Collection Description

Research Ethics Professional

Research Ethics Professional is a Globethics.net sub-collection on research ethics focusing on professional ethics, on work ethics in the research profession, namely on the specific responsibilities common among researchers who do the research, including the whole environment and other stakeholders. The main ethical normative aspects of research are presented in a systematic way as building blocks from a unifying principle, a limited set of virtues and a wide range of responsibilities as self-oriented or others-oriented duties. The collection as a systematic whole is highlighting a holistic approach on the ethics of duties in the research profession, from various points of views, constituting a comprehensive totality of all main aspects of this activity, based on The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, published recently by All European Academies (ALLEA). This collection borrows from ALLEA's expertise and results, it shows in short how to deal with failures to use good practice, which jeopardize by irresponsible behaviour the important harmony between the aim of increasing knowledge and remaining true to self-knowledge, proper to ethical life.

EF1 Main ethical normative aspects of research EF100 Unifying ethical and cognitive principle: self-knowledge and increase of knowledge EF101 Main four virtues for responsible research EF1011 Virtue of reliability (others can depend on you on various levels) EF10111 Reliability on the level of the design, methodology, analysis and use of resources EF1012 Virtue of honesty EF10121 As fair, full and unbiased way of undertaking or developing research and transparent reviewing, reporting or communication on research EF1013 Virtue of respect and care (for colleagues, research participants the environment) EF1014 Virtue of accountability EF10141 As developing the research from the idea to the publication EF10142 As management and organization of research EF10143 As training, supervision and mentoring EF10144 As caring for wider impacts of research: society and environment EF102 Self-directed ethics of duty and responsibility in research EF1020 Research responsibility understood as integrity EF10201 As responsibility for trustworthiness of research EF10202 As societal considerations (to weigh societal benefits against risks) EF10203 As creating and sustaining work environments supporting integrity EF10204 As resource management (to use human, animal, financial and other resources responsibly) EF10205 Management of technology vs. human integrity and dignity EF1021 Duty ethics as awareness and adherence to regulations and policies EF1022 Utility based duty ethics (not to use inappropriate research means or ends) EF103 Others-directed or collaborative duties and responsibilities in managing collaboration and for outcomes of research EF1031 Sharing of responsibilities as integrity directed toward others EF1032 Clarifying responsibility as based on trust, purpose and goal (in establishing and maintaining trust) EF10321 Purpose related trust aims at advancing knowledge to the benefit of humankind (agreement at the outset on the goals of the research) EF1033 Responsibility as communicative praxis (or mutual understanding of the research) EF1034 Responsibility as fair share of costs and benefits EF1035 Collaborative relationships based responsibility (or resolution of conflicts, of disagreements and misunderstandings) EF1036 Representation agreement (or authority to speak on behalf of the collaboration) EF1037 Duty to make research findings public (after author claims are clear) EF1038 Duty of keeping research records clear and accurate for verification and replication EF10381 To limit professional comments to recognized expertise EF10382 Authorship: clarify, record and list correct authors (in any representations of research or applications) EF10383 Wider acknowledgement (mention any other significant contributions to the research) EF10384 To provide a fair, prompt and rigorous peer-review EF10385 Respond for data, intellectual property and records related praxis EF1039 Transparency (disclosure of possible conflicts of interest) EF1040 Duty of responding to irresponsible research practices EF10401 Reporting to appropriate authorities (fabrication, falsification and plagiarism) EF10402 Responding to irresponsible research practices by appropriate procedures EF10403 Correcting research records EF105 Misconduct categories (typology of malicious ways of doing research) EF1051 Serious research misconducts (which must be sanctioned) EF10511 Fabrication as making up results and recording them as if they were real EF10512 Falsification as manipulating research by unduly changing, omitting or suppressing data or results EF10513 Plagiarism as using other's work and ideas without giving credit, violating the rights to intellectual outputs EF1052 Violations of good research practice and damaging integrity of the research process, without direct violations of rights (which should be sanctioned) as: EF10521 Manipulating authorship and denigrating the role of other researchers in publications EF10522 Self-plagiarism as re-publishing substantive parts of own earlier publications, or translations, without duly citing the original EF10523 Selective citing: as citing selectively to enhance own findings or to please colleagues EF10524 Withholding research results EF10525 Allowing sponsors to jeopardize independence in the research process so as to promulgate bias EF10526 Expanding unnecessarily the bibliography of a study EF10527 Accusing a researcher of misconduct in a malicious way EF10528 Misrepresenting research achievements EF10529 Exaggerating the importance and practical applicability of findings EF10530 Delaying or hampering the work of other researchers EF10531 Misusing seniority to encourage violations of research integrity EF10532 Ignoring putative violations of research integrity by others (or covering up inappropriate responses to misconduct or other violations by institutions) EF10533 Establishing or supporting journals that undermine the quality control of research as predatory journals EF106 Prevention of misconducts (as training, supervision and mentoring incl. development of a positive and supportive research environment) EF1061 Integrity based dealing with violations and allegations of misconduct EF10611 Investigations processes as fair processes EF10612 Declaration of conflict of interest during investigation by all parties involved in procedure EF10613 Confidentially and rights of whistle- blowers during investigations EF10614 Transparency and uniformity (assuring public procedures) EF10615 Principle of proportionate sanction to severity of the violation EF10616 Restorative action (after exoneration of allegation of misconduct, or after punishment privileged upon simple retribution)

