Kumar, D., & Murthy, G. S. (2012). Life cycle assessment of energy and GHG emissions during ethanol production from grass straws using various pretreatment processes. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(4), 388-401. doi: 10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5

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http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34544

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This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0948-3349/.

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Background, aim and scope: The aim of this study was to perform a well-to-pump life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the overall net energy balance and environmental impact of bioethanol production using Tall Fescue grass straw as feedstock. The energy requirements and green house gas (GHG) emissions were compared to those of gasoline to explore the potential of bioethanol as sustainable fuel.
Methods: The functional unit used in the study was 10000 MJ of energy. The data for grass seed production were collected from the farmers in Oregon and published reports. The compositions of straw, pretreatment and hydrolysis yields were obtained from laboratory experiments. Process models were developed for ethanol production using different pretreatment technologies in SuperPro Designer, to calculate the process energy, raw materials, utilities use and emissions related. The Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model and other literature studies were used to obtain additional data. Systematic boundary identification was performed using relative mass, energy, and economic value (RMEE) method using a 5% cutoff value.
Results and discussions: Ethanol yields from grass straw were estimated 256.62, 255.8, 255.3 and 230.2 L/dry metric ton of biomass using dilute acid, dilute alkali, hot water and steam explosion pretreatments respectively. Fossil energy required to produce one functional unit was in the range of -1507 to 3940 MJ for different ethanol production techniques. GHG emissions from ethanol LCA models were in the range of -131 to -555.4 kg CO₂ eq. per 10000 MJ of ethanol. Fossil energy use and GHG emissions during ethanol production were found to be lowest for steam explosion pretreatment among all pretreatment processes evaluated. Change in coproduct allocation from economic to mass basis during agricultural production resulted in 62.4% and 133.1% increase in fossil energy use and GHG 34 emissions respectively.
Conclusions: Technologies used for ethanol production process had major impact on the fossil energy use and GHG emissions. N₂O emissions from the nitrogen fertilizers were major contributor (77%) of total GHG emissions produced during agricultural activities. There was 57.43 to 112.67% reduction in fossil energy use to produce 10000 MJ of ethanol compared to gasoline, however about 0.35 hectare of land is also required to produce this energy.

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This project was supported by Western Sun Grant Regional Centre, U.S. Department of Transportation and Oregon Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies.

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Springer

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International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

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Vol. 17 no. 4

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E85

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Grass straw

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Green house gases

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Lignocellulosic ethanol

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Net energy

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Process model

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Life cycle assessment of energy and GHG emissions during ethanol production from grass straws using various pretreatment processes