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9.
Defining Pornography<br />Content-based Definitions<br />The definitions can be problematic<br />Achieving agreement about whether material falls into into one or the other categories remains an unrealized objective<br />

10.
Reports on the Prevalence of Violent Pornography<br />Conflicting and Inconsistent<br />

11.
Reports on the Prevalence of Violent Pornography<br />Conflicting and Inconsistent<br />Malamuth and Spinner (1980): Steady increase in sexual violence in Playboy and Penthouse across the 1970s<br />Scott and Cuvelier(1993): Studied same magazines over same years and found that sexually violent images and cartoons were extraordinarily rare and even decreasing in frequency over time<br />

12.
Reports on the Prevalence of Violent Pornography<br />Conflicting and Inconsistent<br />Cowan et al. (1988): 51% of X-rated videos portrayed the rape of a woman<br />Garcia and Milano (1991): Found vastly less sexual violence in such videos<br />Palys (1986): Levels of sexual violence in X-rated videos had been declining across the decade under study<br />

13.
Reports on the Prevalence of Violent Pornography<br />Conflicting and Inconsistent<br />Barron and Kimmell(2000): High levels of sexual violence in sexually explicit magazines, videos and Internet sex story postings but at the same time the perpetrators of violence are usually or often women<br />

15.
Brief History of the Sexual Revolution<br />1950s / 1960s: Traditional sexual norms and practices, including restrictions on production and consumption of pornography called into question<br />

16.
Brief History of the Sexual Revolution<br />1950s / 1960s: Traditional sexual norms and practices, including restrictions on production and consumption of pornography called into question<br />1969: Denmark first country to legalize pornography<br />

17.
Brief History of the Sexual Revolution<br />1950s / 1960s: Traditional sexual norms and practices, including restrictions on production and consumption of pornography called into question<br />1969: Denmark first country to legalize pornography<br />1970: West Germany legalizes pornography<br />

18.
Brief History of the Sexual Revolution<br />1950s / 1960s: Traditional sexual norms and practices, including restrictions on production and consumption of pornography called into question<br />1969: Denmark first country to legalize pornography<br />1970: West Germany legalizes pornography<br />1971: Sweden legalizes pornography<br />

20.
The Debate in the USA<br />Social and Religious Conservatives: preservation of traditional morality, importance of protecting women and children from harms associated with pornography<br />

21.
The Debate in the USA<br />Social and Religious Conservatives: preservation of traditional morality, importance of protecting women and children from harms associated with pornography<br />Progressives: freedom of expression as protected by First Amendment rights<br />

25.
The Debate among Feminists (USA)<br />"Anti-porn feminists" VS "Anti-anti-porn feminists”<br />Anti-porn feminists were seen to be as repressive as their conservative allies<br />

26.
The Debate among Feminists (USA)<br />"Anti-porn feminists" VS "Anti-anti-porn feminists”<br />Anti-porn feminists were seen to be as repressive as their conservative allies<br />Censorship of pornography = censorship of women's freedom to define and express their own sexualities above and beyond the boundaries and assumptions of heterosexuality as the norm<br />

27.
The US context<br />Important in setting the terms and frameworks for early debates on Internet pornography<br />

28.
The US context<br />Important in setting the terms and frameworks for early debates on Internet pornography<br />But as WWW brought about global interconnectivity the debate spread past the boundaries of the US <br />

29.
The US context<br />Important in setting the terms and frameworks for early debates on Internet pornography<br />But as WWW brought about global interconnectivity the debate spread past the boundaries of the US<br />Definitions of pornography have become more diverse<br />

31.
Diverse Definitions of Pornography<br />Indonesia: “Sexual material made by people in the forms of pictures, sketches, illustrations, photos, writings, voice, sounds, motion pictures, animation, cartoons, poems, conversations, body movements and other forms of communication through various mass media or public displays that can arouse sexual desires and/or violate public moral values.”<br />

32.
Diverse Definitions of Pornography<br />Japan:People who sell or distribute obscene materials can be punished by fines or imprisonment. Showing pubic hair and adult genitalia is considered obscene. Video pornography in Japan routinely depicts explicit sex scenes with the participants’ genitalia obscured by mosaics. <br />

