Anfal is "the name given by the Iraqis to a series of military actions which
lasted from February 23 until September 6, 1988. While it is impossible to
understand the Anfal campaign without reference to the final phase of the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, Anfal was not merely a function of that war. Rather, the winding-up of the
conflict on Iraq's terms was the immediate historical circumstance that gave Baghdad the
opportunity to bring to a climax its longstanding efforts to bring the Kurds to heal."

from Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
1993, Human Rights Watch

Select any of the maps on this page to view a full, detailed map. The first
map presents an overview of the Anfal campaigns. The other seven maps show the
settings of the individual Anfal campaigns.