This led to serious problems such as debt peonage. Finally, the thesis argues that government intervention in the economy distorted financial markets, through involvement in savings markets and as a long-term lender.

There was also considerable labour migration across this particular borderland, with slaves fleeing south to Mexico and hacienda servants moving north to escape debt peonage. Most of the migratory movement was from Mexico to Texas, however, due to the attraction of higher wages in the US and the needs of Texan ranch-owners for seasonal labour (e.g., sheep shearing).

The last chapter, "Child Bondage in the Liberal Republic," describes the tutelary domestic servitude of poor children as a form of bondage that the author groups with other types of unfree labour, such as penal labour and debt peonage. Drawing on documents from the Casa de Huerfanos, Milanich argues that the state helped produce paternalistic relationships between kinless children and adults by endorsing seemingly benevolent institutions, such as charities and the Church, to take in children.

The Manhattan federal court filing - which seeks unspecified damages for three-plus years of "slavery and peonage" - says the well-fed Malhotras starved Gurung, with Neena Malhotra once berating her for eating a slice of bread without permission.

Schmidt claimed, for example, that the Supreme Court's peonage decisions, which invalidated statutes forcing persons who breached employment contracts to become indentured servants, (67) effectively dismantled southern peonage and became "the most lasting of the White Court's contributions to justice for black people, and among its greatest achievements." (68) Kennedy accused Schmidt of a gross exaggeration; the Court's declarations plainly failed to end peonage, as many state officials defied the decisions and continued to apply the criminal law to acquire forced labor.

She advocated for an array of causes: fair and reasonable wages for working women, the abolition of Mexican peonage, the amendment of federal policy toward Native Americans, and the annexation of Texas and Cuba.

Similarly, for the Mexican rancho period, we start with Hubert Howe Bancroft's vision of rancho life as "lotus-land" and complicate it with the experiences of California Indians working under the system of debt peonage. Popular understandings of the Gold Rush as a romantic, entrepreneurial, and lustful era conflict with accounts of failure and despair, environmental destruction, and genocide.

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