most characterizesanthropology among the disciplines that study humans.

Human abilities to learn,to think symbolically, to use language, and to employ tools and other productsin organizing our lives and adapting to our environments rests on

certain features of humanbiology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible.

Culture is...

A. Culture is a key aspect of humanadaptability and success.B. Culture is NOT passed on genetically to future generations.C. Cultural forces consistently mold andshape human biology and behavior.D. Culture guides the beliefs and behavior ofthe people exposed to it.E. Culture is passed on from generation togeneration.

Enculturation is

the process by whichchildren learn a particular cultural tradition

description of how humanscope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates

The presence of moreefficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among humanpopulations living at high elevations is an example

Over time, humans havebecome increasingly dependent on _________ to cope with the rangeof environments they have occupied in time and space

Cultural means ofadaptation

Today's global economy andcommunications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in themodern world system. People must now cope with forces generated byprogressively larger systems—the region, nation, and world. For anthropologistsstudying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge?

According to Marcus andFisher (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantlyrediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historicalcircumstances."

In general, Americans tendto maintain a greater physical distance from others they interact with on aday-to-day basis, especially when compared to Brazilians or Italians, who needless personal space. However, the story of American students' attitudes towardhugging reminds us that

any nation usually containsdiverse and even conflicting cultural values, and these cultural values are notstatic.

Anthropologists' earlyinterest in _________ is an important historicalreason for the development of U.S. four-field anthropology

Native Americans

How are the four subfieldsof U.S. anthropology unified?

Each subfield studies humanvariation through time and space

What is one of the mostfundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?

A comparative,cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition.

Cultural anthropologistscarry out their fieldwork in what type of societies?

All kinds

Which of the followingperspectives emphasizes that cultural forces constantly mold human biology?

Biocultural Perspective

Ethnography is

the fieldwork aspect ofcultural anthropology.

Based on his observationsthat contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity's beginningsand covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued

against treating cultures as isolated phenomena.

What component of culturalanthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding ofhow cultural systems work?

Ethnology

Archaeologists studyingsunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of moderngarbage are examples that

archaeologists study theculture of historical and even living peoples.

Linguisticanthropology includes

sociolinguistics,descriptive linguistics, and the study of the biological basis for speech.

Kottak defines anthropologyas a science yet suggests that it is among the most humanistic of all academicfields. This is because

of its fundamental concernand respect for human diversity

Bronislaw Malinowski, anearly contributor to the cross-cultural study of human psychology, is famousfor his fieldwork among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific. Althoughsome of his specific findings have been questioned by more recent scholars, nocontemporary anthropologist would dispute Malinowski's contention that

individual psychology ismolded in a specific cultural context

According to Kottak,anthropology may improve psychological studies of human behavior bycontributing

a cross-culturalperspective on models of human psychology.

The AmericanAnthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service role byrecognizing that anthropology has two dimensions:

Academic anthropology andpracticing, or applied, anthropology.

Applied anthropology encompasses...

any use of the knowledgeand/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solvepractical problems.

Scientists evaluatetheories through the method of

Falsification

A theory is

an explanatory frameworkthat helps us understand why something exists

Theories cannot be_____

proved

Scientists accept theoriesthat have not been ______

disproved

In science, what is therelationship among explanations, associations, and theories?

An explanation must showhow and why the thing to be understood is associated with or related tosomething else. Associations require covariation: when one thing (a variable)changes, the other one varies as well. Theories provide explanations forassociations.

The study "Television'sBehavioral Effects in Brazil" illustrates

B. how the scientific method is not limitedto ethnology but applies to any anthropological endeavor that formulatesresearch questions and gathers or uses systematic data to test hypotheses.C. the value of cross-cultural research thatin this case enables the researchers to distinguish the effects of years of TVexposure and other changes associated with aging.

The study "Television'sBehavioral Effects in Brazil"

D. how anthropological studies may deal withseveral research questions.E. the challenges researchers often face whendetermining whether they are observing effects or correlations in theirfindings.

T/F Anthropologists study onlynon-Western cultures

F

T/F Humans can adapt totheir surroundings through both biological and cultural means.

T

T/F Culture is not itselfbiological but rests on certain features of human biology.

T

T/F Adaptation refers to the processes by whichorganisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed byclimate and topography.

T

T/F Anthropologists agreethat a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchersare diligent in their work.

F

T/F Ethnography involvesthe collection of data that is used to create an account of a particularcommunity, society, or culture.

T

T/F Ethnomusicology is oneof the four main subfields of anthropology.

F

T/F Archaeologists studyonly prehistoric communities.

F

T/F Biologicalanthropologists study only human bones.

F

T/F As an academicdiscipline, anthropology falls under both the social sciences and thehumanities.

T/F Psychologists tend tostudy only people living in the non-Western world, so anthropology has verylittle to offer this field.

F

T/F Appliedanthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques its foursubfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems.

F

T/F Theories must be provedcorrect before they can be accepted

F

T/F Although science relieson the use of unbiased methods, complete objectivity is impossible. There isalways an observer bias.

T

Culture is aquired...

by humans as members ofsociety through the process of enculturation.

Enculturation

A. occurs through a process of conscious andunconscious learning.B. results in internalization of a culturaltradition.C. may involve direct teaching.E. requires interaction with others.

Anthropologists agree thatcultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans and that all humans haveculture. They also accept a doctrine designated in the 19th centuryas the "psychic unity of man." What does this doctrine mean?

Although individuals differin their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations haveequivalent capacities for culture.

Anthropologist CliffordGeertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. Foranthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when our ancestors acquired theability to use symbols. What is a symbol? It is

something verbal ornonverbal, within a particular language or culture, that comes to stand for somethingelse.

What is the term for a signthat has no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which itstands?

Symbol

What do anthropologistsmean when they say culture is shared?

Culture is an attribute ofindividuals as members of groups.

People in the United Statessometimes have trouble understanding the power of culture because of the valuethat American culture places on the idea of the individual. Yet in Americanculture

individualism is adistinctive shared value, a feature of culture.

People have to eat, butculture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example ofhow

culture takes the naturalbiological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express themin particular ways.

Since the 1970s, manyanthropologists have done research among the Ariaal, a nomadic community ofnorthern Kenya. Just as anthropologists have studied many aspects of thiscommunity's culture, the Ariaal have formed opinions based on observation oftheir visitors. For example, they note how anthropologists

slather white liquid ontheir very white skin to protect them from the sun, and often favor short pantsthat show off their legs and boots

Culture can be adaptive ormaladaptive. It is maladaptive when

cultural traits, patterns,and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction andthus its very existence.

The human capacity forculture has an evolutionary basis that extends back at least 2.5 million years.This date corresponds to

early toolmakers whoseproducts survive in the archaeological record.

Why does this chapter onculture include a section that describes similarities and differences betweenhumans and apes, our closest relatives?

To emphasize culture'sevolutionary basis

Many human traits reflectthe fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include

A. grasping ability.B. depth and color vision.C. learning ability based on a large brain.D. substantial parental investment in alimited number of offspring.

The incest taboo is acultural universal, but

the definition of whatconstitutes incest varies widely across cultures.

What are exogamy and theincest taboo examples of?

Cultural universals

Which of the following is acultural generality

the nuclear family

Which of the following leastexplains the existence of cultural generalities?

What process is mostresponsible for the existence of international culture?

Cultural borrowing ordiffusion, whether direct, indirect, or by force

Subcultures...

A. exemplify "levels of culture."B. have different learning experiences.C. have shared learning experiences.D. may originate in ethnicity, class, region,or religion.

Culture...

A. It has an evolutionary basis.B. It is acquired by all humans as members ofsociety through enculturation.C. It encompasses rule governed, shared,symbol based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across thegenerations.D. Everyone is cultured.

The Makah, a tribe thatlives near the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the Olympic Peninsula,see themselves as whalers and continue to identify themselves spiritually withwhales. Their ongoing struggle to maintain their traditional way of life, whichinvolves whale hunting, demonstrates how

contemporary indigenousgroups have to grapple with multiple levels of culture, contestation, andpolitical regulation.

The tendency to view one'sown culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judgingothers is called

ethnocentrism.

In anthropology, culturalrelativism is not a moral position but a methodological one. It statesthat

in order to understandanother culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culturesee things.

How are cultural rightsdifferent from human rights?

Cultural rights are vestedin groups, not in individuals.

Human rights are seen asinalienable. This means that

nations cannot abridge orterminate them.

Although rap musicoriginated in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which ofthe following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?

Diffusion

What is the term for thekind of cultural change that results when two or more cultures have consistentfirsthand contact?

Acculturation

Which of the following isan example of independent invention, the process by which people in differentsocieties have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways?

agriculture

What is the term for thekind of cultural change that results when two or more cultures have consistentfirsthand contact?

Acculturation

Which of the following isan example of independent invention, the process by which people in differentsocieties have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways?

agriculture

T/F Culture helps us definethe world in which we live, to express feelings and ideas and to guide ourbehavior and perceptions.

T

T/F Culture is transmittedby both formal and informal instruction, but not by observation.

F

T/F Culture is transmittedin society.

T

T/F According to LeslieWhite, culture is dependent upon the ability to create and use symbols.

T

T/F Anthropologistsaccept a doctrine designated in the 19th century as "thepsychic unity of man." This means that although individuals differ intheir emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all humanpopulations have equivalent capacities for culture.

T

T/F Cultures areintegrated, patterned systems in which a change in one part often leads tochanges in other parts.

T

T/F Once an individual hasbeen enculturated, that person must adhere to the cultural rules that governthat culture.

F

T/F Although cultureis one of the principal means humans use to adapt to their environment, somecultural traits can be harmful to a group's survival.

T

T/F While culturalabilities have a biological basis, they do not have an evolutionarybasis.

F

T/F Although humans doemploy tools much more than any other animal does, tool use also turns up amongseveral nonhuman species, including birds, beavers, sea otters, and apes

T

T/F Hunting is adistinctive human activity not shared with the apes.

F

T/F Practice theoryrecognizes that the study of anthropology takes a lot of practice beforeresulting in accurate descriptions of a culture.

F

T/F Although there are manydifferent levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level ata time.

F

T/F Only people livingin the industrialized, capitalist countries of Europe and the United States areethnocentric.

F

T/F Cultural relativistsbelieve that a culture should be judged only according to the standards andtraditions of that culture and not according to the standards of other culturaltraditions.

T

T/F Anthropology ischaracterized by a methodological rather than moral relativism; in order tounderstand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand itsmembers' beliefs and motivations.

T

T/F Methodologicalrelativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action.

T

T/F The idea of universaland inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and ethics of anyculture can conflict with some of the ideas central to culturalrelativism.

T

T/F Diffusion plays animportant role in spreading cultural traits around the world

T

T/F In many countries,use of the English language reflects a colonial history and is thus aconsequence of forced diffusion.

T

T/F Independentinvention occurs when two or more cultures independently come up with similarsolutions to a common problem.

T

. T/F Acculturation isthe process by which people lose the culture that they learned aschildren.

F

T/F Indigenous cultures areat the mercy of the forces of globalization, as they can do nothing to stopthreats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood.

F

T/F Modern means oftransportation and communication have facilitated the process ofglobalization.

T

What term is synonymouswith applied anthropologists

Practicing

work that appliedanthropologists do

A. working for or with internationaldevelopment agenciesB. helping the Environmental ProtectionAgency address environmental problems.D. using the tools of medical anthropology towork as cultural interpreters in public health programs.E. applying the tools of forensicanthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, andinternational organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, andterrorism.

Why is ethnography one of themost valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist? It

provides a firsthandaccount of the day-to-day issues and challenges that the members of a givencommunity face, as well as a sense of how those people think about and react tothese issues.

Which of the following is adistinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do?They

enter the affectedcommunities and talk with people.

Which of the followingillustrates some of the dangers of the old applied anthropology?

Who was studied at adistance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of thepolitical enemies of the United States?

Germans and Japanese

What is the postwar babyboom of the late 1940s and 1950s responsible for?

fueled the generalexpansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology.

As an aid to appliedanthropology, anthropological theory

promotes a systemicperspective that aids the successful implementation of development projects.

proper roles for appliedanthropologists

A. identifying needs for change that localpeople perceive.B. working with people to design culturallyappropriate and socially sensitive change.D. protecting local people from harmfulpolicies and projects that might threaten them.E. working as participant observers, takingpart in the events they study in order to understand local thought andbehavior.

This chapter's"Appreciating Anthropology" account describes how appliedanthropologists can help communities preserve their culture in the face ofthreat or disaster, such as Hurricane Katrina. For example, after thehurricane, anthropologist Shannon Dawdy proposed treating one of New Orleans'smost popular cemeteries among the city's poor as archaeologists would handle anancient site. In practice this meant that

the government should treatthe votive artifacts of the cemetery not as debris but as the religiousartifacts they are, making some effort to restore the damaged site, find theobjects, and at least record where they came from.

What is the commonly statedgoal for most development projects?

Increased equity

In a comparative study of68 development projects, Kottak determined that

culturally compatibledevelopment projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones.

valid criticism of many economic development projects?

A. They often pay more attention to thephysical features than to the social features of the project's setting.C. Project personnel too rarely visit andtalk with the people affected by the project.D. The planners tend to overlook culturaldiversity, especially in less developed countries.E. People who know little about the areaaffected by the project often have done most or all of its planning, execution,and evaluation.

. What term refers tothe tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than theyare?

Underdifferentiation

Development projects shouldaim to accomplish

A. promoting change, but not overinnovation.B. preserving local systems while working tomake them better.C. respecting local traditions.D. drawing models of development from indigenouspractices.

Which of the following is areason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production wassuccessful?

Malagasy leaders were ofthe peasantry and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic ofpooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.

The Malagasy developmentprogram described in this chapter illustrates the importance of

the local government's ability to improvethe lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so.

In an example of appliedanthropology's contribution to improving education, this chapter describes astudy of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school(Hill-Burnett, 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study?

The Puerto Rican students' educationwas being affected by their teachers' misconceptions.

Anthropology may aid in theprogress of education by helping educators avoid

A. indiscriminate assignment of nonnativeEnglish speakers to the same classrooms as children with "behaviorproblems."C. incorrect application of labels such as"learning impaired."D. sociolinguistic discrimination.E. ethnic stereotyping.

Robert Redfield's researchrecognized that a city is a social context that is very different from a tribalor peasant village. What did he study? Differences between

urban and rural communities

What did Robert Redfieldargue about the relations between urban and rural communities?

Cities are centers fromwhich cultural innovations are spread to rural and tribal areas.

Which of the following is nota feature of urban life?

Dispersed settlements

Which of the following bestillustrates urban applied anthropologists' ability to help social groups dealwith urban institutions?

Vigil's study of gangviolence in the context of large-scale immigrant adaptation to U.S. cities

Which of the following is trueabout medical anthropology

This growing field considersthe biocultural context and implications of disease and illness.

What is a disease?

A scientifically identifiedhealth threat

What is an illness?

A health problem as it isexperienced by the one affected

Shamans and othermagico-religious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind ofdisease theory?

Personalistic

What ismicroenculturation?

the process wherebyparticular roles are learned within a limited social system (for example, abusiness)

An ethnographic study ofthe workplace

provides a closeobservation of workers and managers in their natural setting.

This chapter's"Appreciating Diversity" account describes how McDonalds was able tosucceed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Braziliancultural patterns. This example illustrates

how the axiom of appliedanthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriateapplies not just to development projects but also businesses, such as fast food

An ethnographic study ofthe workplace

provides a closeobservation of workers and managers in their natural setting.

This chapter's"Appreciating Diversity" account describes how McDonalds was able tosucceed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Braziliancultural patterns. This example illustrates

how the axiom of appliedanthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriateapplies not just to development projects but also businesses, such as fast food

T/F Anthropology has threedimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two

F

T/F Ethnography is one ofapplied anthropology's most valuable research tools, because it provides afirsthand account of the lives of ordinary people.

T

T/F During World War II,the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and Germancultures. This chapter uses this example to illustrate the dangers of the oldanthropology.

T

T/F Although its rootsextend further back in time, the real boom for applied anthropology in theUnited States began in the 1970s.

T/F Scientific medicine isnot the same thing as Western medicine. Despite advances in technology,genomics, molecular biology, pathology, surgery, diagnostics, and applications,many Western medical procedures have little justification in logic or fact.

T

T/F A bachelor's degree inanthropology is of little value in the corporate world

F

work ofpaleoanthropologists

A. study human evolution through the fossilrecord in teams in other countriesB. have to worry about ethical and legal concerns, becausethey are dealing with the remains of dead humans.E. try to infer the relation between thephysical and cultural features of the remains they are examining.

The AmericanAnthropological Association's Code of Ethics

is designed to ensure thatall anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field ofanthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research,and society in general.

The legal and scientificdebates that arose after the discovery in 1996 of a skeleton dubbed KennewickMan illustrates

A. that sometimes questions of ownership ofand access to physical and archaeological remains place anthropologists andindigenous people in opposing camps.C. the often complicated ethical implicationsof unearthing human remains and attempting to reconstruct their physical andcultural identities.D. the fact that not everyone appreciatesanthropology all the time.E. that scientific knowledge is notpolitically or culturally neutral.

Informed consent refersto

people's agreement to takepart in research after they have been fully informed about its purpose, nature,funding, procedures, and potential impact on them.

Which of the following is notone of the fields of study mentioned in the textbook as part of themultidisciplinary approaches used in physical anthropology andarchaeology?

