Ernle D.S. Bradford, Hannibal (1981), is a popular account of his life and generalship; Howard H. . Another useful biography is Serge Lancel, Hannibal (1998; originally published in French, 1995). H.H. Scullard, A History of the Roman World: 753 to 146 B.C.,4th 5th ed. (19802003), discusses his Hannibal’s tactics in Spain and Italy and the opposition by Fabius Cunctator and Scipio Africanus; Brian B.H. Warmington, Carthage,2nd rev. ed., ch. 8–9 (1969), includes a valuable discussion of Hannibal’s relations with the government of Carthage. A penetrating study of Hannibal’s personal history, together with a treatment of his political aims in Italy and his relations with the democratic element at Carthage, has been made by Edmund Groag, Hannibal als Politiker (1929, reissued 1967). Classical sources were unsure of Hannibal’s route to Italy. Frank W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, vol. 1 (1957, reissued 1979), summarizes both the textual and the topographical criticism. English reconstructions of the Alpine crossing include Gavin R. De Beer, Alps and Elephants (19551956), a lively and practical approach not only to topography but also to the problems of elephant transport; and Dennis Proctor, Hannibal’s March in History (1971), a scholarly chronology and routing of the march. De Beer’s Hannibal (1969) collects photographs of topography, together with cultural material on Rome and Carthage in Hannibal’s time. Other useful books about the wars include J.F. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War (1978, reissued 1998); Brian Caven, The Punic Wars (1980, reissued 1992); and John Peddie, Hannibal’s War (1997).