In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.

Transcription

1 Use of Passive voice Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. The focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone. Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) Tense Subject Verb Object Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Active: Rita writes a letter. Passive: A letter is written by Rita. Active: Rita wrote a letter. Passive: A letter was written by Rita. Active: Rita has written a letter. Passive: A letter has been written by Rita. 1

2 Future I Active: Rita will write a letter. Passive: A letter will be written by Rita. Modals Active: Rita can write a letter. Passive: A letter can be written by Rita. Tense Subject Verb Object Present Progressive Past Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter. Passive: A letter is being written by Rita. Active: Rita was writing a letter. Passive: A letter was being written by Rita. Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter. Passive: A letter had been written by Rita. Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter. Conditional I Conditional II Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita. Active: Rita would write a letter. Passive: A letter would be written by Rita. Active: Rita would have written a letter. Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita. Passive Sentences with Two Objects Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. 2

3 Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2 Active: Rita wrote a letter to me. Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita. Passive: I was written a letter by Rita. As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That s why it is usually dropped. Personal and Impersonal Passive Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. 3 Example: They build houses. Houses are built. Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says it is said In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men. Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

4 Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence. 4 Write passive sentences in Simple Present. 1. the documents / print 2. the window / open 3. the shoes / buy 4. the car / wash 5. the litter / throw away 6. the letter / send 7. the book / read / not 8. the songs / sing / not 9. the food / eat / not 10. the shop / close / not Write passive sentences in Simple Past. 1. the test / write 2. the table / set 3. the cat / feed 4. the lights / switch on 5. the house / build 6. dinner / serve 7. this computer / sell / not 8. the car / stop / not 9. the tables / clean / not 10. the children / pick up / not Write passive sentences in Present Perfect. 1. the postcard / send 2. the pencils / count 3. the door / close

5 4. the beds / make 5. the mail / write 6. the trees / plant 7. the money / spend 8. the room / book / not 9. the rent / pay / not 10. the people / inform / not 5 Write passive sentences in Future I. 1. the exhibition / visit 2. the windows / clean 3. the message / read 4. the thief / arrest 5. the photo / take 6. these songs / sing 7. the sign / see / not 8. a dictionary / use / not 9. credit cards / accept / not 10. the ring / find / not 1. He opens the door We set the table She pays a lot of money I draw a picture They wear blue shoes They don't help you He doesn't open the book You do not write the letter Does your mum pick you up? -

6 10. Does the police officer catch the thief? 6 1. She sang a song Somebody hit me We stopped the bus A thief stole my car They didn't let him go She didn't win the prize They didn't make their beds I did not tell them Did you tell them? Did he send the letter? - 1. Kerrie has paid the bill I have eaten a hamburger We have cycled five miles I have opened the present They have not read the book You have not sent the parcel We have not agreed to this issue They have not caught the thieves Has she phoned him? Have they noticed us? 1. Jane will buy a new computer Her boyfriend will install it Millions of people will visit the museum Our boss will sign the contract. -

7 5. You will not do it They will not show the new film He won't see Sue They will not ask him Will the company employ a new worker? Will the plumber repair the shower? I can answer the question She would carry the box You should open the window We might play cards You ought to wash the car He must fill in the form They need not buy bread He could not read the sentence Will the teacher test our English? Could Jenny lock the door? Mixed Exercise on Passive Voice 1. John collects money Anna opened the window We have done our homework I will ask a question He can cut out the picture The sheep ate a lot We do not clean our rooms William will not repair the car Did Sue draw this circle? -

8 10. Could you feed the dog? - Passive with 2 Objects (Personal Passive) 1. Rachel will give you some advice. 2. I sent him a letter. 3. The police officer showed us the way. 4. Our neighbour gave me a lift. 5. We have asked him a favour. 6. She told me a lie. 7. They have written her a postcard. 8. Kerrie will make you a cup of tea. 9. The waiter has not brought us the coffee. 10. They did not offer her a seat. 1. Rachel will give you some advice. 2. I sent him a letter. 3. The police officer showed us the way. 4. Our neighbour gave me a lift. 5. We have asked him a favour. 6. She told me a lie. 8

9 7. They have written her a postcard. 8. Kerrie will make you a cup of tea. 9. The waiter has not brought us the coffee. 10. They did not offer her a seat. 9 Personal Passive 1. People know that she is a good swimmer. 2. They say that Francis is in hospital. 3. They think that the children are in bed. 4. People believe that the robber has worked in the bank. 5. People believe that nuclear power stations are dangerous. 6. His collegues thought that he was on holiday. 7. People know that cars pollute the environment. 8. They suppose that the new product will come out soon. 9. They found that the mission was impossible. 10. They believe that she will win a gold medal. 1. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea My father is washing the car Farmer Joe is milking the cows. -

10 4. She is taking a picture of him I am writing a poem We are not playing football He is not wearing a tie Is she preparing the party? - 9. Are they talking about the meeting? Is she watering the flowers? - 1. We were talking about Francis He was playing the guitar She was watching a film I was repairing their bikes They were not eating dinner We were not painting the gate You were not driving him home He was not feeding the dogs Was she reading these lines? Were they carrying bags? 1. I had worn blue shoes Joe had cleaned the tables We had lost the key They had started a fight I had been reading an article I had not closed the window They had not bought the paper She had not noticed me Had she solved the problem? Had he recorded that song? - 10

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