Planetary science

Earth science is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth.[2] It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth.

Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth.[1] It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth.

Photograph* of Faith from space show no political boundaries, reminding us that national distinctions arc
man made. But the agencies responsible for those pictures, other missions to Earth orbit, and probes to deep space
are inevitably national or multinational. Each has its own set of constituencies, procedures, capabilities, and
limitations.

In a classic paper by the late Yale historian of
science, Derek De Solla Price (1965), based
mainly on the study of citations in a single scientific
research field, it was shown how citations in
a developing research area have a strong
'immediacy effect'.1 Citation was found to be at
a maximum for papers about two-and-a-half
years old, and the 'major work of a paper ... [is]
finished after 10 years', as judged by citations.

Inquiring on the sky (i.e., the Universe) has been present as affair of concern of the
human kind since the early days of the first hominids like homo floresiensis and late
homo sapiens. Fascination of sky watchers on a starry night, with its planets and the
Moon, still today invites the best human minds to struggle for unveiling its secrets.
To extending farther out the reach of our eyes, the telescope was introduced to
astronomy in 1609 by Galileo Galilei.

The steps needed to define a successful space science mission are numerous. The science
drivers, the unique advantages this mission provides over past missions or earth-based
experiments, and the payload that it includes are the key factors to guarantee its success.
Finding the required information on such topics is not so straightforward, especially as
they are usually outside the scope of undergraduate courses. The 2003 Canary Islands
Winter School of Astrophysics aimed at providing a focused framework that helps fill this
need.

Nowadays, environmental issues including air and water pollution, climate
change, overexploitation of marine ecosystems, exhaustion of fossil resources,
conservation of biodiversity are receiving major attention from the public,
stakeholders and scholars from the local to the planetary scales. It is now
clearly recognized that human activities yield major ecological and environ-
mental stresses with irreversible loss of species, destruction of habitat or cli-
mate catastrophes as the most dramatic examples of their eﬀects.

(BQ) Ebook Earth Evolution of a habitable world is described in the context of what we know about other planets and the cosmos at large, from the origin of the cosmos to the processes that shape planetary environments and from the origins of life to the inner workings of cells. Astronomy, earth science, planetary science and astrobiology are integrated to give students the whole picture of how the Earth has come to its present state and an understanding of the relationship between key ideas in different fields.

Since their discovery was first announced in 1973, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been among the most fascination objects in the universe. While the initial mystery has gone, the fascination continues, sustained by the close connection linking GRBs with some of the most fundamental topics in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Both authors have been active in GRB observations for over two decades and have produced an outstanding account on both the history and the perspectives of GRB research.

In many respects, the science of materials has only fully utilized two of its three
fundamental tools —the variables of temperature and chemical composition. Pressure,
the third fundamental variable altering materials, is in many ways the most remarkable,
as it spans some 60 orders of magnitude in the universe.

Bill Cassidy led meteorite recovery expeditions in the Antarctic for fifteen years and his searches have resulted in the collection of thousands of meteorite specimens from the ice. This personal account of his field experiences on the U.S. Antarctic Search for Meteorites Project reveals the influence the work has had on our understanding of the moon, Mars and the asteroid belt. Cassidy describes the hardships and dangers of fieldwork in a hostile environment, as well as the appreciation he developed for its beauty.

AFTER the morning inspection tour, Tardo, the Solar Council's Planetary Aid agent, and his companion, Peo, were taken to the castle which stood on a hill overlooking the area. Tardo and Peo were entertained royally at luncheon by Saranta, their host, who appeared to be the wealthy overlord of this portion of the planet. The meal was delicious—tender, inch-thick steaks served with delicate wine sauce and half a dozen of the planet's exotic vegetables, topped off by a cool fruit dessert. "My recommendation will be of considerable importance to you," said Tardo as they ate.

Commander Stone, grizzled chief of the Planetary Exploration Forces, acknowledged Captain Brand Bowen's salute and beckoned him to take a seat. Brand, youngest officer of the division to wear the triple-V for distinguished service, sat down and stared curiously at his superior. He hadn't the remotest idea why he had been recalled from leave: but that it was on a matter of some importance he was sure. He hunched his big shoulders and awaited orders. "Captain Bowen," said Stone. "I want you to go to Jupiter as soon as you can arrange to do so, fly low over the red...

The palace was over-heated, Mazarini thought. That came of Cardinal Richelieu being a man who had
more than his share of ailments, despite being only in middle age. Richelieu felt the cold as an old man
did. He had his servants build fires if there was even the slightest chill in the air—and early spring in Paris
was considerably more than slightly chilly. Fortunately, the cardinal was a polite man. The wait in the
anteroom was brief enough that Mazarini was able to fight off drowsiness.