In a statement she said Google had “denied European consumers the benefits of effective competition in the important mobile sphere.”

Google’s parent Alphabet can easily afford the fine- its cash reserves totalled nearly $103bn at the end of March.

However, the California-based company may decide to challenge the ruling.

Ms Vestager previously fined Google 2.4bn euros ($2.8bn; £2.1bn ) over a separate probe into its shopping comparison service – a ruling the tech firm is in the process of appealing against.

In addition, her team has a third investigation underway into Google’s advert-placing business AdSense.

The European Commission first began scrutinising Android in April 2015, following a complaint by Fairsearch – a trade group that originally included Microsoft, Nokia and Oracle among its members.

At that point, Android had a 64% share of Europe’s handset market, according to research firm Statcounter. It has since grown to 74%.

The commission subsequently made three specific allegations of anti-competitive behaviour, saying Google was requiring Android handset and tablet manufacturers to set its search engine as the default and pre-install the Chrome browser before allowing them to offer access to its Play app store preventing manufacturers from selling mobile devices powered by rival operating systems based on Android’s open source code giving device manufacturers and mobile networks financial incentives to provide its own search service as the sole pre-installed option.

In response, Google had denied obliging device-makers to preload any of its apps.

It had also claimed that distributing Google Search and the Play store together had made it possible to offer its services for free.

“The commission’s approach… would mean less innovation, less choice, less competition, and higher prices,” its global affairs chief blogged in 2016.

He added that in any case, Apple and its rival iOS operating system gave consumers an alternative.
Russia’s push-back

Google has already made concessions in Russia, where the local competition regulator pursued similar complaints.

There, Android users are now offered a choice between Google, Yandex and Mail.ru as the default search engine the first time they use the Chrome browser.

Yandex has seen its share of mobile search rise from about 34% to 46% since the change, according to Statcounter.

But one legal expert said the EU’s dispute could take much longer to resolve.

“Google has shown in the past that it is prepared to assert its legal rights,” Suzanne Rab, a barrister at Serle Court Chambers, told the BBC.

“It can appeal to the EU courts, and as we’ve seen in the European Commission’s abuse of dominance case against Intel, such litigation can be measured in years and not months.”

The European Commission had the power to fine Google up to 10% of its annual revenue. Based on its last annual report, that would have amounted to $11.1bn (£8.5bn).

The 4.3bn euro figure is, however, a record-sized sum for the commission.

Earlier punishments include:

Fines totalling 3.8bn euros against several truck-makers accused of price collusion, which were imposed in July 2016 and September 2017.

The 2.24bn euro fine against Google for promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of its search results, which was announced in June 2017.

Two fines totalling 1.46bn euros against Microsoft related to the bundling of its Explorer browser with Windows, and failing to keep a 1.35bn euro collective fine against several car glass producers, which had been accused of illegally sharing commercially sensitive information.

This was made in November 2008, a 1.06bn euro fine against Intel, which was accused of offering discounts to computer-makers that avoided rivals’ computer chips.

It was announced in May 2009, a 997m euro fine against Qualcomm, which was penalised over claims it had paid Apple to use its chips. This was announced in January 2018.