Diabetes Terms...

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Addison's Disease is an autoimmune disease in which
the adrenal glands (small glands located above the kidneys) do not
work properly or stop working altogether. The adrenal glands produce
many hormones, including cortisol, which helps the body maintain
heart function, blood pressure control, and blood glucose control.
Addison’s disease sometimes occurs with type 1 diabetes.

Albuminuriais a conditions in which high levels of protein called albumin are
found in the urine. Too much can often be a sign of early kidney
disease.

Alternate Site Testing (AST) refers to using parts
of the body other than the fingertips to obtain blood for blood
glucose testing

Alpha Cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans within your pancreas. They are
responsible for producing glucagon, a hormone which causes an increase
in the blood sugar level.

Animal Insulin is the original form
of insulin that was obtained from the pancreases of pigs and cows.

Autoimmune
Disease is a disorder in
which a person's own antibodies destroy body tissues, such as the beta
cells in the pancreas

Basal. Your body usually needs a small
amount of insulin to hold everything steady, even if you've not eaten
food. On injections this is usually provided by the long-acting insulin.
A pump gives you a small amount all the time, called the basal
rate.

Basal/Bolus Insulin
Administration (occasionally referred to as the Poor Man's pump).
Using several daily injections of fast-acting insulin (such as
NovoRapid or Humalog) at mealtimes (the bolus doses) with a long acting
insulin like Lantus or Levemir (the basal doses) to achieve blood
glucose control in a similar way to people who use an insulin pump.

Beta Cells
are found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Their function is
to produce insulin.

Blood Glucose
Level is the amount of
glucose or sugar found in the food at any given time. It is measured in
either mg/dL or mmol/L

Blood Glucose
Meters are hand-held
machines designed to test blood glucose levels. A special strip or test
strip is inserted into the machine and a small drop of blood is then
added to the strip. The machine analyzes the blood and gives a reading
of the glucose level of the blood usually in a manner of seconds. These
small machines allow a person with diabetes greater control and
understanding of what is happening in their body at all times.

Blood Pressure refers to the pressure exerted by blood flow on artery walls. People
with diabetes should aim for a blood pressure of 130 / 80 or lower.

Bolus is insulin you give yourself in one go, for a reason - usually because
you are about to eat carbohydrate, or because you want to lower your
blood glucose level. The latest pumps can give this insulin quickly, or
spread out over a time. You need to find out for yourself how much
insulin you need for different foods, and how much 1 unit will lower
your blood glucose level.

Borderline Diabetes is a term no longer
used. It now refers to impaired glucose tolerance.

CDE a Certified Diabetes Educator

Continuous
Glucose Monitoring System - a system using a small sensor
placed under the skin that records glucose levels on a real time
basis.

CHO,Carb or Carbohydrates. CHO is its chemical name, since it is made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. A carbohydrate in its most simplest terms is the
amount of “sugar” in food. It breaks down into glucose during digestion
and raises blood glucose levels.

C-Peptide is
formed in the beta cells of the pancreas therefore a test of C-peptide
levels indicates the amount of beta cell function occurring in the
pancreas

Continuous
Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion. The full medical name for insulin pump
therapy

Canula is a
small, usually plastic devise that is at the end of an infusion set. It
is the part of the insulin pump infusion set that enters the body and
allows the insulin through.
Carb Count refers to the totalling the amount of carbohydrates in a meal. This
amount is usually then matched to the amount of fast acting insulin
required.

Cartridge is the reservoir that holds the insulin in an insulin pump

Celiac disease
(also spelled coeliac) An autoimmune disorder
of the upper intestinal mucosa that is triggered by cereal proteins,
especially wheat gluten, and which leads to a malabsorption of all
nutrients, primarily of fat. It can be detected by the presence of
anti-transglutaminase antibodies. If these are positive it would be
justifiable to take a mucosal biopsy and if this is positive, then
dietary treatment is all that is required. About 5% of people with autoimmune diabetes
have positive anti-transglutaminase antibodies. Celiac syndrome may also
be part of the Autoimmune
Polyglandular Syndrome

Cerebral Edema A build-up of fluids in the brain. A serious
and often fatal complication of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Cholesterol is a
type of fat which occurs naturally in our bodies and is also found in
animal fats. Too much saturated fat and dietary cholesterol may be
associated with arteriosclerosis Chronic refers
to a disease or disorder that is present over long periods of time often
the remainder of a lifetime of an individual

Combination
(Extended) Bolus occurs
when a portion of the insulin is delivered via the insulin pump right
away and a second amount is delivered over a specific period of time.

