OF CALIFORWA
T ' iUR: RIVERSIDF
7 <~> r
QUARTER-CENTENNIAL HISTORY
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS,
1866 1891.
WITH PORTRAITS OP CHANCELLORS.
EDITED I1Y
WILSON STERLING.
TOPKKA, KANSAS:
GEO. W. CRANE & CO.
1891.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
POUTKAIT OF FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW, CHANCEL-
LOB. (Frontispiece.)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE UNIVEKSITIES. J. B.
ANGELL, L. L. D., 5
PORTRAIT OF R. W. OLIVER, CHANCELLOR FKOM 1S65
TO 1867. ( Facing page 41.)
IIlSTOHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. WlLSON
STERLING, 41
PORTRAIT OF JOHN FRASER, CHANCELLOR FKOM 1868
TO 1874. (Facing page 103.)
HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. CARRIE M.
WATSON 103
PORTRAIT OF JAMES MARVIN, CHANCELLOR FROM
1874 TO 1883. (Facing page 129.)
STUDENT LIFE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.
ARTHUR G. CANFIELU, 129
PORTRAIT OF J. A. LIPPINCOTT, CHANCELLOR FKOM
1883 TO 1889. (Facing page 159.)
REMINISCENCES. D. II. ROBINSON 159
F. H. SNOW.
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF STATE UNIVERSITIES.
Address delivered in University Hall June gth, 1891,
BY .1. IJ. AN(iELL,
PRESIDENT OP MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY.
THIS day makes a landmark in the history of
this University. Her sons and her daughters
have gathered from far and from near to cele-
brate the twenty-fifth anniversary of her birth.
A quarter of a century has elapsed since she
first opened her hospitable doors and invited the
youth from all parts of this broad State to enter
and receive a college education almost without
money and without price. The marvel is that
so early in the hard and troubled life of this
State the institution was prepared to make this
generous offer. Kansas had been born into
statehood five years before, only after throes of
violence which shook the whole nation to its
extremities.
At its very birth, the storms of the great Civil
War broke upon its head, and deluged all thisbor-
G Development of State Universities.
der, including this fair town itself, with blood.
O
But in the very midst of the war, more than a
year before the surrender of Lee at Appomattox,
the Legislature, by the act of March 1, 1864,
laid the foundations of this University. They
thus showed at once their interest in sound learn-
ing and their faith in the future of the State and
of the nation. What a flash of light is thrown
back on the days in which this institution sprang
into life by those significant words of the stat-
ute, providing that free admission to its privi-
leges should be granted to "the orphans of
deceased soldiers and those made so by the
Quantrell raid." This University was thus in
its very cradle baptized into the spirit of patri-
otism and devotion to the Union.
It was by no mere accident that, in spite of
the dreadful contests which ravaged this region
from 1855, vigorous efforts were from early days
repeatedly made to provide for common schools
and for schools of collegiate rank. For a large
proportion of the settlers had come from States
where the common school flourished. Not a
few of them had received academic or even col-
legiate training. The best blood of New En-
gland coursed in the veins of many of them.
Come peace or come war, they were determined
Development of State Universities. 7
that, their children should be educated. If their
zeal for education at times outran their wisdom,
as would seem to be indicated by the statement
of the historian that eighteen universities and
ten colleges were incorporated in the Territory
between 1855 and 1800, yet this fact enables us
to understand how the conception of the plan
of this University was possible even in the very
agonies of war. There is something pathetic
in this eager desire for the planting of colleges
and universities, even when, fortunately as we
must believe, circumstances made it impossible
for more than three of the twenty-eight which
were planted to secure existence.
Compared with the present, the days of the
founding of this institution were the days of
small things. This new, prosperous and beau-
tiful city had then only about 4,000 inhabitants.
A large portion of the territory of this State was
entirely unsettled. In 1865 the population of
the State was only 135,807. By the census of
1890, it is reported to be 1,427,000. In 18G6
the taxable property of the State was $50,000,-
000. Now it is more than $348,000,000.
The heavy burden of establishing all the char-
itable, penal and educational institutions, which
an American State with its broad ideas of civiliza-
8 Development of State Universities.
tion deems essential, was resting on the citizens,
many of whom had hardly built for themselves
comfortable homes. Not a few were yet living
in huts of sods.
But, while thus engaged in the hard struggles
which have always come to those who have the
glory of founding and building new States, they
bated not one jot of hope for the future. With
an enthusiasm which was contagious and inspir-
ing, they fired every newcomer with their own
unquenchable faith in the coming glory of Kan-
sas. They sounded its praises from the Kaw to
the Atlantic. The fact that the Territory after
a fearful contest had been won as the prize of
freedom drew to this soil the high-spirited, brave-
hearted men and women in whose souls the Civil
War had kindled a passion for freedom. They
flocked hither by thousands, feeling that here
they stood on holy ground, consecrated by the
blood of those who had fallen as martyrs in the
cause of liberty.
When we consider what sort of men were liv-
ing here twenty-five years ago, we are not sur-
prised that they gladly availed themselves of the
aid proffered them by the Government of the
United States in seventy-two sections of land to-
wards building a university. They were men
Development of State Universities. 9
of high intelligence and character. They longed
for the advantages of the best education for their
children. They were firm believers in the neces-
sity of education to the prosperity of the State.
But they had not the means of endowing col-
leges. They could not afford to send their
children to the remote institutions in the East.
Unless the State with the aid of the national
endowment should build up a college or univer-
sity, a generation or two might be deprived of
the blessings of such an education as many of
these settlers had received in the East. But the
State, by imposing so slight a burden upon the
taxpayers as scarcely to be felt, might make pro-
vision for imparting to their children an educa-
tion comparable to that in the colleges in the
older States.
So, in spite of all the turmoil and excitement
of those early years in the life of the State, the
foundations of the University were securely laid.
The generosity of the General Government,
which, acting in accordance with the spirit of
the great Ordinance of 1787, had set aside two
townships of land as a university endowment,
and the generosity of the State, which out of its
poverty undertook to do what it could for the
nascent institution, were most liberally supple-
10 Development of State Universities.
niented by the generosity of this city, which has
repeatedly shown its deep interest in the Uni-
versity by its large contributions for ground and
buildings.
Like every similar institution, this University
met with its share of delays and difficulties and
disappointments. But under the leadership of
courageous and energetic men it has pushed its
way to the point where it has become the pride
of the State, and where its future, we trust, is
secure. When the commencement exercises of
to-morrow are ended, it will have graduated in
its twenty-five years of existence about 300 from
its collegiate department, and about 600 from
all departments. More than 1,600 others who
could not remain to graduate have pursued liberal
studies here for some years. What a reinforce-
ment are these hundreds of men and women,
who are occupying various positions of useful-
ness and honor, to the intellectual and moral
strength of the State. The University has now
an income of $84, 000 a year. It has more than
thirty teachers, and among them are men of na-
tional reputation, whom some of the older and
larger universities would be very glad to bor-
row from you. It has a large outfit of the ap-
pliances for teaching the sciences according to
Development of State Universities. 11
the modern methods. In a word, it is furnishing
excellent instruction in that variety of work now
expected of good classical and scientific colleges,
schools of pharmacy and schools of law. Nor
is there any good reason why you may not easily
add a school of medicine and, perhaps, a school
of dentistry. I applaud your courage and your
wisdom in relegating to your high schools the
preparatory work. Your new arrangement will
prove better for you and better for the schools,
provided you and they keep in close touch with
each other. It is no exaggeration to say, that
in its twenty-five years of existence this Univer-
sity has made more progress than Harvard Col-
lege made in two centuries from its foundation.
Rather than be impatient that the development
of this youthful institution has not been more
rapid, you should give thanks that it has gone
forward at so swift a pace. No doubt you can
see where mistakes have been made in the con-
duct of its affairs. But after all you have very
much to be grateful for in what has been accom-
plished, and you are looking forward with well-
grounded hopes to larger successes in the future.
It is with peculiar pleasure that I come to
bring you the salutation of a sister university,
and to assure you that she most heartily rejoices
12 Development of State Universities.
with you in all your rejoicing over what has been
achieved, and in all your bright hopes of triumph
in the future. There is so much that is similar
in the history and the situation of all the state
universities, that each is profoundly concerned in
the prosperity of all the rest. The failure of any
one weakens, the success of any one strengthens,
all the others. I have come to you from afar
rather to testify by my presence on this your
festal day to this deep interest, which we in
Michigan feel in your welfare, than from the ex-
pectation that any words of mine can add much
to your knowledge or inspiration.
As we assemble here to-day for this significant
celebration, we must reflect with gratitude upon
this fact, that state universities have so much
stronger a hold upon public regard than they had
when this University was established. There is
perhaps no more conspicuous feature in the his-
tory of American education of late years than
the rapid and brilliant development of state uni-
versities. From Ohio to the Pacific, from North
Dakota to Texas, nearly every State has estab-
lished or is preparing to establish a university on
the foundation of the United States land grants
of two townships to each State. During the last
quarter of a century some of these have grown
Development of State Universities. 13
with extraordinary rapidity in resources, number
of teachers, and attendance of students, and in
excellence and variety of instruction. A few of
them need fear no comparison with the strongest
and oldest and most richly endowed universities
in the East. They are so firmly established in
public favor, the advantages of maintaining them
have become so obvious to the taxpayers, that
while they may not always secure so large legis-
lative appropriations as they desire, the question
of giving them what is deemed a fair support is
in few or no States longer open to discussion.
Indeed, when we remember how many educa-
tional, charitable and penal institutions a new
State must provide, how much the construction
of roads and drains must cost, how much toil
the earning of a dollar in ready money in a new
region involves, and how many of the taxpayers
never see the state university, and have no very
accurate conception of its life and work, the won-
der is, not that the appropriations for the state
universities have been so moderate, but that they
have been so large. Five or six States follow
the wise plan of providing by statute for levying
a tax of a mill or some fraction of a mill upon
all the taxable property of the state for the aid
of the university. Michigan thus raises a tax
14 Development of State Universities.
of one-twentieth of a mill, Wisconsin of nine-
fortieths, Colorado of one-fifth, Nebraska of
three-eighths, California the generous sum of
one mill, and Ohio, which has some forty or more
colleges, most of them older than her state uni-
versity, has just passed an act providing for a
tax of one-twentieth of a mill upon the property
of that wealthy State, yielding the sum of about
$88,500 annually, for the support of the state
university. When we consider these facts, when
we remember how large a material plant each
State now has in the buildings, libraries, appara-
tus and grounds of its university, when we
observe that the States, without exception, ap-
parently assume in all their action that the uni-
versities are to be cared for as certainly as their
asylums and prisons and normal schools and
agricultural colleges, we must accept it as settled
that henceforth they have an assured future, and
are to form an important part of the educational
system of the country.
It is worthy of note that the development of
the state universities has been natural, not arti-
ficial, and that because this is still true we may
expect their continuous growth. They were
founded because they met a real and serious
need. It was clearly seen by wise and thought-
Development of State Universities. 15
ful men that in the new States, still struggling
with poverty, private endowments adequate to
build strong colleges could not be obtained until
they and their children were dead and gone.
They also saw clearly that if a State ever needed
men and women of high intelligence and char-
acter, it was in its plastic and formative years,
when it was giving shape to its permanent insti-
tutions. Why not, then, they asked, seize upon
the lands which by the munificence of the Na-
tional Governerment we have received for the
purpose, and secure to this generation, to our
own children, the blessings of higher education?
Objections enough were indeed raised. Colleges
had in this country generally been founded and
conducted by religious denominations. Would
not the life in the state university be unfriendly
to the development of religious character in the
students, it was asked ? Would not the institution
be wrecked in political controversies? Would
legislatures not fatally meddle with it? Would
the people bear taxation for its aid ? These and
other questions were proposed sometimes by
those who seriously doubted whether a state
university could be successfully administered,
and sometimes by those who in their devotion
to other colleges earnestly hoped that it could
16 Development of State Universities.
not long survive. Mismanagement occurred too
often in the administration of the affairs of these
state universities. The lands were sold at a
sacrifice. Buildings were unwisely planned.
Mistakes were inevitable. Still, in spite of all
these discouragements, the universities continued
to live, and in most cases to grow, because they
did with more or less success meet a real want
of the people. Very early in their history they
began to show a broader and more liberal spirit
in the arrangement of their curricula of study
than the colleges which were modeled on the
New England type. They made ample provis-
ions for instruction in science and in the appli-
cation of science to the arts. They established,
in addition to the traditional classical course,
other courses of which scientific studies formed
a large part, and they conferred suitable degrees
on those who completed such courses. They
founded schools of engineering, pharmacy, med-
icine, dentistry and law. They opened their
doors at an early day to both sexes. Students
flocked to their halls, in some cases in such
numbers as to be somewhat embarrassing. The
attendance on the university in each of several
States soon exceeded that at any other institution
in the State. The very attacks on these univer-
Development of State Universities. 17
sities seemed to advertise them rather than harm
them. They have in large degree grown with
the growth and strengthened with the strength
of their respective States, and have attained a
development almost unprecedented in the history
of colleges and universities.
And now as we contemplate the blessings they
have already conferred upon the West, and look
forward to the yet greater usefulness which they
promise for the future, must we not say with
grateful hearts, that the wisdom of the founders
has been fully demonstrated?
From a pecuniary point of view what a saving
has the establishment of its university been to
each State! At a cost so small as to be hardly
worth mentioning, education of a high grade has
been brought within reach of the young men and
young women who could have procured it, if at
all, only by expending large sums in repairing to
remote colleges. Probably not until many years
hence would private endowments have sufficed
to build up here a university with so large an
outfit as this now possesses. And who in the
State has felt the burden of taxation for the sup-
port of the University to be burdensome in the
least? The average annual appropriation by
3
18 Development of State Universities.
your Legislature from 1866 to 1890 lias been
less than $27. 000. The sum total of legislative
gifts to you from the beginning until now is
$6^1,000. The property in your possession,
exclusive of the national endowment, your build-
ings, grounds, apparatus and library, are esti-
mated by the Regents in their last report at
$519,000. That leaves the total cost of the
University to the State, not represented by the
property on hand, $122,000, or less than $5,000
a year for its twenty-five years of existence.
Surely that is not a very heavy load for this
great State.
What a blessing the state universities have
conferred by spreading educated men and women
throughout these new commonwealths, when in-
telligence was so needed in wisely laying the
foundations of the States and in shaping public
opinion! Nothing can be further from the truth
than the belief cherished by some, that those
who have received the blessing of higher educa-
tion do or can wholly appropriate to themselves
the fruits of that education. On the contrary,
they share these fruits with all around them.
Indeed others often reap more advantage from
them than they themselves. The teacher who
Development of State Universities. 19
imparts of his learning to the generations of
children that pass under his influence gives to
them more of the benefits of his learning than
he can retain for himself. Does the faithful
physician, who willingly robs himself of his sleep
that he may drive miles in the stormy night to
reach your bedside and bring you relief, bless
himself or bless you more by his learning and
skill ? To whom has the ethical and religious
training of the faithful pastor been most service-
able, to himself or to the parish or town which
has for years been lifted by his stirring appeals
to the highest levels of truthful, honorable and
devout living? The university is, through its
students, diffusing its blessings through every
hamlet and town in the State. If our republi-
can institutions are to stand, it will be because
there are found in every part of the land, in the
smallest village and on the farms as well as in
the great centers of population, men and women
of sufficient intelligence and education to make
the triumph of charlatans in medicine and in
theology and of demagogues in politics impos-
sible. This diffusion of intelligence is possible
only where higher education is brought within
the reach of a large number of the young men
and young women who are to find their homes
20 Development of State Universities.
in every part of a State like this. The state
university with its ample public endowments
does thus make learning accessible to almost
any one who has sufficient intelligence and force
of character to make it worth while to attempt
to furnish him an advanced education, and these
graduates share the benefits of their learning
with all the citizens of the State.
The State which proffers education at a nomi-
nal cost to its promising children, whether they
are rich or poor, renders a most important ser-
vice in the harmonizing and consolidating of so-
ciety. It is of comparatively little consequence
to the children of the rich whether you have a
state university, or any university here in Kan-
sas. Their parents can send them to the East,
or to Europe, if need be, to receive their educa-
tion. But what would become of the children
of the poor? And in these days when there are
so many conflicts between the rich and the poor,
when the contests between them seem at times
to shake the very foundations of society, who
can contemplate without a shudder the awful
consequence of widening the gulf between the
rich and the poor by giving the power of higher
education to the former and denying it to the
latter? Think of dividing our population into
Development of State Universities. 21
two classes, the one rich and educated, the other
poor and ignorant ! Who can imagine the dread-
ful collisions between them? Who would cher-
ish any hope of the continuance of our regulated,
democratic institutions?
A careful enumeration made in two of the
state universities shows that a much larger pro-
portion of students come from the homes of
farmers and mechanics than from those of any
other class. In the University of Michigan,
fifty -six per cent, of the students were found to
be the children of men who earn their living by
manual labor. I think it probable that the pro-
portion in this University is higher still. Noth-
ing is more erroneous than the impression which
some have received, that the university students
come mainly from cities and from rich families.
The great mass of them, especially in the West,
are poor. In order to obtain an education,
many of them have for years practiced self-
denial and suffered privations, the description
of which would stir your hearts with admiration
and fill your eyes with tears of sympathy.
There is really no more democratic institution
in our country than the college or university.
All distinctions of family and of wealth disap-
pear here more than anywhere else in the world.
22 Development of State Universities.
The son of the hod-carrier and the son of the
millionaire there sit side by side on the same
hard bench. Whichever of them has the brains
and the character is there the king. And it is
quite as often the son of the hod-carrier as the
son of the millionaire who wins the regal honor
in the friendly competitions of the class room.
It is an experience of untold value to this Na-
tion, that in the colleges and universities thou-
sands of our young men and young women are
living in a community in which, beyond all other
communities on the face of the earth, every one
of them is judged by his intrinsic worth and tal-
ent, regardless of the accidents of birth arid for-
tune. That is a great object lesson in the purest
democracy, and can never be forgotten by one
who has learned it by four years of companion-
ship in the student world.
The state university has more than justified
the expectations of the fathers in the service it
has rendered to the public schools. In spite of
all the criticisms to which our school system has
lately been exposed in some parts of the West,
I believe that if there is anything in our demo-
cratic system which we shall never let go it is
the common school. So long as anything stands
in the Republic, that will stand. Now what I
Development of State Universities. 23
affirm is, that the state university has been of
the greatest aid to the public schools, and is to
be of still greater assistance to them in the fu-
ture. You are well aware that historically it has
been true in all lands that the universities and
colleges have sprung up before the common
schools, and have helped kindle them into life.
Though any college may be helpful to the com.
inon schools, yet the state university by its
very organization comes into the most natural
and most helpful relations to them. Even if
the constitution or laws of the State establish
no formal connection between them, yet it has
been found that they soon tend to form a quasi-
organic connection. Not limiting themselves
to the old classical curriculum of the New Eng-
land type of college, they establish collegiate
courses which easily link themselves to the dif-
ferent courses that the high schools desire to
carry on. They not only furnish a large force
of competent teachers for the high schools, but,
by cultivating intimate relations with those
schools, they exert a lifting power upon them,
and attract a large number of students from
them. The elevating influence of this Univer-
sity, I venture to say, is already felt running
down through the high schools to the grammar
24 Development of State Universities.
and primary schools, so that in all of them bright
boys and girls are already looking forward to a
course in the University, and are by that vision
inspired day by day to nobler and better work.
Happy the State in which every child plodding
over the mysteries of the multiplication table in
the rudest and most secluded country school
house sees the path open clear and wide before
him through the district school and the high
school straight up to and through the university,
and is stimulated and thrilled day by day with
the bright hopes of treading that path to the
end, and of enriching his mind with all the
scholarly training needed for the best work in
life. Wise is the State which by timely gener-
osity to its university has touched with such an
uplifting power the mind and heart of every
child within its borders. Rich with a wealth
transcending that of forests and mines, of flocks
and herds, is a State filled with noble men and
noble women thoroughly furnished by a sound
and generous education for all the demands and
opportunities of our Christian civilization of the
nineteenth century.
I trust that my commendation of the work of
the state university will not be construed as
evincing any lack of appreciation on my part of
Development of State Universities. 25
the good work which the colleges under control
of various religious denominations have accom-
plished. Even in the West, where the state
universities are most flourishing, a limited num-
ber of them may and do discharge a useful
function. They can reach some students whom
the universities would not reach. They can
draw into the service of education money which
would not be given to the university. They and
the universities ought with the generous temper
of the goodly fellowship of scholars to cultivate
friendly relations. A great danger to them and
to the cause of sound learning lies in the tend-
ency to multiply them unnecessarily, either
through a denominational zeal which is not ac-
cording to knowledge, or through the less praise-
worthy zeal of real estate speculators who found
a so-called college in order to make a sale for
corner lots. My own conviction is that it would
be better for higher education if not another col-
lege were established east of the Rocky Mount-
ains for at least a generation to come. Let no
weakling be started, but let all benefactions
available for colleges be employed in strength-
ening and developing those which are already
well started, and which deserve to exist. It
would doubtless be a distinct gain, if several of
26 Development of State Universities.
those already begun should consent to become
good preparatory academies.
I think our friends who conduct the denom-
inational colleges in the West must be ready to
admit that the state universities, by their vigor-
ous development, have stimulated those colleges
to attempt higher and better work than they
would have essayed but for this incitement. The
universities have not only lifted the schools but
have also lifted all the colleges throughout the
Western States.
If now it is apparent that the founders of the
state universities acted wisely in establishing
them, if the results thus far attained under diffi-
culties which cannot continue give abundant
promise of larger usefulness in the future, we
may well inquire: What are some of the most
important conditions of their success? What
can readily be done to make them most pros-
perous and efficient?
The state university needs wise and vigor-
ous administration by its regents and its faculties.
It is a much more complicated organization than
the old-fashioned New England college. Its
wants are more varied; its relations to the peo-
ple and to the legislature are at once more close
and more delicate. In most eastern colleges
Development of State Universities. 27
the duties of the trustees are to a considerable
extent nominal, and the discharge of them is
often perfunctory. The number of trustees is
usually large. Many of them live far away from
the college. They rarely meet more than once
or twice a year. A few of them, residing near
the college, generally prepare the business and
the others readily assent to their suggestions.
Matters go on from year to year by such routine
methods that perhaps that kind of administration
does fairly well for them. But it will not answer
at all for our state universities. The number of
regents is usually small. A heavy responsibility
rests on each. They should make a careful study
of the problems which are submitted to them.
They should have meetings with frequency.
They may wisely leave the details of internal
administration largely to the president and fac-
ulties. But they should be so familiar with the
grounds of the general policy of their univer-
sity, and especially with its financial condition,
as to be able to vindicate them everywhere.
They should not allow political or partisan con-
siderations to have weight in determining ap-
pointments. They should strive to cherish the
broadest and most generous views of the func-
tions of the university and large plans for its
28 Development of State Universities.
future development. They should remember
that these institutions, which are playing so large
a part in our western life, are yet but in their
infancy, as indeed are these Western States which
are almost rivalling European kingdoms in mag-
nitude and importance.
The president and the faculties should also
have the same large conception of the nature
and work of the state universities. They should
not confine their sympathies, their thoughts and
their activities to the walls of their class rooms.
There indeed their chief energy is to be ex-
pended in bringing the fruits of the largest and
finest scholarship to the aid of their pupils, in
firing them with the highest enthusiasm for cul-
ture of mind and of character. But they should
remember that their field, their legitimate do-
main, is not bounded by the limits of the campus
or even by the boundaries of the State.
It is of the first importance that the life and
work of the university should so far as possible
be understood and appreciated by the people of
the State, who are called to support it, and who
are invited to profit by it. It is not so easy a
task as might be thought to make the university
thoroughly known even to its own State. So
many have no accurate conception of what a
Development of State Universities. 29
university is, from the extent of territory in a
western State so many never even look upon
the walls of the university, that it requires much
effort to enable the great mass of people to com-
prehend exactly what it is doing and how it per-
forms its work. There should be therefore the
utmost publicity in its life. The details of its
work, and especially the details of its financial
management, should be made public year by
year. Inspection and manly criticism of its
methods should be invited. It should live with
open doors. The professors should do what
they can to maintain close relations with the
schools and the teachers of the State. So far
as is compatible with fidelity to their immediate
duties, they should embrace opportunities to ad-
dress the public on educational theories or upon
any topics appropriate for them to discuss. They
should make it clear that the university authori-
ties desire to identify themselves with the people
of the State and to contribute to their good in
any proper manner. They should strive to con-
vince the citizens that the university is their uni-
versity, that it is sustained for the benefit of
their children, and through their children for the
benefit of the state and of the nation. They
may thus do much to awaken through the State
30 Development of State Universities.
a feeling of pride in the university, which will
conduce greatly to its strength.
Nor should the students of the university for-
get that they can often do as much as regents
and faculties to make the institution known and
appreciated. They are as much a part, in some
respects quite as important a part, of the univer-
sity as the board of regents and the faculties.
Perhaps they do not need to be told this. They
are generally aware of it. But they do not al-
ways reflect that this fact confers on them a
privilege and lays on them a duty the privilege
and the duty of making a good name for the
university, and of promoting its growth. Not
that they are deliberately neglectful in this re-
gard. If at times the exuberance of their youth-
ful spirits convinces us that matriculation in a
university does not in every case insure the ob-
servance of all the proprieties of life, or if with
the ripening of the down on the cheek there is
occasionally developed a sharper perception of
what they deem the deficiencies than of the
merits of us, their teachers, yet with few excep-
tions they are loyal to their college, and in the
long run give us teachers quite as much praise
as we deserve, especially if we are criticised by
any other college. But they may not fully real-
Development of State Universities. 31
ize that, numbered as they are by hundreds, and
going sooner or later into every part of the
State, and meeting men in every pursuit and
condition, they can perhaps do more than regents
and faculties combined to commend the univer-
sity to all. No wealth of endowment is so val-
uable to a university as the devotioa of her
children. If the graduates who have gone from
these halls and those who are to go in the years
to come will stand by their Alma Mater, will
make known to the communities in which they
dwell the nature and scope of the training given
here, the free, generous, democratic, elevating
spirit of the life of the University, the ennobling
and inspiring influence which it is already wield-
ing, and which in yet larger measure it is destined
to wield, upon this rapidly developing State, they
can win for the University the hearty and sym-
pathetic support of the public, and pay in part
the debt they owe to the dear mother of them
all.
I think it is especially desirable that the re-
ligious men and women of the State cherish a
warm interest in the university. Not unfre-
quently many of them have held themselves
aloof from the state university, under the im-
pression that life in such institutions is riot con-
32 Development of State Universities.
ducive to the growth of religious character in
the students, perhaps that it is injurious to such
character. I believe that this impression, if it
still exists, is not justified by the present condi-
tion of the state universities. The regents do,
in fact, generally represent fairly the moral and
religious sentiment of the people, and know very
well that our citizens, with almost no exception,
desire that the conditions of college life should
be helpful, rather than harmful, to the religious
development of their children. The faculties
are made up of men who, with almost no excep-
tion, are earnest, reverent, God-fearing men.
Persons with different views and different spirit
do not, as a rule, take up the profession of col-
lege teaching. So in our university towns you
do, as a matter of fact, find the professors tak-
ing an active part in the work of the churches
and in religious societies organized among the
students. There is not a single one of the state
universities in which there is not a Christian so-
ciety of students. I know of none in which
Christian teachers are not at liberty in proper
and becoming methods to exert, and in which
they are not exerting, a positive religious influ-
ence over students. I may say in passing, that
the state university with which I am most fa-
Development of State Universities. 33
miliar has sent out about twenty-five missionaries
to the foreign field, and that about thirty of the
students now within her walls have announced
their willingness to enter on such service, if
Providence opens the way. The real danger,
if there is any, to the religious life in the state
universities, is in the failure of Christian men to
take an interest in them and to use their legiti-
mate influence as citizens in shaping their policy.
If such men take no interest in these institu-
tions, it is possible under our system of govern-
ment that they may fall into bad hands. Now
that it is settled that these universities are here
to stay, for good or for ill, it is not only the
privilege, it is the Christian duty, of every good
man to use his lawful power to make them the
best possible for developing not only the largest
intelligence, but the highest type of character in
the students.
Again, if the University is to prosper, it must
have the financial help needed for its proper de-
velopment. The mere growth of the population
of this State, which goes on at so extraordinary
a pace, is going to make larger and larger de-
mands upon this institution. The day is close
at hand when you will have a thousand students
3
34 Development of State Universities.
to provide for. But besides this, there must be
a constant enlargement of facilities for teaching
and a constant improvement of methods of in-
struction. New apparatus, new laboratories, and
especially new books, must be furnished. The
modern and approved modes of teaching science
are very expensive. You desire, I am sure, to
keep abreast of the best universities in the grade
and quality of your training. You should here
and now bravely face the fact that an endow-
ment sufficient for to-day is not going to suffice
for to-morrow. You can never say with com-
placency, "There, the provision for the Univer-
sity is now complete; we are never to go any
further in enlarging its income." The Univer-
sity is never to be finished. If it has any gen-
uine life, that life is a growth. It must continue
to go forward. The moment the University
stops growing, I do not say in number of stu-
dents, but in intellectual development, that mo-
ment it has begun to die. If it stands still, it
is retrograding, not alone relatively to other
universities, but absolutely. You cannot expect
scholars of energy and aspiration to remain long
in the faculty of a university which is forbidden
to grow and to improve. If the authorities are
to administer such an institution wisely and effi-
Development of State Universities. 35
ciently, they must have some such assurance of
support for the future as will enable them to
lay plans with forecast. They should not be
compelled to tear down to-day what they builded
yesterday. A university is not developed by
cataclysms. It must have a certain steadiness
of life. Legislatures may fairly be asked to be
mindful of this. Such salaries should be pro-
vided for the teachers as will enable them, if
reasonable, to work with a fair degree of con-
tentment. The value of their work is greatly
impaired, if they are compelled to give much
thought to outside work in order to gain a decent
livelihood, or if they are constrained to be scan-
ning the horizon all the while in quest of a
position which promises decent remuneration.
Their terms of office should be such as to save
them from disquietude, if they are really meri-
torious instructors. It should not be forgotten
that it is not bricks and mortar, even if moulded
into the finest architecture, but the men in the
teachers' chairs, that above all make a univer-
sity. Gather the great teachers here, and students
will flock to receive their instructions, even
though the lectures are given in huts of sods or
on the open prairie. Especially is it fortunate
when gifted instructors are so devoted to a school
36 Development of State Universities.
that, in spite of calls to more remunerative
chairs elsewhere, they toil on year after year to
carry the school through its period of poverty
and trial and make their lives a part of its life.
No gift of money can furnish so rich an endow-
ment as such self-sacrificing devotion. Nearly
every college has such heroic men in its faculty.
I congratulate you that you have more than one
such, and especially that you have at the head
of this University one who was present at its
birth, and who has, with a devotion unsurpassed in
the history of such institutions, literally builded
his life into its life. When you are fortunate
enough to secure such men, of tried ability and
of unswerving loyalty to the University, let them
know that they are appreciated; leave them their
intellectual independence; let no whirlwind of
excitement begotten of sectarian prejudices in
religion or in politics be allowed to imperil their
position or even to disturb their serenity.
There is ample room in this State, and in each
of the Western States, for one large and pros-
perous university. Germany has one for each
two millions of inhabitants. At the close of
this decade, if the prosperity of this State is not
checked, you will have about that population
within the borders of Kansas. The area of
Development of State Universities. 37
your State exceeds by four thousand square miles
that of England and Wales combined, is more
than four times larger than the kingdom of
Greece, more than five times larger than Swit-
zerland, nearly six times larger than Denmark,
and nearly seven times larger than Holland.
You can lay down seven kingdoms of the size
of Belgium within the boundaries of Kansas
and still have more than four thousand square
miles unoccupied. This State, imperial in size
and imperial in resources, should plan for a
great and proud future. The heroic struggles
of her early life drew hither men of the noblest
strain of blood from all the States between here
and the Atlantic. Others like them, seeking
congenial companionship, have followed them.
Of such a stock something more than a mere
commonplace career must be expected. Here
you are in the very heart of the continent, with
an abounding wealth of agricultural resources
which you cannot yet measure, with most com-
plete railway communication east, west, north,
and south, to all the markets of this country, and
to all the ports of exportation upon the Atlantic
coast from Galveston to Montreal. But one
thing is absolutely indispensable even to this
people of so noble lineage and high character
38 Development of State Universities.
and undaunted enterprise, with all the magnifi-
cent resources of Kansas in their hands, if they
are to gain and retain for the State that conspicu-
ous position which you are hoping and predict-
ing for her; that one thing is a sufficient number
of men trained by the best education which can
be furnished to fit them for leadership in all de-
partments of human activity, for eminence in all
branches of industrial, of professional, and of
civic life. In the fierce competitions of these
days, those communities and those States which
produce the largest intelligence, the most ener-
getic and noble character, will push to the front.
It is generally conceded that the West, with its
rapidly-increasing population and its illimitable
resources, is to have the decisive word in guid-
ing the destinies of this nation. But she does
not deserve to wield such a power, and she ought
not to desire to wield such a power, unless she
can rear generations of broad-minded, large-
souled men, fitted not only to develop the re-
sources of the West, but to bring a virile energy
and consummate wisdom and ripe statesmanship
to the administration of our national affairs. If
this great State aspires to do her part in secur-
ing for the West the high trust of leadership,
she must see to it that the best training of the
Development of State Universities. 39
age is secured for her children. Let no penny-
wise economy rob them of the facilities for mak-
ing themselves the peers of the children of any
of the sister States. May all the educational
institutions of this State be generously sup-
ported. May this University be a perpetual
fountain of intellectual life, whose streams, in-
creasing year by year in volume and in strength,
shall make glad this proud commonwealth and
diffuse its blessings throughout the nation and
over the wide world.
R. W. OLIVER.
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THB
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
WILSON STERLING.
I. THE PREPARATION.
THE people who settled Lawrence were very
far from being firmly established in their new
homes when they began to turn their attention to
the question of education. They had no means
for the support of schools and no laws governing
educational matters. Under these circumstances
they naturally had recourse to their friends and
supporters in the East. The peculiar circum-
stances attending the settlement of Lawrence
gave the people a special claim to the friendship
and generosity of a Boston gentleman of cul-
ture and means, Amos A. Lawrence, one of the
founders of the New England Emigrant Aid
Company, and a personal acquaintance and
friend of many of the first settlers of the city
(41)
42 History of the University.
which boars his name. He became interested
very early in the question of good schools for
Kansas Territory, and particularly for Lawrence,
and gave substantial expression of his interest
by setting in operation a plan for the founding
of a preparatory school in the city.
As early as 1856, he requested Chas. Robin-
son to spend some money for him in laying the
foundation of a school building on the northern
part of Mt. Oread, at the site of North College.
Work on this building was actually begun, but
as the title to the land was imperfect, the work
was soon suspended. In a private letter to the
Rev. E. Nute, of Lawrence, dated Dec. 16, 1856,
Mr. Lawrence explains his plans and desires on
this subject. He says:
"You shall have a college which shall be a school of
learning and at the same time a monument to perpetuate
the memory of those martyrs of liberty who fell during the
recent struggles. Beneath it their dust shall rest. In it
shall burn the light of liberty, which shall never be extin-
guished until it illumines the whole continent. It shall be
called the 'Free-State College,' and all the friends of free-
dom shall be invited to lend it a helping hand. ... I
cannot furnish cash for building, but I can give what will
be as good for paying expenses after it is up. For instance,
having advanced ten thousand dollars to the university at
Appleton, Wisconsin, last year, I hold their notes on interest.
This is a good institution and it owes little or nothing except
this. They have about two hundred thousand dollars' worth
History of the University. 43
of property, and four hundred and fifty students on their
catalogue. I wish I had money, but I fear the time is far
distant when I shall have more than enough to carry on my
plans begun long ago."
He was evidently deeply interested in this
matter, for in another letter to the llev. Mr.
Nute, written only five days later than the pre-
ceding, he says:
"I am very desirous not to lead in this matter of the
college, but only to be one of many subscribers to the fund,
which ought to be as much as one hundred thousand dollars
at starting. They are now raising a sum of money in Con-
necticut (a dollar for every Fremont vote), they say forty-
three thousand dollars, for relief. This would be the best
relief they can give, to employ labor next spring, at the same
time creating a permanent benefit and perpetuating the
memory of a struggle which must exercise a vast influence
on this continent. Pardon my troubling you, but the more
I consider this matter of a 'Free-State College,' the more I
like it, and hope God will put it into the hearts of the people
to carry it out. The clergy could do it if they would not be
jealous of each other's influence."
Naturally the majority of the settlers in their
struggle with untamed nature, as it appeared in
the unbroken prairie and the border ruffian, had
little thought for this subject, but the friends of
the enterprise here found time" to discuss and
investigate the questions of means and location
for the proposed college. Some advocated the
location of the site at a point more remote from
44 History of the University.
the town. This question was also submitted to
Mr. Lawrence, and his reply doubtless had much
weight in determining the location not only of
North College, but also of the later University
buildings. In another letter to Rev. Mr. Nute,
dated Feb. llth, 1857, he says:
"I should suppose [the proposed site] is not comparable
with the high lands above the town. Trade will not go up
the hills except to get prospect of a good bargain, and there
is no risk in locating a college or a church on a hill, even in
a large city. The Romanists have understood this, and we
see in Europe their institutions on the pinnacles over the
cities, unless occupied by a fortress, always. It insures a
good view and seclusion. The spot originally selected in
Lawrence is the right one."
In accordance with his previous suggestion,
he forwarded to the local trustees of the New Eng-
land Emigrant Aid Company the notes against
Lawrence University, Wisconsin, and his letter
of directions to the trustees regarding the dis-
posal of the income is worthy of quotation in
full, both as more fully revealing his plans and
as giving an insight into the political creed and
the character of the man.
" BOSTON, Feb. 14, 1857.
' ' To Messrs. Charles Robinson and S. C. Pomeroy, Trustees
"GENTLEMEN : Enclosed with this are two notes of five
thousand dollars each, of the Lawrence University, of Wis-
consin, which, with the interest added, amount to eleven
thousand six hundred and ninety-six and - 1 \ j - | dollars, as of
History of the University. 45
to-day; also a certificate of stock in the New England Emi-
grant Aid Company (par 32,000), worth one thousand dollars
or more at the present time; in all twelve thousand six hun-
dred and ninety-six dollars and fourteen cents, which has
been transferred to yourselves to be held by you in trust, and
the income to be used for the advancement of the religious
and intellectual education of the young in Kansas Territory.
Until I shall give directions to the contrary, I wish one-half
of the income to be applied to the establishment of the best
system of common schools, by organizing in every settlement
those who shall be in favor of its adoption, as soon as the
school funds shall be received from the United States (Gov-
ernment; also by giving aid to a school in Lawrence which
shall serve as a model to others. The other half of the in-
come to be used for the establishment of Sunday schools and
furnishing them with the books of the Sunday School Union,
of Philadelphia. In the event of my decease without giving
any other directions than the above, I wish the fund to be
used in the manner designated by ine in a letter written to
Rev. E. Nute, Dec. 16, 1856.
"The state of your laws prevents me from making a
formal instrument of trust at this time, and I have only to
say that by accepting the office of trustees you will confer a
favor on me, while you will be serving the interest of the
Territory in which we all have taken so much interest, and
for which you have endured and risked so much. 1 rely im-
plicitly on your honor to retain the property in your safe
keeping, and to carry out the plan herein specified. In the
event of your resignation of the office of trustee at any time
or your removal from the Territory, I wish for the privilege
of appointing your successors. Hereafter, I may give my
vic\v< more in detail. You can draw on the treasurer of the
Lawrence University at anytime for a year's interest, in any
one year. I have refrained from drawing because they have
required all their funds for their new building. Recently
46 History oj the University.
one building lias been burnt, and on this account, as well as
from my desire to prevent all embarrassment to the institu-
tion, I wish that the payment of the principal sum may not
be urged, so long as the interest is received. If Kansas
should not become a 'Free State' as soon as admitted to the
Union, 1 wish the property returned to me or my heirs.
"Your obedient servant,
"AMOS A. LAWKENCE."
The poverty of the West and the unusual
financial depression in the East prevented rapid
additions to this generous gift, and the plans for
the "Free-State College" could not be carried
into execution at once. However, this magnifi-
cent sum, as it was then regarded, was supposed
by many to be immediately available for any
respectable proposition for the establishment of
a college, and the following year saw the initia-
tory steps taken for the establishment of a school
of high grade, to be under the immediate con-
trol of the Presbyterian Church of the United
States of America. The active agent of this
enterprise was a physician of Lawrence named
Chas. E. Miner, a member of the Presbyterian
Church and an energetic and aggressive business
man. The directors were: Kev. Wm. Wilson,
Rev. Richard Cord ley, Hon. Chas. Robinson,
John M. Coe, Chas. E. Miner, Rev. G. w!
Hutchinson, James A. Finley, C. L. Edwards,
all of Lawrence; Rev. F. P. Montfort, of Browns-
History of the University. 47
ville; T. E. Thomas, D. D., of New Albany,
Ind.; K L. Kice, D. D., of Chicago; C. Van
Renssalaer, D. D., of Philadelphia; R. J. Breck-
en ridge, D. D. , of Kentucky, Rev. H. I. Coe,
of St. Louis; and M. W. Jacobs, D. D., of Al-
legheny City, Pa. Appropriate committees were
appointed, and plans were made for the erection
of a building forthwith, to be thirty-six by sixty
feet, two stories high. This building* was de-
signed only as a wing of the main buildings,
which were expected to cost not less than $50,-
000.00.
A committee was appointed to solicit contri-
butions in the Territory in money and lands.
The hope was expressed that the citizens of
Lawrence and vicinity would not allow them-
selves to be surpassed by other portions of the
Territory in their subscriptions for an enterprise
that would add so much to the attractions and
advantages of Lawrence. This project is scarcely
to be compared with the "real-estate colleges"
of more recent times, but its agents did not fail
to note that "in a pecuniary point of view,
holders of real estate in this vicinity will greatly
enhance the value of their own property by up-
building such an institution in our midst." It
*Tbe dimensions were afterwards changed to fifty feet square.
48 History of the University.
was also announced that a lady of boundless en-
ergy, Mrs. Emily P. Burke, was already at work
in the East raising funds for the cause, and her
reports of successful operations gave great en-
couragement to the local committees. Several
gentlemen of influence and means in the East
were also actively interested.* Assurances were
given that the Amos Lawrence fnnd would be
available, provided the enterprise could be placed
on a safe and permanent financial basis.
In Territorial days charters were granted only
by legislative enactment. A bill was introduced
and passed in the Legislature of 1859 which gave
legal sanction to Lawrence University, with the
following board of trustees: C. E. Miner, Wm.
Bishop, G. W. Hutchinson, J. M. Coe, A. W.
Pitzer, E. Nute, Chas. Robinson, S. C. Pomeroy,
C. H. Branscomb, "Wm. Wilson, J. A. Finley, C.
L. Edwards, T. D. Thacher, Charles Reynolds,
Robert Morrow, Jas. Blood, R. S. Symington,
Josiah Miller, Lyman Allen, Thos. Ewing, F. P.
Montfort. By a supplemental act the name of
William Brindle was added to this list, f
Under this law, the trustees met on Jan. 22,
1859, and proceeded to the organization of Law-
* Lawrence Republican, July 8, 1858.
t Private Laws, 1859, pp- 81-86.
History of the University. 49
rence University. Their meeting was held at
the Eldridge House, and a temporary organiza-
tion was made by the election of Gov. Medary
as chairman, and T. Dwight Thacher as secre-
tary. After a prayer by the Rev. Win. Bishop,
a committee was appointed to nominate perma-
nent officers of the board of trustees. All the
persons named in their report were duly elected
by ballot, as follows: For president, Chas. E.
Miner; vice president, Lyman Allen; recording
secretary, C. L. Edwards; corresponding secre-
tary, Wm. Bishop; treasurer, James Blood; ex-
ecutive committee, Chas. E. Miner, T. Dwight
Thacher, Wm. Bishop, Chas. Reynolds, G. W.
Hntchinson, C. H. Branscomb, James Blood and
Robert Morrow.
"The following chairs were then established:
Biblical literature and moral philosophy, Greek
language and literature, Latin language and lit-
erature, English literature, natural sciences,
mathematics, modern languages, principal of
preparatory department, principal of female de-
partment. Dr. C. E. Miner was appointed the
agent of the board to obtain donations at the
East for the University."
"A committee duly appointed nominated the
-4
50 History of the University.
following candidates for the several chairs, who
were all elected by ballot: Professor of biblical
literature and moral philosophy, Rev. Thos. E.
Thomas, of Dayton, O. ; professor of Greek
language and literature, Rev. William Bishop,
formerly of Hanover College, Ind. ; professor
of English literature, Rev. Chas. Reynolds, for-
merly of Columbus, O. ; principal of prepara-
tory department, Chas. L. Edwards, present
principal of Quincy High School, of this city;
principal of female department, Mrs. Emily P.
Burke, [of Chestnut Level, Pa.]
"A medical department was then established,
consisting of the following chairs, and the fol-
lowing incumbents elected: Surgery and surgi-
cal anatomy, (unfilled); theory and practice and
clinical medicine, C. E. Miner, M. D. ; physi-
ology and pathology, A. M. Clarke, M. D., of
New York city; materia medica and medical
botany, J. P. Root, M. D., of Wyandotte; ob-
stetrics and diseases of women and children,
Alonzo Fuller, M. D. ; chemistry and medical
jurisprudence, John M. Coe, Esq., of Law-
rence."
- Committees on by-laws and curriculum were
appointed, and another committee was empow-
ered to confer with the Legislature in regard to
History of the University. 51
the establishment of a normal school in connec-
tion with the university. The bond of the treas-
urer was fixed at ten thousand dollars. Chas. E.
Miner was also placed on two more committees
whose functions were to attend to the erection
of the proposed building and to procure a seal for
the university, and then the meeting adjourned
to meet again in five days.*
During the month of January, 1859, the trus-
tees of the city of Lawrence gave to the trustees
of Lawrence University a "quitclaim deed with
bond for the execution of further deed whenever
patent shall issue for town site of Lawrence" to
the present North College campus, "on condi-
tion that said university is permanently located
at Lawrence, Kansas Territory, that a brick build-
ing not less than thirty-six feet in width and sixty
feet in length, two stories high, be erected and
completed within one year from this date, and
that a school be commenced within six months
from this date, and that, failing to comply with
the above conditions, said Lawrence University
shall forfeit all right to said lot of ground, and
it shall again become the property of the city of
Lawrence." f
* Lawrence Republican, Jan. 27, IKTi'.t.
tR-port of committee on city property. (See council record of
March IBI, 1603.)
52 History of the University.
In accordance with the terms of this quitclaim
deed, an attempt was made to open a preparatory
school. The trustees were unable to comply
with the letter of the agreement, but they hit
upon a plan for fulfilling its spirit. The "six
months" specified in the agreement had elapsed,
and no school was in operation. Mr. C. L. Ed-
wards, who had conducted the Quincy High
School and other schools in Lawrence, had ad-
vertised the opening of an institute* in Septem-
ber of 1859. Almost all the pupils of suitable
age and attainments in the vicinity were pledged
to attend his institute. The management of
Lawrence University, accordingly, proposed to
make his institute the "Preparatory Department
of Lawrence University." With a very slight
change of program this was accomplished. The
place of the school was the basement of the
Unitarian Church, which had been already secured
for the institute. The fees were to remain the
same. Two more members of the university
faculty were added to the teaching force. Rev.
Win. Bishop, professor-elect of Greek literature,
came each morning and opened the school with
devotional exercises and conducted a beginners'
class in Latin; Rev. Chas. Reynolds, professor-
* Lawrence Republican, Sept. 1, 1859.
History of the University. 53
elect of English literature, came each day and
heard a class in reading. The rest of the teach-
ing and management was done by Mr. Edwards,
who also received all the fees. This preparatory
department was opened September 19th, 1859,
and continued about three months, when its pat-
ronage ceased and it ceased.*
The difficulty of securing funds for the insti-
tution somewhat retarded the progress of the
work of building, but, about the middle of the
summer of 1859, Dr. Chester, of Philadelphia,
and others, representing the Presbyterian Educa-
tional Board, visited Lawrence f and examined
the situation. They were satisfied with the out-
look, and accordingly the Board gave pledges of
sufficient money to erect a building suitable for
the purpose, on condition that an endowment
could be secured from other parties.;}: The trus-
tees voted to name their new building "Chester
Hall," in honor of Dr. Chester, and set about
the work with great earnestness and enthusiasm.
A similar enterprise was set on foot about this
* Statement of O L. Edwards. Compare erroneous statements in
various State Un.vert-ity catalogues, Kant>as " Herd Book." and oilier
places, with true date of opening, as shown by/ r .<7(r<rAV/W'//<Yj.Sept.
23, 18511.
t l.nivrence Republican, Aug. 11, 1859.
\ History of Lawrence Presbyterian Church, by Dr. Osmond, lf-88,
p. 11.
54 History of the University.
time by the Congregational Church of Kansas.
