAAAAAAGATCGGACCCACCACCA

ATAACCTATACAACCACTTAAGAACGCGCAGCCACCCCCATCCACGAACAAAAAACACAACA

GCCAAAGAACACCAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

TGGACGTGCTTGCCGAATGCGCGGTGGCGCTT

[0137]

Five sequences with the matched portion to the adapter sequence indicated in lower case are listed below. The sequence names are their ZMW IDs. The matched sequences (lower case) are normally not perfectly matched to the adapter sequence. In addition, there are some long regions without a good match indicating the quality was too poor for the adapter to be matched. For example, in the first sequence (ZMW ID 7), the first two segments (spilt by the adapters) are quite long comparing to later ones. In this sequence, the subread should be about 164 base pair long.

From the initial 179001 sequences in the accepted set, the first poll produced the first base of the consensus that is C with about ⅔ of the bases (See Table 4). The distribution of the base were 114994, 26000, 19299, 18708 for C, A, G, T respectively. For the first two iterations, we skipped the scoring sequences from the rejected set simply because there is no chance for those sequences to be scored high and returned to the accepted set. The Overlap Matching alignment was used for the scoring starting at the third step. The cutoff was 0.25 per base. A sequence with a matching score less than the cutoff would be returned to the accepted set.

[0139]

We started at the third step with 82079 in the accepted set and 96922 in the rejected set and the consensus sequence is CT. The polling found G is the next dominant base and rejected 44131 sequences. Then the Overlap Matching alignment of the 141035 sequences (96922 plus 44131) to the consensus sequence CTG and found 14915 sequences with good matches, and returned them to the accepted set. Therefore, at the end of the third step, we have consensus CTG, 52863 in the accepted set and 126138 in the rejected set. The data points mentioned in the paragraph are highlighted in Table 4.

[0140]

To illustrate the process furthermore, nine subreads at step 5 are listed below. We started with the consensus CTGC. The next bases to be polled are lined up. It is obvious that G was the dominant base and should be incorporated in the consensus. Sequence 4 should be moved to the rejected set. Notice that sequences 3, 4, and 5 have an extra G at the fourth position (can be considered as an insertion there). They must have been rejected initially in step 4 and then returned back into the accepted set because they had high enough matching score in the pairwise-alignment analysis.

[0000]

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

1

CTGC G

(SEQ ID NO:19)

2

CTGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 20)

3

CTGGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 21)

4

CTGGC A

(SEQ ID NO: 20)

5

CTGGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

6

CTGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

7

CTGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

8

CTGC G

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

9

CTGC G

[0141]

The consensus generation was set to be terminated if the number of early-terminated subreads more than doubled from one step to the next. This round of consensus generation stopped when the terminated subreads jumped from 2934 to 27713, a more than nine fold increase. The generated consensus sequence exactly matched the amplicon sequence, representing 44490 sequences.

[0000]

TABLE 4

The statistics at each step of the polling process for the first consensus

SEQ

ID

Consensus generated

Accepted

Rejected

Newly

Newly

Step

NO:

(omitted after 30)

size

Size

rejected

returned

1

—

C

179001

0

64007

0

2

—

CT

114994

64007

32915

0

3

—

CTG

82079

96922

44131

14915

4

22

CTGC

52863

126138

9965

12798

5

19

CTGCG

55696

123305

11862

53929

6

23

CTGCGG

97763

81238

49577

17871

7

24

CTGCGGA

66057

112944

17367

10949

8

25

CTGCGGAA

59639

119362

11308

13704

9

26

CTGCGGAAC

62035

116966

21156

12550

10

27

CTGCGGAACC

53429

125572

11945

34538

11

28

CTGCGGAACCG

76022

102979

34638

23424

12

29

CTGCGGAACCGG

64808

114193

20730

13214

13

30

CTGCGGAACCGGT

57292

121709

14288

12986

14

31

CTGCGGAACCGGTG

55990

123011

9236

11890

15

32

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

58644

120357

12587

14177

16

33

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

60234

118767

14136

15506

G

17

34

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

61604

117397

17413

11500

GT

18

35

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

55691

123310

10119

13459

GTA

19

36

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

59031

119970

15801

16710

GTAC

20

37

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

59940

119061

16114

33422

GTACA

21

38

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

77248

101753

34352

14127

GTACAC

22

39

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

57023

121978

15523

16687

GTACACC

23

40

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

58187

120814

26073

16440

GTACACCG

24

41

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

48554

130447

13237

13830

GTACACCGG

25

42

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

49147

129854

11748

14166

GTACACCGGA

26

43

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

51565

127436

8564

17263

GTACACCGGAA

27

44

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

60264

118737

21062

10416

GTACACCGGAAT

28

45

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

49618

129383

8836

10108

GTACACCGGAATT

29

46

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

50890

128111

11249

13467

GTACACCGGAATTG

30

47

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

53108

125893

9505

21651

GTACACCGGAATTGC

31

65254

113747

18871

20863

32

67246

111755

22646

19167

33

63767

115234

18193

15587

34

61161

117840

13398

17384

35

65147

113854

20073

8978

36

54052

124949

11515

14100

37

56637

122364

17025

16122

38

55734

123267

16778

14578

39

53534

125467

13981

12212

40

51765

127236

11483

26561

41

66843

112158

35648

12012

42

43207

135794

6848

12433

43

48792

130209

12659

16392

44

52527

126474

15338

6996

45

44190

134811

8778

15930

46

51347

127654

12923

17754

47

56186

122815

14998

17921

48

59124

119877

16010

14241

49

57376

121625

10879

11652

50

58174

120827

13281

9551

51

54473

124528

14658

13924

52

53772

125229

14505

13995

53

53299

125702

9755

9569

54

53167

125834

8883

9895

55

54236

124765

12433

7752

56

49618

129383

9334

19022

57

59375

119626

15454

10353

58

54349

124652

9130

14081

59

59385

119616

14028

6916

60

52362

126639

13466

10914

61

49905

129096

7646

18302

62

60669

118332

18664

11928

63

54055

124946

20405

14373

64

48154

130847

12198

17810

65

53920

125081

18203

13074

66

48957

130044

8908

8615

67

48836

130165

8893

18242

68

58362

120639

16139

17273

69

59678

119323

24104

9033

70

44794

134207

7642

13128

71

50470

128531

9146

19209

72

60729

118272

14745

13502

73

59694

119307

19389

13108

74

53637

125364

13656

9637

75

49854

129147

6114

16206

76

60196

118805

15221

9720

77

54953

124048

11659

15499

78

59056

119945

16262

9596

79

52660

126341

12704

10582

80

50813

128188

6209

13179

81

58065

120936

13201

10722

82

55882

123119

13667

4597

83

47116

131885

4400

10757

84

53786

125215

12359

10225

85

51981

127020

11935

7755

86

48141

130860

14030

20101

87

54561

124440

16701

12618

88

50845

128156

12717

9321

89

47830

131171

9451

11740

90

50505

128496

5981

19800

91

64728

114273

16319

12222

92

61067

117934

16241

6365

93

51659

127342

21032

5777

94

36893

142108

14631

9883

95

32651

146350

8044

23761

96

48925

130076

11346

15219

97

53376

125625

11708

22066

98

64327

114674

21640

12338

99

55638

123363

16424

10164

100

50030

128971

11730

13787

101

52759

126242

14268

7517

102

46720

132281

10893

11049

103

47602

131399

10905

16890

104

54333

124668

18417

10017

105

46699

132302

10524

13928

106

50890

128111

13712

12025

107

50000

129001

10652

10501

108

50659

128342

10203

15584

109

56869

122132

17881

7781

110

47635

131366

8276

9503

111

49747

129254

11847

11253

112

50053

128948

9315

6967

113

48696

130305

9998

9995

114

49695

129306

11436

7769

115

47036

131965

9204

7643

116

46554

132447

9071

8961

117

47535

131466

9866

6916

118

45681

133320

6519

16195

119

56465

122536

19096

9784

120

48284

130717

5765

9224

121

52886

126115

11413

9706

122

52359

126642

19003

2723

123

37299

141702

6838

15797

124

47494

131507

13657

18342

125

53432

125569

11954

7878

126

50637

128364

11854

13634

127

53716

125285

11775

9234

128

52499

126502

11018

11459

129

54308

124693

15627

8478

130

48544

130457

15301

4729

131

39378

139623

7013

16293

132

50146

128855

12080

12755

133

52331

126670

11221

16356

134

58998

120003

22818

10540

135

48357

130644

7920

10434

136

52526

126475

15722

10780

137

49256

129745

9569

5523

138

46896

132105

6868

9054

139

50775

128226

8095

9594

140

53980

125021

13734

4968

141

46947

132054

8485

7744

142

47956

131045

13700

14683

143

50705

128296

15142

8835

144

46203

132798

16167

13688

145

45583

133418

11996

9840

146

45346

133655

12349

16077

147

51023

127978

18671

10408

148

44751

134250

9391

8322

149

45692

133309

8604

12148

150

51259

127742

14748

6636

151

45187

133814

8758

5601

152

44099

134902

9162

12223

153

49242

129759

8446

9105

154

52073

126928

13358

7117

155

48035

130966

14938

3586

156

38904

140097

7751

9171

157

42595

136406

10721

11489

158

45649

133352

13279

7927

159

42607

136394

8931

10176

160

46189

132812

11630

7796

161

44705

134296

8667

7355

162

45762

133239

11408

12879

163

49629

129372

12977

9778

164

48918

130083

13895

9467

Example 6Run the Polling Algorithm to Generate the Second Consensus

[0142]

The remaining 131577 sequences in the rejected set from the last example were used as the input for the second consensus generation. The process stopped when terminated subreads increased from 2689 to 26488, almost ten times. This time the sequence generated matched perfectly to the reverse strand of the amplicon sequence, representing 41808 sequences.

[0000]

TABLE 5

The statistics at each step of the polling process for the second consensus

SEQ

ID

Consensus (omitted after

Accepted

Rejected

Newly

Newly

Step

NO:

30)

size

size

rejected

returned

1

—

C

131577

0

49289

0

2

—

CT

82288

49289

25463

0

3

—

CTC

56825

74752

21285

17963

4

48

CTCG

53503

78074

15524

9754

5

49

CTCGC

47733

83844

7484

28820

6

50

CTCGCA

69069

62508

28852

15530

7

51

CTCGCAA

55747

75830

14982

11761

8

52

CTCGCAAG

52526

79051

16118

10449

9

53

CTCGCAAGC

46857

84720

10305

14724

10

54

CTCGCAAGCA

51276

80301

13134

24531

11

55

CTCGCAAGCAC

62673

68904

20412

8228

12

56

CTCGCAAGCACC

50489

81088

7678

15564

13

57

CTCGCAAGCACCC

58375

73202

19113

8873

14

58

CTCGCAAGCACCCT

48135

83442

15343

7349

15

59

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

40141

91436

7052

15067

16

60

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

48156

83421

12666

12094

T

17

61

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

47584

83993

6985

16338

TC

18

62

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

56937

74640

20854

12471

TCA

19

63

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

48554

83023

8442

8653

TCAG

20

64

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

48765

82812

10054

22863

TCAGG

21

65

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

61574

70003

24213

11845

TCAGGC

22

66

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

49206

82371

16506

10032

TCAGGCA

23

67

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

42732

88845

8480

17900

TCAGGCAG

24

68

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

52152

79425

14123

12569

TCAGGCAGT

25

69

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

50598

80979

10021

13367

TCAGGCAGTA

26

70

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

53944

77633

11707

12493

TCAGGCAGTAC

27

71

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

54730

76847

13884

10290

TCAGGCAGTACC

28

72

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

51136

80441

19186

9156

TCAGGCAGTACCA

29

73

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

41106

90471

9797

14231

TCAGGCAGTACCAC

30

74

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

45540

86037

13210

12774

TCAGGCAGTACCACA

31

45104

86473

10417

12477

32

47164

84413

13130

8108

33

42142

89435

6682

16091

34

51551

80026

13131

13281

35

51701

79876

11843

9937

36

49795

81782

14551

8109

37

43353

88224

4394

10992

38

49951

81626

9653

10094

39

50392

81185

14081

5273

40

41584

89993

9273

15104

41

47416

84161

12735

15665

42

50347

81230

13521

10807

43

47634

83943

12232

14538

44

49941

81636

14873

12238

45

47310

84267

7422

11357

46

51276

80301

17354

8468

47

42498

89079

13542

5153

48

34265

97312

7361

19444

49

46508

85069

14340

13229

50

45564

86013

10745

7477

51

42476

89101

7418

9868

52

45117

86460

10444

9509

53

44377

87200

9559

8617

54

43633

87944

10191

10655

55

44300

87277

10099

7424

56

41836

89741

8976

8308

57

41393

90184

11097

12270

58

42799

88778

7688

14412

59

49762

81815

16040

12832

60

46812

84765

14967

6667

61

38784

92793

6814

9283

62

41528

90049

8077

13523

63

47257

84320

11887

9707

64

45373

86204

11723

11109

65

45063

86514

10714

10190

66

44855

86722

10635

9505

67

44055

87522

8962

10352

68

45785

85792

