Transcription

1 Human Trafficking in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program This marks the first report from the national UCR Program s Human Trafficking Data Collection. The limited data from the first year of collection (2013) are presented in this article. Trafficking Victims Protection Act In January 2013, the national UCR Program began collecting offense and arrest data regarding human trafficking as authorized by the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of The act requires the FBI to collect human trafficking offense data and to make distinctions between prostitution, assisting or promoting prostitution, and purchasing prostitution. The Wilberforce Act itself does not define human trafficking because it is a reauthorization of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, which defines severe forms of trafficking in persons as: (A) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or (B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (See 22 U.S.C (8) (2004)). Addition of Human Trafficking to the UCR Program To comply with the Wilberforce Act, the national UCR Program created two additional offenses in the Summary Reporting System and the National Incident-Based Reporting System for which the UCR Program has begun collecting both offense and arrest data. The definitions for these offenses are: Human Trafficking/Commercial Sex Acts: inducing a person by force, fraud, or coercion to participate in commercial sex acts, or in which the person induced to perform such act(s) has not attained 18 years of age. Human Trafficking/Involuntary Servitude: the obtaining of a person(s) through recruitment, harboring, transportation, or provision, and subjecting such persons by force, fraud, or coercion into involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery (not to include commercial sex acts). In addition to these changes, the national UCR Program staff has also updated the Supplementary Homicide Report form to incorporate a new circumstance code for human trafficking.

2 Human Trafficking in 2013 The addition of offense or arrest data to the UCR Program is a rarity. The last time the UCR Program added an offense to the list of Part I crimes was in 1982 when the collection of arson data was made permanent. However, given the dynamic nature of criminal justice issues, the UCR Program is being called on to make modifications to reflect the changing realities of law enforcement that were not present when the Program was established in the early part of the 20 th century. These changes are not without some impact to law enforcement agencies, and it often takes time for agencies to identify resources that make submission of the new data collections to the national UCR Program possible. As is the case in any new data collection, the first year of data is often sparse. However, the UCR Program anticipates that more data will be reported each year as participation in the new human trafficking data collection grows. The data in the tables included in this report reflect the offenses and arrests recorded by state and local agencies that currently have the ability to report the data to the national UCR Program. As such, they should not be interpreted as a definitive statement of the level or characteristics of human trafficking as a whole. Note: In addition to the level of data reported to the UCR Program, it is important to note that this is only one view of a complex issue the law enforcement perspective. The investigation of human trafficking by local, state, tribal, and federal agencies is one facet of this crime. However, due to the nature of human trafficking, many of these crimes are never reported to law enforcement. In addition to the law enforcement facet in fighting these crimes, there are victim service organizations whose mission it is to serve the needs of the victims of human trafficking. In order to have the complete picture of human trafficking, it would be necessary to gather information from all of these sources.

3 Human Trafficking Data, Table 1. State Participation in the UCR Human Trafficking Data Collection (2013) State Added to State Summary Collection Added to State NIBRS Collection Number of Summary Agencies Number of NIBRS Agencies Delaware No Yes 0 58 a Indiana Maryland Yes No Michigan No Yes Mississippi a Missouri Yes Yes Montana No Yes Nevada Yes No 53 0 Ohio No a Yes Oregon No Yes South Dakota No Yes Tennessee No Yes Washington No Yes a Indiana, Mississippi, and portions of Ohio have no UCR State Program to manage the collection of UCR data within the state. Each law enforcement agency is responsible for reporting its crime data directly to the FBI. 1 Due to the use of a later version of the human trafficking data, the tables in this human trafficking publication may differ from other UCR Publications that also include human trafficking data.

5 Table 4. Reports of Arrestees for Human Trafficking by Race (2013) Commercial Sex Acts Involuntary Servitude Grand Total American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African-American Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White American Indian or Alaska Native Agency St. Louis County Police Dept. (MO) Morristown Police Department (TN) Asian Black or African-American Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African-American Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Total White

6 Human Trafficking in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data Declarations TABLE 1 State Participation in the UCR Human Trafficking Data Collection (2013) The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program s Summary Reporting System and National Incident-Based Reporting System. General Comments This table includes the states that have added human trafficking offenses to their data collection and the number of agencies per state participating in the UCR. Even though a state program included human trafficking, the individual agencies in that state may or may not have added it to their collections. Indiana, Mississippi, and portions of Ohio have no UCR State Program to manage the collection of UCR data within the state. Each law enforcement agency is responsible for reporting its crime data directly to the FBI. Methodology This table includes only those states that have added the capability to collect human trafficking data. TABLE 2 Reports of Offenses of Human Trafficking (2013) The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program s Summary Reporting System and National Incident-Based Reporting System. General Comment This table provides the volume of human trafficking offenses as reported by law enforcement agencies (listed alphabetically by state) that contributed data to the UCR Program. For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older.

7 Methodology The data used in creating this table were from all law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking incidents for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year. When the FBI determines that an agency s data collection methodology does not comply with national UCR guidelines, the figure(s) for that agency s offense(s) will not be included in the table, and the discrepancy will be explained in a footnote. TABLE 3 Reports of Arrestees for Human Trafficking by Age and Sex (2013) The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program s Summary Reporting System and National Incident-Based Reporting System. General Comment This table provides the number of juvenile and adult male and female persons arrested for human trafficking offenses by agency in These data represent the number of persons arrested; however, some persons may be arrested more than once during a year. Therefore, the statistics in this table could, in some cases, represent multiple arrests of the same person. For UCR purposes, juveniles are under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older. Methodology The data used in creating this table were from all law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking arrests for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year. TABLE 4 Reports of Arrestees for Human Trafficking by Race (2013) The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program s Summary Reporting System and National Incident-Based Reporting System. General Comment This table provides the number of persons arrested for human trafficking offenses by agency in 2013 broken down by race of the arrestee. These data represent the number of persons arrested; however, some persons may be arrested more than once during a year.

8 Therefore, the statistics in this table could, in some cases, represent multiple arrests of the same person. For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older Methodology The data used in creating this table were from all law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking arrests for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year.

9 Human Trafficking, 2013 Questions and Answers Q: How long has human trafficking data been collected? A: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program began collecting human trafficking data in January Q: Why have so few agencies reported human trafficking data? Why are the numbers so low? A: As is the case in any new data collection, the first year of data is often sparse. Reasons for this include the time and resources it takes for agencies to implement technical changes, aligning state and local policies with the federal requirements, and the education and training of participants. The UCR Program anticipates more data will be reported each year as participation in human trafficking data collection increases. Q: What does it mean for an offense to be cleared? A: An offense can be cleared by arrest or exceptional means. An offense is cleared by arrest, or solved for crime reporting purposes, when at least one person is (1) arrested, (2) charged with the commission of the offense, and (3) turned over to the court for prosecution. If an agency can answer all of the following questions in the affirmative, it can clear the offense exceptionally. 1. Has the investigation definitely established the identity of the offender? 2. Is there enough information to support an arrest, charge, and turning over to the court for prosecution? 3. Is the exact location of the offender known so that the subject could be taken into custody now? 4. Is there some reason outside law enforcement control that precludes arresting, charging, and prosecuting the offender? Generally, an offense can be exceptionally cleared when it falls into one of the following categories. (This list is not all-inclusive.) 1. Death of the offender. 2. Offender is prosecuted by state or local authorities in another city for a different offense or is prosecuted in another city or state by the federal government for an offense which may be the same. 3. Extradition denied/in the custody of other jurisdiction. 4. The handling of a juvenile offender either orally or by written notice to parents in instances involving minor offenses such as petty larceny. 5. Prosecution denied (for other than the lack of probable cause).

10 Although agencies may administratively close a case, this does not necessarily mean that the agency can clear the offense for UCR purposes. Q: Table 1 seems to indicate a few thousand agencies added human trafficking to their collection. Why does Table 2 only list 5 agencies as reporting human trafficking? A: Agencies with zero offenses to report were not included in Tables 2-4. Table 1 presents the states which have added human trafficking collection and the number of agencies per state participating in the UCR Program. The individual agencies in these states may or may not have added human trafficking. Q: Were agencies that submitted less than 12 months of data included in the human trafficking report? A: Yes, all submissions were included. Q: What is the cut off age for juveniles and adults? A: For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older. Q: In Table 1, what is the difference between the Summary and NIBRS collections? A: The FBI s UCR Program administers two data collections the Summary Reporting System (SRS) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The general concepts for collecting, scoring, and reporting UCR data are applicable to both the SRS and the NIBRS. Both systems collect information on crimes reported to law enforcement or crimes law enforcement have witnessed and include reports in which no one was arrested. The SRS provides monthly reports on ten Part I offenses known to law enforcement and reports on persons arrested. The Part I offenses, murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, human trafficking commercial sex acts, human trafficking involuntary servitude, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson, are considered indicators of the level of crime occurring within the United States. Data are collected at the aggregate level and lack incident-level details for crimes other than homicide. Within the SRS, the Hierarchy Rule governs multiple offense reporting. When more than one crime was committed by the same person or group of persons and the time and space intervals separating the crimes were insignificant, then the crime highest in the hierarchy is the only offense reported. The second data collection is the NIBRS. It is a more detail-oriented crime data collection system which captures specific details about crimes and offenders through incident-based reporting. These details include information such as the date, time, location, and circumstance of the criminal incident; the characteristics of the victim and offender (such as the age, sex, race, and ethnicity); victim/offender relationship; the involvement of weapons or drugs; property loss; whether the crime was motivated by bias; or if a computer was used to perpetuate certain types of crimes.

