Elementary Statistics : A Brief Version with MathZone

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Elementary Statistics: A Brief Version, 3rd edition is a shorter version of the popular text Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, 5th edition. This softcover edition includes all the features of the longer book, but is designed for a course in which the time available limits the number of topics covered. The book is written for general beginning statistics courses with a basic algebra prerequisite. The book use a non-theoretical approach, explaining concepts intuitively and teaching problem solving through worked examples step-by-step.

Preface

xiii

The Nature of Probability and Statistics

1

(30)

Introduction

2

(1)

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

3

(3)

Variables and Types of Data

6

(2)

Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

8

(4)

Random Sampling

10

(1)

Systematic Sampling

10

(1)

Stratified Sampling

11

(1)

Cluster Sampling

11

(1)

Other Sampling Methods

12

(1)

Observational and Experimental Studies

12

(3)

Uses and Misuses of Statistics

15

(2)

Suspect Samples

15

(1)

Ambiguous Averages

15

(1)

Changing the Subject

16

(1)

Detached Statistics

16

(1)

Implied Connections

16

(1)

Misleading Graphs

16

(1)

Faulty Survey Questions

16

(1)

Computers and Calculators

17

(6)

Summary

23

(8)

Frequency Distributions and Graphs

31

(68)

Introduction

33

(1)

Organizing Data

33

(12)

Categorical Frequency Distributions

34

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions

35

(10)

Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives

45

(16)

The Histogram

47

(1)

The Frequency Polygon

47

(2)

The Ogive

49

(2)

Relative Frequency Graphs

51

(3)

Distribution Shapes

54

(7)

Other Types of Graphs

61

(22)

Pareto Charts

61

(1)

The Time Series Graph

62

(2)

The Pie Graph

64

(4)

Misleading Graphs

68

(3)

Stem and Leaf Plots

71

(12)

Paired Data and Scatter Plots

83

(7)

Analyzing the Scatter Plot

84

(6)

Summary

90

(9)

Data Description

99

(72)

Introduction

100

(1)

Measures of Central Tendency

101

(17)

The Mean

102

(3)

The Median

105

(2)

The Mode

107

(2)

The Midrange

109

(1)

The Weighted Mean

110

(2)

Distribution Shapes

112

(6)

Measures of Variation

118

(17)

Range

119

(1)

Population Variance and Standard Deviation

120

(2)

Sample Variance and Standard Deviation

122

(2)

Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

124

(3)

Coefficient of Variation

127

(1)

Chebyshev's Theorem

128

(2)

The Empirical (Normal) Rule

130

(5)

Measures of Position

135

(19)

Standard Scores

135

(1)

Percentiles

136

(7)

Quartiles and Deciles

143

(1)

Outliers

144

(10)

Exploratory Data Analysis

154

(8)

The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots

154

(8)

Summary

162

(9)

Probability and Counting Rules

171

(58)

Introduction

172

(1)

Sample Spaces and Probability

173

(14)

Basic Concepts

173

(3)

Classical Probability

176

(3)

Complementary Events

179

(1)

Empirical Probability

180

(2)

Law of Large Numbers

182

(1)

Subjective Probability

183

(1)

Probability and Risk Taking

183

(4)

The Addition Rules for Probability

187

(10)

The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability

197

(11)

The Multiplication Rules

197

(5)

Conditional Probability

202

(2)

Probabilities for ``At Least''

204

(4)

Counting Rules

208

(10)

The Fundamental Counting Rule

209

(2)

Factorial Notation

211

(1)

Permutations

211

(1)

Combinations

212

(6)

Probability and Counting Rules

218

(4)

Summary

222

(7)

Discrete Probability Distributions

229

(34)

Introduction

230

(1)

Probability Distributions

231

(4)

Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation

235

(10)

Mean

235

(3)

Variance and Standard Deviation

238

(2)

Expectation

240

(5)

The Binomial Distribution

245

(13)

Summary

258

(5)

The Normal Distribution

263

(58)

Introduction

264

(2)

Properties of the Normal Distribution

266

(1)

The Standard Normal Distribution

267

(16)

Finding Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution Curve

269

(7)

The Normal Distribution Curve as a Probability Distribution Curve

276

(7)

Applications of the Normal Distribution

283

(14)

Finding Data Values Given Specific Probabilities

287

(2)

Determining Normality

289

(8)

The Central Limit Theorem

297

(10)

Distribution of Sample Means

297

(7)

Finite Population Correction Factor (Optional)

304

(3)

The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

307

(6)

Summary

313

(8)

Confidence Intervals and Sample Size

321

(40)

Introduction

322

(1)

Confidence Intervals for the Mean (σ Known or n ≥ 30) and Sample Size

323

(13)

Confidence Intervals

324

(6)

Sample Size

330

(6)

Confidence Intervals for the Mean (σ Unknown and n < 30)

336

(6)

Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions

342

(8)

Confidence Intervals

344

(1)

Sample Size for Proportions

345

(5)

Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations

350

(5)

Summary

355

(6)

Hypothesis Testing

361

(64)

Introduction

362

(1)

Steps in Hypothesis Testing---Traditional Method

363

(11)

z Test for a Mean

374

(14)

p-Value Method for Hypothesis Testing

379

(9)

t Test for a Mean

388

(9)

z Test for a Proportion

397

(7)

x2 Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation

404

(12)

Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing

416

(2)

Summary

418

(7)

Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions