The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci, Complete by Leonardo Da Vinci

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The book on celestial phenomena byAristoteles, in Italian [Footnote 25: _Meteora_. By this Leonardo means no doubtthe four books *. He must referhere to a MS. translation, as no Italian translationis known to have been published (see No. 1477note).],--

Try to get Vitolone, which is in thelibrary at Pavia [Footnote 26: _Vitolone_ see No. 1506, note.

_Libreria di Pavia_. One of the most famous ofItalian libraries. After the victory of Novara inApril 1500, Louis XII had it conveyed to France,'_come trofeo di vittoria_'!] and which treats ofMathematics,--He had a master [learned] inwaterworks and get him to explain the repairsand the costs, and a lock and a canal anda mill in the Lombard fashion.

A grandson of Gian Angelo's, the painterhas a book on water which was his fathers.

Paolino Scarpellino, called Assiolo hasgreat knowledge of water works.

1449.

Francesco d'Antonio at Florence.

11. 13. [Footnote: _Brera_, now _Palazzo delle Scienze ed Arti.Until 1571 it was the monastery of the order of theUmiliati and afterwards of the Jesuits.

_De ponderibus_, compare No. 1436, 3.]

12. [Footnote: _Sco Lorenzo_. A church at Milan, see pp. 39,40 and 50.]

*13. 24. [Footnote: _Gruppi_. See Vol. I p. 355, No. 600, note 9.]

*16. [Footnote: The _Portinari_ were one of the great merchant-families of Florence.] 1450.

[Footnote: I. _Guiliano Gondi_. Ser Piero da Vinci,Leonardo's father, lived till 1480, in a house belongingto Giuliano Gondi. In 1498 this was pulleddown to make room for the fine Palazzo built onthe Piazza San Firenze by Giuliano di San Gallo,which still exists. In the _Riassunto del Catasto di SerPiero da Vinci_, 1480, Leonardo is not mentioned; itis evident therefore that he was living elsewhere. Itmay be noticed incidentally that in the _Catasto diGiuliano Gondi_ of the same year the following mentionis made of his four eldest sons:

He himself was a merchant of gold filigree (_facciamolavorare una bottegha d'arte di seta ... facciamoun pocho di trafico a Napoli_}, As he was 59 yearsold in 1480, he certainly would not have been aliveat the time of Leonardo's death. But Leonardo musthave been on intimate terms with the family till theend of his life, for in a letter dated June 1. 1519,in which Fr. Melzi, writing from Amboise, announcesLeonardo's death to Giuliano da Vinci at Florence(see p. 284), he says at the end "_Datemene risposta peri Gondi_" (see UZIELLI, _Ricerche_, passim).

Most of the other names on the list are thoseof well-known Florentine families.]

1451.

Pandolfino.

1452.

Vespuccio will give me a book of Geometry.

[Footnote: See No. 844, note, p. 130.]

1453.

Marcantonio Colonna at Santi Apostoli.

[Footnote: In July 1506 Pope Julius II gave DonnaLucrezia della Rovere, the daughter of his sisterLucchina, in marriage to the youthful MarcantonioColonna, who, like his brothers Prospero andFabrizio, became one of the most famous Captainsof his family. He gave to him Frascatiand made him a present of the palazzo he hadbuilt, when Cardinal, near the church of Santi Apostoliwhich is now known as the Palazzo Colonna(see GREGOROVIUS, _Gesch. der Stadt Rom._Vol. VIII, book XIV I, 3. And COPPI, _Mem. Colonnesip. 251).]

1454.

A box, a cage,--A square, to make the bird [Footnote 2:Vasari states that Leonardo invented mechanicalbirds which moved through the air. CompareNo. 703.],--Pandolfino's book, mortar [?],--Small knives, Venieri for the

*1454. [Footnote: Much of No. 1444 is repeated in this memorandum.] *Pen for ruling, stone,--star,--

Filippo and Lorenzo [Footnote 17: _Filippo e Lorenzo_;probably the painters FilippinoLippi and Lorenzo di Credi. L. di Credi's picturesand Vasari's history of that painter bear ample evidenceto his intimate relations with Leonardo.],--A ruler-,--Spectacles,--to do the..... again,--To-maso's book,--Michelagnolo's chain,--Themultiplication of roots,--Of the bow andstrinch,--The map of the world from Benci,--Socks,--The clothes from the custom-houseofficier,--Cordova leather,--Market books,

