The First Brain Cell Census

Neuroscientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have mobilized advanced imaging and computational methods to comprehensively map—“count”—the total populations of specific types of cells throughout the mouse brain. In a study published today in Cell, they report two highly surprising findings.

Their “qBrain” (quantitative brain) study reveals that contrary to expectations, the numbers and ratios of three major inhibitory cell types vary in a stereotypical way across different parts of the mouse cortex. This implies that different cortical areas, for instance those involving cognition vs. those involving perception of sensory stimuli, have evolved to tailor their local circuits to specific brain functions. Also surprising was that while male and female brains did not differ in cell counts in cortical regions, the study identified 11 subcortical areas with sex-specific differences. Strikingly, despite the overall tendency for male brains to be larger, 10 of these regions had more modulatory neurons in females than in males.

Pavel Osten's team used their qBrain brain-mapping platform to visualize and count inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain. Brainwide distribution of 3 major inhibitory cell types, expressing neuropeptides called SST, PV and VIP, is shown in this color-coded composite. These images revealed an unexpected cortical organizing principle: sensory-motor areas are dominated by output-modulating PV+ interneurons, while association areas are dominated by input-modulating SST+ interneurons. Other views revealed that despite their smaller size, female brains had more interneurons than male brains in most subcortical areas.

“This shows that there are more cells that modulate signals and exert temporal control in areas regulating reproductive, social and parenting behaviors in females than in males, with one exception so far,” says CSHL Associate Professor Pavel Osten, the team leader. The exception is a small area in the hypothalamus, called posterodorsal preoptic nucleus, that is believed to control a single male-specific reproductive function (ejaculation).

The inhibitory cell types (which modulate the signals of excitatory neurons) counted by the qBrain technology included cells expressing parvalbumin (PV+), somatostatin (SST+) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+) and four subtypes. Each is a protein that serves to flag a distinct cell type in the mammalian brain. It’s the first step in a project that CSHL and collaborators are performing as part of the National Institute of Health’s “BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN).” In the next 5 years, the team will be building a comprehensive online resource database for the scientific community (http://mouse.brainarchitecture.org/ost) that will include distribution maps and cellular morphologies for over 100 distinct cell types throughout the mouse brain.

“Even our first results show that it really matters to know the composition of the brain in a precise, quantitative way,” says Osten. qBrain is built on an automated technology platform that will be used to perform similar analyses of other mammalian brains, from prairie voles to marmoset monkeys and humans. This will enable unprecedented cross-species comparisons.

“The brain is like a very complicated Lego puzzle, with pieces that come in all sorts of shapes and sizes,” Osten says. “If you want to understand how brain circuits work, you first need to know how many pieces there are, of what types, and how are they distributed. It’s still not known, but there are thought to be at least 500 cell types in the mammalian brain, and possibly thousands. We still lack a basic parts list.”

Pavel Osten's CSHL team used qBrain mapping technology to discover that female mouse brains, despite their smaller size than male brains on average, have more inhibitory neurons in most subcortical regions.

CSHL Professors Z. Josh Huang and Partha Mitra collaborated on the qBrain paper. Each mouse brain was scanned and precisely registered in a 600-region grid to a master file by computers, one brain per day. The ~200 GB of data for each brain was then analyzed with machine learning algorithms that identify individual neurons by type, according to parameters “learned” from human experts.

Osten hopes that using qBrain to scan and quantify the brain in mouse models of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders—from depression and schizophrenia to autism and Alzheimer’s disease—will provide instructive comparisons with the data drawn from brains of healthy mice. This might enable scientists to begin to clarify what brain irregularities characterize those illnesses.

This article has been republished from materials provided by Cold Spring Harbour University. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

RELATED ARTICLES

Researchers at the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience have developed a new combination of technologies that allows them to identify the functional properties of individual synapses that link the two hemispheres and determine how they are arranged within a neuron’s dendritic field.

Older adults who move more, either with daily exercise or even simple routine physical activity like housework, may preserve more of their memory and thinking skills, even if they have brain lesions or biomarkers linked to dementia, according to a new study. Nevertheless, more research must be done to prove a causative link between the two.