13688

7877

69

40316

91261

6442

7949

70

42166

89411

10535

12419

71

44398

87179

10874

8866

72

42743

88834

9433

12484

73

46154

85423

6677

12519

74

52362

79215

7606

7689

75

52827

78750

7146

4760

76

50834

80743

14193

4157

77

41203

90374

14703

3249

78

30162

10141

57814

16293

79

39061

92516

11324

15240

80

43407

88170

10665

11497

81

44679

86898

10084

11059

82

46106

85471

6102

11146

83

51611

79966

16715

6762

84

42156

89421

12065

4884

85

35489

96088

3599

19131

86

51543

80034

12761

8347

87

47685

83892

14291

4150

88

38142

93435

7005

13226

89

44967

86610

10884

10223

90

44925

86652

6721

6796

91

45623

85954

8531

11722

92

49445

82132

13937

8084

93

44235

87342

7208

9343

94

47028

84549

6892

16241

95

57045

74532

17317

7852

96

48255

83322

11872

6496

97

43564

88013

8613

8032

98

43684

87893

6371

10758

99

48782

82795

9835

8802

100

48467

83110

9759

8202

101

47633

83944

10902

9744

102

47210

84367

11835

9750

103

45886

85691

13333

11132

104

44464

87113

7044

11864

105

50079

81498

12673

9357

106

47575

84002

10538

4318

107

42191

89386

5362

13386

108

51066

80511

8821

8202

109

51328

80249

19122

3497

110

36671

94906

7904

7765

111

37525

94052

7163

18501

112

49865

81712

10754

11545

113

51676

79901

16811

8088

114

44000

87577

8733

8088

115

44411

87166

11148

12028

116

46356

85221

9680

8129

117

45903

85674

5740

13360

118

54632

76945

13222

5479

119

48013

83564

13095

2910

120

38962

92615

5280

14109

121

48931

82646

11179

12921

122

51822

79755

12920

6550

123

46612

84965

8470

12408

124

51737

79840

16021

8535

125

45473

86104

16080

6694

126

37326

94251

9148

13840

127

43284

88293

12279

11998

128

44288

87289

7481

9448

129

47548

84029

16712

11273

130

43420

88157

9401

8686

131

44039

87538

10549

10398

132

45252

86325

11681

7452

133

42402

89175

13252

12448

134

43004

88573

8978

9704

135

45147

86430

7370

11084

136

50302

81275

12861

5168

137

44065

87512

7988

8605

138

46150

85427

10181

10613

139

48080

83497

12757

6971

140

43804

87773

11373

11609

141

45575

86002

11102

9298

142

45321

86256

10997

9291

143

45177

86400

11481

7816

144

43090

88487

8871

9371

145

45190

86387

9909

10369

146

47274

84303

7169

8117

147

49863

81714

11984

7030

148

46559

85018

8863

5573

149

44935

86642

11487

8142

150

43294

88283

9948

7906

151

42987

88590

10490

8716

152

42979

88598

12730

7147

153

39175

92402

8404

8161

154

40737

90840

9084

12699

155

46171

85406

12976

6695

156

41755

89822

9695

10354

157

44312

87265

11377

9028

158

43893

87684

6598

8552

159

47802

83775

15583

6781

160

40975

90602

7927

6816

161

41862

89715

13086

12534

162

43342

88235

9618

6643

163

42523

89054

11889

10580

164

43452

88125

9853

8209

Example 7Run the Polling Algorithm on the First 100 Reads from the Data Set

[0143]

This example took only the first 100 reads with 762 subreads from the data set as the input. The process stopped when terminated subreads changed from 13 to 134. The consensus generated matched perfectly to the amplicon sequence and representing 199 sequences.

[0000]

TABLE 6

The statistics at each step of the polling process for the first consensus from

100 reads

SEQ

ID

Consensus (omitted after

Accepted

Rejected

Newly

Newly

Step

NO:

30)

size

size

rejected

returned

1

—

C

762

0

259

0

2

—

CT

503

259

129

0

3

—

CTG

374

388

180

59

4

22

CTGC

253

509

62

47

5

19

CTGCG

238

524

49

226

6

23

CTGCGG

415

347

212

102

7

24

CTGCGGA

305

457

78

40

8

25

CTGCGGAA

267

495

48

57

9

26

CTGCGGAAC

276

486

79

50

10

27

CTGCGGAACC

247

515

58

127

11

28

CTGCGGAACCG

316

446

126

99

12

29

CTGCGGAACCGG

289

473

101

70

13

30

CTGCGGAACCGGT

258

504

75

55

14

31

CTGCGGAACCGGTG

238

524

41

62

15

32

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

259

503

52

64

16

33

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

271

491

59

65

G

17

34

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

277

485

76

52

GT

18

35

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

253

509

48

52

GTA

19

36

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

257

505

61

68

GTAC

20

37

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

264

498

65

136

GTACA

21

38

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

335

427

146

50

GTACAC

22

39

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

239

523

71

72

GTACACC

23

40

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

240

522

104

74

GTACACCG

24

41

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

210

552

56

60

GTACACCGG

25

42

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

214

548

49

62

GTACACCGGA

26

43

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

227

535

29

79

GTACACCGGAA

27

44

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

277

485

90

46

GTACACCGGAAT

28

45

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

233

529

34

39

GTACACCGGAATT

29

46

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

238

524

55

48

GTACACCGGAATTG

30

47

CTGCGGAACCGGTGA

231

531

44

93

GTACACCGGAATTGC

31

280

482

83

97

32

294

468

117

83

33

260

502

71

70

34

259

503

55

92

35

296

466

93

27

36

230

532

45

50

37

235

527

63

84

38

256

506

79

57

39

234

528

63

55

40

226

536

57

111

41

280

482

140

60

42

200

562

29

62

43

233

529

67

65

44

231

531

69

27

45

189

573

40

73

46

222

540

70

77

47

229

533

66

98

48

261

501

69

72

49

264

498

43

50

50

271

491

62

26

51

235

527

46

65

52

254

508

70

62

53

246

516

41

36

54

242

520

38

45

55

250

512

55

28

56

224

538

41

101

57

285

477

76

52

58

262

500

57

55

59

261

501

58

23

60

227

535

49

53

61

232

530

33

90

62

290

472

98

44

63

237

525

89

53

64

202

560

54

98

65

247

515

78

70

66

240

522

46

39

67

234

528

43

66

68

258

504

85

72

69

246

516

88

37

70

196

566

27

67

71

237

525

40

86

72

284

478

76

64

73

273

489

95

58

74

237

525

58

47

75

227

535

32

71

76

267

495

79

40

77

229

533

38

76

78

268

494

77

50

79

243

519

57

27

80

215

547

20

62

81

259

503

56

50

82

255

507

54

19

83

222

540

15

43

84

252

510

53

50

85

251

511

70

28

86

211

551

49

88

87

252

510

77

73

88

250

512

63

36

89

225

537

39

39

90

227

535

23

96

91

302

460

85

62

92

281

481

82

28

93

229

533

100

31

94

162

600

54

46

95

156

606

32

110

96

236

526

66

56

97

228

534

52

92

98

270

492

78

57

99

252

510

70

48

100

233

529

51

51

101

236

526

56

41

102

224

538

55

51

103

223

539

54

72

104

244

518

77

45

105

215

547

49

61

106

230

532

54

54

107

233

529

54

47

108

229

533

49

60

109

243

519

83

49

110

213

549

30

37

111

224

538

55

49

112

222

540

39

28

113

215

547

50

55

114

224

538

43

38

115

223

539

45

37

116

219

543

40

33

117

216

546

37

40

118

224

538

36

80

119

273

489

86

35

120

227

535

23

38

121

247

515

48

36

122

240

522

91

9

123

163

599

27

73

124

214

548

53

90

125

256

506

50

29

126

240

522

43

53

127

256

506

53

40

128

249

513

58

45

129

242

520

72

30

130

206

556

62

17

131

167

595

34

72

132

211

551

49

64

133

232

530

71

67

134

234

528

86

37

135

193

569

36

51

136

216

546

49

54

137

229

533

46

29

138

220

542

32

29

139

225

537

35

47

140

246

516

65

23

141

213

549

34

34

142

222

540

72

54

143

213

549

54

31

144

199

563

62

53

145

199

563

47

43

146

204

558

57

74

147

230

532

77

37

148

199

563

31

34

149

211

551

36

60

150

244

518

76

27

151

204

558

42

26

152

198

564

35

55

153

228

534

30

43

154

251

511

53

31

155

239

523

71

18

156

196

566

40

31

157

197

565

48

52

158

211

551

52

36

159

205

557

41

54

160

228

534

52

22

161

208

554

43

32

162

207

555

45

42

163

214

548

46

49

164

227

535

67

39

Example 8Generating the Second Consensus from the First 100 Reads from the Data Set

[0144]

This example started with 550 subreads left from example 6. The process stopped when terminated subreads changed from 9 to 102. The sequence generated matched perfectly to the reverse strand of the amplicon sequence, representing 174 sequences.

[0000]

TABLE 7

The statistics at each step of the polling process for the second consensus

from 100 reads

SEQ

ID

Consensus (omitted after

Accepted

Rejected

Newly

Newly

Step

NO:

30)

