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The Digestive System converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells; absorbs food; eliminates waste.

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Mouth  The first stop in the disassembly of your food; Mechanical digestion = chewing and Chemical digestion = enzymes found in saliva Pharynx (throat) Epiglottis  Small flap that closes over the opening of the respiratory system when swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway. Esophagus  Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

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Liver  Produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats Gallbladder  Stores bile produced by the liver Stomach  Muscular pouch like organ where involuntary muscular churning and chemical digestion occurs Pancreas  Secretes enzymes to help break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats Small Intestine  Narrow muscular tube where digestion of food is completed with the help of enzymes secreted by the liver and pancreas

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Villi (plural: Villus)  Little projections in the lining of the small intestine that function in the absorption of digested food Large Intestine (colon)  Muscular tube where water and salts are absorbed; material spends 18-24 hours here Appendix  Tube like extension off of the large intestine Rectum  The last part of the digestive system, feces are eliminated from the rectum through the anus

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The Urinary System filters blood, maintains electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, and eliminates waste products from the body

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Kidneys Help maintain homeostasis by filtering blood to remove waste Nephron  Tiny filter that makes up the kidney, there are millions Ureters  Tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder Urinary Bladder  Smooth muscle bag that stores a solution of wastes called urine Urethra  Tube where urine passed out of the body (*Excretory Only) *Skin *Lungs

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Circulatory – waste products are carried from the cells to the kidney through blood vessels Endocrine – hormones are sent that control water levels and homeostasis Respiratory – expels toxic CO2 out of body

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The Respiratory System provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide from the body

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Nose and Mouth  Respiration begins with taking in air Pharynx (Throat) Larynx  Where your vocal cords are Trachea (Windpipe)  Passes air into the bronchi Bronchi (singular: Bronchus)  Passes air from trachea to the lungs

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Bronchioles  Each Bronchus in the lungs branches out like a tree into bronchioles Alveoli  Sacs at the end of the Bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged Diaphragm  Muscle that enables you to breathe

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Circulatory – brings O2 to the cells and CO2 back to the lungs Excretory – part of the excretory system to get rid of toxic CO2 from the body

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Pleurisy- (first information, there are two layers that surround the lungs. They are covered in blood vessels and nerves. The inner lung-side layer is called the visceral pleura. The outer rib-side layer is called the parietal pleura) In pleurisy, the pleura become inflamed. If/when the pleura become inflamed enough, it causes a sharp, stabbing pain, usually in the side or upper back/chest. Pneumonia- an inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. Usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals.

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1. Adduction-moving a body part toward midline 2. Abduction-moving a body part away from the midline 3. Flexion-decreasing the angle between two bones, bending a body part 4. Extension-increasing the angle between two bones, straightening a body part 5. Rotation-turning a body part around its axis 6. Circumduction-moving in a circle at a joint

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The Nervous System recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments

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Neurons (Nerve Cells)  Basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system  Long cell with 3 regions 1.Cell body 2.Dendrites  Receive impulses and deliver them to the cel l 3.Axon  Extension of the neuron that carry impulses away from the cell

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Brain  Control center Spinal Cord Central Nervous System  Made up of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates your body’s activities Peripheral Nervous System  Made up of the nerves which carry messages to and from the central nervous system

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The nervous system works with many other systems, but works closely with the: Digestive system Muscular system

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1. CVA –Cerebrovascular Accident- Stroke-Brain Attack. Occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting in a lack of oxygen to brain tissues and destruction to those tissues. A. Hemorrhagic- bursting forth of blood inside the cranial cavity after a vessel has burst. Hypertension, drugs, trauma B. Occlusive- blood clot within a small vessel inside the brain-> tissue post clot isn’t receiving adequate oxygenation. SS: Severe headache, ptosis-facial drooping usually one sided, Slurred speech, loss of coordination. Tx: stop the bleeding or remove the clot, reverse the excess pressure on the brain. Recovery varies by severity

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Hypothalamus  Part of the brain that the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems Pituitary  The main gland of the endocrine system. It is stimulated by the hypothalamus when changes in homeostasis are detected and produces chemicals and stimulates other glands.

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Adrenal Glands  Prepare the body for stress by releasing hormones  epinephrine (adrenaline) norephinephrine which increases blood pressure and heart rate  called corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body

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Pancreas  produces two important hormones  insulin and glucagon: they work together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy Ovaries  Secretes female sex hormones Testes  Secretes male sex hormones

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The endocrine system works closely with the reproductive system and the digestive system. Several hormones originate in the brain, part of the nervous system.

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Males Penis Testes  Site of sperm production Epididymis  Where sperm mature Vas Deferens  Duct where mature sperm are stored before being transported to the urethra Urethra  Transports sperm out of the male body