The benefits of mining argued by mining corporations as compensatory for its immense social costs and environmental destruction is a lie. Mining corporations in collusion with the government paint a rosy picture of mining, insisting on "responsible mining" and "there is life in mining" yet its impacts on the environment and people, especially to the indigenous peoples, tell a different story.
The Mining Act of 1995 is a long-wrought tragedy to indigenous people. It worsens foreign-favored, one sided, anti-people policy of liberalization of the mining industry. It bridges and aggravates the centuries-old foreign plunder of resources in our lands. The Mining Act of 1995 worsens the oppressions against us.
As our ancestors did, we have valiantly defended our lands from the transgressions, and today we defend our land and life from liberalized mining. However, we found ourselves pitted against government forces as they play protector of large-scale mines. Deployment of military forces where there are large-scale mining interests are massive.
As if the massive deployment of military was not enough, the AFP recruits indigenous peoples to paramilitary groups. Reneging its campaign promise to dissolve paramilitary groups at the aftermath of the Ampatuan massacre, President BS Aquino beefs up the viciousness of its armed forces by allowing the formation of paramilitary groups and use them as pawns in counter-insurgency and as mining security. Under the BS Aquino presidency, 50 indigenous peoples, including 6 indigenous women and 6 indigenous children, were slain by the AFP and paramilitary groups.
The violation of human rights of indigenous peoples worsened as a result of mining and militarization. On October 18, 2012, member of the 26th Infantry Battalion strafed the home of Juvy Capion, a Blaan woman and one of the leaders of the Blaan people's fight against the mining operations of SMI-Xstrata in their ancestral lands. The attack on their home killed and 8 months- pregnant Juvy, and her two young sons. Kitari Capion, Datu Anting Freay, and 16-year-old Victor Freay adds to the lists of Blaan people killed by suspected military forces in the SMI-Xstrata mining site between 2012 and 2013.
Military operations also caused the forced evacuation of communities. Thousands of indigenous peoples repeatedly evacuated in Surigao del Sur, agusan del Sur, Compostela Valley, and Bukidnon among others.
In tandem with violence, the government uses deception to facilatate the entry of mining outfits in ancestral lands. The connivance of the government and mining corporations is best exemplified by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP.) The NCIP is the lead agency in deceiving, manipulating, bribing and dividing indigenous peoples.
Instead of upholding IP rights and welfare against business interests, NCIP only negotiated in favor of the latter. The NCIP conducts "consultations" for mining outfits to fulfill the mandated Free Prior Informed Consent of indigenous communities. However, the FPIC process is riddled with issues of corruption, bribery, and coercion; and it has been used to legalize the entry of development projects in ancestral lands. The IPRA neither projects nor defends the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands and self-determination. It is tool of the State, deceptive and lethal, for plunder and exploitations of indigenous people's lands.
The Mining Act of 1995, aided by the IPRA and strengthened BS Aquino's very own EO 79 is a deadly combination for the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands and to self-determination.
For us indigenous peoples, the BS Aquino administration brings no respite from environmental destruction, human rights violations, repression, and oppressions similar to past regimes. Its continued implementation of the Mining Act of 1995 is a testament to this fact.

"March 3 is the 23rd year of the implementation of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 which caused the landgrab of the ancestral domain of indigenous peoples all over the country where minerals are abundantly found.
Indigenous peoples experience continuous, intensified militarization and destruction of their communities due to destructive mining operations. Even the so-called due-process through "free, prior and informed consent" (FPIC) is violated. On the other hand, this process serves as a means to deprive indigenous peoples of their ancestral lands.
Now, we face the issue of changing the present constitution which will lead to the worsening condition of the indigenous peoples through the constitutionalization of 100% foreign-ownership of mining. This is the aim of our lawmakers -- to give our lands to foreign corporations.
At present, even the small-scale miners continually experience oppression through the formation of the National Task Force on Mining Challenge that is actually a clearing operation to get rid of the small scale miners and pave the way for large-scale mining operations. They say that they intend to protect nature and the environment but the areas they target belong to the ancestral domain of indigenous peoples, who safeguards and ensures that their lands are preserved and taken care of.
The Cordillera Peoples Alliance therefore reiterates our call for communities and organizations to continue our struggle, our fight, to oppose charter change and the plans of the government through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), to forcibly displace the small-scale miners from their lands."
- Santi Mero, CPA Vice-Chairperson for Internal Affairs

A national program to remediate safety and environmental hazards from past coal mining was created by the passage of federal law -- The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA).
SMCRA, Title 4, Abandoned Mined Land Reclamation http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/30/25/IV
The administering agency is the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE or OSM) within the U.S. Department of the Interior.
See: http://www.osmre.gov/aml/AML.shtm
More about SMCRA and OSMRE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uq7YI8AHnQ
Abandoned Mines: Stay out, stay alive: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EsZqik612U
(I was with OSM from April 1978 to May 1995; this helped get me to leave):
On the night of March 4, 1995, an entire eastbound lane of Interstate 70 in Guernsey County, Ohio suddenly collapsed into a 10-foot crater swallowing a car and nearly several others plus a semi-truck --- the entire interstate being closed for six months until $4.4 million in repairs were made. On September 15, 1994, Robert Mooney, an acting field director for the federal Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, had sent the state a letter expressing concern for a worsening situation. The state ignored his request for an investigation of voids in the abandoned coal mines beneath the highway. More: http://groups.google.com/group/bob-mooney/web/i-70-collapse
1/13/2011 - Interstate-72 bridge damaged by mine subsidence http://www.sj-r.com/carousel/x512656240/I-72-bridge-damaged-by-mine-subsidence (Excerpts)
A routine bridge inspection last fall showed damage from mine subsidence under the bridge on the east side of the river, said Illinois Department of Transportation spokesman Josh Kauffman. He said the subsidence has had "a very slight impact" on the bridge, which was built in 1974. "It is still able to carry the loads it was built for," Kauffman said. "It is a very small dip." IDOT is coordinating efforts with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources' Office of Mines and Minerals. "We have devised a plan to stabilize the structure by drilling a series of bore holes to the depth of the abandoned mine and injecting a concrete grout mixture to fill any voids left from coal mining operations," Kauffman said. Department of Natural Resources spokesman Chris McCloud said the agency's Abandoned Mined Land Reclamation Division said a DNR contractor will be at the bridge Monday, weather permitting, to begin filling the area east of the river with concrete.
Underground coal mine fires: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxlykI9WSGI
This clip is from A Page in Time (1996): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpDwRYy7BYg

LYRICS:
Chorus:
One of the world's biggest industries
A vast amount of minerals and history
A process that's been around since the Earth's birth
It's basically taking minerals out of the Earth
The minerals found are so bright and blinding
It's a job for a man, no room for whining
And it keeps on getting bigger, not so surprising
What am I talking about?
M-I-N MINING
Verse 1:
It's time to start a new chapter
Go flip the page
10,000 years ago, in the Neolithic Age,
Cavemen were mining for minerals like Nickel
It was as easy as cake
Despite the long wait
These men went on a mineral resource shopping spree
Resources had divisions that were divided into three
First was metallic from Gold to Uranium
Second was non-metallic from Calcium to Magnesium
Then the last is used for powering our tools
It's none other than the mineral fuels
Powers our machines to help reach our goals
This ranges from Petroleum to Coal
How do they get these? They use a lot of tactics
The most basic one of them is using Mathematics
This is Trigonometry
So in other words it's not anymore a mystery
So we can move on to its history
(Repeat Chorus)
Verse 2
Wanna travel back in time? Let's go!
The Neolithic Period 10,000 years ago
Where primitive men used to mine for Nickel
It was easy as cake straightforward as a pickle
Then fast forward by 7,000 years
When the Egyptian bad boys were making a tear
Then they started to organize mining to separate the men from the boys
They mined for Gold, Silver and Turquoise
Then the Greeks and Romans got their own take on mining
They made various techniques and eventually defined it
The Middle Ages arrived, and mining really beamed
From being labour-intensive, they leveled up to steam
And here's something you already knew
It spread to the land of the red, white, and blue
They dominated the game and no one could get in range
Or in other words, they brought the game change
The Philippines took a hand of it, and mining really helps our country survive
From the Royal Decree of 1837 to the Philippine Mining Act of 1995
Special thanks to SADIKBeatz for the beat1

On January 1, a host of changes to the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act (SMARA) kick in. Counties and the mining industry have only a few months to make sure they are ready to implement and abide by the new requirements.
Join CSAC, CalCIMA, and RCRC on a free webinar that will review:
The need for SMARA improvements.
Changes to financial assurance and reclamation plan approvals.
Inspection and enforcement changes.
Regulatory implementation.
The presenters on these subjects have been chosen for their knowledge and for their roles in implementing the new laws.
Panel of experts:
Bradley Johnson, Partner, Harrison, Temblador, Hungerford & Johnson
Jeffrey Schmidt, Executive Officer, State Mining and Geology Board
Kerry Shapiro, Partner, Jeffer Mangels Butler and Mitchell, LLP
Pat Perez, Supervisor of Mine Reclamation, California Department of Conservation

For the past decade Dickenson Russell Coal Company a subsidiary of Alpha Natural Resources has been dewatering the abandoned McClure 1 mine to make room for coal waste slurry injection from the McClure 1 Coal Preparation plant. This occurs at the former air return shaft located beside Highway 83 just 6 miles east of Clintwood, Virginia. The water is discharged untreated into the McClure River which flows into the Russell Fork , then the Big Sandy, Ohio, and Mississippi.
According to Eric Greear who works for the Department of Mines Minerals and Energy's Division of Mined Land Reclamation, only acidity and metal tests are performed on the water before it is discharged into the river. When asked about chemical testing, he said tests for chemicals were not required.
The McClure #1 mine was in operation from 1978 to 1995. Has no one thought of the thousands of gallons of used hydraulic oil and gears oils that leaked from the machinery over the mine's lifespan? There are also many other chemicals that are left behind in the mining process including adhesives, strong cleaning agents, and anti-freeze to name a few. How can it be legal and considered "Running Right" to pump stagnant polluted mine water straight into our streams?
\Alpha Natural Resources....Running Right?

DUST TO ROOTS is the culmination of weeks of preparation, production, and post production by a team of geology students comprised of Ralph Delatore, Arianne Espina, and Alwin Robel (with the group name Envigeoists).
The purpose of this documentary is to inform and educate the public on what mining really is: the purpose of the industry and its benefits, and how it must be done responsibly. For most people, mining has this ugly appearance due to the nature of the industry. It is the reason for their quick judgement on how it is destructive to our environment. Oftentimes, the social benefits it bring in a community are overlooked. But, through the mine rehabilitation, the mining industry and environmental sustainability can go together and bring development in a community.
The creators of this film documentary are enrolled under the course Environmental Conflicts and Social Change (CHE99) under the School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences of Mapúa University handled by Professor Dante Bernabe.
The team acknowledge and thank Mr. Dante Bernabe (Course Professor), Mr. Teodorico Marquez Jr. (MGB Mine Safety, Environment, and Social Development Division's Senior Science Research Specialist, resource person) , and Engr. Marcial Mateo (MGB Mine Safety, Environment, and Social Development Division's Chief of Mine Rehabilitation Section) for making this documentary possible. And also, to Inda, Sebastian, Lorenzo, Danilo, Johnny, and Raphael who allowed the team to get their opinions.
To know more about the mining in the Philippines and the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, visit http://www.mgb.gov.ph/
#Mining
#ResponsibleMining
#Environment
#EnvironmentalSustainability
#SocialDevelopment

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining
00:01:48 1 History
00:01:57 1.1 Prehistoric mining
00:03:13 1.2 Ancient Egypt
00:04:23 1.3 Ancient Greek and Roman mining
00:08:00 1.4 Medieval Europe
00:12:01 1.5 Classical Philippine civilization
00:13:12 1.6 The Americas
00:16:14 1.7 Modern period
00:17:49 2 Mine development and lifecycle
00:20:32 3 Mining techniques
00:22:00 3.1 Surface mining
00:23:03 3.2 Underground mining
00:24:32 3.3 Highwall mining
00:26:16 4 Machines
00:27:38 5 Processing
00:30:22 6 Environmental effects
00:34:25 6.1 Waste
00:36:53 6.2 Renewable energy and mining
00:37:36 7 Mining industry
00:41:45 7.1 Corporate classifications
00:42:33 7.2 Regulation and governance
00:46:31 7.3 World Bank
00:48:38 8 Safety
00:52:16 9 Records
00:54:44 10 Metal reserves and recycling
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.998962699879125
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed. De Re Metallica, Georgius Agricola, 1550, Book I, Para. 1Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Work safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines.
Levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products. Due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves.

We get a sample from the side of the road and extract precious metal from it.
Arthur's video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKGLXCXzDVU
Neat little article on how to separate platinum and palladium: http://www.infomine.com/library/publications/docs/PlatinumPalladiumSeparationMethod.pdf
Help me make videos by donating here: https://www.patreon.com/CodysLab

Nationally there is over $10 billion worth of work to be done cleaning up old abandoned coal mines, but legislation, known as the RECLAIM Act, seeks to accelerate the pace of that clean up process while also giving local communities a greater voice in how the former mine sites might be used following their clean up, including renewed focus on possible economic development applications for those lands.This video shows examples around Gillespie, Illinois, where community and economic development has taken place after mine lands were reclaimed.

Recorded October 8, 2015 in Vancouver, Canada
Constantine is a base and precious metal exploration company focused on premier North American mining environments, led by a top tier technical team with a discovery track record.
The Company's flagship Palmer VMS Project is located in a very accessible part of southeast Alaska and host to a NI 43-101 compliant 8.125 million tonne inferred resource grading 1.41% copper, 5.25% zinc, 0.32 g/t gold and 31.7 g/t silver (using an NSR cut-off of US$75/t; see news release dated May 11, 2015) that is open to expansion. The Palmer Project is being advanced in partnership with Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., who can earn 49% in the Project by making aggregate expenditures of US$22 million over four years. http://www.constantinemetals.com
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements:
Forward looking statements: This presentation contains certain “forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities legislation and "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (collectively "forward looking statements") concerning Constantine’s plans for its properties, operations and other matters. Forward-looking statements include predictions, projections and forecasts and are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as “seek”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “plan”, “estimate”, "forecast", “expect”, "potential", "project", "target", "schedule", budget" and “intend” and statements that an event or result “may”, “will”, “should”, “could” or “might” occur or be achieved and other similar expressions and includes the negatives thereof. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including, without limitation, statements regarding potential mineralization, the estimation of mineral resources, the realization of mineral resource estimates, interpretation of prior exploration and potential exploration results, the timing and success of exploration activities generally, the timing and results of future resource estimates, permitting time lines, metal prices and currency exchange rates, availability of capital to Constantine and its joint venture partner, government regulation of exploration operations, environmental risks, reclamation, title, statements with respect to the future price of gold and other metals, and future plans and objectives of Constantine are forward-looking statements that involve various risks and uncertainties. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate and actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Forward-looking statements are based on a number of material factors and assumptions. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from Constantine’s expectations include actual exploration results, changes in project parameters as plans continue to be refined, results of future resource estimates, future metal prices, availability of capital and financing on acceptable terms to Constantine and its joint venture partner, general economic, market or business conditions, uninsured risks, regulatory changes, defects in title, availability of personnel, materials and equipment on a timely basis, accidents or equipment breakdowns, delays in receiving government approvals, unanticipated environmental impacts on operations and costs to remedy same, and other exploration or other risks detailed herein and from time to time in the filings made by the Company with securities regulators. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause such actions, events or results to differ materially from those anticipated. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate and accordingly readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The military's use of the Puerto Rican island of Vieques as a training site is discussed to highlight the challenges involved in identifying and restoring hazardous sites. Political opposition is faced while attempting to get a site recognized as hazardous, deciding how to compensate those affected, and determining an appropriate level of environmental restoration. The recurring theme of government secrecy and its effect on efforts to protect the environment is also covered during this lecture, as the US military is reluctant to allow researchers to examine testing grounds. The reclamation of these sites involves many environmental statutes, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
00:00 - Chapter 1. Recognizing and Restoring Hazardous Sites
12:25 - Chapter 2. The Problems of Historical Reconstruction at Vieques
19:31 - Chapter 3. Vieques Prior to U.S. Military Takeover
27:04 - Chapter 4. Weaponry and the Island's Changing Landscape
42:15 - Chapter 5. The Consequences of Leasing Out Vieques
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining
00:01:51 1 History
00:02:00 1.1 Prehistoric mining
00:03:18 1.2 Ancient Egypt
00:04:31 1.3 Ancient Greek and Roman mining
00:08:15 1.4 Medieval Europe
00:12:23 1.5 Classical Philippine civilization
00:13:36 1.6 The Americas
00:16:44 1.7 Modern period
00:18:22 2 Mine development and life cycle
00:21:09 3 Mining techniques
00:22:39 3.1 Surface mining
00:23:44 3.2 Underground mining
00:25:16 3.3 Highwall mining
00:27:02 4 Machines
00:28:27 5 Processing
00:31:18 6 Environmental effects
00:35:27 6.1 Waste
00:38:00 6.2 Renewable energy and mining
00:38:45 7 Mining industry
00:43:04 7.1 Corporate classifications
00:43:54 7.2 Regulation and governance
00:47:59 7.3 World Bank
00:50:07 8 Safety
00:53:52 9 Records
00:56:26 10 Metal reserves and recycling
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
Speaking Rate: 0.9838512602070575
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed. De Re Metallica, Georgius Agricola, 1550, Book I, Para. 1Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Work safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines.
Levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products. Due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves.

