Contents

The driving force behind the formation of the New Communist Party in 1977 was Sid French, who had been the CPGB's Surrey district secretary for many years.[1] French was born into a class-consciousworking class family in 1920 and joined the Young Communist League in 1934 at the age of 14. In 1941, during the World War II, he was called up and served in the Royal Air Force. Promoted to Sergeant in 1942, French was posted to Gibraltar and later to North Africa and Italy. While on active service French wrote an article for Labour Monthly about the problems facing the Gibraltariansunder war conditions. In Algiers he met Henri Alleg, a French communist journalist, who later joined the Algerian resistance against French colonialism and spent five years in prison for his activities. After postwar demobilisation, French's commitment to the communist movement led to his appointment as Secretary of the newly formed Surrey District Committee of the CPGB in 1950.[2] He remained in that position until he resigned, together with other supporters, to establish the New Communist Party on 15 July 1977. Sid French was a member of the General and Municipal Workers Union (G&MWU) and an active co-operator. He was elected to the Political Purposes Committee of the Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society (RACS) in 1967[3] and elected to the RACS Members' Council in 1968.[4]

In the eyes of French and like-minded observers, the CPGB leadership under John Gollan used the Hungarian crisis and the denunciation of what Khrushchev called Stalin's "cult of personality" to weaken and divide the party as a whole. The British Road to Socialism, was first revised in 1957 - the start of a process culmination in 1977 which, for French, deprived it of all revolutionary content.[6]

In 1966, the Daily Worker was re-launched as The Morning Star[7] - French had been among those who had campaigned against this change. The CPGB leadership's decision to support the Dubček leadership in Czechoslovakia and oppose the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact intervention in 1968 that led to Dubček's removal widened the divisions within the CPGB.[8]

In 1964 Labour returned to power after 13 years of Conservative rule but the new government under Harold Wilson pursued policies seen by many leftists as anti-union (including an attempt to introduce "In Place of Strife" compulsory arbitration), while in Northern Ireland the government was seen by many in the Catholic community as supporting its oppression following the collapse of the civil rights campaign. The Tories, under Edward Heath, returned to power in 1970 with policies even more unpopular with the British left, contributing to the largest number of strikes involving the greatest number of workers in British history. Miners' strikes in 1972 and 1974 featured widespread participation from the working class and other sectors. Heath was defeated in 1974 and in the eyes of many on the British left, the second Wilson government continued where it left off.

French and like-minded British communists saw the Wilson/Callaghan government of 1974-79 as implementing "class collaborationist" policies and felt this was becoming more obvious to the working class, but believed the CPGB was incapable of presenting a clear revolutionary perspective, and had no capacity to rally workers on a mass scale against the capitalist offensive. French and others believed that at a moment of profound crisis for social democracy, their party was impotent and unable to wage a struggle for communist policies.

It was during this period of struggle and change that the CPGB declined at an alarming rate. It became more isolated from the people than at any other time in its history. The decline in membership and Morning Star circulation accelerated. The Young Communist League collapsed, while the growing crisis in the party also affected the credibility of its leadership as formerly senior and influential members left its ranks. In 1976, four of the party's top engineering activists resigned: Bernard Panter, Cyril Morton, Jimmy Reid and John Tocher, who had all been members of the Political Committee. At the base of the party the crisis in organisation was even more clear. Thousands of members were no longer organised and many did not even pay their nominal 25p monthly dues.[9]

Warring camps emerged within the party. Since the 1960s a secret faction known as the "Smith Group"[10] and later as the "Party Group" had operated within the CPGB based around the theories of the Italian communist leader Antonio Gramsci. This provided the political base for the emergence of an open Eurocommunist faction in the early 1970s. The Gollan leadership sought to prop itself up by aligning itself with the Eurocommunist forces further to their right. Within that camp was an active faction that called itself the "Revolutionary Democratic Current".

On the other side, a group led by former CPGB student organiser Fergus Nicholson was emerging[11] that later became "Straight Left"; while French's Surrey District committee refrained from faction fighting which would have led to disciplinary action.

But the crisis came to a head the following year in the run-up to the Congress in November. The Gollan leadership had redrawn the British Road to Socialism aimed at - according to its detractors - adopting a social-democratic platform that sought the respectability and acceptance of academic and intellectual circles. The hardliners claimed it was the party's entrance fee into the reformist and social democratic traditions of the official labour movement. The publication of the draft and the beginning of the pre-Congress discussion period led to furious arguments within the party - with the majority saying that the new programme was about building a broad alliance for revolutionary social change, though implicitly or explicitly agreeing that the proposals broke with the Leninist tradition.

The Nicholson group argued that all the opposition should focus on making a stand at the November 1977 Congress. French led discussions with Nicholson and he was ready to go along with this strategy. But when it became clear that the party leadership was going to strike the first blow by expelling Sid French and a number of others in the Surrey district the formation of a new party became inevitable. On 15 July 1977 the New Communist Party was established at an emergency meeting in London called by French and other members of the Surrey district committee.

Support came largely from French's Surrey district stronghold though other supporters of his position, who had been contacted during the campaign against the new draft of the BRS, also joined immediately. But the decision to form the party in July had been made at the last moment. It took a further six weeks to organise the production of a party weekly, the New Worker, and issue the first pamphlet arguing the case for the new party.[12]

The NCP failed to take many members in key districts of the CPGB, such as London, Scotland and South Wales in the run-up to the November CPGB Congress. There, Nicholson's supporters were overwhelmingly defeated and the new draft BRS adopted. The Nicholson group continued to oppose the CPGB leadership in an increasingly factional way while claiming that French's move had undermined the overall opposition at Congress. But the opposition had no chance of defeating the draft. Even if French's supporters had been at Congress their numbers together with Nicholson's group were still not enough to defeat the leadership bloc's support.

Some 6,000 members had left the CPGB by the end of 1977 in a membership decline that would accelerate throughout the 1980s. But only a fraction of them, put at around 700,[13] joined the NCP.[14]

Sid French became the first General Secretary of the NCP and Surrey became its strongest area. The first national chairman was Joe Parker, a full-time official in the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Coppersmiths (NUSMWC) until he retired in 1982. Joe Parker stepped down as Party Chairman soon after but remained an active NCP member until his death in 2004.

French died in 1979 and was succeeded by Eric Trevett. Trevett retired from full-time Party work in 1995 but remained on the Politburo of the Central Committee of the NCP as Party President, a post created in that year, until his death in September 2014.

Like the rest of the British communist movement the NCP from the beginning had to deal with what they saw as ultra-leftism and right-wing deviation. All were defeated at congresses over the years and many were expelled for factionalism. In the early 1980s an extreme pro-Soviet faction called "Proletarian"[15] was expelled. In the early 1990s another small group was expelled which later formed the Communist Action Group.

The party's 'Vote Labour Everywhere' strategy was changed in 2000 to support Ken Livingstone for London Mayor and this ultimately led to the biggest purge in the party's history. A vote at the central committee with a one-vote majority led to nine expulsions from the party of those opposed to the Livingstone decision for factionalism, and some subsequent resignations, including nine members of the central committee. The North West District was dissolved and altogether around 25 members were either expelled for factionalism or resigned from the party.

