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Guides you through the decision to have angioplasty when you have stable angina. Lists benefits and risks of angioplasty and medical therapy. Explains why lifestyle changes are still important. Includes interactive tool to help you with your decision.

Heart Disease: Should I Have Angioplasty for Stable Angina?

You may want to have a say in this decision, or you may simply want to follow your doctor's recommendation. Either way, this information will help you understand what your choices are so that you can talk to your doctor about them.

Your options

Have angioplasty for stable angina, along with
taking medicines and making healthy lifestyle changes.

Take
medicines and make lifestyle changes to treat stable angina. This is called
medical therapy.

Key points to remember

Medical therapy (medicines and lifestyle changes) and angioplasty work about
the same at preventing
heart attacks and helping people live longer. There is
no evidence to show that angioplasty for stable heart disease will help you live any longer than medical
therapy. Also, angioplasty
does not lower the risk of having a heart attack any more than medical therapy
does.

Angioplasty can relieve angina symptoms if medical therapy has
not stopped your symptoms. This may help you have a more active
life.

If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make
lifestyle changes. This will give you the best chance for a longer, healthier
life.

Angioplasty carries the risk of heart attack,
stroke, and even death. These rarely happen. But you
may not want to take even the small risk of dying from the procedure if you
have an equally small risk of dying without it.

If you decide to
try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

The benefits of angioplasty
may not last. The repaired artery can become blocked again over time. You may
need another procedure.

Choosing a treatment may seem like a decision that your doctor should
make. But you can take part in this important choice if:

You have mild heart disease. This means that
you do not have too much narrowing of the arteries that send blood and oxygen
to your heart (coronary arteries). It also means that your risk of
having a heart attack is not too high.

You have stable angina.
This means your angina symptoms, such as chest pain or discomfort, happen with emotional or physical stress and go
away when you rest or after you take
nitroglycerin.

Your doctor can tell you if you meet these
conditions.

You will want to talk to your doctor about angioplasty
before you have a coronary angiogram (also called cardiac catheterization). During that test, you will not be able
to take part in the decision about angioplasty, because you will be sleepy from
medicines. So before the test, talk with your doctor about what the test might
show and what the doctor's options are in each case. You can tell the doctor in
advance what you would prefer, based on the test results.

During
angioplasty, the doctor puts a thin, flexible tube
called a catheter into an artery in your groin or arm. The doctor guides the
tube into the narrowed artery. He or she inflates a small balloon at the end of
the tube. This widens the artery to allow blood to flow. The doctor may put a
small, expandable tube called a
stent in the artery to keep it open.

After
angioplasty, you will need to follow a heart-healthy diet and get plenty of
exercise. You will also need to quit smoking if you smoke. Taking your
medicines is also important.

Medical
therapy includes making lifestyle changes and taking medicines. Lifestyle
changes play a big role in helping you prevent a heart attack and live longer. They include eating a
healthy diet, not smoking, and getting daily exercise. Changing your habits may
not be easy, but it could keep your heart disease from getting worse. It could
even reverse some of the damage.

Your doctor will ask you
to:

Stop smoking. Quitting smoking can greatly
lower your chance of having a heart attack and dying.

Exercise for at least 30 minutes on all or most days of the
week.

Have a
heart-healthy eating plan. This includes lots of fruits and
vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Try to eat fish at least 2 times a
week.

Stay at a healthy
weight. Lose weight if you need to.

Manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

Whatever choice you make about angioplasty, making these
lifestyle changes will give you the best chance of keeping heart disease from
getting worse. These changes are important for all people who have heart
disease.

Taking medicines every day is another key part of medical
therapy. You may need to take:

ACE inhibitors to lower blood pressure and the risk of heart
attack.

Aspirin or other medicines to
reduce the risk of blood clots and heart attacks.

Beta-blockers to keep your heart from working too hard.
The medicine slows the heart rate and lowers blood pressure.

Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, to relieve angina symptoms.

Statins to lower cholesterol and to lower the risk for heart attack and stroke.

All medicines have side effects. Your doctor may lower the
dose or give you another drug if side effects bother you.

