In this case, George Erman Dago appeals from the denial of his 28
U.S.C.
§ 2255 petition for habeas relief by the United States District Court for the
District of Colorado. We conclude that the district court's failure to instruct the
jury in Dago's 1992 trial in accordance with the subsequent holding of
Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 815 (1999) (holding that a jury must
unanimously agree on which specific violations make up the "continuing series of
violations" that underlie a continuing criminal enterprise conviction), is subject
to harmless-error analysis under the standard set out in Brecht v. Abrahamson,
507 U.S. 619, 622-23 (1993). Applying the Brecht standard, we find that the
court's error in this case was harmless. We also hold that the district court's
seven-and-a-half-year delay in denying Dago's § 2255 petition does not amount
to a denial of due process sufficient to justify granting Dago habeas relief. We
hold that Dago's trial counsel was not constitutionally ineffective, in part because
the record in this counseled habeas proceeding does not contain the evidentiary
material necessary for us to evaluate fully Dago's ineffective-assistance claim.
Finally, we hold that Dago's sentence was not imposed in violation of Blakely v.
Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), because that decision does not apply
retroactively to the convictions of federal prisoners bringing initial habeas
petitions. Therefore, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

BACKGROUND In 1992, a federal grand jury returned
an eighty-one count indictment
against Dago and nineteen other individuals for activities related to narcotics
trafficking. SeeUnited States v. Dago, 813 F. Supp. 736, 739 n.1 (D. Colo.
1992), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, No. 93-1042, 1994 WL 387836 (10th Cir. July
26, 1994) (unpublished). Dago went to trial, and a jury found him guilty of (1)
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana; (2) conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute cocaine; (3) distribution of marijuana and
cocaine; (4) possession of marijuana and cocaine with the intent to distribute; (5)
conducting a financial transaction to promote drug trafficking; (6) using
communications facilities to promote drug trafficking; (7) distributing more than
500 grams of cocaine; (8) conspiracy to conduct a financial transaction to
promote drug trafficking; and (9) engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise
("CCE"). Seeid. at 740. The district court sentenced Dago to 360 months'
imprisonment. SeeDago, 1994 WL 387836 at *1.

Dago appealed, and we affirmed in part and reversed in part. Seeid.
Specifically, we reversed the drug conspiracy convictions because they were
lesser included offenses within the CCE conviction; reversed the money
laundering conspiracy conviction because the indictment failed to allege an overt
act in furtherance of the conspiracy(1); ordered
the district court to vacate the
special assessments inadvertently imposed on four marijuana distribution charges
that the government omitted from its notice of counts for trial; and affirmed the
district court's judgment with respect to all other issues raised on appeal. Seeid.
at *1, *7.

In August 1996, Dago filed a pro se application for a writ of habeas corpus
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. The district court deemed the application to be a
motion to vacate sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Over the next seven-and-a-half
years, the parties actively litigated a number of issues, and Dago's
case was passed among at least three district court judges and two magistrate
judges. The district court denied Dago's § 2255 petition in March 2004.

In this appeal, Dago contests the district court's denial of his § 2255
petition. Although the district court denied Dago a certificate of appealability
("COA"), this court granted him aCOA on the four issues discussed in this
opinion, ordered the government to file a brief, and set the case for oral
argument.(2)

Dago contends that we should reverse his CCE conviction
because the
district court failed to instruct the jury in his 1992 trial in accordance with the
later holding of Richardson, 526 U.S. at 813. To resolve this claim, we analyze
two preliminary issues: (1) whether Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), allows
Richardson to be applied retroactively on collateral review; and (2) whether
Dago's failure to raise a Richardson-type argument at trial and on direct appeal
procedurally bars him from raising the issue under United States v. Frady, 456
U.S. 152 (1982). After answering the first question in the affirmative and the
second question in the negative, we consider whether a Richardson error is
subject to harmless-error analysis, what standard applies in that analysis, and
whether the error in this case was harmless.

Retroactivity under Teague

In this case, Dago's conviction was final before the Supreme Court decided
Richardson in 1999. For Teague purposes, a conviction becomes final when
the
availability of a direct appeal has been exhausted and the time for filing a
petition for certiorari with the Supreme Court has elapsed or the Court has denied
a timely petition for certiorari. SeeCaspari v. Bohlen, 510 U.S. 383, 390
(1994).
Dago's conviction became final in October 1994, when the Supreme Court
denied his petition for certiorari. SeeDago v. United States, 513 U.S. 978
(1994).

Where a Supreme Court decision "results in a 'new rule,' that rule applies
to all criminal cases still pending on direct review." Schriro v. Summerlin, 542
U.S. 348, 351 (2004). "As to convictions that are already final, however, the rule
applies only in limited circumstances." Id. While new substantive rules
generally apply retroactively, new procedural rules do not. Seeid. at 351-52.

"A rule is substantive rather than procedural if it alters the range of
conduct or the class of persons that the law punishes." Id. at 353. Richardson
announces a new rule of substantive law. SeeUnited States v. Barajas-Diaz,
313
F.3d 1242, 1245 (10th Cir. 2002). As such, Teague, which generally blocks the
retroactive application of new procedural rules to cases on collateral review, see
489 U.S. at 310-11, does not bar the retroactive application of the substantive
Richardson rule to Dago's case.

Frady Defense

Dago does not contend that he raised a Richardson issue at trial or on
direct appeal. In fact, Dago states that "[n]one of the issues raised in [his] brief
were presented to the Court in the original appeal." As such, Dago's Richardson
claim implicates Frady, 456 U.S. 152, which states that a defendant's failure to
raise an issue at trial or on direct appeal imposes a procedural bar to the review
of that claim in a habeas proceeding that is excusable only if certain conditions
are met. Seeid. at 167-68.

However, in this case the government concedes that it failed to assert a
Frady defense to Dago's § 2255 Richardson claim before the
district court. In
circumstances where the government has failed to raise a Frady defense below,
but does so on appeal, we may consider the defense, but we need not do so.
CompareBarajas-Diaz, 313 F.3d at 1246, withUnited States v.
Allen, 16 F.3d
377, 378-79 (10th Cir. 1994).

Here, "[w]e elect not to pursue a disposition of this case on the ground of
procedural bar, and the government is not entitled to such a disposition having
failed until now to raise this issue." Allen, 16 F.3d at 379. In particular, we are
concerned that because the government concedes that it did not raise a Frady
defense until filing its appellate brief, and even then suggested that the defense
may have been waived, Dago never had a meaningful chance to respond to the
argument that Frady barred him from asserting a Richardson claim.
SeeHines v.
United States, 971 F.2d 506, 509 (10th Cir. 1992).

Harmless-Error Analysis

To establish that a defendant engaged in a CCE, the government must
prove that the defendant committed a felony narcotics violation, see 21 U.S.C. §
848(c)(1), and that this narcotics offense was part of a continuing series of three
or more related violations, seeid. § 848(c)(2); United States v.
Apodaca, 843
F.2d 421, 427 (10th Cir. 1988). Richardson states that "a jury has to agree
unanimously about which specific violations make up the 'continuing series of
violations.'" 526 U.S. at 815. That is, Richardson makes clear that "a jury in a
federal criminal case brought under [21 U.S.C.] § 848 must unanimously agree
not only that the defendant committed some 'continuing series of violations' but
also that the defendant committed each of the individual 'violations' necessary to
make up that 'continuing series.'" Id.

In this case, a jury convicted Dago of engaging in a CCE. However, the
jurors were not instructed that they had to agree unanimously on the predicate
underlying violations. This amounts to error under Richardson. Seeid.; see alsoUnited States v. Rivera, 347 F.3d 850, 852-53 (10th Cir. 2003). However,
holding that the trial court committed Richardson error does not alone justify
vacating Dago's CCE conviction. We must also consider whether the trial
court's error in instructing the jury was of sufficient magnitude to justify
issuance of the writ of habeas corpus without regard to prejudice, or whether the
trial court's error should be subjected to a harmless-error review.

Availability of Harmless-Error Review

"[M]ost constitutional errors can be harmless." Arizona v. Fulminante,
499 U.S. 279, 306 (1991). "[I]f the defendant had counsel and was tried by an
impartial adjudicator, there is a strong presumption that any other [constitutional]
errors that may have occurred are subject to harmless-error analysis." Rose v.
Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 579 (1986). Indeed, the Supreme Court "ha[s] found an
error to be structural, and thus subject to automatic reversal, only in a very
limited class of cases." Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 (1999) (quotation
omitted).

"Unlike such defects as the complete deprivation of counsel or trial before
a biased judge, an instruction that omits an element of the offense does not
necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle
for determining guilt or innocence." Id. at 9. Therefore, in general, "the
omission of an element [from a jury instruction] is subject to harmless-error
analysis." Id. at 10.

The courts of appeals that have addressed the issue have concluded
uniformly that a claim that jury instructions violate Richardson is subject to
harmless-error analysis. See, e.g., Santana-Madera v. United States, 260 F.3d
133, 139 (2d Cir. 2001); Lanier v. United States, 220 F.3d 833, 838-39 (7th Cir.
2000); United States v. Brown, 202 F.3d 691, 699 (4th Cir. 2000); United States
v. Escobar-de Jesus, 187 F.3d 148, 161-62 (1st Cir. 1999); United States v. Long,
190 F.3d 471, 476 n.3 (6th Cir. 1999). We have held that any error resulting
from a jury instruction that violated Richardson was harmless, without explicitly
considering whether such an error is subject to harmless-error review. SeeRivera, 347 F.3d at 853. Now we join the other circuits that have considered the
issue in holding that claims that jury instructions violated Richardson may be
reviewed under a harmless-error standard.

Standard for Harmless-Error Review

In Rivera, we stated in passing that "[i]n evaluating convictions on
collateral review, the harmless error inquiry 'is whether the error had substantial
and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.'" Id. at 852
(quoting Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637). However, we did not decide what standard
should apply in reviewing a claim that the jury was not properly instructed under
Richardson, for although the petitioner in that case argued for the application of
the more stringent "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt" standard of Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967), we noted that we did not need to address the
argument because any Richardson errors in the case were harmless under either
standard. SeeRivera, 347 F.3d at 852.

At least three courts of appeals have held that Brecht is the appropriate
standard to use when conducting a Richardson harmless-error analysis in a §
2255 case. SeeUnited States v. Montalvo, 331 F.3d 1052, 1057-58 (9th Cir.
2003) ("Brecht's harmless error standard applies to habeas cases under section
2255 . . . ."); Ross v. United States, 289 F.3d 677, 682 (11th
Cir. 2002)
("[A]pplication of the Brecht standard to Richardson error on collateral appeal
is
the appropriate approach."); Murr v. United States, 200 F.3d 895, 906 (6th Cir.
2000) (noting that "for purposes of federal habeas corpus review, a constitutional
error that implicates trial procedures shall be considered harmless unless it had a
'substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict'")
(quoting Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637). Another court of appeals--the Second
Circuit--has hinted at the same conclusion in dicta. SeeSantana-Madera, 260
F.3d at 140 (concluding in a direct criminal appeal that a Richardson error was
harmless under either the Brecht or the Chapman standard but noting that
"[g]enerally, when evaluating presumptively correct convictions on collateral
habeas review, the harmless error inquiry for errors of a constitutional dimension
is whether the error had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury's verdict") (quotations omitted, emphasis added).

These holdings are consistent with the Supreme Court's discussions of
harmless error in Brecht and another case. Although Brecht was a §
2254 case,
its description of the standard to apply in evaluating the harmlessness of error is
not limited to § 2254 cases. SeeBrecht, 507 U.S. at 623, 638 ("[W]e
hold that
the Kotteakos harmless-error standard [which states that the applicable test is
whether a violation 'had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury's verdict'] applies in determining whether habeas relief
must be granted because of constitutional error of the trial type.") (emphasis
added). A later case assumes that the Brecht standard applies in all collateral
proceedings, including § 2255 proceedings. SeeUnited States v. Vonn,
535 U.S.
55, 63 (2002) (describing Brecht as "the variant of harmless-error review
applicable on collateral attack").

It is true that in Brecht, a state court had already evaluated the claimed
error on direct appeal under the more stringent Chapman standard, seeBrecht,
507 U.S. at 636--a step that has not occurred in this case. Moreover, Brecht
relies in part on principles of comity and federalism in concluding that a relaxed
standard should apply in reviewing the harmlessness of error during collateral
review. Seeid. at 636-37. These principles are not implicated by § 2255
proceedings like this one.

These differences between Brecht and the case at bar do not preclude
applying the Brecht standard here. We have rejected the theory that the Brecht
standard applies only when reviewing convictions that have been previously
reviewed under the Chapman standard. SeeHerrera v. Lemaster, 301
F.3d 1192,
1199-1200 (10th Cir. 2002) (en banc). Moreover, many of the concerns that
motivated Brecht also are applicable in § 2255 cases:

[Brecht] is, more than anything else, motivated by "considerations
underlying our habeas jurisprudence," that apply equally to collateral
attacks on both federal and state convictions--considerations such as
the different purposes of direct and collateral review and the
importance of finality in criminal convictions. Our reading of
Brecht is fortified by the case's citation to Teague's
anti-retroactivity principle to illustrate the general practice of
"appl[ying] different standards on habeas than [those] on direct
review."

Montalvo, 331 F.3d at 1057-58 (citations omitted). Because both § 2254 and
§
2255 give rise to collateral proceedings with similar purposes, and because
finality in criminal convictions is an important consideration in both types of
proceedings, we agree with the Ninth Circuit that the logic behind Brecht also is
applicable in § 2255 cases. Moreover, because "Teague's nonretroactivity
doctrine applies equally to habeas petitions brought under sections 2254 and
2255," Daniels v. United States, 254 F.3d 1180, 1194 (10th Cir. 2001) (en banc),
Brecht's reliance on Teague provides tangential support for the proposition that
Brecht, like Teague, applies to § 2255 proceedings.

For all the foregoing reasons, we hold that the Brecht standard applies
when conducting a harmless-error review of a § 2255 petitioner's claim that the
jury in his or her trial was instructed in a manner that violates
Richardson.

Applicationof Harmless-Error Analysis

As noted above, in this case the government tried Dago on more than
twenty counts, and the jury convicted Dago on all of them. Of those counts, the
jury was entitled to consider at least eleven--by the most conservative of
estimates--as part of the CCE.(3) The jury's
unanimous guilty verdicts on eleven
or more counts that can be considered as predicate offenses "necessarily reflect
the jury's unanimous finding that [Dago] committed those . . . crimes." Rivera,
347 F.3d at 853. Therefore,

we are not left to wonder what the jury would have done if the trial
court had specifically instructed that it must unanimously find
[Defendant] guilty of each predicate violation before convicting on
the CCE charge. Instead, we can look to what the jury actually did,
that is, it unanimously convicted on four [here, at least eleven]
predicate violations.

Id.; see alsoSantana-Madera, 260 F.3d at 140-41(4); Montalvo, 331 F.3d at 1058
("[A] Richardson jury instruction error is per se harmless . . . if the jury that
convicted the defendant of a CCE charge also convicted him of at least three
related drug violations alleged to be predicate violations constituting the
'continuing series[.]'"); Brown, 202 F.3d at 700-01 (same); Long, 190 F.3d at
476 n.3 ("[T]he error was clearly harmless as the jury also unanimously found
him guilty of more than three drug violations committed in the course of the
ongoing conspiracy to distribute cocaine."); United States v. Jefferson, 215 F.3d
820, 823 (8th Cir. 2000) ("Although the district court failed to instruct the jury
that it must unanimously agree on which three or more acts constitute the 'series
of violations' requirement in the CCE, the omission was harmless in this case
because the jury convicted [the defendants] of more than three predicate federal
narcotics offenses.") (citation omitted). And, because each of the counts pertain
to the drug activities of a major drug ring, we can easily conclude that these
predicate offenses were all "related," constituting a continuing series of criminal
conduct.

For this reason, we hold that any Richardson instructional errors were
harmless. Thus, we determine that (1) a trial court's violation of Richardson is
subject to harmless-error analysis; (2) the Brecht standard is the most appropriate
harmless-error standard to apply; and (3) when evaluated under the Brecht
standard, the trial court's error in this case was harmless.

District Court Delay

Dago argues that his habeas petition remained pending at the district court
for so long that his due process rights were violated. Dago asserts that this
denial of due process should result in the dismissal of his conviction or the
reversal of his conviction and dismissal of the charges against him.

"[D]elay of [a] post-conviction remedy may very well work a denial of due
process." Kelly v. Crouse, 352 F.2d 506, 506 (10th Cir. 1965) (per curiam)
(addressing delay in the context of state post-conviction proceedings); see alsoSmith v. Kansas, 356 F.2d 654, 657 (10th Cir. 1966) (same). And such delays
may excuse exhaustion requirements. See, e.g., Jones v. Crouse, 360 F.2d 157,
158 (10th Cir. 1966) (remanding for a district court to excuse exhaustion if an
eighteen-month delay in adjudicating appeal from denial of post-conviction relief
could not be justified); Smith, 356 F.2d at 657 (remanding for the district court
"to take such steps as it deems necessary to secure petitioner's right to a prompt
hearing on his claim of unconstitutional restraint" where more than one year
passed between filing of motion for post-conviction relief and entry of appealable
order). Furthermore, "the writ of habeas corpus, challenging detention, is
reduced to a sham if the trial courts do not act within a reasonable time." Smith
v. Sec. of the N.M. Dept. of Corrs., 50 F.3d 801, 821 n.5 (10th Cir. 1995).

