The Replication of Damaged DNA by Synthesis Across a Lesion in the Template Strand; a Specialized DNA Polymerase or Replication Complex Inserts a Defined Nucleotide Across From the Lesion Which Allows DNA Synthesis to Continue Beyond the Lesion. This Process Can Be Mutagenic Depending On the Damaged Nucleotide and the Inserted Nucleotide.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Transfer of a Group E.g. a Methyl Group Glycosyl Group Acyl Group Phosphorus Containing or Other Groups From One Compound (generally Regarded As the Donor) to Another Compound (generally Regarded As the Acceptor). Transferase Is the Systematic Name For Any Enzyme of EC Class 2.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Transfer of a Group E.g. a Methyl Group Glycosyl Group Acyl Group Phosphorus Containing or Other Groups From One Compound (generally Regarded As the Donor) to Another Compound (generally Regarded As the Acceptor). Transferase Is the Systematic Name For Any Enzyme of EC Class 2.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

The Process of Restoring DNA After Damage. Genomes Are Subject to Damage by Chemical and Physical Agents in the Environment (e.g. Uv and Ionizing Radiations Chemical Mutagens Fungal and Bacterial Toxins Etc.) and by Free Radicals or Alkylating Agents Endogenously Generated in Metabolism. DNA Is Also Damaged Because of Errors During Its Replication. a Variety of Different DNA Repair Pathways Have Been Reported That Include Direct Reversal Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Photoreactivation Bypass Double Strand Break Repair Pathway and Mismatch Repair Pathway.

Any Process Involved in the Assembly of the RNA Polymerase Ii Preinitiation Complex (pic) At an RNA Polymerase Ii Promoter Region of a DNA Template Resulting in the Subsequent Synthesis of RNA From That Promoter. the Initiation Phase Includes Pic Assembly and the Formation of the First Few Bonds in the RNA Chain Including Abortive Initiation Which Occurs When the First Few Nucleotides Are Repeatedly Synthesized and Then Released. Promoter Clearance or Release Is the Transition Between the Initiation and Elongation Phases of Transcription.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Stimulus Indicating Damage to Its DNA From Environmental Insults or Errors During Metabolism.

The Directed Movement of MRNA From the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm During a Heat Stimulus a Temperature Stimulus Above the Optimal Temperature For the Organism; in Particular a Process That Enables an Organism Withstand Exposure to Temperatures That Would Otherwise Lethally Impair Poly(a)+ MRNA Nucleus Export.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Interacting Selectively and Non Covalently with a Nucleotide Any Compound Consisting of a Nucleoside That Is Esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an Oligophosphate At Any Hydroxyl Group On the Ribose or Deoxyribose.

Catalysis of a Biochemical Reaction At Physiological Temperatures. in Biologically Catalyzed Reactions the Reactants Are Known As Substrates and the Catalysts Are Naturally Occurring Macromolecular Substances Known As Enzymes. Enzymes Possess Specific Binding Sites For Substrates and Are Usually Composed Wholly or Largely of Protein But RNA That Has Catalytic Activity (ribozyme) Is Often Also Regarded As Enzymatic.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Cellular Process That Results in the Biosynthesis of Constituent Macromolecules Assembly and Arrangement of Constituent Parts of Ribosome Subunits; Includes Transport to the Sites of Protein Synthesis.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase Iii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces 5s RRNA Trnas and Some of the Small Nuclear Rnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase I and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Ii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase I One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Rrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase Iii and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases Ii and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase I Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyzes DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Iii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Cellular Process That Results in the Biosynthesis of Constituent Macromolecules Assembly and Arrangement of Constituent Parts of Ribosome Subunits; Includes Transport to the Sites of Protein Synthesis.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase Iii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces 5s RRNA Trnas and Some of the Small Nuclear Rnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase I and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Ii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase I One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Rrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase Iii and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases Ii and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase I Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyzes DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Iii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Any Process Involved in the Assembly of the RNA Polymerase Ii Preinitiation Complex (pic) At an RNA Polymerase Ii Promoter Region of a DNA Template Resulting in the Subsequent Synthesis of RNA From That Promoter. the Initiation Phase Includes Pic Assembly and the Formation of the First Few Bonds in the RNA Chain Including Abortive Initiation Which Occurs When the First Few Nucleotides Are Repeatedly Synthesized and Then Released. Promoter Clearance or Release Is the Transition Between the Initiation and Elongation Phases of Transcription.

Any Process That Increases the Frequency Rate or Extent of Poly(a) Tail Shortening of a Nuclear Transcribed Mrna. Poly(a) Tail Shortening Is the Decrease in Length of the Poly(a) Tail of an MRNA From Full Length to an Oligo(a) Length.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Cellular Process That Results in the Biosynthesis of Constituent Macromolecules Assembly and Arrangement of Constituent Parts of Ribosome Subunits; Includes Transport to the Sites of Protein Synthesis.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase Iii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces 5s RRNA Trnas and Some of the Small Nuclear Rnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase I and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Ii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase I One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Rrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase Iii and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases Ii and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase I Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyzes DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Iii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Suppression of the Occurrence of Transcriptional Errors Such As Substitutions And/or Insertions of Nucleotides That Do Not Correctly Match the Template Base During the Process of Transcription Elongation From an RNA Polymerase Ii Promoter.

