Trends in in vivo models targeting respiratory diseases

For the past 50 years, the principle of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) has effectively reduced the use of animals in preclinical studies.

Though some complex alternatives are available to support efficacy and safety assessment, in vivo studies are still necessary to translate the science from bench to man.

Continued enhancements of validated in vivo models targeting respiratory diseases are incorporating more clinically relevant biomarker and functional endpoints to maximize the outcomes from each animal.