However, a delay in post-conviction proceedings does not give rise to an
independent due process claim that would justify granting a defendant habeas
relief. In Mason v. Myers, 208 F.3d 414 (3d Cir. 2000), the Third Circuit
addressed whether a state court's delay of four years in processing a petition for
collateral relief under Pennsylvania's Post Conviction Relief Act constituted a
due process violation cognizable in a § 2254 proceeding. Id. at 415. The Third
Circuit rejected the claim, holding that "[e]ven if such a delay constitutes a due
process violation . . . . a delay in a collateral proceeding can[not] be the basis of
a petition for a writ of habeas corpus." Id. at 417. Similarly, in Montgomery v.
Meloy, 90 F.3d 1200 (7th Cir. 1996), the Seventh Circuit stated that "[d]elay in
processing [a state] collateral claim does not make the continued imprisonment of
the defendant unlawful, and hence, does not warrant federal habeas corpus
relief." Id. at 1206.

These holdings are consistent with our own decisions emphasizing that due
process challenges to post-conviction procedures fail to state constitutional
claims cognizable in a federal habeas proceeding. SeePhillips v. Ferguson,
182
F.3d 769, 772-73 (10th Cir. 1999)(holding that challenges to the
constitutionality of state post-conviction procedures are not cognizable as
independent claims in federal habeas corpus actions); Sellers v. Ward, 135 F.3d
1333, 1339 (10th Cir. 1998) ("[B]ecause the constitutional error [the defendant]
raises focuses only on the State's post-conviction remedy and not the judgment
which provides the basis for his incarceration, it states no cognizable federal
habeas claim."); Hopkinson v. Shillinger, 866 F.2d 1185, 1219 (10th Cir. 1989)
("Even where there may be some error in . . . post-conviction proceedings, this
would not entitle appellant to federal habeas corpus relief since appellant's claim
. . . represents an attack on a proceeding collateral to detention of appellant and
not on the detention itself.") (quotation omitted), overruled on other grounds,
Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227 (1990).(5)

Even when a federal court delays resolving a direct criminal appeal, this
court has held that the federal prisoner's conditional release from incarceration
based on that delay alone is not available.(6)SeeUnited States v. Wiktor, 146 F.3d
815, 819 (10th Cir. 1998). If release is not available on a federal direct criminal
appeal, then it will not be available in the more attenuated § 2255 collateral
challenge to a federal conviction either. Cf.Montgomery, 90 F.3d at 1206
(noting, in 28 U.S.C. § 2254 proceeding, that "[w]hereas a direct criminal appeal
has now become a fundamental part of the criminal justice system, state
post-conviction relief is not part of the criminal proceeding­indeed, it is a civil
proceeding that occurs only after the criminal proceeding has concluded").

Thus, we hold that the district court's seven-and-a-half-year delay in
denying Dago's § 2255 petition was not a denial of due process sufficient to
justify granting Dago habeas relief. A federal prisoner experiencing delay in a
federal court's resolution of his challenge to a federal conviction, either on direct
appeal or collaterally, has other remedies available to him to combat delay. He
can seek a writ of mandamus. SeeJohnson v. Rogers, 917 F.2d 1283, 1284-85
(10th Cir. 1990) (granting a writ of mandamus based on fourteen-month delay in
district court's processing of 28 U.S.C. § 2241 petition). And, if there is such a
delay in deciding a § 2255 motion that that remedy has become inadequate, the
defendant may be able to assert a petition for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2241. SeeUnited States v. Pirro, 104 F.3d 297, 298, 299-300
(9th Cir. 1997);
Stirone v. Markley, 345 F.2d 473, 474-75 (7th Cir. 1965); see alsoCaravalho v.
Pugh, 177 F.3d 1177, 1178 (10th Cir. 1999) (suggesting 28 U.S.C. § 2241
petition might be available to challenge federal criminal conviction where 28
U.S.C. § 2255 is not adequate). The defendant may also have a civil damages
remedy available for any violation of due process. Cf.Harris, 15 F.3d at 1566
(indicating state inmate may assert civil damages claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
for the denial of due process occasioned by the delay in a state court's deciding
his direct criminal appeal). In this case, however, Dago and his counsel never
invoked any of these measures to speed up the district court's processing of his §
2255 motion. Nor did Dago seek other relief besides habeas relief resulting in his
release. Because Dago and his counsel sought only habeas relief, we cannot
provide any relief at all.