size

size

rejected

returned

1

—

C

550

0

203

0

2

—

CT

347

203

99

0

3

—

CTC

248

302

109

78

4

48

CTCG

217

333

56

45

5

49

CTCGC

206

344

36

132

6

50

CTCGCA

302

248

124

43

7

51

CTCGCAA

221

329

68

55

8

52

CTCGCAAG

208

342

66

36

9

53

CTCGCAAGC

178

372

36

66

10

54

CTCGCAAGCA

208

342

45

86

11

55

CTCGCAAGCAC

249

301

79

34

12

56

CTCGCAAGCACC

204

346

38

66

13

57

CTCGCAAGCACCC

232

318

81

42

14

58

CTCGCAAGCACCCT

193

357

57

36

15

59

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

172

378

36

63

16

60

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

199

351

54

39

T

17

61

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

184

366

18

57

TC

18

62

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

223

327

76

60

TCA

19

63

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

207

343

30

32

TCAG

20

64

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

209

341

41

94

TCAGG

21

65

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

262

288

104

47

TCAGGC

22

66

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

205

345

73

35

TCAGGCA

23

67

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

167

383

31

60

TCAGGCAG

24

68

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

196

354

44

59

TCAGGCAGT

25

69

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

211

339

56

59

TCAGGCAGTA

26

70

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

214

336

44

50

TCAGGCAGTAC

27

71

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

220

330

68

53

TCAGGCAGTACC

28

72

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

205

345

69

36

TCAGGCAGTACCA

29

73

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

172

378

48

65

TCAGGCAGTACCAC

30

74

CTCGCAAGCACCCTA

189

361

53

44

TCAGGCAGTACCACA

31

180

370

51

52

32

181

369

45

36

33

172

378

29

77

34

220

330

57

56

35

219

331

65

40

36

194

356

56

22

37

160

390

8

49

38

201

349

45

32

39

188

362

51

21

40

158

392

30

68

41

196

354

51

66

42

211

339

55

39

43

195

355

45

64

44

214

336

60

39

45

193

357

36

36

46

194

356

69

34

47

161

389

50

23

48

136

414

37

69

49

170

380

55

53

50

170

380

43

41

51

170

380

37

37

52

172

378

39

36

53

171

379

39

36

54

170

380

33

51

55

190

360

43

29

56

178

372

44

31

57

167

383

40

42

58

171

379

29

64

59

208

342

69

57

60

198

352

59

41

61

182

368

34

32

62

182

368

36

41

63

189

361

54

40

64

177

373

48

57

65

188

362

52

50

66

188

362

46

27

67

171

379

36

43

68

180

370

53

31

69

160

390

28

30

70

164

386

41

57

71

182

368

55

37

72

166

384

28

56

73

196

354

34

65

74

229

321

36

25

75

220

330

35

20

76

207

343

53

18

77

174

376

64

14

78

126

424

32

56

79

152

398

35

71

80

190

360

41

41

81

192

358

39

44

82

199

351

25

42

83

218

332

80

24

84

164

386

33

20

85

153

397

22

97

86

230

320

70

20

87

182

368

46

17

88

155

395

22

63

89

198

352

48

41

90

193

357

31

35

91

199

351

48

43

92

196

354

54

20

93

164

386

23

44

94

187

363

39

65

95

215

335

62

35

96

190

360

45

29

97

176

374

44

38

98

172

378

27

40

99

187

363

38

50

100

201

349

37

38

101

204

346

47

40

102

199

351

52

46

103

195

355

49

51

104

199

351

35

51

105

217

333

52

36

106

203

347

45

16

107

176

374

11

57

108

224

326

40

30

109

216

334

72

12

110

159

391

33

34

111

163

387

26

70

112

210

340

38

41

113

216

334

55

36

114

200

350

54

34

115

183

367

40

45

116

191

359

43

38

117

189

361

26

47

118

213

337

63

27

119

180

370

45

13

120

152

398

15

74

121

215

335

49

43

122

213

337

52

23

123

188

362

32

50

124

210

340

74

34

125

174

376

56

32

126

154

396

38

74

127

194

356

53

38

128

183

367

24

31

129

194

356

50

51

130

199

351

37

46

131

212

338

53

28

132

191

359

53

25

133

167

383

39

52

134

185

365

36

47

135

201

349

37

33

136

202

348

45

24

137

186

364

33

34

138

192

358

54

43

139

186

364

41

18

140

168

382

31

50

141

192

358

42

36

142

191

359

52

38

143

182

368

48

25

144

164

386

27

38

145

180

370

45

53

146

193

357

23

27

147

203

347

53

46

148

202

348

35

20

149

193

357

58

29

150

170

380

33

25

151

168

382

27

41

152

188

362

54

25

153

165

385

35

26

154

162

388

34

52

155

186

364

46

36

156

182

368

48

41

157

181

369

45

26

158

168

382

23

44

159

195

355

69

23

160

155

395

28

24

161

157

393

37

64

162

190

360

42

25

163

179

371

50

35

164

171

379

34

37

[0145]

The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Various modifications or changes thereof are apparent and are included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, patent applications, web sites, accession numbers and the like cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. If different versions of any such citation are available, the most recent version at the effective filing date of the present application, the effective filing date meaning the filing date of the earliest priority application disclosing the sequence. Unless otherwise apparent from the context, any embodiment, aspect, step, feature, element or the like can be used in combination with any other.

Claims (88)

What is claimed is:

1. A computer-implemented method of developing a consensus sequence from a plurality of sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target, comprising

(a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors;

(b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment;

(c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment;

(d) polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment;

(e) assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class;

(f) optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and

(g) repeating steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (f) is performed at least once.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (g) is performed at least 20 times and step (f) at least 5 times.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (g) is performed at least 100 times and step (f) at least 20 times.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold for step (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid target includes a nucleobase variation at a position and when step (g) polls the position it determines two consensus nucleobases for the position, wherein the nascent sequence is branched into two nascent sequences differing between the two consensus nucleobases and the consensus nucleobase determined in further repetitions of step (g) is assigned to both nascent sequences.

