Today, the semiconductor rewrites our future. The University of Houston's College of Engineering
presents this series about the machines that make our civilization
run, and the people whose ingenuity created them.

It's unsettling -- how we shape what we see to fit our expectations.
Of course, it's so hard to separate objective truth from expectation. An engineer's work is
fraught with checks and cross-checks. But one place that care does us no good at all is in
our responsibility for shaping the future.

Our work of creating technological futures, when it's impossible to predict any future,
is really pretty weird. We try to form a view of where we're headed, then build in that
direction. Well, you see the looming trap here: The direction our technology is headed
is the direction of our ever-fallible expectations.

So an example: The semiconductor and its offspring the transistor. A semiconductor is a
crystal material with special electric conduction properties. First, expectation:
In the 1930s we all saw a future of magically improved transportation systems. We would
live with 200-mile-an-hour highways, cars that could spread wings and fly,
dirigible service within cities ... That's the world we engineers
expected to build as the smoke of WW-II cleared.

Who had any idea that the transistor would change all that. Much more than travel,
communication would bind us together. When I found myself working on transistor development
in 1954, we were all still thinking that our hi-tech future lay in transportation. We didn't
get the memo, even though it lay squarely before us.

The transistor might be traced to the Light Emitting Diode -- the now omnipresent LED.
Twenty-four-year-old Russian inventor Oleg Losev showed how it was possible to create LED
light from a semiconductor material. That was 1927, the same year Lindbergh riveted a
transportation-obsessed public with his New York to Paris Flight.

Losev went on to write many papers on semiconductors and their properties. By 1942, he
appeared to be converging on the next great part of that idea -- that semiconductors could
also be used to amplify and switch electric signals -- they might be made into the
transistors that would later replace radio tubes.

But that was the same year that he starved to death in the terrible German siege of Leningrad.
Still, the semiconductor was now out there brandishing its potential. In the 1950's, engineers
awakened to the amazing things that might be done with transistors. And today we don't live
an hour of our day without using the transistor in many of its sub-visible forms. We hardly
turn our heads without looking at a low energy LED light source.

So how did technology trump expectation? It did so because of the very strange fact that our
technologies are our teachers. We make something new, and only then does it reveal its
capacity for redirecting our lives. Losev gave us a new idea. Others eventually became
alert to the capacities within that idea. But the final step in that process was the transistor
revealing all it could do. That was when it rewrote our human future.

I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where we are interested in the
way inventive minds work.