Ineffective Assistance

Dago argues that his trial counsel, Art Nieto, was ineffective.Based
on
our de novo review of this mixed question of law and fact, seeUnited
States v.
Whalen, 976 F.2d 1346, 1347 (10th Cir. 1992), we find each of the numerous
reasons asserted by Dago purporting to show Nieto's ineffectiveness to be
without merit. Only one of the claims presents a close question: Dago's
contention that Nieto's assistance was ineffective because Nieto's closing
argument stated that Dago should be convicted on a number of counts.

The Sixth Amendment provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall . . . have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." U.S. Const.
amend. VI. While a defendant must ordinarily prove deficient performance by
counsel coupled with a showing of prejudice in order to prevail on an ineffective-assistance
claim, seeStrickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), there
is a narrow class of cases where the particular circumstances "are so likely to
prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a particular case is
unjustified." United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984) (footnote
omitted). If a defendant can prove such circumstances actually existed, prejudice
will be presumed. Seeid. at 659-62.

"[T]he admission by counsel of his client's guilt to the jury . . . represents
a paradigmatic example of the sort of breakdown in the adversarial process that
triggers a presumption of prejudice." United States v. Williamson, 53 F.3d 1500,
1511 (10th Cir. 1995). "Whether such an admission actually occurred is
necessarily fact-intensive." Id. In making this determination, "[t]he focus must
be on whether, in light of the entire record, the attorney remained a legal
advocate of the defendant who acted with undivided allegiance and [in] faithful,
devoted service." Id. (quotation omitted).

In this case, a transcript of Nieto's closing argument is not included in the
record on appeal. Thus we cannot determine whether Nieto's assertions in his
closing argument "amount to the types of statements recognized in other cases
that have been held to constitute a concession of guilt." Id.; see, e.g.,
United
States v. Swanson, 943 F.2d 1070, 1071, 1074 (9th Cir. 1991) (addressing
defense counsel's statements during closing argument that there was "no
reasonable doubt" that his client was the perpetrator and that there was "no
reasonable doubt" as to an essential element of the offense charged); Francis v.
Spraggins, 720 F.2d 1190, 1193-94 & 1193 n.7 (11th Cir. 1983) (addressing
defense counsel's statement during closing argument in the guilt phase of a
capital trial that "I think he committed the crime of murder"); Jones v. State, 877
P.2d 1052, 1055-57 (Nev. 1994) (addressing statement during closing argument
that "the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant" was the
perpetrator); State v. Harbison, 337 S.E. 2d 504, 506-08 (N.C. 1985) (addressing
statement by defense counsel that "I don't feel that [the defendant] should be
found innocent").

Indeed, it is possible that Nieto did not concede Dago's guilt on many
counts, as Dago alleges, but merely focused on challenging the conspiracy and
CCE counts against his client while remaining silent about other counts.
Depending on the particular characteristics of such an effort, this would not
necessarily amount to ineffective assistance, for

experienced advocates since time beyond memory have emphasized
the importance of winnowing out weaker arguments and focusing on
one central issue if possible. This insight is . . . applicable to
closing arguments made at trial.

Williamson, 53 F.3d at 1512 (quotations, alterations, and citations omitted).
Thus, we have held that a defense counsel's effort to obtain an acquittal for his
client on a conspiracy charge, rather than focusing on the substantive distribution
charges against his client, did not undermine counsel's otherwise ethically and
constitutionally sufficient representation. Seeid.; see alsoFowler
v. Ward, 200
F.3d 1302, 1310-11 (10th Cir. 2000) (finding no ineffective assistance where
counsel conceded the defendant's presence at the crime scene because the
concession was consistent with the defense theory that defendant was not the
principal in the alleged crime), overruled on other grounds, Moore v. Marr, 254
F.3d 1235, 1239 (10th Cir. 2001); Hale v. Gibson, 227 F.3d 1298, 1323 (10th
Cir. 2000) (holding that defense counsel "made a reasonable strategic decision to
concede some involvement by [the defendant] . . . and focused on the extent of
his involvement and whether others could have been involved"). Without a
transcript of Nieto's closing argument, we simply cannot evaluate Dago's claim.

Dago is represented by counsel in this appeal. Appellants, if counseled,
generally have the duty to cause an adequate record on appeal to be transmitted to
the appellate court. SeeUnited States v. Hubbard, 603 F.2d 137, 139-40 (10th
Cir. 1979). Appellants' obligation to provide the record on appeal includes the
duty to provide necessary transcripts. See 10th Cir. R. 10.1(A)(1) ("The
appellant must provide all portions of the transcript necessary to give the court a
complete and accurate record of the proceedings related to the issues on
appeal."). Because the evidentiary record before us is insufficient to permit an
assessment of Dago's claim, we must affirm the judgment of the district court
denying the relief that Dago seeks. SeeScott v. Hern, 216 F.3d 897, 912 (10th
Cir. 2000).

Here, what we do have are statements made by Dago and Nieto at the
habeas hearing below.

Dago's recollection is as follows:

Q Your attorney made a closing argument in your case, didn't
he?

A Yes, he did.

Q During that closing argument, did he ask the jury to convict of
some counts?

A Yes, he did.

Q What counts were those?

A All the counts except . . . the CCE for money laundering and I
guess for the conspiracy . . . .

Nieto's recollection is as follows:

A . . . [T]he trial strategy was to . . . recognize that Mr. Dago was
probably going to be convicted of some distribution counts.
And my focus was to . . . argue against the continuing criminal
. . . enterprise count and the conspiracy counts.

Q . . . And why was this your trial strategy to say knock out the
CCE or the conspiracy count?

A . . . I have found that in order to get juries to . . . side with
you, you need to be as honest as possible. And to try to
suggest to this jury that Mr. Dago was not involved in the
distribution counts, I thought, would have begged their
credibility and, frankly, would have lost the jury.

And so . . . I took the . . . strategy that I would admit on
behalf of Mr. Dago what I could admit but . . . having sort of
'fessed up to certain aspects of the evidence, I was hoping that
I would have a little credibility left with the jury to convince
them to not convict him of the CCE counts.

Although this evidence is insufficient for us to evaluate this claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, it suggests that counsel made a strategic
decision to challenge those counts upon which defendant faced a possibility
of life imprisonment while not challenging certain pieces of evidence that
he determined to be unchallengeable. Even as to the lesser counts, Nieto
did not acknowledge that he conceded his client's guilt. All Nieto said was
that he "fessed up to certain aspects of the evidence." Counsel do that all
the time. It is a time-honored strategy of advocates to cede evidence that
cannot be rebutted so that counsel has credibility to challenge evidence
where challenge is fruitful. Nothing in Nieto's recollection of his closing
argument is sufficient to sustain an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
SeeBullock v. Carver, 297 F.3d 1036, 1046-51 (10th Cir. 2002).

Accordingly, we affirm the denial of habeas relief on the basis of a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

Blakely Error

Dago argues that the trial court sentenced him in violation of Blakely, 542
U.S. 296, by enhancing his sentence on the basis of facts not admitted or
submitted to the jury for proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Dago raised this
general issue under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), in his filings
below and raises the issue under Blakely in this appeal.

Dago's argument is squarely foreclosed by our decision in United States v.
Price, 400 F.3d 844, 849 (10th Cir.)("[W]e hold that Blakely
does not apply
retroactively to convictions that were already final at the time the Court decided
Blakely, June 24, 2004."), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 731 (2005). Because
Dago's
convictions were final by October 1994, we reject his argument that Blakely
provides grounds for affording him habeas relief.(7)

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOOTNOTESClick footnote number to return to corresponding location in the text.

1.At first glance, this result seems at odds with
Whitfield v. United States,
543 U.S. 209, 219 (2005) (holding that "conviction for conspiracy to commit
money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h), does not require proof of
an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy"). However, in this case, the
government did not charge Dago with conspiracy under § 1956(h), but rather
under 18 U.S.C. § 371. Section 371 "expressly includes an overt-act
requirement." Whitfield, 125 S. Ct. at 690; see 18 U.S.C. § 371 ("If two
or more
persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to
defraud the United States, or any agency thereof in any manner or for any
purpose, and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the
conspiracy, each shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five
years, or both.") (emphasis added). Thus, our decision in Dago's direct appeal is
not in tension with Whitfield.

2.Specifically, this court granted Dago a COA
on the following four
questions:

Whether the trial court's admitted violation of Richardson v.
United States, 526 U.S. 813 (1999) (holding that a jury must
unanimously agree on which specific violations make up the
"continuing series of violations" that underlie a continuing
criminal enterprise conviction), is subject to harmless error
analysis.