9. The method of any of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid target comprises first and second anchor segments at opposing ends of the nucleic acid target and the raw target sequencing reads include a first group of raw target sequencing reads of the first anchor segment and an adjacent segment and a second group of raw target sequencing reads of the second anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the first and second groups being raw sequencing reads of opposing strands of the nucleic acid target and the method is performed on the first and second groups of raw target sequencing reads to determine consensus sequences of opposing strands of the target nucleic acid.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprising raw sequence reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments.

15. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a strand of the anchor segment is a primer or primer binding site incorporated into the nucleic acid target.

16. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases.

17. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein a strand of the anchor segment has 8-30 nucleobases.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the anchor segment is a repeat sequence.

21. The method of any preceding claim further comprising outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment.

22. The method of any preceding claim further comprising synthesizing a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence comprising at least part of the adjacent segment.

23. The method of any of the preceding claims, further comprising experimentally determining the population of raw target sequencing reads of the target nucleic acid.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the population of raw target sequencing reads is determined by a sequencing-by-synthesis method.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the sequencing method is single-molecule sequencing.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the sequencing method is single-molecule real time sequencing.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the nucleic acid target is in the form of a circular template.

28. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the virus is HIV or HCV.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the variants are allelic variants.

33. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid target is a circular DNA molecule and the raw target sequencing reads comprise alternating reads of the anchor segment and the adjacent segment.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the reads of the adjacent segment comprise reads of alternating strands of the adjacent segment.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the circular DNA molecule is formed by ligating first and second hairpin anchor segments to the adjacent segment.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the first and second hairpin anchor segments are the same.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein the first and second hairpin anchors are different and the raw target sequencing reads comprise alternating reads of the first and second hairpin anchor segments.

38. The method of claim 1, further comprising, designating a segment of the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment as a new anchor segment and repeating the method to determine a consensus sequence of an adjacent segment adjacent the new anchor segment.

39. A computer program product for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising

(a) code for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors;

(b) code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing the raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment;

(c) code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment;

(d) code for polling nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment;

(e) code for assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class;

(f) code for optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and

(g) code for repeating steps coded in (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

40. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the threshold in (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read.

41. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment.

42. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment.

43. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment.

44. The computer program product of claim 43, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments.

45. The computer program product of claim 45, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide.

46. The computer program product of claim 45, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments.

47. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments.

48. The computer program product of any of claims 39-47, wherein the strand of the anchor segment is a primer incorporated into the nucleic acid target.

49. The computer program product of any of claims 39-47, wherein the strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases.

50. The computer program product of any of claims 39-47, wherein the strand of the anchor segment has 8-30 nucleobases.

51. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced.

52. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature.

53. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the anchor segment is a repeat sequence.

54. The computer program product of any of claims 39-53 further comprising code for outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment.

55. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule.

56. The computer program product of claim 39, wherein the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules.

57. The computer program product of claim 56, wherein the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus.

58. The computer program product of claim 57, wherein the virus is HIV or HCV.

59. The computer program product of claim 57, wherein the variants are allelic variants.

60. A system for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising: (1) a system bus; (2) a memory coupled to the system bus; and (3) a processor coupled to the system bus operatively disposed to:

(a) receive a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors;

(b) evaluate the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment;

(c) assign a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment;

(d) poll nucleobases at a position equidistant to the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment;

(e) assign raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class;

(f) optionally reassign a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and

(g) repeat steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

61. The system of claim 60, wherein the threshold in (f) is at least 80% identity between the raw target sequencing read and nascent sequence when maximally aligned and a match between the last assigned nucleobase of the nascent sequence and corresponding nucleobase of the raw targeting sequencing read.

62. The system of claim 60, wherein the threshold level of accuracy of sequencing the anchor segment is based on percentage of sequence identity and/or location of matched nucleobases between a raw target sequencing read and the known anchor segment.

63. The system of claim 60, wherein the threshold level of accuracy requires a raw target sequencing read to have the correct nucleobase corresponding to the nucleobase of the anchor segment immediately adjacent the adjacent segment.

64. The system of claim 60, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprise raw sequencing reads of first and second nucleic acid targets, the first nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a first adjacent segment and the second nucleic acid target comprising the anchor segment linked to a second adjacent segment.

65. The system of claim 60, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are overlapping segments.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are fragments of the same contiguous polynucleotide.

67. The system of claim 65, wherein the first and second adjacent segments are nonoverlapping segments.

68. The system of claim 62, wherein the raw sequencing reads comprising raw sequence reads of a plurality of nucleic acid targets, the different nucleic acid targets comprising the anchor segment linked to different adjacent segments; the different adjacent segments including overlapping and nonoverlapping segments.

