Integrative Science Improving Societies

Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran in VICE News, US.

This Guy Developed Computer Software to Map Corruption Between Colombian Authorities and Organized Crime Groups

While the British government is often accused of perpetrating all sorts of grim evils, they've generally managed to steer clear of corruption allegations. Because government corruption, as we're all taught from birth, only happens in places like Moldova and Mexico, where gangsters bribe politicians and buy themselves complete immunity. Of course, politicians aren't the only people susceptible to nefarious influences.

Last month, London's Met Police were accused of accepting bribes. A few months before that, the Independent Police Complaints Commission launched an investigation into 29 accusations of police corruption when handling child abuse claims. So corruption is clearly an issue in the UK, but what do we do about it? How do we tackle those in positions of authority with the resources to cover their tracks?

A new method pioneered by Colombian corruption investigator Eduardo Salcedo-Albarán could hold the answer.

Eduardo was paid by the Colombian government to uncover organized crime. This was no easy task in a country with a long history of ingrained corruption, sparked in part by Pablo Escobar in the mid to late 1980s. Eduardo was faced with witnesses being murdered before he could speak to them and the daunting task of unraveling the web of corruption that allowed individual paramilitary commanders to orchestrate literally thousands of assassinations.

To help unravel that web, he created computer software that uses complex AI to map connections between legitimate authorities and organized crime groups. His technique has achieved some impressive results, and he's been labelled a rising star of crime fighting. I got in touch with him to find out how his methods could be used in Britain, and how he coped with the risks involved in investigating corruption in Colombia.

VICE: What made you decide to pursue a career in fighting corruption? I'd imagine there are safer occupations in Colombia.

Eduardo Salcedo-Albarán: People usually think that corruption doesn't generate victims like assault does, but, in reality, it has terrible effects in terms of human lives. When the mayor of a town in Colombia established agreements with narco-paramilitary commanders, mass murders were executed, thousands of women were sexually enslaved, and millions were forcefully displaced. As a result of corruption, millions of humans are trafficked, displaced, murdered, and sunken into poverty. Entire animal species go extinct and natural resources are destroyed. That's why I'm convinced that, as a society, we have the moral obligation to identify and protect the victims, and to understand the domestic and transnational criminal networks that are involved.

How ingrained is corruption in Colombian society?

Unfortunately, it's highly ingrained. Since Pablo Escobar, various criminal networks have tried to infiltrate and manipulate formal institutions. The crime lords of the Cali Cartel, the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers, provided money for the campaign of President Ernesto Samper, who always denied knowing about that money, even though his campaign manager knew about it. The exact amount of money that the Cali Cartel provided is still unknown, but it was an amount between one and 10 million dollars.

Since the end of the 90s, the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia [a Colombian drug trafficking and paramilitary group] supported local campaigns and even created local political parties. In 2002 they supported around 35 to 40 percent of the elected legislators at the National Congress of Colombia, as well as several mayors, governors, and municipal legislators. The legislators who were supported by them actually legislated between 2002 and 2006. You can imagine the perverse effects when laws are proposed and approved by people who were supported by a criminal group.

How has your system helped to bring serious corruption like this to light?

Some types of crime are really complex, especially cases involving hundreds or thousands of people interacting. Understanding those situations requires computational tools, because it's impossible for the human brain to make sense of thousands of names, dates, places, and facts. That's why, at Vortex Foundation, the anti-corruption organization I founded, we created protocols, tools, and processes to analyze high volumes of information and understand the structure of complex criminal networks.

What types of people did you help to investigate?

Important commanders of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia were working with the head of the national intelligence agency. The Supreme Court and the Attorney General's office already had that information, as paramilitary commander Jorge 40's laptop was confiscated, but it was too difficult to understand the interactions between the public servants inside the national intelligence agency and the paramilitary commanders, so we used our system to to visualize the structure and nature of those criminal agreements.

Another example is when the Colombian government signed a peace agreement with the Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. In 2005, a special jurisdiction of transitional justice was approved to compensate the victims and find out about the criminal processes that were involved. As a result, paramilitary commanders told of thousands of crimes that they ordered or executed. It was almost impossible for attorneys and judges to make sense of facts about thousands of criminals and victims, but when applying the right protocols, methodologies, and algorithms, you can understand how they interacted and identify the economical and political structures of a complex criminal network.

In the structure commanded by Salvatore Mancuso, currently imprisoned in the United States for drug trafficking, around 2,200 victims were identified. The numbers of victims for other narco-paramilitary commanders like H.H. or Jorge 40 are similar. They are not only murders, but also populations that have been forcefully displaced and [forced into] sexual slavery, among other mass crimes.

I would imagine that in a country with corruption at such a high level and single individuals responsible for thousands of murders, being an anticorruption investigator can be grim at times.

Yes. While I was working as advisor at the Presidential Anticorruption Program in Colombia we carried out several meetings with local anticorruption leaders. At that time, narco-paramilitary groups were gaining power in various regions of the country. Two local anticorruption leaders who were going to meet with us were murdered while they were heading to our meeting. During those years, narco-paramilitary structures were controlling local governments.

There have been two serious corruption scandals here in the UK recently involving the police. One involves police allegedly accepting bribes from security firms working for strip clubs and bars in London, and the other involves an investigation into whether the police covered up child abuse by MPs. Are these cases that you would likely see in Colombia, and do you think your system would be useful for shedding light on them?

The cases that you mention are the most difficult types of corruption to understand and confront, because they involve lawful agents. For obvious reasons, investigators, prosecutors, and judges don't like to tackle the participation of lawful agents like police officers, public servants, and the private sector, and that's exactly why innovative concepts, methodologies, and computational tools are urgently required. Only if those innovative approaches are applied can the most relevant nodes of those criminal networks be identified and neutralized.

Do you think that affluent Western countries like the UK genuinely have less corruption, or do you think it's just covered up better?

It's more sophisticated. It's less violent than the corruption in countries in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe, but companies from the UK, Australia, and Canada sometimes engage in violent corruption in countries with weak institutions.

So you think the tendency for Western organizations to do their dirt overseas is underestimated?

Yes. The participation of big Western companies in corruption and transnational criminal networks is underestimated. A clear case is the role of the financial system in creating favorable conditions for massive money laundering associated with drug trafficking. For instance, HSBC directly participated in the laundering of Mexican drug trafficking money.

What advice would you give to British law enforcement agencies when it comes to dealing with corruption?

I'd tell them to pay attention to the players operating inside lawful institutions, and to always make sure that they understand the underlying structures, no matter how complex those structures are. This is the only path to understanding the real impacts and dimensions of crime and corruption. People operating inside lawful organizations can use those organizations and institutions for achieving criminal objectives, like the cases that were recently observed in the UK. We, as a society, need a real practical commitment to dismantling criminal networks, and that commitment involves understanding and addressing the participation of agents who operate inside lawful organizations but favor criminal objectives. We hope that our tools and methodologies help to dismantle criminal networks and bring about a culture of legality.

Thank you, Eduardo.

Eduardo is currently attempting to gain funding via Kickstarter to map corruption and organized crime in more locations. You can visit his page here.