--waters of Cronaca,--waters of Tanaglino...,

--the caps,--Rosso's mirror; to see him makeit,--1/3 of which I have 5/6,--on the celestialphenomena, by Aristotle [Footnote 36: _Meteora_. See No. 1448, 25.],--boxesof Lorenzo di Pier Francesco [Footnote 37: _Lorenzo di Pier Francesco_ and his brother _Giovanni_were a lateral branch of the _Medici_ family andchanged their name for that of Popolani.],--MaestroPiero of the Borgo,--To have my bookbound,--Show the book to Serigatto,--and get the rule of the clock [Footnote 41:Possibly this refers to the clock on the towerof the Palazzo Vecchio at Florence. In February1512 it had been repaired, and so arranged as toindicate the hours after the French manner (twelvehours a. m. and as many p. m.).],--ring,--nutmeg,--gum,--the square,--Giovan'Batista at the piazza, de' Mozzi,--GiovanniBenci has my book and jaspers,--brass forthe spectacles.

[Footnote: This fragmentary note is written on themargin of a drawing of two legs.]

1457.

Paolo of Tavechia, to see the marks inthe German stones.

[Footnote: This note occurs on a pen and ink drawingmade by Leonardo as a sketch for the celebratedlarge cartoon in the possession of the Royal Academyof Arts, in London. This cartoon is commonlysupposed to be identical with that describedand lauded by Vasari, which was exhibited in Florenceat the time and which now seems to be lost.Mr. Alfred Marks, of Long Ditton, in his valuablepaper (read before the Royal Soc. of Literature,June 28, 1882) "On the St. Anne of Leonardo daVinci", has adduced proof that the cartoon now in theRoyal Academy was executed earlier at Milan. The notehere given, which is written on the sheet containingthe study for the said cartoon, has evidently noreference to the drawing on which it is writtenbut is obviously of the same date. Though I havenot any opening here for discussing this question ofthe cartoon, it seemed to me important to point outthat the character of the writing in this note doesnot confirm the opinion hitherto held that the RoyalAcademy cartoon was the one described by Vasari,but, on the contrary, supports the hypothesis putforward by Mr. Marks.]

Notes onpupils(1458-1468.)

1458.

Giacomo came to live with me on St.-MaryMagdalen's[*1] day, 1490, aged 10 years. Thesecond day I had two shirts cut out for him,a pair of hose, and a jerkin, and when I putaside some money to pay for these thingshe stole 4 _lire_the money out of the purse; and I could nevermake him confess, though I was quite certainof the fact.--Thief, liar, obstinate, glutton.

The day after, I went to sup with GiacomoAndrea, and the said Giacomo suppedfor two and did mischief for four; for hebrake 3 cruets, spilled the wine, and afterthis came to sup where I....

Item: on the 7th day of September hestole a silver point of the value of 22 soldifrom Marco [Footnote 6: _Marco_, probably Leonardo's pupil Marco d'Oggionno;1470 is supposed to be the date of hisbirth and 1540 of his death.

_Che stava con meco._ We may infer from this thathe left the master shortly after this, his term ofstudy having perhaps expired.] who was living with me, 4 _lire_this being of silver; and he took it from hisstudio, and when the said Marco had searchedfor it a long while he found it hiddenin the said Giacomo's box 4 _lire_.

[Footnote: _Il di della Maddalena._ July 22.] Item: on the 26th January following,I, being in the house of Messer Galeazzoda San Severino [Footnote 9: Galeazza. See No. 718 note.], was arranging the festival for his jousting,and certain footmen having undressed to try on some costumes of wild men for the said festival, Giacomowent to the purse of one of them which layon the bed with other clothes, 2 lire 4 S,and took out such money as was in it.

Item: when I was in the same house,Maestro Agostino da Pavia gave to me aTurkish hide to have 2 lire.a pair of short boots made of it; thisGiacomo stole it of me within a month andsold it to a cobbler for 20 soldi, withwhich money, by his own confession, hebought anise comfits.

Item: again, on the 2nd April, GiovanAntonio [Footnote 16:Giovan Antonio, probably Beltraffio, 1467 to 1516.] having left a silver point on adrawing of his, Giacomo stole it, and thiswas of the value of 24 soldi 1 lira 4 S.

The first year-

A cloak, 2 lire,6 shirts, 4 lire,3 jerkins, 6 lire,4 pairs of hose, 7 lire 8 soldi,1 lined doublet, 5 lire,24 pairs of shoes, 6 lire 5 soldi,A cap, l lira,laces, 1 lira.[Footnote: Leonardo here gives a detailed account not only of the loss he and others incurred through Giacomobut of the wild tricks of the youth, and we maytherefore assume that the note was not made merelyas a record for his own use, but as a report to beforwarded to the lad's father or other responsibleguardian.]