11 Q: What are the benefits of the NIBRS? A: The NIBRS provides a more comprehensive view of crime in the United States, and offers greater flexibility in data compilation and analysis. When used to its full potential, the NIBRS identifies with precision when and where a crime occurred, what form it took, and the characteristics of its victims and offenders. Because it provides a broader depiction of the data, the NIBRS provides LEAs with more exact information with which to address the concerns of its constituency regarding crime in their communities and to allocate resources. Likewise, legislators, municipal planners/administrators, academicians, sociologists, advocacy groups, and the public are provided with access to more extensive crime information than the SRS can offer. The data allows a better opportunity of studying crime and criminal behavior. The FBI intends for the NIBRS to become the law enforcement community s standard for quantifying crime. Efforts are underway to assist states not yet certified as NIBRS contributors and expand NIBRS ability to provide national crime data management standards and services to inform, educate, and strengthen communities through Uniform Crime Reporting.

Effects of NIBRS on Crime Statistics Effects of NIBRS on Crime Statistics is a study of NIBRS data submissions 1991 through 2011. Executive Summary When law enforcement agencies switch from reporting crime

Part 2 Processes of Crime Analysis coming into the police agency, but those dispatched to or initiated by officers. Because of the vast information contained in a CAD system, information is often purged

Crime in Missouri MISSOURI STATE HIGHWAY PATROL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPEMENT DIVISION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS CENTER FOREWORD This publication is produced by the Missouri State Highway Patrol, Statistical Analysis

Frequently Asked Questions about the Change in the UCR Definition of Rape December 11, 2014 The FBI has implemented an important change in the definition of rape that is used in the collection of national

8 Interpreting Crime Data and Statistics Rachel Boba T he goal of this chapter is to provide knowledge of how to appropriately apply and interpret statistics relevant to crime analysis. This chapter includes

Question 1: What is the difference between the Part I and Part II offenses in Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? Answer 1: Uniform crime reports (UCR) divide offenses into two categories: Part I offenses and

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report April 2014 ncj 244205 Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010

213 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Main Campus (1534451) Screening Questions Please answer these questions carefully. The answers you provide will determine which screens you will be asked

Crime in Tarrant County 213 Annual Report The UCR Program In an effort to quantify the number of crimes committed in Tarrant County (reported by 38 law enforcement agencies), the Uniform Crime Reporting

2014 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Main Campus (161581001) Screening Questions Please answer these questions carefully. The answers you provide will determine which screens you will be

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report Truth in Sentencing January 99, NCJ 170032 in State Prisons By Paula M. Ditton Doris James Wilson BJS Statisticians

2014 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Hebrew College (166045001) Screening Questions Please answer these questions carefully. The answers you provide will determine which screens you will

U.S. Depar tment of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention National Report Series December 213 This bulletin is part of the Juvenile Offenders and Victims

Crime in Montana 2004-2005 REPORT MBCC MONTANA BOARD OF CRIME CONTROL Crime in Montana 2004-2005 Report Published by the Montana Board of Crime Control Statistical Analysis Center William Mercer, Chair

Criminal Justice System Trends and Indicators Montana Social indicators help describe how a state and its population change over time. What kinds of changes occurred in Montana from 199 to that might relate

CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION SPRING 2011 Methods of Data Collection Kendral Harpe 2/9/2011 This paper is to state the different methods of data collections for victims. It will include the creator and the start

Prince William County Police Department 2013 Crime Report A NATIONALLY ACCREDITED LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY -Page intentionally left blank- TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview... 2 At a Glance... 3 Part I Crime...