Correction
bolus This is an amount of insulin taken to bring down a high blood glucose
level into a normal range. It is done by first figuring out your insulin
sensitivity factor—how much insulin will reduce your blood glucose by
what amount.

Creatinine
is a compound present in the muscles and blood that is passed in the
urine. A creatinine clearance test' is a diagnostic test for kidney
function

Diabetes
Control and Complication Trial.(DCCT) A 10-year US study, published in the
early 1990s, that established a statistical link that poorly controlled
diabetes causes complications

DKA or Diabetic Ketoacidosis is the presence of ketones in the blood. In diabetes,
this can progress to the complex and serious condition of DKA. If
untreated, this leads to coma and death

DM
Diabetes
Mellitus

Dx
DOD refer to the date of diagnosis

Dawn Phenomenon refers to a early morning rise in blood glucose levels largely caused by
the large release of growth hormones that normally occurs during this
time. The growth hormones block the insulin’s effect during this time.

Dehydration is a state in which there is excessive loss of water from body
tissues. It can occur when the blood sugar levels are high for long
periods of time. It can also result from inadequate water intake, or
excessive sweating, vomiting or diarrhea. Symptoms of dehydration can
include extreme thirst, irritability, confusion and flushed, dry skin.
Dextrose Another name for glucose
(sugar). Dextrose/glucose tablets are often used to treat mild or
moderate hypoglycemia.

Diabetic Retinopathy is a disease in
which the small blood vessels (capillaries) in the back of the eye
(retina) may bleed or form new vessels. This condition usually occurs in
people with long-standing diabetes. Regular eye examinations are an
important part of diabetes management

Diabetes
is a condition in which the body either cannot produce insulin or cannot
effectively use the insulin it produces

Dialysis
is a method of removing waste products and excess water from the body
when the kidneys no longer function adequately
Dietician
is an expert in nutrition
who can assist people plan the kinds and amounts of foods that promote a
healthy lifestyle

Endo
or
Endocrinologist is a
diabetes specialist

ESRD End Stage Renal Disease

Euglycemia A normal level of blood glucose (sugar)

Exchange Lists
A grouping of
foods by type to help people on special diets to more easily follow
their diet. A person can exchange, trade or substitute one serving of
food in that group for a serving of another food in the same group.
Foods are grouped as bread/starch, meat, fruit, fats, vegetables, and
milk.

Gastroparesis A form of nerve damage that affects the stomach and
intestines, causing them to take too long to empty their contents.
Diabetes is a major cause of gastroparesis.

Geographic Tongue In a tongue
affected by geographic tongue, there are red patches on the surface of
the tongue bordered by grayish white. The papillae are missing from the
reddish areas and overcrowded in the grayish white borders. The small
patches may disappear and reappear in a short period of time (hours or
days), and change in shape or size. This can occur in people with
compromised immune systems such as those living with Type 1 diabetes.
While there is no known cure, anti-histamines have been used to treat
the ailment. Please consult with your doctor before starting treatment! (definition provided by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

Gestational
Diabetes occurs when there
is any degree of impaired glucose regulation which is first recognised
during pregnancy. After the birth the problems often disappear but these
women do run a higher than normal risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to
produce large amounts of glucose. It is given by injection for
hypoglycemia and generally restores blood sugar within five to ten
minutes

Glucose is a simple form of sugar that acts as fuel for the body. It is produced
during digestion of carbohydrate and carried to the cells in the blood.

Glycemic Index is a scale that ranks carbohydrate-rich foods by how much they raise
blood glucose levels compared to glucose or white bread.

Glycemic
response is the speed at which the food is able to increase your blood glucose
level. It can be influenced by many factors, including how much food
you eat, how much the food is processed or even how the food is prepared

Glycogen is the main carbohydrate storage material, which is stored in the liver
and muscles for use when energy is required.

Hemoglobin A1c glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin (the
oxygen-carrying molecule of the blood) that reflects the average blood
glucose concentration over a three month period. A high percentage of
hemoglobin A1c indicates poor control while a low percentage indicates
good control.

Honeymoon
Period is the period of time after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes when the
dose of insulin may need to be reduced due to remaining or recovered
insulin secretion from the pancreas. This period can last weeks, months
or years

Hormones are the substances released into the bloodstream from a gland or organ.
Hormones control growth and development, reproduction, sexual
characteristics, blood sugar levels and influence the way the body uses
and stores energy.