ACE inhibitors: Side effects include a dry cough, nausea, diarrhea, and
swelling of the face and hands.

Aspirin and other medicines to reduce the risk of blood clots: They can cause an upset
stomach and bleeding.

Beta-blockers: Side effects include dizziness and
feeling more tired than usual.

Nitrates: Normal,
temporary side effects of nitroglycerin include a warm or flushed feeling, a
headache, dizziness, or lightheadedness. You may also have a burning feeling
under your tongue when you put the pill there.

Statins: The most common side effects
include muscle aches, an upset stomach, gas, constipation, belly pain or
cramps, and feeling more tired than usual. In rare cases, statins can cause
liver problems or muscle pain and damage.

Even if you choose to have angioplasty, you may need to
take at least some of these medicines.

Medical therapy and angioplasty can both relieve angina symptoms. They also can
make it easier for you to exercise, which is a key part of keeping your heart
healthy.

With angioplasty,
you'll feel relief from your angina symptoms sooner. But over time, both treatments work
the same to ease symptoms and improve quality of life.1

Many people try medical therapy first. It
doesn't always work to relieve symptoms. But medical therapy does help to prevent a heart attack. You may decide to have angioplasty if you still have symptoms and can't exercise even after you have taken medicines and made lifestyle
changes.

Angioplasty can ease angina symptoms, but it has not been
proved to help you live any longer than medical therapy does. Also, angioplasty
does not lower the risk of having a heart attack any more than medical therapy
does.2

It may be hard to understand why angioplasty does not lower your risk of a heart attack more than medical therapy does. The reason why is based on how heart disease, and plaque, happens in your arteries. Even if you have angioplasty and get a stent, you still may have other places in your arteries where a heart attack can happen. During the procedure, your doctor finds and treats the places where plaque narrows the artery and limits blood flow. But plaque can build up in other places in your arteries. And sometimes it doesn't limit blood flow or cause symptoms. This type of plaque typically is not found or treated with angioplasty. But if this plaque ruptures, it can cause a heart attack.

You have angina symptoms that keep you from
exercising and enjoying your life.

Medical therapy hasn't stopped
your angina.

Compare your options

Compare

What is usually involved?

What are the benefits?

What are the risks and side effects?

Have angioplasty, along
with taking medicines and making lifestyle changes Have angioplasty, along
with taking medicines and making lifestyle changes

You stay in the hospital for 1
to 2 days. You can start walking 12 to 24 hours after
angioplasty.

You take medicines to help prevent heart attack or
stroke.

If you get a
stent, you will take aspirin and other
antiplatelet medicine to prevent blood clots.

You make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a
heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

You manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

Angioplasty can relieve angina if medical therapy has not stopped your symptoms.

Angioplasty can
improve your quality of life and help you live longer. But there is
no evidence that angioplasty for stable heart disease lowers your risk of a heart attack any better than medical therapy or that angioplasty will help you live any longer than medical
therapy will.

The benefits of
angioplasty may not last. You may need another procedure.

Angioplasty carries the risk of heart attack, stroke, death, and
the risk of needing emergency open-chest surgery during the procedure.

The chances of having a serious problem during angioplasty are
higher if you are older than 70.

Angioplasty will not help you
live any longer than medical therapy will.

Take medicines and make
lifestyle changes only (medical therapy) Take medicines and make
lifestyle changes only (medical therapy)

You make lifestyle changes
such as exercising, eating a
heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

You manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

You take medicines to help prevent heart attack or
stroke.

Medical therapy can relieve
angina symptoms.

Medical therapy can improve your quality of life and help you
live longer. But medical therapy will not help you live any longer than
angioplasty will.

You avoid the risks of angioplasty.

Side effects
of medicines can include:

Upset stomach, gas, belly pain, cramps, or
diarrhea.

Dry cough, dizziness, headaches, and feeling tired.

Medical therapy doesn't always work. You may
decide that you need angioplasty if you still have angina and can't
exercise.

Medical therapy will not help you live any longer than
angioplasty will.

