Born in Sydney,[1] Watt completed a Graduate Diploma of Film and Television (Animation) at the Swinburne Film and Television School (now Victorian College of the Arts), Melbourne in 1990. Her student film "Catch of the Day" was to reflect the style of future work; in 1995, she directed a short film, Small Treasures, which won Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival. In 2000, she made a program for the SBS series Swim Between the Flags called "Local Dive". It was made concurrently with another project that she was directing called "The Way of the Birds" based on the 1996 book of the same name by author Meme McDonald, she received the Australian Film Institute's award for Best Director for her 2005 film Look Both Ways.[2]

Watt returned to the Victorian College of the Arts School of Film and Television to teach animation and was to assist in the development of many animators including Academy Award winner Adam Eliot in 1996. Watt was instrumental in the development of scripts for all of her students, but left the School to further develop her own projects, returning on occasion as a script and final production assessor.

Watt was also a published author, she wrote and illustrated the picture book Clem Always Could and co-authored Worse Things Happen at Sea with William McInnes.[3][4]

1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement

2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840

3.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

4.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision

5.
University of Melbourne Faculty of VCA and MCM
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The Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music is a faculty of the University of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. Both campuses offer programs including certificates and diplomas, and research and coursework awards at the masters. The library on the Southbank campus is known as the Lenton Parr Music, Visual and Performing Arts Library, the Faculty of the VCA and Music was created in 2009 from the amalgamation of the Universitys Faculty of Music and Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts. Founded in 1972, the VCA integrated into the University of Melbourne in 2007 as a separate faculty, the appointment of a new Dean under this new structure, occurred in 2011. This was not the first time, however, that sharing of resources across two institutions had been attempted, in 1974, at the time of the establishment of the VCA School of Music, the original entity called the University Conservatorium was finally unincorporated. Symbolically as well as in practice, the place of instrumental tuition at the Faculty was removed to the new VCA. Between 1975 and 1981, the teaching of most woodwind, some brass, double bass, the new organisation was known as the Faculty of Music, Visual and Performing Arts. John Poynter was appointed as Dean of the new super faculty, in September, Warren Bebbington was appointed to the vacant Ormond Chair and, at the urging of staff on both sides, worked to reverse the amalgamation, which was effected in 1994. On 1 January 2012 the Facultys name was changed to reflect the two operating divisions and is now known as the Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music. Sharman Pretty, 2009–2010 Warren Bebbington,2010 Barry Conyngham,2011 – present The teaching of music at the University of Melbourne has been undertaken under a number of administrative structures, through the efforts of the first Ormond Professor, G. W. L. The Conservatorium became the Faculty of Music within the University of Melbourne in 1926, and this was to be the administrative structure for the next 65 years. Marshall-Hall, 1891–1900 Franklin Peterson, 1901–1914 G. W. L, marshall-Hall,1915 William Laver, 1915–1925 Sir Bernard Heinze, 1926–1957 George Loughlin, 1958–1979 Michael Brimer, 1980–1989 Warren Bebbington, 1991–2008 Gary McPherson, 2009–present G. W. L. The National Gallery of Victoria Art School, founded in 1867 to teach art, was the VCAs foundation school. This was followed by the establishment of the School of Music in 1974, the School of Drama in 1976, in March 1981, the Minister for the Arts Norman Lacy had the Victorian College of the Arts Act passed through the Victorian Parliament. It also represents a most significant development for the Victorian Arts Centre, to the extent that artistic education is separated from normal professional practice it is so much less effective. Secondly, the related to the adjacent location of the VCA campus to the National Gallery of Victoria. He said that this Greater Arts Centre concept is central to the Governments decision to reconstitute the college by statute as well as to the development of the arts in general. It represents a simple, readily achievable and highly effective means of creating a milieu of continuous professional activity of the highest standards

