Red Sprites, Blue Jets and Elves

In addition to their well known effects in the troposphere, large thunderstorms produce several kinds of lesser known effects on the middle and upper atmosphere.

Red sprites, blue jets and elves are upper atmospheric optical phenomena
associated with thunderstorms that have only recently been documented
by using low light level television technology. These phenomena are collectively called Transient Luminous Events (TLE's). As observations continue, scientists are collecting a confusing menagerie of phenomena .

Transient Luminous Events

Red sprites are large but weak luminous flashes that appear directly
above an active thunderstorm system and are coincident with
powerful positive cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. Their spatial
structures range from small single or multiple vertically elongated
spots, to bright groupings which extend from above the cloud tops to altitudes up to almost 60 miles (about 95
km. Sprites are predominantly red and they usually last no
more than a few milliseconds. The brightest region lies in the
altitude range 40 to 45 miles (about 65-75 km), above which there is often a faint red glow
or wispy structure that extends to about 55 miles (90 km). Below the bright red
region, blue tendril-like filamentary structures often extend downward
to as low as 20 miles (30 km). Some events are loosely packed and may
extend across horizontal distances of 30 miles (50 km) or more. Their shapes can be variously described as resembling jellyfish, carrots, or columns.
Because of their low surface brightness, they have only
been imaged at night (primarily with highly sensitive
cameras). However, if ones eyes are sufficiently dark-adapted, one
can actually detect them without any visual aid. The first images of a sprite were accidently obtained in 1989,
although anecdotal reports of "rocket-like" and other optical emissions above
thunderstorms go back more than a century (see for example an early account by Johann Georg Estor. Early research reports for these events
referred to them by a variety of names, including
"upward lightning," "upward discharges,"
"cloud-to-stratosphere discharges," and "cloud-to-ionosphere
discharges." Now they are simply referred to as sprites, a whimsical
term that evokes a sense of their fleeting nature, while at the same
time remaining nonjudgemental about physical processes that have yet to be determined.
More on the "discovery" and confirmation of sprites

Blue jets are a second high altitude optical phenomenon, distinct from
sprites and first documented in 1994 (although pilots had earlier reported similar sightings).
Blue jets are optical ejections from the top of the electrically active core regions of
thunderstorms, but not directly associated with cloud-to-ground lightning. Following their emergence from the top of the
thundercloud, they typically propagate upward in narrow cones of
about 15 degrees, fanning out and disappearing at heights of about 25-30 miles (40-50 km)
with a lifetime of a couple of tenths of a second.

Blue starters differ from blue jets in that the are brighter but shorter (reaching to only about 12 miles altitude). These were reported to occur over regions where large hailstones were falling.

Upward lightning is similar to a conventional lightning bolt, generally rather straight and may be tilted off vertical axis, but does not flicker like cloud-to-ground flashes. Lasts one, two and even 5 seconds with a yellow or white lightning channel, maybe with blue flames above.

Elves are rapidly expanding (up to 300 miles across) disk-shaped regions of luminosity,
lasting less than a thousandth of a second, which occur high above
energetic cloud-to-ground lightning of positive or negative
polarity. Elves most likely result when an energetic
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) propagates into the ionosphere.
Though they can be accompanied by sprites, the causative mechanism
is of an entirely different nature. Predicted to exist in 1991and discovered with a low-light video camera aboard the Space Shuttle in 1992, elves got their
name as an acronym for Emission of Light and
Very Low Frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources.

Sprite halos were mistaken as elves until 1999. They are diffuse disk shaped glows that apparently precede sprites and propagate downward from about 50 miles to 40 miles (85 to 70 km) altitude and last about a millisecond.

Trolls, also recently observed, resemble blue jets, but are red and seem to occur after tendrils of vigorous sprites extend downward toward the cloud tops.

Gnomes are possibly just a different manifestation of blue starters but appear with a more compact shape above convective domes.

Pixies are pinpoints of light, lasting less than 16 milliseconds, on the surface of convective domes that produced gnomes.

Gigantic jets, first documented in July 2002, are similar to carrot-shaped red sprites in spatial extent but propagate upward from the core of oceanic thunderstorms and are not directly associated with cloud-to-ground lightning.

Non-luminous emissions

There have recently been observed from space other types of unexpected
non-luminous emissions that appear to originate from thunderstorms.
These are:

TIPPS (Trans-Ionospheric Pulse Pairs) are extremely intense pairs of VHF pulses
originating from thunderstorm regions, but some 10,000 times stronger than sferics produced by normal lightning
activity. They were first observed by the ALEXIS satellite.

Gamma ray bursts of short duration (about 1 millisecond) with terrestrial origin have been
detected by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. They are observed to occur
over thunderstorm regions, and their source is believed to lie at altitudes greater than 30 km.