The Process of Restoring DNA After Damage. Genomes Are Subject to Damage by Chemical and Physical Agents in the Environment (e.g. Uv and Ionizing Radiations Chemical Mutagens Fungal and Bacterial Toxins Etc.) and by Free Radicals or Alkylating Agents Endogenously Generated in Metabolism. DNA Is Also Damaged Because of Errors During Its Replication. a Variety of Different DNA Repair Pathways Have Been Reported That Include Direct Reversal Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Photoreactivation Bypass Double Strand Break Repair Pathway and Mismatch Repair Pathway.

The Nucleotide Excision Repair Process That Carries Out Preferential Repair of DNA Lesions On the Actively Transcribed Strand of the DNA Duplex. in Addition the Transcription Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway Is Required For the Recognition and Repair of a Small Subset of Lesions That Are Not Recognized by the Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway.

Any Process Involved in the Assembly of the RNA Polymerase Ii Preinitiation Complex (pic) At an RNA Polymerase Ii Promoter Region of a DNA Template Resulting in the Subsequent Synthesis of RNA From That Promoter. the Initiation Phase Includes Pic Assembly and the Formation of the First Few Bonds in the RNA Chain Including Abortive Initiation Which Occurs When the First Few Nucleotides Are Repeatedly Synthesized and Then Released. Promoter Clearance or Release Is the Transition Between the Initiation and Elongation Phases of Transcription.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Stimulus Indicating Damage to Its DNA From Environmental Insults or Errors During Metabolism.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Cellular Process That Results in the Biosynthesis of Constituent Macromolecules Assembly and Arrangement of Constituent Parts of Ribosome Subunits; Includes Transport to the Sites of Protein Synthesis.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase Iii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces 5s RRNA Trnas and Some of the Small Nuclear Rnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase I and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Ii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

A Small Dense Body One or More of Which Are Present in the Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells. It Is Rich in RNA and Protein Is Not Bounded by a Limiting Membrane and Is Not Seen During Mitosis. Its Prime Function Is the Transcription of the Nucleolar DNA Into 45s Ribosomal Precursor RNA the Processing of This RNA Into 5.8s 18s and 28s Components of Ribosomal RNA and the Association of These Components with 5s RNA and Proteins Synthesized Outside the Nucleolus. This Association Results in the Formation of Ribonucleoprotein Precursors; These Pass Into the Cytoplasm and Mature Into the 40s and 60s Subunits of the Ribosome.

RNA Polymerase I One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Rrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase Iii and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases Ii and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase I Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyzes DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Iii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

A Cellular Process That Results in the Biosynthesis of Constituent Macromolecules Assembly and Arrangement of Constituent Parts of Ribosome Subunits; Includes Transport to the Sites of Protein Synthesis.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

RNA Polymerase Ii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Mrnas Snornas and Some of the Snrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Largest Subunit of RNA Polymerase Ii Contains an Essential Carboxyl Terminal Domain (ctd) Composed of a Variable Number of Heptapeptide Repeats (ysptsps). the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

RNA Polymerase Iii One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces 5s RRNA Trnas and Some of the Small Nuclear Rnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase I and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases I and Ii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

A Small Dense Body One or More of Which Are Present in the Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells. It Is Rich in RNA and Protein Is Not Bounded by a Limiting Membrane and Is Not Seen During Mitosis. Its Prime Function Is the Transcription of the Nucleolar DNA Into 45s Ribosomal Precursor RNA the Processing of This RNA Into 5.8s 18s and 28s Components of Ribosomal RNA and the Association of These Components with 5s RNA and Proteins Synthesized Outside the Nucleolus. This Association Results in the Formation of Ribonucleoprotein Precursors; These Pass Into the Cytoplasm and Mature Into the 40s and 60s Subunits of the Ribosome.

RNA Polymerase I One of Three Nuclear DNA Directed RNA Polymerases Found in All Eukaryotes Is a Multisubunit Complex; Typically It Produces Rrnas. Two Large Subunits Comprise the Most Conserved Portion Including the Catalytic Site and Share Similarity with Other Eukaryotic and Bacterial Multisubunit RNA Polymerases. the Remainder of the Complex Is Composed of Smaller Subunits (generally Ten or More) Some of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerase Iii and Others of Which Are Also Found in RNA Polymerases Ii and Iii. Although the Core Is Competent to Mediate Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis It Requires Additional Factors to Select the Appropriate Template.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase I Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyzes DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Ii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template That Contains an RNA Polymerase Iii Specific Promoter to Direct Initiation and Catalyses DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Nucleoside Triphosphate + Rna(n) = Diphosphate + Rna(n+1). Utilizes a DNA Template I.e. the Catalysis of DNA Template Directed Extension of the 3' End of an RNA Strand by One Nucleotide At a Time. Can Initiate a Chain 'de Novo'.