Personal stories

Are you interested in what others decided to do? Many people have faced this decision. These personal stories may help you decide.

Personal stories about deciding to have angioplasty for stable angina

These stories are based on information gathered from health professionals and consumers. They may be helpful as you make important health decisions.

My chest
pain bothers me once in a while. But it's not too bad. My doctor said my angina
is mild. We talked about it, and we decided that I could try taking medicines
and taking better care of myself. At my age, any procedure has extra risks, so
I want to try the other stuff first.

Rodrigo, age 75

I love to
take hikes with my daughter and grandchildren. And I love to travel. But I
can't walk very far, because my chest hurts. Even though I have been taking my
medicines and trying to eat well and exercise, my pain is still there. My
doctor and I agreed that angioplasty is a good choice for me.

Margie, age 62

My doctor
said I have one artery that is partly blocked. She said I don't need
angioplasty right now. Taking medicines and having a healthy lifestyle can
prevent a heart attack or stroke. The first thing I have to do is quit smoking.
I smoke a few cigarettes a day, but even a few is too many. So I will join a
stop-smoking program and keep up with my diet and exercise.

Susan, age 56

I've had
angina for a while now. I usually take nitroglycerin for it. But lately I've
had more pain when I do chores around the house or play golf. My doctor said
angioplasty might be an option because I have a couple of narrowed arteries. So
I'm going to have it. I'll still have to watch what I eat, get some exercise,
and take my medicines.

Frank, age 60

What matters most to you?

Your personal feelings are just as important as the medical facts. Think about what matters most to you in this decision, and show how you feel about the following statements.

Reasons to choose angioplasty

Reasons to choose medical therapy

I have angina symptoms that bother me and keep me from exercising and enjoying my life.

My angina doesn't bother me too much.

More important

Equally important

More important

I'm concerned about side effects from the medicines in medical therapy.

I'm not worried about the side effects of medicines.

More important

Equally important

More important

I think angioplasty will help me feel better faster.

I know I can have angioplasty later, so I want to try medical therapy first.

More important

Equally important

More important

For me, the benefits of angioplasty outweigh the risks.

I want to avoid the risks of angioplasty if possible.

More important

Equally important

More important

My other important reasons:

My other important reasons:

More important

Equally important

More important

Where are you leaning now?

Now that you've thought about the facts and your feelings, you may have a general idea of where you stand on this decision. Show which way you are leaning right now.

Angioplasty

Medical therapy

Leaning toward

Undecided

Leaning toward

What else do you need to make your decision?

Check the facts

1.

Do you still have to make lifestyle changes if you have angioplasty?

YesYou're right. If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

NoSorry, that's not right. If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

I'm not sureIt may help to go back and read "How is angioplasty done?" If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

2.

If you try medical therapy now, can you still have angioplasty later?

YesYou're right. If you decide to try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

NoSorry, that's not right. If you decide to try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

I'm not sureIt may help to go back and read "How well does each treatment work for stable angina?" If you decide to try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

3.

Does angioplasty have serious risks?

YesYou're right. Angioplasty carries the rare risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Your chances of having a serious problem are higher if you are older than 70.

NoSorry, that's not right. Angioplasty carries the rare risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Your chances of having a serious problem are higher if you are older than 70.

I'm not sureIt may help to go back and read "What are the risks of angioplasty?" Angioplasty carries the rare risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Your chances of having a serious problem are higher if you are older than 70.

You may want to have a say in this decision, or you may simply want to follow your doctor's recommendation. Either way, this information will help you understand what your choices are so that you can talk to your doctor about them.

Heart Disease: Should I Have Angioplasty for Stable Angina?

Here's a record of your answers. You can use it to talk with your doctor or loved ones about your decision.

Get the facts

Compare your options

What matters most to you?

Where are you leaning now?

What else do you need to make your decision?

1. Get the Facts

Your options

Have angioplasty for stable angina, along with
taking medicines and making healthy lifestyle changes.

Take
medicines and make lifestyle changes to treat stable angina. This is called
medical therapy.