6.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition

7.
Special Broadcasting Service
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The Special Broadcasting Service is a hybrid-funded Australian public broadcasting radio, online, and television network. SBS operates four TV channels and five radio networks, SBS Online is home to SBS On Demand video streaming service. SBS is one of five main networks in Australia. These started broadcasting in June 1975, with pre-recorded messages in seven and eight foreign languages, the following year, the Federal Government formed the Consultative Committee on Ethnic Broadcasting. Following the recommendation of this and subsequent committees, the Broadcasting and this legislation came into force on 1 January 1978, with the new broadcaster taking responsibility for 2EA and 3EA. SBS TV began test transmissions in April 1979 when it showed various foreign language programs on ABV-2 Melbourne, full-time transmission began at 6,30 p. m. on 24 October 1980, as Channel 0/28. The first program shown was a documentary entitled Who Are We. which was hosted by veteran news man Peter Luck, at the time, SBS was broadcasting on UHF Channel 28 and VHF Channel 0, with a planned discontinuation of the latter at some time in the future. Bruce Gyngell, who introduced television to Australia back in 1956, was given the task of introducing the first batch of programs on the new station. On 14 October 1983, the service expanded into Canberra, Cooma and its new slogan was the long-running Bringing the World Back Home. The network changed its name to SBS on 18 February 1985, SBS expanded to Brisbane, Adelaide, Newcastle, Wollongong, and the Gold Coast in June of that year. On 5 January 1986, SBS ceased broadcasting on the VHF channel 0 frequency, in August 1986, the government proposed legislation that would merge SBS into the ABC. This was highly unpopular with ethnic-minority communities, leading Prime Minister Bob Hawke to announce in 1987 that the amalgamation would not proceed. The SBS Radio and Television Youth Orchestra was launched in 1988 with founding conductor Matthew Krel, plans to introduce limited commercial-program sponsorship, and the establishment of SBS as an independent corporation with its own Charter, were put in place in July 1989. Eat Carpet, showcasing local and international films, was also launched in 1989. The proclamation of the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 officially made SBS a corporation in 1991, throughout the early 1990s, SBS TV coverage was expanded further to include new areas such as the Latrobe Valley, Spencer Gulf, Darwin, northeast Tasmania, Cairns and Townsville. In 1992, SBSs radio and television facilities were moved to new headquarters in Artarmon, New South Wales, from their original studios at Bondi Junction. The new building was opened on the 10 November 1993 by Prime Minister Paul Keating. A national radio network was launched in January 1994, the new service initially covered Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin, while original stations 2EA and 3EA were renamed Radio Sydney and Radio Melbourne, respectively

8.
Australian Film Institute
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It is responsible for producing Australias premier annual film and television awards, as of 2011 known as AACTA Awards. The work of the institute is supported by government funding, corporate sponsors, the year 1976 marked the first time that the AFI Awards, which had been given since 1958, were televised. Ten years later, television categories were added to the awards, the AFI is affiliated with the Los Angeles Australian Film & Television Association. In August 2011, AFI formed a professional organisation, the Australian Academy of Cinema. The AFI Research Collection is a significant non-lending, specialist film, the collection operates under the auspices of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technologys School of Media and Communication in conjunction with the Australian Film Institute. Cinema of Australia Culture of Australia AFI website AFI Awards 2010 coverage @ Mediasearch AFI History

9.
Look Both Ways
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Look Both Ways is a 2005 Australian independent film, written and directed by Sarah Watt, starring an ensemble cast, which was released on 18 August 2005. The film was supported by the Adelaide Film Festival Investment Fund and it won four AFI Awards, including Best Film and Best Direction. The film was selected as a text by the Victorian Curriculum. The film charts the stories of people over a hot summer weekend in Adelaide. Photojournalist Nick discovers he has cancer that has spread to his lungs. On his way home he goes to the site of an accident to report on it, and meets Meryl an emotionally vulnerable artist. Meanwhile, Nicks colleague, Andy Walker, has to deal with the news that his girlfriend, Anna, is pregnant. Andy also has to cope with his ex-wife, who doesnt trust his ability to take care of his two children. The lives of Julia and the driver of the train are explored, the train driver bridges the gap with his estranged teenage son during the course of the movie. The rain at the end of the film symbolizes relief, the films credits are complemented by a series of photographs showing Nick and Meryl staying together, eventually traveling together and Nick surviving cancer

