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Friday, 9 May 2014

In this month's post, Professor Cara Delay, Associate Professor at the College of Charleston, writes on women's illegal abortion strategies in twentieth-century Ireland.

Abortion trials in Ireland

From
the murder trial of infamous midwife and abortionist Mamie Cadden in 1956 to
the tragic death of Savita Halappanavar in 2012, no issue has caused as much
scandal, debate, and controversy in Ireland as abortion. Given the difficulty
of accessing historical abortion cases, it is not surprising that scholarly
analyses of abortion in Irish history remain incomplete. Illegal abortion is
still at times perceived by historians as gambles that women took at the spur
of the moment.Some researchers have assumed that the
very real threat of illness or death would make only the most desperate of
women seek to end their pregnancies. Records at the National Archives of
Ireland and the PRONI, however, which provide details on over 100 illegal
abortion trials that took place in Ireland and Northern Ireland from 1900 to
1970, demonstrate a different reality: for Irish women, abortion was not
something that they took lightly but part of a carefully thought out plan.
Abortion trial records tell complex and complicated stories, and, when read
closely, shed light on women’s reproductive experiences and their
decision-making processes.

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Liquid ergot. Image courtesy of the Wellcome Library.

Attempting to construct a picture of the ‘typical’ Irish
woman who hoped to end her pregnancy is nearly impossible: the reality is that
women from all different walks of life attempted abortion. Helen O, who died in
1956 after receiving an abortion from Mamie Cadden, was a thirty-four-year old
married mother of six. Twenty-year-old Irene A, in contrast, was an unmarried
student. Margaret M, a twenty-five-year-old single woman who lived in Dublin
but received a surgical abortion in London, was having an affair with her
married employer. In 1948, a woman who pled guilty to giving abortions to at
least eight women in County Laois had amongst her clients a teenage girl still
living with her parents and a married mother of two. The variety that these
examples reveal suggests that abortion was widespread and practiced by women of
different marital status, age, and region.

It
is impossible to know how many Irish women with unwanted pregnancies sought
abortion as a solution. Criminal court case transcripts do, however, reveal how
some of those women who did choose a termination proceeded. In almost all of the
cases that ended up in the criminal courts, a woman with an unwanted pregnancy first
attempted a self-induced miscarriage. These women acted to induce abortion
through what are often called ‘folk methods’, including physical harm and hot
baths. Women, then, attempted to take care of what they referred to as their
‘trouble’ themselves in private, or sometimes with the help of friends and
family. As late as 1950, a Dublin woman named Sheila told the court that before
she purchased abortion drugs, she tried gin and hot baths, and when that did not
work, her lover told her to ‘try high jumps’.

If
these physical harm methods didn’t work, women sought help from drugs and
poisons, including both readily available items such as Epsom salts, Jeyes’
Fluid, and laxatives and traditional abortifacients, including quinine,
pennyroyal, and ergot of rye. Helen O, who died at the hands of Mamie Cadden,
tried quinine tablets before she sought a surgical abortion. Similarly, in a
1937 case, a woman unsuccessfully tried miscarriage by quinine pills before
visiting abortionist William Coleman. In 1932, a Donegal woman was brought up
on charges after she attempted miscarriage by taking ‘six pills, the nature of which is unknown, two Beecham’s pills,
and a bottle of castor oil’.

Source:
Leitrim Observer, 1 December 1917

The
poisoning deaths of women who consumed too many abortifacients remind us that
self-induced abortion was hardly a science. Although Irish women were aware of
the dangers of consuming too much of a particular drug, they persisted in
attempting self-abortions, and they were given hints about drug-induced
miscarriages through advertisements. Despite the fact that Ireland’s 1927
Report of the Committee on Evil Literature sought to prohibit any advertisements
for drugs that may be used to prevent conception or induce miscarriage, Irish
newspapers and medical publications contained dozens of such ads. In the early
twentieth centuries, newspapers such as the Irish
Times and the Leitrim Observer featured
advertisements of Widow Welch’s Pills and Towle’s Pills, which eventually would
become evidence in several abortion trials. Dr. Hooper’s Female Pills, created
in Britain 1743, were advertised nearly every month in the Irish Chemist and Druggist in the late 1920s and 1930s. Another
example is Beecham’s Pills, a British product available in Ireland that
featured in several abortion trial cases. Beecham’s Pills were billed as a
cure-all for lots of things, including restoring normal menstruation. Female
pills contained a variety of substances, some potentially effective and some
not. Dr. Hooper’s Pills were made of myrrh, which was rumoured to be an
abortifacient. Some emmenagogues, including Towle’s Pills, did contain
pennyroyal, which may have effectively induced miscarriage.

One
of the most striking realities of abortion in twentieth-century Ireland is how
many women attempted abortion multiple times. One woman received abortions from
Laois’s Kathleen G twice, once for an advanced pregnancy of eight months and
once for an early pregnancy of two months. Others admitted in court that they
had previously attempted abortion, sometimes successfully and sometimes not.
These repeated attempts to cause abortion reveal that determination defined the
attitudes of some women. Women for whom abortifacients were unsuccessful or who
initially were turned away by doctors or others did not stop looking for
someone to help them. In one case, a couple traveled to London for an abortion
after an Irish doctor refused to perform one.Other women traveled from the
countryside to Dublin, where it was apparently easy to find an abortion
practitioner. The Irish Times,
reporting on a 1944 abortion case, recorded the remark of the defense lawyer in
the case as follows: ‘Dublin was always humming and buzzing with stories about
abortion’. Some of the most notorious Dublin abortionists, including
not only Mamie Cadden but also William Coleman, faced multiple prosecutions
over the years, demonstrating the continued need for and popularity of their
services.

Illegal
abortion on Irish soil declined rapidly with the 1967 legalization of abortion
in the UK (outside of Northern Ireland), combined with relatively easy and
inexpensive travel methods that allowed Irish women to seek assistance in
Britain. Recently, however, the availability of herbs and pills on the internet
has resulted in a return to more traditional abortion practices: more and more
women are, once more, turning to abortifacients and home-based, self-induced
abortions. In 2009, the Irish Medicines Board confiscated over 1,200 abortion
pills that were bought online and imported into Ireland. Abortion rights
organization Choice Ireland has
argued that there is now an abortion pill black market in Ireland that is
thriving during the economic crisis, when it is more feasible for women to
purchase pills than travel to Britain for a surgical abortion.

Even
a cursory glance at available evidence proves that Ireland is a country with a
deep and varied historical record of backstreet abortion. The secret journeys
of women who travel abroad for a legal termination every day or who purchase
drugs illegally on the internet are legacies of the past in a country that still
has a long way to go to recognize the reality of abortion.Professor Cara Delay is Associate Professor at the College of Charleston. She was a Fulbright Fellow at the Humanities Institute, University College Dublin (2012-2013) where she conducted research on her new project entitled 'Desolate Journeys: Reproduction and Motherhood in Ireland, 1950-2000'. A podcast of her recent paper at the CHOMI Seminar Series on illegal abortion cases in twentieth-century Ireland may be accessed here

Podcast

Podcast of a lecture 'Noxious Things’: Illegal Abortion Cases in Twentieth-Century Ireland by Professor Cara Delay, given as part of the UCD Centre for the History of Medicine in Ireland’s seminar series.