Hodgson & Jiang (2007) menekankan bahwa korupsi itu retorika yang harus didefinisikan lebih luas lagi karena “organizational corruption, rather than corruption in a broader sense, such as the corruption of language or a single individual… [we] criticized the idea that organizational corruption is confined to the public sector only. A much shorter subsequent section briefly establishes that corruption need not always be for private gain. Another section criticizes utilitarian treatments of corruption and establishes its immoral character, leading to a specific definition of organizational corruption involving the violation of established, normative rules. From this perspective it is argued in the penultimate section that organizational corruption incurs social costs that cannot fully be internalized.”