Leadership Leadership is the process where a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to achieve goals.
Effective leadership increases the firm’s ability to meet new challenges.
Leader: The person exerting the influence.
Personal Leadership Style: the ways leaders choose to influence others.
Some leaders delegate and support subordinates, others are very authoritarian.
Managers at all levels have their own leadership style.

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Leadership Across Cultures Leadership styles may vary over different cultures.
European managers tend to be more people-oriented than American or Japanese managers.
Japanese culture is very collective oriented, while American focuses more on profitability.
Time horizons also are affected by cultures.
U.S. firms often focus on short-run efforts.
Japanese firms take a longer-term outlook.

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Sources of Power Figure 13.1

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Sources of Power Used to affect other’s behavior and get them to act in given ways.
Legitimate Power: manager’s authority resulting by their management position in the firm.
Can be power to hire/fire workers, assign work.
Reward Power: based on the manager’s ability to give or withhold rewards.
Pay raises, bonuses, verbal praise.
Effective managers use reward power to signal employees they are doing a good job.

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Sources of Power Coercive Power: based in ability to punish others.
Ranges from verbal reprimand to pay cuts to firing.
Can have serious negative side effects.
Expert Power: based on special skills of leader.
First & middle managers have most expert power.
Often found in technical ability.
Referent Power: results from personal characteristics of the leader which earn worker’s respect, loyalty and admiration.
Usually held by likable managers who are concerned about their workers.

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Empowerment Process of giving workers at all levels authority to make decisions and the responsibility for their outcomes. Empowerment helps managers:
Get workers involved in the decisions.
Increase worker commitment and motivation.
To focus on other issues.
Effective managers usually empower substantial authority to workers.

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Leadership Models Trait Model: sought to identify personal characteristics responsible for effective leadership.
Research shows that traits do appear to be connected to effective leadership.
Many “traits” are the result of skills and knowledge.
Not all effective leaders possess all these traits.
Behavioral Model: Identifies types of behavior.
Consideration: leaders show care toward workers.
Employee-centered.
Initiating Structure: managers take steps to make sure work is done.
Done by assigning work, setting goals, etc.
Job-oriented.

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Consideration Initiating Structure Consideration & Initiating Structure Is friendly, approachable
Do little things to make it fun
to be a member of group
Give advance notice of changes
Willing to make changes
Treats group members
as equals
Tries out ideas in the group
Lets group members know
what is expected
Assigns workers to tasks
Schedules work to be done
Maintains standards
of performance
Rate manager from 1 (never does) to 5 (always does)
NOTE: for full survey, see Figure 13.2 in text Figure 13.2

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Contingency Models Fiedler’s Model: effective leadership is contingent on both the characteristics of the leader and the situation.
Leader style: the enduring, characteristic approach to leadership a manager uses.
Relationship-oriented: concerned with developing good relations with workers.
Task-oriented: concerned that workers perform so the job gets done.

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Fiedler’s Model Situation characteristic: how favorable a given situation is for leading to occur.
Leader-member relations: determines how much workers like and trust their leader.
Task structure: extent to which workers tasks are clear-cut.
Clear issues make a situation favorable for leadership.
Position Power: amount of legitimate, reward, & coercive power a leader has due to their position.
When positional power is strong, leadership opportunity becomes more favorable.

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Fiedler’s Contingency Model Figure 13.3

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Using Fiedler’s Model Can combine leader-member relations, task structure, and position power to identify leadership situations.
Identifies situations where given types of managers might perform best.
Seen in Figure 13.4.
Leader style is a characteristic managers cannot change. Thus, managers will be most effective when:
1) They are placed in leadership situations that suit their style.
2) The situation can be changed to fit the manager.

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House’s Path-Goal Model Model suggests that effective leaders motivate workers to achieve by:
1) Clearly identifying the outcomes workers are trying to achieve.
2) Reward workers for high-performance and attainment.
3) Clarifying the paths to the attainment of the goals.
Path-Goal is a contingency model since it proposes the steps managers should take to motivate their workers.
Based on Expectancy Theory.

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Steps to Path-Goal 1) Determine the outcomes your subordinates are trying to obtain.
Can range from pay to job security or interesting work.
Once outcomes determined, manager needs to be sure they have the reward power to provide these.
2) Reward subordinates for high-performance and goal attainment with the desired outcomes.
3) Clarify the paths to goal attainment for workers, remove obstacles to performance, and express confidence in worker’s ability.

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Motivating with Path-goal Path-goal identifies four behaviors leaders can use:
1) Directive behaviors: set goals, assign tasks, show how to do things.
2) Supportive behavior: look out for the worker’s best interest.
3) Participative behavior: give subordinates a say in matters that affect them.
4) Achievement-oriented behavior: Setting very challenging goals, believing in worker’s abilities.
Which behavior should be used depends on the worker and the tasks.

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Leader-Substitute Model Leadership substitute: acts in the place of a leader and makes leadership unnecessary. Possible substitutes can be found:
Characteristics of Subordinates: their skills, experience, motivation.
Characteristics of context: the extent to which work is interesting and fun.
Worker empowerment or Self-managed work teams reduce leadership needs.
Managers need to be aware that they do not always need to directly exert influence over workers.

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Transformational Leadership Started with von Pierer, CEO of Siemens, and allows dramatic improvements in management effectiveness.
Transformational managers:
Make subordinates aware of how important their jobs are by providing feedback to the worker.
Make subordinates aware of their own need for personal growth and development.
Empowerment of workers, added training help.
Motivate workers to work for the good of the organization, not just themselves.

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Transformational Leaders Transformational leaders are charismatic and have a vision of how good things can be.
They are excited and clearly communicate this to subordinates.
Transformational leaders openly share information with workers.
Everyone is aware of problems and the need for change.
Empowers workers to help with solutions.
Transformational leaders engage in development of workers.
Manager works hard to help them build skills.

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Transactional Leadership Involves managers using the reward and coercive power to encourage high performance.
Managers who push subordinates to change but do not seem to change themselves are transactional.
The transactional manager does not have the “vision” of the Transformational leader.

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Gender and Leadership The number of women managers is rising but still relatively low in top levels.
Stereotypes suggest women are supportive and concerned with interpersonal relations. Similarly, men are seen as task-focused.
Research indicates that actually there is no gender-based difference in leadership effectiveness.
However, women are seen to be more participative than men.