Human Insulin is a bio-synthetic insulin created in the 1990s using recombinant-DNA
technology.

Hyper or
Hyperglycaemia.
hyperglycaemic or
high blood sugar occurs when there is too little insulin and too much food or glucose.
This is when a correction bolus/injection may be used (as directed by a
physician). Symptoms often include dizziness, blurred vision,
inability to concentrate, intense thirst, and a frequent need to
urinate.

Hypertension is
the medical term for high blood pressure.

Hypo or
Hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemic, insulin shock or
low blood sugar occurs when the body has too much insulin and not enough
glucose. Fast acting glucose must be given to the patient immediately.
Symptoms include fatigue, listlessness, hunger, blurred vision, and
dizziness.

IGT
Impaired Glucose Tolerance or
Prediabetes is a condition that is marked by high blood sugar levels. In
prediabetes, blood sugar levels, also called glucose levels, are higher
than normal, but not considered high enough to qualify as type 2
diabetes

IoB or Insulin On Board. This reflects the delay while insulin is
being absorbed. Smart pumps will guess for you how much insulin you
have already taken, but which has not yet worked. This helps get a more
accurate correction bolus. This can also be figured out manually.

Insulin
is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to
increased levels of glucose in the blood.

Insulin Pump (CSSI)is a portable, battery-operated device that delivers a specific amount
of insulin through a small needle inserted under the skin. It can be
programmed to deliver constant doses throughout the day and / or deliver
extra insulin as required throughout the day. It is not an artificial
pancreas. It does not work independently of the operator at this point.
You must work with your diabetes care team to set up the insulin pump to
your personal needs.

Insulin Sensitivity helps to know
how sensitive to insulin you are. Insulin sensitivity helps to determine
the total daily insulin dose, including the background insulin,
carbohydrate Humalog/Regular (see the 500/450 Rule), and sliding scale
Humalog/Regular (see the 1800/1500 Rule). Insulin sensitivity is one
measure of one's risk for heart disease. The more sensitive one is in
general, the lower the risk for heart problems. For those with Type I
diabetes, insulin sensitivity can be estimated by filling in the blanks
below:
Your weight (lbs.) / 4 =_____ units
Your total daily insulin dose (all insulins) =_____ units
The answer from line 1, (weight divided by 4) gives your estimated need for insulin. If
your actual insulin dose on line 2 is close to this number, and you have
good control, you have a normal sensitivity to insulin.
If line 2 is less than line 1 (and your control is good), you have excellent insulin
sensitivity.
If line 2 is much greater than line 1, your insulin
sensitivity may be lower or you may be on too much insulin. (Are you
having frequent insulin reactions?)
With Type II diabetes, determining sensitivity to insulin is more complicated because
everyone varies in how much insulin their own pancreas produces and in
how resistant they are to insulin.

Insulin Shock see hypoglycaemia

iPort is a system that allows injections to be delivered through a
"port" placed in the skin every 2-3 days.

Ischemia
is an inadequate supply of blood to body tissues or organs. It can occur
if blood vessels are narrowed or constricted.

Islets of
Langerhans are clusters of
cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagons and pancreatic
polypeptide

JDRF or Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation formerly the
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. This is a research driven organization
dedicated to finding a cure for Type 1 diabetes.

Juvenile Diabetes
now called Type 1 Diabetes

Ketones are chemicals produced by the liver when the body cannot use glucose and
must break down fat for energy. Ketones can poison and even kill body
cells. When ketones build up, the body gets rid of them in the urine.
Ketones that accumulate in the body over long periods of time can lead
to serious illness and coma.

Ketonuria. Having ketone bodies in the urine; a warning sign of diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA).

Ketotic Hypoglycemia A poorly-understood disorder
of childhood, marked by hypoglycemia and ketosis. There is
carbohydrate deprivation, with consequent dependence on fat stores
for energy. Ketotic hypoglycemia can often be effectively treated by
simple dietary changes involving frequent feedings of carbohydrate
and protein.

Ketoacidosis (DKA)
is a severe complication of
diabetes that is the result of high blood sugar levels and ketones often
associated with poor control of diabetes or as a complication due to
other illnesses.