35.
Worldwide Debate on Internet Pornography<br />Netporn Conferences, Amsterdam 2005, 2007:“… are novel zones for academics, activists and artists to discuss and experience new phenomena around web-based sex and pornography. We are part of a porn-friendly, yet critical digital generation, bothered by a cultural climate of narrow-mindedness and porn hysteria. Critical studies about pornography and queer activism have been carried out in previous decades, but we are looking to discuss our tactile immersion in pornographic networks.” - Katrien Jacobs, Marije Janssen, and MatteoPasquinelli<br />

36.
Beware of False Dichotomies<br />"… some discuss pornography as a social problem, others de-politicize it as hip and fun. There is little in terms of middle ground.” - Paasonen<br />

39.
Beware of False Dichotomies<br />False Dichotomy<br />"exclusive either/or" characteristic of journalistic practice<br />we should see if there might be other legitimate alternatives not expressed in these dichotomies<br />

40.
Beware of False Dichotomies<br />False Dichotomy<br />"exclusive either/or" characteristic of journalistic practice<br />we should see if there might be other legitimate alternatives not expressed in these dichotomies<br />"false" because they exclude options that should be considered<br />

41.
Beware of False Dichotomies<br />False Dichotomy<br />"exclusive either/or" characteristic of journalistic practice<br />we should see if there might be other legitimate alternatives not expressed in these dichotomies<br />"false" because they exclude options that should be considered<br />couching important matters can create Moral Panic<br />

42.
Beware of False Dichotomies<br />False Dichotomy<br />moral panic makes it too easy to reject important ethical critiques as we seek to ignore those critiques as only the result of a moral panic<br />

44.
Kant and Pornography<br />A nude female model appearing on the cover of Playboy, for example, is a sexual object for magazine viewers<br />

45.
Kant and Pornography<br />A nude female model appearing on the cover of Playboy, for example, is a sexual object for magazine viewers<br />Viewers treat the model as an object, a means, not as an end<br />

46.
Kant and Pornography<br />A nude female model appearing on the cover of Playboy, for example, is a sexual object for magazine viewers<br />Viewers treat the model as an object, a means, not as an end<br />Pornography is unethical and should not be produced or consumed<br />

49.
Consequentialism and Pornography<br />2 perspectives<br />Pro-censorship Consequentialists: some argue that pornography should be seen as an example of women's subordination to men and should be banned while others rely on studies that prove pornography's harm to its consumers<br />

50.
Consequentialism and Pornography<br />2 perspectives<br />Anti-censorship Consequentialists: argue that the only way to support censorship of pornography is to prove the harmful consequences and that studies show no link between pornography and alleged harm<br />

62.
John Stuart Mill<br />Mill’s On Liberty (1859)<br />David Dyzenhaus reads On Liberty as an argument for protecting people’s real interests from harm<br />Robert Skipper sees this interpretation as a slippery-slope problem and argues that Mill would would have had little time for feminist demands for censorship – he would “slam the door” on them<br />

64.
John Stuart Mill<br />Mill’s On Liberty (1859)<br />Dyzenhaus and Skipper: Despite conflicting conclusions they agree on 3 basic points<br />1. Mill believed in freedom of expression<br />2. Mill believed in a harm principle as the basis for legislation<br />3. These two beliefs are in conflict when it comes to issue of pornography<br />

66.
John Stuart Mill<br />Mill’s On Liberty (1859)<br />A third critic, Richard Vernon, argues that both Dyzenhaus and Skipper’s approaches are flawed<br />He argues that Mill did not believe in freedom of expression and did not employ a “harm principle”<br />

69.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Is it possible that the conceptions, approaches, values, etc. that make up prevailing ethical (and other philosophical) frameworks reflect characteristically "male" or "masculinist" ways of knowing and thinking?<br />

70.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Is it possible that the conceptions, approaches, values, etc. that make up prevailing ethical (and other philosophical) frameworks reflect characteristically "male" or "masculinist" ways of knowing and thinking?<br />

71.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />To state it negatively: is it possible that these prevailing ethical frameworks thus tend to ignore or exclude what are characteristically women's ways of knowing and reflecting on ethical issues?<br />

72.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Foucault: The Gaze<br />Technical term referred to as a "clinical" or "observing" gaze<br />

73.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Foucault: The Gaze<br />Technical term referred to as a "clinical" or "observing" gaze<br />The Birth of the Clinic: "… it was this constant gaze upon the patient, this age-old, yet ever renewed attention that enabled medicine not to disappear entirely with each new speculation, but to preserve itself … … in a continuous historicity."<br />

75.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Feminist approach to the gaze relating to cyberstalking and Internet pornography<br />“The gaze": an embodied gaze rather than an anonymous 'view from nowhere'.<br />