Deep Green Resistance members Jonah Mix and Dillon Thomson speak on the failure of the contemporary environmental movement to meaningfully stop the destruction of the planet. Using examples from past and current resistance movements, Mix and Thomson chart a more serious, strategic path forward that takes into account the urgency and direness of the ecological crises we face. It is time to resist.
Help us caption & translate this video!
http://amara.org/v/INYb/

Featured this month: a former West Virginia Superfund site gets a national award for site reuse; WVU's EcoCAR3 team finishes strong; hundreds of volunteers turn out for the 2018 Ohio River Sweep; how adding a rain barrel can save money and help the environment.

Maria Gunnoe is a fearless advocate for environmental and social justice. Despite threats and intimidation Ms. Gunnoe works to educate and build citizen advocacy, and to rally communities that face the destruction of their natural environment in her home of Boone County, West Virginia.
About the Wallenberg Medal and Lecture
Each year the recipient of the Wallenberg Medal is invited to present a lecture at the University of Michigan. The medalists take the stage at Rackham Auditorium and share their stories with an audience drawn from our campus and many surrounding communities.
Each Lecture is different. In some years, survivors of Nazi persecution recounted their physical resistance in face of hellish danger. In others, medalists considered the effect over the years that the bravery of friends and family has had on the course of history. Lectures have been given by politicians who explain why they resisted unjust governments and, in turn, worked to develop a new order, honoring their personal vision with decades of public service. Some medalists have focused on their missions: to reject a life of wealth and rescue people who are literally slaves of corrupt businesses; to devote a life to the non-violent and peaceful pursuit of human rights.
What the Wallenberg Lecturers have in common is their ability to inspire all with their vision, and the reality of their strength to act upon that vision. Here is the power of an eyewitness account to convince us that, although evil truly occurs, with moral courage individual actions effect a change in the world. In their Lectures, the Wallenberg medalists reveal a common characteristic: they acted selflessly without expectation of reward. The Lectures are profiles of moral excellence in ordinary people. The words of the medalists help us to imagine how it is that some can see all people as human; they share a vision of human dignity.
http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/gunnoe.html

1) H.R. 2060 - Central OR Jobs and Water Security Act
2) H.R. 2336 - York River Wild and Scenic River Study Act
3) H.R. 1740 - To amend the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to designate a segment of Illabot Creek in Skagit County, Washington, as a component of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
4) H.R. 3263 - Lake Thunderbird Efficient Use Act
5) H.R. 241 - To authorize the conveyance of certain National Forest System lands in the Los Padres National Forest in California
6) H.R. 2512 - Three Kids Mine Remediation and Reclamation Act
7) H.R. 4222 - To provide for the conveyance of certain land inholdings owned by the United States to the Tucson Unified School District and to the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona, and for other purposes
8) S. 363 - A bill to authorize the Sec of Commo convey property of the NOAA to the City of Pascagoula, MS, and for other purposes
9) S. 292 - Salmon Lake Land Selection Resolution Act
10) H.R. 4282 - International Child Support Recovery Improvement Act