Metaphysics

The specialist among a teamof scientists at an excavation site who focuses on the study of ancient plantsthrough pollen samples taken from the site is most likely a

palynologist.

Advances in technologyenable archaeologists to gather evidence that is not visible to the naked eye.One example of such microscopic evidence is the study of

phytoliths, microscopiccrystals found in many plants that are inorganic and do not decay, which meansthat they can reveal which plants were present at a given site even when noother plant remains survive.

In an example of howmicroscopic evidence in studying the past can yield surprising results that mayoverturn long-held assumptions, Williamson's analysis of microscopic residuesstuck to the edges of cutting tools found at a cave site in South Africarevealed that

50 percent of the residueswere from plants, contradicting the prevailing assumption that such tools wereused mainly to hunt and butcher animals

What is paleopathology? Thestudy of

disease and injury inskeletons from archaeological sites

part of a paleoanthropologicalresearch team?

A. GeologistB. PalynologistC. PaleoecologistD. Chemist

Molecularanthropology

uses genetic analysis of aDNA sequence to assess evolutionary links.

Systematic survey andexcavation

are the two majorcomponents of fieldwork in archaeology and paleoanthropology

Data collected usingsystematic surveys typically addreses

B. How big are the sites in a given region?C. Howmany people lived in a certain area?D. Whatkinds of buildings existed in a given region?E. Whereare the archaeological sites located?

The principle ofsuperposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata

the oldest layer is on thebottom

Why do archaeologists useflotation?

to recover very smallremains like fish bones and seeds

Using a novel method ofscanning neural activity in people playing games, scientists have discoveredthat cooperation triggers pleasure centers in the brain. This research suggeststhat

a neural tendency tocooperate and share would have conferred a survival advantage on our ancestors.

What term refers to thestudy of the processes that affect the remains of dead animals?

Taphonomy

PaleoanthropologistStringer once noted that "absence of evidence does not necessarily proveevidence of absence." Why is this important to keep in mind when assessingthe use of fossils to study the past?

The failure to find afossil species in a particular place does not necessarily mean that it did notlive there.

The utility of stratigraphyfor dating purposes is based on the fact that

the depth and order ofundisturbed soil strata reflect the age of their deposition

Radiometric datingtechniques available to anthropologists

establish a probable datefor fossils by calculating radioactive decay in the specimen found or the rockssurrounding it.

techniques used in datingfossil remains

A. The potassium-argon technique is used todate inorganic substances, such as rock.B. Carbon-14 techniques are used to dateorganic material.C. Potassium-argon dating is most accurate onspecimens over 500,000 years old.E. Electron spin resonance is used to daterocks and minerals between 1,000 and 1,000,000 years old.

What are both carbon-14 andpotassium-argon dating techniques based on?

Radioactive decay

So-called Piltdown Man wasonce considered an unusual and perplexing human ancestor, but it turned out tobe the jaw of a young orangutan attached to a Homo sapiens skull. Whatdating technique exposed the Piltdown fraud?

Fluorine absorptionanalysis

What kind of datingtechnique is fluorine absorption analysis

Relative

What kind of absolutedating technique is used to date volcanic rock?

Potassium-Argon

Upon what assumption ismolecular dating based?

The rate of geneticmutation in humans is constant

Which of the following is amethod of absolute dating based on the study and comparison of the patterns oftree-ring growth?

Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology not onlypermits absolute dating for samples up to 11,000 years but is also useful

because it providesinformation about climatic patterns in specific regions.

T/F Dendrochronology, ortree-ring dating, is a method of relative, and therefore unreliable, datingbased on the study and comparison of patterns of tree-ring growth.

F

We have learned thatreliance on culture has increased in the course of human history. Yet the factand mechanisms of evolution remain a key part of our human present and futurebecause

people haven't stoppedadapting biologically

During the 18thcentury, many scholars became interested in biological diversity, humanorigins, and our position within the classification of plants and animals. Atthat time, the most commonly accepted explanation of the origin of specieswas

creationism, the beliefthat biological similarities and differences originated at Creation and thatthese characteristics, once set, could not change.

The Intelligent Design (ID)movement asserts that life forms are too complex to have been formed by naturalprocesses and must therefore have been created by a higher intelligence.Attempts have been made to teach ID as an alternative theory to Darwinianevolution in biology classes in several states in the United States.However,

as a Pennsylvania districtjudge ruled in a 2005 case, ID violates the ground rules of science by invokingsupernatural causation and making assertions that cannot be tested orfalsified, and thus does not belong in a school's science curriculum.

Darwin and Wallacesimultaneously proposed which of the following theoretical models

Natural Selection

Although Darwin became thebest-known evolutionist, the idea of evolution had been around well before him.Darwin's key contribution was to propose a mechanism that drives evolution,which is known as

natural selection

seeks to explain the origin of species by referring to an outsideagent?

Sir Charles Lyell, thefather of geology, influenced Darwin with his principle of catastrophism, theview that extinct species were destroyed by fires, floods, and othercatastrophes. His geological research was also critical in Darwin's ownformulations because it

cast serious doubt on thebelief that the world was only 6,000 years old, allowing for a much broadertime span for the gradual biological changes to take place that fossil findswere confirming.

What is the term for thebelief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forcesthat are at work today?

Uniformitarianism

Natural selection is theprocess by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a givenenvironment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population. Butmore than survival of the fittest, natural selection is the natural processthat leads to

differential reproductivesuccess

For natural selection towork on a particular population

. there must be variety within thatpopulation.

Natural selection was described by

Charles Darwin and AlfredWallace.

Natural selection...

B. is the sum of environmental forces thatconditions the survival of particular phenotypes.C. operates with respect to specificenvironments.D. is responsible for the maintenance ofsickle hemoglobin polymorphism.E. was first scientifically described byDarwin and Wallace.

This chapter describes thecase of giraffes' long necks to illustrate how natural selection works onvariety within a population. This explanation contrasts to the incorrectalternative of the inheritance of acquired characteristics which suggeststhat

in each generation,individual giraffes strain their necks to reach food just a bit higher, andthat this straining somehow modifies their genetic material.

Why are genetics andevolution so important to anthropology? They

help anthropologistsdocument and explain human biological diversity.

What does Mendeliangenetics study

the ways in whichchromosomes transmit genes across generations

Gregor Mendel's work withhereditary traits of pea plants

led to the formulation ofthe law of independent assortment

What role do recombinationand independent assortment play in evolution? They

act to create geneticvariability in a breeding population.

What is the process bywhich sex cells are produced?

Meiosis

The DNA molecule

is the basic hereditarymaterial.

Mutations are the mostimportant source of variety on which natural selection depends and operates.There are two forms of mutations,

called base substitutionmutation and chromosomal rearrangement

The term gene poolrefers to all the

alleles, genes,chromosomes, and genotypes within a breeding population

Human biology

is not set at birth but hasconsiderable plasticity

Early on in this chapter,we learned that evolution refers to descent with modification over generations.Geneticists, however, have an even more specific definition of evolution:

a change in gene frequency;that is, in the frequency of alleles in a breeding population from generationto generation.

Any factor that contributesto the change in allele frequency in a breeding population from generation togeneration is considered a mechanism of genetic evolution. Those mechanismsare

natural selection,mutation, random genetic drift, and gene flow

The example of thesickle-cell allele demonstrates a key aspect of evolution through naturalselection in that

adaptation and fitness arein relation to specific environments; traits are not adaptive or maladaptiveall the time.

Which of the followingstatements about individuals with the HbS allele in the homozygousform is true? They

usually develop fatal cases of sickle-cell anemiaA. It is found in higher gene frequencies inregions where malaria is endemic.B. It causes sickle-cell anemia in homozygousindividuals.C. It spread through the tropics ascommunities adopted slash-and-burn agriculture.D. Heterozygous individuals have an increasedimmunity to malaria

The study of sickle-cellanemia and its relation to malarial environments demonstrates that

changes in culturaladaptation can result in changes in the selective pressures on a humanpopulation

Anthropologists that studythe evolution of disease, such as venereal syphilis, focus not just on itsbiology but also on

. its context of social and politicalhistory, such as the role of globalization in the spread and transformation ofdisease

What does the term geneflow refer to

the exchange of geneticmaterial between populations of the same species

What do gene flow andinterbreeding act against?

Speciation

In the debate of howspeciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium

suggestthat long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little,are interrupted by evolutionary leaps.

The so-called modernsynthesis, the currently accepted view of evolution

suggests that speciationoccurs after the genetic isolation of two populations, which allows their genepools to diverge

How have modern-daycreationists sometimes misunderstood the contrast between microevolution andmacroevolution to comment on evolution? By

suggesting that macroevolution, incontrast to microevolution, cannot be demonstrated based on the fossil record

T/F The theory ofcreationism argues that all the species present today were created as naturalselection selected the fittest individuals

F

T/F The inheritance ofacquired characteristics is central to Darwin's theory of evolution.

