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Software reuse  In most engineering disciplines, systems are designed by composing existing components that have been used in other systems.  Software engineering has been more focused on original development but it is now recognised that to achieve better software, more quickly and at lower cost, we need a design process that is based on systematic software reuse.  There has been a major switch to reuse-based development over the past 10 years.

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Reuse-based software engineering  Application system reuse  The whole of an application system may be reused either by incorporating it without change into other systems (COTS reuse) or by developing application families.  Component reuse  Components of an application from sub-systems to single objects may be reused. Covered in Chapter 17.  Object and function reuse  Software components that implement a single well-defined object or function may be reused.

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Benefits of software reuse BenefitExplanation Increased dependabilityReused software, which has been tried and tested in working systems, should be more dependable than new software. Its design and implementation faults should have been found and fixed. Reduced process riskThe cost of existing software is already known, whereas the costs of development are always a matter of judgment. This is an important factor for project management because it reduces the margin of error in project cost estimation. This is particularly true when relatively large software components such as subsystems are reused. Effective use of specialistsInstead of doing the same work over and over again, application specialists can develop reusable software that encapsulates their knowledge. 5Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Benefits of software reuse BenefitExplanation Standards complianceSome standards, such as user interface standards, can be implemented as a set of reusable components. For example, if menus in a user interface are implemented using reusable components, all applications present the same menu formats to users. The use of standard user interfaces improves dependability because users make fewer mistakes when presented with a familiar interface. Accelerated developmentBringing a system to market as early as possible is often more important than overall development costs. Reusing software can speed up system production because both development and validation time may be reduced. 6Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Problems with reuse ProblemExplanation Increased maintenance costs If the source code of a reused software system or component is not available then maintenance costs may be higher because the reused elements of the system may become increasingly incompatible with system changes. Lack of tool supportSome software tools do not support development with reuse. It may be difficult or impossible to integrate these tools with a component library system. The software process assumed by these tools may not take reuse into account. This is particularly true for tools that support embedded systems engineering, less so for object-oriented development tools. Not-invented-here syndrome Some software engineers prefer to rewrite components because they believe they can improve on them. This is partly to do with trust and partly to do with the fact that writing original software is seen as more challenging than reusing other people’s software. 7Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Problems with reuse ProblemExplanation Creating, maintaining, and using a component library Populating a reusable component library and ensuring the software developers can use this library can be expensive. Development processes have to be adapted to ensure that the library is used. Finding, understanding, and adapting reusable components Software components have to be discovered in a library, understood and, sometimes, adapted to work in a new environment. Engineers must be reasonably confident of finding a component in the library before they include a component search as part of their normal development process. 8Chapter 16 Software reuse

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The reuse landscape  Although reuse is often simply thought of as the reuse of system components, there are many different approaches to reuse that may be used.  Reuse is possible at a range of levels from simple functions to complete application systems.  The reuse landscape covers the range of possible reuse techniques.

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The reuse landscape 10Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Approaches that support software reuse ApproachDescription Architectural patternsStandard software architectures that support common types of application systems are used as the basis of applications. Described in Chapters 6, 13, and 20. Design patternsGeneric abstractions that occur across applications are represented as design patterns showing abstract and concrete objects and interactions. Described in Chapter 7. Component-based development Systems are developed by integrating components (collections of objects) that conform to component-model standards. Described in Chapter 17. Application frameworksCollections of abstract and concrete classes are adapted and extended to create application systems. Legacy system wrappingLegacy systems (see Chapter 9) are ‘wrapped’ by defining a set of interfaces and providing access to these legacy systems through these interfaces. 11Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Approaches that support software reuse ApproachDescription Service-oriented systemsSystems are developed by linking shared services, which may be externally provided. Described in Chapter 19. Software product linesAn application type is generalized around a common architecture so that it can be adapted for different customers. COTS product reuseSystems are developed by configuring and integrating existing application systems. ERP systemsLarge-scale systems that encapsulate generic business functionality and rules are configured for an organization. Configurable vertical applications Generic systems are designed so that they can be configured to the needs of specific system customers. 12Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Approaches that support software reuse ApproachDescription Program librariesClass and function libraries that implement commonly used abstractions are available for reuse. Model-driven engineeringSoftware is represented as domain models and implementation independent models and code is generated from these models. Described in Chapter 5. Program generatorsA generator system embeds knowledge of a type of application and is used to generate systems in that domain from a user-supplied system model. Aspect-oriented software development Shared components are woven into an application at different places when the program is compiled. Described in Chapter Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Reuse planning factors  The development schedule for the software.  The expected software lifetime.  The background, skills and experience of the development team.  The criticality of the software and its non-functional requirements.  The application domain.  The execution platform for the software.

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Application frameworks  Frameworks are moderately large entities that can be reused. They are somewhere between system and component reuse.  Frameworks are a sub-system design made up of a collection of abstract and concrete classes and the interfaces between them.  The sub-system is implemented by adding components to fill in parts of the design and by instantiating the abstract classes in the framework.