This webinar provides current information about induced seismic activity in the United States, specifically in the mid-continent, and includes information on mitigation planning, the current state of seismic monitoring at the state level, and the challenges in communicating the science of the issue to the public and decision-makers.
Our speakers include:
Bill Ellsworth, U.S. Geological Survey
Austin Holland, Oklahoma State Seismologist, Oklahoma Geological Survey
Rex Buchanan, Kansas Geological Survey
This webinar is co-sponsored by the Association of American State Geologists (AASG).
For more information: www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues/webinars

http://www.hometownstation.com/santa-clarita-latest-news/2018-santa-clarita-city-council-forum-hosts-13-candidates-251353
2018 Santa Clarita City Council Forum Hosts 13 Candidates - KHTS News
The 2018 Santa Clarita City Council Candidate Forum featured 13 candidates answering questions given to them by representatives from SCVTV, The Signal and KHTS.
Subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/KHTSRadio
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/khtsradio
Twitter: http://twitter.com/khtsradio
Santa Clarita News at http://hometownstation.com/
On Monday night, three incumbents and 10 challengers took the stage at The Centre Banquet Hall set to answer questions presented to them by a panel of reporters from the three largest media outlets in Santa Clarita.
2018 Santa Clarita City Council Forum Hosts 13 Candidates - KHTS News
https://youtu.be/tIVZVlsEaIo

Press CC button for the SUBTITLES (bottom right of the video).
For convenience CLICK ON TIME STAMPS:
LEAD-IN TO PILLAR ONE: The Resource Oriented Economy to Peg our Currencies with; and the Supply-Demand-Resupply Inventory Network as the Job Creator = (34:51)
PILLAR TWO: The People’s Power over Money and Credit—using Public Banks along with the Universal Single Payer system to Compensate Us All = (1:23:20)
PILLAR THREE: The Culture of Transparency and Sharing—Open Patents, Sources, Information…Open Everything…along with the Free Public Neutral Internet = (2:37:23)
DESCRIPTION:
Details to Change Our Global Economic and Political Corporatocracy Culture; so that we reasonably transition the power and the levers of control from the Establishment to the hands of the People!
READ THIS ARTICLE:
Ascending The Globe Series Part 1: A Revelation for Mankind By Edward D.R. James / http://ascendingtheglobe.com
PLEASE TRANSLATE THIS VIDEO TO OTHER LANGUAGES; and Let's Ascend the Global Economic and Political Culture...Together!!!
FOLLOW ME:
Twitter:
https://twitter.com/edwarddrjames
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/EdwardD.R.James
Instagram:
https://www.instagram.com/edwarddrjames
Google+:
https://plus.google.com/102613747434654135198

The terms right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic, unless otherwise directed, to keep either to the right or the left side of the road, respectively. This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road. This basic rule improves traffic flow and reduces the risk of head-on collisions. Today, about 65% of the world's population live in countries with right-hand traffic and 35% in countries with left-hand traffic. About 90% of the world's total road distance carries traffic on the right and 10% on the left.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
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The Athabasca oil sands are large deposits of bitumen or extremely heavy crude oil, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada – roughly centred on the boomtown of Fort McMurray. These oil sands, hosted primarily in the McMurray Formation, consist of a mixture of crude bitumen, silica sand, clay minerals, and water. The Athabasca deposit is the largest known reservoir of crude bitumen in the world and the largest of three major oil sands deposits in Alberta, along with the nearby Peace River and Cold Lake deposits.
Together, these oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres of boreal forest and muskeg and contain about 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen in-place, comparable in magnitude to the world's total proven reserves of conventional petroleum. The International Energy Agency lists the economically recoverable reserves, at 2006 prices and modern unconventional oil production technology, to be 178 billion barrels, or about 10% of these deposits. These contribute to Canada's total proven reserves being the third largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela's Orinoco Belt.
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Glen Canyon Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Colorado River in northern Arizona in the United States, near the town of Page. The dam was built to provide hydroelectricity and flow regulation from the upper Colorado River Basin to the lower. Its reservoir is called Lake Powell, and is the second-largest artificial lake in the country, extending upriver well into Utah. The dam is named for Glen Canyon, a colorful series of gorges, most of which now lies under the reservoir.
The dam was proposed in the 1950s as part of the Colorado River Storage Project, a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation federal water project that would develop reservoir storage on the upper Colorado River and several of its major tributaries. The project's main purpose was to provide water storage to ensure the delivery of sufficient water to the lower basin during years of drought, so as to allow the upper basin to better utilize its allocation of river flow as designated in the 1922 Colorado River Compact. However, problems arose when the USBR proposed to build dams in the federally protected Echo Park canyon in Utah. After extensive policy disputes and legal challenges with environmental organizations such as the Sierra Club, they settled for a high dam at Glen Canyon.
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Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
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This video is from the University of New Haven's "Friends of the UNH Library" speaker series. This discussion, from October 17, 2013, features Mr. Stephen Spignesi and was entitled "Spendido! The Top 10 Italians of All Time".
For more information about the University of New Haven, visit http://www.newhaven.edu
For more information about the Marvin K. Peterson Library, visit http://www.newhaven.edu/library
For more information about the Friends of the UNH Library series, visit http://www.newhaven.edu/library/Speakers/