Crime in Illinois 2012 Introduction INTRODUCTION 1 Crime in Illinois 2012 The Illinois Uniform Crime Reporting Program Introduction The Illinois Uniform Crime Reporting (I-UCR) Program was developed in

Taking a Bite Out of Crime: 46 Years of Utah Crime Statistics August 15, 2008 The 2008 Utah Priorities Survey revealed Crime & Security to be the sixth-highest issue of concern for Utah residents. Specifically,

JANUARY 2014 Black Homicide Victimization in the United States An Analysis of 2011 Homicide Data WWW.VPC.ORG Black Homicide Victimization in the United States Violence Policy Center 1 copyright and acknowledgements

JANUARY 2015 Black Homicide Victimization in the United States An Analysis of 2012 Homicide Data WWW.VPC.ORG BLACK HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES VIOLENCE POLICY CENTER 1 COPYRIGHT AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report JUNE 2012, NCJ 238546 National Incident-Based Reporting System Violent Crime against the Elderly Reported

2015 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Main Campus (392354001) Screening Questions Please answer these questions carefully. The answers you provide will determine which screens you will be

2014 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Main Campus (221397001) Screening Questions Please answer these questions carefully. The answers you provide will determine which screens you will be

Public Hearing Before the United States Sentencing Commission Panel Two William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 Tuesday, March 17, 2009 3:45 p.m. 4:45 p.m. Federal

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2008 Statistical Tables National Crime Victimization Survey Table of contents

New York State Uniform Crime Reporting A Supplement to the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook STATE OF NEW YORK Division of Criminal Justice Services Office of Justice Research and Performance Content

CAMPUS SECURITY INFORMATION ANNUAL CAMPUS SECURITY REPORT-TULSA The following statistics are provided as part of the requirement under the Student Right- To Know and Campus Security Act, Public Law 101-542,

Impacts of Sequestration on the States Alabama Alabama will lose about $230,000 in Justice Assistance Grants that support law STOP Violence Against Women Program: Alabama could lose up to $102,000 in funds

2014 Campus Safety and Security Survey Institution: Colorado Springs Campus (439701005) Criminal Offenses - On campus For each of the following criminal offenses, enter the number reported to have occurred

May 2012 Characteristics of Crimes against Juveniles Statistics on crimes against children have not been readily available until recently, because The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system, which has served

DELAWARE COUNTY TREATMENT COURT APPLICATION Please read each question carefully before answering. Failure to complete this form accurately will delay the processing of your application. False or misleading

Marijuana In the States 2012 Analysis and Detailed Data on Marijuana Use and Arrests July 30, 2014 Jon Gettman, Ph.D. Criminal Justice College of Arts and Sciences Shenandoah University Winchester, Virginia

Removal of Youth in the Adult Criminal Justice System: A State Trends Update Rebecca Gasca on behalf of Campaign for Youth Justice Juvenile Court founded in 1899 to create a separate justice system for

Vol. 10, No. 1 November 2013 Anti-trafficking laws and arrest trends in Illinois By Jessica Reichert, ICJIA Senior Research Analyst While some is known about domestic sex trafficking victims in the United

Crime Trends in the City of East Palo Alto November 2010 By Sarah Lawrence and Gregory Shapiro UC Berkeley School of Law Acknowledgements The Berkeley Center for Criminal Justice gratefully acknowledges

State Statutes Current Through August 2009 Criminal Background Checks for Prospective Foster and Adoptive Parents: Summary of State Laws Electronic copies of this publication may be downloaded at All States,

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Family Violence Statistics Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances Reported and unreported family violence

Creative Images is committed to providing a safe and secure environment for its artists, staff, clients, and visitors on college property and complying with the provisions of the Jeanne Clery Disclosure

Getting the Facts Straight about Girls in the Juvenile Justice System Introduction To fulfill one part of its mission, the Center for Girls and Young Women will present the public with an accurate account

08-10 CRIME AND JUSTICE IN COLORADO 2008-2010 OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS DIVISION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE MARCH 2011 Crime and Justice in Colorado 2008-2010 March 2011 Prepared by: Office of Research

Annex 2 Biennial Comprehensive Research and Statistical Review and Analysis of Severe Forms of Trafficking, Sex Trafficking and Unlawful Commercial Sex Acts in the United States May 2009 by Bureau of Justice

WALDO COUNTY Justice Data USM Muskie School of Public Service Maine Statistical Analysis Center Waldo County Facts Waldo County, incorporated in 1827, is in mid coast Maine along Penobscot Bay. The county

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention National Report Series June 23 This Bulletin is part of the Juvenile Offenders and Victims National

STATE STATUTES Current Through August 2011 Criminal Background Checks for Prospective Foster and Adoptive Parents All States, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico

Juvenile Justice in Wisconsin by Christina Carmichael Fiscal Analyst Wisconsin Chapter 938 of the Wisconsin statutes is entitled the Juvenile Justice Code. Statute 938.1 of the chapter states that it is

APPENDIX A Quick Reference Chart for Determining Key Immigration Consequences of Common New York s For information on the applicability of these consequences to a specific noncitizen, see Chapter 3. For