Key Features

This 4-volume set represents a 30% growth in articles from the first edition, with a particular increase in coverage of DNA and digital forensics

Includes an international collection of contributors

The second edition features a new 21-member editorial board, half of which are internationally based

Includes over 300 articles, approximately 10pp on average

Each article features a) suggested readings which point readers to additional sources for more information, b) a list of related Web sites, c) a 5-10 word glossary and definition paragraph, and d) cross-references to related articles in the encyclopedia

This new edition continues the reputation of the first edition, which was awarded an Honorable Mention in the prestigious Dartmouth Medal competition for 2001. This award honors the creation of reference works of outstanding quality and significance, and is sponsored by the RUSA Committee of the American Library Association

Description

Forensic science includes all aspects of investigating a crime, including: chemistry, biology and physics, and also incorporates countless other specialties. Today, the service offered under the guise of "forensic science’ includes specialties from virtually all aspects of modern science, medicine, engineering, mathematics and technology. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences,Second Editionis a reference source that will inform both the crime scene worker and the laboratory worker of each other’s protocols, procedures and limitations.

Written by leading scientists in each area, every article is peer reviewed to establish clarity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. As reflected in the specialties of its Editorial Board, the contents covers the core theories, methods and techniques employed by forensic scientists – and applications of these that are used in forensic analysis.

Readership

Forensic practitioners (both at the crime scene and in the lab); university libraries with forensic and criminal justice programs and public libraries

Jay Siegel

Jay Siegel, PhD is retired Director of the Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program and Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. He was Director of the Forensic Science Program at Michigan State University for 25 years from 1980-2004 until his retirement as Professor Emeritus. Dr. Siegel is a Distinguished Member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and was named as Distinguished Alumni Scholar by his alma mater, George Washington University in 2011. He is co-editor of Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences Forensic Science Committee from 2006-09.

Pekka Saukko

Dr. Saukko is currently Professor of Forensic Medicine and Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Turku, Finland.

He graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna, Austria in 1975 and was certified as a Specialist in Forensic Medicine in 1981 by the National Board of Health, Finland. In 1983 he received a Doctorate in Medical Science (MD) by thesis in Forensic Pathology by the University of Oulu, Finland and was appointed Adjunct Professor of Forensic Medicine of the same University in 1986. From 1978 to 1989 he held the position of the Provincial Medical Officer, Medico-legal Expert, Provincial Government of Oulu. In 1989 he was appointed the Professor of Forensic Medicine of the University of Tampere, Finland and since 1992 he holds the current position at the University of Turku.

He has published widely as an author, co-author in scientific journals, book and encyclopedia chapters and is the co-author of the “Atlas of Forensic Medicine” (CD-ROM) (Elsevier Science, 2003), “Knight’s Forensic Pathology” (Arnold, 2004) and “Forensic Medicine in Europe” (Schmidt-Römhild, 2008).

Dr. Saukko is the recipient of the Ajtai K. Sandor Medal and an Honorary Doctorate in Medicine (Dr. h.c.) from the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. His expert work as consultant includes needs assessment of the forensic facilities in Cambodia for the UNDP (1996), the Working Party on the Harmonization of Autopsy Rules for the Council of Europe (1997-1998), quality assessment of the Portuguese Departments of Forensic Pathology, as a member of an international team of experts (2001), the external case review panel for the Office of the Chief Coroner, Toronto, Canada (2006) and the consultant panel and expert witness for the Inquiry Into Pediatric Forensic Pathology In Ontario, Canada (2007) and forensic expert for the UNDP/NHRC in Kathmandu, Nepal (2008).

Since 1993, he is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Forensic Science International, by Elsevier, and Editorial Board Member of a number of other national and international scientific journals of forensic medicine and science.

He is a Member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Forensic Science Society, the Royal Belgium Society of Forensic Medicine, the German Society of Legal Medicine, the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine and a Founding and Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine, Royal College of Physicians (London).

