There are 3 groups of quarks, Up/Down, Charm/Strange, and Top/Bottom, and each of these quarks has a corresponding anti-quark. The proton is made of a combination of up, up, down quarks (with a mixture of quark and anti-quarks in the combination); while the neutron is made of up, down, down quarks.

The neutron decays into a proton, electron, and a neutrino, by a down quark converting into an up quark, and emitting an electron and neutrino. The quark system of transformation between particles is an elegant expression of mathematical symmetry.

The quark is a mass-type particle, with 1/3 or 2/3 charge, but has poor cohesion in a free space environment. Outside of its bonding in a hadron or meson, the quark is so unstable that it cannot even maintain its structure long enough as a free particle to make a track in a bubble chamber. Thus, the existence of quarks must be inductively inferred by bubble chamber identification of the predicted decay products.

Assuming that a quark is an elemental conscious particle produces a very complex system composing many different particles and particle types. Such an assumption results in a theoretical system populated by far too many elemental particles, each of which would follow its own unique programmed laws of behavior.

Thus, we shall postulate that the quark is a subatomic orbiting assembly of Negative and Positive DPs. This system would allow any quark to exist which could maintain an identifiable level of stability, or what we shall call a resonant state.

The Standard Model proposes the bonding of particles as being mediated by exchange forces that hold these “particles” together. In the case of the proton and neutron, the unit of exchange is the neutral Pi meson (aka: the neutral pion). The pion is simply two quarks that are shared between the proton and neutron. Thus, when the proton and neutron are in sufficiently close proximity, they can share the ongoing oscillation of the pion.

The bonding of proton and neutron is considered to be a manifestation of the strong force, but reframing the interaction as a sharing of particles shows that the Strong force is not a force at all, but rather a sharing of substance more akin to melding than attraction.

Quarks inside a nucleon engage in a dynamic process of Dipole Particle exchange, and the bonding between them consists of trading back and forth small quanta of Dipole Particles that compose the substance of quarks.

The glue that holds quarks together to form any quark aggregate (mesons and hadrons) is the formation of a Siamese Twin type particle. A single quark decays so quickly that it cannot be seen outside of the nucleus. A two quark particle (the meson), can exist for a small fraction of a second, but long enough to be identified by the macroscopic tools of bubble chamber analysis. The three quark particles (the hadrons such as proton and neutron) can maintain stability for long periods of time, the neutron decays after about 10 minutes outside of the nucleon, but the proton’s stability is almost infinite even when isolated. This same effect rationalizes the bonding of proton and neutron. Likewise, this same process underlies the bonding of multiple protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

According to this analysis, the Strong Force is not a force in the sense of pulling or responding to a conscious command. Rather, the Strong Force interactions give the appearance of force because of the underlying process of constituent particles sharing their substance. This sharing keeps the Dipole Particle structures (quarks) in close proximity, which simulates the effect of movement according to conscious command. It is this type of interaction that we shall refer to as exerting force. The Strong Force would be more properly referred to as the Strong Bond, or the “Nucleon Association”.

This postulate allows the Positive and Negative DPs alone to be the underlying substrate composing all mass, and in the process satisfies the criteria of Occam’s razor. The Dipole Particle theory is simpler than the Standard Model which proposes the existence of 4 or more fundamental particles, each of which has many types (leptons, neutrinos, hadrons, quarks, and exchange forces).

In the TOA, we propose that all the fundamental particles, leptons, quarks, hadrons, gluons, etc as aggregations of Negative DPs and Positive DPs that form into stable complex assemblies according to the resonance states that a particular space or environment will allow. The decay of particles arises when the constituent Dipole Particles move to a position outside of those allowed configurations of resonance. The disruption of the constituent substance of a particle may occur by decay, which is the particulate displacement produced by random quantum fluctuations. Or, a particle may split and dissociate into its constituent particles by collision.

Quarks are thus the semi-stable conformations of aggregations of resonant assemblies of Dipole Particles. These resonant structures compose the internal structure the neutron and proton, as well as the rest of the Particle zoo of mesons and hadrons. Quarks are described mathematically because there is an underlying order to the allowable resonant states. As a result, these semi-stable particle configurations decay in predictable ways. There is no ultimate particle, only various forms of resonant aggregations. Some of the aggregations have greater ability to configure the constituent Dps and maintain stability. Such particles would be the long lived and have what is called a deep energy well, which means that more energy must be supplied to the particle to cause it to dissociate into smaller stable assemblies of resonant Dipole Particles.

Quarks may be spinning structures of Positive and Negative Dipole Particles, which would give them the effect of having spin, and contributing to the overall or aggregate spin of a larger assembly. Thus, when a particle decays, the new stable resonance states of Dipole Particles have little to do with the function or structure of the original particle that decayed.

This theory of Quarks being resonant-stable aggregates of Dipole Particles fits well into the overall Theory of Absolutes. The same fundamental particles, the Dipole Particles, Grid Points, and Force Particles are the constituent mediators for all the effects of Quantum Mechanics, Field Theory, Mechanics, and Particle Theory. In turn, each of these domains of largely distinct types of interaction, is simply a category of manifestation that the unifying paradigm that reflects the interactions of the elemental objects objects of creation, and the Laws by which God declared that they interact.