The following Life, now for the first time published, forms part of the rich collection of biographies of Irish saints, preserved in the Royal Library, Brussels. The ms. is in the hand writing of MichaelO'Clery, one of the Four Masters, who died about 1644, and the Life is said in the colophon to have been copied out of the

Book of the Muinter Duinnín in the year 1629. The date of that book, and whether it still exists, I have been unable to ascertain.

The Life is a tolerably close version of chap. XIX of the third book of Baeda's

Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum.For this I have used Moberly's edition, Oxford, 1881, and Plummer's Baedae Opera Historica, Oxford, 1896. It seems worth publishing, first, as a further contribution to the eschatology of the IrishSee Revue Celtique, 25, 232. Tidings of the Resurrection, edited by Whitley Stokes.], secondly, as being, in a Celtic shape, the earliest of the series of mediaeval visionsFor a useful note on visions of the other world, see Plummer, op. cit., II, 294–295. See also Ward's Catalogue of Romances, II, 397–515. which culminated in the Divina Commedia; and, lastly, as containing several words absent from Prof. Windisch's Wörterbuch.

Our saint's name appears in two forms, Fursa and Fursu.So in the Martyrology of Oengustogae, Jan. 6, beside togu, Prol. 123. Fursa is a Middle-Irish corruption of Fursae, gen. Fursai, which occurs (as is proved by the rhyme) in the

Martyrology of Oengus, Jan. 16. The latinised Furseus is from Fursae. The form Fursu is found in the Book of Leinster 349f, 372d, the Annals of Ulster, A.D. 647, and the Yellow Book of Lecan,
410d17, where a short collection of maxims (illegible in the facsimile) is headed Apgiter crabaidh inso sis Fursu (Craibdigh)This Apgiter (Abecedarium) is the only composition which I have seen ascribed to Fursa. But in the Dictionary of Christian Biography (London, 1880), vol. II, p. 588, some poems and a litany, said to have been composed by him, are stated to be preserved in a ms. (H. 1. 2, Nos. 6, 7) in the library of Trinity College, Dublin.This below is the Alphabet of Piety of Fursu the Pious. Fursae and Fursu may come from a root *vort and be cognate with Lat. versutus, vortere, etc.

The Irish authorities, says Mr Plummer (op. cit., II, 176) differ widely as to Fursa's pedigree; and indeed it is impossible to reconcile the genealogical statements in the

Book of Leinster, p. 349f 38, with those in the same ms. p. 372d, and in the Martyrology of Donegal, p. 18, unless by the supposition that there were two or more saints of that name.Two Fursas are mentioned in the Annals of the eighth century—an abbot of Lecan Mide (ob. 74b) and Fursa of Ess mac n-Eirc (ob. 74d). Thus according to the Book of Leinster, p. 349f:
FursuMac FintainMaic FindlogaM DegrotaM LuachainM Laga LethainM Conaill AnglonnaigM FeicM RosaM &Fdot;achtnaM &Sdot;enchadaM AilellaM CestaigM RudraigeGelges ingen Aeda Find máthair Fursu.Vel ita:FursuMac FintainMaic FindlogaM ConaillM LuachainM Lugdach LagaSo Keating: St Fursa, of the line of Lugaidh Laga, brother of Olild Olum, O'Mahony's translation, p. 477.M Eogain Moir qui et Mog Nuadat

Brónach, daughter of Miliuc son of Búan, with whom Patrick was in bondage, (was the) mother of Mochoe of Noendruim at Loch Cuan, and of Colmán of the Casket at Uisnech, and of Colmán of the Mill at Daire Caecháin in Dalriada, and of bishop Mac Erca of Domnach Mór Maige Coba, and of Damnatán of Slíab Betha, and of Fursu the Pious in Péronne.

According to the

Martyrology of Donegal, (Jan. 16), Fursa's father was Lochín, of Dalaradia and his mother was Gelgéis (Bright Swan), who was, according to one authority, daughter of GuaireAidne, (ob. A. D. 662), and, according to another, daughter of AedFinn.