10.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze

11.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder

12.
AACTA Awards
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The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. The awards recognise excellence of professionals in the film and television industry and it is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards, the awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958 and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film, the AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. As of 2011, the Australian awards take place at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney and they were instituted in 1958, as a way to improve the impoverished state of Australian cinema, and was part of the Melbourne International Film Festival until 1972. Between 1958–1980, submitted films were presented with a gold, silver or bronze prize, and in some circumstances, a Grand Prix award, which was the highest honour a film could receive. Additionally, films were presented with a gold or silver medallion for technical achievements. Up until 1970, prizes were handed out in recognition of the film and production, rather than achievements of individual filmmakers and crafts people. In 1977 feature film categories became competitive, while non-feature films continued to be awarded the gold, silver and bronze prizes until 1981, in 1976 the awards were broadcast live on television for the first time on the Nine Network at the Hilton Hotel in Melbourne. In 1986 television categories were introduced, presenting awards for mini-series and telefeatures before expanding to dramas, in June 2011, the AFI announced an industry consultation for an Australian Academy. The aim of the Academy is to create awareness for Australian film in local and international markets, the name of the new Academy was revealed on 18 August 2011 as the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, with the awards renamed to the AACTA Awards. The date change was made to align the awards with the awards season. At the time of the inception, a jury of five judges, composed of film critics and filmmakers. In 1976, the system was replaced by a peer voting process for feature films which would allow public members the right to vote in the Best Film category. The nominees and winners were later peer-voted by a jury which was made up of representatives from all industry crafts, including members of guilds, who have a professional membership with the AFI. When the AFI announced the launch of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, the fifteen Chapters consist of professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, producers, directors and screenwriters. All television and non-feature film awards, and feature film pre-selection are determined by juries, members of the Australian Film Institute are eligible to vote in the Best Short Fiction Film, Best Short Animation and Audience Choice award categories only. The votes are audited by accounting firm Ernst and Young from 2011, throughout the history of the awards there have been several differently designed awards given to winners

13.
Mar del Plata International Film Festival
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The Mar del Plata International Film Festival is an international film festival that takes place every November in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. It is the only competitive feature festival recognized by the FIAPF in Latin America, the festival is organized by the National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts. In the early years famous international guests such as Mary Pickford, Gina Lollobrigida, Edward G. Robinson, in 1964 the festival moved temporarily to Buenos Aires, and the name was changed to Festival Cinematográfico Internacional de la República Argentina. In 1966 there was a coup detat in Argentina, in 1968 and 1970 the Instituto de Cine took charge of the festival. From 1967 to 1969 the festival was cancelled because there were other festivals in Rio de Janeiro, after 1970 the festival was cancelled. There were some attempts to reactivate it, but this did not happen until 1996 when the returned with new renovations. Since then there were several changes, in the first years the event was not held in March, from 2001 to 2007 it returned to that month. Since 2008 the Festival has been held in November, during this stage the festival was granted a Category A, the highest class assigned by FIAPF. Originally the awards were called Ombú after the typical pampas tree, the twenty-second Mar del Plata Film Festival, held from 8 to 18 March 2007, introduced a new competition specifically for Latin American film-makers. The competition awards the Ernesto Che Guevara Award to the best Latin American film, currently, awards are given to, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Script, Best Latin American Film and the Judges Special Award. * Denotes first win Official website Mar del Plata Website with news, activities and information

14.
Motovun Film Festival
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The Motovun Film Festival is an annual film festival established in 1999 and held in the small town of Motovun, Croatia. It usually takes place five or six days in late July or early August. Motovun Film Festival is entirely dedicated to films made in small studios, the festival program every year consists of around 70 titles from all over the world, from documentaries to feature films, short and feature-length films, from guerrilla-made films to co-productions. Over time the festival become widely popular among Croatian youths, as well as foreign backpackers, every year during the festival, a camp for visitors is organized on the foothills of Motovun, where anybody can put up a tent. The festivalgoers camp has become one of the hallmarks of the festival, in January 2007 British newspaper The Guardian described the festival as a cross between Glastonbury and Sundance. The festival also grew in status on the festival circuit, the 2011 festival, which was supposed to be its 13th edition, was re-numerated by organizers as 14th for humorous reasons and triskaidekaphobia. The skipped year was maintained in all later editions, so the most recent 2015 festival was officially designated as the 18th Motovun Film Festival. The main award at the festival is called Propeler Motovuna, other awards at the festival are the Motovun Online award for best short film, the odAdoA award for best film in the regional competition, and the film critics FIPRESCI Award. In 2008, the Motovun Maverick Award was introduced, given to filmmakers for lifetime achievement. Its first recipient was Ken Russell, in 2013, Mohsen Makhmalbaf and The Gardener were given the award

