Rob Sinclair, left, cousin of Brian Sinclair, a homeless man who died after a 34-hour wait in an emergency ward, and Vilko Zbogar, Toronto-based lawyer for the Sinclair family, are shown outside the Winnipeg Law Courts on Nov.17, 2009. (Mike Deal/The Canadian Press)

Rob Sinclair, left, cousin of Brian Sinclair, a homeless man who died after a 34-hour wait in an emergency ward, and Vilko Zbogar, Toronto-based lawyer for the Sinclair family, are shown outside the Winnipeg Law Courts on Nov.17, 2009.(Mike Deal/The Canadian Press)

Lawyers for the family of an aboriginal man who died during a 34-hour emergency room wait say an inquest judge must rule the death a homicide.

They have also asked the judge to recommend Manitoba call a public inquiry into how aboriginal people are treated in the health-care system.

Vilko Zbogar told Judge Tim Preston that failing to provide medical care to a sick person is akin to failing to provide the necessities of life.

“It was homicide,” Zbogar said during final arguments Thursday at the Brian Sinclair inquest. “You just need to find that the death was caused by human contribution.”

Police have already investigated the death but did not lay any criminal charges.

It has been almost six years since Sinclair, a double-amputee, died at Winnipeg’s Health Sciences Centre. He was referred to the emergency room in September, 2008, because of a blocked catheter.

He languished in the waiting room for hours, vomiting and slowly dying from a treatable bladder infection, but was never asked if he was waiting for medical care. An internal report following his death found some staff assumed he was drunk and waiting for a ride or was a homeless man seeking shelter.

Murray Tratchenberg, another lawyer representing the family, said those racist assumptions about the dishevelled double-amputee led to his death.

Why Sinclair sat in his wheelchair slowly dying for hours without any medical attention cannot be explained by an overcrowded emergency room, by the physical layout or even by the fact that the 45-year-old was never triaged, he said.

Many nurses, aides and security guards saw Sinclair in the emergency room but assumed he was “sleeping it off” or homeless, Tratchenberg said.

“We’re talking about negative stereotyping – stereotyping that led to numerous assumptions being made, all of which significantly contributed to Mr. Sinclair’s death,” he told the inquest. “It caused medical staff, who had the responsibility to intervene and provide Mr. Sinclair with the care he needed, not to do so.”

The inquest didn’t delve into why those assumptions were made or what to do to prevent them, the Sinclair lawyers argued. The Sinclair family lawyers withdrew from the inquest halfway through when the judge chose to focus on overcrowding in emergency rooms, but they returned for final recommendations.

The judge should urge the Manitoba government to call a public inquiry into how aboriginal and marginalized people are treated in the health-care system, they said.

The inquest has heard testimony that aboriginal people face discrimination and stereotyping the minute they walk into an ER and are less likely to receive life-saving treatment.

“This inquest did not deal with the issues of systemic discrimination and assumption-making and dismissive attitudes towards the public that came out very clearly in this inquest,” Zbogar said outside court. “The judge didn’t think he had the capacity to deal with that issue in this process. He said it’s not a public inquiry, so that’s what we need.”

The call for an inquiry was echoed by lawyers with Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto, which has standing at the inquest, but also withdrew halfway through in frustration over the hearing’s focus.

“Questions about what role discrimination played in Brian Sinclair’s death have not been adequately addressed,” Emily Hill, senior staff lawyer for the organization, said in a statement. “A different process is needed to examine how Brian Sinclair’s death reflects the most extreme example of something aboriginal people experience on a regular basis.”

Arlene Wilgosh, chief executive officer of the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, who was in court for the inquest’s final day. She said a public inquiry isn’t necessary.

Since Sinclair’s death, the health authority has overhauled the emergency department so triage nurses can better monitor the waiting room and those waiting for care are more easily identifiable with wristbands. Cultural training for staff has also been retooled, she said.

“I think the resources that would be used for an inquiry could be better used to support front-line staff in the provision of care.”

Many factors led to Sinclair’s death, not least of which was the fact that he was never formally triaged, Olson said. While Sinclair spoke to a triage aide when he first arrived at the hospital, he was never seen by a triage nurse or registered.

“For the most part, major changes have been made,” Olson said. “We believe such a tragedy could not recur.”

The health authority is open to amending its cultural training to make it more frequent and thorough, he added.