The "Association of Congregational Ministers
of Kansas" at an early day* determined upon
the establishment of a college in Kansas Ter-
ritory. Topeka made the first proposition to
secure the location of their college but evidently
promised more by way of inducement than she
could fulfill. Accordingly, at a meeting held at
Lawrence in June, 1859, a proposition was made
to secure for Lawrence the establishment of an
educational institution to be called "Monumental
College, 11 ! designed to commemorate the tri-
umph of liberty over slavery in Kansas, and to
serve as a memorial of those who assisted in
achieving that victory. The trustees of the
Amos Lawrence fund, with the consent of Mr.
Lawrence, signified their willingness to make
over that fund to "Monumental College, 1 ' ^ on
condition that the Congregationalists should
have control of the institution. By a subscrip-
tion the incorporators had obtained donations
of a large amount of land, numerous town lots
and money pledges, all together estimated vari-
ously at from $40,000 to $70,000. "The
interest of the people of Lawrence in this move-
*Minutes of meeting, April 25-27, 1857.
t Congregational Record, p. 45.
% Congregational Record, p. 46.
History of the University. 55
ment may be seen from the fact that this whole
sum was secured in a little over three days.
The paper on which the names of the donors
are signed makes a roll some eight feet long."
The Association almost unanimously accepted
the proposition of the incorporators, and Mr. S.
N. Simpson, of Lawrence, went to Massachu-
setts, where he presented the cause to prominent
men of the denomination. The undertaking re-
ceived the attention of many prominent men of
the Congregational f and other churches. But
in spite of these fair promises, the drought of
1860 and the consequent hard times prostrated
the enterprise, and nothing substantial was ac-
complished. The association of ministers again
took up the question in 1863 and located their
college at Topeka, \ and Washburn College is the
result of their efforts.
The claim of the Congregationalists that they
were likely to secure the Amos Lawrence fund
for their proposed college caused uneasiness
among the Presbyterians, but the latter had the
lead, and pushed forward the work of building
* Lawrence Republican, June 2, 1859.
tSce Springfield ( Mass ) Rf publican and Roston Journal, as quoted
in iMwrence Republican and Congregational Record.
} Congregational Record, Vol. V, p. 79.
8 Congregational Record, p. 40.
56 History of the University.
as rapidly as possible. Large quantities of brick,
stone and lumber were hauled to the hill and
masons were employed in laying a foundation
for the building. On the eighteenth of October,
1859, the Free Masons, then in session in the
city, publicly laid the corner stone, and Solon O.
Thacher and others delivered speeches appro-
priate to the occasion.* Work was pushed on
until cold weather compelled the workmen to
cease. Meanwhile denominational jealousy was
doing its work, f and there was a general feeling
of dissatisfaction with the financial management
of Dr. Miner, \ who had gone to Boston, where
he had made an unfavorable impression on
Amos Lawrence. Work could not be resumed
the following spring because of difficulty in se-
curing cash to pay expenses. The workmen and
contractors had been paid but little, and the
Educational Board was unwilling to sink money
in a failing cause. The hard times consequent
upon the drought of 1860 decided the fate of
the cause. It could not be carried to comple-
tion. Dr. Miner, however, insisted on the ful-
fillment of the pledge of the Educational Board,
* Lawrence Republican, Oct. 20, 1859.
t Letter of Rev. Wm. Bishop, Salina, Kas.
i Statements of Sam. Reynolds, C. Robinson and others.
fc Statement of C. Robinson.
History of the University. 57
bat finally made a compromise proposition,
which, on motion of Dr. Chester,* was adopted,
whereby the board paid the sum of $1,523.50
to the trustees of Lawrence University, and the
parties mutually released "each other from all
obligation that they may have been under or that
they may have been considered to be under."
This payment was made in the fall of 1860. A
previous payment of one hundred dollars had
been made in January, 1859, and this sum of
$1,623.50 represents substantially the amount
actually invested by the Presbyterians in Law-
rence University. They had, however, a con-
siderable amount of material on the ground and
debts of about equal amount. Liens aggregating
$3,000 or $4,000 were made by sub-contractors
upon the property. The general feeling was
that the project had failed, f
Many, however, were unwilling to see the plan
of a college for Lawrence given up. A new board
of trustees was, therefore, formed and a new
institution chartered by the Territorial Legisla-
ture of 1861, under the auspices of the Episcopal
Church. The name of the new organization was
"Lawrence University of Kansas." The trus-
* Record of Educational Board, supplied by Dr. D. W. Poor, Phila-
delphia
tStntriMciits of R. <;. Elliott mid others.
58 History of the University.
tees named in the charter were: Chas. Reynolds,
Chas. Robinson, Chas. E. Miner, H. J. Canniff,
C. W. Babcock, Geo.W. Deitzler, Win. H. Hick-
cox, Geo. W. Smith, J. M. Bodine, Caleb S.
Pratt, Samuel Reynolds, Geo. Ford, Jas. Blood,
N. O. Preston, John Foreman, R. G. Elliott, L.
Bullene and S. A. Riggs.*
Rev. Chas. Reynolds, rector of the Episcopal
Church, of Lawrence, was the principal agent of
the enterprise. Contributions were again sought
in the East, and liberal responses were received.
Among the most liberal contributors were John
David Woolfe, of New York, and Amos A. Law-
rence, of Boston, f
By arrangement with the Presbyterians, a
board of appraisers^: was chosen and the founda-
tion and materials collected on Mt. Oread were
appraised. Liens to the amount of $3,000 or
$4,000 were held against this property by mechan-
ics and sub-contractors. The value of the prop-
erty as determined by the appraisers was about
equal to the sum of such claims, and on condition
that the Episcopalian board would satisfy these
creditors the Presbyterians surrendered their
'Private Laws, 1861.
1 Letter from Rev R. W. Oliver, March 30, 1891.
JFor a different and erroneous statement of this matter, see " His-
torical Sketch of First Presbyterian Church, of Lawrence, Kas., 1888,"
P 12.
History of the University. 59
claims. By further arrangement with the cred-
itors, their claims were all paid on the basis of
sixty -five cents on the dollar.*
In consequence of some adverse criticism of
the management of Chas. Reynolds, the Amer-
ican Church Missionary Society, through whose
agency support for the undertaking was secured,
withdrew its support.
Mr. Reynolds afterwards resigned, and en-
tered the United States army as a chaplain.
Rev. R. W. Oliver, who was sent out as his suc-
cessor, was commissioned by the society to in-
vestigate the charges of mismanagement and
decide as to the advisability of continuing the
work. lie found the charges groundless, but
decided that it was not best to continue the work
immediately, f The war interfered, and practi-
cally nothing more was done.
About two years later the proposition to build
a city school on Mt. Oread was revived. On
the 12th of August, 1863, the city council ap-
pointed a committee "to enter upon and take
posession of the city property on Oread Hill,
and the foundation erected there for college pur-
* Statement of It. G. Elliott, who paid the money in settlement of
these claims
t Letter from R. W. Oliver, who adds: " He (Rev. Chas. Reynolds)
had paid the Presbyterians in full for all their claims, and I got their
receipt in full for all demands."
60 History of the University.
poses, the several societies to whom it had been
leased having failed to comply with the lease or
contract entered into with the city, thereby
forfeiting said property."* furthermore, a mo-
tion was made to issue bonds to the amount of
$10,000 "for the purpose of completing the
school building on Mt. Oread." On August
19th, the mayor reported that formal possession
of the property had been taken in the name of
the city. Quantrell\i raid, which occurred two
days after this report, decided the fate of this
movement for the time; but a year later the city
again asserted its claim to Mt. Oread. Rev. R.
W. Oliver protested against the city's action, as
the following significant letter of remonstrance
will show : f
"To the lion. Mayor Ludington and City Council of Law-
rence
" GENTS : Your reply to my last communication is before
me. It' the affair stood respecting the property on college
hill as you honestly suppose, your proposal to lay hold upon
the building for city property without remuneration would
not in my judgment be generous. But when, on the express
authority of Rev. Mr. Reynolds, I am justified in believing
that a consideration for the aforementioned woi-k was pro-
posed and accepted by a former mayor of your city, I am
justified in asking you to reconsider your judgment. I have
no mind to stand in the way of public improvements, and
* Council proceedings, Aug. 12th, 1863.
t Quoted from council proceedings, Sept. 7, 1864.
History of the (Tfriversity. 61
more especially when the improvements look towards the
education of the rising generation. Had your judgments
been of a friendly and contrary character, 1 would now be
pushing forward, on a small but efficient scale, a public im-
provement for educational purposes.
"I lay no claim to any lands or lots; but simply as in
my judgment neither a former mayor of Lawrence nor Rev.
Mr. Reynolds had the individual right to convey away the
rights of others without their expressly having authorized
them so to do, that the case presents itself to your honest in-
stincts and judgments for such action in the case as will
place all parties right before a just public sentiment. Hon.
Judge G. W. Smith is officially appointed to enter into any
arrangement with you on the part of the vestry of Trinity
Church.
"I am, gents, yours faithfully,
"R. W. OLIVEB."
A few months later Mr. Oliver was elected
Chancellor of the State University and secured
the donation of the claims of the Episcopal
Church to the State.*
II. THE FULFILLMENT.
The first constitution of Kansas Territory,
adopted at Topeka in December, 1855, in the
third section of its seventh article provided that
"The General Assembly may take measures for
the establishment of a university, with such
branches as the public convenience may hereaf-
ter demand, for the promotion of literature, the
* Regents' record, p. 13.
62 History of the University.
arts, sciences, medical and agricultural instruc-
tion." A year and a half later the Free-State
Legislature which met at Topeka, June 9, 1857,
enacted five laws, one of which was "For estab-
lishing a State University, at Lawrence."*
The framers of the Lecompton constitution,
in September, 1857, although possibly outdone
by their Free-State brethren in zeal for the
founding of a university, nevertheless in the
fourth section of the ordinance appended to the
constitution enacted
"That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships,
shall be designated by the President of the United States,
which shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of learn-
ing, and appropriated by the Legislature of said State solely
to the use of said seminary."
Again, the Leavenworth constitution, adopted
by the Free-State men in April. 1858, in the
seventh section of its seventh article provides
that
"As the means of the State will admit, educational insti-
tutions of a higher grade shall be established by law, so as
to form a complete system of public instruction, embracing
the primary, normal, preparatory, collegiate and university
departments."
And, finally, the Wyandotte constitution,
adopted in July, 1859, provided in the seventh
section of the sixth article that
* Wikler's Annals of Kansas, p. 169.
History of the University. 63
"Provision shall be made by law for the establishment,
at some eligible and central point, of a state university, for
the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, in-
cluding a normal and agricultural department. All funds
arising from the sale or rents of lauds granted by the United
States to the State for the support of a state university, and
all other grants, donations or bequests, either by the State
or by individuals, for such purposes, shall remain a perpetual
fund, to be called- the ' university fund,' the interest of which
shall be appropriated to the support of a state university.
"Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any
part of the common school or university funds of the State."
By the act of the admission of Kansas into
the Union, approved by President Buchanan
January 29, 1861, the Wyandotte constitution
became the constitution of the State of Kansas,
and, therefore, the last sections above quoted
form the constitutional provision for a State
University of Kansas. By an act of Congress,
approved on the day of the admission of Kan-
sas to statehood, it was ordered
"That seventy-two sections of land shall be set apart
and reserved for the use and support of a state university,
to be selected by the Governor of said State, subject to the
approval of the Commissioner of the General Land Office,
and to be appropriated and applied in such manner as the
Legislature of said State may prescribe, for the purposes
aforesaid, but for no other purpose."
The city of Lawrence had long been regarded
as the literary metropolis of Kansas, by her own
64 History of the University.
citizens, at least, and when the question of loca-
tion of state institutions came up for considera-
tion, the people of Lawrence preferred to secure
the State University to any other institution, even
the capital. They based their preference on the
belief that Lawrence was too far east to be able
to hold the capital; that the State University
would be a greater attraction to population, and
that, even if greater numbers should not be at-
tracted by it, the literary influence of the Uni-
versity would at any rate compensate for the
difference in material advantage. In the loca-
tion of the capital, therefore, the people of To-
peka had their desire, and it is claimed that, by
tacit understanding, at least, Lawrence was to
have the University. * But as enterprising towns
were more numerous than desirable state institu-
tions, the Lawrence people were given to under-
stand that the University, with its grant of
seventy-two sections of land, would not be yielded
to them without a struggle. However, as the
various denominational enterprises for the found-
ing of a college at Lawrence had failed, the
"Amos Lawrence fund" was still intact, and, at
the request of the trustees of the fund, Mr. Law-
rence had expressed a willingness that it should
* Statements of Richard Cordley, J. G. Haskell and others.
History of the University. 65
be employed as an endowment fund for a State
University, if its location could be secured for
the city of Lawrence. Interest on the original
notes had been accruing for some time, and the
fund now amounted to about $15,000, which
was still in the hands of Lawrence University,
Wisconsin.
The first attempt to locate the State Univer-
sity under the constitution was a proposition
made in 1861 in favor of Manhattan, where the
Methodists already had a school in operation,
under the name of Bluemont College. The bill
for this location passed both houses of the
Legislature, but was promptly vetoed by Gov-
ernor Robinson,* who thought the movement
premature. The question did not come up
again until 1863. In the meantime Congress
had made a magnificent grant of land for an
agricultural college. Manhattan waived her
claims to the University and without a contest f
secured the location of the Agricultural College.
To secure the University, the city of Law-
rence offered an endowment of $15,000, and
forty acres of ground adjoining .the city for a
campus. At that time the city of Emporia
*Fet article of Prof. Walters, In The Industrialist, April 18th, 1891.
House 8iid Senate Journals. isc,:j
-5
66 History of the University.
was the chief competitor in the race, and her
representative, C. V. Eskridge, came forward
with that city's proposition to give eighty acres
of ground adjoining Emporia as a site. Em-
poria's representative had come to the Leg-
islature bound by a promise to secure for his
constituents the State University.* He evidently
had the odds against him. A fair majority of
the legislators were, doubtless, in favor of Law-
rence at the opening of the session, f but by
the diligence and ready promises of Emporia' s
representative many were inclined to support
Emporia. Mr. Eskridge introduced House
Bill No. 122, "To establish the State Univer-
sity at Emporia," which finally became the law,
but not until its text had been radically changed
and its title shorn of the fond words "at Em-
poria." The fight was one of the most earnest
and memorable ever fought in a Kansas Legis-
lature, % and was watched with interest by the
whole State. The Topeka correspondent of the
Leavenworth Conservative, Feb. 6, 1863, says:
"To-day, in the discussion in the House upon the bills
for locating the University, Mr. Eskridge made a pointed and
telling speech in support of Emporia.
* Statement of J. S. Emery.
t Statement of Edward Russell
% Letter of C. V. Eskridge, Mar. 30, 189J.
History of the University. 67
" There have been a host of lobby members here from
Lawrence, working to secure the supremacy of that place in
this contest. To-day Judge Miller, the postmaster, and Mr.
U. S. Assessor Legate, and Messrs. Blood, Hortou and others,
were around the halls and hotels, anxious and diligent."
The correspondent of the same paper again
writes, Feb. 11:
"The result of the great university contest is already
known to you. The discussion was conducted in the feudal
manner, by champions. The first tilt occurred on Friday,
the 6th, when Mr. Eskridge, of Emporia, met the speech of
Mr. Emery, of Lawrence, at all points, and bore away the
palm of victory and the plaudits of the assembly. Again
the battle joined, on Monday, the 9th, and at evening neither
foe was unhorsed nor out of breath. Till late in the night
the contest raged, here and there a follower of the chiefs
getting involved, and one of the clan Douglas, one Foster by
name, was so buffeted, splashed and rudely upset in attempt-
ing a side attack on Eskridge, that he was taken off the field
well nigh deatl.
"The decision finally came. A vote was taken it was
a tie. Mr. [Ed.] Russell, of Doniphau, being in the chair,
and an ally of Lawrence, the result was in favor of the city
known as the literary metropolis not the hub, but as one
may say, the linch-pin of Kansas.,
"Upon this question, with which it was supposed rail-
road interests had become involved, through the diligent log
rolling of the entire session, the Henderson amendment men
and the entire Douglas tier of counties, including the neigh-
boring county of Jefferson, north of the Kansas, were early
combined. This made twenty-live votes for Lawrence. The
jealousy, which is ancient, and in the nature of tilings ine-
radicable, between the first and second tiers of counties would
68 History of the University.
ordinarily prevent any combination of their forces in a ques-
tion upon which depends the great north and south railroad
line. Yet, strange to say, by some enchantment every mem-
ber for Johnson, Miami and Linn counties (except Mr. Chris-
tie, who lies dangerously ill, and Mr. Campbell ) was induced
tj support Lawrence. Besides whom four of the Leaven-
worth delegation, animated solely by conscientious consider-
ations, according to the declarations of Mr. Brown, went on
this side, the other four passing by on that. Thus were
secured thirty-eight votes; and so far as the House is con-
cerned, thus was located the University, near the commercial
center, the military depot, denominated Lawrence."
In the Conservative of March 3d, the same
correspondent speaks of one Jefferson county
member "who stood nobly aloof from the Plen-
derson- amendment -Lawrence- University -Osa-
watomie-Insane-Asylum coalition. The sad fact
remains to be confessed that two members from
that county were drawn into the vortex of that
engulfing maelstrom, and were carried away by
the undertow." There was probably much less
of a combination in favor of Lawrence than this
account alleges,* and reference is made to it
chiefly to show the fervor of local feeling in the
contest. The bill came up for decision in the
Senate on Feb. llth,f and passed without a
contest, arid received the approval of Gov. Car-
ney Feb. 20th, and so became a law.
* Statement of Ed. Kussell. M.eavenworth Conservative, Feb. 83.
History of the University. . 69
The bill provided for the appointment by the
Governor of three commissioners, whose duty
it should be to locate the State University. The
specific duty of the commission was to examine
proposed sites, make proper selection, require a
good and sufficient title for the location without
cost to the State, and make a full and impartial
report to the Governor on or before the first day
of May, 1863.* In -case of .the failure of Law-
rence to secure a site of forty acres adjacent to
the city and to deposit an endowment fund of
$15,000 with the State Treasurer within six
months after location by the commissioners, the
provisions of the act should be null and void.
And in that event, the proposition of Emporia
to grant an eligible site within or adjacent to
that city should be accepted by the State as the
location of the University, and the Governor
should issue his proclamation accordingly.
The commissioners appointed were S. M.
Thorp, Josiah Miller arid I. T. Goodnow, who
met at Lawrence in March, and spent some days
in examining grounds adjacent to the city,f and
adjourned to hold a final meeting at Lawrence
on April 25th, when the city council met in
'General \.-.\\\~ 1803, p. 115.
t Commissioners 1 report, 1803.
70 History of the University.
special session to consider a proposition to pur-
chase a tract of land for the University site.
The commissioners were present and "made
some very interesting remarks in reference to
the location of the same."* Chas. Robinson
came forward with a proposition to furnish the
required forty acres from his land above the
city, on condition that the council would deed
to him a half block of land lying south of the
school foundation, on Mt. Oread.
A committee of the council was appointed to
confer with Robinson and report two days later.
In their report they recommended the accept-
ance of the proposition, provided Robinson
would give bond to allow the city the privilege
of redeeming the half block within six months
for the sum of $1,000. The mayor was, ac-
cordingly, ordered to sign a deed of conveyance,
and Robinson secured to the State the transfer
of the University campus, f
Greater difficulties were encountered in secur-
ing the endowment fund of $15,000. It had
been supposed that the notes, with the accrued
interest, against Lawrence University, Wiscon-
* Council proceedings, p. 402.
t About half the campus was the property of Mrs. Robinson, who
received for her share something over <<>i)0 from the citizens of Law-
rence. (Statements of C. Robinson and Pred. Read. )
History of the University. 71
sin, could be collected without difficulty. Amos
A. Lawrence generously offered to assist in the
collection* and conferred with that institution
in regard to settlement of the claim. The offi-
cers expressed a willingness to do all in their
power, but were unable to pay the principal.
They offered, however, to pay the interest,
which then amounted to $4,400. Thereupon,
Mr. Lawrence, with the same spirit of generos-
ity which had prompted his original gift, agreed,
upon surrender of the notes by the trustees, to
give the State $10,000 in cash. It was ex-
pected to make up the required fifteen thousand
by the collection of the interest above alluded
to and a note held by Chas. Robinson against
the Congregational Society, of Lawrence, for
$000, which was unappropriated interest belong-
ing to the fund. It finally proved impossible
to collect either of these sums in time to meet
the requirements of the legislative act, and the
citizens of Lawrence were obliged to bestir
themselves to make up the sum from their own
resources. They had no ready money, but
many men in business had credit. They, there-
fore, gave a personal note amply signed and
* Correspondence with Chas. Robinson.
72 History of the University.
amply secured for the sum of $5,000.' x ' In the
meantime the city of Lawrence was laid in ruins,
August 21st, by Quantrell's raid, and the re-
sources of the people were gone. All interests
for the time were prostrated, but the friends of
the University did not fail to rally in time to
save the institution for Lawrence. One of these
friends, Gov. Carney, of Leavenworth, came to
the rescue, and cashed the citizens' note of $5,-
000. The city was thus enabled to deposit the
necessary sum with the State Treasurer f on
October 29th. The Governor's proclamation
declaring the institution permanently located at
Lawrence was made November 2d, 1863.^:
Gov. Carney's message to the Legislature, in
January, 1864, contained the following reference
to this matter:
"I submit the report (with accompanying papers) of the
commissioners appointed to locate the State University.
This institution is located at Lawrence. I obeyed the act
of the Legislature, approved Feb. 20th, and made proc-
lamation of the fact on Monday, the 3d day of Novem-
ber, 1863. The requirements of the act were all complied
with. A generous and earnest friend of education and
Kansas, Amos Lawrence, of Boston, Mass., gave $10,000
to it; the citizens of Lawrence advanced $5,000, making
* Statement of Chas. Robinson.
t Treasurer's Report, 1863, p. 8.
i Public Documents, 1863, report of commissioners.
History of the University. 73
the amount required, which sum has been deposited with
the Treasurer of State. I am loth to recommend the ex-
penditure of money devoted by law to specific objects; but
I think this case so clearly exceptional that I do not hesitate
to urge the Legislature to return to the citizens of Lawrence
the amount contributed by them. Their gift we know was
a generous one; it was noble as well as generous. In a fell
hour they lost, as it were, their all. Rebel assassins did
the fatal work. Where, then, the patriot heart in the State
that would not say promptly, 'Return to those public-
spirited men the generous gift which when wealthy they
promised, and which promise when poor they fulfilled?'
Where the legislator, knowing these facts so honorable to
them and to humanity itself, who would hesitate in meeting
this wish of the people, and of doing a duty which the State
owes to herself ? "
In accordance with this suggestion, an act was
passed by the Legislature refunding the money
nominally to the mayor of the city of Lawrence,*
and thus was accomplished the first unconsti-
tutional measure relating to the funds of the
University; for the act locating the University
required an endowment of $15,000, and the con-
stitutional provision relating to a university pro-
vides "that all funds arising from the sale or
rents of land granted by the United States to the
State for the support of a state university, and
all other grants, donations or bequests, either by
the State or by individuals, for such purpose,
'General Laws 1864, p. 194.
74 History of the University.
shall remain a perpetual fund." Not content
witli diminishing the university endowment by
$5,000, the Legislature took away from the
$10,000 contributed by Amos Lawrence the
sum of $167 to pay the interest on the loan of
Gov. Carney.* The remaining $9,833 were in-
vested by the State Treasurer in State bonds to
the amount of $10,300, f which then constituted
the University fund.
The Legislature of 1864 passed a law to or-
ganize the University. Two young ladies of
Lawrence, the Misses Chapin, who had a private
school, particularly urged the matter of organi-
zation of the University at that time. \ During
the Legislative session Chas. Chadwick, of Law-
rence, visited Topeka to urge the matter with
the representatives from Lawrence, and was by
them instructed to draft a suitable bill for the
organization. He withdrew to a library, found
a copy of the charter of the State University of
Michigan, and, with this as his model, drafted a
bill which, with slight modifications, became the
charter of the University of Kansas.
* General Laws 1864, p. 194.
t Treasurer's Report, 1864, p. 6.
\ Statements of R. G. Elliott and Chas. Chadwick.
Statement of Chas. Chadwick.
History of the University. 75
The charter declares the object of the State
University to be, "To provide the inhabitants
of this State witli the means of acquiring a
thorough knowledge of the various branches of
literature, science and the arts." The govern-
ment of the University was vested in a Board of
Regents, to consist of a president and twelve
members, to be appointed by the Governor,
with the State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion and the Secretary of State as ex officlo
members of the board.
The University was declared to consist of
six departments, as follows: The department of
science, literature and the arts; the department
of law; the department of medicine; the depart-
ment of theory and practice of elementary in-
struction; the department of agriculture, and the
normal department.
