Photons are composed of collections of DPs with wavelength dimensions in all 3 dimensions. The magnetic and electrical field at each point in the 3D structure of the photon is unique. The Photon EM structure propagates itself forward at the speed of light. Each individual DP travels only a short distance under the influence of the Force Particles. The DPs re-emit the Force Particles after the appropriate length of time, and then proceeds forward to strike the next DP. DP after DP is thus subsequently magnetically and electrically polarized to take its place in momentarily constituting the substance and structure of the photon.

a) When a photon transits from a less dense into a denser medium, such as a photon passing into water from air, the Force Particles are reemitted at a slower rate due to the higher inductance and capacitance of the DPs in the denser medium.

b) EM waves in water propagate at about 70% of the speed of light in air.

i) The concentration of DPs and FPs in any space modifies the response of the space to the applied electromagnetic force. Again, this is because of the change of the inductance and capacitance of the space in each local volume. The change in the rate of electromagnetic response of the DPs means that they have changed their rate of re-transmission of Force Particles.

ii) An increase in the concentration of DPs in any volume of space produces the effect of slowing the rate of reemission of Force Particles. But, the change in the speed of light may be small until the concentration becomes significantly increased.

iii) This delay in reemission of Force Particles has the effect of bending light at a refractive interface. Light will only bend if the angle of incidence is greater than 90. In other words, light that strikes an interface perpendicularly will simply pass through that interface, slowing down, but not bending.

iv) If a photon strikes an air-water interface at an angle off-perpendicular, then its path through the water will be altered, thereby producing the “bent stick” phenomenon.

v) The photon changes direction because the wave front of the photon is a dynamic entity that continues to propagate itself forward perpendicular to its front. And, since the wave front intercepts the interface at one edge first, that leading corner will be slowed down first. The second (and subsequent) DPs and FPs that move into the water from the air likewise are slowed, and find themselves assembling a wave front that is angled at a different angle than the angular aspect of the photon’s wavefront as it approaches from the air. As a result, the wave front reformed in the water propagates perpendicularly and describes an exit locus ray at a different angle than the incoming ray.

c) The Force Particles in conjunction with the DPs comprise the underlying particulate embodiment of the Electromagnetic Force. The interaction of the Force Particles with the DPs is the method by which separation of electrical charge into regions, and the regional magnetic orientation of the DPs is created.

i) The DPs follow the rules of interaction and command associated with the messages carried by the Force Particles.

iii) The presence of the Force Particle in the space of a DP gives the DP a message to move in the direction of that message. Of course, if there are multiple Force Particles, the actual direction of the Force will be produced by the vector sum of all forces.