I've got a PSU of an audiomixer to repair. After measuring it out i found that there was a schottky diode broken. Apparently the type used here is hard to find and it would cost me 20 (shipping costs!?!) to get me one.
So i did the following, I placed a regular diode with the same Volt/Amp specs but this one burned out.
Isn't there a chance that if i put in the right part this one will burn too?

You likely have more problems in the PSU than simply a burned-out diode.

I would strongly suspect electrolytic capacitors; they degrade over time, and can fail either shorted or open. If your PSU is more than 8 years old, I suggest replacing all of the electrolytic capacitors before trying another diode.

is there a way to measure the caps on the board? because visually they are all okay. i know a little theory but there is huge diference between the practical stuff.

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You cant measure the value of a capacitor while it is on the board because it is connected with other components and you take a wrong reading. You can measure it if you take it out of the board but if you make the job to take them all out it is better to replace them with new ones if they are very old.

In MOST cases you can. If the capacitor is connected in parallel with other resistive components, insitu ESR measurements will not be accurate and will generally read lower than they actually are. Insitu ESR readings may also depend to some extent on the type of ESR tester being used.