The fee of admission to the University must
never exceed $10, and to residents of the State
the tuition for one year in the departments of
science, literature and the arts, and elementary
instruction, must never exceed $30; and all tui-
tion in these departments was to be free to resi-
dents of the State as soon as the increase of the
University fund would permit.
The Regents were given the ordinary powers
76 History of the University.
usually belonging to such bodies. The Uni-
versity was declared to consist of two branches,
a male and a female branch. "The female
branch may be taught exclusively by women,
and buildings for that branch shall be entirely
separate from the buildings of the male branch.
And to establish and maintain the said female
branch, the Regents shall annually appropriate
a sufficient amount out of the funds of the Uni-
versity. ' ' *
The last provision was not a part of the orig-
inal draft by Chas. Chadwick. At the suggestion
of many citizens of progressive ideas, he had in-
serted a provision for equal educational privi-
leges of both sexes in the University, but this
radical proposition was on the point of defeat-
ing the bill, whereupon the concession was made
to the conservative element in the Legislature,
and the provision for the two branches became
the law. However, this provision has been per-
sistently and constantly overridden from the
opening of the institution, and the day of the
possible enforcement of this dead letter has long
since passed away.
The act of organization was approved March
1st, 1864, and on the next day the following
* General Laws 1864, pp. 195-8.
History of the University. 77
gentlemen were appointed Regents: Chas. Rob-
inson, J. D. Liggett, E. J. Mitchell, Geo. A.Craw-
ford, J. S. Emery, A. H. Horton, C. B. Lines,
S. O. Thacher, Geo. A. Moore, John H. Watson,
Samuel A. Kingman and John A. Steele. * The
Board as thus constituted never held a meeting.
There is no record of futile atttempts to hold
meetings, but the following resolution passed at
the first meeting is significant:
"Resolved, That, in the opinion of the Regents present,
in filling vacancies in the Board of Regents, the State execu-
tive should have reference to the appointment of such per-
sons as will attend the meetings of the Board." f
The first meeting was held in the city council
rooms of Lawrence, March 21st, 1865. By res-
ignations of several members and the decease
of John A. Steele, the personnel of the Board
was materially changed by this time. The Board
then consisted of Chas. Robinson, J. D. Liggett,
E. M. Bartholow, Theo. C. Sears, J. S. Emery,
C. K. Holliday, C. B. Lines, S. O. Thacher, G.
W. Paddock, W. A. Starrett, D. P. Mitchell, J. S.
Wever, with Isaac T. Goodnow, Superintendent
* List furnished from records of the Secretary of State, Topeka.
By amendment to the University charter in 1H73, the number of .Regents
was reduced from twelve to ix, exclusive of the Chancellor, and the
Secretary of Stale and Superintendent of Public Instruction were no
longer included as ex officio members.
tltest'iits' record.
78 History of the University.
of Public Instruction, and R. A. Barker, Secre-
tary of State, as ex officio members of the Board.*
Only seven of the fourteen were present, but
they declared themselves a majority, and after
an informal discussion a permanent organization
was effected by the election of Rev.R.W. Oliver,
rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church, of
Lawrence, as Chancellor and ex officio President
of the Board of Regents; Rev. G. W. Paddock,
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as Secretary;
Gen. G. W. Deitzler, as Treasurer, and J. S. Em-
ery, as Librarian, f
On motion of State Superintendent Good-
now, it was decided to open a preparatory
department as soon as the citizens of Lawrence
should provide suitable rooms free of expense
to the State. It was deemed impracticable to
attempt to erect a building on the ground al-
ready belonging to the University. The founda-
tion erected by the Presbyterians was still
standing in good condition on North College
hill. The grounds and building had reverted to
the city. Some of the citizens were in favor of
the erection upon this foundation of a city high
school building, but the altitude of the hill led
* Hirst catalogue,
t Regents' record
History of the University. 79
the authorities to decide against it.* The Re-
gents, accordingly, thought it desirable to secure
the ground for a preparatory school building,
and expressed themselves as ready to accept a
title to the ground whenever the city would put
the foundation in such shape that $5,000 to
be supplied by the Regents would complete the
building. The resources of the Regents then
consisted of the Congregational note f of $600,
before alluded to; over $1,000 interest on Uni-
versity endowment fund, and $4,720;}: in cash,
which Chas. Robinson had finally collected as
interest from Lawrence University, Wisconsin.
This sum was not sufficient to erect a building,
so it was proposed to secure possession of a cer-
tain fund originally intended for another pur-
pose.
Soon after Quantrell's raid, in 1863, the
Union Merchants' Exchange, of St. Louis, sent
a relief fund to the citizens of Lawrence to ena-
ble them to rebuild their dwellings and business
houses. This fund, amounting to about $9,500,
passed into the hands of James B. Laing, Ben
* Interview with G Grovenor.
tThis note was not paid until 1K72. (Treasurer s report. )
This sum, as well as the $10,000 previously given to the endow-
ment fund, should be credite.l to Amos Lawrence An undetermimd
portion of the Boston Lawrence relief fund was also his fjift.
80 History of the University.
jamiii L. Baldridge and Wesley H. Duncan,*
trustees, by whom it was loaned in sums of not
more than five hundred dollars to some of the
leading business men of the city. The notes,
secured by real estate, were to run five years,
with interest at six per cent., and when paid the
money was to be used to found and maintain a
home for the orphans of the victims of the raid.
Long before the maturity of these notes the
necessity of an orphans' home for the persons
intended by the donors had ceased to exist;
besides, the sum was regarded as wholly inade-
quate to the object, f There was, however, a
considerable number of the orphans of the raid
who would gladly be recipients of a free educa-
tion. Therefore, the Regents proposed to the
city council of Lawrence the transfer of this
fund to them for the erection of a University
building, on condition that the University should
furnish a free education to all the orphans of the
raid who were willing to avail themselves of the
opportunity. The council was willing on its
part to accept the proposition, but felt some re-
luctance on account of the desire of the donors
of the fund. Chancellor Oliver was, therefore,
*Cily council minutes, June 35, 1865.
t Regents' record.
History of the University. 81
appointed on behalf of the city council and the
Ilegents of the University to represent the mat-
ter to the Union Merchants' Exchange, from
whom he received the following communication:*
BARTON ABLB. President. I
GKO. 11. MOKGAN, Secretary, f
UNION MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE.
SECRETARY'S OFFICE,
ST. Louis, Mo., Aug. 28, 1865.
R. W. Oliver, Esq., Lawrence, Kansas I enclose here-
with the consent of the Union Merchants' Exchange,
through Barton Able, president, for the proposed use of the
Lawrence relief funds. Yours truly,
GEO. II. MORGAN, Secretary.
The notes were, accordingly, turned over to
the Regents, and by discounting them, some
fifteen and others twenty per cent., about $9,-
000 was realized.
A similar fund had been collected in Boston
to relieve the Quantrell raid sufferers by Amos
A. Lawrence f and others. This fund originally
amounted to about $5,000, of which $2,500 had
been distributed immediately after the raid.
The remaining $2,500 had been loaned in sums
of $500 each to business men. Kev. J. S.
Brown was trustee of this fund, and negotiations
were entered into by Chancellor Oliver which
led to the donation of this Boston Lawrence re-
* Regents' record. t State-incut of J. 8. Urowu.
6
82 History of the University.
lief fund to the building fund of the Regents.
Immediate payment of these notes was secured
by discounting some twenty and some twenty-
five per cent. *
Still another relief fund, of which Gov. Car-
ney was trustee, amounting to $1,000, f was
applied to the building fund, after a discount of
ten per cent, to secure immediate payment.
Thus a sufficient sum was secured to erect a
building of suitable dimensions and appoint-
ments.
On the 6th of September, 1865, Chancellor
Oliver made formal application to the city coun-
cil for a transfer of the ground on Mt. Oread.
The request was granted on condition that the
Regents have a building completed and a school
in operation by the 1st of January, 1867. The
conditions were accepted, and work was imme-
diately begun to enclose a building before the
setting in of winter, if possible. It was neces-
sary, however, to suspend work on account of
cold weather when the building was about half
erected. \ Work was resumed again in the
spring and pushed rapidly forward, and North
* Regents' record, pp. 40, 41.
t Regents' record, p. 40.
\ Regents' record,
History of the University. 83
College, practically as it stands now, was com-
pleted by the middle of September, 1860, at an
expense of somewhat less than twenty thousand
dollars.*
The north campus was riot yet in satisfactory
form. Gen. James II. Lane owned two and
three-fourths acres necessary to complete the
square of ten acres, and the good offices of
Chancellor Oliver were again called into requi-
sition. He conferred with Gen. Lane and se-
cured bond for title by giving his personal note
for $100. Gen. Lane, however, was afterwards
pleased to return the note and donate the land
to the State, f
The several funds supplied by outside parties
were exhausted in building, and in order to open
the University the State was called upon for
aid. The first appropriation asked for by the
Regents was secured without opposition. The
Legislature of 1866 appropriated $4,000 to be
employed as compensation of teachers, and
$3,000 for the purchase of scientific and philo-
sophical apparatus, library and furniture. ^
On the 19th of July, 1866, the Regents elected
*It will be observed that no part of this expense was paid by the
State, nor by the city of Lawrence, directly.
t Chancellor Oliver's report, in Regents' record.
J Regents' record, p. 10.
84 History of the University.
the first faculty of the University. In order to
keep the control of the institution out of the
hands of any one denomination, it was under-
stood that two professors should not be chosen
from the same denomination until all the leading
denominations should have at least one repre-
sentative in the faculty.* It is to be observed
that the Chancellor was not at first regarded a
member of the faculty, but as an officer of the
Board of Regents, f It was decided to elect
three professors: A professor of belles lettres
and mental and moral science; a professor of
languages, and a professor of mathematics and
natural science.
For the first position three candidates were
named: Dr. Alden, F. H. Snow and E. J. Rice.
The last-named gentleman, a member of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, was elected. For
the second position, D. H. Robinson, of the Bap-
tist Church, and (tradition says) F. H. Snow were
nominated. D. H. Robinson received a major-
ity of the votes, and was elected. For the third
and last position, F. H. Snow, of the Congrega-
tional Church, received a majority of the votes
cast, and was declared elected.:}: In considera-
* Letter of R. W.Oliver.
t Regents' record, p. 38.
% Regents 1 record, p. 87.
History of the University. 85
tion of the greater experience of Prof. Rice in
educational work, he was chosen Acting Presi-
dent of the Faculty.
The first session opened at North College,
which was just on the point of completion, on
the twelfth of September, 18(56. Twenty-six
young ladies and twenty-nine young gentlemen
applied and were admitted to the preparatory
department during the first term.*
At the close of the year $1,200 had been
drawn from the state treasury to pay teachers f
and |1,G69.16 to supply the institution with ap-
paratus, furniture and books. It is not difficult
to understand why so little of the $4, 000 pre-
viously appropriated by the Legislature to pay
teachers was unexpended, but that more than
$1,300 that might have been employed in the
purchase of books or apparatus should have been
allowed to revert to the State is inexplicable.
The Legislature of 1867 granted an appropri-
ation of $13,094.94, and of this amount again
$3,666.67 reverted to the State.J
During the summer of 1867, E. J. Rice re-
signed his position as Professor of Belles Lettres,
t First catalogue.
*The fiscal year then coincided wi'.h the calendar year.
\ Keirents' reiiort for 1KIW. p. 7. Here niny be observed one of many
discrepancies of thin period between the University Treasurer's repi.rt
aud the State Auditor's books.
86 History of the University.
Mental and Moral Science, and Acting President
of the Faculty, and to perform his duties as in-
structor John W. Homer, formerly of Baker
University, was chosen. The faculty was, more-
over, increased by the election of Mrs. Cynthia
A. Smith as Professor of French, T. J. Cook as
Professor of Music, and Albert Newman"- as
Lecturer upon Hygiene. Dr. Newman had vol-
unteered his services the previous year without
pay, and was not the first year considered a
member of the faculty, f
The attendance the second year was almost
100 per cent, greater than that of the first year,
the names of 125 students appearing in the cat-
alogue, of whom two were in the collegiate de-
partment.
The faculty had expressed the hope in the
first catalogue that the preparatory department
might be dispensed with at the end of the second
year, \ but the high schools of the State had not
increased in numbers and efficiency as they had
hoped, and the realization of their hope was in-
definitely postponed. The preparatory depart-
ment was more thoroughly organized, a third
* Second catalogue, p. 5.
t Regents' recoid, p. 27.
tin view of the fact that the last work of the preparatory depart-
ment closed with this quarter-centennial year, this hope appears pre-
posterous and amusing.
History of the University. 87
year was added to it, and it became the settled
purpose of the University to maintain this de-
partment, only so long, however, as the want of
suitable preparatory schools should make its
maintenance necessary.
Near the close of the year 1867, Chancellor
Oliver resigned his position and removed from
Lawrence to Kearney, Nebraska, to take charge
of the divinity chair in the diocese of Nebraska.*
His services had been given from the first with-
out remuneration, and in order to retain him in
the position of Chancellor the Regents voted
him a salary of $500 for the ensuing year, but
his resignation was made before he received any
part of it. His relation to the University had
been of a business nature and he had nothing
to do with instruction. His duties had been
specified by the Regents as follows: First, to act
as general financial agent for the University;
second, to preside at all the meetings of the Re-
gents; third, to preside at all the meetings of
the executive committee, when present, f Al-
though his services were wholly gratuitous, lie
rendered very valuable aid to the institution, as
his success in raising funds for the erection of
*TbU position lie still holds, a loyal friend of the University for
which he labored so well.
t Regents' record, pp. 38, 39.
88 History of the University.
North College amply testifies. He bad also
been commissioned by the Regents to visit east-
ern colleges to find and recommend suitable per-
sons for the offices of military instructor and
permanent President. In his report for the lat-
ter position, he recommended the following gen-
tlemen: Rev. Dr. Tappan, late president of the
University of Michican; Rev. Dr. Bonans, presi-
dent of the university at Northfield, Vt. ; Ed-
ward P. Evans, Ph. D., professor of modern
languages and literature, University of Michi-
gan; Rev. Jas. R. Boise, A. M. , professor of
Greek language and literature in the University
of Michigan; Henry S. Frieze, A. M., professor
of Latin language and literature in the Univer-
sity of Michigan.*
The dual headship of the institution was re-
garded as unsatisfactory, and as both Chan-
cellor and President of the Faculty had resigned,
the Board of Regents resolved "that it is the
judgment of the Board that under the law the
Chancellor of the University is the President of
the Faculty."!
After much discussion and serious considera-
tion of the qualifications of various educators
* Regents' record, p. 47.
t Regents' record, p. 52.
History of the University. 89
for the position, a vote was taken at the annual
meeting held Dec. -ith, 1867, by which Gen.
John Fraser,* president of the Agricultural
College of Pennsylvania, was elected Chancellor
and President of the Faculty. Gen. Fraser
entered upon his official duties in the University
on the 17th day of June, 1868. f The academic
year 1867-8 had been successfully passed under
the combined management of the senior mem-
bers of the faculty, Professors Robinson and
Snow. The catalogue of this year stated that
"by the munificence of the State, tuition in
the University has been made free in all depart-
ments. No charges are made, except an an-
nual contingent fee of ten dollars, " which was
collected from all students except orphans of
the victims of Quantrell's raid and honorably
discharged Union soldiers. The resources of
the institution for many years consisted of these
contingent fees, the interest on the endowment
fund, which was then generally referred to as
the Amos Lawrence fund, and the annual ap-
propriations made by the Legislature.
At the opening in September, 1868, the
faculty had been considerably changed. Pro-
* Regents' record, p 59.
t Regents' report for 1WV.I.
00 History of the University.
fcssors Homer and Cook had resigned. Chan-
cellor Fraser became Professor of Mental and
Moral Philosophy and Belles Lettres, and S. M.
Newhall was elected instructor in vocal music,
W. H. Saunders instructor in chemistry, and
John Folkrnann, Ph. D., instructor in the Ger-
man language and literature and drawing. Dr.
Newman's title was changed from "Lecturer
upon Hygiene" to "Instructor in Human Anat-
omy and Physiology and Hygiene."
The unusually large proportion of instructors
in the faculty was principally due to the inability
of the Regents to pay full professors' salaries
to more than the three senior members of the
faculty. The first difficulty in securing sufficient
appropriations was experienced with the Legis-
lature of 1868. The Regents' estimate of neces-
sary appropriations was $13, 800. This included
the item of $3,000 for a Chancellor and President
of the Faculty, which had been appropriated by
the two preceding Legislatures but had remained
undrawn in the State treasury. This item was
now refused and the sum asked for was otherwise
reduced to $7,500. The Regents felt that they
must keep their contracts with the instructors,
so no reduction of salaries was made, but at the
close of the year 1868 an indebtedness of nearly
History of the University. 91
82,000 had been contracted.* Yet, strange to
say, again an undrawn balance of $533. 3i was
left in the State treasury, f
The attendance of the year 1868-9 was 122,
of which number six young ladies were in colle-
giate classes.^:
The year 186970 is memorable in the history
of the institution both because of important in-
ternal changes affecting instruction and because
of the origin of a movement to provide a new
and more ample domicile for the school.
Prof. Snow had already shown a predilection
for scientific studies and work, and, when an
opportunity came to increase the faculty, he
asked to be relieved of mathematics and to be
allowed to devote himself to work in natural
science. | A division of his work was made in
accordance with his desires, and F. W. Bardwell
was elected Professor of Mathematics and As-
tronomy. Upon the resignation of Mrs. C. A.
Smith and John Folkman, Ellen P. Leonard was
made Professor of Modern Languages, Drawing
and Painting.
The North College building, which was at first
* Regents' report, 1869.
t See report of Commissioners on Public Institutions for 1874, p 32.
t Catalogue of 1808-9.
1 Regents' record, pp. 62 and 65.
92 History of the University.
regarded as very commodious, and sufficient for
years, was full to overflowing. The attendance
was now 152, with seventeen in the collegiate
classes. In his annual report to the Regents,
December 1st, 1869, Chancellor Fraser brought
forward the question of new buildings, and it
was voted by the Regents that the executive com-
mittee should confer with the authorities of the
city of Lawrence to procure the issuance of bonds
to erect additional buildings.*
A ready response was given to their appeal
and an election ordered. A vigorous canvass was
made, in which resident Regents and Chancellor
Fraser took an active part. On the 3d of Feb-
ruary, 1870, the citizens of Lawrence with great
unanimity voted bonds to the amount of $100, 000
to erect a new University building, f
Chas. Robinson, Chancellor Fraser and G.
Grovenor, mayor of Lawrence, were chosen a
building committee. :}; Plans and specifications
of buildings were immediately asked for, and at
a special Regents' meeting, held June 14, plans
offered by J. G. Haskell, architect, were unani-
mously adopted.
* Regents' record pp. 62 and 65.
\La-wrencc Repabl can, and Regents' report for 1870. After the city
had paid interest on these bonds to the amount of about $90.000, the
State assumed the debt. Tbe legislation on the matter of these bonds
foims an interesting chapter.
J Regents' record, p. 71.
History of the University. 93
According to the plans adopted, the building
was made 246 feet in length, ninety-eight feet
in width of widest part, and ninety-five feet in
height, containing fifty-four rooms, all to be de-
voted to the work of instruction. "For every
branch of instruction that requires special fix-
tures and apparatus, a suitable room or suite of
rooms is provided, so that everything belonging
to that branch may be kept in its place, free
from the vexations and hurtful disturbances
which are unavoidable when one room is used
for various branches."* Work was begun al-
most immediately, and in about one year the
building was enclosed. It was the intention
of the Regents from the outset to use the pro-
ceeds of the sale of the city bonds in enclosing
a building, and to ask the Legislature for a suffi-
cient amount to carry the work to completion, f
Ninety thousand five hundred dollars were real-
ized from the bonds, and the State was requested
in 1871 to appropriate $50,000. This legislative
appropriation was made in 1872, and with it the
work was continued until, December 2, 1872,
the building was occupied by University classes.
And this did not come a day too soon, for the
* Re-gents' record, p. OS.
t Kri_'eiitw' record, jj 70.
94 History of the University.
North College building was no longer sufficient
to accommodate the numerous classes. For
some time the basement of the Unitarian Church
had been rented, and occupied by classes which
could not find room in North College, and in
inclement weather much discomfort and incon-
venience was experienced in going to and from
classes.
In pushing the work of building, a debt of
nearly $8,000 had been incurred.* However
the new building still lacked a good deal of
completion. With two hundred and twenty -six
windows which had no interior casings, and
twenty-two windows which were covered with
slats, it is easy to believe the statement of Chan-
cellor Fraser, that "the cold air of winter finds
free ingress into the building." Most of the
rooms were insufficiently equipped with furniture
and apparatus, yet the authorities found reasons
for congratulating themselves on the improve-
ment of the surroundings.
In the meantime the increase in the numbers
and efficiency of the faculty, in the number of
students and in the amount of appropriations
for current expenses, was very gratifying. In
1870 the faculty was increased by the election
*Eegeuts' report, 1873, pp. 11 and 13.
History of the University. 95
of D. O. Kellogg as Professor of History and
English and J. E. Bartlett as instructor in music;
the attendance was 227, of whom nineteen were
in the collegiate work; the amount of State aid
was nearly $15,000. In 1871 the faculty was
further increased by the addition of Fred. E.
Stimpson as Professor of Chemistry and Phys-
ics, and of A. J. S. Molinard as Professor of
Engineering and Drawing; the attendance was
265, twenty-nine in collegiate work, and the ap-
propriations were nearly $18,000, of which sum
$750 remained in the State treasury undrawn.*
In 1872 S. W. Y. Schimonsky had taken the
place of Prof. Molinard, and Byron C. Smith
was elected Professor of Greek Language and
Literature; the attendance was 272, with seventy-
three in the collegiate classes, and the appropria-
tions, exclusive of the $50,000 for building
already mentioned, were $18,290.
The years 1873 and 1874 were years of un-
usual trials and discouraging circumstances.
The Regents estimated the amount necessary to
finish the new building at $35,000, and respect-
fully asked the Legislature for that sum. Not
only did they entirely fail to get this appropria-
* Auditor's report, an quoted in report on public institutions, 1874,
P 32,
96 History of the University.
tion, but even of the 36,000 asked to pay
running expenses and make good a deficit of
over $7,000 incurred in building they received
only 824,660 in 1873. The impoverished con-
dition of the State, and the uncertainty of getting
an appropriation to cover deficits, made it neces-
sary for the Regents to reorganize the faculty
on a lower scale of expenditure than before. In
the reorganization, which took place in 1874, the
number of instructors was only reduced from
eleven to ten, but the number of regular pro-
fessors was reduced from nine to six, and three
assistants were employed at a lower rate of com-
pensation. Professors Stimpson, Kellogg, Leon-
ard, Schirnonsky and Bartlett resigned their
places, and Geo.E. Patrick, Wm.T. Gage, Frances
Schlegel and E. Miller were chosen to take charge
of chemistry and physics, history and English,
modern languages and drawing, and mathemat-
ics, respectively. Professor Bardwell took charge
of the work in civil engineering left by Professor
Schimonsky, and, in the retrenchment which was
carried into the following year, he even became
superintendent of grounds and buildings. Tliis
sweeping change was to some extent the result
of internal strife among members of the faculty,
occasioned chiefly by a feeling of dissatisfaction
History of the University. 97
with the administration of Chancellor Fraser.
His work of six years as head of the University
had shown that he possessed executive ability
in no mean degree, but lie lacked the power of
controlling men and harmonizing discordant
interests, lie accordingly resigned the chan-
cellorship on the 15th of April, 1874, and his
resignation was accepted on condition that he
remain in charge until the appointment of his
successor.
On the 15th of July, 1874, S. H. Carpenter,
professor of logic in the University of Wisconsin,
was elected Chancellor. It is reported that he
came to the city, but withdrew without visiting
any one officially connected with the University,
and sent word to the llegents that he could not
accept the position.*
On the 19th of November, 1874, James Mar-
vin, of Meadville, Pa., was elected Chancellor.
lie accepted the position and assumed control
early in the winter. Under his administration
the institution made very considerable progress,
notwithstanding adverse conditions. During
his first year the salaries of regular professors
and the Chancellor himself were considerably
* Recent*' record, p. 183. Sec; report of coimninsioniTH on public
institution* for 1h74, p 31, for different statement of tbe case.
7
98 History of the University.
reduced because of insufficient appropriations
by the Legislature to maintain them.
The institution was managed on a purely eco-
nomical basis, and, with the return of prosperous
financial conditions in the State, the University
won the confidence of all classes. The $35,-
000 asked for to complete the new building
was not received in a lump sum, but by the
strictest economy and careful use of small ap-
propriations made from time to time for the
purpose the building was completed.
In October, 1878, the Law School was opened,
with a class of thirteen students, under the
charge of J. W. Green.*
During this period the seventy-two sections
of land granted by Congress as an endowment
were sold and a sum of considerably over $100,-
000 was realized.