One of the NCP's most famous members was the communist historian Ernie Trory (1913–2000) who founded the Crabtree Press whose imprint published his political and historical writings. Three major volumes, Between the Wars, Imperialist War and War of Liberation, all sub-titled Recollections of a Communist Organiser, cover unfolding political events from the Depression to the end of the Second World War.[16]

The General Secretary is Andy Brooks, a founder member of the NCP and a member of the Central Committee since 1979. He had previously been international secretary, editor of the New Worker and deputy general secretary.

The NCP has never stood candidates in general or local elections and calls for support for the Labour candidates. This policy was amended in 2000 to permit support for independent Labour candidates with mass support and the NCP backed Ken Livingstone's successful bid for the London Mayorship.

The NCP is an affiliate of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), a grass-roots membership organisation with around a thousand individual members and affiliates that was established in 2004. Four left Labour MPs are members of the LRC including the chair, John McDonnell MP. The aim of the LRC is to set up socialist groups at every level of the Labour Party to confront "New Labour", oppose the war in Iraq, and resist privatisation and job cuts.[17]

The NCP is also a supporter of the Liaison Committee for the Defence of Trade Unions, a rank and file union committee supported by a number of left-leaning trade union leaders.[18]

The organisational structure of the NCP consists of Fractions, Cells, District Committees, Central Committee, and Political Bureau (Politburo). The highest body of the party is the National Congress, which determines policy and elects the Central Committee.

It produces a weekly newspaper called The New Worker. Content is written either internally, or comes from other sources, particularly organs of fraternal parties. It no longer has a theoretical journal, having ended publication of the New Communist Review in the mid-1990s following the death of its editor George Woolley. In the 1980s and early 1990s the NCP also published an Industrial Bulletin, Irish Bulletin and Economic Bulletin. It produces Internal Bulletin for members and supporters, as well as various pamphlets on different subjects.

The NCP began to internally criticise Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership of the Soviet Union in 1988 and following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the party established relations with communist and workers parties throughout the world. In the 1990s Party Congresses adopted resolutions repudiating and denouncing Nikita Khrushchev's anti-Stalin 20th Congressspeech and defining its ideology around the "great revolutionary teachers of humanity, Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin" and the "great revolutionary leaders of the struggling masses, Mao Zedong, Kim Il Sung, Fidel Castro and Ho Chi Minh".

In April 1992 the New Communist Party was one of the initial signatories of the Pyongyang Declaration, along with 77 other communist, workers, socialist and progressive parties worldwide. Entitled Let Us Defend and Advance the Cause of Socialism, the declaration was the first statement made by the international communist movement since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and to date has been signed by around 250 parties.[19]

In 2003 the NCP adopted an entirely new rule book, with the aim of building a monolithic party and based on the principles laid down by the old Communist International.[20]

1.
New Communist Party of the Netherlands
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The New Communist Party of the Netherlands is a communist party in the Netherlands. The NCPN was founded in 1992 by communist hardliners who disagreed with the decision of the CPN to merge into GroenLinks, through the Stichting HOC, the NCPN releases the monthly newspaper Manifest. The NCPN supports the socialist government of Cuba, the socialist developments in Venezuela under Hugo Chavez, the party opposed the invasion of the U. S. in Iraq and opposes neoliberalism. In the past, the party criticized the trial of Slobodan Milošević, in 2003, the Communist Youth Movement was founded as the NCPNs political youth organization. In 1982 a group of members of the Communist Party of the Netherlands founded the newspaper Manifest, in 1984 this group founded the League of Communists in the Netherlands. The CPN dissolved in 1992 in order to place for a new political party, GreenLeft. Subsequently, the VCN, together with former members of the CPN. In 1999 the local branch of the NCPN in the municipality of Scheemda split from the party, results NCPN House of Representatives elections The NCPN has participated in the annual International Communist Seminar and the annual International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties. The NCPN also often cooperates with the Workers Party of Belgium, the German Communist Party, Official website Official website of the local branch Twente Official website of the local branch Lemmer

2.
Communist Party of Britain
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The party emerged from a dispute between Eurocommunists and Marxist-Leninists in the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1988. Former members of the party include Bob Crow, Ken Gill, the Communist Party was re-established in April 1988 by a disaffected section of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which had largely embraced Eurocommunism. This section included the editorship of the Morning Star newspaper, largely supporters of the Communist Campaign Group, the founders of the new party attacked the leadership of the CPGB for allegedly abandoning class politics and the leading role of the working class in the revolutionary process in Britain. The youth wing of the CPGB, the Young Communist League, had collapsed, the following year, the leaders of CPGB formally declared that they had abandoned the partys programme, The British Road to Socialism. Members of the party perceived this as the party turning its back on socialism, the CPGB dissolved itself in 1991 and reformed as the Democratic Left. Many members of the Straight Left faction who had stayed in the CPGB formed a group called Communist Liaison which later opted to join the new Communist Party, others remained in the Democratic Left or joined the Labour Party. In January 1998 Hicks was ousted as general secretary in a 17 -13 vote moved by John Haylett at a meeting of the partys Executive Committee, some of Hicks supporters were expelled and others resigned in protest. They formed a group called Marxist Forum. The party traces its roots back to 1920 and claims figures such as Willie Gallacher, Harry Pollitt, Phil Piratin, the party is part of the Stop the War Coalition, the movements chair, Andrew Murray was a Communist Party member until late 2016. Those in favour, including general secretary Rob Griffiths, Andrew Murray, in 2009 the party was one of the founder organisations of the No2EU electoral alliance alongside the RMT and a number of other left parties. The aim of the alliance is to stand in European Parliament elections on a platform of opposition to the European Union which it considers undemocratic, the Peoples Charter, that the Communist Party had helped create several years earlier, subsequently was voted to be incorporated into the Peoples Assembly. Socialist society creates the conditions for advance to a fully communist form of society in each will receive according to need. Set the national minimum wage at half median male earnings rising to two-thirds, with no exemptions, immediately restore the link between the state retirement pension and earnings at its original value and introduce a second state pension which includes contributions from employers and the state. Halt all forms of privatisation and invest in public services and their staff, with a programme in particular to build more council. Integrate all religious, private, trust and city academy schools into a secular education system under democratic local control. Protect and develop manufacturing industry through public investment, measures against the export of jobs and capital, match public subsidies to failing private companies with a public shareholding and take banking and key industries such as pharmaceuticals and armaments into democratic public ownership. Cut military spending to average European levels, switch military R&D and production to meeting social needs, oppose all steps towards a military, monopoly capitalist United States of Europe including an EU constitution, the EU services directive and EU labour law reform. Repeal all anti-trade union, anti-democratic and supposedly racist immigration laws with full employment rights, strengthen the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly and restore powers and resources to local government

3.
Andy Brooks
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Andy Brooks is the general secretary of the New Communist Party of Britain. He was formerly a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain and he has been a member of the NCP Central Committee since 1979. He had previously been international secretary, editor of the paper, The New Worker. Trevett subsequently took up the newly created post of NCP president,1997 interview Oliver Cromwell and the Good Old Cause article in New Worker

4.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

5.
Anti-revisionism
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In the communist lexicon, anti-revisionism is opposition to attempts to revise, modify, or abandon the fundamentals of revolutionary theory and practice. In this view, reformism within communism is rejected as representing dangerous concessions to communisms adversaries, because different political trends trace the historical roots of revisionism to different eras and leaders, there is significant disagreement today as to what constitutes anti-revisionism. Therefore, modern groups which describe themselves as anti-revisionist fall into several categories, in addition, other groups uphold various less well-known historical leaders, such as Enver Hoxha. Historically, anti-revisionists presented a critique of the official Communist Parties from the left for having abandoned orthodox Marxism–Leninism, the terminological disagreement can be confusing because different versions of a left-right political spectrum are used. Anti-revisionists consider themselves the ultimate leftists on a spectrum from communism on the left to imperialist capitalism on the right, but Stalinism is often labeled rightist within the communist spectrum and left communism leftist. In the wake of Khrushchevs speech to the 20th Congress of the C. P. S. U, in the 1970s the anti-revisionist movement expanded and diversified to encompass those communists who rejected a pro-Soviet orientation for one aligned either with Chinese or Albanian positions. Self-proclaimed anti-revisionists firmly oppose the reforms initiated in Communist countries by leaders like Nikita Khrushchev in the Soviet Union and they generally refer to such reforms and states as state capitalist and social-imperialist. A short time later, anti-revisionist groups were divided by the Sino-Albanian split. Many such organizations may call themselves Maoist, Marxist–Leninist or even just simply revolutionary communist, however, many if not most Hoxhaists and Maoists are critically supportive of North Korea on grounds of Anti-imperialism. Anti-revisionists aligned with Enver Hoxha and the line of the Albanian party of labor argue that Mao Zedong thought is itself a form of revisionism, Hoxhaists also argue that the theory of New Democracy and Peoples War were revisionist and anti-scientific. The Hoxhaist camp came into existence during the Sino-Albanian split. S

6.
Communism
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Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements

7.
Euroscepticism
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Euroscepticism means criticism of the European Union. Some observers though prefer to understand opposition to and total rejection of the EU as Euroscepticism, traditionally, the main source of Euroscepticism has been the notion that integration weakens the nation state, and a desire to slow, halt or reverse integration within the EU. Other views often held by Eurosceptics include perceptions of a deficit in the European Union or a belief that the EU is too bureaucratic. A Eurobarometer survey of EU citizens in 2009 showed that support for membership of the EU was lowest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, by 2016, the countries viewing the EU most unfavourably were Greece, France, Spain and the UK. Euroscepticism is found in political parties across the spectrum, however. Trust in the EU and its institutions has declined strongly since a peak in 2007. In 2016, a referendum asking whether the United Kingdom either should remain a member of, or leave. While having some overlaps, Euroscepticism and anti-Europeanism are different, anti-Europeanism has always had a strong influence in American culture and American exceptionalism, which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or both. Some aspects of euroscepticism in the United Kingdom have been mirrored by US authors, there can be considered to be several different types of Eurosceptic thought, which differ in the extent to which adherents reject European integration and in their reasons for doing so. Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart described two of these as hard and soft Euroscepticism, the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament, typified by such parties as the United Kingdom Independence Party, is hard Eurosceptic. In western European EU member countries, hard Euroscepticism is currently a hallmark of many anti-establishment parties, some hard Eurosceptics such as UKIP prefer to call themselves Eurorealists rather than sceptics, and regard their position as pragmatic rather than in principle. I think theyre building an empire there, they want us to be a part of their empire, François Asselineau of the French Popular Republican Union has criticised the use of the term sceptic to describe hard Eurosceptics and would rather advocate the use of the term Euro opponent. Soft Euroscepticism is support for the existence of, and membership of, a form of European Union, some have claimed that there is no clear line between hard and soft euroscepticism. Some scholars consider the difference in terminology between hard and soft Euroscepticism inadequate to accommodate the large differences in terms of political agenda. Therefore, hard Euroscepticism has also referred to as Europhobia. Other alternative names for hard and soft Euroscepticism include withdrawalist respectively reformist Euroscepticism, about 43% of Europeans thought things were going in the wrong direction” in the EU, compared with 23% who thought things were going in the right direction. About 32% of EU citizens tend to trust the European Union as an institution, distrust of the EU was highest in Greece, Cyprus, Austria, France Germany, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic. Overall, more respondents distrusted their own government than the EU, distrust of national government was highest in Greece, Slovenia, Portugal, Cyprus and France

8.
Political spectrum
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A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions. Most long-standing spectra include a wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution. According to the simplest left–right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left, sometimes on the right. Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates, politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is known as syncretic politics. Political scientists have noted that a single left–right axis is insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs. As seen from the Speakers seat at the front of the Assembly, the aristocracy sat on the right, originally, the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the Ancien Régime. The Right thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests, and the church, while The Left implied support for republicanism, secularism, and civil liberties. Because the political franchise at the start of the revolution was relatively narrow, the original Left represented mainly the interests of the bourgeoisie and their political interests in the French Revolution lay with opposition to the aristocracy, and so they found themselves allied with the early capitalists. However, this did not mean that their interests lay with the laissez-faire policies of those representing them politically. As capitalist economies developed, the aristocracy became less relevant and were replaced by capitalist representatives. This evolution has often pulled parliamentary politicians away from laissez-faire economic policies, for almost a century, social scientists have considered the problem of how best to describe political variation. In 1950, Leonard W. Submitting the results to factor analysis and this system was derived empirically, rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it, Fergusons research was exploratory. As a result of method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Fergusons three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not. Although replication of the Nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of Religionism and Humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson, shortly afterward, Hans Eysenck began researching political attitudes in Great Britain. He believed that there was something similar about the National Socialists on the one hand. Submitting this value questionnaire to the process of factor analysis used by Ferguson. Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real-world phenomenon, Eysencks dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in Germany and Sweden, France, and Japan. According to Eysenck, members of both ideologies were tough-minded, in this context, Eysenck carried out studies on nazism and communist groups, claiming to find members of both groups to be more dominant and more aggressive than control groups

