Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

PARENT INFORMATION REGARDING NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a term used for a group of problems a baby experiences when withdrawing from exposure to narcotics or other drugs. It is estimated that 3 to 50 percent of newborn babies have been exposed to maternal drug use, depending on the population and area of the country.

What causes neonatal abstinence syndrome?

Almost every drug passes from the mother's blood stream through the placenta to the fetus. Illicit substances that cause drug dependence and addiction in the mother also cause the fetus to become addicted. At birth, the baby's dependence on the substance continues. However, since the drug is no longer available, the baby's central nervous system becomes over stimulated causing the symptoms of withdrawal. Some drugs are more likely to cause NAS than others, but nearly all have some effect on the baby. Opiates, such as heroin, prescription narcotics, buprenorphine and methadone, predictably cause withdrawal in babies exposed prenatally. Cocaine may cause some withdrawal, but the main symptoms in the baby are due to the toxic effects of the drug itself. Other drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates and nicotine can also cause withdrawal. Alcohol use causes withdrawal in the baby, as well as a group of problems including birth defects called fetal alcohol syndrome – a major cause of intellectual disability.

Why is maternal drug use a concern?

When a mother uses illicit substances, she places her baby at risk for many problems. A mother using drugs may be less likely to seek prenatal care, which can increase the risks for her and her baby. In addition, women who use drugs are more likely to use more than one drug, which can complicate the treatment. The risk of contracting HIV and AIDS is also greater among intravenous (IV) drug users. In addition to the specific difficulties of withdrawal after birth, problems in the baby may include, but are not limited to, the following:

Poor intrauterine growth

Premature birth

Seizures

Birth defects

Specific drugs oftentimes cause specific problems in the baby and may include the following:

Heroin and other opiates, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, morphine, buprenorphine and methadone, predictably cause significant withdrawal in the baby, with some symptoms lasting as long as four to six months. Seizures may also occur and are more likely in babies born to methadone users. A baby born to a mother who uses opiates (even if prescribed) will typically need to be hospitalized for three to four weeks for medically supervised withdrawal.

Prenatal use of amphetamines is associated with low birth weight and premature birth, and may cause intracranial (in the head) bleeding in the baby.

A mother's prenatal cocaine use may be related to an increased risk of stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Marijuana use is linked to lower birth weight and size of the baby. There is no possible health benefit to the use of “medical” marijuana in pregnancy.

Alcohol use in pregnancy also has significant effects on the fetus and the baby. Growth during pregnancy and after birth is slowed. Specific deformities of the head and face, heart defects, and mental retardation are seen with fetal alcohol syndrome. Withdrawal symptoms from alcohol may last up to 18 months.

Cigarette smoking has long been known for its effects on the fetus. Generally, smokers have smaller babies than non-smokers. Babies of smokers may also be at increased risk for premature birth and stillbirth. After birth these babies feel just like a smoker who can’t get to a cigarette.

What are the symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome?

Symptoms of NAS may vary depending on the type of substance used, the last time it was used, and whether the baby is full-term or premature. Symptoms of withdrawal may begin as early as 24 to 48 hours after birth, or as late as five to ten days. Alcohol withdrawal may begin within a few hours after birth. The following are the most common symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome. However, each baby may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms of withdrawal in full-term babies may include:

Tremors (trembling)

Irritability (excessive crying)

Sleep problems

High-pitched crying

Tight muscle tone

Hyperactive reflexes

Seizures

Yawning, stuffy nose and sneezing

Poor feeding and suck

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Dehydration

Sweating

Fever or unstable temperature

Premature babies may not have the classic signs of withdrawal listed above, but more often experience the following symptoms:

Tremors (trembling)

High-pitched crying

Rapid breathing

Poor feeding

How is neonatal abstinence syndrome diagnosed?

An accurate report of the mother's drug usage is important, including the time of the last drug taken. A neonatal abstinence scoring system may be used to help diagnose and grade the severity of the withdrawal. Using the scoring system, points are assigned for certain signs and symptoms and the severity of each. This scoring may also help in planning treatment.

Treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome:

Specific treatment for NAS will be determined by your baby's physician based on:

Your opinion or preference within the limits of what is safe for the baby

Babies suffering from withdrawal are irritable and often have a difficult time being comforted. Swaddling, or snugly wrapping the baby in a blanket, may help comfort the baby. Babies also may need extra calories because of their increased activity and may need a higher calorie formula. Intravenous (IV) fluids are sometimes needed if the baby becomes dehydrated or has severe vomiting or diarrhea. Some babies may need medications to treat severe withdrawal symptoms, especially for seizures. Specific drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating withdrawal include the following:

Morphine for heroin and other opiate withdrawal

Benzodiazepines (for alcohol withdrawal)

Other drugs are also being used to help relieve the discomfort and problems of withdrawal. The treatment drug is usually in the same class as the substance the baby is withdrawing from. Once the signs of withdrawal are controlled, the dosage is gradually decreased to help wean the baby off the drug.

Prevention of neonatal abstinence syndrome:

Neonatal abstinence syndrome is a totally preventable problem. Do not take addictive substances while you are pregnant.

It is always safe to stop smoking while pregnant.

It is always safe to stop marijuana while pregnant.

It is always safe to stop drinking alcohol while pregnant.

It is always safe to stop cocaine while pregnant.

If you can stop opiates without experiencing withdrawal symptoms, then it is safe to stop opiates while pregnant. However, if you do experience withdrawal, then your care needs to be supervised by a physician trained to manage opiate use in pregnancy.

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