Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases

In recent years, the dominance of chronic diseases as major contributors to total global mortality has emerged and has been previously described in detail elsewhere. By 2005, the total number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths (mainly coronary heart disease, stroke, and rheumatic heart disease) had increased globally to 17.5 million from 14.4 million in 1990. Of these, 7.6 million were attributed to coronary heart disease and 5.7 million to stroke. More than 80 percent of the deaths occurred in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2009e).

Based on 2007 to 2010 data, 33% of US adults ≥ 20 years of age have hypertension. This represents ~ 78 million US adults with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is similar for men and women. African American adults have among the highest prevalence of hypertension (44%) in the world.

High blood cholesterol

Aug 07, 2005 Viewed: 886

Overview

Because of its reputation as a risk factor for Heart disease, people tend to think of cholesterol only in negative terms. But cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and is vital to the structure and function of all of your body’s cells. Cholesterol also is a building block in the formation of certain types of hormones.

Still, 37 million American adults have High Blood cholesterol levels, and 105 million have cholesterol levels that are higher than desirable (hypercholesterolemia). If you’re one of these people with this largely preventable condition, you may be on your way to Heart disease.

When the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, a blood fat, in your bloodstream become too high, your likelihood of developing cholesterol-containing fatty deposits (plaques) in your blood vessels increases. Over time, plaques cause your arteries to narrow, which impedes blood flow and creates a condition called Atherosclerosis. Narrowing of the arteries that supply your heart with blood (coronary artery disease) can prevent your heart from getting as much oxygen-rich blood as it needs. This means an increased risk of a heart attack. Likewise, decreased blood flow to your brain can cause a stroke. Less blood flowing to your lower limbs may result in exercise-related pain or even gangrene.

The good news is that with the help of lifestyle changes and possibly medications, you may be able to lower your High Blood cholesterol. It’s estimated that if there were a 10 percent reduction in cholesterol levels throughout the U.S. population, the rate of heart disease would drop by 30 percent.

Signs and symptoms

Causes

To circulate in your blood, which is mainly water, cholesterol and triglycerides � a form of fat � must be carried by proteins called apoproteins. A lipoprotein is a combination of a lipid � a fatty substance in the blood � and an apoprotein.

The main types of lipoproteins are:

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL cholesterol is sometimes called “bad” cholesterol because it transports cholesterol to sites throughout your body, where it’s either deposited or used to repair cell membranes. But like hard water causing lime to build up inside plumbing, LDL cholesterol promotes accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of your arteries.

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). This type of lipoprotein is made up of mostly triglycerides and small amounts of protein and cholesterol.

Having a low level of LDL cholesterol and a high level of HDL cholesterol is desirable for lowering your risk of developing plaques and coronary artery disease.

You may have high LDL cholesterol as a result of genetic makeup or lifestyle choices, or both. Your genes can give you cells that don’t remove LDL cholesterol from your blood efficiently or a liver that produces too much cholesterol as VLDL particles. Your genetic makeup can also result in too few HDL particles.

Risk factors

These lifestyle choices can cause or contribute to high levels of total cholesterol:

Obesity. Excess weight increases your triglycerides. It also lowers your HDL cholesterol and increases your VLDL cholesterol. Being overweight can create a more serious risk factor for health problems depending on how you carry the extra weight. If you carry most of your fat around your waist or upper body, you may be referred to as apple-shaped. If you carry most of your fat around your hips and thighs or lower body, you’re considered to be pear-shaped. Generally, when it comes to your health, it’s better to have the shape of a pear than the shape of an apple. If you have an apple shape � a potbelly or spare tire � you carry more fat in and around your abdominal organs. Fat in your abdomen increases your risk of many of the serious conditions associated with obesity. A woman’s waist should measure less than 35 inches. A man’s waist should be less than 40 inches.

Type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes results in a buildup of sugar levels in your blood. Chronic high blood sugar may lead to narrowing of your arteries. If you have diabetes, controlling your cholesterol and triglyceride levels may greatly reduce your risk of complications from cardiovascular disease.