LADA Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults also known as Type 1.5 diabetes is
a slower form of Type 1 diabetes in which only one or two types of
antibodies attack the beta cells that make insulin.

Labile
Diabetes A term used to indicate when a person's blood glucose
(sugar) level often swings quickly from high to low and from low to
high. Also known as brittle diabetes.

Limited Joint Mobility A form of arthritis
involving the hand; it causes the fingers to curve inward and the
skin on the palm to tighten and thicken. This condition mainly
affects people with IDDM

Lipodystrophy is the loss of fatty tissue that can occur as a result of repeated insulin
injections in the same area. When experiencing a lot of highs, this can
be one area to check—watch that you are not injecting or infusing
insulin into an area that has these lumps as insulin will not be
absorbed properly from there.

Low
Density Lipoprotien Cholesterol (LDL-C) Particles that carry cholesterol in the blood and
around the body for use by cells. LDL-C is commonly known as “bad”
cholesterol because high levels of LDL-C lead to increased risk of
cardiovascular disease. Because most people with diabetes are at very
high risk of heart disease, it is very important to achieve recommended
LDL-C targets (2.0 mmol/L or lower for most people with diabetes). This
often requires medication.

MDI
or Multiple Daily Injectionsrefer to the use of three or more
injections of insulin through the course of the day.

mg/dL
or Milligrams per decilitre. A unit for measuring blood glucose levels most
commonly used in the US. To convert to mmol/L, divide this number by
18.

mmol/Lor Millimoles per litre. An alternate unit for measuring blood glucose
levels. To covert to mg/dL multiply the mmol/L reading by 18

Metabolic Syndrome
is a combination of health conditions that place a person at high risk
for heart disease. These conditions are type 2 diabetes, hypertension
(high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood),
and obesity. According to theory, all of these conditions are associated
with high blood insulin levels, and it is claimed that the underlying
problem in patients with the Metabolic Syndrome is faulty insulin
release from the beta cells of the pancreas. It was previously
called Syndrome X.

MODY or Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young
MODY is not Type 1 or Type 2 but is closest to Type 2 in its effects on
your body.
MODY can be distinguished from type 1 diabetes by the absence of
diabetes antibodies (anti-insulin, anti-islet, anti-GAD). In non-obese,
but not in obese individuals, MODY can be differentiated from type 2
diabetes by the absence of insulin resistance. MODY2 can be
discriminated from the other types of MODY because it leads to only mild
glucose intolerance. Presence of renal disease can be indicative of
MODY5, but may also be a sign of diabetic nephropathy.

Genetic testing can establish a firm diagnosis of MODY in patients of
any age, based on a single blood draw. Genetic testing is also useful
for family screening, as it can detect mutations associated with MODY in
individuals who are not yet diabetic. In these individuals, increased
vigilance and changes in lifestyle may help to prevent the persistence
of unrecognized hyperglycemia.[i]

There are 6 different types of MODY which vary in
severity and treatment. Some can be controlled by diet while others
require pills or insulin. Doctors are most likely to treat MODY with
pills in belief that their patients would prefer this method of
treatment over injections but most people living with the disease find
that insulin is their best form of treatment.
[ii]
MODY is genetic with
penetrance of 80 to 95%. Patients have a nonobese body habitus and the
so-called metabolic syndrome characterized by diabetes, insulin
resistance, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia is absent. A child of
a parent with MODY will have a 50% chance of developing this disease
themselves.

What does MODY look like?

People with MODY are usually of normal weight, at
least until shortly before their diabetes diagnosis. This can lead to
their being misdiagnosed as having a late-onset form of Type 1 diabetes
(LADA). However, people with MODY do not have the GAD antibodies
characteristic of people with LADA. People with one of the forms of MODY
that primarily affect the secretion of insulin in response to a meal may
spend years with near-normal fasting blood sugar test values and very
high post-meal blood sugars.

The age of onset of diabetes in at least one form of
MODY depends on the parent who passed on the mutant allele. It is
significantly younger if it was the mother who passed on the gene and if
she had diabetes during the pregnancy. That may be because exposure to
high blood sugars in the womb affects the expression of the MODY gene in
the offspring. If you have been diagnosed with gestational diabetes when
not overweight and your child develops pre-diabetes or diabetes in her
20s without obesity, MODY may be a possibility.
MODY may develop at any age up to
55. Women with MODY are often first diagnosed during a first pregnancy.
Though not obese, they develop gestational diabetes very quickly.