Key points to remember

Medical therapy (medicines and lifestyle changes) and angioplasty work about
the same at preventing
heart attacks and helping people live longer. There is
no evidence to show that angioplasty for stable heart disease will help you live any longer than medical
therapy. Also, angioplasty
does not lower the risk of having a heart attack any more than medical therapy
does.

Angioplasty can relieve angina symptoms if medical therapy has
not stopped your symptoms. This may help you have a more active
life.

If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make
lifestyle changes. This will give you the best chance for a longer, healthier
life.

Angioplasty carries the risk of heart attack,
stroke, and even death. These rarely happen. But you
may not want to take even the small risk of dying from the procedure if you
have an equally small risk of dying without it.

If you decide to
try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

The benefits of angioplasty
may not last. The repaired artery can become blocked again over time. You may
need another procedure.

FAQs

Who has the option of choosing angioplasty?

Choosing a treatment may seem like a decision that your doctor should
make. But you can take part in this important choice if:

You have mild heart disease. This means that
you do not have too much narrowing of the arteries that send blood and oxygen
to your heart (coronary arteries). It also means that your risk of
having a heart attack is not too high.

You have stable angina.
This means your angina symptoms, such as chest pain or discomfort, happen with emotional or physical stress and go
away when you rest or after you take
nitroglycerin.

Your doctor can tell you if you meet these
conditions.

You will want to talk to your doctor about angioplasty
before you have a coronary angiogram (also called cardiac catheterization). During that test, you will not be able
to take part in the decision about angioplasty, because you will be sleepy from
medicines. So before the test, talk with your doctor about what the test might
show and what the doctor's options are in each case. You can tell the doctor in
advance what you would prefer, based on the test results.

How is angioplasty done?

During
angioplasty , the doctor puts a thin, flexible tube
called a catheter into an artery in your groin or arm. The doctor guides the
tube into the narrowed artery. He or she inflates a small balloon at the end of
the tube. This widens the artery to allow blood to flow. The doctor may put a
small, expandable tube called a
stent in the artery to keep it open.

After
angioplasty, you will need to follow a heart-healthy diet and get plenty of
exercise. You will also need to quit smoking if you smoke. Taking your
medicines is also important.

What are the risks of angioplasty?

Angioplasty has
some rare but serious risks. They are:

The need for emergency open-chest surgery
during the procedure.

Heart
attack.

Stroke.

Death.

Keep in mind that the chances of having a serious problem
with this procedure are higher if you are older than 70.

Less serious risks related to the catheter include:

Pain, swelling, and tenderness at the catheter
insertion site.

Bruising or bleeding at the catheter site.

Most
people recover from angioplasty fairly quickly. They usually go home after an
overnight stay in the hospital. They can return to normal activities within a
few days.

What is medical therapy for stable angina?

Medical
therapy includes making lifestyle changes and taking medicines. Lifestyle
changes play a big role in helping you prevent a heart attack and live longer. They include eating a
healthy diet, not smoking, and getting daily exercise. Changing your habits may
not be easy, but it could keep your heart disease from getting worse. It could
even reverse some of the damage.

Your doctor will ask you
to:

Stop smoking. Quitting smoking can greatly
lower your chance of having a heart attack and dying.

Exercise for at least 30 minutes on all or most days of the
week.

Have a
heart-healthy eating plan. This includes lots of fruits and
vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Try to eat fish at least 2 times a
week.

Stay at a healthy
weight. Lose weight if you need to.

Manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

Whatever choice you make about angioplasty, making these
lifestyle changes will give you the best chance of keeping heart disease from
getting worse. These changes are important for all people who have heart
disease.

Taking medicines every day is another key part of medical
therapy. You may need to take:

ACE inhibitors to lower blood pressure and the risk of heart
attack.

Aspirin or other medicines to
reduce the risk of blood clots and heart attacks.

Beta-blockers to keep your heart from working too hard.
The medicine slows the heart rate and lowers blood pressure.

Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, to relieve angina symptoms.

Statins to lower cholesterol and to lower the risk for heart attack and stroke.