Family history of Atherosclerosis. If a close family member (parent or sibling) has developed Atherosclerosis before age 55, High cholesterol levels place you at a greater than average risk of developing Atherosclerosis.

Screening and diagnosis

A good way to detect High Blood cholesterol early, so that you can take steps to improve your health, is to have a regular blood test to measure your cholesterol level. Some doctors recommend having your levels of HDL cholesterol and of triglycerides measured initially, along with your total cholesterol level. A typical blood-screening test measures:

Values for LDL cholesterol can be calculated from the other three values. You usually don’t need a precise measurement of your LDL cholesterol level, but when it is needed, another blood test can specifically determine your LDL level.

Measuring only total cholesterol can be misleading because some people have low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides, but normal or even high levels of LDL cholesterol. In these cases, a total cholesterol measurement might appear normal. You and your doctor would be unaware of the risk of Heart disease posed by the abnormal levels that weren’t measured. Even with a desirable total cholesterol level, if you have a low HDL level, you may be at increased risk of Heart disease.

The results of blood tests for lipoprotein levels fall into optimal, near optimal, borderline high risk, high risk and very high risk categories. Desirable ranges for cholesterol levels vary depending on risk factors, such as your age, sex, family history and health condition. There’s no magic number that separates risky levels from safe levels. Instead, experts have identified levels of lipids in the blood above which the risk of developing coronary complications is high enough to warrant lifestyle changes. Talk to your doctor about what level is appropriate for you.

Have your baseline cholesterol tested when you’re in your 20s and then at least every five years. If your values aren’t within desirable ranges, your doctor may advise more frequent measurements.

You can also purchase a home cholesterol test. These tests measure only total cholesterol, are less sophisticated than laboratory tests and may give unreliable results.

Children generally don’t need to undergo cholesterol testing, unless there’s a family history of early-onset heart problems.

Complications

High Blood cholesterol can cause you to develop Heart disease. The American Heart Association reports that Heart disease kills over 1.4 million Americans each year, more than all cancer deaths combined. Many of these deaths occur because of the accumulation of fatty deposits (plaques) on the walls of your arteries (Atherosclerosis), resulting in narrowed or blocked arteries. Cholesterol plays a significant role in this largely preventable condition.

Atherosclerosis is initially a silent, painless condition that results in reduced blood flow. If reduced flow occurs in the arteries that supply your heart with blood (coronary arteries), it can lead to a type of chest pain called angina pectoris.

As a plaque enlarges, the inner lining of your artery becomes roughened. A tear or rupture in the plaque may cause a blood clot to form. Such a clot can block the flow of blood or break free and plug an artery downstream.

If the flow of blood to a part of your heart is stopped, you’ll have a heart attack. If blood flow to a part of your brain stops, a stroke occurs.

Treatment

Lifestyle changes are the first steps you can take to improve your blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. These include changes in diet, regular exercise and avoiding smoking. If you’ve made these important lifestyle changes and your total cholesterol � especially your level of LDL cholesterol � remains high, your doctor may recommend prescription medication.

Before recommending medication, your doctor may weigh many variables � your changeable risk factors, your age, your current health and the drug’s side effects. If you need a medication to improve your cholesterol levels, chances are you may need it for many years.

Your LDL cholesterol level is usually the deciding factor. If you have no other risk factors for Heart disease, an LDL level greater than 190 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) generally warrants medication. With two or more risk factors, an LDL level greater than 160 mg/dL may require medication. If plaques have narrowed the arteries to your heart and restricted the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart’s muscles (coronary artery disease), your doctor may suggest medication and lifestyle changes to lower your LDL to less than 100 mg/dL. And if you’re considered at very high risk, you and your doctor may even discuss lowering your LDL to less than 70 mg/DL.

Medications to improve blood cholesterol levels include:

Resins. The medications cholestyramine (Questran) and colestipol (Colestid) lower cholesterol indirectly by binding to bile acids in your intestinal tract. Your liver makes bile acids, which you need for digestion, from cholesterol. By tying up bile acids, resins prompt your liver to make more bile acids. Because your liver uses cholesterol to make bile acids, less cholesterol is available to reach your bloodstream.

