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in Karl Marx's analysis, those who own and control the means of production in capitalist societies

Capital

Pierre Bourdieu's term for the kinds of resources that individuals have in varying social classes and factions within classes

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caste system

stratification system with clearly marked class divisions, in which people are born and have little chance for mobility to a different class.

Charismatic Leader

Max Weber's term for those who, by virtue of their personal qualities, can mobilize subordinates in a system of inequality to engage in conflict with superordinates

Classes

for Max Weber, those who share a common set of life chances and opportunities in markets; for Karl Marx, the divisions in a society reflecting ownership of the means of production; for more general analysis, the differences among subpopulations by virtue of their respective share of valued resources

class faction

existence within each social class of a dominant, intermediate, and dominated sector or faction. members of similar factions in different social classes often have more in common with each other than with members of their own class

conflict of interest

karl marx's term for the basic tension and incompatibility of goals between those who control resources and those who do not.

amount of money from productive and economic activities that individuals possess

income distribution

percentage of total income held by different percentages of the population, usually calculated in terms of income fifths

open-class system

stratification system with less clearly demarcated classes and with opportunities for mobility from class to class

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parties

for Max Weber, the organization of power as a distinct basis for inequality and stratification of individuals who bear varying affiliations, and access to organizations holding or seeking power

proletariat

Karl Marx's term for those who do not own the means of production in capitalist society and who must, therefore, work for those who do

social capital

nature and extensiveness of networks and social relations possessed by individuals

status groups

Max Weber's term for subsets of individuals who share similar lifestyles; who form ties because of shared culture, tastes, and outlooks; and who, by virtue of these, can command a certain honor and prestige

stratification

structures revolving around:

a) the unequal distribution of valued resources to the members of a society

b) the distinctive categories thereby created by virtue of the shares of resources held by different subpopulations in a society

symbolic capital

symbols or ideologies that individuals can mobilize to legitimate their possession on economic, social, and cultural capital

wealth distribution

percentage of total wealth held by different percentages of the population, usually calculated in terms of wealth fifths

discrimination

differential treatment of others, especially those of an ethnic group or a gender category, so that they receive less valued resources

ethnic stratification

situation where members of particular ethnic groups are disproportionately over- and under-represented in particular social classes

ethnicity

those behavioral, cultural, and organizational characteristics that distinguish subpopulations in a society

genocide

systematic killing of larger numbers of members of an ethnic subpopulation

genocide

systematic killing of a larger numbers of members of an ethnic subpopulation

institutionalized discrimination

patterns of systematic discrimination against an ethnic subpopulation that are legitimated by cultural symbols, that are carried out informally and formally, and that are built into the structures of a society

prejudice

beliefs about the undesirable qualities of others, especially those in an ethnic group

race

perceived biological distinctiveness for categories of individuals

gender/gender differentiation

process of culturally defining the appropriate positions, roles, and demeanor for men and women

gender stratification

situation where the positions typically occupied by men and women habitually receive different levels of valued resources

sex/sexual differentiation

biological differences between men and women

stratification

structures revolving around the unequal distribution of valued resources to the members of a society, leading to the creation or accentuation of distinctive categories whose members share similar kinds and levels or resources

credential inflation

process whereby educational credentials are sought by more and more individuals, with the result that they become less valuable on the labor market, thereby forcing students to acquire more credentials

home schooling

social movement in which parents are increasingly teaching their children at home under guidelines set by state boards of education

multiple-track system

placement of students in different secondary schools depending upon their performance on standardized tests and grades in primary schools

single-track, with multiple-lane system

placement of students in different lanes or tracks within the same secondary school depending upon their performance on standardized tests and grades

school vouchers

proposal to allocate to each parent state monies for them to shop around and choose the public or private school that they think is best for their children

year-round schooling

increasing utilization of school facilities all year long, thereby eliminating the traditional summer vacation

avunculocal rule

residence rule specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the male's mother's brother (or uncle on his mother's side)

bilateral descent

rule of descent specifying that the male's and female's side of the family and kin network will be given equal importance

clan

kinship structure created when lineages are linked together by a descent rule

descent rules

norms specifying whether the male's or female's side of the family and kin network are more important in terms of property and authority

endogamy

rule specifying that individuals must marry within another kin group or community

exogamy

rule specifying that individuals must marry outside a kin group or community

extended family unit

kinship unit created when several nuclear units are joined in one household

incest rules

norms prohibiting sex and marriage among parents and offspring, and at times other closely related kin

institution of kinship

organization of marriage and blood ties among members of a society in structure that, from a sociobiological perspective, allow adults to increase their genetic fitness and that, from a functionalist perspective, have consequences for regularizing sex and mating, providing for biological and social support, socializing the young, and placing the young into adult positions.

lineage

kinship structure created when several family units are linked together by descent and residence rules

marriage rules

norms specifying who can marry whom in a society, and when

matrilineal descent

rule of descent specifying that the woman's side of the family and kin network (esp. her male relatives) are to be the most important terms of property and authority

matrilocal rule

kinship norm specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the female's family and kin

moiety

kinship unit created when clans are linked together, dividing a society in half into two kinship units

neolocal rule

residence rule indicating that a married couple and their children have autonomy in deciding for themselves where to live

nuclear family unit

family unit created by the married couple and their offspring

patriarchy

situation where males control resources and dominate women in family relations and, more broadly, in relations outside the family as well

patrilineal descent

rule of descent specifying that the male's side of the family and kin network are to be the most important in terms of property and authority

patrilocal rule

kinship norm specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the male's family and kin

polyandry

marriage rule allowing females to have more than one household

polygamy

marriage rules allowing for an individual to have more than one spouse

polygyny

marriage rule allowing males to have more than one wife

residence rules

norms specifying where married couples are to live and reside

romantic love complex

set of beliefs emphasizing mutual attraction and compatibility as the basis for selecting marriage partners

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