76.
Feminism: Gender and “The Gaze”<br />Feminist approach to the gaze relating to cyberstalking and Internet pornography<br />“The gaze": an embodied gaze rather than an anonymous 'view from nowhere'.<br />It has both a gazer and a gazed-upon subject<br />

83.
Virtue Ethics and Pornography<br />Sensibility that what we ought to do as human beings is, first of all, to become excellent human beings (develop and fulfill our most important capacities)<br />Aristotle and Socrates: capacity to reason<br />

84.
Virtue Ethics and Pornography<br />"What sort of person do I want/need to become to be content?”<br />"What sorts of habits should I cultivate in my behaviors that will lead to fostering my reason and thereby lead to greater harmony in myself and with others including the larger natural order?”<br />- Ess<br />

88.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />Wonderland Club: International pedophile ring, traded 3/4 million images of child porn on the Internet<br />Group of people thought they were protected by the anonymity of the Internet<br />Traded sexually explicit images of children and talked about them<br />Technology as a trigger<br />

89.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />In the UK, child pornography used to be rare and hard to find<br />

90.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />In the UK, child pornography used to be rare and hard to find<br />'Operation Landmark’: the police uncovered 60,000 images of children being traded on 33 newsgroups<br />

91.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />In the UK, child pornography used to be rare and hard to find<br />'Operation Landmark’: the police uncovered 60,000 images of children being traded on 33 newsgroups<br />The implication: quantity of child porn has grown enormously and that there is a casual link between this and the widespread use of the Internet<br />

92.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />Police watched the pedophile ring live, and anonymously, over a 2 year period, in order to gain enough evidence (the gaze of the authorities on the criminal activity)<br />

93.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />Police watched the pedophile ring live, and anonymously, over a 2 year period, in order to gain enough evidence (the gaze of the authorities on the criminal activity)<br />However, UK law at the time only allowed a max sentence of 18 months: this underscores the need for Internet legislation to keep pace with criminal activity<br />

94.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />Internet Service Providers responsibility called into question<br />

95.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />Internet Service Providers responsibility called into question<br />On one hand: ISP had not done enough to police its user groups <br />On the other hand: serious issues of freedom of speech are raised<br />

96.
Case Study: Wonderland Club and Operation Landmark<br />The gaze of the criminals on their victims <br />The gaze of the authorities on the criminal activity <br />The gaze upon the children whose lives have been wrecked by abuse: the images may be there forever, gazed upon by others, their abuse continues for the rest of their lives<br />

97.
Shallit’s Laws of New Media<br />Advocate of free speech on the Internet<br />

98.
Shallit’s Laws of New Media<br />First Law of New Media: every new medium of expression will be used for sex (ancient fertility symbols, printing press, photography)<br />

99.
Shallit’s Laws of New Media<br />First Law of New Media: every new medium of expression will be used for sex (ancient fertility symbols, printing press, photography)<br />Second Law of New Media: every new medium will come under attack because of the first law<br />

100.
Shallit’s Laws of New Media<br />First Law of New Media: every new medium of expression will be used for sex (ancient fertility symbols, printing press, photography)<br />Second Law of New Media: every new medium will come under attack because of the first law<br />Third Law of New Media: Excessive censorship will apply to the new medium because of laws one and two<br />

115.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Knox VS United States 1993<br />Controversial Supreme Court Case<br />Redefined photographic child pornography<br />Shifted basis from using the photo as evidence from a crime scene to judging a photo as a representation<br />

116.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Knox VS United States 1993<br />Did not matter if a real child had been harmed<br />

117.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Knox VS United States 1993<br />Did not matter if a real child had been harmed<br />Clothed children could be interpreted as indecently displayed<br />

118.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Knox VS United States 1993<br />Did not matter if a real child had been harmed<br />Clothed children could be interpreted as indecently displayed<br />Allowed cases to be decided on the basis of sexual interpretation<br />

124.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Technology and New Media<br />In the era of digital imagery and global internet circulation of images, quantitative changes have produced a qualitatively different situation<br />

125.
VIRTUAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY<br />Technology and New Media<br />In the era of digital imagery and global internet circulation of images, quantitative changes have produced a qualitatively different situation<br />Technological change puts into the hands of anyone who can afford it, and has access to children, the ability to take and circulate images of children engaged in sexual activity (Greased information)<br />