15.
NatFilm Festival
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Since 2003 NatFilm has steadily attracted a total audience of around 35,000 over its annual ten-day run. The Copenhagen International Documentary Festival, or CPH, DOX, is an offspring of the NatFilm festival occurring in November and it usually shares some of its more popular or controversial offerings with NatFilm. The 19th and last staging of the festival, the 2008 NatFilm Festival, from 2009, NatFilm and the CIFF was merged into a single event, CPH PIX, it launched in April 16–26,2009. Recent recipients of this award include Ten Canoes by Rolf de Heer in 2007, notable prior recipients of this award include Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg and Natasha Arthy. Critics Award The Critics Award was introduced in 2004, each year a panel of three international judges chooses a winner from around ten nominated films, all debut or second features of selected directors. The award is announced at the closing gala and comes with a stipend of DKK25,000. Other Awards Other awards and prizes offered intermittently in the festivals history include a Danmark Radio Filmland Award, Canal+ Script Award, NatFilm Festival is a member of European Coordination of Film Festivals and serves as the official Danish partner of Equinoxe under the presidency of Jeanne Moreau. 2008 NatFilm Festival Copenhagen International Documentary Festival Official website of NatFilm Festival Film Festival World entry for NatFilm Everything2. com entry for NatFilm

16.
International Film Festival Rotterdam
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The International Film Festival Rotterdam is an annual film festival held in various cinemas in Rotterdam, Netherlands at the end of January. The festival also has a focus on presenting cutting edge media art and artists film. IFFR also hosts CineMart, for producers to seek funding. The International Film Festival Rotterdam management emphasizes diversity in its programming and on building relationships with. Rather than red-carpet events, the design is to encourage film makers to mingle with attendees. As a result, the festival claims having a unique atmosphere, the festival is described as having a serious commitment to film lovers and film making - screenings are shown without popcorn breaks, trailers or other commercials. This sense of purpose plays a role in attracting the best directors to the event, allowing it to forge a reputation for diversity, discovery. The first festival — then called Film International — was organized in June 1972 under the leadership of Huub Bals, iFFRs logo is a tiger, loosely based on the M. G. M. From the beginning, the festival has profiled itself as a promoter of alternative, innovative and non-commercial films, with an emphasis on the Far East and developing countries. After the festival founders sudden death in 1988, a fund was initiated and named after him, the non-competitive character of the festival changed in 1995, when the VPRO Tiger Awards were introduced—three yearly prizes for young filmmakers making their first or second film. The next year, Simon Field, formerly Cinema Director at the London Institute of Contemporary Arts, in 2004 Sandra den Hamer took over as director of the festival, and from 2007 to 2015 the director was Ruger Wolfson. Since August 2015 the leadership is in the hands of film producer Bero Beyer, despite financial difficulties in the mid-1980s, the festival has grown steadily, reaching more than 300,000 visitors in 2015. The Pathé cinema at Schouwburgplein is one of the biggest cinemas in the country, the modern edifice – located between the Schouwburg and De Doelen – is dramatically lit by night, dominating the square. De Doelen is the Central Box office during the festival Cinerama is a magnificent old cinema with 7 theaters and it has been thoroughly renovated multiple times, but retains an atmosphere that lends a special touch to the cinematic experience. The Rotterdamse Schouwburg is located in the heart of Rotterdam, on the famous Schouwburgplein and it is one of the main performing arts centers of the city, offering a wide range of critically acclaimed dance, opera and theatrical performances. Lantaren Venster is the only screening location at the side of the Maas river. Like Pathé and Cinerama, it has 7 theaters, lantaren Venster is used as a performance arts location and well known for their non-mainstream and art house programming of movies. The Tiger Award has had various sponsors over the years, in the years leading up to and including 2010 it was sponsored by the VPRO