EF2 Research environment EF201 Stakeholder level of the research EF2011 Corporate research sponsoring EF2012 National government use of results in decision-making EF2013 Academic practice of research EF2014 Learned societies, directories of peers, academic consortia and scholarly networks EF2015 Citizen participation EF2016 Familiy duties and careers options for researchers in higher education EF2017 Faith, knowledge and freedom (faith based organisations service to research and the problem of the independence in carrying out research and in informing on results) EF2018 Politics, knowledge and freedom (political threats to academic independence) EF202 What is freedom (as ensuring research integrity at all levels by the research institution) EF203 Policy level of providing clear procedures on good research practice (incl. proper handling of violations as research institutions) EF204 Library and publication ethical level (proper infrastructure for the management and protection of data and research materials in all forms) EF205 The human resources ethical level (rewarding open and reproducible practices in hiring and promotion of researchers) EF2051 Ethics in employment terms and conditions in tertiary education (as by ILO or other UN organizations)

EF3 Training, supervision and mentoring EF301 Aim: researchers need to receive rigorous training (in research design, methodology and analysis) EF302 Means to develop appropriate and adequate training in ethics and research integrity at all levels

EF4 Research procedures EF401 Development: (state-of- the-art development of research ideas in designing, carrying it out, analyzing and documenting it) EF402 Funding: (making proper and conscientious use of research funds) EF403 Publishing ethics (results delivered in an open, honest, transparent and accurate manner incl. confidentiality of data or findings) EF404 Report: (to report in a way compatible with standards and so that results can be verified and reproduced)

EF5 Safeguards EF501 To comply with codes and regulations of the discipline EF502 To care (to handle research subjects with respect and care incl. in accordance with legal provisions) EF503 Community (to have due regard for the health, safety and welfare of the community, of collaborators and others connected with their research) EF504 Fair (to take account of differences in age, gender, culture, religion, ethnic origin and social class) EF505 No Harm principle (recognizing and managing potential harms and risks relating to research) EF506 Compliance officer in institutions in the direct environment of research production

EF6 Data practices and management EF601 Stewardship of data (ensuring curation of all data with secure preservation for a reasonable period) EF602 Data access management (to ensure access to data follows the FAIR Principles: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable incl. to close data as necessary) EF603 Access transparency (about how to access or make use of their data and research materials) EF604 Clear legitimation (to acknowledge data as legitimate and citable products of research) EF605 Explict credits in the contract (contracts or agreements relating to research outputs include equitable and fair provision for the management of their use, ownership, and/or their protection under intellectual property rights)

EF7 Collaborative working EF701 Partner oriented and ethical (taking responsibility for the integrity of the research with all partners in collaborations) EF702 Initiate and complete work as team (by agreeing at the outset on the goals of the research and on the process for communicating their research transparently) EF703 Idem for expectations and standards concerning research integrity EF704 Collaborative information (to be informed and consulted about submissions for publication of results)

EF8 Publication and dissemination EF801 Research writing aiming to assure responsibility for the content of a publication EF802 Meaning of research writing (to agree collectively on the sequence of authorship based on contribution to the design, relevant data collection, or analysis of the results) EF803 Making work available in an open, transparent and accurate manner to general public (and in traditional and social media) EF804 Acknowledgement of contributions of others (including collaborators, funders) EF805 Conflicts of interest disclosure (for the research or for the publication of its results) EF806 Corrections (corrections or retractation of the work needs a clear processes for which reasons are stated, authors are given credit for issuing corrections) EF807 Negative result as positive outcome (to consider negative results to be as valid as positive findings for publication) EF808 Uniformity (to adhere to the same criteria as those detailed for any sort of publication)

EF9 Reviewing, evaluating and editing EF900 Aim and means of scholarly communication is to take commitment to the research community (incl. in refereeing, reviewing and evaluation) EF901 Fair review and evaluation of submissions for publication, funding, appointment, promotion or reward (in a transparent and justifiable manner) EF902 Conflict of interest disclosure (to commit to withdraw from involvement in decisions when there is a clear conflict of interest) EF903 To maintain confidentiality as reviewer unless prior approval for disclosure EF904 To respect the rights of authors and applicants as editor and reviewer, and seek permission to make use of the ideas, data

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