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Forty acres and a mule
00:01:46 1 Background
00:04:37 2 War
00:05:16 2.1 Grand Contraband Camp
00:07:47 2.2 Sea Islands
00:10:56 2.2.1 Port Royal Experiment
00:13:34 2.2.2 Landownership in the Sea Islands
00:16:54 2.2.3 "Negroes of Savannah"
00:19:26 2.2.4 Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
00:21:36 2.2.5 Significance
00:22:30 2.3 Wage labor system
00:23:54 2.4 Davis Bend
00:27:05 3 Freedmen's Bureau
00:31:30 3.1 Circular #13
00:34:30 3.2 Black Codes
00:35:09 4 Colonization and homesteading
00:35:42 4.1 Foreign colonization plans
00:38:22 4.2 Domestic colonization plans
00:39:05 4.3 Southern Homesteading Act
00:41:58 5 Outcomes
00:42:36 5.1 Hopes and expectations
00:43:59 5.2 Wage labor
00:46:04 5.3 Tidewater Virginia
00:48:34 5.4 Sea Islands
00:54:14 5.5 Davis Bend
00:55:19 5.6 Politics
00:56:08 6 Legacy
00:59:40 6.1 Symbolism
01:00:22 6.2 Reparations
01:00:51 7 See also
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Forty Acres and a Mule refers to a promise made in the United States for agrarian reform to former enslaved black farmers by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman on January 16, 1865. It followed a series of conversations between Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens following disruptions to the institution of slavery provoked by the American Civil War. Many freedmen believed and were told by various political figures that they had a right to own the land they had long worked as slaves, and were eager to control their own property. Freed people widely expected to legally claim 40 acres (16 ha) of land (a quarter-quarter section) and a mule after the end of the war, long after proclamations such as Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 and the Freedmen's Bureau Act were explicitly reversed.
Some land redistribution occurred under military jurisdiction during the war and for a brief period thereafter. However, federal and state policy during the Reconstruction era emphasized wage labor, not land ownership, for blacks. Almost all land allocated during the war was restored to its pre-war white owners. Several black communities did maintain control of their land, and some families obtained new land by homesteading. Black land ownership increased markedly in Mississippi during the 19th century, particularly. The state had much undeveloped bottomland behind riverfront areas that had been cultivated before the war. Most blacks acquired land through private transactions, with ownership peaking at 15,000,000 acres (6,100,000 ha) in 1910, before an extended financial recession caused problems that resulted in the loss of their property for many.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sea
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The sea, the world ocean or simply the ocean is the connected body of salty water that covers over 70 percent of the Earth's surface. It moderates the Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. It has been travelled and explored since ancient times, while the scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly from the voyages of Captain James Cook to explore the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779. The word "sea" is also used to denote smaller, partly landlocked sections of the ocean.
The most abundant solid dissolved in sea water is sodium chloride. The water also contains salts of magnesium, calcium, and potassium, amongst many other elements, some in minute concentrations. Salinity varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean; however the relative proportions of dissolved salts varies little across the oceans. Winds blowing over the surface of the sea produce waves, which break when they enter shallow water. Winds also create surface currents through friction, setting up slow but stable circulations of water throughout the oceans. The directions of the circulation are governed by factors including the shapes of the continents and the rotation of the earth (the Coriolis effect). Deep-sea currents, known as the global conveyor belt, carry cold water from near the poles to every ocean. Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by the rotation of the Earth and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon, and to a lesser extent of the Sun. Tides may have a very high range in bays or estuaries. Submarine earthquakes arising from tectonic plate movements under the oceans can lead to destructive tsunamis, as can volcanoes, huge landslides or the impact of large meteorites.
A wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, protists, algae, plants, fungi and animals, live in the sea, which offers a wide range of marine habitats and ecosystems, ranging vertically from the sunlit surface waters and the shoreline to the enormous depths and pressures of the cold, dark abyssal zone, and in latitude from the cold waters under the Arctic ice to the colourful diversity of coral reefs in tropical regions. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and life may have started there.
The sea provides substantial supplies of food for humans, mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals and seaweed, whether caught by fishermen or farmed underwater. Other human uses of the sea include trade, travel, mineral extraction, power generation, warfare, and leisure activities such as swimming, sailing and scuba diving. Many of these activities create marine pollution. The sea is important in human culture, with major appearances in literature at least since Homer's Odyssey, in marine art, in cinema, in theatre and in classical music. Symbolically, the sea appears as monsters such as Scylla in mythology and represents the unconscious mind in dream interpretation.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry
00:02:14 1 Land use management
00:02:23 1.1 Impact to land and surroundings
00:07:04 2 Water management
00:08:56 2.1 River water pollution
00:10:32 2.2 Waste management
00:11:25 2.3 Wildlife
00:14:11 3 Air pollution
00:14:20 3.1 Air emissions
00:17:30 3.2 Mercury emissions
00:19:11 3.3 Annual excess mortality and morbidity
00:20:27 3.4 Economic costs
00:21:56 4 Greenhouse gas emissions
00:24:11 5 Radiation exposure
00:26:03 6 Dangers to miners
00:29:17 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9963836114357754
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution, caused by the coal mining, processing and the use of its products. In addition to atmospheric pollution, coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually, including fly ash, bottom ash, and flue-gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.
There are severe health effects caused by burning coal. According to a report by the World Health Organization in 2008, coal particulates pollution are estimated to shorten approximately 1,000,000 lives annually worldwide. A 2004 study commissioned by environmental groups, but contested by the US EPA, concluded that coal burning costs 24,000 lives a year in the United States. More recently, an academic study estimated that the premature deaths from coal related air pollution was about 52,000. When compared to electricity produced from natural gas via hydraulic fracturing, coal electricity is 10-100 times more toxic, largely due to the amount of particulate matter emitted during combustion. When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.In addition, the list of historical coal mining disasters is a long one, although work related coal deaths has declined substantially as safety measures have been enacted and underground mining has given up market share to surface mining. Underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse and gas explosions. Open cut hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions. In the United States, an average of 26 coal miners per year died in the decade 2005–2014.

Nunavut /ˈnuːnəˌvʊt/ (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the largest, northernmost and newest territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the boundaries had been contemplatively drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, as well as the largest in North America. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the far north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south. It is the only geo-political region of Canada that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway.
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nantes
00:02:22 1 Etymology
00:04:01 1.1 Modern pronunciation and nicknames
00:05:01 2 History
00:05:09 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
00:07:19 2.2 Middle Ages
00:10:02 2.3 Modern era
00:13:03 2.4 French Revolution
00:15:21 2.5 Industries
00:18:05 2.6 Land reclamation
00:21:19 3 Geography
00:21:28 3.1 Location
00:22:44 3.2 Hydrology
00:24:30 3.3 Geology
00:25:52 3.4 Climate
00:26:55 3.5 Urban layout
00:29:40 3.6 Parks and environment
00:30:56 4 Governance
00:31:05 4.1 Local government
00:33:49 4.2 Heraldry
00:35:28 4.3 Nantes and Brittany
00:38:15 4.4 Twinning
00:39:20 5 Demographics
00:42:33 5.1 Ethnicity, religions and languages
00:45:38 6 Economy
00:49:36 7 Architecture
00:54:32 8 Culture
00:54:40 8.1 Museums
00:56:46 8.2 Venues
00:58:22 8.3 Events and festivals
01:00:55 8.4 In the arts
01:03:39 8.5 Cuisine
01:05:23 9 Education
01:07:21 10 Sport
01:09:34 11 Transport
01:13:27 11.1 Nantes Public Transportation Statistics
01:14:06 12 Media
01:16:41 13 Notable residents
01:17:55 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nantes ([nɑ̃t] (listen)) (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt (pronounced [nɑ̃t] or [nɑ̃ːt]); Breton: Naoned (pronounced [ˈnɑ̃wnət])) is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth-largest in France, with a population of 303,382 in Nantes and a metropolitan area of nearly 950,000 inhabitants. With Saint-Nazaire, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms the main north-western French metropolis.
It is the administrative seat of the Loire-Atlantique department and the Pays de la Loire région, one of 18 regions of France. Nantes belongs historically and culturally to Brittany, a former duchy and province, and its omission from the modern administrative region of Brittany is controversial.
Nantes was identified during classical antiquity as a port on the Loire. It was the seat of a bishopric at the end of the Roman era before it was conquered by the Bretons in 851. Although Nantes was the primary residence of the 15th-century dukes of Brittany, Rennes became the provincial capital after the 1532 union of Brittany and France. During the 17th century, after the establishment of the French colonial empire, Nantes gradually became the largest port in France and was responsible for nearly half of the 18th-century French Atlantic slave trade. The French Revolution resulted in an economic decline, but Nantes developed robust industries after 1850 (chiefly in shipbuilding and food processing). Deindustrialisation in the second half of the 20th century spurred the city to adopt a service economy.
In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Nantes as a Gamma world city. It is the fourth-highest-ranking city in France, after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The Gamma category includes cities such as Algiers, Orlando, Porto, Turin and Leipzig. Nantes has been praised for its quality of life, and it received the European Green Capital Award in 2013. The European Commission noted the city's efforts to reduce air pollution and CO2 emissions, its high-quality and well-managed public transport system and its biodiversity, with 3,366 hectares (8,320 acres) of green space and several protected Natura 2000 areas.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Wadden_Sea_National_Park
00:01:42 1 Geography
00:01:51 1.1 National park area
00:04:40 1.2 Protection areas of the National Park
00:06:38 1.3 Water, land and mudflat
00:09:10 2 Flora and Fauna
00:09:52 2.1 Plants
00:12:06 2.2 Animals
00:12:14 2.2.1 Mammals
00:13:09 2.2.2 Insects
00:14:16 2.2.3 Birds
00:16:42 2.2.4 Fishes, mussels and shellfishes
00:18:08 3 The National Park
00:18:17 3.1 History
00:20:22 3.1.1 First National Park law
00:22:55 3.1.2 Ecosystem synthesis report, discussion and protests
00:25:40 3.1.3 Second national park law
00:27:43 3.2 Administration
00:31:03 3.3 Other conservation measures
00:33:18 4 Human utilisation of the National Park
00:34:34 4.1 Approval of the Wadden Sea National Park by locals and tourists
00:37:04 4.2 Coastal defence
00:38:11 4.3 Tourism
00:39:30 4.3.1 North Sea tourism in the Wadden Sea National Park area
00:40:53 4.3.2 National Park tourism
00:43:08 4.3.3 National Park partner initiative of the Wadden Sea National Park
00:45:20 4.4 Fishery, hunting and agriculture
00:46:21 4.4.1 Shrimp fishery
00:47:22 4.4.2 Mussel fishery
00:49:18 4.4.3 Aquaculture and hunting
00:49:48 4.4.4 Agriculture
00:51:26 4.5 Transport and infrastructure
00:53:46 4.6 Oil, offshore wind power and sand
00:55:55 4.7 Military
00:57:39 5 See also
00:57:57 6 Literature
00:59:52 7 Filmography
01:00:19 8 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (German: Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer) is a national park in the Schleswig-Holstein area of the German Wadden Sea. It was founded by the Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein on 1 October 1985 by the National Park Act of 22 July 1985 and expanded significantly in 1999. Together with the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park, the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park and those parts of Elbe estuary which are not nature reserves, it forms the German part of the Wadden Sea.
The national park extends from the German-Danish maritime border in the north down to the Elbe estuary in the south. In the North Frisian area, it includes the mudflats around the geest-based and marsh islands and the Halligen (undyked islands). There the mudflats are 40 km wide in places. Further south lie areas of mudflats which contain particularly large sandbanks. In addition to the plants and animals that are typical of the entire Wadden Sea, especially large numbers of porpoise, shelduck and eelgrass may be seen in the Schleswig-Holstein part.
With an area of 4410 km ² it is by far the largest national park in Germany. Some 68% of its area is permanently under water and 30% is periodically dry. The land element consists mainly of salt marshes. Since 1990, the national park, including the North Frisian Halligen, has been designated as a UNESCO recognised biosphere. Together with other German and Dutch Wadden Sea areas it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 26 June 2009.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut
00:01:59 1 Etymology
00:02:14 2 Geography
00:04:08 2.1 Climate
00:04:37 3 History
00:05:05 3.1 Archaeological findings
00:06:17 3.2 First written historical accounts
00:07:00 3.3 Cold War
00:08:01 3.4 Recent history
00:09:29 4 Demography
00:10:36 4.1 Language
00:12:37 4.2 Religion
00:13:11 5 Economy
00:13:51 5.1 Mining and exploration
00:14:47 5.2 Advancing mining projects
00:14:57 5.3 Historic mines
00:16:14 5.4 Transportation
00:16:37 5.5 Renewable power
00:17:31 6 Government and politics
00:21:06 6.1 Licence plates
00:21:45 6.2 Flag and coat of arms
00:22:01 7 Culture
00:22:09 7.1 Music
00:22:31 7.2 Media
00:23:10 7.3 Film
00:24:36 7.4 Performing arts
00:24:58 7.5 Nunavummiut (notable people)
00:26:01 7.6 Alcohol
00:27:45 7.7 Smoking
00:28:09 7.8 Sport
00:28:34 8 See also
00:29:05 9 Footnotes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8804204440180874
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nunavut ( (listen); French: [nynavy(t)]; Inuktitut syllabics ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the newest, largest, and most northerly territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the boundaries had been drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since incorporating the province of Newfoundland in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, as well as North America's second-largest (after Greenland). The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay"), on Baffin Island in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay.
Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the far north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west, and all islands in Hudson, James and Ungava Bays, including Akimiski Island far to the southeast of the rest of the territory. It is Canada's only geo-political region that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway.Nunavut is the largest in area and the second-least populous of Canada's provinces and territories. One of the world's most remote, sparsely settled regions, it has a population of 35,944, mostly Inuit, spread over a land area of just over 1,750,000 km2 (680,000 sq mi), or slightly smaller than Mexico (excluding water surface area). Nunavut is also home to the world's northernmost permanently inhabited place, Alert. Eureka, a weather station also on Ellesmere Island, has the lowest average annual temperature of any Canadian weather station.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the United States (1865–1918)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States from 1865 until 1918 covers the Reconstruction Era, the Gilded Age, and the Progressive Era, and includes the rise of industrialization and the resulting surge of immigration in the United States. This article focuses on political, economic, and diplomatic history.
This period of rapid economic growth and soaring prosperity in the North and the West (but not in the South) saw the U.S. become the world's dominant economic, industrial, and agricultural power. The average annual income (after inflation) of non-farm workers grew by 75% from 1865 to 1900, and then grew another 33% by 1918.With a decisive victory in 1865 over Southern secessionists in the Civil War, the United States became a united and powerful nation with a strong national government. Reconstruction brought the end of legalized slavery plus citizenship for the former slaves, but their new-found political power was rolled back within a decade, and they became second-class citizens under a "Jim Crow" system of deeply pervasive segregation that would stand for the next 80–90 years. Politically, during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System the nation was mostly dominated by Republicans (except for two Democratic presidents). After 1900 and the assassination of President William McKinley, the Progressive Era brought political, business, and social reforms (e.g., new roles for and government expansion of education, higher status for women, a curtailment of corporate excesses, and modernization of many areas of government and society). The Progressives worked through new middle-class organizations to fight against the corruption and behind-the-scenes power of entrenched, state political party organizations and big-city "machines". They demanded—and won—women's right to vote, and the nationwide prohibition of alcohol 1920-1933.
In an unprecedented wave of European immigration, 27.5 million new arrivals between 1865 and 1918 provided the labor base necessary for the expansion of industry and agriculture, as well as the population base for most of fast-growing urban America.
By the late nineteenth century, the United States had become a leading global industrial power, building on new technologies (such as the telegraph and steel), an expanding railroad network, and abundant natural resources such as coal, timber, oil, and farmland, to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.
There were also two very important wars. The U.S. easily defeated Spain in 1898, which unexpectedly brought a small empire. Cuba quickly was given independence, as well as the Philippines (in 1946). Puerto Rico (and some smaller islands) became permanent U.S. possessions, as did Alaska (added by purchase in 1867). The independent Republic of Hawaii voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898.
The United States tried and failed to broker a peace settlement for World War I, then entered the war after Germany launched a submarine campaign against U.S. merchant ships that were supplying Germany's enemy countries. The publicly stated goals were to uphold American honor, crush German militarism, and reshape the postwar world. After a slow mobilization, the U.S. helped bring about a decisive Allied Forces victory by supplying badly needed financing, food, and millions of fresh and eager soldiers.