F

T/F Uniformitarianismstates that the natural forces at work today have more or less been the same asthose at work in the past

T

T/F Darwin proposedthe theory of evolution, although the fact of evolution was known well beforehis work.

T/F The HbSallele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa, India, and theMediterranean because heterozygotes with this allele are less susceptible tomalaria.

T

T/F Globalization remainsan important factor in the spread and mutation of disease in today'sworld.

T

. T/F Mutationsintroduce genetic variation into a gene pool

T

T/F Gene flow betweenpopulations works to prevent speciation

T

T/F Microevolution refers to small-scale change in allele frequencies over generations without speciation.

T

statements about theconcept of race as applied to humans

is a discredited concept inbiology.

This chapter's"Appreciating Diversity" segment describes some of the identityissues that African Americans face in Ghana, where often—no matter how darktheir skin color may be—they are equated with white foreign tourists. Thissituation shows how

racial and ethnicclassification can depend on sociocultural factors such as class andnationality as well as on biological factors like skin color.

attempts to assign humansto discrete racial categories purportedly based on common ancestry is true?They are

culturally arbitrary, eventhough most people assume they are based in biology

What is the term for agradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations?

Cline

Recall the mechanisms ofgenetic evolution discussed in the previous chapter. What is the relationshipbetween gene flow and the existence of clines between human populations?

Gene flow, the exchange ofgenetic material across populations, results in clines, which are gradual,rather than abrupt, shifts in gene frequencies between neighboring groups

In theory, a biologicalrace is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens)lacks such races because

human populations have notbeen isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups

What term refers to anorganism's evident traits, its "manifest biology?"

Phenotype

In understanding theproblems with attempts at human racial classification, why is it important tounderstand the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Attemptsat human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skincolor as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect sharedgenetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populationsbiologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways.

An examination of racialtaxonomies from around the world would indicate that

the classification ofracial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process

In the early 20thcentury, anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among thechildren of Europeans who had migrated to North America. He found that thereason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findingsunderscore the fact that

phenotypic similarities anddifferences don't necessarily have a genetic basis.B. though the environment influencesphenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences.

Traditional racialclassification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color weredetermined by heredity and remained stable over many generations. We now knowthat

a biological similaritysuch as skin color is also the result of natural selection working amongdifferent populations that face similar environmental challenges.

Which of the following isthe best plan of action for a light-skinned woman of childbearing age living inthe tropics and concerned about giving birth to a child with neural tubedefects (NTDs)?

Taking folic acid/folatesupplements and protecting herself against the sun with sunscreen, clothing,and shelter

East Asians who havemigrated recently from India and Pakistan to northern areas of the UnitedKingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the generalBritish population. This illustrates that

natural selection continuestoday.

statements about human skincolor

A. varies because of differencesin ultraviolet radiation between different regions of the world .B. The amount of melanin affectsproduction of vitamin D.Light skin is advantageoutside tropics it admits UV radiation-make vitDand thus prevent rickets and osteoporosis.in tropics-light skin=destruction of the folatethat is needed to produce folic acid, which protects against neural tubedefects in human embryos

The explanations given inthis chapter for the differences and distribution of skin color in populationsaround the world are examples of

explanatory approaches tohuman biological diversity

Which of the following isthe best example of how diseases have been powerful selective agents forhumans, particularly before the arrival of modern medicine?

Smallpox, which appearedafter people and animals started living together, has worked as a selectiveagent for people with blood types B and O who have an ability to produceantibodies against smallpox.

What does the relationshipbetween genetic traits and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria andsmallpox illustrate?

the ways in which humanbiological diversity reflects adaptation to such environmental stresses asdisease, diet, and climate

What does Bergmann's rulestate? Average body size tends to

increase in cold climatesand decrease in hot ones

What does Allen's rulestate? The relative size of protruding body parts

increases with temperature.

What is a phenotypicadaptation, and what makes it possible?

It happens when adaptivechanges occur during an individual's lifetime. It is made possible by humanbiological plasticity, our ability to change in response to the environments weencounter as we grow.

Genes and phenotypicadaptation work together to produce a biochemical difference between humangroups in an ability to digest large amounts of milk. When is this an adaptiveadvantage? When

other foods are scarce andmilk is available, as it is in herding societies

Indigenous highlandersliving in the Andean altiplano in South America, in the Tibetan plateau inAsia, and at the highest elevations of the Ethiopian highlands in East Africahave all adapted to living in an environment of oxygen-thin air. Researchershave found that

each population has evolvedits own distinctly different biological adaptation to this environment.

T/F Human biologicaldifferences are evident only to individuals who wrongfully sustain the validityof human races.

T/F The indigenouscommunities in the tropical regions of the Americas are not as dark skinned aspopulations living in other tropical regions, because the dense vegetation inthis continent blocks out much of the sunlight.

T/F Skin color is a simplebiological trait that is influenced by one gene and environmental exposure tosunlight.

F

T/F One of the selectiveadvantages of dark skin color in the tropics is that it reduces thesusceptibility to folate destruction and therefore diminishes the likelihood ofneural tube defects among human embryos. Folate is also necessary in men inorder to maintain normal sperm production.

T

T/F In the case of skincolor, natural selection is no longer active today, thanks to human culturaladaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environmentone lives in.

F

T/F Thanks to medicaladvances, genetic resistance to diseases no longer confers any selectiveadvantage.

F

T/F According to Thomson'snose rule, longer noses are more adaptive to colder climates than shorterones.

T/F Populations livingat high altitudes have all developed similar biological and culturaladaptations to hypoxic conditions.

F

Primatology helpsanthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominidsand untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particularrelevance to humans are two kinds of primates:

those whose ecologicaladaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and thosemost closely related to us—the great apes, specifically the chimpanzees andgorillas.

Which of the following isan example of an analogy

dolphin fins and fish fins

What is the term for atrait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor

Homology

For years, orangutans werebelieved to be the only great ape that lived a largely solitary life foragingfor hard-to-find fruit thinly distributed over a large area, but primatologistshave now turned this theory on its head. For example, van Schaik's work amongorangutans living in Suaq, a swamp forest in Sumatra, has found that

not only can orangutans bevery sociable animals, but they have the capacity to transmit the capacityculturally for tool use

Common ancestry isn't theonly reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise ifspecies experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways.This process is known as

convergent evolution.

Of the following primates,which are most likely to provide reasonable comparisons to humans?

Terrestrial primates

Which of the following aremost closely related to chimpanzees

Humans

The tribe homininidescribes

all the human species thatever existed (including extinct ones) but excludes chimps and gorillas.

Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the discipline's main assumptions?

The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive success (that is, natural selection).

How is individual fitness measured? By

the number of direct descendants an individual has

In terms of numbers and range, what is the most successful living hominoid species

Homo sapiens

What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?

Arboreal theory

A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that

primates were already geographically widespread by 55 m.y.a., and their common ancestor must have evolved earlier than previously believed.

statements about the Oligocene epoch

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.C. This period dates to 38–23 m.y.a.D. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayyum.

When do the first hominoid fossils appear? During the

Miocene

statements about Proconsul

was a carnivore.

Why did Old World monkeys thrive as Miocene apes faded

Old World monkeys were superior at eating leaves

What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?

Gigantopithecus

Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps. Rather,

humans and African apes share a common ancestor.

T/F Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and poaching.

F

T/F Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea

T

T/F When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word 20 twenty years ago.

F

T/F Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor.

T

T/F Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus

F

. T/F All primates share a common arboreal heritage.

T

T/F Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life

F

T/F Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care over a shorter period of time to offspring.

F

T/F Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.

F

T/F Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

T

T/F Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.

F

T/F Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.

T

T/F Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have full color vision, which prosimians and most New World monkeys lack

T

. T/F Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species

T

T/F Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

A. it is recognized as the earliest known hominin, with the Toumai find from Chad, dated to 7–6 m.y.a., and Orrorin tugenensis from Kenya, dated to 6 m.y.a., as possibly even older hominins.B. the kadabba find consists of 11 specimens, including a jaw bone with teeth, hand and foot bones, fragments of arm bones, and a piece of collarbone.D. it lived during the late Miocene, between 5.8 and 5.5 million years ago.E. its fossils belong to individuals that were apelike in size, anatomy, and habitat.

What is the significance of Kenyanthropus, a 3.5-million-year-old fossil that Maeve Leakey discovered in Kenya in 1999? It

suggests the possibility that at least two hominin lineages existed as far back as 3.5 million years ago.

As this chapter makes clear, there are many issues within hominin evolution that remain open to debate. One of them regards the Kenyanthropus fossil found by Maeve Leakey, who argues that at least two hominin lineages existed as far back as 3.5 million years (the other being A. afarensis). Taxonomic "splitters" tend to agree with her interpretation, while taxonomic "lumpers" disagree. These two interpretations highlight

the distinction between those who stress diversity and divergence versus those who focus on similarities across fossil finds.

Although we now know that the various species of Australopithecus discussed in this chapter do not form a distinct subfamily within the order Primates

the designation australopithecine has stuck to describe them

Interestingly, some of the physical markers that have led scientists to identify certain fossils as early hominins rather than apes are features that have been lost during subsequent human evolution. Which of the following is an example of this?

big back teeth

Although the first hominins appeared late in the Miocene, most hominin fossils have been dated to

What was the major hominin group that lived from about 4 million to 1 m.y.a.?

Australopithecus

Northern Tanzania and the Afar region of Ethiopia have yielded some of the most famous and informative glimpses into hominin evolution.

A. the Laetoli site in northern Tanzania yielded a series of fossilized footprints.C. Lucy, a tiny hominin female who lived around 3 m.y.a., was found in the Hadar site in the Afar region of Ethiopia.D. the fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar forced a reinterpretation of the early hominin record, suggesting that hominins are much closer to apes than previously known.E. the fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar are representative of A. afarensis.

What is the most important difference between Australopithecus afarensis and the modern apes? Australopithecus afarensis

was bipedal.

Which of the following species was found in South Africa

Australopithecus robustus

statements about australopithecines

A. Australopithecines had a higher incidence of rickets than genus Homo.B. Australopithecines had smaller molars than genus Homo.C. Australopithecines probably relied more on the use of tools than did the early Homo.D.Australopithecus was the most geographically widespread of all hominin genera. bipedal

location where australopithecine fossils have been found

A. EthiopiaB. TanzaniaC. KenyaE. South Africa

Fossils of Australopithecus afarensis are particularly significant because

it was the first fossil evidence to confirm that bipedalism preceded the evolution of a humanlike brain.

Of the following features belonging to Australopithecus afarensis, which is evidence of its adaptation to bipedal locomotion?

the position of its foramen magnum underneath the skull

What is the term for the bony protuberance found on top of the skulls of robust australopithecines?

the sagittal crest

Which of the following is evidence of robust australopithecines' adaptation to eating hard-shelled seeds and grasses?

the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull

discussed in this chapter as a probable cause of the anatomical variety found in the australopithecine fossils?

A. the long time span within which they existedB. differences in natural selective forces operating in specific environmentsD. age and sex differencesE. random genetic drift

What do the skull, jaws, and teeth of australopithecines indicate

Their diet was largely vegetarian

statements about the so-called "black skull"

B. The skull has a sagittal crest.C. The skull combines relatively small overall size with large chewing dentition.D. Some scientists categorize the skull as belonging to a very early hyperrobust australopithecine.E. Some scientists assign the black skull its own species, A. aethiopicus.

When did the split between the later australopithecines and the ancestors of Homo take place, when they became productively isolated from the later australopithecines?

sometime between 3 and 2 m.y.a.

What is one of the probable explanations of the extinction of the later australopithecines?

They were eventually unsuccessful in competing for available resources with early populations of Homo.

direct ancestor of anatomically modern humans?

A.Australopithecus afarensisB.Homo habilisC.Homoerectus

E.Australopithecus africanus

Oldowan pebble tools

represent the oldest formally recognized stone tools.

about A. garhi

A. was discovered in 1999 in Ethiopia, along with traces of animal butchery.B. adds a new potential ancestor to the human family tree.C. made pebble tools around 2.6 m.y.a., challenging the long-held belief that Homo habilis was the first toolmaking human ancestor.E. provides evidence that the thigh bone (femur) had elongated by 2.5 million years ago, a million years before the forearm shortened, to create our current limb proportions

T/F Bipedalism has traditionally been viewed as an adaptation to open grassland or savanna country, although Ardipithecus lived in a humid woodland habitat. Perhaps bipedalism developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat.

T

T/F Orrorin tugenensis and the Toumai specimen unquestionably are hominins

F

T/F In trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor, we should always look for traits that make us human today.

F

T/F Some of the physical markers that have led scientists to identify certain fossils as early hominins rather than apes are features that have been lost during subsequent human evolution.

T

T/F A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been an increase in brain size, especially with the advent of the genus Homo.

T

T/F As a result of the Kenyanthropus discovery in 1999, the place of afarensis in human ancestry has been and will be debated between the taxonomic "splitters" and the "lumpers."

T

T/F The teeth and skulls of australopithecines suggest that they had a vegetarian diet.

T

T/F The footprints at the site of Laetoli in northern Tanzania were made by Australopithecus afarensis.

T

T/F The cranial features of Australopithecus afarensis were poorly adapted to chewing, grinding, and crushing.

F

T/F Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in modern Homo sapiens than in the australopithecines.

T

T/F The dentition of Australopithecus afarensis exhibits some similarities to the dentition of modern chimpanzees.

T

T/F In apes, the thighbone angles into the hip, permitting the space between the knees to be narrower than the pelvis.

F

T/F Robust australopithecines have been found only in East Africa

F

T/F The genus Homo did not appear until after all of the australopithecines had died off

F

T/F Compared to the australopithecines, early Homo had larger cheek teeth and a larger cranial capacity.

F

T/F Oldowan tools were made by striking flakes off the sides of cobbles.

T

T/F The oldest known stone tools date from between 2.5 and 2 m.y.a.

T

T/F One of the reasons why the discovery of the specimen A. garhi and other materials in its site is important is that it provided evidence that large mammals were being butchered with early stone tool technologies, which suggests the onset of a dietary revolution

T

Scientists continue to debate the relationship between two Homo fossil finds: KNM-ER 1470, named H. rudolfensis by some, and KNM-ER 1813, generally considered to be an exemplar of H. habilis. Is the smaller KNM-ER 1813 a distinct species? Could it be a female version of KNM-ER 1470, both being simply a female and male pair of the highly variable H. habilis? The only sure conclusion is that

several different kinds of hominin lived in Africa before and after the advent of Homo

Which of the following statements about the appearance of Homo habilis is true? H. habilis

exhibits a relatively rapid expansion of cranial capacity

What is so significant about the recent fossil finds of an H. erectus and an H. habilis from Ileret, Kenya, east of Lake Turkana? They

negate the conventional view held since 1960 that habilis and erectus evolved one after the other. Instead, they lived side by side in eastern Africa for perhaps half a million years

Excavations between Bed I and Bed II at Olduvai suggest that significant changes in technology occurred during a comparatively short 200,000-year period. The tools found illustrate a shift toward functional differentiation, which means that

the tools were being made and used for different jobs, such as smashing bones or digging for tubers.

Which of the following statements about Homo erectus fossils is not true? H. erectus fossils

have hyperrobust chewing muscles and broad, flat molars.

What have researchers learned by looking at the molars and other cranial features of H. erectus, such as a superorbital torus and an occipital bun?

H. erectus was more dependent on hunting—and the lifestyle it demanded—than were earlier hominins.

Biological and cultural changes enabled H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy—gathering and hunting. This in turn was crucial for H. erectus to

push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe.

What is the name of the time period that evolved out of the Oldowan, or pebble tool, tradition and lasted until about 15,000 years ago?

Paleolithic

Which of the following statements describes a key difference between Oldowan and Acheulian tools?

Acheulian tools, such as the hand ax, represent a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker, suggesting a cognitive leap between earlier hominins and H. erectus.

Which of the following is a difference between Homo erectus and the australopithecines?

Homo erectus's cranial capacity was much larger.

spread of H. erectus from tropical and subtropical climates into temperate zones was facilitated by

A. the harnessing of fire.B. living in rock shelters and caves.D. increasingly efficient hunting methods.E. the use of animal skins as clothing.

associated with H. erectus

A. NOT cave paintingB. a massive ridge over the eyebrowsC. more sophisticated toolmakingD. the use of fireE. the development of Acheulian tools

H. erectus is generally associated with which of the following technologies?

Acheulian

The fossil finds near Beijing, China (including Zhoukoudian) yielded the remains of more than 40 specimens of

H. erectus.

One fairly complete skull, one large mandible, and two partial skulls were found in the 1990s at the Dmanisi site in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. Dated to 1.7 to 1.77 m.y.a., these fossils

suggest a rapid spread, by 1.77 m.y.a, of early Homo out of Africa and into Eurasia.

What is the most likely explanation of why early Homo left Africa and spread into Eurasia?

the need to find meat

Which of the following sites is not included in the probable range of H. erectus?

A. JavaB. ChinaC. South AfricaD. AlaskaE. Europe

European fossils and tools have contributed disproportionately to our knowledge and interpretation of early (archaic) H. sapiens. What explains this?

the long history of Paleolithic archaeology in Europe relative to other regions in the world

Archaic H. sapiens (300,000? to 28,000 BP) encompass the earliest members of our species, along with

the Neanderthals of Europe and the Middle East and their Neanderthal-like contemporaries in Africa and Asia.

Traditionally and correctly, the geological epoch known as the __________ has been considered the epoch of early human life.

