Covalent Bonding

The covalent bonding arises from the electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the atoms and the electrons shared between them

This is stronger than the repulsion force between the two nuclei

The attraction holds the covalent bond together

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Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonding involves a metal and a non-metal. The metal atom gives electron(s) a way to become a positively charged ion. The non-metal gains electron(s) to become a negatively charged ion. The ions are then held together by the force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.

Ionic Substances

opposite ions attract

the ions attract these opposites from all directions

they create an ionic lattice

Ionic and Covalent - similarities

bond to make fulll outer shell

don't conduct heat well

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Ionic Equation example

Pb2+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) -> Pb(NO3)2 (s)

Li + (aq) + Cl- (aq) -> LiCl (s)

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Giant Ionic Structures

Ionic - gain or lose electrons, non-metal and metal ions

Soluble

Conducts electricity and heat

High melting and boiling point

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Earths Spheres

Spheres from inside going outwards

Inner core

Outer core

Mantle

Crust

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

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Definitions

Solution

formed when a solid, liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent

Soluble

when a solute dissolves in a solvent

Insoluble

when a solute does not dissolve in a solvent

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How to know which ion it is

Calcium or Zinc

Calcium is insoluble in excess NaOH

Zinc is soluble in excess NaOH

Sulphate ion

React it with barium ions

Carbonate ion

React it with dilute acid

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How to work out percentage mass

Mass of question / total mass x 100 = percentage mass

Example

121 / 160 x 100 = 70%

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Definitions and Atoms keyword

Malleable

capable of being hammered or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking