like surface dyslexics, have poor mapping between orthography and phonology.

unlike surface dyslexics, they also have ppor mapping between orthography and semantics.

ex) might say "boat" instead of "yacht"

anticipation error

sound appears in word before its intended pronounciation

ex_ take my bike--> bake my bike.

most common kind

-reveals the furthur utterances that were already planned while speaking

preservation errors

-opposite of anticipation erors

-sounds are kept in mind and reappear in the wrong place.

ex) pulled a tantrum-->pulled a pantrum

spoonerisms

reversals

-an error where sounds are mixed up within words or phrases

ex)

the McGurk effect

-the lips make movements according to /ga/ but the acutal sounds are /ba/ and the perception becomes /da/

-because the sound reaching your ears is contradictory to the lip movements so you correct ofr it in your head.

-visual input has an immediate and compelling influence on your speech perception.

prediction-based learning

like a kid's own kind of backpropagation in his/her head.

-system is able to generate own predictions and then evaluate the truth value of those by comparing actual output to predicted output.

domain-specific linguistic principles

-abstract universal rules that determine the range of grammars seen in natural language.

domain-general cognitive principles

the ability to encode hierarcical structure into any time-dependent signal

ex) dancing, speech, running, bird songs,

language innateness

Noam Chompsky

-you've got a part of your brain that is an organ devoted to language and is programmed to mature at a certain rate.

-matures relatively independently, sort of like your liver,

-knows it's going to be learning language and just needs to figure out which one.

positive evidence

-are all sentences that do belong to the grammar.

-however, if you only hear positive evidence, you can't draw the line between a grammatical and non-grammatical sentence.

negative evidence

-have to have negative evidence so you know what doesn't belong.

-problem is it looks like kids don't gete negative evidence.

-parents usually only correct for semantics.

-they don't get negative evidence for grammar but they do learn it....so this is an argument that there must be some innate strucutre at work.

the subset principle

theres a small hypothesized grammar section so all you need is positive evidence to expand that circle.

-but..w.hy would a baby with a grammar section thats all perfect grammar produce ungrammatical sentences?

innateness hypothesis

According to this view, children are able to learn the “superficial” grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a “deep structure” of grammatical rules that are universal and that correspond to an innate capacity of the human brain.

negative reinforcement

a constant, annoying thing about the environment, and then, when they do the right thing, the bad thing goes away.

-REMOVAL of a BAD thing

perceptual learning

involves relatively long-lasting changes to an organism's perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment.