Beyond Keynes to Inflation

Orthodox economic training in the United States in the post-World War II world,
centered on the observations of John M. Keynes who claimed that to keep an
economy rolling, spending (aggregate demand) needed to be kept alive at all
costs. The biggest post-depression fear was that saving too much could cause
spending to fall short and recession, or worse, could befall the economy (from
1929 to World War II, the worse did happen). The Keynesian trick used for
our central bank was to cut interest rates to a level low enough to encourage
businesses to spend excess savings. Low interest rates encourage low financing
costs and urge businesses to recycle savings into productive investment, which
keeps the economy humming especially if consumer spending is weak.

In the hallowed Ivy League halls of academia (where this author spent too
many happy years before having to work for a living), they preach that
it is the government's duty, and the central bank's mandate, to spend and
print money to keep the economy afloat. The Keynesian trick is certainly
easier to pull off when there is some inflation and the Fed can drop interest
rates. Interest rates that are below the rate of inflation clearly subsidize
old and new borrowers alike, and give an extra boost to the economy. Subsidized
borrowers borrow and always find ways to spend money. Even though this economic
stimulus trick consisted of a little extra government spending, recycled
savings, and credit creation, recycled savings gave the economy the biggest
boost, with credit creation adding some inflation to the spending mix. Then,
everything began to change.

In the late 1990's, this economic model was scrapped. After Alan Greenspan
gave his famous "irrational exuberance" speech about the stock market, he stopped
being rational and prudent, and became rational and profligate. He discovered
that the stock market bubble - fostered by too much easy credit - made consumers
feel really wealthy. By letting money and credit run wild the economy
roared, and rising stock market prices created such a false sense of wealth
that consumers stopped saving. By 2000, Americans had hardly saved anything
and domestic savings to recycle didn't exist. Around this time, Mr. Greenspan
declared that "bubbles should not be popped" but the Federal Reserve's job
would be to clean up the mess if the bubbles collapsed on their own. So, how
does a popped bubble get cleaned up? With easy money, of course!

Cleaning up the first bubble required dropping interest rates to virtually
nothing and creating an even bigger bubble in housing. The real estate bubble
was far more powerful for spending because of the asset-backed and mortgaged-backed
debt markets, which allowed for the virtual unlimited creation of new mortgage
credit and money. Moreover, it was seductive telling a potential homeowner
to feel comfortable about spending a lot of money to buy a home because
property values were always going up. By 2004, it was time to help another
sitting President to get re-elected. The housing market was booming and home
equity extraction added about $800 billion (a year) to spending, even though
this spending left a massive trail of debt.

In looking back now, you can't help but notice how the economic model has
changed. For decades, America had an economic model built around recycling
savings into investment. In a few short years, those savings have simply vanished
and our society has become comfortably cavalier about borrowing far more than
they earn.

The first bubble in stocks taught Americans how not to save. The second bubble
in housing taught them how to live off their house and spend even more than
they make. From a macro-economic perspective, our country no longer has savings
to recycle as part of a stimulus package. Instead, we are left with a massive
debt to foreigners and it's growing at the rate of $700 billion a year. America's
net debt to the rest of the world is approaching $3 trillion, with no end in
sight.

It is important to note that the incoming Fed Chairman, Ben Bernanke, is the
top academic student of the previous depression and a true believer in the
power of the press; the Federal Reserve's printing press, that is. Mr. Bernanke
believes we will always need some inflation, and the inflation and growth of
money and credit must be kept alive. Despite the fact that total debt to GDP
is now 310 percent (well in excess of the 290 percent it was before the 1929
crash), he is determined to keep debt and inflation growing. (For a balanced
economy, total debt to GDP is about 150 percent). Today, it takes $4 of
new debt to create just one new $1 of real GDP. Under Bernanke's watch, the
Federal Reserve will have a lot of printing to do.

From an historical economic perspective, we are clearly in the middle of a
very interesting time. Our post-World War II economic model is totally broken.
If our economic model is built on spending, where will the new spending come
from? The Achilles' heel for our economy is the fact that wages have not kept
up with inflation and the average American worker has little or no savings,
nor can they afford to service their debt and pay for the rising cost of living.

Without constant monetary stimulus, the credit-based U.S. economy would die.
Our current economic model is similar to the one used by banana republic countries
that are running hyperinflation* and end up in hock to the IMF:

*Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of "paper" money.
They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly
issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government
expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government
gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining.
Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.

America is now extraordinarily vulnerable to the whims of foreign governments.
What if our creditors demanded a higher rate of interest? Perhaps they already
have, and the Federal Reserve will have to raise interest rates higher than
the capital markets currently expect.

What about the housing bubble? Mr. Bernanke may be left with only one course
of action: Given housing price inflation of 50 to 100 percent in some areas
over the past few years, the Fed's goal for the next several years will be
how to get inflation up without crushing housing prices because of rising interest
rates. A housing price crash could severely affect the financial markets in
our country and take the economic system down with it. Mr. Bernanke has spent
his entire adult life studying to prevent this from happening and I suspect
he will do everything in his power to keep inflation going. When everything
else is inflated, housing prices (at their current levels) won't appear to
be so over-valued. Getting money into the hands of consumers who can't tap
their savings (because most Americans don't have any), or use their
credit cards (because they're over-extended - welcome to the new bankruptcy
law), or draw cash from the home equity loan ATM installed on the side of their
house (housing prices are stagnant or falling), will be a real challenge.
To get money into the consumer's hands, the Fed will have to print more money
and encourage the creation of more debt. Mr. Bernanke's illusion about dropping "money
from helicopters" may actually come to pass as a direct way to distribute
money to the consumer to service old debts and keep spending alive. The new
economic model should be "inflate, or face deflationary collapse".

In reviewing my own personal financial returns last year, I realized the following:
Even though cash performed much better than stocks - without the risk or excitement
- it did not keep up with inflation. Also, the stock market was flat but actually
down after inflation. (The CPI underestimates actual inflation by 1.5 to
2 percent by excluding housing prices and using "hedonic price adjustment".)
My family's portfolio of I-Bonds (inflation adjusted savings bonds) did better
than cash and kept close to inflation, while our investments in gold and silver
gave a strong real return after inflation.

For 2006 and beyond, I expect the inflationary war on savers will continue,
and I just don't see how financial assets - stocks and bonds - will keep up.
The preservation of real wealth at a time when the Federal Reserve will be
dedicated to building debt, money and inflation, is not going to be an easy
task; Good luck investing in the New Year!

Prior to founding the Specialty Finance Group in 1989,
Mr. Benson acted as a trading desk economist for Chase Manhattan Bank in the
early 1980's and started in the securitization business in 1983 at Bear Stearns,
and helped build the early securitization businesses at Citibank and E.F. Hutton.

Mr. Benson graduated from the University of Wisconsin in
1970 in the Honors Program in Math, and did his doctoral work in Economics
at Harvard University. Mr. Benson is a member of the Harvard Club of New York
and Palm Beach.

The Specialty Finance Group, LLC is a Florida Limited Liability
Company and is registered with the NASD/SIPC as a Broker/Dealer.