People with MODY often are not insulin resistant.
They will respond to very small doses of insulin or drugs that stimulate
insulin production. In one version of MODY however, high blood sugars
apparently cause insulin resistance, though the genetic defect is
thought to be the primary cause of the diabetes.

Some versions of MODY respond very well to
sulfonylurea drugs, as the gene appears to cause hypersensitivity to
their stimulation of the beta cells but these drugs are controversial.
The new incretin hormone drugs, Byetta and Januvia, may also work very
well for people with the kinds of MODY that respond strongly to the
sulfonylurea drugs. People with
severe MODY are sometimes misdiagnosed as having Type 1 diabetes.
However people with MODY often make normal or near-normal amounts of
C-peptide despite having very high blood sugars.

Most importantly, people with MODY who are treated
as Type 1 diabetics tend to stay in the "honeymoon period" and continue
to use very small doses of insulin for many years after diagnosis--less
than .5units/kg of body weight. They also do NOT have GAD-antibodies.
In one common form of MODY,
fasting blood sugar is normal, but insulin secretion begins to fail as
blood sugars go over 144 mg/dl (8mmol/L). This can lead to a difficult
to diagnose form of diabetes as fasting blood sugar may remain normal
for many years. People with one
common form of MODY, where the defect is in the production of
Glucokinase, have mildly elevated fasting blood sugars which cannot be
lowered, however this form of diabetes rarely progresses and can be
controlled with diet. It rarely causes the severe complications of other
forms. In MODY-3 people will spill glucose into their urine at very low
blood sugar levels--140 mg/dl(7.8 mmol/L) or less. People with this form
of MODY often develop kidney disease, and may even have signs of kidney
disease before they are diagnosed with diabetes.

Four main characteristics

1. Diabetes presents at a young age, usually less than 25 years of age but
can occur into the mid 50s.

2.MODY runs in families through several generations. A parent with MODY has
a 50% chance of passing on MODY to their child. This is called autosomal
dominant inheritance.

3.People with MODY do not always need insulin treatment and can often be
treated with diabetes pills or meal planning alone.

4.People with MODY do not produce enough insulin; this is different to Type
2 diabetes where people frequently produce lots of insulin but don’t
respond to their insulin.

Six Known Types of MODY

* MODY 1 (HNF-4?) Rare form
of MODY. Similar effects to MODY 3. The pancreas producing slowly
decreasing amounts of insulin means patients usually respond very well
to oral sulfonylurea drugs, whose job it is to whip those beta cells
into producing more insulin. Being a progressive disease with increasing
beta-cell failure it may eventually require more stringent measures in
the form of insulin therapy.

*MODY 2 (Glucokinase) Causes
between 10-65% of MODY. Causes mild diabetes that rarely causes
complications. Here the gene responsible for the body's recognition of
high blood glucose levels is faulty. Due to the fact that it is a very
mild form of the disease and is not progressive it is usually possible
to treat it with diet and exercise alone. Often diagnosed in childhood
or pregnancy.

* MODY 3 (HNF-1 alpha) Causes
between 20-80% of MODY. Causes progressive diabetes and patients may get
diabetes complications. Usually diagnosed after puberty. Sensitive to
sulfonylurea drugs. The pancreas producing slowly decreasing amounts of
insulin they usually respond very well to oral sulfonylurea drugs, whose
job it is to whip those beta cells into producing more insulin. Being a
progressive disease with increasing beta-cell failure it may eventually
require more stringent measures in the form of insulin therapy.

*
MODY 4 (IPF-1) Rare form of
MODY. Seems to produce relatively mild diabetes. The pancreas producing
slowly decreasing amounts of insulin they usually respond very well to
oral sulfonylurea drugs, whose job it is to whip those beta cells into
producing more insulin. Being a progressive disease with increasing
beta-cell failure it may eventually require more stringent measures in
the form of insulin therapy.

* MODY 5 (HNF-1 beta) Rare
form of MODY. Associated with kidney disease that is often diagnosed
before diabetes. This may need an assortment of different treatments due
to it's effect on the different organs. There is a currently
experimental transplant procedure, where the islet cells of a healthy
pancreas are placed into a non-functional pancreas, that may eventually
be an option for MODY diabetics, but as stated, it is still at the
experimental stage.