17.
Brisbane International Film Festival
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The Brisbane International Film Festival was an annual film festival held in Brisbane, Australia. The festival has attracted more than 400,000 visitors across its history, the festival has been replaced by the Brisbane Asia Pacific Film Festival from 2014 onwards. The festival features events including the opening and closing night celebrations, special screenings, seminars, question and answer sessions, as well as promoting local Australian content, BIFF includes films from around the globe. In addition to the program, BIFF has synergies with Cine Sparks. Cine Sparks, the Australian Film Festival for Young People was part of BIFF’s expansion in 2005, with a program of films, workshops, Cine Sparks is popular with school groups, with more than 10,000 students attending the various sessions. In 2011, Cine Sparks took place in October, as a prelude to BIFF, the Queensland New Filmmakers Awards is the biggest industry sponsored new filmmaker competition in the country, recognising and encouraging the achievements of emerging Queensland filmmakers. The competition is aimed at rewarding the creative talents of Queensland short filmmakers, BIFFDOCS — In 2011 the Festival established BIFFDOCS, Australias richest prize for documentary filmmakers. The BIFFDOCS competition rewards excellence in documentary production - particularly films that exhibit the ability to surprise, entertain, provoke, the inaugural BIFFDOCS award went to Arirang by one of South Korea’s most celebrated filmmakers, Kim Ki-duk. Audience Award — Attendees at the Festival are asked to vote after each screening, Chauvel Award — In previous years, the Festival has acknowledged a contributor to Australian cinema through the Chauvel Award, named in honour of Charles Chauvel. Jury Awards — The Festival has also hosted international juries, who judge three awards, The FIPRESCI Award, the NETPAC Award and the Interfaith Award for Promoting Humanitarian Values, List of festivals in Brisbane List of festivals in Australia Official website Brisbane Asia Pacific Film Festival

18.
Melbourne International Film Festival
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The Melbourne International Film Festival is an annual film festival held over three weeks in Melbourne, Australia. It was founded in 1952 and is one of the oldest film festivals in the world, MIFF is one of Melbournes four major film festivals, in addition to the Melbourne International Animation Festival, Melbourne Queer Film Festival and Melbourne Underground Film Festival. As of 2013, the festivals Artistic Director is Michelle Carey, Melbourne is a significant city in the history of film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, the worlds first full-length feature film, was filmed in the city. Established in 1952, the Melbourne International Film Festival is one of the oldest film festivals in the world and has become the most notable event in Australia. MIFF is the largest film festival in both Australia and the hemisphere, and is Australias largest showcase of new Australian cinema. The 2012 festival generated A$8 million for the Victorian economy, as of 2013, the festival is accredited by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the Australian Film Institute and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. As of 2013, the festivals CEO is Maria Amato, Carey is the Artistic Director, the 37ºSouth Market is the only international film financing marketplace to take place during a film festival in Australia or New Zealand. As of 2013, the 37ºSouth Market is also the partner of the Londons Production Finance Market for Australia. Since 1962, MIFF has staged a short film competition, as well as feature film award categories. It also presents audience popularity awards for film and documentary. The festivals inaugural award was Best Short Film, but the title was changed to Grand Prix for Best Short Film in 1965, from 1985 onwards, the Grand Prix has been officially presented by the City of Melbourne. The judges for the 2013 MIFF short film awards were Lorin Clarke, Michael Matrenza, Chinese filmmakers withdrew their films from the festival two days before it opened on 24 July 2009. Later, both pro-Chinese and pro-Uyghur activists attempted to disrupt ticketing due to the media coverage, the festival website was hacked soon after the launch of its 2009 program, with information replaced with the Chinese flag and anti-Kadeer slogans. Victoria Police was placed on alert during the screening of the film, Australias Ambassador to China Geoff Raby was summoned by Chinas Deputy Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun to express displeasure about Kadeers attendance at MIFF. In 2000, MIFFs rejection of a film written and directed by Richard Wolstencroft led him to form the Melbourne Underground Film Festival. In subsequent years, MUFF has attracted controversy by criticising the content of MIFF, as well as its management, MUFF prioritises and declares that he has a mandate, as a space for exciting and edgy Australian cinema that may not be played at MIFF. Film festival List of film festivals List of short film festivals St Kilda Short Film Festival Cinema of Australia Official website

19.
Chicago International Film Festival
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The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the eyes of early film actresses Theda Bara, Pola Negri and Mae Murray. In 2010, the 46th Chicago International Film Festival presented 150 films from more than 50 countries, the Festivals program is composed of many different sections, including the International Competition, New Directors Competition, Docufest, Black Perspectives, Cinema of the Americas, and Reel Women. Foreign films are screened for free throughout the city weekly from July through September, bruce Dern Terrence Howard Susan Sarandon Shirley MacLaine Robert Zemeckis Irma P. Hall, Robert Townsend and Harry J