69. The system of any of claims 60-68, wherein the strand of the anchor segment is a primer incorporated into the nucleic acid target.

70. The system of any of claims 60-68, wherein the strand of the anchor segment has 4-120 nucleobases.

71. The system of any of claims 60-68, wherein the strand of the anchor segment has 8-30 nucleobases.

72. The system of claim 60, wherein the anchor segment is an oligonucleotide ligated to a nucleic acid fragment to be sequenced.

73. The system of claim 60, wherein the anchor segment and adjacent segment are contiguous segments in a nucleic acid from nature.

74. The system of claim 60, wherein the anchor segment is a repeat sequence.

75. The system of any of claims 60-74, wherein the processor is operatively disposed to outputting the sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment.

76. The system of claim 60, wherein the nucleic acid target is a homogeneous population of the same nucleic acid molecule.

77. The system of claim 60, wherein the nucleic acid target is a heterogeneous population of variant nucleic acid molecules.

78. The system of claim 77, wherein the variant nucleic acid molecules are variant nucleic acid molecules of the same virus.

79. The system of claim 78, wherein the virus is HIV or HCV.

80. The system of claim 78, wherein the variants are allelic variants.

81. A method of differentially treating a patient population, comprising;

sequencing samples from members of the patient population; wherein for each sample the sequencing comprises

(a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors;

(b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing read of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment;

(c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on reaching at least a threshold level of accuracy of the sequencing of the anchor segment;

(d) polling nucleobases at a position adjacent the anchor segment sequence in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment;

(e) assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to the rejected class;

(f) optionally reassigning a raw target sequencing read from the rejected class to the accepted class by scoring similarity of the raw target sequencing read to the nascent sequence and reintroducing the raw target sequencing read if the sequence similarity reaches at least a threshold level of similarity; and

(g) repeating steps (d), (e) and optionally (f), except that a repetition polls a position adjacent the position poled in the previous polling step for raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase polled in the previous step or in the case of a raw target sequencing read reassigned from the rejected class to the accepted class and not polled in the previous polling step or if polled not having the consensus nucleobase in the previous polling step, the polling polls a position adjacent the position aligned with the last nucleobase of the nascent sequence to determine a consensus nucleobase, and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment;

wherein different members of the patient population receive different treatment regimes depending on the determined sequence for the sample from each member.

(a) receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an anchor segment and an adjacent segment; the anchor segment being of known sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequencing reads containing sequencing errors;

(b) evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in different raw target sequencing reads by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known sequence of the anchor segment;

(c) assigning a subset of the raw target sequencing reads into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the anchor segment in the raw target sequencing reads; and

(d) determining a sequence of the anchor segment from raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein step (d) comprises polling nucleobases at corresponding positions in raw target sequencing reads in the accepted class to determine a consensus nucleobase, which consensus nucleobase is assigned as the first nucleobase of a nascent sequence of the adjacent segment and wherein step (d) is repeated and the consensus nucleobases determined in successive repetitions are assigned as successive nucleobases in the nascent sequence of the adjacent segment.

84. The method of claim 83, further comprising assigning raw target sequencing reads having the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to remain in an accepted class and assigning raw target sequencing reads lacking the consensus nucleobase determined in the prior polling step to a rejected class.

85. The method of claim 82, further comprising, designating a segment of the sequence of the adjacent segment as a new anchor segment and repeating the method to determine a sequence of an adjacent segment adjacent the new anchor segment.

86. A computer program product for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising

code for receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors;

code for evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment;

code for assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences;

code for aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and

code for determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences.

87. A system for analyzing a nucleic acid target, comprising:

(a) a system bus; (b) a memory coupled to the system bus; and (c) a processor coupled to the system bus for

receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors;

evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing the raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment;

assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences;

aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and

determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences.

88. A method of differentially treating a patient population, comprising;

sequencing samples from members of the patient population; wherein for each sample the sequencing comprises

receiving a population of raw target sequencing reads of a nucleic acid target comprising an adapter segment and an adjacent segment; the adapter segment being of known correct sequence and the adjacent segment being of unknown sequence; and at least some of the raw target sequences containing sequencing errors;

evaluating the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in different raw target sequences by comparing raw target sequencing reads of the anchor segment with the known correct sequence of the adapter segment;

assigning a subset of the raw target sequences into an accepted class based on the accuracy of sequencing of the adapter segment in the raw target sequences;

aligning at least some of the raw target sequences from the accepted class; and

determining a sequence of at least part of the adjacent segment from the aligned sequences;

wherein different members of the patient population receive different treatment regimes depending on the determined sequence for the sample from each member.