The faculty was increased from ten to nine-
teen and the attendance of students advanced
from 272 at the close of the former administra-
tion to 582 at the close of Dr. Marvin's adminis-
tration.
The chemistry building was erected, at a cost
*In view of the fact that the records are much fuller, and informa-
tion much more accessible, as well as in consideration of the class of
readers for whom this account is intended, this sketch is made much
briefer from the accession of Dr Marvin.
History of the University. 99
of $12,000. The University grounds were
changed from a rough and treeless common to
a well-graded enclosure covered with young
ornamental and shade trees. On the scholas-
tic side a proportionate progress was attained.
Plans looking to the early discontinuance of the
preparatory department were inaugurated, by
the recognition of the best high schools of the
State as schools preparatory to the University.
By legislative requirement of 1876, a normal
department was opened and maintained for sev-
eral years with success. When Chancellor Fra-
ser retired, in 1874, seven collegiate students had
graduated, and at the close of Chancellor Mar-
vin's administration the aggregate of collegiate,
normal and law graduates was 139. Chancellor
Marvin resigned his office in 1883, and the effort
was immediately made to secure a well-known
educator from the East to succeed him. At the
solicitation of the Regents, Prof. C. K. Adams,
of Michigan University, visited Lawrence, but
declined further consideration of the question
of accepting the chancellorship. Later in the
summer Joshua Allan Lippincott, professor of
mathematics in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.,
accepted the office, and entered upon his duties
in September of the same year.
100 History of the University.
Under the new administration larger appro-
priations were demanded and received from the
State, and several new enterprises were conse-
quently carried out successfully. The most im-
portant of these was the building of Snow Hall,
at a cost of over $50,000, which sum was ap-
propriated for the purpose by the Legislature of
1885. This building is 110 feet in length, 100
feet wide, three stories high, exclusive of an at-
tic twelve feet high, and is wholly devoted to
the Department of Natural History. A new en-
gine house was also built by means of an appro-
priation of $16,000. By legislative enactment
in 1885, the Regents were directed to open a
School of Pharmacy. This was done in the au-
tumn of the same year, and Lucius E. Sayre, of
Philadelphia, was placed in charge. The de-
partments of Music and Art were more com-
pletely organized, and material advancement was
made in all lines of collegiate and departmental
work.
The number of recognized preparatory high
schools was greatly increased and their relations
to the University were more fully and satisfac-
torily determined. The Normal Department and
one year of the preparatory work were discon-
tinued. This occasioned some diminution of the
History of the University. 101
aggregate attendance, but this loss was more
than compensated by the relief of the force of
instruction from the necessity of doing a low
grade of teaching, and the Consequent elevation
of the standard of scholarship.
The annual appropriations for current ex-
penses during this period increased from some-
thing over $30,000 to $75,000.* The faculty
at the close of the administration numbered over
thirty, against nineteen at the beginning, and
the number of graduates in all departments now
amounted to 461.
Chancellor Lippincott resigned in 1889, and
an interim of one year followed, in which Re-
gent W. C. Spangler was Acting Chancellor and
Professor Snow was President of the Faculty.
In the spring of 1890, Clias. F. Thwing, of
Minneapolis, Minn., visited the University at the
solicitation of the Regents, and was elected
to the chancellorship. After considering the
matter for some time, he declined to accept the
office. A short time afterwards Professor Snow
accepted the headship of the institution, to whose
interests his life has been devoted, and a new
administration and a new era were opened for
the University.
"The Moody Mil, passed by the Legislature of 18S!), provides for the
levy of a State tax for the University sufficient to raise the sum of $75,-
OOU annually.
JOHN FRASER,
HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY.
CAKKIE M. WATSON.
A UNIVERSITY and its library are closely allied.
The present methods of conducting university
work make the library a very essential part of a
university. These methods which have obtained
acceptance throughout the land may perhaps be
best designated as German methods, since the
impetus came from the German universities.
The professor recommends his students to rely
upon the library; to ascertain the original sources
of materials used; to search for all authorities
and opinions upon matters under discussion, and
to verify statements made in the class room.
The library thus gives vitality to the university.
It has therefore become a truism that the growth
of an institution is measured largely by its li-
brary. A very natural question to ask when
judging of the strength of a university is, "How
strong is its library ? ' '
(108)
104: History of the Library.
The University of Kansas has now been es-
tablished twenty-five years. Let us, then, take a
glance backwards and see whence the library
came, that we may know the history of its strug-
gles, trials and successes.
It is with gratification that we find that the
library was a part of the original plan of the
University of Kansas. On March 21, 1865, the
first Board of Regents elected one of its mem-
bers, J. S. Emery, librarian. He was reelected
on December 6,1865, and again on July 18,1866.
These elections, as a matter of fact, occurred be-
fore the opening of the University, as the first
faculty and students did not meet for work until
September 12, 1866. J. S. Emery was librarian
until 1868. Another Regent, W. 0. Tenney, re-
ceived the appointment from 1868 to 1869. The
charge of the library then passed from the Re-
gents to the Faculty. Frank H. Snow, Professor
of Natural History, was elected librarian De-
cember 1, 1869, and reelected December 7, 1870.
He resigned September 3, 1 873. Byron C. Smith,
Professor of Greek, was made librarian for the
next year. January 1, 1875, E. Miller, Profes-
sor of Mathematics, accepted the position, and
discharged the duties for twelve years. He re-
signed April 1, 1887. Inasmuch as the libra-
History of the Library. 105
rians up to this date were professsors in the
University, the amount of time they could devote
to library work was of necessity limited, but,
with the resignation of Prof. Miller, a new state
of affairs was inaugurated. Carrie M. Watson
was then elected to devote her whole time and
attention to the work. It seems the natural
order of things, when writing the history of this
library, to give the history of the librarians first,
because the library had librarians before it had
books.
The library may be said to have started from
nothing but a hope a hope that an appropria-
tion for books would be made, or that some
fund might be set aside for library purposes, or
that some generous friend would endow or be-
queath a library; but the early historical facts
show us that it was for some time a forlorn hope.
A definite idea of the condition of the library
at the opening of the University may be found
by an extract from a letter. The day after the
formal opening of the University, Prof. Snow,
in describing the building, wrote to a friend in
the East as follows:
"The southwest and southeast rooms on the second floor
arc intended for a library and museum. They are now
empty, save a few Congressional books in the library room
106 History of the Library.
and three or four geological specimens of my own in the
cabinet room."
The United States Government was the first
liberal donor. We find in the minutes of the
Regents, December 5, 1866, the adoption of the
following resolution:
"That our Senators and Representatives in Congress be
requested to furnish for the library of the State University,
from the departments at Washington and other sources, as
many books as possible, and that the Secretary be requested
to furnish them a copy of this resolution."
The duties of the librarians, until 1873, were
little more than to represent the department and
to be custodians of public documents and private
gifts. The growth of the library, for the first
seven years of its nominal existence, was so slow
as to be almost imperceptible. This fact is clearly
demonstrated by the following quotation, which
appeared regularly in the annual university cata-
logues for six years, from 1867 to 1873: "The
nucleus of a library has been secured, to which
additions will be made. At present the students
are permitted to avail themselves of the private
libraries of the Faculty." It is somewhat diffi-
cult to understand why this condition existed so
long, but it was probably due to a combination
of circumstances chiefly to the fact that the in-
stitution did not start with a heavy endowment,
History of the Library. 107
but with small annual appropriations from the
State Legislature of a comparatively new West-
ern State. At first the funds were necessarily
used to provide buildings and instruction. Thus,
year by year, these demands exhausted the
money to be expended, and as a result there
could be no books purchased. There is one
strange bit of history connected with the early
struggles of the library that puzzles one, when
reading the annals of the University. The li-
brary was mentioned in the first appropriation
along with scientific and philosophic apparatus,
for all of which $3, 000 was appropriated by the
Legislature of 1866, but over $1,300 of the
$3,000 reverted to the State treasury. Why
$1,300 was not used to establish the library is
the mystery.
August 7, 1867, Chancellor Oliver recom-
mended, in his annual report:
"The collection of a library demands some attention.
The large and well-assorted library of President Tappan is
left with the trustees at Ann Arbor to be disposed of. It
affords a rare opportunity for purchasing at a low rate one
of the best assorted libraries in the land. The catalogue of
his library is herewith submitted."
Nothing was ever done with this recommenda-
tion. We learn from the minutes of the Board
of Regents for August 23, 1871, that the com-
108 History of the Library.
mittee reported the purchase from John Speer,
of Lawrence, of thirteen volumes of the United
States Pacific Survey. These volumes cost $50.
This was the first addition to the library by pur-
chase. In 1873, the expenditures were $220.30
for books of reference.
Such deliberation did not produce a library.
The inconvenience to the members of the fac-
ulty from the lack of library facilities is vividly
represented in Chancellor Eraser's report of the
Department of Mental and Moral Philosophy,
dated 1873. He says:
i/
"The books needed by the students are at present fur-
nished out of my private library. Other professors in the
institution likewise give to their students the use of books
which are not to be found in the very limited and defective
library belonging to the University. Without an adequate
supply of good books, bearing on the subjects of text books,
the student cannot be trained to habits and methods of crit-
ical literary and philosophical research. Narrowness, su-
perficiality and dogmatism are almost sure to be results of
the method of instruction that limits the student's knowl-
edge of a subject to the contents of a single book. In com-
mon with the other members of the Faculty, 1 feel that my
instructions are narrowed in their range and impaired in
their usefulness from lack of books by the best authors on
the subjects taught in my department. A library is as es-
sential to thorough instruction in literature and philosophy
as apparatus is to the laboratory work in chemistry and
physics."
Chancellor Snow, in his inaugural address,
History of the Library. 109
characterized this period, the first six years in
the history of the University, as the "high school
period, with some premonitions of an approach-
ing collegiate character." But this high school
was not as well supplied with a library as are at
present many of the high schools throughout
Kansas. It was a discouraging state of affairs,
but perseverance and untiring efforts were finally
successful. Those who were interested in the
welfare of the University saw their hopes and
plans begin to take material shape. In 1873,
the Faculty and Regents asked for S3, 000 for
books. The Legislature, while not granting the
request, made what was for the time a large ap-
propriation. One thousand and five hundred
dollars was to be devoted exclusively to the pur-
chase of books. This is an important epoch in
the history of the library, for it was the first de-
cided effort made towards the accumulation of
books otherwise than by gift.
Prof. Byron C. Smith reported as librarian
in 1874 that there were less than one thousand
volumes. But from that time the growth of the
library was more apparent. Sums of money,
though small, were regularly expended, so that
the long-derided nucleus was enabled to develop.
From 1875 to 1889, with the exception of four
110
History of the Library.
years, $1,000 was annually spent for new books;
for these four years but 1500 was granted. In
1876, it was entirely withheld. For the year
1889-90, $5,000 was appropriated for additions
to the library; for 1890-91, $2,500; $3,500 has
been set aside for books for 1891-92. The fol-
lowing table shows the money appropriated and
the number of volumes in the library from year
to year:
YEAK.
PURPOSE.
APPBO-
PBIATIOH.
NO. VOL-
UMES.
1871...
13 volumes of U S. Pacific Survey
$50 00
1874
220 30
1874...
Hooks of reference
79 70
1874
1,500 00
less than
1875
21 90
1,000
1875...
Additions to library
1,030 69
1,7CO
187(5
3,519
1877
Additions to library
500 00
2,519
1H7S
Additions to library
500 00
2,750
187SI ..
Additions to library
1,000 00
3,100
1S80
Additions to library
1,000 00
3844
1H81...
Additions to library
1,000 00
4,500
1882
Additions to library
1,000 00
5.481
1883 .. .
Additions to library
500 00
6,300
1884
Additions to library
500 00
(5.500
1885 ..
Additions to library
1,000 00
7,000
188(5
Additions to library
1,000 00
7,700
1887 ..
Additions to library
1,000 00
8.035
1888
Additions to library
1,000 00
9,207
1889 ..
Additions to library
5,000 00
1 1.05(i
1800
Additions to library
2,500 oo
12,528
1891...
Additions to library
14,82(5
To be sure these figures do not always tell
the story one expects; as, for instance, in 1889,
when the amount expended was five times the
History of the Library. Ill
amount of any other year, it did not secure five
times the number of books. The reason for
this will be evident, when it is known that many
of the complete sets of magazines, treatises and
works of reference which were procured were
out of print and expensive. It was deemed ad-
visable to purchase these books as soon as pos-
sible, as each year they are becoming rarer and
more difficult to obtain. Then, too, the increase
in the number of volumes does not always show
in the corresponding year of the appropriation.
The volumes are not counted until placed on the
shelves, and there are often delays in ordering
and receiving books, especially those out of
print and those that have to be imported.
We have just traced the origin of the library
and the efforts made to procure books for it.
Now let us follow it in its different locations,
and notice the use made of it.
As has before been stated, the library had its
location at the outset in the first building, on the
second floor in the southwest room. It was a
small room and made but a slight impression on
the students. One of the alumni, who was then
a student in the advanced classes, remembers
using some of the few books in the library, but
more especially books placed there by Chancel-
112 History of the Library.
lor Eraser for the use of students. The ad-
vanced students and faculty knew of this small
collection of books, but the nucleus of a library
was a myth to the majority of the students.
When the removal of the entire University
from the old building to the new one took place,
in 1872, the mythical nucleus was arranged on
shelves in room No. 4, which is now the uni-
versity reception room. The use of this room
was given to the senior classes. Further than
adding to their pride, the members of the class
gained little else from the advantage. The li-
brary experience of the students of this time was
mostly confined to the city library and the libra-
ries of the professors.
It was not until September, 1877, that the books
were transferred to a room which had been fitted
up with alcoves for the books and tables for the
readers. The library was now for the first time
thrown open to all the students. Here the li-
brary started out in a library fashion, although
upon a ludicrously small scale. It was in the west
room of the south wing, on the first floor, No. 14
the room now used by the English Department.
There were then 2,519 volumes. The room
was open from 9 A. M. to 1 p. M. The librarian
was occupied with his classes, so the first year
History of the Library. 118
the room was under the care of four monitors,
one student for each hour. But the next year
it was found desirable to have one person to take
charge of the room, to keep order, and to issue
books. Carrie M. Watson was selected to assist
Prof. Miller in this matter. Students could use
this room as a reading room. They had access
to the shelves, and they were permitted to draw
one volume at a time for home use. The book
could not be kept longer than three weeks with-
out renewal. This was the beginning of the
present practice.
The library remained in this one room until
there were 8, 035 volumes. It became so crowded
that it was necessary to move to the north end
of the main building, where more rooms and
better facilities could be obtained. One room,
at the extreme north end of the main building,
on the first floor, was filled with alcoves to hold
the library proper. Part of the corridor was
cloned off and shelved for the better arrange-
ment of the public documents. A third room,
No. 9, which seemed adapted for the purpose in
its direct light from the east and its cheerfulness,
was set aside for the general reading room. It
was connected with the book room, but the de-
8
114 History of the Library.
livery desk was placed at the doorway between
the rooms. Only members of the senior and jun-
ior classes were allowed to enter the room where
the books were kept. Library permits were is-
sued to them. The other students were handed
the books upon request. In the fall of 1889 a
great need was felt for another book room, so a
compromise was made with the Law Department
by which room No. 8 was procured. Alcoves
to hold the general library books were placed in
this room on these conditions: That part of the
alcoves should be reserved for the law books,
the law books cared for, and the law students
granted library permits. This arrangement lasted
only one year, for in 1890 the Law Department
was moved to the North College. The law library
in its new location is very conveniently situated
for work. There are three rooms, not very large,
but well arranged. The University now owns
789 law books, to which J. W. Green, Dean of
the Law Department, has added his own law
library, 1,000 volumes, for the use of students.
Some one from the general library examines the
books with the shelf list two or three times a
year. W. H. Starkey, a law student, has charge
of the books.
History of the Library. 115
At present the general library occupies all of
the rooms on the first floor of the north wing of
the main building and one room in the base-
ment. It includes the reading room, with the
librarian's office adjoining it, and the two book
rooms, besides the hall way between these rooms,
which makes a separate room for the public docu-
ments. The basement room is used for stor-
age, for unpacking new books and for packing
books for binding.
All students have good library facilities for
work in the reading room. This room is supplied
with 140 American and foreign periodicals, and
sixty State newspapers. There is a good collec-
tion of cyclopedias, books of reference and dic-
tionaries. When the lower classes are studying
special topics, certain volumes may be placed
upon reserve shelves for class use. These vol-
umes are in no case to be removed from the
reading room, as they are for the entire class.
These students find what they want from the
card catalogue, and are referred to books by the
professors. Indeed, we use whatever means we
can to create a taste for reading among those
who have never enjoyed the use of a library and
to extend the taste for reading among those who
already have the habit, so that when they reach
116 History of the Library.
the junior and senior years they will understand
better the nature of their privilege of free access
to the shelves. Under no circumstances should
any one be allowed access to a library shelf who
has not learned by personal experience what
books are.
In the two book rooms the books are placed
in alcoves arranged by subjects. Small tables are
placed in the vacant spaces in these rooms, where
the advanced students can work conveniently.
The library is available more hours than here-
tofore. It was open from 9 A. M. to 1 p. M. , from
1877 to 1885. Two hours in the afternoon were
added in 1885. Then, in 1887, the hours were
extended from 8 A. M. until chapel time, and from
9 A. M. to 6 P. M., except on Saturdays, when it
was open only from nine until twelve o'clock.
It was decided, in 1888, to open the library Fri-
day evenings from half past seven until ten
o'clock. The desire on the part of a number of
students for the past three years to work in the
library during vacations which occur in the
school year has made it seem advisable not to
close the library at such times, but to give the
opportunity for working mornings, except on
legal holidays. Even during the Christmas re-
cess many of the students do good work in the
History of the Library. 117
library. This habit of research, which is devel-
oping among the students, cannot fail to be con-
sidered a good sign.
The library administration has developed grad-
ually in the same manner that has characterized
the growth of the library.
To trace the details of the growth would only
interest librarians and be extremely prosaic to
the general reader. Suffice it to say, that the
result of this growth has produced or caused to
be adopted methods which are practical and sys-
tematic, the strongest emphasis being laid upon
accuracy and simplicity.
So, rather than show the development of the
machinery by which the library runs, we will de-
scribe the methods as we find them in use at
present.
The annual appropriations for new books are
divided among the professors at the head of
the several departments. In this way the books
are chosen directly in the lines of work pursued.
The Board of Regents has made the following
distribution of the book fund available for the
coming year (July 1st is the beginning of our
fiscal year):
Law $500 00
American history and civics 235 00
118 History of the Library.
Philosophy $175 00
German 175 00
French 175 00
Mathematics and astronomy 125 00
Chemistry 125 00
Pharmacy 125 00
Music 50 00
Physics and electrical engineering 100 00
English 400 00
History and sociology 225 00
Latin 175 00
Greek 175 00
Botany, entomology and meteorology 125 00
Civil engineering 125 00
Zoology, anatomy and physiology 125 00
Geology and paleontology 125 00
Miscellaneous , 250 00
The professors are furnished with printed or-
der slips upon which are written the author's
name, title, edition, place, publisher, date, number
of volumes, size and price of the book wanted.
We use the form of the Harvard order slip.
After these blanks are filled ont they are handed
to the librarian. Care is then given to the pur-
chase of the books. When in due time the new
books arrive they are entered in the accession
book, recorded in the shelf list, classified accord-
ing to Dewey's "System of Decimal Classifi-
cation," and catalogued according to Cutter's
"Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue." They
are then placed upon exhibition shelves in the
History of the Library. 119
reading room until the lower classes become fa-
miliar with the latest additions.
The accession book was begun in 1885. Pre-
viously the records of the bpoks were kept quite
crudely. The accession book prepared by the
Library Bureau is the most approved method of
keeping library records. The history of each
book is accurately kept. Its classification, num-
ber, author, title, publisher, place, date, number
of pages, size, binding, of whom purchased or
donated and price are recorded.
A shelf list for each department has been
made. These shelf lists are invaluable in many
ways. They are lists of the books made in the
exact order in which the books stand upon the
shelf when each book is in its place. They are
especially useful when taking an inventory of
the library.
The scheme for issuing books was planned by
L. I. Blake, Professor of Physics. It is arranged
so as to answer quite readily three questions:
Who has a certain book ? What book a certain
person lias? When a certain book is due? The
students have the privilege of taking books home,
although the privilege is much restricted. A
university library is more useful as a reference
library than as a circulating one, especially in
120 History of the Library.
certain departments and at different times of the
year when classes are studying certain subjects.
Therefore the professor has the right to reserve
books for his class work. When students, as in
our library, do a large part of their work where
the books are, it is to their advantage to find a
book in the building rather than have to seek it
at some student's home. Experience has taught
us that, otherwise, when the professor refers the
class to a chapter in a certain volume, one stu-
dent will take the book home and the rest of the
class will have to do without it, while, if reserved,
the whole class will have an opportunity to read
it some time during the day.
The first list of books was made in 1874, in
manuscript form, by Charles S. Gleed, now a Re-
gent of the University, but at that time a student.
He made it for Prof. Byron C. Smith, who was
the librarian. It is indeed an interesting relic.
In 1880 the first printed list of books was issued,
by Prof. E. Miller, librarian. It was called a
' ' Catalogue of Books in the State University of
Kansas, January 1, 1880," and there were ap-
pended the additions from January 1, 1880, to
January 1, 1882. It was in pamphlet form, and
consisted of the short titles of 5,303 volumes.
A Library Bulletin No. 1 was published July,
History of the Library. 121
1890. It contained the accessions to the Uni-
versity library from July 1, 1889, to June 30,
1890. It gave the full titles of the volumes, and
they were arranged alphabetically by the author,
under the ten main subject classes of the Dewey
system.
The assistant librarians have always been
students of the University. Carrie M. Watson,
from 1878 to 1887, was a graduate; W. H. John-
son, 1884-85, H. F. Graham, 1885-86, W. S.
Allen, 1886-88, E. G. Allen, 1888-91, were stu-
dents carrying their regular collegiate work, and
Helen B. Sutliff, 1890-91, was a post-graduate
student.
The library has received two loan libraries. The
first one was placed in the library in 1878 by
Prof. F. E. Stimpson. .It contains 113 volumes.
It is known as the "Stimpson Loan Library."
The second is the "Haskell Loan Library." In
1887, Mrs. D. C. Haskell placed 142 volumes in
the library for the use of the students.
The library has been fortunate in having many
generous friends. While we have not as yet re-
ceived the gift of a library from any scientific
or literary scholar, we have received a few choice
volumes from a large number of persons. The
largest private gift has come from L)r. L. Chase,
122 History of the Library.
of Irving, Kansas. He has given 230 volumes
of valuable miscellaneous books. The present
has been made at several different times; in fact,
it was only recently that we had the pleasure of
opening one box which contained forty volumes.
Among them was a set of Reclus 1 Nouvelle Ge-
ographie Universelle, in nine handsome octavo
volumes, and Farrow's Military Encyclopaedia,
in three volumes, which were particularly valua-
ble to us. The first most noteworthy gift the
library ever received was from Hon. W. A. Phil-
lips, of Salina. It is one of our oldest books
in two ways. It is among the first books of the
library, and its..date of publication, 1518, makes
it the oldest book we have. A portion of the
title page is as follows: "C. Plynii Secvndi
Natvrae Historiarvm Libri XXXVII. E Casti-
gationibvs Hermolai Barbari, Quam Emendatis-
sime Editi;" and the colophon reads, "Excusum,
Hagenoae, typis ac formulis Thomae Anshelmi
Badensis, Ductu & auspicio, Prouidiviri Lvcae
Alantseae Viennensis incolae. Anno a Christi
natali M. D. XVIII. Mense Nouembri. Cae-
sare Maxaemiliano habenas moderante. 1 ' It is
a folio bound in vellum. It is exceedingly inter-
esting from an antiquarian point of view. Two
graduate students each gave useful books to the
History of the Library. 123
library: Miss Ethel B. Allen, thirty-eight vol-
umes of periodical literature, and Mr. Ellis B.
Noyes, nineteen volumes of Humboldt's works.
Rev. C. G. Howland has given ninety volumes
of periodicals. He has completed our sets of
The Nation and Tlie Century, and now gives at
the end of each year his two volumes of each
of these two periodicals for us to bind, as our
current numbers are worn out by use in the read-
ing room. Mr. Frank R. Cordley, Boston, Mass.,
presented a set of the Harleian Miscellany. In
1888 Hon. P. B. Plumb, Hon. Geo. R. Peck and
Hon. T. Dwight Thacher gave a set of the Early
English Text Society publications as far as pub-
lished, lion. Geo. R. Peck, of Topeka, has
since given us the "Works of Jonathan Swift;
with notes, and a life of the author by Sir Wal-
ter Scott," limited American Edition of 1883,
in nineteen volumes, and the "Works of Pope;
with introductions and notes by Elwin and
Courthope," London, 1871-86, in ten volumes.