S.K.M. III. Ia]

1459.

On the last day but one of September;

Thursday the 27th day of SeptemberMaestro Tommaso came back and worked forhimself until the last day but one of February.On the 18th day of March, 1493, Giulio, aGerman, came to live with me,--Lucia, Piero,Leonardo.

On the 6th day of October.

1460.

1493.On the 1st day of November we settledaccounts. Giulio had to pay 4 months;and Maestro Tommaso 9 months; MaestroTommaso afterwards made 6 candlesticks,10 days' work; Giulio some fire-tongs15 days work. Then he worked for himselftill the 27th May, and worked for me at alever till the 18th July; then for himself tillthe 7th of August, and for one day, on thefifteenth, for a lady. Then again for me at2 locks until the 20th of August.

1461.

On the 23rd day of August, 12 lire fromPulisona. On the 14th of March 1494, Galeazzocame to live with me, agreeing topay 5 lire a month for his cost paying onthe l4th day of each month.

His father gave me 2 Rhenish florins.

On the l4th of July, I had from Galeazze2 Rhenish florins.

1462.

On the l5th day of September Giulio beganthe lock of my studio 1494.

1463.

Saturday morning the 3rd of August 1504Jacopo the German came to live with mein the house, and agreed with me that I shouldcharge him a carlino a day.

1464.

1511.On the 26th of September Antonio brokehis leg; he must rest 40 days.

[Footnote: This note refers possibly to Beltraffio.] 1465.

I left Milan for Rome on the 24th day ofSeptember, 1513, with Giovanni [*2], Francescodi Melzi [*3], Salai, Lorenzo and il Fanfoia.

1466.

On the 3rd day of January.

Benedetto carne on the 17th of October;he stayed with me two months and 13 daysof last year [*4], in which time he earned38 lire, 18 soldi and 8 dinari; he had ofthis 26 lire and 8 soldi, and there remainsto be paid for the past year 12 lire 10 soldi.

Giodatti (?) came on the 8th day of September,at 4 soldi a month, and stayed withme 3 months and 24 days, and earned 59 lire14 soldi and 8 dinari; he has had 43 lire,4 soldi, there remains to pay 16 lire, 10 soldiand 8 dinari.

*1465. 2. _Giovan;_ it is not likely that Leonardoshould have called Giovan' Antonio Beltraffio at onetime Giovanni, as in this note and another time Antonio,as in No. 1464 while in No. 1458 l. 16 we find_Giovan'Antonio_, and in No. 1436, l.6 _Beltraffio_. Possiblythe Giovanni here spoken of is Leonardo's lessknown pupil Giovan Pietrino (see No. 1467, 5).

2. 3. _Francesco de' Melzi_ is often mentioned, seeNos. 1350.

3. _Salai_. See No. 1519 note.

4. _Lorenzo_. See No. 1351, l. 10 (p. 408). Amorettigives the following note in _Mem. Stor. XXIII:_ 1505._Martedi-sera a di 14 d'aprile. Venne Lorenzo a starecon mecho: disse essere d'eta d'anni 17 .. a di 15 deldetto aprile ebbi scudi 25 d'oro dal chamerlingo di SantaMaria nuova._ This, he asserts is derived from a MS.marked S, in quarto. This MS. seems to havevanished and left no trace behind; Amoretti himselfhad not seen it, but copied from a selection ofextracts made by Oltrocchi before the LeonardoMSS. were conveyed to Paris on the responsibilityof the first French Republic. Lorenzo, by this, musthave been born in 1487. The sculptor Lorenzettowas born in 1490. Amoretti has been led by theabove passage to make the following absurd observations:

_Il Fafoia_, perhaps a nickname. Cesare da Sesto,Leonardo's pupil, seems to have been in Rome in theseyears, as we learn from a drawing by him in the Louvre.

