COPS HAVE EYES ON X-RAY VISION

New Technology Would Let Police See Though Walls

By Hans H. Chen

NEW YORK (APBnews.com) -- After failing for 19 hours to flush an armed
man high on methamphetamine from a Los Angeles warehouse, sheriff's deputies
made the decision they always dread -- bust in and take him out.

They had no idea where in the cavernous facility Daniel Lawrence Collins
had holed up, and no way to find out. They knew he would have the drop
on the strike team, and they were right. Collins opened fire with an SKS
assault rifle from behind a bathroom door, injuring three deputies.

What the deputies need -- and what they soon may get -- is X-ray vision.

A force multiplier

Three high-tech labs are in the final stages of developing a new form of radar device that can see through walls by broadcasting radio signals across broad bands of the spectrum to pinpoint a hidden suspect. Based
on military technology, the products still need government approval and
won't go on the market for at least a few more months.

But police who have tried various versions of the new radar scanners
like what they see -- and what the product developers are telling them.

"One of the exciting things about this is that it's kind of like a force
multiplier," said Elise Taylor, a spokeswoman for Time Domain, an Alabama
company that developed a through-the-wall surveillance system called RadarVision.
"It allows you to tell what's going on inside a building without actually
having to look through a window or be inside the room."

See breathing through wood

Time Domain's product can detect breathing through wood, plaster or
concrete from 20 feet away. By reading an LCD panel on the front of the
chunky, 16-pound unit, police officers will know the exact location of
their quarry.

"Especially with something that is as efficient as this in detecting
motion behind a door or wall, the police definitely need something like
that," said Jim Ball, a program manager for the National Institute of Justice's
Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization who is helping Time
Domain bring the product to market. "It's high priority."

Time Domain has developed 20 prototypes and is still working on reducing
the size of the unit, Ball said.

100-foot range

Time Domain isn't the only company working on X-ray vision for cops.
After that June 11, 1997, standoff, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office
started looking into the new technology and came across defense contractor
Raytheon and its MARS system, or Motion and Ranging Sensor. The company
promises MARS will spot a lurking fugitive 100 feet away. That kind of
range -- achieved by adapting military missile guidance technology -- is
enough to find someone hiding two stories up inside a building.

"If they're in the bushes, all they have to do is scratch their butt
and you'll pick them up," said Larry Frazier, a Raytheon senior scientist
who developed the MARS system.

SWAT teams from the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department and Albuquerque,
N.M., Police Department have been working with demonstration models of
the MARS system.

"This particular technology allows us to see through walls and has great
promise because we can find where the suspect is and enter into an area
where we're not going to be confronted by him," said Lt. Sid Heal, who
researches new technology for the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. "Sometimes
it's as important to know where a suspect isn't as where he is."

Radar flashlight

Scientists at Georgia Tech are working on a third system -- a lightweight
through-the-wall radar system that fits inside a flashlight. With a range
of about 40 feet, Georgia Tech's "radar flashlight" displays less information
than the other two devices. Initially developed so Army medics could tell
if soldiers stranded on a battlefield were still breathing, the radar flashlight
can detect, from certain angles, a human heartbeat, say its inventors.

When the radar flashlight detects a human movement, the display is simple
-- as simple, perhaps, as two lights on top of the unit. A red light means
there's someone there.

This simplicity has the advantage of being cheaper than the other systems.
The MARS units are expected to cost $5,000 to $10,000. Time Domain doesn't
disclose the cost of its device. At $500, the radar flashlight may be more
practical for cash-strapped police departments.

"We're trying to reach every policeman on the beat," said Gene Greneker,
the scientist at the Georgia Tech Research Institute who developed the
radar flashlight. "Police departments don't have a lot of money for technology."

Federal approval required

Cost might not be the only thing keeping these technologies off the
market. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates all
commercial radar, radio and television broadcasts, is holding up the technology
because of concerns that the devices may interfere with existing radar
transmissions.

Conventional radar bounces continuous waves of energy, at a fixed frequency,
at a target. The Raytheon and Time Domain devices use something called
ultra wide-band radar, sending out low-level bursts of energy across many
frequencies. Because they carry such little power, the companies say the
bursts cause minimal interference to other signals, but the FCC has yet
to approve ultra wide-band transmissions.

Time Domain, Raytheon and other companies with a stake in this technology
said they expected the FCC to make a decision by this summer. Time Domain
said it would like to begin selling units this year. Time Domain founder
Ralph Petroff told APBNews.com that he expected the federal government
to grant his company a waiver soon that would allow it to distribute 2,500
of its devices to accredited public safety agencies.