Whether counsel was ineffective in representing Mr. Dago at
trial.

Whether Mr. Dago's sentence was enhanced by facts not
admitted by the defendant or submitted to the jury for proof
beyond a reasonable doubt in violation of Blakely v.
Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004).

Whether a seven-and-a-half-year delay in denying Mr.
Dago's
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion amounts to a denial of due process.

3.Dago asserts that the jury instructions stated
that the jury could consider
twenty-one counts as part of the CCE. Dago argues that ten of the twenty-one
counts were improperly included in this list. We cannot verify Dago's
assertion
that the jury was instructed to consider twenty-one potential predicate counts, as
it is unclear whether the jury instructions are contained in the record. A
document entitled "Plaintiff's Instruction No. 27" is included in the record, but
it
is unclear whether this was the instruction actually given to the jury. "Plaintiff's
Instruction No. 27" lists twenty-seven counts, not twenty-one counts.
Assuming
for the sake of argument that both Dago's assertion and his argument are
correct--that is, that the jury was instructed to consider twenty-one potential
predicate counts, and ten of those counts were improper--there were still eleven
counts that the jury could consider as predicate offenses for the CCE.

To the extent that Dago argues that his CCE conviction is not predicated
upon a series of three or more related narcotics violations, the fact that he was
convicted of at least eleven predicate violations reveals that such an argument is
without merit.

The Richardson error occurred when the district court failed to
require the jury to specifically and separately agree on each of the
three violations that comprised the "continuing series of violations"
required for a CCE conviction. However, in addition to the CCE
count, the jury also convicted Santana-Madera of no less than eight
substantive counts of cocaine distribution and a single count of
conspiracy to distribute cocaine. Thus, the jury unanimously agreed
on at least nine major violations of the federal drug laws, any three
of which are sufficient to establish the "continuing series of
violations" under Richardson and § 848. So, if the district court . . .
had given the jury the instruction required by Richardson, it is
beyond cavil that the jurors would have unanimously agreed on three
predicate violations of the drug laws. They unanimously agreed on
nine such violations. The error here . . . is clearly harmless.

260 F.3d at 140-41 (footnote and citations omitted).

5.While Mason,
Montgomery, Phillips, Sellers, and Hopkinson are all §
2254 cases, we see no reason why the result should be any different in § 2255
cases like this one. After all, such decisions rest substantially on the fact that a
court's role in a § 2254 case is limited to examining the events that occurred in
the proceedings leading up to the petitioner's conviction, seeSellers, 135 F.3d
at
1339; Hopkinson, 866 F.2d at 1219, and this is the same role that a court has in a
§ 2255 case. SeeHassine v. Zimmerman, 160 F.3d 941, 954 (3d Cir.
1998)
("[T]he federal role in reviewing an application for habeas corpus is limited to
evaluating what occurred in the state or federal proceedings that actually led to
the petitioner's conviction; what occurred in the petitioner's collateral
proceeding does not enter into the habeas calculation.") (emphasis added).

6.This court has recognized the possibility that
a state prisoner might be
entitled to conditional release where a statecourt unconstitutionally delays
deciding a direct criminal appeal. SeeHarris v. Champion, 15 F.3d
1538, 1567
(10th Cir. 1994); Harris v. Champion, 938 F.2d 1062, 1069-70 (10th Cir.
1991).
But that remedy is available only if the state court has not yet ruled on the direct
criminal appeal by the time the federal 28 U.S.C. § 2254 proceeding is heard on
its merits, or if the defendant can show that the delay actually prejudiced his
state-court appeal. SeeHarris, 15 F.3d at 1565-66. The possibility that a
federal
court will grant a state prisoner conditional habeas relief because of an
unconstitutional delay in resolving his direct appeal is intended simply to insure
that "the appeal will be heard" by the state court. United States v. Wiktor, 146
F.3d 815, 819 (10th Cir. 1998). Those circumstances, then, differ from the
circumstances at issue in this case.

7.To the extent that Dago attempts to argue the
same claim under Apprendi,
that argument is foreclosed by United States v. Mora, 293 F.3d 1213, 1218-19
(10th Cir. 2002). To the extent that Dago might attempt to argue the same claim
under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), that argument is foreclosed
by United States v. Bellamy, 411 F.3d 1182, 1186-87 (10th Cir. 2005).