Holes in the Earth: 170 and Counting

When a meteorite struck Earth before humans were around to
watch, did it still make a "splat?" Although it's too late to witness
the many pummelings our planet has already seen, scientists are still finding
the humongous holes left here by long ago impacting space rocks.

At last count, there were more than 170 known impact
craters on our planet, according to the Earth Impact Database maintained by
the University of New Brunswick in Canada. These puncture wounds are littered
over every continent, as well as the seafloor.

There would be countless more if it weren't for Earth's
constant remodeling. Plates shift, mountains form, volcanoes erupt and erosion
washes over the planet's surface, continually hiding the evidence of most
craters.

"If there was no erosion or tectonic activity, we would
look like the
moon," said Lucy Thompson, a geologist at the University of New
Brunswick. "The moon is just pockmarked with impact craters."

Puzzling differences

Scientists think the Earth was bombarded more heavily
earlier in the solar system's history, when planets were still forming and
bushels of debris were flying madly around. Luckily for us, things have quieted
down lately and meteorite impacts are few and far between.

One of Earth's most recently-formed holes is Arizona's
Barringer Meteor Crater, created around 50,000 years ago. Though this crater,
one of the most famous, awes tourists with its roughly three-quarters of a mile
(1.2 km) diameter, it is considered quite dinky on the geological scale.

"That's a nice, simple bowl-shaped crater,"
Thompson said.

Geologists get really excited about complex craters, such as
Manicouagan in Quebec, Canada. Scientists estimate this crater is more than a
hundred times wider than Barringer, and was made more than 200 million years
ago.

"With large impacts, you have complex craters forming,
and instead of having a nice bowl shape, you get a central uplift,"
Thompson told SPACE.com. "It's like if you drop something in water,
you get rings forming, but the middle comes back up."

Scientists want to understand how the rock achieves this
without actually becoming liquid or shattering into pieces.

Big and bad

A major heavyweight is South Africa's Vredefort crater,
which at 186 miles (300 km) wide, is said to be Earth's largest verified impact
crater. At more than 2 billion years old, it is also one of the most ancient.

Other contenders are the 155 mile-wide (250 km-wide) Sudbury
Basin in Ontario, Canada, and the roughly 110 mile-wide (180 km-wide) Chicxulub
crater, half submerged off the coast of the Yucat?n Peninsula in Mexico.

The latter can claim fame as the landing spot of the asteroid
that purportedly killed the dinosaurs, along with most life on Earth.

If it weren't for erosion and other geological processes
that erase evidence of craters, there would likely be hundreds of thousands of
impact craters on the Earth, Thompson said. Scientists are still discovering
new craters, especially in remote areas and on the
seafloor where evidence of them is easily missed.