Raytheon wants to have its products on the market by the beginning of
next year.

The demand for these products is high, and the National Institute of
Justice has placed through-the-wall surveillance at the top of its scientific
funding priority list for the past two years. Law enforcement officials
and the companies themselves say the need for the new products is obvious,
and they may help police officers survive deadly situations.

"I think once they learn how to use it, it'll be as valuable as their
guns," Frazier said.

Prior to the 1996 Olympics held in Atlanta, Georgia, several versions
of a radar vital signs monitor (RVSM) were developed by Georgia Tech Research
Institute researchers. The most recent version RVSM was developed to measure
the heart rate of Olympic rifle and bow and arrow See related paper: RADAR
Flashlight for Through-the-Wall Detection of Humans

competitors to determine if their training allowed them to the detect
their heartbeats and if so, whether they were capable of using that training
to avoid an approximate 5 milliradian movement of the bow or rifle that
occurs each time the heart beats. The RVSM that was developed was tested
to detect the shooter's heartbeat at a distance of 10 meters without the
requirement of a physical connection to the subject. It was found that
a second channel could be added to the RVSM to detect the shooter's respiration
rate from a distance of 20 meters without physical connection between the
RVSM and the shooter.

The RADAR Flashlight, a spin-off of these predecessor systems developed
at GTRI, is the topic of this paper. The RADAR Flashlight was designed
to detect the respiration of a human subject behind a wall, door or an
enclosed space with non-conductive walls. The use of the system as a foliage
penetration radar has also been explored. It has been determined that the
RADAR Flashlight is capable of detecting a human hiding within a tree line
behind light foliage. This paper describes the current status of the RADAR
Flashlight and presents typical test data produced when the system is operated
in the laboratory environment.

1. History of System Development:The RADAR Flashlight results from technology developed during several
research projects conducted at GTRI over the past 10 years to detect respiration
and heartbeat signatures from individuals at a distance and without connections.
The first GTRI RVSM system was developed in the mid-1980s under sponsorship
of the United States Department of Defense (DOD). A patent on the system
was issued in 1992. This frequency modulated (FM) radar was used as a battlefield
vital signs monitor. It was designed to be used during live fire situations
to determine if a wounded soldier was alive before risking a corpsman's
life to treat him. The design goal of that system was a capability to detect
heartbeat and respiration at distances of 100 meters. The system was also
tested on soldiers wearing a chemical or biological warfare suit to allow
vital signs to be monitored without opening the suit and risking contamination
of the subject. The latest RVSM, to be briefly discussed in this paper,
was developed by the author for use in the 1996 Olympics held in Atlanta,
Georgia. A variant called the RADAR Flashlight, which is the primary subject
of this paper, was developed for use by law enforcement personnel to detect
individuals concealed behind a wall or within an enclosed space.

2. The RVSM Developed for Olympic Application:The operation of the Olympic model RVSM was addressed in a paper that
was presented at AeroSense 97.1 Specifically, the RVSM was developed because
it had been proposed that some Olympic archers and rifle competitors shoot
between their heartbeats to avoid an approximate 5 milliradian movement
of the arms and body. If this was true, their shooting between heartbeats
would provide better accuracy. A system to detect a heartbeat at a distance
was proposed and a prototype RVSM was built to demonstrate the finely honed
skills of the Olympic competitors. It was envisioned that the demonstration
RVSM would be of interest to the television networks covering these competitions.
Next, several system requirements were developed. The operation of the
system could not distract the competitors. To meet this challenge, the
radar was designed to be located at least 10 meters from the competitors,
under a radome, and mounted on a pan-tilt positioner. A charged coupled
low light level television camera was boresighted with the antenna for
aiming the system at the thorax of the shooters under study. The system
also required low sidelobes to avoid detection motion artifacts from the
event judges who would observe the shooters during competition.

3. Radar Vital Signs Heartbeat Signature:Figure 1 shows the a typical heartbeat signature that has been sensed
by the RVSM built for the Olympics. Referring to Figure 1, the subject
was seated in the laboratory approximately 3 meters from the RVSM. The
RVSM antenna was boresighted on the thorax region of the subject's chest.

It is thought that the signature that is detected by the RVSM is the
shock wave propagating from the beating heart as it spreads across the
thorax region of the chest wall rather than the detection of the movement
of the beating heart. Studies have shown that there is little penetration
of the chest wall by radio frequency (RF) energy at 24.1 GHz at the low
power densities of 0.1 milliwatt/CM2, which is typical of those produced
by the RVSM at a range of 3 meters. It is thought that this shock wave
is the same phenomenon that is heard by a health care provider using a
stethoscope. The heartbeat signature shown in Figure 1 is relatively complex,
indicating that there are numerous frequencies in the signature. When the
digital recording from which the Figure 1 plot was taken is fed into a
digital to analog converter and the subsequent output is fed to the input
of an audio amplifier with good bass response, the sound that is heard
in the speaker is very similar to the heartbeat sounds that are heard with
a stethoscope.

