The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the usefulness of MRI using 129Xe gas for regional assessment of pulmonary function. Specifically, three forms of 129Xe MRI contrast will be the investigators focus — 1) imaging of the 129Xe ventilation distribution, 2) imaging the alveolar microstructure via the 129Xe apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and 3) imaging 129Xe that dissolves in the pulmonary blood and tissues upon inhalation. Such imaging of 129Xe gas transfer is expected to be uniquely sensitive to pathologies affecting gas exchange (fibrosis, emphysema, pulmonary hypertension) and provide new insights regarding the normal resting heterogeneity of pulmonary gas exchange.

Number of Participants with Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability [ Time Frame: 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

The purpose of this trial is to examine the ability of HP 129Xe imaging to characterize the lung in healthy and diseased states. The safety endpoint for each subject is to record any adverse events as a measure of safety and tolerability. The technical endpoint for each subject is the acquisition of technically adequate HP 129Xe MR images.

Each subject will receive up to but not exceeding 5 doses of hyperpolarized 129Xenon gas during any given imaging session. One of these doses is used for calibrating the MRI scanner and will contain 200 ml Xe, and 800ml N2. Xenon Doses used for image acquisition will contain up to 100% xenon at a volume up to 1 liter. Subjects will receive no more than 4 doses consisting of 100% xenon at 1 liter.

Xenon will be administered with at least a 10 minute interval between doses to ensure that there is no imaging or health effect from residual xenon

Detailed Description:

Non-invasive imaging of pulmonary function is expected to provide critical insights that are needed to spur progress in characterizing and treating chronic pulmonary diseases. The current primary diagnostic measure is pulmonary function testing (PFT), which was introduced in the mid-19th century, yet remains the standard of care today. PFTs have the advantage of being non-invasive and widely available, but suffer from poor sensitivity and high variability. Thus, PFTs are ineffective in assessing therapeutic response or disease progression on reasonable time scales, given the frequent heterogeneity of disease and the lung's compensatory mechanisms.

It has long been appreciated that improving sensitivity requires assessing the lungs regionally. To this end, methods, such as computed tomography (CT), provide insights into lung structure, but lung function must be inferred. However, of greater concern is the high radiation dose associated with CT, which precludes frequent longitudinal follow-up imaging. Alternatively, regional imaging of both ventilation and perfusion is possible using nuclear medicine techniques such as planar scintigraphy, single photon computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET). However, as with CT imaging, all these modalities expose the subject to ionizing radiation and cannot be applied serially without a compelling clinical need. Moreover, these nuclear imaging modalities suffer from poor spatial and temporal resolution.

The key role for HP 129Xe MRI is that it can enable non-invasive high-resolution imaging of all aspects of pulmonary structure and function. We have recently shown HP 129Xe MRI to visualize pulmonary ventilation with high resolution, as well as the ability to show abnormalities of the alveolar microstructure that are associated with the emphysema phenotype of COPD. We have also demonstrated the fundamentally new capability to directly visualize the uptake of 129Xe into the pulmonary capillary blood and tissues, which can provide an even more complete picture of pulmonary function by supplying regional gas exchange information.

Xenon is a noble gas that is not chemically altered by the body. A small fraction of the inhaled Xe is absorbed into the blood stream and has documented anesthetic effects at moderate concentrations. The levels of gas used in this protocol are within the previously derived safe limits for both animals and humans. The stable isotope 129Xe can be hyperpolarized, which is a means to enhance its gross MRI signal by a factor of ∼100,000. Such signal enhancement makes it possible to image the inhaled gas with high spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, the properties of 129Xe enable images to be acquired with multiple forms of contrast including ventilation, lung microstructure, and regional gas exchange. Because 129Xe MRI uses no ionizing radiation, and only an inhaled gas contrast agent, it has the potential to be used in longitudinal studies to test the effects of therapy or monitor progression of disease noninvasively.

Eligibility

Ages Eligible for Study:

18 Years to 80 Years

Genders Eligible for Study:

Both

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

Yes

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Control Subjects

Subject has no diagnosed pulmonary conditions

Subject has not smoked in the previous 5 years.

Smoking history, if any, is less than or equal to 5 pack-years.

Inclusion Criteria for Subjects with lung disease

Subject has a diagnosis of pulmonary dysfunction made by a physician

No acute worsening of pulmonary function in the past 30 days

Exclusion Criteria:

Subject is less than 18 years old

MRI is contraindicated based on responses to MRI screening questionaire

Subject is pregnant or lactating

Respiratory illness of a bacterial or viral etiology within 30 days of MRI

Subject has received an investigational medicinal product (not including 129Xe) within 30 days of MRI

Subject has any form of known cardiac arrhythmia

Subject does not fit into 129Xe vest coil used for MRI

Subject cannot hold his/her breath for 15 seconds

Subject deemed unlikely to be able to comply with instructions during imaging

Contacts and Locations

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Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01280994