Col. Win. H. Rossington, of Topeka, in 1889,
gave the new edition of Dryden, revised by
George Saintsbury, and published at Edinburgh.
When completed it will consist of eighteen vol-
umes. And a few days ago he kindly informed
us that he would give us all the books, which
History of the Library.
we did not already possess, in the standard and
classical libraries of the Bohn Series. Judge
D. M. Valentine, of Topeka, has been extremely
generous to the library for the Law Department.
A few months ago he gave sixty volumes of
valuable law periodicals. Mrs. C. W. Babcock
has just donated 157 law books, which is a fine
acquisition to the Law Department. Last year
Mr. D. J. Bossier, of Philadelphia, and Mr. C.
L. Becker, of Ottawa, each gave a collection of
pharmaceutical journals, which will be valuable
to the Pharmaceutical Department. Members
of the faculty have been very liberal to the li-
brary. They have given both books and current
periodicals.
The endeavor of the University of Kansas has
been to secure a useful collection of books
books which serve a purpose in the prosecution
of investigation rather than those books which
serve merely an ornamental and an aesthetic pur-
pose. We readily allow the value of such books,
but they have little place in academic training,
and such books should be secured last. Knowl-
edge in these days has become so divided that
a university library is judged by its ability to
furnish the best, most comprehensive and in
some cases the rarest works upon the subjects
History of the Library. 125
under discussion or investigation rare not in
the bibliographical sense of the word, for such
books possess interest merely to the book col-
lector, but rare from the fact that many valuable
and exceedingly useful books have been allowed
to go out of print. No pains or expense should
be counted in procuring such books for students.
The books have been purchased with great
care, but it is difficult to give a good idea of the
collection in a short space. We are glad to
possess a complete set of the Congressional Rec-
ord and its predecessors, as far back as the Con-
tinental Congress:
1. Journal of Congress, September, 1774, to
November, 1788 18 volumes.
2. Debates and Proceedings in the Congress
of the United States, 1789-1824 42 "
3. Register of Debates in Congress, 1821-1837, 29 "
4. Congressional Globe 109 "
5. Congressional Record 98 "
Another set that we were fortunate enough to
be able to buy is a complete set of the Niles'
Weekly Register, in 76 volumes.
The following list will show something of the
character of the books purchased; they are sim-
ply chosen at random from the books bought
within the last two years:
Du Cange, C., Glossarium Mediae et Infiime
126 History of the Library.
Latinitatis, 7 vols. ; Godefroy, F., Dictionnaire
de 1'Ancienne Langue Fran<?aise et de tous ses
Dialects, du IXe an XVe Siecle, 6 vols. ; Jamie-
son, J., Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, 5 vols.
Complete sets of the following philological
journals: Anglia, 12 vols. ; Archiv, 84 vols. ; En-
glische Studien, 14 vols. ; Germania, 33 vols. ;
Journal of Philology (London), 17 vols.; and
Romania, 19 vols.
Lagrange, J. L. , Oeuvres, 13 vols. ; Marie, Max-
imilien, Histoire des Sciences Mathematiques et
Physiques, 12 vols. ; Bentham, G., et Hooker, J.
D., Genera Plantarum, 3 vols.; Heurck, Henri
van, Synopsis des Diatomies deBelgique, 3 vols. ;
Lamarck, J. de, Histoire Naturelle des Animanx
sans Yertebres, 11 vols.
Chaucer Society publications, 50 vols. ; Shake-
speare Society publications, 32 vols.
Ternaux-Compans, H. , Voyages, 10 volumes;
Goethe, J. W. von, Werke, Weimar, 27 vols. ;
Tieck, L. , Schriften, 28 vols. ; Herder, J. G. von,
Werke, 24 vols.; Gautier, T., 28 vols.; Sainte-
Beuve, C. , 31 vols.; Societe des Anciens Textes
Fran^ais, 45 vols.; Penrose, F. C. , Principles of
Athenian Architecture.
It is evident from reading the sketch of this
History of the Library. 127
library that its past has been a struggle. In
fact, the library's history for the last two or three
years is all that deserves mention from the stand-
point of actual growth. We have every reason
to expect that henceforth its strength and size
will increase rapidly.
As members of the University, we look upon
its present success with pride, for we know with
what it has had to contend. In the report for
the year ending January 5, 1891, of the New-
berry Library, in Chicago, we find that this li-
brary, which is only three and one-half years
old, has added an average of 17,315 volumes
each year more in one year than we have in
twenty-five years. This thought fills us with a
longing desire to be able to furnish the young
people of Kansas with more of the rich literary
treasures of the past and present, that they may
not be deprived of intellectual stimulus. They
now have the use of about 15,000 volumes.
While this collection makes only a beginning
and is much smaller than we wish, what may
we not expect in the future, since we have ac-
complished good results in the pioneer years?
Our ambition is mainly directed towards making
a strong and useful support for each department
in the University, especially to the optional
128 History of the Library.
courses. Ezra Cornell defined a university as
"an institution where any person can find in-
struction in any study." It therefore becomes
the business of a university library to supply any
person with the literature of any study. We
have proved the importance of the library by a
practical demonstration by the good it is doing
every day; we have won the confidence and
aroused the pride of many interested friends.
With the united efforts of these friends, and the
available resources of the State, grand improve-
ments may be expected before the next twenty-
fifth milestone is reached. May we not have a
high ideal, and -hope to make this library the
literary center of this portion of the country?
Let us fulfill a mission. Let us supply the want
to which the weakness of the western writers
was attributed by Mr. B. W. Woodward; he said,
in his address before the Kansas Academy of
Language and Literature, April 9, 1891:
"Who shall deny that our eastern writers, like those of
Europe, succeed largely because they enjoy advantages denied
to us the access to great libraries, the association with men
of high culture, the constant inbreathing of an atmosphere
of literary thinking and doing? Of all this the western
writer has been in a measure deprived, and especially has it
been forbidden to the dwellers upon these Kansas prairies,
remote from literary centers."
JAMES MARVIN.
STUDENT LIFE IN K. S. U.
AKT1IUB G. CANFIELD.
STUDENT life at each of onr older colleges and
universities has a certain character of its own.
It is made up of a large body of forms and cer-
emonies consecrated by long observance, and
rests upon a mass of traditions that have hard-
ened through long years about the institution.
The history of student life at the University of
Kansas during the first quarter century of its
existence must be, like the history of the Univer-
sity itself, a story of beginnings. Twenty-five
years do not create such a body of peculiar forms
and ceremonies and such a mass of traditions as
are necessary to give its student life a very dis-
tinct individuality. Nor have the conditions
surrounding student life been favorable to the
rapid growth of such an individuality. For years
the numbers in the regular collegiate classes
were very small, and they have never been large
9 (129)
130 Student Life.
proportionately to the size of the community in
in which they have lived. The life of the stu-
dents has never dominated that of the town, as
it has often done when institutions are located
in little country villages. Furthermore, the stu-
dents have never been separated from the larger
community, as in colleges where the dormitory
system prevails. They have not lived by them-
selves apart, but have been scattered and swal-
lowed up in the homes of the city. The student
body, therefore, has never felt itself to be a
wholly separate world, quite outside of the op-
eration of the civil and social laws that govern
people, and free to evolve laws and forms of
life of its own. Its life, political, social, literary,
moral and religious, has been largely that of the
city and the State.
But although the growth of a distinct college
community, with its peculiar organs and life,
has been slow, it has nevertheless gone steadily
forward. Certain general features of this com-
munity declared themselves early, and were the
necessary result of the constitution of the Uni-
versity or of circumstances of the time. Fore-
most among these is the presence of women on
a perfect equality with men, and their associa-
tion with them in all college relations. This is
Student Life. 131
the key to most, perhaps, of the differences that
distinguish college life here from that in the older
eastern institutions. The far larger devotion
to the claims of "society," the large measure
of freedom from certain boisterous sorts of fun
making, the more uncertain hold of athletic
sports, are some of the more obvious results of
the co-educational constitution of the University.
Among the circumstances of the time that
shaped college life I am inclined to put first the
poverty, maturity and earnestness of the greater
number of collegiate students in the early classes.
They seem to have set a serious and self-reliant
tone to college life which has been an influence
ever since and has done more than any official
watchfulness or discipline could have done to
keep the history of the institution free from
scandal and disorders. During the first ten
years of its life, while the students were almost
all in the preparatory classes, there appear in
its catalogue under the head of discipline several
specific rules for their government. They must
not, for instance, leave town without the con-
sent of the Chancellor. But after 1873 the
single requirement of "unexceptional deport-
ment" has stood unchanged. There have been
of course from time to time those pranks that
132 Student Life.
boys, and especially college boys, will play upon
each other, upon the faculty or upon the towns-
people. Once or twice they have overstepped
the bounds of good judgment and right feeling.
But in all the twenty-five years the student
body has been exceptionally free from any-
thing that has brought real disgrace upon any
of its members.
Hazing has been practically unknown. That
is a natural result of the absence of class spirit,
which is the almost necessary consequence of
the very mixed class relations of most students
in the earlier years and of the diversity of
courses and wide range of electives in later
times. The tie of class, such a strong one in
all of the older colleges, has seldom been
strong here, and has often failed to be consciously
felt at all. The fraternity tie, strengthened by
the intensity of fraternity rivalries, has cut
across the class feeling and tended further to
lessen it. Class relations have been compara-
tively little felt in society. No well recognized
social event, I think, has grown out of the class
organization or follows class lines. The ex-
ercises of class day are the only ones for which
a class is held responsible by college tradition
so far as it is at present established. A formal
Student Life. 133
class organization has usually been kept up by
classes, though the great irregularity of students
has often made it impossible to draw the lines
of membership sharply. Usually also some
further attempt is made during the course to de-
velop the class consciousness, either by a class
supper, or a class party, or by some distinction
of dress. Thus the class of '84, in their Sopho-
more year adopted the mortar board as the class
hat. Within the last few years class hats have
been adopted by several classes, usually in their
Senior year, but also sometimes in the Sopho-
more year. Class parties have hardly ever been
given before the Junior year, though the ladies
of '84 entertained the gentlemen of the class
during their Sophomore year, and '88 had a
party when they were still Freshmen. But
these seem to be only sporadic exhibitions of
class consciousness. Only in the class of '81
does the class tie seem to have been much more
than nominal and to have outlived the chilling
contact of the world. Still there have been in-
dications in the past three years that Seniors,
as the day of their separation approaches, ap-
preciate the value of the class relation more than
used to be the case ; and the greater regularity
of the students in their courses and the increased
134 Student Life.
number of those who can pursue their course to
the end without interruption give a basis for class
spirit which has hitherto been absent.
It is the fraternity which has been by far the
most important unit within the University, both
in society and in politics. Almost all those so-
cial events which have a well marked university
character have been due to some one or other of
the fraternities. The receptions and parties that
belong specifically to the student world and are
regularly recurring features of the social year
are fraternity parties and receptions. There
have been nine fraternities in the University,
six belonging to the young men and three to
the young women. About 100 of the 221 colle-
giate undergraduates at the present time are
members of fraternities. This proportion has
been quite constant for a number of years.
The first of the fraternities to enter the Uni-
versity was Beta Theta Pi. It was founded
through the efforts of Major W. 0. Ransom on
the 9th of January, 1873. The University at
this time contained less than fifty students in the
regular college classes. Its charter members
were: F. C. Bassett, Jas. A. Wickersham, L. D.
L. Tosh, E. B. Noyes, E. H. Bancroft, Ralph
Collins, Frank MacLennan and J. D. Lambert.
Student Life. 135
Many if not all of these were members of the
" Degree of Oread Society, 1 ' ti sort of secret so-
ciety existing within the Oread Literary Society,
and containing also a number of young ladies.
Some of these young ladies had already been in
conference with representatives of the I. C. So-
rosis in the spring and summer of 1872, and
when they were sure that the Chapter of Beta
Theta Pi had been founded they secured a char-
ter for the Kappa Chapter of I. C., and the I.
C. V pins appeared at the University almost as
soon as the Betas'. Their charter was granted
April 1st, 1873; the charter members were:
Hannah Oliver, May Richardson, Lizzie Yeag-
ley, Flora Richardson, A. Gertrude Boughton,
Alma Richardson and Vina Lambert. The num-
ber of regular collegiate undergraduates then
was thirty-nine, twenty-two of whom were in the
Freshman class, and of this number the two
young fraternities took in sixteen. An Alumni
Chapter was established by the I. C. 's in Law-
rence in 1882. In 1888 the fraternity elected
to be called by its Greek letter name, Pi Beta
Phi.
By 1876 the number of collegiate students
had grown to between seventy and eighty, and
in the beginning of that year a charter was
136 Student Life.
granted for the Kansas Alpha Chapter of Phi
Kappa Psi. The Chapter was established Feb-
ruary 19th, the charter members being: F. O.
Marvin, through whose efforts largely the charter
was secured, Charles S. Gleed, G. W. Hapgood,
II. H. Jenkins, Valorous F. Brown, Harry W.
Berks, J. W. Gleed, H. D.Crandall, G. T. Nichol-
son. The Phi Psis became at once the stubborn
rivals of the Betas, and both have continued to
play a prominent part in University society and
politics ever since.
Kappa Alpha Theta was the fourth fraternity
to found a Chapter here. In the beginning of
1881 it granted a charter to M. Lizzie Wilder,
Julia M. Watson, Maggie R. Eidemiller, Alice
E. Bartell, Grace Iloughtelin, Cora E. Pierson,
Kate L. Kidenour, Lizzie V. Caldwell, Carrie E.
Heyward, Jo Brown, Roberta Neisley, Clara
Gillham and Ida E. Bay, and on the 17th of
March they were initiated and the Chapter estab-
lished.
During the summer of the same year a charter
was secured from Phi Gamma Delta, and on the
17th of December the Pi Deuteron Chapter of
that fraternity was established here with the fol-
lowing as charter members: Glen L. Miller, J.
T. Harlow, Samuel Seaton, John D. McLaren,
Student Life. 137
W. C. Stevens. In this year, out of an enroll-
ment of 132 in collegiate classes the five frater-
nities contained 5-i.
The members of Phi Gamma Delta began at
once to mingle prominently in the affairs of the
college world. They especially antagonized Phi
Kappa Psi, and had a considerable share in the
revival of the Courier in 1882 as a rival of the
Review, which was then controlled by Phi Kappa
Psi. They have continued to maintain their
connection with the Courier ever since, but the
fortunes of college politics have changed their
old antagonists in journalism into their allies.
The following year added Phi Delta Theta to
the fraternities already established. The Chap-
ter was founded Oct. 20th, 1882, having the fol-
lowing charter members: E. F. Cal dwell, W.
T. Findley, B. T. Chase, T. Jack Schall, S. A.
Detwiler, J. A. Fowler, Justin P. Jacke and
Stanley Williams. The Chapter ran sub rosa
for several months; the pins were first publicly
donned March 20th, 1883.
As early as March, 1882, there were rumors
afloat in the University that a Chapter of
Kappa Kappa Gamma was about to be
founded here, due perhaps to the fact that
a member of that fraternity had become a
138 Student Life.
student here. The rumor continued to be
revived from time to time during the next
two years, but it was not till the fall of 1883
that the Chapter was really established, Evelyn
Smith, Laura Leach, Rose Wagner, Mabel
Gore, Mabel Wemple, Bertha Starr, Sallie Love-
land and Eva Howe being the charter members.
The first public appearance of the fraternity was
on Monday, February 4th, 1884.
The spring of 1884 saw also the advent of
Sigma Chi, which had also been heralded by ru-
mor the previous November. The Alpha Chi
Chapter of that fraternity was established May
16th of that year, and the charter members were
B. C. Preston, C. L. Smith, C. S. Metcalfe, R.
L. McAlpine, Guy Schultz, Will Schultz, D. C.
Kennedy, H. F. Albert and Geo. Metcalfe.
The latest comer among the Greek letter socie-
ties is Sigma Nu. The date of its establishment
was June, 1884, and its charter members were
J. T. Howard, H. B. Martin, P. R. Bennett, G.
W. Harrington, F. A. Marshall, A. C. Markley.
Several of these charter members had been
prominent in University politics, often in com-
binations against the fraternities, and the new
fraternity met at first with some opposition from
the other Greeks.
Student Life. 139
All of these fraternities continue to exist in a
flourishing condition, except Sigma Chi, which
suffered in 1889-90 from internal discords which
it barely weathered, and lost its standing in the
first part of the present year with the withdrawal
of its best men.
The social life of the University cannot well
be considered apart from the fraternities, for it
has centered in them. The intensity of this so-
cial life has varied from year to year and from
fraternity to fraternity. As a rule each fra-
ternity has planned to have two considerable
social events during the year. These have
usually taken the form of evening parties, with
dancing and refreshments. More rarely have
these events taken the shape of formal dinners
or suppers with toasts and perhaps some musical
or literary features. Unusual activity in social
life is indicated by the frequency of informal
hops or other parties. Only rarely and among
a small circle of students has this social activity
amounted to dissipation or invaded the precincts
of the University building. There were times
in 1884 and 1885, however, when Oread Hall
was invaded by some light-headed and light-
footed devotees of society for whom the even-
ings were not enough.
140 Student Life.
During the years when Beta Theta Pi and Phi
Kappa Psi were the sole fraternities among the
young men, the keenness of the rivalry between
them seems to have drawn the fraternity lines
pretty tight, and I have found little reference
during those years to interchanges of social
courtesies between the two. But in 1881 an
era of good feeling seems to have been inaugu-
rated by a banquet given by Beta Theta Pi to
its rival. From that time to the end of 1885
parties given by one fraternity to another were
a favorite form of social life. Since then it has
been more customary for a fraternity to choose
its guests from all the other fraternities. Once
the male fraternities have put aside their rival-
ries and united in a celebration of their common
aims, in the Pan-Hellenic, March 8th, 1889.*
The Sigma Nus however did not participate.
On the same evening the three fraternities of the
young ladies also united in a celebration. The
faculty lias done little to influence or direct the
social life of the students. It has often been
represented at the social gatherings of the stu-
dents, but has not often brought students to-
gether in the homes of its members. An attempt
* About two years before this, and perhaps still earlier, there had
been a more informal meeting of several fraternities.
Student Life.
to bring the whole University together socially
was made in what used to be called the faculty
reception. This was a reception given at the
University shortly after' the opening of the
college year to all students, with the desire of in-
troducing the new students to the old, making
them feel more at home, and strengthening the
feeling of solidarity among all students. These
receptions were inaugurated in 1877 and were
continued until 1885. The custom was revived
by Chancellor Snow in the reception to the Uni-
versity at large given at the beginning of last
December. The University ball, as an occasion
to unite all members of the University without
reference to fraternity or other distinctions, has
never established itself as a regular social event
of the year. University balls have been given
in 1881, 1882, 1883, 1890, and in the first half
of the present year.
The literary life of the students has had two
main channels of expression, the literary society
and the college journals. Both have revealed
a considerable activity, and both have been
closely connected with college politics and often
not to their advantage. The life of the various
literary societies and of the numerous journals
that have been founded here has been marked by
142 Student Life.
the struggle between rival factions for the con-
trol of those societies and journals; and these
factions have usually been separated on frater-
nity lines. No combination between different
fraternities has been stable for a long term of
years, and they have generally shifted from year
to year. Every fraternity has had its turn in a
winning alliance.
The first paper* published by undergraduates
of the University was the Observer of Nature.
This was the organ of the Natural History Soci-
ety, and was edited by William Osburn, ' 77. The
first number appeared with the date of the 1st
of April, 1874. ..Four numbers came out before
commencement, and made up the first volume.
The second volume was published at irregular
intervals during the second half of the next year,
and consisted of five numbers.
The next year a new paper, called the Kansas
Collegiate, appeared. This was really an expan-
sion of the Observer of Nature, for both papers
were issued to the same subscribers and under
the same management; the Observer limited itself
to scientific articles, and the Collegiate devoted
Student Life. 143
itself to literary articles, editorials and news.
Charles S. Gleed, who had assisted in the second
volume of the Observer, edited the Collegiate and
William Osburn the Observer.
After the spring of 1876, the Observer ceased
to appear. The Collegiate continued to hold the
field alone until 1878. In that year two rivals
appeared, the University Courier and the Univer-
sity Pastime. The Courier seems to have been
a revolt against an alleged exclusiveness in the
management of the Review. The Pastime was
a private venture, devoted particularly to news
and inclined to sensation, and was published
fortnightly. It lived only till April 16th, 1879.
The Courier issued but eight numbers of its
first volume, but began its second volume regu-
larly in September, 1879. It did not survive
the year, however. An effort to consolidate it
with the Collegiate failed, but led to the secession
of a part of its supporters, and it ceased publi-
cation for lack of support in the beginning of
1880. Those who had withdrawn from the
Courier went over to the Collegiate, and were
given representation on it, and under the new
control it appeared in November, 1879, as the
Kansas Review.
For two years, 1880-81 and 1881-82, the Re-
144 Student Life.
view had no rival. But in the fall of 1882 the
Courier was revived, again as a revolt against
the exclusiveness of the management of the Re-
view, and continued to appear every fortnight
till commencement, 1884, when there was again
a dissension in its ranks. Its directors voted to
consolidate with the Review under the name of
the University Review, but a party refused to
accept the conclusion, and began in the fall of
1884 to continue the publication of the Courier
as a weekly. Since that time the Review has
remained the only monthly published by the
students.
The Courier continued to have a checkered
career. At first the Review opposed it with a
weekly of its own called the News, but the
Courier proved to have the most vitality, and the
News soon suspended. In the following year a
quarrel in the Courier company led to a split
and the publication for a considerable portion
of the year of two Couriers, one controlled by
the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and the other
principally by Mr. John Sullivan. About the
middle of the year Mr. Sullivan sold out his
Courier to his rival and left it in possession of
the field. Its possession was undisputed for the
next two years, but in 1888 -the fraternities
Student Life. 145
which were unrepresented on the Courier, with
the aid of non-fraternity students, founded the
Times. It was published as a weekly rival of
the Courier throughout the year, but did not
reach a second volume. But it had a successor
in the University Kansan, which was the Cou-
rier'' s rival through the year 1889-90. At the
beginning of the present year the two companies
came to an agreement, and but one weekly pa-
per has been published, still under the name of
the Courier.
Besides these monthlies and weeklies five an-
nuals have been issued from the University.
The first was in the year 1873, and was called
the Ilierophitntes. The next was in the year
!_', and was tiie Kikkabe. It was intended
that the Kikka.1n- should be issued every year, and
for the two following years annuals were regu-
larly published, though each year under a differ-
ent name. In '83 it was the Cyclone, and in '84r
the Cicala. Since then but one annual has been
published, in '81), under the name of the lleli-
aidhux. These annuals, like similar publica-
tions at other colleges, contain a very full
account of the various student organizations,
and much valuable matter which does not find
its way into other publications of the University.
10
Student Life.
The first literary society founded at the Uni-
versity was called the "Acropolis Society." Its
objects were the ordinary ones of college debat-
ing societies, and its exercises were of the usual
kind. Founded in 1866, it was successful at
first, and then afterwards languished, so that in
1870 a new departure was taken; the name was
changed to Orophilian, and the young women
were excluded, or at least discouraged from at-
tending. This, with other elements of disaffec-
tion, led to a secession from the society and the
foundation of a new one, to which the name
Oread was given. The existence of a rival seems
to have contributed to the vigor and prosperity
of both societies, and for many years they con-
tinued in active and fruitful operation. Some
time about 1875 they began to give public exhi-
bitions on evenings of commencement week, or
those just preceding. In 1880 an annual con-
test between the two societies was inaugurated.
These contests were held during the month of
December and were among the great events of
the year. The first contest was won by Oread,
who also won in '83 and '84. Orophilian won
in '81, '82, '85, '86. In 1884 the commence-
ment exhibitions of the two societies were
changed to a joint exhibition. By this time,
Student Life. 147
however, the prime of the societies was passed.
Oread was the first to cease to hold meetings, in
the fall of 1886. Her place and hall were taken
by a new society, the Athenaeum, which had de-
veloped out of an offshoot of Orophilian. Oro-
philian, too, was living a precarious sort of life.