Affiliations and Expertise

Chairman, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

History and Development of the Role of Taphonomy in Forensic Anthropology

Time since Death (PMI) Estimation

Trends in Current Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Archeology

Background

Search

Recovery

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Postmortem Interval

Entomology

Botany

Other Animal and Cultural Indicators

Tissue Morphology

Mummification

Adipocere

Chemical Approaches

Radiocarbon Analysis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Species: Human Versus Nonhuman

Introduction

Method Selection

Methodologies

Summary and Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Sexing

Introduction

Sexual Dimorphism

Sex Estimation in Subadults

The Adult Skeleton: Morphology

The Adult Skeleton: Metric Analysis

Summary and Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Aging the Dead and the Living

Introduction

The Dead

The Living

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Stature and Build

Introduction

Measures of Body Build and Body Size

Methods of Stature Estimation

Stature Estimation from Long Bones

Stature Estimation from Percutaneous Bone Measurements and Body Parts

Stature Estimation from Radiographically Determined Long Bone Length

Stature Estimation from Small Bones and Other Bones of the Body

Estimation of Stature from Fragments of Bones

Secular Change and Variation in Limb Proportions in Relation to Stature in Different Populations

Factors Affecting Stature Estimation in Forensic Examinations and Making Population Standards and Databases

See also

Further Reading

Ancestry

Introduction

Resources

Why Do Ancestry Estimation?

Estimation from the Cranium

Estimation from the Postcranial Skeleton

Statistics and Probabilities

Conclusions and Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Facial Approximation

Introduction

Method History

Contemporary Methods

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Personal Identification in Forensic Anthropology

Introduction

Personal Identification

Types of Personal Identification

Methods of Scientific Identification

Possible Conclusions in a Scientific Identification

Methods Contributing to Identification

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bone Pathology and Antemortem Trauma

Introduction

Bone Pathology

Antemortem Trauma

See also

Nomenclature

Further Reading

Biomechanics of Bone Trauma

Introduction

Goals of Trauma Analysis

Bone Structure and Material Properties

Fracture Propagation and Fracture Types

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bone Trauma

Introduction

Ante-, Peri-, or Postmortem Origin of the Bone Lesion

Biomechanics

Classification of the Bone Lesions

Long Bones

Other Locations

Gunshot Wounds

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Identification of the Living

Introduction

Facial Assessment

Further Features on the Skin, Hands, and Genitals

Appendix Morphological Assessment of Facial Features: The DMV Atlas

See also

Abbreviations

Further Reading

Glossary

Odontology

Definitions

The Nature of the Work

Why Is Dental Evidence So Good for Corroborating Identity?

When No Antemortem Records Exist

Interactions with Other Professionals

Bite Marks, Bruising, and Other Injuries to Skin

Other Skills

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Behavioral

Autoerotic Death

The Literature

The Nature of Autoerotic Death

Autoerotic Asphyxia

Atypical Autoerotic Deaths

Death Scene Characteristics

Male Versus Female Practice

Psychological Autopsy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Criminal Profiling

The Early History of Criminal Profiling

A Modern History of Criminal Profiling

The Goals of Criminal Profiling

Methods of Criminal Profiling

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Detection of Deception

Introduction

Early Attempts to Detect Deception

Detecting Deception Using Behavioral Cues

The Myths of Hypnosis and Narcoanalysis

Integrity Tests

Detecting Deception from Verbal Content

Psychophysiological Detection of Deception

Other Psychophysiological Measures

Unobtrusive Detection of Deception

Summary and Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Interpretation

Introduction

A Framework for Inference

Current Practices and Possible Improvements

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Investigative Psychology

Introduction

Information Retrieval

Investigative Decision Making

Appropriate Inferences

Further Reading

Lie Detection

Lie Detection and Truth Discovery

Brief History of Lie Detection

Theories of Lie Detection

Psychophysiological Measurements in Modern Lie Detection

Conventional Lie Detection Techniques

Criticisms of Conventional Lie Detection

The Goal of Lie Detection: The Discovery of Truth

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Modus Operandi

A Short History

The Utility of MO Analysis

Elements of MO

Influences on MO

Uniqueness and Reliability

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Offender Signature

Origins

Offender Psychodynamics

Behavioral Consistency Theory

Recognizing Signature Behavior

Active and Passive Signature Behaviors

Limiting Factors

Case Linkage: Offender Signature in Court

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Behavioral Forensic Science: An Overview

