A new study shows that a child’s weight may be influenced by the mother even
before the child is actually born. The study, conducted by researchers from Ohio
State University (OSU) College of Nursing and School of Public Health, appears
in the December 5, 2005 issue of the journal Pediatrics and was supported by
the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), one of the National Institutes
of Health (NIH).

The study showed that a child is more likely to be overweight at a very young
age — at 2 or 3 years old — if the mother was overweight or obese before she
became pregnant. The data also indicate that other prenatal characteristics,
particularly race, ethnicity, and maternal smoking during pregnancy, place a
child at greater risk of becoming overweight. Specifically, a child is at greater
risk of becoming overweight if born to a black or Hispanic mother, or to a mother
who smoked during her pregnancy, according to the study.

Pamela Salsberry, Ph.D., the study’s lead author and an associate professor
at OSU, noted that “there’s a good chance that an overweight child will stay
overweight for the rest of his or her life.” “A child who is overweight by her
second birthday is more likely to be overweight at a later age,” said Dr. Salsberry. “Prevention
of childhood obesity needs to begin before a woman becomes pregnant,” she added.

“Dr. Salsberry’s work underscores the importance of prenatal care and how the
health habits of the mother prior to and during pregnancy may impact the health
of her child through the early years of childhood and possibly through adulthood,” said
NINR Director Dr. Patricia A. Grady. “Understanding how these factors may contribute
to obesity very early in life will better equip us to fight the increasing problem
of obesity in America and help to prevent diseases associated with obesity, such
as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some forms of cancer” Dr. Grady added.

The researchers analyzed the data for 3,022 children included in the National
Longitudinal Survey of Youth's (NLSY) Child-Mother file. In this study, children
were weighed at three age intervals — 3, 5 and 7 years. The survey also gathered
information on each child's race and ethnicity as well as the mother’s pre-pregnancy
weight. Each mother was also asked if she had smoked while pregnant and if she
had breast-fed her child.

Children were considered overweight if their body mass index (BMI) was greater
than or equal to the 95th percentile for their age and gender. BMI is a calculation
that takes into account both height and weight. A child in the 95th percentile
for his or her weight is heavier than 95 percent of children at that age.

The study showed a significant relationship between a mother's weight prior
to pregnancy and her child's weight. A mother's weight within one to two months
before she became pregnant had the greatest impact on a child's weight at all
three age intervals.

If a woman was overweight before she became pregnant, her child was nearly three
times more likely to be overweight by age 7 compared to a child whose mother
was not overweight or obese, according to the study. The risk that a child would
be overweight at a young age increased with the degree of the mother's obesity.

The investigators reported that at each age interval, about 4 to 6 percent more
black and Hispanic children were overweight than white children. However, the
percentage of all children who were overweight, regardless of race or ethnicity,
decreased with age. "Some children lose extra body weight and become leaner as
they grow," Salsberry said.

Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to be heavy
at all three age intervals. "Obviously smoking during pregnancy causes a host
of serious problems, but this finding adds to the growing body of evidence that
suggests that smoking during pregnancy may be a key risk factor that increases
a child's chances of being overweight," Salsberry said.

Breast feeding had a slight effect on weight at each measurement: As much as
5 percent fewer children who were breast-fed were also overweight, compared to
bottle-fed babies.

The researchers also looked at other factors that may affect a child's weight,
such as the age of the mother when she gave birth, the child's gender and whether
or not the mother was married. None of these factors had the same degree of effect
on childhood weight as a mother's weight prior to pregnancy, race, ethnicity
or smoking.

Two out of three children who were overweight at their final weighing were also
overweight during at least one prior weighing. Three out of four children who
were at a normal weight at the final weighing had always been at a normal weight.

"A child's weight at 3 years is a good prediction of what his weight will be
at age 5, and so on," Salsberry said. "Weight states tend to persist over time. "Obesity
continues to rise in adults," she said. "And that risk has increased in children,
too. Interventions should begin immediately for children who are already overweight
at these young ages."

Dr. Salsberry conducted the study in conjunction with Patricia Reagan, Ph.D.,
a professor of economics at OSU.

NINR is a component of the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NINR supports clinical and basic
research to establish a scientific basis for the care of individuals across
the life span — from management of patients during illness and recovery to the
reduction of risks for disease and disability, the promotion of healthy lifestyles,
promoting quality of life in those with chronic illness, and care for individuals
at the end of life. For more information about NINR and its program, visit
http://ninr.nih.gov/ninr.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research
Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of
the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary Federal
agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical
research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common
and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.