9.
Far-left politics
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Far-left politics or extreme-left politics is a branch of politics further to the left of the left-right spectrum than the standard political left. Far-left politics are generally the province of extra-governmental groups and those espousing them are typically opposed to their governments, dr. March sees four major subgroups within contemporary European far-left politics, communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists and social populists. Hloušek and Kopeček add secondary characteristics to those identified by March and Mudde, such as anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO and these people include both authoritarians and libertarians. McClosky and Chong surveyed a number of militant, revolutionary groups in the US and they argue that, like far-right extremists. The term ultra-leftism has two overlapping uses, one usage is a generally pejorative term for certain types of positions on the far left that are extreme or intransigent. The term is also used—pejoratively or not—to refer to a current of Marxist communism. Ultra-left currents within left communism are often subject to criticisms from other factions of the left, the left communist organization International Communist Current refuses to work with leftist groups except for other left communists or anarchists. Gilles Dauvé, a left communist theorist, argues that all bourgeois regimes should be opposed, the term ultra left is rarely used in English, in which people tend to speak broadly of left communism as a minor variant of traditional Marxism. In opposition to Bolshevism, the left generally places heavy emphasis upon the autonomy. The term has been popularised in the United States by the Socialist Workers Party, a number of far-left parties gave birth to militant organisations during the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Red Brigades and the Red Army Faction. These groups generally aimed to overthrow capitalist systems and replace them with socialist societies

10.
Red
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing

11.
Gold (color)
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Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of yellow-orange color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold. The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the metallic gold. The use of gold as a term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color metallic gold. The first recorded use of golden as a name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold. Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone, in heraldry, the French word or is used. In model building, the gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, at right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials reflective brightness varying with the surfaces angle to the light source. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold was used for rendering gold in paintings, Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. Old gold is a yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely accepted color old gold is on the rather than the lighter side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a name in English was in the early 19th century. The Delta Sigma Pi fraternity, founded in November 7,1907, official colors are designated royal purple, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternitys colors are garnet and old gold. Old gold is one of two colors of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State Universitys intercollegiate sports teams. Old Gold and black are the colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold, the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold, Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow on the RGB color wheel

12.
Politics of the United Kingdom
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The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two largest political participation have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party, before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. A Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government held office from 2010 until 2015, with the partition of Ireland, Northern Ireland received home rule in 1920, though civil unrest meant direct rule was restored in 1972. Support for nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales led to proposals for devolution in the 1970s though only in the 1990s did devolution actually happen. Today, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each possess a legislature and executive, the United Kingdom government remains responsible for non-devolved matters and, in the case of Northern Ireland, co-operates with the government of the Republic of Ireland. It is a matter of dispute as to increased autonomy. A2014 referendum on independence led to a rejection of the proposal, in Northern Ireland, a smaller percentage vote for Irish nationalist parties. The constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and this system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the British Empire. The British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the chief of state of the United Kingdom, though she takes little direct part in government, the Crown remains the fount in which ultimate executive power over government lies. The head of Her Majestys Government, the minister, also has weekly meetings with the sovereign. In practice, this means that the leader of the party with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons is chosen to be the Prime Minister. If no party has a majority, the leader of the largest party is given the first opportunity to form a coalition. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers which make up the Government, about twenty of the most senior government ministers make up the Cabinet and approximately 100 ministers in total comprise the government. In accordance with convention, all ministers within the government are either Members of Parliament or peers in the House of Lords. In practice, members of parliament of all parties are strictly controlled by whips who try to ensure they vote according to party policy. If the government has a majority, then they are very unlikely to lose enough votes to be unable to pass legislation. The Prime Minister is the most senior minister in the Cabinet and they are responsible for chairing Cabinet meetings, selecting Cabinet ministers, and formulating government policy

13.
Elections in the United Kingdom
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Within each of those categories, there may be by-elections as well as general elections. Elections are held on Election Day, which is conventionally a Thursday, the Electoral Commission sets standards for and issues guidelines to Returning Officers and Electoral Registration Officers, and is responsible for nationwide electoral administration. The total number of names in the United Kingdom appearing in Electoral Registers published on 1 December 2010 and based on a qualifying date of 15 October 2010 was 45,844,691. In Scotland, anyone who will be aged 16 or over on polling day can register to vote as the age for voting in Scottish local elections and elections to the Scottish Parliament is 16. However, voters in Scotland under 18 are not entitled to vote in European Elections or UK General Elections, a person can still register at his/her ordinary address if he/she will be away temporarily. A person who has two homes may be able to register to vote at both addresses as long as they are not in the electoral area. Remand prisoners, voluntary patients in hospitals and people without a fixed place of residence can register to vote by making a declaration of local connection. Members of HM Forces and their family members have the option of registering as a service voter. British citizens residing outside the United Kingdom can register as an overseas voter provided that they were on the Electoral Register in the UK within the previous 15 years, the 15 years period begins when they no longer appeared in the electoral register, not the date they moved abroad. Overseas voters can vote in European Parliamentary and UK Parliamentary elections in the constituency of their last registered UK address. British citizens who are away overseas temporarily do not need to register as overseas electors, Crown servants and British Council employees employed in a post outside the UK can register by making a Crown Servant declaration, allowing them to vote in all UK elections. The right of Commonwealth and Irish citizens to vote is a legacy of the Representation of the People Act 1918, which limited the vote to British subjects. At that time, British subjects included the people of Ireland — then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland — and all other parts of the British Empire. Though most of Ireland and the majority of the colonies became independent nations, in theory, members of the Royal Family who are not members of the House of Lords are eligible to vote, although in practice they do not exercise that right. In Great Britain, most electors are enrolled during the course of the annual canvass, canvass forms are sent to all households, and must be returned, otherwise a fine of £1000 can be imposed. Between December and early August, the registration procedure applies instead. Applications must be submitted individually using registration forms available from local Electoral Registration Officers or the Electoral Commissions website, application forms can be returned to the local Electoral Registration Officer by post, by fax or by e-mail as a scanned attachment. As of June 2014, as part of the Governments Digital By Default policy, voters in England, special category electors do not register through the annual canvass procedure

14.
Communist Party of Benin
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The Communist Party of Benin is a political party in Benin. PCB was founded in 1977 by the Union of Communists of Dahomey, the party was initially called Communist Party of Dahomey. The first secretary of the party is Pascal Fantodji, PCB was an illegal party, working in a clandestine manner against the Kérékou regime, and was only legally recognized on September 17,1993. PCB is associated with the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations, in the legislative elections of 1995, PCB got one MP elected. In the 1996 presidential elections, PCB candidate Pascal Fantodji got 17,977 votes, in 1998, Magloire Yansunnu was expelled. In 1999, Yansunnu formed the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Benin

15.
Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
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Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party is a communist party in Burkina Faso. It was founded on 1 October 1978, following a split in the Voltaic Communist Organization, PCRV followed the political line of the Albanian Party of Labour, anti-revisionist Marxism-Leninism. It promoted National Democratic and Popular Revolution, PCRV did not support the revolutionary government of Thomas Sankara. This led to a split and the formation of the Burkinabé Communist Group, PCRV is an active participant in the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations

16.
Egyptian Communist Party
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The Egyptian Communist Party is the title of a modern political party in Egypt. The same name was used by an older leftist Egyptian party founded in 1921. The modern Egyptian Communist Party was formed in 1975 by a number of members of the former Egyptian Communist Party, under the regimes of Presidents Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak the new Communist Party faced state repression and was barred from running in elections. The party however continued to operate underground until the overthrow of Mubarak in 2011, despite having ECP members allegedly killed and imprisoned under Mubarak, the party have since been involved in mobilizing workers in 2011. Communist Party - international movement Egyptian Communist Party - an early holder of the founded in 1921

17.
Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar
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Party of the Independence Congress of Madagascar, is a communist political party in Madagascar. AKFM was founded on November 8,1958, one of the organizations that took part in the formation was the UPM of Francis Sautron. The founding president was Richard Andriamanjato, a Merina Protestant priest who had developed links to the French Communist Party, throughout its history AKFM has been dominated by Merinas. Initially the party was based in Antananarivo and Antsiranana. The general secretary of AKFM 1960-1990 was Gisèle Rabesahala, on October 11,1959 AKFM won the municipal elections in Antananarivo. AKFM got 25 out of 37 seats, on the same day the list of AKFM and FISEMA won the municipal elections in Diégo-Suarez, where Sautron had been the mayor. AKFM-FISEMA got 19 out of 27 seats, and Sautron was reelected mayor, after 1976 AKFM was part of the ruling FNRD. In March 1989, Andriamanjato broke away and formed the pro-Albert Zafy Party of the Independence Congress of Madagascar-Renewal

18.
Communist Party of Namibia (2009)
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The Workers Revolutionary Party is a communist party in Namibia led by Attie Beukes and Harry Boesak. The party was founded by Attie Beukes in May 1989 as the Workers Revolutionary Party and it joined the United Democratic Front alliance for participation in the 1989 elections. The UDF won four seats in election for the Constituent Assembly of Namibia. In the 2004 election, the WRP joined with SWANU in an alliance of socialist parties, the SWANU-WRP alliance received 3,428 votes, which were not enough for a seat in the National Assembly. Under its new name, Communist Party of Namibia, it contested the 2009 general election for seats in the National Assembly, the party registered for the 2009 election as the fourteenth and final party. Beukes, the candidate for president, received 1,005 votes. The CPN received 810 votes, which was the lowest of all contesting parties, Beukes received his highest vote total in the Mariental Rural constituency in the Hardap Region and the CPN received its highest vote total in the Gibeon, Hardap Region constituency. The WRP contested the 2014 general election again under its original name and it achieved 1. 49% of the vote and gained two seats in the National Assembly

19.
Democratic Way
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Democratic Way is a Marxist legal political party in Morocco. Since 2004, when the party was legalized by the Moroccan State, the party has around 50 local sections in Morocco, as well as European branches for Moroccan immigrants in Spain, France, Italy and Belgium. Constituted in 1995 by members of the clandestine organization Ila Al Amame, the second congress was held on July 2008, and the third national congress of the party is scheduled for 13,14 and 15 July 2012 in Casablanca. In 2004 the party formed an alliance with Loyalty to Democracy party, the Unified Socialist Left, the Party of the Socialist Vanguard, and the National Ittihad Congress. The main objective of the Democratic Way is the construction of socialism, with a society that put an end to capitalism. The party criticize the illusions of alternance, referring to the presence of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces, until then the opposition party. Democratic Way had boycotted all the elections held since its creation, as they do not consider then free, fighting against savage liberalism The implication of its militants on the Moroccan human rights movement, opposing the human rights violations of the regime. The struggle for recognition of the Amazigh language and culture as official, the support of the peoples struggles, and above them the Palestinian, Iraqi and Lebanese peoples, and the struggle against the normalization with the Zionist entity. The support to the Sahrawi people struggle for self-determination, direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front and peaceful solutions, since its first appearances, Democratic Way had supported the demonstrations of the February 20 Movement

20.
South African Communist Party
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The South African Communist Party is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921, was declared illegal in 1950 and it is a partner of the Tripartite Alliance with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions and through this influences the South African government. The Communist Party of South Africa was founded in 1921 by the joining together of the International Socialist League and it first came to prominence during the armed Rand Rebellion by white mineworkers in 1922. The Party thus reoriented itself at its 1924 Party Congress towards organising black workers, by 1928,1,600 of the partys 1,750 members were Black. Despite this, in 1929 the party adopted a line which held that. By 1948 the Party had officially abandoned the Native Republic policy, in 1946, the CPSA along with the African National Congress took part in the general strike that was started by the African Mine Workers Strike in 1946. Many party members, such as Bram Fischer were arrested, aware that the National party, elected to government in 1948, was about to ban the party, the CPSA decided by a majority to dissolve itself. After its voluntary dissolution, the CPSA was declared illegal in 1950, in 1953, a group of former CPSA members launched the South African Communist Party that remained — as had been the CPSA — aligned with the Soviet Union. The ban on the party was lifted in 1990 when the ANC and other organisations and individuals were also unbanned. The CPSA/SACP was a target of the National Party government. The Suppression of Communism Act was used against all those dedicated to ending apartheid, the Congress Alliance committed itself to a democratic non-racial South Africa where the people shall govern through the Freedom Charter. SACP played a role in the development of the liberation movement in South Africa. The PAC founder, Robert Magaliso Sobukwe, also supported a concept of non-racialism as opposed to multi-racialism, the PACs policy of Africanism and acceptance of Maoism informed the black student uprisings of the 1970s which were led by the Black Consciousness Movement and Steve Biko. A new generation of leaders, led by Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu recognised that the Nationalists were certain to ban the ANC and so make peaceful protest all and they allied themselves with the Communists to form Umkhonto we Sizwe which began a campaign of economic bombing or armed propaganda. However the leaders of Umkhonto were soon arrested and jailed and the movement was left weak. Communist Joe Slovo was Chief of Staff of Umkhonto, his wife, the ANC itself, though, remained broadly social democratic in outlook. In exile, communist states provided the ANC with funds and arms, with victory a number of Communists occupied prominent positions on the ANC benches in parliament. Most prominently, Nelson Mandela appointed Joe Slovo as Minister for Housing, however, the Freedom Charter had been considered only as a blueprint for a future democratic and free South Africa