Nephropathy is any disease of the kidneys.
Kidney damage caused by diabetes, called diabetic nephropathy,
can occur in several ways. The typical form of diabetic
nephropathy, called diabetic glomerulosclerosis, has large
amounts of urine protein, hypertension,
and is slowly progressive. It usually doesn't occur until after
many years of diabetes, and can be delayed by tight control of
the blood sugar. Usually the best lab test for early detection
of diabetic nephropathy is measurement of microalbumin in
the urine.

Neuropathy
is a disease of the nervous system.
Many people who have had diabetes for long periods of time will
have nerve damage. The three major forms of nerve damage
are peripheral neuropathy (the most common form which mainly
affects the feet and legs), autonomic neuropathy, and
mononeuropathy.

Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring A way to measure blood
glucose without having to prick the finger to obtain a blood
sample.

Pancreas
An organ behind the lower part of
the stomach that is about the size of a hand. It has two major
responsibilities--part of it makes insulin so that they body can
use glucose for energy and another part makes enzymes that help
the body to digest food. Spread all over the pancreas are
areas called the Islets of Langerhans. The cells in these
areas each have a special purpose. The alpha cells make
glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the blood; the
beta cells make insulin; the delta cells make somatostatin.
There are also PP cells and the D1 cells, about which little is
known.

Pancreas Transplant A surgical procedure that
involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes
with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy
pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living
relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live
normally. At present, pancreas transplants are usually performed
in persons with Type 1 diabetes who have severe complications.
This is because after the transplant the patient must take immunosuppressive
drugs that are highly toxic and may cause damage to the body

Peptide Two or more amino
acids linked together chemically. If the number of amino
acids is relatively great, the string is sometimes called a
polypeptide; a very long string of amino acids is called a protein.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) Disease
in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs and feet. People
who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because the
major blood vessels in their arms, legs and feet are blocked and
these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD
are aching pains in the extremities (especially when walking)
and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with
diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say that they have a
better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their
feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and
diabetes under good control.

Rebound
a swing to high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood after
have a low level (also referred to as the Somogyi effect).

Renal Threshold
When the blood is holding so much of a substance
such as glucose (sugar) that the kidneys allow the excess to spill into
the urine. This is also called "kidney threshold," "spilling point," and
"leak point."

Registered Disability Savings Plan...a non-tax
deductible savings plan administered by a financial institution.
Earnings in this plan are tax sheltered. To be eligible for the RDSP,
you must qualify for the Disability Tax Credit. If you are deemed no
longer eligible for the DTC, you must pay back all funds given through
the CDSG or CDSB by December 31 following the first full year in which
you are considered "not qualified". Those who do qualify can contribute
up to $200,000 over their lifetime. Contributions must be made by
December 31 each year. Those in higher income brackets may have
contributions met by the federal government in the form of a Canadian
Disability Savings Grant (CDSG) (up to $3500 per year). Low income
earners are eligible for the Canadian Disability Savings Bonds (CDSB)
(up to $1000 per year). Grants and Bonds must stay in the plan for at
least 10 years or they must be paid back in full. They will only be
paid until the beneficiary is 49 years of age.

Secondary Diabetes When a person gets diabetes because
of another disease or because of taking certain drugs or
chemicals.

Super Bolus. A concept derived by John
Walsh which involves taking the insulin that will later be given
in basal form and adding it upfront in a larger, "super
bolus".
Thrush An infection of the mouth. In people with
diabetes, this infection may be caused by high levels of glucose (sugar)
in mouth fluids, which helps the growth of fungus that causes the
infection. Patches of whitish-colored skin in the mouth are signs of
this disease.

Untethered Insulin Regimen the use of a long
lasting insulin (such as Levemir or Lantus) with basal
amounts delivered through an insulin pump.

Unsaturated Fat The "good" fat found in food.
Substituting good fats for saturated fats is a good way to reduce
cholesterol levels.

Urinalysis: a test of a urine sample that can reveal
many problems of the urinary tract and other body systems. The sample
may be observed for color, cloudiness, concentration; signs of drug use;
chemical composition, including glucose; the presence of protein, blood
cells, or germs; or other signs of disease.

Wolfram Syndrome is a syndrome comprising diabetes
insipidus, a mild form of diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and
deafness. It is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, with the
chromosomal abnormality on the short arm of chromosome 4. Also called
DIDMOAD, for diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy
and deafness.

Xylitol: A nutritive sweetener used in dietary foods.
It is a sugar alcohol that the body uses slowly and contains fewer
calories than table sugar.

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