20.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

21.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually

22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

23.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding

24.
The Age
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The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication

25.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database

26.
Peter Weir
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Peter Lindsay Weir, AM is an Australian film director. The climax of Weirs early career was the $6 million multi-national production The Year of Living Dangerously, for his work on these five films, Weir personally accrued six Academy Award nominations as either a director, writer or producer. Since 2003, Weirs productivity has declined, having directed only one subsequent feature. Weir was born in Sydney, the son of Peggy and Lindsay Weir, Weir attended The Scots College and Vaucluse Boys High School before studying arts and law at the University of Sydney. His interest in film was sparked by his meeting with students, including Phillip Noyce. After leaving university in the mid-1960s he joined Sydney television station ATN-7, during this period, using station facilities, he made his first two experimental short films, Count Vims Last Exercise and The Life and Flight of Reverend Buckshotte. He also directed one section of the three-part, three-director feature film Three To Go, homesdale and Weirs two aforementioned CFU shorts have been released on DVD. It was a success in cinemas but proved very popular on the then-thriving drive-in circuit. It also helped launch the career of internationally renowned Australian cinematographer Russell Boyd and it was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom praised it as a welcome antidote to the so-called ocker film genre, typified by The Adventures of Barry McKenzie and Alvin Purple. Weirs next film, The Last Wave was a thriller about a man who begins to experience terrifying visions of an impending natural disaster. The Last Wave was a pensive, ambivalent work that expanded on themes from Picnic and it co-starred the Aboriginal actor David Gulpilil, whose performance won the Golden Ibex at the Tehran International Festival in 1977, but it was only a moderate commercial success at the time. Between The Last Wave and his feature, Weir wrote. It starred Australian actors Judy Morris and Ivar Kants and was filmed in just three weeks, inspired by a real-life experience told to him by friends, it is a black comedy about a woman whose life is disrupted by a subtly menacing plumber. Weir scored a major Australian hit and further international praise with his next film, scripted by the Australian playwright David Williamson, it is regarded as classic Australian cinema. Gallipoli was instrumental in making Mel Gibson into a star, although his co-star Mark Lee. The film also won Linda Hunt an Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. The film was produced by Jim McElroy, who with his brother Hal McElroy had also produced Weirs first three films, The Cars That Ate Paris, Picnic at Hanging Rock and The Last Wave. These dramatic parts provided Harrison Ford with important opportunities to break the typecasting of his roles in the Star Wars

27.
Fred Schepisi
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Frederic Alan Fred Schepisi, AO is an Australian film director, producer and screenwriter. His credits include The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, Plenty, Roxanne, Six Degrees of Separation, Mr. Baseball and Last Orders. Frederic Alan Schepisi was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the son of Loretto Ellen and Frederic Thomas Schepisi and he began his career in advertising and directed both commercials and documentaries before making his first feature film, The Devils Playground, in 1976. Schepisi won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Direction and the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Screenplay for both The Devils Playground and Evil Angels, in 1991 his film The Russia House was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival. In 2007 he was the Chairman of the Jury at the 29th Moscow International Film Festival, in April 2008 it was announced Film Finance Corporation Australia was providing funding for Schepisis film The Last Man, about the final days of the Vietnam War. It was scheduled to begin filming in Queensland, with Guy Pearce and David Wenham in leading roles, in 2011 Schepisi directed The Eye of the Storm. Filmed in Melbourne, Sydney and Far North Queensland, and based on the novel by Patrick White, The Eye of the Storm stars Charlotte Rampling, Judy Davis, the story is about children finally understanding themselves through the context of family. In 2012 he directed Words and Pictures starring Juliet Binoche and Clive Owen, Schepisi has also directed a number of music videos, including for the 2008 song Breathe by Kaz James featuring Stu Stone. Asked about the existence of a filmmaker, Schepisi has said. I think were todays circus people and its very hard on your family. Mary travels with me and when everyone was younger and it was possible, I liked them to travel with me, fortunately, Marys an artist, she paints, and often finds inspiration from our locations. Schepisi has seven children and one grandchild. Fred Schepisi has been married three times and has seven children, joan gave him four children, his second wife Rhonda died of cancer, after giving him two more children. His third wife, Mary, whom he married in 1984 and he supports Australia becoming a republic and is a founding member of the Australian Republican Movement. The Devils Playground The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith Barbarosa Iceman Plenty Roxanne Evil Angels The Russia House Mr. Baseball Six Degrees of Separation I. Q. com. au biography