21.
Sudanese Communist Party
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The Communist Party of Sudan, is a communist party in the Republic of Sudan. Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Joseph Garang, Alshafi Ahmed Elshikh, Babkir Elnour, the party remained officially dissolved, but some CPS politicians entered into the government. The party began as an offshoot of the Egyptian Communist Movement and during the 1940s and 50s became popular amongst students, the SCP originally largely worked through different front organisations, such as Democratic Front, founded in 1954, and contested elections through the Anti-Imperialist Front. The party contested elections in the 1960s, although came into conflict with the Umma Party, nevertheless, the party went on to win 8 seats at the 1965 election, with Ahmad Sulayman being elected from a territorial constituency, and Abdel Khaliq Mahjub being elected as an independent. Another member of the party, Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim, was the first woman elected to the Sudanese parliament, from 1965 to 1967 there was constitutional controversy as other parties tried to outlaw the SCP from partaking in parliamentary elections. Some members advocating the establishment of an ideologically broader Socialist Party of the Sudan, on May 25,1969 the Sudanese government was overthrow in a military coup led by Gaafar Nimeiry. The SCP gained influence with the new administration, and SCP policies, Joseph Garang, an SCP member, was made the Government Minister of Southern Affairs. The SCP plan was open to the later adopted Addis Ababa Agreement, the failed 1971 coup had its roots in historic ideological differences within the party, between the Pro-Soviet faction, and the Nationalist faction. The nationalists, such as Ahmad Sulayman and Faruq Abu Issa, the Pro-Soviet faction, led by Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, was less supportive, and Mahjub was arrested and exiled in 1970. In 1971 pro-Communist military officers tried unsuccessful to overthrow the Nimeiry led government, following the failed coup Mahjub, other SCP leaders, and the dissident officers were executed, and the party organisation was harshly repressed. In 1985 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab launched a coup détat, overthrowing Nimeiry, following the 1989 Sudanese coup détat however the party was again repressed, with the party being banned and its leaders being arrested. As of 2006, the SCP is led by Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud, human rights activist Suleman Hamid El Haj is the assistant secretary and spokesman for the party. The party previously supported the policies and positions of the SPLM in the early 1990s, the SCP advocates a return to democratic rule and opposed the secession of South Sudan. The freer political climate has allowed the party to be more active since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, Party leader Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud came out of two-decade hiding. Party members suffering during the decades of NIF rule had pleaded him to be more active, Nugud visited Juba, Southern Sudan, on 28 November 2008 for the first time in two decades at the invitation of Southern communists. The trip was aimed at “bolstering the activities of the SCP in southern Sudan” and he was received by SPLM Deputy Secretary General, Dr. Ann Itto. The SCP and South African Communist Party recently jointly launched the African Left Network meeting in order to facilitate greater cooperation amongst African Communist parties, Abdel Khaliq Mahjub Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud Muhammad Mukhtar Al-Khatib Official website

22.
Workers' Party (Tunisia)
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The Workers Party, is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Tunisia. Legalized only in 2011, it participates in the Popular Front coalition, the partys long-term leader is general secretary Hamma Hammami. Founded in 1986, the party was known as the Tunisian Workers Communist Party until 2012, after the rename it remained a member of the Hoxhaist International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations. The party was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a attempt to shore up the state framework it. Subsequently the party and other opposition elements refused this attempt to co-opt the ongoing revolution by installing a government composed at its senior levels by associates of the former regime and it was founded on January 3,1986 and has a youth wing the Union of Communist Youth of Tunisia. Amnesty International reports that in 1998 five students were charged with belonging to PCOT, after their involvement in the uprising against Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, PCOT held their first conference as a legal party on July 22–24, with up to 2000 attending. Removing the word communist from the name was among the topics debated. In the end, party spokesperson Abed Jabbar Bdouri stated the party decided “not to make any changes since we’re currently too busy with the electoral campaign”. In the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, the candidates of PCOTs electoral formation ran by the name Revolutionary Alternative and won 3 of the 217 seats, in Sfax, Kairouan and Siliana. In July 2012, the PCOT decided to remove the word communist from its name to avoid the associated with this term. Official website Let Us Make the Awakening of the Movement our Central Task, La Forge, interview with Hamma Hammani on the situation in Tunisia, La Forge, Organ of the Communist Party of the Workers of France. Hamma Hammami, Tunisian Communist Workers Party, Tunisia, For a Constitutional Assembly to Lay the Foundations of a Democratic Republic

23.
Communist Party of Argentina
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The Communist Party of Argentina is a communist party in Argentina. At the 2005 legislative elections, the Party joined the Encuentro Amplio with other left-wing parties in Buenos Aires, the coalition did badly and lost its existing national representation. Members in the Santa Fe Province joined the Progressive, Civic and Social Front, the youth wing of PCA is the Communist Youth Federation. Politicians of the Communist Party of Argentina Media related to Communist Party of Argentina at Wikimedia Commons PCA official website

24.
Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina
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The Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina is a Maoist communist party from Argentina. The party was emerged from a split in the Communist Party of Argentina in 1967, on January 6,1968 the dissidents formed the Communist Party – National Revolutionary Recovery Committee. The founders of PC came mainly from the Communist Youth Federation, leaders of PC included Jorge Rocha, Carlos Echagüe, Lucila Irene Edelman, Ricardo Helman, José Ratzer, Antonio Sofía and Otto C. PC rejected the Communist Party line of building a democratic front, accusing the Communist Party of conciliation with imperialism. In contrast to the front line of the old party. PC sought to work within the Communist Party, to gain followers amongst its ranks, PC was active inside the Argentine University Federation. In late 1967 the Communist Party dissidents set up the Textile Organizational, on January 10,1969 the name PCR was adopted, marking a definite break with the old Communist Party. Initially PC/PCR had a guevarist orientation, the party turned towards Maoism following a visit to China by a PCR delegation in 1972. The development of a Maoist identity of party led to a split, PCR sought to organize workers in the automobile industry, by distribution of pamphlets at factory gates and sending some of its cadres to take up employment at factories. In the wake of the 1969 Cordobazo, the PCR identified the Perdiel plant as a priority for union organizing, soon the PCR-dominated left opposition began gaining influence at the plant. On May 12,1970 PCR activists took a group of French supervisors hostage at the Perdriel plant of IKA-Renault and this action was done in protest against the removal of leftist candidates in the local union election. The factory management caved in and reinstated the leftist candidates, the May 12,1970 factory occupation marked the start of more militant industrial struggles in Argentina. In late 1971, ahead of the 1972 Union of Automotor Transport Mechanics and Similar Trades union election in Córdoba, PCR, on April 30,1972 PCR won various leadership posts in the Union of Automotor Transport Mechanics and Similar Trades union election in Córdoba. The MRS brown list defeated the Peronist green list, rené Salamca, a Central Committee member of the party, was elected general secretary of SMATA-Córdoba, accompanied by Roque Romero as assistant secretary. Ahead of the March 11,1973 general election PCR formed the Fuerza Revolucionaria Antiacuerdista together with Communist Vanguard, in 1975 PCR called for support to Isabel Peróns government. PCR set up the Party of Labour and of the People as an entity to build a broader. PTP contested the 1987 legislative election, in the 1989 general election PTP supported the candidature of Carlos Menem for president and his Frejupo alliance. Clelia Íscaro of PTP stood as a candidate for Frejupo

25.
Communist Party of Bolivia
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The Communist Party of Bolivia is a communist party in Bolivia. It was founded in 1950 by Raúl Ruiz González and other members of the Revolutionary Left Party. It remained small and did not hold its first national party congress until 1959 and it soon entered the labor movement and was included in the leadership of the Central Obrera Boliviana and the FSTMB during the 1960s. However, it remained a minority force in most unions, the Sino-Soviet Split further weakened the PCB – in 1964 Ruiz González and others broke away to form the Communist Party of Bolivia. At the time, the U. S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 6,500, in 1966 the Cuban-based revolutionary Che Guevara planned to initiate a guerrilla war against René Barrientos, Bolivias military dictator. The PCB initially pledged its support, but became suspicious of Guevara when he arrived, the party did not participate in Guevaras campaign. Instead, Guevara formed an organization, the National Liberation Army. When democracy was restored in Bolivia in the 1980s, the PCB remained a minor party, in 2003 it lost its designation as a recognized political party. Simón Reyes Rivera Mario Monje Molina, nicknamed “Estanislao” Jorge Kolle Cueto Marcos Domich Ruiz Ignacio Mendoza Pizarro

