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Abstract

Introduction

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate-to-high intensity
Nordic walking (NW) on functional capacity and pain in fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

A total of 67 women with FM were recruited to the study and randomized either to moderate-to-high
intensity Nordic Walking (n = 34, age 48 ± 7.8 years) or to a control group engaging in supervised low-intensity
walking (LIW, n = 33, age 50 ± 7.6 years). Primary outcomes were the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and
the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Pain scale (FIQ Pain). Secondary outcomes were:
exercise heart rate in a submaximal ergometer bicycle test, the FIQ Physical (activity
limitations) and the FIQ total score.

Results

A total of 58 patients completed the post-test. Significantly greater improvement
in the 6MWT was found in the NW group (P = 0.009), as compared with the LIW group. No between-group difference was found for
the FIQ Pain (P = 0.626). A significantly larger decrease in exercise heart rate (P = 0.020) and significantly improved scores on the FIQ Physical (P = 0.027) were found in the NW group as compared with the LIW group. No between-group
difference was found for the change in the FIQ total. The effect sizes were moderate
for the above mentioned outcomes.

Conclusions

Moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise by means of Nordic walking twice a week
for 15 weeks was found to be a feasible mode of exercise, resulting in improved functional
capacity and a decreased level of activity limitations. Pain severity did not change
over time during the exercise period.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00643006.

Introduction

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a non-inflammatory rheumatic disorder characterized by widespread
long-lasting pain, fatigue, distress and difficulties in carrying out daily activities.
The prevalence of FM ranges from 1% to 3% in the general population, increasing with
age and female sex [1]. Criteria for FM include a history of long-lasting widespread pain and pain in 11
of the total of 18 tender points examined at manual palpation [2]. Aberrant physiological pain-processing mechanisms, together with psychological and
environmental factors, interact in the development and maintenance of FM.

Pain, fatigue, distress and lack of knowledge about the reasons for pain often lead
to a decrease in the level of physical activity and to impaired body functions. Body
functions are usually impaired in FM [3] and are associated with limitations in daily activities [4]. Low-intensity exercise, adjusted to the limitations of the patient, has been found
to be safe in FM, and is suggested to be an important part of treatment in patients
with FM. Walking of low-to-moderate intensity has been found to be safe in FM and
to improve function [5,6] and quality of life [7] among FM patients. Exercise in a temperate pool of low-to-moderate intensity has
shown improvements in walking ability [8-11], symptoms [10-13] and distress [10,12-14] in sedentary patients with FM.

Some studies have shown that exercise of moderate-to-high intensity improves physical
function and pain in FM [15], while others have reported that aggravation of pain [16] or fear of it [17] hindered patients from completing a planned exercise protocol and improving functional
capacity. Nordic walking (NW) is a mode of exercise that has gained popularity in
Northern Europe in recent years. NW is walking using poles, which implies that muscles
in the upper body are also activated and that the length of steps can be increased,
which results in a faster gait as compared to walking without poles. Because of the
frequent impairments in the function of the upper and lower extremities in patients
with FM [3], it was unclear whether NW might be a feasible mode of exercise for this population.
To our knowledge, no previous reports have described NW in FM. The aim of this study
was to investigate whether moderate-to-high intensity NW could be a feasible exercise
in patients with FM and whether it could improve functional capacity and pain in these
patients. Our primary hypothesis was thus that moderate-to-high intensity NW, conducted
twice a week for 20 minutes for a period of 15 weeks would improve body functions
and alleviate pain.

Materials and methods

Study design

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared the effects of two 15-week exercise programs.
The experimental intervention was a supervised moderate-to-high intensity NW program
twice a week for 20 minutes, while the active comparator was a supervised low-intensity
walking (LIW) program once a week. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
NCT00643006.

The primary outcomes were the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire pain scale (FIQ Pain). Our secondary hypothesis was that the intervention
would improve aerobic capacity, overall health status and activity limitations, the
two latter variables assessed by the FIQ total score and the FIQ Physical. The exploratory
outcomes included a multidimensional questionnaire concerning fatigue.

Criteria for inclusion: Women aged 20 to 60 years with fibromyalgia, defined by the
ACR 1990 criteria [2]: a history of long-lasting generalized pain and pain in at least 11 of 18 tender
points examined by manual palpation, an ablility to manage a bicycle test at 50 watts
or more, and interest in exercising outdoors twice a week for 15 weeks.

Criteria for exclusion: Patients not speaking or reading Swedish, other severe somatic
or psychiatric disease, ongoing or planned physical therapy, including exercise, and
an inability to accept times for planned exercise sessions.

Recruitment, examinations and randomization

Female patients were consecutively recruited through newspaper advertisements, at
health care centres in West Sweden or from participation in an earlier study. Two
hundred and thirty-nine patients were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-four patients
did not fulfill the inclusion criteria (other severe disorder n = 27, not fulfilling criteria for FM n = 16, age >65 years n = 6, planned operation n = 5). Twenty-four were excluded due to treatment in progress. Seventy-two declined
to participate for time restrictions (n = 47), negative experiences of NW (n = 4), family commitments (n = 2), not interested (n = 16) or unknown reasons (n = 3). Twenty-two could not be contacted. A total of 67 was randomized to the study.
Figure 1 shows the participants' flow and reasons for being lost to follow-up.

The screening examination included verification of the ACR 1990 criteria for FM, including
a pain localisation sheet [18], a standardized interview and examination of tender points [2]. Patients were then referred to a baseline examination that included a battery of
questionnaires, the 6MWT and a submaximal ergometer bicycle test. Body weight and
height were measured in light clothing without shoes, and BMI was calculated. Sixty-seven
patients completed the baseline examination, where single-blinded examiners did not
know the group to which patient would be randomized. After completion of the baseline
test the patients were randomized by persons not involved in the examination. Randomization
was conducted by using concealed envelopes prepared by the statistician. The numbered
envelope was opened together with the patient, after which the patient was informed
about the group to which she had been randomized. A total of 34 patients was randomized
to NW and 33 to LIW. All patients were invited to a 16-week post-test and a six-month
follow-up examination. The patients were advised to continue their baseline medical
treatment with no change throughout the 15-week study period.

Intervention

The study was conducted in parks and forests with flat areas and small hills in one
larger (n = 32) and two smaller (n = 14; n = 21) cities in Western Sweden. Each exercise session lasted 40 to 45 minutes, in
addition to a five-minute stretching period. Groups of 7 to 15 patients were supervised
by two leaders at each session; there were in all 13 exercise leaders, who were physical
therapists, physical therapy students or trained exercise leaders.

Intervention group

Patients randomized to NW participated in supervised exercise sessions twice a week
for 15 weeks. The target was to achieve 20 minutes of moderate-to-high intensity exercise.
Exercise intensity was based on the subjective perception of exertion, and the patients
were instructed as to how to rate exertion on the Borg´s Rating of Perceived Exertion
(RPE) scale ranging from 6 to 20 [19]. RPE <12 is considered to correspond to <40% of the maximal heart rate, while 12
to 13 (moderate) corresponds to 40 to 60% and 14 to 16 (heavy) to 60 to 85% of the
maximal heart rate [20]. The groups started with light exercise for 10 minutes, ranging from 9 (very light)
to 11 (fairly light) on the RPE scale, after which they performed two-minute intervals
of moderate-to-high intensity exercise, defined as exertion ranging from 13 to 15
on the RPE scale, alternated with two-minute low-intensity exercise, defined as 10
to 11 on the RPE scale. This means that the participants walked at different speeds
in small groups, and the leaders alternated between them to provide individual instruction.

Control group

Patients randomized to the LIW participated in supervised exercise sessions once a
week for 15 weeks. The groups walked at a low intensity level, ranging from 9 (very
light) to 11 (fairly light) on the RPE scale.

Ethics

The study was approved by the ethics committee of Gothenburg University. Written and
verbal information was given to all patients and written consent was obtained from
all patients. The patients were informed that post-exercise pain could be felt during
the first weeks of the exercise program.

Primary outcomes

For the six-minute walk test (6MWT) the patient was instructed to walk as quickly
as possible but not to run. The distance covered was measured in meters [21].

The FIQ Pain is a subscale (0 to 100) of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ),
a self-administered questionnaire that assesses health status [22].

Secondary outcomes

The FIQ Physical (0 to 100) is a subscale of the FIQ that assesses activity limitations.
The FIQ total score assesses health status (0 to 100) [22].