Several of its members had formed an independ-
ent and smaller debating club that met in Oro-
philian hall on Saturday afternoons. This club
later took the name of "Moot Senate,," and
after Oread ceased to meet, it transferred its
sessions to her hall and became the Athenaeum
Literary Society, March 18, 1887. But that these
societies were no longer satisfying the wants of
the students in the direction of practice in debate
is shown by the formation in this same year,
1886-7, of two other debating clubs the Dick-
son Debating Club and the Lime Kiln Debating
Club. But Orophilian and Athenaeum contin-
ued to exist down to 1889. Athenaeum then dis-
appeared from sight. Orophilian made several
attempts to get back her old energies, but in
vain. Athenaeum's place had been taken by
a purely non-fraternity society, the Adelphic,
which seemed to be doing good work. The
fragments of Orophilian made a last effort to
live, and formed themselves into the "Univer-
148 Student Life.
sity Literary Club," and an arrangement was
made whereby, under certain conditions, the
work done in the club should be credited on the
English work of the student in class. But the
club lasted only to the end of the year, and
failed to show itself at the beginning of 1890-91.
Adelphic remains the only general literary so-
ciety among the students.
There are two reasons for this decay of the
literary societies. On6 is to be found in the in-
jurious entrance of politics into them in the at-
tempts to control the election of the contest and
June programs. These elections came to be
very stormy affairs and the spirit often ran very
high. The real aims of the society were buried
beneath struggle for honors and place; voting
and getting elected became of more importance
than literary work and practice in debate. The
other reason is to be found in the change that
has been coming over the whole University,
and not over this university alone but over
many others. I mean the change in the meth-
ods and range of study and the growing speciali-
zation of students, and their larger interest in
investigation. As this change has gone on the
special club or society has taken the place of the
general literary society. The first movement in
Student Life.
this direction here was an outgrowth of the in-
terest in natural history. A Natural History
Society was formed in 1873 and continued to
exist until 1877. During the same time little
clubs with no special organization were formed
among their students by the professors of Greek,
History and Modern Languages. It is in part
an expression of the same tendency that the
normal students formed in 1881 a separate Nor-
mal Society which continued until the abandon-
ment of the Normal Department, and that the
preparatory students in 1882 also banded them-
selves together in a separate organization. The
law students organized Nov. 29th, 1880, a Kent
Club for the holding of moot courts and for
practice in debating. Nov. 24th, 1882, the stu-
dents of civil engineering founded an Engi-
neering Society. On September 15th, 1882, a
Social Science Club was formed, to hold its
meetings every Friday, but this club had but a
short life, having ceased to be by the new year.
February 8th, 188-t, a medical society was formed
under the name of the latrikos. This was consoli-
dated in January of the following year with the
Civil Engineering Society to form the Science
Club, which has had a healthy life ever since, and
still continues to hold fortnightly meetings. In
150 Student Life.
1883 a German Club was formed, which through
various changes of form has continued to exist,
and took on during the past year the form of a
Modern Language Club, holding weekly meet-
ings alternately in French and German. A
Pharmacy Association was established in Janu-
ary, 1887; it met at first every Thursday, but
now holds its meetings every other Friday even-
ing. In the fall of 1886 a Philological Club
was added to the others, and now holds its meet-
ings every other Friday evening, alternating with
the Science Club. The Seminary of Historical
and Political Science, under the direction of the
professors of History and Political Economy,
was founded in 1887, and holds meetings on al-
ternate Friday afternoons. It has just begun
the publication of its papers or abstracts of them,
under the title of "Seminary Notes."
Another organization which has a close con-
nection with the literary life of the students is
the Oratorical Association, whose business is to
arrange for the contest in oratory, by which the
orator is chosen who is to represent the Univer-
sity in the annual inter-collegiate contest. The
Inter-Collegiate Association was first suggested
by the University in 1881. The suggestion was
repeated in the following year, and in 1883 a
Student Life. 151
committee was appointed to draft a constitution
and work up the movement in the other colleges
of the State. The efforts of this committee were
successful ; the other colleges gave their ap-
proval, and the first contest was held February
22d, 188i. The first State contest was held at
Lawrence April 18th, and resulted in a victory
for the representative from the Normal School,
at Emporia. He was, however, convicted of
plagiarism and thrown out and a new contest
ordered at Baldwin, at which our representative,
Mr. L. H. Leach, was the winner. In the
series of State contests thus far the University
has won first place three times.
The part which music has played in the col-
lege life of our University is very small. The
Department of Music has done much for mu-
sical education, but it has apparently made lit-
tle impression upon collegiate students. The
lack of college singing has been a fruitful topic
of lamentation in the college press ever since
its beginning. Various means have been sug-
gested and tried to stimulate the production of
university songs, but the one or two that have
been produced have never had the experience
of being sung by a chorus of the whole student
body. And there have been few musical or-
152 Student Life.
ganizations among the students. Of those that
have existed the Arion quartette was by far the
most famous. The members were C. F. Scott,
J. W. Gleed, G. C. Smith and Scott Hopkins.
There was a University Musical Union in 1880
working under the direction of Prof. F. O.
Marvin at choruses. It died in the following
year, but was revived again in 1883 and lived
for two years longer. The only orchestra of
which there is record is the Phi Kappa Psi Or-
chestra of 1885. The past year has seen the
organization of a Glee Club and a Mandolin
Club.
In another field which in most colleges absorbs
a goodly share of the free activities of the stu-
dent body, that of athletic sports, the University
has also comparatively little to offer. Not that
there has ever been a time when they have been
totally neglected, for even from the first years
of its history there is the record of the visit of
a nine from the University to Topeka, and their
defeat by a Topeka nine by the close score of
ninety-six to fifty-seven. But the number of
those feeling a keen interest in these sports has
always been few, there has been no regular ri-
valry between the University and other colleges,
and contests with other colleges have been few
Student Life. 153
and far between. This apathy in athletics has
been remarked very frequently in the University
papers.
The first organized effort in connection with
athletics was the formation of a company of
cadets in 1878. In May the roll of the company
numbered seventy-five men, with Scott Hopkins
as captain. A band was in practice under the
leadership of Stuart O. Henry. Enthusiasm was
great, and it was expected that a regular army
officer would be detailed to instruct them the
next year. The next fall they began the college
year by ordering uniforms of light and dark
blue, much like the uniforms of the regular
army, but the paper of February 28th, 1879,
contains the obituary notice of this short-lived
company. In 1885 the papers agitated the re-
vival of the military company, but without effect.
One athletic feature of the older college life
that disappeared long ago is the annual rope
pull between the Freshmen and Sophomores.
When this was instituted I do not know. In
1879 it was already an old institution. It oc-
curred sometime during the fall term, and en-
gaged the whole of the two lower classes. It .
occurred for the hist time in 1880.
Naturally all our contests with other colleges
154 Student Life,
have been in base ball, until last fall, but I do
not find a record of any contest at all before
1880. That year seems to have seen a revival
of interest in base ball. The faculty is reported
to have given the nine its approval, and the Can-
field silver ball was given as a prize to stimulate
effort. Washburn was challenged and a series
of three games played. The first, played at To-
peka, was lost, but the other two were won.
The next time the University played Washburn
was in 1885, when Washburn was victorious.
She was again victorious in 1886, and in two
games in the spring of 1887. In 1888 Washburn
was twice defeated. The University met Baker
twice in 1886, one game being drawn and the
other being won by the University. In 1888 we
met Baker once and won, and in 1889 Baker
was defeated by us again.
Foot ball as a scientific game was never in-
troduced in the University till last fall, when it
created a great deal of enthusiasm and did much
to stimulate a general interest in out-door sports.
Tennis was introduced at the University as
early as 1884, but was never played much until
1887-88. In the spring of 1888 the University
played two matches with Washburn, winning the
doubles and drawing the singles.
Student Life. 155
The management and control of athletic sports
have been for the most part in temporary and
shifting organizations. This has entailed great
loss of coherence and concentration upon their
management. Various attempts have been made
to give the different athletic interests a united
and consistent direction through one organiza-
tion. The most elaborate was in 1884, when an
Athletic Association was formed with carefully
drawn constitution and by-laws. But it did not
last out a year, and the unnatural activity which
it created was followed by a greater apathy than
had existed before. Another attempt was made
in December, 1889, and the association then
formed is still in existence. Besides supplying
a central management for the various sports, it
set itself to the task of raising money to procure
and fit up suitable grounds for an athletic field.
The need of such a field entirely under the con-
trol of the University has long been felt by the
students and frequently been pointed out by the
college papers. A subscription was begun among
the students and faculty, and about $200 raised.
Colonel McCook, of New York, interested him-
self in the plans of the association and gave
(1,500 towards its object, with the promise of
doubling whatever it should raise up to $10,000.
156 Student Life.
The association has prosecuted its work daring
the present year and raised about $800, and has
received a further gift from Col. McCook of
$1,000, so that there is available for its purpose
about $3, 500.
A gymnasium has also long been called for by
the students and urged by the officers of the
University. Chancellor Fraser recommended
in his day the erection of an inexpensive building
to serve the temporary needs of the students,
but met with no response. In the absence of
all provision for a building, the students have
set about helping themselves as best they
could. In the winter of 1882 the authori-
ties granted the use of one of the rooms in
the basement of the main building, and a
gymnasium association was formed to equip
it with the simplest and most necessary ap-
paratus. This association went to pieces in
the course of a year, and the apparatus, not
being carefully handled, was broken or lost.
The present Athletic Association revived the
gymnasium movement and purchased sufficient
machinery to equip one of the large rooms in
the dome of the main building.
Soon after the formation of the State Ora-
torical Association the college papers agitated the
Student Life. 157
formation of a State Athletic Association.
Nothing came of it, although the suggestion was
repeated from time to time. The past year,
however, has seen the formation of a triangular
league between Washburn. Baker and the Uni-
versity; and this has been mainly due to the ef-
forts of the students of the University.
Various voices have lamented in the past the
lack among the students of the University of
that enthusiasm for their institution which is
known as college spirit. There seem to have
been few vigorous demonstrations of it in the
early years of the college; and that is not
strange considering the few occasions on which
this enthusiasm was sharpened by competition
with rival colleges. The oratorical contests
proved that it was not wanting by giving it
a chance for expression, and greatly stimu-
lated it. The athletic contests do the same thing.
No one can well doubt the vigorous loyalty of
the student body to the University when he
hears the thunder of the college yell sent up
from the foot-ball or base-ball field. The ex-
istence of the yell itself is a proof of that spirit;
one common sentiment of love and pride and
exultation seeks expression in one common
form of words "llock Chalk, Jay Hawk,
K. U."
J. A. LlPPINCOTT.
REMINISCENCES.
I>. II. HOHINSON.
THE OPENING OF THE TJNLVERSITY OF KANSAS.
TWENTY-FIVE years ago I was elected to a pro-
fessorship in the University of Kansas. In no
other State would a similar election have pleased
me as well; for I thought then, and hold the
same opinion still, that the superior intelligence
and moral purpose of the early settlers must
soon show itself in better schools and brighter
pupils than are found in other western States,
and eventually equal the best to be found in the
older parts of the country.
Soon after my appointment I received a let-
ter from Chancellor Rev. R. W. Oliver, D. D.,
asking me to make out a course of study for the
new University. This I proceeded to do,
modeling it after the classical course in an
eastern college thirty years ago, with no pro-
vision for work below the Freshman class. All
(159)
160 Reminiscences.
preparatory work was left to the high schools,
for it seemed to me a fair presumption, that
since the State University would fall heir to the
pupils of the "Lawrence University," and the
public schools had already been in successful
operation for several years, there were, prob-
ably, a few college students and a great many
graduates of the high schools eagerly waiting
an opportunity to secure that higher education
which the State was in duty bound to give them,
and which it could only offer in the University.
To meet this clamorous demand the University
was now about to be opened.
Coining to Lawrence early in September of
1866, I first met my colleagues, Professors
Frank Huntington Snow and Elial J. Rice.
Professor Snow and I were young men but re-
cently out of college, and therefore with very lit-
tle experience as educators; while our colleague
was a gray-haired man of much experience,
having been principal, and perhaps superin-
tendent of schools, of some town in Indiana.
In deference to his gray hair, I presume, and
wider experience, the Regents wisely made him
the "Acting President "of the new University.
Having established ourselves in an excellent
boarding house on Kentucky street, conveniently
Reminiscences. 161
near the University, Professor Snow and I started
out to call upon our worthy Chancellor. We
desired from the official head of the University
definite instructions in relation to opening the
institution the coining week. Greeting us very
kindly the Chancellor invited us to his study.
The air was thick with tobacco smoke. Regent
Starrett was present, smoking a pipe with a stem
about six feet long. Six or eight similar pipes
and a large pouch of tobacco were lying on the
table. The men were evidently "hail fellows
well met," and were having the jolliest kind of
a time. Our coming had broken off one of Star-
rett 1 s best stories and he could tell good ones.
Politely declining to join in the smoking, farther
than was absolutely necessary, we tried to state
our business. But no; that interrupted story
must first be finished. It was a good story, and
so well told that we had to have another to
match it. The fun then grew fast, if not furious,
one story provoking another in rapid succession,
and the air all the time growing thicker and
bluer, until we, poor fellows, half sick, finally in-
sisted that we could stay no longer, and asked
what preparations we should make for the open-
ing of the University. I think we expected, in
11
102 Reminiscences.
rather a vague way, some general instructions
about the reception of students from high schools
upon examination, and from other institutions
upon certificates. Our genial Chancellor, after
considering a moment, kindly gave us our in-
structions the most unique, I presume, ever
given by the head of a great institution to his
colleagues. Speaking with a strong Scotch ac-
cent, which I shall not try to indicate, he said:
"I would advise you, young gentlemen, to go
to Mr. Jaedicke's gun shop and hire some guns,
and to Mr. O' Conner's livery stable and hire
some saddle horses, and go away back on the hills
and hunt prairie chickens. You may be gone two
or three days. This will be as good preparation
for your work next week as you can make."
Saying this he dismissed us. We were some-
what surprised, to say the least. This advice,
though somewhat congenial to our inclinations,
seemed, however, scarcely to fit the question.
We were not yet sufficiently experienced in Uni-
versity work to see the relation between hunting
prairie chickens arid preparing questions for en-
trance examinations. Bowing to our Chancel-
lor's wider experience we took our departure,
none the wiser.
Reminiscences. 168
After talking the matter over we concluded
to defer the hunt for a few days, and consult
with our "Acting President." This consulta-
tion, however, did not result in any very definite
line of action. We found our President's mind
preoccupied with a poem he was preparing, and
which he hoped to be invited to read at the
formal dedication of the University the day be-
fore we opened for students. As the poem was
yet unfinished, and its reading might soon be
called for, we could not think of interrupting its
laborious construction with less important busi-
ness, and therefore proposed to withdraw at
once. But no; we must sit down and he would
read it to us. It concerned the University, and
he wanted our opinion of its merits. So we sat
down and he read as far as he had written. Its
general subject seemed to be the progress of
education, with particular reference to the found-
ing of the University of Kansas, and Quantrell's
raid. I do not remember what opinion we ex-
pressed of its merits, but it made quite an im-
pression upon us, and we often talked about it
afterwards. It seemed to us quite a unique pro-
duction. And yet, strange as it may appear,
only one of all those linked couplets still lingers
Reminiscences.
in ray memory. Speaking of the murderous
raid, the poet said,
"Then ran the streets with patriots' blood,
Not drop by drop, but in a flood."
This gem I shall always cherish as a fitting
memento of our "Acting President." As the
program for the dedication was already full, the
poem was not read, and hence, I fear, has not
been preserved.
At last the expected morning came, Sept. 12th,
1866. The faculty were all present early. No
one else, however, came for some time, except
two or three noisy carpenters, who were at work
on the stairs. Soon a few boys and girls from
town came straggling in, and after a while a few
more. Later still came those from greater dis-
tances from Grant, Wakarusa, Kanwaka, and
some, I think, from far-off Palmyra ! After the
devotional exercises, which were led that morn-
ing by Chancellor Oliver, the students were sent
around to the several professors for examination.
Then began our search for those college classes.
Seniors and Juniors were given up at the first
glance. If any were present, they were surely
in deep disguise. For the student look, which
comes only from years of work over books, was
Reminiscences. 165
not there. We might possibly have a few Soph-
omores and Freshmen, but appearances were
against even this. I began my examination.
None had studied Greek. Six, however, wished
to begin. So that subject was soon disposed of.
In Latin I fared somewhat better. Six or eight
had a slight knowledge of the Latin grammar
and reader, and were indifferently prepared to
begin the study of Caesar. Fifteen or twenty
wished to begin Latin. The examinations in
other branches showed similar lack of knowl-
edge. We had examined, in all, forty students.
As the net result, instead of the expected college
classes, we had a few candidates for the lower
forms of a rather indifferent high school. What
a fall from our high expectations ! Still some
of the material seemed fairly good, and we hoped
for better results in the future. We now saw
the wisdom, the true inwardness, as it were, of
our Chancellor's advice about hunting. It was
now clear that he knew the kind of university
we were about to open far better than we, and
that hunting chickens was quite as useful a prep-
aration for it as making long lists of examination
questions which would not be needed for years.
ALMOST A PANIC.
Work began promptly and ran on smoothly
until near the end of the year, when a strange
1G6 Reminiscences.
and, to us, unaccountable dropping off of stu-
dents began. They gradually disappeared, one
after another, without sign or warning, until by
the middle of April more than half of our entire
number was gone. Becoming alarmed lest they
should all leave us, and we be reduced to the
shameful necessity of closing the school before
the end of the year, Professor Snow and I began
to investigate the cause of this strange hegira.
We found that, spring work having opened, most
of our brawny students had gone home to assist on
the farms, and that several in the city, suffering
from the unusual strain of head-work, were down
with the "spring-fever," almost hopeless cases.
It was evident that something must be done
or the University would be disgraced. A con-
sultation was held, the result of which was that,
by much visiting and earnest missionary work
among our patrons, and strong personal appeals
to our pupils, we finally averted the threatened
disgrace of abandonment, and closed our first
year triumphantly with twenty-two students !
Had our University yell been then invented, I
have no doubt that Professor Snow and I would
have shouted loud and long "Kock Chalk, Jay
Hawk, K. U.!"
Reminiscences, 1G7
THE UNIVERSITY IN EARLY LEGISLATURES.
From our first year's experience we were pre-
pared, and, indeed, rather expected, to hear peo-
ple say that the University was only a "Law-
rence high school," but this, of course, we
stoutly denied. To the superficial observer, it
might, indeed, appear so ; but not to the man
who was accustomed to look beneath the sur-
face of things. To see the real University, with
its many departments, of literature, science and
the arts, its extensive cabinets, museums, labora-
tories, libraries and work shops, its hundreds of
professors and thousands of students, one must
take a deep esoteric view. It seemed complete
in all its parts, but in somewhat embryonic form.
As the most perfect forms of animate life now
in existence doubtless once lay dormant in the
rudest germs, so to us the University then lay
dormant in the creative act of the Legislature,
scarcely yet in the first stage of its endless de-
velopment. Closing our eyes to the meager
present, and looking far down the glorious future,
we had a dim vision of the real University, with
a few of its many possibilities partially unfolded.
Thus seen it was a great institution, just as the
few patent office reports then on our shelves
168 Reminiscences.
were the "nucleus of a large and valuable li-
brary. ' '
Thus did we easily prove, to ourselves at least,
the existence of the University; but it was not
so easy to prove this to our enemies, who refused
to look at the matter from our point of view.
Even our high courses of study did not convince
them. At these they only laughed, and said
that they knew a high school when they saw
one, and we had nothing more. Convinced that
we were right, we should not have cared much
for the opinions of these men had not some of
them soon turned up as members of the Legis-
lature. Here they soon became very annoying.
This was especially true for the first seven or
eight years. Every winter some economic Solon,
raised to influence by brief office only, used to
assail and sometimes even endanger our meager
appropriation by calling the University a "little
Lawrence high school." Such attacks were
numerous, and of varying degrees of virulence.
The most outrageous of all, however, was prob-
ably the one made by a member from Johnson
county, who wound up a long and abusive tirade
against the needless expense of maintaining so
useless an institution by the astounding assertion
that it had eight or ten times as many professors
Reminiscences. 1 69
as were necessary, and that he knew "one man,
a friend of his, who, with the aid of his wife,
would undertake to teach everything now taught
there, and do it better than at present, for the
small sum of five hundred dollars a year!"
This was cheap enough, surely, but, strange as
it may appear, the offer was not accepted. Per-
haps the rest of the members thought it too cheap.
But even this man afterwards repented, and did
us valiant service in succeeding Legislatures.
In the same Legislature, I think, another
member, in a similar spirit of economy, but in a
somewhat more jocular vein, declared that the
University, with its large corps of professors and
small body of college students, reminded him of
a "six-mule team hitched to a buggy."
During the third winter, in a spasm of great
economy, the Legislature threatened to reduce
greatly, or even to cut off our appropriations
altogether. Disaster, on this occasion, was only
averted by inviting the entire Legislature to visit
us in a body, and tendering them a generous
feed at the Eldridge House. This was managed
by the citizens of Lawrence. Many of the mem-
bers came, inspected the University, ate our
supper, returned mollified, and gave us what we
needed.
170 Reminiscences.
On another occasion of financial stress, the
Legislature closed all the normal schools of the
State, three in number, but, for some reason,
spared the University. This, if I remember, was
in the winter of 1874-75, the year of the great
grasshopper invasion. The University was prob-
ably then spared only because it had already be-
gun in large measure to prove its usefulness.
Since then it has generally been very kindly
treated. The people, as a whole, appear to take
an increasing interest in the institution, and seem
disposed cheerfully to grant all needed facilities
for the better education of their children.
GENERAL JOHN FRASER, A. M.
At the end of the first year the University
lost its official head by the resignation of our
"Acting President." Professor John W. Hor-
ner was appointed to the vacant chair, but not
to the official position of the retiring officer.
The University was quite as active in its
acephalous condition as it had been before, for,
aided by our worthy Chancellor, who had now
given up his long pipes, but not his funny stories,
the several professors, each feeling a deeper
sense of responsibility, worked harder for the
success of the institution. Thus we ran on
Reminiscences. 171
smoothly without a head to the middle of the
academic year; but this condition was not nor-
mal. The Regents began to realize it, and,
uniting the offices of Chancellor and President,
resolved to give the University a real, substan-
tial head perhaps a big head. After much
careful canvassing, General John Fraser, A. M. ,
was selected for this responsible position. The
wisdom of this selection was fully justified by
the results.
General Fraser was a man of unusual ability
and force of character. Educated in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, he naturally brought with
him the methods of teaching which he had seen
so successfully practiced there. But the condi-
tions here were so entirely different from those
to which he had been accustomed that his suc-
cess as a teacher in the University of Kansas
was very small. Yet this made very little differ-
ence, for he was not expected to do much teach-
ing. In fact, he was not employed for this. His
great strength lay in planning, organizing and
building. To conceive the purpose, organize
the plan, and persuade a little city like ours to
vote $100,000 for a University building, and.
carry all through to a successful conclusion, show
wisdom, courage and energy of the very highest
172 Reminiscences.
order. In this work he was most successful,
and our Main Building is his fitting monument.
All honor to the noble work of General John
Fraser, the first Chancellor and President of
Kansas University !
DISCIPLINE.
Discipline, during our high school days, was
maintained with a vigorous hand. Knowing
that eternal vigilance prevents a multitude of
sins, we resolved that the sly student should
never catch us napping, nor the remiss and lazy
find us over indulgent. We guarded our weak
points, therefore, with great strictness. For in-
stance, having been nearly disgraced the first
year by the sudden withdrawal of our students,
we cunningly guarded that point for the future
by placing in our catalogue the following severe
enactment: ' ' Students must be prompt in attend-
ance at the opening of the term, and continue to
tJie end of the same, and must not absent them-
selves from town without permission from the
President." Having once secured them, we
fenced them in by law, and did not propose to
let them even get out of town without express
permission. We should thus be able to keep a
few in sight, at least, until the end of the year.
Reminiscences. 173
And the event seemed to justify the rule, for we
never thereafter had any trouble about keeping
a part of our students to the end of the second
term.
Again, see how the following rule puts to
shame all our modern legislation on the same
subject: "Students must present satisfactory
excuses for ever} 7 absence from any class or duty,
before they will be permitted to resume their
places in the college." There is strictness for
you ! A student was sent out of college for a
single absence, and a professor might keep him
out forever by not accepting his excuse ! Per-
haps, however, this was intended to be understoop
in a somewhat Pickwickian sense, inasmuch as
we added another rule just below, stating that
"any student having ten unexcused absences
ceased to be a member of the University." Just
what peculiar construction we placed upon these
rules, that both should seem necessary in the
same catalogue, I do not now remember. For
if a student was out of college for one absence
and "not permitted to return," it is difficult to
see how ten absences could do more. Or would
they put him out ten times as far? But I give
it up, and leave the explanation to some old
student on whom it was tried. Who will answer?
Reminiscences.
These are samples of our rules. There were
several others of similar strictness. One illus-
tration of the vigor with which they were applied
to practice will probably be sufficient.