Pleistocene

Worldwide, what were the Middle and Upper Pleistocene characterized by?

successive glacial advances and retreats

H. antecessor, a 780,000-year-old hominin found in Spain's Atapuerca Mountains,

is the possible common ancestor of the Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans

Spain's Atapuerca Mountains hold one of the richest hominin fossil sites in the world. All of the following have been found in Atapuerca

A. a 1.2 million-year-old jawbone fragment from a species known as Homo antecessor, the oldest hominid fossil ever found in western Europe.B. a mass grave.C. the 780,000-year-old remains of H. antecessor, the possible common ancestor of the Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.D. a rich system of caves that may explain why the area was so inviting for continuous human occupation.

At the site of Terra Amata, in southern France, archaeologists have documented human activity dating back some 300,000 years. What do findings there indicate?

The site's inhabitants led an essentially human lifestyle.

What archaic H. sapiens group has a pronounced brow ridge, stocky build, and massive nasal cavities—characteristics that resulted as adaptations to cold weather?

Neanderthals

Which of the following cold-weather adaptations predates the appearance of Neanderthals?

use of fire

Which of the following traits does not characterize a Neanderthal skull?

huge molars

What is the name of the stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals?

What is the name of the stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals?

Although the Neanderthals are remembered more for their physiques than for their manufacturing abilities, their tool kits were sophisticated. In fact, the Mousterian technology, which Neanderthals are associated with,

included at least 14 categories of tools designed for different jobs

Generations of scientists have debated whether the Neandertals were ancestral to modern Europeans. The current prevailing view, which denies the ancestry, proposes that

modern humans evolved in Africa and eventually colonized Europe, displacing the Neandertals there.

Until the recent—and surprising—discovery of H. floresiensis, few scientists

imagined that a different human species had survived through 12,000 BP, and possibly even later.

One of the most surprising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis is

the suggestion of sophisticated cultural abilities typically associated with anatomically modern humans, not with a hominin with a chimplike brain and extremities.

T/F Several different kinds of hominin lived in Africa before and after the advent of Homo

T

T/F The recent hominin fossil finds from Ileret, Kenya, negate the conventional view held since 1960 that habilis and erectus evolved one after the other. Instead, they lived side by side in eastern Africa for perhaps half a million years.

T

T/F The Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus is the Acheulian.

T

T/F With the movement of H. erectus out of Africa, H. erectus eventually colonized Europe and Asia.

T

T/F The Acheulian tradition is characterized by cobble choppers that were made by removing flakes from one end of a cobble.

F

T/F Biological and cultural changes enabled H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy—gathering and hunting.

T

T/F The Acheulian hand ax, shaped like a teardrop, represents a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker. Evidence for such a mental template in the archaeological record suggests a cognitive lead between earlier hominins and H. erectus.

T

T/F Given the potential for language-based communications in activities such as cooperative hunting and the manufacture of complicated tools, and given brain size within the low H. sapiens range, it seems plausible to assume that A. boisei had rudimentary speech.

F

T/F The recent Dmanisi fossil finds suggest a rapid spread, by 1.77 m.y.a., of early Homo out of Africa into Eurasia.

T

T/F Recently, a team uncovered a 1.2-million-year-old jawbone fragment from a species known as Homo antecessor in the Sierra de Atapuerca of Spain. The oldest hominid fossil ever found in western Europe, it provides conclusive evidence that Neanderthals interbred with archaic modern humans.

F

T/F In addition to their stocky bodies, which were adapted to conserve heat, Neanderthals made clothes, developed elaborate tools, and hunted reindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos in order to adapt to the cold climate in Europe during the Würm glaciation.

T

T/F The stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals is called the Mousterian

T/F One of the most surprising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis, a species of tiny people who lived, gathered, and hunted on the Indonesian island of Flores from about 95,000 BP until at least 13,000 BP, is the specimens' very large skulls, yet they lack behaviors associated with anatomically modern humans.

In 2003 scientistsannounced the 1997 discovery in an Ethiopian valley of three anatomicallymodern skulls—two adults and a child. Known collectively as the Herto skulls,the researchers dated them to 154,000-160,000 BP. All of the following cluessuggested

A. their long and broad midfaces.B. NOT their tall and narrow saggital crests.C. their high cranial vaults, falling withinmodern dimensions.D. their tall and narrow nasal bones.E. evidence of the skulls' cutting andhandling, suggesting they had been detached from their bodies and used—perhapsritually—after death.

Compared to Neanderthalskulls, anatomically modern specimens found at the Skhul and Qafzeh sites inIsrael have a modern shape. Their brain cases are

higher, shorter, androunder, with a more filled-out forehead region and a marked chin

In 1987 a group ofmolecular geneticists at the University of California at Berkeley offeredsupport for the idea that modern humans (AMHs) arose fairly recently in Africa,then spread out and colonized the world. placentas donated by 147 women whoseancestors came from

Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, New Guinea, andAustralia

placentas donated by 147women whose ancestors came from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, NewGuinea, and Australia. By estimating the number of mutations that had takenplace in the mithochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each of these samples, theresearchers concluded that

everyone alive today hasmtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in sub-Saharan Africaaround 200,000 years ago and that her descendants left Africa no more than135,000 years ago.

According to the mtDNAanalyses, when did the first modern humans leave Africa?

no more than 135,000 yearsago

In 1997, ancient DNA wasextracted from one of the Neanderthal bones originally found in Germany'sNeanderthal Valley in 1856. This was the first time that the DNA of a premodernhuman has been recovered. When comparing this DNA with that of modern humans,the researchers found

27 differences between thetwo, many more than would be expected in closely related humans, suggestingthat there may have been little interbreeding between Neanderthals and thedirect ancestors to modern humans

Anthropologists haverecently recalibrated the radiocarbon dating of Neanderthals and AMHs inEurope. What did they find?

Modern humans may have beenin Europe longer than previously thought—perhaps for 50,000 years—and theirtime of overlap with the Neanderthals was less than previously thought, perhapsno more than 2,000 years in western Europe.

What does the advent ofbehavioral modernity refer to?

when early anatomicallymodern humans became fully human in behavior (relying on symbolic thought,elaborating cultural creativity) as well as in anatomy

There is much debate amongscientists about when, where, and how anatomically modern humans achievedbehavioral modernity. Some researchers suggest that about 50,000 years ago agenetic mutation acted to rewire the human brain, allowing for an advance inlanguage and other related modern behaviors. Others propose

that instead of a suddenevent in Europe due to a mutation, behavioral modernity resulted from a slowprocess of cultural accumulation within Africa, where Homo sapiensbecame fully human long before 40,000 years ago.

Although the debate on theorigin of behavioral modernity continues, archaeological work in many worldareas

. Recent discoveriesin a cave at Pinnacle Point, South Africa, suggest that humans had achievedbehavioral modernity as early as 164,000 BP. All of the following were found atthis site

A. a diet that included shellfish and othermarine resources.B. the very early use of pigment, likely forsymbolic behavior.D. bladelet stone-tool technology, previouslydating to 70,000 years ago.E. the human capacity to exploit coastalenvironments.

Which of the followingcharacterizes Upper Paleolithic traditions?

Blade tools

How was the blade-coremethod, which characterizes the tools of Upper Paleolithic traditions, superiorto Mousterian technology?

The Upper Paleolithicblade-core method was faster and produced 15 times as much cutting edge fromthe same amount of material

characterized thechangeover from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithic

A. growth in Homo's total population andgeographic range.B. anincrease in the number of distinct tool types, reflecting functionalspecialization.D. increasinglocal cultural diversity as people specialized in particular economicactivities.E. increasingstandardization in tool manufacture.

During the UpperPaleolithic, the hominin range

expandedsignificantly, in large part due to Homo's increasing reliance oncultural means of adaptation.

Climate changes had aprofound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, forexample,

the melting of the icesheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big gamefarther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods.

What species is associatedwith the broad-spectrum revolution?

anatomically modern humans

Why was the broad-spectrumrevolution a significant event in human evolution? It

provided new environmentalcircumstances that made important sociocultural adaptations, like thedevelopment of plant cultivation, more likely

trend in hominin evolution

A. a greater reliance on cultural means ofadaptationB. an increase in the quantity and quality oftoolsC. an increase in cranial capacityD.NOT a greater reliance on biological means of adaptationE. population growth

suggested as an explanationfor why Upper Paleolithic people made cave paintings? The paintings

A. were fertility magic, intended to increasethe number of game animals.B. NOT gave Homo erectus a way of recording andtransmitting information across generations.C. were historical representations.D. were associated with rites of passage.E. were magical representations of successfulhunts.

What species is associatedwith the cave paintings in western Europe

anatomically modern humans

How did modern humans takeadvantage of global climate change to expand their range?

During major glacials, withso much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization ofnew areas, such as Australia by 46,000 BP and the Americas perhaps by 18,000 BP

When and how was Australiasettled?