Introduction

Education and Training in Forensic Psychology

Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Forensic Phonetics

Introduction

Signal Analysis

Speaker Identification

Vocal Behaviors

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Forensic Linguistics

Written Legal Language

Spoken Legal Language

Investigative Linguistics and Provision of Evidence

Conclusions and Future

See also

Further Reading

Psychological Autopsies

Introduction: Definitions and Usage

Validity and Reliability of Psychological Autopsies

Legal Requirements of Psychological Autopsy Testimony

The Methodologies

Other Protocols for Psychological Autopsies

Ethical Elements in Psychological Autopsies

Appendix

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry

Introduction

Historical Development

Current Practice

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Forensic Psychiatry

Assessment of Competence

Risk Assessment

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Forensic Psychology

The Psychology of Evidence

Confession Evidence

Psychology in the Courtroom

Jurors

The Strength of the Research

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Serial Killing

Serial Murder

Myths of Serial Murders

An Operationalized Definition of Serial Murder and the San Antonio Symposium

Serial Murderers as Psychopaths

Serial Murder Profiling Strategies

Serial Murder Signatures and Paraphilia

See also

Further Reading

Stalking

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Biology/DNA

Forensic Genetics: History

The Early Times

DNA Typing: Minisatellites and Short Tandem Repeats

Polymorphisms in Sexual Chromosomes and Mitochondrial DNA

Single–Nucleotide Polymorphisms and the Technological Revolution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Basic Principles

Definition

Genetic Theory and Probabilities

Genetic Information and DNA

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Extraction and Quantification

DNA Extraction

Organic (Phenol–Chloroform) Extraction

Solid-Phase DNA Extraction Methods

Chelating Resins (Chelex)

DNA from FTA Spots

Differential Lysis

DNA Extraction from Bones and Teeth

Laser Capture Microdissection

Automation of DNA Extraction

Microfluidic DNA Extraction Devices

DNA Quantification

Current Real-Time PCR Chemistries for Human DNA Quantification

Real–Time PCR Nuclear DNA Quantification Assays

Real–Time PCR Mitochondrial DNA Quantification

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Short Tandem Repeats

The Genetics of Short Tandem Repeats. Short Tandem Repeats as a Class of Satellite DNA and the Genomic Characteristics of the Core Forensic Markers. Early Consensus on Ideal Forensic Short Tandem Repeats

The Principles of Forensic Dye-Labeled STR Typing: PCR Amplification, the DNA Profile, and the Match Probability

Uniqueness and Permanence – The Foundations of Friction Ridge Identification

Early Applications of Friction Ridge Identification

Criminal Identification Prior to the Use of Fingerprints

Development of Friction Ridge Classification Systems

Incorporation of Computers into the Science of Friction Ridge Identification

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Sequential Treatment and Enhancement

Introduction

Sequential Application of Fingerprint Development Techniques

Process Compatibility

Other Factors to be Considered

Photographic Recording of Developed Fingerprints

Fingerprints in Contaminants

Contaminated Exhibits

Packaging and Handling of Evidence

Preliminary Procedures

Sequence Selection and Complex Exhibits

Initial Visual Examination – All Exhibits

Initial Fluorescence Examination – All Exhibits

Surface Compatibility and Performance

Operational Performance

Process Selection Charts

Difficult Surface Types

Metal Surfaces

Fabrics

Skin

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Friction Ridge Skin Impression Evidence – Standards of Proof

Introduction

Historical Milestone

Current Views and Practice

Range of Possible Conclusions in the Field

The Move Toward Quality

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Visualization or Development of Crime Scene Fingerprints

Introduction

Origins of Fingerprint Deposits

Fingerprint Patterns, Characteristics, and Detail

Imaging of Developed Fingerprints

Development or Visualization of Latent Fingerprints

Latent Fingerprint Chemical Constituents

Operational Methods of Visualizing Fingerprints

Choice of Technique

Packaging and Handling of Evidence

Operational Fingerprint Development Processes

Health and Safety Procedures

1, 8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)

Gun Bluing and Similar Metal-Toning Treatments

Iodine Vapor Fuming

Indanedione

Ninhydrin

Physical Developer

Powders

Powder Suspensions

Small Particle Reagent

Basic Violet 3 (Gentian Violet, Crystal Violet, CI 42555)

Superglue

Vacuum Metal Deposition

Development of Contaminated Fingermarks

Other Reported Techniques

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Pattern Evidence/Firearms

Humane Killing Tools

Introduction

Captive-Bolt Humane Killers

Injuries from Captive-Bolt Narcotic Devices

Fatalities from Humane Killers

Stud Guns

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Laboratory Analysis

Examination of Firearms

Examination of Fired Ammunition Components

Recent Developments

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Range

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Residues

See also

Further Reading

Pattern Evidence/History

Fingerprint Sciences

Introduction

Early History (221 BC–AD 220)

Recognition of Friction Ridge Skin (1684–1858)

Criminal Applications and as a Means of Identification (1880–1905)

Developments in Comparison and Identification (1914–73)

Recent (1990–Present)

Early Scientific Foundation

Further Scientific Research

Fingerprint Detection and Enhancement

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Professional

Accreditation of Educational Programs

Introduction

What Is Accreditation?

Accreditation of Educational Programs in North America

Accreditation of Educational Programs in the United Kingdom

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Certification and Licensing

Certifying Bodies

Other Certification Programs

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Continuing Professional Development

Types of Continuing Professional Development

Sources of Continuing Professional Development

Administration of Continuing Professional Development

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Education and Accreditation in Forensic Science

Historical Perspectives

Forensic Science as a Recognized Discipline

1999 NIJ Review of Forensic Science

TWGED

Undergraduate Curriculum

Graduate Curriculum

Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission

NAS Report – Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States

Future Educational Needs

See also

Further Reading

Ethics

Introduction

Forensic Science Ethics and Personal Ethics

Organizational Forensic Science Ethics

Basic Minimal Ethics and Aspirational Ethics

Codes of Ethics in Forensic Science Practice

Standards for Good Forensic Practice

Ethical Problems in the Forensic Sciences

Foundations of Ethics

Ethical Dilemmas

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Research and Publishing

Introduction

Research

Publication

The Publication Process

Types of Publications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Training to Competence

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

Introduction

Relevance to Forensic Science

Funding

Rationale for Reports

Scope

Composition of Committees

Additions and Subtractions from Committees

Data-Gathering Process

Committee Deliberation

Dissension Within Committees

Peer Review

Primary Findings

NRC Reports and Legal Issues

Dissemination

Impact

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS)

Introduction

See also

Relevant Website

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD)

Introduction

Accreditation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI)

Introduction

See also

Relevant Website

International Association for Identification (IAI)

Introduction

The IAI Collection

See also

Further Reading

National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME)

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Senior Managers of Australian and New Zealand Forensic Laboratories (SMANZFL)

Introduction

See also

Relevant Website

Toxicology

Toxicology: History

Introduction

Important Historical Milestones

Evolution of Drugs and Poisons

Recent Developments in Analytical Methods

Alternative Matrices

Drug-Facilitated Crime

Drugs and Driving

Famous Poisoning Cases

See also

Abbreviations

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Drugs

Introduction

Affinity, Efficacy, and Potency

Antagonism and Potentiation

Signal Transduction

Tolerance and Dependence

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Toxicology: Overview and Applications

Introduction

Applications of Forensic Toxicology

Initial Tests and Confirmation

Common Drugs and Poisons

Scope of Testing Protocols

Specimens

General Techniques

Quality Assurance and Validation

Estimation of Dose

Interpretation of Toxicological Results

Court Testimony

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Drug Screening in Sport

Introduction

What is Doping in Sport?

Context of Adjudication of Anti-Doping Rule Violations in Sport

The List of Prohibited Compounds and Methods to be Screened

Biological Sample Identity and Integrity

Specific Procedures in Dedicated Laboratories

Practical Analytical Approach

The Biological Passport

Developments for the Future

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Volatile Substances and Inhalants

Diagnosis of VSA

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Interpretation of Results

Abbreviations

Introduction

Forensic Urine Drug Testing

Human Performance Toxicology

Postmortem Toxicology

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Methods of Analysis – Initial Testing

Abbreviations

Introduction

Sample Selection

Immunoassays

Sample Extraction

Screening by Liquid Chromatography

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Methods of Analysis – Confirmatory Testing

Abbreviations

Principles of Confirmatory Testing

Certified Reference Standards

MS in Confirmatory Testing

Internal Standardization

Minimum Required Identification Criteria

Minimum Required Quantification Criteria

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Postmortem Specimens

Introduction

Blood, Serum, and Plasma

Urine

Vitreous Humor

Bile

The Liver

The Brain

Lungs

The Kidney

Skeletal Muscle

Other Tissues and Fluids

Special Considerations

See also

Further Reading

Herbal Psychoactive Substances

Abbreviations

Introduction

Traditional Drugs of Abuse of Herbal Origin

Emerging and Popular Herbal Drugs of Abuse

Analytical Methods

Summary and Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Herbal Medicines and Phytopharmaceuticals – Contaminations

Abbreviations

Introduction

Common Forms of Contamination/Adulterants

Analytical Strategy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Behavioral Toxicology

What Is Behavioral Toxicity?