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Framework classes  System infrastructure frameworks  Support the development of system infrastructures such as communications, user interfaces and compilers.  Middleware integration frameworks  Standards and classes that support component communication and information exchange.  Enterprise application frameworks  Support the development of specific types of application such as telecommunications or financial systems.

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Web application frameworks  Support the construction of dynamic websites as a front- end for web applications.  WAFs are now available for all of the commonly used web programming languages e.g. Java, Python, Ruby, etc.  Interaction model is based on the Model-View-Controller composite pattern. Chapter 16 Software reuse17

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Model-view controller  System infrastructure framework for GUI design.  Allows for multiple presentations of an object and separate interactions with these presentations.  MVC framework involves the instantiation of a number of patterns (as discussed in Chapter 7).

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The Model-View-Controller pattern 19Chapter 16 Software reuse

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WAF features  Security  WAFs may include classes to help implement user authentication (login) and access.  Dynamic web pages  Classes are provided to help you define web page templates and to populate these dynamically from the system database.  Database support  The framework may provide classes that provide an abstract interface to different databases.  Session management  Classes to create and manage sessions (a number of interactions with the system by a user) are usually part of a WAF.  User interaction  Most web frameworks now provide AJAX support (Holdener, 2008), which allows more interactive web pages to be created. Chapter 16 Software reuse20

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Extending frameworks  Frameworks are generic and are extended to create a more specific application or sub-system. They provide a skeleton architecture for the system.  Extending the framework involves  Adding concrete classes that inherit operations from abstract classes in the framework;  Adding methods that are called in response to events that are recognised by the framework.  Problem with frameworks is their complexity which means that it takes a long time to use them effectively.

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Inversion of control in frameworks 22Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Key points  Most new business software systems are now developed by reusing knowledge and code from previously implemented systems.  There are many different ways to reuse software. These range from the reuse of classes and methods in libraries to the reuse of complete application systems.  The advantages of software reuse are lower costs, faster software development and lower risks. System dependability is increased. Specialists can be used more effectively by concentrating their expertise on the design of reusable components.  Application frameworks are collections of concrete and abstract objects that are designed for reuse through specialization and the addition of new objects. They usually incorporate good design practice through design patterns. Chapter 16 Software reuse23

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Chapter 16 – Software Reuse Lecture 2 24Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Software product lines  Software product lines or application families are applications with generic functionality that can be adapted and configured for use in a specific context.  A software product line is a set of applications with a common architecture and shared components, with each application specialized to reflect different requirements.  Adaptation may involve:  Component and system configuration;  Adding new components to the system;  Selecting from a library of existing components;  Modifying components to meet new requirements.

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Application frameworks and product lines  Application frameworks rely on object-oriented features such as polymorphism to implement extensions. Product lines need not be object-oriented (e.g. embedded software for a mobile phone)  Application frameworks focus on providing technical rather than domain-specific support. Product lines embed domain and platform information.  Product lines often control applications for equipment.  Software product lines are made up of a family of applications, usually owned by the same organization. Chapter 16 Software reuse26

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Product line specialisation  Platform specialization  Different versions of the application are developed for different platforms.  Environment specialization  Different versions of the application are created to handle different operating environments e.g. different types of communication equipment.  Functional specialization  Different versions of the application are created for customers with different requirements.  Process specialization  Different versions of the application are created to support different business processes.

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Product line architectures  Architectures must be structured in such a way to separate different sub-systems and to allow them to be modified.  The architecture should also separate entities and their descriptions and the higher levels in the system access entities through descriptions rather than directly.

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The architecture of a resource allocation system 29Chapter 16 Software reuse

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The product line architecture of a vehicle dIspatcher 30Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Vehicle dispatching  A specialised resource management system where the aim is to allocate resources (vehicles) to handle incidents.  Adaptations include:  At the UI level, there are components for operator display and communications;  At the I/O management level, there are components that handle authentication, reporting and route planning;  At the resource management level, there are components for vehicle location and despatch, managing vehicle status and incident logging;  The database includes equipment, vehicle and map databases.

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Product instance development 32Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Product instance development  Elicit stakeholder requirements  Use existing family member as a prototype  Choose closest-fit family member  Find the family member that best meets the requirements  Re-negotiate requirements  Adapt requirements as necessary to capabilities of the software  Adapt existing system  Develop new modules and make changes for family member  Deliver new family member  Document key features for further member development

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Product line configuration  Design time configuration  The product line is adapted and changed according to the requirements of particular customers.  Deployment time configuration  The product line is configured by embedding knowledge of the customer’s requirements and business processes. The software source code itself is not changed.

