Controls either had no renal biopsy or a negative renal biopsy, no kidney imaging or no evidence of enlarged kidneys, and did not have evidence in their medical record of nephrotic range proteinuria or serum creatinine elevation >2.

This case was quite different from the classical picture in which patients with FMF usually have profound proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and symptomatic nephrotic syndrome along with normal-sized or enlarged kidneys.

Kidney size was available in 181 cases; 69 cases (~38%) were associated with enlarged kidneys (8 of which had sizes 2 standard deviations above the mean for age), whereas in 38 cases (~20%) the kidneys were small for age.

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