The findings show that foot muscles are important for helping us push against the ground during walking and running. This suggests that strong foot muscles could be key to our ability to walk and run.

“Recent research suggests that muscles in our feet are key to how the foot functions during walking and running,” said lead author Dr Dominic Farris, of the University of Exeter.

“Our study provides direct evidence showing the significance of these foot muscles in supporting the performance of the human foot.

“Contrary to expectations, PIMs contribute minimally to supporting the arch of the foot during walking and running.

“However, these muscles do influence our ability to produce forward propulsion from one stride into the next.”

To test PIMs, the researchers compared foot and lower limb movement with and without a nerve block that prevented contraction of these muscles.

During ground contact in walking and running, the stiffness of the foot arch was not altered by the block, showing that the PIMs’ contribution to arch support is minimal, probably due to their small size.

However, with the PIMs blocked, the distal joints of the foot could not be stiffened sufficiently to provide normal push off against the ground.

“This could have implications for understanding conditions such as flat feet, the value of training foot muscles and ideas around potential benefits of running barefoot,” said Dr Farris.

“It turns out these muscles aren’t important for supporting the arch of the foot, but they are important for propelling us forwards when we walk or run.”

The paper, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is entitled: “The functional importance of human foot muscles for bipedal locomotion.”

The University of Exeter and The University of Queensland have partnered to establish the QUEX Institute, a new multi-million pound partnership designed to bolster their joint global research impact.