The capability of the RVSM to provide heart and respiration rate in
addition to heart sounds suggests some interesting applications for the
technology. These possible applications include a monitor for telemedicine
that does not require the connection of electrodes to the patient. Physically
or mentally challenged patients would only be required to sit in front
of a table top monitor to have their heart and respiration rates taken.
Burn wards could use the system to take vital signs of patients without
skin for electrode attachment.

Other applications that have been investigated for the RVSM include
using it to detect persons hiding in light foliage several feet behind
a chain link fence. The use of the RVSM as a stress measurement system
has also been investigated. It was found that a change in the heartbeat
rate of a human as small as 3 heartbeats per minute is measurable. This
capability has law enforcement applications. It was during the evaluation
of law enforcement applications that the concept of the RADAR Flashlight
was developed.

The RADAR Flashlight was developed to be a law enforcement tool. It
can detect the respiration signature of an individual standing up to 5
meters behind an 20 centimeter hollow core concrete block wall and wooden
doors typical of those found on most homes and which are almost transparent
to the system. Dry plywood, particle board and wall board do not attenuate
the signal significantly.

Most system applications for the RADAR Flashlight involve inspection
of spaces beyond a door or wall. For example, the system could be used
to determine if a subject is standing behind a door without a requirement
that the door be opened. This technique could be used to detect a subject
behind a front door who fails to answer a knock. It can also be used to
inspect a closed space such as an interior closet. Normally, the closet
would have to be opened to determine if someone was hiding inside.

4. Operational Theory and Design:Figure 2 is a photograph of the current version of the laboratory prototype
RADAR Flashlight. Referring to Figure 2, the system is housed in a flashlight
shaped enclosure. The radar is mounted in the front of the housing, and
the system's microwave lens, used to "shape" the antenna beam, is installed
in the position of the optical lens normally found on a standard flashlight.
The battery compartment is longer than those found on a normal flashlight.
It is currently planned that the system's signal processor and rechargeable
batteries will be housed in the extended battery compartment once the current
laboratory prototype is reduced to a field testable prototype.

The current external signal processor used with the laboratory prototype
is shown in Figure 2 as the printed circuit board to the left of the RADAR
Flashlight. No attempt has been made to miniaturize this signal processor
which is currently used to filter the respiration signature from other
signals caused by radar self motion, fluorescent lights and other clutter
effects. The laboratory prototype unit shown in Figure 2 operates on a
frequency near 10.525 GHz, although an earlier version of the system was
operated at 24.1 GHz and demonstrated less sensitivity to motion through
a 20 centimeter hollow brick block wall. The current laboratory prototype
is a homodyne radar configuration, although a frequency modulated continuous
wave (FM-CW) system could be used for applications where information is
required to determine the range to the target. The current laboratory prototype
operates in the near field region of the antenna for most through the wall
detection scenarios.

The current laboratory system signal processor (shown in Figure 2) processes
the respiration signal and the associated signal in the time domain so
that the time domain record is preserved. The processor essentially acts
as a low pass filter with the cut off frequency shoulder just above the
highest respiration frequencies that are expected. This first filter rejects
most of the ambient clutter sources such as fluorescent lights. The analog
time domain signal is fed into an analog to digital converter hosted by
a laboratory computer where the input signal is converted into a 12 bit
analog word and displayed on a computer generated strip chart recording.
Once in digital format, the signal can be subjected to more rigorous processing
to retrieve the respiration signal under heavy clutter conditions including
those due to body motion and other artifacts.

Figure 3 is a recording of a respiration signature that was taken by
the RADAR Flashlight located 24 centimeters from a hollow core 20 centimeter
thick concrete building block wall. The subject was instructed to stand
1.8 meters beyond the brick wall and not to move once in position but to
breathe normally. The RADAR Flashlight's beam projected through the wall
and was approximately centered on the thorax region of the subject's chest.

Referring to Figure 3, time moves from left to right. The ambient signal
level without a subject in the beam is shown as point A. The point at which
the subject enters the beam is shown as point B. Upon the subject's entry
into the beam, there is a large downward shift in signal level. The shift
occurs because the detector is D.C. coupled to the first stage of the signal
preamplifier. As a result, there is a shift in the level of the signal
due to a change in phase along the signal path caused by the placement
of the subject's body into the beam. Points C, D, E, F and G are negative
excursions caused by the movement of the chest wall toward the radar during
respiration. The subject was told to breathe once approximately every five
seconds and the record shows that this instruction was followed. The subject
steps out of the beam at approximately 52 seconds. The signal level returns
to the ambient level at point H. There was a D.C. level drift of approximately
230 millivolts over the 60 second period during which the test was conducted.
This signal drift would not normally appear because the output of the detector
would be A.C. coupled through a D.C. blocking capacitor between the detector
diode and the preamplifier input.

5. Design Philosophy:The RADAR Flashlight will detect the body movement of a subject at
longer ranges than those at which the respiration signature can be detected
when the subject is stationary. Total body motion presents a much larger
Doppler modulated radar cross section than the small respiration induced
movement of the chest wall. Unfortunately, when the RADAR Flashlight is
used for law enforcement applications, the subject can not be depended
upon to voluntarily move during the search process. Thus, the detection
of the involuntary respiration signature is necessary to ensure that the
motionless subject can be detected.

Several system utilization scenarios have been developed for the RADAR
Flashlight. When a fugitive warrant is being executed, interior closets
are often the hiding places of choice for individuals who are sometimes
armed and dangerous. It is the duty of those serving the warrant to open
each closet door and inspect the interior space. This requirement puts
the law enforcement personnel at a disadvantage. The RADAR Flashlight can
detect fugitives or others hiding in a closet without requiring that the
closet door be opened to complete the inspection.

During a hostage situation it may be possible to determine where in
a room the hostages are located and it may also be possible to determine
where the hostage takers are located at any given time, assuming that the
usual hostage scenarios are followed. Hostages are usually closely controlled
and may be physically restrained or under duress to prevent their escape.
Thus, a hostage is generally not moving but will be breathing. The hostage
taker may be highly mobile and may move from room to room to inspect his
or her defenses, communicate with police, and continually assess the environment.
There are exceptions, however, but if this scenario is the case even 50
percent of the time, the RADAR Flashlight may be able to help determine
the location of the hostage taker(s) and determine the location of the
hostages. It is envisioned that a member of the Special Weapons and Tactics
Team (SWATT) would take a position against the outside wall of the room
of interest. The SWATT member would attempt to first detect motion and
later detect respiration in a more careful search. The RADAR Flashlight
would be scanned slowly across the room.

Warrant servers are required to go to a home or business to serve warrants
on persons who in many cases do not want to accept the warrant or even
let the server know that they are present. This is especially true when
the individual will go to jail if they are discovered. The RADAR Flashlight
could help determine if there is an individual behind the door but not
answering the door.

6. Real World Requirements for System Acceptance:The system must be inexpensive to produce in large quantities and in
the same price range as a top end weapon carried by a law enforcement officer.
Thus, a target price for the RADAR Flashlight product was set at between
$300 and $500. It is thought that the most expensive part of the system
would be the RF section followed by the digital signal processor. If future
marketing studies should determine that high sales volumes can be achieved,
the parts count in the system can be reduced significantly by implementing
the system in a chip set. The cost of converting the system to a chip set
would be amortized over the high number of systems sold.

There is a requirement that the system should be capable of being operated
by a relatively unskilled operator. This requirement suggested that the
packaging of the system was important and that the associated signal processor
should be "smart" and make many of the decisions regarding target identification
for the operator. Given this requirement, a flashlight configuration was
adopted as a housing. The final form of the target display has not yet
been determined, although a simple display would appear to be an acceptable
option.

7. Steps Toward Commercialization:The RADAR Flashlight is currently a laboratory instrument and, as such,
is not designed to be used while in motion. When the RADAR Flashlight is
in motion it receives Doppler shifted signals that are generated from its
own motion referenced to fixed objects in front of the sensor. Depending
on the radar cross section of the "radar clutter," the clutter return can
be very large compared to the small return from the chest motion generated
by respiration. GTRI has developed two approaches to achieve cancellation
of the self motion of the RADAR Flashlight. Research must still be conducted
to determine which self motion technique is most effective and to develop
the self motion cancellation algorithms.

GTRI has developed a research plan to take the RADAR Flashlight from
the laboratory prototype to a field testable prototype. After field testing,
it is anticipated that deficiencies will be found that must be corrected.
After deficiency corrections are undertaken the system will be licensed
to a manufacturer to produce as a product. The next challenge is to find
the manufacturer capable of producing a quality product and also capable
of funding the research that remains to transition the RADAR Flashlight
from a laboratory prototype to a pre-production prototype.

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