Humans crossed the narrowstraits separating Asia and the then continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea,and Tasmania), perhaps in primitive watercraft, around 50,000 BP

What is the name of theland bridge that linked the eastern tip of Siberia to Alaska?

Beringia

The Clovis tradition, asophisticated stone technology based on a sharp point that was fastened to theend of a hunting spear, flourished (widely but briefly) in the central plainsand in what is now the eastern United States. Until recently, the Clovis peoplewere considered to the first settlers of the Americas. Recent research nowsuggests, however, that

mostlikely the Americas was settled by several colonists who came at differenttimes, perhaps by different routes, and had different physiques and geneticmarkers, which continue to be discovered and debated.

The Clovis tradition—asophisticated stone technology based on a sharp point that was fastened to theend of a hunting spear—flourished

in the central plains, ontheir western margins, and in what is now the eastern United States between12,000 and 11,000 BP.

Recent research has pushedback the probable date of the first arrival of anatomically modern humans tothe Americas to

18,000 years ago.

The Monte Verdearchaeological site in south-central Chile dates to at least 1,500 years beforethe Clovis people (which itself dates to 13,250 BP). This evidence for theearly occupation of southern South America, along with other lines of evidence,suggests that

the first migration ofhumans into the Americas may date back to 18,000 years.

Although there is evidencenow that several human groups colonized the Americas, possibly using differentroutes, those that crossed over through Beringia to reach the Americas didso

following herds of big-gameanimals (woolly mammoths, especially).

Which of the followingaided the rapid expansion of human populations throughout North America?

abundant big-game animals

All of the following aretrue about the peopling of the Americas

A. the Clovis people were not the firstsettlers of the Americas.B. the first migration(s) date back 18,000years.C. analysis of DNA suggests settled by morethan one haplogroup—a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations.D. from 600 to 1,000 years for the first descendantsto travel by land from the southern part of the Canadian ice-free corridor toTierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America—a distance of more than8,680 miles.

peopling of the Pacific

Navigation skills played animportant role in the peopling of the Pacific

T/F With an estimated dateof 195,000 BP, the Omo Kibish remains appear to be the earliest anatomicallymodern human fossils yet found in Asia.

F

T/F The evidence from theMount Carmel caves in Israel indicates that anatomically modern humans may haveinhabited the Middle East before the Neanderthals did

T

T/F Recent genetic researchcomparing Neanderthal DNA and modern human DNA supports the theory thatNeanderthals evolved into the European populations of anatomically modernhumans.

F

T/F Recentrecalibration of radiocarbon dating has dismissed the previously held beliefthat Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans coexisted in time andplace.

F

T/F Although scientistsagree with what behavioral modernity is, they disagree on how and where itoriginated.

F

T/F Some authors attributethe rise of modern human behavior more to increasing social competition than topopulation increase or a mutation that led to reconfigurations of thebrain.

T

T/F The stone-tooltraditions of the Upper Paleolithic were based primarily on blade tools which,compared to those of the Mousterian, are faster to make and are better atmaximizing the amount of cutting edge from the same amount of stone.

T

T/F Unlike the Mousteriantechnology, which had many different kinds of stone tools, the tool traditionsof the Upper Paleolithic included only a few different kinds of implements

F

T/F With the end of theWürm glacial time, human groups shifted their subsistence strategies to abroader spectrum of species that they exploited.

T

T/F Most researchers todayno longer believe that the Upper Paleolithic cave paintings were ritualistic;rather, they argue that these paintings were used to decorate domesticresidences.

F

What did Kent Flannery(1969) refer to with the term broad-spectrum revolution? Theperiod

beginning around 15,000 BPin the Middle East and 12,000 BP in Europe, during which a wider range, orbroader spectrum, of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected,caught, and fished

The broad-spectrumrevolution in Europe includes the late Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic,which followed it. What tool type characterized the Mesolithic?

Microlith

true in Europe by 10,000 BP

A. hunting, gathering, and fishingpopulations extended to British Isles and Scandinavia.B. The continent was forest rather thantreeless steppe and tundra, as it had been during the Upper Paleolithic.C. increase in forest species, people practicednew hunting techniques: solitary stalking and trapping, similar to NativeAmerican groups.D. The process of preserving meat and fish bysmoking and salting grew increasingly important.

What is the name given tothe cultural period in which the first signs of domestication are present

Neolithic

Middle Eastern foodproduction arose in the context of four environmental zones. From highestaltitude to lowest, they are:

high plateau, hilly flanks,piedmont steppe, and alluvial desert (the area watered by the Tigris andEuphrates rivers)

Where do scholars believethat food production first began in the Middle East?

Marginal zones

Where did the earliestdomestication of animals and plants in the Middle East occur?

in the marginal zone nextto the hilly flanks

What is sedentism?

life in permanent villages

When did sedentary lifedevelop in the Middle East?

before farming and herding

The Natufians' ability toexploit their rich local environment with broad-spectrum foraging made itpossible for them to

live in year-round villagesprior to the emergence of domestication

In the Middle East, earlycultivation began as an attempt to copy, in a less favorable environment, thedense stands of wheat and barley that grew wild in the hilly flanks. All of thefollowing either motivated or facilitated this attempt

A. population growth.B. climatic changes that reduced theavailable amount of wild wheat and barley.C. the existence of a vertical economy.E. living in marginal areas most affected byclimatic changes.

What is a verticaleconomy?

a system that exploitsenvironmental zones that contrast with one another in altitude, rainfall,overall climate, and vegetation

contribute to thedevelopment of food production in the Middle East?

A. the shift to a broad-spectrum subsistence pattern atthe end of the Upper PaleolithicB. theavailability of annual grasses with edible grainsD. populationincrease, leading people to try planting grasses in new ecological nichesE. favorablechanges in cultivated grains through artificial selection

With domestication, whathappened to the husk, which encloses the edible portion of wild cereals? Itbecame

more brittle.

statements about sheep

A. Woolly sheep are the product ofdomestication.B. Wool from sheep can be used to makeclothing.C. The wool of domesticated sheep offersprotection against extreme heat.D. Wild sheep are less hardy thandomesticated sheep.

The foundations of thestate—a social and political unit featuring a central government, extremecontrasts of wealth, and social classes—emerged

in the alluvial desertplain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where a new economy based onirrigation and trade fueled the growth of this entirely new form of society.

The path from foraging tofood production was one that people followed independently in at least sevenworld areas. One of these areas is what is now southern Egypt, whereexcavations at Nabta Playa

provide evidence for the"African sheep complex," in which cattle were used economically fortheir milk and blood, rather than killed for their meat except on ceremonialoccasions

domesticated inChina?

B. MilletC. ChickensD. The water buffaloE. Rice

one of the areas where foodproduction was independently invented?

A. the eastern United StatesC. the Middle EastD. MesoamericaE. South China

The independentdomestication of the dog

was a worldwide phenomenon.

domesticated in the easternUnited States

A. GoosefootB. Marsh elderD. SquashE. Sunflower

Three key caloric staplesand major sources of carbohydrates were domesticated by Native Americanfarmers. They were

maize, white potatoes, andmanioc

The path from foraging tofood production was one that people followed independently in at least sevenworld areas. New archaeological research techniques continue to overturnpreviously held assumptions about where and how this occurred. Microscopicevidence from early-cultivated plants suggests that

New World farming began inthe lowlands of South America and then spread to Central America, Mexico, andthe Caribbean islands.

Contrary to the oldassumption that New World farming originated in the upland areas, recentresearch suggests that

farming first originated inthe tropical lowlands at about the same time food production arose in theMiddle East—around 10,000 years ago—and that these new techniques developed inthe tropics diffused into drier regions at higher elevations.

What have new datingtechniques applied to plant remains revealed about the origins of domesticationin the New World?

Evidence of Peruvian squashseeds dating back 10,000 years has pushed back the origin of domestication inthe New World to about the same time that food production arose in the OldWorld.

What is the name of thewild ancestor of maize?

Teosinte

Where were beansdomesticated?

Mexico

Which of the following is akey difference between the food-producing traditions of Mesopotamia andMesoamerica that helps us understand the subsequent histories in the tworegions?

Large domesticated animalsplayed an important role in Mesopotamia but were absent from Mesoamerica.

Unlike the pattern in theOld World, plant domestication in the New World

occurred before the rise ofthe first sedentary communities

Anthropologists oncethought that domestication would happen almost automatically once people gainedsufficient knowledge of plants and animals and their reproductive habits tofigure out how to make domestication work. They now know that

foragers have an excellentknowledge of plants and animals and their reproductive characteristics, so someother trigger is needed to start and sustain the process of domestication.

Which of the following wasa consequence of domestication?

Sedentary life became morewidespread.

Which of the following is abenefit of farming?

greater predictability ofstaple species

Food production led to anincrease in ___________

social inequality

T/F Food production was acritical step toward the broad-spectrum revolution

F

T/F Early cultivation beganas an attempt to copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense stands ofwheat and barley that grew wild in the hilly flanks

T

T/F Most researchers todayargue that the domestication of plants in the Middle East took place in thehilly flanks regions where wild plant ancestors naturally grew

F

T/F In the Middle East,sedentism developed before plants and animals were domesticated.

T

T/F A vertical economyexploits environmental zones that are close together in space but are separatedby altitude, rainfall, overall climate, and vegetation.

T

T/F Compared to those ofwild plants, the seeds of domesticated plants are larger and less likely toshatter and disperse.

T

T/F With domestication,plants developed thicker husks

F

T/F Around 8,000 BP,communities on Europe's Mediterranean shores started to export species to theMiddle East.

F

T/F In the MiddleEast, as subsistence economies became more specialized and more dependent ondomesticated species, population centers began to emerge that had temples,writing, and canals for irrigating fields.

T

T/F Rice wasdomesticated in southern China

T

T/F China was host to threedifferent centers of domestication: one in the north, one in the south, and oneon the eastern coast.

F

T/F The domesticated milletthat appeared in China around 7,500 BP was first domesticated in sub-SaharanAfrica by about 8,000 BP, then diffused to China through long-distance tradenetworks.

F

T/F Unlike the centers ofdomestication in the Old World, very few animals were ever domesticated in theNew World.

T

T/F Corn, beans, and squashwere the major crops to be domesticated in Mexico

T

. T/F There were atleast three independent centers of domestication in the New World.

T

T/F Recent research usingmicroscopic evidence suggests that farming in the tropical lowlands of Centraland South America began at around the same time that food production arose inthe Middle East.

T

T/F In the New World,sedentism occurred before domestication

F

T/F The geography of theOld World facilitated the diffusion of plants, animals, technology, andinformation.

T

T/F Food production is morelabor intensive than foraging.

T

T/F With a more reliablefood source, the early food producers were considerably healthier than thehunter-gatherers.

F

T/F Agriculturalintensification enabled people to farm for only part of the year, then leavethe cities to live away from the problems endemic to urban populations for therest of the year.

F

Which of the followingresearch strategies is most characteristic of anthropology?

An anthropologist has justarrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profoundfeeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (andtherefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes whathe is experiencing?

Culture shock

an example of participantobservation?

B. helping out at harvest timeC. dancing at a ceremonyD. buying a shroud for a village ancestorE. engaging in informal chit-chat

What did BronislawMalinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as "theimponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior"?

Features of culture such asdistinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when theyeat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take themfor granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of.

In the field, ethnographersstrive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship based onpersonal contact

achieved in large part byengaging in participant observation.

The research technique thatuses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called

the genealogical method.

What is the term for anexpert on a particular aspect of native life?

Key cultural consultant

Ethnographers typicallycombine emic and etic strategies in their fieldwork. This means they areinterested in applying both

local andscientist-oriented research approaches

characteristic fieldtechnique of the ethnographer?

A. structured interviewingB. life historiesC. NOT random samplingD. working with well-informed informantsE. the genealogical method

Traditional ethnographicresearch focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as moreor less isolated and unique in time and space. However,

there has been a shiftwithin the discipline toward a recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows ofpeople, technology, images, and information

What is the term used byJohn Durham Peters (1997) to describe how contemporary people simultaneouslyexperience the local and the global?

Bifocality

Reflecting today's world,in which people, images, and information move about as never before, fieldworkmust be more flexible and on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork isoften an ethnography that

In survey research, whatterm is used to refer to the attributes that vary among the members of apopulation?

Variables

Despite the variety ofresearch techniques that the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the beststudies the hallmark of ethnography remains

entering the community andgetting to know its people

This chapter's survey ofthe major theoretical perspectives that have characterized anthropologyhighlights

A. a continuous concern with how to defineand study culture.C. a continuous concern with scientificfundamentals and whether or not anthropology's research subject is best studiedscientifically.D. attention to whether or notanthropological data ought to be comparative across time and space.E. the discipline's profound commitment tounderstanding human diversity.

Lewis Henry Morgan is wellknown for his work The League of the Iroquois, considered anthropology'searliest ethnography. This and other of his works illustrate his view ofunilinear evolutionism, which is that

thereis one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this pathinvolves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage ofcivilization.

Franz Boas is theundisputed father of four-field U.S. anthropology. One of his most importantand enduring contributions to anthropology was

showing that human biologywas plastic, and that biology (including race) did not determine culture

The view that each elementof culture, such as the culture trait or trait complex, has its own distinctivehistory, and that social forms (such as totemism in different societies) thatmight look similar are far from identical because of their different histories,is known as

historical particularism.

As investigators whoillustrated the functionalist approach in anthropology, both BronislawMalinowski and Radcliffe-Brown's ethnographic research focused on

the role of cultural traitsand practices in contemporary society.

Radcliffe-Brown advocatedthat social anthropology be a synchronic rather than a diachronic science; thatis, a study

of societies as they existtoday (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across time (diachronic).

Which of the followingterms refers to the theoretical paradigm which holds that customs (socialpractices) function to preserve the social structure?

structural functionalism,as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard

The work of which of thefollowing anthropologists illustrated a renewed interest in cultural change andeven evolution (although of a very different sort than Tylor and Morgan had inmind)?

Julian Steward

Despite the differencesamong theoretical paradigms of practitioners as varied as Harris (culturalmaterialism), White (neoevolutionism), Julian Steward (cultural ecology), andMargaret Mead (configurationalism), all of them have what in common?

a strong sense ofdeterminism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise of individualhuman agency

Psychologistsstudy individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative ofsomething more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts.

Interpretiveanthropologists such as Clifford Geertz approach the study of culture as

texts.

Which is the key assumptionin Claude Lévi-Strauss's structuralism?

Humanminds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common featuresof the Homo sapiens brain and lead people everywhere to think similarlyregardless of their society or cultural background.

The actions thatindividuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transformingcultural identities are referred to as

agency

Practice theory focuses on how

individuals,through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world theylive in

This chapter mentions thework of Wolf and Mintz, both students of Julian Steward, as illustrations ofapproaches that

consider the relevance ofworld-system theory and political economy to anthropology

More recent approaches inhistorical anthropology, while sharing an interest in power with world-systemtheorists, have focused more on

local agency, thetransformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized societies.

What right do ethnographershave to represent a people or culture to which they don't belong? This questionillustrates

anthropology's crisis inrepresentation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature ofethnographic authority

T/F The characteristicfield techniques of the ethnographer are participant observation, thegenealogical method, and in-depth interviewing.

T

T/F Traditionally,ethnographers have tried to understand the whole of a particular culture.

T

T/F When an ethnographeruses an interview schedule to gather information from the field, thisinevitably limits the researcher's capacity to ask and answer truly relevantquestions.

F

T/F Really good keycultural consultants will actually end up recording most of the data needed towrite an ethnography.

F

T/F The emic perspectivefocuses on local explanations of criteria and significance

T

T/F Since there are so manyanthropologists in the United States, the distinction between emic and eticdoes not apply to American culture

F

T/F Longitudinalresearch is the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, orother unit, usually based on repeated visits

T

T/F Despite theincreasing popularity of team research among anthropologists, the bestethnographies are always the product of individual work

F

T/F Ethnography isincreasingly multi timed and multi sited, the result of a shift toward arecognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images,and information that characterizes much of the world today.

T/F The AmericanAnthropological Association Code of Ethics prohibits anthropologists fromworking with governments on matters of national security.

F

T/F Survey research studiesa small sample of a larger population

T

T/F Survey research isusually conducted through intensive personal contact with the studysubjects.

F

T/F This chapter's briefoverview of the history of anthropological theory suggests that the disciplinehas made no important contributions to social theory in general

F

T/F Morgan and EdwardTylor, both considered among the fathers of anthropology, worked within theparadigm of unilinear evolution

T

T/F Franz Boas'sfamous biological studies of European immigrants to the United States revealedand measured phenotypical plasticity, showing that the environment and culturalforces could change human biology.

T

T/F Boas and his studentswere strong proponents of cross-cultural comparisons, without which they couldnot validate their findings.

F

T/F Manchesteranthropologists Max Gluckman and Victor Turner made conflict an important partof their analysis, distancing themselves somewhat from Panglossianfunctionalism, the tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintainthe system but to do so in the most optimal way possible.

T

T/F Beyond Morgan'd andTylor's early anthropological work, no major theoretical paradigm inanthropology has embraced the role of evolution in cultural change.

F

. T/F Much of thehistory of anthropology has been about the roles and relative prominence ofculture and the individual.

T

T/F Among the classic worksof processual approaches to culture is Edmund Leach's Political Systems ofHighland Burma. This study made a tremendously important point by taking aregional rather than a local perspective.