1466. This seems to be an account for two assistants.The name of the second is scarcely legible.The year is not given. The note is nevertheless ofchronological value. The first line tells us the datewhen the note was registered, January 3d, and the* C.A.F. 279a; 855a]

[Footnote: The late Marchese Girolamo d'Adda publisheda highly valuable and interesting disquisition on thispassage under the title: Leonardo da Vinci e la suaLibreria, note di un bibliofilo (Milano 1873. Ed. di soli75 esemplari; privately printed). In the autumn of1880 the Marchese d'Adda showed me a considerable mass of additional notes prepared for a secondedition. This, as he then intended, was to comeout after the publication of this work of mine. Afterthe much regretted death of the elder Marchese, hisson, the Marchese Gioachino d'Adda was so liberalas to place these MS. materials at my disposal forthe present work, through the kind intervention ofSignor Gustavo Frizzoni. The following passages,with the initials G. d'A. are prints from the valuablenotes in that publication, the MS. additions I havemarked*. I did not however think myself justifiedin reproducing here the acute and interestingobservations on the contents of most of the rare bookshere enumerated.]

****below must belong to previous page's footnotes***observations that follow refer to events of the previous month 'of last year' (dell' anno passato). Leonardocannot therefore have written thus in Florence wherethe year was, at that period, calculated as beginningin the month of March (see Vol. I, No. 4, note 2).He must then have been in Milan. What is moreimportant is that we thus learn how to date thebeginning of the year in all the notes written atMilan. This clears up Uzielli's doubts: A Milanofacevasi cominciar l'anno ab incarnatione, cioe il 25Marzo e a nativitate, cioe il 25 Decembre. Ci sembraprobabile che Leonardo dovesse prescegliere lo stile che era in uso a Firenze. (Ricerche, p. 84, note.)

Map of Elephanta in India which AntonelloMerciaio has from maestro Maffeo;--there forseven years the earth rises and for sevenyears it sinks;--Enquire at the stationersabout Vitruvius.

1472.

See 'On Ships' Messer Battista, and Frontinus'On Acqueducts' [Footnote 2: 2. _Vitruvius de Arch., et Frontinus de Aquedoctibus._Florence, l5l3.--This is the earliest edition ofFrontinus.--The note referring to this author thussuggests a solution of the problem of the date ofthe Leicester Manuscript.].

[Footnote: Compare No. 1113, 25.]

1473.

Anaxagoras: Every thing proceeds fromevery thing, and every thing becomes everything, and every thing can be turned intoevery thing else, because that which exists inthe elements is composed of those elements. **Wrong text!

1474-

The Archimedes belonging to the Bishopof Padua.

1475-

Archimedes gave the quadrature of a poly-gonal figure, but not of the circle. HenceArchimedes never squared any figure withcurved sides. He squared the circle minusthe smallest portion that the intellect canconceive, that is the smallest point visible.

1476.

If any man could have discovered theutmost powers of the cannon, in all itsvarious forms and have given such a secretto the Romans, with what rapidity wouldthey have conquered every country and havevanquished every army, and what reward couldhave been great enough for such a service!Archimedes indeed, although he had greatlydamaged the Romans in the siege of Syra-cuse, nevertheless did not fail of being offeredgreat rewards from these very Romans; andwhen Syracuse was taken, diligent search wasmade for Archimedes; and he being founddead greater lamentation was made for himby the Senate and people of Rome than ifthey had lost all their army; and theydid not fail to honour him with burial andwith a statue. At their head was MarcusMarcellus. And after the second destructionof Syracuse, the sepulchre of Archimedes wasfound again by Cato[25], in the ruins of atemple. So Cato had the temple restored andthe sepulchre he so highly honoured....Whence it is written that Cato said that hewas not so proud of any thing he had doneas of having paid such honour to Archimedes.

1474. See No. 1421, 1. 3, 6 and Vol. I, No. 343.

1475. Compare No. 1504.

1476. Where Leonardo found the statement thatCato had found and restored the tomb of Archi-medes, I do not know. It is a merit that Ciceroclaims as his own (Tusc. V, 23) and certainly witha full right to it. None of Archimedes' biographers-not even the diligent Mazzucchelli, mentions anyversion in which Cato is named. It is evidently a

slip of the memory on Leonardo's part. Besides,according to the passage in Cicero, the grave wasnot found 'nelle mine ffun tempio'-which is highlyimprobable as relating to a Greek-but in an openspot (H. MULLER-STROBING).--See too, as to Archi-medes, No. 1417.

Aristotle, Book 3 of the Physics, andAlbertus Magnus, and Thomas Aquinas andthe others on the rebound of bodies, inthe 7th on Physics, on heaven and earth.

M. 62a]

1478.

Aristotle says that if a force can movea body a given distance in a given time, thesame force will move half the same bodytwice as far in the same time.

C. A. 284b; 865b]

1479.

Aristotle in Book 3 of the Ethics: Manmerits praise or blame solely in such mat-ters as lie within his option to do or notto do.

C.A. 121a; 375a]

1480.

Aristotle says that every body tends tomaintain its nature.

K.2 3b]

1481.

On the increase of the Nile, a small bookby Aristotle.[Footnote: _De inundatione Nili_, is quoted here andby others as a work of Aristotle. The Greekoriginal is lost, but a Latin version of the beginningexists (Arist. Opp. IV p. 213 ed. Did. Par.).

Avicenna will have it that soul gives birthto soul as body to body, and each memberto itself.[Footnote: Avicenna, see too No. 1421, 1. 2.]

F. o"]

1483.

Avicenna on liquids.

Br.M. 71b]

1484.

Roger Bacon, done in print.[Footnote:The earliest printed edition known to Brunetof the works of Roger Bacon, is a French translation, which appeared about fourty years after Leonardo'sdeath.]

C.A. 139b; 419b]

1485.

Cleomedes the philosopher.[Footnote: Cleomede. A Greek mathematician of theIVth century B. C. We have a Cyclic theory ofMeteorica by him. His works were not published beforeLeonardo's death.]

Tr. 4]

1486.

CORNELIUS CELSUS.

The highest good is wisdom, the chiefevil is suffering in the body. Because, aswe are composed of two things, that is souland body, of which the first is the better,the body is the inferior; wisdom belongsto the better part, and the chief evil belongsto the worse part and is the worst of all.As the best thing of all in the soul iswisdom, so the worst in the body is suf-fering. Therefore just as bodily pain is thechief evil, wisdom is the chief good of thesoul, that is with the wise man; and nothingelse can be compared with it.[Footnote: Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a Roman physician,known as the Roman Hippocrates, probably contemporary with Augustus. Only his eight Books 'DeMedicina", are preserved. The earliest editions are:Cornelius Celsus, de medicina libr. VIII., Milan 1481Venice 1493 and 1497.]

Tr. 57]

1487.

Demetrius was wont to say that there wasno difference between the speech and wordsof the foolish and ignorant, and the noisesand rumblings of the wind in an inflatedstomach. Nor did he say so without reason,for he saw no difference between the partswhence the noise issued; whether their lowerparts or their mouth, since one and theother were of equal use and importance.[Footnote: Compare Vol. I, No. 10.] S.K.M. III.93a]

1488.

Maestro Stefano Caponi, a physician, livesat the piscina, and has Euclid De Ponderibus.

K.2 2a]

1489.

5th Book of Euclid. First definition: apart is a quantity of less magnitude thanthe greater magnitude when the less iscontained a certain number of times in thegreater.

A part properly speaking is that whichmay be multiplied, that is when, beingmultiplied by a certain number, it forms exactlythe whole. A common aggregate part ...

Second definition. A greater magnitude issaid to be a multiple of a less, when thegreater is measured by the less.

By the first we define the lesser [magnitude]and by the second the greater is defined.A part is spoken

K.2 2b]

1490.

of in relation to the whole; and all theirrelations lie between these two extremes, andare called multiples.

S.K.M.III. 16b]

1491.

Hippocrates says that the origin of men'ssperm derives from the brain, and from thelungs and testicles of our parents, where thefinal decocture is made, and all the otherlimbs transmit their substance to this spermby means of expiration, because there are nochannels through which they might come tothe sperm.[Footnote: The works of Hippocrates were printed first after Leonardo's death.] Ash.II. IIb]

1492.

Lucretius in his third [book] 'De RerumNatura'. The hands, nails and teeth were (165)the weapons of ancient man.

They also use for a standard a bunch ofgrass tied to a pole (167).[Footnote: Lucretius, de rerum natura libri VI wereprinted first about 1473, at Verona in 1486, at Brescia in 1495, at Venice in 1500 and in 1515, and at Florence in 1515. The numbers 165 and 167 noted by Leonardo atthe end of the two passages seem to indicate pages,but if so, none of the editions just mentioned canhere be meant, nor do these numbers refer to theverses in the poems of Lucretius.]

Tr. 2]

1493.

Ammianus Marcellinus asserts that sevenhundred thousand volumes of books wereburnt in the siege of Alexandria in the timeof Julius Cesar.[Footnote: Ammiani Marcellini historiarum libri quiextant XIII, published at Rome in 1474.]

Tr. 2]

W. XXIII.]

1494.

Mondino says that the muscles whichraise the toes are in the outward side ofthe thigh, and he adds that there are nomuscles in the back [upper side] of the feet,because nature desired to make them light, soas to move with ease; and if they had beenfleshy they would be heavier; and hereexperience shows ...[Footnote: "Mundini anatomia. Mundinus, Anothomia (sic).Mundini praestantissimorum doctorum almi studit ticiensis(sic) cura diligentissime emendata. Impressa Papiae per magistrum Antonium de Carfano 1478," in-fol.; ristampata:"Bononiae Johan. de Noerdlingen, 1482," in-fol.; "Padova

Of the error of those who practice without knowledge;--[Footnote 3:**where is it?**]See first the 'Ars poetica' of Horace [Footnote 5: **where is it?**].

[Footnote: A 3--5 are written on the margin at the sideof the title line of the text given, entire as No. 19 1496.

The heirs of Maestro Giovanni Ghiringallohave the works of Pelacano.

1497.

The catapult, as we are told by Noniusand Pliny, is a machine devised by those &c.[Footnote: _Plinius_, see No. 946.]

1498.

I have found in a history of the Spaniardsthat in their wars with the English Archimedesof Syracuse who at that time was livingat the court of Ecliderides, King of theCirodastri. And in maritime warfare he ordered thatthe ships should have tall masts, and that ontheir tops there should be a spar fixed [Footnote 6: Compare No. 1115.] of40 feet long and one third of a foot thick. Atone end of this was a small grappling iron andat the other a counterpoise; and there was alsoattached 12 feet of chain; and, at the end ofthis chain, as much rope as would reach fromthe chain to the base of the top, where it wasfixed with a small rope; from this base it randown to the bottom of the mast where avery strong spar was attached and to thiswas fastened the end of the rope. But to go onto the use of his machine; I say that belowthis grappling iron was a fire [Footnote 14: Compare No. 1128.] which, withtremendous noise, threw down its rays anda shower of burning pitch; which, pouringdown on the [enemy's] top, compelled themen who were in it to abandon the topto which the grappling-iron had clung. Thiswas hooked on to the edges of the topand then suddenly the cord attached at thebase of the top to support the cord whichwent from the grappling iron, was cut, givingway and drawing in the enemy's ship; andif the anchor--was cast ...[Footnote: Archimedes never visited Spain, and thenames here mentioned cannot be explained. Leonardoseems to quote here from a book, perhaps by somequestionable mediaeval writer. Prof. C. Justi writes tome from Madrid, that Spanish savants have no knowledgeof the sources from which this story may havebeen derived.] Leic. 14b

1499.

Theophrastus on the ebb and flow of thetide, and of eddies, and on water.[Footnote: The Greek philosophers had no opportunityto study the phenomenon of the ebb and flow ofthe tide and none of them wrote about it. Themovement of the waters in the Euripus however was toa few of them a puzzling problem.]

Ash. II. IIb]

1500.

Tryphon of Alexandria, who spent his lifeat Apollonia, a city of Albania (163).[Footnote: Tryphon of Alexandria, a Greek Grammarianof the time of Augustus. His treatise *TtaOY Aeijecu* appeared first at Milan in 1476, in ConstantinLaskaris's Greek Grammar.]

K.3 29b]

1501.

Messer Vincenzio Aliprando, who livesnear the Inn of the Bear, has GiacomoAndrea's Vitruvius.

L. 53b]

1502.

Vitruvius says that small models are ofno avail for ascertaining the effects of largeones; and I here propose to prove thatthis conclusion is a false one. And chieflyby bringing forward the very same argumentwhich led him to this conclusion; that is, byan experiment with an auger. For he provesthat if a man, by a certain exertion ofstrength, makes a hole of a given diameter,and afterwards another hole of double thediameter, this cannot be made with onlydouble the exertion of the man's strength,but needs much more. To this it may verywell be answered that an auger

L. 53a]

1503.

of double the diameter cannot bemoved by double the exertion, be-cause the superficies of a body ofthe same form but twice as large hasfour times the extent of the superficiesof the smaller, as is shown in the twofigures a and n.

Section title: Notes on books and authors* There are characters present in the original footnotes that have accents - I have placed an asterisk next to them.

1504.

OF SQUARING THE CIRCLE, AND WHO IT WASTHAT FIRST DISCOVERED IT BY ACCIDENT.

Vitruvius, measuring miles by means ofthe repeated revolutions of the wheels whichmove vehicles, extended over many Stadiathe lines of the circumferences of the circlesof these wheels. He became aware of themby the animals that moved the vehicles. Buthe did not discern that this was a means offinding a square equal to a circle. This wasfirst done by Archimedes of Syracuse, whoby multiplying the second diameter of a circleby half its circumference produced a rectangularquadrilateral equal figure to the circle.[Footnote: Vitruvius, see also Nos. 1113 and 343.10. Compare No. 1475.]

1505.

Virgil says that a blank shield is devoid ofmerit because among the people of Athens thetrue recognition confirmed by testimonies ...[Footnote: The end of the text cannot be deciphered.]

How this proposition of Xenophon is false.If you take away unequal quantities fromunequal quantities, but in the sameproportion, &c.[Footnote: Xenophon's works were published severaltimes during Leonardo's lifetime.]

B. 4a]

Inventoriesand accounts(1509-1545).

1509.

On the 28th day of April I received fromthe Marchesino 103 lire and 12 dinari.[Footnote: Instead of the indication of the year thereis a blank space after d'aprile.--Marchesino Stangewas one of Lodovico il Moro's officials.--CampareNo. 1388.]

Ash. I. Ia]

1510.

On the ioth day of July 1492 in 135Rhenish florins 1. 445in dinari of 6 soldi 1. 112 S 16in dinari of 5 1/2 soldi 1. 29 S 139 in gold and 3 scudi _l.__53________ 1. 8II in all

S.K.M.III. 47a]

1511.

On the first day of February, lire 1200.

S.K.M.III. 47a]

1512.

The hall towards the court is 126 paceslong and 27 braccia wide.

1513

The narrow cornice above the hall lire 30.

The cornice beneath that, being one foreach picture, lire 7, and for the cost of blue,gold, white, plaster, indigo and glue 3 lire;time 3 days.

The pictures below these mouldings withtheir pilasters, 12 lire each.

I calculate the cost for smalt, blue andgold and other colours at 1 1/2 lire.

The days I calculate at 3, for the inventionof the composition, pilasters and otherthings.

Parsley 10 partsmint 1 partthyme 1 partVinegar ... and a little salt two piecesof canvas for Salai.[Footnote: This note, of about the year 1494, is theearliestmention of Salai, and the last is of the year1513 (see No. 1465, 3). From the various notes inthe MSS. he seems to have been Leonardo's assistantand keeper only, and scarcely himself a painter. Atany rate no signed or otherwise authenticated pictureby him is known to exist. Vasari speaks somewhat doubtfully on this point.]

S.K.M. II.I o"]

1520.

On Tuesday I bought wine for morning [drinking];on Friday the 4th day of September the same.[Footnote: This note enables us to fix the date of theManuscript, in which it is to be found. In 1495 the4th of September fell on a Friday; the contentsof the Manuscript do not permit us to assign it toa much earlier or later date (Compare No. 1522,and Note).]

On Monday I bought 4 braccia of clothlire 13 S 14 1/2 on the 17th of, October 1497.

1525.

Memorandum. That on the 8th day ofApril 1503, I, Leonardo da Vinci, lent toVante, miniature painter 4 gold ducats, ingold. Salai carried them to him and gavethem into his own hand, and he said he wouldrepay within the space of 40 days.

Memorandum. That on the same day Ipaid to Salai 3 gold ducats which he saidhe wanted for a pair of rose-colouredhose with their trimming; and there remain9 ducats due to him-excepting that he owesme 20 ducats, that is 17 I lent him at Milan,and 3 at Venice.

Memorandum. That I gave Salai 21 bracciaof cloth to make a shirt, at io soldithe braccio, which I gave him on the20th day of April 1503.

[Footnote: With regard to Vante or Attavante, the miniaturepainter (not Nanni as I formerly decipheredthis name, which is difficult to read; see _Zeitschriftfur Bild. Kunst_, 1879, p. 155), and Vasari, Lives of FrateGiovanni da Fiesole, of Bartolommeo della Gatta,and of Gherardo, _miniatore._ He, like Leonardo, wasone of the committee of artists who, in 1503, consideredthe erection and placing of Michel Angelo's David.The date of his death is not known; he was of thesame age as Leonardo. Further details will be foundin '_Notizie di Attavante miniatore, e di alcuni suoi lavori_'(Milanese's ed. of Vasari, III, 231-235).]

1526.

On the morning of San Peter's day,June 29th, 1504, I took io ducats, of whichI gave one to Tommaso my servant tospend. On Monday morning 1 florin to Salai tospend on the house.

On Thursday I took 1 florin for my ownspending.

Wednesday evening 1 florin to Tommaso,before supper.

Saturday morning 1 florin to Tommaso.

Monday morning 1 florin less 10 soldi.

Thursday to Salai i florin less 10 soldi.

For a jerkin, 1 florin.

For a jerkinAnd a cap2 florins.

To the hosier, 1 florin.

To Salai, 1 florin.

Friday morning, the 19th of July, 1 florin,less 6 soldi. I have 7 fl. left, and 22 in the box.

Tuesday, the 23th day of July, 1 florin toTommaso.

Monday morning, to Tommaso 1 florin.

[Wednesday morning 1 fl. to Tommaso.]

Thursday morning the 1st day of August1 fl. to Tommaso.

Sunday, the 4th of August, 1 florin.

Friday, the pth day of August 1504, Itook 10 ducats out of the box.

1527.

1504.On the 9th day of August, 1504, I took10 florins in gold[*2] .... [*3] on Friday the9th day of August fifteen grossoni that isfl. 5 S 5 .... given to me 1 florin in goldon the l2th day of August [*4] ..... on the14th of August, 32 grossoni to Tommaso. Onthe l8th of the same 5 grossoni to Salai.On the 8th of September 6 grossoni to theworkman to spend; that is on the day ofour Lady's birth. On the 16th day of SeptemberI gave 4 grossoni to Tommaso: ona Sunday.

[Footnote: In the original, the passage given as No. 1463is written between lines 2 and 3 of this text, andit is possible that the entries in lines 3 and 4 referto the payments of Jacopo Tedesco, who is therementioned. The first words of these lines are veryillegible.

*7. _Al fattore._ Il Fattore, was, as is well known,the nick-name of Giovanni Franceso Penni, born inFlorence in 1486, and subsequently a pupil of Raphael's.According to Vasari he was known by iteven as a boy. Whether he is spoken of in thispassage, or whether the word Fattore should be translatedliterally, I will not undertake to decide. Thelatter seems to me more probably right. Section Title: Inventories and accounts.

1528.

On the day of October, 1508, I had30 scudi; 13 I lent to Salai to make up hissister's dowry, and 17 I have left.

1529.

Memorandum of the money I have hadfrom the King as my salary from July 1508till April next 1509. First 100 scudi, then70, then 50, then 20 and then 200 florins at48 soldi the florin.[Footnote: Compare No. 1350 and 1561.]

1530.

Saturday the 2nd day of March I had fromSanta Maria Novella 5 gold ducats, leaving450. Of these I gave 2 the same day toSalai, who had lent them to me.[Footnote: See _'Conto corrente di Leonardo da Vinci conlo Spedale di S. Maria Nuova' [1500 a 1507, 1513--1520]_published by G. UZIELLI, _Ricerche intorno a Leonardoda Vinci, Firenze,_ 1872, pp. 164, 165, 218 and 219.The date here given by Leonardo does not occur ineither of the accounts.]

1531.

Thursday, the eighth day of June, I took17 grossoni, 18 soldi; on the same Thursdayin the morning I gave to Salai 22 soldifor the expenses.

1532.

To Salai 4 grossoni, and for one braccioof velvet, 5 lire, and 1/2; viz. 10 soldi forloops of silver; Salai 14 soldi for binding,the making of the cloak 25 soldi.[Footnote: Compare No. 1523.]

1533.

I gave to Salai 93 lire 6 soldi, of whichI have had 67 lire and there remain 26 lire6 soldi. 1534.

Johannes Antonius di Johannes Ambro-sius de Bolate. He who lets time pass anddoes not grow in virtue, the more I thinkof it the more I grieve. No man has it inhim to be virtuous who will give up honourfor gain. Good fortune is valueless to himwho knows not toil. The man becomeshappy who follows Christ. There is no perfectgift without great suffering. Our gloriesand our triumphs pass away. Foul lust, anddreams, and luxury, and sloth have banishedevery virtue from the world; so that ourNature, wandering and perplexed, has almostlost the old and better track. Henceforth itwere well to rouse thyself from sleep. Themaster said that lying in down will not bringthee to Fame; nor staying beneath the quilts.He who, without Fame, burns his life to waste,leaves no more vestige of himself on earth thanwind-blown smoke, or the foam upon the sea.[Footnote: From the last sentence we may infer thatthis text is by the hand of a pupil of Leonardo's.--On the same sheet are the notes Nos.1175 and 715in Leonardo's own handwriting.] Section Title: Miscellaneous notes.