The very modern appearance of the text is probably due to the transcriber, who seems to have substituted cc for g,cch for gh,tt for d,ff for bf, (i. e. eclipsed f), ao for oe,aoi for ói, in accordance with the spelling usual in the 17th century. The presence of the infixed pronouns, t and n points to the Middle-Irish period as the date of the translation. But the absence of deponents, and the occurrence of the preterite passive in -it (ro calmaigit) and the 2d pl. in -bair (fedabair), prove that it cannot be older than (say) the thirteenth or fourteenth century.

The Life of Fursa

When SigebertSigberct. was on the throne of (East) Anglia then Fursa the PiousCraibthech (Religiosus, Annals of Ulster, A. D. 626 U627.3 in CELT edition, G100001A) is a standing epithet for Fursa. The gen. sg. occurs in the Félire Oengusso, Jan. 16, where Cráibdig i féil Fursai is (for sake of rhyme) put for i féil Fursai Cráibdigon the feast of Fursa the Pious. For a tale of his compassionate tenderness, see Lismore Lives, p. x, and the Book of Leinster, pp. 285–286. For a legend of a Fursu driving a fiery dragon into a lake, see LL. 169a47 = Dind⋅enchas, no. 47. Revue Celtique, 15, 441. crossed the seaabout A. D. 633. to seek a place and stead wherein he might dwell; for he was shining in word and deed, and wise in miracles and marvels, wherefore it was meet for him to go for pilgrimage and to get a pilgrim's stead. When that man came to the province of the East Saxons he was honorably received by the king, and a stead was bestowed upon him, and there he wrought to manifest the word of God; and a multitude of men were brought by him to belief, and others were confirmed in their belief, and faith and love of God were greatened by him.

Then tribulation and bodily weakness attacked him, and through his well-deservingness he was deemed worthy to behold the angels of heaven before him; and he saw a vision there; and this is the vision (wherein) he was admonished to be an incitement in teaching the word of God, inasmuch as he was certain to find death, and it was not known when he would find it, as Christ said: Watch, for ye know not the day or the hour in which a hand will be laid upon you. And because of that vision he made haste and speed to build his monastery and to set it in order with regular disciplines. It was indeed a beautiful monastery there, built on the edge of the woods and the sea in a certain camp, and this was its name in English, Cnobheresburgnow Burghcastle in Suffolk, near Yarmouth, says Plummer. i. e. a town named Cnobheri; and afterwards
AnnaHe began to reign A. D. 635, or thereabouts., the king of that province, and the other noble folk who dwelt in that town, added to it afterwards.

Now Fursa was of the kindred of the Gaelsde nobilissimo genere Scottorum, Beda. According to a note in the Martyrology of Gorman, Jan. 16, Fursu was from Conaille in the present county of Louth. His mother, according to the Book of Leinster, p. 372d, was Brónach daughter of St Patrick's master Miliuc maccu Buain. But according to the Book of Leinster, p. 349f and the Martyrology of Donegal her name was Gelgéis., but though he was noble in blood he was nobler in spirit; inasmuch as from the time of his infancy he cared for sacred books and for holy disciplines, and, what is most becoming to holy men, doing beautiful deeds, those are what he used to do.

Howbeit, when he had built the church we have mentioned, a serious illness attacked him therein from one Saturday to another, as the Book of his own Life relates; and from evening to cockcrow he was taken out of his body, and he heard the chanting of the angels of heaven, and he beheld them before him. And this is what they were chanting: Ibunt sancti de uirtute in uirtutem[Ps. 83, 8] i. e. the saints shall advance from virtue to virtue, And this also they were saying: Videbitur Deus deorum in Sion[Ps. 83, 8]the God of gods will be seen on Mount Zion.

Thereafter he was restored to his body till the end of three days, and on the third day he was taken up again, and then he beheld many more angels fighting against a great host of devils; and this is what they were endeavouring, to seize the road to heaven and to close it against Fursa, and to utter evil and abuse against him. However, they were unable to do that, for there were angels of heaven defending him on the road.