Mechanisms of Action

Alcohol

Stimulants (Amphetamines and Cocaine)

Anabolic Steroids

Hallucinogens

Benzodiazepines

Cannabis

Psychoses

Tolerance and Withdrawal

See also

Further Reading

Postmortem Toxicology: Artifacts

Introduction

The Pre-Final Phase

The Corpse

The Sample

The Compound

The Analytical Assay

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Toxicology/Alcohol

Blood

Introduction

Blood Collection

Analysis

See also

Further Reading

Urine and Other Body Fluids

Introduction

Absorption

Distribution

Elimination

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids for Alcohol

Urine

Saliva/Oral Fluid

Vitreous Humor

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Synovial Fluid

Bile

Liver and Other Tissues

Sequestered Hematomas

Stomach Contents

Putrefactive Blisters

Sweat

Tears

See also

Further Reading

Breath Alcohol

Abbreviations

Introduction

Historical Aspects

Alcohol in the Blood and Breath

Analytical Methods

Types of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments

Forensic Issues

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alcohol Congeners and the Source of Ethanol

Abbreviations

Introduction

Congener Content of Beverages

Methods

Disposition

Toxicity of Congeners

Hip Flask Defense

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Alcohol: Interpretation

Abbreviations

Symbols

Introduction

Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol

Estimation of Dose and BAC

Effects of Alcohol

Activities Associated with Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol-Derived Driving Limits

Drug Interactions with Alcohol

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Alcohol: Postmortem

Introduction

Collection of Specimens

Analysis

Postmortem Changes in Blood Concentration

Reporting Alcohol Concentrations

Examples

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Metabolites of Ethanol

Abbreviations

Introduction

Ethyl Glucuronide

Ethyl Sulfate

Ethyl Phosphate

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters

Phosphatidylethanol

Summary and Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Toxicology/Drugs of Abuse

Blood

Introduction

Types of Blood Specimens

Drug Monographs

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Oral Fluid

Introduction

What is Oral Fluid?

Collection of Oral fluid

Factors Affecting Drug Presence in Oral Fluids

Applications of Oral Fluid Drug Testing

Analytical Testing Methods

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Drug-Facilitated Crimes

Introduction

Definitions

Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault

Typical Drugs in DFC

Alcohol in DFC

The Role of the Forensic Medical Examiner/Forensic Nurse in DFC Cases

Samples Types in DFC

Analytical Issues in DFC

Interpretation of Toxicological Results in DFC

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Abbreviations

Drug-Impaired Driving

Introduction

Influence of Drugs on Performance

Epidemiology and Crash Risk

Legislation

‘Per se’ Legislation

Detection of Drugs in Drivers

Evidentiary Analysis

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Drugs in Hair

Introduction

Biology of Hair

Hair Analysis

Applications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Postmortem Blood

Introduction

Sample Collection and Chain of Custody

Toxicology Testing

Postmortem Changes in Drug Concentration

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Urine

Introduction

Urine Specimen Characteristics and Specimen Integrity

Application of Immunoassays to Urine Drug Testing

Application of GC-MS in Urine Drug Testing

Correlation of Immunoassay and GC-MS Test Results

Issues in the Interpretation of Urine Drug-Testing Results

See also

Further Reading

Validation of Twelve Chemical Spot Tests for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results and discussion

Conclusions

See also

References

Index

Author Index

Quotes and reviews

"This encyclopedia's second edition…in online format is a major accomplishment. It brings updated/new information to readers in a convenient and flexible format. Vividly colored tables and figures abound. References are current. The various specialties and related disciplines continue to be included. Summing Up: Highly Recommended." --CHOICE Reviews Online, February 2014