In 1908, junior army officers - referred to as the Young Turks and Committee of Unity and Progress (CUP) - seized power from Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and the country underwent a process of what many historians call "Turkification".

Over a quarter of Americans on a recent survey said they wouldn’t even want to be friends with a transgender person—and only thirteen percent said they would be comfortable “engaging in a sexual act of any kind” with a transgender woman.