26.
Communist Party of Brazil
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The Communist Party of Brazil is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Brazil. It has national reach and deep penetration in the trade union, PCdoB shares the disputed title of oldest political party in Brazil with the Brazilian Communist Party. The predecessor of both parties was the Brazilian Section of the Communist International, founded on March 25,1922, the current PCdoB was launched on February 18,1962, in the aftermath of the Sino-Soviet split. Outlawed after the 1964 coup détat, PCdoB supported the struggle against the regime before its legalization in 1988. Its most famous action in the period was the Araguaia guerrilla, PCdoB publishes the newspaper Working Class as well as the magazine Principles, and is a member of the Foro de São Paulo. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev had delivered the so-called Secret Speech, Khrushchev was considered a revisionist by supporters of the late Stalin, which led to a rupture in the Communist movement in various countries. On April 4,1922, it was recognized as a party by the federal government. Following the international guidance, the party was given the name of Communist Party - Brazilian Section of the Communist International, the international rupture that arose in the Communist movement after 1956 caused the PC-SBIC to split on February 18,1962, during its 5th National Congress. At the occasion, the Manifesto - Program, which advocated the disassociation of the party with the Communist International, was approved, and the party took the name of Communist Party of Brazil. The maneuver was led by Luís Carlos Prestes, which claimed that the move made it possible for PC-SBIC to regain its legal registration - which was not obtained. The Marxist–Leninist group claimed that Prestes move broke PC-SBICs statute and was, therefore and they launched a document called The Hundred Men Letter, claiming the implementation of an extraordinary congress to validate the changes. It also criticized the new party line, accusing it of being right-wing, after that, the self called anti-revisionist group adopted the name of Communist Party of Brazil and the acronym of PCdoB to differentiate themselves from PCB. Communist Revolutionary Party, The Revolutionary Communist Party emerged as a split of PCdoB in 1966. It was formed by activists of the student movement and the peasant leagues and its party line was that of Mao Zedongs peoples war, aiming to besiege the cities from the countryside, considering the Northeast Region the best area to trigger the revolution. This conference would play an role in party life. The Conference reviewed the situation and the tasks of the Party, politics. A new Central Committee was elected, for the old leadership, many Communists marched willingly into the theater of operations in Italy, and the Party organized a broad movement in solidarity with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. On 1 August 1950, the Manifesto of August, was released to the public from the Central Committee of Communist Party of Brazil

27.
Brazilian Communist Party
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The Brazilian Communist Party is the oldest political party still active in Brazil, founded in 1922. It played an important role in the countrys 20th-century history, the youth wing of PCB is known as Young Communist Union. The Brazilian Communist Party, abbreviated as the PCB, was founded on March 25,1922 in the city of Niterói, the meeting ended with all seventy-three members of the party singing LInternationale. The PCBs first years were marked by an effort to encourage socialist thinking in Brazil, there had been moderate socialist parties, newspapers and congresses, but much unlike the strong social-democratic parties that existed in many European countries. The radical anti-capitalist thinking had been dominated by anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists, inspired by the Russian Revolution, a group of former anarchist militants who were disappointed in the lack of unity and force of the movement, turned communist and started the PCB. During the first years, the party was declared illegal by the government, on May 1,1925, during the partys Second Congress, its weekly newspaper A Classe Operária was announced, with five thousand copies being sold on the factories. This number grew to nine hundred copies by the ninth edition, the paper reappeared in 1928, after the Third Congress was held. By 1930, after being recognized by the Communist International and with its Socialist Youth division formed, the PCB had nearly eleven hundred members. This marks the beginning of a period of submission to, initially the Third International. This decade also marked two cycles on the history, one of increasing influence, until 1935, and one of decline. Both cycles are comprehensible when seen in the context of the Vargas era, at the same time, Luís Carlos Prestes was elected to the partys presidency. On 1945, after Vargass dictatorship ended, the PCB became legal once again, by 1947, it had nearly two hundred thousand members. In the 1947 legislative election, it received 480 thousand votes or about 9% of total votes cast, in the 1950s, as the party was driven underground, it began supporting major workers strikes around Brazil. However, this did not prevent the beginning of internal clashes between different factions within the PCB and this became more evident after the Soviet Communist Partys 20th Congress, when Nikita Khrushchev denounced Joseph Stalins policies. The factionalization of the party accelerated after a new Manifesto was passed in 1958 and this Manifesto linked the establishment of socialism to the broadening of democracy. Some of its top leaders, dissatisfied with the new Soviet line, quit the PCB and formed a new party, in the mid-1960s the U. S. State Department estimated the number of organized communists in Brazil to around 31000. With this new orientation, the PCB grew in size and exercised a greater role in the Brazilian left. However, the alliance forged with the parties did not survive the 1964 coup détat

28.
Socialism in Canada
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Socialism in Canada has a long history and is, along with conservatism and liberalism, a major political force in Canada. Canadas socialist movement is believed to have originated in Western Canada, the Socialist Party of Canada was the first Canadian based Socialist party, founded in 1904. Later, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and Great Depression are considered to have fuelled socialism in Canada, the Communist Party of Canada was created in Guelph, Ontario in 1921 by a group of Marxist activists led by William Moriarty. During the early years of their existence the partys membership faced persecution, the On-to-Ottawa Trek never made it to Ottawa, instead it ended with the Regina Riot of July 1,1935. The trek and the conditions in the governments relief camps helped to discredit Conservative Prime Minister R. B. Bennett, leading to his defeat at the hands of the Liberals in 1935, after the trek the communists were instrumental in organizing over 1,448 Canadians to fight in the Spanish Civil War. Of the nearly 1,500 Canadians known to have fought in Spain,721 were verified as having lost their lives, the most famous Canadian to serve in the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion was Dr. Norman Bethune, a surgeon who would invent the worlds first mobile medical unit. Dr. Bethune would later be killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War, today he is a national hero in the Peoples Republic of China and is remembered as being a friend of Chinese leader Mao Zedong. By the end of the Second World War, the Communist Party began to lose its momentum and its only elected federal representative, Fred Rose, was accused of being a Soviet spy. Rose was expelled from parliament, arrested for four years, and he eventually left for Poland with the intention of returning to clear his name, but had his Canadian citizenship revoked in 1957. The CCF gained support in the Prairies as well as from many labour unions, led by Tommy Douglas, the CCF was elected to power during the 1944 Saskatchewan election. Today his party remains an important force in the politics of the province, the CCF also emerged as the official opposition in British Columbia during the election of 1941 and in Ontario during the provinces 1943 election. At the federal level, opinion polls indicated a dramatic surge in support for the CCF prior to the 1945 federal election. The CCF and the democratic socialist movement is seen, by some political scientists. In 1961, the CCF joined with the Canadian Labour Congress to form the New Democratic Party, the NDP is more moderate and social-democratic than its predecessor, the CCF. The Regina Manifesto of the CCF called for abolishing capitalism, while the NDP merely wants to reform capitalism and they are generally perceived as being responsible for the creation of universal healthcare, pensions, a human rights code and for the development of Canadas social safety net in general. In the past the NDP has formed governments in British Columbia, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario. At present only Alberta has a New Democratic government, while the NDP is the second largest party in Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Manitoba and the Yukon