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Deployment-time configuration 35Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Levels of deployment time configuration  Component selection, where you select the modules in a system that provide the required functionality.  Workflow and rule definition, where you define workflows (how information is processed, stage-by-stage) and validation rules that should apply to information entered by users or generated by the system.  3.Parameter definition, where you specify the values of specific system parameters that reflect the instance of the application that you are creating Chapter 16 Software reuse36

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COTS product reuse  A commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) product is a software system that can be adapted for different customers without changing the source code of the system.  COTS systems have generic features and so can be used/reused in different environments.  COTS products are adapted by using built-in configuration mechanisms that allow the functionality of the system to be tailored to specific customer needs.  For example, in a hospital patient record system, separate input forms and output reports might be defined for different types of patient. Chapter 16 Software reuse37

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Benefits of COTS reuse  As with other types of reuse, more rapid deployment of a reliable system may be possible.  It is possible to see what functionality is provided by the applications and so it is easier to judge whether or not they are likely to be suitable.  Some development risks are avoided by using existing software. However, this approach has its own risks, as I discuss below.  Businesses can focus on their core activity without having to devote a lot of resources to IT systems development.  As operating platforms evolve, technology updates may be simplified as these are the responsibility of the COTS product vendor rather than the customer. Chapter 16 Software reuse38

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Problems of COTS reuse  Requirements usually have to be adapted to reflect the functionality and mode of operation of the COTS product.  The COTS product may be based on assumptions that are practically impossible to change.  Choosing the right COTS system for an enterprise can be a difficult process, especially as many COTS products are not well documented.  There may be a lack of local expertise to support systems development.  The COTS product vendor controls system support and evolution. Chapter 16 Software reuse39

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COTS-solution and COTS-integrated systems COTS-solution systemsCOTS-integrated systems Single product that provides the functionality required by a customer Several heterogeneous system products are integrated to provide customized functionality Based around a generic solution and standardized processes Flexible solutions may be developed for customer processes Development focus is on system configuration Development focus is on system integration System vendor is responsible for maintenance System owner is responsible for maintenance System vendor provides the platform for the system System owner provides the platform for the system 40Chapter 16 Software reuse

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COTS solution systems  COTS-solution systems are generic application systems that may be designed to support a particular business type, business activity or, sometimes, a complete business enterprise.  For example, a COTS-solution system may be produced for dentists that handles appointments, dental records, patient recall, etc.  Domain-specific COTS-solution systems, such as systems to support a business function (e.g. document management) provide functionality that is likely to be required by a range of potential users. Chapter 16 Software reuse41

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ERP systems  An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is a generic system that supports common business processes such as ordering and invoicing, manufacturing, etc.  These are very widely used in large companies - they represent probably the most common form of software reuse.  The generic core is adapted by including modules and by incorporating knowledge of business processes and rules.

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The architecture of an ERP system 43Chapter 16 Software reuse

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ERP architecture  A number of modules to support different business functions.  A defined set of business processes, associated with each module, which relate to activities in that module.  A common database that maintains information about all related business functions.  A set of business rules that apply to all data in the database. Chapter 16 Software reuse44

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ERP configuration  Selecting the required functionality from the system.  Establishing a data model that defines how the organization’s data will be structured in the system database.  Defining business rules that apply to that data.  Defining the expected interactions with external systems.  Designing the input forms and the output reports generated by the system.  Designing new business processes that conform to the underlying process model supported by the system.  Setting parameters that define how the system is deployed on its underlying platform. Chapter 16 Software reuse45

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COTS integrated systems  COTS-integrated systems are applications that include two or more COTS products and/or legacy application systems.  You may use this approach when there is no single COTS system that meets all of your needs or when you wish to integrate a new COTS product with systems that you already use. Chapter 16 Software reuse46

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Design choices  Which COTS products offer the most appropriate functionality?  Typically, there will be several COTS products available, which can be combined in different ways.  How will data be exchanged?  Different products normally use unique data structures and formats. You have to write adaptors that convert from one representation to another.  What features of a product will actually be used?  COTS products may include more functionality than you need and functionality may be duplicated across different products. Chapter 16 Software reuse47

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A COTS-integrated procurement system 48Chapter 16 Software reuse

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Service-oriented COTS interfaces  COTS integration can be simplified if a service-oriented approach is used.  A service-oriented approach means allowing access to the application system’s functionality through a standard service interface, with a service for each discrete unit of functionality.  Some applications may offer a service interface but, sometimes, this service interface has to be implemented by the system integrator. You have to program a wrapper that hides the application and provides externally visible services. Chapter 16 Software reuse49

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Application wrapping 50Chapter 16 Software reuse

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COTS system integration problems  Lack of control over functionality and performance  COTS systems may be less effective than they appear  Problems with COTS system inter-operability  Different COTS systems may make different assumptions that means integration is difficult  No control over system evolution  COTS vendors not system users control evolution  Support from COTS vendors  COTS vendors may not offer support over the lifetime of the product

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Key points  Software product lines are related applications that are developed from a common base. This generic system is adapted to meet specific requirements for functionality, target platform or operational configuration.  COTS product reuse is concerned with the reuse of large-scale, off-the- shelf systems. These provide a lot of functionality and their reuse can radically reduce costs and development time. Systems may be developed by configuring a single, generic COTS product or by integrating two or more COTS products.  Enterprise Resource Planning systems are examples of large-scale COTS reuse. You create an instance of an ERP system by configuring a generic system with information about the customer’s business processes and rules.  Potential problems with COTS-based reuse include lack of control over functionality and performance, lack of control over system evolution, the need for support from external vendors and difficulties in ensuring that systems can inter-operate. Chapter 16 Software reuse52