Medical researchers in Minnesota and Iowa have found greater risks of social and emotional problems in infants whose mothers consumed cannabis during pregnancy.

Utilizing results of a developmental screening tool for 1-year-olds, the researchers found that 9.1% of babies from cannabis users were at risk, compared with 3.6% of babies whose mothers didn't consume the drug while pregnant.

The medical researchers said the size of that gap was surprising, along with screening results showing that 8% of mothers tested positive during pregnancy for the presence of THC, the psychoactive component in cannabis, said Dr. Elyse Kharbanda, lead researcher of the study from the HealthPartners Institute in Bloomington, Minn. Researchers from the universities of Minnesota and Iowa co-authored the study, which was published in the Journal of Perinatology.

Dr Kharbanda told Thailand Medical News via a phone interview, "We think it clearly is concerning. The research was based on toxicology urine tests of 3,435 pregnant women during prenatal checkups, and the performance of their children around 12 months of age on a test known as ASQ: SE. The screening assesses whether children show age-appropriate levels of communication, compliance and self-regulation.”

However, the results don't prove cause and effect. It's possible that women who consume cannabis during pregnancy have other traits that cause their children to perform poorly on developmental screenings. Women in the study who used cannabis during pregnancy tended to be younger and more likely to receive health insurance through Medicaid, which is reserved for people who are poor or disabled.

Upon the researchers adjusting the screening results for these other demographic factors, the gap in the children's performance fell below the threshold for statistical significance. That means it's possible that the gap was a statistical anomaly. However, Kharbanda said the gap was wide enough to raise concerns, especially considering reports that some mothers turn tocannabis during pregnancy to soothe nausea.

Although the study is the first to compare cannabis use during pregnancy with performance on infant screening, Kharbanda said the results are consistent with other studies that have found more problems in older children of mothers who used the drug.

The research study also found that women who used cannabis during pregnancy were more likely to have babies born below typical birth weight, which can lead to breathing problems and other health concerns.

Though recreational and medical cannabis use is increasing, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology discourage its use during pregnancy.