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A number of regions in the frontal and parietal cortex show extreme domain generality, with a similar pattern of activity for many different kinds of cognitive demand. We call this multiple-demand or MD cortex.

To define MD regions, activity can be averaged from a diverse set of tasks. Seven tasks were used in:

The units are t-statistics from contrasts that isolate cognitive demand, averaged across the seven tasks. To create a symmetrical volume, data from left and right hemispheres were averaged, then projected back to both hemispheres. The figure below shows the main foci of the multiple demand system when this volume is thresholded at a value of t>1.5.

The next figure shows a parcellation into regions of interest (7 of 27 clusters are visible), after thresholding at t>1.5. If a cluster contained multiple peaks that also survived t>2.7, then the larger cluster was subdivided, assigning each voxel to the nearest subregion at the higher threshold.

A similar network might be predicted in non-human primates, who readily perform similar tasks after training. Unfortunately, practical constraints of scanning behaving animals make it challenging to identify a macaque MD network using a similar method of combining domain-general responses to cognitive demand. However, co-activation of human MD regions during rest suggests an alternative strategy.

We sought to identify a macaque counterpart to the human MD system using fMRI connectivity while monkeys were lightly anaesthetised, based initially on standard anatomical comparative mapping:

Note that the parcellation was performed in the volume rather than on the surface, and alternative divisions are possible. Note also that the parcellation includes a cluster in the lateral fissure, which does not match human MD regions and may not be part of the core network. The two smallest clusters did not contain any voxels significantly connected to all MD ROIs, and were discarded.