Exercise heart rate was measured with a submaximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer
(Monark 828E, Varberg, Sweden) with unaltered exercise intensity at baseline and post-test
[23]. The selected exercise intensity was either 50 or 75 watts, defined after a structured
interview concerning the patient´s physical activity level during the most recent
month. The test lasted for six minutes and the pedal frequency was 60 rpm. Heart rate
was recorded every minute using telemetry (Polar Electro OY Kempele, Finland), the
rate of perceived exertion was assessed on Borg´s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
scale and blood pressure was measured every second minute with a sphygmomanometer.
The exercise heart rate was defined as the mean heart value during the fifth and the
sixth minute. The subjects were asked to refrain from tobacco, caffeine and food for
two hours before the test [24] and from carrying out heavy exercise the day before the visit to the test station.
Diurnal variations were taken into consideration by attempting to book the patient
at the same time of day at both tests.

Exploratory outcomes

The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) is a self-administered questionnaire
that contains 20 statements about fatigue building five subscales ranging from 4 to
20 [25].

Background variables

The Leisure Time Physical Activity Instrument (LTPAI) assesses the amount of physical
activity during a typical week. The total score is the sum of the hours [26]. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) builds two subscales: HADS-A for
anxiety (0 to 21) and HADS-D (0 to 21) for depression [27]. A cut-off score of eight is suggested to indicate possible anxiety or depression.
Muscle tenderness was examined using an algometer (Somedic Production AB, Sollentuna,
Sweden), measured in kPa/second [28].

Local pain score (0 to 10) was assessed as the mean value of weekly ratings of pain
in the upper and lower extremities recorded in an exercise diary.

Statistics

On the basis of the results of a previous exercise study [10], we hypothesised that a significant between-group difference for the 6MWT would be
found in a sample of 58 patients. Descriptive data are presented as mean, standard
deviation (SD), standard error of mean (SE) or the number and percentage. Outcomes
were evaluated according to intent-to-treat (ITT) design.

The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyse the differences in continuous variables
between the two groups. The mean of baseline and post-test values was calculated for
each individual and these means were used in group comparisons. Fischer's exact test
was used for dichotomous variables and the Mantel-Haenszel chi-two test was used for
ordinal categorical variables. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used for comparisons
of continuous variables within groups, and McNemar´s test was used for dichotomous
variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of the 6MWT in the three
sites.

The effect size was calculated for variables that showed a significant change. The
effect size for between-group variables was calculated by dividing the mean difference
between change from baseline to post-test in the intervention group and the control
group by the pooled SD for change. The mean change from baseline to the follow-up
test was divided by the SD at baseline to calculate the effect size for follow-up
variables. An effect size of 0.20 to 0.50 was considered small, and an effect size
>0.50 was considered moderate [29].

Relationships between the variables were examined by Spearman's correlation coefficient.
Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used to study predictors for change.

Results

Study population

No significant baseline differences for age, symptom duration, tender point count,
pain localisation or pharmacological treatment were found between the NW (n = 34) and LIW (n = 33) groups, see Table 1. No significant baseline differences were found for body functions, assessed by the
6MWT, the LTPAI, work status, the HAD-D or the education level between the two groups.
The HAD-A was found to be significantly higher in the NW (P = 0.040) than the LIW group, see Table 1.

All patients were invited to a post-test according to an intent-to-treat design, and
58 patients (87%) of the total sample completed the test. The median attendance rate
at the exercise sessions was 62% (range 0 to 100%) in the NW group and 50% (range
0 to 93%) in the LIW group. Internal missing values in the NW group were found for
one person, who refused to walk due to plantar fasciitis, in the 6MWT and in a protocol
in the MFI. Internal missing data in the LIW group were found for the FIQ in a protocol
and for the MFI in two protocols.

No significant change over time was found for the LTPAI in the NW (P = 0.09) or the LIW group (P = 0.26). The post-test score in the LTPAI in the NW group was 6.3 (SD 4.2, range 1.0
to 19.0), while it was 5.9 (SD 6.4, range 1.0 to 29.0) in the LIW group. Neither was
any significant change (P = 1.00) found for use of analgetics, as 76% in the NW and 79% in the LIW group reported
use of analgetics at the post-test. No significant change (P = 0.50; P = 1.00) was found for use of antidepressants or sedatives over time, as intake was
reported by 76% in the NW and 68% in the LIW group at the post-test. See Table 1 for baseline values.