29.
Communist Party of Canada
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The Communist Party of Canada is a communist political party in Canada founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. The party has also contributed significantly to trade union organizing and labour history in Canada, peace and anti-war activism, the Communist Party of Canada is the second oldest party after the Liberal Party of Canada. In 1993 the party was de-registered and had its assets seized, the campaign culminated with the final decision of Figueroa v. The Canadian Communist Party began as an organization in a rural barn near the town of Guelph, Ontario. The Comintern accepted the party affiliation as its Canadian section in December 1921, the party alternated between legality and illegality during the 1920s and 1930s. When Parliament allowed the War Measures Act to lapse in 1924, the organization was dissolved. The partys first actions included establishing an organization, the Young Communist League of Canada. By 1923 the party had raised over $64,000 for the Russian Red Cross, by 1925 party membership stood at around 4,500 people, composed mainly of miners and lumber workers, and of railway, farm, and garment workers. Most of these came from immigrant communities like Finns and Ukrainians. The party, working with the TUEL, played a role in many strikes and difficult organizing drives. From 1922 to 1929, the wings of the WPC/CPC also affiliated with the Canadian Labour Party. The CLP operated as a labour party. The CPC came to lead the CLP organization in several regions of the country, including Quebec, in 1925 William Kolisnyk became the first communist elected to public office in North America, under the banner of the CLP in Winnipeg. The CLP itself, however, never became a national organization. The Communists withdrew from the CLP in 1928-1929 following a shift in Comintern policy, expellees included Maurice Spector, the editor of the partys paper The Worker and party chairman, and Jack MacDonald who resigned as the partys general secretary for factionalism, and was expelled. MacDonald, also sympathetic to Trotskyist ideas, joined Spector in founding the International Left Opposition Canada, the party also expelled supporters of Nikolai Bukharin and of Jay Lovestones Right Opposition, such as William Moriarty. The communists disagreed over strategy, tactics, the socialist identity of the Soviet Union, while some communists like J. B. Tim Buck won election as party general secretary in 1929. He remained in the position until 1962, the stock market crash in late 1929 signalled the beginning of a long and protracted economic crisis in Canada and internationally

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Communist Party of Chile
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The Communist Party of Chile is a Chilean political party inspired by the thoughts of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. It was founded in 1922, as the continuation of the Socialist Workers Party, and in 1932 it established its youth wing, in the 2013 legislative elections the party won as part of the New Majority list 6 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. It achieved congressional representation shortly thereafter and played a role in the development of the Chilean labor movement. Closely tied to the Soviet Union and the Third International, the PCCh participated in the Popular Front government of 1938 and it then participated to the Popular Fronts successor, the Democratic Alliance. At the time, the U. S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 27,500 and it later came to power along with the Socialist Party in the Unidad Popular coalition in 1970. This line was opposed by more radically leftist factions of the Socialist Party, the party was outlawed after the 1973 coup détat that deposed President Salvador Allende. Much of the Communist leadership went underground, and for a while the partys moderation continued even after the coup had taken place, also, it has been argued by Mark Ensalaco that crushing the Communist Party was not a top priority for the military junta. In its first statement after the coup, the party leadership argued that the coup could succeed because the Unidad Popular was too isolated. Around 1977, the party changed direction, Communist Party members set up a guerrilla organization, the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front. With the restoration of democracy and the election of a new president in 1990, since the restoration of democracy it has acted independently of its previous partners. Between 1983 and 1987 it was a member of the Peoples Democratic Movement, in the 1999/2000 presidential elections the party supported Gladys Marín Millie for the national presidential elections. She won 3. 2% of the vote in the first round, at the 2005 legislative election,11 December 2005, the party won 5. 1% of the popular vote, but as a result of Chiles binomial electoral rules, no seats. Currently, the PCCh is a member of “New Majority”, a leftist coalition led by Michelle Bachelet, santiago, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Lom Ediciones,2005. Olga Ulianova and Alfredo Riquelme, Chile en los archivos soviéticos, 1922-1991, Tomo II, Komintern y Chile, santiago, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Lom Ediciones,2009

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Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)
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Chilean Communist Party is a non-registered anti-revisionist Marxist-leninist political party of Chile, founded in 1979 originating from the pro-Albanian tradition. It has presented independent candidates on legislative elections, the first secretary of PC is Eduardo Artés. PC is a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations, the Chilean Communist Party was founded on November 8,1979, through a split from the now defunct Revolutionary Communist Party. In 1984 the party joined Coordinadora de Organizaciones Revolucionarias, while in Juntos Podemos, the party proposed their general secretary, Eduardo Artés, as an independent senate candidate for West Santiago, earning 50.000 votes. In 2009 the party supported Artés as a candidate for the 2009 presidential election, since 2009 the party has called for spoiling votes and more recently, abstention, in order to illegitimate the current neoliberal governments and its electoral system. In the wake of the 2011–2012 Chilean protests, the party has seen an increased interest in high-school and university students, the party publishes an annual magazine called Acción Proletaria magazine and a monthly newspaper, Remolino Popular. PC Official website Reformism, the Gateway to Fascism Reformisme - porten til fascisme, article in Danish

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Colombian Communist Party
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The Colombian Communist Party or PCC is the legal communist party of Colombia. It was founded in 1930, as the Colombian section of the Comintern and it is currently led by Jaime Caycedo. PCC publishes the weekly newspaper Voz, in the mid-1960s the U. S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 13,000. Those groups with more direct relations with the PCC tended to not demobilize, keeping their weapons, later, in 1964, a section of these guerrillas would develop into the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, which initially was considered as the official armed wing of the Communist party. Both activities were considered to have their own place within the combination of all forms of struggle. Gradually the PCC and FARC-EP grew apart politically, in particular during the later 1980s, after the Berlin Wall fell, confusion among the two sides increased. The principle of the combination of all forms of struggle was brought into question at the time by some members of the PCC. The PCC officially broke with the FARC in 1993, both organizations have remained completely distinct in their activities, though individual members of both parties may have continued to maintain working relationships on occasion. During most of its history the PCC has been the subject of repression and persecution both by individuals, active and retired government agents and others. For the last three decades the PCC has been targeted by paramilitary forces as documented by Colombian and international organizations and press reports. A recent example is the assassination of a leading PCC figure, Arturo Díaz García, on December 21,2005 in the corregimiento of Toche in the municipality of Ibagué, Tolima. During the last ten years, about 6000 people, members of PCC, leftwing sources accuse the government of attempting to exterminate the PCC, but this has not been proven. Occasionally these individuals have been brought to justice, but the majority of the crimes remain unsolved, communism in Colombia PCC Party website