One morning at chapel, after Professsr Snow
had called the roll, which required every student
to be present every morning and respond to the
call the professors were then always present
Professor Homer read off the names of the delin-
quents who had failed to hand in their essays at
the appointed date, and commanded each delin-
quent, as his name was read, to leave the chapel
and go down to a certain room and there wait
to be sentenced. Several names had been
read, and the culprits had gone, but pretty soon
one was called who refused to obey. The pro-
fessor looked stern, turned red in the face, rose
up and shouted, "Leave the room." The
young man looked defiant, and sat still. Down
from the platform rushed the irate professor,
seized the refractory youth by the collar, jerked
him from his seat, and pushing with hands
and knees, was forcibly ejecting him from the
room, when Professor Snow, starting up, called
out sharply, "Stop, Professor Homer! That is
not the way to administer discipline!" The
professor desisted, we returned to our places,
Reminiscences. 175
and quiet was soon restored. Devotional ex-
ercises now being ended, we retired to our class
rooms.
Such was discipline in the early days. We
have nothing now to compare with it. Now,
thirty to .forty professors will often deliberate
weeks over some worthless fellow and probably
not do as much in all that time as one man then
would do in five minutes.
Is not some of that masculine vigor desir-
able?
COLLEGE JOKES.
From time immemorial college students every-
where have occasionally been inclined to practi-
cal jokes. Our University has had its share ;
but of the many that might be told, I have space
for but few.
Jokes in which skeletons are made to play a
prominent part have always been great favorites
with students. The best one of this kind ever
tried here was furbished up for use on the oc-
casion of our first commencement, at the close
of General Fraser's administration. This was
in the summer of 1873. We had moved over
into our new building the previous autumn.
The south wing and main hall were yet unfin-
ished. The hall was a great barn-like place,
176 Reminiscences.
with roughly plastered walls, windows mostly
closed with old boards, floor level and unseated,
and a round hole about eight feet across in the
center of the ceiling. It was a very unattract-
ive place, and yet the best we had in which to
hold commencement exercises. A temporary
platform was erected on the south side of the
hall, and gaily decorated with flags, flowers and
evergreens. The place was crowded with peo-
ple, and even standing room was at a premium.
In the midst of the exercises, just after some
very impressive performance, while the full band
was playing, there slowly descended from the
dark hole in the ceiling a ghastly, grinning skele-
ton, shaking his clattering bones, and executing
a sort of ghost dance just over the heads of the
people, wearing on his big toe a paper inscribed
with the legend "Prex" only this and nothing
more ! Then for a time there was great commo-
tion, and a rush was made by several of the pro-
fessors to discover the perpetrators of the joke.
But no one was caught. The only clew ever
found was a rope hanging in an air shaft, and a
blue necktie at the foot of the shaft. The tie
was kept a long time in the office waiting for an
owner, but no one ever came to claim it; and so,
whether it belonged to some student, or whether
Reminiscences, 177
the skeleton lost it while climbing the rope, will
probably always remain a mystery unless, in-
deed, a certain student now living in Kansas City
shall consent to give us further information. As
soon as quiet was partially restored, the Presi-
dent's young wife, turning to her husband, asked,
"What does 'Prex' mean?" "The faculty,"
he quickly answered.
Thus was played with us the skeleton act,
which, with some slight variation perhaps, is still
traveling on its dreary round.
Other jokes equally gray have also often
shaken our students' sides with laughter. Toss-
ing victims in blankets, and breaking their bones
by the fall; sliding them down inclined planes
into water tanks; suspending them from win-
dows, sending them on snipe hunts at night,
pelting them with eggs, ripe and unripe, and
then washing them clean under the pump;
these, and many other practical jokes equally
hoary, still furnish material for many an initia-
tion, mock or real, from year to year.
Some jokes, however, were quite local in
many of their features, and, for this reason, may
perhaps be worth the telling. This, I think, is
true of the following:
12
178 Reminiscences.
Soon after the first Greek letter society was
established here, and the boys were flourishing
their new badges quite conspicuously, suddenly
another society seemed to "break out" with
much larger and more conspicuous badges, con-
sisting of the mysterious device, "T. C. ,"
wrought out of bright new tin. These letters
were about two inches long. There was much
speculation as to the meaning of this strange
device. Some thought it was intended only to
ridicule the Greeks; others thought the letters
concealed mysteries of dark and fearful import.
But of the real meaning of the device, when
or where the society met, or what was done at
the meetings, no one, for a long time, seemed
to have the least conception. Curiosity being
deeply aroused, a close watch was kept upon the
movements of the members. It was at last as-
certained that the society had no regular time
nor place for meeting, but assembled usually on
dark nights at no inconvenient distance from
some nice turkey roost. Feathers, broken bot-
tles, paper bags, scattered arcund a few fire
brands, sometimes gave a slight clue to the na-
ture of the festivities. Turkeys were missed in
various localities, but no one seemed to know
where they had gone. Thus the matter ran on,
Reminiscences. 179
until, in an unlucky hour, the boys raided the
poultry yard of Judge Nelson Stephens. But
the judge was no man to be trifled with. Pos-
sessing a rare knowledge of human nature, and
great skill in detecting the wily ways of crooked
men, lie soon found out who the rogues were,
and resolved to punish them in his own peculiar
way.
Without mentioning his discovery to any one
but the members of his own family, he politely
invited all the "T. C.'s" to supper.
They were delighted at the invitation. The
judge received them with unusual kindness, if
that were possible, and kept them in a roar with
funny stories until supper was announced. The
boys had never had so good a time before in all
their lives. Still shaking with laughter they
were shown into the dining room, and assigned
their places. On the plate of each "T. C." was
a huge turkey. Asking his guests to help them-
selves, the judge went on with his funny stories,
as if he was always accustomed to give each
guest a whole turkey. The boys could neither
eat nor listen. They were in torture. But the
judge, too polite to notice their embarrassment,
simply urged them to eat, now and then, and kept
on with his stories. Thus did he roast those boys
180 Reminiscences.
as thoroughly as ever they had roasted his tur-
keys. At list, when he thought the roasting
done, he politely dismissed them, the most dis-
consolate set of fellows that ever raided a turkey
roost. This broke up the society, and the "Tur-
key Catchers" disbanded, and their badges were
seen no more.
By this little experience the boys had been
severely scorched, but their love for practical
joking had by no means been eradicated. A
new temptation for them came as follows:
The women's temperance crusade was being
prosecuted in the city with great vigor. The
crusaders held all-day meetings in nearly every
drinking place in the city. The saloons were
literally l 'sat down upon," and their owners
urged and implored to give up their nefarious
business and sign the pledge. The University
was also invaded, and the pledge passed around.
Many signed as requested, and among others
several professors. One of these professors hap-
pened to have in his cellar at the time a few
bottles of home-made wine, for use in sickness.
This fact became known, in some manner, to
these practical jokers. Their old ardor seized
them at once, and they fairly burned to get hold
of those bottles. It would be the best joke of
Reminiscences. 181
their lives. Thus thinking, they formed their
plan.
A few evenings later two of them called at
the professor's house. They seemed in espe-
cially happy mood, telling stories, joking, and
laughing almost immoderately. Finally one of
them, producing some music, offered to play it.
With a big crash, he began, and such playing !
He ran, and galloped, and cantered, and jumped
up and down the keyboard until the old house
fairly rattled from chimney top to cellar espe-
cially the cellar. Then college songs were roared
with equal force and energy. This went on an
hour or two, when the guests withdrew, with
many expressions of pleasure at the delightful
evening they had passed, promising to call soon
again. The professor and his wife were a little
surprised at the call of these young men, who
had never called before, and especially at their
rather long stay and boisterous conduct. But
still they were glad to have received the visit,
and retired greatly pleased to think that these
"T. C.'s," lately so wild, were now disposed to
give up their disreputable practices, and culti-
vate the graces and amenities of social life.
In the morning, on opening the house, many
evidences of burglary were plainly visible in
182 Reminiscences.
fact, too plainly visible. The hoe and ax and
pieces of candles were left near the cellar win-
dows, in plain sight, as if courting an investiga-
tion. It was soon found that the cellar had
been entered, the wine taken, and the following
note left in its place:
"Dtar Professor Inasmuch as yon have signed the
pledge, and therefore can neither drink this wine yourself,
nor sell it, nor give it away, as that would be abetting the
great evil, we have concluded to take it, and thus relieve you
from all temptation. Yours truly, CKUSADEKS."
The professor, for obvious reasons, never men-
tioned his loss, but the boys thought it too good
a joke to keep, and so, whispering it around
among their friends, it soon became a well-known
story.
THE FORGED TELEGRAM.
If any of the participants in this joke still
feel sensitive over it, I shall beg their pardon in
advance, and then go on with my story. For a
sketch of University jokes with this one omitted
would be like "Hamlet" with Hamlet left out.
One morning, about ten years ago, when Dr.
Marvin was on his way to the University, a mes-
senger boy gave him a telegram containing the
startling information that Regent F. T. Ingalls,
of Atchison, had suddenly died the day before,
of heart disease, and would be buried on the
Reminiscences. , 183
following day. The dispatch purported to be
sent by John A. Martin. Greatly shocked, the
doctor hurried to the University, and told the
sad news to the faculty. All were equally
shocked. After prayers the doctor, in a few
very feeling words, communicated our sad loss
to the assembled students, and informed them
that ceremonies appropriate to the occasion
would be held in chapel on the following morn-
ing. Two members of the faculty, who had
been in college with the departed Regent, were
selected to deliver memorial addresses. Further
information by letter or telegram was expected
that day, confirming or denying the report, but
as nothing came it was accepted as true, and
the professors appointed spent a large part of
the night preparing for the ceremonies of the
morning.
In the meantime Dr. Marvin and Regents B.
W. Woodward and Rev. A. Beatty, impelled by
a deep sense of duty, and with saddened hearts,
had gone to Atchison to attend the funeral,
which was to be conducted next morning. Ar-
riving in town, they began to inquire the par-
ticulars concerning the sad event. As bad luck
would have it, they chanced upon the one man
of all others best calculated to deceive them
184 Reminiscences,
the fellow found in nearly every town who will
never admit that there is anything which he
does not know ! He knew everything they
asked, of course.
"The death of Ingalls? Oh, yes; it was very
sudden. The Senator was " "But we don't
mean the Senator; we mean his brother, F. T.
Ingalls, " said they. "Of course," said he, "a
very fine man, too, and one who will be greatly
missed; died suddenly in .the street, of heart
disease; funeral to-morrow at 11 o'clock, under
direction of John A. Martin. You'll find Mar-
tin at his office. Go and see him; he'll tell
all about it." So they went to see Mr. Martin.
Feeling sure now that he will understand them,
they inquire at once what arrangements have
been made for the funeral. "Funeral!" said
he, "what funeral? There is nobody dead, as
far as I know. What are you talking about?"
"Rev. F. T. Ingalls' funeral," they replied;
"did you not send us a telegram this morning
announcing his sudden death yesterday? We
have come to attend his funeral." "No," he
replied; "I sent no such telegram; somebody
lias fooled you. Ingalls is as well as ever, and
is at a church social now."
Greatly surprised, and scarcely knowing what
Reminiscences. 185
to do next, they finally concluded to send a tele-
gram to the University immediately, in order to
prevent the delivery of those memorial addresses
in the morning, and return home as quietly as
possible on the first freight train. They sent the
telegram, and then sat down to wait for the train.
Though sent at nine o'clock in the evening, this
telegram, through some strange mishap, was not
delivered until after nine o'clock the next morn-
ing. It was then too late. The chapel door
was closed and the addresses were being deliv-
s ered. A solemn silence pervaded the room,
broken only by the eloquent pathos of the speak-
ers, as they portrayed in glowing language the
noble life and character of the departed.
At last, when all was over, and we were slowly
leaving the hall, the belated telegram was handed
us, announcing that the whole matter had been
a hoax from beginning to end. What a sudden
revulsion of feeling ! How quick the change
from grief to indignation at finding ourselves
the victims of so cruel a hoax. It was immedi-
ately decided that the perpetrators must not be
allowed to go unpunished. They were soon
sought out and punished with suspension for the
remainder of the year. One of these young
men returned to the University and finished his
186 Reminiscences.
course. The other never returned. Both are
now successful lawyers, one in Kansas City, the
other in New York.
EVIDENCES OF GROWTH.
The second catalogue of the University gives
evidence of considerable growth. We had two
college classes that year, Henrietta P. Beach,
of Olathe, constituting the Junior class, and
Lucie A. Carruth, of Lawrence, the Freshman
class. Having gained these two classes, we felt
so elated that we informed the public of our
purpose "not to make the preparatory course
a permanent feature of the University!" Yet
one of the professors, having, after all, but little
confidence in the rapid increase of high-class
scholars, thought it wise policy to attach this
junior class as firmly to the institution as possible,
at least until she became a senior. This was
finally done, and the junior class of 1867-8 is
still strongly attached to the University, and
slowly becoming a senior.
By the addition of several new instructors
we were now prepared not only to offer French
in our course, but also to teach it. The first
year, instead of teaching this language, we starred
Greek, calling attention to the following foot
Reminiscences. 187
note: ' ' Young ladies who desire can take French
instead of Greek, although it is earnestly recom-
mended that all should pursue the Greek." This
was our first French course. German was only
offered in advanced courses in which we knew
there would be no students. No course in mu-
sic was offered or organized. The instructor
was simply endorsed by the Regents as compe-
tent, and given permission to teach such students
as desired and would pay for his services. He
was always a sort of free lance, doing about as
he pleased, and making whatever he could. And
yet he was expected, and sometimes required, to
grade the work of his pupils, and hand in reports
to the Secretary for permanent record. Profes-
sor J. E. Bartlett once handed in his report, with
the following explanation: "I grade on the basis
of 100. You will observe that two pupils are
each marked 125. They were so very good that
I had to give them that high grade ! ' ' This will
indicate the "happy-go-lucky" character of the
Music Department before the appointment of
Professor Wm. MacDonald. It was organized
by this professor, and placed somewhat in touch
with the rest of the institution.
188 Reminiscences.
A FEW INCIDENTS IN THE WORK OF A NATUR-
ALIST.
Our learned Professor of Natural History,
who has now achieved more than a national rep-
utation in his special lines of work, came to the
University with the expressed desire of teaching
the Greek language and literature. To this end,
more perhaps than to any other, had tended all
his previous training. A severe classical course
in college, with special attention to Greek, and
a three years 1 course in Andover Theological Sem-
inary, with critical study of Greek and Hebrew,
had given him especial fondness and capacity for
linguistic studies.
. , *
His knowledge of the natural sciences, on the
other hand, was mostly negative on4y the
smattering that was then taught in the New
England classical college just enough to make
the "darkness visible." He brought to the
duties of his professorship, therefore, no special
training in science, but only the natural endow-
ments of a sound, vigorous mind, sharpened by
classical studies, keen powers of observation, a
passion for knowledge, untiring energy, and
boundless capacity for hard work.
Thus equipped he was elected professor, and
Reminiscences. 189
spread over the already broad, and constantly
widening chair of ''Mathematics and the Natural
Sciences" a place now occupied by seventeen
instructors, and which will soon require several
more. No wonder Professor Snow is a very
broad man. The necessity of trying to cover
an ever-expanding chair like that would be apt
to broaden even a less elastic man.
Soon after his appointment the professor pre-
pared for the catalogue and future students a full
scientific course. This was to be, as far as pos-
sible, a practical course, to be wrought out
rather -in the field and laboratory, than from
books. The statements of authors were to be
proved, wherever practicable, by experimental
observations. It was also hoped that, by this
practical work in so fresh a field, a few addi-
tions, at least, might be made to the knowledge
of natural history. Having thus laid out his
plans, he set about their realization with charac-
teristic energy.
The first scientific excursion ever undertaken
by the University of Kansas was made on Fri-
day afternoon, September 14, 1866. The entire
faculty went in a body on horseback not on
one horse up the river to Cameron's bluff, to
see some petrified turtles which somebody had
190 Reminiscences.
told us were to be found there ! I do not re-
member whether Professor Snow brought back
any of those turtles or not; but I do remember
that he and I rode so hard, and acted so much
like boys, that we quite shocked our venerable
President, who never thereafter could be in-
duced to ride with us.
This excursion is a fair indication of the con-
dition of science in the institution at that period.
Peculiar accidents sometimes occurred to
mar the most perfect success. Once, after the
professor had crawled a long distance over a
muddy sand-bar, and had come within easy
range of some fine specimens, taking deliberate
aim, he fired and blew off the end of his gun
barrel. He had filled it with sand while stalk-
ing his game.
On another occasion, while walking along the
river bank with some farmer friends, and famil-
iarly discussing the destructive habits of Calopte-
nus spretus, Blissus faicopterus, and Cecidomyia
destructor, wholly absorbed in these interesting
topics, he casually noticed a big bunch of
feathers washed up on the shore, and stepped
up to tip it over with his gun. All at once the
bunch became animated, and, much to his sur-
prise, a long desired specimen of Anser Cana-
Reminiscences. 191
dens is slowly withdrew his sleepy head from
under his wing, and, winking his left eye lazily
at the professor, deliberately flew away, cheered
by a parting salute from all the astonished com-
pany !
Again, one cold day in the early springtime,
while apparently absorbed in schemes to de-
stroy the chinch bug, or possibly in thoughts of
"Bonny Jean," he rode his pony into a swollen
ford of the Wakarusa, and, almost before he
knew it, was floating down the stream. Aroused
from his reverie by the cold bath, he quickly
turned his pony around, and by good luck and
the strength of his animal, finally gained the
ford, and made his way to the bank.
Having secured a great many specimens by
these excursions in the field, much labor was ex-
pended upon them in the study and laboratory.
Of course I only helped in the field, but we both
worked hard and long. The lamps in our room
in North College were almost the last in the
city to be extinguished.
One very dark, rainy night about twelve
o'clock, we started down to our boarding place
on Kentucky street, near the Central School build-
ing. Guided by an occasional flash of lightning,
we had safely made our way down to Tennessee
192 Reminiscences.
street, straying, however, on account of the dark-
ness, considerably from our usual course. Ten-
nessee street was at this time impassible for
teams, being gullied in places to the depth of
seven or eight feet by recent rains. Just as we
were about to cross the street it began to rain
hard, and we started to run, when, lighted by a
flash, I saw my comrade disappear in one of the
deepest gullies. Stopping short on the brink,
I waited developments. Hearing nothing, I
called. No answer. Then came a sort of muf-
fled, splashing, spluttering noise, followed by a
call for help. Reaching down as far as I could,
and catching hold of a muddy hand, I drew out
the most forlorn, woe-begone, bedraggled-ap-
pearing professor ever seen in Lawrence. By
making a long detour around the gullies, we
reached our boarding place without further mis-
hap, but firmly resolved to call the attention of
the street commissioner to some needed repairs
on Tennessee street.
In the course of three or four years nearly all
departments of natural history represented in
the field around the city had been pretty thor-
oughly examined, and it became necessary to
try newer fields. Western Kansas and Colorado
were repeatedly visited, and many valuable speci-
Reminiscences. 198
meris obtained, some of which were quite unique.
For instance, the professor found, among other
rare specimens, several skeletons of the Mcgalo-
saurus, and the only piece of fossilized shark skin
ever discovered. He also "got a corner," as it
were, on a sort of double -jointed, back-action
beetle, familiarly known as Amblychila cylindrl-
fornds, rated among naturalists at $15 to $20
each. The few obtained by early naturalists had
died early, without issue, and no one knew where
to find any more. Hence their high price. Pro-
fessor Snow, with characteristic skill and energy,
soon learning their habits and habitat, secured
enough in a few days to "-bear" all the bug
markets of the* world ! One of the professor's
pupils then took np the business, and, in less
than a year, ran the price down to half a dollar
a bug, with no takers at that, and plenty of bugs
left over ! The price has never recovered, and
the once silver-mounted AmUychila cylindri-
formis is now but a drug (or bug) in the market.
One day, while collecting in the western part
of the State, the professor found a beautiful
specimen a fine young rattlesnake. Wishing
to preserve him without bruising, he grasped the
reptile firmly but gently around the neck close
13
Reminiscences.
to the head, and tenderly carried him to camp.
Having no chloroform or other anaesthetic at
hand with which to put him to sleep, he brought
out a bottle of alcohol in which to let him die in
a drunken stupor. Bat when the professor, for-
getting the proverbial wisdom of the serpent,
attempted to make him drink by thrusting his
tail in the liquor, the intelligent creature resented
the indignity by a sharp reminder of the end
with which he was accustomed to take his drinks.
The professor took the hint, and after cording
his finger and sucking out the poison, put him
in right end first, and Crotulm horridus was
satisfied.
WATER-GAP CANON AND THE APACHES.
After our naturalist had thoroughly searched
the rich fields of Kansas and Colorado with bug
net, pick, and hammer, he began to make long
summer excursions into the wild, Apache-haunted
regions of New Mexico.
One summer, taking with him his little boy,
Professor H. S. S. Smith and several student as-
sistants, he located his camp twenty-five miles
from Socorro, in Water-gap Canon, a very
picturesque place and abounding in specimens.
All were happy, and the work was progress-
Reminiscences. 195
ing finely, when, one afternoon, two cowboys
came riding furiously into camp on foaming
horses, and announced that the Apaches were
on the war path and had killed several teamsters
between the camp and Socorro. Tanned faces
blanched with fear, and the cold perspiration
started. The collectors and neighboring miners
were called in, and a council held. It was de-
cided to guard the camp and wait for assistance.
For three days the camp was in a state of siege,
expecting an attack at any moment. All were
constantly on the alert, with guns always ready.
Even the cooking is said to have been done with
a skillet in one hand and a rifle in the other.
At last, worn out with watching and waiting for
help, they resolved to start for town the next
morning. This was a fearful tiling to do, for
the road was lined with fit places for ambus-
cades; but they must go. The best possible
preparation was made, and they moved out of
camp. The line of march placed those with
guns in front. Professor Snow leading. Those
with baggage brought up the rear, under com-
mand of Professor Smith. Thus they made
their fearful march, passing broken wagons and.
murdered drivers, and at last arrived safe in
106 Rern in iscen ces.
Socorro, the most thoroughly frightened bug
hunters ever seen in the mountains.
By means of these and many other excur-
sions, the professor had long ago not only
mastered many departments of natural history,
but also discovered a number of new species,
and become a recognized authority on ento-
mology. Long may he flourish, and never may
his shadow grow less !
PROFESSOR F. W. BARDWELL.
The appointment of Professor F. W. Bard-
well at the end of the third, year to the chair of
Mathematics and Engineering was a great relief
to Professor Snow, and also a great gain to the
University. Professor Bard well was a man of
superior ability, a hard student, a successful
teacher, and popular with his pupils.
He was also of quite an inventive turn of
mind. On several inventions he obtained pat-
ents. His last was a water wheel, by means of
which he was sure that ships could cross the
ocean in from one to two days less time than is
now required. This invention he died without
perfecting.
He also published an arithmetic, which is said
Reminiscences. 197
to have had considerable merit, but owing to
his death soon after, it was never revised nor
pushed into notice.
His last work for the University was a sum-
mer trip to Colorado in 1878, to take obser-
vations on the total solar eclipse that year.
Professor Frank O. Marvin and I went as his
assistants. He was in ill health before starting,
but in that bracing atmosphere expected soon to
recover. Leaving him at Manitou we made a
ten days' trip in the mountains. On our return,
instead of finding him better, as we expected,
we found that, growing rapidly worse, he had
packed up his instruments and gone home sev-
eral days before our arrival. A few clays later
he died. In his death the University lost an
able professor and a most excellent man.
PROFESSOR BYRON C. SMITH.
Byron C. Smith, the first Professor of Greek,
began work in the University in the fall of 1872.
He was undoubtedly one of the brightest men
ever connected with this institution. To a quick,
clear, strong intellect were joined an enthusias-
tic temperament, a sound judgment, and broad
scholarship, unusually mature in one so young.
While he took especial delight in the work of his
1 08 Reminiscences.
own department, he found great pleasure also in
gleaning from many other fields. For instance,
he used to read geometry as a recreation, mem-
orize Latin poems as a pleasure, and fairly revel
in the works of German metaphysicians. I have
known him to memorize thirty lines of Ovid in
twenty-five minutes, and be able to repeat them
weeks afterwards. Often in camp, though tired
and hungry, I have known him almost forget to
eat, in his eagerness to prove some proposition
in mental philosophy. His enthusiasm was con-
tagious. His scholars all caught it, and were
ready to do anything that he suggested.
On one occasion he planned a picnic to cele-
brate the birthday of Plato. Each pupil taking
part was to assume the name and character of
some friend of the philosopher, and respond to
an appropriate toast with a fitting sentiment.
Owing to the sickness of the professor, the picnic
never came off. I am very sorry it failed, for it
must have been a long time since Plato's birth-
day was celebrated, and I should like to have
had the last celebration made by the students of
the University of Kansas.
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