The mean value of the local pain score at Week 2 was 6.2 (SD 2.00, range 1.9 to 9.3)
in the NW group and 6.7 (SD, 1.8, range 4.0 to 9.3) in the LIW group. The post-test
local pain score in the NW group was 5.7 (SD 2.2, range 1.3 to 8.7) and 6.4 (SD 2.2,
range 1.7 to 10.0) in the LIW group. No significant change in the local pain score
was found over time within the groups (NW P = 0.37; LIW 0.23) or between the groups.

Primary outcomes

A significantly greater improvement (P = 0.009) was found in the change in the 6MWT in the NW group (37.7, SD 41.8) as compared
to the LIW group (8.6, SD 42.2) (Table 2). The effect size of the 6MWT for the intervention group compared with the control
group was 0.69. The difference between the groups was maintained when adjusted for
HAD-A (P = 0.021). No significant baseline differences (P = 0.129) were found for the 6MWT at baseline between the three sites. Mean difference
of the 6MWT between the two groups at Site 1 was 38.8 (SE 18.4), at Site 2 it was
21 (SE 25.5), and at Site 3 it was 27.9 (SE 15.4).

Table 2. Changes from baseline to post-test within and between the intervention group engaging
in Nordic Walking and the control group engaging in Low-intensive walking

The FIQ Pain did not change significantly (P = 0.626) in the between-group analysis of the NW and LIW groups.

Secondary outcomes

A significantly higher improvement (P = 0.027) was found for the change in the FIQ Physical (-7.9, SD 12.6) in the NW group
as compared with the control group (-1.3, SD 15.6) (Table 2). The effect size of the FIQ Physical in the intervention group as compared with
the control group was 0.64. The FIQ Total score did not change significantly (P = 0.064) in the between-group analysis of NW and LIW.

A significantly larger decrease (P = 0.020) of the heart rate in the submaximal ergometer test was found in the NW group
(-8.9, SD 12.8) as compared with the change in the control group (-3.1, SD 9.6). The
effect size of the heart rate for the intervention group compared with the control
group was 0.51.

Exploratory outcomes

A significantly higher improvement (P = 0.031) was found for the change in the MFI Reduced Motivation in the NW (-1.0, SD
3.0) as compared with the LIW group (0.9, SD 3.2) (Table 2). The effect size of the FIQ total score in the intervention group as compared with
the control group was 0.60.

Six-month follow-up of NW

A total of 28 patients in the NW group completed the six-month follow-up examination.

Primary outcomes. A significant improvement (P = 0.009) was found for the change of the 6MWT (20.9, SD 52.5) in the NW group, the
effect size being 0.29. No significant improvement was found for the FIQ Pain (P = 0.879).

Explorative outcomes. A significant improvement was found for the MFI General Fatigue
(-2.1, SD 2.2, P <0.001) and the MFI Physical Fatigue (-1.9, SD 2.5, P = 0.001), and the effect size was 0.68 for the MFI General Fatigue and 0.54 for the
MFI Physical Fatigue. No significant changes were found for the MFI Reduced Activity
(P = 0.743), the MFI Reduced Motivation (P = 0.084), or the MFI Mental Health (P = 0.725).

Six-month follow-up of the LIW

A total of 26 patients in the LIW completed the six-month follow-up.

Primary outcomes. No significant improvement was found for the 6MWT (P = 0.603) or the FIQ Pain (P = 0.412).

Exploratory outcomes. A significant improvement (P = 0.001) was found for the MFI General Fatigue (-2.3, SD 2.6, P <0.001) and the MFI Physical Fatigue (-2.5, SD 3.4, P = 0.001). The effect size was 0.74 for the MFI General Fatigue and 0.71 for the MFI
Physical Fatigue. No significant changes were found for the MFI Reduced Activity (P = 0.794), the MFI Reduced Motivation (P = 0.147), or the MFI Mental Health (P = 0.513).

Predictors of change of the 6MWT

Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used to study possible predictors for
change in the 6MWT (Table 3). Age, education level, group randomized to, attendance rate, number of TPs, pain
localisation, pain duration, baseline values of the HAD-D, the HAD-A, the FIQ total
score, the LTPAI total score and the 6MWT were chosen as independent variables. Three
models appeared, and the model showing the largest adjusted R square, which was 0.31,
is presented in Table 2. This model indicates that 31% of the variability in the 6MWT was explained by the
baseline value of the 6MWT, the number of TPs and the group randomized to, P = 0.012.

When the baseline value of the 6MWT was eliminated, the only predictor for change
of the 6MWT was group (P = 0.020). The adjusted R square for that model was 0.08.

Discussion

Patients with FM that participated in a 15-week supervised Nordic walking program
twice a week significantly improved their functional capacity, as assessed by the
6MWT, as compared with the active comparators that participated in low-intensive walking,
as hypothesized. This result agrees with the Cochrane review of the effects of exercise
in FM [15]. The effect size indicated a moderate improvement of the 6MWT in the NW group as
compared with the control group. The improved outcome in the 6MWT corresponded with
the reports of the exercise leaders, who described a successive increase in walking
speed at the exercise sessions in most of the participants in the NW group.

A multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that a lower baseline capacity
of the 6MWT, a lower number of TPs and participation in NW predicted the improvement
in the 6MWT. The number of tender points has previously been related to pain and overall
health [30]. The present study found a low association between the number of TPs and FIQ Pain
(rho 0.31, P = 0.01), the number of pain localisations (rho 0.32, P = 0.008) and the FIQ total (rho 0.27, P = 0.03). As some patients were fast walkers, with a baseline value of the 6MWT of
about 600 meters, the outcome was probably biased by ceiling effects among those participants.

A significantly reduced heart rate was found in a submaximal ergometer test in the
NW group after the exercise period, as compared with the change that occurred in the
control group. A test with an unaltered exercise intensity was chosen for this study
because of the common use of beta blockers and/or anti-depressants in FM, which may
affect heart rate, and since there is a known difficulty in FM in increasing the resistance
on an ergometer bicycle [16]. The heart rate can also be affected by diurnal variations and use of caffeine or
tobacco. Attempts were made to control these factors by booking the patients at the
same time of day and asking them not to change their medication during the study period
and to avoid their use of tobacco, caffeine and food two hours before the ergometer
cycle test. No documentation was made as to the prevalence of smokers; a patient's
heart rate was compared only with her own baseline values. Despite the methodological
limitations involved with the assessment of heart rate, the results indicate that
women with FM may decrease their exercise heart rate by regular moderate-to-high intensity
exercise, as suggested by previous studies in the field [31].

The second hypothesis, that exercise of a moderate-to-high intensity would decrease
overall pain more than low-intensity walking, was not supported by this study. The
severity of pain, rated on the FIQ Pain, did not significantly decrease over time
in any of or between the two groups, but high standard deviations indicate a large
variation among the participants. The results agree with a recent review of exercise
programs for patients with FM, suggesting that most patients do not experience a decrease
in pain by aerobic exercise [32].

Activity limitations in daily life (the FIQ Physical) improved significantly in the
NW group, as compared to the change in the LIW. Health status (the FIQ Total) improved
significantly in the NW group, which agrees with a previous study of exercise in FM
[11].

It was expected that there would be an increase in post-exercise pain during the initial
phase of the exercise program due to dysfunctions in peripheral and central pain mechanisms
in FM [33], and a temporary increase of pain was reported by several patients at exercise sessions,
not only participants in the NW group but also participants in the LIW group. Concomitant
local musculoskeletal pain conditions in the lower extremities were found to limit
an increased walking speed among some patients. Patients who reported disturbing post-exercise
pain were advised to reduce their walking speed until such time that they could again
increase it. One reason for this was to try to prevent a deterioration of the overall
pain condition, which may be induced by peripheral musculoskeletal pain [32,34].

Only one patient interrupted the exercise program due to adverse effects of exercise.
She had chronic trochanteritis, which deteriorated after a few exercise sessions.
On the group level, the weekly local pain scores did not indicate differences over
time between the two groups. Pharmacological treatment did not significantly change
from baseline to post-test in any of the groups, but some patients reported that they
had temporarily increased their use of analgesics during the first weeks of NW before
adaptation to the exercise program.

The follow-up examination indicated that the improvement in the 6MWT was still significant
in the NW group six months after the start of the program, although the change between
follow-up and baseline was small. Aerobic capacity no longer indicated a significant
improvement. These results show that it is difficult for patients with FM to continue
exercising at a moderate-to-high intensity level without supervision.

