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Greases, gels and lubricating pastes are thick, high-viscosity products that do not run or flow off surfaces. Greases often consist of oil thickened with a sodium or calcium soap complex, or non-soap thickener. Greases contain extremely small, uniformly-dispersed particles of soap and/or non-soap thickeners in which surface tension and/or other internal forces hold the liquid. Non-soap thickeners are particles of synthetic, inorganic, or organic polymer materials dispersed in liquid lubricants to form greases. "White" or Lithium greases use a lithium soap complex thickener.

Oil or lubricating fluids contain a dispersion of solid lubricant particles such as PTFE (Teflon®), graphite, and molybdenum disulfide or boron nitride in a mineral, petroleum, or synthetic oil base. Teflon is a registered trademark of DuPont.

Solid lubricants or dry film lubricants are compounds such as hexagonal flake graphite, boron nitride (BN), molybdenum disulfide, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powders, which are designed to reduce friction, binding, or wear, exclude water, or provide other specialized characteristics. Dry film lubricants are low, shear-strength lubricants that shear in one particular plane within a crystal structure such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and certain soaps.

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Fluoropolymer solid lubricants include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants, sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes (e.g., sheets, films, tubes). Teflon®, a registered trademark of DuPont, consists of PTFE.

Hexagonal or flake graphite is a solid lubricant material that maintains a low coefficient of friction up to 400° C (752° F). Graphite has a weak, platelet structure that flakes, shears, or wears away quickly, providing a lubricating action. Hexagonal graphite lubricants are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants; sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a solid lubricant that maintains a low coefficient of friction up to 400° C (752° F). MoS2 solid lubricants are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants, sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes (e.g., sheets, films, tubes).

Natural vegetable and plant-based products, such as soybean oils, are a renewable resource and an attractive alternative to mineral oils and synthetic fluids. Some natural oils pose fewer risks to workers and have a reduced environmental impact.

Alkylated naphthalene (AN) fluids are synthetic oils made by alkylation of naphthalene with an alkylating agent and an acid catalyst. AN fluids have outstanding thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stability, low volatility, and good solubility characteristics.

Aromatic petroleum derivative having a benzene ring type chemical structure. They are also known as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs. Aromatics exhibit some of the chemical behaviors of benzene such as higher reactivity and higher solvency compared to paraffinic and naphthenic products. The reactive nature of aromatic base oils make them useful as petrochemical building blocks for manufacturing of synthetic fluids and other petrochemical compounds. Naphthalene can be considered the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, but this simplest aromatic is often placed in its own group.

Water-soluble and emulsion fluids have high dilution or very low concentration. They include high-water content fluids (HWCF). Soluble oil fluids form an emulsion when mixed with water. The concentrate consists of a base mineral oil and emulsifiers to help produce a stable emulsion. These fluids are used in a diluted form with concentrations ranging from 3% to 10%, and provide good lubrication and heat transfer performance. They are used widely in industry and are the least expensive among all cutting fluids. Water-soluble fluids are used as water-in-oil emulsions or oil-water-emulsions. Water-in-oil emulsions have a continuous phase of oil, and superior lubricating and friction reduction qualities (i.e., metal forming and drawing). Oil-in-water emulsions consist of droplets of oil in a continuous water phase and have better cooling characteristics (i.e., metal cutting fluids and grinding coolants).

Synthetic fluids, semi-synthetic fluids or greases are based on synthetic compounds like silicone, polyglycol, esters, diesters, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and mixtures of synthetic fluids and water. Synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. They contain no petroleum or mineral oil base, but are instead formulated from organic and inorganic alkaline compounds with additives for corrosion inhibition. Synthetic fluids are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations ranging from 3% to 10%. They often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Some synthetics, such as phosphate esters, react or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds, and electrical insulation. Semi-synthetic fluids are essentially a combination of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost, and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids fall between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids.

Mineral oil is petroleum by-product, which is produced during the petroleum crude refining or fractional distillation process. Mineral oils have cyclic and alkane components. Mineral oils are often the base stock or base oil in a lubricant, hydraulic fluid or heat transfer fluid formulations. Additional additive are mixed with the base oil to form a finished product.