What are the side effects of medicines for stable angina?

All medicines have side effects. Your doctor may lower the
dose or give you another drug if side effects bother you.

ACE inhibitors: Side effects include a dry cough, nausea, diarrhea, and
swelling of the face and hands.

Aspirin and other medicines to reduce the risk of blood clots: They can cause an upset
stomach and bleeding.

Beta-blockers: Side effects include dizziness and
feeling more tired than usual.

Nitrates: Normal,
temporary side effects of nitroglycerin include a warm or flushed feeling, a
headache, dizziness, or lightheadedness. You may also have a burning feeling
under your tongue when you put the pill there.

Statins: The most common side effects
include muscle aches, an upset stomach, gas, constipation, belly pain or
cramps, and feeling more tired than usual. In rare cases, statins can cause
liver problems or muscle pain and damage.

Even if you choose to have angioplasty, you may need to
take at least some of these medicines.

How well does each treatment work for stable angina?

Medical therapy and angioplasty can both relieve angina symptoms. They also can
make it easier for you to exercise, which is a key part of keeping your heart
healthy.

With angioplasty,
you'll feel relief from your angina symptoms sooner. But over time, both treatments work
the same to ease symptoms and improve quality of life.1

Many people try medical therapy first. It
doesn't always work to relieve symptoms. But medical therapy does help to prevent a heart attack. You may decide to have angioplasty if you still have symptoms and can't exercise even after you have taken medicines and made lifestyle
changes.

Angioplasty can ease angina symptoms, but it has not been
proved to help you live any longer than medical therapy does. Also, angioplasty
does not lower the risk of having a heart attack any more than medical therapy
does.2

It may be hard to understand why angioplasty does not lower your risk of a heart attack more than medical therapy does. The reason why is based on how heart disease, and plaque, happens in your arteries. Even if you have angioplasty and get a stent, you still may have other places in your arteries where a heart attack can happen. During the procedure, your doctor finds and treats the places where plaque narrows the artery and limits blood flow. But plaque can build up in other places in your arteries. And sometimes it doesn't limit blood flow or cause symptoms. This type of plaque typically is not found or treated with angioplasty. But if this plaque ruptures, it can cause a heart attack.

Why might your doctor recommend angioplasty?

Your
doctor may recommend angioplasty if:

You have angina symptoms that keep you from
exercising and enjoying your life.

Medical therapy hasn't stopped
your angina.

2. Compare your options

Have angioplasty, along
with taking medicines and making lifestyle changes

Take medicines and make
lifestyle changes only (medical therapy)

What is usually involved?

You stay in the hospital for 1
to 2 days. You can start walking 12 to 24 hours after
angioplasty.

You take medicines to help prevent heart attack or
stroke.

If you get a
stent, you will take aspirin and other
antiplatelet medicine to prevent blood clots.

You make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a
heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

You manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

You make lifestyle changes
such as exercising, eating a
heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

You manage other health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

You take medicines to help prevent heart attack or
stroke.

What are the benefits?

Angioplasty can relieve angina if medical therapy has not stopped your symptoms.

Angioplasty can
improve your quality of life and help you live longer. But there is
no evidence that angioplasty for stable heart disease lowers your risk of a heart attack any better than medical therapy or that angioplasty will help you live any longer than medical
therapy will.

Medical therapy can relieve
angina symptoms.

Medical therapy can improve your quality of life and help you
live longer. But medical therapy will not help you live any longer than
angioplasty will.

You avoid the risks of angioplasty.

What are the risks and side effects?

The benefits of
angioplasty may not last. You may need another procedure.

Angioplasty carries the risk of heart attack, stroke, death, and
the risk of needing emergency open-chest surgery during the procedure.

The chances of having a serious problem during angioplasty are
higher if you are older than 70.

Angioplasty will not help you
live any longer than medical therapy will.

Side effects
of medicines can include:

Upset stomach, gas, belly pain, cramps, or
diarrhea.

Dry cough, dizziness, headaches, and feeling tired.

Medical therapy doesn't always work. You may
decide that you need angioplasty if you still have angina and can't
exercise.