The follow-up examination showed a significant improvement in the MFI General Fatigue
and MFI Physical Fatigue, with a moderate effect size in both groups. The results
indicate that regular exercise over a longer period of time may decrease fatigue in
FM, which is in agreement with a previous study [11]. Alternative explanations for decreased fatigue might be social interactions and
support during the exercise sessions, fresh air, or a positive effect of nature.

The overall aim of the NW program was to attain 20 minutes of exercise of moderate-to-high
intensity, defined by perceived exertion using an RPE scale [19]. The participants were taught to exercise at two-minute intervals of low- and high-intensity.
They walked at different speeds since their baseline walking capacity varied greatly.
Some participants managed the predetermined level of exercise well and successively
increased their walking speed, even when climbing hills, in comparison with those
who found it difficult to comply with the intensity of exercise, referring to pain
or other disabilities. The poles were also found to improve stability and balance
when walking downhill. The program appeared to have worked well in most participants,
as shown by the positive results. Self-reported anxiety did not appear to negatively
impact the ability to exercise or the ability to increase the walking speed.

The baseline walking capacity of the participants and its progress was not found to
differ between the three sites.

The outcomes were analysed according to an intent-to-treat design, implying that patients
that did not attend a session were also invited to participate in a post-test and
were investigated accordingly. Eighty-seven percentage of the patients participated
in the post-test examination, indicating satisfactory compliance. The median attendance
rate was 62% in the NW and 50% in the LIW sessions, a rate that can be expected in
patients with severe health problems. Reasons for absence included concomitant disorders,
such as the flu, time limitations and pain. As patients were advised to exercise in
their own environment if they failed to attend a session, the documented attendance
rate might be lower than the actual frequency of outdoor walks during the exercise
period.

High-intensity exercise is troublesome for patients with FM. A previous study evaluating
the effects of aerobic dance described a high attrition rate and deterioration of
symptoms due to exercise-induced pain, not finding any improvement in functional capacity
[17]. Another study of aerobic exercise found increased pain in the group engaging in
high-intensity exercise on a stationary bicycle when compared to those randomized
to low-intensity exercise [16]. Compared to these two modes of exercise, the NW program worked better. A reason
may be the use of poles, which facilitates walking and relieves the weight load on
the lower extremities. Exercising in short intervals was also found to be a feasible
mode for this patient group, as it provided a short rest after each vigorous interval.
NW therefore appears to be a viable option for patients with FM wishing to improve
their functional capacity without risking a pain flare.

In terms of clinical implications, it appears to be important to determine the patient's
baseline capacity before starting to exercise, and to adjust exercise for patients
to their baseline condition. If concomitant local pain conditions in the lower extremities
hinder faster walking, patients should be recommended to start exercising at a slow
speed and shorter walking distance and then to successively increase the speed and
distance. Supervision by a health professional who teaches patients to use the poles,
helps them to adjust the intensity of their exercise to their limitations and motivates
them to increase their walking speed during high intensity intervals is suggested
to be valuable for outcomes.

A limitation of the present study is a lack of an untreated control group. Supervised
LIW was used to control for improvement through attention, but a third non-treated
group should be considered in future studies to evaluate non-specific effects of exercise
such as fatigue. As earlier described, the changes in heart rate in an ergometer bicycle
test should be interpreted with caution in patients with FM owing to the pharmacological
treatment and other factors that may affect heart rate.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a supervised 15-week NW program designed to alternate between low and
moderate-to-high exercise intensity, was found to be a feasible mode of exercise for
patients with FM. Most patients tolerated this mode of exercise, and pain severity
did not change significantly over time during the exercise period. The participants
in the NW program improved their functional capacity and decreased their level of
activity limitations compared to active comparators. Thus NW appears to be a viable
option for patients with FM who wish to improve their functional capacity by exercise
without risking a pain flare.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

KM conceived the study, acquired the funding, participated in the design of the study
and took responsibility for recruitment, enrollment, statistical analysis and drafting
of the manuscript. LN participated in recruitment, enrollment, drafting the manuscript
and data collection. ÅC participated in the design of the study, statistical analysis,
drafting the manuscript and data collection. GJ participated in recruitment, enrollment,
drafting the manuscript and data collection. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Grant support came from the Swedish Research Council, the Health and Medical Care
Executive Board of Västra Götaland Region, the Swedish Rheumatism Association, the
Rheumatic Pain Society in Göteborg/RiG, the LUA/ALF at Sahlgrenska University Hospital.