28.
Phillip Noyce
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Phillip Noyce is an Australian film director. After graduating from Sydney University, he joined the Australian Film, Television and Radio School in 1973, many of his films feature espionage, as Noyce grew up listening to his fathers stories of serving with the Australian Commando unit Z Force during World War II. Noyce worked on two miniseries for Australian television with fellow Australian filmmaker George Miller, The Dismissal and The Cowra Breakout, Miller also produced the film that brought Noyce to the attention of Hollywood studios – Dead Calm which launched the career of Nicole Kidman. Although independently financed, the film was a hit with Australian audiences. In Spring 2011, Noyce directed and executive produced the pilot for the ABC series Revenge, in 2013, Noyce directed and executive produced the NBC pilot Crisis, which went to series. Later that year, he returned to South Africa to film The Giver, starring Jeff Bridges, Meryl Streep, and Brenton Thwaites, which opened in the US on August 15,2014 from The Weinstein Company. In 2015, Noyce directed the first night of the Emmy nominated miniseries Roots followed in 2016 by the feature Blood Mountain, starring Emilia Clarke, Noyce was an avid supporter of the Labor government of Gough Whitlam. He was married to film producer Jan Chapman 1971–1977, from 1979 to 2004 he was married to producer Jan Sharp, with whom he has two children. He is now married to designer Vuyo Dyasi, with whom he has two children, a son, Luvuyo and a daughter, Ayanda, Phillip Noyce Biography from Leonard Maltins Movie Encyclopedia, imdb. com. Brian McFarlane, Geoff Mayer, Ina Bertrand, the Oxford companion to Australian film. Melbourne, Australia, New York, Oxford University Press, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Petzke, Ingo, Backroads To Hollywood – Phillip Noyce. Great Directors – Phillip Noyce Senses of Cinema, contemporary North American Film Directors, A Wallflower Critical Guide By Yoram Allon, Hannah Patterson, Del Cullen. Entry on Phillip Noyce Look inside at Google Book search Phillip Noyce at the Internet Movie Database

29.
Gillian Armstrong
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Gillian May Armstrong is an award-winning Australian feature film and documentary director, who specializes in period-drama. Her films often feature female perspectives and protagonists, Armstrong was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 18 December 1950. She went to a high school, Vermont High School, and was the middle child of a local real estate agent father. Armstrong stated in The Australian that her parents were very supportive of their hopes and dreams. Her father was a photographer who wasnt allowed to follow his dreams professionally. Armstrong reminisces of how she grew up in a dark room, when she first decided to go to art school, Armstrong didnt have a very firm grasp on what she wanted to do. Armstrong grew up in the suburb of Mitcham. Armstrong was a theatre student at Swinburne College while paying her tuition by working as a waitress. Originally, she attended school to become a set designer. After she took it she was enamored by the names of cinema. Then she won a scholarship to join the first 12 students at the countrys first and only film school, the Australian Film and Television School. While she was in school, the Australian film industry was non existent and she attended Swinburne Technical College with the intention of becoming a theatre costume designer, but it was here she became increasingly interested in film. During this time, she was exposed to a range of films that differentiated from the commercial cinema. After graduating from art school in 1968, Armstrong was set on pursuing a career in film and she began making short films of 2–10 minutes, and started work as an assistant editor in a commercial film house, which lasted a year. In 1972 she entered, and later graduated from, the Australian Film Television, Armstrong became a film director at the age of 27. During the time of the development of Australian Cinema Armstrong recalls in a Washington Post interview that tremendous tax breaks led to a frightful overproduction, everybody was interested in doing deals and even stockbrokers were becoming directors. However, very few of them had the commitment to cinema that Armstrong and others had, after Armstrongs second film My Brilliant Career, she had offers from Hollywood but quickly turned them all away, preferring to stay in Australia to make a deliberately small film called Starstruck. Following this success, Armstrong was commissioned by the South Australian Film Corporation to make a documentary exploring the lives of teenage girls living in Adelaide