Naphthenic fluids or mineral oils are having a high proportion of cycloalkane or cycloparaffinic structures with an absence or very low content of wax molecules (low to no alkanes). Mineral oils with less than 55 to 60 % alkanes or paraffinic structures are considered naphthenic. Naphthenic petroleum fluids are derived from naphthenic crude oil. Naphthenic or aromatic fluids have higher solvency compared to paraffinic fluids. Naphthenic oils have better low temperature properties compared to paraffinic fluids, which makes them useful for low pour point applications. Naphthalene has the chemical formula C10H8 and structurally appears as two fused together benzene rings. Naphthalene has the characteristic "moth ball" odor. Naphthenic oils form oil soluble degradation products, which reduces sludge formation.

Polyalphaolefins are synthetic fluids made from olefin or alkene polymer base stocks. Ethylene is an olefin, which is polymerized to make polyethylene polymers. Polyalphaolefin is made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin, an alkene with double carbon bonds. Examples of alpha-olefin are 1-hexane and 1-octene. Polyalphaolefin fluids are used as lubricants, motor oils, heat transfer fluids, and hydraulic oils, which make use of their very good thermal stability properties.

Paraffin is an alkane hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2 . Paraffin or paraffinic petroleum derivatives include paraffin oils and paraffin wax. Paraffin wax consists of alkane mixture where chain length ranges from 20 ≤ n ≤ 40 range. The hydrocarbon chains are found in both straight or saturated, and branched or iso forms. Paraffin wax is solid at room temperature and begins to enter the liquid phase past approximately 37 °C (99 °F). Paraffin oil, like mineral oil, is a by-product from the petroleum distillation process. Paraffin based products are relatively non-reactive and have excellent oxidation stability. Paraffinic oils have relatively high wax content and pour point, and typically a high viscosity index (VI.).

Polyglycol, glycol, polyalkyene glycol (PAG) and water-glycol fluids are synthetics often used for anti-freeze, circulating coolant, and high water content fluid (HWCF) hydraulic applications. Water-glycol solutions tend to have higher viscosity index values than other compositions. Zinc, cadmium, and magnesium react with water-glycol solutions and should not be used in fluid or coolant systems that contain water-glycol fluids.

Polyether or ether-based fluids, such as phenyl ether polymer or polyphenyl ethers (PPEs), are used in applications requiring very high temperatures, high vacuum, and/or radiation resistant lubricant or fluid. PPEs consist of compounds with two-to-ten benzene rings, which are linked together with ether units. PPEs are used in many aerospace, military, and mission critical applications with demanding performance requirements. Polyvinyl ether (PVE) is a hydrofluorocarbon ether lubricant with excellent performance characteristics. PVE is useful in refrigerant system because PVE is miscible in HFC refrigerants.

Fluids are based upon phosphate ester, dibasic ester, polyol ester, and silicate ester or diester compounds. Phosphate esters and other synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. They are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations from 3% to 10%. Synthetic fluids often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Semi-synthetic fluids are combinations of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost, and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids falls between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. Some synthetics, such as phosphate esters react, or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds, and electrical insulation.

Fluids are based on halogenated (fluorinated and/or chlorinated) hydrocarbons. Chlorofluorcarbon (CFC), halogenated fluorocarbon (HFC), halogenated chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids are included in this group.

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Flash point is the lowest temperature that a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. The U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) defines a flammable liquid as "any liquid having a flash point below 100° F (37.8° C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 100° F (37.8° C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids." Fire point and autogenous ignition (AIT) are additional properties to consider in applications requiring fire resistant fluids. Fire point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form a mixture in air that continuously supports combustion after ignition near the surface of the liquid. Autogenous ignition (AIT) is the temperature at which ignition occurs spontaneously.

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Lubricants, coolants, or fluid products are designed or suitable for forming aerosols for spraying or misting applications. Flammable oils or lubricant should not be aerosolized in order to avoid producing an explosion hazard.

Electrically insulating oils, greases, or fluids have high electrical resistivity and dielectric strength for use in transformers, capacitors, and electrical discharge machining (EDM), or other electrical device applications.

Extra pressure (EP) additives include chemically active agents such as sulfur, phosphorous, or chlorinated compounds that are reactive and form a film to prevent seizure, sticking or surface adhesion under loads causing high pressure conditions.

Corrosion inhibitors in a coolant or heat transfer fluid prevent internal surfaces from corroding by inhibiting corrosive compounds in the water used to dilute the fluid. Rust preventative oils, greases or fluid products leave a film that physically prevents water or corrosive chemicals from reaching a metal surface.

Water displacement lubricants or fluids have the ability to displace water from a surface based on wetting or surface energy characteristics. Fluids with low surface energy or interfacial tension compared to water will flow under the water or moisture on a surface.

Other unlisted, proprietary or specialty features, applications or functions.

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