Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

(DMD; Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy)

Definition

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease. It occurs mostly in boys. Symptoms typically appear between ages 1-4 years old. The main sign of DMD is muscle weakness that worsens over time. Before age five, the muscles in the legs, arms, and trunk begin to weaken. Later in the disease the heart and respiratory muscles weaken.

This is a progressive, serious condition that requires care from your child’s doctor. If you suspect your child has this condition, contact the doctor promptly. There are many therapies used to treat the symptoms of this disease. They should be started as soon as possible.

Causes

DMD is caused by a genetic mutation. The mutation causes the gene to make inadequate amounts of a protein called dystrophin. This protein is needed to keep muscles intact.

Risk Factors

These factors increase your child’s chance of having DMD. Tell your doctor if your child has any of these risk factors:

Family history

Male

Symptoms

If your child has any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to DMD. These may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if your child has any of these:

Child is late in learning to walk

Larger than normal calf muscles

Frequent falls

Walks clumsily

Difficulty climbing stairs

Trouble running

Walking on toes or balls of feet

Trouble with balance

Walks with shoulders back and belly out

Doesn’t run

Trouble keeping up with friends when playing

Uses hands to climb up his body when getting up from floor (Gower’s maneuver)

Later in the disease these symptoms can occur:

Muscle
contractures]]>
(a shortening of the muscle that traps a joint in a contracted position)

Contracture of the Hand

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor will also ask if there is any family history of neuromuscular disease. The exam will focus on your child’s muscles. The doctor will look for signs of weakness. You will likely be referred to a specialist.

Tests may include the following:

Muscle
biopsy]]>
—test that removes a small piece of muscle for examination; used to detect abnormalities in the muscle

CK levels in blood—blood test used to measure creatine kinase, an enzyme found in damaged muscle

Genetic testing—blood test that identifies genetic mutation of DMD

]]>Electromyography]]>
(EMG)—test that measures how well the nerves and muscles work; used to detect muscle problems

EMG of the Shoulder

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best plan for your child. The disease worsens over time. Your child may need different treatments as the disease progresses. Options include the following:

Physical Therapy

Therapy plays a large role in treating DMD. Your child will work with a therapist to try to keep muscles strong.

The disease causes contractures. This is when a muscle shortens, making it difficult to move. The therapist will focus on preventing this with range of motion exercises.

Scoliosis is common in DMD. Exercises can help to keep the back as straight as possible.

Assistive Devices

Braces are used to keep the legs straight and prevent contractures. A
walker
and
wheelchair
may be needed later when the leg muscles become too weak to walk.

Medications

Your doctor may prescribe a steroid medication like
prednisone]]>
. This can help to improve muscle strength and slow muscle weakening. Steroids can weaken bones. To keep bones healthy, your child will take
]]>vitamin D]]>
and calcium supplements. If your child experiences heart problems, he may be given certain medications to slow the damage.

Respiratory Therapy

As the disease progresses, the muscles that support breathing may weaken. Your child may need a ventilator. It will deliver air through a mask, tube, or sometimes through a
]]>tracheotomy]]>
(a surgical hole in the windpipe).

Surgery

Surgery is sometimes used to treat symptoms of DMD. For severe contractures, surgery may be performed to release specific tendons. Scoliosis can sometimes interfere with your child’s breathing. In this case, back surgery may be done.

Prevention

There are no known guidelines to prevent this progressive muscle disease.

Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care
provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a
substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER
IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the
advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to
starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition.