Joy, tears mark end of shuttle program

Layoffs begin today as chapter in U.S. history closes

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - The space shuttle passed into history Thursday, the words "wheels stop" crackling over the cockpit radio for the last time.

In an almost anticlimactic end to the 30-year-old program, the Atlantis and its four astronauts glided to a ghostly landing in near-darkness after one last visit to the International Space Station, completing the 135th and final shuttle flight.

It was a moment of both triumph and melancholy.

"I saw grown men and grown women crying today - tears of joy, to be sure," launch director Mike Leinbach said. "Human emotions came out on the runway today, and you couldn't suppress them."

Now, the spaceship and the two other surviving shuttles will become museum pieces, like the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo capsules and the Wright brothers' flying machine before them.

NASA astronauts, a dwindling breed, will have to hitch rides to the space station aboard Russian Soyuz capsules for at least three to five years. Thousands more shuttle workers will lose their jobs, beginning with a round of layoffs today.

The spaceship's return was witnessed at the Kennedy Space Center and Houston's Johnson Space Center by a relatively small crowd, mostly NASA family and friends, compared with the 1 million who watched the Atlantis lift off on July 8.

In Houston, flight director Tony Ceccacci, who presided over the shuttle's safe return, choked up while signing off from Mission Control for the final time.

"The work done in this room, in this building, will never again be duplicated," he told his team before the doors opened and the center filled with dozens of past and current flight controllers.

Shuttle commander Christopher Ferguson and his crew seized every opportunity to thank the thousands of workers who got them safely to and from orbit and guided them through the 13-day flight.

"After serving the world for over 30 years, the space shuttle's earned its place in history. And it's come to a final stop," he radioed after the Atlantis touched down just before dawn.

NASA is getting out of the business of sending cargo and astronauts to the space station, outsourcing the job to private companies.

The first privately operated supply run is expected later this year. But it will be an unmanned flight. It could be several years before private companies fly astronauts to the space station, which is expected to carry on for at least another decade.

In the meantime, NASA will rely on the Russians for rides.

The longer-term future for American space exploration is hazy, a huge concern for many at NASA.

President Barack Obama has set a goal of sending astronauts to an asteroid by 2025 and Mars in the mid-2030s. But the space agency has yet to settle on a rocket design.

Thursday, though, belonged to the Atlantis and its crew: Ferguson, co-pilot Douglas Hurley, Rex Walheim and Sandra Magnus, who during their mission delivered a year's worth of food and other supplies to the space station and took out the trash.

They were greeted with cheers, whistles and shouts by 2,000 people who gathered near the landing strip: astronauts' families and friends, as well as shuttle managers and NASA brass. Ferguson and his crew were later swarmed on the runway by well-wishers.

Bringing the shuttle home in the dark was not exactly a dramatic way to end the program. NASA actually had two landing opportunities Thursday morning: one before daybreak, the other 90 minutes, or one orbit, later, both of them dictated by the day and time of launch and the length of the mission.

But NASA always prefers to use the first available landing opportunity because the weather in Florida can deteriorate rapidly. And the space agency had no intention of departing from that practice merely for a better photo op.

As a thank-you to workers, especially those losing their jobs, NASA parked the Atlantis outside its hangar for several hours so employees could gather round and say goodbye. Close to 1,000 stood in the midday heat, waving American flags and paper fans and photographing the shuttle.

Angie Buffaloe wept. Three colleagues in her engineering office will lose their jobs today.

"I spend more time with these guys than I do with my family," said Buffaloe, a 22-year space-center worker. "We've been through everything: divorce, sick children, grandchildren. They've been there. We've shared life together, and now their last day is today."

As of Thursday, the Kennedy Space Center workforce numbered 11,500, down from a shuttle-era peak of 18,000 in 1992. Layoffs for 1,500 to 1,800 people are coming today, and 2,000 more are expected in the coming weeks and months.

"I want them to stick their chests out proudly to say that they were a part of the most incredible era in American spaceflight, in anybody's spaceflight," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden Jr. told reporters on the runway.

The shuttle was NASA's longest-running space-exploration program, making its inaugural flight in 1981.

Shuttles launched the Hubble Space Telescope and fixed its blurry vision and built the space station, the world's largest orbiting structure.

The first American to orbit the Earth, John Glenn, became the oldest person ever in space, thanks to the shuttle.