Medical therapy will not help you live any longer than
angioplasty will.

Personal stories

Are you interested in what others decided to do? Many people have faced this decision. These
personal stories
may help you decide.

Personal stories about deciding to have angioplasty for stable angina

These stories are based on information gathered from health professionals and consumers. They may be helpful as you make important health decisions.

"My chest pain bothers me once in a while. But it's not too bad. My doctor said my angina is mild. We talked about it, and we decided that I could try taking medicines and taking better care of myself. At my age, any procedure has extra risks, so I want to try the other stuff first."

— Rodrigo, age 75

"I love to take hikes with my daughter and grandchildren. And I love to travel. But I can't walk very far, because my chest hurts. Even though I have been taking my medicines and trying to eat well and exercise, my pain is still there. My doctor and I agreed that angioplasty is a good choice for me."

— Margie, age 62

"My doctor said I have one artery that is partly blocked. She said I don't need angioplasty right now. Taking medicines and having a healthy lifestyle can prevent a heart attack or stroke. The first thing I have to do is quit smoking. I smoke a few cigarettes a day, but even a few is too many. So I will join a stop-smoking program and keep up with my diet and exercise."

— Susan, age 56

"I've had angina for a while now. I usually take nitroglycerin for it. But lately I've had more pain when I do chores around the house or play golf. My doctor said angioplasty might be an option because I have a couple of narrowed arteries. So I'm going to have it. I'll still have to watch what I eat, get some exercise, and take my medicines."

— Frank, age 60

3. What matters most to you?

Your personal feelings are just as important as the medical facts. Think about what matters most to you in this decision, and show how you feel about the following statements.

Reasons to choose angioplasty

Reasons to choose medical therapy

I have angina symptoms that bother me and keep me from exercising and enjoying my life.

My angina doesn't bother me too much.

More important

Equally important

More important

I'm concerned about side effects from the medicines in medical therapy.

I'm not worried about the side effects of medicines.

More important

Equally important

More important

I think angioplasty will help me feel better faster.

I know I can have angioplasty later, so I want to try medical therapy first.

More important

Equally important

More important

For me, the benefits of angioplasty outweigh the risks.

I want to avoid the risks of angioplasty if possible.

More important

Equally important

More important

My other important reasons:

My other important reasons:

More important

Equally important

More important

4. Where are you leaning now?

Now that you've thought about the facts and your feelings, you may have a general idea of where you stand on this decision. Show which way you are leaning right now.

Angioplasty

Medical therapy

Leaning toward

Undecided

Leaning toward

5. What else do you need to make your decision?

Check the facts

1.
Do you still have to make lifestyle changes if you have angioplasty?

Yes

No

I'm not sure

You're right. If you choose angioplasty, you will still need to make lifestyle changes such as exercising, eating a heart-healthy diet, and quitting smoking.

2.
If you try medical therapy now, can you still have angioplasty later?

Yes

No

I'm not sure

You're right. If you decide to try medical therapy now, you can still have angioplasty later if your angina symptoms bother you too much.

3.
Does angioplasty have serious risks?

Yes

No

I'm not sure

You're right. Angioplasty carries the rare risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Your chances of having a serious problem are higher if you are older than 70.

Decide what's next

1.
Do you understand the options available to you?

Yes

No

2.
Are you clear about which benefits and side effects matter most to you?

Yes

No

3.
Do you have enough support and advice from others to make a choice?

Yes

No

Certainty

1.
How sure do you feel right now about your decision?

Not sure at all

Somewhat sure

Very sure

2.
Check what you need to do before you make this decision.

I'm ready to take action.

I want to discuss the options with others.

I want to learn more about my options.

3.
Use the following space to list questions, concerns, and next steps.

Credits

By

Healthwise Staff

Primary Medical Reviewer

Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology

Specialist Medical Reviewer

Robert A. Kloner, MD, PhD - Cardiology

References

Citations

Weintraub W, et al. (2008). Effect of PCI on quality
of life in patients with stable coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(7): 677-687.

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