Now, says Beda, let him who wishes the vision which Fursa saw to be fully related read the Book of Fursa's Life.Probably the Life first printed by Surius (De prebatis sanctorum Historiis, i. 381), and lately by De Smedt and De Backer in cols. 77–102 of their edition of the Codex Salmanticensis, 1888. The Latin Life is more skilfully abridged by Aelfric (Anglo-saxon Homilies, ed. Thorpe, II, 332–348) than by Beda.

However, says Beda, there is one thing which we desire
to declare, namely, when he was taken up towards heaven the angels said to him: Look down at the worldPlummer, op. cit., II, 171, quotes Apocalypsis Pauli, paragraph 13, and compares Dante, Parad. XXII, 133–135, and D.G.Rossetti's Blessed Damozel, stanza 6., say they. There he turned and looked from above, and beheld beneath him a valley deep and dark in the lower part of the earth. He beheld four vast fires red-flaming in the air over that valley, and not far was the distance between those fires. Then he asked of the angels what things were the fires that he beheld, and the angels spake: Yon, they say, are the fires that are consuming the world. The first fire, now, is the fire of Falsehood, for when each one is baptised he promises this, to renounce and refuse the Devil and his works. Those who afterwards do not fulfil that (promise) and transgress it, they are burnt in yonder fire. But the second fire is the fire of Covetousness, that is greed, when those that mark out or covet the things of the world for their greed rather than the heavenly things, 'tis they that are burnt therein. Now the third fire, that is the fire of Disunion, when ye do not deem it lamentable or sad that your brethren and your neighbours should be engaged in very vain things and in idle matters, 'tis then ye are burnt in yonder fire. The fourth fire, then, this is the fire of Impiety. They that are burnt therein are those who do not deem it loathsome to spoil and to plunder the weak and the wretched: 'tis they that are burnt in that fire.

Then the fires grew and greatened, and they met so that
(one) vast fire would be made of them. Now when Fursa drew nigh to the fires, fear seized him and he said to the angel: Lord, says he, behold the fire coming towards us! Then the angel answered: and this he said: Since it was not thou that has kindled them, thou wilt not be burnt in them; for though great and fearful is yon fire, it will not burn anyone save according to his merits; for every one's concupiscence, saith he, is that which burns him in yonder fire. For every one who is burnt in his body by unlawful desire, and hurts himself, after the separation of his body from his soul is burnt there by the punishment which he deserves.

Then Fursa beheld one of the three angels who had accompanied him in his vision when he was before the fire, and the two other angels (flying) all around about the fire. And he beheld the devils flying through the fire, and warring against the righteous, and dragging them into the fire perforce. Then the devils were reviling Fursa; the angels, however, were protecting him. Then he beheld an army of angels there and a multitude of the holy men of his own Gaelic nationquorum alter Beanus [Ir. Beóin?], alter uocabatur Meldanus. Vita, paragraph 13., who were known to himself as priests of the folk of Ireland. So he heard a few words salutary as regarded him. And when they had finished saying those few words, they went together with the angels to heaven; but the three first angels remained with him to bring him (back) to his body.

Now when they drew nigh the aforesaid fire, the angel divided the flamelit. fire.. But when Fursa reached the passage which the angel had made through the flamelit. fire. the devils seized one of the men whom they were burning in the fire, and flung him at Fursa, so that his shoulder and his shoulder-blade and his cheek burnt.This is quite in accordance with the Algonquin belief as to men lying in trance: their souls have travelled to the banks of the River of Death, but have been driven back and return to re-animate their bodies, Tylor, Primitive Culture, third ed. I, 436. And Fursa knew the man who had been flung at him, and remembered that the man had formerly given him part of his raiment. However, the holy angel then laid hold of the man and cast him again into the fire. Then said the Devil: Do not cast him away into bondage, for as you accepted the goods of yon sinful man, so you must share his punishments. The angel answered and said: Not through worldly greed did Fursa receive yon man's property, but in order to save his soul. And thus the fire abated. And the angel went beside Fursa and said: The fire which thou hast kindled is what has burnt thee, for hadst thou not received something by favour of yon sinful man the reproach of his sin would not
have fallen npon thee. And after that the angel was instructing him as to what was proper for him to do in the case of men who repent at their death.

Thereafter then Fursa was restored to his body, and afterwards in his body was the mark of the burning which had been inflicted on his soul, so that it was manifest to the world's men who beheld how it was on his shoulderblade and his shoulder and his cheek. And everyone deemed it a wondrous tale that the mark of what was inflicted on the soul should be in presence of all on the body.With this conception of the quasi-materiality of the human soul and its close connexion with the body, compare the story of Find slaying Cuirrech by hurling a spear through his shadow, Revue Celtique, 15, 444.

His life afterwards (was spent) in teaching the men of the earth and celebrating the words of God, as he used to do before. And whatever he celebrated he himself would put into practice.

The series of his visions, he would relate only to those who asked (for them) from compunction of heart. And still, says Beda, there remains a certain ancient of our monastic community, and he asserts that he conversed with a certain pious truth-telling man who declared that he himself saw Fursa, and conversed with him in Essex, and heard that vision from the cleric's mouth, and that it was related in winter-time. And though there was then a hard frost together with snow, and Fursa wore nothing but a thin, little garment, a copious sweat came from him, as if he were telling his tale at midsummer, through remembering the excessive fear that was on him in his vision.

Howbeit, when Fursa the Pious suffered from the tumult of the great crowds that used to come to him in his own country, to wit, in IrelandBeda's Scottia., he left that country and came to England, as we have said, together with a few brethren, after leaving all his friends and every thing else that he had. And there he built a beautiful monastery, and therein he celebrated the word of God.

So when he had finished these things, it occurred to
him to leave his monastery and the care thereof to (his brother) FullanBetter Fóelán, or Fóilan (Foylanum sanctum, Cod. Salmant., col. 99). He is said to have founded a monastery at Fosse in the diocese of Liège, A. D. 648, and to have been slain about A. D. 656, on Oct. 31, his day in the Irish martyrologies. and to the other archpriests, namely Gobbán and Dicuill, and he was fain to go, free from all mundane matters, to a stead that was safer. So Fursa and UltánHe became abbot of Péronne, and died May 1, A. D. 685. In the Martyrology of Gorman, at May 1, he is called the son of Mael-snechta. quitted the monastery and went into a hermitage; and there they remained a year, labouring with their hands and in compunction of heart and prayer.On hermits living in pairs see Raine's Hexham, vol. I, Appendix, p. xxxii, cited by Plummer, op. cit., II, 172.

Thereafter then, when Fursa beheld heathens and unbelievers destroying the monasteries and the whole province, he left evervthing in order in the monastery, and went over sea eastward to Frankland, and was honourably received by the king of the Franks, namely ClovisThis was Clovis II, who reigned A. D. 638–656., [or by] ErcinbaldBeda's Ercunualdus patricius. He became maire du palais A. D. 640., in the place named LatiniacumLagny, near Paris, on the Marne; or Lezigny?, and a monastery was built by him; and not long after that he contracted his death-illness and reached the end of his life.He died circa A. D. 650, at Maceriae (now Mazeroeles in Ponthieu, Plummer).

The king Clovis, [or] Ercinbald, took the body, and guarded it in the porch of the church (which he was building at Perona) until the consecration of the church (itself) had ended. Now (when the church was ready and) when, the body was brought out of the porch to be buried near the altar, thus was it found, as if Fursa had died that hour, to wit, at the end of seven and twenty days after his death. And he was buried with veneration and honour in the church, that is, in the town called PeronaBeda's Perrona, now Péronne, on the Somme, which the Irish called Cathair Fursa, v. Four Masters, A. D. 774., and he was honourably exalted there, to wit, where many miracles and marvels are wrought for Fursa every day.

However, at the end of four years afterwards, a tabernacle was built for him apart, and into it his body was brought; and it was still found without doubt as it had been when he died.

There is here nought save a few of the tidings of Fursa. Let him who desires more of them see the Life of Fursa and he will find them.

IT ENDETH.

That Life of Fursa was copied out of the Book of the Muinter Duinnín in the convent of the friars in Cork, 1629.