Triglyceride-lowering drugs. These medications include fibrates such as gemfibrozil (Lopid) and fenofibrate (Tricor), and niacin (Nicotinic Acid). Fibrates reduce triglyceride production and remove triglycerides from circulation. They can also increase your HDL cholesterol level.

Statins. Statins work directly in your liver to block a substance your liver needs to make cholesterol. This depletes cholesterol in your liver cells, which causes your liver cells to remove cholesterol from your blood. Statins may also help your body reabsorb cholesterol from plaques that accumulate on the walls of your arteries. This process may slowly open blocked blood vessels. Statins include fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), simvastatin (Zocor), pravastatin (Pravachol), atorvastatin (Lipitor) and rosuvastatin (Crestor).

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Your small intestine absorbs the cholesterol from your diet. After that, dietary cholesterol enters the bloodstream. Your total cholesterol is the result of dietary cholesterol and the cholesterol the liver produces itself. The drug ezetimibe (Zetia) helps reduce blood cholesterol by limiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol.
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor-plus-statin combination. The combination drug ezetimibe/simvastatin (Vytorin) decreases both absorption of dietary cholesterol in your small intestine and production of cholesterol in your liver.

Control total fat. Limit all types of fat � saturated, polyunsaturated, trans fatty acids (trans fats) and monounsaturated � to no more than 30 percent of your total daily calories. Because all foods with fats contain a combination of these fats, it’s important to reduce total fat. Not every food you eat must have less than 30 percent of its calories from fat. Use the guideline as a daily average. By balancing occasional high-fat foods with low-fat choices, your fat intake should average no more than 30 percent of your daily calories. If your daily intake is 2,000 calories, 30 percent equals 65 grams of fat. Limit saturated fat to no more than 10 percent of total calories.

Limit dietary cholesterol. Your daily limit for dietary cholesterol is 300 milligrams, or less than 200 milligrams if you have Heart disease. To accomplish this goal, limit or avoid concentrated sources such as organ meats, egg yolks and whole-milk products.

Eat more fish. Some fish � particularly fatty types prevalent in cold water, such as salmon, mackerel and herring � contain high amounts of a unique type of polyunsaturated fat called omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s may lower your level of triglycerides. However, pregnant women, women who are breast-feeding and women who plan to become pregnant in the next several years, and young children should not eat king mackerel, shark, swordfish or tilefish. They should also limit their weekly intake of albacore tuna and locally caught fish, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Salmon, canned light tuna, pollock, shrimp and catfish are generally low in mercury.

Consider soy products. Soy compounds called isoflavones act like human hormones that regulate cholesterol levels. Eating soy proteins can reduce your levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Eating soy may also raise your level of HDL cholesterol, which may protect you against Heart disease.

Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. Moderate consumption of alcohol may raise your level of HDL cholesterol. The best advice is to drink in moderation, if you drink at all. Limit alcohol to one drink daily if you’re a woman or to no more than two drinks daily if you’re a man. If you’re a nondrinker, don’t start drinking alcohol. Don’t drink alcohol if you have a high level of triglycerides.

Reduce sugar intake. This is a way of lowering triglyceride levels. Ideally, your triglyceride levels should be lower than 150 mg/dL.

Exercising
Being overweight promotes a high total cholesterol level. Losing weight improves your cholesterol levels. Set up an exercise program to lose weight using these guidelines and your doctor’s advice:

Choose an aerobic activity. Get involved in activities such as brisk walking, jogging, bicycling or cross-country skiing.

Build up the time and frequency of exercising. Gradually work up to exercising for 30 minutes to 45 minutes at least three times a week. If you’re overweight or have been inactive for many years, take several months to work up gradually to this level. The higher the level of your activity, the greater your rate of weight loss.

Stick with your exercise program. Schedule a regular time for exercise. Make exercise fun. If it’s not enjoyable, you may not feel like exercising regularly year in, year out. Find a friend or join an exercise group to keep you motivated and committed to exercise. Or take up an activity that keeps you active.

Not smoking
If you smoke, stop. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. Cigarette smoking damages the walls of your blood vessels, making them prone to accumulating fatty deposits. If you stop smoking, your HDL cholesterol may return to its former level.

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